bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A variant of Runx2 that differs from the bone isoform in its splicing is expressed in spermatogenic cells
Authors: Kanto Satoru , Grynberg Marcin , Kaneko Yoshiyuki , Fujita Jun , Satake Masanobu
Published: April 2016

Background.Members of theRunxgene family encode transcription factors that bind to DNA in a sequence-specific manner. Among the three Runx proteins, Runx2 comprises 607 amino acid (aa) residues, is expressed in bone, and plays crucial roles in osteoblast differentiation and bone development. We examined whether theRunx2gene is also expressed in testes.

Methods.Murine testes from 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 10-week-old male mice of the C57BL/6J strain andW∕Wvstrain were used throughout the study. Northern Blot Analyses were performed using extracts form the murine testes. Sequencing of cDNA clones and 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends were performed to determine the full length of the transcripts, which revealed that the testicular Runx2 comprises 106 aa residues coding novel protein. Generating an antiserum using the amino-terminal 15 aa of Runx2 (Met1to Gly15) as an antigen, immunoblot analyses were performed to detect the predicted polypeptide of 106 aa residues with the initiating Met1. With the affinity-purified anti-Runx2 antibody, immunohistochemical analyses were performed to elucidate the localization of the protein. Furthermore, bioinformatic analyses were performed to predict the function of the protein.

Results.ARunx2transcript was detected in testes and was specifically expressed in germ cells. Determination of the transcript structure indicated that the testicularRunx2is a splice isoform. The predicted testicular Runx2 polypeptide is composed of only 106 aa residues, lacks a Runt domain, and appears to be a basic protein with a predominantly alpha-helical conformation. Immunoblot analyses with an anti-Runx2 antibody revealed that Met1in the deduced open reading frame ofRunx2is used as the initiation codon to express an 11 kDa protein. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the Runx2 polypeptide was located in the nuclei, and was detected in spermatocytes at the stages of late pachytene, diplotene and second meiotic cells as well as in round spermatids. Bioinformatic analyses suggested that the testicular Runx2 is a histone-like protein.

Discussion.A variant ofRunx2that differs from the bone isoform in its splicing is expressed in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids in testes, and encodes a histone-like, nuclear protein of 106 aa residues. Considering its nuclear localization and differentiation stage-dependent expression, Runx2 may function as a chromatin-remodeling factor during spermatogenesis. We thus conclude that a singleRunx2gene can encode two different types of nuclear proteins, a previously defined transcription factor in bone and cartilage and a short testicular variant that lacks a Runt domain.
Meteoriopsis undulata Horik. & Nog. (Bryophyta: Meteoriaceae) new to the Australian flora
Authors: Meagher David , Cairns Andi
Published: April 2016

Meteoriopsis undulata Horik. & Nog. (Bryophyta: Meteoriaceae), previously known only from Japan, Taiwan and China, is reported as new to Australia from two collections in the Wet Tropics of north-eastern Queensland. A revision of the current Australian moss key is suggested to accommodate this species.
Dynamic simulation and numerical analysis of hurricane storm surge under sea level rise with geomorphologic changes along the northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Bilskie Matthew V. , Hagen S. C. , Alizad K. , Medeiros S. C. , Passeri D. L. , Needham H. F. , Cox A.
Published: April 2016

This work outlines a dynamic modeling framework to examine the effects of global climate change, and sea level rise (SLR) in particular, on tropical cyclone‐driven storm surge inundation. The methodology, applied across the northern Gulf of Mexico, adapts a present day large‐domain, high resolution, tide, wind‐wave, and hurricane storm surge model to characterize the potential outlook of the coastal landscape under four SLR scenarios for the year 2100. The modifications include shoreline and barrier island morphology, marsh migration, and land use land cover change. Hydrodynamics of 10 historic hurricanes were simulated through each of the five model configurations (present day and four SLR scenarios). Under SLR, the total inundated land area increased by 87% and developed and agricultural lands by 138% and 189%, respectively. Peak surge increased by as much as 1 m above the applied SLR in some areas, and other regions were subject to a reduction in peak surge, with respect to the applied SLR, indicating a nonlinear response. Analysis of time‐series water surface elevation suggests the interaction between SLR and storm surge is nonlinear in time; SLR increased the time of inundation and caused an earlier arrival of the peak surge, which cannot be addressed using a static (“bathtub”) modeling framework. This work supports the paradigm shift to using a dynamic modeling framework to examine the effects of global climate change on coastal inundation. The outcomes have broad implications and ultimately support a better holistic understanding of the coastal system and aid restoration and long‐term coastal sustainability.
Dissipation processes in the Tongue of the Ocean
Authors: Hooper James A. , Baringer Molly O. , St. Laurent Louis C. , Dewar William K. , Nowacek Doug
Published: April 2016

The Tongue of the Ocean (TOTO) region located within the Bahamas archipelago is a relatively understudied region in terms of both its biological and physical oceanographic characteristics. A prey‐field mapping cruise took place in the fall between 15 September 2008 and 1 October 2008, consisting of a series of transects and “clovers” to study the spatial and temporal variability. The region is characterized by a deep scattering layer (DSL), which is preyed on by nekton that serves as the food for beaked whale and other whale species. This study marks the first of its kind where concurrent measurements of acoustic backscatter and turbulence have been conducted for a nekton scattering layer well below the euphotic zone. Turbulence data collected from a Deep Microstructure Profiler are compared to biological and shear data collected by a 38 kHz Simrad EK 60 echo sounder and a hydrographic Doppler sonar system, respectively. From these measurements, the primary processes responsible for the turbulent production in the TOTO region are assessed. The DSL around 500 m and a surface scattering layer (SSL) are investigated for raised ε values. Strong correlation between turbulence levels and scattering intensity of prey is generally found in the SSL with dissipation levels as large as ∼10−7 W kg−1, 3 orders of magnitude above background levels. In the DSL and during the diel vertical migration, dissipation levels ∼10−8 W kg−1 were observed.
Role of pulsed winds on detachment of low salinity water from the Pearl River Plume: Upwelling and mixing processes
Authors: Chen Zhaoyun , Pan Jiayi , Jiang Yuwu
Published: April 2016

The detachment of low salinity water (LSW) from the Pearl River plume occurs frequently as revealed by in situ observations and satellite images, and plays an important role in cross‐shore transport of the nutrient‐rich plume water. In this study, the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) is used to simulate the LSW detachment process forced by realistic and idealized winds, and to explore its dynamical mechanisms. Modeling results show that the LSW detachment appears under a pulsed southwesterly wind, while tidal mixing modifies the size and salinity of the detached LSW. Strong pulsed wind causes the LSW to separate from the plume and move offshore quickly after the detachment. Under a pulsed northeasterly wind, however, the plume without separation of the LSW moves shoreward, indicating that the LSW detachment is sensitive to wind direction. In the plume region, upwelling develops under the forcing of the pulsed southwesterly wind, which transports high salinity bottom water to the surface layer, while the shear mixing in the upper layer further enhances the surface buoyancy flux, leading to appearance of high salinity water in the surface layer off the Pearl River estuary mouth, cutting off the eastward‐spreading plume water, and resulting in the plume LSW detachment. Further analysis shows that the pulsed southwesterly wind induces positive local salinity change rate in the LSW detachment area. The pulsed upwelling‐favorable wind with duration of 2–5 days is responsible for the detachment process.
Regime‐shifting streamflow processes: Implications for water supply reservoir operations
Authors: Turner S. W. D. , Galelli S.
Published: April 2016

This paper examines the extent to which regime‐like behavior in streamflow time series impacts reservoir operating policy performance. We begin by incorporating a regime state variable into a well‐established stochastic dynamic programming model. We then simulate and compare optimized release policies—with and without the regime state variable—to understand how regime shifts affect operating performance in terms of meeting water delivery targets. Our optimization approach uses a Hidden Markov Model to partition the streamflow time series into a small number of separate regime states. The streamflow persistence structures associated with each state define separate month‐to‐month streamflow transition probability matrices for computing penalty cost expectations within the optimization procedure. The algorithm generates a four‐dimensional array of release decisions conditioned on the within‐year time period, reservoir storage state, inflow class, and underlying regime state. Our computational experiment is executed on 99 distinct, hypothetical water supply reservoirs fashioned from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's Hydrologic Reference Stations. Results show that regime‐like behavior is a major cause of suboptimal operations in water supply reservoirs; conventional techniques for optimal policy design may misguide the operator, particularly in regions susceptible to multiyear drought. Stationary streamflow models that allow for regime‐like behavior can be incorporated into traditional stochastic optimization models to enhance the flexibility of operations.
Stream solute tracer timescales changing with discharge and reach length confound process interpretation
Authors: Schmadel Noah M. , Ward Adam S. , Kurz Marie J. , Fleckenstein Jan H. , Zarnetske Jay P. , Hannah David M. , Blume Theresa , Vieweg Michael , Blaen Phillip J. , Schmidt Christian , Knapp Julia L.A. , Klaar Megan J. , Romeijn Paul , Datry Thibault , Keller Toralf , Folegot Silvia , Arricibita Amaia I. Marruedo , Krause Stefan
Published: April 2016

Improved understanding of stream solute transport requires meaningful comparison of processes across a wide range of discharge conditions and spatial scales. At reach scales where solute tracer tests are commonly used to assess transport behavior, such comparison is still confounded due to the challenge of separating dispersive and transient storage processes from the influence of the advective timescale that varies with discharge and reach length. To better resolve interpretation of these processes from field‐based tracer observations, we conducted recurrent conservative solute tracer tests along a 1 km study reach during a storm discharge period and further discretized the study reach into six segments of similar length but different channel morphologies. The resulting suite of data, spanning an order of magnitude in advective timescales, enabled us to (1) characterize relationships between tracer response and discharge in individual segments and (2) determine how combining the segments into longer reaches influences interpretation of dispersion and transient storage from tracer tests. We found that the advective timescale was the primary control on the shape of the observed tracer response. Most segments responded similarly to discharge, implying that the influence of morphologic heterogeneity was muted relative to advection. Comparison of tracer data across combined segments demonstrated that increased advective timescales could be misinterpreted as a change in dispersion or transient storage. Taken together, our results stress the importance of characterizing the influence of changing advective timescales on solute tracer responses before such reach‐scale observations can be used to infer solute transport at larger network scales.
Integrating cobenefits produced with water quality BMPs into credits markets: Conceptualization and experimental illustration for EPRI's Ohio River Basin Trading
Authors: Liu Pengfei , Swallow Stephen K.
Published: April 2016

This paper develops a method that incorporates the public value for environmental cobenefits when a conservation buyer can purchase water quality credits based on nonmarket valuation results. We demonstrate this approach through an experiment with adult students in a classroom laboratory environment. Our application contributes to the study of individual preference and willingness to pay for cobenefits associated with the production of water quality credits in relation to the Ohio River Basin Trading Project. We use three different methods to elicit individuals' willingness to pay (WTP), including (1) a hypothetical referendum, (2) a real referendum lacking incentive compatibility, and (3) a real choice with incentive compatibility. Methodologically, our WTP estimates suggest individuals are more sensitive to the cost changes and reveal the lowest value in the real choice with incentive compatibility. Practically, we find individuals value certain cobenefits and credits as public goods. Incorporating public value toward cobenefits may improve the overall efficiency of a water quality trading market. Based on our specification of a planner's welfare function, results suggest a substantial welfare improvement after identifying an optimal allocation of a buyer's budget across credits derived from agricultural management practices producing different portfolios of cobenefits.
Alternating irrigation water quality as a method to control solute concentrations and mass fluxes below irrigated fields: A numerical study
Authors: Russo David
Published: April 2016

The aim of the present numerical study was to extend the data‐driven protocol for the control of soil salinity, to control chloride and nitrate concentrations and mass fluxes below agricultural fields irrigated with treated waste water (TWW). The protocol is based on alternating irrigation water quality between TWW and desalinized water (DSW), guided by solute concentrations at soil depth, zs. Two different schemes, the first requires measurements of soil solution concentrations of chloride and nitrate at zs, while, the second scheme requires only measurements of soil solution EC at zs, were investigated. For this purpose, 3‐D numerical simulations of flow and transport were performed for variably saturated, spatially heterogeneous, flow domains located at two different field sites. The sites differ in crop type, irrigation method, and in their lithology; these differences, in turn, considerably affect the performance of the proposed schemes, expressed in terms of their ability to reduce solute concentrations that drained below the root zone. Results of the analyses suggest that the proposed data‐driven schemes allow the use of low‐quality water for irrigation, while minimizing the consumption of high‐quality water to a level, which, for given climate, soil, crop, irrigation method, and water quality, may be determined by the allowable nitrate and chloride concentrations in the groundwater. The results of the present study indicate that with respect to the diminution of groundwater contamination by chloride and nitrate, the more data demanding, first scheme is superior the second scheme.
Nonlinear Landau resonant scattering of near equatorially mirroring radiation belt electrons by oblique EMIC waves
Authors: Wang Bin , Su Zhenpeng , Zhang Yan , Shi Shengwei , Wang Geng
Published: April 2016

In response to solar wind disturbances, radiation belt (a few hundreds of keV to several MeV) electron fluxes can be depleted significantly over the entire equatorial pitch angle range. The frequently mentioned cyclotron resonant scattering is applicable only for electrons mirroring off the equator. Here we propose a new physical mechanism, nonlinear Landau resonance with oblique electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, to effectively scatter the near equatorially mirroring electrons. Our test particle simulations show that the nonlinear Landau trapping can occur over a wide energy range and yield the net decrease in equatorial pitch angle Δαeq≈10° within several seconds. Our parametric studies further reveal that this nonlinear Landau‐trapping process is favored by a low plasma density, an intense wave field, a high wave frequency close to ion gyrofrequencies, and a large wave normal angle.
A global surface drifter data set at hourly resolution
Authors: Elipot Shane , Lumpkin Rick , Perez Renellys C. , Lilly Jonathan M. , Early Jeffrey J. , Sykulski Adam M.
Published: April 2016

The surface drifting buoys, or drifters, of the Global Drifter Program (GDP) are predominantly tracked by the Argos positioning system, providing drifter locations with O(100 m) errors at nonuniform temporal intervals, with an average interval of 1.2 h since January 2005. This data set is thus a rich and global source of information on high‐frequency and small‐scale oceanic processes, yet is still relatively understudied because of the challenges associated with its large size and sampling characteristics. A methodology is described to produce a new high‐resolution global data set since 2005, consisting of drifter locations and velocities estimated at hourly intervals, along with their respective errors. Locations and velocities are obtained by modeling locally in time trajectories as a first‐order polynomial with coefficients obtained by maximizing a likelihood function. This function is derived by modeling the Argos location errors with t location‐scale probability distribution functions. The methodology is motivated by analyzing 82 drifters tracked contemporaneously by Argos and by the Global Positioning System, where the latter is assumed to provide true locations. A global spectral analysis of the velocity variance from the new data set reveals a sharply defined ridge of energy closely following the inertial frequency as a function of latitude, distinct energy peaks near diurnal and semidiurnal frequencies, as well as higher‐frequency peaks located near tidal harmonics as well as near replicates of the inertial frequency. Compared to the spectra that can be obtained using the standard 6‐hourly GDP product, the new data set contains up to 100% more spectral energy at some latitudes.
High‐Cycle Fatigue Behavior of an Ultrafine‐Grained Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Processed by ECAP and Extrusion
Authors: Semenova Irina P. , Polyakov Alexander V. , Polyakova Veronika V. , Huang Yi , Valiev Ruslan Z. , Langdon Terence G.
Published: April 2016

This work is focused on an investigation of the high‐cycle fatigue behavior of a Ti–6Al–4V alloy subjected to a combination of equal‐channel angular pressing and extrusion. Samples with a bimodal microstructure and with an ultrafine‐grained (UFG) structure are tested using a cyclic rotational bending. The fatigue endurance of the UFG alloy is almost 40% higher as compared to the alloy with a bimodal microstructure. The main differences in the fracture surfaces of the UFG and bimodal Ti–6Al–4V alloy are considered. The effect of the UFG structure on the resistance of the alloy to fatigue crack initiation and propagation is also discussed.
Complex Camptosynpolydactyly and Mesoaxial synostotic syndactyly with phalangeal reduction are allelic disorders
Authors: Phadke Shubha R. , Kar Anjana , Bhowmik Aneek Das , Dalal Ashwin
Published: April 2016

Complex Camptosynpolydactyly is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by complex hand deformities described earlier by us in a consanguineous family. We report on identification of mutations in BHLHA9 gene in this condition. Our results indicate that Complex Camptosynpolydactyly and Mesoaxial synostotic syndactyly with phalangeal reduction (MSSD) are likely to be allelic disorders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determinants of daily path length in black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in northeastern Argentina
Authors: Raño Mariana , Kowalewski Martin M. , Cerezo Alexis M. , Garber Paul A.
Published: April 2016

Models used to explain the social organization of primates suggest that variation in daily path length (DPL) is a response to variation in resource distribution and the intensity of intragroup feeding competition. However, daily path length may be affected by a number of other factors including the availability and distribution of nutritionally complementary food items, temperature which can influence activity budget, patterns of subgrouping, and the frequency and function of intergroup encounters. In this 6‐month study (total 495 hr of quantitative data), we examined daily path lengths in two neighboring groups of black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) inhabiting a semi‐deciduous gallery forest in San Cayetano (27° 30′S, 58° 41′W), in the northwest province of Corrientes, Argentina. Both study groups were of similar size and composition. We identified relationships across groups between time spent feeding on fruits, leaves, and flowers, the number of trees visited, group spread, frequency of intergroup encounters, mean daily temperature, and DPL. Our results suggest that variation in food availability had a significant impact on howler ranging behavior by increasing DPL under conditions of high immature and mature fruit availability, and by decreasing DPL with increased availability and increased time invested in feeding on mature leaves. These results do not support the contention that a reduction in food availability or an increase in within‐group feeding competition increased DPL in black and gold howler monkeys. DPL in black and gold howlers is influenced by several interrelated factors. In this regard we suggest that models of socio‐ecology and ecological constraints need to reconsider how factors such as individual nutritional requirements, social tolerance and group cohesion, and the spatial and temporal availability of preferred and nearby food resources influence primate ranging behavior. Am. J. Primatol. 78:825–837, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes and primary angiitis of the central nervous system: clinical, imaging, and angiographic comparison
Authors: Singhal Aneesh B. , Topcuoglu Mehmet A. , Fok Joshua W. , Kursun Oguzhan , Nogueira Raul G. , Frosch Matthew P. , Caviness Verne S.
Published: April 2016

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes (RCVS) and primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) are invariably considered in the differential diagnosis of new cerebral arteriopathies. However, prompt and accurate diagnosis remains challenging. Here we compared the features of 159 RCVS to 47 PACNS patients and developed criteria for prompt bedside diagnosis. Recurrent thunderclap headache (TCH), and single TCH combined with either normal neuroimaging, border zone infarcts, or vasogenic edema, have 100% positive predictive value for diagnosing RCVS or RCVS‐spectrum disorders. In patients without TCH and positive angiography, neuroimaging can discriminate RCVS (no lesion) from PACNS (deep/brainstem infarcts). Ann Neurol 2016;79:882–894
Targeting coagulation factor XII as a novel therapeutic option in brain trauma
Authors: Hopp Sarah , Albert‐Weissenberger Christiane , Mencl Stine , Bieber Michael , Schuhmann Michael K. , Stetter Christian , Nieswandt Bernhard , Schmidt Peter M. , Monoranu Camelia‐Maria , Alafuzoff Irina , Marklund Niklas , Nolte Marc W. , Sirén Anna‐Leena , Kleinschnitz Christoph
Published: April 2016

Objective

Traumatic brain injury is a major global public health problem for which specific therapeutic interventions are lacking. There is, therefore, a pressing need to identify innovative pathomechanism‐based effective therapies for this condition. Thrombus formation in the cerebral microcirculation has been proposed to contribute to secondary brain damage by causing pericontusional ischemia, but previous studies have failed to harness this finding for therapeutic use. The aim of this study was to obtain preclinical evidence supporting the hypothesis that targeting factor XII prevents thrombus formation and has a beneficial effect on outcome after traumatic brain injury.

Methods

We investigated the impact of genetic deficiency of factor XII and acute inhibition of activated factor XII with a single bolus injection of recombinant human albumin‐fused infestin‐4 (rHA‐Infestin‐4) on trauma‐induced microvascular thrombus formation and the subsequent outcome in 2 mouse models of traumatic brain injury.

Results

Our study showed that both genetic deficiency of factor XII and an inhibition of activated factor XII in mice minimize trauma‐induced microvascular thrombus formation and improve outcome, as reflected by better motor function, reduced brain lesion volume, and diminished neurodegeneration. Administration of human factor XII in factor XII–deficient mice fully restored injury‐induced microvascular thrombus formation and brain damage.

Interpretation

The robust protective effect of rHA‐Infestin‐4 points to a novel treatment option that can decrease ischemic injury after traumatic brain injury without increasing bleeding tendencies. Ann Neurol 2016;79:970–982
The “neuro” of neuroblastoma: Neuroblastoma as a neurodevelopmental disorder
Authors: Ratner Nancy , Brodeur Garrett M. , Dale Russell C. , Schor Nina F.
Published: April 2016

Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer derived from cells of neural crest origin. The hallmarks of its enigmatic character include its propensity for spontaneous regression under some circumstances and its association with paraneoplastic opsoclonus, myoclonus, and ataxia. The neurodevelopmental underpinnings of its origins may provide important clues for development of novel therapeutic and preventive agents for this frequently fatal malignancy and for the associated paraneoplastic syndromes. Ann Neurol 2016;80:13–23
Solid Molecular Phosphine Catalysts for Formic Acid Decomposition in the Biorefinery
Authors: Hausoul Peter J. C. , Broicher Cornelia , Vegliante Roberta , Göb Christian , Palkovits Regina
Published: April 2016

The co‐production of formic acid during the conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid offers the possibility for on‐site hydrogen production and reductive transformations. Phosphorus‐based porous polymers loaded with Ru complexes exhibit high activity and selectivity in the base‐free decomposition of formic acid to CO2 and H2. A polymeric analogue of 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (DPPE) gave the best results in terms of performance and stability. Recycling tests revealed low levels of leaching and only a gradual decrease in the activity over seven runs. An applicability study revealed that these catalysts even facilitate selective removal of formic acid from crude product mixtures arising from the synthesis of levulinic acid.
Effect of ZnO nanoparticles obtained by arc discharge on thermo‐mechanical properties of matrix thermoset nanocomposites
Authors: Medina M C. , Rojas D. , Flores P. , Peréz‐Tijerina E. , Meléndrez M. F.
Published: April 2016

Through the development of nanotechnology it has been widely studied the morphology and size control in nanopowders synthesis. However, most of these techniques are successful to synthesize nanopowders in a small scale. In this research, a large semi‐industrial scale synthesis method is proposed, named continuous arc discharge in controlled atmosphere (DARC‐AC). Using this technique, it is possible to directly obtain clean nanostructures (low amount of impurities) with more than 90% of particles below 100 nm. In this study, the method utilizes metallic zinc and oxygen as precursors in order to produce ZnO. The ZnO nanopowders were incorporated in a thermoset polymer (epoxy resin) to study their influence on the thermo‐mechanical properties of the matrix. As main results, the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite epoxy/ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) do not differ from the original properties of the epoxy resin. Nevertheless, thermal behavior, conductivity, and diffusivity properties of the nanocomposite are improved. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43631.
Rainbow trout effects on zooplankton in the reproductive area of the critically endangered hooded grebe
Authors: Lancelotti Julio , Marinone María Cristina , Roesler Ignacio
Published: April 2016

Aquaculture in arid Patagonia is potentially affecting the hooded grebe (Podiceps gallardoi), a critically endangered endemic waterbird. Exotic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were stocked from 1994 in naturally fishless lakes, the primary reproductive habitat of this grebe.

Trout and grebes are visual predators, whose diets overlap. Consequently, trout could reduce the abundance of prey of the hooded grebe.

This study compared the size distribution and abundance of the pelagic zooplankton fraction preyed upon by trout in four fishless lakes and three lakes stocked with trout, including vegetated and unvegetated lakes.

The mean size ofDaphniaspp. was 45% and 35% larger in fishless lakes than in stocked lakes, for unvegetated and vegetated lakes, respectively.Boeckellaspp. were larger in fishless than in stocked vegetated lakes.

Fishless and stocked lakes had highly contrasting biomasses of large pelagic crustaceans. Amphipods were absent from the water column of all stocked lakes analysed, and were abundant in fishless lakes.Parabroteas sarsiwas absent from the two large unvegetated lakes, stocked with trout.

These shifts in the abundance and size spectrum of the zooplankton may reflect competition between trout and hooded grebe, affecting the survival of the latter species.

The current conservation status of this rare aquatic bird demands the application of management tools to reduce the detrimental effects of aquaculture on their primary reproductive habitat.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact in interdisciplinary and cross‐sector research: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: Gooch Daniel , Vasalou Asimina , Benton Laura
Published: April 2016

Impact is embedded in today's research culture, with increasing importance being placed on the value of research to society. In interdisciplinary and cross‐sector projects, team members may hold distinct views on the types of impact they want to create. Set in the context of an interdisciplinary, cross‐sector project comprised of partners from academia, industry, and the nonprofit sector, our paper unpacks how these diverse project members understand impact. Our analysis shows that interdisciplinary projects offer a unique opportunity to create impact on a number of different levels. Moreover, it demonstrates that a lack of accountable design and collaboration practices can potentially hinder pathways to impact. Finally, we find that the interdisciplinary perspectives that such projects introduce encourage a rich gamut of sustainable outcomes that go beyond commercialization. Our findings support researchers working in these complex contexts to appreciate the opportunities and challenges involved in interdisciplinary cross‐sector research contexts while imparting them with strategies for overcoming these challenges.
An empirical look at the nature index
Authors: Bornmann Lutz , Haunschild Robin
Published: April 2016

In November 2014, the Nature Index (NI) was introduced (see http://www.natureindex.com) by the Nature Publishing Group (NPG). The NI comprises the primary research articles published in the past 12 months in a selection of reputable journals. Starting from two short comments on the NI (Haunschild & Bornmann, , ), we undertake an empirical analysis of the NI using comprehensive country data. We investigate whether the huge efforts of computing the NI are justified and whether the size‐dependent NI indicators should be complemented by size‐independent variants. The analysis uses data from the Max Planck Digital Library in‐house database (which is based on Web of Science data) and from the NPG. In the first step of the analysis, we correlate the NI with other metrics that are simpler to generate than the NI. The resulting large correlation coefficients point out that the NI produces similar results as simpler solutions. In the second step of the analysis, relative and size‐independent variants of the NI are generated that should be additionally presented by the NPG. The size‐dependent NI indicators favor large countries (or institutions) and the top‐performing small countries (or institutions) do not come into the picture.
Modifikation des Glaser‐Verfahrens zur Berücksichtigung solarer Strahlung und konvektiver Feuchteeinträge
Authors: Schwaller Johann , Wegerer Paul , Bednar Thomas
Published: April 2016

Das Glaser‐Verfahren galt in der Bauphysik der letzten Jahrzehnte als das wesentliche Verfahren für den feuchteschutztechnischen Nachweis. Simulationsverfahren und die gezielte Erforschung des Feuchteverhaltens bestimmter Baustoffe sowie unzählige dokumentierte Schadensfälle zeigen jedoch, dass die Annahmen des Glaser‐Verfahrens oftmals zu falschen Ergebnissen führen. Durch eine Modifizierung des Glaser‐Verfahrens, die solare Einstrahlung und konvektive Feuchteeinträge in die Konstruktion berücksichtigt, kann für bestimmte Konstruktionen dennoch ein praxistauglicher vereinfachter feuchteschutztechnischer Nachweis erbracht werden. Anhand von drei Beispielkonstruktionen wird gezeigt, dass die Anwendung des modifizierten Verfahrens verglichen mit hygrothermischen Simulationen in manchen Fällen Ergebnisse auf der sicheren Seite liefert, in anderen jedoch Fehlplanungen. Die Beurteilung der jeweiligen Ergebnisse ist daher von großer Bedeutung und zeigt die Grenzen für die Anwendbarkeit des vereinfachten Nachweises auf.

Modification of the Glaser method using solar radiation and convective moisture penetration. The Glaser method was considered the most significant method for proof of moisture performance in building physics during the last decades. However, simulation methods and the concerted research of certain building materials' moisture behaviour as well as countless documented cases of damage show that the Glaser method's assumptions often lead to false results. By modifying the Glaser method, taking into account the solar irradiation und convective damp penetrations into the construction, a practicable, simplified hygrothermal proof can be yielded for certain constructions yet. Using three exemplary constructions it is shown that applying the modified method in comparison with hygrothermal simulations provides safe results in some cases, incorrect plannings in others. Evaluation of the respective results is therefore of the utmost importance and highlights the limits of the simplified proof's practicability.
Maste und Türme aus hochfestem Beton
Authors: Harling Andreas , Noakowski Piotr , Maurer Reinhard
Published: April 2016

Vertikalrisse beeinflussen erheblich das Verhalten der turmartigen Bauwerke. Dies geschieht bei mäßigen Rissbreiten durch Regenwassereindrang und ggf. Stahlkorrosion und bei breiten Trennrissen durch gefährliche Aufspaltung des Ringquerschnitts. Aus diesem Grund kommt der sicheren und wirtschaftlichen Dimensionierung der Horizontalbewehrung für Maste und Türme aus Stahlbeton eine besondere Bedeutung zu, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Wettbewerbssituation mit der optionalen Stahlbauweise. Diesen Bedarf befriedigt nicht die derzeitige Normung, in der keine Angaben zu Temperatur‐ bzw. Feuchteeinwirkungen und keine Berechnungsverfahren für die daraus resultierende Zwangbeanspruchung zu finden sind. Der vorliegende Beitrag bietet wirklichkeitsnahe Ansätze zur Erfassung der Einwirkungen und zur Ermittlung der Rissanzahl und Rissbreite an. Dabei wird ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Unterschiede im Verhalten kleiner Schleuderbetonmaste und großer Ortbetontürme gelegt. Abschließend wird die erforderliche Horizontalbewehrung für verschiedene Mast‐ und Turmquerschnitte ermittelt und mit den Normvorgaben verglichen.

Masts and towers of high strength concrete

Vertical cracks in windshields affect the structural behavior of tower‐like structures in two ways: in the long term for small crack widths by water intrusion and reinforcement corrosion, and acutely for wide apertures by splitting the ring cross‐section. For this reason, the safe as well as economic dimensioning of the horizontal reinforcement for masts and towers of reinforced concrete is of particular importance – especially in competition with the steel grid construction. However, the current standardization does not meet these requirements: There are no specifications for the size of the exposure temperature and moisture difference, and no guidelines for the computational procedure of the resulting constraining forces. Therefore, the following article explains the impact on the cylindrical structures and their reaction with respect to the number of cracks and the crack width by comparing the horizontal load‐bearing behavior of small masts made of spun concrete and big towers made of in‐situ concrete. Finally, the necessary horizontal reinforcement is determined for various mast and tower sections and compared with the standard specifications.
When Parents Know Little about What Happened: Parent‐guided Conversations, Stress, and Young Children's Eyewitness Memory
Authors: Sun Shengkai , Greenhoot Andrea Follmer , Kelton Robyn
Published: April 2016

This study examined how 4‐ to 7‐year‐olds' memories for a stressor were influenced by conversations with a parent who had little knowledge of the target event, and the stress children experienced before, during, and after the event. Children (N = 43) watched a mildly stressful video before talking about it with a parent. Parents were asked to focus on either the children's feelings or the content of the video itself. A researcher interviewed the children about their memory following the conversation. Behavioral and physiological measures of children's stress were collected at multiple stages. Children recalled more inaccurate information with the parent than with the interviewer. Younger age and parent insecure attachment were associated with poorer memory. Manipulation of parents' emotion orientation did not predict memory, but individual differences in the talk did, although in different ways from what would be expected from research on conversations about shared events. Less stress (according to self‐reported happiness and observed negative affect) before and after, but not during, the stressor was linked with better memory. Implications for children's memory in legal settings are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemiefreie Haushaltsprodukte
Authors: Goldberg Alexander F. G. , Roth Klaus , Chemjobber C. J.
Published: April 2016

Wir haben die Kennzeichnungen einer großen Anzahl von Haushaltsprodukten in Hinblick auf Ihre “Chemiefreiheit” überprüft, wobei neben Kosmetikprodukten und Haushaltsreinigern, auch Kräuterzusätze, verarbeitete Nahrungsmittel und Getränke eingeschlossen waren. Als Ergebnis konnten wir eine vollständige Liste aller tatsächlich “chemiefreien” Haushaltsprodukte erstellen.
A Statistical Study of the Plasma Sheet in the Near and Middle Earth Magnetotail
Authors: Shuai ZHANG , An‐Min TIAN , Quan‐Qi SHI , Wei‐Jie SUN , Zhong‐Hua YAO , Sui‐Yan FU , Qiu‐Gang ZONG , Zu‐Yin PU
Published: April 2016

Magnetotail plasma sheet is the most active area in Earth's magnetosphere. It has been found that the features of plasma sheet are controlled by the conditions of solar wind and Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF). Some previous statistical studies have found that some parameters of the plasma sheet are dawn‐dusk asymmetric. But the thickness of the magnetotail plasma sheet in the near and mid‐tail region and how they are influenced by the IMF is still unclear. In this paper, the probability of the Cluster‐C1 satellite encountering the plasma sheet is examined statistically by utilizing the proton flux and ß data from the CODIF and FGM equipment on board the Cluster‐C1. Using data from July to November of year 2001–2004, the distributions of the probability of satellite in the plasma sheet are mapped on the Y‐Dz plane (Dz denotes the distance between the satellite and the neutral sheet) during the southward and northward IMF periods, respectively. By comparison, we found that the plasma sheet is thinner during southward IMF periods than that during northward IMF periods. It is more obvious in the flank regions of the plasma sheet. We also found that the plasma sheet in the dusk side is thinner than that in the dawn side.
Modeling and Analysis of Frequency‐Dependent AVO Responses in Anelastic Stratified Media
Authors: Zhi‐Qi GUO , Cai LIU , Xiang‐Yang LI , Hui‐Tian LAN
Published: April 2016

We investigate frequency‐dependent AVO responses based on a layered model and the generalized propagator matrix method, considering both the effect of frequency and attenuation associated with lithology, and interbed related to stratified structure. We propose a seamless procedure linking the rock physics modeling and the calculation for reflection coefficients for accurate consideration of complex stiffnesses by incorporating the fact that the propagator matrix method is implemented in frequency domain with frequency variables. The method can also consider distinct mechanism of dispersion and attenuation, because anelasticity of rocks predicted by different models is usually described by frequency‐dependent complex stiffnesses. Results of numerical stimulations indicate that, for a dispersive and attenuative layer with finite thickness, reflection amplitudes increase and then decrease with frequency which does not present low‐frequency anomalies. Meanwhile, frequency‐dependent AVO responses present more complicated variations in the presence of interbedded structure together with the effect of dispersion and attenuation of the strata. Finally, the improved algorithm for the calculation of frequency‐dependent AVO responses may help for the modeling and analysis of seismic reflections in the presence of dispersion, attenuation and layered structure.
HVMTP: A time predictable and portable java virtual machine for hard real‐time embedded systems
Authors: Luckow Kasper Søe , Thomsen Bent , Korsholm Stephan Erbs
Published: April 2016

We present HVMTP, a time predictable and portable Java virtual machine (JVM) implementation with applications in resource‐constrained, hard real‐time embedded systems, which implements all levels of the safety critical Java (SCJ) specification. Time predictability is achieved by a combination of time‐predictable algorithms, exploiting the programming model of the SCJ profile and harnessing static knowledge of the hosted SCJ system. This paper presents HVMTP in terms of its design and capabilities and demonstrates how a complete timing model of the JVM represented as a network of timed automata can be obtained using the tool TETASARTSJVM. The timing model readily integrates with the rest of the TETASARTS tool set for temporal verification of SCJ systems. We will also show how a complete timing scheme in terms of safe worst‐case execution times and best‐case execution times of the Java bytecodes can be derived from the model. Furthermore, we take a first look at how to support the new Java 8 language feature of Lambda expressions in a SCJ context – we look in particular at how the invokedynamic bytecode can be implemented in a time‐predictable way and integrated in HVMTP. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of colloidal NiO nanocrystals by a hot‐injection approach with a protecting ligand
Authors: Liu Dan , Li Dongsheng , Yang Deren
Published: April 2016

We synthesize small and uniform NiO nanocrystals, which can be potential for hole‐transporting of organic solar cells and transparent conducting material, based on a protecting ligand of lithium stearate by a hot‐injection method. And the reaction mechanism is alcoholysis of metal carboxylate salts with the protection ligand of lithium stearate binding to the surfaces of NiO nanocrystals to prevent them reduction into Ni. We find that the hot‐injection method is an effective way to prepare narrow size distribution and small size of NiO nanocrystals. The relatively superior optical transparency and flat surface features of the NiO nanocrystal thin films are also obtained.
Cytomorphologic findings and differential diagnosis of pulmonary papillary adenoma: A case report and literature review
Authors: Frey Amy , Alatassi Houda , Wiese Tanya Ann , Fraig Mostafa , Yang Xiu
Published: April 2016

Pulmonary papillary adenoma is a rare tumor of the lung. Some authors refer to it as papillary adenoma of type II pneumocytes. It demonstrates benign behavior, although some references suggest that this tumor may rarely exhibit invasive characteristics. We report a case of pulmonary papilloma adenoma of the lung diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy and transbronchial biopsy. The patient is a 78‐year‐old woman, who presented to an outside facility with complaint of confusion after a missed episode of dialysis. On further workup, she was found to have a 3.8 cm irregular mass in the upper lobe of her right lung as visualized on chest CT. Fine‐needle aspiration and a concurrent forceps‐assisted transbronchial biopsy of the mass were performed. On microscopical examination, tumor cells formed small cohesive papillary fronds. On cytological evaluation, tumor cells were uniform medium‐sized epithelial cells with moderate cytoplasm, fine chromatin, and inconspicuous nucleoli. The biopsies showed papillary arrangement of epithelial cells in a background of mild fibrosis and chronic inflammation. There was no piling up of cells and the nuclei were uniform with bland appearance. No mitoses were appreciated, and Ki‐67 activity was low. The clinical decision was for observation. The patient suffered no complications after the procedures during 26 months of follow‐up. We hereby present this case with a review of the literature. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:543–547. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phylogenetic assemblage structure of North American trees is more strongly shaped by glacial–interglacial climate variability in gymnosperms than in angiosperms
Authors: Ma Ziyu , Sandel Brody , Svenning Jens‐Christian
Published: April 2016

How fast does biodiversity respond to climate change? The relationship of past and current climate with phylogenetic assemblage structure helps us to understand this question. Studies of angiosperm tree diversity in North America have already suggested effects of current water–energy balance and tropical niche conservatism. However, the role of glacial–interglacial climate variability remains to be determined, and little is known about any of these relationships for gymnosperms. Moreover, phylogenetic endemism, the concentration of unique lineages in restricted ranges, may also be related to glacial–interglacial climate variability and needs more attention. We used a refined phylogeny of both angiosperms and gymnosperms to map phylogenetic diversity, clustering and endemism of North American trees in 100‐km grid cells, and climate change velocity since Last Glacial Maximum together with postglacial accessibility to recolonization to quantify glacial–interglacial climate variability. We found: (1) Current climate is the dominant factor explaining the overall patterns, with more clustered angiosperm assemblages toward lower temperature, consistent with tropical niche conservatism. (2) Long‐term climate stability is associated with higher angiosperm endemism, while higher postglacial accessibility is linked to to more phylogenetic clustering and endemism in gymnosperms. (3) Factors linked to glacial–interglacial climate change have stronger effects on gymnosperms than on angiosperms. These results suggest that paleoclimate legacies supplement current climate in shaping phylogenetic patterns in North American trees, and especially so for gymnosperms.