bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poverty Status and Scale Economies of Maize-based Farmers in Southwest, Nigeria
Authors: Olubunmi-Ajayi Tolulope Seun , Amos Taye Timothy
Published: November 2023

The study examines the relationship between poverty status and scale economies of maize-based farmers in Southwest, Nigeria. Primary data were sourced with the aid of a well-designed questionnaire and oral interview. A multistage sampling technique was used to randomly select 240 maize-based farmers in the area. The main data analysis used were Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) and the probit regression model. The FGT results showed that poverty incidence was prevalent among small-scale farmers across the cropping patterns. It further highlighted the potential of medium and large-scale farming operations in reducing poverty due to their capacity for higher income generation. Moreover, years of farming experience, access to credit, and larger farm sizes emerge as crucial factors in alleviating poverty among farmers using probit regression analysis. However, we noted the impact of certain variables, such as marital status and land acquisition, which can vary regionally and contextually. Therefore, by recognizing the role of farm scale and the various socio-economic factors at play, stakeholders can develop more effective strategies to improve the livelihoods of maize-based crop farmers and promote sustainable agricultural development.
Opinions of B. Ed Students in the Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu about E-learning Materials for the Course of Understanding Disciplines and School Subjects in B.Ed
Authors: Padmini S. , Ramani Pramila
Published: November 2023

Understanding the research problem and structuring the study is more accessible with a conceptual framework. Technology-driven teaching and learning are transforming education in the digital age. E-learning, which uses internet platforms, digital documents, and electronic resources, has transformed education. In this context, B. Ed students—future educators—must be asked about e-learning materials for professional development. Recent years have seen a rise in e-learning and digital instructional tools. E-learning resources' perspectives and use by B.Ed students are examined in this study. It is relevant when higher educational institutions integrate technology into their teaching methods. Course-Specific Evaluation: This study focuses on 'Understanding Disciplines and School Subjects,' which makes it relevant to education. The study's findings can help B.Ed students determine whether e-learning materials fit their course requirements. Research objectives: To understand B.Ed students' perception of the content quality, accessibility and usability of e-learning materials for this subject. Population of the Study: All B.Ed. Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University students in the Cuddalore district of Tamilnadu during 2023 constituted the study population. Sample of the Study: The investigators selected five hundred and twenty-three B.Ed. Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University students as the study sample using a cluster sampling technique. The questionnaire was used to collect data for this study. A significant proportion of students responded affirmatively to the inquiry regarding their prior experience with e-learning, affirmatively to the inquiry regarding their prior utilisation of e-learning resources in their B.Ed programme, comfortable using technology for learning purposes, and most preferred 'Video lectures'. Recommendations:  B.Ed students recommend e-learning diversity. Multimedia, interactive modules, and real-world images can meet diverse learning styles and interest students. Higher educational institutions should collect student feedback on e-learning products. This feedback enables quick student-specific modifications.
Effects of Monitoring of Teaching and Learning on the Implementation of Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) in Early Childhood Development (Ecd) Centres in Meru Central Sub-County
Authors: Benson Makena Faith , Njuguna Jane
Published: November 2023

The competency-based curriculum (CBC) is a set of courses or syllabi, which promote learning areas in which the learner is gifted and skilled. The curriculum was adopted in Kenya in January 2017, when such a change occurs in education various stakeholders and resources are needed to be considered for smooth implementation. However, in Kenya, various stakeholders have expressed concerns regarding implementation of CBC. The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of monitoring of teaching and learning on the implementation of competency- based curriculum (CBC) in early childhood development (ECD) centres In Meru Central Sub-County. Lewin’s Theory of Planned Change guided the research. With adoption of descriptive research design, the study targeted 84 head teachers, 256 ECDE teachers and one Sub-County Curriculum support officers (CSO) in Meru Central Sub County. The study used a sample size of 14 head teachers, 51 ECDE teachers and the CSO in charge of education in the sub county. A simple random sampling was adopted to select participating schools and stratified sampling to select the head teachers, purposive sampling was used to consider ECDE teachers as the respondents for the study and the CSO. The main data collection tools to be used in this study included; questionnaire for head teachers and the ECDE teachers, interview schedule for the CSO and the observation guide that also guided the researcher on the availability of the instructional resources. The study quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics modeled in percentages, mean and standard deviation while inferential statistics was correlated using Pearson product moment correlation. Qualitative data was analyzed using themes and prose. Discussion of the data was made, conclusion drawn from the findings and the study made conclusions recommendations and suggestions based on the research findings. The study found that that head teacher frequently monitors lesson attendance for effective implementation of CBC and invites quality assurance officers in school. The study concluded that Teachers held positive perceptions towards implementation of CBC as the head teachers were constantly following the curriculum implementation process right from classroom activities. The study recommended that the government should purchase more computers in schools for successful integration of technology in CBC program due to increasing population in schools. The purchasing of teaching and learning resources should also be prioritized especially for practical work and preparation of teaching aids for teachers.
Fixed Point Results on Interval-Valued Fuzzy Metric Space using notation of Pairwise Compatible Maps and Occasionally Weakly Compatible Maps with Application
Authors: Deshmukh Vaishali , Jadon B. P. S. , Singh Ruchi , Malhotra S. K.
Published: November 2023

The purpose of the paper is to obtain common fixed point results on interval-valued fuzzy metric space for occasionally weakly compatible maps (OWC) using contractive conditions. With the concept of \(\tau\)norm, interval numbers, and some important properties of interval-valued \(\tau\)norm.
Growth, Yield and Quality of Garilic (Allium sativum L.) Influenced by the Application of Sulphur and Salicylic Acid
Authors: Dubey Priyanka Mishra , Pandey B. R. , Bagare Vijay , Upadhyay Jagrati
Published: November 2023

A research experiment was conducted at vegetable research Complex, Maharajpur, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, JNKVV Jabalpur. The experiment was done to study the effect of sulphur and salicylic acid on Yamuna safed -2 variety of Garlic. The growth, yield, and quality of garlic can be influenced by various factors, including nutrient availability and plant growth regulators like salicylic acid. Sulphur is an essential nutrient for plant growth and plays a crucial role in the development of garlic plants.  The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with combination of different concentrations of sulphur (0 kg/ha, 30 kg/ha and 45 Kg/ha) and salicylic acid (60 ppm and 120 ppm). Growth parameters like plant height, number of leaves and pseudostem diameter were found maximum in treatment T-9 (sulphur 45kg/ha and SA 120ppm). Yield parameters like average bulb weight (22.27 gm), Polar diameter (4.41 cm) and Equatorial diameter (3.79 cm) average weight of 10 cloves (9.10 gm), Total soluble solids and Pyruvic acid were also maximum in T-9 (Sulphur 45kg/ha and SA 120 ppm) (42.30 oBrix and 66.09 µmol/gm respectively). From the above findings it can be concluded that for garlic plant the best doses for salicylic acid and sulphur were found to be 120 ppm and 45 kg/ha. Also with graded levels of salicylic acid and sulphur various parameters increased effecttively.
Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Soil Salinity Analysis: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Gojiya K. M. , Rank H. D. , Chauhan P. M. , Patel D. V. , Satasiya R. M. , Prajapati G. V.
Published: November 2023

Soil salinity is a pressing global issue with far-reaching implications for agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The expansion of cultivated lands and the need for food production have intensified the challenges associated with soil salinization. This paper reviews the significance of monitoring and assessing soil salinity, especially in regions where traditional irrigation practices and inadequate drainage systems exacerbate the problem. The paper highlights the importance of satellite-based technologies for spatial and temporal mapping of soil salinity, providing cost-effective, rapid, and efficient sources of qualitative and quantitative spatial information. Multispectral remote sensing data have significantly improved the monitoring of soil salinity. The spectral characteristics of salt-affected soil, visible and near-infrared bands, enable the detection of salinity in both barren and vegetated areas. Various salinity and vegetation indices have been developed, with their effectiveness depending on the context and the extent of vegetation cover. Proper timing of fieldwork and measurement is essential for accurate results. The paper presents a comprehensive review of the remote sensing and GIS based methods of soil salinity estimation including salinity indices, vegetation indices, regression methos, neural network methods plus, sensing approaches, and satellite data utilized in soil salinity mapping. The majority of recent studies favour remote sensing technology over traditional methods due to its cost-effectiveness and efficiency. The choice of mapping approach is context-dependent, and there is no universally superior method. This review underscores the critical role of remote sensing in addressing the challenges posed by soil salinity, offering a promising avenue for monitoring and managing this imperative global concern.
An Evaluation of the Use of Drills and Transplanted Paddy Cultivation Techniques in Bhandara District of Maharashtra, India
Authors: Parshuramkar Shubhangi G. , Nandeshwar B. C. , Kausadikar Padmaja H. , Nemade Devyanee K.
Published: November 2023

In order to compare the costs, savings, and returns for the drill and transplanted methods of paddy cultivation, the current study, was conducted as a Research Review Committee Project in the Bhandara district of Nagpur division in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, India.  The method utilized was an exploratory social research design. Using the purposive population sampling technique method, a total of 72 sample paddy-growing beneficiary farmers from KVK, Sakoli Dist. Bhandara were chosen, and they were interrogated using a structured interview schedule.  As a result, this study was limited to a sample of 72 paddy growers who were cultivating their paddy crops using both the transplanted and drill paddy methods. Findings of present study revealed that majority of the paddy growers were young with high education level, possessed small and marginal type of land holding with annul income in the range of Rs.75001/- to 1,50,000/-, medium level of scientific orientation,economic motivation,innovativeness respectively and favourable attitude towards to drill paddy technology. Further the findings of the study revealed that the highest gross returns received to farmers adopting were Rs. 85807.50/- and 81000.80/- per ha for transplanted and drill paddy cultivation methods respectively. The highest net returns at Cost A realized by the paddy farmers adopting drill paddy method of cultivation i.e. Rs.54738.28 per hectare. The highest benefit cost ratio (BC ratio) was released by the farmers adopting drill method of paddy cultivation at Cost A, Cost B and Cost C respectively.
Research for the Presence of Pesticides in Fish from the Sassandra and Bandama Rivers in the Localities of Bouafle, Guessabo and Soubre, Ivory Coast
Authors: Isaac Foba Foba Stéphane , Ibourahema Coulibaly , Ahossi Konan Kouakou , Massagna Coulibaly Adja , Athanase Kouassi Kra
Published: November 2023

Aims: This study aims to investigate the presence of pesticides in fresh fish caught in the Sassandra and Bandama rivers of the Sassandra-Marahoué district.

Study Design:  Fish is an important source of protein, the quality of which depends on many actions carried out directly or indirectly by man during fishing, fish trading, preservation operations (smoking, drying, refrigeration, etc.) the use of pesticides on cultivable areas along the rivers.

Place and Duration of Study: Sampling was carried out in three fishing areas of the Sassandra-Marahoué district and the chemical analyzes were carried out at the Agrovalorization Laboratory of the Jean Lorougnon Guédé University in Daloa and at the National Laboratory for Agricultural Development Support (Côte d'Ivoire).

Methodology: : A total of 390 samples of fresh fish, including 130 of each of the Tilapia, Chrysichthys and Labéo species, were collected randomly under aseptic conditions directly from various fishermen from the Sassandra River in the towns of Soubré and Guessabo and from the Bandama River in the locality of Bouaflé.

Results: Analysis of the fish samples revealed about fifteen active substances from pesticides. Crimidine and Desisopropylatratzine showed the highest levels in Bouaflé Tilapia with 29.55% and 22.73% respectively, Metobromuron, Simazine and Fénuron at 29.55% each in Chrysichthys and Labeo, each substance was found in a single sample with a rate of 2.27%. In the Guéssabo samples, Metoxuron and Monuron are the highest substances in fresh Tilapia with 18.60% each. Certain substances such as Crimidine, Aldicarb, Parathion-ethyl and Parathion-methyl were not found in the Chrysichthys samples as well as Isoproturon, Metobromuron, Metoxuron and Monuron in the Labeo. The highest substances in the Soubré samples are Metobromuron at 18.60% in Tilapia, Parathion-methyl and Terbutryn at 18.60% in Chrysichthys and Crimidine in Labéo at 9.30%.

Conclusion: This study clearly shows the presence of pesticide residues in fresh fish caught in the Bandama and Sassandra rivers. Precautions should be taken to eliminate or at least reduce the impacts of these on the environment and especially on human health.
Growth Performance and Nutrients Digestibility of Weaner Rabbits FED Diets Containing Par-Boiled and Non-Parboiled Rice Milling By-Products
Authors: Anongo T. T. , Shaahu D. T. , Ahemen T. , Tuleun C. D. , Carew S. N.
Published: November 2023

A feeding trial was conducted for 84-days to investigate the feeding value of rice milling by-products on growth performance, digestibility and carcass characteristics of growing rabbits in Makurdi. Forty two (42) weaner rabbits weighing between 412 – 420 g were randomly allocated to 7 treatment diets with each treatment replicated 6 times in a completely randomize design (CRD). Each rabbit constituted a replicate and each treatment was made up of three males and three females. The treatments were, D1, control, D2 contained parboiled rice offal (PRO), D3 contained parboiled rice bran (PRB), D4 contained parboiled grain rejects (PGR), D5 contained non-parboiled rice polishing (NPRP), D6 contained non-parboiled rice bran (NPRB)and D7 contained non-parboiled grain rejects (NPGR). Result of growth performance revealed that Significant (P<0.05) dietary influence were observed on average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratios. In both parameters (ADWG and FCR) performances were significantly(P<0.05) poor (10.97g and 6.69 respectively) in rabbits fed PRO.  Result of digestibility by the rabbits fed diets containing RMBPs were similar (P>0.05) to the rabbits fed the control diet and this similarity was observed across the treatment groups. No significant (P>0.05) dietary influence was observed on carcass parameters measured It was concluded that, the combination of rice milling by-products (RMBPs) with other feed materials provided cheaper diets that are nutritionally adequate for enhance growth, good carcass development and yield of rabbits at levels equivalent to the reference diet. It is recommended therefore that, feed manufacturers and Rabbit farmers can incorporate up to 25% of rice offal, rice bran and rice grain rejects in the diets of rabbits.
Science Textbook Based on Merdeka Belajar Curriculum: Integration of Learning Implementation for Critical Thinking Skills
Authors: Mahardika I. Ketut , Nuriman  , Supeno  , Mudakir Imam , Wahono Bevo , Wicaksono Iwan
Published: November 2023

Merdeka Belajar Curriculum is implemented with the aim of training students' independence in thinking. Textbooks are an important part of creating learning resources. Through textbooks, teachers will find it easier to carry out learning and students will be more helped and easier to learn. The aim of this research was to examine science textbooks integrated with critical thinking skills that were practically applied to support the Merdeka Belajar Curriculum in junior high schools. This type of research used educational design research-based development, the intervention developed was a textbook that must meet the criteria of being valid, practical and effective. The research design used was 4-D, namely Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. Determining the sample in this research used purposive sampling. Subject selection was carried out to provide the required data and information. The samples for this research were students in class VIII junior high school at the Besuki Ex-Karisidenan. The time for conducting research was planned in Odd Semester 2023/2024. The percentage results during the three meetings, the average implementation of the integration of learning for critical thinking skills using the science textbook in the Merdeka Belajar Curriculum was 0.93. The process of training students to think critically was needed in the learning process so that students can face and answer the challenges of the future. The ability to solve problems required the ability to think critically in looking for alternative ways to find solutions.
Real‐world genomic landscape of colon and rectal cancer
Authors: Schulze Markus , Wang XiaoZhe , Hamad Jawad , Quintanilha Julia C. F. , Pasquina Lincoln W. , Hopkins Julia F. , Scheuenpflug Juergen , Feng Zheng
Published: January 2025

MAPK signaling activation is an important driver event in colorectal cancer (CRC) tumorigenesis that informs therapy selection, but detection by liquid biopsy can be challenging. We analyze real‐world comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) data to explore the landscape of alterations in BRAF or RAS in CRC patients (N = 51 982) and co‐occurrence with other biomarkers. A pathogenic RAS or BRAF alteration was found in 63.2% and 57.9% of colon and rectal cancer samples, respectively. In a subset of 140 patients with both tissue‐ and liquid‐based CGP, the sensitivity of liquid for results found by tissue was 100% when ctDNA tumor fraction was at least 1%, illustrating the utility of tissue and liquid biopsy in detecting driver alterations in CRC.
Modeling dosimetric benefits from daily adaptive RT for gynecological cancer patients with and without knowledge‐based dose prediction
Authors: Ghimire Rupesh , Moore Lance , Branco Daniela , Rash Dominique L. , Mayadev Jyoti S. , Ray Xenia
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Daily online adaptive radiotherapy (ART) improves dose metrics for gynecological cancer patients, but the on‐treatment process is resource‐intensive requiring longer appointments and additional time from the entire adaptive team. To optimize resource allocation, we propose a model to identify high‐priority patients.

Methods

For 49 retrospective cervical and endometrial cancer patients, we calculated two initial plans: the treated standard‐of‐care (InitialSOC) and a reduced margin initial plan (InitialART) for adapting with the Ethos treatment planning system. Daily doses corresponding to standard and reduced margins (DailySOC and DailyART) were determined by re‐segmenting the anatomy based on the treatment CBCT and calculating dose on a synthetic CT. These initial and daily doses were used to estimate the ART benefit (= DailySOC‐DailyART) versus initial plan differences (= InitialSOC–InitialART) via multivariate linear regression. Dosimetric benefits were modeled with initial plan differences () of (cc), (Gy), and (Gy). Anatomy (intact uterus or post‐hysterectomy), DoseType (simultaneous integrated boost [SIB] vs. single dose), and/or prescription value. To establish a logistic model, we classified the top 10% in each metric as high‐benefit patients. We then built a logistic model to predict these patients from the previous predictors. Leave‐one‐out validation and ROC analysis were used to evaluate the accuracy. To improve the clinical efficiency of this predictive process, we also created knowledge‐based plans for the ΔInitial plans () and repeated the analysis.

Results

In both and our multivariate analysis showed low R2 values 0.34–0.52 versus 0.14–0.38. The most significant predictor in each multivariate model was the corresponding ∆Initial metric (e.g., Bowel (V40 Gy), p < 1e−05). In the logistic model, the metrics with the strongest correlation to the high‐benefit patients were (cc), (Gy), , and prescription. The models for original and knowledge‐based plans had an AUC of 0.85 versus 0.78. The sensitivity and specificity were 0.92/0.72 and 0.69/0.80, respectively.

Conclusion

This methodology will allow clinics to prioritize patients for resource‐intensive daily online ART.
An MRI assessment of mechanisms underlying lesion growth and shrinkage in multiple sclerosis
Authors: De Meo Ermelinda , Prados Carrasco Ferran , Brown J. William L. , Coles Alasdair J. , Cunniffe Nick G. , Jolly Amy E. , Kanber Baris , Samson Rebecca , Barkhof Frederik , Chard Declan
Published: January 2025

Objective

To assess the pathological mechanisms contributing to white matter (WM) lesion expansion or contraction and remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods

We assessed 1,613 lesions in 49 people with relapsing–remitting MS in the CCMR‐One bexarotene trial (EudraCT 2014‐003145‐99). We measured lesion orientation relative to WM tracts, surface‐in gradients and veins. Jacobian deformation was used to assess lesion expansion over 6 months, while magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) imaging was used to assess remyelination.

Results

At baseline, 33% of lesions were aligned with veins, 2% along WM tracts, 0% with surface‐in gradients, and 4% orthogonal to veins. No significant differences were observed in lesion shape, while lesions aligned with surface‐in gradients and with veins had lower volume compared to all remaining orientations. At follow‐up, 13% of lesions expanded and 7% contracted. The directions for both expansion and contraction were 18% and 8%, respectively, along WM tracts, 20% and 15% parallel to veins, 22% and 23% orthogonal to veins and 0% and 1% along surface‐in gradients. Bexarotene had no effect on lesion expansion or contraction, but MTR significantly increased in lesions aligned with surface‐in gradients and veins.

Interpretation

Lesion expansion and shrinkage are affected by venous and WM tract factors, but these do not influence bexarotene's capacity to promote remyelination. This, instead, appears to be affected by surface‐in factors. To limit lesion expansion and maximize tissue repair, multiple processes may need to be targeted.
Ultrasensitive and Fast Gas Detection Based on Room‐Temperature Indium Arsenide Mid‐Wavelength Infrared Photodetectors
Authors: Dong Yi , Duan Shikun , Long Siyu , Jiang Yu , Ma Xinyu , Fang Yueyue , Liu Jinjin , Wu Hao , Li Tangxin , Jiang Xiaoyong , Chen Shouheng , Hu Shuhong , Fu Xiao , Chen Xiaolong , Chen Fansheng , Miao Jinshui , Hu Weida
Published: January 2025

Combustible hydrocarbon gases, typified by methane, are invisible, odorless, and imperceptible, yet they pose significant hazards to human safety and the environment. Therefore, monitoring these gases is crucial in managing and mitigating potential hazards. Here, a gas sensing system is proposed based on the non‐dispersive infrared absorption spectroscopy (NDIR) technique. Its core component is a home‐built indium arsenide (InAs) semiconductor mid‐wavelength infrared photodetector. By material growth and device structure optimization (a peculiar potential barrier layer is designed to form a heterojunction and suppress diffusion carriers), the InAs‐based photodetectors show a low‐noise performance of 1.62 × 10−12 A·Hz−1/2 and a record high room‐temperature detectivity of 2.1 × 1010 cm·Hz1/2·W−1 with superior response speed of <40 ns. The sensing system, therefore, gains an ultra‐sensitive (<1 ppm) and fast (≈350 ms) gas detection capability of methane compared to current NDIR equipment. The method used in this study paves an avenue for designing ultrasensitive NDIR systems based on photovoltaic devices and provides a new paradigm for highly integrated gas sensing hardware.
Toward Scalable Synthesis of Mo2C/MoNi4 Heterojunction Catalysts on Ni Mesh via Laser Radiation for Efficient H2 Production in Alkaline Electrolysis
Authors: Zhao Hongwei , Zhu Shengli , Cui Zhenduo , Li Zhaoyang , Wu Shuilin , Xu Wence , Gao Zhonghui , Liang Yanqin , Ma Lili , Jiang Hui
Published: January 2025

The alkaline electrolysis is the dominant production method for hydrogen since non‐noble Ni metals can be used as catalysts. The low activity of the commercial nickel mesh (NM) electrodes remains a considerable obstacle to reducing energy consumption for water splitting. Conducting surface modification on commercial NM is a promising tactic to improve the hydrog enevolution reaction (HER) intrinsic activity of NM catalysts. Herein, Mo2C/MoNi4 heterojunction coating on the NM substrate via a laser Radiation strategy is designed. The results indicate that the Mo2C8.5/MoNi4/NM delivers an extremely low overpotential to trigger HER (η10 = 49.5 mV) processes and maintains a stable overpotential for 100 h in alkaline media. The experimental and theoretical calculations reveal that the downshifted d‐band center of Ni in MoNi4 caused by two‐phase heterojunction can regulate the free energy of reactive intermediates adsorption & desorption, thereby accelerating the entire HER process. This work will open up an avenue for developing highly efficient Ni‐based heterostructured electrocatalysts for commercial HER electrode application.
Designing Robust Quasi‐2D Perovskites Thin Films for Stable Light‐Emitting Applications
Authors: Khan Sharmistha , Shrestha Reshna , Jin Mengru , Kim Doyun , Chen Guan‐Lin , Li Ruipeng , Gu Yijia , Tu Qing , Ahn Namyoung , Nie Wanyi
Published: January 2025

Quasi‐2D perovskite made with organic spacers co‐crystallized with inorganic cesium lead bromide inorganics is demonstrated for near unity photoluminescence quantum yield at room temperature. However, light emitting diodes made with quasi‐2D perovskites rapidly degrade which remains a major bottleneck in this field. In this work, It is shown that the bright emission originates from finely tuned multi‐component 2D nano‐crystalline phases that are thermodynamically unstable. The bright emission is extremely sensitive to external stimuli and the emission quickly dims away upon heating. After a detailed analysis of their optical and morphological properties, the degradation is attributed to 2D phase redistribution associated with the dissociation of the organic spacers departing from the inorganic lattice. To circumvent the instability problem, a diamine is investigated spacer that has both sides attached to the inorganic lattice. The diamine spacer incorporated perovskite film shows significantly improved thermal tolerance over maintaining a high photoluminescence quantum yield of over 50%, which will be a more robust material for lighting applications. This study guides designing quasi‐2D perovskites to stabilize the emission properties.
Nucleation‐Controlled Crystallization of Chiral 2D Perovskite Single Crystal Thin Films for High‐Sensitivity Circularly Polarized Light Detection
Authors: Wang Lin , Hao Wei , Peng Boyu , Ren Jie , Li Hanying
Published: January 2025

2D Dion−Jacobson (DJ) chiral perovskite materials exhibit significant promise for developing high‐performance circularly polarized light (CPL) photodetectors. However, the inherently thick nature of DJ‐phase 2D perovskite single crystal limits their ability to differentiate CPL photons with the two opposite polarization states. In addition, the growth of DJ‐phase perovskite single crystal thin films (SCTFs) has proven challenging due to the strong interlayer electronic coupling. Here, a nucleation‐controlled strategy is employed to grow a novel DJ‐phase perovskite [(R/S)‐3APr]PbI4 [(R/S)‐3APr = (R/S)‐3‐Aminopyrrolidine] SCTFs with large area, low thickness and hence high aspect ratios. Structural and photoluminescence analyses reveal that introducing the divalent organic cations into the perovskite framework reduce the interlayer distance, resulting in low exciton binding energy. This facilitates charge separation and transport. The resulting SCTF photodetector showcases excellent detection performance with anisotropy factor for photocurrent as high as 0.65, responsivity of 1.97 A W−1, detectivity of 5.3 × 1013 Jones, and 3‐dB frequency of 2940 Hz, demonstrating its potential as a promising candidate for CPL‐sensitive photodetectors. This novel approach, therefore, provides a framework for the growth of DJ‐phase perovskite SCTFs and advances their applications in sensitive CPL photodetection.
Nanomagnetism Triggering Carriers Double‐Resistance Conduction and Excellent Flexible Thermoelectrics
Authors: Ke Shaoqiu , Nie Xiaolei , Wei Ping , Li Longzhou , Liu Chengshan , Xu Wenjie , Chen Tiantian , Liang Dong , Ye Xianfeng , Zhu Wan‐Ting , He Danqi , Liu Mingrui , Ying Jianjun , Chao Yimin , Zhao Wen‐Yu , Shi Jing , Chen Xianhui , Zhang Qingjie
Published: January 2025

Nanomagnetism may enable electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient to be decoupled and can potentially lead to remarkable enhancements in thermoelectric (TE) performance, however, their physical mechanisms have not been explored. Herein, it is shown that the nanomagnetism from Fe and Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded in Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3/epoxy flexible films can lead to the carriers splitting into spin‐up and spin‐down conductive branches with different resistances and mobilities due to the exchange interaction between the spin of carriers and the nanomagnetism. The double‐resistance conduction of carriers may well explain the decoupling of electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient and their simultaneous enhancements in the thermo‐electro‐magnetic flexible films. It is further shown that the maximum dimensionless figure of merit of the thermo‐electro‐magnetic flexible films reaches between 1.2 and 1.4 at room temperature, and their five‐level cascaded device based on the films achieves a temperature drop of 3.1 K through in‐plane heat dissipation, making a new record for printing flexible TE films and devices. The double‐resistance conduction of carriers also reveals a deep physical mechanism for magneto‐enhanced TE performance of bulk thermoelectrics.
Advancing Room‐Temperature Magnetic Semiconductors with Organic Radical Charge Transfer Cocrystals
Authors: Li Tingting , Fu Siyao , Ding Shuaishuai , Wang Lingsong , Li Shuyu , Zhang Dong , Ke Yunzhe , Sun Shiyue , Sun Lingjie , Zhang Xiaotao , Hu Wenping
Published: January 2025

Developing purely organic room‐temperature magnetic semiconductors has been a long‐sought goal in the material community toward the simultaneous control of spin and charge. Organic cocrystals, known for their structural versatility and multifunctionality, are ideal candidates for these magnetoelectric coupling applications. However, organic room‐temperature magnetic semiconductor cocrystals have rarely been reported, and their mechanisms remain poorly understood due to the complexity of cocrystal structures. Here, doping organic cocrystals with radicals offers a promising strategy for boosting their magnetism and conductivity while maintaining their cocrystal structures. The fluoranthene‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane radical (FA‐HTCNQ•) is constructed through a simple, rapid, and eco‐friendly solution‐processing approach. The conductive FA‐HTCNQ• exhibits excellent room‐temperature ferromagnetism with the coercive fields of 96 Oe and the Curie temperature near 400 K, superior to its structural‐identical undoped counterpart. Meanwhile, the room‐temperature magnetoelectric coupling is demonstrated in the conductive FA‐HTCNQ•. The stronger ferromagnetism and conductivity in organic cocrystals are attributed to the enhanced charge‐transfer (CT) interactions induced by radicals, rather than the spin exchange interactions between these radicals alone. The research manifests the origin of ferromagnetism in organic cocrystals and provides a simple strategy to fabricate pure organic room‐temperature magnetic semiconductor materials for future integrated magnetoelectric devices.
Fluid Control of Dip Coating for Efficient Large‐Area Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Jianqiu , Zheng Zhong , Ke Yubin , Wang Yafei , Liu Xiaoyu , Ye Long , Zhang Shaoqing , Zhang Maojie , Hou Jianhui
Published: January 2025

As a classical low‐cost technique, dip coating has not been used for printable electronics. Here, the study demonstrates large‐area organic solar cells can be made by dip coating. The correlation is revealed among Van der Waals forces in precursor film, aggregation state of polymer, and fibrous orientation in active layer; the relationship is also expounded between fluid mechanics of the confined liquid in polymer scaffold and the continuity of the acceptor phase. By controlling the fluid characteristics, the ideal nanoscale bicontinuous interpenetrating network forms. As a result, the 1.0 cm2 rigid and 10.0 cm2 flexible cells exhibit efficiencies of 17.9% and 13.7%, respectively. Moreover, the method for predicting the optimal coating speed for the dip coating of given inks is proposed. Overall, this work not only demonstrates the superiority of dip coating for organic solar cell fabrication but also provides guidance for its application in printable electronics.
Dimensional Regulation of Organic n‐Type Dopants for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules
Authors: Liu Cong , Zuo Chen , Xue Qifan , Lin Dongxu , Liu Tao , Luo Jun , Huang Hao , Chen Kai , Gao Yanyan , Zeng Jie , Zhang Yong , Xu Baomin , Yang Tao , Mai Yaohua , Zou Bingsuo , Brabec Christoph J. , Hu Xiaotian
Published: January 2025

A strong n‐type perovskite layer is crucial in achieving high open‐circuit voltage (VOC) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) in the p‐i‐n solar cells, as the weak n‐type perovskites result in a loss of VOC, and the p‐type perovskites contain numerous electron traps that cause the severe carrier recombination. Here, three types of perylene diimide (PDI) based small molecule dopants with different dimensions, including 1D‐PDI, 2D‐PDI, and 3D‐PDI are designed, to produce heavier n‐type perovskites. The PDI‐based molecules with Selenium atoms have a strong electron‐donating ability, effectively enlarging the quasi‐Fermi level splitting within the perovskites. Besides, the PDI molecules can coat the surface of the perovskite crystal to form the lattice cage through their conjugate skeletons, which passivates the trap states and improves the n‐doping efficiency, as well as the stabilities of perovskites and related devices. With the addition of the 2D‐PDI, the small‐area solar cells achieved a PCE of 26.06% (25.44% certified) with a high VOC of 1.18 V and a remarkable fill factor of 87.23%. Furthermore, the rigid and flexible perovskite solar modules yielded high PCEs of 21.48% and 20.71%, respectively. This dimensional regulation strategy provides useful guidance for effective n‐type doping and high‐performance p‐i‐n solar cells.
Woven Cement Slurry
Authors: Xu Chengji , Yang Rijiao , Wen Rongjia , Dai Yuqing , Lu Xiaohan , Fang Sen , Peng Yu , Zhang Zhidong , Zhou Chunsheng , Zeng Qiang , Li Qinghua , Xu Shilang
Published: January 2025

Weaving, a pivotal technique in human construction activities since the Neolithic era, remains unattainable in modern concrete construction. Here, a novel particle‐polymer coalescence strategy is proposed, which involves electrostatic, bridging, coordinating, and hydrogen bonding interactions, to establish balanced particle cohesion, enabling the fabrication of stretchable cement slurry. The bending, knotting, coiling, winding, and interlacing of cement filaments for structural textiles is successfully realized beyond traditional formwork casting, grouting, and 3D‐printing, and fabricate the first‐ever Chinese knot woven with cement. Weaving construction builds a triaxially cross‐penetrating structure that greatly promotes interlayer strength and toughness by ≈208.5% and 676.5% compared to the state‐of‐the‐art layer‐by‐layer 3D printed structure. These findings not only make a breakthrough in concrete construction technology but also provide solutions for fabricating multi‐directional woven structures with great engineering‐application potentials.
Isolated Metal Centers Activate Small Molecule Electrooxidation: Mechanisms and Applications
Authors: Hu Yanmin , Chao Tingting , Dou Yuhai , Xiong Yuli , Liu Xiangwen , Wang Dingsheng
Published: January 2025

Electrochemical oxidation of small molecules shows great promise to substitute oxygen evolution reaction (OER) or hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) to enhance reaction kinetics and reduce energy consumption, as well as produce high‐valued chemicals or serve as fuels. For these oxidation reactions, high‐valence metal sites generated at oxidative potentials are typically considered as active sites to trigger the oxidation process of small molecules. Isolated atom site catalysts (IASCs) have been developed as an ideal system to precisely regulate the oxidation state and coordination environment of single‐metal centers, and thus optimize their catalytic property. The isolated metal sites in IASCs inherently possess a positive oxidation state, and can be more readily produce homogeneous high‐valence active sites under oxidative potentials than their nanoparticle counterparts. Meanwhile, IASCs merely possess the isolated metal centers but lack ensemble metal sites, which can alter the adsorption configurations of small molecules as compared with nanoparticle counterparts, and thus induce various reaction pathways and mechanisms to change product selectivity. More importantly, the construction of isolated metal centers is discovered to limit metal d‐electron back donation to CO 2p* orbital and reduce the overly strong adsorption of CO on ensemble metal sites, which resolve the CO poisoning problems in most small molecules electro‐oxidation reactions and thus improve catalytic stability. Based on these advantages of IASCs in the fields of electrochemical oxidation of small molecules, this review summarizes recent developments and advancements in IASCs in small molecules electro‐oxidation reactions, focusing on anodic HOR in fuel cells and OER in electrolytic cells as well as their alternative reactions, such as formic acid/methanol/ethanol/glycerol/urea/5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation reactions as key reactions. The catalytic merits of different oxidation reactions and the decoding of structure–activity relationships are specifically discussed to guide the precise design and structural regulation of IASCs from the perspective of a comprehensive reaction mechanism. Finally, future prospects and challenges are put forward, aiming to motivate more application possibilities for diverse functional IASCs.
Giant Capacitive Energy‐Storage in BaTiO3‐Based Fine‐Grained Relaxors via Local Polarization Enhancement
Authors: Chen Yige , Zhu Zhentao , Zhu Lifeng , Xu Juping , Luo Huajie , Li Hao , Yin Wen , Liu Laijun , Zhang Ji , Liu Hui , Chen Jun
Published: January 2025

Pb‐free dielectric energy storage capacitors are core components in advanced pulse‐power electronic systems and devices. However, the relatively low energy density (Wrec) for the industrial pillar BaTiO3 (BT)‐based capacitors remains a significant obstacle for their cutting‐edge applications, due to their low intrinsic polarization and breakdown strength (EB). Herein, through chemical composition and local structure design, a giant Wrec of 15.1 J cm−3 along with a high efficiency (η) of 85% is demonstrated in a BT‐based relaxor bulk ceramic. This is achieved by introducing rare A‐site polarization enhancement substitution (Bi0.5Na0.5)2+ ions in combination with B‐site fastest relaxation alternative (Zn1/3Nb2/3)4+ ions to enhance local polarization and refine grain structure. Atomic‐level local structure analysis has revealed that the diversified atomic polar displacement vectors, characterized by largely extended magnitude and heterogeneous directions, assemble into highly polarizable clusters at several unit‐cells scale. Consequently, it exerts a large polarization difference (ΔP) of 49 µC cm−2 and a high EB of 90 kV mm−1. Moreover, a giant power density (677 MW cm−3), high discharge energy density (3.9 J cm−3), and excellent stability are achieved. This study overcomes the current Wrec bottleneck of ≈10 J cm−3 in BT‐based bulk ceramics, presenting an approach to optimize the energy storage performance of Pb‐free relaxors.
Beta‐Lactoglobulin for Water‐Based and Tunable Nanostructure Templating of Printed Titania Thin Films: The Influence of pH Value and Protein Concentration
Authors: Huber Linus F. , Sun Kun , Reus Manuel A. , Weindl Christian L. , Heger Julian E. , Roth Stephan V. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter
Published: January 2025

An environmentally friendly as well as scalable synthesis route of nanostructured titania thin films is of interest for many state‐of‐the‐art devices, from solar cells to battery materials. Beta‐lactoglobulin (ß‐lg) enables water‐based and tunable titania thin film templating, allowing for different domain sizes, porosities, and morphologies. When printed with a slot‐die coater, the titania films can be tailored to specific applications with simple changes to the solution chemistry. Films printed at acidic pH conditions form significantly different final morphologies than films printed at a neutral pH value. The protein concentration plays a more limited role in the final nanostructure. With in situ grazing incidence small‐angle/wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS/GIWAXS), the structure formation is followed with an excellent time resolution during the printing process. From the GISAXS measurements, the size evolution of the titania clusters is understood, showing significant differences for different pH values. Crystal phases and corresponding crystal orientations are investigated with GIWAXS. The combination of a water‐based titania synthesis with the scalable film deposition via slot die coating makes the presented results interesting for potential environmentally friendly mass production of nanostructured titania films.
An Anticoagulant Coating Based on a Block Phosphocholine Copolymer for Potential Applications in Blood Contact Devices
Authors: Lu Xinli , Kang Yahong , Wang Xuebin , Wang Weijie , Liu Changsheng , Jiang Hongyan , Yuan Yuan
Published: January 2025

As the core component of ventricular assist devices, blood pumps have been widely used in clinical treatment. However, the thrombus caused by the contact of the inner surface of the blood pumps with blood still remain a serious risk. The zwitterionic coating has the ability to form a hydration layer to inhibit the protein and blood cell adhesion, which makes it a potential strategy to solve the coagulation on the device. Herein, a phosphocholine zwitterionic coating is presented and formed by a block copolymer poly(2‐methylacryloxyethyl phosphatecholine‐b‐glycidyl methacrylate (PMPC‐b‐GMA). Poly(MPC) and poly(GMA) are intended to provide, respectively, resistance to thrombus formation and adhesion to the material surface. The copolymers are synthesized through reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization to achieve an accurate molecular design. After dip‐coated on the materials, the phosphocholine coating exhibits protein and platelet resistance ability, anticoagulant ability, and in vitro biocompatibility. Furthermore, the in vivo biocompatibility is confirmed through the implantation of the coated polycarbonate substrate in rats. This study provides a promising pathway for regulating the interaction between biomaterials and proteins, platelets, and bioactive molecules, and is expected to guide the further development of anticoagulant coatings to ensure the safety of blood contact devices in clinical treatment.
Design and Construct Cyclic Carbonate Functionalized Chitosan‐Based Hydrogel Enabling Photodecarboxylase Immobilization with Enhanced Stability and Reusability
Authors: Zhou Jianle , He Xiongliang , Ye Yanyan , Zhuang Zhuoxin , Tang Xingyu , Zhao Junpeng , Ma Yunjian , Wang Yonghua
Published: January 2025

Fatty acid photodecarboxylase (FAP) plays a crucial role in the green production of biofuel and other valuable biochemicals. However, the reusability of immobilized FAP has been limited due to inadequate durability. Here, a porous, translucent chitosan hydrogel sphere carrier functionalized with cyclic carbonate group to enhance the reusability of immobilized FAP is presented. Based on the arrangement of basic amino acid residues on the surface of FAP, bis(cyclic carbonate) containing a flexible chain from CO2 is designed and synthesized. This compound is used to modify porous hydrogels obtained via a template‐etching process. FAP is then covalently immobilized within the hydrogel framework through a reaction with the remaining cyclic carbonate groups, as evidenced by quartz crystal microbalance analysis. The modified porous hydrogel carrier, PH3‐BC‐II, significantly improves the activity of FAP, achieving a maximum conversion of 70.0%, with the enzyme loading of 125.3 mg g−1 (dry carrier). Furthermore, PH3‐BC‐II retains >50% of its initial activity after eight consecutive reaction cycles (total runtime of 24 h) at high fatty acid substrate concentrations. This study provides an effective strategy for constructing stable immobilized (photo)enzymes from sustainable materials.