bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Port protectors in clinical practice: an audit
Authors: Cameron-Watson Corinne
Published: April 2016

This article discusses the effect on compliance and incidence of vascular access device (VAD)-related bacteraemia following the introduction of a passive disinfection device (Curos®) for 6 months in four areas at one hospital trust. The hospital's infection prevention and control team replaced the ‘active’ disinfection using a disinfection wipe with ‘scrub the hub’. Disinfection wipes used for needle-free devices were removed from all four trial areas and Curos was incorporated into the aseptic non-touch technique (ANTT®) protocols for the trial wards. Staff training was provided before and during the study, and audits of staff compliance with Curos placement were undertaken monthly. A benchmarking audit of ‘scrub the hub’ techniques was conducted 1 month before audit began. The results of the audit showed VAD-related bacteraemia rates reduced by 69% from 26 cases (confirmed through review of blood culture laboratory data and source identified by consultant microbiologists) before the study, to 8 when staff compliance with Curos placement onto VADs was 80% or more.
Advancing surgical care globally
Authors: Marx Clare
Published: April 2016

The College is branching out, both at home and abroad.
from Westminster
Authors: Leahy Patrick
Published: April 2016

The underestimated implications of the 5 May elections
The Coroner’s Court – all you need to know but forgot to ask
Authors: Hamilton Leslie
Published: April 2016

Assistant Coroner Leslie Hamilton tells you what you need to know if you get the call.
Where are they now?
Authors: Savage PEA
Published: April 2016

The outcome of a selection of specialist registrars in general surgery in South-east Thames in 1995.
The uptake of day-case septoplasty in England and Wales
Authors: Al-Hussaini A , Walijee H , Owens D
Published: April 2016

Is there a relationship between daycase rates and waiting list times?
Steering tjanpi in the digital desert
Authors: Williams Robyn
Published: April 2016

Tjanpi fibre-weaving is an innovative and performative art form, connected within the discourse that is contemporary Aboriginal art. Winning the 22nd National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2005 for their large, woven ‘Tjanpi Grass Toyota’ positioned Papulankutja artists as experimental and creative with a distinct and quirky style. This article explores the relevance of cars in the Western Desert community of Papulankutja, which underpins the artists’ ideas and values behind designing the artwork. It also advances new ideas and techniques within Indigenous art in the areas of fibre arts and sculpture. By presenting cars in contemporary art as an example of the engagement in the culture and consumption of material objects, and by comparing Papulankutja’s ‘Tjanpi Grass Toyota’ with other recent examples of cars in contemporary art, I will illustrate how its successful entry in the contemporary art field positions it as innovative and creative, investing in new forms, genres and materials, and acting as an agent of transformation. In Papulankutja, cars, and in particular Toyotas, are not simply utilitarian vehicles but are inscribed in the social fabric of the community as symbolic meaning, and where the status of car ownership is highly sought.
The Dark Knight Rises: Christianity, capitalism and psychopathology
Authors: Popescu Stefan Octavian
Published: April 2016

Through a close reading and analysis of the narrative and visual language used in Nolan’s Batman trilogy, this article deconstructs the subtextual narrative of Christopher Nolan’s Batman trilogy, teasing out the themes of Christianity, psychopathology and capitalism. Furthermore, by investigating theories of capitalism, Christianity and psychopathology, this article elucidates the manner in which these seemingly mutually exclusive ideologies are reconciled in a post-9/11 contemporary culture. By perpetuating to the grand narrative of ‘Terrorism’, The Dark Knight Rises (Nolan, 2012), as a mode of popular cultural production, promotes a fear of difference and of social transgression. The Dark Knight Rises situates the corporation as angelic and the citizen as demon/terrorist and promotes this rhetoric to ensure our dependency on a capitalist system.
Variegated Qissa: (Divided) landscape of (multiple) longings
Authors: Mukherjee Madhuja
Published: April 2016

This short, reflective article explores the settings of Qissa (Singh, 2013), written by the director and the author. By framing the plot in a fable-like spiral narrative mode, the aim of Qissa was to look back at (and beyond) post-partition narratives. By referring to the original screenplay and shooting-stills, this article draws attention to the ways in which ambivalent spaces are produced, and illustrates the ‘to-ing and fro-ing between specific geographical locales and human imagination’. Indeed, if Laura Marks writing about the haptic (and multi-sensory experience) has argued about ‘intercultural’ cinema with reference to diaspora encounters, I revisit Qissa in relation to Gurvinder Singh’s Anhey Ghorey Da Daan (2011) to (re)consider in what way Anup Singh’s film fashions new cinematic terrains, and re-presents Punjab through extensive location shooting.
Região de retirada da estaca e substrato na propagação vegetativa de roseira de vaso
Authors: Zanão Maristela Pereira Carvalho , Zanão Júnior Luiz Antônio , Grossi José Antônio Saraiva , Vanzella Edson , Villa Fabíola
Published: April 2016

The rose is a major ornamental species produced in Brazil. Its propagation is mainly made by cutting. In the process, cutting and substrate can influence the quality of seedlings. Given the above, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the best cutting withdrawal region and the appropriate substrate for vegetative propagation of pot rose cv. Yellow Terrazza®. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x3 factorial [two cutting removal of regions, apical and median x three substrates: commercial substrate, clay soil and commercial substrate mixture (1:1, v/v) and sand and commercial substrate mixture (1:1, v/v)], with ten replicates. The experiment was conducted in a tunnel covered with shadecloth.The cuttings were placed in polypropylene vase with 100 cm³ capacity, filled with each substrate. Were evaluated the length of roots, number of roots/cutting and dry matter of roots and shoots. The apical cutting propagates with higher quality seedlings of pot rose cv. Yellow Terrazza® than the median cutting, without influence of substrate type. Got better preparation of the pot rose cutting with clay soil and commercial substrate mixture.
Por uma historiografia dos jardins no Brasil
Authors: Andrade Rubens , Terra Carlos
Published: April 2016

What are the conceptual dimensions that define the idea of a garden in Brazil? Which historic bases have been used to idealize theory and praxis, not only to design gardens but the idea itself of landscaping in the country? Taking into account the complexity and ampleness of the theme, the goal of this article is presenting a view from authors and reference works that may help design a historiographic panorama of gardens in Brazil.
The Association of Four Polymorphisms within the Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Gene with Milk Production Traits in Simmental Cows
Authors: Szewczuk Małgorzata
Published: April 2016

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of alleles and genotypes of four polymorphisms located in exons 2, 10 and 16 of the gene encoding insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF1R) in the tested herd of 242 Simmental cows and to search for the relationship between these polymorphisms and selected milk production traits. The study applied the following methods: PCR-RFLP and combination of nested PCR and ACRS-PCR. The presence of three genotypes was found for all SNPs. The frequency of alleles was as follows: C - 0.29 and T - 0.71 (IGF1R/e2/MspI), A - 0.33 and G - 0.67 (IGF1R/e2/TaqI), C - 0.77 and T - 0.23 (IGF1R/e10/MspI) and C - 0.53 and T - 0.47 (IGF1R/e16/RsaI). In all lactations, cows with TT (IGF1R/e2/MspI) and GG genotypes (IGF1R/e2/TaqI) produced the highest amounts of milk, fat and protein (P≤0.01), particularly individuals with the combined TT/GG genotypes. As regards the IGF1R/e10/MspI and IGF1R/e16/ RsaI genotypes, the highest milk, fat and protein yields were observed in cows with separate and combined CC/CC genotypes, while the lowest in animals with combined TT/TT genotypes. Cumulative analysis of all genotype combinations showed that individuals with a potentially best combination of TT/GG/CC/CC might be characterized by the highest milk yield as well as fat and protein content in milk. Potentially unfavorable combinations (such as CC/AA/TT/TT and similar) have been almost completely eliminated from the herd tested. The IGF1R gene is proposed as a candidate gene for milk traits in cattle.
Detection of mutations in theCYP21A2gene: genotype-phenotype correlation in Slovenian couples with conceiving problems
Authors: Stangler Herodež Š , Fijavž L , Zagradišnik B , Kokalj Vokač N
Published: April 2016

The objective of this study was to compare the CYP 21A2 genetic profiles of couples with unexplained fertility problems (UFP) with genetic profiles of healthy controls (HCs). Furthermore, we analyzed associations between mutations in theCYP21A2gene and various clinical and laboratory parameters. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used in 638 probands with UFP and 200 HCs. Statistic analysis with χ2was used to study the association of mutations with infertility. The effect of mutations on particular clinical and laboratory parameters was assessed with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. With regard to theCYP21A2gene, 0.6% of probands with UFP and 0.5% of HCs were positive for the c.290-13A/C>G mutation; 0.6% of probands with UFP and 1.5% of HCs were positive for the p.I172N mutation; there were no probands with UFP positive for the p.P30L mutation, whereas 0.5% of HCs were; and 0.2% of probands with UFP and 0.5% of HCs were found to have the p.V281L mutation. We found a significant association between c.290-13A/C>G mutation and the frequency of significant hormone deviations (χ2= 6.997,p= 0.008). Similar association was also observed between the c.29013A/C>G mutation and the frequency of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (χ2= 16.775,p= 0.000). Our findings indicate that no significant difference in the prevalence of CYP 21A2 mutations can be found in probands with UFP when compared with HCs without infertility history. The results also imply the significant association of the c.290-13A/ C>G mutation in theCYP21A2gene, not only with the frequency of PCOS, but also with the frequency of significant hormone deviations.
The CHEK2 del5395 is a founder mutation without direct effects for cancer risk in the latvian population
Authors: Plonis J , Kalniete D , Nakazawa-Miklasevica M , Irmejs A , Vjaters E , Gardovskis J , Miklasevics E
Published: April 2016

Our objective was to determine: 1) whether the checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) del5395 (g.27417113-27422508 del, NC_000022.11) is a founder mutation in the Latvian population, 2) if there is an association between CHEK2 del5395 mutation and cancer risk, and 3) and whether the CHEK2 del5395 mutation impacts cancer predisposition in Chernobyl disaster liquidators (the civil and military personnel who were called upon to deal with consequences of the 1986 nuclear disaster) as well as geriatric populations. We recruited 438 breast cancer patients, 568 colorectal cancer patients, 399 ovarian cancer patients, 419 prostate cancer patients, 526 healthy blood donors, 480 Chernobyl disaster liquidators and 444 geriatric cancer-free participants. DNA samples were isolated from blood samples and subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The truncation of del5395 was estimated by fragment size of the multiplex PCR.All groups were compared to the healthy blood donors using Fisher’s exact test. All p values were two-sided and the odds ratios (OR) calculated by two-by-two table. In cancer groups, the del5395 mutation was most frequently observed in the ovarian cancer group (1.00%, OR = 1.32). In control groups, the del5395 mutation was most frequent (0.76%) in the healthy donors, which exceeded its frequency in the Chernobyl liquidators group and the geriatric group by 0.01 and 0.08%, respectively. For all groups, the OR appeared to be >1 only in ovarian cancer patients. However, OR rates showed no statistical significance in either cancer or control groups, with the p value fluctuating within the range of 0.39-1.00. The CHEK2 gene del5395 is a founder mutation in the Latvian population, which, however, does not have a direct impact on genetic predisposition toward colorectal, breast, ovarian and prostate cancer.
CYP2D6 allele distribution in Macedonians, Albanians and Romanies in the Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Kuzmanovska M , Dimishkovska M , Maleva Kostovska I , Noveski P , Sukarova Stefanovska E , Plaseska-Karanfilska D
Published: April 2016

Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is an enzyme of great importance for the metabolism of clinically used drugs. More than 100 variants of the CYP2D6 gene have been identified so far. The aim of this study was to investigate the allele distribution of CYP2D6 gene variants in 100 individuals of each of the Macedonian, Albanian and Romany population, by genotyping using long range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a multiplex single base extension method. The most frequent variants and almost equally distributed in the three groups were the fully functional alleles *1 and *2. The most common non functional allele in all groups was *4 that was found in 22.5% of the Albanians. The most common allele with decreased activity was *41 which was found in 23.0% of the Romany ethnic group, in 11.0% of the Macedonians and in 10.5% of the Albanians. Seven percent of the Albanians, 6.0% of the Romani and 4.0% of the Macedonians were poor metabolizers, while 5.0% of the Macedonians, 1.0% of Albanians and 1.0% of the Romanies were ultrarapid metabolizers. We concluded that the CYP2D6 gene locus is highly heterogeneous in these groups and that the prevalence of the CYP2D6 allele variants and genotypes in the Republic of Macedonia is in accordance with that of other European populations.
Degradation rates and products of pure magnesium exposed to different aqueous media under physiological conditions
Authors: Kieke Marc , Feyerabend Frank , Lemaitre Jacques , Behrens Peter , Willumeit-Römer Regine
Published: April 2016

As magnesium and many of its alloys are a promising class of degradable implant materials, a thorough understanding of their degradation under physiological conditions is a key challenge in the field of biomaterial science. In order to increase the predictive power of in vitro studies, it is necessary to imitate the in vivo conditions, track the decomposition process and identify the products that form during the degradation pathway. In this in vitro study, slices of pure magnesium were exposed to Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and simulated body fluid (SBF), respectively, under cell culture conditions, which included CO
How to Bring a Building Back From Ruins / Jak Wyprowadzić Budynek z Ruiny?
Authors: Błaszczyński Tomasz , Sokołowski Wojciech
Published: April 2016

This paper is about the renovation of the baroque palace in Żagań. The journey starts at what was once a Medieval castle and finishes in the XIX century at the villa of Żagań Princes. Now the building is a XIX century villa maintained in a baroque style. The castle was built in the Middle Ages by Silesian Piasts and rebuilt three times, first by prince Wallenstein, then by prince Lobkovic, and finally, in the XVIII century, by princess Talleyrand. It remained the property of a French citizen until the 1960s, with its condition slowly decaying. In 1965, it was almost totally destroyed. Then the first renovation and revitalization works were initiated, lasting almost twenty years. The second renovation took place in the years 2007-2013, co-funded by the European Union. However, as a result of some cost cutting, the palace now requires a further, third approach to renovation.
Modernization of Urban Space with Greenery / Modernizacja Przestrzeni Miejskiej Zielenią
Authors: Sobolewski Andrzej , Czajka Roman
Published: April 2016

Modernization of urban space with greenery is part of a process of revitalization and restoration of building, which today are an important part of the design and realizations activities in the world. Adaptation of urban space to modern needs, often associated with the change of the original function is necessary to improve the quality of this space: utility, technical and aesthetic. Urbanization of the world combined with the destruction of the environment. It is necessary to return to nature in the context of the urban environment. Greater use of green, eco ideas of architecture and sustainable development becomes the norm. The paper presents some aspects of selected projects and activities in the countryside as a method of upgrading urban space.
Catalytic Oxidation of Pahs in Wastewater / Katalityczne Utlenianie Wwa w Ściekach
Authors: Turek Agnieszka , Włodarczyk-Makuła Maria
Published: April 2016

The aim of the investigations was to determine the effectiveness of the removal of 4, 5 - ring PAHs from coking wastewater using dihydrogen dioxide in the presence of a cobalt, platinum or titanium catalyst. A dose 7.4 mL of dihydrogen dioxide in the amount of and 14.8 mL/L of the analyzed sample were added to the samples. The samples were shaken and stored under laboratory conditions for 12 hours. The concentration of PAHs before and after the oxidation process were determined. The quantitative and qualitative chromatographic analysis was carried out using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The total concentration of 8 PAHs before oxidation reached the value of 9150 ng/L The concentration of 4-ring compounds and 5-ring PAHs were equal to 6390 ng/L and 2760 ng/L, respectively. The highest decrease (93%) the sum of 8 hydrocarbons using a dose of oxidizer 7.4 ml/L and in the presence of titanium catalyst was achieved.
Enzymatic synthesis of hydrophobic compounds integrated with membrane separation
Authors: Noworyta Andrzej , Trusek-Holownia Anna
Published: April 2016

The enzymatic synthesis of a highly hydrophobic product (dipeptide precursor) in which the reaction is accompanied by the mass transfer of the reaction product to the organic phase and the substrates to the water phase is considered. Equations describing both continuous and batch processes are formulated. The range of variability in the operating parameters of such a bioreactor is specified, and the correlations reported in the literature to describe mass transfer in the membrane contactor are validated. The proposed process was verified experimentally, and good agreement between the determined and calculated concentrations was obtained in both phases.
Linarite from the Ag-Pb ore deposit at Kletné near Suchdol nad Odrou (Jeseníky Culm, Vítkov Highlands)
Authors: Hrazdil Vladimír , Houzar Stanislav , Sejkora Jiří , Koníčková Šárka , Jarošová Lenka
Published: April 2016

Linarite, PbCu2+(SO4)(OH)2, and associated minerals were studied at new locality near Kletné, where they occur in dump material of historic Ag-Pb mines exploited during the 16th century. Linarite forms thin blue coatings and tiny dark blue crystals (<1 mm in size) in small cavities, in assemblage with cerussite, brochantite and supergene copper sulfides. Mineral was identified by chemical analyses (electron microprobe), Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction analysis. Chemical composition of the studied linarite can be expressed by empirical formula Pb0.98Cu1.06(SO4)Σ0.96(OH)2.15 and its refined unit-cell parameters are: a = 9.6944(3), b = 5.6499(2), c = 4.6846(1) Å, ß = 102.669(3)° and V = 250.50(1) Å3. Linarite formed together with other supergene minerals in the oxidation zone of the deposit by weathering of Pb- and Cu-sulphides.
Campgrounds Suitability Evaluation Using GIS-based Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: A Case Study of Kuerdening, China
Authors: Cuirong Wang , Zhaoping Yang , Huaxian Liu , Fang Han , Wenjin Xia
Published: April 2016

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability and select the most appropriate areas for building campgrounds in Kuerdening, China. To achieve this aim, AHP and GIS-based weighted overlay methods were adopted. AHP was used to determine the weights of the indexes, and ArcGIS 10 was used to calculate and map the campground suitability. In pursuit of minimum environmental effects and sustainable development, this paper identifies four factors to evaluate the suitability of areas for building campgrounds: natural environment condition, landscape condition, safety condition and infrastructure condition. The final outcome of this studywas the suitability map for building campgrounds. This research not only provides a theoretical guide for the construction of campgrounds in this area but also provides a scientific and efficientworkflow to evaluate the appropriateness of other areas. The result is reasonable and operable for camping facilities development and also useful for managers and planners working in local governments as well as investors.
Challenging Competition with CSR: Going Beyond the Marketing Mix to Make a Difference
Authors: Du Shuili , Sen Sankar
Published: April 2016

Social initiatives that make a difference for the consumers are able to win consumers’ hearts and build close and lasting relationships. A program that offers real participation and goes beyond the standard marketing mix can therefore effectively reshape the competitive game with a market leader. Key consumer/societal problems present unprecedented opportunities for companies to gain long-term competitive advantages by creating both social and business value.
We show how making a noticeable difference in the quality of oral health care of the children in Hispanic immigrant communities helped an American brand gain significant ground in this market. Rather than competing head-to-head against the market leader by making incremental improvements in product attributes or relying on price promotions, the challenging brand resorted to an innovative CSR initiative.
Arab Trade Dynamics after the Implementation of the Pan Arab Free Trade Area (1998–2012)
Authors: Harb Georges , Shady Nora Abou
Published: April 2016

With the entry into force of the Pan Arab Free Trade Area (PAFTA) in 2005, intra-Arab trade became tariff free, completing the trade liberalization process started in 1998. Making use of data covering the 1998–2012 period, we estimate the impact of PAFTA on intra-Arab trade in manufactured goods using a gravity model and applying panel data estimation techniques. Results suggest that PAFTA has increased intra-members’ trade by nearly 20 %. We also examine potential changes in the trends of Arab countries’ imports of manufactured goods from their main providers after the entry into force of PAFTA. In this respect, there is some evidence of an increase in Arab countries’ imports from Asia from 2005 onwards, in relation to the 1998–2004 period.
Transnational Experts, Rooted Careers. Migrant Professionals from Macedonia in Germany
Authors: Aceska Ana
Published: April 2016

This article is based on a study of migrant professionals from Macedonia who are now in Germany. It aims to assess how migrants who practise professions relate to their identities as experts who can sustain (or at least have the opportunity to sustain) relationships linking their places and societies of origin and the places where they have settled, and who can use these links to assist their careers. The results show a particular pattern: simultaneously, these migrant professionals promote their expertise as ‘transnational’, but aim to have careers that are rooted in one place.
Optimal Shrinkage Estimations for the Parameters of Exponential Distribution Based on Record Values
Authors: Zakerzadeh Hojatollah , Jafari Ali Akbar , Karimi Mahdieh
Published: April 2016

This paper studies shrinkage estimation after the preliminary test for the parameters of exponential distribution based on record values. The optimal value of shrinkage coefficients is also obtained based on the minimax regret criterion. The maximum likelihood, pre-test, and shrinkage estimators are compared using a simulation study. The results to estimate the scale parameter show that the optimal shrinkage estimator is better than the maximum likelihood estimator in all cases, and when the prior guess is near the true value, the pre-test estimator is better than shrinkage estimator. The results to estimate the location parameter show that the optimal shrinkage estimator is better than maximum likelihood estimator when a prior guess is close
to the true value. All estimators are illustrated by a numerical example.
Establecimiento in vitro de Hypericum goyanesii Cuatrec. E Hypericum juniperinum Kunth, a partir del cultivo de semillas
Authors: Pérez Martínez Belkys Adriana
Published: April 2016

Título en ingles: Establishing in vitro Hypericum goyanesii Cuatrec. E Hypericum juniperinum Kunth, from seeds culture Germination in vitro Hypericum

El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar medios de cultivo de germinación para el establecimiento in vitro de Hypericum goyanesii e Hypericum juniperinum como estrategia de conservación ex situ, por medios biotecnológicos de especies vegetales pertenecientes al ecosistema alto-andino. Las semillas se desinfectaron con hipoclorito de sodio y se sembraron en seis tratamientos basados en los medios de cultivo Murashige & Skoog (MS) y MS con reducción del 50% de sus macro y microsales y vitaminas, con y sin la adición de carbón activado y  pulpa de banano. La germinación se favoreció por el empleo de pulpa de banano en el medio MS con reducción de sales y suplementado con carbón activado. Fue posible evidenciar que los explantes sexuales de H. goyanesii e H. juniperinum estuvieron  influenciados positivamente en la variable porcentaje de germinación, por el empleo de sustancias orgánicas en reemplazo de reguladores de crecimiento. 
INFLUENCIA DE LOS INGREDIENTES DE LA FORMULACIÓN Y DE LA TEMPERATURA SOBRE LAS PROPIEDADES TEXTURALES DE UN PRODUCTO EN CONSERVAS
Authors: Fernández C. Raúl Ricardo , Fernández L. Angie , Calero M. Santiago
Published: April 2016

Se determinó la influencia de los componentes de la receta y la temperatura sobre algunas propiedades de pasta de pescado, obtenida a partir del picadillo de pescado tratado térmicamente. Entre las propiedades estudiadas se encuentran: dureza, representada por el grado de penetración, capacidad de enlace de agua, representada por la pérdida de agua y parámetros sensoriales del producto. También se analizó el efecto de la sustitución de la harina de trigo por otros ligantes como el almidón de yuca y de maíz. Los resultados indican que la elevación del contenido de proteínas y/o carbohidratos provoca un endurecimiento del producto y una disminución de pérdida de agua. El aumento de la temperatura ocasiona, a su vez,  endurecimiento de la textura y aumento de pérdida de agua. Los resultados demuestran que existe estrecha correlación entre la dureza y la pérdida de agua. Es posible sustituir la harina de trigo, usada como ligante en la producción de pastas de pescado, por almidón de yuca o de maíz sin cambios significativos en los parámetros físico-químicos y sensoriales del producto analizado.
PRODUCCIÓN DE ÁCIDO LÁCTICO A PARTIR DEL LACTOSUERO UTILIZANDO LACTOBACILLUS DELBRUECKII SUBSP. BULGARICUS Y STREPTOCOCCUS THERMOPHILUS
Authors: Rojas Adriana M. , Montaño, Liceth P. , Bastidas Marlon J.
Published: April 2016

El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue determinar  las condiciones adecuadas de crecimiento del Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus Streptococcus thermophilus para la producción de ácido láctico, utilizando como sustrato lactosuero proveniente del departamento del Cesar, Colombia. El ácido láctico es producto de la extracción y purificación de caldos de fermentación donde se usa como bacterias fermentativas el co-cultivo actobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus Streptococcus thermophilus, usualmente usadas para la producción de yogurt. El sustrato es suplementado con extracto de levadura, fosfato de amonio como fuente de nitrógeno y carbonato de calcio como neutralizante. Esto con el fin de optimizar el consumo, por parte de las bacterias, del carbohidrato principal presente en el suero (lactosa). Durante la fermentación se controló la concentración del inóculo y temperatura, el tiempo máximo fue 72 h. La purificación se llevó a cabo mediante esterificación, filtración de sólidos formados con la reacción y extracción de agua por evaporación y posterior arrastre con nitrógeno. Finalmente se obtuvo ácido láctico con un 78,0% de pureza (36,7 g/L), el cual se caracterizó a través de espectroscopía infrarroja.
EVALUACIÓN DE LOS HIDROCARBUROS TOTALES DE PETRÓLEO (TPH) SOBRE SUELOS URBANOS EN MAICAO, COLOMBIA
Authors: Castellanos Martha L. , Isaza Raimar J. , Torres Julio M.
Published: April 2016

Se evaluó la presencia de los hidrocarburos totales de petróleo (TPH) y sus efectos sobre propiedades de suelos en el área urbana de Maicao, Colombia. Se seleccionaron 18 sitios, nueve con derrames históricos y nueve sin ellos y se evaluaron dos profundidades (0-30 cm y 30-60 cm). Se extrajeron los TPH de las fracciones mediana (método reflujo en Soxhlet, EPA 3540C) y pesada (método de reflujo en Soxhlet, EPA 3550C). Se identificaron por cromatografía de gases con detector de ionización de flama (CG-FID). Se determinaron parámetros del suelo relacionados con su potencial de adsorción: pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), carbono orgánico (CO), capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), textura, retención de humedad del suelo y estabilidad de agregados. Se estableció alto contenido de todas las fracciones de TPH con efecto diferencial sobre las capas del suelo. No se encontraron cambios significativos para textura ni CE. Hubo incremento en el contenido de CO del suelo (500%), agregación y estabilidad de agregados (200%), ligera disminución del pH, CIC y retención de humedad del suelo (23,5% superficie). Estos resultados señalan la vulnerabilidad de los suelos dentro del casco urbano ante la contaminación por TPH y la exposición de la población humana a estos contaminantes.
EMPLEO DE ALGORITMOS MATEMÁTICOS PARA LA EVALUACIÓN DE LA INFLUENCIA DE LOS PARÁMETROS FISICOQUÍMICOS QUE AFECTAN LA ADSORCIÓN DE COMPUESTOS AROMÁTICOS SOBRE CARBÓN ACTIVADO
Authors: Paredes Ana Lucia , Sun Kou María Del Rosario , Doig Mery Elizabeth , Comina Germán
Published: April 2016

El objetivo principal fue encontrar cómo ciertos parámetros o factores fisicoquímicos del carbón activado pueden influir en la capacidad de adsorción de tres adsorbatos: fenol, ácido benzoico y ácido salicílico. Se emplearon dos métodos de análisis multivariado de datos: análisis principal de mínimos cuadrados (PLS) y regresión de componentes principales (PCR). El método de PLS mostró una mejor concordancia entre los valores estimados y experimentales. Usando este método, se formularon ecuaciones para predecir la capacidad de remoción de cada adsorbato. Usando PLS fue posible estimar la capacidad de adsorción del ácido benzoico, ácido salicílico y fenol con un error estándar de validación menor al 6%. Así se predijo que la acidez superficial es el parámetro más importante del carbón activado para adsorber compuestos aromáticos.
IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE UNA METODOLOGÍA PARA LA SEPARACIÓN DE PROTEOMAS DE PLASMA HUMANO MEDIANTE ELECTROFORESIS BIDIMENSIONAL
Authors: Rodríguez Ruth Andrea , Urrego Wilmer Alexis , Sanabria María Carolina , Sánchez Gómez Myriam , Umaña Perez Adriana
Published: April 2016

El análisis proteómico en derivados sanguíneos es una importante herramienta en el descubrimiento de biomarcadores para el diagnóstico de enfermedades, aunque su caracterización exhibe desafíos relacionados con el amplio rango dinámico de las proteínas. En este trabajo se implementaron las condiciones para la separación de proteomas de plasma sanguíneo por electroforesis bidimensional. En muestras de plasma de infante y adulto se evaluaron dos sistemas de pretratamiento de la muestra para reducir el rango dinámico de las proteínas: inmunodepleción de proteínas abundantes y enriquecimiento de proteínas de baja abundancia. Los proteomas se separaron por electroforesis bidimensional y las imágenes se analizaron con el programa Melanie 7.0. Se encontró que ambos métodos de pretratamiento fueron reproducibles y permitieron ver las diferencias en los proteomas de infante y adulto, como muestran los análisis de componentes principales y de clasificación jerárquica tipo heatmap. El porcentaje de recuperación de proteínas fue mayor con la inmunodepleción en comparación con el enriquecimiento proteico. Estos resultados permitieron concluir que con la inmunodepleción, se tiene mayor control de las proteínas eliminadas y por tanto menor pérdida de información, lo que permite su aplicación en estudios exploratorios para la identificación de potenciales biomarcadores de enfermedad.
Distocia en una serpiente ratonera amarilla Coelognathus flavolineatus, Schlegel 1837 - Relato de caso
Authors: Estrada D. M. , Mathes K. , Martínez P. P.
Published: April 2016

La distocia en reptiles, es una patología caracterizada por la dificultad de llevar a cabo el proceso de parto u ovoposición, la literatura es escasa en lo que concierne a distocias en serpientes, por tanto, existen vacíos frente a este tema. Se describe el caso de una serpiente Coelognathus flavolineatus de 10 años de edad que presentaba dificultad en la ovoposición. Fueron evaluados parámetros sanguíneos, radiográficos y ecográficos, así como cultivo bacteriano y antibiograma, con el fin de identificar las posibles causas y complicaciones que desencadenaron el proceso de distocia en la serpiente. En cuanto al tratamiento de la distocia, se realizó una punción aspirativa del huevo a través de la cloaca, extrayéndose su contenido, posteriormente se procedió a extraer los restos y se tomaron hisopados de la mucosa del tracto reproductivo. Las muestras seleccionadas fueron sometidas a cultivo, donde se aislaron cepas de Salmonella del grupo F-67 y Escherichia coli y en menor proporción cepas de Morganella morganii, Pseudomona aeruginosa, Flavobacterium y Proteus, cuales se atribuyen como agentes infecciosos involucrados en la distocia en la serpiente.
Astúcias cegas e razões da contingência – notas sobre a reversão hegeliana
Authors: Chataignier Gustavo
Published: April 2016

Introdutoriamente, situaremos em linhas gerais o debate contemporâneo no que tange ao hegelianismo, apontando tanto para a crítica ao sujeito legislador como para novas leituras abertas à contingência. Em um segundo momento, exporemos os argumentos presentes nos chamados “cursos de filosofia da história”, evidenciando primeiramente seu princípio identitário, para em seguida problematizar a pertinência desse uso mediante os argumentos de um pensamento relacional e portanto ontologicamente dinâmico e empiricamente comparativo. Por fim, será questão de levantar a hipótese da extração de um modus operandi da letra hegeliana, sem, contudo, fazer sistema. Nesse sentido, o conceito modal de “possível” substituiria a “liberdade” em prol de uma racionalidade da contingência.
Schmitt e Maquiavel. Da técnica ao conflito
Authors: Adverse Helton
Published: April 2016

O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar, em linhas gerais, a recepção de Maquiavel na obra de Carl Schmitt durante a década de 1920, concedendo especial atenção ao livro sobre a ditadura e àquele sobre o conceito do político, e destacando a significativa mudança na interpretação schmittiana a partir do momento em que está em jogo a busca pelo critério próprio do político. Em seguida, discutimos brevemente as razões que explicam esta mudança de apreciação. Por fim, examinamos por que, mesmo no momento em quese encontram mais próximos, resta entre esses autores uma irredutível exterioridade.
A Estrutura Conceitual da Experiência: McDowell e o debate Kant-Hegel
Authors: Lima Erick
Published: April 2016

O presente artigo pretende considerar a interpretação proposta por McDowell acerca do debate epistemológico travado entre Kant e Hegel. O fio condutor que adoto concerne à estrutura conceitual da experiência. Primeiramente, tento elucidar o sentido mais geral da recuperação de estratégias hegelianas pela filosofia analítica (1). Em segundo lugar, procuro descrever a posição mais geral adotada por McDowell à luz do debate Kant-Hegel (2.1 e 2.2), seu apelo ao argumento wittgensteiniano da linguagem privada (2.3) e sua inserção no debate moderno em torno da percepção de qualidades secundárias e de cores (2.4). Em seguida, eu tento a interpretação de alguns argumentos na Fenomenologia do Espírito seguindo indicações de McDowell (3). Finalmente, baseando-me na obra Having the World in View, procuro mostrar o sentido geral de sua interpretação alegórica da dialética do senhor e do escravo (4).
David Hume and “Dunbar’s number”: an evolutionary approach to the foundations of morality
Authors: Araujo Marcelo de
Published: April 2016

The aim of this article is to characterize the concept of justice as an indispensable social convention for the emergence of moral duties in the context of groups that surpass the so-called “Dunbar’s number”. The article resumes, on the one hand, David Hume’s theory of justice, as it is discussed in the third section of An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, and on the other hand it resumes Robin Dunbar’s hypothesis relative to the maximum number of individuals with whom a person may keep stable social relationships that comprise kinship, fellowship, and a sense of shared personal histories.
Televisión educativa y desastres naturales: estudiantes chilenos y sus profesoras valoran uso del video educativo en el aula
Authors: Rodríguez Malebrán Carolina , Altamirano Soto Marcela , García Astete Margarita
Published: April 2016

El uso del video educativo como recurso didáctico ha permitido complementar el aprendizaje del estudiantado y apoyar el trabajo de los y las  docentes. Si bien, en internet existen numerosos sitios especializados con videos educativos que pueden ser utilizados por los profesores y las profesoras en sus clases, la gran mayoría de estos recursos no han sido valorados por su principal público: estudiantes y docentes. El presente artículo describe la valoración que estudiantes de sexto año básico de la escuela pública David León Tapia, de la localidad de Tongoy en Chile, realizaron del video educativo “Benvoy y las hormigas”, que busca apoyar el aprendizaje del alumnado sobre los desastres naturales, sus causas, consecuencias y prevención. Para ello se solicitó a 27 alumnos  y alumnas que contestaran una encuesta, luego de haber observado el video educativo dentro de su sala de clases, posteriormente se aplicaron entrevistas  semiestructuradas a las docentes del curso. Se les consultó por preferencias de contenidos, tipos de recursos para el aprendizaje y relación con su entorno. Podemos concluir que la mayoría de los y las estudiantes que participaron en la encuesta indicaron que el video “Benvoy y las hormigas” les había ayudado a comprender los desastres naturales, calificándolo positivamente. Sobre los contenidos, los y las escolares mostraron preferencia por los capítulos sobre la prevención y normas de seguridad que se deben tomar ante desastres naturales y, en segundo lugar, las causas y consecuencias de los tsunamis. Las docentes, por su parte, destacaron la trama y la relación de los personajes con la vida cotidiana de los estudiantes.
TÜRKİYE’DE TARIM SEKTÖRÜNDE FİNANSAL KİRALAMA
Authors: ÇAĞLAR Resul Umut , KILIÇ Osman , BAŞER Uğur
Published: April 2016

Tarım işletmelerinin faaliyetlerini sürdürebilmesi için arazi, yapı ve makine gibi yatırımlara ihtiyaçları vardır. İşletmelerin bu yatırımları yaparken vermesi gereken önemli kararlardan biri, hangi finansman tekniğini kullanacağıdır. Türkiye’de tarım sektörünün genellikle küçük işletmelerden oluşması nedeniyle, kredibiliteleri diğer sektör işletmelerine göre düşüktür. Halbuki tarım işletmelerinin ileri teknoloji kullanabilmeleri, makinelerini yenileyebilmeleri ve yatırım yaparak kapasitelerini artırabilmeleri için, uygun maliyetli finansman kaynaklarına ihtiyaçları vardır. Finansal kiralama, banka kredilerine göre birçok avantajlara sahiptir. Finansal kiralama sayesinde yatırımlarda maliyetin tamamı finanse edilebilmekte, bazı mallarda %1 katma değer vergisi (KDV) uygulanabilmekte ve teminat şartları daha hafif olmaktadır. KDV avantajından yararlanan çiftçiler, makinelerini daha ekonomik koşullarda yenileme fırsatı bulacak, bu sayede makinenin kullanımından kaynaklanan masraflar da azalmış olacaktır. Banka kredilerinde çiftçinin arazisine genellikle ipotek tesis edilmektedir. Oysaki yatırımın finansal kiralamayla yapılması halinde, çiftçi ipotek baskısından kurtulmuş olacaktır. Çiftçiler finansal kiralamanın avantajlarından yararlanmak suretiyle, daha az maliyet ve borç baskısıyla üretim yapabileceklerdir. Böylece yatırım mallarına olan talep ve yaratılan katma değer artacaktır.
A MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC CITY: CASE OF CORDOBA
Authors: TORLAK S. Evinç , ÇELİKTÜRK Tanzer , KULAÇ Onur , ARSLAN Recep
Published: April 2016

From Turkestan to Andalusia Spain, Medieval Islamic cities geographically occupied a wide area and thus, they had left their mark on the medieval era. Being one of these Islamic cities, Cordoba was seized by Arabs in 711 and the first urbanization activities began upon moving the government centre from Seville to Cordoba. Later on, as the capital city of Andalusia Umayyad Dynasty, Cordoba became one of the most crucial cities of Spain in terms of science, art and trade. In this study, stating the features of medieval Western and Islamic cities, initially, the geographic, politic, economic and philosophic bases that took part in the establishment of the cities will be discussed and a specific focus will be made upon Cordoba city. Afterwards, information about the history, city layout and construction, city government, the socio-economic construction, architectural and cultural formation of Cordoba will be presented. This study reveals that the European urbanization and its product Renaissance in medieval era cannot be considered apart from the administrative, socio-economic, cultural and architectural features of the Islamic cities within the context of Ibn Haldun’s thoughts.
ÇEVRE ODAKLI ÜRETİM VE TARIMSAL GİRİŞİMCİLİK BAĞLAMINDA: VERMİKÜLTÜR
Authors: AY TÜRKMEN Mevhibe
Published: April 2016

Ekonomik kalkınma ülkelerin en temel sorunlarından biridir. Ekonomik kalkınmanın kıt kaynaklar üzerinden gerçekleşmek zorunda olması çevreye olan ilgiyi farklılaştırmaktadır. Kaynak kısıtı, çevreyi “engel” olarak algılamaya neden olurken, aslında soruna cevap yine doğadan gelmektedir. Ekolojik yaşamdaki döngülerin üretim faaliyetlerine uygulanması ile bu duruma çözüm bulunmasının yanında, ekonomik anlamda fırsata bile dönüşebilmektedir. Tarım insanın varoluşundan beri süregelmiş temel sektörlerdendir. Tüm dünyada tarımsal üretimde sürdürülebilirlik kavramına vurgu yapan ve organik üretim yöntemlerini teşvik eden yaklaşımlar yaygınlaşmıştır. Bu süreçte yer solucanlarının, organik atık ve artıkları kısa zamanda yüksek kalitede değerli bir ürüne dönüştürebilme kapasitelerinin anlaşılması vermikültür adı verilen yeni bir tarımsal üretim sektörünün doğmasını sağlamıştır. Sürdürülebilirlik; sosyal, ekonomik ve çevre boyutlarının entegrasyonu ile ancak başarı ile uygulanabilir. Vermikültürün; atık yönetimine katkısı ile çevresel, ortaya çıkan kest ve solucan eldesi ile ekonomik anlamda, toplum sağlığını destekleyen tarımsal uygulamalarıyla da sosyal anlamda sürdürülebilirliğe uygun bir model olduğu görülmektedir. Tarımsal girişimcilik bağlamında desteklenerek, istihdam üzerindeki etkileri ile de sosyal boyut desteklenmelidir. Gerek çevreye olan duyarlılığı ile gerekse birçok girişimcilik alternatifine göre daha hızlı ve maliyetsiz olması yönünden vermikültür farkındalığının arttırılması ve desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada vermikültür; çevre odaklı üretim ve tarımsal girişimcilik bağlamında incelenmiştir.
A Validated Risk Score for Venous Thromboembolism Is Predictive of Cancer Progression and Mortality
Authors: Kuderer Nicole M. , Culakova Eva , Lyman Gary H. , Francis Charles , Falanga Anna , Khorana Alok A.
Published: April 2016

Background.

Retrospective studies have suggested an association between cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) and patient survival. We evaluated a previously validated VTE Clinical Risk Score in also predicting early mortality and cancer progression.

Methods.

A large, nationwide, prospective cohort study of adults with solid tumors or lymphoma initiating chemotherapy was conducted from 2002 to 2006 at 115 U.S. practice sites. Survival and cancer progression were estimated by the method of Kaplan and Meier. Multivariate analysis was based on Cox regression analysis adjusted for major prognostic factors including VTE itself.

Results.

Of 4,405 patients, 134 (3.0%) died and 330 (7.5%) experienced disease progression during the first 4 months of therapy (median follow-up 75 days). Patients deemed high risk (n = 540, 12.3%) by the Clinical Risk Score had a 120-day mortality rate of 12.7% (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4–6.3), and intermediate-risk patients (n = 2,665, 60.5%) had a mortality rate of 5.9% (aHR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2–4.4) compared with only 1.4% for low-risk patients (n = 1,200, 27.2%). At 120 days of follow-up, cancer progression occurred in 27.2% of high-risk patients (aHR 2.2, 95% CI 1.4–3.5) and 16.4% of intermediate-risk patients (aHR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3–2.7) compared with only 8.5% of low-risk patients (p < .0001).

Conclusion.

The Clinical Risk Score, originally developed to predict the occurrence of VTE, is also predictive of early mortality and cancer progression during the first four cycles of outpatient chemotherapy, independent from other major prognostic factors including VTE itself. Ongoing and future studies will help determine the impact of VTE prophylaxis on survival.
Early Recurrence After Hepatectomy for Colorectal Liver Metastases: What Optimal Definition and What Predictive Factors?
Authors: Imai Katsunori , Allard Marc-Antoine , Benitez Carlos Castro , Vibert Eric , Sa Cunha Antonio , Cherqui Daniel , Castaing Denis , Bismuth Henri , Baba Hideo , Adam René
Published: April 2016

Background.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal definition and elucidate the predictive factors of early recurrence after surgery for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM).

Methods.

Among 987 patients who underwent curative surgery for CRLM from 1990 to 2012, 846 with a minimum follow-up period of 24 months were eligible for this study. The minimum p value approach of survival after initial recurrence was used to determine the optimal cutoff for the definition of early recurrence. The predictive factors of early recurrence and prognostic factors of survival were analyzed.

Results.

For 667 patients (79%) who developed recurrence, the optimal cutoff point of early recurrence was determined to be 8 months after surgery. The impact of early recurrence on survival was demonstrated mainly in patients who received preoperative chemotherapy. Among the 691 patients who received preoperative chemotherapy, recurrence was observed in 562 (81%), and survival in patients with early recurrence was significantly worse than in those with late recurrence (5-year survival 18.5% vs. 53.4%, p < .0001). Multivariate logistic analysis identified age ≤57 years (p = .0022), >1 chemotherapy line (p = .03), disease progression during last-line chemotherapy (p = .024), >3 tumors (p = .0014), and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 >60 U/mL (p = .0003) as independent predictors of early recurrence. Salvage surgery for recurrence significantly improved survival, even in patients with early recurrence.

Conclusion.

The optimal cutoff point of early recurrence was determined to be 8 months. The preoperative prediction of early recurrence is possible and crucial for designing effective perioperative chemotherapy regimens.