bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Composition of the Fatty Oils of the Seeds of Cleome Viscosa Accessions
Authors: Kumari Rashmi , Mallavarapu Gopal Rao , Jain Vinod Kumar , Kumar Sushil
Published: March 2019

Fatty oils of the seeds of Cleome viscosa accessions from Delhi, Jaipur, Faridabad, Surajkund and Hyderabad were methylated and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The major fatty acids, identified as their methyl esters, of the oils from these five locations were palmitic acid (10.2-13.4%), stearic acid (7.2-10.2%), oleic acid (16.9-27.1%) and linoleic acid (47.0-61.1%). In addition, palmitoleic acid, octadec-(11 E)-enoicacid, arachidic acid, eicosa-(11 Z)-enoic acid, linolenic acid, heneicosanoic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, pentacosanoic acid, hexacosanoic acid, 12-oxo-stearic acid, and the alkanes tetracosane, pentacosane, hexacosane, heptacosane, octacosane, nonacosane, triocontane, hentriacontane and dotriacontane, were also identified as minor and trace constituents in some of these oils.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Zingiber Zerumbet Var. Darcyi
Authors: Rana Virendra S. , Verdeguer Mercedes , Blazquez Maria A.
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition of essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation method from the rhizomes of Z. zerumbet var. darcyi was determined by GC and GC-MS. Thirty-three compounds, accounting for 93.6% of the oil were identified including twenty compounds in minor (0.1-0.6%) and eight in trace (<0.05%) amounts. The main compounds were zerumbone (69.9%) α-humulene (12.9%), humulene epoxide II (2.5%), caryophyllene oxide (1.1%) and camphene (1.9%). In this analysis, it has been found that the variety could be used as an additional new source of natural zerumbone besides Zingiber zerumbet. This is a first report on the analysis of Z. zerumbet var. darcyi oil.
Compositions of the Volatile Oils of Citrus Macroptera and C. Maxima
Authors: Rana Virendra S. , Blazquez Maria A.
Published: March 2019

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the fresh peels of Citrus macroptera Montr. and C maxima(Burm.) Merr. were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The yields of oil ranged from 0.53% in C macroptera to 0.13% in C maxima cultivar (white). Forty-seven compounds were identified in the oils with limonene (55.3-80.0%), dodecyl acrylate (2.2-8.0%), geranial (0.4-3.5%), trans-linalool oxide (1.0-2.8%), α-terpineol (0.7-2.3%), linalool (0.7-1.5%) and cis- linalool oxide (0.5-1.4%) identified as major compounds. The oil of C. macroptera contained limonene (55.3%), β-caryophyllene (4.7%) and geranial (3.5%) as main compounds. Similarly, oils from two C maxima(pink and white) cultivars were rich in limonene (72.0-80.0%), dodecyl acrylate (8.0-7.2%) and nootkatone (1.6-2.5%). C maxima(pink and white) cultivars were found to contain higher amount of limonene (72.0 and 80.0%) as compared with C. macroptera(55.3%). The chemical compositions of the oils were found to be similar, but nootkatone (1.6-2.5%) was identified only in C maxima cultivars.
Chemical Compositions of Essential Oils from Xyloselinum Vietnamense and X. Selinum Leonidii
Authors: Thai Tran Huy , Khang Nguyen Sinh , Hien Nguyen Thi , Hoi Tran Minh , Dat Nguyen Tien
Published: March 2019

The chemical compositions of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves and stems of Xyloselinum vietnamense and X. leonidii,two new species belonging to the family Apiaceae, were analyzed by GC-MS. The major components in both species were sabinene, α- and β-pinene, myrcene, β-phellandrene, ( Z)-β-ocimene, and terpinen-4-ol. The monoterpene sabinene was most abundant in the leaves of X vietnamense(75.0%). These compounds might be considered as chemotaxonomic markers of Xyloselinum species. In the DPPH radical scavenging assay, all four essential oils showed moderate activity, while the water extracts exhibited stronger effects. The strong DPPH scavenging activity of the water residues of X. vietnamens and X. leonidii might be due to their phenolic components. This paper is the first report on the chemical compositions and antioxidant activity of X vietnamens and X. leonidii.
Essential Oil Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Anthemis mixta and A. Tomentosa(Asteraceae)
Authors: Formisano Carmen , Rigano Daniela , Senatore Felice , Raimondo Francesco Maria , Maggio Antonella , Bruno Maurizio
Published: March 2019

In the present study the chemical composition of the essential oils from aerial parts and roots of Anthemis mixta L. and A. tomentosa L. was evaluated by GC and GC-MS, and their antibacterial activity tested against ten bacterial species. Hexadecanoic acid (15.2%) was recognized as the main constituent of A. mixta, together with τ-cadinol (6.7%), while in both aerial parts and roots of A. tomentosa nonacosane (21.9% and 20.7%), heptacosane (8.1% and 6.0%), hexadecanoic acid (8.1% and 27.1%) and hexahydrofarnesylacetone (6.8% and 5.5%) prevailed. The oils from aerial parts of both species showed a good activity against Gram-positive bacteria. These results suggest that the plants could be potentially used in food manufacture and cosmetology as preservative agents or in medicine as new antibiotics.
Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana from Spain
Authors: Palá-Paúl Jesús , Usano-Alemany Jaime , Granda Elena , Soria Ana-Cristina
Published: March 2019

The essential oils extracted from the young stems and leaves of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana(A.Murray) Parl. have been analysed by Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry. A total of 66 compounds were identified representing around the 99% of the total oil. The oil was richer in monoterpenes than in sesquiterpenes. The only main component was limonene with a percentage composition of 77.7%. The rest of compounds that contribute to the fragrance had percentage composition lower that the 3.0%: p-cymen-7-ol (3.0%), myrcene (2.4%), camphor (2.1%), δ-elemene (1.6%), oplopanonyl acetate (1.6%), methyl perillate (1.3%), terpinen-4-ol (1.0%) and β-oplopenone 1.0%. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of this oil was also tested against different microorganisms. The only fungus tested, Candida albicans,was very sensitive to the treatment with an inhibition halos of 20mm. The oil was more effective with the Gram (+) than with Gram (-) bacteria. The inhibition halos were 12mm, 12-13mm and 12-13mm for Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus respectively. We report new data of the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oil of this species. The essential oil of C. lawsoniana could be considered as a good natural antibacterial and antifungal agent.
Antimicrobial Activity of Blended Essential Oil Preparation
Authors: Tadtong Sarin , Suppawat Supatcha , Tintawee Anchalee , Saramas Phanida , Jareonvong Suchada , Hongratanaworakit Tapanee
Published: March 2019

Antimicrobial activities of two blended essential oil preparations comprising lavender oil, petigrain oil, clary sage oil, ylang ylang oil and jasmine oil were evaluated against various pathogenic microorganisms. Both preparations showed antimicrobial activity in the agar disc diffusion assay against the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 and S. epidermidis isolated strain, the fungus, Candida albicans ATCC10231, and the Gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, but showed no activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9027. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these preparations was evaluated. By the broth microdilution assay, preparation 1, comprising lavender oil, clary sage oil, and ylang ylang oil (volume ratio 3:4:3), exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity than preparation 2, which was composed of petigrain oil, clary sage oil, and jasmine oil (volume ratio 3:4:3). Moreover, the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentrations (Σfic) of preparation 1 expressed a synergistic antimicrobial effect against the tested microorganisms (Σfic<1). The blended essential oil preparations, characterized for their components by GC/MS, contained linalyl acetate, and linalool as major components. Our experiments showed that the differential antimicrobial effect of either blended oil preparations or single/pure essential oils may be influenced by the amount of linalool and linalyl acetate, and the number of active components in either the blended preparations or single/pure essential oils. In addition, blended oil preparations expressed synergistic antimicrobial effect by the accumulation of active components such as linalool and linalyl acetate and combining active constituents of more than one oil.
Anti-Human Coronavirus (anti-HCoV) Triterpenoids from the Leaves of Euphorbia Neriifolia
Authors: Chang Fang-Rong , Yen Chiao-Ting , EI-Shazly Mohamed , Lin Wen-Hsun , Yen Ming-Hong , Lin Kuei-Hsiang , Wu Yang-Chang
Published: March 2019

Euphorbia neriifolia L. is a spiny herb native to Southeast Asia and currently cultivated in southern Taiwan. From the ethanolic extract of E. neriifolia leaves, 23 compounds were isolated, including 22 triterpenoids and one flavonoid glycoside. The anti-human coronavirus (HCoV) activity of the separated triterpenoids was studied revealing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these isolates. 3β-Friedelanol exhibited more potent anti-viral activity than the positive control, actinomycin D, which implies the importance of the friedelane skeleton as a potential scaffold for developing new anti-HCoV-229E drugs.
Treatment of Licorice Seeds with Colchicine: Changes in Seedling DNA Levels and Anthocyanin and Glycyrrhizic Acid Contents of Derived Callus Cultures
Authors: Bernard Françoise , Moghbel Nahid , Hassannejad Sahar
Published: March 2019

The use of colchicine to induce polyploids increases secondary metabolite production potential and has been used for many years for the production of valuable compounds in plants. This project took advantage of this method to increase the production of secondary metabolites in licorice. For this purpose, seeds of licorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera, were treated with different concentrations of colchicine for 24 hours and then cultivated in vitro. After a month, the effect of colchicine on the cellular DNA level of cotyledons was analyzed by spectrophotometry and flow cytometry. For callus induction, root explants of one month old plantlets derived from colchicine treated seeds were transferred to MS medium containing growth regulators and the anthocyanin and glycyrrhizic acid levels of the callus tissues were measured after two months of growth. The total DNA content of plantlets derived from seeds treated with 0.05%, 0.08% and 0.1% of colchicine for 24 hours was increased significantly. Treated plants had increased numbers of larger stomata, significantly in those treated with 0.1% of colchicine for 24 hours. After colchicine treatment, the root, shoot and leaf thickness was found to be increased, while their length was decreased. Results of flow cytometry showed changes in ploidy level in plantlets obtained from treatment with 0.08% (mixoploids) and 0.1% (tetraploids) of colchicine. Anthocyanin level was significantly increased in callus obtained from plantlets treated with 0.08% of colchicine. The amount of glycyrrhizic acid in all treatments increased, especially in the 0.1 and 0.03% colchicine treatments and this seems to prove an increased production of metabolites in polyploid licorice tissues.
Flavonoids in Selected Primula Spp.: Bridging Micromorphology with Chemodiversity
Authors: Bhutia Tshering Doma , Valant-Vetschera Karin M. , Adlassnig Wolfram , Brecker Lothar
Published: March 2019

A combined study was carried out on the micromorphology and chemistry of glandular trichomes with focus on Primula vialii and P. vulgaris, respectively. Epifluorescence microscopy was applied to study the auto-fluorescent properties of flavonoids and their localization in glandular trichomes. Both species differed in the morphology of the glandular trichomes and in the exudate flavonoid composition. Leaf glands from P. vialii and from some species of subgen. Primula exhibited uniform glandular fluorescence, but notable differentiation was observed within a single leaf of P. vulgaris. Our observations indicate that exudate flavonoids are not transported from the tissue to the glandular hairs. Conversely, only the newly isolated glycoside 1 (kaempferol 3- O-(2″’-rhamnosyl)-robinobioside) was obtained from leaf tissue of P. vialii after removal of the exudate. Its structure was confirmed by NMR and mass spectrometry. This glycoside was not detected in tissue extracts of P. vulgaris after similar treatment. The observed chemical diversity is discussed, with focus on possible correlation with glandular structures and tissue differentiation in Primula, and also against other studied species. Aspects of biosynthesis in relation to tissue-specific flavonoid diversification are shortly addressed.
Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidative, Antileukemic and Anti-MMPs Activity of Eleutherococcus Species Cultivated in Poland
Authors: Załuski Daniel , Smolarz Helena D. , Gawlik-Dziki Urszula
Published: March 2019

The content of phenols (TPC), and the antioxidative, antileukemic and anti-MMPs properties of Eleutherococcus spp. cultivated in Poland are reported. The highest TPC was found in the spring leaves (20.3 – 37.2 mg/g). The spring leaves and roots of E. divaricatus had the strongest anti-DPPH activity (EC50 1.2 and 1.2 mg/mL), whereas the greatest ability of iron (II) chelating was shown by autumn leaves of E. setchuensis (EC50 0.3 mg/mL), and the ethanolic extract of E. gracilistylus roots showed the strongest lipid antiperoxidation activity (EC50 0.7 mg/mL). The highest number of apoptotic cells was observed in the Jurkat 45 cell line after treatment with the ethanolic extract of E. sessiliflorus roots (27%). Only the chloroform extracts of roots of E. gracilistylus and E. divaricatus showed the inhibitory activity against MMPs. Most of the studied species have a significant biological activity that is probably due to the presence of phenols. To the best of our knowledge, neither detailed phytochemical nor biological studies have been performed for most of the investigated species.
Chemical Profile, Radical Scavenging and Cytotoxic Activity of Yellow Gentian Leaves (Genitaneae Luteae Folium) Grown in Northern Regions of Montenegro
Authors: Balijagić Jasmina , Janković Teodora , Zdunić Gordana , Bošković Jelena , Šavikin Katarina , Goćevac Dejan , Stanojković Tatjana , Jovančević Miodrag , Menković Nebojša
Published: March 2019

LC-ESI-MS and HPLC were used for the identification of the constituents from G. lutea leaves collected at different localities, as well as for quantification of the main compounds. Seven secoiridoids, five C-glucoflavones and three xanthones, were identified. Swertiamarin derivatives, namely eustomorusside (2), eustomoside (3) and septemfidoside (5), were detected in G. lutea for the first time. Concentrations of five constituents (swertiamarin, gentiopicrin, isovitexin, mangiferin and isogentisin) were determined. The relationship between concentrations of γ-pyrones and altitude was observed with statistically significant correlation ( r = 0.94). The extracts were also evaluated for their content of total phenolics, and antiradical and cytotoxic activities. The total phenolics content ranged from 7.7 to 12.7 mg GAE/g, and the IC50 values for DPPH radical scavenging activity varied between 0.45 to 2.02 mg/mL. The leaf extract exhibited moderate cytotoxic effects toward HeLa cells with an IC50 value of 41.1 μg/mL, while gentiopicrin, mangiferin and isogentisin exerted strong activity against HeLa cells, with IC50 values ranging from 5.7 to 8.8 μg/mL. The results confirm the traditional usage of G. lutea leaves and also suggest their possible utilization as hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory agents.
Bioactive Lipids Metabolites in Amanita Virosa
Authors: Cateni Francesca , Zacchigna Marina , Doljak Bojan , Anderluh Marko , Procida Giuseppe , Piltaver Andrej
Published: March 2019

Thrombin is the key serine proteinase of the coagulation cascade and, therefore, a suitable target for inhibition of blood coagulation. An extract of Amanita virosa considerably inhibited thrombin (48%), but showed no inhibitory activity on trypsin. On the basis of inhibition selectivity between thrombin and trypsin and potency of thrombin inhibition, A. virosa constitutes a good starting material for the isolation of further compounds that are active against thrombin. Bioassay oriented fractionation of the extract of A. virosa led to the isolation of a complex mixture of triglycerides (TGs), monoacylglycerols (MAGs), free fatty acids (FAs) and ergosterol. The structures of the isolated lipids metabolites were determined on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidences.
Preparation of a Novel Glucuronomannan from Auricularia Auricala and its Immunological Activity
Authors: Li Zonghong , Jiang Dan , Bi Hongtao , Liu Dazheng , Jang Sungju , Zhou Yifa
Published: March 2019

A glucuronomannan (AA-4-H, Mw around 4 KDa) was prepared from the fruit bodies of Auricularia auricala by extraction with hot water, deproteination by Sevag reagent, stepwise precipitation with ethanol and partial acid hydrolysis. Monosaccharides analysis revealed that AA-4-H consisted of 91% mannose (Man) and 9% glucuronic acid (GlcA). FT-IR, NMR and methylation analyses indicated that AA-4-H is a branched glucuronomannan. Its main chains are composed of 1, 3-linked α-Man p, side chains are single α-Man p or α-GlcA residues attached to the O-2 and O-6 of Man residues of the main chains. Bioassay indicated that AA-4-H remarkably enhanced B lymphocyte proliferation and increased the production of nitric oxide of macrophages in vitro. Thus, glucuronomannan AA-4-H could be explored as a potential immunostimulation agent.
Microwave-Assisted Isolation of Essential Oils from Nepeta Crispa and N. Racemosa and Comparisons with the Conventional Method
Authors: Daryasari Ameneh Porgham , Soleimani Mojtaba , Ghorbani Azam , Kheiri Homayon , Daryasari Mohammad Porgham
Published: March 2019

In this study microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) has been compared with the conventional method of hydrodistillation for the extraction of the essential oils from two Iranian Lamiaceae species: Nepeta crispa Willd and N. racemosa Lam. The essential oils extracted by MAHD for 40 min were quantitatively and qualitatively (aromatic profile) similar to those obtained by conventional hydrodistillation for 3.5 h. The MAHD method yields an essential oil with higher amounts of more valuable oxygenated compounds, and allows substantial savings of costs in terms of time, energy and plant material.
Volatile Oil Constituents of Different Parts of Artemisia Chamaemelifolia and the Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Aerial Parts of A. Turcomanica from Iran
Authors: Masoudi Shiva , Rustaiyan Abdolhossein , Vahedi Maryam
Published: March 2019

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts, stem, leaf and flower of Artemisia chamaemelifolia Vill. and the aerial parts of A. turcomanica Gand. were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-one compounds representing 96.6%, 94.6%, 93.2% and 91.0% of the oil were identified in the aerial parts, stem, leaf and flower oils of A. chamaemelifolia. Menthyl acetate (26.5%, 22.0%, 20.5% and 20.5%) and (Z)-nerolidol (20.8%, 26.3%, 14.7% and 18.1%) were the main constituents in the aerial parts, stem, leaf and flower oils, respectively. The other main component in the aerial parts, leaf and flower oils was 1, 8-cineole (13.9%, 11.7% and 12.8%, respectively). Yomogi alcohol (10.4%) and artemisyl acetate (10.4%) were the main components of the leaf and flower oil of the plant, respectively. No significant difference was observed between compositions of the aerial parts, stem, leaf and flower oils. Twenty-four compounds representing 90.5% of the oil of the aerial parts of A. turcomanica were identified, of which 1,8-cineole (15.5%), spathulenol (15.2%), camphor (14.8%), santolina alcohol (14.6%) and trans-β-terpineol (11.6%) were the major ones. The stem, leaf and flower oils of A. turcomanica demonstrated antibacterial activity using the MIC method.
Volatile Composition and Biological Activity of Key Lime Citrus aurantifolia Essential Oil
Authors: Spadaro Federica , Costa Rosaria , Circosta Clara , Occhiuto Francesco
Published: March 2019

The essential oil of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) Swingle fruits (limes) was studied for its potential spasmolytic effects in relation to its chemical composition. The essential oil, extracted by hydrodistillation (HD), was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The antispasmodic activity was evaluated on isolated rabbit jejunum, aorta and uterus. The results indicated that the essential oil of C aurantifolia possesses important spasmolytic properties, which are likely to be due to its major constituents, limonene (58.4%), β-pinene (15.4%), γ-terpinene (8.5%), and citral (4.4%).
Caryophyllene-Rich Essential Oil of Didymocarpus Tomentosa: Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Gowda Prameela Javarayi , Ramakrishnaiah Hanumanthaiah , Krishna Venkatarangaiah , Narra Sivakrishna , Jagannath Nataraj
Published: March 2019

The essential oil from the leaves of Didymocarpus tomentosa was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. Twenty five constituents amounting to 81.6% of the oil were identified. The leaf oil contained 78.7% sesquiterpenes and 2.9% monoterpenes. The leaf essential oil of D. tomentosa is a unique caryophyllene-rich natural source containing β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, α-humulene and humulene oxide. The cytotoxic activity of the oil was determined by the BSLT using shrimp larva and the MTT assay using HeLa tumor cell line. The oil showed significant cytotoxic activity with LC50 and IC50 values of 12.26 and 11.4 μg/mL, respectively. This is the first report on the chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the essential oil of D. tomentosa.
Trichoderma Secondary Metabolites that Affect Plant Metabolism
Authors: Vinale Francesco , Sivasithamparam Krishnapillai , Ghisalberti Emilio L. , Ruocco Michelina , Woo Sheridan , Lorito Matteo
Published: March 2019

Recently, there have been many exciting new developments relating to the use of Trichoderma spp. as agents for biocontrol of pathogens and as plant growth promoters. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the positive effects of these microorganisms on the plant host. One factor that contributes to their beneficial biological activities is related to the wide variety of metabolites that they produce. These metabolites have been found not only to directly inhibit the growth and pathogenic activities of the parasites, but also to increase disease resistance by triggering the system of defence in the plant host. In addition, these metabolites are also capable of enhancing plant growth, which enables the plant to counteract the disease with compensatory vegetative growth by the augmented production of root and shoot systems. This review takes into account the Trichoderma secondary metabolites that affect plant metabolism and that may play an important role in the complex interactions of this biocontrol agent with the plant and pathogens.
An inside to the Better Understanding of the Ethnobotanical Route to Drug Discovery- the Need of the Hour
Authors: Mandal Vivekananda , Gopal Velmani , Mandal Subhash C.
Published: March 2019

For pharmaceuticals ranging from Digitalis to vincristine, the ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery has proven successful. The value of ethnobotanical information in drug development is based on several factors, which are discussed. Published ethnomedical information has many strengths and weaknesses relative to the ability to establish a corresponding biological effect in the laboratory. The ability to correlate ethnomedical reports with corresponding scientific studies could lead to improved selection of plants for further scientific studies. The application of NAPRALERT database in this regard is also discussed. An elaborate plant to drug pathway has been traced out for young researchers to make the drug discovery pathway more approachable. Various cautions related to possible errors during the ethnobotanical approach have also been highlighted.
A Comparative Study of the Antioxidant/Prooxidant Effects of Carvacrol and Thymol at Various Concentrations on Membrane and DNA of Parental and Drug Resistant H1299 Cells
Authors: Ozkan Aysun , Erdogan Ayse
Published: March 2019

Carvacrol and thymol, both used as flavor agents in cosmetic and food products, have prooxidant and antioxidant activities. To clarify the mechanisms of their cytotoxicity and the factors affecting their antioxidant/prooxidant activities, we investigated cell membrane and DNA damage induced by carvacrol and thymol in parental and drug-resistant human lung cancer cell lines. After 24 and 48 hour incubation periods, the cytotoxicity of carvacrol (IC50 380 and 244 μM) was found to be higher than that of thymol (IC50 497 and 266 μM) in parental cells. However, thymol showed higher cytotoxic effects in drug resistant H1299 cells for three incubation periods. Also, carvacrol and thymol, at higher concentrations, increased malondealdehyde (MDA) levels causing membrane damage and 8-hydroxy deoxyguanozine (8-OHdG) levels, causing DNA damage to both parental and drug resistant cells. On the other hand, carvacrol and thymol protected the cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity, and membrane and DNA damage when the cells were preincubated with these two compounds at lower concentration (<IC5o) before H2O2 incubation. These findings suggest that carvacrol and thymol exhibit protective/damaging effects depending on cell resistance, concentration and time.
Alkaloids from Cinnamomum Philippinense
Authors: Li Hsing-Tan , Li Wei-Jen , Wu Hui-Ming , Chen Chung-Yi
Published: March 2019

A new pyridine, 2-(4′-hydroxypyridin-3′-yl)-acetic acid (1), along with five known alkaloids, cinnaretamine (2), crykonisine (3), corydaldine (4), glaziovine (5) and zenkerine (6), were isolated from the roots of Cinnamomum philippinense (Lauraceae). Their structures were characterized and identified by spectral analysis.
Phenolic Compounds, Including Novel C-glycosylflavone, from the Flowers of the Tall Bearded Iris Cultivar ‘Victoria Falls’
Authors: Mizuno Takayuki , Yabuya Tsutomu , Sasaki Nobuhiro , Iwashina Tsukasa
Published: March 2019

A new C-glycosylflavone, luteolin 7-methyl ether 6-C-[β-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)–5-glucopyranoside] (swertiajaponin 2″- O-arabinoside) (1) was isolated and identified from the violet blue colored flowers of the tall bearded iris (Iris hybrid) cultivar ‘Victoria Falls’, together with five known flavonoids, swertisin 2″- O-arabinoside (2), schaftoside (3), isoschaftoside (4), swertiajaponin (5), swertisin 2″- O-glucoside (6) and a C-glycosylxanthone, mangiferin (7). Of these compounds, 1 and 2 were elucidated from NMR spectroscopic data, which revealed the rotameric pairs. C-Glycosylflavone O-arabinosides were isolated from the genus Iris for the first time.
Biflavonoids from the Unripe Fruits of Clusia Paralicola and their Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Oliveira Rafaela Ferreira , Camara Celso Amorim , de Fátima Agra Maria , Silva Tania Maria Sarmento
Published: March 2019

Investigation of the green fruits of Clusia paralicola (Clusiaceae) led to the isolation and characterization of two 3,8″-biflavonoids, 2R, 3S, 2″R, 3″R-GB1-7″- O-β-glucoside (1) and 2R, 3S, 2″R, 3,8″-binaringenin-7″-O-β-glucoside (2), together with four known compounds: β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, β-amyrin, and epicatechin. The structures were established from the IR, LC-ESI-MS and NMR spectral data, including 2D-NMR experiments. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by CD spectra. The total extract and the biflavonoids demonstrated significant antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, and β-carotene/linoleic acid tests.
Factors Affecting the Separation and Bioactivity of Red Clover (Trifoliumpratense) Extracts Assayed against Clostridium sticklandii, a Ruminal Hyper Ammonia-producing Bacterium
Authors: Kagan Isabelle A. , Flythe Michael D.
Published: March 2019

Red clover ( Trifolium pratense) is rich in phenolic compounds. Both the crude phenolic extract and biochanin A, an isoflavonoid component of the extract, suppress growth of Clostridium sticklandii, a bovine, Gram-positive, ruminal hyper-ammonia producing bacterium (HAB). The purpose of this study was to determine if other components of red clover extract contributed to its anti-HAB activity. Extracts of the Kenland cultivar of red clover, collected 0 h and 24 h after cutting, were separated by normal-phase thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in either ethyl acetate-hexanes (9:1, v/v) or ethyl acetate-methanol (4:1, v/v). Bands on TLC plates were assayed by either overlaying the plates with agar seeded with C. sticklandii, or setting the excised bands face-down onto plates of bacteria-seeded agar. Biochanin A inhibited C. sticklandii growth on TLC plates when as little as 8 nmol was present in the extract. An antimicrobial band, seen in a previous bioassay, was not found, suggesting that this second compound may be more labile than biochanin A.
DART MS Based Chemical Profiling for Therapeutic Potential of Piper Betle Landraces
Authors: Bajpai Vikas , Pandey Renu , Negi Mahendra Pal Singh , Kumar Nikhil , Kumar Brijesh
Published: March 2019

Piper betle Linn.leaves are traditionally used as a folk medicine in India and other Asiatic countries. Twenty-one P. betle landraces were analyzed using a Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) mass spectral technique and evaluated on the basis of molecules detected in the leaves. Clustering of landraces based on three well known biologically active phenols (m/z 151,165,193) showed two broad groups with high and low phenol contents suggesting differences in their therapeutic potential. Findings of this study could be useful in rapid screening of the landraces for determining their medicinal potential and optimum utilization of the bioresource.
Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidative Properties of Commercial Tinctures Obtained from Some Lamiaceae Plants
Authors: Kowalczyk Adam , Biskup Izabela , Fecka Izabela
Published: March 2019

The antioxidant level of commercial tinctures from three Lamiaceae plants, Salvia officinalis, Mentha piperita, and Melissa officinalis, have been determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, the 2.2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydracyl hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging technique and ABTS assay. Total phenolic content was expressed as GAE (gallic acid equivalent) and ranged from 0.24 to 3.99 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity in the ABTS assay, calculated as TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity), ranged from 23.5 to 35.6 μmol Trolox/mL, while in the DPPH method, the EC50 value ranged from 0.04 to 0.07 mL/assay. Radical scavenging activity was correlated with total phenolic content. Correlations between ABTS and F-C methods, DPPH and F-C methods and ABTS and DPPH methods were calculated. The obtained results can be useful as additional information about the antioxidant activity of galenical preparations.
Modeling of the Distribution of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Argan Forest Soil and Parts of Argan Tree
Authors: Mohammed Faez A. E. , Bchitou Rahma , Boulmane Mohamed , Bouhaouss Ahmed , Guillaume Dominique
Published: March 2019

The transfer of heavy metals and trace elements from argan forest soil into the wood, leaves, almonds, and argan oil was studied. Analyzed metals were: chromium, cadmium, copper, zinc, lead, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium. Correlations linking different behaviors of the studied heavy metals and trace elements observed by multidimensional analysis were attributed to partial-spatial variations. Whereas the RV-coefficient of wood, leaf, almond and oil groups was high, the soil group correlated poorly with the other groups.
Chemical Changes in Extra Virgin Argan Oil after Thermal Treatment
Authors: Gharby Saïd , Harhar Hicham , Kartah Badr Eddine , Guillaume Dom , Charrouf Zoubida
Published: March 2019

Physicochemical parameters, measured every 6 hours, of extra virgin argan oil heated for 24 h at 180°C were investigated and compared with those of five other edible oils treated in the same thermoxidative condition. Argan oil was found to be particularly stable at high temperature, its level of polar compounds remaining low even after 24 h of heating.
Volatile Compound Formation During Argan Kernel Roasting
Authors: Monfalouti Hanae El , Charrouf Zoubida , Giordano Manuela , Guillaume Dominique , Kartah Badreddine , Harhar Hicham , Gharby Saïd , Denhez Clément , Zeppa Giuseppe
Published: March 2019

Virgin edible argan oil is prepared by cold-pressing argan kernels previously roasted at 110°C for up to 25 minutes. The concentration of 40 volatile compounds in virgin edible argan oil was determined as a function of argan kernel roasting time. Most of the volatile compounds begin to be formed after 15 to 25 minutes of roasting. This suggests that a strictly controlled roasting time should allow the modulation of argan oil taste and thus satisfy different types of consumers. This could be of major importance considering the present booming use of edible argan oil.
Argan Oil and Postmenopausal Moroccan Women: Impact on the Vitamin E Profile
Authors: Monfalouti Hanae El , Charrouf Zoubida , Hamdouchi Asma El , Labraimi Hanane , Chafchaouni-Moussaoui Imane , Kartah Badreddine , Kari Khalid El , Bensouda Yahya , Derouich Abdelfettah , Dodin Sylvie , Denhez Clément , Guillaume Dom , Agnaou Hassan
Published: March 2019

Vitamin E supplements could be beneficial for postmenopausal women. To evaluate the effect of edible argan oil consumption on the antioxidant status of postmenopausal women, the vitamin E serum level of 151 menopausal women consuming either olive or argan oil was determined. Serum level of vitamin E was increased in the argan oil consumer group. Therefore, an argan oil-enriched diet can be recommended to help prevent some postmenopausal disorders.
Microbial Transformations of Isophorone by Alternaria alternata and Neurospora crassa
Authors: Kiran Ismail , Özşen Özge , Çelik Turgay , İlhan Semra , Gürsu Bükay Yenice , Demirci Fatih
Published: March 2019

Isophorone (3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one), a monoterpene, and the structurally related 1,8-cineole and camphor, have demonstrated a protective effect against cancer, biological activity against a variety of microorganisms, and anti-oxidant properties. The derivatization of isophorone is, therefore, an important field of xenobiochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. The aim of this study was to obtain derivatives of isophorone through microbial biotransformation and evaluate the biotransformation metabolites as potential antimicrobial agents. Incubation of isophorone with the fungi Alternaria alternata and Neurospora crassa afforded 4α-hydroxy- and 7-hydroxy-isophorone as transformation metabolites. The antimicrobial activities of isophorone and the metabolites were evaluated in vitro both by using agar dilution and microdilution methods. However, no significant antibacterial activity was observed when compared with those of standard substances.
Headspace, Solid-phase Micro-extraction, Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Terpenoids in the Latex of Euphorbia Species
Authors: Patel Asmita V. , Sumner Stephen , Thompson H. Leslie , Blunden Gerald , Wright David , Jun-feng Liu , Jun-feng Zan
Published: March 2019

The volatile and semi-volatile terpenoids in the latex of Euphorbia amygdaloides, E. exigua, E. helioscopia, and E. peplus were analyzed by headspace, solidphase micro-extraction (HS-SPME), coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The volatiles were extracted using a 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane SPME fiber under optimized extraction conditions. The compounds detected encompassed a range of chemical classes, but only terpenoids were evaluated. Only sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were detected in the tested samples of E. exigua, E. helioscopia, and E. peplus, with β-caryophyllene being the major one, but were never recorded in latex samples of E. amygdaloides, in which only the diterpene hydrocarbon kaur-16-ene was detected. α-Humulene was consistently found in samples of E. helioscopia, and E. peplus, but never in those of the other two species. These preliminary results show that the developed procedure is suitable for the analysis of small samples of Euphorbia latex and that, for each individual species, there is very little qualitative difference between samples, regardless of either place or date of collection.
Norcucurbitane Triterpenoids from the Fruits of Momordica charantia var. abbreviata
Authors: Liao Yun-Wen , Chen Chiy-Rong , Hsu Jue-Liang , Lin Yun-Sheng , Cheng Hsueh-Ling , Shih Wen-Ling , Kuo Yueh-Hsiung , Chang Chi-I
Published: March 2019

Two new 27-norcucurbitane triterpenoids, 27-nor-3β-hydroxy-7β-methoxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-25-one (1) and 27-nor-3β-hydroxy-5β,19-epoxycucurbita- 6,23(E)-dien-25-one (2), together with two known cucurbitane triterpenes, 23(E)-7β-methoxycucurbita-5,23,25-trien-3β-ol (3) and 5β,19-epoxy-25- methoxycucurbita-6,23(E)-dien-3β-ol (4), were isolated from the fruits of Momordica charantia var. abbreviata. Their structures were determined by analysis of spectroscopic data and comparison with the data of known analogues.
Summation Solute Hydrogen Bonding Acidity Values for Hydroxyl Substituted Flavones Determined by NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Whaley William L. , Okoso-amaa Ekua M. , Womack Cody L. , Vladimirova Anna , Rogers Laura B. , Risher Margaret J. , Abraham Michael H.
Published: March 2019

The flavonoids are a structurally diverse class of natural products that exhibit a broad spectrum of biochemical activities. The flavones are one of the most studied flavonoid subclasses due to their presence in dietary plants and their potential to protect human cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several flavone compounds also mediate beneficial actions by direct binding to protein receptors and regulatory enzymes. There is current interest in using Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSARs) to guide drug development based on flavone lead structures. This approach is most informative when it involves the use of accurate physical descriptors. The Abraham summation solute hydrogen bonding acidity ( A) is a descriptor in the general solvation equation. It defines the tendency of a molecule to act as a hydrogen bond donor, or acid, when surrounded by solvent molecules that are hydrogen bonding acceptors, or bases. As a linear free energy relationship, it is useful for predicting the absorption and uptake of drug molecules. A previously published method, involving nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, was used to evaluate A for the monohydroxyflavones (MHFs). Values of A ranged from 0.02, for 5-hydroxyflavone, to 0.69 for 4′-hydroxyflavone. The ability to examine separate NMR signals for individual hydroxyl groups allowed the investigation of intramolecular interactions between functional groups. The value of A for the position 7 hydroxyl group of 7-hydroxyflavone was 0.67. The addition of a position 5 hydroxyl group (in 5,7-dihydroxyflavone) increased the value of A for the position 7 hydroxyl group to 0.76. Values of A for MHFs were also calculated by the program ACD-Absolve and these agreed well with values measured by NMR. These results should facilitate more accurate estimation of the values of A for structurally complex flavones with pharmacological activities.
Phenolic Content and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of the Flowers and Leaves of Trifolium repens
Authors: Kicel Agnieszka , Wolbiś Maria
Published: March 2019

In order to facilitate the quality control of Trifolium repens flowers and leaves, a RP-HPLC method with UV detection was developed for the simultaneous quantitative determination of flavonols and isoflavones. The total flavonoid and phenolic (TPC) contents were determined spectrophotometrically in a visible part of the light spectrum at 425 and 760 nm, respectively. Additionally, evaluation of the antioxidant properties of the plant materials was performed using the DPPH in vitro test. The results showed that the flowers are the richest source of phenolics ranging from 28.7 to 38.8 mg GAE/g, and flavonoids, calculated for hyperoside, up to 20 mg HP/g, which hydrolyzed mainly to flavonols (the quercetin level greater than 6 mg/g). T. repens is poor in isoflavones; similar quantities of ca. 0.2 mg/g were detected in the flowers and leaves. The flower and leaf extracts showed antioxidant activity towards DPPH with EC50 values ranging from 72.3 to 179.3 μg/mL. Significant linear correlations were found between antioxidant potentials of the studied plant materials and total phenolic and flavonoid contents determined by HPLC and spectrophotometric methods ( R2 in the range of 0.97 - 0.99).
Kenganthranol F, a new Anthranol from Psorospermum aurantiacum
Authors: Tiani Gesquiere M. , Ahmed Ishtiaq , Krohn Karsten , Green Ivan R. , Nkengfack Augustin E.
Published: March 2019

A new anthranol, kenganthranol F, was isolated from the ethyl acetate extracts of the seeds and the whole plant of the Cameroonian plant Psorospermum aurantiacum (Hypericaceae), together with fifteen known compounds viz., ferruginin B, vismin, vismion D, haronginanthrone, kenganthraquinone, kenganthranol B and kenganthranol E isolated from the fruits and 3-geranyloxyemodinanthrone, 2-geranylemodin, bianthrone A1, vismione D, 1,8-dihydroxy- 3-geranyloxy-6-methylanthraquinone, vismione M, vismiaquinone, vismiaquinone C being isolated from the whole plant. The structure of the new isomer of kenganthranol F was determined to be 1,8,10-trihydroxy-3,4-[2,2-dimethyldihydropyrano]-6-methyl-2,5-bis-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-anthrone.
Anti-metastatic Activities of Bibenzyls from Dendrobium pulchellum
Authors: Chanvorachote Pithi , Kowitdamrong Akkarawut , Ruanghirun Thidarat , Sritularak Boonchoo , Mungmee Chutichot , Likhitwitayawuid Kittisak
Published: March 2019

Our investigation of the stem of Dendrobium pulchellum resulted in the isolation of four known bibenzyls, chrysotobibenzyl (1), chrysotoxine (2), crepidatin (3) and moscatilin (4). The present study reveals for the first time the ability of these four compounds to facilitate anoikis and inhibit the growth of lung cancer cells in anchorage-independent condition. The preliminary data obtained disclose the inhibitory effect on cancer cell metastasis of the isolated compounds, and provide an important new approach for cancer drug development.
Challenges of Curcumin Bioavailability: Novel Aerosol Remedies
Authors: Subramani Parasuraman Aiya , Narala Venkata R.
Published: March 2019

Nanoparticles are promising aids for drug delivery for previously challenging diseases, and many incurable ones. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a pleiotropic molecule having various target molecules in the body. Despite its effects, curcumin-based drugs are not readily available in the market because of their low bioavailability. Although dietary intake and knowledge about the potential of curcumin are high in countries like India, studies indicate that the bioavailability problem still persists. However, administration of curcumin through inhalation has received little consideration. In this review we discuss the potential of curcumin, approaches made to overcome the bioavailability challenges, and novel approaches that could be applied in order to deliver curcumin in a pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI).
Molecular Analysis of Vitex Species Using Candidate DNA Barcoding and PCR-RFLP of the matK Gene for Authentication of Vitex glabrata
Authors: Phoolcharoen Waranyoo , Sukrong Suchada
Published: March 2019

Several species of the Vitex genus, family Lamiaceae, are used in folk medicine for a variety of remedies. V. glabrata is unique among Vitex species because its main effect is sexual enhancement. However, crude drugs derived from different Vitex species might not be easily distinguishable, which could lead to their misidentification and misuse. Therefore, the accurate authentication of V. glabrata is critical for its effective medicinal use. In this study, the mat K gene and the psbA- trnH intergenic spacer candidate DNA barcodes were sequenced and analyzed to identify five different Vitex species that are medicinally used in Thailand: V. negundo, V. trifolia, V. rotundifolia, V. limonifolia, and V. glabrata. Each region was successfully amplified from the leaves of the five species using a single set of primers, and the sequences determined. The size difference in PCR products of psb A- trn H and PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the matK gene sequences were used to differentiate V. glabrata from other Vitex species. These results indicate both the matK gene and the psbA-trnH intergenic spacer as candidate DNA barcodes of Vitex species and suggest that the difference of psbA-trnH PCR products and PCR-RFLP analysis based on the mat K gene are effective for the authentication of V. glabrata.
Volatiles from Syzygium paniculatum Fruit
Authors: Quijano-Célis Clara E. , Echeverri-Gil Daniel , Ruiz Yinet , Pino Jorge A.
Published: March 2019

The volatile compounds of Syzygium paniculatum Banks ex Gaertn. fruit were isolated by simultaneous distillation-solvent extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detectection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 155 volatile constituents were identified, accounting for 24.5 mg/kg of the fruit composition. Major compounds were α-pinene (32.8% of the total composition), (Z)-β-ocimene (21.8%), limonene (6.9%), and α- terpineol (5.1%), indicating that the volatile composition of the fruit is more rich in terpenes.
Seasonal Variations in the Composition of the Essential Oils of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, Lamiaceae)
Authors: Lakušić Dmitar , Ristić Mihailo , Slavkovska Violeta , Lakušić Branislava
Published: March 2019

Seasonal variations in the composition of the essential oils obtained from rosemary plants of the same genotype cultivated in Belgrade were determined by GC and GC/MS. The main constituents were camphor (18.2 - 28.1%), 1,8-cineole (6.4-18.0%), α-pinene (9.7-13.5%), borneol (4.4-9.5%), camphene (5.1-8.7%), β-pinene (2.1-8.1%), β-phellandrene (4.6-6.5%), myrcene (3.4-5.9%) and bornyl acetate (0.2-7.9%). Cluster analysis showed that 16 samples that had been collected each month during the vegetative cycle can be separated into three main clades with different compositions of essential oils. In the shoots with fruits (‘fruits’ - Clade I) and shoots with developed leaves (‘Old shoots’ - Clade III) camphor is dominant. In shoots with young and incompletely developed leaves (‘young shoot’ - Clade II) camphor and 1,8-cineole had almost the same concentration. The fact that the same genotype during the growing seasons can synthesize oils that are so different that they can be classified as different chemotypes confirms the opinion that the chemical composition of essential oils sometimes critically depends on the time of collection. Also, for the definition of chemotypes it is not enough to base this on a chemical analysis of an oil from one phenophase only.
Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Essential Oil from Calamintha nepeta Plants from the Wild in Southern Italy
Authors: Mancini Emilia , De Martino Laura , Malova Hanna , De Feo Vincenzo
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi, collected in the Campania Region, was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. In all, 42 compounds were identified. The oil was characterized by a prevalence of the sesquiterpenic fraction (80.8%). The main components were 1,10-di- epi-cubenol (18.5%), allo-aromadendrene epoxide (11.4%) and cadalene (5.7%). The essential oil was evaluated for its in vitro potential phytotoxic activity against germination and initial radical growth of Raphanus sativus L., Lepidium sativum L., Sinapis arvensis L., Triticum durum L. and Phalaris canariensis L. seeds. The essential oil showed no antioxidant activity.