bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lung transplantation in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension—Focus on right ventricular remodelling
Authors: Schuba Barbara , Michel Sebastian , Guenther Sabina , Weig Thomas , Emser Jonas , Schneider Christian , Kneidinger Nikolaus , Strueven Anna , Sisic Alma , Hagl Christian , Schramm Rene
Published: May 2019

Objective

This study was meant to analyse the centre experience of the Munich Lung Transplant Group in lung transplantation of patients with severe pulmonary hypertension. Outcome data focus on survival and right heart remodelling.

Methods

All patients receiving a lung transplant between 10/2010 and 08/2016 were retrospectively analysed (n = 343). Patients were categorised into individuals with or without severe pre‐operative pulmonary hypertension (PH; mPAP ≥ 35 mm Hg or mPAP ≥ 25 mm Hg with cardiac index < 2.0 L/min/m2). Among those, patients with severe PH secondary to lung disease (Nice Class III) were compared with patients with severe PH due to idiopathic PH (IPAH; Nice Class I). All surviving patients with severe PH were electively followed up by echocardiography.

Results

Kaplan–Meier survival probabilities after lung transplantation of each group according to pre‐operative mPAP values showed no statistically significant difference (P = 0.14 by log‐rank test). Lung transplantation in severe PH patients led to marked right ventricular remodelling as indicated by significantly increased tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (P = 0.002), decreased right ventricular end‐diastolic dimensions (P = 0.001) and overall reduction in tricuspid valvular regurgitation, when compared to pre‐operative assessments.

Conclusion

Sequential bilateral lung transplantation (BLTx) in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension is a feasible treatment option in this high‐risk group in experienced high‐volume centres. Lung transplantation allows for resolution of secondary right heart failure in these patients.
Fast‐acting insulin aspart in people with type 2 diabetes: Earlier onset and greater initial exposure and glucose‐lowering effect compared with insulin aspart
Authors: Pieber Thomas R. , Svehlikova Eva , Brunner Martina , Halberg Inge B. , Due Thomsen Karen Margrete , Haahr Hanne
Published: May 2019

Aims

To investigate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of fast‐acting insulin aspart (faster aspart) versus insulin aspart (IAsp) in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Materials and methods

In a randomized, double‐blind, crossover design, 61 people with T2D usually treated with insulin ± oral antidiabetic drug(s) received single‐dose faster aspart and IAsp (0.3 U/kg) on separate visits. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic assessment were collected frequently until 12 hours post‐dose. Glucose‐lowering effect was determined in a euglycaemic clamp lasting up to 12 hours post‐dose (target 5.0 mmol/L).

Results

The serum IAsp pharmacokinetic profile and glucose‐lowering effect profile were shifted to the left for faster aspart versus IAsp. Least squares mean (± SE) onset of appearance was 3.3 ± 0.3 minutes for faster aspart, which was 1.2 minutes earlier than for IAsp (95% confidence interval [CI] −1.8;−0.5; P = .001). Onset of action for faster aspart was 8.9 minutes earlier (95% CI −12.1;−5.7; P < .001) than for IAsp. During the first 30 minutes after dosing, 89% larger IAsp exposure (ratio faster aspart/IAsp 1.89 [95% CI 1.56;2.28]; P < .001) and 147% greater glucose‐lowering effect (2.47 [95% CI 1.58;6.22]; P < .001) were observed for faster aspart compared with IAsp. Offset of exposure (time to 50% of maximum IAsp concentration in the late part of the pharmacokinetic profile) occurred earlier for faster aspart (difference faster aspart – IAsp −36.4 minutes [95% CI −55.3;−17.6]; P < .001). The treatment difference of faster aspart – IAsp in offset of glucose‐lowering effect (time to 50% of maximum glucose infusion rate in the late part of the glucose infusion rate profile) was −14.4 minutes (95% CI −34.4;5.5; P = .152).

Conclusions

In people with T2D, faster aspart was associated with earlier onset and greater initial exposure and glucose‐lowering effect compared with IAsp, as previously shown in people with type 1 diabetes.
Educating the Right Stuff: Lessons in Enactivist Learning
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: May 2019

On an enactivist conception of cognition, the unit of explanation is not just the brain, not just the body, and not just the environment, but the body–brain–environment understood as a dynamically coupled structure or gestalt. On this view, referencing Viktor von Weizsäcker's metaphor of the gestalt circle (Gestaltkreis), the brain is not in the center of a circle issuing radial commands to elements on the circumference; rather, it is one element on that circumference, along with body and environment. Taking this idea into the educational context implies that one can intervene at any point on the circle to get results. One can, for example, enhance brain function by artificial means; alternatively, one can enhance intellectual performance through the learning of skilled or expressive movements (as demonstrated by the use of gesture in math education); likewise, one can improve conceptual understanding by manipulating the material and/or social environment (for example, through the use of virtual reality). On the enactivist view, interventions at any of these “parts” of the cognitive system lead to modulations in the dynamic structure itself and the overall performance of the system. In this article, Shaun Gallagher argues on pragmatic grounds that given various adverse side effects from artificial stimulation of the brain, enhancements directed at the body and the environment are less risky and, for educational purposes are, at the very least, equally effective. To support this conclusion, he cites evidence from a study that uses whole‐body action in a mixed reality simulation for science education.
Summer survival and activity patterns of estuary feeding anadromous Salmo trutta
Authors: Honkanen Hannele M. , Rodger Jessica , Stephen Alastair , Adams Keith , Freeman James , Adams Colin E.
Published: May 2019

There is generally a very poor understanding of how anadromous brown trout, Salmo trutta, use marine ecosystems. In this study, we use acoustic telemetry techniques to test four alternative hypotheses for estuarine coastal habitat use by this species on a population in the Clyde, west‐central Scotland. Anadromous brown trout in their second (or more) summer feeding in the marine environment did not show patterns of estuarine use predicted from studies on other populations of this species. They did not (a) use the inner Clyde Estuary as a staging post for onward migration to open coastal waters, nor did they (b) pass through the estuary rapidly nor did they (c) make multiple incursions into freshwater. In contrast, fish utilised a very geographically constrained area of the inner estuary (<8 km in length), within which fish were highly mobile, exhibiting more activity during a flooding tide and exhibited high survivorship compared with reports from other studies. The reasons why estuarine use by anadromous brown trout in the Clyde may differ from that reported elsewhere is discussed.
Scatter‐hoarding and cache pilfering of rodents in response to seed abundance
Authors: Yi Xianfeng , Ju Mengyao , Yang Yueqin , Zhang Mingming
Published: May 2019

Seed caching and reciprocal cache pilferage play an important role in the coexistence of food‐hoarding animals. Understanding what affects seed caching and how cache pilferage occurs is an important question in seed dispersal ecology. However, tracking seed fate and cache pilferage presents substantial practical difficulties. Siberian chipmunks Tamias sibiricus always remove the entire pericarp when scatter‐hoarding acorns of Mongolian oak Quercus mongolica, whereas wood mice Apodemus peninsulae often store whole acorns in their caches. These differences in behavior provide an opportunity to investigate unilateral cache pilferage of T. sibiricus from A. peninsulae in response to seed abundance. In this study, tagged acorns were released at the peak and end periods of seed rain from Q. mongolica. This allowed us to investigate seed caching and unilateral cache pilferage at different seed abundances. We found that a higher proportion of acorns were cached at lower level of seed abundance (toward the end of seed rain), mainly because T. sibiricus rather than A. peninsulae scatter‐hoarded significantly more acorns at this time. Cache distances decreased with increasing seed abundance, indicating that acorns were cached further away and into smaller caches at lower seed abundance. Unexpectedly, unilateral cache pilferage by T. sibiricus was not significantly influenced by seed abundance—remaining at around 28% during both periods of high and low seed abundance.
Confounding social and mating systems predictably lead to biased results when examining the evolution of cooperative breeding in cichlids: A response to Tanaka et al.
Authors: Dey Cody J. , O’Connor Constance M. , Wilkinson Holly , Shultz Susanne , Balshine Sigal , Fitzpatrick John L
Published: May 2019

In 2017, we demonstrated that transitions to cooperative breeding in Lamprologine cichlid fishes were not related to a species’ social mating system (Dey et al. 2017. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1, 137). This contrasted previous evidence that monogamy (and a low degree of promiscuity) promoted transitions to cooperative breeding in other taxa. Recently, Tanaka et al. (2018. Ethology, 124, 777–789) critiqued our study and argued that a re‐analysis of the data shows transitions to cooperative breeding are promoted by non‐monogamous mating systems. Here, we show that Tanaka et al.'s critique contains numerous inaccuracies. In addition, we show that the results put forth by Tanaka et al. emerge only under the extreme scenario in which all cooperative breeding species are classified as non‐monogamous, which we argue arises because Tanaka et al. confound social systems and mating systems. While we agree that there is uncertainty regarding the mating system of some Lamprologine species, we argue this uncertainty was sufficiently addressed through the extensive sensitivity analyses conducted in our original study.
Potentially inappropriate prescribing before and after initiation of medicines for dementia: An Australian population‐based study
Authors: Eshetie Tesfahun C , Nguyen Tuan A , Gillam Marianne H , Kalisch Ellett Lisa M
Published: May 2019

Aim

To evaluate the prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP), as defined by the internationally validated Screening Tool of Older Person's Prescriptions (STOPP) criteria, in 12 months before and after initiation of medicines for dementia.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was carried out involving people with their first claim for dispensing of medicines for dementia (cholinesterase inhibitor or memantine) between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2015, aged ≥65 years at 1 January 2016 and alive at the end of 2016. The index date was defined as the date of first supply of medicines for dementia. PIP was identified using the Screening Tool of Older Person's Prescriptions criteria, and PIP prevalence was compared in the 12 months pre‐ and post‐index date. The McNemar's test was used to test differences in the prevalence of PIP between the two time periods.

Results

The cohort included 1176 patients: 60% were women and the median age was 80 years. The overall PIP prevalence was 85% in the 12 months pre‐initiation of medicines for dementia compared with 89% in the 12 months post‐initiation (P < 0.0001). The median number of Screening Tool of Older Person's Prescriptions criteria was two (interquartile range 1–4) in the 12 months pre‐initiation of medicines for dementia, increasing to three (range 2–4) in the 12 months post‐initiation.

Conclusions

PIP was common in people dispensed medicines for dementia, with a significant increase in prevalence post‐initiation of medicines for dementia compared with pre‐initiation. These results highlight the need for targeted interventions to minimize inappropriate use of medicines in people with dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 654–659.
Comparison of dry sliding wear behavior of plasma sprayed FeCr slag coating with Cr2O3 and Al2O3‐13TiO2 coatings
Authors: Öge Mecit , Kucuk Yilmaz , Gok Mustafa S. , Karaoglanli Abdullah Cahit
Published: May 2019

The microstructure and dry sliding wear performance of thermally sprayed FeCr slag coating were evaluated in comparison with those of commercially available Al2O3‐13TiO2 and Cr2O3 ceramic coating powders to assess the applicability of FeCr slag (FS) powder, fabricated from industrial waste, as a ceramic top‐coating material against wear. Ceramic top coats and underlying NiCoCrAlY bond coats were deposited on AISI 316L samples via atmospheric plasma spraying (APS), and their tribological properties were assessed using a ball‐on‐disc test rig at room temperature. As a result, FS coating exhibited the lowest worn volume, although it has the lowest surface hardness. Tribolayer formation was observed on the surface of the samples which were subjected to dry sliding wear tests. Delamination type wear is the dominant wear mechanism for Cr2O3 and FS coatings, whereas local spallation areas arising from plastic deformation were observed on the surface of Al2O3‐13TiO2 coatings. The results suggested the applicability of FS powder as a candidate ceramic top coating material against wear.
Generation of bioactive prolyl‐hydroxyproline (Pro‐Hyp) by oral administration of collagen hydrolysate and degradation of endogenous collagen
Authors: Sato Kenji , Jimi Shiro , Kusubata Masashi
Published: May 2019

Hydroxyproline‐containing di‐ and tripeptides increase in human blood plasma after ingestion of collagen hydrolysate in a dose‐dependent manner. Prolyl‐hydroxyproline (Pro‐Hyp) and hydroxyprolyl‐glycine (Pro‐Gly) are the main food‐derived collagen peptides present in human blood plasma. Pro‐Hyp increases the number of fibroblasts migrating from the mouse skin and enhances the growth of fibroblasts attached to the collagen gel. Pro‐Hyp is also generated from endogenous collagen in the granulation tissue in mice skin and ear with dermatitis, while it does not increase in the normal tissues of the same animal. However, Hyp‐Gly does not increase in all tissues. These facts indicate that Pro‐Hyp is generated by the degradation of endogenous collagen to activate cells involved in tissue reconstruction. Orally administered Pro‐Hyp is deposited in animal organs even after clearance of Pro‐Hyp from blood. Thus, the endogenous bioactive peptide can be provided by ingestion of collagen hydrolysate.
Effect of baked wheat germ on gluten protein network in steamed bread dough
Authors: Zhan Jing , Ma Sen , Wang Xiao‐Xi , Li Li , Zheng Xue‐ling
Published: May 2019

The effect of baked wheat germ (BWG) on the gluten network structure in steam bread dough was investigated. The secondary structure, free sulphydryl (‐SH) content, disulphide (‐SS‐) bonds content and microstructure of gluten were analysed to evaluate gluten structural changes. The addition of different amounts of BWG (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12%) in dough resulted in decreased content of α‐helix and β‐sheet structures, but increased random coils, which indicated that a disordered structure was formed. The presence of BWG increased the ‐SH content but decreased the ‐SS‐ bonds content, which indicated fracture of disulfide bonds. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis indicated that steamed bread dough containing BWG had larger‐sized gas cell and granules of starch separated by the protein matrix, which weakened the gluten network structure. These changes may inevitably affect the viscoelastic properties of steamed bread dough.
Update on diagnostic testing for platelet function disorders: What is practical and useful?
Authors: Hayward Catherine P. M. , Moffat Karen A. , Brunet Justin , Carlino Stephen A. , Plumhoff Elizabeth , Meijer Piet , Zehnder James L.
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Platelet function disorders (PFD) are an important group of bleeding disorders that require validated and practical laboratory strategies for diagnosis.

Methods

This review summarizes the authors’ experiences, current literature, and an international survey to evaluate the practices of diagnostic laboratories that offer tests for PFD.

Results

Blood counts, blood film review, and aggregation tests are the most commonly performed investigations for PFD and help determine whether there is thrombocytopenia and/or defective platelet function due to a variety of causes. The performance characteristics of tests for PFD, and the level of evidence that these tests detect bleeding problems, are important issues to determine where tests are useful for diagnostic or correlative purposes, or research only uses. Platelet aggregation assays, and quantitative analysis of platelet dense granule numbers, are tests with good performance characteristics that detect abnormalities associated with increased bleeding in a significant proportion of individuals referred for PFD investigations. Lumiaggregometry estimates of platelet adenosine triphosphate release show greater variability which limits the diagnostic usefulness. Diagnostic laboratories report that fiscal and other constraints, including a lack of high‐quality evidence, limit their ability to offer an expanded test menu for PFD.

Conclusion

PFD are clinically important bleeding disorders that remain challenging for diagnostic laboratories to investigate. While some PFD tests are well validated for diagnostic purposes, gaps in scientific evidence and resource limitations influence diagnostic laboratory decisions on which PFD tests to offer.
Organizational factors related to attracting job seekers higher in hardiness
Authors: Eschleman Kevin J. , Mast David , Coppler Quentin , Nelson Jerrod
Published: May 2019

Building an organization of workers who thrive in demanding environments begins with recruitment of workers with personality traits predictive of resilience. We integrate fit theories to determine how job advertisement information may attract job seekers higher in psychological hardiness (sense of control, feelings of commitment to many things in life, perceptions of challenge). Across two studies, we manipulated hypothetical job advertisements that were presented to current workers seeking new employment. Job seekers higher in hardiness were more attracted to working with hardy coworkers, less attracted to coping resources, and more attracted to high emotional labor demands compared to job seekers lower in hardiness. A discussion for how organizations may craft job advertisement content to improve their recruitment efforts is provided.
Suboptimal growth among individuals of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a temperate river
Authors: Sánchez‐Hernández Javier , Cobo Fernando
Published: May 2019

This study assessed growth of individually tagged brown troutSalmo truttain a temperate system of north‐west Spain (2010–2012). This study identified notable individual variation in fish growth with individuals growing sub‐optimally compared with laboratory‐based growth‐model predictions in most cases (85.5% of individuals). The present observations of suboptimal growth need to be considered in view of intraspecific competition or limiting food resources instead of thermal regimes.
LABOR MARKET CONSEQUENCES FOR BUSY DIRECTORS: EVIDENCE FROM INTERNATIONAL MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS
Authors: Ferris Stephen P. , Jayaraman Narayanan , Liao Min‐Yu (Stella)
Published: May 2019

Using 13,233 acquisitions from 57 countries, we examine merger and acquisition (M&A) decisions made by busy boards. We find that few busy acquirers originate from emerging markets and that they tend to undertake cross‐border mergers, favor public targets, finance with cash and equity, pursue nondiversifying mergers, avoid targets with multiple bidders, and long‐term underperform relative to nonbusy acquirers. Importantly, we discover a nonlinear relation between an acquirer's board busyness and merger announcement returns. We find that the labor market penalizes directors who approve bad acquisitions but does not reward them for good mergers. We find a similar nonlinear relation between an acquirer's board busyness and its long‐term performance along with a suggestion of an optimal board busyness.
Utilizing kitchen steamers to inactivate Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica on whole cantaloupe melons
Authors: Kim Chyer , Pao Steven
Published: May 2019

Cantaloupes contaminated with Listeria and Salmonella have caused large scale of foodborne illness outbreaks in recent years. Prior research has shown that heat treatment can be used to reduce microbial contaminates on fruit surfaces. However, no study has evaluated the use of kitchen steamers for inactivating foodborne pathogens on cantaloupes. The purpose of this study was to test the sanitization efficacy of three models of electrical kitchen steamers (steamer‐A, ‐B, and ‐C) for eliminating foodborne pathogens on cantaloupe surfaces. Fresh cantaloupes were spot‐inoculated with Listeria monocytogens or Salmonella enterica and kept at 4 or 22 °C for a day before steam treatment for ≤100 s. Test results show that the surface of nonrefrigerated cantaloupes can be decontaminated (with ≥5.0 log reduction) within 60 s using any of the tested steamers. For refrigerated fruits (4 °C), however, only two steamers (steamer‐B and ‐C) decontaminated the cantaloupes within 60 s and they were unable to render the pathogens undetected in enriched samples. Salmonella was more susceptible than Listeria to steam treatment. In conclusion, electrical kitchen steamers can be utilized by consumers to sanitize whole cantaloupes prior to consumption. However, fruit temperature and steamer selection can influence the heating time required for surface sanitization.

Practical applications

Melons with netted rind surfaces, such as cantaloupes, likely have caused more outbreaks because their surface shelters pathogens from being eliminated by conventional washing and sanitization. As whole melons marketed at retail stores typically are not treated due to shelf‐life considerations, the safety of untreated melons can be of concern to consumers, especially among at‐risk populations. This study focused on the evaluation of the use of commercially available kitchen steamers in eliminating foodborne pathogens on cantaloupe surfaces. This study showed that kitchen steamers can be utilized to sanitize whole cantaloupes and also at household level, be a highly beneficial for the average concerned consumer to reduce the risk of pathogens on produce before consumption.
Palliative Care Champions Are a Promising Solution to Meeting Patient Needs
Authors: Peterson Lars E.
Published: May 2019

This commentary comments on the article by Arif Kamal et al.
175 000 Blue Chairs
Authors: Broyles Jon
Published: May 2019

This commentary comments on the article by Anthony Back et al.
Visualisation of the vomerovaginal canal during endonasal transpterygoid approaches and CT imaging diagnosis
Authors: Meng Qing‐Guo , Lu Yong‐Tian , Wang Chun‐Xia , Tan Sui‐Ping , Wei Ming‐Hui
Published: May 2019

The vomerovaginal canal (VVC) and palatovaginal canal (PVC) are two canals that open forward to the posterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF). Although the anatomy and computed tomography (CT) appearances of the PVC have been well studied, the VVC has been rarely reported, especially in endoscopic examinations. Some studies have even failed to distinguish the PVC from the VVC on CT images. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the anatomy of the VVC on endoscopy and reveal its differences from the PVC, and to analyse the relative positions of the VVC, PVC, and pterygoid canal on CT images. Ten dry skull bases were studied to observe the structures involved in the formation of the VVC. Dissection of four cadaveric heads was performed to demonstrate the anatomy of the VVC on endoscopy. Coronal CT image analysis in 70 patients was conducted to evaluate the distances and relative positions between the VVC, PVC, and pterygoid canal. The PVC and VVC were also compared on axial CT images. The osteological study showed the top wall of the VVC was the antero‐inferior wall of the sphenoid sinus. The VVC may be a helpful landmark in endoscopic endonasal transpterygoid approaches. Steps and discrimination in the dissections of the VVC and PVC were described. The interval between the PVC and VVC could be observed on both coronal and axial CT images. The coronal CT images of patients showed differences in the positions and distances among the three canals at both the anterior and posterior apertures of the PVC. The VVC can be easily mistaken for the PVC if its existence is not suspected. The anatomical morphologies and trajectories of the VVC and PVC differed on both nasal endoscopy and CT. The existence of the VVC should be considered during surgery and CT diagnosis within this area.
Treatment of skin soft tissue embolism after hyaluronic acid injection for injection rhinoplasty in Asian patients
Authors: Ouyang Hua‐Wei , Li Gao‐Feng , Zhu Yi , Lei Ying , Gold Michael H. , Tan Jun
Published: May 2019

Introduction

The purpose of this manuscript is to investigate the treatment of skin soft tissue embolization or vascular occlusion after the injection of hyaluronic acid (HA) for Injection Rhinoplasty (IR) in Asians with a special interest in the time occurrence of the occlusion.

Methods

A total of 35 cases were evaluated after receiving HA injections for IR who presented with a vascular occlusive event. They were divided into three stages based on the time to embolization. Immediate, ≤5 hours; early, ≤3 days; and late, >3 days. There were two cases of immediate, 28 deemed early, and five late. Methods to prevent tissue necrosis are reviewed in the manuscript based on these stages.

Results

Skin color gradually recovered to normal after 11 treatments in 11 patients with mild embolization. No ischemic aggravation or skin necrosis was observed in 19 patients with moderate embolization; red scarring was seen in two and hypertrophic scar with uneven skin color in one patient. The five patients in the severe category had longer healing, more red scars, and more hypertrophic scarring.

Conclusion

The treatment of skin soft tissue embolization or vascular occlusion after HA IR in Asians can be effected by identifying the stage and degree of embolization and treating appropriately with the outlines presented in this manuscript.
Persistent gamma delta T‐cell dysfunction in chronic HCV infection despite direct‐acting antiviral therapy induced cure
Authors: Ghosh Alip , Mondal Rajiv K. , Romani Sara , Bagchi Shashwatee , Cairo Cristiana , Pauza Charles David , Kottilil Shyamasundaran , Poonia Bhawna
Published: May 2019

Immune dysfunction is a hallmark of chronic HCV infection and viral clearance with direct antivirals recover some of these immune defects. TCRVγ9Vδ2 T‐cell dysfunction in treated HCV patients however is not well studied and was the subject of this investigation. Peripheral blood cells from patients who had achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) or those who had relapsed after interferon‐free therapy were phenotyped using flow cytometry. Functional potential of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was tested by measuring proliferation in response to aminobisphosphonate zoledronic acid, and cytotoxicity against HepG2 hepatoma cell line. TCR sequencing was performed to analyse impact of HCV infection on Vδ2 T‐cell repertoire. Vγ9Vδ2 cells from patients were activated and therapy resulted in reduction of CD38 expression on these cells in SVR group. Relapsed patients had Vδ2 cells with persistently activated and terminally differentiated cytotoxic phenotype (CD38+CD45RA+CD27−CD107a+). Irrespective of outcome with therapy, majority of patients had persistently poor Vδ2 T‐cell proliferative response to zoledronate along with lower expression of CD56, which identifies anti‐tumour cytotoxic subset, relative to healthy controls. There was no association between the number of antigen reactive Vγ2‐Jγ1.2 TCR rearrangements at baseline and levels of proliferation indicating nonresponse to zoledronate is not due to depletion of phosphoantigen responding chains. Thus, HCV infection results in circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with a phenotype equipped for immediate effector function but poor cytokine response and expansion in response to antigen, a functional defect that may have implications for susceptibility for carcinogenesis despite HCV cure.
Nicaragua and Agamben’s State of Exception: Misunderstood History and Current Crisis
Authors: Stanford Catherine M.
Published: May 2019

This article analyzes Giorgio Agamben’s state of exception and evaluates its implications for understanding the crisis in Nicaragua in 2018. The lens of exception fails to encourage critical questions about the complicated social and historical dynamics of Nicaragua’s contentious politics. Conflict transformation and global civil society could open a space for the social forces struggling to redefine state power and resolve the crisis.
The role of metaphor in communication and thought
Authors: Thibodeau Paul H. , Matlock Teenie , Flusberg Stephen J.
Published: May 2019

Metaphor is pervasive in everyday communication. It is known to help people understand complex topics, communicate efficiently, and influence others. In this paper, we provide a review of the literature on the utility of metaphor, describing key findings and controversies while underscoring recent experimental and theoretical advances. We begin with a brief introduction to metaphor and offer a critical assessment of the claim that conventional metaphors in language reflect underlying conceptual representations and processing, a view associated with Lakoff and Johnson's groundbreaking conceptual metaphor theory (CMT). We then discuss recent research that examines whether and how metaphor shapes attitudes and reasoning, outlining some of the cognitive, affective, and social forces that moderate the efficacy of metaphors on decision making. Throughout the paper, we highlight theoretical implications of the research and identify challenges that warrant further investigation in the study of metaphor. In the end, this work paints a complex and dynamic view of metaphor in communication and cognition.
Comparison of the renal cortex and the medulla for antibody mediated rejection
Authors: Unlu Mehtat , Yildiz Serkan , Ellidokuz Hulya , Sarioglu Sulen
Published: May 2019

Objectives

The presence of the peritubular capillaritis and its extent are important for diagnosis of the antibody‐mediated rejection in kidneys. However, it is recommended that peritubular capillaritis should only be scored in the cortex. This study aims to focus on peritubular capillaritis scoring both in the cortex and the medulla to understand the value of the medulla in the diagnosis of antibody‐mediated rejection.

Methods

Fifty‐one allograft renal biopsy were re‐evaluated for peritubular capillaritis, C4d and acute tubular injury, separately for the cortex and the medulla according to the Banff.

Results

Seventeen cases (33.3%) had peritubular capillaritis both in the cortex and the medulla and three (5.9%) cases had peritubular capillaritis only in the cortex while five (9.8%) cases had only in the medulla. Eighteen (35%) of the cases had C4d staining both in the cortex and the medulla and 14 (27.5%) cases had C4d positivity only in the cortex and 18 (35.3%) cases only in the medulla. Twenty‐three (45%) cases had acute tubular injury both in the cortex and the medulla and 31 (60.7%) cases had acute tubular injury only in the cortex and 23 (45.1%) cases had only in the medulla. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of medullar peritubular capillaritis predicting cortical peritubular capillaritis were 85.7%, 86.7%, 81.8% and 89.7%, respectively.

Conclusion

In case of absence of the cortical tissue, medulla can be used as a reference for antibody‐mediated rejection considering the morphological features, results of donor‐specific antibody and renal function tests.
Varieties of Cognitive Integration
Authors: Carter J. Adam , Kallestrup Jesper
Published: May 2019

Extended cognition theorists argue that cognitive processes constitutively depend on resources that are neither organically composed, nor located inside the bodily boundaries of the agent, provided certain conditions on the integration of those processes into the agent's cognitive architecture are met. Epistemologists, however, worry that in so far as such cognitively integrated processes are epistemically relevant, agents could thus come to enjoy an untoward explosion of knowledge. This paper develops and defends an approach to cognitive integration—cluster‐model functionalism—which finds application in both domains of inquiry, and which meets the challenge posed by putative cases of cognitive or epistemic bloat.
Examination of rare genetic variants in dental enamel genes: The potential role of next‐generation sequencing in primary dental care
Authors: Farrow Emily , Rengasamy Venugopalan Shankar , Thiffault Isabelle , Saunders Carol
Published: May 2019

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To examine the potential role of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) and genetic testing to guide preventive care in dental enamel disorders using publicly available databases to access the frequency of deleterious alleles in AMTN, AMLEX and ENAM, associated with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI).

Setting and Sample Population

Public resources, including gnomAD (The Broad Institute) and the Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine's warehouse, which together contain variants from nearly 145 000 exomes and genomes.

Material & Methods

Public resources, including sequencing data from ~145 000 exomes and genomes were queried for predicted loss of function variants with a minor allele frequency <1% in AMTN, AMLEX and ENAM.

Results

A total of 95 variants were identified in the combined dataset. If confirmed, this could be diagnostic for autosomal dominant AI.

Conclusions

The rapid integration of NGS into clinical care allows for the expansion of genetic testing for disorders that are not currently tested routinely, including non‐syndromic dental enamel disorders. A genotypic‐driven diagnosis of a disorder of enamel development could impact dental care, especially in young children, including early and more frequent monitoring to prevent complications. As new gene‐disease associations continue to emerge, including those for common and non‐syndromic craniofacial disorders, the possibility of genomic‐guided precision medicine and dentistry and the development of targeted, individualized therapeutics into standard clinical care will increase substantially.
Night‐time autonomic nervous system ultradian cycling and masticatory muscle activity
Authors: Iwasaki Laura R. , Gallo Luigi M. , Markova Michala , Erni Stefan , Liu Hongzeng , Nickel Jeff C.
Published: May 2019

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To test if there was a correlation between night‐time masticatory muscle activity, as measured by duty factors, and ultradian cycling of autonomic nervous system (ANS) spectral powers in subjects without temporomandibular disorder (TMD)‐related pain.

Setting and Sample Population

The University of Missouri‐Kansas City School of Dentistry. Three women and four men of average ages 38 ±8 and 56 ± 17 years, respectively, gave informed consent to participate.

Material and Methods

Investigators taught subjects to record heart (electrocardiography, ECG) and masticatory muscle activities (electromyography, EMG). ECG recordings were analysed for ANS ultradian cycling by a polynomial fit to the ratio of sympathetic and parasympathetic spectral powers (ms2). Masseter and temporalis EMG recordings were analysed over 20‐minute epochs around peaks and valleys in the ANS ultradian cycles. Duty factors (% time of masticatory muscle activity/20‐minute epoch) were determined relative to average threshold EMG (TEMG) required to produce a given bite force (N). Regression analyses quantified relationships between normalized muscle duty factors and ANS spectral powers.

Results

Subjects made a total of 27 sets of night‐time ECG and EMG recordings that averaged 6.6 ± 1.1 hours per recording. Highest average duty factors were associated with TEMG of 1‐2 N and showed cumulative masseter and temporalis activities of 9.2 and 8.8 seconds/20‐minute epoch, respectively. Normalized masticatory muscle duty factors showed non‐linear relationships with normalized sympathetic (R2 = +0.82), parasympathetic (R2 = −0.70) and sympathetic/parasympathetic spectral powers (R2 = +0.75).

Conclusions

Night‐time ANS spectral powers showed ultradian cycling and were correlated with masseter and temporalis muscle activities in adult subjects without TMD.
Associations of pretreatment parameters with changes during orthodontic treatment
Authors: Kortam Sahira , Deguchi Toru , Geuy Paul , Johnston William M. , Fields Henry W. , Palomo Juan M. , Kim Do‐Gyoon
Published: May 2019

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To examine whether pretreatment conditions of a patient can determine alveolar bone changes after orthodontic treatment.

Setting and Sample Population

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were obtained from 44 patients (17 male and 27 female, 14.02 ± 1.29 years).

Material and Methods

Buccal bone height (BBH), buccal bone thickness (BBT), and molar angulation (MA) of right and left maxillary molars and intermolar distance (ID) were measured using the CBCT images obtained before and after orthodontic treatment using conventional brackets and self‐ligating conventional brackets.

Results

There was a significant change only in BBH after treatment. All posttreatment parameters had significant positive correlations with the corresponding pretreatment parameters (r2 = 0.376‐0.719, P < 0.001). Most of the changes had significant negative correlations with the corresponding pretreatment parameter (r2 = 0.054‐0.249, P < 0.03). The results were not significantly influenced by the different bracket types.

Conclusion

The current findings suggest that the CBCT‐based morphological information about dentition and oral bone conditions of patients can provide a better pretreatment plan to estimate the results of orthodontic treatment.
Remineralization of demineralized dentin using a dual analog system
Authors: Saxena Neha , Habelitz Stefan , Marshall Grayson W. , Gower Laurie B.
Published: May 2019

Structured Abstract

Objective

Improved methods are needed to remineralize dentin caries in order to promote conservation of dentin tissue and minimize the surgical interventions that are currently required for clinical treatment. Here, we test the hypothesis that bulk substrates can be effectively mineralized via a dual analog system proposed by others, using a tripolyphosphate (TPP) “templating analog” and a poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) or poly(aspartic acid) (pAsp) “sequestration analog,” the latter of which generates the polymer‐induced liquid‐precursor (PILP) mineralization process studied in our laboratory.

Material & Methods

Demineralized human dentin slices were remineralized with and without pre‐treatment with TPP, using either PAA or pAsp as the PILP process‐directing agent. A control experiment with no polymer present was used for comparison.

Results

No mineralization was observed in any of the PAA groups. In both the pAsp and no polymer groups, TPP inhibited mineralization on the surfaces of the specimens but promoted mineralization within the interiors. Pre‐treatment with TPP enhanced overall mineralization of the pAsp group. However, when analysed via TEM, regions with little mineral were still present.

Conclusion

Poly(acrylic acid) was unable to remineralize demineralized dentin slices under the conditions employed, even when pre‐treated with TPP. However, pre‐treatment with TPP enhanced overall mineralization of specimens that were PILP‐remineralized using pAsp.
Analysis of facial skeletal asymmetry during foetal development using μCT imaging
Authors: Katsube Motoki , Rolfe Sara M. , Bortolussi Stephanie R. , Yamaguchi Yutaka , Richman Joy M. , Yamada Shigehito , Vora Siddharth R.
Published: May 2019

Structured Abstract

Objectives

Asymmetry has been noted in the human craniofacial region in several pathological conditional and growth abnormalities, often with a directional predilection. Physiological asymmetry has also been reported in normal adults and adolescents, with certain regions of the cranioskeleton, such as the mandible, displaying prevalent asymmetry. However, the timing at which such asymmetries arise has not been evaluated. The objectives of this study were to assess the degree of asymmetry in facial bones during the foetal stages of human development.

Material and Methods

Twenty‐one preserved conceptuses from the Congenital Anomaly Research Center at Kyoto University, between ages 15 and 20 weeks of gestation, were studied using high‐resolution μCT imaging. Asymmetry analysis was performed on digitally segmented facial bone pairs, using geometric morphometric (GM) approaches as well as adapted deformation‐based asymmetry (DBA) methods.

Results

GM analysis revealed that the developing facial bones display statistically significant fluctuating and directional asymmetry. DBA methods suggest that the magnitude of asymmetry in facial bones is low and does not appear to be correlated to the estimate of overall size of conceptus. Additionally, the patterns of asymmetry are highly variable between individual specimens.

Conclusions

The developing foetal facial skeleton displays variable patterns of low magnitude asymmetry. GM and DBA methods offer unique advantages to assess facial asymmetry quantitatively and qualitatively.
The Rural Problem: Justice in the Countryside
Authors: Carolan Michael
Published: May 2019

This paper makes the case that justice scholarship cannot adequately account for the rural grievances that helped launch Trump to the presidency. This relative blind spot in the literature offers an opportunity for rural sociologists and rural studies scholars more generally to elevate their relevance in the academy and beyond. From late‐2012 to late‐2017, I traversed the state of Colorado interviewing and participating alongside non metro residents from its 24 “rural” and 23 “frontier” counties—the latter designation refers to those counties with a population density of six or fewer persons per square mile (the state has 64 counties in total). The argument is informed by 129 face‐to‐face interviews with residents from across these 47 counties. An additional 144 participant observation‐related conversations help further inform the argument. After explaining why rural grievances driving much of today's populism remains a problem for justice scholarship, I document injustices experienced among those interviewed, categorizing them along the three axes of distribution, recognition, and representation. I then offer tentative suggestions for building recognition and empathy between metro and non metro Coloradans. The paper concludes discussing its limitations and the next steps for future scholarship.
A novel human anti‐AXL monoclonal antibody attenuates tumour cell migration
Authors: Duan Yanting , Luo Longlong , Qiao Chunxia , Li Xinying , Wang Jing , Liu Hao , Zhou Tingting , Shen Beifen , Lv Ming , Feng Jiannan
Published: May 2019

TAM family members (TYRO3, AXL and MERTK) play essential roles in the resolution of inflammation and in infectious diseases and cancer. AXL, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is commonly overexpressed in several solid tumours and numerous hematopoietic malignancies including acute myeloid leukaemia, acute lymphocytic leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and multiple myeloma. AXL significantly promotes tumour cell migration, invasion and metastasis, as well as angiogenesis. AXL also plays an important role in inflammation and macrophage ontogeny. Recent studies have revealed that AXL contributes to leukaemic phenotypes through activation of oncogenic signalling pathways that lead to increased cell migration and proliferation. To evaluate the mechanisms underlying the role of AXL signalling in tumour metastasis, we screened a phage display library to generate a novel human monoclonal antibody, named DAXL‐88, that recognizes both human and murine AXL. The concentrations of DAXL‐88 required for 50% maximal binding to human and murine AXL were 0.118 and 0.164 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, DAXL‐88 bound to human AXL with high affinity (KD ~ 370 pM). DAXL‐88 blocked the interaction between AXL and its ligand, growth arrest‐specific gene 6 (GAS6), with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 2.16 μg/mL. Moreover, DAXL‐88 inhibited AXL/GAS6‐dependent cell signalling, which is implicated in cell migration and invasion. In conclusion, the novel anti‐AXL DAXL‐88 high‐affinity antibody blocks the interaction between AXL and GAS6 and inhibits tumour cell migration and invasion induced by GAS6. Thus, DAXL‐88 offers promise for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies in solid tumours, leukaemias and other lymphoid neoplasms.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐DQA1*01:22 allele by sequencing‐based typing
Authors: Cargou Marine , Andreani Marco , Troiano Maria , Guidicelli Gwendaline , Visentin Jonathan
Published: May 2019

HLA‐DQA1*01:22 differs from HLA‐DQA1*01:05:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 8 in exon 2.
Retrospective evaluation of canine heart base tumours treated with toceranib phosphate (Palladia): 2011‐2018
Authors: Lew Felicia H. , McQuown Bobbi , Borrego Juan , Cunningham Suzanne , Burgess Kristine E.
Published: May 2019

Heart base tumours (HBT) occur commonly in older, brachycephalic dogs. A presumptive diagnosis is made based on location and appearance of the tumour via echocardiogram. Effective treatment options are limited to surgery (when feasible) or radiation therapy. Benefit of medical management is presently unknown. The goal of this retrospective study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of toceranib phosphate for dogs with HBT. Twenty‐eight dogs with histologically, cytologically confirmed or presumed HBT were evaluated retrospectively. Twenty‐seven dogs were treated with single agent toceranib. One dog received combination therapy with concurrent metronomic chemotherapy. This dog was not included in response or survival analysis. Factors assessed included clinical signs, hematologic/biochemical parameters and response to treatment. For the 27 dogs receiving single agent toceranib, an overall response rate of 10% was found. Overall median survival time was 823 days (range, 68‐1190 days). The overall response rate for the dogs presenting with metastasis was 28.5%, with a median survival time of 532 days (range, 77‐679 days). This was not significantly different than the median survival time of 796 days for dogs who did not present with metastasis. Of the dogs displaying clinical signs at the time of diagnosis, 90% had improvement and 81% had complete resolution of signs after starting toceranib. Toxicity was seen in 54% of dogs with gastrointestinal distress as the most common toxicity but dose reductions were infrequent required. Results demonstrate that toceranib phosphate is a well‐tolerated and effective treatment for inoperable canine heart base tumours including dogs with advanced or metastatic disease.
Dios Padre, el Señor Jesús Cristo y su interrelación: 1Co 8,6 como estudio de caso
Authors: Cardozo Mindiola Cristian
Published: May 2019

Mediante un análisis exegéticoteológico de 1Co 8,6, este artículo estudia a Dios Padre en la teología paulina y el modo como Jesús impactó su identidad. Para Pablo, Dios el Padre es el Dios del Antiguo Testamento, que ahora ha incluido a Jesús en su identidad. Esta alteración produjo una transformación dialógica en la que Dios ahora es visto como un Dios cristiano y Jesús es representado como divino. Sin embargo, no hay modalismo en el pensamiento de Pablo. En cambio, aunque Dios y Jesús comparten la misma identidad, siguen siendo diferentes entre sí, con características y funciones únicas al interior de la deidad.