bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Beta Titanium Alloys for Use in Orthodontic Appliances
Authors: Goldberg Jon , Burstone Charles J.
Published: November 2010

A beta titanium alloy was evaluated for use in orthodontic appliances. Standard mechanical tests and a specially designed spring test were used. Two particular thermo-mechanical treatments resulted in titanium springs with 1.8 times the extension of comparable stainless steel springs, and a 2.2 fold reduction in force per unit displacement.
Validity of an Assumption Underlying the Confirmed Bleeding Day Measurement in an Experimental Clinical Trial
Authors: Watts Trevor L.P.
Published: November 2010

In a clinical trial involving gingival bleeding, one measurement proved far better than the others. It was assumed that this measurement would help to eliminate certain sources of error. This paper examines data from the trial which give support to the assumption.
Characterization of Calculus Matrix Calcification Nucleator
Authors: Ennever J. , Vogel J.J. , Boyan-Salyers B. , Riggan L.J.
Published: November 2010

The nucleator of dental calculus matrix calcification, in vitro, was analyzed. Attention focused on proteolipid singularity, amino acid composition and related polarity, and phospholipid components. The data were compared to those of the nucleator of Bacterionema matruchotii calcification.
The Effect of Levamisole on DMBA-induced Carcinogenesis in the Hamster Cheek Pouch
Authors: Cottone James A. , Kafrawy Abdel H. , Mitchell David F. , Standish S. Miles
Published: November 2010

The effect of levamisole on DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in the cheek pouch of the hamster was studied. Findings indicate that levamisole modified the response of the pouch to DMBA at six weeks, while this effect was not maintained after 12 weeks of DMBA application.
Cellular Regulation of the Metabolism of Androgens in Rat Oral Mucosa. II. Product Activation of 17 β-hydroxysteroid Oxidoreductase Enzyme System
Authors: Vittek Jozef , Gordon Gary G. , Rappaport Sydney C. , Southren A. Louis
Published: November 2010

Product activation of 17β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase for testosterone and androstenedione was established using the enzyme preparation from rat oral mucosa. It is suggested that this activation could be due to the conformational changes of the enzyme.
Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Bovine, Rabbit and Human Dental Pulp Glycosaminoglycans
Authors: Sakamoto Naoki , Okamoto Hiroshi , Okuda Kyuichiro
Published: November 2010

Bovine, rabbit and human dental pulp glycosaminoglycans were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using two-dimensional electrophoresis. The major components of bovine and rabbit dental pulp were chondroitin 4-sulphate and hyaluronic acid, while in the human dental pulp dermatan sulphate and chondroitin 4-sulphate were the major components.
Serologic Reactions of Oral Gram Negative Anaerobic Bacilli
Authors: Hawley Charles E. , Falkler A.
Published: November 2010

Serological reactions were performed using hyper-immune rabbit antisera and antigenic preparations of Leptotrichia buccalis, Fusobacterium fusiforme, and Fusobacterium polymorphum. All tests indicated that there was serologic cross reactivity between the two Fusobacterium species. No cross reactivity could be detected between the Fusobacterium species and L. buccalis. The findings suggest that F. fusiforme and F. polymorphum are similar in their immunogenicity, and that the grouping of these two organisms as F. nucleatum may be justified.
Disturbances and Defects in Enamel Development
Authors: Simmelink J.W. , Nygaard V.K.
Published: November 2010

Ameloblastic disturbances are correlated with defects in enamel. Experimental disturbances created by tetracyclines, fluorides, and antamitotic drugs are emphasized. Cellular alterations are shown to interfere with both matrix production and secretion. Defects in enamel formation are characterized by abnormal crystal size and distribution. Further research in normal and particularly abnormal enamel development is needed to establish: 1. exact mode of matrix secretion and its relation to crystal nucleation and orientation 2. function of maturative ameloblast and its relation to the stratum intermedium and papillary layer during that phase 3. cause for lack of mineralization of matrix, particularly in ectopic areas.
Enamel Protein Chemistry - Past, Present and Future
Authors: Eastoe J.E.
Published: November 2010

Past progress in the chemistry of enamel proteins is reviewed and the current state of knowledge assessed. The matrix of young enamel is a complex system in which some 20 distinct components with molecular weights in the region of 3,000 to 16,000 are in dynamic equilibrium with much larger aggregates. During maturation, most of these components are selectively lost, more or less completely, from the enamel. 'Amelogenin' components rich in proline and histidine are removed first and 'tuft protein', characterized by high serine and glycine, is often partially retained in mature enamel. Some components have been isolated in a state approaching purity and a measure of agreement has been reached between laboratories concerning their characteristics. Partial amino acid sequences are known for two components, which contain phosphoserine. Though the mechanisms of mineralization and protein removal are not known, various possibilities are discussed. The essential unsolved problem is the nature of the overall protein system.
Enamel Matrix: Structural Proteins
Authors: Termine J.D. , Torchia D.A. , Conn K.M.
Published: November 2010

Cell-free, fetal bovine enamel tissue was examined intact by high resolution. 13C Fourier transform, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two types of protein chains were observed under these conditions, one exhibiting rapid mobility and accounting for approximately two-thirds of the enamel matrix, while the other exhibited restricted or anisotropic segmental motion and accounted for the remaining third of the matrix.

Sequential extraction of this fetal enamel under non-degradative conditions with dissociative solvents yielded two biochemically distinct populations of matrix protein. As expected, the bulk of the matrix consisted of proline-rich amelogenins, although the SDS-gel electrophoresis molecular weights for these proteins were somewhat higher than those reported using other extraction methods. Approximately fifteen percent of the total matrix consisted of much higher molecular weight phosphoproteins (46,000 - 72,000 daltons) whose amino acid composition closely resembled that reported for mature enamel protein. These high molecular weight proteins were tightly bound to the fetal enamel apatite crystallites.
Immunogenicity of Enamel Protein
Authors: Schonfeld S.E.
Published: November 2010

Antisera to enamel proteins have been used primarily as a probe for biochemical and developmental studies of enamel proteins and tooth formation. More recently, the inherent immunogenicity of enamel protein has become a subject for investigation. Papers are reviewed which show that soluble enamel proteins are immunogenic across species barriers, and that solid-phase enamel proteins are immunogenic within a species. New data are presented which demonstrate that enamel proteins are autoantigenic both in vivo and in vitro. Future areas of research are suggested.
Enamel Apatite: Chemistry, Structure and Properties
Authors: Eanes E.D.
Published: November 2010

The crystal chemistry of enamel apatite is probably the best understood of all the biological apatites. It is an imperfect apatite, low in calcium and hydroxide ions, but rich in substitutional impurities. A few impurities, like fluoride, are beneficial but most appear to disrupt the lattice structure. In this paper, the composition and basic structural features of enamel apatite are described, with particular emphasis on what we presently know, and do not know, about the role impurities play in establishing the fine details of this structure.
Ultrastructural Studies of Synthetic Apatite Crystals
Authors: Arends J. , Jongebloed W.L.
Published: November 2010

In this paper a survey is given of some ultrastructural properties of synthetic hydroxyapatite. The preparation method by which single crystals with a length in the range of 0.1-3.0mm and a defined purity and stoichiometry can be produced is given. Two groups of materials are considered in detail: carbonate-rich (>0.1% CO3) and low-carbonate hydroxyapatites. The experiments on carbonate-rich material, being the most interesting from a biological point of view, show that acids attack at an active site in the hexagonal basal-plane of the crystals. Later on the crystals dis solve in the center of the crystal parallel to the c-axis forming tube-like structures. The active site can be protected from dissolution if the crystals are pretreated by EHDP or MFP. A comparison with lattice defect theory shows that most likely dislocations of the "hollow-core" type are responsible for the preferential dissolution.
Biological Apatite Crystal Dissolution
Authors: Voegel J.C. , Garnier P.
Published: November 2010

The dissolution curves of human acid-treated enamel powder are characterized by a rapid initial step followed, after 10 or 15 minutes, by a second stage, with release of very small amounts of calcium. Increase in pH and addition of fluoride ions tend to diminish, for short intervals, the amount of dissolved apatites. For higher pH values the decrease is noted over a longer time. Study of the relative ionic variation of human enamel powder from young and adult patients subjected to acid requires infra-red vibration band analyses. Special attention was given to the absorptions at 610 cm-1 (phosphate groups), 880 cm -1 (C032- in OH- sites and HPO42-), 1410 cm -1 (C032- in phosphate sites) and 1550 cm-1 (CO3 2- in OH- position). All results were related to vibration band at 610 cm-1. A preferential loss of carbonates in the two possible sites was always observed for 10 or 15 minutes, followed by a high release of phosphate. The increase of pH or small amounts of fluoride displaced the preferential carbonate loss to longer times. In the presence o.f higher fluoride levels a disappearance of the preferential loss of carbonates was noted. A continuous increase of HP042- in the absence of fluoride occurred; however a straight line with a smaller shape was present, with fluoride addition.
Differential Adsorption and Chemical Affinities of Proteins for Apatitic Surfaces
Authors: Hay D.I. , Moreno E.C.
Published: November 2010

Studies are reviewed which identify the interacting groups involved in protein adsorption onto hydroxyapatite. Thus, carboxyl and phosphoester groups bind to calcium sites in the adsorbent, and basic groups bind to phosphate sites. Detailed adsorption studies have been performed to quantitate some of these interactions. An adsorption model, based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, adequately fitted the data from experiments using selected amino acids, bovine albumin and two human salivary proteins. Adsorption parameters (afffnities and maximum number of sites) were obtained for several apatitic adsorbents, with affinities increasing considerably in the series hydroxy- (HA), fluorhydroxy- (FHA) and fluor-apatite (FA). A modest increase in the number of sites was also noted. The change in adsorption behavior, with increasing fluoride content, was attributed to a reduction in the surface free energy of the adsorbent, with a concomitant decrease in the interaction of the adsorbent with water, and a consequent enhancement of the adsorption bond. It is suggested that this effect may play a role in the cariostatic effect of fluoride. Unusual structural aspects of the salivary proteins are discussed in relation to their adsorption behavior, and the molecular segments responsible for binding to the adsorbent tentatively identified.
Immunofluorescent Evidence for the Similarity of Amelogenins in Calf, Mouse and Pig Teeth
Authors: Herold R. , Christner P. , Graver H. , Rosenbloom J.
Published: November 2010

Antiserum was prepared to fetal bovine enamel matrix and was used to localize the amelogenins in developing bovine molars by immunofluorescent microscopy. Amelogenins could be identified to preameloblasts, secretory ameloblasts, stratum intermedium cells, and the newly deposited enamel matrix. Mature enamel matrix did not fluoresce except in a thin line along the DEJ and adjacent to the ameloblasts. Immature enamel matrix of murine and porcine teeth fluoresced when treated with antiserum to bovine enamel matrix. No other portions of tooth buds or other tissues reacted with the specific antiserum.
The Appearances of Common Dental Diseases on Radionuclide Bone Images of the Jaws
Authors: Garcia Daniel A. , Tow Donald E. , Sullivan Thomas M. , Jansons Dace , Niederman Richard
Published: November 2010

Radionuclide images of hospital patients were examined for abnormal areas within the jaws. Fourteen of 25 subjects studied showed one or more abnormal image areas, most of which were attributable to common dental lesions revealed by oral examinations. The lesions detectable on images included healing bone sites, periodontal and pulpal disease, residual osteitis and irritations caused by ill-fitting dentures.
Wear of Composites by Abrasives of Varying Hardness
Authors: Rootare H.M. , Powers J.M. , Craig R.G.
Published: November 2010

The relationship between the wear of three composite resins and the hardness of the abrasive was studied by a two-body abrasion test. The wear rates of the composites increased linearly with abrasive hardness from 530 to 2080 KHN. Measurement of the slope of the wear rate versus abrasive hardness over this range provided a sensitive method for ranking the composites.
Adhesive Bonding of Various Materials to Hard Tooth Tissues XVIII: Synthesis of a Polyfunctional Surface-active Comonomer
Authors: Bowen R.L.
Published: November 2010

An oligomeric diglycidyl ether was allowed to react first with one mole of acrylic acid and then with one half mole of lithium o-aminobenzoate. The nature of the complex product was estimated by probability statistics. This appears to be the best method, so far, for synthesis of a PolySAC (polyfunctional surface-active comonomer).
Evaluation of Commercial and Newly-synthesized Amine Accelerators for Dental Composites
Authors: Dulik Dianne M.
Published: November 2010

The characteristics of newly synthesized tertiary aromatic amines as accelerators for restorative resins have been evaluated. Comparison of the composites prepared with these and presently used accelerators indicate that resins formulated with 4-N,N-dimethylaminophenylacetic acid, its methyl ester or N,N-dimethylaminoglutethimide have properties generally better than comparable resins prepared with commercially used amines.
Adenylate Energy Charge: A Method for the Determination of Viable Cell Mass in Dental Plaque Samples
Authors: Kemp Christopher W.
Published: November 2010

The biochemical function, adenylate energy charge (AEC), correlates with the viable count of S. mutans. AEC may be used to estimate the percent viable fraction of bacteria in dental plaque samples. An interactive computer program designed to process the AEC data is described.
The Extent of the Odontoblast Process in Human Dentin
Authors: Thomas HUW F.
Published: November 2010

Impacted human third molar teeth were examined, both with the light and electron microscope, to determine the extent of the odontoblast process. The odontoblast process was found to be limited to the inner third of coronal dentin and inner half of mid-root dentin.
Cariostatic Activity of (1,6-Bis-[2-Ethylhexylbiguanido]-Hexane) in Conventional Rats
Authors: Curtis Stephen N. , Dooley Claire L.
Published: November 2010

The antimicrobial and cariostatic activities of the dihydrochloride and dihydrofluoride salts of alexidine (1, 6-bis-[2-ethylhexylbiguanido]hexane) were compared to those of chlorhexidine acetate and sodium fluoride in rats implanted orally with Streptococcus mutans 6715 and fed a cariogenic diet. Experimental caries was significantly reduced by the continuous administration of low concentrations of biguanides via the drinking water, but this was accompanied by increased staining of the molars. Very high biguanide concentrations, applied infrequently, directly to the molars, effectively reduced caries and resulted in less staining. A combination of alexidine dihydrochloride and sodium fluoride offered no advantage over either drug alone.

Alexidine salts prevented the progressive increase in implanted S. mutans, whereas chlorhexidine acetate practically eliminated the microorganism from the oral cavity. Sodium fluoride had no effect on the implanted flora. It was concluded that alexidine salts are comparable in cariostatic activity to chlorhexidine. The tooth staining accompanying the use of bisbiguanides can be reduced by adjusting the concentration of the drug and its frequency of application.
The Uptake of Sugars by Isolated Rat Parotid Acinar Cells
Authors: Mangos John A.
Published: November 2010

This study presents the basic transport mechanisms of the uptake of D-glucose and 3-0-methyl-D-glucose by isolated rat parotid acinar cells. The transport characteristics were studied in vitro using 14C-labeled isotopic analogues of these sugars.
Effect of Two Antibacterial Mouth Sprays and Dentifrices on Dental Plaque and Gingivitis in Beagle Dogs
Authors: Compton F.H. , Beagrie G.S. , Chernecky Robert , Glasser Kirsten
Published: November 2010

Plaque inhibition by dilute mouth sprays and dentifrices containing benzethonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate was compared in beagle dogs. Agents with chlorhexidine gluconate produced less plaque than their benzethonium chloride or placebo counterparts, but the differences were not significant when compared to mean control scores registered during interexperimental recovery periods.
The Quantitative Measurement of the Opacity of Aesthetic Dental Filling Materials
Authors: Crisp Stephen , Abel Graham , Wilson Alan D.
Published: November 2010

A method is described for measuring the opacity of aesthetic dental filling materials using a goniophotometer. Procedures are given for converting measured opacity values to those referred to a 70% reflectance background (C0.7 values) as required by existing specifications. The conversion is involved, and, since most available white surfaces have reflectance of about 80%, it is recommended that in future specifications opacity be recorded as C0.8 values. Opacity values for 28 materials are reported. It was found that the opacity of dental cement decreases for several days following preparation and that powder/liquid ratio has little effect, while pigmentation has a marked effect on opacity.
Studies on the Sm-Co Magnet as a Dental Material
Authors: Tsutsui Hideo , Kinouchi Yohsuke , Sasaki Hideki , Shiota Masahisa , Ushita Tomiyuki
Published: November 2010

The Sm-Co magnet has superior and convenient magnetic properties as compared with conventional ones used hitherto in prosthesis, and even very small pieces can provide the force necessary in dentistry. Also, the magnet has high corrosion resistance and is innocuous to tissues. Therefore, it can be used as a dental material, overcoming the limitations in past applications.
Measurement of Bending Deformation for Small Diameter Orthodontic Wires
Authors: Brantley William A. , Myers C. Louis
Published: November 2010

The stiffness tester and torque meter were found to yield nearly the same measurements of bending deformation for orthodontic wires as small as .007 inch diameter, provided the different bending apparatus are calibrated to each other. Although frictional losses in the test apparatus did not appear to be significant, the test span length does significantly affect measured values of Young's modulus and flexural yield strength, in a manner similar to that previously found for larger-diameter wires.
IgG Subclasses in Human Periodontal Disease: III. Serum Concentrations of IgG Subclass Immunoglobulins and Circulating Immune Complexes
Authors: Mackler Bruce F. , Schur Peter , Waldrop Thomas , Coker Elbert , Rossen Roger
Published: November 2010

No quantitative changes in serum IgG subclass concentrations could be correlated clinically with periodontal disease, despite evidence of restrictive IgG subclass antibody responses in inflamed gingiva. Serum from periodontal patients also lacked circulating immune complexes.
Formation of Bacterionema matruchotii Protoplast
Authors: Takazoe Ichiro , Itoyama Toshiko , Kadomura Yasunaga
Published: November 2010

Protoplast formation with Bacterionema matruchotii was studied turbidimetrically and microscopically. The protoplasts were inducible during culture by addition of glycine, lysozyme and Ficoll to a medium containing Tween-80 and polyethylene glycol.
Effect of Indomethacin on Ca2+-Stimulated Adenosine Triphosphatase in the Microsomes of Rat Submandibular Gland
Authors: Takiguchi Hisashi , Ito Keiko , Otsuka Ritsuko , Abiko Yoshimitsu
Published: November 2010

The effect of indomethacin, which is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, on Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (Ca2+-ATPase) activity in the microsomes of rat submandibular gland was investigated. The effect of aspirin on Ca 2+-ATPase activity was also studied.
The Distribution of Metallic Constituents in Dentin Subjected to Iontophoresis
Authors: Fujimasa Toshio , Matsumoto Hiroshi , Yasuda Katsuhiro
Published: November 2010

The concentration gradient and distribution of a metallic constituent in dentin which has been subjected to iontophoresis, using a water solution of silver diamine hydroxide and zinc chloride, were analyzed by means of EPMA as a basic study for pulp capping or cavity lining. Line scanning analyses parallel to the tooth axis showed that the transportation distance of metallic ions depends strongly on potential, period of iontophoresis and structural differences in dentin. Although metallic silver or zinc was found in the dentinal tubules, there was one case in which no metal was observed. The change in the distribution can be described as power function.
Storage Stability of Dental Composites
Authors: Brauer G.M. , Petrianyk N. , Termini D.J.
Published: November 2010

Composites made from powder-liquid constituents and subjected to elevated temperatures during storage are more stable than those employing pastes. The decomposition of the benzoyl peroxide ingredient is mainly responsible for the increased setting time and the decreased mechanical properties of the resulting composite.
Viscoelastic and Dynamic Properties of Soft Liners and Tissue Conditioners
Authors: Duran R.L. , Powers J.M. , Craig R.G.
Published: November 2010

The creep compliance and dynamic modulus of two tissue conditioners and five soft liners were determined after storage in water at 37 C. Under static conditions the tissue conditioners functioned like viscous liquids, whereas the soft liners were more elastic. In general, linear viscoelasticity was not observed. Under dynamic conditions, the materials were stiffer.
In vivo Effect of Oral Environment on Etched Enamel: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Garberoglio R. , Cozzani G.
Published: November 2010

After etching the enamel in teeth of young children with 50% buffered phosphoric acid and allowing the teeth to remain in the oral environment for a few months, an irregular enamel surface similar to the morphology of recently etched enamel was noted by means of scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the enamel surfaces were covered with plaque. Accordingly, observations by other authors, that etched human enamel takes on a normal appearance after short exposure in the oral cavity, could not be confirmed. However, when the surface of the etched enamel was pumiced, the enamel reacquired both the shine and appearance of non-etched enamel.
Character of the Hard Tooth Tissue-polymer Bond I. Study of the Interaction of Calcium Phosphate with N-Phenylglycine and with N-Phenylglycine-Glycidyl Methacrylate Adduct
Authors: Alexieva Cornelia
Published: November 2010

A model investigation was carried out to establish the chemical character of the bond between hard tooth tissues and polymeric materials. The interaction of NPG and NPG-GMA with Ca 3(PO4)2 and 45Ca3(PO4) 2 was studied in aqueous, alcoholic and aqueous-alcoholic solutions. It was shown that NPG and NPG-GMA react in solution with Ca ions which are in equilibrium with calcium phosphate. The reaction proceeds more intensively in aqueous-alcoholic medium due to its ionic character. The IR spectra of the reaction products show the presence of NPG-GMA calcium salt. J Dent Res 58(9):1879-1883, September 1979
Bonding of Acrylic Resins to Dentin with 2-Cyanoacrylate Esters
Authors: Brauer G.M. , Jackson J.A. , Termini D.J.
Published: November 2010

Strength and durability of the dentin-acrylic resin joint cemented with 2-cyanoacrylate esters were studied. Maximum adhesion is obtained with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate after 1% acid pretreatment of the dentin. Hydrolytic stability is somewhat improved by addition of polymer to the adhesive or coating around the joint.
The Effect of Calcitonin in vitro on Tooth Germs in Protein-energy Malnourished Rats
Authors: Mallek Henry M. , Nakamoto Tetsuo , Nuchtern Elise , Miller Sanford A.
Published: November 2010

The effect of calcitonin on the development of incisor and molar tooth germs was studied in normal and nutritionally deprived newborn rats. Calcitonin affected the calcium uptake of nutritionally deprived molar tooth germs in the early postnatal period; this interaction was not seen in the later postnatal period, however.
Morphological and Functional Characterization of Isolated Human Parotid Acinar Cells
Authors: Mangos John A.
Published: November 2010

A method for the isolation of human parotid acinar cells using enzymatic dispersion and mild mechanical forces has been developed. The isolated acinar cells are morphologically and functionally intact, thus suitable for studies of the cellular physiology of secretion.
Plasma and Developing Enamel Fluoride Concentrations During Chronic Acid-base Disturbances
Authors: Whitford Gary M. , Reynolds Keith E.
Published: November 2010

Mild acid-base disturbances were induced in rats for 30 days. These disturbances did not affect % ash of maxillary incisors or % P of the developing enamel from mandibular incisors. Total fluoride intake (food and water) among groups drinking fluoride-free water was constant. Nevertheless, average plasma and developing enamel fluoride concentrations were highest in the acidotic group and lowest in the alkalotic group. Among groups drinking water containing 50 ppm fluoride, total fluoride intake was highest by the alkalotic group and lowest by the acidotic group. Plasma and enamel fluoride concentrations, however, were highest in the acidotic group. It is concluded that plasma and developing enamel fluoride levels can be independent of, or inversely related to, fluoride intake.
Ridit Analysis in Dental Clinical Studies
Authors: Fleiss Joseph L. , Chilton Neal W. , Wallenstein Sylvan
Published: November 2010

Ridit analysis is presented as an appropriate method of analyzing dental clinical data which fall somewhere between the purely categorical (e.g., improved vs. not improved) and the bona fide quantitative (e.g., mg % salivary calcium) scales of measurement. The key feature of the method is the estimation of the probability that a randomly-selected patient from one treatment group is "better-off" than a randomly-selected patient from another. Methods are presented for testing statistical significance and constructing confidence intervals. The method is illustrated on data from a comparative clinical trial of ibuprofen, aspirin and placebo in the relief of post-extraction pain. There were no significant differences in efficacy among the active treatments, but each was significantly superior to placebo.
Clinical Performance of a Gold-containing Amalgam
Authors: Mahler David B. , Marantz Richard , Adey Jerome D.
Published: November 2010

In this study, the clinical performance (marginal fracture) of a gold-containing amalgam was compared to five traditional γ2-containing amalgams and one non-γ 2 amalgam. The results showed that the performance of this gold-containing amalgam was bettered by the non-γ2 amalgam and four of the five γ2-containing amalgams. A microprobe evaluation of a five-year-old clinical restoration made from this alloy revealed an unusual corrosion pattern.
Radiochemical Determination of the Metabolic Activity of Collagen in Mature Dentin
Authors: Borggreven J.M.P.M. , Hoppenbrouwers P.M.M. , Gorissen R.
Published: November 2010

Tritiated proline was administered to domestic cats during the development of their permanent premolars. The metabolic activity of collagen in the mature premolar dentin was determined by quantitating the amount of tritiated hydroxyproline in the dentin as a function of time. It has been demonstrated that the metabolic activity of the dentinal collagen was extremely low and remained within the experimental error for a period of 45 weeks.
Relationship Between Structure and the Stress Pattern in the Human Mandible
Authors: Mongini Franco , Calderale Pasquale M. , Barberi Giuseppe
Published: November 2010

The internal bony structure of ten dentate human mandibles was examined on lateral radiograms, and the condylar shape measured with a digital electronic machine. The external surface was coated with photoelastic material. Each mandible was then placed in centric occlusion with brass replicas of the upper arch and the glenoid fossae and set in a supporting frame. Occlusal loads were simulated and the isoclinics recorded in plane-polarized light. The isostatic flow lines were constructed for each mandible. A relation was found between the mandibular structure and the distribution pattern of these lines.
The Crystalline Components of Dental Calculi: Human vs. Dog
Authors: Legeros Racquel Z. , Shannon Ira L.
Published: November 2010

Dental calculus from the dog was found to consist principally of the calcite form of calcium carbonate mixed with small amounts of apatite; other calcium phosphates, consistently present in human calculus, were not present in dog calculus. Precipitable calcium salts from human saliva were mainly apatite; for the dog the principal precipitated salt was calcium carbonate (calcite form).
Clinical and Microbiological Aspects of Chemotherapeutic Agents Used According to the Specific Plaque Hypothesis
Authors: Loesche Walter J.
Published: November 2010

Certain forms of dental decay and periodontal disease appear to be due to specific bacterial infections following overgrowth of certain indigenous plaque bacteria, i.e., the specific plaque hypothesis. If so, then antimicrobial treatment based on a diagnosis of elevated levels or proportions of these organisms should be considered. Such treatment cannot be administered according to concepts of the non-specific plaque hypothesis. A treatment philosophy is presented which is based upon considerations long established in medical infections following overgrowth of certain indigenous plaque bacteria, i.e., the specific plaque hypo-microbial to the site of the infection for periods long enough to suppress or destroy the pathogenic agent. Examples of this treatment philosophy are given.
Gingival Matrix Collagen in Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Hammouda Ola , Seif Mohamed , Brinkley Burcharda , Dabbous Mustafa Kh. , Jurand Jerry
Published: November 2010

The isolation and characterization of cyanogen bromide peptides derived from the human gingival collagen of patients with chronic periodontitis revealed the presence of both Type I and Type III collagens in this tissue. The amount of Type III collagen, however, was found to be lower than that in normal gingival tissue. In addition, a non-collagenous protein fraction, accounting for approximately 20% of the insoluble matrix, was relatively rich in acidic, hydrophobic, and hydroxy-containing amino acids. Amino acid analysis, likewise, revealed qualitative and quantitative differences between the normal and diseased tissues.
Identification of Collagenase in Cultured Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Simpson John W. , Mackler B.F. , O'Neill Peggy , Mailman M.L.
Published: November 2010

Mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral whole blood were fractionated by erythrocyte-rosetting into T cells and non-T cell subpopulations which were tested for collagenase-producing capacity. Mononuclear cells and purified T lymphocytes, as well as non-T (B) lymphocytes, produced collagenase during serum-free culture. Removal of the macrophages from the non-T cells did not affect collagenase production by lymphocytes.
Corrosion Test for Dental Amalgam
Authors: Marek Miroslav
Published: November 2010

A corrosion test for dental amalgam, based on controlled potential coulometry, provides an index of corrosion susceptibility. A special cell was designed, and optimum test conditions were determined. The test can be used for the rating of amalgams, and in studies of the effect of variables on the corrosion resistance.
Electron Microscopic Localization of Virions in Developing Teeth of Young Hamsters Infected With Minute Virus of Mice
Authors: Garant Philias R. , Baer Paul N. , Kilham Lawrence
Published: November 2010

Virus particles were detected within the nuclei and cytoplasm of odontogenic cells in the developing teeth of young hamsters infected with a small DNA virus (MVM). Disturbances of normal cytodifferentiation and organogenesis occurred as a result of viral multiplication. Virions were also observed in dense lysosome-like bodies of activated monocytes within the periodontal ligament and adjacent connective tissues. Fibrolytic and osteolytic lesions in the periodontal ligament and adjacent alveolar bone were associated with the inflammatory cell infiltrate.
Long Term Effects of Primary Molar Pulpotomies on Succedaneous Bicuspids
Authors: Messer Louise B. , Cline Jay T. , Korf Noel W.
Published: November 2010

Forty-three bicuspids which replaced successfullypulpotomized vital or non-vital primary molars, and twenty bicuspids, which erupted following unsuccessful pulpotomies requiring extraction of the preceding teeth, were examined for defects of position and enamel. In comparison with contralateral control teeth, test teeth in both groups showed an increased prevalence of rotation and enamel surface defects.
Ultrastructure of a Presumptive Golgi-Mazzoni Receptor in the Periodontal Ligament in Mice
Authors: Corpron Richard E. , Avery James K. , Lee Soo D. , Morawa Arnold P.
Published: November 2010

A variety of encapsulated and free periodontal nerve endings have been described in extracted human teeth (Griffin and Harris, Australian DJ, 19:255-59, 1974; Harris and Griffin, Australian DJ, 19:174-81, 326-37, 1974), and in mouse molars with intact surrounding periodontium (Corpron et al., J Dent Res, 53-75, 1974; Avery et al., J Dent Res, 54:92, 1975; Corpron et at. J Dent Res, 57:B224, 1977).
The Effect of Desalivation Upon Pulpal Function and Dental Caries in Rats
Authors: Steinman R.R. , Leonora John , Singh Rashmi J.
Published: November 2010

The role of pulp and saliva in caries susceptibility and resistance was evaluated using a combination of endodontic treatment and desalivation. Evidence was presented that the pulp plays a major role in caries susceptibility. It is suggested that pulpal function is modified by hormonal factor(s) originating from salivary glands. In the rat, saliva appears to play a minor role in resistance to caries.
Quantitative Distribution of Inflammatory Cells in Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis
Authors: Mills Michael P. , Mackler Bruce F. , Cade Nelms D. , Peavy Duane L.
Published: November 2010

Histologic quantitation of leukocytes in biopsies of recurrent aphthous ulcers revealed at least two morphologically-distinct inflammatory infiltrates. Lymphocytes were found consistently in pre-ulcerative lesions and in the expanding margins of the developing ulcer. In contrast, polymorphonuclear leukocytes predominated only in areas of frank ulceration.
The Effect of Sodium Fluoride in Acid Etching Solution on Sealant Bond and Fluoride Uptake
Authors: Takahashi Yoshikazu , Arakawa Yukio , Matsukubo Takashi , Takeuchi Mitsuharu
Published: November 2010

Effects of etching with 30% H3PO4 containing NaF on the enamel surface were re-examined. Results indicated that 2-5% NaF in the etchant prevent the sealant bond, but addition of 0.02% NaF resulted in an increase in fluoride content of the enamel surface without a decrease in bond strength.
Clinical Science
Authors: Ennever J. , Peterson J.K. , Hester W.R. , Segreto V.A. , Radike A.W.
Published: November 2010

Two similar sodium fluoride dentifrices, one neutral and one alkaline, were compared to a placebo for clinical effectiveness in reducing caries. The neutral dentifrice contained 35% less soluble fluoride than the alkaline dentifrice. Both fluoride dentifrices were significantly effective but were not different from each other.
Basic Biological Sciences Electron Microscopic Visualization of Extracellular Polysaccharides on the Cell Wall of Some Streptococci
Authors: Lounatmaa K. , Meurman J.H.
Published: November 2010

The thickness of the acid polysaccharide capsule varied remarkably among the studied streptococci. In some strains, projections of the capsule and sloughing of the polysaccharide were observed in the medium.
Estimated Fluoride Intake of Average Two-year-old Children in Four Dietary Regions of the United States
Authors: Ophaug Robert H. , Singer Leon , Harland Barbara F.
Published: November 2010

Analysis of toddler "Market Basket" food collections indicates that an average two-year-old child living in cities with water supplies containing 0.37 to 1.04 ppm of fluoride has a daily fluoride intake of 0.315 to 0.610 mg/day (0.025 to 0.049 mg/kg body weight) from food, water, and beverages.
Materials Science
Authors: Cook Wayne D. , Brockhurst Peter
Published: November 2010

The motion involved in the operation of an oscillating rheometer was analyzed, and revealed that the instrument measured a complex mixture of an instrument-dependent parameter, the spring constant, and two material-dependent parameters- the dynamic viscosity and the shear storage modulus. The significance of the working and setting time parameters measured by the rheometer are discussed.
The Effect of EDTA-containing Surface- active Solutions on the Morphology of Prepared Dentin: An in vivo Study
Authors: Brannström M. , Nordenvall K.J. , Glantz P.-O.
Published: November 2010

The capacities of EDTA-containing and surface-active antibacterial solutions and their combinations for removing amorphous smear layers produced by cutting of dentin were studied in vivo on 132 human dentin surfaces ground at high speed with a diamond point.

A combination of 0.2% EDTA and surface-active antibacterial solutions removed most of the smear layers without opening too many tubule apertures or removing peritubular dentin. No difference was found between the cleaning capacity on surfaces ground under water cooling compared to air cooling.
Clinical Science
Authors: Okamura Keiji , Maeda Mariko , Nishikawa Tetsunari , Tsutsui Masahiro
Published: November 2010

The pulpal origin of dentinal immunoglobulins was demonstrated by means of immunohistological methods. Immunoglobulins were located both in the cytoplasm of odontoblasts in pulp and at odontoblastic processes in dentin. Positive reactivity of the immunoglobulins to antigens was confirmed using peroxidase-immunized rabbits. IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, and C4 were observed on some invasive bacteria in human carious dentin.
A Clinical Caries Evaluation of a Stannous Fluoride Prophylactic Paste and Topical Solution
Authors: Beiswanger Bradley B. , Mercer Victor H. , Billings Ronald J. , Stookey George K.
Published: November 2010

A three-yr caries study was conducted to evaluate an SnF2 prophylactic paste and topical solution professionally applied to children on a semi-annual basis. The topical solution imparted a significant decrease in caries incidence while the prophylactic paste was without significant effect. The combination of treatments was not significantly more effective than the topical application alone.
Fluoride Prolonged Release Preparations for Topical Use
Authors: Friedman Michael
Published: November 2010

A new delayed F-release preparation for topical use was developed. The sustained F-release was achieved by embedding NaF in ethyl cellulose and silicone polymer, both known to be nontoxic and insoluble in saliva. Chewing gum and orthodontic plates were used as delivery systems. The release of F from these preparations was found to be controlled by a diffusion mechanism and dependent on solubility, concentration of F, and effective surface area. The availability of a prolonged release of F, at a level between 0.06 - 0.5 mg/d has been demonstrated.
Hypothiocyanite Ion: Detection of the Antimicrobial Agent in Human Saliva
Authors: Thomas Edwin L. , Pera Bates Kate , Jefferson M. Margaret
Published: November 2010

The median concentration of hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) in freshly collected whole saliva was 10 μM. The OSCN- concentration increased to a median value of 36 μM during incubation for one h at 37° in vitro. This increase was partially inhibited by adding certain sugars (especially sucrose). The results suggest that OSCN- is a naturally occurring component of human saliva. Also, dietary carbohydrate may inhibit OSCN- accumulation and antimicrobial action in saliva.
Orientations of Carbonate Ions in Human Tooth Enamel Studied with Use of the CO 3-3 Radical Ions as Probes
Authors: Doi Y. , Aoba T. , Moriwaki Y. , Okazaki M. , Takahashi J.
Published: November 2010

With the use of CO 3-3 radical ions as probes, it is concluded that the carbonate ions substitute in the apatite lattice of human tooth enamel in two different ways. Most of the carbonate ions in the apatite lattice are aligned with their symmetry axis parallel to the c axis, whereas the remaining carbonate ions are aligned with their symmetry axis perpendicular to the c axis.
Setting and Thermal Reactions of Phosphate Investments
Authors: Neiman Robert , Sarma Atul C.
Published: November 2010

The setting reactions and thermal degradation of the phosphate binders are interpreted from the DTA and X-ray diffraction data. Setting takes place through complex formation of (NH4Mg PO4.6H2O)n, excess reactants, and water. Dehydration and thermal reactions lead to a sequence of reactions forming (NH4MgPO4.H2O) n, (Mg2P2 O7)n', Mg2P 2O7, and Mg3(PO4)2.
Improved Cements Containing Phosphate Polymers
Authors: De Groot K. , De Visser A.C. , Driessen A.A. , Wolke J.G.C.
Published: November 2010

The mechanical properties of two commercially available dental cements, a zinc phosphate cement and a carboxylate cement, were substantially improved by adding a polymeric phosphate acid to the cement liquids. The improvements can be explained in terms of the change in physicochemical nature of the modified cements.
Defects of Enamel in Sheep Resulting from Trauma During Tooth Development
Authors: Suckling G.
Published: November 2010

Defects of enamel were produced by inserting an instrument into the tooth crypt of developing permanent incisor teeth in sheep. The activity of the labial ameloblasts was deduced from tooth length at the time of trauma. Missing enamel (hypoplasia) resulted when secretory ameloblasts were damaged. Opacities (hypocalcification) followed trauma to the cells in their maturation phase.
Protective Effect of Milk Against in vitro Caries
Authors: Bibby B.G. , Huang C.T. , Zero D. , Mundorff S.A. , Little M.F.
Published: November 2010

Additions of milk solids to laboratory "cakes" made of sucrose and starch reduced in vitro (Orofax) "caries" and the dissolution of granular enamel, but increased the amounts of fermentation acids produced. Withdrawal of the milk component of ice cream, yogurt, and chocolate milk resulted in increased Orofax "caries. "
Prevalence of Streptococcus mutans Serotypes, Actinomyces, and Other Bacteria in the Plaque of Children
Authors: Thomson L.A. , Little W.A. , Bowen W.H. , Sierra L.I. , Aguirrer M. , Gillespie G.
Published: November 2010

Selected microbial components in dental plaque were determined for children in Biddeford, Maine and Colombia, South America. Using cultural methods, Streptococcus mutans was detected in 51.4% of the Colombian children and 63.3% of the Maine children. Serotype c was predominant in both populations. The greatest difference between the two groups occurred with serotypes d and g which were present in 25% of the Colombian children with S. mutans and were not detected in the Maine children. In the specimens examined with specific FA conjugates, Actinomyces was the predominant genus, present in all individuals and comprising an average of 52% of all cells.
Anodic Polarization Behavior of Ti-Ni and Ti-6A 1-4 V in Simulated Physiological Solutions
Authors: Speck Karen M. , Fraker Anna C.
Published: November 2010

Anodic polarization measurements made in Hanks' physiological solution at 37°C and a pH of 7.4 show titanium materials to be the most passive of the following metals: titanium, Ti-6A1-4V, Ti-Ni (memory alloy), MP35N (Co-Ni-Cr-Mo), Co-Cr-Mo, 316L stainless steel, and nickel. The influence of the amino acids, cysteine, and tryptophan on the corrosion behavior of Ti-Ni and Ti-6A1-4V was studied. Cysteine caused a lower breakdown potential for Ti-Ni, but it did not affect the breakdown of Ti-6A1-4V, although an increase in current density for Ti-6A1-4V was observed. Tryptophan produced no significant effects.
In vivo and in vitro Study of V Uptake in Developing Rat Molar Enamel
Authors: Bawden J.W. , Deaton T.G. , Chavis M.
Published: November 2010

The uptake of 48V in developing rat molar enamel was studied in vivo and in vitro using autoradiographic and quantitative methods. It was shown that the uptake of 48V in enamel is less than in bone and dentin, and that plasma protein binding of 48V is primarily responsible for the limited uptake in enamel.
Materials Science
Authors: German R.M.
Published: November 2010

A high-gold content ceramo-metal alloy (85 wt% Au, 5 wt% Pd, 5 wt% Pt) was selected for a definitive study of the hardening reactions. Specific points of concern included the hardening phase, hardening mechanism, and reaction kinetics to provide an understanding of the hardness development during the porcelain firing cycle. Contrary to previous reports, it is shown that ordering of a submicron FePt-type intermetallic phase is responsible for the observed aging behavior. Hence, it is concluded that through proper alloy design the hardening reaction can be made insensitive to variation in porcelain firing cycles.
Age-hardening of Dental Ag-Pd-Cu-Au Alloys
Authors: Ohta Michio , Shiraishi Takanobu , Hisatsune Kunihiro , Yamane Masaji
Published: November 2010

Age-hardening mechanisms of dental Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloys were investigated by means of electron microscopic observations. Hardening was due to the precipitation of the L1o type CuPd-ordered platelet in the grain interior and to the discontinuous precipitation at the grain boundary. The characteristics of age-hardening curves were determined by rates of continuous and discontinuous precipitation.
Location of Streptococcus mutans in the Dentinal Tubules of Open Infected Root Canals
Authors: Kouchi Y. , Ninomiya J. , Yasuda H. , Fukui K. , Moriyama T. , Okamoto H.
Published: November 2010

Examination by an immunofluorescent antibody technique has demonstrated that Streptococcus mutans gains entrance into the dentinal tubules of open root canals. It was observed that the distance of invasion from the canal walls ranged from an average of 493-524 μm to a maximum of 1050-1150 μm, depending on the subspecies of S. mutans. However, unidentified germs stained by Gram's method invaded further than S. mutans.
Excretion of Monovalent Ions and Water in the Saliva of the Ferret
Authors: Mangos J.A. , Boyd R.L. , Loughlin G.M. , Cockrel A. , Fucci R.
Published: November 2010

The excretion of water and the monovalent ions Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO-3 in the parotid and submandibular saliva of the ferret was studied during pilocarpine-induced salivation. The excretory profiles of these ions were very similar to those of dog, monkey, and man. It was concluded that this docile small carnivore is a useful animal for studies of salivary gland physiology.