bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity by Intravitreal Injection of Bevacizumab
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Ismail , Khan Kamrul Hasan , Sultana Jesmin , Hasan Zulfikar , Hossain Billal , Kadir Syeed Mehbub Ul
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Retinopathy of prematurity is a vasoproliferative disease of the developing retina that is a significant cause of paediatric morbidity and blindness worldwide. Although management by early treatment ROP (ETROP) criteria has led the way to improving the outcomes of treatment-requiring posterior (zone 1) ROP, the failure rate continues to be significant for aggressive disease. Managing a premature infant with ROP is a significant challenge to ophthalmologists and associated physicians. However, increasingly younger and lower birth-weight infants can survive with advances in neonatal care. 
Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of intravitreal injection of Bevacizumab on regression of retinal neovascularization in stage III, Zone 1, 2 retinopathy of prematurity and aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity.
Methods: Intravitreal Injection of Bevacizumab (0.625mg/0.025mL) was performed on 34 eyes of 17 newborns with stage III, Zone 1, 2 retinopathy of prematurity and aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity. The changes in retinal neovascularization were assessed by frequent fundoscopy.
Results: Retinopathy of prematurity regressed in all the eyes treated. The retinal vascularization proceeded beyond the demarcation line. Four eyes of 2 patients needed repeat injections. One eye needed an additional laser. There was no injection-related complication observed.
Conclusion: Intravitreal injection of Bevacizumab can be considered an effective modality in treating Retinopathy of Prematurity. It is recommended to perform more studies to assess its long-term effect on the body's vascular system.
JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 18, No 2 (December) 2022: 24-27
Psychological Impact of COVID Pandemic among the Armed Forces Healthcare Workers
Authors: Rahman Sheikh Sujaur , Islam Md Azizul , Munir Umar Rashed , Khan AKM Johirul Hossain
Published: August 2023

Introduction: The 2019 novel corona virus (COVID-19) pandemic is an international public health emergency unprecedented in modern history. Hospitals had to rapidly reconﬁgure clinical spaces and restructure clinical teams to address the surge of patients with COVID-19. The unique situation might have psychological impact such as stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, insomnia, denial and fear among the military health care workers.
Objective: To assess the psychological impact of COVID-19 on army healthcare workers at the designated COVID Hospital in Sylhet cantonment.
Methods: A total of 160 participants were selected using convenience sampling from 01 May 2020 to 31 August 2020. The psychological impact was assessed by Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) adopted from Horowitz 1979. The 22-item scale comprised of 3 subscales representative of the major symptom clusters of post-traumatic stress: intrusion, avoidance and hyper-arousal. Stress for job, financial issue, home and feeling horrified or helpless due to the COVID-19 were also assessed.
Results: Majority (46.3%) of the participants were revealed with mild psychological impact. Moderate and severe impact was found among 18.8% and 7.5% respondents respectively. Mean stress (0-88) was observed as 27.79±6.94. Mean intrusion (27.21±10.924) and Hyper-arousal (19.57±8.130) depicted mild to moderate but Avoidance (34.53±11.072) revealed relatively high level of stress. Majority were not at all stressed for financial issue (49.4%) or for their job (46.3%). But stress for family (20%), feeling horrified (31.9%) and helpless (31.9%) was moderate.
Conclusion: The study observed mild to moderate psychological impact among the respondents. A considerable proportion was found to have severe psychological impact which demands appropriate intervention.
JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 18, No 2 (December) 2022: 35-39
Study of Risk Factors and Foeto-maternal Outcome of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Chisty Shahnur , Alam Rifat Binte
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication with complex disease mechanism. Several risk factors may contribute to its onset. Based on recent evidence up-to 15% of all pregnancies may be affected by GDM. Untreated GDM is a severe threat to maternal and neonatal health 
Objectives: To determine the risk factors and foeto- maternal outcome of GDM.
Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on patients who were admitted in Obstetrics & Gynaecology department of CMH, Bogura from June 2020 to May 2021 with the diagnosis of GDM. Data were collected from the patients as well as from the antenatal records in a preformed questionnaire and risk factors and outcomes measured.
Results: A total of 679 patients were admitted during the period of 1 year from June 2020 to May 2021. Among them 50 patients were admitted with GDM. The prevalence of GDM was 7.36%. GDM risks were higher in women aged between 25-29 years and in those with maternal overweight and obesity (58%). Newborns of GDM mother had an increased risk of hypoglycemia (10%), macrosomia (20%), respiratory distress syndrome (8 %) and 42% required NICU admission. Most of the patients (92%) needed cesarean section.
Conclusion: Pre-pregnancy BMI and family history of diabetes in first degree relatives and high parity were the predominant risk factor of GDM in this study. GDM patients are of increase risk of delivery by cesarean section, preterm birth, Newborns of GDM mother are at risk of RDS (Respiratory distress syndrome), macrosomia and neonatal hypoglycemia.
JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 18, No 2 (December) 2022: 46-50
Claude’s Syndrome: A Case Report of Rare Midbrain Syndrome from Bangladesh
Authors: Huq Muhammad Rezeul , Kabir Humayun , Chowdhury Md Ismail , Rumi Md Forhad , Anwar Mahin Binte
Published: August 2023

Claude's syndrome is a rare brainstem syndrome with ipsilateral third nerve palsy and contralateral ataxia. Here we present a case of a 60-year-old male with Claude's syndrome due to cerebral infarct. The patient had left-sided pupil sparing third nerve palsy with right-sided ataxia. MRI of the brain revealed infarct in the left half of the tegmentum of the midbrain. MRA of the brain was unremarkable. The patient improved gradually and was almost asymptomatic after one month. Though the syndrome was first described a century ago, it warrants particular attention from clinicians due to its rarity and atypical features.
JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 18, No 2 (December) 2022: 72-74
A Conceptual System on Ubiquitous Cardiovascular Health-Care System (UCHS)
Authors: Saeed Soobia
Published: August 2023

In a cardio center, heart-care monitoring system,it is essential to continually monitor the patient's physiologicalparameters such as heart patient parameters like heart rate andblood pressure to control their health conditions on an immediatebasis. In this research work, a Ubiquitous CardiovascularHealth-Care System (UCHS) model is proposed that focuses thecollaboration and mobility features in the proportion of workinginside and outside of the hospital to interact with each other. Theresearch study presents a model of a wearable UCHS, using anElectrocardiogram (ECG) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) sensors.The model suggests an uninterruptible healthcare system basedon the ubiquitous wearable system being used to control cardiacissues to access, updated patient medical records anytime andanywhere. The physiological measurements of ECG data andother body activities data are transmitted for remote monitoringto the doctor's ubiquitous wearable device through the basestation, based on the ad-hoc network using IEEE 802.15.4 and tohospital main-server.
MİLLİ MÜCADELE DÖNEMİNDE VAN VİLAYETİNDE AŞİRETLER
Authors: AKŞAHİN Kubilay
Published: August 2023

Kadim bir geçmişe sahip olan Van bölgesi, bulunduğu stratejik konumundan ötürü büyük devletlerin mücadele ettiği bir saha olmuştur. Osmanlı Devlet’nin son dönemlerinde Van Vilayeti, Türklerin, Kürtlerin, Nasturilerin ve Ermenilerin yoğun bir şekilde yaşadığı kozmopolit bir yer olmuştur. Bu sebeple İngiltere ve Rusya gibi büyük devletler Osmanlı Devleti’ni parçalamak için Ermenileri kullanmaya başlamışlardır. Ermenilerin zararlı faaliyetlere yönlendirilmesi Van bölgesinde büyük karışıklara yol açmış ve Müslüman halk ile Ermeniler arasında kanlı çatışmalar yaşanmıştır. 1914’de I. Dünya Savaşı’nın başlamasıyla Rusya destekli Ermeniler tekrar faaliyete geçerek isyan etmişlerdir. İsyan sonucunda Van, Ermenilerin yardımıyla Rusların eline geçmiştir. 1917’de Rusya’da Bolşevik İhtilalinin yaşanması Rus ordusunun savaştan çekilmesine vesile olmuş ve bu durum Doğu Anadolu’nun Rus işgalinden kurtulmasını sağlamıştır. Ancak Osmanlı Devleti diğer cephelerde yaşadığı ağır kayıplardan dolayı 30 Ekim 1918 Mondros Mütarekesini imzalayarak I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan çekilmiştir. Mütareke sonrasında Anadolu’nun birçok şehir ve kasabaları İtilaf Devletleri tarafından işgal edilmeye başlanmıştır. Yaşanan işgaller Anadolu’nun birçok yerinde tepkiye yol açmış ve ulusal kurtuluş mücadelesinin başlamasına zemin hazırlamıştır. M. Kemal Paşa öncülüğünde Milli Mücadele başlatılmış ve Ankara’da TBMM’nin açılmasıyla ulusal kurtuluş mücadelesi bütün hızıyla devam etmiştir. Bu süreçte Van bölgesi, İtilaf Devletlerince Ermenilere verilmek istenmiş ancak bölgedeki Kürt aşiretleri bu duruma tepki göstermişlerdir. Ayrıca Van’daki aşiret reisleri işgallere, Sevr Antlaşmasına ve bağımsız Kürt devleti kurmak isteyen Şerif Paşa’ya sert tepki göstermişlerdir. Tepkiler zaman zaman Van şehrinde büyük protesto mitinglerine dönüşmüştür. Aşiretlerin devlete bağlılığının güçlü olmasında dönemin valisi Haydar Bey’in faaliyetleri çok belirleyici olmuştur. Vali Haydar Bey Kürt aşiretleriyle sürekli temas halinde olmuş ve aşiretleri başarılı bir şekilde kazanmıştır. İngilizler aşiretlerin TBMM’ye bağlılıklarını kırmak amacıyla faaliyetlerini bütün şiddetiyle sürdürse de aşiretlerin kararlı tutumu ve TBMM’nın aldığı tedbirler sayesinde sonuçsuz kalmıştır.
Exploring the diversity of microeukaryotic communities in New England tide pools
Authors: Grow AK , Sleith RS , Sehein TR , Labare M , Katz LA
Published: August 2023

Though historically understudied, due in large part to most species being uncultivable, microbial eukaryotes (i.e. protists) are abundant and widespread across diverse habitats. Recent advances in molecular techniques, including metabarcoding, allow for the characterization of poorly known protist lineages. This study surveys the diversity of SAR (Stramenopila, Alveolata, and Rhizaria), a major eukaryotic clade that is estimated to represent about half of all eukaryotic diversity. SAR lineages use varied metabolic strategies like mixotrophy in dinoflagellates (Alveolata), parasitism in apicomplexans (Alveolata) and labyrinthulids (Stramenopila), and life cycle stages that include encystment and attachment (e.g. in ciliates, Alveolata) to survive in highly dynamic habitats. Using metabarcoding primers designed specifically to target a portion of the 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA) gene of SAR lineages, we compare protist community composition from tide pools in Acadia National Park, Maine, USA. We characterize over 500 lineages, here operational taxonomic units (OTUs), many of which are found abundant in the tide pool environment. We also find that communities vary by month sampled and exhibit patterns by size (i.e. macro-, micro-, and nano-sized). Taken together, these data allow us to further catalog protist diversity in extreme environments (e.g. those subject to extreme fluctuations in temperature and salinity during tidal cycles). Such data are critical in the explorations of biodiversity patterns among microorganisms on our rapidly changing planet.
Migration timing affects the foraging ecology of Fraser River sockeye salmon stocks in coastal waters of British Columbia, Canada
Authors: James SE , Pakhomov EA , Johnson BT , Hunt BPV
Published: August 2023

Coastal migrations of juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. have evolved to take advantage of optimal ocean foraging conditions and maximize early marine growth and survival. The growth and survival of salmon during the early marine period is affected by both the diversity of encountered coastal habitats, with varying productivity and plankton phenology, and stock-specific migration timings that determine the match-mismatch with their prey. In 2015 and 2016, we investigated temporal and spatial patterns in environmental conditions and zooplankton prey as well as diets and stock composition of juvenile Fraser River sockeye O. nerka during their outmigration through the tidally mixed Discovery Islands and Johnstone Strait in British Columbia (Canada). Three groups of sockeye diet profiles reflected variations in environmental conditions and prey communities. First, in the Discovery Islands, earlier migrating stocks primarily encountered and foraged on small, energy-poor zooplankton prey (barnacles and cladocerans). Second, later migrating stocks foraged mainly on larger, more energy-rich copepod and larvacean prey. And third, in the highly mixed waters of Johnstone Strait, large energy-rich calanoid copepods dominated diets irrespective of migration timing and year. Foraging success was typically low throughout the areas sampled and across the migration period, which may amplify the importance of prey nutritional quality. Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for spatial and temporal differences in foraging environments for migrating species such as juvenile salmon. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the timing of stock migration affects the foraging conditions experienced.
The right to peace: a question of genesis
Authors: Bohinich Oleg
Published: August 2023

The extraordinary events related to the Russian Federation conducting a so-called «special operation» on the territory of Ukraine demonstrated the weakness of international mechanisms for the protection and maintenance of peace, the disregard of the peoples' right to peace. The latter right, despite numerous declarations adopted by the United Nations for its protection (more than six), has been repeatedly violated by individual states, including members of the Security Council, over the past decades. This indicates insufficient attention on the part of the scientific community to the issues of ensuring the right to peace, the lack of verified scientific proposals to improve the situation in this area, which cannot be fully done without a retrospective analysis of the genesis of this right.

The purpose of the study is to identify the metaphysical foundations of the antipode of the right to peace – the right to war and to study the genesis of the right to peace in historical retrospect.

Research methods are historical-legal, phenomenological, anthropological. As a result of the use of the mentioned methods, it was established that the law of war is a projection of the law of force, which is interpreted as the presence of advantages in a certain category of persons – from individual individuals to their associations. With the development of civilization, the legality of the law of war began to be limited by the emergence of the right of nations to peace, which took shape in the writings of individual scientists.

Among the latter are Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, the Dutch scientist Erasmus of Rotterdam, the English pacifist William Penn, the French abbot Charles de Saint-Pierre, and the German philosopher Emmanuel Kant. Most of them in their works professed not only the ideology of peace, but also proposed specific mechanisms that should be involved in order to achieve this goal. The main means, from their point of view, were the presence of a republican form of government and treaties concluded between states that form the newly created international law. In addition, it was proposed to create international organizations that will take care of issues of maintaining peace and preventing conflicts between states. Examples of the creation of such organizations were the League of Nations and the United Nations, which replaced the first.

As can be seen from the above, humanity is tired of living in the conditions of wars from which it suffers, it has earned its right to peace through its history, and the main condition for coexistence between peoples is recognized as the necessity of their relationship to each other as a good neighbor. It is clear that there can be no military conflicts between good neighbors, that all disputes must be resolved on the basis of equality and respect for each other, regardless of the size of the territories and population.

Key words: the right to peace, the right to war, the right to force, international mechanisms for the protection of the right to peace.
State sovereignty of the USSR in 1919–1920
Authors: Muzyka Iryna
Published: August 2023

State sovereignty of the USSR was controversial in its content. De jure – in accordance with international treaties, the constitution of 1919 and the Union Workers’and Peasants’ Treaty between the RSFSR and the USSR of December 28, 1920 – the inviolability of the sovereignty of the Ukrainian SSR, which was recognized as a subject of international law based on the implementation of Ukrainian law, was proclaimed and established people [the proletariat and the poorer peasantry] for self-determination. De facto – the sovereignty of the USSR in the political and legal concepts of the RCP(b) and the CP(b)U was interpreted mainly as the formal independence of the subject of the federation for a transitional period before the establishment of a single proletarian state on the territory of the former Russian Empire. The recognition of the inviolability of state sovereignty and the legitimization of the international legal personality of the USSR were determined by the desire of the Communist Party leadership to use the independence of the USSR in its foreign policy interests.

The real ability to exercise supreme power, i.e., the scope of sovereign rights, in the USSR in 1919–1920 was actually determined by the governing subject in the hierarchical structure of power. Such a governing entity was the party leadership – the Central Committee of the RCP(b) and the Central Committee of the CP(b)U. The highest bodies of state power and the Council of Workers’, Peasants’ and Red Army Deputies could not independently realize the sovereign rights of the state. They had no real power influence, resources (and often political will) and authority to make powerful decisions in the foreign and domestic political spheres, since all vital issues were decided by the party leadership – the Central Committee of the RCP(b) and the Central Committee of the CP(b)U. Sovereignty of the Ukrainian SSR in 1919–1920 implemented accordingly to the will of that political and legal concept of the core bodies of the ruling communist party and had declarative character.

Key words: Ukraine, history of law, sovereignty, sovereign rights of the state, legal construction of sovereignty, Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, legitimacy of sovereignty of the USSR.
The main directions of the digitalization of justice in the context of providing the constitutional right of a person to judicial protection
Authors: Yuschenko Olexiy
Published: August 2023

The article highlights the main directions of the digitalization of justice in the context of providing the constitutional right of a person to judicial protection, examines the main types of digital systems in justice, analyses each of these systems and provides for their further improvement and implementation. Special attention is paid by the author of Artificial Intelligence.

The author identifies four main types of digital systems in justice: 1) digital systems for ensuring interaction between the court and the participants in the case; 2) digital systems for holding court sessions online; 3) digital systems for information analysis and generation of draft court decisions and other documents; 4) digital justice delivery systems.

Based on the conducted research, the author concludes that the main directions of further digitization of the judiciary should be:

ensuring a full exchange of electronic documents between the parties to the caseusing the «Digital Court” system;
implementation of artificial intelligence systems in the process of justice, aimed at helping judges and employees of court apparatuses, as well as providing legal assistance to persons who intend to go to court;
as for artificial intelligence systems that will decide court cases without the involvement of a judge, the author considers it expedient to introduce in some courts a pilot project on the application of AI systems with the mandatory consent of the partiesin solving “typical cases” that are considered in the first instance without the participation of the parties and in respect of which there is an established judicial practice.
The further development of digital systems in the judiciary will contribute to increasing the level of implementation of the constitutional right of citizens to judicial protection due to improved access to the court, as well as reducing the burden on judges.

Key words: digitalization of justice; the main directions of the digitalization ofjustice; a constitutional right of a person to judicial protection, digital judge,digitalization of justice systems, digitalization of court proceedings.
Some organizational and legal matters of tax audits under martial law in Ukraine
Authors: Isaeva Nataliya
Published: August 2023

The article points out that Ukraine's legislation provides for the right of the taxpayer to be present at tax audits and to provide explanations on the issues raised during such inspections, to require the tax authorities to carry out audits with information and facts that may testify in favour of the taxpayer.

At the same time, the application of these rights under the conditions of martial law may be problematic or impossible, even in cases where the taxpayer is not in the temporarily occupied territories but is considered an internally displaced person, does not have access to the relevant documents confirming the legality of his actions, business operations, relevant calculations, etc.

The above also applies to the fulfilment of the taxpayer's obligations stipulated by the Tax Code of Ukraine regarding the accounting of income and expenses, the calculation of taxes and fees, their payment within the established terms, as well as the submission of declarations and reports.

The article notes that when considering the specificities of tax control, which is part of State financial control, it is necessary to take into account the specificities of such a control subject, which is the taxpayer.

The taxpayer, as a subject of control, is a natural person, which determines certain features of the organization and implementation of his individual control by tax authorities. This especially applies to the implementation of such control in the conditions of martial law. Therefore, in our opinion, solving the issue of conducting a tax audit, which sets out the appropriate conditions for its implementation, should be approached individually in each individual case. We are talking about self-employed persons, individual entrepreneurs, etc.

In regulatory legal acts it is necessary to provide not only for the consideration of force majeure circumstances related to martial law and military operations, as well as a broader list of reasons for postponement of the audit dates, carrying out the auditonly in the presence of the tax payer or the authorized person.

Key words: tax legislation, tax control, tax audits, tax liability, rights of tax payers,martial law, powers of tax authorities.
International crimes in the conditions of war in Ukraine: problems of justice and criminal justice
Authors: Kvasha Oksana , Rasim Babanly
Published: August 2023

Introduction. Ukraine's victory in the on going war against Russia depends, among other things, on the mobilization of the entire domestic criminal justice system for effective investigation and prosecution of those guilty of crimes against the Ukrainian people.

Russia's aggression in Europe did not begin in 2022 with a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, and not even in 2014 with the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the occupation of part of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, but in 2008,when military operations were launched in Georgia. Unfortunately, neither in 2008 nor in 2014 did the international security system and the world react properly and mobilize efforts to prevent a full-scale war in the heart of Europe, a war with signs of genocide, terrorism and barbarism, the death of thousands of civilians, the destruction of critical infrastructure European state.

The aim of the article is to determine the state of response to Russia's armed aggression by national and international legal means.

Conclusions. Mechanisms for the administration of justice in connection with the commission of crimes currently exist at the national and international levels. The latter, in turn, has two directions: one of them is at the stage of collecting materials, recording and investigating war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide; the second – in its infancy – at the stage of finding a concept and its further implementation regarding the creation of an international tribunal on the crime of aggression. It is necessary to find mechanisms to bring the representatives of the aggressor state and accomplice states (the Republic of Belarus, Iran) to justice.

Since, in general, the entire Ukrainian society is a collective victim of the crime of aggression on the part of Russia, international institutions should be involved in order to carry out fair justice both for the leadership of the aggressor state, accomplice states (aiders), and every military person who committed crimes in Ukraine.

Key words: international justice, international crime, aggression, internationaltribunal, fair justice, war crime, court, genocide, national security, state security,collective victim, International Criminal Court, crimes against humanity, complicity, self-defense.
Criminological portrait of a collaborator’s personality
Authors: Medytskyi Ihor
Published: August 2023

The article is devoted to the construction of a criminological portrait of a collaborator’s personality by studying socio-demographic, moral, psychological and criminal law features. In the course of the analysis of the socio-demographic characteristics of a collaborator, it is established that criminal activity in the field of voluntary cooperation with the aggressor State is mostly characteristic of men. A high educational level of criminals was noted: persons with higher and professional higher education account for 40.1% of all convicts. Most of them are able-bodied but not involved in labor activity (46.7%) or pensioners (13.8%). In the context of moral and psychological characteristics, collaborators are characterized by anti-national ideological and political preferences, rejection of the legitimate Ukrainian government and approval of the aggressor country’s policies. The analysis of criminal law features revealed that collaborators are characterized by the individual nature of their unlawful behavior (96%). The vast majority of convicted persons have not been previously prosecuted or are considered to have no criminal record (94%). An analysis of the previous convictions of persons convicted of collaboration shows that they mostly committed crimes of mercenary and mercenary-violent nature. In the context of the effectiveness of punishment for collaboration, the author focuses on the short comings of the design of sanctions and the practice of their imposition. The data obtained made it possible to form a criminological portrait of the collaborator’s personality – mainly a male person, aged 29 to 54 years, with a sufficiently high degree of education; ablebodied, but not involved in labor activity or retired; shares anti-national ideological and political preferences, rejection of the legitimate Ukrainian government and approval of the aggressor country’s policy; is not convicted and realizes the individual nature of illegal behavior.

Key words: collaboration activity, personality of the off ender, criminological portrait, socio-demographic characteristics, moral and psychological characteristics, criminal and legal characteristics.
The essence of the concept of violence in the theory of criminal law of Ukraine
Authors: Kvasha Roman
Published: August 2023

Introduction. The problem of violence is traditionally one of the most relevant in domestic criminal law science. It is primarily about the problem of defining the meaning of the concept of "violence", the specifics of physical and mental (psychological) violence as objective signs of the components of violent crimes. Regarding physical violence, there are no terminological discussions in domestic legal science, in contrastto mental/psychological violence. It should be noted that both in the normative legalacts of Ukraine and in jurisprudence, both concepts of "mental violence" and"psychological violence" are found equally, so for the purposes of this article, we willuse both concepts. Violence is one of the most dangerous elements of violation of human rights, the provision of which in any legal social state is a priority direction of state policy.

The aim of the article is to determine the essence of the concept of violence in the theory of criminal law of Ukraine.

Conclusions. from the standpoint of social naturalism and a normative approach to a broad interpretation of the concept of violence, it is proposed to understand violence as both a physical and a psychological impact on the victim. The opposite approach, according to which violence is identified exclusively with physical impact on another person, is based on positivism and does not take into account the dualistic nature of this phenomenon. The main types of violence are physical and psychological. Objective and subjective signs of violence are singled out: this is illegal behavior that manifests itself in the external environment and is expressed in specific conscious acts of human activity; targeting another person's body; the presence of a specific addressee (the victim - in the case of direct violence, or his relatives - in the case of indirect violence); can take place both against and against the will of another person (victim);the intentional character of the person's behavior; the ability to influence the unconscious and cause physical, moral, property damage to another person; the presence of a goal to cause harm to another person of a certain nature.

Key words: violence, aggression, physical violence, psychological violence,economic violence, sexual violence, mobbing, bullying, coercion, harm, influence, responsibility, inviolability, types of violence.
Political and Legal Implications of the Use of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Olena Olena
Published: August 2023

Increasingly, applications with AI elements are being used not only in the technical field, to improve the efficiency of services provided by the private and public sectors,but also to make decisions that directly affect the lives of citizens. However, like any technological solution, AI has both positive and negative results, which are only beginning to be understood by social scientists.

The purpose of the article is to identify the political and legal consequences of AI application and to analyze the legal mechanisms for ensuring its safe use based on the experience of foreign countries.

As AI systems prove to be increasingly useful in the real world, they expand their scope of application, which leads to an increase in the risks of abuse. The consequences of losing effective control over them are of growing concern. Automated decision making can lead to distorted results that repeat and reinforce existing biases. There is an aura of neutrality and impartiality associated with AI decision-making, resulting in these systems being accepted as objective, even though they may be the result of biased historical decisions or even outright discrimination. Without transparency about the data or the AI algorithms that interpret it, the public may be left in the dark about how decisions that have a significant impact on their lives are made.

Awareness of the dangers of uncontrolled AI use has led a number of countries to seek legal instruments to minimize the negative consequences of its use. The European Union is the closest to introducing basic standards for AI regulation. A draft of Artificial Intelligence Act was published in 2021 and classifies the risks of using AI intofour categories: unacceptable, high-risk, limited, and minimal. Once adopted, the AI Act will be the first horizontal legislative act in the EU to regulate AI systems, introducing rules for the safe and secure placement of AI-enabled products on the EU market. Taking into account the European experience and Ukrainian specifics in domestic legislation on the use of digital technologies should facilitate both adaptation to the European legal space and promote the development of the technology sector in the country.

Key words: artifi cial intelligence, algorithms, discrimination, disinformation, democracy.
Constitutional and legal problems of the functioning of the business ombudsman service: domestic and foreign experience
Authors: Babiy Roman
Published: August 2023

The article examines the current constitutional and legal problems of the formation and implementation of business ombudsmen’s activities in Ukraine in the context of foreign experience. The role and importance of business-ombudsmen in the mechanism of protection of the right to engage in entrepreneurial activity are shown. World experience shows that the activities of the business-ombudsman are quite broad and affect various aspects of business. The basic principles that underlie the functional separation, independence and organizational diversity of business-ombudsmen are revealed. The main models of business ombudsman services are analyzed.

The main characteristics of the institute of business-ombudsman in different countries of the world show that it is: 1) the direction of specialization of the classical model of ombudsman; 2) a legal institution, which is formed, as a rule, under the government (government ombudsman) or parliament (parliamentary ombudsman), less often under the head of state; 3) authentic structure, the specifics of which are related to a certain group of entities – entrepreneurs and the protection of their subjective rights; 4) an institution that combines a set of norms of homogeneous content aimed at regulating the status and activities that are in a relationship of coordination of the business ombudsman and (if any) regional or municipal business-ombudsmen; 5) an institution,the legal basis for the organization and operation of which may be an act of the government (Australia, France) and a separate special law (Russian Federation), or individual articles or chapters in other (usually profile in terms of business regulation) activities) legislation (Georgia).

It is concluded that the fundamental constitutional values, including, first of all, the human right to entrepreneurship, free enterprise, market economy and responsible government to civil society – are the functional and teleological dominant of the business-ombudsman, the feasibility and practice of which, and is due to the solution of these interrelated problems.

Key words: ombudsman, business-ombudsman, human rights, entrepreneurship,business, control, rule of law, democracy.
CLICK-AND-DRIVE E-TAILING SERVICE: CONSUMERS’ PERCEIVED CONVENIENCE AND COST
Authors: Wesley Yong-Chin Khoo  , Meenchee Hong  , Tze-Haw Chan
Published: August 2023

E-tailing, coupled with the rise of internet mobility, allows cross-shopping options with different types of methods to receive goods, such as the click-and-drive model, to suit the modern lifestyle. Individuals with time pressures and constraints, such as those subject to long working hours or other commitments that take up much of their day, may find click-and-drive a convenient option. This paper investigates the influences of unobserved factors such as perceived convenience, travel time, travel distance, time pressure, product quality risk, and perceived relative advantage, as well as observed factors such as demographic factors, on the likelihood of using click-and-drive for grocery shopping, based on the utility theory. Ordered probit estimation on cross-sectional data collected from 351 respondents revealed that the potential to save time as well as perceived convenience and relative advantage increase the likelihood of consumers using click-and-drive for their shopping. Perceived product quality risk is a deterrent against the adoption of click-and-drive services. Consumers are generally uncomfortable buying perishable items, such as fish, via online channels. The findings have valuable implications for retailers intending to establish and improve click-and-drive offerings, especially with the aim of achieving contact-free transactions post-COVID-19.
A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO RESOURCEFUL WORK ENGAGEMENT AMONG MILLENNIALS: HARNESSING PERSONAL RESOURCES
Authors: I Gusti Ayu Putu Wita Indrayani  , I Wayan Gede Supartha  , I Gusti Ayu Manuati Dewi  , Putu Saroyini Piartrini
Published: August 2023

Work engagement is becoming an important concept in modern business and society, particularly among the millennial generation, that will dominate the global working population. This study seeks to delve deeper into the work engagement of millennial lecturers in Indonesian higher education, including both predictors and consequences. This study employs a mixed-methods approach through a sequential exploratory design. First, its conducts an extensive literature review to formulate research hypotheses, which were then assessed quantitatively using Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling. Occupational self-efficacy and perceived organizational support manifest as personal and job resources, respectively, and dominate the work engagement literature. Specifically, the study demonstrates that occupational self-efficacy can moderate the effect of perceived organizational support on work engagement. Furthermore, work engagement acts as an important mediator in the relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational engagement. From the viewpoints of social exchange theory and self-determination theory, the findings of this study shed light on the underlying mechanism of the effect of perceived organizational support on millennial lecturers' organizational engagement. This study is one of only a few that focus on both work engagement and organizational engagement within an integrative conceptual framework.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE VIABILITY OF FUNGI USING THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
Authors:   SE «Institute of Dermatology and Venereology of the NAMS of Ukraine», Kutasevych Ya.F. , Oliinyk I.O. ,   SE «Institute of Dermatology and Venereology of the NAMS of Ukraine», Suprun K.H. ,   SE «Institute of Dermatology and Venereology of the NAMS of Ukraine», Sokol O.A. ,   SE «Institute of Dermatology and Venereology of the NAMS of Ukraine»
Published: August 2023

The work provides justification for the need to improve the diagnosing methods of the life activity of fungi in the sanogenesis process of onychomycosis. The proprietary technique based on the detection of complementary DNA by reverse transcription of the polymerase chain reaction is proposed. The algorithm for evaluating the elimination of onychomycosis pathogens has been given.
THE PLACE OF ANTIMICROBIAL TOPIC THERAPY IN DERMATOLOGY
Authors:   Shupyk National Healthcare Univercity of Ukraine, Kaliuzhna L.D.
Published: August 2023

The cutaneous flora is relatively simple compared to the diverse community of microorganisms that inhabits the mouth, digestive tract and vagina. The ecology of particular areas of the skin is determined by the availability of moisture, the level of sebaceous lipids. Microbial agents, especially Staphilococcus aureus, colonize over 90% of atopic dermatitis skin lesions. Presented our approach to topical treatment of skin diseases with superficial pyoderma, chronical diseases of skin with microbial disbalance by the ointment Ilon Classic.
FEATURES OF THE COURSE OF CHRONIC DERMATOSES IN PATIENTS WHO RECEIVED IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY
Authors:   SE «Institute of Dermatology and Venereology of the NAMS of Ukraine», Oliinyk O.I.
Published: August 2023

The aim of the work was to evaluate the impact of immunosuppressive therapy with glucocorticoids and cytostatic drugs on the course and prognosis of chronic dermatoses. Materials and methods. 192 patients with severe chronic dermatoses (psoriasis – 169 people, pemphigus vulgaris – 23) were involved in the study. The examined cohort included 90 females (46.9%) and 102 males (53.1%), as well as a control group of 17 clinically healthy individuals. 67 patients with psoriasis (34.9%) previously received immunosuppressive therapy (21 (31.3%) – cytostatic immunosuppressants + systemic glucocorticosteroids, 16 (23.9%) – systemic glucocorticosteroids, 30 (44.8%) – cytostatic immunosuppressants). All patients with pemphigus vulgaris previously received immunosuppressive therapy, and 13 patients (56.5%) received systemic glucocorticosteroids, 10 (43.5%) received a combination of systemic glucocorticosteroids and cytostatic immunosuppressants. The results. The frequency of infectious bacterial complications in different groups of patients with psoriasis was distributed as follows: in 37.5% of patients treated with systemic glucocorticosteroids and 19.0% of patients with a combination of systemic glucocorticosteroids and cytostatic immunosuppressants, on the other hand, 3.9% did not prevail among patients who received immunosuppressive therapy. And in patients with pemphigus vulgaris, we noted manifestations of pyoderma in almost all patients – in 92.3% of patients receiving systemic glucocorticosteroids, and in 70% of patients receiving combined therapy of systemic glucocorticosteroids and cytostatic immunosuppressants. Conclusions. Available treatment methods lead to an increase in the torpid course, the development of complications as a result of treatment, and a shortening of the remission period. It is necessary to develop and improve methods of therapy and prevention of its complications.
Anatomy of Caste Violence in India: The Question of Dignity, Honour and Justice
Authors: Lal L David
Published: August 2023

The Indian Constitution safeguards Scheduled Caste interests through specific laws addressing discrimination and aggression by dominant groups. Despite these legal measures, rising cruelty against marginalized individuals persists. Such normalized violence prompts scrutiny of the caste hierarchy's legitimacy and legal system's efficacy. Ongoing caste-centric violence reveals shortcomings in societal harmony efforts. This study examines a 2006 caste-based incident in Uttar Pradesh, analyzing violent upper caste actions upholding caste divisions.
ASPECTS OF INTRODUCTION IN UKRAINE OF QUALITY
CRITERIA FOR PASSENGER ROAD TRANSPORT SERVICES
USING THE EXPERIENCE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: Velisevich Mykola , Pospishna Olga
Published: August 2023

The article defines the main conceptual principles, directions, mechanisms and stages of formation and implementation of reasonable
criteria for the quality of passenger road transport services provided on public bus routes using the experience of the European Union. In
order to successfully implement the system of service quality criteria in cities and regions, recommendations were provided to executive authorities
and local governments on certain preparatory work aimed at creating legislative, economic, financial, personnel and organizational-technical
support measures to be implemented.
OPTIMIZATION OF ENTERPRISES' OPERATION IN PERFORMING PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION BY QUALITY CRITERIA
Authors: Bondarev Serhii
Published: August 2023

Economic, technical and operational performance of passenger road transport is a crucial aspect in the planning of transport processes.
The performance of passenger road transport for public transportation is primarily related to the quality of passenger services. The quality of transport services is determined by a set of properties and characteristics that must meet the needs of consumers: a clear schedule of vehicle stock; speed of connection, level of tariffs; comfort and reliability of buses, cabin filling, especially during rush hour and some others.
The most important factors for transport operators are the cost of transport services. Improper organization of passenger transport leads to unjustified costs. The efficiency of transport depends on properly defined indicators – organizational, technical (type, quantitative composition,
passenger capacity of vehicle stock etc.), operational (speed, intervals, trip time on the route etc.), as well as qualifications and responsibilities of drivers, along with other management measures. Therefore, research related to improving the efficiency of vehicle operation by reducing costs is appropriate and relevant.
The article presents the results of research on the planning of the transport process in the performance of road transport for public transportation on urban and suburban routes. It is presented an algorithm which optimizes the quantitative composition of vehicles on the route, passenger capacity, traffic intervals depending on the capacity of passenger load, and also allows to calculate technical and economic indicators. The
results of the survey of public transport passengers against the criteria of services' quality and their priority are presented.
Thus, according to the results of research, the main purpose of which is to solve a multi-criteria problem of minimizing fixed and variable costs in the performance of passenger road transport, is the optimization of interconnection between quality indicators of vehicle stock and planning, organizational and production principles.
QUALITY OF CAR'S MOVEMENT IN THE CITY BY CERTAIN ROUT
Authors: Rudzinskyi Volodymyr , Lomakin Volodymyr , Melnychuk Serhii , Yemets Bogdan , Melnychuk Jacov
Published: August 2023

The movement of vehicles in modern cities has changed significantly in recent decades, which has created many new challenges.Existing urban transport networks are simply congested and unable to function effectively. This paper analyzes the movement of a motor vehicle on a definite route in Zhytomyr city according to the criteria of speed and fuel consumption. Correlation dependences for experimental data
and average speed in comparison with theoretical models are determined. The issue of data variability, which characterizes the imperfection of the existing road network and its congestion, is considered separately. This leads to lower speeds, increased fuel consumption and toxic
emissions, which negatively affects both the city's infrastructure and its environment. According to the proposed expressions, we can predict the most efficient modes of urban traffic. It is established that the most influential obstacle on the route is traffic intensity and congested by
vehicles streets.