bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Juggling Roles, Experiencing Dilemmas: The Challenges of SSH Scholars in Public Engagement
Authors: Schuijer Jantien Willemijn , Broerse Jacqueline , Kupper Frank
Published: August 2021

The progressive introduction of emerging technologies, such as nanotechnology, has created a true testing ground for public engagement initiatives. Widespread experimentation has taken place with public and stakeholder dialogue and inclusive approaches to research and innovation (R&I) more generally. Against this backdrop, Social Science and Humanities (SSH) scholars have started to manifest themselves differently. They have taken on new roles in the public engagement field, including more practical and policy-oriented ones that seek to actively open the R&I system to wider public scrutiny. With public engagement gaining prominence, there has been a call for increased reflexivity among SSH scholars about their role in this field. In this paper, we study our own roles and stakes as SSH scholars in a European-funded public engagement project on responsible nanotechnology. We introduce a general role landscape and outline five distinct roles (engaged academic,deliberative practitioner,change agent,dialogue capacity builder,and project worker) that we—as SSH scholars—inhabited throughout the project. We discuss the synergistic potential of combining these five roles and elaborate on several tensions within the roles that we needed to navigate. We argue that balancing many roles requires explicit role awareness, reflexivity, and new competencies that have not been examined much in the public engagement literature so far. Our role landscape and exemplification of how it can be used to reflexively study one’s own practices may be a useful starting point for scholars who are seeking to better understand, assess, or communicate about their position in the public engagement field.
Endorsement of Global Product Brands by Global Corporate Brands – A Consumer Perspective Across Nations
Authors: Swoboda Bernhard , Sinning Carolina
Published: August 2021

Many multinational corporations use their corporate brand to endorse their products but thereby attract international consumers differently. Therefore, it is important to analyze whether corporations profit from endorsed branding strategies across nations or whether they must rely on country-specific factors. The authors propose a theory-based framework and apply multilevel mediation structural equation modeling with cross-level interactions to analyze the typical direct and indirect effects of global corporate brand image and global product brand image on product purchase intention across nations. The authors rely on hierarchical data from 7660 consumer evaluations of a multinational corporation’s global corporate and product brands in 35 countries. Importantly, the results provide insights into country-specific moderators, i.e., the degree of country development and national culture, and the respective country portfolio. They further contribute to the application of theory and show a positive indirect effect of global corporate brand image on product purchase intention via global product brand image across nations. Additionally, a positive, although weaker, direct effect of global corporate brand image on product purchase intention is found. However, the degree of country development and national culture moderate both effects differently. This study provides new theoretical implications and shows that a country portfolio offers concrete hints for managers.
Obstruction after Sleeve Gastrectomy, Prevalence, and Interventions: a Cohort Study of 9,726 Patients with Data from the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry (SOReg)
Authors: Sillén Linda , Andersson Ellen , Olbers Torsten , Edholm David
Published: August 2021

Background

Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is the most common bariatric procedure worldwide. Obstructive symptoms, together with leaks, are among the most serious postoperative complications. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of symptomatic obstruction after SG in Sweden and to explore risk factors, treatment strategies, and outcome.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry (SOReg) of patients undergoing SG and developed obstruction symptoms within the first postoperative year was performed. For patients who had undergone any re-intervention, such as endoscopic dilatation or remedial surgery, medical charts were reviewed.

Results

From 2007 to 2018, a total of 9,726 SG were performed, and 59 (0.6%) of them developed postoperative obstruction. Intolerance of solid food was the most common symptom associated with obstruction (80%). Sixty-one percent of the patients had obstruction at the level of incisura angularis. Longer operative time, higher rate of perioperative complications, longer hospital stay, and oversewing the staple line were associated with an increased risk of obstruction. Endoscopic balloon dilatation was performed in 59% of patients (n=35) and successful in 18 patients (51%). Twenty-one patients (36%) underwent surgical conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). After revisional surgery, 11 (52%) reported complete relief of symptoms.

Conclusions

Obstruction was rare (0.6%) and most often located at the incisura angularis. Obstruction was associated with longer operative time, perioperative complications, oversewing of the staple line, and longer hospital stay. Endoscopic dilatation or surgical conversion to RYGB frequently alleviates symptoms, but despite treatment, almost 50% reported residual symptoms.

Graphical abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa and rheumatoid arthritis: evaluating the bidirectional association
Authors: Kridin Khalaf , Shavit Eran , Damiani Giovanni , Cohen Arnon D
Published: August 2021

Despite some common pathogenic themes, the association of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been poorly investigated. We aimed to evaluate the bidirectional association between HS and RA. A population-based study was conducted to compare HS patients (n = 6779) with age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched control subjects (n = 33,260) with regard to the incidence of new-onset and the prevalence of preexisting RA. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were estimated. The prevalence of preexisting RA was greater among patients with HS relative to controls (0.5% vs 0.3%. respectively; p = 0.019). The odds of being diagnosed with HS were 1.6-fold higher in patients with a history of RA (fully-adjusted OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.11–2.49; p = 0.014). The incidence rate of new-onset RA was estimated at 4.3 (95% CI, 2.5–6.8) and 2.4 (95% CI, 1.8–3.2) cases per 10,000 person-years among patients with HS and controls, respectively. The risk of RA was comparable between patients with HS and controls (fully-adjusted HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.77–2.72; p = 0.249). Compared to other patients with HS, those with HS and comorbid RA were older, had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, and had a comparable risk of all-cause mortality. In conclusions, a preexisting diagnosis of RA predisposes individuals to develop HS. Clinicians managing patients with HS and RA should be aware of this association. Further research is required to delineate the underlying pathomechanism of this observation.
Diversity and Drug Resistance of Filamentous Fungi Isolated from the Fresh Raspberries
Authors: Farian Ewelina , Wójcik-Fatla Angelina
Published: August 2021

Fungi are one of the most widely distributed microorganisms in the environment, including food such as fruits, vegetables and other crops, posing a potential threat to food safety and human health. The aim of this study was to determine the diversity, intensity and drug resistance of potentially pathogenic filamentous fungi isolated from the fresh raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.). A total of 50 strains belonging to genera Fusarium, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Aspergillus and Acremonium were tested for drug resistance against 11 antifungals by disc diffusion and gradient strips methods. The average mycological contamination in the examined samples of raspberries amounted to 4.34 log CFU/g. The Cladosporium was isolated from all tested samples, followed by Alternaria and Fusarium with a frequency of 61% and 34%, respectively. The highest level of drug resistance was observed for Acremonium genera and Fusarium strains recorded a wide variation in drug resistance as revealed by susceptibility with amphotericin B and voriconzole with MICs ranged from 0.5–4 µg/ml and posaconazole with MICs ranging from 3–8 µg/ml. All fungal strains showed 100% resistance to caspofungin, fluconazole and flucytosine with both the methods, and 100% resistance to micafungin and anidulafungin in the gradient strip method.
The Help-Seeking Process in Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence: a Systematic Review
Authors: Santoniccolo Fabrizio , Trombetta Tommaso , Rollè Luca
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence (SSIPV) is a complex issue that can be severely damaging. When involved in SSIPV, victims and perpetrators sometimes choose to seek help. The help-seeking process, however, can be difficult. Experiences of help-seeking seem to vary and may be positive or negative depending on several factors, some of which appear to be specific to lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people involved in a same-sex relationship.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature has been conducted across four databases following the PRISMA statement guidelines. Out of 410 screened abstracts, 78 articles were selected for full-text review. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 21 studies were included in the current review. Thematic analysis was conducted on these studies and results were discussed by three reviewers.

Results

Help-seekers tended to use informal sources of help, perceived to be ambivalently helpful. Formal sources tended to be utilized sparingly, except for counselors. Many formal sources were perceived to be unhelpful, and most of the studies identified several barriers to services that prevented effective help. Formal and helpful sources were perceived as knowledgeable and sensitive about LGB themes.

Conclusions

While existing research is limited, formal services that can provide effective care for SSIPV appear scarce. Barriers to services seem widespread, limiting accessibility.

Policy Implications

Existing services would benefit from increasing their knowledge and sensitivity on SSIPV-specific themes. The development of policies, programs, and interventions that aim to provide effective help is needed, as well as more research.
The complete chloroplast genome of Secale sylvestre (Poaceae: Triticeae)
Authors: Skuza Lidia , Gastineau Romain , Sielska Anna
Published: August 2021

Secale sylvestre is a wild species of rye, morphologically distinct from domestic species. To draw comparisons between species based on molecular features, it is important to have high-quality sequences, especially in the case of organellar genomes. For such reason, the complete chloroplast genome of Secale sylvestre Host introd. no. 6047 will provide useful data for ecological, agricultural, and phylogenetic purposes. Here we present the complete, annotated chloroplast genome sequence of Secale sylvestre Host introd. no. 6047. The genome is 137116 base pair (bp) long. It is the first complete chloroplast genome that can be used as a reference genome for further analysis. The genome can be accessed on GenBank with the accession number (MW557517).
The Arts in Sacred Spaces: How Religious Conservatism and Cultural Omnivorousness Influence Attitudes about Congregational Involvement in the Arts
Authors: Bok Jared
Published: August 2021

Background

How do religious and cultural sensibilities influence attitudes towards congregational involvement in the arts? Although religion's role in constructing symbolic boundaries influences adherents’ behaviors both inside and outside of sacred spaces, a predominant focus on economic and cultural factors in the scholarship on cultural tastes and practices has tended to relegate religion to a marginal position in the literature. Theories of class-based cultural tastes and omnivorousness have only rarely been applied to the study of religion and even less so to the intersection between tastes or practices and the sacredness of congregational contexts.

Purpose

This study aims to bridge the gap between the sociology of religion and of culture by showing how considerations about congregational spaces present a complex set of boundaries for practitioners when it comes to the arts, such that acceptance or rejection of the latter is conditioned by the form it takes. The study also examines the extent to which the inclusionary effects of cultural omnivorousness, by volume and composition, apply to attitudes about these sacred spaces.

Methods

This study uses data from the Arts and Religion Survey to run logistic regressions on attitudes towards a range of forms of congregational participation in the arts.

Results

The results show that religious conservatism and such attitudes are not intrinsically opposed. Instead, conservatism is consistently negatively related only when artistic inclusion does not have well-defined symbolic boundaries (i.e., is culturally atypical). Cultural omnivorousness also has varied effects. Omnivorousness by volume but not by composition predicts openness to congregational involvement in the arts, albeit only for well-defined and recognizable artistic forms.

Conclusions and Implications

It is cultural atypicality (rather than variety) that is antithetical to conservative conceptions of the sacred. Moreover, because religious conservatism offers specifically religious understandings of legitimacy for sacred spaces, omnivorousness by composition, which deals in matters of (cultural) legitimacy, has little to offer, and it is only omnivorousness by volume that extends its inclusivity to attitudes about congregational involvement in the arts. The study concludes with a discussion of data limitations and recommendations for further research.
Exercise Performance and Thermoregulatory Responses of Elite Athletes Exercising in the Heat: Outcomes of the Thermo Tokyo Study
Authors: de Korte Johannus Q. , Bongers Coen C. W. G. , Hopman Maria T. E. , Eijsvogels Thijs M. H.
Published: August 2021

Objective

We examined the impact of simulated Tokyo 2020 environmental condition on exercise performance, thermoregulatory responses and thermal perception among Dutch elite athletes.

Methods

105 elite athletes from different sport disciplines performed two exercise tests in simulated control (15.9 ± 1.2 °C, relative humidity (RH) 55 ± 6%) and Tokyo (31.6 ± 1.0 °C, RH 74 ± 5%) environmental conditions. Exercise tests consisted of a 20-min warm-up (70% HRmax), followed by an incremental phase until volitional exhaustion (5% workload increase every 3 min). Gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi), heart rate, exercise performance and thermal perception were measured.

Results

Time to exhaustion was 16 ± 8 min shorter in the Tokyo versus the control condition (− 26 ± 11%, whereas peak power output decreased with 0.5 ± 0.3 W/kg (16 ± 7%). Greater exercise-induced increases inTgi(1.8 ± 0.6 °C vs. 1.5 ± 0.5 °C,p < 0.001) and higher peakTgi(38.9 ± 0.6 °C vs. 38.7 ± 0.4 °C,p < 0.001) were found in the Tokyo versus control condition. Large interindividual variations in exercise-induced increase inTgi(range 0.7–3.5 °C) and peakTgi(range 37.6–40.4 °C) were found in the Tokyo condition, with greaterTgiresponses in endurance versus mixed- and skill-trained athletes. Peak thermal sensation and thermal comfort scores deteriorated in the Tokyo condition, with aggravated responses for power versus endurance- and mixed-trained athletes.

Conclusion

Large performance losses andTgiincreases were found among elite athletes exercising in simulated Tokyo conditions, with a substantial interindividual variation and significantly different responses across sport disciplines. These findings highlight the importance of an individual approach to optimally prepare athletes for safe and maximal exercise performance during the Tokyo Olympics.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Prune Belly Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Parashar Shivya , Malik Rajesh , Gupta Radha S. , Randhawa Kamaljeet S.
Published: August 2021

Prune belly syndrome (PBS) is a rare congenital syndrome characterised by a triad of deficiency of abdominal wall muscles, undescended testis and dilated urinary tract. It may be related to lower urinary tract obstruction with renal dysfunction. Early and accurate diagnosis with proper treatment is important to prevent renal impairment. We report Ultrasound (US) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) findings of a case of prune belly syndrome diagnosed at 20 weeks of gestation. US showed grossly dilated fetal urinary bladder, dilated ureters and kidneys with no identifiable renal parenchyma, mild ascites and severe oligohydramnios. Fetal MRI confirmed the ultrasound findings.
First- and second-order phase transitions in RE6Co2Ga (RE = Ho, Dy or Gd) cryogenic magnetocaloric materials
Authors: Guo Dan , Moreno-Ramírez Luis M. , Romero-Muñiz Carlos , Zhang Yikun , Law Jia-Yan , Franco Victorino , Wang Jiang , Ren Zhongming
Published: August 2021

Rare-earth (RE) rich intermetallics crystallizing in orthorhombic Ho6Co2Ga-type crystal structure exhibit peculiar magnetic properties that are not widely reported for their magnetic ordering, order of magnetic phase transition, and related magnetocaloric behavior. By tuning the type of RE element in RE6Co2Ga (RE = Ho, Dy or Gd) compounds, metamagnetic anti-to-paramagnetic (AF to PM) phase transitions could be tuned to ferro-to-paramagnetic (FM to PM) phase transitions. Furthermore, the FM ground state for Gd6Co2Ga is confirmed by density functional theory calculations in addition to experimental observations. The field dependence magnetocaloric and Banerjee’s criteria demonstrate that Ho6Co2Ga and Dy6Co2Ga undergo a first-order phase transition in addition to a second-order phase transition, whereas only the latter is observed for Gd6Co2Ga. The two extreme alloys of the series, Ho6Co2Ga and Gd6Co2Ga, show maximum isothermal entropy change (∣ΔS
iso
max
(5 T)∣) of 10.1 and 9.1 J kg−1K−1 at 26 and 75 K, close to H2 and N2 liquefaction, respectively. This outstanding magnetocaloric effect performance makes the RE6Co2Ga series of potential for cryogenic magnetic refrigeration applications.
Methods for detection of Helicobacter pylori from stool sample: current options and developments
Authors: Qiu Enming , Li Zhou , Han Shuai
Published: August 2021

Accurate detection of Helicobacter pylori infection and determination of antibiotics have significant meaning in clinical practice. The detection methods can be categorized into two types, invasive and non-invasive, but nowadays we use the urease breath test most frequently which is non-invasive. However, many developing countries cannot meet the requirements for having specialized equipment and they lack trained personnel. Also, for the children, it is difficult to make them cooperate for the test. Methods that detect Helicobacter pylori from stool sample can be a promising alternative for detection used in children and mass screening. Stool antigen tests have several advantages such as rapidity, simplicity, and cheapness, though their results may be influenced by the heterogenicity of antigens, the nature of biochemical techniques, and the amount of antigen presented in the stool. PCR-based methods can specifically detect Helicobacter pylori infection and antibiotic resistance by targeting specific gene sequence, but they also are limited by the requirements of facilities and experts, the existence of inhibitory substance, and interference from the dead bacteria. Some novel methods also deserve our attention. Here we summarized the results of researches about methods using stool sample and we hope our work can help clinicians choose the appropriate test in clinical practice.
Global Research Activity on Health System Preparedness Against Viral Infectious Disease Outbreaks
Authors: Sweileh Waleed M.
Published: August 2021

Objective:

The present study aimed to give an overview of research publications on health system preparedness against viral infectious disease outbreaks.

Methods:

A bibliometric method was implemented from 2001 to 2020. The studied pathogens were dengue, Ebola, influenza, Zika, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Results:

The search query returned 501 documents. The growth of publications showed a sharp peak in 2020 for COVID-19 and 3 small peaks in 2006, 2009, and 2015 for SARS, influenza, and Ebola, respectively. Of the retrieved documents, 208 (41.5%) were on influenza, 164 (32.7%) were on COVID-19, and 83 (16.6%) were on Ebola. Countries in the region of the Americas (n = 221; 44.1%) returned the majority of the documents, while countries in Latin America and the African region returned the least. The United States (n = 197; 39.3%) had a leading role in this field. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n = 51; 10.2%) ranked first, followed by the Johns Hopkins University (n = 16; 3.2%). The Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness journal (n = 21; 4.2%) ranked first. International research collaboration was relatively inadequate.

Conclusions:

Research on preparedness against infectious diseases was episodic. Research collaboration needs to be prioritized for countries with a history of fatal outbreaks.
Spatial population structure: patterns of adaptation in populations of the water hyacinth grasshopper Cornops aquaticum (Bruner 1906)
Authors: Colombo Pablo C. , Zelarayán Mónica , Franceschini M. Celeste , Remis M. Isabel
Published: August 2021

The water hyacinth grasshopper Cornops aquaticum (Bruner 1906) constitutes an appropriate model to assess phenotypic and karyotypic variability in the context of differentiation and adaptation of insect populations because it occurs over a wide latitudinal range. This study represents a general analysis of phenotype, karyotype and molecular variation in native populations of C. aquaticum in South America. This is also relevant because this insect is considered a promising biological control agent of water hyacinth, a native South American aquatic plant but a pest in South Africa. Along Paraná and Uruguay River Basins, body size correlated negatively with latitude, and positively so with temperature and rainfall in both sexes. To test whether the chromosomal and phenotypic patterns were adaptive, we compared them with neutral microsatellite loci variation in populations from the medium and lower course of the Paraná River. Firstly, the lack of pairwise association between karyotype and phenotype distance matrixes with that of neutral loci suggested non-neutrality. Secondly, phenotypic differentiation for all morphometric traits (PST) was significantly larger than molecular differentiation (FST), indicating a prevailing divergence selection effect on the observed phenotypic patterns. Finally, the phenotypic and genotypic spatial structures – inferred from Bayesian approaches – were discordant: neutral genetic structure clustered together most populations except for the two southernmost, downstream ones, whereas phenotypic spatial structure groups together all the deltaic populations and singles out the two northernmost ones. The results suggest directional selection leading to higher centric fusion frequencies in the downstream populations and favouring morphometric optimal differences in relation to the environment.
A review on invasions by parasites with complex life cycles: the European strain ofEchinococcus multilocularisin North America as a model
Authors: Santa Maria A. , Musiani Marco , Ruckstuhl Kathreen E. , Massolo Alessandro
Published: August 2021

In a fast-changing and globalized world, parasites are moved across continents at an increasing pace. Co-invasion of parasites and their hosts is leading to the emergence of infectious diseases at a global scale, underlining the need for integration of biological invasions and disease ecology research. In this review, the ecological and evolutionary factors influencing the invasion process of parasites with complex life cycles were analysed, using the invasion of the European strain ofEchinococcus multilocularisin North America as a model. The aim was to propose an ecological framework for investigating the invasion of parasites that are trophically transmitted through predator–prey interactions, showing how despite the complexity of the cycles and the interactions among multiple hosts, such parasites can overcome multiple barriers and become invasive. Identifying the key ecological processes affecting the success of parasite invasions is an important step for risk assessment and development of management strategies, particularly for parasites with the potential to infect people (i.e. zoonotic).
The Chinese Communist Party's Nervous System: Affective Governance from Mao to Xi
Authors: Sorace Christian
Published: August 2021

In its one hundred years of existence, the Communist Party of China has experimented with how to connect its narratives of legitimacy to people's affects. In this essay, I trace the conceptualization of gratitude, from its repudiation in the Mao era as a vestige of feudalism and imperialism to its return in the reform era as a re-verticalization of Party sovereignty. The paper addresses four examples of gratitude work: Politburo Standing Committee member Wang Yang's short-lived critique of gratitude in the name of a different conception of popular sovereignty; the celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Sichuan earthquake as a day of gratitude; the detention of Uyghurs in Xinjiang who are taught to be grateful to the Communist Party in a campaign of religious de-radicalization; and the refusal of gratitude in quarantined Wuhan during the COVID-19 pandemic. In these cases, the Communist Party's sovereignty stands at the threshold between bio- and necro-politics, promising life and salvation in the midst of death and destruction.
FGF18 modulates CTGF mRNA expression in cumulus–oocyte complexes and early bovine embryos: preliminary data
Authors: Silva Elisabeth Schmidt da , Amaral Carolina , Barreta Marcos , Antoniazzi Alfredo , Andrade Leonardo Guedes de , Ferreira Rogério , Mesquita Fernando , Portela Valério Marques , Gonçalves Paulo Bayard
Published: August 2021

The Hippo pathway is involved in the proliferation of intrafollicular cells and in early embryonic development, mainly because effectors of this pathway are key transcription regulators of genes such as CTGF and CYR61, which are involved in cell proliferation. Recent studies by our group found that fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) is present in the fallopian tube during early embryonic development, leading to the hypothesis that FGF18 may have a role during embryonic development. Therefore, the aim of the following study was to determine whether FGF18 modulates the expression of Hippo pathway target genes, CTGF and CYR61, during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. Three experiments were carried out, with in vitro maturation (IVM) of cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) and embryo culture. In experiment one, FGF18 (100 ng/ml) induced an increase (P < 0.05) in CTGF gene expression at 12 h post-exposure. In experiment two, FGF18 (100 ng/ml) induced a reduction (P < 0.05) in CTGF expression at 3 h post-exposure. In the third experiment, day 7 embryos exposed to FGF18 during oocyte IVM expressed greater CTGF mRNA abundance, whereas FGF18 exposure during embryo in vitro embryo culture did not alter CTGF expression in comparison with untreated controls. The preliminary data presented here show that FGF18 modulates CTGF expression in critical periods of oocyte nuclear maturation, cumulus expansion and early embryonic development in cattle.
Automated Crystal Orientation Mapping by Precession Electron Diffraction-Assisted Four-Dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Using a Scintillator-Based CMOS Detector
Authors: Jeong Jiwon , Cautaerts Niels , Dehm Gerhard , Liebscher Christian H.
Published: August 2021

The recent development of electron-sensitive and pixelated detectors has attracted the use of four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM). Here, we present a precession electron diffraction-assisted 4D-STEM technique for automated orientation mapping using diffraction spot patterns directly captured by an in-column scintillator-based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) detector. We compare the results to a conventional approach, which utilizes a fluorescent screen filmed by an external charge charge-coupled device camera. The high-dynamic range and signal-to-noise characteristics of the detector greatly improve the image quality of the diffraction patterns, especially the visibility of diffraction spots at high scattering angles. In the orientation maps reconstructed via the template matching process, the CMOS data yield a significant reduction of false indexing and higher reliability compared to the conventional approach. The angular resolution of misorientation measurement could also be improved by masking reflections close to the direct beam. This is because the orientation sensitive, weak, and small diffraction spots at high scattering angles are more significant. The results show that fine details, such as nanograins, nanotwins, and sub-grain boundaries, can be resolved with a sub-degree angular resolution which is comparable to orientation mapping using Kikuchi diffraction patterns.
Suicidal Ideation, Planning, and Attempts Among Synthetic Cannabinoid Users Across Different Demographic Subgroups
Authors: Stogner John , Patterson Courtney
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Background: Case studies have linked synthetic cannabinoid (SC) use to suicide risk both during and following acute psychoactive effects. No study has explored whether a meaningful relationship exists between SC use and suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts within a generalizable sample. Aims: This work attempted to determine whether SC use is significantly associated with suicidal thoughts, planning, or attempts and whether the association between SC use and suicide may be stronger in certain demographic groups. Method: Cross-sectional self-report data from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System were utilized. Logistic regression models were explored within a sample of 29,384 adolescents. Results: A clear connection emerged between SC use and suicidal thoughts and attempts. SC use and suicide risk were strongly related within the lesbian, gay, and bisexual and African Americans populations, even after controlling for depressive symptoms. Limitations: The study was cross-sectional and respondents may have underreported substance use or suicidal thoughts. Conclusion: Whether SC use has an impact on suicidal ideation directly, indirectly, or if it is simply a co-occurring phenomenon, it may serve as a flag of enhanced risk. Physicians must remain cognizant of the SC–suicide risk connection, particularly among African American and/or lesbian, gay, or bisexual patients.
Partial Deoxygenation and Dehydration of Ferric Oxyhydroxide in Earth's Subducting Slabs
Authors: Gan Bo , Zhang Youjun , Huang Yuqian , Li Xiaohong , Wang Qiming , Li Jun , Zhuang Yukuai , Liu Yun , Jiang Gang
Published: August 2021

The thermal stability of hydrous minerals in Earth's deep interior is key to understanding the evolution and physicochemical states of the planet. The recently discovered pyrite‐type (Py) FeO2Hx (x ≤ 1) phase, which can be transformed from α/ε‐FeOOH at ∼80 GPa, is believed to be a crucial candidate in transporting water and hydrogen to the lowermost mantle through subducting slabs. Here, we examined the stability and decomposition behavior of FeOOH through a set of shock‐recovery experiments up to ∼70 GPa and ∼2,750 K. Our results show that FeOOH partially decomposes to iron oxides Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 at 35–70 GPa and 1,150–2,750 K, which indicates that H2O and O2 are released during the decomposition of FeOOH in subducting slabs. The released H2O and O2 may have altered the physical and chemical properties of the surrounding mantle and contributed to the oxidation of surface Earth.
Weekend‐Weekday Implications and the Impact of Wildfire Smoke on Ozone and Its Precursors at Boulder Reservoir, Colorado Between 2017 and 2019
Authors: Pollack Ilana B. , Helmig Detlev , O'Dell Katelyn , Fischer Emily V.
Published: August 2021

The Northern Front Range of Colorado regularly exceeds the ozone (O3) National Ambient Air Quality Standard. This region is unique because it is impacted by emissions from urban activities (i.e., traffic and light industry) as well as from oil and natural gas production. Here, we summarize three years of observations from a new O3 monitoring site at the western edge of the region, located at the Boulder Reservoir. There were 41 days at the Boulder Reservoir in 2017, 2018, and 2019 when the maximum daily 8‐hour average O3 mixing ratio (MDA8 O3) exceeded 70 ppbv. Of these 41 high O3 days, 40 occurred between May and September, two were influenced by stratospheric intrusion events, one was influenced by a local industrial fire, and 13 of the days were impacted by wildfire smoke. Within the smoke‐free subset of data, weekend‐weekday differences in O3 versus nitrogen oxides (NOx) during 2018 and 2019 suggest NOx‐limited O3 production. Enhanced nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) to NOx ratios are also observed on weekend days and are driven by weekend reductions in NOx. An analysis of 13 NMVOCs on days that had MDA8 O3 > 70 ppb showed that NMVOC abundances and their relative source contributions are variable at this location. Finally, we compare smoke‐impacted with smoke‐free conditions. At a given temperature, smoke‐impacted days have higher expected O3 mixing ratios than smoke free‐days. On average, benzene, toluene, and hexane are also elevated during smoke‐impacted periods.
Segmentation of the Apenninic Margin of the Tyrrhenian Back‐Arc Basin Forced by the Subduction of an Inherited Transform System
Authors: Tavani S. , Cardello G. L. , Vignaroli G. , Balsamo F. , Parente M. , Sabbatino M. , Raffi I. , Billi A. , Carminati E.
Published: August 2021

The Tyrrhenian back‐arc basin developed at the rear of the E‐ward migrating Apennine fold‐and‐thrust belt, with northward decreasing rollback of the subducting Adria slab leading to northward fading of back‐arc extension. The northern portion of the Tyrrhenian basin is made of thinned continental crust, whereas in the central/southern portion extension eventually evolved to oceanic crust production. In this framework, a long‐lasting debate concerns the existence of a >200 km long transform zone along the 41st parallel, which should separate the two portions of the Tyrrhenian basin. At its eastern termination, a branch of the presumed transform zone enters the Tyrrhenian margin of the Apennine belt and occurs as an accommodation zone made of a ribbon of extensional faults and related basins. This accommodation zone, which separates areas of mutually perpendicular extension directions, is here introduced, described, and named the Ponza‐Alife accommodation zone. Interpretation of seismic lines and new structural and stratigraphic data from this accommodation zone have been used to constrain the pre‐orogenic and syn‐orogenic architecture of the subducting plate and the Plio‐Quaternary back‐arc extensional stage. Our data indicate that the studied zone retraces a deep‐seated transform fault system located in the subducting plate and inherited from an Early Jurassic rifting episode, which caused the lateral juxtaposition of different rift domains in the subducting plate. We propose that during collision and trench retreat, this lateral juxtaposition has controlled differential retreat of the subducting plate across the studied zone, forcing the development of the Ponza‐Alife accommodation zone in the overlying back‐arc basin's margin.
Large‐Scale Particle Image Velocimetry Reveals Pulsing of Incoming Flow at a Stream Confluence
Authors: Sabrina Sadia , Lewis Quinn , Rhoads Bruce
Published: August 2021

Despite widespread recognition that confluences are characterized by complex hydrodynamic conditions, few studies have mapped in detail spatial patterns of flow at confluences and variation in these patterns over time. Recent developments in large‐scale particle image velocimetry (LSPIV) have created novel opportunities to explore the spatial and temporal dynamics of flow patterns at confluences. This study uses LSPIV to map two‐dimensional flow structure at the water surface at a confluence and to examine variation in this structure over time. Results show that flow within the confluence is characterized by a large region of flow stagnation at the junction apex, a region of low velocities at the downstream junction corner, and a region of merging of the two flows along a mixing interface within the center of the confluence. Interaction between the incoming flows varies over time in the form of episodic pulsing in which one of the two tributary flows first decelerates and then subsequently accelerates into the confluence. The cause of this pulsing remains uncertain, but it may reflect unsteadiness in the water‐surface pressure‐gradient field as the two flows compete for space within the confluence. No large‐scale vortices are evident within the mixing interface for the particular flow conditions documented in this study, but such vortices do occur along the margins of the stagnation zone where shearing action between fast‐moving and slow‐moving fluid is strong. The results of the study provide insight into the time‐dependent dynamics of the spatial structure of flow at stream confluences.
The size and culturability of patient-generated SARS-CoV-2 aerosol
Authors: Santarpia Joshua L. , Herrera Vicki L. , Rivera Danielle N. , Ratnesar-Shumate Shanna , Reid St. Patrick , Ackerman Daniel N. , Denton Paul W. , Martens Jacob W. S. , Fang Ying , Conoan Nicholas , Callahan Michael V. , Lawler James V. , Brett-Major David M. , Lowe John J.
Published: August 2021

Background

Aerosol transmission of COVID-19 is the subject of ongoing policy debate. Characterizing aerosol produced by people with COVID-19 is critical to understanding the role of aerosols in transmission.

Objective

We investigated the presence of virus in size-fractioned aerosols from six COVID-19 patients admitted into mixed acuity wards in April of 2020.

Methods

Size-fractionated aerosol samples and aerosol size distributions were collected from COVID-19 positive patients. Aerosol samples were analyzed for viral RNA, positive samples were cultured in Vero E6 cells. Serial RT-PCR of cells indicated samples where viral replication was likely occurring. Viral presence was also investigated by western blot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results

SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by rRT-PCR in all samples. Three samples confidently indicated the presence of viral replication, all of which were from collected sub-micron aerosol. Western blot indicated the presence of viral proteins in all but one of these samples, and intact virions were observed by TEM in one sample.

Significance

Observations of viral replication in the culture of submicron aerosol samples provides additional evidence that airborne transmission of COVID-19 is possible. These results support the use of efficient respiratory protection in both healthcare and by the public to limit transmission.
The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function
Authors: Friedman Naomi P. , Robbins Trevor W.
Published: August 2021

Concepts of cognitive control (CC) and executive function (EF) are defined in terms of their relationships with goal-directed behavior versus habits and controlled versus automatic processing, and related to the functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and related regions and networks. A psychometric approach shows unity and diversity in CC constructs, with 3 components in the most commonly studied constructs: general or common CC and components specific to mental set shifting and working memory updating. These constructs are considered against the cellular and systems neurobiology of PFC and what is known of its functional neuroanatomical or network organization based on lesioning, neurochemical, and neuroimaging approaches across species. CC is also considered in the context of motivation, as “cool” and “hot” forms. Its Common CC component is shown to be distinct from general intelligence (g) and closely related to response inhibition. Impairments in CC are considered as possible causes of psychiatric symptoms and consequences of disorders. The relationships of CC with the general factor of psychopathology (p) and dimensional constructs such as impulsivity in large scale developmental and adult populations are considered, as well as implications for genetic studies and RDoC approaches to psychiatric classification.
Quantitative mapping and spectroscopic characterization of particulate organic matter fractions in soil profiles with imaging VisNIR spectroscopy
Authors: Steffens Markus , Zeh Lilli , Rogge Derek M. , Buddenbaum Henning
Published: August 2021

Organic matter is an important constituent of soils that controls many soil functions and is of vital importance for ecosystem services like climate regulation and food security. Soil organic matter (SOM consists of a wide spectrum of different organic substances that are highly heterogeneous in terms of chemical composition, stability against microbial decomposition and turnover time. SOM is heterogeneously distributed in the soil profile impeding its fast assessment. A technique to accurately measure SOM quality and quantity with a high spatial resolution in the soil profile is presently lacking. Imaging visible light and near infrared spectroscopy (imVisIR) is a promising technique for the fast and spatially resolved assessment of SOM quality and quantity. In this study, we evaluate the potential of imVisIR to quantitatively map the labile particulate organic matter fraction in undisturbed cores from mineral soils.
A simple and fast spectroscopy-based technique for Covid-19 diagnosis
Authors: Kitane Driss Lahlou , Loukman Salma , Marchoudi Nabila , Fernandez-Galiana Alvaro , El Ansari Fatima Zahra , Jouali Farah , Badir Jamal , Gala Jean-Luc , Bertsimas Dimitris , Azami Nawfal , Lakbita Omar , Moudam Omar , Benhida Rachid , Fekkak Jamal
Published: August 2021

The coronavirus pandemic, which appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, rapidly spread all over the world in only a few weeks. Faster testing techniques requiring less resources are key in managing the pandemic, either to enable larger scale testing or even just provide developing countries with limited resources, particularly in Africa, means to perform tests to manage the crisis. Here, we report an unprecedented, rapid, reagent-free and easy-to-use screening spectroscopic method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 on RNA extracts. This method, validated on clinical samples collected from 280 patients with quantitative predictive scores on both positive and negative samples, is based on a multivariate analysis of FTIR spectra of RNA extracts. This technique, in agreement with RT-PCR, achieves 97.8% accuracy, 97% sensitivity and 98.3% specificity while reducing the testing time post RNA extraction from hours to minutes. Furthermore, this technique can be used in several laboratories with limited resources.
Early detection of MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutations in Pakistan
Authors: Aftab Ayma , Afzal Samia , Qamar Zahida , Idrees Muhammad
Published: August 2021

The result of improper treatment has led to the rise of Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. This concern still exists in Pakistan. In order to save energy, time and resources an early detection of resistant cases is imperative. Thus, a treated group of 100 isolates and a control group of 56 untreated isolates were studied. PCR and gene sequencing showed mutations at codon 531 and 513 in the rpoB gene. 12% of cases showed a double mutation in the rpoB gene. katG gene showed mutations at codon 315 and 299. 28.6% of the control group cases were positive for MDR whereas 100% of the treated group were positive for MDR. This study explores the significantly increasing ratio of MDR-TB among Pakistani population. This study provides prevalent MDR mutations among Pakistanis and suggests developing such molecular assays that are time and cost effective. Importance: Pakistan is a developing country and has fourth highest incidence rate of MDR-TB. The treatment of MDR-TB is the use of second line drugs that has severe side effects as well as it requires long time span. One of the strategies to control the spread of MDR-TB is to decipher the aberrations at molecular level in order to formulate potent drugs that can treat the patients within short span of time. Determining the mutation profile of MDR in Pakistani populations will open new horizons for the improvement of drug treatment regimens to make it more effective or for the development of novel potent drugs and vaccines to better treat the drug-resistant TB. Moreover, this study will be help in disease control program.
Stochasticity in host-parasitoid models informs mechanisms regulating population dynamics
Authors: Singh Abhyudai
Published: August 2021

Population dynamics of host-parasitoid interactions have been traditionally studied using a discrete-time formalism starting from the classical work of Nicholson and Bailey. It is well known that differences in parasitism risk among individual hosts can stabilize the otherwise unstable equilibrium of the Nicholson-Bailey model. Here, we consider a stochastic formulation of these discrete-time models, where the host reproduction is a random variable that varies from year to year and drives fluctuations in population densities. Interestingly, our analysis reveals that there exists an optimal level of heterogeneity in parasitism risk that minimizes the extent of fluctuations in the host population density. Intuitively, low variation in parasitism risk drives large fluctuations in the host population density as the system is on the edge of stability. In contrast, high variation in parasitism risk makes the host equilibrium sensitive to the host reproduction rate, also leading to large fluctuations in the population density. Further results show that the correlation between the adult host and parasitoid densities is high for the same year, and gradually decays to zero as one considers cross-species correlations across different years. We next consider an alternative mechanism of stabilizing host-parasitoid population dynamics based on a Type III functional response, where the parasitoid attack rate accelerates with increasing host density. Intriguingly, this nonlinear functional response makes qualitatively different correlation signatures than those seen with heterogeneity in parasitism risk. In particular, a Type III functional response leads to uncorrelated adult and parasitoid densities in the same year, but high cross-species correlation across successive years. In summary, these results argue that the cross-correlation function between population densities contains signatures for uncovering mechanisms that stabilize consumer-resource population dynamics.