bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A preliminary study of the fine structure of the oökinete, oöcyst, and sporozoite formation of Leucocytozoon simondi Mathis and Leger
Authors: Desser Sherwin S. , Wright K. A.
Published: August 2008

The major features of the cytology of oökinetes, oöcysts, and sporozoites of Leucocytozoon simondi Mathis and Leger as seen in KMnO4-fîxed midguts of Simulium rugglesi and examined in the electron microscope, are related to their appearance in Giemsa-stained light microscope preparations. Thus, blue-staining regions of oökinete and oöcyst and the posterior, darkly stained region of sporozoites correspond to regions of endoplasmic reticulum; light "vacuole-like" regions correspond to accumulations of dense material which were not membrane enclosed; and minute red-stained spots at the anterior tip of sporozoites correspond to paired organelles. The dense material of oökinetes which, in oöcysts, is segregated into developing sporozoites may function as an energy source for sporozoites. The structure and development of these stages is similar to that of Plasmodium spp. The oöcyst of L. simondi develops extracellularly, enclosed by the basal lamina of the midgut with most of its surface surrounded by the basal cell membrane of midgut epithelial cells. This location of the oöcyst may be important in determining the subsequent pattern of development of this species.
Variation in taxonomic characters of a species of Acrobeloides (Cobb, 1924) Steiner and Buhrer, 1933
Authors: Anderson R. V.
Published: August 2008

Shape of the labial probolae and tail, configuration of the reproduction system, and position of the nerve ring, excretory pore, deirid, and phasmid were variable in a species of Acrobeloides (Cobb, 1924) Steiner and Buhrer, 1933, reared in bacterial cultures and subsequently in oven-dried soil. In soil, probolae were apiculate in 85% of the nematodes from six colonies (progeny of three females from red pine roots and three females From greenhouse soil), and 74% had conoid tails. In the six bacteria-reared colonies, 44% of the nematodes had conoid probolae, 32% were knobbed, 21% low-rounded, and only 3% were apiculate. Most of these specimens had hemispherical tails (57%), 18% were clavate, and 24% conoid, of which 16% had rounded tail termini and 8% were truncated. In the 12 colonies, always one shape predominated with at least 70% of the probolae and 47% of the tails of one shape. Intermediates were present in most colonies. There was a significant difference in body length between the colonies originating from red pine and those from greenhouse soil when reared on bacteria, but not when reared in soil. Position of the nerve ring, excretory pore, and deirid varied in relation to one another, to the esophagus, and in distances from the head, and generally were more anterior on the body in soil than in bacterial populations. The nerve ring extended from the metacorpus in 12% of the total specimens to as low as the base of the isthmus in less than 1% of all colonies. The nerve ring surrounded the anterior portion of the isthmus in fixed specimens in at least 75% of the females, but usually surrounded the metacorpus in living specimens. The excretory pore was generally located immediately below the nerve ring, but sometimes was opposite or as much as 12 μ below the nerve ring. The deirid was always observed below the excretory pore, usually at the base of the esophagus. The phasmids tended to be more posterior on hemispherical- or clavate-shaped tails than on conoid-shaped tails. Ovaries lacked flexures in young adults, the oogonia were arranged in contraposition or in tandem, and the vulval lips were seldom protuberant. Egg-laying females had ovaries with double flexures, oogonia in contraposition, and the vulval lips often were protuberant. Measurements of body dimensions and illustrations are provided. The species is compared with Cephalobus nanus de Man, 1880, for which Acrobeloides nanus is proposed as a new combination.
Location and quantitative aspects of ice nucleators in insects
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: August 2008

Gut contents are the source of ice nucleation in feeding insects; in those non-feeding forms where it has been possible to observe nucleation, residual food within the gut has been the source. When freezing is confined to tissues with no digestive elements, such as excised appendages, preferred nucleation sites may be observed but the tissues or structures involved have not been identified. Haemolymph and intracellular matter are improbable as functional nucleating sites, reducing the anatomical possibilities greatly.Isolated appendages were also used to demonstrate that the relation between freezing temperature and mass in aqueous systems is more accurately defined by the numbers or other quantitative aspects of nucleators than by the mass of water.
Factors influencing ovary development of worker honeybees under natural conditions
Authors: Jay S. C.
Published: August 2008

The ovaries of worker bees of known ages were examined in colonies which (a) were queenright, (b) were queenless, (c) had a virgin queen, (d) were queenless but had queen cups containing young female larvae, (e) were rearing their own queens, (f) were queenless but had only queen larvae present, and (g) were queenless but had only queen pupae present. Many worker bees developed their ovaries in treatments (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), and (g) but not in (a). The significance of these results is discussed.
The microanatomy of the supraoesophageal ganglion of Eurythoe complanata (Polychaeta; Amphinomidae)
Authors: Marsden Joan Rattenbury , Galloway Mary
Published: August 2008

The microanatomy of the supraoesophageal ganglion of the tropical amphinomid polychaete Eurythoe complanata is described. Three types of ganglion cell, 12 ganglionic nuclei, and four commissures are described as well as the relationship of the parts of the brain to nerves from sensory organs on the prostomium and the circumoesophageal connectives. Possible association areas are discussed. A comparison is made with older studies on the Amphinomidae and with a companion description for another tropical amphinomid Hermodice carunculata.
Gastropods as intermediate hosts of Pneumostrongylus tenuis Dougherty of white-tailed deer
Authors: Lankester Murray W. , Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

From May to October, 1966, gastropods from three different habitats on Navy Island, Ontario, were examined for larvae of Pneumostrongylus tenuis. Of 9940 examined individually, 4.2% contained larvae. A mean of 2.9 larvae was recovered from each infected gastropod. Deroceras laeve and Zonitoides nitidas were the most abundant and commonly infected species. The incidence of infective larvae in adult D. laeve from a wet forested area rose to 25% by late June but dropped to 1.5% during July, coinciding with the disappearance of adult slugs. The level of infection in Z. nitidus (4.3%) remained relatively constant. The wet forested habitat where gastropods were abundant, commonly infected, and active from May to October was probably most important for transmission. Experiments showed that snails already containing larvae can be reinfected and there is some evidence that they are repeatedly infected in nature. Larval development was retarded in aestivating snails. Numbers of larvae recovered and their rate of development differed in various species of experimentally infected gastropods. Snails of the family Polygyridae were the most suitable intermediate hosts studied. Larvae passed by deer were situated in the film of mucus covering faecal pellets. In this location, larvae may be dispersed by high spring water or heavy rainfall. Snails became infected when exposed to larvae in wet and dried soil. Larvae on pellets survived freezing at −15 to −20 °C for up to 306 days.
Insects trapped by the pollinial apparatus of milkweed, Asclepias syriaca L., in Dunn Township, Ontario
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: August 2008

Fifty insects trapped in flowers of A. syriaca and collected on July 22, 1967, in Dunn Township, Ontario, included a beetle, Ellychnia sp.; the moth Cissipes fulvicollis; the butterfly Thymelicus lineola; the flies Syritta pipiens, Sphaerophoria robusta, Paregle radicum, Musca autumnalis, Pollenia rudis, Lucilia illustris, Bufolucilia silvarum, Wohlfahrtia vigil, Helicobia rapax, Ravinia sp., and Cylindromyia sp.; the ant Formica fusca; and the honeybee Apis mellifica. The latter two were the insects trapped in the largest numbers.
A study of kidney lysosomal acid phosphatase during compensatory renal hyperplasia in rats
Authors: Hegdekar B. M.
Published: August 2008

Female rats of the Long-Evans hooded strain, 4–6 months old and weighing 275–300 grams, were subjected to unilateral nephrectomy and the acid phosphatase activity in the remaining kidney was studied at the end of 24, 48, 72 hours, and 8 days respectively. Most of the acid phosphatase was found in the particulate fraction in normal kidneys. The enzyme activity in the soluble fraction was found to have increased the second day after the operation, but decreased to the original level by the end of 72 hours. The free activity of the lysosomal fraction also increased by the end of second postoperative day. A change in the permeability of the lysosomal membrane before the enzyme release was observed. The probable role of lysosomal enzymes in the initiation of mitotic divisions during compensatory renal hyperplasia is discussed.
The life cycle of Proteocephalus fluviatilis Bangham (Cestoda) from smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieui Lacépède
Authors: Fischer Hartwig
Published: August 2008

In all, 1176 smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), ranging from 1.0 to 46.7 cm in fork length, were examined for Proteocephalus fluviatilis Bangham. Of bass more than 7.6 cm in length, 67% were infected whereas 16% of bass fry less than 7.6 cm in length contained these cestodes. Plerocercoids, segmented, and early gravid P. fluviatilis occurred throughout the sampling period from May into October, but egg shedding worms were not found until June when the surface temperature of the lake approached 15 °C. Gravid P. fluviatilis were up to three times larger in Ontario than in Ohio. The egg was described, and structures similar to "penetration glands" or "epidermal glands" reported from cyclophyllidean cestodes were found in the oncosphere. Plerocercoids of P. fluviatilis developed in mature female Cyclops bicuspidatus, C. vernalis, C. scutifer, and Tropocyclops prasinus; development from egg to plerocercoid I required approximately 18 to 21 days at 18 °C. Plerocercoid I infected smallmouth bass fry directly from the copepod, increased in size to plerocercoid II, then segmented and matured without leaving the gut. Plerocercoids, segmented but not gravid worms, and scoleces from gravid worms were transferred from one bass to another and continued growth and differentiation in the second host. Plerocercoids survived as long as 6 days in fish other than bass, but segmented worms did not survive longer than 24 hours.
Experimental transmission of Trichinella spiralis via marine amphipods
Authors: Fay Francis H.
Published: August 2008

Groups of amphipods (Anonyx laticoxa and A. affinis) from the Bering Sea were fed the flesh of black bears, Ursus americanus, containing encysted larvae of Trichinella spiralis of Alaskan polar bear (U. maritimus) and brown bear (U. arctos) origin. In the expelled ingesta of 7000 amphipods that had fed for 1 hour were found 17 intact, excysted larvae of T. spiralis. Another group of 8500 that had fed for 20 minutes was, in turn, fed to two Trichinella-free dogs, one of which acquired an infection of about one larva per gram of skeletal muscle.
Frequency of honeydew excretion in the lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) (Homoptera: Tachardiidae)
Authors: Srivastava P. N. , Varshney R. K.
Published: August 2008

The frequency of honeydew excretion in the larva of the lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr), varies from 2.08 to 3.30 droplets, and that in the fertilized adult female from 8.04 to 10.10 droplets per insect per hour. Approximately three- to- five-fold increase in the frequency of excretion from the larval to the adult stage is an indication of the vigorous physiological activity during the adult life of the insect.
Routes of excretion of particulate waste in the polychaete, Hermodice carunculata
Authors: Marsden Joan Rattenbury
Published: August 2008

The accumulation of particulate matter is described as taking place in the body wall, gills, intestinal epithelium, and nephridial duct of Hermodice carunculata. The quantity of material accumulated increases in starved and regenerating animals. Histochemical tests show that it is decidedly heterogeneous and suggested components include melanins, lipofuscins, and non-haem iron. The particulate matter is regarded as waste material eliminated through the body surface.
Influence of ambient oxygen on the swimming performance of goldfish and rainbow trout
Authors: Kutty Methil Narayanan
Published: August 2008

The influence of ambient oxygen concentrations on sustained swimming effort (less than four body lengths (L.)/second, fish approximately 20 cm long) was tested in goldfish acclimated to two levels of ambient oxygen, 95 and 15% air saturation, and in rainbow trout acclimated to 95% air saturation only. The acclimations and tests were done at 20 °C in the case of goldfish and 15 °C in the case of rainbow trout. Experiments were done in Blažka's activity apparatus.The swimming effort of goldfish acclimated to air saturation declined from 3 L./sec at about 2 p.p.m. of ambient oxygen to 1 L./sec at about 1 p.p.m.The swimming effort of rainbow trout acclimated to air saturation declined sharply from 4 L./sec at about 2.5 p.p.m. to 1 L./sec at 2 p.p.m. of oxygen.Goldfish acclimated to 15% air saturation were tested in two separate groups, namely those left overnight in the activity chamber and those tested within 7 hours after they were handled; results from both these groups did not show any marked difference from each other or from those of goldfish acclimated to high oxygen.Since acclimation to low oxygen does not indicate any change in the swimming effort–ambient oxygen relation in goldfish, it is possible that the oxygen response studied is mediated through a behavioral mechanism which does not involve those physiological aspects of respiratory metabolism which are influenced by acclimation to low oxygen.
Salinity tolerance of brook sticklebacks, Culaea inconstans, freshwater ninespine sticklebacks, Pungitius pungitius, and freshwater fourspine sticklebacks, Apeltes quadracus
Authors: Nelson Joseph S.
Published: August 2008

The salinity tolerance of brook sticklebacks, Culaea inconstans, freshwater ninespine sticklebacks, Pungitius pungitius, and freshwater fourspine sticklebacks, Apeltes quadracus, was studied and compared with the tolerance of Pimephales promelas, Notemigonus crysoleucas, and Umbra limi by increasing the salinity in steps of 10% seawater (3.5‰) at regular intervals. Culaea had a significantly lower salinity tolerance than Pungitius and Apeltes but had a significantly higher salinity tolerance than Pimephales, Notemigonus, and Umbra. Culaea recovered when returned to fresh water after an abrupt transfer to 100% seawater for 1.75 h or less. In Culaea, temperature had an effect on salinity tolerance but neither light duration nor acclimation in 20% seawater could be shown to have any effect. Apeltes had a significantly higher salinity tolerance than Pungitius at 8 °C but not at 16 °C. At 16 °C most feeding and fanning activity ceased at 60%, 80%, and 110% seawater, in Culaea, Pungitius, and Apeltes, respectively. In the Gasterosteidae the order of decreasing salinity tolerance and increasing utilization of the freshwater habitat is as Follows: Spinachia, Apeltes, Gasterosteus, Pungitius, and Culaea.
Osmotic and ionic regulation in goldfish following removal of the corpuscles of Stannius or the pituitary gland
Authors: Ogawa Mizuho
Published: August 2008

The osmolalities of the urine and the plasma as well as the plasma electrolytes were studied in unoperated goldfish, Carassius auratus, sham-operated animals, hypophysectomized animals, and animals from which the corpuscles of Stannius had been removed. Removal of either the pituitary or the corpuscles of Stannius results in loss of blood electrolytes as evidenced by an elevation in urine osmolality and a decline in the plasma electrolytes. Angiotensin II prevents the loss of electrolytes in fish from which the corpuscles of Stannius have been removed but has no effect on the electrolyte balance of the hypophysectomized animals. The possible role of the corpuscles of Stannius is discussed.
Hermit crabs and gastropod survivorship
Authors: Doran L. D.
Published: August 2008

A method for determining the survivorship curve of intertidal snails is presented. Recovery of the shells of dead snails by hermit crabs forms the basis for the method. The application of the method in one area and some of the method's limitations are discussed.
Molting in a parasitic nematode, Phocanema decipiens. III. The histochemistry of cuticle deposition and protein synthesis
Authors: Kan Sau Pheng , Davey K. G.
Published: August 2008

The adult cuticle of Phocanema decipiens is deposited at the edge of the hypodermis as three discrete layers of protein, each having the same histochemical characteristics. The cortex, or outermost layer, is keratinized at the periphery as soon as it appears, and later differentiates into two layers. The middle layer, or matrix, differentiates into three bands, apparently by further secretion of material from the hypodermis. Cytoplasmic and nucleolar ribonucleic acid (RNA) in both hypodermis and muscle cells increases during cuticle deposition, even when the worms are deprived of nutrients. A cycle of nucleolar secretion also occurs in the muscle cells, but this is shown to be correlated with nutrition rather than with cuticle deposition.
Structure rétinienne et la Vascularisation intraoculaire chez quelques poissons marins de la région de Gaspé
Authors: Ali M. A. , Anctil M. , Mohideen H. M.
Published: August 2008

Twenty-five species belonging to 12 families were studied. Their habitats ranged from coastal, pelagic zones to depths of about 300 meters. Corresponding variations in retinal structure, intraocular circulation, and activity were observed. Based on these, three categories have been established. The first includes species with poorly developed retinae, very sparse circulation, and no activity, inhabiting deeper waters; the third comprises active species with well-developed retinae and good blood supply, inhabiting coastal or pelagic zones. The second category groups the intermediate forms. Variations in retinal structure and circulation and the relationship between the two aspects are discussed.
Environmental factors influencing the feeding behavior of Daphnia magna Straus
Authors: McMahon J. W.
Published: August 2008

Feeding behavior of Daphnia magna on the food organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, determined by electronic measurement of frequency of thoracic appendage movements (FTA), differs between groups cultured in lake, river, and dechlorinated tap water. FTA also varied between similar Daphnia cultured at different times in water collected from a common source. It is suggested that variability in water quality or physiological changes, possibly influenced by thermal history of the animal, alters feeding behavior. The concept of a "normal filtering rate" (McMahon and Rigler 1965) is reevaluated.
Observations on the structure of oncosphere of Taenia crassiceps (Zeder, 1800) Rudolphi, 1810
Authors: Bilqees Fatima Mujib
Published: August 2008

Observations were made on the structure of the oncosphere of Taenia crassiceps. The oncosphere contained (1) a pair of unicellular glands which stained with thionine and toluidine blue; (2) pyroninophilic cells, containing large vesicular nuclei when stained with haematoxylin; (3) smaller non-pyroninophilic cells, with less distinct nuclei; (4) poorly staining fibrous elements, presumably muscular; and (5) three pairs of hooks.
Comparison of infections with Leucocytozoon simondi in black ducks (Anas rubripes), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and white Pekins (Anas bochas)
Authors: Khan R. A. , Fallis A. M.
Published: August 2008

The effects of Leucocytozoon simondi on black ducks, mallards, and white Pekins were evaluated by comparing natural and experimental infections in immature and adult ducks. Higher mortality rates were recorded in immature white Pekins (75%) than in mallards (40%) and black ducks (18%) exposed continually to infected flies. Comparable doses of sporozoites inoculated into ducklings of the three species gave similar results, mortality in white Pekins was high (91%), moderate in mallards (58%), and black ducks (54%). Parasitemias, despite some variation, were higher in the endemic species. Lowest red blood cell volumes were noticed in infected white Pekins. Mortality of 60% was noted in adult white Pekins and deaths among adult mallards and black ducks were rare. Investigations of the spring relapse of L. simondi indicated more parasites in the peripheral blood of black ducks than in mallards and white Pekins. The endemic species appear more tolerant to the parasites.
The role of the pituitary of the goldfish in the development of resistance to repeated high temperature exposures
Authors: Johansen Peter H.
Published: August 2008

Sham-operated goldfish display an increased heat resistance after repeated exposures to a high temperature; hypophysectomy done before the high temperature exposures prevents the development of an increased heat resistance.
Ectoparasites from the cowbird, Molothrus ater (Boddaert), at London, Ontario
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: August 2008

Parasites from five cowbirds included mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, feather lice, Bruelia sp. and Menacanthus sp., and hippoboscid flies, Ornithomyia fringillina.
A reconsideration of forms of squid of the genus Illex (Illicinae, Ommastrephidae) in Newfoundland waters
Authors: Aldrich Frederick A. , Lu C. C.
Published: August 2008

G. V. Zuev of the Institute of the Biology of the Southern Seas, Academy of Sciences, Sebastopol, U.S.S.R., has derived three forms of the ommastrephid species Illex illecebrosus, indicating that they come from the African, Adriatic, and Newfoundland areas, respectively. He is apparently unaware that three subspecies have been recognized by other workers, and these are apparently not his three forms.Information resulting from an analysis of 1262 specimens of I. i. illecebrosus from the Newfoundland area is contrasted with Zuev's definition of type form C, his form from this area. There is basic disagreement between the two sets of data with respect to the species as it exists in our coastal waters with respect to radula, hectocotylus, mandibles, fin size, and proportion to overall mantle length, club and tentacular dimensions, and the funnel organ. With the general view that Zuev's sample is hopelessly small on which to base a revision of the genus, as he himself admits, it is still worth noting that the Newfoundland form of I. i. illecebrosus represents characteristics assigned by Zuev to all three of his forms. It is possible that intergradations exist and the entire species should be reevaluated for a more full understanding of this ommastrephid squid and its systematics.
The effects of stress on blood sugar composition of the lobster, Homarus americanus
Authors: Telford Malcolm
Published: August 2008

Freshly caught intermolt lobsters show a highly significant elevation of blood glucose after a few minutes of mild stress. Females show a significantly greater increase than males. The small amounts of other sugars in the blood are great enough to explain the increase in glucose, and chromatographic analysis shows that they diminish under stress. In postmolt animals the stress hyperglycaemia is not as great but is still significant; the difference between the sexes is not apparent. Lobsters held in commercial pounds were found to be in a hyperglycaemic condition. The stress of commercial handling and prolonged fasting brings about significant changes in blood sugars and the sexes react differently. The rather better survival of females under these conditions may also be significant.
Dactylotylenchus crassacuticulus, a new genus and new species (Tylenchinae: Nematoda)
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu
Published: August 2008

Several males and females of an undescribed nematode genus of the subfamily Tylenchinae were found in soil around grass collected from a location not far from Peyto Lake in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta. A new genus and new species, Dactylotylenchus crassacuticulus, is herein described to accommodate this new taxon, which is significantly different from other genera in the subfamily, in possessing a finger-like labial framework and a thick cuticle.
Some observations on Sehirus cinctus (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Cydnidae)
Authors: McDonald F. J. D.
Published: August 2008

The feeding habits of Sehirus cinctus were studied using the hedge nettle Stachys palustris. Descriptions and measurements of egg clusters and the five nymphal instars are given.
Pleistocene freshwater Ostracoda from Yukon, Canada
Authors: Delorme L. D.
Published: August 2008

Pleistocene deposits along the Porcupine River, south of the Old Crow basin in the Yukon Territory have yielded 30 species of freshwater Ostracoda. Two of these, Eucypris foveata and Limnocythere liporeticulata, are new. Certain species within the faunal assemblages are restricted holarctic.
The mode of life of Montacuta elevata, a bivalve 'commensal' with Clymenella torquata (Polychaeta)
Authors: Gage John
Published: August 2008

The small erycinacean bivalve, Montacuta elevata, is found attached by a byssus to the lower end of the sandy tubes of Clymenella torquata. Samples of M. elevata were collected monthly in 1965 from an intertidal sand-flat in Barnstable Harbor, Mass. The bivalve was found to be a protandrous hermaphrodite, with its gonads ripening in summer, and to brood the larvae, within the mantle cavity, to a shelled veliger stage. Later stages were found in the plankton; the largest ones could be linked directly to the smallest individuals found associated with C. torquata. Although no clear pattern could be detected from a frequency distribution of measurements of the size of M. elevata in the samples, a simple analysis of the annual growth-checks on the shells distinguished at least five year-classes.Some laboratory experiments with these highly motile bivalves established that they show a direct chemoorthokinesis to the 'host'. They also respond to certain physical factors of their microenvironment, showing a direct orthokinesis to light and moving uphill as a negative geotaxis on hard surfaces, but burrowing downwards into sand. A very characteristic response of circling in a velocity gradient of water issuing from fine-bore tubing is interpreted as a 'direct klinokinesis'; this response seems important in finally aggregating the bivalves to the lower end of the worm-tube where similar current conditions exist. The responses are shown to function in an integrated way in maintaining the association. Since young (postlarval) stages showed the same responses, it is concluded that behavior similar to that of adults probably operates in initiating the association.
Molting in a parasitic nematode, Phocanema decipiens. IV. Ecdysis and its control
Authors: Davey K. G. , Kan Sau Pheng
Published: August 2008

The last ecdysis of Phocanema in in vitro culture is described briefly. Ecdysis is accompanied by the synthesis in the excretory gland of the enzyme leucine aminopeptidase and its release via the excretory duct into the space between the two cuticles. A previously described cycle of neuro-secretion is also correlated with these events. Extracts of the anterior ends of worms with active neurosecretory cells stimulate the synthesis of leucine aminopeptidase in isolated excretory glands. Rearing the worms in a non-nutrient medium abolishes the neurosecretory cycle and hence the synthesis of leucine aminopeptidase, and the worms fail to undergo ecdysis. The excretory system of Phocanema is described, and histochemical evidence presented for protein synthesis in the gland during ecdysis.
Anaerobic induction of primary chemical attractancy for ambrosia beetles
Authors: Graham K.
Published: August 2008

Experimental evidence supports a hypothesis that oxygen deficiency may be a causal factor in the formation of chemical attractants for the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier). Detectable attractancy can be induced by anaerobic conditions at 20 °C, imposed for 4 hours on fresh sapwood. Maximum attractancy develops within 24 hours of anaerobic processing. The hypothesis proposes that in a log or dying tree stagnation of the translocative and pneumatic systems leads to deficiency of oxygen at the active metabolic centers. The consequent change from oxidative to fermentative metabolism thus induces attractant formation.
Emendation of the generic diagnosis of Cryptonchus Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda:Ironidae), redescription of C. tristis (Ditlevsen, 1911) Filipjev, 1934, and description of the male
Authors: Anderson R. V.
Published: August 2008

The diagnosis of the genus Cryptonchus Cobb, 1913 is emended and C. tristis (Ditlevsen, 1911) Filipjev, 1936 redescribed and validated as the type species. Based on detailed studies of a Canadian population of C. tristis, new information is presented concerning the characteristics of the cuticle and the form and structure of the stoma, telostom, and esophagus. The male of C. tristis is described and illustrated for the first time.
Histological changes produced by a ruby laser in Neodiprion sertifer Geoff.
Authors: Kobylnyk Ronald W. , Wilde Walter H. A.
Published: August 2008

Histological changes in eggs and pronymphal larvae in cocoons of Neodiprion sertifer were produced after exposure to a single focussed ruby laser pulse of 25 joules/cm2. Immediately after lasing, separations occurred between the endochorion and serosa of eggs and between the epicuticle and endocuticle of pronymphal larvae. These tissues were often darkened and thickened and the larval epidermis appeared vacuolated. Twenty-four hours later, the pigment of the epicuticle was aggregated or impregnated into the endocuticle. The cuticle also turned yellow and contained refractive bodies. Focussed lasing reduced the wall thickness in experimental cocoons. The heat produced by lasing was believed to have caused coagulation necrosis of the integumental tissues resulting in uncontrolled dehydration and rapid death.
Effects of endrin feeding on survival and reproduction in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus
Authors: Morris Ralph D.
Published: August 2008

The effects of endrin on parental survival and fertility, litter size, and young survival to weaning, of field-captured Peromyscus maniculatus osgoodi were studied. Five test groups were used, each containing 13–14 pairs of known-aged mice. The reproductive performance of each group was recorded over a 6-month period from August, 1966, to January, 1967, before endrin feeding. Endrin feeding was at intervals over a 7-month period from February to August, 1967, with standard mouse pellets containing approximately 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7 p.p.m. endrin. All groups were subjected to starvation periods of short duration during the experiment. The experiment was terminated by exposing selected mice from each group to cold stress at 0°F until the mice were dead. Adult mortality during feeding, starvation, and cold stress periods were directly proportional to the level of endrin supplied in food. Within each group, litter production frequency and mean litter size before and during experimental feeding were similar. Evidence is presented that at higher endrin levels postnatal mortality of young before weaning occurs. Suggestions about the mechanism of this effect are proposed.
Inclusions in adults of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.)
Authors: Sullivan C. R. , Wallace D. R.
Published: August 2008

Hard, dark-red, tumor-like inclusions that are apparently unrelated to nuclear polyhedrosis have been detected in adult Neodiprion sertifer. The frequency of occurrence of these structures is related to larval rearing temperature. They are consistently more common in adults that have undergone prepupal diapause than in adults that have not had a prepupal diapause. Differences in the incidence of the inclusions occur between families, and the bodies are more commonly found in females than in males.
A histochemical study of calcium storage in the foot of the freshwater gastropod, Helisoma duryi eudiscus (Pilsbry)
Authors: Kapur S. P. , Gibson M. A.
Published: August 2008

Shortly after hatching, calcium appears in the form of numerous spherules within the connective tissue of the foot of Helisoma. Concomitantly, there is a change in the histochemical demonstration of sulfated mucopolysaccharides, glycogen, and alkaline phosphatase. The sulfated mucopolysaccharide component of the mucous glands and the mucous coating of the foot increase in staining intensity. Similarly, the glycogen content of the foot epithelium and subepithelial connective tissues increases in staining intensity. Also, alkaline phosphatase first appears and exhibits an intense staining reaction within the foot epithelium. It is suggested that the coincidental appearance of these substances is related to the percutaneous absorption and storage of calcium. It is proposed that the sulfated mucopolysaccharides absorb calcium from the environment, that this calcium–mucous complex is hydrolyzed by the alkaline phosphatase, that the released calcium becomes bound to the fibers and sulfated mucopolysaccharides forming the matrix of the spherules, and that the calcium is accumulated in the form of such spherules.
Haemolymph esterases in the female larval honeybee, Apis mellifera L., during caste development
Authors: Tripathi Ram K. , Dixon S. E.
Published: August 2008

The haemolymph esterase patterns were obtained for eight ages during larval development of the two female castes of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L., by starch gel electrophoresis. Qualitatively, the patterns differed markedly with age within and between the castes. Quantitatively, esterase activity is higher in workers up to 72 hours of age and thereafter shows a general decline, whereas in queens the activity is lower up to 72 hours of age and is followed by a general increase. In both castes the activity is slightly increased towards prepupal stage. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to female dimorphism.
Growth and development of the barren-ground caribou. II. Postnatal growth rates
Authors: McEwan E. H.
Published: August 2008

The growth curves of minimum body weights of fast-growing caribou reared in captivity and slow-growing wild caribou are compared. Captive animals exhibit a cyclical pattern of growth characteristic of other cervid species. The differences in the declining growth constants of wild caribou compared to captive caribou are attributed to environmental factors and activity, resulting in higher maintenance costs.
The jaw and hyoidean mechanism of the bullfrog tadpole during aqueous ventilation
Authors: Gradwell Norman
Published: August 2008

Bullfrog tadpoles (above ca. 18 C) normally achieve branchial ventilation by the rhythmic pumping of water through the buccal cavity. This is facilitated by a coordination between the mandibular and hyoidean movements. Below 70 cycle/min only the lower jaw is active, but both jaws participate at higher frequencies. The jaw and hyoidean muscles and their time sequence were investigated by direct observation, electrical stimulation, lesion, and electromyography. A consideration of jaw ligaments has led to a new interpretation of the jaw mechanism.
Helminth parasites of the Newfoundland short-finned squid, Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus (LeSueur) (Cephalopoda: Decapoda)
Authors: Brown Elizabeth L. , Threlfall William
Published: August 2008

Five genera of cestode parasites were found in the short-finned squid. Representatives of three of these, Pelichnibothrium speciosum, Monticelli, Scolex polymorphus Rudolphi, and Nybelinia sp. are new host records. The other two genera are Phyllobothrium and Dinobothrium, both of which have previously been described from Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus. The specimens of Dinobothrium collected were identified to the species level, Dinobothrium plicitum Linton, for the first time. Contrary to conclusions drawn by other workers, the plerocercoids of Phyllobothrium sp. do not wander freely about the body of the squid in nature, but are restricted to the caecum. The wandering of plerocercoids referred to above is probably a function of rising temperature over the period between time of capture of the squid and time of examination.
Helminths of vertebrates and leeches taken by the U.S. Naval Medical Mission to Yemen, Southwest Arabia
Authors: Kuntz Robert E. , Myers Betty June
Published: August 2008

Helminths are listed for amphibians, reptiles, and mammals from vertebrates captured and examined in the Yemen, Southwest Arabia. Two species of leeches were collected, one of which is reported from man.
A green turtle from the Oregon coast
Authors: Forbes Richard B. , McKey-Fender Dorothy
Published: August 2008

A Pacific green turtle, taken from Coos Bay, Oregon, provides the secondmost northerly record of this species from the northeastern Pacific Ocean.
Variations in the photoperiodic response of Neodiprion sertifer
Authors: Sullivan C. R. , Wallace D. R.
Published: August 2008

Natural populations of N. sertifer, located at about the same latitude in Ontario, differ considerably in their response to photoperiods inducing non-diapause when reared as larvae at identical temperatures. In addition, within a single population, the incidence of non-diapause varies inversely with larval rearing temperature.
Effect of prolactin on plasma electrolytes of the early-winter marine threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, form trachurus, following transfer from sea- to fresh water
Authors: Lam T. J.
Published: August 2008

Plasma electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and chloride) were studied in the early winter Gasterosteus aculeatus, form trachurus, at intervals after transfer of the fish from seawater to fresh water. A single injection of prolactin, 24 hours before transfer, reduced significantly the rapid fall of plasma sodium and chloride levels which occurred in the solvent-injected or intact controls, but appeared to have no effect on plasma potassium. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Notes on the food habits of Arctic foxes in northern Alaska
Authors: Chesemore David L.
Published: August 2008

Food habits of white foxes were studied on the Teshekpuk Lake Section of the Arctic Coastal Plain, northern Alaska, from September 1961 through May 1963. Lemmings were the primary fox prey but sea mammal and caribou carrion also can be important year-round foods. Birds and bird eggs formed an important part of the summer diet. The increase in occurrence of non-food items in the winter diet may reflect the scarcity of suitable fox foods. Based on size, fox scats could be separated into adult and pup classes while the color of the scat reflected both its age and contents.
Hydrostatic pressures during normal ventilation in the bullfrog tadpole
Authors: Gradwell Norman , Pasztor Valerie M.
Published: August 2008

A detailed description of the water flow through the ventilation system of the bullfrog tadpole has been facilitated by recording the time dependence of normal hydrostatic pressures in the system. The mouth and nasal intakes are discontinuous but a pharyngeal pressure pump to support the buccal pressure pump has been found to assist in maintaining a flow through the gill cavity. The alternate action of these pumps drives water into the gill cavity during almost the entire ventilation cycle and owes its efficiency to the occlusion between the buccal cavity and pharynx during the compression stroke of the pharyngeal pump. The need for a valvular function of the ventral velum has thus been demonstrated as it is the only structure between the buccal cavity and pharynx which can effect such cyclic occlusion.
The effects of temperature and daylength on the reproductive physiology of the viviparous seaperch, Cymatogaster aggregata Gibbons
Authors: Wiebe John P.
Published: August 2008

The effects of temperature and photoperiod on the reproductive physiology of Cymatogaster aggregata are examined experimentally and related to the conditions in nature. In males an increasing or long photoperiod in late winter, spring, or early summer results in spermatogenesis, development of secondary sex structures, and reproductive behavior; warm temperatures markedly enhance these processes. The cold temperature and short photoperiod of the winter months promote testicular restitution and growth of spermatogonia.In females, oocyte formation is enhanced by the warm temperature (and perhaps decreasing photoperiod) of late summer and eariy autumn, while oocyte maturation is fostered by the cold temperatures of early winter. Early gestation requires a cold temperature but during late pregnancy a warm temperature will enhance growth of embryos.
The reproductive cycle of the viviparous seaperch, Cymatogaster aggregata Gibbons
Authors: Wiebe John P.
Published: August 2008

The natural reproductive cycle of male and female Cymatogaster aggregata is described with reference to gametogenesis, development of secondary sex structures, reproductive behavior, and gestation. Spermatocytogenesis starts in early spring and by June or July clusters of spermatozoa fill the seminiferous tubules. Concurrently the Sertoli cells and interstitial cells of Leydig increase in size and secondary sex structures develop on the male anal fin. When the sexes mingle in summer, the males perform very elaborate reproductive behavior. Fertilization occurs about mid-December—5 months after mating—and the ovary is then modified to maintain the young embryos until parturition in mid-summer. Oocyte formation is highest in July and August, just after parturition, while vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation occur mainiy from October to December. These seasonal changes are discussed in relation to changes in environmental temperature and photoperiod.
Variation in the choanal structure of Recent turtles
Authors: Parsons Thomas S.
Published: August 2008

The choanal regions of all the living genera and almost all of the living forms of turtles are described, based on a sample of over 4000 specimens. In all families of cryptodires except the cheloniids and derrnochelyids there are usually ridges or flaps along the lateral margins of the choanae. In chelydrids, most kinosternids, some platystemids, some emydids, and some trionychids there is a papilla or bulge extending medially into the choana from this flap or ridge, and in dermatemydids, carettochelyids, and some trionychids there may be several or many such papillae, Cheloniids have one, or in Chelonia many, papillae along the lateral choanal margin. Other forms lack these papillae. Dermochelyids and pleurodires have no special structures along the lateral choanal margins. In almost all cases there is some and often there is considerable variation in these structures.The possible phylogenetic and taxonomic implications of the findings are discussed. In some groups such as the genera of emydids, the choanal structure may prove to be taxonomically useful, but in other cases it does not seem helpful. For example, in the trionychids, the intra-specific variation is so great that it largely obscures the interspecific differences.
Effects of salinity on mortality and development rate of eggs of the copepod Pseudocalanus minutus
Authors: McLaren Ian A. , Walker D. A. , Corkett C. J.
Published: August 2008

Mortality of developing eggs of the copepod Pseudocalanus minutus at salinities between 25 and 39% was significantly greater only at the lowest salinity. The effect of salinity on development rate was negligible compared with the effect of temperature.
Flight muscle volume change in Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Borden John H. , Slater Catherine E.
Published: August 2008

Three pairs of dorsal–ventral flight muscles were excised from Ips confusus adults and measured, and their volumes calculated. There was a progressive development of muscle tissue from callow to emerged brood adults followed by a rapid degeneration (often over 90% of the original volume) after the insects entered fresh host logs. Solitary individuals of each sex forced to attack logs underwent muscle degeneration within 3 to 4 days. However, greater degeneration occurred when both sexes were in the same gallery and allowed to mate. Before reemergence, the flight muscles or males gradually increased in size whereas those of females remained degenerate much longer before rapidly regenerating. This condition was correlated with the longer reproductive period in females. The muscle volumes in reemerged adults of both sexes were larger than those of any other stage, possibly implying selection of superior insects.
Fine structure of the common bile duct in adult rats
Authors: Leeson Thomas S. , Melax Haukur
Published: August 2008

The columnar epithelium of the common bile duct in adult rats contains light and dark cells. Light cells make up 85–90% of the epithelium and show a microvillus luminal border and occasional apical bullous processes. The cytoplasm contains numerous vesicles, small dense granules, and lysosomes. Dark cells are narrower, do not have microvilli, and have an overall electron-dense cytoplasm. Lateral cell interfaces show junctional complexes near the lumen, numerous desmosomes, and complex interdigitations. Intercellular spaces are seen occasionally but are not extensive. Resemblance to the epithelium of the gall bladder in other species is noted.
Endogenous stages of Parahaemoproteus fringillae (Labbé, 1894) and Leucocytozoon fringillinarum Woodcock, 1910
Authors: Khan R. A. , Fallis A. M.
Published: August 2008

Endogenous stages of Parahaemoproteus fringillae were found in endothelial cells in the lungs, heart, liver, spleen, caecum, and kidneys of white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis). Schizonts of Leucocytozoon fringillinarum were seen in hepatic cells and cuboidal kidney cells 7 days after experimental infection of a white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) with sporozoites. Cytomere formation was observed only in Leucocytozoon fringillinarum. Gametocytes of Leucocytozoon fringillinarum developed in polychromatophil erythroblasts; those of Parahaemoproteus fringillae developed in mature erythrocytes. The appearance of parasites in the white-throated sparrows presumably resulted from relapsing infections.
Colonization of islands by ecologically dissimilar species of birds
Authors: Grant P. R.
Published: August 2008

A large difference in bill length, and presumably feeding ecology as well, characterizes sympatric congeneric species of birds on islands of the West Indies. This is attributable more to a large initial difference between the colonists than to divergence in the island environment.
Den ecology of the Arctic fox in northern Alaska
Authors: Chesemore David L.
Published: August 2008

During July and August 1962, 50 Arctic fox dens were studied on The Teshekpuk Lake Section of the Alaskan Arctic Slope. Depth to permafrost and soil texture govern location of fox dens in low. ice-core mounds with a minimum mound height of 1 m necessary for the establishment of a successful den. Soil temperatures at den sites were higher than those in nearby non-den habitats. The presence of the fox den alters plant growth near the burrow, changing the typical tundra community into a lush, vigorous one dominated by grasses.
Effect of activity, salinity, and temperature on plasma concentrations of rainbow trout
Authors: Rao G. Madan Mohan
Published: August 2008

The plasma of rainbow trout was essentially isosmotic with the medium in 7.5‰ salinity. Osmotic concentrations of plasma were higher by 5% to 12% in an exercised fish in all salinities at both temperatures when compared to those of a resting fish. However, the chloride concentrations of exercised and resting fishes were not significantly different. Both osmotic and chloride concentrations of plasma were higher at 5 °C than those at 15 °C.