bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on Environmental Materials with Application of Ozone-Based Technologies in Removal of Characteristic Pollutants in Pulp and Paper Effluents
Authors: Lei Li Rong , Li You Ming
Published: May 2013

Due to the presence of recalcitrant organic compounds, the pulp and paper effluents after treatment by conventional biological processes still contain high concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colored substances and do not satisfy the national emission standard. The objectives of this work are to present the research process on environmental materials with application of ozone-based technologies in removal of characteristic pollutants in pulp and paper effluents and suggest the feasible development trend. In this work, basic mechanisms of degradation of organic pollutants by ozone-based technologies in the presence of environmental materials as catalyst are described. The removal efficiencies of characteristic pollutants commonly found in pulp and paper effluents, such as absorbable organic halogens (AOX), resin and fatty acids, phenolic compounds, lipophilic wood extractives and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), are presented.
Study on Aluminum Reduction from Metallurgical Silicon Using Electron Beam Melting
Authors: Wang Juan , Lai Si Yu , Chen Xiao Chuan
Published: May 2013

Metallurgical-grade silicon is purified by using electron beam melting (EBM) technology in this paper. The distribution of impurity aluminum in silicon is uneven in ingot preparation, which shows the enrichment trend that from the bottom to the top and from the edge to the centre of the ingot. The content of aluminum is low in marginally place of ingot, and is lower than the detection limit of ICP-AES (1×10-5%). The theoretical analysis on aluminum evaporation is conducted. The relation between volatilization of impurity aluminum and surface temperature of melting silicon and melting time is introduced from Langmuirs equation and Henry law, which indicates that the removal rate of aluminum increase with the rising of the temperature in melt surface and the expanding of the time, the experimental results are in accord with the calculated one.
Research on Application of Waterborne Marking Paint with Material Properties
Authors: Guo Dong Hua
Published: May 2013

This paper explains the advantages and shortcomings of waterborne marking paint, based on technical characteristics thereof, describes the physical and chemical properties of said paint required in China, discusses the application status of said paint in China and abroad, and proposes the application trend of said paint in China. The results showed that: the waterborne marking paint has little damages on human and environment because of less volatile organic content (VOC), and has many other advantages such as good retroreflective performance, more conveniently cleaning effect for applying equipment and good skid resistance, etc., while it has the shortcomings of thermal sensitivity, easily freezing performance and metal corrosion, for example; the waterborne marking paint has been used with the third amount based on the total of road marking paint in China, but a further progress needs to be made for the waterborne marking paint in technology, application and market promotion in order to improve its field of application.
Experimental Investigation of SiCp_A356 Composites
Authors: Liu Zuo Qi
Published: May 2013

The mechanical behaviours of SiCp_A356 composite at room and elevated temperature were investigated. The yield strength, the tension limit and Young’s modulus drop obviously with the rising temperature. The hardening cycle occurs during 20°C~150°C, but weakens with rising temperature. The softening cycle appears between 200°C~300°C, but increases with rising temperature. The relaxation performance is similar to that of a normal metal material. The creep constitutive model was presented and finally the micro fracture mechanics was analyzed.
Scale Effects of Copper with Generalized Linear Elasticity in Simple Plane Shearing
Authors: Fu Zhi , Liu Zhan Fang
Published: May 2013

The total stress consists of the symmetrical stress and asymmetrical stress, and the latter is connected to the couple stresses. A linear constitutive relation is established between the couple stresses and curvature tensor, three material parameters including the rotational modulus are involved in the generalized linear elasticity. A numerical analysis with the finite element method has been accomplished on the scale effect of copper in simple plane shearing. It is shown that a sharp drop of the stress symmetry occurs when the copper structure scale varies from some 1mm to 0.1mm in the example. When we analyze the physical and mechanical properties of cooper structure under micro size scales, the generalized linear elasticity should be used, and the asymmetrical feature of stress tensor must be considered.
Study on Sizes Optimization and Material Selection of Casing Material in Gas-Lift Well under Existence of CO2 Corrosion
Authors: Li Ling Feng
Published: May 2013

Some oil wells have adverse working environments, material selection and sizes optimization of casing material for gas-lift well under existence of CO2corrosion are very important. This paper presents the development background, sizes optimization of casing material for gas-lift well, effect of CO2on material of casing, casing material selection. By testing, the study above has a strong practicality and can be suitable for the well condition of on-the-spot application.
Studies on the Material Properties of Platinum Complex Binding to Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex DNA
Authors: Luo Xu Jian , Qin Qi Pin , Li Yu Lan , Liu Yan Cheng
Published: May 2013

A new material of cation platinum (II) complex has been synthesized and characterized. The new material binding properties with human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA (G4-Htel DNA) and ct-DNA were examined by UV-Vis and CD spectroscopic methods. The results showed that complex exhibited higher binding affinity and binding intensity to G4-Htel DNA (up to Kb = 1.54×106 M-1) and with selectivity (up to 11-fold) over duplex DNA. The CD results suggests the antiparallel structure of G-quadruplex can remain stable in the presence of platinum complex and the complex may bind to DNA by intercalation mode.
Study on Environmental Materials with Pore Size and Photocatalytic Activity of Porous TiO2-Al2O3 Photocatalyst
Authors: Ma Rui , Zhang Wen Jie
Published: May 2013

A novel porous TiO2-Al2O3 composite as a kind of environmental material was prepared by sol-gel method. The pore size distribution is not even in the whole pore size range. When pore size is 7.049 nm, the maximum pore volume of the material is 0.06627 cm3·g-1. The average pore size for the material is 14.56 nm and the total pore volume is 0.3945 cm3·g-1, as calculated from BJH method. Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange can be regarded as following first order kinetic reaction. After 90 min of reaction, methyl orange degradation on the material was 77.0% and the total dye decoloration rate was 95.1%, containing both adsorption and photocatalytic degradation. The intensities of both peaks in visible and UV regions decreased sharply during photocatalytic degradation process.
Structure, Magnetic Properties and Magnetocaloric Effect of Dy-Doped CeFe2 Alloys
Authors: Feng Wen Jiang , Gao Ming , Zhang Hao Hua , He Yan
Published: May 2013

Ce1-xDyxFe1.9(x = 0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1) alloys were prepared successfully by means of arc-melting and the following homogenization. XRD patterns show all alloys are indexed as MgCu2-type C15 cubic Laves phase structure. With the Dy substitution of Ce, the Curie temperatures from ferro-to para-magnetism become gradually enlarged. The values of for a magnetic-field change from 0-5 T at 234, 246, 268, 303 K are 31.7, 26.4, 21.8, and 17.2 J kg-1K-1for x = 0, 0.02, 0.05, and 1, respectively.
The Structural and Electronic Properties of the Zigzag GaN Nanoribbons: A First-Principles Study
Authors: Chen Guo Xiang , Wang Dou Dou
Published: May 2013

We have performed the first-principles calculations onto the structural and electronic properties of GaN nanoribbons with zigzag edge (ZGaNNRs). The results show that, the lowest unoccupied conduction band (LUCB) and the highest occupied valence band (HOVB) are always separated, representing a semiconductor character for the ZGaNNRs. In addition, the majority and minority spin bands are fully superposition and therefore the ZGaNNRs are non-magnetic. As the nanoribbons width increase, band gaps of ZGaNNRs decrease monotonically and become close to their asymptotic limit of a single layer of GaN sheet. It is found that the fewer coordination number will lead the most electrons to range in higher energy region of the occupancy state.
Introduction and Comparison of Wind Load Codes for
Advanced Structure between Chinese, American and British
Authors: Fan Xu Hong , Ma Chun Yan , Su Bo
Published: May 2013

China is developing overseas construction projects, it is necessary for the designers to grasp codes. This paper compares and analyzes Chinese code GB50009-2001, American standard ASCE/SEI7-05 and British standard BS6399-2 about advanced structure. And the writer calculates the empirical projects' wind-loads by Chinese code, American standard and British standard, compares the difference and points out the deficiency of domestic code. So as to improve the designers to master different wind load standards and promote the improvement of inland standard.
Research on High-Rise Buildings Energy Efficiency Design in Advanced Structure
Authors: Li Juan , Pan Ying
Published: May 2013

Early in the 20th century 70's, the concept of energy-saving building was officially proposed. The core of energy-saving buildings is to reduce energy consumption and enhance energy efficiency in buildings. However, with the continued rapid growth of China's economic and urbanization high-rise buildings have become the mainstream of the building industry. So, the research on energy-saving design in high-rise buildings in advanced structure becomes the hot issue of general interest. Many advanced structures and building materials have constantly developed, and have been used in high-rise buildings energy efficiency design. This paper summarizes and prospects the current situation of energy-saving design in chinas high-rise building, and also provides a reference for hoping the energy-saving design can be geared to international standards better.
Research on Structural Optimization Technology and Mechanical Dynamics for CNC Broaching Machine
Authors: Chen Guo Jin , Gong You Ping , Ni Jing , Liu Tin Tin , Xu Ming
Published: May 2013

This paper takes the CNC broaching machine as the research object. The dynamic models for the various components of the broaching machine are established. The theories of the modal analysis and the dynamic performance are studied respectively. According to the analysis results, the improvement schemes on the partial structures or geometries are put forward. At the same time, the paper also studied preliminarily the dynamic characteristics of the CNC broaching machine. During the analysis process, the models of the parts and the whole model are established using the finite element method to optimize the structures of the parts and the whole. That has undoubtedly a very important significance for improving the dynamic performance of the new machines structure, improving the processing accuracy, shortening the development cycle and reducing the development costs.
Study on Advanced Structure with Application of Improved Influence Function Method in Solving Roll System Deformation Based on Material Properties
Authors: He Chun Yu , Jiao Zhi Jie , Wang Xue Jun
Published: May 2013

Influence function method is a common method to calculate the roll system deformation. It solves after discretizing the rollers load and elastic deformation, but the traditional influence function method doesn't consider whether the width of the rolled piece is equal to the integral multiple of the divided units length, therefore it only can solve approximately, which affects the calculation accuracy. According to the accuracy loss problem of the traditional algorithm, the paper puts forward a solution with advanced structure to deal with the left rolled pieces after division. The solution self-adapts the width changes of the rolled pieces, which not only avoids the problems of increasing the segmentation unit quantity to reduce the influence by edges and reducing the calculation speed of the traditional influence function method, but also improves the calculation accuracy of the model, and raising the level of material properties control.
Synthesis of VTES/SBA-15 Prepared by Post-Grafting: XRD Characteristics on the Effect of Calcination Properties
Authors: Rahmat Norhasyimi , Ismail Kamariah Noor
Published: May 2013

Functionalization of Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA-15) with vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) via post-grafting method has been synthesized with the effect of calcination time span and temperature range. X-ray powder diffraction has been a means to evident the incorporation of VTES functional groups and to characterize the peak diffraction pattern. The samples of parent SBA-15 have been treated in different calcination temperature and time, ranging from 400°C to 800°C and 2 hr to 8 hr, respectively. The XRD results show that two dimensionalp6mmof high order hexagonal mesoscopic structure of VTES/SBA-15 could not be retained at higher temperature of calcination than 700°C. However, the higher time spans of calcination up to 8 hrs preserve the long-range order of functionalized SBA-15.
Effect of New Thermal Insulation to the Growth of LiNbO3 Single Crystal by Czochralski Method
Authors: Kamaruddin W.H.A. , Kusuma Hamdan Hadi , Ibrahim Zuhairi
Published: May 2013

Single crystal of LiNbO3has been successfully grown by the Czochralski method in an air atmosphere with a r.f heating crystal growth system namely Automatic Diameter Control Crystal Growth System (ADC-CGS). This paper reports on the effect of new thermal insulation on the growth process of LiNbO3single crystal. The effect of hot zone thermal insulation design was investigated. The conditions required to grow high quality LiNbO3single crystals are described. A set of crystal growth processes were conducted with the rotation rate of the seed at 15 rpm and the pulling rate at 2.0 mm/hr kept constant. All of the runs were grown along <104> orientation. To control the diameter of the crystal, we have to alter the thermal environment inside the hot zone. In other words, during the crystal growth we have to increase the control power to get smaller diameter and decrease the control power to get larger diameter.
Development of Concrete Mix Design Nomograph Containing Polyethylene Terephtalate (PET) as Fine Aggregate
Authors: Juki Mohd Irwan , Muhamad Khairunnisa , Annas Mahamad Mohd Khairil , Boon Koh Heng , Othman Norzila , binti Abdul Kadir Aeslina , Asyraf R.M. , Khalid Faisal Sheikh
Published: May 2013

This paper describes the experimental investigation to develop the concrete mix design Nomograph for concrete containing PET as fine aggregate. The physical and mechanical properties were determined by using mix proportion containing 25%, 50% and 75% of PET with water cement ratio (w/c) 0.45, 0.55 and 0.65. The data obtained showed that the inclusion of PET aggregate reduce the strength performances of concrete. All the data obtained were combined into one single graph to develop a preliminary mix design nomograph for PET concrete. The nomograph consist of ; relationship between compressive strength and water cement ratio; relationship between splitting tensile strength water cement ratio; relationship between splitting tensile strength and PET percentage and relationship between compressive strength and PET percentage. The mix design nomograph can be used to assists in selecting the proper mix proportion parameters based on the criteria required.
Electrical Properties of Starch Based Silver Ion Conducting Solid Biopolymer Electrolyte
Authors: Shukur M.F. , Sonsudin F. , Yahya R. , Ahmad Z. , Ithnin R. , Kadir M.F.Z.
Published: May 2013

In the present study, the electrical and dielectric properties of a solid biopolymer electrolyte system based on starch doped with different amounts of silver nitrate (AgNO3) were analyzed. The electrolyte system was prepared via solution cast technique. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement for the system was conducted over a frequency range of 50 Hz - 1 MHz at room temperature. It was found that the sample containing 6 wt.% AgNO3 obtained the highest conductivity value of 1.03 × 10-9 S cm-1. The effect of salt concentration on the dielectric properties of the electrolytes was also studied in relation to the conductivity properties. The dielectric studies indicated that the electrolytes in the present study obeyed non-Debye behavior.
Electronic Structure of Defects in SnTe
Authors: Ahmad Salameh
Published: May 2013

Myab initioelectronic structure calculations inRSn2n-1Te2n, n=16, R = a vacancy, Cd, and In show that when Sn atom is substituted by R, the Density of State (DOS) of the valence and conduction bands get strongly perturbed. There are significant changes near the band gap region. Sn vacancy causes very little change near the bottom of the conduction band DOS whereas there is an increase in the DOS near the top of the valence band. Results for In impurity shows that, unlike PbTe, the deep defect states in SnTe are resonant states near the top of the valence band. In PbTe these deep defect states lie in the band-gap region (act asn-type). This fundamental difference in the position of the deep defect states in SnTe and PbTe explains the experimental anomalies seen in the case of In impurities (act asn-type in PbTe andp-type in SnTe).
Synthesis and Characterization of Strontium-Doped Lanthanum Cobaltite Cathode Material Prepared by a Modified Combined Complexing Method
Authors: Samat Abdullah Abdul , Mohd Ishak Mohd Azlan , Hamid Hamidi Abd , Nafisah Osman
Published: May 2013

A potential candidate for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) cathode material which is strontium-doped lanthanum cobaltite, La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-α (LSCO) has been synthesized by a complexing method. Citric acid (CA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were used as a combined chelating agent and ethylene glycol (EG) was employed as surfactant. The obtained powder was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). TGA results showed the thermal decomposition of the precursor gel was completed at 700 °C. A single perovskite phase of LSCO with cubic structure was obtained at calcination temperature of 1000 °C with heating/cooling rate of 10 °C min-1 as confirmed by XRD analysis. SEM result revealed that the morphology of the powder was spherical in shape with diameter ranging from 250 to 650 nm. Apparently, the bulk sample consists of almost homogeneous and identical particles.
Effect of Dielectric Waveguide in the Design of RLSA Antenna: A Review
Authors: Ifeoma Orakwue Stella , Rahman Tharek A. , Ngah Razali , Zakwoi Iliya Solomon
Published: May 2013

Dielectric materials are one of the major parameters of RLSA antenna. Although so many studies have been conducted on optimization of RLSA antenna but little have been done on examining the effect of slow wave factor in the design. This paper examines the possible pitfall on the antenna performance due to dielectric materials.
Magnetization of Low Grade Iron Ore Using Empty Fruit Bunch Ash
Authors: Nurul Azhani Yunus , Mohd Hanafi Ani , Hadi Purwanto , Hamzah Mohd Salleh , Rusila Zamani Abd Rashid , Tomohiro Akiyama
Published: May 2013

Malaysian low grade iron ore is unsuitable as raw material for domestic iron making due to high energy consumption which correspond to low iron content. The present agricultural residues from domestic palm oil industry are attractive proposition as energy source for iron making. This work describes the use of ash produced from pyrolysis of palm oil Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) to magnetize the low grade iron ore. A briquette composite of iron ore and ash is subjected to reduction process using an electric tube furnace under argon atmosphere at 873K and 1073K. The ore was successfully magnetized through reduction process as carbon in EFB ash act as reductant. The results showed that the reduction degree was greatly enhanced with increasing of temperature and time. The significant phase changes of iron ore from a non-magnetic material of goethite to a strong magnetic material of magnetite was detected in XRD patterns. The process indicated that substitution of coal with EFB ash as an energy source has a potential in replacing fossil fuel by magnetizining the iron ore as well as encourage waste management control.
Effect of Al2O3 on the Electrical Conductivity and Structural Study in MgI2-Mg3(PO4)2 Based Solid Electrolyte
Authors: Aziz A. , Mahat M.M. , Ahmad A.H.
Published: May 2013

The effect of filler to the binary compound of Magnesium Iodide ( MgI2) and Magnesium Phosphate (Mg3(PO4)2is investigated. A small amount Alumina (Al2O3) filler in the range of 2-10 weight percent is added to the optimum composition with maximum conductivity of binary compound 0.7 Mg3(PO4)2and 0.3 MgI2.The electrical conductivity of theMgI2- Mg3(PO4)2- Al2O3measured using the impedance spectroscopy (IS) method and result shows that the electrical conductivity of the compound has improved up to 9.84x10-4Scm-1. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) images show some changes in the morphology after introduce the filler. The samples with filler showsnano flakes like structure with some space createdallowing the Mg2+cations to migrate that lead to enhanced conductivity.
Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Hollow and Flower like Microspheres by Simple One Step Solvothermal Approach
Authors: Jamil Saba , Jing Xiao Yan , Wang Jun , Zhang Mi Lin
Published: May 2013

Zinc oxide with spherical shaped and flower shaped morphology are prepared by simple one step solvothermal method. The product is subjected to characterization to investigate the morphology and size by using X ray diffraction , semi electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The size of the prepared zinc oxide particle is in the range of 1 micrometer to 3 micrometers. The outer surface of the particles is not smooth but it is rough. The possible formation mechanism for the product is investigated that is further justified by means of structural characterization.
Synthesis of ZnO Thin Film on Porous Silicon by Spin Coating in Various Low Molarities Precursor
Authors: Eswar Kevin Alvin , Azlinda Azlinda Ab , Husairi F.S. , Rusop M. , Abdullah Saifollah
Published: May 2013

Zinc acetate dehydrate as starting material along with diethanolamine as stabilizer, and isopropyl as a solvent were used to synthesis ZnO thin films in different low molarities. Sol-gel spin coating method was used in depositing ZnO on porous silicon substrate surface. In other to prepare substrate, p-type silicon wafer was etched by dilute hydrofluoric acid to modify the surface becomes porous. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) was employed to study the surface morphology. It is found that ZnO thin films were successfully deposited on the substrates which are composed of ZnO nanoparticles with size ~16 nm to ~22nm. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the surface roughness of thin film. The result shows that the surface roughness is increase as the increases of molarities. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra were done in range of 350 nm to 800 nm. The result shows peaks belonging to ZnO, ZnO defects, and porous silicon respectively are appeared.
Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Thin Film Memristor
Authors: Yusoff Marmeezee Mohd , Ani Mohd Hanafi , Suryanto
Published: May 2013

ZnO films were deposited on Cu substrate using electrodeposition and thermal oxidation method. The effect of deposited thin film thickness varied with deposition time was discussed. Synthesized ZnO films were characterized using XRD, FE-SEM and electrical measurement. The results from electrical measurement showed the deposited ZnO exhibits pinched hysteresis IV curves. The synthesized ZnO shows a potential applications and options in production of a non-complex and low cost memristor.
Hydrogen Storage Investigation of Fixed Bed of Nanocrystalline Mg-Ni-Cr Mixed Oxides
Authors: Salam M. Abdus , Sufian Suriati , Murugesan Thanabalan
Published: May 2013

nanocrystalline mixed oxides containing magnesium, nickel and chromium (MNCM) have been synthesized as an adsorbent using coprecipitation method and showed its reversible hydrogen storage capacity at ambient conditions using fixed bed. XRD and ICP-MS analyses ensured the adsorbents phase and homogeneity. The microstructure of mixed oxide has been investigated using FESEM and BET and TEM technique respectively. The adsorbent consisted of mesoporous surface with a surface area of 254-370 m2gm-1and SAED pattern showed that the adsorbents are poly-crystalline. The mixed oxides exhibited a 3.2 wt% H2storage capacity and release 57% of adsorbed H2. Adsorption enthalpy (H) and entropy (S) change of-27.58 kJ/mol and-70.21 J/mol.K are indicating favorable thermodynamics for reversible hydrogen storage material.
Characteristics of Dammar Based Paint System with the Addition of Silver Nanoclay
Authors: Hasnan Aisyah Nor , Ahmad Azizah Hanom , Zain Mazatulikhma Mat
Published: May 2013

Five different paint systems are formulated using mixture of dammar, silver and nanoclay in various compositions. The paint mixture is spin coated onto Aluminium Q-panel (substrate) and then is left to dry at room temperature. This paper describes the characteristics of the dammar based paint system. Adhesion property is evaluated by using the crosshatch method based on ASTM D3359 standards. The wettability property of coating is characterized by using contact angle measurement. The resistances of paint systems are also described against microbial activity by using disc diffusion and agar well diffusion. The result of crosshatch test shows that the coating system containing 50 wt. % of dammar (PD) exhibits an excellent adhesion property. The addition of dammar to polyol helps to increase the contact angle measurement up to 45.8 degree. The largest inhibition diameter zone against E. coli and S. aureus is obtained for the silver nanoclay polyol dammar, PDS3 paints system.
Cable and Wire Application: Adoption of Nanomagnesium Hydroxide Blended with LDPE/EVA for Mechanical and Physical Properties
Authors: Abdul Aziz Ahmad Aroziki , Alauddin Sakinah Mohd , Salleh Ruzitah Mohd , Shueb Mohammed Iqbal
Published: May 2013

Effect of nanoMagnesium Hydroxide (MH) nloading amount to the mechanical and physical properties of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)/ Poly (ethylene-co vinyl acetate)(EVA) nanocomposite has been described and investigated in this paper. The tensile strength results show that increased amount of nanofiller will decrease and deteriorate the mechanical properties. The elongation at break decreased continuously with increasing loading of nanofiller. Generally, mechanical properties become poorer as loading amount increase. Melt Flow Index values for physical properties also provide same trend as mechanical properties results. Increase filler amount reduced MFI values whereby increased resistance to the flow.
The Effect of Synthesis Method on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Magnetite Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Mohd Zobir Hussein , Nor Suzariana Samuri , Abdul Halim Shaari
Published: May 2013

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using co-precipitation, hydrothermal and ultrasonic routes from Fe2+/Fe3+ions and NaOH. The average diameter for the sample prepared using co-precipitation, hydrothermal and ultrasonic method is 33, 9 and 30 nm, respectively with surface area of 85, 117 and 87 m2/g, respectively. Although the results showed all the magnetite nanoparticles were superparamagnetic, but their saturation magnetization and coercitivity are different, depending on the method of synthesis. This study shows that method of synthesis is important that influence the physico-chemical properties of the resulting magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles.
A Thermal Controlled Release of Naproxen from Sodium Phosphorylated Chitosan Nanoemulsion
Authors: Chongprakobkit Suchada , Tachaboonyakiat Wanpen
Published: May 2013

The aim of this research was to control the delivery of naproxen from emulsion-based sodium phosphorylated chitosan (PCTS) nanoparticles (PCTS nanoemulsion) by thermal stimulus. The dynamic light scattering and optical microscope results demonstrated that the droplet size of emulsion-based nanoparticles was sensitive to temperature. The PCTS nanoemulsion exhibited the droplet size around 230 nm at 30°C. Emulsion droplets were increased in their size over critical temperature of around 60°C. Besides, the droplet size was reversible to 270 nm when the temperature decreased to 30°C. This indicated that the droplet size of PCTS nanoemulsion was sensitive to thermal stimulus. It might owe to molecular chain extension and rearrangement of PCTS at the interface of emulsion droplets. Therefore, the control release of naproxen from PCTS nanoemulsion via thermal stimulus was investigated.In vitrorelease study showed that the naproxen was released from PCTS nanoemulsion in high amount over critical temperature. These results indicated that the PCTS nanoemulsion exhibited a potential application as intelligent thermal sensitive drug carrier.
Flexural and Impact Properties of Biopolymer Derived from Sugar Palm Tree
Authors: Sahari Japar , Sapuan S.M. , Zainudin Edi Syam , Maleque Md Abdul
Published: May 2013

The effect of glycerol concentration (15 w/w%, 20 w/w%, 30 w/w% and 40 w/w%) to the flexural and impact properties of plasticized sugar palm starch (SPS) was investigated in this present paper. Prior to the testing, the sugar palm starch extracted from the interior part of sugar palm stem was mixed with common glycerol (was used as a plasticizer) to form a novel biopolymer. The flexural and impact test were carried out according to ASTM D790 and ASTM 256 respectively. From this investigation, it is found that the 30% glycerol concentrated SPS biopolymer showed the highest flexural strength and flexural modulus with the value of 0.13 MPa and 87.54 MPa respectively. For the impact analysis, it is also found that same biopolymer showed the highest impact strength which is 6.13kJ/m2.
Preparation of Biodegradable Film from Esterified Corn Husk Cellulose
Authors: Ratanakamnuan Usarat , Manorom Watcharaporn , Inthasai Pailin
Published: May 2013

Cellulose-enrich residue from corn husk was transformed into biodegradable plastic films. After chemical removal of lignin and bleaching the corn husk pulp with hydrogen peroxide, corn husk cellulose powder was received by acid hydrolysis. The esterification of corn husk cellulose was performed using lauroyl chloride as an esterifying agent, toluene and pyridine as solvent and catalyst, respectively. The optimum conditions for esterification were investigated in terms of reaction time and temperature. Chemical structure and solubility of modified cellulose were examined. Cellulose laurate film was obtained by casting method in chloroform solvent. The tensile strength and elongation at break of cellulose laurate film were 5.15 MPa and 6.55%, respectively. The biodegradable of cellulose laurate films in different disposal environments including landfill and wastewater treatment plant for 2 months were investigated. The biodegradation process was followed by measuring the changes in the physical appearance and tensile properties of the films.
Effect of Different Vacuum Pressure on the Tensile Properties of Sugar Palm Frond Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites
Authors: Syed Azuan S.A. , Saufi M.M. , Azniah M.G. , Juraidi J.M.
Published: May 2013

Sugar palm frond fibre has a potential to be as reinforcement in natural fibres reinforced polyester composites. This paper investigates the tensile properties of sugar palm frond fibre reinforced polyester composites. The sugar palm frond fibres were mixed with polyester composites at the 5 % fibre volume fraction with three different vacuum pressure of 5, 10 and 15 psi. The composites panels were fabricated using a vacuum bagging techniques. The tensile test was carried out in accordance to ASTM D638 respectively. The results showed that the vacuum pressure at 15 psi gave maximum value for tensile strength and tensile modulus. The results indicate that by increasing the vacuum pressure, it created a better bonding between fibre and the matrix. Minitab software was used to perform the one-way ANOVA analysis to measure the significant. From the analysis, there is a significant effect of vacuum pressure on the tensile properties.
Enhancement the Dissolution Rate and Solubility of Poorly Soluble Drugs: Review
Authors: Saleh Mubarak Abdullah , Mohammed Salam A. , Abdullah Ezzat C , Hashim Laith A.
Published: May 2013

The use of reduction and nucleation technologies in nanosize active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is as an enabling to bring improved drug products to the marketplace demand as well as for improved drug delivery. nanoPharmaceutical field represents a hopeful set of pharmaceutical materials offering the prospect of better alternatives to optimize drug physical properties and biopharmaceutical issues such as solubility, stability and bioavailability in pharmaceutical development without changing the chemical composition of the API, thereby, giving new patentable solid forms. With physically improved solid API may impact the the pharmaceutical intellectual property landscape. Nanoparticle formation is achievable in many ways, although primarily through particle reduction or through manipulation of the nucleation mechanism. Keywords: active pharmaceutical ingredient; drug delivery; ultra rapid freezing.
Biomaterials Availability: Potential for Bioethanol Production
Authors: Azmi Intan Suhada , Azizan Amizon , Mohd Salleh Ruzitah , Jalil Rafidah , Zainal Mulok Tengku Elida Tengku , Idris Nadzeerah , Ubong Sandra , Sihab Aimi Liyana
Published: May 2013

Over the last decade, there has been increasing research interest in the value of biosourced materials from lignocellulosic biomass. Abundant sources of lignocellulosic biomass such as palm,napiergrass,luceanatree, urban waste, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste and other waste have the potential to become a sustainable source of biofuel. In Malaysia, dissolution of cellulose from palm biomass to produce ethanol as future biofuels is very promising since palm residues from palm industry are highly abundant. In addition, cellulose contents in palm wastes or residues are relatively high for instance from empty fruit bunch or palm trunk. An efficient pretreatment is highly required prior to processes which convert the lignocellulosic palm biomass to bioethanol. The kinds of processes needed nowadays are called as green technology based techniques which are environmental friendly. Various solvents have been applied to dissolve cellulose including various types of ionic liquid as well. Previously, other method such as acid hydrolysis pretreatment process cause many drawbacks due to their low rates of hydrolysis and extreme acidic conditions. The dissolution process of the lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquids is at its better advantage due to better dissolution as compared to by using organic or inorganic solvents. Therefore, at the moment, ionic liquid is becoming more preferable in dissolving the lignocellulosic biomass or any palm residues for instance.
Energy Efficient Microwave Irradiation of Sago Bark Waste (SBW) for Bioethanol Production
Authors: Kannan T. Saravana , Ahmed A.S. , Farid Nasir Ani
Published: May 2013

The energy efficiency of microwave irradiation for bioethanol production from sago bark waste (SBW) was studied. The maximum sugar yield of 62.6 % was reached at the biomass loading 20% (w/w). The high ethanol yield of 60.2% theoretical yield, ethanol concentration 30.67 g/l was achieved by diluted sulfuric acid supported microwave irradiation with 40% (w/w) biomass loading at 60 h fermentation. The energy consumption of microwave irradiation to produce 1 g sugar and 1 g ethanol was calculated separately. The lowest energy consumption was noticed while biomass loading and energy input were fixed at 40 % (w/w) and 33 kJ (1100 W for 30 s) respectively, and it is amounted to 1.27 and 1.76 kJ to produce 1 g of sugar after enzymatic hydrolysis and 1 g ethanol after fermentation, individually. Usually, 1 g ethanol can produce approximately 27 kJ of energy, and therefore, the energy input for the microwave pretreatment was only 7% of the energy output. The microwave irradiation technique established for SBW to produce ethanol succeeded in 80% energy savings for producing 1 g ethanol compared to rape straw by microwave pretreatment previously reported.
Impact Energy for First Crack of Reinforced Concrete with Partial Replacements of Sand by Rubber 1 mm Particle Size
Authors: Abu Bakar B.H. , Al-Tayeb Mustafa Maher , Ismail Hanafi , M. Akil Hazizan
Published: May 2013

Effects of partial replacements of sand by waste crumb rubber 1 mm particle size on the performance of reinforced concrete under low velocity impact loading were investigated. Specimens were prepared for 5%, 10% and 20 % replacements by volume of sand. All specimens were cured in moist air for 90 days. For each case, six beams of 100 mm ×100 mm × 500mm were subjected to 5.15 kg hammer from 900mm height. The number of blows of the hammer required to induce the first crack of the beam were recorded. The results are presented in terms of impact energy required for the first crack. The crumb rubbers increased the impact energy for first crack.
Use of Plastic Waste (High Density Polyethylene) in Concrete Mixture as Aggregate Replacement
Authors: Rahim Nur Liza , Sallehuddin Shamshinar , Ibrahim Norlia Mohamad , Amat Roshazita Che , Ab Jalil Mohd Faizal
Published: May 2013

Rapid industrial development causes serious problem all over the world such as depletion of natural aggregates and creates enormous amount of waste material from construction and demolition activities. Quantities of polymer wastes also have been increased these recent years due to the boost in industrialization and the rapid improvement in the standard of living. In Malaysia, most of polymer wastes is abandoned and not recycled. This situation causes serious problems such as wastage of natural resources and environmental pollution. Polymer products such as synthetic fibers, plastics and rubber belong to petrochemical compound and not easily biodegradable even after a long period. One of the ways to reduce this problem is to utilize waste materials in the production of concrete. Use of these materials not only helps in getting them utilize in cement, sand, aggregate, concrete and other construction materials, it helps in reducing the cost of concrete manufacturing, but also has numerous indirect benefits such as reduction in land-fill cost, saving in energy and protecting the environment from possible pollution effects. An experimental research is made on the utilization of plastic waste, High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) as coarse aggregates in concrete with a percentage replacement of 10 %, 20 % and 30 %. The laboratory tests include slump test, compressive strength and water absorption were conducted in this research. The samples content 10 % of HDPE has better performance in term of strength.
Morphology of Formulated Used Cooking Oil Foam (FUSCOF) Created for Lightweight Greencrete
Authors: Hafiz M.M.A. , Ridzuan A.R.M. , Faiza A.M. , Arshad Mohd Fadzil , Nurliza J.
Published: May 2013

This paper presents the potential of utilizing used cooking oil as a foaming agent in the production of lightweight concrete. This morphology study is to observe the development of Fuscof as foam agent in lightweight greencrete after ambient curing process. Foam formulated was produced derived by utilization the waste of used cooking oil. The mortar phase of FUSCOF lightweight greencrete was formed. Then, the material morphology of the lightweight greencrete was analysis by using FESEM. The morphology of FUSCOF greecrete was then compared with a lightweight foam produced from commercial synthetic foam agent. The water cement ration has been determined for this mix design is 0.6. The density of FUSCOF lightweight greencrete was 1200. The age of the ambient curing process was varied between ±30-day and ±60-day. The maturation of the mortar was observed. As a result, the major element was Calcium, Ca has been detected by EDAX.
Carbon Doped Iron Ore Using Palm Kernel Shell
Authors: Rashid Rusila Zamani Abd , Purwanto Hadi , Salleh Hamzah Mohd , Ani Mohd Hanafi , Yunus Nurul Azhani , Akiyama Tomohiro
Published: May 2013

This paper pertains to the reduction process of local low grade iron ore using palm kernel shell (PKS). It is well known that low grade iron ores contain high amount of gangue minerals and combined water. Biomass waste (aka agro-residues) from the palm oil industry is an attractive alternative fuel to replace coal as the source of energy in mineral processing, including for the treatment and processing of low grade iron ores. Both iron ore and PKS were mixed with minute addition of distilled water and then fabricated with average spherical diameter of 10-12mm. The green composite pellets were subjected to reduction test using an electric tube furnace. The rate of reduction increased as temperature increases up to 900 °C. The Fe content in the original ore increased almost 12% when 40 mass% of PKS was used. The reduction of 60:40 mass ratios of iron ore to PKS composite pellet produced almost 11.97 mass% of solid carbon which was dispersed uniformly on the surface of iron oxide. The aim of this work is to study carbon deposition of PKS in iron ore through reduction process. Utilization of carbon deposited in low grade iron ore is an interesting method for iron making process as this solid carbon can act as energy source in the reduction process.
Development of Precast Lightweight Foamed Concrete Sandwich Panel (PLFP) with Double Shear Truss Connector: An Overview
Authors: Goh W.I. , Mohamad N. , Abdullah R.
Published: May 2013

Urbanization in many cities needs to adopt modern and innovative techniques in the construction industry to balance the supply and demand in housing issues. To address the issue, there is a need to look for alternative solutions and provide affordable quality housing. Therefore, innovative construction method such as Industrialized Building System (IBS) needs to be adopted to move away from conventional building construction technique in order to meet the demand. Precast Sandwich panel is one of the alternative IBS that could meet and fulfil this target. Previous research had shown that this panel had a potential to provide possible solution to housing problems especially in low and medium cost housing sector. This paper presents findings from previous research in this field especially on the panel's materials properties, structural behaviours and empirical expression to determine its ultimate load carrying capacity. It is hoped the overview on this topic could be used as guidance for future research on developing a lightweight sandwich panel system in low to medium rise building.
Impact Energy for the First Crack of Reinforced Concrete with Partial Replacements of Sand by Fine Crumb Rubber
Authors: Al-Tayeb Mustafa Maher , Abu Bakar B.H. , Ismail Hanafi , Akil Hazizan Md
Published: May 2013

Effects of partial replacements of sand by waste fine crumb rubber on the performance of reinforced concrete under low velocity impact loading were investigated. Specimens were prepared for 5%, 10% and 20 % replacements by volume of sand. All specimens were cured in moist air for 90 days. For each case, six beams of 100 mm ×100 mm × 500mm were subjected to 5.15 kg hammer from 900mm height. The number of blows of the hammer required to induce the first visible crack of the beam were recorded. The results are presented in terms of impact energy required for the first crack. The fine crumb rubbers increased the impact energy for first crack.
The Influence Wall Thickness of Cement Hollow Spheres towards Compressive Properties of Cement Syntactic Foam
Authors: Hasan Norwanis , Hashim Syed Fuad Saiyid , Ariff Zulkifli Mohamad
Published: May 2013

An innovative technique in producing cement syntactic foam (CSF) was proposed in this investigation. This cellular composite material basically consists of a cement matrix embedded with in-house developed cement hollow spheres (CHS). The produced foams incorporated with CHS having different wall thickness, were characterized for compressive strength and then compared with that of plain cement. It was observed that the CSFs were 37%-55% lighter than the plain cement but possessed compromised compressive strength. The comparative compressive properties of CSFs were also evaluated and reported. It was found that the CSF incorporated with thicker-coated CHS showed higher compressive strength compared to that of incorporated with thinner-coated CHS. The failure patterns within the test samples were also examined to determine the failure mechanism. These observations showed that both CSFs exhibited shearing type failure but exhibit different types of crack fractures due to the difference in CHS wall thickness.
Effect of Fineness of Fly Ash on Powder Packing Density and Paste Performance
Authors: Yang Wen , Feng Na Qian , Bee Ch’ng Guan , Deng Xiao
Published: May 2013

This paper discusses the effect of fineness of fly ash on powder packing density, compacting voidage, paste fluidity and compressive strength. The results showed that when the content of fly ash is between 0%~40%, the compacting voidage of the composite powder is reduced by adding the fly ash with D50 1.0μm and 3.0μm, not by the fly ash with D50 12.0μm. The results of pressured entities voidage are consistent with the calculated values by Aim-Goff model. The optimal content of fly ash with D50 1.0μm and 3.0μm are 30% and 25% respectively, which is more helpful to improve the dense packing density of composite powder. There are good corresponding relationships between compacting voidage, dense packing density and fluidity in composite powder or paste by adding the fly ash with D50 1.0μm and 3.0μm, the fly ash can reduce the dense packing voidage of composite powder, and improve the fluidity of fresh paste.
Application of Plasma Treated Activated Carbon to Enhancement of Phenol Removal by Ozonation in Three-Phase Fluidized Bed Reactor
Authors: Limsuwan Pilasinee , Kumagai Satoshi , Nonaka Moriyasu , Sasaki Keiko , Tanthapanichakoon Wiwut , Hirajima Tsuyoshi
Published: May 2013

Plasma treatment of activated carbon (AC) was found to be an efficient method to enhance phenol removal by ozonation in a three-phase fluidized-bed reactor. The plasma treatment extended porous structure, changed surface morphologies, and produced oxygen functional groups on the surface of AC. Plasma-treated activated carbon together with O3 gave the best removal result, in which phenol was completely decomposed within 10 min (with pseudo first-order rate constant k = 0.286 min1), while untreated AC without O3 showed the worst result (k = 0.024 min1). Consequently, AC modified by plasma was shown to be a good material for removal of organic pollutants and yield superb performance in an integrated process with ozone in a fluidized-bed reactor.