bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of water retention time and watershed features on the limnology of two tropical reservoirs in Brazil
Authors: Soares Maria Carolina S. , Marinho Marcelo M. , Huszar Vera L. M. , Branco Christina W. C. , Azevedo Sandra M. F. O.
Published: November 2008

Although reservoirs are similar to natural lakes in many respects, such driving forces as water retention time and watershed features can play important roles in the limnology of manmade lakes. With the goal of investigating how these factors influence the limnology of tropical reservoirs, physical and chemical variables were measured at four sampling sites in two reservoirs in southern Brazil, from June 2002 to June 2003. Funil Reservoir is located in one of the most‐populated areas in the country, in the Paraíba do Sul river basin, which drains and drastically influences the water quality of the reservoir. In contrast, Lajes Reservoir is located in a well‐preserved area, with its water retention time varying from six to 30 times longer than for Funil Reservoir. Funil Reservoir is a turbid (median euphotic zone = 4.3 m), eutrophic reservoir (median total phosphorus (TP) = 3.1 µm), with a high phytoplankton biomass (median chlorophyll‐a concentration = 10.0 µg L−1). In contrast, Lajes Reservoir is a transparent (median euphotic zone = 9.2 m), mesotrophic water system (median TP = 1.0 µm), with a low phytoplankton biomass (median chlorophyll‐a = 1.9 µg L−1). Both reservoirs were stratified during the summer months, but isothermy was only observed in Funil Reservoir. Because of its short water retention time, Funil Reservoir is a much more dynamic system than Lajes Reservoir, with a pronounced temporal pattern related to changes in its water column and its phytoplankton biomass. Spatial heterogeneity is more evident in Lajes Reservoir, mainly as a consequence of its location in a preserved area, long water retention time and the presence of net cages for fish culture in the waterbody. The typical spatial zonation found in reservoirs, related to nutrient sedimentation and light availability, however, is more evident in Funil Reservoir than in Lajes Reservoir. Despite the similarities between these two water systems, which are in the same geographical region with similar climate, and are comparable in size, the distinct watershed features and water retention time are responsible for marked differences between these reservoirs.
Potential for mixed mating in the protandrous perennial Saponaria officinalis (Caryophyllaceae)
Authors: DAVIS SANDRA L. , TURNER‐JONES LAURAH
Published: November 2008

The prevalence of mixed mating among plant species is intriguing from an evolutionary perspective because most theoretical models predict that plant species should evolve towards either complete selfing or complete outcrossing. Several ecological factors, such as pollinator variability, have been invoked to explain this discrepancy. However, empirical data detailing the mechanisms of selfing and the impact of selfing on progeny fitness are rare. One trait that might allow a high degree of variability in outcrossing rates is dichogamy, the temporal separation of male and female functions within perfect flowers. The present study examines the potential for mixed mating by using floral manipulations in five populations of Saponaria officinalis, a protandrous perennial herb. Bagged flowers produced fewer seeds than control flowers and open‐pollinated emasculated flowers, and the emasculated flowers were not significantly different from the controls. Controlled pollinations indicated that there were no differences between seed production in geitonogomous, outcrossed or control groups. There were some differences in seed weight between the pollination treatments, but there was no effect of pollen source on germination date or seedling weight. These results suggest that insect visitation provides an important contribution to seed set, even though self‐pollination is capable of producing viable seeds.
Population genetic structure of Cistus ladanifer L. (Cistaceae) and genetic differentiation from co‐occurring Cistus species
Authors: CARLIER JORGE , LEITÃO JOSÉ , FONSECA FILOMENA
Published: November 2008

Amplified fragment length polymorphism and inter simple sequence repeat markers were used to assess the genetic structure of Cistus ladanifer and its genetic differentiation from co‐occurring Cistus species. Clear genetic differentiation was found between two populations corresponding to the morphological description of Cistus palhinhae and the 23 Cistus ladanifer populations analyzed. However, the magnitude of differentiation (DICE coefficients >0.98) appears to be more in agreement with the taxonomic designation of Cistus ladanifer ssp. sulcatus, which has been proposed by some authors, and not C. palhinhae. Dendrogram analysis of the genetic relationships among Cistus ladanifer, Cistus populifolius, Cistus monspeliensis, Cistus crispus, Cistus libanotis, Cistus salvifolius and Cistus albidus, with Halimium halimifolium as an outgroup, showed two main clusters. Taxa composition of these clusters concurs with the taxonomic classification proposed for Iberian species on the basis of flower color. One cluster comprised species with pink flowers (C. crispus and C. albidus, P = 81.3%) classified into the subgenus Cistus, and the other cluster contained the remaining five species (P = 77.9%) that have white flowers and are classified into two subgenera, Leucocistus (C. ladanifer, C. populifolius, C. salvifolius and C. monspeliensis) and Halimioides (C. libanotis). Within the subgenera Leucocistus, C. ladanifer was found to be distinct and can be separated into the section Ladanium, while the remaining species that are grouped together in a branch (P = 74.8%) can be separated into the section Ledonia.
Dwarf morphology of the annual plant Persicaria longiseta as a local adaptation to a grazed habitat, Nara Park, Japan
Authors: SUZUKI RYO O.
Published: November 2008

I conducted a common garden experiment using three populations of an annual species, Persicaria longiseta, with different grazing histories to compare plant morphology and its plasticity in response to grazing among populations. Seeds collected from the populations were assigned to clipping and nutrient treatments. Regardless of the treatment conditions, after 5 months individuals of the Nara Park population (long history of deer grazing) exhibited shorter shoots, smaller leaves and lower plant mass and developed a larger number of shoots and inflorescences compared with the Miwa and Heijo populations (no grazing history). Across nutrient conditions, the three populations exhibited few differences in plasticity in response to clipping. I also conducted a field experiment in which cultivated individuals from the three populations were transplanted to the Nara Park site. Results of the transplant experiment revealed that the dwarf morphology reduced grazing damage in such a way that small‐formed individuals of the Nara population exhibited significantly higher survival and a lower grazing rate than large‐formed individuals from the Miwa and Heijo populations. In conclusion, the dwarf morphology of P. longiseta in the Nara population is likely to have evolved as a genetically stable form as a result of selection pressure from deer grazing. Although phenotypic plasticity contributed in part to the development of the dwarf forms, I observed no evidence of evolution of plasticity specific to Nara Park.
Theta burst stimulation‐induced inhibition of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reveals hemispheric asymmetry in striatal dopamine release during a set‐shifting task – a TMS–[11C]raclopride PET study
Authors: Ko Ji H. , Monchi Oury , Ptito Alain , Bloomfield Peter , Houle Sylvain , Strafella Antonio P.
Published: November 2008

The prefrontostriatal network is considered to play a key role in executive functions. Previous neuroimaging studies have shown that executive processes tested with card‐sorting tasks requiring planning and set‐shifting [e.g. Montreal‐card‐sorting‐task (MCST)] may engage the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) while inducing dopamine release in the striatum. However, functional imaging studies can only provide neuronal correlates of cognitive performance and cannot establish a causal relation between observed brain activity and task performance. In order to investigate the contribution of the DLPFC during set‐shifting and its effect on the striatal dopaminergic system, we applied continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) to left and right DLPFC. Our aim was to transiently disrupt its function and to measure MCST performance and striatal dopamine release during [11C]raclopride PET. A significant hemispheric asymmetry was observed. cTBS of the left DLPFC impaired MCST performance and dopamine release in the ipsilateral caudate–anterior putamen and contralateral caudate nucleus, as compared to cTBS of the vertex (control). These effects appeared to be limited only to left DLPFC stimulation while right DLPFC stimulation did not influence task performance or [11C]raclopride binding potential in the striatum. This is the first study showing that cTBS, by disrupting left prefrontal function, may indirectly affect striatal dopamine neurotransmission during performance of executive tasks. This cTBS‐induced regional prefrontal effect and modulation of the frontostriatal network may be important for understanding the contribution of hemisphere laterality and its neural bases with regard to executive functions, as well as for revealing the neurochemical substrate underlying cognitive deficits.
Paucity of enkephalin production in neostriatal striosomal neurons: analysis with preproenkephalin–green fluorescent protein transgenic mice
Authors: Koshimizu Yoshinori , Wu Sheng‐Xi , Unzai Tomo , Hioki Hiroyuki , Sonomura Takahiro , Nakamura Kouichi C. , Fujiyama Fumino , Kaneko Takeshi
Published: November 2008

Whether or not the striosome compartment of the neostriatum contained preproenkephalin (PPE)‐expressing neurons remained unresolved. To address this question by developing a sensitive detection method, we generated transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the specific transcriptional control of the PPE gene. Eight transgenic lines were established, and three of them showed GFP expression which was distributed in agreement with the reported localization of PPE mRNA in the central nervous system. Furthermore, in the matrix compartment of the neostriatum of the three lines, intense GFP immunoreactivity was densely distributed in the neuronal cell bodies and neuropil, and matrix neurons displayed > 94% co‐localization for GFP and PPE immunoreactivities. In sharp contrast, GFP immunoreactivity was very weak in the striosome compartment, which was characterized by intense immunoreactivity for mu‐opioid receptors (MOR). Although neostriatal neurons were divided into GFP‐immunopositive and ‐negative groups in both the striosome and matrix compartments, GFP immunoreactivity of cell bodies was much weaker (∼1/5) in GFP‐positive striosomal neurons than in GFP‐positive matrix neurons. A similar reciprocal organization of PPE and MOR expression was also suggested in the ventral striatum, because GFP immunoreactivity was weaker in intensely MOR‐immunopositive regions than in the surrounding MOR‐negative regions. As PPE‐derived peptides are endogenous ligands for MOR in the neostriatum and few axon collaterals of matrix neurons enter the striosome compartment, the present results raised the question of the target of those peptides produced abundantly by matrix neurons.
Dispersal failure contributes to plant losses in NW Europe
Authors: Ozinga Wim A. , Römermann Christine , Bekker Renée M. , Prinzing Andreas , Tamis Wil L. M. , Schaminée Joop H. J. , Hennekens Stephan M. , Thompson Ken , Poschlod Peter , Kleyer Michael , Bakker Jan P. , Van Groenendael Jan M.
Published: November 2008

The ongoing decline of many plant species in Northwest Europe indicates that traditional conservation measures to improve the habitat quality, although useful, are not enough to halt diversity losses. Using recent databases, we show for the first time that differences between species in adaptations to various dispersal vectors, in combination with changes in the availability of these vectors, contribute significantly to explaining losses in plant diversity in Northwest Europe in the 20th century. Species with water‐ or fur‐assisted dispersal are over‐represented among declining species, while others (wind‐ or bird‐assisted dispersal) are under‐represented. Our analysis indicates that the ‘colonization deficit’ due to a degraded dispersal infrastructure is no less important in explaining plant diversity losses than the more commonly accepted effect of eutrophication and associated niche‐based processes. Our findings call for measures that aim to restore the dispersal infrastructure across entire regions and that go beyond current conservation practices.
p73 expression and its clinical significance in colorectal cancer
Authors: Su X.‐L. , Ouyang X.‐H. , Yan M.‐R. , Liu G.‐R.
Published: November 2008

Objective  To explore p73 mRNA and p73 protein expression and their clinical significance in colorectal cancer.

Method  p73 mRNA and p73 protein expression were detected using hybridization in situ and immunohistochemical method in cancerous tissue from 60 patients of colorectal cancer and in paracancerous tissue from 23 patients among the corresponding 60 patients of colorectal cancer. Quantitative analysis was performed using Smartscape image analysis system.

Results  Compared with paracancerous tissue, p73 mRNA and p73 protein expression in cancerous tissue was increased with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.01) and was associated with differentiation level and lymphatic metastasis.

Conclusion  High expression of p73 mRNA and p73 protein in colorectal cancer may be involved in the progression of colorectal cancer and p73 mRNA and p73 protein may serve as a potential index to predict differentiation level and prognosis of colorectal cancer.
Canine ocular gliomas: a retrospective study
Authors: Naranjo Carolina , Schobert Charles , Dubielzig Richard
Published: November 2008

Objective  The purpose of this paper is to classify glial tumors observed in the canine retina and optic nerve, describe the histopathological features and provide prognostic information on these neoplasms.

Methods  The database of the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW) was searched to collect canine glioma cases. Clinical and follow‐up information was gathered from submission forms and an extensive follow‐up survey. Slides were reviewed to describe the histopathological characteristics of the neoplasm and classify them. Immunohistochemistry for Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) was performed in all cases.

Results  18 canine glioma cases were found in the COPLOW database. There was no breed or gender predilection. The mean age was 9.33 ± 3.67 years. Follow‐up information was available for 12 dogs, 8 of which were dead at the time of most recent contact, with a survival time ranging from 0 days (globes received after euthanasia) up to 20 months post‐enucleation. In 6 of the 8 dogs that had died during this stud), tumor extended to the margin where the optic nerve had been sectioned. Light microscopic examination of the optic nerve of the affected eyes of four dogs that were still alive during this study revealed no tumor at this surgical margin. One neoplasm was classified as low‐grade astrocytoma, 5 tumors as medium‐grade astrocytoma, 11 tumors as high grade‐astrocytoma and 1 tumor as oligodendroglioma. GFAP was positive in all but two tumors.

Conclusion  Retinal and optic nerve gliomas may be considered as differential diagnoses of intraocular and orbital masses. The metastatic potential appears to be low, but ascending invasion into the ventral aspect of the brain is possible.
The shadow of forgotten ancestors differently constrains the fate of Alligatoroidea and Crocodyloidea
Authors: Piras Paolo , Teresi Luciano , Buscalioni Angela D. , Cubo Jorge
Published: November 2008

Aim We tested the hypothesis that the evolutionary fates of two sister groups (Alligatoroidea and Crocodyloidea) are differently constrained by phylogenetic and ecological (functional) factors in the face of climatic change.

Location Global.

Methods We quantified disparity in skull rostrum shape by means of geometric morphometrics. Mechanical performance of the rostrum was analyzed by applying beam theory calculations to morphological data and experimentally measured bite force. The phylogeny was expressed in the form of principal coordinates, the first ones of which were used as a set of explanatory variables. Extents of species occurrence were computed using species distribution maps. Finally, species maximum skull size were measured and considered as a proxy of maximum body size. We performed variation partitioning analyses in order to compare differential contributions of phylogenetic and ecological factors in Alligatoroidea and Crocodyloidea.

Results Alligatoroidea show higher ‘pure’ historical components than Crocodyloidea in explaining both rostrum shape and extent of occurrence (after controlling for body size). On the contrary, geometric variation of skull rostra of Crocodyloidea unequivocally shows a higher ‘pure’ functional component (linked to performance on prey capture) and a higher phylogenetically structured environmental variation than those found in Alligatoroidea. Results obtained for body size variation are consistent with these patterns. In Alligatoroidea, body size variation contains a higher phylogenetic signal than in Crocodyloidea.

Main Conclusions Our results suggest that Crocodyloidea and Alligatoroidea may react differently when faced with significant environmental changes. We predict that global climatic changes will have a more important effect on Crocodyloidea than in Alligatoroidea by (1) promoting trait shift, adaptation to the new diet and speciation and (2) modifying the geographical range distribution of species (which may track favourable ecological conditions).
Economic and ecosystem impacts of illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing in Northern Australia*
Authors: Pascoe Sean , Okey Tomas A. , Griffiths Shane
Published: November 2008

Illegal foreign fishing for sharks in Northern Australia has increased substantially over the last two decades. This has likely resulted in declines of shark species abundance, with potentially far‐reaching impacts on the ecosystem. This, in turn, could also have indirectly affected the legal prawn, shark, and other fisheries in the region through changed predation patterns and direct removal of targets. The prawn fishery in Northern Australia is currently one of Australia's most valuable fisheries. Sharks themselves are also a major target species by many Queensland and Northern Territory fishers. In this article, an ecosystem model developed in the Ecopath with Ecosim framework is used to estimate the impacts of illegal shark fishing on the remaining system, and the potential economic impacts on commercial fisheries in the region.
Knowledge Representation Using Fact Segments
Authors: DAVEY‐WILSON IAN E. G.
Published: November 2008

A central part of the construction of an expert system is the way in which the knowledge is represented. A computer can only store and manipulate knowledge in discrete chunks representing approximations to the real world, but the human mind can work on an infinitely variable sliding scale representing real‐world values. The greater the computerized discretization, the more precise the computer model becomes. The knowledge base within a computer expert system can take many forms depending on the type of domain problem, the language of execution and the nature of the system.

The GWX expert system gives advice on groundwater control in excavations for construction projects. The system was written in Prolog and the knowledge base was created by breaking information down into very small pieces, each referring to a segment of data—fact segment—about precise details of the domain. The way in which fact segments have been devised for the GWX expert system is described.
Dynamic Stiffness Analysis of Follower Moments
Authors: Leung A. Y. T.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The dynamic stiffness method can predict an infinite number of natural modes of a conservative structure by means of a finite number of coordinates. The methos is extended to a nonconservative system characterized by follower moments to investigate the dynamic lateral buckling and flutter in this paper. Straight beam members with doubly symmetrical cross‐sections are of interest, and skeletal frames are taken as examples. Flexural and torsional modes are coupled. The fact that the applied moment softens the flexural modes, but hardens the torsional modes, makes the characteristic diagram much more complicated than that of follower forces. Isola loops are possible.
Numerical Model for Unsteady Open Channel Flow in C
Authors: Chau K. W.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: This paper addresses the application of C languagees in developing hydraulic engineering software and depicts the implementation and the rigorous verification of a gererally applicable finite difference numerical model, tailored for use on the IBM PC/XT or PC/AT personal computers, for simulation of unsteady open channel flow. The program is written in the C language, compiling and executing under the integrated program environment TURBO C version 2.0. The various advantages and limitations of employing the TERBO C environment in developing hydraulic engineering software are also presented thoroughly. In the development of the mathematical model, apart from the simplified channel tests where analytical results are available. The program's successful application provides confidence for its capablity as a predictive tool in situations involving complex bathymetry and/or nonlinear bottom frictional effects.
Geometric Modeling Approaches for Civil Engineering and Building Design
Authors: Martini Kirk , Powell Graham H.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The paper examines constraint strategies appropriate for modeling three‐dimensional geometry in civil engineering design. Despite potential advantages, computer based geometric models are seldom used from the early stages of design since they are difficult to modify; this is because conventional models describe the results of design decisions rather than the intent. To support powerful modification operations, a model must incorporate constraints describing geometric intent; this allows geometric modifications to be propagated through an assembly so that the constraints are maintained. During the past decade, there has been significant research in geometric constraints. The paper reviews this research and identifies three basic constraint approaches: (1) the algebraic approach, which represents constraints as equations; (2) the deductive approach, which represents constraints as logical predicates; and (3) the constructive approach, which represents constraints as geometric operations. Since much of this research is oriented toward machine design, the paper compares modeling issues in machine design and civil engineering design in order to identify important research areas. These areas include the following two aspects of constraint organization: (1) hierarchical constraints, creating and manipulating constraints in meaningful groups; and (2) assembly constraints, defining constraints on the overall geometry of an assembly.
A Support System for Fuzzy Optimum Aseismic Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Using Graphical Representation
Authors: Yamada Minoru , Kawamura Hiroshi , Tani Akinori
Published: November 2008

Abstract: In this paper, a support system of optimum aseismic design is proposed on the basis of fuzzy set theory and a graphical representation method. In optimum aseismic design of buildings, it is necessary to take account of subjective evaluation of users. In this system, a hierarchical model is employed to idealize and model the decision process of optimum aseismic design. By applying fuzzy set theory, this system can take account of subjective evaluation of users. The system is a prototype of an expert system for optimum aseismic design, and its knowledge is compiled interactively as numerical values by the fuzzy confluence rule and membership functions in fuzzy set theory in accordance with the hierarchical model given by users. Knowledge, which is necessary to perform the inference on optimum aseismic design, is acquired interactively. Optimization is performed by fuzzy multiobjective maximizing decision, and the maximum evaluation values of the top attribute can be found. Furthermore, distributions of the grade of membership value in maximizing the decision process are graphically represented, so the user can understand this process easily and intuitively. A case study is carried out for a reinforced concrete typical high school building in Kobe City.
Automatically Learning Preliminary Design Knowledge from Design Examples
Authors: Maher Mary Lou , Li Heng
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Acquisition of structural design knowledge for knowledge‐based systems is difficult because humans acquire their design knowledge through years of experience, resulting in a diverse, unstructured and implicit body of knowledge. Research and development of knowledge bases for structural design have identified distinguishing characteristics of design knowledge. One approach to acquiring design knowledge using machine learning techniques is to transform design examples into a generalized representation of design knowledge. In this paper, we suggest the use of a dependency network as the generalized representation. A four‐step learning process is presented: grouping design variables into skeletal concepts, learning default values and values ranges for each variable, deriving relationships among numerical valued variables, and learning patterns among nominal valued variables. The resulting representation provides a basis for producing an initial design given a set of design requirements.
Knowledge‐based Expert systme for Judgement of Structural Stablity by Foam Feature Analysis
Authors: Kato S. , Mutioh I. , Sugiyama T.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: This paper presents an elementary approach to artificial intelligence in structural engineering with the aid of the scheme of geometric modeling in computeraided design. In order to generate a specific form feature the structural shape information is explicitly represented, using a frame language developed in Prolog. Thus, reasoning stableness of structures in this system are interpreted as a sequential instantiation of a frame structure in which attributes stand for topological data and procedural knowledge, and as a candidate generation of a substructure of the stable form. Illustrative examples for a plane truss structure are described. Also, some comments on its applicability to an intelligent tutoring system for structural analysis and architectural design are provided, with reference to the interactive graphic representation.
PC‐Based Management Game for Irrigated Farming
Authors: Elango K. , Honert R. , Kumar C. Nagaraju , Suresh V.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Irrigated farming is a complex activity influenced by a large number of interacting and random factors. A sufficiently realistic gaming simulation model can be used as an effective tool for training in decision making under such a setting. This paper describes a microcomputer‐based game model CASIMBOL (Computer Aided Simulation of Irrigation Management Below OutLet) that deals with the problems faced by a typical farmer in a water‐deficient region in southern India. The model is built in a spreadsheet environment. Menu‐driven macros are developed for automating the gaming session, with provision for selective revision of random variable values. A case‐specific synthetic knowledge base is made available for consultation at selected stages during the progress of the game. The advantages, limitations and further possibilities of this model have been brought out during trial sessions involving academic and field personnel. The spreadsheet‐based game model linked to a mini expert system demonstrates that this methodology can be adopted for similar situations.
Advantages of Using 3‐D CAD Plant Models on the Construction Site
Authors: Euler John K.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: For many engineering and construction firms, the majority of a project's total cost is often incurred in the construction phase. In order to address the productivity and profitability of construction projects, one has to consider a variety of factors. This paper presents new techniques that RUST International has employed to address construction cost reduction. It focuses on using the intelligence built into the three‐dimensional (3‐D) computer‐aided design (CAD) plant model during design and applying it to construction project management at the job site. The Jacobus Technology JSpace system is used for modeling and interacting with the large and complex 3‐D plant model. Applications developed by RUST on the JSpace platform, which provide for construction planning, material control, and support of plant startup, will be introduced. The analysis shows that use of the 3‐D CAD model on the job site can provide substantial reductions in work hours and office costs, provide marked reductions in craft labor costs, and help reduce bulk material surplus as well as shorten project schedules. The system is shown to be an effective communication tool in bringing engineers, contractors, and owners together by using advanced 3‐D animation of the plant.
The Impact of Computer Technology on Construction's Future
Authors: Tucker Richard L. , O'Connor James T. , Gatton Thomas M. , Gibson G. Edward , Haas Carl T. , Hudson David N.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: This paper provides summary descriptions of computer‐based technologies that will increasingly affect the execution and efficacy of construction projects. The role these technologies will play is described for each of five project phases: conceptual planning, design and procurement, construction, startup, and operations and maintenance. Implications for the work force brought about by increasing reliance on computer technology are discussed.
ISICAD: Interactive System for Integrating CAD and Computer‐Based Construction Systems
Authors: Kartam Nabil A.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry is extremely fragmented. Professionals from various organizations are involved in different project phases requiring constant transfer of data among participants. Islands of automation exist throughout the project life cycle. However, methods for sharing data across discipline boundaries are still precarious. Improved methods for generating, sharing, and maintaining project data not only reduce fragmentation but also increase competitiveness by bridging gaps between and within project phases.

The primary objective of this research is to develop ISICAD (interactive system for integrating CAD and computer‐based construction systems) which captures selected design data and represents these data in an object‐oriented project model during the design stage of AEC projects. In the heirarchy of object‐oriented classes and subclasses, the design data get inherited; hence all functional, geometric, structural, construction, and design evolution data from the different design domains—architectural, engineering, contractual, estimation, management, scheduling, etc.—are shared across class boundaries. This design data can be used as input to various computer‐based construction systems (e.g., knowledge‐based planning system) and to support reasoning about geometric, topologic, spatial, and temporal issues in the project life cycle. Consequently, the decoding of drawings is abolished from the AEC project process. More important, industry integration is increased.
Computer Integration for Robotic Masonry
Authors: Rihani Rami A. , Bernold Leonhard E.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Computers are essential in the development of robotic systems for construction. The introduction of such systems creates many challenges to researchers, equipment manufacturers, and users alike. This paper presents a new initiative to study critical issues related to the establishment of a robotic masonry system. In particular, the paper discusses three major problem areas: (1) design automation, (2) automated mortar application, and (3) adaptive control of brick placement. The data presented have been generated using standard PC computers which control and integrate design tools with real‐time machinery and sensory devices.
Logistics Support System for Construction Robotics Implementation
Authors: Skibniewski Miroslaw J. , Tamaki Kinya
Published: November 2008

Abstract: A logistics and scheduling microcomputer system for construction robotics implementation has been developed within the framework of the Construction Robotic Equipment Management System (CREMS) at Purdue University. This paper addresses the main procedures and software developed to effectively manage multiple robots in diverse construction sites. The current version of the software is used with HyperCard, QuickBASIC, and Think‐Pascal on an Apple Macintosh microcomputer. This paper presents an example microcomputer application to optimal robot implementation assignment decision support for use with multiple concurrent construction projects.
Automated Knowledge Acquisition in a Neural Network–Based Decision Support System for Incomplete Database Systems
Authors: Hurson A. R. , Pakzad S. , Jin B.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: A neural network–based decision support system has been designed and simulated to be used as a filter to improve the system performance of large incomplete databases enhanced with maybe algebra. To train the network, a knowledge‐acquisition module equipped with a fuzzy logic technique was used to automatically generate a set of training pairs according to the semantics of the underlying database, the specific characteristics of the user query, and user requirements. Based on the notion of relative graded membership, a fuzzy logic–based controller was used to monitor and measure the quality of each training pattern as a means to generate a set of “good” training pairs. Finally, the proposed scheme has been simulated and analyzed to determine the effectiveness of the automatic training pairs generation process.
Optimization of Finite‐Element Software Using Data‐Compression Techniques
Authors: Consolazio Gary R. , Hoit Marc I.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: In the past there has been a great amount of effort directed toward improving the performance of finite‐element analysis (FEA) software through improvements in equation‐solving techniques. In contrast, little attention has been given to the area of improving the input/output (I/O) transfer rate between program core and disk storage. This paper presents a method for improving the performance of FEA software by reducing the quantity of data that must be transferred between program core and disk. This is accomplished by using data‐compression techniques to compress the data during program execution, resulting in substantial decreases in program execution time and disk space usage. The paper presents a compressed I/O library written in C and the installation of the library into two FEA programs written in C and in Fortran. Results are given for personal computer, workstation, and supercomputer platforms.
Computerized Time Impact Analysis for Project Acceleration
Authors: Riad Nagui I. , Arditi David , Mohammadi Jamshid
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Project acceleration often results in claims. A LISP program for performing time impact analysis for project acceleration is presented. The program helps the user identify the number of days by which the project can be accelerated and what the user's share will be of the acceleration costs involved. The program analyzes the as‐planned, as‐built, and utility data files submitted by the user and identifies all delayed, accelerated, added, and canceled (DAAC) activities. It then generates as‐planned, as‐built, projected, adjusted, owner‐accountable, and contractor‐accountable schedules. The program performs a compression analysis on the remaining portion of the project. After a consultation session with the user, it apportions acceleration costs between the owner and the contractor in an equitable way. This program is expected to help settle claims.
A Plan‐Based Framework for Design: Methodologic Foundations
Authors: Ndumu D. T. , Izzuddin B. A. , Smith D. Lloyd
Published: November 2008

Abstract: This paper describes a plan‐based framework that can be configured for design in different domains. The case for design by planning is argued by examining the requirements of an adequate framework for design and showing how the planning approach satisfies the requirements. Using the plan‐based framework, the knowledge requirements of design, design transformations, multiagent design, learning, and creativity are explored. Multiagent design can be realized through delegated planning; and learning, through the chunking of successful design plans into summary plan operators. Routine design is shown to be equivalent to the reuse of stored design plans as summary plan operators; innovative design, to the combination and modification of previous plans; and creative design, to the automatic creation of new plan operators from domain axioms. An example of the conceptual/preliminary design of a light industrial building performed by a prototype plan‐based system is described.
A Knowledge‐Based System for Construction‐Site Organization
Authors: Sauce Gérard , Mommessin Michel
Published: November 2008

Abstract: This paper presents an example of a knowledge‐based system application in the domain of building design, specifically for construction‐site management. This type of system is a reasonable approach for providing a design aid to engineers. The object‐oriented representation that is the base of the prototype GRAM_V2 was developed by the authors from an analysis of the specific needs for a building computer‐aided design (CAD) system. This hybrid language integrates several functionalities such as multiple representation, delegation, and a set of graphic classes. The system architecture promotes adaptability, ease of use, and evolution of the system over time. GRAM_V2 utilizes AUTOCAD as a graphic interface and an object‐oriented language developed in LISP. This paper emphasizes the formalism and explains the utility of the different functionalities of GRAM_V2 through this specific application.
Object‐Oriented Approach in Design for Lift Installation of Offshore Structures
Authors: Lim C. K. , Choo Y. S. , Nee A. Y. C.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: A consistent representation of offshore structures and barges that is appropriate for computer processing is essential for the development of an efficient design system for offshore heavy lift installation. This paper outlines the representation of conceptual and physical entities in the preliminary design for lift installation through an object‐oriented approach. The spatial and topologic abstractions of physical entities are illustrated. These abstractions, together with the locational dependency concept for an assembly, form the backbone for geometric reasoning in the top‐down approach for lift installation design. An object‐oriented prototype system for lift evaluation, C‐LIFT, using the knowledge‐based development tool kit ART*Enterprise is described. A liftability study involving the installation of offshore modules and the associated lift sequence is then presented to illustrate the advantages of this approach.
An Engineering Approach to Multicriteria Optimization of Bridge Structures
Authors: Lounis Z. , Cohn M. Z.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: This paper presents an approach to multicriteria optimization of engineering structures and structural systems based on the use of the constraint approach for generating efficient solutions and compromise programming for selecting the “best” or satisficing solution. The criteria of minimax and minimum Euclidian distance provide the designer with a rationale for the choice of the best solution. For system optimization problems, the definition of a dominant criterion and compromise programming lead to a practical approach to the design of large‐scale structural systems. The approach is illustrated by two examples of optimizing prestressed concrete highway bridges, including selection of the optimal system.
Optimization of Laminated Ceramic Composites for Minimum Residual Stress and Cost
Authors: Belegundu Ashok D. , Salagame Raviprakash R.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Optimal design of laminated ceramic components is of interest in various structural applications. Residual stresses are induced in laminated ceramic composites when they are cooled from elevated processing temperatures. These stresses can be minimized by tailoring the material compositions and thicknesses of the composite layers. While this is an effective method, the material cost of the composite increases with a decrease in the residual stress. A multiobjective optimization problem is formulated to consider both residual stress and cost. The constraint method and the min‐max approaches are used to solve this problem. It is shown that the min‐max solution yields the best compromise solution. The formulation considers wear resistance, fracture toughness, and delamination in the laminate.
Acquisition, Representation, and Validation of Subjective Knowledge
Authors: Arditi D. , Martins E. A. Ferreira
Published: November 2008

Abstract: This paper concentrates on the three main stages of expert system development: knowledge acquisition, knowledge representation (which includes the treatment of uncertainties), and verification and validation. The findings of a survey of expert system applications in the construction management domain are reported. A model is presented that regulates the process of creating an expert system and that eliminates the shortcomings of existing techniques used with knowledge of subjective nature. This model is based on the Delphi method, a tool used for collecting data and information to solve nonanalytical problems. It is proposed that the use of the Delphi method in the knowledge acquisition, knowledge representation, and validation stages of expert system development will improve user confidence in the final product.
The Career Perceptions of Academic Staff and Human Resource Discourses in English Higher Education
Authors: Strike Tony , Taylor John
Published: November 2008

This paper sets out findings from research that considered the interplay between English national policy developments in human resources management in higher education and the personal stories of academic staff as career participants. Academic careers are pursued in an institutional and national policy context but it was not clear that the formal management agenda coincided with the real concerns of the objects of these policy initiatives, academic staff themselves. Twenty‐one academic participants, across six case study sites, were interviewed. Significantly, the research found that the policy issues that dominate the national and institutional human resource management discourse such as pay and conditions of service, bargaining structures, tenure and competitiveness are not the same as those issues that academics raise. The research highlights a found disjuncture between the national human resources policy discourse and the social reality of academic staff as objects of that policy and suggests changes as a result.
Social work programmes in the social democratic welfare regime
Authors: Meeuwisse Anna , Swärd Hans
Published: November 2008

In this article we examine the emergence of social worker training in the Nordic countries and discuss the possible effects that the social democratic welfare regime has had on such training. We also discuss the development in recent decades of the academisation of the training and the establishment of social work as a subject of research and teaching. The early history of social worker education is based on archival material, national inquiries and secondary sources. Our presentation of the recent history of social work education is based on the responses to a questionnaire sent to teachers of social work in 33 Nordic social work programmes, and on a survey of course syllabi and prospectuses. It is also based on the reading lists for the social work courses in these programmes.
Legal or illegal? Preferences on immigration
Authors: Solano‐García Ángel
Published: November 2008

The political debate about regularisation programmes for undocumented migrants is a very controversial issue. The main goal of this article is to explain why governments decide to grant amnesties to illegal immigrants as a part of their immigration policy. We propose a simple political competition model in which we first derive the voters' preferences over a menu of regularisation programmes. Labour market conditions make skilled workers more pro‐regularisation than unskilled workers. We find that, in general, the policy implemented at the political equilibrium is a partial amnesty programme, which is what happens in the majority of the countries in this study.
On the metabolic origin of the carbon isotope composition of CO2 evolved from darkened light‐acclimated leaves in Ricinus communis
Authors: Gessler Arthur , Tcherkez Guillaume , Karyanto Oka , Keitel Claudia , Ferrio Juan Pedro , Ghashghaie Jaleh , Kreuzwieser Jürgen , Farquhar Graham D.
Published: November 2008

DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02719.xCommentary p 243
Neurochemical changes in a mouse model of Rett syndrome: changes over time and in response to perinatal choline nutritional supplementation
Authors: Ward Bonnie C. , Kolodny Nancy H. , Nag Nupur , Berger‐Sweeney Joanne E.
Published: November 2008

Rett syndrome (RTT), the second leading cause of mental retardation in girls, is caused by mutations in the X‐linked gene for methyl‐CpG‐binding protein 2 (MeCP2), a transcriptional repressor. In addition to well‐documented neuroanatomical and behavioral deficits, RTT is characterized by reduced markers of cholinergic activity and general neuronal health. Previously, we have shown that early postnatal choline (Cho) supplementation improves behavioral and neuroanatomical symptoms in a mouse model of RTT (Mecp21lox mice). In this study, we use NMR spectroscopy to quantify the relative amounts of Cho, Glutamate (Glu), Glutamine (Gln), and N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA) in the brains of wild type and mutant mice at 21, 35, and 42 days of age and in mice receiving postnatal Cho supplementation. We find that the mutant mice have reduced levels of Cho, Glu, and NAA, but elevated Gln levels, compared with their wild type littermates. These differences emerge at different developmental ages. Cho supplementation increases NAA levels, a marker of neuronal integrity, but has no effect on Cho, Glu, or Gln. These data suggest that postnatal nutritional supplementation may improve neuronal function and could serve as a therapeutic agent for human RTT patients.