bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management and Four Stakeholder Politics
Authors: Gilbert Daniel R.
Published: March 2007

The concept of corporate reengineering provides a rich opportunity to consider certain political implications of using the stakeholder concept. By showing the ethical incoherence of corporate reengineering, as the concept is advocated by Michael Hammer and James Champy, I make the point that the stakeholder concept can be interpreted as a means for advocating just human communities. A new conception of Business & Society as Community Studies is one consequence of this argument.
Employers and the Welfare State
Authors: SWANK DUANE , MARTIN CATHIE JO
Published: March 2007

The authors argue that the organization of employers shapes social policy support among firms and, in turn, affects social policy outcomes. Specifically, the authors argue that the centralization and cohesion of employer groups and economic cooperation across enterprises positively affects social welfare provision. Empirically, the authors assess the impacts of business organization on social welfare effort in 15 developed democracies between the 1970s and 1990s; the authors also provide analysis of the impact of employer organization on active labor market policy. The authors find that the organization of employers is one of the most important determinants of overall social welfare effort. The authors also find that employer organization affects the development of active labor market policies, and it influences the degree to which social democratic parties pursue active labor market programs. The authors conclude with a discussion of the findings' implications for theories of social corporatism and the welfare state.
American and German Trends in Sex Differences in Political Participation
Authors: CHRISTY CAROL A.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the impact of economic development and generational turnover on trends in sex differences in political participation. Election studies of the United States and West Germany are the sources of the trend data, which cover the period between 1952-1953 and 1980. Controls are imposed for increased education levels, the decreased preponderance of rural residents and farming families, and the replacement of older generations by younger ones. The results show that these socioeconomic processes have had a negligible impact on the sex difference trends. Furthermore, these socioeconomic processes cannot explain the variations in the rate of change by nation and by indicator of political participation. The article identifies different configurations of factors affecting the trends in voter turnout, in media attention and discussion, and in organizationally related types of campaign activity.
The Transition to Mass Parties and Ideological Politics
Authors: STEPHENS EVELYNE HUBER , STEPHENS JOHN D.
Published: March 2007

The dominant views in the literature on the evolution of ideological mass-membership parties, which hold that these parties emerged with the entry of the masses into politics and as a result of prolonged electoral competition moderated their ideological stands to appeal to more centrist voters, cannot account for the case of a mass party which, after years of electoral competition, moves sharply to the left and maintains or increases its electoral base, as was the case for the People's National Party (PNP) under Michael Manley in Jamaica in the 1970s. One element of the political strategy of “Democratic Socialism” of the PNP under Manley was the organizational strengthening of the party and the adoption of a stronger ideological profile and a commitment to ideological education at both the elite and mass level. This article discusses the importance as well as the limitations of the process of party transformation. On the basis of two surveys of the Jamaican elite, one carried out in the summer of 1974 and one in 1982, it documents the dramatic effect of this process on the ideological alignments in the Jamaican elite. Drawing on Gramscian ideas, the article develops an explanation for the process of party transformation in Jamaica, which emphasizes the importance of the extent of popular organization and mobilization for the center of gravity of public opinion and thus for the ideological and electoral room for maneuver of mass parties.
Unemployment in Open Economies
Authors: KURZER PAULETTE
Published: March 2007

This article compares variations in the level of unemployment in four small, open economies-Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Rather than focusing on the political-institutional differences between these four countries, the article examines international economic variables such as the role of the European Monetary System, the structure of foreign trade, and linkages to international markets to understand the greater deterioration of employment in Belgium and the Netherlands. In turn, the decision to join the European Community and to seek firmer integration into financial markets is attributed to the relatively greater influence of banking capital or the financial sector in the systems of economic policy-making of Belgium and the Netherlands. The article concludes that the detachment of the Austrian and Swedish economies from the European experience in economic integration has greatly helped the Social Democrats in these countries in fulfilling their promises of full employment.
Corporatism, Totalitarianism, and Transitions to Democracy
Authors: ZHANG BAOHUI
Published: March 2007

Recent studies of democratization generally emphasize the role of elites and political pacts in transitions to democracy. They usually give little attention to the institutional conditions for elite's successful pact making. This article argues that although choices by elites are important, pact making does require certain institutional conditions. By examining the democratization experiences of Spain, Brazil, the Soviet Union, and China in 1989, this article argues that only some types of authoritarian regimes have the historical possibility of following a pacted transition. Specifically, the author argues that corporatist regimes have unique advantages in following such a path. On the other hand, the totalitarian institutional legacies of once-entrenched communist regimes left democratic oppositions as broadly based social movements and their leaders with strong populist tendencies. These, the author argues, create structural obstacles to democratization through elite's pactmaking for these regimes.
Popular Support for Competitive Elections in the Soviet Union
Authors: TEDIN KENT L.
Published: March 2007

Meaningful electoral competition was introduced into the Soviet Union beginning with the all-union elections of March 1989. Based on a survey representative of the Moscow oblast and a survey representative of the European USSR conducted in the spring of 1990, mass support for the institution of competitive elections is analyzed. Using the modernization approach to explaining regime liberalization, the author investigates the levels of this support, the extent to which it is diffuse versus instrumental, and analyzes relationships between support for competitive elections and key demographic and attitudinal indicators. Support for elections at the time of the survey was high, with a substantial diffuse component. In addition, those most enthusiastic about electoral competition are groups whose support is generally thought to be crucial for successful transitions from authoritarian rule.
The Stability of Party Identification in Western Democracies
Authors: SCHICKLER ERIC , GREEN DONALD PHILIP
Published: March 2007

The concept of party identification is widely thought to be of limited utility outside the United States, where partisan attachments are regarded as unstable. The authors argue that estimating the stability of party identification outside the United States requires attention to problems of dimensionality and measurement error. The authors develop a model for estimating the stability of partisanship that addresses these problems, and they apply the model to eight panel surveys drawn from Great Britain, Canada, and Germany. The results suggest that partisanship has been extremely stable in each country, with the exception of recent developments in Canada. The model and findings presented here suggest the need for refinement in the way partisanship is measured, and partisan stability assessed, in multiparty systems.
Elite Bargains and the Onset of Political Liberalization in Jordan
Authors: MUFTI MALIK
Published: March 2007

From the perspective of approaches focusing on political culture or social movements, Jordan seems an unlikely candidate for political liberalization. Yet, it has experienced the most far-reaching liberalization of any Arab country. By viewing the transition process as an unfolding series of bargains between government and opposition elites, this study accommodates both the reality that the decisions taken at each step reflected the self-interested calculations of a small group of people and the equally undeniable fact that those calculations were forged in a historical and normative context that constrained certain options while fostering others. This study traces the predispositions and calculations that propelled government and opposition elites from one decision locus to the next to illustrate how the interaction of a monarchy and an Islamist-dominated opposition actually promoted the initiation of political liberalization in Jordan and how the subsequent practice of political contestation generated a momentum of its own.
Constitutional Change in Colombia
Authors: NIELSON DANIEL L. , SHUGART MATTHEW SOBERG
Published: March 2007

By the late 1980s the Colombian constitution had come under severe pressure for reform as the population shifted markedly from a rural to an urban majority. The president had repeatedly tried to provide policy to court the median Colombian voter, who was urban. The congress was strongly tied to rural interests. Congress consistently thwarted presidential efforts at policy reform. Different presidents again and again proposed constitutional reform as a way of achieving eventual policy aims, only to have the proposed reforms soundly rejected in the legislature. The Colombian congress solely possessed the authority to make constitutional revisions. This article tells the story of how this institutional impasse was overcome. In the wake of severe social strife and conflict a national referendum on constitutional reform was passed by popular vote and upheld by judicial action. This article argues that such constitutional conflict might only be overcome through extraconstitutional—although still democratic—means.
How Many Nordic Countries?
Authors: LAGERSPETZ MIKKO
Published: March 2007

The article discusses possible new meanings of the Scandinavian, or `Nordic', region after the reappearance of the three Baltic republics as independent states. Estonian foreign policy-makers in particular have made several attempts to change the public image of their country by re-defining it as part of the Nordic, rather than the Baltic, region. Examples of such attempts are discussed; they are based on a stress on the country's Northern historical and cultural heritage, and are motivated by a wish to become regarded as promising cooperation partners with the West. However, the everyday Nordic cooperation is based on the participating countries' similar choice of basic economic policies. Estonia's attempts at becoming `Nordic' have not been accompanied by efforts to adopt an economic policy reminiscent of the Scandinavian model.
Defense without Threat? The Future of Norwegian Military Spending
Authors: GLEDITSCH NILS PETTER
Published: March 2007

World War II represents a turning-point in Norwegian military spending. In the sixty years before the war, military spending varied between 1 and 2% of the national product; in the postwar period it has hovered around 3%. Even so, the military sector is a very limited share of the economy. Studies of the economic consequences of disarmament indicate that the national effects are likely to be small and fairly easily compensated. At the local level, particularly in Northern Norway, adjustment is likely to be more serious. With the demise of the East-West conflict it is, in fact, very likely that military spending will decrease in real terms. The new threat scenarios — ethnic, religious and national conflicts in the Balkans and in the Caucasus or Moslem fundamentalism in the Middle East — have little escalatory potential and are unlikely to affect Northern Europe. There remains the `uncertainty scenario', linked to the uncertainties concerning Russia's political future. The author argues that this scenario is unlikely to sustain continued high military expenditure against the pressures of competing civilian priorities.
Beyond Intergovernmentalism: The Quest for a Comprehensive Framework for the Study of Integration
Authors: MATLÁRY JANNE HAALAND
Published: March 2007

This article draws on an empirical study of EC energy policy between 1985 and 1992 in a theoretical discussion of the requirements for a comprehensive theory of integration for the post-1985 period. An analytical framework that improves on intergovernmentalist approaches is proposed. The author argues that a `domestic politics' approach presupposes a delineation of state strategies and state actor capability in a given issue area prior to the analysis of interstate bargaining at the EC level. Further, this approach is argued to be inadequate as a basis for a theory of integration as such, where the ability on the part of the Commission for designing policy that satisfies states' interests is argued to be a necessary condition for the achievement of integrative outcomes. Integration is defined as the intended yet often informal effect of such policy designs, and informal integration is assumed to generate political pressures towards formal integration.
Multilateralism Matters, But How?
Authors: JAKOBSEN PETER VIGGO
Published: March 2007

Whereas Ruggie and his associates have expended a great deal of effort in explaining how and why the principled meanings of multilateralism became institutionalized in most of the international organizations set up since 1945, less attention has been paid to the questions how they influence state policy today and whether they are likely to continue to do so in the future. This article discusses these questions and, in addition, examines whether the favourable view of multilateralism, which is predominant in the literature, can stand up to reality. The impact of multilateralism on Yugoslav policies pursued by the involved great powers is examined in an analysis of whether the great powers adhered to the multilateral consensus principle in situations where they found it inconvenient. The analysis shows that the great powers have generally respected the consensus principle although it repeatedly forced them to act in ways they would have preferred not to. While this finding suggests that the existing multilateral order is durable and effective with respect to reducing great power tension, its implications for conflict management are less benign. In Yugoslavia, adherence to the multilateral consensus principle often became an excuse for inaction and the emphasis placed on maintaining a consensus among the great powers often prevented the implementation of more effective policies.
Managing Intragroup Relations in Foreign Policy
Authors: GARRISON JEAN A. , HOYT PAUL D. , WITUSKI DEBORAH M.
Published: March 2007

There has been a large effort among scholars who study small group decision-making to find the means to ameliorate the negative aspects of group interaction. It is our contention that the specific content of the offered prescription is a logical outgrowth of the underlying assumptions that the author makes regarding the nature of group interaction. Thus, understanding whether the author sees the group as characterized by member consensus or dissensus and whether the group is perceived to be internally focused on group maintenance or externally focused on problem-solving is central to understanding the basis of the offered prescription. Based on this typology, we examine the prescriptions to group dysfunctions offered from three sets of literature, foreign policy analysis, social psychology, and business decision-making. The prescriptions offered are then classified as to the underlying view of group interaction which drives the proposed remedy. In doing so, we seek to understand the bases and implications of prescriptions already existing in the literature. Ironically, the effort to solve one set of decision-making troubles may lead the group to exhibit the problems associated with an alternative form of group interaction.
An Unwritten Chapter of the 1976 Summer Olympic Games
Authors: Groome Reginald K.
Published: March 2007

There is no profile of a terrorist or even a common denominator of objectives. The mix is too great, the circumstances too varied, to permit experts to draw up even a rough kind of portrait of someone who might try typically to cause havoc at the 1976 Olympics.1
Teaching and Research: A Critical Balance
Authors: Berger Florence
Published: March 2007

The competing demands of teaching and research pose significant problems for the university and will become an increasingly important issue for hospitality educators
Forecasting Restaurant Food Sales
Authors: Nandola Kahandas , Koshal Manjulika , Koshal Rajindar K.
Published: March 2007

Which factors most affected the last two decades' growth in restaurant sales?
The Homestead
Authors: Withiam Glenn
Published: March 2007

Located in a relatively remote mountain valley, The Homestead must constantly strive to attract both guests and employees. Guests are wooed by its five-star service and wide range of activities. For employees, The Homestead maintains a strong, family-type atmosphere. For both, there is the lure of a pristine rural setting and a relaxed pace of living. Although its market mix leans toward the meetings business, The Homestead retains the general ambience of a leisure-time property. The keys to The Homestead's success are the longevity of its staff and the stability that comes from a century of the same ownership.
Hotel Lending in the 1990s
Authors: Butler James R. , Benudiz P. Peter
Published: March 2007

The hotel industry's recovery from recession creates great opportunity for lenders and buyers. Considerable equity has been attracted to the market and there are opportunities for savvy lenders to make solid, profitable loans with favorable pricing elasticity and little competition. Would-be lenders, however, must remember that general real-estate experience is not sufficient for analyzing hotel deals because hotels are different from other commercial properties. Nevertheless, hotel lending does not have to be speculative-provided appraisals, market studies, and the necessary legal structure and documentation are handled properly. The operation and the revenue stream it produces are critical elements in evaluating the hotel's worth as security for a loan. From a legal standpoint, lenders must get more than a typical mortgage for security purposes in the event of default. Issues involved in taking over a property in default include securing access to the hotel's income, maintaining liquor licenses, and having control over existing management contracts and franchises in the case of another default.
Union Organizers' Access to Hotels' Private Property
Authors: Clay Joan M. , Stephens Elvis C.
Published: March 2007

Over the past 40 years the property rights of business owners with regard to access by union organizers have been in flux. A 1956 ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court established the principle that union organizers who are not also employees need not be granted access to an employer's property unless there is no reasonable alternative means for the organizers to reach those employees. In the same ruling the court was careful to reiterate the right of employees to organize themselves and the duty of the employer not to restrict that effort unless it interferes with the operation of the business or worker discipline. In several cases following that ruling, the National Labor Relations Board and appellate courts reinterpreted the Supreme Court ruling to broaden the organizers' right to reach employees, particularly on such quasi-public property as shopping malls and, by inference, the entrances to hotels. The current standard is a 1992 Supreme Court ruling that reiterates the concept that property owners cannot be compelled to grant access to nonemployee organizers if those organizers have other reasonable means to communicate with workers.
Ursula Delworth
Authors: McNeill Brian W.
Published: March 2007

In a long and varied career, Ursula Delworth has been the embodiment of the multidimensional counseling psychologist. In this interview, Ursula recounts her experiences as an educator, clinician, model builder, supervisor, consultant, editor, and administrator. The author examines her significant influences, personal development, and professional work, as Ursula offers her perspectives on the current as well as future directions of professional psychology. It is apparent that through her numerous contributions, Ursula Delworth has made a difference in the lives of her students, colleagues, and the field of professional psychology.
Dialogues and Challenges
Authors: Flum Hanoch
Published: March 2007

In this article the contextual framework for “The Interface of Work and Relationships: Critical Knowledge for 21st Century Psychology” is portrayed. A dialogue between an intuitive script, a cultural script of individualism, and a current script of change illuminates the challenges of the present state of transition. In light of features of the sociocultural and intellectual transition, critical issues for the study of work and relationships are examined. The need to enrich our linguistic tools and scaffold conceptualizations to enhance theory building, research, and practice in the interaction between work and relationships is discussed. A narrative mode of inquiry with an emphasis on the experience, its meaning, the process, and context is advanced as an appropriate approach for the study of the interface between work and relationships.
Etiology of Eating Disorders in Women
Authors: Striegel-Moore Ruth H. , Cachelin Fary M.
Published: March 2007

Eating disorders have been studied extensively over the past several decades, yet research of their etiology has lagged behind treatment outcome research. This article reviews the challenges inherent in this research. It illustrates the epidemiologic designs that have been used to test risk factor hypotheses and describes the major studies designed to answer the question of what causes eating disorders. It points to significant gaps in knowledge, chief among them the absence of representative data on prevalence and correlates of eating disorders, and the lack of data regarding eating disorders in ethnic minority populations.
Multidimensional Cultural Competence
Authors: Reynolds Amy L.
Published: March 2007

This comment on the major contribution addresses the conceptual richness and strengths of the model; offers some possible extensions to enhance its application to counseling psychology; and discusses its implications for practice, training, and research. Academic programs can use the multiple dimensions of cultural competence (MDCC) model to assess their curriculum and policies and design new approaches to infusing multiculturalism. The conceptual framework of the MDCC also can be used to customize counseling services to better meet the needs of a diverse client base. Future implications for use of this model as a transformative tool for counseling psychology are also explored.
Career Development in the Schools
Authors: Solberg V. Scott , Howard Kimberly A. , Blustein David L. , Close Wendy
Published: March 2007

This article advocates for the collaboration of counseling psychologists with school counselors, other educators, and mental health professionals to enhance the career development of the nation’s children and youth. Drawing from the theory of developmental-contextualism, the authors describe how school-to-work programming in schools can be effectively designed to prepare youth to transition from school to work to life. They describe two collaborative school-based programs that build on counseling psychology’s commitment to integrative, theory-based interventions and to rigorous evaluation methods. The two programs presented, Achieving Success Identity Pathways (ASIP) and Tools for Tomorrow, were designed to enhance youth’s motivation for academic success and vocational development. A number of implications for training and research are described.
Practice for a Paradigm Shift
Authors: DeBell Camille
Published: March 2007

Consistent with the paradigm shift advocated by the articles in this issue, this article introduces a client conceptualization model for vocational and avocational choice, entry, and adjustment that can be used to structure an integrative, contextual course in counseling psychology. An overview of the use of models in vocational psychology is presented, as well as a detailed description and visual representation of the present Model. Suggestions are made for integrative and traditional pedagogy, and resource materials are cited. Evaluative data indicate that earlier versions of the Model have been well received by students and others with whom it has been used. These data are discussed, and suggestions for researching the utility of the Model are made.
Computer Technology and Counseling Psychology
Authors: Sampson James P.
Published: March 2007

The availability of computer applications in counseling psychology has increased dramatically over the past 15 years. Many articles, books, and conference presentations have explored the use of computer technology infacilitating service delivery. Although some concern has been expressed regarding potentially inappropriate use of computer applications, minimal attention has been paid to the impact of this technology on the identity and behavior of counseling psychologists. In view of the growing body of knowledge and experience on this topic, it would seem to be an appropriate time to explore the potential impact of this technology. The current use of computer technology in counseling psychology is explored and the potential negative impact of computer technology is discussed in terms of the misuse of computer applications, dependence on technology, and restriction of the counseling process. Factors contributing to inappropriate use of technology are also discussed along with priorities for action and research.
Conceptualizing Short-Term Treatment
Authors: Burlingame Gary M. , Fuhriman Addie
Published: March 2007

Short-term and time-limited treatments have recently received increased interest in the counseling literature. Nevertheless, a great deal of ambiguity exists regarding the structure and substance of these treatments. A classification system is proposed that descriptively orders different types of brief treatments. This system is used to compare and contrast conceptually planned models of short-term therapy. Research and practice implications for counseling psychologists are discussed.
Recent Developments in Cognitive Approaches to Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: Mahoney Michael J. , Lyddon William J.
Published: March 2007

The "cognitive revolution "in psychology is reviewed from historical, philosophical, and theoretical perspectives. There has been substantial evolution and differentiation among cognitive psychotherapies, of which there are at least 20 distinct modern varieties. It is argued that these various cognitive approaches reflect two fundamental traditions in philosophy and psychological theory-rationalism and constructivism. Rationalist cognitive therapies are exemplified by Albert Ellis's rational-emotive therapy and view counseling as technical consultation in rational thinking and "reality contact. "Rationalist counselors assume that explicit thought processes are the optimal focus of intervention. Constructivist cognitive therapies challenge reductionistic accounts of the relationships among thought, feeling, and action. As reflected in George Kelly's personal construct approach and the contemporary works of Guidano, Ivey, Joyce Moniz, and Mahoney, constructivist therapies emphasize proactive processes in adaptation. They also acknowledge the importance of emotional attachments, affective cycles of disorganization, and self-organizing processes in individual psychological development. Key differences between rationalist and constructivist approaches are outlined at philosophical, theoretical, and practical levels. It is concluded that constructivist theories represent a major and promising emergence in late-twentieth-century psychology.
Counseling Psychology and the West German Fulbright Program
Authors: Nugent Frank A.
Published: March 2007

Three counseling activities developed in West Germany could well be emulated by counseling psychologists in the United States: a nationwide network of career information, city-run adult counseling centers for normal persons, and case presentation seminars offered by psychological professional associations.
Cross-Cultural Outcomes of a Research Fulbright in Sweden
Authors: Heppner P. Paul
Published: March 2007

This article discusses outcomes of a research Fulbright in Sweden. I suggest that there are at least four major areas in which American counseling psychologists can benefit from contact with European psychologists: knowledge bases about psychological events, education methods and philosophies, views of psychology and science, and personal life-styles.
Female Student Perspectives on Training in Lesbian and Gay Issues
Authors: Buhrke Robin A.
Published: March 2007

This study examined female counseling psychology doctoral students' perceptions of the type and extent of training they had received concerning lesbian and gay people. Participants, 213 female students from at least 31 counseling psychology programs, completed a 33-item survey designed to examine their perceptions of the frequency and manner in which lesbian and gay issues were addressed in their training. Results of the analyses indicated that female students receive little exposure to lesbian- or gay-related issues or to lesbian or gay clients and thus are not trained to work with these clients. Further results and implications are presented and discussed
Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Supervision
Authors: Sherry Patrick
Published: March 2007

The American Psychological Association code of ethics is used to understand the ethical issues present in the conduct of supervision. Because supervision is characterized by goals of behavior change, has many qualities similar to therapy, and by definition requires multiple roles of its participants, it should be considered a psychological intervention particularly vulnerable to ethical misconduct. The ethical issues of responsibility, client and supervisee welfare, confidentiality, competency, moral and legal standards, public statements, and professional relationships are discussed in relation to supervision.
Issues of Early Professionals in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Kantorowski Laura
Published: March 2007

A counseling psychologist faces many challenges when choosing to work in the community mental health center (CMHC) setting. As an early professional; the obstacles of immense paperwork and shrinking dollars translating into increased caseload allow for a rich although costly training/professional experience. The pros and cons are discussed within the context of one individual's experiences. Administrative and sexism issues are also discussed.
The Purpose, Philosophy, Content, and Structure of Doctoral Comprehensive/Qualifying Exams
Authors: Manus Michaelene B. , Bowden Marianne G. , Dowd E. Thomas
Published: March 2007

To gather information about comprehensive/qualifying examinations, the authors surveyed the 64 programs that composed the Council of Counseling Psychology Training programs as well as six nonmember training directors A four-page questionnaire was mailed to these program directors, with 53 (76%) questionnaires being returned. Although all programs required some form of comprehensive evaluation for admission to doctoral candidacy, there was considerable variability among programs regarding philosophy, purpose, content, and structure. Of the programs, 58% required both written and oral comps, and 38% required written comps only. No program required oral comps only. Seventy-seven percent reported that the purpose of comps was to assess ability and integrate knowledge. Although most programs assessed knowledge in the areas of psychological foundations, professional issues, counseling theories and practices, assessment and measurement, and research and statistics, few assessed knowledge in cross-cultural issues, vocational psychology, group counseling, or learning and development. Implications of the data and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Wife Abuse and the Wife Abuser
Authors: Carden Ann D.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the clinical, theoretical, and empirical literature on wife abuse and the wife abuser that suggests answers to the questions, Why does he do it? and What will stop him? The article begins with a discussion of relevant historical and contextual information. It provides an overview of the problem of domestic violence, presents prevalence data, and describes the evolution and current status of public and professional awareness and response. The review includes research studies and discursive papers that have viewed the wife abuser from sociopolitical as well as psychological perspectives. The author proposes an integrative model for understanding etiologic, dynamic, and intervention issues with this population. The article concludes with a discussion of clinical and research implications and recommendations.
Counseling Issues with African College Students in U.S. Colleges and Universities
Authors: Essandoh Pius K.
Published: March 2007

The increasing number of international students in U.S. colleges and universities has led to increased research on counseling international students. Despite this increased interest in the counseling needs of international students, very little has been written about one group of international students, those from Africa. This article identifies counseling needs of African college students and discusses suggestions for helping American counselors work effectively with African college students.
Predictors of Research Productivity and Science-Related Career Goals among Counseling Psychology Doctoral Students
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey H. , Scott Norman A.
Published: March 2007

This cross-sectional study investigated predictors of research productivity and science-related career goals in a sample of 267 doctoral students (representing a response rate of 5S%) from 15 randomly selected APA-accredited counseling psychology doctoral programs. A structural equation modeling procedure revealed that career goals and research productivity could be predicted by Holland personality type, perceptions of the research training environment, interest in research, and research self-efficacy. Students' gender and year in the doctoral program also contributed to this causal model as additional predictor variables, providing a very good fit to the data The present findings contribute to theories of research training by presenting a comprehensive examination of the major factors previously investigated in the literature as predictors of research productivity and science-related career goals within the context of a structural equation model
Model Training Program in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Murdock Nancy L. , Alcorn John , Heesacker Martin , Stoltenberg Cal
Published: March 2007

In response to the revision of the American Psychological Association's Guidelines and Principles of Accreditation, the Council of Counseling Psychology Training Programs (CCPTP) and Division 17formed a Joint Writing Committee to create a document that would present a modal or normative training program for counseling psychology. This article presents the Model Training Program, as endorsed by CCPTP and Division 17.
The Importance of Randomized Field Trials
Authors: Boruch Robert , Snyder Brooke , DeMoya Dorothy
Published: March 2007

This article lays out five standards for judging the importance of randomized field trials in estimating the relative effects of new programs and new variations on existing programs. These standards include contemporary evaluation policy, the historical development of trials in diverse sciences, ethics, normative practice, and the credibility of alternative approaches to estimating the effects of programs or variations. Empirical evidence and a line of reasoning bearing on each standard are made plain.
Resistance Is Futile: The Right to Resist Unlawful Arrest in an Era of Aggressive Policing
Authors: Hemmens Craig , Levin Daniel
Published: March 2007

The police are relying on more aggressive tactics in their effort to fight crime. A common complaint regarding these tactics is that innocent persons are sometimes subjected to unlawful arrest. At common law, there was a right to resist an illegal arrest. The modern trend, however, has been to eliminate the right to resist. Abrogation of the common law right is based on several factors, including the development of modern criminal procedure, the ability to seek redress via other means, and the belief that violence should not be encouraged. This article examines the history and current status of the right to resist an unlawful arrest. The authors argue that attacks on the common law right are based on a misunderstanding of the original justifications for the right and that there remains a great need for the right particularly as new police tactics increase the probability of arbitrary assertions of authority.
Challenges Incarcerated Women Face as They Return to Their Communities: Findings from Life History Interviews
Authors: Richie Beth E.
Published: March 2007

This article uses results of a qualitative research project to describe the challenges that incarcerated women face as they return to their communities from jail or prison. Following a descriptive profile of the population, the particular challenges are discussed, focusing on the gender and culturally specific needs that formerly incarcerated women from low-income communities face upon release from correctional facilities in this country. The article concludes with a discussion of the broader contexts that affect women's self-sufficiency, and the need for neighborhood development initiatives, public policy reform, and social changes.
Victims' Repsonse to Confrontational Victimization: A Neglected Aspect of Victim Research
Authors: Fattah Ezzat A.
Published: March 2007

The behavior of victims during victimization and responses to confrontational victimization have received scant attention from researchers. Very little research has been done to determine how victims react to face-to-face victimization, why they react the way they do, and why, in identical or similar situations, some persons are more likely to suffer physical harm than are others. Future research will make it possible to associate specific victim and situational characteristics with different types of responses and to link different responses with different outcomes. Only then will it be possible to assess the advantages and dangers associated with specific responses in predefined situations and to develop some guidelines for potential victims.
From Private Prosecution to Plea Bargaining: Criminal Prosecution, the District Attorney, and American Legal History
Authors: Steinberg Allen
Published: March 2007

Despite the general assumption that the gates of the American criminal justice process have always been guarded by public prosecutors, an examination of the case law and social history of criminal prosecution suggests a much more complex transformation of American criminal justice from an eighteenth and early ninteenth century system dominated by private prosecution. In Philadelphia, this system of private prosecution kept most of the power over the disposition of a criminal case in the hands of the private litigants and petty magistrates, generated a highly articulated legal culture, and resulted in relatively few jury trials. The assumption of power by the district attorney during the last third of the nineteenth century emerged from the internal contradictions of this system, but it amounted to a transformation from one form of nontrial descretionary justice to another.
Organizational Imperatives and Sentencing Reform Implementation: The Impact of Prison Practices and Priorities on the Attainment of the Objective of Determinate Sentencing
Authors: Hepburn John R. , Goodstein Lynne
Published: March 2007

Determinate sentencing, advocated as a means of increasing sentencing equity and reducing inmate release uncertainty and coerced program participation, has been heralded as a major criminal justice reform. Yet organizational theorists caution that successful implementation of a legal reform may be impeded by a number of factors. In this article we concentrate on the implementation of determinate sentencing reform by the correctional system and propose that its objectives will be compromised by its low priority relative to more visible, immediate, and central mandates of prison administration. Focusing on the reform states of Illinois, Minnesota, and Connecticut, the article explores the prison practices and policies governing good time, supervised release, and program participation. We conclude that the objectives of determinate sentencing were affected, to varying degrees, by more central and salient correctional concerns, such as prison crowding and the need to exert social control.
Toward Community-Oriented Policing: Potential, Basic Requirements, and Threshold Questions
Authors: Goldstein Herman
Published: March 2007

Recent research that has questioned the value of traditional policing methods has led to experiments with new forms of policing. With increasing frequency, these experiments place greater dependence, for police effectiveness, upon redefining the relationship that the police develop with the community. Out of these efforts, a concept of community-oriented policing is beginning to evolve that—when fully developed—could provide the dominant framework to which all future improvement efforts in policing are linked. A number of minimum requirements for moving in this direction are already identifiable. Most important, among these, is the need to assure that the police engage more directly in dealing with the substantive problems of concern to the communities they serve. Full development of community-oriented policing will require that a number of tough questions first be addressed. Four of these are identified and explored in the article.
Returning to First Principles: Reducing the Fear of Crime in Newark
Authors: Williams Hubert , Pate Antony M.
Published: March 2007

The fear of crime has become a major problem in contemporary society. The National Institute of Justice selected the Police Foundation to conduct rigorous evaluations of several different law enforcement programs designed to address that problem in Newark and Houston. This article describes how the programs in Newark were developed, implemented, and evaluated and summarizes the results of those evaluations. The findings indicate that programs designed to carry out the original mandate of urban policing—to remain in close and frequent contact with citizens—were most effective. In response to these results, the Newark Police Department has adopted and expanded those program components found to be successful.
Viable Options: Intensive Supervision Programs for Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Barton William H. , Butts Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2007

The Wayne County Juvenile Court in Detroit, Michigan, recently developed and evaluated three in-home, intensive supervision programs as alternatives to commitment for adjudicated delinquents. More than 500 youths were randomly assigned to either intensive supervision or a control group that was committed to the state for placement. The evaluation found the in-home programs to be as effective as commitment for about one-third the cost. Two years after random assignment, the experimental and control group cases showed few differences in recidivism, either in official charges or by self-report. The study suggests that in-home programs are a viable option for many youths who would otherwise be committed.
AIDS Education in the Jail Setting
Authors: Baxter Sandra
Published: March 2007

This article describes some of the obstacles to and advantages of providing effective human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) education programs in jails. The description is based on a six-module, multisession program directed to injection drug users in the Maricopa County (Phoenix, AZ) jail as part of a large research and demonstration project funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Some preliminary analyses of longitudinal data from Phoenix are presented. The results suggest that an evaluation of jail-based education focusing on safer needle usage and sex practices must be very thoughtfully designed and implemented.
The Failure of the U.S. Sentencing Commission's Guidelines
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: March 2007

The U.S. Sentencing Commission's guidelines have failed to win acceptance by federal judges and other practitioners and have not been shown to have reduced sentencing disparities in the federal courts. Many state guidelines systems by contrast have been accepted by affected practitioners and have reduced sentencing disparities. The federal guidelines were unpopular in 1987 when they were first implemented and are more unpopular today because of their rigidity, harshness, and complexity. The guidelines should be substantially revised or repealed.
Visions of Social Control: Probation Considered
Authors: Lemert Edwin M.
Published: March 2007

The extent to which probation in California controls criminal offenders is examined. A distinction is made between the representations of social control by probation and its realities. Some writers claim that penology has developed a new language and strategy directed to the management rather than treatment of offenders, scarcely true for probation, which receives more offenders than jails and prisons. Probation may have a new language but its most significant changes have been a massive deterioration in supervision due to loss of staff and budget and a heavy increase of cases. Study of four northern California county probation departments showed that a common adaptation to the avalanche of new cases and loss of staff was bankloading of cases. Increased caseload size has meant that many active cases go without supervision. Reasons for probation's marginal position and uncertain claims on county budgets are discussed.
Officers' Response to Community Policing: Variations on a Theme
Authors: Wilson Deborah G. , Bennett Susan F.
Published: March 2007

Few evaluations of community policing consider the program's effect on officers' attitudes about community policing or job satisfaction. The mixed results we do have are difficult to synthesize for numerous reasons, including the substantial variation in program design and implementation. This article examines variations in officers' attitudes across three different community policing programs in one department, using 11 scales for community police attitudes and 5 scales for job satisfaction. The programs varied in their design and length of implementation. Although the data are not conclusive, they suggest that officers' attitudes were influenced by both contextual factors and program variations.