bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying and analyzing social marketing initiatives using a theory-based approach
Authors: Cismaru Magdalena , Wuth Amanda
Published: August 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to provide an example of how to review information and social-marketing initiatives using financial well-being as a case point.

Design/methodology/approach

Literature review and content analysis is used. The audience, channel, message, and evaluation framework is applied. Existent financial well-being initiatives are identified and selected, and further described and analysed in terms of their audience, channel, message and evaluation. The message is further discussed according to the transtheoretical model of change.

Findings

Most financial well-being campaigns focus on a particular audience, use a multichannel approach to reach their audience, and report some evaluation, consistent with the audience, channel, message and evaluation framework. Message analysis shows that several initiatives address all processes posited by the transtheoretical model of change to trigger behavior change. Potential areas of improvement and boomerang effects are identified.

Practical implications

Initiatives enhance their effectiveness by using theory, using proper segmentation and channel(s) selection, creating messages based on the audiences’ readiness for change and incorporating evaluation.

Originality/value

Theoretical and practical insight regarding financial well-being initiatives has been achieved. Campaign designers can inspire from this example to conduct their own research and analysis of existent initiatives as one of the starting points in the process.
Applying Schema Resonance Model in live chat e-service
Authors: Song Xu , Christen Cindy T.
Published: August 2019

Purpose

Live chat e-service provides a communication platform for online customers to make information inquiries and receive instantaneous assistance from a service representative. It is important for organizations to explore ways to improve their live chat e-service. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new organization–customer communication model (Schema Resonance Model), explicate how schema resonance can be achieved in live chat e-service, and investigate the impact of schema resonance on live chat e-service effectiveness, efficiency, customer satisfaction and intention of continued use.

Design/methodology/approach

A post-test only, between-subjects experiment was conducted. A total of 409 participants completed the experiment sessions, and 389 of these participants were used in the analysis.

Findings

Research results suggest schema resonance could improve the time efficiency of the live chat e-service while maintaining e-service effectiveness. Schema resonance could increase customer satisfaction with the overall e-service, the communication approach used by the representative and the information provided.

Research limitations/implications

Because a convenience sample was used in the experiment, results cannot be generalized to all live chat e-service users. Future research should include observation of real-world organization–customer live chat e-service sessions.

Practical implications

Organizations can consider applying the Schema Resonance Model in live chat e-service practices to enhance customer satisfaction and increase representatives’ service productivity.

Originality/value

This research proposes and tests a new organization–customer communication model to explore how organizations can improve live chat e-service in response to customers’ information inquiries.
Customer interaction in business relations: a meta-analysis approach
Authors: Machado Nardi Vinicius Antonio , Jardim William Carvalho , Ladeira Wagner , Santini Fernando De Oliveira
Published: August 2019

Purpose

Customer interaction is both an aim and source of concern for managers around the world. Different forms of interaction, such as cocreation, coproduction and customer participation, are evaluated in different fields of knowledge, with a gap in terms of the joint analysis of their antecedents and consequences as well as possible practical distinctions in the effects of these concepts. The purpose of this paper is to examine customer interaction effects by applying meta-analysis of effect sizes that measure the strength of their relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

The study used meta-analysis and moderator analysis approaches to synthesize preview results on customer interaction relationships.

Findings

The results suggest the empirical validity of using customer participation to replace terminologies such as coproduction and cocreation, and show the moderation role of institutional, cultural and contextual factors.

Research limitations/implications

This study investigated the literature in the areas of business and management to show whether, how and when customer interaction is related to individual and organizational factors. Although the conceptual and empirical implications derived from the preliminary efforts and the consolidated results are robust to generalization, methodological biases limited the findings.

Practical implications

This research suggests that a better understanding of customer interaction (antecedents, consequences and moderators) may help organizations to identify the most appropriate ways to build their strategies and to improve the results of their efforts.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the literature by providing one of the few attempts to consolidate the preliminary studies in different forms of customer interaction, suggesting possible moderations and amplifying the preliminary efforts.
Impact of generalized Fourier’s law and Fick’s law for MHD flow of Ag‒H2O and TiO2‒H2O nanomaterials
Authors: Gupta Sumit , Kumar Devendra , Singh Jagdev , Gupta Sandeep
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of inclined magnetic field, variable viscosity and Cattaneo–Christov heat and mass flux theories on the steady MHD free convective boundary layer flow of viscous, incompressible and electrically conducting water-driven silver and titanium-oxide nanofluids over a vertical stretching sheet.

Design/methodology/approach

The boundary layer equations of momentum, energy and nanoparticle concentration are partial differential equations in nature, which are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by means of similarity transformations. The resulting nonlinear equations are solved analytically by means of optimal homotopy analysis method.

Findings

Assessments with numerical results are performed and are found to be in an excellent agreement. Numerical results of the skin friction factor, the local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number are obtained through tables. The effects of various physical parameters on the velocity, temperature and nanoparticles fraction are incorporated through graphs. The study analyzes the efficiency of heat transfer of nanofluids in cooling plants and rubber sheets.

Originality/value

No research works have been conducted to evaluate the effects of various physical phenomena on the copper and titanium nanofluids flow.
Rodrigo Varela Villegas: forging the entrepreneurial spirit
Authors: Ibarreche Santiago
Published: August 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to share the essence of an interview with Rodrigo Varela Villegas, conducted by Santiago Ibarreche. It highlights his passion for academia, his commitment to developing responsible entrepreneurs and commitment to forging and disseminating the entrepreneurial spirit in Colombia, Iberoamerica and the world.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is an interview.

Findings

The interview explores Rodrigo’s career, his achievements and continued search for excellence in terms of teaching, research and service in academia. Of relevance are his contributions to the discipline of entrepreneurship through the development and divulging of the concept of entrepreneurial spirit.

Originality/value

The interview in this special section, A Life in Research, brings out an individual scholar’s experience and history, not only as recognition of scholarly impact but also as recognition of the person.
Research on corporate finance: history, challenge and prospect in China
Authors: Lan Yue , Wang Jianyong , Wu Shinong , Yang Jie
Published: August 2019

Purpose

For the past years, the population of firms in China has increased fast. However, the financial research has always fallen behind the financial practice. Also, the Western financial theory may not be completely consistent with China’s context. In addition, appearing internet technology with big data and its applications to business bring some challenges not only to financial practice but also to the financial literature. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to review historical development of research in corporate finance, discuss the current issues and propose 16 key research topics in China context.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper surveys Western classical literature and some important literature by Chinese scholars in the field of corporate finance. On this basis, the authors point out the shortcomings of existing research and opportunities for future research.

Findings

The authors propose 16 key research topics in the near future considering the current reforms on economic development strategy, financial and taxation system and SOE’s property right under the institutional background in China.

Originality/value

This paper makes a contribution to corporate finance research by exploring frontier topics for future research according to the China context and the global trend. These topics represent the demand from enterprises in China and are challenges for the academic world. It is of practical significance and great theoretical value to implement these studies. It will help the management to solve their financial problems and provide a fundamental basis for constructing the financial management theory with Chinese characteristics.
Modified sugarcane bagasse for the removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solution
Authors: Abdelghaffar Fatma , Abdelghaffar Rehab A. , Mahmoud Safia A. , Youssef Badria M.
Published: August 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to improve the adsorption capacity of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a low-cost, attractive and effective adsorbent for dye removal from wastewater.

Design/methodology/approach

SCB is a cellulosic material; it was chemically modified with compounds containing cationic groups. The adsorption efficiency of unmodified and modified SCB was investigated with anionic dyes by studying various factors that affect modified SCB and adsorption.

Findings

X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectra and nitrogen content were used to confirm the effect of existence of quaternary ammonium groups on modified SCB. The morphological structure of the modified and unmodified SCB has been demonstrated using electronic scanning microscopy.

Research limitations/implications

The modified SCB was chemically treated by Quat 188, which is commercially available in the solution of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride.

Practical implications

Grafting cationic function groups on the surface of sugarcane by cationization treatment enhances its adsorption efficiency for anionic dyes.

Originality/value

The main value of this research was indicating a clear difference in the appearance of unmodified and modified SCB surfaces. Furthermore, it can be determined that the modified SCB absorbs more of the dyes.
Evaluating the quality of carbon disclosures
Authors: Pitrakkos Panayis , Maroun Warren
Published: August 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the differences in quality and quantity of disclosures dealing with greenhouse gas emissions among companies with a relatively large or small carbon footprint. It also considers whether disclosures are being included in the primary report to stakeholders (an integrated report) or in a secondary source (a sustainability report).

Design/methodology/approach

A comprehensive carbon disclosure checklist was constructed based on professional and academic literature to identify and categorise carbon disclosures. Quality is gauged according to a multi-dimensional assessment derived from prior research based on density of reporting, disclosure attributes, management orientation, integration of information, ease of analysis, reporting on strategy, use of independent assurance and repetition. A content analysis is used to gauge the quantity and quality of carbon disclosures of 50 companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. Differences in the quantity and quality scores of high- and low-carbon companies are tested using a Mann–Whitney U test.

Findings

Carbon disclosures are used as part of a legitimacy management exercise. This involves not just the use of additional environmental disclosure to placate stakeholders as environmental impact grows. The quality of reporting and location of disclosures are, perhaps, more important for understanding how companies are responding to stakeholder expectations for reporting on carbon emissions and climate change.

Practical implications

Despite mounting scientific evidence on the risks posed by climate changes, companies remain reluctant to commit to high-quality reporting on specific steps being taken to reduce carbon emissions. Even when disclosures are being targeted at key stakeholders, the possibility of impression management remains. It may, therefore, be necessary to have carbon reporting regulated and independently assured. More guidance on how companies should be managing and reporting on carbon emissions and climate change may also be required.

Social implications

Despite mounting scientific evidence on the risks posed by climate changes, companies remain reluctant to commit to high-quality reporting on specific steps being taken to reduce carbon emissions. Even when disclosures are being targeted at key stakeholders, the possibility of impression management remains. It may, therefore, be necessary to have carbon reporting regulated and independently assured. More guidance on how companies should be managing and reporting on carbon emissions and climate change may also be required.

Originality/value

The study merges the traditional approach of focusing on the quantity of disclosures to illustrate the application of legitimacy theory in a sustainability/integrated reporting setting with less-seldom-studied quality and location of reporting. This result provides a more nuanced perspective of how carbon disclosures are being used to manage stakeholders’ reporting expectations.
Clinical manifestations of skin, lung and muscle diseases in dermatomyositis positive for anti‐aminoacyl tRNA synthetase antibodies
Authors: Fukamatsu Hiroko , Hirai Yoji , Miyake Tomoko , Kaji Tatsuya , Morizane Shin , Yokoyama Emi , Hamada Toshihisa , Oono Takashi , Koyama Yoshinobu , Norikane Seiichiro , Iwatsuki Keiji
Published: August 2019

Patients with dermatomyositis positive for anti‐aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (ARS) antibodies, also known as antisynthetase syndrome (ASS), frequently present with mechanic's hand and interstitial lung disease (ILD). We first screened the antibody profiles of 59 patients with dermatomyositis, and then examined the cutaneous, muscular and pulmonary manifestations characteristic for patients with ASS. The anti‐ARS antibodies Jo‐1, PL‐7, PL‐12, EJ and KS, along with antibodies to TIF1‐γ, MDA5 and Mi‐2, were examined. Among the 59 patients, 20, 21, 15 and three patients were classified into the ASS, non‐ASS, myositis‐specific antibody‐negative and unknown groups, respectively. Five of 16 patients (31%) with ASS had six relatives with a history of collagen diseases, within the second degree of relationship, including two cases of dermatomyositis (vs the non‐ASS group, P = 0.018). Patients with ASS more frequently presented with fever and arthralgia, and had elevated levels of C‐reactive protein. Nine of the 11 finger lesions (82%) clinically diagnosed as mechanic's hands showed a psoriasiform tissue reaction. ILD was observed in 19 of 20 patients (95%) with ASS, and eight of 21 patients (38%) in the non‐ASS group, in which six patients possessed anti‐MDA5 antibody. Patients with ASS showed higher serum levels of muscle enzymes, and four of 12 patients (33%) had fasciitis‐dominant myopathy, while only one of 11 patients (9%) in the non‐ASS group had fasciitis‐dominant myopathy. Patients with ASS often present with a psoriasiform tissue reaction in the hand lesions and fasciitis‐dominant myopathy, and the relatives of those with ASS are at high risk for collagen diseases.
Environmental filtering underpins the island species—area relationship in a subtropical anthropogenic archipelago
Authors: Liu Jinliang , Matthews Thomas J. , Zhong Lei , Liu Jiajia , Wu Donghao , Yu Mingjian
Published: August 2019

Numerous mechanisms have been proposed to explain the island species–area relationship (ISAR), including the passive sampling effect, the habitat diversity effect, ecological drift and a group of mechanisms jointly termed environmental filtering (or abiotic selection process). However, determining which of these hypotheses underpins the ISAR in a given system remains an open and controversial question, particularly with regards to the environmental filtering.

The effect of environmental filtering on the ISAR for woody plants was tested on 29 islands in a subtropical land‐bridge archipelago. Island area had a significant effect on species richness, while isolation was not found to have an effect. After controlling for the passive sampling effect and habitat diversity using a systematic sampling design, we found that a positive ISAR remained.

After controlling for island area and isolation, species richness was significantly affected by environmental conditions (e.g. total phosphorus, soil depth and bulk density).

When a null model was used that randomly assigned individuals to islands from the regional pool, the difference between the observed and expected richness was greater for smaller islands relative to larger islands.

Synthesis. Our results point to an overlooked role of environmental filtering in driving the island species–area relationship (ISAR). Consequently, our study highlights the importance of considering deterministic process in future analyses of the ISAR.
Models for training in Developing Groups: importing the traditional into unfamiliar cultures
Authors: Wiener Jan
Published: August 2019

The paper’s central focus is on the usefulness or not of taking established and well‐tried and tested models of training into cultures with different social, political and clinical attitudes. Beginning with the author’s description of necessary changes introduced to ensure the revival of her own institute, the Society of Analytical Psychology, the author goes on to explore issues relevant to different aspects of training in countries where the IAAP runs its own training, known as the ‘Router Programmes’. Here, analysts, teachers and supervisors visiting other cultures to offer their expertise may experience clashes in their views about the nature of the analytic attitude, not only with those they train but also amongst themselves.
Cultural identity in Siberia and in analytical practice
Authors: Zabelina Vera
Published: August 2019

This paper discusses the main features of Siberian identity formed throughout the historical development of Siberia under the influence of social, economic, geographical, climatic, and other factors. Siberian cultural identity is closely connected with the mythology and ancient religion of the indigenous peoples of Siberia – shamanism, whose rituals, images, symbols, and motifs are often manifested in the clients’ dreams. Following an in‐depth study of Siberian history and culture, I formulate a complex of homelessness rooted in a deep collective trauma that left its imprint on people’s psyche. Three clinical cases presented in the paper reveal a deep relationship between cultural complexes and collective traumas on the one hand, and individual complexes and traumas, on the other. My psychotherapeutic practice shows that a client’s awareness of their history and culture brings them closer to the meaning and source of their suffering, which, in turn, helps them find their own way of individuation, rather than relive the transgenerational trauma of their ancestors.
Functional outcome and management pathways for adult patients presenting to an Australian health service with distal radius fracture
Authors: Meek Robert , Sundaralingam Ananth , Shen Matthew , Sundaralingam Aravinthan , Sorace Laurence
Published: August 2019

Objective

Primarily to determine mid‐term functional outcome for patients with distal radius fracture (DRF) and to compare this between operative and conservatively managed patients. Secondarily to examine for differences in age, gender and number of instability factors between management groups.

Methods

Eligible patients (age 18 years or more, closed DRF managed to completion of care within Monash Health), presenting between 1 January and 31 December 2016. Completion of the patient‐rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) questionnaire was sought at 6–12 months post‐injury. Management was noted (operative or conservative). Age, sex and number of defined instability factors present (dorsal angulation >20°, intra‐articular fracture, associated ulna fracture, dorsal comminution, radial shortening >2 mm) are reported and compared between management groups.

Results

Of 369 eligible patients, 199 (54%) completed a PRWE. Median age was 60 years (interquartile range [IQR] 45–71), 150 (75%) were women, median number of instability factors present was 2 (IQR 1–4) and 45 (23%) underwent operative management. Difference in PRWE scores between operative and conservatively managed patients was not significant (20 [IQR 7–36] vs 16 [IQR 5–35]). Differences in age and gender between management groups were not significant. Significantly more in the operative group had presence of four or more instability factors (44% [95% confidence interval 30–60] vs 20% [14–27]).

Conclusion

The mid‐term median PRWE score was 18 (IQR 5–36). This was not significantly different between operative and conservatively managed patients. Operation was more likely when four or more instability factors were present.
Tumor tissue and plasma levels of AXL and GAS6 before and after tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment in EGFR‐mutated non–small cell lung cancer
Authors: Nonagase Yoshikane , Takeda Masayuki , Azuma Koichi , Hayashi Hidetoshi , Haratani Koji , Tanaka Kaoru , Yonesaka Kimio , Ishii Hidenobu , Hoshino Tomoaki , Nakagawa Kazuhiko
Published: August 2019

Background

Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) positive for activating mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene is initially sensitive to EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) but eventually develops resistance to these drugs. Upregulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL in tumor tissue has been detected in about one‐fifth of NSCLC patients with acquired resistance to EGFR‐TKIs. However, the clinical relevance of the levels of AXL and its ligand GAS6 in plasma remains unknown.

Methods

Tumor tissue and plasma specimens were collected from 25 EGFR‐mutated NSCLC patients before EGFR‐TKI treatment or after treatment failure. The levels of AXL and of GAS6 mRNA in tumor tissue were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and chromogenic in situ hybridization, respectively. The plasma concentrations of AXL and GAS6 were measured with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.

Results

AXL expression was detected in three of 12 (25%) and nine of 19 (47%) tumor specimens obtained before and after EGFR‐TKI treatment, respectively. All tumor specimens assayed were positive for GAS6 mRNA. The median values for the plasma AXL concentration before and after EGFR TKI treatment were 1 635 and 1 460 pg/mL, respectively, and those for the plasma GAS6 concentration were 4 615 and 6 390 pg./mL, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the plasma levels of AXL or GAS6 and the corresponding expression levels in tumor tissue.

Conclusion

Plasma concentrations of AXL and GAS6 do not reflect tumor expression levels, and their measurement is thus not a viable alternative to direct analysis of tumor tissue in EGFR‐mutated NSCLC.
Rapid spatial risk modelling for management of early weed invasions: Balancing ecological complexity and operational needs
Authors: Froese Jens G. , Pearse Alan R. , Hamilton Grant
Published: August 2019

When an invasive alien ‘weed’ emerges in a previously uninhabited landscape, land managers must respond quickly to facilitate effective eradication or containment, and minimize long‐term negative impacts. However, on‐ground management decisions are often made under time, knowledge and capacity constraints. Spatially explicit tools for assessing invasion risk rapidly and under uncertainty would help land managers to better target interventions.

We developed a generic methodology that integrates (a) interactions between ecological risk factors and invasion processes affecting both the potential suitability for population growth and the actual susceptibility to propagule introduction from source populations with (b) spatially explicit data in (c) a probabilistic Bayesian network modelling framework. Our methods focused on the operational needs of land mangers responding to weed incursions, streamlining data and knowledge collection, simplifying model calibration, and facilitating adoption via a collection of user‐friendly web apps called riskmapr.

We tested the generality of our methodology on two contrasting weeds (the rainforest tree Cecropia spp. and the cactus Cylindropuntia rosea) that are targeted for containment and local eradication in Queensland, Australia. Case study models were calibrated from published knowledge about abiotic and biotic factors affecting suitability for, and susceptibility to, weed invasion. Validation of annual risk maps against weed detections in subsequent years showed that models accurately predicted the field‐observed progression of each invasion to date.

We developed a rapid spatial risk modelling methodology that is theoretically comprehensive and practically simple. Our streamlined methods and open access implementation using riskmapr facilitate adoption by land managers. Models and risk maps can be used to target interventions or improve spatially explicit understanding of the risk factors and processes driving early weed invasions.
A neurobiological correlate of stress‐induced nicotine‐seeking behavior among cigarette smokers
Authors: Woodcock Eric A. , Stanley Jeffrey A. , Diwadkar Vaibhav A. , Khatib Dalal , Greenwald Mark K.
Published: August 2019

Stress is known to influence smoking relapse. Experimental studies indicate that acute stress increases nicotine‐seeking behavior, yet neurobiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Herein, we investigated disrupted excitatory neural activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) as a mechanism of stress‐induced nicotine‐seeking behavior. Non–treatment‐seeking cigarette smokers were screened for psychiatric, medical, and neuroimaging contraindications. Using a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized crossover design, participants (N = 21) completed two oral‐dosing sessions: stress (yohimbine 54 mg + hydrocortisone 10 mg) vs placebo (lactose 54 mg + lactose 10 mg). During each experimental session, working memory proficiency, dlPFC excitatory neural activity, nicotine‐seeking behavior, and subjective effects were measured. dlPFC excitatory neural activity was quantified via glutamate modulation during working memory performance using functional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nicotine‐seeking behavior was assayed using a cigarette puffs vs money choice progressive ratio task. Results indicated that yohimbine + hydrocortisone evoked a sustained physiological stress response (elevated heart rate, blood pressure, saliva cortisol, and saliva α‐amylase levels; ps < .05). Relative to placebo levels, acute stress increased nicotine‐seeking behavior (ps < .05), disrupted dlPFC glutamate modulation (p = .025), and impaired dlPFC function (working memory proficiency; ps < .05). The stress‐induced increase in nicotine‐seeking behavior was linearly related to the stress‐induced disruption of dlPFC glutamate modulation (R2 = 0.24‐0.37; ps < .05). These findings suggest that disrupted dlPFC excitatory neural activity is a neurobiological correlate of acute stress‐induced nicotine‐seeking behavior. These findings further emphasize the central role of the dlPFC in regulating drug‐seeking behavior. Future studies are needed to evaluate interventions to improve dlPFC resilience to acute stress effects, including neurostimulation, working memory training, and “anti‐stress” medications.
Argentinian clinical genomics in a leukodystrophies and genetic leukoencephalopathies cohort: Diagnostic yield in our first 9 years
Authors: Cohen Leila , Manín Analisa , Medina Nancy , Rodríguez‐Quiroga Sergio , González‐Morón Dolores , Rosales Julieta , Amartino Hernan , Specola Norma , Córdoba Marta , Kauffman Marcelo , Vega Patricia
Published: August 2019

Introduction and objectives

Leukodystrophies and genetic leukoencephalopathies constitute a vast group of pathologies of the cerebral white matter. The large number of etiopathogenic genes and the frequent unspecificity on the clinical‐radiological presentation generate remarkable difficulties in the diagnosis approach. Despite recent and significant developments, molecular diagnostic yield is still less than 50%. Our objective was to develop and explore the usefulness of a new diagnostic procedure using standardized molecular diagnostic tools, and next‐generation sequencing techniques.

Materials and methods

A prospective, observational, analytical study was conducted in a cohort of 46 patients, evaluated between May 2008 and December 2016, with a suspected genetic leukoencephalopathy or leukodystrophy. A diagnostic procedure was set up using classical monogenic tools in patients with characteristic phenotypes, and next‐generation techniques in nonspecific ones.

Results

Global diagnostic procedure yield was 57.9%, identifying the etiological pathogenesis in 22 of the 38 studied subjects. Analysis by subgroups, Sanger method, and next‐generation sequencing showed a yield of 64%, and 46.1% respectively. The most common pathologies were adrenoleukodystrophy, cerebral autosomal‐dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts (CADASIL), and vanishing white matter disease.

Conclusions

Our results confirm the usefulness of the proposed diagnostic procedure expressed in a high diagnostic yield and suggest a more optimal cost‐effectiveness in an etiological analysis phase.
Patterns of immediate breast reconstruction in New South Wales, Australia: a population‐based study
Authors: Feng Yingyu , Flitcroft Kathy , van Leeuwen Marina T. , Elshaug Adam G. , Spillane Andrew , Pearson Sallie‐Anne
Published: August 2019

Background

The rate of immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) following mastectomy for breast cancer in Australia is low and varies between regions. To date, no previous Australian studies have examined IBR rates between all hospitals within a particular jurisdiction, despite hospitals being an important known contributor to variation in IBR rates in other countries.

Methods

We used cross‐classified random‐effects logistic regression models to examine the inter‐hospital variation in IBR rates by using data on 7961 women who underwent therapeutic mastectomy procedures in New South Wales (NSW) between January 2012 and June 2015. We derived IBR rates by patient‐, residential neighbourhood‐ and hospital‐related factors and investigated the underlying drivers for the variation in IBR.

Results

We estimated the mean IBR rate across all hospitals performing mastectomy to be 17.1% (95% Bayesian credible interval (CrI) 12.1–23.1%) and observed wide inter‐hospital variation in IBR (variance 4.337, CrI 2.634–6.889). Older women, those born in Asian countries (odds ratio (OR) 0.5, CrI 0.4–0.6), residing in neighbourhoods with lower socioeconomic status (OR 0.7, CrI 0.5–0.8 for the most disadvantaged), and who underwent surgery in public hospitals (OR 0.4, CrI 0.1–1.0) were significantly less likely to have IBR. Women residing in non‐metropolitan areas and attending non‐metropolitan hospitals were significantly less likely to undergo IBR than their metropolitan counterparts attending metropolitan hospitals.

Conclusion

Wide inter‐hospital variation raises concerns about potential inequities in access to IBR services and unmet demand in certain areas of NSW. Explaining the underlying drivers for IBR variation is the first step in identifying policy solutions to redress the issue.
Review article: the role of the autonomic nervous system in the pathogenesis and therapy of IBD
Authors: Mogilevski Tamara , Burgell Rebecca , Aziz Qasim , Gibson Peter R.
Published: August 2019

Background

There is a growing body of evidence implicating a role for the brain‐gut axis in the pathogenesis of inflammation in patients with IBD.

Aims

To perform a narrative review of published literature regarding the association of the autonomic nervous system and intestinal inflammation and to describe the rationale for and emerging use of autonomic manipulation as a therapeutic agent

Methods

Current relevant literature was summarised and critically examined.

Results

There is substantial pre‐clinical and clinical evidence for a multifaceted anti‐inflammatory effect of the vagus at both systemic and local intestinal levels. It acts via acetylcholine‐mediated activation of α‐7‐acetylcholine receptors involving multiple cell types in innate and adaptive immunity and the enteric nervous system with subsequent protective influences on the intestinal barrier, inflammatory mechanisms and the microbiome. In patients with IBD, there is evidence for a sympatho‐vagal imbalance, functional enteric neuronal depletion and hyporeactivity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. Direct or transcutaneous vagal neuromodulation up‐regulates the cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway in pre‐clinical and clinical models with down‐regulation of systemic and local intestinal inflammation. This is supported by two small studies in Crohn's disease although remains to be investigated in ulcerative colitis.

Conclusions

Modulating the cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway influences inflammation both systemically and at a local intestinal level. It represents a potentially underutilised anti‐inflammatory therapeutic strategy. Given the likely pathogenic role of the autonomic nervous system in patients with IBD, vagal neuromodulation, an apparently safe and successful means of increasing vagal tone, warrants further clinical exploration.
Cobalt accumulation in horses following repeated administration of cobalt chloride
Authors: Wenzel RG , Major D , Hesp KF , Hall E , Doble P
Published: August 2019

Objective

To monitor cobalt concentrations in urine, red blood cells and plasma after chronic parenteral administration of cobalt chloride evaluate these results against the current International Federation of Horseracing Authorities thresholds for detecting cobalt misuse.

Design

Eight mares were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, with two mares in each group: Group 1 – control group, Group 2 – 25 milligrams cobalt intravenously as CoCl2 weekly, Group 3 – 50 milligrams cobalt intravenously as CoCl2 weekly, and Group 4 – 25 milligrams cobalt intravenously mid‐week and at the end of the week. Urine and blood samples were collected before each weekly administration so that trough levels were assessed. In the group receiving two doses per week, urine and blood were collected prior to the dose given at the end of each week. Samples were initially collected at time zero then weekly for 10 weeks. Three further collections of urine and blood were made at days 81, 106 and 127.

Methods

Urine creatinine measurements to assess horse hydration status were performed by the Jaffe reaction method. Cobalt determinations in plasma, blood and urine were by inductively coupled plasma—mass spectrometry. Haematocrit concentrations, used to calculate red cell cobalt levels, were performed using a microhematocrit centrifuge. Statistical analyses were conducted in Genstat (v17, VSNi).

Results

Marked cobalt accumulation was evident with increasing cobalt concentrations for all sample matrices in specimens collected immediately prior to cobalt administration. Correlation between the sample matrices improved when urine cobalt concentration was adjusted for creatinine level. Red cell cobalt levels remained elevated for at least 12 weeks after cessation of administration, consistent with the lifespan of the red cell. There was no significant change in haematocrit concentrations for the duration of the study.

Conclusion

The current urine cobalt threshold was only effective at detecting acute cobalt exposure while the plasma cobalt threshold was able to consistently identify chronic high‐level cobalt exposure and potential cobalt misuse. The threshold values legislated for urine cobalt do not correlate with those set for plasma. The acute nature of urinary cobalt excretion provides a relatively small window through which cobalt administration is detected. Plasma and red cell cobalt concentrations can provide a clearer picture of potential cobalt misuse.
Characterization of binding, functional activity, and contractile responses of the selective 5‐HT1F receptor agonist lasmiditan
Authors: Rubio‐Beltrán Eloísa , Labastida‐Ramírez Alejandro , Haanes Kristian A. , van den Bogaerdt Antoon , Bogers Ad J.J.C. , Zanelli Eric , Meeus Laurent , Danser A.H. Jan , Gralinski Michael R. , Senese Peter B. , Johnson Kirk W. , Kovalchin Joseph , Villalón Carlos M. , MaassenVanDenBrink Antoinette
Published: August 2019

Background and Purpose

Triptans are 5‐HT1B/1D receptor agonists (that also display 5‐HT1F receptor affinity) with antimigraine action, contraindicated in patients with coronary artery disease due to their vasoconstrictor properties. Conversely, lasmiditan was developed as an antimigraine 5‐HT1F receptor agonist. To assess the selectivity and cardiovascular effects of lasmiditan, we investigated the binding, functional activity, and in vitro/in vivo vascular effects of lasmiditan and compared it to sumatriptan.

Experimental Approach

Binding and second messenger activity assays of lasmiditan and other serotoninergic agonists were performed for human 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT1B, 5‐HT1D, 5‐ht1E, 5‐HT1F, 5‐HT2A, 5‐HT2B, and 5‐HT7 receptors, and the results were correlated with their potency to constrict isolated human coronary arteries (HCAs). Furthermore, concentration–response curves to lasmiditan and sumatriptan were performed in proximal and distal HCA, internal mammary, and middle meningeal arteries. Finally, anaesthetized female beagle dogs received i.v. infusions of lasmiditan or sumatriptan in escalating cumulative doses, and carotid and coronary artery diameters were measured.

Key Results

Lasmiditan showed high selectivity for 5‐HT1F receptors. Moreover, the functional potency of the analysed compounds to inhibit cAMP increase through 5‐HT1B receptor activation positively correlated with their potency to contract HCA. In isolated human arteries, sumatriptan, but not lasmiditan, induced contractions. Likewise, in vivo, sumatriptan decreased coronary and carotid artery diameters at clinically relevant doses, while lasmiditan was devoid of vasoconstrictor activity at all doses tested.

Conclusions and Implications

Lasmiditan is a selective 5‐HT1F receptor agonist devoid of vasoconstrictor activity. This may represent a cardiovascular safety advantage when compared to the triptans.
A prospective study of the clinical outcomes of peri‐implant tissues in patients treated for peri‐implant mucositis and followed up for 54 months
Authors: Fernandes‐Costa Anderson N. , Menezes Karyna de M. , Borges Samuel B. , Roncalli Angelo Giuseppe , Calderon Patrícia dos S. , de V. Gurgel Bruno C.
Published: August 2019

Background

Peri‐implant mucositis is very common and, when left untreated, can progress to the more serious condition of peri‐implantitis. Therefore, early diagnosis, adequate treatment and, in particular, adherence to a peri‐implant supportive therapy are extremely important for the management of peri‐implant mucositis.

Purpose

Characterize the clinical conditions of peri‐implant tissues in patients diagnosed with peri‐implant mucositis after undergoing peri‐implant supportive therapy for 54 months.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐eight patients (131 dental implants) who received peri‐implant supportive therapy, associated with oral hygiene instructions, were assessed at baseline and at 54 months for visible plaque and gingival bleeding indexes, probing depth and bleeding on probing. Data were statistically analyzed using the Chi‐square test and relative risk assessment using a significance level set at 5%.

Results

None of the independent variables evaluated (age, gender, smoking, type of prosthesis, time using the prosthesis, keratinized mucosa, phenotype peri‐implant, classification of visible plaque index and classification of gingival bleeding index) presented significant associations with “worsening” or “improvement” of clinical parameters.

Conclusion

The implementation of peri‐implant support therapy was not sufficient for the resolution of peri‐implant mucositis, although reductions in clinical parameters with respect to baseline were observed and maintained during follow‐up.
Guideline implementation and early risk assessment in pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Deng Xiaoxian , Jin Bowen , Li Shanshan , Li Yaping , Zhou Hongmei , Wu Yang , Yan Menghuan , Hu Yuanping , Qiu Qiu , Zhang Gangcheng , Zheng Xuan
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Current guidelines emphasize that accurate risk stratification is important for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), however, few suggestions have been specified for PAH associated with congenital heart disease (PAH‐CHD).

Objectives

The aim of this study was to propose an accurate and simple system based on current guidelines for risk stratification in PAH‐CHD patients during 12‐month follow‐up.

Methods

We reviewed 288 Chinese PAH‐CHD patients between January 2014 and December 2016 in this retrospective cohort study. The low‐risk criteria according to 2015 European Society of Cardiology guidelines and the adverse events (AEs) during follow‐up were collected. The association between low‐risk criteria and AEs was assessed with Cox regression, and a simplified risk stratification system was proposed.

Results

There were 105 PAH‐CHD patients included in the final analysis. Twenty‐nine patients had AEs defined as death, initiation of new or combined medication treatment, or re‐hospitalisation because of the PAH worsening. Among the low‐risk criteria, WHO/NYHA functional class, 6‐minute walking distance (6MWD), NT‐proBNP and SvO2 were significantly different between AE and AE‐free groups. However, 6MWD (HR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.03‐0.19, P < 0.001) and NT‐proBNP (HR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.16‐0.78, P = 0.01) were the only independent predictors of AEs in multivariable model. When taking them into a simplified system for risk stratification, the number of low‐risk criteria at diagnosis discriminated the risk of AEs (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Among the low‐risk criteria proposed by current guidelines, 6MWD and NT‐proBNP predicted AEs independently for PAH‐CHD patients. Simplified risk stratification system by taking these two parameters numerically provides accurate prognostic information in PAH‐CHD patients.
Associations between personality and uptake of tobacco smoking: Do they differ across adolescence?
Authors: Kelly Erin V. , Grummitt Lucinda , Teesson Maree , Newton Nicola C.
Published: August 2019

Introduction and Aims

Tobacco use is one of the leading causes of death globally, yet it is entirely preventable. Tobacco smoking typically begins in adolescence, and thus efforts to intervene early are vital. Personality has been identified as a risk factor for smoking in adolescence. The current study aimed to examine whether associations between personality traits (impulsivity, sensation‐seeking, anxiety sensitivity and hopelessness) and new onset tobacco smoking differ across adolescence.

Design and Methods

At baseline, 527 secondary‐school students (mean age 13 years) completed a validated personality questionnaire and were surveyed on recent tobacco smoking. Participants were followed‐up at 12‐, 24‐ and 36‐months. Logistic regression was conducted to examine prospective associations between the four personality types and tobacco smoking at each follow‐up.

Results

Results revealed age‐related differences in the associations between personality and smoking in adolescence. Baseline sensation‐seeking was significantly associated with new onset tobacco smoking at age 14; baseline impulsivity was significantly associated with new onset tobacco smoking at age 15; and baseline hopelessness was significantly associated with new onset tobacco smoking at age 16.

Discussion and Conclusions

This study extends knowledge by demonstrating age‐specific effects on the association between personality and smoking. This has important implications for prevention and could inform the development of tailored smoking interventions to be delivered at different ages. Future research will examine personality‐targeted intervention in reducing tobacco smoking in Australian adolescents across different ages.
Gastrostomy in children with neurological impairments: many a slip twixt tube and lip
Authors: Cass Hilary
Published: August 2019

This commentary is on the original article by Joachim et al. on pages 201–206 of this issue.
Vertical dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in relation to organic input quality and microaggregate formation in a coarse– textured Ultisol
Authors: Kunlanit Benjapon , Rasche Frank , Puttaso Aunnop , Cadisch Georg , Vityakon Patma
Published: August 2019

Against the background of current understanding of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) adsorption onto clay surfaces, it remains unclear if bulk DOC or its fractions contribute to microaggregate formation in the top layers of coarse‐textured soils. We therefore investigated the effects of long‐term inputs of biochemically contrasting organic residues on the chemical characteristics and vertical distribution of DOC in a coarse‐textured Ultisol. During 2007–2008, DOC samples were extracted from soil profiles of a long‐term residue quality field experiment initiated in 1995. In this field experiment, groundnut stover, dipterocarp and tamarind leaf litter, as well as rice straw of contrasting biochemical quality, were applied yearly at 10 Mg ha−1. Groundnut, dipterocarp and tamarind produced large amounts (7.1–11.8 g C m−2) of high‐molecular‐weight (HMW; > 10 kDa) DOC, which was found in high concentrations (30–50 mg C kg−1) in the topsoil (0–15 cm). Rice straw, however, produced large amounts (3.5 g C m−2) of low‐molecular‐weight (LMW; < 1 kDa) DOC during the initial stage of decomposition. Although the HMW DOC was retained in the topsoil (0–15 cm), the LMW DOC was rapidly translocated to lower soil depths (60–80 cm). This translocation was facilitated by the low adsorption potential of the rice straw‐derived LMW DOC on colloidal surfaces of the topsoil. There was a significant positive correlation of C in the HMW DOC with that in fine particles, indicating their contribution to microaggregate formation and thus C accumulation. It was concluded that biochemical quality of residues as a determinant of concentration and chemistry of DOC and its vertical dynamics along the soil profile must be considered for SOC accumulation in coarse‐textured soils. Furthermore, we found reasonable indications that HMW DOC contributes to microaggregate formation in topsoils.

Highlights

Residue quality determined vertical dynamics of DOC in coarse– textured Ultisols.

Lignin‐ and polyphenol‐rich residues produced HMW DOC in topsoil.

LMW DOC derived from cellulose‐rich residues was translocated to the subsoil.

There were indications that HMW DOC supported microaggregate formation in topsoils.