bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecological Design Principles and Their Implications on Water Infrastructure Engineering
Authors: Apul Defne
Published: September 2010

Today's water infrastructures are the outcome of an industrial revolution-based design that are now at odds with the current sustainability paradigm. The goal of this study was to develop a vision for engineering sustainable water infrastructures. A list of 99 ecological design principles was compiled from eleven authors and grouped into three themes: (1) human dimension, (2) learning from nature (biomimicry), and (3) integrating nature. The biomimicry concept was further divided into six sub-themes; (1) complex system properties, (2) energy source, (3) scale, (4) mass and energy flows, (5) structure, and function, and (6) diversity and cooperation. The implications of these concepts on water infrastructure design suggested that water infrastructure should be conceptualized in a more holistic way by not only considering water supply, treatment, and storm water management services, but also integrating into the design problem other provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting ecosystem services. A decentralized approach for this integration and innovation in adaptive design are necessary to develop resilient and energy efficient water infrastructures.
Subacute Ruminal Acidosis and Evaluation of Blood Gas Analysis in Dairy Cow
Authors: Gianesella Matteo , Morgante Massimo , Cannizzo Chiara , Stefani Annalisa , Dalvit Paolo , Messina Vanessa , Giudice Elisabetta
Published: September 2010

Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) corresponds to an imbalance between lactate-producing bacteria and lactate-using bacteria, which results in a change in ruminal pH associated with a prevalent consumption of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates. In our study, 216 primiparus and multiparus dairy cows were selected from 20 Italian intensive dairy herds and were divided into three groups based on the risk of SARA. All the dairy cows had high average milk production. After blood sampling, a complete blood gas analysis was performed. One-way ANOVA was performed to compare the three groups. Cont, PC, blood pH, Hb, urinary pH, and rumen pH were significantly lower in cows with rumen . These results indicate that blood gas analysis is a valuable tool to diagnose acidosis in dairy cows because it provides good assessment of acidosis while being less invasive than rumen pH analysis.
The Use of Rose Bengal Plate Test to Asses Cattle Exposure to Brucella Infection in Traditional and Smallholder Dairy Production Systems of Tanga Region of Tanzania
Authors: Swai Emanuel Senyael , Schoonman Luuk
Published: September 2010

A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and to identify risk factors for bovine brucellosis seropositivity in traditional and smallholder dairy cattle production systems in the Tanga region of North-eastern Tanzania. The study populations comprised 246 indigenous and 409 crossbred cattle, randomly selected from 105 smallholder dairy and 25 traditional managed herds, respectively. Individual animal and herd-level data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Serum samples were screened forBrucellaantibodies using the Rose Bengal Plate Test The overall seroprevalence ofBrucellaantibodies in the smallholder dairy and traditional managed cattle was 4.1% and 7.3% respectively. The corresponding overall herd prevalence was 10.5% and 20% respectively. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, closeness to stock route, access to surface drinking water and location were identified as the major risk factors for individual herd seroprevalence. Older animals (6 years) were associated with increased risk of sero-positivity compared to animals of age category of 6 years. The results showed that brucellosis is prevalent and widely distributed locally, underscoring the need for further studies including surveillance and institution of preventive and control measures particularly among female young-stock and the general public who are at high risk of contracting brucellosis.
Chromatin Modifying Agents in theIn VitroProduction of Bovine Embryos
Authors: Monteiro Fabio Morato , Oliveira Clara Slade , Oliveira Letícia Zoccolaro , Saraiva Naiara Zoccal , Mercadante Maria Eugênia Zerlotti , Lopes Flavia Lombardi , Arnold Daniel Robert , Garcia Joaquim Mansano
Published: September 2010

The low efficiency observed in cloning by nuclear transfer is related to an aberrant gene expression following errors in epigenetic reprogramming. Recent studies have focused on further understanding of the modifications that take place in the chromatin of embryos during the preimplantation period, through the use of chromatin modifying agents. The goal of these studies is to identify the factors involved in nuclear reprogramming and to adjustin vitromanipulations in order to better mimicin vivoconditions. Therefore, proper knowledge of epigenetic reprogramming is necessary to prevent possible epigenetic errors and to improve efficiency and the use ofin vitrofertilization and cloning technologies in cattle and other species.
On Vojta's 1 + Ɛ Conjecture
Authors: Chen Xi
Published: September 2010

We give another proof of Vojta's 1 + Ɛ conjecture.
Limit Theorems for Additive Conditionally Free Convolution
Authors: Wang Jiun-Chau
Published: September 2010

In this paper we determine the limiting distributional behavior for sums of infinitesimal conditionally free random variables. We show that the weak convergence of classical convolution and that of conditionally free convolution are equivalent for measures in an infinitesimal triangular array, where the measures may have unbounded support. Moreover, we use these limit theorems to study the conditionally free infinite divisibility. These results are obtained by complex analytic methods without reference to the combinatorics of c-free convolution.
Seasonal analysis of protistan community structure and diversity at the USC Microbial Observatory (San Pedro Channel, North Pacific Ocean)
Authors: Countway Peter D. , Vigil Patrick D. , Schnetzer Astrid , Moorthi Stefanie D. , Caron David A.
Published: September 2010

The structure and genetic diversity of marine protistan assemblages were investigated in the upper 500 m of the water column at a Pacific Ocean time‐series station off the coast of Southern California. Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence‐based microbial eukaryote diversity was examined in January, April, July, and October of 2001 at four depths (5 m, chlorophyll maximum [CM], 150 m, and 500 m). A total of 2956 partial 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequences yielded representatives from most of the major eukaryotic lineages. Notable among the taxonomic groups were recently described lineages of stramenopiles, alveolates, and euglenozoa. A large number of polycystine and acantharean sequences were observed at depth. Pairwise sequence analysis was performed to establish operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that were then used to estimate the unsampled protistan diversity by parametric and nonparametric techniques. A total of 2246 protistan sequences grouped into 377 distinct OTUs, with remaining sequences attributed to metazoa. Protistan richness estimates ranged from ~ 600 to 1500 OTUs when all depths and seasons were combined into a single data set. Seasonal and depth‐related trends in the observed protistan diversity were apparent from comparisons of univariate and multivariate analyses. Cluster analysis combined with nonmetric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarity testing identified distinct protistan assemblages at the shallowest depths (5 m and CM) for each season, which were significantly different (p < 0.03) from assemblages at the two deepest depths (150 and 500 m) where seasonal changes in the protistan assemblage were not apparent.
Are common species sufficient in describing turnover in aquatic metacommunities along environmental and spatial gradients?
Authors: Heino Jani , Soininen Janne
Published: September 2010

Recent findings have suggested that large‐scale diversity patterns are primarily driven by widespread species, while rare species are less important in this regard. The degree to which variation in the diversity of local communities in the context of metacommunity ecology concurs with these findings has not been rigorously examined to date. It is also unknown if community turnover along environmental and spatial gradients is mostly attributable to common as opposed to rare species. We examined spatial turnover for three categories of species, all, common, and rare, in seven aquatic metacommunities using simple and partial Mantel tests. We found that variation in turnover along environmental and spatial gradients was generally similar among all, common, and rare species categories, with five of the seven data sets following this pattern. Our findings thus suggest that spatial turnover in aquatic metacommunities can often be adequately described using common species. More importantly, our findings also suggest that turnover–environment relationships can also be described relatively well using information from common species only.
Evidence of selection for resistance to paralytic shellfish toxins during the early life history of soft‐shell clam, Mya arenaria, populations
Authors: Bricelj V. M. , MacQuarrie S. P. , Doane J. A. E. , Connell L. B.
Published: September 2010

This study identifies early, postmetamorphic soft‐shell clams, Mya arenaria, as the life‐history stage most susceptible to effects of blooms of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin–producing Alexandrium spp. Laboratory experiments used progeny from predominantly susceptible (naϊve) or resistant (annually exposed) NW Atlantic populations. Growth and survival of toxified veliger larvae did not differ from those fed nontoxic algae. In contrast, postlarvae (4–12‐mm shell length) from both populations exposed to a highly toxic Alexandrium tamarense isolate (~ 100 cells mL−1, 64–69 pg saxitoxin equivalents [STXeq] cell−1) suffered burrowing incapacitation, toxin accumulation, and mortalities within 1 week of toxin exposure. These effects were greater and occurred sooner in the naϊve population. Short‐term toxification in the laboratory caused a significant shift in the genotypic composition of this population, determined with a molecular marker for sodium‐channel resistance. Clams with the sensitive genotype were selectively eliminated relative to resistant or heterozygote clams. Ingestion of toxic cells (too large for larval capture) is thus required to elicit toxic effects. Exposure to mixed, toxic, and nontoxic algal suspensions demonstrated that adverse effects to fitness (survival and growth) were dose‐dependent, occurring only at ≥ 50 cells mL−1 of the isolate used (PR18b). Paralysis and thus increased predatory risk occurred even at 10 cells mL−1. Postlarvae < 12 mm, which can co‐occur with red tides throughout the Atlantic range of M. arenaria, were more susceptible to PSP than large (> 30 mm) juveniles. Natural selection for resistance in Atlantic populations will thus vary latitudinally with the timing, duration, and intensity of toxic blooms.
Use of the Occupational Therapy Task-Oriented Approach to Optimize the Motor Performance of a Client With Cognitive Limitations
Authors: Preissner Katharine
Published: September 2010

This case report describes the use of the Occupational Therapy Task-Oriented Approach with a client with occupational performance limitations after a cerebral vascular accident. The Occupational Therapy Task-Oriented Approach is often suggested as a preferred neurorehabilitation intervention to improve occupational performance by optimizing motor behavior. One common critique of this approach, however, is that it may seem inappropriate or have limited application for clients with cognitive deficits. This case report demonstrates how an occupational therapist working in an inpatient rehabilitation setting used the occupational therapy task-oriented evaluation framework and treatment principles described by Mathiowetz (2004) with a person with significant cognitive limitations. This approach was effective in assisting the client in meeting her long-term goals, maximizing her participation in meaningful occupations, and successfully transitioning to home with her daughter.
Identifying Strategies Early Intervention Occupational Therapists Use to Teach Caregivers
Authors: Colyvas Jessica L. , Sawyer L. Brook , Campbell Philippa H.
Published: September 2010

This study investigated early intervention occupational therapists’ use of strategies to teach caregivers. A sample of 40 videotapes made by early intervention occupational therapists was randomly selected from an archival videotape data set of provider home visits. The sample included 20 videotapes illustrating traditional services and 20 videotapes illustrating therapists providing participation-based services. Videotapes were rated using the Teaching Caregivers Scale, which rates three variables on 30-s intervals: (1) routine, (2) provider role, and (3) strategies used to teach caregivers during early intervention home visits. Regardless of the model of service, explicit teaching strategies were rarely used during home visits.
Comparing Three Postoperative Treatment Protocols for Extensor Tendon Repair in Zones V and VI of the Hand
Authors: Hall Barbara , Lee Hoe , Page Rohan , Rosenwax Lorna , Lee Andy H.
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. This pilot study compared the effectiveness of 3 postoperative rehabilitation protocols for patients with Zones V and VI extensor tendon lacerations.

METHOD. Twenty-seven patients were recruited from 3 sites and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 established treatment protocols: immobilization, early passive motion (EPM), and early active motion (EAM). Outcome measures were collected at 3, 6, and 12 wk after treatment and included total active motion (TAM).

RESULTS. At the end of Week 12, data on 24 injured digits of 18 patients were available for analysis. When data at Weeks 3, 6, and 12 were compared, patients in all groups showed steady improvement in TAM, but digits under the EAM treatment improved to a greater extent over time (F[2, 46] = 75.6, p < .001).

CONCLUSION. Patients with Zones V and VI extensor tendon injuries treated with the EAM protocol recovered range of motion more rapidly.
New Assessment of Forearm Strength: Reliability and Validity
Authors: Wong Christopher Kevin , Moskovitz Neil
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. The objective was to determine the reliability of a portable forearm strength hydraulic dynamometer with a doorknob handle and assess its validity compared with a Cybex 6000 (Cybex International, Inc., Medway, MA) isometric torque assessment.

METHOD. Eighteen volunteers (with a total of 30 forearms) participated in this one-session methodological study to determine the intra- and interrater reliability and criterion validity of a forearm dynamometer.

RESULTS. Intrarater reliability for both assessors for pronation was (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]3,1 = .937–.961) and for supination was (ICC3,1 = .923–.968). Interrater reliability for pronation was ICC3,2 = .927 and for supination was ICC3,2 = .847. Criterion validity of the Baseline hydraulic dynamometer (Fabrication Enterprises Inc., White Plains, NY) compared with the Cybex 6000 was .574–.664 for pronation and .749–.750 for supination.

CONCLUSION. The Baseline hydraulic dynamometer with a more functional doorknob handle had good intra- and interrater reliability and demonstrated moderate validity compared with Cybex 6000 strength testing.
Transporting Children in Wheelchairs in Passenger Vehicles: A Comparison of Best Practice to Observed and Reported Practice in a Pilot Sample
Authors: Yonkman Janell , O’Neil Joseph , Talty Judith , Bull Marilyn J.
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. We compared observed and reported practice among children with special health care needs transported in wheelchairs with the recommendations from the American National Standards Institute/Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America Committee on Wheelchairs and Transportation voluntary standards for best practice for using wheelchairs in vehicles.

METHOD. A convenience sample of vehicles exiting the garage of a children’s hospital was observed. Certified child passenger safety technicians gathered driver demographics and the child’s reported medical condition, weight, age, clinic visited, and relation to the driver. Technicians observed how the wheelchair and occupant were secured.

RESULTS. A sample of 20 vehicles showed that 90% used four-point tie-down systems to secure the wheelchairs. A total of 88% of drivers tied the wheelchairs down correctly; only 20% used a separate lap–shoulder belts to secure the occupants. Twenty-five percent used lap trays, which are not recommended. Fifteen participants traveled with medical equipment secured inappropriately.

CONCLUSION. Many deviations from best practice were observed and highlight areas for increased awareness, education, and resources for caregivers.
The Functional Repertoire of the Hand and Its Application to Assessment
Authors: Kimmerle Marliese , Mainwaring Lynda , Borenstein Marlene
Published: September 2010

Functional assessment of the hand typically involves evaluation of proficiency using a test battery rather than identifying the range of hand skills available to a client. Establishing a client’s hand function by reference to the movement repertoire of his or her fully-functioning hand offers numerous benefits for clinicians and researchers. A functional repertoire model of the hand is proposed as a framework for guiding assessment and therapy. The model identifies four main components relating to hand function: personal constraints, hand roles, hand actions, and task parameters. The model provides a common language for assessment, program development, and research across populations. Application here is to hand-injured clients, but the framework is equally valuable for hand function assessment of developmentally and physically challenged individuals, persons with neuromuscular disorders, or geriatric populations.
Interrater and Test–Retest Reliability of the Movement Assessment Battery for Chinese Preschool Children
Authors: Chow Susanna M. K. , Henderson Sheila E.
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. The aim of this paper was to check on the reliability of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement ABC) in preparation for its standardization in Hong Kong. Interrater and test–retest reliability are reported for Age Band One, designed for use with children ages four to six.

METHOD. Interrater reliability of the Movement ABC was estimated using two trained observers with 79 children. Test–retest reliability was assessed using 75 children who were tested twice by the same tester over a 2- to 3-week interval.

RESULTS. Agreement between testers was good with a mean intraclass correlation of 0.96 across items. A value of 0.77 was obtained for test–retest reliability.

CONCLUSION. These results support the use of this component of the Movement ABC in Hong Kong.
Chaotic Occupational Therapy: Collective Wisdom for a Complex Profession
Authors: Royeen Charlotte Brasic
Published: September 2010

In the tradition of Mosey’s (1985) Eleanor Clarke Slagle lecture (p. 504) as a road map to where this presentation is going, I will present a short preface andfirst, talk about herstory and our professional identity;second, use chaos theory as a way to look at occupation;third, introduce you to Charlotte’s Web of Chaos;fourth, make some conclusions about chaos and occupational therapy;fifth, do an ending to this telling, and;sixth, do a summary and closing.
Documenting Outcomes of Occupational Therapy: The Center for Outcomes Research and Education
Authors: Kielhofner Gary , Hammel Joy , Finlayson Marcia , Helfrich Christine , Taylor Renée R.
Published: September 2010

This article presents two themes related to the development and implementation of sound outcomes research that emerged from a 3-year dialogue among fellows of the University of Illinois Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CORE). These themes are: that outcomes research needs to be an interrelated multi-method system of investigation, and it should be developed in collaboration with its key stakeholders (consumers and practitioners). Examples from the literature and from a cluster of papers published in this focus issue are used to exemplify the themes.
Impact of Pediatric Rehabilitation Services on Children’s Functional Outcomes
Authors: Chen Christine C. , Heinemann Allen W. , Bode Rita K. , Granger Carl V. , Mallinson Trudy
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVES. Relatively little is known about the treatment effectiveness and functional outcomes of pediatric rehabilitation therapies. This study was conducted to gain knowledge of the type and quantity of inpatient rehabilitation services provided to children who received acute inpatient rehabilitation and compare functional gains by age and diagnosis.

METHOD. A retrospective cohort design was used. Records of rehabilitation therapies and functional assessments of 814 pediatric patients who received inpatient rehabilitation during 1996, 1997, and 1998 were collected. The admission and discharge item ratings of the WeeFIM® instrument were first transformed into inter-val-level measures of self-care, mobility, and cognition. Parametric analyses were used to compare functional gains across impairment groups and to examine the relationship between amount of treatment and functional gains.

RESULTS. Occupational therapy and physical therapy were the primary rehabilitation services received by patients across impairment groups (98% and 99%, respectively). A large proportion of children with traumatic brain injuries also received speech therapy (97%) and psychology services (60%). Across domains (selfcare, mobility, cognition), the largest gains were made by children who were older than 7 years and had traumatic injuries. Functional gains were significantly related to the amount of discipline-specific treatment received, after controlling for age, impairment, and functional status at admission.

CONCLUSION. Rehabilitation therapy provision in pediatric inpatient rehabilitation varies greatly depending on children’s age and the nature of the impairment. Systematic reporting of type and quantity of rehabilitation therapies along with functional assessments before and after hospitalization would allow researchers to track functional changes and study the determinants of functional improvement.
The Test–Retest Reliability of the Child-Initiated Pretend Play Assessment
Authors: Stagnitti Karen , Unsworth Carolyn
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to establish the test–retest reliability of the Child-Initiated Pretend Play Assessment (ChIPPA) (Stagnitti, 2002a; Stagnitti, Unsworth, & Rodger, 2000).

METHOD. The first author rated 38 preschool children ages 4 and 5 years (4 with developmental delay and 34 typically developing) on the ChIPPA. The ChIPPA employs conventional play materials and unstructured play materials to assess three qualities of a child’s play ability: elaborateness of play action, ability to substitute objects during play, and the child’s need to imitate the modelled actions of the examiner. The ChIPPA was administered twice, at a 2-week interval, to each participant.

RESULTS. Test–retest intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) (Type 2,1) calculated for each of the three elaborate play measures ranged from .73 to .84. A test–retest ICC of .56 was obtained for object substitution with unstructured play materials. The test–retest ICC obtained for the combined score for unstructured and conventional play materials was .57. Percentage agreement figures ranging from 63.2% to 84.2% were obtained on test–retest of the object substitution with conventional toys and imitated actions measures. There was no significant difference between test and retest scores for these measures based on a Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed-Ranks Test (Wilcoxon Sign Test).

CONCLUSION. Elaborate play scores, object substitution with conventional toys score, and imitation scores on the ChIPPA showed stability over time. Object substitution scores using unstructured materials were the least stable play measures and appeared to be related to the child’s play themes. Since play is the primary occupation of children, it is essential that therapists have a reliable measure of play behavior. The test–retest reliability results from the ChIPPA provide evidence that this assessment produces a stable measure of play behavior that can then guide therapists when planning intervention strategies for children.
Effects of Task Complexity on Reaction Time and Movement Kinematics in Elderly People
Authors: Ma Hui-ing , Trombly Catherine A.
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. In clinical practice, occupational therapists identify characteristics or demands of a task and, to improve coordination or problem solving ability, grade it along the complexity dimension. Effects of increased complexity of functional tasks have not been studied to date. The purpose of this study was to continue to examine the characteristics of occupation by testing the effect of task complexity on motor performance in elderly people.

METHOD. A counterbalanced repeated-measures design was used. Twenty-eight elderly people without motor problems (9 men, 19 women) performed checker game moves ranging from one to four steps. Only the first segment of movement from start position to the first designated place was kinematically analyzed and compared among the four conditions because it has been shown in earlier studies that differences in strategy are apparent from the first segment.

RESULTS. Generally, the more complex moves elicited higher peak velocity (indicating greater force employed, F [3,72] = 3.45, p = .0210) and more movement units (indicating a less smooth and less efficient movement, F [3,72] = 4.71, p = .0047) than a simple move.

CONCLUSION. The results indicate that in this study, task complexity affects forcefulness and smoothness of motor performance, supporting the practice of activity analysis and gradation along the complexity dimension in occupational therapy. When treating elderly people in clinics, therapists may increase the number of steps within a task to facilitate the force embedded in movement, or decrease the number of steps to facilitate smooth and economical movement.
Culture Emergent in Occupation
Authors: Bonder Bette R. , Martin Laura , Miracle Andrew W.
Published: September 2010

Culture influences occupation as well as perceptions of health, illness, and disability. Therapists are aware of the need to address culture in interventions. However, definitions of culture can be unclear, providing little guidance to therapists about how to recognize its effects in therapeutic encounters. A pragmatic definition of culture as emergent in everyday interactions of individuals encourages reconsideration of the main elements of culture, that it is learned, shared, patterned, evaluative, and persistent but changeable. Understanding of culture as emergent in interaction, including therapeutic intervention, suggests three important characteristics that therapists can cultivate to enhance clinical encounters: careful attention, active curiosity, and self-reflection and evaluation.
Trowels Labeled Ergonomic Versus Standard Design: Preferences and Effects on Wrist Range of Motion During a Gardening Occupation
Authors: Tebben Alysun Brown , Thomas Julie Jepsen
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this study were to determine whether a garden trowel labeled ergonomic provided better wrist positioning when planting than a standard-designed trowel and whether participants perceived the ergonomic labeled trowel as more comfortable and easier to use than the standard-designed trowel.

METHOD. Participants included 64 females, ages 20–50 years, with no self-reported disease or disability impairing their preferred upper extremity. Participants used both trowels to fill flowerpots with soil in a randomized, repeated measures, counterbalanced design. The wrist movements of ulnar and radial deviation, and palmar and dorsiflexion were measured with an electrogoniometer (Penny and Giles Biometrics Limited Goniometer XM65). Participants answered questions regarding their interest in gardening, ease of use and comfort of each trowel, and trowel preference.

RESULTS. A one-tailed paired t test showed that the trowels did not differ in the extremes of dorsiflexion elicited and the extremes of the other wrist movements were not in the predicted direction. Participants rated the trowels similarly for comfort and ease of use. Participants were evenly divided on personal preference for the two trowels.

CONCLUSION. Occupational therapists should be cautious when recommending a gardening trowel based on it being labeled ergonomic, as it may not produce better wrist positioning than a non-ergonomically labeled trowel. Fitting a person with the right trowel involves an assessment of tool-influenced wrist positioning as well as individual perceptions of comfort and ease of tool use.
Psychometric Properties of the Scorable Self-Care Evaluation
Authors: Tarbell Melinda H. , Henry Alexis D. , Coster Wendy J.
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to examine evidence for the reliability and validity of the Scorable Self-Care Evaluation (SSCE), an 18-item assessment of observed and perceived self-care performance commonly used with persons with psychiatric disabilities.

METHOD. As part of a longitudinal study, 70 adults with psychiatric disabilities were administered two cognitive measures, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Logical Memory subscales of the Weschler Memory Scale, at baseline, and the SSCE at follow-up. After transforming the weighted item scores, intraclass correlation coefficients were used to examine inter-rater reliability and Rasch analysis was used to examine internal consistency of the SSCE. Spearman rank-order correlations were used to examine construct validity.

RESULTS. High interrater reliabilities were found for the four subscale scores (ICCs ranging from .96 to 1.00, p < .001) and the total scores (ICC =. 98, p < .001) of the SSCE. Rasch analysis indicated that no items misfit; however, some items showed a weak distribution across all possible scores. The SSCE subscale and total scores correlated to varying degrees with the cognitive measures.

CONCLUSION. The SSCE has the potential to be a reliable and valid clinical measure, as demonstrated by the results of the current study. However, these results were only achieved using a transformation of the current scoring system for the SSCE, pointing to the need for further revision of the test items and scoring system.
Occupational Performance Needs of Adolescents in Alternative Education Programs
Authors: Dirette Diane , Kolak Laura
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. Alternative education programs are schools that accept students who have not been successful in the general education setting. This study focuses on developing a better understanding of the needs of students in three area alternative education schools.

METHODS. A needs assessment was created and distributed to the staff of each school regarding the problem areas of alternative education students. Data were analyzed descriptively.

RESULTS. Thirty-nine of 47 surveys were returned resulting in an overall return rate of 83%. The staff identified several potential deficit areas faced by the students in these alternative education programs. The most frequently identified deficits included poor time management skills, decreased healthy participation in hobbies and leisure activities, and a lack of healthy lifestyle behaviors. In addition, the staff reported that many students had cognitive deficits including reduced ability to follow multistep directions, impaired higher-level thinking skills, reduced attention span, and limited memory.

CONCLUSION. The results of this study are consistent with literature that suggests the students in alternative education settings may have underlying deficits that interfere with learning and produce misbehaviors. The alternative education programs should be further explored as a potential practice area for occupational therapists.
Parent–Child Interactions and Everyday Routines in Young Children With Failure To Thrive
Authors: Stewart Katherine B. , Meyer Laura
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. This pilot study explored the use of a parent–child interaction scale during a nonfeeding event and a systematic method for recording children’s sleep and feeding routines at home to determine if these two measures could be useful additions to the occupational therapy assessment of young children with failure to thrive.

METHOD. Five mother–child dyads were administered the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale (NCATS) and the mothers completed a 24-hour, 7-day Sleep Activity Record (SAR).

RESULTS. Two of the five dyads scored below the 10th percentile cutoff on the NCATS indicating low levels of mutually adaptive interactions. The NCATS subscale scores revealed low performance in three of the mothers, but none of the children. The SAR documented concerns in the sleep and feeding patterns in 4 of the 5 children, including irregular bedtimes, frequent nighttime wakening, and irregular feeding times.

DISCUSSION. The NCATS and SAR revealed a wide range of strengths and concerns in this sample. Findings suggest that occupational therapists evaluating the complex nature of failure to thrive in young children should consider including measures to assess parent–child interactions during nonfeeding situations, as well as obtain information on the children’s sleep and feeding routines.
Challenges and Strategic Solutions for a Research Emergent Profession
Authors: Ilott Irene
Published: September 2010

This paper explores some of the truisms associated with evidence-based practice. The intention is to remind the reader that evidence-based practice is a decision-making tool and not a rule; and to propose a strategic approach to overcoming the challenges we face as a research emergent profession.
Onwards and Upwards: Space, Placement, and Liminality in Adult ESOL Classes
Authors: BAYNHAM MIKE , SIMPSON JAMES
Published: September 2010

The extensive literature on classroom‐based second language learning makes little attempt to situate the classroom itself in social and multilingual sociolinguistic space, in the complex and iterative networks of encounters and interactions that make up daily life. Daily life is routinely evoked and “brought into” the classroom as a pedagogic and testing strategy, but how can we understand the classroom as just one of the sites in which daily life, including language learning and use, is played out? In this article we outline an approach to researching the spaces of language learning, and the identity positions that are routinely made available to English speakers of other languages (ESOL) learners, drawing on approaches from cultural geography and linguistic ethnography. We illustrate the discussion with data from a study investigating the placement practices by which ESOL students in England are placed and place themselves in particular types of educational provision (Simpson, Cooke, & Baynham, 2008), investigating why some may choose the identity of second language learner and others orient toward mainstream education opportunities. We conclude with a discussion of new identity positions, understood as spaces of becoming created by the levels and progressions of curriculum frameworks, drawing on Bernstein's (1999) notion of vertical and horizontal discourses.
A Gay Immigrant Student's Perspective: Unspeakable Acts in the Language Class
Authors: NELSON CYNTHIA D.
Published: September 2010

This article focuses on a subset of the student cohort that has, until recently, been largely hidden from view in the literature of language education: gay immigrants. Little is known about what sorts of classroom experiences gay immigrant students find engaging or alienating, or why this sort of knowledge is needed. This case study uses interview excerpts to examine self‐accounts of three classroom interactions that were significant to Pablo (a pseudonym), a 25‐year‐old gay man from Mexico studying English at a community college in the United States. The analysis takes into account Pablo's premigration experiences, together with relevant literature on second language socialisation, sexual migration, and gay language learners. By tracing Pablo's responses to the shutting down of gay themes, the presumption of heterosexuality, and the potential risks of signalling a gay identity, the analysis shows how gay topics and perspectives are constructed as unspeakable in the language classroom. The findings indicate that it can be difficult for gay immigrant (and international) students to establish communicative legitimacy in the language classroom, which can restrict learning opportunities. The classroom challenges that gay immigrants encounter—and the identity savvy they require—yield useful insights about language teaching in this age of mass migration.
Narrating America: Socializing Adult ESL Learners Into Idealized Views of the United States During Citizenship Preparation Classes
Authors: GRISWOLD OLGA V.
Published: September 2010

Applicants for U.S. citizenship must pass the naturalization test on U.S. history, government structure, constitutional principles, and basic English skills. Although no formal preparation for the exam is required, many immigrants, especially those with limited English proficiency, avail themselves of citizenship classes offered by community adult schools. Citizenship curricula at such schools, however, rarely have room for extensive English as a second language instruction, and teachers frequently resort to linguistic and discursive adjustments to make the course content on civics accessible to their students. This paper investigates one such adjustment—namely, narratives used to make abstract constitutional principles more concrete and relevant to the students' lives. Based on the analysis of narratives selected from 28 hours of videotaped classroom interaction, I argue that, in addition to serving as explanatory devices, narratives also reproduce a dominant U.S. ideology of individualism. They contribute to the construction of the U.S. as a nation where the rights of individuals are supreme and where individuals are seen as primary agents of historic change. Because these views are not culturally universal, teachers need to be aware of their own ideological positions and their possible effect on the students' understanding and acceptance of the course material.
“I Learn More at School”: A Critical Perspective on Workplace‐Related Second Language Learning In and Out of School
Authors: SANDWALL KARIN
Published: September 2010

This article presents a case study of a student involved in language learning at a work placement, as part of the basic Swedish language programme for adult immigrants, Svenska för invandrare (Sfi), in Gothenburg, Sweden. In accordance with the predominant economic agenda, this system is assumed to accelerate labour market entrance as well as language acquisition for the newcomer. The article describes some macrolevel aspects important for the outcome of the work placement and discusses some tensions in the system, before exploring an ecological framework and the concept of affordances as a tool for analysing the agents' situated interactions at the work placement. The analysis shows that affordances offered by the environment at the work placement were explored as meaning‐making material and as action potentials but not as learning opportunities, because the student's activities were limited to tasks and she had insufficient support for evaluating her work placement interactions. The article suggests some basic ecological principles for the reframing of the Sfi programme, built on affordance‐focusing tasks that enable students to learn from discourse practices that they come across at workplaces and other out‐of‐classroom contexts.
In-situ observations of young contrails – overview and selected results from the CONCERT campaign
Authors: Voigt C. , Schumann U. , Jurkat T. , Schäuble D. , Schlager H. , Petzold A. , Gayet J.-F. , Krämer M. , Schneider J. , Borrmann S. , Schmale J. , Jessberger P. , Hamburger T. , Lichtenstern M. , Scheibe M. , Gourbeyre C. , Meyer J. , Kübbeler M. , Frey W. , Kalesse H. , Butler T. , Lawrence M. G. , Holzäpfel F. , Arnold F. , Wendisch M. , Döpelheuer A. , Gottschaldt K. , Baumann R. , Zöger M. , Sölch I. , Rautenhaus M. , Dörnbrack A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Lineshaped contrails were detected with the research aircraft Falcon during the CONCERT – CONtrail and Cirrus ExpeRimenT – campaign in October/November 2008. The Falcon was equipped with a set of instruments to measure the particle size distribution, shape, extinction and chemical composition as well as trace gas mixing ratios of sulfur dioxide (SO2), reactive nitrogen and halogen species (NO, NOy, HNO3, HONO, HCl), ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO). During 12 mission flights over Europe, numerous contrails, cirrus clouds and a volcanic aerosol layer were probed at altitudes between 8.5 and 11.6 km and at temperatures above 213 K. 22 contrails from 11 different aircraft were observed near and below ice saturation. The observed NO mixing ratios, ice crystal and soot number densities are compared to a process based contrail model. On 19 November 2008 the contrail from a CRJ-2 aircraft was penetrated in 10.1 km altitude at a temperature of 221 K. The contrail had mean ice crystal number densities of 125 cm−3 with effective radii reff of 2.6 μm. The presence of particles with r>50 μm in the less than 2 min old contrail suggests that natural cirrus crystals were entrained in the contrail. Mean HONO/NO (HONO/NOy) ratios of 0.037 (0.024) and the fuel sulfur conversion efficiency to H2SO4 (εS↓) of 2.9 % observed in the CRJ-2 contrail are in the range of previous measurements in the gaseous aircraft exhaust. On 31 October 2010 aviation NO emissions could have contributed by more than 40% to the regional scale NO levels in the mid-latitude lowest stratosphere. The CONCERT observations help to better quantify the climate impact from contrails and will be used to investigate the chemical processing of trace gases on contrails.
Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume V – heterogeneous reactions on solid substrates
Authors: Crowley J. N. , Ammann M. , Cox R. A. , Hynes R. G. , Jenkin M. E. , Mellouki A. , Rossi M. J. , Troe J. , Wallington T. J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. This article, the fifth in the ACP journal series, presents data evaluated by the IUPAC Subcommittee on Gas Kinetic Data Evaluation for Atmospheric Chemistry. It covers the heterogeneous processes on surfaces of solid particles present in the atmosphere, for which uptake coefficients and adsorption parameters have been presented on the IUPAC website in 2010. The article consists of an introduction and guide to the evaluation, giving a unifying framework for parameterisation of atmospheric heterogeneous processes. We provide summary sheets containing the recommended uptake parameters for the evaluated processes. Four substantial appendices contain detailed data sheets for each process considered for ice, mineral dust, sulfuric acid hydrate and nitric acid hydrate surfaces, which provide information upon which the recommendations are made.
Remote auroral activity detection and modeling using low frequency transmitter signal reception at a midlatitude site
Authors: Schmitter E. D.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The low frequency propagation conditions along the path from Iceland to Germany (52° N 8° E) using the NRK/TFK 37.5 kHz transmitter (63.9° N 22.5° W) prove as an easy to monitor and reliable proxy for north auroral activity. Signal processing using wavelet decomposition allows for quantitative activity level estimations. Calibration is based upon NOAA POES auroral activity data. Using an auroral oval model for the local intensity distribution of solar energetic particle precipitation and a wave propagation model ionospheric D-layer height decreases along the path can be derived. This in turn gives a hint to the low latitude extension and intensity of the auroral electrojet currents that can be responsible for communication and power systems failures.
Design and installation of a Prototype Geohazard Monitoring System near Machu Picchu, Peru
Authors: Bulmer M. H. , Farquhar T.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The town of Machu Picchu, Peru, serves the >700 000 tourists visiting Machu Picchu annually. It has grown threefold in population in the past two decades. Due to the limited low-lying ground, construction is occurring on the unstable valley slopes. Slopes range from <10° on the valley floor to >70° in the surrounding mountains. The town has grown on a delta formed at the confluence of the Alcamayo, Aguas Calientes and Vilcanota Rivers. Geohazards in and around the town of particular concern are 1) large rocks falling onto the town and/or the rail line, 2) flash flooding by any one of its three rivers, and 3) mudflows and landslides. A prototype early warning system that could monitor weather, river flow and slope stability was installed along the Aguas Calientes River in 2009. This has a distributed modular construction allowing components to be installed, maintained, salvaged, and repaired by local technicians. A diverse set of candidate power, communication and sensor technologies was evaluated. Most of the technologies had never been deployed in similar terrain, altitude or weather. The successful deployment of the prototype proved that it is technically feasible to develop early warning capacity in the town.
A new assimilation tidal model for the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Arabelos D. N. , Papazachariou D. Z. , Contadakis M. E. , Spatalas S. D.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The tides for the Mediterranean Sea are described through a high resolution model (MEDI10) developed by assimilation of data into the global TPXO7.2 ocean tide model. Tidal parameters from 54 coastal tide-gauge stations around Mediterranean for eight principal constituents: M2, S2, N2, K2, K1, O1, P1 and Q1 and from 20 stations for M2, S2, K1, O1 are included in the model. TOPEX/Poseidon data with all corrections applied except for the ocean tides and bathymetry from ETOPO2 were used for development of the model. The tidal parameters used in the assimilation procedure were compared with corresponding parameters extracted from the model. Comparisons were carried out with other published global or regional models. Furthermore, an assessment was resulted comparing crossover differences from JASON-1 altimetry corrected for ocean tides using MEDI10 and other published global or regional models.
Evaluation of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars by Panoramic Radiography
Authors: Gupta Siddharth , Bhowate Rahul R. , Nigam Nitin , Saxena Sonal
Published: September 2010

Objective. The study was to evaluate impacted mandibular third molars (IM3M) for their angulation, level of eruption, third molar space and relation of inferior alveolar canal with their roots. Methods. Total 988 IM3M were studied in 578 individuals of age 18 years and above, dividing them into three groups i.e. symptomatic, asymptomatic and radiographic only. Individuals were also divided according to age, sex and side of IM3M (right or left). Panoramic radiographs were obtained after written consent and traced. ℵ2-test was applied to check inter-group and intra-group significance. Result. Out of 578 individuals 307 (53.11%) were males and 271 (46.89%) females. Maximum number of IM3M were in 18-27 years age group (398 i.e. 68.89%). Out of 988 IM3M, 39.93% were vertically placed. 61.84% IM3M were found at level A. Class II (79.65%) was the most common relation for third molar space. Notching (12.55%) was most common true inferior alveolar canal and IM3M root relation whereas superimposed (41.80%) was most common false inferior alveolar canal and IM3M root relation. For all the criteria significant inter-group difference was found (considering P<.05) and intra-group difference was non significant. Conclusion and significance. Panoramic radiographs can be used as reliable investigation for evaluation of IM3M.