bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic sensor based on DNA
Authors: Hore Peter
Published: July 2023

The following article, offered to the reader in Russian translation, was written by a famous English scientist, Professor Peter Hore coordinates research abroad in the field of spin-chemical mechanisms, which are believed to underlie the ability of some animal species to navigate in the Earth’s magnetic field and use the geomagnetic landscape in seasonal migrations. P. Hore, a Fellow of the Royal Society, is a British chemist. He is a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford and fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. P. Hore is the author of many research articles and textbooks, primarily in the area of NMR, EPR, spin chemistry, and magnetoreception during bird migration. Original article in English is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes. This translation is an unofficial adaptation of an article that appeared in an ACS publication. ACS has not endorsed the content of this adaptation or the context of its use. The translation into Russian has been made by V. Binhi in accordance with the terms of the License and is as literal as possible.
Nonexistence of global solutions for a nonlinear parabolic equation with a forcing term
Authors: Alshehri Aisha , Aljaber Noha , Altamimi Haya , Alessa Rasha , Majdoub Mohamed
Published: July 2023

The purpose of this work is to analyze the blow-up of solutions of a nonlinear parabolic equation with a forcing term depending on both time and space variables \[u_t-\Delta u=|x|^{\alpha} |u|^{p}+{\mathtt a}(t)\,{\mathbf w}(x)\quad\text{for }(t,x)\in(0,\infty)\times \mathbb{R}^{N},\] where \(\alpha\in\mathbb{R}\), \(p\gt 1\), and \({\mathtt a}(t)\) as well as \({\mathbf w}(x)\) are suitable given functions. We generalize and somehow improve earlier existing works by considering a wide class of forcing terms that includes the most common investigated example \(t^\sigma\,{\mathbf w}(x)\) as a particular case. Using the test function method and some differential inequalities, we obtain sufficient criteria for the nonexistence of global weak solutions. This criterion mainly depends on the value of the limit \(\lim_{t\to\infty} \frac{1}{t}\,\int_0^t\,{\mathtt a}(s)\,ds\). The main novelty lies in our treatment of the nonstandard condition on the forcing term.
Depressed glutamate transporter 1 expression in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome
Authors: Hameed Mustafa Q. , Hui Benjamin , Lin Rui , MacMullin Paul C. , Pascual‐Leone Andres , Vermudez Sheryl Anne D. , Rotenberg Alexander
Published: July 2023

Dravet syndrome (DS) is a monogenic, often refractory, epilepsy resultant from SCN1A haploinsufficiency in humans. A novel therapeutic target in DS that can be engaged in isolation or as adjunctive therapy is highly desirable. Here, we demonstrate reduced expression of the rodent glutamate transporter type 1 (GLT‐1) in a DS mouse model, and in wild type mouse strains where Scn1a haploinsufficiency is most likely to cause epilepsy, indicating that GLT‐1 depression may play a role in DS seizures. As GLT‐1 can be upregulated by common and safe FDA‐approved medications, this strategy may be an attractive, viable, and novel avenue for DS treatment.
Soft‐Magnetic Behavior of Fe‐Based Nanocrystalline Alloys Produced Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Özden Merve G. , Freeman Felicity SHB , Morley Nicola A.
Published: July 2023

Herein, an extensive experimental study is presented on the influence of the major process parameters of the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique on the bulk density and soft‐magnetic properties of Fe‐based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs). For this purpose, 81 samples are manufactured using the combinations of different process parameters, that is, layer thickness (t: 50–70 μm), laser power (P: 70–130 W), laser scan speed (v: 900–1100 mm s−1), and hatch spacing (h: 20–40 μm). High bulk density (≥99%) is achieved utilizing low P and v combined with low h and t in order to decrease energy input to the powder, preventing cracks associated with the brittle nature of BMGs. Furthermore, it is indicated that h = 30 μm and v = 1000 mm s−1 play a determining role in acquiring high saturation magnetization (≥200 Am2 kg−1). Due to the laser scanning nature of the process, two distinct microstructures evolve, melt‐pool (MP) and heat‐affected zone (HAZ). According to thermal modeling performed in this study, laser power has the major effect on the thermal development in the microstructure (thermal gradient evolved between the two hatches and the cooling rate from MP through HAZ).
Surface Chemistry Dictates the Osteogenic and Antimicrobial Properties of Palladium‐, Platinum‐, and Titanium‐Based Bulk Metallic Glasses
Authors: Lackington William A. , Wiestner Romy , Pradervand Elena , Schweizer Peter , Zuber Flavia , Ren Qun , Stoica Mihai , Löffler Jörg F. , Rottmar Markus
Published: July 2023

Titanium alloys are commonly used as biomaterials in musculoskeletal applications, but their long‐term efficacy can be limited by wear and corrosion, stress shielding, and bacterial colonization. As a promising alternative, bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) offer superior strength and corrosion resistance, but the influence of their chemical composition on their bioactivity remains largely unexplored. This study, therefore, aims to examine how the surface chemistry of palladium (Pd)‐, platinum (Pt)‐, and titanium (Ti)‐based BMGs can steer their response to biological systems. The chemical composition of BMGs governs their thermophysical and mechanical properties, with Pd‐based BMGs showing exceptional glass‐forming ability suitable for larger implants, and all BMGs exhibiting a significantly lower Young's modulus than Ti‐6Al‐4 V (Ti64), suggesting a potential to reduce stress shielding. Although BMGs feature copper depletion at the near surface, their surface chemistry remains more stable than that of Ti64 and supports blood biocompatibility. Fibrin network formation is heavily dependent on BMGs’ chemical composition and Ti‐based BMGs support thicker fibrin network formation than Ti64. Furthermore, BMGs outperform Ti64 in promoting mineralization of human bone progenitor cells and demonstrate antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus in a surface chemistry‐dependent manner, thereby indicating their great potential as biomaterials for musculoskeletal applications.
Electrically Sensitive Plasmonic Photonic Crystals for Dynamic Upconversion Manipulation
Authors: Xia Hongbo , Li Dan , Shang Jingyu , Ji Yanan , Yin Xiumei , Fang Guoqiang , Xu Wen , Dong Bin
Published: July 2023

Local optical field modulation using plasmonic materials or photonic crystals provides a powerful strategy for enhancing upconversion emission of lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanocrystals (UCNPs). However, it is restricted to static UC enhancement and the corresponding dynamic modulation of UC is yet to be reported, limiting its practical applications in information devices. Here, a dynamic UC modulation system is reported through electric stimulation by integrating UCNPs with electrically sensitive WO3−x plasmonic photonic crystals (PPCs). The tunable emission enhancement of UCNPs varying from five to 26 folds is achieved in WO3−x PPCs/UCNPs hybrids through external electric stimulation within +1.6 and −1.6 V. It stems from the reversible control of the photonic bandgaps and localized surface plasmon resonance of WO3−x PPCs, ascribed to the variation of refractive index and oxygen vacancy of WO3−x, induced by the reversible change of atomic ratio of W5+ to W6+ under different applied voltages. Moreover, the electrically triggered information encryption devices are developed, employing a programmable logic gate array based on WO3−x PPCs/UCNPs with the ability to convert information‐encrypted electrical signals into visible patterns. These observations offer a new attempt to manipulate the UC and will simulate the new applications in the display and optical storage devices.
Magnesium Ion Doping and Micro‐Structural Engineering Assist NH4V4O10 as a High‐Performance Aqueous Zinc Ion Battery Cathode
Authors: Wang Xuri , Wang Yinglei , Naveed Ahmad , Li Guotai , Zhang Hanwei , Zhou Yu , Dou Aichun , Su Mingru , Liu Yunjian , Guo Ruiqiang , Li Cheng Chao
Published: July 2023

Layered ammonium vanadate materials exhibit significant mass‐specific capacity and ion transport rate due to their small molecular weight and large ionic radius. However, the strong electrostatic interactions of Zn2+ and V–O bonds and the fragile ionic bonding of N‐H…O bonds hinder their development. Therefore, this work reports Mg2+ doping NH4V4O10 materials accompanied by flower‐like morphology to lower the migration energy barrier and inhibit amine dissolution. Owing to the 3D‐flower‐like morphology and the combined impact of Mg2+ and structural water, the binding of Zn2+…V‐O is significantly enhanced and additional ion channels were constructed. Pre‐intercalated Mg2+ enhances the structural integrity and prevents irreversible deammoniation from obtaining excellent cyclic stability. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that MNVO provides a smoother Zn2+ diffusion path with a lower migration barrier. Benefited from these advantages, the MNVO cathode exhibits a high specific capacity of 410 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, satisfactory cyclic stability (90.2 % capacity retention at 10 A g−1 after 5000 cycles), and capable rate ability (118 mAh g−1 at 25 A g−1) within 0.4‐1.5 V. Furthermore, the zinc ion storage mechanism in the MNVO cathode is investigated through multiple analyses.
Manipulating Physicochemical Properties of Biosensor Platform with Polysuccinimide‐Silica Nanocomposite for Enhanced Protein Detection
Authors: Saleh Rabi Ibrahim , Kim Suntae , Lee Sang‐Hyeon , Kwon Hyukjoo , Jeong Hoon Eui , Cha Chaenyung
Published: July 2023

As point‐of‐care testing (POCT) is becoming the new paradigm of medical diagnostics, there is a growing need to develop reliable POCT devices that can be conveniently operated in a minimally invasive manner. However, the clinical potential of POCT diagnostics is yet to be realized, mainly due to the limited and inconsistent amount of collected samples on these devices, undermining their accuracy. This study proposes a new biosensing platform modified with a functional polysuccinimide (PSI)‐silica nanoparticle (SNP) composite system that can substantially increase the protein conjugation efficiency by modulating physicochemical interaction with proteins by several hundred percent from an unmodified device. The efficacy of this PSI‐SNP system is further validated by applying it on the surface of a microneedle array (MN), which has emerged as a promising POCT device capable of accessing interstitial fluid through minimal penetration of the skin. This PSI‐SNP MN is demonstrated to detect a wide array of proteins with high sensitivity on par with conventional whole serum analysis, validated by in vivo animal testing, effectively displaying broad applicability in biomedical engineering.
Quantitative Mapping of Chemical Defects at Charged Grain Boundaries in a Ferroelectric Oxide
Authors: Hunnestad Kasper A. , Schultheiß Jan , Mathisen Anders C. , Ushakov Ivan N. , Hatzoglou Constantinos , van Helvoort Antonius T. J. , Meier Dennis
Published: July 2023

Polar discontinuities, as well as compositional and structural changes at oxide interfaces can give rise to a large variety of electronic and ionic phenomena. In contrast to earlier work focused on domain walls and epitaxial systems, this work investigates the relation between polar discontinuities and the local chemistry at grain boundaries in polycrystalline ferroelectric ErMnO3. Using orientation mapping and scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques, the polycrystalline material is demonstrated to develop charged grain boundaries with enhanced electronic conductance. By performing atom probe tomography (APT) measurements, an enrichment of erbium and a depletion of oxygen at all grain boundaries are found. The observed compositional changes translate into a charge that exceeds possible polarization‐driven effects, demonstrating that structural phenomena rather than electrostatics determine the local chemical composition and related changes in the electronic transport behavior. The study shows that the charged grain boundaries behave distinctly different from charged domain walls, giving additional opportunities for property engineering at polar oxide interfaces.
A Single‐Molecule Bioelectronic Portable Array for Early Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer Precursors
Authors: Genco Enrico , Modena Francesco , Sarcina Lucia , Björkström Kim , Brunetti Celestino , Caironi Mario , Caputo Mariapia , Demartis Virginia Maria , Di Franco Cinzia , Frusconi Giulia , Haeberle Lena , Larizza Piero , Mancini Maria Teresa , Österbacka Ronald , Reeves William , Scamarcio Gaetano , Scandurra Cecilia , Wheeler May , Cantatore Eugenio , Esposito Irene , Macchia Eleonora , Torricelli Fabrizio , Viola Fabrizio Antonio , Torsi Luisa
Published: July 2023

A cohort of 47 patients is screened for pancreatic cancer precursors with a portable 96‐well bioelectronic sensing‐array for single‐molecule assay in cysts fluid and blood plasma, deployable at point‐of‐care (POC). Pancreatic cancer precursors are mucinous cysts diagnosed with a sensitivity of at most 80% by state‐of‐the‐art cytopathological molecular analyses (e.g., KRASmut DNA). Adding the simultaneous assay of proteins related to malignant transformation (e.g., MUC1 and CD55) is deemed essential to enhance diagnostic accuracy. The bioelectronic array proposed here, based on single‐molecule‐with‐a‐large‐transistor (SiMoT) technology, can assay both nucleic acids and proteins at the single‐molecule limit‐of‐identification (LOI) (1% of false‐positives and false‐negatives). It comprises an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)‐like 8 × 12‐array organic‐electronics disposable cartridge with an electrolyte‐gated organic transistor sensor array, and a reusable reader, integrating a custom Si‐IC chip, operating via software installed on a USB‐connected smart device. The cartridge is complemented by a 3D‐printed sensing gate cover plate. KRASmut, MUC1, and CD55 biomarkers either in plasma or cysts‐fluid from 5 to 6 patients at a time, are multiplexed at single‐molecule LOI in 1.5 h. The pancreatic cancer precursors are classified via a machine‐learning analysis resulting in at least 96% diagnostic‐sensitivity and 100% diagnostic‐specificity. This preliminary study opens the way to POC liquid‐biopsy‐based early diagnosis of pancreatic‐cancer precursors in plasma.
Identifying a Universal Activity Descriptor and a Unifying Mechanism Concept on Perovskite Oxides for Green Hydrogen Production
Authors: Guan Daqin , Xu Hengyue , Zhang Qingwen , Huang Yu‐Cheng , Shi Chenliang , Chang Yu‐Chung , Xu Xiaomin , Tang Jiayi , Gu Yuxing , Pao Chih‐Wen , Haw Shu‐Chih , Chen Jin‐Ming , Hu Zhiwei , Ni Meng , Shao Zongping
Published: July 2023

Producing indispensable hydrogen and oxygen for social development via water electrolysis shows more prospects than other technologies. Although electrocatalysts have been explored for centuries, a universal activity descriptor for both hydrogen‐evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen‐evolution reaction (OER) is not yet developed. Moreover, a unifying concept is not yet established to simultaneously understand HER/OER mechanisms. Here, the relationships between HER/OER activities in three common electrolytes and over ten representative material properties on 12 3d‐metal‐based model oxides are rationally bridged through statistical methodologies. The orbital charge‐transfer energy (Δ) can serve as an ideal universal descriptor, where a neither too large nor too small Δ (≈1 eV) with optimal electron‐cloud density around Fermi level affords the best activities, fulfilling Sabatier's principle. Systematic experiments and computations unravel that pristine oxide with Δ ≈ 1 eV possesses metal‐like high‐valence configurations and active lattice‐oxygen sites to help adsorb key protons in HER and induce lattice‐oxygen participation in the OER, respectively. After reactions, partially generated metals in the HER and high‐valence hydroxides in the OER dominate proton adsorption and couple with pristine lattice‐oxygen activation, respectively. These can be successfully rationalized by the unifying orbital charge‐transfer theory. This work provides the foundation of rational material design and mechanism understanding for many potential applications.
Modulation of the Transient Magnetization of an EuO/Co Bilayer Tuned by Optical Excitation
Authors: Mönkebüscher David , Rosenberger Paul , Mertens Fabian , Adam Roman , Schneider Claus M. , Parlak Umut , Müller Martina , Cinchetti Mirko
Published: July 2023

The magnetic proximity effect provides a promising way to increase the low Curie temperature (TC) of europium monoxide (EuO) toward or even above room temperature, while keeping its stoichiometry and insulating properties. This work studies EuO/Co bilayers using static and time‐resolved magneto‐optical Kerr effect measurements, and explores the influence of magnetic proximity on TC and on the spin dynamics in EuO. Excitation above the EuO bandgap results in an ultrafast enhancement of the EuO magnetization followed by a demagnetization within nanoseconds. This behaviour is also visible upon selectively photoexciting Co in the EuO/Co bilayer placed in an out‐of‐plane magnetic field, which is attributed to propagation of a superdiffusive spin current from Co into EuO. As the spin dynamics of Co shows a transient thermal demagnetization, the bilayer provides a system where the transient magneto‐optical signal can be tuned in amplitude and sign by varying external parameters such as the sample temperature or pump fluence. Moreover, in a strong excitation regime it is possible to measure the magnetic hysteresis of the underlying EuO, which is present up to room temperature – giving experimental evidence for the presence of a tuneable magnetic proximity coupling between Co and EuO.
Morphology Control of Two dimensional (2D) Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheets via 1 nm Thick Hexagonal Hydroxide Nanosheets through Variable Reaction Parameters
Authors: Pathak Agamoni , Hatakeyama Kazuto , Ida Shintaro
Published: July 2023

Two different shaped Ni‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) nanosheets are prepared from hexagonal nickel hydroxide monolayer nanosheets under the variable reaction conditions. The hexagonal shaped MOF with similar lateral size to Ni(OH)2 nanosheet is obtained on flat Si substrate but the thickness increased from 1 to 2 nm. Another rectangular MOF nanosheet is obtained when a similar reaction is carried out in a solution in which Ni(OH)2 is dispersed. The difference in the shape of the Ni‐MOF nanosheets is related to the degree of dissolution of the Ni(OH)2 nanosheets during the reaction.
Investigations of Three‐Layer Systems Intended for Protective Clothing for Prematurely Born Babies
Authors: Wilgocka Karolina , Krucińska Izabella , Skrzetuska Ewa , Sujka Witold
Published: July 2023

One of the most significant problems occurring among premature babies is high transepidermal water loss and associated heat loss. To prevent this problem protective clothing for premature babies is developed which consists of a membrane that allows partial transmission of water vapor, combined with other textile materials. The purpose of this work is to characterize two pre‐selected three‐layer systems in terms of biophysical properties that fulfill their requirements for premature infants. Samples of materials are investigated to determine biophysical comfort (tests of thermal resistance, water vapor resistance and air permeability), mass per unit area and thickness. In order to visualize the structure and chemical composition of the tested materials, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were performed. The mechanical properties of the investigated materials and the evaluation of the total hand value were also characterized; the samples were tested on a Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) device. Protective garments designed for premature babies should be characterized by high thermal insulation and moisture barrier properties. In addition, it should have optimal air permeability properties and fairly low surface weight in order not to burden the baby's delicate skin.
Cellulose‐Assisted Formation of 2D Hybrid Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals with Enhanced Stability for Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Ramos‐Terrón Susana , Spitzer Lea , Martín Cristina , Solano Eduardo , Hermida‐Merino Daniel , Lecommandoux Sébastien , Jérôme François , Cramail Henri , Argudo Pablo G. , de Miguel Gustavo
Published: July 2023

A common approach to enhance the stability of metal halide perovskites (MHPs) implemented in optical and optoelectronic devices is to incorporate polymer additives into the perovskite layer. A β‐(1,4) cellulose oligosaccharide (COS) synthesized by mechanocatalytic depolymerization of cellulose has been incorporated to films of the BA2MA4Pb5I16 (BA = n‐butylammonium and MA = methylammonium) two‐dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden‐Popper (RP) hybrid perovskite. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images displayed a three‐fold reduction of the 2D RP perovskite grains (≈30–40 nm), close to the quantum confinement scale. The analysis of the dark J–V curves of single carrier devices by using the space charge limited current (SCLC) method resulted in a rise of the defect concentration. A notable 14‐fold increase in the photoluminescence (PL) signal at high COS content is detected. Moreover, the analysis of the temperature dependence PL measurements (80–300 K) resulted in a larger exciton binding energy, Eb = 180 to 370 meV, at high COS content. Light emitting diodes of the 2D RP perovskites (PeLEDs) are fabricated w/o the COS compound. The stability test performed under operation (5 V) displays 20 times higher operational lifetimes at high COS content while the luminance is also increased in the devices with the COS compound.
Efficient, Multicolored, and Stable Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence Doped Materials Based on a Lead Halide Matrix: A Coordination‐Driven Doping Strategy
Authors: Zhang Bo‐Lun , Zhang Pei‐Pei , Ni Ai‐Yun , Zhang Jian‐Jun , Wang Hui‐Yu , Feng Ke‐Xin , Liu Shuqin , Zhao Zongbin , Duan Chunying
Published: July 2023

Room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have wide applications, and guest/host doping is an important method to achieve RTP. Although weak host–guest interactions (such as hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking) are considered to play a key role in inducing RTP in most doped systems (DSs), stronger and facile coordination bonds can achieve RTP more effectively and are believed to do so in DSs in related research. However, there is a lack of solid experimental evidence. Herein a new stable ligand‐modified lead halide (PCB) is synthesized and used as matrix to prepare RTP NA/PCB DSs with naphthalene derivatives (NA) as guests. Remarkably, a coordination bond between host and guest is experimentally demonstrated and revealed to play a decisive role in the generation of efficient RTP. On this basis, a coordination‐driven doping strategy is proposed to achieve efficient, multicolored, and long‐lived RTP of the DSs. In addition, NA/PCB shows excellent RTP stability and can be used in advanced security encryption, white light emitting diodes, and phosphorescent temperature sensors. This work not only proves the important role of coordination bonds in the RTP DSs, but also shows the potential of the ligand‐modified lead halide matrix as the host material of RTP.
Graphene Lithography Based on Laser Reduction and Plasma Oxidization for Rewritable Hologram Imaging
Authors: Wan Zhengfen , Zhang Keer , He Yu , Lin Dajun , Dong Hao , Dong Yibo , Zhang Qiwen , Fang Xinyuan , Chen Xi , Gu Min
Published: July 2023

Graphene lithography is crucial for various graphene‐based devices, showing considerable potential in the fields of energy, environment, electronics, and optics. Recent reports show that graphene can be facilely fabricated and simultaneously patterned without masks via laser direct writing on a graphene oxide (GO) film. Thus, this laser‐reduced graphene oxide (LRGO) is successfully applied for graphene holograms with advantages of being ultra‐thin, wide‐angle viewing, and full‐color display. However, owing to the absence of an effective approach for oxidizing LRGO, the graphene holograms are only written once, not rewritable. This study demonstrates that LRGO can be oxidized with oxygen plasma treatment, enabling the development of rewritable graphene holograms through laser reduction and plasma oxidization. Laser irradiation can directly reduce GO and simultaneously achieve patterning. The oxygen plasma treatment gradually oxidizes and removes the as‐prepared LRGO. Using a computer‐calculated hologram pattern, the laser system can manufacture a thin graphene hologram in seconds. The fabricated graphene hologram image can be erased with oxygen plasma treatment, preparing the GO film for new hologram writing. This facile, low‐cost, erasable graphene lithography process paves the way for various graphene applications in metasurfaces, device fabrication, imaging, data storage, and displays.
Au(I)‐TADF Emitters for High Efficiency Full‐Color Vacuum‐Deposited OLEDs and TADF‐Sensitized Fluorescent OLEDs with Ultrahigh Brightness and Prolonged Operational Lifetime
Authors: Tang Rui , Xu Shuo , Du Lili , Hung Faan‐Fung , Lam Tsz‐Lung , Cheng Gang , Low Kam‐Hung , Wan Qingyun , Wu Siping , Chen Yong , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: July 2023

Herein a class of structurally simple and operationally stable Au(I)‐TADF (TADF = thermally activated delayed fluorescence) materials, based on a carbene–metal–amide (CMA) molecular scaffold comprised of sterically bulky N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands with N‐heterocyclic π‐annulation, are reported. These CMA(Au) emitters are thermally stable, adopt coplanar or orthogonal geometry between the carbene and amide ligands, and show strong blue to deep red TADF emissions (466–666 nm) from thermally equilibrated singlet ligand‐to‐ligand‐charge‐transfer excited states with emission quantum yields of 0.63–0.99 and radiative decay rate constants of 0.68–3.2 × 106 s−1 in thin film samples at room temperature. The effects of increasing π‐extension and orthogonal molecular geometry are similarly manifested in the reduction of both singlet–triplet energy gap and S1 transition dipole moment. The vacuum‐deposited Au(I) organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) display superior electroluminescence characterized by ultrahigh brightness up to 300 000 cd m−2 and external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) up to 26.2% with roll‐offs down to 2.6% at 1000 cd m−2 alongside record‐setting device lifetimes (LT95) up to 2082 h. Ultrapure‐green TADF‐sensitized fluorescent OLEDs employing the CMA(Au) emitter as sensitizer and a multiresonance terminal emitter achieve EQEs of up to 25.3%.
MgSiP2: An Infrared Nonlinear Optical Crystal with a Large Non‐Resonant Phase‐Matchable Second Harmonic Coefficient and High Laser Damage Threshold
Authors: He Jingyang , Guan Yingdong , Trinquet Victor , Brunin Guillaume , Wang Ke , Robinson Robert , Zu Rui , Yoshida Suguru , Lee Seng Huat , Wang Yu , Zhu Yanglin , Rignanese Gian‐Marco , Mao Zhiqiang , Gopalan Venkatraman
Published: July 2023

Superior infrared nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals are in urgent demand in the development of lasers and optical technologies for communications and computing. The critical challenge is to find a crystal with large non‐resonant phase‐matchable NLO coefficients and high laser damage threshold (LDTs) simultaneously, which however scale inversely. This work reports such a material, MgSiP2,that exhibits a large second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficient ofd14≈d36= 89 ± 5 pm V−1at 1550 nm fundamental wavelength, surpassing the commercial NLO crystals AgGaS2, AgGaSe2, and ZnGeP2. First principles theory reveals the polarizability and geometric arrangement of the [SiP4] tetrahedral units as the origin of this large nonlinear response. Remarkably, it also exhibits a high LDT value of 684 GW cm−2, which is six times larger than ZnGeP2and three times larger than CdSiP2. It has a wide transparency window of 0.53–10.35 µm, allowing broadband tunability. Further, it is Type I and Type II phase‐matchable with large effective SHG coefficients ofdeff,I≈80.2 pm V−1anddeff,II≈73.4 pm V−1. The outstanding properties of MgSiP2make it a highly attractive candidate for optical frequency conversion in the infrared.
The Etching Mechanisms of Diamond, Graphite, and Amorphous Carbon by Hydrogen Plasma: A Reactive Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Zhang Yanyan , Zhang Dongliang , Zhang Libin , Yang Bo , Gan Zhiyin
Published: July 2023

Understanding how hydrogen plasma etches various potential products during the diamond growth process can contribute to improving the knowledge of diamond growth. However, due to the absence of an in situ characterization technique during the etching process, the complex chemical reactions involved in the process obscure the atomic‐scale etching mechanisms. In this paper, the etching mechanisms of diamond (001), graphite (0001), and amorphous carbon substrates irradiated by hydrogen plasmas are investigated and compared using molecular dynamics simulations based on ReaxFF. When the incident energy of H atoms is 1 eV, the rate of carbon loss from graphite and amorphous carbon are far higher than that from diamond. As the incident energy of H atoms increases, the etching rate of diamond shows a slow increase, while the etching rates of amorphous carbon and graphite exhibit more significant increases. It can be concluded that the etching rate of diamond is significantly lower than that of graphite and amorphous carbon under H plasma. In the Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) process of diamond growth, the generated graphite and amorphous carbon are rapidly etched, leaving only diamond. This offers a plausible explanation for the growth mechanism of diamond through CVD.
Melatonin Engineering M2 Macrophage‐Derived Exosomes Mediate Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Immune Reprogramming for Periodontitis Therapy
Authors: Cui Ya , Hong Shebin , Xia Yunhui , Li Xiaojing , He Xiaoya , Hu Xiangying , Li Yaxin , Wang Xudong , Lin Kaili , Mao Lixia
Published: July 2023

Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease caused by bacterial irritation. As an essential component of the host immunity, macrophages are highly plastic and play a crucial role in inflammatory response. An appropriate and timely transition from proinflammatory (M1) to anti‐inflammatory (M2) macrophages is indispensable for treating periodontitis. As M2 macrophage‐derived exosomes (M2‐exos) can actively target inflammatory sites and modulate immune microenvironments, M2‐exos can effectively treat periodontitis. Excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and unfolded protein response (UPR) are highly destructive pathological characteristics during inflammatory periodontal bone loss. Although melatonin has antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects, studies focusing on melatonin ER stress modulation remain limited. This study fabricates engineered M2‐exos loading with melatonin (Mel@M2‐exos) for treating periodontitis. As a result, M2‐exos drive an appropriate and timely macrophage reprogramming from M1 to M2 type, which resolves chronic inflammation and accelerated periodontal healing. Melatonin released from Mel@M2‐exos rescues the osteogenic and cementogenic differentiation capacity in inflammatory human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) by reducing excessive ER stress and UPR. Injectable gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels with sustained‐release Mel@M2‐exos accelerate periodontal bone regeneration in rats with ligation‐induced periodontitis. Taken together, melatonin engineering M2 macrophage‐derived exosomes are promising candidates for inflammatory periodontal tissue regeneration.
Taming Metal–Solid Electrolyte Interface Instability via Metal Strain Hardening
Authors: Zhao Lihong , Li Wei , Wu Chaoshan , Ai Qing , Guo Liqun , Chen Zhaoyang , Zheng Jie , Anderson Matthew , Guo Hua , Lou Jun , Liang Yanliang , Fan Zheng , Zhu Juner , Yao Yan
Published: July 2023

Solid‐state lithium metal batteries have emerged as a promising technology for electric vehicles due to their high specific energy and safety potential. Obtaining intimate contact between Li and electrolyte during cell fabrication, however, remains challenging. Adequate fabrication pressure is required to promote close contact, but this pressure can cause Li deformation and penetration into the electrolyte, resulting in poor battery performance. Here, a strategy for addressing this problem is presented by incorporating 3 at% Mg into Li. Unlike pure Li which obeys the Voce hardening law and allows unconstrained deformation, Li─Mg alloy follows the Swift hardening law and strengthens with strain under compression stress. Because of the constrained deformation of Li─Mg, intimate contact with solid electrolytes is possible even at high fabrication pressure (50–65 MPa), resulting in high critical current densities. These findings underscore the importance of understanding Li metal deformation properties to improve solid‐state battery performance.
A universal strategy for efficient synthesis of Zr‐based MOF nanoparticles for enhanced water adsorption
Authors: Guo Yanling , Wei Yan , Chang Miao , Wang Dan , Wang Jie‐Xin , Chen Jian‐Feng
Published: July 2023

Zr‐based metal‐organic framework (Zr‐MOF) nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted extensive research thanks to their outstanding thermal and chemical stability, but their efficient synthesis is still challenging. Here, high‐quality Zr‐MOF NPs with tunable and uniform particle sizes can be successfully fabricated within 30 min by high‐gravity technology with high yields. Significantly, the rapidly milder preparation of UiO‐66 NPs can also be achieved at 90 or 70°C. This strategy has been extended to the synthesis of other Zr‐MOF NPs. Furthermore, the water vapor adsorption properties of obtained UiO‐66 NPs display a size‐dependent effect. The 70 nm UiO‐66 NPs have the highest adsorption capacity of 625 mg g−1 among unmodified UiO‐66 reported so far, and manifest 2.0–2.8 times faster water adsorption rate than the micron ones. This study provides a feasible method for the efficient and mild preparation of MOFs nanoparticles, which may promote the synthesis and applications of nano‐sized MOFs.
Reciprocity and beyond: Explaining meat transfers in savanna‐dwelling chimpanzees at Fongoli, Senegal
Authors: Achorn Angela , Lindshield Stacy , Ndiaye Papa Ibnou , Winking Jeffrey , Pruetz Jill D.
Published: July 2023

Objectives

To understand the function of food sharing among our early hominin ancestors, we can turn to our nonhuman primate relatives for insight. Here, we examined the function of meat sharing by Fongoli chimpanzees, a community of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in southeastern Sénégal.

Materials and Methods

We tested three non‐mutually exclusive hypotheses that have been used to explain patterns of food sharing: kin selection, generalized reciprocity, and meat‐for‐mating opportunities. We analyzed meat sharing events (n = 484) resulting from hunts, along with data on copulations, age‐sex class, and kinship to determine which variables predict the likelihood of meat sharing during this study period (2006–2019).

Results

We found full or partial support for kin selection, direct reciprocity, and meat‐for‐mating‐opportunities. However, the analyses reveal that reciprocity and a mother/offspring relationship were the strongest predictors of whether or not an individual shared meat.

Conclusions

The results of this study emphasize the complexity of chimpanzee meat sharing behaviors, especially at a site where social tolerance offers increased opportunities for meat sharing by individuals other than dominant males. These findings can be placed in a referential model to inform hypotheses about the sensitivity of food sharing to environmental pressures, such as resource scarcity in savanna landscapes.
Relaxing Wrinkles in Jammed Interfacial Assemblies
Authors: Xie Ganhua , Zhu Shipei , Kim Paul Y. , Jiang Shubao , Yi Qinpiao , Li Pei , Chu Zonglin , Helms Brett A. , Russell Thomas P.
Published: July 2023

Dynamic covalent bonding has emerged as a mean by which stresses in a network can be relaxed. Here, the strength of the bonding of ligands to nanoparticles at the interface between two immiscible liquids affect the same results in jammed assemblies of nanoparticle surfactants. Beyond a critical degree of overcrowding induced by the compression of jammed interfacial assemblies, the bonding of ligands to nanoparticles (NPs) can be broken, resulting in a desorption of the NPs from the interface. This reduces the areal density of nanoparticle surfactants at the interface, allowing the assemblies to relax, not to a fluid state but rather another jammed state. The relaxation of the wrinkles caused by the compression reflects the tendency of these assemblies to eliminate areas of high curvature, favoring a more planar geometry. This enabled the generation of giant vesicular and multivesicular structures from these assemblies.
Construction of Covalent Organic Cages with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Characteristics from Metallacages for Mimicking Light‐Harvesting Antenna
Authors: Qin Yi , Ling Qing‐Hui , Wang Yu‐Te , Hu Yi‐Xiong , Hu Lianrui , Zhao Xiaoli , Wang Dong , Yang Hai‐Bo , Xu Lin , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: July 2023

A series of covalent organic cages built from fluorophores capable of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) were elegantly prepared through the reduction of preorganized M2(LA)3(LB)2‐type metallacages, simultaneously taking advantage of the synthetic accessibility and well‐defined shapes and sizes of metallacages, the good chemical stability of the covalent cages as well as the bright emission of AIE fluorophores. Moreover, the covalent cages could be further post‐synthetically modified into an amide‐functionalized cage with a higher quantum yield. Furthermore, these presented covalent cages proved to be good energy donors and were used to construct light‐harvesting systems employing Nile Red as an energy acceptor. These light‐harvesting systems displayed efficient energy transfer and relatively high antenna effect, which enabled their use as efficient photocatalysts for a dehalogenation reaction. This research provides a new avenue for the development of luminescent covalent cages for light‐harvesting and photocatalysis.
Epoxy‐rich Fe Single Atom Sites Boost Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhao Yufei , Shen Ziyan , Huo Juanjuan , Cao Xianjun , Ou Pengfei , Qu Junpeng , Nie Xinming , Zhang Jinqiang , Wu Minghong , Wang Guoxiu , Liu Hao
Published: July 2023

Electrocatalysts for highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are crucial for energy conversion and storage devices. Single‐atom catalysts with maximized metal utilization and altered electronic structure are the most promising alternatives to replace current benchmark precious metals. However, the atomic level understanding of the functional role for each species at the anchoring sites is still unclear and poorly elucidated. Herein, we report Fe single atom catalysts with the sulfur and oxygen functional groups near the atomically dispersed metal centers (Fe1/NSOC) for highly efficient ORR. The Fe1/NSOC delivers a half‐wave potential of 0.92 V vs. RHE, which is much better than those of commercial Pt/C (0.88 V), Fe single atoms on N‐doped carbon (Fe1/NC, 0.89 V) and most reported nonprecious metal catalysts. The spectroscopic measurements reveal that the presence of sulfur group induces the formation of epoxy groups near the FeN4S2 centers, which not only modulate the electronic structure of Fe single atoms but also participate the catalytic process to improve the kinetics. The density functional theory calculations demonstrate the existence of sulfur and epoxy group engineer the charges of Fe reactive center and facilitate the reductive release of OH* (rate‐limiting step), thus boosting the overall oxygen reduction efficiency.
Dinor[7]helicene and Beyond: Divergent Synthesis of Chiral Diradicaloids with Variable Open‐Shell Character
Authors: Borissov Arseni , Chmielewski Piotr J. , Gómez García Carlos J. , Lis Tadeusz , Stępień Marcin
Published: July 2023

Diradicaloid helicenes constructed formally by non‐benzenoid double π‐extension of phenanthrene were synthesized by a common strategy involving double electrophilic benzannulation. Steric effects in the second benzannulation step led to considerable structural diversity among the products, yielding a symmetrical dinor[7]helicene 1 and two isomeric unsymmetrical double helicenes 2 and 3, containing a nor[5]helicene and [4]helicene fragment, respectively, in addition to a common nor[6]helicene motif. Geometries, configurational dynamics, and electronic structure of these helicenes were analyzed using solid‐state structures, spectroscopic methods, and computational analyses. The open‐shell character of the singlet states of these helicenes increases in the order 3<1<2, with strongly varying diradicaloid indexes and singlet–triplet gaps. Compounds 1–3 displayed narrow optical gaps of 0.79–1.25 eV, resulting in significant absorption in the near infrared (NIR) region. They also exhibit reversible redox chemistry, each of them yielding stable radical cations, radical anions, and dianions, in some cases possessing intense NIR absorptions extending beyond 2500 nm.
Insight into the Key Restriction of BiVO4 Photoanodes Prepared by Pyrolysis Method for Scalable Preparation
Authors: Yang Nengcong , Zhang Sainan , Xiao Yejun , Qi Yu , Bao Yunfeng , Xu Peng , Jin Shengye , Zhang Fuxiang
Published: July 2023

Bismuth Vanadate (BiVO4) photoanode has been popularly investigated for promising solar water oxidation, but its intrinsic performance has been greatly retarded by the direct pyrolysis method. Here we insight the key restriction of BiVO4 prepared by metal–organic decomposition (MOD) method. It is found that the evaporation of vanadium during the pyrolysis tends to cause a substantial phase impurity, and the unexpected few tetragonal phase inhibits the charge separation evidently. Consequently, suitably excessive vanadium precursor was adopted to eliminate the phase impurity, based on which the obtained intrinsic BiVO4 photoanode could exhibit photocurrent density of 4.2 mA cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE under AM 1.5 G irradiation, as comparable to the one fabricated by the currently popular two‐step electrodeposition method. Furthermore, the excellent performance can be maintained on the enlarged photoanode (25 cm2), demonstrating the advantage of MOD method in scalable preparation. Our work provides new insight and highlights the glorious future of MOD method for the design of scale‐up efficient BiVO4 photoanode.
Interdisciplinary science and fishers’ local ecological knowledge of sawfishes in the Yucatán Peninsula
Authors: Rubio‐Cisneros Nadia T. , Martínez‐Candelas Ilse A. , Ordaz‐García Diana , Pérez‐Jiménez Juan C. , Jiménez‐Cano Nayeli G. , Glover Jeffrey B. , Montes‐Ganzon Brianna K. , Ruiz‐Ayma Gabriel , González‐Rojas José I.
Published: July 2023

Our knowledge of sawfishes remains scant for Latin America. Pristis pristis (largetooth sawfish) and Pristis pectinata (smalltooth sawfish) are critically endangered. In the Yucatán Peninsula (YP), P. pristis and P. pectinata inhabit coastal landscapes.

A total of 290 surveys of fishers’ local ecological knowledge (LEK), including a geospatial component, were collected; 74 literature sources and available archaeological data for the region were reviewed.

Interdisciplinary results show the following: the common past presence of sawfishes, their cultural significance for coastal societies, and the contemporary absence of sawfishes in coastal areas where they existed historically; sightings of juveniles were only documented by elder fishers, and only two recent narratives mention sawfishes caught incidentally 5 years ago.

Geospatial results provide evidence for 52 geographic sites where sawfishes were common in the YP.

Results support the development of research methodologies to study human–nature interactions integrating LEK. This matters in the YP, where sociocultural values and landscapes have changed rapidly through increasing tourism development and human overcrowding.

The results can help conservation managers understand the past presence and contemporary loss of sawfishes, and their habitat, and contribute to understanding the defaunation of megafauna in the YP through time. This is critical for tourism and fishery ecosystem services on which communities of the YP rely for their economies.
CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated mutagenesis of Sex lethal (Sxl) gene impacts fertility of the Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Chikmagalur Nagaraja Bhargava , Karuppannasamy Ashok , Ramasamy Asokan , Cholenahalli Narayanappa Anu , Chalapathi Pradeep , Maligeppagol Manamohan
Published: July 2023

Identification of novel approaches for managing the global pest, the Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is the need of the hour, as it defies many management strategies including synthetic chemicals, Bt transgenics, and so on. Recently CRISPR/Cas9‐based genome editing opened up newer avenues to design novel pest management strategies such as precision‐guided sterile insect technique (pgSIT). In this regard, genes governing sex determination, egg reproduction, and spermatogenesis could be the prime targets for genome editing. This requires validation of the target genes, preferably by a nontransgenic DNA‐free editing, before the final application. One such important gene regulating sex determination in Drosophila is the Sex lethal (Sxl). However, the function of Sxl is not highly conserved in other insects and, in particular, we are beginning to comprehend its role in Lepidoptera with only one reference available in Spodoptera litura till date. In the present study, we have edited the sxl gene of S. frugiperda through the delivery of ribonucleoprotein complex (sgRNA + Cas9) at G0 stage embryo, targeting the conserved region of all the documented five splice variants. Results clearly showed that editing of sxl gene impacted the overall fecundity and hatching rate. Therefore, Sxl could be one of the target genes for developing pgSIT approach for the management of S. frugiperda.
Inefficient uptake of small interfering RNAs is responsible for their inability to trigger RNA interference in Colorado potato beetle cells
Authors: Koo Jinmo , Gurusamy Dhandapani , Palli Subba Reddy
Published: July 2023

There has been limited success in the usage of exogenous small interference RNA (siRNA) or small hairpin RNA (shRNA) to trigger RNA interference (RNAi) in insects. Instead, long double‐stranded RNAs (dsRNA) are used to induce knockdown of target genes in insects. Here, we compared the potency of si/sh RNAs and dsRNA in Colorado potato beetle (CPB) cells. CPB cells showed highly efficient RNAi response to dsRNA. However, si/sh RNAs were inefficient in triggering RNAi in CPB cells. Confocal microscopy observations of Cy3 labeled‐si/sh RNA cellular uptake revealed reduced si/sh RNA uptake compared to dsRNA. si/sh RNAs were stable in the conditioned media of CPB cells. Although in a small amount, when internalized by CPB cells, the si/sh RNAs were processed by the Dicer enzyme. Lipid‐mediated transfection and chimeric dsRNA approaches were used to improve the delivery of si/sh RNAs. Our results suggest that the uptake of si/sh RNAs is inefficient in CPB cells, resulting in ineffective RNAi response. However, with the help of effective delivery methods, si/sh RNA could be a useful option for developing target‐specific RNAi‐mediated biopesticides.