bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
En quel sens la cité décrite au livre VII est-elle κατ᾽εὐχὴν, conforme au vœu de la science politique ?
Authors: Terrel Jean
Published: September 2019

In Politics VII, Aristotle not only gives us some general ideas on what makes a good city and the conditions of its implementation, but also provides a description of such a regime: 1. Citizenship is reserved for those whom, due to their natural attributes and sufficient wealth, may achieve political and ethical excellence; 2. In relation to their age, they are successively hoplites, citizens or priests. Therefore, all that remains to be examined is the relationship between such a regime and the “politeia”, which in the previous books (Politics IV-V) is the standard regarding cities whose citizens are rich, poor, or belong to the middle class.
Description of a new genus and two new species of Forsteriini Tippmann, 1960 from Peru (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae)
Authors: AUDUREAU ALAIN , SANTOS-SILVA ANTONIO
Published: September 2019

A new genus and two new species of Forsteriini Tippmann, 1960 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) are described from Peru: Obereoides peruviensis sp. nov., and Morvanica demezi, gen. nov., sp. nov.. A key to species of Obereoides Fisher, 1938 is provided. Morvanica is included in a previous key to genera of the tribe.
Taxonomic study of the genus Araucanioperla Illies 1963 (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae), with the description of the male genitalia, eggs and the last instar larva for A. brincki
Authors: VERA ALEJANDRO
Published: September 2019

A comparative study of morphology on the genus Araucanioperla Illies, 1963 is discussed. Two species of Araucanioperla are known, A. bullocki (Navás, 1933) and A. brincki (Froehlich, 1960). For the first time the larva of A. brincki, the male genitalia of A. bullocki and the eggs of the two species are described and illustrated. The results showed that the morphology of the larvae is similar for the genus, definitively rejecting other larval morphotypes proposed for it. Eggs are also similar between the two species. The male genitalia of both species are specifically distinctive.
Pseudophoxinus cilicicus, a new spring minnow from southern Anatolia (Teleostei: Leuciscidae)
Authors: SAÇ GÜLŞAH , ÖZULUĞ MÜFİT , GEIGER MATTHIAS F. , FREYHOF JÖRG
Published: September 2019

Pseudophoxinus cilicicus, new species, is described from the Arsuz, Ceyhan and Seyhan river drainages in the Gulf of İskenderun. It is distinguished from other members of the Pseudophoxinus zeregi species group by having a complete lateral line with 38–45 + 2–3 scales, the lower lip usually slightly projecting beyond the tip of the upper lip, a prominent black stripe along the flank, and no black pigments below the lateral line. Pseudophoxinus cilicicus is distinguished from P. zekayi by a minimum K2P distance of 3.8% based on the mitochondrial DNA barcode region. Pseudophoxinus atropatenus and P. sojuchbulagi are returned to the genus Rutilus.
Ideology and the Narrative of Climate Skepticism
Authors: Lejano Raul P.
Published: September 2019

It is reasonable to assume that more effective communication of climate science might be the remedy for widespread climate skepticism. However, narrative analysis of climate-skeptical discourse suggests it can be otherwise. Taking the United States as a case in point, we argue how at least some forms of climate skepticism are founded upon an ideological narrative that (for its adherents) is prior to, or more fundamental than, the issue of climate. In other words, skepticism may not always (or even usually) be fundamentally about climate to begin with. This more basic, universal, ideological construct at the root of climate skepticism encompasses social status, race and ethnicity, class, culture, and other social conditions. If climate-skeptical discourse in the United States is commonly built upon a genetic metanarrative that is really about social fracture, it may be resilient to scientific argument. It is quite possible that responding to climate skepticism will require addressing the more basic ideological divide and challenging the underlying genetic narrative. In the rest of the essay, we sketch out possible avenues for positive steps forward.
Left behind? Over-time change in the social mobility of children from unskilled working-class backgrounds in Germany
Authors: Betthäuser Bastian A
Published: September 2019

Research on intergenerational social mobility tends to focus on examining the level of overall social fluidity in society. However, from a social justice perspective it can be argued that the type of social fluidity that matters most is upward mobility from the lowest rung of the social ladder. This article examines the labour market chances of children from parents in unskilled working-class positions, relative to children from skilled working-class and higher social class backgrounds, and how they have changed across four birth cohorts in post-WWII Germany. We find that individuals from unskilled working-class backgrounds have substantially lower labour market chances than individuals from skilled working-class backgrounds or higher social class backgrounds. Moreover, we find that the gap in labour market chances between individuals from unskilled working-class backgrounds and individuals from more advantaged backgrounds has not narrowed but, if anything, has widened across the four birth cohorts we examine. Our results suggest that an important factor underlying this sustained labour market inequality is a persistently high level of educational inequality between these groups.
Career Self-Efficacy: A Mixed-Methods Study of an Underexplored Research Area for First-Generation, Low-Income, and Underrepresented College Students in a Comprehensive College Transition Program
Authors: Kezar Adrianna , Hypolite Liane , Kitchen Joseph A.
Published: September 2019

This mixed-methods study explored whether and how participation in a comprehensive college transition program serving low-income, first-generation, and underrepresented minority students is linked to the development of career self-efficacy in light of the latter’s link to persistence and college completion. Findings suggest that program participation is linked to career self-efficacy, and program participants report significantly higher levels of confidence in their major and career path compared with a control group. Qualitative results indicate that major and career support from college transition program staff and being connected to an ecology of major and career-related activities contributed to the development of program participants’ career self-efficacy. Results hold significance for college transition program design and call attention to an underexplored area of research in the quest to boost college completion for low-income, first-generation, and underrepresented minority students.
“Reduce Food Waste, Save Money”: Testing a Novel Intervention to Reduce Household Food Waste
Authors: van der Werf Paul , Seabrook Jamie A. , Gilliland Jason A.
Published: September 2019

An intervention, which used elements of the theory of planned behavior, was developed and tested in a randomized control trial (RCT) involving households in the city of London, Ontario, Canada. A bespoke methodology involving the direct collection and measurement of food waste within curbside garbage samples of control ( n = 58) and treatment households ( n = 54) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. A comparison of garbage samples before and after the intervention revealed that total food waste in treatment households decreased by 31% after the intervention and the decrease was significantly greater ( p = .02) than for control households. Similarly, avoidable food waste decreased by 30% in treatment households and was also significantly greater ( p = .05) than for control households. Key determinants of treatment household avoidable food waste reduction included personal attitudes, perceived behavioral control, the number of people in a household, and the amount of garbage set out.
Defining and Managing the Preanalytical Phase With FMECA: Automation and/or “Human” Control
Authors: Bellini Claudia , Guerranti Roberto , Cinci Francesca , Milletti Eva , Scapellato Carlo
Published: September 2019

Objective:

Our scope is to provide methodological elements on how to manage effectively the preanalytical phase in the laboratory testing process, by objectively measuring the risk connected to the phases handled by man with respect to those managed by machines.

Background:

Preanalytical errors account for most of the mistakes related to laboratory testing and can affect patient care. Hence, it is necessary to manage the risk connected to the preanalytical phase, as required by certification and accreditation bodies. The risk assessment discloses the steps at greater risk and gives indications to make decisions.

Method:

We have reviewed the state of art in the automation of the preanalytical phase, addressing needs and problems. We have used the proactive risk assessment methodology FMECA (Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis) to identify the most critical phases in our preanalytical process and have calculated the risk associated.

Results:

The most critical phases were the human controlled ones. In particular, the highest risk indexes were associated to manual acceptance of test orders, identification of the patients, tube labeling, and sample collection.

Conclusion:

Automation in the preanalytical phase is fundamental to replace, support, or extend the human contribution. Nevertheless each organization is different about workloads and competencies, so the most suitable management must be tailor-made in each context.

Application:

We present a method by which each organization is able to find its best balance between automation and human contribution in the control of the preanalytical phase.
Examining the Impact of Black Political Representation on White Racial Attitudes in Majority Black Congressional Districts
Authors: Riley Emmitt Y. , Peterson Clarissa
Published: September 2019

This article investigates the impact of Black congressional representation on the racial attitudes of Whites. Utilizing data from the 2010 and 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey, we test whether Black political representation impacts Whites’ levels of racial resentment. The informational theory suggests Whites gain critical information as a result of their experience living under Black political leadership and that their experience should positively impact how they feel about Blacks once Whites see that their lives are not dramatically changed as a result of Black political representation. The findings of this article challenge the notion that having a Black political representative will be associated with a decrease in negative racial attitudes among Whites. Using racial resentment to measure White racial attitudes, we find that living under a Black congressional representative only has a marginal effect on racial attitudes. In contrast to the informational hypothesis, we find that Whites who reside in congressional districts represented by a Black person are not less racially resentful than Whites who live in districts that are not represented by a Black person.
The Association Between Perception of Caring and Intrinsic Motivation: A Study of Urban Middle School Students
Authors: Reppy Dorothy , Larwin Karen H.
Published: September 2019

Spanning the course of two decades, educational leaders have invested government finances into the social-emotional needs of adolescents. Government programs provide student questionnaires to survey the scholastic climate from students’ perceptions. Previous research discusses the correlation between students’ perception and their success in school due to fulfillment of their transescent needs. This research study ventured to distinguish a possible correlation between urban middle school students’ perceptions of feeling “cared-for” and their intrinsic motivation. Results suggest that today’s urban student benefits from feeling cared-for both personally and academically.
Studying for a University Degree in Penitentiary Centers in Spain: Challenges and Difficulties From the Internee’s Perspective
Authors: Vazquez-Cano Esteban , Holgueras-González Ana Isabel , Fombona-Cadavieco Javier
Published: September 2019

This article describes research undertaken in three penitentiary centers in Spain to analyze the expectations, motivations, and obstacles of internees in a university degree program of the Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia ([National University of Distance Education]; UNED). Utilizing a qualitative method through interviews, the results show that the main expectation for getting a higher education qualification is to improve and give meaning to daily life in prison. Obstacles include difficulty of access to, and lack of relevant information on, the UNED online study platform.
Effects of operation conditions and suction pipeline parameters on flow characteristics and metering accuracy for selective catalytic reduction air-assisted urea dosing system
Authors: Yang Shudong , Pan Xiwei , Shi Youcheng , Liu Yinshui
Published: September 2019

Selective catalytic reduction is the main technology to reduce oxides of nitrogen of diesel exhaust. As an important part of the selective catalytic reduction system, the air-assisted urea dosing system regulates the flow rate by adjusting the pump speed, and the flow rate and its metering accuracy directly affect the efficiency of oxides of nitrogen conversion. A mathematical model coupled with the air-assisted urea dosing system and the suction pipeline was built, and the influences of the discharge pressure, pump speed, suction pipeline length, and diameter on the flow characteristics and metering accuracy of the air-assisted urea dosing system were analyzed. The flow rate and metering accuracy of a prototype of the air-assisted urea dosing system were tested under different conditions on a test rig. Results show that the flow stability and metering accuracy of the prototype elevate with increasing the discharge pressure when the prototype has no overfeeding, and it gets down under any discharge pressure when the prototype occurs overfeeding. The flow stability and metering accuracy of the prototype improve with increasing the pump speed, and increase significantly when the suction pipeline length becomes shorter and the diameter gets larger. The metering accuracy of the prototype can achieve to ±2% by optimizing the suction pipeline parameters. The experimental results prove that the proposed mathematical model is effective.
Progressive fatigue damage analysis of composite bolted joint using equivalent stress model
Authors: Liu Fang , Xie Ming , Ji Yanjun , Zhou Mengzhen
Published: September 2019

Composite bolted joints are quite necessary for composite structures connection, which has become the main limit for the use of composites in main load-bearing structures. In this article, a fatigue model of composite bolted joint based on equivalent stress is established by programming in ABAQUS USDFLD subroutine to simulate the progressive failure of composite bolted joints. By introducing three-dimensional Tsai–Hill static failure criterion, equivalent stress is calculated for investigating effects of multiaxial stress on fatigue life. In the subroutine of progressive failure for fatigue model, fatigue life of composite bolted joint and damage state of elements that are meshed in the process of modelling are connected by defining field variable. Different fatigue modes are predicted here by changing stress amplitude and ratio loading, in which simulation results agree well with that obtained in corresponding experiments.
Negotiating vulnerability: The experience of long-term social security recipients
Authors: Mitchell Emma
Published: September 2019

This article addresses the prominence of ‘vulnerability’ as a way of making sense of disadvantage and suffering in both social policy and social science. It examines the interplay of vulnerability as a material phenomenon and cultural script by foregrounding the experiences of the most marginal benefit claimants in Australia’s residual social security system. The article questions whether the everyday disruptions and challenges that unsettle yet settle-into life in poverty are intelligible within authorised idioms of vulnerability that govern access to support. By examining what people surviving on benefits are vulnerable to and how they are compelled to demonstrate their status as vulnerable, it contributes a critical account of lived experiences of vulnerability that holds both its discursive and phenomenological dimensions in view.
Transitory Voices: The Journey From Urban High Schools to an Early College Academy Program
Authors: Caruthers Loyce , Poos Bradley , Friend Jennifer
Published: September 2019

A mixed-methods approach of sequential explanatory strategy was used to explore experiences of 37 students related to an Early College Academy (ECA) program and their high schools. Data consisted of mixed survey with scaled and open-ended questions followed by in-depth interviews with 12 students. Findings suggested students benefited from the meritocracy of the ECA program leaving many of their peers behind. Several expressed concerns about chaotic high school environments and neoliberal practices of didactic teaching in both settings. The challenge is to provide access to college for more students and transform neoliberal practices at all levels of schooling.
Redistribution of Labor to Prepare Teachers to Work in Inclusive Bilingual Classrooms
Authors: Martínez-Álvarez Patricia
Published: September 2019

Urban contexts where children with a range of abilities, languages, and cultures are served demand unique teacher preparation models. This study contends that ensuring unrestrictive learning environments in inclusive bilingual classrooms, where multiple educators work together, requires teachers to attend to division-of-labor. Informed by cultural historical activity theory, this article explores the kinds of division-of-labor dynamics surfacing in 35 multivoiced postlesson discussions. The focus on division-of-labor surfaced the need for teachers to collectively attend to students’ learning while they “hold the center,” and purposefully centering student agency. The analysis offers insight for the preparation of teachers for inclusive bilingual classrooms.
Patient Satisfaction Surveys in the Outpatient Clinic Setting: The Variability of Response With Positively or Negatively Toned Questions
Authors: Saldivar Brittany , Carter Carolyn , Filipp Stephanie L. , Gurka Matthew J. , Davis Michael K.
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a patient satisfaction survey in the outpatient clinic setting using questions with either a positive or negative tone would produce consistent responses. This was a prospective study using a 20-question paper survey delivered to medical students who were asked to rate on a scale of 1 to 10 to what degree they either agree or disagree with statements regarding their most recent personal outpatient clinic health care visit (any medical specialty). The same survey was administered again through an e-mail link 1 week later. One hundred fifty (77%) students completed the 20-item survey and 53 (35%) of the participating students completed the follow-up e-mail survey. Seven of the 10 question pairs on the paper survey revealed statistically significant differences in responses based on tone, with greater values for disagreement with negatively toned questions than values representing agreement with positive-toned questions. The match rates for similar questions posed on the paper survey and then the e-mail survey 1 week later ranged between 27.8% and 56.6%. This study demonstrated that, with an outpatient health care patient satisfaction survey, disagreement with a negative-toned question was stronger than agreement with a positive-toned question. There was poor correlation between survey responses when first posed on a paper survey and then repeated on a digital survey 1 week later. These findings suggest that the wording of survey questions may affect responses and that survey answers change with time and across delivery platforms.
Long-Haul Tourist Preferences for Stopover Destination Visits
Authors: Masiero Lorenzo , Qiu Richard T. R. , Zoltan Judit
Published: September 2019

International long-haul travel represents a distinct market segment with great potential. Yet, empirical studies on the stopover destination visits are limited. The current research is based on a web survey conducted among residents in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, which are three of the world’s top spenders and long-haul travel source markets. In this work, we examine tourist intentions to trade leisure time at a long-haul destination for a visit to a stopover destination. In particular, tourist preferences are analyzed as a function of traveler price sensitivity toward long-haul destinations, travel personality, activity engagement, motivation, travel profile, and demographic characteristics. Results provide insights into the under-researched topic of stopover tourism and guide aviation mega-cities toward an enhanced understanding of the potential demand.
Empowering Leadership, Social Support, and Job Crafting in Public Organizations: A Multilevel Study
Authors: Audenaert Mieke , George Bert , Bauwens Robin , Decuypere Anouk , Descamps Anne-Marie , Muylaert Jolien , Ma Rufei , Decramer Adelien
Published: September 2019

The public sector requires job crafting from employees so that they can better cope with overdemanding jobs due to layer upon layer of public management reforms. Simultaneously, however, red tape and austerity constrain job autonomy. This study therefore tests how job crafting can be fostered in public organizations by studying social resources at work and, specifically, empowering leadership and social support. Multilevel analyses based on survey data from 1,059 nurses in 67 public elderly care organizations in Flanders, Belgium, show that empowering leadership and social support contribute to job crafting and, simultaneously, strengthen each other’s contribution. Additional analyses showed that empowering leadership, social support, as well as their interaction have differential relations vis-à-vis the different dimensions of job crafting. The implications for public management are discussed.
Learning on the Job: The Impact of Job Tenure and Management Strategies on Nursing Home Performance
Authors: Amirkhanyan Anna A. , An Seung-Ho , Hawks Beth A. , Meier Kenneth J.
Published: September 2019

This study investigates linear and nonlinear effects of job tenure on organizational performance and explores how administrators’ job tenure can moderate the relationship between three key managerial strategies—innovative management, participatory management, and external management—and performance. Using archival performance indicators available from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services in combination with a recent survey of nursing home administrators, we find that job tenure has a linear and nonlinear relationship with two different performance dimensions, respectively. Also, more experienced managers are better able to manage external environments and share power internally to achieve better outcomes.
Less human and help-worthy: Sexualization affects children’s perceptions of and intentions toward bullied peers
Authors: Pacilli Maria Giuseppina , Spaccatini Federica , Barresi Concetta , Tomasetto Carlo
Published: September 2019

In Western cultures, the sexualization of children has increased over the past decades. In two studies, we investigated the consequences of children’s sexualization for their peers’ willingness to provide help in a case of bullying. In both studies, children (total N = 396; ages 7 to 11 years) were randomly assigned to view either a sexualized or non-sexualized target and answered questions about the target’s traits and treatment. Our findings provide evidence that early sexualization exposes preadolescent children to the dehumanizing consequences associated with adult women’s sexualization. We found that sexualized targets were perceived as less than fully human in terms of both human nature and human uniqueness (Studies 1 and 2) and that, among girls, human nature ratings mediated the association between sexualization and reduced helping intentions toward both male (Study 2) and female targets (Studies 1 and 2).
Lessons from the European Union’s Economic Integration for South Asian Regionalism
Authors: Ahmed Zahid Shahab , Hussain Munir
Published: September 2019

South Asian regionalism—mainly represented by the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)—has always been vulnerable to the influence of the long-standing bilateral disputes, and South Asian intra-regional trade and economic cooperation is limited. This article examines economic integration in Europe, from the 1950s to Britain’s decision to exit from the European Union (EU) in 2016, in order to identify possible lessons for the SAARC. In particular, this article makes use of Gürler’s model of economic integration to propose a way forward for economic cooperation through the SAARC. While the full implementation of the EU’s model of economic integration appears to be a distant reality for the SAARC, this article argues that a revitalized SAARC is nonetheless a suitable vehicle for pursuing a gradual process of economic cooperation in South Asia that may ultimately lead not only to economic integration but also the resolution of political disputes.
Looking Forward: Cutting-Edge Technologies and Skills for Pathologists in the Future
Authors: Janardhan Kyathanahalli S. , Kohnken Rebecca , Turner Oliver C. , Gurumurthy Channabasavaiah B. , Kovi Ramesh C.
Published: September 2019

Toxicologic pathology is one of the most valuable fields contributing to the advancement of animal and human health. With the ever-changing technological and economic environment, the basic skill set that pathologists are equipped with may require refinement to address the current and future needs. Periodically, pathologists must add relevant, new skills to their toolbox. The Career Development and Outreach Committee of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) sponsored a career development workshop entitled “Looking Forward: Cutting-edge Technologies and Skills for Pathologists in the Future” in conjunction with the STP 38th Annual Symposium. Experts were chosen to speak on artificial intelligence, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats technology, microRNAs, and next-generation sequencing. This article provides a summary of the talks presented at the workshop.
Evaluation of the role of the colour tent in vision stimulation for children with complex disabilities and cerebral visual impairment: A feasibility study
Authors: Pilling Rachel Fiona , Little Suzanne Mary
Published: September 2019

Children with profound and multiple disabilities commonly have their visual impairment overlooked when seeking to meet their complex health needs. The act of surrounding a child with little or no apparent visual function by a monochromatic translucent tent can serve to ‘switch on’ a child’s visual system. The aim of the project was to investigate the role of using colour tents to bring about attentional responses in children with complex disabilities including cerebral visual impairment.

The evaluation comprises three phases, repeated on four occasions over the space of 4 weeks. The child’s visual attention prior to entering the tent and during the 5 minutes after leaving the tent was recorded. Moreover, the child’s responses and behaviours while in the tent were recorded. Nine children participated in the evaluation, mean age 6 years (range: 5–9 years). All children showed a change in visual behaviour on at least one occasion while in the colour tent. Most children required more than one session before a change in visual behaviour was noted. Only two children showed increase in visual awareness after any session, and there was no sustained effect demonstrated.

This feasibility study has demonstrated that a short series of sessions in a colour tent is insufficient to demonstrate the effectiveness of a colour tent in stimulating visual awareness in children with complex needs. The methodology was acceptable to parents and teachers and lessons have been learned which will inform future studies.
Communities of practice on WhatsApp: A tool for promoting citizenship among students with visual impairments
Authors: Della Líbera Bianca , Jurberg Claudia
Published: September 2019

Visual impairments (VIs) impose many barriers to people when it comes to information access, and educational processes may offer tools for people to overcome these barriers and, consequently, develop autonomy and an active sense of citizenship. In these processes, information and communication technologies (ICTs) improve accessibility. Our aim was to use ICT, especially social media, in pedagogical activities developed for students with VI (blindness and low vision). Focus group interviews about technology use showed us that these students are heavy users of WhatsApp, an instant messenger app. We then established an online discussion group, as a community of practice, using WhatsApp as a discussion environment. This online group helped Brazilian students with VI develop social skills and discuss health issues they considered important to them.
The importance of investing in your relationship: Emotional capital and responses to partner transgressions
Authors: Walsh Courtney M. , Neff Lisa A.
Published: September 2019

Throughout their relationship, couples experience a myriad of small positive moments together, such as sharing leisure activities or laughing with one another. Although these moments may seem trivial in isolation, growing research suggests that accumulating positive moments together helps couples build emotional capital, which can buffer them from the harmful consequences of relationship difficulties. The current study examined two potential mechanisms, relationship attributions and forgiveness, for this buffering effect. Newlywed couples reported their relationships attributions and forgiveness tendencies and completed a 10-day daily diary task assessing emotional capital, negative partner behaviors, and marital satisfaction. Consistent with previous research, spouses who reported accumulating more emotional capital on average across the diary task exhibited a weaker association between their partners’ daily negative behaviors and their daily satisfaction. Extending prior work, path analyses revealed a significant indirect effect of emotional capital on reactivity through relationship attributions and forgiveness. That is, spouses who reported more emotional capital tended to make more benevolent and forgiving interpretations of their partners’ behaviors, which in turn predicted reduced reactivity to partners’ transgressions. These findings contribute to a growing literature illuminating the critical role everyday shared positive moments may play in enhancing relationship well-being.
Feasibility and evaluation of Talk Boost KS2: A school-based programme for oral language skills in children with low-average communication skills in Key Stage 2
Authors: Reeves Louisa , Freed Jenny , Wright Jonathan , Wood Elizabeth , Black Rachael , Hartshorne Mary , Adams Catherine
Published: September 2019

Oral language skills in childhood are known to predict literacy levels and academic performance. Identification of children’s low-average oral language skills in school is challenging when clear criteria for developmental language disorder are not met. There are few studies of targeted, school-based oral language interventions for the older child. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of implementing and evaluating a manualized language intervention (Talk Boost KS2) for children aged between 7 and 9 years who were identified as having low-average oral language skills, as delivered by trained teaching assistants in mainstream schools. Twenty-one UK mainstream primary schools each selected eight Year 3 (7–8-year-olds) and Year 4 (8–9-year-olds) children with low-average oral language skills. School staff received training in a new manualized intervention, Talk Boost KS2. Schools were allocated to an Active Intervention (AI) or a Waiting Control condition (WC) condition. The final sample consisted of 162 children of which 87 were allocated to the AI condition and 75 to the WC condition. Progress in favour of the intervention was found on teacher ratings of speech, language and communication needs and on a Learning Behaviours Checklist but not on standardized language or reading comprehension tests. Parents of AI children reported improvements in communication and language skills. Teaching staff reported significant increases in confidence and knowledge in managing children with low-average oral language skills as a result of being involved in the intervention. The findings are discussed in relation to the imperative to provide practical language intervention tools as well as training and support for education staff in order to support children with low-average oral language skills in mainstream schools.
Children Readily Think About People’s Minds When They Think About Artworks
Authors: Allen Melissa L. , Freeman Norman H.
Published: September 2019

Art education includes activating two sources for developmental change. One resource that can be called upon to promote developmental change is external to the child, encouraged by teaching and by exposure to artworks. The other resource acts as a pacemaker internal to the child’s own cognitive development, facilitated by some conception of the minds of artists and viewers. Studies show how children become interested in the intentions which give rise to artworks and to subsequent exhibition to the viewing public. A natural grasp of intention is readily activated in experimentation by psychologists and might profitably be mobilized by educators in helping children develop their ideas about possible relations between artworks, artists, and viewers.
Polymorphisms in the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 immune regulatory gene and their impact on inhibitor development in patients with hemophilia A
Authors: Abdulqader Aveen M. Raouf , Mohammed Ali Ibrahim , Rachid Shwan
Published: September 2019

Objective

The development of inhibitors against infused factor VIII represents the most severe complication of substitution therapy in hemophilia A (HA) patients. Data on risk factors for inhibitor formation in Iraqi Kurdish patients with HA are unavailable. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in an immune regulatory gene in the emergence of inhibitors.

Methods

We focused on 126 patients with either severe or mild/moderate HA presenting with and without inhibitors. We analyzed the frequency of two polymorphisms in the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 gene ( CTLA-4; CTLA-4-318C > T and CTLA-4 + 49A > G). Genotyping was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphism–PCR and direct sequencing.

Results

We found no significant correlation between the CTLA-4-318 C > T T allele and inhibitor development among patients with severe or mild/moderate HA. However, a significantly high inhibitor risk was detected for the CTLA-4 + 49 A > G G allele (odds ratio [OR] = 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.383–7.024) and (OR = 4, 95% CI = 1.719–9.437) among patients with severe and mild/moderate HA, respectively.

Conclusion

We conclude that the CTLA-4 +49 A > G SNP plays a substantial role as a potential risk determinant for inhibitor formation in Iraqi Kurdish patients with HA.
Stressful Life Events and Negative Emotions on Delinquency Among Korean Youth: An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory Assessing Longitudinal Mediation Analysis
Authors: Cho Sujung , Galehan Jordan
Published: September 2019

The current study examines the extent to which the argument of Agnew’s general strain theory extends to a sample of South Korean youth to be able to explain the hypothesized direct and indirect/mediated effects of negative emotions derived from various negative life experiences of strain on delinquent behaviors. These experiences can include bullying victimization, parental abuse, poor friend quality, and poor physical functioning. Data for this study were compiled from the Korean Welfare Panel Study (KOWEPS), which is a longitudinal study among 7,027 Korean households surveyed from 2006 through 2012. This study utilizes the longitudinal mediation models for temporal precedence. Results reveal that adolescents with poor-quality friends during the previous year are more likely to engage in later delinquency, and adolescents who experience bullying victimization, child abuse, and poor friendship quality during the previous year are more likely to later feel negative emotions. Furthermore, early feelings of negative emotions are significantly related to later delinquent behaviors and partially mediate the link between poor friend quality and later delinquent behaviors. Finally, bullying victimization, child abuse, and poor friend quality generated negative emotions, which led to a greater likelihood of delinquent behavior later.
Extreme load estimation of the wind turbine tower during power production
Authors: Yamaguchi Atsushi , Sarli Prasanti Widyasih , Ishihara Takeshi
Published: September 2019

Wind turbines have to be designed against extreme load during power production with the recurrence period of 50 years. This extreme load is usually calculated through statistical extrapolation. However, large uncertainties exist in the estimation of the extreme load. This study aims to reduce these uncertainties in the statistical extrapolation by using systematic simulations. First, a new criterion is proposed for the data sets to be used for the statistical extrapolation and the resulting uncertainty satisfies the requirement in the standard for prediction of wind load. Then, a new extrapolation factor for load extrapolation is proposed and the predicted maximum tower bending moments at all the heights show favorable agreement with measurement. Finally, empirical formulae are proposed to estimate the expected value of the maximum tower bending moment and the predicted values show good agreement with the numerical simulations.
Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) for the preventive treatment of episodic migraine: The multicentre, double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled PREMIUM trial
Authors: Diener Hans-Christoph , Goadsby Peter J , Ashina Messoud , Al-Karagholi Mohammad Al-Mahdi , Sinclair Alexandra , Mitsikostas Dimos , Magis Delphine , Pozo-Rosich Patricia , Irimia Sieira Pablo , Làinez Miguel JA , Gaul Charly , Silver Nicholas , Hoffmann Jan , Marin Juana , Liebler Eric , Ferrari Michel D
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS; gammaCore®) has the potential to prevent migraine days in patients with migraine on the basis of mechanistic rationale and pilot clinical data.

Methods

This multicentre study included a 4-week run-in period, a 12-week double-blind period of randomised treatment with nVNS or sham, and a 24-week open-label period of nVNS. Patients were to administer two 120-second stimulations bilaterally to the neck three times daily (6–8 hours apart).

Results

Of 477 enrolled patients, 332 comprised the intent-to-treat (ITT) population. Mean reductions in migraine days per month (primary outcome) were 2.26 for nVNS (n = 165; baseline, 7.9 days) and 1.80 for sham (n = 167; baseline, 8.1 days) ( p = 0.15). Results were similar across other outcomes. Upon observation of suboptimal adherence rates, post hoc analysis of patients with ≥ 67% adherence per month demonstrated significant differences between nVNS (n = 138) and sham (n = 140) for outcomes including reduction in migraine days (2.27 vs. 1.53; p = 0.043); therapeutic gains were greater in patients with aura than in those without aura. Most nVNS device-related adverse events were mild and transient, with application site discomfort being the most common.

Conclusions

Preventive nVNS treatment in episodic migraine was not superior to sham stimulation in the ITT population. The “sham” device inadvertently provided a level of active vagus nerve stimulation. Post hoc analysis showed significant effects of nVNS in treatment-adherent patients. Study identification and registration: PREMIUM; NCT02378844; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02378844
Semi-Proletarianization in a Dual Economy: The Case of China
Authors: Qi Hao
Published: September 2019

This paper proposes a model to explain the wage increase for migrant workers in China since the mid-2000s. First, the model consists of a capitalist sector and a non-capitalist sector. Second, households are semi-proletarianized because they participate in both family farming and wage production. Third, capitalist firms determine the wage level in order to extract labor. The paper demonstrates that semi-proletarianization is one of the three stages of the long-term dynamics of a dual economy like China. In so doing, it provides an alternative to the Lewis turning point literature.

JEL Classification: B51, O53, E24
Development and Validation of a New Multidimensional Language Class Anxiety Scale
Authors: Kutuk Gulsah , Putwain David W. , Kaye Linda , Garrett Bethan
Published: September 2019

This study reports on the development and assessment of a new 30-item Multidimensional Language Class Anxiety Scale which is designed to assess foreign language learners’ anxiety regarding four language skills (listening, reading, writing, and speaking) and testing. In Study 1, the initial items were piloted with 323 students studying English as a foreign language at three different universities in Turkey. This informed a revised version of the questionnaire which was subsequently administered to 701 students at three different Turkish universities. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that a bifactor model with correlated residual variance yielded a better fit for the data in both studies than the other four models tested. The overall results provided preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of the data collected using the new scale. Directions for future research and implications for foreign language teaching and learning are discussed.
Job Mobility Among Millennials: Do They Stay or Do They Go?
Authors: AbouAssi Khaldoun , McGinnis Johnson Jasmine , Holt Stephen B.
Published: September 2019

Millennials are a substantial segment of the workforce; they are perceived to be driven by higher pay, quick to be dissatisfied and leave a job, and committed to volunteering. This article examines how these perceptions translate to job mobility in terms of job switching within and across sectors, without drawing cross-generation comparisons. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort (NLSY97) from 2008 to 2013, we notice a trend among millennials of frequent job switching within rather than across sectors. Job dissatisfaction is the strongest predictor of public-sector employees switching jobs within the sector. For sector switching, we find some variation: Low pay corresponds with exiting the nonprofit sector, whereas job dissatisfaction is the strongest predictor of leaving the public sector. Millennials working in the public and nonprofit sectors are less likely to switch sectors if they volunteer. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Protest, counter-protest and organizational diversification of protest groups
Authors: Inata Kana
Published: September 2019

Whereas protests have been discussed predominantly in terms of collective action issues, achieving coordination does not always guarantee success. Protest groups must also back their demands with sufficient threats. Some assert that threats are enhanced by the mobilization of more resources. Yet this conventional wisdom fails to explain why not all large-scale protests win government concessions or why some protest groups spend resources on their organizational infrastructure even though it will not inflict immediate damage on the government. Formalizing protest in a bargaining model, I show that investing in organizational infrastructure improves the impact of protest groups’ threats by lowering the probability that a counter-protest will offset the impact of the original protest.
Peace data: Concept, measurement, patterns, and research agenda
Authors: Diehl Paul F , Goertz Gary , Gallegos Yahve
Published: September 2019

This data article reviews the revised “peace data,” describing the motivations behind them and offering a general description of the different peace scale levels—severe rivalry, lesser rivalry, negative peace, warm peace, and security community respectively. A brief overview of the evolution of peace and rivalry for the 1900–2015 period is presented. Peace in the international system has increased over time, with a decline in rivalries and an increase in security communities being the most notable findings. The article concludes with a discussion of how the peace data might be used to address new questions in international relations research or reconfigure existing ones.
Sexual and Gender Minority Intimate Partner Violence and Childhood Violence Exposure
Authors: Messinger Adam M. , Dyar Christina , Birmingham Rachel S. , Newcomb Michael E. , Whitton Sarah W.
Published: September 2019

Limited research on female-assigned-at-birth sexual and gender minorities (FAB SGM) suggests that their risk of psychological, physical, and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and perpetration may be linked to childhood violence exposure (CVE), such as experiencing child abuse, or witnessing sibling or interparental abuse. That said, there is a dearth of research in this population examining whether there is typically a violence type match between CVE and IPV (e.g., physical CVE predicting physical IPV), a gender match between those involved in CVE and later IPV (e.g., witnessing the abuse of female parents predicting IPV among women), or an increase in IPV risk commensurate with the number of different CVE types experienced. Addressing these gaps, this article draws on the baseline survey data of FAB400, a merged cohort accelerated longitudinal study of 488 FAB SGM adolescents and young adults. Analyses focused on the subsample of 457 participants with prior intimate relationship experience. Findings revealed that each assessed form of CVE—parental verbal abuse victimization, parental physical maltreatment victimization, childhood sexual abuse victimization, witnessing sibling abuse, and witnessing interparental violence—predicted risk of IPV perpetration and victimization, without evidence of violence type match. Witnessing interparental violence was associated with IPV irrespective of the abused parent’s gender. In addition, exposure to a greater number of forms of CVE was associated with an increased risk of all types of IPV victimization and perpetration. Results offer preliminary evidence that the intergenerational transmission of violence is an applicable framework for FAB SGM, and as such this should be considered when screening and intervening for childhood, family, and partner violence in this population. Suggestions for future directions are discussed.