bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co‐Production of Public Services in Australia: The Roles of Government Organisations and Co‐Producers
Authors: Alford John , Yates Sophie
Published: May 2015

This article adds to the emerging empirical literature on citizen co‐production. Based on a telephone survey of 1000 Australian adults, it replicates a five‐country European study focusing on three policy domains: neighbourhood safety, environment, and health (Loeffler et al. 2008). It shows that individually performed and closely reciprocal activities with high levels of private value are performed the most often, whereas group activities producing mainly public value are the least performed. We found no evidence of a relationship between service satisfaction and co‐production, or between information provision/inclusion/consultation and co‐production, which challenges some of the previous literature on what might motivate citizens to co‐produce. Citizen self‐efficacy has a modest relationship with co‐production levels in each of the three policy domains. These findings have implications for policymakers, and pave the way for future empirical research in this field.
Characteristics of hand involvement in a comparative study of two earlyRAcohorts from theUKandChina
Authors: Su Bowen , Ma Qing , Edwards Christopher J. , Williams Mark , Adams Jo
Published: May 2015

Aim

To compare the characteristics of early hand involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using two matched populations, from theUKandChina.

Methods

A cohort comparison study was conducted. SixtyChinese patients recruited fromShanghai,China were matched on gender and age with 60 patients from a prospective earlyRAcohort from theUK(SARAHtrial). The procedures of data collection inChina followed the standard operating procedures employed in theSARAHtrial. Outcome measures includingMichiganHandOutcomesQuestionnaire (MHQ), medication history and physical assessments were used to assess functional ability and hand impairment.

Results

UKpatients reported significantly more hand pain (P = 0.015), less satisfaction with dominant hand performance (P  = 0.040), more swollen and tender joints (P = 0.016 andP = 0.001) and greater dexterity of both dominant and non‐dominant hands (P < 0.001 andP < 0.001), whileChinese patients had higher disease activity indicated by erythrocyte sedimentation rate andC‐reactive protein, more rheumatoid factor, less satisfaction in both dominant and non‐dominant hand appearances (P < 0.001 andP < 0.001, respectively) and greater dominant hand deformity (P  = 0.003). No statistically significant differences were seen in range of movement and overall hand function as reported by theMHQ.

Conclusion

The severity ofRAis not milder inChina than inthe UKand the characteristics of hand involvement tend to be different. Clinicians should consider country‐specific differences in managing pain and delivering treatment. It would be helpful for a future study to investigate theRAimpact characteristics on a wider range of patients both from withinChina and from other populations.
Restorative materials containing antimicrobial agents: is there evidence for their antimicrobial and anticaries effects? A systematic review
Authors: do Amaral GS , Negrini T , Maltz M , Arthur RA
Published: May 2015

The aim of this systematic literature review was to investigate whether the incorporation of antimicrobial agents into dental restorative materials truly exerts an antimicrobial effect against common cariogenic bacteria (primary outcome), and whether the inclusion of antimicrobial agents is able to prevent caries around restorations (secondary outcome).MEDLINE, via PubMed, was searched for papers published between 1980 and 30 November 2014. A total of 1126 articles were retrieved. After inclusion/exclusion assessment, 147 full text articles were read and included in the review, comprising 130in vitro, 1in situ, and 4in vivostudies, as well as 12 literature reviews. In about 78% ofin vitrostudies, and in all identifiedin situandin vivostudies, a positive antimicrobial effect had been found. However, the anticaries effect had not been tested in any of the selected studies. It was concluded that there is indeed evidence that restorative dental materials containing antimicrobial agents exert an antimicrobial effect, both in laboratory and in clinical studies. However, no evidence has been found regarding the role of these agents in preventing or controlling dental caries, or in preventing caries around restorations.
Marginal Projected Multivariate Linear Models for Clustered Angular Data
Authors: Hall Daniel B. , Shen Jing
Published: May 2015

Among the diverse frameworks that have been proposed for regression analysis of angular data, the projected multivariate linear model provides a particularly appealing and tractable methodology. In this model, the observed directional responses are assumed to correspond to the angles formed by latent bivariate normal random vectors that are assumed to depend upon covariates through a linear model. This implies an angular normal distribution for the observed angles, and incorporates a regression structure through a familiar and convenient relationship. In this paper we extend this methodology to accommodate clustered data (e.g., longitudinal or repeated measures data) by formulating a marginal version of the model and basing estimation on an EM‐like algorithm in which correlation among within‐cluster responses is taken into account by incorporating a working correlation matrix into the M step. A sandwich estimator is used for the parameter estimates’ covariance matrix. The methodology is motivated and illustrated using an example involving clustered measurements of microbril angle on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) Simulation studies are presented that evaluate the finite sample properties of the proposed fitting method. In addition, the relationship between within‐cluster correlation on the latent Euclidean vectors and the corresponding correlation structure for the observed angles is explored.
Treatments for pregnancy‐related lumbopelvic pain: a systematic review of physiotherapy modalities
Authors: Gutke Annelie , Betten Carola , Degerskär Kristina , Pousette Sara , Fagevik Olsén Monika
Published: May 2015

Objective

To explore the effect of physiotherapeutic interventions on pregnancy‐related lumbopelvic pain.

Material and methods

Data sources: MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PEDro, CINAHL, AMED, and SCOPUS databases were searched up to December 2014 for studies written in English, French, German or Scandinavian languages that evaluated physiotherapeutic modalities for preventing and treating pregnancy‐related lumbopelvic pain.

Results

For lumbopelvic pain during pregnancy, the evidence was strong for positive effects of acupuncture and pelvic belts. The evidence was low for exercise in general and for specific stabilizing exercises. The evidence was very limited for efficacy of water gymnastics, progressive muscle relaxation, a specific pelvic tilt exercise, osteopathic manual therapy, craniosacral therapy, electrotherapy and yoga. For postpartum lumbopelvic pain, the evidence was very limited for clinic‐based treatment concepts, including specific stabilizing exercises, and for self‐management interventions for women with severe disabilities. No specific adverse events were reported for any intervention. No meta‐analysis could be performed because of study heterogeneity.

Conclusions

The levels of evidence were strong for a positive effect of acupuncture and pelvic belts, but weak for an effect of specific exercises. Caution should prevail in choosing other interventions for pregnancy‐related lumbopelvic pain.
When do high and low status group members support confrontation? The role of perceived pervasiveness of prejudice
Authors: Kahn Kimberly Barsamian , Barreto Manuela , Kaiser Cheryl R. , Rego Marco Silva
Published: May 2015

This paper examines how perceived pervasiveness of prejudice differentially affects high and low status group members’ support for a low status group member who confronts. In Experiment 1 (N = 228), men and women read a text describing sexism as rare or as pervasive and subsequently indicated their support for a woman who confronted or did not confront a sexist remark. Experiment 2 (N = 324) specified the underlying process using a self‐affirmation manipulation. Results show that men were more supportive of confrontation when sexism was perceived to be rare than when it was pervasive. By contrast, women tended to prefer confrontation when sexism was pervasive relative to when it was rare. Personal self‐affirmation decreased men's and increased women's support for confrontation when prejudice was rare, suggesting that men's and women's support for confrontation when prejudice is rare is driven by personal impression management considerations. Implications for understanding how members of low and high status groups respond to prejudice are discussed.
The Lateglacial and Holocene in Central Europe: a multi‐proxy environmental record from the Bohemian Forest, Czech Republic
Authors: Vočadlová Klára , Petr Libor , Žáčková Pavla , Křížek Marek , Křížová Lenka , Hutchinson Simon M. , Šobr Miroslav
Published: May 2015

The Hercynian mountain ranges were islands of mountain glaciation and alpine tundra in a Central European ice‐free corridor during the Late Pleistocene. Today they are notable areas of glacial landforms, alpine‐forest free areas, peatlands and woodlands. However, our knowledge of the Lateglacial and early Holocene environmental changes in this region is limited. We present a new multi‐proxy reconstruction of a mid‐altitude environment in the Bohemian Forest spanning this period. A core (5.2 m length) in the Černé Lake cirque (1028 m a.s.l.) was subjected to lithological, geochemical, pollen and macrofossil analysis supplemented by two optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and 10AMSradiocarbon dates. We determined the impact of regional and supraregional climate changes on the environment. The two most significant changes in sedimentation during the Lateglacial (17.6 and 15.8–15.5 cal. kaBP) were synchronous with regional glacial chronostratigraphy. Unlike Central European mountain ranges, in the Bohemian Forest the Younger Dryas was not coincident with glacier re‐advance, but was a dry, cold episode with low lake levels, which prevailed until the early Preboreal. Plant macrofossils indicate local establishment ofBetula nanaandBetula pendula/pubescensat 15.4–13.4 cal. kaBP. Comparison with Holocene records from Central Europe shows a similar immigration history of vegetation at mid and higher altitudes. The tree line exceeded an altitude of ~1000 m a.s.l. around 10.5 cal. kaBPand coincided with rapid geochemical changes in the sediment. The 8.2 kaBPevent did not have any response in the sedimentary record, but corresponded to stabilization of thePicea abiespopulation and expansion ofFagus.Faguscolonized the Bohemian Forest earlier than other Hercynian mid‐mountains, but never predominated in the composition of the forest at higher elevations.Abies albawas the last tree species that immigrated to the study area.
Atonal homolog 1 protein stabilized by tumor necrosis factor α induces high malignant potential in colon cancer cell line
Authors: Fukushima Keita , Tsuchiya Kiichiro , Kano Yoshihito , Horita Nobukatsu , Hibiya Shuji , Hayashi Ryohei , Kitagaki Keisuke , Negi Mariko , Itoh Eisaku , Akashi Takumi , Eishi Yoshinobu , Oshima Shigeru , Nagaishi Takashi , Okamoto Ryuichi , Nakamura Tetsuya , Watanabe Mamoru
Published: May 2015

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of developing colitis‐associated colorectal cancer (CAC). CAC cells often develop chemoresistance, resulting in a poorer prognosis than that of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC). The mechanism by which CAC enhances malignant potential remains unknown. We have previously reported that the proteasomal degradation of the transcription factor Atonal homolog 1 (Atoh1) protein results in the non‐mucinous form of CRC. It also remains unknown whether Atoh1 protein is expressed in CAC. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether Atoh1 protein stabilizes in CAC. Consequently, the treatment with TNF‐α stabilized Atoh1 protein through the inactivation of GSK‐3β via Akt, resulting in the mucinous form of CRC cell lines. Atoh1 protein also enriched cancer stem cells with upregulated Lgr5 expression and cells in G0/G1 cell cycle phase, resulting in both the chemoresistance to 5‐fluorouracil and oxaliplatin and the promotion of cell migration. Immunofluorescence of the human mucinous CAC specimens showed the accumulation of NF‐κB p65 at nuclei with the expression of Atoh1 in mucinous cancer. In conclusion, the inflammation associated with carcinogenesis may preserve the differentiation system of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC), resulting in the acquisition of both the mucinous phenotype and high malignant potential associated with the enrichment of cancer stem cell.
Enrichment Assessment of Multiple Virtual Screening Strategies for Toll‐Like Receptor 8 Agonists Based on a Maximal Unbiased Benchmarking Data Set
Authors: Pei Fen , Jin Hongwei , Zhou Xin , Xia Jie , Sun Lidan , Liu Zhenming , Zhang Liangren
Published: May 2015

Toll‐like receptor 8 agonists, which activate adaptive immune responses by inducing robust production of T‐helper 1‐polarizing cytokines, are promising candidates for vaccine adjuvants. As the binding site of toll‐like receptor 8 is large and highly flexible, virtual screening by individual method has inevitable limitations; thus, a comprehensive comparison of different methods may provide insights into seeking effective strategy for the discovery of novel toll‐like receptor 8 agonists. In this study, the performance of knowledge‐based pharmacophore, shape‐based 3D screening, and combined strategies was assessed against a maximum unbiased benchmarking data set containing 13 actives and 1302 decoys specialized for toll‐like receptor 8 agonists. Prior structure–activity relationship knowledge was involved in knowledge‐based pharmacophore generation, and a set of antagonists was innovatively used to verify the selectivity of the selected knowledge‐based pharmacophore. The benchmarking data set was generated from our recently developed ‘mubd‐decoymaker’ protocol. The enrichment assessment demonstrated a considerable performance through our selected three‐layer virtual screening strategy: knowledge‐based pharmacophore (Phar1) screening, shape‐based 3D similarity search (Q4_combo), and then a Gold docking screening. This virtual screening strategy could be further employed to perform large‐scale database screening and to discover novel toll‐like receptor 8 agonists.
The Financial Impact of FSC Certification in the United States: A Contingency Perspective
Authors: Narasimhan Ram , Schoenherr Tobias , Jacobs Brian W. , Kim Myung Kyo
Published: May 2015

This article focuses on an important and emergent standard for sustainable operations management: the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification. Unlike similar certifications, its focus is on the entire upstream supply chain, reflecting the criticality of supply chain management to ensure sustainable products. We investigate the financial impact from FSC certification, offering valuable decision support for managers considering this certification. Taking a contingency perspective, we view a firm's supply chain position and its prior certification to the ISO 14001 standard as influencing the results. Drawing on signaling theory, we suggest that firms farther downstream in the supply chain realize significantly greater abnormal financial performance benefits than firms upstream in the supply chain. We further hypothesize that firms that were not ISO 14001 certified at the time of FSC certification realize significantly greater abnormal financial performance benefits than firms that did have the ISO 14001 certification. To test these hypotheses, we utilize financial data of all publicly traded firms in the United States that have obtained the FSC certification, and assess whether FSC certification leads to abnormal performance benefits considering the above contingencies. Data collected from the FSC Certificate Database and Compustat, employed in an event study, provide support for our hypotheses. Overall, our findings contribute to research on decision making in the context of sustainable operations management, and offer a plausible explanation for contradictory results in prior studies. We highlight the applicability of signaling theory to decision sciences research, and stress the need to consider contingencies in sustainability management research.
Early school outcomes for extremely preterm infants with transient neurological abnormalities
Authors: Harmon Heidi M , Taylor H Gerry , Minich Nori , Wilson‐Costello Deanne , Hack Maureen
Published: May 2015

Aim

To determine if transient neurological abnormalities (TNA) at 9 months corrected age predict cognitive, behavioral, and motor outcomes at 6 years of age in extremely preterm infants.

Method

A cohort of 124 extremely preterm infants (mean gestational age 25.5wks; 55 males, 69 females), admitted to our unit between 2001 and 2003, were classified based on the Amiel‐Tison Neurological Assessment at 9 months and 20 months corrected age as having TNA (n=17), normal neurological assessment (n=89), or neurologically abnormal assessment (n=18). The children were assessed at a mean age of 5 years 11 months (SD 4mo) on cognition, academic achievement, motor ability, and behavior.

Results

Compared with children with a normal neurological assessment, children with TNA had higher postnatal exposure to steroids (35% vs 9%) and lower adjusted mean scores on spatial relations (84 [standard error {SE} 5] vs 98 [SE 2]), visual matching (79 [SE 5] vs 91 [SE 2]), letter–word identification (97 [SE 4] vs 108 [SE 1]), and spelling (76 [SE 4] vs 96 [SE 2]) (all p<0.05).

Interpretation

Despite a normalized neurological assessment, extremely preterm children with a history TNA are at higher risk for lower cognitive and academic skills than those with normal neurological findings during their first year of school.
Feeding behavior of aphids on narrow‐leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) genotypes varying in the content of quinolizidine alkaloids
Authors: Philippi Jasmin , Schliephake Edgar , Jürgens Hans‐Ulrich , Jansen Gisela , Ordon Frank
Published: May 2015

Since the beginning of breeding narrow‐leafed lupins [Lupinus angustifolius L. (Fabaceae)] with a low alkaloid content, susceptibility to several aphid species has increased. Therefore, the probing and feeding behavior of Aphis fabae Scopoli, Aphis craccivora Koch, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the well‐adapted Macrosiphum albifrons Essig (all Hemiptera: Aphididae) was studied over 12 h on narrow‐leafed lupin genotypes containing varying amounts and compositions of alkaloids. We used the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique to obtain information on the influence of alkaloid content and composition on the susceptibility to various aphid species. Results indicated that the total time of probing of A. fabae, A. craccivora, A. pisum, and M. persicae increased with a reduced alkaloid content, whereas the alkaloid content had no influence on M. albifrons. Almost all of the individuals (>93%) conducted sieve element phases on the highly susceptible genotype Bo083521AR (low alkaloid content). A reduced occurrence of phloem phases was observed during the 12‐h recording on the alkaloid‐rich cultivar Azuro, especially for A. pisum (37.5%) and A. fabae (55.0%). Furthermore, aphids feeding on genotypes with low alkaloid content had in most cases significantly longer sieve element phases than when feeding on resistant genotypes (Kalya: low alkaloid content, yet resistant; Azuro: high alkaloid content, resistant), whereas M. albifrons showed the longest phloem phase on the alkaloid‐rich cultivar Azuro. As most significant differences were found in phloem‐related parameters, it is likely that the most important plant factors influencing aphid probing and feeding behavior are localized in the sieve elements. The aphids’ feeding behavior on the cultivar Kalya, with a low alkaloid content but reduced susceptibility, indicates that not only the total alkaloid content influences the feeding behavior but additional plant factors have an impact.
Cloning of acetyl CoA carboxylase cDNA and the effects of spirodiclofen on the expression of acetyl CoA carboxylase mRNA in Panonychus citri
Authors: Yu Shijiang , Tian Huixia , Yang Juan , Ding Lili , Chen Fei , Li Xiaojiao , Yue Jiansu , Liu Haoqiang , Ran Chun
Published: May 2015

The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is an important pest worldwide. Previous studies showed that acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) may be a critical target of spirodiclofen, a recently introduced insecticide. Therefore, we cloned the PcACCase gene and obtained a full‐length cDNA (Genbank accession number KJ675439). The open reading frame was 6 972 bp, coding for 2 323 amino acids. The PcACCase protein had a theoretical molecular weight of 262.82 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.31, and it contained six conserved domains and one low‐complexity region. Quantitative real‐time PCR showed that spirodiclofen can up‐regulate the expression levels of ACCase mRNA during all four developmental stages.
Proximal soil sensing of soil texture and organic matter with a prototype portable mid‐infrared spectrometer
Authors: Dhawale N. M. , Adamchuk V. I. , Prasher S. O. , Viscarra Rossel R. A. , Ismail A. A. , Kaur J.
Published: May 2015

Recent advances in semiconductor technologies have given rise to the development of mid‐infrared (mid‐IR) spectrometers that are compact, relatively inexpensive, robust and suitable for in situ proximal soil sensing. The objectives of this research were to evaluate a prototype portable mid‐IR spectrometer for direct measurements of soil reflectance and to model the spectra to predict sand, clay and soil organic matter (SOM) contents under a range of field soil water conditions. Soil samples were collected from 23 locations at different depths in four agricultural fields to represent a range of soil textures, from sands to clay loams. The particle size distribution and SOM content of 48 soil samples were measured in the laboratory by conventional analytical methods. In addition to air‐dry soil, each sample was wetted with two different amounts of water before the spectroscopic measurements were made. The prototype spectrometer was used to measure reflectance (R) in the range between 1811 and 898 cm−1 (approximately 5522 to 11 136 nm). The spectroscopic measurements were recorded randomly and in triplicate, resulting in a total of 432 reflectance spectra (48 samples × three soil water contents × three replicates). The spectra were transformed to log10 (1/R) and mean centred for the multivariate statistical analyses. The 48 samples were split randomly into a calibration set (70%) and a validation set (30%). A partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to develop spectroscopic calibrations to predict sand, clay and SOM contents. Results show that the portable spectrometer can be used with PLSR to predict clay and sand contents of either wet or dry soil samples with a root mean square error (RMSE) of around 10%. Predictions of SOM content resulted in RMSE values that ranged between 0.76 and 2.24%.
Prediction of soil organic matter using a spatially constrained local partial least squares regression and the Chinese vis–NIR spectral library
Authors: Shi Z. , Ji W. , Viscarra Rossel R. A. , Chen S. , Zhou Y.
Published: May 2015

We need to determine the best use of soil vis–NIR spectral libraries that are being developed at regional, national and global scales to predict soil properties from new spectral readings. To reduce the complexity of a calibration dataset derived from the Chinese vis–NIR soil spectral library (CSSL), we tested a local regression method that combined geographical sub‐setting with a local partial least squares regression (local‐PLSR) that uses a limited number of similar vis–NIR spectra (k‐nearest neighbours). The central idea of the local regression, and of other local statistical approaches, is to derive a local prediction model by identifying samples in the calibration dataset that are similar, in spectral variable space, to the samples used for prediction. Here, to derive our local regressions we used Euclidean distance in spectral space between the calibration dataset and prediction samples, and we also used soil geographical zoning to account for similarities in soil‐forming conditions. We tested this approach with the CSSL, which comprised 2732 soil samples collected from 20 provinces in the People's Republic of China to predict soil organic matter (SOM). Results showed that the prediction accuracy of our spatially constrained local‐PLSR method (R2 = 0.74, RPIQ = 2.6) was better than that from local‐PLSR (R2 = 0.69, RPIQ = 2.3) and PLSR alone (R2 = 0.50, RPIQ = 1.5). The coupling of a local‐PLSR regression with soil geographical zoning can improve the accuracy of local SOM predictions using large, complex soil spectral libraries. The approach might be embedded into vis–NIR sensors for laboratory analysis or field estimation.
Mineral trioxide aggregate: present and future developments
Authors: Camilleri Josette
Published: May 2015

Portland cement is used in the building industry to make concrete. It is hydraulic and thus it develops its properties well in the presence of moisture. The oral environment is inherently wet, however, all dental materials need a dry field for optimal performance. A mixture of Portland cement and bismuth oxide was developed and marketed as mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). The first formulation was gray in color followed by a white version and eventually by various similar materials, which are all composed of a tricalcium silicate‐based cement and radiopacifier. The MTA was originally suggested for particular clinical uses, such as root‐end filling and perforation repair, where maintenance of a dry field is difficult. The suggested uses were extended to apexification and dressing over pulpotomies, pulp capping and also as a sealer cement. The multipurpose use of MTA necessitated the development of improved formulations where material additives were included to the original cement/radiopacifier formulation. These additives supposedly enhance the material's properties and improve its function. Furthermore, the original Portland cement formulation was replaced with tricalcium silicate to avoid the inclusion of an aluminum phase and eliminate the inclusion of trace elements. The bismuth oxide was also replaced with alternative radiopacifiers. The multifaceted use of MTA allows the material to come into contact with different oral environmental conditions, including blood, saliva, tissue fluids, dental restorative materials, tooth structure and even air. These different conditions affect the properties and setting of the material. Future developments should further investigate the material's interactions and strive to create materials which are suited to a specific use.
Bioceramic materials in endodontics
Authors: Wang Zhejun
Published: May 2015

During the past two decades, a number of major advances have been made in the field of bioactive ceramics used for endodontic treatment. This article reviews the physico‐chemical and biological properties of bioceramic materials and the application of bioceramic technology to endodontics. Bioceramic materials, with their biocompatible nature and excellent physico‐chemical properties, are widely used in endodontic applications. They can function as cements, root repair materials, root canal sealers and filling materials, which have the advantages of enhanced biocompatibility, potential increased root strength following obturation, antibacterial properties and sealing ability. New bioceramic materials have demonstrated the ability to overcome some of the significant limitations of earlier generations of endodontic materials. Most bioceramic materials have been shown to be biocompatible and have good physico‐chemical characteristics, therefore having a potential use in clinical endodontics. Although in vitro studies on the use of bioceramic materials in endodontics have given encouraging results, randomized and double‐blind clinical studies of sufficient length with these materials are needed to confirm long‐term success following their use.
Eccrine sweat gland development and sweat secretion
Authors: Cui Chang‐Yi , Schlessinger David
Published: May 2015

Eccrine sweat glands help to maintain homoeostasis, primarily by stabilizing body temperature. Derived from embryonic ectoderm, millions of eccrine glands are distributed across human skin and secrete litres of sweat per day. Their easy accessibility has facilitated the start of analyses of their development and function. Mouse genetic models find sweat gland development regulated sequentially by Wnt, Eda and Shh pathways, although precise subpathways and additional regulators require further elucidation. Mature glands have two secretory cell types, clear and dark cells, whose comparative development and functional interactions remain largely unknown. Clear cells have long been known as the major secretory cells, but recent studies suggest that dark cells are also indispensable for sweat secretion. Dark cell‐specific Foxa1 expression was shown to regulate a Ca2+‐dependent Best2 anion channel that is the candidate driver for the required ion currents. Overall, it was shown that cholinergic impulses trigger sweat secretion in mature glands through second messengers – for example InsP3 and Ca2+ – and downstream ion channels/transporters in the framework of a Na+‐K+‐Cl− cotransporter model. Notably, the microenvironment surrounding secretory cells, including acid–base balance, was implicated to be important for proper sweat secretion, which requires further clarification. Furthermore, multiple ion channels have been shown to be expressed in clear and dark cells, but the degree to which various ion channels function redundantly or indispensably also remains to be determined.
Post‐CO2 injection alteration of the pore network and intrinsic permeability tensor for a Permo‐Triassic sandstone
Authors: Hall M. R. , Rigby S. P. , Dim P. , Bateman K. , Mackintosh S. J. , Rochelle C. A.
Published: May 2015

The aim of this study was to determine the process–structure–property relationships between the pre‐ and post‐CO2 injection pore network geometry and the intrinsic permeability tensor for samples of core from low‐permeability Lower Triassic Sherwood Sandstone, UK. Samples were characterised using SEM‐EDS, XRD, MIP, XRCT and a triaxial permeability cell both before and after a three‐month continuous‐flow experiment using acidic CO2‐rich saline fluid. The change in flow properties was compared to those predicted by pore‐scale numerical modelling using an implicit finite volume solution to the Navier–Stokes equations. Mass loss and increased secondary porosity appeared to occur primarily due to dissolution of intergranular cements and K‐feldspar grains, with some associated loss of clay, carbonate and mudstone clasts. This resulted in a bulk porosity increase from 18 to 25% and caused a reduction in mean diameter of mineral grains with an increase in apparent pore wall roughness, where the fractal dimension, Df, increased from 1.68 to 1.84. All significant dissolution mass loss occurred in pores above c. 100 μm mean diameter. Relative dilation of post‐treatment pore area appeared to increase in relation to initial pore area, suggesting that the rate of dissolution mass loss had a positive relationship with fluid flow velocity; that is, critical flow pathways are preferentially widened. Variation in packing density within sedimentary planes (occurring at cm‐scale along the ‐z plane) caused the intrinsic permeability tensor to vary by more than a factor of ten. The bulk permeability tensor is anisotropic having almost equal value in ‐z and ‐y planes but with a 68% higher value in the ‐x plane (parallel to sedimentary bedding planes) for the pretreated sample, reducing to only 30% higher for the post‐treated sample. The intrinsic permeability of the post‐treatment sample increased by one order of magnitude and showed very close agreement between the modelled and experimental results.
An exploration of the intersection of race, gender and generation in African American women doing social justice work
Authors: Love Carolyn D. , Booysen Lize A. E. , Essed Philomena
Published: May 2015

This article examines how Black women from varying generations articulate their perceptions about race. The 183 participants, ranging in age from 21 to 69, were Black women committed to social justice work. An under‐researched area is the exploration of generational perspectives about race among Black women social activists. Utilizing an exploratory sequential mixed‐methods design, data were collected through six in‐depth personal interviews, four focus groups, and an online survey. Intersectionality, standpoint and social identity theories were used in a complementary way to interpret the findings. Analysis of the data suggests that Millennials perceive race and social justice work differently than the Gen‐Xers and Baby Boomers. The Millennials more readily acknowledge the intersectionality of their multiple identities and tend to characterize their racial experiences as gendered. Furthermore, like the Baby Boomers and Gen‐Xers, the Millennials expressed a need for and a commitment to social justice work, but seemed more open to collaborating with other socially oppressed groups.
Sporadic adult‐onset leucodystrophy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia with no mutations in the known targeted genes
Authors: Fernández‐Vega Ivan , Pérez de Heredia‐Goñi Katti , Santos‐Juanes Jorge , Goñi Imizcoz Miguel , Zaldumbide Laura , Zarranz Juan Jose , Ferrer Isidro
Published: May 2015

Aims

Adult‐onset orthochromatic leucodystrophy, associated with pigmented macrophages and hereditary diffuse leucoencephalopathy with spheroids, are two disorders with similar clinical manifestations, radiological characteristics and neuropathological findings. Mutations in the colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) gene are the hallmark of this spectrum of disease. Furthermore, polycystic membranous lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leucoencephalopathy is caused by mutations in two genes, DAP12 and TREM2, which encode proteins involved in the same pathways as CSF1R. We describe a case of sporadic adult‐onset orthochromatic leucodystrophy associated with pigmented macrophages diagnosed by biopsy without harbouring mutations in the known targeted genes.

Methods and results

A 51‐year‐old woman, with no familial history of neurological diseases, developed a progressive neurological deterioration showing inappropriate behaviour, ataxia, spasticity, axial dystonia and agitation. Radiological images and a stereotaxic biopsy were conclusive with adult‐onset orthochromatic leucodystrophy associated with pigmented macrophages. Genetic analysis did not show mutations in either CSF1R, DAP12 or TREM2.

Conclusions

We add support to the idea that all these entities are closely related diseases linked to a convergent metabolic pathway, but caused by different genes or perhaps by the combination of individually non‐pathogenic variations of selected genes. Genetic defects are still barely known in a substantial number of adult leucodystrophies.
The role of CD5 expression in thymic carcinoma: possible mechanism for interaction with CD5+ lymphoid stroma (microenvironment)
Authors: Hosaka Naoki , Ohe Chisato , Miyasaka Chika , Nakano Yorika , Sakaida Noriko , Uemura Yoshiko , Saito Yukihito , Ikehara Susumu , Tsubura Airo , Takahashi Hakuo
Published: May 2015

Aims

Most thymic carcinomas express the lymphocyte marker CD5 aberrantly. This study was performed to examine the role of the self‐reactive CD5 antigen in thymic carcinoma.

Methods and results

We examined CD5 expression in thymic carcinoma in relation to the lymphoid stroma. All cases of thymic carcinoma examined expressed CD5. A number of CD5+ lymphocytes were also present in the stroma of thymic carcinoma. The CD5+ tumour areas were predominantly in contact with the lymphoid stroma, and the expression level was significantly lower in tumour cells than lymphocytes. Although p53 and Bcl‐2 expression levels were significantly higher in thymic carcinoma than normal thymic epithelial cells (TECs), they did not differ between CD5+ and CD5− areas. E‐cadherin expression in thymic carcinoma was comparable with that of normal TECs, and it also did not differ between these areas. In contrast, both Ki‐67 index and mitotic activity were significantly higher in thymic carcinoma than normal TECs, and they were significantly higher in CD5+ than CD5− areas.

Conclusions

CD5 may be induced by interaction with CD5+ lymphoid stroma, and may be related to tumour proliferation. CD5 induction may also be a significant and/or specific effect of the tumour microenvironment of the thymus.
Combined ATRX/IDH1 immunohistochemistry predicts genotype of oligoastrocytomas
Authors: Hewer Ekkehard , Vajtai Istvan , Dettmer Matthias S , Berezowska Sabina , Vassella Erik
Published: May 2015

Aims

To assess whether in oligoastrocytomas ATRX deficiency, as a surrogate of the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway, has a role in predicting the presence or absence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of 1p and 19q, the genetic signature of oligodendroglial differentiation and a favourable prognostic marker.

Methods and results

A series of 54 oligoastrocytomas were investigated by immunohistochemistry as well as microsatellite analysis for LOH 1p19q. Genetic findings were correlated with morphological assessment.

Conclusions

ATRX deficiency was mutually exclusive with LOH. Conversely, ATRX‐proficient tumours immunoreactive for R132H‐mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) showed a high rate (85%) of LOH. A more oligodendroglioma‐like morphology was associated with a higher rate of LOH even in the morphologically ambiguous group of oligoastrocytomas. Our findings support the concept that oligoastrocytomas represent a morphological grey zone, rather than a group of truly ‘mixed’ or ‘intermediate’ tumours. More precise classification of diffuse gliomas may also improve grading of borderline cases. We propose an immunohistochemical algorithm for classification of morphologically ambiguous diffuse gliomas.
Acid hydrolysis of kappa‐carrageenan as a way of gaining new substances for freezing process modification and protection from excessive recrystallisation of ice
Authors: Kamińska‐Dwórznicka Anna , Antczak Andrzej , Samborska Katarzyna , Lenart Andrzej
Published: May 2015

The effects of κ‐carrageenan and its hydrolysates on modification of the freezing process and also on inhibition of excessive recrystallisation of ice in sucrose solutions during storage were compared. Acid hydrolysis of κ‐carrageenan was carried out using sulphuric (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). Most effective in the hydrolysis process turned out to be H2SO4, which degraded κ‐carrageenan to a molecular mass of around 3 × 106 Da, after 1.5 h of hydrolysis. Addition of 0.005% of the new poligeenan (degraded carrageenan), to a sucrose solution (30%), frozen at −20 °C, caused a nearly 50% reduction in the phase‐change stages, and consequently, the total time of freezing was shorter. Significant retardation of recrystallisation was observed for both types of poligeenan, but a stronger effect was observed for the oligosaccharides obtained after HCl hydrolysis, and after 96 h of storage at −8 °C, the equivalent diameter of ice crystals was not greater than 11 μm.
Effectiveness of influenza vaccination of schoolchildren in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, 2009
Authors: Gattás Vera L. , Cardoso Maria Regina A. , Mondini Gabriela , Machado Clarisse M. , Luna Expedito J. A.
Published: May 2015

Background

Children play an important role in maintaining the transmission of influenza. Evidence suggests that vaccination of school‐age children can reduce transmission to unvaccinated household contacts. We evaluated the direct and indirect effectiveness of the 2009 inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine in vaccinated schoolchildren and their unvaccinated household contacts.

Methods

This was a double‐blind cluster randomized trial involving 10 schools and 1742 schoolchildren as well as 5406 household contacts. The schools were randomly assigned to receive the influenza vaccine or the control vaccine. After vaccination, the schoolchildren and household contacts were followed for 6 months to identify cases of acute respiratory infection (ARI). Reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed for the diagnosis of influenza.

Results

A total of 632 ARI cases were detected. Of those, 103 tested positive for influenza virus (influenza virus A[H1N1]pdm09 virus in 55 and seasonal influenza viruses in 48). The effectiveness of the vaccine in protecting against seasonal influenza virus infection was 65·0% for the household contacts (95% CI, 19·6–84·3) and 65·0% for the schoolchildren (95% CI, 20·9–84·5).

Conclusion

Vaccination of schoolchildren significantly protected them and their household contacts against seasonal influenza.
Matrix metalloproteinases and risk stratification in patients undergoing surgical revascularisation for critical limb ischaemia
Authors: De Caridi Giovanni , Massara Mafalda , Spinelli Francesco , David Antonio , Gangemi Sebastiano , Fugetto Francesco , Grande Raffaele , Butrico Lucia , Stefanelli Roberta , Colosimo Manuela , de Franciscis Stefano , Serra Raffaele
Published: May 2015

Critical limb ischaemia (CLI) is the most advanced form of peripheral artery disease (PAD) and it is often associated with foot gangrene, which may lead to major amputation of lower limbs, and also with a higher risk of death due to fatal cardiovascular events. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) seem to be involved in atherosclerosis, PAD and CLI. Aim of this study was to evaluate variations in MMP serum levels in patients affected by CLI, before and after lower limb surgical revascularisation through prosthetic or venous bypass. A total of 29 patients (7 females and 22 males, mean age 73·4 years, range 65–83 years) suffering from CLI and submitted to lower extremity bypass (LEB) in our Institution were recruited. Seven patients (group I) underwent LEB using synthetic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft material and 22 patients (group II) underwent LEB using autogenous veins. Moreover, 30 healthy age‐sex‐matched subjects were also enrolled as controls (group III). We documented significantly higher serum MMPs levels (P < 0·01) in patients with CLI (groups I and II) with respect to control group (group III). Finally, five patients with CLI (17·2%) showed poor outcomes (major amputations or death), and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test showed very high levels of MMP‐1 and MMP‐8. MMP serum levels seem to be able to predict the clinical outcomes of patients with CLI.
Art and its Objects: William Ivins and the Reproduction of Art
Authors: Fyfe Gordon
Published: May 2015

This paper is a critique of the contribution of William Ivins's Prints and Visual Communication (1953) to an understanding of the meaning of fine art reproductions. Ivins showed that photographic reproduction was constructed in relation to, and displaced, older ways of reproducing art which were carried out by handicraft engravers. His analysis alerts us to the fact that ambiguity characterized art reproduction before photographs. Art reproductions, then, were interpretations in line based on conventional modes of representation – what Ivins calls a visual syntax. In this respect he enhances our understanding of the social construction of the artist. For Ivins the social history of reproduction seems to end with the camera. This completed an individuation of creativity ushered in with the Renaissance, but which was always qualified by the interfering visual syntax of craftsmen-interpreters. It is argued that the value of Ivins's account resides in its reconstruction of the relationship between handicraft engraving, fine art reproduction and aesthetic objects that have long since slipped from our consciousness.
On Visualisation as Power
Authors: Corrigan Philip
Published: May 2015

Meanings

Offering three texts-as-images (to illustrate photogrammar), a sketch is made of analogies between Foucault's pastoral powers and the grammar of the picturesque and the picturable as part of an investigation of the dialexis of Authority and Difference. Picturing, it is argued, works not only in the depicting but in the photogrammar of what and whom is shown how, they thus encourage ways of seeing and saying more general than any one re-presentation. Critique begins with the stress on these selecting and dividing practices but must then move to a study of orthogonality (who is projecting whom) as a particular form of Authority in relation to Difference. Comme toujours, distanciation that makes this feature of cartography clear begins with making strange what is obvious (hence innocence, naivété) and being a little gauche (hence stupidity).

Memories

We forget, or at least I do. In close analogy with W. B. Yeats' poem for ‘Unknown Instructors’, I acknowledge here the influence of Jean Luc Godard and, in part through him, Ludwig Wittgenstein. Reviewing Godard's work, in a retrospective in Toronto (February-March, 1988) I was struck by the meanings and questions and methods I had taken from his work, especially from Les Carabiniers (1962) in the closing scene where these Rifle- men return with their booty: their postcards acting as the real; equally from the Godard-Gorin Letter to Jane (1972), how the struggle for new questions instead of old answers has to be a difference done differently. But, sentimentally, nothing surpasses (and in this reviewing I wept again) Alphaville (1965) for its insight into Authority as grammar, and as Terror. Thank you.
Egg temperature and initial brood patch area determine hatching asynchrony in Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus
Authors: Barrionuevo Melina , Frere Esteban
Published: May 2015

In birds, the adaptive significance of hatching asynchrony has been under debate for many years and the parental effects on hatching asynchrony have been largely assumed but not often tested. Some authors suggest that hatching asynchrony depends on the incubation onset and many factors have been shown to influence hatching asynchrony in different species. Our objective was to analyze the exact timing of the onset of incubation and if this affects hatching asynchrony; and, in addition, which other factors (brood patch development, incubation position, adult body condition, intra‐clutch egg dimorphism, laying date and year) affect hatching asynchrony in Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus. We first estimated the eggshell temperature at which embryo development starts, with a non‐destructive and novel method. We then recorded individual egg temperatures in 61 nests during incubation, and related them, and other breeding parameters, to hatching asynchrony. We also observed incubation positions in 307 nests. We found a significant positive relationship between hatching asynchrony and the temperature that the first‐laid egg experienced during egg laying and between hatching asynchrony and the initial brood patch area. We also found a negative relationship between hatching asynchrony and the difference in temperature between second and first‐laid eggs within a clutch, measured after the egg‐laying period was finished. We ruled out position of the eggs during incubation, adult body condition, egg volume, laying date, and study year as factors influencing hatching asynchrony. The egg temperature during laying and the difference in temperature between eggs of a clutch are determinants of hatching asynchrony in Magellanic penguins.