bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Coaching Efficacy Scale II—High School Teams
Authors: Myers Nicholas D. , Feltz Deborah L. , Chase Melissa A. , Reckase Mark D. , Hancock Gregory R.
Published: May 2008

The purpose of this validity study was to improve measurement of coaching efficacy, an important variable in models of coaching effectiveness. A revised version of the coaching efficacy scale (CES) was developed for head coaches of high school teams (CES II-HST). Data were collected from head coaches of 14 relevant high school sports (N = 799). Exploratory factor analysis (n = 250) and a conceptual understanding of the construct of interest led to the selection of 18 items. A single-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 549) provided evidence for close model-data fit. A multigroup CFA provided evidence for factorial invariance by gender of the coach (n = 588).
Stress-Related Growth in Racial/Ethnic Minority Adolescents
Authors: Vaughn Allison A. , Roesch Scott C. , Aldridge Arianna A.
Published: May 2008

Stress-related growth is defined as the perception or experience of deriving benefits from encountering stressful circumstances and, thus, has been identified as a protective factor against stress. The current study revised and subsequently validated scores on an existing measure of stress-related growth in a sample of racial/ethnic minority adolescents (n = 388). The multidimensional representation of the Stress-Related Growth Scale was composed of three factors: (a) Cognitive/Affective Growth, (b) Religious Growth, and (c) Social Growth. Interestingly, Religious Growth was relatively distinct from the other two growth factors. Cognitive/Affective and Social Growth factors were associated with other measures of positive psychology constructs (hope), negative mental health (depressive symptoms), and coping strategies (e.g., positive reinterpretation). The magnitude of these relations, however, suggests that these two types of growth are convergent yet discernable from these other measures. Religious growth was statistically significantly associated with use of religious coping and independent from other validity measures of positive psychology and coping. Sufficient variation was displayed for each growth factor, suggesting that these factors can be incorporated into stress and coping paradigms as potential individual difference or outcome variables.
Childhood Giftedness and Adulthood Genius
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: May 2008

Although the association between giftedness and genius has been the subject of several retrospective, longitudinal, and historiometric studies, this research concentrated on majority-culture samples. In the current study, Cox's (1926) findings regarding 301 geniuses were replicated on a sample of 291 eminent African Americans. Relative genius was measured by two archival eminence measures (majority White and minority Black culture) and by scores on the Creative Achievement Scale (Ludwig, 1992). Giftedness was assessed by raters blind to the identity of the individuals being evaluated. Control variables were defined for gender, year of birth, status as a living contemporary, and 18 domains of achievement. Multiple regression analyses indicated that adulthood eminence and creative achievement are positively correlated with early giftedness, with an effect size comparable to that found in the Cox study. Furthermore, this association was not moderated by gender, birth year, or most of the remaining variables.

Putting Research to Use: The study provides support for a basic tenet of most gifted and talented programs, namely, that exceptional giftedness in childhood and adolescence is associated with adulthood achievements. Accordingly, education programs designed for these select populations can be legitimately viewed as an investment in the nation's future. The young talents of today are indeed likely to become the high achievers of tomorrow. Furthermore, this developmental continuity is found not just for youths who come from majority-culture backgrounds; the same forecast holds for those who come from minority-culture environments—African Americans in the case of the present study. Moreover, the degree to which childhood giftedness predicts adulthood success is the same for both majority and minority cultures. The longitudinal correspondence also stays the same for both males and females and for the diverse domains of achievement, whether creativity, leadership, entertainment, or sports.

However, the long-term connection between early gifts and later achievements presumes a distinct manner of identifying and assessing giftedness. In particular, giftedness must not be evaluated according to a “one-size-fits-all” procedure. On the contrary, the magnitude of giftedness should be assessed according to the occurrence of precocious behaviors that are to a certain extent specific to a given culture and achievement domain. It is for this reason that the 291 African Americans in this study could attain distinction in a remarkable diversity of domains, including domains more characteristic of the minority culture—from gospel and soul musicians to civil rights activists and Black nationalists. This heterogeneity stands in stark contrast to what would have happened if giftedness had been defined in terms of performance on a standard intelligence test.
Is an Alternative Globalization Possible?
Authors: Evans Peter
Published: May 2008

Building on Polanyi's concept of the “double-movement” through which society defends itself against domination by the self-regulating market, this article sets out some key organizational and ideological hurdles that the contemporary “movement of movements” must surmount to challenge the hegemony of neo-liberal globalization. After outlining neo-liberalism's failures, it makes an argument for the possibility of “counter-hegemonic globalization,” defined as a globally organized project of transformation aimed at replacing the dominant (hegemonic) global regime with one that maximizes democratic political control and makes the equitable development of human capabilities and environmental stewardship its priorities.
Spouses' Ability to Cope with Deployment and Adjust to Air Force Family Demands
Authors: Spera Christopher
Published: May 2008

Using data from 34,381 Air Force active-duty members, the current study examines active-duty members' perceptions of their spouse's or significant other's ability to cope with deployment of unknown length and adjust to demands of being an Air Force family. Active-duty members' perception of their spouse's ability to cope with deployment significantly varied by rank and time married, with 35 percent of junior enlisted and 30 percent of members married less than three years indicating their spouse would have a serious or very serious problem coping with deployment of unknown length. Protective factors—unit relationship quality, leadership effectiveness, and tangible social support from community members—were positively and significantly related to members' reports of spousal ability to adjust to Air Force family demands. The variance explained by these protective factors was highest for active-duty members who had been away from home for deployment or temporary duty for more than six months in the past twelve months.
When Sex Primes Love: Subliminal Sexual Priming Motivates Relationship Goal Pursuit
Authors: Gillath Omri , Mikulincer Mario , Birnbaum Gurit E. , Shaver Phillip R.
Published: May 2008

The studies reported here provide, for the first time, experimental evidence to support the claim that sexual interest and arousal are associated with motives to form and maintain a close relationship. In five studies, sex-related representations were cognitively primed, either subliminally or supraliminally, by exposing participants to erotic words or pictures as compared with neutral words or pictures. The effects of “sexual priming” on the tendencies to initiate and maintain a close relationship were assessed using various cognitive–behavioral and self-report measures. Supporting the hypotheses, subliminal but not supraliminal exposure to sexual primes increased (a) willingness to self-disclose, (b) accessibility of intimacy-related thoughts, (c) willingness to sacrifice for one's partner, and (d) preference for using positive conflict-resolution strategies. The article discusses implications of these findings for the role of sex in close relationships and offers a conceptualization of possible relational motives of the sexual behavioral system.
Difficulty, Discrimination, and Information Indices in the Linear Factor Analysis Model for Continuous Item Responses
Authors: Ferrando Pere J.
Published: May 2008

Spearman's factor-analytic model has been proposed as a unidimensional linear item response theory (IRT) model for continuous item responses. This article first proposes a reexpression of the model that leads to a form similar to that of standard IRT models for binary responses and discusses the item indices of difficulty discrimination and information. Next, the extension to the multiple-factor model is considered, and multidimensional counterparts of the item indices are proposed. The interpretation of the proposed measures and their usefulness in personality and attitude measurement are discussed and illustrated by means of two empirical examples.
Bio-Product Recovery From Lignocellulosic Materials Derived From Poultry Manure
Authors: Champagne Pascale , Li Caijian
Published: May 2008

This study examines the hydrolysis of lignocellulose extracted from poultry manure for the purpose of investigating low-cost feedstocks for ethanol production while providing an alternative solid waste management strategy for agricultural livestock manures. Poultry manure underwent various pretreatments to enhance subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis including untreated, alkaline pretreatment with 0.5N KOH, drying, and grinding. The KOH-treated, dried, and grinded poultry manure yielded the highest glucose conversions. When poultry manure without pretreatment was hydrolyzed at 40° C with an enzyme loading 400 units/g feedstock, 7.1 ± 0.3% was converted to glucose in 24 hours. This increased to 27.6 ± 1.2% when a KOH pretreatment followed by drying and grinding was applied. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses were used to examine differences in the composition of the pretreated feedstock before and after enzymatic hydrolysis. These indicate that the cellulose content in pretreated poultry manure was removed during enzymatic hydrolysis.
Environmental and Economic Impacts of Integrating Photovoltaic and Wind-Turbine Energy Systems in the Canadian Residential Sector
Authors: Syed Ali M. , Fung Alan S. , Ugursal V. Ismet
Published: May 2008

The Canadian residential sector contributes approximately 80 megatons of GHGs to the environment yearly. With the ratification of Kyoto Protocol, Canada has committed to reduce its 1990 GHG emission levels by at least 5% between 2008 and 2012. To meet this target, Canada must evaluate and exploit all feasible means to reduce fossil fuel energy consumption and GHG emissions. Test-case Canadian houses were modeled in the building-energy simulation software ESP-r. Requisite housing stock data were extracted from Canada's residential end-use energy surveys. Photovoltaic and wind-turbine energy systems were assessed for their contribution to electricity generation and GHG savings. Typical household electrical consumption versus renewable electricity generation was assessed to estimate the GHG reduction, cost saving in electricity, and the impact of these technologies on single detached houses. With the use of net-metering, 100% of electricity requirements can be met by these technologies in certain cases, resulting in significant reductions in GHG emissions.
A Review of the Application of Lifecycle Analysis to Renewable Energy Systems
Authors: Lund Chris , Biswas Wahidul
Published: May 2008

The lifecycle concept is a “cradle to grave” approach to thinking about products, processes, and services, recognizing that all stages have environmental and economic impacts. Any rigorous and meaningful comparison of energy supply options must be done using a lifecycle analysis approach. It has been applied to an increasing number of conventional and renewable energy generation systems and in an increasing range of countries. There is now a good amount of research reporting the lifecycle environmental and economic aspects of power generation systems. This article reviews the existing lifecycle analyses of renewable energy systems to determine the current understanding of their full lifecycle impacts. These are then compared with each other and those of conventional power generation systems. The renewable energy systems reviewed include wind, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal (for electricity), hydroelectric, solid biomass, wave, geothermal, biogas, and tidal. The article also highlights the areas where more lifecycle analysis is needed.
Accuracy of Satellite-Measured Wave Heights in the Australian Region for Wave Power Applications
Authors: Meath Siân E. , Aye Lu , Haritos Nicholas
Published: May 2008

This article focuses on the accuracy of satellite data, which may then be used in wave power applications. The satellite data are compared to data from wave buoys, which are currently considered to be the most accurate of the devices available for measuring wave characteristics. This article presents an analysis of satellite- (Topex/Poseidon) and buoy-measured significant wave heights for a 1-year period at Cape Sorell and Rottnest Island, off the Australian coast. The analysis found that the satellite-measured wave heights showed a slight positive bias. This is contrary to the findings of most other authors, who have analyzed data from the Northern Hemisphere and generally found a negative bias in the satellite-measured wave heights. The implication is that calibration functions to improve the correlation between the buoy and satellite data may vary for different hemispheres or even regions within these.
Improving Case Discussion With an Improv Mind-Set
Authors: Aylesworth Andy
Published: May 2008

Improvisational comedy emphasizes collaboration over competition. This leads to creative ideas and solutions to problems. By establishing this “improv mind-set” in the business classroom, an instructor may be able to overcome some of the problems associated with the case method (e.g., shy students, dominating students). By doing so, the learning environment of the classroom may be enhanced, and case discussions and learning outcomes may be improved. To frame the issue, the case method and some of its challenges are first discussed. Then the improv mind-set is explained and specific improv guidelines are offered. Finally, the author describes his experiences with trying to establish such a mind-set in a marketing class.
Cosmopolitanism vs. Terrorism? Discourses of Ethical Possibility Before and After 7/7
Authors: Brassett James
Published: May 2008

The article provides a critical analysis of the relationship between cosmopolitanism and terrorism, via the question of response. Using 9/11 and 7/7 as key moments in the evolution of this relationship, the article asks: how does cosmopolitanism respond to terrorism? What limits does this response contain? How might we go beyond such limits? It is argued that cosmopolitan responses to terrorism provide an important, but limited (and sometimes limiting), alternative to mainstream discourses on terror. After 9/11 the possibility for cosmopolitan thinking `beyond' the mainstream view was articulated by a range of authors, including Archibugi, Habermas, Held and Linklater. A brief survey suggests that defending international law, constructing international institutions and alleviating global poverty were seen as good responses, in the context of divisive mainstream politics. However, by engaging a case study of the Make Poverty History campaign, the article argues that when cosmopolitan ideas were cemented in practice, the distinctiveness of a cosmopolitan response faded. This point was brought into sharp relief by a number of moralising responses to 7/7. Straightforward dichotomies between `barbaric terrorists' and `civilised cosmopolitans' served to construct cosmopolitanism as a coherent, and united, global community. Available tactics, for this `community', were reduced to more-of-the-same — more aid, more global democracy — and assertions of a moral equivalence between Bush and `Terror', such that `you are either with cosmopolitans, or, you are with the War on Terror'. In light of these ethical closures, and drawing from the arguments of Jacques Derrida and Judith Butler, the article identifies some cursory ways in which cosmopolitans might think beyond such limits, to articulate an imaginative and engaged approach to global ethics.
Can the Use of Oral Minocycline Improve Ischemic Stroke Outcomes?
Authors: Lee Kathy B.
Published: May 2008

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), also known as ischemic stroke, is the sudden onset of neurologic deficit attributable to a focal vascular cause.1 It is the third leading cause of death, with the death rate being reported as 50.0 (per 100,000 population) in the United States in 2004.2 It is also a leading cause for serious, long-term disability in the United States. While there are various causes, the large majority of strokes result from either global or focal ischemia of the brain. Ischemic stroke accounts for 87% of all strokes, while intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage makes up the remainder. 2 Currently, the primary pharmacological agents used in stroke treatment are thrombolytics, not without limitations, however, and antiplatelet therapy. 3 Minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline antibiotic, has recently gained attention as a neuroprotective agent. A recent study evaluated the use of minocycline in the treatment of acute stroke and demonstrated promising results.4 A review of the mechanisms of action and data presented in past studies will be examined to evaluate the efficacy and clinical impact of minocycline in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
Current Therapies for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Kenealy Laureen K. , Christenson Courtney B. , Williams Casey B.
Published: May 2008

Management strategies for patients with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) have changed dramatically since the introduction of imatinib into clinical trials in 1998. Imatinib is generally accepted, at present, to be the most appropriate initial therapy for newly diagnosed chronic-phase CML; however, a proportion of patients will not respond adequately. Many of these patients may benefit from alternative treatment strategies, including second- and third-generation BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Additionally, with continued improvements in molecular monitoring, it is much more clinically routine to measure ongoing treatment efficacy or characterize pending disease relapse via molecular analysis. The challenge is to now combine molecular monitoring information with timely treatment decisions to achieve the best possible outcomes. Additionally, unanswered questions about HSCT remain, and include (1) What is the role of allogeneic HSCT in CML? (2) What type of transplant, reduced-intensity or myeloablative, should be performed? The goal of this article is to provide an overview of where we stand in the treatment of CML in 2008.
An Overview of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Murillo Jose R. , Cox James E. , Oholendt Michael S.
Published: May 2008

Peripheral neuropathy remains a major limitation of chemotherapeutic agents used in cancer treatment. This neurologic complication from chemotherapy occurs frequently and can be debilitating. Although difficult to predict, both chemotherapeutic and patient-specific risk factors may contribute to this adverse event. Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy may appear acutely after treatment or persist chronically upon drug discontinuation. The taxanes, vinca alkaloids, and immunomodulatory drugs commonly cause peripheral nervous system toxicity. Prompt recognition and evaluation of this neurological adverse event by those who provide care to patients with cancer can prove to have a positive impact on the quality of life of those patients.
The Effects of Descriptive Representation on Nonprofits’ Civic Intermediary Roles
Authors: LeRoux Kelly
Published: May 2008

Social service organizations often act as civic intermediaries for their clients by facilitating their interactions with governing systems and political processes and institutions. Theories of descriptive representation and representative bureaucracy suggest that organizations will act in ways that advance the political interests of their clients when organizational leadership is racially reflective of the clientele served. Yet little is known about the effects of racial representation on nonprofit organizational activities. To what extent can these theories explain nonprofit organizational efforts to advance the political interests of their clients? This article examines this question using data from a sample of nonprofit service agencies in Michigan. Multivariate regression is used to examine the effects of racial representation on four civic intermediary roles performed by nonprofits: political representation, education, mobilization, and assimilation. Findings suggest that nonprofits engage in these activities at higher rates when agency leadership is more racially reflective of the clientele served.
In Vitro Atherosclerotic Plaque Characterization by Acoustic Impedance Monitoring, Part I: Sensor Modeling, Design, and Fabrication
Authors: Dugnani R. , Chang F.K.
Published: May 2008

This investigation aims at developing a technique to diagnose the presence of plaque in arteries by measuring the variations of the electromechanical impedance of a piezoelectric (PZT) sensor in contact with the arterial surface. The proposed technique makes use of either one or multiple PZT sensors integrated on a balloon and used prior to percutaneous transmural angioplasty interventions. The system we envision consists of two components: the active, miniaturized PZT sensors (surface-mounted on an angioplasty balloon), and the computer and software. In the proposed technique, the angioplasty balloon with the wall-mounted sensor(s) is inflated in the artery to make contact with the plaque. Initially, low pressure is used not to disrupt the plaque. The diagnostic test feeds an electrical signal that excites the sensors; by analyzing the sensors' response, information on features and properties of the plaque is obtained. Doctors will use this information to recognize unstable plaque prior to full pressurization of the angioplasty balloon. The first part of the article describes the procedure used in designing a sensor for the detection of unstable plaque by the impedance method. Both finite element methods and an analytical model — a modified version of the Krimholtz—Leedom—Matthaei model (Krimholtz et al., 1970) — are utilized in the design of the sensor. An appropriate fabrication technique for manufacturing small-scale PZT sensors is also proposed for use in smaller arteries such as the coronary arteries. Experimentation and verification of the proposed technique is presented in the second paper stemmed from this investigation.
Non-linear Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Actuators — Analysis and Potential Advantages
Authors: Kushnir Uri , Rabinovitch Oded
Published: May 2008

The ability to enhance and to improve the efficiency of piezoelectric actuators through extending their operational range into the non-linear regime is analytically investigated. Motivated by the limited strain actuation capabilities of the existing piezoelectric actuators, it is proposed to take advantage of the non-linear ferroelectric regime, which involves large remanent strains. In order to examine this hypothesis, an analytical model for the one-dimensional electro mechanical behavior of a ferroelectric structure operated in the non-linear range is developed. The model is applicable to rod actuators, to an active layer in a stack actuator, or to an active fiber in a Micro-Fiber-Composite actuator. The governing equations and the boundary conditions, the non-linear, hysteretic, and history-dependent constitutive relations, and the solution procedure are developed and discussed. Illustrative examples that examine an active layer operating against a dead load, against a linear spring, and against a uniformly distributed load are presented and discussed. The non-linear response is also compared with the response to electrical loads in the linear range and with the prediction of the linear piezoelectric theory. Emphasis is placed on the potential advantages that can be achieved through the operation in the non-linear range.
A Physical Basis for Stability in Bimodal Dispersions Including Micrometer-sized Particles and Nanoparticles using Both Linear and Non-linear Models to Describe Yield
Authors: Burguera E.F. , Love B.J. , Sahul R. , Ngatu G. , Wereley N.M.
Published: May 2008

This work investigates the settling response of bi-disperse silicone oil-based magnetorheological fluids with varying solids loading (content) of Fe magnetic particles at three ratios of nanoparticles to micron size particles. The solid loading (content) of Fe magnetic particles in silicone oil was 50 or 60% by weight with nanoparticle fractions of 0, 10, or 15% by weight of the total solids loading. Sedimentation experiments are conducted using Z-axis translating laser light scattering at ambient temperature. Sedimentation velocities are determined from clear layer separation and functional particulate transport by creeping flow. Settling rates of 1—3 μm/s have been observed in the dispersions without nanoparticles. Viscosity testing shows lower yield stress with nanoparticle inclusion and the typical rise in shear stress with increasing shear rate and applied magnetic field using both the linear Bingham and the non-linear Hershel—Bulkley models. Adding nanoparticles also reduced sedimentation velocity by roughly two orders of magnitude from those without nanoparticles. The nanoparticles act as plugs or otherwise interact in forming soft gel particulates leading to a denser sedimentation front yielding fewer percolation holes through which the fluid can permeate. Either way, the addition of nanoparticles leads to a more effective stabilization mechanism for the dispersion.
Experimental Vibration Control of a Single-Degree of Freedom System Using a State-Switched Absorber
Authors: Holdhusen Mark H. , Cunefare Kenneth A.
Published: May 2008

A state-switched absorber (SSA) is a device capable of instantaneously switching between resonance frequencies, increasing its effective bandwidth as compared to classical tuned vibration absorbers (TVAs) for vibration control. Previous simulations show that for a system subjected to a multi-harmonic disturbance, the SSA reduces vibration more effectively than classical TVAs. This study considers the experimental performance of the SSA for vibration suppression of an elastically mounted lumped mass base. State switching is achieved using a clutch to connect or disconnect a coil spring in parallel with other coil springs. An SSA system outperforms a classical TVA system for several combinations of forcing frequencies.
The Florida Child Welfare Behavior Analysis Services Program
Authors: Stoutimore Michael R. , Williams Catherine E. , Neff Bryon , Foster Margie
Published: May 2008

Abuse, neglect, or both often result in removing children from their homes and placing them in foster care. As a result of these experiences, many children learn unhealthy behaviors. These “behavioral challenges” often lead to a cycle of multiple placement disruptions and progressively more restrictive placements. The philosophy, science, and technologies of behavior analysis are well suited to address this cycle. The Florida Department of Children and Families Behavior Analysis Services Program (BASP) is a behavior analysis initiative, combining research with service provision, developing and implementing data-based practices. Since 2001, the BASP has operated through statewide contracts with behavior analysis programs at the University of Florida and the University of South Florida. The BASP employs board certified behavior analysts and offers promise for the continued development of best practices. This article provides a description on the foundations, development, and current status of the BASP.
Generalized Trust in Multi-organizational Policy Arenas
Authors: Berardo Ramiro
Published: May 2008

This study tests hypotheses linking the structural characteristics of policy networks to the feelings of trust of their members. A social capital perspective suggests that actors in denser networks should trust others more, while an alternative “centrality” approach suggests that trust may be a byproduct of the occupation of key positions in the group. The author tests these expectations with data mapping policy networks in twenty-two estuaries in the United States and finds that centrality is a better predictor of trust. This opens room for questioning the real value of trust as a necessary ingredient in the solution of collective action dilemmas.
Are Prothrombotic Variants of Platelet Glycoprotein Receptor Polymorphisms Involved in the Pathogenesis of Thrombotic Microangiopathies?
Authors: Sucker Christoph , Schmitz Michael , Hetzel Gerd R. , Grabensee Bernd , Maruhn-Debowski Beate , Ostojic Ljerka , Scharf Rudiger E. , Zotz Rainer B.
Published: May 2008

Thrombotic microangiopathies are life-threatening disorders characterized by vascular microthromboses, schistocytic hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Although recent research has partially explained the pathogenesis of these rare entities, the determinants contributing to the onset and modulating the severity of thrombotic microangiopathies are largely unknown. The present study assessed the putative role of prothrombotic platelet receptor polymorphisms in thrombotic microangiopathies that have been found to be associated with premature onset of myocardial infarction in predisposed individuals. Thirty-four consecutive patients admitted with the diagnosis of thrombotic microangiopathy and 759 healthy subjects were enrolled. Genotyping of the human platelet antigen (HPA) 2 an the Kozak sequence polymorphism of GP Ibα of the platelets’ von Willebrand factor receptor glycoprotein (GP) Ib-V-IX, the HPA-1 and the HPA-3 polymorphism of the fibrinogen receptor GP IIb-IIIa (integrin αIIbβ 3) and the HPA-5 and GP Ia 807 C/T polymorphism of the collagen receptor GP Ia-IIa (integrin α2β1) were determined according to standard procedures. As a result, no significant differences in the prevalence of prothrombotic variants of platelet-receptor polymorphisms between patients and healthy control subjects were observed. However, although not significant, the prothrombotic bb genotype of the HPA-1 polymorphism was more prevalent in the patients. The findings do not provide evidence that platelet receptor polymorphisms are determinants for the onset of thrombotic microangiopathies or predispose to a more severe course. Along with this observation, screening for respective platelet-receptor polymorphisms does not appear to contribute to risk stratification of affected patients.
Impaired function of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)–specific CD8+ T cells in HTLV-1–associated neurologic disease
Authors: Sabouri Amir H. , Usuku Koichiro , Hayashi Daisuke , Izumo Shuji , Ohara Yoshiro , Osame Mitsuhiro , Saito Mineki
Published: May 2008

Despite abundant activated virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), patients with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) showed a significantly higher frequency of infected T cells than did healthy virus carriers (HVCs). Here, we demonstrate that at a given proviral load, the frequency of CD8+ T cells that are negative for specific costimulatory molecules was significantly higher in HAM/TSP than in age-matched HVCs and uninfected healthy controls (HCs), whereas the frequency of intracellular perforin-positive CD8+ T cells was significantly lower in both HAM/TSP and HVCs than in HCs. An inverse correlation between HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) and percent perforin-positive CD8+ T cells were observed only in disease-protective allele HLA-A*02–positive HVCs, but not in HAM/TSP patients, whether HLA-A*02 positive or negative, nor in HLA-A*02–negative HVCs. Significantly lower perforin expression was observed in HTLV-1–specific than in cytomegalovirus-specific CD8+ T cells. Majority of HTLV-1–specific CD8+ T cells in HVCs showed a CD28−CD27+ phenotype, whereas HAM/TSP showed a CD28−CD27− phenotype. HTLV-1–specific CD8+ T cells from HAM/TSP patients showed significantly lower degranulation than HVCs by CD107a mobilization assay. These findings suggest that an impaired function of HTLV-1–specific CTLs is associated with failing antiviral control and disease HAM/TSP.
High resolution melting analysis for rapid and sensitive EGFR and KRAS mutation detection in formalin fixed paraffin embedded biopsies
Authors: Do Hongdo , Krypuy Michael , Mitchell Paul L , Fox Stephen B , Dobrovic Alexander
Published: May 2008

Background

Epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) andKRASmutation status have been reported as predictive markers of tumour response toEGFRinhibitors. High resolution melting (HRM) analysis is an attractive screening method for the detection of both known and unknown mutations as it is rapid to set up and inexpensive to operate. However, up to now it has not been fully validated for clinical samples when formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections are the only material available for analysis as is often the case.

Methods

We developed HRM assays, optimised for the analysis of FFPE tissues, to detect somatic mutations inEGFRexons 18 to 21. We performed HRM analysis forEGFRandKRASon DNA isolated from a panel of 200 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples derived from FFPE tissues.

Results

All 73 samples that harbouredEGFRmutations previously identified by sequencing were correctly identified by HRM, giving 100% sensitivity with 90% specificity. Twenty five samples were positive by HRM forKRASexon 2 mutations. Sequencing of these 25 samples confirmed the presence of codon 12 or 13 mutations.EGFRandKRASmutations were mutually exclusive.

Conclusion

This is the first extensive validation of HRM on FFPE samples using the detection ofEGFRexons 18 to 21 mutations andKRASexon 2 mutations. Our results demonstrate the utility of HRM analysis for the detection of somaticEGFRandKRASmutations in clinical samples and for screening of samples prior to sequencing. We estimate that by using HRM as a screening method, the number of sequencing reactions needed forEGFRandKRASmutation detection can be reduced by up to 80% and thus result in substantial time and cost savings.
Relationship between risk information on total colonoscopy and patient preferences for colorectal cancer screening options: Analysis using the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Authors: Katsumura Yuichi , Yasunaga Hideo , Imamura Tomoaki , Ohe Kazuhiko , Oyama Hiroshi
Published: May 2008

Background

Although the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is the preferred program for colorectal cancer screening in Japan, many medical institutions have recently begun to provide total colonoscopy (TCS) as an initial screening program. However, there are a number of severe risks associated with TCS, such as colorectal bleeding and perforation. The justification for performing such a procedure on healthy patients remains unclear. We used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to investigate whether risk information on TCS affects patient preferences for colorectal cancer screening.

Methods

We performed a questionnaire survey using an AHP decision-making model, targeting 285 people aged 40–59 years. We randomly assigned the subjects into Groups A (n = 146) and B (n = 139). Both groups were provided with information on the effectiveness, cost and disadvantages of the two screening programs. Group A was provided with additional information regarding the risks of TCS. Individual priorities were calculated with pair-wise comparisons between the two alternatives in each selection criteria. The influence of the risk information was analyzed using a logistic regression analysis.

Results

The aggregated priorities in Group A for 'effectiveness', 'costs', and 'risks' were 0.603, 0.147, and 0.250, respectively, while those in Group B were 0.652, 0.149, and 0.199, respectively. A logistic regression analysis showed that the provision of risk information significantly reduced the subjects' priorities for TCS (p = 0.036).

Conclusion

The lack of risk information was related to the differences in priorities assigned to effectiveness and risks of the two procedures. Patients must be well informed before making decisions concerning their preferred colorectal cancer screening procedure.
A regulatable transgene expression system for cultured Plasmodium falciparum parasites
Authors: Epp Christian , Raskolnikov Dima , Deitsch Kirk W
Published: May 2008

Background

The ability to transfect and create transgenic cultured malaria parasites has transformed the study of Plasmodium falciparum over the last decade. With the completion of the annotated genome sequence, the process of gene discovery now routinely includes gene knockouts, over-expression and complementation analysis. However, while this technology has proven extremely valuable, significant limitations exist. In particular, P. falciparum DNA is often unstable and difficult to clone because of its AT-rich, repetitive nature. As a result, transgene expression constructs can be difficult to assemble due to the need to include two expression cassettes on a single plasmid, one to drive expression of the transgene of interest and a second for expression of the selectable marker. In addition, transgene expression levels are usually not regulatable, making it difficult to assess phenotypes that are sensitive to the amount of protein expressed.

Results

A plasmid based system for transgene expression is described that uses a single, bidirectional promoter to drive expression of both the transgene and the selectable marker, thus greatly reducing the size of the construct and enhancing stability. Further, by altering the concentration of drug used for selection, it is possible to modulate the copy number of the concatameric episomes and thereby regulate the expression level of the transgene through a range greater than 10 fold.

Conclusion

The transgene expression system described here should prove useful for both routine protein over-expression and complementation experiments as well as for experiments in which precisely manipulating the expression level of candidate proteins is desirable. This should provide an additional level of precision to the tools used to study the molecular biology of malaria parasites.
The effects of beta2 adrenergic receptor gene polymorphism in lipid profiles
Authors: Kao Wei-Tsung , Yen Yung-Chieh , Lung For-Wey
Published: May 2008

Background

Explore the interaction between apolipoprotein E (Apo E), phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and β2 adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) gene polymorphisms and lipid profiles in an elderly Chinese population.

Methods

Five hundred subjects aged 65 to 74 years were randomly selected from a community in southern Taiwan to assess the relationship between Apo E, PLA2 and β2-AR gene polymorphisms and lipid profiles. Two hundred sixty-seven participants agreed to have venous blood drawn for DNA studies.

Results

Two statistically significant differences were noted in TC and LDL-C in the Gln27Glu of the β2-AR gene polymorphism (P = 0.007, P = 0.022). The low-income group had a higher HDL-C level (p = 0.076). The Gln27Glu polymorphism Glu/Glu or Gln/Glu subjects had lower TC levels compared to the Gln27Glu polymorphism Gln/Gln subjects (p = 0.092). Lower TC levels (p = 0.082) and lower LDL-C levels (p = 0.045) in subjects with the Cys19Arg16Glu27 haplotype. Lower TC levels (p = 0.06) were also noted in subjects with the Cys19Gly 16Glu27 haplotype. On the other hand, higher VLDL-C levels (p = 0.185) and higher triglyceride (TG) levels (p = 0.190) were noted in subjects with the Cys19Gly 16Gln27 haplotype. The ε2 allele combined with low income had a positive effect on HDL-C (p = 0.0011), after adding the income factor in this study.

Conclusion

When the effects of Apo E and PLA2 on lipid profiles were included in this study, β2-AR gene polymorphisms reduced significant effect on lipid profiles. Similarly, low income increased effect on HDL-C. This study appeared that the results of gene-gene and gene-environment interaction, it should be considered in further studies for lipid profiles.
Assessment of Adiponectin and Leptin as Biomarkers of Positive Metabolic Outcomes after Lifestyle Intervention in Overweight and Obese Children
Authors: Cambuli Valentina M. , Musiu M. Cristina , Incani Michela , Paderi Monica , Serpe Roberto , Marras Valeria , Cossu Efisio , Cavallo M. Gisella , Mariotti Stefano , Loche Sandro , Baroni Marco G.
Published: May 2008

Background: A number of metabolic changes are caused by childhood obesity, including insulin resistance, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. To counteract them, lifestyle modification with changes in dietary habits and physical activity is the primary intervention. Anthropometric parameters may not identify all positive changes associated with lifestyle modifications, whereas circulating adipokines may represent an alternative as biomarkers. The aim of this study was to evaluate adiponectin and leptin levels as markers of positive metabolic outcomes in childhood obesity.

Methods: Changes in clinical, anthropometric, and metabolic parameters, including adiponectin and leptin, were assessed in 104 overweight and obese children before and after 1 yr of lifestyle intervention. Obesity and overweight were defined according to the Italian body mass index reference tables for age and sex. Fifty-four normal-weight children were evaluated as controls. Forty-eight of the children (47.5%) returned for follow-up at 1 yr.

Results: Compared with normal-weight children, overweight and obese subjects differed significantly at baseline for glycemia, insulinemia, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, adiponectinemia (5.8 vs. 18.2 μg/ml in controls), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides. These parameters were all higher in the overweight/obese children. At follow-up, most parameters improved in overweight/obese children. The most significant changes were observed in adiponectin concentration, which increased by 245% (P < 0.0001), reaching the levels observed in normal-weight children. Leptin levels showed changes unrelated to positive metabolic outcomes, remaining high at 1 yr of follow-up in overweight/obese children. Regardless of changes in weight status, children with lifestyle intervention reported changes in homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance and in adiponectin that were associated with loss of fat mass.

Conclusions: After lifestyle intervention, adiponectin increased regardless of changes in weight, whereas no consistent changes was observed in serum leptin. Therefore, circulating adiponectin may represent a good biomarker to evaluate the efficacy of lifestyle intervention in overweight/obese children.
Adjunctive Aripiprazole for Bupropion-Resistant Major Depression
Authors: Sokolski Kenneth N
Published: May 2008

Objective:

To examine the effects of adjunctive aripiprazole in patients with major depression refractory to adequate therapy with bupropion.

Case Summary:

Four consecutive patients diagnosed with major depression (hat was not responsive to a minimum of 2 months of therapy with bupropion 150-450 mg/day were given adjunctive aripiprazole 2.5–10 mg/day and followed for at least 4 months. Chart notes were used to record patient responses. All patients reported rapid improvement in depressive symptoms following the addition of low-dose aripiprazole. Antidepressant effects were sustained for at least 4 months in all patients; however, the mood disturbance subsequently returned in 2 patients. Adjunctive aripiprazole was well tolerated, with one patient developing akathisia that responded to lowering the aripiprazole dose and another exhibiting worsening of preexisting insomnia. Weight and metabolic parameters were not monitored during the observation period.

Discussion:

Transitory Improvements in depressive symptoms that occurred in some of the 4 patients may have been due to compensatory mechanisms in dopaminergic systems. Adjunctive use of the atypical antipsychotic aripiprazole has been demonstrated to benefit depressed patients who are resistant to selective serotonin-reuptake Inhibitors. The response to aripiprazole in patients refractory to bupropion has not been previously reported.

Conclusions:

Adjunctive aripiprazole given in low doses resulted in rapid improvements in depressed patients who were refractory to adequate therapy with bupropion. Additional studies are required to determine whether these results can be generalized to other depressed individuals who are refractory to bupropion treatment.
Role of Gabapentin in the Treatment of Uremic Pruritus
Authors: Vila Tania , Gommer Jennifer , Scates Ann C
Published: May 2008

Objective:

To evaluate the efficacy of gabapentin for the treatment of uremic pruritus (UP).

Data Sources:

Literature retrieval was accessed through MEDLINE (1950–March week 3. 2006; In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, April 1, 2008} and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–March 2008) using the terms gabapentin, pruritus, itch, urem$ (truncated), dialysis, and kidney disease. The Google Scholar search engine was used to identify articles that MEDLINE did not capture with the described search terms. Additionally, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

Alt articles in English and studies conducted in humans were identified and evaluated.

Data Synthesis:

UP is an unpleasant Itching sensation that affects approximately 30% of patients on hemodialysis (HD). The current mainstays of therapy include antihistamines and topical therapies, although many patients remain symptomatic despite these treatments. Alternative therapeutic approaches, Including topical, oral, and intravenous drugs; dialysis modifications; homeopathic therapies; and physical treatments have been used, but few evidence-based studies exist to support their utility. Gabapentin has been evaluated for the treatment of UP in 2 small, randomized, placebo-controlled studies, 1 pilot evaluation, and 1 index case. Gabapentin has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of multiple types of itch and shows promise in treating patients with UP who are unresponsive to standard therapies. Ail of the controlled studies consisted of 4 weeks of active treatment, and no patients discontinued gabapentin due to adverse events. The most common adverse events noted in these trials were consistent with gabapentin's safety profile (dizziness, somnolence, fatigue, nausea).

Conclusions:

Available data support the use of gabapentin as a welt-tolerated and effective treatment option for patients with UP who are unresponsive to traditional therapies. Further well-designed trials are warranted to establish the most appropriate dosing regimen in patients on HD.