bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characters of external morphology used in Anolis taxonomy—Definition of terms, advice on usage, and illustrated examples
Authors: KÖHLER GUNTHER
Published: March 2014

With the aim of establishing a reference for taxonomists, I describe and discuss characters of external morphology that have been used widely in descriptions of Anolis (sensu lato) species. For most characters, images are provided to illustrate the terms and definitions. Where appropriate, I give advice on how the counts and measurements should be done.
A new species of Symbiopsocus Li (Psocodea: “Psocoptera”: Psocidae) from Taiwan, China, with a revised checklist and key to species
Authors: LIU LUXI , LI FASHENG , LIU ZHIQI
Published: March 2014

Symbiopsocus yangminus sp. n. is described based on specimens collected from Taiwan, China. We provide an updated checklist and comprehensive geographic distribution of Symbiopsocus, including species from China described in Mecampsis. The genus Symbiopsocus now comprises 20 species from mainland China, two species from Taiwan and one species from Japan. Updated keys to males and females of species from China are provided.
On plant bugs of conifers in Xinjiang (Western China) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)
Authors: VINOKUROV NIKOLAI N. , LUO ZHAOHUI
Published: March 2014

In the northern and central part of Xinjiang (Western China) are distributed 14 species of coniferous plant bugs of these, 10 species are recorded for the first time for China. In the Mongolian Altai are 9 species: 6 widely distributed in the Palearctic, Deraeocoris annulipes (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1842), Dichrooscytus intermedius Reuter, 1885, Pinalitus rubricatus (Fallén, 1807), Atractotomus morio J. Sahlberg, 1883, Plagiognathus vitellinus (Scholtz, 1847), Phoenicocoris obscurellus (Fallén, 1829), and 3 Siberian Psallus (Pityopsallus) laricinus Vinokurov, 1998, P. (P.) laticeps Reuter, 1878, P. (P.) sachaensis Vinokurov, 1998. In Chinese Tian Shan and Jungar Alatau occur 5 mountain-Central Asian species: Dichrooscytus consorbinus Horváth, 1904, D. josifovi Kerzhner, 1997, D. kerzhneri Josifov, 1974 and D. pseudosabinae Reuter, 1896, and Compsidolon schrenkianum Konstantinov, Vinokurov, 2011. A key for 5 species of the subgenus Pithyopsallus Wagn. is given.
Defining subgroups of low socioeconomic status women at risk for depressive symptoms: The importance of perceived stress and cumulative risks
Authors: van der Waerden Judith EB , Hoefnagels Cees , Hosman Clemens MH , Jansen Maria WJ
Published: March 2014

Background:

Most disadvantaged women are exposed to risk factors for depression, but not all necessarily have an identical risk for this mental health problem. A better prediction of which low socioeconomic status (SES) women are most at risk for depressive symptoms can help target preventive interventions at high-risk subgroups most in need of support.

Aims:

Exploring which demographic, socioeconomic and psychological risk factors are associated with self-reported depressive symptoms in a sample of low-SES women and whether the number of risk factors might expose them to an accumulated risk.

Methods:

Between April 2005 and November 2007, 519 disadvantaged women from urban neighbourhoods in Maastricht, a southern Dutch city, participated in a cross-sectional survey on stress and depressive symptoms.

Results:

Lower education levels, no current employment and lower net monthly family incomes were socioeconomic risk factors associated with higher scores for depressive symptoms. The psychological risk factor ‘perceived stress’ had the highest explained variance and was most strongly associated with depressive symptoms. Women exposed to multiple risk factors across domains had a cumulated risk for depressive symptomatology.

Conclusion:

Low-SES women who seem most eligible for targeted preventive action are those with cumulative risks. Depression prevention strategies for this population may benefit from focusing on perceived stress since this is an important modifiable risk factor.
On the onset of the asymptotic stable fracture region in the mode II fatigue delamination growth behaviour of composites
Authors: Rans Calvin David , Atkinson Jeremy , Li Chun
Published: March 2014

An experimental investigation aimed at identifying the presence and onset of an asymptotic stable fracture region in the mode II fatigue delamination growth behaviour of composites is presented. The study is motivated by the possibility that experimental data sets, particularly those obtained at high R-ratios, may unknowingly contain data points within the asymptotic stable fracture region that influence its perceived log-linear behaviour and the fit of various log-linear delamination growth models. Results from the experimental investigation indicate that the asymptotic stable fracture region can extend to GIImax values as low as 0.7 GIIc. The implications of this result on characterizing and fitting of various delamination growth models (including models assuming log-linear behaviour) to delamination growth behaviour are discussed.
Number Processing and Heterogeneity of Developmental Dyscalculia
Authors: Skagerlund Kenny , Träff Ulf
Published: March 2014

This study investigated if developmental dyscalculia (DD) in children with different profiles of mathematical deficits has the same or different cognitive origins. The defective approximate number system hypothesis and the access deficit hypothesis were tested using two different groups of children with DD (11–13 years old): a group with arithmetic fact dyscalculia (AFD) and a group with general dyscalculia (GD). Several different aspects of number magnitude processing were assessed in these two groups and compared with age-matched typically achieving children. The GD group displayed weaknesses with both symbolic and nonsymbolic number processing, whereas the AFD group displayed problems only with symbolic number processing. These findings provide evidence that the origins of DD in children with different profiles of mathematical problems diverge. Children with GD have impairment in the innate approximate number system, whereas children with AFD suffer from an access deficit. These findings have implications for researchers’ selection procedures when studying dyscalculia, and also for practitioners in the educational setting.
Stretching the Covenant: Job and Judaism
Authors: Green William Scott
Published: March 2014

This article examines the suggestion that the Book of Job is “unrelated” to Judaism. To address that question, it explores the relationship of the Book of Job to three essential components of Judaism: monotheism, covenant, and cult. It suggests that although the book rejects a simplistic covenantal model of reward and punishment, it expands the covenantal framework to include a rich and challenging conception of God. Job appears to draw the notion of suffering without punishment into the covenantal framework and thus to provide a rationale for persistent Israelite loyalty to God in the face of unexpected disappointments.
The Rhetoric of Romans
Authors: Holloway Paul A.
Published: March 2014

Rhetorical Criticism seeks to understand how texts are designed to accomplish certain ends. Written while Paul was planning a new gospel mission to Spain, Romans is a letter of self-introduction designed to recommend Paul to the churches at Rome as an important teacher of the gospel worthy of their support. Paul pursues this goal at two levels. In terms of the larger rhetorical strategy of the letter, Paul demonstrates his cultural relevance by articulating the gospel as the only solution to the commonly acknowledged problem of passion and desire. In terms of the smaller stylistic components of the letter, Paul skillfully employs both the diatribe style (characteristic of the schools of philosophy) and so-called ardens style (characteristic of the schools of rhetoric) to present himself as a teacher of urbane culture and merit.
Engaging Gender Relations
Authors: Marshall Molly T.
Published: March 2014

In “Engaging Gender Relations,” Professor MOLLY T. MARSHALL reviews and critiques George B. Eager's April 1914 Review & Expositor article, “The Feminist Movement,” and Linda McKinnish Bridges' Summer 1998 article, “Women in Church Leadership.” Marshall seeks to trace Review & Expositor's portrayal of and attitude toward the role of women in Christian life and leadership. She concludes that what Eager feared would happen is precisely what Bridges feared would not take place. Women must and will be included in the ministry of the church in the world.
No Entrance into Truth except through Love: Contributions from Augustine of Hippo to a Contemporary Christian Hermeneutic of Love
Authors: Pool Jeff B.
Published: March 2014

In De Doctrina Christiana (On Christian Teaching) and other works, Augustine of Hippo provides precedent for a contemporary “transcritical” approach to the interpretation and use of the Christian scriptures that may be described as a hermeneutic of love. On the basis of the Matthean form of the twofold love command in the Synoptic Gospels, Augustine insisted that the love of God and love of neighbor is the criterion of proper interpretation, so that there is “no entrance into truth except through love.” This study retrieves and develops Augustine's hermeneutical insights in terms the following key features of a contemporary Christian hermeneutic of love: A general hermeneutical dialectic between confessional and critical interpretation, a dialectic between love as subject and love as object of interpretation, the twofold love command as a “canon-within-the-canon,” love as the Christian character of the faithful interpreter, love as the overarching meaning of Scripture, love as the deeper meaning of each specific biblical text, and love of God and neighbor as the outcome of interpretation.
Practicing Spiritual Disciplines in Relationship to Creation
Authors: Holt Sally Smith
Published: March 2014

Creation often gets neglected in relationship to how it fits into the practice of spiritual disciplines. Sally Smith Holt helps illustrate how important it is to incorporate a theology of creation into one's practicing of spiritual disciplines. She carefully examines four individuals who understand nature/creation and how it relates to the spiritual dimension of all life: Andrew Linzey, Sallie McFague, Thomas Merton, and St. Francis of Assisi. From these individuals, Smith Holt illustrates insights regarding how one can embrace creation for one's own personal spirituality.
“All Nature Sings”: Creation and Congregations Worshiping God
Authors: Sledge Sharlande
Published: March 2014

This essay on worship and creation provides images, hymns, scriptural references, poems, prayers and practical suggestions drawn from the congregational context of the author's life. Many of these resources will help stimulating worship leaders to think of creative ways to divide hymns into litanies or how to use hymn tunes about creation as the setting for liturgical dance. The author encourages adapting children's books about creation into choral readings and finding images of the natural world from Scripture texts for the preparation of a communion table. Most of all, these reflections will inspire worship leaders to think about how everyone has something to bring to the worship experience.
The Epistle to the Hebrews in Modern Interpretation
Authors: Griffith Sheila
Published: March 2014

This article focuses on the findings of modern scholars of the Epistle to the Hebrews on key historical-critical and thematic issues. We begin with an examination of the fundamental historical-critical questions of the authorship, date, audience, genre, and literary integrity of the Epistle to the Hebrews. Since these are notoriously thorny issues for the anonymous book of Hebrews, this survey asks the relevant questions, draws out the key insights and conclusions from top scholars, and emphasizes the points of scholarly consensus and disagreement. After probing the historical-critical questions, we then explore the scholarly debate over two of the main thematic issues of Hebrews: the overall aim of Hebrews and the striking and unique theme of priesthood so prominent in Hebrews. Again and again we encounter the overarching problem faced by most Hebrews scholars: there is just too little evidence—both internal and external—on which to base hypotheses about these foundational questions. While certain hypotheses can be securely dismissed-such as the early theory that Paul authored the book of Hebrews—for most questions the answers are not so clear-cut. The result is a plurality of proposals, most of which can be neither concretely verified nor resolutely dismissed from consideration.
Literary and Rhetorical Form and Structure in the “Epistle to the Hebrews”
Authors: McKnight Edgar V.
Published: March 2014

The “riddle” of the form and structure of Hebrews cannot be solved with the conventional view that there is one correct principle and outline around which the author constructed the book of Hebrews. This essay suggests that the role of the reader/hearer is central in Hebrews because of the similarity of the book to didactic and propagandistic literature whose purpose is to communicate a confirmation of values already known to readers. With that sort of literature (such as the thesis novel), the reader participates primarily not in the articulation of a specific meaning but in the articulation of the reader's own situation vis-a-vis that meaning. The different affective and cognitive factors in meaning and the role of readers and/or hearers in the completion of meaning allows different sets of relationships to operate in finding and creating meaning in the text of Hebrews. The essay examines (1) the ways that different views of the genre of Hebrews enable productive readings (covenant literature, letter, Christological treatise, sermon) with the sermon form being able to comprehend the other forms and (2) the different ways that the elements of the sermon (Christological exposition of Scripture and exhortation) may be correlated by different sorts of readers and hearers.
“To All the Gentiles”: A Jewish Perspective on the Great Commission
Authors: Levine Amy-Jill
Published: March 2014

Matthew's “Great Commission” (28:16–20) traditionally serves as the mandate for Christians to proclaim the Gospel of Jesus to “all the nations,” including G-d's “chosen people,” the Jews. Both historical- and literary-critical analyses of Matthew's narrative, however, suggest that this emphasis is misplaced. Matthew's Jesus enjoins his followers to “make disciples of all the Gentiles,” for the mission has shifted away from Israel. Whereas Jews remain within the missionary purview, they are not its principal focus. As an expansion of the Mission Discourse of chapter 10, the Commission highlights Jesus' commands concerning social justice, healing, and compassion. Using these points as its base, this essay also explores the reasons why Jews and Baptists fail to understand each other, how Baptists might effectively implement the command to “make disciples,” the means by which “teaching them” is best accomplished, the import of the notice that the new disciples are to be “baptized in the name of the father, son, and holy spirit,” and the meaning of “obey all that I have commanded you.”
In Quest of Wholeness: African Christians in the New Christianity
Authors: Ngong David Tonghou
Published: March 2014

The decline of Christianity in the West has not meant the demise of that faith as some overzealous sociologists in the last century predicted, but has been compensated by the phenomenal growth of Christianity in the Southern Hemisphere. Southern Christianity comes with plenty of local color that makes it different from what was or is practiced in the West. In some cases those marks are so different that Western Christians may not even recognize certain elements of the faith. This component of newness in the expression of Christianity in the South has led some to speak of a “new Christianity.” This article focuses on how this new Christianity manifests itself in Africa and explains how its explosive growth there is partly empowered by the African understanding that religion is crucial in the human quest for wholeness. This is why the new Christianity focuses on those aspects of African tradition and culture that are perceived as impediments to achieving wholeness. It describes the background that gave birth to the new Christianity in Africa, and then critically examines some of its focal elements. The article concludes with observations concerning how the new Christianity in Africa can influence world, and especially Western, Christianity.
Latin American Christians in the New Christianity
Authors: Escobar Samuel
Published: March 2014

From the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries the Roman Catholic Church provided ideological justification for a system that enslaved minorities and kept dominating elites in power. After independence in the nineteenth century, the church opposed modernizing groups who, in turn, welcomed Protestant churches with the promise of more democratic influences. The Cold War brought tensions and divisions, but also dreams of utopias. Globalization has brought painful realities to this rapidly urbanizing continent. Attempting to address the new reality, Catholic bishops at Medellin voiced “a preferential option for the poor.” Pentecostalism became the new, growing face of Protestantism in Latin America. In spite of the fact that the Catholic Church made an intentional option for the poor, the poor opted for the Pentecostal churches. A major reason for this lay in its presentation of the Christian message within the culture of poverty. The result is a movement that empowers the poor to improve their own lives. A serious weakness in this new Christianity, however, is the tendency of those adherents who gain political power to repeat earlier patterns of corruption and self-enrichment. As a consequence it fails to transform corrupt social and political structures. Catholic and Protestant Christians must come to terms with their disunity and rivalry for the sake of Christian witness.
Gospel Witness: What it Has Been, What it Might Need to Be
Authors: Johnson Ronald W.
Published: March 2014

In this article Ron Johnson looks at the current model of evangelistic witness that is present in many places. He explores how Baptists have generally used one primary approach or model to present the gospel to unbelievers in recent decades. He then traces how the gospel was spoken of by the early Christians and explores the twists and turns as the church struggled to proclaim its faith. He ends the article with a challenge for evangelism to be reconsidered in light of mission to the world and how it needs to rediscover its theological roots and be expressed through genuine ministry.
Premillennial Dispensationalism: Its Origins
Authors: Flesher LeAnn Snow
Published: March 2014

This article provides a very brief overview of the predominant Christian eschatological beliefs held through the centuries and then locates the popular system of belief, Premillennial Dispensationalism, within that larger context. After defining key terms and concepts such as rapture, premillennial, postmillennial, amillennial, pretribulation, posttribulation, dispensation, apocalyptic, and eschatological, the various systems evident in the history of Christian interpretation are classified according to their stance concerning the relationship between the realization of God's kingdom and the course of history.
A New Ecclesiology: Can the Church be Transformed?
Authors: McIntyre Lavonia Kess
Published: March 2014

Ecclesiology is simply the study of the church. The church needs to ask itself, “How can it be transformed as it transcends into a new era?” In essence, we need to have a new ecclesiology, a new twist to the same institution called the church. This article will look at the systematic theological term ecclesiology and its definition from noted theologians as well as seek to provide a workable definition that can be used in the context of ministry. This new ecclesiology may very well exist in the newest movement called the mega-church
The Voices of Art, Liturgy, and Hymnody in Mark: Resources for Worship
Authors: Walker Alicia W.
Published: March 2014

Human nature calls for people to respond to sensory experiences. Indeed, the world in which worshippers live each day is filled with visual and aural stimuli. If the worship planner acknowledges this innately human characteristic, then it should affect how worship is developed. Bearing in mind the nature of corporate worship as both universal and colloquial, the liturgist or pastor seeks ways to extend the invitation to worship to both the long-time church member, and the religious novice. The resources of art, liturgy, and hymnody engage humanity on the aesthetic, intellectual, physical, and spiritual planes. Using texts from the Gospel of Mark, this article offers two approaches to worship planning, both of which incorporate these three voices. One is thematic, in which all elements of worship point to a central focal point. The other is dialogic, in which the worship experience moves as a conversation between God and the congregation. A variety of worship resources are cited in the two services, and a list of additional resources is included. The worship orders themselves are not intended to be prescriptive, but rather to offer opportunity for pastors and liturgists to create rich dialogue in their own contexts.
Markan Healings through African Eyes
Authors: Mugabe Henry J.
Published: March 2014

This article is an overview of the healings in the Gospel of Mark as seen through African eyes. Although there are some notable differences, there is great affinity between the healings that were practiced in the Markan community and those practiced by many Africans. In the Markan story, Jesus healed by cleansing, forgiveness of sins, through the faith of someone, through magical acts, by means of exorcism, and by touching and being touched. All these healings are examined in a historical context as seen or interpreted through African eyes. Similarities in the healings are pointed out while differences are also highlighted. Although Jesus used healing practices which were quite familiar in his day and have an affinity with some of the healing practices in some African contexts, Jesus was a unique healer.
“Jesus was a Low Wage Worker”: Reading the Bible in the Living Wage Movement
Authors: Pippin Tina
Published: March 2014

Both the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament illustrate a concern for economic situations of the poor, but how can these concerns become primary for contemporary Christians. One way is to read the mandates of Scripture through the lens of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR). The UNDHR provides a framework for reading an emphasis of human rights within the biblical texts—especially as it relates to providing a living wage for workers today.
The Textual Base for Modern Translations of the New Testament
Authors: Voss Florian , Omanson Roger
Published: March 2014

This article discusses the history of scholarly texts of the Greek New Testament. It also helps the reader understand why modern translations of the New Testament in English are sometimes so different even though the translators almost always base their work on the same printed editions of the Greek text.
On the Relevance of Translation Theory
Authors: Pattemore Stephen
Published: March 2014

Theories of communication, which emphasize pragmatic dimensions of language—the use of language in a particular context—guide contemporary Bible translation. For the Bible translator, at least two contexts are important—that of the original delivery of the text, and that of the contemporary reading audience. Relevance Theory (RT) holds that what we say is merely a clue to what we mean and has to be interpreted within the intended context of ideas. Thus, RT provides a principled means for evaluating the role of context in the creation and reception of meaning. This paper briefly explains the issues involved, outlines some of the key ideas of RT, and provides some examples of the way in which considerations of relevance can influence translation.
Social Justice in the Epistle of James: A New Testament Amos?
Authors: Tillman William M.
Published: March 2014

Twenty-first century readers may not quickly connect Amos and James due to assumptions shaped by rearing, education, and cultural context. Kinds of assumptions are delineated; their informative and formative natures are analyzed; and their outcomes explored. Assumptions regarding Amos and James are examined in order to demonstrate that assumptive points of address and how they are addressed evidence common ground. Contemporary moral development theory, which incorporates especially justice, is overlaid on Amos and James. Further resonance between the two works is demonstrated with this extra-biblical hermeneutical tool. The demonstrable similarities between Amos and James in how they addressed their audiences, the relatively similar areas of life and life issues addressed, and the juxtaposition of theology and ethics as reciprocal, draw the reader quickly to affirm that James is something of an Amos within the New Testament canon. The concluding challenge is for students of scripture to move beyond a simple comprehension of the commonalities of these two books of the Bible. Amos and James remain as prophetic for contemporary practitioners regarding how to be faithful to God and humanity as for their original audiences.
One Student at a Time: The Hospitality of Multicultural Theological Education
Authors: Marshall Molly T.
Published: March 2014

Theological education prepares women and men for ministry in both church and society. As the demographic landscape shifts, seminaries must adapt instructional approaches, patterns of community life, and methods of formation to provide inclusive opportunity for all. The hospitality of the Triune God who creates space for otherness grounds this approach to ministry preparation.
Building a Multi-Cultural Organization in Texas
Authors: McClatchy Rick
Published: March 2014

Texas' diversity requires that religious organizations develop strategies to overcome racist and segregationist tendencies. The following strategies have proven to be helpful in the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship's attempts to become a more multi-cultural/ethnic organization: 1) promoting a passion to overcome racism; 2) creating structures that embrace a more multi-cultural future; and 3) cultivating relationships across racial/ethnic lines.
Through Much Tribulation: Prophetic Preaching in an Age of Hopelessness
Authors: Smith Michael A.
Published: March 2014

Prophetic preaching is often misunderstood and mischaracterized in the mainstream as well as in our faith traditions. While some associate prophetic preaching with political and social crises and others reduce it to future telling, the tradition must not be co-opted one way or the other. Preaching in the prophetic tradition speaks God's truth to power systems and structures while calling individuals into account to live in accordance with God's eternal purposes of love and justice for all. This article seeks to provide a platform for defining and uplifting prophetic preaching while examining many of the challenges which this rich tradition presents from a historical and contemporary standpoint. This work examines the counter-cultural nature of prophetic preaching and how the tradition often lives in tension with the status quo. Despite misinterpretations, misunderstandings, and the challenges associated with preaching in the prophetic tradition, prophetic preaching remains a relevant and crucial means of communicating God's word in today's world. It is a tradition that the author has been reared and nurtured in and continues to embrace.
Baptists in Tension: The Status of Women's Leadership and Ministry, 2012
Authors: Campbell-Reed Eileen R.
Published: March 2014

Together stories and statistics describe the status of women's leadership among Baptists. In turn the status of women's ministry and leadership narrates a larger and more encompassing story about the variety of ways Baptists are working out questions of meaning, purpose, and everyday faith. In 2012 a growing number of women in the moderate-to-progressive constellation of Baptists—those who distanced themselves from the Southern Baptist Convention—find ordination, calls to service, and places of leadership. In Cooperative Baptist Fellowship-related theological schools, more than forty percent of students enrolled in masters-level programs are women. Female faculty in these schools dropped to twenty percent since 2005. Women currently serving in ministry, including 150 pastors and co-pastors, reached an all-time high in 2012. However, controversy about women's entry into pastoral leadership continues. Both the actual numbers and percentages of women's ordination and pastoral leadership remain far below that of mainline denominations. Women's volunteer leadership on Baptist governing boards typically reflects official commitments of each group regarding women's equality and inclusion, yet men continue to fill most high-level staff roles at all Baptist schools and agencies. Women's pay, benefits, and job opportunities in ministry remain lower than those for men in similar jobs, reflecting ongoing gender inequities among Baptists. For Baptists affiliated with CBF, the Alliance of Baptists, Baptist General Convention of Texas, and the Baptist General Association of Virginia, women's visible leadership shows significant numeric growth over the last four decades, reflecting changes in Baptist belief and practice regarding the ministry of women. Yet, change in Baptist life is slow, and the status of women's leadership reflects how different Baptist groups work out long-standing tensions and conflict over questions of identity, meaning, and faithfulness.
Learning How to Preach in a New Pastorate
Authors: Martin Tripp
Published: March 2014

Proclamation is a form of oral communication. Learning how to communicate effectively is rooted primarily in the dynamics of listening, as opposed to the act of speaking. If a preacher can discover a church's homiletical inclinations, he or she can translate the Word of God into a “language” that a congregation fully comprehends.
Upregulation of the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor at the Blood-Brain Barrier: Intercommunications between Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells and Astrocytes
Authors: Dehouck Bénédicte , Dehouck Marie-Pierre , Fruchart Jean-Charles , Cecchelli Roméo
Published: March 2014

In contrast to the endothelial cells in large vessels where LDL receptors are downregulated, brain capillary endothelial cells in vivo express an LDL receptor. Using a cell culture model of the blood-brain barrier consisting of a coculture of brain capillary endothelial cells and astrocytes, we observed that the capacity of endothelial cells to bind LDL is enhanced threefold when cocultured with astrocytes. We next investigated the ability of astrocytes to modulate endothelial cell LDL receptor expression. We have shown that the lipid requirement of astrocytes increases the expression of endothelial cell LDL receptors. Experiments with dialysis membranes of different pore size showed that this effect is mediated by a soluble factor(s) with relative molecular mass somewhere between 3,500 and 14,000. Substituting astrocytes with smooth muscle cells or brain endothelium with endothelium from the aorta or the adrenal cortex did not enhance the luminal LDL receptor expression on endothelial cells, demonstrating the specificity of the interactions. This factor(s) is exclusively secreted by astrocytes cocultured with brain capillary endothelial cells, but it also upregulates the LDL receptor on other cell types. This study confirms the notion that the final fine tuning of cell differentiation is under local control.
Election and Predestination in Ephesians 1:4-6a: An Exegetical-Theological Study of the Historical, Christological Realization of God's Purpose
Authors: Newman Carey C.
Published: March 2014

For he chose us in him before the creation of the world to be holy and blameless in his sight. In love he predestined us to be adopted as his children through Jesus Christ, in accordance with his pleasure and willto the praise of his glorious grace (Ephesians l:4-6a).
Ephesians 3:14-21; Hebrews 12:1-2–For the Joy Set before Us
Authors: Vicki  , Hollon Leslie
Published: March 2014

The Cooperative Baptist Fellowship (CBF) is a seven year old renewal movement among Baptists in particular andChristians in general, The CBF's 1997 national meeting in Louisville, Kentucky gathered under thetheme of "Blessing theFuture,” As a couple wewere asked to preach during one of the four sessions, on June 27/ 1997. We chose a pastoral care approach to the sermon with the homiletical rubric of: healing (receiving & accepting responsibility to transform what can be transformed); sustaining (living with hope, endurance, patience, and character with wounds that cannot be healed); guiding (living as pioneers to discover new frontiers).
Participatory urban planning in Brazil
Authors: Caldeira Teresa , Holston James
Published: March 2014

This paper focuses on participatory urban planning as a model of urban reform and democratic invention in Brazil. Its case material regards the formulation and implementation of two sets of urban laws of very broad consequence. First, we discuss briefly the chapter on urban policy in the 1988 Citizen Constitution and the federal law that it mandates. The latter is the Estatuto da Cidade, the City Statute, from 2001, which required that 1600 cities (approximately 30%) of Brazilian municipalities either create Master Plans or reformulate existing ones according to its principles and on the basis of popular participation. Second, we focus on São Paulo’s Master Plan (2002) and Zoning Law (2004) that fulfill this requirement and on the Plan’s required revision in 2007. By examining this massive constitutionally mandated formulation of urban policy, our aim is to analyse the development of a new paradigm of urban policy that reinvents master planning.
Outcomes of Holmium Laser–Assisted Lithotripsy with Sialendoscopy in Treatment of Sialolithiasis
Authors: Phillips James , Withrow Kirk
Published: March 2014

Objectives

The purpose of the current study was to compare outcomes and complication rates of sialolithiasis treated with intracorporeal holmium laser lithotripsy in conjunction with salivary endoscopy with those treated with simple basket retrieval or a combined endoscopic/open procedure.

Study Design

Case‐comparison study.

Setting

Tertiary hospital.

Methods

Review of prospectively collected data of patients who underwent treatment for sialolithiasis by the senior author during 2011 to 2013. Patient demographics, operative techniques, surgical findings, clinical outcomes, and complications were recorded. Additional information regarding symptoms and satisfaction with treatment was obtained via standardized telephone questionnaire at the time of the data analysis.

Results

Thirty‐one patients were treated for sialolithiasis. Sialoliths averaged 5.9 mm in size (range, 2‐20 mm) and were comparable between both groups. Sixty‐eight percent were in the submandibular gland (n = 21), with the remaining 32% in the parotid gland (n = 10). Fifty‐two percent of patients (n = 16) were treated endoscopically with intracorporeal holmium laser lithotripsy, while the remaining 48% (n = 15) were treated with salivary endoscopy techniques other than laser lithotripsy. Successful stone removal without additional maneuvers occurred in 81% of the laser cases and 93% of the nonlaser group. Patients in the laser group reported an average improvement of symptoms of 95% compared with 90% of the nonlaser group when adjusted for outliers. Complications in all patients included ductal stenosis (n = 2) and salivary fistula (n = 1).

Conclusion

The results of our series show favorable results with the use of intracorporeal holmium laser lithotripsy for the endoscopic management of sialolithiasis with minimal adverse events.
Sustainable Eating
Authors: Beverland Michael B.
Published: March 2014

Livestock production has an enormous impact on climate change emissions, resource use, habitat loss, and the availability of staples for consumers in developing countries. Despite this, macromarketers have paid little attention to environmentally sustainable diets. Although researchers in health studies have identified the need to mainstream plant-based diets, they downplay the socio-cultural meanings associated with meat and vegetable consumption. We propose the challenge of change in eating habits reflects a classic agency-structure tension and draw on Kurt Lewin’s force-field theory to examine five forces for/against the mainstreaming of sustainable diets (human health, environmental sustainability, morality, identity, and institutional factors). Policy solutions are identified with particular attention paid to expanding the size of the health vegetarian segment.
In vitro apatite formation on porous anodic alumina induced by a phosphorylation treatment
Authors: Li Xiaohong , Ni Siyu , Webster Thomas J
Published: March 2014

In this study, a phosphorylation treatment of porous anodic alumina (PAA) was performed by wet impregnation in phosphoric acid and a subsequent heat treatment. The PAA and phosphorylated PAA specimens were analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscope, an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The apatite-forming ability of the phosphorylated PAA was evaluated by soaking the specimens in simulated body fluid for 1, 3, and 7 days. The surface microstructures and chemical property changes after soaking in simulated body fluid were again characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results of this study demonstrated that the functional –PO4 groups introduced onto the PAA surface dramatically promoted the deposition of bone-like apatite on PAA. The results from this study indicated that the phosphorylation treatment of anodic alumina is an effective method for inducing bone-like apatite formation, and this phosphorylated PAA can be a promising candidate to be used as bioactive surface coatings on implant metals and alloys for orthopedic and dental applications.
Which Element Bank Total Factor Productivity Is More Representative: Technological Progress or Efficiency Change?
Authors: Sufian Fadzlan
Published: March 2014

The article employs the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) method to assess the impact of technological change on the obtained total factor productivity (TFP) of Malaysian banks during the period 1998–2008. The preferred methodology enables us to isolate efforts to catch up to the frontier (efficiency change) from shifts in the frontier (technological change). The empirical findings suggest that the Malaysian banking sector has exhibited a marginal TFP progress attributed mainly to the increase in efficiency. During the period under study, the decline in technological change has adverse impact on the TFP of both domestic and foreign banks.
Mutual Economic Interdependence and Military Occupation: Evidences of United States Passive and Active Strategies in Iraq for Oil Security
Authors: Chatterjee Neeladri
Published: March 2014

Oil contributes significantly to the energy mix of United States. Data reveal that United States import crude oil from the Middle East, primarily from Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Kuwait. Historically, there have been several disruptions in oil supplies from Middle East to the United States. From 1991 to 2003, there have been two wars between Iraq and United States. During and after the first Iraq war, supply of crude oil stopped from 1991 to 1995. However, US imports of crude oil from Iraq peaked during 2004, soon after United States occupied Iraq. United States use various active and passive strategies to secure its oil supplies. The article takes the case of United States and Iraq mutual oil trade data for further investigation to empirically examine evidences of passive strategy. The article focuses on finding effects of passive strategies, such as mutual economic interdependence, on oil supplies by using cointegration and Granger’s causality tests. Moreover, the article elaborates on the circumstances under which United States use active strategies (military intervention) to ensure its oil security by taking the example of US invasion of Iraq in 2003. The outcome of the empirical analysis establishes the absence of causal relationship between economic interdependence and oil security, which highlights the lack of effect of passive strategies on oil supplies between United States and Iraq. Conclusions drawn from the available research literature consolidate that US active strategy of military invasion and occupation of an economically weak Iraq resulted from its passive strategy to isolate Iraq on the context of perceived threats from Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) from Iraq. It helped United States to secure oil supplies from Iraq.
Symbolic Consumption in Upscale Cafés
Authors: Kim Donghee , Jang Soocheong (Shawn)
Published: March 2014

The growth in premium coffee consumption in South Korea along with increased incomes and lifestyle changes has created important opportunities for marketers to target customers in the international market. To take advantage of these opportunities, it is critical to understand the underlying factors that motivate Gen Y coffee consumers in Korea in order to provide guidance for international food and beverage businesses. This study investigates three possible mechanisms in terms of the individual, social, and functional evaluations of customers with respect to coffee consumption in upscale cafés. The results of this study provide empirical evidence that the basic motivational drivers of Korean Gen Y consumers’ premium coffee consumption in cafés are similar to dimensions of luxury value such as materialism, conformity, conspicuous tendencies, and functional dimensions. Moreover, this study discovered the moderating effect of income source according to the context in which it is obtained (gifted money or earned money) in terms of young consumers spending habits.
‘It’s too crowded’
Authors: Niven Ailsa , Henretty Joan , Fawkner Samantha
Published: March 2014

Many adolescent girls do not achieve a health-enhancing level of physical activity. This study aimed to identify the school physical environment factors that adolescent girls perceive to be important and influential regarding their physical education (PE) behaviour. Adolescent girls ( n = 38; aged 13–16) participated in eight moderated focus groups, which were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were inductively content-analysed using NVivo to cluster participants’ comments into hierarchical themes. Six higher order themes emerged relating to the physical environment and included both positive and negative comments. Emergent themes related to 1) the activities offered; 2) the quality of the facilities for PE and changing; 3) the equipment available; 4) the length, quantity and scheduling of PE during the day; and the influence of 5) the weather and 6) clothing on PE participation. From the emergent findings it is evident that the physical environment is perceived as important to girls and can influence the quality of their PE experience. These findings may be used by teachers and exercise leaders to create an environment conducive to enhancing physical activity levels.
Constructing cardiovascular fitness knowledge in physical education
Authors: Zhang Tan , Chen Ang , Chen Senlin , Hong Deockki , Loflin Jerry , Ennis Catherine
Published: March 2014

In physical education, it has become necessary for children to learn kinesiological knowledge for understanding the benefits of physical activity and developing a physically active lifestyle. This study was conducted to determine the extent to which cognitive assignments about healthful living and fitness contributed to knowledge growth on cardiorespiratory fitness and health. Fourth grade students ( N = 616) from 15 randomly sampled urban elementary schools completed 34 cognitive assignments related to the cardiorespiratory physical activities they were engaged in across 10 lessons. Performance on the assignments were analyzed in relation to their knowledge gain measured using a standardized knowledge test. A multivariate discriminant analysis revealed that the cognitive assignments contributed to knowledge gain but the contribution varied assignment by assignment. A multiple regression analysis indicated that students’ assignment performance by lesson contributed positively to their knowledge growth scores. A content analysis based on the constructivist learning framework showed that observing–reasoning assignments contributed the most to knowledge growth. Analytical and analytical–application assignments contributed less than the constructivist theories would predict.
Does the small fit them all? The utility of Disabkids-10 Index for the assessment of pediatric health-related quality of life across age-groups, genders, and informants
Authors: Carona Carlos , Silva Neuza , Moreira Helena , Canavarro Maria Cristina , Bullinger Monika
Published: March 2014

The objective of this study was twofold: First, to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis of the Portuguese versions of Disabkids-10; and second, to examine potential differences in factor structures between age-groups, genders, and informants. The sample included 293 school-aged children and adolescents with chronic health conditions and 197 parents. Both family members (whenever possible) completed the self- and proxy-report versions of Disabkids-10. The factorial model of Disabkids-10 had good fit for self-reported data and minimally acceptable fit for proxy-reported data. The multigroup analyses confirmed the model invariance across age-groups (children vs. adolescents), genders (boys vs. girls), and informants (children vs. parents). The generic developmental applicability of these questionnaires makes them recommended for health care routine assessments on pediatric intervention needs and outcomes.
PI3K/Akt pathway restricts epithelial adhesion of Dr+Escherichia coliby down-regulating the expression of decay accelerating factor
Authors: Banadakoppa Manu , Goluszko Pawel , Liebenthal Daniel , Nowicki Bogdan J , Nowicki Stella , Yallampalli Chandra
Published: March 2014

The urogenital microbial infection in pregnancy is an important cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains which express Dr fimbriae (Dr+) are associated with unique gestational virulence and they utilize cell surface decay accelerating factor (DAF or CD55) as one of the cellular receptor before invading the epithelial cells. Previous studies in our laboratory established that nitric oxide reduces the rate of E. coli invasion by delocalizing the DAF protein from cell surface lipid rafts and down-regulating its expression. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) cell signal pathway plays an important role in host-microbe interaction because many bacteria including E. coli activate this pathway in order to establish infection. In the present study, we showed that the PI3K/Akt pathway negatively regulated the expression of DAF on the epithelial cell surface and thus inhibited the adhesion of Dr+E. coli to epithelial cells. Initially, using two human cell lines Ishikawa and HeLa which differ in constitutive activity of PI3K/Akt, we showed that DAF levels were associated with the PI3K/Akt pathway. We then showed that the DAF gene expression was up-regulated and the Dr+E. coli adhesion increased after the suppression of PI3K/Akt pathway in Ishikawa cells using inhibitor LY294002, and a plasmid which allowed the expression of PI3K/Akt regulatory protein PTEN. The down-regulation of PTEN protein using PTEN-specific siRNA activated the PI3K/Akt pathway, down-regulated the DAF, and decreased the adhesion of Dr+E. coli. We conclude that the PI3K/Akt pathway regulated the DAF expression in a nitric oxide independent manner.