bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creating the Cosmopolitan US Undergraduate: Study Abroad and An Emergent Global Student Profile
Authors: Mazon Brad K.
Published: August 2009

Undergraduates in the USA bring to college a wide array of backgrounds, resources, and supports that make it more or less likely that they will participate in study abroad during their undergraduate career. This study investigates the experiences of undergraduates who have studied abroad, as well as the elements that facilitate the study abroad experience. The data suggests that students must overcome a number of constraints in order to study abroad. While the paths to study abroad are divergent, a number of common individual and institutional factors affect students' likelihood for successful participation in a study abroad experience while at college. The data indicate that students must have at their disposal the necessary tools to overcome significant hurdles to study abroad. Institutions of higher education play a crucial role in facilitating not only the study abroad process itself, but also the pre-existing mindset, goals, and sense of agency that students possess in order to take advantage of study abroad opportunities.
Confirmation of Genetic Associations at ELMO1 in the GoKinD Collection Supports Its Role as a Susceptibility Gene in Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Pezzolesi Marcus G. , Katavetin Pisut , Kure Masahiko , Poznik G. David , Skupien Jan , Mychaleckyj Josyf C. , Rich Stephen S. , Warram James H. , Krolewski Andrzej S.
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVE

To examine the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the engulfment and cell motility 1 (ELMO1) gene, a locus previously shown to be associated with diabetic nephropathy in two ethnically distinct type 2 diabetic populations, and the risk of nephropathy in type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Genotypic data from a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) of the Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes (GoKinD) study collection were analyzed for associations across the ELMO1 locus. In total, genetic associations were assessed using 118 SNPs and 1,705 individuals of European ancestry with type 1 diabetes (885 normoalbuminuric control subjects and 820 advanced diabetic nephropathy case subjects).

RESULTS

The strongest associations in ELMO1 occurred at rs11769038 (odds ratio [OR] 1.24; P = 1.7 × 10−3) and rs1882080 (OR 1.23; P = 3.2 × 10−3) located in intron 16. Two additional SNPs, located in introns 18 and 20, respectively, were also associated with diabetic nephropathy. No evidence of association for variants previously reported in type 2 diabetes was observed in our collection.

CONCLUSIONS

Using GWAS data from the GoKinD collection, we comprehensively examined evidence of association across the ELMO1 locus. Our investigation marks the third report of associations in ELMO1 with diabetic nephropathy, further establishing its role in the susceptibility of this disease. There is evidence of allelic heterogeneity, contributed by the diverse genetic backgrounds of the different ethnic groups examined. Further investigation of SNPs at this locus is necessary to fully understand the commonality of these associations and the mechanism(s) underlying their role in diabetic nephropathy.
Stability of canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentration in serum samples and effects of long-term administration of prednisone to dogs on serum canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations
Authors: Steiner Jörg M. , Teague Sheila R. , Lees George E. , Willard Michael D. , Williams David A. , Ruaux Craig G.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To evaluate stability of canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) in serum samples and to determine the effect of long-term administration of prednisone on serum cPLI concentrations.

Sample Population—8 canine serum samples for the stability evaluation and serum samples obtained from 6 healthy young adult heterozygous (carrier) dogs with X-linked hereditary nephritis for determining the effect of prednisone administration.

Procedures—To evaluate stability of serum cPLI concentration, an aliquot of each serum sample was stored at each of 4 temperatures between −80° and 24°C; samples were analyzed on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21. To determine the effect of long-term prednisone administration, pretreatment serum samples were obtained (days 0 and 14) and prednisone was administered (2.2 mg/kg, q 24 h, PO) on days 15 through 42, with serum samples obtained on days 28 and 42. Additional serum samples were obtained on days 56 and 70.

Results—Mean serum cPLI concentrations did not change significantly from day 0 to day 21 regardless of storage temperature. Serum cPLI concentrations in dogs after prednisone administration were within the reference range for all dogs at all time points, and results of repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that serum cPLI concentrations did not change significantly over time.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Serum cPLI concentrations measured in canine serum samples stored at room temperature, in a refrigerator, or in a freezer at −20° or −80°C were stable for at least 21 days. Also, long-term prednisone administration to dogs did not significantly affect serum cPLI concentrations.
Association of HOXA10, ZFPM2, and MMP2 genes with scrotal hernias evaluated via biological candidate gene analyses in pigs
Authors: Zhao Xia , Du Zhi-Qiang , Vukasinovic Natascha , Rodriguez Fernanda , Clutter Archie C. , Rothschild Max F.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To evaluate the associations between 14 biological candidate genes and scrotal hernias in pigs.

Animals—1,534 Pietrain-based pigs, including 692 individuals from 298 pig families and 842 male pigs without family information.

Procedures—Pigs were classified as affected or unaffected for scrotal hernias. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of candidate genes were analyzed via PCR assays and genotyped. Statistical analyses were performed on the family-trio and the case-control data.

Results—2 genes involved in collagen metabolism (homeobox A10 [HOXA10] and matrix metalloproteinases 2 [MMP2]) and 1 gene encoding zinc finger protein multitype 2 (ZFPM2, important in the development of diaphragmatic hernia) were significantly associated with hernias. Pigs with these genotypes had high odds of developing scrotal hernias in the case and control groups (2 ZFPM2 variants: odds ratio, 4.3 [95% confidence interval, 2.78 to 6.64] and 4.45[95%confidenceinterval,2.88to6.88]). Anothergene, collagentypeII A 1(COL2A1),was potentially involved in hernia development.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—HOXA10, ZFPM2, MMP2, and COL2A1 could have important roles in pig hernia development and potentially be useful for marker-assisted selection in the pig industry.

Impact for Human Medicine—Pigs are used for the study of many human diseases because of their physiologic similarities. Genes associated with scrotal hernias in this study may be directly used in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this defect in humans.
Identification of chromosomal regions associated with cranial cruciate ligament rupture in a population of Newfoundlands
Authors: Wilke Vicki L. , Zhang Shu , Evans Richard B. , Conzemius Michael G. , Rothschild Max F.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To identify chromosomal regions associated with cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) in a population of Newfoundlands.

Animals—90 client-owned Newfoundlands.

Procedures—A pedigree was constructed for dogs that did or did not have CCLR (determined on the basis of physical examination and radiographic findings). From this pedigree, affected and unaffected dogs were selected for genotyping on the basis of their predicted statistical likelihood of being homozygous CCLR-unaffected (n = 53) or homozygous CCLR-affected (37) dogs. Genotyping was performed for 532 microsatellite markers (MSATs). Comparisons of genotypes and allele frequencies were made between CCLR-affected and CCLR-unaffected dogs.

Results—In the selected population, 495 MSATs were informative with a mean interval between markers of 5.5 centimorgans. Eighty-six MSATs were significantly associated with the CCLR trait, whereas 4 markers (located on 4 chromosomes) were significantly associated with the trait when false discovery rate (q value) was controlled at the 0.05 level. Subsequent initial validation confirmed significant trait association for 3 of the 4 MSATs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In the population of Newfoundlands, 4 MSATs that were located on 4 chromosomes were significantly associated with the CCLR trait. Three of those markers were validated in part via genotyping additional closely located markers. The MSATs that were associated with the CCLR trait were identified in all regions (except for those on chromosome 24). Newfoundlands with CCLR could be used to study the disease process associated with anterior cruciate ligament injuries that occur in young female human athletes.
Use of interfering RNAs targeted against feline herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D for inhibition of feline herpesvirus 1 infection of feline kidney cells
Authors: Wilkes Rebecca P. , Kania Stephen A.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To evaluate the use of RNA interference targeted against feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) glycoprotein D for inhibition of FHV-1 infection of feline kidney cells.

Sample Population—Crandell-Rees feline kidney cells.

Procedures—Crandell-Rees feline kidney cells were transfected with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that were designed to inhibit expression of FHV-1 glycoprotein D. The effectiveness of the treatment was determined via measurement of amounts of glycoprotein D mRNA, intracellular glycoprotein D, and glycoprotein D expressed on the surface of infected cells and comparison with appropriate control sample data.

Results—2 of 6 siRNAs tested were highly effective in reducing expression (ie, knockdown) of glycoprotein D mRNA; there were 77% and 85% reductions in mRNA in treated samples, compared with findings in the control samples. The knockdown of glycoprotein D mRNA resulted in reduced glycoprotein D protein production, as evidenced by 27% and 43% decreases in expression of glycoprotein D on the surface of siRNA-treated, FHV-1–infected cells and decreased expression of the protein within infected cells, compared with control samples. Treatment with these siRNAs also resulted in inhibition of FHV-1 replication, with reductions of 84% and 77% in amounts of virus released into cell culture supernatant, compared with findings in control samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—2 chemically produced siRNAs that targeted the glycoprotein D gene significantly reduced FHV-1 titers in treated cells, suggesting that glycoprotein D is necessary for production of infective virions. This gene is a potential target for RNA interference as a means of inhibition of FHV-1 infection of feline cells.
Determination of mechanical properties of canine carpal ligaments
Authors: Shetye Snehal S. , Malhotra Ketan , Ryan Stewart D. , Puttlitz Christian M.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To evaluate the mechanical properties of canine carpal ligaments for use in a finite element model of the canine antebrachium.

Sample Population—26 forelimbs obtained from cadavers of 13 dogs euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study.

Procedures—6 ligaments (medial collateral, lateral collateral, palmar ulnocarpal, palmar radiocarpal, accessorometacarpal-V, and accessorometacarpal-IV) were evaluated. Quasistatic tensile tests were performed on all specimens (n = 8 specimens/ligament) by use of a servohydraulic materials testing system in conjunction with a 6-df load cell. Each specimen was preconditioned for 10 cycles by applying 2% strain by use of a Haversine waveform. Tension was subsequently applied to each specimen at a strain rate of 0.5%/s until ligament failure.

Results—Significant differences in modulus of elasticity were detected among the ligaments. Elastic modulus did not differ significantly between the 2 accessorometacapal ligaments, between the 2 collateral ligaments, or between the 2 palmar carpal ligaments. Ligaments were classified into 3 groups (accessorometacarpal ligaments, intra-articular ligaments, and palmar carpal ligaments), and significant differences were detected among the 3 ligament groups. The accessorometacarpal ligaments had a relatively high elastic modulus, compared with results for the other ligaments. The medial and lateral collateral ligaments had the lowest elastic modulus of any of the ligaments tested.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These results indicated a strong function-elastic modulus relationship for the 6 ligaments tested. The mechanical properties described here will be of use in creating a finite element model of the canine antebrachium.
Effects of intravenous administration of pirfenidone on horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia
Authors: Poulin Braim Amy E. , MacDonald Melinda H. , Bruss Michael L. , Grattendick Ken J. , Giri Shri N. , Margolin Solomon B.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To characterize effects of IV administration of pirfenidone on clinical, biochemical, and hematologic variables and circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations in horses after infusion of a low dose of endotoxin.

Animals—18 healthy adult horses.

Procedures—Horses were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n = 6 horses/group) and administered an IV infusion of 30 ng of endotoxin/kg or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution during a 30-minute period. Lipopolysaccharide-pirfenidone horses received endotoxin followed by pirfenidone (loading dose of 11.6 mg/kg and then constant rate infusion [CRI] at 9.9 mg/kg/h for 3 hours). Lipopolysaccharide-saline horses received endotoxin followed by infusion (loading dose and CRI for 3 hours) of saline solution. Saline-pirfenidone horses received saline solution followed by pirfenidone (loading dose and then CRI for 3 hours). Physical examination variables were recorded and blood samples collected at predetermined intervals throughout the 24-hour study period. Blood samples were used for CBCs, biochemical analyses, and determinations of TNF-α concentrations.

Results—IV infusion of pirfenidone after administration of a low dose of endotoxin failed to attenuate the clinical, clinicopathologic, or cytokine alterations that developed secondary to endotoxin exposure. Intravenous infusion of pirfenidone after administration of saline solution induced mild transient clinical signs, but associated clinicopathologic changes were not detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—IV administration of pirfenidone was tolerated with only mild transient clinical adverse effects during infusion. However, administration of pirfenidone did not protect horses from the systemic effects of experimentally induced endotoxemia. Further studies of related, but more potent, drugs may be warranted.
Effect of triheptanoin on muscle metabolism during submaximal exercise in horses
Authors: McCue Molly E. , Valberg Stephanie J. , Pagan Joe D. , Essén-Gustavsson Birgitta , Roe Charles R.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To compare effects of corn oil or a 7-carbon fat (triheptanoin) on acylcarnitine, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism in plasma or muscle of exercising horses.

Animals—8 Thoroughbred geldings.

Procedures—Horses received isocaloric diets containing 650 mL of oil (triheptanoin or corn oil)/d for 18 or 25 days in a crossover design with a 26-day washout period. On day 17 or 24 of each feeding period, the respective oil (217 mL) was nasogastrically administered; 120 minutes later, horses performed a 90-minute submaximal exercise test (SET). Blood and muscle samples were obtained before oil administration and immediately before (blood only), during (blood only), immediately after, and 24 hours after SETs.

Results—Compared with values before oil administration, triheptanoin administration increased plasma insulin and C7:0-, C5:0- and C3:0-acylcarnitine concentrations, whereas corn oil administration increased plasma NEFA concentrations. During SETs, plasma C7:0-, C5:0-, and C3:0-acylcarnitine concentrations were higher when triheptanoin, rather than corn oil, was administered to horses. Plasma glucose, NEFA, and C2:0-, C18:1-, and C18:2-acylcarnitine concentrations increased during SETs similarly for both oils. Respiratory quotient and muscle lactate, citrate, malate, glycogen, and ATP concentrations changed similarly from before to after SETs for both oils. Compared with muscle concentrations immediately after SETs, those for glucose-6-phosphate and citrate 24 hours after SETs were lower and for glycogen were similar to values before SETs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Fatigue was not associated with depletion of citric acid cycle intermediates for either oil. Triheptanoin induced a significantly higher insulin secretion and did not appear to enhance muscle glycogen repletion.
Effect of intravenous administration of tramadol hydrochloride on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in rabbits
Authors: Egger Christine M. , Souza Marcy J. , Greenacre Cheryl B. , Cox Sherry K. , Rohrbach Barton W.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To evaluate the effect of IV administration of tramadol hydrochloride on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (ISOMAC) that prevented purposeful movement of rabbits in response to a noxious stimulus.

Animals—Six 6- to 12-month-old female New Zealand White rabbits.

Procedures—Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. A baseline ISOMAC was determined by clamping a pedal digit with sponge forceps until gross purposeful movement was detected or a period of 60 seconds elapsed. Subsequently, tramadol (4.4 mg/kg) was administered IV and the posttreatment ISOMAC (ISOMACT) was measured.

Results—Mean ± SD ISOMAC and ISOMACT values were 2.33 ± 0.13% and 2.12 ± 0.17%, respectively. The ISOMAC value decreased by 9 ± 4% after tramadol was administered. Plasma tramadol and its major metabolite (M1) concentrations at the time of ISOMACT determination varied widely (ranges, 181 to 636 ng/mL and 32 to 61 ng/mL, respectively). Intervals to determination of ISOMACT and plasma tramadol and M1 concentrations were not correlated with percentage change in the ISOMAC. Heart rate decreased significantly immediately after tramadol administration but by 10 minutes afterward was not different from the pretreatment value. Systolic arterial blood pressure decreased to approximately 60 mm Hg for approximately 5 minutes in 3 rabbits after tramadol administration. No adverse effects were detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—As administered, tramadol had a significant but clinically unimportant effect on the ISOMAC in rabbits. Higher doses of tramadol may provide clinically important reductions but may result in a greater degree of cardiovascular depression.
Evaluation of an osmotic pump for fentanyl administration in cats as a model for nondomestic felids
Authors: Sykes John M. , Cox Sherry , Ramsay Edward C.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To evaluate the reliability of an SC implanted osmotic pump (OP) for fentanyl administration in cats and to compare serum concentrations of fentanyl delivered via an OP and a transdermal patch (TP).

Animals—8 spayed female cats.

Procedures—In a crossover design, cats received fentanyl at 25 μg/h via a TP or an OP. All cats were anesthetized for the pump or patch placement (0 hours) and again when it was removed (96 hours). Venous blood samples were collected for measurement of serum fentanyl concentrations at 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours and at 24 and 48 hours after device removal. After a 3-week washout period, the experiment was repeated with each cat receiving the other treatment.

Results—Mean serum fentanyl concentrations at 24, 36, 72, and 96 hours were greater when the OP was used than when the TP was used. Mean residence time and half-life were greater when the TP was used. Fentanyl concentration changed significantly faster in initial and elimination phases when the OP was used. Marked interindividual variation in serum fentanyl concentrations was evident with both administration methods. No adverse effects were evident with either method.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of the OP to administer fentanyl to cats resulted in a shorter initial lag phase to a therapeutic serum concentration, higher bioavailability, and faster elimination after removal, compared with use of a TP. These advantages, in addition to the inability of cats to remove the OP, may make OPs useful for fentanyl administration in nondomestic felids.
Effect of administration of propofol and xylazine hydrochloride on recovery of horses after four hours of anesthesia with desflurane
Authors: Steffey Eugene P. , Mama Khursheed R. , Brosnan Robert J. , Imai Ayako , Maxwell Lara K. , Cole Cynthia A. , Stanley Scott D.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To compare characteristics of horses recovering from 4 hours of desflurane anesthesia with and without immediate postanesthetic IV administration of propofol and xylazine.

Animals—8 healthy horses (mean ± SEM age, 6.6 ± 1.0 years; mean body weight, 551 ± 50 kg).

Procedures—Horses were anesthetized twice. Both times, anesthesia was induced with a combination of xylazine hydrochloride, diazepam, and ketamine hydrochloride and then maintained for 4 hours with desflurane in oxygen. Choice of postanesthetic treatment was randomly assigned via a crossover design such that each horse received an IV injection of propofol and xylazine or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution after the anesthetic episode. Recovery events were quantitatively and qualitatively assessed. Venous blood samples were obtained before and after anesthesia for determination of serum creatine kinase activity and plasma propofol concentration.

Results—Anesthetic induction and maintenance were unremarkable in all horses. Compared with administration of saline solution, postanesthetic administration of propofol and xylazine resulted in an increased interval to emergence from anesthesia but improved quality of recovery-related transition to standing. Compared with administration of saline solution, administration of propofol also delayed the rate of decrease of end-tidal concentrations of desflurane and carbon dioxide and added to conditions promoting hypoxemia and hypoventilation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Propofol and xylazine administered IV to horses after 4 hours of desflurane anesthesia improved the quality of transition from lateral recumbency to standing but added potential for harmful respiratory depression during the postanesthetic period.
Influence of bone cements on bone-screw interfaces in the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones of horses
Authors: Hirvinen Laura J. M. , Litsky Alan S. , Samii Valerie F. , Weisbrode Steven E. , Bertone Alicia L.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To compare biomechanical strength, interface quality, and effects of bone healing in bone-implant interfaces that were untreated or treated with calcium phosphate cement (Ca-cement), magnesium phosphate cement (Mg-cement), or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in horses.

Animals—6 adult horses.

Procedures—4 screw holes were created (day 0) in each third metacarpal and third metatarsal bone of 6 horses. In each bone, a unicortical screw was placed in each hole following application of Ca-cement, Mg-cement, PMMA, or no treatment (24 screw holes/treatment). Screws were inserted to 2.82 N m torque. Horses were euthanized and bones were harvested at day 5 (16 screw holes/treatment) or day 182 (8 screw holes/treatment). Radiography, biomechanical testing, histomorphometry, and micro–computed tomography were performed to characterize the bone-implant interfaces.

Results—Use of Mg-cement increased the peak torque to failure at bone-implant interfaces, compared with the effects of no treatment and Ca-cement, and increased interface toughness, compared with the effects of no treatment, Ca-cement, and PMMA. Histologically, there was 44% less Ca-cement and 69% less Mg-cement at the interfaces at day 182, compared with amounts present at day 5. Within screw threads, Ca-cement increased mineral density, compared with PMMA or no treatment. In the bone adjacent to the screw, Mg-cement increased mineral density, compared with PMMA or no treatment. One untreated and 1 Ca-cement–treated screw backed out after day 5.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses, Mg-cement promoted bone-implant bonding and adjacent bone osteogenesis, which may reduce the risk of screw loosening.
Hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals for free-ranging common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and variation in the distributions of clinicopathologic values related to geographic sampling site
Authors: Schwacke Lori H. , Hall Ailsa J. , Townsend Forrest I. , Wells Randall S. , Hansen Larry J. , Hohn Aleta A. , Bossart Gregory D. , Fair Patricia A. , Rowles Teresa K.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To develop robust reference intervals for hematologic and serum biochemical variables by use of data derived from free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and examine potential variation in distributions of clinicopathologic values related to sampling sites' geographic locations.

Animals—255 free-ranging bottlenose dolphins.

Procedures—Data from samples collected during multiple bottlenose dolphin capture-release projects conducted at 4 southeastern US coastal locations in 2000 through 2006 were combined to determine reference intervals for 52 clinicopathologic variables. A nonparametric bootstrap approach was applied to estimate 95th percentiles and associated 90% confidence intervals; the need for partitioning by length and sex classes was determined by testing for differences in estimated thresholds with a bootstrap method. When appropriate, quantile regression was used to determine continuous functions for 95th percentiles dependent on length. The proportion of out-of-range samples for all clinicopathologic measurements was examined for each geographic site, and multivariate ANOVA was applied to further explore variation in leukocyte subgroups.

Results—A need for partitioning by length and sex classes was indicated for many clinicopathologic variables. For each geographic site, few significant deviations from expected number of out-of-range samples were detected. Although mean leukocyte counts did not vary among sites, differences in the mean counts for leukocyte subgroups were identified.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although differences in the centrality of distributions for some variables were detected, the 95th percentiles estimated from the pooled data were robust and applicable across geographic sites. The derived reference intervals provide critical information for conducting bottlenose dolphin population health studies.
Changes in tracheal dimensions during inspiration and expiration in healthy dogs as detected via computed tomography
Authors: Leonard Caroline D. , Johnson Lynelle R. , Bonadio Cecily M. , Pollard Rachel E.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To determine the degree of fluctuation in tracheal dimensions between forced inspiration and passive expiration in healthy dogs of various sizes.

Animals—10 client-owned dogs with no evidence of respiratory disease or tracheal collapse.

Procedures—Anesthetized dogs underwent a computed tomographic examination during forced inspiration and induced but passive expiration to assess tracheal dimensions. Tracheal height, width, and cross-sectional area were measured at inspiration and expiration, and percentage change in dimension was calculated for each variable.

Results—Measurements were acquired in 10 dogs that ranged in body weight from 3.5 to 47.8 kg. Tracheal cross-sectional area at inspiration and expiration was associated with body weight at all 3 tracheal regions. The percentage change in tracheal height and cross-sectional area was associated with body weight in the cervical but not the thoracic-inlet or thoracic regions. The tracheal cross-sectional area changed by as much as 24.2% (mean, 5.5%), 20.0% (mean, 6.0%), and 18.6% (mean, 6.0%) in the cervical, thoracic-inlet, and thoracic regions, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The change in tracheal cross-sectional area from inspiration to expiration was as great as 24% in healthy dogs, and the area was associated with body weight. Respiratory fluctuations appeared to result in changes in tracheal dimension during respiration similar to those reported for humans.
Effect of firocoxib or flunixin meglumine on recovery of ischemic-injured equine jejunum
Authors: Cook Vanessa L. , Meyer Colleen T. , Campbell Nigel B. , Blikslager Anthony T.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To determine whether treatment of horses with firocoxib affects recovery of ischemic-injured jejunum, while providing effective analgesia.

Animals—18 horses.

Procedures—Horses (n = 6 horses/group) received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (1 mL/50 kg, IV), flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg, IV, q 12 h), or firocoxib (0.09 mg/kg, IV, q 24 h) before 2 hours of jejunal ischemia. Horses were monitored via pain scores and received butorphanol for analgesia. After 18 hours, ischemic-injured and control mucosa were placed in Ussing chambers for measurement of transepithelial resistance and permeability to lipopolysaccharide. Histomorphometry was used to determine denuded villus surface area. Western blots for cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 were performed. Plasma thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 metabolite (PGEM) concentrations were determined.

Results—Pain scores did not significantly increase after surgery in horses receiving flunixin meglumine or firocoxib. Transepithelial resistance of ischemic-injured jejunum from horses treated with flunixin meglumine was significantly lower than in saline- or firocoxib-treated horses. Lipopolysaccharide permeability across ischemic-injured mucosa was significantly increased in horses treated with flunixin meglumine. Treatment did not affect epithelial restitution. Cyclooxygenase-1 was constitutively expressed and COX-2 was upregulated after 2 hours of ischemia. Thromboxane B2 concentration decreased with flunixin meglumine treatment but increased with firocoxib or saline treatment. Flunixin meglumine and firocoxib prevented an increase in PGEM concentration after surgery.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Flunixin meglumine retarded mucosal recovery in ischemic-injured jejunum, whereas firocoxib did not. Flunixin meglumine and firocoxib were effective visceral analgesics. Firocoxib may be advantageous in horses recovering from ischemic intestinal injury.
Spectroscopic observation of helium-ion- and hydrogen-catalyzed hydrino transitions
Authors: Mills Randell , Lu Ying , Akhtar Kamran
Published: August 2009

Four predictions of Mills’ Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics (GUTCP) regarding atomic hydrogen undergoing a catalytic reaction with certain atomized elements and ions which resonantly, nonradiatively accept integer multiples of the potential energy of atomic hydrogen, m · 27.2 eV wherein m is an integer, have been confirmed experimentally. Specifically, a catalyst comprises a chemical or physical process with an enthalpy change equal to an integer multiple m of the potential energy of atomic hydrogen, 27.2 eV. For He+
m = 2, due to its ionization reaction to He2+, and two H atoms formed from H2 by collision with a third, hot H can also act as a catalyst with m = 2 for this third H. The product is H(1/p), fractional Rydberg states of atomic hydrogen called “hydrino atoms” wherein n = 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, …, 1/p(p≤137 is an integer) replaces the well-known parameter n = integer in the Rydberg equation for hydrogen excited states. The predictions for the hydrino reaction of (1) pumping of the catalyst excited states, (2) characteristic EUV continuum radiation, (3) fast H, and (4) hydrino products were observed in multiple catalyst-hydrogen plasma systems.
The hypergeneralized Heun equation in quantum field theory in curved space-times
Authors: Batic Davide , Sandoval Manuel
Published: August 2009

We show for the first time the role played by the hypergeneralized Heun equation (HHE) in the context of quantum field theory in curved space-times. More precisely, we find suitable transformations relating the separated radial and angular parts of a massive Dirac equation in the Kerr-Newman-deSitter metric to a HHE.
Series solution of hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer with Hall effect in a second grade fluid over a stretching sheet
Authors: Ayub Muhammad , Zaman Haider , Ahmad Masud
Published: August 2009

We examine the problem of flow and heat transfer in a second grade fluid over a stretching sheet [K. Vajravelu, T. Roper, Int. J. Nonlinear Mech. 34, 1031 (1999)]. The equations considered by Vajravelu and Roper [K. Vajravelu, T. Roper, Int. J. Nonlinear Mech. 34, 1031 (1999)], are found to be incorrect in the literature. In this paper, we not only corrected the equation but found a useful analytic solution to this important problem. We also extended the problem for hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer with Hall effect. The explicit analytic homotopy solution for the velocity field and heat transfer are presented. Graphs for the velocity field, skin friction coefficient, and rate of heat transfer are presented. Tables for the skin friction coefficient and rate of heat transfer are also presented. The convergence of the solution is also properly checked and discussed.
First-principles study of zinc-blende to rocksalt phase transition in BN
Authors: Cui Shouxin , Feng Wenxia , Hu Haiquan , Feng Zhenbao
Published: August 2009

The structural, electronic and elastic properties of the cubic boron nitride (BN) compound are investigated by a first-principle pseudopotential method. The calculations show that the structural phase transition from the zinc-blende(ZB) structure to the rocksalt (RS) structure occurs at a transition pressure of 1088 GPa and with a volume reduction of 3.1%. Both the ZB and RS structures of BN have indirect gaps, with energy gaps of 4.80 eV and 2.11 eV, respectively. The positive pressure derivative of the indirect band gap (Γ-X) energy for the the ZB phase and the predicted ultrahigh metallization pressure are attributed to the absence of d occupations in the valence bands. The increase of the shear modulus with increasing pressure implies that the lattice stability becomes higher when BN is compressed.
Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau equation in Robertson-Walker space-time
Authors: Falek Mokhtar , Merad Mahmoud
Published: August 2009

The (1+1)-dimensional Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau (DKP) equation (for spin 0 and 1) in the Robertson-Walker Space-time is solved. The exact solution is then determined for both cases. As an application, the rate of the created particles in the presence of gravity is calculated via the Bogoliubov transformations technique.
Photoionization cross section and refractive-index change of hydrogenic impurities in a CdS-SiO2 spherical quantum dot
Authors: Yılmaz Sait , Şafak Haluk , Şahingoz Recep , Erol Mustafa
Published: August 2009

In this study, we calculate the photoionization cross section and refractive-index change of an on-center hydrogenic impurity in a CdS-SiO2 spherical quantum dot. In numerical calculations, both the finite- and infinite-confinement cases are considered and a variational scheme is adopted to determine the energy eigenvalues for the impurity. The variations of the photoionization cross section with the dot radius, the refractive-index change, and the normalized photon energy are investigated, and the effect of the potential-barrier height on the cross section is discussed. The results obtained show that the photoionization cross section and the refractive-index change in CdS-SiO2 spherical quantum dots are sensitively dependent on the incident optical intensity and on the dot sizes.
Antimicrobial therapy in neonatal foals
Authors: Corley K. T. T. , Hollis A. R.
Published: August 2009

There are several differences in treatment of neonatal foals with antimicrobials, compared to mature horses. Firstly, the dose of many antimicrobials is different in the foal. For orally administered drugs, this may also affect their efficacy, due to different enteral absorption. Secondly, neonatal foals are not yet hindgut fermentors and this allows antimicrobials with a high propensity to cause colitis in mature horses to be used. Thirdly, toxicities are different and some antimicrobials used in mature horses, such as enrofloxacin, are not suitable for use in foals. Foal‐specific information is therefore needed for their safe and effective treatment with antimicrobials.
Lawsonia intracellularisproliferative enteropathy in a weanling foal, with a tentative histological diagnosis of lymphocytic plasmacytic enteritis
Authors: Allen K. J. , Pearson G. R. , Fews D. , McOrist S. , Brazil T. J.
Published: August 2009

This Case Report describes a weanling filly with protein‐losing enteropathy associated withLawsonia intracellularisinfection. This was diagnosed on the basis of a significant antibody response and a positive faecal PCR result. The histopathological lesion observed in proliferative enteropathy is mucosal hyperplasia, commonly affecting the ileum and colon in foals. Duodenal biopsies obtained from this filly revealed a lymphocytic plasmacytic infiltrate. The filly recovered completely following treatment with erythromycin and no additional medication was administered to treat the lymphocytic plasmacytic infiltrate. This Case Report suggests that lymphocytic plasmacytic infiltrates observed on duodenal biopsies may represent a nonspecific intestinal immune response.
Quality of equine veterinary care. Part 2: Client satisfaction in equine top sports medicine in The Netherlands
Authors: Loomans J. B. A. , Waaijer P. G. , Maree J. T. M. , van Weeren P. R. , Barneveld A.
Published: August 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate systematically the quality of equine veterinary top sports medicine in The Netherlands and the degree to which the expectations in the field are met. Focus was on structure, process and outcome of care. The structure of care is generally satisfactory but there is insufficient transfer of applicable scientific knowledge to the equine community and a lack of regular checks by team vets. The process of care is hampered by the failure in communication between the veterinary and paraveterinary members of a team. For continuation of the excellent international results of Dutch riders and drivers a more collaborative approach, abandoning the often secretive character of equine medicine in relation to sport horses, is necessary.
Colonic volvulus with defects of the mesenteric attachments in a yearling Friesian colt
Authors: Knowles E. J. , Mair T. S.
Published: August 2009

This report describes an unusual case of colonic volvulus associated with multiple mesenteric abnormalities. A yearling Friesian colt presented with signs of colic that persisted despite analgesia. The colt showed signs of circulatory compromise and had abnormal findings on rectal palpation. An exploratory laparotomy was performed. A complete volvulus of the ascending colon was identified associated with multiple mesenteric anomalies of unknown aetiology. The colt was subjected to euthanasia due to the extent of the intestinal damage and the likelihood of recurrence. The authors speculate that the anomalies may have been of genetic aetiology associated with a restricted gene pool.
Equine proliferative enteropathy caused byLawsonia intracellularis
Authors: Pusterla N. , Gebhart C.
Published: August 2009

Equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE) is a disease of foals caused by the obligate intracellular organismLawsonia intracellularis.This emerging disease affects mainly weanling foals and causes fever, lethargy, peripheral oedema, diarrhoea, colic and weight loss. The diagnosis of EPE may be challenging and relies on the presence of hypoproteinaemia, thickening of segments of the small intestinal wall observed on abdominal ultrasonography, positive serology and molecular detection ofL. intracellularisin faeces. Although the clinical entity, diagnostic work‐up and treatment of EPE are well established and described, the epidemiology for this disease has remained largely unaddressed. This article reviews the aetiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of EPE.
Comparison of the clinical efficacy of cefquinome with the combination of penicillin G and gentamicin in equine patients
Authors: Widmer A. , Kummer M. , Eser M. Wehrli , Fürst A.
Published: August 2009

This prospective, randomised, nonblinded study compared the clinical efficacy of cefquinome to that of a combination of penicillin and gentamicin. Patients (374 horses and 13 donkeys) at the equine hospital of the Vetsuisse‐Faculty of Zurich, presented from February‐October 2007, were divided into prophylactic and therapeutic treatment groups. Equids from these groups were randomly treated either with cefquinome or with the combination of sodium penicillin and gentamicin.

There was no significant difference between the 2 treatment groups for prophylactic indications. In the therapeutic group, cefquinome showed better efficacy, as demonstrated by fewer complications of wound healing and fewer treatment failures with subsequent change to another antibiotic. Side effects were very rare in both treatment groups. Cefquinome can be used with safety and efficacy in equids. Cefquinome had greater efficacy than the combination of penicillin and gentamicin in the therapeutic group. However, there was no difference between the 2 antibiotic treatments in the prophylactic group. In order to minimise the development of resistance, cefquinome should therefore not be used for routine prophylactic treatment.
Mandibular squamous cell carcinoma in a young horse
Authors: Monteiro S. , Lemberger K. , Gangl M.
Published: August 2009

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a frequently reported neoplasm in the horse. However, oral forms are uncommon and represent only 7% of all SCC. A literature review reveals a total of 13 cases of oral SCC with no apparent sex or breed predisposition but predominantly adult and old horses, mean age 16.5 years. This case report describes a 3.5‐year‐old pony filly that was presented for investigation of a mandibular fistula of 3 weeks' duration. The clinical and histopathological findings of mandibular squamous cell carcinoma in this filly are described in detail.
An Integrated Bayesian Model for DIF Analysis
Authors: Soares Tufi M. , Gonçalves Flávio B. , Gamerman Dani
Published: August 2009

In this article, an integrated bayesian model for differential item functioning (DIF) analysis is proposed. The model is integrated in the sense of modeling the responses along with the DIF analysis. This approach allows DIF detection and explanation in a simultaneous setup. Previous empirical studies and/or subjective beliefs about the item parameters, including differential functioning behavior, may be conveniently expressed in terms of prior distributions. Values of indicator variables are estimated in the model, indicating which items have DIF and which do not; as a result, the data analyst may not be required to specify an “anchor set” of items that do not exhibit DIF a priori to identify the model. It reduces the iterative procedures that are commonly used for proficiency purification and DIF detection and explanation. Examples demonstrate the efficiency of this method in simulated and real situations.
The Heirs of Buffalo Bill: Performing Authenticity in the Dime Western
Authors: Slagle Jefferson D.
Published: August 2009

This article examines how the dime-novel western is affected by the predominance of performance westerns such as film, Wild West, and stage drama. The dime western compulsively describes the bodies of its characters to establish their social meanings within both particular dime stories and larger narratives of frontier history. Dime-western bodies are marked so that audiences can scrutinize their authenticity, assessing quickly where each body fits in the pantheon of western history and comparing each body's actions to the historical “script.” The dime-novel western is assiduous in its devotion to revealing the truth of the body; whether disguised, mistaken, lost, unknown, or de-racialized, the dime western renders visible the authentic body, and each body is invariably rewarded or punished according to its ideological role in promoting or impeding popular notions of frontier history.
Tonto on Vacation, or How to Be an Indian Lawyer
Authors: Allen Chadwick
Published: August 2009

This essay investigates the Dell Comics series titled The Lone Ranger's Companion Tonto, produced between 1951 and 1959. In stark contrast to the other versions of this popular Indian character that appeared at one time or another in various media, the Dell comic books depict a Tonto who operates on his own, without the white Ranger at his side. These 1950s comic books, I argue, reflect the dominant culture's fantasy about the purpose of the newly formed Indian Claims Commission (ICC), created in 1946 as a “final solution” to the so-called “Indian problem.” In this public fantasy, Tonto is made to play the role of the “Indian lawyer”: a strategic go-between who ostensibly works on behalf of Indian tribes but who actually promotes the expropriation of Indigenous lands and the assimilation of Indigenous nations.
Reagan's Rainbow Rodeos: Queer Challenges to the Cowboy Dreams of Eighties America
Authors: Le Coney Christopher , Trodd Zoe
Published: August 2009

During the 1980s, both Hollywood and the Reagan administration attempted to resurrect frontier masculinity by rewriting the Vietnam War and rehabilitating its defeated hero: the straight-shooting cowboy. But a quarter-century before Ang Lee's Brokeback Mountain (2005) collided in the space of myth-making with America's latest cowboy president, individuals opened a counter-hegemonic space that challenged social marginalization in the public sphere. Picking up where subversive westerns from the late 1960s had left off, the little-known artist Delmas Howe and the founders of the International Gay Rodeo Association (IGRA) resisted the imposition of a rigidly heterosexual cowboy mythology and met the Reagan-era cowboy revival on a queer frontier. Examining John Schlesinger's Midnight Cowboy (1969), Andy Warhol's Lonesome Cowboys (1969), Howe's series of paintings entitled Rodeo Pantheon (1977–91), and the founding and rise of the IGRA (accompanied by interviews with IGRA participants), this article uncovers a rainbow rodeo that has challenged America's cowboy dreams.
Discourses of Frontier Violence and the Trauma of National Emergence in Larry McMurtry'sLonesome DoveQuartet
Authors: Madsen Deborah L.
Published: August 2009

This essay offers a revision of frontier mythologizing by engaging issues of gender, race, and nation from the perspective of trauma theory. Crucial questions about the relationship between dominant frontier values, on the one hand, and violence against women and non-Anglo groups (particularly Mexicans and Native Americans), on the other, are explored in a close reading of Larry McMurtry's Lonesome Dove quartet. The analysis focuses upon the “symbolic economy” of violence represented by McMurtry's use of the captivity motif and his representation of violent mestizo or mixed-blood characters who symbolize the conservative racial politics of his reappropriation of the western genre. This reading of the contemporary neo-western reveals larger implications for the ways in which we might reread the U S frontier as a national trauma narrative.