bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased Salt Sensitivity of Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Women With a History of Severe Preeclampsia
Authors: Martillotti Gabriella , Ditisheim Agnès , Burnier Michel , Wagner Ghislaine , Boulvain Michel , Irion Olivier , Pechère-Bertschi Antoinette
Published: August 2013

Cardiovascular diseases are the principal cause of death in women in developed countries and are importantly promoted by hypertension. The salt sensitivity of blood pressure (BP) is considered as an important cardiovascular risk factor at any BP level. Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that arises as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. This study measured the salt sensitivity of BP in women with a severe preeclampsia compared with women with no pregnancy hypertensive complications. Forty premenopausal women were recruited 10 years after delivery in a case–control study. Salt sensitivity was defined as an increase of >4 mm Hg in 24-hour ambulatory BP on a high-sodium diet. The ambulatory BP response to salt was significantly increased in women with a history of preeclampsia compared with that of controls. The mean (95% confidence interval) daytime systolic/diastolic BP increased significantly from 115 (109–118)/79 (76–82) mm Hg on low-salt diet to 123 (116–130)/80 (76–84) on a high-salt diet in women with preeclampsia, but not in the control group (from 111 [104–119]/77 [72–82] to 111 [106–116]/75 [72–79], respectively,
P
<0.05). The sodium sensitivity index (SSI=Δmean arterial pressure/Δurinary Na excretion×1000) was 51.2 (19.1–66.2) in women with preeclampsia and 6.6 (5.8–18.1) mm Hg/mol per day in controls (
P
=0.015). The nocturnal dip was blunted on a high-salt diet in women with preeclampsia. Our study shows that women who have developed preeclampsia are salt sensitive before their menopause, a finding that may contribute to their increased cardiovascular risk. Women with a history of severe preeclampsia should be targeted at an early stage for preventive measures of cardiovascular diseases.
Modelling the Efficiency of Local Versus Central Provision of Intravenous Thrombolysis After Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: McMeekin Peter , Gray Jo , Ford Gary A. , Rodgers Helen , Price Christopher I.
Published: August 2013

Background and Purpose—

Prehospital redirection of stroke patients to a regional center is used as a strategy to maximize the provision of intravenous thrombolysis. We developed a model to quantify the benefit of redirection away from local services that were already providing thrombolysis.

Methods—

A microsimulation using hospital and ambulance data from consecutive emergency admissions to 10 local acute stroke units estimated the effect of redirection to 2 regional neuroscience centers. Modeled outcomes reflected additional journey time and accuracy of stroke identification in the prehospital phase, and the relative efficiency of patient selection and door-needle time for each local site compared with the nearest regional neuroscience center.

Results—

Thrombolysis was received by 223/1884 emergency admissions. Based on observed site performance, 68 additional patients would have been treated after theoretical redirection of 1269 true positive cases and 363 stroke mimics to the neuroscience center. Over 5 years redirection of this cohort generated 12.6 quality-adjusted life years at a marginal cost of £6730 ($10 320, €8347). The average additional cost of a quality-adjusted life year gain was £534 ($819, €673).

Conclusions—

Under these specific circumstances, redirection would have improved outcomes from thrombolysis at little additional cost.
The Role of Specific Discipline Principles in International Law: A Parallel Analysis between Environmental and Cultural Heritage Law
Authors: Lostal Marina
Published: August 2013

Specific discipline principles are recurrently used in legal argumentation and in scholarly publications; yet, no single work has elucidated their concept and role in international law. This article sheds some light on this question by conducting a parallel analysis of two international domains – environmental and cultural heritage law – that, despite being close in nature, have opted for a completely different use of these principles. It is argued that specific discipline principles are guiding normative provisions which aim to produce legal effects, and whose presence (i) is a determining factor in the evolution of a subject into a separate legal branch, and (ii) increases the chances of such branch of being considered an important matter in international law. This is because specific discipline principles perform two sets of functions: one internal whereby they allow rationalising a more or less disarrayed cluster of norms and conventions into a coherent whole; and one external which refers to these principles ability of projecting their discipline’s ethos into broader international law discourses. Finally, this article contends that understanding the functioning of specific discipline principles is key to acquiring a better understanding of the dynamics of the current highly specialised international law.
The International Criminal Court’s Involvement with Africa: Evaluation of a Fractious Relationship
Authors: Magliveras Konstantinos D. , Naldi Gino J.
Published: August 2013

This article examines the International Criminal Court’s (ICC) role in relation to international crimes allegedly committed in Africa; it considers the difficulties and obstacles that the ICC has encountered in securing the co-operation of not only States Parties but also of non-States Parties which, in certain instances, are mandated to assist it; and it analyses the acrimonious relationship that has arisen between the African Union (AU), the Continent’s political and security organisation, and the ICC. Thus far, the two most significant sources of antagonism between the ICC and Africa have been the arrest warrants against President al-Bashir of Sudan in relation to the situation in Darfur, and the crimes against humanity allegedly perpetrated during Kenya’s post-election violence in 2007–2008. Finally, the article examines the continuing attempts by African States to amend Article 16 of the Rome Statute.
New species of Myrmekioderma (Demospongiae: Halichondrida: Heteroxyidae) from Brazil
Authors: SANDES JOANA , PINHEIRO ULISSES
Published: August 2013

The genus Myrmekioderma comprises eight species widely distributed, two of which occur in the Western Atlantic. We describe here a new species of Myrmekioderma from Northeastern Brazil with a discussion on the taxonomy of the Brazilian species. Samples were collected by trawling in the continental shelf of Sergipe and Alagoas States. Myrmekioderma intrastrongyla sp. nov. has strongyles in the choanosome, a single category of acanthoxea and two categories of trichodragmata. Regarding the external morphology, the closest species of M. intrastrongyla sp. nov. are Myrmekioderma rea and M. granulatum. However, the former differs from the new species by possessing oxeas and styles and the last by its unique category of trichodragmata. Myrmekioderma rea was the only species that was recorded for Brazil, occurring in Maranhão and Rio Grande do Sul States, but both records need to be reassessed.
New species of Calamoncosis Enderlein (Diptera: Chloropidae) from South Africa
Authors: WHEELER TERRY A. , SOLECKI ANNA M.
Published: August 2013

Three new and atypical species of Afrotropical Calamoncosis are described: Calamoncosis agricola sp. n. (type locality—South Africa: 15 km E Klaserie); Calamoncosis flavida sp. n. (type locality—South Africa: Roodewal); and Calamoncosis unicornis sp. n. (type locality—South Africa: 15 km E Klaserie). Calamoncosis unicornis exhibits extreme modification and sexual dimorphism in the antenna; in males the arista is reduced to a minute stub and the first flagellomere is greatly elongate and long setulose; in females the arista is well-developed and the first flagellomere is somewhat elongate and pubescent. Calamoncosis agricola is unusual for the genus in that crossvein dm-cu is absent, and C. flavida has an enlarged, rounded first flagellomere. The combination of characters seen in these species expands the known range of morphological variation, and thus the generic limits, of Calamoncosis. Recognition of these new species more than doubles the known Afrotropical fauna of Calamoncosis, previously represented only by C. aenescens (Becker) and C. pauliani (Séguy).
New replacement name for Angustella Li, 1986 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Evacanthinae: Evacanthini), with description of a new species
Authors: XING JI-CHUN , LI ZI-ZHONG
Published: August 2013

A new replacement name Angustuma nom. nov. is proposed for the leafhopper genus Angustella Li, 1986 of the subfamily Evacanthinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), and twelve new combinations are proposed. A new species Angustuma rudorsuma sp. nov. is described and illustrated from China. A key is given to distinguish all species of the genus. The type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC).
A new Permagrionidae from the Middle Permian of the South of France (Odonatoptera: Protozygoptera)
Authors: FATE CAITLIN , LAPEYRIE JEAN , NEL ANDRE
Published: August 2013

The new permagrionid protozygopteran genus and species Salagoulestes wesleyi is described from the Middle Permian of Lodève Basin, Salagou Formation. It seems to be more closely related to the two genera Scytolestes and Permagrion than to any other Permagrionidae. It increases the diversity of the odonatopteran fauna in the Salagou Formation to 14 different species.
Genus Cyptophania Banks (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Lepidopsocidae): unique features, augmented description of the generotype, and descriptions of three new species
Authors: MOCKFORD EDWARD L. , WYNNE J. JUDSON
Published: August 2013

We define the genus Cyptophania with characters that clearly separate it from other genera of the Family Lepidopsocidae in which wing reduction has occurred. We redescribe the generotype, C. hirsuta Banks (Hawaii, presumably introduced), and describe three new species, C. australica n.sp. (Queensland, Australia), C. costalis n.sp. (Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean), and C. pakaratii n.sp. (Rapa Nui = Easter Island, probably endemic). The latter species is described from both sexes and presents the first males known for the genus. One female of this species presents a large spermatophore protruding from the genital chamber, thus indicating the mode of sperm transfer in sexual members of this genus. A key to the known species is included. All of the species of Cyptophania are highly neotenic, but differences in the level of neoteny are noted among the species studied. We question the synonymy of the genus Ptenocorium Enderlein with Cyptophania on the basis of several characters illustrated in the original description of Ptenocorium. We note similarities of Cyptophania to the entirely macropterous genus Lepidopsocus Enderlein and suggest a possible close relationship between the two genera.
Calibration and Validation of a Distributed Energy–Water Balance Model Using Satellite Data of Land Surface Temperature and Ground Discharge Measurements
Authors: Corbari Chiara , Mancini Marco
Published: August 2013

Distributed hydrological models of energy and mass balance need as inputs many soil and vegetation parameters, which are usually difficult to define. This paper will try to approach this problem by performing a pixel to pixel calibration procedure of soil hydraulic and vegetation parameters based on satellite land surface temperature data as a complementary method to the traditional calibration with ground discharge measurements at river control cross sections. These analyses are performed for the upper Po River basin (Italy) closed at the river cross section of Ponte della Becca with a total catchment area of about 38 000 km2, for a calibration period from 2000 to 2003, and a validation period from 2004 to 2010. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature data and a distributed hydrological model, Flash-Flood Event-Based Spatially Distributed Rainfall-Runoff Transformation Energy Water Balance model (FEST-EWB), that solves the system of energy and mass balance equations as a function of the representative equilibrium temperature will be used. This equilibrium surface temperature is comparable to the land surface temperature as retrieved from operational remote sensing data. Results suggest that a combined calibration based on satellite land surface temperature and ground discharge is needed to correctly reproduce volume discharge and also spatially distributed maps of representative equilibrium temperature and evapotranspiration. Improvements of about 10 mm/8 days are obtained on evapotranspiration from the model calibrated with Q and land surface temperature (LST) respect to the calibration based only on discharge.
Why Did Large Differences Arise in the Sea Surface Temperature Datasets across the Tropical Pacific during 2012?
Authors: Huang Boyin , L’Heureux Michelle , Lawrimore Jay , Liu Chunying , Zhang Huai-Min , Banzon Viva , Hu Zeng-Zhen , Kumar Arun
Published: August 2013

During June–November 2012, pronounced differences in tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies were observed between three widely used SST products: the extended reconstructed SST version 3b (ERSSTv3b), and the optimum interpolation SST version 2 analyses (OISST), produced weekly (OISSTwk) and daily (OISSTdy). During June–August 2012, the Niño-3.4 SST anomaly (SSTA) index was 0.2°–0.3°C lower in ERSSTv3b than in OISSTwk and OISSTdy, while it was 0.3°–0.4°C higher from September to November 2012. Such differences in the Niño-3.4 SSTA index can impact the assessment of the status of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, which is determined using a threshold of ±0.5°C in the Niño-3.4 SSTA index.

To investigate the reasons for the differences between ERSSTv3b and OISSTdy/OISSTwk, an experimental analysis (called ERSSTsat) is created that is similar to ERSSTv3b but includes satellite-derived SSTs. However, significant differences in the Niño-3.4 SSTA index remained between ERSSTsat and OISSTdy/OISSTwk. Comparisons of ERSSTsat and OISSTdy indicate that their differences are mostly associated with the different schemes for bias adjustment applied to the satellite-based SSTs. It is therefore suggested that the differences in the Niño-3.4 SSTA index between ERSSTv3b and OISSTdy cannot be solely due to the inclusion of but by the bias adjustment methodology of satellite data in OISSTdy.

Finally, the SST products are compared with observations from ships, buoys, and satellites. On the monthly time scale, the area-averaged Niño-3.4 SSTA index in the tropical Pacific is more consistent with in situ observations in ERSSTv3b than in OISSTdy. In contrast, pointwise observations across the tropical Pacific are more consistent with OISSTdy than ERSSTv3b. It is therefore suggested that the differences among SST products are partially due to a structural uncertainty of various SST estimates.
Decomposing School Resegregation
Authors: Fiel Jeremy E.
Published: August 2013

Today’s typical minority student attends school with fewer whites than his counterpart in 1970. This apparent resegregation of U.S. schools has sparked outrage and debate. Some blame a rollback of desegregation policies designed to distribute students more evenly among schools; others blame the changing racial composition of the student population. This study clarifies the link between distributive processes of segregation, population change, and school racial composition by framing school segregation as a mode of social closure. I use a novel decomposition approach to determine the relative contributions of distributive processes and compositional change in the apparent resegregation of schools from 1993 to 2010. For the most part, compositional changes are to blame for the declining presence of whites in minorities’ schools. During this period, whites and minorities actually became more evenly distributed across schools, helping increase minority students’ exposure to whites. Further decompositions reveal the continued success of district-level desegregation efforts, but the greatest barrier to progress appears to be the uneven distribution of students between school districts in the same area. These findings call for new research and new policies to address contemporary school segregation.
Pigs, Pipelines and PLUTO: A History of the United Kingdom’s Largest Oil Pipeline and Storage System during World War Two
Authors: Whittle Tim
Published: August 2013

In 1936, the Royal Air Force (RAF) held only very limited stocks of aviation gasoline at a relatively few RAF stations. The only reserves available were 8000 tonnes held by the oil companies. At peak wartime consumption of aviation fuel, this would have only been enough for one day of war! In 1936, the first test flight of the Spitfire took place, but such fighters would need fuel, which would require storage facilities. Unlike during World War One, that storage would need to be protected against aerial bombardment. By the start of World War Two, a massive construction programme of new storage depots with protected storage tanks was well underway, and this programme continued during the war. Additionally, in order to help transport fuel around Great Britain, from 1941, a petroleum pipeline network was constructed eastwards and southwards from the west coast ports. This network included the laying of undersea pipelines across the Channel, code-named PLUTO. This article sets out how the storage and pipeline system was designed, constructed, and controlled during the war.
Dental Findings and Identification of Undiagnosed Hyperglycemia
Authors: Lalla E. , Cheng B. , Kunzel C. , Burkett S. , Lamster I.B.
Published: August 2013

A change in the American Diabetes Association guidelines added hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) to the assays for diabetes diagnosis, but evidence suggests that glucose vs. HbA1c criteria may identify different segments of the affected population. We previously demonstrated that oral findings offer an opportunity for the detection of undiagnosed abnormal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) among dental patients who present with diabetes risk factors. In this new cross-sectional study, we sought to extend these observations. The first goal, using data from 591 new participants, was to assess our previously identified hyperglycemia detection models when HbA1c is used for case definition. The second goal, using data from our total cohort of 1,097 participants, was to evaluate the models’ performance regardless of whether an FPG or an HbA1c is used for diagnosis. The presence of ≥ 26% teeth with deep pockets or ≥ 4 missing teeth correctly identified 72% of pre-diabetes or diabetes cases in the HbA1c sample and 75% in the total population. The addition of a point-of-care HbA1c ≥ 5.7% increased correct identification to 87% and 90%, respectively. These results demonstrate the validity of our prediction models regardless of the test used for diabetes or pre-diabetes diagnosis in the clinical setting and underscore the contribution dentists can make.
Campaign strategies to develop regulatory mechanisms: Protecting Australian garment homeworkers
Authors: Burchielli Rosaria , Delaney Annie , Coventry Kylie
Published: August 2013

Despite key universal characteristics of homework that render it complex and challenging to protect, Australia has a comprehensive suite of regulatory (legislative and non-legislative) mechanisms protecting garment homeworkers. This article proposes that it was the intense and sustained campaigning and mobilisation efforts of the Textile, Clothing and Footwear Union of Australia, undertaken together with the FairWear Campaign and Asian Women at Work, which enabled the emergence and development of these mechanisms. We examine these homework initiatives, applying the lens of responsive regulation theory, to derive implications for global homeworker organisations, shaping their regulatory environments. The article concludes that legislative outcomes alone are insufficient and a combined strategy that encompasses campaigning, legislative reform and social movement strategies that involve the participation of homeworkers are more likely to ensure effective and ongoing homeworker protection.
Teaching, Learning, and Living with iPads
Authors: Riley Patricia
Published: August 2013

Tablet computers, engaging and dynamic teaching and learning tools, are increasingly prevalent in K–12 schools and university settings. To help music educators make informed technology choices for their classrooms, this article contains preservice teachers’ reflections on how they used iPads to enhance their musicianship, teacher preparation, and/or work with students in their practicum or student teaching placements. Categories of use include rehearsal/performance assistance, creating music, teaching instruments, providing virtual instruments, audio/video recording, listening resources, and organizational support. Teaching suggestions, lists of recommended apps, and potential sources of funding for the purchase of tablet computers are included.
Compelling Questions about Music, Education, and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Hoffman Adria R.
Published: August 2013

Music educators in the United States and those who support them currently wrestle with the fact that students from low-income communities and homes are underrepresented across the country’s music programs. Music education classes, particularly at the secondary level, do not represent the broader population enrolled in U.S. public schools. In an effort to better meet the needs of low-income students, this article suggests an often unconsidered set of questions that may lead toward more nuanced understandings of the ways in which teachers structure music programs. By examining school and classroom practices, we might better meet the needs of socioeconomically diverse school communities.
Suburbia under an Energy Transition: A Socio-technical Perspective
Authors: Dodson Jago
Published: August 2013

This paper assesses the effects on suburbia of an energy transition to less carbon- or petroleum-intensive energy urban forms using a socio-technical theoretical perspective. The paper argues that while suburbia is the predominant form of urbanisation in advanced nations, especially North America and Australia, its socio-technical composition is insufficiently understood by urban scholars. Using a socio-technical theoretical perspective, the paper argues that suburbia should be seen a complex ‘assemblage’ that is configured through socio-material relations of land use, transport technology, energy and money credit. This system is also differentiated by social status and infrastructure access deficits. The paper argues that suburbia faces a number of socio-technical challenges from an energy transition principally due to heavy mobility reliance on motor vehicles. The paper sets out some potential trajectories of transformation for suburbia under an energy transition.
Perceptions of the future of South Africa: a 2009 replication
Authors: Leslie Tarryn , Finchilescu Gillian
Published: August 2013

Karl Mannheim argued that in times of social upheaval and instability, individuals would engender ‘situationally transcendent ideas’, or ideologies, about the future of their society. In South Africa, Kurt Danziger initiated a tradition of research on future ideologies in 1956. Danziger’s research was replicated in three studies, which were conducted during, and shortly after, the era of apartheid. The African National Congress’s Polokwane Conference of 2007 and the subsequent 2009 elections threatened to reconfigure the South African political landscape which had reached a plateau of stability since the abolition of Apartheid. This political vicissitude presented the opportunity to conduct a further study on South Africans’ future ideologies. Following the methodology used in previous studies, 223 University of the Witwatersrand students wrote brief essays on the history of South Africa projected into the future. In addition, they completed an optimism scale and a relative deprivation scale. The future ideologies that emerged from the essays were Liberalism, Deterioration, and Catastrophe. Contrary to previous studies, no race differences were found in the frequencies of these ideologies. Analysis of variance tests revealed significant differences in participants’ degree of optimism to the future and certain measures of relative deprivation for those whose essays expressed Liberal, Deterioration, and Catastrophic future ideologies.
Neuropsychological rehabilitation: State of the science
Authors: Wilson Barbara A
Published: August 2013

Neuropsychological rehabilitation is concerned with the amelioration of cognitive, emotional, psychosocial, and behavioural deficits caused by an insult to the brain. Major changes in the field have occurred over the past decade or so. In 2011, Wilson published an article titled ‘Cutting edge developments in neuropsychological rehabilitation and possible future directions’, in which 10 of the most important changes in neuropsychological rehabilitation over the previous 5 years were described. This article is an update of those changes: some of the topics in the 2011 article have been omitted, others added, and the order of importance has been changed. For the most part, the developments described relate to the rehabilitation of adults with non-progressive brain injury, the exceptions being a development for people with dementia and another relates to children. Topics considered are new assessment procedures, new treatment strategies for cognitive and emotional problems, recognition of the need to find new ways to evaluate the efficacy of rehabilitation, and evidence for the effectiveness of comprehensive-holistic rehabilitation.
Acute psychosocial stress enhances visuospatial memory in healthy males
Authors: Human Robyn , Thomas Kevin GF , Dreyer Anna , Amod Alyssa R , Wolf Pedro SA , Jacobs W Jake
Published: August 2013

Previous research demonstrates that stress can disrupt a number of different cognitive systems, including verbal memory, working memory, and decision-making. Few previous studies have investigated relations between stress and visuospatial information processing, however, and none have examined relations among stress, visuospatial memory performance, and planning/organisation of visuospatial information simultaneously. In total, 38 undergraduate males completed the copy trial of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test. Those assigned randomly to the Stress group ( n = 19) were then exposed to a laboratory-based psychosocial stressor; the others were exposed to an equivalent control condition. All then completed the delayed recall trial of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test. Physiological and self-report measures of stress indicated that the induction manipulation was effective. Our predictions that control participants, relative to stressor-exposed participants, (a) take less time to complete the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test recall trial, (b) reproduce the figure more accurately on that trial, and (c) show better planning and more gestalt-based organisational strategies in creating that reproduction were disconfirmed. At recall, those with higher circulating cortisol levels (measured post-stress-induction) completed the drawing more accurately than those with lower circulating cortisol levels. Otherwise stated, the present data indicated that exposure to an acute psychosocial stressor enhanced visuospatial memory performance in healthy males. This data pattern is consistent with a previously proposed inverted U-shaped relationship between cortisol and cognition: Under this proposal, moderate levels of the hormone (as induced by the current manipulation) support optimal performance, whereas extremely high and extremely low levels impair performance.
A preliminary follow-up study of patients treated at an inpatient psychotherapy unit
Authors: Johnston Emma R
Published: August 2013

Inpatient psychotherapeutic services for patients experiencing high levels of psychological distress are scarce in South Africa. Furthermore, follow-up research with patients receiving this type of mental health care is also limited. This study focuses on patients treated at an inpatient psychotherapeutic unit offering individual and group psychotherapies to adults, by assessing their experiences following admission to the unit. Patients’ experiences during their admission and since discharge from the unit, mental health status since admission, compliance in terms of outpatient mental health care, current quality of relationships with family and friends, and the impact of the patients’ mental illness on their work situation are examined. The challenges encountered in such research are also explored.
Heyde’s syndrome
Authors: İlkeli Ekin , Albeyoğlu Şebnem , Çiloğlu Ufuk , Sabri Dağsalı
Published: August 2013

Gastrointestinal bleeding due to colonic angiodysplasia can be associated with calcified aortic stenosis. This association is referred to as Heyde’s syndrome. Aortic valve replacement can prevent recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in these cases. We describe the case of a 46-year-old woman with congestive heart failure related to aortic stenosis, and severe anemia, with multiple angiodysplasias on the ileum and colon. After aortic valve replacement, there were no further episodes of bleeding and her hemoglobin levels normalized.
Promoting sustainable local economic development for all areas: Looking forward or looking back?
Authors: Fineberg Adam
Published: August 2013

A review and analysis of recent attempts to promote local economic development and improve public services that considers the potential role of the ‘growth coalitions’ and ‘smart local government’ project in progressing and creating synergy between these two agendas. A critique of the current growth agenda, as represented by Local Economic Partnerships and the Single Local Growth Fund and whether it connects with the potential growth opportunities that can be realised out of local public service expenditure. A consideration of whether Community Budgets, as the current approach to improving local public services, represent a new managerialism rather than a new ‘transformation’ agenda to better meet the needs and address the well-being of local people. Suggestions are made about how to capture the inherent value, and realise transformational change in the provision of local public service services along the lines of the decade-old ‘growth coalitions’ and ‘smart local government’ project. Also, about adding value by creating synergy between local public service expenditure and the work of Local Economic Partnerships and the Single Local Growth Fund, for the benefit of local citizens and growth.
Electrocortical changes associated with minocycline treatment in fragile X syndrome
Authors: Schneider Andrea , Leigh Mary Jacena , Adams Patrick , Nanakul Rawi , Chechi Tasleem , Olichney John , Hagerman Randi , Hessl David
Published: August 2013

Minocycline normalizes synaptic connections and behavior in the knockout mouse model of fragile X syndrome (FXS). Human-targeted treatment trials with minocycline have shown benefits in behavioral measures and parent reports. Event-related potentials (ERPs) may provide a sensitive method of monitoring treatment response and changes in coordinated brain activity. Measurement of electrocortical changes due to minocycline was done in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover treatment trial in children with FXS. Children with FXS (Meanage 10.5 years) were randomized to minocycline or placebo treatment for 3 months then changed to the other treatment for 3 months. The minocycline dosage ranged from 25–100 mg daily, based on weight. Twelve individuals with FXS (eight male, four female) completed ERP studies using a passive auditory oddball paradigm. Current source density (CSD) and ERP analysis at baseline showed high-amplitude, long-latency components over temporal regions. After 3 months of treatment with minocycline, the temporal N1 and P2 amplitudes were significantly reduced compared with placebo. There was a significant amplitude increase of the central P2 component on minocycline. Electrocortical habituation to auditory stimuli improved with minocycline treatment. Our study demonstrated improvements of the ERP in children with FXS treated with minocycline, and the potential feasibility and sensitivity of ERPs as a cognitive biomarker in FXS treatment trials.
Subsistence and Sustainability
Authors: Viswanathan Madhu , Jung Kiju , Venugopal Srinivas , Minefee Ishva , Jung In Woo
Published: August 2013

The objective of this article is to develop micro-level behavioral insights at the intersection of poverty and the environment and derive macro-marketing implications. This micro-level behavioral perspective encompasses psychological and socio-cultural phenomena and emphasizes consumption and conservation. Construing the environment in a broad sense to encompass living circumstances, we conducted interviews to uncover the distinctive nature of environmental issues in subsistence marketplaces. Our findings emphasize the importance of different levels of spatial and psychological distance as well as a number of coping strategies that reflect individuals and communities sustaining themselves through survival, relatedness, and growth. We link distances and coping to efficacy and motivation to act, and derive implications for macro-level issues in marketing management, and public policy.
The Group for Debates in Anthropological Theory (GDAT), The University of Manchester: The 2011 annual debate – Non-dualism is philosophy not ethnography
Authors: Venkatesan Soumhya , Martin Keir , Scott Michael W , Pinney Christopher , Ssorin-Chaikov Nikolai , Cook Joanna , Strathern Marilyn
Published: August 2013

Does the concept of non-dualism have ethnographic purchase or is it mainly of philosophical interest? This article comprises the edited presentation and discussions of the 2011 GDAT debate on the motion ‘Non-dualism is Philosophy not Ethnography’. The debaters proposing the motion were Michael Scott and Nikolai Ssorin-Chaikov. They were opposed by Christopher Pinney and Joanna Cook. Marilyn Strathern acted as jester – playfully and rigorously engaging with all four speakers. The presentations and the discussions that followed were wide ranging, lively and stimulating.
The dynamic compressive behavior of armor structural materials in split Hopkinson pressure bar test
Authors: Woo Sung-Choong , Kim Jong-Tak , Cho Chang-Hee , Kim Jin-Young , Kim Tae-Won
Published: August 2013

High strain rate–dependent deformation behaviors are important in design and optimization of armor structural materials. Herein, the static tensile and the dynamic compressive behaviors of the practical materials including Al5083, rolled homogeneous armor steel and tungsten heavy alloy were investigated by means of a universal testing machine and a split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus, respectively. The test was performed at high strain rates (1200–3100 s−1) to obtain a detailed understanding of the responses of the materials. A finite element analysis was then carried out using an elastic–plastic failure material model considering a user-defined parameter determined from the split Hopkinson pressure bar tests. Both flow and peak stresses of the materials were different corresponding to the mechanical properties and strain rates. The dynamic yield stresses are generally larger than static yield stresses, particularly in Al5083. As shown in the results, the experimentally obtained true stress–strain behaviors give a good agreement with those from finite element analyses. In addition, observations of the impacted zone in the specimen showed that a few cracks propagated along the specimen’s original periphery. In order to determine the level of deformation, strain rate sensitivity, m, at strain of 0.1 was also calculated for all materials; rolled homogeneous armor steel and tungsten heavy alloy had lower strain rate sensitivity than Al5083. The proposed procedure shows proper agreements between numerical predictions and experimental results such as stress–strain relations, peak stresses and deformation. The methodology coupled with the experimental data reflecting the dynamic compressive properties provides a more accurate prediction of the strain rate–dependent behavior of armor structural materials.
The Effect of Pelvic Tilt on Radiographic Markers of Acetabular Coverage
Authors: Henebry Andrew , Gaskill Trevor
Published: August 2013

Background:

Radiographic indices of acetabular coverage are crucial to objectively characterize femoroacetabular impingement and plan bony decompression. It is established that changes in pelvic inclination result in alterations of acetabular crossover; however, it is unclear what influence this has on other measures of acetabular anatomy.

Hypothesis:

The objective of the present study was to determine if, and to what degree, a variation in pelvic tilt alters 4 measures of acetabular anatomy: the angle of Sharp, Tönnis angle, percentage of acetabular crossover, and lateral center edge angle (LCEA). The hypothesis was that pelvic tilt would significantly alter all measures of acetabular coverage.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Fluoroscopic images of 8 adult hemipelvises were obtained at 7 positions of rotation in the sagittal plane to investigate the change of each measurement in response to pelvic orientation. Two reviewers obtained measurements from each image at 2 separate time points.

Results:

Each increment of pelvic inclination resulted in increased measures of acetabular coverage for all measurements, whereas each increment of decreased pelvic inclination resulted in decreased measures of acetabular coverage for all measurements. Significant differences in the measured LCEA, acetabular crossover, and Tönnis angle were identified at each increment of tilt as compared with neutral radiographs. No significant differences could be identified for the angle of Sharp.

Conclusion:

Pelvic tilt significantly alters the measures of LCEA, crossover, and Tönnis angle in this cadaveric study. Pelvic inclination results in increased measures of acetabular coverage, whereas decreasing inclination decreases each measure.

Clinical Relevance:

Given the known individual and positional pelvic tilt variability, standing anteroposterior pelvic radiographs may provide a more physiological representation of acetabular coverage in the young adult population.
Risk Factors for Posterior Shoulder Instability in Young Athletes
Authors: Owens Brett D. , Campbell Scot E. , Cameron Kenneth L.
Published: August 2013

Background:

While posterior glenohumeral instability is becoming increasingly common among young athletes, little is known of the risk factors for injury.

Purpose:

To determine the modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for posterior shoulder instability in a high-risk cohort.

Study Design:

Case-control study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

A prospective cohort study in which 714 young athletes were followed from June 2006 through May 2010 was conducted. Baseline testing included a subjective history of instability, instability testing by a sports medicine fellowship–trained orthopaedic surgeon, range of motion, strength measurement with a handheld dynamometer, and bilateral noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder. A musculoskeletal radiologist measured glenoid version, height, depth, rotator interval (RI) height, RI width, RI area, and RI index. Participants were followed to document all acute posterior shoulder instability events during the 4-year follow-up period. The time to the posterior shoulder instability event during the follow-up period was the primary outcome of interest. Univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the data.

Results:

Complete data on 714 participants were obtained. During the 4-year surveillance period, 46 shoulders sustained documented glenohumeral instability events, of which only 7 were posterior in direction. The baseline factors that were associated with subsequent posterior instability during follow-up were increased glenoid retroversion ( P < .0001), increased external rotation strength in adduction ( P = .029) and at 45° of abduction ( P = .015), and increased internal rotation strength in adduction ( P = .038).

Conclusion:

This is the largest known prospective study to follow healthy participants in the development of posterior shoulder instability. Posterior instability represents 10% of all instability events. The most significant risk factor was increased glenoid retroversion. While increased internal/external strength was also associated with subsequent instability, it is unclear whether these strength differences are causative or reactive to the difference in glenoid anatomy. This work confirms that increased glenoid retroversion is a significant prospective risk factor for posterior instability.
Alternative methodology for chitin–hydroxyapatite composites using ionic liquids and supercritical fluid technology
Authors: Silva Simone S , Duarte Ana Rita C , Oliveira Joaquim M , Mano João F , Reis Rui L
Published: August 2013

An alternative, green method was used to develop chitin-based biocomposite (ChHA) materials by an integrated strategy using ionic liquids, supercritical fluid drying, and salt leaching. ChHA matrices were produced by dissolving chitin in 1-butyl-methylimidazolium acetate along with salt and/or hydroxyapatite particles and then subsequent drying. The ChHA composite formed had a heterogeneous porous microstructure with 65%–85% porosity and pore sizes in the range of 100–300 µm. The hydroxyapatite was found to be well distributed within the composite structures and had a positive effect in the viability and proliferation of osteoblast-like cells, in vitro. Our findings indicate that these ChHA matrices have potential applications in bone tissue engineering.
Navigating Reimbursement for Home Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Hendrickson Eileen , Corrigan Mandy L.
Published: August 2013

Reimbursement for home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is important for nutrition support clinicians to understand. This intent of this review is to provide nutrition support clinicians knowledge on navigating through the structured requirements of diagnosis driven billing to receive reimbursement for services related to HPN, provide information on coding, provide practical tips for surviving a Medicare billing audit, and discuss challenges of Medicare guidelines seen in clinical practice.
Effects of tip relief on vibration responses of a geared rotor system
Authors: Ma Hui , Yang Jian , Song Rongze , Zhang Suyan , Wen Bangchun
Published: August 2013

Considering tip relief, a finite element model of a spur gear pair in mesh is established by ANSYS software. Time-varying mesh stiffness under different amounts of tip relief is calculated based on the finite element model. Then, a finite element model of a geared rotor system is developed by MATLAB software considering the effects of time-varying mesh stiffness and constant load torque. Emphasis is given to the effects of tip relief on the lateral–torsional coupling vibration responses of the system. The results show that as the amount of tip relief increases, the saltation of time-varying mesh stiffness reduces at the position of approach action and transition mesh region from the single tooth to double tooth. A number of primary resonances and some super-harmonic of gears 1 and 2 are excited by time-varying mesh stiffness in amplitude frequency responses. As the amount of tip relief increases, some super-harmonic responses change due to the variation in the higher frequency components of time-varying mesh stiffness. After tip relief, the vibration and meshing force decrease obviously at lower mesh frequency range except at some resonance frequencies; however, tip relief is not effective in reducing the vibration at higher mesh frequency range. The amplitude fluctuation of the vibration acceleration reduces evidently after considering tip relief, which is not remarkable with the increase of meshing frequency.
Mental health issues of Maria I of Portugal and her sisters: the contributions of the Willis family to the development of psychiatry
Authors: Peters Timothy J , Willis Clive
Published: August 2013

Contemporary accounts credit Dr Francis Willis (1718–1807) with facilitating the recovery of King George III from his major episode of acute mania in 1788–9. Subsequently Willis was summoned to Lisbon to advise on the mental health problems of Queen Maria I. This article reports the nature of the illnesses of Maria and her two similarly affected sisters, and uses the program OPCRIT to propose diagnoses of major depressive disorders. The high prevalence of consanguinity and insanity among the Portuguese monarchy and their antecedents probably contributed to their mental health problems. The successive contributions of the Willis family from Thomas Willis (1621–75) to his grand-nephew, Francis Willis (1792–1859), are reviewed; the popular image is somewhat inaccurate and does not highlight their part in the development of psychiatry.
Battling demons with medical authority: werewolves, physicians and rationalization
Authors: Metzger Nadine
Published: August 2013

Werewolves and physicians experienced their closest contact in the context of early modern witch and werewolf trials. For medical critics of the trials, melancholic diseases served as reference points for medical explanations of both individual cases and werewolf beliefs in general.

This paper attempts to construct a conceptual history of werewolf beliefs and their respective medical responses. After differentiating the relevant terms, pre-modern werewolf concepts and medical lycanthropy are introduced. The early modern controversy between medical and demonological explanations forms the main part of this study. The history of werewolves and their medical explanations is then traced through to present times. An important point of discussion is to what extent the physicians’ engagements with werewolves can be characterized as rationalization.
The birth and death of Villa 21
Authors: Wall Oisín
Published: August 2013

From 1962 to 1966 David Cooper ran an experimental hospital ward in Villa 21 of Shenley Hospital, Hertfordshire, England. In the histories of mid-twentieth-century psychiatry and anti-psychiatry, this ward has been almost entirely forgotten, overshadowed by the figure of R.D. Laing and his Kingsley Hall experiment. This study attempts to construct a history of Villa 21 and to reassert its historical importance as a manifestation of British anti-psychiatry and the radically anti-institutional politics of its time. Beginning before the opening of the ward, this article follows the story of Villa 21 on theoretical, practical and personal levels through its experimental journey and into its dramatic aftermath when Cooper’s experiment was ideologically obliterated by his successor Michael Conran and physically obliterated by the Hospital administration. It contends that Villa 21 is an example of anti-psychiatry’s attempt to engage with the very structure of society at a profound level.
Precarious work: Economic, sociological and political perspectives
Authors: Wilson Shaun , Ebert Norbert
Published: August 2013

This article brings together labour relations, sociological and political perspectives on precarious employment in Australia, identifying local contexts of insecurity and setting them within the economics of regional supply chains involving the use of migrant labour. In developing the concept of precarious work-societies, it argues that precarity is a source of individual and social vulnerability and distress, affecting family, housing and communal security. The concept of depoliticisation is used to describe the processes of displacement, whereby the social consequences of precarious work come to be seen as beyond the reach of agency. Using evidence from social attitudes surveys, we explore links between the resulting sense of political marginalisation and hostility to immigrants. Re-politicisation strategies will need to lay bare the common basis of shared experiences of insecurity and explore ways of integrating precarious workers into new community and global alliances.