bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LAND USE CHANGE AND RECOMMENDATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF PEATLAND FOR AGRICULTURE: Case Study at Kubu Raya and Pontianak Districts, West Kalimantan
Authors: Wahyunto Wahyunto , Supriatna Wahyu , Agus Fahmuddin
Published: December 2016

Peatland is an increasingly important land resource for livelihood, economic development, and terrestrial carbon storage. Kubu Raya and Pontianak Districts of West Kalimantan rely their future agricultural development on this environmentally fragile peatland because of the dominance (58% and 16% area, respectively) of this land in the two districts. A study aimed to evaluate land use changes on peatland and to develop strategies for sustainable peatland use and management for agriculture. Time series satellite imageries of land use and land cover, ground truthing, and statistical data of land use change were analyzed for generating the dynamics of land use changes in the period of 1986-2008. Field observation, peat sampling, and peat analyses of representative land use types were undertaken to assess peat characteristics and its agricultural suitability. The study showed that within 22 years (1986-2008), the area of peat forests in Kubu Raya and Pontianak Districts decreased as much as 13.6% from 391,902 ha to 328,078 ha. The current uses of the peatland in the two districts include oil palm plantation (8704 ha), smallholder rubber plantation (13,186 ha), annual crops (15,035 ha), mixed cropping of trees and annual crops (22,328 ha), and pineapple farming (11,744 ha). Our evaluation showed unconformity of the current uses of peatland with regulations and crops agronomic requirements such as peat thickness and maturity, rendering unsustainability. This study recommends that expansion of agriculture and plantation on peatland areas be limited over idle land within the agricultural production and conversion production forest areas. About 34,362 ha (9.7%) of uncultivated log-over forest and shrubs can potentially be developed for agriculture. Peat soils with the thickness of >3 m should be allocated for conservation or forest protection due to low inherent soil fertility and high potential greenhouse gas emissions if converted for agriculture.
GENESIS AND PROPERTIES OF PEAT AT TOBA HIGHLAND AREA OF NORTH SUMATRA
Authors: Prasetyo Bambang Hendro , Suharta Nata
Published: December 2016

In Indonesia, peat soil in the highland area is only found in the plateau of Toba Highland, North Sumatra, and its morphologi-cal, physical, and chemical properties have been studied. Four profiles of peat soil were made in the field and eighteen samples were taken and analyzed in laboratory. Most of the properties of highland peat were similar with lowland peat. The differences were in their Al saturation, P retention, and andic soil properties. High Al saturation was resulted from weathering of primary minerals under the acid condition. Andic soil properties were caused by amorphous materials resulted from weathering of volcanic materials in the peat, and P retention was related with the presence of amorphous materials. Phosphate retention of the highland peat was classified high (>60%) and positively correlated with amorphous materials. The presence of amor-phous materials was confirmed by ammonium oxalate extract-able Alo+½Feo. The presence of andic soil properties in the highland peat created problem in their classification. To provide a place for andic soil properties that influence the P retention in the highland peat soil, the soil classification of peat soil should be modified by adding andic modifier at subgroup level.
AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS FOR ASSESSING AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT IN UPPER BRANTAS WATERSHED, INDONESIA
Authors: Shofiyati Rizatus , Honda Kiyoshi , Pawitan Hidayat
Published: December 2016

In Indonesia, drought disasters have been reoccurring more frequently in recent years. The 1997-1998 El Nino had caused the worst drought to Indonesia in the last 50 years and disrupted rice production. Remote sensing (RS) and geographic informa-tion system (GIS) provide good capability to achieve spatially distributed information over wide area coverage and multi-temporal data to give sufficient information to anticipate those situations. The study aimed to develop a method using GIS combined with satellite data for monitoring and assessing agri-cultural drought in Brantas Watershed, Indonesia. The drought factors were determined based on expert knowledge analysis. Risk assessment method was developed using weighting which is determined based on significant factors of drought, i.e. rainfall pattern, irrigation status, ground water capacity, soil drainage, and land cover. Satellite data were used to analyze the characteristics of temporal variations of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) against drought factors. Weighting scores were determined by analyzing NDVI character using changes in NDVI and normal line diagram of each factor. The accuracy of drought risk map was evaluated by comparing drought risk level and NDVI value. The results indicated that expert knowledge analysis of the drought factors showed significant influence on NDVI value. Drought risk and drought status showed a high positive correlation with R2 = 0.85 for NOAA AVHRR, meaning that there is a significant correlation between the two (r = 0.92). The results of this study can be used to determine spatially location of drought-prone areas based on bio-physical factor causes. Therefore, it can be make recom-mendation for prevention of agricultural drought in the future.
THE FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY OF RICE DRYERS: A Case Study in Subang District, West Java
Authors: Swastika Dewa Ketut Sadra
Published: December 2016

Drying is a critical activity in rice postharvest handling. Any delay in drying will result in quality and quantity losses. Farmers and traders prefer to sell wet grain rather than dried grain of unhulled rice due to less attractive incentive for them to do drying. The study was conducted in Subang District, West Java, during March-June 2011 using survey method to analyze the financial feasibility of rice dryers. The respondents interviewed were 15 rice millers who have either sun-drying floor or mechanical dryer, or both. The main collected data were the investment cost, operational cost, maintenance cost, and the revenue of the dryers. The data were analyzed by using shortterm and long-term financial analyses to assess the profitability and feasibility of some drying technologies. The results showed that there were at least three drying technologies in the study area, namely sun-drying floor, flatbed dryer using gas fuel (gas dryer), and flatbed dryer using rice husk fuel (husk dryer). Under the mean capacity, the short-run MBCR of technological change from sun dryer to gas dryer was 1.29, while from sun dryer to husk dryer was 1.45. The long-run analysis showed that the IRRs were 44.44% for sun dryer, 233.47% for gas dryer, and 260.49% for husk dryer. These results showed that among the three drying technologies, husk dryer is the most profitable, most feasible, and most prospective to be adopted. Therefore, this type of dryer should be intensively promoted to the farmers’ group associations, rice traders, and rice millers. The government support in terms of rice dryers for farmers’ group associations should be focused on husk dryer.
MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS AS A CONSIDERATION FOR ESTABLISHING SUSTAINABLE SOIL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Authors: Anda Markus , Mulyani Anny , Suparto Suparto
Published: December 2016

Problems of soil limiting factors affecting crop growth were not fully understood owing to little attention has been given to soil mineralogy and its association to soil chemical properties. The objective of the study was to assess soil  mineralogical and chemical properties of seven soils derived from different parent
materials as an integrated strategic consideration to establish soil management. Field study was carried out in 2009. Soils were sampled from each horizon of profiles. Results showed that primary and secondary minerals had a strong effect on soil chemical properties. The sand fraction of soils derived from basalt, gabbro, mica schist and serpentinite was dominated by resistant minerals (quartz or opaques), leading to very limited, if any, nutrients released from parent  materials. The clay fraction was dominated by kaolinite for soils derived from
basalt, mica schist and gabbaro, and by amorphous materials for the soil derived from serpentinite resulting in low soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). For other three soils derived from volcanic tuff, volcanic basaltic andesite and volcanic ash, the easily weatherable minerals (feldspar and ferromagnesian) were dominant, suggesting the high reserved nutrients. The presence of halloysite and smectite minerals in the soil derived from volcanic tuff resulted in high soil CEC, while the dominance of amorphous materials in soils derived from volcanic basaltic andesite and volcanic ash was responsible for the low CEC. For
soils derived from basalt, serpentinite, mica schist and gabbro, therefore, the strategic management should be directed to restore soil CEC, pH, exchangeable cations and P content. For soils derived from volcanic tuff, volcanic basaltic andesite and volcanic ash, the presence of easily weatherable minerals indicated many reserved nutrients; hence the soil management is directed for  replenishment of nutrients removed by crops.
EVALUATION OF FOUR INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGES FOR CONTROLLING MAIN PESTS OF COTTON IN RAINFED FIELDS
Authors: Nurindah Nurindah , Sunarto Dwi Adi
Published: December 2016

Cotton production nationally is low due to various constraints, including pests. Two main pests commonly found in cotton plantation in rain fed fields are cotton leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula) and cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). The study aimed to evaluate four packages of integrated pest management (IPM) techniques to control cotton leafhopper and cotton bollworm in rain fed fields. The experiment was conducted in farmers’ fields at Asembagus, East Java, between January and July 2012. Four packages of IPM evaluated were cotton varieties, i.e. Kanesia 10 or Kanesia 13, and seed treatment with synthetic insecticide (imidacloprid) before sowing or spraying molasses (10 ml L-1 water) as food for natural enemies. The cotton plants were intercropped with groundnut and sprayed with neem seed extract (NSE) at the action threshold level for pest control. These packages were compared among themselves and also with the methods usually used by farmers, i.e. planting cotton variety Kanesia 8 intercropped with groundnut and pest control using synthetic chemical insecticides. Twenty five plants were sampled randomly per plot and measured for their growth, leafhopper and  bollworm populations, as well as cotton seed yield per plot. Observations were made weekly, starting at 30 days after planting (DAP) until 120 DAP. The results showed that the use of Kanesia 10 or Kanesia 13 intercropped with groundnut and spraying molasses to conserve natural enemies was the best  pest management practice and superior to farmers’ practices. Conserving natural enemies is not only profitable (saving production cost of IDR1,150,000 to IDR1,500,000 ha-1 season-1), but also safe for the environment (no need to spray chemical insecticides).
GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND EXPECTED GENETIC ADVANCES OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS IN F2 PROGENIES OF SOYBEAN CROSSES
Authors: Hakim Lukman , Suyamto Suyamto , Paturohman Eman
Published: December 2016

The F2 progenies of crosses among three soybean varieties were evaluated with their parents at Ngale Experimental Farm, Ngawi, East Java during the dry season of 2011. The experi-ment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications. The seeds of each F2 progenies and parents were planted in two rows of 4.5 m long. Plant spacing was 40 cm x 15 cm and each hill contained one plant. Among the characters studied, seed weight per plant, number of pods per plant and days to maturity had the highest coefficient of variability with the means of 52.6%, 48.2% and 41.9%, respectively. Whereas seed size, plant height and number of reproductive nodes had moderate values of 36.9%, 35.5% and 37.4%, respectively. Number of branches and days to flowering had the lowest variability of 11.7% and 15.3%, respectively. Number of pods per plant, days to maturity, plant height and seed size had high mean estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance. The genetic progress of these characters that would be obtained for one generation of selection was estimated 47.2%, 45.7%, 40.9% and 40.3%, respectively. Among the agronomic characters, plant height, number of pods per plant, seed size and days to maturity had the highest coefficient of variability associated with high heritability and genetic advance. Therefore, selection for high yielding with early maturity soybean genotypes based on plant height, number of pods per plant and seed size might be possible.
IMPROVEMENT OF EARLY MATURITY IN RICE VARIETY BY MARKER ASSISTED BACKCROSS BREEDING OF Hd2 GENE
Authors: Fatimah Fatimah , Prasetiyono Joko , Dadang Ahmad , Tasliah Tasliah
Published: December 2016

Early-maturing and high-yielding rice variety is very useful for increasing rice production in Indonesia. The aim of this research was to develop new lines of Indonesian rice containing Hd2 gene using Code variety as a recipient parent and Nipponbare variety as a donor parent through targetted MAB approach using RM1362 and RM7601 in chromosom 7 for foreground selection. After two generations of backcrossing, the positive alleles of Hd2 gene from Nipponbare had successfully trans-ferred into Code. The plant number CdNp_29 in BC2F2 popula-tion had the highest genome recovery of 82.7%. The twelve BC2F3 plants were selected for self-pollination to generate BC2F4. These selected lines that carried the Hd2 gene were screened in the greenhouse for the evaluation of heading date and agronomic traits. All improved lines had Hd2 gene similar to the donor parent Nipponbare. The heading date of the breeding lines ranged from 73 to 89 days (Code 85 days) or fill the third criterion of rice maturity that is 103-104 days compared to Code of 116-119 days, whereas their agronomic performances were similar with that of Code. Application of MABc for im-proving rice early maturity has accelerated the development and selection in early generation of superior lines having genetic background of Code. It is expected that the newly developed lines of Code will be utilized to increase rice production in Indonesia.
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF UPLAND RICE LANDRACES FROM JAVA ISLAND AS REVEALED BY SSR MARKERS
Authors: Sutoro Sutoro , Lestari Puji , Kurniawan Hakim
Published: December 2016

Java Island is one of origins of a large number of indigenous upland rice accessions, which may serve as valuable plant genetic resources for future crop improvement in Indonesia. However, these landraces especially non-glutinous and glutinous rice are rapidly being lost because of land-use, agricultural practices and other factors. A better understanding of genetic diversity of local upland rice is important for crop improvement program, crop management and conservation strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of upland rice landraces originating from Java Island. A total of 82 upland rice accessions comprising of 55 non-glutinous rice and 27 glutinous type were genotyped using the 16 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The result showed that a total of 74 alleles were found with major allele frequency found on RM431 (0.96). Most of the SSR markers (56.3%) showed high discriminating power as represented by polymorphic informa-tion content (PIC) value higher than 0.5. A moderate genetic diversity index was detected in all landraces, which was 0.55. Genetic diversity index of non-glutinous and glutinous rice were 0.54 and 0.53, respectively. Their genetic distance was about 0.057. The phylogenetic tree generated two main clusters that demonstrated discrimination among landraces according to the individual genetic properties rather than their geographical origins and grain types (non-glutinous and glutinous type). The levels of genetic diversity were varied across rice types and geographical origins. According to the regions, the closest genetic distance was found between upland rice landraces from Central Java and West Java (0.040). The information derived from this study is important, in combination with phenotypic data, to identify desired useful traits came from different origins of the gene pool to be used for breeding purposes.
CONSTRUCTION, EXPRESSION AND PURIFICATION OF RECOMBINANT PRE-MATURE PEPTIDE OF PLANTARICIN F FROM Lactobacillus plantarum S34 IN Escherichia coli
Authors: Kusdianawati Kusdianawati , Mustopa Apon Zaenal , Suharsono Suharsono , Budiarto Bugi Ratno , Fatimah Fatimah , Danuri Hasim
Published: December 2016

Plantaricin is one of bacteriocins that have the potential to be used as food preservative. Plantaricin is safe for human consumption because it can be easily degraded by proteolytic enzymes. The objective of this study was to express and purify recombinant pre-mature peptide of plantaricin F from Lactobacillus plantarum S34 in Escherichia coli. Plantaricin gene-specific primer was used to obtain pln F structural gene amplicon from L. plantarum S34. This amplicon was cloned in pET32a vector and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. Pre-mature plantaricin F peptide was expressed as Histagged-fusion protein and separated by Co2+-chelating affinity chromatography. L. plantarum S34-derived pre-mature plantaricin F peptide fused with thioredoxin-(His)6tag had successfully been expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS using pET32a as an expression vector. The fused recombinant pln F as pre-mature state expressed had a molecular mass of +24 kDa, meanwhile the fused recombinant that contained only the leader peptide of pln F appeared as +20 kDa based on SDS-PAGE separations. The optimal production of fused recombinant pln F as soluble fraction was obtained when culture condition was added with 0.5 mM of IPTG and incubated at 22°C for 5 hours (OD~1). Furthermore, the expression of fused recombinant pln F as its pre-mature peptide pointed out that the pln F’s leader peptide could be proteolytically cleaved by a system in heterologous cells. Overall, heterologous pln F production as pre-mature peptide fused with thioredoxin-(His)6tag had been well established. From this research, we expect plantaricin F can be expressed and purified in E. coli.
SPECIES AND FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF RHIZOBACTERIA OF RICE PLANT IN THE COASTAL SOILS OF INDONESIA
Authors: Susilowati Dwi Ningsih , Sudiana I Made , Mubarik N.R. , Suwanto A.
Published: December 2016

Rhizobacteria are important components of soil and directly or indirectly influence the soils quality and plant growth for maintaining adequate plant nutrition and reducing the negative environmental effects of fertilizers. Applying high dose of chemical fertilizers in most of rice fields in the coastal areas could reduce the quality of the soil in the long time. There are few studies addressed to verify the species and functional diversity of cultivable rhizobacteria associated with rice plant in the coastal soils. The objective of the study was to verify the species and functional diversity of rhizobacteria isolated from the coastal soils of two rice production areas of Subang and Indramayu, West Java. Special focus was given to verify phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, IAA and cellulase production of the selected 78 strains of rice rhizobacteria isolated from the coastal paddy field, as well as taxonomical analyses based on 16S rRNA. The results showed that among 78 bacterial isolates from the coastal paddy field, mostly were belonging to the Firmicutes, most of them affiliated with genera Bacillus, 75 strains produced IAA, 32 strains fixed nitrogen, 37 strains solubilized phosphate and 33 strains produced cellulase. Several strains of the rhizobacteria were capable of producing plant growth promoting substances (PGPR), alone or in combination, such as IAA, fixing nitrogen,  solubilizing phosphate, and producing cellulase. Taking all of these diverse PGPR characteristics into account, it is clear that the 78 identified isolates have great potential for improving saline soils of the coastal paddy fields in Indonesia.
GENETIC STABILITY ANALYSIS OF RB GENE IN GENETICALLY MODIFIED POTATO LINES TOLERANT TO Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Listanto Edy , Riyanti Eny Ida , Santoso Tri Joko , Hadiarto Toto , Ambarwati A. Dinar
Published: December 2016

Development of potato cultivars with high levels of broad spectrum resistance is a key long-term management strategy against late blight disease caused by Phytophthora infestans. Six progeny lines of hybridization between transgenic potato Katahdin SP951 with non-transgenic Granola and Atlantic were selected based on agronomical characteristics and resistance to late blight disease. The study aimed to analyze the number of insertions and stability of inserted RB gene in the transgenic potato lines. The research was carried out through plant DNA extraction, southern blot analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Southern blot analysis was used to detect the number of inserts integrated into potato genome, while PCR analysis was used to detect stability of RB gene from generation to generation. The results showed that the progenies obtained from hybridization between Atlantic and transgenic Katahdin SP951 (lines No. 20 and 27) and between Granola and transgenic Katahdin SP951 (line No. 69) contained one copy number of RB gene, according to the probing of nptII. The result is similar to that of inserted RB gene found in the parental transgenic Katahdin SP951. The presence of RB gene in four different generations (G0, G1, G2 and G3) showed stable integration of the gene into the plant genome. The single copy number of RB gene will repress the occurrence of silencing gene expression. The stability analysis of RB gene can determine that the gene is still present in plant genome after several generations.
CATCH DIFFERENCES OF BOTTOM LONG LINE USING FRESH AND SALTED FISH BAITS
Authors: Mahiswara Mahiswara , Wudianto Wudianto
Published: December 2016

Bottom long line is an important gear for catching demersal fish and normally uses fresh fish as bait. Recent development indicates that the fishing  grounds for bottom long line are  further away from the coast and consequently bait with longer life-time may be needed. Research on the use of fresh and salted fish baits for bottom long line has been conducted in the eastern Bali waters. In this study, salted and fresh baits were used simultaneously for fishing. The results showed that the catch of bottom long line using fresh bait was significantly higher than that for salted bait  indicating that other suitable preservation techniques are necessary.
CRYOPRESERVATION OF TRUE-SEED AND EMBRYO OF MAIZE AND SOYBEAN FOR LONG-TERM STORAGE
Authors: Sudarmonowati Enny , Fitryatmi I. , Sadjad S.
Published: December 2016

Study on cryopreservation of Indonesian local cultivars and improved  varieties of maize and soybean has never been done. This method may be used for long-term preservation of seeds of maize and soybean. In this study, the method was applied to maize and soybean, Arjuna and Wilis respectively, as a model for preserving germplasm of ortodox seeds. Whole seeds and excised embryos of both varieties were subjected to two methods of cryopreservation, i.e., two-stage cooling and rapid freezing with or without 15% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as cryoprotectant solution prior to immersion in liquid nitrogen (-196oC). Results indicated that there was no significant difference between the use of DMSO for both species in terms of viability, although pretreatment in DMSO was slightly reduced the percentage of viability of both species. Slow freezing to -30oC prior to immersion in the liquid nitrogen could give as high as 76.67% and 51.67% surviving whole seeds of maize and soybean, respectively. Preserving excised embryos of maize in the liquid nitrogen using either slow or rapid freezing significantly reduced the percentage of viability from 20-76.67% to 5-18.33% (four folds) depending on treatments applied. Results also showed that one day or 15 minutes of immersion of samples in the liquid nitrogen gave rise to similar values of viability of maize and soybean, i.e., 20-60% and 20-51.67%, respectively depending on  treatments applied. These results implied that for long-term storage of maize and soybean seeds as they could survive at the rate of 76.67% and 51.67% respectively, the seed can be treated by prefreezing to -30oC
without the presence of DMSO prior to immersion in liquid nitrogen.
MOSAIC DISEASE OF MAIZE CAUSED BY SUGARCANE MOSAIC POTYVIRUS IN SULAWESI
Authors: Wakmana W. , Kontong M.S. , Muis A. , Persley D.M. , Teakle D.S.
Published: December 2016

Mosaic disease of maize and grasses is commonly found in Sulawesi. The symptoms resemble the common mosaic symptoms of virus infection, but the pathogen has not been identified. The objective of this study was to identify the causal agent of the mosaic disease of maize and grasses in Sulawesi. Transmissions of the virus were studied by mechanical inoculation and the insect vector aphid. Serological study was done by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results of mechanical inoculation showed that the disease was caused by a virus which was transmitted from diseased maize and grasses to healthy sweet corn seedlings. The disease was also transmitted by aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis). Serological study indicated that the virus was closely related to the sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). Based on these results, it can be concluded that the maize and grass mosaic disease was caused by SCMV.
SOIL PROPERTIES OF THE EASTERN TOPOSEQUENCE OF MOUNT KELIMUTU, FLORES ISLAND, EAST NUSA TENGGARA AND THEIR POTENTIAL FOR AGRICULTURAL USE
Authors: Hikmatullah Hikmatullah , Subagyo H. , Prasetyo B.H.
Published: December 2016

Kelimutu stratovolcano is one of the young volcanoes extensively found in Flores island. Studies on volcanic soil properties and their suitability for agricultural development in the whole island are lacking. The research was conducted to evaluate the relationship of elevation and soil properties,  and suitability for agricultural development. Five representative pedons at elevation of 550, 1,000, 1,200, 1,400, and 1,600 m above sea level (asl), respectively, were studied in the field, and 22 soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory. The results indicated that elevation significantly affected soil properties and degree of soil weathering. With decreasing elevation, sand content, amorphous material content, and phosphate retention decreased. Concomitantly, clay content, H2O-pH, exchangeable Ca and Mg, base saturation, and soil-CEC increased. A highly positive correlation was shown between P retention and NaFpH, Al, and (Al+0.5 Fe) contents extracted by acid ammonium oxalate. Soil-CEC also showed significant positive correlation with clay and silt contents, organic carbon, and exchangeable Ca and Mg. Degree of weathering increased with decreasing elevation as reflected by decreasing silt/clay ratio. Soils developed from Entisols (Lithic Udorthents) at 1,600 m asl, to Andisols (Typic Hapludands) at 1,000-1,400 m asl, and Mollisols (Typic Hapludolls) at lower elevation down to 550 m asl. Soils at 1,400-1,600 m asl are unsuitable for  agriculture. Soils at 1,000-1,200 m are moderately suitable for food crops, horticulture, and estate crops. Dominant limiting factors are steep slopes and P retention. Soils at 550 m asl are suitable for food and estate crops, and also lowland horticulture.
DETERMINATION OF FOLATE RETENTION DURING TOFU PREPARATION USING TRIENZYME TREATMENT AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY
Authors: Ginting Erliana , Arcot Jayashree , Chox Julian M.
Published: December 2016

Megaloblastic anaemia, neural tube defects, coronary heart disease, and some forms of cancer have been linked to an inadequate dietary intake of folate. Legumes are good sources of folate, however, processing may affect folate availability in legume foods. This study investigated the folate content and retention during the preparation of tofu through the trienzyme treatment (protease, α-amylase, and human plasma) and microbiological assay using Lactobacillus casei. The results showed that the total folate content was considerably reduced during tofu preparation, from 273.4 µg 100 g-1 dwb in soybean seed to 108.4 µg 100 g-1 dwb in tofu, yielding a folate retention of 40%. Folate losses were mainly due to leaching into the water during soaking and pressing as well as heat destruction during milling and boiling. High folate loss (51%) was particularly found in the whey. A shorter soaking time (8 hours), optimum extraction, and pressing methods were suggested with respect to minimizing folate losses during tofu preparation. This study suggests that the consumption of 100 g of deep-fried tofu may satisfy 21% of the recommended dietary intake (RDI).
PRODUCTION OF POLYCLONAL ANTIBODY TO THE COAT PROTEIN OF CITRUS TRISTEZA VIRUS IN CHICKEN EGGS
Authors: Nurhadi Nurhadi , Sijam Kamaruzaman , Sulaiman Inon
Published: December 2016

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is one of the most destructive diseases in many citrus growing areas of Indonesia. Effective strategies for controlling CTV depend on diagnostic procedure namely enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Study aimed to purify the CTV antigen and produced its polyclonal antibody. Virion of the severe CTV isolate designated UPM/ T-002 was concentrated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation combined with low speed centrifugation. Semipurified antigen was further purified by sodium dodecyl sulphatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The specific coat protein (CP) band of CTV with molecular weight of 25 kD was excised and eluted using elution buffer containing 0.25 M Tris-HCl pH 6.8 + 0.1% SDS, then used as antigen for injection into 6-month-old female of White Leghorn chicken. Results, showed than the specific polyclonal antibody raised against the 25-kDa CP had a titer of approximately 104, gave low background reaction with healthy plant sap and reacted specifically with CTV isolates. The reaction was equally strong for a severe, a moderate, a mild, and a symptomless isolate, suggesting a broad reaction range of this antibody toward different CTV isolates. Optimal virus titer can be obtained since virus loss during purification could be minimized and the highly purified antigen as an immunogen could be obtained by cutting out the CP band from SDS-PAGE gels. Large amount of highly titer of CTV antibody can be produced in chicken egg. The simplicity of the procedure makes it economically acceptable and technically adoptable because the antibody can be produced in basic laboratory.
SCREENING OF SOIL BACTERIA FOR PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION ACTIVITIES IN VITRO
Authors: Husen Edi
Published: December 2016

Fourteen isolates of soil bacteria, including two known plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains, Azotobacter vinelandii Mac 259 and Bacillus cereus UW 85, were tested in vitro. Parameters assessed were indoleacetic acid (IAA) production, phosphate solubilization, dinitrogen fixation, and siderophore (Fe-III chelating agent) production. IAA production was assayed colorimetrically using ferric chlorideperchloric acid reagent. Phosphate-solubilization and siderophore production were tested qualitatively by plating the bacteria in Pikovskaya and chrome azurol S agar, respectively. The ability to fix dinitrogen was measured based on nitrogenase activity of the bacteria by gas chromatography. The results showed that twelve isolates produced IAA, ranged from 2.09 to 33.28 µmol ml-1. The ability to solubilize precipitated phosphate was positively exhibited by four isolates (BS 58, BTS, TCaR 61, and BTCaRe 65). Seven isolates including Mac 259 positively produced siderophore. None of the isolates showed nitrogenase activity. Only one isolate (TS 3) did not exhibit any of the traits tested. Isolate TCeRe 60 and reference strain Mac 259 were found to have IAA- and siderophore-producing traits. Four P-solubilizing bacteria (BS 58, BTS, TCaR 61, and BTCaRe 65) were also IAA- and siderophore-producing bacteria. Potential use of these PGPR isolates needs further test in enhancing plant growth.
IMPROVEMENT OF SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT OF WET SEEDED RICE USING GA3 AND IBA AS SEED TREATMENT
Authors: Wahyuni Sri , Sinniah Uma R. , Yusop Mohd. Khanif , Amarthalingam Rajan
Published: December 2016

Direct seeding has some advantages compared to transplanting system in rice, however there are some constraints need to be addressed. One  constraint generally faced in the wet seeded rice is poor stand  establishment. The experiment was conducted to improve seedling  establishment by using selected growth regulators. Seeds of four rice  cultivars, i.e. Memberamo, Widas, MR 84, and MR 219 were treated with  GA3 (gibberellic acid-3) of 25, 50, and 100 mg 1-1, and IBA (indole-3  butyric acid) of 10, 20, and 40 mg l-1. Results showed that cultivar  response to GA3 was similar in all parameters observed, however the response of cultivars to IBA was different at the initial stage. In Indonesian cultivars (Memberamo and Widas), shoot length of IBA treated seedlings was comparable to the control, but the IBA treated seedlings of  Malaysian cultivars (MR 84 and MR 219) had slightly shorter shoots   compared to the control. GA3 as seed treatment induced favorable early emergence and shoot growth in the initial stage, but the shoots were  etiolated and resulted in susceptible to lodging even in the vegetative  stage. In comparison, exogenous application of IBA resulted in high number of adventitious roots contributing towards better establishment of seedling with broader and greener leaves. The growth regulator was lost its  effect by 2 or 3 weeks after sowing. All IBA concentrations also did not  show any significant differences on growth parameters or have any detrimental effect on grain yield in all cultivar tested. IBA 10 mg l-1 was  sufficient in providing the required improvement in the rice seedlings.
BROWN ROOT ROT DISEASE OF CASHEW IN WEST NUSA TENGGARA: DISTRIBUTION AND ITS CAUSAL ORGANISM
Authors: Supriadi Supriadi , Adhia E.M. , Wahyuno D. , Rahayuningsih S. , Karyani N. , Dahsyat M.
Published: December 2016

Brown root rot disease is a major constraint on cashew plantation in Pekat District, West Nusa Tenggara. Its causal agent has not been characterized. This paper describes efforts to study the pathogen, distribution and loss. Field study was conducted in Pekat District in 2003. Laboratory  experiments to isolate and test the causal agent were conducted in the Indonesian Spices and Medicinal Crops Research Institute, Bogor.  Research results showed that the disease was found widespread in several villages in Pekat District, such as Pekat, Beringin Jaya, Sorinomo, and Nangamiro. Total number of died cashew trees was 1,075 equals to 5,106 kg kernel yield lost, worth Rp20.5 million. Infected trees showed leaf yellowing and defoliation leading to die. The lateral and taproots near collar were encrusted with gravel, earth, and brown mycelia sleeves. The fungus produced arthrospores and brown pigmentation on agar medium containing 0.05% gallic acid. An isolate of the fungus induced typical disease symptoms following inoculation on 5 month-old cashew seedlings. These results indicated that the causal agent of mass decline of cashew in Pekat District is Phellinus noxius. In field, the fungus also infects a barrier tree (Lannea coromandelica [Houtt.] Merr.) (Anacardiaceae), locally known as kedondong pagar or kayu bantenan.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE PHYLOGENY OF THE PANGASIIDAE BASED ON MITOCHONDRIAL 12S RDNA
Authors: Pouyaud L. , Gustiano R. , Teugels G.G.
Published: December 2016

Catfishes are generally one of the economically important groups of fresh and brackish water fishes in the world. In many countries, they form a significant part of inland fisheries, and several species have been  introduced in fish culture. Judging from literature, the main constraint to cultivate wild species and to optimise the production of pangasiid catfishes is due to the poorly documented systematics of this family. In the present contribution, the phylogenetic relationships within Pangasiidae are studied to contribute to a better insight in their taxonomy and evolution. The genetic relatedness is inferred using mitochondrial 12S rDNA gene sequences. To resolve the phylogenetic position of Laides in this group of catfish, five genera of Asian and African Schilbeidae are also considered. The results showed that a species group (complex) could be clearly seen in the genetic tree. Pangasius is more derive than the other genera. By using approximate molecular clock/evolutionary calibration from  mitochondrial gene, a new episode of  speciation for the family marked explosive radiation about 5- 8 million years ago (mya). This adaptive radiation extended until the Late Pleistocene. Regarding the relationships between the Pangasiidae and Schilbeidae, two families show an allopatric distribution with slight overlap. The Pangasiidae occur mainly in Southeast Asia, while the Schilbeidae are seen mainly on the Indian subcontinent (including Myanmar) and Africa. It confirms the separation between  Schilbeidae and Pangasiidae occurred in the Early Miocene.
PATHOTYPE PROFILE OF Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ISOLATES FROM THE RICE ECOSYSTEM IN JAVA
Authors: Suparyono Suparyono , Sudir Sudir , Suprihanto Suprihanto
Published: December 2016

At present, bacterial leaf blight of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is highly damaging to rice production in Indonesia as most of the existing commercial rice varieties are susceptible to the existing  pathotypes of the bacteria. To solve  such problems, varietal rotation should be based on information on the existence and dominance of local pathotypes in a particular rice ecosystem. To obtain this information, a total of 117 isolates of X. oryzae pv. oryzae, collected from West Java, Central Java, and Yogyakarta, were evaluated for their pathotype variation on five differential rice varieties during the dry season of 2000. When disease severity was < 10%, the reaction was classified as resistant (R) and when > 11%, was susceptible (S). The data indicated that 3.42% of the isolates were pathotype III, 12.82% were pathotype IV, and 83.76% were pathotype VIII. In West Java, the bacterial pathotypes III, IV, and VIII were 4.94%, 14.81%, and 80.25%, respectively. In low elevation areas, 4.94%, 9.88%, and 45.68% were pathotypes III, IV, and VIII, respectively and in medium areas, 4.94% were pathotypes IV and 34.57% were pathotype VIII. In Central Java, no pathotype III was found, while pathotypes IV and VIII were as much as 4.52% and 90.48%, respectively. In low elevation areas, no pathotypes III was recovered, and a total of 9.53% and 76.19% were identified as pathotypes IV and VIII, respectively, and in medium areas only pathotype VIII (14.29%) was identified. In Yogyakarta, pathotypes IV and VIII were found. In low elevation areas, 6.67% and 93.33% were pathotypes IV and VIII, respectively and in medium areas, 14.29% and 85.71% were pathotypes IV and VIII, respectively. The data indicated that variation in pathotype composition over different locations was obvious and locally specific resistant varieties to the disease are needed in the management of this important bacterial disease in rice.
BIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE ARTIFICIAL HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN Pangasius djambal BLEEKER, 1846 AND Pangasianodon hypophthalmus SAUVAGE, 1878
Authors: Gustiano Rudhy
Published: December 2016

It is really important, since the possible use of these pangasiid hybrids in aquaculture faces the problem of potential impact on wild population. Therefore, it is urgently needed to provide quick identification tools in the field. This study investigated morphological characters of Pangasius djambal and Pangasianodon hypophthalmus and their hybrids. A detailed morphological analysis using 32 morphometric measurements and five meristic counts was done on the hybridization of P. djambal and P. hypophthalmus. Morphometric analysis and meristic counts showed that the reciprocal hybrids have intermediate characters except for gill raker number in which lower than that of parental species. In general, the hybrids have tendency to be like P. hypophthalmus rather than P. djambal. The only typical character of P. djambal appeared on hybrids is teeth shape, both vomerine and palatine. It is clearly defined that the true hybrids have seven pelvic fin rays.
IDENTIFICATION OF WIDE COMPATIBILITY VARIETIES IN SOME TROPICAL JAPONICA RICE
Authors: Hairmansis A. , Aswidinnoor Hajrial , Trikoesoemaningtyas Trikoesoemaningtyas , Suwarno Suwarno
Published: December 2016

The F1 hybrid sterility in indica/japonica crosses is the major barrier in developing hybrid rice varieties between these two diverse germplasm. The sterility problem in japonica/indica hybrids can be overcome by using wide compatibility genes. The objective of this study was to identify wide compatibility varieties (WCVs) in some tropical japonica rice. Twenty five tropical japonica varieties as male parents were crossed with indica (IR64) and japonica (Akitakomachi) testers as female parents. The crosses were planted following a randomized complete block design with three replications. Varieties having average spikelet fertility of more than 70% with both the indica and japonica testers were rated as WCVs. Result from this study showed that six tropical japonica varieties were classified as WCVs, i.e., Cabacu, Grogol, Kencana Bali, Klemas, Lampung Lawer, and Napa. Hybrid sterility is caused by partial sterility of male and female gametes. The WCVs from the present study can be used in hybrid rice breeding program to solve hybrid sterility in indica/japonica hybrids.
THE USE OF gusA REPORTER GENE TO MONITOR THE SURVIVAL OF INTRODUCED BACTERIA IN THE SOIL
Authors: Husen Edi
Published: December 2016

An effective marker to monitor the survival of introduced bacteria in the soil is required for further evaluation of their beneficial effects on plant growth. This study tested the use of gusA gene as a marker to trace the fate of three Gram negative bacteria in the root, rhizosphere, and soil. The study was conducted at the laboratory and greenhouse of the National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Philippines from January to December 2001. Isolates TCaR 61 and TCeRe 60, and Azotobacter vinelandii Mac 259 were selected as test bacteria based on their ability to produce indole-3acetic acid and solubilize precipitated phosphate, which may promote plant growth in the field. These bacteria were marked with gusA reporter gene from Escherichia coli strain S17-1(λ-pir) containing mTn5SSgusA21. The gusA (β-glucuronidase) gene from the donor (E. coli) was transferred to each bacterium (recipient) through bacterial conjugation in mating procedures using tryptone-yeast agar followed by the selection of the transconjugants (bacteria receiving gusA) in tryptone-yeast agar supplemented with double antibiotics and X-GlcA (5bromo-4chloro- 3indoxyl-β-D-glucuronic acid). The antibiotics used were rifampicin and either streptomycin or spectinomycin based on antibiotic profiles of the donor and recipients. The results showed that the insertion of gusA gene into bacterial genomes of the recipient did not impair its phenotypic traits; the growth rates of the transconjugants as well as their ability to produce indole-3acetic acid and solubilize precipitated phosphate in pure culture were similar to their wild types. All transconjugants colonized the roots of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and survived in the rhizosphere and soil until the late of vegetative growth stage. The distinct blue staining of transconjugants as the expression of gusA gene in media containing X-GlcA coupled with their resistance to rifampicin and streptomycin or spectinomycin made them easier to be recognized and evaluated.
THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL PRACTICE ON POPULATION OF PEA LEAFMINER (Liriomyza huidobrensis) AND ITS PARASITOIDS IN POTATO
Authors: Suryawan Ida Bagus Gde , Reyes Stephen G.
Published: December 2016

Pea leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) is the major pest of potato crop in Indonesia. The use of insecticides to control the pest is ineffective and harmful to the natural enemies. The study aimed to find out a promising cultural practice for leafminer management on potato crop. The study was conducted at a farmer’s field in Bali in 2004. Potato plants (Granola variety) were grown in a raised-bed plot of 10 m x 1 m. The treatments evaluated were standard cultural practice (C), C plus reflective plastic mulch (RPM) (CM), farmer’s practice (F), vermicompost (V), and V plus RPM (VM). All treatments were arranged in RCBD with five replications. From each plot, 10 plant samples were randomly taken to observe the presence of larvae, mines, and adults. Larvae and adults of leafminer and mines were separately counted from the top, middle, and bottom parts of the plant samples. Parasitoids were collected from the infested leaves of the plant samples. Emerged parasitoids were counted and put into vials with 70% ethyl alcohol and then identified. The results showed that the population of adults, larvae of L. huidobrensis, and mines were less in C, CM, V, and VM treatments compared to farmer's practice (F). However, RPM (CM and VM) treatments significantly reduced population of leafminer and mines. The highest population of adults, larvae, and mines on RPM treatment were less than 1.5, 8.5, and 10 per plant, respectively compared to other treatments which were greater than 3.2 for adults, 12.4 for larvae, and 12.7 for mines. Parasitoid population and parasitism level were more in vermicompost treatments (V and VM) compared to other treatments (C, CM, and F). The results showed that application of pesticides was ineffective against leafminer and reduced parasitoid population; in the other hand RPM was effective to control leafminer although the effect on parasitoids was not clear. Parasitoid species that were found associated with potato crop were Hemiptarsenus varicornis, Neochrysocharis sp., and Opius sp. Combination of RPM with standard practice and vermicompost are prospective for leafminer management in potato crop, however, VM is friendlier to environment regarding sustainable agriculture.
BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND FORMULATION OF Bacillus subtilis FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Authors: Muis Amran
Published: December 2016

Bacillus subtilis is a widespread bacterium found in soil, water, and air. It controls the growth of certain harmful bacteria and fungi, presumably by competing for nutrients, growth sites on plants, and by directly colonizing and attaching to fungal pathogens. When applied to seeds, it colonizes the developing root system of the plants and continues to live on the root system and provides protection throughout the growing season. The study on biomass production and formulation of B. subtilis for biological control was conducted in the laboratory of Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB-CA), College, Laguna from May to July 2005. The objective of the study was to determine the optimum pH and a good carbon source for biomass production of B. subtilis and to develop a seed treatment formulation of B. subtilis as biological control agent. Results showed that the optimum pH for growth of B. subtilis was pH 6 (1.85 x 109 cfu/ml). In laboratory tests for biomass production using cassava flour, corn flour, rice flour, and brown sugar as carbon sources, it grew best in brown sugar plus yeast extract medium (6.8 x 108 cfu ml-1 in sterile distilled water and 7.8 x 108 cfu ml-1 in coconut water). In test for bacterial biomass carriers, talc proved to be the best in terms of number of bacteria recovered from the seeds (3.98 x 105 cfu seed-1).