bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Choosing the Right Pipe
Authors: Mercer Kenneth
Published: October 2013

A Business Brief published in the Industry News department in the September 2013 edition of Journal AWWA announced the availability of a new report from the National Taxpayers Union. This report drew concerned responses from some Journal readers who claimed it presented an incomplete picture in advocating for one pipe material over another. This prompted a review of the report by AWWA, which confirmed our readers' concerns. AWWA maintains an unbiased stance on the selection of pipe materials, provides the water sector with information on all pipe materials used in the industry, and leaves it to purchasers to determine which product best meets the needs of their systems and the communities they serve. Because of the long‐term nature of the necessary investments that will be made in the coming years, pipe selection is critical ‐ especially with regard to reliability and longevity.
Festivals of science and the two cultures:
science, design and display in the Festival of Britain, 1951
Authors: FORGAN SOPHIE
Published: July 2002

National exhibitions and festivals perform a number of roles at
the
same time. In the first
half of the twentieth century exhibitions were first and foremost trade
fairs, occasions on
which to promote British goods but at the same time provide an opportunity
for cementing
imperial relations. Exhibitions are also sites of aesthetic discourse where,
for example,
particular architectural or design ideologies may be promoted; in addition,
they provide
platforms for the conspicuous display of scientific and technical achievement;
and finally,
they provide opportunities for creating and projecting ideas of national
identity, however
multi-faceted those might be. Furthermore, in order to encourage the widest
possible
attendance and popularity, most exhibitions from the late nineteenth century
onwards
included a large number of purely entertaining attractions, which of course
provided places
for the mingling of social classes, something that appealed to post-1945
notions of a
properly democratic society. Exhibitions therefore always perform a number
of functions,
some of which may indeed conflict with each other, and need to be analysed
on a number
of levels.
Evolution and the Eucharist: Bishop
E. W. Barnes on science and religion in
the 1920s and 1930s
Authors: BOWLER PETER J.
Published: July 2002

Accounts of the religious debates sparked by the theory of evolution
tend, almost
inevitably, to focus on the late nineteenth century. Darwinism is treated
as a symbol of the
scientific naturalism that so traumatized Victorian thought. Modern accounts
have shown,
however, that religious thinkers were in the end able to take on board
an evolutionism
purged of its most materialistic tendencies. We tend to assume that in
Britain, at least, the
arguments had largely died down by the end of the nineteenth century. Led
by Aubrey
Moore, the Anglican Church made its accommodation, and Moore's contribution
of an
essay to the volume Lux mundi, edited by Charles Gore in 1889,
symbolized the ability of
even the conservative Anglo-Catholic wing of the Church to move in the
direction of
modernization. In America, of course, the compromise broke down with the
rise of
Fundamentalism in the early twentieth century, but most British commentators
saw the
‘Scopes trial’ of 1925 as a strange transatlantic phenomenon
that was unlikely to have a
parallel in their own country.
PROTECTING THE MENTALLY DISTURBED DEFENDANT AGAINST HIMSELF
Authors: Spencer J.R.
Published: July 2002

A PARTICULAR problem for English criminal procedure is the defendant on a murder charge who is (to put it crudely) so mad that he believes that he is sane—and instead of running the obvious defences of insanity or diminished responsibility, runs some other defence that seems plausible to him but no one else. In Weekes [1999] 2 Cr.App.R. 520 the Court of Appeal departed from its earlier case law on the subject and pointed the law in what this commentator feels to be a sounder direction.
KNOT SINGULARITIES OF HARMONIC MORPHISMS
Authors: Baird Paul
Published: July 2002

A harmonic morphism defined on $\mathbb{R}^3$ with values in a Riemann surface is characterized in terms of a complex analytic curve in the complex surface of straight lines. We show how, to a certain family of complex curves, the singular set of the corresponding harmonic morphism has an isolated component consisting of a continuously embedded knot.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 57M25. Secondary 57M12; 58E20
REPRESENTATIONS AND NEGOTIATIONS:
TEXTS, IMAGES, AND AUTHORITY IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND
Authors: SHARPE KEVIN
Published: July 2002

Revisionist and post-revisionist historians alike still discuss politics in nineteenth-century terms, paying little attention to the politics of rhetoric and display that characterized
Renaissance states. Literary critics and art historians, however, have focused attention on
representations of authority and have developed critical methods to illuminate the performance and
reception of texts in early modern culture. This essay reviews recent interdisciplinary work on theatre
and poetry, painting and pageant, vital to historians of politics, and suggests a series of negotiations
and exchanges over images of rule, and a dialogue about and for authority, between governments and
subjects, in early modern England.
THE LABOUR PARTY'S EXTERNAL ECONOMIC POLICY IN THE 1940s
Authors: TOYE RICHARD
Published: July 2002

This article challenges the view that, in accepting the 1945 American loan and its
attendant commitments to international economic liberalization, the Labour party easily fell in behind
the Atlanticist approach to post-war trade and payments. It is suggested instead that Labour's
sometimes seemingly paradoxical behaviour in office was driven, not only by the very tough economic
conditions it faced, but also by a fundamental contradiction inherent in its desire to ‘plan’ at both
domestic and international levels. This contradiction – the ‘planning paradox’ – is explored with
reference to pre-war and war-time developments, including Labour's reactions to the Keynes and
White plans of 1943, and to the Bretton Woods conference of 1944. The decision to accept the US
loan, and with it the Bretton Woods agreements, is then examined within this context. Finally, an
assessment is made of whether, in this key area of policy, Labour's pre-1945 deliberations were effective
in preparing the party for the challenges it would face in government.
Three Decades of Production of Historical Knowledge at Dar es

Salaam. By I. N. KIMAMBO. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam

University Press, 1993 [publ. 1994]. Pp. v + 23. $6.95;

£3.75 (ISBN 9-9766-0180-8). (Distributed by African

Books Collective.)
Authors: GEIGER SUSAN
Published: July 2002

This brief but welcome pamphlet is Professor Kimambo's

‘Exit lecture’ (his term) from the University of Dar es

Salaam, where he was a senior lecturer in the Department of History

from 1965 to 1969, became a full professor in 1970, spent the next

thirteen years as Chief Academic Officer, and returned to History in

1983. It replaces the professorial Inaugural Lecture he never had time

to prepare while CAO.
L'histoire africaine en Afrique: recensement analytique

des travaux universitaires inédits soutenus dans les

universités francophones d'Afrique noire. Comp.

CHANTAL CHANSON-JABEUR and

CATHERINE COQUERY-VIDROVITCH. Paris:

Editions l'Harmattan, 1995. Pp. 245. FF150 (ISBN

2-7384-3622-6).
Authors: HENIGE DAVID
Published: July 2002

The sub-title tells all for this extremely useful work.

Included are citations to 884 honors papers, master's theses, and

doctoral dissertations emanating from Benin (89 titles), Burkina Faso

(119 titles), Congo (50 titles), Côte d'Ivoire (81 titles),

Guinée (64 titles), Mali (207 titles), and

Sénégal (274 titles), produced from the late 1960s to

the mid-1990s. (Gabon is covered in similar fashion by Christopher

Gray, History in Africa 21 (1994), 413–33, who lists 87

items for that country.) The entries are arranged by author within

each country and each includes all the relevant bibliographical

details as well as a set of key words. Only the proper names in the

latter, however, are included in the work's two indexes (which

might better have been combined, especially since some items –

e.g. Nzema – are wrongly placed).
Assessment of suitable designs for field experiments

involving airborne diseases
Authors: SOLÓRZANO V. , GILMOUR S. G. , PHELPS K. , KENNEDY R.
Published: July 2002

The suitability was assessed of various designs for field

experiments investigating plant diseases

caused by airborne pathogens that can be subject to interplot interference.

Use of a model to describe

such interference showed that the treatments with the most dissimilar

effects on controlling the

disease should be allocated to experimental plots furthest apart in each

block, in order to minimize

the interplot interference within a block. When using large square plots,

rectangular blocks were more

efficient than square blocks in minimizing treatment-comparison biases
due

to interference between

neighbours. For rectangular blocks with the square plots side by side,
less

biased treatment

comparisons were obtained from designs with complete blocks than from

designs with incomplete

blocks, especially when larger numbers of treatments were included in the

experiment. However,

when interplot variance is taken into account, incomplete blocks may give

better treatment

comparisons. Similarly, unbalanced designs composed only of incomplete
blocks

that yield less biased

treatment comparisons may be better than balanced incomplete block designs

when interplot

variance is low. For high levels of variation, balanced incomplete block

designs may be more

appropriate, as increasing the precision of the treatment comparisons

becomes more important than reducing the bias.
In vitro digestibility, breakdown when eaten and
physical structure of stovers and straws compared with
lucerne hay and sweet potato haulm
Authors: WILMAN D. , JI YILUN , MTENGETI E. J. , AHMAD NAZIR
Published: July 2002

In order to learn more about the digestibility, breakdown when eaten and physical structure of stovers
and straws, seven diets were compared in one experiment and eight in another. The diets in the first
experiment were: the upper and lower parts of lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay, the leaves, upper stem
and lower stem of maize (Zea mays) stover and the leaves and stem of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare)
stover. The diets in the second experiment were: the upper and lower parts of lucerne hay, the leaves,
stems and whole stover of millet (Setaria italica), wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw, rice (Oryza sativa)
straw and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) haulm. The diets were examined for in vitro digestibility in
three forms: milled, chopped (1 cm lengths) and chewed (by cattle). The lengths and widths of the
chewed particles were recorded in both experiments. Aspects of the morphology and vascular
structure of plant parts of the diets and of chewed particles were recorded in the second experiment.

The in vitro digestibility of chopped or chewed plant material was lower (by 11 and 12 percentage
units, respectively, on average) than that of milled material. The difference between chewed and
milled material in in vitro digestibility was smaller with leaves (5 percentage units, on average) than
with stems (18 percentage units, on average) in maize, sorghum and millet. Digestibility of chewed
material was similar to or lower than that of chopped material, except with the leaves of maize,
sorghum and millet. Millet stover had higher in vitro digestibility than wheat straw or rice straw,
whether the diet was milled, chopped or chewed.

The thinnest stem internode vascular bundles recorded (0·14 mm) were in wheat. The percentage
of stem internode cross-sectional area occupied by vascular bundles was in the range 6–8 for lucerne,
millet, wheat and rice. The mean numbers of veins or vascular bundles per chewed particle were in
the range 6–23. The mean length of the chewed particles varied from 10 mm with the upper stem of
maize to 18 mm with sorghum stem and maize leaves. The mean width of the chewed particles varied
from 1·8 mm with rice straw to 5·4 mm with maize leaves.

It is suggested that the low digestibility of mature plant tissue such as stovers and straws is not
particularly due to thick vascular strands or to a high proportion of vascular tissue, but rather to a
high proportion of cell wall and incomplete and delayed access by rumen microorganisms to much
of the cell wall.
Barbarea verna and Barbarea vulgaris as host plants
for the pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus)
Authors: BÖRJESDOTTER D.
Published: July 2002

During the introduction of a new crop, it is important to study and select for resistance to pests to
ensure preservation of possible natural protection in the plant material. One accession of Barbarea
verna (Mill.) Asch. and one of Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. was exposed to female pollen beetles,
Meligethes aeneus Fab. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in a greenhouse experiment. The experiment was
initiated to reveal the extent to which the plant material is accepted as a host plant to this important
Brassicaceae pest. The two species, B. verna and B. vulgaris, were used for oviposition by 26% and
21% of the females, respectively. The amount of oviposition and feeding injury on either of the two
species throughout the experiment did not indicate any difference in acceptance of the species by the
pollen beetle. For both species a majority of the egg-laying females oviposited only once during the
5-day period and laid less than 3 eggs per clutch. The females present on the Barbarea spp. were not
more disposed to accept the species as the days passed and the mean clutch size did not increase with
time since previous oviposition. Females laying eggs used large and small buds of B. verna to the same
extent for feeding. On B. vulgaris there was a tendency for more frequent use of large buds for feeding
than small. Acceptance for oviposition by the pollen beetle on the two accessions of Barbarea is low
in this experiment. Injury caused was limited to a level probably tolerated by the plant material
without causing economic damage. As the oogenesis of the pollen beetle is reduced by exposure to
low-quality host plants the potential natural protection would endure despite an increasing
occurrence of the species.
“Arm and Arm”: Racialized Bodies and Colored Lines
Authors: BORIS EILEEN
Published: July 2002

Commenting on the flap over George W. Bush's visit to Bob Jones
University during the 2000 primary election campaign, journalist Hendrik
Hertzberg claimed that even staunch conservatives decried the South
Carolina college's ban on inter-racial dating as “indefensible.” “This may
seem unremarkable,” he noted, ”until one reflects how far it was from
being the case a generation or two ago, when miscegenation was racism's
trump card and even the most enlightened Americans, black and white,
took it for granted that sexual fear was its unkillable heart.” Hertzberg
seems unduly optimistic - violence against the bodies of racial “others’
continues to splatter across the American landscape, from the Rodney
King beating to the Amadou Diallo shooting. The police rape of Abner
Louima illuminates how power, not sexuality, informs such assaults.
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND BIODEMOGRAPHICAL BEHAVIOUR: A STUDY OF ITALIANS IN BELGIUM
Authors: ZAVATTARO M. , SUSANNE C. , VERCAUTEREN M.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the matrimonial and reproductive behaviour of Italians who migrated to Belgium after the Second World War. Migrants were either already married, or later became married, to other Italians. Among the children of migrants, men equally chose Italian or Belgian wives but women tended to prefer Italian partners. Italian-Belgian marriages were more frequent among the better educated groups. Family size is smaller among migrants marrying after migration and in heterogamous marriages. Significant differences in birth intervals are found when marriage occurred before or after migration, between generations, and between homogamous and heterogamous marriages.
STERILISATION OF MARRIED COUPLES: HUSBAND VERSUS WIFE STERILISATION
Authors: KAUFMAN GAYLE
Published: July 2002

Sterilisation has been increasing in the United States in recent decades. Using the National Survey of Families and Households, this paper examines sterilisation among married couples using event history techniques, viewing husband and wife sterilisation as competing risks. Wives are more likely to experience sterilisation and at shorter durations of marriage. Number of children has a curvilinear effect on sterilisation, increasing and then decreasing its likelihood. Wives who are older than their husbands are more likely to get sterilised themselves. Black and Hispanic husbands are more likely to undergo sterilisation.
Role of Yersinia intermedia and Pseudomonas putida in the development of a fruity off-flavour in pasteurized milk
Authors: WHITFIELD FRANK B. , JENSEN NANCY , SHAW KEVIN J.
Published: July 2002

Analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of pasteurized milk
with a fruity (pineapple-like) off-odour and a sour, rancid and soapy taste indicated
the presence of concentrations at μg/ml levels of ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate,
ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, octanoic acid, decanoic acid and dodecanoic acid.
The off-odour and taste were attributed to the presence of these compounds in the
milk. Microbiological examination confirmed that the milk was also contaminated
with a series of psychrotrophic bacteria including Yersinia intermedia, Pseudomonas
putida and Rahnella aquatilis. Growth of isolates of these bacteria in UHT milk at
23 °C for 7 d showed that Yer. intermedia produced significant quantities of the
C4–C12 alkanoic acids; Ps. putida produced only small quantities of these acids and
Rah. aquatilis produced none. In addition, Yer. intermedia and Ps. putida also
produced small but significant quantities of the corresponding ethyl esters. In milk
inoculated with both Yer. intermedia and Ps. putida, the quantity of ethyl esters
produced was greater than that found in cultures containing only one of the isolates.
These studies indicated that Yer. intermedia was the principal source of the alkanoic
acids in the tainted milk and that the major producer of the corresponding ethyl
esters was Ps. putida. This is the first report that Yer. intermedia and Ps. putida can
cause an off-odour or taste in dairy products.
Effect of suckling on the release of oxytocin, prolactin, cortisol, gastrin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin and insulin in dairy cows and their calves
Authors: LUPOLI BERIT , JOHANSSON BIRGITTA , UVNÄS-MOBERG KERSTIN , SVENNERSTEN-SJAUNJA KERSTIN
Published: July 2002

The aim of the present study was to examine how different types of early interaction between dairy cows and their calves influence milking/suckling-related hormone release in the cows and sucking/bucket-drinking related hormone release in calves. Eighteen cows of the Swedish Red and White breed were studied during the first week after parturition. The cows were machine milked twice daily, and allotted to one of three treatments: [1] cow and calf were kept together and the cow was allowed to suckle the calf for 30 min about 1 h before each milking; [2] cow and calf were kept together and the calf was bucket fed twice daily; and [3] cow and calf were separated immediately after parturition, and the calf was kept in a single box and was bucket fed twice daily. Blood samples were collected around day 7 from both cows and calves. The plasma levels of oxytocin, prolactin, cortisol, gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin and insulin were analysed. In the cows the levels of oxytocin, prolactin and cortisol were influenced by all three treatments, except for the level of cortisol which did not respond to suckling. The main finding was that the release of oxytocin was significantly greater during suckling compared with machine milking. In the calves, the hormone levels were also influenced by the different milk feeding routines. The plasma concentrations of oxytocin, gastrin, CCK and insulin increased in response to milk ingestion in all treatments. However, during sucking, the increase of oxytocin was significantly greater than during bucket drinking. In addition, a strong correlation between oxytocin and insulin was found in response to sucking. Further, significant increases in prolactin and somatostatin, and a decrease in cortisol were found during sucking. The level of somatostatin also increased in response to bucket feeding when calves were kept separately. During bucket feeding, no significant correlation was found with oxytocin, but strong correlations between the gastrointestinal hormones gastrin, CCK, somatostatin and insulin were seen. Together these data suggest that different hormonal patterns were triggered in the cows by suckling and milking, and in the calves by sucking and bucket drinking. This is further supported by different correlation patterns observed in the calves in response to sucking and bucket feeding. The present findings imply that management routines for cows and calves during the first week after parturition have consequences for the physiology of the animals.
pH-induced solubilization of minerals from casein micelles: influence
of casein concentration and ionic strength
Authors: LE GRAËT YVON , GAUCHERON FRÉDÉRIC
Published: July 2002

The concentrations of cations (calcium and magnesium) and anions
(inorganic phosphate, citrate and chloride) have been determined during the
acidification of casein micelle suspensions in the pH range 6·7–1·5.
The effects of casein concentration (27, 55, 83 and 144 g/kg)
and ionic strength (0, 10 and 20 g/kg
NaCl added) were investigated. Acidification resulted in solubilization of calcium,
magnesium, inorganic phosphate and citrate ions. However, the solubilization curves
were different and depended on the casein concentration. Increasing ionic strength
by adding NaCl had no effect on acid-induced mineral solubilization. These results
were compared with those obtained during milk acidification and discussed in
relation to the mineral solubilization that occurs during curd acidification in cheese
manufacture.
Usefully combining a series of unreplicated cheesemaking
experiments
Authors: HANNAH MURRAY C.
Published: July 2002

Applied dairy research is characterized by experiments for which financial
and physical constraints permit only a small number of experimental units. With few
units it is difficult to replicate treatments, and without replication experimental
error cannot be estimated. The statistical analysis and interpretation of such
experiments is problematic. However, if there have been several such experiments it
may be possible to perform a combined analysis. Nine unreplicated experiments
comparing effects of diet on the composition of cows' milk and on cheese
characteristics were jointly analysed as an incomplete block design. This analysis
method was contrasted with analyses of individual experiments. For cheese moisture,
the key outcome measurement, the assessment of statistical significance concurred
for the two methods in 13 out of 21 comparisons of treatments with the control.
Sources of error variation allowed for under the two methods were delineated. The
combined analysis paradigm provided stronger inference and a wider interpretation
of results than could be achieved using analyses for individual experiments. Unequal
replication of treatments and unequal concurrence of treatments within experiments
over the series gave rise to a wide range of SED. The challenge of presenting results
with unequal SED was addressed graphically using error bars. Attention to series
design, in particular the apportioning of replication and treatment concurrence
across the series of experiments, was shown to ameliorate presentation difficulties
and, more importantly, to yield higher precision at no extra cost.
A scale-dependent dynamic model for large-eddy
simulation: application to a neutral atmospheric
boundary layer
Authors: PORTÉ-AGEL FERNANDO , MENEVEAU CHARLES , PARLANGE MARC B.
Published: July 2002

A scale-dependent dynamic subgrid-scale model for large-eddy simulation of turbulent
flows is proposed. Unlike the traditional dynamic model, it does not rely on the
assumption that the model coefficient is scale invariant. The model is based on a
second test-filtering operation which allows us to determine from the simulation how
the coefficient varies with scale. The scale-dependent model is tested in simulations
of a neutral atmospheric boundary layer. In this application, near the ground the
grid scale is by necessity comparable to the local integral scale (of the order of the
distance to the wall). With the grid scale and/or the test-filter scale being outside the
inertial range, scale invariance is broken. The results are compared with those from
(a) the traditional Smagorinsky model that requires specification of the coefficient and
of a wall damping function, and (b) the standard dynamic model that assumes scale
invariance of the coefficient. In the near-surface region the traditional Smagorinsky
and standard dynamic models are too dissipative and not dissipative enough, respectively.
Simulations with the scale-dependent dynamic model yield the expected trends
of the coefficient as a function of scale and give improved predictions of velocity
spectra at different heights from the ground. Consistent with the improved dissipation
characteristics, the scale-dependent model also yields improved mean velocity profiles.
Water wave diffraction by a cylinder array. Part 2. Irregular waves
Authors: OHL C. O. G. , TAYLOR P. H. , EATOCK TAYLOR R. , BORTHWICK A. G. L.
Published: July 2002

Diffraction of irregular waves, focused wave groups, and random seas by an array
of vertical bottom-mounted circular cylinders is investigated using theoretical, computational
and experimental methods. This is an extension of our study of such
an array in regular waves, reported in Part 1. Linear focused wave group theory
is reviewed as a method for predicting the probable shape of extreme events from
random wave spectra. Measurements are presented of the free surface elevation
distribution in the vicinity of a multi-column structure in an offshore basin when
subjected to irregular waves having peak frequencies and significant wave heights in the range
0.449 < kpa < 0.555 and 0.114 < Hs < 0.124
respectively, where a is the cylinder radius. Analytical linear diffraction theory is extended for application
to focused wave groups and random seas. Experimental irregular wave data
are analysed for comparison with this theory. Linear diffraction theory for random
seas is shown to give an excellent prediction of incident wave spectral diffraction,
while linear diffraction theory for focused wave groups works well for linearized
extreme events. Due to the phase shifting of incident wave spectral components,
diffraction is shown to generate focused wave groups in the vicinity of the cylinder
array.
The motion of Brownian particles and sediment on an inclined plate
Authors: DAHLKILD A. A.
Published: July 2002

The gravitational settling of a homogeneous suspension of Brownian

particles on an

inclined plate is considered. The hindered settling towards the wall and
the

viscous, buoyancy-driven bulk motion of the sediment are considered assuming
steady

conditions and accounting for the effects of Brownian diffusion, shear-induced

diffusion and migration of particles due to a gradient in shear stress.

Generally, the

results show the development of a sediment boundary layer where the settling
towards

the wall is balanced by Brownian diffusion at the beginning of the plate
and by

shear-induced diffusion further downstream. Compared to previous results
in

the literature,

the present theory allows steady-state solutions for extended values of
the plate

inclination and particle volume fraction above the sediment; upon reconsidering
the

case with non-Brownian particles, a new similarity solution, with a stable
shock in

particle density, is developed.
Flow patterns for an annular flow over an

axisymmetric sudden expansion
Authors: SHEEN H. J. , CHEN W. J. , WU J. S.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, an experimental investigation is described for a

concentric annular

flow over an axisymmetric sudden expansion by using both flow visualization
and

laser-Doppler anemometry (LDA) techniques. Depending upon the value of
the

Reynolds number and whether the Reynolds number was increased or decreased,

four typical flow patterns were classified according to the characteristics
of the

central and corner recirculation zones. The flow patterns are open annular
flow,

closed annular flow, vortex shedding, and stable central flow. Bifurcation
for this

flow occurred when 230 < Re < 440, which was verified by

observing the variation

of the reattachment length. The spatial growth of velocity fluctuations
from the

measurements demonstrated a tendency that shedding vortices behind the
centrebody

more strongly affect the reattachment length than flows without a centrebody.
Subharmonic resonance of Venice gates in waves.

Part 2. Sinusoidally modulated incident waves
Authors: SAMMARCO PAOLO , TRAN HOANG H. , GOTTLIEB ODED , MEI CHIANG C.
Published: July 2002

In order to examine the effects of finite bandwidth of the

incident sea spectrum on

the resonance of the articulated storm gates for Venice Lagoon, we consider
a narrow

band consisting of the carrier frequency and two sidebands. The evolution
equation

for the gate oscillations now has a time-periodic coefficient, and is

equivalent to a non-autonomous dynamical system. For small damping and
weak

forcing, approximate

analysis for local and global bifurcations are carried out, and extended
by direct

numerical simulation. Typical bifurcation scenarios are also examined by
laboratory

experiments.
Workers, Citizens and the Argentine Nation: Party Politics and the
Working Class in Rosario, 1912–3
Authors: KARUSH MATTHEW B.
Published: July 2002

The electoral democracy created by the Sáenz Peña Law of 1912 opened
up dramatic new possibilities for working-class political identity. In the important
port city of Rosario, the Radical politician Ricardo Caballero crafted a political
discourse that combined an explicit defence of working-class interests with a
nostalgic depiction of the country's rural past. By linking class consciousness
with images drawn from the popular culture of the ‘gauchesque,’ Caballerismo
constructed a distinctively working-class version of Argentine nationalism and
citizenship.
Minimal feature-movement
Authors: JANG YOUNGJUN
Published: July 2002

In this article I review two analyses of English existential

constructions – the Case-transmission analysis and the expletive-replacement

analysis – from the perspective of

Chomsky's (1993, 1995) minimalist framework. I show that neither approach

is free from empirical problems and that adopting minimalist program can

reconcile these

difficulties and account for more extensive data as well. I propose that
LF

feature-raising theory that I adopt here should be more economical than

it is now, for example,

in Chomsky (1995) so that only the relevant ‘checkable’ features

raise at LF. My

discussion concerns English existential constructions and Object Shift
in

Icelandic. In

particular, I discuss (a) specificity, (b) scope and (c) negative polarity

item licensing

and show that the category-raising analysis of the associate of an expletive
raises

problems concerning these three aspects. The analysis presented in the

article will be

further supported by facts about predicate raising constructions.
Living with non-state policing in South Africa: the issues and dilemmas
Authors: Baker Bruce
Published: July 2002

Though policing is widely regarded as an inherently public good, in reality non-state policing is widespread in South Africa, doing everything that the public police force does. The paper examines the extent, nature and attitudes towards non-state policing in South Africa in its different forms, that is, autonomous citizen responses, ‘responsible’ citizen responses and commercial private security. The paper concludes by assessing the social and political implications of non-state policing.
Kinetic helicity and MHD turbulence
Authors: OUGHTON SEAN , PRANDI ROSSELLA
Published: July 2002

The issue of dynamical anisotropy in helical three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic
turbulence with a mean magnetic field B0 is investigated. Using
high-resolution direct numerical simulations, we follow the evolution of various
isotropic initial states characterized by their different values of the kinetic helicity.
The cross helicity and magnetic helicity of the initial conditions are also varied. In
agreement with earlier work, we find that such initial states become anisotropic in
of order an eddy-turnover time, with correlation lengths parallel to B0 remaining
largely unchanged while finer scales are excited in the perpendicular directions.
Moreover, it is found that the development of both the anisotropy and the energy are
essentially independent of the initial level of kinetic helicity. The physics associated
with this latter feature is discussed.
Resonant absorption and heating in a nonlinear dissipative resonance layer
Authors: DMITRIENKO I. S.
Published: July 2002

The technique for analytical investigation of the Alfvén resonance, proposed
by Dmitrienko [J. Plasma Phys.57, 311 (1997); 62, 145 (1999)] is used to
obtain the matching conditions and to calculate the rate of resonant absorption
and heating in a nonlinear dissipative resonance layer. It is shown that one matching
condition is the invariability condition for the coefficient of the singular part of
the solution describing the MHD mode outside the resonance layer, and the other
condition is a jump of the coefficient of a regular solution, the value of which depends
on the ratio of the dissipative to nonlinear spatial scales. It is established that
the ratio of the jump of the imaginary part of the regular solution to the coefficient
of the singular solution is exactly equal to the rate of resonant heating, and this
heating is calculated as a function of the ratio of the linear dissipative to nonlinear
scales. The resonant absorption coefficient is calculated as well. It is shown that the
nonlinearity leads to a decrease of the heating rate and the absorption coefficient
compared with those predicted by linear theory.
Nonlinear propagation of lower-hybrid-like
waves in a dusty plasma
Authors: SAH O. P.
Published: July 2002

The existence and properties of nonlinear lower-hybrid-like waves
in a dusty
plasma are discussed. It is found that both rarefactive and compressive
types
of solitons can exist in the presence of isothermal hot electrons and negatively
charged dust grains. Only compressive solitons are found to occur when
the
dust grains are positively charged or the hot electrons are non-isothermal.
The
amplitude, velocity, width and nature of the nonlinear structure are greatly
affected by the hot electron concentration as well as by the charge-to-mass
ratio
of the dust grains.
A spectral approach to ballooning theory. Part 1
Authors: THYAGARAJA A.
Published: July 2002

This paper and a forthcoming one develop the spectral theory of
ballooning
transformations relevant to tokamak physics from first principles in a
rigorous and yet
intuitively clear manner. The power of the ballooning representation to
throw light
on the spectral characteristics of the plasma problems to which it is applicable

is emphasized, and examples are given to illustrate the general notions.
The ballooning
representation is shown to be essentially a method to separate variables

and reduce two-dimensional partial differential equations with periodic
coefficients
to infinite sets of soluble ordinary differential equations. This paper
is concerned
with an elementary approach to the techniques in the context of nearly
exactly
soluble problems involving the anisotropic diffusion operator in toroidal
geometry.
Two different perturbation methods are discussed. Applications to plasma
instability
problems and the subtleties involving the continuous spectra of ballooning

operators will be taken up in Part 2.
Collisional effects on the electrostatic dust
cyclotron instability
Authors: ROSENBERG M. , CHOW V. W.
Published: July 2002

A kinetic analysis of the electrostatic dust cyclotron instability
in a weakly
ionized collisional dusty plasma is presented. In a plasma with negatively

charged dust and a current along the magnetic field B, it is found
that the
instability can be excited by ions drifting along B. The effect
of dust–neutral
collisions is stabilizing, while the effect of ion–neutral collisions
can be
destabilizing. Possible applications to laboratory environments are discussed.
Calycophoran siphonophore muscle fibres without any sarcoplasmic reticulum but with tubular invaginations morphologically analogous to a T-system
Authors: Bone Q. , Carré C. , Tsutsui I. , Inoue I.
Published: July 2002

Different marine invertebrates have different tubular or vesicular systems within their locomotor muscle fibres. The siphonophores Chelophyes, Abylopsis and Muggeia have invaginated tubules which are the morphological equivalent of the vertebrate invaginated tubular system, but lack a sarcoplasmic reticulum. In Chelophyes the previous suggestion that Ca2+ channels in the extensive invaginated tubule system allow ingress of Ca2+ is shown to be incorrect. Contraction of the swimming muscles in Chelophyes is not blocked by 20 μM ryanodine, nor is it induced by 10 mM caffeine, hence intracellular Ca2+ stores appear absent. Contraction is, however, maintained by replacement of the greater part of the usual external Na+ by Li+ or by or N-methyl-D-glucamine, although action potentials can still be evoked. Hence we conclude that following contraction, internal Ca2+ is reduced by a Na/Ca2+ exchange mechanism.
Evidence from two planorbid snails of a complex and
dedicated response to digenean (echinostome) infection
Authors: ADEMA C. M. , HERTEL L. A. , LOKER E. S.
Published: July 2002

The planorbid snail Biomphalaria glabrata responded to exposure to either the compatible digenetic trematode
Echinostoma paraensei or the incompatible species Echinostoma trivolvis by producing increased amounts of several
distinctive plasma polypeptides. These polypeptides characteristically precipitated from plasma when mixed with
secreted–excreted products (SEP) of sporocysts or rediae from either digenean species. In contrast, control snails, or snails
that had been wounded or infected with bacteria (Serratia marcesens or Staphylococcus epidermidis) showed no obvious
plasma alterations and no precipitates formed when their plasma was mixed with SEP. Another planorbid species, Helisoma
trivolvis, which displays reverse compatibility for the echinostome species used, also responded to exposure to both
echinostomes by increased production of plasma polypeptides that precipitated in the presence of SEP. With some
individual variation, these 2 snail species synthesized SEP-reactive plasma polypeptides forming diffuse bands centred
at 53, 65, 80–120 and 200 kDa (the latter absent in Helisoma trivolvis). The 53 kDa polypeptides had not been observed
before, whereas the others have been noted from B. glabrata. The diffuse 65 kDa band was strongly bound by anti-fibrinogen antibodies, supportive of earlier studies indicating it contains fibrinogen-related domains. The other specified
polypeptides were also bound by these antibodies raising the possibility that they too contain fibrinogen domains. The
results are suggestive of a general ability of these 2 planorbid snails to detect the presence of echinostomes even if the latter
are subsequently incapable of development. The complex response they then mount, one not evoked by other challenges
such as wounding or bacterial infection, may represent a dedicated response to a frequently encountered group of
pathogenic parasites, the digeneans (echinostomes).
Mill's Stoic Conception of Happiness and Pragmatic Conception of Utility
Authors: Singer Marcus G
Published: July 2002

Mill's considered conception of happiness is as much stoic as hedonistic, actually more so, despite what he says in a number of places in Utilitarianism, and his considered conception of the workings of the principle of utility is pragmatic, in a sense developed years later by John Dewey. In this conception, it is a working principle, not for testing the rightness or wrongness of actions from the point of view of an uninvolved spectator, but for bringing about the sweeping changes in society that it actually requires. Mill's Utilitarianism is often cluttered up with attempts to defend the version of hedonistic utilitarianism he inherited from his father and Bentham. But it is not important whether Mill is consistent with traditional hedonism. He has much to say that is true and enlightening—this is what is important.
Some Pictures are Worth 2[aleph]0 Sentences
Authors: Kitcher Philip , Varzi Achille
Published: July 2002

The cliché that a picture is worth a thousand words vastly underestimates the expressive power of many pictures and diagrams. In this note we show that even a simple map such as the outline of Manhattan Island, accompanied by a pointer marking North, implies a vast infinity of true statements.
Could the Universe Cause itself to Exist?
Authors: Vallicella William F.
Published: July 2002

This article responds to Quentin Smith's, ‘The Reason the Universe Exists is that it Caused Itself to Exist’, Philosophy74 (1999), 579–586. My rejoinder makes three main points. The first is that Smith's argument for a finitely old, but causally self-explanatory, universe fails from probative overkill: if sound, it also shows that all manner of paltry event-sequences are causally self-explanatory.The second point is that the refutation of Smith's argument extends to Hume's argument for an infinitely old causally self-explanatory universe, as well as to Smith's two ‘causal loop’ arguments. The problem with all four arguments is their reliance on Hume's principle that to explain the members of a collection is ipso facto to explain the collection. This principle succumbs to counterexamples. The third point is that, even if Hume's principle were true, Smith's argument could not succeed without the aid of a theory of causation according to which causation is production (causation of existence).
Why There Need Not Be Any Grue Problem About Inductive Inference As Such
Authors: Hetherington Stephen
Published: July 2002

I argue that Goodman's puzzle of grue at least poses no real challenge about inductive inference. By drawing on Stove's characterisation of Hume's characterisation of inductive inference, we see that the premises in an inductive inference report experienced impressions; and Goodman can be interpreted as posing a real challenge about inductive inference only if we treat an epistemic subject's observations more as logical contents and less as experienced impressions. So, even though the grue puzzle was effective against its stated logicist targets, it is not thereby an enduring difficulty regarding experience's ability to impart epistemic justification via inductive evidence.
Long-term outcome of panic disorder with agoraphobia treated by exposure
Authors: FAVA G. A. , RAFANELLI C. , GRANDI S. , CONTI S. , RUINI C. , MANGELLI L. , BELLUARDO P.
Published: July 2002

Background. There is a paucity of long-term outcome studies of panic disorder that exceed a 2-year follow-up. The aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term follow-up of patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia treated according to a standardized protocol.

Methods. A consecutive series of 200 patients satisfying the DSM-IV criteria for panic disorder with agoraphobia was treated in an out-patient clinic with behavioural methods based on exposure homework. One hundred and thirty-six patients became panic free after 12 sessions of psychotherapy and 132 were available for follow-up. A 2- to 14-year (median = 8 years) follow-up was performed. Survival analysis was employed to characterize the clinical course of patients.

Results. Thirty-one of the 132 patients (23%) had a relapse of panic disorder at some time during follow-up. The estimated cumulative percentage of patients remaining in remission was 93·1 after 2 years, 82·4 after 5 years, 78·8 after 7 years and 62·1 after 10 years. Such probabilities increased with younger age, and in the absence of a personality disorder, of high pre-treatment levels of depressed mood, of residual agoraphobic avoidance after exposure, and of concurrent use of benzodiazepines and antidepressant drugs.

Conclusions. The findings suggest that exposure treatment can provide lasting relief to the majority of patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Disappearance of residual and subclinical agoraphobic avoidance, and not simply of panic attacks, should be the aim of exposure therapy.
Substance use disorders among adolescents in
Taiwan: prevalence, sociodemographic correlates and
psychiatric co-morbidity
Authors: CHONG M.-Y. , CHAN K.-W. , CHENG A. T. A.
Published: July 2002

Background. This paper reports prevalences, sociodemographic correlates and psychiatric co-morbidity of substance use disorders (SUDs) among adolescents in Taiwan.

Methods. A random sample of ninth grade students (N=774) was selected from an urban, a
suburban and a rural community. Two-stage case identification was employed with a brief screening
tool and a modified Chinese version of the Kiddie-SADS conducted by child psychiatrists.

Results. The overall prevalence of any SUD was 11·0%, with nicotine (96·0%) as the most
prevalent substance. The prevalences of SUDs were significantly higher in boys, rural community
and classes with poor academic performance. Sixty-two per cent of all SUD cases suffered from
other concurrent psychiatric disorders. The most common co-morbid conditions were conduct
disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and mood disorders.

Conclusions. High prevalences of SUDs were found among adolescent school children in Taiwan.
Effects of urbanization, selective migration and the availability of substances are possible
explanations for the urban-rural difference on the risk for SUDs. Psychiatric co-morbid conditions
for SUD among adolescents in Taiwan were similar to those in Western societies.
Social Policy Digest NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTEEN February to April 2000
Authors: BENNETT FRAN
Published: July 2002

Contents

1 Social security and income maintenance

2 Health (formerly Health care)

3 Education

4 Housing and environment

5 Personal social services

6 Law and the treatment of the offender

7 Unemployment and the labour market

8 Race relations

9 The voluntary sector

10 Government (formerly Local government)

11 Gender

12 Demography
Political Ideology, Globalisation and Welfare Futures

in Europe
Authors: GEORGE VIC
Published: July 2002

A study of elite opinion on the nature and future of the

welfare state in

six European countries, conducted during 1994, found that most of the

traditional differences of opinion between left and right were still valid.

Public opinion studies have consistently found strong support for state

welfare. Yet during the past decade or so, governments in Europe have

been pursuing policies that are largely similar in the sense that they
are

leading towards the containment and retrenchment of state welfare. The

pressures of economic globalisation and of national structural factors

have led to the replacement of the dominant social democratic expansionist

model of welfare with the neo-liberal contractionist model. The

result is that in the same way that governments of the right pursued

expansionist policies of welfare during the reign of the social democratic

model in the 1960s and early 1970s, governments of the left have in the

past few years pursued policies of containment and contraction and they

are likely to continue do to so in the foreseeable future.