bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hierarchically Nanoporous Bioactive Glasses for High Efficiency Immobilization of Enzymes
Authors: He Wen , Min Dandan , Zhang Xudong , Zhang Yang , Bi Zhiying , Yue Yuanzheng
Published: December 2013

Bioactive glasses with hierarchical nanoporosity and structures have been heavily involved in immobilization of enzymes. Because of meticulous design and ingenious hierarchical nanostructuration of porosities from yeast cell biotemplates, hierarchically nanostructured porous bioactive glasses can provide a simple, cost‐effective way to enhance catalytic activity of directly immobilized enzyme. Its unique chemical surface properties and hierarchical meso/macroporous structures lead to highly efficient catalytic performances of the directly immobilized enzymes. The enzyme molecules were spontaneously entrapped into the highly curved macropores (200–500 nm) via multipoint metal ion binding in electrical double layers. Hence, the enzyme activity and enzyme loading were enhanced, the cost of enzyme use was reduced, showing higher thermal and storage stabilities than free enzyme. The reactant and products of catalytic reactions can freely diffuse through open mesopores (2–40 nm). The formation mechanism of hierarchically structured porous bioactive glasses, the immobilization mechanism of enzyme and the catalysis mechanism of immobilized enzyme are then discussed. The novel nanostructure with advanced properties is expected to be utilized as a solid support for any enzyme for bioconversion, bioremediation, biosensors and drugs.
Understanding the Rate Capability of High‐Energy‐Density Li‐Rich Layered Li1.2Ni0.15Co0.1Mn0.55O2 Cathode Materials
Authors: Yu Xiqian , Lyu Yingchun , Gu Lin , Wu Huiming , Bak Seong‐Min , Zhou Yongning , Amine Khalil , Ehrlich Steven N. , Li Hong , Nam Kyung‐Wan , Yang Xiao‐Qing
Published: December 2013

The high‐energy‐density, Li‐rich layered materials, i.e., xLiMO2(1‐x)Li2MnO3, are promising candidate cathode materials for electric energy storage in plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). The relatively low rate capability is one of the major problems that need to be resolved for these materials. To gain insight into the key factors that limit the rate capability, in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies of the cathode material, Li1.2Ni0.15Co0.1Mn0.55O2 [0.5Li(Ni0.375Co0.25 Mn0.375)O2·0.5Li2MnO3], are carried out. The partial capacity contributed by different structural components and transition metal elements is elucidated and correlated with local structure changes. The characteristic reaction kinetics for each element are identified using a novel time‐resolved XAS technique. Direct experimental evidence is obtained showing that Mn sites have much poorer reaction kinetics both before and after the initial activation of Li2MnO3, compared to Ni and Co. These results indicate that Li2MnO3 may be the key component that limits the rate capability of Li‐rich layered materials and provide guidance for designing Li‐rich layered materials with the desired balance of energy density and rate capability for different applications.
Effect of reaction conditions on supercritical hexanes mediated higher alcohol synthesis over a CuCoZn catalyst
Authors: Xu Rui , Zhang Sihe , Stewart Charlotte , Durham Ed , Eden Mario R. , Roberts Christopher B.
Published: December 2013

Higher alcohol synthesis (HAS) from syngas over a CuCo based catalyst was investigated under supercritical hexanes conditions. The effects of hexanes/syngas molar ratio, H2/CO molar ratio, and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) on gas‐phase HAS and supercritical hexanes‐phase HAS (SC‐HAS) were investigated. The CO conversion remained relatively constant with increases in the hexanes/syngas molar ratio, whereas the CH4 selectivity decreased. Higher alcohol productivity was found to increase monotonically with an increase in the hexanes/syngas molar ratio. Productivity of higher alcohols increased with an increase in the H2/CO ratio under the gas‐phase conditions. An opposite trend in higher alcohol productivity with H2/CO was observed in SC‐HAS. Further experiments were performed using argon as the reaction medium for comparison with the supercritical hexanes medium results. The enhanced higher alcohol productivity observed in this system can be attributed to improved extraction of alcohol products from the catalyst pores under the supercritical conditions. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1786–1796, 2014
Characteristic brain magnetic resonance imaging pattern in patients with macrocephaly and PTEN mutations
Authors: Vanderver Adeline , Tonduti Davide , Kahn Ilana , Schmidt Johanna , Medne Livija , Vento Jodie , Chapman Kimberly A. , Lanpher Brendan , Pearl Phillip , Gropman Andrea , Lourenco Charles , Bamforth John‐Steven , Sharpe Cynthia , Pineda Mercédes , Schallner Jens , Bodamer Olaf , Orcesi Simona , Oberstein Saskia A. J. Lesnik , Sistermans Erik A. , Yntema Helger G. , Bonnemann Carsten , Waldman Amy T. , van der Knaap Marjo S.
Published: December 2013

We describe an MRI phenotype seen in a series of patients with mutations in PTEN who have clinical features consistent with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS). Retrospective review of clinical data and MRI was performed in 23 subjects evaluated in four different tertiary care centers with clinical programs in inherited disorders of the white matter. Patients were referred due to abnormal MRI features and abnormal PTEN sequencing was identified. All subjects had significant macrocephaly (on average >4 SD above the mean), developmental delay with or without autism spectrum disorder and uniform MRI features of enlarged perivascular spaces and multifocal periventricular white matter abnormalities. The phenotype of PHTS may include MRI abnormalities such as multifocal periventricular white matter abnormalities and enlarged perivascular spaces. These neuroimaging findings, in association with macrocephaly and developmental delay, should prompt consideration of PTEN as a diagnostic possibility. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An exploration of adult body shape and limb proportions at Kellis 2, Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt
Authors: Bleuze Michele M. , Wheeler Sandra M. , Dupras Tosha L. , Williams Lana J. , El Molto J.
Published: December 2013

Several studies have shown that the human body generally conforms to the ecogeographical expectations of Bergmann's and Allen's rules; however, recent evidence suggests that these expectations may not hold completely for some populations. Egypt is located at the crossroads of Sub‐Saharan Africa, Southern Europe, and the Near East, and gene flow among groups in these regions may confound ecogeographical patterning. In this study, we test the fit of the adult physique of a large sample (N = 163) of females and males from the Kellis 2 cemetery (Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt) against ecogeographical predictions. Body shape (i.e., body mass relative to stature) was assessed by the femur head diameter to bicondylar femur length index (FHD/BFL), and brachial and crural indices were calculated to examine intralimb proportions. Body shape in the Kellis 2 sample is not significantly different from high‐latitude groups and a Lower Nubian sample, and intralimb proportions are not significantly different from mid‐latitude and other low‐latitude groups. This study demonstrates the potential uniqueness of body shape and intralimb proportions in an ancient Egyptian sample, and further highlights the complex relationship between ecogeographic patterning and adaptation. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:496–505, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stable isotopic reconstructions of adult diets and infant feeding practices during urbanization of the city of Edo in 17th century Japan
Authors: Tsutaya Takumi , Nagaoka Tomohito , Sawada Junmei , Hirata Kazuaki , Yoneda Minoru
Published: December 2013

The urbanization of the city of Edo, the capital of premodern Japan, has been assumed to be not as a result of natural increase but that of in‐migration although this assumption has never been verified. To obtain information on natural fertility in Edo, we analyzed stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in 46 adult and 84 subadult human skeletons excavated from the Hitotsubashi site (1657–1683 AD: the early Edo period), Tokyo, Japan and reconstructed their breastfeeding period, one of the most important determinants of fertility. Adult females are significantly more depleted in 15N by 0.7‰ than adult males, suggesting a dietary differentiation between sexes and/or the effect of pregnancy. The changes in the nitrogen isotope ratios of subadults suggest that supplementary foods were introduced around the age of 0.2 years and weaning ended around 3.1 years, which agrees with descriptions in various historical documents of the period. The duration of breastfeeding in the Hitotsubashi population was relatively longer than those in modern industrial and traditional societies and four previously reported populations in medieval and in the industrial England. As later weaning closely associates with longer inter‐birth interval for mothers, our data suggest a lower natural fertility for the Hitotsubashi population. Assuming that the proportion of married people was also lower in the major cities of the earlier Edo period, our results support the assumption that Edo developed and increased its population by attracting immigrants during urbanization. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:559–569, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rashba coupling induced by Lorentz symmetry breaking effects
Authors: Bakke Knut , Belich Humberto
Published: December 2013

The arising of a Rashba‐like coupling, a Zeeman‐like term and a Darwin‐like term induced by Lorentz symmetry breaking effects in the non‐relativistic quantum dynamics of a spin‐1/2 neutral particle interacting with external fields is studied. Moreover, the influence of a Rashba‐like coupling induced by a Lorentz symmetry violation background on the Tan–Inkson potential [W.‐C. Tan and J. C. Inkson, Semicond. Sci. Technol.11, 1635 (1996)] is discussed.
Analysis of flavonoids regulating the expression of UGT1A1 via xenobiotic receptors in intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Hiura Yuto , Satsu Hideo , Hamada Mika , Shimizu Makoto
Published: December 2013

UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 is one of the major metabolic enzymes for the detoxification of harmful xenobiotics in intestines, and its expression is regulated by transcription factors like the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR). A screening assay using real‐time PCR showed that baicalein and 3‐hydroxyflavone induced human UGT1A1 mRNA expression in LS180 cells. Experimental results confirmed that these flavonoids increased UGT1A protein expression as well as its enzymatic activity. The results indicated that baicalein and 3‐hydroxyflavone increased the transcriptional activity of UGT1A1 via AhR and PXR, respectively. Observation via immunofluorescence microscopy suggested that baicalein and 3‐hydroxyflavone further induced nuclear translocation of AhR and PXR, respectively. In addition, direct interaction between baicalein and AhR or 3‐hydroxyflavone and PXR were observed using the quartz crystal microbalance method. These results elucidate the molecular mechanism of flavonoid‐induced UGT1A1 gene expression via xenobiotic receptors in the intestines. © 2013 BioFactors, 40(3):336–345, 2014
The structural comparison between membrane‐associated human carbonic anhydrases provides insights into drug design of selective inhibitors
Authors: Alterio Vincenzo , Pan Peiwen , Parkkila Seppo , Buonanno Martina , Supuran Claudiu T. , Monti Simona M. , De Simone Giuseppina
Published: December 2013

Carbonic anhydrase isoform XIV (CA XIV) is the last member of the human (h) CA family discovered so far, being localized in brain, kidneys, colon, small intestine, urinary bladder, liver, and spinal cord. It has recently been described as a possible drug target for treatment of epilepsy, some retinopathies as well as some skin tumors. Human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) XIV is a membrane‐associated protein consisting of an N‐terminal extracellular domain, a putative transmembrane region, and a small cytoplasmic tail. In this article, we report the expression, purification, and the crystallographic structure of the entire extracellular domain of this enzyme. The analysis of the structure revealed the typical α‐CA fold, in which a 10‐stranded β‐sheet forms the core of the molecule, while the comparison with all the other membrane associated isoforms (hCAs IV, IX, and XII) allowed to identify the diverse oligomeric arrangement and the sequence and structural differences observed in the region 127–136 as the main factors to consider in the design of selective inhibitors for each one of the membrane associated α‐CAs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 769–778, 2014.
Combining content and elements of communication into an upper‐level biochemistry course
Authors: Whittington Carli P. , Pellock Samuel J. , Cunningham Rebecca L. , Cox James R.
Published: December 2013

This report describes how a science communication module was incorporated into an advanced biochemistry course. Elements of communication were taught synergistically with biochemistry content in this course in an effort to expose students to a variety of effective oral communication strategies. Students were trained to use these established techniques and incorporated them into various presentations throughout the course. Three students describe their use of specific resources and how the skills learned relate to their future career. The importance and relevance of science communication are receiving unprecedented national attention. The academic scientific community must respond by incorporating more communication‐centered instruction and opportunities in the classroom and laboratory. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(2):136–141, 2014.
Student use and pedagogical impact of a mobile learning application
Authors: Teri Saskia , Acai Anita , Griffith Douglas , Mahmoud Qusay , Ma David W. L. , Newton Genevieve
Published: December 2013

Mobile learning (m‐learning) is a relevant innovation in teaching and learning in higher education. A mobile app called NutriBiochem was developed for use in biochemistry and nutrition education for students in a second year Biochemistry and Metabolism course. NutriBiochem was accessed through smartphones, tablets, or computers. Students were surveyed upon completion of the final exam (n = 88). Survey questions assessed frequency of use, motivations for use, and perceptions of app usefulness. The pedagogical impact of NutriBiochem was evaluated by measuring the relationship between frequency of use and final course grade. Just over half of the students used the app, and ∼80% of users accessed the app moderately or infrequently. Smartphones were the most common device and the preferred device on which to access the app. There were no statistical differences in mean final grade between users and nonusers. Students with higher comfort levels with technology accessed the app more broadly than those with lower level of comfort with technology. Over 75% of students agreed that NutriBiochem was a useful learning tool, but fewer (∼45%) felt it helped them perform better in the course. The findings of this study are important, as they suggest that NutriBiochem is an effective study tool for students who are comfortable with technology, and access it regularly. Overall, the use of mobile applications in science education has been shown to be: 1) effective in enhancing students' learning experience; 2) relevant and important as an emergent method of learning given modern pressures facing higher education; and, 3) met with positive student attitudes and perceptions in terms of adopting and using such technology for educational purposes. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(2):121–135, 2014.
Bacillus coagulans tolerance to 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium‐based ionic liquids in aqueous and solid‐state thermophilic culture
Authors: Simmons Christopher W. , Reddy Amitha P. , VanderGheynst Jean S. , Simmons Blake A. , Singer Steven W.
Published: December 2013

The use of ionic liquids (ILs) to disrupt the recalcitrant structure of lignocellulose and make polysaccharides accessible to hydrolytic enzymes is an emerging technology for biomass pretreatment in lignocellulosic biofuel production. Despite efforts to reclaim and recycle IL from pretreated biomass, residual IL can be inhibitory to microorganisms used for downstream fermentation. As a result, pathways for IL tolerance are needed to improve the activity of fermentative organisms in the presence of IL. In this study, microbial communities from compost were cultured under high‐solids and thermophilic conditions in the presence of 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium‐based ILs to enrich for IL‐tolerant microorganisms. A strain of Bacillus coagulans isolated from an IL‐tolerant community was grown in liquid and solid‐state culture in the presence of the ILs 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]) or 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]) to gauge IL tolerance. Viability and respiration varied with the concentration of IL applied and the type of IL used. B. coagulans maintained growth and respiration in the presence of 4 wt% IL, a concentration similar to that present on IL‐pretreated biomass. In the presence of both [C2mim][OAc] and [C2mim][Cl] in liquid culture, B. coagulans grew at a rate approximately half that observed in the absence of IL. However, in solid‐state culture, the bacteria were significantly more tolerant to [C2mim][Cl] compared with [C2mim][OAc]. B. coagulans tolerance to IL under industrially relevant conditions makes it a promising bacterium for understanding mechanisms of IL tolerance and discovering IL tolerance pathways for use in other microorganisms, particularly those used in bioconversion of IL‐pretreated plant biomass. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:311–316, 2014
Competitive Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Cu2+ onto Citric Acid Modified Pine Sawdust
Authors: Zhang Ruzhuang , Zhou Yanbo , Gu Xiaochen , Lu Jun
Published: December 2013

Pine sawdust modified with citric acid (CA‐PS) is used as an adsorbent for the removal of Cu2+ and methylene blue (MB) from the single and binary compound systems. The initial pH has a significant effect on Cu2+ adsorption, but a relatively little effect on MB adsorption. The kinetic and isotherm studies indicate that the pseudo‐second‐order model and the generalized model provide the best correlation of the experimental data in the single systems as well as in the binary systems. The adsorption capacities of CA‐PS from Generalized isotherm model are 0.23 mmol/g for Cu2+ and 0.25 mmol/g for MB, which are higher than that of B‐PS. In the binary systems, Cu2+ and MB exhibit competitive adsorption behaviors. The adsorption capacity of Cu2+ or MB is considerably reduced with an increase in the concentration of the other, and Cu2+ exhibits better competiveness than MB. However, the total adsorption capacity is higher compared with that in the single systems, which increases with an increase in the initial concentration of Cu2+ or MB and reaches a plateau value of 0.301 mmol/g.
Crystal growth experiments in the systems Ni2MSbO6 (M = Sc, In) using chemical vapour transport reactions: Ni2InSbO6 and NiSb2O6 crystals in the millimetre range
Authors: Weil M. , Mathieu R. , Nordblad P. , Ivanov S. A.
Published: December 2013

Endothermic chemical vapour transport (CVT) reactions of Ni2MSbO6 (M = Sc, In), using a temperature gradient of 1313 → 1233 K and HgCl2, HgBr2, PtCl2 or TeCl4 as transport agents, led to growth of Ni2InSbO6 single crystals in the millimetre range, whereas in the case of Ni2ScSbO6 an incongruent dissolution of the solid in the source region was observed, leading to the formation of single crystals of the ternary phase NiSb2O6 in the sink region. The crystal structures of the obtained crystals were refined from single crystal X‐ray data with high precision [Ni2InSbO6: R3, Z = 3, a = 5.21640(10) Å, c = 14.0142(3) Å, 1279 structure factors, 33 parameters, R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.0189; NiSb2O6: P42/mnm, Z = 2, a = 4.63910(10) Å, c = 9.2182(2) Å, 500 structure factors, 19 parameters, R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.0145]. Ni2InSbO6 crystallizes in a corundum‐related structure, NiSb2O6 in the trirutile structure type. Spontaneous polarization and the ferroelectric transition temperature were estimated from the atomic arrangement and cation displacement along the polar axis in Ni2InSbO6. Magnetic measurements on Ni2InSbO6 evidence an antiferromagnetic transition near TN = 74 K, with significant magnetic frustration.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytomorphology of sebaceous lymphadenoma of the salivary gland
Authors: Vande Haar Mark A. , DeFrias Denise , Lin Xiaoqi
Published: December 2013

Sebaceous lymphadenoma (SLA) is a histologic variant of lymphadenoma or sebaceous adenoma of the salivary gland. The fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of SLA has not been well‐described. In this report, we reported a case that involved an 81‐year‐old male with a long‐standing left parotid mass and was diagnosed on FNA cytology. The FNA smears showed clusters of three types of epithelial cells in a background of abundant lymphoid cells, macrophages and abundant proteinaceous materials. The predominant epithelial cells were large polygonal cells with abundant cytoplasm filled with multiple, uniform, small, and clear vacuoles, ill‐defined cytoplasmic borders, and small centrally located round nuclei with finely granular chromatin, conspicuous nucleoli and indented nuclear membranes apparently imprinted by cytoplasmic vacuoles. These cells were surrounded by polygonal or flat cells with less or more dense cytoplasm, indistinct cell borders and round or oval small nuclei with smooth nuclear membranes, which correspond to germinative or basaloid cells. Some cells had granular cytoplasm. Large three dimensional clusters of nonkeratinized squamous cells have oval nuclei containing evenly distributed chromatin, and scant to moderate dense cytoplasm that were arranged in a “stream of fish” pattern. Rare granulomas and cystic contents (degenerated cells, inflammatory cells, macrophages, and abundant granular debris/proteinaceous material) were also seen. The diagnosis of SLA was confirmed by the surgical resection. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:959–963. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The influence of poststress social factors on hormonal reactivity in prepubertal male rats
Authors: Hall Baila S. , Romeo Russell D.
Published: December 2013

Following a variety of stressors, prepubertal animals display significantly longer hormonal stress responses than adults. Although the mechanisms that mediate this pubertal‐related difference in stress reactivity are unclear, previous studies have shown that social interactions are differentially affected by stress in animals before and after puberty. Given the influence of social factors on stress reactivity, we hypothesize the protracted stress‐induced hormonal response in prepubertal animals may be in part mediated by aspects of their poststress social environment. We explored this hypothesis by measuring plasma ACTH and corticosterone in prepubertal male rats 15, 30, and 45 min after a 30 min session of restraint stress exposed to one of three social conditions: recovering in the presence of a stressed cage mate; recovering in the presence of a nonstressed cage mate; and recovering in the absence of a cage mate. We report here that although prepubertal and adult animals display different hormonal responses following restraint, the presence or absence of stressed cage mates has little impact on the poststress hormonal response in prepubertal males. We do, however, show that social factors can alter HPA reactivity in prepubertal animals, in that significant hormonal responses are evoked in nonstressed animals exposed to a stressed cage mate, an effect not found in adults. Collectively, these data indicate that although the poststress social environment does not play a role in mediating the protracted hormonal response in prepubertal animals, the social context can significantly influence HPA activation in otherwise unstressed animals prior to puberty. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1061–1069, 2014.
Progressive effects of N‐myc deficiency on proliferation, neurogenesis, and morphogenesis in the olfactory epithelium
Authors: Wittmann Walter , Schimmang Thomas , Gunhaga Lena
Published: December 2013

N‐myc belongs to the myc proto‐oncogene family, which is involved in numerous cellular processes such as proliferation, growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. Conditional deletion of N‐myc in the mouse nervous system disrupted brain development, indicating that N‐myc plays an essential role during neural development. How the development of the olfactory epithelium and neurogenesis within are affected by the loss of N‐myc has, however, not been determined. To address these issues, we examined an N‐mycFoxg1Cre conditional mouse line, in which N‐myc is depleted in the olfactory epithelium. First changes in N‐myc mutants were detected at E11.5, with reduced proliferation and neurogenesis in a slightly smaller olfactory epithelium. The phenotype was more pronounced at E13.5, with a complete lack of Hes5‐positive progenitor cells, decreased proliferation, and neurogenesis. In addition, stereological analyses revealed reduced cell size of post‐mitotic neurons in the olfactory epithelium, which contributed to a smaller olfactory pit. Furthermore, we observed diminished proliferation and neurogenesis also in the vomeronasal organ, which likewise was reduced in size. In addition, the generation of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone neurons was severely reduced in N‐myc mutants. Thus, diminished neurogenesis and proliferation in combination with smaller neurons might explain the morphological defects in the N‐myc depleted olfactory structures. Moreover, our results suggest an important role for N‐myc in regulating ongoing neurogenesis, in part by maintaining the Hes5‐positive progenitor pool. In summary, our results provide evidence that N‐myc deficiency in the olfactory epithelium progressively diminishes proliferation and neurogenesis with negative consequences at structural and cellular levels. © 2013 The Authors. Developmental Neurobiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 643–656, 2014
Is disordered eating behavior more prevalent in adolescents with early‐onset type 1 diabetes than in their representative peers?
Authors: Baechle Christina , Castillo Katty , Straßburger Klaus , Stahl‐Pehe Anna , Meissner Thomas , Holl Reinhard W. , Giani Guido , Rosenbauer Joachim ,   In Cooperation with the German Paediatric Surveillance Unit (ESPED) and the DPV‐Science Initiative
Published: December 2013

Objective

Despite modern therapeutic regimens, youths with Type 1 diabetes may be at increased risk of mental and behavioral disorders. In this study, the prevalence of disordered eating behavior (DEB) in intensely treated children and adolescents with early‐onset Type 1 diabetes and peers from the general population was compared.

Method

Data from 629 patients from a population‐based, nationwide survey (54.1% male, mean age 15.3 years) with early‐onset Type 1 diabetes of at least 10 years duration were compared with data from 6,813 participants of the German KiGGS study (51.3% male, mean age 14.6 years). The generic SCOFF questionnaire was used as screening instrument to identify participants with symptoms of DEB. Both groups were compared with multivariable regression analysis adjusting for sociodemographic covariates.

Results

31.2% of the female and 11.7% of the male diabetic patients and 28.9% of the females and 15.2% of the males in the comparison group were SCOFF‐positive (SCOFF score ≥2; p > .05). The odds for symptoms of eating disorders were 3.7% higher in female and 4.3% lower in male patients with diabetes than in the comparison group, but the differences were not significant. 20.5% of the female and 18.5% of the male diabetic patients reported insulin restriction at least three times per week.

Discussion

Children and adolescents with early‐onset Type 1 diabetes of long duration do not seem to be more frequently SCOFF‐positive than peers. However, as insulin restriction is practiced in a substantial portion of patients, attention for insulin restriction in diabetes care is essential. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:342–352)
Expanding the understanding of local community assembly in adaptive radiations
Authors: Wollenberg Katharina C. , Veith Michael , Lötters Stefan
Published: December 2013

Communities are thought to be assembled by two types of filters: by the environment relating to the fundamental niche and by biotic interactions relating to the realized niche. Both filters include parameters related to functional traits and their variation along environmental gradients. Here, we infer the general importance of environmental filtering of a functional trait determining local community assembly within insular adaptive radiations on the example of CaribbeanAnolislizards. We constructed maps for the probability of presence ofAnolisecomorphs (ecology‐morphology‐behavior specialists) on the Greater Antilles and overlaid these to estimate ecomorph community completeness (ECC) over the landscape. We then tested for differences in environmental parameter spaces among islands for real and cross‐fittedECCvalues to see whether the underlying assembly filters are deterministic (i.e., similar among islands). We then compared information‐theoretic models of climatic and landscape parameters among Greater Antillean islands and inferred whether body mass as functional trait determinesECC. We found areas with highECCto be strongly correlated with environmental filters, partly related to elevation. The environmental parameters influencing highECCdiffered among islands. With the exception of the Jamaican twig ecomorph (which we suspect to be misclassified), smaller ecomorphs were more restricted to higher elevations than larger ones which might reflect filtering on the basis of differential physiological restrictions of ecomorphs. Our results inAnolisshow that local community assembly within adaptive island radiations of animals can be determined by environmental filtering of functional traits, independently from species composition and realized environmental niche space.
Characterisation of high 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycerol content stearins produced by acidolysis of high oleic sunflower oil with stearic and palmitic acids
Authors: Ray Joydeep , Smith Kevin W. , Bhaggan Krishnadath , Nagy Zoltan K. , Stapley Andrew G. F.
Published: December 2013

Nine different stearin fractions with 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycerol (StOSt) contents ranging from 69–84% were obtained via fractionation from fats produced by acidolysis of high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) with various mixtures of stearic (either 95 or 98% pure) and palmitic acids (98% pure). Samples were further treated with silica to reduce the oxidised glyceride and DAG content. Isothermal crystallisation at 20°C showed a single main peak, but evidence of crystallisation during the initial DSC transient was also apparent for high StOSt content samples. This was confirmed as the α form by stop‐and‐return DSC and XRD. The main crystallisation event was generally faster (including a shorter induction time) for samples with higher StOSt levels (lower POSt levels). Silica treatment generally accelerated transformations to higher polymorphs (γ, β′ and β). Raman microscopy experiments showed that crystallisation of the β‐form was achieved after 7 days storage at 20°C but only in the silica treated stearin samples. This is consistent with higher solid fat content (SFC) values that were obtained with silica treated samples, which also increased with higher levels of StOSt. The results suggest that such stearins could potentially replace shea stearin in cocoa butter equivalents (CBE) formulations.

Practical applications: This paper has two main practical applications: (i) Provides knowledge and understanding of the crystallisation and polymorphic behaviour of isolated hard stearins, obtained from enzymatic acidolysis of high oleic sunflower oil, which can be further used in CBE formulations. (ii) The presence of minor components significantly delays the crystallisation of the stearins, confirming the desirability of higher quality (less oxidised/hydrolysed) fat ingredients.
Micronutrient content of cold‐pressed, hot‐pressed, solvent extracted and RBD canola oil: Implications for nutrition and quality
Authors: Ghazani Saeed Mirzaee , García‐Llatas Guadalupe , Marangoni Alejandro G.
Published: December 2013

In this study the quality characteristics and content of healthy minor components of four crude canola oils as an effect of different oil extraction method (solvent extraction, hot pressing, and cold pressing) were studied. Cold‐pressed canola oils had lower concentrations of FFA, PV, p‐AV and chlorophylls than solvent‐extracted, and hot‐pressed canola oils. Oils obtained via the different extraction methods had different fatty acid profiles as well as dissimilar amounts of tocopherols, phytosterols, and polyphenols. The amount of total tocopherols in solvent‐extracted canola oil was 493 mg/kg compared to 388 mg/kg for hot‐pressed canola oil. The tocopherol content for two other cold‐pressed and one other RBD canola oil was 366, 354, and 327 mg/kg, respectively. Solvent‐extracted canola oil exhibited the highest free phytosterol content (178 mg/100 g), while RBD canola oil only had 129 mg/100 g of free phytosterols. While cold‐pressed canola oil had the lowest amount of polyphenols, traditional refining resulted in almost complete removal of polyphenols from canola oil.
Simple power supply for power load controlled isoelectric focusing
Authors: Duša Filip , Šlais Karel
Published: December 2013

The power supply for IEF based on features of the Cockcroft‐Walton voltage multiplier (CW VM) is described in this work. The article describes a design of the IEF power supply, its electric characteristics, and testing by IEF analysis. A circuit diagram of the power supply included two opposite charged branches (each consisting of four voltage doublers). The designed CW VM was powered by 230 V/50 Hz alternate current and it generated up to 5 kV and 90 mW at the output. Voltage and current characteristics of the power supply were measured by known load resistances in the range from 10 kΩ to 1 GΩ, which is a common resistance range for IEF strip geometry. Further, the power supply was tested by a separation of a model mixture of colored pI markers using a 175 × 3 × 0.5 mm focusing bed. Automatically limited power load enabled analysis of samples without previous optimization of the focusing voltage or electric current time courses according to sample composition. Moreover, the developed power supply did not produce any intrinsic heat and was easy to set up with cheap and commonly available parts.
Effectiveness of narrow band imaging in the detection of premalignant and malignant lesions of the larynx: Validation of a new endoscopic clinical classification
Authors: Bertino Giulia , Cacciola Salvatore , Fernandes Wladir Bastos , Fernandes Carolina Muniz , Occhini Antonio , Tinelli Carmine , Benazzo Marco
Published: December 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to assess the value of narrow band imaging (NBI) endoscopy in the diagnosis of pharyngolaryngeal lesions and to demonstrate the validity of a new NBI‐based classification of their vascular pattern.

Methods

From 2009 to 2011, 248 patients with pharyngolaryngeal lesions underwent NBI‐endoscopic evaluation. NBI findings were classified into 5 types according to the Ni classification and were compared with histopathological reports. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated.

Results

Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, and NPV were 97.4%, 84.6%, 92.7%, 91.6%, and 95.1%, respectively. Ninety‐eight percent of histologically malignant lesions corresponded to type V endoscopic pattern, whereas 84.8% of the non‐neoplastic lesions corresponded to a type I to IV pattern.

Conclusion

The NBI ability to detect changes in the mucosal microvasculature can be useful for distinguishing nonmalignant from malignant lesions. An internationally accepted NBI‐endoscopic classification may contribute to the further definition of the diagnostic validity of this technique. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 215‐222, 2015
Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution study following systemic administration of Fospeg® – a Pegylated liposomal mTHPC formulation in a murine model
Authors: Xie Haiyan , Svenmarker Pontus , Axelsson Johan , Gräfe Susanna , Kyriazi Maria , Bendsoe Niels , Andersson‐Engels Stefan , Svanberg Katarina
Published: December 2013

Fospeg® is a newly developed photosensitizer formulation based on meso‐tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC), with hydrophilic liposomes to carry the hydrophobic photosensitizer to the target tissue. In this study the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Fospeg® were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography at various times (0.5–18 hours) following systemic i.v. administration. As a model an experimental HT29 colon tumor in NMRI nu/nu mice was employed. Our study indicates a higher plasma peak concentration, a longer circulation time and a better tumor‐to‐skin ratio than those of Foslip®, another liposomal mTHPC formulation. Data from ex vivo tissue fluorescence and reflectance imaging exhibit good correlation with chemical extraction. Our results have shown that optical imaging provides the potential for fluorophore quantification in biological tissues. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Psychopathia Sexualis: Sexuality in Old and New Psychoanalysis
Authors: Breger Louis
Published: December 2013

The different conceptions of sexuality in classical and contemporary psychoanalysis are explored. Freud's misguided theories of sexual or libidinal drives and the Oedipus complex are shown to be defenses against his own traumatic attachment history. The evidence for this is found in a review of his childhood and self‐analysis, and further illustrated with the cases reported in the Studies on Hysteria and elsewhere. Modern views of sex turn these old theories on their heads, demonstrating that sexual fantasies and actions are phenomena, unique to each individual, that are themselves in need of explanation. These radically different conceptions of sexuality are illustrated with 3 case histories.
The “Vicissitudes of Love” Between Therapist and Patient: A Review of the Research on Romantic and Sexual Feelings, Thoughts, and Behaviors in Psychotherapy
Authors: Sonne Janet L. , Jochai Diana
Published: December 2013

Beginning with Freud's observations in the early 1900s, therapists’ and patients’ experiences of romantic and sexual reactions to each other during the course of therapy has been a topic that has generated alternating waves of avoidance and intense discussion in the professional literature. Research in the area flourished in the 1980s and 1990s but then nearly disappeared with very little integration. We offer a review of the research to date. Although we focus primarily on quantitative studies, we also reference some qualitative studies when the data help illuminate other findings. Our review is structured to answer 10 key questions in an effort to integrate the findings in a meaningful way for clinicians and researchers. In our conclusion, we note implications raised by the review for clinicians to consider in their practice and we highlight some directions for future research.
Acellular spinal cord scaffold seeded with bone marrow stromal cells protects tissue and promotes functional recovery in spinal cord‐injured rats
Authors: Chen Jian , Zhang Zhongmin , Liu Jia , Zhou Rongping , Zheng Xiaochen , Chen Tianyu , Wang Liang , Huang Minjun , Yang Chengliang , Li Zhen , Yang Cheng , Bai Xiaochun , Jin Dadi
Published: December 2013

Therapy using scaffolds seeded with stem cells plays an important role in repair of spinal cord injury (SCI), with the transplanted cells differentiating into nerve cells to replace the lost tissue while releasing neurotrophic factors that contribute to repair following SCI and enhance the function of the damaged nervous system. The present study investigated the ability to extend the survival time of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) to restore the damaged spinal cord and improve functional recovery by grafting acellular spinal cord (ASC) scaffold seeded or not with BMSCs in a rat model of acute hemisected SCI. BBB scores revealed that treatment with BMSCs seeded into ASC scaffold led to an obvious improvement in motor function recovery compared with treatment with ASC scaffold alone or untreated controls. This improvement was evident at 2 and 8 weeks after surgery (P < 0.05). When BMSCs labeled with 5‐bromodeoxyuridine were implanted together with ASC scaffold into the injured sites, they differentiated into glial cells, and some BMSCs could be observed within the graft by immunofluorescent staining at 8 weeks after implantation. Evaluation of caspase‐3 activation suggested that the graft group was able to reduce apoptosis compared with SCI alone at 8 weeks after operation (P < 0.05). This study suggests that ASC scaffolds have the ability to enhance BMSC survival and improve differentiation and could also reduce native damaged nerve tissue apoptosis, thus protecting host tissue as well as improving functional recovery after implantation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF REGIMES IN MARKOV SWITCHING VAR AND VMA MODELS
Authors: Cavicchioli Maddalena
Published: December 2013

We give stable finite‐order vector autoregressive moving average (p * ,q * ) representations for M‐state Markov switching second‐order stationary time series whose autocovariances satisfy a certain matrix relation. The upper bounds for p *  and q *  are elementary functions of the dimension K of the process, the number M of regimes, the autoregressive and moving‐average orders of the initial model. If there is no cancellation, the bounds become equalities, and this solves the identification problem. Our classes of time series include every M‐state Markov switching multi‐variate moving‐average models and autoregressive models in which the regime variable is uncorrelated with the observable. Our results include, as particular cases, those obtained by Krolzig (1997) and improve the bounds given by Zhang and Stine (2001) and Francq and Zakoïan (2001) for our classes of dynamic models. A Monte Carlo experiment and an application on foreign exchange rates complete the article. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An environment‐friendly calcium phosphate conversion coating on AZ91D alloy and its corrosion resistance
Authors: Sun R. X. , Wang P. F. , Zhao D. D. , Sun Z. Z. , Li C. Q. , Chen K. Z.
Published: December 2013

An environment‐friendly phosphate conversion coating free of chromate, fluorides, and nitrite was developed on AZ91D alloy through a facile chemical deposition method. The surface morphology and phase composition of the coating were characterized by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The corrosion resistance of the coating was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization test in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. Results indicate that the calcium phosphate coating was composed of a large number of leaf‐like and flower‐like particles. The chemical composition of the conversion coating was CaHPO4·2H2O crystals. The coating can remarkably reduce the corrosion current density of the substrate. Introduction of triethanolamine (TEA) additive into the phosphating bath leads to denser coating and high anticorrosive property of the phosphate coating.
The psychological perspective on mental health and mental disorder research: introduction to the ROAMER work package 5 consensus document
Authors: Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich , Knappe Susanne , Schumann Gunter
Published: December 2013

This paper provides an overview of the theoretical framework of the Psychological Sciences' reviews and describes how improved psychological research can foster our understanding of mental health and mental disorders in a complementary way to biomedical research. Core definitions of the field and of psychological interventions and treatment in particular are provided. The work group's consensus regarding strength and weaknesses of European Union (EU) research in critical areas is summarized, highlighting the potential of a broader comprehensive “Behaviour Science programme” in forthcoming programmatic EU funding programmes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The need for a behavioural science focus in research on mental health and mental disorders
Authors: Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich , Knappe Susanne , Andersson Gerhard , Araya Ricardo , Banos Rivera Rosa M. , Barkham Michael , Bech Per , Beckers Tom , Berger Thomas , Berking Matthias , Berrocal Carmen , Botella Christina , Carlbring Per , Chouinard Guy , Colom Francesc , Csillag Claudio , Cujipers Pim , David Daniel , Emmelkamp Paul M.G. , Essau Cecilia A. , Fava Giovanni A. , Goschke Thomas , Hermans Dirk , Hofmann Stefan G. , Lutz Wolfgang , Muris Peter , Ollendick Thomas H. , Raes Filip , Rief Winfried , Riper Heleen , Tossani Eliana , van der Oord Saskia , Vervliet Bram , Haro Josep M. , Schumann Gunter
Published: December 2013

Psychology as a science offers an enormous diversity of theories, principles, and methodological approaches to understand mental health, abnormal functions and behaviours and mental disorders. A selected overview of the scope, current topics as well as strength and gaps in Psychological Science may help to depict the advances needed to inform future research agendas specifically on mental health and mental disorders. From an integrative psychological perspective, most maladaptive health behaviours and mental disorders can be conceptualized as the result of developmental dysfunctions of psychological functions and processes as well as neurobiological and genetic processes that interact with the environment. The paper presents and discusses an integrative translational model, linking basic and experimental research with clinical research as well as population‐based prospective‐longitudinal studies. This model provides a conceptual framework to identify how individual vulnerabilities interact with environment over time, and promote critical behaviours that might act as proximal risk factors for ill‐health and mental disorders. Within the models framework, such improved knowledge is also expected to better delineate targeted preventive and therapeutic interventions that prevent further escalation in early stages before the full disorder and further complications thereof develop. In contrast to conventional “personalized medicine” that typically targets individual (genetic) variation of patients who already have developed a disease to improve medical treatment, the proposed framework model, linked to a concerted funding programme of the “Science of Behaviour Change”, carries the promise of improved diagnosis, treatment and prevention of health‐risk behaviour constellations as well as mental disorders. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.