bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bringing microbial diversity into focus: high‐resolution analysis of iron mats from the Lō‘ihi Seamount
Authors: Scott Jarrod J. , Glazer Brian T. , Emerson David
Published: November 2016

Thirty kilometers south of the island of Hawai‘i lies the Lō‘ihi Seamount, an active submarine volcano that hosts a network of low‐temperature hydrothermal vents enriched in ferrous iron that supports extensive microbial mats. These mats, which can be a half a meter deep, are composed of ferric iron bound to organic polymers – the metabolic byproduct of iron‐oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria. Though the role of Zetaproteobacteria in mat formation is well established, we have a limited understanding of how differences in diversity are related to mat morphology. We used Minimum Entropy Decomposition and ZetaOtu classification to demonstrate cryptic diversity between closely related Zetaproteobacteria while showing habitat and geographic specificity. Veiled mats, common structures at Lō‘ihi, exhibit distinct community composition and contain diversity not detected in other mat types, including specific Zetaproteobacteria and an unclassified Gammaproteobacteria. Our analyses also indicate that diversity can change dramatically across small spatial transects from points of active venting, yet we found comparatively few differences between major sampling sites. This study provides a better picture of the microbiome responsible for iron mat production at Lō‘ihi and has broad implications for our understanding of these globally distributed communities.
High genetic diversity of Vibrio cholerae in the European lake Neusiedler See is associated with intensive recombination in the reed habitat and the long‐distance transfer of strains
Authors: Pretzer Carina , Druzhinina Irina S. , Amaro Carmen , Benediktsdóttir Eva , Hedenström Ingela , Hervio‐Heath Dominique , Huhulescu Steliana , Schets Franciska M. , Farnleitner Andreas H. , Kirschner Alexander K. T.
Published: November 2016

Coastal marine Vibrio cholerae populations usually exhibit high genetic diversity. To assess the genetic diversity of abundant V. cholerae non‐O1/non‐O139 populations in the Central European lake Neusiedler See, we performed a phylogenetic analysis based on recA, toxR, gyrB and pyrH loci sequenced for 472 strains. The strains were isolated from three ecologically different habitats in a lake that is a hot‐spot of migrating birds and an important bathing water. We also analyzed 76 environmental and human V. cholerae non‐O1/non‐O139 isolates from Austria and other European countries and added sequences of seven genome‐sequenced strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the lake supports a unique endemic diversity of V. cholerae that is particularly rich in the reed stand. Phylogenetic trees revealed that many V. cholerae isolates from European countries were genetically related to the strains present in the lake belonging to statistically supported monophyletic clades. We hypothesize that the observed phenomena can be explained by the high degree of genetic recombination that is particularly intensive in the reed stand, acting along with the long distance transfer of strains most probably via birds and/or humans. Thus, the Neusiedler See may serve as a bioreactor for the appearance of new strains with new (pathogenic) properties.
Brexit, Article 50 and the Contested British Constitution
Authors: Douglas‐Scott Sionaidh
Published: November 2016

This article discusses the early stages of the Art 50 TEU process, and those aspects that relate most clearly to British constitutional law. Its overarching theme is that the Brexit process is rendered highly problematic by the lack of any coherent conception of the British Constitution. Different parties settle on interpretations of constitutional law that support their case, but often there is no determinative answer. Three broad issues are examined in order to substantiate this claim: the EU Referendum, the triggering of Article 50, and the Devolution aspect of Brexit. I argue that each of these issues reveals tensions and competing constitutional interpretations that suggest that the British Constitution is ill‐equipped to deal with Brexit.
Casting Aside Clanking Medieval Chains: Prerogative, Statute and Article 50 after the EU Referendum
Authors: Craig Robert
Published: November 2016

This article confronts the controversies surrounding Article 50 by analysing the relationship between statute and prerogative in the UK. The piece focuses on domestic constitutional issues and suggests a new way of classifying the relationship between statute and prerogative into two types falling under ‘the abeyance principle’ or ‘the frustration principle’. The abeyance principle means that where statute and prerogative overlap, the prerogative goes into abeyance. The frustration principle means that where statute and prerogative give rise to potential inconsistencies, but do not overlap, the prerogative cannot be used inconsistently with the intention of parliament as expressed in the relevant legislation. It then argues that Article 50 has the status of primary or ‘primary‐equivalent’ legislation which could justify applying the abeyance principle. This would mean that the trigger power would be exercised on statutory authority rather than through prerogative powers. If the courts are unable thus to construe the relevant legislation it argues EU law requires the courts to bridge the gap. Alternatively, if the abeyance principle is not applicable, it argues the frustration principle could apply but the circumstances in this litigation fall outside it. In the further alternative, EU law could require the frustration principle itself to be set aside in this case.
Belize It or Not: Implied Contract Terms in Marks and Spencer v BNP Paribas
Authors: McCunn Joanna
Published: November 2016

In Marks and Spencer v BNP Paribas, the Supreme Court restated the law on the implication of terms in fact, rejecting the previously authoritative approach taken by Lord Hoffmann in Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd. This article examines two major departures from Belize in Lord Neuberger's leading judgment: the treatment of implication as a process separate from interpretation, and a return to the ‘traditional tests’ for the implication of terms. It argues that these are retrogressive steps in our understanding of contract terms, which risk fostering an incoherent and unprincipled approach to the law.
The Place of Wishes and Feelings in Best Interests Decisions: Wye Valley NHS Trust v Mr B
Authors: Series Lucy
Published: November 2016

In Wye Valley NHS Trust v Mr B the Court of Protection decided that it was not in the best interests of Mr B to receive amputation surgery against his will, notwithstanding that he would die without the treatment. The judge met with Mr B in person and his best interests decision placed significant weight on Mr B's wishes and feelings. This case note considers this influential case in the context of ongoing debate about the place of wishes and feelings in best interests decisions under the Mental Capacity Act 2005. It considers the history of the best interests principle, its interpretation by the Supreme Court in Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust v James, ongoing debates about its compatibility with Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and recent proposals by the Law Commission for statutory amendments to the Mental Capacity Act.
A Focus on Quality and Safety Traits of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Isolated from Uva di Troia Grape Variety
Authors: Petruzzi Leonardo , Bevilacqua Antonio , Corbo Maria Rosaria , Speranza Barbara , Capozzi Vittorio , Sinigaglia Milena
Published: November 2016

The aim of this work was to study Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from vineyards of the autochthonous grape variety “Uva di Troia” located in different geographical areas of Apulian region (Southern Italy). Four hundred isolates were studied in relation to H2S production, β‐glucosidase activity, and pigments adsorption from grape skin. Thus, 81 isolates were selected, identified through the amplification of the interdelta region, and grouped in 19 biotypes (from I to XIX). The enological performances were assessed to determine the content of residual sugars, ethanol, glycerol, and volatile acidity, after a microfermentation in Uva di Troia must for each isolate. The ability to remove ochratoxin A (OTA) was studied as an additional tool to select promising strains. A geographical‐dependent technological variability was found for glycerol and volatile acidity, suggesting that the different indigenous yeasts can have a peculiar impact on the final characteristics of the corresponding wine (“Nero di Troia”). Only 2 biotypes (VI and XVII) were able to remove OTA throughout fermentation, with the highest reduction achieved by the biotype XVII (ca. 30%).
Hypoglycemic Activity of Polysaccharides from Sweet Corncob on Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Ma Yong Qiang , Wang Xin , Gao Shuang
Published: November 2016

A water‐soluble polysaccharide (SCP‐80‐I) was isolated from sweet corncob using microwave‐assisted compound‐enzyme extraction and column chromatography. SCP‐80‐I is composed mainly of arabinose, mannose, glucose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 0.369:0.824:10.759:0.333, and has a molecular mass of 18350 Da and β‐glycosides linkages in its molecular structure. The preliminary hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats was investigated. Rats were administered daily with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg SCP‐80‐I for 21 d. The SCP‐80‐I increased the rat body mass significantly and reduced the blood glucose level in a dose‐dependent manner. The SCP‐80‐I reduced liver swelling; kidney and pancreas hypertrophy; and total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low‐density lipoprotein‐C levels significantly; and increased the level of high‐density lipoproteins in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. These results indicate that SCP‐80‐I exerts a potential hypoglycemic effect in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats.
Evaluating and optimizing the performance of software commonly used for the taxonomic classification of DNA metabarcoding sequence data
Authors: Richardson Rodney T. , Bengtsson‐Palme Johan , Johnson Reed M.
Published: November 2016

The taxonomic classification of DNA sequences has become a critical component of numerous ecological research applications; however, few studies have evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of commonly used sequence classification approaches. Further, the methods and software available for sequence classification are diverse, creating an environment in which it may be difficult to determine the best course of action and the trade‐offs made using different classification approaches. Here, we provide an in silico evaluation of three DNA sequence classifiers, the rdp Naïve Bayesian Classifier, rtax and utax. Further, we discuss the results, merits and limitations of both the classifiers and our method of classifier evaluation. Our methods of comparison are simple, yet robust, and will provide researchers a methodological and conceptual foundation for making such evaluations in a variety of research situations. Generally, we found a considerable trade‐off between accuracy and sensitivity for the classifiers tested, indicating a need for further improvement of sequence classification tools.
The Diffusion of Values among Democracies and Autocracies
Authors: Deutsch Franziska , Welzel Christian
Published: November 2016

Over the past couple of years, our knowledge about diffusion processes has increased greatly. So far, the focus has been on public policies, political institutions, and civil society repertories. Our paper breaks new ground by exploring value diffusion at the societal level. Using the World Values Survey data, we are interested in the diffusion of emancipative values in different regime types, building a bridge between research on the micro foundations and macro political expressions of democratization and political regimes. In particular, we wish to understand whether the psychological bedrock of a pro‐democratic mass culture – emancipative values – is diffusing between countries and, if yes, to what extent this diffusion is limited to democracies or also makes inroads into autocratically governed societies.
Interspecific interactions between feral pigs and native birds reveal both positive and negative effects
Authors: Natusch Daniel J. D. , Mayer Martin , Lyons Jessica A. , Shine Richard
Published: November 2016

In tropical Australian rainforests, predators and scavengers aggregate beneath emergent trees that house large colonies of metallic starlings (Aplonis metallica), feeding in the nutrient‐rich open areas below. Analysis of camera‐trap records shows that the presence of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) is associated with an absence of birds (cockatoos and brush turkeys), presumably reflecting behavioural avoidance (pigs pose a direct danger to birds). However, bird numbers increase as soon as pigs depart, then fall if pigs are absent for long periods. Feral pigs thus displace native birds from these resource hotspots; but by turning over the soil and enhancing the birds' access to food, the pigs also have a positive impact on food availability for the avifauna. Thus, although invasive species have caused irreparable environmental damages worldwide, they may also provide positive benefits for certain species. The net benefit of such interspecific interactions will depend on the outcome of both positive and negative effects.
An evaluation of inpatient morbidity and critical care provision in Zambia
Authors: Dart P. J. , Kinnear J. , Bould M. D. , Mwansa S. L. , Rakhda Z. , Snell D.
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to objectively measure demand for critical care services in a southern African tertiary referral centre. We carried out a point prevalence study of medical and surgical admissions over a 48‐h period at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, recording the following: age; sex; diagnosis; Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) status and National Early Warning Score. One‐hundred and twenty medical and surgical admissions were studied. Fifty‐four patients (45%) had objective evidence of a requirement for critical care review and potential or probable admission to an intensive care unit, according to the Royal College of Physicians (UK) guidelines. A greater than expected HIV rate was also noted; 53 of 75 tested patients (71%). When applied to the estimated 17,496 annual acute admissions, this would equate to 7873 patients requiring critical care input annually at this hospital alone. In contrast to this demand, we identified 109 critical care beds nationally, and only eight at this institution.
Intensive care medicine in rural sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Dünser M. W. , Towey R. M. , Amito J. , Mer M.
Published: November 2016

We undertook an audit in a rural Ugandan hospital that describes the epidemiology and mortality of 5147 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. The most frequent admission diagnoses were postoperative state (including following trauma) (2014/5147; 39.1%), medical conditions (709; 13.8%) and traumatic brain injury (629; 12.2%). Intensive care unit mortality was 27.8%, differing between age groups (p < 0.001). Intensive care unit mortality was highest for neonatal tetanus (29/37; 78.4%) and lowest for foreign body aspiration (4/204; 2.0%). Intensive care unit admission following surgery (333/1431; 23.3%), medical conditions (327/1431; 22.9%) and traumatic brain injury (233/1431; 16.3%) caused the highest number of deaths. Of all deaths in the hospital, (1431/11,357; 12.6%) occurred in the intensive care unit. Although the proportion of hospitalised patients admitted to the intensive care unit increased over time, from 0.7% in 2005/6 to 2.8% in 2013/4 (p < 0.001), overall hospital mortality decreased (2005/6, 4.8%; 2013/14, 4.0%; p < 0.001). The proportion of intensive care patients whose lungs were mechanically ventilated was 18.7% (961/5147). This subgroup of patients did not change over time (2006, 16%; 2015, 18.4%; p = 0.12), but their mortality decreased (2006, 59.5%; 2015, 44.3%; p < 0.001).
Chronic opioid use is associated with altered gut microbiota and predicts readmissions in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Acharya C. , Betrapally N. S. , Gillevet P. M. , Sterling R. K. , Akbarali H. , White M. B. , Ganapathy D. , Fagan A. , Sikaroodi M. , Bajaj J. S.
Published: November 2016

Background

Opioid use is epidemic in cirrhosis, which could precipitate hepatic encephalopathy (HE) potentially through gut dysbiosis and inflammation.

Aim

To define the effect of opioids on readmissions and on gut microbiota composition and functionality.

Methods

Cohort 1 had 200 cirrhotic in‐patients (with/without opioid use) followed prospectively through the index hospitalisation and 6 months post discharge. Readmissions (HE‐related/unrelated) were compared between patients discharged on opioids compared to the rest, including using a multi‐variable analysis. Cohort 2 consisted of 72 cirrhotics on chronic opioids who were age/model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) and prior HE‐balanced with 72 cirrhotics not on opioids. Stool microbiota composition (multi‐tagged sequencing), predicted functionality (PiCRUST), endotoxemia and systemic inflammation (IL‐6, IL‐17) were compared.

Results

Cohort 1: Chronic opioid use was statistically similar between those admitted with/without HE, and was judged to be an HE precipitant in <5% of cases during the index hospitalisation. Of the 144 patients alive at 6 months, 82 were readmitted. The opioid users had a significantly higher all cause (69% vs. 48%, P = 0.008), but not HE‐related readmissions (30% vs. 41%, P = 0.30). On regression, opioid therapy and female gender were predictive of readmission independent of MELD score and previous HE. Cohort 2: Significant dysbiosis was noted in the opioid cohort, especially in HE+opioid patients with lower autochthonous taxa and Bacteroidaceae relative abundance. PiCRUST showed highest aromatic amino acid and endotoxin production in opioid users. Opioid users also had higher endotoxemia and IL‐6 but not IL‐17.

Conclusion

Chronic opioid use in cirrhosis is associated with increased endotoxemia, dysbiosis and all‐cause readmissions.
The contribution of clinical and psychosocial factors to fatigue in 182 patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Artom M. , Czuber‐Dochan W. , Sturt J. , Murrells T. , Norton C.
Published: November 2016

Background

Fatigue is a frequently reported and predominant symptom experienced by patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its impact has been associated with poorer quality of life (QoL). The complex interplay between disease‐related variables and potentially modifiable psychosocial factors in IBD‐fatigue has yet to be unravelled.

Aim

To evaluate the contribution of clinical, sociodemographic and psychosocial factors to the severity and impact of IBD‐fatigue and QoL.

Method

In a cross‐sectional study, 182 patients with IBD were recruited from three tertiary referral hospitals’ out‐patient clinics in London. Fatigue was assessed utilising the Inflammatory Bowel Disease‐Fatigue Scale (IBD‐F), the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI); and QoL by the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ). Patients completed self‐report questionnaires evaluating emotional, cognitive and behavioural factors potentially correlated with fatigue. Sociodemographic data were collected. Disease‐related and laboratory data were retrieved from patients’ hospital electronic medical records.

Result

In hierarchical regression models, disease activity was the only clinical factor consistently associated with severity and impact of fatigue and QoL (P = 0.01). More negative fatigue perceptions were significantly associated with greater IBD‐F1 scores (P = 0.01). When controlling for clinical factors (disease activity and anti‐TNF therapy), negative perceptions of fatigue, and all‐or‐nothing and avoidance behaviours explained an additional 41% of the variance in fatigue impact (IBD‐F2).

Conclusions

Apart from disease activity, emotional and behavioural factors and patients’ negative fatigue perceptions may be key factors to be addressed. Further exploration of these factors in longitudinal and intervention studies may help to develop effective models of fatigue management.
Pharmacokinetic interaction between taxanes and amiodarone leading to severe toxicity
Authors: Hammann Felix , Gotta Verena , Conen Katrin , Medinger Michael , Cesana Philipp , Rochlitz Christoph , Taegtmeyer Anne B.
Published: November 2016

Adverse event

A drug interaction leading to severe skin and mucosal toxicity.

Drugs implicated

Paclitaxel, docetaxel and amiodarone.

The patient

A 77‐year‐old woman with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and palpitations, managed with amiodarone, was treated for HER2‐positive invasive ductal breast cancer with paclitaxel and trastuzumab as an adjunct to surgery.

Evidence that links the drug to the event

There was a strong temporal relationship between the taxane therapy and the development of severe skin and mucosal toxicity due to an unexpected reduction in taxane clearance.

Management

Initially, conversion of paclitaxel to docetaxel, then cessation of docetaxel, symptomatic treatment, rehydration and placement of a nasogastric tube.

Mechanism

Increased exposure to paclitaxel and subsequently docetaxel due to interaction with amiodarone was suspected and confirmed on pharmacokinetic sampling. Analysis of two blood samples taken 9 and 10 days after docetaxel revealed plasma levels of 4.73 and 4.09 ng ml−1, respectively, leading to a 79% decreased individual (Bayesian maximum a posteriori) clearance estimate of 9.15 l h−1, corresponding to an estimated fivefold increase in AUC. Paclitaxel was also present in these samples (20 and 21 days after the last administration).

Implications for therapy

Amiodarone inhibits cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms 2C8 and 3A4 as well as P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) for which taxanes are substrates. However, interactions with amiodarone are not specified in the prescribing information. Clinicians should be aware of this interaction, particularly in an ageing population, where more patients requiring taxanes may already be receiving amiodarone for a comorbid cardiac condition.
Listen to the band! How sound can realize group identity and enact intergroup domination
Authors: Shayegh John , Drury John , Stevenson Clifford
Published: November 2016

Recent research suggests that sound appraisal can be moderated by social identity. We validate this finding, and also extend it, by examining the extent to which sound can also be understood as instrumental in intergroup relations. We interviewed nine members of a Catholic enclave in predominantly Protestant East Belfast about their experiences of an outgroup (Orange Order) parade, where intrusive sound was a feature. Participants reported experiencing the sounds as a manifestation of the Orange Order identity and said that it made them feel threatened and anxious because they felt it was targeted at them by the outgroup (e.g., through aggressive volume increases). There was also evidence that the sounds produced community disempowerment, which interviewees explicitly linked to the invasiveness of the music. Some interviewees described organizing to collectively ‘drown out’ the bands’ sounds, an activity which appeared to be uplifting. These findings develop the elaborated social identity model of empowerment, by showing that intergroup struggle and collective self‐objectification can operate through sound as well as through physical actions.
Natural forest regeneration and ecological restoration in human‐modified tropical landscapes
Authors: Martínez‐Ramos Miguel , Pingarroni Aline , Rodríguez‐Velázquez Jorge , Toledo‐Chelala Lilibeth , Zermeño‐Hernández Isela , Bongers Frans
Published: November 2016

In human‐modified tropical landscapes (HMLs) the conservation of biodiversity, functions and services of forest ecosystems depends on persistence of old growth forest remnants, forest regeneration in abandoned agricultural fields, and restoration of degraded lands. Understanding the impacts of agricultural land uses (ALUs) on forest regeneration is critical for biodiversity conservation in HMLs. Here, we develop a conceptual framework that considers the availability of propagules and the environment prevailing after field abandonment as two major determinants of forest regeneration in HMLs. The framework proposes that regeneration potential decreases with size, duration and severity of agricultural disturbance, reducing propagule availability and creating ill‐suited environmental conditions for regeneration. We used studies from Southern Mexico to assess this framework. First, we identify regeneration bottlenecks that trees face during transit from seed to follow‐up life stages, using demographic analysis of dominant pioneer species in recently abandoned fields. Then, we explore effects of ALUs on forest regeneration at the field and landscape scales, addressing major legacies. Finally, we integrate agricultural disturbance with landscape composition to predict attributes of successful second growth forests in HMLs, and provide indicators useful to select tree native species for active restoration. An indicator of disturbance inflicted by ALUs, based on farmers’ information, predicted better regeneration potential than measurements of soil and microclimate conditions at time of abandonment. Cover of cattle pastures in the landscape was a stronger indicator of forest regenerating attributes than cover of old growth forest remnants. To conclude, we offer recommendations to promote forest regeneration and biodiversity conservation in HMLs.
Stakeholders and tropical reforestation: challenges, trade‐offs, and strategies in dynamic environments
Authors: Lazos‐Chavero Elena , Zinda John , Bennett‐Curry Aoife , Balvanera Patricia , Bloomfield Gillian , Lindell Catherine , Negra Christine
Published: November 2016

Reforestation involves potential trade‐offs: hard choices between environmental and social benefits, individual and community benefits, and among stakeholders who bear different costs and benefits. In this manuscript, we aim to show that successful long‐term reforestation requires stakeholder engagement beyond planning stages and a recognition of the dynamism of stakeholder outlooks as stakeholders’ opportunities, relationships, interests, and roles change over time. We first summarize lessons from recent literature on stakeholder involvement within reforestation efforts. We then present findings from a multiple‐stakeholder workshop organized in west‐central Mexico, in which we illustrate their choices on how to navigate trade‐offs among different reforestation intervention strategies (agroforestry/silvopastoral, natural regeneration, native species reforestation, commercial plantations). We confirm that individual stakeholders’ circumstances, interests, and roles, as well as the contextual factors shaping them, are dynamic, continually changing the nature of the choices stakeholders face. Finally, we propose a four‐phase pathway for addressing dynamic trade‐offs and synergies in stakeholder participation in order to select, implement, and sustain successful reforestation activities. The pathway comprises four phases: (1) collaborate to devise a reforestation strategy through dialogue about dynamic trade‐offs; (2) pledge robust stakeholder commitments to mutual arrangements for implementing reforestation; (3) implement reforestation interventions; and (4) adjust strategy through continuous evaluation of outcomes. We then elucidate how components of these four phases can be operationalized so that, on one side, scientists and practitioners might better understand the dynamic trade‐offs reforestation poses for stakeholders, and on the other, stakeholders might balance their hard choices in ways that promote forest recovery.
Incorporating natural regeneration in forest landscape restoration in tropical regions: synthesis and key research gaps
Authors: Uriarte María , Chazdon Robin L.
Published: November 2016

Extensive tropical forest loss and degradation have stimulated increasing awareness at the international policy level of the need to undertake large‐scale forest landscape restoration (FLR). Natural regeneration offers a cost‐effective way to achieve large‐scale FLR, but is often overlooked in favor of tree plantations. The studies presented in this special issue show how natural regeneration can become an important part of FLR and highlight the ecological, environmental, and social factors that must be considered to effectively do so. They also identify major knowledge gaps and outline a research agenda to support the use of natural regeneration in FLR. Six central questions emerge from these studies: (1) What are the ecological, economic, and livelihood outcomes of active and passive restoration interventions?; (2) What are the tradeoffs and synergies among ecological, economic, and livelihood outcomes of natural regeneration, restoration and productive land uses, and how do they evolve in the face of market and climate shocks?; (3) What diagnostic tools are needed to identify and map target areas for natural regeneration?; (4) How should spatial prioritization frameworks incorporate natural regeneration into FLR?; (5) What legal frameworks and governance structures are best suited to encourage natural regeneration and how do they change across regions and landscapes?; (6) What financial mechanisms can foster low‐cost natural regeneration? Natural regeneration is not a panacea to solve tensions and conflicts over land use, but it can be advantageous under some circumstances. Identifying under what conditions this is the case is an important avenue for future research.
Management strategies in Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis: a national healthcare survey in Japan
Authors: Yamano Tomoki , Hamanaka Michiko , Babaya Akihito , Kimura Kei , Kobayashi Masayoshi , Fukumoto Miki , Tsukamoto Kiyoshi , Noda Masafumi , Matsubara Nagahide , Tomita Naohiro , Sugihara Kenichi
Published: November 2016

Lynch syndrome (LS) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) are major sources of hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) and are associated with other malignancies. There is some heterogeneity in management strategies in Japan. We undertook a survey of management of hereditary CRC in hospitals that are members of the Japan Society of Colorectal Cancer Research. One hundred and ninety departments responded, of which 127 were from designated cancer care hospitals (DCCHs) according to the Japanese government. There were 25 488 operations for CRC in these departments in 2015. The DCCHs performed better with regard to usage of Japan Society of Colorectal Cancer Research guidelines, referring new CRC patients for LS screening, and having in‐house genetic counselors and knowledge of treatment for LS. There were 174 patients diagnosed with LS and 602 undergoing follow‐up in 2011–2015, which is fewer than the number expected from CRC operations in 2015. These numbers were not affected by whether the institution was a DCCH. Universal screening for LS was carried out in 8% of the departments. In contrast, 541 patients were diagnosed with FAP and 273 received preventive proctocolectomy/colectomy in 2011–2015. The DCCH departments undertook more surgery than non‐DCCH departments, although most of the management, including surgical procedures and use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, was similar. Management of desmoid tumor in the abdominal cavity differed according to the number of patients treated. In conclusion, there was heterogeneity in management of LS but not FAP. Most patients with LS may be overlooked and universal screening for LS is not common in Japan.
Multigenerational Head Start Participation: An Unexpected Marker of Progress
Authors: Chor Elise
Published: November 2016

One‐quarter of the Head Start population has a mother who participated in the program as a child. This study uses experimental Head Start Impact Study (HSIS) data on 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds (N = 2,849) to describe multigenerational Head Start families and their program experiences. In sharp contrast to full‐sample HSIS findings, Head Start has large, positive impacts on cognitive and socioemotional development through third grade among the children of former participant mothers, including improved mathematics skills and reductions in withdrawn and aggressive behavior. Evidence suggests that differences in program impacts between single‐ and multigenerational Head Start families are driven largely by differences in family resources and home learning environments.
One hundred years of Guillain–Barré syndrome
Authors: Kanda Takashi
Published: November 2016

100 years of GBS, past and future
The Effect of Incarceration on Residential Mobility between Poor and Nonpoor Neighborhoods
Authors: Warner Cody
Published: November 2016

This study examines the impact of incarceration on residential mobility between poor and nonpoor neighborhoods. Formerly incarcerated individuals move at high rates, but little is known about if or how incarceration impacts movement between neighborhoods of varying quality. I ground my approach in traditional accounts of locational attainment that emphasize pathways and barriers between poor and nonpoor neighborhoods. Results show that incarceration leads to downward neighborhood mobility from nonpoor into poor neighborhoods. Incarceration does not appear to trap formerly incarcerated individuals in poor neighborhoods. Additional analyses show that the effect of incarceration is initially strongest among formerly incarcerated whites, but that there is significant racial variation in neighborhood mobility across time. My results provide evidence that incarceration should be placed alongside human capital characteristics and structural barriers as an important predictor of mobility between poor and nonpoor neighborhoods.
Neural network approach to a colorimetric value transform based on a large‐scale spectral dataset
Authors: Liu Qiang , Wan Xiaoxia , Liang Jinxing , Liu Zhen , Xie Dehong , Li Chan
Published: November 2016

To improve the transform accuracy of colorimetric values for digital colour reproduction, a neural network approach based on a large‐scale spectral dataset was proposed. The presented dataset exhibited a particularly wide colour gamut and was partitioned into 12 subsets according to dominant wavelength and excitation purity. In each subset, the non‐linearity between colorimetric values under source and target illuminant–observer combinations was simulated by a backpropagation neural network. The colorimetric transform accuracy of this approach was compared with several existing methods. The experimental results indicated that the proposed approach significantly enhanced the transform precision for colorimetric values, especially for the colours located in highly saturated regions.
837. MAGNOLIA SIEBOLDII
Authors: Murata Hiroko , Murata Jin
Published: November 2016

Two subspecies of Magnolia sieboldii are described, compared and illustrated, the more frequent subsp. sieboldii and the very rare subsp. japonica. Their history and position in the genus are discussed.
844. ARISAEMA HETEROCEPHALUM subsp. HETEROCEPHALUM
Authors: Murata Jin
Published: November 2016

The three subspecies of Ariseama heterocephalum Koidz. from the Ryukyu islands are described, and subsp. heterocephalum is illustrated. The species is paradioecious and detailed descriptions of the male and female stages are given.
846. TRICYRTIS MACRANTHA
Authors: Ikeda Hiroshi
Published: November 2016

Tricyrtis macrantha Maxim. (Liliaceae), an endemic species to Japan, is illustrated. It is distributed in a small area in Shikoku (Kochi Prefecture), and grows on limestone cliffs. Tricyrtis macrantha and its allied species, T. macranthopsis Masam., distributed in Kii Peninsula in western Honshu, and T. ishiiana (Kitag. & T. Koyama) Ohwi & Okuyama, distributed in Pacific coast side of central Honshu, comprise one natural group.
Aktueller Stand der systemischen Rosazea‐Therapie
Authors: Schaller M , Schöfer H , Homey B , Gieler U , Lehmann P , Luger TA , Ruzicka T , Steinhoff M
Published: November 2016

Basierend auf den Daten zahlreicher Studien sind orale Tetracycline – und hier insbesondere Doxycyclin als Tetracyclin der zweiten Generation – die Grundpfeiler der systemischen Rosazea‐Therapie. Bisher ist dafür jedoch nur Doxycyclin 40 mg in antientzündlicher Dosierung mit veränderter Wirkstofffreisetzung zugelassen. Seit Einführung der Therapie mit Doxycyclin einmal täglich in nicht antibiotischer Dosierung wird die orale Therapie häufiger als Erstbehandlung bei mittelschwerer bis schwerer papulopustulöser Rosazea verschrieben. Oft wird diese Behandlung aufgrund der besseren Wirksamkeit im Vergleich zur Monotherapie auch mit einer topischen Behandlung kombiniert. Obwohl in der Systemtherapie weitere, nicht zugelassene Wirkstoffe wie Makrolide, Isotretinoin und Carvedilol mit viel versprechenden Ergebnissen untersucht wurden, ist die vorliegende Erfahrung bisher begrenzt, so dass diese Substanzen speziellen Situationen vorbehalten bleiben sollten.
Seventy‐five years of biodiversity decline of fish assemblages in Chinese isolated plateau lakes: widespread introductions and extirpations of narrow endemics lead to regional loss of dissimilarity
Authors: Ding Chengzhi , Jiang Xiaoming , Xie Zhicai , Brosse Sébastien
Published: November 2016

Aim

Introductions of exotic species have globally modified the structure and function of native assemblages and are recognized as one of the major threats to biodiversity. The current patterns, processes and consequences of invasion have been intensively studied globally, but studies reporting the long‐term dynamics of invasions over large areas are rare. Here, we measured how the temporal changes in fish assemblage composition in a Chinese highland isolated‐lake landscape drive taxonomic dissimilarity and its turnover component over three successive time periods spanning the last 75 years.

Location

Yun–Gui Plateau, 15 isolated lakes.

Methods

The Sørensen and Simpson indices were used to quantify changes in taxonomic dissimilarity and its turnover component over 1940–2015.

Results

We report a decline of taxonomic dissimilarity between lakes through time, mainly due to a decrease in species turnover. Such a homogenization process was due to the combined effects of the invasion of the same non‐native species in most lakes and of extirpation of narrow endemic species. The strong decline in species dissimilarity and turnover was triggered by a high historical level of dissimilarity among assemblages. At a regional scale, the combined effect of introductions and extirpations modified the distance decay of taxonomic similarity between lakes. Surprisingly, this beta‐diversity gradient is currently no longer supported by biogeographic and evolutionary processes, but by the human‐mediated introduction of distinct exotic species in some lakes. Moreover, an extinction debt process was evident as extirpations sometimes occurred many years after the introduction of non‐native species.

Main conclusions

Our study highlights that high historical differentiation of fishes in isolated lakes has turned to homogenization with dramatic loss of endemic species due to intensive introductions. This provides a striking example of human domination over an extended lake landscape and its associated irreparable biodiversity damages on isolated systems historically dominated by narrow endemic species.
Tracking, feather moult and stable isotopes reveal foraging behaviour of a critically endangered seabird during the non‐breeding season
Authors: Meier Rhiannon E. , Votier Stephen C. , Wynn Russell B. , Guilford Tim , McMinn Grivé Miguel , Rodríguez Ana , Newton Jason , Maurice Louise , Chouvelon Tiphaine , Dessier Aurélie , Trueman Clive N.
Published: November 2016

Aim

The movement patterns of marine top predators are likely to reflect responses to prey distributions, which themselves can be influenced by factors such as climate and fisheries. The critically endangered Balearic shearwater Puffinus mauretanicus has shown a recent northwards shift in non‐breeding distribution, tentatively linked to changing forage fish distribution and/or fisheries activity. Here, we provide the first information on the foraging ecology of this species during the non‐breeding period.

Location

Breeding grounds in Mallorca, Spain, and non‐breeding areas in the north‐east Atlantic and western Mediterranean.

Methods

Birdborne geolocation was used to identify non‐breeding grounds. Information on feather moult (from digital images) and stable isotopes (of both primary wing feathers and potential prey items) was combined to infer foraging behaviour during the non‐breeding season.

Results

Almost all breeding shearwaters (n = 32) migrated to non‐breeding areas in the Atlantic from southern Iberia to the French Atlantic coast, where the majority of primary feather moult took place. Birds foraging off western Iberia yielded feather isotope ratios consistent with a diet composed largely of pelagic fishes, while the isotopic composition of birds foraging in the Bay of Biscay suggested an additional contribution of benthic prey, most likely from demersal fishery discards.

Main conclusions

Combined application of geolocators and stable isotopes indicates spatial variation in dietary behaviour and interactions with fisheries. Our results imply that both pelagic fish and fisheries discards are important components of diet during the non‐breeding period, which may have implications for the at‐sea distribution of this migratory species. These findings will contribute to bycatch mitigation in non‐breeding areas and provide baseline data that should inform future assessment of seabird responses to changing fishery practices and prey distributions.
Evolution of female‐specific wingless forms in bagworm moths
Authors: Niitsu Shuhei , Sugawara Hirotaka , Hayashi Fumio
Published: November 2016

The evolution of winglessness in insects has been typically interpreted as a consequence of developmental and other adaptations to various environments that are secondarily derived from a winged morph. Several species of bagworm moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Psychidae) exhibit a case‐dwelling larval life style along with one of the most extreme cases of sexual dimorphism: wingless female adults. While the developmental process that led to these wingless females is well known, the origins and evolutionary transitions are not yet understood. To examine the evolutionary patterns of wing reduction in bagworm females, we reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of over 30 Asian species based on both mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and nuclear (28S rRNA) DNA sequences. Under a parsimonious assumption, the molecular phylogeny implies that: (i) the evolutionary wing reduction towards wingless females consisted of two steps: (Step I) from functional wings to vestigial wings (nonfunctional) and (Step II) from vestigial wings to the most specialized vermiform adults (lacking wings and legs); and (ii) vermiform morphs evolved independently at least twice. Based on the results of our study, we suggest that the evolutionary changes in the developmental system are essential for the establishment of different wingless forms in insects.
Fish nursery habitat function of the main channel, floodplain tributaries and oxbow lakes of a medium‐sized river
Authors: Naus Christopher J , Reid Adams S.
Published: November 2016

Small, adventitious tributaries (<3 orders of magnitude smaller than the stream it flows into) are a conspicuous feature of many river–floodplain systems, but their value as fish reproduction and nursery habitat is not well understood compared to oxbow lakes and the main river channel (MRC). Moreover, connectivity of tributaries to the MRC is often less impacted by anthropogenic modifications (e.g., dams and levees) compared to oxbow lakes. From April to July 2012, larval and juvenile fish were collected in the Fourche LaFave River (Arkansas, USA) system to better understand fish nursery habitat function of tributaries relative to oxbow lakes and the MRC. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination of juvenile and larval fish genera revealed distinct fish assemblages in MRC and floodplain habitats. Ordination of juvenile fish at the species level resulted in distinct fish assemblages in tributary versus oxbow lake habitats. Tributaries had more unique species and higher abundance of shared species than oxbow lakes and MRC. Additionally, of the 46 species identified, all but six were collected in lower tributary reaches. Connectivity was strongly associated with both ordinations and was important in describing patterns of fish variation among habitats and between tributaries. Of the tributaries sampled, the least fragmented stream had the most similar fish assemblages between upper and lower sections. Findings of this study revealed tributaries are an important, yet overlooked, feature in the river–floodplain model. Especially in years of drought, channel–floodplain connectivity can be limited, but tributaries can be used by fishes for reproduction and nursery habitat.
Effect of interstimulus interval on cortical proprioceptive responses to passive finger movements
Authors: Smeds Eero , Piitulainen Harri , Bourguignon Mathieu , Jousmäki Veikko , Hari Riitta
Published: November 2016

Shortening of the interstimulus interval (ISI) generally leads to attenuation of cortical sensory responses. For proprioception, however, this ISI effect is still poorly known. Our aim was to characterize the ISI dependence of movement‐evoked proprioceptive cortical responses and to find the optimum ISI for proprioceptive stimulation. We measured, from 15 healthy adults, magnetoencephalographic responses to passive flexion and extension movements of the right index finger. The movements were generated by a movement actuator at fixed ISIs of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 s, in separate blocks. The responses peaked at ~ 70 ms (extension) and ~ 90 ms (flexion) in the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex. The strength of the cortical source increased with the ISI, plateauing at the 8‐s ISI. Modeling the ISI dependence with an exponential saturation function revealed response lifetimes of 1.3 s (extension) and 2.2 s (flexion), implying that the maximum signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) in a given measurement time is achieved with ISIs of 1.7 s and 2.8 s respectively. We conclude that ISIs of 1.5–3 s should be used to maximize SNR in recordings of proprioceptive cortical responses to passive finger movements. Our findings can benefit the assessment of proprioceptive afference in both clinical and research settings.