bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Decentralization of Post–World War II Denver
Authors: Gutfreund Owen D
Published: October 2023

Planning For Automobility In Denver In 1945, the Denver metropolitan area counted twice as many motor vehicles as in 1930, but the city’s streets were ill equipped to handle the traffic. Parking, which had traditionally been free on all Denver streets, was a particular problem. Mayor Stapleton was voted out of office before he could address the issue, but his successor, Quig Newton, launched three simultaneous initiatives to foster increased automobility. He established a traffic engineering department, built off-street parking facilities, and created the Denver Planning Office (DPO). Newton brought in Henry Barnes from Flint, Michigan, to run this new traffic engineering department. Barnes widened streets, often at the expense of lawns, sidewalks, and many of Mayor Speer’s trees, hailed as civic improvements by previous generations. His efforts continued those of George Cranmer, Mayor Stapleton’s manager of Parks and Improvements, who had considered tree-lined streets a maintenance and streetcleaning hindrance. Under Cranmer’s tenure, streetside trees all over Denver had been cut down. Barnes also made downtown streets one way and installed traffic lights throughout the city (previously, there had been only a handful of traffic lights, managed by the fire department). Soon celebrated nationwide for his work, Barnes became a leader in his field, working next in Baltimore and then in New York City, where he died from a heart attack at the age of sixty-one.
AutoCity: Smyrna, Tennessee
Authors: Gutfreund Owen D
Published: October 2023

Driving south on I-24, through a scenic landscape of rolling Tennessee hills twenty-three miles beyond Nashville, a road sign indicates that the next major city is Chattanooga, more than one hundred miles away. On the side of the highway, in addition to a peppering of roadside billboards, rests an occasional crumbling shack. Suddenly, in the middle of nowhere, an exit ramp connects to Tennessee State Route 102, a striking combination of two different highway standards: In one direction a two-lane country road, but in the other a four-lane limited-access divided highway, complete with a wide grassy median and grade-separated intersections. Here, incongruously enormous trucks lumber along, slicing through verdant farmland; cows graze next to the road, in the shadow of “For Sale” signs and wooden placards hawking new subdivisions. Then, around a bend, it looms–the largest auto assembly plant in North America, by itself constituting a landscape like that of a small industrial city. With production capacity of half a million cars a year, staffed by more than five thousand workers and hundreds of robots, the plant occupies over five million square feet, or if you include parking lots and satellite buildings, 782 acres.
I I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

That night* the theater of elegance in Havana was to be found at the Philharmonic Society. The taste and refinement of the ladies, as well as the respectable comportment of the gentlemen, shone there in all their splendor. In addition to the members and the usual invited guests, the foreign consuls, the officers of the garrison and of the royal Navy, the aides of the captain general and a number of other personages notable for their character and background, such as the son of the renowned Marshal Ney, who was touring abroad, and the Dutch consul posted to New York were also in attendance.
X
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

It was halfway through the month of November, 1830. The north winds had already driven onto Cuba’s beaches the first migratory birds from Florida, thus proving that winter had arrived early on the continent opposite. The sea often grew swollen, and with thunderous roars broke against the reefs along the shores, strewing a long stretch of them with white foam, broken seashells, and salty sediment.At four o’clock in the morning there was not enough light in the streets of Havana, nor could people be recognized at a distance, except for those, in all truth few in number, who were carrying a little lighted lantern swaying back and forth in their hand, as with quickened step they headed either to the markets or to the churches, in some of which there could be faintly heard the organ with which the nuns or friars accompanied the recital of matins.
X V I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

José Dolores Pimienta had said that the colored people’s ball would be held at Soto’s house. It stood on the west corner of the Calle de Jesús MarÍa, where it meets the Calzada del Monte, opposite the Campo de Marte.In front of the zaguán or entryway was a wide porch with a wooden railing. From it, through the very high windows thrown wide open, people who were not allowed to enter could witness the fiesta as long as they liked. Tables for the buffet supper had been set up in the square courtyard, which was covered with an awning; the orchestra played in the dining room; in the vast salon there was dancing; and in the adjoining rooms the guests rested and held intimate conversations with their friends or lovers.
I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

Leonardo Gamboa left his family after lunch time at the cattle ranch or stock farm at Hoyo Colorado, and in the affable company of Diego Meneses took the turnoff to AlquÍzar, between Vereda Nueva and San Antonio de Los BaÑos, riding southwest from their point of departure.After a few leagues they found themselves in what in those parts is called tierra llana, a vast level plain, at the center of which, on this side, is the town first mentioned. Its subsoil is calcareous, very porous and pure, covered with a layer of earth quite thick and loose in places, reddish or brick-colored, an indication of its high content of iron oxide, and prodigiously fertile. With a few ups and downs it extends westward to Callajabos, at the foot of the mountains of Vuelta Abajo, and eastward to the far limits of Colón, within a generally narrow latitude.
V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

While the scene already described was taking place at one end of the porch, another very different one was being played out at the other. The Ilincheta sisters along with the two younger Gamboa sisters formed a lively and interesting group there, surrounded by a half-circle of gentlemen courting their favor or admiring them. All of them were standing, the young ladies leaning back against the railing and the gentlemen hanging on the lips of Rosa Ilincheta who, in a few vivid, charming words, was describing the little incidents that had occurred during their trip, her bad handling of the horse for part of the way, and her own impressions.
I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

Uribe the tailor, Clara his wife, Pimienta, and his sister Nemesia accompanied Cecilia to the door of her little house on the Calle del Aguacate.As soon as Cecilia called out in the particular way agreed upon, the bolt of the door slid back and it opened by itself. This was because her grandmother, too ill to wait up for her granddaughter, had tied the end of a slender cord to the end of the bolt, next to the catch that supported it, and the other end to one of the bedposts, within her reach. Her friends left without a word being spoken for the moment.
Aureliano’s Smile
Authors: Wood Michael
Published: October 2023

A daguerrotype of Aureliano as a child is described-he is between Amaranta and Rebeca, wears a black velvet suit, has “the same languor and the same clairvoyant look that he was to have years later as he faced the firing squad” (51: 56}--but he permitted no photographs during his military days or after. The Buendia children of a later generation are told that a Tartar horseman in an encyclopedia is Aureliano because “in spite of his strange outfit” he has “a familiar (or a family) air,” “un aire familiar” (280: 297).1 And of course this is a picture of Aureliano, of the kind this book affords: his bony face and drooping moustache give him the oriental appearance so common in Latin America, and his spells of tyranny suggest some Asiatic scourge. But the gag also insists that the only picture we have of him as an adult is a picture of someone else, and from half the world away at that-a joking metaphor for our need of metaphor.
Broken Brains, Troubled Minds Being Blinded by False Dichotomies
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C
Published: October 2023

As we mentally navigate through life and try to figure out where we have been, where we are now, and where we are going, we use two very basic approaches. One is analysis, and the other is synthesis.

When we analyze, we quite literally break things down into their parts (ana = down, apart; lysis = break, destroy). The old poet Yeats, wandering through a schoolroom filled with young children and pondering their past and future and that of all human beings, ends his musings on the continuities and discontinuities of life by analyzing a simple chestnut tree. Where does it begin and end? Which part is its essence? Is it the trunk (bole) from which it grows, and from which the tree will renew itself each year in the rebirth of spring? Is it the flower, fragrant and beautiful but also ephemeral, which produces a seed and then dies? Or is it the leaf, the green umbrella that breathes for the tree and gives it energy to sustain its life? Obviously, it is not one of these, but all of them.
Gods and the Ordering of Space
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

As used in this book, the term “mythology” means either a group of creation stories or the study of these stories. The category may be stretched to include certain tales of otherworldly journeys, hero tales, and semihistorical legends. But it does not include such elements of sacred lore as the names and characteristics of gods, or beliefs about the structure of the sky, the earth, and the underworld.

Nevertheless, the subject of spirit powers and world pictures does relate to Indian myth, since gods may assume leading roles in the narratives, and the action may take place in a region of the universe inaccessible to ordinary eyesight.

The following few pages will attempt a broad view of these religious and philosophical ideas. But it should be kept in mind that this is a vast province of its own, making connection with myth only at selected points. The elaborate world pictures created by Aztec artists contain few features ever mentioned in myth, and for the most part the innumerable gods of the Maya, They say it happened long ago, they say a man was carried off by the lord of the clouds, who took him away to his home in the sky, and when the man looked around, he saw angels.
The Hungry Heroes
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

In Tlingit country it was once claimed that only the rich told Raven stories, because only they had the time to learn them. On the other hand, modern Tlingit, who still tell the stories, have said that Raven thinks of the poor, just as Jesus did. Different as they are, the statements both ring true if it is remembered that the Tlingit today, like other Northwest Coast tribes, struggle to preserve remnants of their cultural heritage, while a single Tlingit mask of the classical period can bring tens of thousands of dollars at auction in New York.
The Northeast: Turtle Island
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

As in pre-Columbian times, the Iroquois of New York still make and use ceremonial rattles fashioned from dried, whole turtle shells. So important is the turtle in Iroquois lore that in 1977 the Native American Center at Lewiston, New York, took the unusual step of announcing plans for a new headquarters to be built in the shape of a turtle, with four legs and a tail, the mouth to be used as the main entrance.
Creators and Saviors
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

The typical Brazilian culture hero is a part-time creator who sets in place no more than a few selected features of the universe. And even in these cases his acts are not always creative in the full sense, since they may result from thefts or accidents. Nor do the storytellers place great emphasis on the hero’s role as deliverer, or savior. The slaying of monsters, though regularly mentioned, is seldom a prominent theme. It is true that the twins kill the jaguar in tales reported from nearly everywhere in the region, but it is rarely suggested that they do so on behalf of humanity.
From Myth to Politics
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

In the official Creation myth of the Incas, the god Wirakocha emerged from Lake Titicaca, made men and women, caused the sun to rise, then proceeded north to the site of Cuzco, the future capital; and while the sun was ascending, it spoke to the man named Manco Capac, charging him to rule the empire. As founder of the royal dynasty, the chosen one became known as “Manco Capac Inca,” with the term “Inca” used in the sense of chief, or ruler.
Neurotransmitters: The Brain’s Own Drugs
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

Parts of this chapter and the next are rather technical. They explain how neurobiologists study addictive drugs by the modem techniques of molecular biology. The reader who is not deeply interested in the neurobiology may wish to skip those sections now, and return later for basic science information about aspects of addiction covered in other chapters.
Addictive Behavior
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

As we have seen in previous chapters, neurotransmitters and receptors are the neurochemical units on which the addictive drugs act. Our ultimate aim is to understand how the neurochemical effects of the drugs cause changes of mood and behavior—changes that lead to compulsive drug use. This chapter describes three different experimental approaches to studying the behavioral effects of addictive drugs.
Are Addicts Born or Made?
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

Of all the people who try an addictive drug, some will never use it again; they just don’t like it. Some are willing to use it occasionally, to enjoy it socially with friends; but it is not important to them and they can happily do without it. Some become regular users and integrate the drug into their lives, but nevertheless are able to give it up without much trouble if they decide to. Finally, there are those who use a drug frequently and regularly and find themselves unable to quit, or at least can quit only with the greatest difficulty, and even then are likely to relapse. This last group—the addicts—represents the greatest problem for society and the greatest challenge for medical science.
Prohibition vs. Legalization—A False Dichotomy
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

Frustration with our present drug policies has fueled well-meaning suggestions that the illicit drugs should be legalized. If the “drug problem” is defined as a crime problem, then there is a certain simplistic logic to making the drugs legal. On the other hand, if addiction is basically a brain disease, then legalizing the drugs would be the very opposite of treating the addicts. To analyze the arguments for legalization, we need to know what, exactly, is meant by the word. Is cocaine to be sold to minors in supermarkets? Except for the most extreme libertarians, even those who advocate legalization agree that there have to be some legal restrictions after all. So we must ask, which drugs, what restrictions, and why? This chapter examines the dual strategy of supply reduction and demand reduction, draws lessons from the history of alcohol prohibition in the United States, and addresses directly the principal arguments for and against legalization. It concludes—as explained further in chapter 20—that neither blanket prohibition nor blanket legalization is appropriate, but that each drug requires its own appropriate level of regulatory control.
Baltic Interlude
Authors: Quandt Richard E
Published: October 2023

Two important shifts in the Mellon Foundation’s interests in the second half of 1994 were to have a significant impact on my activities in the last five years of the decade. First, it seemed reasonable to consider whether it might not be useful and opportune to expand the Foundation’s activities in Eastern Europe to the Baltic countries, which had recently achieved their independence from the Societ Union. Second, in the light of the favorable political changes in South Africa, the Foundation decided that the time had come for a major program in that country.

The first of these ideas did not represent a firm decision to start philanthropic activities in the Baltic countries; rather it indicated an open mind that suggested that it would be desirable to undertake an in-depth investigation of the pros and cons of such a program. Given my background in Eastern Europe, it was natural that I should undertake such an investigation. In contrast, the South African program already had the full commitment of the Foundation and it had been entrusted to my colleague, Thomas Nygren. However, since it was fairly obvious from the very beginning that the focus of such a program would be on higher education, which tends to imply, among others, assistance to research libraries, I was asked to assist him. However, the present chapter is devoted entirely to the Baltic countries, except for a brief allusion in the concluding section to some of my experience with a South African library consortium.
The Risk of Legal Liability for Attributions of Visual Art
Authors: Spencer Ronald D
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the six legal claims most usually made against experts —academic and independent art scholars, art dealers,museum curators, and others—who make decisions about the attribution of visual art. The first section sets out the required legal elements for each type of claim by analyzing a court decision in the context of the specific art-related facts of the case.A careful analysis of these elements suggests not only the defenses to such claims but also actions the art expert can take that will lessen the risk of liability.The second section addresses the widely held view that making authenticity or attribution decisions and styling them as “opinions” reduces the expert’s potential legal liability for the decision.
Fire and Transition in Things Fall Apart
Authors: Jabbi Bu-Buakei
Published: October 2023

Although Chinua Achebe’s fundamental theme as a beginning novelist was the neo-Negritude assertion of dignity in the African past,’ which was of course legitimate as a matter of historical necessity, the focus of drama in his first novel may, rather, be said to be a society’s response to the complex challenge of contact with a colonizing cultural force. For the impressively proud African past which he depicts in Things Fall Apart shows a people caught in the initial throes of contact with an imperial force which is self-righteously bent upon a “civilizing” mission. The impact of that force on the host culture, especially on the minds and lives of the indigenous Africans, is the plane of action on which the story unfolds its tragic drama. Culture, like life itself, is a dynamic or continuing process, and its quality often depends upon a people’s responses to evolutionary pressures from within or to stresses generated from outside through friction with new sets of values and institutional structures. Transition and change, and seldom stasis, usually result from such meetings between different cultures and peoples.
Fungal Infections in Blood or Marrow Transplant Recipients
Authors: Marr Kieren A
Published: October 2023

Blood or marrow transplantation (BMT) has been used increasingly for therapy of hematological and non-hematological malignancies. Our understanding of the basic mechanisms by which transplantation of donor stem cells yields effective therapy of malignancies has evolved over the last few decades, with resultant changes in conditioning regimens and stem cell products influencing the risks for infectious complications. Perhaps one of the most important recent changes impacting infectious risks involves the introduction of nonmyeloablative, or toxicity-reduced transplant regimens. These regimens, which to date have been investigated primarily in people who are ineligible for standard myeloablative BMT because of medical conditions or age, employ lower doses of myeloablative conditioning therapy, with some regimens yielding very little neutropenia or gastrointestinal mucositis (Childs et al, 2000; Garban et al, 2001; Junghanss and Marr, 2002a; Junghanss et al, 2002b). Although the depth and duration of neutropenia may be dramatically reduced, these patients may have a protracted period of graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD). Graft-vs. host (GVH) effects result from infused donor-derived immune cells recognizing host cells, resulting in potentially beneficial antitumor effects and detrimental organ toxicities (GVHD). Thus, a certain degree of GVH may be desired in order to achieve graft vs. tumor effects. The major risk periods for fungal infections can thus occur both early and late after BMT—early risks are associated with myelosuppression and organ toxicities, and late risks are associated with GVHD and its therapies. Recent studies have reported a trend toward late infections in both myeloablative and nonmyeloablative BMT recipients (Jantunen et al, 1997; Wald et al, 1997; Williamson et al, 1999; Baddley et al, 2001; Martino et al, 2001; Grow et al, 2002; Junghanss et al, 2002b; Marr et al, 2002c). Fungal infections, especially those caused by filamentous organisms, now occur predominantly during the GVHD period. The results of case-series and one case-control study published to date suggest that patients who undergo nonmyeloablative BMT have fewer early bacterial infections associated with shorter periods of neutropenia, but retain significant risks for aspergillosis and candidal infections late after transplant, in association with late CMV infection and GVHD (Martino et al, 2001; Junghanss and Marr, 2002a; Junghanss et al, 2002b).
Introduction
Authors: Brown Henry Box
Published: October 2023

While America is boasting of her freedom and making the world ring with her professions of equality, she holds millions of her inhabitants in bondage. This surely must be a wonder to all who seriously reflect on the subject of man holding property in man, in a land of republican institutions. That slavery, in all its phases, is demoralizing to every one concerned, none who may read the following narrative, can for a moment doubt. In my opinion unless the Americans purge themselves of this stain, they will have to undergo very severe, if not protracted suffering. It is not at all unlikely that the great unsettledness which of late has attached to the prices of cotton; the very unsatisfactory circumstance of that slaveholding continent being the principal fleld employed in the production of that vegetable, by the dealing in, and the manufacture of, which, such astonishing fortunes have been amassed — will lead to arrangements being entered into, through the operation of which the bondmen will be made free.
What Is Fibromyalgia?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock
Published: October 2023

If you have the chronic pain of fibromyalgia, you may be frustrated by the lack of understanding shown by people around you. This is particularly true of the people you live and work with. If only they could feel for one day how you feel all year! Pain has no memory and no mercy. Is it like a bad flu or a severe headache? How can you find the words to describe it?

When the Arthritis Foundation tried to categorize the 150 different forms of musculoskeletal conditions in 1963, it created a classification known as soft tissue rheumatism. Included in this listing are conditions in which joints are not involved. Soft tissue rheumatism encompasses the supporting structures of joints (e.g., ligaments, bursae, and tendons), muscles, and other soft tissues. Fibromyalgia is a form of soft tissue rheumatism. A combination of three terms—fibro(from the Latin fibra, or fibrous tissue), myo-(the Greek prefix myos, for muscles), and algia (from the Greek algos, which denotes pain)— fibromyalgia replaces earlier names for the syndrome that are still used by doctors and other health professionals such as myofibrositis, myofascitis, muscular rheumatism, fibrositis, and generalized musculoligamenous strain. Fibromyalgia is not a form of arthritis, since it is not associated with joint inflammation.
I’m Not Crazy!
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock
Published: October 2023

“You look fine, and I can’t find anything wrong with you. Maybe you’re just depressed or stressed out.” Nearly all of my patients have heard this before. And they start to wonder: Am I really crazy? How could it all be in my mind? This chapter will summarize the behavioral surveys that rheumatologists and psychiatrists have performed on fibromyalgia patients.

Is fibromyalgia a manifestation of depression or the reverse? Well-designed studies have addressed this issue, but many used different methods, populations, ethnic groupings, referral sources, and geographical distributions. In any case, the results were reasonably similar. On average, these studies showed that about 18 percent of fibromyalgia patients have evidence of a major depression at any office visit and 58 percent have a history of major depression in their lifetime. What does this mean? At any point in time, the overwhelming majority of fibromyalgia patients are not seriously depressed. And if they are depressed, it’s usually because they do not feel well. This condition is called reactive depression and is reversible with treatment, as opposed to endogenous depression, which is caused by chemical imbalances and is much harder to treat. A well-designed study of depressed patients demonstrated that fewer than 10 percent had two or more tender points.
Democratic Rulemaking
Authors: Richardson Henry S
Published: October 2023

In the introduction, I sketched the magnitude of the problem posed by administrative discretion. At this point in the argument, the stage has been set for a solution. It is time to assemble the players so as to describe the conditions necessary to avoiding bureaucratic domination. There are four main elements of my story that need now to be combined. First, I have shown in an abstract way how the normative fruitfulness of democratic deliberation allows the legislature’s conclusions to be handed off to the agencies as premises to guide further truth-oriented deliberation about what we ought to do.1 For instance, once the legislature had spoken, it was reasonable for officials in the Department of Transportation to presume that transportation ought to be made available to the disabled and to go on from there to figure out how best to do this. Second, in characterizing types of practical reasoning, I distinguished different patterns of constraint. A narrowly instrumental constraint that attempted to keep controversial decisions about public ends out of the agencies is, I argued, naive; but the broadly instrumental constraint that builds on the idea of specifying ends will prove useful. Third, I have shown how flexible agency deliberation can and often does extend beyond specifying legislatively set ends to establishing new ends in a rationally defensible way. In the second round of rulemaking under the Biaggi Amendment, this involved articulating a new, superordinate (or more final) end, that of avoiding discrimination against the disabled, to help guide the specification of the legislatively mandated end, that of making special efforts to make transportation accessible to the disabled. Yet this move came about largely because of the bureaucratic entrepreneurship of the DOT’s acting assistant secretary for environment, safety, and consumer affairs, Martin Convisser, and the creative agenda management of the DOT’s general counsel, Linda Kamm. Hence, while they were indeed engaged in a flexible remaking of aims, such processes should be more closely guided by public input than was this one. Finally, I have followed the process of formulating the public will through the electoral process to the passage of legislation.
Consequences of Election Web Sites
Authors: Bimber Bruce , Davis Richard
Published: October 2023

Does visiting a campaign Web site influence people? Does a Web site visit affect how much and what voters know about candidates? Does it help shape their feelings toward candidates or their votes?

The picture that emerged in the last chapter shows that audiences for campaign Web sites are composed of well-informed, politically interested citizens, most of whom (but not all) have quite clear preferences among candidates. For that very reason, one should expect that whatever effects Web sites have on their audiences are likely subtle. Rather than persuading large numbers of voters to change their minds, or even helping undecided voters choose a candidate, Web sites are likely to influence citizens on a small scale and in nuanced ways, at best. In this chapter, we turn to these “so what?” issues.

The ultimate goal of candidates’ use of Web sites is to strengthen the commitment of voters in some way. How that might happen can be broken down along a hierarchy of potential effects of Web sites, from the least to the most consequential politically. The first of these simply involves motivating a site visitor to return.
Riding a Great Wave, 1960–1975
Authors: Dowbiggin Ian
Published: October 2023

Few predicted it, but euthanasia suddenly burst onto the national scene in the 1960s and 1970s as an issue of sustained public interest. Under the shadow of nuclear war, in the wake of the thalidomide tragedy, amid a demoralizing war in southeast Asia, and in response to the aging of the U.S. population and the mounting use of life-prolonging medical technology, Americans became increasingly obsessed with death and terminal illness as experiences that deserved detailed study and discussion. As a national dialogue on dying spread, the idea of death with minimal pain and loss of individual dignity grew popular. Thanks to the rising public interest in the concepts of patient autonomy and individual rights, euthanasia ceased being interpreted as a predominantly social or biological matter and was largely transformed into a personal issue. Increasingly it was viewed as a civil liberty, a freedom from interference in one’s personal life, rather than a legal practice monitored (and possibly applied) by the state. Privacy became the keyword of the new, revitalized euthanasia movement, and the term “euthanasia” was steadily replaced by the phrase “the right to die.”
Founding Exclusions
Authors: Marx Anthony W .
Published: October 2023

State-building requires nation-building—at a minimum the containment or avoidance of civil war and conflict threatening the existence of the state, and beyond that to ensure obedience, tax compliance, or military service necessary for governance. Even federated states face these pragmatic requirements. Early aspirants to absolutist rule—and their opponents or competitors—gradually came to understand and acted upon this imperative for cohesion to make their authority effective and legitimate. Under their rule, institutional state power had become increasingly centralized, but further consolidation of that state power required engagement and support by the populace. To so tie elites and the masses emerged as a central political dilemma, with states then having relatively little capacity for achieving this goal. And this dilemma was not solved by spreading literacy or economic development, for these were both undeveloped and at least as divisive as unifying of the populace. Ironically, consolidation of large-scale states heightens the imperative for popular cohesion but also makes such cohesion less likely. With the incorporation of more diverse peoples and greater centralized political power, that power is often fought over or resisted. In all three leading countries of western Europe, early modern monarchs faced substantial challenges to their authority, with the conflict over growing state power coming to a head. Spain had been rocked by local resistance fed by continued regional dispersion of power and loyalty.
Zenith of Affirmative Action
Authors: Anderson Terry H
Published: October 2023

“Bring Us Together” was Richard Nixon’s campaign slogan, and after his inauguration in January 1969 most Americans desired just that: a time of national healing and unity. But that was not to be. Urban riots, campus demonstrations, the Vietnam war, and what Time called the counterculture “youthquake” had ended political and social consensus and divided the nation. On one side was a vocal minority who opposed the president and the establishment, the sixties culture; on the other were those who supported it and who Nixon eventually labeled the “great silent majority.” By June 1970, a month after the Kent State tragedy, a government commission wrote that division in the nation was “as deep as any since the Civil War.” The division was exemplified in two powerful social currents during the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s—empowerment and liberation. Since the mid-1960s many young blacks had become tired of asking whites for their rights, listening to liberals talk about gradual change, and they became more militant, shouting for “Black Power.” The war was another factor, for many young black men could not understand why they were drafted to fight 12,000 miles away in Vietnam when they were beaten by white cops in the South. Activist Stokely Carmichael blasted selective service as nothing more than “white people sending black people to make war on yellow people to defend the land they stole from red people.” Such ideas were gaining currency within the black community as Nixon took office in 1969.
Constructing a Monitoring System
Authors: Donabedian Avedis
Published: October 2023

The additional thought I want to introduce now is that these strategies and methods should not be used haphazardly. They should be viewed rather as a system of interrelated parts conducted in an organized manner. The many parts allow for stepwise growth and also for a mutuality of support and interaction among parts that adds to efficiency and effectiveness. The organizational structure of the system could also be simple or elaborate, depending on the scale of the monitoring effort. It should have the following characteristics.
Bringing about Behavior Change
Authors: Donabedian Avedis
Published: October 2023

I shall try to answer these difficult questions in two steps. First, I shall describe some activities and interventions meant to bring about changes in the behavior of those who deliver care - changes that, if they occur, can be expected to improve quality. And then, I will offer some opinions about the factors that may influence whether or not the desired behaviors will occur and bring about the hoped-for improvements in care. But, before I begin, I must warn the reader that a great deal of what I am about to say will be speculative, a matter of opinion rather than demonstrable fact.
Dream Charter: The Declaration of Independence
Authors: Cullen Jim
Published: October 2023

The wigs, the breeches, the unsmiling faces in from portraits: for those of us who drink coﬀee at Starbucks, surf the World Wide Web, or stand at automatic teller machines that give us currency featuring those portraits, the American Revolution might well have occurred on another planet. There are places—for many Americans, they’re thousands of miles away—that preserve battlefields and remind tourists what actually happened in the 1770s and 1780s. But even for those who visit them, the Revolutionary past is compartmentalized, an interlude in another time and place more likely to be accessed via resort hotels and interstate highways than classrooms or textbooks.

This isn’t quite as true of other eras in American history. As already suggested, the Puritans remain vivid precisely because they’re so irritating. And the Civil War, though it began a mere seventy-eight years after the Revolution—a lifetime for a hardy soul of those days—seems much more recent.
The Twentieth Century:
From the Balkans to Southeast Europe
Authors: Wachtel Andrew Baruch
Published: October 2023

As Balkan societies were increasingly drawn into the European and world economies in the course of the twentieth century, urbanization, mass education, secularization, and industrialization eroded and ultimately overwhelmed traditional peasant cultures. When the American classicist Milman Parry traveled through Yugoslavia in the 1920s and 1930s, he recorded the singing of illiterate bards whose techniques dated back, in his view, to the days of Homer, but a traveler in the 1980s would have been more likely to encounter local rock bands singing American favorites. The twentieth century also saw the gradual disappearance of the extraordinary ethnic and cultural diversity that had been characteristic of the region for a millennium. With the exception of Yugoslavia, all the Balkan states had become essentially monoethnic by the 1950s, thereby losing much of their specifically Balkan character. With the collapse of multiethnic Yugoslavia in the 1990s and the creation of more or less homogeneous successors over most of its territory, the Balkans, in the traditional sense, would cease to exist. Finally, the end of the century saw the Balkan region begin to lose its traditional borderland position. The rapid integration of most countries in the region into pan-European and trans-Atlantic institutions such as NATO and the European Union indicates that twentieth-century developments transformed the Balkans from an exotic, thoroughly marginal, semicolonialized third world into an integral part of Europe.
Creating “A Little Heaven for Poor People” : Decent Housing and Respectable Communities
Authors: Williams Rhonda Y
Published: October 2023

In the small isolated farm town of Win fall, North Carolina, on Virginia’s border, Clara Perry Gordon’s parents, Bolson and the elder Clara Perry, planted cotton. The tenth of eleven children, the young Clara, along with her three remaining siblings (three sisters had already migrated and four did not make it to adulthood), helped pick the cotton and heap it on the family wagon for transport to market. When not plucking white from thorny bolls or working in the family garden at her mother’s side, little Clara hastened down the dirt road to the little wooden school or the one-room wooden church.
Introduction
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T
Published: October 2023

In law as in life, we want people to get what they deserve. Indeed, many (probably most) people, both legal experts and ordinary citizens, think that is a fundamental reason (and perhaps the reason) that we have a legal system at all: to help give people what they deserve when life has not. If one person wrongs another, the law makes the wrongdoer pay. On the other hand, if someone has done nothing wrong, we expect the law to leave that person alone, as she does not deserve to be sanctioned or punished.
Making the Most of Limited Resources
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T
Published: October 2023

A third practical constraint used to justify doctrines of deviation from desert is the simple impossibility, given limited investigative and adjudicative resources, of finding, prosecuting, and suitably punishing every criminal offender. Police and prosecutors must be selective in their allocation of resources to focus on the most serious offenses and on offenses for which they can most certainly or easily bring a successful prosecution. From this tension between doing justice and limited resources springs the prosecutor’s reliance on plea bargains: negotiated arrangements whereby an offender agrees to plead guilty, typically to a lesser offense than the one charged or in return for more lenient treatment at sentencing than he might expect if he had pleaded not guilty and been convicted. Prosecutors simply lack the resources to bring every case to trial, nor would they want to do so. Because police investigations do not always turn up overwhelming admissible evidence against the accused, it is not always clear ex ante whether a trial will result in a conviction. Accordingly, to clear their caseloads and make sure of getting at least half a loaf rather than none, prosecutors make deals.
Controlling Crime and Criminals
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T
Published: October 2023

Several different reasons for deviating from desert can be grouped together under the category of utilitarian or crime-control purposes. A utilitarian (or consequentialist) agenda is one that orients itself toward achieving some future goal, as opposed to redressing or correcting a past wrong, which is one common motivation—though, as we will discuss, not the only possible motivation—of a desert-based system of criminal law. For a utilitarian, justice has “utility” not as an end in itself, but as a means of increasing social welfare; specifically, criminal rules and their enforcement are expected to promote welfare by reducing the amount of crime in society. In the area of criminal law, the broad utilitarian goal is advanced using three mechanisms, each of which has a targeted goal that is thought to promote the overall goal of crime reduction. Deterrence seeks to dissuade, in advance, those who may contemplate committing a crime in the future. An ideal, perfectly effective system of deterrent rules would need no enforcement, as the mere threat of sanctions would prevent potential crimes from ever occurring. Rehabilitation aims to transform those who were formerly motivated to commit crimes into law-abiding citizens. Unlike deterrence, rehabilitative efforts are typically applied after the fact to people who have already committed crimes (although in principle, there is no reason they need be so limited).
Unladylike Lady
Authors: Davidson James West
Published: October 2023

About the time of her dismissal from Shaw—perhaps even partly because of it—an invitation arrived that changed Ida’s life once again. Yellow fever had left her an orphan, a stand-in parent, and her family’s primary breadwinner. Relatives and friends pulled together, of course, as they often do in times of trouble. Grandmother Peggy watched the children while Ida taught in the country. When Peggy was felled by a stroke, one of Lizzie’s old friends stepped in. Aunt Belle, Lizzie’s sister, agreed to care for ‘Genie, paralyzed from scoliosis. But for over two years the burden of worry, if not of constant supervision, fell to Ida. The invitation came sometime in 1881—from Aunt Fannie Butler, her father’s stepsister. Aunt Fannie suggested Ida come to Memphis. Fannie had lost her husband to the yellow fever epidemic, just as Ida had lost her parents. Living together would ease housing costs and provide companionship—not only for Ida and Fanny— but for Annie and Lily, Ida’s two younger sisters, who could play with Fannie’s children. (Ida’s brothers, Jim and George, had by this time apprenticed themselves out as carpenters’ assistants.)
“The Hosannas of the Multitude”: The Great Awakening in America
Authors: Bonomi Patricia U
Published: October 2023

The Great Awakening—that intense period of revivalist tumult from about 1739 to 1745—is one of the most arresting subjects of American history. The eighteenth century, and the latter part of the seventeenth, were of course punctuated with religious episodes that seemed to erupt without warning and draw entire communities into a vortex of religious conversions and agitations of soul. Yet those episodes tended not to spread beyond the individual churches or towns in which they originated. By the third decade of the eighteenth century, however, a number of currents were converging to prepare the way for an unprecedented burst of religious fervor and controversy.

The two major streams of thought shaping western religious belief in the eighteenth century—Enlightenment rationalism and Continental pietism—were by the 1720s reaching increasing numbers of Americans through the world of print, transatlantic learned societies, and such recently arrived spokesmen as the Anglican moderate George Berkeley, on the one side, and the Dutch Reformed pietist Theodore Frelinghuysen, on the other.
The Stamp Act Crisis
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

While the colonists conducted operations against the duties on molasses, the most thoughtful among them worried about the possibility that still another tax would be levied on America. They owed the worry to George Grenville, who on March 9, 1764, the day he introduced the proposals for the new molasses duties, warned that to meet the national expenses “it may be proper to charge certain Stamp Duties in the said Colonies and Plantations.”1 Grenville didn’t say much more about what he had in mind except that he would postpone introducing the necessary legislation until the colonies had an opportunity to offer objections.
The Constitutional Movement
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

Caesar rode into Annapolis on December 19, 1783. At least some hoped— and others feared—that he was Caesar. He turned out to be George Washington, and as much as he may have admired Caesar he admired the republic more. He had come to Annapolis, where Congress sat, to surrender the commission he had accepted eight years before. Washington might simply have written a letter of resignation and enclosed his commission. The occasion offered too much of the dramatic and the symbolic to be passed by with such a flat performance, however, and Washington recognized the dramatic and symbolic importance of his resignation as commander in chief.
Old Ways Made New, 1530–1570
Authors: Wills John E
Published: October 2023

In the world of 1450 to 1700, many people were dissatisﬁed with the religious and moral life around them, but almost no one wanted to make a radical break with tradition. They dreamed of the old gods and the ancient sages. Europeans wanted a renaissance, that is, a rebirth of the noble ways of ancient Greece and Rome. They wanted not a break with Christianity, but a puriﬁcation, a reformation. Asians sought a personal vision of the god Krishna or a pure way to become sages themselves, morally perfect people, like the ancient teacher Confucius and the sage kings he revered.
A Conclusion: Conscious Listening, Mindful Presence -A Lesson Learned
Authors: Moller David Wendell
Published: October 2023

The inner-city dying poor have been the greatest teachers in my life. From listening to their stories, I have come to realize that presence is extremely important. In the Buddhist view of the world, there are two kinds of suffering-the kind that leads to more suffering and the kind that brings an end to suffering. Although dying is a form of suffering that ultimately ends with death, the weight of loss and grief hovering over dying persons and their loved ones is lifted by caring partnerships. When real care is present, it has a capacity to heal the spirit and render the dying whole. This care must encompass an integrated array of medical, nursing, psychosocial, community, and spiritual support. Its cornerstone is empathy, that is to say, an understanding of and appreciation for both the cultural milieu and the unique circumstances of each person ‘s life. When patients and loved ones are isolated and abandoned by indifference, real care cannot be present, and thereby suffering is intensified. As Emily Dickinson wrote, “Pain prepares us for peace,” but this peace can be fully realized only within connectedness to others. The centerpiece of connectedness with the dying poor is the ability to successfully imagine their world, putting oneself in their place. Thus, a major lesson demonstrated in these stories is the importance of conscious listening and mindful presence in bringing about an end to suffering.