bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modular Representation Theory and Commutative Banach Algebras
Authors: Benson David
Published: June 2024

In a recent paper of Benson and Symonds, a new invariant was introduced for modular representations of a finite group. An interpretation was given as a spectral radius with respect to a Banach algebra completion of the representation ring. Our purpose here is to take these notions further, and investigate the structure of the resulting Banach algebras. Some of the material in that paper is repeated here in greater generality, and for clarity of exposition.

We give an axiomatic definition of an abstract representation ring, and representation ideal. The completion is then a commutative Banach algebra, and the techniques of Gelfand from the 1940s are applied in order to study the space of algebra homomorphisms to

C

\mathbb {C}

. One surprising consequence of this investigation is that the Jacobson radical and the nil radical of a (complexified) representation ring always coincide.

These notes are intended for representation theorists. So background material on commutative Banach algebras is given in detail, whereas representation theoretic background is more condensed.
‘Making-remote’ as an Alternative to Realism in Late Palaeolithic Cave Art: Representations of the Human at the Threshold of Appearance
Authors: Hughes Fiona
Published: June 2024

I initiate the concept of ‘making-remote’ to capture various strategies for representing the human in late Palaeolithic cave art. Drawing out the role of remoteness within phenomenological accounts of perception (Husserl and Merleau-Ponty), as well as offering an analysis of a wide range of archaeological evidence, I argue that realism does not capture the specificity of these human representations. In contrast to naturalistic animal representations, humans are consistently represented with a high degree of abstraction e.g. schematisation and abbreviation. I also argue for a site-specific distinction between deep caves and rock-shelters. Following Bourdier (2010) and Pinçon (2012), art at sites such as Roc-aux-Sorciers is best understood as stylised ‘public art’. Meanwhile, the highly expressive and realist art of La Marche is domestic in contrast to the exclusively symbolic art of deep caves. In conclusion I argue that ‘making-remote’ in cave art’s human representations exhibits complex relations to self and others.
Potential biomarkers for multiple sclerosis stage from targeted proteomics and microRNA sequencing
Authors: Tan Ineke L , Modderman Rutger , Stachurska Anna , Almeida Rodrigo , de Vries Riemer , Heersema Dorothea J , Gacesa Ranko , Wijmenga Cisca , Jonkers Iris H , Meilof Jan F , Withoff Sebo
Published: June 2024

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. There is a need for new circulating biomarkers for multiple sclerosis, in particular, markers that differentiate multiple sclerosis subtypes (relapsing–remitting, secondary progressive and primary progressive multiple sclerosis), as this can help in making treatment decisions. In this study, we explore two classes of potential multiple sclerosis biomarkers—proteins and microRNAs—circulating in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Targeted medium-throughput proteomics (92 proteins) and microRNA sequencing were performed on serum samples collected in a cross-sectional case–control cohort (cohort I, controls n = 30, multiple sclerosis n = 75) and a prospective multiple sclerosis cohort (cohort II, n = 93). For cohort I, we also made these measurements in paired cerebrospinal fluid samples. In the cohort I cerebrospinal fluid, we observed differences between multiple sclerosis and controls for 13 proteins, including some previously described to be markers for multiple sclerosis [e.g. CD27, C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13) and interleukin-7 (IL7)]. No microRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between multiple sclerosis and controls in the cerebrospinal fluid. In serum, 10 proteins, including angiopoietin-1 receptor (TIE2), and 16 microRNAs were significantly different between relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis after performing a meta-analysis combining both cohorts. In the prospective part of the study, participants with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis were followed for around 3 years, during which time 12 participants converted to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. In these longitudinally collected serum samples, we observed a peak in granzyme B, A and H proteins around the time of conversion. Single-sample enrichment analysis of serum microRNA profiles revealed that the peak in granzyme B levels around conversion coincides with enrichment for microRNAs that are enriched in CD4+, CD8+ and natural killer cells (e.g. miRNA-150). We identified several proteins and microRNAs in serum that represent potential biomarkers for relapsing–remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Conversion to secondary progressive disease is marked by a peak in granzyme B levels and enrichment for immune-related microRNAs. This indicates that specific immune cell-driven processes may contribute to the conversion of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.
The role of genomic disorders in chronic kidney failure of undetermined aetiology ≤50 years
Authors: Granhøj Jeff , Pedersen Katja Venborg , Aagaard Mads Malik , Graakjaer Jesper Aagaard , Lildballe Dorte Launholt , Birn Henrik , Rasmussen Maria
Published: June 2024

Background

Genomic disorders caused by copy number variations (CNVs) are prevalent in patients with kidney disease; however, their contribution to chronic kidney failure (KF) of undetermined aetiology (uKF) is unclear. We screened patients with uKF aged 50 years or younger to establish the prevalence of causative CNVs.

Methods

We enrolled patients with an onset of KF ≤50 years from suspected undetermined aetiology for initial review of medical records to exclude patients with clear-cut clinical or histopathological kidney diagnoses or patients with already established genetic kidney diseases. Next, we performed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array–based CNV screening. All the detected CNVs were systematically classified and evaluated as possible causes of the patient's kidney disease. Patients with CNVs not explaining the kidney phenotype were additionally screened for causal variants in 540 genes using whole-genome sequencing.

Results

We enrolled 172 patients, of whom 123 underwent SNP-array. Pathogenic CNVs corresponding to known genomic disorders were identified in 12 patients (9.8%). The identified genomic disorders provided a causative kidney diagnosis in three patients, all of whom had reached KF by age 18 years. The remaining nine patients had CNVs with unclear kidney disease causality. Subsequently, whole-genome sequencing provided a causative genetic diagnosis in an additional four patients, including two diagnostic sequence variants unrelated to the detected CNVs.

Conclusions

Genomic disorders were prevalent in this cohort with uKF, and causative CNVs were identified in 5 of 123 patients. Further studies combining the analysis of CNVs and sequence variants are needed to clarify the causal role of genomic disorders in kidney disease.
Respiratory acidosis and O2 supply capacity do not affect the acute temperature tolerance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Montgomery Daniel W , Finlay Jennifer , Simpson Stephen D , Engelhard Georg H , Birchenough Silvana N R , Wilson Rod W
Published: June 2024

The mechanisms that determine the temperature tolerances of fish are poorly understood, creating barriers to disentangle how additional environmental challenges—such as CO2-induced aquatic acidification and fluctuating oxygen availability—may exacerbate vulnerability to a warming climate and extreme heat events. Here, we explored whether two acute exposures (~0.5 hours or ~72 hours) to increased CO2 impact acute temperature tolerance limits in a freshwater fish, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We separated the potential effects of acute high CO2 exposure on critical thermal maximum (CTmax), caused via either respiratory acidosis (reduced internal pH) or O2 supply capacity (aerobic scope), by exposing rainbow trout to ~1 kPa CO2 (~1% or 10 000 μatm) in combination with normoxia or hyperoxia (~21 or 42 kPa O2, respectively). In normoxia, acute exposure to high CO2 caused a large acidosis in trout (blood pH decreased by 0.43 units), while a combination of hyperoxia and ~1 kPa CO2 increased the aerobic scope of trout by 28%. Despite large changes in blood pH and aerobic scope between treatments, we observed no impacts on the CTmax of trout. Our results suggest that the mechanisms that determine the maximum temperature tolerance of trout are independent of blood acid–base balance or the capacity to deliver O2 to tissues.
Ralstonia solanacearum type III effector RipAF1 mediates plant resistance signaling by ADP-ribosylation of host FBN1
Authors: Wu Wei , Zou Huasong , Zheng Huiying , Chen Xinyu , Luo Xuming , Fan Xiaojing , Zhuo Tao , Miao Weiguo
Published: June 2024

Ralstonia solanacearum (Rso) causes destructive bacterial wilt across a broad range of host plants by delivering a repertoire of type III effectors. In the present study, we determined that the deletion of the type III effector RipAF1 resulted in increased virulence on Nicotiana benthamiana, Solanum lycopersicum, and Capsicum annuum plants. RipAF1 showed ADP-ribosylation activity in vivo and in vitro. Transient overexpression of RipAF1 suppressed jasmonic acid (JA) signaling and induced salicylic acid (SA) signaling. The ADP-ribosylation activity of RipAF1 was essential for JA and SA signaling mediation. Host fibrillin FBN1 was identified as a RipAF1-interactor that is ADP-ribosylated by RipAF1 directly. Most importantly, the ADP-ribosylation of conserved residues of FBN1 contributes to its localization to the plasma membrane and leads to the suppression of JA signaling and induction of SA signaling. We concluded that RipAF1 mediates antagonistic crosstalk between JA and SA signaling pathways by ADP-ribosylation of FBN1.
Celebrating 50-years: the history and future of the International Society of Bone Morphometry
Authors: Scheller Erica L , McDonald Michelle , Andersen Thomas L , Sumner D Rick , Noda Masaki , Erben Reinhold G , Boyce Brendan F , Compston Juliet E , Dempster David W , Takahashi Hideaki E , Malluche Hartmut H , Wronski Thomas J
Published: June 2024

The International Society of Bone Morphometry (ISBM) is dedicated to advancing research, education, and clinical practice for osteoporosis and other bone disorders by developing and improving tools for the quantitative imaging and analysis of bone. Its initial core mission was to promote the proper use of morphometric techniques in bone research and to educate and train clinicians and basic scientists in bone morphometry. This article chronicles the evolution of the ISBM and the history and development of bone morphometric techniques for the past 50-years, starting with workshops on bone morphometry in 1973, to the formal incorporation of the ISBM in 1996, to today. We also provide a framework and vision for the coming decades. This effort was led by ISBM presidents Dr Erica L. Scheller (2022-2024) and Dr Thomas J. Wronski (2009-2012) in collaboration with all other living ISBM presidents. Though the underlying techniques and questions have changed over time, the need for standardization of established tools and discovery of novel approaches for bone morphometry remains a constant. The ISBM fulfills this need by providing a forum for the exchange of ideas, with a philosophy that encourages the open discussion of pitfalls and challenges among clinicians, scientists, and industry partners. This facilitates the rapid development and adaptation of tools to meet emerging demands within the field of bone health at a high level.
The mathematics of Epstein semantics
Authors: Krawczyk Krzysztof A
Published: June 2024

This paper is a mathematical investigation of Epstein semantics. One of the main tools of the present paper is the model-theoretic $\textsf{S}$-set construction introduced in [ 14]. We use it to prove several results: (1) that each Epstein model has uncountably many equivalent Epstein models, (2) that the logic of Epstein models is the $\textsf{S}$-set invariant fragment of $\textsf{CPL}$, (3) that several sets of Epstein models are undefinable, (4) that logics of undefinable sets of relations can be finitely axiomatized. We also use other techniques to prove (5) that there are uncountably many Epstein-incomplete logics and that (6) the logic of Epstein models has the interpolation property.
A systematic review of normal tissue neurovascular unit damage following brain irradiation—Factors affecting damage severity and timing of effects
Authors: Nakkazi Annet , Forster Duncan , Whitfield Gillian A , Dyer Douglas P , Dickie Ben R
Published: June 2024

Background

Radiotherapy is key in the treatment of primary and secondary brain tumors. However, normal tissue is inevitably irradiated, causing toxicity and contributing to cognitive dysfunction. The relative importance of vascular damage to cognitive decline is poorly understood. Here, we systematically review the evidence for radiation-induced damage to the entire neurovascular unit (NVU), particularly focusing on establishing the factors that influence damage severity, and timing and duration of vascular effects relative to effects on neural tissue.

Methods

Using PubMed and Web of Science, we searched preclinical and clinical literature published between January 1, 1970 and December 1, 2022 and evaluated factors influencing NVU damage severity and timing of NVU effects resulting from ionizing radiation.

Results

Seventy-two rodents, 4 canines, 1 rabbit, and 5 human studies met inclusion criteria. Radiation increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, reduced endothelial cell number and extracellular matrix proteoglycans, reduced tight junction proteins, upregulated cellular adhesion molecule expression, reduced activity of glucose and BBB efflux transporters and activated glial cells. In the brain parenchyma, increased metalloproteinases 2 and 9 levels, demyelination, cell death, and inhibited differentiation were observed. Effects on the vasculature and neural compartment were observed across acute, delayed, and late timepoints, and damage extent was higher with low linear energy transfer radiation, higher doses, lower dose rates, broader beams, and in the presence of a tumor.

Conclusions

Irradiation of normal brain tissue leads to widespread and varied impacts on the NVU. Data indicate that vascular damage is in most cases an early effect that does not quickly resolve. More studies are needed to confirm sequence of damages, and mechanisms that lead to cognitive dysfunction.
A leak K+ channel TWK-40 sustains the rhythmic motor program
Authors: Yue Zhongpu , Li Yi , Yu Bin , Xu Yueqing , Chen Lili , Chitturi Jyothsna , Meng Jun , Wang Ying , Tian Yuhang , Mouridi Sonia El , Zhang Cuntai , Zhen Mei , Boulin Thomas , Gao Shangbang
Published: June 2024

Leak potassium (K+) currents, conducted by two-pore domain K+ (K2P) channels, are critical for the stabilization of the membrane potential. The effect of K2P channels on motor rhythm remains enigmatic. We show here that the K2P TWK-40 contributes to the rhythmic defecation motor program (DMP) in Caenorhabditis elegans. Disrupting TWK-40 suppresses the expulsion defects of nlp-40 and aex-2 mutants. By contrast, a gain-of-function (gf) mutant of twk-40 significantly reduces the expulsion frequency per DMP cycle. In situ whole-cell patch clamping demonstrates that TWK-40 forms an outward current that hyperpolarize the resting membrane potential of dorsorectal ganglion ventral process B (DVB), an excitatory GABAergic motor neuron that activates expulsion muscle contraction. In addition, TWK-40 substantially contributes to the rhythmic activity of DVB. Specifically, DVB Ca2+ oscillations exhibit obvious defects in loss-of-function (lf) mutant of twk-40. Expression of TWK-40(gf) in DVB recapitulates the expulsion deficiency of the twk-40(gf) mutant, and inhibits DVB Ca2+ oscillations in both wild-type and twk-40(lf) animals. Moreover, DVB innervated enteric muscles also exhibit rhythmic Ca2+ defects in twk-40 mutants. In summary, these findings establish TWK-40 as a crucial neuronal stabilizer of DMP, linking leak K2P channels with rhythmic motor activity.
Giant Graviton Expansions for the Line Operator Index
Authors: Imamura Yosuke
Published: June 2024

We discuss giant graviton expansions for the Schur index of ${\cal N}=4$  $U(N)$ SYM with the insertion of Wilson lines of the fundamental and antifundamental representations. We first propose a double-sum giant graviton expansion and numerically confirm that it correctly reproduces the line operator index. We also find that it reduces to a simple-sum expansion when we treat the index as a Taylor series with respect to a specific fugacity.
Hypoxia‐inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor alleviates heatstroke‐induced acute kidney injury by activating BNIP3‐mediated mitophagy
Authors: Wang Ling , Song Yongwei , Zhang Pan , Chen Wenting , Xiao Fei , Zhou Ping , Yang Xuesen , Dai Huanzi
Published: June 2024

Hypoxia‐induced inflammation and apoptosis are important pathophysiological features of heat stroke‐induced acute kidney injury (HS‐AKI). Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) is a key protein that regulates cell adaptation to hypoxia. HIF‐prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor (HIF‐PHI) stabilizes HIF to increase cell adaptation to hypoxia. Herein, we reported that HIF‐PHI pretreatment significantly improved renal function, enhanced thermotolerance, and increased the survival rate of mice in the context of HS. Moreover, HIF‐PHI could alleviate HS‐induced mitochondrial damage, inflammation, and apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) by enhancing mitophagy in vitro and in vivo. By contrast, mitophagy inhibitors Mdivi‐1, 3‐MA, and Baf‐A1 reversed the renoprotective effects of HIF‐PHI. Mechanistically, HIF‐PHI protects RTECs from inflammation and apoptosis by enhancing Bcl‐2 adenovirus E18 19‐kDa–interacting protein 3 (BNIP3)‐mediated mitophagy, while genetic ablation of BNIP3 attenuated HIF‐PHI‐induced mitophagy and abolished HIF‐PHI‐mediated renal protection. Thus, our results indicated that HIF‐PHI protects renal function by upregulating BNIP3‐mediated mitophagy to improve HS‐induced inflammation and apoptosis of RTECs, suggesting HIF‐PHI as a promising therapeutic agent to treat HS‐AKI.
Intranasal Tapentadol Versus Intravenous Paracetamol for Postoperative Analgesia in Lower Limb Orthopaedic Surgeries Under Spinal Anaesthesia
Authors: Suresh Priyanka , Ningegowda Ravish V. , Ramu Anu
Published: June 2024

Objective:

We aimed to compare the analgesic effectiveness of intranasal tapentadol nasal spray 44.5 mg and intravenous (IV) paracetamol 1 gm during the postoperative period in patients undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgeries under spinal anesthesia.

Methods:

This prospective, randomized, single-blind clinical trial was carried out in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Patients aged between 18 and 60 years of physical status ASA grade 1–3 were included in the study. Postoperative pain scores were measured using the visual analog scale (VAS) in centimeters (cm) every 12 hours in 37 patients per group. The patients were administered either intranasal tapentadol or IV paracetamol every 6 hours for 72 hours, beginning 3 hours after surgery.

Results:

There was a significant group by intervention effect favoring intranasal tapentadol, suggesting a greater reduction in VAS pain scores after the intervention at 72 hours (estimate: −1.58 cm; SE:0.2; P<0.001). Group by time effect for all the measured time frames, except for 36 hours, favored intranasal tapentadol with estimated values for greater reduction in VAS pain scores ranging from −0.8 cm to −1.6 cm.

Discussion:

The results of the present study suggests that intranasal tapentadol results in a greater reduction of postoperative pain compared with IV paracetamol in lower limb orthopedic surgeries. The ease of administration of tapentadol may make it a preferred option over IV paracetamol in such surgeries.
Computed Tomography–Guided Dorsal Root Ganglion Ozone Injection Combined With Pulsed Radiofrequency for Acute Herpes Zoster Neuralgia Treatment of Middle-aged and Elderly People
Authors: Wang Ruxiang , Xia Zhangtian , Ma Ying , Huang Bing , Yao Ming , Ma Ling
Published: June 2024

Objectives:

To investigate the efficacy and safety of pulsed radiofrequency of the dorsal root ganglion combined with ozone injection for treating acute herpes zoster (HZ) neuralgia in middle-aged and elderly adults.

Methods:

A total of 164 middle-aged and elderly patients with acute HZ were randomly assigned to 2 groups: the pulsed radiofrequency combined with ozone injection group (group A) and the pulsed radiofrequency group (group B). The therapeutic effects were evaluated using Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) scores and the average doses of gabapentin (mg/d) preoperatively and 1 day, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks postoperatively. The incidence of clinically significant postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and complications in the 2 groups were recorded.

Results:

The data showed that the NRS scores and the doses of gabapentin after treatment were significantly lower when compared with the baseline values in both groups. Compared with group B, the NRS scores and the doses of postoperative gabapentin were significantly lower in group A. The incidence of PHN was significantly lower at weeks 4, 12, and 24 in group A than in group B. No adverse reactions occurred in either of the 2 groups post-treatment.

Conclusions:

The results indicated that ozone injection in the dorsal root ganglion combined with pulsed radiofrequency therapy was more effective in treating acute HZ neuralgia in middle-aged and elderly adults. It provides patients with longer-lasting pain relief, decreased incidence of PHN and the doses of medication, and improved quality of life than with Pulsed Radiofrequency treatment.
Medium Term Outcomes in Palliative Transpedicular Corpectomy with Cement Based Anterior Vertebral Reconstruction Performed for Patients with Spinal Metastasis
Authors: Rizkallah Maroun , Boubez Ghassan , Shen Jesse , Alshakfa Fidaa , Phan Philippe , Truong Van Tri , Phan Duy , Wang Zhi
Published: June 2024

Study Design:

Retrospective.

Objective:

Assess the outcomes of single stage posterior transpedicular corpectomy with cement-based anterior column support for spinal metastasis at longer follow-ups.

Summary of Background Data:

Life expectancy of cancer patients is constantly increasing. Reliable anterior column reconstruction after posterior corpectomy becomes necessary.

Methods:

In this retrospective monocentric study, patients who underwent posterior transpedicular corpectomy and cement-based anterior reconstruction, with a minimum 6 months follow-up, were included. Ambulatory status and pain visual analog score(PVAS), complication rates and Local Sagittal Cobb angle (LSA) were evaluated preoperatively, postoperatively and at the latest follow-up.

Results:

In total, 253 patients were included, with a mean follow-up of 21 months [6-132] and a median survival of 9 months. Pre-operatively, 202 patients(81%) were ambulant while 47 patients (19%) weren’t. At the latest follow-up, 241 patients (95%) were ambulant while 12 patients(5%) weren’t (P<0.001). Dorsal/lumbar PVAS went from 8.2±2.2 pre-operatively to 5.2(±1.7) post-operatively reaching 3.4±1.9 at the latest follow-up (P<0.001). Mean LSA decreased from 13.2⁰(±5.78) pre-operatively to 6.11⁰(±8.51)(P<0.001) post-operatively and reached 7.56⁰(±7.55) at the latest follow-up(P=0.59). Complications occurred in 39(15.4%) patients. One-third of those were mechanical(rod/screw fracture, cement displacement) needing re-intervention in 4 patients(1.6%).

Conclusions:

The mechanical stability offered by the cement-based anterior reconstruction is maintained during the lifespan of patients operated for the spinal metastasis. Satisfying functional and radiological outcomes observed at the last follow-up show that this lasting, cost sparing, and relatively simple reconstruction technique, is a valid alternative for the costly and more complicated cage-based reconstruction.
Real-world evidence for factors associated with maintenance treatment practices among US adults with autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Bittermann Therese , Yagan Lina , Kathawate Ranganath G. , Weinberg Ethan M. , Peyster Eliot G. , Lewis James D. , Levy Cynthia , Goldberg David S.
Published: June 2024

Background and Aims:

While avoidance of long-term corticosteroids is a common objective in the management of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), prolonged immunosuppression is usually required to prevent disease progression. This study investigates the patient and provider factors associated with treatment patterns in US patients with AIH.

Approach and Results:

A retrospective cohort of adults with the incident and prevalent AIH was identified from Optum’s deidentified Clinformatics Data Mart Database. All patients were followed for at least 2 years, with exposures assessed during the first year and treatment patterns during the second. Patient and provider factors associated with corticosteroid-sparing monotherapy and cumulative prednisone use were identified using multivariable logistic and linear regression, respectively.

The cohort was 81.2% female, 66.3% White, 11.3% Black, 11.2% Hispanic, and with a median age of 61 years. Among 2203 patients with ≥1 AIH prescription fill, 83.1% received a single regimen for >6 months of the observation year, which included 52.2% azathioprine monotherapy, 16.9% azathioprine/prednisone, and 13.3% prednisone monotherapy. Budesonide use was uncommon (2.1% combination and 1.9% monotherapy). Hispanic ethnicity (aOR: 0.56; p = 0.006), cirrhosis (aOR: 0.73; p = 0.019), osteoporosis (aOR: 0.54; p=0.001), and top quintile of provider AIH experience (aOR: 0.66; p = 0.005) were independently associated with lower use of corticosteroid-sparing monotherapy. Cumulative prednisone use was greater with diabetes (+441 mg/y; p = 0.004), osteoporosis (+749 mg/y; p < 0.001), and highly experienced providers (+556 mg/y; p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Long-term prednisone therapy remains common and unexpectedly higher among patients with comorbidities potentially aggravated by corticosteroids. The greater use of corticosteroid-based therapy with highly experienced providers may reflect more treatment-refractory disease.
Maternal Syphilis Leading to High Efficiency In Utero Transmission of Antiretroviral Resistant HIV: Intersection of Two Pandemics
Authors: Homans James , Blieden Carla
Published: June 2024

Background:

Testing for syphilis and HIV is indicated in prenatal care in the United States. Effective antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy reduces mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) to less than 1%. Syphilis infection in pregnant women with unsuppressed HIV increases the risk of MTCT, usually in utero. The incidences of syphilis in women of childbearing age and corresponding congenital syphilis are increasing in the United States.

Methods:

We report 3 cases of in utero HIV transmission associated with maternal syphilis that occurred during the ongoing syphilis epidemic.

Results:

All 3 women had untreated HIV infection and active syphilis with placentitis during late pregnancy. Their newborns were found to have symptomatic congenital syphilis and HIV infection from in utero transmission. The babies’ antiretroviral resistance patterns were nearly identical to their mothers’.

Conclusions:

When untreated syphilis and uncontrolled HIV coincide in pregnancy, there is a high likelihood of in utero mother-to-child HIV transmission. The current syphilis epidemic in the United States may lead to an increase in MTCT.
Clinical Significance of Mucor in Airway Culture of Immunocompetent Patients With Chronic Lung Disease
Authors: Rizik Suha , Bentur Lea , Bar-Yoseph Ronen , Szwarcwort Moran , Pollak Dina , Gur Michal , Meir Michal
Published: June 2024

Objectives:

Mucor within the airways of immunocompromised patients often signifies an invasive life-threatening infection. However, its significance in immunocompetent patients with chronic lung diseases is less clear. We aimed to assess the clinical implication of mucor in airway-secretion cultures of these patients.

Methods:

A single-center retrospective cohort study was performed. Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) or non-CF/non-PCD bronchiectasis followed in our Pediatric Pulmonary Institute, with sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage cultures growing Mucorales molds in the years 2010–2022, were included. Demographic and clinical parameters such as body mass index and spirometry values (forced expiratory volume at 1 second) were collected and compared with values up to 12 months prior to and following the index (positive culture) visit.

Results:

A total of 27 patients of whom 22 (82%) patients were with CF, 3 with PCD (11%) and 2 (7%) with non-CF/non-PCD bronchiectasis were included. Median age was 21.8 (14.9–32.1) years, with forced expiratory volume at 1 second of 62.8% ± 21.9% at the index visit. None of the patients developed disseminated disease, none had clinical or radiological evidence of fungal disease and none required antifungal therapy. Throughout the 12 months prior to and following the positive cultures, no significant changes were noted in body mass index, forced expiratory volume at 1 second, frequency of pulmonary exacerbations, days of hospitalization or days of antibiotic treatment.

Conclusions:

Evidence of mucor in airway cultures of immunocompetent patients with chronic lung disease does not necessarily signify clinical deterioration nor suggests invasive fungal disease. Larger, long-term prospective studies are required to obviate the need for a thorough evaluation in these patients.
A progress of research on the application of fascial plane blocks in surgeries and their future direction: a review article
Authors: Bhushan Sandeep , Liu Xian , Jiang Fenglin , Wang Xiaowei , Mao Long , Xiao Zongwei
Published: June 2024

Fascial plane blocks (FPBs) are gaining popularity in clinical settings owing to their improved analgesia when combined with either traditional regional anesthesia or general anesthesia during the perioperative phase. The scope of study on FPBs has substantially increased over the past 20 years, yet the exact mechanism, issues linked to the approaches, and direction of future research on FPBs are still up for debate. Given that it can be performed at all levels of the spine and provides analgesia to most areas of the body, the erector spinae plane block, one of the FPBs, has been extensively studied for chronic rational pain, visceral pain, abdominal surgical analgesia, imaging, and anatomical mechanisms. This has led to the contention that the erector spinae plane block is the ultimate Plan A block. Yet even though the future of FPBs is promising, the unstable effect, the probability of local anesthetic poisoning, and the lack of consensus on the definition and assessment of the FPB’s success are still the major concerns. In order to precisely administer FPBs to patients who require analgesia in this condition, an algorithm that uses artificial intelligence is required. This algorithm will assist healthcare professionals in practicing precision medicine.
Surgical margins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A narrative review
Authors: Chen Yang , Zhong Nian-Nian , Cao Lei-Ming , Liu Bing , Bu Lin-Lin
Published: June 2024

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a prevalent and frequently recurring malignancy, often necessitates surgical intervention. The surgical margin (SM) plays a pivotal role in determining the postoperative treatment strategy and prognostic evaluation of HNSCC. Nonetheless, the process of clinical appraisal and assessment of the SMs remains a complex and indeterminate endeavor, thereby leading to potential difficulties for surgeons in defining the extent of resection. In this regard, we undertake a comprehensive review of the suggested surgical distance in varying circumstances, diverse methods of margin evaluation, and the delicate balance that must be maintained between tissue resection and preservation in head and neck surgical procedures. This review is intended to provide surgeons with pragmatic guidance in selecting the most suitable resection techniques, and in improving patients’ quality of life by achieving optimal functional and aesthetic restoration.
Environmental Scan of Online Government Complementary Feeding Resources in the United States
Authors: Thompson Kelsey L. , Graf Michelle D.
Published: June 2024

Background:

Parents commonly seek online sources of information on the important complementary feeding period, but the accuracy of these sources varies. The 21st Century Integrated Digital Experience Act (IDEA) states federal government resources should be accurate and user-friendly; however, the quantity, quality, and accuracy of federal resources on complementary feeding is unknown.

Methods:

An environmental scan of online federal, parent-facing resources about complementary feeding was conducted. The authors reviewed federal resources for concordance of information with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). Quality was evaluated using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool.

Results:

A total of 112 resources across 2 federal government departments. Overall quality was high as was concordance with recommendations from the DGA for age of complementary food introduction, foods to introduce, and foods to avoid. Allergenic food introduction and textured food progression recommendations were less consistent. Recommendations for improvements to federal resources are made.

Clinical Implications:

This environmental scan only included federal resources for CF. Parents may be accessing other, non-federal resources online. However, given the enactment of IDEA, it is expected that these federal resources will be up-to-date and user-friendly, which was not always the case. Nurses should review the DGA guidelines for complementary feeding and provide evidence-based anticipatory guidance to families, focusing especially on allergenic food introduction and textured food progression. Future complementary feeding interventions may benefit from directing families to online exemplars from federal sources.
Voltammetric determination of hydrogen peroxide at decorated palladium nanoparticles/poly 1,5-diaminonaphthalene modified carbon-paste electrode
Authors: Khalifa Ziad , Abo Oura Mohamed Fathi , Hathoot Abla , Azzem Magdi Abdel
Published: June 2024

In this work, palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs)/p1,5-DAN/ carbon paste electrode (CPE) and p1,5-DAN/CPE sensors have been developed for determination of hydrogen peroxide. Both sensors showed a highly sensitive and selective electrochemical behaviour, which were derived from a large specific area of poly 1,5 DAN and super excellent electroconductibility of PdNPs. PdNPs/p1,5-DAN/CPE exhibited excellent performance over p1,5-DAN/CPE. Thus, it was used for detecting hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) with linear ranges of 0.1 to 250 µM and 0.2 to 300 µM as well as detection limits (
S/N = 3
) of 1.0 and 5.0 nM for square wave voltammetry (SWV) and cyclic voltammetry (C.V) techniques, respectively. The modified CPE has good reproducibility, adequate catalytic activity, simple synthesis and stability of peak response during H
2
O
2
oxidation on long run that exceeds many probes. Both reproducibility and stability for H
2
O
2
detection are attributable to the PdNPs immobilized on the surface of p1,5-DAN/CPE. The modified CPE was used for determining H
2
O
2
in real specimens with good stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility.
Neuromolecular mechanisms related to reflex behaviour in
Aplysia
are affected by ocean acidification
Authors: Sourisse Jade M. , Schunter Celia
Published: June 2024

While ocean acidification (OA) impacts the behaviour of marine organisms, the complexity of neurosystems makes linking behavioural impairments to environmental change difficult. Using a simple model, we exposed
Aplysia
to ambient or elevated CO
2
conditions (approx. 1500 µatm) and tested how OA affected the neuromolecular response of the pleural–pedal ganglia and caused tail withdrawal reflex (TWR) impairment. Under OA,
Aplysia
relax their tails faster with increased sensorin-A expression, an inhibitor of mechanosensory neurons. We further investigate how OA affects habituation training output, which produced a ‘sensitization-like’ behaviour and affected vesicle transport and stress response gene expression, revealing an influence of OA on learning. Finally, gabazine did not restore normal behaviour and elicited little molecular response with OA, instead, vesicular transport and cellular signalling link other neurotransmitter processes with TWR impairment. Our study shows the effects of OA on neurological tissue parts that control for behaviour.
Host-associated helminth diversity and microbiome composition contribute to anti-pathogen defences in tropical frogs impacted by forest fragmentation
Authors: Neely Wesley J. , Souza Kassia M. C. , Martins Renato A. , Marshall Vanessa M. , Buttimer Shannon M. , Brito de Assis Ananda , Medina Daniel , Whetstone Ross D. , Lyra Mariana L. , Ribeiro José Wagner , Greenspan Sasha E. , Haddad Célio F. B. , Alves dos Anjos Luciano , Becker C. Guilherme
Published: June 2024

Habitat fragmentation can negatively impact wildlife populations by simplification of ecological interactions, but little is known about how these impacts extend to host-associated symbiotic communities. The symbiotic communities of amphibians play important roles in anti-pathogen defences, particularly against the amphibian chytrid fungus
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
(
Bd
). In this study, we analyse the role of macroparasitic helminth communities in concert with microbial communities in defending the host against
Bd
infection within the context of forest fragmentation. We found that skin microbial and helminth communities are disrupted at fragmented habitats, while gut microbiomes appear more resilient to environmental change. We also detected potential protective roles of helminth diversity and anti-pathogen microbial function in limiting
Bd
infection. Microbial network analysis revealed strong patterns of structure in both skin and gut communities, with helminths playing central roles in these networks. We reveal consistent roles of microbial and helminth diversity in driving host–pathogen interactions and the potential implications of fragmentation on host fitness.
Cluster-based Bayesian approach for noisy and sparse data: application to flow-state estimation
Authors: Kaiser Frieder , Iacobello Giovanni , Rival David E.
Published: June 2024

This study presents a cluster-based Bayesian methodology for state estimation under realistic conditions including noisy data from sparse sensors. The proposed approach is interpretable and, building upon previous work on transition networks, explicitly accounts for experimental noise within the data-driven framework by means of data clustering. Experimental measurements are exploited, beyond model training, to quantify the degree of uncertainty (noise) for each trained state. Such noise levels are eventually associated with probability distributions that, when combined with Bayes’ theorem, allow us to perform real-time state estimation. The proposed methodology is tested on two cases of challenging flows generated by an accelerating elliptical plate and also a delta wing experiencing gusts. Results specifically indicate that the proposed approach is robust against the number of clusters, enabling state estimation with a significant order reduction, notably decreasing the computational cost while preserving estimation accuracy. Based on the present findings, the proposed data-driven approach can be employed for realistic state estimation in nonlinear systems where noise, sensor sparsity and nonlinearities represent a challenging scenario.
Modelling the dynamics of product adoption and abandonment
Authors: Kong Lingju
Published: June 2024

We introduce a new compartmental differential equation model to examine the dynamics of user adoption and abandonment within a product context. This model features a nonlinear adoption rate and encompasses two distinct abandonment dynamics: infectious abandonment stemming from interactions among current and past users, and non-infectious abandonment induced by mass media, advertisements or the emergence of new products. Our exploration encompasses discussions on the existence and stability of model equilibria, as well as the derivation of a critical threshold quantity that regulates the model dynamics. Additionally, we establish criteria for backward and forward bifurcations and various forms of Hopf bifurcation. Detailed scrutiny of an associated optimal control problem is undertaken, starting with the establishment of the existence of an optimal control pair, followed by the determination of the requisite system conditions for this control pair. Extensive numerical simulations are conducted to validate the theoretical findings. Finally, we showcase the model’s efficacy by fitting it to historical data on Facebook’s daily active users, employing the derived parameter values to predict future user counts.
Large and non-spherical seeds are less likely to form a persistent soil seed bank
Authors: Wang Xuejing , Ge Wenjing , Zhang Mingting , Fernández‐Pascual Eduardo , Moles Angela , Saatkamp Arne , Rosbakh Sergey , Bu Haiyan , Panahi Parisa , Ma Miaojun
Published: June 2024

There is some evidence that seed traits can affect the long-term persistence of seeds in the soil. However, findings on this topic have differed between systems. Here, we brought together a worldwide database of seed persistence data for 1474 species to test the generality of seed mass–shape–persistence relationships. We found a significant trend for low seed persistence to be associated with larger and less spherical seeds. However, the relationship varied across different clades, growth forms and species ecological preferences. Specifically, relationships of seed mass–shape–persistence were more pronounced in Poales than in other order clades. Herbaceous species that tend to be found in sites with low soil sand content and precipitation have stronger relationships between seed shape and persistence than in sites with higher soil sand content and precipitation. For the woody plants, the relationship between persistence and seed morphology was stronger in sites with high soil sand content and low precipitation than in sites with low soil sand content and higher precipitation. Improving the ability to predict the soil seed bank formation process, including burial and persistence, could benefit the utilization of seed morphology–persistence relationships in management strategies for vegetation restoration and controlling species invasion across diverse vegetation types and environments.
A supergene controlling social structure in Alpine ants also affects the dispersal ability and fecundity of each sex
Authors: De Gasperin Ornela , Blacher Pierre , Sarton-Lohéac Solenn , Grasso Guglielmo , Corliss Mia Kotur , Nicole Sidonie , Chérasse Sarah , Aron Serge , Chapuisat Michel
Published: June 2024

Social organization, dispersal and fecundity coevolve, but whether they are genetically linked remains little known. Supergenes are prime candidates for coupling adaptive traits and mediating sex-specific trade-offs. Here, we test whether a supergene that controls social structure in
Formica selysi
also influences dispersal-related traits and fecundity within each sex. In this ant species, single-queen colonies contain only the ancestral supergene haplotype
M
and produce
MM
queens and
M
males, while multi-queen colonies contain the derived haplotype
P
and produce
MP
queens,
PP
queens and
P
males. By combining multiple experiments, we show that the
M
haplotype induces phenotypes with higher dispersal potential and higher fecundity in both sexes. Specifically,
MM
queens,
MP
queens and
M
males are more aerodynamic and more fecund than
PP
queens and
P
males, respectively. Differences between
MP
and
PP
queens from the same colonies reveal a direct genetic effect of the supergene on dispersal-related traits and fecundity. The derived haplotype
P
, associated with multi-queen colonies, produces queens and males with reduced dispersal abilities and lower fecundity. More broadly, similarities between the
Formica
and
Solenopsis
systems reveal that supergenes play a major role in linking behavioural, morphological and physiological traits associated with intraspecific social polymorphisms.
Evaluation of a novel digital ostomy device on leakage incidents, quality of life, mental well-being, and patient self-care: an interventional, multicentre clinical trial
Authors: Brady Richard R.W. , Sheard Diane , Alty Mandie , Vestergaard Martin , Boisen Esben Bo , Ainsworth Rachel , Hansen Helle Doré , Ajslev Teresa Adeltoft
Published: June 2024

Background

Most people with a stoma worry about leakage, and a quarter experience leakage of stomal effluent outside baseplate on a monthly basis. Leakage has additional physical and psychosocial consequences, for instance peristomal skin complications, feeling unable to cope and self-isolation.

Method

An interventional, single-arm, multi-centre, study was undertaken in United Kingdom, to evaluate a novel digital leakage notification system for ostomy care including a Support Service (=Test Product) for 12 weeks in patients with a recent stoma formation (≤9 months). Patients completed questionnaires at baseline and after 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks, evaluating leakage episodes, Ostomy Leak Impact (tool containing three domains) and patient self-management (by PAM-13). Additionally, mental well-being (by WHO-5) and quality of life (QoL) (by EQ-5D-5L) were assessed. Outcomes between baseline and final evaluation were compared by generalised linear- and linear mixed models.

Results

92 patients (ITT population) were recruited with a mean age of 49.4-years (range 18-81 years). 80% had an ileostomy and 53% were female. After 12 weeks use of the Test Product, a significant decrease in mean episodes of leakage outside the baseplate (1.57 versus 0.93,P<0.046) was observed. Ostomy Leak Impact scores improved across all three domains (P<0.001), indicating less embarrassment, increased engagement in social activities, and increased control. Patient self-management also improved significantly (PAM-13 score: Δ6.6,P<0.001), as did the WHO-5 well-being index (Δ8.0,P<0.001). Lastly, EQ-5D-5L-profile-scores tended to improve (P=0.075).

Conclusion

A new digital leakage notification system demonstrated strong improvements to patients’ stoma self-care, mental well-being, and QoL.

What does this paper add to the literature?

Sensor technology embedded in supporting ostomy solutions can notify users about leakage seeping underneath the baseplate and thus secure a timely change of the baseplate before effluent may reach outside the baseplate soiling clothes or bedsheets. The technology showed potential in increasing quality of life for people with a stoma.