bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do central terminals of intact myelinated primary afferents sprout into the superficial dorsal horn of rat spinal cord after injury to a neighboring peripheral nerve?
Authors: Shehab Safa Aldeen S. , Spike Rosemary C. , Todd Andrew J.
Published: May 2004

In order to investigate whether normal myelinated primary afferent axons sprout into the territories of adjacent injured peripheral nerve fibers in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord, adult rats underwent either sectioning of the saphenous or femoral nerves on one side, or else unilateral denervation of the skin of the posterior thigh. Two weeks later cholera toxin B subunit (CTb), which is normally transported selectively by myelinated somatic primary afferents, was injected into the ipsilateral (intact) sciatic nerve. The relationship between CTb, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and binding of Bandeiraea simplicifolia isolectin B4 (IB4) was then examined in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the second to fifth lumbar spinal segments (L2–L5). Sectioning of the femoral or saphenous nerves resulted in a reduction of IB4 binding in laminae I–II in the medial third of the dorsal horn of L2, L3, and the upper part of L4. VIP‐immunoreactivity was upregulated in exactly the same regions in which IB4‐binding was reduced. These correspond to the areas that were previously innervated by unmyelinated afferents in the sectioned nerves. CTb‐labeling was detected in regions known to receive input from myelinated sciatic afferents: lamina I and a band extending from the inner part of lamina II (IIi) to lamina V in the L3–5 segments, and the deepest part of the dorsal horn in L2. Importantly, no CTb‐labeling was detected in the outer part of lamina II (IIo) in the denervated areas. Sectioning of branches of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh resulted in a reduction of IB4‐binding and upregulation of VIP‐immunoreactivity in the lateral part of the superficial dorsal horn of caudal L4 and L5. Again, CTb‐immunoreactivity showed the normal sciatic pattern in L4–L5, with no labeling detected in lamina IIo in the denervated region. These results do not support the suggestion that the central terminals of intact myelinated afferents sprout into regions of lamina II occupied by adjacent nerves that have been axotomized peripherally. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:427–437, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A critical review of the development of the CIE1931 RGB color‐matching functions
Authors: Broadbent Arthur D.
Published: May 2004

This article describes the development of the CIE1931 chromaticity coordinates and color‐matching functions starting from the initial experimental data of W. D. Wright and J. Guild. Sufficient information is given to allow the reader to reproduce and verify the results obtained at each stage of the calculations and to analyze critically the procedures used. Unfortunately, some of the information required for the coordinate transformations was never published and the appended tables provide likely versions of that missing data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 267–272, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20020
Principal components applied to modeling: Dealing with the mean vector
Authors: Worthey James A. , Brill Michael H.
Published: May 2004

Principal components analysis is often used to fit a population of spectral reflectances by a mean vector plus a basis‐function expansion about the mean. Certain color‐technology applications (such as color correction) are much easier if the mean is absent. If the mean of reflectance (or of another spectral function) is a linear combination of the first few principal components (such as the first three), then a linear model can fit the original data without mentioning the mean vector in the model's formulation. This idea is worked out step by step, and a realistic example is presented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 261–266, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20021
Individual differences of unique hue loci and their relation to color preferences
Authors: Miyahara Eriko , Szewczyk Ewelina , McCartin Jennifer , Caldwell Kimberly
Published: May 2004

Loci of the four unique hues (red, green, blue, and yellow) on the equiluminant plane on the color display and three preferred colors were obtained from 115 normal trichromats. We sought possible correlations between these measures. Different unique hue loci were not correlated with each other. The three preferred colors were not correlated with each other. We found five combinations of significant correlation between a preferred color and unique hue settings, yet the overall tendency is not very clear. We conclude that individual differences in color appearance measured by unique hues and color preferences measured by asking for favorite colors may not be predicted from each other or even within a category because the differences in the earlier visual mechanisms can be compensated for and these high‐level measures can be influenced by learning and experience. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 285–291, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20023
A study of colour emotion and colour preference. Part II: Colour emotions for two‐colour combinations
Authors: Ou Li‐Chen , Luo M. Ronnier , Woodcock Andrée , Wright Angela
Published: May 2004

Eleven colour‐emotion scales, warm–cool, heavy–light, modern–classical, clean–dirty, active–passive, hard–soft, harmonious–disharmonious, tense–relaxed, fresh–stale, masculine–feminine, and like–dislike, were investigated on 190 colour pairs with British and Chinese observers. Experimental results show that gender difference existed in masculine–feminine, whereas no significant cultural difference was found between British and Chinese observers. Three colour‐emotion factors were identified by the method of factor analysis and were labeled “colour activity,” “colour weight,” and “colour heat.” These factors were found similar to those extracted from the single colour emotions developed in Part I. This indicates a coherent framework of colour emotion factors for single colours and two‐colour combinations. An additivity relationship was found between single‐colour and colour‐combination emotions. This relationship predicts colour emotions for a colour pair by averaging the colour emotions of individual colours that generate the pair. However, it cannot be applied to colour preference prediction. By combining the additivity relationship with a single‐colour emotion model, such as those developed in Part I, a colour‐appearance‐based model was established for colour‐combination emotions. With this model one can predict colour emotions for a colour pair if colour‐appearance attributes of the component colours in that pair are known. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 292–298, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20024
The use of sensory difference tests to investigate perceptible colour‐difference in a cosmetic product
Authors: Whiting Roger , Murray Shona , Caintic Zyrene , Ellison Kirsteen
Published: May 2004

Two sensory difference tests have been used to assess the ability of an untrained population to perceive colour difference in a cosmetic product. The two tests used were the triangle test and the “two‐out‐of‐five” test. Participants were presented with groups of samples with varying colour differences and asked to identify the odd sample in the triangle test and the pair in the two‐out‐of‐five test. From these data, the number of correct responses was correlated with the calculated colour difference using three colour‐difference equations (CMC, CIE94, and CIEDE2000). These correlations were optimized by varying the parameters in the colour‐difference equations. With the parameters optimized, each of the three colour‐difference equations gave a correlation coefficient of ∼0.97 with the two‐out‐of‐five test and a correlation coefficient of ∼0.79 with the triangle test. These correlation coefficients suggest that sensory difference testing can be used to investigate perception of colour difference. However, for the triangle test the correlation between the sensory data and the calculated colour difference is weak and the two‐out‐of‐five test should be preferred. The minimum perceptible colour difference was estimated from the regression plots between the optimised colour‐difference equations and the sensory data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 299–304, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20025
Design and performance of a color chart based in digitally processed images for sensory evaluation of piquillo peppers (Capsicum annuum)
Authors: Hernández B. , Sáenz C. , Alberdi C. , Alfonso S. , Berrogui M. , Diñeiro J. M.
Published: May 2004

A chart of color standards for visual color evaluation of the piquillo pepper (Capsicum annuum) has been designed. The chart comprises six rectangular regions of digitally processed images of piquillo peppers covering the observed visual range of variability in this product. Colorimetric characterization of piquillo peppers and the color chart has been made using instrumental color measurements. Both trained and untrained sensory panels tested the reliability of the designed color chart. The Pearson correlation coefficient between color chart scores and subjective color quality scores is 0.831 (P < 0.01). Correlation between all instrumental color coordinates, with the exception of CIELAB a*, and visual color chart scores are significant at P< 0.001 and Pearson correlation coefficients range from −0.747 with CIELAB chroma C* to −0.926 with CIELAB hue angle h. Repeatability of visual color chart scores is completely satisfactory, having found no statistically significant differences between color chart scores in samples evaluated twice by panelists. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 305–311, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20026
Parental styles and long‐term outcome following treatment for anxiety disorders
Authors: Chambers Julie A. , Power Kevin G. , Durham Robert C.
Published: May 2004

Poor parenting has long been associated with the diagnosis of anxiety and mood disorders, but it is not clear whether perceived parenting can predict long‐term outcome following treatment. The shortened Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) was examined in respect to outcome, 3–14 years after initial treatment, in a group of patients having an original diagnosis of generalized anxiety, panic or post‐traumatic stress disorder. All patients had been entered into one of six controlled clinical treatment trials between 1985 and 1999, which had compared cognitive behavioural therapy with other forms of treatment including psychotherapy, medication and placebo. Significantly lower levels of paternal care and higher levels of parental control were reported by patients still having a clinical diagnosis at long‐term follow‐up compared with those with no diagnosis. In addition, the parental style of ‘affectionless control’ (i.e. low care/high control) from either parent was over‐represented in those with a diagnosis at long‐term follow‐up. However, only maternal control was significant for male patients, whilst only paternal care and control were significant for females. Findings on a subgroup of patients, who completed the PBI both pre‐treatment and at long‐term follow‐up, suggest the results are not due to changes in clinical status affecting recall in the recovered patients. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accessibility of causal explanations for future positive and negative events in adolescents with anxiety and depression
Authors: Kagan Lisa J. , MacLeod Andrew K. , Pote Helen L.
Published: May 2004

Anxious and depressed adults' pessimism about future events has been shown to be underpinned by their ability to think of reasons why future events would or would not happen (see, e.g., Byrne and MacLeod, 1997). This study sought to extend this finding to adolescents by investigating the accessibility of explanations given for future events in adolescents with elevated anxiety and depression scores. A school sample of 11–17 year olds (N = 123) participated. Participants completed self‐report measures of anxiety, depression and positive and negative affect. In addition they were given a set of potential future positive and negative events and asked to provide reasons as to why the events would (pro reasons) or would not (con reasons) happen. Anxious participants, relative to controls, generated significantly more pro relative to con reasons for negative events happening and showed a non‐significant trend towards the opposite pattern for positive events. Depressed participants showed clear differences from controls in their pattern of accessible explanations for both negative events and positive events. Correlational analysis showed that positive and negative affect had differential relationships to positive and negative cognitions concerning future outcomes. The results suggest that the processes that underlie pessimism in depressed and anxious adults also operate in relatively depressed and anxious adolescents. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The essential oil of Anemia tomentosa (Savigny) Sw. var. anthriscifolia (Schrad.) Mickel
Authors: Juliani Hector R , Zygadlo Julio A , Scrivanti Raquel , de la Sota Elias , Simon James E
Published: May 2004

The essential oil composition of the aerial parts of Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia (Anemiaceae) was characterized by GC–MS. Total volatile oil yield extracted by steam distillation was 0.2% dry weight basis. The volatile oil was composed mainly of sesquiterpenes (75%, as the relative percentage of the total essential oil) with lower amounts of monoterpenes (15%); no phenylpropanoids were detected. The sesquiterpenes were composed mainly of oxygenated components (67%), including α‐bisabolol (51%), spathulenol (1%), caryophyllene oxide (3%), α‐bisaboloxide (1%) and 14‐hydroxy‐9‐epi‐(E)‐caryophyllene (1%). The monoterpenes were dominated by neral (5%) and geranial (7%), with lower amounts of α‐pinene, camphene, 6‐methyl‐5‐hepten‐2‐one, 1,8‐cineole and pinocarveol. This is the ﬁrst report of the essential oil accumulation (0.2%) and volatile composition in the aromatic fern A. tomentosa. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological lemon and sweet orange essential oil composition
Authors: Verzera A. , Trozzi A. , Dugo G. , Di Bella G. , Cotroneo A.
Published: May 2004

The volatile fraction composition of sweet orange and lemon oils obtained using biological and traditional cultivation is reported. The oils came from Sicily and were industrially obtained. The aim of the research was to establish whether the use of pesticides in citrus cultivation could inﬂuence the essential oil composition. The volatile fraction was analysed by HRGC and HRGC–MS. The content of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides was determined by HRGC–FPD and HRGC–ECD. Differences in the oil composition resulted, especially in the content of carbonyl compounds; the results obtained, altogether, show that the biological oils are of higher quality in terms of their composition than traditional ones. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile oil composition of new chemotype of Ocimum basilicum L. from Nigeria
Authors: Kasali Adeleke A. , Eshilokun Adeolu O. , Adeola Segun , Winterhalter Peter , Knapp Holger , Bonnlander Bernd , Koenig Wilfried A.
Published: May 2004

The volatile components obtained by hydrodistillation of Ocimum basilicum L. were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). A total of 24 compounds, representing 95% of the total oil, were identiﬁed. The oil was found to contain methylchavicol (60.3%), linalool (10.8%) and (Z)‐methylcinnamate (6.3%) as the major components. Other notable components include 1,8‐cinole (3.1%), β‐pinene (2.1%) and α‐pinene (2.7%). From the compositional data, a third chemotype from Nigeria is reported. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bud and leaf essential oil composition of Syzygium aromaticum from India and Madagascar
Authors: Srivastava A. K. , Srivastava S. K. , Syamsundar K. V.
Published: May 2004

The essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum were isolated from its buds and leaves by hydrodistillation. The oils were analyzed by high resolution GC and GC‐MS. Twenty‐eight and 35 constituents representing 99.9% each were identiﬁed from the bud oils of Indian and Madagascan origins, respectively. On the other hand leaf oil from Madagascar resulted in the identiﬁcation of 22 constituents representing 99.9% of the oil. The major constituents in bud and leaf oils were eugenol and β‐caryophyllene. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of cold‐pressed Mexican dancy tangerine oils
Authors: Dugo Paola , Mondello Luigi , Favoino Olinda , Cicero Lucia , Zenteno Norberto A. Rodriguez , Dugo Giovanni
Published: May 2004

The physicochemical indices, the enantiomeric distribution of some monoterpene hydrocarbons, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the volatile fraction and the oxygenated heterocyclic fraction of cold‐pressed Mexican Dancy tangerine essential oils are reported. The volatile fraction is characterized by a higher content of limonene. γ‐Terpinene, myrcene and α‐pinene are the other most abundant hydrocarbons. Linalool is the main oxygenated compound. The oxygen heterocyclic fraction contains ﬁve polymethoxylated ﬂavones, tangeritin being the main of them. Very little difference in the chemical and physicochemical composition of Dancy tangerine oils of different geographical origin was detected. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unusual composition of the essential oils from the leaves of Piper aduncum
Authors: Vila Roser , Tomi Félix , Mundina Marisa , Santana Ana I. , Solís Pablo N. , López Arce José B. , Balderrama Iclina José L. , Iglesias José , Gupta Mahabir P. , Casanova Joseph , Cañigueral Salvador
Published: May 2004

The chemical compositions of the essential oils from the leaves of Piper aduncum from Panama and Bolivia were investigated by GC‐FID, GC‐MS and 13C‐NMR. In total, 55 components were identiﬁed representing 99.3 and 80.3% of each sample, respectively. The oil from Panama was characterized by a high percentage of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (38.9%), the main ones being β‐caryophyllene (17.4%) and aromadendrene (13.4%). In contrast, the oil from Bolivia showed a high content of monoterpenes (76%), the major constituent being 1,8‐cineole (40.5%). Phenylpropanoids, mainly sarisan (1‐allyl‐2‐methoxy‐4,5‐methylenedioxybenzene; 12.9%), were only detected in the latter. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oils of Kenyan Citrus fruits: volatile components of two varieties of mandarins (Citrus reticulata) and a tangelo (C. paradisi × C. tangerina)
Authors: Njoroge Simon Muhoho , Koaze Hiroshi , Mwaniki Mercy , Minh Tu N. T. , Sawamura Masayoshi
Published: May 2004

The volatile ﬂavour components of essential oils in peel of kara and sabine mandarins (Citrus reticulata) and minneola tangelo, a hybrid between Duncan grapefruit (C. paradisi Macfadyen) and Dancy tangerine (C. tangerina Tanaka) grown in Kenya were extracted by cold‐pressing and analyzed by GC and GC‐MS. A total of 48, 72 and 56 components amounting to 99.4, 99.8 and 99.8% were identiﬁed in each oil, respectively. Monoterpene hydrocarbons constituted 98.1, 96.9 and 96.7% in the respective oils. The major compounds were limonene (87.1–90.7%), γ‐terpinene (1.5–2.9%), terpinolene (1.4–2.2%) and myrcene (1.5–1.8%). α−Terpinene was prominent in sabine oil (3.4%) but absent from kara and minneola oils. β‐Caryophyllene, α‐cubebene and (E, E)‐α‐farnesene amounting to minor percentages (0.2–0.3%) were the notable sesquiterpenes in each oil. Oxygenated compounds constituted 1.1, 2.6 and 2.8% of the kara, sabine and minneola oils, respectively. Carbonyl compounds (0.6–1.3%) and alcohols (0.3–1.3%) were the major groups, whereas linalool (0.2–0.6%), decanal (0.2–0.3%) and octanal (0.2–0.3%) were the prominent compounds. β‐Sinensal was present in each oil at trace quantities. α‐Sinensal and nootkatone were found only in sabine oil. The oils exhibited complex and variable compositions of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones. (E)‐p‐Mentha‐2,8‐dienol, p‐mentha‐1(7), 8(10)‐dien‐9‐ol, p‐menth‐8‐en‐1‐ol and (E)‐pinocarvyl acetate found among the oils have not been previously reported in mandarin peel oils. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil constituents of three varieties of Kenyan sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis)
Authors: Njoroge Simon Muhoho , Koaze Hiroshi , Karanja Paul Nyota , Sawamura Masayoshi
Published: May 2004

The volatile components of peel essential oils of Salustiana (Citrus sinensis Osbeck forma Salustiana), Valencia (C. sinensis Osbeck forma Valencia) and Washington navel (C. sinensis Osbeck forma Washington navel) sweet oranges grown in Kenya were isolated by cold‐pressing and determined by GC and GC‐MS. A total of 56 components were identiﬁed in Salustiana, 73 in Valencia and 72 in Washington navel peel oils. The identiﬁed components amounted to 98.7, 97.8 and 97.4% of the total volatiles of each oil, respectively. Monoterpene hydrocarbons largely dominated in the volatile fraction of the Salustiana (96.9%), Valencia (94.5%) and Washington navel (92.7%) oils. In each oil, limonene, α‐pinene, sabinene and α‐terpinene were the major compounds. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons amounted to 0.1% of the total volatiles of Valencia and Washington navel oils, where (E,E)‐α‐farnesene was the main compound. The total oxygenated compounds amounted to 1.7, 3.4 and 4.5% of the Salustiana, Valencia and Washington navel volatiles. Linalool, decanal, (Z)‐carvone, (Z)‐carveol, (E)‐carveol, nootkatone and sabina ketone were the main components. The three sweet orange varieties could be differentiated by the unique presence of α‐phellandrene and γ‐terpinene in Salustiana, β‐phellandrene, (Z)‐nerolidol, aromadendrene in Valencia and p‐cymene, β‐sinensal and dodecanoic acid in Washington navel oils. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Annexin 2 expression is reduced in human osteosarcoma metastases
Authors: Gillette Jennifer M. , Chan Daniel C. , Nielsen‐Preiss Sheila M.
Published: May 2004

Osteosarcoma is an aggressive primary bone cancer affecting primarily children and young adults. The development of valuable diagnostic indicators and therapeutic agents will be enhanced by the identification and characterization of genes that contribute to its aggressive behavior. We used representational difference analysis to isolate genes differentially expressed between primary human osteosarcoma tumors and subsequent metastatic lung lesions to identify genes potentially involved in metastatic potential. Several genes were differentially expressed between the two tumor populations, including annexin2. The levels of annexin2 mRNA and protein inversely correlated with metastatic potential in a subset of human osteosarcoma tumor specimens, as well as in a human osteosarcoma cell line selected for increased metastatic potential. Annexin2 has been described in several cellular localizations with various functional implications, many of which may be relevant to metastatic potential. Therefore, the subcellular localization of endogenous annexin2 protein was evaluated biochemically by subcellular fractionation and immunologically by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence in osteoblastic cells. Annexin2 was localized to the cytoplasm and intracellular aspect of the plasma membrane, excluded from the nucleus and undetectable on the cell surface or in the conditioned medium. Overexpression of annexin2 in osteosarcoma cells did not alter several in vitro phenotypes often used to assess metastatic potential including motility, adhesion, and proliferation. However, our previous data have implicated annexin2 in the mineralization process of osteoblastic cells in vitro. Consistent with an increase in differentiation‐induced mineralization, there was diminished tumorigenicity and experimental metastatic potential of osteosarcoma cells overexpressing annexin2. These data suggest that annexin2 may downregulate osteosarcoma aggressiveness by inducing a more differentiated state in osteoblastic cells. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms of cardioprotection by lysophospholipids
Authors: Karliner Joel S.
Published: May 2004

The lysophospholipids sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphosphatidic acid (LPA) reduce mortality in hypoxic cardiac myocytes. S1P is also cardioprotective in both mouse and rat models of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Although these results are consistent with prior work in other cell types, it is not known what signaling events are critical to cardioprotection, particularly with respect to ceramide and the preservation of mitochondrial function, which is essential for cardiac cell survival. Neither receptor regulation nor signaling has been studied during I/R in the heart with or without the application of S1P or LPA. The role of sphingosine kinase in I/R and in ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has not been defined, nor has the fate or function of S1P generated by this enzyme, particularly during preconditioning or I/R, been elucidated. Whether S1P infused systemically in animal models of myocardial infarction in which survival is an end‐point will be hemodynamically tolerated has not been determined. If not, the substitution of agents such as the monosialoganglioside GM‐1, which activates sphingosine kinase, or the development of alternative ligands for S1P receptors will be necessary. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the expression of β‐catenin in hepatocellular carcinoma in areas with high and low levels of exposure to aflatoxin B1
Authors: Chen Ban Ke , Singh Harjit , Krishnan R. , Fong Seow Heng
Published: May 2004

Background and Objectives

Previous studies showed that the frequency of β‐catenin mutation was different in mice when induced by different chemicals. The aim of this study is to compare the expression of β‐catenin and p53 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from areas with exposure to high and low levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1).

Methods

Thirty‐five and twenty HCC samples from Guangxi and Malaysia, respectively, were studied. The expression of β‐catenin and p53 was determined by immunohistochemistry.

Results

The overexpression of β‐catenin was detected in 65.7% of HCC tissues and 37.1% in adjacent liver tissues samples from Guangxi, China. Similarly, overexpression of β‐catenin was also detected in 60.0% of HCC tissues and in 35.0% of adjacent liver tissues samples from Malaysia. The overexpression of p53 was detected in 42.9% of HCC specimens from Guangxi and in 25.0% of HCC specimens from Malaysia. There was a relationship between the expression of β‐catenin and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the adjacent liver tissues in Guangxi, and between the expression of β‐catenin and p53 in HCC tissues in Malaysia.

Conclusions

The differences in the exposure to AFB1 did not affect the overexpression of β‐catenin in the development of HBV‐associated HCC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;86:157–163. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the use of “fast kinetics” to determine the mechanism of ligand substitution at a solvated transition‐metal intermediate
Authors: Schultz Richard H.
Published: May 2004

Substitution of the weakly‐coordinated solvent molecule at a solvated transition‐metal intermediate is frequently investigated by “fast kinetic” methods. In typical experiments, the kinetics of the reaction are determined by following the time dependence of the changes in the reaction mixture's UV‐visible or infrared spectrum following photolytic creation of the intermediate. We consider the two limiting mechanisms (associative and dissociative), as well as the case of competition between them, and show that under typical “fast kinetics” experimental conditions, the different mechanisms are kinetically indistinguishable. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 427–433, 2004
On the Beckmann rearrangement of ketoximes: A kinetic study in trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
Authors: Marziano N. C. , Ronchin L. , Tortato C. , Tonon O. , Bertani R.
Published: May 2004

The formation and the destruction of an intermediate involved in the Beckmann rearrangement of 2,4,6‐trimethylacetophenone oxime have been studied in concentrated trifluoromethanesulfonic acid by kinetic and spectroscopic measurements. Observed (kobs) and thermodynamic rate constants (ko) have been estimated and the values compared with the ones obtained in perchloric, sulfuric, and methanesulfonic acids. In the range 80–100 wt% of sulfuric acid, combined analysis of kobs and ko rates shows a specific catalysis due to [H2SO4] species. In trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, lower rate constants, compared to the values in sulfuric acid, have been observed which differ at 99 wt% by a factor of 103 ca. The catalytic effect of different strong acids, the structure of the intermediate inferred from Raman and NMR spectra, and the role of the ion‐pairs involved in the reaction are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 417–426, 2004
Commercial agriculture as creative destruction or destructive creation: a case study of chili cultivation and plant‐pest disease in the southern Yucatán region
Authors: Keys E.
Published: May 2004

Agricultural change encompasses both social and ecological alterations, some negative, some positive. Studies of land change and land degradation treat plant pest and diseases triggered by agricultural change in an inconsistent fashion. A study of the southern Yucatán region of Mexico reveals that the shift to commercial chili cultivation yields both positive and negative consequences, akin to the concepts of creative destruction and destructive creation. The negative consequences are dramatically amplified by persistent plant pest and diseases apparently triggered by the means of cultivation and by the inclusion of the region into a national marketing structure. Thus, while providing economic benefits to some of the farmers of the region the short‐ and long‐term impacts of chili cultivation on farmer households is mixed. Studies of agricultural land‐use change and household economics will benefit by incorporating plant pests and diseases as one of the suite of factors involved in land degradation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of continuous and discontinuous FK506 administration on autograft or allograft repair of sciatic nerve resection
Authors: Udina Esther , Gold Bruce G. , Navarro Xavier
Published: May 2004

An immunosuppressant drug that also possesses neuroregenerative properties, FK506 enhances the rate of axonal regeneration and improves recovery after nerve lesions. Nevertheless, prolonged immunosuppression may not be justified to assure the success of nerve regeneration. In this study, we compare the effects of continuous and discontinuous FK506 treatment on regeneration and reinnervation after sciatic nerve resection repaired with autologous or allogenic grafts in the mouse. For each type of repair, one group received FK506 (5 mg/kg) for 4 months, whereas a second group was treated with FK506 at 5 mg/kg for 5 weeks followed by 3 mg/kg for 4 weeks; a control group received saline only. Functional reinnervation was assessed by noninvasive methods to determine recovery of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions in the hind paw over 4 months after operation. Morphological analysis of the regenerated nerves was performed at the termination of the study. Autografts and allografts treated with sustained FK506 (5 mg/kg) reached high levels of reinnervation and followed a course of recovery faster than controls. The numbers of myelinated fibers also were similar. Allografts without immunosuppression demonstrated a slower rate of regeneration, exhibiting lower final levels of recovery compared with other groups and containing fewer numbers of regenerating myelinated fibers. Withdrawal of immunosuppressant therapy resulted in a decline in the degree of reinnervation in all functions tested during the third month, with stabilization between the third and fourth months. The number of regenerated myelinated fibers in the group was significantly lower than in autografts. Thus, continuous or discontinuous FK506 administration slightly accelerated the rate of reinnervation in autografts. In allograft repair, FK506 significantly enhanced both the rate and degree of regeneration and recovery, but its withdrawal resulted in graft rejection, a marked deterioration in function, and loss of regenerating fibers. Muscle Nerve 29: 812–822, 2004
An improved algorithm for the distance constrained p‐center location problem with mutual communication on tree networks
Authors: Tamir Arie
Published: May 2004

In a recent article Averbakh and Berman present an O(p3 + n2) serial algorithm to solve the distance constrained p‐center location problem with mutual communication on a tree network with n nodes. In this note we suggest two simple modifications leading to the improved (subquadratic in n), O(p3 + p(n + p)log2(n + p)) complexity bound. We also present a new O(p2n log n log(n + p)) algorithm for the discrete version of this problem. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 44(1), 38–40 2004
Sinorhizobium meliloti metabolism in the root nodule: A proteomic perspective
Authors: Djordjevic Michael A.
Published: May 2004

The proteome of the model symbiotic bacterium, Sinorhizobium meliloti was examined to determine the enzymatic reactions and cell processes that occur when S. meliloti occupies the root nodules of Medicago truncatula and Melilotus alba. The proteomes of the nodule bacteria were compared to that of S. meliloti grown under laboratory cultured conditions as an additional control. All the detectable protein spots on the two‐dimensional (2‐D) gels between pH 4–7 were analyzed. In total, the identity of proteins in 1545 spots from 2‐D gels was determined using peptide mass fingerprinting. There were clear differences in the proteome of nodule bacteria and cultured bacteria and putative nodule‐specific and nodule suppressed proteins were identified. The data were analyzed using metabolic pathway prediction programs and used to review the biochemical and genetic studies that had been done previously on S. meliloti over several decades. There was a broad congruency between the proteomic and biochemical data when the overall pathways of central carbon and nitrogen metabolism were considered. A selective suite of ABC‐type transporters was present in nodule bacteria that were biased towards the transport of amino acids and inorganic ions (P and Fe) suggesting that a highly specialized nutrient exchange was occurring between the nodule bacteria and the host. Proteins prominent in nodule bacteria were those involved in the pathways for vitamin synthesis and stress‐related processes (chaperoning, heat shock, detoxification of reactive oxygen species, regulation of stress and osmo‐regulation). Some of these proteins were found only in nodule bacteria. These results show the extent of the shift in metabolism that occurs when S. meliloti invades legume plants and establishes a nitrogen fixing symbiosis.
Proteome reference maps of Medicago truncatula embryogenic cell cultures generated from single protoplasts
Authors: Imin Nijat , De Jong Femke , Mathesius Ulrike , van Noorden Giel , Saeed Nasir A. , Wang Xin‐Ding , Rose Ray J. , Rolfe Barry G.
Published: May 2004

Using a combination of two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) protein mapping and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, we have established proteome reference maps of Medicago truncatula embryogenic tissue culture cells. The cultures were generated from single protoplasts, which provided a relatively homogenous cell population. We used these to analyze protein expression at the globular stages of somatic embryogenesis, which is the earliest morphogenetic embryonic stage. Over 3000 proteins could reproducibly be resolved over a pI range of 4–11. Three hundred and twelve protein spots were extracted from colloidal Coomassie Blue‐stained 2‐DE gels and analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight MS analysis and tandem MS sequencing. This enabled the identification of 169 protein spots representing 128 unique gene products using a publicly available expressed sequence tag database and the MASCOT search engine. These reference maps will be valuable for the investigation of the molecular events which occur during somatic embryogenesis in M. truncatula. The proteome reference maps and supplementary materials will be available and updated for public access at http://semele.anu.edu.au/.
Polyquinolines containing both spirobifluorene and cardofluorene units: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Chen Ching‐Hsin , Shu Ching‐Fong
Published: May 2004

We have synthesized aromatic polyquinolines containing both spirobifluorene and cardofluorene moieties in the main chain by applying acid‐catalyzed Friedländer quinoline synthesis. The incorporation of these rigid nonplanar structures into the polymer backbone, which restricts segmental mobility, significantly increases both the glass‐transition temperature and thermal stability, while providing enhanced solubility as a result of a decrease in the degree of molecular packing and crystallinity. We have also examined the optical and electrochemical properties of these polyquinolines. The low‐lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level and quasireversible electrochemical reduction of these polyquinolines suggest their potential for use as electron‐injecting/transporting materials in polymer light‐emitting diodes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3314–3322, 2004
Local segmental relaxation in bidisperse polystyrenes
Authors: Robertson C. G. , Roland C. M.
Published: May 2004

Dynamic mechanical results are reported for segmental relaxation of monodisperse polystyrenes (PSs) with molecular weights of 0.7, 3, 18, and 104 kg/mol and bidisperse PSs created from blending pairs of these materials. The data for the monodisperse polymers confirm previous findings; namely, there is an increase in the glass‐transition temperature normalized temperature dependence of the segmental relaxation times (fragility) with increasing molecular weight, along with a breakdown of the correlation between the fragility and the breadth of the relaxation function. For both the monodisperse and bidisperse PSs, the glass‐transition temperature is a single function of the average number of chain ends, independent of the nature of the molecular weight distribution. It is also found that these materials exhibit fragilities that uniquely depend on the number‐average molecular weight, that is, on the concentration of chain ends. In blends with linear PS, cyclic PS with a low molecular weight behaves as a high polymer, similar to its neat behavior, reflecting the overriding importance of chain ends. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2604–2611, 2004
Network structure and swelling–shrinking behaviors of pH‐sensitive poly(acrylamide‐co‐itaconic acid) hydrogels
Authors: Çaykara Tuncer , Doǧmuş Melike , Kantoǧlu Ömer
Published: May 2004

pH‐sensitive poly(acrylamide‐co‐itaconic acid) [P(AAm/IA)] hydrogels were prepared by radiation induced copolymerization of acrylamide (AAm) and itaconic acid (IA) at various ratios. Swelling and shrinking behaviors of these hydrogels were found greatly dependent on the composition of the hydrogel and pH of the buffer solution. The basic structural parameters of the P(AAm/IA) networks such as the molecular weight between crosslinks (Mc) and polymer–solvent interaction parameter (χ) were also determined using the modified Flory‐Rehner equations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2586–2594, 2004
Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis investigation of the thermal properties and degradation of some radiation‐grafted films and membranes
Authors: Brack Hans‐Peter , Ruegg Denise , Bührer Heinrich , Slaski Michal , Alkan Selmiye , Scherer Günther G.
Published: May 2004

The influence of irradiation and grafting on the crystallinity of three base polymers has been investigated with differential scanning calorimetry. Grafting has the largest effect on the base polymer crystallinity and results in a reduction of the crystallinity. The thermal degradation of the base polymers and grafted films has been investigated with thermogravimetric analysis. The extent of the fluorination of the base polymer, the irradiation method, and the graft level all influence the thermal degradation and its activation energy. It is proposed that the variation of the chain lengths of the grafted polystyrene chains is actually a primary underlying factor responsible for the influence of these various parameters on the degradation process. The first results of a comparative thermal analysis of some fuel‐cell membranes are also presented, and the promise and shortcomings of this method are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2612–2624, 2004
Coping after cancer: Risk perceptions, worry, and health behaviors among colorectal cancer survivors
Authors: Mullens Amy B. , McCaul Kevin D. , Erickson Shannon C. , Sandgren Ann K.
Published: May 2004

This study asks whether the experience of cancer motivates healthy behavior change. Further, we asked whether such changes relate to risk perceptions and worry, as suggested by Leventhal's Parallel Processing Model. Male (n=41) and female (n=40) survivors of colorectal cancer were interviewed 1–14 years after they first completed treatment. Younger age was associated with stronger risk perceptions, more worry, and greater anxiety. Shorter‐term, compared to longer‐term survivors, reported higher risk perceptions and more frequent intrusive thoughts. Greater perceived risk, worry and anxiety correlated positively with intentions to make positive health behavior changes. Overall, these survivors did not report exaggerated risk perceptions, and they were not overly worried or anxious about cancer recurrence. However, low‐level risk perceptions, worry, and anxiety motivated interest in adopting protective health behaviors. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of childhood cancer on the family: a qualitative analysis of strains, resources, and coping behaviors
Authors: Patterson Joän M. , Holm Kristen E. , Gurney James G.
Published: May 2004

Clinical research has led to tremendous improvements in treatment efficacy for most childhood cancers; overall 5‐year survival is now greater than 75%. Long‐term consequences of cure (i.e. adverse medical and psychosocial effects) have only recently begun to emerge as a primary focus of clinical research, including studies of health‐related quality of life among survivors. Usually lacking in such efforts, however, is consideration of the impact of the cancer experience on the family, and the influence that the family's response to cancer has on quality of life in the child. From this qualitative analysis of seven focus groups with 45 parents of children a year or more out of cancer treatment, we report those aspects of a child's cancer diagnosis, treatment, and recovery that parents perceived as particularly difficult for their family, and the resources and coping behaviors parents perceived as helpful to their family in dealing with and managing the cancer experience. Using the Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response theoretical model to organize the data, the domains of strains and resources were delineated into themes and sub‐themes related to the cancer, child, family, health‐care system, and community. Within a third domain, coping, sub‐themes were identified within the themes of appraisal‐focused, problem‐focused, and emotion‐focused coping behaviors. Integration of this information should serve to improve future studies of health‐related quality of life among children who survive cancer. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro anti‐Helicobacter pylori potential of methanol extract of Allium ascalonicum Linn. (Liliaceae) leaf: susceptibility and effect on urease activity
Authors: Adeniyi Bolanle A. , Anyiam Festus M.
Published: May 2004

The crude methanol extract of the leaf of Allium ascalonicum was screened in vitro against ﬁve strains of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) (ATCC 24376, UCH 97001, UCH 97009, UCH 98026 and UCH 99039) for antibacterial activity by the agar diffusion method in Mueller‐Hinton agar supplemented with deﬁbrinated horse blood. All the strains were inhibited by the extract to varying degrees. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extract against all the tested strains ranged from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL. The effects of increasing concentrations of the extract on the urease activity of three of the Helicobacter pylori strains were investigated further. The results showed that increasing the concentration of the extract decreased the urease activity of all the strains tested. Phytochemical screening of the plant showed that it contains alkaloids, cardiac glycosides and saponins. The anti‐Hp activity observed is discussed in relation to the chemical constituents reportedly isolated from these plants and their traditional uses. The result of this work suggests that Allium ascalonicum has some therapeutic potential against Helicobacter pylori infection, which could be explored for patients with gastroduodenal disorders. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidative effects of 7‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐cadalene extracted from Zelkova serrata on 4‐(methylinitros amino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone‐induced oxidative stress in A/J mice
Authors: Kim J. H. , Lee H. J. , Yeon S. C. , Choi D. H. , Lee S. S. , Kang J. K. , Chae C. H. , Paik N. W. , Lee K. H. , Cho M. H.
Published: May 2004

Effects of 7‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐cadalene (cadalene) extracted from Zelkova serrata on 4‐(methylinitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK)‐induced oxidative stress were examined using A/J mice. NNK (65 µg/ml water) was orally administered to 20 mice for 7 weeks, followed by free feeding of a commercial diet, not containing cadalene, for 2 weeks. The control group was maintained without NNK and cadalene administration, and treatment groups with NNK and cadalene (6.25, 25, 100 mg/kg feed) feeding for 25 weeks. The glutathione concentration of cadalene‐treated (65 µg/ml water) group was signiﬁcantly higher than that of the group treated only with NNK (p < 0.05). The results of our study strongly indicate that cadalene exerts antioxidative effect on NNK‐induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analgesic properties of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves of Kalanchoe crenata (Crassulaceae)
Authors: Nguelefack T. B. , Fotio A. L. , Watcho P. , Wansi S. L. , Dimo T. , Kamanyi A.
Published: May 2004

The aqueous and ethanol extracts of the dry leaves of Kalanchoe crenata (300 and 600 mg/kg) were evaluated for their analgesic properties on the pain induced by acetic acid, formalin and heat in mice and by pressure on rats. The ethanol extract of K. crenata at a dose of 600 mg/kg produced an inhibition of 61.13% on pain induced by acetic acid and 50.13% for that induced by formalin. An inhibition of 67.18% was observed on pain induced by heat 45 min after the administration of the extract. The aqueous extract administered at a dose of 600 mg/kg produced a maximum effect of 25% on pain induced by pressure. These activities were similar to those produced by a paracetamol–codeine association, while indomethacin exhibited a protective effect only against the writhing test. Our results suggest that the leaves of K. crenata could be a source of analgesic compounds. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.