bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MULTIFACTORIAL STUDY OF HAZE FORMATION IN MODEL WINE SYSTEMS
Authors: FENCHAK SHARON F. , KERR WILLIAM L. , CORREDIG MILENA
Published: May 2007

A multifactorial design was used to study the role of protein (Pro), polyphenols (PP), sucrose (Suc), pectin (Pec), potassium (K), and pH in the formation of haze in wine. Model wines (32) containing two levels of each factor plus yeast and nutrients were made and allowed to ferment to 0 Brix. Measurements of transmission at 633 nm (%T) following heating showed that PP, Pro, Pro*PP, Pec, and PP*Pec were all significant factors affecting turbidity. Molecular weight and size determinations by size‐exclusion chromatography‐laser light scattering indicated that molecular weight depended on Suc*Pec, Pro*PP*pH, and Pro*Pec*pH while molecular radius depended on PP*Suc*Pec, Pro, PP*Pec, and Suc*pH. Measurement of protein after filtration showed that Pro, PP, Pro*PP, and Pro*PP*pH were all factors. Laser diffraction studies showed three primary peaks in the range 0.05 ‐ 800 μm. The smallest size range had Pro*pH as a significant factor, while the largest had Pec and Pro*K as factors. These results indicate that a variety of factors are important to haze formation and that measurement of particle size, distribution, and interactions depends upon the instrument used to measure it.
A COMPARISON OF LIPID AND LIPID/HYDROCOLLOID BASED COATINGS TO EVALUATE THEIR EFFECT ON POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF GREEN BELL PEPPERS
Authors: CONFORTI FRANK D. , BALL JENNIFER A.
Published: May 2007

Maintaining quality of harvested fruit and vegetables is a challenge. The study investigated the effects of two lipid and lipid/hydrocolloid based coatings on maintaining post harvest quality of green bell peppers. Quality characteristics measured during the 4‐week storage period included: respiratory rate, moisture content (weight loss), chlorophyll content, puncture force, ascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) contents. No significant differences (P>0.05) between uncoated and coated peppers were noted for respiration rate, puncture force, chlorophyll content, and AA. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found in moisture content and DHA content in the uncoated and coated peppers. Continued research is needed in creating more sophisticated bilayer coatings to enhance product shelf‐life.
QUALITY OF ‘ANJOU’ PEARS FROM VARIABLE OXYGEN AND HIGH CARBON DIOXIDE CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE
Authors: DRAKE S.R. , GIX R.D.
Published: May 2007

Loss of ‘Anjou’ pear quality after 90 days of storage (60 days at 1.5% O2 and <1.0% CO2 then 30 days at 4% O2) wasapparent in this study. Distinct color changes from green to yellow in the peel and a more yellow flesh, coupled with a loss of firmness, for ‘Anjou’ pears even afteronly a short period (30 days) in elevated O2 was evident. Use of elevated CO2 (3%), in CA storage, resulted in a greener peel and firmer pears with less change in flesh color, and superior stem condition after 150, or 210, days of storage compared with pears from 1.5% O2 and <1% CO2. After controlled atmosphere and an addition 30 days of storage in regular atmosphere, quality differences in ‘Anjou’ pears from the different atmospheres (1.5% O2 and 1.0% CO2; variable O2;1.5% O2 and 3.0% CO2) was even more manifest. Pears in elevated O2, displayed reduced firmness, finish and stem condition and enhanced shrivel. Pears in 3.0% CO2, compared favorably in all quality considerations with pears from a normal (1.5% O2 and <1.0% CO2) atmosphere. No pithy brown core was evident in ‘Anjou’ pears regardless of storage atmosphere.
EFFECT OF ANTIBROWNING TREATMENT ON COLOR AND FIRMNESS OF FRESH‐CUT PEARS1
Authors: ABBOTT JUDITH A. , BUTA J. GEORGE
Published: May 2007

A 30‐second dip in a solution of 4‐hexylresorcinol, isoascorbic acid, N‐acetylcysteine, and potassium sorbate prevented browning of fresh‐cut ‘Anjou’ and ‘Bartlett’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) for 9 days at 5C in air, regardless of initial ripeness. Firmness of pears did not change in response to chemical treatments or time in storage, except that pears slices initially < 25 N, quite ripe, generally became translucent and excessively soft during storage. Firmness of the 5‐mm thick slices was measured by puncturing to 2.5 mm using a 4 mm diameter cylindrical probe and by a three‐point bending test. A puncture test was more suitable (and more convenient) than bending for measuring firmness of the slices. Color (L*, a*, and b*) and transmittance through the slices in the visible and near infrared range (400 to 1900 nm) were measured. The a* value was more sensitive to browning and less affected by ripeness and storage than transmittance at specific wavelengths or the overall absorbance in the visible range.
THE USE OF A NATURAL CLAY ADSORBENT IMPROVES QUALITY RETENTION IN THREE CULTIVARS OF RASPBERRIES STORED IN MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGES1
Authors: TOIVONEN P.M.A. , KEMPLER C. , STAN S.
Published: May 2007

The effect of a natural clay adsorbent on quality retention in modified atmosphere packaged raspberries (Rubus idaeus L., cvs‘Chilliwack’, ‘Malahat‘, and ‘Qualicum‘) was tested. Fruit packaged with the natural clay adsorbent was much firmer, had less decay, and had fewer dark red overripe fruit after 14 days than those packaged without any adsorbent. The addition of the natural clay adsorbent almost eliminated all the condensation inside the package after 14 days of storage at 1C. The reduction in decay on the fruit could be attributed to the reduction in condensed water in the package. However, effects on firmness retention and the slowing of ripening of the fruit could not be attributed to any measured effect of the clay in this study. The results suggest that a water/ volatiles adsorbent, such as the natural clay used in this study, could be useful in prolonging the shelf‐life and improving the quality of modified atmosphere packaged red raspberries grown in a wet climate.
SENSORY ACCEPTABILITY OF A DEEP‐FRIED CARROT CHIP PRODUCT AS EVALUATED BY AMERICAN AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN CONSUMER PANELS
Authors: SULAEMAN AHMAD , TAN KAY BOON , TAYLOR STEVE L. , DRISKELL JUDY A.
Published: May 2007

Following development of deep‐fried carrot chips, a high provitamin A carotenoid‐snack, consumer acceptances for color, uniformity, overall appearance, odor, saltiness, sweetness, overall flavor, crispiness, oiliness, overall texture, and overall acceptability of the product were evaluated. Eighty‐nine consumer panelists consisting of Americans from the Plains states of the United States (n = 45) and Southeast Asians (n = 44), males and females,19–45 years, participated in this study. Color, uniformity, and odor were rated as good. Saltiness and sweetness were rated as nearly about right. Crispiness was rated as good, and oiliness as slightly oily. Generally, the product was acceptable to both types of consumer panelists, American and Southeast Asian, as shown by their ratings on overall appearance, overall flavor, overall texture, and overall acceptability. The differences in acceptance among country, gender, and country X gender groups were statistically not significant (P0.05).
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: CASTELLPEREZ ELENA
Published: May 2007

FOOD PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT BASED ON EXPERIENCE (IFT Basic Symposium Sepies). Catherine Side (editor). 2002.
PHYSICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF MEATSTICK PRODUCTS AS AFFECTED BY FORMULATION AND DRYING: SENSORY‐INSTRUMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: BARRETT ANN , CARDELLO ARMAND , MAGUIRE PAUL , DEFAO ARTHUR , TAUB IRWIN
Published: May 2007

Shelf‐stable meats are of interest to industry and are important in military ration development. Stability is commonly achieved through control of pH and water activity. However, reduction in moisture as a means to lower aw can significantly affect texture. Other ingredients, such as fat, can also potentially affect texture and possibly mitigate hardening due to lowered moisture. Meatsticks dried to three water activities, 0.88, 0.90, and 0.92, each from batters at three fat levels, 14, 17, and 21%, were produced, yielding products varying in both moisture and fat content. Products were subjected to mechanical and sensory testing and image and color analysis. Meatstick modulus, shear force, L* value, and percent of area of cut surfaces covered by separated fat were correlated with sensory assessments of interior hardness, hardness with skin, color, and visual fat, respectively. These parameters were significantly influenced by composition, particularly fat and protein contents and fat‐protein interaction.
THE USE OF MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IN DETERMINING THE SENSORY QUALITY OF WHITE MONOVARIETAL WINES
Authors: NAVARRO MONTSERRAT , AROZARENA IÑIGO , MARÍN REMEDIOS , CASP ANA
Published: May 2007

A sensory study of monovarietal white wines (Chardonnay, Garnacha and Macabeo) from two Spanish regions (Aragón and Navarra) was carried out. Among the three varieties, Chardonnay wines made the best organoleptic impression. Linear correlation showed quality of taste and acidity were the attributes that correlated well with overall impression. Except for color, no attribute examined differed significantly by region. Factorial analysis, applied to the volatile components of Chardonnay, followed by stepwise regression, revealed that the quality of aroma was related to certain major and minor chemical sets. Scores for the quality of Chardonnay wines decreased under the influence of ethyl propanoate, l‐propanol, glycerine and 2,3 butanediol. Minor set, MN2, and major set, M1, were related to fruity and vegetable aromas. Those two chemical sets had a positive influence on the aromatic quality of Chardonnay wines.
ASSESSMENT OF A WASH TREATMENT WITH WARM CHLORINATED WATER TO EXTEND THE SHELF–LIFE OF READY–TO–USE LETTUCE
Authors: ODUMERU J.A. , BOULTER J. , KNIGHT K. , LU X. , McKELLAR R.
Published: May 2007

Abstract The influence of a warm chlorine wash on the microbiological quality and shelf–life of ready–to–use (RTU) shredded iceberg lettuce was examined using the electronic nose (EN) and culture methods. There was a significant difference in psychrotrophic counts (P<0.0001) of warm chlorine (100 ppm) washed lettuce at 47 ± 2C for 30 s, 60 s, and 180 s exposure from days 1 to 10 of storage at 4C compared with cold chlorine (100 ppm) washed lettuce at 4 ± 1C for 30 s. There were no significant differences in psychrotrophic counts between wash treatments of 30 s and 60 s during 17 days storage (P < 0.05). The EN detected initially high levels of volatiles in this group compared with cold treatment. Lettuce samples treated with cold or warm chlorine wash water showed no differences in the presence/absence or levels of Listeria monocytogenes. The warm chlorine washed lettuce samples were rated acceptable upon sensory evaluation up to day 14.
CONSUMER EVALUATION OF SOY INGREDIENT–CONTAINING COOKIES
Authors: CHEN D. J. , WEINGARTNER K. , BREWER M. S.
Published: May 2007

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate consumer acceptability of cookies prepared using four different soy ingredients including two types of extruded and expelled soy flours (INTSOY and Insta–Pro), a soy protein isolate and a soy protein concentrate. Chocolate chip cookies were prepared replacing 20% of the wheat flour with the soy ingredient. Cookies were evaluated by 75 consumers for color, flavor, texture and overall liking using a 9–point hedonic scale. Data were subjected to ANOVA. Flavor scores of cookies prepared with INTSOY texturized soy protein were significantly higher (7.2) than those of the other three types of cookies (<6.6). There were significant interactions between the degree of color liking of cookies and gender (P < 0.01) and overall liking of cookies and age (P < 0.01). Women liked isolate–containing cookie color better than men; no gender difference existed between other treatments. Consumers over 41 years of age gave Insta–Pro containing cookies higher overall liking scores than other cookies while no difference existed between cookie treatments for consumers between 26 and 40 years of age. The mean scores for color, texture, flavor and overall evaluation for all four cookies were between 6 (like slightly) and 7 (like moderately) on a 9–point scale, indicating that the panel, in general, liked the cookies somewhat, however, room for improvement existed.
FRESH–CUT SPINACH QUALITY AS INFLUENCED BY SPIN DRYING PARAMETERS
Authors: PIROVANI MARÍA ELIDA , GÜEMES DANIEL RAÚL , PIAGENTINI ANDREA MARCELA
Published: May 2007

Abstract Response Surface Methodology was used to evaluate the effect of speed (0 to 1080 rpm) and operation time (1 to 9 min) of spin drying on the excess water remaining on washed, fresh–cut spinach, and microbial growth and sensory deterioration during storage of the spinach. The higher the centrifugal speed, the less water excess was present at a given time, centrifugal speed having a greater influence on water excess than operation time. The aerobic and psychrotrophic microbial counts were not affected by the drying conditions. By visual inspection of the contour plots, the region of minimum browning was obtained for centrifugal speeds between 700–750 rpm (equivalent to centrifugal forces from 65.8 to 75.5 G) and operation time from 5 to 5.5 min. Under these conditions, the water excess on the produce should range from 0.2 to 0.5%.
SHELF‐LIFE STUDY OF RETORT POUCH BLACK BEAN AND RICE BURRITO COMBAT RATIONS PACKAGED AT SELECTED RESIDUAL GAS LEVELS
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ J.J. , OLIVAS G.I. , SEPÚLVEDA D.R. , WARNER H. , CLARK S. , BARBOSA‐CÁNOVAS G.V.
Published: May 2007

Abstract Black bean and rice burrito meal‐ready‐to‐eat individual‐size (MRE's) entrées were retorted in flexible pouches with four residual gas levels (10, 20, 30, 40 cm3) and stored at three temperatures (4.4, 26.7 and 37.8C). Storage temperature was more influential upon quality than residual gas beyond one month of storage. Physicochemical and trained sensory analyses demonstrated that burritos stored at 37.8C darkened over time, but burritos stored at 4.4 and 26.7C did not. Untrained consumers gave lower scores to burritos stored at 37.8C, which were dull, dark, dry, and compressed, than to burritos stored at 4.4C, which were glossy, light, sticky and moist throughout storage. Burrito shelf‐life exceeded 6 months at 4.4C, but was limited to less than 3 months at 37.8C. Residual gas levels in black bean and rice burrito MRE's need not be specified as long as levels are maintained between 10–40 cm3.
MINERAL COMPOSITION OF MEDLAR (MESPILUS GERMANICA) FRUIT AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF MATURITY
Authors: GLEW R.H. , AYAZ F.A. , VANDERJAGT D.J. , MILLSON M. , DRIS R. , NISKANEN R.
Published: May 2007

Abstract The mineral composition of medlar fruit collected (June 15 ‐ October 8) in Turkey at five stages of development was studied. In the fruit, 32 minerals were analyzed and 16 minerals (Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Co, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Sr, Ti and Zn) were present at detectable levels. The ripe medlar fruit was richest in potassium (7370 μg/g dry wt), calcium (1780 μg/g dry wt), phosphorus (1080 μg/g dry wt), magnesium (661 μg/g dry wt) and sodium (183 μg/g dry wt). During the fruit development, Al, Ba, Fe, Mn, P, Sr, and Zn were highest in August (unripe fruits) while the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg and Cu gradually decreased throughout development. The ripe medlar fruit is an important source of nutritionally needed minerals and trace elements, in particular Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn, for human populations in southeastern Europe, Turkey and Iran.
PREDICTION OF THE QUALITY OF SOME TURKISH WHEAT GENOTYPES BY ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION OF PROTEIN FRACTIONS
Authors: ÇAǦLARIRMAK NECLA , KIRAL ALI SAFI , ÜNAL KEMAL
Published: May 2007

An exploratory study was conducted to compare Konya‐Bezostoya and Tokat‐Bezostoya, bread making varieties of wheat, and Sofu, a Turkish local strain used for pasta making plus four breeding lines to ascertain which of the breeding lines most likely merits carrying forward for further refinement of the line. The wheat was analyzed for weight per unit of volume, kernel weight, impurities, kernel size and shape and hardness; for moisture, ash and protein content; sedimentation values and wet and dry gluten content to provide background information on kernel characteristics. The chief purpose of the study was to examine the electrophoretic properties of the standard varieties and breeding lines to relate genetic characteristics to bread‐ or pasta‐making potential. Glutenin profiles and gliadin subunits were among the factors studied. Low and high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) alleles were considered. Two of the
QUALITY CHANGES OF BLUE CRAB (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS) MEAT DURING FROZEN STORAGE
Authors: YERLİKAYA PINAR , GÖKOǦLU NALAN
Published: May 2007

The aim of the investigation was to determine the quality changes of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) meat during frozen storage. Blue crabs were obtained directly from fishing boats in the Gulf of Antalya, Turkey and immediately transferred to the laboratory alive. Whole crabs were placed into polyethylene polyamide (PE/PA) pouches, shrunk and stored at −18C for 10 months. The main changes that take place in blue crabmeat were investigated by means of sensory assessments (odor, appearance), chemical analyses (total volatile bases (TVB‐N), trimethylamine (TMA‐N)) and physical measurements (pH). TVB‐N, TMA‐N values and pH were significantly (P < 0.01) different following frozen storage. Moreover, it was observed that the differences in odor values were significant (P < 0.05), while appearance values were not. All of the measurements indicated that blue crabmeat kept its good quality at −18C for 10 months.
EXAMINATION OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND BAKING PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED SOFT WHEAT FLOURS
Authors: URIYO MARIA G. , BARBEAU WILLIAM E. , GRIFFEY CARL A. , RANCOURT JAMES
Published: May 2007

Results of farinograph and dough stickiness testing of seven 1BL/1RS positive and five 1BL/1RS negative soft, red, winter wheats (SRWW) were correlated with baking performance data. Biscuit volume was not significantly correlated with any farinograph parameters or with dough stickiness. Significant negative correlations were found between the diameters of cookies baked from SRWW flours and their farinograph percent water absorption, r =−0.825 (P < 0.01) and arrival times, r =−0.476 (P ≤ 0.05). Cake volume was negatively correlated with percent water absorption values of SRWW flours, r =−0.494 (P ≥ 0.05). Dough stickiness was positively correlated with cake tenderness, r = 0.486 (P ≥ 0.05). Significant positive correlations were also found between the cake tenderness of SRWW when grown in one of two locations, Blacksburg, Virginia, and farinograph departure times, r = 0.751 (P ≥ 0.05), and mixing stabilities, r = 0.749 (P ≥ 0.05). The results suggest that although bakers may encounter problems in using 1BL/1RS translocated SRWW flours in cookies because of reduced cookie spread, these flours can be successfully incorporated into biscuits and cakes.
A comparison of duck and chicken egg yolk for cryopreservation of stallion sperm
Authors: Clulow JR , Maxwell WMC , Evans G , Morris LHA
Published: May 2007

Objective  Duck and chicken egg yolk were compared for their protective effects against cold shock during the cryopreservation of stallion sperm in a lactose‐EDTA‐glycerol cryodiluent.

Design  A completely randomised design was used.

Procedure  Ejaculates from five stallions (n = 14 ejaculates) were split and diluted to either 20 or 200 × 106 sperm/mL in a lactose‐EDTA extender containing either duck or chicken egg yolk. The extended semen was then frozen in liquid nitrogen. The percentage of sperm total motility and forward progressive motility were assessed before freezing and at 0 and 1 hr after thawing. Morphology data were also collected at 0 and 1 hr post thaw.

Results  Total and forward progressive motility were higher when the sperm were frozen in the presence of duck rather than chicken egg yolk. Furthermore, the total and forward progressive motility and percentage of morphologically normal sperm were higher when frozen at a concentration of 200 than 20 × 106/mL.

Conclusion  The results of this study demonstrate that the motility parameters of stallion sperm are improved when the semen is frozen in lactose EDTA extender supplemented with duck egg yolk rather than chicken egg yolk. Moreover, sperm motility and the percentage of morphologically normal sperm were higher after freezing at a concentration of 200 × 106/ml rather than 20 × 106/ml.
Bulk Composition of IRSID Iron Ore and Other Non‐ Metallic Reference Samples
Authors: JECKO GERARD
Published: May 2007

A brief account of analytical information on thirteen IRSID non‐metallic reference samples of direct interest to iron and steel industry is presented.
Dosage de I'Eau Combinée dans les Standards Géochimiques de I'ANRT et du CRPG
Authors: JECKO GERARD , RAVAINE DANIEL
Published: May 2007

Utilisant une méthode rapide et précise, l'eau combinée (H2O+) a été dosée dans les standrds géochimiques de l'ANRT et du CRPG.
Echantillons de Référence pour I Analyse Végétale
Authors: PINTA M.
Published: May 2007

Lee réaultata interlaboratoires obtenus sur douze plantes destinées à servir d'étolons sont présentés. L'analyse porte sur les éléments N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn. Les résultats comprennent la moyerme calctulée arithmétiquement, la médiane, la distribution, I'éaart‐type, le coefficient de variation et la valeur recommandée pour chaque élément.
Contribution au Dosage de l'Argon dans L'Echantillon de Glauconite GL‐O
Authors: CASSIGNOL C. , DAVID B. , GILLOT P.Y.
Published: May 2007

Une série de mesures a été effeotuée sur le matériel de référence Glauconite GL‐O (grains) afin de définir sa teneur en Argon 40 radiogénique. Les résultats obtenus rendent compte d'une bonne homogénéité, l'éscort‐type relatif étant inférieur à 0.5 % pour 9 mesures.
Determination of Fluorine and Total Water in Thirty‐Three International Geochemical Reference Samples
Authors: TROLL G. , FARZANEH A.
Published: May 2007

Thirty‐three reference samples from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG, France), Association Rationale de la Recherche Technique (ANRT, France), National Institute for Metallurgy (NIM, South Africa), Geotechnic Institute (GI, Austria), Mineralogical Institute of Basel and Bern (Switzerland), Zentrales Geolo‐gisahes Institut (ZG1, DDR) and from the For‐chungeinstitut der Zementinduatrie (Düsseldorf, GDF) were analysed for their fluorine and total water content. Fluorine was determined, after pyrohydrolysis, with an ion‐selective electrode. Total water was determined, after pyrolysis, by Karl‐Fischer titration. Our values, five determinations on each sample, are compared with the preferred values.
The Preparation of Twenty Ore Standards, IGS 2O‐39. Preliminary Work and Assessment Of Analytical Data
Authors: LISTER B.
Published: May 2007

The first inter‐laboratory investigation of accuracy in are analysis was carried out by the Institute of Geological Sciences in 1968. The preparation of the 19 samples involved in this study is briefly described and the results are summarised.

The second survey on twenty samples was initiated in 1972 and completed in 1976. The samples prepared are: IGS 20, nickel concentrate; IGS 21, nickel ore (norite); IGS 22, nickel ore (serpentinite); IGS 23, nickel ore (laterite); IGS 24, cobalt ore; IGS 25, wolframite; IGS 26, tin‐tungsten ore; IGS 27, molybdenum‐tungsten ore; IGS 28, lead‐zinc concentrate; IGS 29, pyrolusite; IGS 30, chromite; IGS 31, ilmenite; IGS 32, rutile; IGS 33, columbite; IGS 34, tantalite; IGS 35, zircon; IGS 36, monazite; IGS 37, uraninite; IGS 38, baryte; IGS 39, fluorite. After proper grinding and homogenisation, aliquots of the samples were issued to over 50 laboratories in 14 countries for analysis. Methods used and problems encountered in dealing with the 5000 results are described. It is seen that neither purely statistical methods nor an empirical approach are entirely satisfactory in the interpretation of data that vary widely in both in quality and quantity. An important outcome of the work is that 55 elemental concentrations within the 20 samples have been given recommended values and confidence limits for use as standards.

Moisture values, analytical results and participating laboratories are listed in three appendices.
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Twenty‐Nine International Geochemical Reference Samples
Authors: PAL S. , TERRELL D. J.
Published: May 2007

Results of measurements of twenty‐seven elements, most of them in trace amounts, by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) in twenty‐nine international geochemical reference samples from Canada, U.S.A., Japan, France and South Africa, are reported and compared with available literature values. In general, our data agree well with literature values. The disagreement of our results (e.g., Zr in Canadian syenites and several trace elements in USGS ultrabasic rocks) with those reported by other workers is briefly discussed and ways of improving INAA are pointed out. The present report includes data on several trace elements for which existing data are rather scarce.
Phosphorus and ChlorinE Content of Eight New U.S.G.S. Standard Rocks
Authors: JOHANSEN O. , STEINNES E.
Published: May 2007

Data on the content of phosphorus and chlorine in eight new U.S.G.S. standard rooks obtained by radiochemical neutron activation analysis are presented and discussed.
Preliminary REsults of Mercury in CRPG And ANRT Rock and Mineral Standards
Authors: CASAS A. , VAQUER R.
Published: May 2007

Nine CRPG and ANRT reference samples have been analyzed for Hg by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Preliminary data are given but mercury homogeneity has not been tested. Results of determinations on USGS samples are reported and compared with available literature values.
Soil‐5, A New IAEA CErtifiEd Reference Material for Trace Element Determinations*
Authors: DYBCZYŃSKI R. , TUGSAVUL A. , SUSCHNY O.
Published: May 2007

60 geochemical laboratories from the world over, contributing in all 3687 bits of chemical data on 60 elements, haue willingly participated in the study of SOIL‐5 as a reference material. The preparation of SOIL‐5 in 45 kg and homogeneity teats are described; in addition, all the data compiled are presented.

In evaluating the compiled data, the use of four concurrent tests for outlier‐rejection at the same level of significance, has been applied. After proper statistical treatment, “recommended values” could be established for 31 elements, most of them trace elements and “information values” for 29 elements. 23 of the recommended values could be given with a “relatively high” degree confidence whereas the other 18 recommended Values with a “reasonable” degree of confidence.

An attempt is made to compare the analytical methods employed; the existence of possible sy3tematic differences is pointed ont.
Reference Samples of Rocks ‐ The Search for “Best Values”
Authors: ABBEY SYDNEY , MEEDS R.A. , BELANGER P.G.
Published: May 2007

Because of the disparate data, reported in collaborative analyses of reference samples of rooks, various methods have been proposed for deriving “best values”. This work compares those methods and several additional ones. Included are two simplified estimates of “mode” which yield values close to those of the Dominant Cluster and Gamma Transformation methods. An example is also cited of the hazards that may result from too superficial reading of raw data.
Delayed‐Neutron Activation Determination Of Uranium in Thirteen French Rock Reference Samples
Authors: LEDGER E.B. , TIEH T.T. , ROWE M.W.
Published: May 2007

The uranium contents of thirteen rock reference samples from the Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, Nancy, France, were determined by delayed‐neutron activation analysis. Four others from the same laboratory were found to have uranium concentrations below our limit of detection. Meaningful comparison of our data with other workers is presently not possible (i) because of the paucity of uranium data and (ii) because of the disparity of uranium data on the samples for which uranium data exist.
Determination of Selenium in Geochemical Reference Samples Using Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: ERZINGER J. , PUCHELT H.
Published: May 2007

Sixteen international and six inter‐laboratory geochemical reference samples have been analysed for their selenium content. No previous Sedata are available for thirteen of them. Selenium has been separated from silicate matrix by volatilization and was determined with flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. An outline of the procedure is given. The limit of detection is 10 ng Se per 1 g of sample. Time required for one full analysis is 1.2 to 2.5 hours depending on amount of sample to be volatilized.
Stabilité dans le Temps d'Echantillons De Référence
Authors: JECKO G.
Published: May 2007

Ayant eu à ré‐étalonner sur une base euro‐péenne des lots de deux minerais de fer et d'un laitier de haut fourneau préalablement étalonnés uniquement par des laboratoires français, il y a 6 à 10 ans, on a pu montrer que:

‐les moyennes certifiées n'ont pas évoluées,

‐ que les dispersions de mesure se sont réduites,

‐ que l'absorption atomique permet de doser correctement les très basses teneurs en Ca et Mg dans les minerais de fer riches.
Fluorine in Some CII Biological Reference Samples and Fluorine Losses During Ashing
Authors: TROLL G. , FARZANEH A.
Published: May 2007

Twelve different biostandards from the Inter‐Institute Comittee for studying analytical techniques for leaves (CII) contain fluorine in the range of 6 to 37 ppm. It is known that biological samples from areas affected by fluorine emission may contain up to 1000 ppm of F or more. After keeping the reference samples for two hours at 500°C, weight losses between 67 and 78% are observed; the fluorine losses are between 40 and 85%. If conventional analytical techniques are used, an ashing procedure is necessary before the samples could be fused. By using pyrohydrolytical technique the ashing step is omitted and, hence, any loss of fluorine can be avoided.
Trace Metal Speciation of USGS Reference Sample MAG‐I
Authors: TESSIER A. , CAMPBELL P.G.C. , BISSON M.
Published: May 2007

The USGS reference sample marine mud MAG‐1 has been subjected to a sequential extraction procedure designed to partition the constituent trace metals into five fractions: I‐exchangeable; II‐ bound to carbonates; III‐bound to Fe‐Mn oxides; IV‐ bound to organic matter; V‐ residual. The analytical approach involved successive chemical extractions and the subsequent determination of trace metal concentrations (Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn; Fe, Mn) in the leachates by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The chemical speciation results obtained on four replicate sub‐samples demonstrate that the coefficients of variation for metal concentrations in the individual fractions are generally better than + 10%. Comparison with published values for total trace metal concentrations in the MAG‐1 sample suggests that the overall accuracy of the chemical extraction procedure is satisfactory.
The Gamma Transformation Mode: A Mode or a Median ?*
Authors: COLOMBO A.
Published: May 2007

A demonstration is given that the Gamma Transformation Method (GTM) does not achieve its objective insofar as it gives an estimate of the median and not of the mode (unless they coincide) of a given distribution.

Nevertheless, because of the inherent high capability of the method to symmetrize a group of data and of its potential validity and use in other statistical fields, a GTM program which can be used on a programmable pocket or portable calculator is presented.
Chemical Analysis of USGS Manganese Nodule Reference Samples*
Authors: NEIL Sarah T.
Published: May 2007

Chemical analyses for major and minor constituents are reported for two standard manganese nodule samples available from the U.S. Geological Survey. Description is given of the analytical methods used in the analyses, including gravimetric, titrimetric, and instrumental techniques.
Uranium Content of Twenty‐Five Silicate Reference Materials
Authors: GLADNEY E.S. , PERRIN D.R. , HENSLEY W.K. , BUNKER M.E.
Published: May 2007

Data on the uranium concentration in 25 rock, soil, and fly ash standards obtained by delayed neutron assay are presented.
Flame Emission for Accurate Cesium Determination in Geostandards
Authors: GOGUEL Reiner
Published: May 2007

Cesium values for 21 geostandards obtained by flame emission spectrometry are presented. Analytical sensitivity was separately determined for each sample by the method of standard addition to cancel effects of chemical interferences. Three types of chemical interferences have been found and their magnitude has been measured. Correction factors have been derived to improve the accuracy of analytical values reported in the literature that were obtained by calibration against a single standard.
Confidence Limits for the Gastwirth Median*
Authors: ELLIS P. J.
Published: May 2007

Although the Gastwirth median is fairly robust (resistant to effects of contamination), it does not, as far as is known, have appropriate confidence limits. It was suspected that it would have confidence limits similar to those of the median. This was borne out in this investigation, which was confined to symmetrical distributions. It is concluded that, for practical purposes, in approximately symmetrical distributions the confidence limits for the median can be assumed to approximate those for the Gastwirth median.
Determination of Niobium and Yttrium in GSJ Basalt JB‐1 by Photon Activation Analysis
Authors: KATO TOYOAKI , MASUMOTO KAZUYOSHI
Published: May 2007

New data on Nb and Y in GSJ Basalt JB‐1 obtained by photon activation analysis with 30 MeV bremsstrahlung are presented and compared with literature values.
Molybdenum Content of 16 U.S. Geological Survey Standard Rocks
Authors: ARUSCAVAGE Philip J. , CAMPBELL Esma Y.
Published: May 2007

The concentration of molybdenum in 16 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) standard rocks was determined by a colorimetric procedure using zinc dithiol reagent. The molybdenum content in the rocks was found to range from 0.04 to 37 ppm. The precision of the method is generally better than 10% relative deviation when the molybdenum content is >0.3 ppm. A comparison with values stated in the literature shows that the method is accurate for the range of concentrations determined and the rock types analyzed.
Neutron Activation Determination of Rare Earth And Trace Elements in Two BCS1 Soda And Potash Feldspar Standards
Authors: CROUDACE Ian W.
Published: May 2007

Instrumental and radiochemical neutron activation analysis, using chromatographic group separations prior to neutron irradiation, were used to determine eight rare earths and twelve other trace elements in the two British Chemical Standards feldspars BCS 375 (Soda) and BCS 376 (Potash).
Reproducibility Tests for INAA Determinations With AGV‐I, BCR‐I and GSP‐I and New Data For 17 Geochemical Reference Materials
Authors: KRAMAR U. , PUCHELT H.
Published: May 2007

During 1975–1977, the USGS reference rocks GSP‐1, BCR‐1 and from 1977 onwards AGV‐1 have been systematically analysed in routine INAA as test samples. The results are given for up to 26 elements per sample and the reliability of our setup is demonstrated. For further 17 geochemical reference samples, new results are presented and compared with available data.
1982 Compilation of Elemental Concentrations in Eleven United States Geological Survey Rock Standards
Authors: GLADNEY Ernest S. , BURNS Colleen E. , ROELANDTS Iwan
Published: May 2007

Elemental composition data on eight older (AGV‐1, BCR‐1, DTS‐1, G‐1, G‐2, GSP‐1, PCC‐1 and W‐1) and three newer (BIR‐1, DNC‐1 and W‐2) USGS rock standards have been collected from institutional reports and journal articles from 1972–1981. This collection was combined with data from previous compilations and “consensus values” for up to 79 elements determined by comparing overall means, medians, and individual means based on analytical techniques.
Accurate Determination of Copper in South African Primary and Secondary Reference Samples by Cation Exchange Chromatography and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: VICTOR A.H.
Published: May 2007

Copper in S.A. primary (NIMROCS) and in six secondary reference samples has accurately been determined by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. A selective ion exchange separation procedure, using a 20 g column of AG50W‐X8 cation exchange resin and 0.2 M hydrochloric acid and 0.5 M hydrobromic acid, both containing 85% acetone, is employed for the separation of copper from all other elements, except vanadium. Vanadium which can partially accompany copper, however, is separated at the start of the sorption step with 0.01 M nitric acid‐0.15% hydrogen peroxide. Accuracy and precision of the described method are demonstrated by the analysis of synthetic rock solutions containing various amounts of copper. Amounts of 10 and 100 μg of copper can be determined with a coefficient of variation of 0.3% and 0.2%, respectively.
Determination of Beryllium and Zirconium In 45 Geochemical Reference Samples By Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry
Authors: WATKINS P.J. , THOMPSON Michael
Published: May 2007

The beryllium and zirconium contents of 45 geochemical reference samples have been determined by inductively coupled plasma after fusion of the samples with lithium metaborate and dissolution of the melt in dilute nitric acid. The method described here is rapid and sample preparation straightforward. Good agreement is shown with previously published results for these two elements. A correction has to be made for an interference due to vanadium in determining the beryllium content, and there is a slight interference due to yttrium in the determination of zirconium. The detection limit for beryllium is about 0.2 μg g‐1 and for zirconium about 15 μg g‐1 in the sample.
Determination of Beryllium in Eighty Geological Reference Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: TERASHIMA Shigeru
Published: May 2007

The beryllium content of eighty geological reference samples has been determined by atomic absorption spectrometry using a nitrous oxide‐acetylene flame or a carbon tube atomizer, after extraction of beryllium as acetylacetonate with methylisobutylketone (MIBK). The agreement between the present results and published data is generally good.
Selenium Content of Geochemical Reference Samples Determined by a Simple Method at ng/g Level
Authors: KOLMER Hans W. , RAPTIS Sotirios E.
Published: May 2007

Nine geochemical reference samples from various sources were analyzed for selenium. The method used was simplified with regard to the decomposition and selenium isolation from matrix. Selenium was determined by hydride‐generation atomic absorption; after selenium isolation from the matrix no interferences are to be expected. The results are in good agreement with values obtained by other methods.
Determination of Thorium‐230 in CCRMP Reference Samples by Alpha Spectroscopy
Authors: PETERS Richard J. , GLADNEY Ernest S.
Published: May 2007

Thorium‐230 concentrations have been determined in 11 CCRMP (Canadian Certified Reference Materials Project) reference rock and ore samples using alpha spectroscopy following a chemical separation of the thorium. Literature data are available for only one of these 11 reference samples.
Ag, Te and Pd in 17 Geochemical Reference Materials by Mass Spectrometric Isotope Dilution Analysis
Authors: LOSS Robert D. , ROSMAN Kevin J.R. , DE LAETER John R.
Published: May 2007

Seventeen geochemical reference samples have been analysed for Ag, Te, Pd using mass spectrometric isotope dilution analysis. For most samples, analytical data on these elements were lacking. The concentration range encountered was generally in the nanogram levels.
Chromium Contents of Standard Rock Samples: A Detailed Investigation by Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis
Authors: DESAI H.B. , KAYASTH S.R. , UDAS C.G. , DAS M. SANKAR
Published: May 2007

The reported values for the chromium contents of standard acidic rocks show a large spread, making it difficult to assign firm recommended values. A radiochemical neutron activation analysis procedure was developed and its reliability examined critically. The method involves separation of chromium as chromyl chloride by distillation followed by precipitation as barium chromate. The chromium content of a number of international standard rocks has been determined and results obtained are critically reviewed in relation to the available data.
Flameless Atomic Absorption Determination of Platinum, Palladium, and Rhodium in Geologic Materials
Authors: Aruscavage Philip J. , Simon F.O. , Moore R.
Published: May 2007

Platinum, palladium and rhodium have been determined in 18 U.S. Geological Survey reference materials by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration by the classical leadfree assay technique. A comparison with literature values shows clearly the need for additional data on these samples before “best” values can be assigned.
Comprehensive Analysis of Precious Metals in some Geological Standards by Flameless A.A. Spectroscopy
Authors: Sighinolfi G.P. , Gorgoni C. , Mohamed A.H.
Published: May 2007

Precious metals (Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Rh) were determined by flameless absorption atomic spectrornetry. Aqua regia sample decomposition followed by Te coprecipitation was employed to preconcentrate the precious metals in geological materials. With 5 g sample take‐up, the limits of determination were 1‐2 ppb for Au, Pd and Rh, 5 ppb for Ag and 10‐20 ppb for Pt. These elements were determined in some geochemical standards.
Uranium Tailings Samples UTS‐1 to UTS‐4 of CCRMP
Authors: STEGER H.F. , SMITH C.W.
Published: May 2007

The Canadian Certified Reference Materials Project announces the availability of reference uranium tailings sample UTS‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐4. Eighteen laboratories participated in the interlaboratory program for total iron, titanium, aluminium, calcium, barium, uranium, thorium, total sulphur, sulphate and arsenic. Eight laboratories participated in the inter‐laboratory program for thorium‐230, radium‐226, lead‐210 and polonium‐210 in all four samples and for thorium‐232, radium‐228 and thorium‐228 in UTS‐1 and UTS‐2.
Determination of Bismuth in Eighty‐Three Geochemical Reference Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: TERASHIMA Shigeru
Published: May 2007

The bismuth content of eighty‐three geochemical reference samples has been determined by atomic absorption spectrometry using either a hydride generation and heated quartz cell atomizer or a solvent extraction and carbon tube atomizer. The agreement between the present results and published data is generally good.
Determination des Terres Rares dans Certaines Roches Basiques et Ultrabasiques
Authors: SAVOYANT L. , PERSIN F. , DUPUY ET C.
Published: May 2007

Une méthode radiochimique est utilisée pour le dosage de huit éléments de terres rares, après préconcentration à l'aide de résines d'échange des ions cationiques. La reproductibilité et la justesse des résultats sont vèrifiès par l'analyse de deux èchantillons géochimiques de référence.
U, As and W in USGS Manganese Nodule Standards Nod‐A‐1 and Nod‐P‐1
Authors: KUNZENDORF H. , GWOZDZ R.
Published: May 2007

New analytical data on three elements are presented for the two USGS manganese nodule reference materials, Nod‐A‐1 and Nod‐P‐1. Arsenic and tungsten were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis, and uranium by delayed‐néutron counting.
A Note on Robust Estimates
Authors: LISTER Brian
Published: May 2007

It is well known that the mean can be an unsatisfactory estimator of a true value if data are a poor approximation to a normal distribution or are too few in number for a normal distribution to be adequately delineated. Unfortunately, this knowledge is not always implemented in the evaluation of analytical data. The median may be used occasionally because it is recognised to be less affected by discrepent data. However, there are other ‘robust’ estimators which can be better than the simple median. This note complements a previous paper by the writer (1).
Determination of Gallium at the ppb Level in South African Primary and Secondary Reference Samples by Ion Exchange Chromatography and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Authors: ANDERSON J. , VAN DER WALT T.N. , STRELOW F.W.E.
Published: May 2007

Results are presented for the determination of trace amounts of gallium in two South African primary rock standards (MIMROCS) and in four secondary rock standards (SAROCS). Gallium is separated from all other elements, except traces of thorium, using a selective ion exchange separation procedure (1) and determined by electro‐thermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
An Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometric Method for the Determination of Six Indicator Elements for Mineralization Processes in Granites
Authors: KANE Jean S.
Published: May 2007

A simultaneous multi‐element method is described for the determination of six elements of importance in geochemical investigations of mineralization processes in granites. After a mixed acid sample digestion, the elements Be, Li, Nb, W, Mo and Sn are determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Possible sources of bias due to incomplete sample dissolution and from spectral interferences were investigated. Analysis of 16 geological reference standard samples and a number of enriched samples demonstrates the accuracy and precision of the method for the study of mineralized granites and for several other geochemical sample types as well.
Neutron‐Capture Prompt Gamma‐Ray Multielement Analysis of Twenty‐Two Geochemical Reference Standards
Authors: ANDERSON D.L. , SUN Y. , FAILEY M.P. , ZOLLER W.H.
Published: May 2007

Twenty‐two geochemical reference standards obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey (AGV‐1, PCC‐1, G‐2, GSP‐1, BHVO‐1, MAG‐1, QLO‐1, RGM‐1, SCo‐1, SDC‐1, SGR‐1, STM‐1, BIR‐1, DNC‐1, W‐2, Nod A‐1, Nod P‐1), the National Bureau of Standards (SRM 278 Obsidian, SRM 688 Basalt), the International Atomic Energy Agency (Soil‐5, SL‐1 Lake Sediment), and Batelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (COS‐1 Oil Shale) have been analyzed for up to twenty‐one major, minor, and trace elements from the group of H, B, C, N, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Nd, Sm and Gd. The technique used, in‐beam neutron‐capture prompt γ‐ray activation analysis (PGAA), is described and the data are compared to those from other studies.
Recommended Lead‐210 Values for Four CCRMP Uranium Reference Materials
Authors: STEGER H.F. , SMITH C.W.
Published: May 2007

The Canadian Certified Reference Materials Project reports recommended values of lead‐210 activity in four uranium reference materials previously certified for uranium and radium‐226. Eleven laboratories participated in the interlaboratory program for DL‐1a, BL‐4a, DH‐1a and BL‐5; three measurement techniques were applied. Procedural and instrumental calibrations were performed with a certified lead solution from Amersham International Corp., thereby establishing traceability of the recommended values for lead‐210. Activity ratios for uranium‐238. radium‐226 and lead‐210 demonstrate these uranium reference materials to be in secular equilibrium, within experimental uncertainties.
Accurate Determination of Cobalt in South African Primary and Secondary Geochemical Reference Materials by Cation Exchange Chromatography and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: VICTOR A.H.
Published: May 2007

Cobalt in the six S.A. primary (NIMROCS) and fourteen secondary reference samples as well as in a phosphate rock has been determined accurately by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. A selective and quantitative ion exchange separation procedure, using a 20 g column of AG50W‐X8 cation exchange resin and 0.4 M hydrochloric acid‐86% acetone and 1 M hydrochloric acid‐80% acetone as eluting agents, is employed for the separation of cobalt from all other elements. The accuracy and precision of the described method are demonstrated by the analysis of synthetic rock solutions containing various amounts of cobalt. Amounts of 1, 10 and 100 μg of cobalt can be determined with a coefficient of variation of 1%, 0.3% and 0.2%. respectively.