bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ventricular Septal Defect with Aortic Valve Insufficiency in a New Zealand White RabbitS
Authors: Vörös Károly , Seehusen Frauke , Hungerbühler Stephan , Meyer-Lindenberg Andrea , von der Hoeh Nina
Published: June 2011

A heart murmur was detected in a 10 mo old, female New Zealand White rabbit. Auscultation revealed cardiac murmurs both at the left and right hemithorax. Phonocardiography confirmed the systolic–diastolic nature of the left-sided and the systolic character of the right-sided murmur. Electrocardiography showed normal sinus rhythm; tall R waves and large T waves in lead II; and deep S waves in leads II, III, and aVF. Thoracic radiography demonstrated generalized cardiomegaly with prominent pulmonary vasculature. Echocardiography revealed a perimembraneous ventricular septal defect with aortic insufficiency. Signs of biventricular volume overload, relative pulmonic stenosis, and pulmonary valve insufficiency were also seen as consequences of the defect. Necropsy demonstrated a ventricular septal defect just below the aortic valve, a dilated pulmonary trunk, dilated and hypertrophied ventricles, dilated atria, and rightward displacement of the aortic root. Cardiac histopathology showed ventricular cardiomyocyte degeneration (swelling and hypereosinophilia of the cytoplasm with a loss of cross striation, and nuclear hyperchromasia), cartilaginous metaplasia of the aorta, and subendocardial fibrosis of the right ventricular flow tract.
Endoscopically Assisted Nasojejunal Feeding Tube Placement: Technique and Results in Five Dogs
Authors: Campbell Scott Ayers , Daley Catherine A.
Published: June 2011

Interest in noninvasive feeding tube placement in companion animals led to the adaption of a human technique utilizing endoscopy to place nasojejunal feeding tubes. Data from medical records in which nasojejunal feeding tubes were attempted were reviewed. Feeding tubes were attempted and successfully placed in five dogs within a median of 35 min. Feeding tubes remained in place for approximately 7 days. Complications included facial irritation (5/5), sneezing (5/5), fractured facial sutures (4/5), vomiting (3/5), diarrhea (3/5), crimping of feeding tube (3/5), regurgitation (1/5), epistaxis (1/5), clogging of the feeding tube (2/5), and oral migration with premature removal of the feeding tube (1/5). The deployment technique used in this study was found to be cumbersome. Despite minor complications, endoscopy can be used to rapidly and accurately place nasoenteric feeding devices.
Uveodermatologic Syndrome in a Rat Terrier
Authors: Blackwood Sarah E. , Barrie Kathleen P. , Plummer Caryn E. , Taylor David , Nunnery Catherine M. , Seltzer Judith D. , Ben-Shlomo Gil , Brooks Dennis E.
Published: June 2011

A 4 yr old intact male rat terrier presented with severe bilateral nonresponsive panuveitis. Bilateral uveitis, blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia, diffuse corneal edema, peripheral bullous retinal detachment, and secondary ocular hypertension were noted. Ocular lesions progressed despite aggressive medical treatment and were followed by cutaneous depigmentation and crusting along the nasal planum. Intensive oral and topical anti-inflammatory and topical antiglaucoma medications were administered, but the ocular disease progressed. A bilateral enucleation was performed. Uveodermatologic syndrome was diagnosed from histopathologic examination of a skin biopsy as well as histopathology of both globes after bilateral enucleation. To maintain control of the dermatologic lesions, oral azathioprine was initiated, but it was not well tolerated by this patient. Immunosuppressive doses of oral cyclosporine and anti-inflammatory doses of oral prednisone were used to control the depigmentation and crusting skin lesions.
A Case of Lymphocytic-Plasmacytic Jejunitis Diagnosed by Double-Balloon Enteroscopy in a Dog
Authors: Ayala Ignacio , Latorre Rafael , Soria Federico , Carballo Fernando , Lopez-Albors Octavio , Buendia Antonio J. , Perez-Cuadrado Enrique
Published: June 2011

A 3 yr old male English setter dog was presented for evaluation of a 6-wk history of intermittent diarrhea. After standard gastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy showed normal mucosa, double-balloon endoscopy (DBE) was used via both oral and anal approaches. Gross changes consistent with inflammation in the jejunum were seen, and biopsy specimens were obtained. Histologic analysis confirmed a diagnosis of lymphocytic-plasmacytic jejunitis. Clinical remission of the disease occurred after 3 mo of therapy with prednisone, metronidazole, and a novel protein diet. Use of DBE has not been previously reported in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease, and isolated lymphocytic-plasmacytic jejunitis has not been described. The described cases of intestinal inflammatory disease diagnosed by conventional endoscopy were related to pathologic changes in the duodenum, ileum or colon, but not the jejunum. The main advantage of the DBE technique allowed examination of portions of the small intestine (jejunum) that were not commonly accessible by standard endoscopic techniques, and permitted a minimally invasive collection of biopsy samples compared with surgical biopsy. This case highlights the need to consider using DBE in animals with gastrointestinal disorders, whose symptoms are not readily explained by routine tests, conventional endoscopy, and dietary or therapeutic trials.
Principal Components Analysis of Atopy-Related Traits in a Random Sample of Children
Authors: Thomsen Simon Francis , Backer Vibeke
Published: June 2011

Aim. To study the relationship between atopy-related traits in a random sample of children.Methods. A total of 1007 randomly selected children, 7–17 years of age, from Copenhagen, Denmark were studied. The children were interviewed about symptoms of atopic diseases, and skin test reactivity, serum total IgE, lung function, and airway responsiveness were measured. Principal components analysis was performed in order to examine the relationship between the different traits.Results. Most of the studied traits were significantly correlated. A three-component solution explained about 55% of the variation in the observed traits. The first component loaded most strongly on hay fever, serum total IgE, skin test reactivity and sensitisation to grass, cat and house dust mite allergen; the second factor was most associated with asthma, airway obstruction, and airway hyperresponsiveness, whereas the third factor corresponded most strongly to atopic dermatitis. There was some indication of cross-relations between the three components with respect to serum total IgE.Conclusion. Asthma, hay fever, and atopic dermatitis are characterised by different sets of biomarkers suggestive of a high degree of heterogeneity within the atopic syndrome.
Transmucosal Fine Needle Aspiration of Oral and Pharyngeal Lesions
Authors: Deng Fang-Ming , Hsu Jack , Khurana Kamal K.
Published: June 2011

Fine Needle aspiration (FNA) studies of oropharyngeal lesions are few and limited. We retrospectively reviewed cytologic diagnosis and cytohistologic correlation of 28 cases of FNAs of oropharyngeal lesions. Cytologically, 11 cases were diagnosed as malignant/suspicious and 17 cases as benign. Ten of these cases diagnosed as malignant/suspicious correlated with the subsequent histological diagnosis or were compatible with previous histological diagnoses. One case categorized as suspicious for malignancy revealed pleomorphic adenoma with extensive squamous metaplasia. Of the 17 cases diagnosed as benign by cytology, 11 correlated with the subsequent histological diagnosis. The remaining 6 cytologically benign cases were considered clinically benign, and there was no histological followup. Clinical followup on these 6 patients did not reveal any evidence of disease. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of malignant diagnosis were 100%, 95%, and 97%. FNA biopsy may be used as the first line of investigation in evaluation of oropharyngeal lesions.
Surgical Treatment of Iatrogenic Rectourinary Fistula—York-Mason Technique—a Case Report
Authors: Bargão Santos Pedro , Ferrito Fernando , Pires Rocha
Published: June 2011

Introduction. Recto-urinary fistulas resulting from trauma or surgery are a serious and debilitating complication. They represent a challenge not only because of the difficulty on choosing the best technique to solve them but also because of the risk of recurrence. Spontaneous cure is rare.Materials and Methods. We describe the case of a 61-years-old man that on the 9th postoperative day of a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) started with fecaluria and liquid faeces. Recto-urinary fistula was confirmed at the 10th postoperative day by CT scan and contrast enema.Discussion. We chose theYork-Masontechnique, because it is simple to perform, effective and has minimal morbidity. This is a posterior, transrectal, and transsphincteric approach, carried out on healthy tissues without previous scarring phenomena.Results. The postoperative period progressed without complications, and the patient discharged on the 4th day. The closure of the fistula was confirmed radiologically by retrograde cystography after 4 weeks allowing the removal of drainage catheter. The reconstruction of intestinal transit was carried out 2 months later.Conclusion. TheYork-Masontechnique, a transrectal and transsphincteric approach with minimal morbidity, proved to be effective on the resolution of the recto-urinary fistula, a rare complication of the radical prostatectomy.
Microspheres
Authors: Plummer John F.
Published: June 2011

Microspheres are spherical particles, typically less than 200 µm, which provide unique properties to plastics when used as filler. They differ from non‐spherical fillers (flakes, platelets, granules, fibers, whiskers, and irregular‐shaped powders) in several important ways. To begin with, the ratio of surface area to volume is the smallest for any type of particle. At equivalent volume loadings, spheres have the smallest surface area in contact with the resin, and, therefore, the viscous drag is minimal. Resin viscosity increases slowly with microsphere loading, thus making higher loadings possible with good flow properties.

Microspheres are isotropic, ie, their properties are distributed uniformly over their spherical shape. As a result, the properties do not depend on the direction in which they are measured. In polymer applications, this means that internal stresses during cure can be distributed evenly, thereby reducing the tendency toward cracking. During actual use, external stress is evenly distributed; hence, the orientation of the stress in relation to the orientation of the fillers has no effect on failure. Because of the filler's spherical shape, the surface of the polymer is smoother compared with fibrous or irregular‐shaped fillers.

Microspheres are either solid or hollow. The solid ones most commonly used as reinforcement in plastics are made of glass or ceramic. Carbon, graphite, zinc, and plastics, such as acrylics, poly(vinyl chloride), and polystyrene, are employed in special applications. Hollow microspheres are made of glass, ceramic, carbon, or resins, eg, phenolics, poly(vinylidene chloride), or polystyrene. Glass microspheres are by far the most popular hollow fillers. Mixed with a polymerizable resin, hollow microspheres form a special lightweight material known as syntactic foam.
Cavity Enhanced Spectroscopy: Applications Theory and Instrumentation
Authors: Young Cora J. , Washenfelder Rebecca A. , Brown Steven S.
Published: June 2011

Cavity‐enhanced spectroscopy (CES) is a sensitive technique for measuring the absolute optical extinction by samples that absorb or scatter light. Like other spectroscopic measurements, CES is based on measuring the change in intensity of light as it passes through an absorbing medium, CES is unique because it employs very long effective path lengths that are achieved by using highly reflective mirrors to form a high‐finesse optical cavity. A number of instrumental variations on this technique have been developed and successfully used to measure trace gas and aerosol concentrations in the atmosphere. CES is applicable to a wide range of atmospheric compounds with spectral absorptions. Detection limits vary with the application and molecule, but are typically of the order of parts per billion or parts per trillion in air.
Medicine: Vaccination, Medicolegal Aspects
Authors: Aggrawal Anil
Published: June 2011

Vaccination has been mired in medicolegal controversies. People have resisted vaccination on religious grounds and have even approached courts against compulsory vaccination. People have also been concerned about their safety. Pertussis vaccine has been associated with brain damage and has resulted in several class action suits. Vaccines have been associated with asthma and allergy. Hepatitis B vaccine has been associated with multiple sclerosis. Some vaccines have been associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). However, the biggest controversies that aroused public consciousness were the infamous MMR and thiomersal vaccine controversies. These issues and actual legal cases are discussed in detail.
Catalytic Enantioselective Reactions using Organomanganese Compounds
Authors: Chinkov Nicka
Published: June 2011

The use of organomanganese reagents in asymmetric catalysis represents an attractive niche for synthetic chemists mainly due to the toxicological benignancy and low cost.

Yet, the arsenal of the existing organomanganese catalysts, processes and substrates used in the enantioselective reactions is quite limited. This chapter covers the chief achievements made within the last quarter of a century in this area. The majority of the transformations are made by the MnIII‐salen compounds, which are commonly used as potent oxene‐ and nitrene‐transfer agents in the epoxidation and aziridination reactions of CC bonds. The scope, limitations and mechanistic studies of these processes are discussed. Additional class of transformations performed by the MnIII‐salen is asymmetric hydroxylation and amination of CH bonds as well as formation of SO and SN in sulfides. Less common Mn‐porphyrin and other scarcely studied complexes and their corresponding asymmetric reactions are discussed as well.
Vinyl Selenides
Authors: Menezes Paulo Henrique , Zeni Gilson
Published: June 2011

The purpose of this chapter is to critically and comprehensively review the several methods described for the preparation of vinylic selenides. Furthermore, this chapter will also discuss the properties and characterization of vinylic selenides.
Hypervalent Derivatives of Selenium and Tellurium
Authors: Drabowicz Józef , Kiełbasiński Piotr , Zajac Adrian
Published: June 2011

The chapter presents the advances in the chemistry of hypervalent derivatives of selenium and tellurium that have emerged in recent years (usually after 1998). These are based on the inclusion of the discussed compounds into particular subsections, arising from the N‐Ch‐L (AnBm) coding system, in which N stands for the number of valence electrons associated formally with a central chalcogen atom and L shows the number of ligands (A and B stand for the bonding element). The chapter begins with a brief discussion on the nature of bonding, molecular geometry, basic reactivity and pseudorotation mechanisms in hypervalent selenium and tellurium molecules which can be described as 10‐Ch‐4 and 10‐Ch‐5 and 12‐Ch‐6 species. Next, the unstable hypervalent selenium and tellurium structures detected as reactive intermediates are discussed. The remaining part of the chapter is devoted to the presentation of the chemistry of stable compounds. The isolable derivatives are presented in the following order: selenuranes and telluranes, 10‐Ch‐5 and 12‐Ch‐5 species, 10‐Ch‐6 complexes of perchalcogenuranes with Lewis bases, 12‐Ch‐6 perchalcogenuranes, 12‐Ch‐5 perchalcogenuranes, and 2N‐Ch‐N charged pertelluranes (Ch = Te,N > 6).
Do scientific theories affect men's evaluations of sex crimes?
Authors: Dar‐Nimrod Ilan , Heine Steven J. , Cheung Benjamin Y. , Schaller Mark
Published: June 2011

Evolutionary psychology accounts of gender differences in sexual behaviors in general and men's sexual aggression, in particular, has been criticized for legitimizing males' sexual misconduct. To empirically assess such critiques, two studies examined how men's judgments of male sex crimes (solicitation of sex from a prostitute; rape) are influenced by exposure to (a) evolutionary psychological theories and (b) social‐constructivist theories. Across two studies, a consistent pattern emerged compared with a control condition (a) exposure to evolutionary psychology theories had no observable impact on male judgments of men's criminal sexual behavior, whereas (b) exposure to social‐constructivist theories did affect judgments, leading men to evaluate sex crimes more harshly. Additional results (from Study 2) indicate that this effect is mediated by perceptions of male control over sexual urges. These results have implications for journalists, educators, and scientists. Aggr. Behav. 37:440–449, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Curriculum design in health education
Authors: Conceição Simone C.O. , Colby Holly , Juhlmann Anne , Johaningsmeir Sarah
Published: June 2011

This chapter describes a collaborative design model for developing curriculum for family caregivers of children with special health care needs. The curriculum focuses on access to information and seamless care for children, with the ultimate goal of fostering family independence.
Adult educators and cultural competence within health care systems: Change at the individual and structural levels
Authors: Ziegahn Linda , Ton Hendry
Published: June 2011

In this chapter, we explore the specific contributions of the field of adult education to the creation of health systems that contribute to the equal treatment of all individuals and communities at the level of individual knowledge, skills, and attitudes, as well as institutional policies and procedures.
Adult learning, community education, and public health: Making the connection through community health advisors
Authors: Mayfield‐Johnson Susan
Published: June 2011

This chapter provides an overview of community health education; describes efforts occurring within the Mississippi Delta and Alabama to develop individuals as community health advisors for their local areas; and describes the process of their learning to become agents of change in their own lives and in the lives of their community members.
Globalism and health
Authors: Rowland Michael L.
Published: June 2011

This chapter offers a look at the impact of globalization on health, describes some important determinants of global health, and examines the migration of health care professionals and the role of adult educators in global health issues.
Health education as an arena for adult educators' engagement in social justice
Authors: Hill Lilian H.
Published: June 2011

This chapter addresses the ways that health can be a social justice issue and how adult educators can work towards social justice, either alone or collaboratively with health professionals.
Dynamic effects on capillary pressure–Saturation relationships for two‐phase porous flow: Implications of temperature
Authors: Hanspal Navraj S. , Das Diganta B.
Published: June 2011

Work carried out in the last decade or so suggests that the simulators for multiphase flow in porous media should include an additional term, namely a dynamic coefficient, as a measure of the dynamic effect associated with capillary pressure. In this work, we examine the dependence of the dynamic coefficient on temperature by carrying out quasi‐static and dynamic flow simulations for an immiscible perchloroethylene–water system. Simulations have been carried out using a two‐phase porous media flow simulator for a range of temperatures between 20 and 80°C. Simulation domains represent 3‐D cylindrical setups used by the authors for laboratory‐scale investigations of dynamic effects in two‐phase flow. Results are presented for two different porous domains, namely the coarse and fine sands, which are then interpreted by examining the correlations between dynamic coefficient(s) and temperature, time period(s) required for attaining irreducible water saturation, and the dynamic aqueous/nonaqueous phase saturation and capillary pressure plots. The simulations presented here maintain continuity from our previous work and address the uncertainties associated with the dependency of dynamic coefficient(s) on temperature, thereby complementing the existing database for the characterization of dynamic coefficients and subsequently enabling the users to carry out computationally economical and reliable modeling studies. © 2012 The Authors. AIChE Journal, published by Wiley on behalf of the AIChE. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. AIChE J, 58: 1951–1965, 2012
Carotid atherosclerosis and progression of brain atrophy: The SMART‐MR Study
Authors: Muller Majon , van der Graaf Yolanda , Algra Ale , Hendrikse Jeroen , Mali Willem P. , Geerlings Mirjam I.
Published: June 2011

Objective:

Atherosclerosis has been implicated in the development of brain atrophy. However, support for this association comes from cross‐sectional studies.

Methods:

Within the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease‐Magnetic Resonance (SMART‐MR) study, a prospective cohort study among patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic disease (mean age ± standard deviation, 58 ± 10 years; 80% men), magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed in 1,232 patients at baseline (2001–2005) and in 663 patients at follow‐up (2006–2009). Brain segmentation was used to quantify total brain volume, cortical gray matter volume, and ventricular volume as indicators of global, cortical, and subcortical atrophy. At baseline, measurements of carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT) and carotid stenosis were performed. Carotid stenosis was classified into groups 0 of 50%, 50 of 70% (moderate), and >70% (severe) and into unilateral or bilateral stenosis.

Results:

Cross‐sectional regression analyses showed that both increased CIMT and carotid stenosis were associated with decreased relative total brain and cortical gray matter volume. Our prospective findings showed that after a mean follow‐up of 3.9 years (range, 3.0–5.8 years), CIMT and moderate stenosis were not related to progression of brain atrophy. Only severe or bilateral carotid stenosis was related to progression of global atrophy (β [95% confidence interval (CI)], −0.52% [−0.84 to −0.20%], −0.94% [−1.45 to −0.43%]), cortical atrophy (β [95% CI], −0.75% [−1.37 to −0.13%], −1.34% [−2.32 to −0.35%]), and subcortical atrophy (β [95% CI], 0.06% [−0.02 to 0.16%], 0.13% [0.01 to 0.28%]).

Interpretation:

In a study of patients with atherosclerotic disease with 4 years of follow‐up, only severe or bilateral carotid stenosis, and not moderate carotid stenosis and increased CIMT, were associated with progression of brain atrophy. Ann Neurol 2011;
Cornell and Coulomb interactions for the D‐dimensional Klein‐Gordon equation
Authors: Hassanabadi H. , Rahimov H. , Zarrinkamar S.
Published: June 2011

We investigate the D‐dimensional Klein‐Gordon equation in the presence of both Coulomb and Cornell potentials by quasi‐exact methodology. The Coulomb potential yields a degenerate result as the dimension increases, i.e. the quantum number l plays no role in the energy relation. For the Cornell potential, however, the behavior is different and no degeneracy exists. Closed form of eigenfunctions is reported and the energy behavior for different states is numerically discussed.
Modulating the Acidity: Highly Acidic Brønsted Acids in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Nachtsheim Boris J. , Ieawsuwan Winai , Atodiresei Iuliana
Published: June 2011

Recently, chiral highly acidic Brønsted acids have emerged as powerful catalysts for enantioselective CC and CX bond‐forming reactions. Their strong acidity renders them valuable tools for the activation of imines, carbonyl compounds, and other weakly basic substrates. As a result, new perspectives are opened and highly stereoselective transformations based on the concept of chiral contact‐ion‐pair catalysis can be realized. This Minireview gives an overview of the design and application of these new organocatalysts and presents recent results in this rapidly growing field.
In situ synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles using water soluble polymer
Authors: Maity Dipanwita , Kanti Bain Mrinal , Bhowmick Biplab , Sarkar Joy , Saha Saswati , Acharya Krishnendu , Chakraborty Mukut , Chattopadhyay Dipankar
Published: June 2011

A simple and inexpensive, single step synthesis of silver nanoparticles was achieved using poly(methyl vinyl ether‐co‐maleic anhydride) (PVM/MA) both as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthetic process was carried out in aqueous solution, making the method versatile and ecofriendly. The synthesized polymer stabilized nanoparticles were stable in water at room temperature without particle aggregation for at least 1 month. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV‐visible absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR). Results showed that Ag‐core nanoparticles were coated with PVM/MA shell with thickness of about 5 to 8 nm. The antimicrobial activities of the copolymer (PVM/MA) stabilized silver nanoparticles on various microorganisms were also studied. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Renewable polyol‐based polycarbamates and polycarbamate–formaldehyde thermosetting resins
Authors: Kim Moon G.
Published: June 2011

Several polycarbamates and polycarbamate–formaldehyde (CF) resins were synthesized, and their properties were investigated aiming at developing of useful thermosetting polymer materials from simple polyols including those derived from renewable resources. Polycarbamates synthesized from polyols using two‐step laboratory routes showed good storage stabilities making them suitable as large volume industrial chemicals. Furthermore, syntheses and 13C‐NMR studies of CF resins showed the formation of oligomeric resins having hydroxymethyl and methylene groups with thermosetting curing properties that are similar to those of current urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins. Dynamic mechanical analysis studies showed somewhat slower curing rates for CF resins compared to UF resins. Bonding of particleboard and internal bond and free formaldehyde content measurements indicated high‐bond strength values and very low‐formaldehyde emission potentials for CF resins. The higher functionalities of CF resins appear to be the basis of good performances. Further investigations on scalable synthesis methods for polycarbamates and on the expansion of CF resins' bonding capabilities would need to be investigated in the future. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
A trypsin‐like protease in rice green semi‐looper, Naranga aenescens moore (lepidoptera: Noctuidae): purification and characterization
Authors: Zibaee Arash , Bandani Ali Reza , Fazeli‐Dinan Mahmoud , Zibaee Idin , Sendi Jalal Jalali , Maleki Feizollah A.
Published: June 2011

The rice green semi looper, Naranga aenescens Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) causes severe damage to rice fields in Eastern Asia and Middle East. We demonstrate that two types of serine proteases are active in the midgut of the third instar larvae of N. aenescens, but trypsin‐like proteases are considerably more active than chymotrypsin‐like proteases. To develop better control strategies, purification and biochemical characterization of a major trypsin‐like digestive protease from the midgut of the third instar larvae of N. aenescens was achieved by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. After the final purification step, the enzyme was purified 9.62‐fold with a recovery of 16.1% and a specific activity of 4.12 U/mg protein and a molecular mass of approximately 88.5 kDa. Biochemical characterization indicated that the purified protease had highest activity at pH 10 and 30°C and was stable for up to 6 h under those conditions. Divalent cations, especially Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cu2+, increased the enzyme activity and synthetic inhibitors that target trypsin‐like activity caused a significant reduction in caseinolytic activity. These data may be used to develop inhibitors that decrease the damage of N. aenescens to rice cultivars in the field. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What People Want From Their Professionals: Attitudes Toward Decision‐making Strategies
Authors: Eastwood Joseph , Snook Brent , Luther Kirk
Published: June 2011

Attitudes toward four types of decision‐making strategies—clinical/fully rational, clinical/heuristic, actuarial/fully rational, and actuarial/heuristic—were examined across three studies. In Study 1, undergraduate students were split randomly between legal and medical decision‐making scenarios and asked to rate each strategy in terms of the following: (i) preference; (ii) accuracy; (iii) fairness; (iv) ethicalness; and (v) its perceived similarity to the strategies used by actual legal and medical professionals to make decisions. Studies 2 and 3 extended Study 1 by using a more relevant scenario and a community sample, respectively. Across the three studies, the clinical/fully rational strategy tended to be rated the highest across all attitudinal judgments, whereas the actuarial/heuristic strategy tended to receive the lowest ratings. Considering the two strategy‐differentiating factors separately, clinically based strategies tended to be rated higher than actuarially based strategies, and fully rational strategies were always rated higher than heuristic‐based strategies. The potential implications of the results for professionals' and those affected by their decisions are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of chronic bhang (cannabis) administration on the reproductive system of male mice
Authors: Banerjee Arnab , Singh Ajit , Srivastava Puneet , Turner Helen , Krishna Amitabh
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic uptake of bhang, prepared from the Cannabis sativa, on male reproductive physiology in adult male Parkes strain (P) mice. An attempt was also made to investigate the presence of cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptors, and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in the testis and to evaluate any changes in it resulting from chronic intake of bhang in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: Adult male mice were given bhang (3 or 6 mg/kg body weight/day) orally for 36 consecutive days. Chronic intake of bhang caused regressive changes in the testes and suppressed sperm count, viability and motility. Bhang intake also caused significant decline in circulating testosterone level due to decline in testicular 3β HSD enzyme activity. An immunohistochemical study demonstrated the presence of CB1, CB2 and FAAH in the testis of mice. The present study also showed significant variation in the CB1 and CB2 receptors and FAAH protein levels in testes of mice exposed to bhang. These suppressive effects may be due to inhibitory effect of bhang on pituitary expression of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) I receptor protein. Treatment of testes with bhang in vitro significantly decreased testicular luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) and FAAH expression suggesting direct action of bhang on testicular activity. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study thus suggest that bhang may impair fertility in male mice through alteration in the testicular endocannabinoid system and that chronic bhang exposure in humans would be predicted to alter male fertility. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:195–205, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐mitochondrial coenzyme Q
Authors: Morré D. James , Morré Dorothy M.
Published: June 2011

The key role of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone or Q) is in mitochondrial and prokaryotic energetics. Less well investigated is the basis for its presence in eukaryotic membrane locations other than mitochondria and in plasma where both antioxidant and potentially more targeted roles are indicated. Included in the latter is that of a lipid‐soluble electron transfer intermediate that serves as the transmembrane component of plasma membrane and Golgi apparatus electron transport, which regulates cytosolic NAD+/NADH ratios and is involved in vectorial membrane displacements and in the regulation of cell growth. Important protective effects on circulating lipoproteins and in the prevention of coronary artery disease ensue not only from the antioxidant role of CoQ10 but also from its ability to directly block protein oxidation and superoxide generation of the TM‐9 family of membrane proteins known as age‐related NADH oxidase or arNOX (ENOX3) and their shed forms that appear after age 30 and some of which associate specifically with low‐density lipoprotein particles to catalyze protein oxidation and crosslinking.
Systematic review and meta-analysis on the rate of postoperative venous thromboembolism in orthopaedic surgery in Asian patients without thromboprophylaxis
Authors: Kanchanabat B , Stapanavatr W , Meknavin S , Soorapanth C , Sumanasrethakul C , Kanchanasuttirak P
Published: June 2011

Background

Postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common life-threatening complication after surgery. This review analysed the rate and mortality of VTE after orthopaedic surgery in Asia.

Methods

Inclusion criteria were: prospective study; deep vein thrombosis (DVT) diagnosed by venography or ultrasonography; hip fracture surgery (HFS), total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA); and no thromboprophylaxis. The pooled proportion was back-calculated by Freeman–Tukey variant transformation, using a random-effects model.

Results

Twenty-two studies (total population 2454) published from 1979 to 2009 were included. Using venography, the pooled rates of all-site, proximal, distal and isolated distal DVT were 31·7, 8·9, 22·5 and 18·8 per cent respectively. With duplex ultrasonography, the respective rates were 9·4, 5·9, 5·9 and 5·8 per cent. After THA or HFS, using venography, the pooled rates of all-site and proximal DVT were 25·8 and 9·6 per cent; with ultrasonography, the respective rates were 10·8 and 7·2 per cent. In TKA groups, using venography, the pooled rates of all-site and proximal DVT were 42·5 and 8·7 per cent; with ultrasonography, the respective rates were 9·5 and 5·2 per cent. The overall pooled rates of symptomatic DVT and symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) were 4·5 and 0·6 per cent. No patient died from PE (pooled rate 0·2 per cent).

Conclusion

None of these Asian patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery died from VTE. Pooled rates of proximal and symptomatic DVT were lower than in Western reports.
Intraspecific Variation of Chiliadenus iphionoides Essential Oil in Israel
Authors: Tamir Hilla , Satovic Zlatko , Gorelick Jonathan , Danin Avinoam , Fischer Ravit , Chaimovitsh David , Dudai Nativ
Published: June 2011

Chiliadenus iphionoides (Asteraceae), a shrub endemic to the Mediterranean region and widespread throughout Israel, is used in the traditional eastern Mediterranean medicine. Although recent research confirmed its pharmacological potential, C. iphionoides essential oil has not been adequately characterized chemically. Essential‐oil samples were collected from representative wild populations throughout Israel and characterized by GC/MS analysis. Considerable interpopulation variation was found for the composition of the essential oils. Multivariate analysis showed a significant correlation between the chemical composition and the geographic location, with three main chemotypes identified.
Process Analysis and Multi‐Objective Optimization of Ionic Liquid‐Containing Acetonitrile Process to Produce 1,3‐Butadiene
Authors: Tian X. , Zhang X. , Zeng S. , Xu Y. , Yao Y. , Chen Y. , Huang L. , Zhao Y. , Zhang S.
Published: June 2011

Using ionic liquid (IL) [C2MIM][PF6] as an additive could remarkably improve the performance of the acetonitrile (CAN) process, which is the most widely used distillation process to produce 1,3‐butadiene (1,3‐BT). In this work, a rigorous simulation of a new IL process to produce 1,3‐BT was carried out to evaluate the performance of IL additive on an industrial scale, using UNIFAC as the global thermodynamic model. Based on the simulation models, some key operation parameters, such as solvent ratio and reflux ratio, were determined by sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, a multi‐objective optimization was proposed and performed considering both the energy consumption and environmental impact (green degree) of the new process. A nonlinear mathematical model was established to express this multi‐objective optimization problem, which includes six decision variables and involves maximizing the green degree of the process, the purity and the recovery of 1,3‐BT, and minimizing the energy consumption of the process. The optimization results showed that the energy consumption of the IL‐containing process could be reduced by 22 % and that its green degree could be improved by 9.2 %.
Estimation of Thermodynamic Properties of Polysaccharides
Authors: Lobanova O. , Müller K. , Mokrushina L. , Arlt W.
Published: June 2011

Polysaccharides are the most important components of herbal biomass with a high application potential. Their thermochemical characteristics, however, have been little studied. In the present paper, an effective thermodynamic analysis was carried out with the aim of setting a method for reasonably estimating the thermochemical properties of polysaccharides such as cellulose. The properties of formation and heat capacities were estimated by general thermodynamic methods like group contribution methods as well as methods followed from synthetic polymer studies. The results were compared with those obtained by empirical correlations derived from the data for short chain carbohydrates, the only literature data available for validation. The properties were determined depending on the degree of polymerization and temperature.
AuI/AuIII Catalysis: An Alternative Approach for CC Oxidative Coupling
Authors: Hopkinson Matthew N. , Gee Antony D. , Gouverneur Véronique
Published: June 2011

When reacted in the presence of external oxidants, gold complexes are capable of catalyzing oxidative homo‐ and cross‐coupling reactions involving the formation of new CC bonds. Over the last few years, several cascade processes have been reported in which coupling is preceded by a gold‐mediated aryl CH functionalization or nucleophilic addition. These reactions combine the unique reactivity of gold with oxidative coupling, enabling the construction of CC bonds between coupling partners that are not easily accessed using alternative catalysts. In this Concept paper, the development of gold‐catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions is discussed focusing on CC bond‐forming reactions of broad synthetic appeal.
Physiological and anatomical studies of associative learning: Convergence with learning studies of W.T. Greenough
Authors: Galvez Roberto , Nicholson Daniel A. , Disterhoft John F.
Published: June 2011

The quest to understand how the brain is able to store information for later retrieval has been pursued by many scientists through the years. Although many have made very significant contributions to the field and our current understanding of the process, few have played as pivotal a role in advancing our understanding as William T. Greenough. The current report will utilize associative learning, a training paradigm that has greatly assisted in our understanding of memory consolidation, to demonstrate how findings emerging from the Greenough laboratory helped to not only shape our current understanding of learning induced anatomical plasticity, but to also launch future analyses into the molecular players involved in this process, especially the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:489–504, 2011.
Plasticity of gray matter volume: The cellular and synaptic plasticity that underlies volumetric change
Authors: Anderson Brenda J.
Published: June 2011

Fifty years ago, Mark Rosenzweig and coworkers described environmental effects on brain chemistry and gross brain weight. William Greenough then used stereological tools, electron microscopy, and the Golgi stain to demonstrate that enrichment led to dendritic growth and synapse addition. Together these forms of plasticity accounted for cortical expansion and a reduction in cell density. In parallel with other investigators, Greenough demonstrated that these effects were not limited to the rodent, the cortex, or development, but instead generalize to many species, brain regions, and life stages. Studies of the anatomical effects of enrichment foreshadowed the recent empirical evidence for cortical volumetric increases after environmental experience and training in humans. Since research in humans is limited to regional effects, the analysis of the cellular and synaptic effects of enrichment, and their contribution to volumetric increases can inform us of the potential cellular and subcellular plasticity the leads to volume change in humans. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:456–465, 2011.
Impact of Physical Activity and Doping on Epigenetic Gene Regulation
Authors: Schwarzenbach Heidi
Published: June 2011

To achieve success in sports, many athletes consume doping substances, such as anabolic androgenic steroids and growth hormones, and ignore the negative influence of these drugs on their health. Apart from the unethical aspect of doping in sports, it is essential to consider the tremendous risk it represents to their physical condition. The abuse of pharmaceuticals which improve athletic performance may alter the expression of specific genes involved in muscle and bone metabolism by epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. Moreover, excessive and relentless training to increase the muscle mass, may also have an influence on the health of the athletes. This stress releases neurotransmitters and growth factors, and may affect the expression of endogenous genes by DNA methylation, too. This paper focuses on the relationship between epigenetic mechanisms and sports, highlights the potential consequences of abuse of doping drugs on gene expression, and describes methods to molecularly detect epigenetic changes of gene markers reflecting the physiological or metabolic effects of doping agents. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Axonal regeneration proceeds through specific axonal fusion in transected C. elegans neurons
Authors: Neumann Brent , Nguyen Ken C. Q. , Hall David H. , Ben‐Yakar Adela , Hilliard Massimo A.
Published: June 2011

A C. elegans mechanosensory neuron expressing GFP undergoes regenerative growth following laserinduced injury. A growth cone, sprouting from the proximal side of the axon, extends towards the separated distal fragment in an attempt to reconnect and fuse. The fluorescent image was digitally duplicated twice and re‐colored (Graphic designer: Dee McGrath). From Neumann et al., Developmental Dynamics 240:1365–1372, 2011
Population delimitation across contrasting evolutionary clines in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)
Authors: Yang D‐S , Kenagy G.
Published: June 2011

Despite current interest in population genetics, a concrete definition of a “population” remains elusive. Multiple ecologically and evolutionarily based definitions of population are in current use, which focus, respectively, on demographic and genetic interactions. Accurate population delimitation is crucial for not only evolutionary and ecological population biology, but also for conservation of threatened populations. Along the Pacific Coast of North America, two contrasting patterns of geographic variation in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) converge within the state of Oregon. Populations of these mice diverge morphologically across an east–west axis, and they diverge in mitochondrial DNA haplotypes across a north–south axis. In this study, we investigate these geographically contrasting patterns of differentiation in the context of ecological and evolutionary definitions (paradigms) of populations. We investigate these patterns using a new and geographically expansive sample that integrates data on morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and nuclear DNA. We found no evidence of nuclear genetic differentiation between the morphologically and mitochondrially distinct populations, thus indicating the occurrence of gene flow across Oregon. Under the evolutionary paradigm, Oregon populations can be considered a single population, whereas morphological and mitochondrial differentiations do not indicate distinct populations. In contrast, under the ecological paradigm morphological differentiation indicates distinct populations based on the low likelihood of demographic interactions between geographically distant individuals. The two sympatric but mitochondrially distinct haplogroups form a single population under the ecological paradigm. Hence, we find that the difference between evolutionary and ecological paradigms is the time‐scale of interest, and we believe that the more chronologically inclusive evolutionary paradigm may be preferable except in cases where only a single generation is of interest.
Adaptive Water Management and Policy Learning in a Changing Climate: a Formal Comparative Analysis of Eight Water Management Regimes in Europe, Africa and Asia
Authors: Huntjens Patrick , Pahl‐Wostl Claudia , Rihoux Benoit , Schlüter Maja , Flachner Zsuzsanna , Neto Susana , Koskova Romana , Dickens Chris , Nabide Kiti Isah
Published: June 2011

This article provides an evidence‐based and policy‐relevant contribution to understanding the phenomenon of policy learning and its structural constraints in the field of river basin management, in particular related to coping with current and future climatic hazards such as floods and droughts. This has been done by a formal comparative analysis of eight water management regimes, by using multi‐value qualitative comparative analysis, focusing on the relationship between regime characteristics (as explanatory variables) and different levels of policy learning (as output value). This research has revealed the importance of the socio‐cognitive dimension, as an essential emerging property of complex adaptive governance systems. This socio‐cognitive dimension depends on a specific set of structural conditions; in particular, better integrated cooperation structures in combination with advanced information management are the key factors leading towards higher levels of policy learning. Furthermore, this research highlights a number of significant positive correlations between different regime elements, thereby identifying a stabilizing mechanism in current management regimes, and this research also highlights the necessity of fine‐tuning centralized control with bottom‐up approaches. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.