bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Image of Science as a Threat: Burke versus Priestley and the ‘Philosophic Revolution’
Authors: Crosland Maurice
Published: January 2009

So much of the history of science has been written from the point of view of the scientist or the proto-scientist that it may be salutary for the modern reader occasionally to consider how science and its early practitioners were viewed from the outside. We must not be too surprised if a pioneering activity performed by controversial agents was misunderstood or misrepresented and if what emerges is, therefore, sometimes less of a portrait than a caricature. We are concerned here much less with what natural philosophers actually did than what they were thought to have done, or what they were thought to stand for. The image is sometimes more influential than the reality. Considering that the period to be studied is one of major political and social unrest and that the principal spokesman, Edmund Burke (1729–1797), had made his reputation mainly in the arena of parliamentary politics, we can anticipate rather more polemic than dispassionate argument. In the formation of public opinion a colourful exaggeration or even an occasional sneer are often more effective than the objective exposition of a case. The spectacles through which Burke looked at his world sometimes magnified and often distorted, but they produced a view of knowledge and society shared by many of his contemporaries and of considerable subsequent influence.
Towards a History of Biology in the Twentieth Century: Directed Autobiographies as Historical Sources
Authors: Russell Nicholas
Published: January 2009

Interest in contemporary scientific history has concentrated on physics and engineering and its most obvious growth has been in America. By contrast, there has been a relative neglect of the biological sciences, especially in Great Britain. This concern with contemporary scientific history has been an autonomous growth among physical scientists and engineers. There has not yet been any significant development of an historical dimension among modern biologists. Most of those who do study the history of biology are concerned with natural history in the nineteenth century and before, with the largest group concentrating on the Darwinian Revolution. Students of the history of twentieth century biology are just beginning to emerge, but may find themselves uniquely disadvantaged compared with observers of the sciences from earlier centuries, or even of the physical sciences and engineering in the twentieth century, unless certain things are done rather quickly.
Indian Response to European Science and Technology 1757–1857
Authors: Sangwan Satpal
Published: January 2009

The spread of modern science to India, the non-scientific culture area according to Basalla's thesis, under the colonial umbrella played an important role in shaping the history of Indian people. Notwithstanding its colonial flavour, the new science left a distinct impression on the minds of the local populace. The belief that the Indian mind was not ripe enough to assimilate the new ideas, supported by a few instances of their (Indian) hostility towards some imported technologies, has dominated historical writings since the Macaulian era. This proposition requires close scrutiny of the contemporary evidence. In this paper, I have tried to explain the various shades of Indian experiences with European science and technology during the first hundred years of British rule.
Is There a Concept of Experimental Error in Greek Astronomy?
Authors: Hon Giora
Published: January 2009

The attempt to narrow the general discourse of the problem of error and to focus it on the specific problem of experimental error may be approached from different directions. One possibility is to establish a focusing process from the standpoint of history; such an approach requires a careful scrutiny of the history of science with a view to identifying the juncture when the problem of experimental error was properly understood and accounted for. In a study of this kind one would have to examine the evolution of the method of experimentation and related topics so that clear criteria would underlie the analysis.
Arthur Aikin's Mineralogical Survey of Shropshire 1796–1816, and the contemporary audience for geological publications
Authors: Torrens H. S.
Published: January 2009

It has become almost traditional for historians of geology to claim that Roderick Murchison (1792–1871) ‘opened to view for the first time’ the fossiliferous rocks below the Old Red Sandstone which Murchison described in his monumental workThe Silurian Systempublished in 1839. Murchison himself claimed in the introduction to this work ‘no-one was previously aware of the existence below the Old Red Sandstone of a regular series of deposits, containing peculiar organic remains’. Professor John Phillips expressed the traditional view well when he wrote of the larger area of which Shropshire forms a part: ‘practically before the Summer of 1831 the whole field of the ancient rocks and fossils… was unexplored but then arose two men… Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Murchison and simultaneously set to work to cultivate what had been left a desert’. Against this we must set the statement of George B. Greenough (1778–1855), first president of the Geological Society of London, as reported in 1841. He had ‘frequently expressed a conviction, as a result of his own observations…, that adequate enquiry alone was wanting to prove the existence of a succession of strata in the west of England, and in Wales—not less regular than that which had been demonstrated in the centre and east of the Island.’
A view of the chemical revolution through contemporary textbooks: Lavoisier, Fourcroy and Chaptal
Authors: Bensaude-Vincent Bernadette
Published: January 2009

Scientific textbooks are often said to deliver a stereotyped kind of knowledge, which conceals rather than reveals the real making of science. They may, however, alternatively be regarded as of peculiar interest for historians of science. An over-mechanical application of the Kuhnian concepts of ‘scientific revolution’ and ‘normal science’ can lead to the neglect of the internal dynamics of ‘normal science’. Scientific textbooks may provide a better understanding of the process of normalization in science.
Infinity and creation: the origin of the controversy between Thomas Hobbes and the Savilian professors Seth Ward and John Wallis
Authors: Probst Siegmund
Published: January 2009

Until recently, historians of mathematics usually agreed in refusing to consider the numerous geometrical publications of Thomas Hobbes as a contribution to the development of mathematics in the seventeenth century. From time to time, one could find statements that although Hobbes did not find new theorems he undoubtedly had profound insights into the logical foundations of mathematics, but these occasional remarks did not encourage historians to go deeper into Hobbes's mathematical thought. In the end, the general conclusion was that Hobbes's preoccupation with squaring the circle, doubling the cube (starting when the philosopher was more than forty years of age), and challenging Euclid's definitions were better ignored, at least in the history of science. In particular, his controversy with the Savilian professors Seth Ward and John Wallis was seen as a ‘deplorable affair’, liable only to damage the reputation of the protagonists.
British women who contributed to research in the geological sciences in the nineteenth century
Authors: Creese Mary R. S. , Creese Thomas M.
Published: January 2009

A count of articles by women listed in theCatalogue of Scientific Papers, 1800–1900, the nineteen-volume international index brought out by the Royal Society, produced a collection of almost 4000 titles of papers by about 1000 nineteenth-century women authors. Out of 181 geology papers in this collection, 118 (65 per cent) were by British women (see Table 1, columns 1 and 2). This finding is especially remarkable when considered against the more general background of nineteenth-century women's work in science (at least as judged from women's contributions to the journal literature indexed by the Royal Society). In most fields American workers considerably outnumbered British and published many more papers. Geology, however, is an exception, with the British dominating the field by a wide margin. This essay discusses a number of the British women of the period who carried out work in geology, and offers some suggestions that go toward explaining their striking prominence among their contemporaries.
Colonial pride and metropolitan expectations: the British Museum and Melbourne's meteorites
Authors: Lucas A. M. , Lucas P. J. , Darragh T. A. , Maroske S.
Published: January 2009

The four-year wrangle over the ownership of what was then thought to have been the largest known meteorite, recognized near Melbourne in 1860, provides a fine-grained example of the interaction between scientific internationalism, metropolitan appetite for specimens, and colonial civic pride.
J. J. Thomson and the emergence of the Cavendish School, 1885–1990
Authors: Kim Dong-Won
Published: January 2009

The history of the Cavendish Laboratory is a fascinating subject to study, not just because this famous centre of experimental physics produced a large number of Nobel Laureates but also because it gives us an insight into the unique milieu of the Cambridge physics community. The evolution of the Cavendish Laboratory, however, was not as smooth as might be expected, and the prestige and reputation of its first directors – James Clerk Maxwell, Lord Rayleigh, Joseph John Thomson and Ernest Rutherford – did not automatically guarantee a rosy future. Like other British physics laboratories in the late nineteenth century, the Cavendish Laboratory was a new species to meet the pressure and demand from society. Since it propagated new values and modes of doing science, a struggle with old traditions could not be avoided, and the early history of the Cavendish Laboratory illustrates how the ‘old’ and ‘new’ values fought and negotiated each other in late Victorian Cambridge.
Radicals, Whigs and conservatives: the middle and lower classes in the analytical revolution at Cambridge in the age of aristocracy
Authors: Becher Harvey W.
Published: January 2009

With the coming of the French Revolution in 1789 and its attack on monarchy, the landed aristocracy, the religious establishment and religion itself, and especially with the coming of the sans culottes and the First French Republic and its ‘Terror’ in 1793–94, fear of revolution swept the British establishment. Sensing revolution everywhere, successive Tory governments, rooted in the alliance of the Church of England, the landed aristocracy and the monarchy, practised a consistent and harsh policy of repression. Neither the fear nor the repression eased with the arrival of, or indeed, with the departure of, Napoleon who, as Emperor from 1804 to 1815, seemed determined to conquer Britain by means of revolutionary propaganda, economic blockade and/or military invasion.
C. K. Ingold at University College London: educator and department head
Authors: Roberts Gerrylynn K.
Published: January 2009

The outstanding scientific work of Christopher Kelk Ingold (1893–1970) was the focus of considerable discussion, celebration and evaluation during the year of the centenary of his birth. In addition to understanding his prolific and highly original scientific output as a pioneer in the application of physical methods to organic chemistry and, indeed, as a founder of physical organic chemistry, it is also important to examine other aspects of Ingold's career, in particular his role in shaping the institutional context in which he developed his work. From 1930 until his death, Ingold was attached to a major international centre, the Chemistry Department of University College London. From 1937 to 1961, as its Head and Director of Laboratories, continuing the policies of his predecessor on chemical education and the organization of research, he developed a very distinctive chemistry department.
The emergence of research laboratories in the dyestuffs industry, 1870–1900
Authors: Travis Anthony S. , Hornix Willem J. , Bud Robert , Homburg Ernst
Published: January 2009

The focus of this paper is the emergence of the research laboratory as an organizational entity within the company structure of industrial firms. The thesis defended is that, after some groundwork by British and French firms, the managements of several of the larger German dye companies set up their own research organizations between the years 1877 and 1883. The analysis of the emergence of the industrial research laboratory in the dyestuffs industry presented here makes clear that both the older study on the subject by John J. Beer and a later paper by Georg Mseyer-Thurow contain some serious defects. Beer, like so many other authors of the 1950s who studied the ‘marriage’ between science and industry during the ‘Second Industrial Revolution’, incorrectly correlates the engagement of university-educated chemists with the rise of industrial research. The appointment of academic chemists by BASF and Hoechst at the end of the 1860s, for instance, was described as ‘the…acquisition of a research staff’. This reveals a misunderstanding of the roles of chemists within the nineteenth-century chemical industry. University-trained personnel were, in fact, working in industry as early as the start of the nineteenth century. However, they were employed as managers, works chemists and analysts, and only exceptionally in research.
The technology—science interaction: Walter Reppe and cyclooctatetraene chemistry
Authors: Travis Anthony S. , Hornix Willem J. , Bud Robert , Morris Peter J. T.
Published: January 2009

This is another paper about science and her powerful companion (technology), to use A. W. Hofmann's colourful phrase. Whereas most papers on the interaction of science and technology deal with the transfer of knowledge from academic science to industrial technology, this paper is about the contribution of an industrial researcher to academic chemistry. The boost Reppe's research gave to the study of aromaticity parallels the impact of the early synthetic dye chemistry on structural organic chemistry. This case study suggests that we cannot draw a clear distinction between ‘pure’ and ‘applied’ chemistry, in the laboratory at least.
Um die Erneuerung der Internationale: Rosa Luxemburg contra Pieter Jelles Troelstra
Authors: Rojahn Jürgen
Published: January 2009

Die Gemütsverfassung derer, die am Abend des 4. August 1914 – nach jener denkwürdigen Sitzung des Deutschen Reichstags, in der die sozialdemokratische Fraktion geschlossen für die Kriegskredite stimmte – in der Wohnung Rosa Luxemburgs zusammenkamen, könne man sich denken. Aber während etwa Karl Liebknechts folgende Kämpfe gegen die Parteiinstanzen in einem „nach dem Krieg erschienenen Briefwechsel” dokumentarisch festgelegt seien, unterrichte uns über Rosa Luxemburgs Leben in der ersten bitteren Zeit nach jenem 4. August „kein Brief, kein einziges Dokument” schrieb etwa zwei Jahrzehnte später Henriette Roland Holst in ihrer Biographie der toten Freundin. Daß solch ein Brief von Rosa Luxemburg sich ausgerechnet in dem Nachlaß ihres Landsmanns Troelstra finden könnte, jenes langjährigen Führers der holländischen Sozialdemokratie, den sie, selbst auf dem radikalen Flügel der holländischen Arbeiterbewegung stehend, fortgesetzt befehdet hatte, dürfte ihr kaum in den Sinn gekommen sein.
The Third Republic as Manager: Labor Policy in the Naval Shipyards, 1892–1920
Authors: Reid Donald
Published: January 2009

Recently there has been great interest in the re-organization of work and its effects on labor relations during the last decades of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century, particularly in the metal-working and machine industries. Studies of this issue have generally been framed in terms of technological advances in the steel industry in the second half of the nineteenth century, the exigencies of the market during and after the Great Depression of the late nineteenth century, and the efforts of skilled labor to defend its position on the shopfloor. In France and elsewhere the importance of national and international arms sales before 1914 made the armaments industry one of the main arenas of these developments. Until mid-century the defense industry and the business of defense had been under state control in France. Largely for economic reasons, however, the Third Republic turned over increasing amounts of defense contracting, especially in shipbuilding, to private industry. The Etablissements Schneider at Le Creusot, the Compagnie des Aciéries de la Marine at Saint-Chamond and other large private firms established themselves as profitable arms manufacturers. National and foreign government contracts for weaponry encouraged these companies to make large capital investments, to rationalize work to permit greater managerial control, and to develop authoritarian paternalist systems of labor management.
The Growth of The Anti-Jewish Stereotype
Authors: Van Arkel Dik , Schreuder M. W. H.
Published: January 2009

There are three good reasons at the present time to try to arrive at an historical model to explain the development of anti-Jewish stereotyping and prejudice, and in this way, provided it is worked out at a sufficiently high level of abstraction, at an historical model of racism.

Thefirstreason is that both the Netherlands and its neighbours are increasingly faced with racism and that for a good line of action it is necessary to collect all kinds of knowledge. Moreover, it is desirable that historians prove willing to co-operate by making their particular contribution to this collection of knowledge. Thesecondreason is that in contemporary thinking about history a tendency seems to have made itself felt that considers the narrative element of history as the only true activity of the historian, so that a hypothetical-deductive, one might say Popperian, approach to the past seems to be wrong. Although I do not want to enter into a methodological discussion, which I am glad to leave to my friend P. H. H. Vries, who has very capably formulated a point of view that I subscribe to, my intention is to show the usefulness of an abstract, partially mathematical, model in this article. By the way, in the framework of an article it is impossible to present an extensive test of the predictions of the model by means of source material. It can only be hinted at. This article is not non-narrative because I want it to be non-narrative, but because of lack of space. A full exposition would need a book. I shall only present in summary what I hope is the logical argument that lies at the basis of the model.
Socialist Anti-Semitism, Defense of a Bourgeois Jew and Discovery of the Jewish Proletariat
Authors: Green Nancy L.
Published: January 2009

The anti-Semitism of the mid-nineteenth-century French socialists has often been cited. Charles Fourier saw the Jews as the incarnation of commerce: parasitical, deceitful, traitorous and unproductive. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon attacked the Jews even more violently, declaring the Jew the incarnation of finance capitalism and “by temperament an anti-producer”. The Fourierist Alphonse Toussenel argued in Les Juifs rois de l'époque that finance, that is to say, Jews, were dominating and ruining France, while Auguste Blanqui sprinkled his correspondence with remarks about Jewish usury and “Shylocks”, and in a general anticlerical critique blamed the Jews for having given birth to Catholicism, an even greater evil than Judaism. In the late 1860's Gustave Tridon, who was a close follower of Blanqui, wrote a book entitled Du Molochisme juif, in which he also attacked the Jews on anti-religious as well as racial grounds, in addition to using the usual economic terms of disparagement.
Marxism and Anti-Semitism: Kautsky's Perspective
Authors: Jacobs Jack
Published: January 2009

Karl Kautsky's views on the Jewish question are of great import precisely because they are Kautsky's. In the years following Engels' death, Kautsky was the leading orthodox Marxist theoretician, executor of Marx's literary estate, editor ofDie Neue Zeit, and a prolific author of popular Marxist tracts. It was Kautsky who drafted the theoretical part of the Erfurt Program of 1891, and Kautsky who wrote the classic rebuttal to Bernstein. It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that an entire generation of socialists around the world were taught Marx through Kautsky. There is a sense in which Kautsky's views on the Jewish question were even more influential than were his views on other matters. For Kautsky was perceived as an authority on the Jewish question even by many Marxists who were, or eventually became, sharply critical of his views on other questions.
Use of FTIR and mass spectrometry for characterization of glycated caseins
Authors: Oliver Christine M , Kher Ashwini , McNaughton Don , Augustin Mary Ann
Published: January 2009

This study investigates the potential of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to monitor glycation-induced changes in protein structure. Aqueous solutions of sodium caseinate and glucose (1:2 w/w, pH 6·7) were heated at 90°C for 0, 10, 20, 40 and 60 min. Evidence for caseinate glycation was obtained by mass spectrometry techniques (electrospray (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI)). FTIR was able to discriminate between glycated and non-glycated sodium caseinate, when the data were analysed by multivariate statistical methods; principal component analysis (PCA) and soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA). The techniques used were complementary and provided different levels of information about the glycated samples.
Language loss, language gain: Cultural camouflage and social change among the Sekani of Northern British Columbia
Authors: Lanoue Guy
Published: January 2009

The creation of a large artificial lake in 1968 that flooded a large part of the Sekani homeland has led to change in the political outlook of the reorganized Sekani villages. In particular, there has been a reemergence of a universalist social–political philosophy, pan-Indianism, that had as its precursor the cultural–political category of phratry. The association between disruption and the emergence of this system of categorization is historically grounded. The particular problem addressed is why the Sekani speak English when there is little direct contact with Euro-Canadians and no particular advantages, in terms of adaptation to the new economic regime, in doing so. Changes in Sekani English in the political sphere and in relationship terms are examined within the context of maintaining a commitment to pan-Indianism/universalism. (Language loss, bilingualism, political culture, ways of speaking, British Columbia, Athapaskan languages)
On the syntax of sentences-in-progress
Authors: Lerner Gene H
Published: January 2009

This article describes how it could be possible for two participants engaged in conversation to jointly produce a single syntactic unit such as a sentence. From an inspection of sentence types that are achieved through such joint production, it was determined that participants have available a single utterance construction format. This format, the compound turn-constructional unit format, may be a component of a socially construed syntax-for-conversation. It can be constituted by a wide range of interactionally relevant features of talk in interaction that reveal an emerging utterance as a multiple component turn-constructional unit. The compound turn-constructional unit format is primarily a resource for turn-taking. It can be used to project the next proper place for speaker change. However, it concomitantly provides the resources needed to complete the utterance-in-progress of another participant, thus allowing for the construction of a single sentence across the talk of two speakers. (Conversation, interaction, recognizable activity)
Romāni child-directed speech and children's language among Gypsies in Hungary
Authors: Réger Zita , Gleason Jean Berko
Published: January 2009

Adult–child interaction and linguistic input in relation to oral culture were investigated in 13 traditional settlements of Romāni-speaking Gypsies in Hungary. Many of the typical modifications found in the childdirected speech (CDS) register of other languages are also found in the speech addressed to children acquiring Romāni. In addition, CDS in these communities is deeply influenced by living traditions and properties of the Gypsies' oral culture. Phenomena of input language closely related to these features are, for example, a specific way of modeling dialogue to infants, the extended use of test questions, and the use of folk genres specially modified for babies and children. Early introduction of children into these ways of speaking reflects their importance for Gypsy culture and Gypsy identity. Children's games reflecting the highly creative uses of the same features of traditional oral culture are also presented. (Gypsies, Romani, child-directed speech, language acquisition, socialization, pragmatics)
On a problem of Schinzel and Wójcik involving equalities between multiplicative orders
Authors: PAPPALARDI FRANCESCO , SUSA ANDREA
Published: January 2009

Given a1, . . ., ar ∈ ℚ \ {0, ±1}, the Schinzel–Wójcik problem is to determine whether there exist infinitely many primes p for which the order modulo p of each a1, . . ., ar coincides. We prove on the GRH that the primes with this property have a density and in the special case when each ai is a power of a fixed rational number, we show unconditionally that such a density is non zero. Finally, in the case when all the ai's are prime, we express the density it terms of an infinite product.
Electrochemical studies of iron meteorites: phosphorus redox chemistry on the early Earth
Authors: Bryant David E. , Greenfield David , Walshaw Richard D. , Evans Suzanne M. , Nimmo Alexander E. , Smith Caroline L. , Wang Liming , Pasek Matthew A. , Kee Terence P.
Published: January 2009

The mineral schreibersite, (Fe,Ni)3P, a ubiquitous component of iron meteorites, is known to undergo anoxic hydrolytic modification to afford a range of phosphorus oxyacids. H-phosphonic acid (H3PO3) is the principal hydrolytic product under hydrothermal conditions, as confirmed here by31P-NMR spectroscopic studies on shavings of the Seymchan pallasite (Magadan, Russia, 1967), but in the presence of photochemical irradiation a more reduced derivative, H-phosphinic (H3PO2) acid, dominates. The significance of such lower oxidation state oxyacids of phosphorus to prebiotic chemistry upon the early Earth lies with the facts that such forms of phosphorus are considerably more soluble and chemically reactive than orthophosphate, the commonly found form of phosphorus on Earth, thus allowing nature a mechanism to circumvent the so-calledPhosphate Problem.

This paper describes the Galvanic corrosion of Fe3P, a hydrolytic modification pathway for schreibersite, leading again to H-phosphinic acid as the key P-containing product. We envisage this pathway to be highly significant within a meteoritic context as iron meteorites are polymetallic composites in which dissimilar metals, with different electrochemical potentials, are connected by an electrically conducting matrix. In the presence of a suitable electrolyte medium, i.e., salt water, galvanic corrosion can take place. In addition to model electrochemical studies, we also report the first application of the Kelvin technique to map surface potentials of a meteorite sample that allows the electrochemical differentiation of schreibersite inclusions within an Fe:Ni matrix. Such experiments, coupled with thermodynamic calculations, may allow us to better understand the chemical redox behaviour of meteoritic components with early Earth environments.
Does Global Warming Influence Tornado Activity?
Authors: Diffenbaugh Noah S. , Trapp Robert J. , Brooks Harold
Published: January 2009

Tornadoes and other severe thunderstorm phenomena frequently cause as much annual property damage in the United States as do hurricanes, and often cause more fatalities (see http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hazstats.shtml). In 2008, there were 2176 preliminary tornado reports logged through mid‐December, with 1600 “actual counts” (duplicate reports removed) through September, the highest total in the past half century (Figure 1). The mass media have covered these events extensively, and experts have been deluged with requests for explanations, including possible links to anthropogenic global warming. Although recent research has yielded insight into the connections between global warming and tornado and severe thunderstorm forcing, these relationships remain mostly unexplored, largely because of the challenges in observing and numerically simulating tornadoes.
The Accuracy of Parent and Teacher Reports in Assessing the Vocabulary Knowledge of Chinese Children With Hearing Impairment
Authors: Lee Kathy , Chiu Sung Nok , van Hasselt C. A. , Tong Michael
Published: January 2009

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate (a) the accuracy of adult reports in assessing the vocabulary knowledge of Cantonese-speaking children with hearing impairment (HI) and (b) the factors that are associated with the accuracy of those reports.

Method

The first participant group consisted of 47 children and their mothers. The second group consisted of 47 children and 21 teachers. All of the children had profound HI, with a mean age of 57 months. The ratings of the adults were compared with the children’s test scores in a standardized test.

Results

Both adult groups reported children’s performance with satisfactory accuracy. Mother and teacher ratings showed fair to good agreement with each other. Two factors significantly associated with the accuracy of the report were (a) the difficulty of the vocabulary and (b) the child’s vocabulary ability as determined by the standardized norm-referenced receptive vocabulary test. The mothers' education level, occupation, and socioeconomic status, and the teachers' teaching experience and length of time they had trained the child, were not significant factors.

Conclusion

The results suggest that employing adult reports to collect data on the word knowledge of children with HI is applicable to a broad spectrum of the Cantonese-speaking Chinese population.
Between-Word Simplification Patterns in the Continuous Speech of Children With Speech Sound Disorders
Authors: Klein Harriet B. , Liu-Shea May
Published: January 2009

Purpose

This study was designed to identify and describe between-word simplification patterns in the continuous speech of children with speech sound disorders. It was hypothesized that word combinations would reveal phonological changes that were unobserved with single words, possibly accounting for discrepancies between the intelligibility of single-word samples and that of continuous speech.

Method

Four boys with developmental speech sound disorders provided samples of single words and continuous speech. Substitutions and deletions with single words formed the basis for determining 2 categories of between-word segment mismatches:
observed
and
novel
. Mismatches were attributed to one of 4 types of between-word simplifications reported for typical phonological development: between-word consonant deletion, between-word cluster reduction, between-word consonant sequence reduction, and between-word assimilation.

Results

Continuous speech revealed observed and novel patterns. Segment mismatches occurred differentially among potential between-word simplification environments. The most frequently occurring novel pattern involved the deletion of a coda consonant within a between-word consonant sequence.

Conclusions

Children with speech sound disorders demonstrated substitutions and deletions between words in continuous speech that may not be predicted on the basis of single-word productions. The identification of potential contexts for such mismatches may serve as a framework for the assessment of continuous speech samples of children with speech sound disorders in health care and school settings.
X-ray data suggest existence of 3-K blackbody radiation
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: January 2009

More evidence that the cosmic three-degree blackbody radiation does not have a hump in its spectrum at about 1 mm has been reported by E. T. Byram, T. A. Chubb and Herbert Friedman of the Naval Research Laboratory [Science 169, 366 (1970)]. Measurements by James Houck, Kandiah Shivanandan and Martin Harwit (and subsequently by Dirk Muehlner and Rainer Weiss) had indicated a flux 50 times higher than expected from a 3-K blackbody spectrum (PHYSICS TODAY, July 1970, page 56).
Low-temperature physics runs both hot and cold
Authors: Davis Harold L.
Published: January 2009

The domain of the low-temperature physicist now extends down as low as microdegrees Kelvin and, on the high side, up to the rather startling temperature of 108 K. Valid claims to these two extreme regions of temperature were staked out by two papers presented at the recent 12th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics at Kyoto. In the first, P. M. Berglund, G. J. Ehnholm, R. G. Gylling, O. V. Lounasmaa and R. P. So/vik (Helsinki University of Technology) reported the successful operation of a large cryostat that has reached temperatures as low as 500 microdeg K. The system, which combines dilution refrigeration with the relatively new technique of nuclear adiabatic demagnetization, promises to open the way for physicists to study the properties of matter at temperatures an order of magnitude lower than has previously been possible.
How physicists can contribute
Authors: Goldberger Marvin L.
Published: January 2009

It is part of the folklore of physics that physicists can not only do anything, but that they can do it better than anyone else. This modest appraisal is a direct outgrowth of their stunning performance during World War II, in which the development of radar and the invention of nuclear weapons were unmistakably physicists' accomplishments. In the past 25 years physicists in general (and many of those who were involved in the radar and bomb projects) have played anomalously important roles as advisors to the government and industry on problems quite outside their technical specialities. One should not then be too surprised that a number of physicists have become seriously involved with environmental problems.
Analyzing atmospheric behavior
Authors: Panofsky Hans
Published: January 2009

Thirty five years or so ago, meteorologists practiced a descriptive science; they looked at weather maps and moved “highs” and “lows” around without understanding much of what they were doing. But now, meteorology having become a physical science, a discussion of the applications of physics to atmospheric problems includes most of meteorology. I shall not attempt here to present a complete catalog of the applications of physics to atmospheric studies. I shall limit myself to indicating the uses of hydrodynamics and thermodynamics, both needed in such basic problems as weather forecasting and explaining the general circulation. Some kinds of problems have been satisfactorily solved, and others need much additional work.
Soviet Work Suggests Mixmaster Singularity at Origin
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: January 2009

If Einstein's general relativity is right, one can say that the universe started from a singularity, possibly infinite density. So say Isaac M. Khalatnikov and Evgeny M. Lifshitz (Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 76, 1970), who recently showed that one can construct a general solution of the Einstein equations with a “Mixmaster” singularity; the result suggests that the beginning and end of the universe or the final state of a collapsing star has a singularity near which the object of interest contracts (or expands) while at the same time it is alternately squeezed into the shape of a pancake, then a cigar, then a pancake and so on.
Distribution and frequency of herbicide-resistant wild oat (Avena spp.) across the Western Australian grain belt
Authors: Owen Mechelle J. , Powles Stephen B.
Published: January 2009

In 2005, a random survey was conducted across 14 million hectares of the Western Australian grain belt to establish the frequency and distribution of herbicide-resistant wild oat (Avena spp.) in cropping fields. In total, 677 cropping fields were visited, with wild oat populations collected from 150 fields. These wild oat populations were screened with several herbicides commonly used to control this weed. Most of the wild oat populations (71%) were found to contain individuals resistant to the ACCase-inhibiting herbicide diclofop-methyl. Resistance to other ACCase-inhibiting herbicides was markedly lower. Herbicides of alternative modes of action were effective on all wild oat populations. Overall, wild oat resistance to diclofop-methyl was found to be widespread across the Western Australian grain belt, but resistance to other herbicides was relatively low. Therefore, through diversity in herbicide use and with cultural management, it is possible to maintain wild oat populations at a low level and/or minimise herbicide resistance evolution.
Genetic correlations between early growth and wool production of crossbred ewes and their subsequent reproduction
Authors: Afolayan R. A. , Fogarty N. M. , Gilmour A. R. , Ingham V. M. , Gaunt G. M. , Cummins L. J.
Published: January 2009

Genetic correlations between reproductive and productivity traits of ewes and their early growth, wool production and worm resistance traits were estimated among 2460 crossbred ewes. The ewes were progeny of 74 maternal breed sires and mainly Merino dams. The ewes were born over 3 years and had three joinings with a total of 6824 ewe joining records. The reproductive and ewe productivity traits included: (i) fertility (ewes lambing per ewe joined); (ii) litter size (number of lambs born per ewe lambing); (iii) rearing ability or lamb survival (lambs weaned of lambs born for lambing ewes); (iv) number of lambs born (NLBj) per ewe joined; (v) number of lambs weaned (NLWj) per ewe joined; (vi) total litter weight weaned (TWWj) per ewe joined; and (vii) the component trait average lamb weaning weight in the litter (AWW). The growth traits included the weight of the ewe at birth (BWT), weaning (WWT) and postweaning (PWWT), as well as growth rate pre- and postweaning. The wool traits included greasy (GFW) and clean fleece weight (CFW), yield and average fibre diameter (FD) at their first adult shearing. Worm egg count (WEC) during their first year was also recorded. Bivariate mixed models analyses using ASReml procedures were used to estimate the genetic correlations. The genetic correlations between TWWj and growth traits were positive and moderate to high and ranged from 0.34 for BWT to 0.61 for PWWT. Those for the other composite reproductive traits were slightly lower and ranged from 0.27 to 0.54 for NLWj and from 0.07 to 0.46 for NLBj. The genetic correlations between the overall measures of reproduction (NLBj, NLWj and TWWj) and GFW, CFW and FD were negative and generally low to moderate (–0.21 to –0.52). The correlations were generally larger for NLBj than for NLWj and TWWj. The genetic correlations between the reproductive traits and WEC were close to zero, except between AWW and WEC (0.42). The phenotypic correlations between the reproductive traits and the growth, wool and WEC traits were all close to zero. The genetic correlations were generally favourable between ewe reproduction and growth, with early selection for traits such as WWT and PWWT likely to give some improvement in subsequent reproduction and ewe productivity. In contrast, there appears to be a slight antagonism between reproduction and wool production. This study provides estimates of genetic correlations from crossbred ewes that add to the limited knowledge of these parameters that will improve the accuracy of genetic evaluation and prediction of the outcomes from breeding programs for meat and wool objectives that include reproduction.
Generation of High-Titer Lentivirus for the Production of Transgenic Quail
Authors: Poynter Greg , Huss David , Lansford Rusty
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTION

This protocol describes how to generate high-titer lentivirus for the production of transgenic Japanese quail. The virus is pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus with the envelope G glycoprotein (VSV-g), which gives a broad infectious range and allows concentration of viral supernatants by ultracentrifugation. Using this method, we typically produce titers >1 × 108 transforming units (TU)/mL and recommend using a virus with a titer at least this high for in vivo work.
Injection of Lentivirus into Stage-X Blastoderm for the Production of Transgenic Quail
Authors: Poynter Greg , Huss David , Lansford Rusty
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTION

This protocol describes how to generate transgenic quail by injecting a lentiviral vector into freshly laid Japanese quail eggs at stage X. The lentivirus infects primordial germ cells originating in the area pellucida.
Assay for Human Rad51-Mediated DNA Displacement Loop Formation
Authors: Raynard Steven , Sung Patrick
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTION

Homologous recombination is an important mechanism for the repair of damaged chromosomes, for preventing the demise of damaged replication forks, and for several other aspects of chromosome metabolism and maintenance. The homologous recombination reaction is mediated by the Rad51 recombinase. In the presence of ATP, Rad51 polymerizes on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to form a nucleoprotein filament that is commonly referred to as the “presynaptic filament.” The presynaptic filament is capable of locating a homologous duplex DNA molecule and catalyzing invasion of the duplex to form a DNA displacement loop called the “D-loop.” This protocol describes an in vitro D-loop assay that uses a radiolabeled ssDNA oligonucleotide and a nonlabeled homologous supercoiled duplex DNA as substrates, and agarose gel electrophoresis together with PhosphorImaging for product analysis. To enhance the efficiency of the D-loop reaction, an ancillary factor (the Hop2-Mnd1 complex or Rad54) is included in the reaction. This reconstituted system provides researchers a biochemical means to dissect the mechanisms of the homologous recombination machinery.
Immunostaining of Whole-Mount and Sectioned Lamprey Embryos
Authors: Nikitina Natalya , Bronner-Fraser Marianne , Sauka-Spengler Tatjana
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTION

Lampreys are one of the most basal animals in which many of the true vertebrate characteristics (e.g., neural crest, placodes, segmented brain, skull, paired sensory organs, pharyngeal skeleton) are present. Studying the molecular and developmental mechanisms responsible for the formation of these structures in lamprey and higher vertebrates can provide insight into how these vertebrate characteristics evolved. The relative ease of obtaining mature adults and embryos makes this animal an ideal model for investigations into early vertebrate evolution. In addition, studies of features that are unique to lampreys can provide insights into mechanisms of parallel evolution. This protocol describes how to immunostain whole-mount or sectioned lamprey embryos using an antibody raised against the protein of interest and detected with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody.
Fixation and Dissection of Parhyale hawaiensis Embryos
Authors: Rehm E. Jay , Hannibal Roberta L. , Chaw R. Crystal , Vargas-Vila Mario A. , Patel Nipam H.
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTION

The great diversity of arthropod body plans, together with our detailed understanding of fruit fly development, makes arthropods a premier taxon for examining the evolutionary diversification of developmental patterns and hence the diversity of extant life. Crustaceans, in particular, show a remarkable range of morphologies and provide a useful outgroup to the insects. The amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis is becoming established as a model organism for developmental studies within the arthropods. This protocol describes the dissection and fixation of P. hawaiensis embryos. Embryonic tissue fixed in the following manner is suitable for in situ hybridization experiments to study mRNA expression or for immunocytochemistry to study protein localization.
Phylogeny, biogeography and classification of the snake superfamily Elapoidea: a rapid radiation in the late Eocene
Authors: Kelly Christopher M. R. , Barker Nigel P. , Villet Martin H. , Broadley Donald G.
Published: January 2009

The snake superfamily Elapoidea presents one of the most intransigent problems in systematics of the Caenophidia. Its monophyly is undisputed and several cohesive constituent lineages have been identified (including the diverse and clinically important family Elapidae), but its basal phylogenetic structure is obscure. We investigate phylogenetic relationships and spatial and temporal history of the Elapoidea using 94 caenophidian species and approximately 2300–4300 bases of DNA sequence from one nuclear and four mitochondrial genes. Phylogenetic reconstruction was conducted in a parametric framework using complex models of sequence evolution. We employed Bayesian relaxed clocks and Penalized Likelihood with rate smoothing to date the phylogeny, in conjunction with seven fossil calibration constraints. Elapoid biogeography was investigated using maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods. Resolution was poor for early relationships in the Elapoidea and in Elapidae and our results imply rapid basal diversification in both clades, in the late Eocene of Africa (Elapoidea) and the mid‐Oligocene of the Oriental region (Elapidae). We identify the major elapoid and elapid lineages, present a phylogenetic classification system for the superfamily (excluding Elapidae), and combine our phylogenetic, temporal and biogeographic results to provide an account of elapoid evolution in light of current palaeontological data and palaeogeographic models.

© The Willi Hennig Society 2009.
Sulphur cycling in organic‐rich marine sediments from a Scottish fjord
Authors: BOTTRELL SIMON H. , MORTIMER ROBERT J.G. , DAVIES IAN M. , MARTYN HARVEY S. , KROM MICHAEL D.
Published: January 2009

In this study, the biogeochemical transformations of sulphur in organic‐rich marine sediments in a Scottish fjord are investigated by a combination of pore water and sediment geochemistry with sulphide diffusive gradient thin‐film probes and sulphate isotopic data (δ34S and δ18O). Particular attention is paid to sulphur cycling in the upper sediment profile where sulphate reduction occurs but free sulphide is below the detection limits of conventional pore water geochemical analysis but quantifiable by sulphide diffusive gradient thin film. In the uppermost part of the sediment core, δ18O sulphate decreased from near‐sea water values to +7‰, indicating that anoxic sulphide oxidation dominated during this interval. Sulphate δ34S remained unchanged as there was no net sulphate reduction (i.e. reduction was balanced by re‐oxidation). Below 4 cm depth, there was a slight increase in sulphate δ34S from 20‰ to 23‰ associated with minor accumulation of iron sulphide. The δ18O of the sulphate also increased, to around +10‰ at 10 cm depth, as a result of the isotopic exchange of sulphate–oxygen with pore water and/or sulphur disproportionation reactions mediated during sulphur cycling. These processes continued to increase the δ18O of the sulphate to 14‰ at 20 cm depth with no further change in the δ34S of the sulphate. Below 20 cm depth, free sulphide is detectable in pore waters and both the δ34S of the sulphate and sulphide increase with depth with an offset controlled by kinetic fractionation during bacterial sulphate reduction. The δ34S of the sedimentary organic fraction shifted towards lower, more bacteriogenic, values with depth in the profile, without any increase in the size of this sulphur pool. Thus, the organic sulphur fraction was open to interaction with bacteriogenic sulphide without the occurrence of net addition. Therefore, caution should be exercised when using sulphur isotopic compositions to infer simple net addition of bacteriogenic sulphide to the organic sulphur fraction.