bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interacción entre el parlamento y el gobierno en Ucrania: problemas de carácter teórico y práctico y los modos de superarlos
Authors: Sovgyria Olga
Published: February 2018

Proclamada la independencia del país en el año 1991, Ucrania intenta construir un sistema del poder público basado en los principios de la democracia y la regla de derecho, ateniéndose a los altos estándares de la democracia en los países de Europa Occidental. Durante este proceso resultan extremadamente importantes la reglamentación jurídica de las relaciones entre el parlamento y el gobierno y la formación de los altos estándares de la cultura política en las relaciones entre estos sujetos. Es importante aplicar varios métodos en los estudios de estos problemas: histórico, comparativo, método de síntesis y de análisis, etc. Precisamente este complejo de métodos favorece a la creación del concepto íntegro de la perspectiva de relaciones entre los organismos legislativos y ejecutivos. Además, estudiando estos problemas, no se puede olvidarse del ajuste, ocasionado por los factores políticos en las relaciones efectivas entre el parlamento y el gobierno. Se trata de la distribución de las fuerzas políticas, correlación entre la mayoría parlamentaria y la oposición que pueden considerablemente repercutir en la implementación de cierta norma legal que regula las relaciones entre los organismos del poder legislativo y ejecutivo.After proclaiming independence in 1991, Ukraine tries to build a system of organization of state power on the principles of democracy and the headship of law, particularly focusing on the high standards of democracy of Western European states. In the process of this construction, the legal regulation of relations between the parliament and the government and the formation of high standards of the political culture of relations between the abovementioned subjects are extremely important. It is important to research this problem using different methods: historical, comparative, method of synthesis and analysis, etc. It is the complex methodology that allows us to formulate a coherent understanding of the problems of relations between legislative and executive authorities. Furthermore, a factor that cannot be neglected when conducting research on such issues is the correction factor influenced by political factors of real relations between parliament and government. This means the alignment of political forces, the ratio between the parliamentary majority and the opposition, which can significantly affect the implementation of a certain legal norm governing the relations between the legislative and executive body.
El carácter jurisdiccional de los tribunales de resolución de conflictos contractuales conforme a la jurisprudencia comunitaria
Authors: Marabel Jacinto J.
Published: February 2018

Durante muchos años, la Unión Europea exigió al Reino de España articular una serie de medidas tendentes a garantizar los procedimientos de recurso en materia de adjudicación de contratos públicos. La materia tiene una importancia crucial en las políticas europeas y su impacto económico llega a alcanzar la quinta parte del PIB del conjunto de los Estados miembros. Por esta razón, se hizo necesaria la creación de órganos independientes con competencia en la resolución de este tipo de conflictos que velaran por el principio de libre concurrencia. El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea considera que la naturaleza y funciones de tipo de órganos, que a partir del Tribunal Central de Recursos Contractuales se han extendido a gran parte de las Comunidades Autónomas, son asimilables a las de los órganos jurisdiccionales.For many years, the European Union demanded the Kingdom of Spain to articulate a series of measures to ensure the review procedures in the field of public procurement. The matter is of crucial importance in European policies and their economic impact can reach a fifth of the GDP of all the Member States. For this reason, the creation of independent bodies with competence in the resolution of such conflicts that shall ensure the principle of free competition was necessary. The Court of Justice of the European Union considered that the nature and functions of type of organs, which starting from the Public Procurement Review Central Administrative Court have been extended to much of the Autonomous Communities, are similar to the justice courts.
Jurisprudencia de Estrasburgo sobre el derecho a un proceso equitativo: sentencias contra España de interés para México
Authors: López Betancourt Eduardo , Fonseca Luján Roberto Carlos
Published: February 2018

El artículo se acerca a la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Estrasburgo sobre el artículo 6 del Convenio Europeo (derecho a un proceso equitativo) a partir de los derechos precisados en sentencias falladas contra España. Se comentan asuntos como el derecho a un juez imparcial, los alcances extraprocesales de la presunción de inocencia, el acceso a la segunda instancia y la inmediación, el plazo razonable de duración del proceso y el acceso a la información sobre el proceso.This paper approaches the Strasbourg Court jurisprudence concerning Article 6 of European Convention (right to a fair trial) starting from the rights specified in judgments decided against Spain. Topics discussed are the right to an impartial judge, the extra procedural effect of presumption of innocence, the access to the second instance and immediacy, the reasonable duration of trial and the access to information about prosecution.
RESEÑA de: Cachón Cadenas, Manuel. "Francisco Beceña: un procesalista de primera hora". Editorial Atelier llibres juridics. Barcelona 2017. 1.ª edición. 202 páginas. ISBN. 978-84-16652-60-0.
Authors: Alonso Furelos Juan Manuel
Published: February 2018

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La reforma de los reglamentos de arbitraje y su impacto sobre el convenio arbitral
Authors: Gómez-Iglesias Rosón Luis
Published: February 2018

Los reglamentos de arbitraje son objeto de frecuentes reformas. En ocasiones ocurre que esas modificaciones se producen entre el momento de la perfección del convenio arbitral y el inicio del procedimiento arbitral. En tales casos se plantea la duda sobre la aplicabilidad o no en ese procedimiento de las nuevas disposiciones reglamentarias, que no existían cuando se perfeccionó el convenio arbitral y que, por tanto, las partes no podían conocer cuando se remitieron al reglamento arbitral en cuestión. El presente trabajo pretende plantear este debate y obtener conclusiones prácticas para cada uno de los operadores jurídicos implicados en el campo del arbitraje.Arbitration rules are frequently amended. It is sometimes the case that such modifications take place during the time between the signing of the arbitration agreement and the beginning of the arbitration procedure. In such cases, the question arises as to the applicability of the new set of rules, which did not exist when the arbitration agreement was signed and which, therefore, the parties were not aware of when they decided to adhere to that particular set of arbitration rules. This paper addresses this debate and draws conclusions for each of the actors in the arbitration arena
La filiación natural y la libre investigación de la paternidad: el avance científico como factor exigente de cambios jurídicos
Authors: Fernández Echegaray Laura
Published: February 2018

La legislación española contempla únicamente como formas de filiación la natural y la adoptiva. En la etapa preconstitucional la investigación de la paternidad no estaba permitida. La paz familiar y la protección del matrimonio impedían que se pudiera demandar una filiación biológica no reconocida. Con ocasión de la CE, y de reformas legislativas posteriores, se implantó en España un sistema de acciones que permiten la constatación oficial de una filiación natural, a través de un pronunciamiento judicial. En la actualidad, ese sistema de acciones aún impone una serie de controles y limitaciones al acceso a la investigación de la paternidad. Entendemos que ha llegado el momento de ampliar esas garantías del derecho a la libre investigación de la filiación biológica. Para ello, será necesario realizar una serie de reformas legislativas que pasen por realzar y dar un valor absoluto a la llamada prueba biológica de ADN. Esta prueba equipara la verdad biológica con la jurídica Así lo proponemos en el presente trabajo. De igual forma, se requieren modificaciones en la legitimación de esas acciones, así como elevar a rango de Ley criterios jurisprudenciales plenamente consolidados por nuestros Tribunales.The Spanish legislation contemplates only as natural and adoptive forms of filiation. In the preconstitutional stage the investigation of paternity was not allowed. Family peace and the protection of marriage made it impossible to claim unrecognized biological filiation. On the occasion of the EC, and subsequent legislative reforms, a system of actions was implemented in Spain that allow the official confirmation of a natural filiation, through a judicial pronouncement. At present, this system of actions still imposes a series of controls and limitations on access to paternity research. We understand that the time has come to extend these guarantees of the right to free investigation of biological filiation. To do this, it will be necessary to carry out a series of legislative reforms that go on to enhance and give an absolute value to the so-called biological DNA test. This test equates the biological truth with the legal Thus we propose it with the present work. Likewise, changes in the legitimacy of these actions are required, as well as raising to the rank of Law, jurisprudential criteria fully consolidated by our Tribunals.
La necesaria reforma de la mal llamada «jura de cuentas»
Authors: Bonet Navarro José
Published: February 2018

Con ocasión de las cuestiones prejudiciales formuladas ante el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea sobre el control de cláusulas abusivas en el llamado «expediente de jura de cuentas», la Abogada General concluye que la regulación del procedimiento es inadecuada conforme al derecho de la Unión. Indirectamente, pone también en evidencia graves defectos en la regulación, principalmente porque se invaden funciones que corresponden exclusivamente a la jurisdicción. En la reforma procesal que seguirá en el caso de que la Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, y también en la reforma que debería seguirse en caso contrario, deberá garantizarse el control de oficio y suficiente de las cláusulas abusivas por el titular de la potestad jurisdiccional.On the occasion of the preliminary rulings exercised before the Court of Justice of the European Union on examination ex officio of possible unfair terms in the expedient called «manifestation of accounts», the General Counsel concludes that the procedure is inappropriate according to the law of the Union. Indirectly, it reveals serious defects in regulation, mainly because it invades exclusive domains of the jurisdiction. In the procedural reform that will continue in the event that the Sentence of the Court of Justice of the European Union, and also in the reform that should be followed otherwise, the ex officio control of the abusive clauses by the judge must be guaranteed.
Variables económicas y tráfico aeroportuario
Authors: Salazar de la Cruz Francisco De Paula
Published: February 2018

Se han considerado los datos de la década 1999-2009 de los aeropuertos británicos de acuerdo con los informes económicos por ejercicio publicados por The UK airport statistics, Centre for Research in Regulation, U. of Bath. Para el conjunto de datos se han examinado las variables económicas coste, ingresos y beneficios por pasajeros. También se ha considerado la rentabilidad sobre la inversión. Todas estas variables se han presentado como función del número total de pasajeros. Se han establecido las pautas de variación de los costes e ingresos medios dependiendo del tráfico manejado por cada aeropuerto. Igualmente se ha procedido con respecto a los beneficios unitarios y rentabilidad sobre la inversión. El artículo finaliza con algunas consideraciones sobre la conveniencia de animar la expansión aeroportuaria en el segmento de aeropuertos de bajo tráfico.
NISTfit: A Natively Multithreaded C++11 Framework for Model Development
Authors: Bell Ian , Kunick Matthias
Published: February 2018

The current trend in computer architecture is for increasingly parallel computation while the clock frequency stagnates. The increase in computing speed is achieved by dividing a process into several threads which are executed in parallel on multiple processors, processors with multiple cores, cores that are able to handle multiple threads (hyper-threading), graphical processing units (GPU), or co-processors. In order to take advantage of these new architectures, algorithms that have historically been implemented for serial evaluation need to be refactored for parallelization. In this work, a native multithreading framework in C++11 for scientific and engineering model development is presented.
Everyday Media Play
Authors: Johansen Stine Liv
Published: February 2018

IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY, THERE SEEMS TO BE A CONCEPTION THAT CHILDREN’S PLAY HAS DRAMATICALLY CHANGED OR THAT IT HAS BEEN DEPLOYED BY THE MASSIVE INFLUENCE OF DIGITAL MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY. YET, WITHIN A FRAMEWORK OF MEDIATIZATION AND PRACTICE THEORY, AND BASED ON EXTENSIVE ETHNOGRAPHIES IN EVERYDAY CONTEXTS OF CHILDREN, DIFFERENT NARRATIVES, GENRES AND COMMUNICATIVE PATTERNS OCCUR. IN THIS ARTICLE, THE AUTHOR DRAWS A BROADER PICTURE OF THE CURRENT STATE OF PLAY IN THE LIVES OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE, POINTING TO RELEVANT DILEMMAS AND NUANCES IN THE FIELD.
Las Empresas morales de Juan de Borja instrumento de pedagogía jesuítica
Authors: Martínez Sobrino Alejandro , García Román Cirilo
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT: Juan de Borja (1533-1606), the son of Saint Francisco de Borja (1510-1572), who would later become the third Superior General of the Socity of Jesus, published a book of emblems with a pronounced moralistic content, with the title Empresas Morales (Prague, 1581), after a long and distinguished diplomatic career. It is a work that stands out, among other reasons, for the evidence that can be detected in it of the method of study implanted in the Ratio Studiorum by the Society. It was the system of study under which the author was educated. The purpose of our article is to show, through an analysis of the book's imprese, which at first glance exude a predominantly political nature, how the author imbricates and disseminates the precepts with which he was educated, by means of the combination of iconographical and textual elements.

KEYWORDS: Juan de Borja; Empresas Morales; Ratio Studiorum; Society of Jesus; Emblem; Impresa; Image; Text.

RESUMEN: Juan de Borja (1533-1606), hijo del que llegó a ser el tercer préposito general de la Compañía de Jesús, S. Francisco de Borja (1510-1572), publicó, tras una dilatada carrera diplomática, una obra de emblemas con fuerte contenido moral titulada Empresas Morales (Praga, 1581). Se trata de una obra que destaca, entre otras razones, por el poso que en ella se percibe del método de estudio implantado en la Ratio Studiorum por la Orden. Un sistema de estudio en el que fue educado su autor. El propósito de nuestra aportación es mostrar a través de sus empresas, que en principio exudan un carácter predominantemente político, cómo el autor imbrica y difunde, bajo la combinación de elementos iconográficos y textuales, preceptos con los que fue educado.

PALABRAS CLAVES: Juan de Borja; Empresas Morales; Ratio Studiorum; Compañía de Jesús; emblema; empresa; imagen; texto.
El juego de la oca
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: February 2018

En este número dedicado a Víctor Infantes, que recientemente nos dejó para siempre, el Juego de la Oca, quizás como ningún otro, configura algo más que un simple juego, o con palabras del propio Víctor: Tras la aparente sencillez de un esparcimiento guiado por el azar de los dados y los sobresaltos de la fortuna, se esconde una enmascarada representación del mundo que nos rodea.
Al igual que en el Juego de la Oca, existen unas reglas, las cuales han podido ir cambiando a lo largo del tiempo, del mismo modo, la SEE se encuentra en un momento de renovación de sus Estatutos para adaptarlos a los tiempos; renovación que intenta racionalizar el régimen de nuestra convivencia buscando siempre la vía más adecuada, ajustada con sencillez a la tradición específica de nuestro modo de gobernarnos.
Los jeroglíficos de Lorenzo Lotto para el coro de Santa Maria Maggiore de Bérgamo
Authors: Schiavon Andrea
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT: The drawings that Lorenzo Lotto made for the marquetry of the choir of Santa Maria Maggiore of Bergamo, executed between 1524 and 1532, highlight the special interest in hieroglyphs in Italian art. This article concentrates on the four examples of inlaid work that decorate the exterior facade of the choir, which were crafted based on the drawings of Lotto. The marquetry is analyzed by identifying its textual and visual sources, proposing as well an iconographical interpretation by considering the visual discourse that derives from the work as a whole.

KEYWORDS: Lotto; Hieroglyphics; Choir; Marquetry; Bible.

RESUMEN: Los dibujos de Lorenzo Lotto, ideados entre 1524 y 1532 para la creación de las taraceas del coro de Santa Maria Maggiore de Bérgamo, ponen de relieve el especial interés que tienen los jeroglíficos dentro del arte italiano. Este estudio se centra en las cuatro taraceas de la portada exterior del coro, realizadas a partir de los citados dibujos de Lotto. Son analizadas identificando sus fuentes textuales y visuales, proponiendo también una interpretación iconográfica que trata de aproximar el discurso visual que se desprende de todo el conjunto.

PALABRAS CLAVES: Lotto; jeroglíficos; coro; taraceas; Biblia.
Spatial and temporal patterns of human Puumala virus (PUUV) infections in Germany
Authors: Cunze Sarah , Kochmann Judith , Kuhn Thomas , Frank Raphael , Dörge Dorian D. , Klimpel Sven
Published: February 2018

Background

Worldwide, the number of recorded human hantavirus infections as well as the number of affected countries is on the rise. In Europe, most human hantavirus infections are caused by the Puumala virus (PUUV), with bank voles (Myodes glareolus) as reservoir hosts. Generally, infection outbreaks have been related to environmental conditions, particularly climatic conditions, food supply for the reservoir species and land use. However, although attempts have been made, the insufficient availability of environmental data is often hampering accurate temporal and spatially explicit models of human hantavirus infections.

Methods

In the present study, dynamics of human PUUV infections between 2001 and 2015 were explored using ArcGIS in order to identify spatio-temporal patterns.

Results

Percentage cover of forest area was identified as an important factor for the spatial pattern, whereas beech mast was found explaining temporal patterns of human PUUV infections in Germany. High numbers of infections were recorded in 2007, 2010 and 2012 and areas with highest records were located in Baden-Wuerttemberg (southwest Germany) and North Rhine-Westphalia (western Germany).

Conclusion

More reliable data on reservoir host distribution, pathogen verification as well as an increased awareness of physicians are some of the factors that should improve future human infection risk assessments in Germany.
Evolutionary dynamics of GII.17 norovirus
Authors: Sang Shaowei , Yang Xiaoyun
Published: February 2018

Background

During the winter of 2014–2015, a rarely reported norovirus (NoV) genotype GII.17 was found to have increased its frequency in norovirus outbreaks in East Asia, surpassing the GII.4 NoV infections. GII.17 genotype has been detected for over three decades in the world. The aim of this study is to examine the evolutionary dynamics of GII.17 over the last four decades.

Methods

NoV GII.17 sequences with complete or nearly complete VP1 were downloaded from GenBank and the phylogenetic analyses were then conducted.

Results

The maximum likelihood analysis showed that GII.17 genotype could be divided into four different clades (Clades A–D). The strains detected after 2012, which could be the cause of the outbreaks, were separated into Clades C–D with their mean amino acid distance being 4.5%. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analyses indicated that the rate of nucleotide substitution per sites was 1.68 × 10−3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year and the time of the most recent common ancestor was 1840. The P2 subdomain of GII.17 was highly variable with 44% (56/128) amino acids variations including two insertions at positions 295–296 and one deletion at position 385 (Clades C and D) and one insertion at position 375 (Clade D). Variations existed in Epitopes A, B and D corresponding to GII.4 and human histo-blood group antigens binding site I in P2 subdomain.

Conclusion

The novel GII.17 strains that caused outbreaks in 2013–2015 may have two new variants. The evolvement of HBGAs binding site and epitopes in P2 subdomain might contribute to the novel GII.17 strains predominance in some regions.
Interaction of replication protein A with two acidic peptides from human Bloom syndrome protein
Authors: Kang Donguk , Lee Sungjin , Ryu Kyoung‐Seok , Cheong Hae‐Kap , Kim Eun‐Hee , Park Chin‐Ju
Published: February 2018

Bloom syndrome protein (BLM) is one of five human RecQ helicases which maintain genomic stability. Interaction of BLM with replication protein A (RPA) stimulates the DNA unwinding ability of BLM. The interaction is expected to be crucial in the DNA damage response. Although this stimulation of BLM by RPA is of particular importance in cancer cells, the precise binding surfaces of both proteins are not well understood. In this study, we show by fluorescence polarisation anisotropy that both acidic surface peptides of BLM specifically bind to the RPA70N domain of RPA. Our NMR analysis and docking models show that the basic cleft region of RPA70N is the binding site for both peptides and that the acidic peptide/basic cleft interaction governs RPA‐BLM binding.
Reprogramming cell fate with artificial transcription factors
Authors: Heiderscheit Evan A. , Eguchi Asuka , Spurgat Mackenzie C. , Ansari Aseem Z.
Published: February 2018

Transcription factors (TFs) reprogram cell states by exerting control over gene regulatory networks and the epigenetic landscape of a cell. Artificial transcription factors (ATFs) are designer regulatory proteins comprised of modular units that can be customized to overcome challenges faced by natural TFs in establishing and maintaining desired cell states. Decades of research on DNA‐binding proteins and synthetic molecules has provided a molecular toolkit for ATF design and the construction of genome‐scale libraries of ATFs capable of phenotypic manipulation and reprogramming of cell states. Here, we compare the unique strengths and limitations of different ATF platforms, highlight the advantages of cooperative assembly, and present the potential of ATF libraries in revealing gene regulatory networks that govern cell fate choices.
The unique evolution of the carbohydrate‐binding module CBM20 in laforin
Authors: Kuchtová Andrea , Gentry Matthew S. , Janeček Štefan
Published: February 2018

Laforin catalyses glycogen dephosphorylation. Mutations in its gene result in Lafora disease, a fatal progressive myoclonus epilepsy, the hallmark being water‐insoluble, hyperphosphorylated carbohydrate inclusions called Lafora bodies. Human laforin consists of an N‐terminal carbohydrate‐binding module (CBM) from family CBM20 and a C‐terminal dual‐specificity phosphatase domain. Laforin is conserved in all vertebrates, some basal metazoans and a small group of protozoans. The present in silico study defines the evolutionary relationships among the CBM20s of laforin with an emphasis on newly identified laforin orthologues. The study reveals putative laforin orthologues in Trichinella, a parasitic nematode, and identifies two sequence inserts in the CBM20 of laforin from parasitic coccidia. Finally, we identify that the putative laforin orthologues from some protozoa and algae possess more than one CBM20.
Earthquakes in Kansas Induced by Extremely Far‐Field Pressure Diffusion
Authors: Peterie Shelby L. , Miller Richard D. , Intfen John W. , Gonzales Julio B.
Published: February 2018

Pressure diffusion from high‐volume saltwater disposal wells near the Kansas‐Oklahoma border appears to have contributed to triggering earthquakes as far as 90 km away. Elevated seismicity that began in southern Kansas in 2013 is largely believed to be induced by pore pressure increase from dozens of disposal wells injecting unprecedented volumes. Earthquakes initially occurred in dense swarms near the wells, and in subsequent years migrated into surrounding areas with minimal fluid injection. By 2017, earthquakes advanced 90 km from areas surrounding the high‐volume injection wells into areas with considerable fluid injection volumes but historically consistent rates. Fluid pressure within the injection interval in southern Kansas increased subsequent to high‐volume saltwater disposal in southern Kansas and northern Oklahoma. Temporal pressure trends across central Kansas suggest that fluid migration and pressure diffusion from cumulative disposal to the south likely induced earthquakes much farther than previously documented for individual injection wells.
A Generalized Equatorial Model for the Accelerating Solar Wind
Authors: Tasnim S. , Cairns Iver H. , Wheatland M. S.
Published: February 2018

A new theoretical model for the solar wind is developed that includes the wind's acceleration, conservation of angular momentum, deviations from corotation, and nonradial velocity and magnetic field components from an inner boundary (corresponding to the onset of the solar wind) to beyond 1 AU. The model uses a solution of the time‐steady isothermal equation of motion to describe the acceleration and analytically predicts the Alfvénic critical radius. We fit the model to near‐Earth observations of the Wind spacecraft during the solar rotation period of 1–27 August 2010. The resulting data‐driven model demonstrates the existence of noncorotating, nonradial flows and fields from the inner boundary (r = rs) outward and predicts the magnetic field B = (Br,Bϕ), velocity v = (vr,vϕ), and density n(r,ϕ,t), which vary with heliocentric distance r, heliolatitude ϕ, and time t in a Sun‐centered standard inertial plane. The description applies formally only in the equatorial plane. In a frame corotating with the Sun, the transformed velocity
and a field
are not parallel, resulting in an electric field with a component
along the z axis. The resulting
drift lies in the equatorial plane, while the ∇B and curvature drifts are out of the plane. Together these may lead to enhanced scattering/heating of sufficiently energetic particles. The model predicts that deviations δvϕ from corotation at the inner boundary are common, with δvϕ(rs,ϕs,ts) comparable to the transverse velocities due to granulation and supergranulation motions. Abrupt changes in δvϕ(rs,ϕs,ts) are interpreted in terms of converging and diverging flows at the cell boundaries and centers, respectively. Large‐scale variations in the predicted angular momentum demonstrate that the solar wind can drive vorticity and turbulence from near the Sun to 1 AU and beyond.
Thin Sea Ice, Thick Snow, and Widespread Negative Freeboard Observed During N‐ICE2015 North of Svalbard
Authors: Rösel Anja , Itkin Polona , King Jennifer , Divine Dmitry , Wang Caixin , Granskog Mats A. , Krumpen Thomas , Gerland Sebastian
Published: February 2018

In recent years, sea‐ice conditions in the Arctic Ocean changed substantially toward a younger and thinner sea‐ice cover. To capture the scope of these changes and identify the differences between individual regions, in situ observations from expeditions are a valuable data source. We present a continuous time series of in situ measurements from the N‐ICE2015 expedition from January to June 2015 in the Arctic Basin north of Svalbard, comprising snow buoy and ice mass balance buoy data and local and regional data gained from electromagnetic induction (EM) surveys and snow probe measurements from four distinct drifts. The observed mean snow depth of 0.53 m for April to early June is 73% above the average value of 0.30 m from historical and recent observations in this region, covering the years 1955–2017. The modal total ice and snow thicknesses, of 1.6 and 1.7 m measured with ground‐based EM and airborne EM measurements in April, May, and June 2015, respectively, lie below the values ranging from 1.8 to 2.7 m, reported in historical observations from the same region and time of year. The thick snow cover slows thermodynamic growth of the underlying sea ice. In combination with a thin sea‐ice cover this leads to an imbalance between snow and ice thickness, which causes widespread negative freeboard with subsequent flooding and a potential for snow‐ice formation. With certainty, 29% of randomly located drill holes on level ice had negative freeboard.
Next‐Generation Intensity‐Duration‐Frequency Curves for Hydrologic Design in Snow‐Dominated Environments
Authors: Yan Hongxiang , Sun Ning , Wigmosta Mark , Skaggs Richard , Hou Zhangshuan , Leung Ruby
Published: February 2018

There is a renewed focus on the design of infrastructure resilient to extreme hydrometeorological events. While precipitation‐based intensity‐duration‐frequency (IDF) curves are commonly used as part of infrastructure design, a large percentage of peak runoff events in snow‐dominated regions are caused by snowmelt, particularly during rain‐on‐snow (ROS) events. In these regions, precipitation‐based IDF curves may lead to substantial overestimation/underestimation of design basis events and subsequent overdesign/underdesign of infrastructure. To overcome this deficiency, we proposed next‐generation IDF (NG‐IDF) curves, which characterize the actual water reaching the land surface. We compared NG‐IDF curves to standard precipitation‐based IDF curves for estimates of extreme events at 376 Snowpack Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations across the western United States that each had at least 30 years of high‐quality records. We found standard precipitation‐based IDF curves at 45% of the stations were subject to underdesign, many with significant underestimation of 100 year extreme events, for which the precipitation‐based IDF curves can underestimate water potentially available for runoff by as much as 125% due to snowmelt and ROS events. The regions with the greatest potential for underdesign were in the Pacific Northwest, the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and the Middle and Southern Rockies. We also found the potential for overdesign at 20% of the stations, primarily in the Middle Rockies and Arizona mountains. These results demonstrate the need to consider snow processes in the development of IDF curves, and they suggest use of the more robust NG‐IDF curves for hydrologic design in snow‐dominated environments.
Bioblasts, Cytomikrosomen and Chondriosomes: A Short Incomplete History of Plant Mitochondrial Research
Authors: Logan David C. , Scott Iain
Published: February 2018

As documented by E.V. Cowdry, there were nearly 100 names in the literature for mitochondria, or structures confused with mitochondria, ranging from A to Z. Cowdry is clearly exasperated with the complexity of nomenclature, writing that the complications and confusion are due to 'hasty individual action in elaborating new names, often only to discard them in a new paper in favour of some other'. However, as noted by Cowdry, determination of function required a greater knowledge of mitochondrial chemistry. The extension of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies to plants led to increasing interest in the transcriptional and translational machinery contained within these organelles. Plant mitochondria were shown to be a central part of maintaining efficient photosynthesis in the late 1970s, when they were identified as being the site for glycine oxidation. In C3plants, around 25% of photosynthetic output can be lost through the oxygenation reaction of Rubisco, which leads to the production of phosphoglycolate.
The Dynamic Chondriome: Control of Number, Shape, Size and Motility of Mitochondria
Authors: Logan David C. , Paszkiewicz Gaël
Published: February 2018

The important roles of mitochondrial fusion and fission in shaping chondriome structure were known at that time, only to be forgotten, or overlooked, over the next 80‐plus years until cell biology was rejuvenated by the application of fluorescent protein technology. The motility of plant mitochondria is necessary to enable the individual physically discrete mitochondria to interact and to fuse, and to facilitate redistribution of mitochondria within the cell. In contrast, disruption of the fusion apparatus, at least inS. cerevisiae, leads to an increase in the number of individual mitochondria together with a decreased volume of individual organelles. The interweaving of mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is complex, and quality control (QC) involves fusion and fission in order to drive biogenesis, while fission is additionally required to isolate damaged mitochondria from the rest of the chondriome.
Metal Homeostasis in Plant Mitochondria
Authors: Vigani Gianpiero , Hanikenne Marc
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the current knowledge concerning the mitochondrial metal homeostasis in plants. The most important metals present in plant mitochondria are iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and cobalt (Co), which constitute the mitochondrial metallome. In mitochondria, Fe plays its biological function essentially as an enzyme co‐factor and it is mainly bound to ligands, such as Fe‐heme groups and Fe‐sulfur (Fe‐S) clusters, which are components of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes. The loss of Cu suggests damage to soluble mitochondrial cuproproteins and the membrane‐bound electron transport chain, whereas the loss of Fe and Mn suggests that H2O2treatment damaged the matrix metalloproteins such as Fe‐S‐containing aconitase and Mn‐containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). The decrease in the membrane‐bound Cu may be linked to the decrease of Complex IV (COX) complexes, which are the major Cu user in mitochondria.
Mitochondrial Regulation and Signalling in the Photosynthetic Cell: Principles and Concepts
Authors: Finkemeier Iris , Schwarzländer Markus
Published: February 2018

This chapter provides the mitochondrial regulatory strategies and signalling concepts in the light of the specific lifestyle of the plant. It covers three levels of evidence: mechanisms for which experimental evidence is already available from plant mitochondria, mechanisms for which evidence exists from other organelles or species that is extrapolated to plant mitochondria, and largely theoretical concepts justified by the specific biological constraints of the plant cell. The chapter then focuses on the physiological changes that can occur within the mitochondrion, regulation by post‐translational modification (PTM) of mitochondrial proteins, highlighting phosphorylation, lysine acetylation and redox signalling, and concepts of retrograde signalling to adjust nuclear gene expression. It further explores how this regulation is integrated with photosynthetic function, regulation and signalling. The chapter aims to critically appraise current regulatory concepts to sketch out a realistic, albeit certainly speculative, selective and incomplete picture of how the flexible functionality of plant mitochondria is orchestrated.
Mitochondrial Biochemistry: Stress Responses and Roles in Stress Alleviation
Authors: Jacoby Richard P. , Millar A. Harvey , Taylor Nicolas L.
Published: February 2018

This chapter shows how altered mitochondrial biochemistry in stress‐treated plants leads to changes in mitochondrial composition, enabling mitochondria to play a dissipative role that enhances cell survival. It then reviews how plant respiration is affected by three major environmental stresses: temperature, drought and salinity. When external stresses including chemical, abiotic, biotic and environmental stresses are applied to whole plants, a well‐known consequence is the induction of oxidative stress within plant cells. Mitochondrial metabolism is highly connected to many functions in plants and therefore tolerance to plant cell stress is a partnership between diverse cellular processes and the products of mitochondrial reactions. The chapter examines the three most analysed aspects of this partnership including, the role of mitochondria during photosynthesis, their contribution to root function and the products of mitochondria that directly fuel tolerance mechanisms.
Geometric accuracy of the MR imaging techniques in the presence of motion
Authors: Torfeh Tarraf , Hammoud Rabih , El Kaissi Tarek , McGarry Maeve , Aouadi Souha , Fayad Hadi , Al‐Hammadi Noora
Published: February 2018

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is increasingly being used for improving tumor delineation and tumor tracking in the presence of respiratory motion. The purpose of this work is to design and build an MR compatible motion platform and to use it for evaluating the geometric accuracy of MR imaging techniques during respiratory motion. The motion platform presented in this work is composed of a mobile base made up of a flat plate and four wheels. The mobile base is attached from one end and through a rigid rod to a synchrony motion table by Accuray® placed at the end of the MRI table and from the other end to an elastic rod. The geometric accuracy was measured by placing a control point‐based phantom on top of the mobile base.

In‐house software module was used to automatically assess the geometric distortion. The blurring artifact was also assessed by measuring the Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) of each control point. Our results were assessed for 50, 100, and 150 mm radial distances, with a mean geometric distortion during the superior–inferior motion of 0.27, 0.41, and 0.55 mm, respectively. Adding the anterior–posterior motion, the mean geometric distortions increased to 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mm. Blurring was observed during motion causing an increase in the FWHM of ≈30%. The platform presented in this work provides a valuable tool for the assessment of the geometric accuracy and blurring artifact for MR during motion. Although the main objective was to test the spatial accuracy of an MR system during motion, the modular aspect of the presented platform enables the use of any commercially available phantom for a full quality control of the MR system during motion.
Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine Approaches for the Anterior Segment of the Eye
Authors: Williams Rachel , Lace Rebecca , Kennedy Stephnie , Doherty Kyle , Levis Hannah
Published: February 2018

The role of biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies to treat vision loss associated with damage to tissues in the anterior segment of the eye has been studied for several years. This has mostly involved replacement and support for the cornea and conjunctiva. These are complex tissues with specific functional requirements for different parts of the tissue. Amniotic membrane (AM) is used in clinical practice to transplant autologous or allogenic cells to the corneal surface. Fibrin gels have also progressed to clinical use under specific conditions. Alternatives to AM such as collagen gels, other natural materials, for example keratin and silks, and synthetic polymers have received considerable attention in laboratory and animal studies. This experience is building a body of evidence to demonstrate the potential of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in corneal and conjunctival reconstruction and can also lead to other applications in the anterior segment of the eye, for example, the trabecular meshwork. There is a real clinical need for new procedures to overcome vision loss but there are also opportunities for developments in ocular applications to lead to biomaterials innovations for use in other clinical areas.
Retreat from Stress: Rattling in a Planar Coordination
Authors: Suekuni Koichiro , Lee Chul Ho , Tanaka Hiromi I. , Nishibori Eiji , Nakamura Atsushi , Kasai Hidetaka , Mori Hitoshi , Usui Hidetomo , Ochi Masayuki , Hasegawa Takumi , Nakamura Mitsutaka , Ohira‐Kawamura Seiko , Kikuchi Tatsuya , Kaneko Koji , Nishiate Hirotaka , Hashikuni Katsuaki , Kosaka Yasufumi , Kuroki Kazuhiko , Takabatake Toshiro
Published: February 2018

Thermoelectric devices convert heat flow to charge flow, providing electricity. Materials for highly efficient devices must satisfy conflicting requirements of high electrical conductivity and low thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity in caged compounds is known to be suppressed by a large vibration of guest atoms, so‐called rattling, which effectively scatters phonons. Here, the crystal structure and phonon dynamics of tetrahedrites (Cu,Zn)12(Sb,As)4S13 are studied. The results reveal that the Cu atoms in a planar coordination are rattling. In contrast to caged compounds, chemical pressure enlarges the amplitude of the rattling vibration in the tetrahedrites so that the rattling atom is squeezed out of the planar coordination. Furthermore, the rattling vibration shakes neighbors through lone pairs of the metalloids, Sb and As, which is responsible for the low thermal conductivity of tetrahedrites. These findings provide a new strategy for the development of highly efficient thermoelectric materials with planar coordination.
Design of n‐Type Transparent Conducting Oxides: The Case of Transition Metal Doping in In2O3
Authors: Xu Jian , Liu Jian‐Bo , Liu Bai‐Xin , Li Shun‐Ning , Wei Su‐Huai , Huang Bing
Published: February 2018

Design of novel n‐type transparent conducting oxides beyond Sn‐doped In2O3 has stimulated extensive interest in the past decade. One of the approaches can be using transition metals (TMs) as dopants. In this article, using In2O3 as an example, it is shown that TM doping in oxides can be classified into three categories (type‐I, II, or III) based on their TM d‐orbital energy levels reference to the bottom of the conduction band of In2O3. It is found that although Mo is proposed to replace Sn as a promising TM donor to achieve higher carrier density in In2O3, it actually exhibits unusual dual‐doping behaviors, i.e., it can act as either a deep donor when it occupies the In 8b‐sites (type‐I) or shallow single donor when it occupies the In 24d‐sites (type‐II). The calculated ionization of Mo in In2O3 increases as the growth temperature increases, in good agreement with experimental observations but contradict to previous theoretical studies. It is also identified that Zr, Hf, and Ta (type‐III) are better potential donors than Mo and Sn in In2O3 for achieving higher carrier mobility and density. The analysis and approach can also be used to improve the doping performance in other oxides.
Analog Circuit Applications Based on Ambipolar Graphene/MoTe2 Vertical Transistors
Authors: Pan Chen , Fu Yajun , Wang Jiaxin , Zeng Junwen , Su Guangxu , Long Mingsheng , Liu Erfu , Wang Chenyu , Gao Anyuan , Wang Miao , Wang Yu , Wang Zhenlin , Liang Shi‐Jun , Huang Ru , Miao Feng
Published: February 2018

The current integrated circuit technology based on conventional metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) is approaching the limit of miniaturization with increasing demand on energy. Several analog circuit applications based on graphene FETs have been demonstrated with less components comparing to the conventional technology. However, low on/off current ratio caused by the semimetal nature of graphene has severely hindered its practical applications. Here, a graphene/molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) van der Waals (vdW) vertical transistor with V‐shaped ambipolar field‐effect transfer characteristics to overcome this challenge is reported. Investigations on temperature dependence of transport properties reveal that gate‐tunable asymmetric barriers of the devices are account for the ambipolar behaviors. Furthermore, to demonstrate the analog circuit applications of such vdW vertical transistors, output polarity controllable amplifier and frequency doubler are successfully realized. These results enable vdW heterojunction‐based electronic devices to open up new possibilities for wide perspective in telecommunication field.
Supported Ionic Liquid Gel Membrane Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Xiaomin , Kar Mega , Mendes Tiago C. , Wu Youting , MacFarlane Douglas R.
Published: February 2018

In this work, a novel and easy‐to‐use methodology is developed to prepare supported ionic liquid gel membranes (SILGMs) by incorporating ionogels into commercial porous supports, to use as both electrolytes and separators for supercapacitors. Macroscopic sol–gel transition temperature, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and thermal behaviors of the ionogels are systematically investigated. Ionic conductivities of the ionogels and SILGMs are measured from 25 to 100 °C. The ionic conductivities of the ionogels are lower by one order of magnitude once they are incorporated into the supports. Nonetheless, the ionic conductivity of the SILGMs has reached the practical application level required for energy storage and conversion devices. Furthermore, the stability and flexibility of SILGMs are investigated as flexible electrolytes for supercapacitor devices (see Video in the Supporting Information). Charge–discharge cycling of symmetric supercapacitors based on the SILGMs reveal specific capacitance as high as 153 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, and remain at 101 F g−1 at 10 A g−1. The capacitance retention after 10 000 charge–discharge cycles at 5.0 A g−1 is as high as 97%, demonstrating excellent cycle stability of the device. The studies suggest that SILGMs are promising candidates for stable, high performance, and flexible energy storage and conversion devices that could be made by high volume roll‐to‐roll processing.
Highly Active Trimetallic NiFeCr Layered Double Hydroxide Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Yang Yang , Dang Lianna , Shearer Melinda J. , Sheng Hongyuan , Li Wenjie , Chen Jie , Xiao Peng , Zhang Yunhuai , Hamers Robert J. , Jin Song
Published: February 2018

The development of efficient and robust earth‐abundant electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an ongoing challenge. Here, a novel and stable trimetallic NiFeCr layered double hydroxide (LDH) electrocatalyst for improving OER kinetics is rationally designed and synthesized. Electrochemical testing of a series of trimetallic NiFeCr LDH materials at similar catalyst loading and electrochemical surface area shows that the molar ratio Ni:Fe:Cr = 6:2:1 exhibits the best intrinsic OER catalytic activity compared to other NiFeCr LDH compositions. Furthermore, these nanostructures are directly grown on conductive carbon paper for a high surface area 3D electrode that can achieve a catalytic current density of 25 mA cm−2 at an overpotential as low as 225 mV and a small Tafel slope of 69 mV dec−1 in alkaline electrolyte. The optimized NiFeCr catalyst is stable under OER conditions and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and elemental analysis confirm the stability of trimetallic NiFeCr LDH after electrochemical testing. Due to the synergistic interactions among the metal centers, trimetallic NiFeCr LDH is significantly more active than NiFe LDH and among the most active OER catalysts to date. This work also presents general strategies to design more efficient metal oxide/hydroxide OER electrocatalysts.