bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revisao de 15 casos submetidos a oclusao temporaria bilateral de arteria iliaca interna em pacientes com alto risco para hemorragia obstetrica
Authors: Krutman Mariana , Galastri Francisco Leonardo , Affonso Breno Boueri , Nasser Felipe , Travassos Fabiellen Berzoini , Messina Marcos de Lourenco , Wolosker Nelson
Published: January 2014

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados de 15 pacientes com elevado risco de sangramento obstétrico, submetidas ao implante de catéteres balão profilático para oclusão temporária das artérias hipogástricas. MÉTODOS: Uma análise retrospectiva foi realizada com base em prontuários de 15 pacientes submetidas ao implante de catéteres balão profilático, de janeiro/2008 a dezembro/2011. Todas as pacientes incluídas no estudo foram diagnosticadas no período antenatal com doença placentária associada a alto risco de hemorragia obstétrica. RESULTADOS: A média de idade das pacientes estudadas foi de 36 anos (32-42 anos). Nove pacientes eram portadoras de acretismo placentário, quatro possuíam placenta prévia, uma estava com gestação ectópica e uma apresentava miomatose uterina e coagulopatia associada a Lupus Eritematosos Sistêmico. O volume total de contraste utilizado para o procedimento variou entre 20 e 160 ml (média de 84 ml). A média do número total de dias de internação e o número de dias de internação após o procedimento foram, respectivamente, 12,4 e 4,9 dias. Em oito (53%) casos, não houve necessidade de transfusão sanguínea no intraoperatório ou após a cirurgia. A média do número de unidades de sangue transfundida foi 2,06. A única complicação associada ao procedimento foi a trombose arterial de artéria ilíaca externa, observada em dois casos. CONCLUSÃO: A oclusão temporária de artérias hipogástricas é um método seguro e efetivo para controle de hemorragia em pacientes com elevado risco de sangramento obstétrico, quando realizado por equipe experiente. Os resultados deste estudo são observacionais, retrospectivos e não randomizados; portanto, não podemos apoiar o uso rotineiro dessa técnica, mas podemos incluí-la no arsenal de recursos para casos selecionados com potencial para sangramento.
Profile and scientific production of Brazilian National Council of Technological and Scientific Development researchers in Pediatrics
Authors: Oliveira Maria Christina L. , Martelli Daniella Reis B. , Pinheiro Sergio Veloso , Miranda Debora Marques , Quirino Isabel Gomes , Leite Barbara Gusmão L. , Colosimo Enrico Antonio , Silva Ana Cristina S. e , Martelli-Júnior Hercílio , Oliveira Eduardo Araujo
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the profile and the scientific production of researchers in Pediatrics with scholarship from the National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development. METHODS: The Lattes curricula of 34 researchers in Pediatrics with active scholarships, from 2006 to 2008 were included in the analysis. The variables of interest were: gender, affiliation, time since PHD, tutoring of undergraduate students, mentorship of masters and doctors, scientific production and the papers' impact. RESULTS: In a total of 411 researchers in Medicine, 34 (8%) belonged to Pediatrics. Males (77%) and scholars in the category 2 of productivity (62%) prevailed. Three states of Brazil were responsible for approximately 90% of the researchers: São Paulo (53%), Minas Gerais (21%), and Rio Grande do Sul (15%). During their academic career, the Pediatrics researchers have published 3,122 articles with a median of 89 articles per researcher (interquartile range - IQ=51-119). Of the total, 40 and 59% articles were indexed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases, respectively. The Pediatrics researchers have published papers in 599 journals with a median impact factor of 2.35 (IQ=1.37-3.73) for the 323 indexed journals. CONCLUSIONS: The Pediatrics researchers have a relevant scientific output from the quantity point of the view, but there is a need to improve quality.
Craniofacial abnormalities among patients with Edwards Syndrome
Authors: Rosa Rafael Fabiano M. , Rosa Rosana Cardoso M. , Lorenzen Marina Boff , Zen Paulo Ricardo G. , Graziadio Carla , Paskulin Giorgio Adriano
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency and types of craniofacial abnormalities observed in patients with trisomy 18 or Edwards syndrome (ES). METHODS This descriptive and retrospective study of a case series included all patients diagnosed with ES in a Clinical Genetics Service of a reference hospital in Southern Brazil from 1975 to 2008. The results of the karyotypic analysis, along with clinical data, were collected from medical records. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 50 patients, of which 66% were female. The median age at first evaluation was 14 days. Regarding the karyotypes, full trisomy of chromosome 18 was the main alteration (90%). Mosaicism was observed in 10%. The main craniofacial abnormalities were: microretrognathia (76%), abnormalities of the ear helix/dysplastic ears (70%), prominent occiput (52%), posteriorly rotated (46%) and low set ears (44%), and short palpebral fissures/blepharophimosis (46%). Other uncommon - but relevant - abnormalities included: microtia (18%), orofacial clefts (12%), preauricular tags (10%), facial palsy (4%), encephalocele (4%), absence of external auditory canal (2%) and asymmetric face (2%). One patient had an initial suspicion of oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS) or Goldenhar syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the literature description of a characteristic clinical presentation for ES, craniofacial alterations may be variable among these patients. The OAVS findings in this sample are noteworthy. The association of ES with OAVS has been reported once in the literature.
Analysis models for variables associated with breastfeeding duration
Authors: S. Neto Edson Theodoro dos , Zandonade Eliana , Emmerich Adauto Oliveira
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVE To analyze the factors associated with breastfeeding duration by two statistical models. METHODS A population-based cohort study was conducted with 86 mothers and newborns from two areas primary covered by the National Health System, with high rates of infant mortality in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. During 30 months, 67 (78%) children and mothers were visited seven times at home by trained interviewers, who filled out survey forms. Data on food and sucking habits, socioeconomic and maternal characteristics were collected. Variables were analyzed by Cox regression models, considering duration of breastfeeding as the dependent variable, and logistic regression (dependent variables, was the presence of a breastfeeding child in different post-natal ages). RESULTS In the logistic regression model, the pacifier sucking (adjusted Odds Ratio: 3.4; 95%CI 1.2-9.55) and bottle feeding (adjusted Odds Ratio: 4.4; 95%CI 1.6-12.1) increased the chance of weaning a child before one year of age. Variables associated to breastfeeding duration in the Cox regression model were: pacifier sucking (adjusted Hazard Ratio 2.0; 95%CI 1.2-3.3) and bottle feeding (adjusted Hazard Ratio 2.0; 95%CI 1.2-3.5). However, protective factors (maternal age and family income) differed between both models. CONCLUSIONS Risk and protective factors associated with cessation of breastfeeding may be analyzed by different models of statistical regression. Cox Regression Models are adequate to analyze such factors in longitudinal studies.
C-reactive protein and its relation to high blood pressure in overweight or obese children and adolescents
Authors: Noronha Juliana Andreia F. , Medeiros Carla Campos M. , Cardoso Anajás da Silva , Gonzaga Nathalia Costa , Ramos Alessandra Teixeira , Ramos André Luiz C.
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between C-reactive protein (CRP) and high blood pressure (BP) in overweight or obese children and adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional study with 184 overweight or obese children and adolescents aged from two to 18 years old, from April, 2009 to April, 2010. The classification of nutritional status used the body mass index (BMI). Based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention curve, individuals were classified as: overweight (BMI between the 85th-95th percentiles), obesity (BMI between 95th-97th percentiles) and severe obesity (BMI >97th percentile). Abnormal values were considered for systolic BP (SBP) and/or diastolic (DBP) if ≥90th percentile of the BP curve recommended for children and adolescents in the V Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension, for waist circumference (WC) if ≥90th percentile of the curve established by the National Cholesterol Education Program, and for high sensitive CRP (hs-CRP) if >3mg/dL. To evaluate the association of inadequate values of CRP and the studied groups, chi-square test and analysis of variance were applied, using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 17.0 and adopting a significance level of 5%. RESULTS Among the evaluated sample, 66.3% were female, 63.5%, non-white, 64.1% had severe obesity, 78.3% had altered WC and 70.6% presented high BP. There was a significant association of CRP high levels with altered WC and BMI ≥97th percentile. In adolescents, high CRP was related to high SBP. CRP mean values were higher in individuals with elevated SBP. CONCLUSIONS Inadequate values of hs-CRP were associated with severe obesity and high SBP in the studied population. These markers can be used to identify children and adolescents at higher risk for developing atherosclerosis.
Evaluation of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist as a screening tool for the identification of emotional and psychosocial problems
Authors: Muzzolon Sandra Regina B. , Cat Mônica Nunes L. , Santos Lúcia Helena C. dos
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVE To investigate the Brazilian version of Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) as a screening tool to identify psychosocial and emotional problems in schoolchildren from six to 12 years old. METHODS Diagnostic test conducted in a public school of Curitiba, Paraná (Southern Brazil), to evaluate the PSC accuracy and consistency, considering the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) as the gold standard. Among 415 parents invited for the study, 145 responded to both PSC and CBCL. The results of the two instruments were compared. PSC and CBCL were considered positive if scores ≥28 and >70 respectively. RESULTS Among the 145 cases, 49 (33.8%) were positive for both PSC and CBCL. The ROC curve showed the PSC score of 21 as the best cutoff point for screening psychosocial and emotional problems, with a sensitivity of 96.8% and a specificity of 86.7%. Regarding the reference cutoff (score ≥28 points), the sensitivity was 64.5% and the specificity, 100.0%, similar to those found in the original version of the tool. CONCLUSIONS The Portuguese version of PSC was effective for early identification of emotional and/or psychosocial problems in a schoolchildren group and may be useful for pediatricians.
Timed "Up & Go" test in children and adolescents
Authors: Nicolini-Panisson Renata D'Agostini , Donadio Márcio Vinícius F.
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVE To evaluate, by a literature review, the Timed "Up & Go" (TUG) test use and its main methodological aspects in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCES The searches were performed in the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, SciELO and Cochrane Library, from April to July 2012. Studies published from 1990 to 2012 using the terms in Portuguese and English "Timed "Up & Go", "test", "balance", "child", and "adolescent" were selected. The results were divided into categories: general characteristics of the studies, population, test implementation METHODS, interpretation of results and associations with other measurements. DATA SYNTHESIS 27 studies were analyzed in this review and most of them used the TUG test along with other outcome measures to assess functional mobility or balance. Three studies evaluated the TUG test in significant samples of children and adolescents with typical development, and the most studied specific diagnoses were cerebral palsy and traumatic brain injury. The absence of methodological standardization was noted, but one study proposed adaptations to the pediatric population. In children and adolescents with specific clinical diagnoses, the coefficient of within-session reliability was found to be high in most studies, as well as the intra and inter-examiner reliability, which characterizes the good reproducibility of the test. CONCLUSIONS The TUG test was shown to be a good tool to assess functional mobility in the pediatric population, presenting a good reproducibility and correlation with other assessment tools.
Reexpansion pulmonary edema in children
Authors: Rodrigues Antonio Lucas L. , Lopes Carlos Eduardo , Romaneli Mariana Tresoldi das N. , Fraga Andrea de Melo A. , Pereira Ricardo Mendes , Tresoldi Antonia Teresinha
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVE To present a case of a patient with clinical and radiological features of reexpansion pulmonary edema, a rare and potentially fatal disease. CASE DESCRIPTION An 11-year-old boy presenting fever, clinical signs and radiological features of large pleural effusion initially treated as a parapneumonic process. Due to clinical deterioration he underwent tube thoracostomy, with evacuation of 3,000 mL of fluid; he shortly presented acute respiratory insufficiency and needed mechanical ventilation. He had an atypical evolution (extubated twice with no satisfactory response). Computerized tomography findings matched those of reexpansion edema. He recovered satisfactorily after intensive care, and pleural tuberculosis was diagnosed afterwards. COMMENTS Despite its rareness in the pediatric population (only five case reports gathered), the knowledge of this pathology and its prevention is very important, due to high mortality rates. It is recommended, among other measures, slow evacuation of the pleural effusion, not removing more than 1,500 mL of fluid at once.
Risk of developmental delay of children aged between two and 24 months and its association with the quality of family stimulus
Authors: Guimarães Alessandro Fernandes , Carvalho Davi Vilela de , Machado Nathália Ádila A. , Baptista Regiane Aparecida N. , Lemos Stela Maris A.
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between neurodevelopment and the family environment resources of children from the coverage area of a Basic Health Unit (BHU) of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, using a tool based on the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a non-probabilistic sample involving 298 children aged between 2-24 months old, who attended a BHU in 2010. The assessment of child development and family resources made at the BHU lasted, in average, 45 minutes and included two tests - an adaptation of the Handbook for Monitoring Child Development in the Context of IMCI and an adapted version of the Family Environment Resource (FER) inventary. The nonparametric tests of Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The sample included 291 assessments, with 18.2% of children between 18 and 24 months old, 53.6% male gender, and 91.4% who did not attend day care centers. According to IMCI, 31.7% of the children were in the risk group for developmental delay. The total average score in FER was 38.0 points. Although it has been found an association between the IMCI outcome and the total FER score, all groups had low scores in the family environment assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate the need for childhood development screening in the primary health care and for early intervention programs aimed at this age group.
Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative: evaluation of the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding
Authors: Lopes Soraia da Silva , Laignier Mariana Rabello , Primo Cândida Caniçali , Leite Franciéle Marabotti C.
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVE: To asses the performance of the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding in an university hospital. METHODS: Descriptive and quantitative research, in which 103 people were interviewed in the outpatient prenatal clinic, in the maternity-ward and in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a university hospital in Vitória, Southeast Brazil. The "Institutional Self-Evaluation Questionnaire" of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative was applied. Using this tool, the outcome was measured by the concordance index (CI) proposed by the World Health Organization and by the United Nations Children's Fund. RESULTS: Although the hospital does not have a policy that addresses promotion, protection and support for breastfeeding, 93.3% of the mothers had contact with their babies immediately after birth (step 4), 83.3% of the professionals guided mothers how to breastfeed (step 5), 86.6% of the neonates did not receive any food or drink other than breast milk (step 6), 100% of babies were housed together with their mothers (step 7), 83.3% of the women were encouraged for breastfeeding on demand (step 8) and 100% of the infants did not use bottles or pacifiers (step 9). CONCLUSIONS: 60% of the steps were completed by the hospital. The greatest difficulty was to inform pregnant women about the importance and the management of breastfeeding (step 3). Therefore, visits to pregnant women are recommended, in order to prepare them for breastfeeding and to explain about the infants' healthy feeding habits.
Auditory steady state response in hearing assessment in infants with cytomegalovirus
Authors: Silva Daniela Polo C. , Lopez Priscila Suman , Montovani Jair Cortez
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVE: To report an infant with congenital cytomegalovirus and progressive sensorineural hearing loss, who was assessed by three methods of hearing evaluation. CASE DESCRIPTION: In the first audiometry, at four months of age, the infant showed abnormal response in Otoacoustic Emissions and normal Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR), with electrophysiological threshold in 30dBnHL, in both ears. With six months of age, he showed bilateral absence of the ABR at 100dBnHL. The behavioral observational audiometry was impaired due to the delay in neuropsychomotor development. At eight months of age, he was submitted to Auditory Steady State Response (ASSR) and the thresholds were 50, 70, absent in 110 and in 100dB, respectively for 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000Hz in the right ear, and 70, 90, 90 and absent in 100dB, respectively for 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000Hz in the left ear. COMMENTS: In the first evaluation, the infant had abnormal Otoacoustic Emission and normal ABR, which became altered at six months of age. The hearing loss severity could be identified only by the ASSR, which allowed the best procedure for hearing aids adaptation. The case description highlights the importance of the hearing status follow-up for children with congenital cytomegalovirus.
El caso de la ‘mala vida’, peligrosidad y prevención de conductas marginales en Revista de Criminología, Psiquiatría, Medicina Legal y Ciencias Afines, en Buenos Aires, 1914-1923
Authors: Dovio Mariana
Published: January 2014

Analizamos la construcción de la noción de ‘mala vida’ en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, en la Revista de Criminología, Psiquiatría y Medicina Legal, entre 1914 y 1923. Nos dedicaremos a analizar la ‘mala vida’, entendiendo por tal aquellas conductas ubicadas en una zona fronteriza entre el crimen y la locura, a partir de la cuestión de la prevención y la peligrosidad. La primera forma de analizar la ‘mala vida’ se refiere a proyectos de instituciones ligados a la eugenesia para el encierro preventivo de peligrosos, ‘alcoholistas’ y vagabundos. La segunda, a la identificación, en términos morales y físicos, que puede ser vinculada a la confección de proyectos de intervención para los considerados ‘malvivientes’, que pudieran potencialmente dañar de algún modo al cuerpo social.
Del milagro al sueno cumplido: retorica de la esperanza y reivindicacion profesional en las noticias de prensa sobre trasplantes en Espana, 1900-1960
Authors: Danet Alina
Published: January 2014

Estudia la construcción de la confianza social en los trasplantes por el análisis histórico-discursivo de fuentes periodísticas entre 1900 y 1960 en España. Manteniendo la ‘retórica de la esperanza’ como estrategia de representación periodística de los trasplantes, el repertorio discursivo inicial fue la imagen médica heroica que los modeló como prácticas milagrosas. Tras la estandarización quirúrgica de los implantes corneales, los trasplantes se conceptualizaron como un sueño cumplido gracias al conocimiento científico y técnico de médicos ‘expertos’. Desde las primeras noticias sobre trasplantes renales, la prensa auspició la ciencia como un futuro mejor pero, reflejando una postura médica más cautelosa y la confianza en la cuantificación de los resultados.
As guerras de Minerva: a Revista Politécnica e a construção de uma ideia de ciência em São Paulo, 1904-1917
Authors: Savio Marco Antonio Cornacioni
Published: January 2014

O artigo discute o papel da Revista Politécnica na criação de uma ideia de ciência em São Paulo, durante a Primeira República. Instituição marcada pela controvérsia ao longo de seus primeiros anos, a Escola Politécnica de São Paulo teve na revista publicada por seus estudantes órgão de defesa e difusor de uma ideia de ciência para as elites paulistas do período. Esse meio de difusão, além de garantir local de destaque para a instituição no estado, possibilitou sua consolidação como centro científico nacional em oposição, por exemplo, à principal instituição concorrente, a Escola Politécnica do Rio de Janeiro.
A fotografia e seus duplos: um quadro na parede
Authors: Lissovsky Mauricio , Martins Juliana
Published: January 2014

Hans Belting sugere que as ‘imagens são os nômades dos meios’, porque montam e desmontam acampamento a cada surgimento de uma nova mídia. Sempre que a fotografia retrata outra imagem (pintura, tela de tevê) encena um capítulo dessa história. A fotografia foi guardiã dos paradoxos da distância e das tensões entre imagem e mundo na modernidade. Por isso ocupa hoje lugar crucial no debate acerca da visualidade contemporânea. Nosso destino e o das imagens estão de algum modo entrelaçados. A última geração de artistas visuais do século XX procurou expressar a dor da virtualização; a fotografia do século XXI redescobre a promessa de corpo latente em cada imagem.
Influencia del campo magnético estático en la turbidez de la cerveza de alta gravedad
Authors: Anaya Villalpanda Matilde , Almaguer Hilda Cobo , Fiallo Carlos Manuel Acea , Almeida e Silva João Batista de
Published: January 2014

Se aplicó el campo magnético estático a la cerveza de alta gravedad en tres etapas distintas del proceso, a partir de un diseño multifactorial D-óptimo de tres factores (intensidad de corriente, tiempo de residencia y tipo de cerveza). Se determinó la turbidez variable de respuesta por la diferencia de absorbancia por espectrofotometría a 580 nm. Se obtuvo un modelo lineal en los rangos evaluados que relaciona dicha variable con el régimen de tratamiento magnético con efecto significativo sobre la aglutinación de las partículas coloidales en suspensión lo cual favorece la clarificación. La mejor combinación de factores estuvo en el rango de 0,40-0,55 A (100-120 mT) y tiempo de residencia 10 s en la cerveza no diluida y en la diluida, sin afectación de las características sensoriales.
Inhibition of food-related bacteria by antibacterial substances produced by Pseudomonas sp. strains isolated from pasteurized milk
Authors: Rangel Ana Beatriz Ferreira , Soares Jean Thiago Alves , Pereira Mariana Maciel , Peçanha Bruna Rachel de Britto , Costa Leonardo Emanuel de Oliveira , Nascimento Janaína dos Santos
Published: January 2014

In this work, the production of antimicrobial substances by strains of Pseudomonas sp. isolated from pasteurized milk and their potential action against food-related bacteria were investigated. Samples of pasteurized milk were purchased from arbitrarily chosen commercial establishments in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Of the four samples analyzed, three presented several typical colonies of Pseudomonas. About 100 colonies were chosen and subjected to biochemical tests for confirmation of their identity. Eighteen strains of the Pseudomonas genus were identified and submitted to tests for the production of antimicrobial substances. Twelve strains (66.7%) were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens, four (22.2%) as P. aeruginosa, one (5.5%) as P. mendocina and one (5.5%) as P. pseudoalcaligenes. Only two P. fluorescens strains were unable to produce any antimicrobial substance against any of the indicator strains tested. Most of the strains presented a broad spectrum of action, inhibiting reference and food-related strains such as Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Hafnia alvei, Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Five antimicrobial substance-producing strains, which presented the broadest spectrum of action, were also tested against Staphylococcus aureus reference strains and 26 Staphylococcus sp. strains isolated from foods, some of which were resistant to antibiotics. The producer strains 8.1 and 8.3, both P. aeruginosa, were able to inhibit all the staphylococcal strains tested. The antimicrobial substances produced by strains 8.1 and 8.3 did not seem to be typical bacteriocins, since they were resistant to the three proteolytic enzymes tested. Experiments involving the characterization of these substances are being carried out in order to evaluate their biotechnological application.
Secagem parcial de tomate-cereja em secador de bandejas vibradas com reciclo
Authors: Lourenço Giovani Aud , Finzer José Roberto Delalibera
Published: January 2014

Foram analisados os dados experimentais da curva e da cinética de secagem para desidratação parcial do tomate-cereja ovalado, Lycopersicum sp. Mill., e foi verificado o desempenho na aplicação de um secador em leito fixo e em leito vibrado na sua secagem. A umidade inicial do tomate-cereja foi de 94,01% (15,7 kg água/kg massa seca) e utilizou-se um secador de bandejas vibradas operando com reciclo até que no tomate restasse 15% da quantidade de água inicial ou umidade em base úmida de 70,15% (2,35 kg de água/kg de massa seca). Para a identificação dos frutos amostrados, estes foram dispostos em cinco cestos feitos de tecido de polietileno, com diâmetros de abertura de cerca de 0,01 m. Os tomates-cereja processados foram seccionados radialmente em duas metades, perpendicularmente ao eixo de maior comprimento de cada fruto. A temperatura, a vazão de ar e a quantidade de tomate alimentada foram ajustadas em 67,6 °C, 6 kg/min e 4,025 kg, respectivamente. O processo de secagem iniciou-se com operação em batelada sem recirculação dos frutos, até que se atingiu o teor de umidade de aproximadamente 85% (5,67 kg água/kg tomate seco); seguiu-se a adição de esferas de porcelana com 0,0235 m de diâmetro, as quais forçaram o escoamento das partículas de tomate e o processo passou a ocorrer com recirculação. Na cinética de secagem obtida dos resultados experimentais, três períodos foram identificados: dois períodos em que os tomates secaram em taxas constantes, intercalados por um período com taxa variável. Para as taxas de secagem constantes, quantificaram-se os valores do coeficiente de correlação superiores a 0,99, ao ajustar uma reta aos pontos experimentais. Comparando-se o processo de secagem de leito fixo com o vibrado, observou-se que, no processo com aplicação de vibração, ocorreu diminuição em 30% do tempo de secagem. A esfericidade do tomate variou do valor unitário (início da secagem) para 0,53 ao final da secagem. A contração do tomate na secagem foi de 80% e o diâmetro médio inicial das partículas, de 2,32 cm, modificou-se para 1,34 cm, no final da secagem. Os resultados indicaram que as influências simultâneas da vibração e das esferas de porcelana intensificam o processo de secagem, resultando em uma cinética de secagem não convencional.
Major Survey Findings of Listening to MothersSM III: New Mothers Speak Out
Authors: Declercq Eugene R. , Sakala Carol , Corry Maureen P. , Applebaum Sandra , Herrlich Ariel
Published: January 2014

To understand the experiences and views of childbearing women in the United States and trends over time, Childbirth Connection carried out the third national Listening to Mothers survey among 2,400 women who gave birth in U.S. hospitals to a single baby from mid-2011 to mid-2012 and could participate in English. A follow-up survey directed to the same participants explored postpartum experiences, in depth and well into the second year after birth; views about maternity care; and some additional pregnancy and birth items. Harris Interactive conducted the surveys using a validated methodology that includes data weighting to ensure that results closely reflect the target population. The follow-up survey was reported in Listening to Mothers III: New Mothers Speak Out.
Diet and Pregnancy: Health-Care Providers and Patient Behaviors
Authors: May Linda , Suminski Richard , Berry Andrew , Linklater Emily , Jahnke Sara
Published: January 2014

In this study, associations between health-care providers (HCPs) discussing diet with their pregnant patients and patient dietary behavior were assessed in addition to factors related to HCPs discussing diet with their patients. Questionnaires were completed by 237 pregnant women and 31 HCPs at 12 obstetrics–gynecology clinics across the United States. Patients provided versus those not provided dietary counseling by their HCP were more likely (OR= 2.17, 95%; CI = 0.75–6.25) to engage in healthy dietary practices. HCPs that discussed multiple health behaviors were nearly four times more likely to discuss diet with their pregnant patients compared with HCP who did not discuss other health behaviors (OR= 3.67, 95%; CI = 1.10–12.28). This study indicates that HCP education can positively impact dietary behaviors of their pregnant patients.
A Heavy Burden: The Cardiovascular Health Consequences of Having a Family Member Incarcerated
Authors: Lee Hedwig , Wildeman Christopher , Wang Emily A. , Matusko Niki , Jackson James S.
Published: January 2014

Objectives. We examined the association of family member incarceration with cardiovascular risk factors and disease by gender.

Methods. We used a sample of 5470 adults aged 18 years and older in the National Survey of American Life, a 2001–2003 nationally representative cross-sectional survey of Blacks and Whites living in the United States, to examine 5 self-reported health conditions (diabetes, hypertension, heart attack or stroke, obesity, and fair or poor health).

Results. Family member incarceration was associated with increased likelihood of poor health across all 5 conditions for women but not for men. In adjusted models, women with family members who were currently incarcerated had 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 2.00), 2.53 (95% CI = 1.80, 3.55), and 1.93 (95% CI = 1.45, 2.58) times the odds of being obese, having had a heart attack or stroke, and being in fair or poor health, respectively.

Conclusions. Family member incarceration has profound implications for women’s cardiovascular health and should be considered a unique risk factor that contributes to racial disparities in health.
News Media Framing of Serious Mental Illness and Gun Violence in the United States, 1997-2012
Authors: McGinty Emma E. , Webster Daniel W. , Jarlenski Marian , Barry Colleen L.
Published: January 2014

Recent mass shootings by persons seemingly afflicted with serious mental illness (SMI) have received extensive news media coverage and prompted national dialogue about the causes of, and policy responses to, mass shootings. News media framing of SMI as a cause of gun violence may influence public attitudes about persons with SMI and support for gun violence prevention proposals. We analyzed the content of a 25% random sample of news stories on SMI and gun violence published in 14 national and regional news sources from 1997 to 2012. Across the study period, most news coverage occurred in the wake of mass shootings, and “dangerous people” with SMI were more likely than “dangerous weapons” to be mentioned as a cause of gun violence.
Underreporting Work Absences for Nontraumatic Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders to Workers’ Compensation: Results of a 2007–2008 Survey of the Québec Working Population
Authors: Stock Susan , Nicolakakis Nektaria , Raïq Hicham , Messing Karen , Lippel Katherine , Turcot Alice
Published: January 2014

Objectives. We examined underestimation of nontraumatic work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) stemming from underreporting to workers’ compensation (WC).

Methods. In data from the 2007 to 2008 Québec Survey on Working and Employment Conditions and Occupational Health and Safety we estimated, among nonmanagement salaried employees (NMSEs) (1) the prevalence of WMSDs and resulting work absence, (2) the proportion with WMSD-associated work absence who filed a WC claim, and (3) among those who did not file a claim, the proportion who received no replacement income. We modeled factors associated with not filing with multivariate logistic regression.

Results. Eighteen percent of NMSEs reported a WMSD, among whom 22.3% were absent from work. More than 80% of those absent did not file a WC claim, and 31.4% had no replacement income. Factors associated with not filing were higher personal income, higher seniority, shorter work absence, and not being unionized.

Conclusions. The high level of WMSD underreporting highlights the limits of WC data for surveillance and prevention. Without WC benefits, injured workers may have reduced job protection and access to rehabilitation.
The Courts and Public Health: Caught in a Pincer Movement
Authors: Parmet Wendy E. , Jacobson Peter D.
Published: January 2014

Public health practitioners are familiar with the general outlines of legal authority and with judicial standards for reviewing public health regulations. What may not be as familiar are 3 emerging judicial doctrines that pose considerable risks to public health initiatives.

We explain the contentious series of judicial rulings that now place health departments’ broad grant of authority in jeopardy. One doctrine invokes the First Amendment to limit regulatory authority. The second involves the Supreme Court’s reinterpretation of federalism to limit both federal and state public health interventions. The third redefines the standard of evidence required to support regulations.

Together, these judicial trends create a pincer movement that places substantial new burdens on the ability of health departments to protect health.
Government Leadership in Addressing Public Health Priorities: Strides and Delays in Electronic Laboratory Reporting in the United States
Authors: Gluskin Rebecca Tave , Mavinkurve Maushumi , Varma Jay K.
Published: January 2014

For nearly a decade, interest groups, from politicians to economists to physicians, have touted digitization of the nation’s health information. One frequently mentioned benefit is the transmission of information electronically from laboratories to public health personnel, allowing them to rapidly analyze and act on these data.

Switching from paper to electronic laboratory reports (ELRs) was thought to solve many public health surveillance issues, including workload, accuracy, and timeliness. However, barriers remain for both laboratories and public health agencies to realize the full benefits of ELRs.

The New York City experience highlights several successes and challenges of electronic reporting and is supported by peer-reviewed literature. Lessons learned from ELR systems will benefit efforts to standardize electronic medical records reporting to health departments.
The State of Transgender Health Care: Policy, Law, and Medical Frameworks
Authors: Stroumsa Daphna
Published: January 2014

I review the current status of transgender people’s access to health care in the United States and analyze federal policies regarding health care services for transgender people and the limitations thereof. I suggest a preliminary outline to enhance health care services and recommend the formulation of explicit federal policies regarding the provision of health care services to transgender people in accordance with recently issued medical care guidelines, allocation of research funding, education of health care workers, and implementation of existing nondiscrimination policies. Current policies denying medical coverage for sex reassignment surgery contradict standards of medical care and must be amended.
Uninsured Veterans Who Will Need to Obtain Insurance Coverage Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Authors: Tsai Jack , Rosenheck Robert
Published: January 2014

Objectives. We examined the number and clinical needs of uninsured veterans, including those who will be eligible for the Medicaid expansion and health insurance exchanges in 2014.

Methods. We analyzed weighted data for 8710 veterans from the 2010 National Survey of Veterans, classifying it by veterans’ age, income, household size, and insurance status.

Results. Of 22 million veterans, about 7%, or more than 1.5 million, were uninsured and will need to obtain coverage by enrolling in US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) care or the Medicaid expansion or by participating in the health insurance exchanges. Of those uninsured, 55%, or more than 800 000, are likely eligible for the Medicaid expansion if states implement it. Compared with veterans with any health coverage, those who were uninsured were younger and more likely to be single, Black, and low income and to have been deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan.

Conclusions. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is likely to have a considerable impact on uninsured veterans, which may have implications for the VA, the Medicaid expansion, and the health insurance exchanges.
Firearm and Nonfirearm Homicide in 5 South African Cities: A Retrospective Population-Based Study
Authors: Matzopoulos Richard G. , Thompson Mary Lou , Myers Jonathan E.
Published: January 2014

Objective. We assessed the effectiveness of South Africa’s Firearm Control Act (FCA), passed in 2000, on firearm homicide rates compared with rates of nonfirearm homicide across 5 South African cities from 2001 to 2005.

Methods. We conducted a retrospective population-based study of 37 067 firearm and nonfirearm homicide cases. Generalized linear models helped estimate and compare time trends of firearm and nonfirearm homicides, adjusting for age, sex, race, day of week, city, year of death, and population size.

Results. There was a statistically significant decreasing trend regarding firearm homicides from 2001, with an adjusted year-on-year homicide rate ratio of 0.864 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.848, 0.880), representing a decrease of 13.6% per annum. The year-on-year decrease in nonfirearm homicide rates was also significant, but considerably lower at 0.976 (95% CI = 0.954, 0.997). Results suggest that 4585 (95% CI = 4427, 4723) lives were saved across 5 cities from 2001 to 2005 because of the FCA.

Conclusions. Strength, timing and consistent decline suggest stricter gun control mediated by the FCA accounted for a significant decrease in homicide overall, and firearm homicide in particular, during the study period.
Improvements to Estimating Unsaturated Soil Properties from Horizontal Infiltration
Authors: Tyner John S. , Brown G. O.
Published: January 2014

Current methods to determine unsaturated soil properties are expensive, difficult, and time‐consuming. A procedure is presented that quickly estimates the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, diffusivity, water retention, and sorptivity functions from a Bruce–Klute test in conjunction with a semi‐analytic analysis. Data collection was performed using a computer controlled γ‐ray attenuation system to measure moisture content. A computer controlled syringe pump maintained the inlet boundary conditions. Improvements to existing analytical procedures include the independent optimization of van Genuchten soil hydraulic parameters n and α, and a method to optimize the residual moisture content from a single measurement of water potential versus water content. The method was applied to a sandy loam and its strengths and weaknesses are discussed.
Mechanisms of the Priming Effect in a Savannah Soil Amended with Cellulose
Authors: Fontaine Sébastien , Bardoux Gérard , Benest Danielle , Verdier Bruno , Mariotti André , Abbadie Luc
Published: January 2014

Two mechanisms have been hypothesized to explain the priming effect (PE), that is, the acceleration of soil C decomposition by fresh C input to soil. First, extracellular enzymes that are produced to decompose fresh C by fresh C specialized microbes may be partly efficient in degrading soil C. Second, depending on the competition with fresh C specialized microbes, part of the fresh C may be absorbed by soil C decomposing microbes. This absorption increases the populations of soil C decomposing microbe and hence the decomposition rate of soil C. The PE was quantified in a savannah soil amended with13C‐labeled cellulose at a rate of 495 mg C kg−1Cellulase was applied to the soil at a rate of 30 000 units kg−1soil to quantify the contribution of cellulase to the PE of cellulose. The rate of soil C decomposition increased by 55% with cellulose addition leading to PE of 234 mg C kg−1Cellulase released 32 mg C‐glucose from soil cellulose, representing only 14% of the PE. This indicated that the decomposition of soil C required the production of specific enzymes, and that the PE resulted from the stimulation of microbes able to provide soil C decomposing enzymes. Our results also showed that cellulose stimulated at least two types of microbes: soil C decomposing microbes that may also use cellulose and cellulose specialized microbes that exclusively decompose cellulose. These results indicate that the PE depends on microbial competition. We estimated that, following cellulose addition, soil humus stock was depleted by 174 mg C kg−1
Atmospheric Nitrate Deposition, Microbial Community Composition, and Enzyme Activity in Northern Hardwood Forests
Authors: DeForest Jared L. , Zak Donald R. , Pregitzer Kurt S. , Burton Andrew J.
Published: January 2014

On a global scale, human activity has increased the atmospheric input of NO−3 to many terrestrial ecosystems. Anthropogenic NO−3 may be a potent modifier of ecosystem function, especially in temperate forests that are sometimes N limited. However, the impact of chronic N deposition on soil microorganisms is still poorly understood. Nitrate entering Lake States forests is rapidly assimilated by the microbial community and it is subsequently released as NH+4 Because high levels of NH+4 inhibit the activity of lignin‐degrading soil fungi, we reasoned that chronic N additions could alter the composition and function of heterotrophic microbial communities in soil, and hence the ecosystem‐level processes they mediate. We tested our hypothesis in four northern hardwood ecosystems in northern Michigan, which received experimental N additions (30 kg NO−3–N ha−1 yr−1) during the past 8 yr. We quantified microbial community function by measuring the activity of extracellular enzymes involved in plant litter degradation and described microbial community composition using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Chronic N additions significantly suppressed β‐glucosidase activity by 24% in mineral soil and suppressed phenol oxidase activity by 35% in surface litter. We found no evidence that chronic N additions altered microbial community composition; NO−3 addition did not alter the relative abundance of bacterial, actinomycetal, fungal, or protozoan PLFAs. However, NO−3 additions significantly reduced microbial biomass by 18% relative to the control treatment. Results indicate that N additions broadly suppressed all microbial groups, not just the activity and abundance of lignin‐degrading fungi.
Composition, Fabric, and Porosity of an Arenic Haplustalf of Northeast Thailand
Authors: Bruand Ary , Hartmann Christian , Ratana-Anupap Santi , Sindhusen Pramuanpong , Poss Roland , Hardy Michel
Published: January 2014

Sandy uplands of northeast Thailand have subsoils with high resistance to root penetration that varies even though there is no variation in bulk density (Db). The objective of this study was to determine how the resistance to penetration in these soils is related to the size, mineralogy, and arrangement of the elementary particles. We studied the tilled topsoil (Ap horizon), upper subsoil (E horizon), and lower subsoil (Bt horizon) of an Arenic Haplustalf. Results showed similar skeleton grain‐size distribution in the three horizons. Results also showed similar Db in the E and Bt horizons, and higher resistance to penetration in the E horizon. Dispersion of the material indicated the absence of a cementing agent between elementary particles. The <2‐μm fraction content was 37, 53, and 88 g kg−1 in the Ap, E, and Bt horizons, respectively, and that fraction was about one‐third quartz. The clay minerals were kaolinite with a small amount of swelling 2:1 clays in the Ap and Bt horizons. Mercury porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a closer arrangement of the sand resulting in less interparticle porosity in the E horizon than in the Bt horizon. The smaller interparticle porosity in the E horizon was compensated for by greater macroporosity resulting from biological activity, thus explaining the similar Db in the E and Bt horizons. Despite similar Db, the greater penetration resistance in the E horizon results from a close packing of sand particles that restricts the displacement of soil particles during penetration by probe or roots.
Segregated Ice and Liquefaction Effects on Compaction of Fragipans
Authors: Scalenghe Riccardo , Certini Giacomo , Corti Giuseppe , Zanini Ermanno , Ugolini Fiorenzo C.
Published: January 2014

The brittleness of fragipans is generally ascribed to the close‐packing fabric arrangement acquired at the initial step of pedogenesis thanks to physical processes. However, there is an on‐going debate over the agent causing soil densification. In this work, we tested the plausibility that ice segregation or liquefaction could have been the cause of the compaction of four fragipans. Two of them are located in nonseismic areas that have experienced periglacial conditions; one is from a strongly seismic area not affected by periglacial conditions, while the fourth site underwent moderate seismic activity and slight periglacial conditions. After disaggregation in the laboratory, soil specimens were submitted to freeze–thaw cycles and vibrations at different amplitude and duration, either dry or water‐saturated. Analyses of aggregate stability, bulk density, porosity, and pore‐size distribution were made on natural and treated specimens. Results indicated that the compactness arose mainly from the close‐packing arrangement of particles. The freeze–thaw cycles were able to reproduce only some of the features in the water‐saturated specimens, independent of whether they came from periglacial or seismic areas, while those from seismic areas successfully acquired the original arrangement after vibrations‐induced liquefaction. This different behavior could be partly explained by the fact that consolidation after liquefaction occurs only if a material with proper particle‐size distribution and mineralogical assemblage is saturated by solutions able to disperse phyllosilicates and promote their face‐to‐face arrangement. Our findings support the hypothesis that liquefaction of soil material due to earthquakes could indeed provide a dense parent material in which the fragipan may develop through pedogenesis.