bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wireworm Control on Potato, Moxee, WA, 1985
Authors: Toba H. H.
Published: March 2022

The effectiveness of different rates of chemicals or application methods in reducing wireworm damage was evaluated in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes. The soil type was Cleman very fine sandy loam (Aridic Haploxeroll) with a pH of 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 1-2%. On 14 Mar, 3 wireworms were found in 50 soil samples obtained in the test area with a 5.5-in diam. posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. On 25 Apr, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of granules were made with a hand-operated Ortho® Whirlybird spreader, and the plots were rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 h after application. On the same day, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications were made with Gandy® applicators mounted on the planter by placing granules in 1-inch bands in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 5 Jun, postemergence topical incorporated (PETI) applications were made with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators by allowing granules to fall over the plants from the end of the delivery tube to which a spreader was attached; all plots were similarly treated with Temik 15G (3 lb (AI)/acre) for aphid control, then hilled with a Lilliston® cultivator immediately after treatment. Each plot measured 40 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. On 10 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). Expressed as percentages of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.
Wireworm Control on Potato, Hermiston, OR, 1985
Authors: Toba H. H.
Published: March 2022

The effectiveness of different rates of chemicals or application methods in reducing wireworm damage was evaluated in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes. The soil type was Adkins fine sandy loam (Xerollic Camborthid) with a pH of 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 0.5-1%. On 20 Mar, 3 wireworms were found in 50 soil samples obtained in the test area with a 5.5-in diam. posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. On 24 Apr, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of granules were made with a hand-operated Ortho® Whirlybird spreader, and the plots were rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 h after application. On the same day, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by placing granules in 1-inch bands in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 31 May, postemergence topical incorporated (PETI) applications were made with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators by allowing granules to fall over the plants from the end of the delivery tube to which a spreader was attached; all plots were similarly treated with Temik 15G (3 lb (AI)/acre) for aphid control, then hilled with a Lilliston cultivator immediately after treatment. Each plot measured 40 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. On 8-9 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). Expressed as percentages of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.
Control of Potato Leafhopper Nymphs with Foliar Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Watrin Clifford G. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 24 May, at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount MN. Plots were 40 ft long, with 40 inch row spacing, randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. Insect numbers were estimated by counting nymphs on the underside of 30 leaves per plot. Foliar sprays were applied using a C02 powered hand-sprayer delivering 36 gal of water/acre at 35 psi. Treatments were applied 27 Jul, and evaluations were made 7 days posttreatment.
Aphid Suppression on Spinach, 1986
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: March 2022

Five rows of spinach, each separated by 1 ft, were planted in 6-ft wide beds on 11 Nov at the Ralph McClure farm at Kibler, AR. Plots consisted of 1 bed (5 rows) x 30 ft. Plots were separated by 1-ft bare ground on each side and 3 ft of spinach separated plots within the same row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block (8 treatments x 4 replications). Sprays were applied 13 Mar with a hand held C02 sprayer equipped with 3 Delvan #10 nozzles and calibrated to deliver 15.5 gpa. Temperature at spraying was 47°F. Ten randomly selected plants were cut from each plot at 3 and 20 days after spraying and transferred to the laboratory where the number of live aphids were determined by plant dissection.
Foliar Sprays for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Tomatoes, 1986
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John
Published: March 2022

Tomatoes were planted on 30 Apr at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25-ft long row bordered on each side by an untreated row. Between row spacing was 5 ft with 12-inch spacing between plants. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row and delivering 75 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 8, 16, 20, and 28 May and 4, 13, and 23 Jun. Alsystin only was applied on 20 and 28 May and 4 Jun during peak Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larval activity. Evaluation criteria consisted of direct counts of the number of CPB on 10 stems per treatment.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, Missouri, 1985
Authors: Bailey W. C. , Kirfman G. W. , Blinn R. L.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on 29 Apr near Mount Vernon, MO on a 3-year old stand of alfalfa. Plots were 20 by 40 ft, and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The alfalfa was 12 to 14 inches tall at treatment with a temperature of 70° and 3 to 5 mph winds. Sprays were applied with a 20-ft spray boom, 8002 flat fan nozzles, and 50 mesh screens. Sprays were applied at 16.5 gal/acre and 20 lb/square inch. Measurable precipitation fell on 12 of the 21 days following treatment. Evaluations were conducted at 60 h, 7, 15, and 21 days posttreatment by taking 10 (180 degree) sweeps with a 15-inch sweep net.
Control of Alfalfa Insects in Iowa (Middle Season), 1986
Authors: Hutchins Scott H. , Pedigo L.P. , Klubertanz T.H. , Peterson R.K.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 10 X 12 m were established in a 3-year-old stand near the city limits of Ames, IO. Eight treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete-block design. Insecticide treatments were applied on 2 Jul ‘86 with a Suzuki LT-125 4-wheel all-terrain cycle equipped with a 6.1-m boom. The C02-charged boom was ca. 61 cm from the foliage and fitted with twelve brass 8003 flat-fan nozzles. Ground speed was 6.28 km/h, delivering 112.2 liters of final solution per hectare. Plants were in stage 2 (late vegetative) and ca. 36 cm tall. Weather conditions at application time were sunny, winds 0-3 km/h, temperature 21-24 degrees C, and ca. 60% RH. A standard 38-cm sweep net was used to take 10 pendulum sweeps in each plot just before treatment and 1, 5, and 10 days posttreatment. No phytotoxicity was observed in any plot.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1985
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Nygaard Curtis
Published: March 2022

Plots were located near Humboldt, MN in Kittson County. Plots were 25 ft × 50 ft, replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Granular insecticide was applied to each plot shortly after planting and incorporated lightly. Soils were clayey. Foliar applications were made when plants were in the cotyledon to 2 leaf stage. Applications were broadcast with a hand held CO2 sprayer asing 40 psi and approximately 20 gal of total material per acre. Damage ratings were taken two weeks after the foliar applications and were based on a scale at 1-10 with 10 being the least damage.
Efficacy of Long-Residual Miticides for Season-Long Spider Mite Control in Corn, 1986:
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Chowdhury M. A. , Sloderbeck P. E.
Published: March 2022

Two experiments (east and west fields) were conducted in corn in Finney County, KS. The east field was under center pivot irrigation and the west field was furrow-irrigated. In each test, treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The plots were 4 rows wide (10 ft), 50 ft long, and surrounded by 10 ft borders of untreated corn. Chemical treatments were applied with a high clearance boom sprayer with 3 nozzles directed at each row (1 nozzle directly over the row and one on each side of the row on 18 inch drop hoses). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gpa with 30 psi of CO2 pressure. Non-emulsifiable, petroleum-based, crop oil was used as indicated at the rate of 2 pints/acre. Designated plots received single treatment applications during one of 3 growth stages: midwhorl (8th or 9th leaf-collars visible), late whorl (14th leaf-collars visible), or silking. Prior to the midwhorl applications, 4 plants were flagged in the center 2 rows of each plot. Mite populations on these plants were augmented by attaching mite infested leaves. In the east field, the plants were augmented with BGM from natural infestations in field corn. In the west field, the plants were augmented with TSM from a greenhouse colony. Mite counts were made by searching leaves of flagged plants for large mites (primarily adult females). On the first 2 sample dates, mites were counted on whole plants; on the third and fourth sample dates, mites were counted only on every other leaf (half plants). Mite counts were converted to mites per plant for statistical analysis. Season totals were computed by summing count data across sampling dates for each treatment. Accumulated mite-days were calculated by mufliplying the number of mites on sample dates 1 through 4 by the respective intervals (days) between innoculation and first treatment, between first treatment and second treatment, between second treatment and third treatment, or between the third treatment and 20 Aug when the populations had reached low levels. At the end of the season, mites were collected from the flagged plants with a small vacuum sampler and a subsample of about 20 mites for each plot in one replication was mounted for microscopic determination of mite species.
First Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1986
Authors: Foster David E. , Wintersteen Wendy K.
Published: March 2022

Naturally infested late whorl stage, yellow field corn, located near Mt. Ayr, Ringgold Co., IA was aerially treated on 19 Jun. Seven insecticides and 1 untreated check were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Plots measured 30 rows by approximately 400 yd. Weather conditions were clear with a temperature of 88°F, relative humidity of 53%, and a light, intermittent breeze from the west, southwest. All applications were made between 1:45 and 4:00 p.m. by flying both north and south on north-south rows. Pretreatment counts made on 14 Jun consisted of examining 20 plants from each of 20 randomly selected locations throughout the study site. The number of plants with shot-hole damage were recorded. Four plants from each location were dissected and the number of European corn borer (ECB) larvae recorded. Insecticide efficacy was evaluated on 22 Jul by removing 30 selected plants from each plot, dissecting them and recording the number of ECB cavities per plant. Plants used in the efficacy evaluation were selected from the ninth row in from the east side of each plot. Individual plants were selected by walking into the field 30 paces from the turn rows, then cutting every tenth plant. Efficacy data were analyzed using an AOV. The means were ranked and separated (P = 0.05) using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. All data were normalized before analysis with a SQRT (X = 1.0) transformation.
Efficacy of Miticides Against Banks Grass Mite and Twospotted Mite on Corn in West Central Nebraska, 1985
Authors: Johnson Gregory D. , Campbell John B.
Published: March 2022

Banks grass mite (BGM) plots were 2 50-ft swaths ca. 2500 ft in length on a field of corn (Lynks 4355) under center pivot irrigation. Treatments were applied pretassel on 18 Jul. Liquid treatments were applied by a Cessna 188 Husky with a 50-ft wingspan. The 40-ft spray boom was equipped with D-1245 nozzles calibrated to deliver 2 gal water per acre at 28 psi at 120 mph. Granular treatments were applied with a Translander granule spreader with a Translander Finger metering system. Flying speed was 110 mph. Twospotted spider mite (TSM) plots were each ca. 7 acres on a furrow-irrigated corn field (NC + 6190 and Dekalb 699). Treatments were applied posttassel on 4 and 5 Aug. Liquid treatments were applied by a Pawnee PA-25 with a 36-ft wingspan. The 28-ft spray boom had D-8 nozzles calibrated to deliver 2 gal water per acre at 30 psi at 105 mph. Granular treatments were applied with a Piper factory equipped granule spreader with a Duke electric drive metering system. Spider mite infestations were rated 1 to 6 on a per leaf basis. A rating of 1 = 0 mites, 2 = a few mites, 3 = a few colonies, … 6 = leaf densely covered with mites. Apparent % control was determined by the formula given in the table.
First Generation European Corn Borer Control in Field Corn, 1986
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Beahm Mary M. , Moss Teresa P.
Published: March 2022

Ten insecticidal treatments were examined to determine their efficacy primarily on first generation (second generation also evaluated) European corn borers (ECB) in conventionally planted field corn grown on the Bobby Yeatman Farm in Richmond County, VA. 'Southern States 3389' corn was planted on a 36-inch row spacing on 19 Apr '86. Materials were applied either as foliar sprays or granular applications on 6 Jun '86. Foliar spray concentrates were applied with a CO2-powered compressed air sprayer, using AL8002 nozzles, at 32.8 psi that delivered 32.6 gal of finished formulation per acre. Granular insecticides were applied directly in the whorl by using a Spredrite gravity flow granular applicator. Plots were 4 rows by 30 feet with 2-row borders and were arranged in a complete randomized block experimental design with 3 replications. Individual plots were evaluated 7-, 13-, and 20-days after treatment, and then periodially throughout the remainder of the growing season. All plants in 30 row-feet were inspected for the presence of ECB feeding damage plus 5 random plants per plot were split and observed for the presence of live ECB larvae. Yield estimates were obtained by harvesting 30 ft of one of the center rows.
Field Corn, Wireworm Larval Control, 1985
Authors: Spike B. P. , Oleson J. D. , Gray M. E. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design for these trials was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied to single, 50-ft rows with 30-inch centers. Corn was planted at Dows, IA (2 May) in a field that had a history of seed damage caused by wireworms. Corn was replanted at Murray, Iowa (10 May) in a no-till corn field (1984), previously in alfalfa (1981-83). Granular insecticides were placed in the furrow or in a 7 inch band ahead of, or behind, the closing wheels. Six seed treatments were also examined; one was a combination seed treatment plus granular insecticide treatment. Laboratory-calibrated Noble� metering units, mounted on a two-row John Deere model 7100 planter, were used to apply the compounds. Treatments were evaluated at Dows (23 May), and Murray (13 Jun), by digging two 1-m ca 13 cm trenches in each treatment row to a depth slightly below seed placement. Seeds were then inspected and rated on the following 1 to 4 damage scale: (1) seed undamaged; (2) seed damaged, but plant established; (3) seed damaged and plant showing some signs of stress; (4) seed damaged, no plant or questionable establishment. Percentage damaged seeds was also used to compare treatments. Stand counts were taken at both locations. Analysis of seed damage ratings, percentage damaged seed and stand counts was done by using a Duncan's New Multiple Range Test.
Control of Aphids on Cotton with Cythion Rtu and Cythion Rtu Plus Cygon 400, 1986
Authors: Kitten W. F. , Andrews G. L.
Published: March 2022

A small plot field study was conducted at the Delta Branch Experiment Station at Stoneville, MS. The plots were planted on 29 Apr. The 6 row plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 3 treatments. The foliar applications were made with a John Deere 6000 HI-CYCLE sprayer on 23 Jul delivering 6.0 gpa total volume. All plots were oversprayed on 7, 16, and 23 Jul with Pydrin 2.4E (0.1 lb (AI)/acre) and on 16 Jul with Comite 6.75 EC (0.8 lb (AI)/ acre) to prevent damage due to Heliothis spp. and spider mites. Infestations were determined by counting the total number of aphids per leaf on 10 leaves per plot. For consistancy in sampling the leaf counted was the first fully expanded leaf in the terminal of the plant. A Square root plus 1 transformation was performed on the data and analysis was done using transformed data.
Effect of Selected Insecticides on Bollworms and Bollweevils, 1986
Authors: Ratchford Kevin , Burns Gene
Published: March 2022

Stoneville 112 cotton was planted 6 May at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station. Treatments were applied to plots that were 6 rows (40 inches wide) × 65 ft. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed air system for spraying small plots, delivering 2.5 gal/acre with 2 X-3 hollow cone nozzles/row. Applications were made on 15, 20, 27 Aug. Insecticides were evaluated on 19, 25, 29 Aug by sampling 25 squares on the center 2 rows of each plot. The test was furrow irrigated during droughty periods. The center 2 rows of each plot were mechanically harvested on 29 Sep and 17 Oct. Yields were converted to lb seed cotton/acre.
Insecticides for Suppression of Carmine Spider Mite on Cotton, 1986
Authors: Robinson John R. C. , Teetes George L.
Published: March 2022

Stoneville 825' cotton was planted 13 May on rows spaced 40 inches apart. All cotton was treated on 4 and 16 Jul with a mixture of .04 lb (AI)/acre cypermethrin and 0.25 lb (AI)/acre Lorsban to engender mite infestation and also to control boll weevil and cotton aphid. The study area received 1.9 inches of rain 3 Aug, 4.13 inches 10-11 Aug (2 days after application of experimental treatments), and 1.25 inches 23-24 Aug. Mite densities in an untreated check plot and 8 insecticide treated plots were compared in a randomized block design with 4 replications. Plots were 6 rows wide and 80 ft long; the middle 2 rows were sprayed. Chemical applications were made with a high-clearance, self-propelled sprayer equipped with three TX-3 hollow cone nozzles/row (using drop nozzles) and calibrated to deliver 5.9 gpa at 42 psi and 3 mph. Acaricide treatments were applied on 8 Aug when average mite density was 8.2 mites/leaf and when chlorotic symptoms were visible on infested leaves. Mite density was sampled prior to application of acaricide treatments and at 4, 10, and 17 days post-treatment. Sampling was accomplished by visually inspecting five pre-selected cotton leaves per plot with a hand lens and counting live (mobile) mites. The sample leaves were located in the lower % of the canopy (mainstem nodes 5-9), and were tagged with plastic surveyor's tape. Mite count data were analyzed by conventional analysis of variance and multiple comparison procedures. Yield data were not collected for this study.
Corn Earworm Control on Peanuts, North Carolina, 1986
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

Peanuts were grown under standard production practices in sandy soil at a location in Gates Co. Plots 4 rows wide (36 inch centers) by 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates per treatment. Insecticides were applied using a C02 backpack sprayer delivering 35 gal/acre at 40 psi with 8002 flat fan nozzles. Treatments were applied on 26 Aug under sunny conditions and temperatures around 85�F. Ten consecutive row ft of each plot was sampled just before and 24 h after treatment using a standard beat cloth technique. Pretreatment counts determined the caterpillar populations to be 90% corn earworms and the rest fall armyworms and yellowstriped armyworms. Most caterpillars were fourth or fifth instar. Foliage was dry during both treatment and sampling.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Peanuts in North Florida, 1986
Authors: Gilreath M. E. , Funderburk J. E. , Gorbet D. W. , Herzog D. C.
Published: March 2022

Peanuts were planted in an RCB design with six replicates in Jackson Co. on 30 May, in a site that had been in pasture for the past 15 years. Plot size was 4 rows by 32 ft with 36 inch row spacing. The soil type was Tifton loamy sand with a moderate amount of organic matter. Nematode populations were low according to preplant soil assays, and spiral nematodes were the most prevalent. Conventional practices were followed for fertilization, weed control, and disease control. Telone applications were made in furrow at a depth of 8-10 inches with a tractor mounted gravity flow soil fumigator equipped with a single chisel per row. Soil moisture was adequate on the day of application. Granular insecticides were lightly incorporated at planting in a 10-12 inch band over the row. All other granular insecticides were applied in a 10-12 inch band with a hand pushed Gandy. Spray applications were made in 25 gal/A with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 3 nozzles/row at 36 psi. Dipel 2X was applied in water alone, and Beauveria bassiana (Abbott Laboratories, RS-252, 1 × 1010 conidia/g) was applied in a 0.01% Tween 20 solution. Lesser cornstalk borer (LCB) populations were monitored with 2.5-ft adult emergence traps placed over the peanut foliage in the two outer rows of each plot. Traps were moved to new locations approximately every four weeks. The two center rows of each plot were harvested for yields on 17 Oct (2 rows × 35 ft × 6 reps). Traps were removed from the field 16 Oct, to prevent interference with harvest, and were not reset for two weeks due to inclement weather. Monthly rainfall for the period was 3.22, 4.80, 3.96, 4.85, and 2.55 inches for Jun-Oct, respectively. Fairly dry intervals occurred between the Jun and early Jul rainfall events, but precipitation was more frequent in late Jul and Aug. Sep, Oct, and Nov had intermittent periods of wet and dry weather.
Granular Insecticides for Control of Lesser Cornstalk Borer in North Florida Peanuts, 1986
Authors: Gilreath M. E. , Funderburk J. E. , Herzog D. C.
Published: March 2022

Plots were arranged in an RCB design with six replicates in a Gadsden Co. field that had been planted 16 May. Plot size was 4 rows by 25 ft with 36 inch row spacing and 5 ft alleys between plots. Soil type was a Tifton loamy sand. Conventional production practices for weed and disease control were followed. All insecticide applications were made 24 Jul with a manually powered Gandy. Air temperature was 98�F, relative humidity was 90-95%, and the soil was slightly moist. There was frequent rain during the latter half of July and all of Aug, while Sep and Oct were fairly dry with only occasional rain. Peanuts were harvested from six whole plot (4 row × 25 ft) samples on 8 Oct.
Rangeland Grasshopper Control, 1986
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Two small field studies were established on rangeland near Wendell, Idaho. Insecticides were applied to 24 ft × 24 ft plots. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using four 8004 nozzles on a 5 ft boom and 50 gal finished spray per acre. Bait applications were applied with a hand-held lawn fertilizer spreader. Grasshopper nymphs were 30, 40, and 30% for 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instars, respectively, on 29 May, when the insecticides were applied for the first study. Life stages were 10, 40, and 50% for 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instars, respectively, on 12 Jun, when the treatments were applied for the second study. Grasshoppers were counted in a 3 ft × 20 ft strip (6.7 yd2) in each plot on each counting date.
Sugarcane Borer Control (SCB), Small Plot Insecticide Screening Test, 1986
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Bessin R. T. , Showier A. T. , Reagan T. E.
Published: March 2022

A field of sweet sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench., located on the St. Gabriel Experiment Station, near Baton Rouge, LA, was divided into plots each containing 3 rows spaced 3 ft apart × 45 ft. (0.01 acre). Insecticide treatments for season-long control of SCB were assigned to plots according to a randomized complete block design of 4 replications. Each spray concentration was applied to the sorghum plant canopy in water with ca. 31 gal/acre of finished formulation at 20 psi with a knapsack sprayer. Insecticide applications were begun after internodes were visible above ground and when at least 5% of the stalks contained small SCB larvae in leaf sheaths of Azodrin treated plots. Two applications were made (25 Aug and 15 Sep). No soil applied insecticides were used. At harvest (7 Oct) two 15 stalk bundles were randomly taken from the center row of each plot. The stalks were examined for SCB entrance and exit holes. Insecticide efficacy was determined by comparing the % internodes bored in treated plots with those taken from the untreated checks.
Control of Two Spotted Mite in Soybeans, 1985
Authors: Graustein Mark R.
Published: March 2022

Forrest variety soybeans were planted into a conventional tillage field on the grounds of the University of Delaware experiment station near Georgetown, DE on 27 Jun. Plots consisted of a single row, 25 ft long on 30 inch centers bordered on both sides by guard rows. Six insecticide treatments replicated 5 times each were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Pre- and post-treatment mite populations were assessed by randomly picking 5 leaves from each plot and processing these through a Leedom engineering� mite brushing machine. Mite counts were then made using a binocular dissecting microscope set at 6x. All treatments were applied 23 Jul with a CO2 propelled backpack sprayer using two R and D Sprayer Inc. HC 12 hollow cone nozzles delivering a total of 37 gal per acre at 40 psi.
Control of Lesser Cornstalk Borer in Soybean, 1986
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

Centennial soybean was planted into wheat stubble using an in-row minimum tillage subsoiler on 9 Jun at the Wiregrass Agricultural Experiment Station, Headland, AL. Plots were 12 rows (36-inch row spacing) by 50 ft arranged in a completely randomized design with 8 replicates. Methyl parathion at 2 lb (AI)/acre was applied to one-half of the plots on 8 Jul with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gpa at 60 psi through 2 TX6 hollow cone nozzles per row. Lesser cornstalk borer (LCB) damage was assessed prior to treatment by counting the number of LCB damaged plants of 20 samples/plot. Two plants were randomly uprooted from each row of the 10 central rows/plot. Plants with visible stem borings or silken tubes were recorded as damaged. Larval densities were determined by counting the number associated with the stems, roots, and associated soil of 20 uprooted plants/plot. LCB larval densities were assessed at 6 and 10 days posttreatment. Lorsban granules at 2.0 lb (AI)/acre were applied broadcast to one-half of the plots on 5 Aug using a cyclone granular applicator. LCB larval densities were assessed pretreatment (5 Aug), and at 3 and 13 days posttreatment.
Control of Wireworms and Aphids with Soil Applied Insecticides and Nematicides, 1986
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco var. NC2326’ was transplanted at the Border Belt Tobacco Research Station, Whiteville, NC, (BBTRS) on 16 Apr in a Faceville sandy clay soil (pH 5.5). Plots were 16 feet wide (4 rows) and 40 feet (22 plants) long arranged in a randomized complete-block design, having 14 treatments and 3 blocks. On 8 Apr broadcast preplant treatments (BC-PPI) were applied with a COa powered backpack sprayer fitted with two 8004 flat fan nozzles. At 25 psi and ca. 2 mph, this delivered 25 gpa finished spray. The 15 inch band application (15 B) of Standak was applied as above with the exception of the use of a single nozzle and slower speed. Granular materials were applied in a 24 inch band with a Noble� granular applicator. Materials were incorporated to a depth of ca. 6 inches within 1 h of applicaiton with a spring tooth harrow. After all BC-PPI treatments were applied, the remaining plots were harrowed and the entire field ridged within 24 h. Soil moisture was poor. Transplant water treatments (TPW) were applied at 200 gpa with a single row transplanter. Side-dress applications 1 and 2 weeks post-transplant (SD-1 and -2) were applied in 6 inch bands on both sides of the row with a Noble granular applicator and incorporated with a rolling cultivator. Ten plants per plot were gently pulled from the second row 19 days post-treatment (30 Apr) and rated for wireworm damage as follows; 0 = no damage, 1 = scars on stalk surface, 2 = feeding reaching pith but tunnelling < 1 cm, 3 = pith tunnelling < 1 cm, and 4 = dead plant. All plants in the 3rd row per plot were rated on 11 Jun for aphid colonization as follows: 0 = no aphids, 1 = 1 to 10, 2 = 11 to 100, 3 = 101 to 1000 and 4 < 1000 aphids/plant. On 9 May flue-cured tobacco ‘var. NC82’ was transplanted at the Upper Piedmont Research Station, Reidsville, NC, (UPRS) into a Cecil sandy loam (pH 5.9). Plots were 4 rows (45 inches on center) wide randomized complete-block design having 14 treatments and 4 blocks. On 2 May, the BC-PPI and 15 B treatments were applied as previously described. The BC-PPI treatments were applied in a 24 inch band centered over the row. Treatments were by incorporated vi ridging of rows. Soil moisture was adequate. TPW treatments were applied at 320 gpa with a single row transplanter. Wireworm damage was rated 22 days post-treatment (26 Jun) as previously described. Aphids were rated on 1 Jul as above. Counts were analyzed by ANOVA.
Apple, First Generation White Apple Leafhopper Insecticide Evaluation, 1986
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A.
Published: March 2022

A 6-year-old orchard with under-tree irrigation was used in this test. A randomized complete block design with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment was used. Materials were applied on 16 May as dilute sprays to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. Per acre rates were based on 400 gal/acre. Treatment date was determined by the first appearance of fourth instar WALH nymphs. Leafhopper populations were monitored by counting the nymphs found on 20 randomly selected leafhopper-injured leaves from each tree (80 leaves per treatment). Post-treatment mite population levels for selected treatments were determined by collecting 20 randomly selected leaves from each tree, brushing them in a mite brushing machine, and counting the mites of each species recovered.
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Insecticides Applied in the Transplant Water, 1984
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , David Reed T.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted in 21.3 ft (13 plants) × 8 ft (2 rows) plots on 8 May. Treatment plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. The test site had a Chesterfleld-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil with a 5.8 pH and ca. 2% organic matter. Transplant water treatments were applied in 200 gal of solution/acre (116 ml/plant) using a hand-operated transplanter. Temik 15G was applied in a 12-inch band using a Gandy granular applicator mounted on a pushcart on 2 May. It was then incorporated with a rotary tiller and the soil was bedded up for transplanting. Insect counts were made once every 1-2 weeks from mid May to mid August. On the first 3 days flea beetle feeding holes were counted on 5 plants/plot. Throughout the study, flea beetles and green peach aphids on 4 upper leaves were counted on 5 plants/plot. Tobacco in one row of each plot was harvested, cured and graded by a USDA Marketing Service grader to determine yield and market price. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and means were compared using DMRT.
Chemicals Applied to the Soil for the Control of Insects on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1985
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , David Reed T.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted 2 May near Blackstone, VA. Treatment plots consisted of 2 rows 40 ft long on 4 ft centers. Plots were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Pretransplant treatments were applied and incorporated on 30 Apr. Liquid treatments were applied in a 12 inch band through a single 8004E tip that delivered 10 gal finished spray/acre. Granular formulations were applied broadcast or in a 12 inch band with a Gandy granular applicator mounted on a 4-wheel utility vehicle. Treatments were incorporated by tilling once and disking once. The land was then bedded for transplanting. Side-dress treatments were applied to each side of the row with a tractor-mounted granular applicator and incorporated by tilling on 16 May. The test site was on a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil with a pH of 5.8 and ca. 2% organic matter. Precipitation was 2.7, 2.4, 2.9 and 3.5 inch for May, Jun, Jul and Aug, respectively. Insect counts were made at various times between late May and mid Aug. Tobacco was harvested and cured for yield determination.
Aphid Control in Winter Wheat with In-Furrow Applied Systemic Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Pike Keith S.
Published: March 2022

Two insecticides were evaluate.! to determine their effect on grain aphids and grain yield. Plots were planted on 30 Aug ‘85 on the Washington State University, Roza Research Farm neai Prosser, Washington, using a tractor-mounted 4-row belt-cone Almaco grain drill with double disc openers. Seeding rate was 40 lb/acre. Plots were furrow irrigated in the spring. Treatments were made at planting through the grain drill with the seed. Plots were 4 rows (12 inches between rows) by 17 ft ii length, replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Aphid control was determined on the basis of Berlese-Tullgren funnel aphid extraction': (6 plants/plot/posttreatment sample). Plots were harvested 25 Jul ‘86 with a Hege Combine.
Aphid Control on Wheat in the Spring with Foliar Applied Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Pike Keith S.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticides were evaluated as late spring applications to determine their effect on grain aphids and grain yield. Plots were planted on 27 Sep ‘85 using a tractor-mounted 4-row belt-cone Almaco grain drill with double disc openers. Seeding rate was 40 lb/acre. Plots were furrow-irrigated in the spring. Applications were made at milk and soft dough stages of wheat on 3 Jun (Capture and Lorsban only) and 12 Jun ‘86 (Capture excluded), respectively, using a CO2 plot sprayer mounted on a bicycle-wheeled carriage. Sprayer output was 58 gal/acre at 40 psi. Plots were 4 rows (12 inches between rows) by 17 ft in length, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Aphid control was determined on the basis of Berlese-Tullgren funnel aphid extractions (6 plants/plot/posttreatment sample). Plots were harvested 21 Jul ‘86 with a Hege Combine.
Control of Whiteflies on Anthurium, Hawah, 1986
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy trials were conducted at the Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo, Hawaii on potted anthuriums growing in volcanic cinder under a fiberglass greenhouse. There were 8 plants per block and 4 blocks arranged in a CRD. After a sufficient population was obtained in all plants (determined by the visual observation of white waxy secretions in the sheath), 5 applications of selected insecticides at 2 week intervals were applied to runoff (ca. 250 GPA) using a compressed COa sprayer with a no. 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. The spreader-sticker, Triton B 1956, was added to each treatment at a rate of 3 fl oz/100 gal. Sprays were directed to the area of the sheath. Treatments were evaluated by examining 8 sheath samples (one from each plant), under a dissecting microscope. Adults, pupa, nymphs and eggs were noted as present or absent.
Fall Armyworm, Leafhopper, and Planthopper Control in Louisiana, 1986
Authors: Whitford Fred , Quisenberry Sharron , Bagley C. Pat
Published: March 2022

The insecticide test was conducted at the Rosepint Research Station on 'Common' Bermudagrass. A RCB design with 6 treatments, each replicated 4 times, was used in the study. Insecticide treatments wen applied to Common plots (6.3 by 15 m) with a C02 backsprayer calibrated to deliver 161.5 L/ha using.a 8002 flat-fan nozzles on a 2.1 m boom. Ten pendulum sweeps per plot were taken with a sweep-net (38 cm diam) at pretreatment (day 0) and 3, 7, and 14 DAT.
Apple, Tufted Apple Budmoth Control, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to approximately 0.12 acre plots arranged in a randomized complete block design consisting of 4 replicates of alternating ‘York Imperial’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ trees. One Golden Delicious and York Imperial tree to the center of each plot was used for monitoring. All treatments except the dilute application of Insegar were applied with a Friend Airmaster 393 airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa, 25 gpa/alternate side spray driven at 2.3 mph. The first 4 treatments were applied using the alternate side technique on the following dates: 4, 11, 19 and 26 Jun; 3 Jul (Alsystin only); 5, 13, 22 and 29 Aug. The first 2 Insegar treatments were applied to both sides of trees on the following dates: 22 Jul and 5 Aug (2nd treatment only). The third Insegar treatment was applied using a high pressure handgun to the point of run-off on 22 Jul. During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of the fungicide Dithane M45 as well as calcium chloride were applied to all plots. The effect of treatments on ERM, TSSM and AF was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree (cv York Imperial only), 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on TABM was assessed by scoring for injury all apples on the center Golden Delicious and York Imperial trees at harvest as well as all drops up to harvest. Pest pressure was moderate.
Fall Control of White Grubs with Insecticides on a Golf Course at Syracuse, Ny, September, 1986
Authors: Villani M. G. , Wright R. J.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were applied to a fairway at Drumlins Country Club, Syracuse, NY on 15 Sep for control of a mixed population of Japanese beetle, and European chafer grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (50%), annual bluegrass (45%), and broadleaf weeds (5%). Thatch was minimal (<.25 in) in all plots. The experimental design was RCB with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 ft by 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied with 11.4 liters (3 gal) of water through a watering can. All liquid applications were made in 2 directions within each plot. At treatment time the following environmental conditions existed: soil temp (1 inch), 62°F; (3 inch), 62; water pH, 6.78; soil moisture, 21%. Posttreatment counts were taken 31 DAT (16 Oct) by cutting a 1 ft by 10 ft strip (2.25 inches deep) lengthwise through each plot with a mechanical sod cutter and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. Three 1-ft2 samples of sod were examined in each plot and the no. of surviving grubs were counted. Species identification were made in the field. At this time most Japanese beetles were third instars, with some second and first instars; all European chafers were third instars.
Fall Control of White Grubs with Labelled Insecticides and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course, Syracuse, Ny, 1986
Authors: Villani M. G. , Wright R. J.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides and 1 species of entomogenous nematode were applied to a fairway at Drumlins Country Club, Syracuse, NY on 21-22 Aug for control of a mixed population of Japanese beetle, and European chafer grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (40%), annual bluegrass (45%), bentgrass (10%), and broadleaf weeds (5%). Thatch was minimal (<.25 in.) with plot. The experimental design was RCB with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 ft by 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied in 2 directions within each plot with 11.4 liters (3 gal) of water through a watering can. At treatment time (21 Aug) the following environmental conditions existed: air temp, 80°F; soil temp (1 inch); 78°F; (3 inch), 75°F; soil pH, 5.64; water pH, 6.78; soil moisture, 23%. The nematodes, HeterorhabdUis heliothidis (Khan, Brooks, and Hirschmann), were applied a day later at a rate of 2000 per inch2 in 11.4 liters of water to the center 4 ft2 of each plot. Following treatment, the plots were irrigated by sprinkler for 10 min. Posttreatment counts were taken 47-48 DAT (8 Oct) by cutting 1 ft by 10 ft strip (2.25 inches deep) lengthwise through each plot with a mechanical sod cutter and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. Three 1-ft2 samples of sod were examined in each plot and the no. of surviving grubs were counted. In the nematode-treated plots, separate sets of samples (four 1-ft2 samples) were taken from the center 4 ft2, where nematodes had been applied, and the surrounding 6 ft2. Grub species identifications were made in the field. At this time Japanese beetle grubs were predominantly third instars with some second instars; all European chafer grubs were third instars.
Apple, Dilute Test of Acaricides, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Plots consisted of single trees in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 replicates of York Imperial, both spur types. Trees were planted to a spacing of 6.1 × 10.7 m. Experimental sprays were applied to run-off with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gal/min pump. Approximately 5.0 gallons of spray were applied per replicate tree. Spray dates were as follows: 25 Apr (Morestan and ABG-6162 alone treatments), 6 May (ABG-6162, Apollo alone, PH 70-23 treatments), 3 Jun (Kelthane, BAS 276001, Omite, Plictran treatments), 5 Jun (R0 08-4947 treatments), 18 Jun and 16 Jul (all treatments), 4 Aug (Savey, low rate of ABG-6162, Kelthane 4F, Omite, Plictran treatments). Morestan was applied only on 25 Apr. Apollo alone was applied only on 6 May. General sprays of fungicides (Cyprex, Benlate, Polyram, Manzate, Bayleton, Dithane), insecticides (Lorsban, Phosphamidon, Guthion, Sevin, Pydrin, Systox), and calcium chloride were made at ca. one-to two-week intervals throughout the experiment with a Friend Airmaster at 50 gal/acre. Effectiveness of materials on mites was evaluated by making several counts on random samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. Cumulative number of mite days were calculated as the mean of two successive counts multipled by the number of intervening days, and summed over the season. Mite population pressure was heavy throughout the summer. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe). The russet ratings for treatments as listed in tables are as follows: 67, 58, 72, 68, 58, 54, 69, 64, 68, 70, 67, 84, 90, 82, 69, 57, 73.
Efficacy Comparison of Dipel and Biobit Against Beet Armyworm, 1986
Authors: Harris M. , Begley J. , Warkentin D.
Published: March 2022

Leaves were dipped in treatment solutions, allowed to air dry and placed in individual 1 oz plastic creamer cups with moist filter paper. Individual larvae were placed in each cup which was capped with a, plastic snap-on lid. There were 10 larvae per replicate and 4 replicates per treatment. Field (generation 4) and lab colony (gen. 30) neonate, early instai and late instar larvae were treated. Mortality evaluations were made at 1 and 4 DAT.
Control of the Green Peach Aphid on Chrysanthemum, 1986
Authors: Yost Jeffrey T. , Yost Gregory J. , Parrella Michael P.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied with a Tuff-Tank handsprayer at 40 ps; on 3 Mar to 12 ft sections of benches on which were planted potted chrysanthemums ca. 6 weeks old. Ten terminals per treatment area were selected an<' tagged on the basis of uniform aphid density. The top 5 leaves of each selected terminal were inspected and the number of live aphids was recorded. Lif< stages of aphids were not distinguished.
Beet Armyworm Control Using Selecron 6EC, 1986
Authors: Warkentin D. , Harris M. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Selecron 6EC was evaluated in Jun for control of early and late larval instar beet armyworm. For residual efficacy Mountain Peak var. mum leaves were sprayed with hand-held atomizers, allowed to air dry then placed in 1 oz plastic creamer cups with moist filter paper. Individual beet armyworm larvae, reared on artificial diet, were placed in the cups which were covered with plastic snap-on lids. For contact efficacy, larvae were sprayed then placed on clean mum leaves in plastic cups. Each rate test was replicated 4 times with 10 larvae per replicate. Mortality evaluations were made at 1, 2, & 3 DAT.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Somerset, Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 x 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi with a 4 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 76°F; soil temp, 70°F; % RH, 68; amount of thatch, 0.5-1 inch; soil type, silt-loam; % soil moisture, 12; soil pH, 6.8; % organic matter, 5.0; water pH, slightly acidic; 1.4 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days after the initial 1 Aug treatment date. Hairy chinch bugs were sample by driving a 6 inch stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10 min period. Three floatation samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Control of Flor'S Leafhopper on Firethorn, 1986
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Freeman R.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on ornamental firethorn in Stockton, CA. Four treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Each replicate was uniform firethorn, 34 ft wide by 24 ft long, in a parking lot barrier with a 9 ft wide by 24 ft long buffer between plots. Treatments were applied on 22 Jul with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 250 psi and delivering 315 gal water/acre. Three yellow sticky traps (Whitefiy—Seabright Enterprises, Ltd.) were placed in each replicate and monitored ca once a week from 9 Jul through 16 Oct. The mean leafhopper population (adults and nymphs combined) did not differ significantly among treatments prior to application.