bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roughness effects in laminar channel flow
Authors: Liu Yanming , Li Jiahe , Smits Alexander J.
Published: August 2019

The effects of roughness on the frictional drag and pressure drop in laminar channel flow are investigated numerically. The inflow is fully developed smooth wall flow, and square rib roughness, aligned normal to the bulk flow direction, is introduced as a step change. The roughness height and spacing are systematically varied, and the flow is examined as it develops over the rough wall and becomes fully developed. The length of the development region depends primarily on the roughness height, although the effects of spacing become more important as the height decreases. In the fully developed rough wall regime, the friction coefficients always increase with roughness when compared to the smooth wall case, but the increase depends crucially on the roughness height and to a lesser extent on the spacing. Using the constricted diameter in the definition of the friction factor collapses the data on the smooth wall value to within 10 % for all roughnesses studied here, with the remaining deviation increasing linearly with roughness spacing. The friction factors scale with the inverse of the Reynolds number, as seen elsewhere. The scaling of the development length and the friction coefficient can be explained by the relative contributions made by the pressure drop on each element and the skin friction acting over the surface area. These observations are examined in terms of the flow patterns in the vicinity of the roughness elements, which leads us to propose a definition for fully rough laminar flow.
Mesolithic Fireplaces and the Enculturation of Early Holocene Landscapes in Britain, with a Case Study from Western Scotland
Authors: Mithen Steven
Published: August 2019

In light of the enculturation of landscapes by ethnographically documented hunter-gatherers, we should expect Mesolithic hunter-gatherers to have endowed their early Holocene landscapes with meaning. Attempts to find evidence for this have focussed on the unusual and exotic – those aspects of the archaeological record that seem immediately unrelated to subsistence. In this contribution, I suggest that fireplaces, ubiquitous on Mesolithic sites and often swiftly passed over in site reports as evidence for cooking alone, had played a key role in the process of landscape enculturation. Although we cannot reconstruct the specific meanings once attached to early Holocene landscapes, by appreciating the social and cultural significance of fireplaces we gain a more holistic view of the Mesolithic than is currently the case, whether in those studies that focus on settlement and subsistence or those that cite examples of ritual. In the course of making this argument, I summarise the evidence for fireplaces from Mesolithic Britain, noting the need for more systematic reporting. Finally, I provide a case study from western Scotland that seeks to view a suite of fireplaces in the context of the landscape topography, early Holocene environments, subsistence economy, and by drawing on selected ethnographic analogies.
Radiocarbon Characterization study of Atmospheric PM2.5 in Beijing during the 2014 APEC Summit
Authors: Pang Yijun , Yu Bo , He Ming , Jiang Shan , Zhao Qingzhang , Shen Hongtao , Wu Shaoyong , Yang Xuran , Wang Fangfang , Meng Qi , Zhang Yuxuan
Published: August 2019

Radiocarbon (14C) has become a unique and powerful tracer in source apportionment of atmospheric carbonaceous particles. In this study, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation summit (APEC) held in Beijing in 2014 was used as a demonstration to research the source apportionment of atmosphere PM2.5. We used a 200 kV single stage accelerator mass spectrometer recently completed at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). The PM2.5 samples related to above case were collected, and the characteristics of radiocarbon in organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in samples were analyzed using the AMS. The results show that the Before-APEC pollution emission mode is different from the During-APEC and After-APEC pollution emission modes. For Before-APEC, During-APEC and After-APEC, the average values of fossil carbon fraction of OC are 0.463, 0.431 and 0.615, respectively, and those of EC are 0.644, 0.561 and 0.687. The fossil source contributions of traffic activities using fossil fuels to OC and EC are 15.8 % and 21.9 %, respectively. The fossil source contributions of industrial activities to OC and EC are 38.0 % and 8.2 %, respectively. It is about 7–10 days that is needed to take to regenerate the PM2.5 pollution caused by human activities.
NORTHEAST PACIFIC SEAWATER RADIOCARBON RECORDED IN ABALONE SHELLS OBTAINED FROM OTSUCHI BAY, JAPAN
Authors: Ota Kosuke , Yokoyama Yusuke , Miyairi Yosuke , Hayakawa Jun , Satoh Naomi , Fukuda Hideki , Tanaka Kiyoshi
Published: August 2019

Reconstructing past ocean currents in the coastal regions is necessary to better understand the relationship between oceanographic changes and coastal ecosystems. It is known that variations have occurred with large-scale climate changes such as ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillations) and PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillations). Thus, reconstruction of past seawater conditions in coastal regions is needed to better understand the relationship between oceanographic changes and coastal ecosystems. Seawater radiocarbon is a unique proxy to understand the properties of water masses. Reef-building corals have been employed extensively and successfully in conducting this type of research into past ocean circulation histories. However, their distribution is limited to the low latitudes and hence alternative archives are required for studies in mid to high-latitude locations. Here, we use abalone shell samples obtained from Otsuchi Bay located in the Tohoku region on the Pacific coast of Northern Japan. Radiocarbon in abalone shells was compared with dissolved inorganic carbon in two-year-long records of river water as well as seawater. The data indicate that abalone shells can be used to reconstruct past seawater radiocarbon variations in northern Japan where coral skeletons are not available for ocean mixing studies.
BISECTORS IN VECTOR GROUPS OVER INTEGERS
Authors: BAU SHENG , LEI YIMING
Published: August 2019

We present an example of an isometric subspace of a metric space that has a greater metric dimension. We also show that the metric spaces of vector groups over the integers, defined by the generating set of unit vectors, cannot be resolved by a finite set. Bisectors in the spaces of vector groups, defined by the generating set consisting of unit vectors, are completely determined.
Replicated evidence that endophenotypic expression of schizophrenia polygenic risk is greater in healthy siblings of patients compared to controls, suggesting gene–environment interaction. The EUGEI study
Authors: van Os Jim , Pries Lotta-Katrin , Delespaul Philippe , Kenis Gunter , Luykx Jurjen J. , Lin Bochao D. , Richards Alexander L. , Akdede Berna , Binbay Tolga , Altınyazar Vesile , Yalınçetin Berna , Gümüş-Akay Güvem , Cihan Burçin , Soygür Haldun , Ulaş Halis , Cankurtaran Eylem Şahin , Kaymak Semra Ulusoy , Mihaljevic Marina M. , Petrovic Sanja Andric , Mirjanic Tijana , Bernardo Miguel , Cabrera Bibiana , Bobes Julio , Saiz Pilar A. , García-Portilla María Paz , Sanjuan Julio , Aguilar Eduardo J. , Santos José Luis , Jiménez-López Estela , Arrojo Manuel , Carracedo Angel , López Gonzalo , González-Peñas Javier , Parellada Mara , Maric Nadja P. , Atbaşoğlu Cem , Ucok Alp , Alptekin Köksal , Saka Meram Can ,   Genetic Risk and Outcome Investigators (GROUP), Arango Celso , O'Donovan Michael , Rutten Bart P. F. , Guloksuz Sinan
Published: August 2019

Background

First-degree relatives of patients with psychotic disorder have higher levels of polygenic risk (PRS) for schizophrenia and higher levels of intermediate phenotypes.

Methods

We conducted, using two different samples for discovery (n = 336 controls and 649 siblings of patients with psychotic disorder) and replication (n = 1208 controls and 1106 siblings), an analysis of association between PRS on the one hand and psychopathological and cognitive intermediate phenotypes of schizophrenia on the other in a sample at average genetic risk (healthy controls) and a sample at higher than average risk (healthy siblings of patients). Two subthreshold psychosis phenotypes, as well as a standardised measure of cognitive ability, based on a short version of the WAIS-III short form, were used. In addition, a measure of jumping to conclusion bias (replication sample only) was tested for association with PRS.

Results

In both discovery and replication sample, evidence for an association between PRS and subthreshold psychosis phenotypes was observed in the relatives of patients, whereas in the controls no association was observed. Jumping to conclusion bias was similarly only associated with PRS in the sibling group. Cognitive ability was weakly negatively and non-significantly associated with PRS in both the sibling and the control group.

Conclusions

The degree of endophenotypic expression of schizophrenia polygenic risk depends on having a sibling with psychotic disorder, suggestive of underlying gene–environment interaction. Cognitive biases may better index genetic risk of disorder than traditional measures of neurocognition, which instead may reflect the population distribution of cognitive ability impacting the prognosis of psychotic disorder.
The Vindolanda Writing-Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses IV, Part 3): New Letters of Iulius Verecundus
Authors: Bowman A.K. , Thomas J.D. , Tomlin R.S.O.
Published: August 2019

This article contains full editions with commentary of a selection from the ink writing-tablets discovered in the excavation of 2017, four letters written by or to the prefect Iulius Verecundus. The editions are numbered continuously from 890, following the sequence in Tab. Vindol. IV.1 and 2.
Group proximity and mutual understanding: measuring onsite impact of a citizens’ summit
Authors: Pigmans Klara , Dignum Virginia , Doorn Neelke
Published: August 2019

To better understand the impact of deliberations during participatory policymaking events, we introduce and explore the concept of group proximity. An example of such events is citizens’ summits, during which many parallel groups deliberate on solutions for a policy issue. At the summit that was studied, each group followed a value deliberation process with the aim to increase mutual understanding among participants. They were asked to rank the solutions in their order of preference before and after the deliberation. From these rankings, group proximity can be calculated with a rank correlation, enabling a precise comparison of participants’ preferences in each deliberative group. High group proximity indicates very similar rankings in a deliberative group, while low group proximity demonstrates the opposite. Comparing group proximity of the before and after rankings shows if a group ranked convergent, unchanged or divergent. This measure allows for a quantitative analysis of early-stage public policymaking processes.
Lyapunov-Based Formation Control of Underwater Robots
Authors: Keymasi Khalaji Ali , Zahedifar Rasoul
Published: August 2019

Today, automatic diving robots are used for research, inspection, and maintenance, extensively. Control of autonomous underwater robots (AUVs) is challenging due to their nonlinear dynamics, uncertain models, and the system underactuation. Data collection using underwater robots is increasing within the oceanographic research community. Also, the ability to navigate and cooperate in a group of robots has many advantages compared with individual navigations. Among them, the effectiveness of using resources, the possibility of robots’ collaboration, increasing reliability, and robustness to defects can be pointed out. In this paper, the formation control of underwater robots has been studied. First, the kinematic model of the AUV is presented. Next, a novel Lyapunov-based tracking control algorithm is investigated for the leader robot. Subsequently, a control law is designed using Lyapunov theory and feedback linearization techniques to navigate a group of follower robots in a desired formation associated with the leader and follow it simultaneously. In the obtained results for different reference paths and various formations, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is represented.
Causative purpose adjuncts in Estonian and Finnish: A non-linear approach
Authors: Paulsen Geda , Nikanne Urpo
Published: August 2019

In this article, we examine the form and meaning of a subtype of causative adjuncts,purpose adjuncts, in Estonian and Finnish. The analysis is based on the micro-modular approach of Conceptual Semantics (Nikanne 1990, 2005, 2018; Pörn 2004; Paulsen 2011a, 2011b; Petrova 2011). It provides a non-linear approach to linguistic causation, alternative to the linear models. By the term ‘non-linear’ we mean the involvement of separate levels of conceptual structure that influence the causative reading, and a separation of causation from the temporal flow of the situation. We propose two causative operators for subordinate causative structures, BECAUSE OF and LEAD TO. According to their temporal structures, we separate two types of purpose adjuncts:reason-purpose adjunctsandavoidance adjuncts. The causative effect of purpose is in our analysis related to the notion of intentionality.
Returning urban political elites to the research agenda: the case of the Southern Low Countries (c. 1350 –c. 1550)
Authors: Buylaert Frederik , Baguet Jelten , Everaert Janna
Published: August 2019

This article provides a comparative analysis of four large towns in the Southern Low Countries betweenc. 1350 andc. 1550. Combining the data on Ghent, Bruges and Antwerp – each of which is discussed in greater detail in the articles in this special section – with recent research on Bruges, the authors argue against the historiographical trend in which the political history of late medieval towns is supposedly dominated by a trend towards oligarchy. Rather than a closure of the ruling class, the four towns show a high turnover in the social composition of the political elite, and a consistent trend towards aristocracy, in which an increasingly large number of aldermen enjoyed noble status. The intensity of these trends differed from town to town, and was tied to different institutional configurations as well as different economic and political developments in each of the four towns.
Increased pregnancy outcome after day 5 versus day 6 transfers of human vitrified-warmed blastocysts
Authors: Sciorio Romualdo , Thong K.J. , Pickering Susan J.
Published: August 2019

Vitrification is a highly efficient technique for the cryopreservation of the human embryo. The effect of delayed blastulation may be responsible for implantation failures and negatively affects in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. The current literature displays discordant results; some studies have announced higher pregnancy rates after day 5 (D5) transfer compared with day 6 (D6) transfer, while others have shown equivalent outcomes. In the present study an investigation into the clinical implications of delayed blastulation (D5 versus D6) was carried out. We performed a retrospective study comparing clinical pregnancies and implantation rates following warmed single blastocyst transfer (WSBT). All patients coming for a programmed warmed transfer at Edinburgh Assisted Conception Programme, EFREC, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, were included in this study and divided in two groups according to the day of blastocyst vitrification: D5 (n = 1563) and D6 (n = 517). The overall survival rate was 95.0% (1976/2080) with no significant difference between the D5 and D6 groups: 95.3% (1489/1563) and 94.2% (487/517) respectively. WSBT of D6 blastocysts resulted in a lower implantation and clinical pregnancy compared with D5 embryos. The implantation rate (IPR) and clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) were respectively 49.4% and 42.6% for the D5 and 37.4% and 32.2% for the D6 embryos, which was statistically significant. The multiple pregnancy rate was 1.32% (1.14% for D5 vs 1.84% for D6). Although the transfer of D6 vitrified-warmed blastocyst remains a reasonable option, priority to a D5 embryo would reduce the time to successful pregnancy.
Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection, but for whom?
Authors: Karabulut Seda , Aksunger Ozlem , Korkmaz Oya , Eren Gozel Hilal , Keskin Ilknur
Published: August 2019

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is performed in cases of infertility by injecting a motile and morphologically normal sperm cell under a routine ×400 magnification at which is hard to distinguish morphologically healthy sperm. Recently, the use of high-powered differential interference contrast optics gave the opportunity to select a sperm under ultra-high magnification of ×10,160. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of the intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI) technique in different infertility populations undergoing ICSI. Main outcome measures of routine ICSI were compared with IMSI in three different groups of patients (1, non-selected; 2, male infertility; and 3, repeated implantation failure group). Results were analysed to evaluate the effects of the IMSI procedure and to find the most suitable group of patients who may benefit from the procedure. IMSI caused a significant increase in the fertilization and top quality embryo rates in the male infertility group and a significant increase in fertilization and pregnancy rates in the repeated implantation failure group, whereas no effect was observed in the non-selected group with patients of various indications. A positive effect of IMSI on the outcome of male factor infertility and repeated implantation failure patients was observed. Data observed confirmed that the application of IMSI was beneficial for a selected group of patients with male factor infertility and repeated implantation failure.
MicroRNA expression in infertile men: its alterations and effects
Authors: Kiani Maryam , Salehi Mohammad , Mogheiseh Asghar
Published: August 2019

Infertility is an important reproductive health problem, and male infertility is especially important in more than half of infertility cases. Due to the importance of genetic factors in this condition, analysis of semen alone is not enough to recognize men with idiopathic infertility. A molecular non-invasive investigation is necessary to gain valuable information. Currently, microRNAs (miRNAs) are being used as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers. miRNAs, single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules, act as post-transcriptional gene silencing regulators either by inhibition or repression of translation. Changes in the regulation of miRNAs have been investigated in several different types of male infertility, therefore the biological role of miRNA and gene targets has been defined. The purpose of this study was to review recent research on the altered expression of miRNA in semen, sperm, and testicular biopsy samples in infertile males with different types of unexplained infertility. Changes in miRNA regulation were investigated using microarray and the miRNA levels were confirmed by real-time qRT-PCR. This review explains why creating a non-invasive diagnostic method for male infertility is necessary and how changes in miRNA expression can be used as new diagnostic biomarkers in patients with differing spermatogenic and histopathologic injury.
Synthesizers, Virtual Orchestras, and Ableton Live: Digitally Rendered Music on Broadway and Musicians’ Union Resistance
Authors: GIBBS LIAM E.
Published: August 2019

As Broadway musicals embrace contemporary popular music styles, orchestrators must incorporate the digital technologies necessary for producing convincing simulations of genres like hip hop and electronic music. At the same time, as production values soar, producers work to minimize their budgets, often putting downward pressure on the size of the orchestra. Although digital and electronic music technologies can expand the sonic register of the Broadway orchestra, they can also replace traditional acoustic instruments and save money. The Broadway musicians’ union, Local 802, has regularly sought to control the use of digital technologies and ensure that live musicians produce as much music as possible. Thus, Local 802's advocacy for the employment of their members can limit the sounds heard on Broadway.

The following narrative considers three digital technologies—synthesizers, virtual orchestras, and Ableton Live—and examines case studies and controversies surrounding their use in Broadway orchestras and implications for liveness in performance. Informed by interviews with industry professionals, author observation of pit orchestras in rehearsal and performance, archival research, popular and industry media, and previous scholarship, I argue that the union's entrenched interests and antiquated regulations can stifle musical innovation on Broadway by resisting the use of digital music technologies.
From Hipster to Hillbilly: Death, Bluegrass, and Gospel According to David Crowder
Authors: BUSMAN JOSHUA KALIN
Published: August 2019

Even with the widespread adoption of rock-styled “praise and worship” music in American churches, bluegrass and gospel musics still serve as potent musical signifiers, especially among the white southern evangelicals comprising praise and worship's primary demographic. Drawing repertoire and influence from Hank Williams, Loretta Lynn, and Bill Gaither, evangelical artist David Crowder uses strategic musical references to establish his own sense of “hillbilly” religiosity but often deploys these references in ways that align him with a “hipster” community of young musicians and music fans. In this paper, I demonstrate the ways that strategic references to bluegrass and gospel music allow Crowder to situate himself within these multiple discourses of evangelical authenticity.
Re-evaluation of an early sphenacodontian synapsid from the Lower Permian of England
Authors: SPINDLER Frederik
Published: August 2019

The holotypic isolated maxilla of the early sphenacodontianHaptodus grandisfrom the Cisuralian of England is revisited. A unique character combination includes haptodontine-grade traits like less specialised teeth and a high number of precanines, but at the same time a shortened lacrimal that is separated from the naris, which is strongly diagnostic of Sphenacodontoidea. As the specimen cannot be assigned to any known taxon, the new taxonHypselohaptodus grandisgen. nov. is proposed. Comparison with other sphenacodontians reveals a mosaic distribution of maxillary features, most significantly regarding the precanine region. Preliminary character histories precludeHypselohaptodusfrom Sphenacodontidae, but suggest a haptodontine-grade or basal therapsid position. The latter hypothesis is substantiated by an ecological model of episodic wet phases in an overall trend of aridification throughout the Permian, to explain the rareness of non-sphenacodontid sphenacodontians in the fossil record. Also from the early Permian of England, an isolated dentary has previously been assigned toOphiacodon, but can be shown to be either a sphenacodontian, possibly affiliated withHypselohaptodus, or a robust,Stereorhachis-like ophiacodontid. The absence ofOphiacodonin the intramontaneous Permian basis of Europe is explained by a narrow environmental tolerance range requiring limnic connection with lowland basins.
Subclinical involvement of common carotid arteries in patients with	fibromuscular dysplasia – a case-control study
Authors: Lippmann Matthew , Isom Nicholas , Buechler Tyler , Dalia Tarun , Masoomi Reza , Mabry Terrance , Wetzel Louis , Sharma Aditya , Gray Bruce , Gupta Kamal
Published: August 2019

Summary: Background: Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) primarily involves medium-sized arteries, though the entire spectrum of vascular involvement is not fully understood. We hypothesized that larger arteries may also be affected, albeit sub-clinically. Patients and methods: We measured the cross-sectional diameter of the thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta, common iliac arteries (CIA) and common carotid arteries (CCA) in FMD subjects and compared them to matched controls. We retrospectively analyzed records of FMD subjects (n = 74) and of age- and sex- matched controls (n = 74) that underwent computed tomography of the neck, chest or abdomen. Cross-sectional diameters of the thoracic and abdominal aorta, CIA and CCA were measured in a standardized manner by two trained physicians. Results: The FMD group had a significantly greater diameter of the CIA and CCA bilaterally. The measurements (mm) in FMD and control groups were as follows: Right CIA: 10.85 + 1.75 vs. 10.23 + 1.36, p = 0.04, left CIA: 11.01 + 1.93 vs. 10.15 + 1.38, p = 0.007, right CCA: 7.70 + 0.81 vs. 6.80 + 1.10, p < 0.001 and left CCA: 7.70 + 1.10 vs. 6.80 + 1.0, p < 0.001). There was no difference in the diameter between the two groups in the ascending aorta, descending and the abdominal aorta. After adjusting for baseline differences, common carotid arteries (but not common iliac) were significantly larger in FMD group compared with controls. Conclusions: There is sub-clinical involvement of the common carotid arteries in patients with FMD and this manifests as a greater diameter of these arteries compared to age and sex matched controls.
Triple-balloon-assisted n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate	embolization of a cirsoid renal arteriovenous malformation
Authors: Takao Hidemasa , Abe Osamu
Published: August 2019

Summary: We report a patient with a cirsoid renal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) causing massive hematuria that was successfully embolized by n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate under triple-balloon occlusion. Proximal balloons were placed in the renal artery and vein for flow control, and a coaxial microballoon was placed in a feeding artery of the AVM to control the delivery of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. Under triple-balloon occlusion, n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate embolization achieved complete occlusion of the AVM with no procedure-related complications, such as renal infarction. This triple-balloon-assisted technique enabled us to control blood flow and the delivery of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, allowing complete occlusion of the AVM. This approach may prevent proximal embolization and distal migration of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate.
Autoritarismus wird salonfähig in Deutschland: Ein Risikofaktor für körperliche Gewalt gegen Kinder?
Authors: Clemens Vera , Decker Oliver , Plener Paul L. , Brähler Elmar , Fegert Jörg M.
Published: August 2019

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Autoritarismus bezeichnet ein Verhalten, das sich durch Aggression gegen Untergebene, Unterwerfung vor Autoritäten und Konventionalismus auszeichnet. Autoritarismus wird als ein zentraler Faktor bei der Entstehung rechtsextremer Ideologie vermutet. Bereits Horkheimer sah zudem einen engen Zusammenhang zwischen Autoritarismus und Gewaltausübung in der Erziehung. Vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Zunahme rechtsextremer Ideologien, die sich sowohl gesellschaftlich als auch parteipolitisch manifestiert, war es das Ziel dieser Studie, den Zusammenhang von autoritärer und rechtsextremer Ideologie und der Befürwortung von körperlicher Gewalt als Erziehungsmethode zu untersuchen. Methodik: Es erfolgte eine querschnittliche Untersuchung in einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung (N = 2524). Ergebnisse: Körperstrafen wurden von 44.5 % der Teilnehmenden befürwortet. Wurden autoritäre und rechtsextreme Einstellungen berichtet, stieg die Befürwortung von körperlicher Gewalt in der Erziehung von Kindern. Hinsichtlich der Parteipräferenz zeigten die Teilnehmenden, die angaben, die Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) zu präferieren, die höchste Rate an Unterstützern für Körperstrafen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die dargestellten Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die Zustimmung von Körperstrafen in Deutschland weiterhin sehr verbreitet ist und dass Kinder von Eltern mit autoritären und rechtsextremen Einstellungen eine Risikogruppe für körperliche Gewalt sind. Ein erhöhtes gesellschaftliches Bewusstsein für diese Risiken ist vor dem Hintergrund der Zunahme rechtsextremer Ideologien notwendig.
When Does Weather Become Climate?
Authors: Bothe Oliver
Published: August 2019

Flexible definitions of the word “climate” may impede policy discussions on climate change. Closing apparent gaps between “climate” and “weather” may help reduce the ambiguity.
Lawsuit Challenges Trump Administration’s Emissions Rollbacks
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: August 2019

The suit argues that the administration is failing to curb carbon dioxide emissions as required under the Clean Air Act.
Radiative Control of the Interannual Variability of Arctic Sea Ice
Authors: Huang Yi , Chou Gina , Xie Yan , Soulard Nicholas
Published: August 2019

On top of a declining trend driven by global warming, the Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) exhibits considerable interannual variations. In this study, we analyze the interannual anomalies of September SIE in relation to the surface radiation anomalies. We find that the accumulation of radiation energy in the early months (June, July, and August) very well explains the September SIE variability (R2 = 0.81). In Particular, strong correlations are found between September SIE and June radiation anomalies, which in the shortwave is due to cloud and surface albedo changes and in the longwave due to atmospheric warming. The results show that monitoring the radiation anomalies affords a potential means to improve the prediction of the late summer sea ice.
ITSG‐Grace2018: Overview and Evaluation of a New GRACE‐Only Gravity Field Time Series
Authors: Kvas Andreas , Behzadpour Saniya , Ellmer Matthias , Klinger Beate , Strasser Sebastian , Zehentner Norbert , Mayer‐Gürr Torsten
Published: August 2019

ITSG‐Grace2018 is a new series of GRACE‐only gravity field solutions based on reprocessed GRACE observation data (L1B RL03) and the latest atmosphere and ocean dealiasing product (AOD1B RL06). It includes unconstrained monthly and constrained daily solutions, as well as a high‐resolution static gravity field. Compared to the previous ITSG release, we implemented a number of improvements within the processing chain and use updated background models. In an effort to better model all known error sources, we propagate synthetic orientation uncertainties of the star camera assembly to the antenna offset correction for intersatellite ranging observations. This enables the disentanglement of the stationary noise of the K‐Band system and the nonstationary noise of the antenna offset correction. We further incorporated uncertainties of the atmosphere and ocean dealiasing product to reduce temporal aliasing effects. To mitigate errors in the applied ocean tide model, we used constrained GRACE estimates of selected tidal constituents as an additional background model. Variability over quiet ocean areas suggests a 27% to 46% lower noise level compared to the current spherical harmonic solutions of the official processing centers (300 km Gaussian filter applied). To ensure that the low noise floor is not accompanied by signal loss, we examined drainage basin averages, which showed consistent amplitudes with the official GRACE time series. These evaluations lead to the conclusion that ITSG‐Grace2018 is a state‐of‐the‐art GRACE time series which exhibits an excellent signal‐to‐noise ratio.
Observations of Near‐Bed Shear Stress in a Shallow, Wave‐ and Current‐Driven Flow
Authors: Egan Galen , Cowherd Marianne , Fringer Oliver , Monismith Stephen
Published: August 2019

We present in situ observations of mean and turbulent bottom stresses in a shallow, wave‐ and current‐driven flow over a cohesive sediment bed on the eastern shoals of South San Francisco Bay. Data from a Nortek Vectrino Profiler deployed with its measurement volume overlapping the bed allowed us to calculate mean velocity profiles and turbulent Reynolds stresses over a 1.5‐cm profile with 1‐mm vertical resolution. Additional acoustic instrumentation and pressure sensors provided mean current and wave data. From these observations we found that biological roughness elements protruding from the sediment bed result in a mean velocity profile qualitatively similar to that found in canopy shear mixing layers. Despite fundamental differences between this measured velocity structure and that assumed by wave‐current boundary layer models, we also found that the addition of waves to mean currents increases the net drag felt by the flow. The near‐bed momentum flux was often dominated by a wave‐induced component, which was generated by interactions between the wavy flow and the rough bed. Finally, we estimated the friction velocity using several different calculation methods and compared results to the measured bottom stress. This analysis revealed that traditional methods (e.g., log law fitting and point turbulence measurements) are consistent with one another when measuring the stress outside the wave boundary layer but were all poor approximations of the total stress at the bed.
Bacterial Community on a Guyot in the Northwest Pacific Ocean Influenced by Physical Dynamics and Environmental Variables
Authors: Liu Qian , Huo Ying‐Yi , Wu Yue‐Hong , Bai Youcheng , Yuan Yeping , Chen Min , Xu Dongfeng , Wang Jun , Wang Chun‐Sheng , Xu Xue‐Wei
Published: August 2019

Bacterial communities in sediments of the Caiwei Seamount, a typical guyot located in the northwest Pacific Ocean, were investigated. A total of 727,879 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences were retrieved from eight sediment samples of the top (mean depth = 1,407 m) and the base (mean depth = 5,525 m) of the guyot through pyrosequencing of V6 hypervariable region and clustered into 32,844 operational taxonomic units. Abundant‐weighted UniFrac metric partitioned bacterial assemblies into two categories (the top community and the base community) by principal coordinates analysis, consisting with the grouping of sampling stations by environmental variables. Differences in depth and physicochemical properties of the surrounding environment (e.g., concentrations of dissolved oxygen and geochemical elements) between the top and the base of the guyot may cause this partition of bacterial communities, whereas the typical fluid flow around the guyot may potentially contribute to the bacterial dispersal and environmental homogeneity along the same layer, resulting in the similarity of bacterial community structure within the same region (the top or the base). The surface sediment on the top of the guyot harbored the bacterial communities with greater diversity and evenness, represented by Gamma‐ and Deltaproteobacteria involved in sulfur cycling. At the base of the guyot, Gammaproteobacteria related to sulfur‐oxidizing and Chloroflexi functioning in the decomposition of refractory organic matter dominated, suggesting that the redox condition at the interface of the sediment and the water can influence bacteria‐mediated elemental cycling, eventually shaping the physicochemical and geological characteristics of a guyot.
Acidity promotes tumour progression by altering macrophage phenotype in prostate cancer
Authors: El-Kenawi Asmaa , Gatenbee Chandler , Robertson-Tessi Mark , Bravo Rafael , Dhillon Jasreman , Balagurunathan Yoganand , Berglund Anders , Vishvakarma Naveen , Ibrahim-Hashim Arig , Choi Jung , Luddy Kimberly , Gatenby Robert , Pilon-Thomas Shari , Anderson Alexander , Ruffell Brian , Gillies Robert
Published: August 2019

Background

Tumours rapidly ferment glucose to lactic acid even in the presence of oxygen, and coupling high glycolysis with poor perfusion leads to extracellular acidification. We hypothesise that acidity, independent from lactate, can augment the pro-tumour phenotype of macrophages.

Methods

We analysed publicly available data of human prostate cancer for linear correlation between macrophage markers and glycolysis genes. We used zwitterionic buffers to adjust the pH in series of in vitro experiments. We then utilised subcutaneous and transgenic tumour models developed in C57BL/6 mice as well as computer simulations to correlate tumour progression with macrophage infiltration and to delineate role of acidity.

Results

Activating macrophages at pH 6.8 in vitro enhanced an IL-4-driven phenotype as measured by gene expression, cytokine profiling, and functional assays. These results were recapitulated in vivo wherein neutralising intratumoural acidity reduced the pro-tumour phenotype of macrophages, while also decreasing tumour incidence and invasion in the TRAMP model of prostate cancer. These results were recapitulated using an in silico mathematical model that simulate macrophage responses to environmental signals. By turning off acid-induced cellular responses, our in silico mathematical modelling shows that acid-resistant macrophages can limit tumour progression.

Conclusions

This study suggests that tumour acidity contributes to prostate carcinogenesis by altering the state of macrophage activation.
COPD overdiagnosis in primary care: a UK observational study of consistency of airflow obstruction
Authors: Josephs Lynn , Culliford David , Johnson Matthew , Thomas Mike
Published: August 2019

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is heterogeneous, but persistent airflow obstruction (AFO) is fundamental to diagnosis. We studied AFO consistency from initial diagnosis and explored factors associated with absent or inconsistent AFO. This was a retrospective observational study using patient-anonymised routine individual data in Care and Health Information Analytics (CHIA) database. Identifying a prevalent COPD cohort based on diagnostic codes in primary care records, we used serial ratios of forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC%) from time of initial COPD diagnosis to assign patients to one of three AFO categories, according to whether all (persistent), some (variable) or none (absent) were <70%. We described respiratory prescriptions over 3 years (2011–2013) and used multivariable logistic regression to estimate odds of absent or variable AFO and potential predictors. We identified 14,378 patients with diagnosed COPD (mean ± SD age 68.8 ± 10.7 years), median (IQR) COPD duration of 60 (25,103) months. FEV1/FVC% was recorded in 12,491 (86.9%) patients: median (IQR) 5 (3, 7) measurements. Six thousand five hundred and fifty (52.4%) had persistent AFO, 4507 (36.1%) variable AFO and 1434 (11.5%) absent AFO. Being female, never smoking, having higher BMI or more comorbidities significantly predicted absent and variable AFO. Despite absent AFO, 57% received long-acting bronchodilators and 60% inhaled corticosteroids (50% and 49%, respectively, in those without asthma). In all, 13.1% of patients diagnosed with COPD had unrecorded FEV1/FVC%; 11.5% had absent AFO on repeated measurements, yet many received inhalers likely to be ineffective. Such prescribing is not evidence based and the true cause of symptoms may have been missed.
The role of chitin-rich skeletal organic matrix on the crystallization of calcium carbonate in the crustose coralline alga Leptophytum foecundum
Authors: Rahman M. Azizur , Halfar Jochen , Adey Walter H. , Nash Merinda , Paulo Carlos , Dittrich Maria
Published: August 2019

The organic matrix (OM) contained in marine calcifiers has a key role in the regulation of crystal deposition, such as crystalline structure, initiation of mineralization, inhibition, and biological/environmental control. However, the functional properties of the chitin-rich skeletal organic matrix on the biological aspect of crystallization in crustose coralline algae have not yet been investigated. Hence, the characterization of organic matrices in the biomineralization process of this species was studied to understand the functions of these key components for structural formation and mineralization of calcium carbonate crystals. We purified skeletal organic matrix proteins from this species and explored how these components are involved in the mineralization of calcium carbonate crystals and environmental control. Intriguingly, the analytical investigation of the skeletal OM revealed the presence of chitin in the crustose coralline alga Leptophytum foecundum. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of the OM revealed a high molecular mass protein as 300-kDa. Analysis of glycosylation activity exposed two strong glycoproteins as 300-kDa and 240-kDa. Our study of the biominerals of live collected specimens found that in addition to Mg-calcite up to 30% aragonite were present in the skeleton. Our experiment demonstrated that the chitin-rich skeletal OM of coralline algae plays a key role in the biocalcification process by enabling the formation of Mg-calcite. In addition, this OM did not inhibit the formation of aragonite suggesting there is an as yet unidentified process in the living coralline that prevents the formation of aragonite in the living skeletal cell walls.
Antibody dynamics in Japanese paediatric patients with influenza A infection treated with neuraminidase inhibitors in a randomised trial
Authors: Hirotsu Nobuo , Saisho Yutaka , Hasegawa Takahiro , Kitano Mitsutaka , Shishido Takao
Published: August 2019

Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) complement influenza virus infection management by helping to clear virus, alleviate symptoms, and reduce transmission. In a previous randomised study, we examined the effect of 4 NAIs on virus clearance and influenza symptoms in Japanese paediatric patients. In this second analysis, we examined the effects of NAI treatment on antibody responses and virus clearance, and the relationships between antibody responses and patients’ infection histories (previous infection; asymptomatic infection via household members of same virus type/subtype; vaccination), and between infection histories and viral kinetics. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody responses produced HI titres ≥40 by Day 14 of NAI treatment, in parallel with virus clearance (trend test P = 0.001). Comparing patients with and without influenza infection histories (directly or asymptomatic infection via household members) showed that infection history had a marked positive effect on HI antibody responses in patients vaccinated before the current influenza season (before enrolment). Current virus clearance was significantly faster in patients previously infected with the same virus type/subtype than in those not previously infected, and clearance pattern depended on the NAI. Assessment of anti-influenza effects of antiviral drugs and vaccines should consider virus and antibody dynamics in response to vaccination and natural infection histories.
Author Correction: Overcoming NADPH product inhibition improves D-sorbitol conversion to L-sorbose
Authors: Kim Tae-Su , Gao Hui , Li Jinglin , Kalia Vipin C. , Muthusamy Karthikeyan , Sohng Jae Kyung , Kim In-Won , Lee Jung-Kul
Published: August 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper
mRNA and miRNA expression profiles in an ectoderm-biased substate of human pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Mawaribuchi Shuuji , Aiki Yasuhiko , Ikeda Nozomi , Ito Yuzuru
Published: August 2019

The potential applications of human pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem (ES) cells, and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in cell therapy and regenerative medicine have been widely studied. The precise definition of pluripotent stem cell status during culture using biomarkers is essential for basic research and regenerative medicine. Culture conditions, including extracellular matrices, influence the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. Accordingly, to explore biomarkers for defining and monitoring the pluripotent substates during culture, we established different substates in H9 human ES cells by changing the extracellular matrix from vitronectin to Matrigel. The substate was characterised by low and high expression of the pluripotency marker R-10G epitope and the mesenchymal marker vimentin, respectively. Immunohistochemistry, induction of the three germ layers, and exhaustive expression analysis showed that the substate was ectoderm-biased, tended to differentiate into nerves, but retained the potential to differentiate into the three germ layers. Further integrated analyses of mRNA and miRNA microarrays and qPCR analysis showed that nine genes (COL9A2, DGKI, GBX2, KIF26B, MARCH1, PLXNA4, SLC24A4, TLR4, and ZHX3) were upregulated in the ectoderm-biased cells as ectoderm-biased biomarker candidates in pluripotent stem cells. Our findings provide important insights into ectoderm-biased substates of human pluripotent stem cells in the fields of basic research and regenerative medicine.
Cross-modal interactions as a strategy to enhance salty taste and to maintain liking of low-salt food: a review
Authors: Thomas-Danguin Thierry , Guichard Elisabeth , Salles Christian
Published: August 2019

Sequential processing leading to cross-modal interactions enhancing saltiness perception.
Development and characterization of an immunomodulatory and injectable system composed of collagen modified with trifunctional oligourethanes and silica
Authors: Muñoz-González Pedro U. , Rooney Peadar , Mohd Isa Isma Liza , Pandit Abhay , Delgado Jorge , Flores-Moreno Mauricio , Castellano Laura E. , Mendoza-Novelo Birzabith
Published: August 2019

Injectable gel based on collagen, oligourethanes and silica acts as a delivery vehicle for macrophages primed for an anti-inflammatory response.
Frustrated Lewis pair-mediated fixation of CO2 within a metal–organic framework
Authors: Shyshkanov Serhii , Nguyen Tu N. , Chidambaram Arunraj , Stylianou Kyriakos C. , Dyson Paul J.
Published: August 2019

We demonstrate the use of an in situ formed frustrated Lewis pair within MOF-545 to effectively hydrogenate CO2 to methoxide at a low temperature and pressure.
Thermally robust solvent-free biofluids of M13 bacteriophage engineered for high compatibility with anhydrous ionic liquids
Authors: Brogan Alex P. S. , Heldman Nimrod , Hallett Jason P. , Belcher Angela M.
Published: August 2019

Soft materials typically lack structural complexity. Chemically modifying viruses can produce biomaterials with added functionality that overcome this limitation.
Benzothiazolines as radical transfer reagents: hydroalkylation and hydroacylation of alkenes by radical generation under photoirradiation conditions
Authors: Uchikura Tatsuhiro , Moriyama Kaworuko , Toda Mitsuhiro , Mouri Toshiki , Ibáñez Ignacio , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: August 2019

Novel radical transfer reagents under photoirradiation conditions were developed by the use of benzothiazoline derivatives.
The synthesis of densely functionalised α-acyloxy enaminals and enaminonesviaa novel homogeneous silver(i) catalysed rearrangement
Authors: Keskar Kunal , Zepeda-Velazquez Carlos , Dokuburra Chanti Babu , Jenkins Hilary A. , McNulty James
Published: August 2019

A synthesis of densely functionalised α-acyloxy enaminals and enaminonesviaa novel homogeneous silver(i) catalyzed rearrangement of 1-acyloxy-3-azido ketones is reported.
Highly branched ultrathin Pt–Ru nanodendrites
Authors: Guo Ke , Liu Ying , Han Min , Xu Dongdong , Bao Jianchun
Published: August 2019

Highly branched ultrathin Pt–Ru nanodendrites with an average thickness of 1.8 nm were prepared and exhibited enhanced MOR performance.
Pd-Catalyzed regioselective synthesis of 2,6-disubstituted pyridines through denitrogenation of pyridotriazoles and 3,8-diarylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines
Authors: Joshi Abhisek , Semwal Rashmi , Suresh Eringathodi , Adimurthy Subbarayappa
Published: August 2019

Synthesis of 2,6-disubstituted pyridines from pyridotriazoles through palladium-catalyzed aerobic oxidative denitrogenative reactions has been described.
Unexpected solvent effect on the binding of positively-charged macrocycles to neutral aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Wang Yu-Mei , Yao Huan , Quan Mao , Chai Hongxin , Yang Liu-Pan , Pan Ying-Ming , Jiang Wei
Published: August 2019

A pair of positively charged naphthotubes was synthesized by using imidazolium as the linkers. Surprisingly, these naphthotubes show stronger binding affinities to neutral aromatic hydrocarbons in CD3CN than in CD2Cl2.