bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HELPING BEHAVIOR IN LARGE SOCIETIES
Authors: Dilmé Francesc
Published: November 2016

This article investigates how helping behavior can be sustained in large societies in the presence of agents who never help. I consider a game with many players who are anonymously and randomly matched every period in pairs. Within each match, one player may provide socially optimal but individually costly help to the other player. I introduce and characterize the class of “linear equilibria” in which, unlike equilibria used in the previous literature, there is help even in the presence of behavioral players. Such equilibria are close to a tit‐for‐tat strategy and feature smooth help dynamics when the society is large.
COMMITMENT AND COSTLY SIGNALING IN DECENTRALIZED MARKETS
Authors: Stacey Derek
Published: November 2016

I propose a search model of a decentralized market with asymmetric information in which sellers are unable to commit to asking prices announced ex ante. Relaxing the commitment assumption prevents sellers from using price posting as a signaling device to direct buyers' search. Private information about the gains from trade and inefficient entry on the demand side then contribute to market illiquidity. Endogenous sorting among costly marketing platforms can facilitate the search process by segmenting the market to alleviate information frictions. Seemingly irrelevant but incentive compatible listing fees are implementable provided that the market is not already sufficiently active.
Influence of trehalose addition on antioxidant activity, colour and texture of orange jelly during storage
Authors: Kopjar Mirela , Pichler Anita , Turi Josipa , Piližota Vlasta
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate influence of partial replacement of sucrose with trehalose on phenolics, antioxidant activity, colour and texture of orange jelly during 135 days of storage under the light at room temperature. After preparation, phenol content was 1185.6 and 1050.3 mg GAE kg−1 in orange jelly and orange jelly with trehalose addition, respectively. Loss of phenols during 135 days of storage in orange jelly was 27.8% in comparison with 9.14% in orange jelly with trehalose addition. Browning index of samples with trehalose addition had lower values than orange jelly after their preparation as well as after storage. Evaluated textural parameters were gel strength, rapture strength, brittleness and adhesiveness. After preparation, both jellies had the same gel strength and adhesiveness. Orange jelly had higher rapture strength and higher value of brittleness than orange jelly with trehalose addition.
Home health nursing care services in Greece during an economic crisis
Authors: Adamakidou T. , Kalokerinou‐Anagnostopoulou A.
Published: November 2016

Aim

The purpose of this review was to describe public home healthcare nursing services in Greece.

Background

The effectiveness and the efficiency of home healthcare nursing are well documented in the international literature. In Greece, during the current financial crisis, the development of home healthcare nursing services is the focus and interest of policymakers and academics because of its contribution to the viability of the healthcare system.

Sources of evidence

A review was conducted of the existing legislation, the printed and electronic bibliography related to the legal framework, the structures that provide home health care, the funding of the services, the human resources and the services provided.

Results

The review of the literature revealed the strengths and weaknesses of the existing system of home health care and its opportunities and threats, which are summarized in a SWOT analysis.

Conclusion

There is no Greek nursing literature on this topic. The development of home health nursing care requires multidimensional concurrent and combined changes and adjustments that would support and strengthen healthcare professionals in their practices. Academic and nursing professionals should provide guidelines and regulations and develop special competencies for the best nursing practice in home health care.

Implications for nursing and health policy

At present, in Greece, which is in an economic crisis and undergoing reforms in public administration, there is an undeniable effort being made to give primary health care the position it deserves within the health system. There is an urgent need at central and academic levels to develop home healthcare services to improve the quality and efficiency of the services provided.
The effects of life review on psycho‐spiritual well‐being among patients with life‐threatening illness: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chen Ying , Xiao Huimin , Yang Yanqing , Lan Xiuyan
Published: November 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine the strength of evidence regarding the effects of life review on psycho‐spiritual well‐being among patients with life‐threatening illness.

Background

Life‐threatening illness not only causes physical symptoms but also psycho‐spiritual burdens. Life review has been widely implemented to assist people coping with these burdens. However, the effectiveness of life review is not clear. To date, no systematic review or meta‐analysis has been published on this topic.

Design and review methods

A systematic review with meta‐ analysis consistent with the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration was conducted.

Data sources

Database searches included MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, CNKI and VIP et al. up to April 2015. We also searched the grey literature, reviewed reference lists from relevant articles and book chapters and contacted experts.

Results

Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and two controlled clinical trials (CCTs) were eligible for this systematic review and meta‐analysis. The risk of bias for those studies were rated as moderate (n = 11). The meta‐analyses demonstrated significant standardized mean differences or mean differences in favour of life review compared with the control for depression, quality of life and self‐esteem.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that life review can decrease depressive symptoms, improve quality of life and enhance self‐esteem among patients with life‐threatening illnesses. Multi‐centre studies with adequate sample size and rigorous designs are needed in future research.
A concept analysis of compassionate midwifery
Authors: Ménage Diane , Bailey Elizabeth , Lees Susan , Coad Jane
Published: November 2016

Aim

To report a concept analysis of compassionate midwifery.

Background

Recently, compassion has been incorporated into United Kingdom nursing and midwifery language through strategy, policy, recruitment and education. Professional standards direct midwives to practise compassionately therefore the concept of compassionate midwifery exists, although this has yet to be explored as a concept in the UK or internationally. An understanding of what constitutes compassionate midwifery has the potential to increase midwifery knowledge and improve practice.

Design

Concept Analysis.

Data sources

Literature from 1990–2015 was searched using MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and ETHOS. Grey literature and examples of everyday usage of the concept were searched using Google.

Methods

An adapted model of evolutionary concept analysis.

Results

Explanations of compassionate midwifery were absent in the literature therefore the gathered data were evaluated in relation to elements of the compassion process: recognition of suffering, emotion, motivation and action. Compassionate midwifery is defined as the interrelations of authentic presence, noticing suffering, empathy, connectedness/relationship, emotion work, motivation to help/support, empowering women and alleviating suffering through negotiation, knowledge and skills. Antecedents and consequences were also identified and depicted in a schematic representation of the concept.

Conclusion

This concept analysis provides a unique examination of compassionate midwifery and starting point for reflection on practice, education and further analysis. Empirical studies will provide the potential to take the process further by studying the experience of compassionate midwifery from different perspectives. A theory of compassionate midwifery will develop as new findings emerge.
Dyads experience over confidence in hand‐eye coordination skills after placebo alcohol
Authors: Frings Daniel , Albery Ian P. , Rolph Kimberly , Leczfalvy Anna , Smaczny Stefan , Moss Antony C.
Published: November 2016

An experiment tested the effects of dyad membership and the prospect of completing a motor‐skills task on alcohol placebo consumption and task confidence. Participants (n = 115) completed a taste preference task while alone or in dyads. Half the individuals and half the dyads expected to subsequently complete a motor‐skills task and rated task confidence pre and post‐consumption. Individuals expecting the task consumed less than those in the non‐task condition and felt less confident in their abilities post‐consumption. Among those expecting the task, dyad members' consumption did not reduce and their post‐consumption confidence was higher than individuals'. Findings suggest dyad membership can lead to overconfidence. Attempts to reduce alcohol related harms must balance the protective properties of dyads with risks of overconfidence.
Blanking Period Phenomenon After a Second Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Session: The Application and Factors Related to It
Authors: FUJIMOTO YUHI , HAYASHI MEISO , IWASAKI YU‐KI , YODOGAWA KENJI , YAMAMOTO TEPPEI , TSUBOI IPPEI , TAKAHASHI KENTA , IZUMI YUKI , OKA EIICHIRO , HAGIWARA KANAKO , MIYAUCHI YASUSHI , SHIMIZU WATARU
Published: November 2016

Blanking Period After a Second AF Ablation

Introduction

The concept of a 3‐month blanking period is widely accepted after the first radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) session for atrial fibrillation (AF). We sought to investigate whether this phenomenon was also observed after a 2nd session, and which factors were related to it.

Methods and Results

We conducted a prospective observational study including all AF patients who underwent RFCA since 2010. The patients who underwent a second RFCA were followed without any antiarrhythmic drugs. Their clinical background, laboratory data, echocardiographic parameters, ablation procedures, and arrhythmia recurrences were analyzed. Recurrences were classified into early period recurrences (EPRs) and late period recurrences (LPRs) recorded within and after the first 3 months postablation, respectively. Among 925 patients who underwent an initial AF ablation, 2nd sessions were performed in 250 patients, and EPRs and LPRs occurred in 53 (21.2%) and 54 (21.6%) patients, respectively. Although EPRs were an independent predictor of LPRs (hazard ratio [HR], 8.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.03–15.93, P < 0.001), 20 of the patients with EPRs (37.7%) did not experience LPRs, supporting the concept of a blanking period. Among 53 patients with EPRs, the E/E′ ratio on echocardiography (HR, 1.156; 95% CI 1.00–1.33, P = 0.04) was an independent predictor of LPRs, while other parameters including the maximum serum C‐reactive protein level after the session and the ablation procedure details were not.

Conclusion

A 3‐month blanking period was also applicable after the 2nd AF ablation session. This phenomenon was related to a lower left atrial pressure demonstrated by the E/E′ ratio.
Risk factors in periodontology: a conceptual framework
Authors: Bouchard Philippe , Carra Maria Clotilde , Boillot Adrien , Mora Francis , Rangé Hélène
Published: November 2016

Aim

The definition and assessment of risk factors, risk indicators and predisposing factors are of paramount importance in the understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontitis, as well as in its prevention and treatment. This article aims to emphasize the concepts of causal chains and the causal network of risk factors in periodontitis.

Materials and Methods

This is a narrative review focusing on two main questions: (1) what is a risk in periodontology? and (2) how can a risk be assessed?

Results

The probability of the occurrence of an adverse outcome following exposure is not sufficient to analyse the impact of a risk factor on the disease. A network model for the pathway of risk factors in the pathogenesis of periodontitis is described. This article emphasizes the concepts of causal chains and the causal network of risk factors in periodontitis.

Conclusion

Chronic periodontal diseases are among the most complex non‐communicable diseases. A conceptual framework intended to clarify the relationship between risk and causality may improve the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of chronic diseases. The proposed causal network may provide a model to assess the role of risk factors in periodontitis.
Exercise and sleep: a systematic review of previous meta‐analyses
Authors: Kelley George A , Kelley Kristi Sharpe
Published: November 2016

Objective

Conduct a systematic review of previous meta‐analyses on exercise and sleep outcomes in adults and a meta‐analysis of studies nested within these meta‐analyses.

Methods

Meta‐analyses of randomized controlled exercise interventions were included by searching nine electronic databases and cross‐referencing. Dual‐selection and data abstraction were conducted. Methodological quality of meta‐analyses was assessed using AMSTAR and quality of evidence using GRADE. Random‐effects models were used to pool results from the individual studies included in each meta‐analysis.

Results

Three meta‐analyses representing 950 adults were included. Methodological quality ranged from 36% to 64% while quality of evidence was very low to low. Statistically significant improvements (P ≤ 0.05) were observed for the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI), overall sleep quality, global score, subjective sleep, and sleep latency. The number‐needed‐to‐treat (NNT) and percentile improvements ranged from 4 to 7 and from 18.1 to 26.5, respectively. When overall sleep quality results from individual studies nested within different meta‐analyses were pooled, statistically significant standardized mean difference (SMD) improvements were observed (–0.50, 95% CI –0.72 to –0.28). The NNT and percentile improvement were 7 and 19, respectively.

Conclusions

Exercise improves selected sleep outcomes in adults. To increase public health reach, a large, well‐designed, and more inclusive meta‐analysis is needed.
Enhancing predictive accuracy and reproducibility in clinical evaluation research
Authors: Bryant Fred B.
Published: November 2016

This paper introduces a special section of the current issue of the Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice that includes a set of 6 empirical articles showcasing a versatile, new machine‐learning statistical method, known as optimal data (or discriminant) analysis (ODA), specifically designed to produce statistical models that maximize predictive accuracy. As this set of papers clearly illustrates, ODA offers numerous important advantages over traditional statistical methods—advantages that enhance the validity and reproducibility of statistical conclusions in empirical research. This issue of the journal also includes a review of a recently published book that provides a comprehensive introduction to the logic, theory, and application of ODA in empirical research. It is argued that researchers have much to gain by using ODA to analyze their data.
Flood frequency analysis for an urban watershed: comparison between several statistical methodologies simulating synthetic rainfall events
Authors: Notaro V. , Fontanazza C.M. , La Loggia G. , Freni G.
Published: November 2016

To obtain the flooding frequency distribution for an urban watershed, different methods based on simulations of synthetic rainfall events were compared with an empirical analysis of the flooding data and with the results of long‐term simulations. A copula‐based multivariate statistical analysis of the main hydrological variables was proposed to generate synthetic hyetographs. Two different approaches were adopted to assess a temporal pattern to the synthetic rainfall: one analyses all available historical rainfall patterns, and another adopts the cluster analysis in three different variants to reduce the computational effort of the analysis.

To test the methodology reliability, the analysis was carried out for a real urban watershed. To carry out the flooding frequency analysis, all generated synthetic hyetographs were used as input of a dual drainage mathematical model of the analysed drainage system. Results showed that the method based on the analysis of all historical rainfall patterns was efficient in the estimation of flooding frequency, especially for higher return periods and approximately halved the computational costs of ordinary long‐term analysis. Regarding clustering approaches, although attractive for their computational efficiency, their adoption must be carefully evaluated because it could neglect relevant information and result in a less accurate flood frequency analysis.
Personal computer versus personal computer/mobile device combination users’ preclinical laboratory e‐learning activity
Authors: Kon Haruka , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Sakurai Naoki , Watanabe Kiyoshi , Yamaga Yoshiro , Ono Takahiro
Published: November 2016

Aim

The aim of the present study was to clarify differences between personal computer (PC)/mobile device combination and PC‐only user patterns. We analyzed access frequency and time spent on a complete denture preclinical website in order to maximize website effectiveness.

Methods

Fourth‐year undergraduate students (N=41) in the preclinical complete denture laboratory course were invited to participate in this survey during the final week of the course to track login data. Students accessed video demonstrations and quizzes via our e‐learning site/course program, and were instructed to view online demonstrations before classes. When the course concluded, participating students filled out a questionnaire about the program, their opinions, and devices they had used to access the site.

Results

Combination user access was significantly more frequent than PC‐only during supplementary learning time, indicating that students with mobile devices studied during lunch breaks and before morning classes. Most students had favorable opinions of the e‐learning site, but a few combination users commented that some videos were too long and that descriptive answers were difficult on smartphones.

Conclusions

These results imply that mobile devices’ increased accessibility encouraged learning by enabling more efficient time use between classes. They also suggest that e‐learning system improvements should cater to mobile device users by reducing video length and including more short‐answer questions.
Sex ratio of mirid populations shifts in response to hostplant co‐infestation or altered cytokinin signaling
Authors: Adam Nora , Erler Theresa , Kallenbach Mario , Kaltenpoth Martin , Kunert Grit , Baldwin Ian T. , Schuman Meredith C.
Published: November 2016

Herbivore species sharing a host plant often compete. In this study, we show that host plant‐mediated interaction between two insect herbivores − a generalist and a specialist − results in a sex ratio shift of the specialist's offspring. We studied demographic parameters of the specialist Tupiocoris notatus (Hemiptera: Miridae) when co‐infesting the host plant Nicotiana attenuata (Solanaceae) with the generalist leafhopper Empoasca sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). We show that the usually female‐biased sex ratio of T. notatus shifts toward a higher male proportion in the offspring on plants co‐infested by Empoasca sp. This sex ratio change did not occur after oviposition, nor is it due differential mortality of female and male nymphs. Based on pyrosequencing and PCR of bacterial 16S rRNA amplicons, we concluded that sex ratio shifts were unlikely to be due to infection with Wolbachia or other known sex ratio‐distorting endosymbionts. Finally, we used transgenic lines of N. attenuata to evaluate if the sex ratio shift could be mediated by changes in general or specialized host plant metabolites. We found that the sex ratio shift occurred on plants deficient in two cytokinin receptors (irCHK2/3). Thus, cytokinin‐regulated traits can alter the offspring sex ratio of the specialist T. notatus.
Exploring the experiences of patients attending day hospitals in the rural Scotland: capturing the patient's voice
Authors: Adamson Elizabeth , Pow Janette , Houston Fiona , Redpath Pamela
Published: November 2016

Aims and objectives

To understand the meaning of person‐centred compassionate care for people attending day hospitals in rural Scotland.

Background

Increasing numbers of older people are living with chronic conditions and require support to live at home. Intermediate care services such as day hospitals can enable this. Much previous research about day hospitals focused on organisational aspects of care. This study set out to capture the voice of the patient using this service.

Design

A descriptive qualitative study.

Methods

Individual interviews were undertaken in participant's homes using emotional touchpoints as prompts to help patients discuss their experience of care within a day hospital (n = 15). Data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

Four main themes were identified from the data: Relationships, Feeling Valued, Expectations and Perceived Benefits. The findings showed that relationships with staff and other patients were important. The patients also wanted to feel valued, and helping others was part of this. The patients had clear expectations of the service but had an acute awareness of the benefits of attending the day hospital such as coordination of their care. Overall, the patients were highly satisfied, felt that care was person‐centred and recognised the advantages of remaining close to home.

Conclusions

At a time when enabling health and social care integration is a priority, this study provides insight into the patient perspective of intermediate care. The findings reveal what matters to patients cared for in the community and how this service can respond to this.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study provides insight for healthcare practitioners caring for patients in the community and those responsible for planning and resourcing this service. It should also start a dialogue about how these services could be used more.
Is the neonatal creatine phosphokinase level a reliable marker for fetal hypoxia?
Authors: Muraoka Mitsue , Takagi Koichiro , Morita Yoshihiro , Nagano Hiroaki , Henmi Nobuhide , Hasegawa Hisaya
Published: November 2016

Aim

The creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level is believed to increase in neonatal peripheral blood after tissue damage, including damage from perinatal hypoxia. However, it is not clear whether it is truly a reliable marker for fetal hypoxia. We investigated the chronological changes in neonatal CPK and the reliability of CPK as a marker for fetal hypoxia.

Methods

Sixty term neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East from April 2009 to April 2010 were enrolled in this study. We evaluated whether asphyxia and fetal heart rate (FHR) abnormality could predict the neonatal CPK level by using receiver–operator curve analysis. We also compared umbilical cord blood pH levels with neonatal CPK levels. In addition, we investigated factors that influence neonatal CPK in non‐asphyxia cases.

Results

The median value of CPK peaked on day 1. There were no significant differences in CPK levels regardless of the presence of asphyxia or FHR abnormality. Non‐asphyxiated neonates with older gestational ages and amniotic fluid abnormalities had significantly higher levels of CPK.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that the neonatal CPK level is not an appropriate marker for retrospectively predicting either asphyxia or FHR abnormality. There are influencing factors other than asphyxia that increase neonatal CPK. Therefore, one should be careful when making a diagnosis of perinatal hypoxia based solely on increased levels of neonatal CPK after birth.
Prenatal diagnosis and successful intrauterine treatment of severe congenital hypothyroidism associated with fetal goiter
Authors: Ferianec Vladimír , Papcun Peter , Grochal František , Schenková Katarína , Bártová Michaela
Published: November 2016

Congenital hypothyroidism with fetal goiter is a rare condition associated with severe, but possibly preventable, intrauterine and postnatal complications. Ultrasound examination after 20 weeks of pregnancy enables prenatal diagnosis and early treatment. Due to limited transplacental transport of thyroid hormones, direct intrauterine treatment is needed. So far, only a few reports of fetal goitrous hypothyroidism have been published and no consensus on adequate management exists. We present a case of severe fetal goitrous hypothyroidism diagnosed at 23 gestational weeks treated by sequential intra‐amniotic administration of L‐thyroxin. Treatment resulted in significant goiter reduction and normalization of amniotic hormone levels, and enabled uncomplicated vaginal delivery at term. Current knowledge regarding prenatal diagnosis and intrauterine treatment were unified and applied within this case and a recommendation for clinical practice is provided in this report.
Neuroticism and Extraversion Magnify Discrepancies Between Retrospective and Concurrent Affect Reports
Authors: Lay Jennifer C. , Gerstorf Denis , Scott Stacey B. , Pauly Theresa , Hoppmann Christiane A.
Published: November 2016

Objective

Although research often relies on retrospective affect self‐reports, little is known about personality's role in retrospective reports and how these converge or deviate from affect reported in the moment. This micro‐longitudinal study examines personality (Neuroticism, Extraversion) and emotional salience (peak and recent affect) associations with retrospective‐momentary affect report discrepancies over different time frames.

Method

Participants were 179 adults aged 20–78 (M = 48.7 years; 73.7% Caucasian/White) who each provided up to 60 concurrent affect reports over 10 days, then retrospectively reported overall intensity of each affective state after 1 day and again after 1–2 months.

Results

Multilevel models revealed that individuals retrospectively overreported or underreported various affective states, exhibiting peak associations for high arousal positive and negative affect, recency associations for low arousal positive affect, and distinct personality profiles that strengthened over time. Individuals high in both Extraversion and Neuroticism exaggerated high arousal positive and negative affect and underreported low arousal positive affect, high Extraversion/low Neuroticism individuals exaggerated high arousal positive affect and underreported low arousal positive affect, and low Extraversion/high Neuroticism individuals exaggerated high and low arousal negative affect.

Conclusions

This study is the first to identify arousal‐specific retrospective affect report discrepancies over time and suggests retrospective reports also reflect personality differences in affective self‐knowledge.
Translation and validation of a Chinese version of the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well‐being Scale with undergraduate nursing trainees
Authors: Dong A. , Chen X. , Zhu L. , Shi L. , Cai Y. , Shi B. , Shao L. , Guo W.
Published: November 2016

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well‐being Scale (WEMWBS) which is a measurement of mental health and well‐being, was translated into Chinese to assess the reliability and validity in a sample of undergraduate nursing trainees in Wenzhou.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

Currently, there is no a reliable assessment tool to systematically evaluate mental well‐being in mainland China. Therefore, we undertook the translation and cultural adaptation of the WEMWBS and tested the scale's reliability and validity. The reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Short Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well‐being Scale have been demonstrated in Hong Kong, but the WEMWBS has not been validated in mainland China in either clinical or non‐clinical settings.

What are the implications for practice?

It might provide a reliable quantitative tool to evaluate mental well‐being in non‐clinical settings, which has important implications for mental health nursing. In future,it might be a reliable quantitative tool for evaluating mental well‐being in other population such as hospitalized patients to improve their life quality.

Introduction

There is growing interest worldwide in the evaluation of positive mental health and wellbeing.

Aim

This study was to translate the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well‐being Scale (WEMWBS) into Chinese and assess the reliability and validity of this scale in a sample of undergraduate nursing trainees.

Methods

A forward and backward translation protocol was used to translate the scale into Chinese. The psychometric properties of the C‐WEMWBS, such as internal consistency reliability, test–retest reliability and factorial validity, were analysed.

Results

All 14 items of the initial C‐WEMWBS were rated as conceptually equivalent to those of the original version. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the emergence of a single factor. The psychometric properties of the C‐WEMWBS were satisfactory, with an internal consistency reliability of .94 and a test–retest reliability of .83. The item–total correlations ranged from .66 to .83. There was a moderate relationship (r = .52) between the C‐WEMWBS and the WHO‐5.

Implications for practice

This was the first Chinese version of the WEMWBS to be developed and psychometrically assessed with a sample of undergraduate nursing trainees. It provides a reliable quantitative tool to evaluate mental well‐being in non‐clinical settings, which has important implications for mental health nursing.
The professional psychiatric/mental health nurse: skills, competencies and supports required to adopt recovery‐orientated policy in practice
Authors: Cusack E. , Killoury F. , Nugent L. E.
Published: November 2016

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Nationally and internationally there has been a movement away from the traditional medical model towards a more holistic recovery‐oriented approach to mental health care delivery.

At every level of service provision the emphasis is firmly on recovery and on facilitating active partnership working and involvement of service users, their carers and family members.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

This is the first study to identify on a national level specific areas of care that are addressed most or least by psychiatric and mental health nurses in care planning for mental health service users in Ireland.

In addition, this is the first study to identify nationally how the recovery approach is being implemented by psychiatric and mental health nurses in relation to current recovery‐orientated policy.

What are the implications for practice?

Mental healthcare staff require more education on the recovery concept and this needs to be multidisciplinary team wide. Further research is required to establish how best to develop a shared approach to working with service users and their families within the mental healthcare environment.

Further investigation is required to help determine how funding could be allocated appropriately for education and training and service development nationally.

Introduction

The restructuring of national mental health policy to an integrated recovery ethos demands a clarification in the psychiatric/mental health nurse's role, skills and competencies.

Aim/Question

To explore the psychiatric/mental health nurse's role and identify skills, competencies and supports required to adopt recovery‐orientated policy in practice.

Method

An exploratory mixed methods study in multiple health services in Ireland with N = 1249 psychiatric/mental health nurses. Data collection used a survey, focus groups and written submissions. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.

Results

The medical profession use a symptom‐focused approach to mental healthcare delivery. Nurses viewed this as a primary inhibitor to recovery‐orientated practice. Professional development in prevention and earlier intervention within primary care environments requires development. Nurses require research support to measure the effectiveness of the mental health interventions they provide.

Implications and conclusion

The effective implementation of the recovery approach requires a multitude of strategies and narrative threads in an overall medical assessment. Nurses need support from medics in providing consistency of assessments/documentation of required psychosocial interventions. A greater range of specialist services provided by nurses including psychosocial interventions and health promotion is fundamental to quality care and improving service user outcomes in primary care.
Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and domestic horse (Equus caballus) hindgut microflora demonstrate similar fermentation responses to grape seed extract supplementation in vitro
Authors: Huntley N. F. , Naumann H. D. , Kenny A. L. , Kerley M. S.
Published: November 2016

The domestic horse is used as a nutritional model for rhinoceros maintained under human care. The validity of this model for browsing rhinoceros has been questioned due to high prevalence of iron overload disorder (IOD) in captive black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Iron chelators, such as tannins, are under investigation as dietary supplements to ameliorate or prevent IOD in prone species. Polyphenolic compounds variably affect microbial fermentation, so the first objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of grape seed extract (GSE; a concentrated source of condensed tannins; CT) on black rhinoceros hindgut fermentation. Equine nutrition knowledge is used to assess supplements for rhinoceros; therefore, the second objective was to evaluate the domestic horse model for black rhinoceros fermentation and compare fermentation responses to GSE using a continuous single‐flow in vitro culture system. Two replicated continuous culture experiments were conducted using horse and black rhinoceros faeces as inoculum sources comparing four diets with increasing GSE inclusion (0.0%, 1.3%, 2.7% and 4.0% of diet dry matter). Diet and GSE polyphenolic compositions were determined, and sodium sulphite effect on neutral detergent fibre extraction of CT‐containing forages was tested. Increasing GSE inclusion stimulated microbial growth and fermentation, and proportionally increased diet CT concentration and iron‐binding capacity. Horse and black rhinoceros hindgut microflora nutrient digestibility and fermentation responses to GSE did not differ, and results supported equine fermentation as an adequate model for microbial fermentation in the black rhinoceros. Interpretation of these results is limited to hindgut fermentation and further research is needed to compare foregut digestibility and nutrient absorption between these two species. Supplementation of GSE in black rhinoceros diets up to 4% is unlikely to adversely affect hindgut nutrient digestibility or microbial viability and fermentation.
Party, Policy, and the Ambition to Run for Higher Office
Authors: Aldrich John H. , Thomsen Danielle M.
Published: November 2016

This article examines why some state legislators run for Congress and others do not. Our main argument is that there are differences in the expected value of a state legislative seat and the expected benefits of being a member of Congress. One key component of this value is how closely the candidate fits with her party. We find that the probability of seeking congressional office increases among state legislators who are distant from the state party and proximate to the congressional party and decreases among those who are distant from the congressional party and proximate to the state party.
High gene flow in the American badger overrides habitat preferences and limits broadscale genetic structure
Authors: Kierepka E. M. , Latch E. K.
Published: November 2016

Habitat associations are a function of habitat preferences and dispersal capabilities, both of which can influence how species responded to Quaternary climatic changes and contemporary habitat heterogeneity. Predicting resultant genetic structure is not always straightforward, especially in species where high dispersal potential and habitat preferences yield opposing predictions. The American badger has high dispersal capabilities that predict widespread panmixia, but avoids closed‐canopy forests and clay soils, which could restrict gene flow and create ecologically based population genetic structure. We used mitochondrial sequence and microsatellite data sets to characterize how these opposing forces contribute to genetic structure in badgers at a continent‐wide scale. Our data revealed an overall lack of ecologically based population genetic structure, suggesting that high dispersal capabilities were sufficiently realized to overcome most habitat‐based genetic structure. At a broadscale, badger gene flow is limited only by geographic distance (isolation by distance) and large water barriers (Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River). The absence of genetic structure in a species with strong avoidance of unsuitable habitats advances our understanding of when and how genetic structure emerges in widespread, highly mobile species.
Genetic variation of loci potentially under selection confounds species–genetic diversity correlations in a fragmented habitat
Authors: Bertin Angeline , Gouin Nicolas , Baumel Alex , Gianoli Ernesto , Serratosa Juan , Osorio Rodomiro , Manel Stephanie
Published: November 2016

Positive species–genetic diversity correlations (SGDCs) are often thought to result from the parallel influence of neutral processes on genetic and species diversity. Yet, confounding effects of non‐neutral mechanisms have not been explored. Here, we investigate the impact of non‐neutral genetic diversity on SGDCs in high Andean wetlands. We compare correlations between plant species diversity and genetic diversity (GD) calculated with and without loci potentially under selection (outlier loci). The study system includes 2188 specimens from five species (three common aquatic macroinvertebrate and two dominant plant species) that were genotyped for 396 amplified fragment length polymorphism loci. We also appraise the importance of neutral processes on SGDCs by investigating the influence of habitat fragmentation features. Significant positive SGDCs were detected for all five species (mean SGDC = 0.52 ± 0.05). While only a few outlier loci were detected in each species, they resulted in significant decreases in GD and in SGDCs. This supports the hypothesis that neutral processes drive species–genetic diversity relationships in high Andean wetlands. Unexpectedly, the effects on genetic diversity GD of the habitat fragmentation characteristics in this study increased with the presence of outlier loci in two species. Overall, our results reveal pitfalls in using habitat features to infer processes driving SGDCs and show that a few loci potentially under selection are enough to cause a significant downward bias in SGDC. Investigating confounding effects of outlier loci thus represents a useful approach to evidence the contribution of neutral processes on species–genetic diversity relationships.
Leaf vein xylem conduit diameter influences susceptibility to embolism and hydraulic decline
Authors: Scoffoni Christine , Albuquerque Caetano , Brodersen Craig R. , Townes Shatara V. , John Grace P. , Cochard Hervé , Buckley Thomas N. , McElrone Andrew J. , Sack Lawren
Published: November 2016

Ecosystems worldwide are facing increasingly severe and prolonged droughts during which hydraulic failure from drought‐induced embolism can lead to organ or whole plant death. Understanding the determinants of xylem failure across species is especially critical in leaves, the engines of plant growth.

If the vulnerability segmentation hypothesis holds within leaves, higher order veins that are most terminal in the plant hydraulic system should be more susceptible to embolism to protect the rest of the water transport system. Increased vulnerability in the higher order veins would also be consistent with these experiencing the greatest tensions in the plant xylem network.

To test this hypothesis, we combined X‐ray micro‐computed tomography imaging, hydraulic experiments, cross‐sectional anatomy and 3D physiological modelling to investigate how embolisms spread throughout petioles and vein orders during leaf dehydration in relation to conduit dimensions.

Decline of leaf xylem hydraulic conductance (Kx) during dehydration was driven by embolism initiating in petioles and midribs across all species, and Kx vulnerability was strongly correlated with petiole and midrib conduit dimensions. Our simulations showed no significant impact of conduit collapse on Kx decline. We found xylem conduit dimensions play a major role in determining the susceptibility of the leaf water transport system during strong leaf dehydration.
Fungal and plant gene expression in the Tulasnella calospora–Serapias vomeracea symbiosis provides clues about nitrogen pathways in orchid mycorrhizas
Authors: Fochi Valeria , Chitarra Walter , Kohler Annegret , Voyron Samuele , Singan Vasanth R. , Lindquist Erika A. , Barry Kerrie W. , Girlanda Mariangela , Grigoriev Igor V. , Martin Francis , Balestrini Raffaella , Perotto Silvia
Published: November 2016

Orchids are highly dependent on their mycorrhizal fungal partners for nutrient supply, especially during early developmental stages. In addition to organic carbon, nitrogen (N) is probably a major nutrient transferred to the plant because orchid tissues are highly N‐enriched. We know almost nothing about the N form preferentially transferred to the plant or about the key molecular determinants required for N uptake and transfer.

We identified, in the genome of the orchid mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora, two functional ammonium transporters and several amino acid transporters but found no evidence of a nitrate assimilation system, in agreement with the N preference of the free‐living mycelium grown on different N sources.

Differential expression in symbiosis of a repertoire of fungal and plant genes involved in the transport and metabolism of N compounds suggested that organic N may be the main form transferred to the orchid host and that ammonium is taken up by the intracellular fungus from the apoplatic symbiotic interface.

This is the first study addressing the genetic determinants of N uptake and transport in orchid mycorrhizas, and provides a model for nutrient exchanges at the symbiotic interface, which may guide future experiments.
Fine‐scale spatial distribution of orchid mycorrhizal fungi in the soil of host‐rich grasslands
Authors: Voyron Samuele , Ercole Enrico , Ghignone Stefano , Perotto Silvia , Girlanda Mariangela
Published: November 2016

Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the survival of orchid seedlings under natural conditions. The distribution of these fungi in soil can constrain the establishment and resulting spatial arrangement of orchids at the local scale, but the actual extent of occurrence and spatial patterns of orchid mycorrhizal (OrM) fungi in soil remain largely unknown.

We addressed the fine‐scale spatial distribution of OrM fungi in two orchid‐rich Mediterranean grasslands by means of high‐throughput sequencing of fungal ITS2 amplicons, obtained from soil samples collected either directly beneath or at a distance from adult Anacamptis morio and Ophrys sphegodes plants.

Like ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycobionts, OrM fungi (tulasnelloid, ceratobasidioid, sebacinoid and pezizoid fungi) exhibited significant horizontal spatial autocorrelation in soil. However, OrM fungal read numbers did not correlate with distance from adult orchid plants, and several of these fungi were extremely sporadic or undetected even in the soil samples containing the orchid roots.

Orchid mycorrhizal ‘rhizoctonias’ are commonly regarded as unspecialized saprotrophs. The sporadic occurrence of mycobionts of grassland orchids in host‐rich stands questions the view of these mycorrhizal fungi as capable of sustained growth in soil.
The symbionts made me do it: legumes are not hardwired for high nitrogen concentrations but incorporate more nitrogen when inoculated
Authors: Wolf Amelia A. , Funk Jennifer L. , Menge Duncan N. L.
Published: November 2016

High tissue nitrogen (N) concentrations in N‐fixing legumes may be driven by an evolutionary commitment to a high N strategy, by higher N availability from fixation, or by some other cause. To disentangle these hypotheses, we asked two questions: are legumes hardwired to have high N concentrations? Aside from delivering fixed N, how does inoculation affect legume N concentrations?

In order to understand drivers of plant stoichiometry, we subjected four herbaceous legume species to nine levels of N fertilization in a glasshouse. Half of the individuals were inoculated with crushed nodules, whereas the other half remained uninoculated and could not fix N.

Across four legume species, we found that tissue stoichiometry and nutrient content were more plastic than has been described for any other plant species. In addition, inoculated plants had higher tissue N concentrations than N fixation activity alone can explain.

Rather than being hardwired for high N or phosphorus (P) demand, the legumes we examined were highly flexible in their nutrient allocation. Understanding the drivers of legume N concentrations is essential to understanding the role of N fixers in community‐ and ecosystem‐level processes.
OPTIMAL CONTROL INTERVENTION STRATEGIES USING AN N‐PATCH WATERBORNE DISEASE MODEL
Authors: COLLINS O. C. , DUFFY K. J.
Published: November 2016

Waterborne diseases are an important concern in public health, especially in communities with limited access to clean water. Different community subpopulations can require different copping strategies for the same diseases. Modeling is one method to assist understanding and the development of effective strategies. To this end, we investigated the use of meta‐population models with three types of control interventions: vaccination, treatment, and water purification. Important mathematical features of the model are determined and examined. Optimal control, applied to the model, is also formulated to determine the effective strategies to reduce the spread of the disease. For example, using optimal control, a four‐fold reduction in infected individuals is possible. The value of such an improvement to the communities involved would be significant.