bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlates of parasite load in bumblebees in an Alpine habitat
Authors: KORNER Pius , SCHMID‐HEMPEL Paul
Published: June 2005

Essentially, all animals face parasites, but little data are available on the rate of parasitism in wild animals, particularly in insects. Here, we report observations of more than 400 bumblebee workers collected at an Alpine site, including the parasites observed (Crithidia bombi, Nosema bombi, conopid parasitoid fly larvae and tracheal mites), as well as date of collection, bumblebee species and body variables (size, fat content, egg development and antibacterial activity). Among the 14 bumblebee species collected, C. bombi and tracheal mites reached a prevalence of approximately 10 and 6%, respectively, while conopids and N. bombi were almost absent. Correlations among the measured parameters suggest that larger workers are more likely to develop eggs and contain more tracheal mites. Across the season, we found a decrease in fat content but an increase in C. bombi and mite prevalence. Mites’ fitness was higher in fatter bees and lower in bees with more tracheal mites. Antibacterial activity was found in approximately 10% of the workers, suggesting at least sporadic infection with bacteria.
Effects of saline intake on spermatophore and sperm ejaculation in the male swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Authors: WATANABE Mamoru , KAMIKUBO Mari
Published: June 2005

Although sodium ions induce puddling behavior in males of some butterfly species, the role of sodium ions in male life history is unclear. Newly emerged laboratory‐reared males of the swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus were allocated to five adult diets: water (as a control) and 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 or 1 mol/L saline solution. Males preferred to take 0.1 mol/L saline solution. We attempted to hand‐pair males after two days of intake. Males on all diets, except those taking 1 mol/L saline solution, were likely to couple. Males taking 0.01 mol/L saline solution produced the largest spermatophore, although there were no significant differences in the number of eupyrene sperm bundles and apyrene spermatozoa between saline‐taking males and control males. Salt accumulation in the male body also had little effect on the number of both types of spermatozoon in the spermatophore.
Diel and seasonal patterns of foraging activity in the arboreal antCrematogaster matsumuraiForel
Authors: HARADA Yutaka
Published: June 2005

The foraging habits of the arboreal antCrematogaster matsumuraiForel were studied in natural and captive colonies in southern Kyushu, Japan. The nests ofC. matsumuraiare made mainly in the trunks of living trees. In the natural environment, the species mainly lives in decayed parts of relatively tall trees, such asAcer palmatum,Prunus jamasakuraandPrunus yedoensis. Observation over a 24 h period showed thatC. matsumuraiforaged actively at night as well as during the day. The foraging of the workers out of the nest was seen from early spring to late autumn, both on the tree and on the ground. As protein sources, aphids were mainly collected by foragers from the tree, while small parts of dead insects or other arthropods were mainly collected from the ground surface. The foraging activity of workers is assumed to be influenced by the quantity and quality of food rather than seasonality.
Macrochelid mite fauna in the eastern part of the Lesser Sunda Islands, with description of two new species
Authors: HARTINI Sri , TAKAKU Gen , KOJIMA Jun‐ichi , KATAKURA Haruo
Published: June 2005

Thirteen species in four genera of mites of the family Macrochelidae phoretic on dung beetles were collected in the eastern part of the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, providing the first record of the family for that area. Of these, two species, Macrocheles entetiensis Hartini and Takaku, sp. nov. and Macrocheles sumbaensis Hartini and Takaku, sp. nov., are new to science. The remaining 11 species are Glyptholaspis fimicola, Holostaspella bifoliata, Macrocheles baliensis, Macrocheles sp. aff. glaber, M. hallidayi, M. kraepelini, M. krantzi, M. limue, M. merdarius, M. oigru and Neopodocinum sinicum.
Differentiation in life cycle of sympatric populations of two forms of Hyphantria moth in central Missouri
Authors: TAKEDA Makio
Published: June 2005

Wing patterns of Hyphantria adult male moths collected in central Missouri were examined throughout the breeding season. Three major peaks of adult flight were observed: the first peak consisted mainly of adults with spotted wings, while the second and third peaks consisted of immaculate adults. Black‐headed larvae appeared in the field following the first major peak of moth flight, and red‐headed larvae appeared in the field following the second peak. Sympatric red‐headed and black‐headed forms were collected in the field and subsequently reared on an artificial diet under conditions of 16 h light : 8 h dark (LD 16:8) at 25°C. The larval period of the black‐headed form was shorter than the red‐headed, whereas the pupal period of the black‐headed form was longer than the red‐headed. Pupal development is retarded in some individuals at high temperatures in the black‐headed form. Photoperiodic response curves for pupal diapause were different between the two forms. The critical photoperiod for pupal diapause was 15 h 10 min in the red‐headed form, which was longer than that for the black‐headed form (14 h 40 min). The two forms responded to shifts in photoperiod differently. These developmental responses temporally separate the two forms in the field; the red‐headed and black‐headed forms represent a set of adaptations favoring univoltinism and bivoltinism, respectively. Red‐headed larvae fed mainly at night, while the black‐headed larvae fed without a clear day–night rhythm. Nocturnal feeding in the red‐headed form is adaptive to protection against predation, but fails to fully utilize heat units and thus to produce a second generation.
Disposable Magnetically Levitated Centrifugal Blood Pump: Design and In Vitro Performance
Authors: Hoshi Hideo , Asama Junichi , Shinshi Tadahiko , Ohuchi Katsuhiro , Nakamura Makoto , Mizuno Tomohiro , Arai Hirokuni , Shimokohbe Akira , Takatani Setsuo
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  A magnetically levitated (MagLev) centrifugal blood pump (CBP) with a disposable pump head has been designed to realize a safe, easy‐to‐handle, reliable, and low‐cost extracorporeal blood pump system. It consisted of a radial magnetic‐coupled driver with a magnetic bearing having a two‐degree freedom control and a disposable pump head unit with a priming volume of 24 mL. The easy on–off disposable pump head unit was made into a three‐piece system consisting of the top and bottom housings, and  the  impeller‐rotor  assembly.  The  size  and  weight  of the disposable pump unit were 75 mm × 45 mm and 100 g, respectively. Because the structure of the pump head unit is easily attachable and removable, the gap between the electromagnets of the stator and the target material in the rotor increased to 1.8 mm in comparison to the original integrated bearing system of 1.0 mm. The pump performance, power requirements, and controllability of the magnetic bearing revealed that from 1400 to 2400 rpm, the pump performance remained fairly unchanged. The amplitudes of the X‐ and Y‐axis rotor oscillation increased to ± 24 µm. The axial displacement of the rotor, 0.4 mm, toward the top housing was also observed at the pump rpm between 1400 and 2400. The axial and rotational stiffness of the bearing were 15.9 N/mm and 4.4 Nm/rad, respectively.  The  MagLev  power  was  within  0.7  Watts.  This study demonstrated the feasibility of a disposable, magnetically suspended CBP as the safe, reliable, easy‐to‐handle, low‐cost  extracorporeal circulation support device.
The PediPump: A New Ventricular Assist Device for Children
Authors: Duncan Brian W. , Lorenz Markus , Kopcak Michael W. , Fukamachi Kiyotaka , Ootaki Yoshio , Chen H. Ming , Chapman Peter A. , Davis Steven J. , Smith William A.
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  Options for mechanical circulatory support for the treatment of end‐stage heart failure in children are limited. Ventricular assist devices (VADs), which have revolutionized cardiac care in adults, remain largely unavailable for pediatric applications. The PediPump is a new rotary dynamic VAD designed to provide support for the entire range of patient sizes encountered in pediatrics. Despite being much smaller than currently available VADs, which makes it suitable for even newborn circulatory support, the PediPump demonstrates excellent hemodynamic performance.
A Validated Computational Fluid Dynamics Model to Estimate Hemolysis in a Rotary Blood Pump
Authors: Arvand Arash , Hormes Marcus , Reul Helmut
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  A major part of developing rotary blood pumps requires the optimization of hemolytic properties of the entire pump. Application of a suited computational fluid dynamics (CFD)‐based hemolysis model allows approximation of blood damage in an early phase of the design process. Thus, a drastic reduction of time‐ and cost‐ intensive  hemolysis  experiments  can  be  achieved. 

For the MicroDiagonal Pump (MDP), still under development at Helmholtz‐Institute in Aachen, Germany, different pump configurations have been analyzed, both numerically and experimentally. The CFD model of the pump has been successfully validated based on the comparison of the pressure head curves (H‐Q curves), as discussed in a prior publication. In the present study, the authors focus on the development of a semiempiric blood damage model using the CFD and in vitro hemolysis data. On the one hand, mean key characteristics (shear stress and exposure time) and other characteristics affecting blood damage have been calculated based on numerical data. On the other hand, in vitro hemolysis tests have been accomplished in order to determine the hemolytic curves of two different pump configurations (with the same impeller but different tip clearances). Finally, a new function based on a general power law has been defined by means of the mean key characteristics. The unknown constants of the function have been determined by multidimensional regression analysis using the hemolytic curves. For the final validation of this new blood damage model, the calculated and the in vitro obtained hemolysis indices at the specific VAD operating point have been compared for all pump configurations. The comparison showed an excellent agreement, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Heparin Influences Human Platelet Behavior in Cardiac Surgery With or Without Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Laga Steven , Bollen Hilde , Arnout Jef , Hoylaerts Marc , Meyns Bart
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  The objective was to investigate whether the platelet dysfunction in cardiac surgery is caused by hemodilution or by shear stress due to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Platelet count and function were prospectively analyzed in two groups of patients undergoing cardiac surgery either with or without CPB (n = 40). In the first study (n = 20; 10 patients with and 10 without CPB), platelet counts were assessed at seven time points. In the second study (n = 20; 10 patients with and 10 without CPB), platelet function was studied with platelet aggregometry at different points during surgery: (a) after induction of anesthesia; (b) after sternotomy; and (c) 1 h after heparin. In the first study, the CPB group showed a significant decrease in platelet count starting after sternotomy (230 ± 34 vs. 182 ± 25, P < 0.05) and a maximum decrease at day 1 postoperative (96 ± 34, P < 0.05). A similar observation was made in the non‐CBP group. In the second study, a significant decrease of ADP (54 ± 13% vs. 38 ± 9%, P < 0.05), AA (76 ± 16% vs. 22 ± 14%, P < 0.05), and Collagen (66 ± 13% vs. 37 ± 11%, P < 0.05) induced platelet aggregation was observed at MOMENT d compared to the  beginning  of  surgery  in  the  CPB  group.  In  the  non‐CBP group a significant decrease was observed in AA‐induced platelet aggregation at MOMENT d (83% ± 4 vs. 44% ± 14, P < 0.05). The reduction in platelet count is similar with or without cardiopulmonary bypass and is due to pure hemodilution. Platelet function reduces significantly after heparin administration. Hemodilution and predominantly heparin are the causes of platelet dysfunction after cardiac  surgery.
Measurement of the Rotor Motion and Corresponding Hemolysis of a Centrifugal Blood Pump With a Magnetic and Hydrodynamic Hybrid Bearing
Authors: Kataoka Hiroyuki , Kimura Yuichi , Fujita Hajime , Takatani Setsuo
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  This study proposed a centrifugal blood pump with a novel magnetic and hydrodynamic hybrid passive bearing, which consisted of a plain journal bearing for radial stability and a permanent magnetic bearing for axial and tilting stability. We measured the radial motion of the bearing and performed hemolysis tests for the different radial clearance sizes. In the results, it appeared that the radial motion had two modes: the stable center mode, in which the radius of the radial motion rapidly converged to less than 20 µm; and the unstable circle mode, in which the rotor suspension linearly increased with the rotation speed. It also appeared that the pumps with the radial clearance of 80 µm caused more hemolysis than with the smaller clearance sizes in the circle mode. The circle mode was avoidable by the higher rotation or the asymmetric pump structure, but the mechanism of hemolysis in this mode was still  unclear.
A Portable Cardiopulmonary Bypass/Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation System for the Induction and Reversal of Profound Hypothermia: Feasibility Study in a Swine Model of Lethal Injuries
Authors: Casas Fernando , Alam Hasan , Reeves Andrew , Chen Zhang , Smith William A.
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  The Cleveland Clinic Foundation's (CCF) cardiopulmonary bypass/extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (CPB/ECMO) system capabilities were tested in a hypothermia trauma management feasibility study in a porcine animal model at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A.). In this survival series, the CCF system was used in a simulated forward lines combat casualty application where lethal uncontrolled hemorrhage from major vascular injuries was repaired under a state of profound hypothermic arrest (suspended animation), followed by recovery and monitoring in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting. The animals were monitored for survival, neurological impact, cognitive functions, organ damage, and delayed complications over 3 weeks. A survival rate of 83% matched rates previously found using conventional equipment. Neurological findings, organ dysfunction, and complication rates also were no different from previous studies using standard equipment. Successful survival results demonstrated that the CCF CPB/ECMO system could be used to induce a period of profound hypothermic arrest for the repair of lethal traumatic injuries. The logistical advantages of this system make it an attractive choice for use in austere settings and during transport.
Evaluation of Left Ventricular Assist Device Performance and Hydraulic Force in a Complete Mock Circulation Loop
Authors: Timms Daniel , Hayne Mark , Tan Andy , Pearcy Mark
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  Centrifugal pump performance characteristics are vital in determining the ability of a prototype left ventricular assist device (LVAD) to meet the physiological circulation requirements of the cardiovascular system. These characteristics influence the static hydraulic forces encountered by the pump impeller, which determine the required load stiffness of suspension type bearings to minimize impeller touchdown. Performance investigations were conducted on an LVAD design while characterizing the impeller static hydraulic forces of various impeller/volute configurations. The pumps were inserted into a complete systemic and pulmonary mock circulation rig configured to provide suitable nonpulsatile or simulated pulsatile left heart failure environments. The single volute and closed shroud impeller configuration exhibited lowest radial (0.01 N) and axial (3 N) force at nonpulsatile design flow conditions, respectively. Normal hemodynamic conditions of 5.1 L/min at 94 mm Hg were re‐established upon inserting the device into the left heart failure environment, where the pump operated along the nonpulsatile characteristic curve for 2200 rpm. The operational limits on this curve were dictated by the required pressure differential across the pump during systolic and diastolic periods. The reduction of left atrial pressure (25 to 8 mm Hg) indicated the alleviation of pulmonary congestion. The ability for the LVAD to support circulation in a left heart failure environment was successfully demonstrated in the mock circulation loop. The impeller hydraulic force characteristics attained will aid the bearing designer to select the best volute and impeller configuration to minimize impeller touchdown in magnetic, hydrodynamic or mechanical type  bearing applications.
A Complete Mock Circulation Loop for the Evaluation of Left, Right, and Biventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Timms Daniel , Hayne Mark , McNeil Keith , Galbraith Andrew
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  A new mock circulation loop was developed to replicate the necessary features of the systemic and pulmonic circulatory systems, including pulsatile left and right ventricles coupled with vascular compliances and resistances. A brief description of the mock loop construction is provided before results are presented confirming the recreation of perfusion rates and pressures found in the natural systemic and pulmonic vascular trees for a normal and failing heart at rest. This rig provides the ability to evaluate the hemodynamic effect of left, right, and  biventricular assist devices in vitro. The small and compact mock circulation rig has the potential to reduce device evaluation costs by simulating the natural circulatory system, thus providing valuable device performance feedback prior to expensive in vivo animal trials.
REGULATION OF ASBESTOS THE MICROANA1YTICS OF GOVERNMENT FAILURE
Authors: Twight Charlotte
Published: June 2005

This article analyzes the government's role in regulating asbestos‐related health hazards in the United States. The U.S. government has served as both promoter and regulator of the U.S. asbestos industry, and this article examines the extent to which—in both capacities—it has hindered rather than facilitated the information dissemination essential to voluntary assumption of asbestos related risks. In documenting the behavior of the major government actors, this paper investigates the political and economic forces that have shaped U.S. asbestos policy. It shows how the Congressional transition from promoter to regulator of the asbestos industry can be explained by the susceptibility of political processes to transaction‐cost augmentation by the bureaucracy.
DISPUTING AND REGULATORY POLICY: THE EXAMPLE OF A STATE PUBLIC UTILITY AGENCY
Authors: Brisbin Richard A. , Hunter Susan
Published: June 2005

The literature on policy making has largely ignored the formulation and implementation of policy when governmental agencies process citizen disputes. In this essay we provide an initial exploration of the dimensions of agency policy making and policy implementation during dispute processing. Using a case study of dispute processing by a state public utilities regulatory agency, it appears that dispute processing contributes to evolutionary policy formulation and implementation by providing a context for the incremental adjustment and legitimation of continuing policies, by sponsoring negotiations leading to the serial adaption of existing policies to new circumstances, and by screening disputes and sharpening the issues in disputes so they are amenable to policy development through agency adjudicatory procedures. The findings of the case study suggest that processing of citizen complaints flowing into the “bottom” of an agency is potentially as important as the politics of the rule making and licensing procedural contexts in the conduct of regulatory policy.
AMERICAN LIBERALISM AND THE DEMOCRATIC DREAM: TRANSCENDING THE AMERICAN DREAM
Authors: Manley John F.
Published: June 2005

The “American Dream” is a compromise between an elitist dream and a democratic dream. While citizens enjoy equal political and legal rights, democracy is undermined in the economic sphere by vast inequalities of wealth, status and power. The American Dream can and should be transcended through a rediscovery of the “democratic dream” of Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson was a defender of popular government and equality, who viewed vast inequalities of wealth as incompatible with a society of free and independent citizens living together in social harmony. Jefferson favored a variety of policies to expand economic equality. In Jefferson one finds an authentically American set of ideas for challenging the consensus that limits democracy to political and legal rights.
REAGANISM AS CORPORATE LIBERALISM: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE AMERICAN FUTURE
Authors: Greenberg Edward S.
Published: June 2005

The “corporate liberal” regime that held together in America from the end of World War I1 to the 1960s was marked by broad agreement on ideology, public policy and a stable ruling coalition centered in the Democratic Party. This regime unraveled in the late 1960s and 1970s with the relative decline in American military and economic hegemony and the rise of a “left liberal insurgency”. Key corporate liberal intellectuals and constituencies migrated to the Republican Party under Reagan. Reaganism will not sustain itself because its coalition partners are too disparate, its failure to transform the Republicans into a majority party, a lack of consensus on many issues, and the continued decline of the U.S. in the international economy. Corporate liberalism will find itself migrating to a revitalized Democratic Party, under a centrist leadership favoring fiscal responsibility, government‐corporate partnerships, and a more efficient military.
WELFARE LIBERALISM, SOCIAL POLICY, AND POVERTY IN AMERICA
Authors: Schwarz John E.
Published: June 2005

The conservative explanation for the persistence of poverty—that liberal social programs have created with disincentives‐explains very little of the poverty that exists. It has gained acceptance because liberal anti‐poverty efforts have been based on flawed understanding of the problem that insured their failure. Because of the oversupply of young adult workers in the 1970s, there was a proliferation of jobs paying low wages. Liberal programs that assumed that the poor simply needed training and education to lift themselves out of poverty, ignored the shortage of jobs paying above‐poverty‐level wages. Liberals also assumed that with the requisite training and jobs, all Americans have the capacity to gain the skills necessary to obtain those jobs. This neglects data showing that a larger proportion of individuals with low native ability have earnings beneath the poverty line than workers with normal ability, even when controlling for educational attainment. A new anti‐poverty effort must take into account these realities.
THE DECAY OF LIBERAL DEMOCRACY
Authors: Dolbeare Kenneth M.
Published: June 2005

Liberal democracy is decaying because its values have been carried to excess or are obsolete for effectively addressing society's contemporary challenges. The loss of American military, technological, and economic hegemony—through the rise of competitors and increased interdependence—has threatened the nation's sense of ideological superiority, social coherence, and purpose. The prospects for a democratic renewal will require first, an enabling crisis that calls into question the existing social order, particularly capitalism, and the liberal values on which it is legitimated. Second, a broad‐based popular movement would have to emerge that supports a redirection in the value structure, social relationships, and the public policy agenda. The essay concludes with concrete recommendations for reforming political institutions and new policies that would move us along such a path.
THE AMERICAN STATES AND THE SHIFTING LOCUS OF POSITIVE ECONOMIC INTERVENTION
Authors: Brace Paul , Mucciaroni Gary
Published: June 2005

While there has been a turn away from positive government intervention in the economy at the national level, we have witnessed an embrace of this strategy in may of the American states. What impact, if any, have these efforts by state governments had on their economies? The paper focuses on variations in party control, competition, and ideology, the institutional capacities of governors and legislatures, and policy measures, while controlling for a variety of alternative influences on state economies. For the period from 1968–1979 states were dominated by the national economy and other forces over which they had little or no control, and thus had little or no effect on their economies. However, for the 1980–1985 period, party, political capacity, and policy exerted a statistically significant influence on state economic performance.
OBSTACLES TO SEEMINGLY SIMPLE REFORM: A CASE STUDY OF BAIL REFORM
Authors: McGarrell Edmund F. , Rivera Beverly , Patton James
Published: June 2005

This study involves analysis of the implementation of a new release on recognizance (ROR) policy governing misdemeanor cases in a small, mid‐ western county. The case study is interesting because the policy seems to be characterized by several factors that might lead to predictions of high compliance with policy intent. The findings, however, suggest that consid‐ erable slippage between intent and implementation occurred. It is argued that this slippage is the product of communication problems, the disposition of street‐level implementors, and the failure to include implementors in decision making. These obstacles are then compounded by the lack of performance monitoring. The problems are viewed as interrelated and revolve around the top‐down implementation strategy that failed to involve those responsible for implementation – the street‐level implementors.
STATE LEGISLATORS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: UNIVERSITY‐INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIPS AND THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Authors: Shelley Mack C. , Woodman William F. , Reichel Brian J. , Kinney William J.
Published: June 2005

This article presents a detailed examination of some key political dimen‐ sions underlying cooperative research in agricultural biotechnology among state land‐grant universities, state legislatures, and biotechnology corpora‐ tions. Factor analysis and path analysis methods are employed to assess differences in the perceptions of university administrators, biotechnology corporation researchers, and state legislators, using national and state survey data. Two attitudinal dimensions, one regarding cooperation among university and corporate researchers, and the other regarding barriers to joint research, are extracted. Generally similar attitudes are shared by university and legislative respondents, who are concerned over the prospects of market‐oriented university research. In contrast, corporate respondents are more concerned with reducing barriers to cooperative research and the need for more open communication between academia and industry, and with issues of patent rights. Extensions of this work to other states and to other high‐technology industries are considered.
INTERNAL COMPETITION OVER FOREIGN POLICY‐MAKING: THE CASE OF U.S. ARMS SALES TO IRAN
Authors: Hicks D. Bruce
Published: June 2005

Two models of foreign‐policy making, the bureaucratic politics model and the royal court model, are helpful in explaining U.S. arms sales to Iran in 1985 and in 1986. The bureaucratic politics model is particularly useful in clarifying both the positions taken by the leaders of the foreign policy bureaucracy to the arms sales proposals and the behavior of these officials as the sales were implemented. However, the royal court model best ac‐ counts for the decisive role of the president and the deference given to those advisers perceived to be acting in his interests.
FEDERAL INTERVENTION IN TROUBLED INDUSTRY: LESSONS FROM THE NEW ENGLAND FISHERIES
Authors: Dewar Margaret E.
Published: June 2005

The United States government has provided a range of assistance to help troubled industries. Such aid is of particular interest in debates over in‐ dustrial or competitiveness policy and in thinking about how effectively American government intervenes in the “micro economy.” The experience of aid to one industry, the New England fisheries, suggests that programs fail to achieve their ends for three major reasons. First, industry spokesmen and government officials have difficulty understanding the cause of in‐ dustry problems. Second, programs fail when they are inappropriate ap‐ proaches to solving the problems. Third, many programs have implementation difficulties. Findings on other industries suggest that the same kinds of problems interfere with the success of other programs. If government efforts to help industries often fail in ways that are somewhat predictable, then Congress and federal agencies should make the assistance more effective by taking specific steps. These efforts to improve programs, however, are problematic themselves and will not ensure success.
REMOBILIZING THE AMERICAN ELECTORATE
Authors: GANS CURTIS B.
Published: June 2005

Registration barriers have been under sustained assault since the Ken‐ nedy Administration, yet participation in elections continues to decline. By the 1980s turnout in presidential and congressional elections was below what it was in 1960. The demographic correlates of participation–age, education and roots within the community–have also grown stronger, predicting to an increased turnout. Registration procedures are important and substantial changes in such practices are recommended. Without the reforms of the last generation, it is probable that turnout would have decreased even more substantially. However, the principal barriers to full participation are the quality and content of contemporary American politics. Non‐participation is a threat to democratic government, yet the disintegration of the center in politics, the failure to exercise leadership or to offer relevant candidacies and policy alternatives, the weakening of the political parties, the unresponsiveness of political institutions, the trivialization of politics through the media have all contributed to public cynicism and disinterest. The need is to find new and more responsive alternatives for public involvement in governance.
TURNOUT IN MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS
Authors: Bullock Charles S.
Published: June 2005

Turnout in municipal elections is even lower than that in presidential elections. Yet the problem has been largely ignored by academicians. In recent years, there have been court challenges under the 1982 Voting Rights Act to majority vote and other than single‐member districting provisions as requirements that are believed to dilute the political impact of minorities. The present analysis presents an overview of our knowledge to date, relating electoral districting and majority vote arrangements to black patterns of participation. It reviews the available literature, traces the associations that exist, identifies the problems in data collection and analysis that are present and sets forth a propositional inventory and set of conclusions that can serve as the basis for future research. The analysis incorporates original data and insights from the author's research and from cities in which he has served as a consultant.
PREDICTORS OF ELECTORAL TURNOUT: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON*
Authors: Wolfinger Raymond E. , Glass David P. , Squire Peverill
Published: June 2005

Voter turnout in the United States is much lower than in almost all other democratic countries. This has been interpreted as a symptom of popular alienation from the political system, suspicion of politicians, and pessimism about the consequences of political activity. When these perspectives are measured directly, however, it is clear that Americans score very low on almost every item. Indeed, there is no relationship between political con‐ tentment and turnout. Turnout does not reflect international variations in acceptance of politicians or the political system. Rather, it responds to variations in the bureaucratic steps required to cast a ballot. The United States is one of a handful of countries that require a separate step–registra‐ tion–before the citizen can vote; and with the partial exception of France it is the only country in which the individual rather than the state bears the responsibility for registration.
COMPETITION AND PERFORMANCE IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY
Authors: Siegmund Fred
Published: June 2005

The paper examines the airline industry ten years after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. A brief review of the historical background of regulation and the changes leading to the Airline Deregulation Act is presented. A number of studies are cited that conclude that airline perfor‐ mance has improved since the Civil Aeronautics Board days. The author agrees with these conclusions but goes on to suggest that it is time to begin comparing the airline industry today with the standards of performance associated with perfect competition instead of the previous regulatory period. A standard of competitive performance is suggested. The traditional p=mc=ac performance is complicated because mc and ac decline for any airline flight until the plane is full or has a 100% load factor. The author suggests p=acat load factors are not yet reaching loo%, it is suggested that some policy modifications might help improve performance further. An‐ titrust is examined and some other institutional policy changes are sug‐ gested.
WORKFARE IN THE 1980s: SUCCESSES AND LIMITS
Authors: Schiller Bradley R. , Brasher C. Nielson
Published: June 2005

Between 1981 and 1987 twenty‐eight states experimented with workfare programs. By requiring mandatory community service from welfare recipients, the states hoped to reduce welfare caseloads as well as increase community service. Based in part on those program experiences, Congress included the first national workfare requirement in the 1988 welfare reform package (the Family Support Act). This study is the first to attempt to evaluate the implementation and impact of workfare on a national basis. A pooled, cross‐section, longitudinal model is used to estimate the effect of workfare on AFDC caseloads. Despite the low level of state‐level implementation, the evidence suggests that workfare may have contributed to welfare caseload reductions in the 1980s.
ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY MAKING: ADJUDICATION BY THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS IN ASYLUM‐RELATED APPEALS 1980–1987
Authors: Yarnold Barbara M.
Published: June 2005

This analysis examines the extent to which the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), from 1980 to 1987, complied with a new policy of Congress, set forth in the Refugee Act of 1980, which called for an elimination of bias in favor of aliens from hostile countries. Statistical analysis reveals that the BIA did not enforce the Refugee Act of 1980. I argue that Congress never intended to eliminate this bias since doing so would bring it into conflict with actors within the executive branch (including the President and the State Department) that have traditionally dominated policy‐making relating to refugees and asylees. Instead, in the Refugee Act of 1980, Congress allowed these actors to retain control through a broad definition of “refugee” and by failing to clearly specify standards for political asylum and withholding of deportation. Simultaneously, Congress temporarily placated private and public “refugee rights” interest groups with statutory provisions that (presumably) eliminated the hostile country bias in U.S. refugee and asylum admis‐ sions, and granted increased federal aid to private organizations and units of state and local governments.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT'S PROBLEM WITH DISASTER MANAGEMENT: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS1
Authors: Wolensky Robert P. , Wolensky Kenneth C.
Published: June 2005

In response to the recent attention given the disaster management responsibilities of local governments, this study asks two questions: how have local governments managed the demands associated with major natural disasters, and what explanation have been offered for the perfor‐ mance patterns observed? In the first part of the paper the social science disaster literature is reviewed to ascertain performance across four disaster stages (predisaster planning, emergency, early recovery, and long‐term recovery). Among the explanations offered for the performance patterns, it was surprising to find little attention devoted to underlying structural factors. In the second part of the paper, “the disaster management problem” is stipulated and a structural analysis of it is undertaken, focusing on the role of local government within both the intergovernmental system and the local power structure. The conclusion is that the disaster management problem has roots deep within American society and culture, and any attempts to redress the problem will require attention to limiting struc‐ tural realities.
EVALUATING DARE: DRUG EDUCATION AND THE MULTIPLE MEANINGS OF SUCCESS*
Authors: Aniskiewicz Rick , Wysong Earl
Published: June 2005

Background and previous impact evaluations of “DARE” (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) are described along with an assessment of its im‐ plementation among fifth graders in Kokomo, Indiana. Building upon alter‐ native efforts, a multifaceted impact/process evaluation framework is developed; it is used to consider the multiple meanings of DARE'S “success” within the dimensions of program efficacy, the impact of micro and macro contexts upon its participants and outcomes, and as a form of symbolic politics. The results tend to support the conclusion that DARE produces anti‐drug outcomes; also, the evidence suggests that drug knowledge and locus of control factors are involved in achieving these effects. Micro and macro contextual elements were found to produce important impacts upon the program's dynamics and effectiveness; finally, the data indicate that DARE includes an important symbolic politics dimension and is supported by important symbolic politics dimension and is supported by multiple stakeholders who define its success in terms of its popularity, which has significant utility for their interests.
PREDICTING STATE ABORTION LEGISLATION FROM U.S. SENATE VOTES: THE EFFECTS OF APPARENT IDEOLOGICAL SHIRKING
Authors: Gohmann Stephan F. , Ohsfeldt Robert L.
Published: June 2005

The recent Supreme Court decision in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services giving more discretion to states to regulate abortion has led to speculation concerning which states might move to limit abortions. Medoff (1989) attempts to predict how state legislatures might vote on state‐level abortion legislation by examining the 1983 Senate vote on the Hatch/Eagleton Amendment. We expand upon Medoff's analysis by incor‐ porating recent developments in agency theory as it applies to the political agents (i.e., Senators) in the empirical model. The results demonstrate that accounting for Senatorial “shirking” and state ideology substantially im‐ proves the predictive ability of the model for the Senate abortion vote. The predicted votes of the state's Senators, after eliminating the effects of apparent Senatorial shirking, are used to infer the likelihood of state‐level legislation substantially restricting abortion. We compare these results to a base model that ignores the issue of shirking and find increased predict‐ ability and several differing results.
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AS IMPLEMENTORS OF PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: de Alteriis Martin
Published: June 2005

This study expands the growing literature in comparative public policy that examines welfare services. By now, it is accepted that a combination of economic, social, and political factors are influential in the delivery of these services by the 60 states. This paper finds that similar factors are also operating at the county level in New York state. Most notably, political factors affect the distribution of welfare benefits–despite federal and state mandates that require distribution to be based solely on need. This raises a number of issues. concerning the nature of political influence and the autonomy of local bureaucracies, which require further exploration.
ECONOMIC CONVERSION: INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND DEMOCRATIC VALUES
Authors: Cassidy Kevin J.
Published: June 2005

While arms control and disarmament represent efforts to respond to the military and political factors in the arms race, there has not been a com‐ parable effort to reduce the economic incentives. To do so military contrac‐ tors would have to be able to convert their production facilities to civilian manufacturing without loss of profits or workers.
ATTITUDINAL EFFECTS OF PUBLIC‐PRIVATE COOPERATION IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Rubin Herbert J.
Published: June 2005

Using data from a national mail survey, opinions on the local economic development process held by economic development practitioners working for a city, chamber of commerce and public‐private agencies are compared. The data show that public‐private agency officials bridge the gap between the perspectives held by chamber government officials. Economic develop‐ ment practitioners working for public‐private agencies have more respect for both governmental employees and business people than do other economic development practitioners. They feel that it is possible to gain more control over the economic development process than do their business or governmental counterparts. And, they indicate the advantages for the local community of maintaining such control; for example, being better able to stop businesses from whipsawing disorganized communities into making unnecessary concessions.
The Privatization of Expendable Launch Vehicles: Reconciliation of Conflicting Policy Objectives
Authors: Scarborough Jack
Published: June 2005

This paper documents the decision process pursued by the President and key federal agencies addressing the issue of privatization of routine commercial space satellite launches via expendable launch vehicles. It is a case study of incremental decision making in the extreme, characterized by the formulation of conflicting policy goals in response to contingencies which ultimately paralyzed the policy process, even as government was confronted with issues of considerable gravity and urgency. The decision process unfolded in a highly dynamic environment, including the development of a internationally competitive space launch market and the Challenger accident. A key issue is the role of the chief executive in managing the policy implementation process, once conflicting goals have been formulated. The case illustrates how strategic miscalculation by the agencies involved, and a laissez‐faire management style by the chief executive, exacerbate the ordinarily expected difficulties.
The Impact of Job Training Programs on the Reemployment Probability of Dislocated Workers
Authors: Ting Yuan
Published: June 2005

The Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) of 1982 was enacted with the purpose of helping dislocated workers become reemployed through the provision of job training programs. Using data from the 1984 CPS Displaced Worker Survey, this study analyzes the impact of job training programs on the reemployment probability of dislocated workers. The results suggest that dislocated workers who received classroom training or on‐the‐job training were more likely to be reemployed. Dislocated workers who received only job search assistance, however, did not benefit from the assistance in terms of higher reemployment probability. In light of the legislative intent of JTPA Title 111 for increasing dislocated workers’ human capital, the results suggest that state JTPA agencies should place more emphasis on the classroom training, which provides basic and job skills to dislocated workers.
Hospital Waiting Lists in British Columbia: Evidence and Policy Implications
Authors: Globerman Steven
Published: June 2005

This study reports the results of a survey of specialist physicians practicing in British Columbia. The survey identifies the extent to which patients are waiting for hospital treatments and attempts a rough quantification of the costs to the provincial economy associated with the rationing of health care. The identifiable costs associated with reduced productivity should be weighed against the resource savings gained from rationing access to the health care system.
An Analysis of Statutory Development: The Correlates of State Activity in Product Liability Legislation
Authors: Elliott Euel , Talarico Susette M.
Published: June 2005

In the last few years legal scholars and politicians have been concerned with what many have referred to as the “liability crisis”. While there is certainly no consensus involving precisely how serious the problem indeed, some argue that there is no crisis ‐there is some evidence that the frequency and size of jury awards in some types of personal injury cases have changed since the 1970s. In response to this evidence virtually every state has considered legislation that would limit the frequency or size of such awards and would modify related judicial processes. Although the final status of many of these “tort reforms” is still uncertain, bills related to punitive damages and other dimensions of tort Iiability have been introduced in and passed by one or more houses in many state legislatures. This paper examines this legislative activity and focus on bills that have passed in one or more state legislative houses in the 1986–88 time period. Using standard multivariate statistical techniques, it examines the relationship between this legislative activity and dimensions of state politics and culture. The research indicates that state legislative activity in the area of tort reform results from a rather complex mix of factors. It is a function of political and social‐economic attributes, as well as features of the states’ legal and judicial systems.
Partnership in Economic Development: The Case of U.K. Local Enterprise Agencies
Authors: Smallbone David
Published: June 2005

The rapid development of local enterprise agencies in Britain in the 1980s has been an important focus for the increasing involvement of the private sector in economic development. These agencies present themselves as locally oriented partnerships and the paper draws on evidence from a recent survey, undertaken by the author in Greater London, to show what partnership can mean in practice. A particular focus is the relation between enterprise agencies and local authorities. This leads to a discussion of some of the policy issues arising from the development of these agencies which is part of a wider growth of the non‐elected state in Britain through the decade. It is argued that their development raises important questions concerning their lack of local democratic accountability.
Economic Development Planning as a Relay: Dayton's Experience
Authors: Premus Robert , Blair John P.
Published: June 2005

This article examines the impact land effectiveness of a shift from traditional public sector‐led and old‐style business‐led approaches to local development to a more integrative and innovative planning process of broad‐based community involvement. Through a careful analysis of Dayton's economic transformation, this article explores the importance of combining public sector, university, business and grass root community interests to arrive at a region‐wide planning process in which all these disparate elements share responsibility and identify their goals for local development.