bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Test–retest reliability and convergent validity of the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-Fourth Edition in patients with schizophrenia.
Authors: Chen Kuan-Wei , Lee Ya-Chen , Yu Tzu-Ying , Cheng Li-Jung , Chao Chien-Yu , Hsieh Ching-Lin
Published: July 2020

Background: Fluid intelligence deficits affect executive functioning and social behaviors in patients with schizophrenia. To help clinicians manage fluid intelligence deficits, a psychometrically sound measure is needed. The purposes of this study were to examine the test–retest reliability and convergent validity of the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-Fourth Edition (TONI-4) assessing fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: A total of 103 patients with stable condition were assessed with the TONI-4 twice with a 4-week interval to examine the test–retest reliability. We further used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Tablet-Based Symbol Digit Modalities Test (T-SDMT) to examine the convergent validity of the TONI-4. Results: The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.73 for the TONI-4. The percentages of standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change for the TONI-4 were 5.1% and 14.2%, respectively. The practice effect of the TONI-4 was small (Cohen’s d = -0.03). Convergent validity showed small to moderate significant correlations between the TONI-4 and the MoCA as well as the T-SDMT (r = 0.35, p=.011 with the T-SDMT and r = 0.61, p<.001 with the MoCA). The results demonstrated that the TONI-4 had good test–retest reliability, limited random measurement error, and a trivial practice effect. The convergent validity of the TONI-4 was good.Conclusions: These findings indicate that the TONI-4 has potential to be a reliable and valid assessment of fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia.
Nurses’ perceptions of quality within the neonatal continuum of care: A qualitative approach using Donabedian’s Conceptual Framework
Authors: Snell Lauren Ann
Published: July 2020

Background Over the last two decades, globally, the number of neonatal deaths declined from 5.0 million in 1990 to 2.5 million in 2018. The residual neonatal mortality rate is seen as problematic and indicative of possible poor services or failings in the provision of quality care to neonates. The aim of this study was to analyse nurses’ perception related to the quality of the neonatal continuum of care, using Donabedian model as an evaluative framework.Methods A qualitative study design was utilised. Primary data was collected via semi-structured interviews from a purposive sample of nurses (n = 21), observations and document analysis. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data.Results Two categories of criteria relating to structure and process were identified by nurses. Structure criteria included Human resources and resources; and process criteria included technical quality, interpersonal development and nurse-patient relationship.Conclusion To ensure quality care, a variety of infrastructure, an adequate supply of equipment, supplies and an adequate staff capacity that are trained and skilled healthcare professionals are required.
Diuretic activity and mechanism of Mosla chinensis Maxim. cv. Jiangxiangru in normal Rats
Authors: Li Longxue , Xiao Suyun , Liu Weiqi , Lei Dan , Deng Weiyue , He Juan , Wu Zhongrui , Tan Xiaoqin , Li Shouming , Liu Zhiyong
Published: July 2020

Background: Jiangxiangru, a commonly used clinical Chinese medicine, has been investigated mainly over its effects on Summer heatstroke and the dampness inside the spleen and stomach. This study focuses on the diuretic effect of Jiangxiangru in normal rats as well as the underlying mechanism.Methods: 48 rats were randomly divided into the model group (saline), the positive control group (furosemide 0.02g/kg), low and high dosage of water decoction of Jiangxiangru group (0.2 g/ml and 1g/ml), low and high dosage of water extract of Jiangxiangru group (0.1463g/ml and 0.7317g/ml), and the low and high dosage of volatile oil of Jiangxiangru group (0.1791g/ml and 1.4328g/ml). Each group was assigned 6 rats. Thirty minutes after the successful establishment of the model, the rats were treated orally with corresponding doses of drugs at 10 ml/kg. The control group received an equivalent amount of water. After administration, Urine volume at each time point was measured and urine K+, Na+, Cl- content were measured. The contents of ALD, ANP, ADH, Na+-K+-ATPase, the gene expression and protein levels of AQP1, AQP2 and AQP3 in urine of rats in each group were determined. SPSS22.0 statistical software was used to analyze the experimental data. One way ANOVA and multiple comparisons between LSD groups were performed. The difference is considered significant When p < 0.05 or p < 0.01.Results: Our results showed that Jiangxiangru decoction group has the strongest diuretic effect, followed by water extract, then the volatile oil. The diuretic mechanism of Jiangxiangru may affect the kidney in addition to the hormone level related to the change of body fluid metabolism. The distal convoluted tubules are related to the content of aquaporin AQP in the collecting tube, thereby inhibiting water reabsorption.Conclusion: The contents of Na+, K+, and Cl- and PH in urine of rats don’t change significantly in this experiment. The diuretic effect of Jiangxiangru could not cause electrolyte disturbance and other adverse reactions. This fully reflects the complex composition of traditional Chinese medicine, the role of multi-target characteristics.
Tablets an Beruflichen Gymnasien: Gelingensfaktoren für die Integration mobiler Endgeräte im Schulunterricht
Authors: Mayrberger Kerstin , Galley Kathrin
Published: July 2020

Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt ausgewählte Ergebnisse aus dem seit 2015 laufenden Projekt «tabletBS – Einsatz von Tablets an Beruflichen Schulen» vor. Im Rahmen des Projekts «tabletBS» werden ausgewählte Klassen an Beruflichen Gymnasien mit unterschiedlichen Profilen in Baden-Württemberg 1:1 mit Tablets ausgestattet. Evaluiert werden insgesamt rund 144 Klassen aus 40 Schulen in drei Tranchen à ca. 12 Schulen pro Jahr, die wiederum über die dreijährige Zeit der Oberstufe begleitet werden. Das Evaluationsdesign basiert vor allem auf quantitativen Erhebungsmethoden in Form von Online-Fragebögen zur Erfassung aller beteiligten Perspektiven, die nach Bedarf mit qualitativen Erhebungsmethoden für ausgewählte Perspektiven und für vertiefende Fragestellungen ergänzt werden. Es lässt sich nach nunmehr vier Jahren Projektlaufzeit zusammenfassend festhalten, dass Tablets einen tendenziell positiven Einfluss auf die schülerorientierte Entwicklung der Unterrichtsgestaltung haben und dass sie eine gute Beziehungsgestaltung zwischen Lehrenden und Lernenden fördern können. Zudem konnte festgestellt werden, dass eine zunehmende Akzeptanz und Verstetigung der Tabletintegration im Unterricht stattfindet. Wichtig sind hierbei engagierte Lehrende, die das Projektvorhaben in den Schulen wesentlich mitentwickeln, unterstützende Schulleitungen sowie passende Austausch- und Qualifizierungsformate.
Inszenierungsmöglichkeiten eines mediengestützten Sportunterrichts
Authors: Thumel Mareike , Schwedler-Diesener Anja , Greve Steffen , Süßenbach Jessica , Jastrow Florian , Krieger Claus
Published: July 2020

Medienbildung stellt eine Querschnittaufgabe aller Schulfächer, so auch des Sportunterrichts dar, die in ihrer unterrichtlichen Umsetzung auch die jeweiligen fachdidaktischen und grundschulspezifischen Ansprüche erfüllen soll. Dies kann eine Herausforderung für die Unterrichtsfächer bzw. die unterrichtenden Fachlehrkräfte sein. Zur Integration dieser medienbildungsbezogener Themen in die konkrete (Fach-)Unterrichtspraxis liegen mittlerweile zwar vereinzelt Beispiele, jedoch für den hier fokussierten Sportunterricht noch keine systematische Entwicklung und Evaluation entsprechender Unterrichtsvorhaben vor. Im Rahmen eines kooperativen Explorationsprojektes wurden entsprechende Versuche unternommen, einen digital gestützten Grundschulsportunterricht zu planen, durchzuführen und zu reflektieren. Dieser Beitrag setzt sich mit der Reflexion der Unterrichtseinheiten vor dem Hintergrund einer pädagogischen Beschäftigung mit den Begriffen Innovation, Mobilität und Digitalität auseinander und fragt in diesem Zusammenhang nach Möglichkeiten der Inszenierung eines mediengestützten und medienbildenden Sportunterrichts der Grundschule.
Analíticas de aprendizaje en la territorialidad virtual de la enseñanza: caso República Dominicana
Authors: Chaljub Hasbún Jeanette , Torres-Toukoumidis Angel , Bello Rafael , Flores Ángela
Published: July 2020

Con el surgimiento y evolución exponencial de las Tecnologías para el Aprendizaje y Conocimiento (TAC), se hace necesario dar seguimiento a los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje que se desarrollan a través de nuevos entornos. De allí que el objetivo principal es realizar una revisión teórica-práctica de métricas de aprendizaje para su incorporación en el sistema educativo de República Dominicana del que se derivan 3 objetivos específicos: analizar los estudios sobre marcos de analíticas de aprendizaje según los enfoques de métricas expuesto por Ferguson & Shum (2011); describir de modo exploratorio los marcos de analíticas de aprendizaje para su implementación en República Dominicana correlacionando los marcos de analíticas de aprendizaje con mayor proclividad a su formalización; proponer un plan de acción para la incorporación de métricas de aprendizaje correspondiente a la territorialidad virtual de República Dominicana.
Mandatory adoption of the Central Bank of Nigeria’s cashless and e-payment policy: implications for bank customers
Authors: Aderemi Adeyemo Kingsley , Isiavwe David , Adetula Dorcas , Olamide Olusanmi , Folashade Owolabi
Published: July 2020

This study seeks to uncover the projected gains and challenges of a cashless and e-payment policy in Nigeria, with particular emphasis on the wellbeing of bank clients, and to examine the extent to which the promised benefits of the policy were realized eight years down the line of implementation. Researchers provided copies of a research questionnaire to selected bankers and bank customers in Ogun and Lagos states of Nigeria to find perceptions of the two stakeholder groups regarding the subject matter. Three hypotheses formulated were tested using ANOVA. The paper reveals that the cashless banking initiative in Nigeria has significantly enhanced bank customer satisfaction; the implementation of the cashless banking structure in Nigeria has not led to a significant reduction in the level of cash fraud in Nigerian banks; and the adoption of a cashless economy practice in Nigeria has significantly improved the management of bank customer funds in terms of spending and saving. The paper, in particular, recommends that bank regulators constantly and widely cooperate with all key stakeholders in the system in the fight against cybercrime. This will make the electronic space safe and reliable for use in doing banking in Nigeria and beyond.
Acknowledgment The authors wish to acknowledge Covenant University for its financial support during the work on this paper.
Investment activities of banks, insurance companies, and non-government pension funds in Ukraine
Authors: Reverchuk Serhiy , Vovchak Olga , Yavorska Tetyana , Voytovych Lyudmyla , Irshak Olesya
Published: July 2020

Successful solution of main problems and contradictions in the development of financial intermediaries’ investment activities largely depends on their timely detection, which is facilitated using trend forecasting models. The research aims to determine the current investment potential of financial intermediaries in the Ukrainian economy, find out the features and general problems, and identify the main perspective directions for the development of their investment activities. The article reveals the main internal and external factors and the source of development and inhibition of Ukrainian banks’ investment activities, insurance companies, and non-government pension funds. Based on the analysis, the investment structure patterns for key groups of financial intermediaries were defined. The forecast of their investments for 2020–2022 allows comparing the investment activities of selected financial intermediaries and offering conditions for the intensification of investment activities for banks (formation of reserves and cash flows control), insurance companies (to develop investment strategies), and private pension funds (to allow investing funds in collateralized government debt securities).
A SPIRITUAL PATH OF A GRAVE DIGGER
Authors: Afandi Nur Aziz
Published: July 2020

Heart (qalb) has a higher function than do other sensory organs such as eyes and ears have because heart is the executing part of the soul that changes human spiritual potentiality into actuality (Ansari, 2003). Spiritual actuality of heart such as mukasyafah is possible when it has achieved cleanliness and clarity. Sufism as a spiritual path offers several steps to clean and purify heart. This study explores the spiritual path that has been experienced by a grave digger in the form of mukasyafah towards the sound of complaints and pain from a grave. The data of this essay was gained from interviews with a grave digger in Kediri, East Java. This study concludes that the spiritual path traversed by the grave digger is, among other things, the path of heart which is exercised by the subject by giving help, alleviating sufferings of others, praying for the deceased, and being gentle towards his fellow people. The path of reason is passed by the subject by doing what he obtained from his studying Islam. The path of group is done by having good relations with others. While the path of service is carried out by the subject by giving emphaty to other people who are experiencing distress, giving hands to those who ask for help and giving alms to those in need. The way of dhikr is done by always remembering Allah, realizing and believing in Allah as the provider of the provision and who regulates one's sustenance and being honest in work expecting God’s blessing.
THE CONCEPT OF TRANSCENDENTAL LOVE IN THE TAFSĪR AL-QURĀN AL-AẒĪM BY AT-TUSTURIY
Authors: Labib Hakki Akmal
Published: July 2020

Abstract The concept of ḥhubb is closely related to daily life. Anyone must have love. Whether it's love from biological aspect, social aspect, or theological aspect. This is one of the reasons why researchers choose the term ḥhubb. And the other reasons are, first, the word ḥhubb is one of the key words in al-Qurān that describes the concept of deed, whether it is the concept of worship, as well as the social concept beloved by God and it is important to be known as the sustainer of everyday life. Secondly, the translation of al-Qurān gives only the earliest description of the meaning of the word ḥhubb only to the extent of the meaning of love, thus requiring a deeper explanation in order to know its meaning comprehensively. So, this study will discuss about the concept of ḥhubb according Sahl bin ‘Abdullāh at-Tusturī in Tafsīr al-Qurān al-Aẓīm. He was known by a mutaṣawwīf and mufassīr
THE MEANING OF PANCASILA IN SUFISTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Zainur Rakhman Muhammad
Published: July 2020

Pancasila has many functions for Indonesia; as the foundation of the state philosophy, the source of all law sources, nation’s view of life, as well as the soul and personality of Indonesia. Pancasila has not become a common value that is the basic for every remark and behavior. Because of that Pancasila needs to be interpreted in useful point of view to build personality with deep contemplation of it. One of the signification is on Sufistic Psychology’s Perspective. Sufistic Psychology as the development of Psychology based on Tasawuf, can be a useful perspective in interpreting Pancasila. Psycho-Sufistik that oriented in moral-transcendental can provide a deep and focused meaning to Pancasila. This research use a qualitative methodology, which elaborates the meaning of Pancasila in Sufistic Psychology’s perspective. Before Pancasila was elaborated in Sufistic Psychology’s perspective, the meaning of Pancasila was analyzed using semiotics. This study aims to interpret Pancasila in Sufistic Psychology’s perspective.The results of the study shows that the research is useful to enrich the intellectual treasures of Pancasila
PREMARITAL SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND FACTORS AFFECTING YOUTH MARRIAGE (REVIEW OF MBA COUPLES IN PONOROGO REGENCY)
Authors: Susanti Sri
Published: July 2020

Premarital sexual behavior in adolescents is caused by high adolescent sex drive, which occurs in an environment that begins to be permissive and almost limitless. In the end, physically children can mature more quickly and mature, but psychologically, economically, religiously, socially, as well as other forms of independence are not necessarily able to build a new community called family, this case will lead to other social problems, namely the occurrence of unwanted pregnancy / unpreparedness of teenagers to form new families whose ends end in divorce, abortion crime, the risk of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and other social behaviors. Most of these adolescents have early marriage because they are forced to, and because they are pregnant out of wedlock. This research is a descriptive study using a qualitative approach. Data sources are obtained through interviews with informants or resource persons for married couples in an accident (MBA). Data collection techniques in research using indepth interview and observation. Data validity using triangulation method, and data analysis techniques using interactive analysis, three components namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawn in the form of interactions with the process of collecting data as a cycle process. Based on the results of this study, it is known that the dominant factor in young marriage in the working area of the sub-district Religious Affairs Office (KUA) in the district of Ponorogo is due to pregnancy out of wedlock (Marrige By an Accident), in addition to the necessity and willingness to feel mutual love, and the presence of parents in the working area of the sub-district Religious Affairs Office (KUA) in the district of Ponorogo, that girls do not need to have high education because in the end girls will only take care of their husbands and children at home
THE SPIRITUAL MEANING OF SULUK IN SYI’IR TANPA WATON
Authors: Maslahah Siti
Published: July 2020

Syi’ir Tanpa Waton, a work of KH Mohammad Nizam As-shofa, is a sufi poem. It is a cultural endeavor to response the modern problems of Muslims who easily judge others infidels without realizing their own infidelity. This poem is used as a closing recitation of Reboan Agung (Islamic regular study forum of Muslim conducted in every Wednesday night learning the book of Jamī’ al-uṣul fi al-uliyā’ the work of Shaykh Ahmad Dhiya 'uddin Musthofa Al-Kamisykhonawi) and the book of Al-Fatḥurrabbani wa al-Faiḍurrahmani the work of Shaykh Abdul Qadir al-Jilani. The forum took place at Islamic boarding school of Ahlus-Shofa Wal Wafa Sidoarjo, East Java. This research is inspired by spiritual emptiness caused by the modernization and the shallow understanding of Islamic teachings. Islam is studied and practiced at the level of shari'a without deepening it into higher stages of Sufism i.e. tariqa, haqiqa and even marifa. This study employs content analysis and qualitative approach aims at analyzing the message or moral values contained in the literature. Then, I classifies basic thoughts into some themes and selects these themes to find the central idea of the text. Substantively, the verses were structurely written ranging from understanding comprehensively the teachings of Islam, teachings self-awareness, the teachings of social piety (humanism) and the teachings of Sufism namely suluk practice. Suluk in Syi’ir Tanpa Waton is devided into two parts, namely: small suluk (khalwat fi al-khalwat) and big suluk (khalwat fi al-jalwat). Meanwhile, suluk nafs/soul purification and suluk Qalb/heart purification are called takhalli/purgativa. In addition to that, sirr emptying (tahalli/contemplative) followed by soul enlightening (Tajalli/Illuminativa) is a chain of process or stages that should be passed in the form of small and big suluk which take place in suluk Qalb (takhalli/purgativa) and sirr emptying (tahalli/contemplative). Suluk in the present context is urgently needed for peaceful soul to face negative effects of modernization and spiritual crisis of modern human by doing seclusion physically and mentally (qalb/jasad) from the crowd of human life. Seclusion is a symbol of taqarrub ilallāh by self-equipping with spiritual values to depend on nothing but Allah. This process will consruct oneself to be calm, patient, active, productive, firmly independent, consistent, having integrity and good personality
NEGOTIATING TRADITION AND INNOVATION UPON THE CROSS-GENERATIONAL ART OF SINGIRAN (IMPROVISATION, CULTURAL IDENTITY AND MILLENNIAL COMMUNITY)
Authors: Sobirin Mohamad
Published: July 2020

This study, based on recent virtual observation, explores the process of cultural negotiations of singing Singiran among millennial. In addition, it also breaks down the strategies practiced by the Singiran musicians in introducing their artistic products into digital society. In this study, in addition to observing the lyrics and chords of Singiran, I interviewed Rijal Vertizon and his associates; the musicians who have popularity based on the number of their subscribers. The Singiran musicians regenerated the tradition of singing Singiran with innovation, especially upon the arrangement of the music, as well as developing a strategy to improve sounds and fulfill the aesthetic changes of populist Muslim markets and newly emerging millennial Muslim identities. In addition to reconstructing this traditional culture, Singiran musicians are interested in creating a positive image both for insiders and outsiders of Javanese cultures and reaching the larger Muslim community. My observations to the Singiran's enthusiasts show that innovative Singiran can play a role in shaping the cultural identity of the Javanese Millennial Muslim. In other perspective, it could be called as a new kind of local wisdom in contemporary Javanese life.
Renewal of Criminal Law Politics Relating to Justice Based On Justice
Authors: Susilo Adhi Budi
Published: July 2020

Copyright is a high reality of various values, including economic value, this is because copyright that is born of copyright, taste, and intention is able to color the development of human life through objects born from the copyright process. However, in its development various copyrights were not considered in this country. The rise of piracy on song copyrights for example, is only able to benefit the perpetrators of piracy of song copyright economically. The research method used is a juridical legal research method of analysis with the object of research studies aimed at the laws and regulations relating to copyright and principles - applicable legal principles. Substantially, the material changes in Law No. 28 of 2014 is related to the change of type of criminal offense from ordinary offense to complaint offense and in the meantime there are not many creators who can seek justice about it. The results of the research are increasingly unfair with the existence of Clause 112 to Clause 119 of Law Number 28 of 2014 changing copyright offenses to complaint offenses that increasingly marginalize the rights of the creators of copyrighted works in this country. Therefore it is necessary to have a joint discussion related to the political development of criminal law related to copyright offenses.

 

Hak Cipta adalah suatu realitas yang tinggi akan berbagai nilai, termasuk didalamnya nilai ekonomis, hal ini dikarenakan hak cipta yang lahir dari cipta, rasa, dan karsa mampu mewarnai perkembangan kehidupan umat manusia melalui benda yang lahir dari proses cipta tersebut. Namun dalam perkembangannya berbagai hak cipta tidaklah diperhatikan di negara ini. Maraknya pembajakan akan hak cipta lagu misalnya, hanya mampu menguntungkan bagi oknum pelaku pembajakan hak cipta lagu tersebut secara ekonomis,  Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum yuridis analisis dengan objek kajian penelitian yang ditujukan terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan yang berkaitan dengan hak cipta dan prinsip-prinsip hukum yang berlaku. Secara substansial, materi perubahan dalam UU No. 28 Tahun 2014 adalah yang berkaitan dengan perubahan jenis tindak pidana dari delik biasa menjadi delik aduan serta sementara itu pihak pencipta tidak banyak yang dapat mengupayakan keadilan akan hal itu. Hasil dari penelitian semakin bertambah tidak adil dengan adanya Pasal 112 hingga Pasal 119 Undang-Undang Nomer 28 Tahun 2014 merubah delik hak cipta menjadi delik aduan yang semakin memarjinalkan hak dari pencipta suatu karya cipta di negara ini. Oleh sebab itu perlu adanya pembahasan bersama terkait pembangunan politik hukum pidana terkai delik hak cipta.
Legal Political Study on Translation of Human Rights in the Indigenous Peoples in Dharmasraya West Sumatera District
Authors: Andiki Febri , ALW Lita Tyesta
Published: July 2020

The national land law structure in force in Indonesia does not mention and does not prohibit the sale and purchase of customary land rights. The fact in customary law has conditions that must be met regarding the transfer of the sale of customary land rights. If it does not meet the requirements, then buying and selling rights to customary land is said to be a deviation regarding the objectives contained in the customary order. Formulation of the first problem, why the legality of buying and selling rights over customary land of the Malay tribe in Dharmasraya Regency, West Sumatra Province. Second, what is the form of transfer of customary land rights according to customary law and national land law in Dharmasraya Regency and what kind of government legal policy is capable of providing protection to customary community rights relating to customary land rights? This paper is the result of research using the Socio Legal Research method that uses primary data and secondary data is a source of questions with the collection techniques carried out by observation and interviews equipped with literature studies and analyzed descriptively prescriptive. The results of the study found a deviation regarding the substance of the transfer of title to the Malay customary land. One of the factors is the undeniable development of the age related to economic survival without thinking about the common rights inherent in customary land. The conclusion is that the customary land is a common right of the customary law community. The meaning of collective rights here is not owned by individuals, ‘ninik mamak’ or customary leaders only. Therefore, the sale and purchase of customary land rights must be returned in accordance with customary law norms attached to the customary law community itself. So that the existence of customary land is maintained in the days to come and is not eroded by time. The future legal politics of the government pays attention to the existence of customary land and recognizes the customary community's customary land to be poured in the form of an authentic deed and poured in the form of a Regency / City Regional Regulation in terms of the transfer of customary rights to other parties, especially investors.
Annual Leave Entitlement of Labor (A Comparison between Egypt Law with Indonesia)
Authors: Jaedin Jaedin
Published: July 2020

Wages are unimportant in work ties then leave pay is a worker's right that must be provided in accordance with the principle of no work no pay. Leave is a goal to restore labor to a physically stable and able to rest the human body. However, the regulations in Indonesia do not apply the law as in the State of Egypt, the employer revokes the wages of leave if the worker is provided with other services while on leave. Regulations in Egypt are in accordance with the Egyptian Law Number 12 of 2003 concerning relevance to the purpose of the leave itself, namely leave to rest the physical or body of the worker, not to utilize work leave at another employer. However, the regulations in Indonesia in Law Number 13 of 2003 have not been regulated as in Egypt. In Egypt, it is more comprehensive in expressing the principle of no work, no pay.
A decision support tool for rural water supply planning
Authors: Cook Joseph , Wagner Jake , Newell Gunnar
Published: July 2020

Over a dozen studies have examined how households who travel to collect water (about one-quarter of humanity) make choices about where and how much to collect. There is little evidence, however, that these studies have informed rural water supply planning in anything but a qualitative way. In this paper, we describe a new web-based decision support tool that planners or community members can use to simulate scenarios such as (1) price, quality, or placement changes of existing sources, (2) the closure of an existing source, or (3) the addition of a new source. We describe the analytical structure of the model and then demonstrate its possibilities using data from a recent study in rural Meru County, Kenya. We discuss some limits of the current model, and encourage readers and practitioners to explore it and suggest ways in which it could be improved or used most effectively.
A clinical case of repeated correction of Ebstein’s anomaly using the ‘cone reconstruction’ method
Authors: Troshkinev N. , Svyazov E. , Mochula O. , Shmakova N. , Ivanova I. , Egunov O. , Krivoshchekov E.
Published: July 2020

We report the case of a 16-year-old child with Ebstein’s anomaly who successfully underwent recorrection via the ‘cone reconstruction’ method using a tricuspid valve-in-ring implant. Because the patient had high-grade atrioventricular block, a pacemaker was implanted. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging were conducted to determine the anatomy of the right ventricle and its hemodynamic parameters. Echocardiography performed at the time of discharge revealed an improvement in the hemodynamic parameters of the patient after the correction: triuspid valve regurgitation is mild and peak/mean pressure gradient 10/5 mmHg.Received 9 January 2020. Revised 16 March 2020. Accepted 17 March 2020.Informed consent: The patient’s informed consent to use the records for medical purposes is obtained.Funding: The study did not have sponsorship.Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.Author contributionsDrafting the article: N.M. Troshkinev, O.V. Mochula, O.A. EgunovLiterature review: N.A. Shmakova, I.V. IvanovaIllustrations: N.M. Troshkinev, O.V. MochulaCritical revision of the article: E.V. Krivoshchekov, E.A. SvyazovSurgical treatment: E.V. Krivoshchekov, O.A. Egunov, N.M. TroshkinevFinal approval of the version to be published: N.M. Troshkinev, E.A. Svyazov, O.V. Mochula, N.A. Shmakova, I.V. Ivanova, O.A. Egunov, E.V. Krivoshchekov
Critical coarctation of the aorta: diagnostic capabilities and methods of surgical treatment of aortic coarctation in newborns
Authors: Rzaeva K. , Soynov I. , Gorbatykh A. , Kulyabin Yu. , Voitov A. , Ivantsov S. , Gorbatykh Yu. , Bogachev-Prokophiev A.
Published: July 2020

Critical coarctation of the aorta in newborns usually presents with severe narrowing of the cavotricuspid isthmus and space adjacent to the arterial duct, limiting blood flow to the thoracic aorta. Patient survival depends on duct patency. Rapid deterioration and development of multiple organ failure usually result from spontaneous closure of the patent arterial duct. This deterioration is due in part to reduced renal perfusion and results in fluid and acid retention, causing heart failure and metabolic acidosis. This may be alleviated by the administration of intravenous prostaglandin E1, with a temporary improvement in distal aortic blood flow and the overall condition of the patient. Primary repair is associated with a high risk of unfavourable outcomes due to severe systemic outflow obstruction and multiple organ failure. Therefore, as a bridge to subsequent radical surgery, palliative stenting is the preferred method in newborns with critical aortic coarctation in the decompensated state.Received 16 January 2020. Revised 29 March 2020. Accepted 30 March 2020.Funding: The study did not have sponsorship.Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.Author contributionsConception and design: S.M. Ivantsov, A.V. Voitov, Yu.Yu. KulyabinDrafting the article: K.A. RzaevaCritical revision of the article: I.A. Soynov, A.V. Gorbatykh, Yu.N. Gorbatykh, A.V. Bogachev-ProkophievFinal approval of the version to be published: K.A. Rzaeva, I.A. Soynov, A.V. Gorbatykh, Yu.Yu. Kulyabin, A.V. Voitov, S.M. Ivantsov, Yu.N. Gorbatykh, A.V. Bogachev-Prokophiev
Design and Development of Key Chain Held Insulin injectable device
Authors: Manarvi Irfan Anjum , Matta Nader Maher
Published: July 2020

Background:

Diabetes affects people of all ages regardless of gender and geographical location. A diabetic patient unlike other diseases; may appear healthy and living a normal life under medication. Therefore a tendency of being
noncompliant with medicine especially insulin dosage is observed. One of the reasons of such behavior is that patients
find it irritating to use syringes or injections. It results into complications in other body functions such as heart, kidneys,
liver and loss of immunity.

Results:

Dimensional, performance and economic features were compared with existing devices. Device was designed to
use standard accessories of needles and insulin cartridges available in market. It was observed that the new device fared
well with current devices and provided additional benefits of convenience of use and portability of carrying along being
half the size of others. Its overall cost was also substantially reduced due to use of replaceable insulin cartridges as compared to syringes and pens that are discarded after use.

Conclusions:

A keychain held insulin administration device was successfully developed in this research. Patients could
use this device to administer insulin everywhere to ensure timely dosage. Patients are able to carry it along and develop
compliant behavior towards insulin usage. Its geometric as well as performance specifications were developed on the basis of syringes and typical insulin pens available in market. Final design fulfilled all the requirements provided by market
held devices besides being half the geometric size of regular pens. It uses insulin tubes which can be discarded and device
can be used again and again that makes it more economical. Both type 1 and 2 patients can use it because of simple assembly and operation. Prototype devices were used by two patients over a period of 12 weeks who confirmed its satisfac-tory performance. Addition of digital measurement scale was proposed for which further research is in process. Its small
size as compared to insulin pens and syringes provided possibility of carrying it in keychain.

Methods:

Present research was conducted to design and manufacture a keychain held insulin injectable device. Patients
requirements were collected through interviews regarding current devices such as syringes, insulin pens and insulin pump.
Its geometric features and possibility of carrying along everywhere was the primary focus of these interviews. Patients
ease of use, cost, dimensional and performance specifications of these devices were reviewed and considered as target
benchmarks for new device design. A set of parameters was established from the collected information that was considered as baseline for new device design. A detailed product design and development process was followed to arrive at final
design. Prototypes were developed and tested on few volunteer patients who confirmed its performance and usability advantages with reference to other devices.
Wound with Diabetes: Present Scenario and Future
Authors: Pawar Kuldeep B. , Desai Shivani , Bhonde Ramesh R. , Bhole Ritesh P. , Deshmukh Atul A.
Published: July 2020

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder of the endocrine system characterized by an increase
in blood glucose level. Several factors, such as pancreatic damage, oxidative stress, infection, genetic
factor, obesity, liver dysfunction, play a vital role in the pathogenesis of diabetes, which further leads to
serious diabetic complications. The diabetic wound is one such complication where the wound formation
occurs, especially due to pressure and its healing process is disrupted due to factors, such as hyperglycemia,
neuropathy, nephropathy, peripheral vascular disease, reduction of blood flow, atherosclerosis,
impaired fibroblast. The process of wound healing is delayed due to different abnormalities like alteration
in nitric oxide level, increase in aldose reductase, sorbitol, and fructose. Therefore, diabetic
wound requires more time to heal as compared to the normal wound. Healing time is delayed in diabetic
wound due to many factors, such as stress, decreased oxygenation supply, infection, decreased blood
flow, impaired proliferation and migration rate, impaired growth factor production, impaired keratinocytes
proliferation and migration, and altered vascular endothelial mediators. The current treatment for
diabetic wounds includes wound patches, oxygenation therapy, hydrogel patches, gene therapy, laser
therapy, and stem cell therapy. Medications with phytoconstituents are also one way to manage the diabetic
wound, but it is not more effective for quick healing. The objective of this review is to understand
the potential of various management options which are available for diabetic wound, with a special focus
on biological cells.
Development and Validation of a Simple HPLC-UV Method to Assay DEET Repellents and its Application to Different Commercial Forms
Authors: dos Santos Juliana , Lourenço Rebeca Lino , Rosa Priscila , Adams Andréa Inês Horn
Published: July 2020

Background:

N’,N’-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is the most widely used repellent substance worldwide. It is
formulated as aerosol, solution, lotion, gel and patches. However, the official compendia report monographs to analyze
only DEET drug substance and solution.

Objective:

In this study an isocratic HPLC method was validated to assay DEET in lotion, gel and solution, under the
same analytical conditions.

Methods:

The method was validated according to ICH requirements and DEET detection was achieved
at around 11 min, using a C-18 column, a mobile phase composed by methanol, acetonitrile and water
pH 4.5 (45:10:45), flow rate at 1 mL min-1 and detection at 270 nm.

Results:

A linear relationship was observed in the range of 2.5 to 100 μg mL-1, the method was precise
(relative standard deviation < 2%) and accuracy was demonstrated by DEET recovery values ranging
from 99.5 to 100.2%. The specificity was studied by a forced degradation test, where degradation
products were observed after alkaline degradation and ultraviolet radiation. Appropriate resolution between
DEET, degradation products and excipient peaks indicated the method specificity. Robustness
was evaluated by a full factorial design, and no effect on DEET assay was observed under simultaneous
variation in analytical parameters. The method was applied to assay nine marketed formulations,
demonstrating its good applicability.

Conclusion:

The validated HPLC method was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of DEET in lotion, gel and
solution, contributing to improve the quality control and the efficacy of these formulations.
Introduction of Advanced Methods for Structure-based Drug Discovery
Authors: Shaker Bilal , Tran Kha Mong , Jung Chanjin , Na Dokyun
Published: July 2020

Structure-based drug discovery has become a promising and efficient approach for
identifying novel and potent drug candidates with less time and cost than conventional drug
discovery approaches. It has been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry since it uses the 3D
structure of biological protein targets and thereby allows us to understand the molecular basis of
diseases. For the virtual identification of drug candidates based on structure, there are a few steps for
protein and compound preparations to obtain accurate results. In this review, the software and webtools
for the preparation and structure-based simulation are introduced. In addition, recent
improvements in structure-based virtual screening, target library designing for virtual screening,
docking, scoring, and post-processing of top hits are also introduced.
Exploring the Role of Phytochemicals as Potent Natural Photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Senapathy Giftson J. , George Blassan P. , Abrahamse Heidi
Published: July 2020

Background:

Cancer is still considered a deadly disease worldwide due to difficulties in diagnosis,
painful treatment procedures, costly therapies, side effects, and cancer relapse. Cancer treatments using conventional
methods like chemotherapy and radiotherapy were not convincing due to its post-treatment toxicity in the
host. In Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), three individual non-toxic components including a photosensitizer, light
source and oxygen cause damage to the cells and tissues when they are combined.

Objective:

In recent years, phytochemicals are being increasingly recognized as potent complementary drugs for
cancer because of its natural availability, less toxicity and therapeutic efficiency in par with commercial drugs.
Hence, the idea of using phytochemicals as natural photosensitizers in PDT resulted in a multiple pool of research
studies with promising results in preclinical and clinical investigations.

Methods:

In this review, the potential of phytochemicals to act as natural photosensitizers for PDT, their mode
of action, drawbacks, challenges and possible solutions are discussed in detail.

Results:

In PDT, natural photosensitizers, when used alone or in combination with other photosensitizers, induced
cell death by apoptosis and necrosis, increased oxidative stress, altered cancer cell death signaling pathways,
increased cytotoxicity and DNA damage in cancer cells. The pro-oxidant nature of certain antioxidant
polyphenols, hormesis phenomenon, Warburg effect and DNA damaging potential plays a significant role in the
photosensitizing mechanism of phytochemicals in PDT.

Conclusion:

This review explores the role of phytochemicals that can act as photosensitizers alone or in combination
with PDT and its mechanism of action on different cancers.
Efficient Removal of Methyl Orange from Wastewater by Polymeric Chitosan-iso-vanillin
Authors: Alabbad Eman A.
Published: July 2020

Introduction:

Water pollution is a serious issue in several countries. In addition, because of limited water resources, the recycling of wastewater is crucial. Consequently, new and effective sorbents are required to reduce the cost of wastewater treatment as well as to mitigate the health problems caused by water pollution.

Methods:

In this study, the removal of Methyl Orange (MO) dye from wastewater using a chitosan-iso-vanillin polymer was evaluated. The removal of MO from an aqueous solution was studied in a batch system, using the modified chitosan polymer.

Results:

The results indicate that the removal of MO by the modified chitosan was affected by the solution pH, sorbent dosage, initial MO concentration, contact time, and temperature. The experimental data were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms, and Freundlich isotherm showed the best fit. The kinetic data were fitted to the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order rate equations. Thus, the removal of MO was controlled via chemisorption, and the removal rate was 97.9% after 3 h at an initial MO concentration of 100 ppm and a sorbent dose of 0.05 g. The adsorption behavior of the modified chitosan for the removal of MO was well-described using the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Intraparticle diffusion analysis was also conducted, and the thermodynamic properties, including entropy (∆S), enthalpy (∆H), and free energy (∆G), were determined.

Conclusion:

The pH, initial MO concentration, sorbent dosage, adsorption temperature, and contact time had a significant effect on the adsorption of MO by chitosan-iso-vanillin.
Efficacy of Direct-Acting Antiviral Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Among Kidney Transplant Patients
Authors: Al Atbee Mohammed , Al-Taher Saad Shaheen , Alabbood Majid
Published: July 2020

Background:

To date, there is no consensus on the best combination of direct-acting antivirals
to treat hepatitis C virus in kidney transplant recipients.

Objective:

This study aims to analyze the efficacy of a combination of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir
regimen for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infected kidney transplant patients.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted in a nephrology clinic and the Nephrology Center
in Basrah Teaching Hospital from June 2015 to June 2018. Ledifos (90 mg Ledipasvir and 400 mg
Sofosbuvir fixed-dose) was given as a single daily dose to all the participants for 12 weeks. Response
for therapy was tested by a follow up hepatitis C virus load at the end of 12 weeks and after
24 weeks. The sustained virological response was defined as a negative viral load of hepatitis C virus
(aviremia) at the end of therapy. This study was done according to the Helsinki Congress.

Results:

A total of 60 (16 females) patients with renal transplantation and hepatitis C virus infection
were included. The mean age was 40±6.2 years. A sustained virological response was observed
in all of the patients who received Ledifos after 12 and 24 weeks of therapy for all genotypes
(1a, 1b and 4); p= 0.0001. Genotype 1a was more prevalent among males, in about 34
(56.6%) of the patients; p= 0.0001, and it was the most common genotype that tested negative serologically,
11 (18.3%).

Conclusion:

Ledifos therapy is an effective and safe option for the treatment of hepatitis C virus
infection in the post-renal transplant setting.
Edad de rebrote de Erythrina americana Miller y concentración de compuestos fenólicos en el follaje
Authors: Hernández-Espinoza Diana Fabiola , Lagunes-Espinoza Luz del Carmen , López-Herrera María Aurelia , Ramos-Juárez Jesús Alberto , González-Garduño Roberto , Oliva-Hernández Jorge
Published: July 2020

El follaje de algunos árboles puede utilizarse en la alimentación de pequeños rumiantes, cuando la calidad química y contenido de metabolitos secundarios son adecuados. El uso de Erythrina americana como alimento, requiere del conocimiento de su composición nutricional a diferentes edades de rebrote. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la influencia de la edad de rebrote de E. americana en el contenido de compuestos fenólicos y composición química del follaje, a partir de 24 árboles que forman parte de los cercos vivos de una explotación ovina. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, el factor fijo fue la edad de rebrote de E. americana (60 días, 90 días y 120 días). Las variables dependientes fueron: materia seca, proteína cruda, cenizas, materia orgánica, fibra detergente neutro, fibra detergente ácido, polifenoles totales, fenoles no taninos, taninos condensados, taninos hidrolizables y taninos totales. La edad de rebrote afectó (P < 0.05) el contenido de proteína cruda, carbohidratos estructurales, polifenoles totales y taninos (condensados, hidrolizables y totales), el resto de las variables no fueron afectadas (P > 0.05). A los 90 días se detectó el mayor contenido de proteína cruda. El menor contenido de carbohidratos estructurales se presentó entre 90 días y 120 días. Conforme se incrementó la edad de rebrote aumentó la concentración de taninos condensados. Los contenidos de proteína cruda, carbohidratos estructurales y taninos condensados en el follaje de E. americana, a una edad de rebrote de 90 días, permiten considerarlo como alimento complementario para pequeños rumiantes.