bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prospective Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Thermomechanical Fractional Injury for Perioral Rhytides
Authors: Wang Jordan V. , Bajaj Shirin , Steuer Alexa , Orbuch David , Geronemus Roy G.
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND:

Perioral rhytides can be treated with laser and energy-based devices. More recently, a novel fractional thermomechanical skin rejuvenation system was developed to cause controlled thermal injury through direct heat transfer.

OBJECTIVE:

A prospective clinical trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of a thermomechanical fractional injury device (Tixel 2, Novoxel, Netanya, Israel) for perioral rhytides.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Subjects with moderate-to-severe perioral rhytides were enrolled and underwent 4 monthly treatments.

RESULTS:

Twenty-three subjects were enrolled and completed all study visits. Mean age was 62.5 years, and 100.0% were women. Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV were included. For Fitzpatrick Wrinkle Classification System (FWCS), mean baseline score was 6.9. Per investigator, there was a mean 1.9-grade improvement in FWCS at 3-month follow-up (p < .0001). At 3-month follow-up, 8.7% (n = 2) of subjects had a 3-grade improvement, 69.6% (n = 16) had a 2-grade improvement, and 21.7% (n = 5) had a 1-grade improvement. For physician Global Aesthetics Improvement Scale at 3-month follow-up, 69.6% (n = 16) had 76% to 100% improvement, 13.0% (n = 3) had 51% to 75% improvement, and 17.4% (n = 4) had 26% to 50% improvement. There were no severe adverse events, and subjects experienced minimal pain.

CONCLUSION:

A novel device using thermomechanical fractional injury was demonstrated to be safe and effective in the treatment of perioral rhytides.
Combined Fractional CO2 Laser With Intradermal Platelet-Rich Plasma versus Fractional CO2 Laser Alone in the Treatment of Striae Distensae
Authors: Sayed Doaa S. , Badary Daila M. , Ali Rania A. , Abou-Taleb Doaa A. E.
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND:

Striae distensae (SD) or stretch marks are common cutaneous conditions that occur because of the stretching of the dermis.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the efficacy of fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser alone versus combined fractional CO2 laser with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in SD treatment.

METHODS AND MATERIALS:

Thirty adult female patients with SD (SR and SA) were enrolled. In each patient, a split-lesion design was conducted as follows: pairs of SD on both sides of the midline were selected and allocated to groups A and B. Group A: was treated with combined fractional CO2 laser with intradermal PRP. Group B: was treated with fractional CO2 laser alone. Skin biopsies were taken from the lesions before and after treatment for histopathologic evaluation.

RESULTS:

In group A, a significant excellent improvement of the SD was achieved more than in group B (p = .007) and the mean of improvement was significantly higher (60.33 ± 26.49) than that in group B (43.80 ± 27.43) (p-value = .001). Group A was also associated with a more significant dermal deposition of collagen and elastic fibers.

CONCLUSION:

Combined fractional CO2 laser with PRP was more effective than fractional CO2 laser alone for the treatment of SD.
Retrospective Review of the Laser Removal of Facial Cosmetic Tattoos
Authors: Hartman Nina , Loyal Jameson , Borsack Summer , Goldman Mitchel P. , Boen Monica
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND

Cosmetic facial tattoos have proven difficult to remove despite advancements in laser technology.

OBJECTIVE

Review safety and efficacy of picosecond laser removal of cosmetic facial tattoos.

METHODS & MATERIALS

Retrospective chart review from January 2015 to January 2022 of patients undergoing tattoo removal of facial cosmetic tattoos.

RESULT

A total of 33 patients were included in the review. The average number of treatments to obtain satisfactory results was 3. Sixty 6 percent of subjects were rated as “very much improved” with 76% to 100% of the tattoo removed and 34% of subjects were rated “much improved” with 51% to 75% of the tattoo removed. Thirty percent of subjects experienced unexpected changes in the tattoo color after initial treatment with 1,064-nm picosecond laser.

CONCLUSION

Picosecond laser is an effective and safe treatment for cosmetic tattoos, and it highlights the underreported unmasking of an orange color postlaser treatment that can be successfully treated with a 532-nm PS laser.
Pain Management and Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Sowicz Timothy Joseph , Compton Peggy , Matteliano Deborah , Oliver June , Strobbe Stephen , St. Marie Barbara , Turner Helen N. , Wilson Marian
Published: March 2023

The American Society for Pain Management Nursing and the International Nurses Society on Addictions hold the position that persons with co-occurring pain and substance use disorder have the right to be treated with dignity and respect and receive evidence-based, high-quality assessment and management for both conditions using an integrated, holistic, multidimensional approach. Nonopioid and nonpharmacological approaches to pain management are recommended. Opioids should not be withheld from anyone if necessary to treat pain, and a team-based approach, including pain and addiction specialists, should be utilized when possible. Pain management should include interventions aimed at minimizing the risk for relapse or escalation of problematic substance use and actively involve the person and their support persons in the plan of care. Institutions should establish policies and procedures that support this position statement.
Hospital Experiences of Dignity in People Who Inject Drugs
Authors: Dion Kimberly , Griggs Stephanie , Murray Jordan , Friedman Sarah
Published: March 2023

Background

Dignity is a complex concept necessary for the adequate treatment of patients in the healthcare setting. Autonomy, self-sufficiency, respect, and equality are concepts used to define dignity. Dignity has not been studied in people who inject drugs (PWID).

Objective

This study aimed to determine how PWID maintain or have their dignity threatened during hospitalization in an acute care unit.

Design

The qualitative descriptive study was a deductive thematic analysis of secondary data on PWID experiences with received nursing care. In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted and transcribed verbatim with a constant comparison method for thematic analysis using NVivo. A priori codes of dignity concepts from the literature and dignity scales were used as a guide to examine the nine qualitative transcripts.

Findings

The three most common threats to dignity during hospitalization were lack of equality compared with other patients, not feeling valued as an individual, and not feeling respected by the healthcare workers providing care. The three most common protectors of dignity were feeling respected by healthcare workers, having autonomy in treatment choices, and feeling valued as an individual.

Conclusions

Protecting dignity significantly affects whether PWID are willing to seek healthcare in the hospital setting. Preserving dignity in PWID during their hospitalizations can encourage this population to seek care earlier. Nurses must be experienced in caring for PWID and provide nonjudgmental care for this population.
Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Factors of Nicotine Dependence Among Young Adults in a Rural Community
Authors: Garcia Norayda P. , Gamboa Aldrin Joseph Gio G. , Ganzalino Clynt Marc C. , Garcia Denzel C. , Garcia Gemcee Evan C. , Torres Gian Carlo S.
Published: March 2023

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors of nicotine dependence among young adults in a rural community.

Study Design

A quantitative, predictive–correlational cross-sectional study was done among 190 young adults in a rural community utilizing compact segmental sampling.

Methods

Data were collected from August to October 2018 utilizing a validated robotfoto, adapted determinants of smoking questionnaire, and Fagerström test to assess nicotine dependence. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used in predicting the relationship between the predictors and nicotine dependence.

Results

Reinforcing and enabling factors influenced nicotine dependency. The influence of other relatives (β = .179, p = .023) and radio advertisements (β = −.224, p = .008) as well as availability (access) to cigarettes (β = .228, p = .003) were significant predictors of nicotine dependency in the rural community.

Conclusion

Identified predictors can help form policies that can help address the availability of cigarettes and advertisements (radio) that can influence nicotine dependence among young adults in a rural community. Furthermore, the influence of other relatives (extended family) can be a factor that can increase the development of nicotine dependence.
Psychosexual responses to BRCA gene mutations in women of childbearing age
Authors: Hayes Alexis Elizabeth , Wardell Diane Wind , Engebretson Joan , LoBiondo-Wood Geri , Allicock Marlyn
Published: March 2023

Background:

Diagnosis of a BRCA gene mutation presents a dilemma because life-changing medical decisions must be made to prevent breast and ovarian cancer. There is minimal evidence regarding how psychosexual functioning, psychological well-being with regard to body image and sexuality, affects the decision to have prophylactic treatment in women of childbearing age (WCBA; 18–49 years) with a BRCA gene mutation.

Purpose:

To explore, describe, and interpret the experience of women with a BRCA mutation during the treatment and decision-making process.

Methodology:

A qualitative descriptive design was used to recruit participants online through social media postings and from national and local BRCA support groups. Participants participated in semistructured interviews exploring their experience after BRCA diagnosis. Interpretive descriptive analysis was used to identify themes.

Results:

The purposive sample comprised 18 women aged 21–49 years. Four major themes, such as body image, sexuality, femininity, and childbearing/childrearing, were identified that influenced decisions related to the diagnosis and management of a BRCA mutation. All participants voiced that concerns regarding body image and sexuality caused hesitancy in their decision to have prophylactic surgery. Women who had undergone bilateral prophylactic mastectomy were concerned about the impact of the surgery, scarring, breast disfigurement, and the lack of sensation resulting from surgical intervention.

Conclusions:

Psychosexual concerns arise from internal and external influences that significantly affect the decision to undergo prophylactic measures. Therefore, body image, sexuality, and sexual orientation should all be addressed during the decision-making process.

Implications:

Provider communication and preparation for realistic surgical outcomes can be improved to assist WCBA throughout the decision-making process and enhance psychosexual functioning.
Use of Image Guidance During Pediatric Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Cannulation: A Survey of the American Pediatric Surgical Association
Authors: Robertson Jason O. , Shanaz Hossain Mir , Khan Faraz A. , Cass Darrell L.
Published: March 2023

This study evaluated practices for image guidance during placement of bicaval dual-lumen (BCDL) venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) cannulas in pediatric and adolescent patients and elucidates reasoning behind surgeon practices. A survey covering VV-ECMO practice and opinions was distributed by the American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA) to all attending members. A total of 110 pediatric surgeons responded (11.3%). During initial BCDL cannula placement, 67.7% of surgeons reported using bimodal imaging with either fluoroscopy (38.4%) or x-ray (29.3%) plus echocardiography. Although 37.4% of surgeons used serial x-rays during cannula placement, only 5.9% believed it was best practice to do so (P < 0.0001). Rather, 60.4% believed that fluoroscopy was the standard. Among surgeons not using fluoroscopy, 27.6% (13.3% of respondents) reported fluoroscopy added unnecessary complexity or that they preferred another modality. More frequently, reasons for not using fluoroscopy are related to resource limitations. Echocardiography use to confirm cannula position was considered best practice by 92.1% of surgeons, with 86.9% utilization. Therefore, most pediatric surgeons use multimodal imaging during cannulation and consider it best practice. Fluoroscopy is preferred, but its use is frequently limited by hospital resources. Echocardiography is widely available and used. These data represent increased consensus among surgeons and present opportunities for modernization of hospital resources and standards.
The Relationship Between Patient Safety Culture and the Intentions of the Nursing Staff to Report a Near-Miss Event During the COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Idilbi Nasra , Dokhi Mohanad , Malka-Zeevi Helena , Rashkovits Sarit
Published: March 2023

Background:

Reporting a near-miss event has been associated with better patient safety culture.

Purpose:

To examine the relationship between patient safety culture and nurses' intention to report a near-miss event during COVID-19, and factors predicting that intention.

Methods:

This mixed-methods study was conducted in a tertiary medical center during the fourth COVID-19 waves in 2020-2021 among 199 nurses working in COVID-19–dedicated departments.

Results:

Mean perception of patient safety culture was low overall. Although 77.4% of nurses intended to report a near-miss event, only 20.1% actually did. Five factors predicted nurses' intention to report a near-miss event; the model explains 20% of the variance. Poor departmental organization can adversely affect the intention to report a near-miss event.

Conclusions:

Organizational learning, teamwork between hospital departments, transfers between departments, and departmental disorganization can affect intention to report a near-miss event and adversely affect patient safety culture during a health crisis.
Factors Influencing Implementation Success of the Clinical Nurse Leader Care Delivery Model
Authors: Bender Miriam , Williams Marjory , Chandler Gianna
Published: March 2023

Background:

The clinical nurse leader (CNL) care model has existed since 2007. However, there is limited understanding how the model can best be implemented.

Purpose:

A validated CNL Practice Survey measuring domains theorized to influence CNL implementation was used to examine the link between CNL domains and CNL implementation success.

Methods:

Mixed methods were used to analyze data from a nationwide 2015 survey administered to clinicians and administrators involved in CNL initiatives.

Results:

Of total respondents (n = 920), 543 (59%) provided success scores, with 349 (38%) providing comments. Respondents with negative comments gave significantly lower average CNL success scores. The majority of negative comments mapped onto Readiness and Structuring domains, providing details of barriers to CNL implementation success.

Conclusions:

Findings provide information about structural domains that can be strategically targeted to better prepare settings for CNL implementation and success.
Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis
Authors: Yüceler Kaçmaz Hatice , Kaplan Özlem , Kaplan Ali , Şahin Merve Gül , Cetinkaya Ali , Avci Atıl
Published: March 2023

Background:

Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) is a major concern among hospitals, especially in intensive care units (ICUs).

Purpose:

To describe ICU nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and practices of IAD and to examine the relationships with IAD prevalence in the ICU setting.

Methods:

A descriptive correlational design was used including the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis Questionnaire and 1-month IAD prevalence data.

Results:

The prevalence of IAD in ICUs was 6.89%. A positive correlation was found between IAD prevalence and nurses' IAD knowledge and attitudes. Nurses working in the ICU for more than 7 years, caring for patients at high risk for or having IAD, and thinking IAD-related nursing practices were sufficient had significantly higher IAD knowledge, attitudes, and practices.

Conclusions:

Findings indicate that ICU nurses learned about IAD through clinical experience and have inadequate training on IAD. A standardized evidence-based care protocol for IAD should be developed.
Improving trunk postural control facilitates walking in children with cerebral palsy: a pilot study
Authors: Yan Shijun , Park Seoung Hoon , Keefer Renee , Dee Weena , Rojas Ana-Marie , Rymer William Zev , Wu Ming
Published: March 2023

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of bilateral trunk support during walking on trunk and leg kinematics and neuromuscular responses in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Design

Fourteen children with spastic CP (GMFCS level I to III) participated in this study. Children walked on a treadmill under 4 different conditions, i.e., without support (BASELINE), with bilateral support applied to the upper trunk (UTS), the lower trunk (LTS), and combined upper and lower trunk (CTS). The trunk and leg kinematics and muscle activity were recorded.

Results

Providing bilateral support to the trunk had a significant impact on the displacement of the pelvis and trunk (p < 0.003) during walking. Children’s weaker leg showed greater step length (p = 0.032) and step height (p = 0.012) in CTS compared to BASELINE, and greater step length in UTS (p = 0.02) and CTS (p = 0.022) compared to LTS. Changes in soleus EMG activity during stance phase of gait mirrored the changes in step length across all conditions.

Conclusion

Providing bilateral upper or combined upper and lower trunk support during walking may induce improvements in gait performance, which may be due to improved pelvis kinematics. Improving trunk postural control may facilitate walking in children with CP.
Evaluation of Facial Trauma Scars After Treating by Refining Plastic Surgery Techniques: A Follow-Up Study
Authors: Wu Yibing , Hua Zuguang , Xiang Yang , Zhu Shengqian , Chen Weiwei , Wei Peng
Published: March 2023

Background:

Although early debridement and refining plastic surgery techniques have been shown to be effective in the treatment of facial scars after trauma, their postoperative outcomes have not been quantitatively evaluated by the relevant Scar Cosmesis Assessment and Rating (SCAR) Scale. This study was designed to provide a fair assessment of the appearance and local symptoms of scars after treatment by refining plastic surgery techniques and to share the operational skills of surgical repairs.

Patients and Methods:

Patients who received refining plastic surgery techniques were followed up, and facial scars were taken as high-definition photos, which were presented to 6 professional observers, 6 lay observers, and patients themselves to score the facial scars, including: scar spread, erythema, dyspigmentation, track marks or suture marks, hypertrophy/atrophy, itch and pain according to the SCAR.

Results:

There were 56 patients who met the inclusion criteria and 25 agreed to participate in the study. No hypertrophic scar was found, and all patients were satisfied with the scar control effect. The scores showed that the treatment was achieved good results in scar spread (pro group: 0.85±0.55, lay group: 0.96±0.68, patients: 0.92±0.64), erythema (pro group: 0.34±0.26, lay group: 0.45±0.37, patients: 0.32±0.48), hypertrophy/atrophy (pro group: 0.21±0.27, lay group: 0.21±0.31, patients: 0.32±0.48), and there was no significant difference in the scores of the 3 observation groups (P>0.05). However, it is difficult to eliminate dyspigmentation (pro group: 0.29±0.26, lay group: 0.30±0.30, patients: 0.40±0.50), track marks or suture marks (pro group: 0.45±0.33, lay group: 0.59±0.30, patients: 0.36±0.49). Two (8%) patients complained of itch and 1 (4%) patient complained of both itch and pain in the past 24 hours.

Conclusions:

The appearance of facial scars is satisfactory, the local symptoms are mild, and the evaluation among different aesthetics is affirmative after receiving refining plastic surgery techniques, which is just in line with the purpose of seeking beauty for the patients, and meanwhile can provide a good foundation for the comprehensive treatment of late scars, so that the treatment plan should be promoted.
ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARLY SERUM PHOSPHATE LEVELS AND SHORT-TERM MORTALITY IN SEPTIC PATIENTS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY BASED ON MIMIC-IV
Authors: Xu Xin , Zhang Litao , Liu Wei , Li Suyan , Zhao Qian , Hua Ranliang , Xu Ning , Guo Hui , Zhao Heling
Published: March 2023

Objective: The aim of the study is to explore the impact of early serum phosphate levels on the prognosis of critically ill patients with sepsis. Methods: In this retrospective large cohort study, data of patients with sepsis were obtained from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV database. Patients were retrospectively divided into a control group and three study groups according to their daily serum phosphate levels within 2 days of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. A Cox regression model was used to evaluate the association between serum phosphate levels and 28-day morbidity. Results: This study included 9,691 patients diagnosed with sepsis. During the first 2 days of ICU admission, patients with hyperphosphatemia in either of the 2 days had higher 28-day mortality, while patients in the hypophosphatemia group had lower 28-day mortality (first day, 32.9% vs. 16.3%; second day, 36.3% vs. 14.7%). After adjusting for potential confounders, hyperphosphatemia was significantly associated with 28-day mortality; however, only hypophosphatemia on the second day was independently associated with reduced 28-day mortality. After stratification in the hypophosphatemia group, subgroup analysis showed that only the association between the mild hypophosphatemia group and 28-day mortality reached statistical significance (hazard ratio = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.65–0.89, P = 0.001). Conclusions: Mild hypophosphatemia might improve the short-term prognosis of patients with sepsis, and hyperphosphatemia is an independent risk factor for the outcomes of septic patients. After ICU admission, the serum phosphate levels on the second day had a better independent correlation with 28-day mortality, which prompted us to reconsider the optimal timing of phosphate evaluation.
TMA in Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Imanifard Zahra , Liguori Lucia , Remuzzi Giuseppe
Published: March 2023

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a rare and devastating complication of kidney transplantation, which often leads to graft failure. Posttransplant TMA (PT-TMA) may occur either de novo or as a recurrence of the disease. De novo TMA can be triggered by immunosuppressant drugs, antibody-mediated rejection, viral infections, and ischemia/reperfusion injury in patients with no evidence of the disease before transplantation. Recurrent TMA may occur in the kidney grafts of patients with a history of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) in the native kidneys. Studies have shown that some patients with aHUS carry genetic abnormalities that affect genes that code for complement regulators (CFH, MCP, CFI) and components (C3 and CFB), whereas in 10% of patients (mostly children), anti-FH autoantibodies have been reported. The incidence of aHUS recurrence is determined by the underlying genetic or acquired complement abnormality. Although treatment of the causative agents is usually the first line of treatment for de novo PT-TMA, this approach might be insufficient. Plasma exchange typically resolves hematologic abnormalities but does not improve kidney function. Targeted complement inhibition is an effective treatment for recurrent TMA and may be effective in de novo PT-TMA as well, but it is necessary to establish which patients can benefit from different therapeutic options and when and how these can be applied.
Margaret Bryan: Newly Discovered Biographical Information about the Author of
A Compendious System of Astronomy
(1797)
Authors: Girolami Gregory S.
Published: March 2023

This paper gives the results of a successful search to uncover new biographical details about Margaret Bryan, the English author of several textbooks intended to educate young women:
A compendious system of astronomy
(editions in 1797, 1799 and 1805),
Lectures on natural philosophy
(1806) and
Astronomical and geographical class book for schools
(1815). Among the hitherto unknown information collected from contemporary wills, parish records, civil records and newspapers in England are the names of her parents and other family members, the year and place of her baptism, the year and place of her marriage, the names of her husband and two daughters and a possible year and place of her death.
The lipid linked oligosaccharide polymerase Wzy and its regulating co-polymerase, Wzz, from enterobacterial common antigen biosynthesis form a complex
Authors: Weckener Miriam , Woodward Laura S. , Clarke Bradley R. , Liu Huanting , Ward Philip N. , Le Bas Audrey , Bhella David , Whitfield Chris , Naismith James H.
Published: March 2023

The enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) is a carbohydrate polymer that is associated with the cell envelope in the
Enterobacteriaceae
. ECA contains a repeating trisaccharide which is polymerized by WzyE, a member of the Wzy membrane protein polymerase superfamily. WzyE activity is regulated by a membrane protein polysaccharide co-polymerase, WzzE. Förster resonance energy transfer experiments demonstrate that WzyE and WzzE from
Pectobacterium atrosepticum
form a complex
in vivo
, and immunoblotting and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis confirm a defined stoichiometry of approximately eight WzzE to one WzyE. Low-resolution cryo-EM reconstructions of the complex, aided by an antibody recognizing the C-terminus of WzyE, reveals WzyE sits in the central membrane lumen formed by the octameric arrangement of the transmembrane helices of WzzE. The pairing of Wzy and Wzz is found in polymerization systems for other bacterial polymers, including lipopolysaccharide O-antigens and capsular polysaccharides. The data provide new structural insight into a conserved mechanism for regulating polysaccharide chain length in bacteria.
A probabilistic model for aircraft in climb using monotonic functional Gaussian process emulators
Authors: Pepper Nick , Thomas Marc , De Ath George , Olivier Enrico , Cannon Richard , Everson Richard , Dodwell Tim
Published: March 2023

Ensuring vertical separation is a key means of maintaining safe separation between aircraft in congested airspace. Aircraft trajectories are modelled in the presence of significant epistemic uncertainty, leading to discrepancies between observed trajectories and the predictions of deterministic models, hampering the task of planning to ensure safe separation. In this paper, a probabilistic model is presented, for the purpose of emulating the trajectories of aircraft in climb and bounding the uncertainty of the predicted trajectory. A monotonic, functional representation exploits the spatio-temporal correlations in the radar observations. Through the use of Gaussian process emulators, features that parameterize the climb are mapped directly to functional outputs, providing a fast approximation, while ensuring that the resulting trajectory is monotonic. The model was applied as a probabilistic digital twin for aircraft in climb and baselined against the base of aircraft data, a deterministic model widely used in industry. When applied to an unseen test dataset, the probabilistic model was found to provide a mean prediction that was 20.56% more accurate, as measured by the mean absolute error, with data-driven credible intervals that were9.54% sharper.
Coexistence times in the Moran process with environmental heterogeneity
Authors: Svoboda Jakub , Tkadlec Josef , Kaveh Kamran , Chatterjee Krishnendu
Published: March 2023

Populations evolve in spatially heterogeneous environments. While a certain trait might bring a fitness advantage in some patch of the environment, a different trait might be advantageous in another patch. Here, we study the Moran birth–death process with two types of individuals in a population stretched across two patches of size

N

, each patch favouring one of the two types. We show that the long-term fate of such populations crucially depends on the migration rate

μ

between the patches. To classify the possible fates, we use the distinction between polynomial (short) and exponential (long) timescales. We show that when

μ

is high then one of the two types fixates on the whole population after a number of steps that is only polynomial in

N

. By contrast, when

μ

is low then each type holds majority in the patch where it is favoured for a number of steps that is at least exponential in

N

. Moreover, we precisely identify the threshold migration rate

μ
⋆

that separates those two scenarios, thereby exactly delineating the situations that support long-term coexistence of the two types. We also discuss the case of various cycle graphs and we present computer simulations that perfectly match our analytical results.
Neutral processes underlying the macro eco-evolutionary dynamics of mixed-ploidy systems
Authors: Kauai Felipe , Mortier Frederik , Milosavljevic Silvija , Van de Peer Yves , Bonte Dries
Published: March 2023

Polyploidy, i.e. the occurrence of multiple sets of chromosomes, is regarded as an important phenomenon in plant ecology and evolution, with all flowering plants likely having a polyploid ancestry. Owing to genome shock, minority cytotype exclusion and reduced fertility, polyploids emerging in diploid populations are expected to face significant challenges to successful establishment. Their establishment and persistence are often explained by possible fitness or niche differences that would relieve the competitive pressure with diploid progenitors. Experimental evidence for such advantages is, however, not unambiguous, and considerable niche overlap exists among most polyploid species and their diploid counterparts. Here, we develop a neutral spatially explicit eco-evolutionary model to understand whether neutral processes can explain the eco-evolutionary patterns of polyploids. We present a general mechanism for polyploid establishment by showing that sexually reproducing organisms assemble in space in an iterative manner, reducing frequency-dependent mating disadvantages and overcoming potential reduced fertility issues. Moreover, we construct a mechanistic theoretical framework that allows us to understand the long-term evolution of mixed-ploidy populations and show that our model is remarkably consistent with recent phylogenomic estimates of species extinctions in the Brassicaceae family.
Shared reproductive disruption, not neural crest or tameness, explains the domestication syndrome
Authors: Gleeson Ben Thomas , Wilson Laura A. B.
Published: March 2023

Altered neural crest cell (NCC) behaviour is an increasingly cited explanation for the domestication syndrome in animals. However, recent authors have questioned this explanation, while others cast doubt on whether domestication syndrome even exists. Here, we review published literature concerning this syndrome and the NCC hypothesis, together with recent critiques of both. We synthesize these contributions and propose a novel interpretation, arguing shared trait changes under ancient domestication resulted primarily from shared disruption of wild reproductive regimes. We detail four primary selective pathways for ‘reproductive disruption' under domestication and contrast these succinct and demonstrable mechanisms with cryptic genetic associations posited by the NCC hypothesis. In support of our perspective, we illustrate numerous important ways in which NCCs contribute to vertebrate reproductive phenotypes, and argue it is not surprising that features derived from these cells would be coincidentally altered under major selective regime changes, as occur in domestication. We then illustrate several pertinent examples of Darwin's ‘unconscious selection' in action, and compare applied selection and phenotypic responses in each case. Lastly, we explore the ramifications of reproductive disruption for wider evolutionary discourse, including links to wild ‘self-domestication' and ‘island effect’, and discuss outstanding questions.
Influence of upwelling on coral reef benthic communities: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Spring Danielle L. , Williams Gareth J.
Published: March 2023

Highly competitive coral reef benthic communities are acutely sensitive to changes in environmental parameters such as temperature and nutrient concentrations. Physical oceanographic processes that induce upwelling therefore act as drivers of community structure on tropical reefs. How upwelling impacts coral communities, however, is not fully understood; upwelling may provide a natural buffer against climate impacts and could potentially enhance the efficacy of spatial management and reef conservation efforts. This study employed a systematic review to assess existing literature linking upwelling with reef community structure, and a meta-analysis to quantify upwelling impact on the percentage cover of coral reef benthic groups. We show that upwelling has context-dependant effects on the cover of hard coral and fleshy macroalgae, with effect size and direction varying with depth, region and remoteness. Fleshy macroalgae were found to increase by 110% on inhabited reefs yet decrease by 56% around one well-studied remote island in response to upwelling. Hard coral cover was not significantly impacted by upwelling on inhabited reefs but increased by 150% when direct local human pressures were absent. By synthesizing existing evidence, this review facilitates adaptive and nuanced reef management which considers the influence of upwelling on reef assemblages.
Sex-biased infections scale to population impacts for an emerging wildlife disease
Authors: Kailing Macy J. , Hoyt Joseph R. , White J. Paul , Kaarakka Heather M. , Redell Jennifer A. , Leon Ariel E. , Rocke Tonie E. , DePue John E. , Scullon William H. , Parise Katy L. , Foster Jeffrey T. , Kilpatrick A. Marm , Langwig Kate E.
Published: March 2023

Demographic factors are fundamental in shaping infectious disease dynamics. Aspects of populations that create structure, like age and sex, can affect patterns of transmission, infection intensity and population outcomes. However, studies rarely link these processes from individual to population-scale effects. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying demographic differences in disease are frequently unclear. Here, we explore sex-biased infections for a multi-host fungal disease of bats, white-nose syndrome, and link disease-associated mortality between sexes, the distortion of sex ratios and the potential mechanisms underlying sex differences in infection. We collected data on host traits, infection intensity and survival of five bat species at 42 sites across seven years. We found females were more infected than males for all five species. Females also had lower apparent survival over winter and accounted for a smaller proportion of populations over time. Notably, female-biased infections were evident by early hibernation and likely driven by sex-based differences in autumn mating behaviour. Male bats were more active during autumn which likely reduced replication of the cool-growing fungus. Higher disease impacts in female bats may have cascading effects on bat populations beyond the hibernation season by limiting recruitment and increasing the risk of Allee effects.
Seneca Valley virus enters cells through multiple pathways and traffics intracellularly via the endolysosomal pathway
Authors: Liu Wenqiang , Shang Xianfei , Wen Wei , Ren Xujiao , Qin Liuxing , Li Xiangmin , Qian Ping
Published: March 2023

Seneca Valley virus (SVV, also known as Senecavirus A), an oncolytic virus, is a nonenveloped, positive-strand RNA virus and the sole member of the genus Senecavirus within the family Picornaviridae. The mechanisms of SVV entry into cells are currently almost unknown. In the present study, we found that SVV entry into HEK293T cells is acidic pH-dependent by using ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and chloroquine, both of which could inhibit SVV infection. We confirmed that dynamin II is required for SVV entry by using dynasore, silencing the dynamin II protein, or expressing the dominant-negative (DN) K44A mutant of dynamin II. Then, we discovered that chlorpromazine (CPZ) treatment or knockdown of the clathrin heavy chain (CLTC) protein significantly inhibited SVV infection. In addition, overexpression of CLTC promoted SVV infection. Caveolin-1 and membrane cholesterol were also required for SVV endocytosis. Notably, utilizing genistein, EIPA or nocodazole, we observed that macropinocytosis and microtubules are not involved in SVV entry. Furthermore, overexpression of the Rab7 and Rab9 proteins but not the Rab5 or Rab11 proteins promoted SVV infection. The findings were further validated by the knockdown of four Rabs and Lamp1 proteins, indicating that after internalization, SVV is transported from late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) or lysosomes, respectively, eventually releasing its RNA into the cytosol from the lysosomes. Our findings concretely revealed SVV endocytosis mechanisms in HEK293T cells and provided an insightful theoretical foundation for further research into SVV oncolytic mechanisms.
Thalamic neurons drive distinct forms of motor asymmetry that are conserved in teleost and dependent on visual evolution
Authors: Starkey Jacob , Hageter John , Kozol Rob , Emmerich Kevin , Mumm Jeff S. , Duboué Erik R. , Horstick Eric J.
Published: March 2023

Brain laterality is a prominent feature in Bilateria, where neural functions are favored in a single brain hemisphere. These hemispheric specializations are thought to improve behavioral performance and are commonly observed as sensory or motor asymmetries, such as handedness in humans. Despite its prevalence, our understanding of the neural and molecular substrates instructing functional lateralization is limited. Moreover, how functional lateralization is selected for or modulated throughout evolution is poorly understood. While comparative approaches offer a powerful tool for addressing this question, a major obstacle has been the lack of a conserved asymmetric behavior in genetically tractable organisms. Previously, we described a robust motor asymmetry in larval zebrafish. Following the loss of illumination, individuals show a persistent turning bias that is associated with search pattern behavior with underlying functional lateralization in the thalamus. This behavior permits a simple yet robust assay that can be used to address fundamental principles underlying lateralization in the brain across taxa. Here, we take a comparative approach and show that motor asymmetry is conserved across diverse larval teleost species, which have diverged over the past 200 million years. Using a combination of transgenic tools, ablation, and enucleation, we show that teleosts exhibit two distinct forms of motor asymmetry, vision-dependent and - independent. These asymmetries are directionally uncorrelated, yet dependent on the same subset of thalamic neurons. Lastly, we leverageAstyanaxsighted and blind morphs, which show that fish with evolutionarily derived blindness lack both retinal-dependent and -independent motor asymmetries, while their sighted surface conspecifics retained both forms. Our data implicate that overlapping sensory systems and neuronal substrates drive functional lateralization in a vertebrate brain that are likely targets for selective modulation during evolution.
Faculty participation in open access repositories (OARs) based on their individual traits
Authors: Tmava Ahmet Meti , Ryza Sara
Published: March 2023

Purpose

The number of open access repositories (OARs) has been growing globally, but faculty members have been reluctant to embrace OAR and submit their work. While there are studies that looked at sociotechnical factors that affect faculty participation in OARs, this study aims to explore how the individual characteristics of faculty might impact faculty willingness to deposit their work in an OAR.

Design/methodology/approach

The survey was distributed to all faculty at a large public university in the USA who were identified as having their primary job responsibilities in teaching and research. This study used a correlational analysis between faculty individual characteristics (i.e. age, rank, status and academic discipline) and their willingness to deposit their work.

Findings

The findings show that there is a difference in faculty familiarity with open access (OA) principles and faculty awareness of OA policy based on individual characteristics. Furthermore, these individual characteristics have a significant impact on faculty willingness to participate in OARs. While this study reveals a significant correlation between the faculty intent to deposit and the respondent’s academic discipline, rank and status, there are other factors that affect faculty intent to participate in OAR, such as familiarity with OA principles and awareness of institution’s OA Policy.

Research limitations/implications

There were no significant responses from the Colleges of Science or Health and Public Service and, therefore, did not yield any statistically significant results. Measuring the university’s promotion system was outside the scope of this research.

Practical implications

Results of this research can provide insight on how individual characteristics of faculty might impact their willingness to embrace OA publishing in general and OARs in particular.

Social implications

The findings from this research will be a valuable source of information for librarians and OA staff in developing more effective outreach programs to increase faculty participation in OA and OARs.

Originality/value

This study reveals that individual faculty traits do have an impact on faculty willingness to participate in OARs. The academic discipline was found to make the most significant difference in faculty intent to deposit their work in an OAR. However, due to the ever-changing landscape of OA publishing and the ongoing outreach efforts by librarians, the faculty members’ perception and participation in OARs is likely to evolve.
The development of the sustainable innovation capabilities construct using grounded theory: evidence from Chinese equipment manufacturers
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhang Yi , Chen Shuguang
Published: March 2023

Purpose

Influenced by factors such as fluctuations in market supply and demand and the rapid development of new technologies, manufacturing companies are facing greater challenges to transform and upgrade. The existing relevant studies about sustainable innovation capabilities mostly focus on classification of innovation or from a static resource-based view and less on quantitative measurement from a dynamic perspective and inter-organizational relationships. This paper takes a dynamic capabilities and social capital theory, explore the concept and dimensions of sustainable innovation capabilities and then makes development of a new scale.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies to develop a measure of sustainable innovation capabilities in two studies. Grounded theory methodology is used to explore the concept definition and dimensions of sustainable innovation capabilities. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis are conducted to refine and validate the factor structure, and then the authors developed the sustainable innovation capabilities scale.

Findings

The results show that sustainable innovation capabilities composed of ideation capabilities, opportunity capture capabilities, agile learning, creative inheritance and networking capabilities. The sustainable innovation capabilities that firms should possess are reflected at the firm level and inter-organizational relationship level, and the culture-specific dimension of creative inheritance reflects the influence of national and organizational culture.

Originality/value

The research reveals the internal driving force of the manufacturer's sustainable innovation capabilities, as well as the role and uniqueness embodied in the specific culture, providing a new perspective for improving the manufacturer's sustainable innovation capabilities.
Generativity development among college students who mentor: a sequential multimethod quantitative study
Authors: Sunderman Hannah M. , Hastings Lindsay J.
Published: March 2023

Purpose

Generativity, defined as care for the next generation, is a hallmark of developmental theory (Erikson, 1950). Mentoring is an antecedent to generativity (Doerwald et al., 2021), with college students who mentor demonstrating higher generativity than their peers (Hastings et al., 2015). Yet no research has studied generativity development longitudinally among college students who mentor. This paper aims to discuss the aforementioned issue.

Design/methodology/approach

Using MANCOVA analyses, Study 1 (N = 91) cross-sectionally examined the influence of years spent mentoring on generativity levels among college students who mentor in the USA. Study 2 (N = 44) employed growth curve analyses (GCA) in multilevel modeling (MLM) to analyze longitudinal changes in generativity over three timepoints, each one year apart, while accounting for the influence of gender.

Findings

Although the results of the MANCOVA analyses in Study 1 were nonsignificant, Study 2 revealed a significant and positive increase in generative behavior. Specifically, generative behavior (e.g. teaching a skill or serving as a role model; McAdams and de St. Aubin, 1992) increased by 3.26 points, indicating that participants may have moved, for example, from performing a generative behavior never during the past two months to performing it more than once.

Originality/value

The current study advances the fields of college student development and mentoring by arguing for the utilization of mentoring interventions among college students to increase generativity and calling for changes to generativity measurement among collegiate populations.
Surfing with the tides: how digitalization creates firm performance through supply chain entrainment
Authors: Yu Wantao , Wong Chee Yew , Chavez Roberto , Jacobs Mark
Published: March 2023

Purpose

Digitally oriented firms are faced with new opportunities and risks in today’s ever-changing world. Drawing upon organisational entrainment theory, this study investigates how supply chain (SC) entrainment improves the effects of digital orientation on firm performance through absorbing risks and exploiting opportunities.

Design/methodology/approach

Survey data were collected from 307 Chinese manufactures and analysed using structural equation modelling and regression analysis.

Findings

The results show digital orientation absorbs risk through evoking three SC entrainment dimensions (i.e. internal entrainment, entrainment with customers and entrainment with suppliers). Entrainment with customers and suppliers mediate the relationship between internal entrainment and firm performance. An opportunity exploitation mechanism is evidenced by the moderating effects of internal and external entrainment on the relationship between digital orientation and firm performance.

Practical implications

The empirical findings provide timely insights for managers to fully harness the benefits of digital orientation by using SC entrainment, i.e. to match the tempo and pace of internal and external cyclical activities to reduce the risks and increase the benefits of adopting advanced digital technologies. The authors show managers how to adjust their organization’s actions to keep tempo and synchronous phase with their SC partners.

Originality/value

The study introduces and conceptualizes a construct (i.e. SC entrainment) to understand how risks and opportunities arising from digital transformation can be addressed to maximize the value of advanced digital technologies.