bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Change of Scale Formula for Wiener Integrals about the First Variation on the Product Abstract Wiener Space
Authors: Kim Young Sik
Published: December 2020

We shall prove the existence of the Wiener integral and the analytic Wiener and Feynman integral and we obtain those relationships and later, we prove the change of scale formula for the Wiener integral about the first variation of a function defined on the product abstract Wiener space. Later, we obtain those relationships in the Fresnel class as it’s corollaries.
Breakout Group Allocation Schedules and the Social Golfer Problem with Adjacent Group Sizes
Authors: Miller Alice , Barr Matthew , Kavanagh William , Valkov Ivaylo , Purchase Helen C.
Published: December 2020

The current pandemic has led schools and universities to turn to online meeting software solutions such as Zoom and Microsoft Teams. The teaching experience can be enhanced via the use of breakout rooms for small group interaction. Over the course of a class (or over several classes), the class will be allocated to breakout groups multiple times over several rounds. It is desirable to mix the groups as much as possible, the ideal being that no two students appear in the same group in more than one round. In this paper, we discuss how the problem of scheduling balanced allocations of students to sequential breakout rooms directly corresponds to a novel variation of a well-known problem in combinatorics (the social golfer problem), which we call the social golfer problem with adjacent group sizes. We explain how solutions to this problem can be obtained using constructions from combinatorial design theory and how they can be used to obtain good, balanced breakout room allocation schedules. We present our solutions for up to 50 students and introduce an online resource that educators can access to immediately generate suitable allocation schedules.
Deep Learning and Mean-Field Games: A Stochastic Optimal Control Perspective
Authors: Persio Luca Di , Garbelli Matteo
Published: December 2020

We provide a rigorous mathematical formulation of Deep Learning (DL) methodologies through an in-depth analysis of the learning procedures characterizing Neural Network (NN) models within the theoretical frameworks of Stochastic Optimal Control (SOC) and Mean-Field Games (MFGs). In particular, we show how the supervised learning approach can be translated in terms of a (stochastic) mean-field optimal control problem by applying the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) approach and the mean-field Pontryagin maximum principle. Our contribution sheds new light on a possible theoretical connection between mean-field problems and DL, melting heterogeneous approaches and reporting the state-of-the-art within such fields to show how the latter different perspectives can be indeed fruitfully unified.
Treatment of Localized and Referred Masticatory Myofascial Pain with Botulinum Toxin Injection
Authors: Montes-Carmona Jose-Francisco , Gonzalez-Perez Luis-Miguel , Infante-Cossio Pedro
Published: December 2020

Botulinum toxin type A (BTA) injection is considered an available alternative treatment for myofascial pain. However, its efficacy in treating masticatory myofascial pain syndrome (MMPS) remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the BTA injection into the affected muscles would significantly reduce pain and improve function, and to assess its efficacy, safety, and therapeutic indications in a randomized, single-center clinical trial. Sixty patients with MMPS were randomized into three groups evenly to receive a single session injection of saline solution (SS group), lidocaine (LD group), and BTA (BTA group) in the masseter, temporal, and pterygoid muscles after an electromyographic study. Patients’ pain was classified as localized or referred according to the DC/TMD classification. Assessments were performed on pre-treatment, and subsequently, on days 7, 14, 28, 60, 90, and 180. A significant reduction in pain and improvement of mandibular movements was found in the BTA group compared to the SS and LD groups. The response lasted until day 180 and was more intense in patients with localized myalgia and focused myofascial pain than in referred remote pain. No significant adverse reactions were observed. A single BTA injection can be considered an effective treatment option in patients with localized MMPS by reducing pain and improving mandibular movements, which persisted up to 6 months.
Endocrine Dysfunction in Children with Zika-Related Microcephaly Who Were Born during the 2015 Epidemic in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil
Authors: Veras Gonçalves Andréia , Miranda-Filho Demócrito de B. , Rocha Vilela Líbia Cristina , Ramos Regina Coeli Ferreira , de Araújo Thalia V. B. , de Vasconcelos Rômulo A. L. , Wanderley Rocha Maria Angela , Eickmann Sophie Helena , Cordeiro Marli Tenório , Ventura Liana O. , Montarroyos Ulisses Ramos , Mertens Brainer Alessandra , Costa Gomes Maria Durce , da Silva Paula Fabiana Sobral , Martelli Celina M. T. , Brickley Elizabeth B. , Ximenes Ricardo A. A.
Published: December 2020

Congenital viral infections and the occurrence of septo-optic dysplasia, which is a combination of optic nerve hypoplasia, abnormal formation of structures along the midline of the brain, and pituitary hypofunction, support the biological plausibility of endocrine dysfunction in Zika-related microcephaly. In this case series we ascertained the presence and describe endocrine dysfunction in 30 children with severe Zika-related microcephaly from the MERG Pediatric Cohort, referred for endocrinological evaluation between February and August 2019. Of the 30 children, 97% had severe microcephaly. The average age at the endocrinological consultation was 41 months and 53% were female. The most frequently observed endocrine dysfunctions comprised short stature, hypothyroidism, obesity and variants early puberty. These dysfunctions occurred alone 57% or in combination 43%. We found optic nerve hypoplasia (6/21) and corpus callosum hypoplasia (20/21). Seizure crises were reported in 86% of the children. The most common—and clinically important—endocrine dysfunctions were pubertal dysfunctions, thyroid disease, growth impairment, and obesity. These dysfunctions require careful monitoring and signal the need for endocrinological evaluation in children with Zika-related microcephaly, in order to make early diagnoses and implement appropriate treatment when necessary.
Interface between Bats and Pigs in Heavy Pig Production
Authors: Leopardi Stefania , Priori Pamela , Zecchin Barbara , Zamperin Gianpiero , Milani Adelaide , Tonon Francesco , Giorgiutti Mirco , Beato Maria Serena , De Benedictis Paola
Published: December 2020

Bats are often claimed to be a major source for future viral epidemics, as they are associated with several viruses with zoonotic potential. Here we describe the presence and biodiversity of bats associated with intensive pig farms devoted to the production of heavy pigs in northern Italy. Since chiropters or signs of their presence were not found within animal shelters in our study area, we suggest that fecal viruses with high environmental resistance have the highest likelihood for spillover through indirect transmission. In turn, we investigated the circulation of mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRVs), coronaviruses (CoVs) and astroviruses (AstVs) in pigs and bats sharing the same environment. Results of our preliminary study did not show any bat virus in pigs suggesting that spillover from these animals is rare. However, several AstVs, CoVs and MRVs circulated undetected in pigs. Among those, one MRV was a reassortant strain carrying viral genes likely acquired from bats. On the other hand, we found a swine AstV and a MRV strain carrying swine genes in bat guano, indicating that viral exchange at the bat–pig interface might occur more frequently from pigs to bats rather than the other way around. Considering the indoor farming system as the most common system in the European Union (EU), preventive measures should focus on biosecurity rather than displacement of bats, which are protected throughout the EU and provide critical ecosystem services for rural settings.
Plant-Based Vaccines: The Way Ahead?
Authors: LeBlanc Zacharie , Waterhouse Peter , Bally Julia
Published: December 2020

Severe virus outbreaks are occurring more often and spreading faster and further than ever. Preparedness plans based on lessons learned from past epidemics can guide behavioral and pharmacological interventions to contain and treat emergent diseases. Although conventional biologics production systems can meet the pharmaceutical needs of a community at homeostasis, the COVID-19 pandemic has created an abrupt rise in demand for vaccines and therapeutics that highlight the gaps in this supply chain’s ability to quickly develop and produce biologics in emergency situations given a short lead time. Considering the projected requirements for COVID-19 vaccines and the necessity for expedited large scale manufacture the capabilities of current biologics production systems should be surveyed to determine their applicability to pandemic preparedness. Plant-based biologics production systems have progressed to a state of commercial viability in the past 30 years with the capacity for production of complex, glycosylated, “mammalian compatible” molecules in a system with comparatively low production costs, high scalability, and production flexibility. Continued research drives the expansion of plant virus-based tools for harnessing the full production capacity from the plant biomass in transient systems. Here, we present an overview of vaccine production systems with a focus on plant-based production systems and their potential role as “first responders” in emergency pandemic situations.
Characterization of a Novel Mitovirus of the Sand Fly Lutzomyia longipalpis Using Genomic and Virus–Host Interaction Signatures
Authors: Fonseca Paula , Ferreira Flavia , da Silva Felipe , Oliveira Liliane Santana , Marques João Trindade , Goes-Neto Aristóteles , Aguiar Eric , Gruber Arthur
Published: December 2020

Hematophagous insects act as the major reservoirs of infectious agents due to their intimate contact with a large variety of vertebrate hosts. Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of Leishmania chagasi in the New World, but its role as a host of viruses is poorly understood. In this work, Lu. longipalpis RNA libraries were subjected to progressive assembly using viral profile HMMs as seeds. A sequence phylogenetically related to fungal viruses of the genus Mitovirus was identified and this novel virus was named Lul-MV-1. The 2697-base genome presents a single gene coding for an RNA-directed RNA polymerase with an organellar genetic code. To determine the possible host of Lul-MV-1, we analyzed the molecular characteristics of the viral genome. Dinucleotide composition and codon usage showed profiles similar to mitochondrial DNA of invertebrate hosts. Also, the virus-derived small RNA profile was consistent with the activation of the siRNA pathway, with size distribution and 5′ base enrichment analogous to those observed in viruses of sand flies, reinforcing Lu. longipalpis as a putative host. Finally, RT-PCR of different insect pools and sequences of public Lu. longipalpis RNA libraries confirmed the high prevalence of Lul-MV-1. This is the first report of a mitovirus infecting an insect host.
New Insights on the Zika Virus Arrival in the Americas and Spatiotemporal Reconstruction of the Epidemic Dynamics in Brazil
Authors: Costa Larissa Catharina , Veiga Rafael Valente , Oliveira Juliane Fonseca , Rodrigues Moreno S. , Andrade Roberto F. S. , Paixão Enny S. , Teixeira Maria Glória , Costa Maria da Conceição N. , Cardim Luciana L. , Carmo Eduardo H. , Oliveira Wanderson K. , Gonçalves José Í. K. , Fernandes Qeren H. R. F. , Barreto Maurício L. , Queiroz Artur T. L. , Gräf Tiago
Published: December 2020

Zika virus (ZIKV) became a worldwide public health emergency after its introduction in the Americas. Brazil was implicated as central in the ZIKV dispersion, however, a better understanding of the pathways the virus took to arrive in Brazil and the dispersion within the country is needed. An updated genome dataset was assembled with publicly available data. Bayesian phylogeography methods were applied to reconstruct the spatiotemporal history of ZIKV in the Americas and with more detail inside Brazil. Our analyses reconstructed the Brazilian state of Pernambuco as the likely point of introduction of ZIKV in Brazil, possibly during the 2013 Confederations Cup. Pernambuco played an important role in spreading the virus to other Brazilian states. Our results also underscore the long cryptic circulation of ZIKV in all analyzed locations in Brazil. Conclusions: This study brings new insights about the early moments of ZIKV in the Americas, especially regarding the Brazil-Haiti cluster at the base of the American clade and describing for the first time migration patterns within Brazil.
Beyond the Surface: Endocytosis of Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses
Authors: Carro Stephen D. , Cherry Sara
Published: December 2020

Flaviviruses are a group of positive-sense RNA viruses that are primarily transmitted through arthropod vectors and are capable of causing a broad spectrum of diseases. Many of the flaviviruses that are pathogenic in humans are transmitted specifically through mosquito vectors. Over the past century, many mosquito-borne flavivirus infections have emerged and re-emerged, and are of global importance with hundreds of millions of infections occurring yearly. There is a need for novel, effective, and accessible vaccines and antivirals capable of inhibiting flavivirus infection and ameliorating disease. The development of therapeutics targeting viral entry has long been a goal of antiviral research, but most efforts are hindered by the lack of broad-spectrum potency or toxicities associated with on-target effects, since many host proteins necessary for viral entry are also essential for host cell biology. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses generally enter cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), and recent studies suggest that a subset of these viruses can be internalized through a specialized form of CME that has additional dependencies distinct from canonical CME pathways, and antivirals targeting this pathway have been discovered. In this review, we discuss the role and contribution of endocytosis to mosquito-borne flavivirus entry as well as consider past and future efforts to target endocytosis for therapeutic interventions.
Biochemical and Biophysical Characterization of the dsDNA Packaging Motor from the Lactococcus lactis Bacteriophage Asccphi28
Authors: Reyes-Aldrete Emilio , Dill Erik A. , Bussetta Cecile , Szymanski Michal R. , Diemer Geoffrey , Maindola Priyank , White Mark A. , Bujalowski Wlodzimierz M. , Choi Kyung H. , Morais Marc C.
Published: December 2020

Double-stranded DNA viruses package their genomes into pre-assembled protein procapsids. This process is driven by macromolecular motors that transiently assemble at a unique vertex of the procapsid and utilize homomeric ring ATPases to couple genome encapsidation to ATP hydrolysis. Here, we describe the biochemical and biophysical characterization of the packaging ATPase from Lactococcus lactis phage asccφ28. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and negative stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicate that the ~45 kDa protein formed a 443 kDa cylindrical assembly with a maximum dimension of ~155 Å and radius of gyration of ~54 Å. Together with the dimensions of the crystallographic asymmetric unit from preliminary X-ray diffraction experiments, these results indicate that gp11 forms a decameric D5-symmetric complex consisting of two pentameric rings related by 2-fold symmetry. Additional kinetic analysis shows that recombinantly expressed gp11 has ATPase activity comparable to that of functional ATPase rings assembled on procapsids in other genome packaging systems. Hence, gp11 forms rings in solution that likely reflect the fully assembled ATPases in active virus-bound motor complexes. Whereas ATPase functionality in other double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) phage packaging systems requires assembly on viral capsids, the ability to form functional rings in solution imparts gp11 with significant advantages for high-resolution structural studies and rigorous biophysical/biochemical analysis.
Hepatitis A Virus Strains Circulating in the Campania Region (2015–2018) Assessed through Bivalve Biomonitoring and Environmental Surveillance
Authors: La Rosa Giuseppina , Mancini Pamela , Bonanno Ferraro Giusy , Iaconelli Marcello , Veneri Carolina , Paradiso Rosa , De Medici Dario , Vicenza Teresa , Proroga Yolande Therese Rose , Di Maro Orlandina , Ciccaglione Anna Rita , Bruni Roberto , Equestre Michele , Taffon Stefania , Costantino Angela , Della Rotonda Maurizio , Suffredini Elisabetta
Published: December 2020

The genetic diversity of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) circulating in the Campania Region in years 2015–2018 was investigated through the monitoring of sentinel bivalve shellfish and water matrices. Overall, 463 water samples (71 sewage samples, 353 coastal discharge waters, and 39 seawaters samples), and 746 bivalve shellfish samples were analyzed. Positivity for HAV was detected in 20/71 sewage samples, 14/353 coastal discharge waters, 5/39 seawaters, and 102/746 bivalve shellfish. Sixty-one of the positive samples were successfully sequenced and were characterized as genotype IA (n = 50) and IB (n = 11). The prevalent strain circulating in 2015 in both bivalves and waters was the IA strain responsible for the outbreak occurring around the same time in the Naples area. This variant was no longer identified in subsequent years (2017–2018) when, instead, appeared two of the IA variants of the multistate outbreak affecting men who have sex with men (MSM), VRD_521_2016, and RIVM-HAV16–090, with the former prevailing in both shellfish and water environments. HAV IB isolates were detected over the years in shellfish and in water matrices, but not in clinical samples, suggesting that this genotype had been circulating silently. An integrated surveillance system (environment/food/clinical cases) can be a useful tool to monitor changes in viral variants in the population, as well as an early warning system.
“Non-Essential” Proteins of HSV-1 with Essential Roles In Vivo: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Dogrammatzis Christos , Waisner Hope , Kalamvoki Maria
Published: December 2020

Viruses encode for structural proteins that participate in virion formation and include capsid and envelope proteins. In addition, viruses encode for an array of non-structural accessory proteins important for replication, spread, and immune evasion in the host and are often linked to virus pathogenesis. Most virus accessory proteins are non-essential for growth in cell culture because of the simplicity of the infection barriers or because they have roles only during a state of the infection that does not exist in cell cultures (i.e., tissue-specific functions), or finally because host factors in cell culture can complement their absence. For these reasons, the study of most nonessential viral factors is more complex and requires development of suitable cell culture systems and in vivo models. Approximately half of the proteins encoded by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) genome have been classified as non-essential. These proteins have essential roles in vivo in counteracting antiviral responses, facilitating the spread of the virus from the sites of initial infection to the peripheral nervous system, where it establishes lifelong reservoirs, virus pathogenesis, and other regulatory roles during infection. Understanding the functions of the non-essential proteins of herpesviruses is important to understand mechanisms of viral pathogenesis but also to harness properties of these viruses for therapeutic purposes. Here, we have provided a comprehensive summary of the functions of HSV-1 non-essential proteins.
Comparison of Four Commercially Available Point-of-Care Tests to Detect Antibodies against Canine Parvovirus in Dogs
Authors: Bergmann Michèle , Holzheu Mike , Zablotski Yury , Speck Stephanie , Truyen Uwe , Straubinger Reinhard K. , Hartmann Katrin
Published: December 2020

Measuring antibodies to evaluate dogs’ immunity against canine parvovirus (CPV) is useful to avoid unnecessary re-vaccinations. The study aimed to evaluate the quality and practicability of four point-of-care (POC) tests for detection of anti-CPV antibodies. The sera of 198 client-owned and 43 specific pathogen-free (SPF) dogs were included; virus neutralization was the reference method. Specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV), and overall accuracy (OA) were calculated. Specificity was considered to be the most important indicator for POC test performance. Differences between specificity and sensitivity of POC tests in the sera of all dogs were determined by McNemar, agreement by Cohen’s kappa. Prevalence of anti-CPV antibodies in all dogs was 80% (192/241); in the subgroup of client-owned dogs, it was 97% (192/198); and in the subgroup of SPF dogs, it was 0% (0/43). FASTest® and CanTiCheck® were easiest to perform. Specificity was highest in the CanTiCheck® (overall dogs, 98%; client-owned dogs, 83%; SPF dogs, 100%) and the TiterCHEK® (overall dogs, 96%; client-owned dogs, 67%; SPF dogs, 100%); no significant differences in specificity were observed between the ImmunoComb®, the TiterCHEK®, and the CanTiCheck®. Sensitivity was highest in the FASTest® (overall dogs, 95%; client-owned dogs, 95%) and the CanTiCheck® (overall dogs, 80%; client-owned dogs, 80%); sensitivity of the FASTest® was significantly higher compared to the one of the other three tests (McNemars p-value in each comparison: <0.001). CanTiCheck® would be the POC test of choice when considering specificity and practicability. However, differences in the number of false positive results between CanTiCheck®, TiterCHEK®, and ImmunoComb® were minimal.
Sustained Vaccination Coverage during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Epidemic in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Yu Jeong Hee , Jeong Hang jin , Kim Seon Ju , Lee Jae Young , Choe Young June , Choi Eun Hwa , Cho En Hi
Published: December 2020

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination coverage may decline due to limited accessibility to healthcare. We assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vaccination coverage and the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in the Republic of Korea. National vaccination coverage of 10 essential vaccines administered to children between January–June 2019 and January–June 2020 was analyzed. The national incidence of selected VPDs was compared for the corresponding periods. During the COVID-19 outbreak, the vaccination rate in children aged 0–35 months in Korea did not decrease significantly, whereas the vaccination rate for children aged 4–6 years decreased by 1.4–1.9%. The overall incidence of VPDs decreased by 10–50% between 2019 and 2020, especially with varicella. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic did not result in a decrease in vaccination coverage among Korean children, which prevented a surge in VPD incidence. Maintaining essential vaccination coverage without interruption is important during the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Development of a Safe and Highly Efficient Inactivated Vaccine Candidate against Lumpy Skin Disease Virus
Authors: Wolff Janika , Moritz Tom , Schlottau Kore , Hoffmann Donata , Beer Martin , Hoffmann Bernd
Published: December 2020

Capripox virus (CaPV)-induced diseases (lumpy skin disease, sheeppox, goatpox) are described as the most serious pox diseases of livestock animals, and therefore are listed as notifiable diseases under guidelines of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Until now, only live-attenuated vaccines are commercially available for the control of CaPV. Due to numerous potential problems after vaccination (e.g., loss of the disease-free status of the respective country, the possibility of vaccine virus shedding and transmission as well as the risk of recombination with field strains during natural outbreaks), the use of these vaccines must be considered carefully and is not recommended in CaPV-free countries. Therefore, innocuous and efficacious inactivated vaccines against CaPV would provide a great tool for control of these diseases. Unfortunately, most inactivated Capripox vaccines were reported as insufficient and protection seemed to be only short-lived. Nevertheless, a few studies dealing with inactivated vaccines against CaPV are published, giving evidence for good clinical protection against CaPV-infections. In our studies, a low molecular weight copolymer-adjuvanted vaccine formulation was able to induce sterile immunity in the respective animals after severe challenge infection. Our findings strongly support the possibility of useful inactivated vaccines against CaPV-infections, and indicate a marked impact of the chosen adjuvant for the level of protection.
Assessment on the Effectiveness of Urban Stormwater Management
Authors: Zhang Yixin , Zhao Weihan , Chen Xue , Jun Changhyun , Hao Jianli , Tang Xiaonan , Zhai Jun
Published: December 2020

Stormwater management is a key issue in line with global problems of urbanization and climate change. Assessing the effectiveness in managing stormwater is crucial to maintain urban resilience to flooding risk. A method based on a stormwater management model (SWMM) was developed for assessing the control of stormwater runoff volume and the percentage removal of suspended solids by implementing a Sponge City strategy. An interdisciplinary approach was adopted incorporating Low Impact Development (LID) with urban green infrastructure and grey infrastructure paradigms in a typical old residential community in Suzhou, China. Sponge facilities for reducing stormwater runoff included bio-retention cells, permeable pavements, grassed pitches, and stormwater gardens. The simulation results of SWMM show that the stormwater pipe system can meet the management standard for storms with a five-year recurrence interval. The volume capture ratio of annual runoff was 91%, which is higher than control target of 80%. The suspended solids reduction rate was 56%, which meets the requirement of planning indicators. Thus, the proposed method of spongy facilities can be used for renovation planning in old residential areas in China. Implementing spongy facilities with a LID strategy for stormwater management can significantly enhance urban water resilience and improve ecosystem services.
Effect of Current and Initial pH on Electrocoagulation in Treating the Distillery Spent Wash with Very High Pollutant Content
Authors: Syaichurrozi Iqbal , Sarto Sarto , Sediawan Wahyudi Budi , Hidayat Muslikhin
Published: December 2020

The distillery spent wash (DSW) from bioethanol industries has a very high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Hence, the goal of this study is to investigate the effect of currents (2.5, 3 and 3.5 A) and initial pHs (4.4, 5.0 and 7.0) on electrocoagulation (EC) to decrease the COD in DSW. The results showed that the EC at the current of 3.5 A enabled a higher COD removal efficiency (74.9%) than those at the currents of 2.5 (35.4%) and 3 A (60.9%). Furthermore, the initial pH of 7.0 resulted in a higher COD removal efficiency than the initial pHs of 4.4 and 5.0. The solution pH and temperature increased throughout the process. The working volume was not constant due to the reactions of water reduction, evaporation and flotation. Scum and sludge productions were also monitored during the process. Then, the measured data (COD, sludge and scum) were used in the modeling. The simple mechanistic models were successfully built and applied to simulate the data in mass units with two different routes of process. Route 1 assumed that the COD was converted to sludge and then the latter was converted to scum. Route 2 assumed that the COD was converted to the sludge and scum at the same time. When the EC was operated at the initial pH of 4.4, the COD removal process followed route 1, but that at the initial pHs of 5.0 and 7.0, the COD removal process followed route 2. The higher the current applied in the EC, the higher the kinetic constants of ka and kb. Additionally, the higher the initial pH set, the higher the kinetic constants were. This showed that the formation rates of sludge and scum at the higher currents or initial pHs were faster than those at the lower values.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СПОСОБОВ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВА
ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГИИ В ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ СЕТЯХ
Authors:   Рырсалиев А.С., Мамытов А.Э., Эсеналиев Н., Шамуров Ш., Дамиров И.М.
Published: December 2020

В данной статье рассмотрены способы повышения качества электроэнергии
в электрических сетях. Кроме способов контроля и регулирования показателей качества
электроэнергии для переменного тока, рассмотрен постоянный ток, как основной источник
питания. Применение постоянного тока для электроснабжения электроустановок зданий
предлагается как один из альтернативных вариантов для электроснабжения сектора
экономики с однофазной нагрузкой с целью существенного снижения потерь электроэнергии
(по предварительным оценкам до 20%)
School-based hand washing using the ‘tippy-tap’ intervention in basic public schools Ghana: A Pre- and Post- Descriptive study in the Volta Region
Authors: Kweku Margaret , Amu Hubert , Adjuik Martin , Ayanore Martin Amogre , Manu Emmanuel , Narh Clement , Aku Fortress Yayra , Komesuor Joyce , Tarkang Elvis Enowbeyang , Gyapong John Owusu
Published: December 2020

We examined the availability and utilisation of hand washing facilities in public basic schools in the Volta Region before and after a ‘tippy-tap’ intervention project by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Ghana in 2017. This descriptive study involved 29 Primary and Junior High Schools from 6 districts in the Volta Region. A total of 316 and 346 pupils respectively, aged 9–20 years were interviewed in the baseline and end line surveys. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in estimating outcomes of interest. We found that the availability of hand washing stations increased from 61.1% in the baseline survey to 97.7% in the end line survey. Hand washing after defecation also improved from 68.7% during baseline to 82.7% in the end line survey. Among pupils who washed their hands after urinating, there was an increase from 13.6% in the baseline to 30.6% in the end line survey. While 77.2% of the pupils washed their hands before eating in the baseline survey, this decreased to 74.3% in the end line survey. Pupils in the end line survey were also three times more likely to practise hand washing compared to the base line. We conclude that the tippy-tap intervention improved hand washing practices of pupils. The tippy-tap project could be replicated by UNICEF Ghana in other regions of the country. In the Volta Region, however, there is a clear need for more installation and management of tippy-taps in schools. The schools should also intensify education on hand washing.
FORMATION OF ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENT OF A HISTORICAL CENTER CITIES OF ROSTOV-ON-DON
Authors: Ivanenko O , Belova A.
Published: December 2020

In the study the features of the formation of historical and state-of-the-art architecture of Rostov-on-Don were observed. The features of architecture in the context of the historical and architectural development of the city. Tendencies of development of the environmental approach in buildings using, as examples, the historical monuments of cultural heritage and new present-day structures based on field-scale and scientific research.

Relevance of the study is devoted to problem of development of architectural environment of historical center cities, including the Rostov-on-Don, to save its completeness and authenticity.

The goal of study is to analyze a nowadays architectural environment of a center city in the Rostov-on-Don, using the some of the samples, as well as to analyze the effect of some state-f-the-art construction objects on the city architecture.

The task of the study is to determine the effect of present-day buildings on architectural-artistic appearance of architectural environment of a center city in the Rostov-on-Don.

Rostov-on-Don city is unique and from the architectural point of view. Its appearance was formed during a 300 years.

In the study historical environment of Rostov-on-Don was observed basing on some of the examples of present-day and historical construction of buildings, their impact on the perception of the integrity and authenticity of the architectural environment. Examples of successful and negative experiences were given. The analysis of the perception of the historical appearance of the Rostov-on-Don city was realized.
Teatro y política en la Atenas clásica desde la mirada de Plutarco
Authors: Sapere Analía Verónica
Published: December 2020

El presente trabajo se propone estudiar la relación entre política y teatro en Atenas clásica en las Vidas paralelas de Plutarco. Intentamos mostrar que, de acuerdo con Plutarco, los políticos atenienses hacen uso de técnicas teatrales para obtener la aprobación del pueblo y así fortalecer su poder. En primer lugar indagaremos en las opiniones literarias de Plutarco acerca del teatro. En segundo lugar nos valdremos de las herramientas del análisis del discurso para abordar las vidas de Alcibíades, Nicias y Pericles, dado que representan tres estilos diferentes de liderazgo. Para finalizar, confrontaremos las conclusiones con la situación en Esparta.
La regulación metacognitiva sobre los modos de pensar en el aula de biología
Authors: Pérez Gastón Mariano , González Galli Leonardo Martín
Published: December 2020

La enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las ciencias suele ser problemático debido a múltiples factores. Uno de estos problemas corresponde a los modos de razonar u obstáculos epistemológicos de los sujetos como pueden ser, entre otros, el esencialismo o el determinismo. En este trabajo nos propusimos caracterizar los procesos de regulación metacognitiva que emergieron durante una propuesta didáctica basada en la modelización y la metacognición sobre los obstáculos epistemológicos. Esta caracterización se basó en los datos colectados de una secuencia didáctica sobre dos modelos de la biología evolutiva. Desde una perspectiva cualitativa-interpretativa se construyeron tres categorías para cumplimentar con el objetivo. Una de ellas corresponde a un tipo de regulación simple en la que solo se señala el obstáculo epistemológico bajo ciertas explicaciones de los estudiantes. Las otras dos categorías corresponden a una regulación de tipo compleja en la que además de señalar se construye una explicación alternativa con elementos construidos durante la secuencia didáctica. En esta última distinguimos regulaciones de tipo individual y de tipo social. Estas categorías permiten pensar en posibles intervenciones con el objetivo de desarrollar habilidades metacognitivas necesarias para construir un pensamiento crítico en los estudiantes.
Educación Sexual Integral: reflexiones sobre experiencias institucionales en el nivel secundario
Authors: Vázquez María Soledad
Published: December 2020

En este artículo pongo en diálogo diferentes experiencias de Educación Sexual que tuvieron lugar en el nivel secundario de una institución de gestión privada con otras desarrolladas en un Bachillerato Popular. En la primera, se escolarizan adolescentes de entre 12 y 18 años que, en su mayoría, son de sectores socioeconómicos medios y medios-altos; en la segunda, jóvenes y adultos que atraviesan profundas vulnerabilidades materiales y simbólicas. Ambas escuelas son laicas y se ubican en diferentes municipios de la provincia de Buenos Aires.

Se trata de experiencias sucedidas en los últimos cuatro años, a las que accedo desarrollando dos roles diferentes: en la escuela de gestión privada, como docente orientadora con tareas de Educación Sexual Integral a cargo; en el Bachillerato Popular, como investigadora, en el marco del trabajo de campo de mi tesis doctoral.

Mi tesis está centrada en las escolaridades y en los vínculos que ocho jóvenes con experiencias de maternidad y de sectores populares sostienen con sus propias madres. Su metodología es el enfoque biográfico. Actualmente, estoy abocada a su escritura.

En ambas instituciones, ya sea como docente orientadora o como investigadora, he visualizado que varios estudiantes y sus familias rechazan la Educación Sexual Integral, sobre todo el tratamiento de dos de sus dimensiones claves: el respeto por la diversidad y el ejercicio de los derechos. Sin embargo, los conflictos asociados a estos rechazos son abordados institucionalmente de diferentes modos. Como desarrollo en este artículo, en la escuela de gestión privada la conducción directiva procura evitar cualquier tipo de controversia silenciando las temáticas rechazadas. En el Bachillerato Popular, en cambio, se consideran los conflictos como parte de las condiciones de abordaje de la sexualidad en la escuela y, desde allí, se habilitan espacios pedagógicos para su despliegue.
La impronta andina en la poesía de César Vallejo
Authors: Lespada Gustavo
Published: December 2020

Si en Los heraldos negros se manifiesta la rebeldía temática, sobre todo ante un mundo abandonado por Dios, y si en Trilce predomina la rebelión categórica contra el estatuto del lenguaje y el universo simbólico, Poemas humanos y España, aparta de mí este cáliz componen la síntesis perfecta de la crítica social y humana con las transgresiones formales más audaces. El proyecto poético de César Vallejo, que comienza a perfilarse desde sus primeros versos, contiene –además de terminología e imaginario quechua– registros de la oralidad y numerosos elementos identitarios propios de la cosmovisión incaica de cuya ascendencia se enorgullece. Las concepciones comunitarias del Ayllu incaico se encuentran cifradas en su cristianismo sincrético en Los heraldos negros, para luego manifestarse en Trilce, en franca oposición a la hostilidad y las relaciones contractuales o mercantilistas de la ciudad moderna. Identificar y estudiar esta persistente identidad cultural a partir de distintas entradas a su obra poética es el objetivo de este trabajo.
Avispas (Insecta: Hymenoptera) asociadas a árboles urbanos de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Durán-Prieto Juliana , Tulande-Marín Esteban , Ocampo-Flóres Valentina
Published: December 2020

Urban trees are a source of food resources, habitat and refuge for the biodiversity that occurs in cities. However, the taxonomic identity and status of each plant species as native and / or exotic of in an ecosystem influences its interactions with biodiversity. Wasps are one of the main insects present in terrestrial ecosystems, including urban ecosystems, as components of their biodiversity, playing an important role as biocontrol agents (predators and parasitoids) of populations of other insects associated with urban flora or as phytophagous. Seeking to deepen into the knowledge of the diversity of wasps in the city of Bogotá and their ecological interactions, in this study the diversity of wasps associated with three native and three exotic species frequently in urban parks of the city was evaluated. In total, 22 wasp families and 227 morphospecies were identified. The families Bethylidae, Chalcididae and Crabronidae are recorded for the first time in Bogotá. On the other part, the families Eulophidae, Ichneumonidae and Braconidae were the ones that contributed with the most richness and abundance in this study. Regarding their association with the evaluated plant species, a greater diversity of morphospecies associated with native tree species was found, however, there is an effect of the taxonomic identity and the factor park on the results that are discussed. It highlighting the importance of conserving the native urban flora in green spaces of Bogota’s city, in order to maintain and preserve the diversity of wasps principally with parasitoid and predator habits and thus enhance their role as natural biocontrol agents of insects that affect the health of urban trees, at the same time that ecological processes and functionality of this urban ecosystem would be stimulated.
Derechos patrimoniales inscribibles a favor del concebido
Authors: Samillán Rivera Aldo Raúl
Published: December 2020

Nuestra legislación ha regulado la adquisición de derechos patrimoniales sometida a la condición del nacimiento con vida del concebido; sin embargo, su protección bajo los alcances de la seguridad jurídica que brinda el registro no se encuentra del todo clara. Por ello, el análisis de la figura que regula el artículo 1 del Código Civil es de suma importancia para establecer pautas y consideraciones previas a tener en cuenta en la elaboración del contrato, su calificación registral y, finalmente, la inscripción del derecho patrimonial definitivo, directrices que están difuminadas a lo largo de nuestro sistema normativo y que en este trabajo se recopilarán para su análisis.
A epopeia da descida ao submundo da floresta
Authors: Triana Yago Quiñones
Published: December 2020

O presente artigo percorre várias narrativas de exploradores da região do Putumayo (Amazônia) em diferentes momentos históricos, identificando uma série de elementos que se repetem em todas elas. Especificamente, encontramos a imagem da floresta como um submundo, em contraposição com a civilização, e a figura do explorador como uma espécie de herói que desce nele e cumpre um percurso transformador que o leva, eventualmente, à redenção ao voltar no mundo civilizado. Trata-se da epopeia da descida do homem branco no submundo da floresta. Além da floresta, no submundo o explorador vai encontrar aos índios “selvagens” que fazem parte integral dele, a partir do diálogo com estas figuras podem se entender vários mecanismos sobre a forma como o branco interpreta sua relação com a alteridade neste contexto específico. Mais precisamente, o texto propõe analisar a persistência de certas ideias preconcebidas sobre a floresta e seus habitantes, e como elas dificultam o diálogo entre os sujeitos envolvidos e influenciam a intepretação da realidade encontrada pelo explorador branco.
Galdera partikulak euskaraz
Authors: Monforte Sergio
Published: December 2020

Lan honetan ekialdeko eta erdialdeko hizkerek polaritatezko galderetan erabiltzen dituztenpartikulak aztertzen ditut ikuspuntu sintaktiko batetik: ekialdekoa (-a) Jokatutasun buruan kokatzen dela eta erdialdekoa (al) Denbora Sintagmaren eta Konplementatzaile Sintagmaren arteko Partikula Sintagmaren buruan kokatzen dela proposatzen dut. Ondorio horretara heltzeko, hainbat ebidentziatan oinarritu naiz: a) beste partikulekin ager daitezke?; b) isiltzen dira DenbS-ren elipsiaren ondorioz?; eta, azkenik, c) zehar galderetan erabil daitezke? Datu tipologikoek indartzen dute -a eta al partikulak kokapen berekoak ez direlako hipotesia; KonpS eremuko eta DenbS eremuko partikulak dira, hurrenez hurren.
Hebetic ioan gabe ene buruya: zenbait gogoeta buru hitzaren erabilera anaforikoen eta bihurkarien diakroniaz
Authors: Salaberri Iker
Published: December 2020

Lan honetan euskarazko buru-egitura bihurkariaren sorrerak kanpoko eta barneko zergatiak dituela argudiatzen da: alde batetik, Erdi Aroko latinarekiko ukipenaren ondorioz sortu zela proposatzen da, errepikapen gramatikalizazioa delako mekanismoaren bidez. Hipotesi honen arabera, prozesuaren iturria Erdi Aroko latinean ediren daitezkeen caput hitzaren erabilera anaforikoetan eta bihurkarietan bilatu beharra dago. Bertze aldetik, buru hitzak zentzu berria hedapen semantikoaren ondorioz, hau da, metonimiaz garatu zuela iradokitzen da. Proposamen hauek euskararen historiarako eta berreraiketarako dituzketen ondorioak ere eztabaidatzen dira.
Introduced fish assemblages in a mosaic of urban ponds: evidence for species-area and diversity-dominance patterns
Authors: Battisti Corrado , Di Santo Maria Paola , Luiselli Luca , Amori Giovanni , Carpaneto Giuseppe M.
Published: December 2020

We studied species-area and diversity-dominance patterns in fish communities of a mosaic of urban ponds (Rome, Italy). We detected 10 fish species (all introduced) in 40 isolated ponds (12.9% of the total; n = 311). The log-transformed species-area relationship (logS = 0.04 logA + 0.16) was significant. Assuming the lack of mechanisms of natural immigration between totally isolated ponds, the number of fish species in this mosaic of ponds may depend exclusively on progressive extinctions and on random and arbitrary events of introduction (acting as human-mediated immigration), these latter explaining the apparently low taxon-related isolation indicated by a low z value (= 0.04). We observed a significantly lower number of species in the smallest ponds and a further threshold under 1 ha in size: these values could represent an interesting threshold for pond management. The diversity-dominance approach evidenced pond size effect acting as a factor of stress on these assemblages.
Wallowing in Buffalo and summer management
Authors: Bhakat Champak
Published: December 2020

Wallowing has two purposes; the most obvious is that of cooling, the other is protection from insects. Wallowing during day time is done during the hottest hours. Wallowing during night time is instead a way for the animal to protect itself from insects. The buffalo has few sweat glands and a dark skin which makes it difficult for them to maintain their body temperature in hot and humid environments. Wallowing is a very important way for the buffaloes to maintain their body temperature. When buffaloes enter the water, they defecate and/or urinate. This seems to be a way to mark their wallow. Wallowing behavior is a learnt behavior. An animal that has not wallowed from birth with other animals will not do so on its own. Teaching such an animal to wallow is almost impossible for humans. The buffalo has to learn it from other buffaloes, even so, the adult buffalo will be very suspicious and may not wallow by its own choice. If no water or mud hole is available, the buffaloes behave more like cattle. They will seek shade and graze more during the cool hours and less during the hot hours.Amongst different environmental conditions, it is the hot weather that compromises the productive and reproductive performance of livestock species. The plains, coast-line and foot-hill regions of the Indian subcontinent, home to over 90% of the worlds’ buffaloes, experience varied and extreme weather conditions, with temperatures reaching up to 48°C in summers and as low as minus 2°C in winters. The presence of large buffalo population in such diverse climatic conditions indicates that buffaloes are well-adapted to such climatic extremes.
PENGELOLAAN RETRIBUSI PASAR SENTRAL KOTA KENDARI DALAM MENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH
Authors: Amir Muh. , Liwaul Liwaul
Published: December 2020

The research objective was to determine the Management of Central Market Retribution in Kendari City to Increase Local Revenue. The research method used is a qualitative technique, namely interactive analysis techniques, which have stepped through data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The subjects in this research were employees of the Kendari City Tax and Retribution Management Agency, by determining 5 research informants purposively. The results of this research indicate that the management of market fees is not optimal, this can be seen in the ineffective planning of market levy management, because it is not supported by accurate data regarding the potential of the central market, especially traders who have no place in the market. Organizing has also not been effective, in terms of working standards, the attitudes of the central market levies that have not complied with the rules in its implementation, such as rules on working hours, and discrimination in the collection. In the case of the collectors' remuneration that is not on time, and under supervision is still lacking and only relies on reports of monthly revenue. The acceptance of market retribution has also not reached the target, due to the inadequate implementation of the management function, particularly the supervisory function.