bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Available Potential Energy and the General Circulation: Partitioning Wind, Buoyancy Forcing, and Diapycnal Mixing
Authors: Zemskova Varvara E. , White Brian L. , Scotti Alberto
Published: March 2015

The ocean energy cycle is calculated using a new available potential energy (APE) decomposition, which partitions adiabatic buoyancy fluxes from diapycnal mixing, applied to results from the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II (ECCO2), eddy-permitting ocean state estimate and observed surface buoyancy fluxes from the WHOI OAFlux project. Compared with the traditional Lorenz energy cycle, this framework provides a more accurate estimate of the background potential energy (PE) of the global oceans and the surface generation and interior fluxes of APE. Calculations of the global energy budget using 16 yr of ECCO2 output suggest that the adiabatic portion of the general circulation is maintained by a balance between the mean wind-driven upwelling that increases APE (+0.27 TW) and time-fluctuating processes, including mesoscale eddies, which release APE (−0.27 TW). The APE generated by surface buoyancy fluxes (0.46 TW) is comparable to the generation by the mean winds. The global rate of irreversible mixing (0.46 TW), which balances surface APE generation, is consistent with previous estimates of the diapycnal fluxes associated with maintaining deep stratification (see Munk and Wunsch) and a global diapycnal diffusivity of O(1 × 10−4) m2 s−1. However, the net contribution of diapycnal mixing to the total potential energy is negligible, which suggests that mixing, contrary to one current paradigm, does not place a global demand on kinetic energy dissipation. However, there are regions where mixing is significant, for example, between 3000 and 5000 m (in ECCO2), where mixing increases PE by 0.1 TW. The work provides a new framework for separating adiabatic–diabatic fluxes and for monitoring the global rate of diapycnal mixing rate using measurable surface properties such as SST and heat flux.
Capturing the Transport Variability of a Western Boundary Jet: Results from the Agulhas Current Time-Series Experiment (ACT)
Authors: Beal Lisa M. , Elipot Shane , Houk Adam , Leber Greta M.
Published: March 2015

The volume transport of the Agulhas Current was measured over a 3-yr period by an array of seven current meter moorings and four current- and pressure-recording inverted echo sounders (CPIES) deployed at 34°S. CPIES extended the array farther offshore in order to capture, for the first time, the full Agulhas Current during meander events. Transports derived from CPIES are well correlated with overlapping current meter transports (0.89). The Eulerian mean current is 219 km wide and 3000 m deep, with peak surface speeds of 1.8 m s−1 and a weak northward undercurrent on the continental slope below 1200 m. A new algorithm to capture the western boundary jet transport at each time step T is defined as the poleward transport out to the first maximum of the vertically integrated velocity beyond the half-width of the mean jet. The mean transport of the Agulhas Current jet, so defined, is −84 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) with a standard error of 2 Sv. Sampling and instrumental errors are explicitly estimated and amount to an additional 9 Sv. A more traditional estimate, based on net transport integrated to a fixed distance offshore Tbox, gives a mean transport of −77 ± 5 Sv. This transport is 10 Sv greater than an equivalent transport at 32°S, corresponding to a latitudinal increase equal to that predicted by Sverdrup dynamics. The time series of T and Tbox show important differences during solitary meander events and at longer time scales. In terms of an annual cycle, the Agulhas Current appears strongest during austral summer, a similar phase to the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio.
Predictability of the Loop Current Variation and Eddy Shedding Process in the Gulf of Mexico Using an Artificial Neural Network Approach
Authors: Zeng Xiangming , Li Yizhen , He Ruoying
Published: March 2015

A novel approach based on an artificial neural network was used to forecast sea surface height (SSH) in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) in order to predict Loop Current variation and its eddy shedding process. The empirical orthogonal function analysis method was applied to decompose long-term satellite-observed SSH into spatial patterns (EOFs) and time-dependent principal components (PCs). The nonlinear autoregressive network was then developed to predict major PCs of the GoM SSH in the future. The prediction of SSH in the GoM was constructed by multiplying the EOFs and predicted PCs. Model sensitivity experiments were conducted to determine the optimal number of PCs. Validations against independent satellite observations indicate that the neural network–based model can reliably predict Loop Current variations and its eddy shedding process for a 4-week period. In some cases, an accurate forecast for 5–6 weeks is possible.
Air-Deployed Microbuoy Measurement of Temperatures in the Marginal Ice Zone Upper Ocean during the MIZOPEX Campaign
Authors: Bradley Alice C. , Palo Scott , LoDolce Gabriel , Weibel Doug , Lawrence Dale
Published: March 2015

Air-deployed microbuoys (ADMBs) were developed as a means of measuring subsurface temperatures in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) over campaign-duration time scales to better understand how MIZ surface layer heat content accelerates melt rates at the edge of the ice pack. ADMBs are small, low-cost buoys deployable from unmanned aircraft and are capable of measuring temperatures to 0.1°C absolute accuracy at the surface, 1-m, and 2-m depth, along with GPS position. Each ADMB contains a microcontroller, GPS, 900-MHz radio, flash electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), battery, and a set of temperature sensors to monitor conditions for up to 10 days. A communications board on an overflying aircraft autonomously deploys each ADMB and collects data from previously deployed ADMBs for analysis. The 2013 Marginal Ice Zone Observations and Processes Experiment (MIZOPEX) campaign deployed ADMBs into the summer melt season MIZ north of Oliktok Point, Alaska, collecting over 400 h of data from two clusters of buoys during the short field campaign. Initial results indicate that SST is a good measure of upper-ocean temperature in the MIZ when conditions are well mixed, but that is often not the case. In areas with higher ice concentration, surface temperatures tend to underestimate the temperature of the subsurface, while in areas of low ice concentration, SSTs overestimate the subsurface temperature.
Assimilating Cloud Water Path as a Function of Model Cloud Microphysics in an Idealized Simulation
Authors: Jones Thomas A. , Stensrud David J.
Published: March 2015

The sensitivity of assimilating satellite retrievals of cloud water path (CWP) to the microphysics scheme used by a convection-allowing numerical model is explored. All experiments use the Advanced Research core of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF-ARW), with observations assimilated using the Data Assimilation Research Testbed ensemble adjustment Kalman filter and a 40-member ensemble. Three-dimensional idealized supercell simulations are generated from a deterministic WRF nature run started from a homogeneous set of initial conditions. Four cloud microphysics schemes are tested: Lin–Farley–Orville (LFO), Thompson (THOMP), Morrison double-moment (MOR), and Milbrandt–Yau (MY).

For the idealized experiments, assimilating CWP generates a mature supercell after approximately 1 h for all microphysics schemes. Vertical profiles of ensemble covariances show large differences in the relationship between CWP and various hydrometeor mixing ratios. While the differences in overall CWP are small, the experiments generate very different reflectivity analyses of the simulated storm, with MOR and MY underestimating reflectivity by a large margin. Vertical profiles of hydrometeor mixing ratios from each experiment are generally consistent with scheme design, such that the Thompson scheme characterizes the storm top as mostly snow whereas the Milbrandt–Yau scheme characterizes the storm top as mostly ice. The impacts of these differences on 30-min forecasts show that MOR and MY are unable to maintain convection within the model while THOMP and LFO perform somewhat better, though all fail to capture the divergent movement of the storm split in the nature run.
Sensitivity of Real-Data Simulations of the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City Tornadic Supercell and Associated Tornadoes to Multimoment Microphysics. Part I: Storm- and Tornado-Scale Numerical Forecasts
Authors: Dawson Daniel T. , Xue Ming , Milbrandt Jason A. , Shapiro Alan
Published: March 2015

Numerical predictions of the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, tornadic supercell are performed within a real-data framework utilizing telescoping nested grids of 3-km, 1-km, and 250-m horizontal spacing. Radar reflectivity and radial velocity from the Oklahoma City WSR-88D are assimilated using a cloud analysis procedure coupled with a cycled 3DVAR system to analyze storms on the 1-km grid for subsequent forecast periods. Single-, double-, and triple-moment configurations of a multimoment bulk microphysics scheme are used in several experiments on the 1-km and 250-m grids to assess the impact of varying the complexity of the microphysics scheme on the storm structure, behavior, and tornadic activity (on the 250-m grid). This appears to be the first study of its type to investigate single- versus multimoment microphysics within a real-data context.

It is found that the triple-moment scheme overall performs the best, producing the smallest track errors for the mesocyclone on the 1-km grid, and stronger and longer-lived tornado-like vortices (TLVs) on the 250-m grid, closest to the observed tornado. In contrast, the single-moment scheme with the default Marshall–Palmer rain intercept parameter performs poorly, producing a cold pool that is too strong, and only weak and short-lived TLVs. The results in the context of differences in latent cooling from evaporation and melting between the schemes, as well as implications for numerical prediction of tornadoes, are discussed. More generally, the feedbacks to storm thermodynamics and dynamics from increasing the prognostic detail of the hydrometeor size distributions are found to be important for improving the simulation and prediction of tornadic thunderstorms.
Climatological Characteristics and Observed Trends of Tropical Cyclone–Induced Rainfall and Their Influences on Long-Term Rainfall Variations in Hong Kong
Authors: Li Richard C. Y. , Zhou Wen , Lee Tsz Cheung
Published: March 2015

This study examines the climatological features of tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall in Hong Kong in association with different TC-related parameters, and investigates the changes in TC rainfall, non-TC rainfall, and total rainfall during the past few decades in Hong Kong. On average, rainfall induced by TCs can account for about 25% of the total precipitation during summer and fall, and the contribution can be even greater in extreme cases. Composite analysis suggests that extreme TC rainfall is often related to TCs in closer proximity to Hong Kong, with higher intensity, and is associated with stronger convection and moisture convergence in the vicinity of Hong Kong.

Evaluations of the observed trends of different rainfall indices suggest that the rainfall variability in Hong Kong is considerably affected by the TC rainfall, which has a decreasing trend in frequency and intensity in recent decades. Taking out the TC rainfall from the total rainfall reveals that there is an increasing trend in daily rainfall frequency and intensity for non-TC rainfall in Hong Kong. Moreover, time-dependent generalized extreme value analysis of non-TC rainfall also reveals an increase in the return values of the maximum daily rainfall in Hong Kong. Results of this study suggest that, in order to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the long-term rainfall variations in Hong Kong, the contributions of TC rainfall should definitely be taken into account in the analysis.
Arbitrary-Order Conservative and Consistent Remapping and a Theory of Linear Maps: Part I
Authors: Ullrich Paul A. , Taylor Mark A.
Published: March 2015

The design of accurate, conservative, consistent, and monotone operators for remapping scalar fields between computational grids on the sphere has been a persistent issue for global modeling groups. This problem is especially pronounced when mapping between distinct discretizations (such as finite volumes or finite elements). To this end, this paper provides a novel unified mathematical framework for the development of linear remapping operators. This framework is then applied in the development of high-order conservative, consistent, and monotone linear remapping operators from a finite-element discretization to a finite-volume discretization. The resulting scheme is evaluated in the context of both idealized and operational simulations and shown to perform well for a variety of problems.
Advanced Process Control of an Ethylene Cracking Furnace
Authors: Li Ping , Li Tian , Cao Jiangtao
Published: March 2015

The ethylene production plant is one of the most important units in petrochemical industry, and the ethylene cracking furnace is the heart of the plant. The ethylene cracking furnace is a multivariable, strong coupling, and nonlinear process, and therefore, it is difficult to be manipulated by traditional proportional–integral–derivative controls. This paper reports a real application of advanced process control in five 470-kton/year SC-I tubular reactors. The advanced process control deployed includes cracking outlet temperature control and feed volume control. This control system has been operating since 2012. The variation of cracking outlet temperature has been reduced from ±5 to ±1 °C with a setting time less than a few minutes even under a large-scale disturbance. The variation of feed volume has been controlled within ±1%. As a result, the advanced process control system has achieved a total production increase by 0.3%.
Can Facebook save Neighbourhood Watch?
Authors: Kelly Andrew , Finlayson Amalie
Published: March 2015

Project Eyewatch is an online policing strategy that utilises Facebook to promote and facilitate community involvement in resolving local crime and policing issues. The strategy, which operates in the Australian police jurisdictions of Victoria, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, has been described as an online version of Neighbourhood Watch and shares many of the objectives of the seminal community policing strategy. The accessibility, functionality and ubiquity of Facebook assist citizens to engage with police at any time and place, overcoming the need to attend face-to-face Neighbourhood Watch meetings. This article compares the objectives of Project Eyewatch and Neighbourhood Watch through the prism of contemporary policing approaches to community engagement. It considers whether social media is a panacea for ailing Neighbourhood Watch networks and poor police communication practices. The article is based on a recent study that evaluated the efficacy of Project Eyewatch as a strategy for engaging the public in community policing (Kelly, 2013). The study found that Project Eyewatch has great potential as a community-engagement strategy, but fundamental changes are needed in the way police engage and interact online with citizens if this potential is to be realised.
Developmental Environmentalism
Authors: Kim Sung-Young , Thurbon Elizabeth
Published: March 2015

Why, after fifty years of fossil fuelled “brown growth” and steadfast refusal to join international agreements on carbon reduction did South Korea prioritize “green growth” (GG) as an overarching national initiative in 2008? Our principal aim is to explain Korea’s ambitious pursuit of GG since that time. We argue that Korean-style environmentalism is best understood as an extension of the long-held philosophy of developmentalism amongst the policy-making elite. We first examine the origins and specify the central tenets of this new philosophy that we term developmental environmentalism. We then discuss the motivations that led the policymakers to embrace developmental environmentalism, and the means by which GG was translated into swift and sustained policy action. While the empirical focus of this article is Korea, we conclude by tentatively proposing an analytical framework that might explain why some countries are more likely than others to initiate a sustained shift towards GG.
Validation Study of Energy Requirements in Critically Ill, Obese Cancer Patients
Authors: Tajchman Sharla K. , Tucker Anne M. , Cardenas‐Turanzas Marylou , Nates Joseph L.
Published: March 2015

Background: Current guidelines from the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and the Society of Critical Care Medicine (ASPEN/SCCM) regarding caloric requirements and the provision of nutrition support in critically ill, obese adults may not be suitable for similar patients with cancer. We sought to determine whether the current guidelines accurately estimate the energy requirements, as measured by indirect calorimetry (IC), of critically ill, obese cancer patients. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective validation study of critically ill, obese cancer patients from March 1, 2007, to July 31, 2010. All patients ≥18 years of age with a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 who underwent IC were included. We compared the measured energy expenditure (MEE) against the upper limit of the recommended guideline (25 kcal/kg of ideal body weight [IBW]) and MEE between medical and surgical patients in the intensive care unit. Results: Thirty‐three patients were included in this study. Mean MEE (28.7 ± 5.2 kcal/kg IBW) was significantly higher than 25 kcal/kg IBW (P < .001), and 78% of patients had nutrition requirements greater than the current guideline recommendations. No significant differences in MEE between medical and surgical patients in the ICU were observed. Conclusions: Critically ill, obese cancer patients require more calories than the current guidelines recommend, likely due to malignancy‐associated metabolic variations. Our results demonstrate the need for IC studies to determine the energy requirements in these patients and for reassessment of the current recommendations.
An Analysis of Reliability and Accuracy of Muscle Thickness Ultrasonography in Critically Ill Children and Adults
Authors: Fivez Tom , Hendrickx Alexandra , Van Herpe Tom , Vlasselaers Dirk , Desmet Lars , Van den Berghe Greet , Mesotten Dieter
Published: March 2015

Background: Muscle wasting starts already within the first week in critically patients and is strongly related to poor outcome. Nevertheless, the early detection of muscle wasting is difficult. Therefore, we investigated the reliability and accuracy of ultrasonography to evaluate skeletal muscle wasting in critically ill children and adults. Methods: This prospective observational study enrolled 30 sedated critically ill children and 14 critically ill adults. Two independent investigators made 210 ultrasonographical assessments of muscle thigh thickness. Inter‐ and intraobserver reliability and cutoff levels were calculated as a function of muscle thickness and the expected reduction in muscle size (predefined at 20% and 30%). Results: Mean ± SD muscle thickness was 1.67 ± 0.55 cm in the pediatric and 2.10 ± 0.85 cm in the adult population. The median absolute interobserver variability was 0.07 cm (interquartile range [IQR], 0.04–0.20 cm) in the pediatric population and 0.05 cm (IQR, 0.03–0.09 cm) in the adult population. However, the absolute intraobserver accuracy had a 95% confidence interval of 0.43 cm in children and 0.22 cm in adults. Only a 30% decrease (0.50 cm) in muscle thickness can be detected in critically ill children. Conclusion: Although the interobserver variability is acceptable in the pediatric population, the intraobserver variability is too large with respect to the expected reduction in muscle thickness. In adults, ultrasonography may be a reliable tool for early detection of muscle mass wasting.
Updating Clinical Practice Guidelines
Authors: Gurgel Richard K.
Published: March 2015

Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are created to address quality improvement opportunities for all clinicians, optimize patient care, promote effective diagnosis and therapy, and reduce harmful or unnecessary variations in patient care. Tremendous resources are invested in creating CPGs we can trust. Once a guideline is created, however, how is it maintained to reflect the most up‐to‐date clinical evidence? This article reviews protocols for reviewing and maintaining CPGs with particular attention to the protocols established by the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery.
Sociological research in South Africa: Post-apartheid trends
Authors: Sooryamoorthy Radhamany
Published: March 2015

South African sociology has a long and varied past. Over a period of nearly a century it has gone through several phases. Sociology as a course of study is offered widely in the country and sociologists – mainly at universities – have made a significant contribution to the development of the sociological literature through their research. The major outlet for this research is the South African Review of Sociology ( SARS), which is the official journal of the association of sociologists in the country. Although there is some understanding of what South African sociologists are currently studying, there has been no systematic or scientific attempt to examine their endeavors. Using a novel bibliometric approach, this article analyzes the research articles that have appeared in SARS in the post-apartheid era over a period of 18 years. The findings relate to the backgrounds of the authors (race, gender, sectoral, institutional and departmental affiliation) and to the nature of the articles (collaboration, methodology, and topics). The inferences that are drawn from these could assist in determining the directions sociological research is taking in the country.
Mapping inequalities: Canada, China, and the United Kingdom
Authors: Albański Łukasz
Published: March 2015

This review essay focuses on the concept of inequality in Daniel Dorling’s The Population of the United Kingdom and Reza Hasmath’s A Comparative Study of Minority Development. The review discusses the structure of social inequality and the principal social cleavages that are shown in both books. The books raise different issues of ethnicity, visible minority (Hasmath) and class, and life outcomes (Dorling) as they relate to the broader processes and consequences of human efforts to stratify the social world. Whether those investigations are done at the micro or macro level, they provide strong empirical evidence that social and cultural standards will be never seen as adequate as long as great social inequalities prevail. This essay also discusses the problematic use of social inequalities for empirical research. Dorling is especially sensitive to inequalities and has a strong interest in uncovering those ‘deep structure[s]’ of social differentiation that are concealed from ordinary view. Broad categories, such as poor/affluent or minority/majority, with masking of in-group differences within categories, are appropriate for a rough scan of inequalities. However, this crude classification is inappropriate for a precise summary measurement of inequalities among social/ethnic distributions.
Expression of Periostin in Normal, Atopic, and Nonatopic Chronically Inflamed Canine Skin
Authors: Mineshige T. , Kamiie J. , Sugahara G. , Yasuno K. , Aihara N. , Kawarai S. , Yamagishi K. , Shirota M. , Shirota K.
Published: March 2015

In humans, periostin plays a critical role in the enhancement and chronicity of allergic skin inflammation; however, whether it is involved in the pathogenesis of canine dermatitis remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the expression patterns of periostin in healthy, atopic, and nonatopic chronically inflamed canine skin. Biopsy specimens from 47 dogs with skin disease and normal skin tissue from 5 adult beagles were examined by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. In normal skin, periostin was localized just beneath the epidermis and around the hair follicles. In chronically inflamed skin, periostin expression was most intense in the dermis with inflammatory cell infiltrates. In contrast, low levels of periostin were detected in acutely inflamed and noninflamed skin. Conversely, all canine atopic dermatitis tissues characteristically showed the most intense expression of periostin in the superficial dermis, particularly at the epidermal–dermal junction. In situ hybridization showed that periostin mRNA was broadly expressed in the basal epidermal keratinocytes, outer root sheath cells, and dermal fibroblasts in normal dog skin. High expression of periostin mRNA was observed in fibroblasts in dog skin with chronically inflamed dermatitis. Moreover, in some chronically inflamed skin specimens, periostin mRNA expression was increased in basal keratinocytes. The severity score of chronic pathologic changes and CD3+ cell number in the dermis were correlated with distribution pattern of periostin in the atopic skin. These data suggest that periostin could play a role in the pathophysiology of chronic dermatitis, including atopic dermatitis, in dogs.
Reconciling Livability and Sustainability
Authors: Gough Meghan Z.
Published: March 2015

This article examines the complementarity of livability and sustainability at a theoretical level but recognizes that linkage in practice is complex. Connection between these concepts is examined through the analysis of comprehensive plans in fourteen jurisdictions in the Mississippi Gulf Coast, where a federally funded regional planning process was initiated to create “livable sustainability.” Results show variation in local plan compliance with the livable sustainability guidelines in the region, with particular challenge integrating nontraditional planning concerns. Attention to issues of scale, context, and potential to enable change will help planners promote long-term sustainability while recognizing local livability preferences.
Acute Kidney Injury in the Critically Ill Patient
Authors: Pakula Andrea M. , Skinner Ruby A.
Published: March 2015

Purpose:

A comprehensive review of the literature to provide a focused and thorough update on the issue of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the surgical patient.

Methods:

A PubMed and Medline search was performed and keywords included AKI, renal failure, critically ill, and renal replacement therapy (RRT).

Principal Findings:

A common clinical problem encountered in critically ill patients is AKI. The recent consensus definitions for the diagnosis and classification of AKI (ie, Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease/Acute Kidney Injury Network) have enabled us to standardize the severity of AKI and facilitate strategies for prevention. These strategies as well as treatment modalities of AKI are discussed. We provide a concise overview of the issue of renal failure. We describe strategies for prevention including types of fluids used for resuscitation, timing of initiation of RRT, and different treatment modalities currently available for clinical practice.

Conclusions:

Acute kidney injury is a common problem in the critically ill patient and is associated with worse clinical outcomes. A standardized definition and staging system has led to improved diagnosis and understanding of the pathophysiology of AKI. There are many trials leading to improved prevention and management of the disease.
Mothers’ Narratives of Their Involvement With Child Welfare Services
Authors: Hughes Judy , Chau Shirley , Vokrri Lisa
Published: March 2015

Centering on practice within child welfare systems, this article focuses on four representative narratives derived from 32 in-depth qualitative interviews with women who experienced intimate partner violence and involvement with the child welfare system in Manitoba and British Columbia, Canada. Narrative analysis was used to explore the content of mothers’ stories to understand how they position themselves against their child welfare workers’ understanding of them as “failed” mothers. This article concludes with recommendations to enhance practice with mothers who are involved with child welfare systems
“It’s an Ethical, Moral and Professional Dilemma I Think”
Authors: Mottram Bridget , Salter Michael
Published: March 2015

This article investigates the experience and construction of women’s use of violence in relationships by domestic violence workers in Sydney, Australia. Most workers contextualized women’s violence within a critique of the structural powerlessness faced by women in violent relationships. However, the issue of violent women’s agency remains an unresolved dilemma for workers. This article recommends the use of a psychosocial approach to understand the social, biographical, and psychodynamic dimensions of women’s violence.
A Pilot Curriculum to Integrate Standardized Patient Simulation into Clinical Pastoral Education
Authors: Ahmed Rami A. , Damore Deborah R. , Viti Joseph F. , Hughes Patrick G. , Miesle Rebecca , Ataya Ramsey , Atkinson S. Scott , Gable Brad
Published: March 2015

Introduction:

We describe a novel means of experiential learning for clinical pastoral care residents using standardized patient (SP) simulations.

Methods:

A prospective cohort study involving 7 clinical pastoral care residents was performed. All residents underwent 2 verbatim SP sessions and 2 simulation sessions. After all sessions, residents completed a self-evaluation. Faculty completed an evaluation and then provided a debriefing session to all residents.

Results:

Performance ratings were globally higher on simulated scenarios when compared to the verbatim sessions.

Conclusions:

More research in the field of pastoral care is needed to validate the learned professional skills that enhance a comprehensive training program through the use of medical simulation, verbatim reports, and clinical pastoral education (CPE) competencies. Medical simulation provides a promising teaching methodology for the training of CPE residents.
A Mobile-Assisted Working Model for Supporting Daily Family Life
Authors: Rönkä Anna , Malinen Kaisa , Jokinen Kimmo , Häkkinen Sanna
Published: March 2015

Despite rapid technological development, very few new technology-assisted tools have been developed specifically for use in family services. This article describes a new, mobile-assisted working model designed to enhance the quality of daily family life. The model has its origins in the existing research on daily family life and on the diary method, which has been widely used in data collection in family research. The model provides support for the daily life of client families in the intervals between meetings with family counselors via the use of text messages. The pilot study explored family members’ and family counselors’ experiences of using the model. Data on 26 parents and four children participating in the new mobile-based service were collected via feedback text messages and web questionnaires. The research findings are also based on interviews with family counselors ( n = 6). Although clients’ experiences of the model varied widely, the results show that, in general, it was regarded as effective in invoking reflection, keeping the goals of family counseling in mind and implementing family practices at home. On the basis of the experiences of the family counselors, the mobile-based working model offers a new, systematic, and structured tool for use in working with families and monitoring processes in families.
“There’s Something Not Right” and “Bringing it Forward”
Authors: Heiden-Rootes Katie M. , Jones Ariel N. Hooker , Reddick Geoffrey T. , Jankowski Peter J. , Maxwell Kelly
Published: March 2015

Modified grounded theory method was utilized to explore the process of how clinicians defined and chose to respond to challenging issues in systemic therapy. Defining an issue as challenging was determined by negotiating internal and external cues and “bringing it forward” and “slowing the pace” emerged as key themes in responding to challenging issues. Clinicians appeared to focus on in-session relational process over content, attending to internal aspects of themselves and their interaction with clients and then negotiating those aspects of awareness with their clients. Practice implications are focused on supervision and helping postgraduate clinicians move toward the developmental stage of experienced professionals.
Psoriatic Nail Changes Are Associated With Clinical Outcomes in Psoriatic Arthritis
Authors: Sandre Matthew K. , Rohekar Sherry , Guenther Lyn
Published: March 2015

Background:

Nail changes are common in psoriatic arthritis (PsA), with varying relationships existing between skin, nail, and joint disease.

Objective:

To further characterize relationships between nail changes, psoriasis, and joint involvement in PsA patients.

Methods:

One hundred eighty-eight PsA patients had skin, fingernail, and rheumatological assessments completed. Hand and fingernail photographs were taken and reviewed by a dermatologist.

Results:

Higher swollen joint counts were associated with distal interphalangeal (DIP)/periungual psoriasis ( P = .001), more splinter hemorrhages ( P = .006), and any nail bed change ( P = .03). Higher tender joint counts were associated with rough onychorrhexis ( P < .001), DIP/periungual psoriasis ( P = .03), red lunula ( P = .001), nail crumbling ( P = .046), any nail matrix ( P = .03), and nail bed change ( P = .03). Joint involvement was associated with same-digit nail changes; strongest association was swollen or tender DIP with subungual hyperkeratosis, odds ratio = 26.6 (95% CI, 5.1-139.1).

Conclusion:

The DIP/periungual psoriasis and specific nail changes were associated with higher joint counts and certain nail changes with same-digit joint involvement.
Trends in Ambulatory Health Care Usage for Adult Acne
Authors: Davis Scott A. , Huang Karen E. , Feldman Steven R. , Fleischer Alan B. , Huang William W.
Published: March 2015

Background:

The prevalence of acne is increasing among young children but not well characterized in older patients.

Objective:

To determine whether ambulatory health care for adult acne is increasing and whether the average age of adult acne patients seeking care has been increasing over time.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective analysis of data from the 1993-2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey for acne visits in ages 25 and older.

Results:

Average age of adult acne patients increased by 0.13 years per year over the study period. Visits per 100 000 population declined in the 25 to 34 age group ( P = .05) and did not change significantly in the 35 to 44 and 45 and older age groups.

Conclusions:

The hypothesis that adult acne visits are increasing was not supported, but the average age of adult acne patients seeking care has been rising.
The Rise and Fall of Oral Ketoconazole
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Lyons Danika C.A.
Published: March 2015

Background:

Ketoconazole was the first broad-spectrum oral antifungal agent available to treat systemic and superficial mycoses. Evidence of hepatotoxicity associated with its use emerged within the first few years of its approval. Growing evidence of serious side effects including endocrine dysregulation, several drug interactions, and death led to the review of oral ketoconazole in 2011.

Objective:

This article chronicles the use of oral ketoconazole from its introduction to its near replacement in medicine.

Conclusion:

Due to its hepatotoxic side effects, oral ketoconazole was withdrawn from the European and Australian markets in 2013. The United States imposed strict relabeling requirements and restrictions for prescription, with Canada issuing a risk communication echoing these concerns. Today, oral ketoconazole is only indicated for endemic mycoses, where alternatives are not available or feasible. Meanwhile, topical ketoconazole is effective, safe, and widely prescribed for superficial mycoses, particularly as the first-line treatment for tinea versicolor.
Chronic Larva Currens Following Tourist Travel to the Gambia and Southeast Asia Over 20 Years Ago
Authors: Bailey Kristy E. , Danylo Alexis , Boggild Andrea K.
Published: March 2015

Larva currens is the cutaneous manifestation of human infection with the geotropic helminth Strongyloides stercoralis. Strongyloidiasis is a lifelong infection unless treated. A high index of suspicion is needed to prevent chronic symptoms of strongyloidiasis (eg, larva currens, eosinophilia, abdominal discomfort) and to prevent fatal dissemination. We present a case of chronic larva currens following tourist travel to the Gambia and Southeast Asia >20 years ago. This case highlights several important features of larva currens and strongyloidiasis, including the chronicity of symptoms, the rapidity of the migratory serpiginous rash, and the absence of high-grade eosinophilia.
Swedish, Finnish and bilingual? Multiple ethnolinguistic identities in relation to ethnolinguistic vitality in Finland
Authors: Vincze László , Henning-Lindblom Anna
Published: March 2015

Based on the tenets of ethnolinguistic identity theory, this paper provides an insight into the complexity of ethnolinguistic identity and its relationship to ethnolinguistic vitality among young Finns with a Swedish-Finnish, mixed language family background. Questionnaire data was collected in Swedish language secondary schools in 2014 (N = 115). The data was analyzed with structural equation modelling. The results showed that ethnolinguistic identity may comprise affiliation with both Swedish and Finnish speakers as well as bilinguals. Further, higher subjective vitality of Finnish was significantly related to higher identification with Swedish speakers but it was not significantly connected to Finnish-speaking and bilingual identities. In parallel, higher subjective vitality of Swedish was significantly related to higher identification with Finnish speakers but it was not significantly related to Swedish-speaking and bilingual identities. Findings and their implications are discussed.
Attitudes towards human papillomavirus vaccination among Arab ethnic minority in Denmark: A qualitative study
Authors: Zeraiq Lina , Nielsen Dorthe , Sodemann Morten
Published: March 2015

Background: Knowledge regarding the human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV vaccine uptake among ethnic minorities is poorly explored in Denmark. The objective of this study was to explore attitudes and knowledge towards HPV vaccination among Arab mothers and their daughters. Methods: Five Arabic-speaking focus groups with mothers of vaccine-eligible girls and three focus groups with daughters were conducted. The participants were recruited through different social clubs. A phenomenological approach was used to investigate attitudes and knowledge of HPV vaccination. Meaning condensation inspired by Amedeo Giorgi was used to analyse the transcribed material. Results: A total of 23 women and 13 daughters were included in this study. The mothers’ knowledge regarding HPV was limited to the fact that HPV can cause cervical cancer. Two focus groups mentioned that HPV is a sexually transmitted disease and none of the mothers knew that HPV also causes genital warts. Both mothers and daughters acknowledged that the daughters have deeper insight into health-related issues. A gap of knowledge between generations was identified, as mothers and daughters obtained health information from different sources: mothers used the Arabic TV channels as a source of knowledge and daughters had a range of sources, e.g. school, internet, and Western TV channels. The consequence of these differences in obtaining knowledge is that mothers and daughters lack a common language to discuss health issues. Mothers were influenced by Arabic society, while daughters had created a hybrid of Arabic and Danish. Each generation had its own reasons for accepting the vaccine. The level of HPV knowledge and awareness did not affect their uptake decision in that all the participating mothers had accepted the vaccine for their daughters. Conclusions: Educational programs should target both mothers and daughters because mothers have an inadequate knowledge about HPV. This is likely to bridge the gap of knowledge between mothers and daughters, which constitutes a barrier between the generations.
Changes in alcohol consumption between 2009 and 2014 assessed with the AUDIT
Authors: Källmén Håkan , Wennberg P. , Ramstedt M. , Hallgren M.
Published: March 2015

Background: Alcohol habits in Sweden, assessed as sales and estimates of unrecorded consumption, have changed since joining the EU. Earlier studies using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) showed that reported consumption is consistent with sales data, which makes it possible to assess consumption according to sex and age. Aims: This study reports the changes in alcohol habits between 2009 and 2014, a period starting a couple of years after Sweden joined the EU. Method: The AUDIT was sent to a random sample of the Swedish population aged between 17 and 80 years old. Results: No statistically significant changes were shown in six age and sex groups. Conclusions: Alcohol habits have stabilised in Sweden but on a higher consumption level than before.
Helping preservice teachers with inaccurate and fragmentary prior knowledge to acquire conceptual understanding of psychological principles
Authors: Ohst Andrea , Glogger Inga , Nückles Matthias , Renkl Alexander
Published: March 2015

Psychological research on learning has brought forth many insights that are relevant for teachers (for example, knowledge about learning strategies). However, teachers sometimes have intuitive fragmentary knowledge that is partly incorrect. Such knowledge hinders the acquisition of psychological knowledge. Tried-and-tested interventions dealing with fragmentary knowledge remain scarce and thus a generalized categorical framework was developed to support preservice teachers to (re)organize their fragmentary prior knowledge. In the present experiment the framework group ( n = 23) received this categorical framework as a pretraining intervention. The control group ( n = 22) received similar factual information as a pretraining intervention but no categorical framework. Afterwards, all participants learned about cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies. While achieving approximately equal learning outcomes, the framework group needed less learning time (strong effect) and stated higher interest (medium effect). Overall, this study reveals that providing a categorical framework can help to heighten preservice teachers' interest in the learning material and save learning time.
Learning in out-of-class experiences: The importance of professional skills
Authors: Hund Alycia M. , Bueno Daisy
Published: March 2015

Our goal was to document professional skills and attitudes gained via out-of-class teaching and research experiences during the undergraduate years. Qualitative analysis of reflection papers revealed that students noted gains in professional skills, communication skills, interpersonal skills, and intrapersonal skills. Importantly, students also noted gains in understanding content, research methods, and principles related to teaching and learning emerging from their hands-on experiences guided by role models. Students noted that their out-of-class experiences were relevant for their futures. These results may be useful for instructors and administrators seeking to design and implement out-of-class experiences for undergraduate students that facilitate the emergence and refinement of professional skills and attitudes, growth in understanding, and lifelong application of learning.
The Stanford prison experiment in introductory psychology textbooks: A content analysis
Authors: Bartels Jared M.
Published: March 2015

The present content analysis examines the coverage of theoretical and methodological problems with the Stanford prison experiment (SPE) in a sample of introductory psychology textbooks. Categories included the interpretation and replication of the study, variance in guard behavior, participant selection bias, the presence of demand characteristics including the contribution of the guard orientation, and the ecological validity of the prison. In general, results revealed minimal coverage of problems with the study, with only two of the 14 textbooks citing any critical articles. The majority of textbooks presented the study in a fashion consistent with a “power of the situation” interpretation with no account of a more theoretically robust study, namely the BBC prison study, nor mention of methodological shortcomings. A review of the post-SPE criticisms and suggestions for addressing the landmark study in introductory textbooks are included.
Leadership practice as interaction in primary care emergency team training
Authors: Brandstorp Helen , Kirkengen Anna Luise , Sterud Birgitte , Haugland Bjørgun , Halvorsen Peder A
Published: March 2015

The present study, framed as critical action research, aimed at contributing to the improvement of training emergency teams in primary care. The first author was a participating observer in local simulation sessions performed by 10 different teams. Leadership practice as interaction was analysed in three types of communicative spaces: in the review and debriefing sessions; in the author group; and in focus groups involving local stakeholders. The teams practiced both designated and distributed leadership in the course of the various training sessions. During the simulation sessions, the teams remained aware of the physicians’ formal responsibility for decisions concerning diagnosis and medication. Shifts in leadership modes coincided with situational changes requiring particular competencies. Distribution of leadership and teamwork dynamics were informed by simple, yet fundamental principles: strong commitment to the task at hand even though ‘unreal’; responsibility for the patient’s life and health; responsibility for the colleagues’ functioning and well-being; and a perception of calmness as an indicator of good teamwork. A rising awareness with regard to leadership practice as interaction was facilitated by critical application of theory and engaged participation of local personnel in several analytical phases.
Citizen confidence in private security guards in Portugal
Authors: Moreira Samuel , Cardoso Carla , Nalla Mahesh K.
Published: March 2015

Although private security guards are a visible presence and come into contact with the general public, very little is known about citizens’ trust in and satisfaction with private security agents who act not only in the capacity of service providers but as agents of crime prevention. Given the rapid increase in the employment of security guards in Portugal in recent years, the goal of this study is to assess citizens’ level of trust in and satisfaction with private security agents in Portugal and whether factors such as citizens’ contact experience and their perceptions about the professionalism, imagery, civility and accountability of private security guards influence their confidence in them. Findings from a sample of 163 respondents from the city of Porto suggest that professionalism and accountability appear to be good predictors of citizens’ confidence as measured by trust in and satisfaction with private security guards.