bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recognition of Facial Emotion and Affective Prosody in Children at High Risk of Criminal Behavior
Authors: van Zonneveld Lisette , de Sonneville Leo , van Goozen Stephanie , Swaab Hanna
Published: November 2018

Objective:Emotion recognition is an important aspect of emotion processing, which is needed for appropriate social behavior and normal socialization. Previous studies in adults with antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy, in those convicted of criminal behavior, or in children with conduct disorder show impairments in negative emotion recognition. The present study investigated affective facial and prosody recognition in a sample of children at high risk of developing future criminal behavior.Methods:Participants were 8- to 12-year-old children at high risk of developing criminal behavior (N=219, 83.1% boys) and typically developing controls (N=43, 72.1% boys). The high-risk children were recruited through an ongoing early intervention project of the city of Amsterdam, that focuses on the underage siblings or children of delinquents, and those failing to attend school. Facial and vocal recognition of happy, sad, angry, and fear was measured with the Facial Emotion Recognition (FER) test and the prosody test of the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks (ANT), respectively.Results:The high-risk group was significantly worse in facial affect recognition and had particular problems with fear and sadness recognition. No hostile attribution bias was found. The high-risk group did not differ from controls in affective prosody recognition but needed significantly more time to recognize emotions.Conclusions:The emotion-specific deficits found in forensic and clinical populations are already present in a sample of children at high risk of developing future criminal behavior. These findings help us understand a possible underlying mechanism of antisocial behavior that could provide directions for tailored interventions. (JINS, 2019, 25, 57–64)
‘Why do we need a policy?’ Administrators’ perceptions on breast-feeding-friendly childcare
Authors: Marhefka Stephanie L , Sharma Vinita , Schafer Ellen J , Turner DeAnne , Falope Oluyemisi , Louis-Jacques Adetola , Wachira Mary M , Livingston Taylor , Roig-Romero Regina Maria
Published: November 2018

Objective

Mothers’ return to work and childcare providers’ support for feeding expressed human milk are associated with breast-feeding duration rates in the USA, where most infants are regularly under non-parental care. The objective of the present study was to explore Florida-based childcare centre administrators’ awareness and perceptions of the Florida Breastfeeding Friendly Childcare Initiative.

Design

Semi-structured interviews were based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and analysed using applied thematic analysis.

Setting

Childcare centre administrators in Tampa Bay, FL, USA, interviewed in 2015.

Participants

Twenty-eight childcare centre administrators: female (100 %) and Non-Hispanic White (61 %) with mean age of 50 years and 13 years of experience.

Results

Most administrators perceived potential implementation of the Florida Breastfeeding Friendly Childcare Initiative as simple and beneficial. Tension for change and a related construct (perceived consumer need for the initiative) were low, seemingly due to formula-feeding being normative. Perceived financial costs and relative priority varied. Some centres had facilitating structural characteristics, but none had formal breast-feeding policies.

Conclusions

A cultural shift, facilitated by state and national breast-feeding-friendly childcare policies and regulations, may be important for increasing tension for change and thereby increasing access to breast-feeding-friendly childcare. Similar to efforts surrounding the rapid growth of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, national comprehensive evidence-based policies, regulations, metrics and technical assistance are needed to strengthen state-level breast-feeding-friendly childcare initiatives.
A Study of Parameters Affecting Atom Probe Tomography Specimen Survivability
Authors: Prosa Ty J. , Strennen Savanna , Olson David , Lawrence Dan , Larson David J.
Published: November 2018

Specimen survivability is a primary concern to those who utilize atom probe tomography (APT) for materials analysis. The state-of-the-art in understanding survivability might best be described as common-sense application of basic physics principles to describe failure mechanisms. For example, APT samples are placed under near-failure mechanical-stress conditions, so reduction in the force required to initiate field evaporation must provide for higher survivability—a common sense explanation of survivability. However, the interplay of various analytical conditions (or instrumentation) and how they influence survivability (e.g., decreasing the applied evaporation field improves survivability), and which factors have more impact than others has not been studied. In this paper, we report on the systematic analysis of a material composed of a silicon-dioxide layer surrounded on two sides by silicon. In total, 261 specimens were fabricated and analyzed under a variety of conditions to correlate statistically significant survivability trends with analysis conditions and other specimen characteristics. The primary result suggests that, while applied field/force plays an obvious role in survivability for this material, the applied field alone does not predict survivability trends for silicon/silicon-dioxide interfaces. The rate at which ions are extracted from the specimen (both in terms of ions-per-pulse and pulse-frequency) has similar importance.
RECOVERY OF NON-COMPACTLY SUPPORTED COEFFICIENTS OF ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS ON AN INFINITE WAVEGUIDE
Authors: Kian Yavar
Published: November 2018

We consider the unique recovery of a non-compactly supported and non-periodic perturbation of a Schrödinger operator in an unbounded cylindrical domain, also called waveguide, from boundary measurements. More precisely, we prove recovery of a general class of electric potentials from the partial Dirichlet-to-Neumann map, where the Dirichlet data is supported on slightly more than half of the boundary and the Neumann data is taken on the other half of the boundary. We apply this result in different contexts including recovery of some general class of non-compactly supported coefficients from measurements on a bounded subset and recovery of an electric potential, supported on an unbounded cylinder, of a Schrödinger operator in a slab.
Identification of stable genotypes and genotype by environment interaction for grain yield in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)
Authors: Hamidou Massaoudou , Souleymane Oumarou , Ba Malick N. , Danquah Eric Yirenkyi , Kapran Issoufou , Gracen Vernon , Ofori Kwadwo
Published: November 2018

Sorghum is a staple food crop in Niger and its production is constrained by sorghum midge and the use of low yielding, local sorghum varieties. To improve sorghum productivity, it is crucial to provide farmers with high yielding sorghum cultivars that are resistant to midge. We evaluated 282 genotypes in four environments of Niger Republic. Alpha (0.1) lattice with two replications was the experimental design. Genotype and genotype by environment (GGE) biplot analysis was used to study grain yield (GY) stability and G × E interactions. The results revealed that two distinct mega environments were present. Genotype L232 was the best genotype for GY in the first planting date at Konni and the first and second planting dates (PDs) at Maradi. Genotype L17 was the best for GY in the second PD at Konni. The second PD at Konni was the most discriminating environment while the first PD at Konni is suitable for selecting widely adapted genotypes for GY.
Turning the Tide on Violence against Women in Politics: How Are We Measuring Up?
Authors: Ballington Julie
Published: November 2018

Violence against women in politics (VAWP) is a human rights violation, as it prevents the realization of political rights. Violence against women in political and public life can be understood as “any act or threat of gender-based violence, resulting in physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering to women, that prevents them from exercising and realizing their political rights, whether in public or private spaces, including the right to vote and hold public office, to vote in secret and to freely campaign, to associate and assemble, and to enjoy freedom of opinion and expression” (UN Women/UNDP 2017, 20).
Compact D-CRLH resonator for low-pass filter with wide rejection band, high roll-off, and transmission zeros
Authors: Choudhary Dilip Kumar , Abdalla Mahmoud A. , Chaudhary Raghvendra Kumar
Published: November 2018

A compact low-pass filter (LPF) with wide rejection band based on T-type circuit of an enhanced dual composite right-/left-handed (D-CRLH) resonator is presented in this paper. The resonator has only one cell with series and parallel tank circuit. The parallel LC tank circuit has been realized by an interdigital capacitor and one shorted finger, whereas its series LC tank circuit is realized by an air gap capacitance and a short circuit stub. The filter has wide rejection band bandwidth with three transmission zeros (TZs). The filter bandwidth and TZs frequencies are controlled by the D-CRLH element values. The results of the proposed filter demonstrate minimum insertion loss in passband, high roll-off rate, and good figure of merit. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results. The detailed filter design is discussed in terms of circuit modeling, dispersion analysis, and full-wave simulation. Finally, the filter size is compact (0.10 λg × 0.15 λg) at cut-off frequency.
Magnetic Anomalies in Extensional Detachments: The Xistral Tectonic Window of the Lugo Dome (NW Spain)
Authors: Martínez Catalán José R. , Ayarza Puy , Álvarez Lobato Fernando , Villalaín Juan José , Durán Oreja Manuela , Martín Paramio Manuel , Rodríguez Gómez Silvia
Published: November 2018

The Eastern Galicia Magnetic Anomaly (EGMA) is a conspicuous feature of the aeromagnetic map of Iberia, which structurally overlaps the Lugo and Sanabria domes, two spatially linked late Variscan extensional structures that delineate a segment of the Ibero‐Armorican Arc. In the northern part of the Lugo Dome, the Xistral Tectonic Window exposes a deep section of the continental crust, which includes several extensional detachments and associated shear zones. The aim is to check whether or not there is a correlation between the extensional process and the EGMA. A map of the magnetic anomaly of the Xistral Tectonic Window acquired on land improves the resolution of the aeromagnetic data and shows that the EGMA is actually composed by several shorter wavelength anomalies reaching amplitudes up to 1,214 nT. Their location in relation to outcropping rocks and structures, together with 2‐D modeling, shows a conspicuous link between the anomalies and the extensional detachments. On a larger scale, the EGMA forms the northern part of a largeanomaly occupying the core of the Central Iberian Arc. This anomaly can be related to extension caused by gravitational collapse of the thickened Variscan crust, implying that like the EGMA, local anomalies might reflect extensional structures, many of which may remain buried. Our study may shed light on the origin of magnetic anomalies in other gneiss domes as it shows that they can be related with the doming process instead of being inherited from older rocks presently outcropping at the core of the domes.
A Sequence of up to 11 Seismic Discontinuities Down to the Midmantle Beneath Southeast Asia
Authors: Wölbern Ingo , Rümpker Georg
Published: November 2018

The Earth's mantle exhibits a layered structure seismically characterized by sudden velocity changes or strong gradients. Several seismic boundaries have been identified in the mantle, and a large number of theoretical calculations and laboratory experiments have contributed to the debate on their origin. We analyze P‐to‐S converted phases generated at such interfaces to image the velocity structure within the sublithospheric mantle beneath Indonesia. Our study confirms the existence of various layer boundaries in the upper and lower mantle revealing up to 11 consecutive discontinuities down to ~1,700‐km depth. We detect Ps phases from the Lehmann and the X discontinuities originating at ~245 and ~294 km, respectively, followed by the top of a low‐velocity layer (LVL‐410) at ~368 km. The transition zone discontinuities are imaged at average depths of 408 and 665 km, respectively, which indicates the absence of significant temperature anomalies. In the midmantle we find vague indications for another interface at ~970‐km depth. At ~1,220 km a negative phase is observed followed by a sequence of converting structures of unknown origin at ~1,320, ~1,460, and ~1,500 km. We interpret these interfaces as compositional anomalies related to persisting fragments of subducted lithosphere. A further boundary is observed at ~1,700 km. Even though different causes exist to explain the observed seismic discontinuities including mineral phase transitions, partial melt, and chemical changes, most of them require additional mineral components. Thus, our findings provide clear evidence for significant compositional alteration of the mantle beneath Indonesia as a result of recurring subduction.
Earthquake Stress Drop in the Charlevoix Seismic Zone, Eastern Canada
Authors: Onwuemeka John , Liu Yajing , Harrington Rebecca M.
Published: November 2018

Stress drop scaling relations of earthquakes in intraplate seismic zones are less well constrained, partly due to less dense instrumentation and lower seismicity rate. Here we use new data to estimate the static stress drop values of earthquakes in the Charlevoix Seismic Zone in eastern Canada (MN < 4.5), June 2012 to July 2017. We first perform double‐difference relocation to obtain the hypocentral distribution of 518 events, which highlights a diffuse distribution within the Charlevoix Seismic Zone, probably related to the highly fractured crust by a Devonian meteorite impact. Using spectral ratios, we obtain stress drop values of 47 events ranging from ~2 to 200 MPa, typical of intraplate earthquakes, and observe an invariant stress drop scaling in the magnitude range Mw 2.2–3.8. Events within the impact structure have higher stress drops than those outside, which may indicate differences of fault maturity of the St. Lawrence paleorift system and the presence of a distributed fracture network.
Bar Code Events in the Juno‐UVS Data: Signature ∼10 MeV Electron Microbursts at Jupiter
Authors: Bonfond B. , Gladstone G. R. , Grodent D. , Gérard J.‐C. , Greathouse T. K. , Hue V. , Kammer J. A. , Versteeg M. H. , Davis M. W. , Becker H. N. , Radioti A. , Elliott S. S. , Imai M. , Paranicas C. P. , Bolton S. J. , Levin S. M. , Connerney J. E. P.
Published: November 2018

One of the most intriguing discoveries of Juno is the quasi‐systematic detection of upgoing electrons above the auroral regions. Here we discuss a by‐product of the most energetic component of this population: a contamination resembling bar codes in the Juno‐UVS images. This pattern is likely caused by bursts of ∼10 MeV electrons penetrating the instrument. These events are mostly detected when Juno's magnetic footprint is located poleward of the main emission relative to the magnetic pole. The signal is not periodic, but the bursts are typically  0.1–1 s apart. They are essentially detected when Juno‐UVS is oriented toward Jupiter, indicating that the signal is due to upgoing electrons. The event detections occur between 1 and 7 Jovian radii above the 1‐bar level, suggesting that the electron acceleration takes place close to Jupiter and is thus both strong and brief.
Wave‐Particle Interaction of Alfvén Waves in Jupiter's Magnetosphere: Auroral and Magnetospheric Particle Acceleration
Authors: Saur Joachim , Janser Sascha , Schreiner Anne , Clark George , Mauk Barry H. , Kollmann Peter , Ebert Robert W. , Allegrini Frederic , Szalay Jamey R. , Kotsiaros Stavros
Published: November 2018

We investigate spatial and temporal scales at which wave‐particle interaction of Alfvén waves occurs in Jupiter's magnetosphere. We consider electrons, protons, and oxygen ions and study the regions along magnetic flux tubes where the plasma is the densest, that is, the equatorial plasma sheet, and where the plasma is the most dilute, that is, above the ionosphere, where auroral particle acceleration is expected to occur. We find that within a dipole L‐shell of roughly 30, the electron inertial length scale in the auroral region is the dominating scale, suggesting that electron Landau damping of kinetic Alfvén waves can play an important role in converting field energy into auroral particle acceleration. This mechanism is consistent with the broadband bidirectional electron distributions frequently observed by Juno. Due to interchange‐driven mass transport in Jupiter's magnetosphere, its magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling is expected to be mostly not in local force balance. This might be a key reason for the dominant role of Alfvénically driven stochastic acceleration compared to the less frequently occurring, locally forced‐balanced, and thus static mono‐energetic unidirectional acceleration. Outside of approximately L = 30, the ion gyroperiod is the dominating scale suggesting that ion cyclotron damping of heavy ions plays a major role in heating magnetospheric plasma. We also present properties of the dispersion relationship and the polarization relationships of kinetic Alfvén waves including the important effects from the relativistic correction due to the displacement current in Ampère's law.
Methane Production From Marine Gas Hydrate Deposits in Korea: Thermal‐Hydraulic‐Mechanical Simulation on Production Wellbore Stability
Authors: Kim A. R. , Kim J. T. , Cho G. C. , Lee J. Y.
Published: November 2018

During methane production induced by depressurization, significant mechanical responses of hydrate‐bearing sediment (HBS) such as large volume contraction and subsidence can possibly be generated. Moreover, this phenomenon is further exacerbated by strength and stiffness reduction in the HBSs as hydrate dissociation advances. As a result, the highest compressive strength is concentrated in the vicinity of the production wellbore. Therefore, it is essential to address and evaluate the mechanical responses of HBSs and conduct a stability analysis of the production well during depressurization and hydrate dissociation to prevent the destruction of production facilities and consequent leakage of methane gas. In this study, a reservoir‐scale thermal‐hydraulic‐mechanical coupled simulation using FLAC3D (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3 Dimensions) was conducted to evaluate the mechanical responses of HBSs and the stability of a wellbore during methane production by depressurization at the Ulleung Basin. The structural design and mechanical properties including the dimensions of wellbore components and interface properties related to the interaction behavior between the sediment and wellbore were considered in the three‐dimensional model.
Impact of a Surface Ice Lid on the Optical Properties of Melt Ponds
Authors: Lu P. , Cao X. , Wang Q. , Leppäranta M. , Cheng B. , Li Z.
Published: November 2018

To investigate the influence of a surface ice lid on the optical properties of a melt pond, a radiative transfer model was employed that includes four plane‐parallel layers: an ice lid, a melt pond, the underlying ice, and the ocean beneath the ice. The thickness Hs and the scattering coefficient σs of the ice lid are altered. Variations in the spectral albedo αλ and transmittance Tλ due to Hs for a transparent ice lid are limited, and scattering in the ice lid has a pronounced impact on the albedo of melt ponds as well as the vertical distribution of spectral irradiance in ponded sea ice. The thickness of the ice lid determines the amount of solar energy absorbed. A 2‐cm‐thick ice lid can absorb 13% of the incident solar energy, half of the energy absorbed by a 30‐cm‐deep meltwater layer below the lid. This has an influence on the thermodynamics of melting sea ice. The color and spectral albedo of refreezing melt ponds depend on the value of the dimensionless number σs·Hs. Good agreement between field measurements and our model simulations is found. The number σs·Hs is confirmed to be a good index showing that the influence of an ice lid with σs·Hs < 0.5 is negligible. This criterion can be easily performed during field observations through visually judging whether the ice lid has significantly changed the color of liquid melt ponds or not.
Decadal Shifts in Wind Patterns Reduced Continental Outflow and Suppressed Ozone Trend in the 2010s in the Lower Troposphere Over Japan
Authors: Okamoto S. , Tanimoto H. , Hirota N. , Ikeda K. , Akimoto H.
Published: November 2018

The large increase in the springtime free tropospheric ozone over the western and eastern North Pacific over the last decades has been linked to the increase in anthropogenic emissions in China. However, the increasing trend at Mt. Happo, Japan, has been unexpectedly suppressed since 2008, by 5–10 ppbv. In this paper, we analyzed the tropospheric ozone records at Mt. Happo, along with the changes in climate and anthropogenic emissions. We revealed, based only on observational data, that the changes in climate pattern play an important role in controlling the decadal ozone trend. We found that the persistent La Niña‐like wind pattern during 2008–2013 reduced the export of polluted air masses from East Asia to the western Pacific, even though Chinese emissions continued to increase. On the other hand, an El Niño‐like wind pattern during 1992–1996 and enhanced storm track activity during 2000–2006 enhanced the export of polluted air masses from East Asia, contributing to the accelerated ozone trends. The climate modulations were identified in the O3 trends at the surface sites in western and central Japan and at a remote marine boundary layer site, Minamitorishima. Without this climatic effect driven by the persistent La Niña‐like wind pattern, the ozone trend would have been further upward over the North Pacific in the late 2000s to the early 2010s.
Southern California Coastal Response to the 2015–2016 El Niño
Authors: Young Adam P. , Flick Reinhard E. , Gallien Timu W. , Giddings Sarah N. , Guza R. T. , Harvey M. , Lenain Luc , Ludka B. C. , Melville W. Kendall , O'Reilly W. C.
Published: November 2018

Widespread erosion associated with energetic waves of the strong 2015–2016 El Niño on the U.S. West Coast has been reported widely. However, Southern California was often sheltered from the northerly approach direction of the offshore waves. The few large swells that reached Southern California were not synchronous with the highest tides. Although west coast‐wide tidal anomalies were relatively large in 2015–2016, in Southern California, total water levels (sum of tides, anomalies, and wave superelevation) were lower than during the 1997–1998 Niño, and comparable to the 2009–2010 Niño. Airborne lidar surveys spanning 300 km of Southern California coast show the beach response varied from considerable erosion to accretion. On average, the shoreline moved landward 10 m, similar to the 2009–2010 El Niño. Some San Diego county beaches were narrower in the 1997–1998 El Niño than in 2015–2016, consistent with the higher erosion potential in 1997–1998. Beach retreat exceeded 80 m at a few locations. However, 27% of the shoreline accreted, often in pocket beaches, or near jetties. While adjacent beaches eroded, estuary mouths accreted slightly, and several estuaries remained or became closed during the study period. Only 12% of cliffs eroded (mostly at the base), and the average cliff face retreat was markedly less than historical values. Only two cliff‐top areas retreated significantly. Although some areas experienced significant change, the potential for coastal erosion and damage in Southern California was reduced compared to the 1997–1998 El Niño, because of low rainfall, a northerly swell approach, and relatively limited total high‐water levels.
Water Source Signatures in the Spatial and Seasonal Isotope Variation of Chinese Tap Waters
Authors: Wang Shengjie , Zhang Mingjun , Bowen Gabriel J. , Liu Xuemei , Du Mingxia , Chen Fenli , Qiu Xue , Wang Liwei , Che Yanjun , Zhao Guoyong
Published: November 2018

Different water sources exploited for public use have different exposure to risks associated with climatic and environmental change. Isotope ratios of tap water have previously been studied as a potential tool to link public supply waters with water source characteristics at local to continental scales, providing information on the footprint of and potential risks associated with the water sources used. Work that combines intensive spatial and temporal sampling with independent water management data has been limited, however. In this study, an extensive observation network was established during 2014–2016 to provide monthly tap water sampling across China. We show that the spatial distribution of annual mean tap water isotope ratios is generally consistent with that of local precipitation across China. We identify seasonal correlation between tap water and precipitation isotope ratios in south China, where use of surface water is prevalent. In contrast, relatively invariant tap water isotope ratios elsewhere in China, which are not correlated with seasonal variation of precipitation isotope ratios, can be attributed to use of groundwater or water from river basins with longer storage times. The tap water isotope signatures identified here could be widely applied to characterize water supplies and associated sustainability challenges in different regions worldwide.
Effects of Fine‐Scale Surface Alterations on Tracer Retention in a Fractured Crystalline Rock From the Grimsel Test Site
Authors: Tachi Yukio , Ito Tsuyoshi , Akagi Yosuke , Satoh Hisao , Martin Andrew J.
Published: November 2018

Fine‐scale alterations found on fracture surfaces and between fracture surfaces and rock matrix are key uncertainties that need to be considered when developing solute transport models for fractured crystalline rocks. This paper presents a comprehensive approach developed for coupling laboratory tests, microscopic observations, and modeling in order to understand and quantify tracer transport processes occurring in natural fracture surfaces, using a single‐fractured granodiorite sample from the Grimsel Test Site, Switzerland. Laboratory tests including through‐diffusion, batch sorption, and flow‐through tests using five tracers with different retention properties indicated that tracer retention was consistently in the sequence of HDO or HTO (deuterated or tritiated water) ≈ Se < Cs < Ni < Eu and as well as showing the existence of a diffusion‐resistance layer near the fracture surface, cation excess, and anion exclusion effects for diffusion. Microscale heterogeneities around the fracture were clarified and quantified by coupling X‐ray computed tomography and electron probe microanalysis. A three‐layer model incorporating as much data as possible including weathered vermiculite, foliated mica, and undisturbed matrix layers, and their properties such as porosity, sorption, and diffusion parameters, obtained from laboratory diffusion tests and microscopic observations, provided a much better interpretation for breakthrough curves and concentration distributions near‐fracture surface of all tracers, measured in flow‐through tests, than either a one‐ or two‐layer model. Mechanistic understanding and detailed modeling considering the effects of fine‐scale surface alteration around a natural fracture should improve confidence for the safety assessment in fractured crystalline rocks.
If Precipitation Extremes Are Increasing, Why Aren't Floods?
Authors: Sharma Ashish , Wasko Conrad , Lettenmaier Dennis P.
Published: November 2018

Despite evidence of increasing precipitation extremes, corresponding evidence for increases in flooding remains elusive. If anything, flood magnitudes are decreasing despite widespread claims by the climate community that if precipitation extremes increase, floods must also. In this commentary we suggest reasons why increases in extreme rainfall are not resulting in corresponding increases in flooding. Among the possible mechanisms responsible, we identify decreases in antecedent soil moisture, decreasing storm extent, and decreases in snowmelt. We argue that understanding the link between changes in precipitation and changes in flooding is a grand challenge for the hydrologic community and is deserving of increased attention.
Trait Appreciation of Beauty: A Story of Love, Transcendence, and Inquiry
Authors: Diessner Rhett , Pohling Rico , Stacy Shawnee , Güsewell Angelika
Published: November 2018

This review of the trait of appreciation of beauty (AoB) draws from the literature in personality psychology, philosophy, religion, neuroscience, neuro-aesthetics, evolutionary psychology, and the psychology of morality. We demonstrate that AoB can be mapped onto a definition of appreciation that includes perceptual, cognitive, emotional, trait, virtue, and valuing elements. A classic component of defining beauty, unity-in-diversity, is described based on the works of a variety of major philosophers. We next describe that there are at least four channels of appreciation of beauty: natural beauty, artistic beauty, moral beauty, and beautiful ideas. Examining the neuro-aesthetics research indicates that many networks of the brain are involved in mental acts of appreciating beauty, but the medial orbital front cortex (mOFC) is implicated across all four channels of beauty. We then explain how the trait of AoB is a member of three different families of traits: traits of love, traits of transcendence, and traits of inquiry. Next we briefly explain why Kant may have been more correct than Hegel concerning beauty and the good soul. We then present evidence that women may appreciate beauty somewhat more than men. Data from many cultures and nations consistently indicate this. After that we claim AoB leads to individual and collective flourishing. We examine and summarize studies that indicate appreciation of natural beauty leads to a wide variety of positive outcomes; we focus on the importance of open-mindedness that accompanies engagement with artistic beauty; and we summarize studies regarding the moral emotion of elevation and appreciation of moral beauty. Suggested future directions for research are embedded in each subsection of the paper.
Diet-induced adaptive thermogenesis requires neuropeptide FF receptor-2 signalling
Authors: Zhang Lei , Ip Chi Kin , Lee I-Chieh J. , Qi Yue , Reed Felicia , Karl Tim , Low Jac Kee , Enriquez Ronaldo F. , Lee Nicola J. , Baldock Paul A. , Herzog Herbert
Published: November 2018

Excess caloric intake results in increased fat accumulation and an increase in energy expenditure via diet-induced adaptive thermogenesis; however, the underlying mechanisms controlling these processes are unclear. Here we identify the neuropeptide FF receptor-2 (NPFFR2) as a critical regulator of diet-induced thermogenesis and bone homoeostasis. Npffr2−/− mice exhibit a stronger bone phenotype and when fed a HFD display exacerbated obesity associated with a failure in activating brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic response to energy excess, whereas the activation of cold-induced BAT thermogenesis is unaffected. NPFFR2 signalling is required to maintain basal arcuate nucleus NPY mRNA expression. Lack of NPFFR2 signalling leads to a decrease in BAT thermogenesis under HFD conditions with significantly lower UCP-1 and PGC-1α levels in the BAT. Together, these data demonstrate that NPFFR2 signalling promotes diet-induced thermogenesis via a novel hypothalamic NPY-dependent circuitry thereby coupling energy homoeostasis with energy partitioning to adipose and bone tissue.
Diffusion-limited association of disordered protein by non-native electrostatic interactions
Authors: Kim Jae-Yeol , Meng Fanjie , Yoo Janghyun , Chung Hoi Sung
Published: November 2018

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) usually fold during binding to target proteins. In contrast to interactions between folded proteins, this additional folding step makes the binding process more complex. Understanding the mechanism of coupled binding and folding of IDPs requires analysis of binding pathways that involve formation of the transient complex (TC). However, experimental characterization of TC is challenging because it only appears for a very brief period during binding. Here, we use single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate the mechanism of diffusion-limited association of an IDP. A large enhancement of the association rate is observed due to the stabilization of TC by non-native electrostatic interactions. Moreover, photon-by-photon analysis reveals that the lifetime of TC for IDP binding is at least two orders of magnitude longer than that for binding of two folded proteins. This result suggests the long lifetime of TC is generally required for folding of IDPs during binding processes.
Chemical bonding origin of the unexpected isotropic physical properties in thermoelectric Mg3Sb2 and related materials
Authors: Zhang Jiawei , Song Lirong , Sist Mattia , Tolborg Kasper , Iversen Bo Brummerstedt
Published: November 2018

The Mg3Sb2structure is currently being intensely scrutinized due to its outstanding thermoelectric properties. Usually, it is described as a layered Zintl phase with a clear distinction between covalent [Mg2Sb2]2−layers and ionic Mg2+layers. Based on the quantitative chemical bonding analysis, we unravel instead that Mg3Sb2exhibits a nearly isotropic three-dimensional bonding network with the interlayer and intralayer bonds being mostly ionic and surprisingly similar, which results in the nearly isotropic structural and thermal properties. The isotropic three-dimensional bonding network is found to be broadly applicable to many Mg-containing compounds with the CaAl2Si2-type structure. Intriguingly, a parameter based on the electron density can be used as an indicator measuring the anisotropy of lattice thermal conductivity in Mg3Sb2-related structures. This work extends our understanding of structure and properties based on chemical bonding analysis, and it will guide the search for and design of materials with tailored anisotropic properties.
Thermal transport crossover from crystalline to partial-crystalline partial-liquid state
Authors: Zhou Yanguang , Xiong Shiyun , Zhang Xiaoliang , Volz Sebastian , Hu Ming
Published: November 2018

Phase-change materials (crystalline at low temperatures and partial-crystalline partial-liquid state at high temperatures) are widely used as thermoelectric converters and battery electrodes. Here, we report the underlying mechanisms driving the thermal transport of the liquid component, and the thermal conductivity contributions from phonons, vibrations with extremely short mean free path, liquid and lattice-liquid interactions in phase-changed Li2S. In the crystalline state (T ≤ 1000 K), the temperature dependent thermal conductivity manifests two different behaviors, i.e., a typical trend of 1/T below 800 K and an even faster decrease between 800 and 1000 K. For the partial-crystalline partial-liquid Li2S when T ≥ 1100 K, the contributions of liquid and lattice-liquid interactions increase significantly due to the fluidization of Li ions, and the vibrations with extremely short mean free path, presumably assimilated to diffusons, can contribute up to 46% of the total thermal conductivity at T = 1300 K.
Broadband highly directive 3D nanophotonic lenses
Authors: Johlin Eric , Mann Sander A. , Kasture Sachin , Koenderink A. Femius , Garnett Erik C.
Published: November 2018

Controlling the directivity of emission and absorption at the nanoscale holds great promise for improving the performance of optoelectronic devices. Previously, directive structures have largely been centered in two categories—nanoscale antennas, and classical lenses. Herein, we utilize an evolutionary algorithm to design 3D dielectric nanophotonic lens structures leveraging both the interference-based control of antennas and the broadband operation of lenses. By sculpting the dielectric environment around an emitter, these nanolenses achieve directivities of 101 for point-sources, and 67 for finite-source nanowire emitters; 3× greater than that of a traditional spherical lens with nearly constant performance over a 200 nm wavelength range. The nanolenses are experimentally fabricated on GaAs nanowires, and characterized via photoluminescence Fourier microscopy, with an observed beaming half-angle of 3.5° and a measured directivity of 22. Simulations attribute the main limitation in the obtained directivity to imperfect alignment of the nanolens to the nanowire beneath.
Early childhood investment impacts social decision-making four decades later
Authors: Luo Yi , Hétu Sébastien , Lohrenz Terry , Hula Andreas , Dayan Peter , Ramey Sharon Landesman , Sonnier-Netto Libbie , Lisinski Jonathan , LaConte Stephen , Nolte Tobias , Fonagy Peter , Rahmani Elham , Montague P. Read , Ramey Craig
Published: November 2018

Early childhood educational investment produces positive effects on cognitive and non-cognitive skills, health, and socio-economic success. However, the effects of such interventions on social decision-making later in life are unknown. We recalled participants from one of the oldest randomized controlled studies of early childhood investment—the Abecedarian Project (ABC)—to participate in well-validated interactive economic games that probe social norm enforcement and planning. We show that in a repeated-play ultimatum game, ABC participants who received high-quality early interventions strongly reject unequal division of money across players (disadvantageous or advantageous) even at significant cost to themselves. Using a multi-round trust game and computational modeling of social exchange, we show that the same intervention participants also plan further into the future. These findings suggest that high quality early childhood investment can result in long-term changes in social decision-making and promote social norm enforcement in order to reap future benefits.
A model of temporal scaling correctly predicts that motor timing improves with speed
Authors: Hardy Nicholas F. , Goudar Vishwa , Romero-Sosa Juan L. , Buonomano Dean V.
Published: November 2018

Timing is fundamental to complex motor behaviors: from tying a knot to playing the piano. A general feature of motor timing is temporal scaling: the ability to produce motor patterns at different speeds. One theory of temporal processing proposes that the brain encodes time in dynamic patterns of neural activity (population clocks), here we first examine whether recurrent neural network (RNN) models can account for temporal scaling. Appropriately trained RNNs exhibit temporal scaling over a range similar to that of humans and capture a signature of motor timing, Weber’s law, but predict that temporal precision improves at faster speeds. Human psychophysics experiments confirm this prediction: the variability of responses in absolute time are lower at faster speeds. These results establish that RNNs can account for temporal scaling and suggest a novel psychophysical principle: the Weber-Speed effect.
Publisher Correction: EMT cells increase breast cancer metastasis via paracrine GLI activation in neighbouring tumour cells
Authors: Neelakantan Deepika , Zhou Hengbo , Oliphant Michael U. J. , Zhang Xiaomei , Simon Lukas M. , Henke David M. , Shaw Chad A. , Wu Meng-Fen , Hilsenbeck Susan G. , White Lisa D. , Lewis Michael T. , Ford Heide L.
Published: November 2018

This Article contains an error in Figure 2. In panel a, the second lane of the western blot should have been labelled ‘siNT’. A correct version of Figure 2a appears in the Author Correction associated with this Article; the error has not been fixed in the original Article.
Oestrogen receptor α AF-1 and AF-2 domains have cell population-specific functions in the mammary epithelium
Authors: Cagnet Stéphanie , Ataca Dalya , Sflomos George , Aouad Patrick , Schuepbach-Mallepell Sonia , Hugues Henry , Krust Andrée , Ayyanan Ayyakkannu , Scabia Valentina , Brisken Cathrin
Published: November 2018

Oestrogen receptor α (ERα) is a transcription factor with ligand-independent and ligand-dependent activation functions (AF)-1 and -2. Oestrogens control postnatal mammary gland development acting on a subset of mammary epithelial cells (MECs), termed sensor cells, which are ERα-positive by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and secrete paracrine factors, which stimulate ERα-negative responder cells. Here we show that deletion of AF-1 or AF-2 blocks pubertal ductal growth and subsequent development because both are required for expression of essential paracrine mediators. Thirty percent of the luminal cells are ERα-negative by IHC but express Esr1 transcripts. This low level ERα expression through AF-2 is essential for cell expansion during puberty and growth-inhibitory during pregnancy. Cell-intrinsic ERα is not required for cell proliferation nor for secretory differentiation but controls transcript levels of cell motility and cell adhesion genes and a stem cell and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature identifying ERα as a key regulator of mammary epithelial cell plasticity.
The critical role of AMPK in driving Akt activation under stress, tumorigenesis and drug resistance
Authors: Han Fei , Li Chien-Feng , Cai Zhen , Zhang Xian , Jin Guoxiang , Zhang Wei-Na , Xu Chuan , Wang Chi-Yun , Morrow John , Zhang Shuxing , Xu Dazhi , Wang Guihua , Lin Hui-Kuan
Published: November 2018

PI3K/Akt signaling is activated in cancers and governs tumor initiation and progression, but how Akt is activated under diverse stresses is poorly understood. Here we identify AMPK as an essential regulator for Akt activation by various stresses. Surprisingly, AMPK is also activated by growth factor EGF through Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent kinase and is essential for EGF-mediated Akt activation and biological functions. AMPK phosphorylates Skp2 at S256 and promotes the integrity and E3 ligase activity of Skp2 SCF complex leading to K63-linked ubiquitination and activation of Akt and subsequent oncogenic processes. Importantly, AMPK-mediated Skp2 S256 phosphorylation promotes breast cancer progression in mouse tumor models, correlates with Akt and AMPK activation in breast cancer patients, and predicts poor survival outcomes. Finally, targeting AMPK-mediated Skp2 S256 phosphorylation sensitizes cells to anti-EGF receptor targeted therapy. Our study sheds light on how stress and EGF induce Akt activation and new mechanisms for AMPK-mediated oncogenesis and drug resistance.
High-resolution ultramicroscopy of the developing and adult nervous system in optically cleared Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Pende Marko , Becker Klaus , Wanis Martina , Saghafi Saiedeh , Kaur Rashmit , Hahn Christian , Pende Nika , Foroughipour Massih , Hummel Thomas , Dodt Hans-Ulrich
Published: November 2018

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an important experimental model to address central questions in neuroscience at an organismic level. However, imaging of neural circuits in intact fruit flies is limited due to structural properties of the cuticle. Here we present a novel approach combining tissue clearing, ultramicroscopy, and data analysis that enables the visualisation of neuronal networks with single-cell resolution from the larval stage up to the adult Drosophila. FlyClear, the signal preserving clearing technique we developed, stabilises tissue integrity and fluorescence signal intensity for over a month and efficiently removes the overall pigmentation. An aspheric ultramicroscope set-up utilising an improved light-sheet generator allows us to visualise long-range connections of peripheral sensory and central neurons in the visual and olfactory system. High-resolution 3D reconstructions with isotropic resolution from entire GFP-expressing flies are obtained by applying image fusion from orthogonal directions. This methodological integration of novel chemical, optical, and computational techniques allows a major advance in the analysis of global neural circuit organisation.
MAIT cells contribute to protection against lethal influenza infection in vivo
Authors: van Wilgenburg Bonnie , Loh Liyen , Chen Zhenjun , Pediongco Troi J. , Wang Huimeng , Shi Mai , Zhao Zhe , Koutsakos Marios , Nüssing Simone , Sant Sneha , Wang Zhongfang , D’Souza Criselle , Jia Xiaoxiao , Almeida Catarina F. , Kostenko Lyudmila , Eckle Sidonia B. G. , Meehan Bronwyn S. , Kallies Axel , Godfrey Dale I. , Reading Patrick C. , Corbett Alexandra J. , McCluskey James , Klenerman Paul , Kedzierska Katherine , Hinks Timothy S. C.
Published: November 2018

Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are evolutionarily-conserved, innate-like lymphocytes which are abundant in human lungs and can contribute to protection against pulmonary bacterial infection. MAIT cells are also activated during human viral infections, yet it remains unknown whether MAIT cells play a significant protective or even detrimental role during viral infections in vivo. Using murine experimental challenge with two strains of influenza A virus, we show that MAIT cells accumulate and are activated early in infection, with upregulation of CD25, CD69 and Granzyme B, peaking at 5 days post-infection. Activation is modulated via cytokines independently of MR1. MAIT cell-deficient MR1−/− mice show enhanced weight loss and mortality to severe (H1N1) influenza. This is ameliorated by prior adoptive transfer of pulmonary MAIT cells in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient RAG2−/−γC−/− mice. Thus, MAIT cells contribute to protection during respiratory viral infections, and constitute a potential target for therapeutic manipulation.
A common genetic mechanism underlies morphological diversity in fruits and other plant organs
Authors: Wu Shan , Zhang Biyao , Keyhaninejad Neda , Rodríguez Gustavo R. , Kim Hyun Jung , Chakrabarti Manohar , Illa-Berenguer Eudald , Taitano Nathan K. , Gonzalo M. J , Díaz Aurora , Pan Yupeng , Leisner Courtney P. , Halterman Dennis , Buell C. Robin , Weng Yiqun , Jansky Shelley H. , van Eck Herman , Willemsen Johan , Monforte Antonio J. , Meulia Tea , van der Knaap Esther
Published: November 2018

Shapes of edible plant organs vary dramatically among and within crop plants. To explain and ultimately employ this variation towards crop improvement, we determined the genetic, molecular and cellular bases of fruit shape diversity in tomato. Through positional cloning, protein interaction studies, and genome editing, we report that OVATE Family Proteins and TONNEAU1 Recruiting Motif proteins regulate cell division patterns in ovary development to alter final fruit shape. The physical interactions between the members of these two families are necessary for dynamic relocalization of the protein complexes to different cellular compartments when expressed in tobacco leaf cells. Together with data from other domesticated crops and model plant species, the protein interaction studies provide possible mechanistic insights into the regulation of morphological variation in plants and a framework that may apply to organ growth in all plant species.