bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Civic Potential of Video Games
Authors: Kahne Joseph , Middaugh Ellen , Evans Chris
Published: December 2018

This report focuses on the civic aspects of video game play among youth. According to a 2006 survey, 58 percent of young people aged 15 to 25 were civically "disengaged," meaning that they participated in fewer than two types of either electoral activities (defined as voting, campaigning, etc.) or civic activities (for example, volunteering). Kahne and his coauthors are interested in what role video games may or may not play in this disengagement.Until now, most research in the field has considered how video games relate to children's aggression and to academic learning. Digital media scholars suggest, however, that other social outcomes also deserve attention. For example, as games become more social, some scholars argue that they can be important spheres in which to foster civic development. Others disagree, suggesting that games, along with other forms of Internet involvement, may in fact take time away from civic and political engagement.

Drawing on data from the 2006 survey, the authors examine the relationship between video game play and civic development. They call for further research on teen gaming experiences so that we can understand and promote civic engagement through video games.
Living and Learning with New Media
Authors: Ito Mizuko , Horst Heather A. , Bittanti Matteo , boyd danah , Herr Stephenson Becky , Lange Patricia G. , Pascoe C. J. , Robinson Laura , Baumer Sonja , Cody Rachel , Mahendran Dilan , Martínez Katynka Z. , Perkel Dan , Sims Christo , Tripp Lisa
Published: December 2018

This report summarizes the results of an ambitious three-year ethnographic study, funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, into how young people are living and learning with new media in varied settings—at home, in after school programs, and in online spaces. It offers a condensed version of a longer treatment provided in the book Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out (MIT Press, 2009). The authors present empirical data on new media in the lives of American youth in order to reflect upon the relationship between new media and learning. In one of the largest qualitative and ethnographic studies of American youth culture, the authors view the relationship of youth and new media not simply in terms of technology trends but situated within the broader structural conditions of childhood and the negotiations with adults that frame the experience of youth in the United States.

The book that this report summarizes was written as a collaborative effort by members of the Digital Youth Project, a three-year research effort funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and conducted at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Southern California.

John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Reports on Digital Media and Learning
The Technology of Nonviolence
Authors: Bock Joseph G.
Published: December 2018

How technology and community organizing can combine to help prevent violence, with examples from Chicago to Sri Lanka.

Tunisian and Egyptian protestors famously made use of social media to rally supporters and disseminate information as the “Arab Spring” began to unfold in 2010. Less well known, but with just as much potential to bring about social change, are ongoing local efforts to use social media and other forms of technology to prevent deadly outbreaks of violence. In The Technology of Nonviolence, Joseph Bock describes and documents technology-enhanced efforts to stop violence before it happens in Africa, Asia, and the United States.

Once peacekeeping was the purview of international observers, but today local citizens take violence prevention into their own hands. These local approaches often involve technology—including the use of digital mapping, crowdsourcing, and mathematical pattern recognition to identify likely locations of violence—but, as Bock shows, technological advances are of little value unless they are used by a trained cadre of community organizers.

After covering general concepts in violence prevention and describing technological approaches to tracking conflict and cooperation, Bock offers five case studies that range from “low-tech” interventions to prevent ethnic and religious violence in Ahmedebad, India, to an anti-gang initiative in Chicago that uses Second Life to train its “violence interrupters.” There is solid evidence of success, Bock concludes, but there is much to be discovered, developed, and, most important, implemented.
Indefinite Objects
Authors: López Luis
Published: December 2018

A novel view of the syntax-semantics interface that analyzes the behavior of indefinite objects.

In Indefinite Objects, Luis López presents a novel approach to the syntax-semantics interface using indefinite noun phrases as a database. Traditional approaches map structural configurations to semantic interpretations directly; López links configuration to a mode of semantic composition, with the latter yielding the interpretation.

The polyvalent behavior of indefinites has long been explored by linguists who have been interested in their syntax, semantics, and case morphology, and López's contribution can be seen as a synthesis of findings from several traditions. He argues, first, that scrambled indefinite objects are composed by means of Function Application preceded by Choice Function while objects in situ are composed by means of Restrict. This difference yields the different interpretive possibilities of indefinite objects. López's more nuanced approach to the syntax-semantics interface turns out to be rich in empirical consequences.

Second, he proposes that short scrambling also yields Differential Marking, provided that context conditions are fulfilled, while in situ objects remain unmarked. Thus, López contributes to the extensive literature on Differential Object Marking by showing that syntactic configuration is a crucial factor.

López substantiates this approach with data from Spanish, Hindi-Urdu, Persian (Farsi), Kiswahili, Romanian, and German.
Linkography
Authors: Goldschmidt Gabriela
Published: December 2018

The description of a method for the notation and analysis of the creative process in design, drawing on insights from design practice and cognitive psychology.

This book presents linkography, a method for the notation and analysis of the design process. Developed by Gabriela Goldschmidt in an attempt to clarify designing, linkography documents how designers think, generate ideas, put them to the test, and combine them into something meaningful. With linkography, Goldschmidt shows that there is a logic to the creative process—that it is not, as is often supposed, pure magic. Linkography draws on design practice, protocol analysis, and insights from cognitive psychology.

Goldschmidt argues that the generation of ideas (and their inspection and adjustment) evolves over a large number of small steps, which she terms design moves. These combine in a network of moves, and the patterns of links in the networks manifest a “good fit,” or congruence, among the ideas. Goldschmidt explains what parts of the design process can be observed and measured in a linkograph, describing its features and notation conventions. The most significant elements in a linkograph are critical moves, which are particularly rich in links. Goldschmidt presents studies that show the importance of critical moves in design thinking; describes cases that demonstrate linkography's effectiveness in studying the creative process in design (focusing on the good fit); and offers thirteen linkographic studies conducted by other researchers that show the potential of linkography in design thinking research and beyond. Linkography is the first book-length treatment of an approach to design thinking that has already proved influential in the field.
The Nine Elements of a Sustainable Campus
Authors: Thomashow Mitchell
Published: December 2018

A former college president offers a framework for sustainability on campus, describing initiatives that range from renewable energy to a revamped curriculum to sustainable investment.

Colleges and universities offer our best hope for raising awareness about the climate crisis and the other environmental threats. But most college and university administrations need guidance on the path to sustainability. In The Nine Elements of a Sustainable Campus, Mitchell Thomashow, a former college president, provides just that. Drawing on his experiences at Unity College in Maine, he identifies nine elements for a sustainability agenda: energy, food, and materials (aspects of infrastructure); governance, investment, and wellness (aspects of community); and curriculum, interpretation, and aesthetics (aspects of learning). He then describes how Unity put these elements into practice. Connecting his experiences to broader concerns, Thomashow links the campus to the planet, reminding us that local efforts, taken together, can have a global impact.
Screen Ecologies
Authors: Hjorth Larissa , Pink Sarah , Sharp Kristen , Williams Linda
Published: December 2018

How new media and visual artists provide alternative ways for understanding and visualizing the entanglements of media and the environment in the Asia-Pacific.

Images of environmental disaster and degradation have become part of our everyday media diet. This visual culture focusing on environmental deterioration represents a wider recognition of the political, economic, and cultural forces that are responsible for our ongoing environmental crisis. And yet efforts to raise awareness about environmental issues through digital and visual media are riddled with irony, because the resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, and waste associated with digital devices contribute to environmental damage and climate change. Screen Ecologies examines the relationship of media, art, and climate change in the Asia-Pacific region—a key site of both environmental degradation and the production and consumption of climate-aware screen art and media.

Screen Ecologies shows how new media and visual artists provide alternative ways for understanding the entanglements of media and the environment in the Asia-Pacific. It investigates such topics as artists' exploration of alternative ways to represent the environment; regional stories of media innovation and climate change; the tensions between amateur and professional art; the emergence of biennials, triennials, and new arts organizations; the theme of water in regional art; new models for networked collaboration; and social media's move from private to public realms. A generous selection of illustrations shows a range of artist's projects.
BUB-1 promotes amphitelic chromosome biorientation via multiple activities at the kinetochore
Authors: Edwards Frances , Maton Gilliane , Gareil Nelly , Canman Julie C , Dumont Julien
Published: December 2018

Accurate chromosome segregation relies on bioriented amphitelic attachments of chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic spindle, in which sister chromatids are connected to opposite spindle poles. BUB-1 is a protein of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC) that coordinates chromosome attachment with anaphase onset. BUB-1 is also required for accurate sister chromatid segregation independently of its SAC function, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we show that, in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, BUB-1 accelerates the establishment of non-merotelic end-on kinetochore-microtubule attachments by recruiting the RZZ complex and its downstream partner dynein-dynactin at the kinetochore. In parallel, BUB-1 limits attachment maturation by the SKA complex. This activity opposes kinetochore-microtubule attachment stabilisation promoted by CLS-2CLASP-dependent kinetochore-microtubule assembly. BUB-1 is therefore a SAC component that coordinates the function of multiple downstream kinetochore-associated proteins to ensure accurate chromosome segregation.
Muscle-specific stress fibers give rise to sarcomeres in cardiomyocytes
Authors: Fenix Aidan M , Neininger Abigail C , Taneja Nilay , Hyde Karren , Visetsouk Mike R , Garde Ryan J , Liu Baohong , Nixon Benjamin R , Manalo Annabelle E , Becker Jason R , Crawley Scott W , Bader David M , Tyska Matthew J , Liu Qi , Gutzman Jennifer H , Burnette Dylan T
Published: December 2018

The sarcomere is the contractile unit within cardiomyocytes driving heart muscle contraction. We sought to test the mechanisms regulating actin and myosin filament assembly during sarcomere formation. Therefore, we developed an assay using human cardiomyocytes to monitor sarcomere assembly. We report a population of muscle stress fibers, similar to actin arcs in non-muscle cells, which are essential sarcomere precursors. We show sarcomeric actin filaments arise directly from muscle stress fibers. This requires formins (e.g., FHOD3), non-muscle myosin IIA and non-muscle myosin IIB. Furthermore, we show short cardiac myosin II filaments grow to form ~1.5 μm long filaments that then ‘stitch’ together to form the stack of filaments at the core of the sarcomere (i.e., the A-band). A-band assembly is dependent on the proper organization of actin filaments and, as such, is also dependent on FHOD3 and myosin IIB. We use this experimental paradigm to present evidence for a unifying model of sarcomere assembly.
Morten Tryland & Susan J. Kutz (Eds.); Reindeer and Caribou: Health and Disease
Authors: Wiklund Eva
Published: December 2018

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Evidence for the Cretaceous sharkCretoxyrhina mantellifeeding on the pterosaurPteranodonfrom the Niobrara Formation
Authors: Hone David W.E. , Witton Mark P. , Habib Michael B.
Published: December 2018

A cervical vertebra of the large, pelagic pterodactyloid pterosaurPteranodonsp. from the Late Cretaceous Niobrara Formation of Kansas, USA is significant for its association with a tooth from the large lamniform shark,Cretoxyrhina mantelli. Though the tooth does not pierce the vertebral periosteum, the intimate association of the fossils—in which the tooth is wedged below the left prezygapophysis—suggests their preservation together was not mere chance, and the specimen is evidence ofCretoxyrhinabitingPteranodon. It is not possible to infer whether the bite reflects predatory or scavenging behaviour from the preserved material. There are several records ofPteranodonhaving been consumed by other fish, including other sharks (specifically, the anacoracidSqualicorax kaupi), and multiple records ofCretoxyrhinabiting other vertebrates of the Western Interior Seaway, but until now interactions betweenCretoxyrhinaandPteranodonhave remained elusive. The specimen increases the known interactions between large, pelagic, vertebrate carnivores of the Western Interior Seaway of North America during the Late Cretaceous, in addition to bolstering the relatively small fossil record representing pterosaurian interactions with other species.
Rapid increases in soil pH solubilise organic matter, dramatically increase denitrification potential and strongly stimulate microorganisms from theFirmicutesphylum
Authors: Anderson Craig R. , Peterson Michelle E. , Frampton Rebekah A. , Bulman Simon R. , Keenan Sandi , Curtin Denis
Published: December 2018

Rapid and transient changes in pH frequently occur in soil, impacting dissolved organic matter (DOM) and other chemical attributes such as redox and oxygen conditions. Although we have detailed knowledge on microbial adaptation to long-term pH changes, little is known about the response of soil microbial communities to rapid pH change, nor how excess DOM might affect key aspects of microbial N processing. We used potassium hydroxide (KOH) to induce a range of soil pH changes likely to be observed after livestock urine or urea fertilizer application to soil. We also focus on nitrate reductive processes by incubating microcosms under anaerobic conditions for up to 48 h. Soil pH was elevated from 4.7 to 6.7, 8.3 or 8.8, and up to 240-fold higher DOM was mobilized by KOH compared to the controls. This increased microbial metabolism but there was no correlation between DOM concentrations and CO2respiration nor N-metabolism rates. Microbial communities became dominated byFirmicutesbacteria within 16 h, while few changes were observed in the fungal communities. Changes in N-biogeochemistry were rapid and denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) increased up to 25-fold with the highest rates occurring in microcosms at pH 8.3 that had been incubated for 24-hour prior to measuring DEA. Nitrous oxide reductase was inactive in the pH 4.7 controls but at pH 8.3 the reduction rates exceeded 3,000 ng N2–N g−1h−1in the presence of native DOM. Evidence for dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium and/or organic matter mineralisation was observed with ammonium increasing to concentrations up to 10 times the original native soil concentrations while significant concentrations of nitrate were utilised. Pure isolates from the microcosms were dominated byBacillusspp. and exhibited varying nitrate reductive potential.
Solid State and Materials Chemistry for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Sehrawat Divya , Stansby Jennifer H. , Sharma Neeraj
Published: December 2018

Room‐temperature rechargeable sodium‐ion batteries that parallel current commercial lithium‐ion batteries are being prototyped at various laboratories across the world. Although high‐temperature sodium‐based cells have been commercially realized, the development of room‐temperature sodium‐ion batteries needs to compete with lithium‐ion batteries. The perceived use is in energy storage for larger scale applications, and the advantage stems from the cost savings attainable. The realization of such technologies requires the development of materials and an understanding of function. This article provides a background to the development of sodium‐ion batteries from a materials and inorganic chemistry centric view. The electrodes, electrolyte, our understanding of mechanism, and some of the state‐of‐the‐art tools and methods are discussed in this work. This article is designed to provide the necessary framework for chemists to understand the field and determine how they can contribute to the development of sodium‐ion batteries.
A Sensitive Broadband (UV–vis–NIR) Perovskite Photodetector Using Topological Insulator as Electrodes
Authors: Liang Feng‐Xia , Liang Lin , Zhao Xing‐Yuan , Luo Lin‐Bao , Liu Yu‐Hung , Tong Xiao‐Wei , Zhang Zhi‐Xiang , Huang J. C. Andrew
Published: December 2018

Here, a sensitive and broadband perovskite photodetector is developed by using crystalline topological insulator (TI) Bi2Se3 film as the electrode, which is synthesized by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The as‐fabricated Bi2Se3‐FA0.85Cs0.15PbI3‐Bi2Se3 photodetector exhibits apparent sensitivity to 650 nm illumination with an on/off ratio of 0.8 × 105 and good reproducibility. The responsivity, external quantum efficiency, and specific detectivity are estimated to be 8.4 A W−1, 1604%, and 1.7 × 1013 Jones, respectively, which are better not only than the perovskite device using Au as electrode, but also than the majority of other perovskite materials based devices. It is also interesting to find that the TI based perovskite photodetector displays obvious photoresponse to near infrared light (NIR) with 980 nm due to contribution of TI Bi2Se3 layer. It is believed that the present TI based perovskite photodetector holds promise for broadband and high‐performance optoelectronic applications in the future.
Furo[3,2‐c]pyridine‐Based Iridium Complex Containing two Methoxy Groups for Efficient Solution‐Processed Phosphorescent OLEDs
Authors: Xie Huiying , Shao Jing , Yan Zhimin , Ding Junqiao
Published: December 2018

A furo[3,2‐c]pyridine‐based iridium complex, namely [(3,5‐diMeOpfupy)2Ir(acac)], has been designed and synthesized by introducing two methoxy groups at the 3‐ and 5‐positions of a phenyl ring. Such a small structure variation of the
ligand can not only avoid isomer production to favor easy purification, but also improve the solubility to ensure low‐cost wet methods. Similar to the model complex [(3‐MeOpfupy)2Ir(acac)] containing one methoxy group, [(3,5‐diMeOpfupy)2Ir(acac)] possesses an orange emission peak at 598 nm together with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 0.32 and an exciton lifetime of 1.29 μs. The corresponding solution‐processed devices realize a maximum current efficiency of 17.2 cd/A (18.5 lm/W, 8.9 %) as well as Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.60, 0.39). The result indicates that the multiple methoxy modification is a promising strategy towards isomer‐free and solution‐processable furo[3,2‐c]pyridine‐based iridium complexes.
Atomically Dispersed Molybdenum Catalysts for Efficient Ambient Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Han Lili , Liu Xijun , Chen Jinping , Lin Ruoqian , Liu Haoxuan , Lü Fang , Bak Seongmin , Liang Zhixiu , Zhao Shunzheng , Stavitski Eli , Luo Jun , Adzic Radoslav R. , Xin Huolin L.
Published: December 2018

NH3 synthesis by the electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (NRR) under ambient conditions is an appealing alternative to the currently employed industrial method—the Haber–Bosch process—that requires high temperature and pressure. We report single Mo atoms anchored to nitrogen‐doped porous carbon as a cost‐effective catalyst for the NRR. Benefiting from the optimally high density of active sites and hierarchically porous carbon frameworks, this catalyst achieves a high NH3 yield rate (34.0±3.6 μg
 h−1 mgcat.−1) and a high Faradaic efficiency (14.6±1.6 %) in 0.1 m KOH at room temperature. These values are considerably higher compared to previously reported non‐precious‐metal electrocatalysts. Moreover, this catalyst displays no obvious current drop during a 50 000 s NRR, and high activity and durability are achieved in 0.1 m HCl. The findings provide a promising lead for the design of efficient and robust single‐atom non‐precious‐metal catalysts for the electrocatalytic NRR.
Mikrokristalline Elektronenbeugung (MicroED) zur Strukturaufklärung niedermolekularer Verbindungen
Authors: Kunde Tom , Schmidt Bernd M.
Published: December 2018

Die Entwicklung neuer Methoden, welche die Untersuchung von Molekülstrukturen ermöglichen, steht in direktem Zusammenhang mit der Beschleunigung der chemischen Forschung in nahezu allen Bereichen. Jahrzehntelang war die Einkristall‐Röntgenbeugung die Standardmethode, um Informationen über Molekülstrukturen mit atomarer Auflösung zu gewinnen. Eine wichtige Grundlage dafür war die Herstellung eines geeigneten Einkristalls der zu untersuchenden Verbindung. Aktuelle Forschungen zeigen jedoch, dass es möglich ist, mithilfe eines schwammähnlichen Kristalls (CS) die Kristallisation des Analyten zu umgehen, um Strukturinformationen über das Analytmolekül zu erhalten. Dabei ist es möglich, durch Tränken des CS‐Kristalls mit einer Analytlösung nur einen Bruchteil der sonst üblichen Substanzmenge für eine Strukturbestimmung zu verwenden. Als neue, potenziell wegweisende Analytikmethode soll in diesem Zusammenhang die mikrokristalline Elektronenbeugung für die Strukturbestimmung von niedermolekularen organischen Molekülen diskutiert werden.
Eosin Y‐Functionalized Conjugated Organic Polymers for Visible‐Light‐Driven CO2 Reduction with H2O to CO with High Efficiency
Authors: Yu Xiaoxiao , Yang Zhenzhen , Qiu Bing , Guo Shien , Yang Peng , Yu Bo , Zhang Hongye , Zhao Yanfei , Yang Xinzheng , Han Buxing , Liu Zhimin
Published: December 2018

Visible‐light‐driven photoreduction of CO2 to energy‐rich chemicals in the presence of H2O without any sacrifice reagent is of significance, but challenging. Herein, Eosin Y‐functionalized porous polymers (PEosinY‐N, N=1–3), with high surface areas up to 610 m2 g−1, are reported. They exhibit high activity for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO in the presence of gaseous H2O, without any photosensitizer or sacrifice reagent, and under visible‐light irradiation. Especially, PEosinY‐1 derived from coupling of Eosin Y with 1,4‐diethynylbenzene shows the best performance for the CO2 photoreduction, affording CO as the sole carbonaceous product with a production rate of 33 μmol g−1 h−1 and a selectivity of 92 %. This work provides new insight for designing and fabricating photocatalytically active polymers with high efficiency for solar‐energy conversion.
Experimental assessment of the improved properties during aging of flax/glass hybrid composite laminates for marine applications
Authors: Calabrese L. , Fiore V. , Scalici T. , Valenza A.
Published: December 2018

The investigation for natural fibers composites in terms of performance, durability, and environmental impact for structural applications in marine environments is a relevant challenge in scientific and industrial field. On this context, the aim of this work is to assess the durability and mechanical stability in severe environment of epoxy/glass–flax hybrid composites. For the sake of comparison, also full flax and glass epoxy composites were investigated. All samples were exposed to salt–fog environmental conditions up to 60 aging days. Wettability behavior during time was compared with water uptake evolution to assess water sensitivity of hybrid composite configurations. Moreover, quasi‐static flexural and dynamic mechanical analysis were carried to evaluate as aging conditions, laminate configuration influence the surface and mechanical performances stability of the hybrid composites. The addition of glass fibers on flax laminate allows to enhance both flexural strength by 90%, and modulus by 128%, even if these properties are lower than those of full glass laminates. The results evidenced that the hybridization of flax fibers with glass ones is a practical approach to enhance the aging durability of epoxy/flax composite laminates in marine environmental conditions, obtaining a suitable compromise among environmental impact, mechanical properties, aging resistance, and costs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47203.
Present distribution of common dolphin Delphinus delphis in French Mediterranean and adjacent waters as obtained from small boat surveys
Authors: Gannier Alexandre
Published: December 2018

Common dolphin distribution in the western Mediterranean is still poorly known, with the exception of the Alboran Sea. In French waters, the species occurrence is suspected to have strongly decreased during the 20th century.

Small boat dedicated surveys from 1988 to 2012 were undertaken to describe common dolphin distribution in five regions of French waters and three southern regions of the western basin. A total survey effort of 38,561 km resulted in sightings of 25 common dolphin groups in the western basin.

Common dolphins were rarely observed off the French continental coast, more frequently around Corsica, and were quite frequent in waters off western Sardinia. Their most favoured habitat was found to be in neritic or upper slope waters.

The analysis of stranding records suggested that common dolphins were more abundant in French inshore waters prior to 1980.

A major increase of pelagic fish landings occurred from the beginning of the 1960s in the western part of French waters. Local populations of common dolphins may have declined as a consequence of prey depletion.
Alkenyl Boronates: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Carreras Javier , Caballero Ana , Pérez Pedro J.
Published: December 2018

Organoboron compounds have become one of the most versatile building blocks in organic synthesis owing to their accessible and efficient conversion into many different functional groups. In particular, alkenyl boronates have received a great deal of attention as very reactive substrates in Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions. Accordingly, efforts towards the development of efficient methods to prepare this type of compound are ongoing. In this contribution, the progress in the search for synthetic routes for alkenyl boronates and their use in a variety of organic transformations is accounted.
Electronic Modulation of Palladium in Metal Phosphide Nanoparticles for Chemoselective Reduction of Halogenated Nitrobenzenes
Authors: Zhao Ming , Feng Baoming , Qiao Xiaofei , Zhong Ning , Ge Xuemei , Ji Yuan
Published: December 2018

Tuning the electronic property of a transition metal plays an important role in the selective catalysis. Herein, the control synthesis of (PdxNiy)‐P nanoparticles is reported. The binding energy of Pd3d5/2 as a function of x/y ratio is well tunable from 335.3 to 335.9 eV. The composition‐induced electronic modulation was correlated with the selective catalysis of (PdxNiy)‐P in the reduction of halogenated nitrobenzenes. The electro‐deficiency of Pd helped to improve the selectivity. The amorphous (Pd38Ni26)P36/C performed an exceptional selectivity in comparison with other related (Pd‐Ni)‐P/C, Pd38Ni26/C, and Pd/C. Various halogenated nitrobenzenes (chlorides, bromides, and iodide) were tolerant and the corresponding halogenated anilines were obtained in high yields. This work provides some clues for the rational design of bimetallic phosphides with covalent interactions to boost the catalysis.
Synthesis of Thiophene‐annulated Naphthalene Diimide‐based Small‐Molecular Acceptors via Two‐step C−H Activation
Authors: Matsidik Rukiya , Takimiya Kazuo
Published: December 2018

Thiophene‐annulated naphthalene diimide (NTI)‐based molecules have recently emerged as an important class of n‐type electronic materials. However, their synthesis has predominantly been achieved by Stille or Suzuki coupling reactions despite the presence of a potential C−H bond in NTI. Additionally, the synthesis of NTI or more generally mono‐functionalization of naphthalene diimide (NDI) starts with a cumbersome bromination that results in a low yield, is unselective, and requires tedious purification. We herein thus address these issues via a two‐step C−H activation: a rhodium‐catalyzed direct C−H iodinization is first presented for NDI, followed by establishing an efficient direct arylation protocol for NTI with high yield and robustness. Coupling of up to four NTI units on a benzene or pyrene core is demonstrated along with other aryl bromide substrates. All the herein reported NTI‐based small molecules showed n‐type semiconductor behavior under air.
A microfluidic model of human brain (μHuB) for assessment of blood brain barrier
Authors: Brown Tyler D. , Nowak Maksymilian , Bayles Alexandra V. , Prabhakarpandian Balabhaskar , Karande Pankaj , Lahann Joerg , Helgeson Matthew E. , Mitragotri Samir
Published: December 2018

Microfluidic cellular models, commonly referred to as “organs‐on‐chips,” continue to advance the field of bioengineering via the development of accurate and higher throughput models, captivating the essence of living human organs. This class of models can mimic key in vivo features, including shear stresses and cellular architectures, in ways that cannot be realized by traditional two‐dimensional in vitro models. Despite such progress, current organ‐on‐a‐chip models are often overly complex, require highly specialized setups and equipment, and lack the ability to easily ascertain temporal and spatial differences in the transport kinetics of compounds translocating across cellular barriers. To address this challenge, we report the development of a three‐dimensional human blood brain barrier (BBB) microfluidic model (μHuB) using human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) and primary human astrocytes within a commercially available microfluidic platform. Within μHuB, hCMEC/D3 monolayers withstood physiologically relevant shear stresses (2.73 dyn/cm2) over a period of 24 hr and formed a complete inner lumen, resembling in vivo blood capillaries. Monolayers within μHuB expressed phenotypical tight junction markers (Claudin‐5 and ZO‐1), which increased expression after the presence of hemodynamic‐like shear stress. Negligible cell injury was observed when the monolayers were cultured statically, conditioned to shear stress, and subjected to nonfluorescent dextran (70 kDa) transport studies. μHuB experienced size‐selective permeability of 10 and 70 kDa dextrans similar to other BBB models. However, with the ability to probe temporal and spatial evolution of solute distribution, μHuBs possess the ability to capture the true variability in permeability across a cellular monolayer over time and allow for evaluation of the full breadth of permeabilities that would otherwise be lost using traditional end‐point sampling techniques. Overall, the μHuB platform provides a simplified, easy‐to‐use model to further investigate the complexities of the human BBB in real‐time and can be readily adapted to incorporate additional cell types of the neurovascular unit and beyond.
Emotional fortification: Indulgent consumption and emotion reappraisal and their implications for well‐being
Authors: Suzuki Satoko , Hamamura Takeshi , Takemura Kosuke
Published: December 2018

This paper suggests that indulgent consumption could be used as an emotion regulation strategy and that it could have positive implications for well‐being. “Emotional fortification,” where the use of one emotion regulation strategy is correlated with the use of another strategy, is confirmed in this study. People who frequently use emotion reappraisal are more likely to use indulgence than people who use this reappraisal strategy infrequently. Study 1 shows the correlation between indulgence and reappraisal. Study 2 examines the implications of indulgence and reappraisal for life satisfaction and personal well‐being. These findings suggest that indulgence is not always harmful for people and society.
A case report of hamartomatous polyposis in an individual with Neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Boulier Kristin , Erwin Deanna J. , Nagamani Sandesh , Eble Tanya N.
Published: December 2018

Key Clinical Message

Even in well‐described genetic syndromes, such as neurofibromatosis type 1, expansion of the phenotype should be considered as a possible explanation for atypical presentations. However, it is critical to complete the evaluation for a potential dual diagnosis, as there could be significant prognostic and management implications.
An uncommon cause of loss of vision in a dialysis patient with lupus
Authors: Lee Loy Justin , Chamarthi Gajapathiraju , Koratala Abhilash
Published: December 2018

Key Clinical Message

Optic neuropathy is an uncommon finding in dialysis patients and has been associated with uremia, ischemia (arteritic and nonarteritic), drugs (isoniazid, ethambutol), infections (tuberculosis), and intracranial hypertension. Inflammatory optic neuritis associated with lupus is relatively rare, but clinicians need to be aware of this condition and obtain urgent ophthalmology consultation.
Timing of cardiac resynchronization therapy device implantation in heart failure patients and its association with outcomes
Authors: Goldstein Sarah A. , Mentz Robert J. , Hellkamp Anne S. , Randolph Tiffany C. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Hernandez Adrian , Yancy Clyde W. , Al‐Khatib Sana M.
Published: December 2018

Background

When used in appropriately selected heart failure (HF) patients, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) reduces mortality and hospitalization. It is not understood whether CRT implantation during hospitalization for HF is associated with similar benefits.

Hypothesis

Timing of CRT implantation relative to hospitalization for HF is associated with clinical outcomes.

Methods

This analysis included patients eligible for CRT and discharged alive between January 2005 and December 2012 from 388 hospitals in Get With The Guidelines‐HF. Participants were linked with Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services data to evaluate outcomes of all‐cause mortality and HF re‐hospitalization based on CRT status (present on admission, placed during hospitalization, and prescribed at discharge; reference = no CRT).

Results

Of 15 619 CRT‐eligible HF patients, 2408 (15%) had CRT on admission, 1269 (8%) underwent CRT implantation during hospitalization and 643 (4%) had CRT prescribed at discharge. Compared with patients without CRT, mortality was lower in those who received CRT implantation during HF hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.63; P < 0.0001) and those prescribed CRT at discharge (adjusted HR 0.78; P = 0.048). A reduction in HF re‐hospitalization was observed in patients with CRT implanted during hospitalization (adjusted HR 0.64; P < 0.0001), but not in those who were prescribed CRT at discharge (adjusted HR 1.02; P = 0.77).

Conclusion

CRT implantation during HF hospitalization was associated with lower rates of mortality and HF re‐hospitalization. These data suggest that a CRT utilization strategy that does not delay implantation to the post‐discharge period may be appropriate. Randomized data are needed to definitively identify optimal timing of CRT implantation.
Smart Complex Fluids Based on Two‐Antennary Oligoglycines
Authors: Arabadzhieva Dimi , Gyurova Anna , Alexandrova Lidia , Chinarev Alexander , Tsygankova Svetlana , Tuzikov Alexander , Khristov Khristo , Ranguelov Bogdan , Mileva Elena
Published: December 2018

Antennary oligoglycines are synthetic products, obtained as a result of preliminary molecular design. Equal‐length antennae are built of glycine residues joined through the C end to an oligoamine branching core with an amine group at the N terminus exposed outside. The results of systematic research on the properties of aqueous solutions containing two‐antennary oligoglycine with four glycine portions are reported. The central feature is the competition between amphiphilic self‐assembly and formation of polyglycine II motifs. A combined procedure is developed to characterize bulk and interfacial structures and coatings. It includes registration of bulk aggregates, examination of interfacial layers at solution/air and solution/solid boundaries, drainage, and stability of liquid films. The obtained results provide new insight into the structure–property relationships in these smart fluids and give essential hints about key factors allied to possible applications in medicine, pharmaceuticals, and environmental protection.
Ontogeny of Neurons Containing Calcium‐Binding Proteins in the Preoptic Area of the Guinea Pig: Sexually Dimorphic Development of Calbindin
Authors: Bogus‐Nowakowska Krystyna
Published: December 2018

This study characterizes for the first time the distribution and coexistence patterns of calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), and parvalbumin (PV) in the female and male guinea pig preoptic area (POA) during brain development, using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real‐time PCR techniques. The results show that the prenatal development of the guinea pig POA takes place in elevated levels of CB and CR immunoreactivity with the peak at embryonic day 50 (E50) and generally in newborns both these proteins reach an adult‐like pattern of immunoreactivity, contrary to PV which appears later, peaks at postnatal day (PND) 10 (P10), and stabilizes at P20. CB and CR have also overlapping distributions which differed from that of PV, and much higher expressions at mRNA and protein levels. However, CB‐positive (+), CR+ and PV+ neurons create in the guinea pig POA separate populations as CB and CR coexisted only in a small number of neurons and CB+ cells never coexpressed PV. Moreover, the density of CB+ neurons, contrary to CR+ and PV+ cells, is sexually dimorphic favoring males at all the examined stages. In conclusion, elevated levels of CR and CB at the time of intense cell migration, differentiation, myelination, and synaptogenesis in the guinea pig brain suggest that these proteins may be engaged in similar processes in the POA, while late onset of PV may be rather linked with POA maturation. As the population of CB+ cells in the POA is very large, its dimorphic development may have huge impact on the sexual differentiation of this brain region.
Spatiotemporal use predicts social partitioning of bottlenose dolphins with strong home range overlap
Authors: Genoves Rodrigo C. , Fruet Pedro F. , Di Tullio Juliana C. , Möller Luciana M. , Secchi Eduardo R.
Published: December 2018

Ranging behaviour and temporal patterns of individuals are known to be fundamental sources of variation in social networks. Spatiotemporal dynamics can both provide and inhibit opportunities for individuals to associate, and should therefore be considered in social analysis. This study investigated the social structure of a Lahille's bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus gephyreus) population, which shows different spatiotemporal patterns of use and gregariousness between individuals. For this, we constructed an initial social network using association indices corrected for gregariousness and then uncovered affiliations from this social network using generalized affiliation indices. The association‐based social network strongly supported that this dolphin population consists of four social units highly correlated to spatiotemporal use patterns. Excluding the effects of gregariousness and spatiotemporal patterns, the affiliation‐based social network suggested an additional two social units. Although the affiliation‐based social units shared a large part of their core areas, space and/or time use by individuals of the different units were generally distinct. Four of the units were strongly associated with both estuarine and shallow coastal areas, while the other two units were restricted to shallow coastal waters to the south (SC) and north of the estuary (NC), respectively. Interactions between individuals of different social units also occurred, but dolphins from the NC were relatively more isolated and mainly connected to SC dolphins. From a conservation management perspective, it is recommended that information about the dolphin social units should be incorporated in modeling intrapopulation dynamics and viability, as well as for investigating patterns of gene flow among them.
The cascade impacts of climate change could threaten key ecological interactions
Authors: Fontúrbel Francisco E. , Lara Antonio , Lobos David , Little Christian
Published: December 2018

Climate change is triggering ecological responses all over the world as a result of frequent, prolonged droughts. It could also affect ecological interactions, particularly pollination and seed dispersal, which play a key role in plant reproduction. We used a tripartite interaction with a mistletoe, its pollinator and its disperser animals to gain insight into this issue. We studied flower and fruit production, and visitation rates during average (2012) and dry (2015) austral summers. Drought in our study area affected precipitation and soil water availability. Although pollinator visits did not significantly differ in these summers, during the dry summer flower and fruit production experienced an important decline, as did seed disperser visits. Also, mistletoe mortality increased from 12% in 2012 to 23% in 2015. This empirical evidence suggests that the cascade effects of climate change may indirectly be hindering ecological interactions in the Valdivian temperate rainforest ecosystem we studied. Long‐term research is essential to provide the knowledge necessary to understand how key ecological processes may be affected in a changing world.
Transformation Routes of PV‐ and PIII‐N‐Substituted Acyclic Diaminocarbenes
Authors: Marchenko Anatoliy , Koidan Georgyi , Hurieva Anastasiya , Vlasenko Yurii , Rozhenko Alexander B. , Sotiropoulos Jean‐Marc , Kostyuk Aleksandr
Published: December 2018

Herein we report on the synthesis of a set of transient N‐(PIII)‐phosphanyl and N‐(PV)‐phosphoroselenoyl acyclic diaminocarbenes by deprotonation of the corresponding formamidinium salts. It is shown that N‐(PV)‐substituted acyclic diaminocarbenes undergo 1,2‐phosphorus shift. Transformations of N‐(PIII)‐substituted acyclic diaminocarbenes result in tetrahydroquinazolines as final products. The proposed mechanism includes the isomerization of the carbenes into transient azomethine ylides followed by their cyclization via electrophilic aromatic substitution. Introduction of the electron‐donating dimetylamino group into the phenyl substituent markedly enhances the rate of the reaction and the yield of the final product. In the case of the morpholine derivative, the corresponding azomethine ylide undergoes opening the morpholine ring giving vinyloxazolidin‐2‐amine. The results are corroborated by DFT calculations.
Influence of the Storage Conditions (Frozen vs. Dried) in Health‐Related Lipid Indexes and Antioxidants of Bee Pollen
Authors: Estevinho Letícia M. , Dias Teresa , Anjos Ofélia
Published: December 2018

Following harvest, bee pollen must be submitted to processing in order to maintain properties for consumers’ health insurance. In this study, the changes on the lipid profile, contents of vitamin C, β‐carotene and lycopene of bee pollen samples submitted to two conservation methods (freezing and drying) are evaluated. Eleven fatty acids, eight saturated, one monounsaturated, and two polyunsaturated are quantified. The PUFA/SFA ratio ranges from 1.18 to 3.95 g 100−1 g−1 and is significantly higher in the frozen extracts. On the other hand, the ratio n6:n3 (ranging between 0.36 and 0.86 g 100−1 g−1) did not differ among processing methodologies, for most of the cases. The atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenecity (TI) indexes are similar among preservation processes and coherent with the found on other health‐promoting foods. The contents of vitamin C, β‐carotene and lycopene are, for all samples, significantly superior in the frozen bee pollen.

Practical Applications: In the recent years the interest in natural products has mushroomed. Indeed, in addition to the good nutritional composition bee pollen possesses important bioactive compounds and promising health promoting activities that remain unstudied. In this study, it is evaluated the influence of the geographical origin and two storage methods (drying and freezing) in the fatty‐acid profile, lycopene, vitamin C and β‐carotene contents and on two lipid indexes of bee pollen. Results suggest that bee pollen may act as a complement for the prevention of atherosclerosis and thrombogenesis. Regarding storage it wi inferred that freezing allows preserving the bioactive compounds in a greater extent and, therefore, must be the preferred method. Further studies may be performed in order to take advantage of this natural products’ potential.

From the nutritional point of view, it is better to consume bee pollen frozen in comparison to that of dried.
Copper‐Catalyzed Double Friedel‐Crafts Alkylation of Tetrahydroquinolines Under Aqueous Conditions: Efficient Synthesis of gem‐Diarylacetic Esters
Authors: Ramana Daggupati V. , Sudheer Kumar Karu , Srujana Ealeswarapu , Chandrasekharam Malapaka
Published: December 2018

An efficient double Friedel‐Crafts alkylation strategy has been developed for the synthesis of 2,2‐bis(1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolin‐6‐yl)acetates from N‐arylglycine esters using 10 mol‐% CuI in water as solvent. The reaction presumably involves α‐C‐H bond functionalization and concurrent nucleophilic substitution of the N‐arylglycine esters producing double Friedel‐Crafts alkylation products. The reaction protocol is successfully extended for N‐methyl aniline and indole nucleophiles.
Evaluation of the theranostic properties of gadolinium‐based nanoparticles for head and neck cancer
Authors: Quatre Raphaële , Jacquet Thibault , Atallah Ihab , Tillement Olivier , Lux François , Coll Jean‐Luc , Dufort Sandrine , Righini Christian‐Adrien
Published: December 2018

Background

The aim of the study was to evaluate the benefits of the combination of Gadolinium‐based nanoparticles AGuIX and radiotherapy on the recurrence free survival after tumor resection in a head and neck animal orthotopic model.

Methods

Human head and neck CAL33 orthotopic tumors were implanted in female NMRI nude mice. The biodistribution of AGuIX was studied by fluorescence imaging. Tumor resection was performed 19 days after tumor implantation. Radiotherapy was performed 23 days after resection (10 Gy), 1 hour after AGuIX IV injection.

Results

After systemic administration, AGuIX passively accumulated in the orthotopic tumors. After tumor surgery, the combination of AGuIX with radiotherapy significantly improved the recurrence free survival and the median survival time (196 days) compared to irradiated only mice (75 days).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the improvement of the recurrence free survival following combination of AGuIX injection with radiotherapy after Head and neck tumor resection.