bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspective: Physiological Role(s) of the Vascular Myogenic Response
Authors: DAVIS MICHAEL J.
Published: September 2011

Please cite this paper as: Davis MJ. Perspective: Physiological Role(s) of the Vascular Myogenic Response. Microcirculation 19: 99–114, 2012.

The vascular myogenic response is an inherent property of VSM in the walls of small arteries and arterioles, allowing these principal resistance segments of the microcirculation to respond to changes in transmural pressure. Elevated intraluminal pressure leads to myogenic constriction, whereas reduced pressure leads to myogenic dilation. This review focuses on the physiological significance of the myogenic response in microvascular networks. First, historical concepts related to the detection of stretch by the vessel wall are reviewed, including the wall tension hypothesis, and the implications of the proposal that the arteriolar network responds to Pp changes as a system of series‐coupled myogenic effectors. Next, the role of the myogenic response in the local regulation of blood flow and/or Pc is examined. Finally, the interaction of myogenic constriction and dilation with other local control mechanisms, including metabolic, neural and shear‐dependent mechanisms, is discussed. Throughout the review, an attempt is made to integrate historical and current literature with an emphasis on the physiological role, rather than the underlying signaling mechanisms, of this important component of vascular control.
Postpartum anovulation in non‐nursing monkeys: Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐ovarian refractoriness is not induced by the milieu of early pregnancy
Authors: Gordon K. , Williams R.F.
Published: September 2011

To evaluate the role of the early pregnancy milieu in inducing postpartum refractoriness of the hypothalmic‐pituitary‐ovarian axis, pregnancies in rhesus monkeys were terminated on either day 35 of gestation or near term at 162 days. Non‐nursing mothers with gestations interrupted near term resumed ovulation at a mean of 56 ± 12 (X̄ ± SE) days postpartum, in contrast to the 17 ± 2 days required for the females having had abortions at day 35. These results demonstrate that the early pregnancy milieu is not determinant of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐ovarian refractoriness observed in non‐nursing mothers delivering at term.
Temperature‐metabolism relations in the cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) model for ulcerative colitis
Authors: Stonerook M.J. , Weiss H.S. , Rodriguez‐M M.A. , Rodríguez‐M J.V. , Hernández‐C J.I. , Peck O.C. , Wood J.D.
Published: September 2011

Examination of temperature‐metabolism relations found no significant differences between thermoregulation of temperature housed laboratory cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and wild tamarins in Colombia, S.A. The results indicate that tamarins do not acclimate to a temperate environment and are metabolically stressed at Ta less than 32°C. This is consistent with an hypothesis of chronic metabolic stress as a factor in the etiology of cotton‐top tamarin colitis, which is restricted to captive populations and not found in wild tamarins.
Serum and urine biochemical diversity among wild‐caught and colony‐born Aotus nancymae
Authors: Weller Richard E. , Buschbom Raymond L. , Málaga Carlos A. , Kimsey Barbara B. , Ragan Harvey A.
Published: September 2011

Serum and urine analytes were compared between adult wild‐caught and adult colony‐born owl monkeys (Aotus nancymae), to determine if normative clinical pathology data were similar. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were noted in serum protein, glucose, sodium, urine calcium, calcium clearance, and fractional clearance of calcium between the two groups. The results suggest that reference data for feral owl monkeys is not completely applicable to colony‐born animals, however, the differences are too small to be of clinical significance.
Intestinal capillariasis in New World monkeys
Authors: Brack M. , Gass H. , Stirnberg E.
Published: September 2011

Two cases of intestinal capillariasis have been identified at necropsy in a squirrel monkey and a capuchin monkey born and raised in captivity. The parasites are described as far as possible from the histopathological slides or intestinal contents, and their relationship to other intestinal capillarids, especially those of primates, is discussed.
Primary cultures of rhesus placental syncytiotrophoblasts are permissive for SIV infection
Authors: Golos Thaddeus G. , Krugner‐Higby Lisa A. , Williams Carolyn Stone , Fisher Jennifer M. , Johnson Kimberly J. , Durning Maureen , Schultz Kevin T.
Published: September 2011

Primary cultures of rhesus syncytiotrophoblasts incubated with SIVdeltaB670, SIVmac251, or SIVmac239 produced readily detectable virus in the supernatant for up to three weeks after infection. At four weeks, cells generally failed to release virus but placental cell lysates and placental cells cocultured for 24 hours with uninfected CEM × 174 cells were able to transmit infection. The presence of virus was confirmed by electron microscopy and PCR amplification of viral sequences from trophoblast genomic DNA. SIV p27 antigen was localized by immunostaining primarily in syncytiotrophoblasts.
Infectivity of titered doses of simian immunodeficiency virus clone E11S inoculated intravenously into rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Benveniste R.E. , Roodman S.T. , Hill R.W. , Knott W.B. , Ribas J.L. , Lewis M.G. , Eddy G.A.
Published: September 2011

The macaque infectious dose (MID) of a single‐cell clone of simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from a pig‐tailed macaque (SIV/Mne clone E11S) was determined in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Twenty‐one macaques were inoculated with 10‐fold dilutions of the virus stock (three or four animals per dose). The virologic and clinical status of these animals was monitored for 26 weeks. The 25% MID (MID25) occurred at a 105‐fold dilution of the viral stock.
Mucosal immunization with a live, virulence‐attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine elicits antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes and antibodies in rhesus macaques
Authors: Lohman Barbara L. , McChesney Micheal B. , Miller Christopher J. , Otsyula Moses , Berardi Christopher J. , Marthas Marta L.
Published: September 2011

An effective AIDS vaccine must protect against sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Therefore, vaccine regimens which stimulate antiviral immunity in the genital tract as well as in peripheral blood and systemic lymphoid tissues are needed. Here, we describe a method of immunization by direct inoculation of the vaginal submucosa with a live attenuated SIV, SIVmac1A11. Immunization by this route generated low levels of SIV‐specific IgG and IgA antibodies in serum and vaginal secretions and viral specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity in peripheral blood.
Early activation of PBMC and appearance of antiviral CD8+ cells influence the prognosis of SIV‐induced disease in rhesus macaques
Authors: Joag S.V. , Adams R.J. , Foresman L. , Gaibreath D. , Zink M.C. , Pinson D.M. , McClure H. , Narayan O.
Published: September 2011

We studied 15 macaques inoculated with SIV and identified three phases of infection. Phase 1 was characterized by activated lymphocytes in blood and infected cells in the CSF. In phase 2, activated cells were not detected but virus was recovered from mitogen‐stimulated PBMC, while in phase 3, virus was recovered from mitogen‐stimulated PBMC only after depletion of CD8+ lymphocytes, indicating effective control of the virus in peripheral blood. Early development of phase 3 status correlated with a longer period of clinical normalcy.
Cellular immune responses in rhesus macaques infected rectally with low dose simian immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Salvato Maria S. , Emau Peter , Malkovsky Miroslav , Schultz Kevin T. , Johnson Eric , Pauza C. David
Published: September 2011

Monkeys infected rectally with low dose simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) were resistant to high dose challenge with SIV. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from two of four challenged monkeys were unable to support SIV replication in vitro unless cultures were depleted of CD8+ lymphocytes. Monkeys that had survived high dose rectal infection with SIV also suppressed virus replication in cultured PBMC. PBMC from uninfected monkeys supported virus replication in both unfractionated and CD8‐depleted cultures. Virus‐suppressive activity of PBMC may be an important correlate of protective immunity in AIDS.
An Hsp60 related protein is associated with purified HIV and SIV
Authors: Bartz Steven R. , Pauza C. David , Ivanyi Juraj , Jindal Satish , Welch William J. , Malkovsky Miroslav
Published: September 2011

The possible physical association of heat shock proteins (Hsp's) with immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV) has been examined. The virions were purified by a) polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and Sepharose 4B filtration, b) PEG precipitation and centrifugation over a Renografin gradient, or c) PEG precipitation and Matrex Cellufine Sulfate affinity chromatography. Western blotting revealed an Hsp60 related protein associated with HIV and SIV. Other Hsp's (such as Hsp70) were not detected, suggesting a specific interaction between Hsp60 and viral factors.
Adaptation of HIV‐1 to pigtailed macaques
Authors: Gartner Suzanne , Liu Yiling , Poionis Victoria , Lewis Mark G. , Elkins William R. , Hunter Edward A. , Miao Jing , Corts Karen J. , Eddy Gerald A.
Published: September 2011

In vitro infectivity experiments were performed to assess the susceptibility of cells from various monkey species to HIV‐1. T lymphocytes from pig‐tailed macaques, but not those from rhesus or cynomolgus monkeys, were susceptible to infection, but virus expression was limited. The majority of HIV‐1 isolates were unable to productively infect pigtailed macaque cells. Inoculation of autologous, HIV‐1 expressing cells led to establishment of persistent infection in pigtailed macaques as evidenced by recovery of infectious virus and development of virus‐specific antibody responses.
Individualized gonadotropin regimens for follicular stimulation in macaques during in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles
Authors: Zelinski‐Wooten Mary B. , Alexander Manfred , Christensen Cynthia L. , Wolf Don P. , Hess David L. , Stouffer Richard L.
Published: September 2011

Follicular stimulation was compared in macaques receiving sequential gonadotropin treatment which was terminated after seven, eight, or nine days depending on the time required to attain preselected criteria of follicular maturation. Although estradiol levels and follicle sizes varied, the number of follicles and oocytes/animal, oocyte nuclear maturity, IVF rates and progesterone levels during the luteal phase were similar among groups. Reducing the duration of gonadotropin treatment to individualize follicular stimulation regimens does not compromise follicle or gamete quality.
Production and characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies specific for baboon IgG heavy and light chain epitopes
Authors: Shearer M.H. , Jenson H.B. , Carey K.D. , Chanh T.C. , Kennedy R.C.
Published: September 2011

We have generated a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that recognize baboon IgG epitopes. The reactivity of the MAbs with IgG from other primate species was also examined. Specificity for IgG heavy (H) or light (L) chain epitopes was determined by Western blot analysis. The H chain‐specific MAbs were analyzed for IgG subclass specificity and the L chain‐specific MAbs for reactivity with baboon IgM and polymeric sIgA. Finally, an ELISA was developed to demonstrate the utility of the MAbs in analysis of humoral immune responses in baboons.
Pair‐housing rather than single‐housing for laboratory rhesus macaques
Authors: Reinhardt V.
Published: September 2011

A total of 378 adult and juvenile rhesus macaques of both sexes were transferred from single‐ to isosexual pair‐housing arrangements. The incidence of serious injury resulting from partner incompatibility was 0.8% during the first year after pair formation. It was concluded that pair‐housing offers a safe option to address the animals' social needs in compliance with federal rules and professional standards.
The T‐cell receptor Vβ repertoire in naive and human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) infected chimpanzees
Authors: Boldt‐Houle D.M. , Nigida S.M. , Rinaldo C.R. , Ehrlich G.D.
Published: September 2011

Using a panel of human T‐cell receptor (TCR) variable region β chain (Vβ) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers, we performed cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses of the TCR Vβ repertoire in naive and HIV‐1 infected chimpanzees. We demonstrate that our TCR PCR primer panel will support amplification of chimpanzee cDNA from most of the TCR Vβ families. However, no differences in TCR Vβ expression were found between the naive and HIV‐1 infected chimpanzees, unlike the TCR Vβ repertoire perturbation found in HIV‐1 infected human subjects. This finding suggests that a complete TCR repertoire in HIV‐1 infected chimpanzees is associated with the maintenance CD4 + T‐cell numbers and lack of progression to AIDS.
Early helper T‐cell dysfunction in simian immunodeficiency virus but not in human immunodeficiency virus type‐2‐infected macaques
Authors: Dittmer Ulf , Lüke Wolfgang , Stahl‐Hennig Christiane , Coulibaly Cheick , Petry Harald , Bodemer Walter , Hunsmann Gerhard , Voss Gerald
Published: September 2011

Both naive and vaccinated macaques acquired a virus‐specific proliferative helper T‐cell reactivity in response to infection with the nonpathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV‐2). In contrast, macaques infected with the pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus of the macaque strain (SIVmac) did not develop a helper T‐cell response. Furthermore, a vaccine‐induced preexisting T‐cell reactivity was abrogated after SIVmac infection in vaccine failures. These differences may reflect the different pathogenicity of the two closely related viruses.
Cryptosporidiosis of liver and pancreas in rhesus monkeys with experimental SIV infection
Authors: Kaup Franz‐Josef , Kuhn Eva‐Maria , Makoschey Birgit , Hunsmann Gerhard
Published: September 2011

Following an experimental SIV infection, 11 rhesus monkeys were evaluated to determine the presence of opportunistic infections. Five animals had severe alterations of the hepatobiliary tree, three of which were associated with the presence of numerous Cryptosporidium spp. Subacute to chronic inflammatory changes were observed in the pancreatic ducts of four animals, one without histologic evidence of parasites. In one animal, the inflamed ducts were associated with a chronic interstitial pancreatitis. The rate of Cryptosporidium infection together with hepatic and pancreatic involvement (36%) supports the hypothesis that systemic cryptosporidiosis is the result of a loss of protective mucosal immunity.
Assessment of acrosomal integrity of vervet monkey spermatozoa after cryopreservation
Authors: Conradie E. , Oettle E.E. , Seier J.V.
Published: September 2011

Cryopreservation of Vervet monkey semen caused a highly significant reduction in the percentage of normal acrosomes and a highly significant increase in the percentage of mildly damaged, severely damaged, and lost acrosomes. This was demonstrated by staining ten post‐thaw semen samples, which enabled a visualization of the acrosomal damage. The incidence of post‐thaw intact acrosomes in this cryopreservation method was found to be similar to that reported for man and cynomolgus monkey semen.
Holoprosencephaly in a long‐tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis): A case report
Authors: Tarantal A.F. , Otiang‐a‐Owiti G. , Hendrickx A.G.
Published: September 2011

A long‐tailed macaque fetus with ethmocephaly, alobar holoprosencephaly, and arhinia is reported. This fetus was exposed to an antiprogestational agent, RU 486 (2.5 mg/kg intramuscular, once daily), during gestational days 15–18. Three hypotheses are proposed to explain these malformations: (1) they are a direct result of drug exposure, (2) they are a secondary effect of treatment and the result of decreased blood supply to the developing embryo due to an incomplete abortion, and (3) they represent a spontaneous occurrence.
Feeding enrichment and body weight in captive chimpanzees
Authors: Brent L.
Published: September 2011

Although positive behavioral consequences have been attributed to feeding enrichment, physiological changes may also occur. In this study, the body weight records of a large chimpanzee colony were reviewed to determine if body weight was affected by the implementation of a daily enrichment program, including food items offered three to four times per week. Comparing the mean body weight by age groups indicated that the weight of female chimpanzees was significantly greater after feeding enrichment but that male body weight did not differ.
Immunocytochemistry of Kaposi's sarcoma‐like tumor cells from pigtailed macaques with simian AIDS
Authors: Tsai Che‐Chung , Wu Hainan , Meng Fannong
Published: September 2011

Some macaques infected with SRV‐2 developed SAIDS and RF, a Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)‐like tumor. We investigated the immunophenotypic markers of this SAIDS‐associated retroperitoneal fibromatosis (RF). RF tumor is characterized by proliferation of spindle cells accompanying inflammatory cell infiltrates, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. RF spindle cells in tumor tissues revealed several immunobiologic characteristics similar to vascular smooth‐muscle cells or myofibroblasts based on positive immunoreactivity of smooth‐muscle α‐actin and desmin. The majority of cultured RF spindle cells also expressed specific markers for vascular smooth muscle. These results suggest that the RF spindle cells are derived from vascular smooth‐muscle cells. Furthermore, RF tissues and cells were persistently infected with SRV‐2, which may play an important role in viral etiology of AIDS‐associated neoplasm in this macaque model.
Nonclassical mucosal antibodies predominate in genital secretions of HIV‐1 infected chimpanzees
Authors: Israel Zimra R. , Marx Preston A.
Published: September 2011

To identify mucosal immunity in HIV‐infected chimpanzees, IgG, IgA, and IgM from plasma, saliva, rectal swabs, vaginal washes, semen, and urethral washes were tested from four male and three female HIV‐1IIIB infected chimpanzees. The level of HIV infections in the seven chimpanzees were classified as high, intermediate and low depending on the number of HIV‐1 infected cells per 107 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). One male chimpanzee had a relatively high viral load, two males and two females had moderate viral loads and one male and one female had low levels of infection. All seven animals had plasma antibody. The principal finding was that nonclassical mucosal antibodies of the IgG isotype were the predominant antibody in the saliva, rectal swabs, vaginal washes, semen, and urethral washes of infected animals. All plasma and mucosal samples were negative for IgM antibodies. The results show that HIV‐1 specific IgG responses and not sIgA predominate at mucosal surfaces of HIV‐1IIIB infected chimpanzees. A trend was observed in which high viral loads correlated with high plasma IgG, IgA and sIgA titers. An overall correlation between relatively high virus loads and high amounts of mucosal IgG was also found.
Isolation and characterization of the first simian immunodeficiency virus from a feral sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys) in West Africa
Authors: Chen Zhiwei , Telfer Paul , Reed Patricia , Zhang Linqi , Getti Agegnehu , Ho David D. , Marx Preston A.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: The lineage of HIV‐2‐like viruses was studied in feral sooty mangabeys (SMs) by serological and genetic methods. Four feral sooty mangabeys were positive for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antibodies and a new isolate, SIVsmSL92a, was obtained. Genetic analysis of gag genes showed that SIVsmSL92a was highly diverse and a distinct sequence subtype within the SIVsm/HIV‐2 family. The results showed that SIVsm is the most diverse group of SIVs found thus far in a single monkey species.
Mycobacterium kansasii infection in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus sciureus)
Authors: Brammer D.W. , O'Rourke C.M. , Heath LA , Chrlsp C.E. , Peter G.K. , Hofing G.L.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: This report documents asymptomatic infections of Mycobacterium kansasii in four of five tuberculin positive squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus sciureus). The mycobacterial DNA amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from a bronchial lymph node had no affinity for the species specific probes of M. tuberculosis, M. avium, and M. intracellular, thus allowing the presumptive diagnosis of an atypical mycobacterial infection. Infection by Mycobacterium kansasii was confirmed by culture of bronchial lymph nodes from three monkeys. The source of the infection was never identified.
Gastrin levels and gastric emptying times in rhesus monkeys with a history of acute gastric dilatation
Authors: Fanton John W. , Cosgrove Donald J. , Golden John G.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Abnormal gastric motility has been suggested as a possible causative factor for acute gastric dilatation observed in nonhuman primates. To evaluate gastric motility in a colony, fasting serum gastrin immunoreactivity and gastric emptying times were assessed in rhesus monkeys that had survived single episodes of acute gastric dilatation. These were paired with age‐ and weight‐matched control monkeys from the same colony. Neither gastric emptying times nor gastrin assays were significantly different between the acute gastric dilatation and control groups.
Characterization of the natural immune response of rhesus monkey CD4+ve T cells to the bacterial antigen streptolysin O (SLO)
Authors: Kraakman Elizabeth M. , Bontrop Ronald E. , Groenesteln Reno , Jonker Margreet , Haaijman Joost J. , Hart Bert A. ‘t
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Rhesus monkeys show a high proliferative T cell response to the bacterial exotoxin SLO without prior immunization. The present study was undertaken to characterize this naturally present SLO‐responsiveness with particular emphasis on CD4+ve reactive T cells. It is demonstrated that the frequency of SLO‐reactive cells in the circulation ranges between 1 in 75 and 1 in 610 CD4+ve T cells as determined with limiting dilution analysis. It is also shown that induction of a good proliferative response requires Mhc‐DR matching between T cell and the antigen presenting cells (APC). Stable and DR‐restricted SLO‐specific CD4+ve T cell lines were generated from CD8 depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The SLO‐reactive CD4+ve cell lines are tentatively characterized as Thl‐like based on the predominant production of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) over IL‐4, although this seems contradicted by the IL‐4 dependent growth of the lines.
The value of primate models for studying human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis
Authors: Levy Jay A.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Research on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is compromised by the obvious limitation in having for study only virus‐infected individuals or those exposed to the virus. Steps involved in transmission or pathogenesis require planned experimentation. The identification of animal models of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has therefore been helpful for evaluating phases of HIV pathogenesis. Of the seven subgenera of lentiviruses now recognized, two share the characteristics with HIV of a T cell tropism and the associated loss of CD4+ cells in the host associated with disease: the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (Table 1). The other animal lentiviruses grow best in macrophages and their infection generally reflects clinical sequellae of infection of this cell type. This review addresses those features of SIV, HIV, and SHIV infections of non‐human primates that illustrate the importance of the animal models of AIDS.
In vitro T lymphopoiesis: A model system for stem cell gene therapy for AIDS
Authors: Rosenzweig Michael , Marks Douglas F. , Hempel Donna , Johnson R. Paul
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Stable introduction of therapeutic genes into hematopoietic stem cells has the potential to reconstitute immunity in individuals with HIV infection. However, many important questions regarding the safety and efficacy of this approach remain unanswered and may be addressed in a non‐human primate model. To facilitate evaluation of expression of foreign genes in T cells derived from transduced hematopoietic progenitor cells, we have established a culture system that supports the differentiation of rhesus macaque and human CD34+ bone marrow derived cells into mature T cells. Thymic stromal monolayers were prepared from the adherent cell fraction of collagenase digested fetal or neonatal thymus. After 10–14 days, purified rhesus CD34+ bone marrow‐derived cells cultured on thymic stromal monolayers yielded CD3+CD4+CD8+, CD3+CD4+CD8−, and CD3+CD4−CD8+ cells. Following stimulation with mitogens, these T cells derived from CD34+ cells could be expanded over 1,000‐fold and maintained in culture for up to 20 weeks. We next evaluated the ability of rhesus CD34+ cells transduced with a retroviral vector containing the marker gene neo to undergo in vitro T cell differentiation. CD34+ cells transduced in the presence of bone marrow stroma and then cultured on rhesus thymic stroma resulted in T cells containing the retroviral marker gene. These studies should facilitate both in vitro and in vivo studies of hematopoietic stem cell therapeutic strategies for AIDS.
Detection of intracellular signal transduction molecules in PBMC from rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys
Authors: Brice G.T. , Villinger F. , Mayne A. , Sundstrom J.B. , Ansari A.A.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: One of the manifestations of human HIV‐1 and nonhuman primate SIV infection that lead to disease is reasoned to be secondary to generalized T‐cell dysfunction. The molecular mechanisms associated with the T‐cell dysfunction remain to be elucidated. To address this issue, we sought to utilize the nonhuman primate model to study intracellular signaling events in cells from disease‐susceptible rhesus macaques and disease‐resistant sooty mangabeys. Because relatively little is known about these events in nonhuman primates, our laboratory defined optimal conditions, reagents, and assays for the study of signal transduction events in cells from nonhuman primates. The protein phosphorylation patterns in the two monkeys exhibited quantitative, qualitative, and kinetic differences. Antibodies to Stat6 detected a unique band in macaque cell lysates. This band is markedly decreased human cell lysates and never seen in mangabey cell lysates. Detection of various other intracellular signaling proteins is also described.
In vivo protective anti‐HIV immune responses in non‐human primates through DNA immunization
Authors: Boyer Jean D. , Wang Bin , Ugen Kenneth E. , Agadjanyan Michael , Javadian Ali , Frost Patrice , Dang Kesen , Carrano Richard A. , Ciccarelli Richard , Coney Leslie , Williams William V. , Weiner David B.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: An effective immune response involves the specific recognition of and elimination of an infectious organism at multiple levels. In this context DNA immunization can present functional antigenic proteins to the host for recognition by all arms of the immune system, yet provides the opportunity to delete any genes of the infectious organism which code for antigens or pieces of antigens that may have deleterious effects. Our group has developed the use of nucleic acid immunization as a possible method of vaccination against Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) [1,2,3,10,11,12]. Sera from non‐human primates immunized with DNA vectors that express the envelope proteins from HIV‐1 contain antibodies specific to the HIV‐1 envelope. These sera also neutralize HIV‐1 infection in vitro and inhibit cell to cell infection in tissue culture. Analysis of cellular responses is equally encouraging. T cell proliferation as well as cytotoxic T cell lysis of relevant env expressing target cells were observed. In addition, evidence that DNA vaccines are capable of inducing a protective response against live virus was demonstrated using a chimeric SIV/HIV (SHIV) challenge in vaccinated cynomologous macaques. We found that nucleic acid vaccination induced protection from challenge in one out of four immunized cynomolgus macaques and viral load was lower in the vaccinated group of animals versus the control group of animals. These data encouraged us to analyze this vaccination technique in chimpanzees, the most closely related animal species to man. We observed the induction of both cellular and humoral immune responses with a DNA vaccine in chimpanzees. These studies demonstrate the utility of this technology to induce relevant immune responses in primates which may ultimately lead to effective vaccines.
Prevalence of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) antibodies in primate stocks of zoological gardens
Authors: Fellinger Judith , Rietschel Wolfram , Czerny Claus‐Peter
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Examination of 387 serum samples from 41 primate species with two different ELISAs for the presence of IgG‐antibodies against Epstein‐Barr virus. Antibodies were detected in 15 out of 32 species of Old World primates and none in six species of New World primates by screening ELISA (Enzygnost, Behringwerke AG, Marburg), a testkit for human diagnostics. To avoid species‐dependent factors which could influence the sensitivity of the Enzygnost assay, a competition ELISA was established. The modified test assessed antibodies in all species of Old World primates and three species of the New World primates.
Macaque sperm fusion with zona‐free hamster oocytes
Authors: VandeVoort C.A. , Overstreet J.W.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Semen from six cynomolgus macaques was washed twice by centrifugation in BWW media and resuspended in 1:2 (vol:vol) of Tes‐Tris‐buffered eggyolk extract (EXT) diluent and BWW (EXT‐BWW). Caffeine and dbcAMP were added to induce capacitation. Sperm were treated with calcium ionophore, A23187, followed by the addition of EXT to recover motility, then washed into BWW. The percent motile sperm was similar in ionophore‐treated and control sperm suspensions, but motility of treated sperm decreased significantly by 20 min after treatment. The percentage of viable, acrosome‐reacted sperm was 56.3% following ionophore treatment versus 4.0% in control suspensions. When ionophore‐treated sperm were coincubated with zona‐free hamster oocytes, 51 % of oocytes had evidence of sperm fusion and no oocytes were penetrated after incubation with control sperm. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that macaque sperm are capable of fusion with zona‐free hamster oocytes if sperm are viable and acrosome‐reacted.
Hormonal response to restraint in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Gauquelin‐Koch Guillemette , Blanquie Jean‐Pierre , Viso Michel , Florence Geneviòve , Milhaud Claude , Gharib Claude
Published: September 2011

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to characterize the hormonal responses to a restraining system in four adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in preparation for a spaceflight project. After the monkeys were accustomed to food and water (Phase I), blood‐volume‐regulating hormones were measured during three phases: 10 days in a metabolic cage (Phase II), 16 days sitting in a restrained position in a specially designed metabolism chair (Phase III) and 10 days in metabolic cage (Phase IV). An increase of active renin (30%) and vasopressin (25%) was observed at the end of Phase III. A decrease of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), urodilatin, and sodium excretion occurred during the first days of Phase III. Catecholamines were unchanged. A dramatic increase (tenfold) in urinary excretion of growth hormone occurred during all of Phase III and at the beginning of Phase IV.

These findings are similar to those found in man during isolation inactivity and during confinement stress.
Characterization of dermatologic changes in geriatric rhesus macaques
Authors: Huneke R.B. , Foltz C.J. , VandeWoude S. , Mandrell T.D. , Garman R. H.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Nonhuman primates are frequently used for aging studies. We observed a high prevalence of skin disease among a group of geriatric rhesus monkeys (mean age ? 25 years; n ? 9) used in aging behavioral studies. Gross and histopathologic changes in the skin of these geriatric rhesus were compared with skin from control adult monkeys (mean age ? 10; n ? 4) and sun‐exposed monkeys (mean age ? 11; n = 4) to characterize age‐related skin changes. Biopsy specimens were taken from four specified skin locations (lateral to bridge of nose, ventral midline, dorsal midline, perineal area) and from additional areas where skin lesions were present. Samples were routinely processed and evaluated by light microscopy. Blood samples were collected and tested for estrogen, thyroid‐stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and Cortisol levels. The axilla was swabbed and samples were obtained for bacterial culturing. All nine of the geriatric monkeys had notable dermal lesions, while one of the control monkeys and one of the sun‐exposed monkeys had abnormal findings. Major gross findings included increased areas of erythematous skin, wrinkling, focal skin scaling, thinning of hair, foot calluses, and exudative lesions. Histologic skin changes included subacute dermatitis, acanthotic dermatitis, and a lesion resembling an early solar lentigo in the sun‐exposed animal. These changes were not associated with hormonal abnormalities or bacterial pathogens. Histologic changes are compatible with nonspecific skin changes observed in elderly humans. This study establishes a baseline of dermatologic changes of the aging rhesus macaque.
Tumors of the respiratory tract observed at the German Primate Center, 1978–1994
Authors: Brack Manfred , Schwartz Peter , Heinrichs Till , Schultz Michael , Fuchs Eberhard
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Eight spontaneous pulmonary tumors (four bronchiolar tubular adenomas, two bronchiolar adenocarcinomas, two squamous‐cell carcinomas) occurred in a total of 54 adult tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) of the GPC colonies between 1978 and 1994. The adenomas and adenocarcinomas consisted of tubularly or trabecularly arranged cuboidal to cylindrical cells interspersed with some PAS‐positive goblet cells, thus resembling the epithelial lining of respiratory bronchioles of tree shrews. The two squamous‐cell carcinomas probably originated from the pulmonary alveoles.

Three more pulmonary tumors (one small‐cell carcinoma, one bronchial adenoma, one squamous‐cell carcinoma) developed in 409 adult callitrichids of the GPC colonies during the same period, and one more bronchial adenoma was observed in a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) of another colony located in Göttingen. With regard to the adenomas and squamous‐cell carcinomas, a similar cellular origin with the tree shrews is assumed. The small‐cell carcinoma possibly developed from the bronchial epithelium, provided a pathogenesis parallel to that of human small‐cell carcinoma is suggested.

Four of the tree shrew pulmonary adenomas/adenocarcinomas and the small‐cell Ca were macroscopically visible as yellowish‐grey nodules of 1 mm × 1 mm to 15 mm × 15 mm diameter, predominantly involving the main lobes (2 × right main lobes, 2 × left main lobes, 1 × all lobes). The pulmonary tumors of the other animals were below macroscopical detectability.
Antibody responses to two encephalomyocarditis virus vaccines in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Emerson Carol L. , Wagner Joseph L.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Two groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) housed in rodent‐controlled outdoor corrals were inoculated with two different encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) vaccines. One group (n = 45) received a vaccine made from an inactivated field isolate of virus cultured during an outbreak at a zoo in Florida. This vaccine produced fourfold increases in the titers of 28 animals (62%); the increases persisted for at least 18 months (last test) after a single injection of the vaccine. The other group (n = 51) received a vaccine made from an inactivated porcine field strain of the virus. This vaccine did not produce titers in any of the vaccinees.
Patterns of prenatal survival in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Jaquish Cashell E. , Tardif Suzette D. , Toal Robert L. , Carson R.L.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Fifty common marmoset pregnancies were monitored using ultrasound. The objective was to ascertain if fetal mortality was related to litter size. Prior to analysis we determined abortion rate and litter size were not influenced by repeated ultrasound. Mortality was unrelated to litter size and occurred fairly late in gestation. All singletons born in this study began gestation as twins. It is hypothesized that marmosets may be able to adjust litter size late in pregnancy in response to proximate environmental factors.
SIVagm incidence over two decades in a natural population of Ethiopian grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops)
Authors: Jolly C. J. , Phillips‐Conroy J.E. , Turner T.R. , Broussard S. , Allan J.S.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: The incidence of SIVagm seropositivity in a natural population of Ethiopian grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops) is investigated using plasma samples collected in 1973, and shown to be similar to that reported from the same population in 1990–91. Results tend to support our previous conclusions: endemic SIVagm has little or no impact on the survival of wild grivet monkeys, and the virus is transmitted almost always by sexual contact, occasionally by trauma, and rarely if ever maternally. Small differences between 1973 and 1990–93 suggest that the stress of drought years may raise the incidence of traumatic transmission, and temporarily depress transmission by sexual activity, in this population.
Cell surface marker evaluation of infant Macaca monkey leukocytes in peripheral whole blood using simultaneous dual‐color immunophenotypic analysis
Authors: Tryphonas H. , Lacroix F. , Hayward S. , Izaguirre C. , Parenteau M. , Fournier J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Cross‐reactivity between several commercially available mouse antihuman monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), conjugated to phycoerythrin (PE) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) fluorochromes, and peripheral blood leukocyte surface antigens, has been established in infant cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys using whole blood lysis, and two‐color, PE and FITC flow cytometric analysis. With the exception of the CD8 marker, the bivariate dot‐plot patterns for all other markers were similar in infant monkeys and in humans. For the CD8 marker, however, a CD8+CD2− population of cells was observed in the majority of monkeys tested (10 out of 12). The number of CD8+CD2− cells was higher (13%) in infant monkeys compared to the 3% reported for adult human blood. The mean percentage and absolute numbers for the cell surface markers identified with the human mAbs CD2 (FITC, Ortho, Paritan, NJ), CD4 (PE, B‐D, Mountain View, CA), and CD8 (PE, B‐D) when these were combined with a series of PE‐ or FITC‐labelled human mAbs were similar across all combinations tested. Statistically significant differences were observed between male and female monkeys for the mean percentage levels of CD4 (females > males) and for the CD4/CD8 ratio (females > males). Such gender differences need to be taken into consideration when infant cynomolgus monkeys are used as models for chemical‐induced immunotoxicity studies. Measurement of the interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) and transferrin proved to be useful in monitoring in vitro cellular activation in infant cynomolgus and possibly in rhesus (M. mulatta) monkeys.
Assessment of early placental development in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) using colour and pulsed wave Doppler sonography
Authors: Nimrod Carl , Simpson Nigel , Hafner Tomislav , de Vermette Rosa , Fournier Jocelyn , Coady Laurie , Baccanale Cecile
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Colour flow mapping and pulsed wave Doppler were used to assess the process of placental growth and development in the cynomolgus monkey from 32 to 71 days gestational age. Fetal and maternal vessels were reliably visualised and insonated. Accurate longitudinal non‐invasive assessment of placentation is possible using this technique.
Development of the definitive kidney in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Rodriguez C.G. , Makori N. , Cukierski M. A. , Hendrickx A. G.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Formation of the definitive kidney in Macaca fascicularis embryos was investigated using light and electron microscopy. Appearance of the definitive kidney at stage 14 was indicated by the ureteric bud invading the metanephrogenic blastema. Glomerular capillaries originate from the connective tissue that surrounds the developing renal vesicle. At 46–100 days gestational age the more developed glomeruli show thinning of the capillary endothelium, thickening of the basal membrane, and presence of pedicels, suggesting a capability of renal function.
Hepatocellular carcinoma in a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Morris T.H. , Abdi M.M.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: A well‐differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma of the liver was diagnosed in a female squirrel monkey. The lesion showed trabecular, solid and glandular features that are characteristics of malignant liver tumours.
Glioblastoma multiforme arising in the irradiated spinal cord of a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Price R. E. , Tinkey P. T. , Leeds N. E. , Hazle J. D. , Langford L. A. , Stephens L. C. , Ang K. K.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: An adult female rhesus monkey that had received 44.0 Gy of cobalt 60 radiation to 8 cm of the cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord approximately 2.8 years postirradiation developed a sudden onset of self‐mutilation and loss of function of the right arm followed progressively by loss of function of the left arm and terminally bilateral paresis of the legs. Histopathologic examination of the cervical spinal cord revealed a glioblastoma multiforme that extended from the cervical medullary junction to the sixth cervical vertebrae. Because of the infrequent occurrence of spontaneous neoplasia in rhesus monkeys and the location in the radiation field, the glioblastoma is believed to be radiation induced.
A case of pulmonary cestodiasis in a simian immunodeficiency virus‐infected pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) in which virus‐infected leukocytes are present within the lesion
Authors: Sasseville Vito G. , Pauley Douglas R. , Young Heather L. , MacKey John J. , Simon Meredith A. , Desrosiers Ronald C. , Lackner Andrew A.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: The larvae of Mesocestoides are rarely encountered in nonhuman primates, with most cases reported in baboons. Infection of macaques has been occasionally diagnosed, but Mesocestoides in the lung parenchyma is extremely rare. We have previously demonstrated that in macaques with terminal AIDS, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)‐infected leukocytes are rarely found in cellular infiltrates associated with opportunistic infections or preexisting disease. Here we describe larvae (tetrathyridia) of the cestode Mesocestoides in the lung of an adult, pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) during acute SIV infection in which virus‐positive cells are present within the cellular infiltrates. These results describe a rare parasitic disease in pigtailed macaques and demonstrate that lentivirus‐infected leukocytes can be associated with inflammatory sites during acute infection.
Constitutive cytokine release by simian T‐cell lymphotrophic virus type I (STLV‐I) and human T‐cell lymphotrophic virus types I/II (HTLV‐I/II) transformed cell lines
Authors: Lazo Aristides , Bailer Robert T.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Simian T‐cell lymphotrophic virus type I (STLV‐I) and human T‐cell lymphotrophic virus types I/II (HTLV‐I/II) contain the tax gene which can transactivate the transcription of viral and cellular genes including several cytokines. These investigations used two STLV‐I and four different HTLV‐I/II transformed cell lines to quantitate constitutive cytokine release, p24 antigen production, and to correlate gag p24 antigen and cytokine release. These investigations are the first to report 1) quantitative comparison of constitutive release of multiple cytokines by several STLV‐I and HTLV‐I/II transformed cell lines and to determine the cytokines constitutively released by STLV‐I transformed cell lines as IL‐6, b‐FGF, and GM‐CSF (and TNF‐β, and PDGF in a higher viral producing line); 2) statistically significant differences in levels of cytokines produced by STLV‐I and HTLV‐I/II transformed cell lines, dependent on the method of results quantification; and 3) a correlation between levels of STLV‐I and HTLV‐I/II and gag p24 antigen production and cytokine production.
Hematology and serum chemistry in the white‐crowned mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus lunulatus) and in the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx)
Authors: Peinado V.I. , Celdran J.F. , Viscor G. , Palomeque J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Reference values of some hematologic and plasma chemical parameters were established in two species of clinically normal Cercopithecidae. The following variables were studied in seven mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and nine white‐crowned mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus lunulatus): hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, glucose, urea, uric acid, cholesterol, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, total serum proteins, albumin, globulins, albumin‐globulin ratio, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, total phosphorus, chloride, and serum osmolality. Few differences were observed when compared with human hematological data and with other species of Cercopithecidae Primates.
Bilateral giant myelolipoma in the adrenal of a cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)
Authors: Yanai Tokuma , Taniguchi Haruaki , Sakai Hiroki , Yoshida Kazunori , Kimura Naoto , Katou Akira , Oishi Yuji , Masegi Toshiaki
Published: September 2011

Abstract: A rare case of bilateral adrenal myelolipomas in a female cotton‐top tamarin is reported. Large bilateral masses in the adrenal glands were composed of mature adipose cells containing varying amounts of hematopoietic cells of the myeloid, erythroid, and megakaryocyte series. The gross and histologic features of this case closely resemble human “giant” adrenal myelolipomas.
Advantages and limitations of nonhuman primates as animal models in genetic research on complex diseases
Authors: VandeBerg John L. , Williams‐Blangero Sarah
Published: September 2011

Abstract: The genetic similarity between humans and nonhuman primates makes nonhuman primates uniquely suited as models for genetic research on complex physiological and behavioral phenotypes. By comparison with human subjects, nonhuman primates, like other animal models, have several advantages for these types of studies: 1) constant environmental conditions can be maintained over long periods of time, greatly increasing the power to detect genetic effects; 2) different environmental conditions can be imposed sequentially on individuals to characterize genotype‐environment interactions; 3) complex pedigrees that are much more powerful for genetic analysis than typically available human pedigrees can be generated; 4) genetic hypotheses can be tested prospectively by selective matings; and 5) essential invasive and terminal experiments can be conducted. Limitations of genetic research with nonhuman primates include cost and availability. However, the ability to manipulate both genetic and environmental factors in captive primate populations indicates the promise of genetic research with these important animal models for illuminating complex disease processes. The utility of nonhuman primates for biomedical research on human health problems is illustrated by examples concerning the use of baboons in studies of osteoporosis, alcohol metabolism, and lipoproteins.