bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of bits for directional drilling in complex mining and geological conditions
Authors: Lysakov D. V.
Published: January 2023

The purpose of the study is to improve the efficiency of directional drilling using continuous whipstocks in difficult mining and geological conditions. The research involves the description of mining and geological conditions featuring decreased efficiency of continuous whipstock operation as well as the reasons why the decrease is observed. It should be noted that significant problems arise when using the milling-type continuous whipstocks for sidetracking in hard rocks from the plug back total depths of cement mixtures and well deviations in the intervals of normal face weakened rocks. In this case, there is a decrease in deviation accuracy, due to the increased sinking speed that prevents curvature accumulation and which is difficult to control by the drilling mode parameters. Another problem that decreases the well deviation accuracy when using milling-type whipstocks in hard rocks is the deviation of the drift angle build up plane due to the disorienting force that occurs during milling of the borehole wall. The study briefly dwells upon the existing technologies and engineering means, the use of which is aimed at improving the whipstock performance in complex mining and geological conditions, including through the use of bits with a special design. The author has proposed and patented a series of new technical means (bits) and technological solutions that effectively deal with the drop in the performance of continuous whipstocks in the well deviated in hard rocks. Moreover, the developed means took into account the shortcomings of current technical equipment.
Studying changes in the lighting characteristics of retrofit LED lamps during long-term testing
Authors: Nesterkina N. P. , Kuznetsov E. A. , Zhuravleva Ju. A.
Published: January 2023

The paper analyzes the results of comparative studies of the lighting characteristics of retrofit LED lamps of the A60 form factor from various manufacturers: Uniel (Russia - China), JazzWay (Russia - China), Philips (Netherlands), Ecola (Russia), Wolta (Germany). During the test period of lamps up to 6,000 hours, the following lighting characteristics were measured: luminous flux, power consumption, pulsation coefficient. The lamps were tested for 6,000 hours of burning at mains voltage of 220 V. The lamps were turned off 4 times a day and turned on again no less than 15 minutes after being turned off. Measurements of the lighting characteristics of the lamps were carried out after 0, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 6,000 hours of burning. The position of the lamps during the tests is with the base up. The test results show that the measured value of the initial luminous flux of all retrofit LED lamps corresponds to the declared one; a high value of the lumen maintenance after 6,000 hours of burning among retrofit LED lamps has been shown by Uniel LED 10W 4000K (94.5 %), Philips Essential LED 9W 6500K (96.2 %), Wolta LX 12W 3000K (95.3 %), for lamps JazzWay PLED-SP 10W 5000K and Ecola Classic LED 10.2W 4000K lumen maintenance is less than 90 %. According to the test results, only for the Uniel LED 10W 4000K lamp, the measured values of lighting characteristics and pulsation coefficient, including after 6,000 hours of burning, correspond to the declared ones. With a low pulsation coefficient of 2.3 % for this lamp, the lumen maintenance after 6,000 hours is 94.5 %, which corresponds to lumen maintenance code 9 according to state standard (GOST IEC 62612-2019).
Analysis of the traction motor electrical parameters of the trolleybus
Authors: Vlasov A. B. , Buev S. A. , Kucherenko V. V. , Urvantsev V. I.
Published: January 2023

The technical equipment of modern trolleybuses (increased power of traction motors, regenerative-rheostatic braking, anti-slip and anti-lock systems, an on-board computer for monitoring and controlling the operation of the traction drive, GLONASS satellite systems, Internet access) increases the requirements for the quality of electrical energy and the electromagnetic compatibility of the installed equipment. In the course of the study, the electrical performance of the trolleybus traction asynchronous motor (voltage, current, voltage sinusoidal shape, total coefficient of harmonic voltage components) has been analyzed. Due to difficulties in the supply of foreign electrical equipment, primarily power electronics elements used to control the operation of the traction motor, there is an increasing need to improve measures for the maintenance of trolleybuses to increase the reliability and uptime of the equipment. The advantages of using the methods of quantitative thermography, analysis of the quality of electrical energy and control of the hardness of cable insulation have been experimentally established. With the help of an analyzer of electric energy quality, measurements of the quantitative indicators of the operation of the electric motor have been carried out; the thermal imager has been used to assess the thermal state of contact connections and cable routes. The use of new diagnostic methods is of particular relevance in the course of continuous long-term operation of electric transport in the Far North.
The Affective Mediascapes of Chinese Island Abandonment
Authors: Hong Gang
Published: January 2023

Islands have long been alluring to sojourners from outside, especially when they are, or are assumed to have been, abandoned. The island lure becomes more powerful when the abandonment is represented in the media in ways that evoke compelling affective responses. Against this background, I intend to critically examine the affective mediascapes of abandoned islands by focusing on three Chinese examples. I argue that it is necessary and possible to de-affect the media lure of abandoned islands in a place-specific way and probe for alternative affective responses in relation to one or several dominant affects in a given context.
19. YÜZYIL ASKERİ KEÇE BAŞLIKLARIN TESPİTİ VE YENİ TASARIMLARDA YORUMLANMASI
Authors: Arpaözü Sabriye , Genç Mustafa
Published: January 2023

Keçe, hayvansal liflerin alkali bir ortamda su, ısı ve basınç yardımıyla sıkıştırılması sonucu elde edilen bir tekstil ürünüdür. Geçmişte daha fazla keçe atölyeleri bulunmasına rağmen günümüzde Afyonkarahisar, Konya, İzmir, Balıkesir, Isparta, Şanlıurfa, Manisa şehirlerinde olan atölyeler sayesinde geleneksel keçe üretimi devam etmektedir. Açılan halk eğitim kursları mesleğin devam etmesi konusunda ustalara yardımcı olmaktadır. Keçenin kullanım alanlarından birisi de askeri başlıklardır. Askeri keçe başlıklar geçmişte kullanılsa da 1826 yılında fesin askeri başlık olarak kabul edilmesiyle yaygın hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada literatür çalışması ve müzelerde araştırma yapılarak 19.yy. askeri keçe başlık formları tespit edilerek, bu başlıkların hem yerli hem de ithal yün ile reprodüksiyon çalışmaları sunulmaktadır. Yine askeri keçe başlıkların yeniden kullanılabileceği yeni formlar tasarlanarak kadın şapkalarına örnekler verilmiştir. Bütün başlıkların yapımında tepme keçe yöntemi ve kalıp tekniği kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Elyafın renklendirilmesinde ise doğal boyama yöntemi kullanılarak çalışmaya farklılık kazandırılmıştır.
Otokodlayıcılar Kullanarak Uzaktan Algılama Görüntülerindeki Eksik Verilerin Yeniden Yapılandırılması
Authors: KARTAL Serkan
Published: January 2023

Uzaktan algılama çalışmalarında uydu görüntülerindeki eksik verilerin yeniden yapılandırılması, veri kullanılabilirliğini artırmak ve analiz süreçlerini kolaylaştırmak açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, bu problemi çözmek için otokodlayıcı adı verilen Yapay Sinir Ağı (YSA) modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, büyük oranda eksik veri içeren ve bu nedenle interpolasyon gibi klasik yöntemlerle yüksek doğrulukla yeniden yapılandırılması zor olan uydu görüntülerini başarılı bir şekilde yeniden yapılandıracak bir YSA modelinin geliştirilmesidir. Model, Orta Çözünürlüklü Görüntüleme Spektroradyometresi (MODIS) sensörleri ile elde edilen 1-km çözünürlüğe sahip günlük (MYD11A1) yüzey sıcaklığı verileri üzerinde test edilmiştir. Çalışma alanı Türkiye’nin güneyinde yer alan, Antalya ilinin kuzeyi ile Burdur ve Isparta il sınırları içerisinde bulunan bir bölgeyi kapsamaktadır. 2017-2020 tarih aralığına ait 306 veri üzerinde yapılan çalışma sonucunda modelin %70 ve üzerinde eksik bilgi içeren verileri 1,79 Ortalama Mutlak Hata (OMH) değeri ile tamamlayabildiği görülmüştür.
Modifiye Yaklaşımların Evapotranspirasyon Tahminlerine Etkisi: Van Örneği
Authors: UZUNLAR Ali , ÖZ Arif , DİŞ Muhammet Ömer
Published: January 2023

Suyun öneminin tartışılmaz olduğu gerçeğini göz önüne alarak, hidrolojik çevrimin ve onun en karmaşık bileşenlerinden biri olan evapotranspirasyon (ET) kaybının iyi belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Topraktan ve açık su yüzeylerinden buharlaşma ve bitkilerden terleme yoluyla kaybedilen suyun birleşimi olarak tanımlanan ET değerini belirlemek amacıyla birçok ampirik yöntem geliştirilmiş ve bu yöntemler üzerinde modifiye çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Dünyada yaygın olarak bilinen FAO-Penman-Monteith (FAO- PM) denklemi referans alınarak Hargreaves-Samani (HS) ve Blaney-Criddle (BC) denklemleri ile bu iki denklemin modifiye çalışmaları kullanılarak Van ilinde 11 istasyona ait 6 yıllık (2015-2020) günlük meteorolojik veriler ile ET hesabı yapılmış ve modifiye çalışmaların etkileri araştırılmıştır. Pearson Korelasyon Katsayısı (PCC) ve Ortalama Bağıl Hata (OBH) performans değerlendirme indislerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada, tüm sonuçlar incelendiğinde HS ve Modifiye HS (MHS) denklemlerinin iyi sonuçlar verdiği izlenmiştir. HS denklemi içerisindeki sabit değerler üzerinden yapılan modifiye çalışmaları ile oluşan MHS denkleminin, bazı istasyonlarda HS denkleminden daha iyi sonuçlar verdiği gözlemlenmiştir. Yükseklik ile ET arasındaki ilişki dikkate alınarak HS ve BC denklemlerinin yükseklik verisini kullanan modifiye çalışmaları da araştırmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Rakım bazlı modifiye edilen HS denklemi 6 denklem arasında ortalama 0,88 korelasyon değeri ile en kötü sonuçlara sahip denklem olmuştur. BC denklemi üzerinde yapılan modifiye çalışmalar BC denklemine kıyasla daha iyi sonuçlar vermiştir.
Soviet Administrator N. I. Ivanov: Tragedy of the Economic Leader of the 1920s — 1930s
Authors:   Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Davydov A. Yu. , Kirillova E. A.
Published: January 2023

Using previously unpublished archival documents, this article provides one of the first studies on the biography of prominent Leningrad political and economic figure N. I. Ivanov. During War Communism and NEP he served as labor commissar for the Union of Communes of the Northern Region, headed the Department of municipal economy of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd/Leningrad Soviet, was was the second deputy chairman of the Еxecutive Сommittee of the Leningrad City Soviet. In the conditions of NEP he had to make compromises with businessmen and specialists from “former people”. In the “year of the great turning point”, he was fired from all posts and sent to work as a mechanic at a factory. During industrialization he was forgiven and became a director of the Lenmetallurgstroy plant. In 1937 Ivanov fell victim to the “Great Terror”, and was arrested and died. The article provides reasons for the repression of responsible Soviet business executives: it was found that effective administrators of the “ideologically vicious” NEP deviated from the strictly class line by necessity and were punished for this during Stalin’s “revolution form above”. At the same time, the factors of the deployment of massive repressive campaigns against factory directors influenced the processes of the formation of the socialist subjectivity of the builders of the new world. The article traces how in the 1930s, when propaganda extolled labor collectives as true creators of a perfect civilization, Ivanov had to deviate from the imperative principle of the collectivist worldview, and was forced to rely on the professional core of factory specialists, sometimes opposing himself to the bulk of the factory workers. This is the tragedy of the economic leader of Stalin’s time.
The Problem of Acceptance of Farming by Local Authorities in 1989–1991 (Based on the Materials of the Central Chernozem Region)
Authors:   Lipetsk Branch of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Logunova I. V.
Published: January 2023

The article examines how the process of adoption of the idea of farming by representatives of local authorities in the regions of the Central Chernozem Region took place during the birth of the farmer movement, in 1989–1991. An analysis of the transcript of the Second (extraordinary) Congress of People’s Deputies of the RSFSR, and of protocols of the plenums of regional and district committees of the CPSU from January-February 1991 (RGASPI), reveal the first reaction of the leaders of party organizations and heads of collective agricultural enterprises to the emergence of farming. The most acute aspects of the problem of the formation and development of the farmer movement are revealed, namely: the fear of a possible “repetition of capitalism”, diversity in agriculture, the fear that excessive support of farmers from the state will result in damage to collective agricultural enterprises, protection of collective forms of management in the face of collective farms and state farms, private ownership of land, attitude to farming, prevention of forcing the pace of farming. The article concludes about the psychological unwillingness in 1989–1991 of the party leaders of the regional and district levels, heads of collective farms and state farms to calmly accept the idea of farming and put up with its existence. The position of distrust of the new form of management, in turn, was reinforced by the institutional and economic difficulties that objectively arose during the formation of farming (natural for the initial stage of any transformation).
Maksim Starostin’s War Diary. 1941–1945
Authors:   UiT — The Arctic University of Norway, Nielsen J. P.
Published: January 2023

This article seeks to shed light on the diary of Maksim Ivanovich Starostin (1902–1948), First Secretary of the Murmansk Provisional Committee of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Murmansk Defense Committee, and written during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945). As a colonel and later major-general, Starostin was a member of the Military Council of the Soviet Northern Fleet and the Military Council of the 14th Army, which conducted the defense of the Kola Peninsula. He travelled during both summer and winter to inspect the conditions of the soldiers at the front, at the same time working intensively to provide the city of Murmansk with building materials and food supplies. Starostin also played an important role organizing the fishing industry. A particular challenge that demanded much of his attention was the unloading of Allied vessels delivering equipment and goods of critical importance for the Soviet Union’s struggle against Nazi Germany. A significant problem in this regard was a lack of available manpower. Effective supervision of personnel was regarded by Starostin as a key to success. In many respects he was an ideal party leader, loyal to the political leadership of the country, but at the same time independent and not afraid to criticize decisions made at higher levels. Despite this, however, on the 14th of April 1945 the Party Central Committee elected to transfer Starostin to Moscow, only weeks before victory. As a consequence, Starostin was prevented from celebrating Victory Day in Murmansk, a city to which he had given all his strength during the Great Patriotic War. Perhaps Starostin, in the eyes the Stalinist leadership, had become too powerful and independent to be left alone in the High North.
Soviet Film Policy of the Second Half of 1950s — Late 1970s
Authors:   Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Yudin K. A.
Published: January 2023

The subject of this article is the film policy of the Soviet leadership in the period of “cold warming.” The term is used as a conditional-instrumental designation of the period — the second half of the 1950s to the late 1970s, clearly manifested as a management style in which elements of “détente” in the field of culture, cinematography, which appeared much earlier than this phenomenon in international relations, continuously coexisted with an atmosphere of tension between the USSR and the USA. On the basis of a wide range of sources, including archival documents used here or are subjected to in-depth analysis for the first time, this article addresses political, ideological, institutional, media, and communicative aspects of Soviet film politics in historical dynamics, from Khrushchev’s “modernization” to Brezhnev’s “conservative appeasement”. The leading role of such structures as the USSR State Committee for Cinematography, film export organization, and Ideological Commissions of the Central Committee of the CPSU in following established traditions of state pragmatism is established. This was expressed in the opening of external information “gateways” on the principle of duality. Import and “free” transmission of foreign film production, the assumption of private and departmental interaction with Western, American cinema figures, the reception of “alien” artistic and administrative-organizational experience of improving the filmmaker, were interrupted by strict control, demonstrative strengthening of censorship, and control and supervisory activity of party-state structures to counter “bourgeois media attacks”. As a result, this led to the return of excessive ideological and political principles, the inertial construction of barriers, the re-conceptualization of figurative-visual stereotypes and dogmatic prejudices.
The Myth of homo soveticus: Perspectives from Russian and Foreign Scholars
Authors:   Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasavchenko T. N.
Published: January 2023

The subject of this article is the study of the phenomenon homo soveticus in the West (C. Friedrich, Z. Brzezinski, S. Fitzpatrick, S. Kotkin, A. Yurchak and others) and in Russia by sociologist Yuri Levada since the 1980s; by social anthropologist Natalia Kozlova in the late 1990s, and from the early 2000s to the present by historians and literary scholars from Russian cities (Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Tiumen, Krasnodar, Moscow) and from Hungary and Poland, whose work is published in an interdisciplinary collective monograph by Ural Federal University (Ekaterinburg) in 2021. The authors of the monograph belong to different generations and national humanities’ schools, but they are united by a common historical memory, by an approach to homo soveticus as a multiform, not monolithic phenomenon. The personality typology of the 1930s is not identical to that of the 1960s, 1970s, or 1980s, and Soviet rule, despite all its might, could not completely control and subjugate people of the USSR — not only because the country was very large and diverse, but mainly because the ideology and politics of this rule contradicted life. The monograph opens new perspectives on an original, holistic approach to the study of the homo soveticus phenomenon, which includes its versions in the countries of Eastern Europe, as well as its perception by Russian emigrants.
Saint Petersburg at the Forefront of Demographic Transition in Russia
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Mironov Boris
Published: January 2023

In post-reform Russia, a demographic transition began — a replacement of the traditional type of population reproduction with the modern one. A significant part of the population had rationalized demographic behavior; demographic indicators had improved; the efficiency of population reproduction had increased; intra-family relations had been humanized; and individual birth control had been developed — mainly in cities. The demographic transition began earlier than is commonly thought — among the townspeople of the Saint Petersburg province, where obvious signs of birth control and a decrease in mortality and marriage were already revealed in the first half of the 19th century. The province was in the lead because it was the most urbanized and one of the most cosmopolitan, and Saint Petersburg was the most cosmopolitan city in Russia, which had intensive economic and cultural ties with the West, where demographic transition had already begun at the end of the 18th century in France. In the second half of the 19th century, it spread among the entire urban population, and at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries — among the entire rural population of Russia, but to varying degrees in individual provinces. Demographic indicators had improved because of the progress of medicine and sanitation, the expansion of free medical care, an increase in the cultural level of the population, a change in demographic mentality, and the beginning of birth control, as well as due to an increase in the standard of living of the general population.
Nature Management from the Perspective of the Ministers of Agriculture and State Property of the Russian Empire
Authors:   Derzhavin Tambov State University, Tsintsadze Nina
Published: January 2023

The article examines how the reports of ministers of Agriculture and State Property reflected the results of their official trips across the Russian Empire and their evaluation of the manifestation of intensive use of natural resources. It also analyses the impact of their opinions and suggestions with regard to the state nature management. The main methodological approach lies in the ideas of environmental history — an interdisciplinary scientific area devoted to various aspects of interaction between man and nature. Ministerial notes on the results of their official trips, along with the State Audit Office, senatorial audits, annual reports of ministers and governors, created an overall picture of the state affairs for the emperor. The article presents an analysis of 11 reports by M. N. Ostrovskii and A. S. Ermolov for the 1880s–1900s based on the archival and published sources. The duality of perception of environmental problems by ministers is noted: they had to balance between the maximum use of natural resources for the economy and the need to protect them from depletion. Often, the ministers’ suggestions on the careful nature management were taken into account in the government decisions. Thus, since the end of the 19th century, reclamation, reforestation, and other activities had been actively carried out. Also, there was an intensive development of the Ural and Siberian resources. The trips of the ministers of Agriculture and State property played an important role in identifying, diagnosing, and minimizing the environmental problems. However, the state nature restoration didn’t adequately compensate anthropogenic damage to nature. That was because the state paid more attention to geopolitical and economic development, which led to the extensive use and depletion of natural resources.
Discourse of Loyalty, Subjecthood and Citizenship: from Medieval to Modern Practices
Authors:   University of Niš, Radulović Milica
Published: January 2023

The article discusses historical, linguistic, and discursive aspects of the nouns loyalty, subjecthood, and citizenship. Тhe focus is on the historical lexico-semantic changes of the three nouns, which demonstrate that denotations are modified in different historical contexts. The analysis starts with D. Sperber and D. Wilson’s assumption that the correspondence between concepts and words may be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or a combination of these since it is quite implausible that there is an exhaustive one-to-one mapping between mental concepts and public words. Words can be used in different contexts and discourses, and the synchronic semasiological approach may not always provide the full specification of word meaning, especially when the meaning of abstract nouns is analyzed. As argued by H.-J. Schmid, the formation of concrete concepts is different from the formation of abstract concepts, the latter being more complex as it can depend on many different experiences, which can make it difficult to form a single stable abstract concept. In the report on their experiments, S. J. Crutch and E. K. Warrington’s assertion would be that abstract concepts are represented in an associative neural network while concrete concepts have a categorical organization. This suggests that concrete words are more likely to be understood adequately, and, vice versa, abstract words — inadequately. Moreover, our understanding of words and the world can change over time because our experiences and historical circumstances can and do change. This article considers the issue of abstract concept-formation with regard to both synchronic and diachronic lexico-semantic aspects of the nouns loyalty, subjecthood, and citizenship. These aspects are analyzed in accordance with the lexico-semantic frameworks provided by the second editionof the University of Glasgow’s Historical Thesaurus of English. The aim is to demonstrate that the meanings of the three nouns can be understood more adequately if their lexico-semantic features are compared and contrasted not only synchronically but also diachronically. Another aim is to show that a better understanding of the nouns relies on both synchronically and diachronically contextualized knowledge.
Episcopal schools of Novgorod diocese under Feofan Prokopovich
Authors:   Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Salonikov Nikolay V. , Sutorius Konstantin V. ,   National Research University Higher School of Economics
Published: January 2023

The paper is devoted to two schools under the jurisdiction of Feofan Prokopovich, Archbishop of Novgorod in 1725–1736: a school in Novgorod founded in 1706, and a school in Saint-Petersburg in the compound of archbishop on the Karpovka river, founded in 1721. The set of sources which represent the history of these schools needs to be updated. The scholarship still has referred to the perception formed in the 19th century. The paper introduces new sources, which reveal that the school in Novgorod did not cease to exist when Prokopovich became Archbishop of Novgorod. There is evidence to suggest that the school functioned in 1729 and perhaps in 1730. It underwent downsizing was resumed its activities in 1732. At the same time, the school on the Karpovka river did not undergo such considerable changes. “Spritual Regulation” (1721) did not affect the curriculum of the school in Novgorod, which included only the study of languages in the 1730s (Church Slavonic, Greek and Latin), although Prokopovich was the author of this document. The curriculum of the Karpovka seminary followed the guidelines of “Spritual Regulation” only partly. Here, besides languages (Church Slavonic and Latin), Music and Arts were significant subjects. Even those who didn't study Latin studied these subjects. The choir of the archbishop was comprised of students, and while Prokopovich lived in Moscow (1729–1731), he took his students with him. The study of Arts enabled the alumni to pursue artistic careers. Both Novgorod schools can be compared to the school in Alexander-Nevsky monastery and the gymnasium of the Academy as schools providing liberal education.
Wilhelm Friebe and Mikhail Chulkov on Russian Mercantilism
Authors:   University of Greifswald, Plath Tilman
Published: January 2023

On the basis of two treatises on the history of trade, the article considers the economic views of two scientists from different circles – German- and Russian-speaking scientific communities in St. Petersburg during the Enlightenment. It shows that although Chulkov and Friebe had no contact with each other, they held fairly similar views on the European concept of mercantilism. Both considered themselves to be great patriots of the Russian empire. As far as a detailed understanding of the term wealth, Chulkov was more inclined towards an almost religious framework, while Friebe clearly revolved around exclusively monetary issues. Both supported the independence of the local industry. According to the doctrine of mercantilism, both advocated trade, but Chulkov focused on domestic trade, while Friebe - on foreign trade. With regard to the impact of trade on the social dimension of society, Chulkov certainly backed the interests of Russian merchants, while for Friebe ethnicity was crucial. He depicted Baltic Germans performing especially brilliantly in trade in contrast to Jews portrayed in the darkest antisemitic manner. Accordingly, Chulkov considered the new Baltic provinces foreign, but Friebe, who himself lived there, regarded this territory as the key to modernization of Russia. In general, this article is an example of how the Russian science developed its own character against the background of the European phenomenon of enlightenment, with a special focus on economic thinking in late mercantilism.
The Russian City Dalnii through the Eyes of the Minister of War Aleksei Kuropatkin
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Avilov Roman S. ,   Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2023

Using the unpublished documents from The Russian State Military Historical Archive, the article explores the history of visit to Dalian (Russian – Dalnii) city by the minister of war of the Russian Empire Aleksei N. Kuropatkin in 1903. The research is based on the diary written by the minister during the trip, and also on the collection of the documents he compiled. During the trip to the Far East, he visited a new Russian commercial port, which was being built on the Liaotung peninsula. The article describes how he inspected the administrative part of the city and technical facilities, and analyzes his criticism and recommendations. The documents presented to the minister of war by V. V. Sakharov, the chief of city administration in Dalian, provide information on the contemporary situation in the city; on the number of inhabitants and their nationality; on city planning and architecture; on the system of public land auctions, taxes and fees. The significance of Dalian city to the defense of the Russian Far East as a suitable naval base for Japan in the case of the attack on Port-Arthur is considered as well as the necessity of placing a stronger garrison in Dalian. It is noted that minister of war was skeptical of the development of Dalian as a large Russian commercial port in the Pacific. He also paid attention to the imbalance between generous funding of commercial projects of Sergei U. Vitte and inadequately subsidized defense projects.
CEO education in Russia: First systematic evidence and a research agenda
Authors:   St. Petersburg School of Economics and Management, HSE University, Russia, Muravyev Alexander ,   IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Zakharova Alexandra ,   St. Petersburg School of Economics and Management, HSE University, Russia
Published: January 2023

We use a novel hand-collected dataset to provide first systematic evidence on CEO education in Russian publicly traded companies over 2009–2020, including its link to other characteristics of CEOs and key attributes of firms. We find that almost all CEOs in Russia have higher education, that PhD degrees are unusually common, while MBA degrees are relatively rare, that CEOs with different levels of education differ among a number of key socio-demographic characteristics and that the appointment of CEOs with various educational levels is systematically related to firm-level attributes, including ownership and governance structure. In particular, PhD CEOs, who are relatively older, are more likely to have prior connections to government and also tend to be chosen by companies with state ownership, while MBA CEOs, who are relatively younger, are more likely to be chosen by companies with foreign ownership. An important implication is that establishing a causal effect of CEO education on firm behavior and performance requires addressing endogeneity problems caused by potential omitted variables at the CEO level and non-random selection of CEOs by different types of firms. The article outlines several areas for future research.
How do Russian companies’ top managers shape their job expectations?
Authors:   Graduate School of Business, HSE University, Musich Elena A. , Balabanova Evgeniya S. ,   Faculty of Social Sciences, HSE University
Published: January 2023

The article is devoted to the dynamics of the formation of psychological contracts of a separate and hard-to-reach category of employees — top managers of organizations. The theory of psychological contracts is presented as a dynamic construct that evolves and changes over time. The authors consider the dynamics of the PC as the main tool for forming and changing the expectations of top managers from their employers. Empirical data were obtained by conducting in-depth interviews with managers: the target sample was 30 respondents. One of the most important confirmed results of the study is that the PC of top managers undergoes minor changes over time, forming a “core” idea or career model that is embedded in all subsequent expectations from the employer. The dynamics of the formation and development of psychological contracts, namely, the study of changes in the content of the PC of top managers over time is a new material for further research in the field of motivation, reasons for changing jobs and career tracks of senior managers.
Review on: Aleksander Szklennik. «Wspomnienia o wydarzeniach w Wilnie i w kraju». Dziennik. Wstęp i opracowanie Joanna Gierowska-Kałłaur. Część I. Warszawa: Instytut Historii PAN, 2018. 960 s. ISBN 978-83-65880-36-9; Część II. Warszawa: Instytut Historii PAN, 2019. 1067 s. ISBN 978-83-65880-77-2 / Morfozy społeczne. 18.
Authors:   St. Petersburg Institute of History, Russian Academy of Sciences, Rupasov Alexander Ivanovich
Published: January 2023

A review of an edition of the diary of a prominent figure in the Vilna (Vilnius) cooperative Alexander Szklennik, which he began keeping a few months before the German occupation of the city and before the November Revolution in Germany. The manuscript of the diary was donated 15 years after the author’s death by his relatives to the Vilna Association of Friends of Science. Its publication was carried out by Dr Joanna Gierowska-Kałłaur. The published diary is the only such comprehensive and stunningly accurate picture at the disposal of historians of everyday life in Vilna during the German occupation. The picture of the real situation in Vilna and the Vilna region in 1915–1918 remained unclear for a long time, due to the one-sidedness of Polish historiography, the influence of German and Lithuanian historical politics and the myth of the foundation of the Belarusian People’s Republic. For Polish historiography, the most significant factor limiting the possibility of a reliable historical analysis of the situation in Vilna was the lack of access for Polish historians to the sources remaining in «archival dispersal» outside Poland. The diary’s text, replete with details of everyday life in the city and descriptions of political disagreements between the national communities (Poles, Lithuanians, Belarusians and Jews), makes it possible to recreate a comprehensive picture of life in the city during the occupation period.
Marine vessel mortgage under the law of the Republic of Korea
Authors:   LLC “SCF Arctic”, Zarubenko Sofia ,   MGIMO University
Published: January 2023

In the article the author outlines practical and scientific significance of Korean private law study, in particular for the purposes of the development of legislation and law enforcement in Russia. The author considers the regulation of such issues of merchant shipping in the law of the Republic of Korea as the ship status, making of transactions with ships, the mortgage of ships and ships under construction, maritime liens, the order of priorities regarding claims satisfaction in the process of mortgage enforcement, the procedure of a ship mortgage execution. In some cases the author gives examples from the law of the Russian Federation that serve as commentaries or illustration to the existing differences. For example, both in the Republic of Korea and in the Russian Federation marine vessels are divided into those which are subject to special regulation as immovable property because of their relatively large size and, consequently, high value, and those which are recognized as traditional movable things because of their relatively small size and, consequently, low value. According to the current legislation, in the Russian Federation vessels belonging to the first category are considered as real estate by authority of law, while in the Republic of Korea this category of vessels relates to movable things, the regulation of which has special features appropriate for immovable things. However, an analysis of the regulation of ships in practice in the Russian Federation shows that not all provisions concerning immovable property but only their part apply to such ships. It follows that the Russian Federation in fact has the same approach as the Republic of Korea. The introduction of this approach to the legislation of the Russian Federation has been recently suggested in the course of the property law reform. In addition, the author identifies other cases where the regulation provided for by law differs in the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation, while its practical application in these states coincides. The author concludes that such cases illustrate the existence of similar practical needs of merchant shipping activities participants. The article provides an analysis of the legislative regulation of the issues under examination, judicial practice and views expressed in the doctrine.
At the frontiers of the positivist approach to international law
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Shestakova Ksenia , Sechin Daniil ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: January 2023

Review of the book by L. N. Galenskaya “Legal Regulation of Transnational Relations”. St Petersburg: St Petersburg University Press, 2022. 316 p.
Evolution of pressure and cavitation in transition region walls for supercritical flow
Authors: Jamali Tohid , Manafpour Mohammad , Ebrahimnezhadian Hamzeh
Published: January 2023

Geometrical changes and high flow velocity cause flow separation and cavitation in the transition regions of hydraulic structures. A few studies have been conducted on the flow pressure and cavitation index in these regions, and the results need to be still improved. The present study examined the flow pressure and cavitation index variations for expansion angles between 0° and 10° and Froude numbers up to 20.1. Several relevant equations were also suggested to predict permissible angles in the transition regions. The results showed that negative pressure occurred at all lateral expansion angles except 0° when the Froude number was equal to or greater than ≥6.5. The cavitation phenomenon did not occur on the side walls for Froude number up to 4.49. However, the values of the cavitation index were reduced to less than the critical value for the Froude number of 14 when expansion angle was greater than 6°. The results also revealed that the side walls should not be expanded when Froude number was equal to or greater than 17.5. The occurrence of the cavitation on these walls substantially increased for Froude number of 20.1 even as expansion angle equals 0°.
Continuous discharge monitoring of the Mirim-São Gonçalo system by the index velocity rating curve method
Authors: Gonçalves George Marino Soares , Bartels Guilherme Kruger , Lima Luciana Shigihara , Boeira Lukas dos Santos , Collares Gilberto Loguercio
Published: January 2023

The São Gonçalo Channel, located in the south of Brazil, is responsible for connecting the Mirim Lagoon to the Patos Lagoon, constituting the largest coastal lagoon system in Latin America. The assessment of its hydraulic variables is necessary given the importance of this channel for the region. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of the index velocity rating curve (IVRC) method, from velocity measurements provided by horizontal static-type acoustic Doppler profilers (H-ADCPs). For the two sections analyzed in this study (GS1 and GS2), IVRC models were developed considering the integrated velocity cell (IVC) method; the multi-cell velocity (MCV) method; the joint use of IVC and MCV; and a stage-mean velocity rating curve. The results point to an r2 of 0.986 (IVC), 0.998 (IVC + MCV), 0.534 (stage-mean velocity) at GS1, and r2 of 0.986 (IVC), 0.995 (IVC + MCV), and 0.815 (stage-mean velocity) at GS2. In both GS1 and GS2, results showed significant gains – for different flow conditions – on continuous estimations of flow velocities and discharges when considering the MCV + IVC method. The IVRC model that presented the best fit allowed the development of a time-series of discharges in the studied sites with high reliability.
Hydrological drought in two largest river-connecting lakes in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, China
Authors: Li Xianghu , Ye Xuchun , Li Zhen , Zhang Dan
Published: January 2023

Poyang and Dongting Lakes are two important river-connecting lakes with a complicated water system pattern in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, China. Recently, extreme drought events occurred frequently in the two lakes. This study analyzed the characteristics and differences of hydrological droughts in Poyang and Dongting Lakes during the period of 1964–2016 and explored the correlation between drought and large-scale climate indices. The results showed that the hydrological droughts of Poyang and Dongting Lakes became increasingly serious. Especially after 2003, both lakes entered the dry season earlier and the intensity of drought was increased. The hydrological drought of Poyang Lake was more serious than that of Dongting Lake in spring (16.40%) and winter (14.26%), while the autumn drought in Dongting Lake (32.46%) was severer than that in Poyang Lake (27.65%). The spring droughts in the two lakes were significantly associated with droughts in their local catchments with the joint probabilities of 10.84 and 9.52%, while the autumn droughts were consistent with the hydrological droughts of the Yangtze River with large joint probabilities (26.39 and 27.76%). The changes in large-scale climate indices more significantly affected the drought in Poyang Lake than that in Dongting Lake, especially in autumn and winter.
Antibacterial properties of photochemically prepared AgTiO2 membranes
Authors: Che Abdul Rahim Azzah Nazihah , Hoshida Hisashi , Mestre Sergio , Kumakiri Izumi
Published: January 2023

Biofouling reduces the membrane performance and has become a problem in many applications. One of the strategies to reduce biofouling is to apply antibacterial materials to the membrane surface, which prevents the attachment and growth of microorganisms. In this study, the surface of flat ceramic supports was covered with TiO2 powder, and silver was applied by photoreduction using a CH3COOAg solution at room temperature. After the photoreduction, AgOx and metallic silver were found on the TiO2 as analyzed by XPS. While a negligible amount of silver was released from the prepared AgTiO2 membranes into water, the dissolution of silver was enhanced in a 0.09 M NaCl solution. The AgTiO2 membranes inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli in dark conditions. The inhibition cannot be explained only by the concentration of silver ions released from the membranes. Microscopic observation showed that direct contact with AgTiO2 kills E. coli. The results showed the possibility of improving the antibacterial activity of membranes by applying an AgTiO2 coating.
Status and Prospects of Federal Budget Sustainability in the New Environment
Authors: Bukina I. S.
Published: January 2023

The sustainability of the federal budget is currently subject to multiple risks. Despite a temporary increase in oil prices, federal budget revenues are declining rapidly. As correlation analysis has shown, oil and gas revenues of the federal budget become more volatile during structural crises. At the same time, non-oil and gas revenues are declining. The instability of the foreign policy situation and the ongoing military actions greatly increase the risks of increased federal budget expenditures. In the short term, the budget deficit can be covered by the accumulated liquid reserves of the National Welfare Fund. However, in the longterm perspective, the restrictions affecting Russia’s sustainable economic growth will have an impact on the fiscal sphere. The government will have to take unpopular measures to reduce expenditures and raise taxes on the non-oil and gas sector in order to maintain the stability of the public finance system.
Methodology and Implementation of Factor Analysis of Differentiation of the Subjects of the Russian Federation by the Level of Socio-Economic Development
Authors: Bolotov R. O.
Published: January 2023

The high level of interregional socio-economic inequality is one of the main problems of spatial development of the Russian Federation, which is enshrined in several state strategic planning documents. One of the directions of finding a solution to the problem of regional inequality is the implementation of factor analysis, which is designed to identify the main causes of inequality in the subjects of the Russian Federation to develop effective tools for state regional policy. The article provides the formation and calculation of a few mathematical and statistical factor models that explain the differences in the socio-economic development of the subjects of the Russian Federation, based on which conclusions are formed about the further directions of state policy aimed at reducing regional development disparities. One of the main conclusions of the article is that the subjects of the Russian Federation have a capital-intensive path of economic development, which should be supported by a sufficient level of investment.
Succinimide and Saccharin-based Enzyme-activated Inhibitors of Serine Proteases
Authors: Martyn Derek C. , Moore Michael J.B. , Abell Andrew D.
Published: January 2023

The inhibition of human leukocyte elastase (HLE). and other serine proteases, by succinimide and saccharin-based compounds is reviewed. The succinimide compounds are unique in that the inactivating species is generated within the enzyme active site via a molecular rearrangement. The related saccharin derivatives also inactivate serine proteases by an enzyme-activated mechanism. Those factors effecting the potency, selectivity and stability of these important classes of inhibitor are discussed.
Current Trends in the Development of Nitric Oxide Donors
Authors: Hou Y. -C. , Janczuk A. , Wang P. G.
Published: January 2023

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important messenger molecule involved in many pathological and physiological processes within the mammalian body. Exogenous NO sources constitute a powerful way to supplement NO when the body can not generate enough for normal biological functions. In this article, general aspects on NO and NO donors are reviewed. Major focus is placed on recent developments of novel NO donors, NO releasing device(s) as well as innovative improvements to current NO donors. Finally, an outlook on future NO donor development is provided.