bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Joule–Thomson and Joule–Thomson‐Like Effects of the Black Holes in a Cavity
Authors: Li Nan , Li Jin‐Yu , Su Bing‐Yu
Published: January 2023

When a black hole is enclosed in a cavity in asymptotically flat space, an effective volume can be introduced, and an effective pressure can be further defined as its conjugate variable. By this means, an extended phase space is constructed in a cavity, which resembles that in the anti‐de Sitter (AdS) space in many aspects. However, there are still some notable dissimilarities simultaneously. In this work, the Joule–Thomson (JT) effect of the black holes, widely discussed in the AdS space as an isenthalpic (constant‐mass) process, is shown to only have cooling region in a cavity. On the contrary, in a constant‐thermal‐energy process (the JT‐like effect), there is only heating region in a cavity. Altogether, different from the AdS case, there is no inversion temperature or inversion curve in a cavity. Our work reveals the subtle discrepancy between the two different extended phase spaces that is sensitive to the specific boundary conditions.
New Metamaterial Foundation Based on Novel Omnidirectional High‐Performance Inerter Mechanism
Authors: Zhang Lei , Wang Keyi , Shu Haisheng , Wang Lan , Wang Xingguo
Published: January 2023

Seismic metamaterials are newly emerging structural–functional materials for controlling seismic waves, and they provide a new solution for building earthquake resistance. However, existing seismic metamaterials need to be further improved to achieve low‐frequency and broadband performance. Herein, a new metamaterial foundation containing a novel omnidirectional high‐performance inerter mechanism is proposed for low‐frequency protection against seismic waves. The research results show that this metamaterial foundation can effectively generate a lower frequency bandgap in any direction of the horizontal plane. Subsequently, the inerter mechanism is improved, which enables the metamaterial foundation to provide vibration protection for different specific frequency bands. The bandwidth of the corresponding frequency band can be adjusted flexibly by appropriately controlling the design parameters. Subsequently, to enhance the broadband attenuation performance, the inerter mechanism is further improved, which enables the metamaterial foundation to produce an ultrabroadband attenuation effect. Finally, the effect of the building mass on the metamaterial antiseismic system is investigated, and it is shown that the attenuation width of the metamaterial antiseismic system further increases as the building mass increases. The designed inerter mechanism has potential for applications in other scenarios such as beams, plates, and interfaces.
Nondestructive Determination of Young's Modulus of Interconnecting Thin Films by a Broadband Surface Acoustic Wave‐Interdigital Transducer
Authors: Zhang Li , Xiao Xia , Qi Haiyang , Zhang Jinsong , Huang Yiting
Published: January 2023

A facile and rapid method for nondestructive testing (NDT) of the Young's modulus of interconnecting thin films using a broadband surface acoustic wave‐interdigital transducer (SAW‐IDT) is presented herein. A linear periodic SAW‐IDT with 20–125 MHz is designed and fabricated to excite surface acoustic wave (SAW) signals on the samples. By applying burst excitations under different frequencies, the SAW waveforms are picked up by a miniaturized piezoelectric transducer and processed by slant stack transformation. Consequently, the SAW dispersion curves over a wide frequency band are established to match the film parameters. Young's modulus of the 100 and 300 nm thickness of SiO2 films and the 800 and 1500 nm low‐k polyimide (PI) films is characterized. The nanoindentation method, as a control experiment, is also carried out to verify the accuracy of the SAW method, and the test results show that the SAW method can eliminate the effect of the substrate with higher precision. This work shows the advantage of the NDT technique by SAW‐IDT in measuring the Young's modulus of ultrathin films with low cost, controllable frequency range, and high accuracy.
Event‐triggered output feedback predictive control for Takagi‐Sugeno model with bounded disturbance and redundant channels
Authors: Wang Jun , Ding Baocang , Wang Ping
Published: January 2023

In this paper, the problem of dynamic output feedback model predictive control (MPC) for the Takagi‐Sugeno (T‐S) model with bounded disturbance and redundant channels is investigated based on an event‐triggered scheme. The redundant channels, described by a set of mutually independent Bernoulli processes, are applied to improve the reliability of data transmission. The state immeasurable is considered, and an event‐triggered state estimator with a time‐varying threshold is designed to estimate the true system state. The estimator and controller gains are parameterized as a non‐convex optimization problem. In order to online solve the resulting optimization problem, the cone complementarity approach (CCA) with iteration optimization is adopted. The mean‐square quadratic boundedness (MSQB) is utilized to characterize the invariance of the system state and guarantee the closed‐loop stability, while the recursive feasibility is ensured via online refreshing the estimation error set. Finally, a numerical simulation example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical method.
Passivity‐based control of nonlinear active dynamic vibration absorber
Authors: Hao Sheng , Yamashita Yuh , Kobayashi Koichi
Published: January 2023

In this article, a nonlinear active dynamic vibration absorber based on passivity‐based energy shaping control is proposed. Using the proposed method, the vibrations that are excited by force and velocity disturbances simultaneously can be controlled. The control law only uses the relative displacement and velocity of the vibration system, which can be easily measured by sensors. The numerical solutions to the partial differential equations are not required in our proposed method. The main idea of the controller's parameters design is to convert a plant system with a nonlinear dynamic vibration absorber into a desired system with multiple virtual skyhook dampers. We also derive the parameters' selection guidelines for the proposed controller. The global asymptotical stability is guaranteed through passivity‐based control theory, although the parameter design is based on linearization. We verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller by some simulations on a cart‐pendulum system.
Turbulence structure and bank erosion process in a dredged channel
Authors: Arora Sukhjeet , Patel Harish K. , Lade Abhijit D. , Kumar Bimlesh
Published: January 2023

Riverbank erosion has significant geomorphological as well as anthropogenic consequences. The geomorphological impacts include form changes such as lateral channel migration, meanders, channel expansion, etc. The anthropogenic effects include the threat to floodplain human habitation, agricultural land, and stability of instream hydraulic structures and buried pipelines. Channel dredging for the extraction of sand and gravel has seen a multi‐fold rise in the last few decades. Therefore, riverbank erosion response to channel mining gains importance in river basin management. Sandpits dredged in the riverbeds can significantly impact the downstream riverbank stability. In order to assess these impacts, we conducted a series of experiments at a laboratory scale in a recirculating water flume. Three riverbank slopes, 25° (gentle), 31° (equal to the angle of repose of the bank sediments), and 40° (steeper than the angle of repose), were tested along with a sandpit. Remarkable changes in the turbulence structure of riverbank flow were found due to the channel pit. Pit excavation directly impacts the fluvial erosion characteristics of the riverbank. Pit action increases the Reynolds shear stress fields in the near‐bank flow, which causes progressive fluvial erosion of the berm at the bank toe. The erosivity of the main channel flow in the riverbank also leads to channel degradation, which increases the exposed height of the bank slope. Pit dredging leads to the generation of stronger ejection bursts which provide a mechanism for berm sediment mobility and erosion. The hydro morphological response of the riverbank due to sand mining was analysed, and process understandings are presented in the paper.
Long‐Lived Dynamic Room Temperature Phosphorescence from Carbon Dots Based Materials
Authors: Wang Kaiti , Qu Lunjun , Yang Chaolong
Published: January 2023

As a type of room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) material, carbon dots (CDs) always show short lifetime and low phosphorescence efficiency. To counter these disadvantages, several strategies, such as embedding in rigid matrix, introducing of heteroatom, crosslink‐enhanced emission, etc., are well developed. Consequently, lots of CDs‐based RTP materials are obtained. Doping of CDs into various matrix is the dominant method for preparation of long‐lived CDs‐based RTP materials so far. The desired CDs@matrix composites always display outstanding RTP performances. Meanwhile, matrix‐free CDs and carbonized polymer dots‐based RTP materials are also widely developed. Amounts of CDs possessing ultra‐long lived, multiple colored, and dynamic RTP emission are successfully obtained. Herein, the recent progress achieved in CDs‐based RTP materials as well as the corresponding efficient strategies and emission mechanisms are summarized and reviewed in detail. Due to CDs‐based RTP materials possess excellent chemical stability, photostability and low biological toxicity, they exhibit great application potential in the fields of anti‐counterfeiting, data encryption, and biological monitoring. The application of the CDs‐based RTP materials is also introduced in this review. As a promising functional material, development of long wavelength RTP emitting CDs with long lifetime is still challengeable, especially for the red and near‐infrared emitting RTP materials.
A Review of Smart Superwetting Surfaces Based on Shape‐Memory Micro/Nanostructures
Authors: Bai Xue , Gou Xiaodan , Zhang Jialiang , Liang Jie , Yang Lijing , Wang Shaopeng , Hou Xun , Chen Feng
Published: January 2023

Bioinspired smart superwetting surfaces with special wettability have aroused great attention from fundamental research to technological applications including self‐cleaning, oil–water separation, anti‐icing/corrosion/fogging, drag reduction, cell engineering, liquid manipulation, and so on. However, most of the reported smart superwetting surfaces switch their wettability by reversibly changing surface chemistry rather than surface microstructure. Compared with surface chemistry, the regulation of surface microstructure is more difficult and can bring novel functions to the surfaces. As a kind of stimulus‐responsive material, shape‐memory polymer (SMP) has become an excellent candidate for preparing smart superwetting surfaces owing to its unique shape transformation property. This review systematically summarizes the recent progress of smart superwetting SMP surfaces including fabrication methods, smart superwetting phenomena, and related application fields. The smart superwettabilities, such as superhydrophobicity/superomniphobicity with tunable adhesion, reversible switching between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity, switchable isotropic/anisotropic wetting, slippery surface with tunable wettability, and underwater superaerophobicity/superoleophobicity with tunable adhesion, can be obtained on SMP micro/nanostructures by regulating the surface morphology. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of smart superwetting SMP surfaces are discussed.
P‐Block Metal‐Based Electrocatalysts for Nitrogen Reduction to Ammonia: A Minireview
Authors: Li Shaoquan , Wang Yingnan , Du Yue , Zhu Xiao‐Dong , Gao Jian , Zhang Yong‐Chao , Wu Gang
Published: January 2023

Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) to ammonia (NH3) using renewable electricity provides a promising approach towards carbon neutral. What's more, it has been regarded as the most promising alternative to the traditional Haber‐Bosch route in current context of developing sustainable technologies. The development of a class of highly efficient electrocatalysts with high selectivity and stability is the key to electrochemical NRR. Among them, P‐block metal‐based electrocatalysts have significant application potential in NRR for which possessing a strong interaction with the N 2p orbitals. Thus, it offers a good selectivity for NRR to NH3. The density of state (DOS) near the Fermi level is concentrated for the P‐block metal‐based catalysts, indicating the ability of P‐block metal as active sites for N2 adsorption and activation by donating p electrons. In this work, we systematically review the recent progress of P‐block metal‐based electrocatalysts for electrochemical NRR. The effect of P‐block metal‐based electrocatalysts on the NRR activity, selectivity and stability are discussed. Specifically, the catalyst design, the nature of the active sites of electrocatalysts and some strategies for boosting NRR performance, the reaction mechanism, and the impact of operating conditions are unveiled. Finally, some challenges and outlooks using P‐block metal‐based electrocatalysts are proposed.
High Sensitivity Near‐Infrared Imaging of Fluorescent Nanosensors
Authors: Ackermann Julia , Stegemann Jan , Smola Tim , Reger Eline , Jung Sebastian , Schmitz Anne , Herbertz Svenja , Erpenbeck Luise , Seidl Karsten , Kruss Sebastian
Published: January 2023

Biochemical processes are fast and occur on small‐length scales, which makes them difficult to measure. Optical nanosensors based on single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are able to capture such dynamics. They fluoresce in the near‐infrared (NIR, 850–1700 nm) tissue transparency window and the emission wavelength depends on their chirality. However, NIR imaging requires specialized indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) cameras with a typically low resolution because the quantum yield of normal Si‐based cameras rapidly decreases in the NIR. Here, an efficient one‐step phase separation approach to isolate monochiral (6,4)‐SWCNTs (880 nm emission) from mixed SWCNT samples is developed. It enables imaging them in the NIR with high‐resolution standard Si‐based cameras (>50× more pixels). (6,4)‐SWCNTs modified with (GT)10‐ssDNA become highly sensitive to the important neurotransmitter dopamine. These sensors are 1.7× brighter and 7.5× more sensitive and allow fast imaging (<50 ms). They enable high‐resolution imaging of dopamine release from cells. Thus, the assembly of biosensors from (6,4)‐SWCNTs combines the advantages of nanosensors working in the NIR with the sensitivity of (Si‐based) cameras and enables broad usage of these nanomaterials.
Introducing High‐Valence Iridium Single Atoms into Bimetal Phosphides toward High‐Efficiency Oxygen Evolution and Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Yang Niuwa , Tian Shaonan , Feng Yongjun , Hu Zhenya , Liu Hui , Tian Xinlong , Xu Lin , Hu Chaoquan , Yang Jun
Published: January 2023

Single atoms are superior electrocatalysts having high atomic utilization and amazing activity for water oxidation and splitting. Herein, this work reports a thermal reduction method to introduce high‐valence iridium (Ir) single atoms into bimetal phosphide (FeNiP) nanoparticles toward high‐efficiency oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and overall water splitting. The presence of high‐valence single Ir atoms (Ir4+) and their synergistic interaction with Ni3+ species as well as the disproportionation of Ni3+ assisted by Fe collectively contribute to the exceptional OER performance. In specific, at appropriate Ir/Ni and Fe/Ni ratios, the as‐prepared Ir‐doped FeNiP (Ir25‐Fe16Ni100P64) nanoparticles at a mass loading of only 35 µg cm−2 show the overpotential as low as 232 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and activity as high as 1.86 A mg−1 at 1.5 V versus RHE for OER in 1.0 m KOH. Computational simulations confirm the vital role of high‐valence Ir to weaken the adsorption of OER intermediates, favorable for accelerating OER kinetics. Impressively, a Pt/C||Ir25‐Fe16Ni100P64 two‐electrode alkaline electrolyzer affords a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a low cell voltage of 1.42 V, along with satisfied stability. An AA battery with a nominal voltage of 1.5 V can drive overall water splitting with obvious bubbles released.
Highly Thermostable Interphase Enables Boosting High‐Temperature Lifespan for Metallic Lithium Batteries
Authors: Zheng Jiale , Wang Juncheng , Guo Tianqi , Wang Yao , Nai Jianwei , Luo Jianmin , Yuan Huadong , Wang Zhongchang , Tao Xinyong , Liu Yujing
Published: January 2023

In consideration of high specific capacity and low redox potential, lithium metal anodes have attracted extensive attention. However, the cycling performance of lithium metal batteries generally deteriorates significantly under the stringent conditions of high temperature due to inferior heat tolerance of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Herein, controllable SEI nanostructures with excellent thermal stability are established by the (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (TMSCF3)‐induced interface engineering. First, the TMSCF3 regulates the electrolyte decomposition, thus generating an SEI with a large amount of LiF, Li3N, and Li2S nanocrystals incorporated. More importantly, the uniform distributed nanocrystals have endowed the SEI with enhanced thermostability according to the density functional theory simulations. Particularly, the sub‐angstrom visualization on SEI through a conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM) is realized for the first time and the enhanced tolerance to the heat damage originating from TEM imaging demonstrates the ultrahigh thermostability of SEI. As a result, the highly thermostable interphase facilitates a substantially prolonged lifespan of full cells at a high temperature of 70 °C. As such, this work might inspire the universal interphase design for high‐energy alkali‐metal‐based batteries applicated in a high‐temperature environment.
Printed Electronics Based on 2D Material Inks: Preparation, Properties, and Applications toward Memristors
Authors: Chen Xiaopei , Wang Xiongfeng , Pang Yudong , Bao Guocheng , Jiang Jie , Yang Peng , Chen Yuankang , Rao Tingke , Liao Wugang
Published: January 2023

Printed electronics, which fabricate electrical components and circuits on various substrates by leveraging functional inks and advanced printing technologies, have recently attracted tremendous attention due to their capability of large‐scale, high‐speed, and cost‐effective manufacturing and also their great potential in flexible and wearable devices. To further achieve multifunctional, practical, and commercial applications, various printing technologies toward smarter pattern‐design, higher resolution, greater production flexibility, and novel ink formulations toward multi‐functionalities and high quality have been insensitively investigated. 2D materials, possessing atomically thin thickness, unique properties and excellent solution‐processable ability, hold great potential for high‐quality inks. Besides, the great variety of 2D materials ranging from metals, semiconductors to insulators offers great freedom to formulate versatile inks to construct various printed electronics. Here, a detailed review of the progress on 2D material inks formulation and its printed applications has been provided, specifically with an emphasis on emerging printed memristors. Finally, the challenges facing the field and prospects of 2D material inks and printed electronics are discussed.
To Molecularly Block Hydrogen Evolution Sites of Molybdenum Disulfide toward Improved Catalytic Performance for Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction
Authors: Win Poe Ei Phyu , Yu Dongxue , Song Wenjuan , Huang Xiang , Zhu Peng , Liu Guanyu , Wang Jiong
Published: January 2023

2H‐molybdenum disulfide (2H‐MoS2) represents a classical catalyst for the electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR) in water that offers a promising technology toward sustainable production of NH3 driven by renewable energy. While the catalytic efficiency is severely limited by a simultaneous and competing H2 evolution reaction (HER). Herein, it is proposed that the S edge of 2H‐MoS2, which is known as main sites to afford HER, is intentionally covered by cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) molecules through axial coordination. While the Mo sites with S vacancies at 2H‐MoS2 edge is recognized as highly NRR active, and can keep structurally intact in the CoPc based modification. The resultant composite thus exhibits high NRR performance with Faradic efficiency and NH3 yields increase by fourfold and twofold, respectively, comparing to pristine 2H‐MoS2. These findings provide a deep insight into the mechanism of 2H‐MoS2 based NRR catalysis and suggest an efficient molecular modification strategy to promote NRR in water.
Structure Design for Ultrahigh Power Density Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Zhang Guobin , Wu Lizhen , Tongsh Chasen , Qu Zhiguo , Wu Siyuan , Xie Biao , Huo Wenming , Du Qing , Wang Huizhi , An Liang , Wang Ning , Xuan Jin , Chen Wenmiao , Xi Fuqiang , Wang Zhixin , Jiao Kui
Published: January 2023

Next‐generation ultrahigh power density proton exchange membrane fuel cells rely not only on high‐performance membrane electrode assembly (MEA) but also on an optimal cell structure. To this end, this work comprehensively investigates the cell performance under various structures, and it is revealed that there is unexploited performance improvement in structure design because its positive effect enhancing gas supply is often inhibited by worse proton/electron conduction. Utilizing fine channel/rib or the porous flow field is feasible to eliminate the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and hence increase the power density significantly due to the decrease of cell thickness and gas/electron transfer resistances. The cell structure combining fine channel/rib, GDL elimination and double‐cell structure is believed to increase the power density from 4.4 to 6.52 kW L−1 with the existing MEA, showing nearly equal importance with the new MEA development in achieving the target of 9.0 kW L−1.
Inflammatory Cell‐Inspired Cascade Nanozyme Induces Intracellular Radical Storm for Enhanced Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Liu Xun , Li Wei , Wang Mengru , Liu Ningyu , Yang Qiang , He Yunjie , Hu Duanmin , Zhu Rongying , Yin Lichen
Published: January 2023

Manipulating intracellular levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) is of great potential for cancer treatment. Inspired by the natural mechanism of a radical storm in inflammatory cells via activated and regulatable biocatalysis, the authors herein report a self‐powered nanozyme that can enable RONS production in tumor cells via cascade reactions. The nanozymes are constructed via glucose oxidase (GOx)‐templated inverse microemulsion polymerization from acrylamide, arginine‐acrylamide, ferrocene‐acrylate, and N,N′‐bis(acryloyl)cystamine, followed by surface coating with hyaluronic acid. After targeted delivery into cancer cells, the nanozymes are dissociated by intracellular glutathione to release GOx, which decomposed glucose to generate gluconic acid and H2O2. Under such acidified conditions, H2O2 efficiently oxidized pendant arginine residues to produce nitric oxide , transformed into a highly toxic hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion via ferrocene‐mediated Fenton reaction and Haber–Weiss cycle, and simultaneously generated peroxynitrite anion via reaction between NO and ·O2−, thus provoking the RONS radical storm to effectively eradicate A549 tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. This nature‐inspired enzyme‐chemical dynamic therapy may provide a promising modality for anti‐cancer treatment.
Study on mechanical properties of (1 % PVA fiber +1 % Steel fiber) PS‐ECC under the coupling effects of elevated temperature and dynamic loads
Authors: Chen Jianxing , Zhu Zheming , Zhou Lei , Zhuang Jinping , Wang Meng , Ma Leijun
Published: January 2023

The coupling effect of temperature and impact loads can cause the concrete strength to decay and lead to the failure of the structure that cannot reach the designed load‐bearing strength. In this study, the evolution laws of dynamic compressive strength, dynamic increase factor (DIF), and absorbed energy of (1% polyvinyl alcohol [PVA] fiber +1% steel fiber) PS‐ECC (engineered cementitious composite) were obtained by a split Hopkinson compression bar test. The conclusions can be concluded: the dynamic compressive strength, DIF, and absorbed energy of PS‐ECC largely show a tendency to decrease with increasing temperature; however, the recovery effect occurs at 200°C due to the accumulation of steam inside the specimen to counteract the impact force. Then, 200°C becomes a threshold value, and the sensitivity of PS‐ECC to strain rate shows a steep drop when the temperature exceeds 200°C. Compared to 200°C, the growth rate of dynamic compressive strength, DIF, and energy absorption capacity from strain rate 50–80 s−1 decreases by 50.65, 55.24, and 45.71% at 300°C, the growth rate decreases by 55.87, 56.5, and 48.45% at 400°C. The impact energy absorption of PS‐ECC was provided mainly by PVA fiber. The energy absorption of PS‐ECC is almost the same at 300 and 400°C for the same strain rate due to PVA fiber burning disappears.
Complication rate after termination of pregnancy for fetal defects
Authors: Spingler T. , Sonek J. , Hoopmann M. , Prodan N. , Abele H. , Kagan K. O.
Published: January 2023

Objectives

To assess the risk of complications in women undergoing termination of pregnancy (TOP) for fetal defects and to examine the impact of gestational age on the complication rate.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of women with a singleton pregnancy undergoing TOP at the University Hospital of Tübingen, Germany, between 2018 and 2021. TOP was performed by experienced operators according to the national protocol; dilatation and curettage (D&C) or evacuation (D&E) was used in the first and early second trimesters and induction was used later in pregnancy. The following were considered to be significant procedure‐related complications: blood loss of more than 500 mL, uterine perforation, need for blood transfusion, allergic reaction, creation of a false passage (via falsa), systemic infection, readmission to hospital, any unplanned surgical procedure, such as repeat D&C/D&E or hysterectomy, and maternal death.

Results

The search of the hospital database identified 416 pregnancies that met the study criteria. Median maternal and gestational age at termination were 34.1 years and 17.4 weeks, respectively. In the first, second and third trimesters, respectively, 84 (20.2%), 278 (66.8%) and 54 (13.0%) pregnancies were terminated, for which D&C or D&E was used in 80 (95.2%), 21 (7.6%) and 0 (0.0%) cases. Seventy‐seven (18.5%) women had at least one previous Cesarean section and 169 (40.6%) had at least one previous spontaneous delivery. Overall, 95 (22.8%) women had complications during or after TOP. A significantly higher complication rate was noted for terminations performed later in pregnancy. The median gestational age at termination was 16.6 weeks in women who did not experience complications and 20.7 weeks in those with complications (P < 0.001). The respective complication rates in the first, second and third trimesters were 6.0%, 27.0% and 27.8%.

Conclusion

In women undergoing TOP for fetal defects, the risk of complications increases with advancing gestational age. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Analysis of a wooden statue by non‐destructive X‐ray techniques
Authors: Oliveira Renan , de Paula Anderson , Gonçalves Fernando , Sanches Francis , Nardes Raysa , Santos Ramon , Azeredo Soraia , Araújo Olga , Machado Alessandra , Anjos Marcelino , Lopes Ricardo , Oliveira Davi
Published: January 2023

In this study, the characterization of the “Santa Luzia” statue was carried out through three non‐destructive X‐ray techniques: X‐ray Fluorescence (XRF), Digital Radiography (DR), and Computed Tomography (CT). The wooden statue dates from the 18th century. It was carved in Portugal and is currently located at the Santa Luzia church—one of the oldest churches built in Rio de Janeiro. The portable XRF system used in this study is composed of an Ag target X‐ray tube and an silicon drift detector detector with energy resolution of 122 eV at 5.9 keV. Several spectra were obtained in different regions of the statue. For the DR and CT evaluations, a portable 120 kV X‐ray tube and a 410 × 410 mm a‐Si flat panel detector with a pixel size of 200 μm were used. Individual radiographs of the parts of the statue were acquired and merged into a single image, in order to show its complete radiography. Finally, the CT images of the head of the statue were taken in angular steps of 2 degrees and, after the reconstruction process, the data were analyzed by means of appropriate software. The elements found in the XRF analysis suggest the presence of the pigments lead white, red lead, zinc white, titanium white, vermilion and emerald green. All of them are in accordance with the pigments used by the artists during the statue's historical period. The 3 exceptions were the zinc white and titanium white pigments, which may be an evidence of modern interventions, and the emerald green pigment, which appears to be a repainting of the green region. The radiographic images showed the manufacturing process of the statue, as well as its structural condition. The assembling of wooden blocks, the presence and type of nails and spikes, and regions of different densities were found in the analysis. In the statue's head, the joining of the face with the main part of the statue is clearly visible, and also the hollow glass eye. The CT analysis was able to better detail this section as a spherical cavity in the central part of the head, as well as the presence of a high‐density fragment inside the hole for the fixation of the aureole. The type of glass eye was identified as blown‐glass eye, which is commonly used in devotional statues.
Modular Car Design for Reuse
Authors: von Freeden Justus , de Wit Jesper , Caba Stefan , Lies Carsten , Huxdorf Oliver
Published: January 2023

The design of reusable composite structures for cars needs high constructional effort. The car must be divided into separable modules meeting ecologic and economic requirements. Here, a battery containing platform and a seating structure were selected as large components with high potential for reuse. In a first step the desired car is described setting the basic scenario. A carsharing vehicle shows perfect conditions due to low logistics effort and the business model of the owner. This sets the boundary conditions for the design of the platform. Two different approaches were tested and merged into a concept ready for reuse. Simulations of the stiffness and the crash performance show good values. First large CFRP profiles were produced in a complex pultrusion process. An associated seating structure following similar design principles was constructed using profiles and nods. All load-cases that can occur during the utilization phase could be beared. Both modules together can form the basis of a reusable car. The design principles like detachable joints—in particular the utilization of detachable adhesive connections—can be adapted for any other technical composite product.
Cloud-Based Platform for the Circular Value-Chain
Authors: Arabsolgar Dena , Musumeci Andrea
Published: January 2023

The FiberEUse IT platform is a tool that enables the exchange of information among stakeholders working into and crossing the glass and carbon fibers value chains. The list of stakeholders had been identified and is listed into the document. The list of users of the platform is also listed into the document, although it is not fixed. During the collection and analysis of the requirements, the circularity of the approach had been in the core focus. This drove to the identification of solutions able to cover all the different and innovative aspects of a Circular Economy Systemic Innovation. New products, new processes, new materials, new connections, quick and unexpected introductions of innovations, methodological approach, end of waste concept, availability of objects for dismantle, not-standardized parameters, are only some of the aspects arisen analysing deeply the requirements. They have all been approached in the platform which is by definition circular, dynamic, expandable and polymorphic. In the FiberEUse project, the validation activities of the IT platform had adopted an agile approach involving demonstrators during the preliminary phases of analysis, and mock-up creation. An internal technical validation had been completed. The methodology had been adopted and main results are reported in Sect. 5.
Use Case 1: Mechanical Recycling of Short Fibers
Authors: Lammer Herfried , König Tamara , Bonaiti Giacomo , Onori Roberto
Published: January 2023

The main objective of Use Case 1 is the development of industrial demonstrators of new products incorporating mechanically recycled glass fiber composites. These demonstrators will determinate the technical feasibility and cost effectiveness for glass and carbon fibers recycling solutions. The demonstrators include structural parts like a ski by HEAD Sport and sanitary products like shower trays by Novellini where the recycling fibers are used for existing products. A series of design concepts have been developed supported by a design briefing and a co-design methodology for street furniture and similar products, where the recycled materials are already considered from the start of the design of the product.
Use Case 2: Thermal Recycling of Long Fibers
Authors: García-Arrieta Sonia , Benito Iratxe López , García Marta , Bonaiti Giacomo , Escudero Olatz Ollo , Elizetxea Cristina
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the industrial demonstration of the reuse of recycled fibers obtained by a thermal process. Four demonstrators are described in which both recycled carbon fibers and recycled glass fibers have been incorporated into different matrices. The automotive sector proposes 3 demo cases (Pedal Bracket, Front-end carrier and Cowl top support) with demanding mechanical and thermal requirements. These components were manufactured by injection molding with thermoplastic matrices. The construction sector proposes 1 demo case (Light transmitting single skin profiled sheet.) with mechanical and light transmittance requirements that was manufactured by continuous lamination. It is demonstrated that the incorporation of recycled fiber for these applications is technically possible, fulfilling the requirements demanded by each sector.
Use Case 3: Modular Car Parts Disassembly and Remanufacturing
Authors: Caba Stefan , von Freeden Justus , de Wit Jesper , Huxdorf Oliver
Published: January 2023

Cars designed for reuse are a novelty. The disassembly and remanufacturing of major vehicle structures is not an established process yet. This means new tasks and within that, new business models must be found to close the loop. New facilities and logistics are part of the process chain. In this chapter the processes will be outlined on basis of a car-sharing vehicle as an example of a fleet ownership. The reusable platform and the seat structure are the basis of this model-based consideration. The technical issues and obstacles will be discussed as well as economic and ecologic questions.
Economic and Risk Assessment of New Circular Economy Business Models
Authors: Ijomah Winifred , Trivyza Nikoletta L. , Tuni Andrea , Rentizelas Athanasios , Gutteridge Fiona , Mathes Volker
Published: January 2023

Circular economy business models are key enablers of the circular economy. However, they must also be economically viable to materialize in reality, since profitability is a major business driver. Assessment of the economic potential of circular economy business model is subjected to significant uncertainties and to a range of risks, due to their novel nature. This chapter firstly discusses the economic assessment of the circular business models specifically for composites, based on five business model cases from various sectors, focusing on the identification of the major causes of uncertainty and then performing sampling-based sensitivity analysis to investigate the viability of the circular economy business models under uncertainty. The findings show that the proposed circular economy business models are not always more profitable than the existing models. Thus, in some instances new market stimulus would need to be identified and implemented to increase attractiveness of the proposed solutions. As a consequence, the chapter identifies and prioritizes risk factors for new circular economy business models for composites. The risk analysis uses input from industry experts and the literature to come up with a key risk factors list relevant to circular economy business models for composite materials. The risk analysis concludes that the key risk factors are both from the demand/market and supply side.
Impact of Policy Actions on the Deployment of the Circular Value-Chain for Composites
Authors: Diani Marco , Abdalla Abdelrahman H. , de Melo Pereira Claudio Luis , Colledani Marcello
Published: January 2023

The effect of legislation on composites recycling can be both a driving force, such as in the case of End-of-Life Vehicle legislation, that is making it mandatory to reuse the materials used in vehicle manufacturing, or a boundary, increasing the burden to manufacturers reusing composite materials. As a consequence, a deep study on the impact of policies on the reuse of composites is fundamental to promote those actions boosting the deployment of circular value-chains. In this Chapter, a model based on System Dynamics theory, representing the entire industrial environment of composite materials, has been developed, leading to a prioritization of most impacting legislations, providing conclusions and recommendations derived from data.
Disassembly of Large Composite-Rich Installations
Authors: Diani Marco , Picone Nicoletta , Gentilini Luca , Jensen Jonas Pagh , Angius Alessio , Colledani Marcello
Published: January 2023

Considering the demanufacturing of large infrastructures (as wind blades and aircrafts) rich in composite materials, the most impacting step in terms of costs is disassembly. Different routes could be followed for dismantling and transportation and several factors influence the final result (as the technology used, the logistic and the administrative issues). For this reason, it is fundamental to understand which solution has to be followed to reduce the impact of decommissioning on the overall recycling and reusing cost. This work, after the formalization of the different possible disassembly scenarios, proposes a Decision Support System (DSS) for disassembly of large composite-rich installations, that has been designed and implemented for the identification of the most promising disassembly strategy, according to the process costs minimization. The mathematical models constituting the core of this tool are detailed and the DSS is applied to disassembly of onshore wind blades, underling the importance of similar systems to optimize demanufacturing costs.
Smart Composite Mechanical Demanufacturing Processes
Authors: Diani Marco , Picone Nicoletta , Colledani Marcello
Published: January 2023

Recycling of Glass Fibers Reinforced Plastics (GFRP) can be preferentially performed through mechanical processes due to the low cost of virgin fibers. Because of the poorer mechanical properties after comminution, the most interesting solution to reuse this material is a cross-sectorial approach, in which particles obtained through shredding of products from one sector are used in another sector. To allow this, a fine control on the particles dimension is fundamental, together with the minimization of operational costs. In this chapter, after a deep analysis on the available size reduction technologies and a preliminary feasibility analysis on the products involved in Use-Case 1 of the FiberEUse project, a 2-step architecture to optimize these two characteristics is presented. The models for both steps are shown and the developed solutions is applied to the End-of-Life products, demonstrating the potential of this approach, leading to optimal dimension of the particle with operational costs lower than both virgin fibers and disposal costs.
Thermal Demanufacturing Processes for Long Fibers Recovery
Authors: García-Arrieta Sonia , Sarlin Essi , Calle Amaia De La , Dimiccoli Antonello , Saviano Laura , Elizetxea Cristina
Published: January 2023

The possibility of recycling glass (GF) and carbon fibers (CF) from fiber-reinforced composites by using pyrolysis was studied. Different fibers from composite waste were recovered with thermal treatment. The recycled fibers were evaluated as a reinforcement for new materials or applications. The main objective was to evaluate the fibers obtained from the different types of industrial composite waste considering the format obtained, the cleanliness and the amount of inorganic fillers and finally, the fibers quality. These characteristics defined the processes, sectors and applications in which recycled fibers can replace virgin fibers. These fibers were also evaluated and validated with tensile testing and compared to the tensile strength of virgin GF and CF.
Fiber Resizing, Compounding and Validation
Authors: Laurikainen Pekka , Palola Sarianna , Calle Amaia De La , Elizetxea Cristina , García-Arrieta Sonia , Sarlin Essi
Published: January 2023

The mechanical performance of a composite is greatly related to the load transfer capability of the interface between the matrix and the reinforcing fibers, i.e. the fiber/matrix adhesion, which is enhanced by a surface treatment called sizing. The original sizing of reinforcing fibers is removed during recycling process, which is recognized to contribute in typical issues of recycled fibers, namely uneven fiber properties and poor fiber/matrix adhesion. Applying a new sizing, a process denoted here as resizing, can help mitigate the issues. Furthermore, the sizing has a major role in improving the processability of the fibers as it contributes to the distribution of the fibers in the matrix. Proper distribution, along with the fiber fraction, are highly important for the composite performance. These properties are ensured by proper compounding. Here we demonstrate and validate the process steps to resize and compound recycled glass and carbon fibers with thermoplastic matrices. We found that at a relatively high sizing concentration, the compounding of all tested material combinations was possible. The resizing of the recycled fibers improved the compatibility at the fiber/matrix interface. It was concluded that recycled fibers can be used to replace virgin fibers in automotive industry to allow weight reductions and to promote circularity.
Additive Manufacturing of Recycled Composites
Authors: Mantelli Andrea , Romani Alessia , Suriano Raffaella , Levi Marinella , Turri Stefano
Published: January 2023

An additive remanufacturing process for mechanically recycled glass fibers and thermally recycled carbon fibers was developed. The main purpose was to demonstrate the feasibility of an additive remanufacturing process starting from recycled glass and carbon fibers to obtain a new photo- and thermally-curable composite. 3D printable and UV-curable inks were developed and characterized for new ad-hoc UV-assisted 3D printing apparatus. Rheological behavior was investigated and optimized considering the 3D printing process, the recyclate content, and the level of dispersion in the matrix. Some requirements for the new formulations were defined. Moreover, new printing apparatuses were designed and modified to improve the remanufacturing process. Different models and geometries were defined with different printable ink formulations to test material mechanical properties and overall process quality on the final pieces. To sum up, 3D printable inks with different percentages of recycled glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced polymers were successfully 3D printed.
Composite Finishing for Reuse
Authors: Romani Alessia , Suriano Raffaella , Mantelli Andrea , Levi Marinella , Tralli Paolo , Laurila Jussi , Vuoristo Petri
Published: January 2023

Coating processes are emerging for new applications related to remanufactured products from End-of-Life materials. In this perspective, their employment can generate interesting scenarios for the design of products and solutions in circular economy frameworks, especially for composite materials. This chapter would give an overview of coating design and application for recycled glass fiber reinforced polymers on the base of the experimentation made within the FiberEUse project. New cosmetic and functional coatings were developed and tested on different polymer composite substrates filled with mechanically recycled End-of-Life glass fibers. Afterwards, recycled glass fiber reinforced polymer samples from water-solvable 3D printed molds were successfully coated. Finally, new industrial applications for the developed coatings and general guidelines for the coating of recycled glass fiber reinforced polymers were proposed by using the FiberEUse Demo Cases as a theoretical proof-of-concept.
Thiopurines impair the apical plasma membrane expression of CFTR in pancreatic ductal cells via RAC1 inhibition
Authors: Tél Bálint , Papp Noémi , Varga Árpád , Szabó Viktória , Görög Marietta , Susánszki Petra , Crul Tim , Kis Aletta , Sendstad Ingrid H. , Bagyánszki Mária , Bódi Nikolett , Hegyi Péter , Maléth József , Pallagi Petra
Published: January 2023

Background and aims

Thiopurine-induced acute pancreatitis (TIP) is one of the most common adverse events among inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine (AZA), representing a significant clinical burden. Previous studies focused on immune-mediated processes, however, the exact pathomechanism of TIP is essentially unclear.

Methods

To model TIP in vivo, we triggered cerulein-induced experimental pancreatitis in mice receiving a daily oral dose of 1.5 mg/kg AZA. Also, freshly isolated mouse pancreatic cells were exposed to AZA ex vivo, and acinar cell viability, ductal and acinar Ca2+ signaling, ductal Cl– and HCO3– secretion, as well as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) expression were assessed using microscopy techniques. Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (RAC1) activity was measured with a G-LISA assay. Super-resolution microscopy was used to determine protein colocalization.

Results

We demonstrated that AZA treatment increases tissue damage in the early phase of cerulein-induced pancreatitis in vivo. Also, both per os and ex vivo AZA exposure impaired pancreatic fluid and ductal HCO3– and Cl– secretion, but did not affect acinar cells. Furthermore, ex vivo AZA exposure also inhibited RAC1 activity in ductal cells leading to decreased co-localization of CFTR and the anchor protein ezrin, resulting in impaired plasma membrane localization of CFTR.

Conclusions

AZA impaired the ductal HCO3– and Cl– secretion through the inhibition of RAC1 activity leading to diminished ezrin-CFTR interaction and disturbed apical plasma membrane expression of CFTR. We report a novel direct toxic effect of AZA on pancreatic ductal cells and suggest that the restoration of ductal function might help to prevent TIP in the future.