bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A progressive damage FEA model for glass/epoxy shell structures
Authors: Philippidis Theodore P , Antoniou Alexandros E
Published: January 2013

Constitutive models simulating anisotropic non-linear elastic behavior followed by progressive damage and failure prediction of moderately thick Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) composite laminates were investigated in the present study. Stress analysis was performed using a Mindlin-Reissner shell formulation of a commercial code allowing for user-defined material constitutive equations. Progressive damage concepts based on inherent lamina non-linearity, numerous failure criteria, e.g. Puck, Chang, etc., and several property degradation strategies were implemented. In-plane mechanical properties of a glass/epoxy unidirectional composite, considered as the basic building block in the simulation, were thoroughly characterized in the frame of a comprehensive experimental program. Exhaustive model validation was performed by comparing numerical results with data from series of experimental tests on multidirectional laminates. Predicted damage pattern evolution along with macroscopic stress–strain behavior was found in very good agreement with strain gauge data and photos of failed test coupons.
Infotainment, cynicism and democracy: The effects of privatization vs personalization in the news
Authors: Jebril Nael , Albæk Erik , de Vreese Claes H
Published: January 2013

This cross-national study examines the effects of infotainment on cynicism about politics in Denmark, Britain and Spain. Drawing on panel surveys and media content analyses the study distinguishes between privatization and personalization elements in infotainment content and tests for their separate effects on political cynicism. The results suggest that the differential presence of infotainment elements is more consistent among countries than between media or news outlets. Exposure to privatization content has a positive effect on cynicism across the board. Exposure to personalization elements only increases cynicism among segments who are more interested in politics, and it decreases cynicism among the less interested segments. The results are discussed in the light of research on conditional media effects.
An Investigation of Desired Friendships During Early Adolescence
Authors: Thomas Katelyn K. , Bowker Julie C.
Published: January 2013

This study of 384 young adolescents (45% girls, M age = 12.94 years) and their desired friendships (friendships that adolescents indicate they would like to form in the future) examined whether (a) adolescents desire to be friends with peers who are well-liked, popular, aggressive, and prosocial; (b) having desired friendships is associated with likeability, popularity, aggression, and prosocial behaviors; and (c) being desired as a friend and having desired friendships are associated uniquely with loneliness. Results revealed that adolescents desire to be friends with peers who are popular, well-liked, and aggressive, but not necessarily prosocial. In addition, girls with desired friendships were less popular than girls without desired friendships; they also reported greater loneliness, after accounting for related peer experiences. Findings from this study highlight the need for future work on desired friendships and adjustment, for young adolescent boys and girls.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Supreme Court’s Forest Grove Decision?
Authors: Zirkel Perry A.
Published: January 2013

The article by Dixon, Eusebio, Turton, Wright, and Hale is entitled “ Forest Grove School District v. T.A. Supreme Court Case: Implications for School Psychology Practice.” Its implications are that a “comprehensive evaluation” under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires assessment of the child’s cognitive neuropsychological as well as academic and psychosocial functioning and, thus, must include cognitive assessment in the identification of specific learning disabilities. However, neither the Supreme Court’s Forest Grove decision nor the other legal authority that Dixon et al. cited provide such a requirement. Instead, the applicable federal regulations and case law generally are far less detailed and definitive in prescribing appropriate evaluations under the IDEA. This discrepancy illustrates the need of the special education and school psychology literature to improve the legal information and understanding of practitioners by more careful differentiation of analysis and advocacy that does not confuse legal requirements with professional norms.
Zinc sulphate and vitamin E alleviate reproductive toxicity caused by aluminium sulphate in male albino rats
Authors: Rawi Sayed M. , Seif Al Nassr Fatma M.
Published: January 2013

This study was designed to investigate the reproductive toxicity of aluminium sulphate and the therapeutic effects of administration of zinc sulphate and vitamin E individually or in combination against the toxic effect caused by aluminium (Al) in male albino rats. The animals were divided into five groups: group 1 received distilled water and served as control; group 2 received only aluminium sulphate (50 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)); group 3 received aluminium sulphate (50 mg/kg b.w.) plus zinc sulphate (50 mg/kg b.w.); group 4 received aluminium sulphate (50 mg/kg b.w.) and vitamin E (15 mg/kg b.w.); group 5 received aluminium sulphate plus a combination of zinc sulphate and vitamin E in similar doses as above. Doses were administered orally once daily for 45 consecutive days. The results revealed that aluminium sulphate induced significant decrease in body weight gain and testis weight and significant increase in Al level in both serum and testes of male rats. Biochemical analysis showed significant decrease in serum total protein and phospholipids levels, while serum total lipid was significantly elevated post Al treatment. In addition, significant decrease in total protein, phospholipids and cholesterol levels in the testes of Al-treated rats was recorded. The data also showed significant decrease in the levels of serum testosterone, leutinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone and significant increase in the level of serum prolactin in Al-intoxicated rats. Moreover, histological examination showed that aluminium sulphate caused apparent alterations in the testicular structure of the treated animals. Treatment with zinc sulphate and vitamin E individually or in combination ameliorated the harmful effects of Al, which was proved histopathologically by the noticeable improvement in the testicular tissues. We can conclude that the tested dose of aluminium sulphate induced toxic effect on the reproductive system of male albino rats and the treatment with zinc sulphate and/or vitamin E alleviated these toxic effects. In some cases, vitamin E exerted a more potent effect, while in other cases, the more potent effect is related to zinc sulphate and the combination of both at most of the recorded data.
Plasma Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Troponin Levels in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock
Authors: Klouche Kada , Pommet Stephane , Amigues Laurent , Bargnoux Anne Sophie , Dupuy Anne Marie , Machado Sonia , Serveaux-Delous Marianne , Morena Marion , Jonquet Olivier , Cristol Jean Paul
Published: January 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels as mortality prognosticator and predictor for myocardial dysfunction in severe sepsis and septic shock. Baseline clinical and biological variables were collected from 47 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Ventricular systolic function assessed by echocardiography was measured over a 5-day period. Both cTnI and BNP plasmatic levels were determined at intensive care unit (ICU) admission and during the following 15 days. At admission, cTnI and BNP levels were compared to those of 12 control critically ill nonseptic patients. The plasma levels of BNP and cTnI in patients with sepsis were elevated at admission and significantly higher than in the controls. Among patients with sepsis, BNP levels were significantly more elevated in nonsurvivors compared to survivors at admission and 1 day later. The cTnI levels were also significantly more elevated in nonsurvivors compared to survivors, but only at admission. From admission to day 5, patients with sepsis with left ventricular systolic dysfunction had higher BNP plasmatic concentrations than those without; differences were significant at days 3 and 4. In contrast, plasma cTnI levels were similar between the 2 groups. In critically ill patients, sepsis induces significant increase in BNP and cTnI levels. High BNP and cTnI plasma levels during ICU admission appear to be associated with poor outcome of sepsis. Time course of BNP levels seems helpful to discriminate between surviving and nonsurviving patients with sepsis and to detect myocardial dysfunction where troponin levels fail to do so.
Exploring Media Representations of Weight-Loss Surgery
Authors: Glenn Nicole M. , McGannon Kerry R. , Spence John C.
Published: January 2013

Scholars have problematized popular culture and media (re)presentations of obesity/overweight. However, few have considered the ways bariatric surgery, a rapidly growing treatment for morbid obesity, fits within the discussion. In this article, we explore news media (re)presentations of bariatric surgery using an eclectic approach to critical discourse analysis. Our findings reveal dominant discourses about bariatric surgery and the surgical population, providing an understanding of media (re)presentations as possible contributors to bias, stigmatization, and discrimination. Novel in our findings was our identification of subject positions in the dominant discourses (which were biomedical and benevolent government). We argue that existing (re)presentations of bariatric surgery are highly problematic because they reinforce oversimplistic and binary understandings of weight-loss surgery and obesity, weaving a highly gendered fairy-tale narrative and ultimately promoting weight-based stigmatization.
Examination of the Role of Implicit Clinical Judgments During the Mental Health Intake
Authors: Nakash Ora , Alegría Margarita
Published: January 2013

We examined the characteristics of therapists’ implicit clinical judgments during the mental health intake. Following the intake sessions with new clients, we conducted 129 semistructured interviews with 47 therapists. We found that 82% of therapists and 75% of interviews included reference to implicit clinical judgments. Therapists referred to these judgments as a cognitive process that relied on knowledge acquired through past clinical experiences and was primarily based on nonverbal cues and affective communication. Therapists used implicit processes when evaluating how to facilitate a good working alliance, what diagnostic information to collect, and how to decide on a diagnosis. The majority of therapists described elements of good rapport, such as being listened to, as central for a positive outcome of the intake. We concluded that implicit clinical judgments were vital to allow therapists to integrate the plethora of information from different channels of communication they collect during the intake.
Safety Assessment of Trimoniums as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Becker Lillian C. , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Andersen F. Alan
Published: January 2013

Quaternary ammonium salts, including alkyl chain, alkanol, and polymer derivatives (trimoniums) are used in cosmetics mainly as surfactant-cleansing agents, hair-conditioning agents, and antistatic agents.  The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel reviewed the relevant animal and human data and noted gaps in the available safety data for some of the trimomiums.  The available data on many of the trimoniums are sufficient, however, and similar structural activity relationships, functions in cosmetics, and cosmetic product usage supported extending these data to the entire group.  These ingredients were determined to be safe in the present practices of use and concentration when formulated to be nonirritating.
Frequency domain modeling of eddy current loss for magnetic thrust bearings
Authors: Zhang MS , Tian YS
Published: January 2013

The eddy current loss, produced in the solid stator and thrust disk by a time-dependent field, limits the operation performance of magnetic thrust bearings. Therefore, the accurate modeling of eddy current loss is essential for them. This article presents an analytical model to calculate the eddy current loss for a magnetic thrust bearing. After dividing the magnetic thrust bearing into several parts according to flux distributions, the eddy current loss expression for each iron part is proposed by solving one-dimensional diffusion equations and integrating power density over the volume. As the boundary condition of the magnetic field problem, the surface magnetic field intensity is confirmed by a fractional transfer function. Finally, the validity of this model is verified by finite element method analysis and experimental measurements. Based on the above analysis and research, this modeling method can be used as a reference for the eddy current loss calculation of nonlaminated actuators.
Healthy appearances – distorted body images? Young adults negotiating body motives
Authors: Liimakka Satu
Published: January 2013

Drawing on focus group discussions, this article explores how young, Finnish university students view the cultural ideals of health and appearance. The young adults noted how body practices aiming at health can turn into unhealthy obsessions. As a result, a healthy-looking body may serve to cover an underlying body image distortion. Health and well-being were defined as appropriate motives for engaging in body projects, while appearance as a motive was questioned. I argue that the current promotion of health may cause individuals to experience pressure to outwardly appear healthy at the cost of neglecting the subjective experience of well-being, and that this may especially influence young women.
The relationship between job stress and dyslipidemia
Authors: Catalina-Romero C. , Calvo E. , Sánchez-Chaparro M. A. , Valdivielso P. , Sainz J. C. , Cabrera M. , González-Quintela A. , Román J. ,   On behalf of the ICARIA (Ibermutuamur Cardiovascular Risk Assessment) Study Group
Published: January 2013

Aims: To investigate whether there is an association between job stress, lipid profile and dyslipidemia diagnosis. Methods: This study used a questionnaire to evaluate job stress and lifestyle variables in 91,593 workers undergoing periodic checkups. Serum lipid levels were measured in all cases. Results: The prevalence of job stress was 8.7% (95% CI, 8.5–8.8%). In bivariate analyses, job stress was significantly associated with previous dyslipidemia diagnosis ( p < 0.001), lipid-lowering therapy ( p < 0.001), and altered total-cholesterol ( p = 0.001), HDL-cholesterol ( p < 0.001) and LDL-cholesterol levels ( p = 0.025). After adjusting for potential confounding variables, job stress was still associated with current dyslipidemia diagnosis (OR = 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04–1.17), high LDL-cholesterol (OR = 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05–1.23), low HDL-cholesterol (OR 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01–1.15), high total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (OR 1.13; 95% CI, 1.05–1.23) and high LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (OR 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04–1.19). Conclusion: These results support the hypothesis of an association between job stress and lipid disturbances.
Nature trips and traditional methods for food procurement in relation to weight status
Authors: Bere Elling , Westersjø Johne H.
Published: January 2013

Aims: The purpose of this study is to assess the relationships between trips in nature, gathering of wild plants, fishing and hunting and weight status. Methods: Data from a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 996 parents of sixth- and seventh-graders from 38 randomly chosen schools in two Norwegian counties. All data are self-reported: Weight and height (participants were considered as overweight if BMI were 25 or higher), family trips in nature (dichotomized into ≥once a week vs. less than once a week), gathering of wild plants/mushrooms, fishing and hunting (all dichotomized into ≥sometimes vs. never), sex, family education level and general physical activity level. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed with overweight as the dependent variable Results: Adjusting for all outdoor activities; those engaging in nature trips (OR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.37–0.75) and those engaging in gathering (OR = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.55–0.98) were less frequently overweight, while those fishing (OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.35–2.47) were more frequently overweight. After also adjusting for sex, family education level and general physical activity level, nature trips (OR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.36–0.75) and fishing (OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.12–2.10) were still significant, gathering was not. No association between hunting and weight status was observed. Conclusion: Frequent family trips in nature might be an important behaviour in order to reverse the obesity epidemic.
Vehicle path following control in the presence of driver inputs
Authors: Mashadi Behrooz , Mahmoodi-K Mehdi , Kakaee Amir H , Hosseini Rana
Published: January 2013

The main contribution of this article is the development of a controller for tracking of the driver intended path of an integrated driver/vehicle system. The controller receives heading and lateral deviation errors as well as the driver input and determines a corrective steering angle and a direct yaw moment to be applied to the vehicle so that a desired path is achieved. A genetic algorithm procedure is utilized in order to adapt a set of optimized controller parameters suitable for various driving styles, road conditions and the initial errors of vehicle position and orientation. The sensitivity of driver/vehicle system response to the driver model, road and vehicle initial conditions is investigated. Computer simulations are performed to study the effectiveness of the proposed controller in different driving conditions, namely single- and double-lane changes, J-turn and other desired tracks. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed controller was able to effectively keep the vehicle path very close to the desired path even in the presence of the driver commands.
Effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker on bones in mice with type 1 diabetes induced by streptozotocin
Authors: Zhang Yan , Diao Teng-Yue , Gu Sa-Sa , Wu Shu-Yan , Gebru Yoseph A , Chen Xi , Wang Jing-Yu , Ran Shu , Wong Man-Sau
Published: January 2013

Introduction:

This study was performed to address the pathological roles of the skeletal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in type 1 diabetes-induced osteoporosis and the effects of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker losartan on bones in diabetic mice.

Materials and methods:

Bone histomorphology was detected by H&E staining, Safranin O staining and X-ray radiography. Micro-CT was performed for the analysis of bone parameters. Gene and protein expression were determined by RT-PCR and immunoblotting.

Results:

Type 1 diabetic mice displayed osteopenia phenotype, and losartan treatment had no osteoprotective effects on diabetic mice as shown by the reduction of bone mineral density and microarchitectural parameters at the proximal metaphysis of the tibia. The mRNA expression of AGT, renin receptor and ACE, and protein expression of renin and AT1R were markedly up-regulated in the bones of vehicle-treated diabetic mice compared to those of non-diabetic mice. The treatment with losartan further significantly increased the expression of AGT, renin, angiotensin II and AT1R, and reduced the expression of AT2R receptor as compared to those of diabetic mice. Conclusion: Local bone RAS functionally played a role in the development of type 1 diabetic osteoporosis, and losartan had no bone-sparing function in diabetes mice because of enhance skeletal RAS activity.
Science and Documentary: Unity, Indexicality, Reality
Authors: Malitsky Joshua
Published: January 2013

This article serves as an introduction to this Special Issue and explores in depth three concepts integral to the links between science and documentary: unity, indexicality, and reality. After outlining how and why the ‘scientific’ has been conceived as a problem in scholarship on documentary, the author offers an alternative framework based on recent scholarship in science and technology studies. This model seeks to account for the value of critiques of scientific approaches while recognizing the ways in which scientists have developed methods of image management that maintain the usefulness of their evidence while simultaneously recognizing the contingency of their truth claims. The author proposes that a conception of indexicality as both trace and deixis provides one tool for understanding the multiple strategies that scientists employ to figure reality.
Forgetting Lessons: Jean Painlevé’s Cinematic Gay Science
Authors: Cahill James Leo
Published: January 2013

The French scientific and documentary filmmaker and para-Surrealist Jean Painlevé (1902−1989) established his reputation as the author of over 200 films, as well as an accomplished film programmer and activist. During the 1930s he made a series of critically ambivalent remarks about the pedagogical vocation of documentary films, describing film’s primary function in the classroom as causing spectators to ‘forget’ or ‘unlearn’ their lessons and expressing the desire to contribute to the total abolition of secondary education. Reflecting upon the relationship between Painlevé’s often overlooked pedagogical interventions and his films (particularly the documentaries Sea Urchins, 1929, and The Seahorse, 1935), this article develops a reading of the scientific documentary’s ‘forgetting function’ as part of an elaboration of a cinematic ‘gay science’: a film practice and theory regarding the epistemological and pedagogical stakes of documentary through both critical negation and an ethos of committed, creative experimentation.
Operative Bodies: Live Action and Animation in Medical Films of the 1920s
Authors: Ostherr Kirsten
Published: January 2013

This article examines the role of animation in early instructional medical films through close analysis of the films produced by the collaboration between the American College of Surgeons (ACS) and Eastman Kodak in the late 1920s. The ACS placed medical motion pictures at the center of surgical training and thus established moving images as fundamental to the practice of medicine. These films made extensive use of animation to present surgical sequences that were otherwise impossible to capture on film. By adopting the motion picture as an educational tool, the physician–filmmakers actively constructed medical reality through representations that depended on artifice to convey objective scientific truths. ‘Actual photography’ and animation were blended to visualize the invisible and simplify explanations by reducing the information contained in the visual image. The films simultaneously demonstrate how the motion picture camera served as a tool for medical documentation, training both their objects (the patients) and their subjects (the doctors) in the process.
The experience of gambling in an illegal casino: The gambling spin process
Authors: Bensimon Moshe , Baruch Alon , Ronel Natti
Published: January 2013

The present study depicts the experience of gambling in an illegal casino through a qualitative, phenomenological approach, in light of the criminal spin theory. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 gamblers and 4 staff members. Qualitative analysis of the data reveals several major categories that describe the participants’ experiences: fears in the illegal casino; learning through experience and with the assistance of a mentor; strengthening the sense of potency; a tunnel vision perspective; the growing urge to gamble; losing control; harming the family; and finding a way out of gambling. The findings indicate that the illegal casino created a unique atmosphere for its attendees that fostered a gambling spin that coincides with the motives of spin theory.
Crime prevention in rural Sweden
Authors: Ceccato Vania , Dolmen Lars
Published: January 2013

In this article we report examples of crime prevention (CP) experiences using case studies in rural municipalities in Sweden. Data from three different sources were analysed: semi-structured interviews with representatives of CP groups in eight rural municipalities, responses from an email survey, and a database of CP projects receiving funding from the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention. Findings show that youth-related problems are the major CP concern, which are translated into projects against violence and alcohol and drug addiction. National CP guidelines overlook the nature of rural crime, its seasonality and what happens outside the urban core. Although CP groups in rural Sweden face a number of challenges, they show indications of being well prepared to address youth-related problems. The article concludes with a summary of results and flags the need to extend the international evidence on crime prevention to include experiences that go beyond large city problems.
Animal rights extremism: Victimization, investigation and detection of a campaign of criminal intimidation
Authors: Donovan John , Coupe Richard Timothy
Published: January 2013

UK Ministry of Justice data and documents and police records are used to examine the crimes committed by SHAC (Stop Huntington Animal Cruelty) activists against Huntington Life Sciences, a company using animals for research. The police response and its effects on the animal rights campaign are also considered. The study is distinctive in that it explores activists’ modi operandi using case studies and the use of covert investigative techniques in policing offences against victims of animal rights activists. The effects of SHAC’s leadership ‘decapitation’ are measured, not only with offence numbers, but also by using sentence length to measure harm. The intelligence-led investigation proved effective in providing evidence of an organized campaign of intimidation that had very serious effects on families, employees and commercial profitability. Leadership removal resulted in a marked offending drop, offset somewhat by increased seriousness, so that overall harm fell, but less than expected from offence numbers. This counters the view that leadership removal in organizations motivated by ideological principles is pointless or counterproductive.
Knowledge and Power
Authors: Lunde Åshild , Heggen Kristin , Strand Roger
Published: January 2013

This article is concerned with how the development of mixed methods research is influenced by the many aspects of human interplay occurring between researchers representing different disciplines. It examines findings from interviews, field notes, and written documentation from a case study involving a team of health science researchers doing mixed methods research on athletes with knee injuries. The researchers experienced that they did not succeed in integrating quantitative and qualitative data collected from this research. From the collected data, a multiplicity of forms of interplay is identified and discussed. The article suggests that more attention needs to be given to power relations as an important aspect of collaboration between researchers belonging to different epistemic cultures.
Combined treatment with hyaluronan inhibitor Pep-1 and a selective adenosine A2 receptor agonist reduces inflammation in experimental arthritis
Authors: Campo Giuseppe M , Avenoso Angela , D’Ascola Angela , Nastasi Giancarlo , Micali Antonio , Puzzolo Domenico , Pisani Antonina , Prestipino Vera , Scuruchi Michele , Calatroni Alberto , Campo Salvatore
Published: January 2013

Investigations have suggested degradation of native hyaluronan (HA) into small oligosaccharides as being involved in the development and progression of inflammatory diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Inflammatory responses occur by modulating the TLR4 and 2, and the CD44 natural HA receptor. As reported recently, the adenosine A2 receptor (A2AR) plays an important anti-inflammatory role in arthritis. TLR4, TLR2 and CD44 stimulation activate NF-κB, which stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators. In contrast, A2AR stimulation inhibits NF-κB activation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined treatment of HA inhibitor Pep-1 and a selective A2AR agonist (CV-1808) in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. Arthritis was induced via intradermal injection of bovine collagen-II. Mice were treated with Pep-1 plus CV-1808 intraperitoneally daily for 20 d. CIA increased TLR4, TLR2, CD44 and A2AR mRNA expression and the related proteins in the joint cartilage of arthritic mice, where significantly increased concentrations were of TNF-α, IL-1-β, IL-17, matrix metalloprotease-13 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Pep-1 with CV-1808 treatment significantly reduced CIA damage and all the up-regulated biochemical parameters. These reductions were supported by microscopic analysis and synovial fluid HA levels.
Inherently Ambiguous: Facial Expressions of Emotions, in Context
Authors: Hassin Ran R. , Aviezer Hillel , Bentin Shlomo
Published: January 2013

With a few yet increasing number of exceptions, the cognitive sciences enthusiastically endorsed the idea that there are basic facial expressions of emotions that are created by specific configurations of facial muscles. We review evidence that suggests an inherent role for context in emotion perception. Context does not merely change emotion perception at the edges; it leads to radical categorical changes. The reviewed findings suggest that configurations of facial muscles are inherently ambiguous, and they call for a different approach towards the understanding of facial expressions of emotions. Prices of sticking with the modal view, and advantages of an expanded view, are succinctly reviewed.
What’s in a Word? Language Constructs Emotion Perception
Authors: Lindquist Kristen A. , Gendron Maria
Published: January 2013

In this review, we highlight evidence suggesting that concepts represented in language are used to create a perception of emotion from the constant ebb and flow of other people’s facial muscle movements. In this “construction hypothesis,” (cf. Gendron, Lindquist, Barsalou, & Barrett, 2012) (see also Barrett, 2006b; Barrett, Lindquist, & Gendron, 2007; Barrett, Mesquita, & Gendron, 2011), language plays a constitutive role in emotion perception because words ground the otherwise highly variable instances of an emotion category. We demonstrate that language plays a constitutive role in emotion perception by discussing findings from behavior, neuropsychology, development, and neuroimaging. We close by discussing implications of a constructionist view for the science of emotion.
Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying the Production of Facial Expression of Emotion: A Componential Perspective
Authors: Scherer Klaus R. , Mortillaro Marcello , Mehu Marc
Published: January 2013

We highlight the need to focus on the underlying determinants and production mechanisms to fully understand the nature of facial expression of emotion and to settle the theoretical debate about the meaning of motor expression. Although emotion theorists have generally remained rather vague about the details of the process, this has been a central concern of componential appraisal theories. We describe the fundamental assumptions and predictions of this approach regarding the patterning of facial expressions for different emotions. We also review recent evidence for the assumption that specific facial muscle movements may be reliable symptoms of certain appraisal outcomes and that facial expressions unfold over time on the basis of a sequence of appraisal check results.
Coherence between Emotion and Facial Expression: Evidence from Laboratory Experiments
Authors: Reisenzein Rainer , Studtmann Markus , Horstmann Gernot
Published: January 2013

Evidence on the coherence between emotion and facial expression in adults from laboratory experiments is reviewed. High coherence has been found in several studies between amusement and smiling; low to moderate coherence between other positive emotions and smiling. The available evidence for surprise and disgust suggests that these emotions are accompanied by their “traditional” facial expressions, and even components of these expressions, only in a minority of cases. Evidence concerning sadness, anger, and fear is very limited. For sadness, one study suggests that high emotion–expression coherence may exist in specific situations, whereas for anger and fear, the evidence points to low coherence. Insufficient emotion intensity and inhibition of facial expressions seem unable to account for the observed dissociations between emotion and facial expression.
The balance and gait disorder of essential tremor: what does this mean for patients?
Authors: Arkadir David , Louis Elan D.
Published: January 2013

Essential tremor (ET), once considered a monosymptomatic disease, is now viewed as a syndrome characterized by action tremor as well as a variety of other neurological features. These features include deficits of both balance (i.e. the ability to maintain the body within its base of support) and gait. Balance and gait abnormalities in ET have been studied most extensively in the laboratory, with the disability and burden on life, as experienced by patients with ET, being a subject of relatively less scrutiny. In this paper, we review the data on balance and gait impairment in ET. These include data both from objective assessments (bedside examination or laboratory gait analysis) and subjective assessments (patients’ reports of imbalance). We discuss the clinical implications of the current data, and suggest a tiered approach to begin to address the still unanswered questions in this field. This tiered approach starts with an attempt to isolate a subpopulation of patients who are at greatest risk of difficulty with balance and gait, and then later focuses on this subgroup to assess the burden of any balance and gait impairments as well as the impact of potential therapeutic interventions.
Approach Does Not Equal Approach
Authors: Krieglmeyer Regina , Deutsch Roland
Published: January 2013

There is inconsistent evidence as to whether angry faces evoke approach or avoidance tendencies. The present research sought to resolve this debate. We suggest that approach–avoidance movements can serve various goals (e.g., affiliation, aggression). Furthermore, we assume that these goals determine the effect of angry faces on approach–avoidance tendencies. In particular, angry faces communicate aggressive intentions and may therefore evoke aggressive tendencies in the perceiver. Thus, angry faces should trigger approach only when it serves aggression but not when it serves affiliation. Three studies showed that angry faces facilitated approach, when the behavior was represented as aggressive approach, but not when it was represented as peaceful approach. Furthermore, when approach was represented as peaceful approach and, hence, aggression was not an available option, angry faces facilitated avoidance. In sum, angry faces can evoke approach or avoidance, depending on the goals associated with these behaviors.
Classification of human natural killer cells based on migration behavior and cytotoxic response
Authors: Vanherberghen Bruno , Olofsson Per E. , Forslund Elin , Sternberg-Simon Michal , Khorshidi Mohammad Ali , Pacouret Simon , Guldevall Karolin , Enqvist Monika , Malmberg Karl-Johan , Mehr Ramit , Önfelt Björn
Published: January 2013

Key Points

Activated NK cells display heterogeneity in their cytotoxic responses that justifies grouping them into 5 distinct classes of NK cells. A subpopulation of particularly active “serial killer” NK cells deliver their lytic hits faster and release more perforin in each hit.
GATA-3 promotes T-cell specification by repressing B-cell potential in pro–T cells in mice
Authors: García-Ojeda Marcos E. , Klein Wolterink Roel G. J. , Lemaître Fabrice , Richard-Le Goff Odile , Hasan Milena , Hendriks Rudolf W. , Cumano Ana , Di Santo James P.
Published: January 2013

Key Points

Gata3 is critical for the transition of “double-negative” (DN) thymocyte DN1 to DN2. Gata3 represses a latent B-cell potential in DN thymocytes.
Quantitative analysis of murine terminal erythroid differentiation in vivo: novel method to study normal and disordered erythropoiesis
Authors: Liu Jing , Zhang Jianhua , Ginzburg Yelena , Li Huihui , Xue Fumin , De Franceschi Lucia , Chasis Joel Anne , Mohandas Narla , An Xiuli
Published: January 2013

Key Points

The study establishes a reliable method to quantify differentiating mouse erythroblasts and to monitor terminal mouse erythropoiesis in vivo. Quantitative analysis of erythropoiesis of thalassemia mice revealed stage-specific changes in terminal erythroid differentiation.
The improved disc theorems for the Schur complements of diagonally dominant matrices
Authors: Zhang Juan , Liu Jianzhou , Tu Gen
Published: January 2013

The theory of Schur complement is very important in many fields such as control theory and computational mathematics. In this paper, applying the properties of Schur complement, utilizing some inequality techniques, some new estimates of diagonally dominant degree on the Schur complement of matrices are obtained, which improve some relative results. Further, as an application of these derived results, we present some distributions for the eigenvalues of the Schur complements. Finally, the numerical example is given to show the advantages of our derived results.

MSC:15A45, 15A48.
Australian general practitioners’ perspectives on their role in well-child health care
Authors: Jeyendra Adrian , Rajadurai Jeremy , Chanmugam Joanna , Trieu Alan , Nair Suraj , Baskaran Radheshan , Schmied Virginia
Published: January 2013

Background

In a General Practitioner (GP) setting, preventative medicine is reported as the predominant source of health care for the well-child. However, the role of the GP in well-child health care is not well understood in Australia. The aim of this study was to describe the role of the GP in providing services for well-children and families in Australia.

Methods

This was a qualitative descriptive study. Face-to-face interviews were held with 23 GPs to identify their role in the provision of well-child health care. Participants worked in a variety of general practice settings and 21 of the 23 GPs worked in the Greater Western Sydney area.

Results

Five main themes were identified in the analysis: ‘prevention is better than cure’, ‘health promotion: the key messages’, ‘working with families’, ‘working with other health professionals’, and ‘barriers to the delivery of well-child health services’.

Conclusions

Participating GPs had a predominantly preventative focus, but in the main well-child care was opportunistic rather than proactive. The capacity to take a primary preventative approach to the health of children and families by GPs is limited by the increasing demands to manage chronic disease. Serious consideration should be given to developing collaborative models of care where GPs are joined up with services funded by State and Territory governments in Australia, such as the universal maternal child and family health nursing services that have well children and families as their prime focus.
Differences in the symptom experience of older versus younger oncology outpatients: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Cataldo Janine K , Paul Steven , Cooper Bruce , Skerman Helen , Alexander Kimberly , Aouizerat Bradley , Blackman Virginia , Merriman John , Dunn Laura , Ritchie Christine , Yates Patsy , Miaskowski Christine
Published: January 2013

Background

Mortality rates for cancer are decreasing in patients under 60 and increasing in those over 60 years of age. The reasons for these differences in mortality rates remain poorly understood. One explanation may be that older patients received substandard treatment because of concerns about adverse effects. Given the paucity of research on the multiple dimensions of the symptom experience in older oncology patients, the purpose of this study was to evaluate for differences in ratings of symptom occurrence, severity, frequency, and distress between younger (< 60 years) and older ( ≥ 60 years) adults undergoing cancer treatment. We hypothesized that older patients would have significantly lower ratings on four symptom dimensions.

Methods

Data from two studies in the United States and one study in Australia were combined to conduct this analysis. All three studies used the MSAS to evaluate the occurrence, severity, frequency, and distress of 32 symptoms.

Results

Data from 593 oncology outpatients receiving active treatment for their cancer (i.e., 44.4% were < 60 years and 55.6% were ≥ 60 years of age) were evaluated. Of the 32 MSAS symptoms, after controlling for significant covariates, older patients reported significantly lower occurrence rates for 15 (46.9%) symptoms, lower severity ratings for 6 (18.9%) symptoms, lower frequency ratings for 4 (12.5%) symptoms, and lower distress ratings for 14 (43.8%) symptoms.

Conclusions

This study is the first to evaluate for differences in multiple dimensions of symptom experience in older oncology patients. For almost 50% of the MSAS symptoms, older patients reported significantly lower occurrence rates. While fewer age-related differences were found in ratings of symptom severity, frequency, and distress, a similar pattern was found across all three dimensions. Future research needs to focus on a detailed evaluation of patient and clinical characteristics (i.e., type and dose of treatment) that explain the differences in symptom experience identified in this study.
Paraptosis and NF-κB activation are associated with protopanaxadiol-induced cancer chemoprevention
Authors: Wang Chong-Zhi , Li Binghui , Wen Xiao-Dong , Zhang Zhiyu , Yu Chunhao , Calway Tyler D , He Tong-Chuan , Du Wei , Yuan Chun-Su
Published: January 2013

Background

Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is a triterpenoid that can be prepared from steamed ginseng. PPD possesses anticancer potential via caspase-dependent apoptosis. Whether paraptosis, a type of the caspase-independent cell death, is also induced by PPD has not been evaluated.

Methods

Cell death, the cell cycle and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed by flow cytometry after staining with annexin V/PI, PI/RNase or H2DCFDA. We observed morphological changes by crystal violet staining assay. Mitochondrial swelling was measured by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry. The activation of NF-κB was measured by luciferase reporter assay.

Results

At comparable concentrations of 5-fluorouracil, PPD induced more cell death in human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT-116 and SW-480. We demonstrated that PPD induced paraptosis in these cancer cells. PPD treatment significantly increased the percentage of cancer cells with cytoplasmic vacuoles. After the cells were treated with PPD and cycloheximides, cytoplasmic vacuole generation was inhibited. The paraptotic induction effect of PPD was also supported by the results of the mitochondrial swelling assay. PPD induced ROS production in cancer cells, which activated the NF-κB pathway. Blockage of ROS by NAC or PS-1145 inhibited the activation of NF-κB signaling.

Conclusions

PPD induces colorectal cancer cell death in part by induction of paraptosis. The anticancer activity of PPD may be enhanced by antioxidants such as green tea, which also inhibit the activation of NF-κB signaling.
Photodeposition of Ag2S on TiO2 nanorod arrays for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Hu Hongwei , Ding Jianning , Zhang Shuai , Li Yan , Bai Li , Yuan Ningyi
Published: January 2013

Ag2S quantum dots were deposited on the surface of TiO2 nanorod arrays by a two-step photodeposition. The prepared TiO2 nanorod arrays as well as the Ag2S deposited electrodes were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope, suggesting a large coverage of Ag2S quantum dots on the ordered TiO2 nanorod arrays. UV–vis absorption spectra of Ag2S deposited electrodes show a broad absorption range of the visible light. The quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) based on these electrodes were fabricated, and the photoelectrochemical properties were examined. A high photocurrent density of 10.25 mA/cm2 with a conversion efficiency of 0.98% at AM 1.5 solar light of 100 mW/cm2 was obtained with an optimal photodeposition time. The performance of the QDSSC at different incident light intensities was also investigated. The results display a better performance at a lower incident light level with a conversion efficiency of 1.25% at 47 mW/cm2.
A new system for parallel drug screening against multiple-resistant HIV mutants based on lentiviral self-inactivating (SIN) vectors and multi-colour analyses
Authors: Prokofjeva Maria M , Riecken Kristoffer , Spirin Pavel V , Yanvarév Dimitriy V , Düsedau Arne , Ellinger Bernhard , Fehse Boris , Stocking Carol , Prassolov Vladimir S
Published: January 2013

Background

Despite progress in the development of combined antiretroviral therapies (cART), HIV infection remains a significant challenge for human health. Current problems of cART include multi-drug-resistant virus variants, long-term toxicity and enormous treatment costs. Therefore, the identification of novel effective drugs is urgently needed.

Methods

We developed a straightforward screening approach for simultaneously evaluating the sensitivity of multiple HIV gag-pol mutants to antiviral drugs in one assay. Our technique is based on multi-colour lentiviral self-inactivating (SIN) LeGO vector technology.

Results

We demonstrated the successful use of this approach for screening compounds against up to four HIV gag-pol variants (wild-type and three mutants) simultaneously. Importantly, the technique was adapted to Biosafety Level 1 conditions by utilising ecotropic pseudotypes. This allowed upscaling to a large-scale screening protocol exploited by pharmaceutical companies in a successful proof-of-concept experiment.

Conclusions

The technology developed here facilitates fast screening for anti-HIV activity of individual agents from large compound libraries. Although drugs targeting gag-pol variants were used here, our approach permits screening compounds that target several different, key cellular and viral functions of the HIV life-cycle. The modular principle of the method also allows the easy exchange of various mutations in HIV sequences. In conclusion, the methodology presented here provides a valuable new approach for the identification of novel anti-HIV drugs.