bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative estimation of the degree of derivatization: an alternative methodology using 1‐D and 2‐D NMR experiments
Authors: Roy Debmalya , Basu P. K. , Raghunathan P. , Eswaran S. V.
Published: December 2003

The precise estimation of the degree of derivatization of functional groups in polymers is important for determining their macroscopic properties. In this work, the quantitative estimation of the extent of esterification of novolac copolymers with di‐tert‐butyl dicarbonate was studied. Although the extent of esterification has been calculated previously by quantifying the signals from FT‐IR and UV–Vis spectroscopy, these were restricted to monitoring the progress of the derivatization process. The 13C NMR signal intensities from the inverse‐gated 1H‐decoupled NMR spectrum have been used recently for the quantitative estimation of the degree of esterification of polymers. An alternative methodology has been suggested by us based on the fully relaxed 1H chemical shift intensities. However, since the proton signals of novolac resins are generally broad and overlapping, the proton decoupled 13C NMR spectrum was used to identify the 1H NMR signals using the 2‐D HSQC technique. A TOCSY experiment was also performed to confirm further the 1H NMR sigal assignments and, finally, the deconvoluted 1H NMR spectrum was used for the calculation of the extent of derivatization. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic NMR and ab initio studies of exchange between rotamers of derivatives of octahydrofuro[3,4‐f]isoquinoline‐7(1H)‐carboxylate and tetrahydro‐2,5,6(1H)‐isoquinolinetricarboxylate
Authors: Akhmedov Novruz G. , Myshakin Evgeniy M. , Dennis Hall C.
Published: December 2003

The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of methyl‐8‐(2‐furyl)‐5‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxo‐3,3a,4,6,8,9,9a,9b‐octahydrofuro[3,4‐f]isoquinoline‐7(1H)‐carboxylate (1) and trimethyl 8‐methyl‐3‐phenyl‐3,4,4a,7‐tetrahydro‐2,5,6(1H)‐isoquinolinetricarboxylate (2) at room temperature displayed doubling of the majority of signals, suggesting the presence of two rotational conformers (rotamers) in a ratio ∼1:1.2 (in a mixture of CDCl3 and C6D6), ∼1:1 (in CD2Cl2) and ∼1:1.4 (in C6D6). On the basis of the temperature‐dependent 1H NMR spectra of 1 and 2, the barrier to interconversion of the rotamers was calculated to be ∼16 kcal mol−1. The average chemical shifts and spin–spin coupling constants were analyzed for the resolution‐enhanced 300 MHz 1H NMR spectrum of 1 at 333 K in CDCl3 solution. From analysis of the spin–spin coupling constants, it is proposed that the nitrogen‐containing ring is in a chair conformation with C‐2—H equatorial. Low‐ and room‐temperature NOESY experiments in conjunction with theoretical ab initio calculations supported the hypothesis that the two rotamers interchange via rotation about the C—N bond. Spectral assignments of all proton and carbon resonances were made on the basis of one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR experiments (DEPT, DQCOSY, NOESY, HETCOR and gHMBC). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of protein 15N relaxation times by inverse Laplace transformation
Authors: Koskela Harri , Kilpeläinen Ilkka , Heikkinen Sami
Published: December 2003

Relaxation times (T1, T2, T1ρ) are usually evaluated from exponential decay data by least‐squares fitting methods. For this procedure, the integrals or amplitudes of signals must be determined, which can be laborious with large data sets. Moreover, the fitting requires a priori knowledge of the number of exponential components responsible for the decay. We have adapted inverse Laplace transformation (ILT) for the analysis of relaxation data. Exponential components are resolved with ILT to reciprocal space on their corresponding relaxation rate values. The ILT approach was applied to 3D linewidth‐resolved 15N HSQC experiments to evaluate 15N T1 and T2 relaxation times of ubiquitin. The resulting spectrum is a true 3D spectrum, where the signals are separated by their 1H and 15N chemical shifts (HSQC correlations) and by their relaxation rate values (R1 or R2). From this spectrum, the relaxation times can be obtained directly with a simple peak‐picking procedure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HMBC–RELAY: a combined technique for the differentiation of simultaneously detected 2J(C,H) and nJ(C,H) connectivities
Authors: Sprang Thomas , Bigler Peter
Published: December 2003

We present a new pulse sequence that detects simultaneously nJ(C,H) and 2J(C,H) connectivities. The corresponding coherences are created along independent pathways and therefore can be separated into two different subspectra. One spectrum is to show all nJ(C,H) connectivities and the other is to show exclusively 2J(C,H) connectivities. In contrast to the previously published 2J/nJ experiment, this sequence detects the 2J(C,H) connectivities via a C,H,H‐RELAY pathway leading to an intensification of the 2J(C,H) signals. Strictly, the 2J(C,H) spectrum does not show 2J(C,H) but 3J(H,H) coupling interactions within 13CHk–12CHl fragments. Therefore, 2J(C,H) signals can appear even if the corresponding 2J(C,H) coupling constant is zero. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leaving group effects on the mechanism of aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) reactions of some phenyl 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl ethers with aniline in acetonitrile
Authors: Crampton Michael R. , Emokpae Thomas A. , Howard Judith A. K. , Isanbor Chukwuemeka , Mondal Raju
Published: December 2003

Kinetic studies are reported for the reactions with aniline in acetonitrile of a series of X‐phenyl 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl ethers [X=H, 2‐, 3‐, 4‐CH3, 2,4‐, 2,6‐(CH3)2, 2‐, 3‐, 4‐NO2, 2,4‐, 2,6‐(NO2)2]. X‐ray crystal structures for X=H, 2,6‐(CH3)2 and 2,6‐(NO2)2 are reported and provide evidence for steric crowding around the 1‐position of these molecules. Nevertheless, the kinetic data show that increasing substitution does not sterically inhibit nucleophilic attack by aniline and an ‘early’ transition state is likely. In general, the reactions are base catalysed; interpreted as rate‐limiting deprotonation of the zwitterionic intermediates. Only with the dinitro derivatives is an uncatalysed reaction involving intramolecular proton transfer observed and when X=2,6‐(NO2)2 this pathway takes all the reaction flux. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Additional material for this paper is available in Wiley Intersciene
Pilot‐scale demonstration of in situ capping of PCB‐containing sediments in the lower Grasse River
Authors: Quadrini James D. , VanDewalker Heather M. , Mihm Joseph E. , McShea Lawrence J.
Published: December 2003

A fish‐consumption advisory is currently in effect in a seven‐mile stretch of the Grasse River in Massena, New York, due to elevated
levels of PCBs in fish tissue. One remedial approach that is being evaluated to reduce the PCB levels in fish from the river is in situ
capping. An in‐river pilot study was conducted in the summer of 2001 to assess the feasibility of capping PCB‐containing sediments of the
river. The study consisted of the construction of a subaqueous cap in a seven‐acre portion of the river using various combinations of capping
materials and placement techniques. Optimal results were achieved with a 1:1 sand/topsoil mix released from a clamshell bucket either just above or
several feet below the water surface.

A longer‐term monitoring program of the capped area commenced in 2002. Results of this monitoring indicated: 1) the in‐place cap
has remained intact since installation; 2) no evidence of PCB migration into and through the cap; 3) groundwater advection through
the cap is not an important PCB transport mechanism; and 4) macroinvertebrate colonization of the in‐place cap is continuing.
Additional follow‐up monitoring in the spring of 2003 indicated that a significant portion of the cap and, in some cases, the underlying
sediments had been disturbed in the period following the conclusion of the 2002 monitoring work. An analysis of river conditions in the spring of 2003
indicated that a significant ice jam had formed in the river directly over the capping pilot study area, and that the resulting increase in river
velocities and turbulence in the area resulted in the movement of both cap materials and the underlying sediments. The pilot cap was not designed to
address ice jam–related forces on the cap, as the occurrence of ice jams in this section of the river had not been known prior to the observations
conducted in the spring of 2003. These findings will preclude implementation of the longer‐term monitoring program that had been envisioned for
the pilot study. The data collected immediately after cap construction in 2001 and through the first year of monitoring in 2002 serve as the basis for
the conclusions presented in this article. It should be recognized that, based on the observation made in the spring of 2003, some of these conclusions
are no longer valid for the pilot study area.The occurrence of ice jams in the lower Grasse River and their importance on sediments and PCBs within the
system are currently under investigation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical oxidation of tetrachloroethene in a fractured saprolite/bedrock aquifer
Authors: Werner Paul G. , Helmke Martin F.
Published: December 2003

Two chemical oxidizers, Fenton's Reagent (FR) and sodium permanganate (NaMnO4), were used to remediate
groundwater contaminated by tetrachloroethene (PCE) in a fractured saprolite and bedrock aquifer in Rockville, Maryland. Initial PCE
concentrations ranged from 11 to 25,000 μg/L, averaging 8,684 μg/L in March 2000. A total of 28,256 pounds of hydrogen peroxide
(as 35 percent solution) and iron catalyst were injected during the FR treatment program. The FR failed to achieve the desired
clean‐up goal, after which 11,114 pounds of NaMnO4 (as 40 percent solution) were diluted to a 20 percent solution and
injected into the aquifer. An additional 855 pounds of dilute NaMnO4 was later injected, which ultimately reduced the original PCE mass by
an estimated 95 percent through November 2001. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved estimates of floating absolute risk
Authors: Plummer Martyn
Published: December 2003

Floating absolute risks are an alternative way of presenting relative risk estimates for polychotomous risk factors. Instead of choosing one level of the risk factor as a reference category, each level is assigned a ‘floated’ variance which describes the uncertainty in risk without reference to another level. In this paper, a method for estimating the floated variances is presented that improves on the previously proposed ‘heuristic’ method. The estimates may be calculated iteratively with a simple algorithm. A benchmark for validating the floated variance estimates is also proposed and an interpretation of floating confidence intervals is given. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating heterogeneous transmission with multiple infectives using MCMC methods
Authors: Chu Haitao , Préziosi Marie‐Pierre , Halloran M. Elizabeth
Published: December 2003

We developed a general procedure for estimating the transmission probability adjusting for covariates when susceptibles are exposed to several infectives concurrently and taking correlation within transmission units into account. The procedure is motivated by a study estimating efficacy of pertussis vaccination based on the secondary attack rate in a rural sub‐Saharan community (Niakhar, Senegal) and illustrated with simulations. The procedure is also appropriate to estimate the pairwise transmission probability in transmission studies of live vaccine virus in a collection of transmission units, such as day‐care centres or retirement centres. Previously, analyses either excluded transmission units with multiple infectives or ignored co‐infectives. Excluding transmission units with multiple infectives is statistically less efficient and ignoring co‐infectives can lead to biased estimation. Modelling is carried out by regressing the latent pairwise transmission probability from each infective to a susceptible on covariates and specifying a transmission linkage function linking the latent pairwise transmission probability to the overall transmission probability. Parameters are estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bagging survival trees
Authors: Hothorn Torsten , Lausen Berthold , Benner Axel , Radespiel‐Tröger Martin
Published: December 2003

Predicted survival probability functions of censored event free survival are improved by bagging survival trees. We suggest a new method to aggregate survival trees in order to obtain better predictions for breast cancer and lymphoma patients. A set of survival trees based on B bootstrap samples is computed. We define the aggregated Kaplan–Meier curve of a new observation by the Kaplan–Meier curve of all observations identified by the B leaves containing the new observation. The integrated Brier score is used for the evaluation of predictive models. We analyse data of a large trial on node positive breast cancer patients conducted by the German Breast Cancer Study Group and a smaller ‘pilot’ study on diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, where prognostic factors are derived from microarray expression values. In addition, simulation experiments underline the predictive power of our proposal. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of an intensive stress intervention workshop for senior managers
Authors: Veach Tracy L. , Rahe Richard H. , Tolles Robbyn L. , Newhall Lynn M.
Published: December 2003

This study investigates the efficacy of an intensive, integrated approach to stress reduction and coping enhancement directed towards an educated, upper level management population. Ninety‐five US governmental senior managers participated in a 35‐h stress management retreat held over a 3.5‐day period. The retreat combined didactic and experiential activities that were designed to increase participants' knowledge of stress liabilities and coping skills. Participants were encouraged to make positive lifestyle changes and to create specific action plans for the year following the workshop. Evaluations of participant satisfaction were completed at the close of the workshop. Eighty‐three participants completed baseline and follow‐up Stress and Coping Inventory (SCI) assessments in order to identify durable changes in these measures. Across 10 months, participants showed significant improvements in their overall Global Balance scores, psychological symptoms, depression symptoms, and all major coping scales, including Health Habits, Social Support, Responses to Stress and Life Satisfactions. Therefore, an intensive, multifaceted approach to stress intervention is a viable option for encouraging sustained behavioural change. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of production systems on physiological responses measured in urine and saliva
Authors: Garde Anne Helene , Hansen Åse Marie , Persson Roger , Ohlsson Kerstina , Ørbæk Palle
Published: December 2003

The aim of the present study was to investigate physiological effects of highly similar production systems with different degrees of automation by use of urinary catecholamines and cortisol as well as salivary cortisol. Furthermore, it was determined whether the physiological response was related to real‐time self‐reports in terms of feelings of positive and negative arousal, physical exertion, and sleepiness. Sixteen healthy women sorting wooden slats participated in the study. The work was highly repetitive and demanded intense concentration and rapid qualified decisions. The women rotated between three production systems with varying degrees of automation. Real‐time logbooks were completed and urine was collected five times and saliva seven times on four workdays and on one day off. When working at the most automated production system urinary concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline were 14 per cent lower compared to those obtained when working at the other production systems. For salivary cortisol, the profile over the day differed between production systems. The type of production system did not affect urinary cortisol. Feelings of positive and negative arousal were associated with increased concentrations of urinary adrenaline, while sleepiness was associated with lower salivary cortisol. These associations were independent of the relationship between production systems and biomarkers. In conclusion, decreased physiological arousal was observed in response to increased automation and real‐time self‐reports appeared to be related to specific physiological systems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discounting models for long‐term decision making
Authors: Kenley C. Robert , Armstead Donald C.
Published: December 2003

This paper investigates alternative approaches to constant rate discounting for calculation of Net Present Value (NPV) in life cycle cost models that are used for engineering trade studies. Alternative approaches are necessary to meet the challenge of equitable intergenerational resource allocation for projects like radioactive waste disposal that have a life cycle that impacts future generations well beyond the 30‐year maximum time horizon limit that results from using market‐determined interest rates on bonds. This paper reviews the literature on long‐term discount models, provides a consistent nomenclature for describing the models, summarizes the theoretical and empirical basis for hyperbolic discounting models, evaluates the research results to date, and provides a recommendation for applying hyperbolic discounting. It also identifies issues with the current U.S. government policy on discounting and the future research necessary to establish an improved foundation for discounting models for long‐term projects. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 7: 13–24, 2004
Systems engineering in an age of complexity
Authors: Calvano Charles N. , John Philip
Published: December 2003

This paper considers the creation of Complex Engineered Systems (CESs) and the Systems Engineering approach by which they are designed. The changing nature of the challenges facing Systems Engineering is discussed, with particular focus on the increasing complexity of modern systems. It is argued that modern complexity poses a major challenge to our ability to achieve successful systems and that this complexity must be understood, predicted and measured if we are to engineer systems confidently. We acknowledge previous work which concluded that, in complex systems, failures (“accidents”) may be inevitable and unavoidable. To further explore potential tools for increasing our confidence in complex systems, we review research in the field of Complexity Theory to seek potentially useful approaches and measures and find ourselves particularly interested in the potential usefulness of relationships between the magnitudes of events and their frequency of occurrence. Complexity Theory is found to have characterized naturally occurring systems and to potentially be the source of profitable application to the systems engineering challenge, viz., the creation of complex engineered systems. We are left with the tentative conclusion that truly complex systems, with our present understanding of complex behavior, cannot be designed with a degree of confidence that is acceptable given our current expectations. We recommend that the discipline of systems engineering must investigate this issue as a matter of priority and urgency and seek to develop approaches to respond to the challenge. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 7: 25–34, 2004
Defining goals in a COTS‐aware requirements engineering approach
Authors: Chung Lawrence , Cooper Kendra
Published: December 2003

The goals of developing systems better, faster, and cheaper continue to drive software engineering practitioners and researchers to investigate software engineering methodologies. In requirements engineering, the focus has traditionally been on modeling the software engineering process and products for systems that are being built from scratch. As the size and complexity of systems continues to grow the use of commercial off the shelf (COTS) components is being viewed as a solution. Effective use of COTS components, however, requires a systematic approach that provides both a set of concepts for modeling the subject matter and a set of guidelines for using such concepts. In particular, the process needs to recognize and address the people oriented problems including the identification and resolution of conflicting goals, bridging the gaps between stated requirements and “approximately fitting” components while still satisfying the customer. In this paper, we present a goal and agent oriented requirements engineering process model that explicitly addresses the use of COTS components. More specifically, we present (part of) our model for a COTS‐Aware Requirements Engineering (CARE) process and illustrate it using a Digital Library System (DLS). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 7: 61–83, 2004
Case studies of systems engineering and management in systems acquisition
Authors: Friedman George , Sage Andrew P.
Published: December 2003

This paper discusses the role of case studies in systems engineering and systems management, especially case studies that involve systems acquisition. We first provide a brief overview of case studies, including some of the analysis techniques useful for the conduct of case studies. Next, we discuss a two‐dimensional framework for systems engineering and management case studies. The framework is in the form of a 9 row by 3 column matrix. We present a number of vignettes of case studies, at least one for each of the 27 cellular entries in this matrix. The hope is that this will be a stimulus and precursor of additional systems engineering and management case study efforts, both in terms of appropriate frameworks for these and in the actual conduct of case study research. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 7: 84–97, 2004
Sex differences in pain anchors revisited: further investigation of “most intense” and common pain events⋆
Authors: Robinson Michael E , George Steven Z , Dannecker Erin A , Jump Rebecca L , Hirsh Adam T , Gagnon Christine M , Brown Jennifer L
Published: December 2003

Recent research suggests that the interpretation of maximal endpoints of pain scales vary between sexes. The purposes of this study were to investigate sex differences in (a) maximal endpoints of pain scales and (b) bias, discrimination, and the “better than average effect” for ratings of common pain events. Study participants described and rated the intensity of events that were the “most intense pain imaginable” for the typical woman, typical man, and one's self. Study participants also described and rated the intensity of the “most painful” events they had experienced. Study participants completed the situational pain questionnaire (SPQ), which measured the amount of pain that the typical woman, typical man, or one's self would be expected to experience during thirty common painful events. One hundred and fifteen undergraduate psychology students completed this study. Men and women differed in the categories of events selected for most intense pain imaginable for one's self. There were no significant sex differences for the intensity of most intense self‐imagined pain or most painful event experienced. However, women were more likely to report the intensity of their worst self‐imagined pain event as 100/100. In addition, only women demonstrated a significant correlation between the intensity of most painful self‐experienced event and intensity of most intense self‐imagined event. Analyses of the SPQ discrimination scores revealed no sex or version differences. Analyses of the SPQ bias scores showed that both sexes indicated that the typical woman would rate the intensity of common pain events higher than would the typical man. Women rated the intensity of common pain events for themselves lower than for the typical woman, but higher than the typical man, and men rated also rated themselves as lower than the typical women, but the same as the typical man. Thus, there was inconsistent support for the “better than average effect”. Future research is needed to determine the clinical relevance of sex differences in pain anchors and gender‐related stereotypes for evaluating other people's pain.
Association of neck pain, disability and neck pain during maximal effort with neck muscle strength and range of movement in women with chronic non‐specific neck pain
Authors: Ylinen Jari , Takala Esa‐Pekka , Kautiainen Hannu , Nykänen Matti , Häkkinen Arja , Pohjolainen Timo , Karppi Sirkka‐Liisa , Airaksinen Olavi
Published: December 2003

Several studies have reported lower neck muscle strength in patients with chronic neck pain compared to healthy controls. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between the severity of neck pain and disability with neck strength and range of movement in women suffering from chronic neck pain. One hundred and seventy‐nine female office workers with chronic neck pain were selected to the study. The outcome was assessed by the self‐rating questionnaires on neck pain (visual analogue scale, Vernon's disability index, Neck pain and disability index) and by measures of the passive range of movement (ROM) and maximal isometric neck muscle strength. No statistically significant correlation was found between perceived neck pain and the disability indices and the maximal isometric neck strength and ROM measures. However, the pain values reported during the strength tests were inversely correlated with the results of strength tests (r=−0.24 to −0.46), showing that pain was associated with decreased force production. About two‐thirds of the patients felt pain during test efforts. Pain may prevent full effort during strength tests and hence the production of maximal force. Thus in patients with chronic neck pain the results do not always describe true maximal strength, but rather the patients' ability to bear strain, which may be considerably influenced by their painful condition. The results of the present study suggest that rehabilitation in cases of chronic neck pain should aim at raising tolerance to mechanical strain.
The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia: further examination of psychometric properties in patients with chronic low back pain and fibromyalgia
Authors: Roelofs Jeffrey , Goubert Liesbet , Peters Madelon L. , Vlaeyen Johan W.S. , Crombez Geert
Published: December 2003

The present study attempted to replicate the robustness of a two‐factor model of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) in chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients and fibromyalgia patients, by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Construct and predictive validity of the TSK subscales were also examined. Results clearly indicated that a two‐factor model fitted best in both pain samples. These two factors were labelled somatic focus, which reflects the belief in underlying and serious medical problems, and activity avoidance, which reflects the belief that activity may result in (re)injury or increased pain. Construct validity of the TSK and its subscales was supported by moderate correlation coefficients with self‐report measures of pain‐related fear, pain catastrophising, and disability, predominantly in patients with CLBP. Predictive validity was supported by moderate correlation coefficients with performance on physical performance tests (i.e., lifting tasks, bicycle task) mainly in CLBP patients. Implications of the results are discussed and directions for future research are provided.
Testing candidate indicators to support ecosystem-based management: the power of monitoring surveys to detect temporal trends in fish community metrics
Authors: Nicholson Mike D , Jennings Simon
Published: December 2003

Community metrics describe aspects of community structure and are often calculated from species-size-abundance data collected during fish stock monitoring surveys. Several community metrics have been proposed as indicators to support ecosystem-based fishery management. These metrics should be sensitive to fishing impacts and respond rapidly to management action, so that managers can assess whether changes in the fish community are a desirable or undesirable response to management. It should also be possible to estimate metrics with sufficient precision so that changes in the community can be detected on management time scales of a year to a few years. Here, we test the power of a large-scale annual trawl survey (North Sea International Bottom Trawl Survey, IBTS) to detect trends in six community metrics: mean length, mean weight, mean maximum length, mean maximum weight, slope of the biomass size spectrum, and mean trophic level. Our analyses show that the power of the trawl survey to detect trends is generally poor. While community metrics do provide good long-term indicators of changes in fish community structure, they are unlikely to provide an appropriate tool to support short-term management decisions. If fish community metrics are to provide effective support for ecosystem-based management, and management time scales cannot be extended, then the power of many surveys to detect trends in fish community structure will need to be improved by increased replication and standardization.
Stock structure of Sebastes mentella in the North Atlantic revealed by chemometry of the fatty acid profile in heart tissue
Authors: Joensen Hóraldur , Grahl-Nielsen Otto
Published: December 2003

Chemometric analysis of fatty acid profile in the heart tissue of redfish (Sebastes mentella, Travin 1951) from 11 locations in the waters off Norway, Faroe Islands, Iceland, and from two strata at different depths in the Irminger Sea revealed the presence of four separate stocks in the North Atlantic Ocean. The investigation has, statistically, shown: (i) a clear distinction between S. mentella on the Faroe Plateau and S. mentella in the deeps south-west of the Faroe Bank and on the Wyville Thomson Ridge; (ii) a relationship between S. mentella inhabiting the Faroe Plateau and the Norwegian Sea; and (iii) two significantly distinct stocks of S. mentella dwelling on the Icelandic Plateau. The chemometric method, consisting of methanolysis, gas chromatography of the resulting fatty acid methyl esters, and multivariate statistical treatment of the analytical data, has a discriminating power high enough to differentiate at stock level and individual level.
Ischemic‐preconditioning does not prevent neuromuscular dysfunction after ischemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: Eastlack Robert K. , Groppo Eli R. , Hargens Alan R. , Pedowitz Robert A.
Published: December 2003

The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate ischemic‐preconditioning (IPC) as a means of improving tolerance to ischemia–reperfusion (IR) stress on neuromuscular function. A secondary objective was to isolate the area of injury within the neuromuscular unit responsible for contractile dysfunction after IR injury. Twenty‐eight male rabbits were randomly assigned to four groups (sham, IPC only, sustained ischemia only, IPC and sustained ischemia). The IPC protocol consisted of three cycles of 10 min of tourniquet‐induced ischemia (125 mmHg) followed by 10 min of reperfusion. Sustained ischemia was induced by 350 mmHg external compression for 2 h. Peak tetanic tension of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle was evaluated 48 h after the tourniquet protocol by both peroneal nerve and direct muscle stimulation, with and without pharmacologic neuromuscular junction blockade. Animals subjected to combined IPC and sustained ishemia had an equivalent loss of contractile force to those undergoing sustained ischemia alone. Two hours of tourniquet‐induced ischemia resulted in marked dysfunction of the TA neuromuscular unit when evaluated by peroneal nerve stimulation (p < 0.0001). Isolation of the TA muscle from the peroneal nerve with direct muscle stimulation and neuromuscular junction blockade preserved muscle function after 3 h of ischemia. In our model, these results clearly demonstrate that IPC provides no significant protective effect from IR injury to either nerve or muscle function in our model. In addition, nerve or neuromuscular junction injury, rather than muscle damage, is identified as primarily responsible for IR‐related muscle dysfunction. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Holocene peat and carbon accumulation rates in the southern taiga of western Siberia
Authors: Borren Wiebe , Bleuten Wladimir , Lapshina Elena D.
Published: December 2003

Although recent studies have recognized peatlands as a sink for atmospheric CO2, little is known about the role of Siberian peatlands in the global carbon cycle. We have estimated the Holocene peat and carbon accumulation rate in the peatlands of the southern taiga and subtaiga zones of western Siberia. We explain the accumulation rates by calculating the average peat accumulation rate and the long-term apparent rate of carbon accumulation (LORCA) and by using the model of Clymo (1984, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 303, 605–654). At three key areas in the southern taiga and subtaiga zones we studied eight sites, at which the dry bulk density, ash content, and carbon content were measured every 10 cm. Age was established by radiocarbon dating. The average peat accumulation rate at the eight sites varied from 0.35 ± 0.03 to 1.13 ± 0.02 mm yr−1 and the LORCA values of bogs and fens varied from 19.0 ± 1.1 to 69.0 ± 4.4 g C m−2 yr−1. The accumulation rates had different trends especially during the early Holocene, caused by variations in vegetation succession resulting in differences in peat and carbon accumulation rates. The indirect effects of climate change through local hydrology appeared to be more important than direct influences of changes in precipitation and temperature. River valley fens were more drained during wetter periods as a result of deeper river incision, while bogs became wetter. From our dry bulk density results and our age–depth profiles we conclude that compaction is negligible and decay was not a relevant factor for undrained peatlands. These results contribute to our understanding of the influence of peatlands on the global carbon cycle and their potential impact on global change.
Functional and structural characterization of a novel member of the natriuretic family of peptides from the venom of Pseudocerastes persicus
Authors: Amininasab Mehriar , Elmi Maryam M. , Endlich Nicole , Endlich Karlhans , Parekh Niranjah , Naderi-Manesh Hossein , Schaller Johann , Mostafavi Hossein , Sattler Michael , Sarbolouki Mohammad N. , Muhle-Goll Claudia
Published: December 2003

A novel peptide, PNP (
seudocerastes persicus atriuretic eptide), was isolated from the venom of the Iranian viper P. persicus. Amino acid sequencing revealed that the 37‐residue peptide belongs to the family of natriuretic peptides. The physiological effects of intra‐venously PNP infused into anesthetized rats on urine flow, sodium excretion and blood pressure were comparable to those of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). In PC12 cells that were treated with either PNP, ANP, or C‐type natriuretic peptide, PNP induced a similar cGMP response as ANP. Since PC12 cells only express the natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR)‐A receptor we conclude that PNP binds to the NPR‐A receptor. The solution conformation of PNP was characterized using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and indicates a high degree of conformational flexibility.
Immunoseparation of Prion protein‐enriched domains from other detergent‐resistant membrane fractions, isolated from neuronal cells
Authors: Botto Laura , Masserini Massimo , Cassetti Arianna , Palestini Paola
Published: December 2003

The possibility of coexistence of different subtypes of membrane lipid rafts has been investigated in cerebellar granule cells, by submitting detergent‐resistant membrane fractions to immunoprecipitation. Among the proteins and lipids present in detergent‐resistant fractions, almost all Prion protein, GAP43 and PKC were present in the immunoprecipitate obtained with anti‐GAP43 or anti‐Prion protein antibody at 4°C, together with a small fraction of cholesterol and sphingolipids, suggesting that they belong to a distinct subset of membranes. On the contrary, all Fyn and almost all MARCKS remained in the supernatant. Fluorescence microscopy experiments showed that Fyn and Prion protein were mostly not colocalized within a single neuron. Our results suggest that granule cells membranes contains different subtypes of detergent‐resistant fractions, possibly deriving from different lipid rafts.
Apoptin's functional N‐ and C‐termini independently bind DNA
Authors: Leliveld S.R , Dame R.T , Rohn J.L , Noteborn M.H.M , Abrahams J.P
Published: December 2003

Apoptin induces apoptosis specifically in tumour cells, where Apoptin is enriched in the DNA‐dense heterochromatin and nucleoli. In vitro, Apoptin interacts with dsDNA, forming large nucleoprotein superstructures likely to be relevant for apoptosis induction. Its N‐ and C‐terminal domains also have cell‐killing activity, although they are less potent than the full‐length protein. Here, we report that both Apoptin's N‐ and C‐terminal halves separately bound DNA, indicating multiple independent binding sites. The reduced cell killing activity of both truncation mutants was mirrored in vitro by a reduced affinity compared to full‐length Apoptin. However, none of the truncation mutants cooperatively bound DNA or formed superstructures, which suggests that cooperative DNA binding by Apoptin is required for the formation of nucleoprotein superstructures. As Apoptin's N‐ and C‐terminal fragments not only share apoptotic activity, but also affinity for DNA, we propose that both properties are functionally linked.
MG‐63 human osteosarcoma cells grown in monolayer and as three‐dimensional tumor spheroids present a different metabolic profile: a 1H NMR study
Authors: Santini Maria Teresa , Rainaldi Gabriella , Romano Rocco , Ferrante Antonella , Clemente Stefania , Motta Andrea , Indovina Pietro Luigi
Published: December 2003

High resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy was used to determine if the same cell line (MG‐63 human osteosarcoma cells) grown in monolayer or as small (about 50–80 μm in diameter), three‐dimensional tumor spheroids with no hypoxic center has different metabolic characteristics. Consequently, the 1H NMR spectra were obtained from both types of cultures and then compared. The results indicate that the type of cellular spatial array determines specific changes in MG‐63 cells. In particular, small but significant differences in lactate and alanine indicating a perturbation in energy metabolism were observed in the two cell models. In addition, although variations in CH2 and CH3 groups were also seen, it is not possible at this time to establish if lipid metabolism is truly different in cells and spheroids.
Carpal Tunnel Topography During Endoscopic Decompression
Authors: KOEBKE J. , SCHÄFER W. , AUST T.
Published: December 2003

The safety of the endoscopic technique for carpal tunnel release remains a major concern. Serious complications such as division nerves, tendons or vessels may occur. In this study the topography of the carpal tunnel was studied in fresh cadaver hands after the introduction of the blade assembly of a one portal system. By using a plastination method, it was possible to study the in situ relationships in detail by serial cross sections. Furthermore a modified Spalteholz method allowed the position of the blade to be viewed in whole specimens.
Anthropometry and Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release
Authors: SCHONAUER F. , BELCHER H. J. C. R.
Published: December 2003

A prospective study was performed in 100 consecutive endoscopic carpal tunnel releases (ECTR) to assess the effect of a number of anthropometric measures on the ease of introduction of the ECTR system into the carpal tunnel. Ease of access to the carpal tunnel correlated with the wrist circumference, height and age of patients. Surgeons should be aware that ECTR is likely to be more difficult in small patients with small wrists and should have a higher threshold for conversion to the open technique to avoid neurological complications.
Does Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release have a Higher Rate of Complications than Open Carpal Tunnel Release?
Authors: BOECKSTYNS M. E. H. , SØRENSEN A. I.
Published: December 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reported rate of complications after endoscopic carpal tunnel release by means of an analysis of 54 publications, reporting a total of 9516 endoscopic and 1203 open releases. Endoscopic release was comparable to open release in the rate of irreversible nerve damage (0.3% and 0.2% respectively) but case reports may indicate a small risk of unacceptable complications with endoscopy, such as transection of the median nerve. Reversible nerve problems were more common after endoscopic release. Tendon lesions were extremely rare (0.03%) and the rate of other complications (reflex sympathetic dystrophy, haematoma, wound problems, etc.) was about the same with endoscopic as with open release.
The Usefulness of Quantitative Evaluation of Three-Phase Scintigraphy in the Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
Authors: ŻYLUK A.
Published: December 2003

Quantitative analysis of three-phase bone scintigrams was done in 70 patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and in 30 patients who did not have RSD after injury to the hand or wrist. Regions of interest were selected and the uptake ratios (affected/unaffected) were calculated. Significant differences between affected and unaffected patients were seen in the metacarpal area in phase 2 of the scintigrams as well as in the metacarpophalangeal joints and metacarpal bones in phase 3. Combination of these images had the greatest diagnostic value. Sensitivity and specificity of 80% were achieved in the regions of interest in phase 3. The duration of RSD and the predisposing injury significantly affected the results of bone scintigraphy. It was also noted that a fracture may cause increased fixation of the tracer in each phase of three-phase bone scintigraphy in asymptomatic patients.
Long-Term Functional Results of Wrist Arthrodesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: BARBIER O. , SAELS P. , ROMBOUTS J. J. , THONNARD J. L.
Published: December 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of wrist fusion on the relief of pain and also the functional capacities of the upper limbs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Eighteen patients were assessed at a mean of 7 years after wrist arthrodesis and a mean of 17 years after the onset of RA. Radiological measurements, pain assessment and impairment rating of the upper limbs were made of the fused and non-fused sides. The average position of arthrodesis was 8° of extension and 9° of ulnar deviation. All patients were pleased with the procedure and had satisfactory pain relief. Impairment ratings did not detect any significant difference in the sensory and motor function of the hand when the fused and non-fused groups were compared. We conclude that in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, wrist arthrodesis is a reliable procedure that provides predictable pain relief and a high degree of satisfaction without additional functional loss in the upper limb.
Biaxial Wrist Replacement
Authors: COURTMAN N. H. , SOCHART D. H. , TRAIL I. A. , STANLEY J. K.
Published: December 2003

We report a short term review of 26 patients after Biaxial total wrist replacement. The mean follow up was 33.6 months (range, 24–62). All except one patient with psoriatic arthropathy had either seropositive or negative rheumatoid arthritis. A significant improvement in the range of motion was obtained; however, only 14 of 26 achieved a “functional” range. Eighteen obtained an excellent or good result when graded using the Hospital for Special Surgery score. Two radial and three carpal components showed radiolucent lines. Follow-up, however, was too short to determine whether this indicates progressive loosening.
The Effect of the Immunosuppressant FK 506 on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Following Nerve Grafting
Authors: FANSA H. , KEILHOFF G. , ALTMANN S. , PLOGMEIER K. , WOLF G. , SCHNEIDER W.
Published: December 2003

Nerve allografts are highly antigenic and require the continuous use of immunosuppressive drugs. Neurotoxic complications from immunosuppressant therapy with FK 506 have been noted in the central and peripheral nervous system although an increased rate of axonal regeneration has also been noted. Regeneration of peripheral nerve grafts was assessed in a rat model clinically and morphometrically after treatment for 2 and 6 weeks with two different doses of FK 506. Good regeneration was noted in all groups at 6 weeks. A significantly higher axon count was observed in both the FK 506 groups after 2 weeks regeneration compared with controls. This beneficial effect was not evident after 6 weeks of regeneration. Whether this is related to a pruning mechanism or to a down-regulation of regenerative processes in the nerve due to possible neurotoxic effects of FK 506 remains unknown.
Repair of Zone 2 Flexor Pollicis Longus Lacerations in Children
Authors: ORHUN E. , POLATKAN S. , POLATKAN O. , NUZUMLALI E. , KANTARCI Ü
Published: December 2003

We reviewed seven thumbs in six children at a mean of 43 months after repair of the flexor pollicis longus tendon in zone 2. Using the classification of Buck-Gramcko et al. (1976) the results were excellent in six and good in one.
The Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Flexor Tendon Healing in Chickens
Authors: ROBOTTI E. , ZIMBLER A. G. , KENNA D. , GROSSMAN J. A. I.
Published: December 2003

This study was designed as a pilot investigation of the effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) stimulation on early flexor tendon healing in a chicken model using a similar stimulus to that used clinically. The PEMF used caused a decrease in tensile strength and an increase in peritendinous adhesions.
Surgical Repair of Acute Collateral Ligament Injuries in Digits with the Mitek Bone Suture Anchor
Authors: KATO H. , MINAMI A. , TAKAHARA M. , OSHIO I. , HIRACHI K. , KOTAKI H.
Published: December 2003

Eighteen acute grade III collateral ligament injuries were treated by using the Mitek bone suture anchor. Seven were thumb metacarpophalangeal joint injuries, and eleven were finger proximal interphalangeal joint injuries. Seventeen patients were followed more than 12 months after surgery. All patients were able to use the digits in daily living activities within 5 weeks after surgery, and return to their original work or sports activities within 12 weeks. Pain was completely relieved in 15 patients. Loss of joint motion averaged 7°. In all joints the postoperative lateral stress angle was within 10° of that of the contralateral digit.
Immobilization of the Mallet Finger
Authors: KATZMAN B. M. , KLEIN D. M. , MESA J. , GELLER J. , CALIGIURI D. A.
Published: December 2003

Since the mallet finger that is treated with isolated splinting of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint can be moved freely proximal to the DIP joint, we sought to determine whether such motion might cause a tendon gap that could explain the extensor lag that often follows treatment. Experiments were performed on 32 cadaveric fingers with open mallet finger lesions, immobilizing either the DIP joint alone or both the DIP and PIP joints, while repeatedly flexing and extending the more proximal finger and wrist joints. For each experiment, the gap in the extensor tendon was measured. Joint motion proximal to the DIP joint and retraction of the intrinsics did not cause a tendon gap in a finger with a mallet lesion, supporting the convention that only the DIP joint needs to be immobilized.
Radiocarpal Fracture-Dislocation
Authors: MUDGAL C. S. , PSENICA J. , JUPITER J. B.
Published: December 2003

Radiocarpal fracture-dislocation is an uncommon but complex injury that is often the result of high energy trauma. The combination of ligamentous and osseous injuries demands meticulous attention to restoration of anatomy, especially of the radial styloid. Open reduction and internal fixation is often necessary to restore the relationship of the end of the radius to the carpus and distal ulna. We present a retrospective review of 12 patients treated over a 10-year period and review the literature.