bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors of Successful Women Leadership in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Kattan Manal Matouq , De Pablos Heredero Carmen , Montes Botella Jose Luis , Margalina Vasilica Maria
Published: April 2016

Saudi woman encounters many shapes of sexual segregation that stand as an obstacle against her option to occupy a frontline leadership position. There are misconceptions in our society that women are not even suitable for leadership. This paper aims to highlight the factors promoting success in leading organizations in general and the success of women in particular with highlighting the status of Saudi women in these factors. The main hypothesis is “the more the woman has factors of leadership, the more success she may achieve in leading organizations”. A model including the factors promoting successful Saudi Women Leaders is proposed and discussed to ensure accuracy of the above mentioned hypothesis. The findings expect bright future for Saudi women in light of keenness of King Abdullah to support woman to play her role in the society and preserve the rights to demonstrate her success in leadership.
Does Conditionality on Borrowing Help?
Authors: Eyi-Mensah Prince
Published: April 2016

Borrowers of international financial institutions (IFIs) have both interest and conditionality to deal with. Using data from the World Governance Indicators (WGI), we investigated the influence of conditionality on borrowers. By applying a (RED) dynamic panel regression method, we found compelling evidence, which supports our intuition that conditionality increases the debt burden of borrowing countries. However, this was not the case for all the indebted countries. Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) had some of their external commitments reduced when they agreed to implement some sets of conditionality. In light of these findings, we posit that the advocated structural reforms which is used, as a justification for prescribing conditionality does not materialize as planned. It however, erodes the capacity of borrower countries toward their debt servicing obligations. A direct consequence is their (RED) incessant need for external development assistance. Results of the study also proved robust.
Teaching Children with Intellectual Disabilities: Analysis of Research-Based Recommendations
Authors: Räty Lauri M.O. , Kontu Elina K. , Pirttimaa Raija A.
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this qualitative study was to produce an overview of topics and practical recommendations that have been presented for teaching for students with intellectual disabilities in educational research articles published from 2000 to 2013. The sample of peer-reviewed research articles considering this topic was selected using a database search of the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC). To represent the richness of this research area, the topic was purposely left broad, and the outline was made by focusing on the practical implications of research articles. These recommendations were identified, classified, synthesized, and evaluated. The implications for practice and research are presented based on the findings of this study.
Finaliteit, representativiteit en kwaliteitsborging door de rechter
Authors: Arons T.M.C.
Published: April 2016

Finaliteit, representativiteit en kwaliteitsborging door de rechter. De sleutelbegrippen van het collectief actierecht

De sleutelbegrippen bij massaschade(geschilbeslechting): representativiteit, finaliteit en kwaliteitsborging door de rechter. De schadevergoedingeisende organisatie moet representatief zijn ter waarborging van de belangen van de achterban. Finaliteit betekent binding van deze achterban. Het gezag van gewijsde en het EVRM vereisen een opt-inmodel.
Tien jaar WCAM: een overzicht
Authors: Tillema I.
Published: April 2016

Tien jaar WCAM: een overzicht

In deze bijdrage geeft de auteur een overzicht van de WCAM-schikkingen die in de afgelopen tien jaar verbindend zijn verklaard. Daarnaast wordt ingezoomd op enkele aspecten omtrent de regeling, de belangenbehartigers en de financiering van hun activiteiten.
A Distância Temporal e o Ato de Presentear: Quando as Frustrações Dominam o Consumo
Authors: Ladeira Wagner Junior , Araujo Clecio Falcão , Santini Fernando Oliveira , Dalmoro Marlon
Published: April 2016

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar se um cenrio de presentear, dentro de uma distncia temporal, pode ser influenciado pela frustrao de um objetivo no alcanado. A partir de um plano experimental, foi verificando a indulgncia com os outros e consigo ao presentear no natal (Estudo 1), a influncia das frustraes prpria (Estudo 2) e dos outros (Estudo 3). Os resultados mostram que o aumento (diminuio) da frustrao com o objetivo traado para si prprio pode gerar indulgncia (controle) no momento de presentear tanto a si prprio quanto outra pessoa.
Preciso Mexer no Celular: A Influência do Autocontrole e da Depleção do Ego no Uso de Smartphones
Authors: Viacava Juan José Camou , Francisquetti Jessica Quinelli , Lima Letícia Ribeiro de Souza , De Oliveira Junior Eurico
Published: April 2016

O presente estudo avaliou o impacto de diferentes nveis de autocontrole e depleo do ego, na tentao de usar smartphones. A pesquisa foi composta por duas fases, sendo a primeira pesquisa exploratria de carter qualitativo e a segunda conclusiva causal, de carter quantitativo. Na fase exploratria foram feitas sete entrevistas, demonstrando que os indivduos viam o uso de celulares/smartphones como parte de suas vidas, mas tambm como uma tentao. Na segunda fase foi coletada uma amostra de 134 alunos de graduao para verificar a influncia do autocontrole e da depleo do ego no uso dos smartphones (tentao) durante uma simulao de teste (meta principal). Como resultado, foi verificado que quanto menor o autocontrole, mais os alunos utilizavam seus celulares durante um teste simulado. Quanto mais desgastados (depleo do ego), piores foram suas notas (questes corretas) nesta simulao. Ainda, foi verificado que o maior autocontrole capaz de minimizar os efeitos da depleo do ego sobre a quantidade de vezes que os alunos utilizaram o celular e, sobre a nota da prova simulada.
O Dilema dos Inadimplentes: Antecedentes e Consequentes do “nome sujo”
Authors: Campara Jéssica Pulino , Vieira Kelmara Mendes , Costa Vânia Medianeira Flores , Fraga Luana Dos Santos
Published: April 2016

O objetivo desse estudo identificar quais os antecedentes e os consequentes do endividamento e quais as estratgias adotadas pelos indivduos para tornar-se adimplente, considerando nos consequentes da dvida os fatores financeiros, pessoais e sociais. Para isso, foram entrevistados 14 indivduos que estavam com o seu nome vinculado a um cadastro de dvida ativa. Os principais resultados apontam que a inadimplncia pode surgir do descontrole no ato de consumir, da falta de planejamento, por cobranas indevidas, principalmente por telefonias ou at mesmo pelo emprstimo do nome para um amigo ou familiar. Como consequncias, os entrevistados exibem mais preocupaes, desconforto, angstia, mgoa, constrangimento e vergonha, no conseguem obterem crdito e muitas vezes so cobrados por familiares por encontrarem-se nessa situao. Esses resultados sinalizam que estratgias devem ser realizadas no mbito de educar os indivduos financeiramente e orient-los para que planejem melhor seus gastos, evitando o descontrole e consequentemente a inadimplncia. Alm disso, salienta-se a necessidade de uma maior fiscalizao, principalmente em relao s cobranas indevidas.
A Influência do País de Origem na Escolha de Marcas Desconhecidas: Uma Investigação sobre os Atributos de Marca de Materiais Esportivos.
Authors: Meirelles Franklin De Souza , Strehlau Vivian Iara , Lopes Evandro Luiz
Published: April 2016

O artigo traz uma anlise sobre a influncia do Pas de Origem em conjunto com outros atributos de marca, tais como elementos de marca (Nome/Logo), tempo de atuao no mercado e utilizao da marca para patrocnio de entidades. Utilizando uma marca desconhecida de materiais esportivos estrangeira como objeto, realizou-se um experimento online com consumidores brasileiros buscando entender como esses atributos influenciam a inteno de compra, a atitude e a qualidade percebida do pblico. O Pas de Origem apresentou efeito parcial nas variveis de deciso e os demais atributos foram considerados irrelevantes, tendo sido o envolvimento com esportes e materiais esportivos uma varivel moderadora que reduziu o efeito do Pas de Origem nas escolhas dos consumidores.
CONTROLO DE GESTÃO: UMA ABORDAGEM INTEGRADA DO QUE É CONTROLAR
Authors: Costa Renato J. Lopes da
Published: April 2016

Sendo inquestionável a heterogeneidade dos estudos científicos levados a cabo na última década na área de controlo de gestão, um facto que se retém é que o desenvolvimento destes estudos têm estado fundamentalmente focalizados sobre a vertente dos sistemas de informação e sobre os seus pontos fracos, a sua contribuição para a eficiência organizacional e, fundamentalmente, sobre a vertente do seu design e mecanismos de implementação. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo tem como objetivo principal desenvolver uma estrutura conceptual de análise baseada em oito fatores determinantes para a construção de um eficiente mecanismo de controlo de gestão em qualquer organização. O caráter metodológico deste artigo baseado em estudo de caso e na revisão de literatura sobre controlo de gestão permitiu desenvolver uma estrutura de análise cuja leitura minuciosa da mesma pode efetivamente traduzir-se num fator determinante no que respeita à direção e possível melhoria do desempenho organizacional.
Hodnocení kvality psychodiagnostických metod ve světě a u nás
Authors: Urbánek Tomáš
Published: April 2016

Události posledních let nás přesvědčují, že už i v České republice začíná být kvalita psychodiagnostických metod tématem, které přesahuje hranice úzce odborných debat. Rozsudek Velkého senátu Evropského soudu pro lidská práva ze dne 13. listopadu 2007 ve věci č. 57325/00 – D. H. a ostatní proti České republice (je v plném znění k dispozici např. na webu MŠMT) a odborné i laické debaty týkající se problematických metod (emblematickým příkladem jsou tzv. Barvy života) a jejich užití jsou jen vrcholkem ledovce problémů, se kterými se psychodiagnostika u nás potýká. Protože díky svému působení v Board of Assessment EFPA mám jisté povědomí o tom, jak se k těmto otázkám přistupuje v zahraničí, rozhodl jsem se o ně podělit a připojit několik vlastních úvah, kterými se již delší dobu zaobírám.
O sdílení zkušeností s měřením v kontextu výzkumném i psychodiagnostickém
Authors: Charvát Miroslav
Published: April 2016

V této úvaze se autor zamýšlí nad několika možnými důvody, které mohou brzdit a omezovat diskurz o měření v psychologii. Přestože rozličné psychodiagnostické metody a testy tvoří zcela zásadní a zatím bohužel jen obtížně nahraditelný zdroj informací jak pro psychology v praxi, tak pro ty ve výzkumu, jsou zkušenosti s jejich používáním, převodem či tvorbou v českém kontextu jen málo sdíleny. Mohou za to obavy, neznalost či nezájem? A co je možné udělat pro to, abychom to napravili?
Konstruktová validita Bochumského osobnostního dotazníku: Motivační dimenze
Authors: Kuba Jan
Published: April 2016

Cílem studie bylo ověřit konstruktovou validitu motivačních dimenzí Bochumského osobnostního dotazníku (inventáře profesních charakteristik osobnosti). V teoretické části byly definovány související osobnostní konstrukty, které byly v empirické části využity k ověření odvozených motivačních dimenzí. Kvantitativní data byla získána na vzorku 778 studentů a absolventů vysokých škol. K ověření konstruktové validity bylo využito explanatorních a konfirmatorních faktorových analýz, na jejichž základě byl vytvořen strukturní model ilustrující podobu vztahů mezi zkoumanými dimenzemi. Byly nalezeny dílčí doklady konstruktové validity motivačních dimenzí Bochumského osobnostního dotazníku. Závěrem jsou diskutována doporučení pro interpretaci výsledků psychodiagnostického posouzení a pro zvýšení validity metody.The aim of the study was to verify construct validity of motivational dimensions of the Czech version of the Business-Focused Inventory of Personality. Personality constructs linked to derived personality dimensions were defined in the theoretical part of the study. Quantitative data were obtained using the sample of 778 university undergraduates and graduates. Confirmatory factor analyses were used in order to explore construct validity of the method. Structural model based on the factor analyses was created to outline relations among the examined dimensions. Partial evidence on construct validity of the method was found.
Model spolupráce v rámci systému školního poradenství při stanovování podpůrných opatření
Authors: Hönigová Sylva , Mrázková Jana
Published: April 2016

Článek popisuje proces identifikace a nápravy obtíží ve vzdělávání u žáka základní školy. Vychází z pojetí tzv. třístupňového modelu péče, který klade důraz právě na proces oproti jednorázovým zjištěním. Popisuje možný model spolupráce školního poradenského pracoviště a školského poradenského zařízení. Celý diagnostický proces obou pracovišť na sebe navazuje a směřuje k efektivní podpoře. V odborných zprávách a dalších dokumentech jsou popsány projevy žáka, formulovány závěry a především podpůrná opatření ve prospěch žáka. Cílem článku je přispět k diskusi o procesu diagnostiky a formulování závěrů a doporučení k intervenci ve školním poradenství v kontextu probíhajících a chystaných změn v českém pedagogicko-psychologickém poradenství.This paper is focused on identification and intervention process in the context of educational difficulties within pupils from 1st through 9th grade. It is based on a 3-level model, which accents the procedural approach instead of one assessment conclusions. It describes a cooperation model between school counseling center and pedagogical-psychological counseling center. The whole diagnostic process in both centers is continuous and cooperative and aims at providing an effective support. Case reports and other documents describe a pupil´s behavior, conclusions and especially supportive measures which the pupil benefits from. This paper´s aim is to contribute to discussions concerning the diagnostic process, conclusions forming and recommendations for intervention in the context of ongoing changes in the Czech system of psycho-educational counseling.
Grassiho test organicity: Recenze metody
Authors: Šamajová Vendula
Published: April 2016

Na první pohled patrnou přednost Grassiho testu představuje jeho zamýšlená jednoduchost, která se projevuje v relativně snadné, jednoznačné a časově úsporné administraci řešení úloh. V případě interpretace výsledků jsou rovněž vymezena kritéria, která determinují základní strukturu hodnocení. Větší nároky na schopnosti a zkušenosti administrátora však vyžaduje kvalitativní analýza chování a posouzení validity, které jsou nezbytnou součástí závěrečné syntézy a interpretace zjištění. Kvalitativní hodnocení jako předpoklad pro využití celého potenciálu testu, zdůrazňované například v Thomasově studii, tedy zmíněnou jednoduchost podstatně problematizuje (Thomas, 1963).Užitečný je dále princip testu, v jehož základu stojí 4 úrovně řešení úloh reflektující schopnosti percepce prostorových vztahů, postižení logických vazeb i abstrakce, které mají navíc prokazatelný vztah k IQ (Grassi, 1947). Dosažený čas dále vypovídá o psychomotorickém tempu.Autoři české verze naznačují dobrou citlivost Grassiho testu pro detekci vznikajícího organického poškození již v raném stádiu jeho vývoje, kdy některé jiné psychologické i neurologické nástroje selhaly, což však opírají pouze o zjištění výše uvedené neadekvátně reportované validizační studie (Koubek & Roušalová, 1992). V současné době navíc toto tvrzení nemusí být relevantní.Problematickou vlastností metody může být závislost výkonu na aktuálním rozpoložení a motivaci pacienta. I přesto však byla Grassim i autory české verze testu zjištěna dostatečně vysoká reliabilita ve smyslu stability v čase.Původní Grassiho test, na rozdíl od jeho české verze, dále postrádá údaje pro zachycení vztahu mezi testovým skórem a IQ, přestože na něm zakládá interpretaci výsledků.Předmětem kritického zvážení při rozhodování o použití Grassiho testu by měla být také skutečnost absence přinejmenším u nás dostupných aktuálních norem a informačních zdrojů o této metodě obecně.S ohledem na zmíněná pozitiva a negativa vnímám Grassiho test jako relativně spolehlivý a užitečný psychodiagnostický nástroj, který může významně přispět k rozpoznání organicity a být impulsem pro další vyšetření za účelem specifikace diagnózy. V kontextu českého prostředí je však přinejmenším jednodušší zvolit metody (BVRT, TMT, Kohsův test), které jsou u nás více rozpracovány, případně disponují aktuálnějšími informacemi (Svoboda, Humpolíček, & Šnorek, 2013).
SCATE (Scio Computer Adaptive Test) Nová role testu
Authors: Fiřtová Lenka
Published: April 2016

Adaptivní testování na počítačích podporuje individualizaci, zajímavé a interaktivní typy úloh a výsledky mohou být použity k vytvoření učebního plánu na míru. Scio přistoupilo k vývoji adaptivních testů v roce 2011. Adaptivní test z anglického jazyka byl jedním z prvních. Úkolem bylo vytvořit množství úloh, které pokrývají všechny úrovně CEFR. Navíc jsme vytvářeli i úlohy pro úplné začátečníky, jež jsme označili úrovní A0. Úlohy byly zařazeny do kategorií a byly pilotovány na několika stovkách lidí, u kterých byla prokázána úroveň angličtiny (čerství držitelé certifikátů např. FCE, CAE, TOEFL). Test pak předkládá každému testovanému úlohy, které co nejvíce korespondují s jeho úrovní angličtiny. Základní princip je dát testovanému co nejtěžší úlohu, kterou je ještě schopen vyřešit. Na začátku dostane několik úloh různé obtížnosti pro přibližné zjištění úrovně. Další otázky jsou pak již vybírány na základě předchozích odpovědí. Pro vyhodnocení byla zvolena metoda klasifikátorů (MDT). Adaptivní testování umožňuje zadávat studentům pouze otázky, které jsou pro ně zajímavé. Test se stává nejen konečným hodnocením, ale i pomocníkem v učebním procesu.Computerized Adaptive Testing is a way to create customized tests and to develop new, interactive types of items. The results may then be used to create a tailor-made learning program. Scio started to develop adaptive tests in 2011, the adaptive test in English (SCATE) being one of the first. The aim was to create an item pool covering all the categories defined by CEFR. In addition, we also created items for complete beginners and labeled this category “A0”. The items were divided into categories with respect to their difficulty and piloted using several hundreds of students whose level of English was known from prior testing (holders of internationally recognized certificates, such as FCE, CAE, TOEFL). When taking the test, respondents are presented with items which are appropriate for their ability level. The main idea is to present respondents with items which they don’t find too easy but which they are still able to solve. First, respondents are presented with a set of randomly chosen items of varying difficulty. This results in a rough estimate of their ability level. The remaining items are then selected with respect to the respondents’ previous answers. The algorithm is based on the Measurement Decision Theory. Adaptive testing ensures students are presented only with such items which they are likely to find interesting. The test then becomes not only an assessment tool, but also a tool facilitating the learning process.
Gradus ad Infernum (deuxième partie) : entrevue avec Ferdinand Larven Niemantz, « penseur de la musique » et auteur de Musical Compositions of the Century
Authors: Rea John , Rea Béatrice
Published: April 2016

Ce deuxième de trois entretiens réalisés en 1996 – le premier volet étant paru dans le vol. 9, no 2 (1998) de Circuit – relate des péripéties tendues à la suite du discours liminaire donné par feu F. L. Niemantz lors d’un congrès international à Montréal. Des extraits de son dernier livre du moment sont présentés, et Niemantz réfléchit à des sujets variés tels que la culture populaire, la liberté, les journalistes-compositeurs du xixe siècle, les structures mémorielles, l’identité artistique et les mélodies surabondantes. Il tire également au clair le raisonnement erroné de son maître et guide, Theodor W. Adorno.
Neuronal representation of saccadic error in macaque posterior parietal cortex (PPC)
Authors: Zhou Yang , Liu Yining , Lu Haidong , Wu Si , Zhang Mingsha
Published: April 2016

Motor control, motor learning, self-recognition, and spatial perception all critically depend on the comparison of motor intention to the actually executed movement. Despite our knowledge that the brainstem-cerebellum plays an important role in motor error detection and motor learning, the involvement of neocortex remains largely unclear. Here, we report the neuronal computation and representation of saccadic error in macaque posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Neurons with persistent pre- and post-saccadic response (PPS) represent the intended end-position of saccade; neurons with late post-saccadic response (LPS) represent the actual end-position of saccade. Remarkably, after the arrival of the LPS signal, the PPS neurons’ activity becomes highly correlated with the discrepancy between intended and actual end-position, and with the probability of making secondary (corrective) saccades. Thus, this neuronal computation might underlie the formation of saccadic error signals in PPC for speeding up saccadic learning and leading the occurrence of secondary saccade.
Selective sorting and destruction of mitochondrial membrane proteins in aged yeast
Authors: Hughes Adam L , Hughes Casey E , Henderson Kiersten A , Yazvenko Nina , Gottschling Daniel E
Published: April 2016

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of aging, and underlies the development of many diseases. Cells maintain mitochondrial homeostasis through a number of pathways that remodel the mitochondrial proteome or alter mitochondrial content during times of stress or metabolic adaptation. Here, using yeast as a model system, we identify a new mitochondrial degradation system that remodels the mitochondrial proteome of aged cells. Unlike many common mitochondrial degradation pathways, this system selectively removes a subset of membrane proteins from the mitochondrial inner and outer membranes, while leaving the remainder of the organelle intact. Selective removal of preexisting proteins is achieved by sorting into a mitochondrial-derived compartment, or MDC, followed by release through mitochondrial fission and elimination by autophagy. Formation of MDCs requires the import receptors Tom70/71, and failure to form these structures exacerbates preexisting mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that the MDC pathway provides protection to mitochondria in times of stress.
Airflow and optic flow mediate antennal positioning in flying honeybees
Authors: Roy Khurana Taruni , Sane Sanjay P
Published: April 2016

To maintain their speeds during navigation, insects rely on feedback from their visual and mechanosensory modalities. Although optic flow plays an essential role in speed determination, it is less reliable under conditions of low light or sparse landmarks. Under such conditions, insects rely on feedback from antennal mechanosensors but it is not clear how these inputs combine to elicit flight-related antennal behaviours. We here show that antennal movements of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, are governed by combined visual and antennal mechanosensory inputs. Frontal airflow, as experienced during forward flight, causes antennae to actively move forward as a sigmoidal function of absolute airspeed values. However, corresponding front-to-back optic flow causes antennae to move backward, as a linear function of relative optic flow, opposite the airspeed response. When combined, these inputs maintain antennal position in a state of dynamic equilibrium.
Kinetics of AlGaN metal–organic vapor phase epitaxy for deep-UV applications
Authors: Lobanova Anna , Yakovlev Eugene , Jeschke Joerg , Knauer Arne , Weyers Markus
Published: April 2016

Al
x
Ga1−

x
N layers with high aluminum content of x ∼ 0.68–0.73 were grown in an 11 × 2-in. AIX 2400 G3 HT planetary reactor by metal–organic vapor phase epitaxy. Growth trends are analyzed by reaction-transport modeling in a wide range of growth conditions. Gas-phase nucleation resulting in both Al and Ga consumption into nanoparticles is a major mechanism affecting the growth efficiencies of AlN and GaN. Process windows suitable to grow multiple quantum wells (MQWs) for deep UV applications are found for a range of pressures, temperatures, and V/III ratios.
Influences of growth parameters on the film formation of hexagonal boron nitride thin films grown on sapphire substrates by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Umehara Naoki , Masuda Atsushi , Shimizu Takaki , Kuwahara Iori , Kouno Tetsuya , Kominami Hiroko , Hara Kazuhiko
Published: April 2016

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) films were grown on c-plane sapphire substrates by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition with BCl3 and NH3 as the boron and nitrogen sources, respectively, and the influences of growth parameters on the film quality were investigated for samples with a thickness of about 1 µm. The dependence of X-ray diffraction on the growth temperature (T
g) indicated that the crystalline quality is most improved in the sample grown at 1200 °C, in which the epitaxial relationship of {100}h-BN ∥ {110}sapphire and {001}h-BN ∥ {001}sapphire was confirmed. This condition enhanced lateral growth, resulting in the formation of grains with flat top surfaces. The T
g dependence was discussed in relation to the amorphous AlN formed on the substrate surface and the reaction between BCl3 and NH3 in the vapor phase. The correlation between the structural and luminescent properties, which was found from the T
g dependence of CL, was also discussed.
Investigation of the effect of nitride-based LEDs fabricated using hole injection layer at different growth temperatures
Authors: Wang Shih-Wei , Wang Chun-Kai , Chang Shoou-Jinn , Chiou Yu-Zung , Chiang Kuo-Wei , Jheng Jie-Si , Chang Sheng-Po
Published: April 2016

In this study, the fabrication of blue InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using a hole injection layer (HIL) grown at different temperatures was demonstrated and the LEDs were investigated. The LEDs with HIL grown at 870 °C show a higher light output power and a lower efficiency droop ratio. This can be attributed to the improvement of the spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization-induced field effects [i.e., quantum-confined stark effect (QCSE)] of LEDs. However, the growth temperature of HIL at 840 °C was very low and resulted in excessive Mg atom doping, which would cause point defect generation and rapid hole concentration drop. On the other hand, the LEDs with HIL grown at 900 °C exhibit better electrostatic discharge (ESD) endurance and higher hot/cold factors owing to the lower defect density. Overall, the LEDs with HIL grown at 870 °C show better properties than the other LEDs.
Carryover de herbicidas em sistemas cultivados com olerícolas
Authors: Melo Christiane Augusta Diniz , Dias Roque De Carvalho , Mendes Kassio Ferreira , Assis Ana Caroline De Lourdes Pereira , Reis Marcelo Rodrigues dos
Published: April 2016

O efeito residual de herbicidas no solo sobre culturas sucessoras sensíveis é conhecido como carryover. A maioria dos estudos sobre carryover em olerícolas tem sido desenvolvida em outros países, no entanto, os problemas advindos desse fenômeno são uma realidade também no Brasil. A limitada informação presente na literatura, aliada à ausência de alertas e períodos de restrição nas bulas dos herbicidas comercializados no país para o cultivo de olerícolas sensíveis em sucessão contribuem para a ocorrência de grandes prejuízos aos olericultores. Carryover de herbicidas pode causar intoxicação de forma visível ou não nas olerícolas, reduzir o crescimento e a produtividade, assim como comprometer a qualidade do produto e até mesmo inviabilizar a área para o cultivo por anos. A presente revisão descreve a dinâmica dos herbicidas no solo e reúne diversos trabalhos acerca do efeito residual de herbicidas em olerícolas. Além disso, discute as possíveis formas de monitoramento das áreas cultivadas, através da análise em laboratórios ou de bioensaios, e as estratégias para minimizar os efeitos danosos nessas culturas, que são altamente sensíveis. Nesse contexto, o manejo integrado de plantas daninhas é essencial para redução da necessidade de utilização de herbicidas e aporte desses no solo, diminuindo os riscos de carryover, além de medida legislativa para inclusão dos períodos de restrição de cultivo de olerícolas sensíveis nas bulas dos herbicidas.
Biologia e manejo de Rottboellia cochinchinensis
Authors: Correia Núbia Maria
Published: April 2016

Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton, conhecida popularmente como capim-camalote, é a principal planta daninha de pelo menos 18 culturas cultivadas em diversos países. Por isso, propõem-se com essa revisão apresentar aspectos biológicos e de manejo dessa importante espécie de planta daninha. Trata-se de uma planta anual ou perene, reproduzida por sementes ou a partir de pedaços de caules, podendo atingir até 4,0 m de altura. As suas sementes podem ficar dormentes no solo por até quatro anos e a luz não é um fator limitante para a germinação. Embora com o regime claro/escuro há estímulo na germinação das sementes. O rápido desenvolvimento do sistema radicular, com posterior formação da parte aérea, favorece a ocupação do espaço pelas plantas. Além disso, os resíduos vegetais em decomposição dessa espécie liberam compostos fitotóxicos para o solo que podem inibir a germinação e, ou o crescimento de espécies adjacentes, sejam elas daninhas ou cultivadas. Nos trabalhadores rurais causa irritação na pele pelo contato dos tricomas rígidos das bainhas foliares. São poucas as informações na literatura sobre o controle químico dessa espécie, principalmente para herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência. Isto pode ser atribuído à dificuldade do produto em atravessar a estrutura que envolve as sementes e, assim, atingir o embrião. Em cana-de-açúcar, clomazone + imazapyr, clomazone + isoxaflutole e sulfometuron + diuron + hexazinone, pulverizados em pré-emergência, resultaram em controle satisfatório de R. cochinchinensis.
Impactos do controle de plantas daninhas e da aplicação de herbicidas em inimigos naturais
Authors: Menezes Claubert Wagner Guimarães de , Soares Marcus Alvarenga
Published: April 2016

As plantas daninhas competem por diferentes recursos com as culturas agrícolas, sendo o manejo dessas plantas necessário para que se possa minimizar perdas na produção. Por outro lado, a diversidade de espécies vegetais que se comportam como planta daninha pode contribuir de forma positiva para a sobrevivência de diversos artrópodes e inimigos naturais. O objetivo dessa revisão foi sistematizar as evidências científicas sobre os impactos do controle de plantas daninhas e da aplicação de herbicidas em insetos não alvos, como os predadores e parasitoides de pragas, benéficos para a agricultura, e presentes em diferentes culturas agrícolas. Neste sentido, foram reportadas consequências do controle das plantas daninhas em insetos presentes nos agroecossistemas, bem como, os potenciais riscos do uso generalizado de herbicidas em culturas agrícolas. Por fim, essa revisão compila o estado atual do conhecimento de relações ecológicas em sistemas agrícolas, tendo como foco o manejo sustentável de plantas daninhas, aliado ao manejo integrado de pragas.
Ocorrência e importância da resistência a herbicidas causada por incremento de metabolização para o manejo de plantas daninhas
Authors: Dalazen Giliardi , Markus Catarine , Kaspary Tiago Edu , Pisoni Alexandre , Gallon Mateus , Queiroz Andrew Rerison Silva de , Vidal Ribas Antonio , Merotto Júnior Aldo
Published: April 2016

A resistência a herbicidas causada por mecanismos não relacionados ao local de ação (NRLA), principalmente causada pelo incremento de metabolização, é altamente problemática devido à ocorrência de biótipos com resistência múltipla, e é um novo desafio para o manejo de plantas daninhas e utilização de herbicidas. Recentemente, enzimas associadas à degradação de xenobióticos, especialmente citocromo P450, GSTs e transportadores ABC, têm sido associadas à resistência a herbicidas em várias plantas daninhas. Os objetivos desta revisão são descrever o conhecimento atual da regulação gênica associada à resistência a herbicidas causada pelo incremento de metabolização e analisar as principais implicações deste problema para definir estratégias adequadas de manejo com o uso de herbicidas. A resistência múltipla a herbicidas causada pelo incremento da degradação ocorre em Lolium rigidum, Alopecurus myosuroides, Echinochloa phyllopogon e outras várias espécies. O nível de resistência a herbicidas causada pelo incremento de metabolização é afetado por fatores ambientais em vários casos, o que dificulta o diagnóstico da resistência e facilita sua distribuição. O manejo moderno de plantas daninhas deve considerar as características de degradação do herbicida, uma vez que a simples rotação de mecanismo de ação de herbicidas pode não ser suficiente para prevenir a ocorrência da resistência a estes produtos. A utilização de misturas sinergísticas de herbicidas e outros inibidores enzimáticos pode contribuir para prevenir a evolução e distribuição da NRLA em plantas daninhas.
Cellular degradation of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐oxoglutarate aldolase leads to absolute deficiency in primary hyperoxaluria type 3
Authors: MacDonald Julia R. , Huang Amadeus D. , Loomes Kerry M.
Published: April 2016

Primary hyperoxaluria type‐3 is characterized by increased oxalate production caused by mutations in the HOGA1 gene encoding 4‐hydroxy‐2‐oxoglutarate aldolase (HOGA1). How the most commonly occurring mutations affect the cellular fates of the expressed HOGA1 mutants is still unknown. We show that two prevalent recombinant HOGA1 mutants are thermally unstable with evidence for chaperone‐mediated degradation when expressed in E. coli. In stably transformed HEK‐293 cells, protein expression of the Glu315 deletion mutant only becomes detectable during incubation with a 26S proteasome inhibitor. These findings suggest that failure of chaperone‐assisted folding leads to targeted cellular degradation and an absolute absence of HOGA1 function.
Outdoor transmission measurement at 26 GHz: Results of a 4 year trial in Prague
Authors: Thorvaldsen Per , Henne Ingvar
Published: April 2016

This paper presents the results from a field trial that was performed during a 4 year period on a 5.5 km long radio link path operating at 26 GHz in Prague. The purpose was to investigate the amount of attenuation due to precipitation and its yearly variations. The attenuation of the radio link signal and the rain rate were measured. The measured attenuation results are compared to the models given by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The propagation measurements show large yearly variations due to variability in rain rate from one year to another. The measured results are in agreement with the ITU long‐term statistical rain attenuation model if the measured rain rate for the individual year is used. For the worst year the number of fades, the fade duration, the fade speed, the worst month statistics, and the polarization correlation are presented. The measurements presented will add to the current knowledge of fading due to precipitation, and some of the results, such as the fade duration distributions, are new knowledge.
Modeling soil evaporation efficiency in a range of soil and atmospheric conditions using a meta‐analysis approach
Authors: Merlin O. , Stefan V. G. , Amazirh A. , Chanzy A. , Ceschia E. , Er‐Raki S. , Gentine P. , Tallec T. , Ezzahar J. , Bircher S. , Beringer J. , Khabba S.
Published: April 2016

A meta‐analysis data‐driven approach is developed to represent the soil evaporative efficiency (SEE) defined as the ratio of actual to potential soil evaporation. The new model is tested across a bare soil database composed of more than 30 sites around the world, a clay fraction range of 0.02–0.56, a sand fraction range of 0.05–0.92, and about 30,000 acquisition times. SEE is modeled using a soil resistance (rss) formulation based on surface soil moisture (θ) and two resistance parameters
and θefolding. The data‐driven approach aims to express both parameters as a function of observable data including meteorological forcing, cut‐off soil moisture value
at which SEE=0.5, and first derivative of SEE at
, named
. An analytical relationship between
and
is first built by running a soil energy balance model for two extreme conditions with rss = 0 and
using meteorological forcing solely, and by approaching the middle point from the two (wet and dry) reference points. Two different methods are then investigated to estimate the pair
either from the time series of SEE and θ observations for a given site, or using the soil texture information for all sites. The first method is based on an algorithm specifically designed to accomodate for strongly nonlinear
relationships and potentially large random deviations of observed SEE from the mean observed
. The second method parameterizes
as a multi‐linear regression of clay and sand percentages, and sets
to a constant mean value for all sites. The new model significantly outperformed the evaporation modules of ISBA (Interaction Sol‐Biosphère‐Atmosphère), H‐TESSEL (Hydrology‐Tiled ECMWF Scheme for Surface Exchange over Land), and CLM (Community Land Model). It has potential for integration in various land‐surface schemes, and real calibration capabilities using combined thermal and microwave remote sensing data.
Linear analysis of melt band formation in a mid‐ocean ridge corner flow
Authors: Gebhardt D. J. , Butler S. L.
Published: April 2016

Imposing external shear on systems of partial melt can cause compaction of the solid matrix and concentration of the interstitial liquid melt thereby generating bands of contrasting high and low porosity. These shear‐induced porosity bands have been proposed to channel melt beneath a mid‐ocean ridge (MOR). In this contribution, we impose a shear flow that evolves as the bands are transported along streamlines of MOR corner flow. We evaluate the suitability of porosity band formation as a mechanism for melt channeling beneath a MOR using a linear instability analysis with three different matrix viscosity conditions: isotropic strain rate independent, isotropic strain rate dependent, and anisotropic. Our analysis shows that the largest amplitude bands channel melt away from the ridge axis toward the base of the plate at the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary, while the effectiveness of channeling through the bands is highly dependent on the mantle bulk viscosity.
Measurements of the ionization coefficient of simulated iron micrometeoroids
Authors: Thomas Evan , Horányi Mihály , Janches Diego , Munsat Tobin , Simolka Jonas , Sternovsky Zoltan
Published: April 2016

The interpretation of meteor radar observations has remained an open problem for decades. One of the most critical parameters to establish the size of an incoming meteoroid from radar echoes is the ionization coefficient, β, which still remains poorly known. Here we report on new experiments to simulate micrometeoroid ablation in laboratory conditions to measure β for iron particles impacting N2, air, CO2, and He gases. This new data set is compared to previous laboratory data where we find agreement except for He and air impacts > 30 km/s. We calibrate the Jones model of β(v) and provide fit parameters to these gases and find agreement with all gases except CO2 and high‐speed air impacts where we observe βair > 1 for velocities > 70 km/s. These data therefore demonstrate potential problems with using the Jones model for CO2 atmospheres as well as for high‐speed meteors on Earth.
EBV‐positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma of the elderly: 2016 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Castillo Jorge J. , Beltran Brady E. , Miranda Roberto N. , Young Ken H. , Chavez Julio C. , Sotomayor Eduardo M.
Published: April 2016

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the elderly is a provisional entity included in the 2008 WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms. It is a disease typically seen in the elderly and thought to be associated with chronic EBV infection and severe immunosuppression with a component of immunosenescence. Recent research, however, has suggested that EBV‐positive DLBCL can be seen in younger, immunocompetent patients.

The diagnosis of EBV‐positive DLBCL of the elderly is made through a careful pathological evaluation. The differential diagnosis includes infectious mononucleosis (specifically in younger patients), lymphomatoid granulomatosis, Hodgkin lymphoma, and gray zone lymphoma, among others. Detection of EBV‐encoded RNA (EBER) is considered standard for diagnosis; however, a clear cutoff for positivity has not been defined.

The International Prognostic Index (IPI), and the Oyama score can be used for risk‐stratification. The Oyama score includes age >70 years and presence of B symptoms. The expression of CD30 is emerging as a potential adverse, and targetable, prognostic factor.

Patients with EBV‐positive DLBCL should be staged and managed following similar guidelines than patients with EBV‐negative DLBCL. It has been suggested, however, that EBV‐positive patients have a worse prognosis than EBV‐negative counterparts in the era of chemoimmunotherapy. There is an opportunity to study and develop targeted therapy in the management of patients with EBV‐positive DLBCL. Am. J. Hematol. 91:530–537, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High feasibility and antileukemic efficacy of fludarabine, cytarabine, and idarubicin (FLAI) induction followed by risk‐oriented consolidation: A critical review of a 10‐year, single‐center experience in younger, non M3 AML patients
Authors: Guolo Fabio , Minetto Paola , Clavio Marino , Miglino Maurizio , Di Grazia Carmen , Ballerini Filippo , Pastori Giordana , Guardo Daniela , Colombo Nicoletta , Kunkl Annalisa , Fugazza Giuseppina , Rebesco Barbara , Sessarego Mario , Lemoli Roberto Massimo , Bacigalupo Andrea , Gobbi Marco
Published: April 2016

About 105 consecutive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients treated with the same induction‐consolidation program between 2004 and 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Median age was 47 years. The first induction course included fludarabine (Flu) and high‐dose cytarabine (Ara‐C) plus idarubicin (Ida), with or without gemtuzumab‐ozogamicin (GO) 3 mg/m2 (FLAI‐5). Patients achieving complete remission (CR) received a second course without fludarabine but with higher dose of idarubicin. Patients not achieving CR received an intensified second course. Patients not scheduled for early allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (HSCT) where planned to receive at least two courses of consolidation therapy with Ara‐C. Our double induction strategy significantly differs from described fludarabine‐containing regimens, as patients achieving CR receive a second course without fludarabine, to avoid excess toxicity, and Ara‐C consolidation is administrated at the reduced cumulative dose of 8 g/m2 per cycle. Toxicity is a major concern in fludarabine containing induction, including the recent Medical Research Council AML15 fludarabine, cytarabine, idaraubicin and G‐CSF (FLAG‐Ida) arm, and, despite higher anti‐leukemic efficacy, only a minority of patients is able to complete the full planned program. In this article, we show that our therapeutic program is generally well tolerated, as most patients were able to receive subsequent therapy at full dose and in a timely manner, with a 30‐day mortality of 4.8%. The omission of fludarabine in the second course did not reduce efficacy, as a CR rate of 83% was achieved and 3‐year disease‐free survival and overall survival (OS) were 49.6% and 50.9%, respectively. Our experience shows that FLAI‐5/Ara‐C + Ida double induction followed by risk‐oriented consolidation therapy can result in good overall outcome with acceptable toxicity. Am. J. Hematol. 91:755–762, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ontogenetic Development of the Derived Olfactory System of the Mantellid Frog Mantidactylus betsileanus
Authors: Nowack Christine , Vences Miguel
Published: April 2016

The nasal cavity of Mantidactylus betsileanus, a frog of the Madagascar‐Comoroan endemic family Mantellidae, is characterized by a unique internal architecture. Unlike the state commonly observed in anurans, the two discernible olfactory subsystems of M. betsileanus (the main olfactory organ and the vomeronasal organ) are anatomically separated from each other, suggesting an enhanced functional differentiation. Here we evaluate the ontogenetic formation of this extraordinary anatomical state based on a histological study of a developmental series of M. betsileanus. The olfactory system of premetamorphic tadpoles, and most of its changes during metamorphosis, resembles that of other anurans. At the end of metamorphosis however, a growing obstruction of the passage between main olfactory organ and vomeronasal organ takes place, leading to the deviant morphological state previously described for adults. The late appearance of this atypical anatomical feature in the course of ontogeny agrees with the phylogenetic hypothesis of the observed obstruction representing a derived state for these frogs. From a functional point of view, the apparent autonomy of the vomeronasal organ is possibly linked to the presence of clade‐specific femoral glands that are known to produce pheromones and that likewise are fully expressed in adults only. Anat Rec, 299:943–950, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preoperative morphology influences thoracic aortic aneurysm sac expansion after endovascular repair
Authors: Sobocinski J , Patterson B O , Vidal-Diez A , Brownrigg J R , Thompson M M , Holt P J
Published: April 2016

Background

The fate of the aneurysm sac after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) remains poorly defined. The aim of this study was to characterize the incidence of aneurysm sac expansion after TEVAR, and to determine the effect of aneurysm morphology on postoperative sac behaviour.

Methods

Preoperative and postoperative CT angiography (CTA) images were analysed from a proprietary database (M2S). TEVARs undertaken for thoracic aortic aneurysms from 2004 to 2013 were included. Preoperative aortic morphology was available for each patient. Post-TEVAR sac expansion was defined as an increase in aortic diameter of at least 5 mm. The influence of aortic morphological variables on sac expansion was assessed using Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier analysis.

Results

CTA images were available for 899 patients who underwent TEVAR. Median follow-up was 2·1 (i.q.r. 1·7–2·4) years. Some 46·0 per cent had a maximum aneurysm diameter of 55 mm or more at the time of repair. The 5-year rate of freedom from sac expansion of at least 5 mm was 60·9 per cent. The sac expansion rate after 3 years was higher when the proximal sealing zone was over 38 mm in diameter (freedom from expansion 51·2 per cent versus 76·6 per cent for diameter 38 mm or less; P < 0·001), or 20 mm or less in length (freedom from expansion 67·3 per cent versus 77·1 per cent for length exceeding 20 mm; P = 0·022). Findings for the distal sealing zone were similar. The risk of sac expansion increased according to the number of adverse morphological risk factors (freedom from expansion rate 79·1 per cent at 3 years in patients with 2 or fewer risk factors versus 45·7 per cent in those with more than 2; P < 0·001).

Conclusion

Sac expansion was common in this cohort of patients undergoing TEVAR for thoracic aortic aneurysm. Aneurysm sac expansion was significantly influenced by adverse morphological features in the aortic stent-graft sealing zones.