bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antisynthetase syndrome with refractory lung involvement and myositis successfully treated with double filtration plasmapheresis
Authors: Bozkirli Duygu Emine Ersozlu , Kozanoglu Ilknur , Bozkirli Emre , Yucel Eftal
Published: July 2013

Antisynthetase syndrome (ASS) is characterized by inflammatory muscle disease, pulmonary and joint involvement, and antisynthetase autoantibodies, with anti‐Jo‐1 antibody being the most common. Despite the use of immunosuppressive drugs, the prognosis of lung involvement seems poor. Herein, we report a case of refractory ASS, which maintained long‐term remission by double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) combined with immunosuppressive therapy. For a 65‐year‐old woman, who was diagnosed with ASS, immunosuppressive therapy was initiated and plasmapheresis (PP) was performed five times due to acute interstitial pulmonary disease and inflammatory myopathy. She remained in remission for eight months following PP. Increase in interstitial involvement was identified by lung tomography when the patient presented again with complaint of progressive increase in dyspnea and muscle pain. Although the immunosuppressive therapy was increased for the patient with elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) (2776 IU/mL), a rapid decrease in diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was observed and the patient underwent PP. After four sessions of therapy, insufficient clinical and laboratory response was obtained (control CPK 1797 IU/mL) and because of that issue DFPP using a 2A filter was performed to the patient. There was a marked improvement in complaints of the patient, DLCO, and laboratory findings (control CPK 508 IU/mL) after three sessions of DFPP. The patient, who continued the immunosuppressive therapy after DFPP procedure, is being followed for 12 months in remission. Although our experience is limited with only one patient, DFPP seems promising as a treatment option for ASS with severe lung involvement. J. Clin. Apheresis, 28:422–425, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solar magnetic polarity dependency of the cosmic ray diurnal variation
Authors: Sabbah I.
Published: July 2013

Cosmic rays (CRs) data observed through four neutron monitors and one muon telescope are used to study the solar diurnal variation (DV) from 1953 to 2010. The median primary rigidity of response, (Rm), for these detectors encompasses the range 16 ≤ Rm ≤ 60 GV of the galactic CRs spectrum. The phase angle observed with the lower rigidity station depends strongly on the solar magnetic field polarity reversal due to drift effect. However, the higher rigidity stations show an 11 year cycle. This cycle is evident in the shape of the cross‐correlation functions (CCFs) between the phase angle and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) parameters due to diffusion of galactic CRs by the IMF. The amplitude of the DV, IMF magnitude, and solar activity are larger, and the phase angle is later in hours for qA < 0 than for qA > 0. In addition, the amplitude is well correlated with the IMF magnitude. The amplitudes observed by the lower rigidity station peaks 2 years after the IMF magnitude reach maximum for qA < 0. The diurnal amplitude reaches minimum 2–3 years after the solar wind speed peak due to outward convection by solar wind along the helioequator. The phase angle of the higher rigidity station shifts toward the earliest hours, 2 years after the wind speed peaks for qA > 0. This shift is due to outward convection by solar wind that increases the radial component of the DV more than the East‐West component.
A 1‐D model of physical chemistry in Saturn's inner magnetosphere
Authors: Fleshman B. L. , Delamere P. A. , Bagenal F. , Cassidy T.
Published: July 2013

Water vapor spewed out of Enceladus' geysers spreads across the Saturn system through dissociation, charge exchange, and neutral‐neutral collisions. The combined effects of impact ionization by suprathermal electrons, charge‐exchange between ions and neutrals, and radial transport of the plasma produce the observed distribution of ions and their temperature in the magnetosphere of Saturn. In this paper we combine our physical chemistry model with the neutral cloud model of Cassidy and Johnson (2010) to explore how the spatial distributions of hot electrons and of neutrals, as well as radial transport rates, produce the observed ion properties between 4 and 10 RS (where RS is the radius of Saturn). We investigate the sensitivity of the model output to radial transport rates and the radial profile of hot electron density. Selected results are as follows: (1) Hot electrons (e.g., tens to hundreds eV) at 4 RS (Enceladus' orbit) make up between ≈0.25% and 0.5% of the total electron density, consistent with our previous findings, increasing to ∼10% at 10 RS. (2) The region over which chemistry plays a dominant role extends to 7 RS. Beyond 7 RS radial transport takes over, establishing the rate of plasma outflow from Saturn's plasma torus. (3) The plasma radial transport rate at 10 RS is found to be between 20 and 80 kg/s for reasonable choices of hot electron density, radial transport rate, and neutral hydrogen and H2O densities.
Characterization and indexing of heavy rainstorms in Hong Kong
Authors: Wu Manchi , Lam Hilda , Li Kinwai
Published: July 2013

Heavy rain events or rainstorms of various scales often occur in Hong Kong from April to September. In extremes cases, they lead to serious landslides and flash floods resulting in loss of life, and damage to property and infrastructure. With climate change, extreme rain events are projected to be more frequent and more intense in this region. A system to gauge and label the severity of rainstorms would be useful for identifying and communicating extreme conditions in warning and disaster prevention operations. In parallel, a better understanding of the characteristics of rainstorms would also be important for impact assessments and engineering design purposes. This paper formulates a practical framework to index the magnitude and severity of rainstorms in Hong Kong. An index termed as the Severity Index combining the magnitude of different rainstorm attributes is devised for quantifying the overall severity of rainstorms. This index is flexible to allow tuning for specific applications.
Mixed boundary value problems of diffraction by a half‐plane with an obstacle perpendicular to the boundary
Authors: Castro Luis P. , Kapanadze David
Published: July 2013

The paper is devoted to the analysis of wave diffraction problems modeled by classes of mixed boundary conditions and the Helmholtz equation, within a half‐plane with a crack. Potential theory together with Fredholm theory, and explicit operator relations, are conveniently implemented to perform the analysis of the problems. In particular, an interplay between Wiener–Hopf plus/minus Hankel operators and Wiener–Hopf operators assumes a relevant preponderance in the final results. As main conclusions, this study reveals conditions for the well‐posedness of the corresponding boundary value problems in certain Sobolev spaces and equivalent reduction to systems of Wiener–Hopf equations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scale‐Up of Emulsion Polymerization Reactors Part I – Development of a Model Framework
Authors: Pohn Jordan , Cunningham Michael , McKenna Timothy F. L.
Published: July 2013

A computational framework, consisting of a turbulent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation coupled to a multi‐zonal population balance is used to efficiently simulate the scale‐up of a semi‐batch emulsion polymerization, specifically one where the mixing issues are confined over a short period of time. Fluent CFD software is used to generate flow fields inside a series of reactors of varying production scale; these flow fields are subsequently used to generate a multi‐zonal grid. The effects of reactor scale and inhomogeneous mixing on the latex particle size distribution are simulated by running a detailed emulsion polymerization model on the multi‐zonal grid. In this paper, the first of two parts, the interplay between the CFD simulation and the automatic zoning algorithm is presented in depth.
Scale‐Up of Emulsion Polymerization Reactors Part II – Simulations and Interpretations
Authors: Pohn Jordan , Cunningham Michael , McKenna Timothy F. L.
Published: July 2013

A computational framework, consisting of a turbulent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation coupled to a multi‐zonal population balance is used to efficiently simulate the scale‐up of a semi‐batch emulsion polymerization, specifically one where the mixing issues are confined over a short period of time. Fluent™ CFD software is used to generate flow fields inside a series of reactors of varying production scale; these flow fields are subsequently used to generate a multi‐zonal grid. The effects of reactor scale and inhomogeneous mixing on the latex particle size distribution are simulated by running a detailed emulsion polymerization model on the multi‐zonal grid. In this paper, the second of two parts, the capabilities of the framework are demonstrated by simulating the scale‐up of a semi‐batch styrene emulsion polymerization.
Single bend paths on a grid have strong helly number 4: errata atque emendationes ad “edge intersection graphs of single bend paths on a grid”
Authors: Golumbic Martin Charles , Lipshteyn Marina , Stern Michal
Published: July 2013

In this note, we prove that a collection of single bend paths on a grid, the so‐called B1 representations, have strong Helly number 4. This corrects a false claim from Ref. [Golumbic et al., Networks, 54 (2009), 130–138; and other errata are also corrected. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2013
Quam bene vivas referre: curing and caring in psycho‐oncology
Authors: Grassi Luigi
Published: July 2013

Background

By examining the medical–philosophical Latin heritage, some psycho‐oncology principles may be traced in Claudius Galenus and Lucius Anneus Seneca. The former hypothesized a link between depression and cancer; the latter strongly underlined the need for not wasting time, living in the present by searching for meaning and reaching well‐being of the soul through virtues, even when dealing with misfortune and negative life events.

Methods

On these premises, what follows here is an analysis of the first steps in the science of psychosocial care in cancer starting with the work of Arthur M. Sutherland and moving on to more recent psycho‐oncology research, which has shown the centrality of a biopsychosocial approach in cancer integrating cure and care (within the double meaning of the old Latin noun cura).

Results

Studies of the biopsychosocial approach covering the psychological implications of cancer (e.g., prevalence of emotional distress, application of DSM/ICD classical, and more recent psychiatric classification systems), their psychobiological concomitants (e.g., inflammation and immune dysregulation mechanisms in depression and chronobiology of stress and cancer), and interpersonal issues (e.g., doctor–patient communication and role of neuron mirror system) are discussed.

Conclusions

Psychosocial oncology avoids the distinction between curing and caring and includes science and compassion in a whole approach to the multidimensionality of the human being in balancing evidence‐based with person‐centered/narrative‐based oncology (values‐based oncology). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychosocial screening effects on health‐related outcomes in patients receiving radiotherapy. A cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Braeken Anna P. B. M. , Kempen Gertrudis I. J. M. , Eekers Daniëlle B. P , Houben Ruud M. A. , van Gils Francis C. J. M. , Ambergen Ton , Lechner Lilian
Published: July 2013

Objective

This study examined the short‐term and long‐term effects of using a screening instrument on psychological distress and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) among cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. In addition, we investigated the effect of early psychosocial treatment on patients' overall health‐related outcomes as previous research showed that patients in the screening condition were referred to a psychosocial caregiver at an earlier stage.

Methods

A cluster randomised controlled trial with a randomisation at the levels of 14 radiotherapists, 568 patients was conducted. Patients were asked to complete questionnaires at 3 and 12 months follow‐up.

Results

Mixed models analyses showed no significant intervention effects on patients' overall extent of psychosocial distress and HRQoL, both on the short and long terms. Post‐hoc analyses revealed significant interactions of the intervention with early referral and improved HRQoL and anxiety, suggesting that earlier referral might influence short‐term HRQoL and experienced anxiety in patients.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the use of a psychosocial screening instrument among patients receiving radiotherapy in itself does not sufficiently improve patients' health‐related outcome. The effective delivery of psychosocial care depends upon several components such as identification of distress and successful implementation of screening procedures. One of the challenges is to get insight in the effects of early referral of cancer patients for psychosocial support because early referral might have a favourable effect on some of the patients' health‐related outcomes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breast cancer screening utilization among Eastern European immigrant women worldwide: a systematic literature review and a focus on psychosocial barriers
Authors: Andreeva Valentina A. , Pokhrel Pallav
Published: July 2013

Objective

Many countries host growing Eastern European immigrant communities whose breast cancer preventive behaviors are largely unknown. Thus, we aimed to synthesize current evidence regarding secondary prevention via breast cancer screening utilized by that population.

Methods

All observational, general population studies on breast cancer screening with Eastern European immigrant women and without any country, language, or age restrictions were identified. Screening modalities included breast self‐examination, clinical breast examination, and mammography.

Results

The selected 30 studies were published between 1996 and 2013 and came from Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, the UK, and the USA. The reported prevalence of monthly breast self‐examination was 0–48%; for yearly clinical breast examination 27–54%; and for biennial mammography 0–71%. The substantial methodologic heterogeneity prevented a meta‐analysis. Nonetheless, irrespective of host country, healthcare access, or educational level, the findings consistently indicated that Eastern European immigrant women underutilize breast cancer screening largely because of insufficient knowledge about early detection and an external locus of control regarding decision making in health matters.

Conclusions

This is a vulnerable population for whom the implementation of culturally tailored breast cancer screening programs is needed. As with other underscreened immigrant/minority groups, Eastern European women's inadequate engagement in prevention is troublesome as it points to susceptibility not only to cancer but also to other serious conditions for which personal action and responsibility are critical. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolomic signatures of aggressive prostate cancer
Authors: McDunn Jonathan E. , Li Zhen , Adam Klaus‐Peter , Neri Bruce P. , Wolfert Robert L. , Milburn Michael V. , Lotan Yair , Wheeler Thomas M.
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Current diagnostic techniques have increased the detection of prostate cancer; however, these tools inadequately stratify patients to minimize mortality. Recent studies have identified a biochemical signature of prostate cancer metastasis, including increased sarcosine abundance. This study examined the association of tissue metabolites with other clinically significant findings.

METHODS

A state of the art metabolomics platform analyzed prostatectomy tissues (331 prostate tumor, 178 cancer‐free prostate tissues) from two independent sites. Biochemicals were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Statistical analyses identified metabolites associated with cancer aggressiveness: Gleason score, extracapsular extension, and seminal vesicle and lymph node involvement.

RESULTS

Prostate tumors had significantly altered metabolite profiles compared to cancer‐free prostate tissues, including biochemicals associated with cell growth, energetics, stress, and loss of prostate‐specific biochemistry. Many metabolites were further associated with clinical findings of aggressive disease. Aggressiveness‐associated metabolites stratified prostate tumor tissues with high abundances of compounds associated with normal prostate function (e.g., citrate and polyamines) from more clinically advanced prostate tumors. These aggressive prostate tumors were further subdivided by abundance profiles of metabolites including NAD+ and kynurenine. When added to multiparametric nomograms, metabolites improved prediction of organ confinement (AUROC from 0.53 to 0.62) and 5‐year recurrence (AUROC from 0.53 to 0.64).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings support and extend earlier metabolomic studies in prostate cancer and studies where metabolic enzymes have been associated with carcinogenesis and/or outcome. Furthermore, these data suggest that panels of analytes may be valuable to translate metabolomic findings to clinically useful diagnostic tests.Prostate 73: 1547–1560, 2013© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Decision Support System for Solving Multi‐Objective Redundancy Allocation Problems
Authors: Khalili‐Damghani Kaveh , Abtahi Amir‐Reza , Tavana Madjid
Published: July 2013

The Redundancy Allocation Problem (RAP) is a reliability optimization problem in designing series‐parallel systems. The reliability optimization process is intended to select multiple components with appropriate levels of redundancy by maximizing the system reliability under some predefined constraints. Several methods have been proposed to solve the RAPs. However, most of these methods often treat RAP as a single objective problem of maximizing the system reliability (or minimizing the system design cost). We propose a Decision Support System for solving Multi‐Objective RAPs. Initially, we use the Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution method to reduce the multiple objective dimensions of the problem. We then propose an efficient ε‐constraint method to generate non‐dominated solutions on the Pareto front. Finally, we use a Data Envelopment Analysis model to prune the non‐dominated solutions. A benchmark case is presented to assess the performance of the proposed system, demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework, and exhibit the efficacy of the procedures and algorithms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Case Study of GAMM (Graphical Analysis for Maintenance Management) Applied to Water Pumps in a Sewage Treatment Plant, Chile
Authors: Barberá Luis , Crespo Adolfo , Viveros Pablo , Stegmaier Raúl
Published: July 2013

This article presents a case for practical application of the GAMM method, which has been developed and published by the authors. The GAMM method supports decision making in the overall maintenance management, through the visualization and graphical analysis of data. In addition, it allows for the identification of anomalous behavior in the equipment analyzed, whether derived from its own operations, maintenance activities, improper use of equipment or even as a result of design errors in the equipment itself. As a basis for analysis, the GAMM method uses a nonparametric estimator of the reliability function using all historical data or, alternatively, part of the history, allowing it to perform an analysis even with limited available data. In the case study presented, the GAMM method has been used to analyze two existing equipment parts in a sewage treatment plant located in Chile. The equipment analyzed were two progressive cavity pumps (BCP) which are part of the industrial process in the treatment plant. Both pumps are the same make and model and subjected to the same maintenance program, but one had a higher failure rate compared to its counterpart. The application of the GAMM method has identified deficiencies in each of the pumps being studied, thus improving decision‐making and problem‐solving process related to the maintenance of the pumps. RCM methodology was used to draft a new maintenance plan. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric studies shed light on unusual oxidative transformations of 1,2‐dehydro‐N‐acetyldopa
Authors: Abebe Adal , Kuang Qun F. , Evans Jason J. , Sugumaran Manickam
Published: July 2013

RATIONALE

Lamellarins are a group of over 70 plus bioactive marine natural compounds possessing a 6,7‐dihydroxycoumarin moiety. Although they appear to derive from 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), practically nothing is known about the metabolic fate of these compounds. Biochemical considerations indicate that they could arise from a N‐acetyl‐1,2‐dehydrodopa precursor through oxidative cyclization reaction.

METHODS

To assess the above hypothesis, we synthesized N‐acetyl‐1,2‐dehydrodopa and conducted oxidation studies with commercially available mushroom tyrosinase and evaluated the course of the reaction with reversed‐phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS).

RESULTS

Mushroom tyrosinase readily oxidized N‐acetyl‐1,2‐dehydrodopa – not to the normally expected quinone – but to an unstable quinone methide isomer, which rapidly cyclized to produce the dihydroxycoumarin product, 3‐aminoacetyl esculetin. Interestingly, 3‐aminoacetyl esculetin was further oxidized to a second quinone methide derivative that exhibited an addition reaction with the parent dihydroxycoumarin generating dimeric and other oligomeric products in the reaction mixture.

CONCLUSIONS

LC/MS analysis of the N‐acetyl‐1,2‐dehydrodopa oxidation reaction reveals not only a possible novel oxidative cyclization route for the biosynthesis of coumarin‐type dehydrodopa compounds in marine organisms, but also unusual oxidative transformations of dehydro dopa derivatives. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D parameter to quantify the anisotropy measurement of periodic structures on rough surfaces
Authors: Guillemot G. , Bigerelle M. , Khawaja Z.
Published: July 2013

In this paper, a new 3D roughness parameter, Sreg, is proposed to quantify the regularity of a surface, independent of the amplitude and the SCANNING 36:127–133, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Search for ν μ → ν e oscillations with the OPERA experiment in the CNGS beam
Authors:   The OPERA collaboration, Agafonova N. , Aleksandrov A. , Anokhina A. , Aoki S. , Ariga A. , Ariga T. , Autiero D. , Badertscher A. , Dhahbi A. Ben , Bertolin A. , Bozza C. , Brugnera R. , Brunet F. , Brunetti G. , Buettner B. , Buontempo S. , Chaussard L. , Chernyavsky M. , Chiarella V. , Chukanov A. , Consiglio L. , D’Ambrosio N. , De Lellis G. , De Serio M. , del Amo Sanchez P. , Di Crescenzo A. , Di Ferdinando D. , Di Marco N. , Dmitrievsky S. , Dracos M. , Duchesneau D. , Dusini S. , Dzhatdoev T. , Ebert J. , Ereditato A. , Ferber T. , Fini R. A. , Fukuda T. , Garfagnini A. , Giacomelli G. , Goellnitz C. , Goldberg J. , Gornushkin Y. , Grella G. , Grianti F. , Guler A. M. , Gustavino C. , Hagner C. , Hamada K. , Hara T. , Hierholzer M. , Hollnagel A. , Hosseini B. , Ishida H. , Ishiguro K. , Jakovcic K. , Jollet C. , Juget F. , Kamiscioglu C. , Kamiscioglu M. , Kawada J. , Kim J. H. , Kim S. H. , Kimura M. , Kitagawa N. , Klicek B. , Kodama K. , Komatsu M. , Kose U. , Kreslo I. , Lauria A. , Lenkeit J. , Ljubicic A. , Longhin A. , Loverre P. , Malgin A. , Mancini-Terracciano C. , Mandrioli G. , Marteau J. , Matsuo T. , Matveev V. , Mauri N. , Medinaceli E. , Meisel F. W. , Meregaglia A. , Migliozzi P. , Mikado S. , Minotti A. , Monacelli P. , Montesi M. C. , Morishima K. , Muciaccia M. T. , Nakamura M. , Nakano T. , Nakatsuka Y. , Naumov D. , Niwa K. , Ogawa S. , Okateva N. , Olchevsky A. , Omura T. , Ozaki K. , Paoloni A. , Park B. D. , Park I. G. , Pastore A. , Patrizii L. , Pennacchio E. , Pessard H. , Pistillo C. , Podgrudkov D. , Polukhina N. , Pozzato M. , Pretzl K. , Pupilli F. , Rescigno R. , Roda M. , Roganova T. , Rokujo H. , Rosa G. , Rostovtseva I. , Rubbia A. , Russo A. , Ryazhskaya O. , Sato O. , Sato Y. , Schchedrina T. , Schembri A. , Schmidt-Parzefall W. , Shakiryanova I. , Sheshukov A. , Shibuya H. , Shiraishi T. , Shoziyoev G. , Simone S. , Sioli M. , Sirignano C. , Sirri G. , Spinetti M. , Stanco L. , Starkov N. , Stellacci S. M. , Stipcevic M. , Strauss T. , Strolin P. , Suzuki K. , Takahashi S. , Tenti M. , Terranova F. , Tioukov V. , Tolun P. , Tufanli S. , Vilain P. , Vladimirov M. , Votano L. , Vuilleumier J.-L. , Wilquet G. , Wonsak B. , Yoon C. S. , Yoshida J. , Zaitsev Y. , Zemskova S. , Zghiche A.
Published: July 2013

Abstract

A first result of the search forνμ→νeoscillations in the OPERA experiment, located at the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory, is presented. The experiment looked for the appearance ofνein the CNGS neutrino beam using the data collected in 2008 and 2009. Data are compatible with the non-oscillation hypothesis in the three-flavour mixing model. A further analysis of the same data constrains the non-standard oscillation parametersθnewand$ \varDelta m_{\mathrm{new}}^2 $suggested by the LSND and MiniBooNE experiments. For large$ \varDelta m_{\mathrm{new}}^2 $values (>0.1 eV2), the OPERA 90% C.L. upper limit on sin2(2θnew) based on a Bayesian statistical method reaches the value 7.2 × 10−3.
Mother–calf interactions and social behavior development in Commerson’s dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii)
Authors: Sakai Mai , Morisaka Tadamichi , Iwasaki Mari , Yoshida Yayoi , Wakabayashi Ikuo , Seko Atsushi , Kasamatsu Masahiko , Kohshima Shiro
Published: July 2013

Mother–calf interactions and the behaviors of mothers during separation from their calves were examined in four Commerson’s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) mother–calf pairs. Four infants were observed: 56.8 h over 30 days from birth to 263 days of age, 36.9 h over 20 days from birth to 149 days of age, 10.4 h over 3 days from birth to 2 days of age, and 15.0 h over 3 days from birth to 2 days of age. All four pairs shared common characteristics in the rate and frequencies of mother–calf interactions and the behaviors of mothers during the first week of life. After the first week, individual differences in changes in the frequency of each behavior were observed. The three behaviors considered representative of maternal care (parallel swimming, synchronous breathing, and body-to-body contact) were frequently performed in the first week; thereafter, the frequencies declined. Separate behaviors of mothers were infrequent during the first week and increased with an increase in infants’ age. Bumping by infants increased with time, suggesting an increase in soliciting by calves and conflict between mothers and calves. The frequency of flipper-to-body rubbing also changed but in a complex manner, probably because the calves needed to learn how to perform this behavior from their mothers and because initiator and recipient of this behavior can be changed quickly.
Improved Synthesis of Monopalmitin on a Large Scale by Two Enzymatic Methods
Authors: Wang Xiaosan , Xingguo Wang  , Jin Qingzhe , Wang Tong
Published: July 2013

Monoacylglycerols (MAG) are precursors for the synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical triacylglycerols (TAG). In the present study, we improved two methods for synthesizing MAG. One method involved the enzymatic transesterification of vinyl palmitate with glycerol catalyzed by Novozym 435 lipase, and the other method was an enzymatic esterification of 1,2‐acetonide glycerol with palmitic acid catalyzed by Novozym 435 lipase and then the cleavage of 1,2‐acetonide‐3‐palmitoyl glycerol in methanol catalyzed by Amberlyst‐15 to produce monopalmitin. Pure monopalmitin was obtained after repeated crystallization. The main novelties of this study are twofold: Novozym 435 proved to be very effective in catalyzing the transesterification between vinyl palmitate and glycerol without absorbing glycerol onto silica gel; and the enzyme catalyzed reaction between 1,2‐acetonide glycerol and palmitic acid was simpler and safer than the typical method of using 4‐dimethyl aminopyridine and N‐ethyl‐N′‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐carbodiimide hydrochloride as catalysts. Our methods for the synthesis of monopalmitin are much simpler and environmentally friendlier than the reported methods, and they are economical and scalable to larger quantity production.
Are the precapillary sphincters and metarterioles universal components of the microcirculation? An historical review
Authors: Sakai Tatsuo , Hosoyamada Yasue
Published: July 2013

The microcirculation is a major topic in current physiology textbooks and is frequently explained with schematics including the precapillary sphincters and metarterioles. We re-evaluated the validity and applicability of the concepts precapillary sphincters and metarterioles by reviewing the historical context in which they were developed in physiology textbooks. The studies by Zweifach up until the 1950s revealed the unique features of the mesenteric microcirculation, illustrated with impressive schematics of the microcirculation with metarterioles and precapillary sphincters. Fulton, Guyton and other authors introduced or mimicked these schematics in their physiology textbooks as representative of the microcirculation in general. However, morphological and physiological studies have revealed that the microcirculation in the other organs and tissues contains no metarterioles or precapillary sphincters. The metarterioles and precapillary sphincters were not universal components of the microcirculation in general, but unique features of the mesenteric microcirculation.
Membrane bound α‐synuclein is fully embedded in the lipid bilayer while segments with higher flexibility remain
Authors: Wietek Jonas , Haralampiev Ivan , Amoussouvi Aouefa , Herrmann Andreas , Stöckl Martin
Published: July 2013

Cellular pathways involving α‐synuclein (αS) seem to be causative for development of Parkinson's disease. Interactions between αS and lipid membranes appear to be important for the physiological function of the protein and influence the pathological aggregation of αS leading to the formation of amyloid plaques. Upon membrane binding the unstructured αS folds into amphipathic helices. In our work we characterized the penetration depth and probed the local environment of Trp‐residues introduced along the αS sequence. We could show that while the entire helix is well embedded in the lipid bilayer, segments with a shallower penetration and supposable higher flexibility exist.
Structurally conserved and functionally divergent yeast Ssu72 phosphatases
Authors: Rodríguez-Torres Ana M. , Lamas-Maceiras Mónica , García-Díaz Rosa , Freire-Picos María A.
Published: July 2013

The eukaryotic Ssu72 factor is involved in several RNA biogenesis processes. It has phosphatase activity on the carboxy‐terminal domain (CTD) of the major subunit of RNA polymerase II. The Kluyveromyces lactis Ssu72 (KlSsu72) shows in vitro phosphatase activity for the pNPP substrate, and this activity is inhibited by ortho‐vanadate. The expression of KlSsu72 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows defective CTD serine5‐P phosphatase activity and reveals the importance of Ssu72 for the normal CTD serine5‐P levels at two growth states. The divergence is emphasised by the remarkable changes in RNA14 alternative 3′‐end RNA processing, which are independent of the CTD serine5‐P levels.
Quantifying and modelling tissue maturation in the living human fetal brain
Authors: Studholme Colin , Rousseau François
Published: July 2013

Recent advances in medical imaging are beginning to allow us to quantify brain tissue maturation in the growing human brain prior to normal term age, and are beginning to shed new light on early human brain growth. These advances compliment the work already done in cellular level imaging in animal and post mortem studies of brain development. The opportunities for collaborative research that bridges the gap between macroscopic and microscopic windows on the developing brain are significant. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the current research into MR imaging of the living fetal brain with the aim of motivating improved interfaces between the two fields. The review begins with a description of faster MRI techniques that are capable of freezing motion of the fetal head during the acquisition of a slice, and how these have been combined with advanced post‐processing algorithms to build 3D images from motion scattered slices. Such rich data has motivated the development of techniques to automatically label developing tissue zones within MRI data allowing their quantification in 3D and 4D within the normally growing fetal brain. These methods have provided the basis for later work that has created the first maps of tissue growth rate and cortical folding in normally developing brains in‐utero. These measurements provide valuable findings that compliment those derived from post‐mortem anatomy, and additionally allow for the possibility of larger population studies of the influence of maternal environmental and genes on early brain development.
ADO: A disease ontology representing the domain knowledge specific to Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Malhotra Ashutosh , Younesi Erfan , Gündel Michaela , Müller Bernd , Heneka Michael T. , Hofmann‐Apitius Martin
Published: July 2013

Background

Biomedical ontologies offer the capability to structure and represent domain‐specific knowledge semantically. Disease‐specific ontologies can facilitate knowledge exchange across multiple disciplines, and ontology‐driven mining approaches can generate great value for modeling disease mechanisms. However, in the case of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, there is a lack of formal representation of the relevant knowledge domain.

Methods

Alzheimer's disease ontology (ADO) is constructed in accordance to the ontology building life cycle. The Protégé OWL editor was used as a tool for building ADO in Ontology Web Language format.

Results

ADO was developed with the purpose of containing information relevant to four main biological views—preclinical, clinical, etiological, and molecular/cellular mechanisms—and was enriched by adding synonyms and references. Validation of the lexicalized ontology by means of named entity recognition‐based methods showed a satisfactory performance (F score = 72%). In addition to structural and functional evaluation, a clinical expert in the field performed a manual evaluation and curation of ADO. Through integration of ADO into an information retrieval environment, we show that the ontology supports semantic search in scientific text. The usefulness of ADO is authenticated by dedicated use case scenarios.

Conclusions

Development of ADO as an open ADO is a first attempt to organize information related to Alzheimer's disease in a formalized, structured manner. We demonstrate that ADO is able to capture both established and scattered knowledge existing in scientific text.
The Price Premium for Organic Wines: Estimating a Hedonic Farm-Gate Price Equation
Authors: Corsi Alessandro , Strøm Steinar
Published: July 2013

Organic wines are increasingly produced and appreciated. Because organic production is more costly, a crucial question is whether they benefit from a price premium. We estimate hedonic price functions for Piedmont organic and conventional wines. We use data on the production side in addition to variables of interest to consumers. Our results show that, along with characteristics of interest to consumers, some farm and producer characteristics not directly relevant for consumers do significantly affect wine prices. We find that organic wine tends to obtain higher prices than conventional wine. The price premium is not simply an addition to other price components; organic quality modifies the impact of the other variables on price. (JEL Classification: C21, D49, L11, Q12)
The Semblance of Democratic Revolution: Coalitions in Ukraine's Orange Revolution
Authors: BEISSINGER MARK R.
Published: July 2013

Using two unusual surveys, this study analyzes participation in the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine, comparing participants with revolution supporters, opponents, counter-revolutionaries, and the apathetic/inactive. As the analysis shows, most revolutionaries were weakly committed to the revolution's democratic master narrative, and the revolution's spectacular mobilizational success was largely due to its mobilization of cultural cleavages and symbolic capital to construct a negative coalition across diverse policy groupings. A contrast is drawn between urban civic revolutions like the Orange Revolution and protracted peasant revolutions. The strategies associated with these revolutionary models affect the roles of revolutionary organization and selective incentives and the character of revolutionary coalitions. As the comparison suggests, postrevolutionary instability may be built into urban civic revolutions due to their reliance on a rapidly convened negative coalition of hundreds of thousands, distinguished by fractured elites, lack of consensus over fundamental policy issues, and weak commitment to democratic ends.
Field and petrographical insight into the formation of orbicular granitoids from the Bonney Pluton, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica
Authors: SMILLIE ROBERT W. , TURNBULL ROSE E.
Published: July 2013

The diversity of orbicule types exposed within granitoids of the Bonney Pluton in southern Victoria Land attests to the dynamic and complex interplay of magmatic processes that were responsible for their formation. Orbicules formed in small pockets of H2O-rich silicate melt that was extracted from the crystallizing and fractionating Bonney Pluton magma and concentrated along the pluton margins. These pockets of melt experienced a superheating event that destroyed almost all pre-existing nuclei and a subsequent delay in crystallization, which led to undercooling conditions that promoted rapid dendritic crystal growth. Superheating was induced by the injection of hot mafic magmas, evidenced by elevated plagioclase XAn, and Mg-Al-Ti-contents in hornblende that point to a higher temperature and a more mafic composition in the melt that the orbicule shells crystallized from. Variation in the type and structure of orbicules (hornblende-rich versus plagioclase-rich shells) were likely due to repeated changes in the composition, H2O-content, temperature and PH2O at the crystallizing orbicule boundary layer in response to pulses in the movement of magma, competition between crystallizing phases, episodic vesiculation, degassing and/or second boiling which dictated the composition, texture and size of individual orbicule shells. Brittle fragmentation of orbicules occurred in response to vesiculation and fragmented orbicules are often found as cores within intact orbicules, indicating that multiple phases of orbicule formation were common. The alignment and compaction of orbicules in ‘pods’ indicates movement of orbicules within the melt-rich pockets occurred, prior to resumption of near-equilibrium crystallization in the host granite.
Rambles in Mauretania Caesariensis
Authors: Weech W. N.
Published: July 2013

The visitor to Algiers who is interested in Roman archaeology naturally and rightly thinks first of Timgad and Lambèse. If he takes train to Setif, spends a night at Djemila, motors across country to Batna, and, after visiting the famous camp and the even more famous town, returns through Constantine, he should have enriched his knowledge of the Roman Empire appreciably. But time and money may preclude such a tour as this. It is pleasant to realize that, even within a comparatively restricted circle, there is a great deal worth seeing.
The Tradition of Socrates
Authors: Tarrant Dorothy
Published: July 2013

No other personality of the ancient Greek world proved so interesting to his own and to later generations as that of Socrates. Plato and Xenophon, both closely associated with him in his later years, made their first-hand portraits soon after his death. Xenophon's is a plain outline devised to bring out Socrates' moral character and his social and political views; it gives us many sayings but little of picturesque detail. Plato's representation is infinitely more rich and varied, drawn with fuller insight into a many-sided character, and enhanced by his own marvellous dramatic gift. From the point of view of precise truth Plato has no doubt given us too much. The problem of ‘the historical Socrates’ is ever with us; and while discussion centres chiefly on the philosophical doctrines which he expresses in the dialogues, and the question whether they (taken severally or as a whole) were actually conceived by him or by Plato, the same misgiving necessarily arises about the purely personal behaviour and sayings which Plato attaches to his hero. If we attempt to correct Xenophon and Plato, so to speak, by each other, and to arrive between them at a simpler composite picture, we may well be reminded that each observer of a great man has his own angle of vision, and sees as true for him what he is best able to see. Each kind of portrait has its own truth and its own value. It is probable that we shall all continue to find mainly what we seek, and that no one will now succeed in getting behind Xenophon and Plato.
The Roman Wall
Authors: Bridge J. J. R.
Published: July 2013

In the first number of Greece and Rome Mr. Symonds reminded us that the bearing of art and archaeology on literature can be studied by visits to sites and museums, and suggested that ‘even a holiday expedition to the Roman Wall is not beyond the bounds of ambition’. Indeed, once Newcastle or Carlisle is reached the motor-car has made a trip to the Wall a simple matter. A cursory visit starting from Newcastle takes but a few hours. A twenty-mile drive over the West Turnpike, Wade's Road as it is popularly called, along the line of the Wall with the earthworks visible for most of the way and a fragment of the Wall itself to be seen not far from the city boundary, brings us to Chesters. Here is the camp, or more properly fort, of Cilurnum, the fort baths, the bridge abutment, and the museum. After Chesters we travel a further ten miles. A substantial length of the Wall is soon seen on the right, while the earthworks line both sides of the road for most of the way, and at Limestone Bank are cut through solid rock. Then with less than half a mile's walk across the fields we come to Housesteads. Here we can see the fort of Borcovicium (or Borcovicus), and then walk a few hundred yards to the west to see a milecastle and get the well-known view of the Wall at Cuddy's Crag. If the start is from Carlisle the mileage is more, Housesteads being about half-way to Newcastle but Chesters ten miles farther east. If we come from the south by road we may leave the North Road at Durham and travelling by Lanchester, Consett, and Corbridge (Corstopitum), join the West Turnpike at Portgate where the Roman Road of the first of the Antonine Itineraries passed through the Wall on its way to the Cheviots and Scotland: or we may turn off earlier and make for Teesdale and Alston, to join the West Turnpike three miles north of Haltwhistle.
Lucan's Pharsalia
Authors: Bond R. Warwick
Published: July 2013

Lucan, fine poet though he be, is yet one of the most faulty and incalculable of the whole recalcitrant tribe. At the very outset we are surprised by a monstrously fulsome dedication to Nero of a work apparently devoted to a vilification of the man on whose amazing career Nero's empire is founded. Satire being quite out of the question, we must suppose that, despite his republican sympathies, Lucan, recalled as Suetonius says from Athens and received with marked favours, felt some acknowledgement required. At the worst we may regard it as a prudent step to forestall any treacherous slave-copyist, or delator who might have heard a partial recitation; and after Seneca's disgrace in 62, in which year the separate publication of books i–iii indicated by Vacca may have occurred, caution would be still more needful. To the same precaution it may be due that, in the poem proper, anti-Caesarian bias is not immediately apparent. The initial attitude seems impartial: general causes are mentioned; we get the plain statement:

Quis iustius induit arma, Scire nefas; magno se iudice quisque tuetur: Victrix causa deis placuit, sed victa Catoni;

and even some hesitation by Caesar himself, who, at the Rubicon, confronted by the Genius of Rome, exhibits terrors equal to any recorded of pious Aeneas; though after this he is consistently resolute, and is soon credited with a savage desire for bloodshed2 quite inconsistent with his reported actions and with history.
Poetic Imagery in Homer and Virgil
Authors: Ashley A. M.
Published: July 2013

It is the special function of the poet to create beauty. Loveliness may appear in many thousand forms, but among these one of the most satisfying is the ‘pen-picture’, the Homeric or Virgilian simile, complete and perfect in three or four lines. Pope speaks of

‘The Simile that solitary shines

In the dry desert of a thousand lines.’
Archaeologica Quaedam
Authors: Pendlebury J. D. S.
Published: July 2013

The excellent article by Professor Droop in the May number of Greece and Rome leaves little to add. There are, however, one or two points on which it seems to me necessary to enlarge and perhaps to join issue.
Greek Inscriptions
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: July 2013

The systematic excavation of the Outer Ceramicus, carried on in a series of campaigns under the direction of Dr. Alfred Brueckner, has thrown valuable light upon one of the most interesting portions of ancient Athens. There, lining the road which led from the Dipylon Gate to the Academy, lay the tombs of those who had given their lives in battle for Athens or had rendered to her some other signal service. Pausanias the traveller passed along that road, and he has left us a brief catalogue, interspersed with historical comments, of some of the monuments which flanked it (i. 29.3–16). Here were buried not only statesmen such as Cleisthenes, Ephialtes, and Pericles, public financiers such as Eubulus and Lycurgus, generals and admirals such as Phormio, Thrasybulus, Conon, Timotheus, and Chabrias, but also outstanding figures in the realm of thought and of art—Zeno, the founder, Chrysippus, the reorganizer, of the Stoic School, and Nicias, the foremost figure-painter of his day. Of the more striking achievements of the Hellenic world only literature and sculpture are unrepresented in Pausanias’ list.
Direct Method Under the Stuarts
Authors: Williams B. H. Garnons
Published: July 2013

It is good for the schoolmaster who considers himself up-to-date to research occasionally among old school-books, and to discover how many of his ‘modern’ ideas are not modern at all; and a few evenings spent in the library of an old country house may be an enlightening and humbling experience. The pioneer will find that he is just an antiquary, the innovator that he is a reactionary. But if he can stomach the blow to his pride, he may find himself amused as well as enlightened, though the source of amusement will vary with the type of book. An eighteenth-century Greek Grammar will rely for its entertainment on the drawings and manuscript glosses of the pupil; but pleasure less crude is afforded by such a book as Familiarium Colloquiorum Libellus Graece et Latine, which was published in London in the year 1667, autore Johanne Posselio.