bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Einleitung – Gesundheit(en) am Scheideweg: Konstruktionen, Praktiken, Materialitäten und Transformationen aus Sicht der Ökonomie der Konventionen
Authors: Cappel Valeska , Kappler Karolin Eva
Published: May 2022

Nach welcher Logik können Gesundheitspraktiken und -strukturen situativ legitimiert und kritisiert werden und wie wirken sich digitale Technologien dabei aus? Die Einleitung beschreibt derzeitige Entwicklungsprozesse und Konflikte im Feld der digitalen Gesundheit und führt in die zentralen Begrifflichkeiten des Sammelbandes ein: die Ökonomie der Konventionen (EC), Gesundheit und Digitalisierung. Die Ökonomie der Konventionen zieht sich als pragmatische Perspektive durch den gesamten Band und liefert passende theoretische Konzepte und methodische Werkzeuge für die Analyse von Gesundheits- und Digitalisierungsprozessen. Die Beiträge des Bandes werden anhand dreier thematischer Teile „Gesundheit(en): Konstruktionen und Praktiken“, „Sozio-technische Materialitäten im Gesundheitshandeln“ sowie „Dynamiken im Gesundheitsfeld: Transformationen, Spannungen und Kritiken“ vorgestellt. Schließlich werden die drei Schwerpunkte „Zielkonflikte“, „Regime des Engagements“ sowie „Digitalisierung und EC“ hervorgehoben, die sich in vielen Beiträgen wiederfinden und damit für den Sammelband als besonders prägnant erweisen.
Verschiedene Gesundheitskonzepte im Rahmen der digitalen Selbstvermessung
Authors: Meidert Ursula , Scheermesser Mandy
Published: May 2022

Die digitale Selbstvermessung mit Wearables und Apps ist beliebt und mittlerweile weit verbreitet. Dabei können verschiedene Parameter des Körpers, der Aktivität und Mobilität sowie des Befindens gemessen, verglichen und ausgewertet werden. Ein oft genanntes Ziel ist es, mehr über den eigenen Körper zu erfahren sowie Fitness und Gesundheit zu verbessern. Dieser Artikel betrachtet anhand von Fokusgruppen- und ExpertInneninterviews zum einen die verschiedenen Konventionen und daraus resultierende Gesundheitskonzepte, die im Umgang mit der digitalen Selbstvermessung eine Rolle spielen. Zum anderen wird aufgezeigt, dass Konflikte und Unsicherheiten entstehen, wenn verschiedene Konventionen aufeinandertreffen. Und dass Aushandlungen stattfinden und Kompromisse gefunden werden müssen, wenn diese Konflikte gelöst werden sollen. Das wiederum bedeutet, dass sich bestehende Konventionen verknüpfen und neue Konventionen entwickeln müssen, damit sich die digitale Selbstvermessung im Gesundheitsbereich langfristig etablieren kann.
Ausblick: Im Angesicht einer Pandemie: Covid-19 – Eine politische Ökonomie der (digitalen) Transformationsprozesse von und um Gesundheit revisited
Authors: Cappel Valeska , Kappler Karolin Eva
Published: May 2022

Die Corona-Krise schlägt sich seit ihrer Entstehung 2019 besonders stark in den Feldern der Gesundheit und Digitalisierung nieder. In diesem Abschlusskapitel wird aufgezeigt, was eine Ökonomie der Konventionen zum Umgang und zur Reflektion solcher Wandlungsprozesse beitragen kann. Dazu reflektieren einerseits die Sammelband-AutorInnen über eigene Statements ihre Beiträge vor dem Hintergrund der Corona-Pandemie, andererseits wird die Corona-Pandemie spezifisch aus der Perspektive der EC betrachtet, wobei der Fokus auf die Felder Gesundheit, Konventionen und Digitalisierung gerichtet wird.
Digitale Gesundheit. Legitimationen und Kritik aus der Perspektive von Digital-Health-EntwicklerInnen
Authors: Lenz Sarah
Published: May 2022

Hinter dem Begriff Digital Health verbergen sich variierende Technologien, Praktiken und Institutionen wie etwa die datengetriebene medizinische Forschung, Biobanken als Teil der öffentlichen Gesundheitsversorgung, das PatientenInnenmonitoring, Sensoren und Wearables, Telecare oder algorithmenbasierter Diagnostik. Versprechen von Digital Health-Technologien zielen sowohl auf die Effizienzsteigerung, die Prozessoptimierung, aber auch auf eine gerechtere und nachhaltigere Gestaltung gegenwärtiger Gesundheitssystem. Insofern zielten und reagierten Digital Health-Technologien bereits vor der Corona-Pandemie auf die Bewältigung vielfältiger Krisen der Gesundheitssysteme. Wenig ist darüber bekannt, wie Digital Health diese Problemlagen adressiert. Vor dem Hintergrund der Soziologie der Konventionen fragt der Beitrag danach, wie Digital Health von EntwicklerInnen digitaler Gesundheitstechnologien legitimiert und kritisiert wird. Es zeigt sich, digitale Gesundheitstechnologien mit der impliziten Hoffnung verbunden sind, die Ökonomisierung des Gesundheitssystems zu korrigieren. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden Effizienz- und Optimierungsprozesse normativ so aufgeladen, dass die einem Gerechtigkeitsideal entsprechen.
Poor soil as a fertile breeding ground: the role of historical agricultural specialization for the persistence of regional differences in crafts
Authors: Runst Petrik , Wyrwich Michael
Published: May 2022

There is a growing literature that explores the persistence of regional economic activities over time. We contribute to the literature by focusing on the regional concentration of a traditional industry. To be more precise, we examine the regional persistence of the crafts sector over a period of more than 100 years. We use historical data on the density of crafts people across regions. Our analysis on data from Germany demonstrates a strong persistence of regional differences in the concentration of crafts people in rural areas and no persistence in urban areas. To rule out endogeneity, we apply an instrumental variable approach and instrument the crafts density with the historical agricultural specialization of regions. This strategy is grounded in the idea that individuals in regions with a low quality of soil were more likely to take up other commercial activities like crafts occupations while this historical pattern is unlikely to directly affect specialization in crafts today.
Underground salt and potash workers exposed to nitrogen oxides and diesel exhaust: assessment of specific effect biomarkers
Authors: Gamrad-Streubel Lisa , Haase Lisa-Marie , Rudolph Katharina K. , Rühle Katrin , Bachand Annette M. , Crawford Lori , Mundt Kenneth A. , Bünger Jürgen , Pallapies Dirk , Taeger Dirk , Casjens Swaantje , Molkenthin Anja , Neumann Savo , Giesen Jörg , Neumann Volker , Brüning Thomas , Birk Thomas
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Occupational exposure limits (OEL) for nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2) and diesel exhaust (EC-DPM) were reassessed by the German authorities in 2016/2017. We performed a clinical cross-sectional study among salt and potash underground workers exposed to these substances at relatively high levels to examine possible indicators of acute effects on workers’ health.

Methods

We measured post- versus pre-shift differences in cardiovascular, inflammatory, immune, and respiratory effect biomarkers and assessed their associations with personal exposures measured during the same shift. We also compared post- versus pre-shift differences in biomarker levels between exposure groups defined based on work site and job type.

Results

None of the above-ground workers exceeded the OEL for NO2 and only 5% exceeded the OEL for EC-DPM exposure. Among underground workers, 33% of miners and 7% underground maintenance workers exceeded the OEL for NO2; the OEL for EC-DPM was exceeded by 56% of miners and 17% of maintenance workers.

Some effect biomarkers (thrombocytes, neutrophils, MPO, TNF-α, IgE, FeNO) showed statistically significant differences between pre- versus post-shift measurements; however, there were no consistent associations between pre- and post-shift differences and exposure group or personal exposure measurements during the shift.

Conclusions

We did not find evidence of associations between workplace exposure to NO, NO2 or EC-DPM and clinically relevant indicators of acute cardiovascular, inflammatory and immune, or respiratory effects among salt and potash underground workers in Germany.
The Path from Arc Welding to Additive Manufacturing of Multi-material Parts Using Directed Energy Deposition
Authors: Adams Tom-Eric , Mayr Peter
Published: May 2022

Within this contribution, the transfer of knowledge from conventional fusion and deposition welding using electric arc processes to advanced directed energy deposition (DED) of multi-material structures in additive manufacturing are presented. Gas metal arc and plasma welding have been used for decades to produce either joints or metallic deposits with desired properties. Also creating certain shapes by depositing weld metal in a layer-wise manner has been known for approximately 100 years. With the rise of additive manufacturing, conventional arc welding processes have been extensively used to “print” 3‑dimensional parts. The possibility of additively manufacturing multi-material parts or transition parts is of particular interest as this has the potential to create load-efficient structures or even create new alloys within the AM process. Within this contribution, Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) and 3D Plasma Metal Deposition (3DPMD) for the manufacturing of multi-material and transition parts are discussed. The experience with various alloys from carbon steels, high-alloyed steels, and titanium- and nickel-based alloys are presented.
Diagnosing PrEP Communication Self-Efficacy in a Community-Based Peer Leader Intervention for Black Sexual Minority Men
Authors: Young Lindsay E. , Baird Ashley , Schneider John A.
Published: May 2022

HIV prevention interventions that leverage endogenous peer leaders to communicate about Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) and other HIV prevention tools in their social networks offer a way to reach greater portions of communities most impacted by HIV like Black/African American gay, bisexual, same gender-loving, and other sexual minority men (BSMM). However, the success of these interventions hinge on the communication self-efficacy of its peer leaders. In this exploratory study, we present a multi-theoretical framework that situates the PrEP communication self-efficacy (PCSE) of a cohort of young BSMM peer leaders (n = 303) in the context of personal, behavioral, social, and structural factors. Using censored regression models, our analysis shows that PCSE is influenced by evaluations of PrEP itself (its relative advantage, complexity, and compatibility), network embeddedness (degree centrality) among other BSMM, social media network exposure to HIV information, and medical mistrust. We conclude with a discussion of the practical implications of our findings for intervention design and implementation.
Lath martensite substructure evolution in low-carbon microalloyed steels
Authors: Chakraborty Arnab , Webster Richard F. , Primig Sophie
Published: May 2022

Lath martensite substructures in as-quenched plain carbon steels exhibit dislocation-like contrast in the transmission electron microscope. More recent observations reported internal twins and nanoscale auto-tempered intra-lath carbides as additional lath substructures in ultra-low-C binary Fe–C steels. Modern microalloyed steels often have similar ultra-low C contents besides microalloying elements like Ti, Nb or V and, more recently, Mo, to achieve high strength, toughness and weldability. Nonetheless, little is known about the lath substructure evolution in the as-quenched state of microalloyed steels. This study investigates the hierarchical martensite substructure evolution post-quenching of microalloyed Nb and NbMo steels with 0.1 wt% C. Hierarchical microstructure characterization was done using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction methods including parent grain reconstructions with MTEX. Thermokinetic simulations using MatCalc to determine the carbide evolution during auto-tempering were corroborated with site-specific transmission electron microscopy. Mo addition led to lowering of the martensite start temperature, yet the Nb steel showed a finer hierarchical microstructure. Finer laths with in-lath dislocations, short and long twins, and lath boundary decoration of carbides were found in the Nb steel. Conversely, laths in the NbMo were wider, with frequent intra-lath auto-tempered precipitates in the vicinity of dislocations, without twins.
Hollow Multicomponent Capsules for Biomedical Applications: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Anis Tanzeela , ul Hassan Syed Mujtaba , Khurshid Ahmat , Fakhar-e-Alam M. , Shahzad Faisal , Ali A. , Ahmad Jamil , Hossain Nazia
Published: May 2022

Hollow capsules with multi-shelled or multicomponent structures are essential materials for various applications. Biomedical applications like disease diagnosis, therapy, and monitoring have special significance as they aim to improve health conditions. This review demonstrated a comprehensive overview of hollow, multifunctional structures incorporating meaningful use of nanotechnology and its’ unique prospects in medicine such as patient-specific treatment, multimodal imaging, multimodal therapy, simultaneous delivery of drugs and imaging probes, and actively targeted delivery. The internal hollow cavity provides safe and controlled drug release while also enabling transport of functional moieties to target sites. This review explored the performance of different organic, inorganic, and metallic multicomponent capsules that have been reported for biomedical applications, mainly diagnostic imaging and drug delivery. Material compositions, morphologies, and synthesis strategies involved in fabricating such multifunctional systems have been discussed in detail. It is expected that with time, more sophisticated and precise systems will come to light as the outcome of ongoing concentrated research efforts.
The Effect of Joint Production on the Accuracy and Complexity of Second Language Writing
Authors: Sang Zilin , Zou Weicheng
Published: May 2022

Although written corrective feedback and collaborative writing have been extensively researched in second language writing, there have been few ecologically valid classroom-based studies. To bridge the gap, the current study proposed joint production as a pedagogy to integrate teacher-scaffolded feedback and collaborative dialogue and aimed to examine its effect on the development of second language writing. A quasi-experimental study was undertaken on two intact groups of EFL learners over an academic semester of 18 weeks. Results showed that the experimental group (N = 30) outperformed the control group (N = 29) significantly in accuracy, confirming the effectiveness of joint production in promoting accuracy in L2 writing. Developmentally, accuracy was steadily developed over time and was negatively correlated with complexity. Possible explanations and implications of the findings are also discussed.
Faultless disagreement without contradiction: expressive-relativism and predicates of personal taste
Authors: Berškytė Justina , Stevens Graham
Published: May 2022

In this paper we motivate and develop a new approach to predicates of personal taste within the framework of semantic relativism. Our primary goal is to explain faultless disagreement—the phenomenon where two parties disagree, yet both have uttered something true—which is often thought to arise from the use of predicates of personal taste. We combine semantic relativism with an expressivist semantics to yield a novel hybrid theory which we call Expressive-Relativism. We motivate the theory by rehearsing a famous objection to Relativism from Frege which we interpret as severing the connection between contradiction and disagreement for relativists. Endorsing the objection, we respond by enriching relativism with an expressivist component which explains disagreement over matters of taste as a refusal to share perspectives rather than as resting on contradiction.
The Global Report on Adult Learning and Education (GRALE): Strengths, weaknesses and future directions
Authors: Boeren Ellen , Rubenson Kjell
Published: May 2022

One of the core outcomes of the Sixth International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA VI) held in 2009 was the Belém Framework for Action (BFA). Its signatories committed to monitoring the most recent development stages of adult learning and education (ALE) worldwide on a regular basis, and to present and assess results in a global report. Coordinated by the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, surveys have been conducted and documented in four GRALE reports over the past decade. A fifth report is currently being prepared for CONFINTEA VII, to be held in June 2022. This article critically analyses the project of compiling a Global Report on Adult Learning and Education (GRALE) at roughly three-year intervals. Drawing on an evaluative framework for research quality developed by Pär Mårtensson and colleagues, the authors of this article investigate to what extent the GRALE approach to monitoring and reporting on ALE so far has been (1) credible (e.g. based on rigorous research methodologies and methods); (2) contributory (e.g. relevant and applicable to practice, generalisable); (3) communicable (e.g. accessible, understandable and readable in terms of report structure); and (4) conforming (e.g. with ethical standards). The purpose of this evaluation is for it to serve as a contribution to enhancing the quality of monitoring approaches in the field of ALE. This is vital for working towards future directions of ALE which are shaped by a high-quality evidence base. Ultimately, this will not only make ALE more accessible, fair, diverse and effective, but will also add to insights on how to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in a similar way, especially since ALE indirectly but fundamentally affects the success of all 17 goals.
A Sunspot Catalog by Rafael Carrasco at the Madrid Astronomical Observatory for the Period 1931 – 1933
Authors: Aparicio A. J. P. , Carrasco V. M. S. , Gallego M. C. , Vaquero J. M.
Published: May 2022

A sunspot catalog was published by the Madrid Astronomical Observatory from sunspot observations made by Rafael Carrasco and his assistants for the period November 1931 – December 1933. We have digitized this catalog and carried out a quality control to detect inconsistencies. We present a machine-readable version of this sunspot catalog together with an erratum list. Moreover, we compared the Madrid sunspot number and area with other reference series. We found that sunspots in the northern hemisphere were predominant during this period, confirming previous studies. We have also analyzed the group morphological typologies registered in the catalog and show a butterfly diagram drawn with this new information. A comparison with the sunspot catalog by the Royal Greenwich Observatory shows that almost all the groups included in the Carrasco’s catalog are also present in the aforementioned catalog.
Seeking congruity for communal and agentic goals: a longitudinal examination of U.S. college women’s persistence in STEM
Authors: Henderson Heather L. , Bloodhart Brittany , Adams Amanda S. , Barnes Rebecca T. , Burt Melissa , Clinton Sandra , Godfrey Elaine , Pollack Ilana , Fischer Emily V. , Hernandez Paul R.
Published: May 2022

An abundance of literature has examined barriers to women’s equitable representation in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields, with many studies demonstrating that STEM fields are not perceived to afford communal goals, a key component of women’s interest in future careers. Using Goal Congruity Theory as a framework, we tested the longitudinal impact of perceptions of STEM career goal affordances, personal communal and agentic goal endorsements, and their congruity on persistence in science from the second through fourth years of college among women in STEM majors in the United States. We found that women’s intent to persist in science were highest in the fall of their second year, that persistence intentions exhibited a sharp decline, and eventually leveled off by their fourth year of college. This pattern was moderated by perceptions of agentic affordances in STEM, such that women who believe that STEM careers afford the opportunity for achievement and individualism experienced smaller declines. We found that higher perceptions of communal goal affordances in STEM consistently predicted higher persistence intentions indicating women may benefit from perceptions that STEM affords communal goals. Finally, we found women with higher agentic affordances in STEM also had greater intentions to persist, and this relationship was stronger for women with higher agentic goals. We conclude that because STEM fields are stereotyped as affording agentic goals, women who identify interest in a STEM major during their first years of college may be drawn to these fields for this reason and may benefit from perceptions that STEM affords agentic goals.
An automated system recommending background music to listen to while working
Authors: Yakura Hiromu , Nakano Tomoyasu , Goto Masataka
Published: May 2022

Many people listen to music while working nowadays. However, conventional recommendation systems that are designed for playing songs matching user preferences cannot be applied for such a situation. This is because previous research showed that listeners’ concentration can be negatively affected not only by music that listeners strongly dislike but also by music that the listeners strongly like. Therefore, when we consider a recommendation system to be used while working, it is desirable to avoid both songs the user likes very much and songs the user dislikes very much. Given this background, we propose FocusMusicRecommender, a system designed specifically for recommending music to listen to while working. It summarizes songs automatically and plays them successively in order to enable users to give not only “dislike (very much)” feedback via a “skip” button but also “like (very much)” feedback via a “keep listening” button. The feedback is then combined with the users’ concentration level that is estimated from their behavioral history during the playback of the corresponding song, which allows the system to obtain preference information that distinguishes between “like” and “like very much” without burdening the user who is working. Based on the preference information, the system estimates the preference levels of unplayed songs and prioritizes the songs for subsequent playback by also considering the user’s current concentration level. Our experiments showed the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method, including the accuracy of the concentration level estimation. Moreover, our user study verified the suitability of the recommendation results from both the observed behavior and obtained comments of the participants.
Fluorescent probes and functional materials for biomedical applications
Authors: Hu Xi-Le , Gan Hui-Qi , Meng Fan-De , Han Hai-Hao , Shi De-Tai , Zhang Shu , Zou Lei , He Xiao-Peng , James Tony D.
Published: May 2022

Due to their simplicity in preparation, sensitivity and selectivity, fluorescent probes have become the analytical tool of choice in a wide range of research and industrial fields, facilitating the rapid detection of chemical substances of interest as well as the study of important physiological and pathological processes at the cellular level. In addition, many long-wavelength fluorescent probes developed have also proven applicable for in vivo biomedical applications including fluorescence-guided disease diagnosis and theranostics (e.g., fluorogenic prodrugs). Impressive progresses have been made in the development of sensing agents and materials for the detection of ions, organic small molecules, and biomacromolecules including enzymes, DNAs/RNAs, lipids, and carbohydrates that play crucial roles in biological and disease-relevant events. Here, we highlight examples of fluorescent probes and functional materials for biological applications selected from the special issues “Fluorescent Probes” and “Molecular Sensors and Logic Gates” recently published in this journal, offering insights into the future development of powerful fluorescence-based chemical tools for basic biological studies and clinical translation.
The Binding Problem for Strong Experiential Monism
Authors: Heikkinen Santtu
Published: May 2022

In this article, I explicate a new problem for a variant of panpsychism, strong experiential monism, that is the view that all being is experiential. I contrast the view with weak experiential monism, a softer variant that allows for non-experiential bare particulars to act as the carriers of properties. I argue that strong experiential monism can’t explain what works as the ontological commonality between the referents of one experience of something and another experience of that same thing; in other words, in virtue of what are those experiences about the same thing at all. If they aren’t about the same ontological existent at all, the apparent mutual coherence between these experiences (as manifest in our ability to discuss about them in a seemingly coherent way, for example) requires explanation. I argue that strong experiential monism necessitates a more or less brute kind of parallelism between the experiences to explain their mutual coherence. Alternatively, the strong experiential monist must either retreat to weak experiential monism and non-experiential bare particulars or to a more robust kind of property dualism or dual-aspect monism.
Sediment dynamics at different timescales on an embayed coast in southeastern Australia
Authors: Woodroffe Colin D. , Carvalho R. C. , Oliver T. S. N. , Thom B. G.
Published: May 2022

The concept of coastal sediment compartments has recently been adopted at a national scale in Australia to better understand sediment and shoreline dynamics and to underpin management of future shoreline behaviour in response to impacts of climate change. Geomorphological studies in southern NSW have provided a foundation for development of conceptual models of estuary and sandy barrier evolution. Geochronological reconstructions using radiocarbon, optically-stimulated luminescence, and other dating techniques, reviewed in this paper, demonstrate that adjacent compartments are at successive stages. Three compartments, Illawarra, Shoalhaven and Moruya, are compared, each with different catchment characteristics and different levels of human intervention. Landform change and sediment accumulation at millennial timescales enable estimates of past sediment accretion (vertical accumulation) and horizontal displacement of shorelines (particularly progradation), as a first step towards quantifying volumetric changes of morphology. Lake Illawarra is a barrier estuary at an early stage of infill, but land-use change, urbanisation, and engineering structures at the entrance have accelerated rates of sediment accumulation. The Shoalhaven River has infilled its estuary and delivers sand to the coast. It has been subject to several conspicuous anthropogenic interventions. At Moruya, ongoing supply of sand, primarily from offshore rather than from the catchment, has resulted in beach-ridge plains (strandplains) with changes in their alongshore inter-connectivity driven by differential embayment infilling. Millennial-scale geomorphology indicates landform change providing a means to determine natural trajectories of sediment transfer. However, variability is apparent at century and decadal timescales, compounded by various anthropogenic interventions. Disentangling natural and anthropogenic influences will be necessary to provide greater confidence in estimating past and present sediment budgets. Assessing sand sources and transport rates is important in relation to engineering interventions at entrances, and long-term resilience of coastal habitats. Such issues are the focus of coastal management programs, and this synthesis emphasises the relevance of a sediment budget approach to understand contemporary sediment pathways and provide an indication of future response to engineering interventions and sensitivity to climate change.
Neurofeedback training: Decreases in Mu rhythm lead to improved motor performance in complex visuomotor skills
Authors: Wang Kuo-Pin , Frank Cornelia , Hung Tsung-Min , Schack Thomas
Published: May 2022

The physiological function of the Mu rhythm (8–13 Hz in the central region) is still unclear, particularly its role in visuomotor performance in sports (shooting vs. golf putting), as both the complexity of the motor skills (i.e., simple vs. complex visuomotor skills) and the skill level (e.g., novices vs. experts or low-skilled vs. highly skilled) may modulate Mu rhythm. To gain a broader understanding of the association between Mu rhythm and visuomotor skill performance, a study design that considers both a control moderator (the difference in skill level) and the ability to manipulate Mu rhythm (i.e., either increase or decrease Mu rhythm) is required. To achieve this, we recruited 30 novice golfers who were randomly assigned to either the increased Mu rhythm group (IMG), decreased Mu rhythm group (DMG), or sham group (SG) and used electroencephalographic-neurofeedback training (EEG-NFT) to manipulate Mu rhythm during a golf putting task (complex visuomotor skill). The aim was to determine whether the complexity of the motor skill was a potential moderator of Mu rhythm. We mainly found that Mu power was significantly decreased in the DMG following EEG-NFT, which lead to increased motor control and improved performance. We suggest that (1) the complexity of the motor skill, rather than the difference in skill level, may be a potential moderator of Mu rhythm and visuomotor performance, as our results were not consistent with a previous study that reported that increased Mu rhythm improved shooting performance (a simple visuomotor task) in novices.
Enhancing the sustainability of high strength concrete in terms of embodied energy and carbon emission by incorporating sewage sludge and fly ash
Authors: Kumar Mithesh , Prashant Shreelaxmi , Kamath Muralidhar V.
Published: May 2022

This paper discusses the properties of dried sewage sludge (SS) and its influence on the microstructure development of HVFA concrete when used as a partial replacement of binder material. A detailed characterization of dried sludge samples collected from a sewage treatment plant is carried out using XRF, XRD, TGA, and FTIR techniques. HVFA concrete mix is designed for 50 MPa with 50% fly ash of the total binder content. Sludge is ground to a particle size of 150 µ and 75 µ and replaced at levels of 5%, 10%, and 15% of the total binder content. The strength activity index of the dried sludge sample is acceptable as per standards. Taking concrete mixes with HVFA as a reference, the fresh properties of binder paste and concrete with sewage sludge have been studied. Mechanical properties that define the applicability to various infrastructure projects are reported for all the studied mixes. EI, CI, COST per unit compressive strength for all mixes are also determined to comment on the environmental impact of the use of SS in concrete. The compressive strength of concrete specimens decreases with the increase in replacement level of SS. However, in comparison with OPC concrete, 75 µm SS at 5% replacement level concrete mechanical strength is within the acceptable limit for M50 concrete mix. The addition of SS as a binder to the concrete has a lower environmental impact, embodied energy, CO2emission, and cost per unit strength. But more than 10% replacement level resulted in reducing CS, FS, and STS by 11.17%, 6.23%, and 6.99%.

Graphical abstract
Photonics (Er,CR:YSGG and photobiomodulation) versus conventional surgery for impacted lower third molar tooth extraction: a split-mouth, controlled randomized clinical study
Authors: Aria Saleh Anvaria , Gomes Thiago Pallin , Gutknecht Norbert , Marques Márcia Martins
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Impacted third molars occur commonly and often require surgery for tooth extraction. As consequence, postoperative complications of varying degrees of severity are commonly seen. Thus, searching for less traumatic surgeries protocols is of importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of impacted lower third molar teeth extraction using traditional protocol (scapples and surgical burs) or photonics protocol [Er,CR:YSGG associated with photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT)].

Methods

Thirty-five patients with bilateral impacted mandibular third molars were included in this split-mouth, controlled, and randomized clinical study. Seventy impacted third molars were divided into control group: extraction using traditional surgical scapples for soft tissue and burs for bone cutting or photonics group: extraction using Er,CR:YSGG laser (2780 nm) for soft tissue and bone cutting followed by PBMT (940-nm diode laser). The maximum mouth aperture (MMA) before and after extraction was used for comparing the surgeries’ outcomes.

Results

Immediately after surgery, the MMA for the control group remained unchanged and decreased significantly at 7 days after surgery. In the photonics group, the MMA remained unchanged during whole experimental time.

Conclusion

The presented photonics protocol (Er,CR:YSGG laser plus PBMT) for third molar extraction prevents impairment of the maximum mouth aperture.
Visualizing the Off-Screen Evolution of Trajectories
Authors: Forsch Axel , Amann Friederike , Haunert Jan-Henrik
Published: May 2022

In the context of volunteered geographic information, large sets of trajectories of humans and animals are collected. Analyzing these trajectories visually is often complicated due to limited display sizes. For instance, when a user chooses a large map scale to inspect the details of a trajectory, only a small part of the trajectory is visible in the map. Therefore, in this article, we present an approach for visualizing the off-screen evolution of trajectories, i.e., their continuation outside of the displayed map. We propose visual cues in the form of glyphs that are displayed at the map’s boundary and that consist of one or multiple disk sectors of varying size and opening angle. These glyphs indicate the direction and variability of direction of a trajectory’s continuation outside the map frame. We present an algorithm for computing the glyphs efficiently and evaluate them in a user study. The results show that the glyphs are intuitive to understand even without explanation. We further present suggestions for improving the glyph design based on the results.
Meaningful human control: actionable properties for AI system development
Authors: Cavalcante Siebert Luciano , Lupetti Maria Luce , Aizenberg Evgeni , Beckers Niek , Zgonnikov Arkady , Veluwenkamp Herman , Abbink David , Giaccardi Elisa , Houben Geert-Jan , Jonker Catholijn M. , van den Hoven Jeroen , Forster Deborah , Lagendijk Reginald L.
Published: May 2022

How can humans remain in control of artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems designed to perform tasks autonomously? Such systems are increasingly ubiquitous, creating benefits - but also undesirable situations where moral responsibility for their actions cannot be properly attributed to any particular person or group. The concept of meaningful human control has been proposed to address responsibility gaps and mitigate them by establishing conditions that enable a proper attribution of responsibility for humans; however, clear requirements for researchers, designers, and engineers are yet inexistent, making the development of AI-based systems that remain under meaningful human control challenging. In this paper, we address the gap between philosophical theory and engineering practice by identifying, through an iterative process of abductive thinking, four actionable properties for AI-based systems under meaningful human control, which we discuss making use of two applications scenarios: automated vehicles and AI-based hiring. First, a system in which humans and AI algorithms interact should have an explicitly defined domain of morally loaded situations within which the system ought to operate. Second, humans and AI agents within the system should have appropriate and mutually compatible representations. Third, responsibility attributed to a human should be commensurate with that human’s ability and authority to control the system. Fourth, there should be explicit links between the actions of the AI agents and actions of humans who are aware of their moral responsibility. We argue that these four properties will support practically minded professionals to take concrete steps toward designing and engineering for AI systems that facilitate meaningful human control.
Low molecular weight protein phosphatase APH mediates tyrosine dephosphorylation and ABA response in Arabidopsis.
Authors: Du Yanyan , Xie Shaojun , Wang Yubei , Ma Yu , Jia Bei , Liu Xue , Rong Jingkai , Li Rongxia , Zhu Xiaohong , Song Chun-Peng , Tao W. Andy , Wang Pengcheng
Published: May 2022

Low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LWM-PTP), also known as acid phosphatase, is a highly conserved tyrosine phosphatase in living organisms. However, the function of LWM-PTP homolog has not been reported yet in plants. Here, we revealed a homolog of acid phosphatase, APH, in Arabidopsis plants, is a functional protein tyrosine phosphatase. The aph mutants are hyposensitive to ABA in post-germination growth. We performed an anti-phosphotyrosine antibody-based quantitative phosphoproteomics in wild-type and aph mutant and identified hundreds of putative targets of APH, including multiple splicing factors and other transcriptional regulators. Consistently, RNA-seq analysis revealed that the expression of ABA-highly-responsive genes is suppressed in aph mutants. Thus, APH regulates the ABA-responsive gene expressions by regulating the tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple splicing factors and other post-transcriptional regulators. We also revealed that Tyr383 in RAF9, a member of B2 and B3 RAF kinases that phosphorylate and activate SnRK2s in the ABA signaling pathway, is a direct target site of APH. Phosphorylation of Tyr383 is essential for RAF9 activity. Our results uncovered a crucial function of APH in ABA-induced tyrosine phosphorylation in Arabidopsis.
Sociological Approaches to Theories of Law
Authors: Tamanaha Brian Z.
Published: May 2022

Sociological Approaches to Theories of Law applies empirical insights to examine theories of law proffered by analytical jurisprudents. The topics covered include artifact legal theory, law as a social construction, idealized accounts of the function of law, the dis-embeddeness of legal systems, the purported guidance function of law, the false social efficacy thesis, missteps in the quest to answer 'What is law?', and the relationship between empiricism and analytical jurisprudence. The analysis shows that on a number of central issues analytical jurisprudents assert positions inconsistent with the social reality of law. Woven throughout the text, the author presents a theoretically and empirically informed account of law as a social institution. The overarching theme is that philosophical claims about the nature of law can be tested and improved through greater empirical input.
The Early Materialization of Democratic Institutions among the Ancestral Muskogean of the American Southeast
Authors: Thompson Victor D. , Holland-Lulewicz Jacob , Butler RaeLynn A. , Hunt Turner W. , Wendt LeeAnne , Wettstaed James , Williams Mark , Jefferies Richard , Fish Suzanne K.
Published: May 2022

Democratic cooperation is a particularly complex type of arrangement that requires attendant institutions to ensure that the problems inherent in collective action do not subvert the public good. It is perhaps due to this complexity that historians, political scientists, and others generally associate the birth of democracy with the emergence of so-called states and center it geographically in the “West,” where it then diffused to the rest of the world. We argue that the archaeological record of the American Southeast provides a case to examine the emergence of democratic institutions and to highlight the distinctive ways in which such long-lived institutions were—and continue to be—expressed by Native Americans. Our research at the Cold Springs site in northern Georgia, USA, provides important insight into the earliest documented council houses in the American Southeast. We present new radiocarbon dating of these structures along with dates for the associated early platform mounds that place their use as early as cal AD 500. This new dating makes the institution of the Muskogean council, whose active participants have always included both men and women, at least 1,500 years old, and therefore one of the most enduring and inclusive democratic institutions in world history.
Post-Traumatic Gliomas in Adults: Review of the Case Reports and Studies
Authors: Heinzelmann Morgan , Pan Edward
Published: May 2022

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) was first proposed as a potential risk factor for developing a glioma in the 1800s, and conditions for establishing a causal relationship between brain injury and gliomas have since been proposed. Given the medical and legal ramifications, the current literature was reviewed to better understand this possible association. Articles that examined the relationship between TBI and glioma formation in adults and were published in English between 1978 and 2022 were reviewed. There were 19 case reports of 25 patients and 16 observational studies. The case reports describe glioma formation at the precise site of prior brain injury in continuity with traumatic scar; the observational studies report conflicting findings, but they largely demonstrate no association. Most of the observational studies are limited by their retrospective nature, but we identified one prospective cohort study which found a positive association. Altogether, we suggest that glioma formation after TBI is a rare occurrence that warrants further study.
Assessment of Vulnerability to the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Central African Sub-region
Authors: Tazemda-Kuitsouc Gildas Boris , Kuitsouc Dominique , Djuikoue Cécile Ingrid , Nwaha-Makon Axel Stephane , Tagne-Kamga Celestin , Kuitsouc-Domkam Rolline , Keubou-Kuematsa Celine , Nkafu Gabriel Belefeh , Tuono Romaric , Man-Koumba Soumahoro , Tchokonte-Nana Venant , Kaptue Noche Lazare , Tambo Ernest , Ndebia Eugene Jamot
Published: May 2022

Objective:

This study was aimed at examining the vulnerability of Central Africa to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:

Demographic, health, and socio-economic indicators were used to describe the vulnerability. The study period was from December 31st, 2019 to May 31st, 2020 (i.e. 5 months after the start of the pandemic).

Results:

According to demographic indicators, African populations appear younger than in Europe, Asia, and North America, where evidence showed a higher lethality of COVID-19 and a higher frequency of hospitalization among the elderly. This highlights the protective effect of the age structure of Central African populations. Their populations face significant vulnerability from high morbidity and a considerable deficit in health care facilities and services. Poverty indicators are not in their favour for a sustainable implementation of effective pandemic control measures. Very low literacy rates in some countries, misinformation, and belief in conspiracy theories could affect the community involvement in the response. Several countries are weakened by other humanitarian crises, including conflicts and other epidemics. The early easing of lockdown restrictions in certain countries could worsen the situation.

Conclusion:

In this sub-region, where the largest proportion of the population lives in poverty, poor sanitary conditions, conflicts, and humanitarian crises, the question of standards of prevention could appear to be a luxurious idea relegated to the background. Central African countries need financial and logistical support for a sustainable and effective response. These observations could be easily extrapolated to other sub-Saharan sub-regions.
Minding the manner: attention to motion events in Turkish–Dutch early bilinguals
Authors: Kamenetski Anna , Lai Vicky Tzuyin , Flecken Monique
Published: May 2022

Languages differ in the way motion events are encoded. In satellite-framed languages, motion verbs typically encode manner, while in verb-framed languages, path. We investigated the ways in which satellite-framed Dutch and verb-framed Turkish co-determine one’s attention to motion events in early bilinguals. In an EEG oddball paradigm, Turkish–Dutch bilinguals (n = 25) and Dutch controls (n = 27) watched short video clips of motion events, followed by a still picture that matched the preceding video in four ways (oddball design: 10% full match, 10% manner match, 10% endpoint match, and 70% full mismatch). We found that both groups showed similar oddball P300 effects, associated with task-related attention. Group differences were revealed in a late positivity (LP): The endpoint-match elicited a larger LP than the manner-match in the bilinguals, which may reflect language-driven attention. Our results indicate that cross-linguistic manner encoding difference impacts attention at a later stage.
Crystal structure of baricitinib, C16H17N7O2S
Authors: Lee Yewon , Wang Yulong , Khalifah Peter G. , Stephens Peter W. , Kaduk James A. , Gates-Rector Stacy , Gindhart Amy M. , Blanton Thomas N.
Published: May 2022

The crystal structure of baricitinib has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and optimized using density functional techniques. Baricitinib crystallizes in space group I2/a (#15) with a = 11.81128(11), b = 7.06724(6), c = 42.5293(3) Å, β = 91.9280(4)°, V = 3548.05(5) Å3, and Z = 8. The crystal structure is characterized by hydrogen-bonded double layers parallel to the ab-planes. The dimers form a graph set R2,2(8). The sulfone ends of the molecules reside in the interlayer regions. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®).
Upper arm length and knee height are associated with diabetes in the middle-aged and elderly: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
Authors: He Bingjie , Li Zhengyang , Xu Lu , Liu Lili , Wang Shengfeng , Zhan Siyan , Song Yongfeng
Published: May 2022

Objective:

To determine if limb lengths, as markers of early life environment, are associated with the risk of diabetes in China.

Design:

We performed a cohort analysis using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), and multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to examine the associations between baseline limb lengths and subsequent risk of diabetes.

Setting:

The CHARLS, 2011–2018.

Participants:

The study confined the eligible subject to 10 711 adults aged over 45 years from the CHARLS.

Results:

During a mean follow-up period of 6·13 years, 1358 cases of incident diabetes were detected. When controlling for potential covariates, upper arm length was inversely related to diabetes (hazard ratio (HR) 0·95, 95 % CI (0·91, 0·99), P = 0·028), and for every 1-cm difference in knee height, the risk of diabetes decreased by about 4 % (HR 0·96, 95 % CI (0·93, 0·99), P = 0·023). The association between upper arm length and diabetes was only significant among females while the association between knee height and diabetes was only significant among males. In analyses stratified by BMI, significant associations between upper arm length/knee height and diabetes only existed among those who were underweight (HR 0·91, 95 % CI (0·83, 1·00), P = 0·049, HR 0·92, 95 % CI (0·86, 0·99), P = 0·031).

Conclusions:

Inverse associations were observed between upper arm length, knee height and the risk for diabetes development in a large Asian population, suggesting early life environment, especially infant nutritional status, may play an important role in the determination of future diabetes risk.