bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New phosphors for lamps
Authors: Wanmaker W.L. , Ter Vrugt J.W.
Published: December 2008

The method of preparation and the applications of four new phosphors are discussed in relation to their use in different types of lamps. Europium-activated yttrium phosphate vanadate made with the addition of boric acid is a red-emitting phosphor used in fluorescent high pressure mercury vapour lamps. Strontium pyrophosphate activated by divalent europium has been used in fluorescent lamps for photocopying and has enabled higher reproduction rates to be achieved. Barium strontium disilicate activated by divalent europium may find application in fluorescent lamps with improved colour rendering properties, and manganese-activitated magnesium aluminium gallate in fluorescent lamps used for xerographic reproduction.
The effect of surface colour on apparent surface distance
Authors: Williams P.C.
Published: December 2008

Colour selection is an important aspect in the design process of any building; to be purposeful, selection must take into account several aspects of colour. The investigation reported in this paper was concerned with the influence of colour on perception of the spatial form of the environment. The apparent 'nearness' of colours of different Munsell hue, value and chroma, selected according to a factorial design, was studied using thirty observers drawn from the general population ; samples subtended an area 12°×10° at the eye. The effects of hue, value and chroma on apparent distance of the test surfaces were all highly significant and some two-factor interactions were also significant. The implications of the results for the use of colour in interiors are discussed.
Value for money—interior lighting
Authors: Cundall G.P.
Published: December 2008

Lighting may be considered as fulfilling two purposes: to enable an activity to be pursued and to provide amenity or enjoyment. If the activity is part of a productive process then the value of lighting should be capable of objective financial appraisal; amenity is a matter of value judgement. The paper describes 'cost-in-use' and 'present value' methods of financial appraisal and illustrates their use in determining the productive value of lighting. Examples of subjective evaluations are also given. Quantity of light alone will never redeem poor design and the best value will only be obtained if the needs of the users are met without undue energy demands.
A high performance graphic arts lamp
Authors: Beeson E.J.G. , Furmidge K.F.
Published: December 2008

A very high optical performance can be achieved by enclosing a metal halide lamp, suitably doped for the printing and reprographics industry, in a sealed beam reflector and refractor enclosure. The period of exposure needed under this very actinic light source is considerably shorter than that required by pulsed xenon, mercury vapour or the carbon arc and its enclosed optics ensure an excellent u.v. maintenance throughout a long life. Designed to be used on a 240 V a.c. supply the lamp consumes 400 watts and operates with a choke ballast and starter unit.
Integrated services in modern office buildings
Authors: Crichton I. , Wood-Robinson M.
Published: December 2008

This paper describes two recently completed office buildings which are of a similar size and in both of which integrated environmental services were an essential feature of the building design. Details of the services installed in each building are described and experience in their operation is reported and discussed, including a comparison of the operating costs for the separate services. It is concluded that experience with these buildings shows that the performance of buildings of the type described in the paper can in many respects be predicted with some accuracy at the design stage.
Holography as a diagnostic technique in the study of lamps and lighting
Authors: Phillips N.J. , Coaton J.R.
Published: December 2008

Internal convection currents within the gasfilling of incandescent and tungsten-halogen lamps predominantly govern the transportation of evaporated tungsten, and it is essential to try to visualise these to increase understanding of the mechanisms involved. Holography has helped gas temperature and density profiles to be explored. The technique of producing two holograms on a single photographic plate, through a lens, gives a method of viewing optical path differences within the gasfilling of a lamp during operation; these holograms can be viewed in a parallel beam of incoherent white light. A photographic process has also been used which gives a high diffraction efficiency and obviates the difficulty of plate fog caused by lighting the filament. These holograms permit a narrow section through a lamp to be viewed which should reduce the difficult problem of interpreting three-dimensional interference fringes. The technique should also be useful for discharge lamps and fittings diagnostics.
Translucent ceramics as lamp envelopes
Authors: Parrott M.A.
Published: December 2008

The properties of oxide ceramics which may be sintered to translucency are discussed and it is shown that only alumina is at present suitable to prepare lamp arc tubes. A brief description of the preparation of alumina powder is given with particular emphasis on the properties of powders required for the manufacture of ware of optical quality. The processes involved in the manufacture of sintered translucent alumina are described, and it is pointed out that faults in sintered ware may be connected with problems in powder rheology. The theoretical limit to translucency in ceramics is examined, showing that purity and high sintered density of ware are essential. A method of producing hermetic seals in ceramic lamp arc tubes is also described.
Airfield lighting
Authors: Bridgers D.J. , Richards H.
Published: December 2008

Airfield lighting covers illuminated signals which assist pilots visually to navigate aircraft by day and night. Automatic landing aids have not replaced airfield lighting; within limits a pilot can use the visual signals to monitor an automatic landing but the only guidance on the runway and taxiways is that provided by the airfield lighting. The theory of how a pilot uses visual signals to assist in manoeuvring an aircraft is outlined to explain the lighting patterns used today. The paper presents airfield lighting as an integrated system of luminaires, equipment and circuits and gives guidance on operation and maintenance. Difficulties in luminaire design and present and future developments are discussed. A plea is made for adoption of the best airfield lighting now available, plus stricter design, operation and statutory controls.
New blue lamp for phototherapy of hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: Wanmaker W.L. , Van Gils J.F. , Ter Vrugt J.W.
Published: December 2008

Hyperbilirubinemia, i.e. an excess of bilirubin in the blood serum, can be treated by irradiating the patients with blue light. Calculations are carried out in the paper to evaluate some new blue fluorescent lamps for their effectiveness in the phototherapy of hyperbilirubinemia. The use of lamps with Sr2P2O7-Eu2+ leads to several important advantages over existing fluorescent lamps; the number of lamps can be reduced, diminishing the danger of hyperthermia, and because the light is a very deep blue, the discomfort encountered is less than with blue lamps. Some considerations are given of the construction of lamp luminaires for phototherapy units.
(1) The colour perception process
Authors: Wright W.D.
Published: December 2008

Though colour vision is generally accepted to operate with three types of receptor comparatively little is understood of the way the responses of these receptors are transmitted to and interpreted by the brain. Prof Wright opened the meeting by describing current theories of colour perception and particularly possible methods of coding receptor signals for transmission to the brain. Jennifer Birch remained on the much firmer ground of colour defects. She described the types of colour deficiency that occur and the tests that are used to determine types and degrees of deficiency. D. A. Palmer then discussed the relationship between colour vision and illuminance. At low illuminances colour vision may sometimes be sacrificed in favour of mere visibility by pooling of the cone responses.
Utilance values and uniformity in a model room
Authors: Bean A.R.
Published: December 2008

A model room is described in which utilance values were measured for four different types of luminaire in rooms with a 'standard' set of reflectances, for a series of room index values. The measured values are within 10% of those calculated from the finite difference equation method. The IES method for measuring average illuminance was checked and the results shown to be generally satisfactory. Some measurements of luminance were made and the results show that the simple method of luminance calculation based on the assumption of uniform diffusion gives relatively small errors even for gloss painted walls, except where the luminaires are highly directional. Measurements of uniformity suggest that minimum/average is a less exacting criterion than that of minimum/maximum.
Investigations of the subjective balance between illuminance and lamp colour properties
Authors: Boyce P.R.
Published: December 2008

The paper reports two experiments concerned with the balance between illuminance and lamp colour properties for equal satisfaction with visual appearance. The first demonstrates the existence of this balance over a wide range of interior colourfulnesses. An explanation, based on the influence of lamp type and illuminance on the saturation of colours in an interior is proposed, which suggests that Colour Discrimination Index should be a better predictor of the magnitude of the balance than Colour Rendering Index. To test this suggestion the second experiment was designed, using both coloured and achromatic interiors. The results for the coloured interior support the earlier study and lead to the conclusion that Colour Discrimination Index is a better predictor. The results for the achromatic interior are of a different nature.
Simple expressions for predicting energy savings from photo-electric control of lighting
Authors: Hunt D.R.G.
Published: December 2008

The cost-effectiveness of different types of photo- electrically controlled lighting systems is being examined at the Building Research Establishment. Using published data on availability of daylight, equations are derived to predict the maximum possible savings in artificial lighting use that can be achieved using photo- electrically controlled dimming or on/off systems. The equations are applied to two deep-plan spaces and figures are given for the relative maximum savings in artificial lighting use of three control systems: on/off, dimming and mixed. The savings range from 20%, to over 40%, of the energy used for uncontrolled lighting, assuming that a horizontal illuminance of 500 lux is maintained throughout the spaces. The effects of real variations in artificial lighting use are discussed.
Effect of 2-dimensional fluctuations in observations of colour differences
Authors: Stainsby A.G.
Published: December 2008

A method of analysis of observations of colour rendering differences described in an earlier paper has been extended to take into account variability of the observations in two orthogonal directions, instead of in one only as previously. For, just as the colour differences can occur in at least two dimensions of physical colour space, so variability of observations might be expected in two dimensions of psychological space. The extended theory using the bivariate normal distribution predicts the same values of perceived colour difference as had been predicted using the univariate distribution. It also suggests that for many colours the univariate distribution is a satisfactory model for predicting the distribution of scores between categories. However, for other colours this can be better predicted if a bivariate distribution is assumed.
Some medical uses of radiation from lamps
Authors: Jewess B.W.
Published: December 2008

In this paper the term 'light' will be extended to cover that part of the electromagnetic spectrum between 250-770 nm. The paper deals with the division of the ultra-violet spectrum into the A, B and C bands.

The medical effects of light may roughly be divided into two groups. The first is where the radiation acts directly such as the germicidal effect of UVC, the erythemal properties of UVB for the production of vitamin D and the treatment of neo-natal jaundice by blue light. The second is where the radiation works in the presence of a photosensitiser, taken orally or applied externally. Examples are the photo-therapy treatment of vitiligo and psoriasis with UVA and the treatment of herpes virus with white fluorescent light. The design of luminaires for these purposes will also be mentioned.
The need for a unified approach to interior lighting design parameters
Authors: Bell R.I. , Page R.K.
Published: December 2008

The single most used lighting design parameter today is the average illuminance on the horizontal working plane. A number of attempts to introduce other lighting parameters into the design procedure have been made from time to time, but with little success. In most designs only the average illuminance on the horizontal working plane is considered. In a small percentage of designs glare index is also taken into account. Designs to a higher technical specification are rare. This paper investigates why this situation exists and what can be done about it. Considerable thought has been given to what parameters are useful for specifying known requirements, but insufficient thought has, in the Authors' opinion, been given to the problems of understanding what a parameter means, its prediction and its measurement. Any designer who tries to satisfy all of the requirements of the 1977 IES (CIBS) Interior Lighting Code will find that the methods available for doing so are fragmented, confusing and often unpractical. This paper argues the need for a systematic or unified approach to lighting design parameters, and suggests some improvements which could be made to encourage a more cohesive system.
Criteria for recommending lighting levels
Authors: Yonemura Gary T.
Published: December 2008

The effect of lighting on behaviour ranges from allowing simple detection of objects to creating moods and impressions. Lighting standards and recommendations for general applications should be based on the visibility (seeing) requirements where differences between individuals are minimal. Furthermore, lighting criteria or standards must evaluate the seeing process under stimulus conditions approximating those encountered in the real space. It is recommended that conspicuity, defined as: 'how well the detail stands out from the background', or ease of seeing be the metric for visibility. Subjective visual response criteria cannot be universally applied where significant differences in interpretations and evaluations between individuals and/or groups of individuals occur. Instead they should be treated as design options to be applied when they are important aspects of the intended function of the space. In discussing the above issues, the paper identifies the major categories of variables included in the perception of the visual environment and organises them logically with respect to their relationship in developing lighting criteria and standards. This analysis includes a breakdown of the visual processes into sensory and perceptual components. Key words: Conspicuity; contrast; illumination; lighting; lighting levels; suprathreshold visibility; vision.
Uniformity as the key element in present developments in lighting design
Authors: Constantatos B.
Published: December 2008

Uniformity: (the ratio of minimum illuminance to average illuminance) is an important and ever present phenomenon in lighting schemes: determining the 'feel' of any lit place. Past and present practice indicate a disposition toward higher uniformities in artificial lighting schemes than equivalent natural ones. This is mainly due to practical restraints but also, to some extent, attributed to cultural determinants. Practical work undertaken in working interiors established a consistent pattern of uniformity divergence between natural and artificial lighting in the order of three to five. The rift between uniformities of artificial and natural lighting could be made narrower with a two-fold implication of energy conservation as well as effecting better 'creative use of darkness'.
Compact single-ended fluorescent lamps: some performance and application aspects
Authors: Vrenken L.E. , Veenstra W.
Published: December 2008

New phosphor technologies, developed in the 70s, the recent development of new glass welding techniques, and the sharp rise in energy costs, opened the way to the development of a single-ended compact fluorescent lamp family. These real energy saving lamps with higher initial costs but lower energy costs result in lower lighting costs than is the case for inexpensive, low efficiency light sources such as incandescent lamps. The relatively low heat production per lumen and the flat geometry of this new so-called PL lamp family, makes a totally new approach to residential lighting possible. It is the object of this paper to discuss some important performance and application aspects of the PL lamp family.
Glare evaluation of tennis court f loodlighting
Authors: Hargroves R.A. , Henry I.C. , Trezzi M.
Published: December 2008

An international technical committee of the CIE has proposed a formula to predict the subjective impression of an outdoor floodlighting installation. The formula is based on appraisals of glare in football stadia and on football training grounds. It has since been validated for use in lighting airport aprons and railway marshalling yards. This report describes tests made to check the suitability of the formula for tennis court lighting. Very good agreement with the formula has been found.
Measuring colour rendering—A new approach
Authors: Pointer M.R.
Published: December 2008

This paper presents a method of measuring a coloured sample giving numbers which correlate highly with the appearance of the sample when it is viewed under a defined illuminant. It is shown how these numbers, relating to the hue, lightness, and chroma of the sample, can be combined to provide a measure of the differences between a set of coloured samples viewed first under a reference lamp and then under a test lamp. Four hue/chroma/lightness indices are calculated for each of the four unique hues, red, yellow, green, and blue. These indices are combined to give mean hue, chroma, and lightness indices, and an overall index. This final index may be considered analogous to the present CIE colour rendering index.
Improving the spectral characteristics of fluorescent lamps by using narrow-band phosphors
Authors: Zhou X.H. , Zhou T.M. , Lu Y.C.
Published: December 2008

The spectral power distributions of fluorescent lamps using red, green and blue narrow-band phosphors can be calculated by empirical equations. Quantitative relations between the combination of phosphors and the spectral power distributions of the phosphors are obtained, and the relative quantities of the red, green and blue phosphors used to produce fluorescent lamps of high luminous efficacy and colour rendering index at any given colour temperature can be derived from these relations. Experimental results coincide quite well with calculated values.
'Energy limiters': Their place in lighting control†
Authors: Chapman D.F. , Slater A.I. , Isaacs A.L.
Published: December 2008

A number of devices are available which can be incorporated at the electrical distribution board in a building to reduce the voltage and hence the power consumed by an existing fluorescent lighting installation. Certain of these are generally known as 'energy limiters'. Voltage reductions not only reduce power consumption but also cause a drop in light output and changes to other lamp operating conditions, depending on lamp type, ballast circuit and luminaire. This paper describes a detailed investigation of five voltage (RMS) reducing devices: four based on auto-transformers and one on a reverse phase electronic dimmer. Nineteen lamp and ballast circuit combinations and a range of luminaire types were studied. Data are given on the effects of voltage reduction on lamp light output, power consumption, lamp starting and stability, power factor, induced harmonic distortion and system efficiency. Potential problems are highlighted and economic factors are discussed. It is recommended that these devices are only considered for retrofit in areas where a decrease in illuminance is acceptable. A new lighting installation should be designed to operate at full rated supply voltage using modern energy-efficient lamps and luminaires to obtain the most effective lighting solution.
Adaptation luminance when approaching a tunnel in daytime
Authors: Adrian W.K.
Published: December 2008

The state of adaptation of the observer's eyes determines the required luminance in the entrance zone of a tunnel for safe entry. Based on the physiology of the visual system, it can be shown that the essential foveal adaptation is composed of the luminance in a 2° field of fixation and the equivalent straylight luminance LSeq caused by the environmental field luminance: LA = L20 + LSeq . This adaptation level can be followed by the eye due to neuronal or network adaptation after a change of luminance within 2 log units. A method is suggested to obtain LSeq using a special graph paper with zones in which the luminance produces equal amounts of straylight in the center. This graph superimposed on that of a tunnel scene allows LSeq to be read off easily. An experiment shows that the L20 concept put forward by the CIE necessarily falls short and cannot serve to determine the adaptation luminance. A comparative study of 12 tunnel scenes reveals poor correlation between L20 and LSeq.
Glow-to-arc transitions in gas discharge lamps
Authors: Luijks G.M.J.F. , van Vliet J.A.J.M.
Published: December 2008

The Waymouth model, which describes the glow-to-thermionic arc transition in qualitative terms, has been extended. To get a quantitative description of the glow-to-arc transition phenomena in metal halide lamps (with their emitterless electrodes) it is essential to include in the model a current dependent glow voltage. When this is done, the model calculations of the glow time and ignition time are found to agree well with experimental results. The influences of a number of lamp parameters on glow time and ignition time have been investigated in the light of this improved model.
Movement under emergency lighting: Comparison between standard provisions and photoluminescent markings
Authors: Webber G M B , Hallman P.J. , Salvidge A.C.
Published: December 2008

Photoluminescent markings are currently finding application in emergency and safety signs. The material glows in the dark (if previously excited) and is therefore particularly useful at times of power failure, especially since its temporal luminance decay is matched approximately by dark adaptation of the human eye. Comparability was found between speeds of movement under the minimum BS5266 emergency illuminance and with photoluminescent markings alone. Questionnaire scores from subjects indicated that the latter is at least as acceptable on escape routes and is often preferred. Data are given on the photometric properties of such markings and interim design guidance is offered for their use as potential alternative or supplementary provision to the traditional emergency lighting approach.
Car headlamps: Influence of dirt, age and poor aim on glare and illumination intensities
Authors: Alferdinck J W A M , Padmos P.
Published: December 2008

Luminous intensities of the low beam of private car headlamps in the direction of the eyes of drivers of oncoming cars (glare intensity), and of the right roadside (illumination intensity) were measured on the road (354 cars) and in the laboratory (50 cars). In the laboratory measurements the effects of aiming, cleaning and voltage adjustment of the headlamps were studied. Results are compared with the requirements of regulations for new headlamp types. Glare intensities were found to be much higher than the maxima permitted by the regulations. The main causes are dirt and lamp age. Excessive illumination intensities are mainly due to poor aim. The use of halogen lamps does not contribute appreciably to the high glare intensities found in practice. 20% caf new lamps were found to contravene regulations.
Harnessing Daylight
Authors: Wilkinson Martin A.
Published: December 2008

A seminar Harnessing Daylight was organised jointly by CIBSE and J A Lynes was held at Hull School of Architecture, UK, on 19-20 July 1988, attracting 32 participants from a variety of backgrounds. Topics addressed included sundials, the solar bracelet, critical assessment of daylit spaces, energy-effective design for daylight, performance of glazing materials and daylighting for schools.
Skylight dome-well system analysis from intensity distribution data†
Authors: Parent M.D. , Murdoch J.B.
Published: December 2008

A skylight test facility is in operation on the roof of the engineering building at the University of New Hampshire. Intensity distribution data for 18 skylight dome-well combinations have been taken for clear and overcast skies and a wide range of solar altitudes. These data are used in two ways: to calculate coefficients of utilisation for skylight systems so that these systems may be treated in the same manner as ceiling-mounted electric luminaires; and to compare skylight systems on the basis of dome transmittance, dome diffusion, dome height-to-width ratio, well reflectance, well angle, well height-to-width ratio, and direct sun shielding.
Average illuminance: Two-line method for measurement
Authors: Einhorn H.D.
Published: December 2008

The average illuminance in a rectangular room with a reasonably regular lighting layout is obtained from measurements along two lines, at right angles to each other. The room average is then simply the product of the line averages, divided by the illuminance at the intersection of the two lines. The new method is simple, saves time and is of adequate accuracy, if the uniformity of illuminance is within accepted limits.
Sky luminance measurements for design and control of indoor daylight illumination
Authors: Rutten A.J.F.
Published: December 2008

Cost-effective daylighting design and artificial lighting control require data on the daylight illuminance at the work station. The current definition of the daylight factor is not appropriate to convert accurately from the horizontal illuminance under an unobstructed sky to the actual illuminance in a room. The actual daylight illuminance of a room is found to be related to the actual luminance pattern of the sky in the direction of view of the window. To represent conveniently both the dynamic character of the sky luminance and the weight of the luminance patches in respect of the indoor illuminance, the dynamic equivalent luminance is introduced. Some progress has been made in predicting the indoor direct illuminance due to time-varying sky luminance patterns more accurately.
The effect on clinical judgements of new types of fluorescent lamp: III Further statistical analyses leading to a new specification for lamps
Authors: Lovett P.A. , Hill A.R. , Halstead M.B.
Published: December 2008

A large sample of spectral relectance curves of clinically normal and pathological human skin was analysed by multivariate statistical procedures in a quest to identify underlying fundamental characteristics by which skin types could be described. The sample of dermatological skin conditions could be classified into five groups. A sample of skins from premature ill-babies could be classified into four groups with similar general characteristics to the dermatological sample. Discriminant analyses showed a poor relationship between these groups and pathology or the clinically described skin colour appearance. There was, however, evidence to suggest that the groups were related to the degree of pigmentation present in the skin. Special colour rendering indices were calculated for the nine cluster-group mean spectral reflectance curves. Two of these provided a simple means of distinguishing between a number of lamps which had been identified in earlier studies to be acceptable or unacceptable for use during clinical examination of patients. These lamps included certain new narrow-band emitting fluorescent lamps having a correlated colour temperature around 4000 K. A new specification for lamps to be used for general purposes in clinical areas in hospitals was established. It incorporates the existing limits of lamp chromaticity and the CIE Special Colour Rendering Indices for the two mean skin reflectance curves which enabled lamps to be distinguished from each other.
Personal preferences for fluorescent tubes with and without UVA
Authors: Weale R.A.
Published: December 2008

Lay persons whose eyes were without any diagnosed pathology or symptom were divided into six age groups and asked to choose between light from an unshielded fluorescent tube and from a similar tube surrounded by a UVA absorbing filter. Judgements were based on three simple tasks. Over 50% of observers preferred the unshielded light, but the preference for filtered light amounted to some 40%. There was a small but significant variation with age.
Semantic differential scaling: Prospects in lighting research
Authors: Tiller Dale K. , Rea Mark S.
Published: December 2008

The semantic differential has been used to characterise the psychological aspects of lighting. It is unclear whether results from semantic differential scaling can stand alone. Two analyses, one of already published data, the second of new data, suggest that a correlation procedure may form the missing link between semantic differential scaling and more rigorous traditional psychophysical procedures.
Design sky proposal for the warm, humid tropics
Authors: Asante Yaw
Published: December 2008

Extensive studies have already been carried out by other workers on the CIE Standard Overcast Sky and the Clear Blue Sky as daylighting design skies for temperate regions and other areas in the hot, dry tropics. The present study reports on the partly cloudy or cloudy skies prevalent in the warm, humid tropics and proposes a design sky for this region. For daylighting design in the humid tropics a completely overcast sky is proposed whose average zenith luminance is 7 000 cd m-2 with a corresponding average total illuminance of 17 000 lux from an unobstructed sky. These values are compared with those by other workers.
Automobile headlamp alignment by visual aim: Photometric correlates of the visual cutoff and aim variability
Authors: Poynter D. , Phunmer R.D. , Donohoe R.J.
Published: December 2008

An automobile headlamp projects a beam pattern that exhibits a relatively abrupt drop off in intensity near the lamp's horizontal axis. This apparent edge is used as a reference line in visual alignment of the headlamp. This laboratory experiment was conducted to identify the photometric parameter that best represents the location of this visual edge; the relationship between edge sharpness and variability of beam pattern alignment was also investigated. Subjects in the experiment vertically aligned each of 14 illumination patterns so that the most salient visual edge of the pattern overlaid a horizontal line on the projection screen. On average, the vertical position chosen as the most prominent edge was closest to the point of largest intensity contrast. The variability in aiming performance was closely related to the peak intensity contrast value of the beam pattern.
Household Borrowing in Vietnam
Authors: Tra Pham Thi Thu , Lensink Robert
Published: December 2008

By using data from the Vietnam household survey, this article estimates determinants of the probability of default for households borrowing from formal, informal and semi-formal credit sectors in Vietnam. A special feature of the article is that it investigates which type of lender is faced with the riskiest borrowers. The estimates suggest that borrowers from informal lenders are more risky than borrowers from formal and semi-formal lenders.
Evaluating Parent Involvement and Family Support in Early Intervention and Preschool Programs
Authors: BAILEY DONALD B.
Published: December 2008

Early intervention and preschool programs for children with disabilities are also accountable for providing certain types of support for families. How should these efforts be evaluated? This article describes three potential levels of accountability: (a) providing the legally required services for families, (b) providing services that are considered recommended, and (c) achieving certain outcomes as a result of working with families. Issues and considerations related to each level of accountability are discussed and recommendations are made for advancing policy and practice related to the evaluation of parent involvement and family support efforts.
Teachers' Views Concerning Individualized Intervention and Support Roles Within Developmentally Appropriate Preschools
Authors: McDONNELL ANDREA P. , BROWNELL KERRILEE , WOLERY MARK
Published: December 2008

A national mail survey of preschool teachers (N = 500) employed by programs accredited by the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) was conducted to gain information about teachers' views on (a) the importance of individualized teaching on specific child learning goals, (b) appropriate ways of providing any needed intervention, (c) preferred special educator support roles, and (d) preferred forms of assistance from a special educator. Results indicated a majority of teachers view individualized intervention on specific goals to be important for all children, that they would like to receive all of the listed forms of assistance from a special educator, and that they want special educators to be involved in active collaborative roles in their classrooms.
Why the 'H' in ECEH? Considerations in Training Teachers of Young Handicapped Children
Authors: Walker Jeanette A. , Hallau Margaret G.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this article is to examine one of the possible undesirable consequences of the trend toward mainstreaming handicapped young children, i.e., the increasing tendency to overlap the roles of regular and special education teachers to the extent that the educational programs for the two populations become the same. The differences between the populations of normal and handicapped young children are reviewed in terms of their implications for essential program characteristics. These are then used as the basis of a plea for recognizing and maintaining the unique characteristics of training programs that prepare personnel to work with young handicapped children.
Assessing Young Handicapped Children: Issues and Solutions
Authors: Brooks-Gunn Jeanne , Lewis Michael
Published: December 2008

This article addresses several issues, including (a) the relationship of research to the development of more effective identification, assessment, and intervention techniques for the young handicapped child; (b) the problems with current assessment techniques; (c) the ways in which assessment procedures may be strengthened; and (d) the development of the Competency Assessment Profile.
Critical Events in Parenting Handicapped Children
Authors: Moreland Bray Nanci , Coleman J. Michael , Bracken Mary B.
Published: December 2008

To illustrate the influence of various personal and situational variables in fostering particular concerns of parents in rearing their handicapped children, 169 parents of exceptional children were asked to list and rank, in relation to severity, the events they deemed critical in their family history. Using data generated through open-ended questionnaires. 18 Independent categories of critical events were developed and their reliability established through a panel of expert judges. The categorical information resulting was then ranked by frequency. While the global results were indicative of parenting problems in general, reclassifying the data based on several status variables revealed distinctly different patterns of parental concern across several subgroups within the sample. All results were heavily influenced by the severity of the handicaps and the particular disability of the child. Other factors such as social class and sex of the child were also found useful in discerning the events particular parents rated as critical incidences in their family's development.
Parent-Infant Interaction Research: The Argument for Earlier Intervention Programs
Authors: Ludlow Barbara L.
Published: December 2008

The results of research investigating the contributions of infant physical and personality characteristics as well as parental caretaking behaviors on the establishment of interaction pattems, and their subsequent influence on cognitive, social, and motor development are discussed in relation to the implications of findings for the identification and treatment of infants with developmental disabilities. The position is taken that the importance of interaction for later learning and development necessitates the initiation of early intervention programs aimed at preventing the occurrence of developmental delay or ameliorating the effects of handicapping conditions as soon after birth as possible. It is suggested that special techniques be incorporated to train caretakers in arranging the environment to encourage appropriate infant behavior or modify maladaptive responses to produce optimal interaction patterns.
Learning Disabled, Birth to Three: Fact or Artifact?
Authors: Turner Keith , Cannon Wade Glenna
Published: December 2008

The relevance of the new National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities definition of learning disabilities (LD) is discussed in relation to the infant population (birth to age 3). The new LD definition assumes that difficulty in acquisition and use of knowledge is intrinsic to the individual and presumed to be due to central nervous system dysfunction. The interactive nature of early development is discussed in relation to the intrinsic aspect of the LD definition. A normal development program model is recommended for suspect LD infants.
The Carolina Institute for Research: Early Education for the Handicapped
Authors: Gallagher James J.
Published: December 2008

The Carolina Institute for Research on Early Education for the Handicapped (CIREEH II) concentrates on the needs of parents of moderately and severely handicapped children from birth to 5 years of age. Nine investigators conduct the institute's three research projects. The Fathers Present, Fathers Absent project involves a series of studies of support in two-parent and single-parent families of handicapped children. The purpose of the Facilitating Parent-Child Reciprocity project is to prepare the way for better parent-child interaction by focusing parental attention on child competence. The F.A.M.I.L.I.E.S. project attempts to (1) learn which family variables can be affected by intervention, (2) provide researchers with valid measures and models, and (3) provide a computer-based system for monitoring statewide intervention programs. The institute also develops materials, disseminates findings, and conducts training.
Using Single and Multiple Peers to Promote Social Interaction of Preschool Children with Handicaps
Authors: Odom Samuel L. , Strain Phillip S. , Karger Marcia A. , Smith JaneDiane
Published: December 2008

An alternating treatment design, nested within a withdrawal of treatment, single-subject design was used in this study to examine the differential treatment effects of employing single and multiple peers to promote the social interactions of two handicapped preschoolers. During a baseline phase, few social interactions occurred for the handicapped children. As single and multiple confederate peers (in different intervention sessions) directed social initiations to the handicapped children, the social responses of those handicapped children increased substantially. Spontaneous social initiating also increased, to a lesser extent than social responding, for one of the handicapped children. Social responses decreased for both children during the withdrawal of treatment phase of the study, and increased again during the final intervention phase. Differential treatment results were generally not found. Both types of peer-initiation interventions produced marked increases in the handicapped children's social interactions with nonhandicapped peers.
Affect, Cognition, and Play in Young Children with Down Syndrome: An Overview of Recent Research
Authors: Pruess James B. , Vadasy Patricia F. , Fewell Rebecca R.
Published: December 2008

This article summarizes the recent research literature on affective and cognitive development in young children with Down syndrome. Researchers agree that affect and cognition seem to be as closely Interrelated in children with Down syndrome as they are in nonretarded children. In addition, the overall findings indicate that, during the first two years of life, children with Down syndrome experience significant delays in regard to the development of both affective and cognitive responses. These findings have important implications for parents and educators who must select those objectives and strategies that enhance affective and cognitive development by providing opportunities for handicapped infants to react to and explore their environments, especially during play activities.
Selecting Outcome Measures in Early intervention
Authors: Casto Glendon , Lewis Arleen
Published: December 2008

Although outcome measures are necessary to document the effectiveness of early intervention programs, researchers and practitioners have often failed to relate outcome measures to Intervention program objectives, have not considered educational as well as statistical significance, and have failed to articulate a conceptual framework which links outcome measures to a child's developmental status at the end of intervention. This paper proposes specific guidelines for the selection of outcome measures and provides a brief rationale for each.
What Are Parents Saying About Family Involvement in School Transitions? A Retrospective Transition Interview
Authors: Johnson Thomas E. , Chandler Lynette K. , Kerns Georgia M. , Fowler Susan A.
Published: December 2008

Nineteen parents whose children attended three preschools and were presently attending public school were interviewed face-to-face to find out what they perceived as major issues during their child's schoo! transition. Parents expressed both concern and satisfaction regarding their child's school transition, their role as decision-makers, and the effects of the transition on their family,
Stressors of Parents with Young Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Children
Authors: Salisbury Christine L.
Published: December 2008

Parents of very young (12 to 60 months) handicapped (N = 31) and nonhandicapped (N = 33) children completed the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress-Short Form Adapted (QRS-SFA) (Salisbury, 1986b) as a mailed survey. Responses to the 48 True-False items of the QRS-SFA were analyzed for each of the blocking variables (Child's Sex, Relation to Child, Marital Status, Group) using ANOVA and t-test procedures. Principle findings were (1) no significant differences between groups on overall levels of stress, (2) no significant differences between groups for Child's Sex or Relation to Child, (3) significantly more stress reported by single parents and by single parents of handicapped children, and (4) no significant interactions. Results were interpreted as providing preliminary comparative data at variance with much of the research in which only parents (mothers) of handicapped children were respondents. Areas for future research were discussed.
Alternating Treatments Design (ATD) for Inquiry in Early Childhood Special Education Programs
Authors: Stile Stephen W.
Published: December 2008

In this discussion of the alternating treatment design (ATD) in early childhood special education (ECSE) programs, two studies are described to illustrate the use of the ATD for comparing a treatment with no treatment and for comparing two or more treatments. An eight-step procedure is outlined to facilitate classroom application.
Child Abuse Amendments of 1984: What Are the Issues?
Authors: Black Cheryl Ann
Published: December 2008

With the passing of the Child Abuse Amendments of 1984, the United States government has created a framework for legal intervention into controversial Baby Doe cases where handicapped newborns are denied medical treatment, including hydration and nutrition. Both sides of four issues in this controversy are discussed: (a) the parents' right, after consulting with their physicians, to make the final decision to treat or to forego treatment for their disabled infants; (b) the omission of the notion of "quality of life" from the law; (c) the excessive financial burdens imposed as a result of decisions to treat; and (d) the role of the Infant Care Review Committees. In view of the evidence, the author supports the move toward federal intervention.
Stress: Perceptions of Environmental Characteristics and Events
Authors: Stile Stephen W. , Wright Robert E. , Davis Diana , Moore Bill , Piazza Templeman Torry , Toews Jane , Wilson Tish
Published: December 2008

Two groups of early childhood special educators (N = 325) were surveyed with regard to their perceived levels of stress in relation to 25 selected environmental characteristics and events. The results indicated that both groups associated the highest levels of stress with salary and benefits, time management, level of family support, multiple responsibilities, interagency support, and attitudes toward their programs. The lowest levels of stress were associated with availability of student evaluation data, the evaluator's visit, staff philosophies, team membership, and student absenteeism. Application of the Mann-Whitney U-Test for independent samples indicated no significant difference (P > .05) between the ranked measures for the two groups.
The Economics of Early Intervention for Handicapped Children: What Do We Really Know?
Authors: Barnett W. Steven , Escobar Colette M.
Published: December 2008

From an economic perspective, early intervention is an investment that can be evaluated in terms of its costs and the benefits it yields through improvements in the quality of children's lives and indirect returns to the community, such as reduced special education costs. In this article, the empirical research on the economics of early educational intervention for handicapped children is reviewed and critically assessed. Statements that early intervention is cost-effective for handicapped children generally or that "earlier is better" could not be empirically substantiated. This is not to say that these widely held views have been proven untrue. Few methodologically sound economic studies have been conducted, and much work remains to be done.
The Family-Focused Interview: A Collaborative Mechanism for Family Assessment and Goal-Setting
Authors: Winton Pamela J. , Bailey Donald B.
Published: December 2008

This article provides a rationale for and description of the family-focused interview, a collaborative mechanism for family assessment and goal-setting in early intervention. Included are a description of skills believed necessary to conduct an effective interview and examples of the impact of the interview on interventionists and goals that are set for families and children.