bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neural Mechanisms Mediating Sex Differences in Motivation for Reward: Cognitive Bias, Food, Gambling, and Drugs of Abuse
Authors: Orsini Caitlin A. , Brown Travis E. , Hodges Travis E. , Alonso-Caraballo Yanaira , Winstanley Catharine A. , Becker Jill B.
Published: November 2022

Sex differences in motivation for food rewards, gambling, and drugs of abuse are modulated by multiple factors, including sensory stimuli, gonadal hormones, and cognitive bias. Cues, drugs of abuse, and a high-fat diet can significantly impact neural signaling in the reward system and functioning of neural systems that regulate executive functions differentially in males and females. Additionally, sex differences in risky decision-making, cognitive bias, and motivation for food and drugs of abuse are mediated by gonadal hormones in both sexes. As neuroscientists analyze data from both sexes, it is becoming apparent that these differences are not simply mediated by hormones in females, but involve sex differences in the specific neural responses to stimuli, including both external stimuli and internal hormonal signals. Understanding sex differences in the mechanisms underlying reward-seeking behaviors and the development of substance use disorders will help uncover potential therapies and treatments that will benefit both men and women. Based on these observations, it is essential that females are included in neuroscience research.
Recent Advances at the Interface of Neuroscience and Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Cohen Yarden , Engel Tatiana A. , Langdon Christopher , Lindsay Grace W. , Ott Torben , Peters Megan A. K. , Shine James M. , Breton-Provencher Vincent , Ramaswamy Srikanth
Published: November 2022

Biological neural networks adapt and learn in diverse behavioral contexts. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have exploited biological properties to solve complex problems. However, despite their effectiveness for specific tasks, ANNs are yet to realize the flexibility and adaptability of biological cognition. This review highlights recent advances in computational and experimental research to advance our understanding of biological and artificial intelligence. In particular, we discuss critical mechanisms from the cellular, systems, and cognitive neuroscience fields that have contributed to refining the architecture and training algorithms of ANNs. Additionally, we discuss how recent work used ANNs to understand complex neuronal correlates of cognition and to process high throughput behavioral data.
Cerebellar Contributions to the Basal Ganglia Influence Motor Coordination, Reward Processing, and Movement Vigor
Authors: Yoshida Junichi , Oñate Maritza , Khatami Leila , Vera Jorge , Nadim Farzan , Khodakhah Kamran
Published: November 2022

Both the cerebellum and the basal ganglia are known for their roles in motor control and motivated behavior. These two systems have been classically considered as independent structures that coordinate their contributions to behavior via separate cortico-thalamic loops. However, recent evidence demonstrates the presence of a rich set of direct connections between these two regions. Although there is strong evidence for connections in both directions, for brevity we limit our discussion to the better-characterized connections from the cerebellum to the basal ganglia. We review two sets of such connections: disynaptic projections through the thalamus and direct monosynaptic projections to the midbrain dopaminergic nuclei, the VTA and the SNc. In each case, we review the evidence for these pathways from anatomic tracing and physiological recordings, and discuss their potential functional roles. We present evidence that the disynaptic pathway through the thalamus is involved in motor coordination, and that its dysfunction contributes to motor deficits, such as dystonia. We then discuss how cerebellar projections to the VTA and SNc influence dopamine release in the respective targets of these nuclei: the NAc and the dorsal striatum. We argue that the cerebellar projections to the VTA may play a role in reward-based learning and therefore contribute to addictive behavior, whereas the projection to the SNc may contribute to movement vigor. Finally, we speculate how these projections may explain many of the observations that indicate a role for the cerebellum in mental disorders, such as schizophrenia.
A Neurosurgical Functional Dissection of the Middle Precentral Gyrus during Speech Production
Authors: Silva Alexander B. , Liu Jessie R. , Zhao Lingyun , Levy Deborah F. , Scott Terri L. , Chang Edward F.
Published: November 2022

Classical models have traditionally focused on the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area) as a key region for motor planning of speech production. However, converging evidence suggests that it is not critical for either speech motor planning or execution. Alternative cortical areas supporting high-level speech motor planning have yet to be defined. In this review, we focus on the precentral gyrus, whose role in speech production is often thought to be limited to lower-level articulatory muscle control. In particular, we highlight neurosurgical investigations that have shed light on a cortical region anatomically located near the midpoint of the precentral gyrus, hence called the middle precentral gyrus (midPrCG). The midPrCG is functionally located between dorsal hand and ventral orofacial cortical representations and exhibits unique sensorimotor and multisensory functions relevant for speech processing. This includes motor control of the larynx, auditory processing, as well as a role in reading and writing. Furthermore, direct electrical stimulation of midPrCG can evoke complex movements, such as vocalization, and selective injury can cause deficits in verbal fluency, such as pure apraxia of speech. Based on these findings, we propose that midPrCG is essential to phonological-motoric aspects of speech production, especially syllabic-level speech sequencing, a role traditionally ascribed to Broca's area. The midPrCG is a cortical brain area that should be included in contemporary models of speech production with a unique role in speech motor planning and execution.
Pharmacological Signature and Target Specificity of Inhibitory Circuits Formed by Martinotti Cells in the Mouse Barrel Cortex
Authors: Donato Cristina , Balduino Victorino Daniella , Cabezas Carolina , Aguirre Andrea , Lourenço Joana , Potier Marie-Claude , Zorrilla de San Martin Javier , Bacci Alberto
Published: November 2022

In the neocortex, fast synaptic inhibition orchestrates both spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity. GABAergic interneurons (INs) inhibit pyramidal neurons (PNs) directly, modulating their output activity and thus contributing to balance cortical networks. Moreover, several IN subtypes also inhibit other INs, forming specific disinhibitory circuits, which play crucial roles in several cognitive functions. Here, we studied a subpopulation of somatostatin-positive INs, the Martinotti cells (MCs) in layer 2/3 of the mouse barrel cortex (both sexes). MCs inhibit the distal portion of PN apical dendrites, thus controlling dendrite electrogenesis and synaptic integration. Yet, it is poorly understood whether MCs inhibit other elements of the cortical circuits, and the connectivity properties with non-PN targets are unknown. We found that MCs have a strong preference for PN dendrites, but they also considerably connect with parvalbumin-positive, vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing, and layer 1 (L1) INs. Remarkably, GABAergic synapses from MCs exhibited clear cell type-specific short-term plasticity. Moreover, whereas the biophysical properties of MC-PN synapses were consistent with distal dendritic inhibition, MC-IN synapses exhibited characteristics of fast perisomatic inhibition. Finally, MC-PN connections used α5-containing GABAAreceptors (GABAARs), but this subunit was not expressed by the other INs targeted by MCs. We reveal a specialized connectivity blueprint of MCs within different elements of superficial cortical layers. In addition, our results identify α5-GABAARs as the molecular fingerprint of MC-PN dendritic inhibition. This is of critical importance, given the role of α5-GABAARs in cognitive performance and their involvement in several brain diseases.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMartinotti cells (MCs) are a prominent, broad subclass of somatostatin-expressing GABAergic interneurons, specialized in controlling distal dendrites of pyramidal neurons (PNs) and taking part in several cognitive functions. Here we characterize the connectivity pattern of MCs with other interneurons in the superficial layers (L1 and L2/3) of the mouse barrel cortex. We found that the connectivity pattern of MCs with PNs as well as parvalbumin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and L1 interneurons exhibit target-specific plasticity and biophysical properties. The specificity of α5-GABAARs at MC-PN synapses and the lack or functional expression of this subunit by other cell types define the molecular identity of MC-PN connections and the exclusive involvement of this inhibitory circuits in α5-dependent cognitive tasks.
Linguistic Bootstrapping Allows More Real-world Object Concepts to Be Held in Mind
Authors: Dymarska Agata , Connell Louise , Banks Briony
Published: November 2022

The linguistic-simulation approach to cognition predicts that language can enable more efficient conceptual processing than purely sensorimotor-affective simulations of concepts. We tested the implications of this approach in memory for sequences of real-world objects, where use of linguistic labels (i.e., words and phrases) could enable more efficient representation of object concepts than representation via full sensorimotor simulation; a proposal called linguistic bootstrapping. In three pre-registered experiments using a nonverbal paradigm, we asked participants to remember sequences of contextually-situated, real-world objects (e.g., the ingredients for a recipe), and later asked them to select the correct objects from arrays of distractors. Critically, we used articulatory suppression to selectively suppress implicit activation of linguistic labels, which we predicted would impair performance by reducing the number of objects that could be held in mind simultaneously. We found that suppressing access to language when learning the sequences impaired accuracy of object recognition, though not latency, and that this impairment was not simply dual-task load. Results show that a sequence of up to 10 contextually-situated object concepts can be held in mind when language is inhibited, but this increases to 12 objects when language is available. The findings support the linguistic bootstrapping hypothesis that representing familiar object concepts normally relies on language, and that implicitly-retrieved object labels, used as linguistic placeholders, can increase the number of objects that can be simultaneously represented beyond what sensorimotor information alone can accomplish.
Stakeholders and ESG disclosure strategies adoption: The role of goals compatibility and resources dependence
Authors: Liu Zhiyang , Zheng Ruoyu , Qiu Zhenyu , Jiang Xiaodong
Published: November 2022

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure plays a critical role in promoting corporations’ abilities to achieve sustainable development. Previous research has focused on the concept, antecedents, and consequences of ESG disclosure, ignoring that there are significant differences in ESG disclosure strategies of corporations and providing even less understanding of how corporations adopt ESG disclosure strategies. Therefore, we identify the factors and mechanisms of ESG disclosure strategy adoption in context of stakeholders. Using new institutional theory (NIT) and resource dependence theory (RDT), we suggest that goals compatibility and resources dependence are the 2 critical factors that affect a corporation’s ESG disclosure strategy adoption. Accordingly, we construct a framework of corporations’ ESG disclosure strategies adoption. We address the gaps in understanding of ESG disclosure strategies adoption of corporations, expand NIT and RDT, and provide rich practical guidance to promote the healthy development of ESG disclosure strategies.
Finding the Invisible Workers in Astronomy
Authors: Ahn Eun-Joo
Published: November 2022

Why do we remember some scientists while forgetting others who participated in the same knowledge-making process? Mount Wilson Observatory was founded in 1904 by George Ellery Hale near Pasadena in Southern California and is perhaps most famous for astronomer Edwin Hubble and his observations made with the 100-inch reflector telescope, which suggested that our universe is expanding. Moving away from the prominent astronomers, intellectual ideas, and telescopes at Mount Wilson Observatory, this article focuses on the work done by some of the forgotten participants such as human computers, who were mostly women, and telescope assistants, who were men, during the first two decades since its founding. By regarding Mount Wilson Observatory as a factory observatory that carried out specialty production, I narrate scientific knowledge-making from the perspectives of these workers by examining their labor and the products that came out of their labor. These highly skilled individuals carried out various tasks, yet the degree of their participation in scientific activities depended on the supervisor, gender, and geographical space. Efficiency was the primary driving factor in how astronomers delegated work at Mount Wilson Observatory, and gender facilitated the managerial practice of using geographical space to achieve efficiency. Such practice effectively created a glass ceiling only for women, and the gendered workspace may also have contributed toward an epistemic preference by astronomers for observation over computation.
Fecal microbiota transplantation enhances cell therapy in a rat model of hypoganglionosis by SCFA‐induced MEK1/2 signaling pathway
Authors: Tian Donghao , Xu Wenyao , Pan Weikang , Zheng Baijun , Yang Weili , Jia Wanying , Liu Yong , Garstka Malgorzata A , Gao Ya , Yu Hui
Published: November 2022

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), one of several neurocristopathies in children, is characterized by nerve loss in the large intestine and is mainly treated by surgery, which causes severe complications. Enteric neural crest‐derived cell (ENCC) transplantation is a potential therapeutic strategy; however, so far with poor efficacy. Here, we assessed whether and how fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) could improve ENCC transplantation in a rat model of hypoganglionosis; a condition similar to HSCR, with less intestinal innervation. We found that the hypoganglionosis intestinal microenvironment negatively influenced the ENCC functional phenotype in vitro and in vivo. Combining 16S rDNA sequencing and targeted mass spectrometry revealed microbial dysbiosis and reduced short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in the hypoganglionic gut. FMT increased the abundance of Bacteroides and Clostridium, SCFA production, and improved outcomes following ENCC transplantation. SCFAs alone stimulated ENCC proliferation, migration, and supported ENCC transplantation. Transcriptome‐wide mRNA sequencing identified MAPK signaling as the top differentially regulated pathway in response to SCFA exposure, and inhibition of MEK1/2 signaling abrogated the SCFA‐mediated effects on ENCC. This study demonstrates that FMT improves cell therapy for hypoganglionosis via short‐chain fatty acid metabolism‐induced MEK1/2 signaling.
Nuclease‐independent functions of RAG1 direct distinct DNA damage responses in B cells
Authors: Johnston Rachel , Mathias Brendan , Crowley Stephanie J , Schmidt Haley A , White Lynn S , Mosammaparast Nima , Green Abby M , Bednarski Jeffrey J
Published: November 2022

Developing B cells generate DNA double‐stranded breaks (DSBs) to assemble immunoglobulin receptor (Ig) genes necessary for the expression of a mature B cell receptor. These physiologic DSBs are made by the RAG endonuclease, which is comprised of the RAG1 and RAG2 proteins. In pre‐B cells, RAG‐mediated DSBs activate the ATM kinase to coordinate canonical and non‐canonical DNA damage responses (DDR) that trigger DSB repair and B cell developmental signals, respectively. Whether this broad cellular response is distinctive to RAG DSBs is poorly understood. To delineate the factors that direct DDR signaling in B cells, we express a tetracycline‐inducible Cas9 nuclease in Rag1‐deficient pre‐B cells. Both RAG‐ and Cas9‐mediated DSBs at Ig genes activate canonical DDR. In contrast, RAG DSBs, but not Cas9 DSBs, induce the non‐canonical DDR‐dependent developmental program. This unique response to RAG DSBs is, in part, regulated by non‐core regions of RAG1. Thus, B cells trigger distinct cellular responses to RAG DSBs through unique properties of the RAG endonuclease that promotes activation of B cell developmental programs.
Seed dormancy and germination characteristics of Osteomeles schwerinae, a riparian plant endemic to the Hengduan Mountains and adjacent regions
Authors: Geng Boyang , Peng Deli
Published: November 2022

Osteomeles schwerinae, an endemic plant with ecological restoration functions from the hot/warm-dry river valleys of the Hengduan Mountains and adjacent regions, has low seed germination in cultivation. This study attempted to improve seed germination by testing the effect of
several treatments including dry after-ripening (DAR), GA3, light and temperature treatments for seeds from three populations. DAR increased germination at 25/15°C but not at 15/5°C, as compared with fresh seeds. DAR was sufficient to break dormancy; GA3 could
not significantly increase germination percentage, indicating that seeds of O. schwerinae appear to have non-deep physiological dormancy. After the dormancy is broken, temperature significantly affects germination. Seeds germinated significantly better at higher temperatures (20-25°C)
than at lower (< 15°C) and extreme high temperatures (> 30°C). A base temperature for germination (Tb) of 4.9-9.3°C and a thermal time requirement for 50% germination (50) ranging from 158.7 to 217.4°Cd were identified for non-dormant
DAR seeds, depending on the population. This study provides a theoretical basis for dormancy-break and germination of O. schwerinae seeds.
Mapping Citizen Science through the Lens of Human-Centered AI
Authors: Rafner Janet , Gajdacz Miroslav , Kragh Gitte , Hjorth Arthur , Gander Anna , Palfi Blanka , Berditchevskiaia Aleksandra , Grey Francois , Gal Kobi , Segal Avi , Wamsley Mike , Miller Joshua , Dellermann Dominik , Haklay Mordechai , Michelucci Pietro , Sherson Jacob
Published: November 2022

Artificial Intelligence (AI) can augment and sometimes even replace human cognition. Inspired by efforts to value human agency alongside productivity, we discuss and categorize the potential of solving Citizen Science (CS) tasks with Hybrid Intelligence (HI), a synergetic mixture of human and artificial intelligence. Due to the unique participant-centered set of values and the abundance of tasks drawing upon both human common sense and complex 21st century skills, we believe that the field of CS offers an invaluable testbed for the development of human-centered AI including HI, while also benefiting CS. In order to investigate this potential, we first relate CS to adjacent computational disciplines. Then, we demonstrate that CS projects can be grouped according to their potential for HI-enhancement by examining two key dimensions: the level of digitization and the amount of knowledge or experience required for participation. Finally, we propose a framework for types of human-AI interaction in CS based on established criteria of HI. This “HI lens” provides the CS community with an overview of ways to utilize the combination of AI and human intelligence in their projects. For AI researchers, this work highlights the opportunity CS presents to engage with real-world data sets and explore new AI methods and applications.
Energy and Exergy Analysis in a Centrifugal Pump Driven by a Diesel Engine Using Soybean Biodiesel and Mixtures with Diesel
Authors: Pereira Roberto , Da Silva Ivenio , Pardal Juan
Published: November 2022

Soybean biodiesel and mixtures with diesel are used as fuel in a diesel engine that drives a centrifugal pump. The consumption useful work rate, the reversible work rate and the efficiency of the second law of thermodynamics were calculated using an energetic and exergetic analysis. The soybean biodiesel was produced using ethanol in the proportion of 33% v/v and the catalyst NaOH (1%), obtaining a yield of 90,63%. The fuels used were diesel (B0); 25% soybean biodiesel and 75% diesel (B25); 50% soybean biodiesel and 50% diesel (B50); 75% soybean biodiesel and 25% diesel (B75) and soybean biodiesel (B100). The properties density and kinematic viscosity were within the established limits of the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels.  A value of 39017 kJ.kg-1 was obtained, for the higher heating value of the soybean biodiesel (B100). It was obtained 32,05% of maximum efficiency of the second law, in the case of soybean biodiesel, at maximum pump speed and at 9,2 m3/h. For the B50 fuel, it was obtained 29,78% of maximum efficiency of the second law when the centrifugal pump operated at 2733 rpm and at a maximum flow rate.
Short UV-C treatments extend the shelf-life of fresh-cut strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch cv. Camarosa)
Authors: Ortiz Araque Leidy Carolina , Darré Magali , Civello Pedro Marcos , Vicente Ariel
Published: November 2022

In recent years there has been a marked increase in the demand for fresh-cut fruit. Although these products have high user convenience, they are extremely perishable. Consequently, they must be marketed within a very short period. A number of studies have shown that brief UV-C irradiation prior to storage may reduce postharvest deterioration in whole fruit. Herein, we evaluated the influence of different UV-C dose and intensity combinations on the quality and shelf-life of fresh-cut strawberries. Fresh berries were cut in wedges and subjected to brief UV-C treatments having different combinations of radiation intensity (0, 9, or 36 W m-2) and dose (0, 2, or 4 kJ m-2). Treatments with a dosage of 4 kJ m-2 at an intensity of 36 W m-2 decreased decay, juice leakage, dehydration softening, and yeasts and mold counts. UV-C treated berries also scored better in freshness color and overall acceptability in consumer tests. The treatments did not affect the acidity, soluble solids, or phenolic compounds. Results suggest that short UV-C treatment could be useful to supplement cold storage, extending the shelf-life of fresh-cut strawberries.
Ensemble Kalman Filter for Hourly Streamflow Forecasting in Huaynamota River, Nayarit, México
Authors: Nárvaez-Ortiz Ildefonso , Ibáñez-Castillo Laura Alicia , Arteaga-Ramírez Ramón , Vázquez-Peña Mario Alberto
Published: November 2022

Hydrological phenomena are characterized by the formation of a non-linear dynamic system, and streamflows are not unrelated to this premise. Data assimilation offers an alternative for flow forecasting using the Ensemble Kalman Filter, given its relative ease of implementation and lower computational effort in comparison with other techniques. The hourly streamflow of the Chapalagana station was forecasted based on that of the Platanitos station in northwestern México. The forecasts were made from one to six steps forward, combined with set sizes of 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 members. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients of the Discrete Kalman filter were 0,99 and 0,85 for steps one and six, respectively, achieving the best fit with a tendency to shift the predicted series, similar to the persistent forecast. The Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) obtained 0,99 and 0,05 in steps one and six. However, it converges on the observed series with the limitation of considerable overestimation in higher steps. All three algorithms have equal statistical adjustment values in step one, and there are progressive differences in further steps, where ARX and DKF remain similar and EnKF is differentiated by the overestimation. EnKF enables capturing non-linearity in sudden streamflow changes but generates overestimation at the peaks.
Un intento de explicación teórica de la radicalización violenta islamista en España
Authors: García-Magariño Sergio , Valentin Cotobal Víctor , Jiménez María
Published: November 2022

Este artículo es el primero de una serie que aborda la radicalización violenta desde diferentes ángulos: la naturaleza de la radicalización islamista violenta en España, un estudio comparativo de este tipo de radicalización entre diferentes países de Europa, Estados Unidos y la India, la necesidad de refinar los índices territoriales de radicalización en el contexto de la prevención de la radicalización violenta y la relación entre la radicalización islamista violenta y otras formas de radicalización que tanto preocupan en Europa como los movimientos de extrema izquierda, los extremismos nacionalistas o los movimientos identitarios que se asocian a grupos ultras de extrema derecha. La serie se fundamenta en un trabajo teórico previo elaborado por uno de los autores y publicado en dos artículos (García-Magariño, 2018; 2019a). A su vez, todos estos estudios se enmarcan dentro de la idea según la cual los procesos de radicalización islamista violenta se dan en una matriz de tres capas de factores micro, meso y macrosociales (Jordan, 2009; McCauley; Moskalenko, 2017). El trabajo comienza definiendo, con fines operativos, la radicalización islamista violenta, para sobrevolar, a continuación, las teorías explicativas prevalentes. Tras identificar algunas de las lagunas de dichas explicaciones teóricas se propondrá una hipótesis que se testa después ante los datos procedentes de diferentes fuentes institucionales en España, por un lado, y la información recabada a través de las primeras conversaciones que darán lugar, más adelante, a historias de vida y entrevistas a profundidad procedentes del contacto con personas radicalizadas y desradicalizadas o que han vivido en entornos que se pueden considerar radicalizados y, por otro lado, con personal de las fuerzas y cuerpos de seguridad del Estado. El artículo, además, cuenta con una revisión del marco legal que regula las actividades tipificadas como terrorismo en España y, a pesar de centrarse en el terrorismo yihadista, sobrevuela otras formas de terrorismo que han afectado a España en las últimas décadas del siglo XX y principios del siglo XXI.
El poder de las ruinas y la memoria: violencia política, nación y conmemoración en Colombia y Chile
Authors: Guglielmucci Ana , Márquez Francisca
Published: November 2022

Este artículo explora el poder político de las ruinas y la memoria en el proceso de desestabilización de la narrativa histórico-nacional en Colombia y Chile. El análisis de archivos y fotografías, y el trabajo de campo etnográfico en torno a los Palacios de Justicia (Bogotá) y La Moneda (Santiago), ambos bombardeados e incendiados, permite destacar el rol que sus ruinas y escombros ha tenido en las disputas en torno a su reinterpretación contemporánea. Las ruinas de ambos Palacios son pensadas no solo desde la perspectiva de la destrucción de bienes materiales y vidas humanas, sino también desde la situación provocada por dicha catástrofe y pérdida. En este sentido, ellas son comprendidas en un sentido físico, pero también y, sobre todo, en un sentido histórico-político, simbólico y afectivo. La destrucción que origina la ruina es considerada así por lo que ella produce o habilita debido a la pérdida, como la fundación de nuevas creaciones y sentidos políticos asociados a la materialidad y al espacio que ella ocupa, tanto en la trama urbana como en el debate público. Esto, porque las ruinas permanecen y, como espectros, ellas son siempre un modo de aparecer y, por cierto, de interrogar y cuestionar. Las ruinas abren la posibilidad de recordar al inscribir la experiencia en una materialidad donde aún podemos reconocer lo sucedido, y funcionan como nodos donde se expresan las fisuras de una memoria herida. El estudio de las ruinas de la violencia política y sus imágenes permiten, por lo tanto, analizar cómo se configuran “memo-paisajes”, entendidos como un terreno social en el que se libran batallas para recordar de manera pública. La tesis central del texto es que estas dos edificaciones son materialidades desde las cuales se ponen en escena conmemoraciones y acciones de duelo colectivo, y se asigna un sentido político a emociones tales como el dolor y a la búsqueda de justicia en torno a eventos pasados violentos y controversiales.
“El Estado viene siendo ese”. Ensamblaje violento del Estado local en el Norte del Cauca
Authors: Ruiz Romero Gabriel Alberto , Jurado Castaño Pedro , Castaño Zapata Daniel
Published: November 2022

El presente análisis constituye una mirada sobre la forma local (y localizada) que adquiere el Estado cuando se materializa en un territorio concreto y sobre las consecuencias que esto tiene para una comprensión de la violencia armada en dicho territorio. Estudiamos al Estado en tanto ensamblaje que se produce en el nivel de relacionamiento local con otros actores sociales, legales e ilegales, para mostrar la dinámica violenta que subyace a este tipo de ensamblaje. Para esto, nos basamos en un trabajo de campo realizado bajo el enfoque de etnografía multilocal, el cual fue llevado a cabo por más de dos años en el Norte del Cauca (suroccidente colombiano), en particular, en el municipio de Caldono. Allí examinamos la forma en la que el ensamblaje concreto que las instituciones y fuerzas del Estado realizan con actores sociales territoriales (en particular, con el movimiento indígena) y con actores armados (fundamentalmente disidencias de las farc y otras organizaciones cuya indeterminación hace parte de su propia forma de accionar) produce regímenes plurales de dominación en el territorio.
El artículo revela las necesidades y limitaciones del poder del Estado colombiano realmente existente, las cuales se manifiestan cuando se observa la forma en la que busca penetrar en territorios con dinámicas violentas asociadas al conflicto armado. La conclusión a la que llegamos es la de que esas necesidades y limitaciones se concretan en la incapacidad estatal de producir a nivel local una organización burocrática que asegure la legitimidad de sus acciones y que dicha incapacidad tiene lugar debido a las insuficiencias estructurales que presenta respecto al uso de la violencia que legalmente presupone concentrar. Es por esto por lo que, en territorios afectados por el conflicto violento como el Norte del Cauca, el Estado establece un ensamblaje local violento con diversos actores sociales que ejercen distintas formas de dominación. Este ensamblaje violento le proporciona un medio para que pueda afirmar la existencia de su organización formal y, a su vez, para capitalizar los efectos retóricos de legitimidad que emanan de dicho ensamblaje.
El trotskismo en Colombia: análisis historiográfico y documental de sus orígenes e impacto intelectual, político y universitario en los años setenta del siglo XX
Authors: Acevedo Tarazona Álvaro , Lagos Emilio
Published: November 2022

El artículo realiza un recorrido por las principales organizaciones trotskistas en Colombia, sus momentos más relevantes y las apreciaciones que sus dirigentes tenían sobre otros movimientos de izquierda con los que disputaban el rol de fuerza de vanguardia de la revolución colombiana. Para el desarrollo de este texto se realizó una revisión de la producción historiográfica y documental existente, la cual se dividió en cuatro grandes grupos: una primera colección de fuentes elaborada en torno al trotskismo colombiano, es decir, trabajos investigativos y publicaciones periódicas. Una segunda colección de textos referidos al origen e impacto del trotskismo en Colombia; autores como Robert J. Alexander, Martha Cecilia García, Óscar Collazos, Umberto Valverde, Álvaro Acevedo Tarazona y Franklin Patiño Romero, entre otros, han publicado análisis sobre el trotskismo colombiano y son fuente teórica para el presente artículo. También se consultó una serie de publicaciones emitidas por las distintas agrupaciones vinculadas con el trotskismo. Por último, se consultaron textos internalistas producidos por las mismas agrupaciones trotskistas de la época. De esta producción historiográfica y documental se puede concluir que el trotskismo colombiano estaba ligado al movimiento revolucionario internacional a través de organizaciones y corrientes políticas. También se deduce que la aparición del trotskismo en Colombia se da como consecuencia de una reconfiguración de la izquierda en el continente americano influenciada por las Revoluciones China y Cubana, la crítica al estalinismo y el debate acerca de la validez de la guerra de guerrillas como vía a la revolución en Colombia. En un primer apartado se presenta un panorama del trotskismo colombiano, sus etapas históricas y algunos rasgos generales que lo caracterizaron. En un segundo apartado se aborda cronológicamente el desenvolvimiento de la corriente trotskista en Colombia durante los años setenta, sus organizaciones y los principales debates ideológicos que sus miembros protagonizaron entre sí y con otras organizaciones de izquierda. En un tercer apartado se establece la relación que el trotskismo tuvo con la universidad colombiana, toda vez que su origen es más universitario que obrero o sindical; igualmente, se destaca el enfoque intelectual característico del trotskismo colombiano.
Computer Vision and Deep Learning based road monitoring towards a Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility
Authors:   , Iparraguirre Olatz
Published: November 2022

The future of mobility will be connected, cooperative and autonomous. All vehicles on the road will communicate with each other as well as with the infrastructure. Traffic will be mixed and human-driven vehicles will coexist alongside self-driving vehicles of different levels of automation. This mobility model will bring greater safety and efficiency in driving, as well as more sustainable and inclusive transport. For this future to be possible, vehicular communications, as well as perception systems, become indispensable. Perception systems are capable of understanding the environment and adapting driving behaviour to it (following the trajectory, adjusting speed, overtaking manoeuvres, lane changes, etc.). However, these autonomous systems have limitations that make their operation not possible in certain circumstances (low visibility, dense traffic, poor infrastructure conditions, etc.). This unexpected event would trigger the system to transfer control to the driver, which could become an important safety weakness. At this point, communication between different elements of the road network becomes important since the impact of these unexpected events can be mitigated or even avoided as long as the vehicle has access to dynamic road information. This information would make it possible to anticipate the disengagement of the automated system and to adapt the driving task or prepare the control transfer less abruptly. In this thesis, we propose to develop a road monitoring system that, installed in vehicles travelling on the road network, performs automatic auscultation of the status of the infrastructure and can detect critical events for driving. In the context of this research work, the aim is to develop three independent modules: 1) a system for detecting fog and classifying the degree of visibility; 2) a system for recognising traffic signs; 3) a system for detecting defects in road lines. This solution will make it possible to generate cooperative services for the communication of critical road events to other road users. It will also allow the inventory of assets to facilitate the management of maintenance and investment tasks for infrastructure managers. In addition, it also opens the way for autonomous driving by being able to better manage transitions of control in critical situations and by preparing the infrastructure for the reception of self-driving vehicles with high levels of automation.
How is Doctoral Students’ Admission Arranged at Russian Universities?
Authors: Zhuchkova S. V.
Published: November 2022

The paper examines the rules and procedures of the doctoral students’ admission at Russian universities. The inefficiency of the selection process often becomes the subject of discussion in the studies devoted to the low performance of Russian doctoral education, but these studies lack structured information about the current rules and procedures. The present research closes this gap. Using the quantitative content analysis of the local admission rules of 150 random Russian universities, we estimated the prevalence of various admission practices. Two groups of universities are compared in the study: those with and those without special statuses (federal, national research, flagship, participants of the «5-100» program), since the presence of such a status implies that the university implements a set of measures aimed at developing doctoral programs and increasing the graduate students’ demand. The results of the study show that despite the absence of the regulatory restrictions on the choice of selection tools, Russian universities tend to choose fairly formal procedures: traditional exams and consideration of the individual achievements (papers, patents, diploma with honors). More flexible tools to assess the applicant’s motivation, his or her research experience, and plans for a dissertation are extremely rare and appear in universities with special statuses. The results of the research can be useful for the heads of the doctoral education departments at Russian universities, as well as for other staff involved in the process of the doctoral students’ admission.
MENTAL HEALTH OF MOTHERS AFTER NATURAL CHILDBIRTH AND CESAREAN SECTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN KOHAT, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN
Authors: Khanum Sabiha , Jabeen Sumaira , Souza Maria de Lourdes de , Naz Najma , Andrade Zannis Benevides de , Nóbrega Juliana Fernandes da , Lynn Fiona Ann , Giacon-Arruda Bianca Cristina Ciccone
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the quality of life of women after natural childbirth and cesarean section from a mental health perspective. Method: this is a causal-comparative study that included 104 women, 52 of whom underwent natural childbirth: and 52 cesarean sections. It was conducted in the gynecology ward of Liaqat Memorial Hospital in Kohat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan using the Quality-of-Life Questionnaire. Pakistani Nurses made direct translation of it in to Urdu language, interview by interview (read in English and told in Urdu). The results related to Emotional Health Problems, Energy, Emotions and Social Activities were analyzed. Results: women after cesarean section reported more problems regarding emotional health variables than women after natural childbirth. The mean quality of life score among the natural childbirth group was 89.94 and 66.02 among the cesarean section group (p<0.001). Conclusion: women who undergo natural childbirth have better quality of life than women who undergo cesarean section (average versus poor quality of life). Mental health is also affected, especially for those who undergo cesarean section. Thus, natural childbirth demonstrates benefits in the puerperium in terms of emotional indicators.
Recent Developments of Bioactive Glass Electrophoretically Coated Cobalt-Chromium Metallic Implants
Authors: Munyensanga Patrick , Bricha Meriame , El Mabrouk Khalil
Published: November 2022

Coating surfaces with bioactive glass can be defined as depositing fine bioactive glasses on biomaterial substrates. Cobalt-chromium is a viable alternative to stainless steel for long-term applications with superior ductility. The mechanical properties of cobalt-chromium alloys are high strength with elastic modulus of 220–2300 GPa, more significant than the 30 GPa of bones. Combining metals and bioactive glass results in high biocompatibility and improved bioactivity of implant surfaces. In addition, it triggers new bone tissue to regenerate through osteogenesis and mineralisation. However, implantation failure still occurs and requires surgery revision due to a lack of adequate bone bonding and delamination at the coating surface of the implant. The current review summarises the adhesion between bioactive glass coatings and cobalt-chromium substrates applied through electrophoretic deposition (EPD).
The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Orthopaedic Surgery Hospital Admissions and Workload in a Major Trauma Center
Authors: Vasilopoulou Anastasia , Apostolopoulos Alexandros P. , Maris Spyridon J. , Antonogiannakis Emmanouel , Trichonas Antonios , Angelis Stavros , Palaiologos Konstantinos , Filippou Dimitrios K.
Published: November 2022

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to important restrictions in social life of civilians worldwide and there were lower admission rates mainly in surgical departments in many hospitals. This study presents how COVID-19 pandemic affected admissions at the orthopaedic and trauma surgery department of a major trauma center. A retrospective study was conducted that recorded all patients examined at the outpatient orthopaedic clinic and the emergency orthopaedic department, as well as patients admitted to the orthopaedic surgery clinic and patients that underwent operative procedures between March 23 and May 4, 2020 (first lockdown period) and between March 23 and May 4, 2019 (control period). In addition, all patients with hip fractures that required hospitalization and underwent hip surgery were identified during the same time periods. During lockdown period 1 compared with the lock-down period 2 were observed: 70% and 61% decrease in the number of patients examined at the outpatient clinic and the emergency orthopaedic department respectively. The number of patients admitted to the orthopaedic surgery clinic declined by 41%, whereas operative procedures decreased by 22%. Regarding hip fractures timing to surgery during the first period was significantly less compared with second lockdown period, however, hospitalization days remained almost unchanged over the two time lockdown periods. Restrictions during the first lockdown period due to COVID-19 pandemic caused an important decrease in the number of patients and theaters in all orthopaedic departments in one of the major trauma centers in Athens. However, the incidence of hip fractures in elderly was not significantly decreased. Further similar studies are needed to identify variations and patterns of these parameters in other trauma centers.
FTO Gene Polymorphisms at the Crossroads of Metabolic Pathways of Obesity and Epigenetic Influences
Authors: Popović Ana-Marija , Huđek Turković Ana , Žuna Kristina , Bačun-Družina Višnja , Rubelj Ivica , Matovinović Martina
Published: November 2022

In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene and its role in obesity. The FTO-encoded protein is involved in multiple molecular pathways contributing to obesity as well as other metabolic complexities. This review emphasizes the epigenetic influence on the FTO gene as a new approach in the treatment and management of obesity. Several known substances have a positive effect on reducing FTO expression. Depending on which variant of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is present, the profile and level of gene expression changes. Implementation of environmental change measures could lead to reduced phenotypic manifestation of FTO expression. Treating obesity through FTO gene regulation will have to include various complex signal pathways in which FTO takes part. Identification of FTO gene polymorphisms may be useful for the development of individual obesity management strategies, including the recommendation of taking certain foods and supplements.
Role of Acetic Acid Bacteria in Food and Beverages
Authors: Yassunaka Hata Natália Norika , Surek Monica , Sartori Daniele , Serrato Rodrigo Vassoler , Spinosa Wilma Aparecida
Published: November 2022

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are microorganisms widely distributed in nature. Although this group is involved in the spoilage of some foods, AAB are of great industrial interest, and their functionality is still poorly understood. AAB convert ethanol, sugars and polyols into various organic acids, aldehydes and ketones via oxidative fermentation. These metabolites are produced during a succession of biochemical reactions in various fermented foods and beverages, such as vinegar, kombucha, water kefir, lambic and cocoa. Furthermore, important products such as gluconic acid and ascorbic acid precursors can be produced industrially from their metabolism. The development of new AAB-fermented fruit drinks with healthy and functional properties is an interesting niche for research and the food industry to explore, as it can meet the needs of a wide range of consumers. Exopolysaccharides such as levan and bacterial cellulose have unique properties, but they need to be produced on a larger scale to expand their applications in this area. This work emphasizes the importance and applications of AAB during the fermentation of various foods, their role in the development of new beverages as well as numerous applications of levan and bacterial cellulose.
Chromosomal DNA extraction from Gram-positive bacteria, V2 v2
Authors: Kiledal Anders
Published: November 2022

Extraction of high-molecular-weight DNA from Gram-positive bacterial species, with optional steps for removing surfactants. This DNA is suitable for sequencing and the protocol can be scaled up at least 5-fold. Modified from a protocol by Tina Wecke, LMU-Munich.
The Impact of the Amendments Introduced During the Pandemic to IFRS 16 «Leases» on the Financial Results of Companies
Authors:   Saint-Petersburg State University, Generalova N.V. , Gorkin A.V. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Maksakova O.A. ,   Saint-Petersburg State University
Published: November 2022

This article discusses the amendment to IFRS 16 «Leases» COVID-19-Related Rent Concessions. An analysis of the content of the amendment and an assessment of the IASB's process for introducing are provided. The practical application of the amendment based on a sample of major Russian companies included to the Expert 400 rating is also considered. The ratio of the number of companies that applied and did not apply the amendment is presented. The disclosure of the effect of the amendment on the financial statements is described, and patterns between the eco-nomic effect of the amendment and financial results are identified. The study reveals that of the companies that publish IFRS financial statements, only 3.9% have applied the amendment. The majority of companies that applied the amendment operates in the retail industry. The effect of the amendment was shown through «negative» variable payments and an increase in other comprehensive income. The analysis of the impact of the amendment on financial reporting showed that the amendment was not significantly beneficial to large companies in Russia, but could potentially help medium-sized and smaller companies.
The Business Concept Development in the Field of Sustainable Development of the Fashion Industry
Authors:   ITMO University, Sosnilo A.I. , Durneva D.S. ,   ITMO University
Published: November 2022

The article is devoted to the study of the fashion industry as part of the economic system in order to identify and solve the current problems. The article discusses the theoretical aspects of the production process of the textile industry and the analysis of trends. The result of the work is presented in the form of a concept of a potentially successful business project based on the data obtained during the study.