bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of services and facilities in populity of rural settlements (case study: The villages in central region of Birjanation sustainabild city)
Authors: Hashemi Hossein , Jafari Hamid , Ahmadian Mohammad Ali
Published: May 2020

The studies show that today, the process of the social-economic changes and the increasing dynamism and replacement of the human groups have led to the changes in the rural areas. Therefore, the issue that basically, which factors have been effective on population sustainability in the rural settlements has been always arisen. The current study also has sought to find answer to this question. The current study is of descriptive-analytical type in terms of the methodology. The statistical population of the current study is all the villages in central zone of Birjand City which have had a population of more than 100 people (89 villages) according to 2016’s census. In order to determine the sample size, firstly 9 rural settlements in central zone of Birjand City which had the highest population decrease during 2006 to 2016, were selected. Then, based on the number of households in these 9 villages (691 households), 247 households were chosen according to Cochran Formula, to fill in the questionnaire, and finally, the samples were distributed by the stratified random sampling based on the ratio of each village’s household share. The descriptive-inferential method by the use of the SPSS was utilized for data analysis. The results indicated that the services and facilities have had a significant role in population sustainability of the rural settlements.
Percepção ambiental de alunos do ensino fundamental no município de Tupanciretã/RS
Authors: Carvalho Nathália Leal , Ribas Milene Almeida , Carvalho Themis Goretti Moreira Leal , Barcellos Afonso Lopes
Published: May 2020

A Educação Ambiental aguça os meios de percepção e compreensão de fatores que incitam a preservação ambiental, valores que conduzem a preservação ambiental e melhoria do meio em que vivemos. Com o objetivo de avaliar a percepção ambiental de alunos de ensino fundamental de duas escolas, em Tupanciretã/RS. A análise foi baseada em um questionário, sendo posteriormente feita a análise relativa às respostas. Os alunos conhecem os problemas ambientais no Município e do ambiente escolar, têm consciência da importância da mudança de atitudes e hábitos e percebem a importância de se trabalhar a Educação Ambiental a partir da realidade escolar.
Compostagem: a importância da reutilização dos resíduos orgânicos para a sustentabilidade de uma instituição de ensino superior
Authors: Marchi Cristina Maria Dacach Fernandez , Gonçalves Isadora De Oliveira
Published: May 2020

O crescimento populacional, a urbanização, o desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico ocasionaram mudanças no estilo de vida, alterando os modos de produção e consumo. Assim, resultaram em um aumento, tanto em quantidade como em diversidade, da geração dos resíduos sólidos. Consequentemente, surge a necessidade da promoção da disposição final adequada dos resíduos gerados. O presente estudo teve como objetivo propor diagnóstico de geração de resíduos orgânicos e recomendações para a melhoria do manejo desse tipo de resíduos em uma instituição de ensino superior da cidade de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Como resultado, pode-se destacar o local onde funciona o restaurante universitário, que apresentou o maior percentual de resíduos orgânicos: 84% do total (142.240g). Foi constatado que não há uma destinação correta dos resíduos orgânicos gerados. A compostagem é uma forma viável para a destinação ambientalmente apropriada, pois aproveita os resíduos na agricultura urbana e rural como adubo. Importante destacar que a simples implantação de um sistema de compostagem não resolve os graves problemas da destinação incorreta, que polui e apresenta risco ambiental. Dessa forma, foi necessário elaborar e apresentar recomendações, baseadas nos resultados encontrados, para serem implementadas na Instituição investigada.
Saneamento básico: um estudo na Região Metropolitana da Grande São Luís
Authors: Silva Débora Danna Soares da
Published: May 2020

A falta de acesso universal ao saneamento básico acaba comprometendo a saúde pública da comunidade, assim o serviço de saneamento básico eficiente tem grande poder e deve fazer parte de políticas públicas prioritárias. Com isso, este trabalho teve como objetivo diagnosticar os serviços de saneamento básico da Região Metropolitana da Grande São Luís, através da percepção do usuário. A metodologia utilizada foi a aplicação de questionários, os quais foram tratados através de método estatístico, sendo aplicados em 117 residências nos meses de abril e maio de 2019. De acordo com os resultados, verificou-se que o serviço de saneamento mais deficiente em toda Região Metropolitana é o esgotamento sanitário, percebeu-se que os índices de atendimento são baixos e tem municípios da Região Metropolitana que não possui qualquer atendimento referente a esse serviço. Além disso, conforme usuários, os serviços de limpeza urbana e manejo dos resíduos sólidos são os melhores consolidados. Assim, conclui-se que a metodologia de avaliação do sistema a partir da percepção do usuário mostrou-se ferramenta importante para a gestão, para o planejamento, para a credibilidade do sistema e para monitorar a prestação dos serviços.
Desenvolvimento, sustentabilidade e ambiente na visão de professores de Ciências do Município de Codajás- AM
Authors: Silva Raynara Sobrinho da , Vasconcelos Elizandra Rego de
Published: May 2020

O ensino de ciências permite uma compreensão mais ampliada por meio das observações e análise das problemáticas locais que envolvem a realidade escolar (VASCONELOS, 2016). O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender relações entre temas socioambientais e o ensino de ciências escolar no sentido de alcançar o letramento científico. Para isto, usou-se o método exploratório descritivo (VERGARA, 2009; GIL, 2010) que favorece a aproximação com o objeto estudado e contempla a pesquisa empírica. Foram realizadas as seguintes atividades: 1) pesquisa bibliográfica; 3) entrevista semiestruturada com professores de ensino fundamental maior. O estudo das unidades empíricas e teóricas favoreceram uma análise textual discursiva com os contextos que o referencial teórico situa. A resposta dos professores foram analisadas e organizadas de acordo com as categorias citadas por Reigota (2010), são elas: naturalista, globalizante e antropocêntrica.
Aproveitamento de água de chuva para fins potáveis numa escola pública no interior do município de Campo Formoso (BA)
Authors: Santos Célia Ferreira dos , Rios Marcio Lima , Silva Frederico Fonseca da , Fonseca Danielle Finardi
Published: May 2020

A escassez hídrica, realidade em várias regiões do semiárido brasileiro, associada a irregularidade na distribuição de chuvas, bem como o gerenciamento inadequado de água, tem limitado o avanço socioeconômico e estimulado o conflito pela água. Contudo, tem-se uma boa alternativa para minimizar a ausência desse liquido para as atividades diárias, o aproveitamento de água pluvial, motivo esse que justificou a necessidade de um estudo sobre a viabilidade da adoção de um sistema de captação de água de chuva, a percepção do consumo de água e sua potencialidade para aproveitamento em edificações, numa escola pública no interior do município de Campo Formoso (BA), objetivo principal desse trabalho. A implantação desse sistema além de vir a suprir todas as necessidades da água disponível para o uso contribui, significativamente, no abastecimento e seu uso vinculado a atividades internas da escola. O trabalho reuniu dados a partir de pesquisas bibliográficas, mensuração do potencial de captar água de chuva e entrevista com os membros da instituição. Os principais resultados mostraram que existe uma importância em armazenamento desse liquido como prática sustentável de convivência com o semiárido, visando atender as necessidades do consumo e suas vantagens para o bom funcionamento da escola.
Cooperativas de catadores de resíduos sólidos: condições ambientais e impactos na comunidade
Authors: Guimarães Lís Quarantini Souza , Marchi Cristina Maria Dacach Fernadez
Published: May 2020

Esse artigo buscou identificar, através de pesquisa bibliográfica quais as condições ambientais e dificuldades  das cooperativas de catadores de resíduos sólidos, para efetuar uma análise dos possíveis impactos que estas condições podem trazer à comunidade, que consequentemente podem gerar atrito nessa relação. Foram utilizados como referências artigos, teses, monografias, dissertações com estudo de caso. As dificuldades recorrentes encontradas foram a falta de infraestrutura e a falta de espaço para armazenamento dos resíduos sólidos. Os cooperativados, para poder negociar com as indústrias e garantir uma renda maior necessitam acumular um grande volume de resíduos. A solução é a apropriação indevida do meio-fio, de meios de passagem, das ruas ou de qualquer local que possa acomodar os excedentes. São vários transtornos causados pela falta de infraestrutura: entupimento da rede de esgoto, alagamentos, proliferação de animais nocivos à saúde humana, desvalorização dos imóveis, o aumento de doenças respiratórias, devido ao mau cheiro causado pela atividade e o risco de incêndio. O exposto acima, relata os possíveis motivos do repúdio da comunidade em relação às cooperativas. Sem apoio as cooperativas perdem a força para desenvolver um trabalho que é tão importante para a sociedade.
Crescimento inicial de mudas de Swietenia macrophylla sob correção de acidez e adubação nitrogenada fosfatada
Authors: Santos Neto Julio Conceição dos , Gama Dráuzio Correia , Oliveira Everaldo Pereira , Silva Liniker Fernandes da , Lima Róbson Borges de
Published: May 2020

For a commercial reforestation success, it is necessary to know the species specific nutritional requirements used to overcome fertility limitations in a given site, allowing to fertility costs optimize in seedlings production. The objective of this study was to responses evaluate of Swietenia macrophylla King seedlings subject to nitrogen and phosphorus different dosages in corrected soil. The experiment was conducted between January and April 2015 in a greenhouse at the Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, in Cruz das Almas (BA). The experimental design was a 5 x 2 factorial scheme (five different doses of phosphorus (Pn) in nitrogen absence and presence [N0 and N1]), making ten treatments, completely randomized. After 90 days of sowing, aerial part height (h) and stem based diameter of seedlings were measured. The data were submitted to variance analysis (ANOVA) at 5% error probability level. Treatments did not statically differ from each other, showing the same effect of P dosages with and without N on soil acidity correction with limestone (CaCO3) condition on initial growth of Swietenia macrophylla seedlings.
Uso das técnicas de geoprocessamento no mapeamento dos focos de incêndio na microrregião da Serra do Teixeira/PB no período de 2014-2019
Authors: Barbosa Priscilla Gomes , Fideles Filho José , Rocha Neto Olávio , Cavalcanti Alan Barbosa , Oliveira Airton Gonçalves de
Published: May 2020

As queimada tem sido uma ameaça recorrente a biodiversidade em diversas regiões do mundo. Nas regiões semiáridas a utilização habitual do fogo como alternativa mais pratica e barata nas atividades agropecuárias tem se tornado um fator de risco quando não é feito o controle da extensão dessas queimadas, prejudicando os elementos da paisagem e fatores como a fertilidade do solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar como as técnicas de geoprocessamento são eficientes na análise dos focos de incêndio em uma dada região. A coleta de dados no Portal do Monitoramento de Queimadas e Incêndios do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), permitiu a espacialização das informações e a determinação do raio de influência das amostras ao longo da microrregião da Serra do Teixeira/PB, no período de 2014 a 2019. Os resultados demonstram, uma análise satisfatória dos focos de incêndio identificados via satélite por meio do uso de técnicas de geoprocessamento e a relação direta de elementos topográficos e meteorológicos nas ações de prevenção e combate desses eventos. Desta forma, as geotecnologias se mostram ferramentas eficientes no monitoramento periódico das queimadas e na criação de um banco de dados que sirva como subsidio no planejamento e gestão territorial de áreas suscetíveis a determinados eventos adversos que tendem a gerar prejuízos socioeconômicos.
Cory Doctorow
Authors: Porta Laura , Córcoles César , Albadalejo Carlos
Published: May 2020

Este número a uno de los asuntos más candentes del panorama mundial en lo referente a cuestiones digitales: la polémica de la propiedad intelectual. Para conseguirlo, hemos entrevistado a cuatro nombres que tienen mucho que decir en este mundo: Cory Doctorow, Fred Von Lohmann, Georg C.F. Greve y Raquel Xalabarder.
Sectorization trends of disciplinary law in the Russian Federation
Authors: Mironov Anatoliy Nikolaevich
Published: May 2020

The selected topic is of utmost relevance for Russian legal science, since separation of disciplinary law as an independent branch represents an objective process that requires detailed scientific attention. The author determines possible criteria for sectorization of disciplinary law. The work also explores the current problematic questions of the order of calling to disciplinary account that can be resolved by corresponding changes in its normative legal regulation. An attempt is made to not only substantiate the criteria for sectorization of the disciplinary law, but also outline further prospects of development of this topic, which can be used by all researchers engaged in this field. The author substantiates the possibility of separation of the branch disciplinary law if certain conditions are maintained that would contribute to solution of theoretical and practical tasks. Along with the project of the structure of the Disciplinary Code of the Russian Federation, the main result of this research consists in outlining specific vectors for theoretical and applied research, which must be conducted for qualitative substantiation of the content of the codified legislative act.
The Age of Electronic Messages
Authors: Truxal John G.
Published: May 2020

What are the frontiers of today's communications technology? The Age of Electronic Messages explains the scientific principles on which this technology is based and explores its capabilities and limitations, its risks and benefits. In straightforward language accompanied by numerous illustrations, Truxal describes the communications technology that has become such an integral part of today's work and leisure. He provides accounts of the bar codes used in supermarkets and the postal system of the way signals are described in terms of frequencies and in digital form of hearing and audio systems, of radio and navigation, of medical imaging, and of television broadcasting and narrowcasting. Unlike other books on the subject, The Age of Electronic Messages takes into account the sociology of the new communications technology as well as its mathematical and physical underpinnings.

The Age of Electronic Messages is included in the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation sponsored series, the New Liberal Arts.
The Analysis of Feedback Systems
Authors: Willems Jan C.
Published: May 2020

This monograph is an attempt to develop further and refine methods based on input -output descriptions for analyzing feedback systems. Contrary to previous work in this area, the treatment heavily emphasizes and exploits the causality of the operators involved. This brings the work into closer contact with the theory of dynamical systems and automata.
The Analysis and Synthesis of Linear Servomechanisms
Authors: Hall Albert C.
Published: May 2020

A standard reference on the application of network theory to the design of automatic control systems.

The 1943 printing of The Analysis and Synthesis of Linear Servomechanisms was classified as restricted and distributed accordingly. After the close of WWII, the book was declassified in order to permit general dissemination of the material. From the Preface: This book is a formulation of a servomechanism design procedure based primarily upon an analysis of the system response to sinusoidal inputs of various frequencies. Although a knowledge of the transient performance of a servomechanism provides an excellent basis for predicting the response of the system to the conditions of a particular application, the complexity of most physical systems makes the computation of the transient performance and the translation of the resulting information into physical design criteria extremely laborious. On the other hand, knowledge of the response of the servomechanisms to sinusoidal inputs is not quite as useful in enabling a prediction to be made of the servo response to the conditions of most practical applications, but the computation of the sinusoidal response and the translation of this information into useful design criteria are much simpler.
Applied Electronics
Authors: Gray Truman S.
Published: May 2020

A basic text covering the physical phenomena involved in electronic conduction; ways in which these phenomena combine to govern the characteristics, ratings, and limitations of electronic devices; and applications of electronics to the various branches of electrical engineering.
Artificial Experts
Authors: Collins Harry
Published: May 2020

In Artificial Experts, Collins explains what computers can't do, but he also studies the ordinary and extraordinary things that they can do. He argues that the machines we create are limited because we cannot reproduce in symbols what every community knows, yet we give our machines abilities by the way we embed them in our society. He unfolds a compelling account of the difference between human action and machine intelligence, the core of which is a witty and learned explanation of knowledge itself, of what communities know and the ways in which they know it.
Power-System Reliability Calculations
Authors: Billinton Roy , Nerode Robert , Wood Allen J.
Published: May 2020

This is a significant work in an important area, and one that is receiving growing attention. It has been estimated that many professional meetings currently devote a third or more of their time to questions of power-system reliability. The book digests this research and covers the standard techniques and methods that are currently standard. The presentation employs a minimum of mathematics.

The five chapters of this book collect and illustrate techniques that have been applied to the prediction of reliability and availability of the various specific segments of an electric power system. The text emphasizes the numerical procedures employed in making these reliability and availability predictions. Other related criteria that have been put forward in the literature, such as adequacy, dependability, and security, are also introduced and defined as needed and as applied in specific contexts.

The book opens with a discussion of reliability and availability applications to transmission and distribution systems, treating independent component outages and their effects on the continuity of supply. It then takes up models for generation planning and proceeds to the area of bulk power supply system reliability evaluation, offering methods for prediction of composite reliability of the generation and transmission systems. A final chapter extends the study into operating reliability assessments concerned with reserve problems: It considers the adequacy of the generating system to meet forecasted loads a short period ahead.

The book is the sixth in the Modern Electrical Technology series, edited by Alexander Kusko.
STRESS: A User's Manual
Authors: Fenves Steven J. , Logcher Robert D. , Mauch Samuel P. , Reinschmidt Kenneth P.
Published: May 2020

A manual describing STRESS, a programming system for the solution of structural engineering problems.

STRESS, which is the abbreviation for STRuctural Engineering Systems Solver, is a programming system for the solution of structural engineering problems on digital computers.STRESS consists of (1) a language that describes the problem and (2) a processor (computer program) that accepts this language and produces the requested results. This manual explains the use of STRESS.
OER Initiatives at Liberal Arts Colleges: Building Support at Three Small, Private Institutions
Authors: Schleicher Caitlin A. , Barnes Christopher A. , Joslin Ronald A.
Published: May 2020

INTRODUCTION Liberal arts colleges (LAC) are arguably ideal environments for the use of open educational resources (OER) given their shared emphasis on innovative pedagogy and individualized learning. However, library-led OER initiatives at LAC have just started to make progress. LAC librarians have very few models or sources of advice to which they can turn when planning OER initiatives suitable to their particular institutional context. DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAMS In this article, librarians describe their experience promoting and supporting OER usage at three small, private LAC, each at a different stage in developing formal programs to assist faculty interested in adopting and creating OER. The authors discuss strategies employed, obstacles encountered, and lessons learned, providing practical advice for achieving OER success in the LAC environment. NEXT STEPS The authors believe practical advice for the LAC context will benefit librarians at various stages of OER program implementation.
Uso de TIC en estudiantes universitarios chilenos: enfoque desde la adultez emergente
Authors:   Universidad de La Frontera, Labbé Christian , López-Neira Leonardo ,   Universidad de La Frontera, L. Saiz José ,   Universidad de La Frontera, Vinet Eugenia V. ,   Universidad de La Frontera, Boero Paula ,   Universidad de La Frontera
Published: May 2020

La adultez emergente es una etapa en la cual, habiéndose finalizado la adolescencia, se posterga la asunción a la adultez. Hay evidencia de que el uso de tecnologías de información y comunicación puede relacionarse con tareas propias de esta etapa. Utilizando el enfoque de la adultez emergente, el presente estudio cuantitativo tuvo por objetivo caracterizar el uso de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) en adultos emergentes, todos estudiantes de universidades chilenas, y examinar el efecto del sexo, nivel socioeconómico y edad en tal uso. Una muestra intencionada de 1.469 estudiantes respondió un cuestionario que indagaba distintos aspectos de la experiencia con TIC. Los resultados muestran que, comparados con la población general, los estudiantes acceden más al computador y emplean las TIC con mayor frecuencia para un conjunto de actividades. En el tiempo de uso diario de TIC se observó un efecto del sexo, pero no del nivel socioeconómico ni de la edad. Además, se identificaron cuatro tipos de uso de TIC: comunicativo, informativo, hedonista y utilitario. Los hombres hacen mayor uso hedonista y menor uso utilitario que las mujeres. El nivel socioeconómico se relaciona con el uso informativo y hedonista, en tanto que la edad se asocia con el uso comunicativo e informativo.
First confirmed records of the Western Hooded Scaly-foot Pygopus nigriceps from New South Wales
Authors: Madani George
Published: May 2020

The Western Hooded Scaly-foot Pygopus nigriceps is a widespread pygopod concomitant with the sandy arid zone of inland and western Australia. The limited suitable habitat available and inaccessibility of north western New South Wales means that the occurrence of P. nigriceps has long gone undetected in the state. This is despite ecological work and fauna surveys having been conducted within this area. Here I report two records of P. nigriceps from far north western NSW (Sturt National Park and Winnathee Station), which are the only known confirmed records to date. This brings the number of known pygopods in NSW to 12 species.
The Analysis of the Effect of Academic Service Quality on Student Loyalty Through Student Satisfaction and Organizational Performance
Authors: Muzakki Muhammad Ajir , Tarigan Zeplin Jiwa Husada
Published: May 2020

This research aims to analyze the significant influence of quality academic services to student loyalty with student satisfaction and organizational performance as intervening. The sample in this study as many as 40 people, data collection using questionnaires, and then analyzed with SEM PLS using smart software PLS 3.0. Based on the results of the analysis show that the quality of academic services has an effect on student loyalty with a statistical t-value of 2.532, the quality of academic services has no effect on organizational performance with a statistical value of 0.026, the quality of academic services has an effect on student satisfaction with a value of 1.988 statistics, student satisfaction has an effect on organizational performance with a t-value of 1.891, student satisfaction has no effect on student loyalty with a statistical t-value of 0.370, organizational performance influences student loyalty with a statistical T value of 8.380, student satisfaction does not mediate the effect of academic service quality with a statistical t-value of 1.201, student satisfaction does not mediate the effect of academic service quality on student loyalty with a statistical t-value of 0.319, organizational performance mediates the effect of student satisfaction on student loyalty self with a statistical t-value of 1.778, student satisfaction and organizational performance does not mediate the effect of academic service quality on student loyalty with a statistical t-value of 1.169, organizational performance does not mediate the effect of academic service quality on student loyalty with a statistical T value of 0.025.
Measuring Inflammatory Foot Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Development and Validation of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Foot Disease Activity Index–5
Authors: Hoque Anika , Gallagher Kellie , McEntegart Anne , Porter Duncan , Steultjens Martijn , Woodburn James , Hendry Gordon J.
Published: May 2020

Objective

Omission of foot joints from composite global disease activity indices may lead to underestimation of foot and overall disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and under‐treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the measurement properties of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Foot Disease Activity Index–5 (RADAI‐F5), a newly developed patient‐reported outcome measure for capturing foot disease activity in people with RA.

Methods

Participants with RA self‐completed the RADAI‐F5, modified Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index (mRADAI‐5), Foot Function Index (FFI), and Foot Impact Scale (FIS) impairment/footwear and activity/participation subscales. The 28‐joint Disease Activity Score using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28‐ESR) was also recorded. Subgroups completed the RADAI‐F5 at 1 week and 6 months. Psychometric properties, including construct, content and longitudinal validity, internal consistency, 1‐week reproducibility, and responsiveness over 6 months were evaluated.

Results

Of 142 respondents, 103 were female, with a mean ± SD age of 55 ± 12.5 years and median RA disease duration of 10 (interquartile range 3.6–20.8) months. Theoretically consistent associations confirming construct validity were observed with mRADAI‐5 (0.789 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.73, 0.85]), FFI (0.713 [95% CI 0.62, 0.79]), FIS impairment/footwear (0.695 [95% CI 0.66, 0.82], P < 0.001), FIS activity/participation (0.478 [95% CI 0.37, 0.63], P < 0.001), and the DAS28‐ESR (0.379 [95% CI 0.26, 0.57], P < 0.001). The RADAI‐F5 demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.90) and good reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.868 [95% CI 0.80, 0.91], P < 0.001, smallest detectable change = 2.69). Content validity was confirmed, with 82% rating the instrument relevant and easy to understand.

Conclusion

The RADAI‐F5 is a valid, reliable, responsive, clinically feasible patient‐reported outcome measure for measuring foot disease activity in RA.
Aza[5]helicene Rivals N‐Annulated Perylene as π‐Linker of D−π−D Typed Hole‐Transporters for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Jianan , Shi Huilei , Xu Niansheng , Zhang Jing , Yuan Yi , Lei Ming , Wang Lidong , Wang Peng
Published: May 2020

The superior role of helical π‐linkers is demonstrated for the design of donor−π linker−donor typed molecular semiconductors in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Flat N‐annulated perylene (NP) and contorted aza[5]helicene (A5H) are side‐functionalized with methoxyphenyl and end‐capped with dimethoxydiphenylamine electron‐donor to afford two small‐molecule hole‐transporters J3 and J4. For methoxyphenyl functionalized π‐linkers, intermolecular π⋅⋅⋅π interactions in planar NP exist more extensively than those in helical A5H. However, for the dimethoxydiphenylamine derived hole‐transporters with high highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels, a part of the π⋅⋅⋅π interaction remains for J4 with A5H, while this desirable effect for charge transport is completely deprived for J3 with NP. Thus, the theoretically predicted hole mobility of J4 single‐crystal is even over two times higher than that of J3 one. Because of the larger size of the molecular aggregate, the hole mobility of the spin‐coated J4 thin film is also over three times as high as that of the J3 analog. Due to the reduced transport resistance and enhanced recombination resistance, PSCs with J4 exhibit a power conversion efficiency of 21.0% at standard air mass 1.5 global conditions, which is higher than that of 19.4% with J3 and that of 20.3% with spiro‐OMeTAD control.
Reversible Photoinduced Phase Segregation and Origin of Long Carrier Lifetime in Mixed‐Halide Perovskite Films
Authors: Gautam Subodh K. , Kim Minjin , Miquita Douglas R. , Bourée Jean‐Eric , Geffroy Bernard , Plantevin Olivier
Published: May 2020

Mixed‐halide hybrid perovskite semiconductors have attracted tremendous attention as a promising candidate for efficient photovoltaic and light‐emitting devices. However, these perovskite materials may undergo phase segregation under light illumination, thus affecting their optoelectronic properties. Here, photoexcitation induced phase segregation in triple‐cation mixed‐halide perovskite films that yields to red‐shift in the photoluminescence response is reported. It is demonstrated that photoexcitation induced halide migration leads to the formation of smaller bandgap iodide‐rich and larger bandgap bromide‐rich domains in the perovskite film, where the phase segregation rate is found to follow the excitation power‐density as a power law. Results confirm that charge carrier lifetime increases due to the trapping of photoexcited carriers in the segregated smaller bandgap iodide‐rich domains. Interestingly, these photoinduced changes are fully reversible and thermally activated when the excitation power is turned off. A significant difference in activation energies for halide ion migration is observed during phase segregation and recovery process. Additionally, the emission linewidth broadening is investigated as a function of temperature which is governed by the exciton–optical phonon coupling. The mechanism of photoinduced phase segregation is interpreted based on exciton–phonon coupling strength in both mixed and demixed (segregated) states of perovskite films.
Photoactive Interfaces for Spatio‐Temporal Guidance of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Fate
Authors: De Martino Selene , Cavalli Silvia , Netti Paolo Antonio
Published: May 2020

Patterned surfaces have proved effective in guiding stem cells commitment to a specific lineage by presenting highly ordered biophysical/biochemical cues at the cellmaterial interface. Their potency in controlling cell fate can be significantly empowered by encoding logic of space and time control of signal presentation. Here, azopolymeric photoactive interfaces are proposed to present/withdraw morphophysical signals to living cells using a green light trigger in a non‐invasive spatio‐temporal controlled way. To assess the potency of these dynamic platforms in controlling cell decision and fate, topography changes are actuated by light at specific times to reverse the fate of otherwise committed human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) toward osteoblastic lineage. It is first proved by dynamic change from ordered parallel patterning to flat or grid surfaces, that it is possible to induce cyclic cellular and nuclear stretches. Furthermore, by culturing hMSCs on a specific pattern known to prime them toward osteoblast lineage, the possibility to reroute or reverse stem cell fate decision by dynamic modulation of morphophysical signal is proved. To conclude, dynamic topographies can control the spatial conformation of hMSCs, modulate lineage reversal even after several weeks of culture and redirect lineage specification in response to light‐induced changes in the microenvironment.
Continuous “Snowing” Thermotherapeutic Graphene
Authors: Sun Yangyong , Chen Zengzhen , Gong Huiping , Li Xueqiao , Gao Zhenfei , Xu Shichen , Han Xiaodong , Han Bing , Meng Xianwei , Zhang Jin
Published: May 2020

Finding the best applications of graphene, and the continuous and scalable preparation of graphene with high quality and high purity, are still two major challenges. Herein, a “pulse‐etched” microwave‐induced “snowing” (PEMIS) process is developed for continuous and scalable preparation of high‐quality and high‐purity graphene directly in the gas phase, which is found to have excellent thermotherapeutic effects. The obtained graphene exhibits small size (≈180 nm), high quality, low oxygen content, and high purity, together with a high gas–solid conversion efficiency of ≈10.46%. Considering the intrinsic characteristics of this high‐purity and small‐sized biocompatible graphene, in particular the low‐frequency microwave absorption property as well as the good thermal transformation ability, a graphene‐based combination therapeutic system is demonstrated for microwave thermal therapy (MTT) for the first time, exhibiting a high tumor ablation rate of ≈86.7%. This is different from the principle of ions vibrating in a confined space used by current MTT sensitization materials. Not limited to this application, it is foreseen that this PEMIS‐based high‐quality graphene will allow the search for further suitable applications of graphene.
Phenomenological Prediction of the Band Diagram of Organic–Organic and Inorganic–Organic Heterointerfaces
Authors: Muench Maybritt , Mankel Eric , Mayer Thomas , Jaegermann Wolfram
Published: May 2020

Herein, a phenomenological rule is presented for the estimation of electronic contact properties of organic–organic and inorganic–organic hetero interfaces, which is deduced from a large number of experimentally studied heterojunctions. The data for the present study are summarized from in situ step‐by‐step interface experiments using photoelectron spectroscopy. Organic and inorganic (oxide) materials are investigated which are used for the manufacturing of organic based optoelectronic devices in the InnovationLab Heidelberg. It is shown that the measured values of the interface dipole as well as of the band bending linearly depend on the work function difference between substrate and adsorbate. The data suggest that the investigated materials as technologically applied films contain a prototypical concentration of electron states at the interface and in the bulk, the charge of which is adjusted to reach thermodynamic equilibrium at a contact. As a consequence, a generally applicable empirical formula to predict the energetic band alignment due to dipole formation and the contact potential distribution due to band bending can be deduced, which is given by just the work function differences between the pristine layers. This result suggests that band bending as well as interface dipole formation are both attained by redistribution of electronic charge via integer charge transfer processes.
CRISPR‐Net: A Recurrent Convolutional Network Quantifies CRISPR Off‐Target Activities with Mismatches and Indels
Authors: Lin Jiecong , Zhang Zhaolei , Zhang Shixiong , Chen Junyi , Wong Ka‐Chun
Published: May 2020

The off‐target effects induced by guide RNAs in the CRISPR/Cas9 gene‐editing system have raised substantial concerns in recent years. Many in silico predictive models have been developed for predicting the off‐target activities; however, few are capable of predicting the off‐target activities with insertions or deletions between guide RNA and target DNA sequence pair. In order to fill this gap, a recurrent convolutional network named CRISPR‐Net is developed for scoring the gRNA‐target pairs with mismatches and indels; and a machine‐learning based model named CRISPR‐Net‐Aggregate is also developed for aggregating the scores as the consensus off‐target score for each potential guide RNA. It is demonstrated that CRISPR‐Net achieves competitive performance on CIRCLE‐Seq and GUIDE‐seq datasets with indels and mismatches, outperforming the state‐of‐the‐art off‐target prediction methods on two independent mismatch‐only datasets. The CRISPR‐Net‐Aggregate also surpasses a competing method on the aggregation task. Moreover, a two‐stage sensitivity analysis is introduced to visualize the CRISPR‐Net prediction on the gRNA‐target pair of interest, demonstrating how implicit knowledge encoded in CRISPR‐Net contributes to the accurate off‐target activity quantification. Finally, the source code is made available at the Code Ocean repository (https://codeocean.com/capsule/9553651/tree/v1).
Field Emission in Ultrathin PdSe2 Back‐Gated Transistors
Authors: Di Bartolomeo Antonio , Pelella Aniello , Urban Francesca , Grillo Alessandro , Iemmo Laura , Passacantando Maurizio , Liu Xiaowei , Giubileo Filippo
Published: May 2020

This study deals with the electrical transport in back‐gate field‐effect transistors with ultrathin palladium diselenide (PdSe2) channels. The devices are normally‐on and exhibit dominant n‐type conduction at low pressure. The electron conduction of PdSe2 nanosheets, combined with the sharp edge and the work function decreasing with the number of layers, opens up new applications in vacuum electronics. This work is the first experimental demonstration of field emission current from few‐layer PdSe2 and extends the plethora of applications of this recently isolated pentagonal layered material. Field‐emission from PdSe2 nanosheets is obtained with a turn‐on field below 100 V µm−1 and attains currents up to the µA.
Polysubstituted 5‐Phenylazopyrimidines: Extremely Fast Non‐ionic Photochromic Oscillators
Authors: Čechová Lucie , Filo Juraj , Dračínský Martin , Slavov Chavdar , Sun Dazhong , Janeba Zlatko , Slanina Tomáš , Wachtveitl Josef , Procházková Eliška , Cigáň Marek
Published: May 2020

Photochromic systems with an ultrahigh rate of thermal relaxation are highly desirable for the development of new efficient photochromic oscillators. Based on DFT calculations, we designed a series of 5‐phenylazopyrimidines with strong push–pull character in silico and observed very low energy barriers for the thermal (Z)‐to‐(E) isomerization. The structure of the (Z)‐isomer of the slowest isomerizing derivative in the series was confirmed by NMR analysis with in situ irradiation at low temperature. The substituents can tune the lifetime of thermal back isomerization from hundreds of microseconds to several nanoseconds (8 orders of magnitude). The photoswitching parameters were extracted from transient absorption techniques and a dominant rotation mechanism of the (Z)‐to‐(E) thermal fading was proposed based on DFT calculations.
Precise Control Over Kinetics of Molecular Assembly: Production of Particles with Tunable Sizes and Crystalline Forms
Authors: Fan Qingrui , Li Linhai , Xue Han , Zhou Heng , Zhao Lishan , Liu Jie , Mao Junqiang , Wu Shuwang , Zhang Shizhong , Wu Chenyang , Li Xueming , Zhou Xin , Wang Jianjun
Published: May 2020

It has been long‐pursued but remains a challenge to precisely manipulate the molecular assembly process to obtain desired functional structures. Reported here is the control over the assembly of solute molecules, by a programmed recrystallization of solvent crystal grains, to form micro/nanoparticles with tunable sizes and crystalline forms. A quantitative correlation between the protocol of recrystallization temperature and the assembly kinetics results in precise control over the size of assembled particles, ranging from single‐atom catalysts, pure drug nanoparticles, to sub‐millimeter organic‐semiconductor single crystals. The extensive regulation of the assembly rates leads to the unique and powerful capability of tuning the stacking of molecules, involving the formation of single crystals of notoriously crystallization‐resistant molecules and amorphous structures of molecules with a very high propensity to crystallize, which endows it with wide‐ranging applications.
A Multitargeted Approach: Organorhodium Anticancer Agent Based on Vorinostat as a Potent Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor
Authors: Hanif Muhammad , Arshad Jahanzaib , Astin Jonathan W. , Rana Zohaib , Zafar Ayesha , Movassaghi Sanam , Leung Euphemia , Patel Kamal , Söhnel Tilo , Reynisson Jóhannes , Sarojini Vijayalekshmi , Rosengren Rhonda J. , Jamieson Stephen M. F. , Hartinger Christian G.
Published: May 2020

The combination of more than one bioactive moiety in a multitargeted anticancer agent may result in synergistic activity of its components. Using this concept, bioorganometallic compounds were designed to feature a metal center, a 2‐pyridinecarbothioamide (PCA), and a hydroxamic acid, which is found in the anticancer drug vorinostat (SAHA). The organometallics showed inhibitory activity in the nanomolar range against histone deacetylases (HDACs) as the key target for SAHA. In particular, the Rh complex was a potent inhibitor of HDAC6 over HDAC1 and HDAC8. Whereas this complex was highly cytotoxic in human cancer cells, it showed low toxicity in hemolysis studies and zebrafish, demonstrating the role of the metal center. For this complex a slightly reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) was established, which was upregulated by SAHA. This finding indicates that the new organometallics display different modes of action than their bioactive components.
Innovative Synthetic Procedures for Luminogens Showing Aggregation‐Induced Emission
Authors: Yan Dingyuan , Wu Qian , Wang Dong , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: May 2020

As a consequence of their intrinsic advantageous properties, luminogens that show aggregation‐induced emission (AIEgens) have received increasing global interest for a wide range of applications. Whereas general synthetic methods towards AIEgens largely rely on tedious procedures and limited reaction types, various innovative synthetic methods have now emerged as complementary, and even alternative, strategies. In this Review, we systematically highlight advancements made in metal‐catalyzed functionalization and metal‐free‐promoted pathways for the construction of AIEgens over the past five years, and briefly illustrate new perspectives in this area. The development of innovative synthetic procedures will enable the facile synthesis of AIEgens with great structural diversity for multifunctional applications.
Multi‐emissive 1D Cd(II) polymers with a biphenyl bridged bisazamacrocycle for ratiometric discrimination of nitroaromatics and selective visual detection of picric acid
Authors: Sun Yao , Huang Jin , Lan Bi‐Liu , Wu Ji‐Qing , Liang Yu‐Ning , Zhang Zhong
Published: May 2020

Three one‐dimensional ladder‐like coordination polymers consisting of Cd6 metalloring as the building unit, {[Cd4LCl4]·3H2O}n (1), {[Cd3L(ClO4)(H2O)]ClO4·3H2O}n (2), and {[Cd6(L)2(NO3)2(CH3OH)(H2O)](NO3)2·2CH3OH·5H2O}n (3), were solvothermally constructed from a carboxylic functionalized bisazamacrocyclic ligand 4,4′‐bis((4,7‐bis(2‐carboxyethyl)‐1,4,7‐triazacyclonon‐1‐yl)methyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (H4L). These compounds dispersed in ethanol show the multiple emissions originating from the monomeric and intramolecularly overlapping biphenyl moieties which could be sensitively quenched by picric acid (PA) and 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) through the effective fluorescence resonance energy transfer process. The differential fluorescent responses of each compound on exposure to PA and 4‐NP individually make the convenient ratiometric discrimination of two analytes based on the fluorescent intensity ratio (I320/I360) attainable, and 1 and 2 as ratiometric chemosensors for PA present a broad linear detection range from 4 to 300 μM with detection limits of 0.84 and 0.93 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the blue light emission of 1 under an ultraviolet lamp could be selectively quenched by PA even in the presence of all other interfering nitroaromatic pollutants, which empowers the fast visual detection of PA by naked eye.
A kinetic energy budget on the severe wind production that causes a serious state grid failure in Southern Xinjiang China
Authors: Fu Shen‐Ming , Jin Shuang‐Long , Shen Wei , Li Dan‐Yu , Liu Bin , Sun Jian‐Hua
Published: May 2020

Based on the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA5 reanalysis data, in this study, formation mechanisms of a severe windstorm that caused successive trippings of the transmission lines in Southern Xinjiang were investigated. The strong windstorm occurred within a lower‐tropospheric warm region due to adiabatic heating of the descending motions ahead of a shortwave trough in the westerly wind (the blocking effects of high mountain was a key reason for the strong descending motions). The kinetic energy (KE) budget indicates two typically different stages appeared in the variation of the windstorm. The former stage showed a rapid wind KE enhancement in the lower troposphere. The KE increase was mainly governed by the downward stretching of high KE (i.e., downward momentum transportation) from the middle troposphere (rather than from the upper‐level jet) and the KE production due to the work on rotational wind by the pressure gradient force. The latter stage showed a rapid KE decrease mainly due to the transport of KE by the rotational wind and the pressure gradient force's negative work on the rotational wind. In contrast, the vertical advection of KE still acted as transporting high KE from middle troposphere to lower troposphere, which resisted the KE reduce at the lower levels.
The dominant invading paths of extreme cold surges and the invasion probabilities in China
Authors: Ding Ting , Gao Hui , Yuan Yuan
Published: May 2020

Based on daily temperature observation dataset with high quality and spatial resolution, this paper revealed the dominant invading paths of the extreme cold surges (ECSs) within China by using the fifth percentile of temperature drops instead of the traditional unified threshold in the operation. The maximal probabilities of the ECSs from the upstream regions to the down‐stream regions along the invading paths are also provided. Results indicate the distribution of the fifth percentile is quite different in various regions, with the highest value centers of more than 8°C in northern China, and a secondary center of 6–7°C in southern China. While in the areas between the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin, the two longest rivers in China, the values are below 5°C. This result explains the unreasonable frequency gap between the two rivers in previous unified threshold. Based on the distribution, the whole country is roughly divided into 18 regions at an approximate box of 5°N × 10°E to acquire clear and objective invading paths by the lead–lag correlation analysis and an objective identification of the paths. Results show the ECS invading path in northern China has a dominant west or northwest track. But in southern China, the invading paths are more complex, generally from north to south. In China, about 30–40% ECS cases in the upstream regions can lead to the ECSs in the down‐stream regions along the dominant paths. By the identification and the lead–lag correlation, northwestern China could be regarded as the source of ECSs invading other regions.