bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Data Bank
Authors: Beck Thomas D.
Published: February 2016

In the course of my current research I have made machine readable a variety of socioeconomic data that was not available before. Because most of this data bank can be displayed in graphic form, and because it covers a vast amount of information, I want to describe its contents and make it available to the scholarly community. I have used the arrondissement and department codes employed by the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, and I hope that everyone doing quantitative work on France will use this system, so that all of our efforts will be compatible. Anyone who is using this coding system will be able to add data easily to my four sets, and ideally we will be able to develop a data bank with even more variables and a wider time frame.
Economic Factors and Internal Migration
Authors: McQuillan Kevin
Published: February 2016

Internal migration plays an important role in the redistribution of the population which normally accompanies industrialization. This was clearly the case in nineteenth-century England, where a major redistribution of the population occurred during the Industrial Revolution. Despite its potential theoretical importance, however, relatively little attention has been paid to the dynamics of internal migration in this classic example of industrialization.
Does the Family Have a History?
Authors: Tilly Louise A. , Cohen Miriam
Published: February 2016

Whence and whither family history? In his bibliographic and programmatic essay, Hobsbawm (1971) did not mention family history as a subfield of what was then the relatively “new” social history. The closest he came was “demography and kinship.” In 1980, by which time social history was definitely mature, and according to some critics, even in decline, the proceedings of a conference on history in the 1980s included a 37-page essay by Stone (1981b; see also Stone, 1981a, 1978) on family history. Several bellwethers of the change may be noted in passing. One year after the 1968 conference for which Hobsbawm's comments were originally prepared, the Cambridge Group for the History of Population held a meeting whose subject—the comparative history of household and family—went beyond strictly demographic history. In 1972, a family history newsletter was launched by Professor Tamara Hareven, in cooperation with the Newberry Library in Chicago; a special issue of the Journal of Interdisciplinary History on “The History of the Family” appeared in 1971; a special issue of Annales: Economies, Societes et Civilisations devoted to “Famille et Societé” was published in 1972. By the time the Journal of Family History, edited by Hareven, began publication in 1976, two more special issues on family history of the Journal of Interdisciplinary History were required reading for those calling themselves social historians.
Variables, Indicators, and Data
Authors: David Singer J.
Published: February 2016

One of the more debilitating digressions in the evolution of the scientific enterprise is the controversy over the relative importance of models and data. Time and again, in every discipline from archaeology to zoology, the issue has reappeared with sufficient force to engage scholarly attention and to generate reams of rhetoric. In the social sciences, as in the biological and physical sciences, we have expended considerable energies on the data versus model (some would say “theory”) emphasis, usually to the detriment of scientific advancement.
Kinship Networks and Migration
Authors: Ostergren Robert C.
Published: February 2016

Migration research has long recognized and effectively documented the significance of demographic and economic variables in affecting the propensity for individuals to migrate. The decision to move is often seen as a function of age, family status, length of residence, and economic circumstance. In addition, there is the assumption that relative location in kinship networks is significant in that the idea to migrate is implanted or resisted as a function of personal and associative links within the community. This latter process, however, is more difficult to document. As a consequence, most studies can only infer its operation and its relationship to other variables.

A major problem in demonstrating the influence of kinship networks is that the pattern of associations between households in any sizable population is exceedingly difficult to unravel and define. This is especially true of historical studies. While detailed information frequently exists for some households in a given population, it rarely exists for all.
The Elderly in Society
Authors: Hendricks Jon
Published: February 2016

Modernization theory provides a successful conceptual model in gerontology for two reasons. First, and most obviously, it establishes an integrative framework for those who focus on cross-cultural and historical patterns of aging in comparative contexts. In addition, together with the age-stratification model (Riley, Johnson, and Foner, 1972), it has fostered a movement away from an emphasis on individualistic, psychological explanations of adjustment and adaptation toward a more macrolevel orientation. As a consequence, research in aging has gradually become more attuned to the importance of structural arrangements and their impact on the roles and statuses accorded the elderly. The purpose of this article is to expand further the focus on societal factors and to suggest a needed redirection of our research interests.
Age and Inequality in Antebellum America
Authors: Blumin Stuart M.
Published: February 2016

Readers of this journal have been treated to a lively and interesting debate between Professors Robert Gallman and Edward Pessen over what seems to be emerging as an important issue in American social history—the extent to which population age structure explains observed inequalities in the distribution of wealth. The issue is significant because inequality that is attributable to differences in age does not carry the same implications as inequality attributable to any other source. If young men generally begin their careers in modest circumstances, and generally accumulate wealth as they grow older, the resulting disparities between older and younger men at any moment in time would tend to confirm rather than disprove the hypothesis of fundamental equality in society as a whole. As Gallman puts it, “I earn more income and hold more wealth than does my son. Neither of us regards this as inequitable… nor as evidence of the inegalitarian nature of American society.
Patterns of Enterprise in São Paulo: Preliminary Analysis of a Late Nineteenth-Century City
Authors: Greenfield Gerald M.
Published: February 2016

Although the important roles and functions of Latin American cities have received recognition and discussion in historical writing, there exist few empirically grounded and detailed investigations of individual urban centers. Thus, reviewing the nature of historical research on Latin American urbanization, Sofer and Szuchman (1979: 113, 119) noted the dearth of quantitative investigations of the social dimensions of urban existence, as well as a reliance on aggregate data as opposed to such primary documentation as manuscript census returns, notarial records, and judicial assessments. They conclude that “historians have been reticent to explore the social data in primary documentation and join them with non-quantifiable sources of information in order to reach an existential understanding of the Latin American past.” Similarly, Socolow and Johnson (1981: 51) have pointed to the need for research concentrating on the “social, economic, and physical structure of individual cities and groups of cities.”
From Spellers to Spindles: Work-Force Entry by the Children of Textile Workers, 1888–1890
Authors: Angus David L. , Mirel Jeffrey E.
Published: February 2016

Since the late 1960s, the study of school attendance in the nineteenth century has been one of the most vigorous research interests of social historians in the field of educational history. One line of research has investigated the growth of the institution of schools, the “rise of mass schooling,” using enrollment rates as a key indicator (Field, 1976, 1979, 1980; Fishlow, 1966; Kaestle and Vinovskis, 1974). Another line has been more interested in the social distribution of schooling, exploring how rates of attendance differed across time and across such social divisions as age, gender, race, class, religion, and ethnicity (Denton and George, 1974; Kaestle and Vinovskis, 1980; Katz, 1972, 1975; Katz and Davey, 1978; Soltow and Stevens, 1981; Thernstrom, 1964; Troen, 1973; Vinyard, 1972).
Ontario Members of Parliament: Determinants of Their Voting Behavior in Canada’s First Parliament, 1867–1872
Authors: Gagan D. P. , George P. J. , Oksanen E. H.
Published: February 2016

The historiographical hegemony of the “new” social history in recent years reflects, and undoubtedly has contributed to, the decline of scholarly interest in nineteenth-century Canadian political history. What we know now of federal and provincial parties, politics, politicians, electorates, political leadership, and parliamentary behaviour in Victorian Canada derives from the studies of a generation of scholars whose major contributions to the literature were made in the 1960s, the work of a handful of more recent commentators notwithstanding. But as Allan Bogue has observed in a study of the recent historiography of American political history, new sources, methodologies, and intellectual preoccupations have created new opportunities for the re-examination and re-interpretation of political history. He cites “middle-range” re-interpretations of local and regional political elites, based on pro-sopographical analyses, as a necessary first step toward more “behavioral” studies (Bogue, 1980: 243–245). Elsewhere, students of British political history have been much interested in the intersections of the “new” social history and political history, especially in the relationship between the structures and attitudes of local societies and the political characteristics and parliamentary behaviour of their elected representatives (Aydelotte, 1977; Moore, 1967; Clarke, 1971).
Mortality Caused by Dehydration during the Middle Passage
Authors: Kiple Kenneth F. , Higgins Brian T.
Published: February 2016

Accounts abound of slaves suffering from lack of water during the middle passage, many of them collected during testimony before the British Parliament and by British abolitionists. A Captain Hayes spoke of a cargo “labouring under the most famishing thirst. . . being in very few instances allowed more than a pint of water a day” (Buxton, 1844: 154–155). Thomas Clarkson (1969 [1789]: 573) claimed that he had seen slaves “almost dying from want of water,” and Thomas Buxton (1844: 151-152) alleged that “there is nothing which slaves during the middle passage suffer from so much as want of water.”
Comment on Tilly: Women’s History, Social History, and Deconstruction
Authors: Gullickson Gay L.
Published: February 2016

Louise Tilly’s thoughtful and provocative essay “Gender, Women’s History, and Social History” makes a genuine contribution to our thinking about the research that has been done in women’s history by proposing new categories for analysis and by addressing the current debate over the usefulness of deconstruction as a methodological tool for historians. She demonstrates that we have been engaged in “the study of women in time,” with some success. We have studied women’s occupations, sexuality, personal relationships, marriage choices, family roles, and education. We have examined changes in women’s legal and political rights, their engagement in social and political causes, their successes and failures in the political arena. We have analyzed the ways in which states have tried to regulate women’s behavior, the social and economic constraints under which women have functioned, and the intersection of patriarchy and capitalism. And we know infinitely more than we did two decades ago about these subjects.
Comment on Tilly: Who Asks the Questions for Women’s History?
Authors: Bennett Judith M.
Published: February 2016

In her complex and subtle paper, Louise Tilly raises a host of intriguing, debatable issues. She tells us, pace Joan Scott, that women’s history has “arrived” in terms of both institotionaliza-tion within the academy and development into a separate historical specialty. She tells us that we must strive towards a women’s history that is not only descriptive (seeing the task “of retrieving women’s lives and achievements ... as sufficient unto themselves”) but also analytical (“connecting its problems to those of other histories”). She tells us, again pace Joan Scott, that a literary approach to gender downplays human agency and offers no constructive means of historical explanation. And she tells us that social history, as it has been informed and altered by women’s history in the last twenty years, is the best place for connection between women’s history and “the agenda of history as a whole.”
Considered Affinity: Kinship, Marriage, and Social Class in New France, 1640–1729
Authors: Molloy Maureen
Published: February 2016

The French settlers who peopled Quebec during the seventeenth century were, by and large, detached individuals without kin in the New World. Of the 5,007 permanent settlers, only 661 (13%) had relations beyond the nuclear family amongst other settlers (Guillemette and Légáré 1989: Table 8). These figures suggest that for the majority of settlers kinship was not an important factor in the decision to migrate to New France.
Introduction: The Transatlantic Slave Trade, Part 2
Authors: Inikori Joseph E. , Engerman Stanley L.
Published: February 2016

These papers were among those presented at a conference entitled “The Atlantic Slave Trade: Who Gained and Who Lost?” held under the auspices of the Frederick Douglass Institute of the University of Rochester in October 1988. Social Science History has been publishing some of the papers from this conference, and the full set of papers will be published as a volume by Duke University Press.
Introduction: The Transatlantic Slave Trade, Part 3
Authors: Inikori Joseph E. , Engerman Stanley L.
Published: February 2016

These papers were among those presented at a conference entitled “The Atlantic Slave Trade: Who Gained and Who Lost?” held under the auspices of the Frederick Douglass Institute of the University of Rochester in October 1988. Social Science History has been publishing some of the papers from this conference, and the full set of papers will be published as a volume by Duke University Press.
Introduction: The Transatlantic Slave Trade, Part 4
Authors: Inikori Joseph E. , Engerman Stanley L.
Published: February 2016

These papers were among those presented at a conference entitled “The Atlantic Slave Trade: Who Gained and Who Lost?” held under the auspices of the Frederick Douglass Institute of the University of Rochester in October 1988. Social Science History has been publishing some of the papers from this conference, and the full set of papers will be published as a volume by Duke University Press.
La révolution industrielle manquée
Authors: Cameron Rondo
Published: February 2016

If there is to be more controversy about the Industrial Revolution, let it not be on non-problems.

—R. M. Hartwell (1984: 68)

My concern in this article is not with the process of industrialization in England or Great Britain, with its causes, or (with one exception) with its supposed consequences. Therefore I will not attempt to comment except in passing on the abundant and still-burgeoning literature devoted to it. Instead, my focus is on the name by which that process (or its putative beginnings) is generally but incorrectly known. As I have argued elsewhere, the term industrial revolution is a misnomer without scientific basis (Cameron 1981, 1982). It was a catchphrase popularized by a youthful, naive social reformer, not a scholar, who wanted to draw attention to the causes of what he regarded as the moral degradation of the British working classes (Toynbee 1884; on his naïveté see Kadish 1986).
Chance or Destiny? The Dominance of Toronto over the Urban Landscape, 1797–1850
Authors: Carlos Ann M. , Fulton Patricia
Published: February 2016

The study of urban systems has generated a considerable volume of work designed to allow one both to categorize urban areas at a point in time and to describe their development through time. This has resulted in the examination of the growth of individual cities, their phases of development, and the relationship between cities and their hinterlands or regions. The study of urban areas and urban systems from so many different perspectives is a measure of the complexity of the forces that operate on the development of an urban area. This article attempts to examine one particular force operating on one particular city in an attempt to get a clearer picture of its development during its formative years.
Comparability of the Public Use Files of the U.S. Census of Population, 1880–1980
Authors: Ruggles Steven
Published: February 2016

Most of the information released by the Census Bureau has always consisted of summary population counts cross-tabulated by individual or family characteristics. Although these data form the basic description of the American population, they are not ideal for analytical research. The Census Bureau cannot anticipate all the needs of social scientists, so many topics are inadequately covered in the published census volumes. For historical research, the problem is especially acute, because the published data are fairly sketchy for the period before 1940. Moreover, the classifications employed by the Census Bureau have changed over time, making long-term comparisons difficult or impossible.
Introduction: Forum on American Domestic Service
Authors: Lintelman Joy K.
Published: February 2016

The articles on American domestic service that appear in this issue of Social Science History were part of a 1989 Social Science History Association Annual Meeting session. They reveal that, despite the investigations of Katzman (1978), Sutherland (1981), Dudden (1983), Glenn (1986), and others, there is still a great deal to know about domestic service in the United States. Each article offers a different perspective on transformations within domestic service in the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and provides new information about different demographic categories of domestic servants. Taken together, they suggest creative new ways of understanding the occupation and its relationship to race, ethnicity, gender, and the industrial labor market.
Changes for Mrs. Thornton’s Arthur: Patterns of Domestic Service in Washington, DC, 1800–1835
Authors: Cole Stephanie
Published: February 2016

Several hours before dawn on 5 August 1835, a Washington slave slipped into his mistress’s bedroom, axe in hand. Anna Maria Thornton awoke to see a drunken Arthur, her longtime house slave and the son of her trusted cook and maid, Maria, threatening her with, she believed, murder. Luckily for Mrs. Thornton, Maria was in the room and, “being fortunately awake, seized him & got him out” while her mistress sounded the alarm to the neighbors. Shocked and horrified, Mrs. Thornton recorded in her diary the attack and Arthur’s escape, subsequent capture, and criminal indictment (Thornton, Aug.—Oct. 1835). Some of Washington’s less reputable citizens reacted with hate and violence. In the ensuing days, out-of-work white mechanics gathered at the steps of the city hall, looking for a scapegoat for the disorder Arthur represented. On 12 August the mob turned its wrath on the vulnerable free black community. The “Snow Storm,” named for a victim of its destruction, free black Beverly Snow, was Washington’s most infamous riot. The crowd burned Snow’s restaurant, along with several other symbols of free black success (Werner 1986: 243–45; Curry 1981: 99–100).
“Our Serving Sisters”: Swedish-American Domestic Servants and Their Ethnic Community
Authors: Lintelman Joy K.
Published: February 2016

I have observed, heard, read, and believed that the respectable American girls who work will cheerfully slave and suffocate in a mill, factory, or big department store, or live almost any other kind of life, rather than grow healthy, fat, and opulent in domestic service. . . . How can my countrywomen, with their own living to make, be so blind to the butter side of their bread?

[Pettengill 1903: v]

American women’s disdain of employment in domestic service was common knowledge in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but the logic behind this disdain was not. Lillian Pettengill investigated why American women viewed domestic service so negatively. In her research, based upon actual experience as a servant, Pettengill found that a major complaint about domestic employment was the “social stigma” attached to it (ibid.: 366). More recent research on domestic service supports her findings. Katzman (1978: I4ff.) found that most American women viewed household employment negatively in large part because of its lack of prestige in American society. Young native-born white women refused opportunities for domestic work for fear that they would be looked down upon by friends, lose their social position, and be less attractive on the marriage market.
Histories for Anthropology: Ten Years of Historical Research and Writing by Anthropologists, 1980–1990
Authors: Kellogg Susan
Published: February 2016

Editor’s Note: Susan Kellogg’s article on anthropology and history continues our special series “History and the Other Social Sciences.” There will be one further article, by David Robertson, on political science and history. An expanded version of the whole series will then be published as a book by Duke University Press.

The past, once considered the exclusive domain of historians and antiquarians, has increasingly been embraced by anthropologists. Today, it is difficult to find a major anthropological study that does not claim to offer a diachronic, processual, historical analysis. In examining 10 years of historical anthropological writing, I cover three broad topics in this essay. First, I explain the emergence of a more historical anthropology as a widespread response to a crisis in the conceptualization of culture. Second, I argue that while there are certain identifiable themes that cut across this literature, in general, it reflects long-standing topical interests within anthropology; I review this literature according to these topics rather than divide it into interpretive or cultural studies versus studies of political economy. Third, I try to assess this body of work critically. I concentrate here on anthropological history as both research and textual practice, as well as briefly examine anthropological uses of the concepts of time, colonialism, and structure and agency.
Potholes in the Road of Improvement? Estimating Census Underenumeration by Longitudinal Tracing: U.S. Censuses, 1850–1880
Authors: Knights Peter R.
Published: February 2016

This ends the lesson. I certify that I have done the best. If I had a chance to do it again I could do it better but as I never shall ask for it I am entirely out of the Road of improvement. —George B. Randlette, enumerator of District 150, 1880 federal census of Maine, in a note appended to his returns

Few paid-up readers of this journal will deny the importance, as a historical source, of the U.S. manuscript population censuses, particularly those since 1850, which supposedly contain the names of all individuals. Since from 1965 to 1989 my work concerned primarily the four earliest such “nominal” censuses, 1850–80,1 shall restrict my remarks and estimates to them.

Some interesting research has been done, but much more cries out yet to be done, on the manuscript population census as a source, especially on its accuracy and comprehensiveness. Trudging along the road of improvement, we begin to learn that there are potholes aplenty in it, but how many, where, and, most vital of all, how deep? It is sloppy technique for historians to be less critical of the census than of other sources they employ.
On the Art of Differentiating: Proletarianization and Illegitimacy in Northern Sweden, 1850–1930
Authors: Marks Hans
Published: February 2016

Recapturing people's experiences as part of understanding specific social and cultural processes leads us to the art of differentiating. We need to ask by whom, when, and why certain developments are defined. All historical sources bring knowledge, often in absolute and definite terms. But sometimes sources depart from the dominant societal discourse. How is one to evaluate the explanatory value of the different sources of interpretation placed hierarchically? This article takes on the evaluation of different discourses surrounding the process defined by historical demography as “rising illegitimate fertility.” Although it will imply a reevaluation of proletarianization processes as well, the central focus will be on illegitimacy.
Introduction to Roundtable
Authors: Turbin Carole
Published: February 2016

Like many other social science historians, since the late 1980s I have reflected on how postmodernist thinkers like Foucault and Derrida are useful for historians. In 1995 I taught a graduate course on the history of social history, and I looked back on the origins of the field through the eyes of my students who were intrigued with postmodernism. I realized that time has crept up on me. I barely noticed that this field that we developed over the years is no longer young but has come of age and is now part of the accepted canon, one of many subdisciplines. Indeed, my students thought of social science history in much the same way that social science historians viewed traditional political history, a field whose assumptions and perspectives should be critically analyzed, challenged, and revised. These students helped me to see postmodernist criticisms in a new light, not as a sharp break from social science history but rather as emerging at least in part from long-term developments within the field itself. The contributors to the debate on these pages see postmodernism in this way. In various ways, they contend that these challenges, poststructuralist and otherwise, can help us to see within social science history contradictions and tensions that result in both strengths and weaknesses. We can learn from postmodernism without accepting it uncritically; we can reevaluate materialist social history in light of new challenges without rejecting social science history's benefits.
The Great Migration in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Alexander J. Trent
Published: February 2016

Sociologists, demographers, and historians of the last few decades have pieced together a dramatically new understanding of the meaning of past migrations. The old story held that industry pulled recently dispossessed rural people to the city, where—along with deskilled artisans—they became part of a growing urban industrial proletariat. For migrants from rural areas, the process was thought to be catastrophic, requiring a total and often impossible adjustment to an urban world that was different in just about every imaginable way. Recent scholars have distanced themselves from this framework.
Douglass C. North’s The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860 Revisited
Authors: Engerman Stanley L.
Published: February 2016

Douglass North’s The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860, while not the most controversial of the works of “new economic historians” in the 1960s, was among the first and was probably the most widely used of any of these in undergraduate history courses. In addition to its widespread use—possibly the first introduction of many history students to an economic approach to their subject—it framed, if not originated, a number of hypotheses about the process of American economic growth and about various specific relationships which have been and remain the basis of empirical work. In examining its importance the question is not just whether on certain specific points North was right, but also whether the book generated important hypotheses for empirical testing. In these latter regards here clearly was an important book, and, while it may seem to be incomplete or to fail on some specific issues, we should add that even now it is often unclear what the “right” answers might be.
Collective Biography and the Progressive Movement: The “Status Revolution” Revisited
Authors: Clubb Jerome M. , Allen Howard W.
Published: February 2016

Virtually from the beginning “collective biography,” or “prosopography,” has been seen as one of the most powerful and useful techniques of the “new” quantitative history. As Lawrence Stone succinctly described that technique, it is “ … the investigation of the common background characteristics of a group of actors by means of a collective study of their lives.” It is not case, of course, as Stone also makes clear, that the new quantitative historians invented collective biography. In fact, the approach was used by historians and other social scientists well before the advent of quantitative history. Even so, the technique has frequently been employed by quantitative historians and may even be seen by some as virtually a hallmark of that approach to historical studies.
Population Persistence and Early Industrialization in a Canadian City: Hamilton, Ontario, 1851-1871
Authors: Katz Michael B. , Doucet Michael J. , Stern Mark J.
Published: February 2016

The high rate of population turnover in nineteenth-century North American cities no longer requires emphasis. However, students of historical migration have progressed very little beyond merely documenting its existence. As a result, the relationship of social, economic, and demographic factors to migration remains imperfectly understood, and the extent to which rates of population movement varied with economic growth, population size, or other factors still is a matter of conjecture.

In another essay, we began the systematic exploration of population movement through an analysis of patterns in Buffalo and rural Erie County, New York, in 1855. The 1855 New York state census recorded how long each individual had lived in the place in which he or she was enumerated. Using this information, and correcting for mortality, we developed estimates of population persistence and of the determinants of length of residence, which are two conceptually distinct phenomena. We compared both to patterns in Hamilton, Ontario, during the same period and, less systematically, to what historians reported for other places. We concluded that the rate of population persistence in Buffalo was higher than in a number of other cities, and we attributed the difference to the dynamism of the city’s economic life, compared especially to Hamilton in the same years. Nonetheless, despite differences in rates of persistence, the social and demographic correlates of length of residence were strikingly similar in each city and in the countryside as well.
Economic Strength and Diplomatic Attitudes: The Formation of French Hostility Before World War I
Authors: Liebowltz Jonathan J.
Published: February 2016

The rivalry between France and Germany was one of the most important themes of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century history. It was at the heart of the alliance system of this period and helped to produce that most horrible conflict, World War I. Understanding the causes and nature of Franco-German hostility would help to explain the war’s outbreak. A study of this hostility might also be a way of testing some of the theories of conflict recently developed by scholars from several disciplines but rarely applied by historians in their work. I shall discuss here several models of international conflict and show how one of them, relating images of national strength to diplomatic attitudes, can increase our insight into the formation of French hostility between 1871 and 1914.
Baptism and Manumission in Brazil: Paraty, 1789-1822
Authors: Kieman James Patrick
Published: February 2016

Thirty years ago Frank Tannenbaum inSlave and Citizenfirst catalogued the many occasions for the manumission of slaves in Latin America. He indicated that baptism was an important occasion of manumission. Any slave owner, motivated by generosity and religious sentiment or a minimal payment made by the parent or godparent of the child, could free his slave at baptism. Tannenbaum cited this as one of many instances where Catholic practice and ritual effected a more humane and hopeful existence for the slave in Latin America, denied to slaves held in Protestant colonies.

The results of recent investigations of slave manumission in Brazil, however, have challenged the idea that slaves were frequently manumitted. Kátia M. Queirós Mattoso and Mary Karasch, in studies of Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, found that only a small percentage of those who were freed were children. In addition, it was revealed that few infant slaves were freed at baptism. Stuart Schwartz found that for colonial Bahia “there is no evidence [in notarial records] that large numbers of children were given their liberty at the baptismal font.” Arnold Kessler discovered that baptism was the occasion of manumission of only fourteen children, representing 2 percent of his sample of manumitted slaves (libertos) in nineteenth-century Bahia. For the small coastal town of Paraty in southern Brazil there was a similar pattern. Of the 325 slaves whose freedom was recorded in the notarial archive between 1789 and 1822 only six slaves, or 1.8 percent of the total sample, were infants freed at baptism.
“The Condescension of Posterity:” The Recent Historiography of the English Working Class
Authors: Perkin Harold
Published: February 2016

In a deservedly much-quoted phrase, Edward Thompson set out in The Making of the English Working Class “to rescue the poor stockinger, the ‘obsolete* hand-loom weaver, the ‘Utopian* artisan, and even the deluded follower of Joanna Southcott, from the enormous condescension of posterity.” It is no criticism of that great, rugged, sprawling, big-hearted book to say that what the English working class most needs to be rescued from is the enormous condescension of middle-class intellectuals. Ever since Marx and Engels, if not indeed James Mill and Andrew Ure, English working people have not, at least until very recently, been allowed to have their own history but have had it imposed upon them from above by self-appointed champions and apologists from the “higher” classes.

Thompson himself is something of an exception, more an old fashioned independent country gentleman than a middle-class intellectual, living in a mansion in Worcestershire and exhibiting in his concern for the long dead poor the traditional paternalism which he decries in the eighteenth-century squire.
Herbert Gutman’s The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925: An Anthropologist’s View
Authors: Gudeman Stephen
Published: February 2016

With Professor Gutman’s superb work The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925 any anthropologist would feel most comfortable, for this is a study of the fine-grain and intimate relationships among a group of people, and such a topic comprises the normal terrain—I am tempted to say the “territorial imperative”— of the anthropologist. But the work is especially appealing to the anthropologist because Gutman has chosen to turn his immense energies on the family. To many people “begits and begats,” terminologies and genealogies are, at best, sterile ways to talk about a group and, at worst, unfortunate reminders of youthful years spent studying the Bible. But to the anthropologist these are technical ideas of the trade, concepts which reveal much about the relationships in a particular society at a particular time. Lastly, and here the anthropologist joins many others, we are all in the debt of Gutman for bringing to light an aspect of the American experience of which most of us were previously unaware. Perhaps the most moving, and paradoxical, aspect of the work is that because it is a testimony to the profound capacity of the black to preserve his essential humanity under the most frightening of conditions, conditions imposed by other humans, it is also an affirmation that all humans make their lives, and their history.
Herbert Gutman’s The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925: A Cliometric Reconsideration
Authors: Sanderson Warren C.
Published: February 2016

Gutman’s study of the black family is one of those books which serve as a constant inspiration to academics. In those dreary moments when we wrestle with a particularly subtle point or phrase, a fleeting question occurs to most of us. How many people will really appreciate the depth of our thinking or the way in which the prose really captures the essence of the phenomenon being explained? But when such pernicious thoughts disturb our concentration, the example of Gutman’s work can banish them, for this book has had more reviewers than some technical pieces have had serious readers. Indeed the November 1978 SSHA session indicates that it still continues. Not only has Gutman’s book been seriously read and pondered, but there are a substantial number of pages in print to indicate that all the subtleties have been duly appreciated.
The Rise of Representation: Electing County Officeholders in Colonial Pennsylvania
Authors: Keller Clair W.
Published: February 2016

Tracing the development of the county commission system provides a unique opportunity for examining the nature of participatory government in colonial America. Yet, despite the prominence of the county commission system today, studies of the county commission system and, in fact, all county government have been few (Bromage, 1933: 15-35). Colonial historians have preferred to investigate the New England town and the provincial legislature. Most of these studies (Grant, 1961: 106, 120-127, 150-153; Bushman, 1967: 268-270; Syndor, 1965: 42, 6-73; Gross, 1976: 38-39, 179-181; Pole, 1962: 626-646; Greene, 1959: 485-506; Greene, 1963: 25-47; Cook, 1971:586-608; Zemsky, 1971:28-38; Lockeridge, 1970: 47-49, 119-138, 94; Cook, 1976: 9, 10, 19-22, 80-94, 115-118) have concluded that although the franchise was exercised by most adult male property owners, town councils and colonial legislatures tended to be dominated by a social and economic elite continually returned by the electorate to positions of power. In other words, exercising the vote did not seem to make much practical difference. ‘ An analysis of county officeholding in colonial Pennsylvania, however, challenges the belief in the universality of such voter behavior. For when male adult property owners gained the opportunity to elect county officials who levied, collected, and disbursed the only direct tax in colonial Pennsylvania, they chose people more like themselves than like the appointed officials who previously controlled county government.
Changing Social Science to Serve Human Welfare
Authors: MacRae Duncan
Published: February 2016

The long-debated issue whether social scientists should be concerned with improving the human condition, and if so how they should attempt this task, has been raised afresh in the exchange of views between Lee Benson (1978) and Warren Miller (1978) on “Changing Social Science to Change the World.” Before plunging into this debate, however, I should like to suggest that all of us who participate in it are viewing the world from a particular occupational perspective. Some years ago, when George Lundberg’s Can Science Save Us? (1947) was current, a friend suggested to me that a prior question was, “Should science save us?” He may have meant, as Miller suggests, that saving or changing the world is not the principal task of social scientists; or in another meaning, he may have been anticipating more recent critics in noting that a world “saved” by social science might not be one in which everyone would prefer to live. I hope that our efforts will not be counter-productive.
The Insurgent Republicans: Insurgent Image and Republican Reality
Authors: Sarasohn David
Published: February 2016

In the years before professional image-building, few political groups managed to acquire a more enviable image than did the Republican insurgents of the Taft period. The Congressional insurgents, who first caught the country’s attention with the fight against the Payne-Aidrich tariff in the Senate and against the dictatorial rule of Speaker Joseph Cannon in the House, compensated for their failure to win control of their party by winning extravagant praise from contemporary journalists. They have had scarcely less appeal for historians. Thomas Dreier entitled his 1910 study of the rebellious Republicans, Heroes of Insurgency, and later writers have followed his spirit, and very nearly his terminology. In 1940, Kenneth W. Hechler provided a highly favorable portrait in Insurgency, and Russel Nye’s Midwestern Progressive Politics (1951) offered a sympathetic portrayal in the 1950s. Only in the most recent study, James L. Holt’s Congressional Insurgents and the Party System (1967), is there any critical discussion of the limitations of the insurgents’ ideas and political strategies.
The Supreme Court, 1888–1940: An Empirical Overview
Authors: Wood Sandra L. , Keith Linda Camp , Lanier Drew Noble , Ogundele Ayo
Published: February 2016

Studies of decision making on the modern Supreme Court have drawn on readily available empirical data to explore the details of how the Court conducts its business (Segal and Spaeth 1993; Spaeth 1995). Sadly, however, such empirical studies have not been plentiful for periods of the Court’s history before the appointment of Chief Justice Earl Warren. Some discussion has occurred dating from the chief justiceship of William Howard Taft beginning in 1910, but these studies have limited scope (Bowen and Scheb 1993; Leavitt 1970; Pritchett 1948; Renstrom 1972; Slotnick 1979; Tate and Handberg 1991). The result is a plethora of studies concerning the modern Court and a dearth of systematic information on earlier Courts (Aliotta 1988; Brenner and Spaeth 1995; Epstein and Kobylka 1992; George and Epstein 1992; Handberg 1976; Schubert 1965, 1974; Segal 1984; Tate 1981; Ulmer 1970). The picture we do have concerning earlier Courts is largely drawn from biographical or doctrinal studies. While both of these enterprises are immensely useful, they lack the systematic quality of an empirical analysis that considers all cases (not just the important ones) and all justices (not just the intellectual or social leaders). We seek to create an empirical context out of which those outstanding justices and decisions arose. Our study allows confirmation of findings of previous studies of individuals and doctrine and provides a more complete picture of the Court during a tumultuous time in its history.
Professor Pessen on the “Egalitarian Myth”
Authors: Gallman Robert E.
Published: February 2016

Professor Pessen’s recent work on antebellum wealth holding and social structure has been devoted to deflating the “egalitarian myth.” On the basis of data gathered in an extensive study of the rich of four large northeastern cities in the antebellum period, Pessen concludes that the egalitarian hypothesis is not sustained. Wealth was unequally distributed and economic mobility was very limited, in the sense that the rich had rich forbears. Although the origins of great fortunes lay with entrepreneurial types, their descendents gradually withdrew from active business life, maintaining general oversight of wealth that grew almost automatically as the result of fortunate early investments, profitable marriages, and the advantages of membership in a small elite.
MEASURES OF IMPLICIT KNOWLEDGE REVISITED
Authors: Kim Jeong-eun , Nam Hosung
Published: February 2016

Timed grammaticality judgment tests (TGJT) and oral elicited imitation tests (OEIT) are considered reliable and valid measures of implicit linguistic knowledge, but studies consistently observe better performances on the TGJT than the OEIT due to the different types of processing they require: comprehension for the TGJT and production for the OEIT. This study examines whether degree of access to implicit knowledge is a function of processing type. Results from a series of factor analyses suggest that the OEIT requires greater access to implicit knowledge—implying that it measures stronger implicit knowledge—than the TGJT. Furthermore, the study examines effects on construct validity of time pressure in the OEIT (uncontrolled vs. controlled) and modality in the TGJT (written vs. aural). The results indicate that the tests reached higher construct validity, or measuredstrongerimplicit knowledge, when the OEIT employed controlled time pressure and the TGJT used aural stimuli.
Comparative Analysis of Height-Related Multiple Correction Interpolation Methods with Constraints for Network RTK in Mountainous Areas
Authors: Song Junesol , Park Byungwoon , Kee Changdon
Published: February 2016

In Network RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) positioning, the multiple corrections from the reference stations, which constitute a network, are interpolated for the user location through appropriate interpolation models. There exist various methods to model spatial decorrelation errors from the tropospheric and ionospheric delay, which are the main contributors of the multiple corrections. Since tropospheric delay is largely affected by height differences, the heights of the multiple reference stations should be considered when selecting the appropriate interpolation methods. This work provides a comparative analysis of the different levels of performance of each height-related multiple correction interpolation method. In addition, this study proposes to add constraints to the conventional height-related interpolation methods that are derived from the characteristics of the tropospheric zenith delay variation over height. The actual Global Positioning System (GPS) observations are collected from selected reference station networks located in the USA for performance evaluation. As a result, the proposed solution yields improved vertical positioning accuracy by approximately 10% compared to the conventional interpolation methods for the selected networks.
Inertial Aided Cycle Slip Detection and Repair for PPP/INS Tightly Coupled Navigation
Authors: Li Zengke , Gao Jingxiang , Wang Jian
Published: February 2016

The integration of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) with Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) has been very intensively developed and widely applied in multiple areas. The integrated navigation system is able to provide high accuracy position and attitude with a single receiver. However, the cycle slip caused by high dynamics, signal lock and low satellite elevation will decrease accuracy and degrade the system performance. In this paper, an inertial aided cycle slip detection and repair method is applied in PPP/INS tightly coupled navigation to obtain higher accuracy navigation information. The inertial information is introduced to the wide-lane combination observation to avoid the noise and multipath from pseudorange. Detail error analysis is given to determine the critical value of INS position accuracy which makes inertial aided wide-lane combination have better performance and a new decision variable is constructed. The inertial aided cycle slip detection and repair scheme that replaces the ambiguity re-initialisation is applied in PPP. An experiment was performed to validate the new algorithm. The results indicate that the inertial aided decision variable has higher accuracy than the traditional Melbourne-Wübbena decision variable. The inertial aided scheme can efficiently detect and repair the small cycle slip (from 1 to 6) and large cycle slip (from 10 to 20). The inertial-aided cycle slip detection method introduced in PPP resolution will remove the error by ambiguity re-initialisation.