bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of magnetic properties in materials Ni1−xCoxMnGe systems
Authors: Masrour R.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the magnetic properties of the materials Ni1−xCoxMnGe systems by: mean field theory, probability law and high‐temperature series expansions (HTSE) in the range 0≤x≤1. The nearest neighbour J1(x) and the next‐nearest neighbour super‐exchange interaction J2(x) are calculated, using the mean field theory and in the range 0≤x≤1.

Design/methodology/approach

The magnetic phase diagrams (TC versus dilution x) and the critical exponents associated with the magnetic susceptibility (γ) and with the correlation lengths (ν) are deduced for Ni1−xCoxMnGe in the ordered phase by HTSE method has combined with the Padé approximants method for the Ni1−xCoxMnGe.

Findings

The obtained magnetic phase diagram of Ni1−xCoxMnGe systems is comparable with those obtained by experiment. The values of critical exponents are nearest to those of 3D Heisenberg model and insensitive to the dilution.

Originality/value

Besides the magnetic shape memory effect, the magnetocaloric effect, which exhibits in Ni‐Mn‐Ge or Co‐Mn‐Ge alloys, is of technological interest.
Effective structural sizing/shape optimisation through a reliability‐related multifactor optimisation approach
Authors: Ket Thein Chung , Liu Jing‐Sheng
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to present a novel multifactor structural optimisation method incorporating reliability performance.

Design/methodology/approach

This research addresses structural optimisation problems in which the design is required to satisfy multiple performance criteria, such as strength, stiffness, mass and reliability under multiple loading cases simultaneously. A MOST technique is extended to accommodate the reliability‐related optimisation. Structural responses and geometrical sensitivities are analysed by a FE method, and reliability performance is calculated by a reliability loading‐case index (RLI). The evaluation indices of performances and loading cases are formulated, and an overall performance index is presented to quantitatively evaluate a design.

Findings

The proposed method is applicable to multi‐objective, multi‐loading‐case, multi‐disciplinary and reliability‐related optimisation problems. The applications to a star‐like truss structure and a raised‐access floor panel structure confirmed that the method is highly effective and efficient in terms of structural optimisation.

Originality/value

A systematic method is proposed. The optimisation method combines the MOST technique with a RLI (a new alternative route to calculate the reliability index at multiple loading cases) using a parametric FE model.
Glucocorticoids and stress‐related depression: an evaluation of biological mechanisms and the potential for new therapeutics
Authors: McVicar Andrew , Clancy John
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Principles of epigenesis that provide a foundation for research into chronic medical disorders are increasingly being applied in the context of mental health. The purpose of this paper is to consider recent research evidence for epigenetic influences in the pathogenesis of depression, and the putative links with stress biology during exposure to chronic stress, with the aim of placing this into a context of potential new therapeutics.

Design/methodology/approach

Substantive reviews published during the last ten years were identified in a search of the Pubmed database in September 2010 using the terms “epigenetics” or “epigenesis” with “mental health”, “mood disorder”, “depression”, stress', “chronic stress” or “environment”, supplemented by hand‐searching of citations in the reviews.

Findings

Epigenetic mechanisms are both heritable and acquired, and their impact on the underlying genome helps explain individual vulnerability and patterns of occurrence of depression.

Originality/value

The paper shows that this relatively new field of research is in its infancy, and the influence of adverse environments (i.e. stressors) on genetic/epigenetic predisposition has promise for the advent of novel therapeutics based on epigenetic manipulation.
Qat consumption in Yemen – knowledge and practice of mental health policy makers and other stakeholders
Authors: Jenkins Rachel , Shoja' Aldeen Nahla
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This paper seeks to report the findings of a half‐day workshop on the impact and control of Qat, held in Yemen in February 2010. Senior mental health policy makers, professionals and leaders of mental health non‐governmental organizations (NGOs), were present as part of a wider five‐day national stakeholder conference to develop national mental health strategy for Yemen, at the request of the Social Development Fund for Yemen and in collaboration with the Ministry of Health. The purpose of the half‐day workshop was to examine the knowledge and practice of senior Yemeni mental health policy makers and other stakeholders in relation to Qat.

Design/methodology/approach

The stakeholders were purposively selected by the Yemen Social Development Fund to provide representation from the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Human Rights, Ministry of Religious Affairs and Department of Prison Administration, which is linked to the Ministry of the Interior, United Nations Childrens Fund, various mental health NGOs and psychiatrists and psychologists from the main universities in the country. The stakeholders were divided into four workgroups, and each group was given a specified theme to discuss for an hour, namely the impact of Qat on the Yemen economy, health and society and measures to control the use of Qat. All participants were also asked if they habitually chewed Qat.

Findings

The stakeholders (professionals, policy makers and leaders of NGOs) were very knowledgeable about the physical, psychological and social effects of habitual Qat consumption, and yet all except one were habitual chewers.

Originality/value

Efforts to discourage the chronic use of Qat will need to be strenuous, consistent and coordinated across sectors. Knowledge of health and social risks alone is unlikely be sufficient to bring about change.
New directions, familiar challenges? A review of the first volume of the Journal of Children's Services
Authors: Little Michael , Axford Nick
Published: November 2014

This article reviews the first volume of the Journal of Children's Services. In doing so, it discusses broader directions and challenges in research, policy and practice. The article focuses on discussion about outcomes, the ‘idea’ of children's services and the impact of interventions on children's health and development. It welcomes reflections on different approaches to outcome measurement, analyses of the practicalities of implementing policy reforms and rigorous evaluations of the impact of Early Years, parenting and other programmes. At the same time, it suggests specific areas in which more work would be valuable, including: socio‐political commentary on policy developments; methods of and results from need analyses; empirical research on inter‐agency initiatives; how to improve the processes and structures that underpin good outcomes; transitions; and understanding ‘what works’ in research dissemination and utilisation. The value of international perspectives (including intra‐UK comparisons) is stressed. Forthcoming special editions on randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (2007) and anti‐social behaviour by young people (2008) will help to address other points raised.
Determinants of elapsed time to switch between auctions
Authors: Gönül Füsun F. , Popkowski Leszczyc Peter T.L.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Online auctions, which have become an important aspect of online sales, are generally regarded as stand‐alone events. However, in contrast to offline auctions, online auctions can be subject to the presence of simultaneous competing auctions. The purpose of this study is to model and estimate determinants of elapsed time to switch across concurrent auctions, with special attention to unobserved heterogeneity among bidders.

Design/methodology/approach

Since auctions are dynamic and since the current winning bid progresses over time, the authors study time dependency over the course of an auction with hazard function models. To account for unobserved heterogeneity, the paper uses a latent class approach, which identifies bidder segments based on both observed and unobserved factors.

Findings

The findings show significant heterogeneity across bidders, revealed by their varying degrees of propensity to switch across auctions. The three segments of bidders are The Inerts – about 30 percent, The Switchers – less than 10 percent, and The In‐Betweens. According to the findings, bidders can induce other bidders to switch to a concurrent auction by responding quickly to the current high bid. Moreover, the paper finds a surprisingly high degree of inertia and reluctance to switch towards the end of the auction when bidding is most critical.

Originality/value

To the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to model elapsed time to switch from one auction to a simultaneous auction for an identical product, and to investigate determinants of the time required to switch, with special attention to unobserved heterogeneity across bidders.
Therapeutic dilemmas and human rights violations: the experience of therapists working under extreme traumatization in Chile
Authors: Roizblatt Arturo , Biederman Niels , Brown Jac
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This paper seeks to focus on the reflections of therapists who were working professionally in Chile during the time of human right violations in an attempt to inform and to develop ways of working professionally in similar circumstances around the world.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws on the experiences of therapists who were working in Chile at the time and extrapolates from these experiences to provide suggestions and guidance for other therapists who find themselves in similar circumstances.

Findings

After Dr Salvador Allende was overthrown, Chile was governed by a military dictatorship that engaged in massive human rights violations. From the reflections of therapists 30 years later, this paper summarizes some of the psychological consequences of the traumas that therapists faced when dealing with clients who were directly affected by the same trauma. This included feelings of terror following state treachery, amnesia, fear of political resistance and guilt.

Practical implications

Therapists in these countries are encouraged to seek the protection of international organizations who deal with human rights violations, work in professional groups rather than isolation, and when challenging human rights violations by conducting therapy, to work similarly to a resistance movement.

Social implications

Therapists in countries where there is no repression should form professional alliances with their colleagues in these repressive countries to help protect them and provide support for their ongoing work.

Originality/value

This paper highlights the extreme danger that ensues for therapists who simply continue with their work during state sanctioned repression, and how this may be perceived as political statements against the repressive regime. Ways of dealing with this professionally are discussed.
Direct paternal care and aggression: an empirical exploration using the Standard Cross‐Cultural Sample
Authors: Johnson‐Freyd Sasha
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The rates of direct paternal care vary greatly across human cultures and primate species. Prior research reveals important hormonal differences between average fathers and non‐fathers in the same population, such as higher levels of prolactin and oxytocin and lower levels of testosterone. This evidence raises the question of whether rates of aggression would be lower in populations with higher paternal care. This study aims to test this hypothesis.

Design/methodology/approach

Analyses of correlation and χ2‐tests were applied to data from the Standard Cross‐Cultural Sample, a database of 186 pre‐industrial societies chosen for their independence for cross‐cultural research, to test the hypothesized relationship between paternal care and societal aggression.

Findings

High infant‐father closeness was found to be significantly associated with low levels of aggression towards other societies (external war), as predicted. There was not a statistically significant finding between infant‐father closeness and aggression inside a given society.

Research limitations/implications

This study only reports a correlational effect owing to the nature of the data. More research is needed to determine causality and to better understand the mechanisms underlying the found association. One future direction of research is to examine a similar question across difference nonhuman primate species.

Originality/value

This paper reports a previously unknown association between father closeness and low external warfare. It might inspire future research that could lead to interventions intended to reduce aggression.
Images, forms and presence outside and beyond the pink ghetto
Authors: Smith Robert
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to consider entrepreneurial imagery that sheds light on differing and emerging patterns of female entrepreneurial identity which illustrate shifts in the locus of power that challenge masculine hegemony and power structures. As a concept, power has an image component, and shifts in power are often conveyed by subtle changes in the cultural semiotic. Globally, images of female-entrepreneurship are socially constructed using stereotypes which are often pejorative. The semiotics of gendered identity as a complex issue is difficult to measure, assess and understand. Gender has its own semiotic codes, and, universally, images of female-entrepreneurship are socially constructed using pejorative stereotypes. Entrepreneurial imagery can shed light on differing and emerging patterns of female-entrepreneurial identity illustrating shifts in thelocusof power that challenge masculine hegemony and power structures. Artefacts, images and semiotics construct alternative gendered social constructs of the entrepreneur to the heroic alpha-male. The imagery associated with the female-entrepreneur is either said to be invisible, or associated with “Pinkness” and the “Pink Ghetto”. Therefore, images, forms and presence associated with gendered entrepreneurial identities have been explored.

Design/methodology/approach

– One hundred images of female-entrepreneurship were analysed semiotically using photo-montage techniques to identify common stereotypical representations, archetypes and themes. The resultant conceptual typology highlights the existence of near universal, archetypal gendered entrepreneurial stereotypes including the Business Woman; the Matriarch; the Diva; and the Pink-Ghetto Girl.

Findings

– Although the results are subjective and open to interpretation, they illustrate that the contemporary female-entrepreneur, unlike their male counterparts, is not forced to adopt the persona of the “conforming non-conformist” because they have more options available to them to construct an entrepreneurial identity.

Research limitations/implications

– This study extends research into entrepreneurial identity by considering visual imagery associated with socially constructed stereotypes. In looking beyond images associated with the “Pink-Ghetto” the author challenges stereotypical representations of the appearance of female-entrepreneurs, what they look like and how they are perceived.

Originality/value

– This study widens knowledge about entrepreneurship as a socio-economic phenomenon via images forming part of enterprising identity, a physical manifestation of nebulas phenomena acting as “visual metaphors” shaping expected constructs.
Employee suzhi in Chinese organizations: organizational ownership behavior
Authors: Yang Baiyin , Mei Zhequn
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine a Chinese indigenous concept of organizational ownership behavior (OOB) as an aspect of employee suzhi in relation to organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in the Western context.

Design/methodology/approach

– A content analysis based on a review of related research in Western mainstream and Chinese domestic literature is conducted.

Findings

– Suzhi at the organizational level can be linked to the construct of OCB. In Chinese organizations, a relevant concept to OCB can be better understood as OOB to capture the sociopolitical and cultural context unique to Chinese organizations. The dimensional structure of OOB is presented to differentiate it from OCB which is popular in the Western context.

Research limitations/implications

– The identified construct of OOB offers important implications for indigenous Chinese management research and human resources management (HRM) practice. OOB, based on Chinese management practice, can better conform to China’s unique historical and cultural context and management practices. This concept varies distinctively from Western OCB in terms of its connotation and dimensions.

Originality/value

– The concept of OOB as an indigenous employee organizational behavior in the Chinese context is conceptualized. The paper differentiates the OOB construct from OCB and presents an initial set of six dimensions of OOB for future research.
Evolution of integer price clustering of IPOs in the aftermarket
Authors: Wang Qiming
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to, using a large sample of NASDAQ initial public offerings (IPOs), examine the evolution of integer price clustering of IPOs in the aftermarket trading.

Design/methodology/approach

– Consistent with Harris’s (1991) costly negotiation hypothesis, clustering on integer prices is a positive function of price level and various stock valuation uncertainty proxies, and it is a negative function of trading activities for IPOs and seasoned stocks.

Findings

– It was found that, after controlling for price level, daily return volatility, number of trades, trading volume, number of market makers and the effect of price support, the integer price frequency of IPOs converge to that of seasoned stocks immediately, and whether IPOs have integer offer prices does not affect their integer price clustering in the aftermarket trading after the effect of price support is controlled for.

Originality/value

– These results suggest that the IPO pricing process significantly reduce the differences between integer priced IPOs and non-integer priced IPOs in pre-offering valuation uncertainty.
A one‐step‐ahead pseudo‐DIC for comparison of Bayesian state‐space models
Authors: Millar R. B. , McKechnie S.
Published: November 2014

In the context of state‐space modeling, conventional usage of the deviance information criterion (DIC) evaluates the ability of the model to predict an observation at time t given the underlying state at time t. Motivated by the failure of conventional DIC to clearly choose between competing multivariate nonlinear Bayesian state‐space models for coho salmon population dynamics, and the computational challenge of alternatives, this work proposes a one‐step‐ahead DIC, , where prediction is conditional on the state at the previous time point. Simulations revealed that worked well for choosing between state‐space models with different process or observation equations. In contrast, conventional DIC could be grossly misleading, with a strong preference for the wrong model. This can be explained by its failure to account for inflated estimates of process error arising from the model mis‐specification. is not based on a true conditional likelihood, but is shown to have interpretation as a pseudo‐DIC in which the compensatory behavior of the inflated process errors is eliminated. It can be easily calculated using the DIC monitors within popular BUGS software when the process and observation equations are conjugate. The improved performance of is demonstrated by application to the multi‐stage modeling of coho salmon abundance in Lobster Creek, Oregon.
Attention skills and executive functioning in children with Noonan syndrome and their unaffected siblings
Authors: Pierpont Elizabeth I , Tworog‐Dube Erica , Roberts Amy E
Published: November 2014

Aim

Emerging research indicates that gene mutations within the RAS‐MAPK signaling cascade, which cause Noonan syndrome and related disorders, affect neurophysiologic activity in brain regions underlying attention and executive functions. The present study examined whether children with Noonan syndrome are at heightened risk for symptoms of attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and executive dysfunction relative to an unaffected sibling comparison group, and investigated three key aspects of behavioral attention: auditory attention, sustained attention, and response inhibition.

Method

Children and adolescents with Noonan syndrome (n=32, 17 males, 15 females, mean age 11y 3mo, SD 3y) and their unaffected siblings (n=16, eight males, eight females, mean age 11y, SD 3y 6mo) were administered standardized tests of intellectual functioning and clinic‐based measures of behavioral attention. Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms, executive functioning, and behavior were also obtained.

Results

Children with Noonan syndrome demonstrated higher rates of past ADHD diagnosis, as well as reduced performance compared with unaffected siblings on behavioral attention measures. Parent‐rated functional impairments in attention, social skills, working memory, and self‐monitoring were more prevalent in the Noonan syndrome group. The relationship between attention regulation skills (sustained attention and inhibitory control) and intellectual test performance was significantly stronger in the Noonan syndrome group than the comparison group.

Interpretation

Clinical screening/evaluation for ADHD and executive dysfunction in Noonan syndrome is recommended to facilitate appropriate intervention and to address functional impact on daily life activities.
Annual fire resilience of ground‐dwelling ant communities in Hiraodai Karst Plateau grassland in Japan
Authors: Hosoishi Shingo , Tasen Wattanachai , Park Sang‐Hyun , Le Ngoc Anh , Kuboki Yuzuru , Ogata Kazuo
Published: November 2014

The fire resilience of ground‐dwelling ant assemblages in grassland subjected to annual fire management was investigated. Study sites consisted of three burnt sites and three unburnt sites in grasslands on the Hiraodai Karst Plateau in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. Ground‐dwelling ants were sampled by Winkler extraction and collected at 10 days and 1, 2, 3 and 6 months post‐fire. In total 33 ant species belonging to 25 genera in six subfamilies were collected from the burnt and unburnt sites. Eight of the 29 ant species collected at burnt sites were restricted to burnt sites, while four of the 25 ant species collected at unburnt sites were restricted to unburnt sites. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarities revealed that the ant assemblages in the burnt sites at 10 days and 1 month post‐fire were clearly separated from the assemblages observed at 2, 3 and 6 months post‐fire. The results suggested that the ground‐dwelling ant fauna in the study area were highly resilient to fire at 2 months post‐fire and that the annual fire regime did not have a marked effect on species richness.
The effects of temperature on growth, development and settlement of northern rock sole larvae (Lepidopsetta polyxystra)
Authors: Laurel Benjamin J. , Danley Courtney , Haines Scott
Published: November 2014

Northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) is a commercially important fish in the North Pacific and a focal species in understanding larval transport to nursery grounds in the Bering Sea. However, the temperature‐dependent vital rates and settlement dynamics for this species have not been described in detail. We reared northern rock sole larvae in the laboratory to measure growth, condition, development and settlement parameters across four temperatures (2, 4, 7 and 10°C). Both length and mass‐measured growth rates increased with temperature and were best described by non‐linear regression. Residuals of the length–mass relationships were positively related to temperature, indicating larval condition also increased with temperature. Larval development and settlement were largely size dependent, resulting in reduced larval stage duration and earlier settlement at higher temperatures owing to more rapid growth at elevated temperatures. However, larvae at colder temperatures were less developed at a given size, but more likely to settle at smaller sizes than larvae reared in warmer conditions. These temperature–response parameters can be used to refine current and future transport models for northern rock sole larvae under changing environmental conditions in the North Pacific.
Foliar elemental composition of European forest tree species associated with evolutionary traits and present environmental and competitive conditions
Authors: Sardans Jordi , Janssens Ivan A. , Alonso Rocio , Veresoglou Stavros D. , Rillig Mathias C. , Sanders Tanja GM , Carnicer Jofre , Filella Iolanda , Farré‐Armengol Gerard , Peñuelas Josep
Published: November 2014

Aim

Plant elemental composition and stoichiometry are crucial for plant structure and function. We studied to what extent elemental stoichiometry in plants might be strongly related to environmental drivers and competition from coexisting species.

Location

Europe.

Methods

We analysed foliar N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations and their ratios among 50 species of European forest trees sampled in 5284 plots across Europe and their relationships with phylogeny, forest type, current climate and N deposition.

Results

Phylogeny is strongly related to overall foliar elemental composition in European tree species. Species identity explained 56.7% of the overall foliar elemental composition and stoichiometry. Forest type and current climatic conditions also partially explained the differences in foliar elemental composition among species. In the same genus co‐occurring species had overall higher differences in foliar elemental composition and stoichiometry than the non‐co‐occurring species.

Main conclusions

The different foliar elemental compositions among species are related to phylogenetic distances, but they are also related to current climatic conditions, forest types, drivers of global change such as atmospheric N deposition, and to differences among co‐occurring species as a probable consequence of niche specialization to reduce direct competition for the same resources. Different species have their own ‘fixed’ foliar elemental compositions but retain some degree of plasticity to the current climatic and competitive conditions. A wider set of elements beyond N and P better represent the biogeochemical niche and are highly sensitive to plant function. Foliar elemental composition can thus be useful for representing important aspects of plant species niches.
Evaluation of ionically cross‐linked chitosan coating aimed at eggs' protection
Authors: Legendre Gaëlle , Vallée‐Réhel Karine , Linossier Isabelle , Faÿ Fabienne
Published: November 2014

Chitosan films were prepared in combination with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) cross‐linking and were investigated on the prevention for trans‐contamination and preservation of egg quality. The study demonstrated that chitosan films significantly decrease Salmonella enteritidis settlement (from 7% to 0.5%) and penetration of eggshells (from 93 to 58% of penetrated eggs). Due to neither bactericidal action nor bacteriostatic effect of films was observed by the enumeration method, films seem to act as a physical barrier. Moreover, results showed potential applications of coating with properties to preserve the internal quality of eggs: the weight loss is not significantly affected (weight loss remains 4% average after 23 days) and the Haugh unit is significantly higher (26 and 37 were evaluated for eggs uncoated and coated, respectively) in the presence of chitosan film.
Evaluation of pomelo maturity based on acoustic response and peel properties
Authors: Hongwiangjan Jeerayut , Terdwongworakul Anupun , Krisanapook Krisana
Published: November 2014

This research investigated the maturity assessment of pomelo using acoustic properties obtained from an impact of fruit, optical properties of the peel and variables related to oil glands from peel images. Pomelo samples were harvested at 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0 months after anthesis. All nondestructive variables were used to build qualitative models with partial least squares discriminant analysis. The classification model based on the nondestructive variables showed that fruits could be separated into immature, early‐mature and late‐mature groups with an accuracy of 96.7%. The important variables contributing to the classification were the impact response based on the second‐order resonant frequency and the difference of green colour between the oil gland and the peel.
Protective Effect of Grape Seed and Skin Extract on Cerebral Ischemia in Rat: Implication of Transition Metals
Authors: Safwen Kadri , Selima Smine , Mohamed Elayed , Ferid Limam , Pascal Cosette , Mohamed Amri , Ezzedine Aouani , Meherzia Mokni
Published: November 2014

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of long lasting disability in humans and oxidative stress an important underlying cause. The present study aims to determine the effect of short term (seven-days) administration of high dosage grape seed and skin extract (GSSE 2·5 g/kg) on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in a rat model of global ischemia. Ischemia was induced by occlusion of the common carotid arteries for 30 min followed by one-hour reperfusion on control or GSSE treated animals. I/R induced a drastic oxidative stress characterized by high lipid and protein oxidation, a drop in antioxidant enzyme defenses, disturbed transition metals as free iron overload and depletion of copper, zinc and manganese as well as of associated brain enzyme activities as glutamine synthetase and lactate dehydrogenase. I/R also induced NO and calcium disruption and an increase in calpain activity, a calcium-sensitive cysteine protease. Interestingly, almost all I/R-induced disturbances were prevented by GSSE pretreatment as oxidative stress, transition metals associated enzyme activities, brain damage size and histology. Owing to its antioxidant potential, high dosage GSSE protected efficiently the brain against ischemic stroke and should be translated to humans.
Evangelism as Discipleship
Authors: Hewitt Roderick R.
Published: November 2014

This article gives attention to the challenges that the missional and conversational relationship of the church poses in the intercourse between evangelism, discipleship, theological education and leadership formation in its ministry and mission. This multi‐faceted and complex process brings together competing interests with different agendas that, in a number of contexts, have resulted in mis‐evangelization. This has called into question issues about human dignity and respect and the need for reciprocity to inform all missional response of the churches. The article argues that an appropriate model of theological education is needed to equip leaders for effective witness to the gospel. This necessitates the recruitment and mentoring of emerging leaders who have had a life‐changing encounter with the life‐giving Spirit of Jesus that controls their identity, vocation and witness. Some experiences of formal and informal theological education and formation within the Anglo‐Caribbean context were identified that disconnected and disorientated leaders from the Church's missional task of bearing effective witness to the gospel. This article calls for an overhaul of seminary‐ and university‐based theological education careerism, because they serve as an encumbrance to nurturing effective contextual witness of churches. The article argues that if Jesus calls and makes us into his disciples, then faithfulness in discipleship necessitates that (1) authentic evangelism must be grounded in humility and respect for all, (2) leadership formation must be infectiously relational, and (3) the gospel must be communicated through genuine interpersonal and community‐affirming relationships.

The article ends with an invitation to all churches to embrace a missional model of witnessing that invests in living with, learning from and sharing with people in communities depending on the Spirit of God in Christ to lead and bear fruit in God's time.
Transmitting the Message of the Gospel to Youth
Authors: Brother Jasper of Taizé
Published: November 2014

The question of transmitting the message of the gospel to youth has no easy answer, and in Taizé we have no simple solution. We do, however, have a lot of experience with welcoming the young. The Taizé community did not welcome young people from the beginning, but starting in the late 1960s, large numbers of young people came both to Taizé and to its meetings organized with local churches in cities around the world. The two vocations of the community, working for Christian unity and welcoming youth, go well together. For it is only when we are reconciled that our missionary message is credible. Transmitting the hope of the gospel is present in all the different moments of life in Taizé, albeit not always explicitly. We invite young people to a life of prayer and service to others. During the simple common prayers, and especially during the time of silence, young people enter almost automatically into a deeper relationship with God; Bible study and sharing helps them to discover scripture and to learn how someone from another culture understands the text. The life shared with others during a week in Taizé helps them to better understand what the church is. We have always taken seriously what young people say; we want to be people who listen rather than spiritual masters. Transmitting faith always starts with listening, for it is in listening rather than in speaking to them that young people discover and start trusting God and his gospel.
The Impact of Migration on Evangelism in Europe
Authors: Terfassa Dawit Olika
Published: November 2014

The extensive secularization that eroded Christian belief and practice and that caused a drastic decline in church membership and the presence of an increasing number of non‐Christian migrants in Europe today is not only endangering the future of Christian faith, but reminding us that there are millions of people in Europe who need to hear the gospel. But generally, there is a continuing decline of interest in evangelism among the local churches and theological training in Europe, with the exception of free churches and some mission organizations. Theological training in Europe, at least in its present shape, has not been successful in shaping, leading and equipping the church for the task of evangelism as discipleship: a life‐transforming encounter.

Therefore, we need a renewed vision of evangelism to develop contextual evangelistic approaches that takes paradigm shifts of our time into account. Migrant Christians bring a remarkable new dimension to the understanding and practice of evangelism in Europe. They come from a context where evangelism is intrinsically interrelated to discipleship making and is seen as the central identity of a church and a primary goal of theological training. This can inspire, encourage and compel European Christians to rediscover a courageous missional identity and develop effective cross‐cultural evangelism. Meanwhile, migrant Christians need the guidance of European Christians in order to use a proper and contextualized approach to win the trust of Europeans and succeed in evangelizing them. Humility is the key element that is commonly needed in this win‐win situation.

Positive theological and multicultural networks along with interdependence and mutual learning–oriented relationships between migrant and local Christians can help to develop ecumenical missiologies that are relevant to diverse contexts of Europe today.

The issue of the International Review of Mission focuses on the theme of Evangelism as Discipleship. This theme is held by most migrant Christians and congregations as the main interrelated aspect of evangelism. I will start by giving a brief background on the status of migration and evangelism in Europe. The main focus will be the impact of and contribution of migration on evangelism and some major aspects in which migrants may influence the search for new ways of evangelism and the development of ecumenical missiologies in Europe.
Together towards Life
Authors: Wolters Hielke
Published: November 2014

Which are the convincing ways of evangelism in the secular, multicultural countries of western Europe? Does the new mission affirmation Together towards Life offer relevant contributions to this debate? This article explores recent developments in western Europe. It starts by reviewing the secular nature of these countries and then explains how migration has tested the secularization thesis. The transformation of western European cultures from secular toward secular/multi‐religious reopens the debate on secularism and religion. The article also reflects on the question of what the central ideas in the new mission affirmation – the affirmation of life, the power of the Holy Spirit, mission from the margins, and authentic evangelism as discipleship – may mean in these changing secular cultures. The author concludes that discipleship, provided it is authentic, may help to move beyond the apparent contradictions between secularism and religion and may help to find new ways of bringing forth the good news.
A Reflection on the Growth and Decline of the Korean Protestant Church
Authors: Chung Byung Joon
Published: November 2014

This article examines the reasons for the growth and decline of the Korean Protestant Church during the following five periods:

In the early period of settlement (1884–1909), growth originated from the emancipation motif, modern values, the Christian's moral life, the Revival experience, Bible study, and the prayer culture. The Korean church did not polarize evangelism and social action.

During Japanese domination (1910–1945), growth came from the respect of the people toward the church. The church served the nation, consoled and healed the minds of the people, and gave brave witness of their faith in God. However, political persecution, economic devastation, socialist influences, and finally the coercion of the Shinto shrine worship to the church blocked church growth.

During the recovery time (1945–1960), the social anomie after the nation's liberation and the Korean War ironically became a seedbed for church growth. However, the church improperly made her image pro‐government and pro‐America.

During the time of industrialization and urbanization (1960–1995), Korean Protestantism achieved great growth and the highest percentage. Most of the Korean Protestant churches in cities, taking advantage of the mass rural–city migration, were actively involved in evangelism and church planting. University mission organizations and military missions were most active. Yet, they did not do well in terms of holistic evangelism. On the other hand, the National Council of Churches in Korea (NCCK), the Urban Rural Mission (URM,) the minjung churches and others carried out social mission work.

After the time of urbanization (1995–2005), church membership began to decrease. The Protestant church‐planting policy in city areas became inappropriate. In addition, the church's political conservatism fell out of favour with the young generation.
Adult eczema in Italy: prevalence and associations with environmental factors
Authors: Pesce G. , Marcon A. , Carosso A. , Antonicelli L. , Cazzoletti L. , Ferrari M. , Fois A.G. , Marchetti P. , Olivieri M. , Pirina P. , Pocetta G. , Tassinari R. , Verlato G. , Villani S. , de Marco R.
Published: November 2014

Background

Studies on the prevalence of eczema and atopic dermatitis (AD), and on the factors associated with these diseases, have been mostly performed in children, whereas studies on adult populations are lacking.

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of eczema and AD in the Italian adult population, and to investigate risk factors associated with the disease.

Methods

A postal screening questionnaire was administered to 18 357 randomly selected subjects aged 20–44 years in the Gene–Environment Interaction in Respiratory Diseases study, which involved seven centres distributed across northern, central and southern Italy. The questionnaire included items on the occurrence of doctor‐diagnosed eczema, asthma and hay fever, socio‐demographic characteristics and environmental exposures.

Results

In all, 10 464 (57.0%) subjects responded to the questionnaire. The prevalence of current eczema was 8.1% (95% CI: 7.6–8.7%), while the prevalence of eczema with asthma and/or hay fever (EAH), which was adopted as proxy of AD, was 3.4% (95% CI: 3.1–3.8%). About 60% of the subjects with current eczema reported the onset of the disease in adulthood. In multi‐variable models, the prevalence of eczema was significantly associated with female sex, older age, living close to industrial plants, high levels of heavy traffic near home and living in central‐southern Italy.

Conclusions

Eczema and EAH are highly prevalent in Italian young adults, especially in women. Our results suggest that adult onset is not unusual, and that environmental factors may influence the occurrence of eczema and EAH.
Expanded answers to bureaucratic questions: Negotiating access to public healthcare
Authors: Bonnin Juan Eduardo
Published: November 2014

This article analyzes expanded responses to statistical‐epidemiological questions at a mental health outpatient service at a public hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Bureaucratic questioning is a highly routine activity which supplies information to the biopolitical apparatus of the modern State. We understand that expanded answers are meaningful actions which not only serve individual, local tactics (such as raising personal concerns), but also index higher contextual levels. In this sense, resisting the constraints of a question may also imply resisting State‐defined policies of biopolitical classification and exclusion. We examine, from a discursive interactional point of view, 41 admission interviews held at the outpatient mental health care service. We observe four types of expanded answers which: (a) display competence in bureaucratic discourse; (b) move from the sphere of the public to the private; (c) deal with potential face‐threats; and (d) pre‐empt rejection. Although the former is actually an optimized way of collaboration with the biopolitical order, the latter three types can be seen as actions of resistance to classification, not only symbolically but also in material terms: resisting statistical criteria of exclusion allows clients to negotiate access to mental healthcare.
Expression patterns of AP1, FUL, FT and LEAFY orthologs in Vitaceae support the homology of tendrils and inflorescences throughout the grape family
Authors: Zhang Ning , Wen Jun , Zimmer Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2014

The leaf‐opposed tendril, a characteristic organ in Vitaceae (grape family), is likely a morphological key innovation for the family. It has been considered as the homologous organ of the inflorescence. Expression of floral related genes has been studied extensively in the model species, grapevine (Vitis vinifera), to uncover molecular mechanisms that determine the development of a common uncommitted primordium (or an anlage) into an inflorescence or a tendril. However, to investigate the homology of tendrils and inflorescences in Vitaceae, evidence only from the highly derived grapevine is insufficient. Therefore, gene sequences of four key floral meristem genes, i.e., FUL, AP1, FT and LEAFY orthologs were obtained from transcriptome data of 14 Vitaceae species, the grapevine genome and the outgroup Leea guineensis. Additionally, expression patterns of these four genes were studied in leaves, tendrils, and inflorescences of five phylogenetically distinct Vitaceae species. Expression of the AP1 ortholog was only detected in the tendril and the inflorescence but not in the leaf for all species, indicating that the tendril is more like the inflorescence than the leaf and that the tendrils from these six species including grapevine are likely homologous. Meanwhile, expression of the LEAFY ortholog was found in the inflorescence but not in the tendril and leaf, suggesting that the LEAFY ortholog expression might play a role in determining whether an anlage develops into a tendril or an inflorescence. Based on combined evidence from the expression patterns of these four genes, the possible mechanisms on the evolution of tendrils are discussed.
Translation, Cross‐Channel Exchanges and the Novel in the Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: Dow Gillian
Published: November 2014

Cross‐channel exchanges in the rise of the novel in the long 18th century have become an emerging area of scholarly interest in the last decade, informed by new work on cultural exchanges and on translation theory, and earlier work on book history and reception studies. And yet this is an area that is yet to move beyond exceptional case studies of individual translations and translators, much less to fully articulate what is at stake for the study of the 18th‐century novel, or indeed 18th‐century studies more generally. This article traces the field from the mid‐1970s to today, arguing that the study of women writers has been central to our growing recognition that the novel was shaped by pan‐European and cross‐channel exchanges and translation. It concludes by highlighting the main threat to the field: the dearth of language‐learning. Translation – in the 18th century, and now – is thus presented as a political issue.
Gendering Pseudo‐Science: Inchbald's Animal Magnetism
Authors: Leach Nathaniel
Published: November 2014

Elizabeth Inchbald's Animal Magnetism, adapted from Le Médecin Malgré tout le monde by Antoine‐Jean‐Bourlin Dumaniant, engages with a highly controversial issue of the late eighteenth century, the claims made by Anton Mesmer, among others, for the science of “animal magnetism.” A commission appointed by the King of France determined that the effects claimed to be produced by animal magnetism were merely theatrical and imaginative, qualities that were feminized in an attempt to denigrate animal magnetism as pseudo‐science. Inchbald's play follows this attack by satirizing animal magnetism through the absurd character of an old doctor who wishes to learn this pseudo‐science in order to manipulate the affections of his young ward. Inchbald's satire, however, encompasses not only the fraudulent pseudo‐science but also the official patriarchal power that the doctor also represents. Inchbald thus demonstrates the proximity between official structures of power and the supposedly fraudulent pseudo‐science, and meta‐theatrically stages the performance of animal magnetism in a way that exposes the impostures of both. Ultimately, the play valorizes the fluidity of performance demonstrated by the younger characters, and holds up for ridicule the doctor's untheatrical belief in his own “natural” power. The play thereby suggests that what is most dangerous about animal magnetism is in fact its reproduction of and not its divergence from, “legitimate” discourses of power.