bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imaging in osteoarthritis
Authors: Manek Nisha J , MacGregor Alex J
Published: November 2023

Osteoarthritis is one of many synonymous terms used to describe a group of conditions affecting synovial joints. Although often referred to as ‘degenerative’, osteoarthritis (OA) is a dynamic phenomenon that reflects the balance between joint tissue destruction and repair. The clinical and radiographic features in any affected joint are determined by the relative vigour of these opposing processes. It is more process than disease, occurring in almost any condition that causes a disparity between mechanical stress applied to articular cartilage and the ability of the cartilage to withstand that stress. In general, the pathological processes are characterized by loss of articular cartilage with overgrowth and remodelling of bone. If severe, these pathological features lead to radiological changes, which are commonly used to make the diagnosis.
Child protection in a multicultural society
Authors: Debelle Geoff
Published: November 2023

Many of us have the opportunity and privilege of living and working in a multicultural society. Child abuse occurs in such a society within situations that demand vigilance, understanding and sensitivity. In this chapter, I will draw on an expanding body of literature and experience to provide guidance for primary care practitioners on how to recognize such abuse, how to distinguish it from apparent cultural norms, and how best to contribute to a positive outcome.Explanations for child abuse and neglect can be considered using an ecological framework. Within such a framework, the social and cultural milieu of the child and family are important factors. I will outline this ecological framework, define what I mean by the terms culture, race and ethnicity and then attempt to define child abuse within a multicultural context. To do this, I will draw heavily on the British and US experience. The key question I will be attempting to answer is this: Is recognition and referral of possible child abuse affected by the cultural context in which it occurs? To put it more starkly: Do thresholds of concern for abuse shift up or down if the child is from a black or minority ethnic group? I will also provide examples where certain culturally sanctioned practices can be mistaken for child abuse.
The training needs care of primary health teams in child protection
Authors: Bannon Michael J , Carter Yvonne H , Jackson Neil R , Blair Mitch
Published: November 2023

The child protection framework in England is defined within Working Together to Safeguard Children(Department of Health 1999). This document, a substantial revision of previous versions, clearly defines both the roles and responsibilities of all health professionals in the overall process of ensuring that children are protected from the threat of abuse or neglect (cf. Table 5.1). Successful implementation of child protection procedures is, in part therefore, dependent on appropriate responsive behaviour on the part of all professionals who maintain significant contact with children and their families.
Neglect and its impact on child welfare
Authors: Jones Jocelyn , Gupta Anna
Published: November 2023

Childhood neglect is a significant and endemic problem in Britain, and it has been underestimated and arguably ‘neglected ‘ by child welfare professionals (Minty and Pattinson 1994; Stevenson 1998; Jones and Gupta 1998). In England, registrations for neglect on the Child Protection Register have been increasing steadily, and since 1997 neglect has been the most frequently used category for registration (Department of Health 1999a). Evidence from research shows that neglect can significantly impair children ‘s health and development (Polansky et al.1981; Corby 1993; Minty and Pattinson 1994; Bifulco and Moran 1996), and affect parenting capacity at a later stage (Gaudin 1993; Coohey 1995). This chapter considers the nature of child neglect, and professional responses within the current context of child welfare provision.
Emotional abuse
Authors: Hall Alyson
Published: November 2023

Emotional abuse is probably the most difficult form of child abuse for any professional to recognize because there are no obvious physical signs and the child does not usually say anything to any one which might draw attention to his difficulties. The abnormal aspects of parenting or caring which may cause significant harm to children are seen to a lesser extent in many, if not most families, at different points in time. The line between worrying behaviour on the part of parents and emotional abuse is ill-defined and, except in extreme cases, a decision to intervene can usually only be made after concerns persist.
The child protection case conference
Authors: Thorn Wendy , Bannon Michael J
Published: November 2023

Communication and coordination are fundamental to the entire child protection process. Repeated public inquiries into high profile cases of severe child maltreatment have emphasized the need for effective flows of information between agencies and individual professionals regarding the welfare of individual children (Butler-Sloss 1988; Blom-Cooper 1987). In the UK, the main forum for communication and inter- vention with respect to the protection of children from abuse is the Child Protection Case Conference(CPCC). This represents a multidisciplinary meeting attended by members of a child ‘s family and involved professionals from a number of agencies. The meeting is chaired by a senior professional (usually from Social Services).
Working together as a team to protect children
Authors: Narducci Tom
Published: November 2023

I have worked in child protection since the early 1980s, and like many of my social work colleagues, had assumed that General Practitioners (GPs) and other health professionals had received similar basic training in child protection and the child protection system. Like others, I thought the training provided by the Area Child Protection Committee (ACPC) built upon existing knowledge.Understandably, given that statement, I shared many of the frustrations highlighted throughout the available research relating to inter-agency working in general, and in particular to the involvement of GPs and other health workers. Apart from health visitors, whom I have always found to be particularly helpful and engaged, I have otherwise been disappointed in what has at times felt like indifference to child protec- tion work within the health sector.
Prevention: current and future trends
Authors: Browne Kevin D , Hamilton Catherine E
Published: November 2023

The contents of this book reflect the debate about what services can be delivered in order to prevent child abuse and neglect and ameliorate the traumatic consequences for victims of child maltreatment. Most authors conclude that a multisector, interdisciplinary approach is the most effective way of working together to provide protection to children (Hallett and Birchell 1992; Department of Health 1995, 1999). Indeed, guidelines have been published by the Department of Health (1999) on how a range of professionals can work together to safeguard children.The aims of this chapter are to consider the future of child protection, and suggest ways in which prevention of child abuse and neglect can be enhanced by adopting a more holistic public health approach.
Oral complications of cancer
Authors: Sbanotto Alberto
Published: November 2023

Oral cavity problems represent a major issue in advanced cancer patients. They may strongly interfere with fundamental functions, namely speaking, eating, and respiration. Moreover, they carry relevant psychosocial consequences. The treatment of these complications should often begin during the initial phases of the illness, when aggressive treatment (e.g. combined chemotherapies and radiotherapies) may produce unavoidable toxicities to normal cells. In this chapter we discuss the most frequent complications of the oral cavity, considering also cancer treatment-related problems, which may affect the oral tissues of advanced cancer patients.
Endoscopic approach in treating gastrointestinal symptoms
Authors: Spinelli Pasquale
Published: November 2023

The treatment of the symptoms of a disease has to be done when it is impossible to treat the causes, and is synonymous with the term ‘palliation’. Palliation can be divided into (a) palliative care , including the general principles of treatment required by the majority of patients with advanced solid tumors and bridging the patient from a specific disease status to the terminal events, and (b) the control of symptoms , concerning a former phase in the natural history of the disease, when an acceptable disease-related quality of life is at hand.

Following these concepts, the time of palliation should be lengthened, starting the control of symptoms as soon as the disease is classified as an incurable one, and reducing the time of unnecessary anticancer treatments.
Infections complicating diseases of the feet in renal patients
Authors: Edmonds M E , Foster A KM
Published: November 2023

Many of the amputations in patients with renal impairment are the result of infections complicating diseases of the feet. Diabetic foot infections are the commonest presentation of sepsis in the lower limbs of patients with renal insufficiency and are usually preceded by foot ulceration which may reach an incidence of 26% in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Microalbuminuria is an independent risk factor for diabetic foot ulcers in type 2 diabetes as is a low creatinine clearance.
Parable: Woman Suffrage and “Manhood” in North Carolina
Authors: Mathews Donald G , Hart Jane Sherron De
Published: November 2023

Bill Whichard was pleased. The youthful representative of the Eighteenth District from Durham had just watched the North Carolina Senate ratify the Woman Suffrage Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: 44-0. He had introduced the bill of ratification almost a month earlier in the North Carolina House of Representatives, where it had passed by a vote of 92-0 amid generous comments about the many “contributions” of women to the Tar Heel State. The language of ratification betrayed traces of condescending gender etiquette while conceding the importance of women’ s rights. But it was not the wording of the resolution that was so disconcerting as its timing, for ratification had been introduced into the North Carolina General Assembly on August 13, 1920, and it was now May 6, 1971.
A Weave of Connections
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: November 2023

In these days of the agony of the state of lsrael, its native-born citizens and that large group of survivors from every part of the globe who have found refuge there-all of us as Jews in the diaspora-are forced to examine our relationship with the fact of being Jewish. What does it mean to us? What burdens and responsibilities does it pose for us? What values do we derive from this accident of birth or this chosen allegiance?
The Young Professional
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

Early on Saturday morning, March 13, 1830, Chase arrived in Cincinnati after a long and uncomfortable trip of nine days from Washington. He had taken the stage through Hagerstown to the National Road at Cumberland, Maryland, and then on to Wheeling, Virginia. There had been a thaw and the horses’ hoofs sank through the thin crust of the deeply rutted road. Progress was slow, tilting, jolting at times, and must have seemed interminable. The stage upset once, leaving Chase and his fellow passengers sprawled. Fortunately no one was hurt, but Chase resolved on the spot that nothing less than a railroad would tempt him to travel that route again, a promise to himself that he would not keep.
To Recognize the Distinctions
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

Chase’s political fortunes were far from hopeful, but his family life had improved after spending almost four years as a bereaved widower. His youngest sister Helen had acted as his housekeeper and provided a buffer between Chase and the Gamisses, who doted on little Catherine Jane. Chase maintained cordial relations with the Garnisses, though it was good to have his own household. During this lengthy, lonesome period his older sister Abigail Colby died. She was barely thirty-nine years old. Abigail had been close to Chase. Of all his sisters, she was the best-educated and together with her husband had introduced Chase to the abolitionist circle in Cincinnati.
Visit to Springfield
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

January 4, 1861, was a clear, chilly winter day in Springfield. I A tall, imposing man left the depot of the Great Western Railroad and booked a room at the Chenery House. He was recognized as Salmon P. Chase, senatorelect from Ohio and one of three losing candidates for the Republican presidential nomination seven months before. Since the election in November the little Illinois city had experienced an unprecedented influx of visitors, some of national renown like Chase, more of little or no distinction from all over the state, the Northwest and the East. Springfield’s successful lawyer and upwardly mobile politician Abraham Lincoln was the cause of all this interest since his selection as the first candidate of the new Republican party to be elected President. Unlike most of the visitors Chase had come in response to Lincoln’s invitation. And it was to be supposed that the President-elect had eagerly awaited his arrival.
Introduction
Authors: Williams Robert A
Published: November 2023

In August 1246, an assembly of the loyal subjects of the greatest empire the world had known-even greater than that of Rome in its Imperial Age-gathered on a plain in Central Asia. One of the few Westerners to witness this gathering of the Mongol Empire, Friar John of Plano Carpini, a pupil of Francis of Assisi, recorded a partial roster of those in attendance: “Duke Jerozlaus of Susdal in Russia and several chiefs of the Kitayans and Solangi, also two sons of the King of Georgia, the ambassador of the Caliph of Baghdad, who was a Sultan, and more than ten other Sultans of the Saracens.
The Elizabethan Wars for America
Authors: Williams Robert A
Published: November 2023

Ireland provided more than just an opportune field for the Elizabethans to articulate more precisely their Spanish-inspired colonizing discourses. It also furnished the practical training ground for subsequent Spanish-inspired efforts by the Elizabethans to colonize the lands of American Indians. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, the first Elizabethan to attempt a colonial settlement in North America, was one of the most highly decorated veterans of Elizabeth’s Irish wars. Records indicate that he served in both the Ulster and Munster campaigns of extermination organized by Lord Deputy Henry Sidney.
The Colonists’ War for America
Authors: Williams Robert A
Published: November 2023

On the eve of the colonies’ Revolution, at least three competing discourses respecting the legal status and rights of the frontier Indian tribes were contending for legitimacy in American colonizing legal theory. Each was acted on in one way or another by individuals who invested fortunes on the chance that their preferred theory of Indian land rights would win out and they would profit handsomely from their perspicacity.
Tools for Growth Monitoring
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice
Published: November 2023

In less technically developed regions, growth monitoring will concentrate on vulnerable young children. As noted, major objectives are both to sustain optimal or adequate weight gain and to identify “invisible “ malnutrition (Grant, 1987) not obvious to the naked eye (Gopalan, 1987) as early as possible by observing slowing of normal growth. These two objectives have usually been undertaken by serial weighing and recording graphically on whatever chart or record is used locally. When preliminary screening is all that is practicable, weighing is done at collecting points at intervals of several months, or the arm circumference is measured.
Varying Circumstances, Varying Systems
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice
Published: November 2023

Effective, practical growth monitoring systems need to take into account many environmental, demographic, health, educational, cultural, and financial considerations. These can vary greatly in different countries, and even in different areas of some countries. Some of the more important variations are listed next; they relate especially to feasible activities of community health workers as part of primary health services. These cadres will usually be expected to undertake most growth monitoring in less technically developed countries, either at village clinics or centers, during home visits, or at rallies or gatherings of children at more pro longed intervals.
Selecting a System
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice
Published: November 2023

As noted earlier (Chapter 3), great variations are to be found, especially in the size and distribution of the population (usually of children) to be included, the number and level of staff involved, funds available for the purchase, repair and replacement of equipment (such as weighing scales and clinic cards or HBCRs), the educational level of those expected to undertake growth monitoring, and the backup resources in terms of accessibility and level of health services for possible referral, supervision, and renewal of supplies.
Training Program
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice
Published: November 2023

The effect of the particular training program needs to be evaluated as regards trainees, trainers, and the attitudes and knowledge of the community, especially the mothers. Some aspects of such an evaluation process are given in Table.
Learning to Talk More Like a Man: Women’s Class-Bridging Organizations
Authors: Deutsch Sarah
Published: November 2023

In 1908, Louise Bosworth and her supervisor in the living-wage study went to lunch on Beacon Hill’s Chestnut Street, in the “beautiful old house “ of WEIU president Mrs. Mary Morton Ke hew. Bosworth found the lunch sumptuous, “though just an ordinary business-day one to her,” Bosworth wrote her mother, “for we ate in hats and hurried straight back to the Union, Mrs. K. too, when it was over.”
High Technology Organizations: A Synthesis
Authors: Mohrman Susan Albers , Von Glinow Mary Ann
Published: November 2023

Throughout this volume, we have been exposed to controversial statements, provocative findings, and counterintuitive messages. Most of the authors readily admit that high technology demands a departure from traditional organizational and management thought and practice. Yet the messages of this book recognize the contributions of the past, revealed in wholly new perspectives-perspectives on high technology management that will shape future research and practice.
Modern Multilingual Accra I
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp
Published: November 2023

Accra is a city of about a million people, almost 8% of the country’s population. The administrative region of Greater Accra, which covers the Accra plain, and includes the whole of the Ga-Dangme speaking area except Krobo, has a population of at least million, about 12% of the country.1 After the defeat of Great Accra near modem Ayawaso by the Akwamu in 1677, its successor by the shore grew slowly but fairly steadily, from an estimated 3,000 inhabitants (or 560 active men) in the 1690s to about 20,000 in 1881 (Marion Johnson 1977: 282, 283).2 The population declined some what between 1881 and 1911 (Kilson 1974: 8), but since then the city has visibly grown immensely and has continued to do so at an accelerating rate, especially since the 1940s. Most of this growth has been the result of migration (Acquah[1954] 1972: 30; Ewusi 1977: 14).
The Rhetoric and Reality of Junk Bonds
Authors: Yago Glenn
Published: November 2023

“Junk bonds,” “securities swill,” “toxic waste”—these are just a few of the names critics have developed for high yield securities. Yet despite the name-calling, corporate debt securities that have lost or never had investment grade ratings were the fastest growing financial instruments in the U.S. capital markets in the 1980s. They are still the most controversial. The rhetoric surrounding high yield securities has been unprecedented. Frequently, the financial press and news media have linked these securities with risky ventures, defaults, unsavory business practices, hostile takeovers, and insider trading scandals. Few financial instruments have been as consistently maligned as junk bonds, leading the general public, corporate managers, educators, and legislators to view them with suspicion, if not outright contempt.
The Role of Corporate Debt
Authors: Yago Glenn
Published: November 2023

A variety of factors helped create favorable conditions for the rise of the high yield bond market (Perry and Taggert, 1987): Deregulation and competition forced banks to offer higher rates to depositors, making up for their increased costs by lending to corporations at higher rates. New regulatory standards for pension funds and institutions (e.g., BRISA) allowed money managers to pursue higher yield investments. Interest and inflation rate volatility made fixed-rate funding attractive to corporations, and gave investors strong incentives to seek higher yields. Increased international capital flows and securities registration changes expanded the capital markets and attracted international investors seeking high returns. Since the opening of the high yield bond market in 1977, the composition of corporate debt has shifted away from bank loans and toward the capital markets (Figures 3-1 and 3-2). As commercial banks became less competitive, their share of total corporate debt fell by 8 percent, while the combined credit market share of corporate debt increased by over 13 percent.
Leveraged Buyouts and Industrial Competitiveness
Authors: Yago Glenn
Published: November 2023

So far, we have seen that junk bonds have been associated with positive improvements in operating performance among public companies and those going private through leveraged buyouts. Since operating performance is a primary indicator of industrial competitiveness, it would seem logical to conclude that high yield securities have had a positive influence on corporate competition.
Product-Process Strategy And Japan’s SoftWare Industry
Authors: Cusumano Michael A
Published: November 2023

No discussion of the factory approach to software development makes much sense without a consideration of product and process strategies and their suitability given different industry or market characteristics, particularly in Japan. In other industries, all firms are not and need not be in the business of inventing new standards or offering expensive products; many customers prefer a combination of features and prices. Accordingly, producers can offer standardized designs or only partially tailored products, but compete on the basis of high productivity and low cost, or standardized quality (reliability).
Hitachi: Organizing For Process And Quall1y Control
Authors: Cusumano Michael A
Published: November 2023

Among all the companies in the world, Hitachi in 1969 first established a software facility labeled and managed as a factory, calling the facility the Software Works or, more literally, the Software Factory.1 SDC ‘s early models in project management during the 1960s helped inspire some of the practices Hitachi adopted. Hitachi ‘s factory, however, came not as the result of a deliberate effort in process R&D. Nor did Hitachi man­ agers have as clear an idea as their counterparts in SDC what a factory system might look like for software production.
Standardization And Cooperative R&D
Authors: Cusumano Michael A
Published: November 2023

Hitachi, Toshiba, NEC, and Fujitsu all launched factory efforts between the late 1960s and late 1970s to promote internal process standardization and to diffuse good tools and techniques among in-house personnel as well as at subsidiaries and subcontractors. These companies also maintained R&D efforts in central and division laboratories, as well as in factory departments, to study or generate new capabilities, and improve their process technology incrementally. Software development, and the needs of Japanese customers, presented similar problems to Japanese producers; not surprisingly, they tended to adopt similar solutions, creating factory organizations that refined U.S. practices but, as in other industries, sought a tighter integration among product objectives and production management, in the broad sense-tools, techniques, controls, training, and product components.
The Implications of Global Integration for the National Control of Technology
Authors: Kobrin Stephen J
Published: November 2023

Modern industry has established the world market. All old established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have universal inter-dependence of nations. As in material, so also in intellectual production.
Productivity In The Process Of Product Developmentan Engineering Perspective
Authors: Barkan Philip
Published: November 2023

According to many recent assessments, the best U.S. industries are now approaching parity with Japanese competitors in manufacturing costs, manufacturing defect rates, and product quality. The picture is less sanguine in terms of engineering productivity as measured by the total elapsed time required to develop new products, by the total engineering man-hours required to develop new products, and by the quality of the initial product design as measured by design changes late in the cycle, field defects, and recalls.
Managing Dfm: Learning To Coordinate Product And Process Design
Authors: Adler Paul s.
Published: November 2023

As firms experience greater pressure on new product time to market, the management of the design-manufacturing interface becomes a more important competitive variable. Too often, designs are “thrown over the wall” to manufacturing, only to discover that numerous engineering design changes are needed to reduce costs and improve quality. One electronics company I have studied analyzed their engineering change activity and found that engineering changes accounted for at least 20% of the business’s total overhead costs, that 80% of these changes were avoidable, and that the average cost of each of these avoidable changes was $54,000.
Organizational context Barriers to Dfm
Authors: Liker Jeffrey k. , fleischer Mitchell
Published: November 2023

This scenario exemplifies the traditional design process in which the design is thrown back and forth over the “brick wall” between design and production. The result of this process is extended design lead times, high reject rates, extensive paperwork, high warranty costs, and antagonism between design and manufacturing. One method to prevent this is concurrent engineering, in which product and process design overlap, rather than taking place serially (Clark and Fujimoto, 1989b). A common approach to attempting this overlapping problem-solving is to get the product engineer to meet frequently with the manufacturing engineer early in the design process. While this seems simple enough, in reality the design of a complex product such as a car or even the engine of a car involves thousands of design and manufacturing personnel working within different departments, company divisions, and outside firms (e.g., original equipment manufacturers (OEM), vendor and supplier firms); operating under different value and reward systems; speaking different technical languages; and each pursuing a different agenda.
Other Substantive Reasons
Authors: Laycock Douglas
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews a variety of cases in which the real basis of decision is the substantive merits of plaintiff’s case. Plaintiff simply loses; he will get no remedy. But the court explains this result in terms of the irreparable injury rule, or it adds lack of irreparable injury as an additional ground of decision. There are vast numbers of these cases; they are surely the most common source of irreparable injury opinions at the permanent injunction stage.
Organizational Change
Authors: Mckersie Robert B , Walton Richard E
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the three central forces of the 1990s model as shown in Figure 9-1. Each is individually affected by information technology changes, but they interact with each other strongly through the action of human resource policies and practices. Effective implementation of IT is, at its core, a task of managing change. As such, it is centrally concerned with people, structure, and process issues.
The Problems
Authors: Redman Deborah A
Published: November 2023

The three principal problems of philosophy, according to the philosopher of science William Bartley, are (1) the problem of knowledge, (2) the problem of rationality, and (3) the reconciliation of the first problem with the second (Bartley, 1964, p. 3). Certainly, rationality and the growth of knowledge have become central issues in the philosophy of science since Thomas Kuhn and others—especially those paying attention to the history of science—have shown that the methods producing major scientific advances historically do not jibe with the accounts given by philosophers of science.
Lakatos and Kuhn: Science as Consensus
Authors: Redman Deborah A
Published: November 2023

Lakatos is currently the most popular philosopher of science among economists. According to Rosenberg (1986b, p. 127) Milton Friedman’s positive methodology is being supplanted by Lakatos’s methodology of scientific re­ search programs (MSRP). At any rate, the Kuhnian wave of the seventies is being swallowed up by the Lakatosian program. Such illustrious personages as Mark Blaug, A. W. Coats, Neil de Marchi, Spiro Latsis, and D. P. O’Brien, among others, embrace and advocate the MSRP.
Human Resources, Organizational Governance, and Public Policy: Lessons from a Decade of Experimentation
Authors: Kochan Thomas A , Mckersie Robert B
Published: November 2023

The past decade witnessed a tremendous amount of experimentation and innovation in human resource practices and labor-management relations. We use the term “experimentation” rather generously here since most of the changes were not planned in some predetermined or careful fashion but instead were induced by the economic pressures and structural changes felt by firms and their employees in the early 1980s. Moreover, not all of the changes prompted by these pressures proved to be effective long-run responses to the altered environment. But enough experience has now accumulated to sort out the key lessons that, if accepted and acted upon, can translate the experimental results into sustained transformations in organizational practices.
Strategic Alternatives for Technology-Based Product and Business Development
Authors: Roberts Edward B
Published: November 2023

Many of the world’s major corporations need effective development of new technology-based product lines and new businesses that offer significant potential for added sales and profits. This need arises from dramatic changes in several critical dimensions of global technology-based competition. Competition has intensified in expense and pace; it has become global in the “home” countries of key competitors as well as the location of the multiple R&D, manufacturing, and marketing/distribution activities that each firm needs to integrate. Now even relatively simple products depend upon the integration of multiple core technologies. Market opportunities that are growing most rapidly are coming from emerging technological fields. As a consequence, every firm has now become what I call a “minority” technology player; that is, no one corporation any longer controls a majority of the relevant sources of innovation or even has internal mastery of the relevant technologies for its own strategies.
Of Politics, Religion, and Popular Culture
Authors: Lane Roger
Published: November 2023

While not precisely a Golden Age of Journalism, the period covered by William Dorsey’s scrapbooks was one of fully free expression, and surely in technical terms the most innovative span in the history of the newspaper business. Full of cocksure conclusions, often scurrilous and fiercely partisan, the journals of the day were almost wholly unfettered by modern fears of libel law, or by modern restrictions in the name of sensitivity or taste. In other respects, however, the years between roughly 1873, when Dorsey began to clip out items in number, and 1903, when he largely stopped, represent the development of the newspaper (although not the publishing) business into a recognizably modern form.
The “Unskilled” Majority
Authors: Lane Roger
Published: November 2023

No complex analysis is needed to explain the economic situation facing the majority of Afro-Americans in Philadelphia. The problem was poverty, caused mostly by limited job opportunities, and resulting from simple racism openly applied. In a period of unprecedented expansion, black workers were simply shut out of the contemporary urban-industrial revolution. While it was sometimes slow work, in Philadelphia and across the country, to push them out of the older manual trades, it was much easier to keep them out of the newer ones from the very beginning, so that while a few carpenters or painters hung on, there were in 1900 no Afro-American boilermakers, locomotive engineers, streetcar conductors, or sheetmetal workers.
The Learned Occupations
Authors: Lane Roger
Published: November 2023

For many of those who, in Reverend Mr. Tindley’s phrase, were “running towards the light” of ideas and education, late 19th-century Philadelphia was a natural destination. The Quaker City was a lively intellectual as well as educational center, home not only to the Institute for Colored Youth and several white professional schools but to a number of outspoken black newspapers. All this helped to swell the number of those in learned occupations which, even excluding the teachers, already discussed, and the ministers, to be discussed later, grew proportionately much faster than the population. At the time of the Civil War there had been only a single trained doctor in the Afro-American community, no educated dentists, no nurses or lawyers, no secular journalists or lecturers; by the end of the century there were in most of these catagories more educated men and women than could comfortably make a living.
Politics, Politicians, and Civil Servants
Authors: Lane Roger
Published: November 2023

At the close of the Civil War, Pennsylvania’s blacks, while free, were not yet clearly citizens, had no right to vote, held no political offices, and just one single government job, as a menial messenger for the city’s health department. Citizenship was granted officially by the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, but its meaning, in a still racist and segregated society, would not be clear for generations. The Fifteenth Amendment, passed two years later, was in contrast short and simple. Its first section read: The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Survivals and Evolution: The Black City Today
Authors: Lane Roger
Published: November 2023

The African-American population of this country is now officially counted at about 12 percent of the whole, almost precisely what it was in 1870, the first census following the Civil War and emancipation from slavery. But its geographical setting since then has changed dramatically, as result of the movement out of southern and rural areas into cities across the country. In Philadelphia, during these six generations, the black percentage has risen from perhaps 3 to about 40 percent of the whole. But the old city, once in the forefront, is now less a leading than a representative metropolis, as except perhaps for the severity of its current fiscal plight it ranks not at the top but toward the middle of a host of statistical indices used to compare the bigger cities with each other. More than a century’s worth of history has of course brought great changes in the nature and context of the black experience. Here as elsewhere the two most obvious developments have been the growth of local political power and the move from an industrial to a service-based economy. Both of these present great future challenges, but they can be understood only after a look at some of the other aspects of black city life. One way to begin is to look at some of the direct and evolutionary survivals from the previous century, the way in which they fit into the wider city and indeed nation, as prelude to the history which has brought us to this point.
A Common Destiny: Prospects for the Black City
Authors: Lane Roger
Published: November 2023

Americans have always thought themselves a special people. In the late 20th century we must reject many of the ways in which earlier generations sometimes conceived this notion; for 17th-century Puritans it involved a religious, specifically Protestant, example to the world; for late 19th-century racists a mission of “Anglo-Saxon” conquest; in the post–World War II era a superiority based on “free enterprise,” an economic system which proved we were best because we were richest. But there have been other and more attractive ways of expressing the central idea of special destiny, notably the idea that this country is a kind of “great experiment.” For its most eloquent earlier spokesmen, Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln, the experiment was political, as for generations after the United States was founded we were the only major nation in the world with a formally democratic government. This is of course no longer relevant: while the attractions of democracy—and some of its problems—are dramatically evident during the 1990s, many countries have constitutions at least as democratic as ours, and the United States can no longer claim the lead. But toward the end of the college year, with a little embarrassment—neither I nor today’s students are comfortable with idealistic flights of fancy—I sometimes suggest that the idea of “experiment” may still be worth considering, in terms not of democracy but of race and ethnicity.
Student Control and Faculty Resistance
Authors: Smith Ronald A
Published: November 2023

Walter camp, athletic advisor of Yale, said it best: “Neither the faculties nor other critics assisted in building the structure of college athletics. “ Camp wrote in 1885 that though the faculty placed some obstacles in the way, “it is a structure which students unaided have builded. “1 This was true at Yale, and it was true at most institutions of higher learning in America. Students had indeed been free to develop their extracurricular activities, with athletics being the dominant one by the latter quarter of the nineteenth century. That freedom, however, was jeopardized by several contending groups, faculties being the most vigorous.
Dimensions of is Planning and Design Aids: A Functional Model of CASE Technology
Authors: Henderson John C , Cooprider Jay G
Published: November 2023

In today’s business environment, a critical management issue is “time-to-market”: the length of time it takes an organization to convert a product concept into a viable product that is available in a specific market. The Xerox Corporation, for example, believes that its improved ability to manage time-to-market while retaining or improving quality has been a major factor in its efforts to rebuild its competitiveness (Harvard Business School, 1989). Extending this notion, Hewlett-Packard focused on the “time-to-break-even” as a measure of success for product development (personal communication, 1988). This perspective directly incorporates aspects of quality and maintainability while highlighting the importance of rapid response.
Italy
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Italian television provides less of a generally applicable precedent than a case study of what can happen if the political system is incapable of reform. On the one hand, Italy has had the most open broadcast system in Europe. There is little cable television, and few satellite channels are available, but hundreds of commercial television stations have broadcast since 1976. On the other hand, Italy’s transformation was brought on largely by the initiatives of broadcast pirates, which were later sanctioned by the nation’s courts. The Italian political system was unable to establish a policy on entry or regulation. Consequently, for more than a decade there had been almost no structural control of local private broadcasting. In its absence, Italian commercial TV has rapidly evolved into a highly concentrated industry dominated by Silvio Berlusconi, with strong elements of a public-private duopoly.
Sweden
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Through much of the broadcast era Sweden has been run by a state apparatus aiming at bettering society. Broadcasting has been an important element in this effort. The semi-independent state monopoly, Sveriges Radio, exerted a strong hold over broadcasting, though somewhat softened by a pluralistic ownership model. This structure has resulted in high quality but limited diversity. The monopoly caused growing dissatisfaction and led to an opening to local radio broadcasting during the brief tenure of an opposition-dominated government. Likewise, the introduction of cable television destabilized the monopoly by introducing foreign and then Swedish satellite-delivered channels and by bringing in other economic interests, including the telephone administration, Televerket.
Portugal
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Portugal’s broadcast system has traditionally been an instrument of influence used by those holding or seeking political power: first the fascist dictatorship then the various factions in the struggles that followed the revolution. With the eventual calming of domestic turmoil, the broadcast system too slowly began to become more independent.
Direct Satellite Broadcasting
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

One form of broadcasting that threatens to overcome national boundaries is high-powered direct broadcast satellites (DBS). DBS as a concept goes back to 1977, when a World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC), in a contentious meeting pitting the United States against the rest of the world, established the basic framework (Pool, 1991). At the time, European officials saw DBS as imminent. They regarded it as a wide-open field where no country had yet achieved technological dominance and where the potential existed to develop domestic electronic strength. It was also viewed as a way to establish the traditional national broadcast institutions in space, since DBS’s large power requirements permitted only a small number of channels, thus causing little disruption to the existing national systems. To achieve high-power beam required a small “footprint” of coverage; thus, the scarcity of channels in the sky would match the scarcity of channels on the ground.
Imperatives for the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Demb Ada , Neubauer F -Friedrich
Published: November 2023

Corporate boards are under enormous pressure, and there is a clear need to improve the situation. We are convinced that progress will be made only when the issues are addressed from both short-term and long-term perspectives. In the short term, we have to improve the functioning and performance of boards today. For the long term, we need to define a governance approach that is more in line with the scale and complexity of corporate, governmental, and societal interdependence.
A Restrictive Theory of the Concept ‘‘Possible Parameter of Natural Language’’
Authors: Webelhuth Gert
Published: November 2023

Probably everybody who has had the opportunity to study a number of natural languages is struck by two apparently opposing features, how diverse they are on the one hand and how similar they are on the other. The following quotation from the nineteenth­ century philosopher, linguist, and Prussian statesman, Wilhelm v. Humboldt is characteristic of this ambivalence:’ To discover those “same principles” that all languages follow, Humboldt proposed a research program that often is viewed as marking the beginning of the science of general linguistics:2 I. It is notoriously difficult to understand exactly, let alone to translate, Humboldt’s writings. The reader should consider all translations as approximations. Here is the original: In the second half of the twentieth century, Humboldt’s program, having lain dormant for over a century, was revived by Noam Chomsky within the framework of Generative Grammar. Approaching language from the view­point of individual psychology,3 he also arrived at the conclusion that lan­guages are very similar and yet at the same time very different ( cf. Chomsky 1965, 27f). In light of the remarkable homogeneity of natural language.
The Syntax of Arguments and Sentence­ Internal Chain Formation in Germanic
Authors: Webelhuth Gert
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we return to our analysis of the head­ complement relation. The reader will remember that some of the most important predictions of our theory derive from the overarching principle governing all saturation phenomena, the Saturation Condition: As was shown earlier, especially in Chapter l, this condition is both conceptually plausible and of great explanatory value in that it allows us to account for, in a unified manner, a number of empirically attested restrictions on what should count as a possible parameter of natural language. The principle is thus a very desirable one, and any counterevidence that it faces should be examined carefully for its validity.
Portugal
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

The telecommunications sector in Portugal reflects the country’s relative poverty and its struggle to catch up with the rest of Europe in industry and advanced services during a period of domestic turmoil. Although it has made much progress, it has not yet reached a level where the policy issues that affect most other Western European countries are part of the Portuguese agenda. Portugal is, however, affected by these issues in its procurement decisions.
Federalism, the Constitution, and American Political Theory
Authors: Redish Martin H
Published: November 2023

To say that the Supreme Court’s efforts to develop a principled, coherent approach to its role as the constitutional arbiter of interfederal disputes have been less than successful is surely a significant understatement. During the early and middle decades of this century, the Court moved from one extreme—substantial judicial intervention to protect state interests against federal encroachment—to the other—judicial reluctance to scrutinize federal accretion of powers that had for many years been deemed exclusive to the states.
Overview
Authors: Nishiguchi Toshihiro
Published: November 2023

This book discusses subcontracting1 in manufacturing industries, focusing on the description and analysis—both historical and contemporary—of the Japanese auto motive and electronics industries. It also offers a comparative analysis of different modes of subcontracting in advanced economies, with special reference to British–Japanese electronics subcontracting and the flexible manufacturing capabilities of automotive components suppliers in Japan, the United States, and Europe.
Asset Specificity Revisited
Authors: Nishiguchi Toshihiro
Published: November 2023

As described in the historical chapters, various developments in the Japanese economy resulted in the evolution of subcontracting from exploitative to collaborative manufacturing, which entailed asset-specific contractual relations as exemplified by the emergence of contract assemblers and systems-components producers.
Issues in Skill Formation in Japanese Approaches to Automation
Authors: Cole Robert E
Published: November 2023

As American manufacturing managers flocked to Japan in the late 1970s and early 1980s to visit factories and grasp the Holy Grail of Japanese success, they were paying particular attention to technology. The reports they sent home, however, often commented that the answer was not to be found in highly advanced technology. They rarely saw technology more advanced than in their own plants. The managers however, did, note that Japanese plants were extremely well laid out and staffed by seemingly well-motivated workers.