bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of extracellular matrix proteoglycans in immune cell recruitment
Authors: Gray Anna L. , Pun Nabina , Ridley Amanda J. L. , Dyer Douglas P.
Published: January 2022

Leucocyte recruitment is a critical component of the immune response and is central to our ability to fight infection. Paradoxically, leucocyte recruitment is also a central component of inflammatory‐based diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis and cancer. The role of the extracellular matrix, in particular proteoglycans, in this process has been largely overlooked. Proteoglycans consist of protein cores with glycosaminoglycan sugar side chains attached. Proteoglycans have been shown to bind and regulate the function of a number of proteins, for example chemokines, and also play a key structural role in the local tissue environment/niche. Whilst they have been implicated in leucocyte recruitment and inflammatory disease, their mechanistic function has yet to be fully understood, precluding therapeutic targeting. This review summarizes what is currently known about the role of proteoglycans in the different stages of leucocyte recruitment and proposes a number of areas where more research is needed. A better understanding of the mechanistic role of proteoglycans during inflammatory disease will inform the development of next‐generation therapeutics.
Resilience, robustness, and antifragility: Towards an appreciation of distinct organizational responses to adversity
Authors: Munoz Albert , Billsberry Jon , Ambrosini Véronique
Published: January 2022

Hillmann and Guenther provide an extensive review of research into organizational resilience in which they examine the different conceptualisations of the concept and their associated measurement scales. Their article emphasises stability, rather than other domains such as growth, as core to organizational resilience. We argue that this emphasis does not acknowledge the overlap between resilience and associated but distinctly different concepts like robustness and antifragility as observable phenomena in organizational responses to adversity. To extend Hillmann and Guenther's work, we therefore conceptually contrast resilience with robustness and antifragility so that future research might craft a more nuanced understanding of the presence of all three concepts in management research, which is currently dominated by resilience.
Infants' visual exploration strategies for adult and child faces
Authors: Conte Stefania , Baccolo Elisa , Bulf Hermann , Proietti Valentina , Macchi Cassia Viola
Published: January 2022

By the end of the first year of life, infants' discrimination abilities tune to frequently experienced face groups. Little is known about the exploration strategies adopted to efficiently discriminate frequent, familiar face types. The present eye‐tracking study examined the distribution of visual fixations produced by 10‐month‐old and 4‐month‐old singletons while learning adult (i.e., familiar) and child (i.e., unfamiliar) White faces. Infants were tested in an infant‐controlled visual habituation task, in which post‐habituation preference measured successful discrimination. Results confirmed earlier evidence that, without sibling experience, 10‐month‐olds discriminate only among adult faces. Analyses of gaze movements during habituation showed that infants' fixations were centered in the upper part of the stimuli. The mouth was sampled longer in adult faces than in child faces, while the child eyes were sampled longer and more frequently than the adult eyes. At 10 months, but not at 4 months, global measures of scanning behavior on the whole face also varied according to face age, as the spatiotemporal distribution of scan paths showed larger within‐ and between‐participants similarity for adult faces than for child faces. Results are discussed with reference to the perceptual narrowing literature, and the influence of age‐appropriate developmental tasks on infants' face processing abilities.
Effectiveness of calcaneal osteotomy in surgical treatment of foot conditions: A Prisma statement guidelines compliant systematic review
Authors: López‐López Daniel , Larrainzar‐Garijo Ricardo , Becerro‐de‐Bengoa‐Vallejo Ricardo , Losa‐Iglesias Marta Elena , Bayod‐López Javier
Published: January 2022

Calcaneal osteotomy is a commonly established method used to correct various foot malalignment surgery problems that produce varus and valgus hindfoot abnormality as well as Haglund's deformity, cavovarus foot reconstruction, flatfoot deformity, plantar fasciitis, posterior tibial tendon insufficiency and planovalgus foot. After decades, several procedures in orthopaedic foot surgery have been suggested for reducing the risk of wound and neurovascular complications. The goal of this Prisma statement guidelines compliant systematic review was to establish the effectiveness and safety of calcaneal osteotomy in foot surgery. We have performed a novel systematic review of the current published literature in order to evaluate the scientific evidence now available on this association, assigning predefined exclusion and inclusion criteria. Eight investigations were selected which had 191 cases. The adult flatfoot, tibialis posterior reconstruction and cavovarus foot deformity were treated with different procedures of calcaneal osteotomy techniques. The adequate level of effectiveness of calcaneal osteotomy is associated with the kind and location of the incision, with or without screw application, in each specific foot condition. There is a limited number of scientific investigations of the effectiveness and safety of the different kinds of calcaneal osteotomy in foot surgery, and there is the need to enhance outcome knowledge on this foot surgery technique.
Exploring the therapeutic relationship through the reflective practice of nurses in acute mental health units: A qualitative study
Authors: Tolosa‐Merlos Diana , Moreno‐Poyato Antonio R. , González‐Palau Francesca , Pérez‐Toribio Alonso , Casanova‐Garrigós Georgina , Delgado‐Hito Pilar ,   MiRTCIME.CAT Working Group
Published: January 2022

Aims and objectives

To explore the therapeutic relationship through the reflective practice of nurses in acute mental health units.

Background

In mental health units, the therapeutic relationship is especially relevant for increasing the effectiveness of nursing interventions. Reflective practice is considered an essential aspect for improving nursing care.

Design

Action and observation stages of a participatory action research project.

Methods

Data were collected through reflective diaries designed for the guided description and reflection of practice interactions related to the therapeutic relationship and content analysis was applied. A total of 152 nurses from 18 acute mental health units participated. The COREQ guidelines were used.

Results

The results were classified into three categories as follows: (i) Nursing attitude as a core of the therapeutic relationship. For the nurses, the attitudinal component was key in the therapeutic relationship. (ii) Nursing practices that are essential to the therapeutic relationship. Nurses identified practices such as creating a conducive environment, using an appropriate verbal approach, offering help and working together with the patient as essential for establishing a therapeutic relationship in practice. (iii) Contextual factors affecting the therapeutic relationship. The nurses considered the patient's condition, the care dynamics of the unit and its regulations, as well as the structure and environment of the unit, as contextual factors involved the establishment of an adequate therapeutic relationship in daily clinical practice.

Conclusions

This study has provided knowledge of the importance and role of the nurses' attitude in the context of the nurse–patient therapeutic relationship based on the reflections of nurses in mental health units regarding their own practice.

Relevance to clinical practice

These findings help nurses to increase awareness and develop improvement strategies based on their own knowledge and day‐to‐day difficulties. Moreover, managers can evaluate strategies that promote motivation and facilitate the involvement of nurses to improve the therapeutic relationship with patients.
Transiently elevated D‐dimer levels post‐concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy cannot be used to predict deep vein thrombosis‐pulmonary embolism
Authors: Sone Kenbun , Taguchi Ayumi , Kawata Akira , Eguchi Satoko , Miyamoto Yuichiro , Tanikawa Michihiro , Uchino‐Mori Mayuyo , Iriyama Takayuki , Tsuruga Tetsushi , Osuga Yutaka
Published: January 2022

Aim

Cell‐free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy (CART) is useful for treating malignant ascites. We have previously experienced cases with no DVT‐PE despite a marked elevation in D‐dimer post‐CART. In this study, we assessed the changes in the D‐dimer levels in patients who received CART and investigated the association between elevated D‐dimer levels and occurrence of DVT‐PE.

Methods

We performed an observational retrospective analysis of patients with gynecological malignancies treated with CART between March 2018 and April 2021. The selected patients had their D‐dimer levels measured before and post‐CART. The presence or absence of clinical DVT‐PE findings was then examined, and contrast‐enhanced computed tomography was performed using a DVT protocol in some cases.

Results

Eleven patients received 17 CART procedures in this study. Patients of 16 procedures (94.1%) showed a significant elevation in D‐dimer levels on day 1 post‐CART. Changes in D‐dimer levels were monitored in these patients of 16 procedures. In all 16 cases, the D‐dimer levels decreased after day 2 post‐CART. Only one patient, who presented with respiratory failure, out of the patients of 16 procedures (6.2%) with elevated D‐dimer levels on day 1 had PE.

Conclusions

D‐dimer elevation after CART is likely to be transient and a false‐positive. None of the patients in this study had PE if they were asymptomatic after CART, there is no need to strongly suspect PE only by D‐dimer elevation. In conclusion, D‐dimer measurement immediately post‐CART is not helpful in predicting the diagnosis of DVT‐PE.
Transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery for ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Ozceltik Gokay , Simsek Deniz , Hortu Ismet , Yeniel Ahmet O. , Itil Ismail M.
Published: January 2022

Aims

This study aims to describe our transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES) technique for ectopic pregnancy that can be performed using conventional laparoscopic equipment with the addition of a self‐constructed pessary port and to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and outcomes of the technique.

Methods

This is a retrospective study evaluating outcomes of patients who underwent vNOTES for ectopic pregnancy (n = 21) between August 2019 and April 2021.

Results

Twenty‐one patients underwent vNOTES as intended without any intraoperative complications. Three patients (14.3%) were nulliparous, 16 patients (76.2%) had no history of vaginal delivery, and 13 patients (61.9%) had a history of at least one cesarean delivery. Eight patients (38.1%) had a history of previous abdominal surgery other than cesarean section. The mean duration of surgery was 43.4 ± 12.6 min. The mean visual analog scale scores for pain were 2.45 ± 1.13 at 2 h after surgery, 0.45 ± 0.83 at 12 h after surgery, and 0.18 ± 0.36 at 24 h after surgery. The median duration of postoperative hospital stay was 1 day (range, 1–2). There were no postoperative complications within 30 days after surgery.

Conclusions

vNOTES can be performed in an existing laparoscopy setup with the addition of a self‐constructed pessary port. vNOTES is a safe and effective surgical treatment option for ectopic pregnancy, even in patients who have not had a vaginal delivery and have had multiple abdominal surgeries.
Lessons from the 2020 Covid recession for understanding regional resilience
Authors: Partridge Mark , Chung Seung‐hun , Wertz Sydney Schreiner
Published: January 2022

The 2020 Covid‐19 recession differs from past recessions due to the immediate economic collapse, making it a unique setting in which to assess local economic resilience. Using county‐level data, we identify initial effects of the pandemic and accompanying stay‐at‐home orders on consumer spending, unemployment insurance claims, small businesses, and low‐income employment and earnings. We discuss heterogeneity related to pre‐pandemic county characteristics and find differences compared to past recessions. Counties with larger leisure services employment shares fared worse, while counties with less‐educated, younger workforces fared better. We find an ambiguous role of small businesses in contrast with favorable impacts during prior downturns.
The Role of Technical Assistance in School Wellness Policy Enhancement
Authors: Hoke Alicia M. , Pattison Krista L. , Hivner Elizabeth A. , Lehman Erik B. , Kraschnewski Jennifer L.
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

School settings offer an opportunity to impact student health and wellness. Quality wellness policies are important in establishing strong wellness environments, but current resources to support policy development, maintenance, and dissemination are lacking. The Building Healthy Schools Program aimed to develop capacity of school districts to improve the strength and comprehensiveness of wellness policies and sustain these activities.

METHODS

Fifteen school districts in Pennsylvania participated in a program to facilitate the improvement of district wellness policies and practices. Program staff provided technical assistance to evaluate wellness policies before and after program implementation. Professional development and tailored training was provided for school personnel to create sustainability. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate policy improvement.

RESULTS

Thirteen of the 15 participating districts completed a policy revision. Median strength (p = .001) and comprehensiveness (p = .002) scores improved from baseline to post‐program and there were significant improvements in most assessment sub‐sections. Some districts were hesitant to make strong language improvements due to their limited capacity (ie, staff) for implementation. Champions (n = 13; 87%) reported confidence to revise wellness policy language independently in the future.

CONCLUSIONS

Technical assistance provided to districts facilitated significant improvements to wellness policy language, especially in the implementation, evaluation, and communication; critical components for policy impact on school wellness environments. In addition, participant feedback suggested an ability to sustain activities in the future. Both external (ie, technical assistance) and internal resources are needed to facilitate school districts' ongoing wellness policy improvement and implementation, including improved model wellness policy language and enforcement within schools, respectively.
Integrating oral health into community health worker and peer provider certifications in Michigan: A community action report
Authors: Lapidos Adrienne , Henderson James , Garlick James , Guzmàn Rebeca , Tyus Janeé , Werner Pamela , Rulli Danielle
Published: January 2022

Introduction

A multi‐disciplinary, community‐university‐government collaboration resulted in the development of Oral Health for Community Workers, a brief, oral health online e‐learning module. The e‐learning module was designed to improve oral health literacy among frontline health workers who are members of underserved communities, and to address oral health disparities in safety net medical and behavioral health settings.

Methods

Community‐based participatory methods were used to design and evaluate the e‐learning module. Participants took pre‐, post‐, and 3‐month follow‐up surveys.

Results

Oral health literacy and confidence in incorporating oral health into practice improved. Satisfaction with the module was high.

Discussion

Oral Health for Community Workers is now sustained as a standard module within Community Health Worker, Peer Support Specialist, and Peer Recovery Coach Certification and continuing education offerings in Michigan.
Kinetics and mathematical model of killer/sensitive interaction under different physicochemical conditions of must/wine: a study from a biological point of view
Authors: Kuchen B. , Maturano Y. P. , Gil R. M. , Vazquez F. , Scaglia G. J. E.
Published: January 2022

Fermentation of grape must to wine is carried out by a complex microbial mixture, which also involves spoilage yeasts of wine. The latter yeasts produce organoleptic changes that cause significant economic losses to the wine industry. SO2 is traditionally used to control this spoilage populations, but because of its harmful effects on human health, biocontrol has emerged as an alternative treatment. Although studies have been carried out to select biocontroller yeasts and examine their underlying mechanisms of action, reports on their application have not been published yet. To better understand the interaction and the successful application of biocontrol, the use of mathematical models, among other methods, is important, as they facilitate the prediction of success or failure of the antagonist. The objective of the present study was to use an existing mathematical model to obtain information about the yeast’s interaction assayed and to validate its predictive use under different physicochemical conditions during the wine fermentation, and eventually predict biocontrol kinetics. The mathematical model was applied to the fermentation conditions and provided information on the kinetic parameters of the biocontrol interaction and allowed interpretations about other parameters. The model was applied in the different physicochemical conditions for the biocontrol and did not fit correctly to experimental data, and therefore an improvement was proposed which was successful and presented new hypotheses.
Why Do Young Men Oppose Gender Quotas? Group Threat and Backlash to Legislative Gender Quotas
Authors: Kim Jeong Hyun , Kweon Yesola
Published: January 2022

Despite increasing efforts to implement legislative gender quotas, many countries still encounter substantial popular opposition to this policy. Previous work cannot explain why opposition to legislative gender quotas persists, particularly among young men, a group believed to be open to diversity. We develop and test a theoretical framework linking group threat to men's attitudes toward legislative gender quotas. While the salience of perceived group threat could trigger men's opposition to legislative gender quotas, we expect that this effect will be more profound among young men due to the heightened degree of economic insecurity experienced by younger generations. Using original survey experiments in South Korea, this study demonstrates the strong influence of group threat in the formation of negative attitudes toward legislative gender quotas among young men. These effects, however, are not mediated by traditional gender norms. Our findings have significant implications for the study of gender and politics and democratic representation.
Predicting fungal infection rate and severity with skin‐associated microbial communities on amphibians
Authors: Chen Melissa Y. , Kueneman Jordan G. , González Antonio , Humphrey Greg , Knight Rob , McKenzie Valerie J.
Published: January 2022

Pathogen success (risk and severity) is influenced by host‐associated microbiota, but the degree to which variation in microbial community traits predict future infection presence/absence (risk) and load (severity) for the host is unknown. We conducted a time‐series experiment by sampling the skin‐associated bacterial communities of five amphibian species before and after exposure to the fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobaditis (Bd). We sought to determine whether microbial community traits are predictors of, or are affected by, Bd infection risk and intensity. Our results show that richness of putative Bd‐inhibitory bacteria strongly predicts infection risk, while the proportion of putative Bd‐inhibitory bacteria predicts future infection intensity. Variation in microbial community composition is high across time and individual, and bacterial prevalence is low. Our findings demonstrate how ecological community traits of host‐associated microbiota may be used to predict infection risk by pathogenic microbes.
Workplace wellness programs targeting weight outcomes in men: A scoping review
Authors: Bezzina Aaron , Ashton Lee , Watson Trent , James Carole L.
Published: January 2022

Workplaces have been identified as a priority setting for the delivery of wellness programs to address risk factors for overweight and obesity. Men in particular may benefit greatly from these types of programs as they are typically harder to engage in health promotion. A scoping review was performed to provide an overview of interventions that have been implemented within the workplace that target weight outcomes in men. A searched of six electronic databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, and Business Source Ultimate) was conducted from January 2010 to August 2020. Of the 2191 articles identified, 25 were included. The majority took place in North America or Europe (72%). Over half (n = 17, 68%) utilized both a nutrition and physical activity component. Thirteen of the 19 articles (68%) that reported weight as an outcome showed the program to be efficacious in reducing weight. Overall, only seven articles were solely focused on an all‐male population. Workplace wellness programs targeting weight outcomes in men have been conducted to some extent, with majority being successful in reducing weight. However, there is a need for more randomized controlled trials (RCTs), long‐term follow‐up, and male‐only programs.
The impact of weight cycling on health outcomes in animal models: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Thillainadesan Senthil , Madsen Søren , James David E. , Hocking Samantha L.
Published: January 2022

The pattern of weight loss and regain, termed “weight cycling,” is common in overweight individuals. It is unclear whether the well‐established benefits of weight loss persist following weight regain or whether weight cycling is harmful. Human studies of weight cycling have conflicting results reflecting limitations of the observational designs of these studies. By controlling the macronutrient content of diets in animal studies, weight cycling can be studied in a highly controlled manner, thereby overcoming the limitations of human studies. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of animal studies which assessed the health consequences of weight cycling. Studies were classified into those which compared weight cycling to lifelong obesity and those which compared weight cycling to later onset obesity. There were no differences in health outcomes between weight cycled animals and those with lifelong obesity, highlighting that weight regain reverses health benefits achieved by weight loss. In comparison with animals with later onset obesity, weight cycled animals had higher fasting glucose levels and more impaired glucose tolerance following weight regain. Our review of animal studies suggests that health benefits of diet‐induced weight loss do not persist after weight regain and weight cycling results in adverse metabolic outcomes.
iPhone 12 MagSafe technology and cardiac implantable devices: Assessment of the actual risk
Authors: Censi Federica , Mattei Eugenio , Onder Graziano , Calcagnini Giovanni
Published: January 2022

Background

Pacemaker (PM) and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) are equipped with a magnetic sensor activated by external application of magnets to easily manage some functions of these devices. If activated inadvertently or outside a controlled environment and without the supervision of clinical personnel, this magnetic mode introduces a potential risk. In reality, the possibility of a static magnetic field affecting a PM or ICD is remote. However, the presence of the magnet in the iPhone 12 made the possibility of inadvertently activating the magnetic switch of PM and ICD less remote.

Objective

This study investigates the effects of magnetic interference of the iPhone 12 on a large set of cardiac implantable devices representative of the current market and proposes adequate rules of conduct.

Methods

We investigated the risk of the magnetic interference of the iPhone 12 and its MagSafe accessories on a comprehensive set of PMs and ICDs, including the subcutaneous ICD. For the first time, the magnetic interference phenomena were correlated with the magnetic field levels measured all around iPhone 12.

Results

We discovered that the magnets inside iPhone 12 trigger the magnetic mode in the 12 tested devices up to a distance of 1 cm.

Conclusions

Considering the implications related to the activation of the magnetic switch, to date, it is advisable to follow Apple's indications relating to the safety distance of 15 cm, which is widely compatible with the results obtained from this paper and in line with the indications provided by the implantable cardiac device manufacturers.
Exploring reported distress before and pain during needle insertion into a venous access port in children with cancer
Authors: Einarsdóttir Egeland Steinunn , Lie Hanne Cathrine , Woldseth Ellen Martha , Korsvold Live , Ruud Ellen , Larsen Marie Hamilton , Viktoria Mellblom Anneli
Published: January 2022

Background

Venous access port is commonly used during cancer treatment in children, yet little is known about how children experience such needle insertion procedures.

Aim

To study distress before and pain after venous access port needle insertion among children and adolescents with cancer. A second aim was to explore associations between their self‐report of procedure‐related distress and pain with proxy reports by parents and nurses.

Method

The sample included 43 children/adolescents, aged 1–16 years with cancer, treated at two Norwegian university hospitals. The patient, parent(s), and the nurse performing the procedure completed developmentally appropriate 11‐point distress and pain scales before and immediately after the venous access port procedure. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and non‐parametric correlations.

Ethical issues

The ethical code of conduct was followed and conformed to the ethical guidelines adopted by the Regional Committee for Medicine and Health Research and the data protector officer at the hospitals.

Results

For the youngest children (1–5 years), the median distress proxy score was 8 (range 0–9) and pain proxy score 4 (range 0–10). Median distress and pain scores for children aged 6–12 years were 3 (range 0–9) and 1 (range 0–10), respectively, and for the adolescents (age 13–16) 0 (range 0–6) and 1 (range 0–5), respectively. Patients’ self‐reported distress and pain correlated highly with parents’ (distress: rho = 0.83, p < 0.001, pain: rho = 0.92, p < 0.001) and with nurses’ proxy ratings (distress: rho = 0.89, p < 0.001, pain: rho = 0.88, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

There were individual age differences in experienced distress/pain associated with venous access port needle insertion, with a trend for younger children to experience higher levels of distress/ pain than the older children. Children's self‐report of distress/ pain concurred with both parental and nurse proxy reports.
Tidal dynamics in palaeo‐seas in response to changes in physiography, tidal forcing and bed shear stress
Authors: Zuchuat Valentin , Steel Elisabeth , Mulligan Ryan P. , Collins Daniel S. , Green J. A. Mattias
Published: January 2022

Simulating hydrodynamic conditions in palaeo‐ocean basins is needed to better understand the effects of tidal forcing on the sedimentary record. When combined with sedimentary analyses, hydrodynamic modelling can help inform complex temporal and spatial variability in the sediment distribution of tide‐dominated palaeo‐ocean basins. Herein, palaeotidal modelling of the epicontinental Upper Jurassic (160 Ma, lower Oxfordian) Sundance and Curtis seas of North America reveals possible regional‐scale variations in tidal dynamics in response to changes in ocean tidal forcing, physiographic configuration and bottom drag coefficient. A numerical model forced with an M2 tidal constituent at the open boundary shows that the magnitude and location of tidal amplification, and the variability in current velocity and bed shear stress in the basin, were controlled by palaeophysiography. Numerical results obtained using a depth of 600 m at the ocean boundary of the system enable the prediction of major facies trends observed in the lower Curtis Formation. The simulation results also highlight that certain palaeophysiographic configurations can either permit or prevent tidal resonance, leading to an overall amplification or dampening of tides across the basin. Furthermore, some palaeophysiographic configurations generated additional tidal harmonics in specific parts of the basins. Consequently, similar sedimentary successions can emerge from a variety of relative sea‐level scenarios, and a variety of sedimentary successions may be deposited in different parts of the basin in any given relative sea‐level scenario. These results suggest that the interpretation of sedimentary successions deposited in strongly tide‐influenced basins should consider changes in tidal dynamics in response to changing sea level and basin physiography.
Wound care research sponsored by the Department of Defense
Authors: Davis Michael R. , Gurtner Geoffrey C. , Eriksson Elof
Published: January 2022

Due to the need for more information about Department of Defense sponsored wound healing research, the Wound Healing Foundation initiated the writing of this article. It briefly describes the Vision, Mission and Goals of the Department of Defense Strategic Medical Research Plan. It also describes the current objectives of Department of Defense research funding and where to access this information in detail. The grant cycle, the timing of request for proposals and some of the specifics of their requirements are also mentioned. A brief discussion of budgeting and overhead is also included.
Improving critical care patients' sleep quality in a surgical high‐dependency unit: An evidence‐based practice project
Authors: Ong Keh Kiong , Khoo Lee May , Zhou Yuanpei , Tho Poh Chi
Published: January 2022

Background

Sleep is an essential basic need. However, patients in critical care often experience poor and fragmented sleep. As such, there is a need to examine strategies to promote sleep in critical care patients.

Aim

This project aimed to promote sleep in surgical high‐dependency patients through the implementation of evidence‐based best practice.

Methods

An evidence‐based practice (EBP) project was implemented in May 2015 in a 24‐bed surgical high‐dependency (progressive care) unit in a public tertiary hospital in Singapore in three phases using the JBI framework. Outcomes measured were sleep quality, using the Richards‐Campbell Sleep Questionnaire, and nurses' adherence to sleep promotion activities, using an audit tool adapted from the JBI‐Practical Application of Clinical Education System. Data were collected at baseline, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Getting Research into Practice analysis was done at each time point.

Results

A total of 120 patients were surveyed, and 150 observation audits were conducted over 1 year. Sleep quality was similar between pre‐audit (mean 53, SD 19.89) and month 1 (mean 54, SD 24.40), improved at month 3 (mean 64, SD 19.34), and sustained at month 6 (mean 64, SD 24.13) and 12 (mean 64, SD 19.4). The effect size between pre‐audit and month 3 was a medium effect size of 0.49, which continued to improve at month 12, with a medium effect size of 0.56. Nurses' adherence to the EBP generally improved, and the thresholds of 80% were exceeded by month 12.

Linking Evidence to Action

Sleep is an essential basic need and can be improved through simple evidence‐based interventions. Best practice for promoting sleep includes grouping nursing activities and reducing light and noise at night.
Convection Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Air Flowing Across In-Line Tube Banks: Part I—Apparatus, Procedures, and Special Effects
Authors: Jones C. E. , Monroe E. S.
Published: January 2022

This paper, the first of two companion papers, describes the equipment and computational methods used in an experimental program carried out at Cornell University under the sponsorship of The Babcock & Wilcox Company. Eighteen arrangements of 10-row, in-line tube banks were tested for crossflow heat transfer and flow-resistance performance, and sixteen additional arrangements were tested for flow resistance only. The interaction of transverse tube rows, the effect of tube-bank turbulence, the effect of temperature level, and the noise associated with some abnormally high flow resistances are discussed.
Shell-Side Characteristics of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers: A Simplified Rating System for Commercial Heat Exchangers
Authors: Tinker Townsend
Published: January 2022

A simplified rating system for commercial shell-and-tube heat exchangers is developed based on the fluid-flow-pattern concepts derived by the author for the General Discussion of Heat Transfer, London, England, 1951. Recommended heat-transfer and friction characteristics for practical design purposes are presented which are based on previously presented research data and certain findings of the ASME—University of Delaware Heat Exchanger Research Project. Where possible, without serious sacrifice in accuracy, certain resistance-factor approximations and assumptions have been introduced in the interest of practical simplicity for the derivation of formulas of simple form for evaluating the fluid-flow fraction through the crossflow area of the tube bundle. Simple tabulations of heat-transfer and pressure-drop characteristic “rating numbers” may be readily developed from these formulas for various styles or series of heat exchangers having consistent design proportions. These rating numbers permit a rapid rating of the heat-exchanger shell-side performance. The system is responsive to the major effects of unit size, tube size, tube pitch and flow orientation, baffle spacing and cut, and the principal leakage and bypass clearances of the heat-exchanger design. The system developed is accurate well within practical commercial requirements, and is very flexible so that as more accurate resistance factors are developed by research for specific cases, they may be employed in the system for more precise results when desired.
Heat-Transfer Characteristics of the Rotational and Axial Flow Between Concentric Cylinders
Authors: Gazley Carl
Published: January 2022

This paper considers the convective heat-transfer characteristics of the flow in the annular gap between a rotating inner cylinder and a stationary outer cylinder. Heat-transfer measurements are reported for two gap sizes and various combinations of axial and rotational flows. Both smooth and slotted surfaces were used. Measurements for laminar and turbulent-flow conditions followed the trends predicted by theory. An unusual feature of the results for rotational flow without axial flow is the heat-transfer rate in an intermediate flow region existing between the laminar and turbulent regimes. Here, regular ring-shaped vortexes cause a heat-transfer rate even greater than with turbulent flow.
Experience With Chromium-Molybdenum-Vanadium Steel in High-Temperature Bolting Applications
Authors: Matters R. G. , Dickinson C. D.
Published: January 2022

Chromium-molybdenum-vanadium steels, ASTM A 196, grade B 14 or slight modifications of this material have been used widely for high-temperature bolting since about 1938. In the temperature range 850 to 1000 F these materials have significantly higher relaxation resistance than have the other ferritic steels covered by ASTM A 196. Service performance of chromium-molybdenum-vanadium bolts in turbines operating with inlet steam temperatures below 1000 F has been generally satisfactory. However, within the past two years bolts have failed in two central station turbines. This paper covers the examination of the failed bolts, the analysis of the cause of failure, and recommendations to avoid failures of this type.
Properties of Friction Materials I—Experiments on Variables Affecting Noise
Authors: Basford P. R. , Twiss S. B.
Published: January 2022

Measurements of the friction of various brake linings against polished iron have been made at speeds so low that surface temperature (known to be important at higher speeds) could be neglected. Samples had to be run in thoroughly immediately before testing to secure reproducible results. The coefficient of dynamic friction was lower than the static coefficient at the lowest speeds, increased markedly, and approached a constant value at the highest speeds studied (12.5 ipm). Other apparatus was used to extend the range to 800 fpm. When the surface temperature was held constant, the friction coefficient passed through a broad maximum and thereafter decreased slightly as the speed was increased. The transition from smooth sliding to stick-slip friction was studied as a function of speed and load. A critical speed was found, above which only smooth sliding was possible, regardless of load. The time-force traces obtained during stick-slip motion supply information about the static coefficient, and also the elastic properties of the brake lining.
Analysis of the Transient Response of Nonlinear Control Systems
Authors: Grensted P. E. W.
Published: January 2022

The calculation by a new analytical method of the transient response of nonlinear control systems is described. If the response is oscillatory, it is possible to obtain expressions for the variation with time of the frequency and amplitude of the oscillation. The response of a servomechanism containing marked saturation, backlash, and coulomb friction has been analyzed successfully.
Design of a Self-Optimizing Control System
Authors: Kalman R. E.
Published: January 2022

This paper examines the problem of building a machine which adjusts itself automatically to control an arbitrary dynamic process. The design of a small computer which acts as such a machine is presented in detail. A complete set of equations describing the machine is derived and listed; engineering features of the computer are discussed briefly. This machine represents a new concept in the development of automatic control systems. It should find widespread application in the automation of complex systems such as aircraft or chemical processes, where present methods would be too expensive or time-consuming to apply.
Basis for the Design and Retirement of Petroleum Heater Tubes
Authors: Heller J. J.
Published: January 2022

Heater-tube design and retirement are of prime importance to the petroleum industry due not only to the high expenditure involved, but due also to the hazard to personnel and property involved in a tube failure. Basically, a heater tube must be retired from service prior to failure. However, the available life of the tube must also be depreciated to the maximum extent possible consistent with the basic premise of avoiding failures during operation. The conditions of stress and temperature existing in a heater tube during service and their relation to elevated-temperature creep-rupture data available for common tubular materials are discussed. After considerable evaluation of this relationship, a policy based on 100,000-hr rupture strength is recommended for the design and retirement of petroleum heater tubes in both corrosive and noncorrosive service.
Heat Transmission to Fluids With Low Prandtl Numbers for Flow Through Tube Banks
Authors: Cess R. D. , Grosh R. J.
Published: January 2022

Solutions for the over-all Nusselt number, previously obtained by the authors for the flow of a fluid with a low Prandtl number about a single cylinder, have been extended to include the case of flow through a bank of tubes. A conducting sheet analogy was used to determine the flow field through the tube banks, assuming inviscid irrotational flow, and solutions for the over-all Nusselt number were obtained for four basic tube-bank geometries. Various heat-flux and temperature distributions were considered for the surface of the tubes.

A comparison of the analytical results with experimental results for mercury flowing through a staggered tube bank was made; the comparison showed a very good correlation between theory and experiment for moderate fluid velocities. For high velocities the theory will give low results as could be expected from the assumption that eddy conduction is negligible.
Modes of Adiabatic and Diabatic Fluid Flow in an Annulus With an Inner Rotating Cylinder
Authors: Kaye Joseph , Elgar E. C.
Published: January 2022

The present report is the first phase of an investigation of those variables which control the rate of heat transfer in the air gap of a rotating electrical machine. This phase of the problem reduces to obtaining a basic understanding of the fluid-flow and heat-flow processes in an annulus, formed by two concentric cylinders, with the inner cylinder rotating and with the outer cylinder stationary. The primary independent variables and effects are, first, the axial velocity of the air through the air gap, which is combined with other variables to form the customary Reynolds number; second, the speed of rotation, which is combined with other variables to form a new dimensionless group, called the Taylor number, in honor of G. I. Taylor, who laid the theoretical and experimental foundations for this problem; third, the temperature gradients at the walls; fourth, the surface roughness in the air gap; and finally, the “entrance effects” introduced by the development of the boundary-layer flow in the air gap.

The present report gives the experimental results obtained for two smooth and long annuli, thereby eliminating from consideration, at present, the last two effects given above. It is shown that four distinct modes of flow exist for adiabatic and diabatic flow of air in these annuli. The demarcation lines of these flow regions were investigated in detail for adiabatic flow with hot-wire anemometers and also by means of visual and photographic methods.

The results showed that four modes of flow exist over regions of Reynolds number and Taylor number for both adiabatic and diabatic flow. These modes are: 1 purely laminar flow; 2 laminar flow plus Taylor vortexes; 3 purely turbulent flow; 4 turbulent flow plus vortexes.

The results obtained here for adiabatic flow were found to agree well with the work of Cornish for the boundary line between the regions of laminar flow and laminar-plus-vortexes flow, but they did not agree with similar results by Fage.

Preliminary results are also presented here for diabatic flow in the annulus in the form of heat-transfer coefficients. These results are shown in the form of a three-dimensional surface in which the Nusselt number is represented as a function of the Reynolds number and Taylor number.
Stall Propagation in a Cascade of Airfoils
Authors: Stenning A. H. , Kriebel A. R.
Published: January 2022

A small perturbation analysis of rotating stall is presented which includes the effects of finite pressure rise across the cascade, finite blade chord, and boundary-layer time delay. The theory yields a stability criterion for the initiation of rotating stall, upper and lower boundaries for the velocity of propagation, and a possible explanation for the mechanism governing the number of stall cells. Tests on rotating stall in a cascade and two rotors suggested a vortex-shedding model for fully developed rotating stall which is not limited to small perturbations and which appears to agree closely with the observed stalling mechanism.
The Variable Fluid-Property Problem in Free Convection
Authors: Sparrow E. M. , Gregg J. L.
Published: January 2022

An analysis is made for the variable fluid-property problem for laminar free convection on an isothermal vertical flat plate. For a number of specific cases, solutions of the boundary-layer equations appropriate to the variable-property situation were carried out for gases and for liquid mercury. Utilizing these findings, a simple and accurate shorthand procedure is presented for calculating free-convection heat transfer under variable-property conditions. This calculation method is well established in the heat-transfer field. It involves the use of results which have been derived for constant-property fluids, and of a set of rules (called reference temperatures) for extending these constant-property results to variable-property situations. For gases, the constant-property heat-transfer results are generalized to the variable property situation by replacing β (expansion coefficient) by 1/T∞ and evaluating the other properties at Tr = Tw − 0.38(Tw − T∞). For liquid mercury, the generalization may be accomplished by evaluating all the properties (including β) at this same Tr. It is worth while noting that, for these fluids, the film temperature (with β = 1/T∞ for gases) appears to serve as an adequate reference temperature for most applications. Results are also presented for boundary-layer thickness and velocity parameters.
Vibration of Rods Induced by Water in Parallel Flow
Authors: Burgreen D. , Byrnes J. J. , Benforado D. M.
Published: January 2022

An experimental determination was made of the type and magnitude of vibration in the simulated fuel rods of a heterogeneous nuclear reactor with water flowing parallel to the rod axes. Triangular lattices with equivalent hydraulic diameters of 0.0708, 0.198, and 0.470 ft were studied at a single rod length. The test rods employed had a range of natural frequencies of vibration in water of 5 to 25 cycles per sec. This range was obtained by using ½ and ⅝-in-diam rods made of brass or aluminum, by making some rods hollow and others solid, and by using fixed and pin-ended support conditions. The water velocity was varied from 6 to 21 fps, at room temperature. It was found that the vibration can be significant for reactor conditions. The rod vibration was observed to be self-excited, resulting in the rods vibrating at their natural frequencies independent of the water velocity. A theoretical study of the forces acting on the rods was made from which it appears that ten variables (of which six were varied in these tests) influence the amplitude of vibration of the rod. A correlation was derived and the resulting equations give a good fit with the test data.
The Chatter of Lathe Tools Under Orthogonal Cutting Conditions
Authors: Tobias S. A. , Fishwick W.
Published: January 2022

A mathematical theory of the chatter of lathe tools is presented. Two types of chatter are distinguished depending on whether the chatter amplitudes fall in the direction of the tool shank or in the direction of the workpiece velocity. The physical causes of chatter taken into consideration are the chip-thickness-variation effect, the penetration effect, and the slope of the cutting-force against cutting-speed curve. The results of the mathematical theory are presented in the form of stability charts. With these, chatter arising during the first revolution of the workpiece and that occurring during subsequent revolutions are discussed. It is shown that the stability of the system is affected by the workpiece velocity, the workpiece material, the geometrical shape of the tool and the tool shank, and so on, and that under certain conditions, the chip-thickness variation may have a stabilizing influence. The paper deals only with the effect of the various parameters on the stability conditions and is not concerned with the problem which types of chatter do actually occur in practice.