bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relative Age Effect: Beyond the Youth Phenomenon
Authors: Joyner Patrick W. , Lewis John S. , Dawood Rehan S. , Mallon William J. , Kirkendall Donald T. , Garrett William E.
Published: December 2017

Introduction. The relative age effect (RAE) refers to performance advantage of youth born in the first quarter of the birth year when auditioning for select, age-restricted sports. This advantage conferred to the older athlete is a result of being more physically and emotionally mature, therefore, assumed to be a more advanced player. We hypothesize an RAE exists in Olympic athletes, and this extends across selected categories of athletes (by gender), such as team versus individual sports, winter versus summer athletes, and sports using a ball versus those not using a ball. Methods. We extended the exploration of an RAE beyond specific sports by examining the birth quarter of more than 44 000 Olympic athlete’s birthdates, born between 1964-1996. The data were summarized by birth quarter (January 1 to March 31, etc) and presented as percentages and 95% confidence intervals. Results. The fractions of births in the first versus the fourth quarter were significantly different (  P < .001) from each other for the summer and winter Olympians, ball and nonball sports, and team as well as individual sports. Conclusions. The general presence of an RAE in Olympic athletes exists regardless of global classification.
Thermal and mechanical performance of rigid polyurethane foam added with commercial nanoparticles
Authors: Lorusso Caterina , Vergaro Viviana , Conciauro Francesca , Ciccarella Giuseppe , Congedo Paolo Maria
Published: December 2017

This study investigates the effects of commercial nanoparticles on thermal and mechanical performance of rigid polyurethane foams. Two different types of nanoparticles are considered as fillers, spherical titania and rod-shaped halloysite clay nanotubes. The aim of this study was to produce rigid polyurethane foams modified with titania nanocrystals and nanohalloysite in order to obtain polyurethanes with improved properties. The laboratory scale-up will be suitable for the production in many branches of industry, such as construction and automotive production. In particular, these foams, added with commercial nanoparticles, characterized by better thermal and mechanical properties, are mainly used in construction for thermal insulation of buildings. The fillers were dispersed in the components, bringing rates up to 10%. In these investigations, the improvement of the thermal properties occurs by adding nanoparticles in the range 4–8% of titania and halloysite. The mechanical properties instead have been observed an improvement starting from 6% of nanoparticles addition. All data are in agreement with scanning electron microscope observations that shown a decrease in the average cell size and an increase in the cell density by adding nanoparticles in foams.
New advances in the understanding and treatment of axial spondyloarthritis: from chance to choice
Authors: Dubash Sayam , McGonagle Dennis , Marzo-Ortega Helena
Published: December 2017

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory condition that encompasses ankylosing spondylitis (AS) as well as non-radiographic axial disease (nr-axSpA) and can lead to chronic pain, structural damage and disability. The introduction of tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) drugs for AS heralded a new era of drug therapeutics for what was previously a largely untreatable disease. This has now been expanded with the licensing of secukinumab, an interleukin 17A (IL-17A) inhibitor for the treatment of AS. Although biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) are not a first line treatment option in AS or axSpA, they are highly effective following incomplete or no response to physiotherapy and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Current research strategies aim to test whether the desired treatment goal of disease remission may now be achievable with early and stratified use of bDMARDs in both AS and nr-axSpA. This review summarizes the current literature on axSpA including pathophysiology, treatment indications, radiographic progression and the evidence for new developments in the treatment of both AS and nr-axSpA.
Prolonged circulatory support with an Impella assist device in the management of cardiogenic shock associated with takotsubo syndrome, severe sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Foley Edward D , Diaz Ricardo , Castresana Manuel R
Published: December 2017

Severe sepsis has been known to trigger for takotsubo syndrome which is associated with profound physical or emotional stress. Severe sepsis is also associated with sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, a reversible myocardial depression. We report a case in which a patient with takotsubo syndrome, cardiogenic shock, severe sepsis, and adult respiratory distress syndrome was managed with an Impella Cardiac Power circulatory support device for 108 h (4.5 days) because of sustained hemodynamic compromise. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the longest reported use of the Impella Cardiac Power device for the management of cardiogenic shock in a patient with takotsubo syndrome and severe sepsis. This report also highlights the importance of considering a ventricular assist device in the management of takotsubo syndrome cardiogenic shock with severe sepsis which is unresponsive to maximal medical therapy.
Swim bladder morphology changes with female reproductive state in the mouth-brooding African cichlid Astatotilapia burtoni
Authors: Butler Julie M. , Whitlow Sarah M. , Gwan Anwei P. , Chakrabarty Prosanta , Maruska Karen P.
Published: December 2017

Mouth brooding is an extreme form of parental care in which the brooding parent carries the developing young in their buccal cavity for the duration of development. Brooding fish need to compensate for the brood weight on the anterior portion of their body. For fishes with a compartmentalized swim bladder, gas distribution between the chambers may aid in regulating buoyancy during brooding. To test this hypothesis, we took radiographs of Astatotilapia burtoni to compare the swim bladder morphology of gravid, mouth-brooding and recovering females. Following spawning, females carry developing fish in their buccal cavity for ∼2 weeks, resulting in a larger and rounder anterior swim bladder compartment. Comparatively, the swim bladder of gravid females is long and cylindrical. Using small beads to mimic brood weight and its effects on female buoyancy, swim bladder changes were induced that resembled those observed during brooding. Immediately after releasing their fry, brooding females swim at a positive angle of attack but correct their swimming posture to normal within 5 min, suggesting a rapid change in swim bladder gas distribution. These data provide new insights into how swim bladder morphology and swimming behavior change during mouth brooding, and suggest a compartmentalized swim bladder may be a morphological adaptation for mouth brooding.
Interrupção voluntária da carreira em prol da maternidade
Authors: Ceribeli Harrison Bachion , Da Silva Edlane Regis
Published: December 2017

Ao mesmo tempo em que as mulheres passaram a ter mais abertura no mercado de trabalho, muitas também se depararam com dificuldades diversas para se manterem nele depois de assumirem o papel de mães. Neste contexto, definiu-se como objetivo de pesquisa analisar a motivação das mulheres que decidiram abdicar da carreira para se dedicarem integralmente à maternidade, assim como a percepção delas a respeito da experiência que vivenciaram a partir dessa decisão e suas perspectivas futuras. Realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória de cunho qualitativo. A coleta de dados efetuou-se por meio de entrevistas em profundidade com 14 mães que abdicaram da carreira. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciaram que as políticas empresariais e governamentais que são voltadas para as profissionais que possuem filhos ainda são insuficientes para lhes garantirem condições adequadas para permanecerem no mercado sem terem que escolher entre a carreira e a maternidade.
De empregado a empresário: mudanças no sentido do trabalho para empreendedores
Authors: Lemos Ana Heloísa Da Costa , Cavazotte Flavia De Souza Costa Neves , Santana de Souza Daniel Oswaldo
Published: December 2017

Este artigo tem como objetivo entender as mudanças no sentido do trabalho para indivíduos que deixaram de ser empregados para serem empreendedores. A partir de entrevistas realizadas com 15 empreendedores, quatro vetores principais de mudança foram identificados. A carga de trabalho intensifica-se, porém, acompanhada por recompensas financeiras superiores. O trabalho, antes visto como promotor de segurança, torna-se uma fonte de autodeterminação e de qualidade de vida. O senso de responsabilidade por resultados aumenta, devido à necessidade de uma atitude mais responsiva e proativa associada à condição de empresário. E o reconhecimento profissional, originalmente pautado pelos pares e superiores, abre espaço para a expansão na autoestima, através da percepção de sucesso e eficácia pessoal, baseada nos resultados do próprio negócio.
Peculiarities in mechano-composite structural state based on aluminum for gas detonation sputtering
Authors: Ситников Александр , Sitnikov Alexandr , Собачкин Алексей , Sobachki Aleksey , Яковлев Владимир , Yakovlev Vladimir , Логинова Марина , Loginova Marina , Свиридов Антон , Sviridov Anton
Published: December 2017

Structural peculiarities of a powder composite mixture on the basis of aluminum and dispersion carbon structures intended for gas-detonation sputtering for an anti-friction purpose are investigated in the paper. As initial materials there was used an aluminum powder, carbon powder, boron carbide powder, powder slurry consisting of fullerenes C60 and ultra-dispersion diamonds in a certain ratio. The powder mixture obtained was subjected to a mechanical activation with the aid of a planetary ball mill of AGO-2S type. According to the results of the morphological analysis it was established that a composite mixture possesses a layer structure characteristic for powder mixtures subjected to a mechanical activation in the course of a long period of time. A mean size of obtained mechano-composite particles makes about 100…150 mkm. An X-ray structural investigation of a composite powder mixture formulations 70% Al+30%C+B4C and 70%Al + 30%C60 (total %) + B4C after mechanical activation revealed that boron carbide contributes well to the amorphization of a composite powder mixture. It is also established that after mechano-activation of the “Al+C+B4C” powder mixture during 4 min carbon transforms to an X-ray amorphous state to which testifies the presence of amorphous “halo” at small angles and carbon peaks disappeared completely. There is no carbon dissolution in aluminum and chemical compounds are not formed.
Efficient technologies for life increase of crankshafts and cam shafts in motor-car and tractor engines
Authors: Шоев А. , Shoev A.
Published: December 2017

One of the basic technologies for life increase in crankshafts and camshafts of motor-car and tractor engines – parts restoration with welding deposition is considered. The most efficient method of welding deposition in productivity is established.
Frustración y conductas sociales
Authors: Mustaca Alba Elisabeth
Published: December 2017

A lo largo de la vida ocurren hechos que no son tal como lo esperábamos: algunas veces son mejores, otras peores; las neurociencias, incluida la psicología, estudia ampliamente los mecanismos y efectos que ellos provocan. Desde el punto de vista teórico, la frustración se define como la respuesta del organismo desencadenada cuando un sujeto experimenta una omisión o devaluación sorpresiva en la calidad o cantidad de un reforzador apetitivo, en presencia de señales previamente asociadas a un reforzador de mayor magnitud (Amsel, 1992). En este artículo me limitaré a presentar las teorías principales sobre la frustración y ejemplos de las relaciones que existen entre ella y las respuestas sociales, en modelos animales y humanos.
Nurse-led clinics for atrial fibrillation: managing risk factors
Authors: Jacob Liril
Published: December 2017

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common and sustained cardiac arrhythmia rated by cardiologists as one of the most difficult conditions to manage. Traditionally, AF management has focused on the three pillars of rate control, rhythm control and anticoagulation. However, more recently, cardiovascular risk-factor management in AF has emerged as a fourth and essential pillar, delivering improved patient outcomes. In the UK, AF is a condition that is often managed poorly, with patients reporting a lack of understanding of their condition and treatment options. Many aspects of assessment and communication in AF management are time consuming. Failure to address those aspects may negatively affect the quality of care. Nurse-led clinics can contribute significantly in the areas of patient education and sustained follow-up care, improving outcomes and addressing current deficiencies in AF risk-factor management due to scarcity of medical resources. This article discusses the major cardiovascular risk factors associated with AF, drawing on evidence from the literature, and considers the effectiveness and implications for practice of introducing community-based nurse-led clinics for risk-factor management in patients with AF.
Stoma care in a time of financial pressures: can we cut the costs?
Authors: Bird Andrew
Published: December 2017

Andrew Bird, Lead Stoma Care Nurse Specialist, Colorectal and Stoma Care, Surgery Division, Queen's Medical Centre Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Andrew.Bird@nuh.nhs.uk
Avoiding emergency stoma surgery with the use of sugar
Authors: Theofanis George , Saedon Mahmud , Kho Soo Hua , Mulita Francesk , Germanos Stylianos , Leung Edmund
Published: December 2017

George Theofanis, Mahmud Saedon, Soo Hua Kho, Francesk Mulita, Stylianos Germanos and Edmund Leung discuss the use of sugar as an aid to reducing a stomal prolapse
A specialist in research and practice
Authors: Thorpe Gabrielle
Published: December 2017

Gabrielle Thorpe, Lecturer in Nursing Sciences, University of East Anglia and Honorary Colorectal & Stoma Care Specialist Nurse, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gabrielle.Thorpe@uea.ac.uk
Parastomal hernia: the need for consistency in prevention and management
Authors: Osborne Wendy
Published: December 2017

Wendy Osborne, Educational Officer, ASCN UK, and Clinical Lead Ostomy Division, Coloplast Ltd, summarises the ASCN UK parastomal hernia workshop, which took place at the ASCN UK 2017 annual conference
Small Animal Review
Authors: Tennant Bryn
Published: December 2017

Introduction:

Cats with sepsis can present with varied haematological, biochemical, and haemostatic abnormalities, none of which are predictors of death.
Vitamin D toxicosis
Authors: Bates Nicola
Published: December 2017

Vitamin D compounds are found in a number of different products. Vitamin D toxicosis in companion animals commonly occurs following ingestion of human psoriasis creams containing vitamin D compounds, or of colecalciferol rodenticide baits (where available) and, less commonly, from ingestion of vitamin D supplements. The signs of poisoning can be delayed (depending on the compound) and are initially non-specific and easily missed or misdiagnosed. Initial gastrointestinal signs progress as the calcium concentration rises, and neurological and cardiac signs develop. Aggressive treatment is essential and is aimed at ensuring adequate hydration and urine output and controlling calcium concentrations and reducing phosphorous concentrations, using intravenous saline, furosemide, corticosteroids, an antiemetic, gastroprotectants, a phosphate binder and a bisphosphonate. Treatment may last days or weeks. If the calcium concentration can be controlled before the onset of severe signs the prognosis is good, but advanced calcification of tissues has a poor prognosis.
Hoarseness in children
Authors: Sood Salil , Street Ian , Donne Adam
Published: December 2017

Hoarseness or dysphonia are terms used to describe a change in the quality of the voice. The voice quality can be raspy, breathy, strained, fatigued, rough, tremulous or weak. There may be a change in pitch, restriction of range, voice breaks, decreased projection, or abnormal resonance. It is important to remember that a voice disorder is not a disease in itself but rather a presentation of an underlying pathology.

Clinicians' knowledge of paediatric hoarseness is limited as it can be difficult to examine children using fibreoptic laryngoscopy and the child may not comprehend the need for detailed examination. However, paediatric flexible naso-laryngoscopy provides a dynamic view of the laryngeal anatomy and function. Recent advances in diagnostic equipment, pharmacology and therapeutics mean that this problem can be managed more successfully but it still remains a challenge. This article discusses the presentation, aetiology and management of hoarseness in children.
Neonatal jaundice: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Mitra Subhabrata , Rennie Janet
Published: December 2017

A significant proportion of term and preterm infants develop neonatal jaundice. Jaundice in an otherwise healthy term infant is the most common reason for readmission to hospital. Jaundice is caused by an increase in serum bilirubin levels, largely as a result of breakdown of red blood cells. Bilirubin is conveyed in the blood as ‘unconjugated’ bilirubin, largely bound to albumin. The liver converts bilirubin into a conjugated form which is excreted in the bile. Very high levels of unconjugated bilirubin are neurotoxic. Phototherapy is a simple and effective way to reduce the bilirubin level. Most term babies have ‘physiological’ jaundice which responds to a short period of phototherapy, and requires no other treatment. A few babies have rapidly rising bilirubin levels which place them at risk of kernicterus. Current management of jaundice in the UK is guided by the NICE guideline. Any infant with high serum bilirubin or a rapidly rising bilirubin level needs to be treated urgently to avoid neurotoxicity. High levels of conjugated bilirubin in a term baby can indicate biliary atresia, and babies with persisting jaundice must have their level of conjugated bilirubin measured. Preterm infants on long-term parenteral nutrition may develop conjugated jaundice which generally improves with the introduction of enteral feed and weaning of intravenous nutrition.
Adjuvant analgesics in spinal surgery
Authors: Sherwin Aislinn , Pollard Valerie , Bolger Ciaran , Moore Michael
Published: December 2017

Peri- and postoperative pain control can present a challenge to any doctor, particularly in the setting of spinal surgery. The use of adjuvant pain agents and multimodal analgesia is changing the face of modern anaesthesia and offering clinicians more avenues to control perioperative pain. This article discusses the use of adjuvant medications and some of the evidence surrounding their use in spinal surgery.
The two biggest NQT challenges
Authors: Stanley Julian
Published: December 2017

Workload and behaviour are the two common challenges for an NQT. Julian Stanley offers some advice and support
The open loop: Improving feedback
Authors: Bromley Matt
Published: December 2017

Giving timely and effective feedback to pupils is a key factor in successful teaching and a development priority for all new teachers. Matt Bromley advises
A planned lesson, not a lesson plan
Authors: Bromley Matt
Published: December 2017

The art of planning lessons is a key challenge to master for the new teacher, both from the point of view of work/life balance and effective teaching practice. Matt Bromley advises
Can Muslims Fly? The No Fly List as a Tool of the “War on Terror”
Authors: Uzma Jamil
Published: December 2017

The securitization phenomenon is based on a racialized logic that predates 9/11 and has roots in the discourse of Orientalism, the practices of European colonialism and, in the more recent times of the 20th century, the internment of Japanese Canadians during World War II. This article analyzes the “no fly list” as a counter-terrorism tool used by the Canadian government in the “war on terror.” It situates the analysis in the political context of the securitization of Muslims, the social and political processes that construct them as threats to the nation. It examines the evolution of the “no fly list” since 2001 and analyzes its impact on Muslims in Canada, drawing on well-publicized cases. It critiques the list's effectiveness based on the distinction between information and knowledge as tools to fight the “war on terror.” The “no fly list” contributes to Islamophobia through disproportionately profiling racialized Muslim and Muslim-looking passengers as members of a suspect community.
From Orientalist Sexual Object to Burkini Terrorist Threat: Muslim Women through Evolving Lens
Authors: Sana Tayyen
Published: December 2017

Muslim women in Western societies have found themselves caught in a discourse that politicizes them or depicts them through twisted narratives. Crafters of these narratives utilize media, literature, political rhetoric and government policies, to portray Muslim women through lenses that aim to define who they are, not by their own definitions as Muslim women but by the definitions of those who intend to shape society for political or social gains. These lenses have evolved through time, particularly since in the context of historical events and societal realities such lenses cannot seemingly be true for all Muslim women, at all times. Hence, with new images and information that shape our realities, the lenses by which Muslim women have been defined have also shifted and evolved with the changing of historical events. In this article, I outline four historical lenses: (1) lens of sexual objectivity; (2) lens of backwardness and ignorance; (3) lens of domination and subjugation; and the most current lens which we can analyze today in the here and now, (4) the lens of fear and threat. This final lens entails unwarranted associations made between the evil of ISIS terrorism and the innocent play of Muslim women on French beaches. This lens feeds into the greater attitude of Islamophobia. The fear which is broadcast through the media is a fear against a Muslim encroachment that subverts Western values and ways of living. Muslim women voices are silent in these perceptions. Hence, the dominating voice comes from those who hold power through media, government, or education. They are the ones choosing and crafting the narratives and perspectives, defining Muslim women, and Muslims in general, as a threat to Western Democracy and Liberalism.
Dutiful citizen or a pragmatic professional? Voluntary retirement of Icelandic local councillors
Authors: Hlynsdóttir Eva Marín
Published: December 2017

This article explores the working conditions of Icelandic local councillors in relation to voluntary retirement from the council. In the past three elections, the turnover in councils has been very high, with approximately six out of every 10 council members being new recruits at the beginning of each term. The turnover has also highlighted possible gender issues, as more women than men (proportionally) leave the council after their first term. The findings reveal a significant difference between the councillors who plan to stay and those who opt to leave. This is in relation to the local authorities’ population size, satisfaction with remuneration, and seniority in the council. Thus, councillors in larger municipalities or councillors satisfied with their remuneration are more likely to run for council versus councillors from smaller municipalities and those less happy with their remuneration. Seniority is also a decisive factor, as the majority of all councillors leave after the first term. Significant differences were not found between the female and male councillors in relation to voluntary retirement. However, gendered differences were found in relation to institutional position and working conditions, suggesting a gender-based division of labour in local councils.
The opening of Costco in Iceland: Unexpected meanings of globalized phenomenon
Authors: Loftsdóttir Kristín , Mixa Már Wolfgang
Published: December 2017

The multinational retailer, Costco, opened its first store in Iceland during spring 2017. Not only was the opening greatly anticipated but following the store opening, Costco became one of the key issues in the Icelandic media. Our analysis focuses on Costco’s opening from insights derived from theories of globalization of mobility, where we emphasize that discussions about Costco in Iceland cannot be separated from the post-crash atmosphere after the massive economic crash in 2008. Our perspective is particularly influenced by Tsing’s (2005) emphasis on the unpredictability of global phenomena that move around and transplant in a new context. Our analysis both contextualize Costco’s arrival within Iceland’s historical and social context and analyzes some of the main themes in the Icelandic media discussion during the opening. The dualistic opposition of ‘us’ (Icelanders) against ‘them’ (foreigners), which has been quite salient in Iceland, were largely invisible in discussions about Costco’s opening. Costco in Iceland was quickly incorporated into a discourse as a positive force against Icelandic corruption that started after the crash. The ‘us against them’ themes thus turned from being ‘Icelanders against foreigners’ into ‘the Icelandic population against Iceland’s elite retail sector.
Fjöldi ferðamanna og tekjur og kostnaður íslenskra sveitarfélaga
Authors: Karlsson Vífill , Jóhannesson Hjalti , Pétursson Jón Óskar
Published: December 2017

Mikil umræða fer nú fram um uppbyggingu og viðhald ferðamannastaða og þá þjónustu sem þarf að veita til þess að ferðaþjónusta geti þróast í takt við mikla fjölgun erlendra ferðamanna til landsins. Sveitarfélög eru einn þeirra hópa sem horft er til í þessu sambandi og ýmis verkefni og kostnaður vegna þeirra fellur sjálfkrafa á þau, svo sem fráveita og sorphirða og viðhald opinna svæða og gatna. Uppi eru efasemdir um að tekjur sveitarfélaga hækki nægjanlega á móti fjölgun ferðamanna, þar sem líklegast er að það gerist í gegnum útsvar en mikið er um farandverkamenn í ferðaþjónustu. Í þessari rannsókn er gerð tilraun til að meta hvort tekjur sveitarfélaga taki breytingum með fjölda ferðamanna. Einnig er gerð tilraun til að meta hvort útgjöld sveitarfélaga taki tilsvarandi breytingum. Fyrirliggjandi gögn yfir fjárhag sveitarfélaga frá Sambandi íslenskra sveitarfélaga, fasteignamat frá Þjóðskrá og gögn um fjölda ferðamanna, úr ýmsum áttum, eru notuð til að meta tekju- og kostnaðarföll sveitarfélaga og hvort ferðaþjónustan hafi fyrrnefnd áhrif. Við greininguna var notuð aðallega aðhvarfsgreining fyrir panel-gögn (fixed- og random effect-líkön) en lýsandi greining einnig.
Viðhorf ungs fólks til pólitískrar þátttöku
Authors: Guðjohnsen Ragný Þóra , Aðalbjarnardóttir Sigrún
Published: December 2017

Markmið rannsóknarinnar er að kanna viðhorf ungmenna til pólitískrar þátttöku, annars vegar félagslegrar þátttöku, eins og að vernda umhverfið og vinna að mannréttindum, og hins vegar stjórnmálaþátttöku, eins og að kjósa og ganga í stjórnmálaflokk. Viðhorf ungmennanna er athugað í tengslum við skilning þeirra á lýðræði og samhygð þeirra; stuðning foreldra og bæði þeirra eigin þátttöku og foreldra þeirra í félags- og stjórnmálastarfi. Rannsóknin er hluti rannsóknarverkefnisins „Borgaravitund ungs fólks í lýðræðisþjóðfélagi“. Þátttakendur voru 14 og 18 ára ungmenni, alls 1042 talsins. Spurningalistar voru lagðir fyrir þau og viðtöl tekin við 21 ungmenni.
Nokkuð ólíkar niðurstöður komu fram eftir því hvort pólitísk þátttaka var af félagslegum eða stjórnmálalegum toga. Hærra hlutfall ungmennanna lagði áherslu á félagslega þátttöku fólks en stjórnmálaþátttöku. Eftir því sem skilningur ungmennanna á lýðræði var meiri og samhygð ríkari þeim mun líklegri voru þau til að telja félagslega þátttöku fólks mikilvæga. Sama átti við um þau sem upplifðu meiri stuðning foreldra sinna og ef þau og foreldrar þeirra höfðu tekið þátt í sjálfboðnu félagsstarfi. Færri þættir tengdust viðhorfi til stjórnmálaþátttöku. Stúlkur, sem töldu atriði sem einkenna lýðræði mikilvæg, og eins þau ungmenni, sem áttu foreldra sem tóku þátt í stjórnmálastarfi, höfðu jákvæðara viðhorf til stjórnmálaþátttöku.
Í viðtölunum kom fram að ungmennin töldu félagslega þátttöku mikilvæga leið til að láta rödd sína heyrast, vera virk og hafa áhrif á samfélagsleg mál. Skortur á trausti á stjórnvöldum drægi úr stjórnmálaþátttöku ungs fólks. Þau kölluðu jafnframt eftir kynningu á leiðum og vettvangi til þátttöku.
A cultura de estupro: o arcabouço da desigualdade, da tolerância à violência, da objetificação da mulher e da culpabilização da vítima
Authors: Sommacal Clariana Leal , Tagliari Priscila De Azambuja
Published: December 2017

O presente artigo busca analisar a cultura de estupro e as suas características sob a perspectiva do sistema de gênero, observando as situações que ensejam a vigência da concepção discriminatória da mulher. Tendo como base a correlação entre o gênero, o poder, a dominação e as mais variadas formas de violência praticadas contra o sexo feminino, com especial enfoque no crime de estupro, analisar-se-á as circunstâncias concernentes à cultura do estupro, as quais se materializam na normalização da violência, na objetificação da mulher e na culpabilização da vítima; características essas que, além de promover o culto do crime em comento, ensejama permanência da mulher em um patamar inferior, desigual e adstrita às condutas morais socialmente esperadas pelo sexo feminino.
Governança para a sustentabilidade urbana e a regularização fundiária
Authors: Machado Maykon Fagundes , Bodnar Zenildo , Silva Kaira Cristina
Published: December 2017

A presente pesquisa tem como escopo verificar a governança urbana sob um viés sustentável de forma a abranger a cidade e proporcione a garantia de direitos individuais e coletivos, de forma específica, busca-se ainda enfatizar a importância da regularização fundiária no contexto da cidade, um instrumento garantidor do efetivo direito a moradia, convertendo o título de posse em propriedade, principalmente concernente à população que vive em condições de extrema precariedade e necessita do devido acesso as políticas públicas e por fim concluir que a compreensão da sustentabilidade é fundamental na atualidade, principalmente concernente a percepção da teia da vida, o entendimento de que tanto o ser humano, como o meio ambiente e a comunidade não viva estão interligados em uma relação sistêmica. Para a percepção geral da justificativa e para a construção deste artigo científico foi utilizada a base lógica do método indutivo de procedimento bibliográfico.
EVALUATION OF MICROMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON FIBER FABRIC USING NANOINDETATION
Authors: Klapálek Pavel , Prošek Zdeněk , Jíra Aleš , Melzerová Lenka
Published: December 2017

This paper is focused mainly on nanoindentation of carbon fibers. Fibers are in form of carbon fiber fabric that is used in larger research that is focused on reinforcing beams made of glued laminated timber. Knowledge of this material on macro and micro level will help to understand its behavior in this specific type of use. Nanoindentation is method used in this paper to obtain material characteristics on micro level such as hardness and modulus of elasticity. Samples of the carbon fiber fabric had to be prepared for this specific testing method by polishing samples of carbon fabric attached in epoxy resin. In particular, it was found that the indentation hardness of the fibers ranges around 3.65 GPa and modulus of elasticity ranges around 26 GPa.
From Reconstruction to Analysis. Re-use and re-purposing of 3D scan datasets obtained from ancient Greek marble sculpture
Authors: Patay-Horváth András , Christiansen Leif
Published: December 2017

The paper describes two related research projects concerning the sculptural decoration of a well-known classical Greek monument, the temple of Zeus at Olympia. Both projects are based on the same dataset, i.e. the 3D scans obtained from the original pieces of marble sculpture, but they are used for two completely different purposes. In the first section, a summary is given of the results concerning the virtual 3D reconstruction of the east pediment, the second part describes another research question, the identity of the so-called Olympia master and a new analytical method, which makes use of the possibilities offered by the digital datasets and may open up new perspectives for the traditional art historical analysis. Beside the re-using and re-purposing of the raw data, the 3D models are not the final output of the project, but they are used to enhance our knowledge in a new way, which would be hardly feasible with traditional methods.
SIKB0102: Synchronizing Excavation Data for Preservation and Re-Use
Authors: Boasson Wouter , Visser Ronald M.
Published: December 2017

Key issue in re-using data from excavations is the need to understand the meaning of the contents. Integrating studies have a hard time using old datasets, for obvious reasons like finding the right data in the first place, understanding unknown codes, and the inherent difficulty of combining data from different excavations. These problems are commonly addressed by archiving and publishing harmonized data, which enables searching through combined datasets, but at the price of losing important detail.Despite hesitation, an interchange format for digital archaeological data was needed. We played a major role in the drafting group for what would later become the 'SIKB0102' interchange standard, where we ultimately focused on: 1) keeping the original level of detail while providing a harmonized view; 2) serving archiving as well as data interchange in active projects; 3) control of versions and 4) making sure that relations, key to solving archaeological mysteries, are central. An unusually flexible interchange format was created, that can hold detailed data together with, and linked to, harmonized data. Having the harmonized data makes it easy to search and combine datasets, while having the related detailed data makes it possible to drill down to the original level of detail. Archaeological data is all about structure and location, so we took care of including the vector geo-location data in the specification as well. Combining all these aspects in one interchange format make the SIKB0102 specification stands out.In The Netherlands the archaeological research data must be provided to the national archival institute (DANS), and the KNA (quality standard for the Dutch archaeology) demands submitting the data to the national archive. Today the KNA requires to provide archaeological excavation data according the SIKB0102 specification, which is a big step forward in re-using archaeological excavation data.
Archaeological Excavation and Documentation of Kafir Kala Fortress
Authors: Usami Tomoyuki , Begmatov Alisher , Uno Takao
Published: December 2017

The site of Kafir Kala is located in the south-east of modern Samarkand city, Uzbekistan, and well-known for its unique sealings and other artifacts. Since 2013, the Japanese-Uzbek joint archaeological expedition has been carrying out excavations and digital surveys on this site, mainly focusing on the fortress area. This paper is a preliminary presentation of newly excavated pre-Islamic structures and 3D models, contributing to a better understanding of the urban settlement history of pre-Islamic Samarkand, as well as other regions of Central Asia.
A Theory of Inefficient College Entry and Excessive Student Debt
Authors: Fedaseyeu Viktar , Strohush Vitaliy
Published: December 2017

When workers are myopic and the amount of financing provided by the government is sufficiently large, some workers acquire education even if they are better off without it. We show that government-provided loans generate a propagation mechanism that exacerbates inefficient college entry. Further, the extent of this inefficiency depends on the speed at which loans are provided, and not just on their amount. The extent of inefficient college entry also depends on the distribution of myopic workers in the population, and inefficiencies can arise even if not all workers are myopic. We extend the model to study the impact of the dropout rate and heterogeneous expectations as well the dynamic implications of inefficient college entry.
On a New Approach to the Analysis of Variance for Experiments with Orthogonal Block Structure.
Authors: Calinski Tadeusz , Siatkowski Idzi
Published: December 2017

Summary The main estimation and hypothesis testing results are presented for experiments conducted in proper block designs. It is shown that, under appropriate randomization, these experiments have the convenient orthogonal block structure. Because of this, the analysis of experimental data can be performed in a comparatively simple way. Certain simplifying procedures are introduced. The main advantage of the presented methodology concerns the analysis of variance and related hypothesis testing procedures. Under the adopted approach one can perform them directly, not by combining results from intra-block and inter-block analyses. Application of the theory is illustrated by three examples of real experiments in proper block designs. This is the first of a projected series of papers concerning the analysis of experiments with orthogonal block structure.
Testimonien, epistemische Gemeinschaften und praktische Risiken
Authors: Bräuer Felix
Published: December 2017

Under what conditions are we justified in believing what people tell us? Traditionally, the answer has either been reductionist or anti-reductionist. Either our justification reduces to non-testimonial reasons, or we have a presumptive, though defeasible, right to believe what we are told. However, some philosophers have argued that we need to look beyond this dichotomy. Following this line of thought, this paper examines and criticizes a recent proposal by John Greco. According to Greco, testimony has two functions: (1) passing on information within an epistemic community; (2) receiving information from an outside source. (1) calls for anti-reductionism, while (2) requires reductive reasons. In response to Greco, several cases are presented, showing that his position leads to counterintuitive consequences. In the light of this result, an alternative, risk-dependent, account is put forward. It is argued that the practical risks connected to receiving false information determine which epistemic treatment is appropriate.
Die zeitliche Dimension der Gerechtigkeit und ihre Bedeutung für die Ethik
Authors: Schmücker Reinold
Published: December 2017

Hitherto, ethics has barely addressed the normative significance of time and timeliness themselves. This contribution first distinguishes between four elementary respects in which time is normatively significant. This is followed by an investigation into the temporal dimension of distributive, restitutive, and retributive justice. It is shown that aspects of temporal duration and intervals are every bit as relevant for a theory of justice as are the finiteness of human life and of interpersonal relations.
Ideen und Sprache
Authors: Becker Alexander
Published: December 2017

Plato’s „Theory of Ideas“ is usually taken to be based upon the claim that ideas exist. In this paper, a different reading is suggested, namely, that the theory of ideas is centered around a distinction between two ways of speaking about ideas. One kind of statement corresponds to the singular predications of contemporary logic, the other kind is aimed at definitions expressing an identity. Since these two kinds of statements employ different kinds of predicative tie, no „reification“ of ideas is involved, which causes most of the problems around the „theory of ideas“. In order to argue for such a reading, two texts by Plato are examined more closely. TheLachesserves as an example of how the two kinds of statements are introduced and distinguished in Platonic dialogues. The final argument for the immortality of the soul in thePhaedo(99d–107d) is famous for its claim that ideas are causes. An interpretation is suggested which shows that this claim, too, is best understood if seen as depending on a particular way of speaking about ideas.
Spatial pattern of ASG-EUPOS sites
Authors: Calka Beata , Bielecka Elzbieta , Figurski Mariusz
Published: December 2017

The article presents the spatial pattern analysis of the ASG-EUPOS permanent GNSS stations in Poland. Using different methods and tools (nearest neighbour, Riplay’s K-function, morphology of Thiessen polygons) we proved that the station distribution model changes within scales. At short distances up to 65 km, which are typical lengths in the network, stations are irregularly dispersed. Increasing this distance to 130 km and over could result in a clustered pattern.

The Thiessen polygon area in 72% depends on the level of urbanization, especially coverage of forested and built-up areas as well as the density of the transportation network. The smallest density of the ASG-EUPOS sites is one station over 10,000 sq. km, which is two times more than is stated in the national regulations. The mean distance from ASG-EUPOS location to the nearest station is about 41.5 km.
Elastic and Viscoelastic Stresses of Nonlinear Rotating Functionally Graded Solid and Annular Disks with Gradually Varying Thickness
Authors: Allam M. N. M. , Tantawy R. , Yousof A. , Zenkour A. M.
Published: December 2017

Analytical and numerical nonlinear solutions for rotating variable-thickness functionally graded solid and annular disks with viscoelastic orthotropic material properties are presented by using the method of successive approximations.Variable material properties such as Young’s moduli, density and thickness of the disk, are first introduced to obtain the governing equation. As a second step, the method of successive approximations is proposed to get the nonlinear solution of the problem. In the third step, the method of effective moduli is deduced to reduce the problem to the corresponding one of a homogeneous but anisotropic material. The results of viscoelastic stresses and radial displacement are obtained for annular and solid disks of different profiles and graphically illustrated. The calculated results are compared and the effects due to many parameters are discussed.
Calculation of Stress Intensity Factor for an Internal Circumferential Crack in a Rotating Functionally Graded Thick-Walled Hollow Circular Cylinder under Thermal Shock
Authors: Ghafoor Elahi Mohammad Reza , Rokhi Masoud Mahdizadeh
Published: December 2017

In this article, the fracture behavior of functionally graded thick-walled cylinder under thermo-mechanical shock is investigated. For this purpose, classical coupled thermoelastic equations are used in calculations. First, these equations are discretized with extended finite element method (XFEM) in the space domain and then they are solved by the Newmark method in the time domain. The most general form of interaction integral is extracted for axially symmetric circumferential crack in a cylinder under thermal and mechanical loads in functionally graded materials and is used to calculate dynamic stress intensity factors (SIFs). The problem solution has been implemented in MATLAB software.
Thermoelastic Interactions in a Rotating Infinite Orthotropic Elastic Body with a Cylindrical Hole and Variable Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Mashat D. S. , Zenkour A. M. , Abouelregal A. E.
Published: December 2017

In the present article, we introduced a new model of the equations of generalized thermoelasticity for unbounded orthotropic body containing a cylindrical cavity. We applied this model in the context of generalized thermoelasticity with phase-lags under the effect of rotation. In this case, the thermal conductivity of the material is considered to be variable. In addition, the cylinder surface is traction free and subjected to a uniform unit step temperature. Using the Laplace transform technique, the distributions of the temperature, displacement, radial stress and hoop stress are determined. A detailed analysis of the effects of rotation, phase-lags and the variability thermal conductivity parameters on the studied fields is discussed. Numerical results for the studied fields are illustrated graphically in the presence and absence of rotation.
From Beale Number to Pole Placement Design of a Free Piston Stirling Engine
Authors: Zare Shahryar , Tavakolpour-Saleh Alireza , Omidvar Amir
Published: December 2017

In this paper, pole placement-based design and analysis of a free piston Stirling engine (FPSE) is presented and compared to the well-defined Beale number design technique. First, dynamic and thermodynamic equations governing the engine system are extracted. Then, linear dynamics of the free piston Stirling engine are studied using dynamic systems theory tools such as root locus. Accordingly, the effects of variations of design parameters such as mass of pistons, stiffness of springs, and frictional damping on the locations of dominant closed-loop poles are investigated. The design procedure is thus conducted to place the dominant poles of the dynamic system at desired locations on the s-plane so that the unstable dynamics, which is the required criterion for energy generation, is achieved. Next, the closed-loop poles are selected based on a desired frequency so that a periodical system is found. Consequently, the design parameters, including mass and spring stiffness for both power and displacer pistons, are obtained. Finally, the engine power is calculated through the proposed control-based analysis and the result is compared to those of the experimental work and the Beale number approach. The outcomes of this work clearly reveal the effectiveness of the control-based design technique of FPSEs compared to the well-known approaches such as Beale number.
M. K. Čiurlionis and St. Petersburg: New Facts Concerning His PaintingBlack Sun
Authors: Nunokawa Yumiko
Published: December 2017

It is a well-known fact among Lithuanian scholars of studies on Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (1875–1911) that Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971) once owned Čiurlionis’ paintingBlack Sun(orBallad). However, it is known only by a reproduction printed in a Russian art magazineАполлон[Apollon]1, with a titleConte fantastiqueandСказка[Fairy Tale] and Stravinsky was specified as an owner of the painting and other details have not been well-researched. Even though some researchers visited St. Petersburg to find the painting several years ago, yet no trace was ever found. In this article, first we would like to look back at Čiurlionis’ visits to St. Petersburg and then, reveal new facts on concerts in which Čiurlionis’ music was performed and more over concerning Čiurlionis’ paintingBlack Sunhow Stravinsky became interested in the painting by introducing letters exchanged between Stravinsky, Alexandre Benois and Andrey Rimsky-Korsakov.