bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expander Technologies for Automotive Engine Organic Rankine Cycle Applications
Authors: Alshammari Fuhaid , Karvountzis-Kontakiotis Apostolos , Pesyridis Apostolos , Usman Muhammad
Published: July 2018

The strive towards ever increasing automotive engine efficiencies for both diesel and gasoline engines has in recent years been forced by ever-stringent emissions regulations, as well as the introduction of fuel consumption regulations. The untapped availability of waste heat in the internal combustion engine (ICE) exhaust and coolant systems has become a very attractive focus of research attention by industry and academia alike. Even state of the art diesel engines operating at their optimum lose approximately 50% of their fuel energy in the form of heat. As a result, waste heat recovery (WHR) systems have gained popularity as they can deliver a reduction in fuel consumption and associated CO2 emissions. Of these, the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is a well matured waste heat recovery technology that can be applied in vehicle powertrains, mainly due to the low additional exhaust backpressure on the engine and the potential opportunity to utilize various engine waste heat sources. ORCs have attracted high interest again recently but without commercial exploitation as of today due to the significant on-cost they represent to the engine and vehicle. In ORCs, expansion machines are the interface where useable power production takes place; therefore, selection of the expander technology is directly related to the thermal efficiency of the system. Moreover, the cost of the expander-generator units accounts for the largest proportion of the total cost. Therefore, selection of the most appropriate expander is of great importance at the early stage of any automotive powertrain project. This study aims to review the relevant research studies for expansion machines in ORC-ICE applications, analyzing the effects of specific speed on expander selection, exploring the operational characteristics of each expander to further assist in the selection of the most appropriate expander, and comparing the costs of various expanders based on publically available data and correlations.
Integrase-Controlled Excision of Metal-Resistance Genomic Islands in Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: AL-Jabri Zaaima , Zamudio Roxana , Horvath-Papp Eva , Ralph Joseph D. , AL-Muharrami Zakariya , Rajakumar Kumar , Oggioni Marco R.
Published: July 2018

Genomic islands (GIs) are discrete gene clusters encoding for a variety of functions including antibiotic and heavy metal resistance, some of which are tightly associated to lineages of the core genome phylogenetic tree. We have investigated the functions of two distinct integrase genes in the mobilization of two metal resistant GIs, G08 and G62, of Acinetobacter baumannii. Real-time PCR demonstrated integrase-dependent GI excision, utilizing isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside IPTG-inducible integrase genes in plasmid-based mini-GIs in Escherichia coli. In A. baumannii, integrase-dependent excision of the original chromosomal GIs could be observed after mitomycin C induction. In both E. coli plasmids and A. baumannii chromosome, the rate of excision and circularization was found to be dependent on the expression level of the integrases. Susceptibility testing in A. baumannii strain ATCC 17978, A424, and their respective ΔG62 and ΔG08 mutants confirmed the contribution of the GI-encoded efflux transporters to heavy metal decreased susceptibility. In summary, the data evidenced the functionality of two integrases in the excision and circularization of the two Acinetobacter heavy-metal resistance GIs, G08 and G62, in E. coli, as well as when chromosomally located in their natural host. These recombination events occur at different frequencies resulting in genome plasticity and may participate in the spread of resistance determinants in A. baumannii.
Adaptation and Therapeutic Exploitation of the Plasma Membrane of African Trypanosomes
Authors: Quintana Juan F. , Del Pino Ricardo Canavate , Yamada Kayo , Zhang Ning , Field Mark
Published: July 2018

African trypanosomes are highly divergent from their metazoan hosts, and as part of adaptation to a parasitic life style have developed a unique endomembrane system. The key virulence mechanism of many pathogens is successful immune evasion, to enable survival within a host, a feature that requires both genetic events and membrane transport mechanisms in African trypanosomes. Intracellular trafficking not only plays a role in immune evasion, but also in homeostasis of intracellular and extracellular compartments and interactions with the environment. Significantly, historical and recent work has unraveled some of the connections between these processes and highlighted how immune evasion mechanisms that are associated with adaptations to membrane trafficking may have, paradoxically, provided specific sensitivity to drugs. Here, we explore these advances in understanding the membrane composition of the trypanosome plasma membrane and organelles and provide a perspective for how transport could be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
Effectiveness of Prevailing Flush Guidelines to Prevent Exposure to Lead in Tap Water
Authors: Katner Adrienne , Pieper Kelsey , Brown Komal , Lin Hui-Yi , Parks Jeffrey , Wang Xinnan , Hu Chih-Yang , Masters Sheldon , Mielke Howard , Edwards Marc
Published: July 2018

Flushing tap water is promoted as a low cost approach to reducing water lead exposures. This study evaluated lead reduction when prevailing flush guidelines (30 s–2 min) are implemented in a city compliant with lead-associated water regulations (New Orleans, LA, USA). Water samples (n = 1497) collected from a convenience sample of 376 residential sites (2015–2017) were analyzed for lead. Samples were collected at (1) first draw (n = 375) and after incremental flushes of (2) 30–45 s (n = 375); (3) 2.5–3 min (n = 373), and (4) 5.5–6 min (n = 218). There was a small but significant increase in water lead after the 30 s flush (vs. first draw lead). There was no significant lead reduction until the 6 min flush (p < 0.05); but of these samples, 52% still had detectable lead (≥1 ppb). Older homes (pre-1950) and low occupancy sites had significantly higher water lead (p < 0.05). Each sample type had health-based standard exceedances in over 50% of sites sampled (max: 58 ppb). While flushing may be an effective short-term approach to remediate high lead, prevailing flush recommendations are an inconsistently effective exposure prevention measure that may inadvertently increase exposures. Public health messages should be modified to ensure appropriate application of flushing, while acknowledging its short-comings and practical limitations.
Study of the In Vitro Antagonistic Activity of Various Single-Strain and Multi-Strain Probiotics against Escherichia coli
Authors: Fijan Sabina , Šulc Dunja , Steyer Andrej
Published: July 2018

Escherichia coli is an important commensal of our gut, however, many pathogenic strains exist, causing various severe infections in the gut or beyond. Due to several antibiotic resistance patterns of E. coli, research of alternative treatments or adjuvant therapy is important. One of these is the use of probiotics as antagonistic agents against E. coli. Most published studies investigate only one strain of E. coli and single-strain probiotics. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antagonistic activity of selected single-strain and multi-strain probiotic supplements against selected clinical E. coli pathotypes using the in vitro agar spot test and the co-culturing method. Molecular methods were used to determine the presence of the genus lactobacilli and bifidobacteria as well as certain selected strains in the probiotic supplements. The agar-spot test showed that the multi-strain probiotics were more effective than the single-strain probiotics. On the other hand, the co-culturing method showed the opposite result, indicating that results are importantly influenced by the chosen method. The most effective single-strain probiotics against E. coli strains were Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938. The most effective multi-strain probiotics contained lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and enterococci strains, thus proving that most effective probiotics against E. coli strains are the lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. The overall results from both in vitro tests reveal that all selected probiotics exhibited an antagonistic activity against all E. coli strains. From a public health perspective probiotics have thus proved to be successful in inhibiting the growth of E. coli and could therefore be used as adjuvant therapy or alternative therapy in E. coli infections.
Do Income, Race and Ethnicity, and Sprawl Influence the Greenspace-Human Health Link in City-Level Analyses? Findings from 496 Cities in the United States
Authors: Browning Matthew H. E. M. , Rigolon Alessandro
Published: July 2018

Examination of the greenspace—human health relationship operates in at least four dimensions: what is considered greenspace? which moderators and mediators are included? what outcomes are measured? and which units of analysis (e.g., individuals, cities) are studied? We examined three of these four dimensions in a cross-sectional study of 496 of the 500 most populated US cities (total population size = 97,574,613, average population per city = 197,920). Spatial average models tested the effect of two greenspace measures (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index greenness and tree cover) on two outcomes (obesity and mental health), while adjusting for income, race and ethnicity, sprawl, age, sex, physical inactivity, median age of housing, and total population. We conducted analyses at the city scale, which is an understudied unit of analysis, and compared findings to individual- and neighborhood-level studies. In two of four models, greenspace was associated with better health. We found race and ethnicity moderated this relationship with varying results. In full sample analyses, cities with greater percentages of non-Hispanic Whites showed links between higher tree cover and lower obesity but marginal relationships between higher greenness and lower obesity. In subsample analyses with majority-non-Hispanic Black cities, higher tree cover was associated with lower obesity and better mental health. These findings advance previous research by showing that race and ethnicity moderate the greenspace—health link at the city level.
Associations between History of Hospitalization for Violence Victimization and Substance-Use Patterns among Adolescents: A 2017 Korean National Representative Survey
Authors: Lee Yeji , Lee Kang-Sook
Published: July 2018

Violence victimization can adversely affect adolescents’ long-term health. Existing research has mainly focused on the link between victimization and substance use; however, the evidence obtained to date has been inconsistent. This study, using a Korean national representative sample, examined the association between violence victimization and substance-use patterns (including tobacco, alcohol, and drug use) in terms of sex and number of violence victimization experiences. We analyzed secondary data from the 2017 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. Chi-squared test analyses and logistic regression analysis were used to examine substance use in terms of violence victimization; additionally, p-values for trends were calculated to reveal the dose-response relationship per number of violence victimization experiences. We consequently found that participants’ rates of tobacco, alcohol, and drug use were higher among those who experienced violence victimization than among those who did not. For each substance-use-related variable, the greater the violence victimization experience, the higher the odds of substance use (p for trend < 0.001). Early intervention may help prevent the development of substance use, especially among adolescents who have experienced violence victimization. Prevention efforts regarding substance abuse and violence prevention should be included in school curricula to effectively prevent adverse health consequences among adolescents.
Employing Incremental Outlines for OpenStreetMap Data Updating
Authors: Xing Hanfa , Meng Yuan , Chen Jun , Song Jie , Fan Kaixuan
Published: July 2018

The updating of changing information plays a significant role in ensuring the quality of OpenStreetMap, which is usually completed by mapping the whole changing objects with a high degree of uncertainty. The incremental object-based approach provides opportunities to reduce the unreliability of data, while challenges of data inaccuracy and redundancy remain. This paper provides an incremental outline-based approach for OpenStreetMap data updating to solve this issue. First, incremental outlines are delineated from the changed objects and distinguished through a spatial classification. Then, attribute information corresponding to incremental outlines is proposed to assist in describing the physical changes. Finally, through a geometric calculation based on both the spatial and attribute information, updating operations are constructed with a variety of rules to activate the data updating process. The proposed approach was verified by updating an area in the OpenStreetMap datasets. The result shows that the incremental outline-based updating approach can reduce both the time and storage costs compared to incremental objects and further improve data quality in the updating process.
Recent Trends and Applications of Molecular Modeling in GPCR–Ligand Recognition and Structure-Based Drug Design
Authors: Yuan Xiaojing , Xu Yechun
Published: July 2018

G protein-coupled receptors represent the largest family of human membrane proteins and are modulated by a variety of drugs and endogenous ligands. Molecular modeling techniques, especially enhanced sampling methods, have provided significant insight into the mechanism of GPCR–ligand recognition. Notably, the crucial role of the membrane in the ligand-receptor association process has earned much attention. Additionally, docking, together with more accurate free energy calculation methods, is playing an important role in the design of novel compounds targeting GPCRs. Here, we summarize the recent progress in the computational studies focusing on the above issues. In the future, with continuous improvement in both computational hardware and algorithms, molecular modeling would serve as an indispensable tool in a wider scope of the research concerning GPCR–ligand recognition as well as drug design targeting GPCRs.
Biotransformation of α-Acetylbutyrolactone in Rhodotorula Strains
Authors: Mączka Wanda , Wińska Katarzyna , Grabarczyk Małgorzata , Żarowska Barbara
Published: July 2018

Due to its structural similarity, the α’-1′-hydroxyethyl-γ-butyrolactone obtained by reduction of (±)-α-acetyl-γ-butyrolactone may have a similar function in the body to γ-butyrolactone (GBL). In the work presented, biotransformation of α-acetyl-γ-butyrolactone by three Rhodotorula strains was performed obtaining enantiomerically enriched alcohol. The process was carried out in growing and resting cultures. We studied how both media composition and organic solvent volume affected stereoselectivity and effectiveness of biotransformation. After 2 h, the enantiomerically pure (3R, 1′S)-α’-1′-hydroxyethyl-γ-butyrolactone was obtained using the R. marina AM77 strain in YPG (Yeast extract-Peptone-Glucose) medium enriched with 5% glycerol. To our best knowledge there is no previous information in the literature about the (±)-α-acetyl-γ-butyrolactone biotransformation performed in medium with addition of organic and deep eutectic solvents.
Immune-Related Functional Differential Gene Expression in Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio) after Challenge with Aeromonas sobria
Authors: Byadgi Omkar , Chen Yao-Chung , Maekawa Shun , Wang Pei-Chyi , Chen Shih-Chu
Published: July 2018

In order to understand the molecular basis underlying the host immune response of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), Illumina HiSeqTM 2000 is used to analyze the muscle and spleen transcriptome of koi carp infected with Aeromonas sobria (A. sobria). De novo assembly of paired-end reads yielded 69,480 unigenes, of which the total length, average length, N50, and GC content are 70,120,028 bp, 1037 bp, 1793 bp, and 45.77%, respectively. Annotation is performed by comparison against various databases, yielding 42,229 (non-redundant protein sequence (NR): 60.78%), 59,255 (non-redundant nucleotide (NT): 85.28%), 35,900 (Swiss-Prot: 51.67%), 11,772 (clusters of orthologous groups (COG): 16.94%), 33,057 (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG): 47.58%), 18,764 (Gene Ontology (GO): 27.01%), and 32,085 (Interpro: 46.18%) unigenes. Comparative analysis of the expression profiles between bacterial challenge fish and control fish identifies 7749 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the muscle and 7846 DEGs from the spleen. These DEGs are further categorized with KEGG. Enrichment analysis of the DEGs and unigenes reveals major immune-related functions, including up-regulation of genes related with Toll-like receptor signaling, complement and coagulation cascades, and antigen processing and presentation. The results from RNA-Seq data are also validated and confirmed the consistency of the expression levels of seven immune-related genes after 24 h post infection with qPCR. Microsatellites (11,534), including di-to hexa nucleotide repeat motifs, are also identified. Altogether, this work provides valuable insights into the underlying immune mechanisms elicited during bacterial infection in koi carp that may aid in the future development of disease control measures in protection against A. sobria.
STAT3, a Hub Protein of Cellular Signaling Pathways, Is Triggered by β-Hexaclorocyclohexane
Authors: Rubini Elisabetta , Altieri Fabio , Chichiarelli Silvia , Giamogante Flavia , Carissimi Stefania , Paglia Giuliano , Macone Alberto , Eufemi Margherita
Published: July 2018

Background: Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are widely distributed in the environment and their toxicity is mostly associated with the molecular mechanisms of endocrine disruption. Among OCPs, particular attention was focused on the effects of β-hexaclorocyclohexane (β-HCH), a widely common pollutant. A detailed epidemiological study carried out on exposed population in the “Valle del Sacco” found correlations between the incidence of a wide range of diseases and the occurrence of β-HCH contamination. Taking into account the pleiotropic role of the protein signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), its function as a hub protein in cellular signaling pathways triggered by β-HCH was investigated in different cell lines corresponding to tissues that are especially vulnerable to damage by environmental pollutants. Materials and Methods: Human prostate cancer (LNCaP), human breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB 468), and human hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines were treated with 10 μM β-HCH in the presence or absence of specific inhibitors for different receptors. All samples were subjected to analysis by immunoblotting and RT-qPCR. Results and Conclusions: The preliminary results allow us to hypothesize the involvement of STAT3, through both its canonical and non-canonical pathways, in response to β-HCH. Moreover, we ascertained the role of STAT3 as a master regulator of energy metabolism via the altered expression and localization of HIF-1α and PKM2, respectively, resulting in a Warburg-like effect.
Polyphenols Derived from Lychee Seed Suppress Aβ (1-42)-Induced Neuroinflammation
Authors: Tang Yong , Xiong Rui , Wu An-Guo , Yu Chong-Lin , Zhao Ya , Qiu Wen-Qiao , Wang Xiu-Ling , Teng Jin-Feng , Liu Jian , Chen Hai-Xia , Wu Jian-Ming , Qin Da-Lian
Published: July 2018

Amyloid-β (Aβ) is commonly recognized as the most important factor that results in neuronal cell death and accelerates the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Increasing evidence suggests that microglia activated by Aβ release an amount of neurotoxic inflammatory cytokines that contribute to neuron death and aggravate AD pathology. In our previous studies, we found that lychee seed fraction (LSF), an active fraction derived from the lychee seed, could significantly improve the cognitive function of AD rats and inhibit Aβ-induced neuroinflammation in vitro, and decrease neuronal injuries in vivo and in vitro. In the current study, we aimed to isolate and identify the specific components in LSF that were responsible for the anti-neuroinflammation effect using preparative high performance liquid chromatography (pre-HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. To this end, we confirmed two polyphenols including catechin and procyanidin A2 that could improve the morphological status of BV-2 cells and suppress the release, mRNA levels, and protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) through downregulating the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway using ELISA, RT-PCR, and Western blotting methods. Furthermore, catechin and procyanidin A2 could inhibit Aβ-induced apoptosis in BV-2 cells by upregulating Bcl-2 and downregulating Bax protein expression. Therefore, the current study illustrated the active substances in lychee seed, and first reported that catechin and procyanidin A2 could suppress neuroinflammation in Aβ-induced BV-2 cells, which provides detailed insights into the molecular mechanism of catechin and procyanidin A2 in the neuroprotective effect, and their further validations of anti-neuroinflammation in vivo is also essential in future research.
The Role of the Arginine in the Conserved N-Terminal Domain RLFDQxFG Motif of Human Small Heat Shock Proteins HspB1, HspB4, HspB5, HspB6, and HspB8
Authors: Shatov Vladislav M. , Weeks Stephen D. , Strelkov Sergei V. , Gusev Nikolai B.
Published: July 2018

Although the N-terminal domain of vertebrate small heat shock proteins (sHsp) is poorly conserved, it contains a core motif preserved in many members of the sHsp family. The role of this RLFDQxFG motif remains elusive. We analyzed the specific role of the first arginine residue of this conserved octet sequence in five human sHsps (HspB1, HspB4, HspB5, HspB6, and HspB8). Substitution of this arginine with an alanine induced changes in thermal stability and/or intrinsic fluorescence of the related HspB1 and HspB8, but yielded only modest changes in the same biophysical properties of HspB4, HspB5, and HspB6 which together belong to another clade of vertebrate sHsps. Removal of the positively charged Arg side chain resulted in destabilization of the large oligomers of HspB1 and formation of smaller size oligomers of HspB5. The mutation induced only minor changes in the structure of HspB4 and HspB6. In contrast, the mutation in HspB8 was accompanied by shifting the equilibrium from dimers towards the formation of larger oligomers. We conclude that the RLFDQxFG motif plays distinct roles in the structure of several sHsp orthologs. This role correlates with the evolutionary relationship of the respective sHsps, but ultimately, it reflects the sequence context of this motif.
Computational Approaches to Prioritize Cancer Driver Missense Mutations
Authors: Zhao Feiyang , Zheng Lei , Goncearenco Alexander , Panchenko Anna R. , Li Minghui
Published: July 2018

Cancer is a complex disease that is driven by genetic alterations. There has been a rapid development of genome-wide techniques during the last decade along with a significant lowering of the cost of gene sequencing, which has generated widely available cancer genomic data. However, the interpretation of genomic data and the prediction of the association of genetic variations with cancer and disease phenotypes still requires significant improvement. Missense mutations, which can render proteins non-functional and provide a selective growth advantage to cancer cells, are frequently detected in cancer. Effects caused by missense mutations can be pinpointed by in silico modeling, which makes it more feasible to find a treatment and reverse the effect. Specific human phenotypes are largely determined by stability, activity, and interactions between proteins and other biomolecules that work together to execute specific cellular functions. Therefore, analysis of missense mutations’ effects on proteins and their complexes would provide important clues for identifying functionally important missense mutations, understanding the molecular mechanisms of cancer progression and facilitating treatment and prevention. Herein, we summarize the major computational approaches and tools that provide not only the classification of missense mutations as cancer drivers or passengers but also the molecular mechanisms induced by driver mutations. This review focuses on the discussion of annotation and prediction methods based on structural and biophysical data, analysis of somatic cancer missense mutations in 3D structures of proteins and their complexes, predictions of the effects of missense mutations on protein stability, protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions, and assessment of conformational changes in protein conformations induced by mutations.
Dynamic DNA Origami Devices: from Strand-Displacement Reactions to External-Stimuli Responsive Systems
Authors: Ijäs Heini , Nummelin Sami , Shen Boxuan , Kostiainen Mauri A. , Linko Veikko
Published: July 2018

DNA nanotechnology provides an excellent foundation for diverse nanoscale structures that can be used in various bioapplications and materials research. Among all existing DNA assembly techniques, DNA origami proves to be the most robust one for creating custom nanoshapes. Since its invention in 2006, building from the bottom up using DNA advanced drastically, and therefore, more and more complex DNA-based systems became accessible. So far, the vast majority of the demonstrated DNA origami frameworks are static by nature; however, there also exist dynamic DNA origami devices that are increasingly coming into view. In this review, we discuss DNA origami nanostructures that exhibit controlled translational or rotational movement when triggered by predefined DNA sequences, various molecular interactions, and/or external stimuli such as light, pH, temperature, and electromagnetic fields. The rapid evolution of such dynamic DNA origami tools will undoubtedly have a significant impact on molecular-scale precision measurements, targeted drug delivery and diagnostics; however, they can also play a role in the development of optical/plasmonic sensors, nanophotonic devices, and nanorobotics for numerous different tasks.
Calcitriol and Its Analogs Establish the Immunosuppressive Microenvironment That Drives Metastasis in 4T1 Mouse Mammary Gland Cancer
Authors: Pawlik Agata , Anisiewicz Artur , Filip-Psurska Beata , Nowak Marcin , Turlej Eliza , Trynda Justyna , Banach Joanna , Gretkierewicz Paweł , Wietrzyk Joanna
Published: July 2018

In our previous study, calcitriol and its analogs PRI-2191 and PRI-2205 stimulated 4T1 mouse mammary gland cancer metastasis. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the inflammatory response in 4T1-bearing mice treated with these compounds. Gene expression analysis of the splenocytes and regional lymph nodes demonstrated prevalence of the T helper lymphocytes (Th2) response with an increased activity of regulatory T (Treg) lymphocytes in mice treated with these compounds. We also observed an increased number of mature granulocytes and B lymphocytes and a decreased number of TCD4+, TCD4+CD25+, and TCD8+, as well as natural killer (NK) CD335+, cells in the blood of mice treated with calcitriol and its analogs. Among the splenocytes, we observed a significant decrease in NK CD335+ cells and an increase in TCD8+ cells. Calcitriol and its analogs decreased the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 and increased the level of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in the plasma. In the tumor tissue, they caused an increase in the level of IL-10. Gene expression analysis of lung tissue demonstrated an increased level of osteopontin (Spp1) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) mRNA. The expression of Spp1 was also elevated in lymph nodes. Calcitriol and its analogs caused prevalence of tumor-conducive changes in the immune system of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, despite the induction of some tumor-disadvantageous effects.
The Role of Ghrelin in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Schalla Martha A. , Stengel Andreas
Published: July 2018

Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid peptide hormone expressed in X/A-like endocrine cells of the stomach, is the only known peripherally produced and centrally acting peptide that stimulates food intake and therefore attracted a lot of attention with one major focus on the treatment of conditions where an increased energy intake or body weight gain is desired. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a pronounced reduction of body weight, a disturbed body image and hormonal alterations. Ghrelin signaling has been thoroughly investigated under conditions of anorexia nervosa. The present review will highlight these alterations of ghrelin in anorexia and discuss possible treatment strategies targeting ghrelin signaling. Lastly, gaps in knowledge will be mentioned to foster future research.
Non-Coding RNAs in Endometrial Physiopathology
Authors: La Ferlita Alessandro , Battaglia Rosalia , Andronico Francesca , Caruso Salvatore , Cianci Antonio , Purrello Michele , Di Pietro Cinzia
Published: July 2018

The Human Genome Project led to the discovery that about 80% of our DNA is transcribed in RNA molecules. Only 2% of the human genome is translated into proteins, the rest mostly produces molecules called non-coding RNAs, which are a heterogeneous class of RNAs involved in different steps of gene regulation. They have been classified, according to their length, into small non-coding RNAs and long non-coding RNAs, or to their function, into housekeeping non-coding RNAs and regulatory non-coding RNAs. Their involvement has been widely demonstrated in all cellular processes, as well as their dysregulation in human pathologies. In this review, we discuss the function of non-coding RNAs in endometrial physiology, analysing their involvement in embryo implantation. Moreover, we explore their role in endometrial pathologies such as endometrial cancer, endometriosis and chronic endometritis.
Functions of Rhotekin, an Effector of Rho GTPase, and Its Binding Partners in Mammals
Authors: Ito Hidenori , Morishita Rika , Nagata Koh-ichi
Published: July 2018

Rhotekin is an effector protein for small GTPase Rho. This protein consists of a Rho binding domain (RBD), a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, two proline-rich regions and a C-terminal PDZ (PSD-95, Discs-large, and ZO-1)-binding motif. We, and other groups, have identified various binding partners for Rhotekin and carried out biochemical and cell biological characterization. However, the physiological functions of Rhotekin, per se, are as of yet largely unknown. In this review, we summarize known features of Rhotekin and its binding partners in neuronal tissues and cancer cells.
Fabrication and Tribological Performance of Zr-Coated Carbide against 40Cr Hardened Steel
Authors: Song Wenlong , Xia Zixiang , Wang Shoujun , Zhang Xuan
Published: July 2018

In order to enhance the tribological performance of YT14 carbide, pure Zr coating was deposited on the substrate surface using a multi-arc ion plating method. The surface topography, adhesion strength, thickness, and micro-hardness of the Zr coating were tested. Dry sliding friction experiments against a 40Cr hardened steel ring were conducted with Zr-coated carbides and traditional ones. The average coefficients of friction were measured and compared. The wear characteristics of the samples were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The test results indicated that the Zr coating deposited on the carbide surface exhibited excellent adhesive strength and lower hardness. The average friction coefficient of Zr coated carbide decreased by 20%–30% in comparison with that of the uncoated one. The Zr coated carbide could reduce the adhesive wear compared with the uncoated one, and the main tribological degradation mechanisms of the coating were abrasive wear, coating flaking and delamination.
Microsegregation Model Including Convection and Tip Undercooling: Application to Directional Solidification and Welding
Authors: Billotte Thomas , Daloz Dominique , Rouat Bernard , Tirand Guillaume , Kennedy Jacob R. , Robin Vincent , Zollinger Julien
Published: July 2018

The microsegregation behavior of alloy filler metal 52 (FM 52) was studied using microprobe analysis on two different solidification processes. First, microsegregation was characterized in samples manufactured by directional solidification, and then by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The experimental results were compared with Thermo-Calc calculations to verify their accuracy. It was confirmed that the thermodynamic database predicts most alloying elements well. Once this data had been determined, several tip undercooling calculations were carried out for different solidification conditions in terms of fluid flow and thermal gradient values. These calculations allowed the authors to develop a parametrization card for the constants of the microsegregation model, according to the process parameters (e.g., convection in melt pool, thermal gradient, and growth velocity). A new model of microsegregation, including convection and tip undercooling, is also proposed. The Tong–Beckermann microsegregation model was used individually and coupled with a modified Kurz-Giovanola-Trivedi (KGT) tip undercooling model, in order to take into account the convection in the fluid flow at the dendrite tip. Model predictions were compared to experimental results and showed the microsegregation evolution accurately.
Influence of Ultrafine Particles on Structure, Mechanical Properties, and Strengthening of Ductile Cast Iron
Authors: Zykova Anna , Lychagin Dmitry , Chumaevsky Andrey , Popova Natalya , Kurzina Irina
Published: July 2018

Integrated assessment of the influence of an ultrafine mixture TiO2 + ZrO2 + Na3AlF6 on the formation of the structure, mechanical properties, and strengthening of ductile cast iron was made in the paper. The structural-phase composition of ductile cast iron was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy and a transmission electron microscope. Plastic deformation was determined during testing of uniaxial compression. The change in the structural state of the alloy and in its mechanical properties was observed. Quantitative assessment of contributions of separate physical mechanisms to strengthening characteristics of unmodified and modified ductile cast iron was made.
Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Stone–Wales Defected Graphene Decorated with the Half-Metallocene of M (M = Fe, Co, Ni): A First Principle Study
Authors: Xie Kefeng , Jia Qiangqiang , Zhang Xiangtai , Fu Li , Zhao Guohu
Published: July 2018

The geometrical, electronic structure, and magnetic properties of the half-metallocene of M (M = Fe, Co, Ni) adsorbed on Stone–Wales defected graphene (SWG) were studied using the density functional theory (DFT), aiming to tune the band structure of SWG. The introduction of cyclopentadienyl (Cp) and half-metallocene strongly affected the band structure of SWG. The magnetic properties of the complex systems originated from the 3D orbitals of M (M = Fe, Co, Ni), the molecular orbital of Cp, and SWG. This phenomenon was different from that found in a previous study, which was due to metal ion-induced sandwich complexes. The results have potential applications in the design of electronic devices based on SWG.
An Antioxidant Potential, Quantum-Chemical and Molecular Docking Study of the Major Chemical Constituents Present in the Leaves of Curatella americana Linn
Authors: Teles Fujishima Mayara Amoras , Silva Nayara dos Santos Raulino da , Ramos Ryan da Silva , Batista Ferreira Elenilze Figueiredo , Santos Kelton Luís Belém dos , Silva Carlos Henrique Tomich de Paula da , Silva Jocivania Oliveira da , Campos Rosa Joaquín Maria , Santos Cleydson Breno Rodrigues dos
Published: July 2018

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated in the normal biological systems, primarily by enzymes as xanthine oxidase (XO). The inappropriate scavenging or inhibition of ROS has been considered to be linked with aging, inflammatory disorders, and chronic diseases. Therefore, many plants and their products have been investigated as natural antioxidants for their potential use in preventive medicine. The leaves and bark extracts of Curatella americana Linn. were described in scientific research as anti-inflammatory, vasodilator, anti-ulcerogenic, and hypolipidemic effects. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potentials of leaf hydroalcoholic extract from C. americana (HECA) through the scavenging DPPH assay and their main chemical constituents, evaluated by the following quantum chemical approaches (DFT B3LYP/6-31G**): Maps of Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP), Frontier Orbital’s (HOMO and LUMO) followed by multivariate analysis and molecular docking simulations with the xanthine oxidase enzyme. The hydroalcoholic extract showed significant antioxidant activity by free radical scavenging probably due to the great presence of flavonoids, which were grouped in the PCA and HCA analysis with the standard gallic acid. In the molecular docking study, the compounds studied presented the binding free energy (ΔG) values close each other, due to the similar interactions with amino acids residues at the activity site. The descriptors Gap and softness were important to characterize the molecules with antioxidant potential by capturing oxygen radicals.
Fully Mechatronical Design of an HIL System for Floating Devices
Authors: Giberti Hermes , La Mura Francesco , Resmini Gabriele , Parmeggiani Marco
Published: July 2018

Recent simulation developments in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) have widely increased the knowledge of fluid–structure interaction. This has been particularly effective in the research field of floating bodies such as offshore wind turbines and sailboats, where air and sea are involved. Nevertheless, the models used in the CFD analysis require several experimental parameters in order to be completely calibrated and capable of accurately predicting the physical behaviour of the simulated system. To make up for the lack of experimental data, usually wind tunnel and ocean basin tests are carried out. This paper presents a fully mechatronical design of an Hardware In the Loop (HIL) system capable of simulating the effects of the sea on a physical scaled model positioned in a wind tunnel. This system allows one to obtain all the required information to characterize a model subject, and at the same time to assess the effects of the interaction between wind and sea waves. The focus of this work is on a complete overview of the procedural steps to be followed in order to reach a predefined performance.
Subsidence Evolution of the Firenze–Prato–Pistoia Plain (Central Italy) Combining PSI and GNSS Data
Authors: Del Soldato Matteo , Farolfi Gregorio , Rosi Ascanio , Raspini Federico , Casagli Nicola
Published: July 2018

Subsidence phenomena, as well as landslides and floods, are one of the main geohazards affecting the Tuscany region (central Italy). The monitoring of related ground deformations plays a key role in their management to avoid problems for buildings and infrastructure. In this scenario, Earth observation offers a better solution in terms of costs and benefits than traditional techniques (e.g., GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) or levelling networks), especially for wide area applications. In this work, the subsidence-related ground motions in the Firenze–Prato–Pistoia plain were back-investigated to track the evolution of displacement from 2003 to 2017 by means of multi-interferometric analysis of ENVISAT and Sentinel-1 imagery combined with GNSS data. The resulting vertical deformation velocities are aligned to the European Terrestrial Reference System 89 (ETRS89) datum and can be considered real velocity of displacement. The vertical ground deformation maps derived by ENVISAT and Sentinel-1 data, corrected with the GNSS, show how the area affected by subsidence for the period 2003–2010 and the period 2014–2017 evolved. The differences between the two datasets in terms of the extension and velocity values were analysed and then associated with the geological setting of the basin and external factors, e.g., new greenhouses and nurseries. This analysis allowed for reconstructing the evolution of the subsidence for the area of interest showing an increment of ground deformation in the historic centre of Pistoia Town, a decrement of subsidence in the nursery area between Pistoia and Prato cities, and changes in the industrial sector close to Prato.
How Well Can Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Capture Hurricanes? Case Study: Hurricane Harvey
Authors: Omranian Ehsan , Sharif Hatim O. , Tavakoly Ahmad A.
Published: July 2018

Hurricanes and other severe coastal storms have become more frequent and destructive during recent years. Hurricane Harvey, one of the most extreme events in recent history, advanced as a category IV storm and brought devastating rainfall to the Houston, TX, region during 25–29 August 2017. It inflicted damage of more than $125 billion to the state of Texas infrastructure and caused multiple fatalities in a very short period of time. Rainfall totals from Harvey during the 5-day period were among the highest ever recorded in the United States. Study of this historical devastating event can lead to better preparation and effective reduction of far-reaching consequences of similar events. Precipitation products based on satellites observations can provide valuable information needed to understand the evolution of such devastating storms. In this study, the ability of recent Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Mission (GPM-IMERG) final-run product to capture the magnitudes and spatial (0.1° × 0.1°)/temporal (hourly) patterns of rainfall resulting from hurricane Harvey was evaluated. Hourly gridded rainfall estimates by ground radar (4 × 4 km) were used as a reference dataset. Basic and probabilistic statistical indices of the satellite rainfall products were examined. The results indicated that the performance of IMERG product was satisfactory in detecting the spatial variability of the storm. It reconstructed precipitation with nearly 62% accuracy, although it systematically under-represented rainfall in coastal areas and over-represented rainfall over the high-intensity regions. Moreover, while the correlation between IMERG and radar products was generally high, it decreased significantly at and around the storm core.
Theoretical and Numerical Study on Stress Intensity Factors for FRP-Strengthened Steel Plates with Double-Edged Cracks
Authors: Wang Hai-Tao , Wu Gang , Pang Yu-Yang
Published: July 2018

This paper presents a theoretical and numerical study on the stress intensity factors for double-edged cracked steel plates strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) plates. Based on the stress intensity factor solution for infinite center-cracked steel plates strengthened with FRP plates, expressions of the stress intensity factors were proposed for double-edged cracked steel plates strengthened with FRP plates by introducing two correction factors: β and f. A finite element (FE) simulation was carried out to calculate the stress intensity factors of the steel plate specimens. Numerous combinations of the specimen width, crack length, FRP thickness and Young’s modulus, adhesive thickness, and shear modulus were considered to conduct the parametric investigation. The FE results were used to investigate the main influencing factors of the stress intensity factors and the correction factor, β. The expression of the correction factor, β, was formulated and calibrated based on the FE results. The proposed expressions of the stress intensity factors were a function of the applied stress, the crack length, the ratio between the crack length and the width of the steel plate, the stiffness ratio between the FRP plate and steel plate, the adhesive thickness, and the shear modulus. Finally, the theoretical results and numerical results were compared to validate the proposed expressions.
Robust Visual Tracking Based on Adaptive Convolutional Features and Offline Siamese Tracker
Authors: Zhang Ximing , Wang Mingang
Published: July 2018

Robust and accurate visual tracking is one of the most challenging computer vision problems. Due to the inherent lack of training data, a robust approach for constructing a target appearance model is crucial. The existing spatially regularized discriminative correlation filter (SRDCF) method learns partial-target information or background information when experiencing rotation, out of view, and heavy occlusion. In order to reduce the computational complexity by creating a novel method to enhance tracking ability, we first introduce an adaptive dimensionality reduction technique to extract the features from the image, based on pre-trained VGG-Net. We then propose an adaptive model update to assign weights during an update procedure depending on the peak-to-sidelobe ratio. Finally, we combine the online SRDCF-based tracker with the offline Siamese tracker to accomplish long term tracking. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed tracker has satisfactory performance in a wide range of challenging tracking scenarios.
Monitoring System Analysis for Evaluating a Building’s Envelope Energy Performance through Estimation of Its Heat Loss Coefficient
Authors: Giraldo-Soto Catalina , Erkoreka Aitor , Mora Laurent , Uriarte Irati , Del Portillo Luis
Published: July 2018

The present article investigates the question of building energy monitoring systems used for data collection to estimate the Heat Loss Coefficient (HLC) with existing methods, in order to determine the Thermal Envelope Performance (TEP) of a building. The data requirements of HLC estimation methods are related to commonly used methods for fault detection, calibration, and supervision of energy monitoring systems in buildings. Based on an extended review of experimental tests to estimate the HLC undertaken since 1978, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the Monitoring and Controlling System (MCS) specifications have been carried out. The results show that no Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) methods have been implemented in the reviewed literature. Furthermore, it was not possible to identify a trend of technology type used in sensors, hardware, software, and communication protocols, because a high percentage of the reviewed experimental tests do not specify the model, technical characteristics, or selection criteria of the implemented MCSs. Although most actual Building Automation Systems (BAS) may measure the required parameters, further research is still needed to ensure that these data are accurate enough to rigorously apply HLC estimation methods.
Generalized Vision-Based Detection, Identification and Pose Estimation of Lamps for BIM Integration
Authors: Troncoso-Pastoriza Francisco , López-Gómez Javier , Febrero-Garrido Lara
Published: July 2018

This paper introduces a comprehensive approach based on computer vision for the automatic detection, identification and pose estimation of lamps in a building using the image and location data from low-cost sensors, allowing the incorporation into the building information modelling (BIM). The procedure is based on our previous work, but the algorithms are substantially improved by generalizing the detection to any light surface type, including polygonal and circular shapes, and refining the BIM integration. We validate the complete methodology with a case study at the Mining and Energy Engineering School and achieve reliable results, increasing the successful real-time processing detections while using low computational resources, leading to an accurate, cost-effective and advanced method. The suitability and the adequacy of the method are proved and concluded.