bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rebel Music in the Triumphant Empire
Authors: Pearson David
Published: December 2020

At the dawn of the 1990s, as the United States celebrated its victory in the Cold War and sole superpower status by waging war on Iraq and proclaiming democratic capitalism as the best possible society, the 1990s underground punk renaissance transformed the punk scene into a site of radical opposition to American empire. Nazi skinheads were ejected from the punk scene; apathetic attitudes were challenged; women, Latino, and LGBTQ participants asserted their identities and perspectives within punk; the scene debated the virtues of maintaining DIY purity versus venturing into the musical mainstream; and punks participated in protest movements from animal rights to stopping the execution of Mumia Abu-Jamal to shutting down the 1999 World Trade Organization meeting. Punk lyrics offered strident critiques of American empire, from its exploitation of the Third World to its warped social relations. Numerous subgenres of punk proliferated to deliver this critique, such as the blazing hardcore punk of bands like Los Crudos, propagandistic crust-punk/dis-core; grindcore and power violence with tempos over 800 BPM, and So-Cal punk with its combination of melody and hardcore. Musical analysis of each of these styles and the expressive efficacy of numerous bands reveals that punk is not merely simplistic three-chord rock music, but a genre that is constantly revolutionizing itself in which nuances of guitar riffs, vocal timbres, drum beats, and song structures are deeply meaningful to its audience, as corroborated by the robust discourse in punk zines.
Literary Style
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm
Published: December 2020

Style has often been understood both too broadly and too narrowly. In consequence, it has not defined a psychologically coherent area of study. In this chapter, Hogan first defines style so as to make possible a consistent and systematic theoretical account of the topic in relation to cognitive and affective science. This definition stresses that style varies by both scope and level—thus, the range of text or texts that may share a style (from a single passage to a historical period) and the components of a work that might involve a shared style (including story, narration, and verbalization). This chapter also addresses a second question—what purposes are served by style? There are three key functions of style: 1) the shaping of story understanding, 2) the communication of thematic concerns (i.e., concerns that extend beyond the work to values in the world), and 3) the arousal and modulation of emotion. Hogan illustrates the main points of this chapter by reference to literary works, prominently Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway.
Visual Narration
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm
Published: December 2020

Chapter 7 of Style in Narrative parallels chapter 3 in taking up the level of narrational style for the scope of a single work. However, in this case, the narration at issue is visual rather than verbal. In connection with this, the chapter considers an important argument in film studies about point-of-view (PoV) shots. For some time, film theorists took PoV shots to foster identification with the character whose point of view was depicted. Cognitive film theorists argued forcefully that identification was much more likely with the target of observation than with the perspective of the camera. Hogan’s contention here is that, though the cognitivists’ argument is largely correct, there can be some significant emotional effects of PoV editing, especially when it involves certain sorts of camera movement. These effects can be understood by reference to neuroscientific research on embodiment. Lu’s film presents a virtual catalog of the types and emotional functions of PoV shots, also illustrating many of their possible thematic consequences.
Stylistic Choices in Graphic Narrative
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm
Published: December 2020

The final chapter of Style in Narrative turns to graphic fiction. Much of what one might say about style in graphic narrative is already covered by the treatments of literary and film style earlier in the book. However, some unique aspects of graphic narrative style remain. In this chapter, Hogan identifies some of the distinctive stylistic components of graphic narrative, illustrating and expanding these by reference to Art Spiegelman’s Maus. A key feature of this chapter is systematizing the analysis of graphic fiction by reference to the various stylistic levels (storyworld, story, plot, narration, and perceptual interface) and their functions (narrative exposition, communication of themes, and the cultivation of emotional effects). Lack of clarity about these distinctions has sometimes led to theoretical problems in the analyses of graphic fiction proposed by influential theorists of the medium.
Schopenhauer, “Life,” and the Affects of the Noumenal
Authors: Bergo Bettina
Published: December 2020

In his unique response to Kant, Schopenhauer worked to combine Spinoza’s monism with Kant’s transcendental investigations. Working at the crossroads between nineteenth-century science (physiology, natural history) and German metaphysics, he redefined the thing-in-itself as a generative principle called the “noumenal will.” The latter stood beyond all our possible representations but could be “known” thanks to an affect; namely, in the urging of anxiety in us. As the “sign” of the will to live, angst followed our brief pleasures and flowed into suffering. It was the basic characteristic of living beings. Nevertheless, drawing from the popular wave of Hindu and Buddhist philosophies, he argued that the striving of the will in us might be quieted intellectually. Schopenhauer’s thought stands at one endpoint of European philosophy, arising when it runs out of metaphoric energy and looks abroad.
Animals in a Landscape
Authors: Price Max D.
Published: December 2020

The geography of the Near East is laid out with specific reference to the environments most favorable to Sus scrofa, or pigs and wild boar—woodlands, marshes, and human settlements. Wild boar are nonruminating artiodactyls that evolved in Southeast Asia 10–5.3 million years ago. The domestication of pigs from wild boar developed in China and the Near East over a period of 10,000 years. Domestication is a biological process driven by human culture. It occurs when humans take control of animals, perceiving them as property, and animals develop genetic adaptations in response to human management. Humans have devised a number of methods for keeping pigs, generally ranging from the extensive (allowing pigs to roam the countryside or forests) to intensive (confining pigs to pens). Because of their uniqueness as a livestock species, several “pig principles” have been identified and have guided the study of pigs in the Near East.
Contemporary Infinitesimalist Theories of Continua and Their Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Forerunners
Authors: Ehrlich Philip
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a historical overview of some of the contemporary infinitesimalist alternatives to the Cantor-Dedekind theory of continua. Among the theories we will consider are those that emerge from nonstandard analysis, nilpotent infinitesimalist approaches to portions of differential geometry and the theory of surreal numbers. Since these theories have roots in the algebraic, geometric and analytic infinitesimalist theories of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, we will also provide overviews of the latter theories and some of their relations to the contemporary ones. We will find that the contemporary theories, while offering novel and possible alternative visions of continua, need not be (and in many cases are not) regarded as replacements for the Cantor-Dedekind theory and its corresponding theories of analysis and differential geometry.
Emergent Democracy
Authors: Atkinson Lucy , Blick Andrew , Qvortrup Matt
Published: December 2020

Chapter 1 considers how the idea of using referendums came onto the political agenda, and how on a number of occasions its imminent entry into use seemed plausible but did not take place. Important figures such as Albert Venn Dicey, Joseph Chamberlain, Arthur Balfour, Stanley Baldwin, Herbert Henry Asquith, and Winston Churchill played a part in events. Even without being held, the prospect of referendums had an impact on British political thought, words, and actions. There was also practical use of the device: at local level, and as part of external initiatives in which Britain played a part. The referendum could come to the forefront of political attention, recede and then return to it again. Though the extent of its prominence varied, once it appeared on the political landscape the referendum was, in some form, a continual presence.
Pressure and experimentation
Authors: Atkinson Lucy , Blick Andrew , Qvortrup Matt
Published: December 2020

Chapter 2 covers 1945–1979, a period during which referendums progressed from being relatively neglected as a concept in Britain to actually being deployed. Between 1945 and the early 1970s, the idea of holding a major referendum was absent from the forefront of the UK political agenda. But as we will see, the proposition simmered and revived over time. Then between 1973 and 1979, four such votes took place: on the constitutional status of Northern Ireland (1973); on whether or not the UK should continue to participate in the European Community (or ‘Common Market’, in 1975); and on whether or not devolution should be implemented in Scotland and Wales (both 1979). The chapter considers why referendums occurred, and their implications for British politics and for the British constitution.
Positive Regulation in a Changing World
Authors: Baldwin Robert , Cave Martin
Published: December 2020

All regulators deal with issues that are constantly changing. Economic circumstances and technologies develop, and market structures alter as new products are launched, providers come and go, consumer preferences shift and so on. Positive regulators will be aware of such changes (anticipating them when feasible), will have information on the nature of such changes, and will respond dynamically to any such shifts. This chapter focuses on three central strategic issues in doing so: how best to respond to those new activities, technologies, and operators that do not sit easily within current regulatory frameworks; how to encourage healthy innovations by businesses; and how regulatory regimes can be adjusted in ways that impose least costs on firms, consumers, and others. Special attention is paid to the challenges that arise when regulation operates in a fragmented manner and across different levels of government.
Can Regulators Ensure Environmental Sustainability?
Authors: Baldwin Robert , Cave Martin
Published: December 2020

Sustainability is an urgent concern that grows in importance as the earth’s fragility becomes increasingly apparent. Regulating in order to promote sustainability, however, brings a number of challenges. The first section of this chapter discusses those general challenges and the second section deals with a specific issue of central importance to sustainability—the control of carbon emissions. Central questions explored include: Is the idea of sustainability too elusive to allow its protection through regulation? How can regulators address the special challenges presented by future and contested harms? What strategies are available to rise to the challenges of regulating so as to foster sustainability? The discussion of responses to carbon and other greenhouse gases deals with the scale of the problems and the regulatory tools available to achieve the decarbonization targets now adopted by governments, including carbon taxes, tradable emissions permits, electric vehicles, and the replacement of gas in home heating.
The Extensions
Authors: Fabbrini Federico , Schmidt Rebecca
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the extension of UK membership in the EU, discussing the law and politics of Article 50(3) TEU. It also assesses the governance implications that the postponement of Brexit had on the EU institutions, including the European Parliament (EP), the Council of the EU, and the European Commission. The UK government notified its intention to withdraw from the EU pursuant to Article 50 TEU on March 29, 2017. It was expected therefore that the UK would leave by March 29, 2019. However, in March of 2019, the UK government was eventually pushed to seek an extension under Article 50(3) TEU — a dynamic which was repeated twice more in April and October of 2019, ultimately leading to the withdrawal of the UK from the EU only on January 31, 2020. The chapter maps the legal regulation of the extension of the withdrawal period, distinguishing it from the similar but different mechanisms of revocation and transition. It also analyses the practical implementation of extension in the three subsequent decisions that the European Council adopted, in agreement with the UK, during 2019.
Human Rights Obligations of European Financial Assistance Mechanisms
Authors: Poulou Anastasia
Published: December 2020

Having been affected by the European financial crisis that erupted in 2008, several EU Member States required financial assistance beyond that available in the financial markets. New financial assistance mechanisms, such as the EFSF and ESM, were created under international law and all financial assistance packages included the participation of the IMF. Despite their differences, these financial assistance schemes all combined supranational and international legal instruments and institutions. The hybrid nature of this European financial assistance raises the question of whether the actors involved in the award of the assistance are bound by EU and international human rights. Against this background, this chapter assesses financial assistance conditionality as applied by the different financial institutions from an EU and international human rights perspective, aiming to respond to the question whether European and international actors are bound by human rights when preparing financial assistance conditions.
Financial Risks of Climate Change
Authors: Sarra Janis
Published: December 2020

Chapter 3 examines a number of financial risks to the viability of businesses due to climate change. It describes how the acute and chronic impacts discussed in Chapter 2 create new business risks, both physical risks and transition risks. It explores technology risk, market risk, and investment risk, risk to the company’s reputation for failure to adopt a climate plan, and policy risk. It examines the implications for investors if assets are stranded or reduced in value. It introduces concerns regarding planetary boundaries and what impacts may be irreversible once they are crossed. This chapter also examines how women are disproportionately affected by climate change impacts and why Indigenous peoples are deserving of special attention and respect in developing policy and business practices related to climate change.
Effective Climate Governance
Authors: Sarra Janis
Published: December 2020

Having set out the legal duties of directors, officers, trustees, and investment managers in Chapter 4, this chapter discusses principles and frameworks that can inform effective climate governance. It offers advice on how to get started. It raises the notion of having climate competent directors and pension fiduciaries. Such fiduciaries may rely on engaging asset managers and engagement service firms, but they cannot delegate their fiduciary obligations. The chapter examines how boards can measure progress towards decarbonization. It examines the framework on climate governance proposed by the Taskforce on Climate-related Financial Disclosure (‘TCFD’), including disclosure of governance of climate risk, climate strategy, risk management, and metrics and targets. It examines two emerging tools—climate scenario analysis and integrated assessment models.
Regulatory Oversight of Climate Governance of Companies and Institutional Investors
Authors: Sarra Janis
Published: December 2020

Chapter 6 examines a number of regulatory challenges for climate change, particularly in terms of international regulatory oversight. It offers positive models from the European Union and explores why fairness and equity should inform regulatory choices. It discusses the emerging use of ‘green taxonomies’ as a tool to assure investors about where their capital is being directed and to encourage sustainable investing. The chapter engages in a discussion about carbon pricing as a regulatory tool, including low carbon benchmarks, carbon budgets, and statutory requirements for net zero carbon emissions. It explores the potential governance role of debt in the transition to net zero carbon and what the appropriate oversight role is for financial services supervisors. The chapter canvasses capacity building for women’s role in policy-making and examines the critically important issue of meaningful partnership with Indigenous communities.
The Maritime Yeats
Authors: Allen Nicholas
Published: December 2020

The imagery of water runs through all of Yeats’s writing, from the Sligo of his youth to the Byzantium of his old age, just as sea travel was a constant factor in his migrant life. From the beginning he understood the world in which he grew up as coastal and maritime, and Yeats’s writing about Ireland is watermarked with the diverse cultures that he experienced first-hand, in libraries and in archives, the past and the present joined in an archipelagic network of signs and associations that stretched from the west of Ireland to the Mediterranean, Africa, and Asia. This chapter describes the fluid declension of water in Yeats’s poetry and prose overall, with a focus on his early novel John Sherman.
Erskine Childers and The Riddle of the Sands
Authors: Allen Nicholas
Published: December 2020

Of all the characters involved in the Irish revolution Erskine Childers is among the most ambiguous. The son of an English father and an Irish mother, both of whom died in his childhood to leave the young boy in the care of relatives in County Wicklow, he went to Haileybury College and then to Cambridge, where by the end of the 1890s he served as a parliamentary clerk with a view to becoming a Liberal Member of Parliament. The critical turn in his life was Childers’s marriage to the Boston-born Molly Osgood in 1904, the year after he published The Riddle of the Sands, which was an immediate and a runaway success. This chapter is a study of the book as a work of coastal literature and includes never before seen archival material.
At the Ebb Tide
Authors: Allen Nicholas
Published: December 2020

This chapter maps the diverse coastal cultures of Irish literature through the periodicals of the mid-century, moving from The Bell, to Atlantis, the Honest Ulsterman, Poetry Ireland, and others. When Seán O’Faoláin began The Bell in 1940 he faced severe challenges of war, partition and economic distress, which had fragmented his audience and stunted his resources. It begins with a description of O’Faoláin’s childhood upbringing in the port city of Cork and follows the diverse ways in which the sea, and its fringes, shaped literature and criticism in a period of rapid cultural transition. Populated by a diverse cast of writers, artists and adventurers including Elizabeth Bowen, Peadar O’Donnell, Robert Gibbings, and Claire McAllister, this chapter winds from the Lee to the Seine by way of the Wye in its mapping of mid-century archipelagic cultures.
Liquid Labyrinths
Authors: Allen Nicholas
Published: December 2020

Stewart Parker’s play, Northern Star, begins with the character of Henry Joy McCracken reciting his seaborn heritage as a descendant of Huguenots and Covenanters, his mongrel inheritance ‘natural’ to his Belfast birth, the city a port of refuge from ‘the storm of history’. McCracken is remembered now as a United Irishman who was executed for his part in the 1798 rebellion, an insurrection that lingers still in the public consciousness of the city and its past. Northern Star was first performed in 1984 and through it Parker created a space for expressions of identity and place beyond the Troubles; that he did so in metaphors of storms and sea suggests the imaginative depth of the city’s maritime attachments, which form the basis of this chapter’s readings of mid-twentieth-century cultural production in the north of Ireland, including Seamus Deane, Medbh McGuckian, Sinead Morrissey, Glenn Patterson, and Ciaran Carson.
Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin, Poetry and Water
Authors: Allen Nicholas
Published: December 2020

If the coast and sea are to be more than settings for the play of literature, and if in doing so become the fabric of an aesthetic whose origins are in the interplay between water and land, then something more is to be read into art than a juxtaposition between fluidity and form. Liquidity is a condition of continual engagement, surface and depth, volume and elevation, are the dimensions of a literature that can hold a multiple consciousness in mind, the art work an astrolabe, not a map, its contours marked by soundings, its horizons by visions. This chapter reads the poetry of Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin in these contexts, following words and images from Acts and Monuments to the present. Ní Chuilleanáin is a central figure in contemporary Irish literature; associative and versatile, her work seeps around any reading of narrative enclosure.
Kevin Barry’s Atlantic Drift
Authors: Allen Nicholas
Published: December 2020

Kevin Barry is a short story writer, novelist, dramatist, and editor, with Olivia Smith, of Winter Papers, an annual anthology of contemporary Irish writing. His work is steeped in music, film, and television, and echoes with their influence. Underpinning this is an attachment to writers like Dermot Healy and John McGahern, both novelists whose importance to a writer like Barry makes all the more sense from a coastal, and an archipelagic, perspective. His binding theme is disappointment and his lyricism is braided into the tragic perspective his characters, and his narrators, have of the human condition, which is for the most part a tilting balance between anxiety and drink. These edgy narratives are often set in wet weather by the sea and as so often in this book, the coastal margin operates as a hydroscape in which the boundaries between innocence and experience fragment and shift.
Corporate Reorganization Law and Forces of Change
Authors: Paterson Sarah
Published: December 2020

This book is concerned with the way in which forces of change, from the fields of finance and non-financial corporates, cause participants in the corporate reorganization process to adapt the ways in which they mobilize corporate reorganization law. It argues that scholars, practitioners, judges, and the legislature must all take care to connect their conceptual frameworks to the specific adaptations which emerge from this process of change. It further argues that this need to connect theoretical and policy concepts with practical adaptations has posed particular challenges when US corporate reorganization law has been under examination in the decade since the financial crisis. At the same time, the book suggests that English scholars, practitioners, judges, and the legislature have been more successful, over the course of the past ten years, in choosing concepts to frame their analysis which are sensitive to the ways in which corporate reorganization law is currently used. Nonetheless, it suggests that new problems may be on the horizon for English corporate reorganization lawyers in adapting their conceptual framework in the decades to come.
The Fall of the Gentleman Banker
Authors: Paterson Sarah
Published: December 2020

This chapter focuses on shifts in the identities of the financial creditors who participate in the reorganization of a complex, leveraged capital structure. It argues that the changing identities of these participants undermine some of the assumptions made in Chapter 11 about the ways in which reputational concern will interact with corporate reorganization law to motivate bargaining. Once again, the account in the chapter reveals why the comparatively recent development of corporate reorganization law to deleverage a complex capital structure in England means that the same assumptions are not made about the identities of the participants in the process, the role of reputation, or the bargaining environment in general.
Victorian Visions of Suburban Utopia
Authors: Walker Nathaniel Robert
Published: December 2020

The rise of suburbs and disinvestment from cities have been defining features of life in many countries over the course of the twentieth century, especially English-speaking ones. The separation of different aspects of life, such as living and working, and the diffusion of the population in far-flung garden homes have necessitated an enormous consumption of natural lands and the constant use of mechanized transportation. Why did we abandon our dense, complex urban places and seek to find “the best of the city and the country” in the flowery suburbs? A large missing piece in this story is found in Victorian utopian literature. The replacement of cities with high-tech suburbs was repeatedly imagined and breathlessly described in the socialist dreams and science-fiction fantasies of dozens of British and American authors in the nineteenth century. Some of these visionaries—such as Robert Owen, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Edward Bellamy, William Morris, Ebenezer Howard, and H. G. Wells—are enduringly famous, while others were street vendors or amateur chemists who have been all but forgotten. Together, they fashioned strange and beautiful imaginary worlds built of synthetic gemstones, lacy metal colonnades, and unbreakable glass, staffed by robotic servants and teeming with flying carriages. As different as their futuristic visions could be in their politics or narrative qualities, most were unified by a single, desperate plea: for humanity to have a future worth living, we must abandon our smoky, poor, chaotic Babylonian cities for a life in shimmering gardens.
The Carraway Confessional
Authors: Ferraro Thomas J.
Published: December 2020

Chapter 6 argues that the holy grail of Gatsby’s idolatrous love for Daisy, in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, presents a profound challenge to the prepped and Ivied Midwestern Protestantism of Nick Carraway, who turns out to be an emotional exhibitionist not just an emotional voyeur. In “Absolution,” the story first intended as the novel’s first chapter, Fitzgerald establishes the theo-ontology of the gorgeous radiant lie, which because of its occasioned theatricality (witness critics Mitchell Breitwieser and Tracy Fessenden) courts ineffability, catechetical casuistry notwithstanding. To Nick, Jay Gatsby manifests a radiance that co-exists, somehow, with everything for which he has “unaffected scorn,” including nouveau-riche vulgarity, gangster-derived upper-class brutality, and delusional, out-sized masculine desire—for it calls, again mysteriously, to his homo-eros and own precarious class positioning (mirrored variously by the three women) and manifests itself in the tension between a Protestant transcendental “symbolist aesthetics” and a Catholic material sacramentality that descends even more directly from Hawthorne. In Nick’s literary confessional, the witness he bears to Gatsby’s “romantic readiness” is in itself more outrageously romantic still: that is, it is the testament of a seducee-convert to the passional incarnation of incommensurable love, as Marian Catholicism concentrates it, in the face of linen so dirty it can’t be laundered. At the last, what Nick has to confess is not his own myriad sexual and social foibles but rather a love for (the idol of Gatsby) so outsized and imminently felt it it courts, manifests, and arguably sanctions “an ineffably gorgeous lie.”
Union in the Canticle and Flame
Authors: Hole Sam
Published: December 2020

Chapter 5 examines the highest stages of the spiritual ascent, depicted in the Spiritual Canticle and Living Flame of Love. Only at the culmination of the ascent does the desire that has propelled the soul through the contradictions and apparent meaninglessness of the dark night fully materialize in the soul. Chapter 5 examines how John uses sensory metaphors of beauty, touch, and taste, as well as a series of deeply erotic images of yearning and consummation, to depict the re-engagement of the soul with the created order, its desires now appropriately reoriented towards God. In the state of union, the soul’s desire for God is revealed to be not only a yearning on the part of the soul itself, but more truly a reflection of the loving desire that unites the persons of the Trinity. John’s anthropology terminology concomitantly shifts towards the use of terms such as the ‘substance of the soul’, as a means of depicting the intense and cohesive desire of the entire soul for God. John’s striking reworking of the highly traditional theological concept of desire therefore plays a crucial role throughout his theology, mediating and uniting what would otherwise appear a disjunctive passage for the soul from an originary state of deep sin, through the noetic, sensual, and spiritual darkness of the dark night, to the state of union with God.
Conclusion
Authors: Hole Sam
Published: December 2020

This concluding chapter examines the implications (as already briefly laid out in the Introduction) of John’s thought for contemporary theological discussion of desire. The narrowly sexual connotations that the notion of desire has acquired in modern theological and philosophical debate, particularly through its erotic Platonic formulations conjoined to modern Freudianism, have prevented recognition of John’s insightful construal of desire. John’s account should no longer be the subject of neglect by systematic theologians. He is a magisterial thinker whose theology is worthy of comparison with some of the greatest sixteenth-century accounts of the transformation of the soul. Reconsideration of John’s thought, with its creative reworking of the notion of desire as a constellating category for the depiction of the spiritual ascent, may enrich the ongoing current theological re-evaluation of desire. His thought is, this chapter concludes, a rich resource for the purposes of contemporary theological discussion.
International Standards for the Reporting of Derivatives Trades
Authors: Quaglia Lucia
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the elemental regime on the reporting of derivatives trades to repositories, including the harmonization of data format and aggregation, the politically charged issue of authorities’ access to data, and the technical issues concerning entities, products, and transactions identifiers. Initially, international standards for trade reporting were not considered as a priority and different domestic rules on trade reporting proliferated. Over time, relatively precise, stringent, and consistent international standards concerning entity, product, and transaction identifiers (i.e. the LEI, UPI, and UTI) were issued. The US was a first-mover at the domestic level and a belated pace-setter at the international level, with the support of the EU. A variety of transgovernmental networks of domestic financial regulators facilitated the harmonization of trade reporting, together with the International Standardisation Organisation (ISO) and private sector associations. The financial industry accepted the need for trade reporting, but complained about different domestic requirements that increased reporting costs.
Mechanisms, Multiple Realizability, and Medium Independence
Authors: Piccinini Gualtiero
Published: December 2020

This chapter provides an account of realization within a mechanistic framework and introduces the notions of variable realizability, multiple realizability, and medium independence. Realization is the relation between a higher-level property and the lower-level properties of which it is an aspect. Variable realizability occurs when the same higher-level property can be realized by different lower-level properties—different lower-level properties share the same aspect. Variable realizability is ubiquitous yet insufficient for multiple realizability proper. Multiple realizability proper occurs when the same higher-level property can be realized by different lower-level properties that constitute different mechanisms for that property at the immediately lower mechanistic level. Medium independence is an even stronger condition than multiple realizability: it occurs when not only is a higher-level property multiply realizable; in addition, the inputs and outputs that define the higher-level property are also multiply realizable. Thus, all that matters to defining a medium-independent higher-level property is the manipulation of certain degrees of freedom. Medium independence entails multiple realizability, which in turn entails variable realizability, but variable realizability does not entail multiple realizability, which in turn does not entail medium independence.
The Computational Theory of Cognition
Authors: Piccinini Gualtiero
Published: December 2020

It is difficult to connect cognitive states and processes to their neural realizers—to see how perception, memory, reasoning, and the like are realized by neural states and processes. This difficulty has haunted the sciences of cognition since their origin. According to the computational theory of cognition (CTC), cognitive capacities are explained by inner computations, which in biological organisms are realized in the nervous system. In its most general form, CTC says that neurocognitive processes are computations. The earliest modern version of CTC is due to McCulloch and Pitts, who argued that neurocognitive processes are digital computations. Another version of CTC maintains that neurocognitive processes are analog computations. A third possible version is that neurocognitive processes are sui generis computations.
Moral Philosophy and Moral Life
Authors: Christensen Anne-Marie Søndergaard
Published: December 2020

This is a work in moral philosophy and its ambition is to contribute to a renewed understanding of moral philosophy, the role of moral theory, and the relation between moral philosophy and moral life. It is motivated by the belief that the lack of a coherent answer to the question of the role and status of moral philosophy and the theories it develops, is one of the most important obstacles for doing work in moral philosophy today. The first part of the book untangles various criticisms of the dominant view of moral theories that challenges the explanatory, foundational, authoritative, and action-guiding role of these theories. It also offers an alternative understanding of moral theory as descriptions of moral grammar. The second part investigates the nature of the particularities relevant for an understanding of moral life, both particularities tied to the moral subject, her character, commitments, and moral position, and particularities tied to the context of the subject, her moral community and language. The final part marks a return to moral philosophy and addresses the wider question of what the revised conception of moral theories and the affirmation of the value of the particular mean for moral philosophy by developing a descriptive, pluralistic, and elucidatory conception of moral philosophy. The scope of the book is wide, but its pretensions are more moderate, to present an understanding of descriptive moral philosophy which may spur a debate about the status and role of moral philosophy in relation to our moral lives.
Generality and Particularity in Moral Thought
Authors: Christensen Anne-Marie Søndergaard
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores the role of particularities in moral thought and moral life and the forms of understanding of these particularities necessary in moral philosophy in order to substantiate the idea, developed in Chapter 3, that moral philosophy is a descriptive activity facing a dual task, both general and particular. The chapter falls into two parts. The first part is an investigation of the role of general principles in moral thought that aids an understanding of how far general descriptions (for example in the form of moral theories) may be of help to us in philosophy. The second part provides an understanding of the role of the particular in moral thought that serves to substantiate the claim that moral philosophy has to provide a substantial understanding of moral development, imagination, and discernment. This part also investigates whether the qualification of the role of general principles in moral thought can be reconciled with the idea that moral considerations are objective, universal, and absolute. The chapter concludes that moral philosophy should rediscover itself as one practice among others that aim to assist and improve moral life, while taking into account the most comprehensive understanding of human life.
Introduction
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: December 2020

This chapter introduces the volume. The chapters in the first part of the volume deal with metatheological issues pertaining to discourse about God and the authority of scripture; the chapters in the second part focus on divine attributes; and the chapters in the third part discuss the doctrine of the trinity and related issues. The section headings of this introduction match the part divisions of the book, but it is not the aim here to summarize the chapters included in each section’s corresponding part. Instead, this introduction aims to supplement those papers with a more general discussion of some of the author’s past and current thinking on the various loci covered by the chapters in the volume.
Realism in Theology and Metaphysics
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: December 2020

Since the early 2000s, increasing attention has been paid in two separate disciplines to questions about realism and ontological commitment. The disciplines are analytic metaphysics on the one hand, and theology on the other. Chapter 1 discusses two arguments for the conclusion that realism in theology and metaphysics—that is, a realist treatment of doctrines in theology and metaphysics—is untenable. The first is due to Peter Byrne, the second to Bas van Fraassen. The chapter concludes that practitioners of metaphysics and theology ought simply to ignore this conclusion. Those who are already sceptical of theology or metaphysics or both will find in the objections plenty to agree with. But they should not convince the unconvinced.
God beyond Being
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: December 2020

Theologians divide as to how best to understand God’s transcendence. Famously, towards the end of his Mystical Theology, Pseudo-Dionysius characterized God’s transcendence by saying that God is ‘beyond every denial, beyond every assertion’ and that God ‘lies beyond thought and beyond being’. Many in his wake have followed him in these affirmations. Contemporary analytic philosophers commonly dismiss such claims as unintelligible or inconsistent with basic doctrines of Christianity (e.g. that God exists, is personal, became incarnate). But they are so deeply entrenched in the tradition that it seems a worthwhile effort to try to do them justice. This chapter develops an intelligible account of divine transcendence that accommodates the language of beyondness while at the same time remaining consistent with the truth of central Christian doctrines.
Relative Identity and the Doctrine of the Trinity
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: December 2020

The doctrine of the Trinity maintains that there are exactly three divine Persons (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) but only one God. The philosophical problem raised by this doctrine is well known. On the one hand, the doctrine seems clearly to imply that the divine Persons are numerically distinct. How else could they be ‘three’ rather than one? On the other hand, it seems to imply that Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are identical. If each Person is divine, how else could there be exactly ‘one’ God? But the divine Persons can’t be both distinct and identical. Thus, the doctrine appears to be incoherent. Some try to solve this problem by appeal to the view that identity is sortal-relative. This chapter argues that this strategy is unsuccessful as a stand-alone solution to the problem of the Trinity.
Hiddenness and Transcendence
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: December 2020

For over two decades, the philosophical literature on divine hiddenness has been concerned with just one problem about divine hiddenness that arises out of one very particular concept of God. The problem—call it the Schellenberg problem—has J. L. Schellenberg as both its inventor and its most ardent defender. This chapter argues that the Schellenberg problem is an attack on a straw deity. More specifically, it proposes that Schellenberg’s argument against the existence of God depends on certain theological claims that are not commitments of traditional Christian theology and that would, furthermore, be repudiated by many of the most important and influential theologians in the Christian tradition. The chapter closes with some very brief remarks about the implications of this conclusion for what is taken to be the real import of the Schellenberg problem.
Protest, Worship, and the Deformation of Prayer
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: December 2020

The idea that lament and protest might have a valuable place in Christian liturgy and practice has become a topic of increasing philosophical-theological interest. In The Hiddenness of God, Rea defended the view that God authorizes and validates lament and protest from human beings—including impious protest, which emerges from outright anger, sorrow, or other negative emotions in response to apparent divine injustice. But this view apparently stands in tension with widespread assumptions about worship and prayer. In particular, it is hard to see how God can authorize and validate impious protest if it is always true that everyone ought to worship God; and it is also tempting to think that impious protest is an instance of what Lauren Winner calls the ‘characteristic deformation of prayer’, which, in turn, suggests that it is defective prayer that should neither be authorized nor validated by God. This chapter addresses these apparent tensions.
The Emergence of New Business Models
Authors: Treadgold Alan , Reynolds Jonathan
Published: December 2020

Chapter 4 discusses the emergence of entirely new business models enabled, inevitably, by technology and which challenge long-established notions of what it means to be a retail enterprise. The business models for established retail enterprises are being reshaped by the need to make heavy investments in areas such as logistics and IT that have historically been regarded as support functions rather than as integral to the sustained competitive advantage and success of the enterprise. Moreover, established retailers are competing with aggressive and effective enterprises such as internet-enabled platform providers with entirely different business models. As well as a competition between philosophies of what it means to be a retailer, this is a competition between very different business models.
Bringing Order to the New World Order
Authors: Treadgold Alan , Reynolds Jonathan
Published: December 2020

The retail industry globally is undergoing a transformation that will prove ultimately to be more profound in its impact on shoppers and retailers than any which has taken place before. Such is the scale, pace, and disruptive nature of change that it can feel overwhelmingly difficult to understand, let alone to anticipate, plan, and manage its impacts on an enterprise. Chapter 6, the final chapter in Part 1, sets out an organizing framework for locating the major drivers of change in the new landscape of retailing, according to the extent to which change is an opportunity or a threat; the level of immediacy of change; its anticipated impact on the enterprise; and the level of certainty or uncertainty that the change represents.
The Epistemology of Groups
Authors: Lackey Jennifer
Published: December 2020

Groups are often said to bear responsibility for their actions, many of which have enormous moral, legal, and social significance. The Trump Administration, for instance, is said to be responsible for the U.S.’s inept and deceptive handling of COVID-19 and the harms that American citizens have suffered as a result. But are groups subject to normative assessment simply in virtue of their individual members being so, or are they somehow agents in their own right? Answering this question depends on understanding key concepts in the epistemology of groups, as we cannot hold the Trump Administration responsible without first determining what it believed, knew, and said. Deflationary theorists hold that group phenomena can be understood entirely in terms of individual members and their states. Inflationary theorists maintain that group phenomena are importantly over and above, or otherwise distinct from, individual members and their states. It is argued that neither approach is satisfactory. Groups are more than their members, but not because they have “minds of their own,” as the inflationists hold. Instead, this book shows how group phenomena—like belief, justification, and knowledge—depend on what the individual group members do or are capable of doing while being subject to group-level normative requirements. This framework, it is argued, allows for the correct distribution of responsibility across groups and their individual members.
Group Knowledge
Authors: Lackey Jennifer
Published: December 2020

In this chapter, two influential kinds of purported group knowledge that pose challenges to my account of justified group belief are examined. The first is often referred to as “social knowledge,” a paradigmatic instance of which is the so-called knowledge possessed by the scientific community, where no single individual knows a proposition, but the information plays a functional role in the community. The second is “collective knowledge,” where knowledge may be imputed to a group by aggregating bits of information had by its individual members. It is shown that both social knowledge and collective knowledge sever the crucial connection between knowledge and action, and open the door to serious abuses, not only epistemically, but morally and legally as well. Bits of information that are merely accessible to group members, or individual instances of knowledge that are aggregated with no communication, do not amount to group knowledge in any robust sense.
Group Assertion
Authors: Lackey Jennifer
Published: December 2020

This chapter begins by distinguishing between two kinds of group assertion—coordinated and authority-based—and it is argued that authority-based group assertion is the core notion. It is then shown that a deflationary view of group assertion, according to which a group’s asserting is understood in terms of individual assertions, is misguided. This is the case because a group can clearly assert a proposition even when no individual does. A positive inflationary view of group assertion is then developed, according to which it is the group itself that is the asserter, even though this standardly occurs through a spokesperson(s) or other proxy agent(s) having the authority to speak on behalf of the group. A central virtue of my account is that it provides the framework for distinguishing when responsibility for an assertion lies at the collective level and when it should be shouldered by an individual simply speaking for herself.