bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydromechanical Controls on the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Injection‐Induced Seismicity in Different Fault Architecture: Implication for 2013–2014 Azle Earthquakes
Authors: Chang K. W. , Yoon H.
Published: August 2020

Recent observations of seismic events at the subsurface energy exploration sites show that spatial and temporal correlations sometimes do not match the spatial order of the known or detected fault location from the injection well. This study investigates the coupled flow and geomechanical control on the patterns of induced seismicity along multiple basement faults that show an unusual spatiotemporal relation with induced seismicity occurring in the far field first, followed by the near field. Two possible geological scenarios considered are (1) the presence of conductive hydraulic pathway within the basement connected to the distant fault (hydraulic connectivity) and (2) no hydraulic pathway, but the coexistence of faults with mixed polarity (favorability to slip) as observed at Azle, TX. Based on the Coulomb stability analysis and seismicity rate estimates, simulation results show that direct pore pressure diffusion through a hydraulic pathway to the distant fault can generate a larger number of seismicity than along the fault close to the injection well. Prior to pore pressure diffusion, elastic stress transfer can initiate seismic activity along the favorably oriented fault, even at the longer distance to the well, which may explain the deep 2013–2014 Azle earthquake sequences. This study emphasizes that hydrological and geomechanical features of faults will locally control poroelastic coupling mechanisms, potentially influencing the spatiotemporal pattern of injection‐induced seismicity, which can be used to infer subsurface architecture of fault/fracture networks.
Enhancing Accuracy of Air Quality and Temperature Forecasts During Paddy Crop Residue Burning Season in Delhi Via Chemical Data Assimilation
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Ghude Sachin D. , Biswas Mrinal , Jena Chinmay , Alessandrini Stefano , Debnath Sreyashi , Kulkarni Santosh , Sperati Simone , Soni Vijay K. , Nanjundiah Ravi S. , Rajeevan M.
Published: August 2020

This paper examines the accuracy of Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF‐Chem) generated 72 hr fine particulate matter (PM2.5) forecasts in Delhi during the crop residue burning season of October‐November 2017 with respect to assimilation of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals, persistent fire emission assumption, and aerosol‐radiation interactions. The assimilation significantly pushes the model AOD and PM2.5 toward the observations with the largest changes below 5 km altitude in the fire source regions (northeastern Pakistan, Punjab, and Haryana) as well as the receptor New Delhi. WRF‐Chem forecast with MODIS AOD assimilation, aerosol‐radiation feedback turned on, and real‐time fire emissions reduce the mean bias by 88–195 μg/m3 (70–86%) with the largest improvement during the peak air pollution episode of 6–13 November 2017. Aerosol‐radiation feedback contributes ~21%, ~25%, and ~24% to reduction in mean bias of the first, second, and third days of PM2.5 forecast. Persistence fire emission assumption is found to work really well, as the accuracy of PM2.5 forecasts driven by persistent fire emissions was only 6% lower compared to those driven by real fire emissions. Aerosol‐radiation feedback extends the benefits of assimilating satellite AOD beyond PM2.5 forecasts to surface temperature forecast with a reduction in the mean bias of 0.9–1.5°C (17–30%). These results demonstrate that air quality forecasting can benefit substantially from satellite AOD observations particularly in developing countries that lack resources to rapidly build dense air quality monitoring networks.
Efficiency and Accuracy of Micro‐Macro Models for Mineral Dissolution
Authors: Gärttner Stephan , Frolkovič Peter , Knabner Peter , Ray Nadja
Published: August 2020

Micro‐macro models for dissolution processes are derived from detailed pore‐scale models applying upscaling techniques. They consist of flow and transport equations at the scale of the porous medium (macroscale). Both include averaged time‐ and space‐dependent coefficient functions (permeability, porosity, reactive surface, and effective diffusion). These are in turn explicitly computed from the time‐ and space‐dependent geometry of unit cells and by means of auxiliary cell problems defined therein (microscale). The explicit geometric structure is characterized by a level set. For its evolution, information from the transport equations solutions is taken into account (micro‐macro scales). A numerical scheme is introduced, which is capable of evaluating such complex settings. For the level‐set equation a second‐order scheme is applied, which enables us to accurately determine the dynamic reactive surface. Local mesh refinement methods are applied to evaluate Stokes type cell problems using P2/P1 elements and a Uzawa type linear solver. Applications of our permeability solver to scenarios involving static and evolving geometries are presented. Furthermore, macroscopic flow and transport equations are solved applying mixed finite elements. Finally, adaptive strategies to overcome the computational burden are discussed. We apply our approach to the dissolution of an array of dolomite grains in the micro‐macro context and validate our numerical scheme.
Mitigating the Impact of Irrigation With Effluent Water: Mixing With Freshwater and/or Adjusting Irrigation Management and Design
Authors: Assouline Shmuel , Kamai Tamir , Šimůnek Jiri , Narkis Kfir , Silber Avner
Published: August 2020

The use of treated wastewater (WW) for irrigation is steadily increasing worldwide. However, irrigation with WW requires special attention as it may alter soil hydraulic properties and, eventually, affect crop yields. The main goal of this study was to investigate two approaches that could mitigate this adverse impact: (i) mixing WW with local freshwater (FW) and (ii) adjusting the irrigation management and design to the deteriorated soil hydraulic properties. Four water qualities resulting from mixing FW and WW at different ratios for irrigation of an avocado orchard planted on a clayey soil were considered: FW, M1/3 (2/3 FW – 1/3 WW), M2/3 (1/3 FW ‐ 2/3 WW), and WW. Increasing the WW component in the irrigation water reduces the soil's saturated hydraulic conductivity and infiltrability, and this reduction is depth dependent. It also reduces the transpiration of trees and their trunk growth. This is supported by numerical simulations that showed that irrigation with WW produced the reduction in plant transpiration relative to irrigation with FW. Numerical simulations indicated that irrigation management and design could be adjusted to improve plant water uptake and reduce the differences due to water quality. The results indicate that decreasing the irrigation rate and increasing the wetted area per tree could increase the water uptake in WW‐irrigated soils to almost equal that in FW‐irrigated soils. This can be achieved by using drippers with lower discharge and by using more drippers per dripline, more driplines per tree, and more drippers per tree (concentric loops of driplines around each trunk).
Flow Channeling in Fracture Networks: Characterizing the Effect of Density on Preferential Flow Path Formation
Authors: Hyman Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2020

Flow channelization is a commonly observed phenomenon in fractured subsurface media where the flow of fluids is restricted primarily to highly transmissive fracture networks surrounded by a low‐permeability rock matrix. The multiscale structural heterogeneity of these networks results in multiscale flow channelization where preferential flow paths form at length scales ranging from the entire system down to the subfracture size. We present an analysis of how one of the largest scales in fractured media, the network density, influences the degree of flow channeling that occurs using an ensemble of semigeneric three‐dimensional discrete fracture network (DFN) simulations. We construct 10 DFNs, whose fracture lengths follow a power law distribution, at four densities for a total of 40 networks. We characterize their structure in terms of the network topology and geometry. Eulerian and Lagrangian observations of the steady‐state flow fields obtained within the networks are used to quantify the degree of flow channelization at the network scale. We introduce a measure for the importance‐ranking/hierarchy of different flow paths in the network using graph‐based analysis of Lagrangian transport by which the degree of flow channeling between networks is compared. These flow observations are then linked to the structural properties of the networks. In general, network‐scale flow channeling decreases as the network density increases. However, at low densities, there is more uniform flow within the entire connected network than in high‐density networks. We also demonstrate how standard transport observables can be used to infer the degree of flow channelization occurring within a fracture network.
Distributed Acoustic Sensing as a Distributed Hydraulic Sensor in Fractured Bedrock
Authors: Becker M. W. , Coleman T. I. , Ciervo C. C.
Published: August 2020

Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) was originally intended to measure oscillatory strain at frequencies of 1 Hz or more on a fiber optic cable. Recently, measurements at much lower frequencies have opened the possibility of using DAS as a dynamic strain sensor in boreholes. A fiber optic cable mechanically coupled to a geologic formation will strain in response to hydraulic stresses in pores and fractures. A DAS interrogator can measure dynamic strain in the borehole, which can be related to fluid pressure through the mechanical compliance properties of the formation. Because DAS makes distributed measurements, it is capable of both locating hydraulically active features and quantifying the fluid pressure in the formation. We present field experiments in which a fiber optic cable was mechanically coupled to two crystalline rock boreholes. The formation was stressed hydraulically at another well using alternating injection and pumping. The DAS instrument measured oscillating strain at the location of a fracture zone known to be hydraulically active. Rock displacements of less than 1 nm were measured. Laboratory experiments confirm that displacement is measured correctly. These results suggest that fiber optic cable embedded in geologic formations may be used to map hydraulic connections in three‐dimensional fracture networks. A great advantage of this approach is that strain, an indirect measure of hydraulic stress, can be measured without beforehand knowledge of flowing fractures that intersect boreholes. The technology has obvious applications in water resources, geothermal energy, CO2 sequestration, and remediation of groundwater in fractured bedrock.
miR-16 integrates signal pathways in myofibroblasts: determinant of cell fate necessary for fibrosis resolution
Authors: Pan Qin , Guo Can-Jie , Xu Qing-Yang , Wang Jin-Zhi , Li Han , Fang Chun-Hua
Published: August 2020

Liver fibrosis is characterized by the transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to myofibroblasts and poor response to treatment. This can be attributed to the myofibroblast-specific resistance to phenotype reversal. In this study, we complemented miR-16 into miR-16-deficient myofibroblasts and analyzed the global role of miR-16 using transcriptome profiling and generating a pathway-based action model underlying transcriptomic regulation. Phenotypic analysis of myofibroblasts and fibrogenic characterization were used to understand the effect of miR-16 on phenotypic remodeling of myofibroblasts. miR-16 expression altered the transcriptome of myofibroblasts to resemble that of HSCs. Simultaneous targeting of Smad2 and Wnt3a, etc. by miR-16 integrated signaling pathways of TGF-β and Wnt, etc., which underlay the comprehensive regulation of transcriptome. The synergistic effect of miR-16 on the signaling pathways abolished the phenotypic characteristics of myofibroblasts, including collagen production and inhibition of adipogenesis. In vivo, myofibroblast-specific expression of miR-16 not only eliminated mesenchymal cells with myofibroblast characteristics but also restored the phenotype of HSCs in perisinusoidal space. This phenotypic remodeling resolved liver fibrosis induced by chronic wound healing. Therefore, miR-16 may integrate signaling pathways crucial for the fate determination of myofibroblasts. Its global effect induces the reversal of HSC-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation and, subsequently, the resolution of fibrogenesis. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential of miR-16 as a promising therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.
LINC00675 activates androgen receptor axis signaling pathway to promote castration-resistant prostate cancer progression
Authors: Yao Mengfei , Shi Xiaolei , Li Yue , Xiao Yutian , Butler William , Huang Yongqiang , Du Leilei , Wu Tianqi , Bian Xiaojie , Shi Guohai , Ye Dingwei , Fu Guohui , Wang Jianhua , Ren Shancheng
Published: August 2020

The development of prostate cancer (PCa) from androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) sensitive to castration resistant (CRPC) seriously impacts life quality and survival of PCa patients. Emerging evidence shows that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play vital roles in cancer initiation and progression. However, the inherited mechanisms of how lncRNAs participate in PCa progression and treatment resistance remain unclear. Here, we found that a long noncoding RNA LINC00675 was upregulated in androgen-insensitive PCa cell lines and CRPC patients, which promoted PCa progression both in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of LINC00675 markedly suppressed tumor formation and attenuated enzalutamide resistance of PCa cells. Mechanistically, LINC00675 could directly modulate androgen receptor’s (AR) interaction with mouse double minute-2 (MDM2) and block AR’s ubiquitination by binding to it. Meanwhile, LINC00675 could bind to GATA2 mRNA and stabilize its expression level, in which GATA2 could act as a co-activator in the AR signaling pathway. Notably, we treated subcutaneous xenografts models with enzalutamide and antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) targeting LINC00675 in vivo and found that targeting LINC00675 would benefit androgen-deprivation-insensitive models. Our findings disclose that the LINC00675/MDM2/GATA2/AR signaling axis is a potential therapeutic target for CRPC patients.
TRPA1 mediates damage of the retina induced by ischemia and reperfusion in mice
Authors: Souza Monteiro de Araújo Daniel , De Logu Francesco , Adembri Chiara , Rizzo Stanislao , Janal Malvin N. , Landini Lorenzo , Magi Alberto , Mattei Gianluca , Cini Nicoletta , Pandolfo Pablo , Geppetti Pierangelo , Nassini Romina , Calaza Karin da Costa
Published: August 2020

Oxidative stress is implicated in retinal cell injury associated with glaucoma and other retinal diseases. However, the mechanism by which oxidative stress leads to retinal damage is not completely understood. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a redox-sensitive channel that, by amplifying the oxidative stress signal, promotes inflammation and tissue injury. Here, we investigated the role of TRPA1 in retinal damage evoked by ischemia (1 hour) and reperfusion (I/R) in mice. In wild-type mice, retinal cell numbers and thickness were reduced at both day-2 and day-7 after I/R. By contrast, mice with genetic deletion of TRPA1 were protected from the damage seen in their wild-type littermates. Daily instillation of eye drops containing two different TRPA1 antagonists, an oxidative stress scavenger, or a NADPH oxidase-1 inhibitor also protected the retinas of C57BL/6J mice exposed to I/R. Mice with genetic deletion of the proinflammatory TRP channels, vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) or vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), were not protected from I/R damage. Surprisingly, genetic deletion or pharmacological blockade of TRPA1 also attenuated the increase in the number of infiltrating macrophages and in the levels of the oxidative stress biomarker, 4-hydroxynonenal, and of the apoptosis biomarker, active caspase-3, evoked by I/R. These findings suggest that TRPA1 mediates the oxidative stress burden and inflammation that result in murine retinal cell death. We also found that TRPA1 (both mRNA and protein) is expressed by human retinal cells. Thus, it is possible that inhibition of a TRPA1-dependent pathway could also attenuate glaucoma-related retinal damage.
Li3CaB2O5F: a unique sandwich-like structure with diverse and wide Li ion diffusion pathways
Authors: Ding Mengmeng , Xu JingJing , Wu Hongping , Yu Hongwei , Hu Zhanggui , Wang Jiyang , Wu Yicheng
Published: August 2020

A new borate fluoride Li3CaB2O5F has been synthesized.
Silylium cation initiated sergeants-and-soldiers type chiral amplification of helical aryl isocyanide copolymers
Authors: Liu Hao , Zhang Shaowen , Yan Xiangqian , Song Chuang , Chen Jupeng , Dong Yuping , Li Xiaofang
Published: August 2020

Silylium cations act as new highly efficient metal-free single-component cationic initiators for the cationic polymerization and copolymerization of chiral or achiral aryl isocyanides, preparing optically active polymers and copolymers obeying “sergeants-and-soldiers” rule.
A heterojunction of VO(OH)2 nanorods onto hemp stem derived carbon for high voltage (1.5 V) symmetric supercapacitors
Authors: Tiwari Bhumika , Joshi Akanksha , Munjal Mehak , Sharma Raj Kishore , Singh Gurmeet
Published: August 2020

A heterojunction design of positive and negative potential electrode material in a single composite electrode material resulting in a 1.5 V operating potential.
Collective and individual impacts of the cascade doping of alkali cations in perovskite single crystals
Authors: Zhang Yu , Huang Yuan , Wang Xiaoge , Sun Junliang , Si Rui , Zhou Huanping
Published: August 2020

Diversified occupants at the A-site (Cs, Rb) will improve the intrinsic properties of the FAMA-based perovskite single crystals, while additional interstitials such as K will degrade the materials properties.
Modelling and analysis of a novel mechanical‐variable‐flux IPM machine with rotatable magnetic poles
Authors: Liu Xiping , Sun Tongze , Zou Yongling , Huang Chaozhi , Liang Jianwei
Published: August 2020

In this study, a novel mechanical‐variable‐flux interior permanent magnet motor (MVF‐IPMM) is presented, which employs rotatable magnetic poles and a mechanical flux‐adjusting device placed on both sides of the rotor. The device can regulate the magnetic circuit by rotating magnetic poles and adjusting the angle of the magnetisation direction relative to the d ‐axis. Consequently, the flux‐weakening capability is enhanced. The configuration and additional mechanical devices of the MVF‐IPMM are introduced, respectively. Then, the operation principle and flux‐adjusting mechanism are deeply investigated by using analytical models, whose parameters are computed by automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical system and finite‐element analysis. Based on the simulation results, an electromechanical model is established to predict the performance of the motor. In addition, the electromagnetic characteristics of the mechanical‐variable‐flux‐ and conventional interior permanent magnet machines are compared. Finally, the effectiveness of the design is successfully proven by experimenting with a prototype.
Quick and seamless transition method for I‐f to sensorless vector control changeover and on‐the‐fly start of PMSM drives
Authors: Nair Sandeep V. , Hatua Kamalesh , Durga Prasad N.V.P.R. , Reddy D. Kishore
Published: August 2020

A smooth changeover from the I‐f method to closed‐loop sensorless vector control is a critical requirement for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives using a back‐emf based sensorless algorithm for medium‐ to high‐speed range control. The existing methods provide a smooth transition by aligning the angle generated by I‐f control to the sensorless estimated angle. However, the overall start‐up time increases due to the additional transition interval, which limits the usability of these methods for applications requiring a quick start‐up. Furthermore, the use of a direct transition method to reduce the changeover time results in speed and current oscillation if the estimated position using sensorless algorithm is having an error. In the proposed method, the inverter pulses are disabled for a short duration and the machine back‐emf is measured after the stator current falls to zero. Therefore, a quick and seamless transition is achieved in the proposed method by accurately estimating the rotor position from the sensed back‐emf. The proposed method is also extended to perform on‐the‐fly start for power failure ride through during short time power supply interruption. The performance of the proposed method is verified using simulation and experiment on a 25 kW PMSM drive.
Investigation of scaling effect on power factor of permanent magnet Vernier machines for wind power application
Authors: Kana Padinharu Dileep Kumar , Li Guang‐Jin , Zhu Zi‐Qiang , Clark Richard , Azar Ziad , Thomas Arwyn
Published: August 2020

This study investigates the scaling effect on power factor of surface mounted permanent magnet Vernier (SPM‐V) machines with power ratings ranging from 3 kW, 500 kW, 3 MW to 10 MW. For each power rating, different slot/pole number combinations have been considered to study the influence of key parameters including inter‐pole magnet leakage and stator slot leakage on power factor. A detailed analytical modelling, incorporating these key parameters, is presented and validated with two‐dimensional finite‐element analysis for different power ratings and slot/pole number combinations. The study has revealed that with scaling (increasing power level), significant increase in electrical loading combined with the increased leakage fluxes, i.e. (i) magnet leakage flux due to large coil pitch to rotor pole pitch ratio, (ii) magnet inter‐pole leakage flux and (iii) stator slot leakage flux, reduces the ratio of armature flux linkage to permanent magnet flux linkage and thereby has a detrimental effect on the power factor. Therefore, unlike conventional SPM machines, the power factor of SPM‐V machines is found to be significantly reduced at high power ratings.
Time to Peak Concentration of Amikacin in the Antebrachiocarpal Joint Following Cephalic Intravenous Regional Limb Perfusion in Standing Horses
Authors: Gustafsson Kajsa , Tatz Amos J. , Dahan Roee , Britzi Malka , Soback Stefan , Sutton Gila A. , Kelmer Gal
Published: August 2020

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the time (Tmax) to the maximum concentration (Cmax) of amikacin sulphate in synovial fluid of the radiocarpal joint (RCJ) following cephalic intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) using 2 g of amikacin sulphate.

Methods Cephalic IVRLP was performed with 2 g of amikacin sulphate diluted in 0.9% NaCl to a total volume of 100 mL in six healthy adult mixed breed mares. An Esmarch's rubber tourniquet was applied for 30 minutes and the antibiotic solution was infused through a 23-gauge butterfly catheter. Synovial fluid was collected from the RCJ prior to the infusion and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes after completion of IVRLP. The tourniquet was removed after the last arthrocentesis. Synovial fluid amikacin sulphate concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

Results The calculated mean Tmax occurred at 15 minutes (range: 10–20 minutes) post-perfusion. The highest synovial fluid amikacin sulphate concentration was noted at 10 minutes in 2 horses, 15 minutes in 2 horses and 20 minutes in 2 horses. The highest mean concentration was 1023 µg/mL and was noted at 20 minutes. Synovial mean concentrations were significantly different between 15 and 30 minutes.

Clinical Significance In this study no Tmax occurred after 20 minutes; thus, 30 minutes of tourniquet application time appear to be excessive. The 20 minutes duration of tourniquet application appears sufficient for the treatment of the RCJ in cephalic IVRLP using 2 g amikacin sulphate in a total volume of 100 mL.
The population status of southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons). II. Landscape factors affecting distribution and abundance
Authors: Swinbourne Michael , Taggart David , Ostendorf Bertram
Published: August 2020

The southern hairy-nosed wombat has a fragmented distribution across the arid and semiarid regions of southern South Australia and south-eastern Western Australia. Its distribution and abundance are highly patchy, with large clusters of warrens in some areas but few to no warrens in adjacent areas. In order to understand why this occurs, we mapped the species’ distribution and correlated the locations of over 8130 data points (5349 presence points and 2781 absence points) with environmental and landscape data. Overall, the wombat distribution is influenced by rainfall, with no wombats in areas where the mean annual rainfall is <154mm. Abundance is greatest in areas where rainfall is >227mm per annum. At the regional/local scale, warrens are found only in areas where the soil clay content is between 9 and 40%, and warren abundance is higher in open vegetation classes (saltbush/bluebush shrublands, grasslands) than in closed vegetation (mallee woodlands with shrubby understorey). Over-riding all of these environmental influences are anthropogenic land-use practices: although 38% of the wombats are located in protected areas and 51% are located on grazing land, they are virtually absent from croplands (~2%).
Temporal variation of trace elements, rare earth elements and Pb isotope ratios in sediment core from Kiel Bay, western Baltic Sea
Authors: Orani Anna Maria , Vassileva Emilia , Schmidt Sabine , Berail Sylvain , Barre Julien P. G.
Published: August 2020

Environmental contextTrace elements in coastal environments represent an environmental concern and their monitoring in sediment cores provides insight into their historical sources. A well-dated core from Kiel Bay, western Baltic Sea, provided trace element data, including lead, cadmium, rare earth elements, mercury and methyl mercury. Lead and mercury isotope ratios were useful for the apportionment of pollution sources, indicating that coal burning was a major contributor. AbstractWe present a comprehensive study on the variation of trace elements (TEs) and rare earth elements (REEs) in a well-dated sediment core from Kiel Bay, western Baltic Sea. Mass fractions of 34 elements (major and trace) together with other relevant parameters, such as organic carbon and grain size, were determined in a 20-cm core that covers the last century. Enrichment factors and geoaccumulation indices were determined to assess the possible influence of anthropogenic inputs on element distribution. The obtained results show that the highest enrichment of TEs occurred in the period 1917–1970 especially for the priority elements as Hg, Cd and Pb. Determination of methylmercury (MeHg) was also performed, as it showed the highest content in surface samples. The MeHg percentages ranged from 0.02 to 1.2% of the total Hg. REEs, which are nowadays considered as new emerging contaminants, did not reveal high enrichment attributable to anthropogenic influences, but provided useful baseline information for future monitoring of the area. The study of the Pb isotopic composition proved to be a valuable tool in determining the Pb pollution source, and revealed Pb in the layers that showed the highest enrichment came mainly from coal burning. Mercury isotopic signatures in the sediment core were used as a tool to identify the sources of Hg pollution. An isotope mixing model based on mass-dependent (MDF) and mass-independent fractionations (MIF) identified coal burning as the most probable dominant source for Hg anthropogenic contamination in the area.
The problematic pursuit of defining advancedness
Authors: Menke Mandy R. , Malovrh Paul A.
Published: August 2020

The introductory chapter establishes the need for the
present volume by providing an overview of the main foci of previous
research in SLA examining advanced proficiency, and by identifying various
lacunae in the data base of what we know. We provide a description of the
volume’s structure, explaining the rationale for each of the four sections,
and we introduce the main topics and aims of each chapter.
The (limited) contributions of proficiency assessments in
defining advancedness
Authors: Menke Mandy R. , Malovrh Paul A.
Published: August 2020

Standardized proficiency tests are the primary
means of determining advancedness in educational settings and have
effectively established a common language for describing language
proficiency. Emerging evidence additionally identifies specific
linguistic features that correlate with each level; nonetheless, we
argue that the ability of such assessments to contribute to our
evolving understandings of advancedness are limited given their
conflation of cognition and language and inability to capture
contextually-dependent language use. In this chapter, we discuss the
contributions, challenges, and future of proficiency assessment.
Advanced users of Spanish
Authors: Soneson Dan
Published: August 2020

This chapter outlines a three-year large-scale
project assessing postsecondary Spanish learners’ proficiency in
speaking, reading, and listening using instruments from the American
Council of Teachers of Foreign Language (ACTFL). Nearly 400 students
from the second curricular year on demonstrated proficiency at
Advanced Low on the ACTFL scale in at least one modality. This
chapter examines the ratings of these students and outlines
relationships among the three modalities at curricular stages as
well as at each proficiency sub-level. Both cross-sectional and
longitudinal data show primacy of reading proficiency at the
advanced level, followed by listening and then speaking. Among
Advanced learners of Spanish at the university, the Advanced level
in the receptive modalities appears to be corequisite with Advanced
speaking proficiency.
The role of late-acquired structures in advanced oral
proficiency
Authors: Malovrh Paul A. , Menke Mandy R.
Published: August 2020

The present chapter focuses on one aspect of
Byrnes & Ortega’s
(2008) description of advancedness; it considers the
notion of structural command, not merely in terms of accuracy, but
also the multifunctional use of late-acquired complex structures,
which we assert provides another window through which we should
observe interlanguage (IL) development and advanced oral production.
It defines late-acquired structures as those that consist of complex
(multiple) form-meaning associations and are only learned once IL
development has reached a stage in which L2 learners are able to
notice, process, and produce target language on a multifunctional
level involving multiple linguistic systems. This definition allows
us to problematize advanced grammar in terms of how we identify it
and how we understand advancedness.
What does advanced L2 pronunciation look like?
Authors: Face Timothy L.
Published: August 2020

This study investigates ultimate attainment in
second language (L2) Spanish pronunciation by examining the
production of L2 Spanish stops, approximants, and rhotics by first
language (L1) speakers of American English who immigrated to central
Spain and have lived there for a large portion of their lives. As a
group, the learners’ pronunciations were much closer to the native
speaker norms than those of less advanced learners in previous
studies, yet no learner achieved native-like pronunciation for any
of the consonant groups. Nonetheless, the results of the present
study show that advanced learners are characterized by considerable
development beyond the pronunciation of less advanced learners and
that they do acquire some native-like aspects in their
pronunciation.
An exploration of advanced-level learners’ verb choices in
variable mood-distinction contexts
Authors: Gudmestad Aarnes
Published: August 2020

The current study builds on research on
advanced-level Spanish and variable mood distinction (the
subjunctive-indicative contrast) by exploring learners’ willingness
to use both verbal moods in specific linguistic contexts that have
been shown to be variable for a group of native speakers of Spanish.
Namely, when presented with multiple verb forms that native speakers
use in particular linguistic contexts, this investigation examines
the extent to which graduate-level learners report that they are
willing to use both subjunctive and indicative forms in these
variable mood-distinction contexts. The results suggest that
learners are more open to using both verbal moods when the
linguistic context includes a lexical trigger of uncertainty and
when they have lived in more than one Spanish-speaking country.
L2 proficiency and L2 dialect processing during study
abroad
Authors: Shea Christine
Published: August 2020

In this chapter, we examine how proficiency and
L2 dialect processing interact over the course of a three-month
study abroad program in Buenos Aires, Argentina in L1 English/L2
Spanish learners. To measure dialect processing changes,
participants completed an auditory form-priming task in which primes
and targets were taken from Mexican and Buenos Aires Spanish. The
pretest results show differences within and across proficiency
levels for dialect processing, as do the posttests. This study adds
to the literature on advancedness and language acquisition by
highlighting how dialect-specific knowledge develops over the course
of study abroad and how advanced learners (vs. less-advanced)
develop dialect-specific representations.
Sophisticated language use in context
Authors: Geeslin Kimberly L.
Published: August 2020

This chapter describes the contributions of
variationist approaches to the study of advancedness in second
language (L2) Spanish. We offer a brief overview of the variationist
perspective on language and language use, reviewing how variationist
approaches have been applied to the study of L2 Spanish. We then
explore the application of variationist approaches to the study of
advanced L2 learners of Spanish. Specifically, we highlight three
key contributions of these approaches to the study of advancedness
related to (1) characterizing advanced L2 Spanish production in
context, (2) measuring interpretive abilities in advanced L2
Spanish, and (3) understanding the relationship between advancedness
and the L2 Spanish classroom. For each contribution, we highlight
existing work and discuss directions for future research areas.
Advancing notions of advancedness
Authors: Serafini Ellen Johnson
Published: August 2020

The variable process and outcomes of language
learning in adulthood has motivated decades of research seeking to
explain this variability via learner individual differences (IDs).
However, the impact of learner IDs across the proficiency spectrum
remains unclear, particularly the involvement of cognitive resources
at advanced second language (L2) proficiency. This chapter provides
an overview of learner ID research with a focus on the role of
working memory capacity (WMC) in relation to L2 Spanish, revealing a
lack of research probing the effects of WMC both between and within
learners at varying proficiency. The chapter concludes by calling
for more longitudinal research that investigates how cognitive
ability interacts with socioculturally-grounded, rather than
psycholinguistically-oriented, notions of advancedness and considers
potential pedagogical implications.
Individual characteristics in advanced Spanish
proficiency
Authors: Winke Paula , Heidrich Uebel Emily , Gass Susan M.
Published: August 2020

In this article we investigated the learner
characteristics of 127 Spanish language learners who achieved
“advanced” in at least one tested skill (speaking, reading, or
listening). We compared their profiles with case-control-matched
non-advanced peers. All students took a background survey on their
abroad experience, heritage status, use of Spanish-language
resources outside of class, and learning interest. We performed a
cluster analysis to map the learners’ profiles and found four
clusters, one that achieved advanced in at least one skill, and
three clusters that did not. An important factor that predicted
overall cluster membership was outside-of-class use of
Spanish-language resources, with the advanced Spanish learners using
authentic Spanish-language resources significantly more. We discuss
ways that programs can foster diverse advancedness profiles.
The effects of study abroad on interlanguage development
Authors: Malovrh Paul A. , Lee James F.
Published: August 2020

The present study provides a concept-oriented
analysis of direct object expression among advanced-level learners
in classroom-only versus classroom+study abroad contexts. In doing
so, it compares linguistic analysis at a morphological stage of
development in different learning contexts using quantitative
analysis across three levels of study abroad exposure. Results show
that, while all learners are considered institutionally advanced,
only those with the greatest level of study abroad exposure show
evidence of morphological analysis and multifunctionality of forms
in oral production. Such findings highlight limitations of
traditional definitions of advanced performance by identifying
specific individual differences based on learning context, and also
challenge the pedagogical expectations of L2 learners reaching a
morphological stage of linguistic analysis through classroom
exposure alone.
The role of language anxiety and enjoyment in advanced
proficiency
Authors: Donate Ángela
Published: August 2020

The current chapter examines the subjective
experiences of 14 Spanish advanced learners and 10 low-proficiency
learners in relation to their L2 anxiety and enjoyment while
performing two oral narrative tasks varying in cognitive demands.
Results showed advanced participants experienced more enjoyment than
their low-proficiency counterparts during complex tasks, although
anxiety was still present as part of learners’ experiences.
Importantly, task factors affecting learners’ anxiety in the
advanced group differed from those perceived as more
anxiety-inducing in the novice group. The study raises awareness of
the importance of positive and negative emotions when manipulating
cognitive task demands. It further emphasizes the complexity of
emotional processes involved in learners’ performance and how their
dynamic interactions with tasks differ as proficiency increases.
Law and tech collide: foreseeability, reasonableness and advanced driver assistance systems
Authors: Leiman Tania
Published: August 2020

Recently, many scholars have explored the legal challenges likely to be posed by introduction of automated and autonomous vehicles. Minimal attention has focused on the legal implications of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) in vehicles already currently available. These can warn of external dangers, monitor driver behavior and control how a vehicle brakes, accelerates, maintains speed or position on the road. The dynamic driving task is no longer reliant simply on the physical interaction of human driver with that vehicle. Instead, the vehicle may act apart from human direction as it senses other objects in the immediate environment or monitors the human driver’s behavior or biometrics. These technological tools, which reduce the opportunity for human error, can be described as augmenting human driving capacity. Increases in safety promised by ADAS, arguably already evidenced by data, may require a reassessment of the risks posed by ‘un-augmented’ human drivers, what is now foreseeable given the data generated by ADAS and wearable driver-monitoring technology, and whether ‘un-augmented’ driving is any longer a reasonable response to that risk.
Insights into the physical properties and anisotropic nature of ErPdBi with an appearance of low minimum thermal conductivity
Authors: Mitro S K , Majumder R , Hossain K M , Hasan Md Zahid , Hossain Md Emran , Hadi M A
Published: August 2020

We theoretically study the structural, elastic and optical properties of ErPdBi together with its anisotropic behaviors using density functional theory. It is observed that ErPdBi satisfies the Born stability criteria nicely and possesses high quality of machinability. The anisotropic behavior of ErPdBi is reported with the help of theoretical anisotropy indices incorporating 3D graphical presentation, which suggests that ErPdBi is highly anisotropic in nature. It is noticed that the minimum thermal conductivity is very low for ErPdBi compared to the several species. This low value of minimum thermal conductivity introduces the potentiality of ErPdBi in high-temperature applications such as thermal barrier coatings. In addition, deep optical insights of ErPdBi reveal that our material can be used in different optoelectronic and electronic device applications ranging from organic light-emitting diodes, solar panel efficiency, waveguides etc. to integration of integrated circuits. Therefore, we believe that our results will provide a new insight into high-temperature applications and will benefit for the development of promising optoelectric devices as well.
The Influences of Public Transport on Parking Space: A Study on Travel Choice Behaviour between Private Cars and Public Transport
Authors: Widiyani
Published: August 2020

For the last decade when travelling the majority of people rely on cars. To this extent, every public building has the obligation to provide parking area. In transport studies, a long-standing debate has been arguing about in what ways the role of travel mode choices contributes to the association between built environment and travel behaviour. In regard to the presence of the new MRT system in Jakarta, this paper is to review the literature for a theoretical exploration study about how people make their travel mode decision from private cars to public transport. Focusing on travel-to-work behaviour, the study identifies comfort, awareness, location, time management, cost, regulation, and pre-planned activities as attributes which influence travel mode choice. In addition, socio-demographics characteristics and pre-condition habits on using public transport describe how individuals view the attributes. This paper proposes awareness of public transport strategy for the stakeholders.
TOD Tourism Heritage District Livability: User Satisfaction in Kali Besar Corridor in Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Nagari Bramanti Kusuma , Suryani Sri , Pratiwi Wiwik Dwi
Published: August 2020

Kota Tua is one of the most popular Transit-Oriented Development heritage areas in Jakarta. Kali Besar Corridor, as part of Kota Tua, was revitalized to improve the visitors’ experiences. Due to its proximity to other historical sites, Jakarta Kota station, and availability of Transjakarta bus stops, tourist and visitors expect easy access. However, some buildings are unoccupied and slowly deteriorated, despite the possibility to enhance its functionality. Accordingly, this paper examines to what extent Kali Besar Revitalisation Project meets the visitors’ and tourists’ cumulative satisfaction regarding connectivity and accessibility aspects, for possibility in future intensification in this area. It takes mixed methods between qualitative and quantitative methods, including direct observation and online surveys. The results suggest that 57 percent of visitors were commuting by public transport, and 66 percent pleased by the accessibility of public transport. Despite this moderate satisfaction rate of passengers in public transport services for accessibility and interconnection between public transport hub with pedestrian ways and tourist spots along the Kali Besar corridor, the simple cross-tabulation analysis concluded that respondents’ satisfaction has less impact in their future visit on loyalty. In conclusion, the connectivity and accessibility factors along the Kali Besar Corridor and its nearby area are supporting the idea of TOD and opening the potential sustainable urban development in the future, especially in the tourism heritage area. However, some improvements need to be done to ensure the basic aspects of pedestrian ways, such as safety, security, and comfort level of visitors are well-achieved.
Comparative Study of Soft-scape Element Significance in Improving the Walkability of Urban Corridor
Authors: Aisyah Fitrie , Rahmah Nadiya
Published: August 2020

The walkability of urban corridors determines the success of a Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) area. Aside from affecting people’s propensity to walk, the walkability of urban corridors affects decision making in choosing a walking route(s). Variables of the walkability score of a route are the path profile, the route anatomy, building(s) development along the route(s), hardscape, and soft-scape elements. This study is focused on soft-scape elements. Studies showed that soft-scape elements can humanize the scale of the outdoor space, add attractiveness to the urban corridor, and control the micro-climate by creating ample shades and reducing exterior temperature. Soft-scape elements are applied differently depends on how it interacts with other natural and existing environmental elements such as the climate, building height, and traffic volume. Countries with hot-humid climate have the benefit of solar radiation and rainwater, the key elements which made the hot-humid climate uniquely differs from other climate zones. Previous researches are collected to gather the essential information about soft-scape elements and walkability of the urban corridor. The collected information is compared, analysed, and synthesized, to seek certain soft-scape design recommendation which could be applied for the walkability of urban corridors near the equator.
Social Sustainability of Kampongs in the Transit-Oriented Development Area of Yogyakarta
Authors: Nareswari Ardhya , Utari Sekar Ari
Published: August 2020

In many cities in South East Asian developing countries, informal settlements (also known as kampongs) exist in accordance with the development of the city centre. Support and mutual relations between the facilities and settlements have been studied by many researchers. At present, these relations have been brought into alignment with the rationale of transit oriented development (TOD), which emphasises the effectiveness of urban functions in optimising urban mobility in the surrounding area of a railway or bus station. The application of TOD started to be implemented in Tugu Railway Station of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The current investigation presents case studies of three kampongs, namely, Badran, Gandekan and Jogoyudan, all of which are within walking distance of the station. This study examines the relation between the inhabitants of the kampong and the Tugu Railway Station. The results show that most of the inhabitants who worked in informal sectors remain working in the surrounding areas although a new regulation and management system to formalise all the activities at the Tugu Railway Station based on the national policy established. It is found that the changes merely shifted the type of job, but not the location of the job, or even the area of living. The social engagement within the settlement is found to be an influential factor for this condition. This strong engagement could guarantee the sustainability of social relationships in each kampong and also support towards the success of TOD.