bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Involving parents and family environment for enhancing the mathematics education of children with Down syndrome
Authors: Gil‐Clemente Elena , Gasca Ana Millán , Badías Rebeca Paricio
Published: July 2024

A research project involving 16 children with Down syndrome aged 4–14 approaching mathematics at home was developed during the COVID‐19‐lockdown in Spain. In the research project a series of 14 short mathematical challenges were designed and delivered in a WhatsApp group used as a communication and documentation tool with the participating families. Videos recorded by them were subsequently analyzed with the purpose of describing and analyzing: (a) the experience children live in contact with informal situations underlying the concepts of number and shape and (b) the engagement of families. The choice of these informal situations is based upon recent research that shows the need to consider the wide range of occasional experiences with mathematical ideas children have in their family prior to schooling. In order to design productive mathematical activities we drew on our past research for the choosing of crucial mathematical issues (whole numbers, plane geometry, and solids). We discuss the evolution in parents from practical help to deep engagement, and the fact that notwithstanding diversity in family contexts, engagement and an especially joyful approach to mathematics emerged. The use of videos opens up a path to the possibility to online learning for children with Down syndrome.
Disparities in being able to donate human milk impacts upon maternal wellbeing: Lessons for scaling up milk bank service provision
Authors: Brown Amy , Griffiths Catrin , Jones Sara , Weaver Gillian , Shenker Natalie
Published: July 2024

Receiving donor human milk for a baby can have a protective effect upon parental wellbeing. A growing body of research also finds that being able to donate milk to a milk bank, particularly after infant loss, can also boost maternal wellbeing through feelings of altruism and purpose. However, most studies are qualitative, with small sample sizes outside the United Kingdom, and often do not include the experiences of those who have been unable to donate. Our aim was therefore to examine the impact of being able to donate milk, as well as the impact of not being able to do so, using a survey containing open and closed questions in a large UK sample. Overall, 1149 women completed the survey, 417 (36.3%) who donated their milk and 732 (63.7%) who did not. Most women who donated found it had a positive impact upon their wellbeing, feeling proud, useful and that they had achieved something important. Conversely, those unable to donate often felt rejected, frustrated, and excluded, especially if they received no response or felt that restrictions were unfair. Thematic analysis found that being able to donate could help women heal from experiences such as birth trauma, difficult breastfeeding experiences, neonatal unit stays, and infant loss; however, being unable to donate could exacerbate negative emotions arising from similar experiences. A minority of women who donated experienced raised anxiety over following guidelines. These findings further extend the impacts of milk banking services beyond infant health and development and support expanded service delivery.
Adherence to the Mediterranean diet during pregnancy and behavioural problems at 4 years of age
Authors: Cendra‐Duarte Esther , Canals Josefa , Iglesias‐Vázquez Lucía , Jardí Cristina , Martín‐Luján Francisco , Arija Victoria
Published: July 2024

There is an increasing prevalence of psychological issues in childhood. Lifestyle factors during pregnancy, including maternal nutrition, have been linked to children's behavioural development. This study aims to assess the impact of adherence to the Mediterranean diet during pregnancy on the behavioural problems of children at the age of 4. A total of 231 mother‐child pairs were assessed. Maternal adherence to the Mediterranean diet during pregnancy was estimated using a relative Mediterranean Diet Score (rMED). Behavioural outcomes were evaluated through the Child Behaviour Checklist 1½−−5, Teacher's Report Form 1½−5, and Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function—Preschool Version questionnaires. The results indicated that a higher rMED score during pregnancy was associated with a reduced probability of obtaining a clinical score for total problems (OR = 0.42; 95% IC from 0.21 to 0.85), including externalising (OR = 0.29; 95% IC from 0.14 to 0.62), attention problems (OR = 0.32; 95%IC from 0.15 to 0.70), attention‐deficit/hyperactivity problems (OR = 0.36; 95% IC from 0.15 to 0.87), oppositional defiant problems (OR = 0.06; 95% IC from 0.06 to 0.75), and depressive problems (OR = 0.38; 95% IC from 0.15 to 0.96). This study highlights the importance of maternal diet, especially Mediterranean diet, during gestation for proper child development.
The functional lumen imaging probe contractile response pattern is the best predictor of botulinum toxin response in esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
Authors: Biermann Maya , Obineme Chuma , Godiers Marie , Kundu Suprateek , Jain Anand S.
Published: July 2024

Background

Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) is a heterogenous disorder in which the correct management strategy is unclear. We assessed whether functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) topography data could select EGJOO, which would benefit from lower esophageal sphincter Botulinum toxin (Botox) injection.

Methods

This was a single‐center prospective study of adult patients meeting Chicago Classification (CC) v3.0 criteria for EGJOO. We assessed differences in pretreatment physiologic measurements on high‐resolution manometry (HRM) and FLIP and other relevant clinical variables in predicting Botox response (>50% in BEDQ at 2 months).

Key Results

Sixty‐nine patients were included (ages 33–90, 73.9% female). Of these, 42 (61%) were Botox responders. Majority of physiologic measures on HRM and FLIP and esophageal emptying were not different based on Botox response. However, a spastic‐reactive (SR) FLIP contractile response (CR) pattern predicted a Botox response with OR 25.6 (CI 2.9–229.6) when compared to antegrade FLIP CR; and OR for impaired‐disordered/absent CR was 22.5 (CI 2.5–206.7). Logistic regression model using backward elimination (p value = 0.0001, AUC 0.79) showed that a SRCR or IDCR/absent response and the upright IRP predicted Botox response. Response rates in tiered diagnostic groups were: (i) CCv3.0 EGJOO (60.9%), (ii) CCv4.0 EGJOO (73.1%), (iii) CCv4.0 + FLIP REO (80%), (iv) CCv4.0, FLIP REO, and abnormal FLIP CR (84.2%), and (v) CCv4.0, FLIP REO, and SR FLIP CR (90%).

Conclusions and Inferences

FLIP helps identify patients with EGJOO who are likely to response to LES Botox therapy. An abnormal FLIP contractile response pattern is the single‐most important predictor of a Botox response.
Detection of cell‐free tumor DNA in cerebrospinal fluid as a diagnostic biomarker for leptomeningeal melanoma metastasis: A case series
Authors: Dirven Iris , Vounckx Manon , Kessels Jolien I. , Lauwyck Justine , Awada Gil , Vanbinst Anne‐Marie , Neyns Bart
Published: July 2024

Leptomeningeal melanoma metastases (LMM) are associated with poor survival. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, brain MRI and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Inconclusive findings at initial presentation can delay treatment. In this single‐center case series, detection of BRAFV600‐ and NRASQ61‐mutant cell‐free tumor DNA (cfDNA) in CSF was evaluated as a complementary diagnostic biomarker. In 12 patients with clinical suspicion of LMM, a retrospective analysis of MRI, CSF cytology and cfDNA analysis on 1 mL of CSF using the Idylla® platform was carried out. Nine patients displayed MRI abnormalities suggesting LMM. CSF analysis identified malignant cells in three patients (including one without MRI abnormalities). BRAFV600‐ or NRASQ61‐mutant cfDNA was detected in CSF of nine patients (eight with and one without MRI abnormalities; all patients with positive CSF cytology). Subsequent follow‐up confirmed LMM in all patients with positive and in one patient with a negative CSF cfDNA analysis (sensitivity 81.8%; specificity 100%). Our findings suggest that analyzing BRAFV600‐ and NRASQ61‐mutant cfDNA in CSF using the Idylla® platform holds promise as a sensitive and specific complementary diagnostic biomarker for LMM, particularly in case of inconsistency between imaging and CSF cytology. The 110‐min analysis can facilitate urgent treatment decisions.
Characteristics of Bachaur bull semen
Authors: Azad C. S. , Prasad J. K. , Sengupta D. , Sheetal S. K. , Kumar Anil , Rana Tanmoy
Published: July 2024

The Bachaur is a mediumized draft purpose breed which has been recognized by ICAR‐National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR) Karnal, India, and presently is on the verge of extinction. Since there are no data regarding the seminal parameters of this breed, this work was performed to evaluate seminal parameters of freshly ejaculated semen. A total of three healthy breeding Bachaur bulls aged 2.5–5 years were selected for the study which were maintained under identical managemental conditions. Semen parameters of these bulls were studied across 10 ejaculates. The average scrotal circumference and testicular weight of the three bulls were 27.78 ± 1.2 cm and 400.67 ± 26.6 g, respectively. The average overall volume (mL), pH, concentration (million/mL), liveability (%), abnormality (%), HOST (%) and acrosome integrity (%) were 2.20 ± 0.19, 6.86 ± 0.06, 1245.60 ± 23.49, 85.09 ± 0.91, 4.13 ± 0.06, 81.16 ± 1.18 and 83.54 ± 1.32, respectively. The average overall mass motility of three Bachaur bulls was 3.57 ± 0.06 in 0–5 scale and individual motility averaged 84.78 ± 1.70 per cent. The volume of ejaculates in Bachaur bull seemed to be lower as compared to other exotic and Indian breeds. However, the semen parameters with regard to mass motility, liveability, abnormalities, hypo‐osmotic swelling test (HOST) and acrosomal integrity seemed similar to other exotic and Indian breeds.
Delineating dengue risk zones in Jaipur: An interdisciplinary approach to inform public health strategies
Authors: Kanga Shruti , Roy Priyanka , Singh Suraj Kumar , Meraj Gowhar , Kumar Pankaj , Debnath Jatan
Published: July 2024

Dengue fever (DF) is a pervasive public health concern in tropical climates, with densely populated regions, such as India, disproportionately affected. Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted understanding of the environmental and sociocultural factors that contribute to the risk of dengue infection. This study aimed to identify high‐risk zones for DF in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, by integrating physical, demographic, and epidemiological data in a comprehensive risk analysis framework. We investigated environmental variables, such as soil type and plant cover, to characterize the potential habitats of Aedes aegypti, the primary dengue vector. Concurrently, demographic metrics were evaluated to assess the population's susceptibility to dengue outbreaks. High‐risk areas were systematically identified through a comparative analysis that integrated population density and incidence rates per ward. The results revealed a significant correlation between high population density and an increased risk of dengue, predominantly facilitated by vertical transmission. Spatially, these high‐risk zones are concentrated in the northern and southern sectors of Jaipur, with the northern and southwestern wards exhibiting the most acute risk profiles. This study underscores the importance of targeted public health interventions and vaccination campaigns in vulnerable areas. It further lays the groundwork for future research to evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions, thereby contributing to the development of robust evidence‐based strategies for dengue risk mitigation.
Assessing Income Convergence with a Long‐run Forecasting Approach: Some New Results
Authors: Silva Lopes Artur
Published: July 2024

Relying on low frequency econometric methods, a new simple procedure to assess international income convergence is introduced. It implements the long‐run forecasting definition and discards short‐ and medium‐term information contents of the data as these may produce misleading evidence. Robustness to non‐stationarities is achieved using first differences of (logged) per capita incomes. Application to a selected sample of 90 different countries provides mixed but generally more positive evidence than most previous studies. Nevertheless, it casts many doubts on the inevitability of income convergence, at least in practically relevant time frames and as a worldwide phenomenon.
The Life Attachment Scale (LAS‐R)
Authors: Bertelsen Preben , Ozer Simon
Published: July 2024

Introduction

The proposed concept of secure/insecure lifeattachment reflects the experience of the world and life as a good (or insecure/threatening) place to be. The present article describes the theoretical foundation, development, and validation of a revised measure that captures the phenomenon of secure/insecure life attachment. The revised scale consists of seven dimensions: (1) Coexistence, (2) Reliability, (3) Safetiness, (4) Integration, (5) Inclusion, (6) Participation, and (7) Deliberation.

Methods

In three studies (N = 1,059), we examined the factor structure and the convergent and predictive validity of the Life Attachment Scale–Revised (LAS‐R).

Results

Our results support a seven‐factor structure of the scale, reflecting the aforementioned dimensions. Furthermore, convergent and predictive validity were established through correlations with related concepts of life satisfaction, flourishing, openness to the future, and perceived stress.

Conclusion

We have devised and substantiated a scale adept at gauging dimensions of secure and insecure/disordered life attachment. Empirical evidence from statistical analyses supports the assumption that the LAS‐R is psychometrically sound, establishing its reliability and validity as a dependable instrument. Thus, the scale has promising implications for developing the empirical base for research in many areas of psychology, sociology, and the social sciences.
Craving Closure: The Challenges of a Canceled Commencement During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Anderson Erin K.
Published: July 2024

As a result of the COVID‐19 pandemic, significant disruptions were experienced in the 2020 school year. Transitions to remote teaching and student dismissal from campuses contributed to higher rates of stress, anxiety, depression, and uncertainty about student futures. Many educational institutions in the U.S. had to cancel or modify commencement ceremonies in response to social distancing mandates. For emerging adults in college, those ages 18–25, the loss of a traditional graduation event made the transition out of school and into adult roles and responsibilities more challenging. This study, based on qualitative surveys of 38 graduates from the class of 2020 who attended a private liberal arts college and experienced a virtual graduation ceremony, reveals that without the formal closure on the liminal period of emerging adulthood and the college years, many graduates were struggling to feel a sense of being ready to move on to graduate school or adult working roles. The life course perspective is employed to examine the impacts of the disruptions to the educational experience and put the loss of rituals in context for emerging adults today.
Why does international vertical specialisation affect within‐firm skill premium in China? Investigation and interpretation
Authors: Chen Bo
Published: July 2024

With highly disaggregated data during 2000–2006 in China, we construct the firm‐level international vertical specialisation index and find that China's ascension to WTO decreased the index in manufacturing firms. We investigate its relationship with measured skill premium in manufacturing firms and find that a one percentage point decrease in international vertical specialisation could lead to as much as a two‐tenth percentage point deduction in the skill premium. The effect is more pronounced when the specialisation is with OECD developed economies, while it is reversed with non‐OECD economies. Furthermore, the relationship is only significant in ordinary firms though processing firms also experienced changes in international vertical specialisation during the same period. Our results are robust to various empirical alternatives. We then propose a model that features a two‐stage production in Melitz's (2003, Econometrica, 71, 1695) heterogeneous firm model. The model can explain the puzzle why China's trade volume surged after entering WTO, while the degree of international vertical specialisation decreased. Furthermore, it also explains why vertical specialisation might affect within‐firm skill premium under trade liberalisation.
Donor knowledge and perceptions regarding donation‐induced iron depletion and iron supplementation as a blood service policy
Authors: Karregat Jan H. M. , Quee Franke A. , Twisk Jos W. R. , van den Hurk Katja
Published: July 2024

Background and Objectives

Regular whole blood donations are associated with an increased risk of iron deficiency. Iron supplementation is an effective strategy to prevent donation‐induced iron deficiency. However, research on donor perceptions towards such a policy is limited. Therefore, we aim to evaluate donors' knowledge on donation‐induced iron depletion and their perceptions regarding iron supplementation as a blood service policy.

Materials and Methods

Three thousand Dutch whole blood donors were invited to complete a survey assessing their knowledge of donation‐induced iron depletion and attitudes and perceptions towards iron supplementation as a policy. Linear regression modelling was used to evaluate associations between explanatory variables and perceptions.

Results

In total, 1093 (77.1%) donors were included in the analysis. Donors had poor knowledge of current iron management policies, but a better understanding of iron metabolism and supplementation. Iron supplementation as a policy was perceived mainly positive by donors, and the majority were willing to use iron supplements if provided. Iron supplementation was not perceived as invasive or negatively affecting donors' motivation to continue donating. Additional iron monitoring, information and donor physician involvement were regarded as important conditions for implementation. Male sex, trust in the blood service, prior experience with iron supplements and openness towards dietary supplements were strongly positively associated with willingness to use iron supplementation.

Conclusion

Donors' knowledge regarding donation‐induced iron depletion is limited, but not associated with their perceptions regarding iron supplementation. Donors do not consider iron supplementation as invasive, deterring or demotivating, and a majority are willing to take supplements if offered.
Effect of different weed control techniques on the leaf yield and nutritional qualities of Ocimum sanctum
Authors: Osadebe Vivian Ogechi , Ukwu Uchenna Noble , Dauda Nathaniel , Nwamba Ifesinachi Martha , Ede Amos Ejike , Enyi Jacob Ikechukwu , Onah Anthony Ikechukwu
Published: July 2024

Ocimum sanctum is a leaf‐vegetable and spice crop with several nutritional, therapeutic, and curative properties. Economic losses due to weeds have posed a major challenge to farmers, who have adopted different techniques to manage weeds without regard to its effect on the crop's nutritional qualities. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of weed control techniques on weed eradication, leaf yield, and nutritional qualities of O. sanctum. Nine weed control techniques comprising black, red, and transparent polyethylene mulches, rice husk and sawdust mulches, daily removal of weed (DROW), hoe‐weeded, application of Haloxyfop post‐emergence herbicide spray (PEHS), and un‐weeded were investigated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant variations in leaf‐yield and nutritional qualities among the different weed control techniques were recorded. Leaf yield was higher in plots treated with rice husk and black polyethylene mulches. Haloxyfop PEHS and transparent polyethylene mulch were superior in enhancing the proximate and vitamin contents of O. sanctum while black polyethylene and DROW were more efficient in weed control compared with the other weed control techniques. The use of polyethylene mulch as an effective weed management option offers numerous benefits for agriculture and gardening. Its ability to conserve moisture, suppress weed growth, and improve the crop microclimate, makes it a sustainable and cost‐effective option for farmers globally. Additionally, the use of herbicide to exploit plant biosynthetic pathways could lead to the unearthing of chemical innovations that could in addition to eradicating weed, also improve the nutritional qualities of crop.
Translations and Adaptations of Assessment Tools in Early Childhood Education: A Scoping Review
Authors: Charran Chelseaia , Dionne Carmen
Published: July 2024

Objective: This scoping review sought to provide an insight into the key processes used in the translation and adaptation of assessment tools in peer-reviewed literature on assessment tools in early childhood education. Methods: Peer-reviewed articles published between 2012 and 2022 were identified via independent systematic searches using the databases Academic Search Complete, ERIC, Education Source, and APA PsycInfo. The articles included in this scoping were coded using a data extraction form developed for specifically for this study. Results: In the 56 articles selected, 33 reported forward translation; the analyses and findings of this scoping review were based on these 33. 30% of the articles did not report any methods of quality control methods. The most used quality control methods were back-translation only, and back-translation and expert review. 42% specified at what point the target population was included in the adaption process, and the preference was during pilot testing and focus groups. Regarding translators, 7 articles indicated the tools were translated by the researchers, 10 by independent bilinguals, and 3 utilized a team in the translation process. Conclusion: While cultural relevance and appropriateness were emphasized in these articles, there is limited information reported on what this process entailed. There were no specific or general guidelines reported. More focus should be placed on developing a culturally relevant protocol and related guidelines for the translation and adaptation process of assessment tools.
Maximizing the Benefits of ChatGPT with FIRST-ADLX Framework: Promoting Responsible, Ethical, and Impactful AI Integration in Education
Authors: Almasri Zeina , Bahgat Mohamed , Seddek Ahmed , Elsafty Ashraf
Published: July 2024

In the era of fast technological advancements and the inclusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education, it is more important than ever for educators to have a pedagogy that embeds this technology. A humanistic approach to education is demanded. The focus on the individual student and their emotional and spiritual needs is essential if an active deep learner experience is to be created.This paper aims to explore the integration of Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT) within Focusing, Interacting, Reviewing, Sequencing, Transforming-Active Deep Learner eXperience Framework (FIRST-ADLX Framework) and investigate the framework’s capacity to effectively incorporate the latest technology while prioritizing the learners’ needs and promoting responsible and ethical use of AI in education. By embedding ChatGPT within a comprehensive, holistic, and humanized Framework that prioritizes pedagogy over technology and focuses on the learner rather than on the digital tool, it becomes possible to create an immersive and impactful ADLX. This ensures that the technology used enhances the learner’s experience and does not overshadow it. Furthermore, the study shows how the implementation of the domains and principles of FIRST-ADLX Framework can maximize the benefits of ChatGPT in particular, encourages facilitators and learners to embrace AI technologies as valuable tools and resources, and supports both in utilizing AI ethically, responsibly, and appropriately.The study adopts a qualitative auto-ethnographic approach where data is collected from the facilitator’s personal diary, observations, participants’ comments, and assessments furthermore, this study offers a more objective perspective and embraces descriptive quantitative methods to analyze the results of formative quizzes and the final summative assessment. This approach aims to emphasize the importance of integrating AI within a comprehensive and humanistic framework, avoiding its random use and ensuring alignment with student-centered principles.
Drivers of epidemic dynamics in real time from daily digital COVID-19 measurements
Authors: Kendall Michelle , Ferretti Luca , Wymant Chris , Tsallis Daphne , Petrie James , Di Francia Andrea , Di Lauro Francesco , Abeler-Dörner Lucie , Manley Harrison , Panovska-Griffiths Jasmina , Ledda Alice , Didelot Xavier , Fraser Christophe
Published: July 2024

Understanding the drivers of respiratory pathogen spread is challenging, particularly in a timely manner during an ongoing epidemic. In this work, we present insights that we obtained using daily data from the National Health Service COVID-19 app for England and Wales and that we shared with health authorities in almost real time. Our indicator of the reproduction number
R
(
t
) was available days earlier than other estimates, with an innovative capability to decompose
R
(
t
) into contact rates and probabilities of infection. When Omicron arrived, the main epidemic driver switched from contacts to transmissibility. We separated contacts and transmissions by day of exposure and setting and found pronounced variability over days of the week and during Christmas holidays and events. For example, during the Euro football tournament in 2021, days with England matches showed sharp spikes in exposures and transmissibility. Digital contact-tracing technologies can help control epidemics not only by directly preventing transmissions but also by enabling rapid analysis at scale and with unprecedented resolution.
Pathogenic strategies of
Pseudogymnoascus destructans
during torpor and arousal of hibernating bats
Authors: Isidoro-Ayza Marcos , Klein Bruce S.
Published: July 2024

Millions of hibernating bats across North America have died from white-nose syndrome (WNS), an emerging disease caused by a psychrophilic (cold-loving) fungus,
Pseudogymnoascus destructans
, that invades their skin. Mechanisms of
P. destructans
invasion of bat epidermis remain obscure. Guided by our in vivo observations, we modeled hibernation with a newly generated little brown bat (
Myotis lucifugus
) keratinocyte cell line. We uncovered the stealth intracellular lifestyle of
P. destructans
, which inhibits apoptosis of keratinocytes and spreads through the cells by two epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)–dependent mechanisms: active penetration during torpor and induced endocytosis during arousal. Melanin of endocytosed
P. destructans
blocks endolysosomal maturation, facilitating
P. destructans
survival and germination after return to torpor. Blockade of EGFR aborts
P. destructans
entry into keratinocytes.
A quantum-network register assembled with optical tweezers in an optical cavity
Authors: Hartung Lukas , Seubert Matthias , Welte Stephan , Distante Emanuele , Rempe Gerhard
Published: July 2024

Quantum computation and quantum communication are expected to provide users with capabilities inaccessible by classical physics. However, scalability to larger systems with many qubits is challenging. One solution is to develop a quantum network consisting of small-scale quantum registers containing computation qubits that are reversibly interfaced to communication qubits. In this study, we report on a register that uses both optical tweezers and optical lattices to deterministically assemble a two-dimensional array of atoms in an optical cavity. Harnessing a single atom–addressing beam, we stimulate the emission of a photon from each atom and demonstrate multiplexed atom-photon entanglement with a generation-to-detection efficiency approaching 90%. Combined with cavity-mediated quantum logic, our approach provides a possible route to distributed quantum information processing.
Meet the Mississippi
The Great River: The Making and Unmaking of the Mississippi
Boyce Upholt
Norton, 2024. 352 pp.
Authors: Doyle Martin
Published: July 2024

A rich introduction captures some but not all the remarkable river has to offer
Particle resupply in the lower atmosphere
Authors: Coe Hugh
Published: July 2024

New atmospheric particles form when the stratosphere intrudes into the troposphere
Co-infection dynamics of
B. afzelii
and TBEV in C3H mice: insights and implications for future research
Authors: Porcelli Stefania , Heckmann Aurélie , Deshuillers Pierre Lucien , Wu-Chuang Alejandra , Galon Cleménce , Mateos-Hernandez Lourdes , Rakotobe Sabine , Canini Laetitia , Rego Ryan O. M. , Simo Ladislav , Lagrée Anne-Claire , Cabezas-Cruz Alejandro , Moutailler Sara
Published: July 2024

Ticks are important vectors of disease, particularly in the context of One Health, where tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are increasingly prevalent worldwide. TBDs often involve co-infections, where multiple pathogens co-exist in a single host. Patients with chronic Lyme disease often have co-infections with other bacteria or parasites. This study aimed to create a co-infection model with
Borrelia afzelii
and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in C3H mice and to evaluate symptoms, mortality, and pathogen level compared to single infections. Successful co-infection of C3H mice with
B. afzelii
and TBEV was achieved. Outcomes varied, depending on the timing of infection. When TBEV infection followed
B. afzelii
infection by 9 days, TBEV symptoms worsened and virus levels increased. Conversely, mice infected 21 days apart with TBEV showed milder symptoms and lower mortality. Simultaneous infection resulted in mild symptoms and no deaths. However, our model did not effectively infect ticks with TBEV, possibly due to suboptimal dosing, highlighting the challenges of replicating natural conditions. Understanding the consequences of co-infection is crucial, given the increasing prevalence of TBD. Co-infected individuals may experience exacerbated symptoms, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding through refined animal models. This study advances knowledge of TBD and highlights the importance of exploring co-infection dynamics in host-pathogen interactions.
Complete genome sequences of
Arthrobacter globiformis
phages Uzumaki and Argan of cluster AU6
Authors: Mathew Brandon , Lee Andrew Sean , Chen Katie , Kaczmarski Michael , Oommen Nigel , Mehaboob Asweel , Patel Vrushali , Patel Yamini , Saji Hannah , Shamsi Muhammad Ayaan , Gibb Bryan
Published: July 2024

Bacteriophages Uzumaki and Argan infect
Arthrobacter globiformis
B-2880 isolated from soil samples in Long Island, New York. These bacteriophages have lambda-like morphology with prolate capsid and share 97% gene content similarity. These traits place them in cluster AU6 with other related
Arthrobacter
phages.
Genomic analysis and identification of a novel superantigen, SargEY, in
Staphylococcus argenteus
isolated from atopic dermatitis lesions
Authors: Aziz Fatkhanuddin , Hisatsune Junzo , Ono Hisaya K. , Kajimura Junko , Yu Liansheng , Masuda Kanako , Kitagawa Hiroki , Sato'o Yusuke , Yahara Koji , Yamaoka Mika , Nakane Akio , Kawasaki Hiroshi , Obata Shoko , Fukushima-Nomura Ayano , Ito Yoshihiro , Aung Meiji Soe , Amagai Masayuki , Salasia Siti Isrina Oktavia , Ohge Hiroki , Kusunoki Yoichiro , Sugai Motoyuki
Published: July 2024

During surveillance of
Staphylococcus aureus
in lesions from patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), we isolated
Staphylococcus argenteus
, a species registered in 2011 as a new member of the genus
Staphylococcus
and previously considered a lineage of
S. aureus
. Genome sequence comparisons between
S. argenteus
isolates and representative
S. aureus
clinical isolates from various origins revealed that the
S. argenteus
genome from AD patients closely resembles that of
S. aureus
causing skin infections. We previously reported that 17%–22% of
S. aureus
isolated from skin infections produce staphylococcal enterotoxin Y (SEY), which predominantly induces T-cell proliferation via the T-cell receptor (TCR) Vα pathway. Complete genome sequencing of
S. argenteus
isolates revealed a gene encoding a protein similar to superantigen SEY, designated as SargEY, on its chromosome. Population structure analysis of
S. argenteus
revealed that these isolates are ST2250 lineage, which was the only lineage positive for the SEY-like gene among
S. argenteus
. Recombinant SargEY demonstrated immunological cross-reactivity with anti-SEY serum. SargEY could induce proliferation of human CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells, as well as production of TNF-α and IFN-γ. SargEY showed emetic activity in a marmoset monkey model. S
arg
EY and SET (a phylogenetically close but uncharacterized SE) revealed their dependency on TCR Vα in inducing human T-cell proliferation. Additionally, TCR sequencing revealed other previously undescribed Vα repertoires induced by SEH. S
arg
EY and SEY may play roles in exacerbating the respective toxin-producing strains in AD.

IMPORTANCE

Staphylococcus aureus
is frequently isolated from active lesions of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. We reported that 17%–22% of
S. aureus
isolated from AD patients produced a novel superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin Y (SEY). Unlike many
S
.
aureus
superantigens that activate T cells via T-cell receptor (TCR) Vß, SEY activates T cells via TCR Vα and stimulates cytokine secretion.
Staphylococcus argenteus
was isolated from AD patients during the surveillance for
S. aureus
. Phylogenetic comparison of the genome indicated that the isolate was very similar to
S. aureus
causing skin infections. The isolate encoded a SEY-like protein, designated SargEY, which, like SEY, activated T cells via the TCR Vα. ST2250 is the only lineage positive for SargEY gene. ST2250
S. argenteus
harboring a superantigen SargEY gene may be a novel staphylococcal clone that infects human skin and is involved in the exacerbation of AD.
Intraspecies interactions of
Streptococcus mutans
impact biofilm architecture and virulence determinants in childhood dental caries
Authors: Momeni Stephanie S. , Cao Xixi , Xie Baotong , Rainey Katherine , Childers Noel K. , Wu Hui
Published: July 2024

Early childhood dental caries (ECC) is the most common chronic disease among children, especially among low socioeconomic populations.
Streptococcus mutans
is most frequently associated with initiation of ECC. Although many studies report children with multiple
S. mutans
strains (i.e., genotypes) have greater odds of developing ECC, studies investigating intraspecies interactions in dental caries are lacking. This study investigates the impact of intraspecies interactions on cariogenic and fitness traits of clinical
S. mutans
isolates using
in vitro
and
in vivo
approaches. Association analysis evaluated if presence of multiple
S. mutans
genotypes within the first year of colonization was associated with caries. Initially, clinical
S. mutans
isolates from 10 children were evaluated.
S. mutans
strains (G09 and G18, most prevalent) isolated from one child were used for subsequent analysis. Biofilm analysis was performed for single and mixed cultures to assess cariogenic traits, including biofilm biomass, intra-polysaccharide, pH, and glucan. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and time-lapse imaging were used to evaluate spatial and temporal biofilm dynamics, respectively. A
Drosophila
model was used to assess colonization
in vivo
. Results showed the mean biofilm pH was significantly lower in co-cultured biofilms versus monoculture. Doubling of
S. mutans
biofilms was observed by CLSM and
in vivo
colonization in
Drosophila
for co-cultured
S. mutans
. Individual strains occupied specific domains in co-culture and G09 contributed most to increased co-culture biofilm thickness and colonization in
Drosophila
. Biofilm formation and acid production displayed distinct signatures in time-lapsed experiments. This study illuminates that intraspecies interactions of
S. mutans
significantly impacts biofilm acidity, architecture, and colonization.

IMPORTANCE

This study sheds light on the complex dynamics of a key contributor to early childhood dental caries (ECC) by exploring intraspecies interactions of different
S. mutans
strains and their impact on cariogenic traits. Utilizing clinical isolates from children with ECC, the research highlights significant differences in biofilm architecture and acid production in mixed versus single genotype cultures. The findings reveal that co-cultured
S. mutans
strains exhibit increased cell density and acidity, with individual strains occupying distinct domains. These insights, enhanced by use of time-lapsed confocal laser scanning microscopy and a
Drosophila
model, offer a deeper understanding of ECC pathogenesis and potential avenues for targeted interventions.
Full-genome sequencing of dozens of new DNA viruses found in Spanish bat feces
Authors: Buigues Jaime , Viñals Adrià , Martínez-Recio Raquel , Monrós Juan S. , Sanjuán Rafael , Cuevas José M.
Published: July 2024

Bats are natural hosts of multiple viruses, many of which have clear zoonotic potential. The search for emerging viruses has been aided by the implementation of metagenomic tools, which have also enabled the detection of unprecedented viral diversity. Currently, this search is mainly focused on RNA viruses, which are largely over-represented in databases. To compensate for this research bias, we analyzed fecal samples from 189 Spanish bats belonging to 22 different species using viral metagenomics. This allowed us to identify 52 complete or near-complete viral genomes belonging to the families
Adenoviridae
,
Circoviridae
,
Genomoviridae
,
Papillomaviridae
,
Parvoviridae, Polyomaviridae
and
Smacoviridae
. Of these, 30 could constitute new species, doubling the number of viruses currently described in Europe. These findings open the door to a more thorough analysis of bat DNA viruses and their zoonotic potential.

IMPORTANCE

Metagenomics has become a fundamental tool to characterize the global virosphere, allowing us not only to understand the existing viral diversity and its ecological implications but also to identify new and emerging viruses. RNA viruses have a higher zoonotic potential, but this risk is also present for some DNA virus families. In our study, we analyzed the DNA fraction of fecal samples from 22 Spanish bat species, identifying 52 complete or near-complete genomes of different viral families with zoonotic potential. This doubles the number of genomes currently described in Europe. Metagenomic data often produce partial genomes that can be difficult to analyze. Our work, however, has characterized a large number of complete genomes, thus facilitating their taxonomic classification and enabling different analyses to be carried out to evaluate their zoonotic potential. For example, recombination studies are relevant since this phenomenon could play a major role in cross-species transmission.
Marine redox and nutrient dynamics linked to the Cambrian radiation of animals
Authors: Liu Yang , Bowyer Fred T. , Zhu Maoyan , Xiong Yijun , He Tianchen , Han Meiling , Tang Xuan , Zhang Jinchuan , Poulton Simon W.
Published: July 2024

The early Cambrian witnessed an increase in metazoan ecosystem complexity, likely linked to enhanced oxygen and nutrient availability. However, while improved stratigraphic and geochemical records suggest that the Cambrian explosion occurred under highly dynamic redox conditions, mechanistic links to nutrient availability and early Cambrian evolutionary innovations are poorly constrained. Here, we report paleoredox and nutrient data for two drill cores documenting late Cambrian Stage 2 to Stage 3 (ca. 522–514 Ma) strata from the Yangtze block, South China. The development of water-column euxinia during Cambrian Stage 2 led to extensive recycling of P, fueling elevated primary production and hence an increase in atmospheric and shallow-marine oxygen concentrations. The resulting expansion of oxygenated shelf area promoted sedimentary P retention and, in combination with a diminished supply of P from upwelling, drove a transition to oligotrophic shallow-marine conditions during Cambrian Stage 3. Reduced primary production and limited water-column oxygen consumption allowed for the stabilization of oxygenated continental shelf habitats that supported a burgeoning biotic complexity.
Supplemental Material: Quaternary volcanism in southeastern Tibetan Plateau: A record of Neo-Tethyan oceanic slab stagnant in the mantle transition zone
Authors: Kang Huan , Zhao Yongwei , et al.
Published: July 2024

Text S1 (analytical methods) and Text S2 (mass-balance modeling), Figures S1–S6, and Tables S1–S9.
Recurrent Salmonella bacteraemia and right internal iliac artery endarteritis in a splenectomised patient
Authors: Siddiqui Nabiya N , Berenson Charles S
Published: July 2024

A man in his mid-70s with a complex medical history, including splenectomy, presented with fever and rigours. Workup revealedSalmonella entericaserotypetyphimuriumbacteraemia and right internal iliac artery endarteritis. Two weeks following a 6-week course of antibiotics, he had a recurrence of Salmonella bacteraemia requiring an extended course of treatment.
Systemic capillary leak syndrome in a patient treated with nivolumab/ipilimumab immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma with concurrent COVID-19 vaccination
Authors: Tan Azriel , Polkinghorne Adam , Branley James
Published: July 2024

Systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) is a rare and life-threatening disorder characterised by leaking of intravascular fluid to extravascular tissues. An association with immunotherapy and COVID-19 vaccination has been reported as potential triggers. A case of a patient in her 70s developing SCLS after the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) COVID-19 vaccination with a history of metastatic melanoma treated with nivolumab (PD-1 monoclonal antibody) and ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody) is reported. The aetiology and management of SCLS are also reviewed in this case context.
Development and validation of a Non-INvaSive Pregnancy RIsk ScoRE (INSPIRE) for the screening of high-risk pregnant women for gestational diabetes mellitus in Pakistan
Authors: Naz Sabahat , Jamal Samreen , Jaffar Ali , Azam Iqbal , Chandir Subhash , Qureshi Rahat , Babar Neelofur , Wali Aisha Syed , Iqbal Romaina
Published: July 2024

Introduction

The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is on the rise in low-income and middle-income countries, such as Pakistan. Therefore, the development of a risk score that is simple, affordable and easy to administer is needed. Our study aimed to develop a Non-INvaSive Pregnancy RIsk ScoRE (INSPIRE) for GDM screening in Pakistani pregnant women based on risk factors reported in the literature.

Methods

Using a cross-sectional study design, we enrolled 500 pregnant women who attended antenatal clinics at one tertiary and two secondary care hospitals in Karachi between the 28th and 32nd weeks of gestation. We randomly divided data into derivation (n=404; 80%) and validation datasets (n=96; 20%). We conducted interviews to collect information on sociodemographic factors and family history of diabetes, measured mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and reviewed the medical records of women for obstetric history and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results. We performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis to obtain coefficients of selected predictors for GDM in the derivation dataset. Calibration was estimated using Pearson’s χ2 goodness of fit test while discrimination was checked using the area under the curve (AUC) in the validation dataset.

Results

Overall, the GDM prevalence was 26% (n=130). INSPIRE was based on six predictors: maternal age, MUAC, family history of diabetes, a history of GDM, previous bad obstetrical outcome and a history of macrosomia. INSPIRE achieved a good calibration (Pearson’s χ2=29.55, p=0.08) and acceptable discrimination with an AUC of 0.721 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.83) with a sensitivity of 74.1% and specificity of 59.4% in the validation dataset.

Conclusion

We developed and validated an INSPIRE that efficiently differentiates Pakistani pregnant women at high risk of GDM from those at low risk, thus reducing the unnecessary burden of the OGTT test.
Cross-validation of the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy second edition (CAPL-2) for Spanish children
Authors: Mendoza Muñoz Maria , López-Gil José Francisco , Pastor-Cisneros Raquel , Castillo Paredes Antonio , Urbano Mairena Javier , Tremblay Mark , Carlos Vivas Jorge
Published: July 2024

Background/objective

This study aimed to explore physical literacy (PL) using the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy, second edition (CAPL-2), adapt it to the Spanish context and provide evidence of its validity for use in Spanish children aged 8–12.

Methods

A total of 280 students (150 girls, mean age 10.5±0.9 years) from Extremadura (Spain) completed the CAPL-2. Means and SDs were used to present CAPL-2 scores according to age and sex, as well as frequencies to place participants at different PL levels. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to establish the best model fit for the data.

Results

The median PL of Spanish children was progressing, and girls had a lower PL than boys for all ages except 12 years. The results supported a four-domain model for the CAPL-2 Spanish version and reported good fit indices after CFA (χ2per df ratio=1.118; P (χ2)=0.256; root mean square error of approximation=0.021; comparative fit index=0.987; Tuker-Lewis index=0.991; normed fit index=0.895).

Conclusion

The CAPL-2 model is a valid and reliable instrument for Spanish children aged 8–12. It represents the first tool that assesses PL in Spanish children, covering the domains of motivation and confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding, and daily behaviour. It may be relevant for all professionals related to physical activity, education and the health field.
Burden of unintentional drowning in China from 1990 to 2019 and exposure to water: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study
Authors: Jin Ye , Ye Pengpeng , Tian Maoyi , Duan Leilei , Peden Amy E , Franklin Richard Charles
Published: July 2024

Background

Drowning is an important contributor to the burden of deaths in China. Exposure to open water is a risk factor for drowning, but few studies quantify its impact on drowning. The purpose of this study was to provide an up-to-date analysis of unintentional drowning in China, including impact of exposure to open water.

Methods

Chinese provincial data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 were used to describe the burden of unintentional drowning in 33 provinces and changes from 1990 to 2019. Provincial outdoor open water resource data were used to explore the relationship between outdoor open water resources and drowning burden using K-median clustering analysis.

Results

Between 1990 and 2019, the unintentional drowning incidence, mortality and disability adjusted life years (DALY) rates declined by 31.2%, 68.6% and 74.9%, respectively, with differences by age, sex and province. In 2019, the DALY rate for drowning was relatively higher in children under 20 year, the elderly over 80 years than other age groups and was relatively higher in men. There was no statistical difference in overall incidence rate by sex. Provincial differences in unintentional drowning burden show a positive relationship with the availability and size of outdoor open water.

Conclusions

As expected availability of water increases drowning risk. There is a need to address drowning environmental risk especially among children and the elderly. Localised water safety plans which consider drowning burden and environmental risk factors are needed in China to ensure a sustained decline of unintentional drowning.