bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Photos and Drawings in Baby Books. A Comparison Based on Dining Scenes
Authors: Kümmerling-Meibauer Bettina , Meibauer Jörg
Published: November 2023

This article offers a comparative analysis of the aesthetic functions of photos vs. drawings in baby books. Baby books are understood as books for children between 0 and 3 years of age. Since the development of food intake and eating behavior is very important at this age, appropriate pictures of dining scenes can be found in many baby books. This article compares picturebooks for babies that show dining scenes, with two photo books, Trine kan… (1955) and Se hvad vi kan! (1964), and two baby books with drawings, The Picturebook for BABY (1950) and I See (1985). The null hypothesis is that photos tend more towards documentary, authentic, and objective representation, while drawings emphasize a stereotypical, expressive, and subjective perspective. Important intermittent factors are the concept of portraiture, expressed cuteness, and the position on a scale from avant-garde to kitsch. The analysis of the images and the accompanying texts (including the peritexts) shows that the representation of babies is subject to historical changes, which is related to different constructions of what it means to be a baby. In particular, the orientation towards parental or pedagogical ideals influences the respective representations.
Estimating Income Distributions From Grouped Data: A Minimum Quantile Distance Approach
Authors: Spasova Tsvetana
Published: November 2023

This paper focuses on the estimation of income distribution from grouped data in the form of quantiles. We propose a novel application of the minimum quantile distance (MQD) approach and compare its performance with the maximum likelihood (ML) technique. The estimation methods are applied using three parametric distributions: the generalized beta distribution of the second kind (GB2), the Dagum distribution, and the Singh–Maddala distribution. We provide the density-quantile functions for these distributions, along with reproducible code. A simulation study is conducted to evaluate the performance of the MQD and ML methods. The proposed methods are then applied to data from 30 European countries, utilizing the aforementioned parametric distributions. To validate the accuracy of the estimates, we compare them with estimates obtained from more detailed and informative microdata sets. The findings confirm the excellent performance of the considered parametric distributions in estimating income distribution. Additionally, the MQD approach is identified as a straightforward and reliable method for this purpose. Notably, the MQD method displays superior robustness in comparison to the ML technique when it comes to selecting suitable starting values for the underlying computation algorithm, specifically when dealing with the GB2 distribution.
An empirical study on software understandability and its dependence on code characteristics
Authors: Lavazza Luigi , Morasca Sandro , Gatto Marco
Published: November 2023

Context

Insufficient code understandability makes software difficult to inspect and maintain and is a primary cause of software development cost. Several source code measures may be used to identify difficult-to-understand code, including well-known ones such as Lines of Code and McCabe’s Cyclomatic Complexity, and novel ones, such as Cognitive Complexity.

Objective

We investigate whether and to what extent source code measures, individually or together, are correlated with code understandability.

Method

We carried out an empirical study with students who were asked to carry out realistic maintenance tasks on methods from real-life Open Source Software projects. We collected several data items, including the time needed to correctly complete the maintenance tasks, which we used to quantify method understandability. We investigated the presence of correlations between the collected code measures and code understandability by using several Machine Learning techniques.

Results

We obtained models of code understandability using one or two code measures. However, the obtained models are not very accurate, the average prediction error being around 30%.

Conclusions

Based on our empirical study, it does not appear possible to build an understandability model based on structural code measures alone. Specifically, even the newly introduced Cognitive Complexity measure does not seem able to fulfill the promise of providing substantial improvements over existing measures, at least as far as code understandability prediction is concerned. It seems that, to obtain models of code understandability of acceptable accuracy, process measures should be used, possibly together with new source code measures that are better related to code understandability.
Understanding the social–ecological systems of non-state seafood sustainability scheme in the blue economy
Authors: Elegbede Isa Olalekan , Fakoya Kafayat A. , Adewolu Morenike A. , Jolaosho Toheeb Lekan , Adebayo Joseph Adewale , Oshodi Esther , Hungevu Ruth Funmilola , Oladosu Amos Olayinka , Abikoye Oluwatoyosi
Published: November 2023

Non-state sustainability initiatives, such as eco-certification and voluntary sustainability standards, are eco-friendly, market-driven, and privately managed initiatives that garner support from concerned stakeholders in the blue economy. Consequently, these initiatives play pivotal roles in enhancing resource sustainability within the seafood sector. However, despite their importance, the intricacies of how non-state seafood sustainability schemes operate within the blue economy remain unclear. Therefore, this study examines the interactions of these non-state actors within institutional, social, and ecological contexts to improve common resource management. This study is based on a comprehensive review of secondary data from the literature to delineate its scope. In recent years, there has been an increase in non-state initiatives advocating for sustainable fisheries and the sustainable use of natural blue resources. These initiatives claimed to exhibit established institutional, social, and ecological synergies, yet the foundational principles guiding them remain underexplored. It is essential to note that addressing the long-term sustainability issues in the socioeconomic-ecological systems requires the resilience shift of non-state initiatives. Thus, non-state institutions must strengthen their resilience management capabilities by collaborating with other actors, networks, and institutions to promote sustainable development. This collaboration fosters societal understanding of these resilience factors, which are portrayed in this study. Finally, effective resource management necessitates a delicate balance between economic considerations and environmental preservation, supporting the sustainability of common resources. It is imperative to deepen our understanding of the interplay between the socioeconomic and ecological facets of these systems to ensure that our environmental laws serve as the proper framework for effective resource regulation and management.
Long-term Memory of Sensory Experiences from the First Pregnancy, its Peri-partum and Post-partum in Women with Autism Spectrum Disorders without Intellectual Disabilities: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Demartini Benedetta , Nisticò Veronica , Limonta Serena , Tarantino Vincenza , Stefanelli Giulia , Calistro Federica , Giambanco Laura , Faggioli Raffaella , Gambini Orsola , Turriziani Patrizia
Published: November 2023

Purpose

To explore the recalled experience of pregnancy and motherhood in women diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) without intellectual disabilities, focusing on sensory perceptions and mood.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated, through an ad-hoc structured interview, the sensory sensitivity during the pre-partum, the peri-partum, and the post-partum of thirty-three mothers with ASD and thirty-two neurotypical mothers. Participants also underwent a psychometric assessment about autistic traits, general sensory sensitivity, and post-partum depressive symptomatology.

Results

Mothers with ASD recalled a higher sensitivity than the comparison group across the three time-points; however, during the peri-partum their recalled hypersensitivity decreases, and in the post-partum it returned as high as before childbirth. The difference in the length of recall between groups did not statistically influence our results. Higher levels of autistic traits correlated with higher depressive post-partum symptomatology.

Conclusions

Mothers with ASD seem to recall their experience of pregnancy, childbirth, and post-partum period differently from neurotypical mothers, particularly in terms of hypersensitivity. The correlation with depressive symptoms and the potential role of oxytocin and of long-term memory (encoding and recollection) are discussed. Further exploring these aspects might give fundamental hints to provide tailored support to mothers with ASD during pregnancy and motherhood.
The Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Implementors’ Fidelity of Instructional Strategies During Handwashing Acquisition in Children with Autism
Authors: Griffen Brenna , Lorah Elizabeth R. , Caldwell Nicolette , Hantula Donald A. , Nosek John , Tincani Matt , Lemley Shea
Published: November 2023

Handwashing is a vital skill for maintaining health and hygiene. For individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), such as autism spectrum disorder, evidence-based strategies, such as prompting and task analysis, may be effective in teaching these skills. Due to the shortage of experts who teach individuals with IDD skills such as handwashing, staff working with children need a means of ensuring these instructional strategies are implemented with fidelity. This study examined the effects of a tablet-based application that used artificial intelligence (GAINS®) on four behavior technicians’ implementation of least-to-most prompting, total task chaining, and time delay during an acquisition of handwashing program with young children with autism. All four technicians increased fidelity immediately upon using GAINS and all four technicians reached mastery criteria within the shortest number of sessions possible. One child participant met mastery criteria, two showed some gains, and one demonstrated a high degree of variability across sessions. Limitations of the least-to-most prompting procedure, user design, considerations and directions for future research and practice are discussed.
Clinical Work-Integrating Care in Current Practice: A Scoping Review
Authors: Kluit Lana , van Bennekom Coen A. M. , Beumer Annechien , Sluman Maayke A. , de Boer Angela G. E. M. , de Wind Astrid
Published: November 2023

Purpose

Clinical work-integrating care (CWIC) refers to paying attention to work participation in a clinical setting. Working patients may benefit from CWIC. The purpose of this study is to explore the extent and nature to which medical specialists provide CWIC and what policies and guidelines oblige or recommend specialists to do.

Methods

A scoping review was conducted. The databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Psychinfo, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched for studies on the extent and nature of CWIC and supplemented by gray literature on policies and guidelines. Six main categories were defined a priori. Applying a meta-aggregative approach, subcategories were subsequently defined using qualitative data. Next, quantitative findings were integrated into these subcategories. A separate narrative of policies and guidelines using the same main categories was constructed.

Results

In total, 70 studies and 55 gray literature documents were included. The main findings per category were as follows: (1) collecting data on the occupation of patients varied widely; (2) most specialists did not routinely discuss work, but recent studies showed an increasing tendency to do so, which corresponds to recent policies and guidelines; (3) work-related advice ranged from general advice to patient–physician collaboration about work-related decisions; (4) CWIC was driven by legislation in many countries; (5) specialists sometimes collaborated in multidisciplinary teams to provide CWIC; and (6) medical guidelines regarding CWIC were generally not available.

Conclusion

Medical specialists provide a wide variety of CWIC ranging from assessing a patient’s occupation to extensive collaboration with patients and other professionals to support work participation. Lack of medical guidelines could explain the variety of these practices.
A Mixed-Methods Study on Topical Fluoride Beliefs and Refusal Behaviors for Caregivers of Children with Special Health Care Needs
Authors: Koh Madelyn , Kerr Darragh , Hill Courtney M. , Chi Donald L.
Published: November 2023

Objective

To understand topical fluoride-related beliefs and refusal behaviors for caregivers of children with special health care needs (CSHCN).

Methods

This was an explanatory sequential mixed methods study. For the quantitative analyses, we surveyed 520 caregivers to (a) compare fluoride-related beliefs between caregivers of CSHCN and caregivers of healthy children and (b) evaluate the association between special health care need (SHCN) status and topical fluoride refusal. We used logistic regression models to generate unadjusted odds ratios, confounder-adjusted odds ratios (AOR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI). For the qualitative analyses, we interviewed 56 caregivers who refused or were hesitant about topical fluoride. Data were coded deductively and compared by SHCN status to an existing conceptual model of topical fluoride refusal.

Results

In the quantitative analysis, 41.3% of caregivers refused or thought about refusing topical fluoride. There were no significant differences in fluoride beliefs by SHCN status (p-values > 0.05) nor was there a significant association between SHCN status and topical fluoride refusal (AOR: 0.65, 95% CI 0.37–1.14; p = 0.13). In the qualitative analysis, the relative importance of each domain of the conceptual model was similar between the caregiver groups. Two differences were that all caregivers of CSHCN thought fluoride was unnecessary and wanted to keep chemicals out of their child’s body.

Conclusions for Practice

While caregivers of CSHCN were not more likely to refuse topical fluoride than caregivers of healthy children, there may be important differences in the underlying reasons for refusing topical fluoride.
Use of the MMPI-3 with Catholic and Episcopal Seminary and Religious Life Applicants
Authors: Plante Thomas G. , Peng Elena
Published: November 2023

Psychological evaluations and testing using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) among other instruments have been used to screen clerical and religious life applicants for decades. While much research has been conducted and published regarding these evaluations, the newer MMPI-3 has not been examined among this population. This study reviewed MMPI-3 results from 18 applicants to seminary and religious life from the Roman Catholic and Episcopal faith traditions to determine if the participants are generally psychological healthy and if they have any consistent elevations in their MMPI-3 testing scores. Additionally, we examined MMPI-3 differences among Catholics versus Episcopal applicants. Our preliminary results using a small sample suggest that applicants to seminary and religious life are generally psychologically healthy but tend to be defensive, presenting themselves in a favorable and virtuous manner. Additionally, Catholics tend to score higher on inconsistent responses but lower on psychoticism than Episcopalians. Further research should use larger and more diverse sample sizes to better understand how the MMPI-3 performs among this population.
Analyzing the demographic coherence of selected US, Australian and Chinese biometric data sets used to price long-term care insurance and life care annuities
Authors: Vidal-Meliá Carlos , Ventura-Marco Manuel , Garvey Anne M.
Published: November 2023

This paper examines the implicit healthy life expectancy used for actuarial calculations in some selected biometric data sets from the US, Australia and China. We are interested in checking the demographic/epidemiological coherence of these data sets because this health indicator is rarely presented when authors build their biometric data sets, nor when they are used to calculate long-term care insurance (LTCI) and life care annuity (LCAs) premiums, nor when they are employed in research articles to estimate the future demand for LTC services. We follow a methodology based on multistate life table methods that enables us to obtain a life expectancy matrix for individuals on the basis of their initial health state. We also present some additional indicators of longevity, mortality and morbidity, these being the median age at death, the interquartile range, the weighted modal age at death, the mortality ratio and the implicit LTC prevalence rates broken down by health state. We find several weaknesses that highlight the difficulty involved in building the biometric data sets needed to make an actuarially fair valuation of the premiums for LTCI and LCAs. We also verify the existence of the so-called “male–female health-survival paradox”. From the perspective of a potential purchaser of this type of insurance products, disclosing and explaining the summary measures of health and longevity would make it easier for them to understand the need to protect themselves against the cost of possible LTC services and also make the computation of the premiums more transparent.
Correspondence pluralism
Authors: Sher Gila
Published: November 2023

In this paper I present a pluralist view of truth of a special kind: correspondence-pluralism. Correspondence-pluralism is the view that to fulfill its function in knowledge, truth requires correspondence principles rather than mere coherence, pragmatist, or deflationist principles. But these correspondence principles do not need to be the naive principles of traditional correspondence: copy, mirror image, direct isomorphism. Furthermore, these correspondence principles may vary, in certain disciplined ways, from one field of knowledge to another. This combination of correspondence and pluralism enables us to set high standards of truth for all fields of knowledge while allowing sufficient flexibility to adjust these principles to the special conditions of different fields. In so doing, it provides us with new tools for addressing old as well as new questions about truth: Is there correspondence-truth in mathematics? In ethics? Correspondence with what? What patterns of correspondence? The paper is divided into four parts: (I) Why correspondence? What kind of correspondence? (II) Why pluralism? What kind of pluralism? (III) Applications: mathematics and ethics. (IV) Avoidance of criticisms of other types of truth-pluralism.
Morphisms Between Aristotelian Diagrams
Authors: De Klerck Alexander , Vignero Leander , Demey Lorenz
Published: November 2023

In logical geometry, Aristotelian diagrams are studied in a precise and systematic way. Although there has recently been a good amount of progress in logical geometry, it is still unknown which underlying mathematical framework is best suited for formalizing the study of these diagrams. Hence, in this paper, the main aim is to formulate such a framework, using the powerful language of category theory. We build multiple categories, which all have Aristotelian diagrams as their objects, while having different kinds of morphisms between these diagrams. The categories developed here are assessed according to their ability to generalize previous work from logical geometry as well as their interesting category-theoretical properties. According to these evaluations, the most promising category has as its morphisms those functions on fragments that increase in informativity on both the opposition and implication relations. Focusing on this category can significantly increase the effectiveness of further research in logical geometry.
Recent CJEU case law on ‘reasonable accommodation’ at work: towards the recognition of a new discrimination form
Authors: Gyulavári Tamás
Published: November 2023

Recent developments of Tartu Vangla and Komisia CJEU decisions (2021) are scrutinised in relation to the direct discrimination test, occupational requirement justification and related limitations on automatic employment bars. Incapability to fulfil the original position is debated in the light of the reasonable accommodation duty. As a contrast, in the latest HR Rail judgment (2022) the existence of incapability is not disputed, but the first independent CJEU test on denial of reasonable accommodation led to a cautious paradigm shift. In addition, the compulsory reassignment of incapable workers with a disability poses a challenge for national labour laws and reasonable accommodation regulations.
Universal Health Coverage with Private Options: The Politics of Turkey’s 2008 Health Reform
Authors: Dorlach Tim , Yeğen Oya
Published: November 2023

Over the past decades, countries across the Global South have been adopting expansionary health reforms and are increasingly doing so under the banner of promoting universal health coverage. But countries have taken notably different approaches regarding the inclusion of private actors in their expanding healthcare systems. In this article, we explore the political causes and consequences of partial privatization in the context of healthcare expansion. We conduct a case study of Turkey’s 2008 health reform, which coupled substantial coverage expansion with the introduction of private options in provision and financing—and has since been branded as a global “success story” of achieving universal health coverage. Specifically, we seek to explain why Turkey introduced private options with its expansionary health reform and what kind of policy feedback effects this has triggered. We find that private options were incorporated into the reform as the result of persistent business lobbying and pro-market changes in the leadership of the health ministry and not because of any international coercion, e.g., by the World Bank. The introduction of these private options has since led to the growth of private hospital and insurance markets and the political entrenchment of partial privatization.
Establishment and characterization of a novel hilar cholangiocarcinoma cell line, CBC3T-1
Authors: Bai Mingzhen , Jiang Ningzu , Fu Wenkang , Huang Chongfei , Tian Liang , Mi Ningning , Gao Long , Ma Haidong , Lu Yawen , Cao Jie , Zhang Chao , Yue Ping , Zhang Yong , Lin Yanyan , Meng Wenbo , Li Xun
Published: November 2023

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a group of malignant heterogeneous cancer arising from the biliary tree. The tumor is characterized by insidious onset, high degree of malignancy, poor prognosis, and high recurrence rate. Immortalized cancer cell lines are the best and easiest models for in vitro cancer research. Here, we established a naturally immortalized highly tumorigenic hilar cholangiocarcinoma (hCCA) cell line, CBC3T-1. The CBC3T-1 cell line was cultured for over 60 passages. Thorough analysis showed that CBC3T-1 cells share characteristics similar to original tumor cells from patients with cholangiocarcinoma and display a stable phenotype, including features of epithelial origin, stem cell-like properties, as well as a high invasive and migratory capability and tumorigenicity in mice. Furthermore, this cell line showed the best sensitivity to paclitaxel, followed by gemcitabine. RNA sequencing and whole‑exome sequencing showed that cancer-associated pathways and somatic mutations played a dominant role in the development of CCA. We established and characterized a new hCCA cell line, CBC3T-1, which contributes to a better understanding of bile duct cancer, and can be used to study tumorigenesis and progression and the role of anticancer drugs.
Multidimensional Burden on Family Caregivers of Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Scoping Review
Authors: Dückert Sophia , Gewohn Petia , König Hannah , Schöttle Daniel , Konnopka Alexander , Rahlff Pascal , Vogeley Kai , Schulz Holger , David Nicole , Peth Judith
Published: November 2023

Family caregivers often play a critical role in supporting their relative(s) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) across the lifespan. This can lead to great burdens on family caregivers themselves. However, to date, the potential burden on family caregivers has not been in the focus of research, particularly, with respect to caregiver burden as relatives with ASD advance to adulthood. Thus, this scoping review aimed to (a) systematically map research regarding multiple dimensions of caregiver burden on family caregivers of adults with ASD (i.e., time dependence, developmental, physical, social, emotional, and financial burden) and (b) identify interventions designed to reduce such burden. A total of N = 33 eligible studies highlighted the impact of caregiving demands for adults with ASD, mainly focusing on emotional burden of caregiving (n = 27), reporting decreased mental quality of life and mental health. Findings gave indications on all other dimensions of caregiver burden, but evidence is lacking. No study was identified that provided evidence for specific interventions to reduce or to prevent caregiver burden. Findings highlighted the urgent need for more research on this topic and the development of strategies to support family caregivers of adults with ASD.
Erzählen um Nichts?
Authors: Meyer Ingo
Published: November 2023

Gegen rhetorische Konventionalität und thematische Erwartbarkeit der Gegenwartsliteratur expliziert der Beitrag anhand von Stichproben der Prosa Rainald Goetz’ sowie Felicia Zellers die Kombination von ›Sprachkunst‹ und einiger Ignoranz gegenüber gesellschaftlich relevanten Themen. ›Schreiben um Nichts‹ demonstriert so, worum es in Literatur eigentlich geht: Sprache und Form.
Imperial Interventions in Daily Life: The Eastern Mediterranean under Early Ottoman Rule
Authors: Walker Bethany J.
Published: November 2023

The following article considers the imperial as experienced through the daily lives of peasants in southern Syria during the early Ottoman period. Control of critical resources was a flashpoint in the relationship between the state and village communities; thus, it is through the lens of land use that peasant dependency and agency in the face of the Ottoman state can be best evaluated. Two archaeological sites in Jordan and Israel provide data for detailed investigation of patterns noted in the scholarly literature. After a critical assessment of the contributions of archaeology to the large field of (overwhelmingly text-dominated) Ottoman studies, I turn to three areas of peasants’ lives that reflected, to different degrees, encounters with the imperial: land tenure and land use, household consumption, and material culture.
An Effective Model for the Simulation of Transpiration Cooling
Authors: Müller Siegfried , Rom Michael
Published: November 2023

Transpiration cooling is numerically investigated, where a cooling gas is injected through a carbon composite material into a hot gas channel. To account for microscale effects at the injection interface, an effective problem is derived. Here, effects induced by microscale structures on macroscale variables, e.g., cooling efficiency, are taken into account without resolving the microscale structures. For this purpose, effective boundary conditions at the interface between hot gas and porous medium flow are derived using an upscaling strategy. Numerical simulations in 2D with effective boundary conditions are compared to uniform and non-uniform injection. The computations confirm that the effective model provides a more efficient and accurate approximation of the cooling efficiency than the uniform injection.
Adaptive Boosting Method for Mitigating Ethnicity and Age Group Unfairness
Authors: Colakovic Ivona , Karakatič Sašo
Published: November 2023

Machine learning algorithms make decisions in various fields, thus influencing people’s lives. However, despite their good quality, they can be unfair to certain demographic groups, perpetuating socially induced biases. Therefore, this paper deals with a common unfairness problem, unequal quality of service, that appears in classification when age and ethnicity groups are used. To tackle this issue, we propose an adaptive boosting algorithm that aims to mitigate the existing unfairness in data. The proposed method is based on the AdaBoost algorithm but incorporates fairness in the calculation of the instance’s weight with the goal of making the prediction as good as possible for all ages and ethnicities. The results show that the proposed method increases the fairness of age and ethnicity groups while maintaining good overall quality compared to traditional classification algorithms. The proposed method achieves the best accuracy in almost every sensitive feature group. Based on the extensive analysis of the results, we found that when it comes to ethnicity, interestingly, White people are likely to be incorrectly classified as not being heroin users, whereas other groups are likely to be incorrectly classified as heroin users.
Topology optimization of shell structures in architectural design
Authors: Ma Jiaming , Lu Hongjia , Lee Ting-Uei , Liu Yuanpeng , Bao Ding Wen , Xie Yi Min
Published: November 2023

Free-form architectural design has gained significant interest in modern architectural practice. Due to their visually appealing nature and inherent structural efficiency, free-form shells have become increasingly popular in architectural applications. Recently, topology optimization has been extended to shell structures, aiming to generate shell designs with ultimate structural efficiency. However, despite the huge potential of topology optimization to facilitate new design for shells, its architectural applications remain limited due to complexity and lack of clear procedures. This paper presents four design strategies for optimizing free-form shells targeting architectural applications. First, we propose a topology-optimized ribbed shell system to generate free-form rib layouts possessing improved structure performance. A reusable and recyclable formwork system is developed for their effective and sustainable fabrication. Second, we demonstrate that topology optimization can be combined with funicular form-finding techniques to generate a rich variety of elegant designs, offering new design possibilities. Third, we offer cost-effective design solutions using modular components for free-form shells by combining surface planarization and periodic constraint. Finally, we integrate topology optimization with user-defined patterns on free-form shells to facilitate aesthetic expression, exemplified by the Voronoi pattern. The presented strategies can facilitate the usage of topology optimization in shell designs to achieve high-performance and innovative solutions for architectural applications.
A Comparative Law Analysis of No-Fault Comprehensive Compensation Funds
Authors: Watts Kim
Published: November 2023

This book is a groundbreaking comparative law analysis of the world's largest and most mature compensation funds, impacting nearly twenty-two million people in the four jurisdictions of Victoria (Australia), Québec and Manitoba (Canada), and New Zealand. These funds operate in a way that turns tort law on its head, are financially stable and sustainable, and are a true revolution in private law. The author analyses and provides solutions for the core unresolved problems in the field of no-fault compensation and identifies the operational and further development principles of the four largest no-fault compensation funds within these jurisdictions.

The similarities and differences between thematically equivalent schemes in civil law countries are examined and the human rights intersections of large no-fault compensation funds are analysed, something which has never been undertaken before in both literature and practice. Based on qualitative surveys of the four funds, the author analyses the funding, quantum of compensation and dispute resolution issues. The book goes on to identify realistic development goals for the existing funds and focuses on the future by identifying new applications used by large no-fault compensation funds for artificial intelligence and emergency public health liability challenges. In particular, this book examines the no-fault compensation funds underpinning the World Health Organization's COVAX scheme, which was established in early 2021.

A Comparative Law Analysis of No-Fault Comprehensive Compensation Funds provides valuable new insights for academics, practitioners, policymakers and students in both common law and civil jurisdictions.
‘Mutuality in mission’: studying the scholarly ideals and practices of Frans J. Verstraelen and Gerdien Verstraelen-Gilhuis (1942–89)
Authors: Kompier Sjoerd
Published: November 2023

This article sheds light on the scholarly ideal of mutuality in the work of the missiologist, Frans J. Verstraelen, and the historian, Gerdien Verstraelen-Gilhuis. The couple were active in Zambia in the 1970s and devoutly Christian. Stemming from the theology of mission, mutuality refers to mutual assistance between ‘localized’ churches relating to personnel, material resources and, importantly, ideas. The ideal was posited during mission conferences and the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) in an effort to alter the relationship between former colonial metropoles and churches in newly independent countries. By highlighting different types of sources from the Verstraelen Collection, an image emerges of how the ideal of mutuality manifested itself in scholarly practices of fieldwork and knowledge dissemination. This study was inspired by Larissa Schulte Nordholt’s recent doctoral research on the drafting process of UNESCO’s General History of Africa (1964–1998). In scholarly personae and ideals she identified a useful lens through which to explore how processes of knowledge production on the African continent changed along with political decolonization.
Africa and African languages in the SOAS Library’s Special Collections
Authors: Akhoun-Schwarb Dominique
Published: November 2023

SOAS (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London) Library is one of only five National Research Libraries in the UK and one of the most important academic libraries for the study of Asia, Africa and the Middle East. The African Language Collection at SOAS is unique in the UK and Europe in terms of its linguistic span and significance. The Library seeks to acquire material in and on all languages present on the African continent, not just those taught and researched at SOAS. The range of material within the Main Library collection and the history of the collection will be briefly evoked, before I bring the focus back to the items about African studies and/or from Africa that are held in the Special Collections of the Library. Those collections include archival collections, rare books collections (including discrete sub-collections of published material such as libraries from missionaries’ societies and/or academic scholars) and manuscripts in African languages. After briefly describing those collections, I point to ways of accessing them. I conclude this short overview by highlighting a few of the challenges of curating publications and manuscripts in African languages.
Chilembwe in Trafalgar Square – an appraisal
Authors: Stuart-Mogg David T.
Published: November 2023

In September 2022 Samson Kambalu attracted international attention when his 5.5 metre statue of John Chilembwe, who led a brief, bloody and ultimately unsuccessful revolt against British colonial rule in Nyasaland in 1915, was displayed on the fourth plinth in London’s Trafalgar Square. This impressive statue towers above an accompanying statue of British missionary, the Rev. John Chorley, who was then Chilembwe’s only known white friend and confidant. The reason for their disparate heights is stated to be an indicator of their respective relevance and locus each to the other in Malawi’s rich history. The artistic merit of the statues is unquestioned. Unfortunately, an apparent lack of rigour in providing historical context to the statues may have unwittingly detracted from the already well known, powerful and compelling story of John Chilembwe. This article seeks to redress the balance in terms of historical accuracy and provide timely context to Chilembwe’s aspirations, tribulations and untimely death at the hands of African police.
A biblio-historiographical study of doctoral theses in history at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, 1961–21
Authors: Amusa Saheed Balogun
Published: November 2023

Doctoral studies have remained the most advanced training for potential academics and scholars all over the world. Also, the research products of doctoral studies, that is, doctoral theses, are the flagships of original research efforts from universities and research institutes across the globe. Against this background, this paper examines the growth and development of doctoral training in the Department of History of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. It also provides bibliographic and historiographical analyses of the twenty-nine doctoral theses submitted to the Department in its sixty years of existence from 1961 to 2021. It shows that doctoral research outputs from the Department are based on oral, ethnographic and documentary evidence on major historical developments in the pre-colonial, colonial and postcolonial Yorubaland, Nigeria, and neighbouring West African states like Benin Republic and the Gambia. The article concludes that doctoral training and theses at Ife have resulted in landmark historical publications and have produced renowned historians who are making scholarly waves within and outside Nigeria.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales incidence in the South-East Asia region: an observational study
Authors: Linn Kyaw Zaw , Sutjipto Stephanie , Ng Oon Tek , Teo Jeanette , Cherng Benjamin Pei Zhi , Tan Thean Yen , Pada Surinder Kaur , Ooi Say Tat , Smitasin Nares , Thoon Koh Cheng , Huan Xiaowei , De Partha Pratim , Chan Douglas , Tee Nancy Wen Sim , Ang Michelle , Hsu Li Yang , Lin Raymond Tzer Pin , Ng Tong Yong , Deepak Rama Narayana , Koh Tse Hsien , Apisarnthanarak Anucha , Ponnampalavanar Sasheela , Venkatachalam Indumathi , Marimuthu Kalisvar
Published: November 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic led to an initial increase in the incidence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) from clinical cultures in South-East Asia hospitals, which was unsustained as the pandemic progressed. Conversely, there was a decrease in CRE incidence from surveillance cultures and overall combined incidence. Further studies are needed for future pandemic preparedness.
Engaging youth as citizen scientists to determine health needs of New Brunswick adults
Authors: Heinert Sara W. , Ciezak Joanne , Clifford Jeremiah , Cunningham Tamara , Aamir Affan , Penugonda Ananya , Hudson Shawna V.
Published: November 2023

Community health needs assessments (CHNAs) are important tools to determine community health needs, however, populations that face inequities may not be represented in existing data. The use of mixed methods becomes essential to ensure the needs of underrepresented populations are included in the assessment. We created an in-school public health course where students acted as citizen scientists to determine health needs in New Brunswick, New Jersey adults. By engaging members of their own community, students reached more representative respondents and health needs of the local community than a CHNA completed by the academic hospital located in the same community as the school which relies on many key health statistics provided at a county level. New Brunswick adults reported significantly more discrimination, fewer healthy behaviors, more food insecurity, and more barriers to accessing healthcare than county-level participants. New Brunswick participants had significantly lower rates of health conditions but also had significantly lower rates of health screenings and higher rates of barriers to care. Hospitals should consider partnering with local schools to engage students to reach populations that face inequities, such as individuals who do not speak English, to obtain more representative CHNA data.
Paper Trails: Exposing Racism in the History of School Finance
Authors: Cyna Esther
Published: November 2023

How can we better situate resource inequities between schools in the longer history of racial oppression and discrimination in the United States? This article provides both a historiographical panorama of the field on a range of topics related to school finance and a roadmap of archival and research paths. It seeks to sketch out the contours of a burgeoning field to show that historians of school finance have the potential to make racial dispossession a central tenet of their analyses. First, I lay out a longer timeline for the periodization of school finance history than most of the previous scholarship has adopted to recast school funding inequality within the racialized context of land and capital dispossession. Second, I situate school finance more explicitly in US political history, showing how the study of school funding policies can illuminate major historiographical debates such as the history of tax revolts, federalism, local governance, and the development of US capitalism. Finally, I chart some of the directions historians can follow to study a wider array of school finance policies beyond the surface of state school funding formulae to make the role of policymakers at all levels of education policy more visible, and to further ground school finance developments in their racial contexts.
Paulus, der „Sklave Christi Jesu“ (Gal 1,10; Röm 1,1; Phil 1,1), im Lichte des römischen Rechts
Authors: Becker Eve-Marie , Babusiaux Ulrike
Published: November 2023

In Gal 1:10, Rom 1:1, and Phil 1:1 Paul refers to himself as δοῦλος Χριστοῦ (Ἰησοῦ). This self-designation is open to interpretation. What is the function of this claim of roles, which is slightly varied syntagmatically in the three passages mentioned, i.e., tends to be linguistically flexible on Paul's part and thus adapted to the context in each case? The present contribution is intended to expand the interpretive framework with an aspect that has been rather neglected in previous Pauline research, when it invokes the interpretive context of Roman law. For it is Roman law that is of particular interest for the self-definition as a slave. In Roman legal discourse, which finds universal application through the ius gentium as the ‘law of all men' (Gaius 1.1), i.e. also application to non-Romans or the peregrinus, the scope of action for slaves in relation to their ‘masters' is also conceptually determined by taking into account the ‘human characteristic of the slave'. Within the interpretive framework of ancient Roman law, therefore, those lines of meaning in Pauline self-fashioning as δοῦλος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ that reveal self-designation in subordination to Christ as enabling ambition, zeal, honour, and success are particularly revealing. These aspects include (1) the Pauline description of status and the legitimation and exposition of his (2) relationship to the “Lord”, the description of (3) his areas of work and responsibilities, and his (4) socio-economic living conditions and lifestyle. Thus, against the background of ancient Roman law, which primarily focused on its pragmatisation rather than problematising the socio-historical reality of slaves or the moral-philosophical attitude toward slavery, certain aspects of Paul's understanding of himself and his apostolate can be more sharply defined.
The Subscriptions to Mark's Gospel and History of Reception
Authors: Elmelund Conrad Thorup , Wasserman Tommy
Published: November 2023

This article surveys the subscriptions to the Gospel of Mark in 157 Greek manuscripts, noting their gradual development from being identical to the title in the earliest phase to becoming more and more elaborate and significant for the history of interpretation. Early on, as reflected in the title, the Second Gospel was associated with Mark, known to be Peter's disciple and interpreter. In the fourth or fifth century, an editor added the information that it was written (or spoken) by Mark in Latin in Rome as reflected in the Peshitta and later Byzantine manuscripts. At some point between the seventh and ninth centuries, an unknown editor added dates for each of the four Gospels from a source which has been attributed to Hippolytus’ Chronicle, and in the process made a cascading error which resulted in too early dates for Mark, Luke and John. In the archetype of Family 13, these traditions were combined which suggests that the archetype of Family 13 is no earlier than the eighth century. A main factor behind this gradual growth of the subscriptions is authentication and authorisation – in the case of the Second Gospel, the association with Mark and Peter legitimates its claim of apostolicity and orthodoxy. Moreover, the situating of each Gospel in time and space through the subscriptions not only satisfies human curiosity but contributes to the construction of an ancient Christian ‘landscape of memory’, reflecting the collective memory of the early Christians, thus shaping and enhancing their identity.
Direct Copying in a Group of Gospel Manuscripts with Catenae
Authors: Patton Andrew J.
Published: November 2023

Four of the witnesses selected for the Editio Critica Maior of Mark are witnesses to a unique combination of catena commentaries on the Gospels not found in any other manuscripts. An analysis of their text in the Gospel of Mark, using the tools of the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method, shows that they also feature an almost identical form of the biblical text that frequently diverges from both the Majority Text and all other Greek New Testament manuscripts. These four manuscripts, GA 238, GA 377, GA 807 and GA 1160, therefore, constitute a group within the textual tradition of the Gospels. This article provides the evidence that GA 377 is a direct copy of GA 807. No other instances of direct copying can be proven within the group, but their agreement raises the possibility that they are siblings. The format of the catenae may explain the high degree of homogeneity in this group of Gospels manuscripts.
Injection drug use and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men: A retrospective cohort study at an HIV/AIDS referral hospital in Tokyo, 2013–2022
Authors: Ikeuchi Kazuhiko , Saito Makoto , Adachi Eisuke , Koga Michiko , Okushin Kazuya , Tsutsumi Takeya , Yotsuyanagi Hiroshi
Published: November 2023

Men who have sex with men (MSM) who use injection drugs (MSM-IDU) are at high risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), but the long-term incidence is unclear. We conducted a single-centre retrospective cohort study using the clinical records of non-haemophilia men with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who visited the Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo (IMSUT) Hospital, located in Tokyo, Japan, from 2013 to 2022. We analysed 575 patients including 62 heterosexual males and 513 MSM patients, of whom 6.8% (35/513) were injection drug use (IDU). Compared to non-IDU MSM, MSM-IDU had a higher incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) (44.8 vs 3.5 /1,000 person-years (PY); incidence rate ratio (IRR) [95% confidence interval (95% CI)], 12.8 [5.5–29.3], p < 0.001) and syphilis (113.8 vs 53.3 /1,000 PY; IRR, 2.1 [1.4–3.1], p < 0.001). The incidence of other symptomatic STIs (amoebiasis, chlamydia, and gonorrhoea infections) was <4/1,000 PY. In multivariable Poisson regression analysis, HCV incidence was associated with MSM (IRR, 1.8 × 106 [9.9 × 105–3.4 × 106], p < 0.001), IDU (IRR, 10.1 [4.0–25.6], p < 0.001), and syphilis infection during the study period (IRR, 25.0 [1.2–518.3]/time/year, p < 0.001). Among men with HIV, the prevalence of IDU in MSM and the long-term incidence of STIs in MSM-IDU were high. IDU and sexual contact are important modes of transmission of HCV among HIV-infected MSM in Tokyo.