bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long Span Suspension Bridge Spanning up to 2800m with Longer Design Life
Authors: Lee Myeong-Jae , Hwang Gukjin , Lim Jungmook , Kwon Soon-Duck
Published: November 2013

This paper presents the prototype design results of a suspension bridge of which main span reaches up to 2800m. A new design code (draft) developed with supports of the Super Long Span Bridge R&D Center in Korea has been applied to the design. Influences on the design of the main cable, the steel pylon and the orthotropic deck plate are presented. Moreover, the result of optimization on the deck cross-section by wind-tunnel test is summarized.

In addition, a preliminary study on a bridge design life has been performed. Important infrastructures such as super long-span bridges may need a longer bridge design life than that of other structure. A bridge with a longer design life essentially requires higher construction cost. A proposal to raise economical efficiency is suggested.
Forward Analysis and Erection Control of Gwangyang Bridge
Authors: Janjic Dorian
Published: November 2013

On the south-central coast of South Korea, in South Jeolla Province, the port of Gwangyang is situated with the famous Gwangyang Bridge. The main span of the suspension bridge is 1545 m long, both side spans amount to 358 m.

Due to the long span length and construction complexity of the Gwangyang Bridge, the sophisticated computer aided simulation of the bridge erection was needed. The numerical simulation was based on the non-linear form finding procedure of the target geometry in the first step, followed by the detailed forward analysis for all construction stages up-to the time infinity.

The simulation technique, proven with today’s fourth span length of 1545m, is outlined and presented in this work. For the purpose of the simulation one global bridge model has been used. The bridge geometry, predicted with a computer simulation, showed very good agreement compared to the “as built” geometry on site. Integration of engineer’s experience with sophisticated computer software was a key of success in this project. The systematic of the bridge erection simulation methodology can be applied to suspension bridges of any kind.
Large Span Sports Structures – a case study
Authors: Sengupta Anirban , Chatterjee Asish
Published: November 2013

Construction of Sports Infrastructure requires study of functional requirement along with the architectural design criteria and aesthetics of the structure, keeping in view the games requirement, logistic issues and facilities to be provided to the spectator and sports personnel. Structural designers have to respond to the challenge set by the architect. Proper structural scheme can enhance the elegant look of the structure without sacrificing the economy.

Case study for three indoor stadia will be presented in light of achieving the requirements listed above, two of them in the Northeast region of India where temperature are moderate but seismic effects are demanding and the third one in Delhi where temperature variations are large and demands for meeting the completion schedule was paramount. The roof spans vary from 60 m to 145m.
Innovative erection methods for long span roofs: two outstanding examples
Authors: Le Treut Brice , Delbos Damien , Cousin Boris
Published: November 2013

The lens-shaped roof of the S.P. Mukherjee Swimming Pool Complex in New Delhi (India) and the record breaking BC Place in Vancouver (Canada) with its massive 2000 ton cable structure are two outstanding examples of long span roofs supported by cable structures. Most of the characteristics of the two projects are somewhat contrasting: the span (respectively 130 m and 260 m), the cable technology (respectively Cohestrand® and full locked cables), the structural principle (respectively the lens and the bicycle wheel) and the construction methods. However they do have one feature in common: the adoption of an innovative erection method well suited to the constraints of the project (schedule, occupation of the site and available means of erection). All these aspects are presented in the article.
Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Swimming Pool Complex (SPM)
Authors: Stockhusen Knut , Roy B. C. , Paul Dipankar
Published: November 2013

Due to minimized dead load, cable systems have a key advantage for spanning large distances.
Investigation of fastening failure in tram track structure on a bridge over the Vistula River
Authors: Hołowaty Janusz
Published: November 2013

The paper presents an initial investigation undertaken when partial disintegration of rail supporting material occurred on a bridge with a total length of over 500 m. Due to traffic problems, the bridge had been designated for public transport and the emergency services only. The traditional tramway track structure was replaced with an embedded rail structure in 2009, which allowed two further lanes for buses and other public transport services to be added. Modified polyurethane resin was used as rail fastening material. Soon after completion, problems with the fastening material integrity appeared, including delamination, deformation and cracking in the polyurethane resins.

This paper describes the site investigation and laboratory tests undertaken to assess the basic parameters of the fastening material. The composition of the material was assessed using DMA tests. The fastening material was found to have lost its adhesion and integrity due to design faults and errors in the execution of the works. The investigations were able to explain the causes of the tramway track structure degradation and to give recommendations for repairs.
Overview of Research Project on Double Composite Steel Bridge
Authors: Stroh Steven L. , Sen Rajan , Ansley (deceased) Marcus , Pai Niranjan
Published: November 2013

This research investigated the performance and failure mode for a steel box girder bridge girder incorporating double-composite concrete slabs, both at the top and bottom flanges of the girder. The testing included evaluation of fatigue performance, service limit state performance and strength limit state performance, including failure mode. Based on these observations, design criteria recommendations are presented, confirming or supplementing the AASHTO design code.
Investigation of Composite Truss Arch Bridge's Deterioration in China
Authors: Wu Haijun , Liu Fengjuan , Yao Guowen , Lu Ping , Zhou Shuixing
Published: November 2013

Composite truss arch bridge structure has the advantages of light weight, strong spanning ability and less engineering quantity. This kind of bridges has been widely applied in Guizhou Province and also other mountainous regions in China. Field studies has been made on Jianhe Bridge and other 33 composite truss arch bridges in-service. The result shows that circle cracks and transverse cracks are widely exist in such kind of bridges. It can be learned from the investigation that most of the deteriorations are serious and those deteriorations share certain characteristics and distribution regularities. This investigations and analysis also build the foundation for further research on deterioration causes and reinforcement methods.
Stability Analysis of Slender Passageway of AUW's Campus Center
Authors: Siddique Sabbir
Published: November 2013

Stability represents a fundamental problem in structural engineering which must be investigated to ensure the safety of structures against collapse. The importance of the subject is evident from the history of structural collapses caused by neglecting the stability aspects in design.

The campus of the Asian University of Woman (AUW) at Dhaka, Bangladesh master planned by famous architect Moshe Safdie and Associates (MSA) which was detailed by VITTI-SHS Consortium. The Civil and Structural issues of the Campus Center of the AUW was solved by Design Planning & Management Consultants Ltd. (DPM).

In the Academic Building of AUW, there is a long passage of three storied high supported on thin columns that supports a garden at the top. The passage columns need to be thin in size and not allowed to connect in the longitudinal direction. Stability of the columns in the unconnected direction was in question. During finalization of construction design, stability of the structure was mathematically checked by linear buckling analysis. The aim was to find the buckling modes and corresponding critical buckling loads. This paper represents the finding of the stability analysis and discusses fundamental issues of stability of the building structures.
Failure Mode Prognosis of Highway Grillage Girder Bridge Considering Shear Resistance of Diaphragms
Authors: Sun Zhi , Zhang Yi , An Yue
Published: November 2013

This paper presents a study on failure mode prognosis for a highway grillage girder bridge consider- ing the shear resistance capacity of diaphragms. The bridge concerned is composed of 5 main gird- ers and 3 diaphragms. The plastic yielding of the main girders considering their moment capacity and the diaphragms considering their shear capacity is concerned. The incremental analyses are conducted to evaluate bridge vehicle-carrying capacity. During the incremental analysis, the ductile or brittle shear failures of the diaphragm are considered. The results tell that the shear resistance capacity of diaphragm will induce the variation of structure failure mode under the traffic loads and should be designed to be of more redundancy to avoid the local failure, especially if uncertainty is considered.
The role of SHM systems in planning bridge renovation works
Authors: Spuler Thomas , Moor Gianni , Meng Niculin
Published: November 2013

Bridges, like all structures, have a limited life expectancy, and require renovation and repair works at times during their lives in order to reach an expected age. When planning such works, it is very often of great benefit to know precisely how the bridge has performed in the past, as this will enable the renovation works to be optimised – with many benefits for the owner, the bridge’s users and the environment. Indeed, analysis of the actual bridge can be sure to provide more relevant data than any scale model in a laboratory or computer model on a hard drive. The use of modern structural health monitoring (SHM) systems in this way is demonstrated by two current monitoring projects, both providing the data needed to optimise the renovation of cable stayed bridges which are critically important to the cities they serve.
Bridge Structural Damage Location Identification under Seismic Action
Authors: Shan Deshan , Huang Zhenxin , Huang Zhen , Yang Jingchao
Published: November 2013

In order to detect the bridge structural damage caused by earthquake, a location identification method for structural seismic-induced damage based on the pattern recognition in statistical learning theory is put forward. Hilbert-Huang transform is adopted to process the inputting ground motion and structural dynamic responses, and then Hilbert marginal spectrum transfer function is defined as the damage location index in time-frequency domain. Furthermore, the model of damage location identification is set up by support vector machine. Taken one certain cable-stayed bridge as case study to verify the proposed seismic-induced damage location method, and the results show that when the single region of bridge is damaged under seismic action, the proposed method obtains the preferable results of location identification, while the misjudgments still appear under conditions of multi-regions damage cases, but the whole identified rate is still acceptable.
Structural Health Monitoring of a Railway Truss Bridge from Limited Static & Dynamic Responses
Authors: Bandyopadhyay D. , Guha P. , Ali J. S.
Published: November 2013

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has become significantly important particularly in case of age old railways steel trusses bridges in India in the context of ensuring safety, reliability and future usefulness. Most of the NDT techniques are location dependent and conducted in a piecewise manner and static test with sufficient measurement data also may not seems to be feasible for a large complex structure. Numerical method incorporating inverse technique is a global approach to identify the structural parameters using both static and dynamic responses but measurement at all degrees of freedom does not seem to be feasible due to practical constraints. Parameter identification of structures based on limited static and dynamic responses at the element level in a finite element platform is proposed in the present paper. The structural property for each element is derived adopting a two-phase analysis processes namely modal extraction and structural parameter identification. The proposed method is demonstrated in detail with numerical example. The method seems to be an attractive proposition for practical problem, as it is able to identify the structural system from limited static and dynamic responses.
Damage Location Identification of Railway Bridge under moving Train
Authors: Shan Deshan , Zhang Junying , Li Qiao , Lv Tiande , Huang Zhen
Published: November 2013

In order to detect the structural damage of railway bridge, based on acceleration response caused by moving vehicles, a novelty damage location method with the combination pattern recognition and Hilbert-Huang Transform in time-frequency domain is put forward. The structural damage vulnerability is analyzed to find out the vulnerable zones at first, and then several subdomains are obtained from the structural time-histories induced by moving vehicles. As for each subdomain, damage location identification is divided into 2 steps with different damage location models.

Hilbert-Huang transform is adopted to construct damage indexes, and Support Vector Machine is taken as the classification algorithm. One certain railway continuous girder bridge is taken to verify the proposal method, and the results show that the proposed method can obtain the preferable results for damage location identification with better anti-noise capability.
Structural Health Monitoring System for the New Forth Crossing
Authors: Riches Oliver , Wong K. Y. , Yeung Ngai
Published: November 2013

The New Forth Crossing, currently being constructed over the Forth Estuary will be 2.7km in length and will include the world’s longest three tower cable stayed bridge. To implement a state-of-the- art inspection and maintenance system on this bridge a fully integrated Structural Health Monitoring System (SHMS) will be installed to monitor performance, give advanced warning of structural problems, and allow the planning and programming of a targeted inspection, intervention and maintenance regime. Comprising approximately one thousand sensors the SHMS will monitor, archive and process the environmental conditions, bridge actions and the associated effects and enable the diagnosis of structural problems and the prognosis of the future service life of the bridge.
Structural Health Monitoring of Signature Bridge in Delhi – the Bridge-Structural-Health-Monitoring-System
Authors: Furtner Peter , Della Ca' Danilo , Gosh Chinmoy
Published: November 2013

A new cable-stayed bridge is currently under construction across the River Yamuna in Wazirabad, Delhi. The bridge will have a total length of 675 m, with a main span of 251 m. Its steel-concrete composite deck, with a total width of 35.20 m, will carry four lanes of traffic in each direction. Its dramatic inclined steel pylon, with a height of 154 metres, and elegant stay cable design, will make it a particularly attractive and imposing addition to the Wazirabad skyline.

The bridge will be equipped with a sophisticated structural health monitoring system, supplied by a joint venture of Mageba India, Mageba Switzerland and Vienna Consulting Engineers.

The paper describes the purpose of the system and the requirements it will fulfil, and presents the general system layout, a description of the equipment and the technical solution for data transfer. A special focus is given to the subject of data management, which includes the archiving, analysis and presentation of the recorded data. In addition to the compulsory control room devices, the system will include a user interface which allows secure internet access to the monitoring data and results, from any location at any time.
Development of Concept for a Floating Bridge for crossing the Sognefjord in Norway
Authors: Jakobsen Svein Erik , Norum Larsen Per , Sundet Erik
Published: November 2013

A design group consisting of the companies Aas-Jakobsen, Johs.Holt, Cowi, NGI and Skanska was in spring 2012 awarded the contract of conceptual development of a floating bridge for crossing the Sognefjord in Norway by Norwegian Public Roads Administration. The crossing is a part of the E39 Fixed Link Project. At this site, the bridge will cross a strait that is 3700m wide and 1250m deep. The fjord is also heavy trafficated with ships, the largest ones being the biggest cruise ships in the world.

The development of concepts was done in a dialog design tender phase, involving 5 other teams, but where the design group in question were the contract winners. The chosen concept is a multiple span suspension bridge with two of the four main towers founded on floating pontoons anchored to the bottom. The span with of the suspension part will be 3 times 1234m. This concept will be the first of its kind in the world, and it will use experience and knowhow from long span bridge engineering and deep sea marine structure engineering to its full extent.

The concept work has been done, using a wide range of senior technical experts, for instance on structural analyses, wind dynamics, wave dynamics, cable dynamics, impact dynamics, marine geotechnique, marine operations etc.

The floating bridge concept will compete with a ultra long span suspension bridge with span 3700m and a submerged floating tunnel concept with floating pontoons, and will, if chosen, bring a new dimension to long span bridge engineering.

This paper present the history involved in developing the concept and furthermore present the results from the conceptual work in terms of structural behaviour, construction procedures and technical solutions that have lead to the conclusion that this is a feasible concept.
An Immersed Tunnel, better than a Long Span Bridge?
Authors: Vergoossen Rob , De Wit Hans , Van Putten Eelco
Published: November 2013

Traditionally long span bridges are applied for river crossings and often in delta areas and in soft soil conditions. As an alternative to a bridge, in countries like the US, Japan and the Netherlands many of these fixed links have been constructed as a tunnel with the immersed tunnel technique. In these countries this technique is quite mature and common practice. However, over the past years there is also a growing interest for this technique in other countries. Recent tunnel projects have shown that immersed tunnels are feasible and competitive to a long span bridge under more challenging circumstances. Immersed tunnels have been constructed successfully in water depths up to 58 m below sea level, in very poor soil conditions, with increasing lengths, increasing design lives and in offshore conditions.
An Automatic Walking-type Launching System and Ist Application
Authors: Zhang Yongtao , Zhou Renzhong
Published: November 2013

In Long-span bridge construction by incremental launching method ( ILM for short ), because its complex structural loads, the dragging-type launching equipment commonly used at present no longer applies. Based on Jiubao bridge construction project, a new launching system of the Automatic Walking-type Launching System ( AWLS for short ) is developed. This paper mainly introduces and describes the operation principle, component, main technical performance and features of the AWLS. The AWLS is a self-balancing launching system that integrates with functions of lifting, pushing and rectifying. It features highly automation, safety and reliability in operation. By using the AWLS, Jiubao Bridge was successfully erected by ILM for the first time as a three-span beam-arch composite bridge in the world. Meanwhile the AWLS can be widely used in construction of bridges with various kinds of structures due to its very wide generality.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for the assessment of existing structures
Authors: Hallermann Norman , Morgenthal Guido
Published: November 2013

Conventional inspections of structures are mainly based on visual investigation methods. Large structures such as bridges, chimneys, towers, dams, industrial power plants or historical buildings and monuments structural are often hard to access for a detailed inspection. In most cases inspections of structures are technically complex. The inspection of critical structural members and components which are hard to reach is mostly done with special equipment such as large underbridge units and elevating platforms and social personnel like industrial climbers.

The rapid technical development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the last years suggests the use of UAVs in inspection and monitoring of structures, which can make a contribution to its improvement of quality and efficiency. This paper discusses the application of remotely controlled UAVs, equipped with high definition photo and video cameras for visual inspection of structures. The usability of this non-destructive method of damage detection is shown in two practical examples.
Exploration of Super-Large Span Steel Truss- Fabricated Concrete Composite Continuous Rigid Frame Bridges
Authors: Zhou Zhixiang , Gao Yanmei , Li Chengjun , Yao Guowen
Published: November 2013

Basing on the existent study of prestressed concrete (PC) continuous rigid frame bridge and steel- concrete composite bridge, a new type of super-large span steel truss-concrete composite continuous rigid frame bridge (STCB) constructed by cantilever method is proposed in this paper. Structure system and characteristic features are discussed, and the cantilever construction methods and major construction steps are introduced. An example of exemplary 386m-span STCB design justifies the feasibility and reasonability, in which the respective material advantages of steel and concrete can be fully used, the self-weight of the main beam are effectively decreased and the smaller substructure sizes are relatively enabled with much larger span ability. In addition, STCB is basically robust against the usual defects of excessive harmful deflection due to concrete cracking and creeping. In the end, the general characteristics and application prospect are presented.
Field Measurement and Load Testing of the Rama IX Cable-Stayed Bridge
Authors: Chompooming Kridayuth , Sirimontree Sayan , Prasarnklieo Wacharapong
Published: November 2013

In this paper, field measurement and diagnostic load test carried out for the Rama IX Bridge, as part of bridge in-depth inspection and evaluation is presented. One of the main objectives of the investigation is to better understand the physical behaviors of the aging bridge employing field measurements and to reduce uncertainties, related to material properties, boundary conditions and stiffness contribution as well as any influence of damage and deterioration, in structural evaluation of the bridge structure. A modal analysis is adopted to determine modal properties of the cables, steel box girder, and pylons. A number of three-axle test trucks with predetermined loads are employed in the diagnostic load test. Cable frequencies and strains obtained under the applications of test trucks are presented. A wavelet analysis is adopted for decomposition of strains into static and dynamic components in determination of dynamic effects on structural responses.
Use of 3D Product Modeling in Cable Stayed Bridge Design and Construction
Authors: Mikkonen Atte , Pulkkinen Pekka
Published: November 2013

Big expectations are the laid down for the product modelling in structural design. As it is almost a standard for buildings it is not commonly applied for bridges yet.

The ideal concept is to use one model, from the design stage through the construction to the filing, so that all the construction information will be available and stored in a one place. The Finnish Transport Agency has announced that they require modelling for bridge designs from April 2014. Anyhow, applicable standards and modelling practices are not created yet.

The Crusell Bridge, built in Finland 2010, is the first large scale Bridge in which the modelling has been applied all the way through from engineering design to the construction. This paper collects experiences from a large size bridge project, describes the processes finding benefits and problems of product modelling in practise in the most challenging structures – in large scale bridges.
Vessel Collision Design Method for Long-Span Bridges
Authors: Park Wonsuk , Lim Jeong-Hyun , Koh Hyun-Moo
Published: November 2013

Vessel collision is the one of the critical extreme events in designing a bridge over waterways for large ships. Due to inherent uncertainties, risk analysis methods have been mainly adopted in current design practices such as AASHTO guidelines or Eurocode. In these risk analysis method, the annual collapse probability of whole bridge system is evaluated. However, the risk analysis cannot deduce the explicit design collision load and the required design performance of the bridge after collision event. Therefore, in this paper, a new vessel collision design procedure and a collision load estimation process are proposed by considering the uncertainties in vessel-bridge collision scenarios. The design collision loads are determined through the probability distribution of collision load and a prescribed hazard level. All the uncertainties in collision scenario are considered to construct the probability distribution model. An illustrative example for a cable- stayed bridge is also presented to verify the proposed method.
Stay cable forces under dead load for cable-stayed and extradosed bridges
Authors: El Shenawy El Araby , Schlaich Mike
Published: November 2013

The stay cables for cable-stayed bridges are normally designed to get the bridge deck to behave under dead load, as a continuous beam on rigid supports. Consequently, the creep effect due to bending of the deck elements under dead load, can be eliminated and the achieved stay cable forces and the bridge alignment will not change with time.

Whilst the methods for the determination of the stay cable forces under dead load for cable- stayed bridges have been dealt with in several previous researches, it has been found that these methods cannot be applied for extradosed bridges.

In this paper, the common method used for the determination of the stay cables forces under dead load for cable-stayed bridges will be briefly discussed and a new method for the same purpose will be presented for extradosed bridges.
Dynamic FE Model Updating of a Cable-Stayed Bridge
Authors: Park JunYong , Kim Ho-Kyung , Park Wonsuk
Published: November 2013

A case study of dynamic model updating was carried out for a cable-stayed bridge opened to traffic in 2000. The main span of the bridge is 470m in length and consists of slab-on-stringer deck. The natural frequencies and mode shapes were identified by Korea Expressway Corporation from the ambient vibration test (AVT) with 80 measuring points along the spans. Since the AVT was performed with a dense application of accelerometers, the fitting of the mode shapes as well as the natural frequencies was applied to the dynamic model updating. A sensitivity-based optimization approach was adopted for the minimization of the objective function represented by the squared errors between measured and calculated natural frequencies and mode shapes. For the reasonable modification of structural parameters, the variation of parameters was also minimized in terms of a penalty function in the optimization problem. The modal assurance criterion and normalized modal difference were utilized to measure the coincidence between measured and calculated mode shapes. The recommendable range of weighting factors was proposed through a series of parameter studies in the finite element (FE) model updating. Even though considerable irregularities were identified in the measured mode shapes, the updated FE model successfully produced dynamic properties which showed good agreements with the measured ones in terms of not only the natural frequencies

but also the mode shapes with preserving the changes of structural parameters in a reasonable range.
Estimation of Inelastic Buckling Collapse Loads for Steel Cable-Stayed Bridges
Authors: Choi Dong-Ho , Gwon Sun Gil , Yoo Hoon
Published: November 2013

In this paper, a simple method for estimating the buckling collapse loads for steel cable-stayed bridges is proposed. An improved convergence criterion for iterative eigenvalue computations is suggested to consider the beam-column effect for girder and tower members of a cable-stayed bridge system. Then, the two example bridges representing medium and long-span models are analyzed in order to show the validity and applicability of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method for a beam-column is a good substitute for complex nonlinear inelastic analysis to approximately determine the buckling collapse loads of the bridge systems for all spans and girder depth ranges in preliminary design stages.
Innovative design and construction of pier head for Nivedita Setu
Authors: Basu Arindam , Paul Dipankar
Published: November 2013

Nivedita Setu is the state-of-the-art, multi-span extradosed cable stayed bridge supported by single plane of cables. This landmark six lane road bridge deck is 29m wide single cell precast concrete segmental box. The pier table supported on a single pylon pier was a critical part of the superstructure. Huge dimensions and massive weight of pier head and integrated with the pylon pier posed a major challenge to bridge engineers. An innovative state-of-the-art solution of steel- concrete composite structure was developed to simplify the construction in terms of both time and cost. The significance of hybrid steel stability frame-precast shell amalgamated into the optimum choice of handling and transportation of segments to bridge site without exceeding the capacity of construction machinery and erection tackles.

The paper discusses the innovative technique in design and construction of the critical pier head segment and its impact on completion of the iconic bridge.
State-of-the-art extradosed cable technology
Authors: Mellier Erik
Published: November 2013

Among long span bridges, a family of bridges is developing rapidly: those supported by extradosed cables. The reason for this is probably the fact that those bridges combine the robustness and the rigidity of box girder bridges with the aesthetics and the modernity of stay cable bridges (figure 1).

This paper will first propose a review of the existing guidelines for extradosed cables and suggest developments to draw a state-of-the art synthesis.

The Multitube saddle will also be presented which is a concept of deviation saddle with outstanding performance specifically developed for extradosed bridges.

The Multitube saddle is designed to deviate a cable constituted of a bundle of individually HDPE sheathed strands encased in an outer stay pipe. It has major advantages with respect to durability: the corrosion protection of the strand is not interrupted in the saddle, the excellent axial and bending fatigue behaviour, the possibility of individual replacement of the strands.

It was first installed in a bridge in 2003 it has now a 10 year track record and it has been used on almost ten extradosed bridge projects around the world. This paper will underline the perspectives offered for the development of long span extradosed bridges.
Extradosed Bridges for Major River on Vadodara Mumbai Expressway
Authors: Sinha N. K. , Chattopadhyay Gautam , Dasgupta Malay
Published: November 2013

National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) proposes to construct about 400 km long Mumbai- Vadodara (VM) Expressway to be implemented under Public Private Partnership. This is part of 1000 kms of expressway being developed under National Highways Development Program (NHDP) Phase-IV. The Authority has commissioned the services of M/s. Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Private Limited (ICT) for carrying out consultancy services for “Preparation of Feasibility cum Preliminary Design Report for the Expressway.

For the particular sites of Ulhas River (near Mumbai) and Tapi River (near Surat) under proposed Vadodara-Mumbai Expressway Project, there is a navigational requirement of minimum 100m horizontal clearance and 10m vertical clearance above HFL / HTL through the bridges. Ulhas river crossing is close to the Arabian sea, while Tapi river crossing is in the open. Both the crossings are near urban setting, Ulhas being close to Mumbai and Tapi being close to industrial city of Surat. From aesthetic considerations and from navigational requirement, extradosed bridges have been planned and designed as a part of Detailed Project Preparation for the Expressway.

This paper brings out justification for adopting extradosed type superstructure for the two river bridges on proposed Expressway. Main bridge on these river crossings is proposed as an extradosed span module of 75 m+120 m+120 m+120 m+75 m to be constructed with transversely pre-stressed single cell 21 m wide precast box segments of uniform depth of 3.5 m besides along with simply supported viaduct spans of 45m on either side of main bridge. The paper also brings out the design criteria adopted for the extradosed bridges along with a brief historical background and concept.
Investigation of Design Loads and Load Combinations for Limit State Design of Long Span Cable-Supported Bridge
Authors: Paik Inyeol , Lee Seung Han , Lee Hae Sung
Published: November 2013

For the design of long span cable supported bridge (LSCSB), the reliability based limit state design manual is under development. Statistical and probabilistic definition of the design loads and the load factors in the load combination are examined in relation to the design period and the safety level. For the purpose of investigating the reliability level of the design load combinations in the ultimate limit state and the extreme event limit state, the definitions of the variable loads are reviewed in terms of the design period and exceedance probability. An example of cable-stayed bridge is presented to show the reliability indexes of design load combinations of earthquake load.
Simplified Method to Analyse Casting Sequences of Composite Bridge Slabs
Authors: Dezi Luigino , Gara Fabrizio , Leoni Graziano
Published: November 2013

This paper presents a simplified procedure to analyse the effects of construction sequences of slabs in steel-concrete composite bridge decks. The procedure allows accounting for shrinkage and casting sequence effects. The time-dependent behaviour of the concrete is also included to capture the stress relaxation that mitigates the effects of the fast thermal shrinkage. Main features related to modelling of early-age concrete behaviour and tensile creep are discussed. The proposed simplified method is applied to evaluate the stresses in the slab of a realistic three-span composite bridge deck by considering different casting sequences. The comparison between the results obtained with the proposed method and those given by a step-by-step procedure shows the accuracy of the simplified method that can be considered a useful tool for practical applications.
High Strength Steel in Friends Arena
Authors: Cederfeldt Lars
Published: November 2013

Designing a roof for a large arena with many initial requirements for an outdoor feeling and flexibility for different events, etc., is a world-class challenge. The main task is to find a functional system based on intuition, experience and rough estimates. Furthermore, it is important to limit the load especially from dead weight by using lightweight materials and optimization of secondary structures. It is also necessary to design with high material utilization of every element in the primary framework by varying the size of the profiles and their plate thicknesses, so called tailor-made design. When using high strength steel on top of these optimizations, it is possible to considerably reduce weight and cost.
Design of the Singapore Sports Hub Roof with High Strength Niobium Steel
Authors: King Mike , Whitby William , Hanshaw Graeme
Published: November 2013

Singapore National Stadium roof structure is a highly efficient dome spanning 310 m with a rise of 85 m from the ground level. When complete, the fixed roof will be the largest clear span dome roof in the world and supports a symmetrical movable roof in 2 halves. The fixed roof structure is formed by a series of steel arch trusses that are supported by a post-tensioned concrete ring beam. The trusses are constructed from CHS elements and span in multiple directions to form a highly efficient braced dome structure.

This paper considers the potential savings in material use that could have been made if higher strength, high elongation steel had been economically viable and could have been competitively tendered. It is shown that it could be possible to make a significant saving on element steelwork if hot finished Niobium grain refined S500 can be adopted for similar projects in the future.
Glass Covering of long span Roofs
Authors: Siebert Barbara
Published: November 2013

Glass is getting more and more popular in many fields of structural engineering. In case of covering of roof constructions it is possible to design very transparent and of the architectural side very attractive constructions. A combination with photovoltaic elements enables energy output.

It is very important to consider some points: Glass is a brittle material, so it is important to do the static analysis very carefully. Sometimes tests are necessary for the remaining load carrying capacity in the case the glass breaks. In case of large roof constructions the deflection of the substructure must considered in the analysis of the glass. Looking to the codes there exist worldwide only very few regulations. Finally some examples are presented.
The Mineral Storeyard Confinement Structures: A Case Study
Authors: Gancia Gian Michele
Published: November 2013

Large span steel coverings were introduced and extensively used since the beginning of the steel construction industry because of the excellent strength-weight ratio which enabled to carry develop daring, low weight structures.

Trussed arches, high tensile steels and modern technological processes allowed to substantially increase spans up to overcoming the concept of covering structures and reaching the idea of confinement structures (i.e. buildings that contain internal sites or constructions which must be physically kept apart, usually for environmental protection purposes).

The paper develops the concept design of the storeyard confinement structures of ILVA’s plant in Taranto (Italy).

In the case study, referring only to the structural typologies of coupled circular and parabolic arches, the results of a preliminary structural analysis are presented, in order to assess the feasibility of the project depending on the chosen structural typology.
Long-span Roof Truss Elements Space Frames
Authors: Limsuwan Ekasit , Charoenying Pimol , Lerksirirat Uthai
Published: November 2013

The roof steel structural system with symmetrical major and secondary trusses in each direction have been analysed and designed by simplified 2D planar truss in each direction and then verified by 3D in the whole structure. Verification have stated that internal force of major truss have decreased while some elements of secondary truss have significantly increased. Increasing of internal forces of secondary truss could be reduced by releasing the constraint at the supports, tension hoop elements and indeterminate of secondary truss as much as possible until almost dead load have been provided during construction period.
Geometrical influence on transverse thermal stresses in concrete bridge sections
Authors: Larsson Oskar
Published: November 2013

The temperature in a concrete bridge is affected by complex interactions of climatic factors. Varying concrete temperature will give rise to movements in the longitudinal as well as the transverse directions. Inspections of certain box girder bridges have shown cracks in only the thin vertical walls, which may be an indication of a geometrical influence. A sequence of climate input data deemed as an extreme event in a previous study was used to calculate the transverse thermal stresses in concrete box-sections with various geometries. The results show that the most influencing geometrical parameter is the member thickness ratio. If the thicknesses in the horizontal slabs and the vertical walls are different, large tensile stresses will occur in the section. The actual thickness is not as important, nor whether the slabs or walls are the thinner parts. The width and height of the cross-section is not as influential as the thickness ratio.
Design and Construction of Pedestrian Bridge at Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
Authors: Rajeshirke Umesh , Bhadane Nilesh
Published: November 2013

With drastic growth of urban population many number of Pedestrian Bridges are being planned to transfer the cluster of pedestrian traffic from mass transport system to residential, commercial and academic areas. To serve the purpose, grade separated pedestrian facility namely skywalk is constructed at Kharghar (Navi Mumbai). This project includes 1600 m long conventionally supported foot over bridge connecting the commercial and academic areas to railway station and 120 m long cable stayed bridge crossing the national highway. Cable stayed bridge consists of steel superstructure with centrally located 41 m high steel pylon. Stay cables are locked with built-up steel anchorage system. The choice of structural system for this project makes it suitable for execution with least time, at the same time with optimized project cost and enhanced aesthetics. Direct erection methodology was implemented for the construction of pylon and superstructure by maintaining the structural and architectural profile requirements. The purpose of this paper is to describe the detail analysis and design philosophy adopted for the cable stayed bridge.
The construction of long span footbridge over Vistula river in Cracow
Authors: Siwowski Tomasz W. , Wysocki Artur
Published: November 2013

The new footbridge over Vistula River recently built in Cracow spans two riverbanks in the historical city centre, what strongly influenced the architectural shape, structural solutions and construction technology of the footbridge. This is the 148 m long tied arch steel structure with one main arch girder of circular cross section and twin suspended orthotropic steel decks covered with timber planks. The most challenging part of the project was the bridge assembly and erection. The Vistula River needed to remain open during construction because it serves as a navigation channel for tourist fleet and so conventional methods of construction were questioned. The footbridge was horizontally rotated across the river from its construction site on the right bank into its final position on abutment on the left bank. The paper has briefly described the new footbridge, its structural solutions as well as the unusual technology used for the construction, i.e. horizontal rotation method.
Long Span Steel Arch Bridges
Authors: Guliani RBS
Published: November 2013

This paper presents design and construction aspects and general bridge conception of Long Span Steel Arch Bridges using example and model of 2 Steel Arch Bridges:

Dawki Bridge across river Umngot, Meghalaya- Span 125 m. The arch has been designed as steel Box with semi through deck

Tharia Bridge over river Wahrew, Meghalaya- Span 150 m. The arch has been designed as steel trussed arch with semi through deck.

The structures are chosen such that these complements the existing landscape. Aesthetics has been intrinsic in the design in which simple form & slender structure has been adopted to provide aesthetically pleasing design. The bridges should stand as proud inheritor of Indian tradition of bridge design and building.
Challenges Faced In Design of Most Unbalanced Cantilever Continuous P.S.C. Bridge Over River Munawar at Beripattan, in J&K, India
Authors: Bhowmick Alok , Gupta Praveen , Jain Sanjay
Published: November 2013

The paper highlights the challenges faced in planning & design of an unique bridge in Jammu & Kashmir, which has been completed recently. This highly unbalanced two lane bridge with footpath is having a total length of 124m between face to face of dirt wall with span arrangement of 14m+96m+14m. The span arrangement was dictated by the site constraints. The central span of this variable depth PSC box girder Superstructure is constructed by cast-in-situ cantilever method of construction. 14m end Spans are anchored firmly with the abutment at both the ends by using prestressed vertical cables. 18 cables with 288 strands of 12.7mm diameter have been used to anchor the superstructure with each abutment. The reaction from Superstructure to the Abutment is ‘upward’ unlike the conventional bridges, where the load transferred is ‘downward’. The upward load transfer from Superstructure to the abutment is achieved by using a portal frame with inverted free bearing. Overall stability of the system is achieved by provising adequate counter weight on the box type abutment. Foundation for both the piers and abutments are on open foundation, resting on hard rocky strata.
Seaford Rail Viaduct – Launching a Kilometre
Authors: Turner Harry , Kerkovius Andreas
Published: November 2013

The Seaford Rail Extension Project, recently completed to the south of Adelaide, South Australia, required a 1.125km long viaduct to cross the Onkaparinga Valley and River. The solution chosen was an incrementally launched, concrete box girder, supporting the up and down tracks of the suburban rail line as ballasted track. This paper will consider the design aspects of this structure.

The incremental launch option, with typical spans of 52.3m, was chosen to minimise environmental damage to the sensitive valley. It also results in fewer piers than would be required by a conventional precast concrete (‘Super T’) alternative. This is particularly relevant considering the high cost of constructing piled foundations in the deep, soft alluvial soils present. In addition, two of the soil strata were assessed as being liable to liquefaction in the event of an earthquake.

The articulation of the structure is highly unusual. Rail/structure interaction on long ballasted deck bridges, as assessed by European guidelines and standards, can result in unacceptable risk of track buckling. An assessment of this complex phenomenon resulted in the partition of the structure into several different sections, each with its own longitudinal restraint system. A series of rail expansion switches and deck movement joints prevent build up of stresses in the rails.
New Generation Foot Bridge for Delhi: Design and Construction
Authors: Sohal Gurpreet Singh , Tandon Mahesh
Published: November 2013

A footbridge has always been the object of experimentation when it comes to innovation in bridge forms. The prime reason behind this is the lighter loads it is required to carry. This flight of imagination may go wrong if the psychology and responsive behaviour of the user as well as structure is not given due consideration as happened for Millennium Bridge, London. Vehicle impact on support structure of such a light structure could be fatal to pedestrians using the footbridge. This paper talks about the development of footbridges from concept to execution, of aesthetically appealing structural form, guided by the two primary constraints mentioned above.