bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new mutation in the C‐terminal end of TTC37 leading to a mild form of syndromic diarrhea/tricho‐hepato‐enteric syndrome in seven patients from two families
Authors: Fabre Alexandre , Petit Laetitia‐Marie , Hansen Lars F. , Wewer Anne V. , Esteve Clothilde , Chaix Charlène , Bourgeois Patrice , Badens Catherine , Paerregaard Anders
Published: January 2018

Syndromic diarrhea/tricho‐hepato‐enteric syndrome (SD/THE) is a rare congenital enteropathy with seven main clinical features: intractable diarrhea of infancy, hair abnormalities, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), facial dysmorphism, immune dysfunction, and liver and skin abnormalities. SD/THE is caused by mutations in TTC37 or SKIV2L, two genes encoding components of the human SKI complex. To date, approximately 50 SD/THE patients have been described with a wide spectrum of mutations, and only one recurrent mutation has been identified in independent families. We present a detailed description of seven patients of Turkish origin with the same new mutation in TTC37: c.4572 G>A p.(Trp1524X). All seven patients were homozygous for this mutation and presented the typical clinical features of SD/THE, but with a milder presentation than usual. All seven patients were alive at the last follow‐up. Four out of seven patients had no IUGR, and four patients never required parenteral nutrition. All patients presented a better growth rate than previously described in patients with SD/THE, with 4/7 above the 3rd percentile. The mutation is localized only forty amino acids from the end of TTC37, and as TTC37 is longer than the yeast SKI3, it is possible that a truncated protein is expressed and plays a reduced role in the SKI complex.
Nonsense mutations in FZD2 cause autosomal‐dominant omodysplasia: Robinow syndrome‐like phenotypes
Authors: Nagasaki Keisuke , Nishimura Gen , Kikuchi Toru , Nyuzuki Hiromi , Sasaki Sunao , Ogawa Yohei , Saitoh Akihiko
Published: January 2018

Omodysplasia‐2 (OMOD2; OMIM%16475) is a rare autosomal dominant (AD) skeletal dysplasia characterized by shortened humeri, short first metacarpal, craniofacial dysmorphism (frontal bossing, depressed nasal bridge, bifid nasal tip, and long philtrum), and variable degrees of genitourinary anomalies. This clinical phenotype overlaps with that of AD type Robinow syndrome. Recently, a mutation in FZD2 encoding a Frizzled Class Receptor 2 has been identified in a family with AD omodysplasia (an affected girl and her affected mother). Here, we present the second report on a heterozygous novel nonsense FZD2 mutation in OMOD2 or Robinow syndrome‐like phenotype. The proband was a 16‐year‐old boy, who has been followed from infancy to adolescence. He presented with rhizomelic short stature with elbow restriction, mild facial dysmorphism (depressed broad bridge, short nose, anteverted nostrils, long philtrum, and low‐set ears), and genital hypoplasia. Radiological examination in infancy showed short, broad humeri with relatively narrow distal ends, mildly broad femora, thick proximal ulnae with hypoplastic, dislocated proximal radii, and short first metacarpals. The abnormal skeletal pattern was persistent in adolescence; however, the humeri and femora became less undermodeled, while the humeri and radii became mildly bowed. Molecular analysis identified a de novo, heterozygous, nonsense mutation (c.1640C>A, p.S547*) in FZD2. The affected codon was next to the previously reported mutation (p.Trp548*). The results indicate that OMOD2 or Robinow syndome‐like phenotype can be caused by a heterozygous nonsense FZD2 mutation impairing Wnt signaling. Further molecular studies will permit better clarification of the phenotypic spectrum in patients with OMOD2.
Highly Efficient Artificial Light‐Harvesting Systems Constructed in Aqueous Solution Based on Supramolecular Self‐Assembly
Authors: Guo Shuwen , Song Yongshang , He Yuling , Hu Xiao‐Yu , Wang Leyong
Published: January 2018

Highly efficient light‐harvesting systems were successfully fabricated in aqueous solution based on the supramolecular self‐assembly of a water‐soluble pillar[6]arene (WP6), a salicylaldehyde azine derivative (G), and two different fluorescence dyes, Nile Red (NiR) or Eosin Y (ESY). The WP6‐G supramolecular assembly exhibits remarkably improved aggregation‐induced emission enhancement and acts as a donor for the artificial light‐harvesting system, and NiR or ESY, which are loaded within the WP6‐G assembly, act as acceptors. An efficient energy‐transfer process takes place from the WP6‐G assembly not only to NiR but also to ESY for these two different systems. Furthermore, both of the WP6‐G‐NiR and WP6‐G‐ESY systems show an ultrahigh antenna effect at a high donor/acceptor ratio.
Packaging technology for improving shelf‐life of fruits based on a nanoporous–crystalline polymer
Authors: Rizzo Paola , Cozzolino Antonietta , Albunia Alexandra R. , Giuffrè Angelo Maria , Sicari Vincenzo , Di Maio Luciano , Daniel Christophe , Venditto Vincenzo , Galimberti Maurizio , Mensitieri Giuseppe , Guerra Gaetano
Published: January 2018

The ability of films with an active layer of nanoporous–crystalline syndiotactic polystyrene (s‐PS) to prolong shelf‐life, not only of climacteric but also of non‐climacteric fruits, is discussed. Studies on oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the environment of packaged fruits as well as in s‐PS active layers have been combined. Reported results indicate that prolonged shelf‐life can be associated with large increases and decreases of carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations inside the package, respectively. These data are consistent with a higher barrier offered to both gases by nanoporous–crystalline s‐PS layers. This barrier phenomenon is due to reduction of gas diffusivity typical of nanoporous–crystalline polymer films, which is further enhanced by orientation, parallel to the film plane, of crystalline planes of closely packed s‐PS helices. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46256.
Temperature effect on graphene‐filled interface between glass–carbon hybrid fibers and epoxy resin characterized by fiber‐bundle pull‐out test
Authors: Yang Bin , Tang Xiaojun , Yang Kang , Xuan Fu‐Zhen , Xiang Yanxun , He Liang , Sha Jin
Published: January 2018

The overall mechanical performance of glass–carbon hybrid fibers reinforced epoxy composites depends heavily upon fiber–matrix interfacial properties and the service temperatures. Fiber‐bundle pull‐out tests of glass (GF) and/or carbon fiber (CF) reinforced epoxy composites were carried out at room and elevated temperatures. Graphene nanoplatelets were added in the interfacial region to investigate their influence on the interfacial shear strength (IFSS). Results show that IFSS of specimens with fiber‐bundle number ratio of GF:CF = 1:2 is the largest among the hybrid composites, and a positive hybridization effect is found at elevated temperatures. IFSS of all the specimens decreases with the increasing of test temperatures, while the toughness shows a contrary tendency. As verified by scanning electron microscopy observations, graphene nanoplatelets on fiber surface could enhance the IFSS of pure glass/carbon and hybrid fibers reinforced epoxy composites at higher temperatures significantly. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46263.
A computational approach to support the creation of terminological neologisms in sign languages
Authors: Souza Celso L. , Pádua Flávio L.C. , Lima Vera L.S. , Lacerda Anisio , Carneiro Carlos A.G.
Published: January 2018

This work presents a novel approach to support the creation of terminological neologisms (technical signs) for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) dictionaries in sign languages. We propose the use of computational methods to assist the creation of terminological neologisms that will constitute new STEM dictionaries. More specifically, we propose the use of computer vision algorithms for shape extraction and description from the visual representation (illustration) of a signless technical concept, as well as natural language processing methods for determining the stem of its corresponding oral term. By comparing those pieces of information of the signless technical concept with the corresponding ones of general‐purpose signs in a repository, our approach creates a meaningful new sign from the existing ones with similar features. As far as we know, this is the first computer‐aided proposal to create new signs and deal with the problem of technical vocabulary absence in sign languages, making the process of sign creation more agile and scalable. To validate the created technical signs, an evaluation committee composed by fluent signers considers aspects such as, the phonetic, phonological, and morphological structures of the sign language. Experiments were performed with technical concepts of the architectural drawing area, for which new signs in the Brazilian Sign Language were created. The results are promising with 60% of the new signs being rated on a five‐point scale with a similar satisfaction level of signs of a reference dataset.
Xenotopic expression of alternative electron transport enzymes in animal mitochondria and their impact in health and disease
Authors: Camargo André F. , Chioda Marina M. , Rodrigues Ana P. C. , Garcia Geovana S. , McKinney Emily A. , Jacobs Howard T. , Oliveira Marcos T.
Published: January 2018

The mitochondrial respiratory chain in vertebrates and arthropods is different from that of most other eukaryotes because they lack alternative enzymes that provide electron transfer pathways additional to the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. However, the use of diverse experimental models, such as human cells in culture, Drosophila melanogaster and the mouse, has demonstrated that the transgenic expression of these alternative enzymes can impact positively many phenotypes associated with human mitochondrial and other cellular dysfunction, including those typically presented in complex IV deficiencies, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's. In addition, these enzymes have recently provided extremely valuable data on how, when, and where reactive oxygen species, considered by many as “by‐products” of OXPHOS, can contribute to animal longevity. It has also been shown that the expression of the alternative enzymes is thermogenic in cultured cells, causes reproductive defects in flies, and enhances the deleterious phenotype of some mitochondrial disease models. Therefore, all the reported beneficial effects must be considered with caution, as these enzymes have been proposed to be deployed in putative gene therapies to treat human diseases. Here, we present a brief review of the scientific data accumulated over the past decade that show the benefits and the risks of introducing alternative branches of the electron transport into mammalian and insect mitochondria, and we provide a perspective on the future of this research field.
Modulation of mitochondrial metabolism as a biochemical trait in blood feeding organisms: the redox vampire hypothesis redux
Authors: Ferreira Caroline M. , Oliveira Matheus P. , Paes Marcia C. , Oliveira Marcus F.
Published: January 2018

Hematophagous organisms undergo remarkable metabolic changes during the blood digestion process, increasing fermentative glucose metabolism, and reducing respiratory rates, both consequence of functional mitochondrial remodeling. Here, we review the pathways involved in energy metabolism and mitochondrial functionality in a comparative framework across different hematophagous species, and consider how these processes regulate redox homeostasis during blood digestion. The trend across distinct species indicate that a switch in energy metabolism might represent an important defensive mechanism to avoid the potential harmful interaction of oxidants generated from aerobic energy metabolism with products derived from blood digestion. Indeed, in insect vectors, blood feeding transiently reduces respiratory rates and oxidant production, irrespective of tissue and insect model. On the other hand, a different scenario is observed in several unrelated parasite species when exposed to blood digestion products, as respiratory rates reduce and mitochondrial oxidant production increase. The emerging picture indicates that re‐wiring of energy metabolism, through reduced mitochondrial function, culminates in improved tolerance to redox insults and seems to represent a key step for hematophagous organisms to cope with the overwhelming and potentially toxic blood meal.
Glycerol Oxidation Using MgO‐ and Al2O3‐supported Gold and Gold–Palladium Nanoparticles Prepared in the Absence of Polymer Stabilizers
Authors: Dodekatos Georgios , Abis Laura , Freakley Simon J. , Tüysüz Harun , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: January 2018

Au and AuPd nanoparticles supported on MgO and Al2O3 were employed for the selective aqueous phase oxidation of glycerol under basic conditions. Catalysts were prepared by sol‐immobilization without the addition of a stabilizing agent such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which is generally added to stabilize the noble metal sol prior to immobilization. The obtained materials prepared with and without stabilizing agent were active for glycerol oxidation and showed similar catalytic performances—implying that the stabilizing polymer is not required to obtain active materials. Depending on the support used, it was possible to tailor the selectivity towards the desired oxidation products by using catalysts prepared with or without stabilizing agent. PVA‐free Au/γ‐Al2O3 exhibited a remarkably high selectivity towards tartronic acid (40 % at 97 % conversion), which was not observed for Au/γ‐Al2O3 prepared with PVA (27 % at isoconversion). Selective glycerol oxidation performed under base‐free conditions over AuPd/MgO catalysts also corroborated the previous results that the presence of a stabilizing polymer is not required to prepare active catalysts by sol‐immobilization. Thus, a facile way to circumvent the inherent drawbacks encountered by the use of polymer stabilizers during catalyst preparation is presented herein. Experimental results suggest that the presence of the polymer stabilizers can affect the reaction pathways and control selectivity.
Entropically driven Polymeric Enzyme Inhibitors by End‐Group directed Conjugation
Authors: Hijazi Montasser , Krumm Christian , Cinar Suelyman , Arns Loana , Alachraf Wasim , Hiller Wolf , Schrader Wolfgang , Winter Roland , Tiller Joerg C.
Published: January 2018

A new generic concept for polymeric enzyme inhibitors is presented using the example of poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PMOx) terminated with an iminodiacetate (IDA) function. These polymers are shown to be non‐competitive inhibitors for horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Mechanistic investigations revealed that the polymer is directed to the protein by its end group and collapses at the surface in an entropy‐driven process as shown by isothermal titration calorimetry. The dissociation constant of the complex was determined as the inhibition constant Ki using HRP kinetic activity measurements. Additional experiments suggest that the polymer does not form a diffusion layer around the protein, but might inhibit by inducing minor conformational changes in the protein. This kind of inhibitor offers new avenues towards designing bioactive compounds.
Evaluation of the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Efficacy After Single and Multiple Dosings of LY3016859 in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Sloan‐Lancaster Joanne , Raddad Eyas , Deeg Mark A. , Eli Michelle , Flynt Amy , Tumlin James
Published: January 2018

Two phase 1 studies (TGAA and TGAB) evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of LY3016859 (LY), a monoclonal antibody that binds epiregulin and transforming growth factor α (TGF‐α), administered intravenously or subcutaneously. In TGAA, 56 healthy subjects received a single dose of LY (0.1–750 mg intravenously, 50 mg subcutaneously) or placebo. In TGAB part A, 15 patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) received 2 doses of LY (10–750 mg intravenously) or placebo, and in TGAB part B, 45 patients with DN received 5 doses of LY (50–750 mg intravenously) or placebo. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, anti‐LY antibodies, and change in proteinuria and albuminuria were evaluated. Single and multiple doses of LY administered 3 weeks apart were well tolerated. Pharmacokinetics were nonlinear in healthy subjects and patients with DN, indicating target‐mediated drug disposition. Epiregulin level increased in both studies, and TGF‐α levels increased in the TGAB study, consistent with target engagement; however, LY treatment did not significantly reduce proteinuria or albuminuria in patients with DN. There was no obvious effect of LY on the disease‐related biomarkers monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, synaptopodin, or transferrin. Although LY administration resulted in a high frequency of anti‐LY antibodies, pharmacokinetics, target engagement, and efficacy were not impacted.
Aberrant astrocyte Ca2+ signals “AxCa signals” exacerbate pathological alterations in an Alexander disease model
Authors: Saito Kozo , Shigetomi Eiji , Yasuda Rei , Sato Ryuichi , Nakano Masakazu , Tashiro Kei , Tanaka Kenji F. , Ikenaka Kazuhiro , Mikoshiba Katsuhiko , Mizuta Ikuko , Yoshida Tomokatsu , Nakagawa Masanori , Mizuno Toshiki , Koizumi Schuichi
Published: January 2018

Alexander disease (AxD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by gain of function mutations in the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene. Accumulation of GFAP proteins and formation of Rosenthal fibers (RFs) in astrocytes are hallmarks of AxD. However, malfunction of astrocytes in the AxD brain is poorly understood. Here, we show aberrant Ca2+ responses in astrocytes as playing a causative role in AxD. Transcriptome analysis of astrocytes from a model of AxD showed age‐dependent upregulation of GFAP, several markers for neurotoxic reactive astrocytes, and downregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis molecules. In situ AxD model astrocytes produced aberrant extra‐large Ca2+ signals “AxCa signals”, which increased with age, correlated with GFAP upregulation, and were dependent on stored Ca2+. Inhibition of AxCa signals by deletion of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate type 2 receptors (IP3R2) ameliorated AxD pathogenesis. Taken together, AxCa signals in the model astrocytes would contribute to AxD pathogenesis.
Intraoperative cardiac arrest etiologies in head and neck surgery: A comprehensive review
Authors: Tarabanis Constantine , Abt Nicholas B. , Osborn Heather A.
Published: January 2018

Background

The etiologies of intraoperative cardiac arrest within otolaryngology are not well understood as they are rare events.

Methods

A comprehensive review of the etiologies and corresponding pathophysiologic neural mechanisms of intraoperative cardiac arrest in otolaryngologic surgery are examined.

Results

The occurrence of this rare complication has been described in a range of head and neck procedures, including but not limited to suspension laryngoscopy and oncologic resections in the neck, maxilla and thyroid. Three anatomically distinct pathways leading to intraoperative cardiac arrest are described: direct vagal stimulation, the trigeminocardiac reflex and the baroreceptor reflex. All three share the final common pathway of parasympathetic signaling to the sinoatrial node via the cardiac fibers of the vagus nerve.

Conclusion

With a firm understanding of the mechanistic underpinning of this rare phenomenon, otolaryngologic surgeons can be better prepared for its occurrence.
The Emergence and Evolution of Organic Synthesis and Why It is Important to Sustain It as an Advancing Art and Science for Its Own Sake
Authors: Nicolaou K. C.
Published: January 2018

Organic synthesis has been continuously evolving to higher levels of sophistication and into new domains ever since its emergence in the early part of the nineteenth century. Its impressive growth over the last two centuries parallels its enormous impact on science and society. Modern medicine, the dye industry, aromas and cosmetics, vitamins and nutritional goods, polymers and plastics, energy fuels and high‐tech materials are some of its direct benefits that shaped the world as we know it today. As an enabling science and technology organic synthesis has also impacted society indirectly by facilitating the birth and sustainability of other disciplines such as medicinal and process chemistry, chemical biology and biotechnology, physics and biology, and materials science and nanotechnology. It is, therefore, of paramount importance to champion and support the continuous advancement of the art and science of organic synthesis – both method development and total synthesis – for the magnitude of its impact on science and society is measured by its condition at any given time. As sharp as it is currently, its present state begs for more to be achieved in the future, for a comparison of its capabilities with those of Nature leaves us with awe for the latter and much to be desired for the former.
Urine test for HPV genotypes as a predictor of precancerous cervical lesions and for cervical cancer screening
Authors: Maged Ahmed M. , Saad Hany , Salah Emad , Meshaal Hadeer , AbdElbar Mostafa , Omran Eman , Eldaly Ashraf
Published: January 2018

Objective

To assess the sensitivity of a urine test for high‐risk HPV DNA genotypes in the detection of high‐grade squamous intra‐epithelial lesion (HSIL) and its correlation with pathologic precancerous lesions.

Methods

The present prospective cross‐sectional study included women referred to Kasr AlAiny Medical School, Cairo, Egypt, for cervical smear anomalies, a history of cervical smear anomalies, or for suspicious cervix between May 1, 2015, and April 30, 2017. Paired urine tests and cervical smears were performed. HPV DNA was detected in urine using polymerase chain reaction and cervical smears were performed with a cervical spatula and a cytobrush. Agreement between urine test results and pathology was examined.

Results

In total, 1375 women were included. Urine test for high‐risk HPV DNA demonstrated 97.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 92.1%–99.7%) sensitivity and 100% (95% CI 99.7%–100.0%) specificity for HSIL. Overall, 87 women had a positive urine test for high‐risk HPV; of these, 82 (94.3%, 95% CI 87.1%–98.1%) had pathologic findings of cervical intra‐epithelial neoplasia 2 or 3 (CIN2/3). Similarly, 89 women had HSIL cytology; again, 82 had CIN2/3 (92.1%; 95% CI, 84.3%–96.4%).

Conclusion

There was good agreement between a positive urine test for high‐risk HPV DNA genotypes and pathologic findings of CIN2/3.
INFLUENCE OF AMMONIUM AND NITRATE ON THE PROTEIN‐ AND FREE AMINO ACIDS IN SHOOTS OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS
Authors: Weissman Gerard S.
Published: January 2018

Weissman, Gerard S. (Rutgers U., Camden, N. J.) Influence of ammonium and nitrate on the protein‐ and amino acids in shoots of wheat seedlings. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(5): 339–346. 1959.—Total and protein nitrogen per shoot of wheat seedlings grown with endosperm attached increased at a steady rate during a 96‐hr. growth period, and protein nitrogen, as a percentage of total nitrogen, remained constant at about 53%. Total and protein nitrogen concentration was greatest for 24‐hr. shoots and declined as the shoots became older. Total and protein nitrogen were determined in 96‐hr. shoots of seedlings grown with endosperm attached but also supplied with ammonium, nitrate, or both in the culture solution. Total nitrogen was greatest in shoots supplied with ammonium, but only 38% was in the form of protein. Maximum protein synthesis occurred in shoots grown in both ammonium and nitrate and protein nitrogen as a percentage of total nitrogen approximated that achieved in shoots lacking nitrogen in the culture solution. The protein amino acid composition of 48‐, 72‐, and 96‐hr. shoots was very similar but differed from 24‐hr. shoots which contained higher percentages of arginine and lysine and lower percentages of alanine and threonine. This may be correlated with the higher proportion of meristematic cells in 24‐hr. shoots. The protein amino acids in shoots grown with ammonium resembled that of shoots lacking nitrogen in the culture solution, but nitrate shoot protein contained a higher percentage of arginine and a lower percentage of lysine. Nitrate may stimulate the formation of enzymes, possibly of a nitrate‐reducing system, with high arginine‐ low lysine content. Free asparagine and glutamine were both at a maximum in ammonium shoots and at a minimum in nitrate shoots, but asparagine predominated in shoots supplied with ammonium while glutamine was greatest in nitrate shoots. Aspartic acid, asparagine, and glutamine appeared to have ammonia‐storage functions, but glutamic acid appeared to be primarily concerned with protein synthesis. Amino acid accumulation was greatest in shoots supplied with both ammonium and nitrate. Protein synthesis in these appeared to be limited by inadequate concentrations of glutamic acid and proline. A hypothesis is proposed in explanation of the high glutamic acid concentration in shoots provided with ammonium and nitrate.
THE FOUR‐CELLED SPECIES OF GONIUM
Authors: Stein Janet R.
Published: January 2018

Stein, JanetR. (U. California, Berkeley.)The four‐celled species of Gonium.Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(5): 366–371. Illus. 1959.—A review is given of the 4‐celled species ofGoniumO. F. Müller 1773 (Volvocales). From a study of clonal isolates, it has been possible to distinguish 2 distinct species,G. sociale(Dujardin) Warming 1876 andG. sacculiferumScherffel 1904. The former may be divided further, on the basis of vegetative morphology and sexual reproduction, into 2 varieties: var.socialeand var. sacculum var. nov., and a possible third variety, var.majusHansgirg 1888. A brief discussion of morphology and sexual reproduction (reported for the first time inG. socialevar. sacculum andG. sacculijerum) is presented as is a key to the species and varieties.
RADIATION‐INDUCED GENETIC MARKERS IN THE STUDY OF LEAF GROWTH IN ZEA
Authors: Stein Otto L. , Steffensen Dale
Published: January 2018

Stein, Otto L. (Montana State U., Missoula.), and Dale Steffensen. Radiation‐induced genetic markers in the study of leaf growth in Zea. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(7): 485–489. Illus. 1959.—Corn embryos heterozygous for the plant color mutant yellow‐green were treated with moderate doses of radiation. The sectors resulting from the loss of the dominant gene Yg2 furnish a graphic illustration of the growth of an organ in space and time. Wet embryos were irradiated and leaves 3 through 6 were analyzed. The total number of sectors per leaf increases in relation to the amount of leaf tissue present at time of irradiation and their distribution varies, indicating a change in mitotic activity during early ontogeny of the leaf. As represented by leaf 6 in the mature embryo, cell division is rather uniform throughout the young primordium. Soon thereafter (leaf 5) cell divisions in the apical region increase, though cell lineages remain short. In the basal region of the leaf, the proportion of cell division decreases but those cells which do divide continue their activity over a longer period than the apical cells. Longer files of mutant cells are formed in such a way. The mid regions of the leaf maintain their status quo in terms of distribution of sectors. The results indicate that differentiation of the intercalary meristem as a thin band occurs early in the development of the leaf primordium. The use of genetic techniques in conjunction with radiation, in this case as a “timed” release of genetic markers, may be a useful tool in the precise analysis of the dynamic aspects of organogenesis and histogenesis.
THE EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID ON THE ABSORPTION AND TRANSLOCATION OF PHOSPHORUS‐32 BY BEAN PLANTS
Authors: Linck A. J. , Sudia Theodore W.
Published: January 2018

Linck, A. J., and Theodore W. Sudia. (U. Minnesota, St. Paul.) The effect of gibberellic acid on the absorption and translocation of phosphorus‐32 by bean plants. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(2) : 101—105. Illus. 1960.–Plants of Phaseolus vulgaris, variety ‘Black Valentine,‘ treated with 1 p.p.m. gibberellic acid supplied to the roots for 4 hr. were compared with nontreated. plants for phosphorus‐32 uptake. Plants treated with gibberellic acid where transpiration was either rapid or restricted absorbed more phosphorus‐32 than those not treated. More phosphorus‐32 was recovered from plants free to transpire than from plants in high humidity. In plants free to transpire, significantly more phosphorus was present in the treated plants after 28 hr. and significantly more phosphorus‐32 accumulated in treated plants in those parts actively growing, i.e., stem apex, second internode and first trifoliate leaf, and in the roots. For plants in high humidity atmosphere significantly more phosphorus‐32 was absorbed by the treated plants at the end of 4 hr. than in the non‐treated plants and this difference was maintained throughout all times of harvest. For plants in high humidity atmosphere, significantly more phosphorus‐32 accumulated in the lower portions, i.e., roots, hypocotyl, first internode and primary leaves, of treated plants than of non‐treated plants, while the differences for the second internode, the first trifoliate leaf and the stem apex were not significant between treated and non‐treated plants.
EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLIN ON GAMMA‐IRRADIATED WHEAT
Authors: Haber Alan H. , Luippold Helen J.
Published: January 2018

Haber, Alan H., and Helen J. Luippold. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory,2 Oak Ridge, Tenn.) Effects of gibberellin on gamma‐irradiated wheat. American Jour. Bot. 47(2): 140—144. Illus. 1960.–After receiving large doses of gamma rays, wheat grains can germinate and grow into small seedlings, either in water or in a solution of gibberellic acid, without undergoing any mitosis. Gibberellic acid stimulates growth of plants from grain given twice the dose that abolishes all detectable mitotic activity. Therefore, it must stimulate growth of these irradiated plants by cell expansion alone. Growth stimulation in shoots from such irradiated grain was reflected in increased dry matter content and other responses characteristic of gibberellin treatment. Comparison of the shoot height‐dose curves for plants grown in water and those in gibberellin suggest that cell division per se does not contribute greatly to the gibberellin stimulation of growth in unirradiated young wheat seedlings. The effect of gibberellic acid on plants from grain irradiated sufficiently to prevent subsequent mitotic activity was on the total extent of growth, not only on the rate. The general ineffectiveness of gibberellin on mature tissues can not be attributed to the cells having reached the maximum size that they were potentially capable of attaining, but must be caused by a physiological incapacity of the cells to respond to gibberellin treatment. These results are discussed in connection with recent reports that stimulation of growth by gibberellin can be attributed solely to an increase in cell number.
CYTO‐TAXONOMIC NOTES ON BUDDLEIA
Authors: Moore Raymond J.
Published: January 2018

Moore R. J. (Can. Dept. Agric, Plant Res. Inst., Ottawa, Ont.) Cyto‐taxonomic notes on Buddleia. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(6): 511–517. 1960.—Chromosome numbers of 29 taxa of Buddleia are reported; those of the following species are reported for the first time: B. crispa 2n=38, B. delavayi 2n=ca. 114, B. grandiflora 2n=38, B. nivea var. yunnanensis 2n=ca. 228, B. paniculata 2n=38, B. pterocaulis, 2n=ca. 228, and the artificial hybrids B. globosa × B. davidii 2n=76, B. caryopteridifolia × B. alternifolia 2n=38, Nicodemia madagascariensis × B. asiatica 2n=38. Notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of the species are included. The evolution of the Buddleia inflorescence is briefly discussed and some natural species groups within the Asiatic species are suggested.
CULTURAL STUDIES OF THE POLLEN POPULATION EFFECT AND THE SELF‐INCOMPATIBILITY INHIBITION
Authors: Brewbaker James L. , Majumder Sanat K.
Published: January 2018

Brewbaker, James L. (Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York), and Sanat K. Majumder. Cultural studies of the pollen population effect and the self‐incompatibility inhibition. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(6): 457–464. Illus. 1961.—A significant effect of decreasing population size on pollen germination in vitro was observed in 8 angiosperm genera. Reduction of pollen germination percentages (Y) occurred linearly in Petunia inflata, with decrease of population size (X) below 200 grains per 0.01–ml drop, and differences from linear regression of Y = 1.43 + 0.39X were not significant. Water extracts of pollen and other plant parts contained a factor or factors which could overcome fully the population effect. The pollen growth factor was dialyzable, insoluble in ether, relatively heat‐stable, and was not replaceable by kinetin or auxin. Cultural requirements of petunia pollen were studied in detail and linear growth rates in vitro of 122 μ/hr and in situ of 900 μ/hr were recorded. Growth in hanging drops tapered off in ca. 6 hr, at about the time of second mitosis. Pollen tube inhibition by incompatibility (S) alleles in situ also was observed after about 6 hr. The inhibition of pollen‐tube growth by stylar extracts was investigated by in‐vitro matings of 6 S allele genotypes. Highly significant differences in 5 hr growth were observed in a study of 4200 tubes; incompatible matings averaged 342 μ, semi‐compatible (e.g., S11 × S1S2) averaged 434 μ, and compatible averaged 516 μ. In semi‐vitro studies of stylar segments which were pollinated and placed on agar, incompatibility was consistently and clearly evident. It is proposed that the pollen growth factor or factors (“PGF”) may be consumed during growth and that incompatibility inhibits the production or utilization by, or transfer to the pollen tube of PGF. Assuming that second mitosis involves extraordinary demands for PGF, the differences between bi‐nucleate and tri‐nucleate pollen grains in vitro and in incompatibile matings thus might be satisfactorily resolved.
SOME ASPECTS OF CAMBIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PYRUS COMMUNIS
Authors: Evert Ray Franklin
Published: January 2018

Evert, Ray F. (U. Wisconsin, Madison.) Some aspects of cambial development in Pyrus communis. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(6): 479–488. Illus. 1961.—The vascular cambium of pear is continually undergoing changes in composition and dimension. Circumferential growth occurs through oblique, anticlinal divisions of fusiform initials, followed by apical, intrusive growth. The production of new fusiform initials proceeds at rates which result in numbers of cells far in excess of those required for adequate circumferential expansion. Many of these cells are lost from the cambium, and others are transformed to ray initials. Consequently, a relatively low proportion of the new initials survive to repeat the cycle of elongation and division. New ray initials arise from existing ray initials and from fusiform initials. Although the immediate environment has a profound effect upon the fate of each cambial cell, over‐all cambial changes are obviously synchronized.
VARIATION IN THE TOMATO‐LEAF‐MOLD ORGANISM, CLADOSPORIUM FULVUM
Authors: Barr Rita , Tomes M. L.
Published: January 2018

Barr, Rita, and M. L. Tomes. (Purdue U., Lafayette, Indiana.) Variation in the tomato‐leafmold organism, Cladosporium fulvum. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(6): 512–515. Illus. 1961.—Seven biochemical mutants of Cladosporium fulvum Cke. were obtained by irradiating spores with ultraviolet light. Various combinations of 2 mutants failed to grow on minimal medium when the mixtures were made by shaking spore suspensions in deionized water. When the various combinations of 2 mutants were grown together on complete medium for one generation prior to transfer to minimal medium, 2 combinations were successsful. The same 2 mutant pairs grew directly on minimal medium when spores and mycelium were mixed, centrifuged, and plated as pellets. These results suggest that heterocaryosis may occur in the tomato‐leaf‐mold organism. Diffusion tests performed with pairs of biochemical mutants showed that no cross‐feeding between mutants occurred through the agar. Both parental types were reisolated from the presumed heterocaryon, 2 plus 6. The presence of anastomoses and occasional binucleate spores and mycelial cells was observed.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GIBBERELLIN AND VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON STEM GROWTH
Authors: Lockhart James A.
Published: January 2018

Lockhart, James A. (U. Hawaii, Honolulu.) Interactions between gibberellin and various environmental factors on stem growth. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(6): 516–525. Illus. 1961.—The interactions between gibberellin and various environmental factors on stem elongation of greenhouse‐grown Phaseolus vulgaris have been studied in steady‐state growth systems. The action of gibberellin was found to be independent of rate of accumulation of photosynthetic products, root activity, temperature, water availability and both ultraviolet and X‐radiation. It was also shown that gibberellin interacts completely with red/far‐red radiation given at the end of the daily light period. This interaction is complete even when maximum growth rates are experimentally reduced by limiting various independent factors. These results are interpreted as demonstrating that red/far‐red radiation controls rate of stem elongation in greenhouse‐grown plants through an effect on the endogenous gibberellin system of the plant. None of the other environmental factors studied seems to act through the gibberellin system.
MICROSPOROGENESIS AND TAPETAL DEVELOPMENT IN NORMAL AND MALE‐STERILE CARROTS (DAUCUS CAROTA)
Authors: Zenkteler Maciej
Published: January 2018

Zenkteler, Maciej. (U. Adam Mickiewicz, ul. Stalingradzka 14, Poznan, Poland.) Microsporogenesis and tapetal development in normal and male‐sterile carrots (Daucus carota). Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(4): 341–348. Illus. 1962.—Meiosis and anther development proceed normally in fertile plants. Nine pairs of chromosomes are present at diakinesis and at metaphase I. The mature pollen grains possess 2 male gametes at the time of shedding; 80–92% of the pollen appears normal. A cross‐shaped configuration at pachytene characteristic of a reciprocal translocation is present in the completely pollen‐sterile plants indicating that one of the parents is homozygous for an interchange between 2 members of the chromosome complex. Chromosome bridges with fragments at anaphase I and anaphase II lead to aberrant chromosome distribution during meiosis. Complete microspore abortion is associated with a periplasmodium formation of the tapetum and anther wall deterioration.
A MORPHOGENETIC STUDY OF LANCEOLATE, A LEAF‐SHAPE MUTANT IN THE TOMATO
Authors: Mathan D. S. , Jenkins J. A.
Published: January 2018

Mathan, D. S., and J. A. Jenkins. (U. California, Berkeley.) A morphogenetic study of lanceolate, a leaf‐shape mutant in the tomato. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(5): 504–514. Illus. 1962.—The single‐gene mutant, lanceolate (La/La+), which has simple, entire leaves rather than the oddpinnately compound leaves of the normal tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), differs from normal (La+/La+) in many characters which can be related to fewer and larger cells in meristematic regions. The homozygous lanceolate (La/La) is sometimes lethal, but is usually expressed as reduced, which consists of a hypocotyl without cotyledons, or occasionally either by modified, in which there is a single fused cotyledon and a bud, or by narrow, in which the bud produces a shoot with simple leaves even smaller than those of lanceolate and a tendril‐like inflorescence without flowers. In an attempt to overcome the effect produced by the lanceolate gene, the mutant was treated with a number of substances. Embryos without cotyledons cultured in White's medium plus adenine or tyrosine or both gave a higher frequency of narrow plants. With added gibberellic acid, no narrow plants developed from embryos without cotyledons. When tyrosine was sprayed on young narrow plants, they developed larger leaves and morphologically normal but sterile flowers. On the other hand, gibberellic acid sprayed on young lanceolate plants altered their development in the direction of narrow.
EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY ON GROWTH AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF ACHLYA AMBISEXUALIS
Authors: Barksdale Alma Whiffen
Published: January 2018

Barksdale, Alma Whiffen. (New York Bot. Garden, N.Y.C.) Effect of nutritional deficiency on growth and sexual reproduction of Achlya ambisexualis. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(6): 633–638. Illus. 1962.—A defined medium favorable to growth and sexual reproduction in Achlya ambisexualis Raper is described. The minimal nonlimiting amounts required per mg nitrogen supplied were, for 6 elements, as follows: (in mg) C, 24; P, 0.31; S, 0.05; K, 0.19; Mg, 0.08; Ca, 0.08. The concentration of nitrogen non‐limiting to growth was ca. 24 mg per 100 ml whereas the concentration non‐limiting to oogonial production was 8 mg per 100 ml. Deficiency in the production of oogonia relative to deficiency in growth is least when glucose, phosphorus, or sulphur is limiting and greatest when magnesium, potassium, or calcium is limiting.
EFFECT OF 2‐CHLOROETHYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE ON FERN GAMETOPHYTES
Authors: Kelley A. G. , Postlethwait S. N.
Published: January 2018

Kelley, A. G., and S. N. Postlethwait. (Purdue U., Lafayette, Ind.) Effect of 2‐chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride on fern gametophytes. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(7): 778–786. Illus. 1962.—2‐chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride (CCC) promotes growth of fern gametophytes by stimulating the rate of cell division. The transition from filamentous to biplanar to triplanar cell division is hastened, resulting in earlier and more numerous gametangia on treated prothalli. Growth is stimulated in the range of 10‐4 m–10‐2 m CCC, with the optimal effect at 10‐3 m CCC. The time sequence of rhizoid production is altered by 10‐2 m CCC; the resultant production of rhizoids by prothalli treated with 10‐2 m CCC does not exceed that of controls.
A RHEXOXYLON‐LIKE STEM FROM THE MORRISON FORMATION OF UTAH
Authors: Arnold Chester A.
Published: January 2018

Arnold, Chester A. (U. Michigan, Ann Arbor.) A Rhexoxylon‐like stem from the Morrison formation of Utah. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(8): 883–886. Illus. 1962.—A silicified stem 11 ft long from the Upper Jurassic of the Henry Mountains region of southern Utah resembles the South African and South American Upper Triassic genus Rhexoxylon, except for the absence of anomalously developed vascular tissue in the pith. It is described as Hermanophyton kirkbyorum gen. et sp. nov.
CONVECTION PHENOMENA FROM PLANTS IN STILL AIR
Authors: Gates David M. , Benedict Charles M.
Published: January 2018

Gates, D. M. (Boulder Labs. Natl. Bur. Stnds. and Inst. Arc. and Alp. Res., Univ. Colo Boulder, Colo.), and C. M. Benedict (Boulder Labs. Natl. Bur. Stnds., Boulder, Colo.) Convection phenomena from plants in still air. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(6): 563–573. Illus. 1963.—The free convection from leaves in still air was observed by means of schlieren photographs of broad–leaved and coniferous trees. A quantitative measure of the rate at which energy was convected away from the leaf was obtained by photographing the size of the convection plume, measuring its rate of flow by means of movie photography, and measuring the temperature of the plume with a fine thermocouple. The heat load on a leaf and the surface temperature of the leaf were obtained with a total hemispherical radiometer and an infrared radiometer respectively. The observations of free convection from broad‐leaved plants confirmed the values predicted using heat transfer theory for heated plates. The observations with the branches of coniferous trees gave values which were not readily available from heat transfer theory. The schlieren system can also be used to observe forced convection from plants in wind.
HOST RANGE STUDIES OF CERTAIN PHYCOMYCETES PARASITIC ON DESMIDS
Authors: Cook Philip W.
Published: January 2018

Cook, Philip W. (Indiana U., Bloomington.) Host range studies of certain phycomycetes parasitic on desmids. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(6): 580–588. 1963.—Several aquatic phycomycetes, parasitic on desmids, have been isolated and maintained on hosts grown in unialgal culture. The parasites include representatives of Entophlyctis, Mitochytridium, Myzocytium, and Ancylistes. An extensive host range study was undertaken to evaluate host‐parasite interactions as an indication of taxonomic relationships of the hosts. The morphological aspects of the host were closely correlated with their susceptibility, as judged by the presence of appressoria or germinated zoospores of the parasites. General susceptibility of Closterium moniliferum and related taxa to several specific parasites supported the delimitation of the group on the basis of vegetative and sexual morphology. Resistance or susceptibility of clones within the Cl. acerosum‐Cl. praelongum complex was more closely associated with sexual morphology than with the vegetative characteristics which are currently used to separate species. The ability of some parasites to attack only certain clones of Cl. praelongum var. brevius was correlated with morphological differences between clones assigned to this variety. Susceptibility of Micrasterias to a strain of Myzocytium provided a basis for grouping species within the host genus. In some instances, the life cycle of the parasite was influenced by the host. The taxonomic significance of host range studies is discussed.
NATURAL PENTAPLOID FRAGARIA CHILOENSIS–F. VESCA HYBRIDS IN COASTAL CALIFORNIA AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN POLYPLOID FRAGARIA EVOLUTION
Authors: Bringhurst R. S. , Khan Daud Ahmad
Published: January 2018

Beinghurst, R. S., and Daud Ahmad Khan. (U. California, Davis.) Natural pentaploid Fragaria chiloensis–F. vesca hybrids in coastal California and their significance in polyploid Fragaria evolution. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(7): 658–661. Illus. 1963.—Two natural pentaploid (35 chromosome) hybrids of Fragaria chiloensis (2n = 56)–F. vesca (2n = 14) were found in coastal California, an extensive colony of a sterile female clone ascertained to be over 40 years old at Point Sur, and a younger male clonal colony near Montara. The putative parents were present at each site. Apparently the hybrids successfully compete with F. chiloensis because of superior stolon productivity. Hybrids of this type are probably fairly common and may have already led to the development of fertile decaploid colonies through somatic doubling or the functioning of unreduced gametes.