bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Traffic Conflict Indicators for Crash Estimation using Peak Over Threshold Approach
Authors: Zheng Lai , Sayed Tarek
Published: April 2019

Traffic conflict techniques have drawn considerable research interest and a number of conflict indicators have been developed. Previous studies have qualitatively analyzed indicator differences from their definitions and empirically investigated their similarities based on identified traffic conflicts. This study compares conflict indicators from a validity perspective by comparing crashes estimated from conflict indicators with observed crashes. The peak over threshold (POT) approach was employed for crash estimation. Four commonly used indicators are compared: time to collision (TTC), modified time to collision (MTTC), post encroachment time (PET), and deceleration to avoid a crash (DRAC). Based on the conflict and crash data collected from three signalized intersections, POT models are developed for different thresholds in the appropriate ranges, and crash estimation methods were proposed for individual conflict indicators. The identified conflicts and estimated crashes associated with different indicators are then compared. The results show that traffic conflicts identified by the four indicators vary, with MTTC generating the most accurate crash estimates. The crash estimates from TTC and PET are also reasonable but there is a tendency of overestimation for TTC and underestimation for PET. The crash estimates of DRAC are all outside the confidence intervals of observed crashes, which is likely related to the uncertainty of vehicle braking capacity.
Time calculation of waste collection routes: Case study from the City of Oslo
Authors: Nilssen John Egil , Sylthe Maren , Testa Ginevra , Bakken Bent Erik
Published: April 2019

For the first time since 1992, Oslo’s household waste in 2017 was collected by The Agency for Waste Management in the City of Oslo (REN). Collections were taken over due to the contractor’s poor delivery quality; however, complaints and breaches of the working hours provisions did not disappear after the REN take-over. A new operating model requiring a new route layout was simulated to determine whether new routes exceed normal work hours. Fifty proposed waste collection routes were simulated under normal and adverse snowing conditions. 36% of the proposed exceed the 7 1/2 work-day limit under adverse conditions and will require provision for overtime use. The sensitivity analysis shows that there is an efficiency potential associated with the human, safety and ergonomics factors, and that some time drivers impact time spent considerably more than others. Based on this, we recommended that:

The simulation models should be used to estimate time spent on new routes before these are implemented, as a quality assurance measure. The results should be reconciled against working hours. The new routes should be simulated successively as new routes are proposed since changes to one route’s time drivers will have consequences for adjoining routes. The various data sources should be reviewed with a view to registering or coding information in a way that makes it easy to extract information linked to the individual route across data sources. REN should clarify a new working hours model for the waste collectors before the new route layout is designed.
Etiology and Age Modifies Subjective Visual Function After Cerebral Hemispherectomy
Authors: Chen Monica F. , Meer Elana , Velez Federico G. , Jones Monika , Mathern Gary W. , Pineles Stacy L.
Published: April 2019

Background:

Cerebral hemispherectomy is typically used to treat patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Visual-related outcomes are relatively unstudied in this population, aside from the knowledge that patients develop a complete homonymous hemianopia contralateral to the side of the hemispherectomy. The purpose of this study was to determine and characterize parent-reported functional visual, oculomotor, and postural changes in a large population of patients following cerebral hemispherectomy.

Methods:

An online survey was sent to parents of children who had undergone hemispherectomy for seizure control. Families were recruited by the Brain Recovery Project: Childhood Epilepsy Surgery Foundation. Parent-reported subjective visual function was assessed by the presence of peripheral field defects, ocular misalignment and anomalous head posture.

Results:

A total of 196 (12.5%) participants responded. Postoperative follow-up was 92±78 months (range: 1-382). Ninety-three percent of parents reported the child had difficulties with peripheral vision. Torticollis was present postoperatively in 122 (62%) patients. Strabismus was noted in 93 (49%). Fifty-five (59%) of the strabismus patients demonstrated exotropia with the majority of exotropia patients demonstrating the exo-deviated eye in the direction contralateral to the hemispherectomy (74.5%). Both torticollis and strabismus were most frequently seen immediately after surgery. Sixty-six patients (34%) underwent strabismus treatment. Patients with younger age of seizure onset, younger age of surgery, and certain epilepsy etiologies (hemimegencephaly, Sturge-Weber syndrome) were more likely to develop strabismus and torticollis.

Conclusions:

Torticollis and strabismus are common after hemispherectomy and appear to be influenced by etiology and age at surgery. Preoperative discussion with parents and patients regarding those compensatory mechanisms is recommended, and postoperative ophthalmologic assessments are also encouraged.
German Ordoliberalism and the Future of the EU
Authors: Cafruny Alan , Talani Leila Simona
Published: April 2019

Far from enabling France to enhance its power over European monetary policy, the Euro has served to consolidate the Federal Republic of Germany’s primacy in Europe. We argue that German policies that have underwritten this primacy are determined not primarily by the ordoliberal ideas of German state managers, but rather because these ideas correspond to the requirements of Germany’s neo-mercantilist export model and the interests of its most powerful socio-economic actors. Germany’s material/corporate interests—and its particular domestic and regional predicament—create enormous obstacles to the abandonment of ordoliberalism and the adoption of the more expansive fiscal policies that most observers believe are necessary to sustain the Eurozone.
Health Beliefs Regarding Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Risk Reduction in South Asian Immigrants: An Integrative Review
Authors: Ramaswamy Padmavathy , Mathew Joseph Nitha , Wang Jing
Published: April 2019

Introduction: The risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is higher in South Asians (SAs) than in other ethnic groups. The purpose of this review is to explore SAs’ health beliefs regarding CVD risk and risk reduction behaviors including physical activity and healthy diet. Methodology: An integrative review was conducted to examine the peer-reviewed literature published before May 2017. Searches from PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL yielded 1 mixed-method, 4 quantitative, and 14 qualitative studies. Results: Stress, lack of exercise, and high-fat diet were perceived as causes of CVD in most studies. Lack of time, sociocultural norms, and insufficient guidance from health care providers were perceived barriers to CVD risk reduction. Exercise and healthy diet were perceived to be beneficial in a few studies. Cues to action included information from community leaders and health care providers. Discussion: Understanding the unique health beliefs of SAs regarding CVD is important in planning and delivering culturally competent preventive and educational services.
Individual and Team-Based Medical Error Disclosure: Dialectical Tensions Among Health Care Providers
Authors: Jones Mandy , Scarduzio Jennifer , Mathews Elzaba , Holbrook Paula , Welsh Darlene , Wilbur Lee , Carr Douglas , Cary L. Curtis , Doty Christopher I. , Ballard James A.
Published: April 2019

Researchers from disciplines of education, health communication, law and risk management, medicine, nursing, and pharmacy examined communication tensions among interprofessional (IP) health care providers regarding medical error disclosure utilizing patient simulation. Using relational dialectics theory, we examined how communication tensions manifested in both individual-provided medical error disclosure and IP team-based disclosure. Two dialectical tensions that health care providers experienced in disclosure conversations were identified: (a) leadership and support, and (b) transparency and protectionism. Whereas these tensions were identified in an IP education setting using simulation, findings support the need for future research in clinical practice, which may inform best practices for various disclosure models. Identifying dialectical tensions in disclosure conversations may enable health communication experts to effectively engage health care providers, risk management, and patient care teams in terms of support and education related to communicating about medical errors.
“One Blood Clot Is One Too Many”: Affected Vocal Users’ Negative Perspectives on Controversial Oral Contraceptives
Authors: Geampana Alina
Published: April 2019

In this article, I analyze women’s negative experiences with the fourth generation of contraceptive pills: controversial drugs Yaz and Yasmin. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 24 contraceptive users residing in Canada, I highlight how women who have experienced deleterious side effects understand the risks of hormonal contraception and advocate for changes in health risk communication and prescription drug regulation. Findings show that interviewees did not feel they received adequate risk information prior to starting their new drug regimen nor did they think that pregnancy risks should be used as a comparison point for placing hormonal contraceptive risk into perspective. Patient views were generally underlined by a critique of professional risk/benefit assessment techniques and procedures. To illustrate how the modern complexities of health risk assessment extend to the realm of hormonal contraceptives, I here provide a detailed examination of women’s negative experiences while on the pill.
The Forgotten
Authors: Tsai Jennifer
Published: April 2019

In this narrative, a third-year medical student recounts an experience with a patient she had while accompanying hospice and palliative workers on home visits. It was a tragic scene to witness, but somehow she left with spirits light. The afternoon with this woman—who suffered from Alzheimer’s Disease—stood out. The medical student still thinks about her to this day.
Two challenges to the embodied version of the autopoietic theory
Authors: Clavel Vázquez María Jimena
Published: April 2019

“In Are living beings extended autopoietic systems? An embodied reply”, Villalobos and Razeto-Barry offer an articulation of the embodied aspect of the autopoietic theory. Their aim is to block the extended interpretation of this theory. For them, living beings are, simply put, autopoietic bodies. In this commentary, I advance two concerns regarding the alleged cases of extended living beings. On the one hand, I argue that their proposal fails to account for the intuitive difference between these cases and living beings that are embedded in the environment. On the other hand, I argue that, from the perspective offered by the authors, there also seems to be a problem in the way the boundaries of a system are delineated.
Part 1: A Novel Model for Three-Dimensional Culture of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Stimulates Spontaneous Cell Differentiation Independent of Chemical Induction Typically Required in Monolayer
Authors: Aulthouse Amy L , Freeh Ellen , Newstead Sabrina , Stockert Amy L
Published: April 2019

Differences in monolayer and three-dimensional (3D) culture systems have been recognized for several years. Despite the recognized importance of 3D systems, low cost and convenience of monolayer culture are still readily used for metabolic and nutritional studies. Here, we present part 1 of a 2-part series that will highlight (1) a novel and cost-effective model for culturing 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in 3D agarose as well as (2) an initial study showing the successful use of this 3D model for experimental analysis of these cells treated with cinnamon extract while suspended in agarose. In part 1, we provide a full characterization of the model system for the 3T3-L1 cells that demonstrate the functionality and convenience of this system. Importantly, we note spontaneous differentiation to adipocytes while cultured under these methods, independent of chemical induction. We present a 2.5-week time course with rounded cells forming vacuoles as early as 24 hours and accumulation of lipid detectable by Oil Red O stain at 0.5 weeks. Serum selection, lipid volume determination, and cell size are characterized. We conclusively demonstrate adipogenesis based on a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) detection using immunohistochemistry (IHC) of sections from these 3D cultures. Methods, materials and recommendations are described as well as proposed benefits to the use of this culture system for 3T3-L1 cells.
Insights Into Traumatic Brain Injury From MRI of Harmonic Brain Motion
Authors: Okamoto Ruth J , Romano Anthony J , Johnson Curtis L , Bayly Philip V
Published: April 2019

Measurements of dynamic deformation of the human brain, induced by external harmonic vibration of the skull, were analyzed to illuminate the mechanics of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Shear wave propagation velocity vector fields were obtained to illustrate the role of the skull and stiff internal membranes in transmitting motion to the brain. Relative motion between the cerebrum and cerebellum was quantified to assess the vulnerability of connecting structures. Mechanical deformation was quantified throughout the brain to investigate spatial patterns of strain and axonal stretch. Strain magnitude was generally attenuated as shear waves propagated into interior structures of the brain; this attenuation was greater at higher frequencies. Analysis of shear wave propagation direction indicates that the stiff membranes (falx and tentorium) greatly affect brain deformation during imposed skull motion as they serve as sites for both initiation and reflection of shear waves. Relative motion between the cerebellum and cerebrum was small in comparison with the overall motion of both structures, which suggests that such relative motion might play only a minor role in TBI mechanics. Strain magnitudes and the amount of axonal stretch near the bases of sulci were similar to those in other areas of the cortex, and local strain concentrations at the gray-white matter boundary were not observed. We tentatively conclude that observed differences in neuropathological response in these areas might be due to heterogeneity in the response to mechanical deformation rather than heterogeneity of the deformation itself.
Factors associated with resilience among Black women living with HIV and histories of trauma
Authors: Dale Sannisha K , Reid Rachelle , Safren Steven A
Published: April 2019

In the United States, Black women living with HIV face various individual (e.g. trauma) and structural (e.g. racism) adversities. However, resilience is understudied among Black women living with HIV. A total of 100 Black women living with HIV in the United States completed measures of resilience, general self-efficacy, self-esteem, post-traumatic growth, trauma symptoms, trauma-related cognitions, and depressive symptoms. Regressions controlling for age and education indicated that higher resilience was associated with higher general self-efficacy (β = .39, p < .001), higher self-esteem (β = .48, p < .001), higher post-traumatic growth (β = .34, p < .01), lower post-traumatic cognitions (β = –.36, p < .001), lower trauma symptoms (β = –.29, p < .01), and lower depressive symptoms (β = –.38, p < .001). Our findings suggest potential targets for interventions.
Impacts of combustion phasing, load, and speed on soot formation in spark-ignition engines
Authors: Hageman Mitchell D , Rothamer David A
Published: April 2019

The premixed prevaporized engine operation method was used to study the effects of main combustion thermodynamic properties and residence time on soot formation in a spark-ignition engine. Select cases were repeated under early-injection, nearly homogeneous, spark-ignition direct-injection operation to determine if the impact of the investigated parameters was the same or if the impact of in-cylinder liquid fuel injection and the resulting heterogeneous fuel-air mixture alters the trends. The original premixed prevaporized study hypothesized that soot is more likely to form after main combustion than during the main combustion event under completely homogeneous conditions. This hypothesis was tested in this study by performing premixed prevaporized combustion phasing sweeps at equivalence ratios (Φs) of 1.35 and 1.40. Both sweeps showed low sensitivity of the particle size distribution to significant changes in peak temperature and pressure during combustion, providing supporting evidence for the original hypothesis. This information was then used to design experiments to isolate the impacts of pressure (engine load) and residence time (engine speed). A premixed prevaporized load sweep showed that particulate emissions increase as a function of load/pressure. A spark-ignition direct-injection load variation showed similar pressure dependence for cases with in-homogeneous in-cylinder fuel-air distributions. A premixed prevaporized residence time variation (performed by changing engine speed) demonstrated an increase in soot formation with increased residence time. The results for identical spark-ignition direct-injection residence-time variations suggest a trade-off in soot formation between the effects of increased mixing time and increased residence time for spark-ignition direct-injection operation. The premixed prevaporized load and speed points were each investigated using Φ sweeps to determine the critical enrichment threshold for soot formation (ΦC) and the dependence of soot formation for Φ > ΦC. The spark-ignition direct-injection investigations were performed at Φ = 0.98, such that any soot formation above the non-fuel-related baseline particle size distribution could be attributed either to mixture heterogeneity or in-cylinder fuel films.
Seizing Sequencing Data to Consider Cell and Circuit Complexity
Authors: Christenson Wick Zoé , Krook-Magnuson Esther
Published: April 2019

[Box: see text]
Seismic performance of recycled aggregate–filled cantilever reinforced concrete retaining walls
Authors: Saribas Ilyas , Ok Bahadır
Published: April 2019

This study investigates the effects of the use of two different types of recycled aggregates with known characteristics as backfill materials in newly built cantilever reinforced concrete retaining walls on the seismic performance of the walls. The physical properties of the recycled aggregates used as backfill materials were determined using aggregate tests. Subsequently, analytical studies for the reinforced concrete retaining walls containing recycled aggregates in the amounts of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% were performed under seismic and static loads and the results were compared with those obtained for the retaining walls containing 100% natural aggregate as the backfill material. The experimental and analytical studies showed that the internal friction angles and effective ground acceleration coefficients significantly affected the overturning moment and total active pressure values of the retaining walls. The results led to the conclusion that recycled aggregates can be partially or completely used as the backfill material in retaining walls. Moreover, the current conventional calculation methods for design and analysis were proven valid for the reinforced concrete retaining walls containing recycled aggregates as backfill materials.
Transposition of the Services Directive and subsidiarity: A view from Galicia
Authors: Núñez Feijóo Alberto
Published: April 2019

The implementation of the directive on services in the internal market has been a challenge in many parts of the EU. This is particularly true with regard to the interaction between the member states and their public entities, for example, the interaction between the Kingdom of Spain and Galicia. Implementing the directive in Spain required the passage of important legislation, at both the Spanish and Galician levels, and this took several years. Galicia’s experience is particularly interesting since the implementation of the directive had to take into account the community’s cross-border business activities with Portugal. This article argues that European regions, especially those with legislative powers, cannot confine themselves to merely being recipients of matched funding from the EU budget. Instead, they must take shared responsibility and work together as equal collaborators in implementing European law, even where it clashes with the status quo and the vested interests of certain minorities.
A leading role for the EU in drafting criminal law powers? Use of the Council of Europe for policy laundering
Authors: De Hert Paul , Aguinaldo Angela
Published: April 2019

In light of the ongoing story on the regulatory steps towards electronic evidence and transnational production orders, civil rights organizations have expressed both alarm and astonishment on the regulatory initiatives in the Council of Europe regarding transnational production orders. Member states of the European Union (EU) engage actively in soft law entrepreneurship by allowing themselves to obtain directly from service providers subscriber and other communications content. This has not only been done domestically through national laws but likewise on a multilateral level as EU member states are now seen drawn towards the Council of Europe. Within said Council of Europe, member states are now enabled to stretch the extraterritorial powers exercised by their law enforcement authorities in obtaining electronic evidence through a controversial Guidance Note and soon, a Second Additional Protocol. Interestingly, throughout these developments, the EU remained passive but as of late, has come up with proposals for the European Production and Preservation Orders, among others. The mixture of alarm and astonishment among civil liberties representatives about the decision making procedures at the level of the Council of Europe can be best understood in a broader regulatory context of policy enterpreneurship, rent-seeking behaviour and, overall, rational choice institutionalism. Comparing the Council of Europe with the EU, the structure of the former makes it the more attractive venue for policy actors such as law enforcement authorities to maximize their benefits at the least amount of costs. Being competitors in policymaking vis-à-vis cooperation in criminal matters, the EU can however lose its sociopolitical ascendancy over time as an institutional venue to discuss cooperation matters. In light of this, one should not forget that two Europes coexist. These coexisting realities are now being used to the advantage of laundering policies, testing which forum would maximize benefits the most. These developments should caution us that there might be a systemic failure in ensuring safeguards in criminal investigations are always in place.
Assessing the visual Q method online research tool: A usability, reliability, and methods agreement analysis
Authors: Nazariadli Shahab , Morais Duarte B , Supak Stacy , Baran Perver K , Bunds Kyle S
Published: April 2019

The traditional paper-based Q method was introduced to the social sciences in the 1930s. However, despite its unique capability for measuring peoples’ subjective opinions, the method has not been broadly employed by researchers. Moreover, despite recent efforts to administer the Q method surveys via the Internet, they have been mostly limited to the usage of textual prompts. Besides, there is no concrete evidence on the usability, reliability, and agreement analysis between the online Q method research tools and the traditional paper-based Q method. Therefore, the visual Q method online research tool was developed to resolve these deficiencies and add new dimensions (audio and video) to the Q method research. The development of the visual Q method platform was a three-stage process that commenced with a usability test on 31 visitors to a local museum. Second, a test–retest reliability analysis with a convenient sample of 37 students resulted in a high reliability coefficient superior to that of the traditional paper-based Q method. Third, the analysis of agreement between the visual Q method and the traditional paper-based Q method on a sample of 10 students revealed substantial similarities between their generated (V)Q sorts. Overall, the study findings provide substantial evidence on the usability and rigor of the visual Q method online research tool.
Total Rewards and Employee Retention in a Middle Eastern Context
Authors: Alhmoud Ayman , Rjoub Husam
Published: April 2019

This article examines the influence of total rewards—comprising extrinsic, intrinsic, and social rewards—on employee retention in Islamic banks in Jordan, with particular focus on the employee perspective. A questionnaire is used to collect data from the study sample, which consists of 500 employees working in various Islamic banks across Jordan. The study hypotheses are then tested using partial least squares (PLS) technique by applying structural equation models (SEMs). Results show that extrinsic, intrinsic, and social rewards are all important factors in achieving employee retention. Interestingly, social rewards were shown to have the highest level of influence on employee retention. This research is new in the Jordanian context; it offers a deeper understanding of some of the most important factors in retaining talent and thereby increasing organizational productivity and competitive advantage. It furthermore provides new insights into the relationship between total rewards and employee retention within the context of the Middle East, a combination previously uncharted.
ERS statement on respiratory muscle testing at rest and during exercise
Authors: Laveneziana Pierantonio , Albuquerque Andre , Aliverti Andrea , Babb Tony , Barreiro Esther , Dres Martin , Dubé Bruno-Pierre , Fauroux Brigitte , Gea Joaquim , Guenette Jordan A. , Hudson Anna L. , Kabitz Hans-Joachim , Laghi Franco , Langer Daniel , Luo Yuan-Ming , Neder J. Alberto , O'Donnell Denis , Polkey Michael I. , Rabinovich Roberto A. , Rossi Andrea , Series Frédéric , Similowski Thomas , Spengler Christina M. , Vogiatzis Ioannis , Verges Samuel
Published: April 2019

Assessing respiratory mechanics and muscle function is critical for both clinical practice and research purposes. Several methodological developments over the past two decades have enhanced our understanding of respiratory muscle function and responses to interventions across the spectrum of health and disease. They are especially useful in diagnosing, phenotyping and assessing treatment efficacy in patients with respiratory symptoms and neuromuscular diseases. Considerable research has been undertaken over the past 17 years, since the publication of the previous American Thoracic Society (ATS)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) statement on respiratory muscle testing in 2002. Key advances have been made in the field of mechanics of breathing, respiratory muscle neurophysiology (electromyography, electroencephalography and transcranial magnetic stimulation) and on respiratory muscle imaging (ultrasound, optoelectronic plethysmography and structured light plethysmography). Accordingly, this ERS task force reviewed the field of respiratory muscle testing in health and disease, with particular reference to data obtained since the previous ATS/ERS statement. It summarises the most recent scientific and methodological developments regarding respiratory mechanics and respiratory muscle assessment by addressing the validity, precision, reproducibility, prognostic value and responsiveness to interventions of various methods. A particular emphasis is placed on assessment during exercise, which is a useful condition to stress the respiratory system.
A retrospective analysis of outcomes in low- and intermediate–high-risk pulmonary embolism patients managed on an ambulatory medical unit in the UK
Authors: Reschen Michael E. , Raby Jonathan , Bowen Jordan , Singh Sudhir , Lasserson Daniel , O'Callaghan Christopher A.
Published: April 2019

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is common and guidelines recommend outpatient care only for PE patients with low predicted mortality. Outcomes for patients with intermediate-to-high predicted mortality managed as outpatients are unknown.

Electronic records were analysed for adults with PE managed on our ambulatory care unit over 2 years. Patients were stratified into low or intermediate-to-high mortality risk groups using the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI). Primary outcomes were the proportion of patients ambulated, 30-day all-cause mortality, 30-day PE-specific mortality and 30-day re-admission rate.

Of 199 PE patients, 74% were ambulated and at 30 days, all-cause mortality was 2% (four out of 199) and PE-specific mortality was 1% (two out of 199). Ambulated patients had lower PESI scores, better vital signs and lower troponin levels (morning attendance favoured ambulation). Over a third of ambulated patients had an intermediate-to-high risk PESI score but their all-cause mortality rate was low at 1.9% (one out of 52). In patients with intermediate-to-high risk, oxygen saturation was higher and pulse rate lower in those who were ambulated. Re-admission rate did not differ between ambulated and admitted patients.

Two-thirds of patients with intermediate-to-high risk PE were ambulated and their mortality rate remained low. It is possible for selected patients with intermediate-to-high risk PESI scores to be safely ambulated.
Stopping when knowing: use of snus and nicotine during pregnancy in Scandinavia
Authors: Kreyberg Ina , Bains Karen E.S. , Carlsen Kai-H. , Granum Berit , Gudmundsdóttir Hrefna K. , Haugen Guttorm , Hedlin Gunilla , Hilde Katarina , Jonassen Christine M. , Nordhagen Live S. , Nordlund Björn , Sjøborg Katrine D. , Skjerven Håvard O. , Staff Anne C. , Söderhäll Cilla , Vettukatil Riyas M. , Lødrup Carlsen Karin C.
Published: April 2019

In young women, the use of snus increases in parallel with decreasing smoking rates but the  use in pregnancy is unclear. Our aims were to determine the prevalence of snus use, smoking and other nicotine-containing product use during pregnancy, and to identify predictors for snus use in pregnancy.

Prevalence was determined for 2528 women in Norway and Sweden based on the Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies (PreventADALL) study, a population-based, mother–child birth cohort. Electronic questionnaires were completed in pregnancy week 18 and/or week 34, and potential predictors of snus use were analysed using logistic regression models.

Ever use of any snus, tobacco or nicotine-containing products was reported by 35.7% of women, with similar rates of snus use (22.5%) and smoking (22.6%). Overall, 11.3% of women reported any use of nicotine-containing products in pregnancy up to 34 weeks, most often snus alone (6.5%). Most women (87.2%) stopped using snus by week 6 of pregnancy.

Snus use in pregnancy was inversely associated with age and positively associated with urban living and personal or maternal history of smoking. While 11.3% of women used snus or other nicotine-containing products at some time, most stopped when recognising their pregnancy. Younger, urban living, previously smoking women were more likely to use snus in pregnancy.
Cost of transport is a repeatable trait but is not determined by mitochondrial efficiency in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Jahn Miki , Seebacher Frank
Published: April 2019

The energy used to move a given distance (cost of transport; CoT) varies significantly between individuals of the same species. A lower CoT allows animals to allocate more of their energy budget to growth and reproduction. A higher CoT may cause animals to adjust their movement across different environmental gradients to reduce energy allocated to movement. The aim of this project was to determine whether CoT is a repeatable trait within individuals, and to determine its physiological causes and ecological consequences. We found that the CoT is a repeatable trait in zebrafish (Danio rerio). We rejected the hypothesis that mitochondrial efficiency (P/O ratios) predicted CoT. We also rejected the hypothesis that CoT is modulated by temperature acclimation, exercise training, or their interaction, although CoT increased with increasing acute test temperature. There was a weak but significant negative correlation between CoT and dispersal, measured as the number of exploration decisions made by fish, and the distance travelled against the current in an artificial stream. However, CoT did not correlate with the voluntary speed of fish moving against the current. The implications of these results are that CoT reflects a fixed physiological phenotype of an individual, which is not plastic in response to persistent environmental changes. Consequently, individuals may have fundamentally different energy budgets as they move across environments, and may adjust movement patterns as a result of allocation trade-offs. It was surprising that mitochondrial efficiency did not explain differences in CoT, and our working hypothesis is that the energetics of muscle contraction and relaxation may determine CoT. The increased in CoT with increasing acute environmental temperature means that warming environments will increase the proportion of the energy budget allocated to locomotion unless individuals adjust their movement patterns.
Tipologias de inovação aberta em novas empresas de base tecnológica brasileiras
Authors: Carvalho Eduardo Gomes , Sugano Joel Yutaka
Published: April 2019

A literatura sobre inovação aberta apresenta uma linha de trabalho em pequenas e médias empresas (PME). Contudo, percebe-se que os autores relegam microempresas e empresas nascentes. Assim, o estudo da inovação aberta nas novas empresas de base tecnológica, é uma importante lacuna da literatura de gestão da inovação. O presente artigo objetiva explorar os diferentes modelos de inovação aberta adotados nas novas empresas de base tecnológica. Uma survey com 92 empresas cadastradas na base de dados da Associação Brasileira de Startups foi realizada e o artigo emprega análise de agrupamentos e ANOVA. Através da análise de agrupamentos foram confirmados na prática os quatro modelos de inovação aberta: inovadores abertos, inovadores fechados, colaboradores integrados e colaboradores especializados.
Projetos de investimento público em Portugal: lições e perspectivas
Authors: Teixeira Constantino Dias , Pereira Leandro Ferreira , Teixeira Cláudia Bento
Published: April 2019

O objetivo deste trabalho de investigação é compreender e identificar as causas que potenciam sucessivas falhas e erros verificados ao nível dos processos de análise dos projetos de investimento público, que originam desvios significativos face aos valores estimados nos estudos económicos e propor soluções que evitem que os mesmos se repitam no futuro. Para o efeito, recorreu-se a um estudo de caso único de natureza explanatório, alicerçado nos fundamentos teóricos e empíricos de quatro modelos internacionais de boas práticas de avaliação de projetos públicos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os fatores que explicam o reduzido desempenho do projeto são, entre outros, a adoção de pressupostos não validados, a ausência de uma análise de risco e as insuficientes qualificações dos avaliadores do projeto. Em termos de soluções invoca-se a necessidade premente de existir uma entidade de carácter preventivo.
Estrutura de capital e desempenho econômico de empresas familiares do Brasil e de Portugal
Authors: Pamplona Edgar , Dal Magro Cristian Baú , Silva Tarcísio Pedro da
Published: April 2019

A estrutura de capital pode ser avaliada diante da teoria de trade-off ou pecking order, sendo importante observar qual a teoria usual para os modelos de organizações familiares. O objetivo do estudo é identificar a influência da estrutura de capital no desempenho econômico das empresas familiares do Brasil e de Portugal. A amostra da pesquisa é composta de 73 empresas familiares do Brasil e 18 empresas familiares de Portugal. Os resultados apontam que as empresas familiares brasileiras e portuguesas possuem vieses tanto da teoria trade-off como da pecking order. Porém, no Brasil, é mais evidente a teoria trade-off, em que o maior endividamento com terceiros proporciona melhor desempenho econômico e, em Portugal, evidências apontam majoritariamente para a teoria de pecking order, em que o uso do capital próprio proporciona melhor desempenho econômico.
Marketing do bem público
Authors: French Jeff
Published: April 2019

Este artigo apresenta algumas das principais ideias e princípios sobre o porquê de processos eficazes de comportamento social precisarem de incorporar princípios de marketing. O artigo explora como os especialistas de marketing social, os políticos e outras partes interessadas podem construir estratégias que sejam reforçadas pelos princípios e metodologias do marketing em todas as políticas sociais. A principal tese do artigo é que o marketing social pode ajudar a informar a estratégia, a selecção e a implementação de políticas sociais, através de um processo de desenvolvimento e aplicação de políticas centradas nos cidadãos. Sem essa compreensão, as intervenções sociais correm o risco de resultados deficientes e de uma crescente tendência para a rejeição por parte dos cidadãos.
O problema da exclusão social na União Europeia: Pode o marketing social resolver a situação? Uma perspetiva a partir da economia do comportamento
Authors: Cruz-Morato Marco Antonio , García Lizana Antonio , García Mestanza Josefa
Published: April 2019

O problema da exclusão social está a crescer cada vez mais na União Europeia. Embora, aparentemente, a situação esteja a ser tratada a nível político, o panorama não é muito positivo. O que poderá estar a passar-se? Este artigo analisa a situação do ponto de vista da economia comportamental (incluindo, na interpretação da situação, os processos de estigmatização e as teorias para lidar com o stress, indo para além do modelo tradicional do homo economicus), propondo o marketing social como contributo para soluções mais eficazes, no sentido de superar a situação e de abordar o problema do ponto de vista da intervenção pública-privada.
Bilby da Páscoa como estratégia de contra-marketing para a conservação da biodiversidade
Authors: Veríssimo Diogo
Published: April 2019

Os marketers sociais deparam-se, por vezes, com mensagens antagónicas promovidas por outros agentes sociais, sendo exemplo disto as indústrias do tabaco e do álcool. Estes esforços podem diminuir consideravelmente o impacto dos esforços de marketing social, obrigando os marketers sociais a desenvolver estratégias de contra-marketing para mitigar o impacto das mensagens desenvolvidas pela concorrência. Neste artigo, examina-se a criação da marca social Bilby da Páscoa, como um competidor para o popular «Coelhinho da Páscoa» na Austrália. O coelho é uma espécie invasora, neste país, tendo causado enormes danos à sua biodiversidade. Por isso, durante a década de 1980, surgiu a ideia de usar o bilby, um marsupial australiano endémico, como um novo símbolo da Páscoa. Neste artigo, é investigado o valor do Bilby da Páscoa enquanto marca, tanto para o cliente como em termos financeiros.
Revisitar a política nacional britânica de marketing social
Authors: Santos Carlos Oliveira
Published: April 2019

Em 2004, o Governo britânico decidiu adotar uma política nacional vasta e sistemática de marketing social, incidindo na área da saúde pública, que se foi implementando como um novo e muito significativo referencial neste campo. Na sequência dos estudos do autor sobre esta temática, com base numa abordagem cognitiva, este artigo foca-se na evolução e transformação daquela política, reforçando a fundamentação de um modelo para uma política nacional de marketing social, como contributo para a conceção e desenvolvimento de políticas similares em outras situações e países, com base em adequados processos de adaptação e implementação.
Motivação de colaboradores não familiares nas empresas familiares da hotelaria portuguesa
Authors: Ali Zahra Assaraf , António Nelson José dos Santos
Published: April 2019

Neste artigo analisa-se a possibilidade de as empresas familiares no ramo hoteleiro em Portugal não serem capazes de motivar e reter «recursos humanos de talento» não pertencentes à família. Utilizaram-se dez casos e trinta entrevistas. Evidenciou-se, por um lado, o nepotismo e a existência de conflitos internos entre familiares. Por outro lado, destacaram-se fatores motivadores derivados do familiness. Conclui-se que há distinções entre a motivação dos colaboradores em hotéis familiares dos restantes hotéis, pois as empresas familiares têm características únicas com implicações tanto positivas como negativas na satisfação e na retenção dos colaboradores não familiares (CNF). Este artigo contraria a maioria dos estudos existentes pois concentra-se na motivação e não na monitorização dos CNF. A motivação é importante, pois permite reter talentos diferenciadores que conferem vantagens competitivas exclusivas.
A influência do género dos gestores das microempresas na utilidade atribuída à contabilidade
Authors: Gouveia Henrique , Fernandes Joaquim Sant’ana , Gonçalves Cristina , Gonçalves Gabriela
Published: April 2019

A informação contabilística tem como função fornecer dados necessários à tomada de decisão dos gestores. As perspetivas de género defendem existir diferenças nos valores e atitudes de risco. Neste estudo definiram-se dois objetivos: avaliar as diferenças de género no recurso à informação contabilística e observar a utilidade atribuída à informação contabilística e a sua importância para a tomada de decisão dos gestores em função do género. Com base em 609 gestores de microempresas selecionados por conveniência, delineou-se um design bifatorial de 2 (género: homens versus mulheres) X 2 (utilizador: sim versus não) com recurso a um inquérito online. Os resultados não apresentam diferenças significativas de género entre os gestores que utilizam a contabilidade como fonte de informação. No entanto, de entre os gestores não utilizadores da informação contabilística, as mulheres reconhecem de forma diferente a utilidade dessa informação.
Sucessão nas empresas familiares e o impacto no endividamento. Evidência para as PME da região de Leiria
Authors: Lisboa Inês
Published: April 2019

As empresas familiares estão presentes mundialmente, contribuindo positivamente para a economia, criação de riqueza e emprego. A continuidade destas empresas depende essencialmente da sua sucessão. Neste trabalho é apresentado um enquadramento teórico sobre a sucessão das empresas familiares, o que deve ser feito e os principais erros. Posteriormente, é feito um levantamento sobre a sucessão das empresas familiares da região de Leiria, em Portugal. Por fim, é analisado o impacto da geração da empresa e da existência de gestores não familiares no endividamento destas empresas. Os resultados evidenciam que a maioria das empresas se encontra na geração do fundador e que os gestores são maioritariamente familiares. Porém, uma percentagem de 45% dos inquiridos já se preocupou com a sucessão e elaborou um plano, embora o tenha feito maioritariamente sem o apoio de especialistas na área. Por fim, a geração da empresa e o tipo de gestor não tem impacto no endividamento destas empresas.
Quantos participantes são necessários para um estudo qualitativo? Linhas práticas de orientação
Authors: Rego Arménio , Cunha Miguel Pina e , Meyer Jr. Victor
Published: April 2019

Uma das dificuldades associadas à realização de investigação qualitativa remete para a dimensão das amostras. Com alguma frequência, os investigadores não justificam a sua escolha de N e são por isso criticados. Este artigo apresenta linhas de orientação para a determinação e justificação do número de casos a usar numa investigação qualitativa. Defende que (a) o aumento da dimensão da amostra não é, em si, uma vantagem, e (b) a quantidade desejável de casos da amostra depende da pergunta de investigação e da declinação da mesma numa série de linhas orientadoras.
Consumer perspectives on reproductive health after using the Jakpros smart mobile health application: A cross-sectional, qualitative study
Authors: Wiweko Budi , Riyanti Aida , Olivia Shanty , Priangga Muhammad , Silvana Vita , Putro Aruan Lewis , Wibawa Yohanes Satrya , Pertiwi Ilonna Putri , Zakirah Sarah Chairani , Harzif Achmad Kemal , Pratama Gita , Muharam R. , Hestiantoro Andon
Published: April 2019

Background:  Good reproductive health is important for individuals and also for the development of children. Knowledge plays an important role in women’s reproduction health. Our study examined women’s perspectives and knowledge of reproductive health after using the free Jakarta Reproduction Sehat (Jakpros) application (app) on a daily basis for two weeks.

Methods: Our study used a cross-sectional, qualitative design. The sample consisted of 12 participants from two sub-district general hospitals in Jakarta. Participants were chosen using purposive sampling and consisted of women of reproductive age who had completed previous questionnaires on their use of Jakpros. We used descriptive analytics and a qualitative method. Data were collected by direct observation in small focus group discussions.

Results: Participants said that after they used the Jakpros app, they were more aware of their reproductive health. Their knowledge increased after counselling combined with Jakpros usage. They also said that the features in the app made it easier to contact their doctor and to access their nearest hospital.

Conclusion: Jakpros is a convenient way to access reliable reproductive health information.
Hydro-mechanical systems of stationary and mobile technological machines
Authors: Сидоренко Валентин , Sidorenko Valentin , Полешкин Максим , Poleshkin Maksim , Антоненко Владимир , Antonenko Vladimir , Грищенко Вячеслав , Grischenko Vyacheslav , Килина Мария , Kilina Mariya , Дымочкин Денис , Dymochkin Denis
Published: April 2019

The tutorial discusses the basics of building hydro-mechanical systems, the composition of their components, the functional description, the element base, the methods for calculating the basic parameters and the determination of the characteristics of the elements of hydraulic systems.
The study of circuit solutions of process equipment requires knowledge of the principles of operation of individual elements of the hydraulic drive: power sources, hydraulic motors, control, guide and control equipment, auxiliary devices. Presented hydroficated mobile and stationary technological equipment, allows for the example of real-life facilities to consolidate knowledge of the synthesis and analysis of hydro-mechanical systems.