bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Oral Cryotherapy During Oxaliplatin Infusion in Preventing Oral Thermal Hyperalgesia: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Bauman Brittany , Mick Rosemarie , Martinez Eileen , Lawless Theresa M. , Zinck Lindsey , Sinclair Paige , Fuhrer Mary , O’Hara Mark , Schneider Charles J. , O’Dwyer Peter , Plastaras John , Teitelbaum Ursina , Reiss Kim A.
Published: April 2019

Background: Chemotherapy-induced oral thermal hyperalgesia (OTH) is a common and debilitating side effect of platinum-based anticancer agents. This study evaluated the efficacy of oral cryotherapy in preventing OTH during oxaliplatin chemotherapy infusion. Methods: Patients with gastrointestinal cancer treated with biweekly oxaliplatin (85 mg/m2 over 120 minutes) at Abramson Cancer Center at the University of Pennsylvania were randomized to receive oral cryotherapy (ice chips) during oxaliplatin infusion or standard-of-care treatment. All patients completed baseline questionnaires regarding oral and peripheral symptoms and on-treatment questionnaires on day 1 of each subsequent chemotherapy cycle. Those in the treatment arm were asked to document how long they kept the ice chips in their mouths (0, <30, 30, 60, 90, or 120 minutes) and to report their discomfort associated with oral cryotherapy. Evaluable patients were those who had completed at least 2 cycles of oxaliplatin therapy. Results: Of 62 randomized patients with a variety of gastrointestinal malignancies, 50 (25 per treatment arm) were evaluable for efficacy. The rate of patients with oral symptoms after the first treatment cycle was significantly lower in the intervention arm (n=8; 32%) than in the control arm (n=18; 72%), meeting the primary study objective (P=.01). The magnitude of difference in symptom scores before versus after the first treatment cycle was significantly less in the intervention versus control arm (P=.001). No difference in oral symptoms over time was seen between the intervention and control groups (P=.20), although a high attrition rate was noted. Duration of ice chip exposure was associated with improved oral symptoms over time (P=.02). Conclusions: Oral cryotherapy is a tolerable and cost-effective method of diminishing OTH in patients receiving oxaliplatin chemotherapy, and seems to be most effective in the early stages of treatment.
Cutaneous Melanoma, Version 2.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology
Authors: Coit Daniel G. , Thompson John A. , Albertini Mark R. , Barker Christopher , Carson William E. , Contreras Carlo , Daniels Gregory A. , DiMaio Dominick , Fields Ryan C. , Fleming Martin D. , Freeman Morganna , Galan Anjela , Gastman Brian , Guild Valerie , Johnson Douglas , Joseph Richard W. , Lange Julie R. , Nath Sameer , Olszanski Anthony J. , Ott Patrick , Gupta Aparna Priyanath , Ross Merrick I. , Salama April K. , Skitzki Joseph , Sosman Jeffrey , Swetter Susan M. , Tanabe Kenneth K. , Wuthrick Evan , McMillian Nicole R. , Engh Anita M.
Published: April 2019

The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Cutaneous melanoma have been significantly revised over the past few years in response to emerging data on immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies and BRAF-targeted therapy. This article summarizes the data and rationale supporting extensive changes to the recommendations for systemic therapy as adjuvant treatment of resected disease and as treatment of unresectable or distant metastatic disease.
HYDRODYNAMICS, DISTRIBUTION OF FLOWS AND THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF COIL HEAT EXCHANGERS IN UNITS OF HEAT-USING APPARATUS OF TUBE FURNACES
Authors: Sergeev Stanislav P. , Nikiforov Faddey F. , Afanasiev Sergey V. , Shevchenko Juliya N.
Published: April 2019

The theoretical foundations of construction, mathematical description and engineering calculation of heat exchangers of the serpentine type in blocks of heat-using equipment of tube furnaces and other types of reactors designed for carrying out endothermic reactions (in particular, reforming of natural gas with water vapor) are considered. It is shown that the thermal efficiency of heat exchangers of the coil type is significantly affected by the correct choice of parameters ensuring a uniform distribution of energy flows over the surface of heat-resistant heat exchange tubes. This technological problem is solved by compiling the heat balance and selecting the system of the corresponding equations, which allows to calculate the temperature contour of the coil heat exchanger, its hydrodynamic characteristics and the distribution of mass and heat flows through the heat exchange tubes. The use of the tensor form of the Boussinesq hypothesis is considered, with which the Reynolds equation describing a turbulent flow is transformed to a partial differential equation for a single unknown function and its averaged form is obtained. In relation to the problem under consideration, the correctness of the chosen approach was confirmed both theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that in the core of a turbulent flow with an intense suction or injection, the liquid behaves almost as ideal and the well-known Helmholtz – Friedmann theorem holds with the necessary accuracy. From the aforementioned averaged equation, expressions are obtained that are suitable for describing heat fluxes in channels with suction or injection. According to this theoretical model, thermal calculations of coil-type heat exchangers were carried out, a more accurate assessment of the temperature of the heated medium in each coil tube was made, and the temperature gradient of the external heat carrier over the cross section of the gas duct was found. For the first time in the practice of calculations when choosing the parameters of coils, a number of boundary conditions were taken into account, such as the condition of the coil layout, the necessary heat exchange surface, permissible restrictions on hydraulic resistance, etc.
EFFECT OF CERTAIN BARN CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS ON INDOOR CLIMATE STATUS IN DAIRY BARNS IN BOSNIA AND HEREGOVINA
Authors: Erbez M. , Važić B. , Rogić B. , Jovović V. , Marić A.
Published: April 2019

The aim of this field study was to describe climatic status in dairy barns in lowland and in mountainous regions of BiH, and to examine correlations between chosen housing parameters and indoor climate. Totally 76 herds were visited once by a team of trained observers in 18 municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. All barns in mountain region had tie-stall housing system (MH), while 30 barns in lowland regions had tie-stall system (LTS) and 8 of those loose housing (LLH) with or without cubicles. Presence of CO2 was quite different between groups, the average lowest was found in LLH and it was 627.5 ppm (ranging from 390 – 890), in LTS 936.7 (390-1690), in MH 1105.7 (390-5390). The highest measures roof temperatures were at LTS, and the average was 12.7, while in LLH were 10.49, MH 11.14 and AF 11.70. Mean floor area per animal for all farms was 6 m2/animal, in MH 6.4, LTS 5.4 and LLH 6 m2/animal. Mean barn volume for all farms was 27.9 m3/animal, in MH 25.5, LTS 26.5 and LLH 44.2 m3/animal. Average barn height was 3.6 m for AF, 5.7 m for LLH, 4 m for LTS and 2.8 meters for MH. The negative correlations between construction environment parameters was found for all combinations except for the air velocity in LTS barns. Some of the construction parameters could help in overall estimation of the housing quality in dairy cattle barns.
THE SIZE OF THE FARM AND ITS INFLUENCE AT CLEANLINESS OF THE COWS AND MILK HYGIENE
Authors: Marić A. , Važić B. , Regoda Maja , Erbez M.
Published: April 2019

For animals the sense of physical comfort is necessary (physical comfort). When animals feel physically comfortable, it means that every part of their bodies is in harmony with the surrounding area. Therefore, the farms are usually build in accordance with the number of cattle that will be hold in designed facilities, which provide a higher degree of cows cleanliness. Cleanliness of cows is important in order to produce hygienically clean milk and to achieve the cattle welfare of dairy cows too. Cleanliness of animals mostly depends on what kind of object they are placed in. Hygienically proper milk includes the number of microorganisms up to 100,000 / ml and the number of somatic cells to 400,000 / ml, which are regulated by the "Regulations on quality of fresh raw milk." For this research farms are divided into three groups according to the number of cows. The first group included the number of cows from 1 to 9, the second group included 10 to 19, and a third group 20 or more cows. The aim of this paper is to examine whether there is an influence of the size of farms (number of cows) on the subjective cow cleanliness and hygienic quality of milk.
New migration trends of the population in a modern society
Authors: Vilić Dragana
Published: April 2019

Spatial movement of the population is not a new phenomenon - it hasbeen happening throughout the history in its various shapes, scopeand intensity. Nevertheless, with the processes of globalisation it hasbeen more and more noticeable taking a new shape and social characteristics(especially, economic migration). However, many of thethreats and problems manifested at a global level still stay the maincauses of legal and/or illegal, voluntary and involuntary migrations(poverty, unemployment, civil wars, persecutions, climate change,etc.). Long-term economic and demographic problems in developedcountries have negative consequences - reducing the working-agepopulation, undermining the sustainability of the social protectionsystem and sustainable economic growth and the development of societyin general. Therefore, the importance of migration has been notedto remedy these negative consequences. In order to face the problemsthat cause migration, the challenges and consequences of migration,the issues migrants face, and to control and manage migration flowsat the national and international levels, it is necessary to establish theglobal cooperation of various social entities.
Fluctuations in coral reef fish densities after environmental disturbances on the northern Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Triki Zegni , Bshary Redouan
Published: April 2019

Global warming is predicted to increase the frequency and or severity of many disturbances including cyclones, storms, and prolonged heatwaves. The coral reef at Lizard Island, part of the Great Barrier Reef, has been recently exposed to a sequence of severe tropical cyclones (i.e., Ita in 2014 and Nathan in 2015) and a coral bleaching in the year 2016. Reef fishes are an essential part of the coral reef ecosystem, and their abundance is thus a good marker to estimate the magnitude of such disturbances. Here, we examined whether the recent disturbances at Lizard Island had an impact on the coral reef fish communities. To do this, we examined fish survey data collected before and after the disturbances for potential changes in total fish density post-disturbance. Also, by sorting fish species into 11 functional groups based on their trophic level (i.e., diet), we further explored the density changes within each functional group. Our findings showed an overall decline of 68% in fish density post-disturbance, with a significant density decrease in nine of 11 trophic groups. These nine groups were: browsers, corallivores, detritivores, excavator/scrapers, grazers, macro-invertivores, pisci-invertivores, planktivores, and spongivores. The piscivores, on the other hand, were the only “winners,” wherein their density showed an increase post-disturbance. These changes within functional groups might have a further impact on the trophodynamics of the food web. In summary, our findings provide evidence that the fish assemblage on the reefs around Lizard Island was considerably affected by extreme weather events, leading to changes in the functional composition of the reef fish assemblage.
Iron Deficiency Anaemia- A Case Report with Oral Manifestations
Authors: Sekhar M. Chandra , Thabusum D. Ayesha , Charitha M. , Chandrasekhar G. , Firdous P. Shaziya
Published: April 2019

Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common nutritional deficiency disorder in children and is worldwide in distribution. It is characterised by fatigue, weakness, pallor and koilonychias. Thus oral physician play an important role in diagnosis and thereby prevention of anaemia, as oral manifestations may be the earliest feature of the condition. The purpose of this article is to present a case of iron deficiency anaemia of unknown cause in a 16 year old female child.
Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen & Phosphorus Fertilizer and Roguing on Seed Production of Rice in Bangladesh
Authors: Sultana Afia , Salim Mohammad , Kader Md Abdul , Akter Md. Babul , Kamruzzaman M. , Hoque Md. Imdadul
Published: April 2019

An experiment was conducted at the Farmer’s Field, Boyra village, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the period from February to May 2016 to study the yield performance of boro rice for seed production as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization with different levels of roguing. The experiment comprised three levels of roguing viz. no roguing (R0), roguing one time (R1) and roguing two times (R2) and five doses of N and P fertilizers viz. Farmer practice (F1: 250 kg urea and 260 kg TSP), Optimum/recommended (F2: 187 kg urea and 200 kg TSP), High N (F3: 200 kg urea and 200 kg TSP), High P (F4: 187 kg urea and 240 kg TSP) and High N + High P (F5: 200 kg urea and 240 kg TSP). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results revealed that the Optimum doses of fertilizer applications significantly produced the highest grain yield among the treatments. All the yield contributing characters showed the best performance in this treatment. Though roguing did not produce significant yield variation but the interaction effects did. Here, The Optimum doses of fertilizer without roguing (F2R0) produced highest grain yield but it was at per with F3R1, F2R2, F2R1, F4R1 and F5R2 treatments. Among the five statistically alike treatments F2R2 i.e. optimum fertilizer dose with two rougings produced the highest number of filled grains per panicle and highest seed germination and appreciably higher percentage of pure seed. Based on this experimental result, it appears that optimum fertilizer dose with two times rouging treatment performed the best for seed production in BRRI dhan29.
Nutrition and Oral Health: A Mini Review
Authors: . Nireeksha , Hegde Mithra N. , Kumari N. Suchetha
Published: April 2019

Nutrition is a part of systemic health in maintaining an equilibrium between the healthy and ill status. As a part of our regular diet and intake as supplements it plays a major role in maintaining oral health .this article focuses on role of various nutrients that play a major role in maintain oral health.
Targeting AMP‐activated kinase impacts hepatocellular cancer stem cells induced by long‐term treatment with sorafenib
Authors: Bort Alicia , Sánchez Belén G. , Mateos‐Gómez Pedro A. , Vara‐Ciruelos Diana , Rodríguez‐Henche Nieves , Díaz‐Laviada Inés
Published: April 2019

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. HCC treatment is hindered by the frequent emergence of chemoresistance to the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib, which has been related to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that self‐renew and often escape therapy. The key metabolic sensor AMP‐activated kinase (AMPK) has recently been recognized as a tumour growth regulator. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of AMPK in the development of a stem cell phenotype in HCC cells. To this end, we enriched the CSC population in HCC cell lines that showed increased expression of drug resistance (ALDH1A1, ABCB1A) and stem cell (CD133, Nanog, Oct4, alpha fetoprotein) markers and demonstrated their stemness phenotype. These cells were refractory to sorafenib‐induced cell death. We report that sorafenib‐resistant cells had lower levels of total and phosphorylated AMPK as well as its downstream substrate, ACC, compared with the parental cells. Interestingly, AMPK knockdown with siRNA or inhibition with dorsomorphin increased the expression of stem cell markers in parental cells and blocked sorafenib‐induced cell death. Conversely, the upregulation of AMPK, either by transfection or by pharmacological activation with A‐769662, decreased the expression of ALDH1A1, ABCB1A, CD133, Nanog, Oct4, and alpha fetoprotein, and restored sensitivity to sorafenib. Analysis of the underlying mechanism points to hypoxia‐inducible factor HIF‐1α as a regulator of stemness. In vivo studies in a xenograft mouse model demonstrated that stem‐like cells have greater tumourigenic capacity. AMPK activation reduced xenograft tumour growth and decreased the expression of stem cell markers. Taken together, these results indicate that AMPK may serve as a novel target to overcome chemoresistance in HCC.
Beyond the aggregate score: Using multilevel modeling to examine trajectories of laboratory‐measured aggression
Authors: Chester David S.
Published: April 2019

Aggression is often measured in the laboratory as an iterative “tit‐for‐tat” sequence, in which two aggressors repeatedly inflict retaliatory harm upon each other. Aggression researchers typically quantify aggression by aggregating across participants’ aggressive behavior on such iterative encounters. However, this “aggregate approach” cannot capture trajectories of aggression across the iterative encounters and needlessly eliminates rich information in the form of within‐participant variability. As an alternative approach, I used multilevel modeling (MLM) to examine the slope of aggression across the 25‐trial Taylor Aggression Paradigm as a function of trait physical aggression and experimental provocation. Across two preregistered studies (combined N = 392), participants exhibited a modest decline in aggression. This decline reflected a reciprocal strategy, in which participants responded to an initially‐provocative opponent with greater aggression that then decreased over time to match their opponent's declining levels of aggression. Against predictions, trait physical aggression and experimental provocation did not affect participants’ overall trajectories of aggression. Yet, exploratory analyses suggested that the participants’ tendency to reciprocate their opponent's aggression with more aggression was greater at higher levels of trait physical aggression and attenuated among participants who had already been experimentally provoked by their opponent. These findings (a) illustrate several advantages of an MLM approach as compared with an aggregate approach to iterative laboratory aggression paradigms; (b) demonstrate that the magnifying effects of trait aggression and experimental provocation on laboratory aggression are stable over brief time‐frames; and (c) suggest that modeling the opponent's behavior on such tasks reveals important information.
Pressure‐Responsive Hierarchical Chiral Photonic Aerogels
Authors: Cao Yuanyuan , Lewis Lev , Hamad Wadood Y. , MacLachlan Mark J.
Published: April 2019

Pressure‐responsive chiral photonic aerogels are fabricated by combining liquid crystal self‐assembly and ice‐templating processes. The aerogels have a hierarchical structure in which the primary 2D chiral nematic structured walls of cellulose nanocrystals form ribbons that support a secondary 3D cellular network. Owing to the flexibility of the aerogels in solvent, the 3D structure of the aerogel can easily be transformed to a 2D structure by pressure‐induced rearrangement. The aerogels vary from white in color, which arises from light scattering, to a reflective photonic crystal displaying bright iridescent colors that depend on the immersed solvent. A solvent‐sensitive ink that shows quick color response to different solvents is designed using the pressure‐responsive photonic aerogel. This material demonstrates a new response mechanism for the design of smart and mechanoresponsive photonic materials.
Anion‐Sorbent Composite Separators for High‐Rate Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Chen , Shen Li , Shen Jianqiang , Liu Fang , Chen Gen , Tao Ran , Ma Shengxiang , Peng Yiting , Lu Yunfeng
Published: April 2019

Novel composite separators containing metal–organic‐framework (MOF) particles and poly(vinyl alcohol) are fabricated by the electrospinning process. The MOF particles containing opened metal sites can spontaneously adsorb anions while allowing effective transport of lithium ions in the electrolyte, leading to dramatically improved lithium‐ion transference number tLi+ (up to 0.79) and lithium‐ion conductivity. Meanwhile, the incorporation of the MOF particles alleviates the decomposition of the electrolyte, enhances the electrode reaction kinetics, and reduces the interface resistance between the electrolyte and the electrodes. Implementation of such composite separators in conventional lithium‐ion batteries leads to significantly improved rate capability and cycling durability, offering a new prospective toward high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries.
Limitations and Perspectives on Triplet‐Material‐Based Organic Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Jin Yingzhi , Zhang Yanxin , Liu Yanfeng , Xue Jie , Li Weiwei , Qiao Juan , Zhang Fengling
Published: April 2019

Organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) have attracted broad attention and become a very energetic field after the emergence of nonfullerene acceptors. Long‐lifetime triplet excitons are expected to be good candidates for efficiently harvesting a photocurrent. Parallel with the development of OPVs based on singlet materials (S‐OPVs), the potential of triplet materials as photoactive layers has been explored. However, so far, OPVs employing triplet materials in a bulk heterojunction have not exhibited better performance than S‐OPVs. Here, the recent progress of representative OPVs based on triplet materials (T‐OPVs) is briefly summarized. Based on that, the performance limitations of T‐OPVs are analyzed. The shortage of desired triplet materials with favorable optoelectronic properties for OPVs, the tradeoff between long lifetime and high binding energy of triplet excitons, as well as the low charge mobility in most triplet materials are crucial issues restraining the efficiencies of T‐OPVs. To overcome these limitations, first, novel materials with desired optoelectronic properties are urgently demanded; second, systematic investigation on the contribution and dynamics of triplet excitons in T‐OPVs is necessary; third, close multidisciplinary collaboration is required, as proved by the development of S‐OPVs.
Spatiotemporal Information Processing Emulated by Multiterminal Neuro‐Transistor Networks
Authors: He Yongli , Nie Sha , Liu Rui , Jiang Shanshan , Shi Yi , Wan Qing
Published: April 2019

All external sensory stimuli produce a spatiotemporal pattern of action potentials, which is transmitted to the biological neural system to be processed. The relative timing of synaptic spikes from different presynaptic neurons represents the features of the stimuli. A fundamental prerequisite in cortical information processing is the discrimination of different spatiotemporal input sequences. Here, capacitively coupled multiterminal oxide‐based neuro‐transistors are proposed for spatiotemporal information processing, mimicking the dendritic discriminability of different spatiotemporal input sequences. The experimental results demonstrate that such multiterminal neuromorphic devices can act as spatiotemporal information processing compartments for fundamental cortical computation. Also, as an example of spatiotemporal information processing, sound location functionality of the human brain is also emulated by constructing a simple artificial neural network based on such oxide‐based multiterminal neuro‐transistors.
Fast‐and‐Giant Photorheological Effect in a Liquid Crystal Dimer
Authors: Aya Satoshi , Salamon Péter , Paterson Daniel A. , Storey John M. D. , Imrie Corrie T. , Araoka Fumito , Jákli Antal , Buka Ágnes
Published: April 2019

Mechanically responsive organic materials can change their viscoelastic properties in response to external stimuli. However, materials that exhibit highly contrasting viscoelastic properties coupled with fast and reversible switching between the states involved have remained elusive. Here, it is shown that a nonsymmetric photoresponsive liquid crystal dimer exhibits photoswitching of its viscoelastic properties (shear viscosity, storage, and loss moduli) with remarkable contrast of up to 106 while transitioning between crystal and nematic phases. This switching is reversible and takes less than 100 s for both forward (trans‐cis photoisomerization) and backward (cis‐trans photoisomerization) reactions due to the coexistence of two allotropes containing two types of stereoisomers. This combination of highly contrasting viscoelastic behavior with fast and reversible switching establishes a whole new performance level for mechanically responsive organic materials and offers very considerable application potential in such diverse areas as photoswitchable adhesives, in vibration control, and as novel brakes.
Suppressing Lithium Dendrite Growth via Sinusoidal Ripple Current Produced by Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Zhang Zailei , Wang Zhong Lin , Lu Xianmao
Published: April 2019

Lithium metal as an ultimate anode material of future rechargeable batteries may furnish the highest energy density for its pairing cathode, although preventing the growth of lithium dendrites in liquid electrolytes is a major challenge. This work reports that stable lithium metal anodes can be achieved by charging with high‐frequency sinusoidal ripple current generated by rotating triboelectric nanogenerators (R‐TENGs). Compared with constant DC current charging, sinusoidal ripple current charging by R‐TENG improves the uniformity of lithium deposition during cycling test. Consequently, symmetric Li/Li cells exhibit lower overpotential and better cycling stability. In addition, full cells assembled with lithium metal anodes and LiFePO4 cathodes show considerably improved capacity retention when charged by R‐TENG's sinusoidal ripple current (99.5%) compared to constant current (78.7%) after 200 cycles. The charging strategy device in this work provides a promising direction toward improving the cycle life of Li metal batteries. In addition, the combination of R‐TENGs with Li metal batteries offers an encouraging solution for achieving stable energy supply in self‐powered systems.
A single loss of photosynthesis in the diatom order Bacillariales (Bacillariophyta)
Authors: Onyshchenko Anastasiia , Ruck Elizabeth C. , Nakov Teofil , Alverson Andrew J.
Published: April 2019

Premise of the Study

Loss of photosynthesis is a common and often repeated trajectory in nearly all major groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes. One small subset of “apochloritic” diatoms in the genus Nitzschia have lost their ability to photosynthesize and require extracellular carbon for growth. Similar to other secondarily nonphotosynthetic taxa, apochloritic diatoms maintain colorless plastids with highly reduced plastid genomes. Although the narrow taxonomic breadth of apochloritic Nitzschia suggests a single loss of photosynthesis in their common ancestor, previous phylogenetic analyses suggested that photosynthesis was lost multiple times.

Methods

We analyzed genes from the nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial genomes for a broad set of taxa to test whether photosynthesis was lost one or multiple times in Bacillariales. We also sequenced and characterized the plastid genome of a nonphotosynthetic Nitzschia species.

Key Results

Phylogenetic analyses showed that genes from all three genetic compartments either supported or failed to reject monophyly of apochloritic Nitzschia species, consistent with a single loss of photosynthesis in this group. The plastid genomes of two apochloritic Nitzschia are highly similar in all respects, indicating streamlining of the plastid genome before the split of these two species.

Conclusions

A better understanding of the phylogeny and ecology of apochloritic Nitzschia, together with emerging genomic resources, will help identify the factors that have driven and maintained the loss of photosynthesis in this group of diatoms. Finally, some habitats host diverse communities of co‐occurring nonphotosynthetic diatoms, reflecting resource abundance or resource partitioning in ecologically favorable habitats.
Enantioselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation of β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Amino Nitriles: Synthetic Homoenolate Equivalents
Authors: Wright Timothy B. , Turnbull Ben W. H. , Evans P. Andrew
Published: April 2019

An enantioselective rhodium‐catalyzed allylic alkylation of β,γ‐unsaturated α‐amino nitriles is described. This protocol provides a novel approach for the construction of β‐stereogenic carbonyl derivatives via the catalytic asymmetric alkylation of a homoenolate equivalent. The particularly challenging nature of this transformation is highlighted by the fact that three modes of selectivity must be manipulated, namely regio‐ and enantioselectivity, in addition to geometrical control. The γ‐stereogenic cyanoenamine products can be readily hydrolyzed in situ to afford the β‐substituted carboxylic acids, which in turn provide expedient access to a number of related carbonyl derivatives. Additionally, control experiments indicate that the chiral rhodium‐allyl intermediate facilitates the selective formation of the E‐cyanoenamine products, which is critical since the Z‐isomer affords significantly lower enantiocontrol.
A rare complication of accidental dural puncture during epidural insertion for labour analgesia
Authors: Shields N. , Innes E. , Goodman J.
Published: April 2019

A 33‐year‐old multiparous term parturient requested an epidural for labour analgesia. An accidental dural puncture was noted at the time of epidural needle insertion and an intrathecal catheter was placed. The intrathecal catheter was removed 10 h later and was noted to be intact. The following day, there was a significant leak of clear fluid from the catheter insertion site. Cerebrospinal fluid was detected using beta‐trace protein testing. The patient remained asymptomatic and we deduced the cause could be a cutaneous fistula. Similar published reports have suggested the causes of similar presentations could include leakage of interstitial oedema, local anaesthetic or cerebrospinal fluid. It is important to consider the diagnosis of clear fluid leakage following an accidental dural puncture and the management of a cerebrospinal fluid‐cutaneous fistula in the absence of neurological symptoms.
PVDF/BaTiO3/carbon nanotubes ternary nanocomposites prepared by ball milling: Piezo and dielectric responses
Authors: González‐Benito Javier , Olmos Dania , Martínez‐Tarifa Juan Manuel , González‐Gaitano Gustavo , Sánchez Freddy A.
Published: April 2019

Nanocomposites based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) filled with barium titanate, BaTiO3, (BT) particles, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared by high‐energy ball milling (HEBM) and subsequent hot pressing. This method of materials preparation allowed obtaining uniform dispersions of the nanofillers. The influence of the particles on the polymer structure and morphology was studied. To understand the origin of changes in the PVDF properties, thermal and electrical behaviors of the PVDF/BT/MWCNT nanocomposites were studied as a function of composition. The addition of BT, MWCNT, or its mixture had not any influence on the PVDF polymorphism. However, calorimetric results pointed out that the presence of the nanofillers exerted nucleation mainly ascribed to the surface to volume ratio of the nanoparticles. The capacitance of the composites increased as the nanofiller content increased, being the effect mainly dependent on the surface to volume ratio of the nanoparticles. The dielectric behavior of the materials as a function of frequency was modeled by a Debye equivalent circuit only below the percolation threshold respect to the amount of MWCNT. The piezoelectric behavior of the ternary nanocomposites was highly affected by the incorporation of the nanofillers only when high dielectric losses occurred above the percolation threshold. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47788.
Ultraviolet‐protective thin film based on PVA–melanin/rod‐coated silver nanowires and its application as a transparent capacitor
Authors: Albano Luiz Gustavo Simão , Paulin João Vitor , Trino Luciana Daniele , Fernandes Silvia Leticia , Graeff Carlos Frederico de Oliveira
Published: April 2019

Melanin is a biopigment in many organisms with interesting intrinsic properties suitable for emerging and sustainable technologies. In this work, we report the fabrication of transparent ultraviolet (UV)‐protective thin films based on synthetic melanin in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrixes. Melanin was synthesized through the auto‐oxidation of l‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (l‐DOPA) under oxygen pressure, resulting in excellent solubility in water. A thin film with a composition of 3 wt % melanin (synthesized at 6 atm oxygen pressure) and silver nanowires (AgNWs) deposited on the surface has good transparency in visible light and 100% UV irradiation photoprotection. Encapsulated PVA–melanin/AgNW films dipped in water for 7 days retained 98% of their UV irradiation photoprotection. Moreover, using a transparent conductive oxide substrate, this UV‐protective system can be simultaneously used as a transparent capacitor. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47805.
Syntheses of α‐Amino Acids by Using CO2 as a C1 Source
Authors: Mita Tsuyoshi , Sato Yoshihiro
Published: April 2019

The incorporation of CO2 into organic compounds is currently one of the most active research topics in organic chemistry, because CO2 is an abundant, inexpensive, nontoxic, and renewable C1 source. However, CO2 is also a thermodynamically stable and kinetically inert gaseous compound, and as such, special strategies are required to activate CO2 and incorporate it into organic compounds. In particular, because the carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom of amine derivatives is positively charged, umpolung carboxylation, which is a difficult chemical process, should be considered for the production of α‐amino acids by using CO2. In this Minireview, we summarize recent synthetic methods for α‐amino acids that use CO2 as a carboxylic acid unit.
On the simultaneous stabilization for a family of time‐varying linear systems under the transmission condition
Authors: Liu Liu , Lu Yufeng
Published: April 2019

This paper deals with the simultaneous stabilization problem for a family of discrete time‐varying linear systems in the framework of nest algebra. Under the transmission condition, a necessary and sufficient condition for simultaneous "stabilizability" is established in terms of single strong representation for only one controller in the transmission condition, in which the resulting characterization involves no strong representation of the plants compared to previous work.
A parametric lifetime model for a multicomponents system with spatial interactions
Authors: Corset F. , Fouladirad M. , Paroissin C. , Remy E.
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we consider a system made of n components displayed on a structure (eg, a steel plate). We define a parametric model for the hazard function, which includes covariates and spatial interaction between components. The state (nonfailed or failed) of each component is observed at some inspection times. From these data, we consider the problem of model parameter estimation. To achieve this, we suggest to use the SEM algorithm based on a pseudo‐likelihood function. A definition for the time‐to‐failure of the system is given, generalizing the classical cases. A study based on numerical simulations is provided to illustrate the proposed approach.
Studies of the effect of halide ions on the fluorescence of quinine sulfate
Authors: Guo Yongming , Cao Fengpu , Qiu Pengxiang , Wang Zhuo
Published: April 2019

The effect of halide ions (Cl−, Br− and I−) on the fluorescence of quinine sulfate in dilute sulfuric acid solution was studied by fluorescence spectra, ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐visible) absorption spectra and fluorescence decay technique. The results exhibited that halide ions with heavier atomic mass could significantly reduce the fluorescence intensity of quinine sulfate, as a result, the order of fluorescence quenching caused by halide ions is Cl− < Br− < I−. Therefore, halide ions with high concentration could seriously quench the fluorescence of quinine sulfate. The UV‐visible absorption spectra and fluorescence decay technique revealed that the fluorescence quenching of quinine sulfate caused by halide ions was attributed to dynamic quenching, static quenching process, self‐quenching fluorescence effect and electronic transfer.
Von Vogelkot zu grünen Teppichen
Authors: Sommer Veronika , Kockx Matthias , Wölk Alexandra , Glaser Karin
Published: April 2019

Idee dieser Studie ist es, die durch die Kali‐Industrie entstandenen Rückstandshalden mit biologischen Bodenkrusten in Verbindung mit einem Additiv‐Gemisch der Firma upi zu begrünen. Diese Lebensgemeinschaft aus unterschiedlichen Organismen wie Mikroalgen, Flechten und Moosen, ist in der Lage den Salzaustrag der Halden in die Umwelt zusätzlich zu verringern. Eine ausgebildete Kruste stabilisiert den Untergrund, fängt Regenwasser ab, und die enthaltenden Organismen bringen Nährstoffe ein, so dass nach und nach ein neuer Lebensraum entsteht, der von höheren Pflanzen besiedelt werden kann. In dieser Studie wurden Mikroalgen aus biologischen Bodenkrusten von Kali‐Rückstandshalden isoliert, deren Salztoleranz bestimmt und eine erste Bildung von künstlichen Biokrusten auf Haldenmaterialien erfolgreich initiiert. In nachfolgenden Experimenten kann nun darauf aufgebaut und Biokrusten im Freiland auf ausgewählten Haldenabschnitten gebildet werden.
Wie Ameisen mit Gerüchen navigieren
Authors: Hille‐Rehfeld Annette
Published: April 2019

Das Geruchsgedächtnis der Wüstenameisen, die sich in einem extrem kargen Lebensraum zurechtfinden müssen, ist gekennzeichnet durch schnelle Lernfähigkeit, kontextbezogenes Lernen und lebenslanges Erinnerungsvermögen. Neben dieser leistungsfähigen Informationsverarbeitung verdienen auch die für die primäre Sinneswahrnehmung verantwortlichen Duftstoff‐Rezeptoren der Insekten Beachtung. Die Mitglieder dieser von den G‐Protein‐gekoppelten Rezeptoren der Wirbeltiere unabhängig entstandenen Proteinfamilie sind als Ligand‐gesteuerte Ionenkanäle direkt an der Erzeugung des Nervenimpulses beteiligt.
Stadtamseln weiterhin auf „Kurs“
Authors: Irsch Wilhelm
Published: April 2019

Lebewesen passen sich ständig an die sie umgebende Umwelt an. Auf Populationsebene ist es das Wechselspiel von Mutation und Selektion, das bestimmten Merkmalen zum Durchbruch verhilft oder auch nicht. Inwieweit solche Prozesse auch heute noch im Gange sind, zeigt sich immer wieder an einzelnen Beispielen, wie aktuell an der Flügelform von Amseln.
Schottland: Hummel‐Paradiese im Atlantik
Authors: Petrischak Hannes
Published: April 2019

Die Küsten und Inselwelten im äußersten Norden Schottlands sind nicht nur wegen ihrer atemberaubenden Landschaften, großen Seevogelkolonien und (prä‐)historischen Monumente besonders interessant. Hier haben einige attraktive, inzwischen sehr seltene Hummelarten ihre letzten Rückzugsgebiete in Großbritannien gefunden. Die Deichhummel (Bombus distinguendus) ist in diesen Regionen sogar zu einer Leitart für Naturschutz und Naturtourismus avanciert.
ChIPs im Labor: Nicht Knabbern, sondern Präzipitieren!
Authors: Zenk Fides
Published: April 2019

Stößt man im Labor auf ChIPs, dann handelt es sich um Chromatin‐Immunopräzipitationen. Diese haben sich zu einer nicht mehr wegzudenkenden Methode der Epigenetik entwickelt. Durch ChIP können Histon‐Modifikationen und ‐Varianten, Transkriptionsfaktoren oder auch Polymerasen an bestimmten Orten im Genom nachgewiesen oder auch ihre genomweiten Bindungen kartiert werden.
Perlen für die Weiblichkeit
Authors: Hauk Andrea
Published: April 2019

Es wird viel diskutiert über die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. Andrea Hauk – BIUZ‐Lesern bekannt als Autorin der Laborseite – hat den Praxistest gemacht und berichtet nun im vierzehnten Teil unserer Reihe von ihren Erfahrungen als Mutter eines Kleinkindes.
Die Hausziege
Authors: Sander Johannes
Published: April 2019

Ziegen begleiten den Menschen seit über 10.000 Jahren als genügsame, allerdings oft auch eigenwillige Nutztiere. Sie haben dem Teufel zu seinem Aussehen verholfen, wurden selbst aber nie verteufelt. Vor allem in unwegsamem Gelände kommt ihnen bis heute eine große Bedeutung zu.
Was school liable for basketball coach's off‐campus negligent actions?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: April 2019

The plaintiff's minor daughter was a member of the Soap Lake High School girls’ basketball team.
Two New Prenylated Indole Diterpenoids from Tolypocladium sp. and Their Antimicrobial Activities
Authors: Xu Lu–Lin , Pang Xue‐Jiao , Shi Qiong , Xian Peng‐Jie , Tao Yan‐Duo , Yang Xiao‐Long
Published: April 2019

Two new prenylated indole diterpenoids, tolypocladins K and L (1 and 2), together with a known analog terpendole L (3), were isolated from the solid fermentation culture of a mine soil‐derived fungus Tolypocladium sp. XL115. Their structures and relative configurations were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis, as well as by comparison of their NMR data with those related known compounds. Compound 3 exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus with an MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL, and compounds 1 and 3 displayed moderate antifungal activity selectively against tested strains with MIC values of 25–50 μg/mL.
ADAMTS5 deficiency in mice does not affect cardiac function
Authors: Hemmeryckx Bianca , Carai Paolo , Roger Lijnen H.
Published: April 2019

The aggrecanase ADAMTS5 (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 motifs, member 5) and the cleavage of its substrate versican have been implicated in the development of heart valves. Furthermore, ADAMTS5 deficiency was shown to protect against diet‐induced obesity, a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the potential role of ADAMTS5 in cardiac function using ADAMTS5‐deficient (Adamts5−/−) mice and their wild‐type (Adamts5+/+) counterparts exposed to a standard‐fat or a high‐fat diet (HFD). Eight‐weeks‐old Adamts5−/− and Adamts5+/+ mice were exposed to each diet for 15 weeks. Cardiac function and electrophysiology were analyzed by transthoracic echocardiogram and electrocardiogram at the end of the study. Cleavage of versican, as detected by the appearance of the DPEEAE neo‐epitope on western blotting with protein extracts, was defective in the heart of HFD‐treated Adamts5−/− as compared with Adamts5+/+ mice. ADAMTS5 deficiency led to statistically significant increases in diastolic posterior wall thickness (0.94 ± 0.023 vs. 0.82 ± 0.036 mm; P = 0.0056) and left ventricle volume (47 ± 4.5 vs. 31 ± 2.5 μL; P = 0.0043) in comparison to Adamts5+/+ mice, but only in animals on a HFD. Cardiac function parameters such as ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and stroke volume were unaffected by ADAMTS5 deficiency or diet. Electrocardiogram analysis revealed no ADAMTS5‐specific changes in either diet group. Thus, in the absence of ADAMTS5, cleavage of versican in the cardiac extracellular matrix is impaired, but cardiac function, even upon exposure to a HFD, is not markedly affected.
Effect of blue light‐emitting diode light and antioxidant potential in a somatic cell
Authors: Bapary Mohammad A. J. , Takano Jun‐ichiro , Soma Shogo , Sankai Tadashi
Published: April 2019

Light is an indispensable part of routine laboratory work in which conventional light is generally used. Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) have come to replace conventional light, and thus could be a potent target in biomedical studies. Since blue light is a major component of visible light wavelength, in this study, using a somatic cell from the African green monkey kidney, we assessed the possible consequences of the blue spectra of LED light in future animal experiments and proposed a potent mitigation against light‐induced damage. COS‐7 cells were exposed to blue LED light (450 nm) and the growth and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage were assessed at different exposure times. A higher suppression in cell growth and viability was observed under a longer period of blue LED light exposure. The number of apoptotic cells increased as the light exposure time was prolonged. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was also elevated in accordance to the extension of light exposure time. A comparison with dark‐maintained cells revealed that the upregulation of ROS by blue LED light plays a significant role in causing cellular dysfunction in DNA in a time‐dependent manner. In turn, antioxidant treatment has been shown to improve cell growth and viability under blue LED light conditions. This indicates that antioxidants have potential against blue LED light‐induced somatic cell damage. It is expected that this study will contribute to the understanding of the basic mechanism of somatic cell death under visible light and maximize the beneficial use of LED light in future animal experiments.
The caveolin‐3 P104L mutation in LGMD‐1C patients inhibits non‐insulin‐stimulated glucose metabolism and growth but promotes myocyte proliferation
Authors: Shang Lina , Chen Tingting , Xian Jing , Deng Yufeng , Huang Yiyuan , Zhao Qiwei , Liang Guining , Liang Zhifeng , Lian Fang , Wei Hongqiao , Huang Qin
Published: April 2019

The caveolin‐3 (CAV3) protein is known to be specifically expressed in various myocytes, and skeletal muscle consumes most of the blood glucose as an energy source to maintain normal cell metabolism and function. The P104L mutation in the coding sequence of the human CAV3 gene leads to autosomal dominant disease limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy type 1C (LGMD‐1C). We previously reported that C2C12 cells transiently transfected with the P104L CAV3 mutant exhibited decreased glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis after insulin stimulation. The present study aimed to examine whether the P104L mutation affects C2C12 cell glucose metabolism, growth, and proliferation without insulin stimulation. C2C12 cells stably transfected with CAV3‐P104L were established, and biochemical assays, western blot analysis and confocal microscopy were used to observe glucose metabolism as well as cell growth and proliferation and to determine the effect of the P104L mutation on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Without insulin stimulation, C2C12 cells stably transfected with the P104L CAV3 mutant exhibited decreased glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, decreased CAV3 expression and reduced localization of CAV3 and GLUT4 on the cell membrane. The P104L mutant significantly reduced the cell diameters, but accelerated cell proliferation. Akt phosphorylation was inhibited, and protein expression of GLUT4, p‐GSK3β, and p‐p70s6K, which are molecules downstream of Akt, was significantly decreased. The CAV3‐P104L mutation inhibits glycometabolism and cell growth but accelerates C2C12 cell proliferation by reducing CAV3 protein expression and cell membrane localization, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of LGMD‐1C.