bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pi-optimal polygons
Authors: Griffiths David , Culpin David
Published: January 2007

The number π (as all—or very nearly all—the world doth know) signifies the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter and is also equal to the ratio of the area to the square of the radius. This suggests two generalisations of π which apply to plane figures of any shape:
Two Related Triangle Maximization Problems
Authors: Lawden G. H.
Published: January 2007

We will consider two related maximisation problems relative to an arbitrarily given triangle. Their solutions will illustrate the power of cyclic quadrilateral constructions and the utility of Ptolemy’s theorem for obtaining symmetric formulae.
Cutting squares from rectangles
Authors: Ball Derek G.
Published: January 2007

The reader will be familiar with the golden rectangle, i.e. that rectangle which leaves another rectangle of the same shape when the largest possible square is cut from it (Fig. 1). In this article the effect of successively cutting squares from rectangles of other shapes will be investigated.
A generalization of Apollonius’ theorem
Authors: Douglas A. J.
Published: January 2007

It follows at once from Pythagoras’ theorem about a right-angled triangle that the sum of the squares of the lengths of the diagonals of a rectangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the four sides. Apollonius showed that the assertion holds for a parallelogram and, more recently, Amir-Moez and Hamilton gave a generalization to quadrilaterals by introducing a correction term which depends on the distance between the mid-points of the diagonals.
Locks and master keys
Authors: Robin Anthony C.
Published: January 2007

A simple lock contains a bolt and one or more levers which are lifted the correct amount by the appropriate key, thus allowing the bolt to be moved in and out. In addition there are often circular obstructions or “wards” to stop some keys being turned in the lock.
New angles on an old theorem
Authors: Crilly Tony , Jones Huw
Published: January 2007

At a very early age we are taught such theorems as “the angle on the circumference of a circle subtended by a diameter is a right angle”. This is part of our Euclidean heritage. But from Euclid's terse deductive style it is often difficult to draw links between the geometrical arguments which he presents and more modern mathematics. The purpose of this article is to step off the Euclidean path, dispense with the obligation to present formal deductive arguments and explore. The treatment is elementary and we make use of computer graphics. The graphs in this article were produced by the Picaso graph plotting package using the Calcomp 960 plotter on a Vax 11/785 computer.
Mathematical modelling of queues
Authors: Bunday Brian D.
Published: January 2007

We all have experience of waiting in a queue. We have waited in the dentist's surgery for treatment, we have queued at the supermarket check-out with our trolley or stood in line at the Post Office to buy stamps. No doubt we have had frustrating experiences in such situations, but before we rush to criticise the discipline of a queueing system we should think about the mad stampede for the next bus that can occur in some parts of the world.
Circles, chords and epicycloids
Authors: Beardon A. F. , Beardon L. A.
Published: January 2007

In a recent session of the Royal Institution Master Classes in Cambridge, the enthusiastic participants explored a computer graphics program, designed and written by Derek and Alan Ball. The program first draws a circle, and, given an integer N, marks N equally spaced points on it, these being cyclically labelled 1,2,…,N. The operator then inputs some rule, say n ↦ 5n + 8, and the program draws, for each n, the chord from the point marked n to the point marked 5n + 8 (modulo N). Before long, the children took N to be large and flower-like envelopes of the chords started to appear (as illustrated below). Here, we show how the equations of these envelopes can be obtained in a simple way with some general parameter k, and that for positive k they are all epicycloids, that is, curves obtained by rolling a circle around a fixed circle, the simplest one being a cardioid. A similar analysis shows that for negative k they are hypocycloids (see for example E. H. Lockwood’s Book of curves, C.U.P. 1961) except when k = 1 when parallel chords occur.
Some Proofs by Continuity
Authors: Costello John
Published: January 2007

How do you know that the equation x3 + x = 5 has one real root? Well, the function x3 + x is monotonic increasing: any increase in the value of x produces an increase in x3 + x. In particular, since 13 + 1 = 2 and 23 + 2 = 10 , we know that, for some x between 1 and 2, x3 + x = 5 . The function must “pass through” 5, and, since it is always increasing, it does this exactly once.
Statistics in mathematics courses at A-level
Authors: Belsom C. G. H.
Published: January 2007

There is at the moment considerable pressure to change the course of A-level mathematics, pressure which is now so intense that fairly radical change is both inevitable and desirable. A variety of causes have brought us to this situation. In the era of post-Cockcroft mathematics we have seen many of its recommendations implemented in the 11-16 age range. Most notable perhaps are;

(i)

the provision of differentiated courses and examinations,

(ii)

the encouragement of greater pupil participation in their own learning of mathematics,

(iii)

0 the construction of courses using a ‘bottom up’ approach.
Anamorphosis
Authors: Hickin Philip
Published: January 2007

If you visit the Manchester Museum of Science and Technology take a look at the sculpture in front of the museum. There are two large stainless steel objects, a sphere and an inverted cone. On the ground around the cone are variously shaped patterns of black and brown. However, when the patterns are viewed as reflected from the cone they take on the portraits of four famous scientists connected with the city of Manchester (see figure 1 on the previous page). This is an example of anamorphosis, or anamorphic art. Anamorphosis refers to an image or drawing which is distorted so that it can only be recognized when viewed in a particular way, or using a special device (like the cone in the above example). The word is derived from the Greek anamorphoun - to transform.
Nets and tabs
Authors: Lord Nick
Published: January 2007

There are some surprising connections between properties of solid convex polyhedra and the “nets” which can be used to make their shapes. These connections may be used as a starting-point for some interesting classroom investigations to “spot the pattern” or “guess and test”.

For a convex polyhedron, such as the pyramid shown below on the left, Euler's relation says that

Vertices + Faces = Edges + 2
Dual generalisations of Van Aubel’s theorem
Authors: Villiers Michael de
Published: January 2007

In Euclidean plane geometry there exists an interesting, although limited, duality between the concepts angle and side, similar to the general duality between points and lines in projective geometry. Perhaps surprisingly, this duality occurs quite frequently and is explored fairly extensively in.

The square is self-dual regarding these concepts as it has all angles are equal, as well as all its sides.
Research in mathematics education
Authors: Howson Geoffrey
Published: January 2007

In 1906 the editor of this journal made a plea for more articles on “the purely pedagogic side of mathematics”. As he emphasised: “the object of the Gazette is to improve the teaching of our subject in our schools”. Since then such articles have appeared with varying frequency. What rarely appears is any article specifically devoted to research in mathematics education. The divorce between mathematicians and researchers in mathematics education, often made worse by the former’s distrust of the latter, would seem doubly unfortunate. In this article, based on part of a talk given in Madrid, I wish to look briefly at how research in mathematics education developed and at some of the difficulties associated with it.
Triangular numbers and sums of squares
Authors: Bradley C. J.
Published: January 2007

For a given positive integer n, the nth triangular number, Tn, is defined by

it is consistent to extend this definition by writing T0 = 0 and T-n-1 = Tn, so that the above formula holds for all integers n, whether positive, zero or negative.
Loci and rolling circles
Authors: Boyd J. N. , Farley R. W. , Raychowdhury P. N.
Published: January 2007

Some mathematics problems, while easy to pose and visualise, can be deceptively difficult to solve. For example, suppose we want to find the area of a three foot wide footpath around the edge of an elliptical shaped swimming pool. The problem is trivial if the pool is circular, in which case we simply subtract the areas of two concentric circles. At first blush, the elliptical pool problem does not appear to be much more difficult, especially if we can recall that the formula for the area of an ellipse is A = πab where a and b are respectively the lengths of the semi-major and semi-minor axes. In any case, we might think that it would be a straightforward calculus problem involving the area between two curves.
Desert Island Theorems
Authors: Crilly Tony , Fletcher Colin
Published: January 2007

What are your mathematical gems? Which results or ideas in mathematics give you the greatest pleasure? Which of them would you choose to take with you to while away the hours on a desert island? Is there a mathematical book above all others that you would wish to have with you? How would you make your choices? And what would be the reason for each specific choice? Similar questions are asked of celebrities (and noncelebrities to boot) in a long-running and very popular radio programme in Britain called Desert Island Discs. The difference is that the radio guests are asked to choose a number of pieces of music, together with one book (other than the Bible or Shakespeare, which are routinely provided), and one luxury.
Squintics and the sinusoidal fallacy
Authors: Griffiths Ian
Published: January 2007

Here is a published example of what I mean by the sinusoidal fallacy:

“The diagram shows the graph of f(x) = x(x–a)(x–2a). C is a maximum point on the curve and has coordinates (a/2, b) and D is a minimum point on the curve and has coordinates (3a/2,–b)”.
Mathematics of our day
Authors: Dieudonné Jean
Published: January 2007

To categorize the innumerable works which are published every year in mathematics is a superhuman task, on account of the close-knit network, almost impossible to unravel, of links which bind together the various theories, and which are the mainsprings of their progress. The list which follows, then, must not be seen as anything else than a very approximate indication of the various directions in which mathematical research might be taken, with respect to problems which often do not seem to point in these directions.
A survey of mathematical logic, part I: pre-1931
Authors: Hoare G. T. Q.
Published: January 2007

… there would be no more need of dispute between two philosophers than between two accountants. It would suffice for them to take their pencils in their hands, sit down to their slates, and say to each other … :‘Let us calculate.’

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Wir miissen wissen,

Wir werden wissen.

David Hilbert

… I study Mathematics as a product of the human mind and not as absolute.

Emil Leon Post

In the development of Mathematics in the past 2500 years we can discern two strands, namely, formal deduction or logic, associated initially with the Stoics and later with Aristotle and Euclid among others, and mathematical analysis, which we see emerging in the same era in the works, for example, of Archimedes and Eudoxus. These strands, for the most part, developed separately until the seventeenth century when Newton and Leibniz invented the calculus. Newton’s presentation, however, was controversial for his arguments deployed infinitesimals and fluxions which some, especially Bishop Berkeley, rightly considered contradictory.
Three concurrent chords of a conic
Authors: Parry C. F.
Published: January 2007

Given chords
OA1A2,
OB1B2
and OC1C2 of
a conic with segment lengths ai =
OAi,
bi =
OBi,
ci =
OCi (for
i = 1, 2) this article will establish a metrical
relationship between
ai,bi,ci,
and the sines of the angular directions of the chords.
S·P numbers in bases other than 10
Authors: Bussmann Ezra
Published: January 2007

In a recent issue of the Gazette, S. Parameśwaran introduced S·P numbers. A positive integer n is an S·P number if it equals the sum s of its digits multiplied by the product p of its digits, i.e. n = sp. Subsequently, H. J. Godwin showed that in any number base the number of S·P numbers is finite, and A. F. Beardon and K. Robin McLean enumerated all S·P numbers in base 10 (namely, 1, 135, and 144). We generalise Beardon’s technique from base 10 to an arbitrary base to determine all S·P numbers in bases 2 through 12. Contrary to the claims of Godwin, we find 4-digit and 5-digit S·P numbers in base 11.
An Early Bronze Age Shrine at Beycesultan
Authors: Lloyd Seton , Mellaart James
Published: January 2007

Previous preliminary reports in this journal have dealt with the results of excavations at Beycesultan conducted by our Institute in 1954 and 1955. Excavations in 1956 were on a slightly reduced scale, occupying the period of six weeks from the beginning of June until mid-July. During that time most of our energies were concentrated on a major sounding, whose purpose was to investigate the Early Bronze Age occupations of the site. By the end of the season's work, this sounding had not yet been completed. A level had been reached corresponding to one of the early sub-divisions of the Second Settlement at Troy; but at this point it was estimated that some 9 metres of occupational debris remained to be excavated, before the original virgin soil was likely to appear. Under these circumstances it has been considered that any report on our stratigraphical results would for the present be premature and should await the completion of the sounding during the course of the coming season. The notes which follow are concerned with a single isolated discovery, made in the fifteenth occupation level—the deepest to which we have yet penetrated—shortly before the temporary suspension of our work in July, 1956.
Roman Roads and Milestones of Galatia
Authors: Macpherson I. W.
Published: January 2007

The recent discovery of a number of new milestones in Galatia proper prompts a re-examination of the road system of that area, important as it was as a centre of communications from early times. The importance of Ancyra in particular as a road-junction is well illustrated by a large number of milestones dating to the first and second centuries A.D.; perhaps the rapid development of that city at this time is to be attributed in part to a realisation of its strategic importance.
The Sultantepe Tablets
Authors: Gurney O. R.
Published: January 2007

With this number of Anatolian Studies we begin the publication of the Sultantepe tablets, as foreshadowed in Volume II, p. 35. The general nature of the hoard of tablets has already been described in the previous article. We present here three texts which are of some historical importance: the two eponym lists, and the tablet from “ M.2 ” (nos. 150, 18 + 21, and 331, of the 1952 season). All three provide some additional information about the series of limmu officials or eponyms, whose names were used by the Assyrians for dating their years and therefore form the basis of Assyrian chronology; the first two referring to the period covered by the “ Eponym Canon ” (911–648 B.C.) and the third to the short period between 648 and the fall of Nineveh (612 B.C.), for which there are no lists. It is hoped to continue the publication of the tablets in succeeding volumes.
The Sultantepe Tablets (Continued). V. The Tale of the Poor Man of Nippur
Authors: Gurney O. R.
Published: January 2007

Hitherto these articles have been concerned with texts which were at least partially known to Assyriologists from other sources. The composition now presented is not only new but unique in character, and it gives me great pleasure that the translation of this, in some ways the showpiece of the Sultantepe collection, should appear in a volume which is planned as a tribute of admiration and gratitude to the founder and President of the Institute.

It has been said that “the man of Mesopotamia was a stranger to laughter: never, it seems, did he learn to relax”. The present text belies this statement, for it is nothing less than a humorous tale, recognizable as the prototype (at least in part) of one actually preserved in a manuscript of the Arabian Nights.
The Yakupoğlu Konak: An Old Turkish House at Sürmene Kastil
Authors: Winfield D. , Smith M. Q. , Ballance Selina , Powell Ann
Published: January 2007

Ottoman town houses of the later 19th century still exist in considerable numbers throughout the bounds of the Empire, and a number of them have received the attention of students. Remains of houses of an earlier date are much less common, and the development of the country house or konak in the years succeeding the age of castles is as yet imperfectly understood.

Although the rich and fertile lands of the Empire of Trebizond had been firmly under Ottoman control since the end of the 15th century, many castles were still inhabited in the 19th century. The majority of the many country houses that remain along the shore of the Black Sea near Trebizond (Trabzon) axe no more than seventy-five years old. Not far from Trebizond itself are the foundations and slight ruins of a 16th or 17th century konak, the proper study of which would entail excavation. The members of the 1958 Walker Trust Expedition had, however, the opportunity of visiting a konak older than most of the rest, built at about three miles east of Sürmene in the village of Sürmene Kastıl. (Kastıl is not a word of Turkish origin, and is perhaps derived from “castello”, a memorial of Genoese and Venetian trading interests in the middle ages.) The exact history of the konak is unknown, but the villagers agree that it was built by a member of the family of Yakupoğlu (a surname borne by the present occupants, and by many others in the area) about 150 years ago.
Prehistoric Pottery from the Antitaurus
Authors: Brown G. H.
Published: January 2007

This article presents some results of a survey of early sites begun in the summer of 1962 within the area bounded by the modern towns of Kayseri, Sivas, Malatya and Maraş. Only a small body of relevant published material from within this area is available, and of that the bulk is datable to the later part of the Early Bronze Age, the earlier date of the remainder being variously interpreted. By undertaking this survey it was hoped to establish two things: the distribution of prehistoric pottery “cultures”; and the kind of imports from the south and east into this boundary region, which may accordingly be expected also in the deeper levels of Central Anatolian sites now being excavated, and be of assistance in dating the earliest phases of Central Anatolian prehistory.

The Antitaurus is the general name for that part of the Taurus mountain chain which separates Inner Anatolia from Cilicia, northern Syria and Mesopotamia. It comprises the sector of mountain terrain between Niğde and the Cilician Gates in the west, and the Sivas–Malatya road in the east; the southern boundary of the mountains being formed by the plains of Maraş, and Cilicia, separated by the steep Amanus ridge which runs down to the sea behind İskenderun. This extensive mountainous area, broken by steep-sided valleys and relieved by upland plains and pastures, was the barrier which, in the past as now, cut off the population of Central Anatolia from the open lands of the so-called Fertile Crescent to the south.
Late Bronze Age and Byzantine Crops at Beycesultan in Anatolia
Authors: Helbaek Hans
Published: January 2007

During the years 1953 to 1959, under the directorship of Seton Lloyd, with James Mellaart, the British Institute in Ankara carried out excavations in the mound of Beycesultan, the site of successive ancient habitations. The remains of cultivated plants recovered during this operation are the subject of the following communication.

Beycesultan is situated some 5 km. west of Çivril in the Denizli Vilayet of south-western Turkey. The locality is a flat upland plain in an intermontane valley at the south-western approach to the Anatolian plateau, some 2,500 feet above sea level. It is enclosed by low hills and watered by the upper reaches of the Meander river. The mountains above the plain are still partly wooded, and the drainage from these tracts accounts for the moisture and fertility which make the cultivation of cereals, pulses, poppy, grapes and fruit possible in the valley plain in spite of the comparatively low precipitation of some 14 to 16 inches. As suggested by the huge quantities of timber employed in the construction of the Middle Bronze Age palace the surrounding hilly area was once generously forested with oak, juniper and fir, but now the area is largely deforested in consequence of overgrazing.
Excavations at Alahan Monastery: Third Preliminary Report
Authors: Gough Michael
Published: January 2007

Last year, during the months of July and August, the Institute completed a third season of excavation at Alahan Monastery in Isauria and, although the season was fairly short—six weeks in all—more workmen were taken on to ensure a maximum effort. Many of these, with six or seven years experience of early Christian excavations at Daǧ Pazarı and Alahan, quickly instructed the newcomers. Of the British staff, Mr. Guthrie and Mr. Martineau helped Mrs. Gough with the administration as well as on the site. Miss Hall, Mr. Harper and Mr. Hayes acted as site supervisors, while Mrs. Gerard Bakker was again responsible for pottery and small finds. The expedition's architect and draughtsman was Mr. Adrian Cave, of the Architectural Institute. Finally, by a happy coincidence, the representative of the Turkish Government was Bay Süleyman Gönçer, who found himself after his retirement from the Directorship of the Afyon Museum with a British expedition again, after so many years of collaboration between the wars with Dr. Winifred Lamb at Kusura and with Sir William Calder during his Phrygian explorations.
The Metre of the Hittite Epic
Authors: McNeill I.
Published: January 2007

The scholar who works in two fields at the same time has a distinct advantage over those who work in only one, namely that he can bring to bear on a problem considerations which are new to the field to which it belongs but have been found to be valid in the other. In this way new light can be shed on hitherto unsolved problems, light which may in fact lead to their being solved. This, in fact, is the aim of the present discourse. The problem in question is the unsolved metre of the Hittite epic. The solution here offered is based on the writer's researches into possible influences—notably in the form—of this epic on the Greek epic tradition which lies behind the Homeric poems. The results of these researches will not be available in their entirety for some time, but the author is publishing in advance this individual conclusion which he feels may be of interest to classical scholars and, in particular, to orientalists.
Çatal Hüyük West
Authors: Mellaart James
Published: January 2007

To the west of Çatal Hüyük and directly across the old river bed lies the second mound, occupied after the desertion of the neolithic site, perhaps from c. 5600 B.C. Roughly circular in size, with a diameter of c. 400 m., it still rises to a height of 7·5 m. above the surrounding fields. A modern road and two of the canals which now take the place of the old river, cut into its sides, but like its sister site, it is not under cultivation.

This mound, the successor of the neolithic city, is strewn with painted pottery of the Early Chalcolithic period, some of which was published before. Its range of occupation would seem to be almost entirely of this period, but it is possible that Late Neolithic levels exist further down in the mound. Some surface sherds even suggest a possible occupation in what D. H. French has called “Middle Chalcolithic” at Can Hasan, some fifty miles to the south-east, but situated in the same plain of Konya.
Agricultural Resources and Settlement in the Aşvan Region
Authors: Hillman Gordon
Published: January 2007

Following Wagstaff's paper on physical geography and settlements, a brief expansion of the discussion of distribution of agricultural resources is in place. This topic provides the necessary background for studies conducted in the village itself as well as for the following paper on “Agricultural productivity and past population potential at Aşvan”.

My object here is firstly, to outline the spatial distribution of major land resources (this is achieved via Figs. 1 and 2), secondly to discuss a few of the factors which appear to have conditioned this distribution and, thirdly, to outline some problems involved in the location of ancient settlements relative to these land resources. Few conclusions can, however, be drawn until we have more data on sedimentation history (and thence ancient distribution of soils) in the region.
Architectural Study
Authors: Hall Gerald , McBride Sam , Riddell Alwyn
Published: January 2007

Within the Aşvan Project we are concerned with the examination of the presentday architecture of the region, and utilizing this as a basic framework of reference, to investigate any areas of relevance, implication and relationship it may have to the stated objectives of the project.

As much of our work to date has been of a preliminary and exploratory nature, with our collected data still at a very basic and fragmented level, we have had to limit this paper to a very general synopsis of the various aspects of our work within the project.

Our paper consists of four main sections:

1. Outline of conceptual and methodological approach.

2. General appraisal of architecture within the region.

3. Preliminary appraisal of Aşvan village.

4. Summary of archaeological relevance.

The project objectives are concerned with the investigation of Man's activities, with particular reference to subsistence economy systems within the Aşvan region.
Three New Inscriptions from Ayasören
Authors: Lane Eugene N.
Published: January 2007

The three inscriptions published here were all shown to me on 7th August, 1969, in the course of a brief visit to the village of Ayasören, near Kula, Turkey. To my knowledge, all three are previously unpublished.

1. A grave-stele now built into the pavement of the courtyard behind the house of Mustafa Koyuncu, on the right of the road that leads out of the village in the direction opposite that of the road from Kula (Plate VIa).

Dimensions: height, 1·22 m.; width at bottom, 0·47 m.; letters, 0·025 m.; thickness undeterminable.

Since the stone is now in a position where it is constantly being walked on, the letters are faint, and it was necessary to rub them with charcoal and then splash water on the surface in order to get a photograph.

The pediment of the stele bears a circular decoration in the centre, and a leaf-like decoration in each lower corner.
Inscriptiones Comanis Cappadociae in A.D. 1967 Effossae: Titulorum Loci Supplementum
Authors: Harper Richard P.
Published: January 2007

The inscriptions published here were recorded during the excavation at Şar, Comana Cappadociae, conducted jointly for the Ankara Archaeological Museum and the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara by Mrs. İnci Bayburtluoğlu and the writer in August, 1967. A report of the excavation appeared in AS. XVIII, 1968, p. 149 ff.

The numerical sequence of the inscriptions continues that of “Tituli Comanorum Cappadociae” (AS. XVIII, 1968, p. 93 ff.) Again I give measurements, figures made from contact drawings of squeezes and photographs. Dimensions are in centimetres, width before height before depth.

3,08. Found outside the north side of the Kırık Kilise. Part of the top of a round limestone altar, centre hollow, 40 × 25 × 20. Top surrounded with a wreath of leaves. Inscription worn, broken left, 23 × 7; letters 2; possible traces of two more lines. Photograph Pl. Ia.
Some evidence for syntactic stress in Hittite
Authors: Durnford S.P.B.
Published: January 2007

In Anatolian Studies, Vol. XIII, 1963, there appeared I. McNeill's “The Metre of the Hittite Epic”, known here as MHE. Some implications of MHE are explored below with regard to sentence stress in Hittite.

In MHE Mr. McNeill shows that the Hittite Song of Ullikummi has a stress-based metre, and that it is built up of verses, each with four stresses and divided into two equal cola. This system accords with those of the Mesopotamian antecedents of the Hittite epic-mythological genre. MHE's prime interest is in the parallels between the Hittite and the Homeric epic forms, and in particular in the use made by each of set formulae such as are suited to oral composition.

A large part of MHE explores the variations found in the Hittite formulae. A basic formula is exemplified by Aas siunas memiskiwan dais “Ea began to speak to the gods”. Each word is stressed, and the clause fills a whole verse.
The Second Inscription on Mount Sipylus
Authors: Güterbock Hans G. , Alexander Robert L.
Published: January 2007

The two authors of this brief note together made a tour of Hittite monuments in Turkey in the summer of 1978. RLA arrived in İzmir from abroad a few days earlier than HGG, who was detained in İstanbul by other obligations. While waiting for him, RLA revisited the Karabel and Mt. Sipylus and thus was the first of us to notice the inscription. Since it had not been mentioned in recent years and neither of us had seen it on previous visits to the site we believed that this was a discovery. In fact it is a rediscovery, as we learned from David Hawkins, who reminded us (in correspondence) of the fact that it is included in L. Messerschmidt, CIH 1–2 (MVAG 5, 1900, 4–5 ) as Pl. XXXVIII no. 3. Messerschmidt's source was an article by Eduard Gollob published in 1882.

About three metres to the right of the recess containing the well-known seated goddess, a smaller, partly worked niche contains a large boss (Pl. IXa, arrow). Although the boss has suffered a major fracture, which perhaps led to its abandonment for relief sculpture, it has a plain surface on the side toward the goddess (Pl. IXb). The hieroglyphs are inscribed here, approximately on a level with the torso of the goddess (Pl. Xa, b, Fig. 1). The inscription is arranged in two columns; the right column, with four signs, measures 65 cm., the left one consists of three (or four? see below) signs.
Burial Fees in the Lycian Sepulchral Inscriptions
Authors: Bryce T. R.
Published: January 2007

The Greek inscriptions of Lycia frequently indicate specific monetary penalties to be imposed upon any person guilty of tomb violation, and a parallel has often been drawn with certain of the indigenous inscriptions which also contain specific monetary sums, expressed as various multiples of the ada. The passages in which ada occurs have generally been thought to indicate penalties directed against wrongful use of a tomb. But this assumption is open to several serious objections, and can now perhaps be discarded in favour of a rather different interpretation, which may cast a new light on the function and purpose of the texts in question.

As a general rule, ada is found in a number of short, self-contained statements at the end of the sepulchral inscriptions.
The Chronology of Alalakh Level VII once again
Authors: Na'aman Nadav
Published: January 2007

In an article published in Anatolian Studies XXVI (1976), I have questioned the accepted chronology of level VII in Alalakh, suggesting that four rather than two kings reigned in Alalakh during the period covered by the level VII archive. In the meantime two important works, bearing directly on the subject, have been published by Dr. Dominique Collon. The first is an enlargement of her thesis on the Alalakh seal impressions, including a detailed discussion of the seal impressions as well as of the overall problem of the archive and its inner division into generations (SITA, pp. 143–161). This most welcome contribution to the subject at hand adds much to our understanding of the chronology of level VII, although some of her points might be interpreted in a different way, as I hope to show below.

In her book Dr. Collon accepted the chronological system suggested by the CAH, according to which there were only two kings in Alalakh during the period of level VII. She again summarized her results in Anatolian Studies XXVII (1977), rejecting my suggested reconstruction of the chronology of the kings as well as of the generations in Alalakh.
Dating of Hittite Texts: a Test
Authors: Košak Silvin
Published: January 2007

I. Over the last ten years, criteria for dating Hittite texts have gradually been evolving. In the first stage, so-called “orthographic” peculiarities were identified which enabled a rough division of texts into Old, Middle and Late (or Empire) texts. The Middle Hittite group was a new discovery, causing a major reshuffle of texts and a consequent re-writing of Hittite history. The two prominent studies were the pioneering one by Carruba (1969) and that of Houwink ten Cate (1970) which utilized a larger corpus of texts. The latter separated the distinctive features into linguistic and philological characteristics and added some observations on the use of topoi which he divided into groups exhibiting similarities in content matter, similarities in structure and lexical correspondencies, all typical for certain periods. These criteria were largely accepted, with a notable dissension by A. Kammenhuber and a strong scepticism by J. D. Muhly. A general survey of current subdivisions of periods is summarised by J. J. S. Weitenberg.
Diogenes of Oenoanda, New Fragments 122–124
Authors: Smith Martin Ferguson
Published: January 2007

The first fragments of the Epicurean inscription of Diogenes of Oenoanda were discovered by M. Holleaux and P. Paris one hundred years ago, in December 1884, and it is particularly satisfying to be able to mark the centenary of this significant event by publishing three new fragments of Diogenes' work.

The fragments were discovered by members of a British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara team, which spent two weeks at Oenoanda in the summer of 1983 (17th–31st August) carrying forward the epigraphical and topographical survey of the site begun in 1974–7 and continued in 1981.

The members of the team were A. S. Hall (Director), J. J. Coulton, A. Farrington and R. R. R. Smith. The representative of the Turkish Government was Bay İbrahim Malkoç. A heavy debt of gratitude is owed, and warmly acknowledged, to the Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in Ankara, from which the permit was derived.
Spuren der Phöniker im Artemision von Ephesos
Authors: Bammer Von Anton
Published: January 2007

Im Jahre 1984 wurde bei den Ausgrabungen im Artemision von Ephesos ein Beinplättchen mit einer Ritzzeichnung gefunden, deren Thematik eine griechische Herkunft eher ausschloß. Das Plättchen trägt die Fundnummer 84/K 312 und wurde 39,20 m östlich der Altarostkante und 46,40 m nördlich der Altarsüdkante, 0,28 m unter der obersten Fundamentlage des Altars gefunden. Der Fundort befindet sich in dem Bereich zwischen dem nördlichen Stereobat des Kroisostempels und der Nordgrenze des zugehörigen Peristasisfundamentes unmittelbar in der Nähe seiner Nordwestecke. Seine Höhenlage ergibt eine stratigraphische Position bereits unter den Fundamenten des Stereobates bzw. Krepidoma des Tempels. Das Plättchen dürfte daher wohl noch vor der Erbauung des Tempels an diese Stelle gekommen sein. Die Abmessungen des Plättchens betragen 7,5 × 2,5 cm, seine Stärke mißt 0,2 cm. Dargestellt ist in Ritztechnik eine stehende weibliche, im Profil nach links gewandte Figur, die mit einem weiten halblangen Mantel bekleidet ist. Sie trägt eine dreiteilige ägyptische Perücke und darüber eine pilzförmige Lotosblüte mit einem vorne angesetzten spitzen geäderten Lotosblatt.
Amorium Excavations 1994: the Seventh Preliminary Report
Authors: Lightfoot C. S. , Ivison et al E. A.
Published: January 2007

The seventh season of excavations took place between July 7 and August 20, although actual digging only lasted for four weeks because of the Project's limited resources this year. Part of the season was devoted to continuing the regional survey that was started on behalf of the Ministry of Culture in 1993. The Project is extremely grateful to the Kaymakan of Emirdağ, the Mayor and Municipality of Emirdağ, the local Jandarma Komutanlığı, and to the many muhtars and villagers who facilitated the survey work with their help, knowledge and advice. A bonus from this work was that 23 stones inventoried in the neighbouring villages at the end of last season were gathered up by the staff of Afyon Museum (with the help of the Emirdağ Kaymakamı) and deposited at the Amorium Dig House for safe-keeping. This year's survey took us up into the northern foothills of the Emirdağ mountains, where we visited 30 villages and sites, recording an impressive number of individual monuments and inscriptions. The survey thus enabled us to see something of the hinterland to Amorium, which appears to have been extensively occupied in the Byzantine period.
The Byzantine Fortifications of Amastris in Paphlagonia
Authors: Crow James , Hill Stephen
Published: January 2007

This article is chiefly concerned with the chronology of the Byzantine fortifications of Amastris, which are the subject of current research by the authors, but, in order to set the settlement at Amasra and its fortifications into their context in the Black Sea area, the present study must commence with a brief account of some aspects of the monuments and history of the city in the Hellenistic and Classical periods.

The present Turkish town of Amasra on the south coast of the Black Sea (Fig. 1; Pl. XXXVIIa) occupies the site of the ancient city of Amastris which has a long history extending as least as far back as the period of Milesian colonisation in the Black Sea zone from the seventh century B.C. Like the more famous city of Sinope to the east, the settlement at Amasra stood on the isthmus of a peninsula projecting into the Black Sea. At Amasra the isthmus leads to the upstanding promontory rock, Zindan Kalesi (Dungeon Castle) on which part of the Byzantine fortification stands, and which protects the east harbour. The whole site is further protected by the closely adjacent island of Boz Tepe which encloses the northern side of the west harbour. The site was doubtless chosen for settlement because of its good natural harbours which, as will be seen, have been of central importance throughout the history of Amasra.
Amorium Excavations 1990: The Third Preliminary Report
Authors: Harrison et al R. M.
Published: January 2007

This was the third season of excavation at Amorium in east Phrygia, and the team worked for four weeks, from 1 August 1990. The archaeological aim was to study social change and development from the Hellenistic period to the Medieval, in particular the Late Roman period and so-called Dark Ages. We completed a detailed survey in the Upper Town, worked in three trenches (two of them initiated last year [L and AB] in the Upper and Lower Town, and one which was new [the Church] in the Lower Town), and further study was made of pottery and small finds. This is a new archaeological subject in this period in central Anatolia, and the first stage is to sort out the pottery, small finds, two or three buildings, levels, and chronology. The next stage will be to study the faunal, botanical, and other samples.

In the Roman period the town lay at the eastern end of the province of Asia. It was probably fairly small, consisting of the Upper Town and part of the Lower (the area of the modern village). Nonetheless, Amorium was mentioned in classical texts and has produced Hellenistic and provincial-Roman coins, Phrygian marble sculpture and architecture, inscriptions, non-local pottery, and a Roman carnelian intaglio.
The Dynastic Tombs of Xanthos—Who was Buried Where?
Authors: Keen Antony G.
Published: January 2007

Probably the best-known, and certainly the most individual, of the monuments of the Classical period from Lycia (in south-west Anatolia) are the pillar tombs. At least 33 are known, and perhaps as many as 43, ranging in date from the mid-sixth century B.C. to the mid-fourth. It seems likely that these were the tombs of local ruling dynasts, who are known chiefly from the numismatic record, a supposition supported by the small number of pillars in comparison with all other types of tomb in Lycia, the ornate sculpture on the finest specimens, their rough chronological coincidence with the coin-issuing of dynasts in the country, and finally, the fact that the one example that can be almost positively attributed belongs to one of these dynasts (this will be discussed later). Each tomb was probably erected during the owner's lifetime, since inscriptional evidence from tombs of lesser figures certainly indicates that these were prepared during the owner's lifetime. At most of the cities in Lycia knowledge of the local dynasts is not sufficient to allow an attempt at any sort of attribution of these tombs to individuals, at least not without a great deal of work on the monuments and coinage, but at Xanthos, chief city of Lycia, knowledge of the dynasty is perhaps enough to allow some speculation.
New Votive Reliefs from Oinoanda
Authors: Milner N. P. , Smith Martin F.
Published: January 2007

The votive reliefs presented here are previously unpublished. No. 3 was discovered by M. F. Smith in 1981, when he was participating in the epigraphical and topographical survey of Oinoanda conducted by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara (B.I.A.A.) under the direction of the late Alan S. Hall. The fountain (if that is what it was) bearing four reliefs and inscriptions (no. 4) was also discovered by Smith, who recorded it in 1968 and 1972. The other reliefs (nos. 1 and 2) were seen almost a hundred years ago, in June 1895, by Rudolf Heberdey, whose notes, with a sketch of no. 2, are preserved in his SkizzenbuchLykien III/1895(referred to hereinafter as Heb.) in the archives of the Kleinasiatische Kommission of the Austrian Academy in Vienna. Inaccuracies and omissions in his records suggest that he did not view the reliefs in the most favourable of lights. The two were rediscovered and photographed by Smith in 1968 and re-examined and rephotographed by him in 1972 and 1981.
Pre-Urartian and Urartian Pottery from the Muş Region
Authors: French D. H. , Summers G. D.
Published: January 2007

The pottery discussed here was collected by C. A. Burney during his survey in 1956 and in 1965. We would like to express our thanks to Charles Burney for valuable discussion and for encouraging publication of the material. We have also profited from discussion with Drs. Ayşe Gürsan-Salzman, Mitchell Rothman, and A. G. Sagona. The opinions expressed are, however, our own. Richard Bayliss prepared the illustrations.

The material from Tepeköy has not previously been published. Some of the other sherds appear in Russell's study (1980) and this has been indicated in the catalogue. All the sherds are stored in the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, each clearly marked.
The Excavations at Sagalassos 1993
Authors: Waelkens Marc , Owens Edwin
Published: January 2007

During 1993 the excavations at Sagalassos continued for their fourth season from 3 July until 19 August. From 21 until 28 August a survey was carried out in the district immediately south and south-east of the excavation site. The work was directed by Professor Marc Waelkens (Dept. of Archaeology, Catholic University of Leuven). A total of 45 Turkish workmen and 62 scientists or students from various countries (Belgium, Turkey, Great Britain, Portugal, France, Austria and Greece) were involved in the project. The team included 25 archaeologists, 8 illustrators, 8 architect-restorers (supervised by T. Patricio and directed by Prof. K. Van Balen and Prof. F. Hueber), 4 cartographers (directed by Prof. F. Depuydt), 2 geomorphologists (Prof. E. Paulissen and K. Vandaele), 2 archaeozoologists from the Museum of Central Africa at Tervuren (Belgium), 6 conservators (directed by G. Hibler-Vandenbulcke), 1 photographer (P. Stuyven), 2 computer specialists and 4 people taking care of everyday logistics. The Turkish Antiquities Department was represented by Mrs. Nurhan Ülgen for the first and by Mrs. Aliye Yamancı for the second half of the season, whom we both thank for their much appreciated help and collaboration.
The Roman-Period Necropolis of Ariassos, Pisidia
Authors: Cormack Sarah H.
Published: January 2007

New evidence of Roman tomb architecture from the necropolis at Ariassos in Pisidia demonstrates distinctive features of funerary architecture in the east. Over fifty built tombs are in different states of preservation, allowing identification of some features paralleled at other sites in Pisidia, while some features seem unique to Ariassos itself. The similarity of form of one elaborate tomb to the western podium temple reflects the influence of Roman religious architecture, while other tombs reflect features grown out of indigenous Anatolian traditions.

Ariassos was founded in the Hellenistic period, and is locatedc.50 km. north of the modern city of Antalya. It minted coins in the late Hellenistic period and contains buildings of Hellenistic date, including a prytaneion, bouleuterion and small temple. The majority of the ruins at the site, however, date to the Imperial period, including an extensive nymphaeum and bath complex, a triple arched gateway dating to the third century A.D., and a substantial domestic area. The site was visited in the 1880s by the Austrian team headed by K. Lanckoronski, who thought that the ruins were those of the site of Cretopolis. A few years later the site was correctly identified by a French epigraphical expedition headed by V. Bérard. The Pisidian Survey project, under British directorship, completed a new city plan, focusing attention on Ariassos after years of neglect. [See Fig. 1.]
‘A rich and promising site’: Winifred Lamb (1894–1963), Kusura and Anatolian archaeology
Authors: Gill David W. J.
Published: January 2007

Winifred Lamb was one of the founding members of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, and a pioneering excavator in Anatolia (Caton-Thompson 1964: 51). Lamb had acquired her excavating skills as a member of the British School at Athens, where she was admitted in 1920 after reading Classics at Newnham College, Cambridge and subsequent war service in Room 40 of the Admiralty (The Times [London] 18 September 1963; Woodward 1963; Barnett 1962–3; Annual Report of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara 15 [1963] 2–3; Caton-Thompson 1964; Hood 1998: 70–5; Gill in preparation a, c; see also Ridgway 1996). During the early 1920s she excavated with members of the British School at Mycenae (Lamb 1919–21; Lamb, Wace 1921–3a-e), Sparta (Lamb 1926–7a-b; see also Hood 1998: 59–131) and in Macedonia (Heurtley 1939; Lamb 1940; see also Hood 1998: 144–49). Her interest in prehistory was also reflected in her creation of a prehistoric gallery at the Fitzwilliam Museum in the University of Cambridge, where she had been appointed Honorary Keeper of Greek and Roman antiquities in 1920 (Gill 1999a).