bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immediate Negative Pressure Wound Therapy After Free Flap Transfer for Head and Neck Cancer Surgery
Authors: Lin Pao‐Yuan , Liou Tz‐Luen , Lin Ko‐Chien , Hsieh Mu‐Han , Chien Chih‐Yen , Hsieh Ching‐Hua
Published: September 2018

Objective

This study aimed to assess the outcomes of administering negative‐pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in patients immediately following free flap reconstruction after head and neck cancer surgery and radical neck lymph node dissection. The outcomes were compared with those of patients who received conventional wound care (CWC).

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed for 58 patients with head and neck cancer who underwent free flap reconstruction after tumor ablation and radical neck dissection between February 1, 2016, and October 31, 2016. All reconstructions were performed by the same plastic surgeon. Charts were reviewed for patient demographics, comorbidities, cancer type, operation time, flap type, postoperative drainage volume, complication rates, length of hospital stay, and wound outcomes.

Results

No significant difference was observed between patients receiving NPWT and CWC regarding operation time and drainage volume from the vacuum ball. After the application of NPWT, no patients experienced flap failure or developed a wound infection. Significantly fewer patients receiving NPWT developed complications (9.7% vs. 37.0%; P = 0.025) and developed infections (0.0% vs. 14.8%; P = 0.041) compared with those receiving CWC.

Conclusion

On the basis of fewer associated complications and infections, this study supports the immediate use of NPWT after free flap reconstruction in patients who have undergone head and neck cancer ablation and radical neck lymph node dissection.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 2478–2482, 2018
Anterior cervical incision‐sparing thyroidectomy: Comparing retroauricular and transoral approaches
Authors: Russell Jonathon O. , Razavi Christopher R. , Al Khadem Mai G. , Lopez Michael , Saraf Sejal , Prescott Jason D. , Starmer Heather M. , Richmon Jeremy D. , Tufano Ralph P.
Published: September 2018

Objectives

The robotic retroauricular approach and transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) have been employed to avoid anterior neck scarring in thyroidectomy with good success. However, outcomes have yet to be compared between techniques. We compare our initial clinical experience with these approaches for thyroid lobectomy at our institution.

Methods

A review of initial consecutive patients who underwent robotic facelift thyroidectomy (RFT) (August 2011–August 2016) at our institution was conducted. This was compared with the same number of initial consecutive patients who underwent TOETVA (September 2016–September 2017) at our institution. Demographics, operative time, pathology, complications, and learning curve were compared between cohorts. Learning curve was defined based on the slope of linear regression models of operative time versus case number.

Results

There were 20 patients in each cohort. There was no statistically significant difference in demographic data between cohorts. One hundred percent of RFT cases versus 95% TOETVA cases (P = .999) were completed without conversion to standard open technique with median operative times of 201 (124–293) minutes versus 188 (89–343) minutes with RFT and TOETVA, respectively (P = .36). There was no incidence of permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in either cohort. The slopes of the regression models were 0.29 versus −8.32 (P = .005) for RFT and TOETVA, respectively.

Conclusion

RFT and TOETVA are safe and feasible options for patients motivated to avoid an anterior neck scar. However, the quicker learning curve without the need for a costly robotic system may make TOETVA the preferred technique for institutions wishing to perform anterior cervical incision‐sparing thyroidectomy.

Level of Evidence

4
Impacts of long‐term environmental variability on diapause phenology of coastal copepods in Tokyo Bay, Japan
Authors: Tachibana Aiko , Nomura Hideaki , Ishimaru Takashi
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Many common and abundant copepods in coastal areas adapt to complex environments through diapause (physiological dormancy) by laying resting eggs. However, the response mechanisms of these species’ phenology to environmental changes is poorly understood, especially the influence of both climatic and anthropogenic changes. Using monthly time series data for zooplankton in Tokyo Bay, Japan, from 1981 to 2010, we investigated phenological and quantitative changes in the dominant species Acartia omorii, Centropages abdominalis, and Labidocera rotunda in response to climatic and hydrographic variation in this semienclosed eutrophic coastal area. The first two species produce resting eggs in the warm season and the latter in the cold season. Decreasing abundance and increasing resting egg periods were observed for A. omorii and C. abdominalis, and the reverse for L. rotunda. Time series analysis revealed a possible mechanism driving these phenologic shifts. Wintertime warming of the water column associated with climate variability driven by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index, followed by rapid development of summertime stratification and the formation of hypoxic bottom water layers, were responsible for the early initiation and delayed termination of the resting egg period for cold‐water species. The warming trend in Tokyo Bay, possibly induced by inflow of warm oceanic water due to anthropogenic factors, caused these phenologic changes in the resting period and subsequently affected zooplankton abundance. These results suggest that the multiple stressors caused by climate change and other anthropogenic impacts can affect regional zooplankton communities in coastal areas.
Global Positioning System precipitable water vapour (GPS‐PWV) jumps before intense rain events: A potential application to nowcasting
Authors: Sapucci Luiz F. , Machado Luiz A. T. , de Souza Eniuce Menezes , Campos Thamiris B.
Published: September 2018

A rapid increase in atmospheric water vapour is a fundamental ingredient for many intense rainfall events. High‐frequency precipitable water vapour (PWV) estimates (1 min) from a Global Positioning System (GPS) meteorological site are evaluated in this paper for intense rainfall events during the CHUVA Vale field campaign in Brazil (November and December 2011) in which precipitation events of differing intensities and spatial dimensions, as observed by an X‐band radar, were explored. A sharp increase in the GPS‐PWV before the more intense events was found and termed GPS‐PWV “jumps.” These jumps are probably associated with water vapour convergence and the continued formation of cloud condensate and precipitation particles. A wavelet correlation analysis between the high temporal‐resolution GPS‐PWV time series and rainfall events evaluated in this study shows that there are oscillations in the PWV time series correlated with the more intense rainfall events. These oscillations are on scales related to periods from about 32 to 64 min (associated with GPS‐PWV jumps) and from 16 to 34 min (associated with positive pulses of the PWV). The GPS‐PWV time‐derivative histogram for the time window before the rainfall event reveals different distributions influenced by positive pulses of the GPS‐PWV (derivative > 9.5 mm/hr) for higher intensity and extension events. These features are indicative of the occurrence of intense precipitation and, consequently, have the potential for application in nowcasting activities.
Use of a simple in vitro fatigue test to assess materials used in the surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Roman Sabiniano , Mangir Naside , Hympanova Lucie , Chapple Christopher R. , Deprest Jan , MacNeil Sheila
Published: September 2018

Aims

Stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse are very common conditions with a proportion of patients requiring implantation of synthetic materials for a durable repair. However increasing numbers of post‐surgical complications have been reported related to the use of polypropylene meshes. One hypothesis for the adverse response is poor mechanical matching of the relatively stiff polypropylene mesh particularly as materials in the pelvic floor will need to cope with decades of distension as occurs with increase of intraabdominal pressure on coughing, laughing, or sneezing.

Methods

In this study we have undertaken a very simple fatigue testing regime to compare the mechanical abilities of six materials. Four commercial meshes in clinical use and two novel electrospun materials not yet evaluated in the clinic were assessed using a uniaxial tensile test. This was performed on six samples of each dry material and on another six samples of each material after just 3 days of fatigue conditions using a dynamic bioreactor.

Results

The four commercial materials showed permanent mechanical deformation after just 3 days of stretching these materials by 25% elongation on a regular dynamic cycle, whereas the two new materials presented more elastic properties without deformation.

Conclusions

We suggest that a test as simple as this 3‐day fatigue testing is sufficient to distinguish between materials which have already been found to cause complications clinically and newer materials yet to be tested clinically which will hopefully prove more mechanically appropriate for implantation in the pelvic floor.
Mechanical failure rates of artificial urinary sphincter components: Is the 3.5‐cm urethral cuff at higher risk?
Authors: Loh‐Doyle Jeffrey C. , Hartman Natalie , Nazemi Azadeh , Wayne Kevin , Doumanian Leo R. , Ginsberg David A. , Boyd Stuart D.
Published: September 2018

Aim

We report the rates of artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) mechanical failure in a contemporary cohort of patients stratified by component type and size to determine if the 3.5‐cm cuff is at higher risk of failure.

Methods

From 2005–2016, a total of 486 male patients with stress incontinence underwent implantation or revision of an AUS. 993 individual cases were retrospectively reviewed (465 primary placements and 528 revisions). Components were separately tallied and cases of mechanical failure were identified. Multiple variables including duration until failure and follow‐up interval were collected and analyzed for each malfunction.

Results

After median follow‐up of 31.5 months, there were 48 distinct cases of mechanical failure. The urethral cuff was the most common component to fail (n = 27, 56.3%), followed by the pressure regulating balloon (PRB) (n = 6, 12.5%), tubing (n = 6, 12.5%), and the control pump, (n = 5, 10.4%). Four (8.3%) cases did not have the source of malfunction identifiable in available records though fluid loss was evident at the time of device interrogation. Sub‐analyses of cuff failure events showed that the 3.5‐cm cuff had a statistically significant higher risk of failure (HR: 7.313, (P < .0001) compared to larger cuff sizes.

Conclusions

While each component is prone to malfunction, our study suggests that the 3.5‐cm urethral cuff is more susceptible to failure and failure events occur earlier after placement than larger cuff sizes.
Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms and overactive bladder in men and women over 18 years old: The Colombian overactive bladder and lower urinary tract symptoms (COBaLT) study
Authors: Plata Mauricio , Bravo‐Balado Alejandra , Robledo Daniela , Trujillo Carlos G. , Caicedo Juan I. , Cataño Juan G. , Arenas Julián , Rondón Martín , Londoño Darío
Published: September 2018

Aims

To estimate the prevalence of LUTS and overactive bladder (OAB) in the Colombian population.

Methods

A cross‐sectional, population‐based study was conducted in men and women ≥18 years using directed interviews and self‐administered questionnaires in five main cities in Colombia. A sample size of 1054 subjects was estimated (prevalence of LUTS/OAB 15%, CI 95%, statistical power 80%, precision 3%). We used a multi‐stage probabilistic sampling technique to randomly select individuals in the community, stratified by socioeconomic status, gender, and age. We used the 2002 ICS and 2010 IUGA/ICS definitions as well as validated questionnaires in Spanish. Descriptive statistics were employed.

Results

A total of 1060 participants were included. Mean age was 42 (range 18‐89) years. The prevalence of at least one LUTS was 84%, while overactive bladder was reported by 31.8% participants. Among individuals with at least one LUTS, 13.2% would feel “mostly unsatisfied,” “unhappy,” or “terrible” to spend the rest of their lives with their current urinary condition. Nocturia was the most prevalent LUTS (55.3%), followed by urgency (46.4%) and frequency (45.8%). Urge, stress, and mixed urinary incontinence were reported by 15.3%, 8.6%, and 7% of participants, respectively.

Conclusions

LUTS are highly prevalent in the Colombian population and severely affect quality of life. This is the first study conducted in Colombia and Latin America focused on evaluating LUTS in men and women of all age groups of interest using a multi‐stage probabilistic sampling technique. These results may have a significant influence on health decision‐making and assessment of future therapies.
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) with an extended physical model for MRI frequency contrast in the brain: a proof‐of‐concept of quantitative susceptibility and residual (QUASAR) mapping
Authors: Schweser Ferdinand , Zivadinov Robert
Published: September 2018

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) aims to calculate the tissue's magnetic susceptibility distribution from its perturbing effect on the MRI static main magnetic field. The method is increasingly being applied to study iron and myelin in clinical and preclinical settings. However, recent experimental and theoretical findings have challenged the fundamental theoretical assumptions that form the basis of current numerical implementations of QSM algorithms. The present work introduces a new class of susceptibility mapping algorithms, termed quantitative susceptibility and residual mapping (QUASAR), which takes into account frequency contributions not related to the spatial variation of bulk magnetic susceptibility in the Lorentz sphere model. We present a simple proof‐of‐concept QUASAR algorithm that, unlike most of the QSM algorithms currently used widely, results in an improved anatomical accuracy of the susceptibility distribution without any a priori assumptions about the susceptibility distribution during the field‐to‐source inversion. The algorithm was evaluated both in silico and in vivo in the preclinical setting. Our preliminary application of QUASAR in rodents provides the first in vivo evidence that the susceptibility‐field model traditionally used in the QSM field cannot fully explain the frequency contrast in brain tissues. Only when an additional local frequency contribution is added to the physical model can the frequency contrast in the brain be related properly to the underlying anatomy.
The Iroquois homeobox proteins IRX3 and IRX5 have distinct roles in Wilms tumour development and human nephrogenesis
Authors: Holmquist Mengelbier Linda , Lindell‐Munther Simon , Yasui Hiroaki , Jansson Caroline , Esfandyari Javanshir , Karlsson Jenny , Lau Kimberly , Hui Chi‐chung , Bexell Daniel , Hopyan Sevan , Gisselsson David
Published: September 2018

Wilms tumour is a paediatric malignancy with features of halted kidney development. Here, we demonstrate that the Iroquois homeobox genes IRX3 and IRX5 are essential for mammalian nephrogenesis and govern the differentiation of Wilms tumour. Knock‐out Irx3−/Irx5− mice showed a strongly reduced embryonic nephron formation. In human foetal kidney and Wilms tumour, IRX5 expression was already activated in early proliferative blastema, whereas IRX3 protein levels peaked at tubular differentiation. Accordingly, an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of Wilms tumour showed that IRX3−/− cells formed bulky renal tumours dominated by immature mesenchyme and active canonical WNT/β‐catenin‐signalling. In contrast, IRX5−/− cells displayed activation of Hippo and non‐canonical WNT‐signalling and generated small tumours with abundant tubulogenesis. Our findings suggest that promotion of IRX3 signalling or inhibition of IRX5 signalling could be a route towards differentiation therapy for Wilms tumour, in which WNT5A is a candidate molecule for enforced tubular maturation. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Fluorobenzotriazole‐Based Medium‐Bandgap Conjugated D–A Copolymers for Applications to Fullerene‐Based and Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Weng Chao , Wang Wengong , Liang Jingtang , Wang Guo , Tan Songting , Shen Ping
Published: September 2018

Two new medium‐bandgap (MBG) donor–acceptor (D–A) conjugated polymers (PSTF and PDTS) with fluorobenzotriazole as an A unit and spiro[cyclopenta[1,2‐b:5,4‐b′]dithiophene‐4,9′‐fluorene] (STF) or dithienosilole (DTS) as the D unit are designed and synthesized as donor materials for polymer solar cell (PSC) applications. PSTF shows a broader absorption spectrum relative to PDTS reflecting an additional high‐energy absorption band due to the conjugated thiophene side chains on STF moiety. Compared with PDTS, PSTF exhibits weaker π–π aggregation and lower lying HOMO level. Photovoltaic properties of the PSCs reveal that either PSTF or PDTS using PC61BM as acceptor exhibits better performances than that of ITIC as acceptor, which results from the simultaneously increased Voc, Jsc, and FF of PC61BM‐based PSCs. Moreover, when combined with PC61BM and ITIC, the PSTF‐based PSCs exhibit an efficiency of 3.66% and 2.42%, respectively, which is 45% and almost 1.5 times higher than that of the PDTS‐based PSCs, respectively. This can be ascribed to the obviously improved Voc and FF of PSTF‐based PSCs benefitted from the deeper HOMO level and better active layer morphology. Our work demonstrates that using spiro‐annulated building block as donor unit to construct MBG D‐A copolymers is an alternative and effective approach for achieving efficient donor materials in PSCs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2330–2343
Thin film confinement reduces compatibility in symmetric ternary block copolymer/homopolymer blends
Authors: Uddin Md Fakar , Jiang Zhang , Raymond Andrew , Goodson Amy D. , Lwoya Baraka S. , Albert Julie N. L.
Published: September 2018

The thin film phase behavior of ternary blends consisting of symmetric poly(styrene) (PS)‐b‐poly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS), PS, and PDMS was investigated using X‐ray reflectivity (XRR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). This system is strongly segregated, and the homopolymers are approximately the same length as the corresponding blocks of the copolymer. The XRR and AFM data are used to quantify changes in domain spacing (L) and morphology evolution with increasing homopolymer content (Φ
H). In 100 nm thick films, from Φ
H = 0 to 0.20, the system maintains a perfect parallel lamellar structure and domains swell as predicted based on theory; however, from Φ
H = 0.30 to 0.50, a morphology transition to a “dot pattern” morphology (tentatively identified as perforated lamellae) and mixed morphologies were observed before macrophase separation. In thicker films, dot patterns were observed for a broad range of Φ
H before macrophase separation. The absence of the bicontinuous microemulsion phase reported for bulk blends and thin films of perpendicular lamellae and the presence of dot patterns/perforated lamellae are attributed to preferential migration of the PDMS homopolymer to the wetting layers located at the substrate and free air interfaces, which leads to an asymmetric composition within the film and morphology transition. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 1443–1451
Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis and Clinical Trial Simulation to Inform Dose Titration Decisions
Authors: Clements John David , Perez Ruixo Juan Jose , Gibbs John P. , Doshi Sameer , Perez Ruixo Carlos , Melhem Murad
Published: September 2018

Optimal dose selection in clinical trials is problematic when efficacious and toxic concentrations are close. A novel quantitative approach follows for optimizing dose titration in clinical trials. A system of pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and toxicity was simulated for scenarios characterized by varying degrees of different types of variability. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and clinical trial simulation (CTS) were used to optimize drug titration by maximizing efficacy/safety. The scenarios included were a low‐variability base scenario, and high residual (20%), interoccasion (20%), interindividual (40%), and residual plus interindividual variability scenarios, and finally a shallow toxicity slope scenario. The percentage of subjects having toxicity was reduced by 87.4% to 93.5%, and those having efficacy was increased by 52.7% to 243%. Interindividual PK variability may have less impact on optimal cutoff values than other sources of variability. ROC/CTS methods for optimizing dose titration offer an individualized approach that leverages exposure‐response relationships.
Take the ‘Challenge’ to support students in becoming active, informed voters
Authors: Domagal‐Goldman Jennifer , Pearson Douglas R.
Published: September 2018

The ALL IN Campus Democracy Challenge began in 2016 as a national, nonpartisan initiative that supports and recognizes colleges and universities working to improve civic learning, political engagement, and voter participation rates.
Metabolic syndrome and pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Hooijschuur M. C. E. , Ghossein‐Doha C. , Kroon A. A. , De Leeuw P. W. , Zandbergen A. A. M. , Van Kuijk S. M. J. , Spaanderman M. E. A.
Published: September 2018

Objective

To evaluate the association between different pre‐eclampsia (PE) phenotypes and the development of metabolic syndrome postpartum, in order to identify the subgroup of formerly pre‐eclamptic women with a worse cardiovascular risk profile requiring tailored postpartum follow‐up.

Methods

This was a cohort study of 1102 formerly pre‐eclamptic women in whom cardiovascular and cardiometabolic evaluation was performed at least 3 months postpartum. Women were divided into four subgroups based on PE resulting in delivery before 34 weeks (early‐onset (EO)) or at or after 34 weeks (late onset (LO)) of gestation and whether they delivered a small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonate. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed as the presence of hyperinsulinemia along with two or more of: body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2; dyslipidemia; hypertension; and microalbuminuria or proteinuria. Data were compared between groups using ANOVA after Bonferroni correction. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using logistic regression to determine the association between metabolic syndrome and the four subgroups. We constructed receiver–operating characteristics curves and computed the area under the curve (AUC) to quantify the ability of different obstetric variables to distinguish between women who developed metabolic syndrome and those who did not.

Results

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in women with EO‐PE and SGA (25.8%) than in those with EO‐PE without SGA (14.7%) (OR 2.01 (95% CI, 1.34–3.03)) and approximately five‐fold higher than in women with LO‐PE with SGA (5.6%) (OR 5.85 (95% CI, 2.60–13.10)). In women with LO‐PE, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome did not differ significantly between women with and those without SGA. Multivariate analysis revealed that a history of SGA, a history of EO‐PE and systolic blood pressure at the time of screening are the best predictors of developing metabolic syndrome postpartum. The AUC of the model combining these three variables was 74.6% (95% CI, 70.7–78.5%). The probability of the presence of metabolic syndrome was calculated as: P = 1/(1 + e–LP), where LP is linear predictor = –8.693 + (0.312 × SGA (yes = 1)) + (0.507 × EO‐PE (yes = 1)) + (0.053 × systolic blood pressure).

Conclusions

The incidence of metabolic syndrome postpartum was associated more strongly with EO‐PE in combination with SGA as compared with LO‐PE or EO‐PE without SGA. Both time of onset of PE and fetal growth affect the risk of metabolic syndrome after a pre‐eclamptic pregnancy. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Interpreting historical, botanical, and geological evidence to aid preparations for future floods
Authors: Wilhelm Bruno , Ballesteros Cánovas Juan Antonio , Macdonald Neil , Toonen Willem H.J. , Baker Victor , Barriendos Mariano , Benito Gerardo , Brauer Achim , Corella Juan Pablo , Denniston Rhawn , Glaser Rüdiger , Ionita Monica , Kahle Michael , Liu Tao , Luetscher Marc , Macklin Mark , Mudelsee Manfred , Munoz Samuel , Schulte Lothar , St. George Scott , Stoffel Markus , Wetter Oliver
Published: September 2018

River flooding is among the most destructive of natural hazards globally, causing widespread loss of life, damage to infrastructure and economic deprivation. Societies are currently under increasing threat from such floods, predominantly from increasing exposure of people and assets in flood‐prone areas, but also as a result of changes in flood magnitude, frequency, and timing. Accurate flood hazard and risk assessment are therefore crucial for the sustainable development of societies worldwide. With a paucity of hydrological measurements, evidence from the field offers the only insight into truly extreme events and their variability in space and time. Historical, botanical, and geological archives have increasingly been recognized as valuable sources of extreme flood event information. These different archives are here reviewed with a particular focus on the recording mechanisms of flood information, the historical development of the methodological approaches and the type of information that those archives can provide. These studies provide a wealthy dataset of hundreds of historical and palaeoflood series, whose analysis reveals a noticeable dominance of records in Europe. After describing the diversity of flood information provided by this dataset, we identify how these records have improved and could further improve flood hazard assessments and, thereby, flood management and mitigation plans.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Water Extremes

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Science of Water > Methods
Silicon Hydrides and a Hydridosilicate Based on a Bulky Amidoalkoxide Ligand
Authors: Roschke Felix , Rüffer Tobias , Lang Heinrich , Mehring Michael
Published: September 2018

The synthesis and characterization of silicon amidoalkoxides based on 6‐tert‐butyl‐2‐[(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)aminomethyl]phenol is described. Reaction of its lithium salt with HSiCl3 and SiCl4 gave HSiCl[OC6H3(CH2NDipp)‐2‐tBu‐6] (2) and Cl2Si[OC6H3(CH2NDipp)‐2‐tBu‐6] (5) (Dipp = 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl), respectively. The silicon amidoalkoxide 2 reacts with tBuLi and LiN(SiMe3)2 to give the chiral silanes HSi(tBu)[OC6H3(CH2NDipp)‐2‐tBu‐6] (3) and HSi[N(SiMe3)2][OC6H3(CH2NDipp)‐2‐tBu‐6] (4). The amidoalkoxide based hydridosilicate [HSi{OC6H3(CH2NDipp)‐2‐tBu‐6}2]K (6) was isolated upon reaction of compound 5 with potassium. The molecular structure of compounds 4 and 6 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. Notably, compound 6 is the first silicate of the type [HSiN2O2]–.
Control, Capacity, and Legitimacy in Investment Treaty Arbitration
Authors: Sharpe Jeremy K.
Published: September 2018

Arbitration has long been the default mechanism for resolving international investment disputes. The traditional consensus favoring arbitration, however, has now given way, and reform proposals abound. The articles by Sergio Puig and Gregory Shaffer, on institutional choice and investment law reform, and by Anthea Roberts, on incremental, systemic, and paradigmatic reform of investor-state arbitration, helpfully situate the current controversies, debates, and reform options for states. Both articles reveal just how far and fast the debate has shifted in recent years. They also confirm states’ desire to exercise greater control over the regime for resolving international investment disputes. Many states continue to struggle to fully comply with their investment treaty obligations, to efficiently defend against investor claims, and to properly keep abreast of and shape developments in international investment law. Puig and Shaffer provide a useful framework for comparatively assessing possible institutional alternatives in light of their relative trade-offs. But any reform recommendations should draw lessons from states’ experience with the existing regime, including states’ significant problems of capacity. The merits of any reform proposals, therefore, should be measured in part by their ability to improve states’ capacity to cope with the existing investment protection regime and rapidly changing developments.
ANALYSING INSTITUTIONAL LIABILITY FOR CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN ENGLAND AND WALES AND AUSTRALIA: VICARIOUS LIABILITY, NON-DELEGABLE DUTIES AND STATUTORY INTERVENTION
Authors: Giliker Paula
Published: September 2018

This paper will argue that, in the light of recent case law in the UK and Australia, a new approach is needed when dealing with claims for vicarious liability and non-delegable duties in the law of tort. It will submit that lessons can be learnt from a comparative study of these jurisdictions, notably by reflecting on the courts’ treatment of claims of institutional liability for child sexual abuse. In parallel to decisions of their highest courts, public enquiries in Australia and England and Wales, established to report on historic child sexual abuse and how to engage in best practice, are now reporting their findings which include proposals for victim reparation: see Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (Australia, 2017) including its Redress and Civil Litigation Report (2015); Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (Interim report, England and Wales, 2018). The Australian reports suggest reforms not only to state practice, but also to private law. This article will critically examine the operation of vicarious liability and non-delegable duties in England and Wales and Australia and proposals for statutory intervention. It will submit that a more cautious incremental approach is needed to control the ever-expanding doctrine of vicarious liability in UK law and to develop more fully its more restrictive Australian counterpart.
Suppressive efficacy of volatile compounds produced byBacillus mycoideson damping-off pathogens of cabbage seedlings
Authors: Huang J.-S. , Peng Y.-H. , Chung K.-R. , Huang J.-W.
Published: September 2018

Rhizoctonia solaniKühn andPythium aphanidermatumEdson cause cabbage seedling damping-off, resulting in severe yield losses. The current study demonstrates the production of toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by two strains ofBacillus mycoidesand the evaluation of a potential use ofB.mycoidesas a biocontrol agent to control cabbage damping-off. Two VOCs, dimethyl disulphide and ammonia, were found to reduce radial growth, cause hyphal deformation and result in organelle degeneration in bothR. solaniandP. aphanidermatum. Pathogen hyphae, after being exposed to VOCs, showed poor rigidity, shrinkage, curling and swelling. The amount of VOCs produced byB. mycoidesand the antagonistic activity against plant pathogens varied, depending on the type of medium used to culture bacteria. Application ofB.mycoidescell suspensions to cultivation medium promotes growth of five different plant species tested. Experiments conducted in greenhouses revealed thatB. mycoidesdid not reduce damping-off incidence caused byR.solani. However,B. mycoidesreduced damping-off incidence induced byP. aphanidermatumby as much as 45% on cabbage seedlings. The results provide valuable information on the feasibility of utilizingB. mycoidesas a biocontrol agent in controlling cabbage damping-off.
The Four Churches of the Reformation
Authors: HAWLEY JOHN STRATTON
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this article is to examine what was involved when the great linguist George Grierson framed the history of Indianbhaktiin terms of ‘the four churches of the reformation’ in one of his most widely read publications, ‘Bhakti-Mārga’, an entry in theEncyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics(1910). This was his translation of the concept ofcatuḥ(orcār)sampradāy, which plays a significant role in Nābhādās's HindiBhaktamāl(circa1600). The weight of the target language and its enveloping culture (‘church’, ‘reformation’) raise obvious red flags. Grierson did not submit them to the sort of self-critical scrutiny we might today, nor did he examine the adequacy of Nābhādās's historiography. But did he get it all wrong? I will suggest that there are in fact some intriguing, if distant, analogies between the early modern world out of which Nābhādās wrote and its contemporary Protestant European counterpart, and I will ask whether Nābhādās may have been encouraged to adopt the framework he did because of precedents established in contemporary Muslim historiographical practice. In outlining his foursampradāys, Nābhādas played a role in creating a set of assumptions that long survived his own time in North India—and not just because Grierson would later be listening.
Public Space, Public Canon: Situating religion at the dawn of modernity in South India
Authors: FISHER ELAINE
Published: September 2018

What is ‘early modern’ about religion in South India? In theorizing early modernity in South Asia, the category of religion has been viewed with scepticism, perhaps to avoid painting India as the exotic ‘Other’ that failed to modernize in the eyes of Western social theory. And yet, Western narratives, drawn from secularization theory, fail to do justice to our historical archive. As a vehicle for approaching the experience of religion in early modern South India, this article invokes the category of space as a medium for the publicization and contestation of meaning across diverse language, caste, and religious publics. In the process, it excavates the codification of the ‘Sacred Games of Śiva’ as public religious canon of the city of Madurai, exemplifying the distinctive role played by religion in public space in early modern South India.
Challenges to Prehospital Care in Honduras
Authors: Bast Haley E. , Jenkins J. Lee
Published: September 2018

Through a longitudinal field experience and interviews with rural and urban clinic workers in Honduras, the following data were collated regarding the challenges to prehospital Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in this country. In Honduras, both private and public organizations provide prehospital emergency care for citizens and face both financial and resource constraints. These constraints manifest in operational concerns such as challenges of integration of EMS systems with each other, differences in medical direction oversight, and barriers to public access. Despite the availability of public health care services, authorities and locals alike do not recommend using the public systems due to lack of needed resources and time of emergency response.

Private volunteer EMS organizations are scattered throughout the country and each operates as their own separate system. There is no single dispatch center available, nor is there a guarantee that calling for EMS will result in the patient’s desired response. In this report, the challenges are discussed with possible solutions presented.

BastHE, JenkinsJL. Challenges to prehospital care in Honduras. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(6):637–639.
ADHS über die Lebensspanne
Authors: Petermann Franz , Philipsen Alexandra
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. Früher definierte man die ADHS als eine spezifische Erkrankung, die auf das Kindes- und Jugendalter begrenzt ist. Es ist seit mehr als einem Jahrzehnt durch epidemiologische Studien geklärt, dass bei mehr als der Hälfte der Betroffenen die ADHS auch im Erwachsenenalter fortbesteht. Heute hat sich die ADHS als psychische Erkrankung über die Lebensspanne etabliert. Es liegen gut überprüfte diagnostische Erhebungsverfahren für die unterschiedlichen Altersbereiche vor, in denen eine ADHS – teilweise in unterschiedlicher Symptomkonstellation – auftritt. Ebenso differenzieren sich pharmakologische und psychotherapeutische Ansätze zunehmend aus.
Prädiktoren der Stabilität des Elternberichts über die ADHS-Lebenszeitprävalenz und Inzidenz der elternberichteten ADHS-Diagnose im Entwicklungsverlauf über sechs Jahre – Ergebnisse aus der KiGGS-Studie
Authors: Schlack Robert , Göbel Kristin , Hölling Heike , Petermann Franz , Romanos Marcel
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. ADHS ist durch die Kernsymptome Unaufmerksamkeit, motorische Unruhe und Impulsivität gekennzeichnet. Die Diagnostik der ADHS ist aufwändig und kann nur klinisch erfolgen. Anhand der Verlaufsdaten aus zwei Erhebungszeitpunkten der KiGGS-Studie wird hier untersucht, (a) wie häufig Eltern eine für ihre zum Ersterhebungszeitpunkt (t0, 2003–2006) drei bis 11 Jahre alten Kinder berichtete ADHS-Lebenszeitprävalenz zum zweiten Erhebungszeitpunkt (t1, 2009–2012) erneut berichten und (b) wie häufig eine jemals durch einen Arzt oder Psychologen gestellte ADHS-Diagnose in einem Zeitraum von sechs Jahren erstmalig berichtet wird (Diagnose-Inzidenz). Dazu wurden ausgewählte kind- und umfeldbezogene Einflussfaktoren wie Geschlecht, Transition in eine andere Lebensphase, Rauchen und Alkoholkonsum der Mutter während der Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit, Familienstruktur und Sozialstatus sowie die psychopathologische Symptombelastung gemäß Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) zu beiden Messzeitpunkten longitudinal untersucht. Im Ergebnis berichteten 57.4% der Eltern, die zum Ersterhebungszeitpunkt eine jemals gestellte ADHS-Diagnose berichtet hatten, diese nach sechs Jahren erneut. Multivariat betrug das Odds Ratio für einen stabilen Elternbericht der ADHS-Lebenszeitprävalenz für Jungen OR = 5.04, für Rauchen der Mutter in der Schwangerschaft OR = 2.84 für Peerprobleme OR = 1.30 und für Hyperaktivitätsprobleme OR = 1.21 zu t0. Die Diagnose-Inzidenz lag insgesamt bei 3.6%. Die Inzidenz war für Jungen dreimal so hoch wie für Mädchen und nahm mit steigendem Alter ab. Alle Prädiktoren mit Ausnahme des Alkoholkonsums der Mutter in der Schwangerschaft waren bivariat mit der Diagnose-Inzidenz signifikant assoziiert. Multivariat erwiesen sich jedoch nur männliches Geschlecht (OR = 2.89), die Transition in die Adoleszenz (OR = 0.38) sowie Verhaltens- (OR = 1.15) und Peerprobleme (OR = 1.46) zu t0 als signifikante Prädiktoren.
Kinder mit ADHS: Psychosoziale Belastungen bei Eltern
Authors: Schwörer Mona Céline , Nitkowski Dennis , Petermann Franz , Petermann Ulrike
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. Die ADHS-Symptomatik des Kindes hat Einfluss auf das psychosoziale Funktionsniveau der gesamten Familie. Studien zeigen eine erhöhte Belastung und Funktionsdefizite von Eltern mit Kindern mit ADHS-Symptomatik im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe. Es werden Eltern von Kindern mit ADHS (n = 26) im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe (n = 80) hinsichtlich ihrer Belastungsfaktoren (EBI) untersucht. Dabei werden komorbide Störungen wie aggressives Verhalten und internalisierende Probleme kontrolliert (SDQ). Unter Berücksichtigung des aggressiven Verhaltens und internalisierender Probleme unterscheiden sich Eltern von Kindern mit ADHS von Eltern der Kontrollgruppe nur in dem Faktor „Bindung“ signifikant voneinander (η2p = .04). Die in der Literatur beschriebenen elterlichen Belastungsfaktoren von Eltern mit Kindern mit ADHS scheinen vorwiegend dem oppositionell-aggressiven Verhalten, nicht der ADHS-Symptomatik zuzuschreiben zu sein.
Constraining Conceptual Hydrological Models With Multiple Information Sources
Authors: Nijzink R. C. , Almeida S. , Pechlivanidis I. G. , Capell R. , Gustafssons D. , Arheimer B. , Parajka J. , Freer J. , Han D. , Wagener T. , van Nooijen R. R. P. , Savenije H. H. G. , Hrachowitz M.
Published: September 2018

The calibration of hydrological models without streamflow observations is problematic, and the simultaneous, combined use of remotely sensed products for this purpose has not been exhaustively tested thus far. Our hypothesis is that the combined use of products can (1) reduce the parameter search space and (2) improve the representation of internal model dynamics and hydrological signatures. Five different conceptual hydrological models were applied to 27 catchments across Europe. A parameter selection process, similar to a likelihood weighting procedure, was applied for 1,023 possible combinations of 10 different data sources, ranging from using 1 to all 10 of these products. Distances between the two empirical distributions of model performance metrics with and without using a specific product were determined to assess the added value of a specific product. In a similar way, the performance of the models to reproduce 27 hydrological signatures was evaluated relative to the unconstrained model. Significant reductions in the parameter space were obtained when combinations included Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer ‐ Earth Observing System and Advanced Scatterometer soil moisture, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment total water storage anomalies, and, in snow‐dominated catchments, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer snow cover products. The evaporation products of Land Surface Analysis ‐ Satellite Application Facility and MOD16 were less effective for deriving meaningful, well‐constrained posterior parameter distributions. The hydrological signature analysis indicated that most models profited from constraining with an increasing number of data sources. Concluding, constraining models with multiple data sources simultaneously was shown to be valuable for at least four of the five hydrological models to determine model parameters in absence of streamflow.
Strong Influence of Eddy Length on Boreal Summertime Extreme Precipitation Projections
Authors: Tandon Neil F. , Nie Ji , Zhang Xuebin
Published: September 2018

Previous research has shown that projected changes in the horizontaleddy lengthof ascending anomalies likely drive subtropical changes in large‐scale ascent during extreme precipitation events (extreme ascent), which in turn strongly influence regional projections of extreme precipitation. Here we present evidence that this eddy length effect extends into the Northern Hemisphere extratropics during the summer season. This is shown by analyzing output from a large ensemble of the Canadian Earth System Model version 2 as well as models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5. As found previously, the changes in eddy length are associated with changes in aneffective stabilityquantity that combines dry and moist effects. It is shown that the change of extreme ascent associated with a projected change of eddy length agrees with expectations based on analysis of internal variability of extreme ascent and eddy length during the historical period.
Chemical Effects on Subcritical Fracture in Silica From Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Rimsza Jessica M. , Jones Reese E. , Criscenti Louise J.
Published: September 2018

Fracture toughness of silicates is reduced in aqueous environments due to water‐silica interactions at the crack tip. To investigate this effect, classical molecular dynamics simulations using the bond‐order‐based reactive force field (ReaxFF) were used to simulate silica fracture. The chemical and mechanical aspects were separated by simulating fracture in (a) a vacuum with dynamic loading, (b) an aqueous environment with dynamic loading, and (c) an aqueous environment with static subcritical mechanical loading to track silica dissolution. The addition of water to silica fracture reduced the silica fracture toughness by ~25%, a trend consistent with experimentally reported results. Analysis of Si─O bonds in the process zone and calculations of dissipation energy associated with fracture indicated that water relaxes the entire process zone and not just the surface. Additionally, the crack tip sharpens during fracture in water and an increased number of microscopic propagation events occur. This results in earlier fracture in systems with increasing mechanical loading in aqueous conditions, despite the lack of significant silica dissolution. Therefore, the threshold for Si─O bond breakage has been lowered in the presence of water and the reduction in fracture toughness is due to structural and energetic changes in the silica, rather than specific dissolution events.
Calculation of Thermal Conductivity of Low‐Porous, Isotropic Plutonic Rocks of the Crust at Ambient Conditions From Modal Mineralogy and Porosity: A Viable Alternative for Direct Measurement?
Authors: Fuchs S. , Förster H. ‐J. , Braune K. , Förster A.
Published: September 2018

Thermal conductivity (λ) is an essential physical property of minerals and rocks and fundamental in constraining the thermal field of the lithosphere. In case that adequate samples to measure λ are not available, it could be indirectly inferred from calculation. One of the most widely applied indirect methods for rocks involve modal mineralogy and porosity as parameters that are incorporated into mathematical mean or mixing models. Robust inferences from these approaches for crystalline rocks were impeded by a small number of studied samples or restriction to certain rock types. We employ this method and examine its applicability to low‐porosity plutonic rocks by calculating bulk thermal conductivity λb for 45 samples covering the entire range from gabbro/diorite to granite. We show that the use of the harmonic‐mean model for both rock matrix and porosity provided a good match between λb.meas and λb.calc of <10% deviation (2σ), with relative and absolute errors amounting to 1.4 ± 9.7% and 4.4 ± 4.9%, respectively. The results of our study constitute a big step forward to a robust conclusion on the overall applicability of the harmonic‐mean model for inferring λb of isotropic, low‐porosity, mafic to silicic plutonic and metamorphic rocks with an acceptable magnitude of error. Drill cuttings and enclaves form particularly interesting objects for application of this method, as they are poorly suited for direct λ measurement. Well‐derived λ values for those rocks would permit to calculate heat flow and to model more profoundly the thermal state of the deeper lithosphere.
Observation of Quasiperiodic Structures in the Hydroxyl Airglow on Scales Below 100 m
Authors: Franzen Christoph , Espy Patrick Joseph , Hibbins Robert Edward , Djupvik Anlaug Amanda
Published: September 2018

Gravity waves are known to transport energy and momentum to the middle atmosphere. The breaking processes associated with divergence of fluxes of energy and momentum into the atmosphere occur on scales that cannot be resolved in models and therefore have to be parameterized. The question remains as to whether it is possible to use a turbulence model on scales below 100 m and what kind of turbulence model should that be. Here we use high spatial resolution observations of the OH nightglow located near 90‐km altitude from the Nordic Optical Telescope to observe quasiperiodic structures down to horizontal scales of 4.5 m. These results indicate that a Kolmogorov type of energy cascade model of turbulence with a −5/3 power law appears to be satisfied down to these short, 4.5‐m scales.
A Novel Calibration Method for Pure Rotational Raman Lidar Temperature Profiling
Authors: He Jingxi , Chen Siying , Zhang Yinchao , Guo Pan , Chen He
Published: September 2018

We propose a new calibration method for pure rotational Raman (PRR) lidar temperature profiling based on the different temperature sensitivities of Stocks and anti‐Stocks PRR lines. This method reconstructs the expression of the differential backscatter cross section according to the temperature dependencies of each component and forms a temperature factor and a calibration factor in the intensity ratio. With these factors, the temperature is retrievable from the lidar return. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method have been verified through simulations and experiments. The inversion error can be reduced by ~50% compared with the commonly used calibration methods in weak signal‐to‐noise situations.