bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arrangement of 30S heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein on polyoma virus late nuclear transcripts.
Authors: Steitz J A , Kamen R
Published: September 2015

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleic acid (hnRNA) molecules in eucaryotic cell nuclei associate with a well-defined group of abundant, highly conserved proteins to form heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP). The exact manner in which these 30S complexes assemble on nuclear transcripts, however, has not been well documented. To determine whether any site selectivity in the formation of hnRNP can be detected (e.g., preferential recognition of intervening sequences or of premessage regions), we investigated the distribution of 30S hnRNP on a particular nuclear RNA, the polyoma virus late transcript. Hybridization studies showed not only that the majority of polyoma late nuclear RNA sequences can be isolated in the form of 30S complexes, but that the RNP were located equally on intervening sequences and premessage portions of the transcript. The latter conclusion was confirmed by ribonuclease T1 oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis of polyoma virus-specific RNA recovered from native 30S complexes. However, fingerprint analysis of the small segments of viral RNA in the 30S fraction that survived extensive ribonuclease treatment revealed that oligonucleotides corresponding to intervening sequences were preferentially lost. We discuss these findings in relation to the structure of 30S hnRNP and their function in RNA biogenesis.
Markedly elevated levels of an endogenous sarc protein in a hemopoietic precursor cell line.
Authors: Scolnick E M , Weeks M O , Shih T Y , Ruscetti S K , Dexter T M
Published: September 2015

The src gene product of Harvey murine sarcoma virus is a 21,000-dalton guanine nucleotide-binding protein. We have recently shown that a wide variety of vertebrate cell strains and cell lines express much lower levels of an endogenous p21 immunologically related to the Harvey murine sarcoma virus-coded p21. In this report, we have examined the levels of endogenous p21 in a unique hemopoietic precursor cell line, 416B, which was originally described as a continuous cell line of a hemopoietic stem cell, CFU-S. The currently available 416B cells express markedly elevated levels of endogenous p21. The level of endogenous p21 in the 416B cells is 5- to 10-fold higher than the level of p21 in Harvey murine sarcoma virus-infected cells and more than 100 times higher than the level of endogenous p21 that we have observed in a variety of other fresh or cultured cells. The results indicate that marked regulation of the levels of an endogenous sarc gene product can occur, and speculation about a possible role for endogenous p21 in normal hemopoietic stem cells is discussed.
Dual pathways for ribonucleic acid turnover in WI-38 but not in I-cell human diploid fibroblasts.
Authors: Sameshima M , Liebhaber S A , Schlessinger D
Published: September 2015

The turnover rates of 3H-labeled 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA), 28S ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, and total cytoplasmic RNA were very similar in growing WI-38 diploid fibroblasts. The rate of turnover was at least twofold greater when cell growth stopped due to cell confluence, 3H irradiation, or treatment with 20 mM NaN3 or 2 mM NaF. In contrast, the rate of total 3H-protein turnover was the same in growing and nongrowing cells. Both RNA and protein turnovers were accelerated at least twofold in WI-38 cells deprived of serum, and this increase in turnover was inhibited by NH4Cl. These results are consistent with two pathways for RNA turnover, one of them being nonlysosomal and the other being lysosome mediated (NH4Cl sensitive), as has been suggested for protein turnover. Also consistent with the notion of two pathways for RNA turnover were findings with I-cells, which are deficient for many lysosomal enzymes, and in which all RNA turnover was nonlysosomal (NH4Cl resistant).
Temperature-sensitive glucosamine auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Authors: Ballou L , Grove J R , Roon R J , Wiggs J , Ballou C E
Published: September 2015

Temperature-sensitive revertants were isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae D-glucosamine auxotrophs previously obtained in this laboratory (W. L. Whelan and C. E. Ballou, J. Bacteriol. 124:1545-1557, 1975). The auxotrophs lack the enzyme 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate ketol-isomerase (EC 5.3.1.19), and the revertants appear to be temperature sensitive in the formation of enzyme activity. The enzyme they produce under permissive conditions decays in activity at a rate comparable to that of the wild-type enzyme, and it has similar kinetic properties. The homozygous diploid mutant fails to sporulate at the nonpermissive temperature. Temperature shift experiments were carried out in an effort to determine what effect glucosamine deficiency had on mannoprotein secretion as reflected in the formation of external asparaginase. Although the results were complicated by the slow decay of the residual ketol-isomerase activity, they did show that mannoprotein synthesis or secretion was altered when the internal pool of D-glucosamine was depleted.
Does running strengthen bone?
Authors: Boudenot Arnaud , Achiou Zahra , Portier Hugues
Published: September 2015

Bone is a living tissue needing mechanical stress to maintain strength. Traditional endurance exercises offer only modest effects on bone. Walking and running produce low impact but lead to bone fatigue. This article is specifically addressed to therapists and explains the mechanisms involved for the effects of exercise on bone. Intermittent exercise limits bone fatigue, and downhill exercises increase ground impact forces and involve eccentric muscle contractions, which are particularly osteogenic.
Filament formation ofSalmonellaParatyphi A accompanied by FtsZ assembly impairment and low level ppGpp
Authors: Yamaguchi Takayoshi , Iida Ken-ichiro , Shiota Susumu , Nakayama Hiroaki , Yoshida Shin-ichi
Published: September 2015

Previously, we reported that Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A strain S602 grew into multinuclear, nonseptate, and nonlethal filaments on agar plates containing nitrogenous salts. Strain S602 was more sensitive to osmotic and oxidative stress than the reference strain 3P243 of nonfilamentous Salmonella Paratyphi A. Strain S602 had an amber mutation (C154T) in rpoS. The revertant of this mutant, SR603, was repressed to form filaments under conditions with abundant nitrogenous salts. However, 3PR244, an rpoS mutant of 3P243 (C154T), did not form filaments, which implies that the rpoS mutation is not the sole cause of filamentation in strain S602. Next, we examined whether the level of guanosine 5′-diphosphate 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp) in S602 strain is involved in filament formation. The intracellular ppGpp level in filamentous cells was lower than that in nonfilamentous cells. Furthermore, cells belonging to strain RE606, a derivative of S602 where the intracellular concentration of ppGpp was increased by overexpression of the relA gene, exhibited normal Z-ring formation and cell division. In the S602 strain, the decrease in the ppGpp level induced by the presence of nitrogenous salt and the rpoS mutation led to the inhibition of Z-ring formation and the subsequent filamentation of cells.
A review of the effects ofBythotrephes longimanusand calcium decline on zooplankton communities — can interactive effects be predicted?
Authors: Azan Shakira S.E. , Arnott Shelley E. , Yan Norman D.
Published: September 2015

Anthropogenic stressors including acid deposition, invasive species, and calcium (Ca) decline have produced widespread damage to Canadian Shield lakes, especially to their zooplankton communities. Here, we review current knowledge on the individual effects on zooplankton by the non-indigenous predator Bythotrephes longimanus and Ca decline; we identify knowledge gaps in this literature and examine the likely interactive impacts of Bythotrephes invasions and Ca decline on zooplankton. The negative impacts of Bythotrephes longimanus on zooplankton communities are well known, whereas current understanding of the effects of declining Ca on zooplankton is restricted to Daphnia spp.; hence, there is a large knowledge gap on how declining Ca may affect zooplankton communities in general. The co-occurring impacts of Bythotrephes and declining Ca have rarely been studied at the species level, and we expect daphniids, particularly Daphnia retrocurva and Daphnia pulicaria, to be the most sensitive to both stressors. We also expect a synergistic negative interaction on cladocerans in lakes with both stressors, leaving a community dominated by Holopedium glacialis and (or) copepods. Our predictions form testable hypotheses but since species and ecosystem response to multiple stressors are difficult to predict, we may actually see ecological surprises in Canadian Shield lakes as Bythotrephes continues to spread and Ca levels continue to fall.
Evaluating radiocesium retention ability of root-mat horizon using micro-PIXE analysis
Authors: Arai Hirotsugu , Ishii Keizo , Matsuyama Shigeo , Fujishiro Fumito , Ishizaki Azusa , Osada Naoyuki , Sugai Hiroyuki , Koshio Shigeki , Kusano Kaoru , Nozawa Yuichiro , Yamauchi Shosei , Karahashi Masahiro , Oshikawa Shun , Kikuchi Kosuke , Watanabe Koji , Suziki Yui , Kikuchi Yohei , Terakawa Atsuki
Published: September 2015

A lot of radiocesium had been deposited onto pastures and grasslands following Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident. More radiocesium was accumulated in root-mat horizon than in both above ground plant bodies and mineral soils. In this study, factors causing higher radiocesium concentrations in root-mat horizon were evaluated by the addition of stable cesium solution and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis. Results suggest that adsorption onto root surfaces played a significant role in Cs accumulation in root-mat horizon. Furthermore, absorption of Cs was key to its long-term preservation. The adsorption of Cs by clay minerals also contributed to its retention. A slow water infiltration rate may also affect the enrichment of radiocesium in root-mat horizon. Based on these results, it is concluded that both biotic and abiotic factors contributed to the effective retention of radiocesium in root-mat horizons following the FDNPP accident.
Concentration of cisplatin-incorporated polymeric micelles in a murine solid tumor evaluated using PIXE analysis
Authors: Terakawa A. , Ishii K. , Matsuyama S. , Kikuchi Y. , Kawamura T. , Takahashi Y. , Miura Y. , Karahashi M. , Kusano K. , Yamazaki H. , Funaki Y. , Mizuno K. , Ito N. , Wada S. , Sera K.
Published: September 2015

We report an elemental analysis of murine solid tumors treated with cisplatin-incorporated polymeric micelles (NC-6004) to evaluate the concentration of the drug in the tumor tissue using conventional particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis, as well as the spatial distribution in the tumor section using sub-millimeter PIXE analysis. The results reveal that the platinum concentration in the tumor treated with NC-6004 was higher than in that treated with cisplatin, whereas no significant difference was found in platinum concentration between NC-6004 and cisplatin samples in the normal tissue. This suggests that NC-6004 can both provide therapeutic efficacy and reduce the side effects caused by conventional treatment using cisplatin. These results show that PIXE analysis is a powerful tool for research into drug delivery systems.
Effects of a vascular disrupting agent for cancer treatment on normal tissue evaluated by PIXE analysis using quantum dots
Authors: Terakawa A. , Ishii K. , Matsuyama S. , Kikuchi Y. , Kusano K. , Karahashi M. , Nozawa Y. , Yamauchi S. , Kikuchi K. , Furumoto S. , Funaki Y. , Ito N. , Wada S. , Sera K.
Published: September 2015

The effects of the vascular disrupting agent AVE8062 on tumor and normal tissue samples were investigated by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis using quantum dots (QDs). We investigated fibrosarcoma tumors in mice, and used kidney tissue as a control. Non-targeted QDs were used to characterize the tissue regions where blood flow is interrupted by AVE8062. We found that the concentration of the QDs in the tumors and kidneys exposed to AVE8062 was lower than that of the control group. Sub-millimeter PIXE analysis (with a beam size of 0.5 [Formula: see text] 0.5 mm2) was used to investigate the spatial distribution of QDs in the tissue samples. We found that the QDs were accumulated in localized regions of the kidney section of the AVE8062-treated group whereas the QDs were uniformly distributed in the control kidney. This suggests that AVE8062 caused blood flow interruption not only in the tumor samples but also in the normal blood vessels in the kidneys.
3D imaging of human cells using PIXEμCT
Authors: Matsuyama S. , Ishii K. , Toyama S. , Watanabe K. , Koshio S. , Kasahara K. , Ito S. , Terakawa A. , Fujiwara M. , Suzuki Y. , Carmona A. , Roudeau S. , Ortega R.
Published: September 2015

We report imaging of human lung epithelial cells exposed to cobalt oxide ([Formula: see text]) microparticles using three-dimensional (3D) particle-induced X-ray emission microcomputed tomography ([Formula: see text]). The use of energy-selectable quasi-monochromatic low-energy X-rays generated via proton microbeam bombardment led to high-quality images. We also carried out two-dimensional (2D) micro-PIXE imaging. The 3D [Formula: see text] imaging data are complementary with 2D micro-PIXE images and the CT value ratios of the cells show that the strong absorption stems from [Formula: see text]. The 2D micro-PIXE analysis provides projection images of the elemental distribution, and this in combination with the 3D [Formula: see text] imaging revealed details of the internal distribution of [Formula: see text], and hence provides insight into the mechanisms of [Formula: see text] toxicity via intracellular perinuclear accumulation.
Performance Evaluation of an OpenCL Implementation of the Lattice Boltzmann Method on the Intel Xeon Phi
Authors: Obrecht Christian , Tourancheau Bernard , Kuznik Frédéric
Published: September 2015

A portable OpenCL implementation of the lattice Boltzmann method targeting emerging many-core architectures is described. The main purpose of this work is to evaluate and compare the performance of this code on three mainstream hardware architectures available today, namely an Intel CPU, an Nvidia GPU, and the Intel Xeon Phi. Because of the similarities between OpenCL and CUDA, we chose to follow some of the strategies devised to implement efficient lattice Boltzmann solvers on Nvidia GPU, while remaining as generic as possible. Being fairly configurable, this program makes possible to ascertain the best options for each hardware platforms. The achieved performance is quite satisfactory for both the CPU and the GPU. For the Xeon Phi however, the results are below expectations. Nevertheless, comparison with data from the literature shows that on this architecture the code seems memory-bound.
FASICA Framework: Service Selection Using K-d Tree and Cache
Authors: Jongtaveesataporn Aimrudee , Takada Shingo
Published: September 2015

The selection of services is a key part of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). Services are primarily selected based on function, but Quality of Service (QoS) is an important factor when choosing among several services with the same function. But current service selection approaches often takes time to unnecessarily recompute requests. Furthermore, if the same service is chosen as having the "best" QoS for multiple selections, this may result in that service having too much load. We thus propose the FASICA (FAst service selection for SImilar constraints with CAche) Framework which chooses a service with satisfactory QoS as quickly as possible. The key points are (1) to use a cache which stores previous search results, (2) to use K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) algorithm with K-d tree when a satisfactory service does not exist in the cache, and (3) to distribute the service request according to a distribution policy. Results of simulations show that our framework can rapidly select a service compared to a conventional approach.
Configurable Domain Objects for Resource Modelling in Treatment Scheduling
Authors: Schneeweiss Denny , Hofstedt Petra
Published: September 2015

This paper presents the concept and realization of configurable resource models as extension of a treatment scheduling system for users in the medical sector. Our approach aims to ease the handling of automated treatment scheduling by domain experts without the immediate assistance of IT-experts. Configurable resource models were integrated into our automated treatment planning system for medical facilities and support a user-friendly configuration of resources such as specialized treatment rooms, medical devices, or medical staff.

In our approach, treatment process models are defined in the BPMN workflow-language by the domain experts. The new concept of configurable resource models allows the end-user to interactively describe the available resources in their environment. These descriptions (i.e. configurable resource objects or CDOs) can then be linked to activities specified in the treatment models. Together, CDOs and the BPMN treatment models are automatically transformed into CSPs, i.e. mathematical descriptions which can be solved by constraint solvers, thus yielding optimal treatment plans.
The Creative Class Revisited: Does the Creative Class Affect the Birth Rate of High-tech Firms in Nordic Countries?
Authors: Tohmo Timo
Published: September 2015

In the new knowledge-based economy, the ability of both firms and regions to adapt to the changes in their external environment and to remain competitive is closely related to their capacity to innovate and continuously renew the existing structures and knowledge bases. With respect to this, dense concentrations of knowledge-intensive industries and related activities are usually considered to be propitious environments from which new innovations can emerge. In such environments, the ability to attract talented, highly skilled labor is crucial for the success of regions. Employees who possess and provide know-how and creativity play a leading role in knowledge-intensive production and innovation systems. For Florida (2002a), creativity and know-how are internalized in the creative class. In this paper, Florida's creative class thesis is applied to the context of the Nordic countries. The importance of location in attracting creative class members was studied. The empirical study also aimed at identifying the role of the creative class in supporting the birth of new high-tech firms in the Nordic countries. In addition, the relationship between high-tech intensity and the creative class is described. Our analysis indicates that the link between the creative class and high technology is strong with the share of high-tech employees, concentrations of high-tech industry, and the formation of new high-tech firms.
It Suddenly Occurred: Extensive Subcutaneous Emphysema after Bipolar Transurethral Resection of Prostate
Authors: Bagcioglu Murat , Karadag Mert Ali , Kocaaslan Ramazan , Sarikas Cafer Mutlu , Gok Mustafa , Arslan Omer Erkam
Published: September 2015

Subcutaneous emphysema is a very rare and good-natured complication after transurethral resection of prostate (TURP). It has been reported as colon perforation, diverticulitis, and bladder perforation associated complication previously. We report the first case of a wide subcutaneous emphysema due to microperforations of prostatic capsule, without a bladder perforation after TURP. Any sign of clinic situation should lead to ceasing of the procedure immediately; otherwise, it can cause a life-threatening problem of abdominal compartment syndrome.
Intramolecular Lactonization of Poly(α-hydroxyacrylic acid): Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Virkki Heli , Vuori Antti , Vuorinen Tapani
Published: September 2015

Poly(α-hydroxyacrylic acid), PHA, is one of the few polymers with biodegradable properties used in mechanical pulp bleaching to stabilize hydrogen peroxide. A new method for the in situ follow-up of the lactone ring formation of PHA has been developed. The results have further been applied to describe the reaction kinetics of the lactonization and hydrolysis reactions through parameter estimation. In addition, the reaction mechanism is elucidated by multivariate data analysis. Satisfactory identification and semiquantitative separation of the lactone ring as well as the acyclic (carboxyl and hydroxyl groups) forms have been established by 1H NMR in the pH range of 1–9. The lactonization reaction approaching equilibrium can be described by pseudo-first-order kinetics in the pH range of 1–6. The rate constants of the pseudo-first-order kinetic model have been estimated by nonlinear regression. Due to the very low rates of lactonization as well as the weak pH dependency of the reaction, an addition-elimination mechanism is proposed. Additionally, the presence of a transient reaction intermediate during lactonization reaction could be identified by subjecting the measurement data to multivariate data analysis (PCA, principal component analysis). A good correlation was found between the kinetic and the PCA models in terms of model validity.
A Comprehensive Probabilistic Framework to Learn Air Data from Surface Pressure Measurements
Authors: Srivastava Ankur , Meade Andrew J.
Published: September 2015

Use of probabilistic techniques has been demonstrated to learn air data parameters from surface pressure measurements. Integration of numerical models with wind tunnel data and sequential experiment design of wind tunnel runs has been demonstrated in the calibration of a flush air data sensing anemometer system. Development and implementation of a metamodeling method, Sequential Function Approximation (SFA), are presented which lies at the core of the discussed probabilistic framework. SFA is presented as a tool capable of nonlinear statistical inference, uncertainty reduction by fusion of data with physical models of variable fidelity, and sequential experiment design. This work presents the development and application of these tools in the calibration of FADS for a Runway Assisted Landing Site (RALS) control tower. However, the multidisciplinary nature of this work is general in nature and is potentially applicable to a variety of mechanical and aerospace engineering problems.
Island Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Flap and a Perforator Flap in Repairing Post-Gunshot Thoracic Spine CSF Fistula: Case Presentation
Authors: Wanjala Nangole F. , Stanley Khainga Ominde
Published: September 2015

Persistent posttraumatic CSF fluid leakage may present a challenge to manage. Failure to address the leakage may result in complications such as meningitis, septicemia, radiculopathy, muscle weakness, and back pains. While the majority of the leakages may be managed conservatively, large dura defects as a result of gunshot wounds or motor vehicle accidents are best managed by surgical interventions. This may range from primary closure of the defect to fascial grafts, adhesive glues, and flaps. We present our experience with the use of flaps in a patient who had sustained such wounds in the thoracic spine. An island latissimus dorsal flap and a perforator fasciocutaneous flap were used to close the defect. Postoperatively the patient recovered well and the wounds healed without any complications.
EEG Signals Analysis Using Multiscale Entropy for Depth of Anesthesia Monitoring during Surgery through Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Liu Quan , Chen Yi-Feng , Fan Shou-Zen , Abbod Maysam F. , Shieh Jiann-Shing
Published: September 2015

In order to build a reliable index to monitor the depth of anesthesia (DOA), many algorithms have been proposed in recent years, one of which is sample entropy (SampEn), a commonly used and important tool to measure the regularity of data series. However, SampEn only estimates the complexity of signals on one time scale. In this study, a new approach is introduced using multiscale entropy (MSE) considering the structure information over different time scales. The entropy values over different time scales calculated through MSE are applied as the input data to train an artificial neural network (ANN) model using bispectral index (BIS) or expert assessment of conscious level (EACL) as the target. To test the performance of the new index’s sensitivity to artifacts, we compared the results before and after filtration by multivariate empirical mode decomposition (MEMD). The new approach via ANN is utilized in real EEG signals collected from 26 patients before and after filtering by MEMD, respectively; the results show that is a higher correlation between index from the proposed approach and the gold standard compared with SampEn. Moreover, the proposed approach is more structurally robust to noise and artifacts which indicates that it can be used for monitoring the DOA more accurately.
The Effect of Information Deception in Price Comparison Site on the Consumer Reactions: An Empirical Verification
Authors: Lee Un-Kon
Published: September 2015

Challenges in the ubiquitous networks deployment are to guarantee the information transparency in the distributed systems. In particular in online market, studies warned that information deception by online sellers and by price comparison site could be fatal in the success of e-marketplace. However, handful of studies had conducted this issue and the findings are still mixed and ambiguous. I challenged to empirically validate the impact of information deception by the price comparison site on the consumer behavioural intentions. I developed the research model based on the literature of information transparency, information deception, institution-based trust, psychological contract violation, and consumer reactions. I conducted the quasi-experiment in two types of price comparison sites. The results of this study had successfully captured the existence and impact of information deception, could contribute to providing more rigorous evidence for the theory, expand the consumer protection research area in IS filed, and suggest the need for the neutral price comparison site for the success of e-marketplace to the regulatory party.
Are There Benefits from Teaching Yoga at Schools? A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials of Yoga-Based Interventions
Authors: Ferreira-Vorkapic C. , Feitoza J. M. , Marchioro M. , Simões J. , Kozasa E. , Telles S.
Published: September 2015

Introduction. Yoga is a holistic system of varied mind-body practices that can be used to improve mental and physical health and it has been utilized in a variety of contexts and situations. Educators and schools are looking to include yoga as a cost-effective, evidence-based component of urgently needed wellness programs for their students.Objectives. The primary goal of this study was to systematically examine the available literature for yoga interventions exclusively in school settings, exploring the evidence of yoga-based interventions on academic, cognitive, and psychosocial benefits.Methods. An extensive search was conducted for studies published between 1980 and October 31, 2014 (PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase, ISI, and the Cochrane Library). Effect size analysis, through standardized mean difference and Hedges’g, allowed for the comparison between experimental conditions.Results and Conclusions. Nine randomized control trials met criteria for inclusion in this review. Effect size was found for mood indicators, tension and anxiety in the POMS scale, self-esteem, and memory when the yoga groups were compared to control. Future research requires greater standardization and suitability of yoga interventions for children.
A Novel Dynamic Method in Distributed Network Attack-Defense Game
Authors: Xiaojian Liu , Yuyu Yuan
Published: September 2015

We analyze the distributed network attack-defense game scenarios, and we find that attackers and defenders have different information acquisition abilities since the ownership of the target system. Correspondingly, they will have different initiative and reaction in the game. Based on that, we propose a novel dynamic game method for distributed network attack-defense game. The method takes advantage of defenders’ information superiority and attackers’ imitation behaviors and induces attackers’ reaction evolutionary process in the game to gain more defense payoffs. Experiments show that our method can achieve relatively more average defense payoffs than previous work.
Synthesis of Monodisperse Walnut‐Like SnO2 Spheres and Their Photocatalytic Performances
Authors: Wang Jing , Fan Hui-qing , Yu Hua-wa
Published: September 2015

Novel walnut‐like SnO2 spheres have been synthesized using a one‐step hydrothermal reaction with SnCl2·2H2O and KOH as raw materials. The morphology, microstructure, and optical properties of the products were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐Vis) absorption spectroscopy. The detailed studies revealed that these synthesized spheres are highly monodisperse and have a uniform size of approximately 250 nm. Photocatalytic activity of the prepared SnO2 spheres was evaluated by the degradation of methylene orange. The synthesized SnO2 spheres exhibited excellent photocatalytic degradation. In addition, a possible formation mechanism of the walnut‐like nanostructures was proposed based on reaction time‐dependent experiments.
Effect of Matrix-Wellbore Flow and Porosity on Pressure Transient Response in Shale Formation Modeling by Dual Porosity and Dual Permeability System
Authors: Li Daolun , Zha Wenshu , Zheng Dewen , Zhang Longjun , Lu Detang
Published: September 2015

A mathematical dual porosity and dual permeability numerical model based on perpendicular bisection (PEBI) grid is developed to describe gas flow behaviors in shale-gas reservoirs by incorporating slippage corrected permeability and adsorbed gas effect. Parametric studies are conducted for a horizontal well with multiple infinite conductivity hydraulic fractures in shale-gas reservoir to investigate effect of matrix-wellbore flow, natural fracture porosity, and matrix porosity. We find that the ratio of fracture permeability to matrix permeability approximately decides the bottom hole pressure (BHP) error caused by omitting the flow between matrix and wellbore and that the effect of matrix porosity on BHP is related to adsorption gas content. When adsorbed gas accounts for large proportion of the total gas storage in shale formation, matrix porosity only has a very small effect on BHP. Otherwise, it has obvious influence. This paper can help us understand the complex pressure transient response due to existence of the adsorbed gas and help petroleum engineers to interpret the field data better.
Impact of Spleen Size on Outcomes in Laparoscopic Splenectomy in Children
Authors: Karadag Cetin Ali , Erginel Basak , Kuzdan Ozgur , Sever Nihat , Akın Melih , Yıldız Abdullah , Dokucu Ali İhsan
Published: September 2015

Background. The aim of our study is to compare the efficacy of laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) between enlarged spleens and normal sized spleens.Methods. From June 2006 to September 2012, 50 patients underwent LS. The patients consisted of 24 girls and 26 boys with the mean age of 8.64 years (1–18). The patients are divided into two groups according to spleen’s longitudinal length on the ultrasonography. Group I consisted of the normal sized spleens; Group II consisted of spleens that are exceeding the upper limit. Groups are compared in terms of number of ports, operative time, rate of conversion to open procedure, and length of hospital stay.Results. The mean number of ports was 3.27 and 3.46, the mean length of the operation was 116.36 min and 132.17 min, rate of conversion to open procedure was 9.09% and 10.25%, and the mean length of hospital stay was 3.36 days and 3.23 days, respectively, in Group I and Group II. Although there is an increase in the number of the ports, the operative time, rate of conversion to open procedure, and the length of hospital stay, the difference was not significant between groups (P>0.05).Conclusion. LS is safe and effective in enlarged spleens as well as normal sized spleens.
Influence of Ionizing Radiation on Two Generations of Cochlear Implants
Authors: Guevara Nicolas , Gérard Anaïs , Dupré Jeanne , Goursonnet Delphine , Hoen Michel , Gnansia Dan , Angellier Gaëlle , Thariat Juliette
Published: September 2015

The purpose of the present study was to test the behavior of two different generations of cochlear implant systems subjected to a clinical radiotherapy scheme and to determine the maximal acceptable cumulative radiation levels at which the devices show out-of-specification behaviors. Using stereotactic irradiation (Cyberknife, 6 MV photon beam), three Digisonic SP and three Neuro devices were submitted to 5 Gy doses that cumulated to 60 Gy (12 sessions) and 80 Gy (16 sessions), respectively. A follow-up series of irradiation was then applied, in which Digisonic SP devices received two additional fractions of 50 Gy each, cumulating to 160 Gy, and Neuro devices three additional fractions of 20, 40, and 150 Gy, cumulating to 290 Gy. Output current values were monitored during the treatment. At clinical doses, with 60 or 80 Gy cumulative radiation exposure, no single measurement showed more than 10% divergence from the reference measure. The cochlear implants tested in this study showed high resistance to clinically relevant cumulative radiation doses and showed no out-of-bounds behavior up to cumulative doses of 140 or 160 Gy. These observations suggest that cochlear implant users can undergo radiotherapy up to cumulative doses well above those currently used in clinical situations without risk of failure.
Experimental Study of Reciprocating Friction between Rape Stalk and Bionic Nonsmooth Surface Units
Authors: Ma Zheng , Li Yaoming , Xu Lizhang
Published: September 2015

Background. China is the largest producer of rape oilseed in the world; however, the mechanization level of rape harvest is relatively low, because rape materials easily adhere to the cleaning screens of combine harvesters, resulting in significant cleaning losses. Previous studies have shown that bionic nonsmooth surface cleaning screens restrain the adhesion of rape materials, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Objective. The reciprocating friction between rape stalk and bionic nonsmooth metal surface was examined.Methods. The short-time Fourier transform method was used to discriminate the stable phase of friction signals and the stick-lag distance was defined to analyze the stable reciprocating friction in a phase diagram.Results. The reciprocating friction between rape stalk and metal surface is a typical stick-slip friction, and the bionic nonsmooth metal surfaces with concave or convex units reduced friction force with increasing reciprocating frequency. The results also showed that the stick-lag distance of convex surface increased with reciprocating frequency, which indicated that convex surface reduces friction force more efficiently.Conclusions. We suggest that bionic nonsmooth surface cleaning screens, especially with convex units, restrain the adhesion of rape materials more efficiently compared to the smooth surface cleaning screens.
A Bio-Guided Fractionation to Assess the Inhibitory Activity ofCalendula officinalisL. on the NF-κB Driven Transcription in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells
Authors: Colombo Elisa , Sangiovanni Enrico , D’Ambrosio Michele , Bosisio Enrica , Ciocarlan Alexandru , Fumagalli Marco , Guerriero Antonio , Harghel Petru , Dell’Agli Mario
Published: September 2015

Calendula officinalisL. has been largely known for its topical anti-inflammatory properties; however, there are no experimental evidences about its antiphlogistic effect at the gastric level. To investigate whether marigold might exert an activity against gastric inflammation, a CH2Cl2extract obtained fromC. officinalisflowers was evaluatedin vitroon the NF-κB pathway. The lipophilic extract demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect on the NF-κB driven transcription. The identification of active compounds was conducted by a bio-guided fractionation of the extract that afforded 16 fractions. Fraction J exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibitory activity on the NF-κB driven transcription and significantly contributed to the antiphlogistic effect showed by CH2Cl2extract. The main components of fraction J were loliolide and the fucoside acetates ofβ-eudesmol and viridiflorol. HPLC analysis of fractions D and E led to the identification and isolation of triterpene esters that showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of the NF-κB driven transcription, with faradiol-3-myristate and the corresponding aglycone being the most active compounds. The present study provides some experimental evidences thatCalendula officinalisL. may exert an anti-inflammatory activity on the gastric district by the inhibition of the NF-κB system, identifying the compounds responsible, at least in part, for the observed effect.
Effect of Microbes on the Adsorption of Naphthalene by Graphene Oxide
Authors: Li Xiaoyu , Li Fengbo , Fang Lejin
Published: September 2015

The adsorption of naphthalene on graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets in presence of Paecilomyces cateniannulatus (P. cateniannulatus) was conducted by the batch techniques. The morphology and nanostructure of GO were characterized by SEM, TEM, FTIR, XPS, and Raman. The adsorption kinetics indicated that the adsorption of naphthalene on GO and GO + P. catenlannulatus can be satisfactorily fitted pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, respectively. P. catenlannulatus inhibited the adsorption of naphthalene on GO at pH<4.0, whereas the increased adsorption was observed at pH>4.0. The adsorption of naphthalene on GO and GO + P. catenlannulatus can be better fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich model, respectively. The change in the conformation of GO was responsible to the increased adsorption of naphthalene by SEM and TEM images. According to FTIR analysis, naphthalene was absorbed by the oxygen-containing functional groups of GO, especially for –COOH. The finding in the study provides the implication for the preconcentration and removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environment cleanup applications.
Conversion of Mill Scale Waste into Valuable Products via Carbothermic Reduction
Authors: Eissa Mamdouh , Ahmed Azza , El-Fawkhry Mohamed
Published: September 2015

Mill scale is one of waste materials which is produced as a result of hot rolling of steel in all steel companies. On the other hand, mill scale is considered a rich iron source with minimum impurities. This work aims at conversion of mill scale by adjusting smelting processes to produce different valuable products. The smelting processes were carried out using carbothermic reduction in a submerged arc furnace. Two carbonaceous reducing agents and different fluxing materials have been used to adapt optimum smelting process condition. A maximum iron recovery of 83% was obtained by using graphite compared with 76% obtained by using coke. Low sulphur content (≤0.02 wt% S) can be attained by using graphite as a reducing agent in amount that equals or exceeds the stoichiometric molar ratio. By using coke, the highest degree of desulfurization of 97.8% and much lower content of sulphur in the castable metal (0.0028 wt% S) were obtained by controlling the type and quantity of the flux. The results reveal that mill scale waste can be converted into valuable products such as high purity iron as alternative to Sorelmetal used in ductile iron production, low carbon steel, and free cutting steel.
Serum Bisphenol A Level in Boys with Cryptorchidism: A Step to Male Infertility?
Authors: Komarowska Marta Diana , Hermanowicz Adam , Czyzewska Urszula , Milewski Robert , Matuszczak Ewa , Miltyk Wojciech , Debek Wojciech
Published: September 2015

Cryptorchidism is the most common congenital birth defect in boys and affects about 2–4% full-term male neonates. Its etiology is multifactorial.Purpose. To evaluate the serum bisphenol A (BPA) levels in boys with cryptorchidism and healthy boys and to assess the risk of environmental exposure to BPA using the authors’ questionnaire. The data were acquired from a study on boys with cryptorchidism (n=98) and a control group (n=57). Prior to surgery, all patients had BPA serum levels evaluated. The size, position, rigidity of the testis, and abnormality of the epididymis of the undescended testis were assessed. Parents also completed a questionnaire on the risks of exposure to BPA in everyday life.Results. The testes in both groups were similar in size. The turgor of the undescended testis in the group of boys with cryptorchidism was decreased. Free serum BPA level in cryptorchid boys and in the control group was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The conjugated serum BPA level in cryptorchid boys and in the control group was statistically significant (p≤0.05). Total serum BPA level in cryptorchid boys and in the control group was statistically significant (p<0.05). Serum total BPA level was related with a positive answer about problems with conception (p<0.02).Conclusion. Our study indicated that high serum BPA was associated with cryptorchidism.
A Ray-Tracing Technique to Characterize GPS Multipath in the Frequency Domain
Authors: Gowdayyanadoddi Naveen S. , Curran James T. , Broumandan Ali , Lachapelle Gérard
Published: September 2015

Multipath propagation is one of the major sources of error in GPS measurements. In this research, a ray-tracing technique is proposed to study the frequency domain characteristics of multipath propagation. The Doppler frequency difference, also known as multipath phase rate and fading frequency, between direct (line-of-sight, LOS) and reflected (non-line-of-sight, NLOS) signals is studied as a function of satellite elevation and azimuth, as well as distance between the reflector and the static receiver. The accuracy of the method is verified with measured Doppler differences from real data collected in a downtown environment. The use of ray-tracing derived predicted Doppler differences in a receiver, as a means of alleviating the multipath induced errors in the measurement, is presented and discussed.
Clinical Significance of Prenatal and Postnatal Heavily T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Images in Patients with Myelomeningocele
Authors: Hashiguchi Kimiaki , Morioka Takato , Murakami Nobuya , Yamashita Koji , Hiwatashi Akio , Ochiai Masayuki , Morokuma Seiichi , Iihara Koji
Published: September 2015

Purpose: To compare the utility and limitations of prenatal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging using half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE) with postnatal heavily T2-weighted imaging (hT2WI) for the evaluation of central nervous system abnormalities associated with myelomeningocele (MMC). Methods: Sixteen patients with MMC who had undergone pre- and postnatal MR imaging were included in this study. MR imaging, including HASTE, was undertaken in the 3rd trimester, and hT2WI was performed immediately after delivery. The precision with which each could distinguish MMC, hindbrain herniation and ventriculomegaly was compared retrospectively. Results: The skin defects and MMC sacs were clearly visible on prenatal HASTE images, although it was difficult to identify precisely the level of MMC compared with postnatal hT2WI, in which the detailed anatomical relationships of the spinal cord, neural placode and ventral nerve roots were evident in every case. Hindbrain herniation could be visualized on prenatal HASTE images, although its severity was difficult to evaluate because of the small size of the structures and neck flexion; again, the resolution was superior on postnatal hT2WI. For hydrocephalus, there were no significant differences in the diagnostic precision and ability to grade the severity between pre- and postnatal imaging. Conclusion: Prenatal HASTE imaging permits the diagnosis and understanding of the gross anatomy of MMC and associated hindbrain herniation and ventriculomegaly, but postnatal hT2WI is superior for evaluating detailed anatomy.
Diagnostic Utility of Unbiased Circulating Tumour Cell Capture through Negative Depletion of Peripheral Blood Cells
Authors: Freydina Dasha V. , Chudasama Dimple , Freidin Maxim B. , Leung Maria , Rice Alexandra , Montero Fernandez Angeles , Nicholson Andrew G. , Lim Eric
Published: September 2015

Objectives: Cytological analysis of peripheral blood circulating tumour cells (CTCs) is a potential method of confirmatory clinical diagnosis of cancer. However, cell capture methods tend to be biased and captured cells are not usually portable resulting in difficulties in pathology reporting. We evaluated unbiased cell capture through depletion of unwanted normal cells and conventional clinical analyses of captured cells. Methods: Blood was sampled from 29 patients who underwent surgery for suspected lung cancer. It was processed using two different depletion cocktails. After depletion of unwanted cells, the resultant cell pellet was processed onto glass slides or embedded into FFPE blocks and stained using standard haematoxylin and eosin staining followed by cytopathologic assessment. Two pathologists performed the assessment independently. Results: The CTCs were identified in 38-45% of cases using CD45 depletion cocktail with the cell pellet processed on a glass slide, while other combinations of methods produced poorer results. Overall, there was a good concordance between the pathologists (up to 91.3%). The sensitivity of cancer diagnosis was 42% (95% CI 23-63%), while the specificity was 100% (95% CI 29-100%). Conclusion: Negative depletion can be used to isolate CTCs in standard clinical settings; however, more effective ways of detection are required to increase the sensitivity of the diagnosis.
Eccentric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Sudden Death in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease
Authors: de Roij van Zuijdewijn Camiel L.M. , Hansildaar Romy , Bots Michiel L. , Blankestijn Peter J. , van den Dorpel Marinus A. , Grooteman Muriel P.C. , Kamp Otto , ter Wee Piet M. , Nubé Menso J.
Published: September 2015

Background/Aims: Both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risks are extremely high in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Sudden death accounts for approximately one-quarter of all fatal events. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a known risk factor for mortality and can be divided in 2 types: concentric and eccentric. This study evaluated possible differences in all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and sudden death between prevalent ESKD patients with concentric and eccentric LVH. Methods: Participants of the CONvective TRAnsport STudy (CONTRAST) who underwent transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) at baseline were analyzed. In patients with LVH, a relative wall thickness of ≤0.42 was considered eccentric and >0.42 was considered concentric hypertrophy. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for potential confounders, were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) of patients with eccentric LVH versus patients with concentric LVH for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and sudden death. Results: TTE was performed in 328 CONTRAST participants. LVH was present in 233 participants (71%), of which 87 (37%) had concentric LVH and 146 (63%) eccentric LVH. The HR for all-cause mortality of eccentric versus concentric LVH was 1.14 (p = 0.52), 1.79 (p = 0.12) for cardiovascular mortality and 4.23 (p = 0.02) for sudden death in crude analyses. Propensity score-corrected HR for sudden death in patients with eccentric LVH versus those with concentric LVH was 5.22 (p = 0.03). Conclusions: (1) The hazard for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and sudden death is markedly increased in patients with LVH. (2) The sudden death risk is significantly higher in ESKD patients with eccentric LVH compared to subjects with concentric LVH.