bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indirect adaptive robust dynamic surface control of electro-hydraulic fatigue testing system with huge elastic load
Authors: He Yudong , Wang Junzheng , Shen Wei , Zhao Jiangbo
Published: December 2015

In this article, an electro-hydraulic-based fatigue testing system is considered. Electro-hydraulic system suffers from internal parameter uncertainties and external disturbances. Indirect adaptive robust control has been proposed to address these problems; however, since the mathematical model of this electro-hydraulic system has an order of four, the inherent “explosion of terms” problem makes the controller hard to design, and a large computational cost is needed. Thus, dynamic surface control is utilized in the design procedure of indirect adaptive robust control. The proposed indirect adaptive robust dynamic surface controller simplified the design procedure and decreased the computational cost of the controller. Furthermore, due to the fatigue of the elastic load, fast internal parameter change is encountered in this system. A fast parameter estimation scheme is proposed to adapt to the parameter change for a better estimation performance. For the mechanical system, a change in the hydraulic circuit is made to address the problem of chattering and impact caused by huge elastic load and to simplify the system model at the same time. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed controller achieves a better parameter estimation and trajectory tracking performance.
Structural dynamic modification of an active suspended handle with a parallel coupled piezo stack actuator
Authors: Ahmad Mazlan Ahmad Zhafran , Mohd Ripin Zaidi
Published: December 2015

This article presents the structural dynamic modification technique, applied to an active suspended handle, to overcome the displacement limitation of a piezo stack actuator by increasing the stiffness of the lower beam of the handle that supports the piezo stack actuator. The increased stiffness shifted the modes of the structure beyond the operating frequency range. The structural dynamic modification model with linearized piezo stack actuator hysteresis showed better performance compared to the original-active suspended handle model. A proportional feedback gain (P) step-up method is used for counter voltage to the piezo stack actuator in a real-time active vibration control system. The effective frequency range of isolation, with transmissibility smaller than unity, was expanded from 250–450 Hz to 200–510 Hz, and the anti-node transmissibility was lowered from −18 to −26 dB. Laboratory testing using a die grinder with a nominal operating speed of 25,000 r/min showed that the structural dynamic modification-active suspended handle reduced vibration transmissibility by up to 96%.
Increased serum level of prolactin is related to autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Yang J , Li Q , Yang X , Li M
Published: December 2015

Objective

Prolactin (PRL) is known to aid effector B cells and augment autoimmunity, but the role of PRL in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between the serum levels of PRL and autoantibody production in SLE.

Methods

Blood levels of PRL, anti-double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) antibody, immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were determined in samples from 30 adult patients with SLE and 25 healthy controls. The relationships between the serum level of PRL and SLE disease activity, as well as the titres of the ds-DNA antibody, IgM and IgG were determined.

Results

The serum level of PRL was higher in the SLE patients than in the healthy controls. PRL concentration increased during SLE flares-ups and decreased following disease remission. There was a positive correlation between the PRL concentration and serum levels of IgM, IgG and ds-DNA antibody titre.

Conclusion

These data suggest that the serum level of PRL was closely related to the antibody production and disease activity of SLE patients. PRL concentration was dramatically reduced upon the remission of disease activity, indicating that PRL levels might be a promising predictor of SLE disease severity.
Prevalence of premature ovarian failure in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Mayorga J , Alpízar-Rodríguez D , Prieto-Padilla J , Romero-Díaz J , Cravioto M C
Published: December 2015

Objective

To estimate the prevalence of premature ovarian failure (POF) and its associated factors in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

Cross-sectional study including consecutive SLE women <60 years of age attending a rheumatology clinic. A face-to-face interview was undertaken to obtain demographic, gynaecological and lupus characteristics. Additional rheumatologic and endocrine data were retrieved from patients’ medical records. POF prevalence was estimated in the study sample and in a subgroup of patients aged <40 years at interview. Associations between POF and selected variables were assessed by logistic regression analyses.

Results

A total of 961 patients were analysed. Prevalence of POF, secondary amenorrhea of known cause, menopause and hysterectomy were 5.4%, 0.8%, 7.8% and 4.4%, respectively. In 674 (70%) patients who had not been exposed to cyclophosphamide (CYC) the prevalence of POF was 0.6%. Disease activity over time (OR 1.4 (CI 95% 1.0–1.8, p < 0.05)) and CYC treatment (OR 5.9 (CI 95% 1.8–18.8, p < 0.01)) were associated with higher prevalence. Association between POF and endocrine autoimmune diseases was not found.

Conclusions

In the absence of CYC treatment, the prevalence of POF in lupus patients is consistent with that reported in the general population. The existence of autoimmune processes at the ovary seems unlikely in most lupus patients.
Healing of shape memory polyurethane fiber-reinforced syntactic foam subjected to tensile stress
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Ogunmekan Babatunde , Ibekwe Samuel , Jerro Dwayne , Pang Su-Seng , Li Guoqiang
Published: December 2015

In this study, healing of conventional non-shape memory syntactic foam embedded with shape memory polyurethane fibers was investigated per the biomimetic close-then-heal strategy. The syntactic foam was made of epoxy matrix dispersed with 30% by volume of glass microballoons, 5% by volume of shape memory polyurethane fibers, and three levels of thermoplastic healing agent (5%, 10%, and 15% by volume). Notched beam specimens were prepared and fractured by tension to create macroscopic cracks. Three levels of tensile stresses (26.5, 24.5, and 22.5 kPa) were applied to the fractured beam specimens during healing, in order to evaluate the healing capability of the composite under in-service conditions. It is found that the tensile stress level and healing agent content have a significant effect on the healing efficiency. Subjected to 22.5 kPa of tensile stress, the healing efficiency determined by peak tensile load is as high as 90%.
Mechanical characterization of a shape morphing smart composite with embedded shape memory alloys in a shape memory polymer matrix
Authors: Lelieveld Charlotte , Jansen Kaspar , Teuffel Patrick
Published: December 2015

This article presents a smart composite that shows a reversible bending deformation from an initial flat configuration into a 90° angle controlled by local thermal activation. The novelty lies within the structural fixation of the deformation at room temperature without continuous energy input. The new structural architecture of antagonistic performing shape memory alloy actuators embedded in a shape memory polymer matrix is presented. The shape memory polymer is locally heated from the rigid glassy state to the easily deformable rubbery state by integrated heating wires. By subsequent activation of the different shape memory alloy actuators by resistive heating, the reversible performance can be realized. By deactivation of the heating wires in the shape memory polymer, the shape memory polymer fixates the deformation in its rigid condition. The actuation characteristics of the smart composite are investigated by thermo-mechanical experiments. The performance of the smart composite was investigated by thermo-mechanical experimentation of the individual components. The results show that a 90° bending deformation is feasible with the current material dimensions, but repeated deformation is restricted due to fatigue of the alloy. By superposition of the bending forces of the individual components, it is possible to estimate the bending angle of the composite material.
Medication Regimen Complexity and Polypharmacy as Factors Associated With All-Cause Mortality in Older People
Authors: Wimmer Barbara C. , Bell J. Simon , Fastbom Johan , Wiese Michael D. , Johnell Kristina
Published: December 2015

Objectives: To investigate whether medication regimen complexity and/or polypharmacy are associated with all-cause mortality in older people. Methods: This was a population-based cohort study among community-dwelling and institutionalized people ≥60 years old (n = 3348). Medication regimen complexity was assessed using the 65-item Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI) in 10-unit steps. Polypharmacy was assessed as a continuous variable (number of medications). Mortality data were obtained from the Swedish National Cause of Death Register. Cox proportional hazard models were used to compute unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the association between regimen complexity and polypharmacy with all-cause mortality over a 3-year period. Subanalyses were performed stratifying by age (≤80 and>80 years), sex, and cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] <26 and ≥26). Results: During follow-up, 14% of the participants (n = 470) died. After adjusting for age, sex, comorbidity, educational level, activities of daily living, MMSE, and residential setting, a higher MRCI was associated with mortality (adjusted HR = 1.12; 95% CI = 1.01-1.25). Polypharmacy was not associated with mortality (adjusted HR = 1.03; 95% CI = 0.99-1.06). When stratifying by sex, both MRCI and polypharmacy were associated with mortality in men but not in women. MRCI was associated with mortality in participants ≤80 years old and in participants with MMSE ≥26 but not in participants >80 years old or with MMSE <26. Conclusion: Regimen complexity was a better overall predictor of mortality than polypharmacy. However, regimen complexity was not predictive of mortality in women, in participants >80 years old, or in those with MMSE<26. These different associations with mortality deserve further investigation.
Multiplanar CT Analysis of Fifth Metatarsal Morphology
Authors: DeSandis Bridget , Murphy Conor , Rosenbaum Andrew , Levitsky Matthew , O’Malley Quinn , Konin Gabrielle , Drakos Mark
Published: December 2015

Background:

Percutaneous internal fixation is currently the method of choice treating proximal zone II fifth metatarsal fractures. Complications have been reported due to poor screw placement and inadequate screw sizing. The purpose of this study was to define the morphology of the fifth metatarsal to help guide surgeons in selecting the appropriate screw size preoperatively.

Methods:

Multiplanar analysis of fifth metatarsal morphology was completed using computed tomographic (CT) scans from 241 patients. Specific parameters were analyzed and defined in anteroposterior (AP), lateral, and oblique views including metatarsal length, distance from the base to apex of curvature, apex medullary canal width, apex height, and fifth metatarsal angle.

Results:

The average metatarsal length in the AP view was 71.4 ± 6.1 mm and in the lateral view 70.4 ± 6.0 mm, with 95% of patients having lengths between 59.3 and 83.5 mm and 58.4 and 82.4 mm, respectively. The average canal width at the apex of curvature was 4.1 ± 0.9 mm in the AP view and 5.3 ± 1.1 mm in the lateral view, with 95% of patients having widths between 2.2 and 5.9 mm and 3.2 and 7.5 mm, respectively. Average distance from apex to base was 42.6 ± 5.8 mm in the AP and 40.4 ± 6.4 mm in the lateral views. Every measurement taken in all 3 views had a significant correlation with height.

Conclusions:

When determining screw length, we believe lateral radiographs should be used since the distance from the base of the metatarsal to the apex was smaller in the lateral view. On average, the screw should be 40 mm or less to reduce risk of distraction. For screw diameter, the AP view should be used because canal shape is elliptical, and width was found to be significantly smaller in the AP view. Most canals can accommodate a 4.0- or 4.5-mm-diameter screw, and one should use the largest diameter screw possible. Larger individuals were likely to have more bowing in their metatarsal shaft, which may lead to a higher tendency to distract.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, comparative series.
Is Emotional Congruence With Children Associated With Sexual Offending in Pedophiles and Hebephiles From the Community?
Authors: Konrad Anna , Kuhle Laura F. , Amelung Till , Beier Klaus M.
Published: December 2015

Although emotional congruence with children (ECWC) is a risk factor for sexual offending against children, its conceptual validity has hardly been researched. This study aims to explore the construct of ECWC by evaluating the factor structure of the Child Identification Scale (CIS-R) and its relation to facets of sexual preference and child sexual abuse behaviors. It was hypothesized that the measure comprises consistent subscales that are differently associated with aspects of sexual preference and sexual offending against children. CIS-R data of a sample of 217 adult male pedophiles from the community were used for an exploratory principal component analysis (PCA). Group comparisons and a multinomial logistic regression analysis were conducted after including a non-pedophilic control group of 22 adult men. PCA revealed a three-factor solution for the CIS-R accounting for 30% of variance. Group comparisons found differences in overall scores and the factor labeled “Attachment to Children” between subgroups of sexual age and gender preference, but not between contact, online, and non-offenders. The regression analysis showed a pedophile sexual preference and the interaction between a hebephile sexual age preference and the factor “Attachment to Children” being associated with past offending behavior. The results indicate a wish to attach to children as core feature of the CIS-R measure assessing ECWC. It is discussed whether this is an inherent feature of pedophilia or rather an independent aspect being differently distinct in pedophiles.
Combined polarization field gradient and strain field gradient effects in elastic flexoelectric materials
Authors: Enakoutsa K , Vescovo D Del , Scerrato D
Published: December 2015

We consider a constitutive model for the behavior of elastic flexoelectric materials including strain gradient fields and polarization gradient fields. This model is based on a stored elastic energy density function which depends on four independent variables: the polarization field and the polarization field gradient as well as the strain field and the strain field gradient. A generalized Toupin variational approach is utilized to find the governing equations (constitutive relations, equilibrium equations and boundary conditions) of the material. The present model is then applied to the problem of a thick walled cylindrical tube of elastic isotropic flexoelectric material, subjected to axisymmetric loading. The resulting radial displacement field noticeably differs from the elastic and strain gradient elastic cases.
Safety Assessment of Alkyl Ethylhexanoates as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Fiume Monice , Heldreth Bart , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel C. , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Andersen F. Alan
Published: December 2015

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of 16 alkyl ethylhexanoates for use in cosmetics, concluding that these ingredients are safe in cosmetic formulations in the present practices of use and concentrations when formulated to be nonirritating. The alkyl ethylhexanoates primarily function as skin-conditioning agents in cosmetics. The highest concentration of use reported for any of the alkyl ethylhexanoates is 77.3% cetyl ethylhexanoate in rinse-off formulations used near the eye, and the highest leave-on use reported is 52% cetyl ethylhexanoate in lipstick formulations. The Panel reviewed available animal and clinical data related to these ingredients, and the similarities in structure, properties, functions, and uses of ingredients from previous CIR assessments on constituent alcohols that allowed for extrapolation of the available toxicological data to assess the safety of the entire group.
Power loss prediction: Application to a 2.5 MW wind turbine gearbox
Authors: Fernandes Carlos MCG , Hammami Maroua , Martins Ramiro C , Seabra Jorge HO
Published: December 2015

A 2.5 MW wind turbine gearbox design was considered to perform a power loss prediction using different wind turbine gear oil formulations. A gearbox power loss model, previously validated with experimental results, was used to predict the efficiency of a full wind turbine planetary gearbox. The power loss model account the gears and rolling bearing losses using well established models calibrated with a method proposed by the author. The calculations clearly showed that significant energy savings can be achieved by selecting different base oils, modifying gear tooth geometry, or combining both.
Children after adoption: Exploring their psychological needs
Authors: DeJong Margaret , Hodges Jill , Malik Osman
Published: December 2015

Children adopted from care are known to be at increased risk for mental health difficulties although relatively little research has been carried out to explore this question. This study assessed the mental health and psychological development of children placed for adoption by one UK Local Authority. We compared the pattern and prevalence of difficulties to existing data including that on Looked-After Children (LAC) children. Totally, 106 families were initially approached and parent interviews and at least partial questionnaire data were gathered on 47 children, 72.3% of whom were known to have been maltreated prior to adoption. Of the 34 children with a complete data set including Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA), 76.4% met full criteria for at least one neurodevelopmental or mental health diagnosis, a markedly higher rate than comparison data on LAC or community samples. Less than half of those identified with a mental health diagnosis had received any prior diagnosis, and only a minority had received appropriate services. Despite the children’s difficulties, the great majority of parents reported high enjoyment of bringing up their child.
Book Review: Reid, M. 2014: Brazil: The Troubled Rise of a Global Power
Authors: Lindner Allison
Published: December 2015

Reid, M. 2014: Brazil: The Troubled Rise of a Global Power. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 336 pp. £20.00 cloth. ISBN: 9780300165609.
Different Approaches to Cross-Lingual Focus Groups
Authors: Quintanilha Maira , Mayan Maria J , Thompson Jessica , Bell Rhonda C. ,   The ENRICH Study Team
Published: December 2015

Focus groups are a useful data-generation strategy in qualitative health research when it is important to understand how social contexts shape participants’ health. However, when cross-lingual focus groups are conducted across cultural groups, and in languages in which the researcher is not fluent, questions regarding the usefulness and rigor of the findings can be raised. In this article, we will discuss three different approaches to cross-lingual focus groups used in a community-based participatory research project with pregnant and postpartum, African immigrant women in Alberta, Canada. In two approaches, we moderated focus groups in women’s mother tongue with the support of real-time interpreters, but in the first approach, audio recording was used and in the second approach, audio recording was not used. In the third approach, a bilingual moderator facilitated focus groups in women’s mother tongue, with transcription and translation of audio-recorded data upon completion of data generation. We will describe each approach in detail, including their advantages and challenges, and recontextualize what we have learned within the known literature. We expect the lessons learned in this project may assist others in planning and implementing cross-lingual focus groups, especially in the context of community-based participatory research.
Extended state observer–based fractional order proportional–integral–derivative controller for a novel electro-hydraulic servo system with iso-actuation balancing and positioning
Authors: Gao Qiang , Hou Yuanlong , Deng Tongbin , Wang Chao , Hou Runmin
Published: December 2015

Aiming at balancing and positioning of a new electro-hydraulic servo system with iso-actuation configuration, an extended state observer–based fractional order proportional–integral–derivative controller is proposed in this study. To meet the lightweight requirements of heavy barrel weapons with large diameters, an electro-hydraulic servo system with a three-chamber hydraulic cylinder is especially designed. In the electro-hydraulic servo system, the balance chamber of the hydraulic cylinder is used to realize active balancing of the unbalanced forces, while the driving chambers consisting of the upper and lower chambers are adopted for barrel positioning and dynamic compensation of external disturbances. Compared with conventional proportional–integral–derivative controllers, the fractional order proportional–integral–derivative possesses another two adjustable parameters by expanding integer order to arbitrary order calculus, resulting in more flexibility and stronger robustness of the control system. To better compensate for strong external disturbances and system nonlinearities, the extended state observer strategy is further introduced to the fractional order proportional–integral–derivative control system. Numerical simulation and bench test indicate that the extended state observer–based fractional order proportional–integral–derivative significantly outperforms proportional–integral–derivative and fractional order proportional–integral–derivative control systems with better control accuracy and higher system robustness, well demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed extended state observer–based fractional order proportional–integral–derivative control strategy.
Managing chronic bladder diseases with the administration of exogenous glycosaminoglycans: an update on the evidence
Authors: Lazzeri Massimo , Hurle Rodolfo , Casale Paolo , Buffi NicolòMaria , Lughezzani Giovanni , Fiorini Girolamo , Peschechera Roberto , Pasini Luisa , Zandegiacomo Silvia , Benetti Alessio , Taverna Gianluigi , Guazzoni Giorgio , Barbagli Guido
Published: December 2015

Although the pathophysiology of acute chronic cystitis and other ‘sensory’ disorders, i.e. painful bladder syndrome (PBS) or interstitial cystitis (IC), often remains multifactorial, there is a wide consensus that such clinical conditions may arise from a primary defective urothelium lining or from damaged glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). A ‘cascade’ of events starting from GAG injury, which fails to heal, may lead to chronic bladder epithelial damage and neurogenic inflammation. To restore the GAG layer is becoming the main aim of new therapies for the treatment of chronic cystitis and PBS/IC. Preliminary experiences with GAG replenishment for different pathological conditions involving the lower urinary tract have been reported. There is a range of commercially available intravesical formulations of these components, alone or in combination. Literature evidence shows that exogenous intravesical hyaluronic acid markedly reduces recurrences of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Patients treated with exogenous GAGs have fewer UTI recurrences, a longer time to recurrence and a greater improvement in quality of life. Exogenous intravesical GAGs have been used for the treatment of PBS/IC. Despite the limitations of most of the studies, findings confirmed the role of combination therapy with hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate as a safe and effective option for the treatment of PBS/IC. To prevent and/or treat radiotherapy and chemotherapy induced cystitis, GAG replenishment therapy has been used showing preliminary encouraging results. The safety profile of exogenous GAGs has been reported to be very favourable, without adverse events of particular significance.
Customer Loyalty Program Management
Authors: McCall Michael , McMahon Dave
Published: December 2015

Loyalty programs have proliferated throughout the hospitality industry, often with little evidence that these programs create behavioral or attitudinal loyalty to the firm that offers the program. Conversations with hotel managers revealed that customers have come to expect some type of reward in exchange for their patronage. Managers are often required to modify aspects of their reward programs to remain both profitable and competitive. Theoretical arguments suggest that consumers become used to a particular type of reward and may respond negatively to any changes in the reward structure. In this brief report, we explore the impact that program changes might have on consumer patronage. Drawing from a larger hospitality survey, 522 consumers completed an online survey indicating their degree of brand loyalty toward a particular hotel chain. We then assessed responses to various potential changes in their program. Results indicated that program changes including increasing reward tier requirements or even discontinuing the program are likely to increase consumer defection from the firm. The implications of these findings for reward program management are considered.
Thrombectomy using a stent retriever with artificially induced vertebral artery vasospasm in a patient with acute basilar artery occlusion: a case report
Authors: Kim Sanghyeon , Kang Myongjin , Choi Jae-Hyung
Published: December 2015

An acute basilar artery occlusion is not an uncommon cause of stroke. It represents 6–10% of large vessel strokes and has been associated with poor clinical outcomes. Multimodal treatments have been introduced to recanalise a basilar artery occlusion successfully. However, all mechanical thrombectomy devices are not always usable in an emergent situation. We present a case of basilar artery occlusion treated with a stent retriever assisted by a vertebral artery vasospasm. We attempted thrombectomy with a stent retriever several times. However, the captured thrombus was not pulled out and migrated to the distal basilar artery and posterior cerebral artery due to anterograde flow of the vertebral artery. We carefully advanced the catheter into the distal vertebral artery and generated a vasospasm. The vertebral artery vasospasm reduced the forward flow significantly like a balloon-guided catheter. The thrombus was pulled out with the stent.
Integration of Chiropractic Services in Military and Veteran Health Care Facilities
Authors: Green Bart N. , Johnson Claire D. , Daniels Clinton J. , Napuli Jason G. , Gliedt Jordan A. , Paris David J.
Published: December 2015

This literature review examined studies that described practice, utilization, and policy of chiropractic services within military and veteran health care environments. A systematic search of Medline, CINAHL, and Index to Chiropractic Literature was performed from inception through April 2015. Thirty articles met inclusion criteria. Studies reporting utilization and policy show that chiropractic services are successfully implemented in various military and veteran health care settings and that integration varies by facility. Doctors of chiropractic that are integrated within military and veteran health care facilities manage common neurological, musculoskeletal, and other conditions; severe injuries obtained in combat; complex cases; and cases that include psychosocial factors. Chiropractors collaboratively manage patients with other providers and focus on reducing morbidity for veterans and rehabilitating military service members to full duty status. Patient satisfaction with chiropractic services is high. Preliminary findings show that chiropractic management of common conditions shows significant improvement.
Helping Disadvantaged and Spatially Talented Students Fulfill Their Potential
Authors: Wai Jonathan , Worrell Frank C.
Published: December 2015

For at least the last half-century, we have underserved advanced learners, losing countless minds and corresponding innovations. The scientific evidence is clear on educational interventions that are most effective and relatively easy to implement for this population. Despite this, such educational opportunities are not readily available to all students. Whereas financially advantaged students can access opportunities outside of school that develop their talents, financially disadvantaged students cannot, and their talents largely go underdeveloped. Another underserved population is spatially talented learners, who can reason by using well-structured visual images. They are often underidentified and neglected in standardized tests and school systems that emphasize verbal and mathematical skills. Although all advanced learners deserve to have their talents developed to the fullest, a policy focus on the financially disadvantaged and spatially talented would be an actionable and effective strategy to quickly level the playing field. Because spatial reasoning is less correlated with socioeconomic status than are math and verbal reasoning in the population, identifying spatial talent will also identify more students from low-income and disadvantaged backgrounds. A policy focus on helping and challenging such disadvantaged students would contribute to fulfilling their talent and increasing their well-being; it also would increase demographic and intellectual diversity among the ranks of the highest achievers and benefit society. The current K-12 federal educational allocation to advanced learners is currently near zero. Research suggests a small early investment in advanced learners would pay off in intellectual and technological innovations, as well as GDP.
Age-related upper limits of normal for maximum upright exercise pulmonary haemodynamics
Authors: Oliveira Rudolf K.F. , Agarwal Manyoo , Tracy Julie A. , Karin Abbey L. , Opotowsky Alexander R. , Waxman Aaron B. , Systrom David M.
Published: December 2015

The exercise definition of pulmonary hypertension was eliminated from the pulmonary hypertension guidelines in part due to uncertainty of the upper limits of normal (ULNs) for exercise haemodynamics in subjects >50 years old.

The present study, therefore, evaluated the pulmonary haemodynamic responses to maximum upright incremental cycling exercise in consecutive subjects who underwent an invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing for unexplained exertional intolerance, deemed normal based on preserved exercise capacity and normal resting supine haemodynamics. Subjects aged >50 years old (n=41) were compared with subjects ≤50 years old (n=25). ULNs were calculated as mean+2sd.

Peak exercise mean pulmonary arterial pressure was not different for subjects >50 and ≤50 years old (23±5versus22±4 mmHg, p=0.22), with ULN of 33 and 30 mmHg, respectively. Peak cardiac output was lower in older subjects (median (interquartile range): 12.1 (9.4–14.2)versus16.2 (13.8–19.2) L·min−1, p<0.001). Peak pulmonary vascular resistance was higher in older subjects compared with younger subjects (mean±sd: 1.20±0.45versus0.82±0.26 Wood units, p<0.001), with ULN of 2.10 and 1.34 Wood units, respectively.

We observed that subjects >50 and ≤50 years old have different pulmonary vascular responses to exercise. Older subjects have higher pulmonary vascular resistance at peak exercise, resulting in different exercise haemodynamics ULNs compared with the younger population.
Asthma phenotypes and IgE responses
Authors: Froidure Antoine , Mouthuy Jonathan , Durham Stephen R. , Chanez Pascal , Sibille Yves , Pilette Charles
Published: December 2015

The discovery of IgE represented a major breakthrough in allergy and asthma research, whereas the clinical interest given to IgE in asthma has been blurred until the arrival of anti-IgE biotherapy. Novel facets of the complex link between IgE and asthma have been highlighted by the effect of this treatment and by basic research. In parallel, asthma phenotyping recently evolved to the concept of endotypes, relying on identified/suspected pathobiological mechanisms to phenotype patients, but has not yet clearly positioned IgE among biomarkers of asthma.

In this review, we first summarise recent knowledge about the regulation of IgE production and its main receptor, FcεRI. In addition to allergens acting as classical IgE inducers, viral infections as well as air pollution may trigger the IgE pathway, notably resetting the threshold of IgE sensitivity by regulating FcεRI expression. We then analyse the place of IgE in different asthma endo/phenotypes and discuss the potential interest of IgE among biomarkers in asthma.
Crim1 regulates integrin signaling in murine lens development
Authors: Zhang Ying , Fan Jieqing , Ho Joshua W.K. , Hu Tommy , Kneeland Stephen C. , Fan Xueping , Xi Qiongchao , Sellarole Michael A. , de Vries Wilhelmine N. , Lu Weining , Lachke Salil A. , Lang Richard A. , John Simon W.M. , Maas Richard L.
Published: December 2015

The developing lens constitutes a powerful system for investigating the molecular basis of inductive tissue interactions and for studying cataract, the leading cause of blindness. The formation of tightly controlled cell-cell adhesions and cell-matrix junctions between lens epithelial (LE) cells, between lens fiber (LF) cells, and between these two cell populations enables the vertebrate lens to adopt its highly ordered structure and to acquire its optical transparency. Adhesion molecules are thought to maintain this ordered structure, but little is known about their identity or molecular interactions. Cysteine-rich motor neuron 1 (CRIM1), a type I transmembrane protein, is strongly expressed in the developing lens and its mutation causes ocular disease in both mice and humans. However, how Crim1 regulates lens morphogenesis is not understood. We identified a novel ENU-induced hypomorphic allele of Crim1, Crim1glcr11, which in the homozygous state causes cataract and microphthalmia. Using this allele and two other Crim1 mutant alleles, Crim1null and Crim1cko, we show that the lens defects in Crim1 mutants originate from defective LE cell polarity, proliferation and cell adhesion. The Crim1 adhesive function is likely required for interactions both between LE cells and between LE and LF cells. We further show that Crim1 acts in LE cells where it co-localizes with and regulates the levels of active β1 integrin and of phosphorylated FAK and ERK (pFAK, pERK). Lastly, the RGD and transmembrane motifs of Crim1 are required for the regulation of pFAK. These results identify an important function for Crim1 in the regulation of integrin- and FAK-mediated LE cell adhesion during lens development.
Development and plasticity of alveolar type 1 cells
Authors: Yang Jun , Hernandez Belinda J. , Alanis Denise Martinez , Narvaez Odemaris , Vila-Ellis Lisandra , Akiyama Haruhiko , Evans Scott E. , Ostrin Edwin J. , Chen Jichao
Published: December 2015

The alveolar type 1 (AT1) cells cover >95% of the gas exchange surface and are extremely thin to facilitate passive gas diffusion. The development of these highly specialized cells and its coordination with the formation of the honeycomb-like alveolar structure is poorly understood. Using new marker-based stereology and single cell imaging methods, we show that AT1 cells in the mouse lung form expansive thin cellular extensions via a non-proliferative two-step process while retaining cellular plasticity. In the flattening step, AT1 cells undergo molecular specification and remodel cell junctions while remaining connected to their epithelial neighbors. In the folding step, AT1 cells increase in size by >10-fold and undergo cellular morphogenesis that matches capillary and secondary septa formation, resulting in a single AT1 cell spanning multiple alveoli. Furthermore, AT1 cells are an unexpected source of Vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa) and their normal development is required for alveolar angiogenesis. Notably, a majority of AT1 cells proliferate upon ectopic SOX2 (Sex determining region Y-box 2) expression and undergo stage-dependent cell fate reprogramming. These results provide evidence that AT1 cells have both structural and signaling roles in alveolar maturation and can exit their terminally-differentiated non-proliferative state. Our findings suggest that AT1 cells may be a new target in the pathogenesis and treatment of lung diseases associated with premature birth.
Abnormal mitochondrial transport and morphology as early pathological changes in human models of spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Xu Chong-Chong , Denton Kyle R. , Wang Zhi-Bo , Zhang Xiaoqing , Li Xue-Jun
Published: December 2015

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), characterized by specific degeneration of spinal motor neurons, is caused by mutations in the survival of motor neuron 1, telomeric (SMN1) gene and subsequent decreased levels of functional SMN. How the deficiency of SMN, a ubiquitously expressed protein, leads to spinal motor neuron-specific degeneration in individuals affected by SMA remains unknown. In this study, we examined the role of SMN in mitochondrial axonal transport and morphology in human motor neurons by generating SMA type 1 patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and differentiating these cells into spinal motor neurons. The initial specification of spinal motor neurons was not affected, but these SMA spinal motor neurons specifically degenerated following long-term culture. Moreover, at an early stage in SMA spinal motor neurons, but not in SMA forebrain neurons, the number of mitochondria, mitochondrial area and mitochondrial transport were significantly reduced in axons. Knocking down of SMN expression led to similar mitochondrial defects in spinal motor neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells, confirming that SMN deficiency results in impaired mitochondrial dynamics. Finally, the application of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) mitigated the impairment in mitochondrial transport and morphology and rescued motor neuron degeneration in SMA long-term cultures. Furthermore, NAC ameliorated the reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential in SMA spinal motor neurons, suggesting that NAC might rescue apoptosis and motor neuron degeneration by improving mitochondrial health. Overall, our data demonstrate that SMN deficiency results in abnormal mitochondrial transport and morphology and a subsequent reduction in mitochondrial health, which are implicated in the specific degeneration of spinal motor neurons in SMA.
The role of palmitoylation and transmembrane domain in sorting of transmembrane adaptor proteins
Authors: Chum Tomáš , Glatzová Daniela , Kvíčalová Zuzana , Malínský Jan , Brdička Tomáš , Cebecauer Marek
Published: December 2015

Plasma membrane proteins synthesised at the endoplasmic reticulum are delivered to the cell surface via sorting pathways. Hydrophobic mismatch theory based on the length of the transmembrane domain (TMD) dominates discussion about determinants required for protein sorting to the plasma membrane. Transmembrane adaptor proteins (TRAP) are involved in signalling events which take place at the plasma membrane. Members of this protein family have TMDs of varying length. We were interested in whether palmitoylation or other motifs contribute to the effective sorting of TRAP proteins. We found that palmitoylation is essential for some, but not all, TRAP proteins independent of their TMD length. We also provide evidence that palmitoylation and proximal sequences can modulate sorting of artificial proteins with TMDs of suboptimal length. Our observations point to a unique character of each TMD defined by its primary amino acid sequence and its impact on membrane protein localisation. We conclude that, in addition to the TMD length, secondary sorting determinants such as palmitoylation or flanking sequences have evolved for the localisation of membrane proteins.
p120-catenin controls contractility along the vertical axis of epithelial lateral membranes
Authors: Yu Huapeng H. , Dohn Michael R. , Markham Nicholas O. , Coffey Robert J. , Reynolds Albert B.
Published: December 2015

In vertebrate epithelia, p120-catenin (hereafter referred to as p120; also known as CTNND1) mediates E-cadherin stability and suppression of RhoA. Genetic ablation of p120 in various epithelial tissues typically causes striking alterations in tissue function and morphology. Although these effects could very well involve p120's activity towards Rho, ascertaining the impact of this relationship has been complicated by the fact that p120 is also required for cell–cell adhesion. Here, we have molecularly uncoupled p120's cadherin-stabilizing and RhoA-suppressing activites. Unexpectedly, removing p120's Rho-suppressing activity dramatically disrupted the integrity of the apical surface, irrespective of E-cadherin stability. The physical defect was tracked to excessive actomyosin contractility along the vertical axis of lateral membranes. Thus, we suggest that p120's distinct activities towards E-cadherin and Rho are molecularly and functionally coupled and this, in turn, enables the maintenance of cell shape in the larger context of an epithelial monolayer. Importantly, local suppression of contractility by cadherin-bound p120 appears to go beyond regulating cell shape, as loss of this activity also leads to major defects in epithelial lumenogenesis.
The Performance of a Mobile Phone Respiratory Rate Counter Compared to the WHO ARI Timer
Authors: Gan Heng , Karlen Walter , Dunsmuir Dustin , Zhou Guohai , Chiu Michelle , Dumont Guy A. , Ansermino J. Mark
Published: December 2015

OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy and efficiency of the respiratory rate (RR) RRate mobile application to the WHO ARI Timer. METHODS: Volunteers used both devices to measure RR from reference videos of infants and children. Measurements were compared using correlation, Bland‐Altman analysis, error metrics and time taken. RESULTS: Measurements with either device were highly correlated to the reference (r = 0.991 and r = 0.982), and to each other (r = 0.973). RRate had a larger bias than the ARI Timer (0.6 vs. 0.04 br/min), but tighter limits of agreement (−4.5 to 3.3 br/min vs. −5.5 to 5.5 br/min). RRate was more accurate than the ARI Timer (percentage error 10.6% vs. 14.8%, root mean square error 2.1 vs. 2.8 br/min and normalized root mean square error 5.6% vs. 7.5%). RRate measurements were 52.7 seconds (95% CI 50.4 s to 54.9 s) faster. CONCLUSION: During video observations, RRate measured RR quicker with a similar accuracy compared to the ARI Timer.
Lomonosov and Computer Technology in Teaching Descriptive Geometry
Authors: Короткий  , Korotkiy Viktor , Хмарова  , Khmarova Lyudmila
Published: December 2015

The famous phrase of M.V. Lomonosov: "Mathematics

should be studied for it puts mind in order". It is quite possible to

rephrase it for descriptive geometry, because geometry is math too.

The invention of microprocessor technology, the advent of the

personal computer, the discovery of the GMR effect (1988), which

dramatically increased the speed and memory capacity of the PC,

are called the fourth information revolution in the history of mankind.

The whole world took note of this and began to apply, only

in Russia some extreme reformers of geometry assumed that if

computer graphics arose, it might well replace geometry.

Computer graphics, of course, can be applied to solve various

geometric problems. But what is important for a University that

aims to teach? The process of learning or the mere result on display

obtained just by pressing the buttons? More important is how this

result is obtained and with what algorithm. Therefore, the feasibility

of the use of graphic programs in solving typical tasks of descriptive

geometry is very much an open question.

A student solving the task via computer is concerned not with

the search of geometric algorithm, but with the search of a suitable

option that could give an answer. But not all geometrical problems

are amenable to the available buttons.

Submerged into virtual world, a student begins to think in terms

of this world and cease to be aware and to pay attention to fundamental,

basic geometric regularities taught in descriptive geometry

course.

Comparing geometric and computational algorithms is incorrect

because there is no knowledge of the “hidden files” of graphic

editor. We can assume that the iterative scheme is implemented.

Frontal iterative computer graphics schemes are good for getting

answers, but unsuitable for the study of constructive geometry

methods.
Comparing Open and Sealed Bid Auctions: Evidence from Online Labor Markets
Authors: Hong Yili , Wang Chong (Alex) , Pavlou Paul A.
Published: December 2015

Online labor markets are Web-based platforms that enable buyers to identify and contract for information technology (IT) services with service providers using buyer-determined (BD) auctions. BD auctions in online labor markets either follow an open or a sealed bid format. We compare open and sealed bid auctions in online labor markets to identify which format is superior in terms of obtaining more bids and a higher buyer surplus. Our theoretical analysis suggests that the relative advantage of open versus sealed bid auctions hinges on the role of reducing service providers’ valuation uncertainty (difficulty in assessing the cost to execute a project) and competition uncertainty (difficulty in assessing the intensity of the competition from other service providers), which largely depend on the relative importance of the common value (versus the private value) component of the auctioned IT services, calling for an empirical investigation to compare open and sealed bid auctions. Based on a unique data set of 71,437 open bid auctions and 7,499 sealed bid auctions posted by 21,799 buyers at a leading online labor market, we find that, on average, although sealed bid auctions attract 18.4% more bids, open bid auctions offer buyers $10.87 higher surplus. Furthermore, open bid auctions are 55.3% more likely to result in a buyer’s selection of a certain service provider and 22.1% more likely to reach a contract (conditional on the buyer’s making a selection) with a provider, and they generate higher buyer satisfaction. In contrast to conventional wisdom that “the more bids the better” and industry practice of treating sealed bid auctions as a premium feature, our results suggest that the buyer surplus gained from the reduction in valuation uncertainty enabled by open bid auctions outweighs the buyer surplus gained from the higher competition uncertainty in sealed bid auctions, which renders open bid auctions a superior auction design in online labor markets.