bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Information and Communication Technology Tools’ Usage in Agricultural Extension among Cassava Peasants in Rangwe Sub-County, Kenya
Authors: Caleb Dimo John , Stephen Wambugu Maina , Chesambu Ndiema Alice
Published: April 2022

Aims: This study sought to determine selected demographic characteristics, the extent of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools’ usage, opportunities in ICT, challenges in the use, strategies to improve the use, and the correlation between the selected demographic factors and ICT tools’ usage among peasants who produce cassava in Rangwe Sub-County, Kenya. Study Design: A correlation research design was used in this study conducted at Rangwe Sub-County, Kenya from 8th December 2021 to 14th January 2022.

Methodology: The study gathered data with the aid of pretested structured questionnaire from 106 Cassava Peasants (CPs) who used or not used ICT tools in agricultural extension.

Results: The response rate achieved was 100%. The majority of the CPs were female (62%), middle-aged (36-50 years), attained primary education (52%), and earned the lowest average annual income (X ≤ KES160, 000). The majority of ICT tools users in extension were males, elite, higher-income earners, and youths. The largest percentage of ICT tools users mentioned, ICT tools availability as one of the opportunities in ICT, expensiveness as the main challenge in the use, ICT services subsidies as one of the improvement strategies. Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that a correlation between the selected demographic factors and ICT tools’ usage was statistically significant at a 1% level of significance (P=.000).

Conclusion: Adoption of ICT tools in agricultural extension services is directly proportional to income, gender equality, and education, while it is inversely proportional to age. The provision of supporting policies for the selected demographic factors, availability of training centers, and subsidized credit interest rate would increase ICT tools usage in extension.
Mangrove-epiphytic Plants in Selected Mangrove Rehabilitation Areas of Davao Occidental, The Philippines
Authors: Pacyao John Paul R. , Llameg Marlyn B. , Jondonero John Christopher O.
Published: April 2022

The study was conducted in the mangrove rehabilitation sites of Malita, Davao Occidental, Philippines particularly Sitio Agdao of Brgy. Tubalan, Sitio Baybay of Brgy. Buhangin and Sitio Lahusan of Brgy. Fishing Village from October to December 2020. Preliminary stations were established: Station 1 in Sitio Agdao, Station 2 in Sitio Baybay and the Station 3 in Sitio Lahusan. These sites are considered to be a slightly undisturbed mangrove forest dominated by species of mangrove trees.

The free exploration method was carried out first before the conduct of the study. Samples consisted of host plants and their associates (epiphytes) are collected for proper identification. Three study areas were assessed by the number of individual species to calculate their relative abundance and density.

A total of 7 species identified individually among of the three-study areas. The study also shows that species of mangrove epiphytes in the study area composed of 3 to 5 species per station and exhibit 1 to 3 identified species per plot and individual species per station revealed that Davalia denticulata and Aglaomorpha quercifold were the most common species of mangrove epiphytic plants in almost all three study areas. However, Lahusan sampling station occurred numerous quantities of Mangrove epiphytic plants species among 3 identified study areas including Imprerata cycindrica that cannot be found in Agdao and Baybay Stations.

Statistically, no significant difference was observed among study areas.
The Influence of Measurement Errors on Generalized Estimator of Population Mean
Authors: Ikechukwu Boniface Okafor, , Aloysius Chijioke Onyeka , Ogbonna C. J. , Chinyeaka Hostensia Izunobi , Lawrence Chizoba Kiwu
Published: April 2022

This paper proposed a generalized estimator of population mean in the presence of correlated and uncorrelated measurement errors under simple random strategy.  Some known estimators belong to this class of proposed estimator.  Under the large sample approximation, the properties of the proposed estimator namely bias and mean squared error were obtained. Theoretical comparison was carried out on the members of the proposed class of estimators when measurement errors are correlated and when they are uncorrelated and the necessary conditions under which the proposed estimator at its optimum value is expected to be more efficient than the existing estimators of finite population mean were obtained.  It was observed that correlated and uncorrelated measurement errors inflate the bias and mean squared error of the proposed estimator. The paper concluded that the proposed estimator is more efficient than usual unbiased estimator  and some members of the class of proposed estimator.
Influence of Trees Species on Nutrient Availability in the Forest Ecosystem
Authors: Godwin Ezekiel Anietie , Timothy Umoh Omodot , Cosmos Ataekong Justina , Enoh Uyoh Victoria , Ochuko Oghenekevwe Augustine
Published: April 2022

This study assessed the influence of tree species on the availability of nutrients in the forest ecosystem. Systematic sampling technique was employed in sampling the vegetation using a quadrats size of 10 m x 10 m spaced at regular intervals of 20 m. Seven (7) woody species were selected for this study. Soil samples were collected from the sampled plots closer to the base of the species using a soil auger at a depth (0-30 cm), these were stored in well labelled Ziploc bag and taken to the laboratory for physicochemical analyses using standard methods. The result revealed that the Organic Matter (3.13 ± 0.001%) and Total Nitrogen (0.08 ± 0.001%) were higher in soils of Musanga cecroploides while available Phosphorus (14.14 ± 1.15 mg/kg) and Calcium (14. 20 ± 0.01 cmol/kg) were higher in soils of Cola argentea. Sodium was higher in soils of Mansonia altissima (0.10 ± 0.01 cmol/kg) and Musanga cecropioides (0.10 ± 0.01 cmol/kg) while Potassium was higher in soil of Coelocaryon Preussii (0.16 ± 0.01 cmol/kg). Pentaclethra macrophylla had the least values for Magnesium (5.01 ± 1.15 mg/kg) while Coelocaryon preussii (0.07 ± 0.01 cmol/kg) and Synsepalum dulcificum (0.07 ± 0.02 cmol/kg) had the least values for sodium. The nutrient compositions across the soil of selected woody species in the forest were significantly different (p<0.05). The study shows that woody species vary in their soil nutrient return and also exert great influence on soil nutrient composition in the forest ecosystem and also that trees are ecosystem engineers and are able to generate species-specific effect on soil properties that could potentially lead to feedback effect.
Studies on Yield and Economics of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) as Influenced by Spacing and Foliar Application of Zinc
Authors: Haritha Gali , Singh Rajesh , Indu Thakur
Published: April 2022

Background: Sesame plants thrive in hot, dry weather. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds. The oil content of the seed is inversely proportional to its protein content. Most commercial cultivars of sesame are intolerant of water-logging.

The objective of the present experiment was to analyze the influence of spacing and application of zinc using foliar method on growth, yield and economics of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) during kharif season of 2021. The experiment was designed with varying combination of spacing and zinc using the Randomized Block Design which produced nine treatments with three replicates each. The treartment combinations are  T1 – 25 cm X 15 cm + 0.25% ZnSO4, T2 – 25 cm X 15 cm + 0.50% ZnSO4, T3- 25 cm X 15 cm + 0.75% ZnSO4, T4- 35 cm X 15 cm + 0.25% ZnSO4, T5 – 35 cm X 15 cm + 0.50% ZnSO4, T6 – 35 cm X 15 cm + 0.75% ZnSO4, T7- 40 cm X 10 cm + 0.25% ZnSO4, T8- 40 cm X 10 cm + 0.50% ZnSO4, T9 – 40 cm X 10 cm + 0.75% ZnSO4.  The combination, T9 with spacing 40 X 10 cm and 0.75% ZnSo4 recorded maximum number of capsules per plant (54.60), number of seeds per capsule (60.50), seed yield (1.20 t/ha), harvest index (31.89 %). The application of treatment T9 40 cm X 10 cm + 0.75% ZnSO4  recorded higher net return (52,016.00 INR/ha), gross return (78,217.00 INR/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.99) as well.

Conclusion: 40 cm X 10 cm + ZnSo4 – 0.75 %, had the highest results for yield characteristics such has grain yield (1.20 t/ha), gross return (78,217.00 INR/ha), net return (52,016.00 INR/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.99).
Soil Properties Influenced by the Foliar Application of Nano Fertilizers in Maize (Zea mays L.) Crop
Authors: Khardia Neha , Meena R. H. , Jat Gajanand , Sharma Sonal , Kumawat Hansa , Dhayal Surendra , Meena Ajit Kumar , Sharma Kriti
Published: April 2022

The aim of this present investigation is to study the effect of foliar application of nano fertilizers N, Zn and Cu on soil properties including chemical and biological properties after harvest of maize (Zea mays L.) crop. The field experiment was carried out during June-October 2020 season at Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur which lies in agro-climatic zone IV-a of Rajasthan, India. The field was designed in a randomized block design having 12 treatments which were replicated thrice. The treatments include the various combination of conventional and nano fertilizers of N, Zn and Cu. The result showed that the plots treated with nano fertilizers found better nutrient and biological status in post harvest soil. The foliar application of two sprays of Nano N + Nano Zn + Nano Cu at 21 and 42 days after sowing (DAS) plus 50% N and Zn through conventional fertilizers along with 100% PK (T12) significantly (P=.05) increased the availability of macronutrients (N and K), micronutrients (Zn and Cu), microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) as well as the dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase enzyme activity in post harvest soil of maize over control. The result of this investigation shows that 50% recommended dose of conventional fertilizers can be reduced by 2 sprays of nano fertilizers which reduces the harmful effects of conventional fertilizers and maintained the soil health.
Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc levels on Yield and Economics of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
Authors: Mishra Pankaj Kumar , Singh Rajesh
Published: April 2022

A field experimental trial entitled “Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc levels on Yield and Economics of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)” was undertaken during Rabi season (2021-2022) at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (Allahabad) (U.P.). The size of experimental field is 243m2 and soil of experimental field was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.1), low in organic carbon (0.28 %), available Nitrogen (225 kg/ha.), available Phosphorus (19.50 kg/ha.) and available Potassium (213 kg/ha.). The treatments consisted of 3 levels of Nitrogen N1 (60 kg/ha.), N2(80 kg/ha.), N3 (100 kg/ha.) and 3 levels of Zinc Zn1 (5 kg/ha.),  Zn2 (10 kg/ha.) and  Zn3 (15 kg/ha.). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The results revealed that the application of Nitrogen 100 kg/ha. + Zinc 15 kg/ha. recorded maximum siliqua length (5.20 cm), number of siliquae per plant (398.90), number of seeds per siliqua (24.40), test weight (3.53 g). The economic analysis demonstrates that Nitrogen 100 kg/ha. + Zinc 15 kg/ha. treatment produced higher grain yield (1.89 t/ha.), stover yield (3.11 t/ha.), gross returns (103650.00 INR/ha.), net returns (70264.08 INR/ha.) and B:C ratio (2.10). The major challenges experienced throughout the research work were mostly related to the use of nitrogen and zinc.
Impact of the COVID 19 Pandemic on Health Care Workers in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Hernández-Runque Estela , Ron Misael , Vicente Sánchez Luís , Escalona Evelin , Promise Ogolodom Michael , Nathaniel Mbaba Awajimijan
Published: April 2022

Objective: The objective of this research was to analyze official data on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Latin American and Caribbean health care workers.

Materials and Methods: The methodology used was documentary, exploratory and descriptive research. The data were collected from official reports of international organizations such as the World Health Organization, the International Labor Organization and figures provided by the different official spokespersons of the Latin American countries studied, for the period March 2020 - August 2021.

Results: The results showed that the top three countries with the highest number of infected and confirmed healthcare workers were Brazil with a total of 503,238 cases, Mexico with 244,711 cases and Argentina with 96,626 cases. The top three countries with the highest number of deaths of health personnel from this cause are Mexico with 4,084 cases, Peru with 1,399 cases and Brazil with 703 cases. Similarly, the countries with the highest fatality rates are Venezuela with 4.6%, Peru with 1.9% and Mexico with 1.7%.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that this pandemic has directly affected health professionals in Latin America and the Caribbean, representing one of the greatest challenges ever faced by these professionals in the performance of their duties.
Conebeam CT‐guided 3D MLC‐based spatially fractionated radiation therapy for bulky masses
Authors: Pokhrel Damodar , Bernard Mark E , Mallory Richard , St Clair William , Kudrimoti Mahesh
Published: April 2022

For fast, safe, and effective management of large and bulky (≥8 cm) non‐resectable tumors, we have developed a conebeam CT‐guided three‐dimensional (3D)‐conformal MLC‐based spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT) treatment. Using an in‐house MLC‐fitting algorithm, Millennium 120 leaves were fitted to the gross tumor volume (GTV) generating 1‐cm diameter holes at 2‐cm center‐to‐center distance at isocenter. SFRT plans of 15 Gy were generated using four to six coplanar crossfire gantry angles 60° apart with a 90° collimator, differentially weighted with 6‐ or 10‐MV beams. A dose was calculated using AcurosXB algorithm, generating sieve‐like dose channels without post‐processing the physician‐drawn GTV contour within an hour of CT simulation allowing for the same day treatment. In total, 50 extracranial patients have been planned and treated using this method, comprising multiple treatment sites. This novel MLC‐fitting algorithm provided excellent dose parameters with mean GTV (V7.5 Gy) and mean GTV doses of 53.2% and 7.9 Gy, respectively, for 15 Gy plans. Average peak‐to‐valley dose ratio was 3.2. Mean beam‐on time was 3.32 min, and treatment time, including patient setup and CBCT to beam‐off, was within 15 min. Average 3D couch correction from original skin‐markers was <1.0 cm. 3D MLC‐based SFRT plans enhanced target dose for bulky masses, including deep‐seated large tumors while protecting skin and adjacent critical organs. Additionally, it provides the same day, safe, effective, and convenient treatment by eliminating the risk to therapists and patients from heavy gantry‐mounted physical GRID‐block—we recommend other centers to use this simple and clinically useful method. This rapid SFRT planning technique is easily adoptable in any radiation oncology clinic by eliminating the need for plan optimization and patient‐specific quality assurance times while providing dosimetry information in the treatment planning system. This potentially allows for dose‐escalation to deep‐seated masses to debulk unresectable large tumors providing an option for neoadjuvant treatment. An outcome study of clinical trial is underway.
Seminar on treatment center ethics: Regulate and police bad programs
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: April 2022

A virtual conference focused on an in‐depth look at ethical quandaries that have challenged the addiction treatment field for years. “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: The Pitfalls in Navigating Addiction Treatment,” held April 5 and sponsored by Seafield Center in Westhampton Beach, New York, focused yet again on the problems of marketing that have besieged and defined many of the newer programs that have arisen during the liberalized insurance policies of recent years.
Wide Linear Range Strain Sensor Enabled by the Non‐Newtonian Fluid for Bio‐Signals Monitoring
Authors: Wei Dafei , Xu Minxuan , Zhang Aoqing , Ouyang Yifan , Zheng Xin , Shi Yueqin , Li Xin , Zhang Qi , Zhang Xuefeng
Published: April 2022

Wearable strain sensors with a wide linear range (i.e., sensors established on piezoresistive materials) are highly desirable in detection of human motion, as well as for the evaluation of physical rehabilitation. However, most piezoresistive devices possess poor linearity in the working range due to the exponential collapse of the solid conductive structures under high strain, thus limiting their batch applications. Herein, a strain sensor with a broad linear detection range by virtue of a non‐Newtonian fluid (NNF) is reported. Graphitized carbon black (GCB) is employed to create the conductive network and subsequently embedded in defatted cellulose nanofiber (CNF)‐insulating framework. After the GCB/CNF liquid is encapsulated into the elastic polymer, the conductivity shows excellent response to tensile strain (gauge factor = 5.47). The conductivity does not drop sharply under large deformation, and the device reveals a linear response in the whole sensing range up to 100%. The sensor, which exhibits a stable performance with excellent sensitivity, durability, and low hysteresis, is applicable for real‐time monitoring bio‐signals, including pulse, muscle, and joint movements. All these results inspire a simple but promising route to design high‐performance wearable devices.
TiB2‐Modified Polymer‐Derived Ceramic SiCN Double‐Layer Thin Films Fabricated by Direct Writing for High‐Temperature Application
Authors: Wu Chao , Lin Fan , Pan Xiaochuan , Cui Zaifu , He Yingping , Chen Guochun , Liu Xianlong , He Gonghan , Chen Qinnan , Sun Daoheng , Hai Zhenyin
Published: April 2022

The thermal stability at high temperatures is the first design principle of high‐temperature thin‐film sensors. To improve the thermal stability of the thin‐film sensor, a TiB2‐modified SiCN double‐layer thin‐film resistor grid with a thickness of 18 μm is fabricated on an alumina substrate via direct writing. Owing to their in situ–generated SiO2–B2O3–TiO2 thermally grown oxide protective layer on the surface and TiB2 percolation paths inside, the produced films exhibit large high‐temperature oxidation resistance, electrical conductivity and high‐temperature‐resistance stability. In the thermal cycling test up to 800 °C, the TiB2‐modified SiCN films exhibit a negative‐temperature coefficient of resistance and excellent repeatability and stability. The resistance change rate at 800 °C for 1 h is only 1.1%. With the flexible manufacturing and high‐temperature stability of such ceramic films, this work on double‐layer ceramic films can be applied to in situ monitoring of hot components at high temperature.
Lithium‐Ion Battery Technology for Voltage Control of Perpendicular Magnetization
Authors: Ameziane Maria , Mansell Rhodri , Havu Ville , Rinke Patrick , van Dijken Sebastiaan
Published: April 2022

The voltage control of magnetism is a promising path to the development of low‐power spintronic devices. Magneto‐ionics—exploiting voltage‐driven ion migration to control magnetism—has attracted interest because it can generate large magnetoelectric effects at low voltage. Here, the use of the solid‐state lithium‐ion battery technology for reversible voltage‐controlled switching between perpendicular and in‐plane magnetization states in a Co–Pt bilayer is demonstrated. Due to the small size and high mobility of lithium ions, small voltages produce an exceptionally high magnetoelectric coupling efficiency of at least 7700 fJ V–1 m–1 at room temperature. The magnetic switching effect is attributed to the modulation of spin‐orbit coupling at the Co–Pt interface when lithium ions migrate between a lithium storage layer (LiCoO2) and the magnetic interface across a lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) solid‐state electrolyte, which is corroborated by density functional theory calculations. Voltage control of magnetism in the battery structure does not show degradation over more than 500 voltage cycles, demonstrating promise for solid‐state lithium‐based magneto‐ionic devices.
Adhesive and Hydrophobic Bilayer Hydrogel Enabled On‐Skin Biosensors for High‐Fidelity Classification of Human Emotion
Authors: Yang Ganguang , Zhu Kanhao , Guo Wei , Wu Dongrui , Quan Xueliang , Huang Xin , Liu Shaoyu , Li Yangyang , Fang Han , Qiu Yuqi , Zheng Qingyang , Zhu Mengliang , Huang Jian , Zeng Zhigang , Yin Zhouping , Wu Hao
Published: April 2022

Traditional human emotion recognition is based on electroencephalogram (EEG) data collection technologies which rely on plenty of rigid electrodes and lack anti‐interference, wearing comfort, and portability. Moreover, a significant distribution difference in EEG data also results in low classification accuracy. Here, on‐skin biosensors with adhesive and hydrophobic bilayer hydrogel (AHBH) as interfaces for high accuracy emotion classification are proposed. The AHBH achieves remarkable adhesion (59.7 N m−1) by combining the adhesion mechanism of catechol groups and electrostatic attraction. Meanwhile, based on the synergistic effects of hydrophobic group rearrangements and surface energy reduction, the AHB‐hydrophobic layer exhibits 133.87° water contact angles through hydrophobic treatment of only 0.5 h. Hydrogen and electrostatic bonds are also introduced to form a seamless adhesive‐hydrophobic hydrogel interface and inhibit adhesion attenuation, respectively. With the AHBH as an ideal device/skin interface, the biosensor can reliably collect high‐quality electrophysiological signals even under vibration, sweating, and long‐lasting monitoring condition. Furthermore, the on‐skin electrodes, data processing, and wireless modules are integrated into a portable headband for EEG‐based emotion classification. A domain adaptive neural network based on the transfer learning technique is introduced to alleviate the effect of domain shift and achieve high classification accuracy.
Recent Advances in SnSe Nanostructures beyond Thermoelectricity
Authors: Li Feng , Wang Huide , Huang Ruijia , Chen Wenwen , Zhang Han
Published: April 2022

Layered SnSe is an emerging class of black phosphorus, which is non‐toxic, eco‐friendly, and chemically stable. Recently, SnSe nanostructures have triggered more research interest and enabled broad applications beyond demonstrating their great performances on thermoelectricity. However, there are also a great many significant studies of SnSe nanostructures beyond thermoelectricity. SnSe quantum dots, nanosheets, nanowires, and thin films with diverse morphologies have been synthesized using various chemical and physical preparation approaches. SnSe is a multi‐phase semiconductor, and its nanostructures endow unique properties, including small electron effective mass, ultralow thermal conductivity, huge anisotropy, and the largest 2D piezoelectric coefficient ever predicted. The versatility of SnSe nanostructures can enable potential applications ranging from ultrafast photonics, logic devices, photodetectors, solar cells, photocatalysis, energy storage, and biology to more cutting‐edge interdisciplinary subjects. In this review, the recent advances made in SnSe nanostructures are summarized, covering basics, synthesis, properties, and applications, just giving a passing comment on thermoelectricity. An in‐depth perspective on the challenges and prospects of SnSe nanostructures toward broad and practical applications is also given.
A Bidirectional Soft Diode for Artificial Systems
Authors: Davletshin Artur , Underwood Thomas C. , Song Wen
Published: April 2022

Artificial material systems that seek to mimic the basic processes of life must perform multiple complex functions, including responsiveness, motion, and metabolism. Networks of programmable materials offer a pathway toward achieving these functions by altering local chemical, physical, and structural properties to enable control. The ability to perform multiple complex functions in a single soft elastomeric material system is demonstrated by reconfiguring, in situ, passive bistable fluidic diodes that are inspired by mammalian venous valves. It is shown how pneumo‐mechanical programmability allows these silicone elastomer diode assemblies to accomplish, without rearranging the fluidic circuit, multiple functions, including pumping (motion), energy storage/discharge (metabolism), logic operations (response), and signal filtering/rectification. The ability to achieve multiple functions through in situ programming may lead to the development of efficient artificial systems capable of complex functions in compact, remote applications.
Differential Dual‐Release Bilayer Microneedles Loaded with Aluminum Adjuvants as a Safe and Effective Vaccine Platform
Authors: Bian Qiong , Xu Yi‐Hua , Ma Xiao‐Lu , Hu Jing‐Yi , Gu Yue‐Ting , Wang Ru‐Xuan , Yuan An‐Ran , Hu Wei‐Tong , Huang Ling‐Ling , Li Ni , Gao Jian‐Qing
Published: April 2022

Aluminum adjuvants are currently the most widely used adjuvants for human vaccines. However, concerns about their safety, such as local irritation at the vaccination site and potential neurotoxicity, have been raised over recent years. Herein, the bilayer microneedles are fabricated using commercially available materials and a simple micromolding preparation method in a differential dual‐release manner for sustained antigen release in the outer layer, and fast release of aluminum in the inner layer. The outer layer here replaces aluminum adjuvants to form an antigen depot, and the rapidly released adjuvants of the inner layer can activate dendritic cells, which effectively reduces the amount of aluminum while retaining their effect. The use of ovalbumin in vivo as the model antigen demonstrates that compared with subcutaneous and intramuscular injections, the bilayer microneedles achieve effective humoral immunity and relatively balanced immune response with less aluminum (1/25 of the dose), which may be related to the mechanical adjuvant effect of the microneedles. Mice treated with the bilayer microneedles show little to no aluminum accumulation in different organs, and no local irritation such as granuloma is observed. The superior vaccination safety and strong immunity using bilayer microneedles make it a promising vaccine platform.
Industrial By‐Products As a Novel Circular Source of Biocompatible Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Lorca Cristina , Laparra Moisés , Céspedes María Virtudes , Casaní Laura , Florit Sergi , Jové Mariona , Mota‐Martorell Natàlia , Vilella Elisabet , Gallart‐Palau Xavier , Serra Aida
Published: April 2022

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) constitute an intricate system of molecular exchange that has recently gained tremendous interest. However, sustainable sources of safe biological EVs remain scarce and elusive. This study explores and defines the use of food industry by‐products (BP) as a circular source of safe biocompatible EVs. Averaged diameter and molecular compositions indicate a large yield of exosomes and high abundancy of membrane lipids with signaling capacity in these vesicles. Complex proteomes mimicking those circulating in human blood plasma are also identified. Furthermore, BP‐EVs do not show relevant cytotoxicity and display excellent oral and intravenous bioavailability together with specific organ targeting capacity. Collectively, it is believed that the novel findings reported here will open substantial venues for the use of BP as an optimal source of biocompatible nanovesicles in manifold applications of the biotechnological and biomedical fields.
Lithium Trithiocarbonate as a Dual‐Function Electrode Material for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Sul Hyunki , Bhargav Amruth , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: April 2022

The development of practical lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with prolonged cycle life and high Coulombic efficiency is limited by both parasitic reactions from dissolved polysulfides and mossy lithium deposition. To address these challenges, here lithium trithiocarbonate (Li2CS3)‐coated lithium sulfide (Li2S) is employed as a dual‐function cathode material to improve the cycling performance of Li–S batteries. Interestingly, at the cathode, Li2CS3 forms an oligomer‐structured layer on the surface to suppress polysulfide shuttle. The presence of Li2CS3 alters the conventional sulfur reaction pathway, which is supported by material characterization and density functional theory calculation. At the anode, a stable in situ solid electrolyte interphase layer with a lower Li‐ion diffusion barrier is formed on the Li‐metal surface to engender enhanced lithium plating/stripping performance upon cycling. Consequently, the obtained anode‐free full cells with Li2CS3 exhibit a superior capacity retention of 51% over 125 cycles, whereas conventional Li2S cells retain only 26%. This study demonstrates that Li2CS3 inclusion is an efficient strategy for designing high‐energy‐density Li–S batteries with extended cycle life.
Runoff, erosion, and nutrient transport arising from furrow irrigation in a corn conservation production system
Authors: Spencer G. Dave , Krutz L. Jason , Locke Martin A. , Gholson Drew M. , Bryant Corey J. , Henry W. Brien , Golden Bobby R.
Published: April 2022

Contemporary row‐crop practices in the mid‐southern United States contribute to declining water tables and impairment of downstream waters, threatening the sustainability of irrigated agriculture and vital ecosystem services. This research was conducted to determine whether agro‐hydrology can be altered by cover crop or traffic pattern. The effects of cover crop {Austrian winter pea [Pisum sativum var. arvense (L.) Poiret], crimson clover [Trifolium incarnatum L.], cereal rye [Secale cereal L.], and tillage radish [Raphanus sativus L.]} and traffic pattern (traffic, nontraffic) on runoff, erosion, and nutrient transport from a furrow irrigation event were investigated at Stoneville, MS on a Commerce very fine sandy loam (a fine‐silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, thermic Fluvaquentic Endoaquept). Relative to winter fallow, the inclusion of a cover crop reduced erosion by at least 16% but had no effect on runoff or the transport of total P, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), soluble reactive phosphate (SRP), NH4–N, or NO3–N. Eliminating traffic in furrows reduced runoff, erosion, and SRP transport up to 13%. Traffic pattern had no effect on the transport of total P, TKN, NH4–N, or NO3–N. Regardless of treatment, total N loss never exceeded 0.2% of N applied as inorganic fertilizer. This research demonstrates that cover crop and equipment traffic pattern can be manipulated in reduced tillage systems to improve the sustainability of irrigated agriculture and ecosystem services in the mid‐southern United States.
A continuum model for the segregation of bidisperse particles in a blade mixer
Authors: Yang Liuyimei , Zheng Qijun , Yu Aibing
Published: April 2022

The process of blending powders using stirring blades involves complicated granular flows, particle‐scale mechanisms, and blade–particle interactions, which is challenging to predict and control. This article proposes a continuum‐based model for such a process by incorporating the flow rheology, isotropic particle diffusion and the percolation of granular materials. A method combining finite element method (FEM), finite difference method (FDM), and immersed boundary method (IBM) is developed to numerically implement the continuum model and applied to a cylindrical blade mixer. The model well describes the tempo‐spatial distribution of small/large particles in the stirring process, such as the accumulation of small particles in the vicinity of blades. Remarkably, this model can capture the various intricate effects of blade parameters, including the blade rake angle, rotating speeds, filling level, and the friction coefficient of the mixer wall. It is therefore promising for optimizing the blade mixers in industries.
Network pharmacological prediction and molecular docking analysis of the combination of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. and Paeonia lactiflora Pall. in the treatment of functional constipation and its verification
Authors: Meng Yuxiao , Li Xiaojun , Wang Xiaoting , Zhang Lu , Guan Jiaqi
Published: April 2022

Background

We aimed to reveal the mechanism of functional constipation in the treatment of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (AMK) and Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (PLP).

Methods

The main active ingredients of AMK and PLP were screened by the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) platform. A database of functional constipation targets was established by GeneCard and OMIM. An “ingredient‐target” network map was constructed with Cytoscape software (version 3.7.1), and molecular docking analysis was performed on the components and genes with the highest scores. The rats in the normal group were given saline, and those in the other groups were given 10 mg/kg diphenoxylate once a day for 14 days. The serum and intestinal tissue levels of adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA), and adenylyl cyclase (AC) of the rats and aquaporin (AQP)1, AQP3, and AQP8 were measured.

Results

AMK and PLP had a significant role in the regulation of targets in the treatment of functional constipation. After treatment with AMK, PLP, or mosapride, the serum and intestinal tissue levels of AC, cAMP, and PKA were significantly downregulated. Groups receiving AMK and PLP or mosapride exhibited a reduction in the level of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP8 to varying degrees.

Conclusion

Molecular docking analysis revealed that AMK and PLP had a significant role in the regulation of targets in the treatment of functional constipation. Studies have confirmed that AMK and PLP can also affect AC, cAMP, and PKA. AC, cAMP, and PKA in model rats were significantly downregulated. AQP expression is closely related to AC, cAMP, and PKA. AMK and PLP can reduce the expression of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP9 in the colon of constipated rats.
Picolinamides and Iodoalkynes Enable Palladium‐Catalyzed syn‐Aminoalkynylation of Di‐ and Trisubstituted Alkenes to Give Pyrrolidines
Authors: Müller Nicolas , Schreib Benedikt S. , Leutenegger Sebastian U. , Carreira Erick M.
Published: April 2022

Palladium‐catalyzed aminoalkynylation of electronically unbiased olefins with iodoalkynes is reported. The picolinamide auxiliary enables for the first time the syn‐selective aminoalkynylation of mono‐, di‐ and trisubstituted alkenes to afford the corresponding pyrrolidines in up to 97 % yield and as single diastereomers. Furthermore, through a C−H activation approach, the picolinamide allows the rapid synthesis of functionalized olefins, which are suitable cyclization precursors. Facile and orthogonal deprotection of the amides and SiiPr3‐acetylenes in the products, and a subsequent Pictet–Spengler reaction is demonstrated.
Recent Advances in Pretargeted Imaging of Tumors in Vivo
Authors: Huang Zheng , Hu Yuxuan , Yang Yanling , Huang Weijing , Wang Yuqi , Ye Deju
Published: April 2022

Over the past decades, the pretargeted strategy has emerged as a promising approach to improve delivery of nucleotides into tumor tissues for nuclear imaging and/or therapy. Unlike conventional nuclear imaging and therapy, in which a radiolabeled tumor targeting vector (e. g., antibody) is directly administered and allowed to circulate and accumulate in the tumor tissues, the pretargeted strategy decouples the radiolabeled reporters with the targeting vectors; these two components could specifically couple through either covalent or noncovalent interactions in vivo. Such a two‐step pretargeted approach holds a flexibility to optimize the pharmacokinetics of targeting vectors and radioactive reporters independently, facilitating to improved imaging contrast. Moreover, the short‐lived radioisotopes (e. g., 18F, 68Ga) can be used with an antibody of a nanoparticle that generally holds a long blood circulation time, which could be helpful to reduce the radiation burden for patients. In this Review, we summarize the recent advances in pretargeted strategies for tumor imaging, with a focus on the discussion of engineering different targeting vectors for tumor pretargeting. Different in vivo coupling approaches for pretargeted imaging of tumors are also discussed. Finally, we discuss the outlook for the potential clinical translation and the current challenges in the pretargeted imaging approach.
Aminobenzimidazole‐based (η6‐p‐cymene)ruthenium (II) complexes as nascent anticancer chemotherapeutics: Synthesis, crystal structure, DFT studies, HSA interactions, molecular docking, and cytotoxicity
Authors: Khan Rais Ahmad , AlFawaz Amal , Farshori Nida N. , Paul Anup , Jaafar Mohammed H. , Alsalme Ali
Published: April 2022

Two half‐sandwich organometallic ruthenium (II) complexes containing analogs of aminobenzimidazole of molecular formula [η6‐p‐cymene)Ru (LH)Cl2]1and [η6‐p‐cymene)Ru (LMe)Cl2]2, whereLHandLMerepresent 2‐aminobenzimidazole and 2‐amino‐1‐methylbenzimidazole, respectively, have been synthesized and characterized by FT‐IR, NMR (1H,13C), ESI‐MS, elemental analysis, and single X‐ray crystallography (for1). Both complexes1and2were studied for human serum albumin (HSA) binding affinity using intrinsic, synchronous, three‐dimensional (3D) fluorescence, thermodynamics parameter, and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis. The Stern–Volmer constant (KSV) values are of the order of ×105 M−1and increases inKSVwith temperature ascertained the static quenching. The molecular docking of both the complexes with HSA was carried out to ascertain the binding sites/pockets. Furthermore, compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic potential against three human cancer cell lines, namely, HeLa, HepG2, MCF‐7, and non‐tumorigenic HEK293 cells. The IC50value of2was found to <10 μM against Hela and HepG2 cancer cells and has better cytotoxic properties than cisplatin (a standard drug), yet showed minimal toxicity against HEK293 cells. These results suggest further investigation for the development of ruthenium complex2as potential anticancer therapeutics.
Functionalization of poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) with itaconic anhydride through graft copolymerization
Authors: Verbeek Casparus Johannes Reinhard , Smith Matthew James
Published: April 2022

Poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) was functionalised with itaconic anhydride (IA) via melt grafting in a batch mixer, initiated by dicumyl peroxide (DCP). It was found that the ratio of IA to DCP is critical to avoid undesired side reactions, such as crosslinking and chain scission. PBAT and other polyesters with low aliphatic hydrocarbon content are relatively unreactive toward radical graft modification, providing relatively low degree of grafting. Using 2 wt% IA and 1.2 wt% DCP gave the highest degree of grafting (1%), with little indication of crosslinking or chain scission. The complex reaction mechanism of grafting presents a clear competition between grafting, homopolymerization, crosslinking, and chain scission. Using non‐isothermal kinetic modeling, it was shown that the reaction is not first order, and that models making this assumption leads to incorrect results. Using the Vyazovkin model‐free method, the effective rate constant was predicted over a typical melt processing temperature range. Low reagent concentration resulted in the lowest effective rate constant, and it was shown that the activation energy changes with conversion and is also affected by reagent concentration.
Comparative anatomy, pre‐ and postnatal changes during the development and maturation of the small intestine: Life‐stage influences on exposure
Authors: DeSesso John M.
Published: April 2022

The gastrointestinal (GI) system absorbs nutrients and xenobiotics, excretes waste, and performs immunologic and endocrine functions. The subdivisions of the mature gut and the complexity of their corrugated, absorptive luminal surfaces differ greatly among mammals. Regardless, the embryonic gut tube in all mammalian species arises when cephalocaudal folding incorporates the roof of the yolk sac into the embryo. The gut tube quickly lengthens and bulges into the umbilical cord. Upon reentry into the abdominal cavity, the gut tube begins to differentiate—a process that continues until well into the lactation period. Differentiation of the small intestine involves (1) increasing the absorptive surface area of the lumen; (2) establishing mechanisms to control the pH of luminal contents; (3) forming a hierarchical vascular system for distribution of absorbed nutrients; (4) developing a complex enteric nervous system to control motility; (5) providing a system for replenishment of cells; and (6) contributing to the immunity of the organism. Because the length of gestation varies among species typically used in safety tests and is much shorter than human gestation, the state of GI maturation at the time of parturition differs significantly. Differences in GI maturation can contribute to species differences in the rate and extent of absorption; these differences must be considered when designing and interpreting pharmacological/toxicological studies and extrapolating safety test results to humans.
Queer feminist interruptions to internationalising UK higher education
Authors: Hagen Jamie J.
Published: April 2022

This paper considers queer feminist interruptions as a way to halt, reverse and rethink internationalisation in UK higher education (HE). These points of intervention are situated within the queer development studies literature, which provides a framework for understanding internationalisation practices alongside other strategies of Western extraction, critical of claims that internationalisation is important for enhancing diversity. Throughout, the paper confronts the problematic, colonial narratives of global LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer) human rights progress as framed by the global north, and how UK internationalisation strategy often reproduces or doubles‐down on these narratives. The central questions addressed are: (1) how does queer liberation help academics think differently about promoting, participating in and developing UK HE internationally? (2) What can academics learn from those working to centre queer feminist practices in their transnational research and teaching? In conversation with critical internationalisation studies scholarship, this paper contributes to ongoing research about internalisation with a queer sensitivity. As such, the paper highlights the limiting binary logics and heteronormativity in internationalisation, as well as new directions for collaboration across communities working for radical liberation on campus beyond agendas of inclusion.
Flipping and other astonishing transporter dance moves in fungal drug resistance
Authors: Raschka Stefanie L. , Harris Andrzej , Luisi Ben F. , Schmitt Lutz
Published: April 2022

In all domains of life, transmembrane proteins from the ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter family drive the translocation of diverse substances across lipid bilayers. In pathogenic fungi, the ABC transporters of the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) subfamily confer antibiotic resistance and so are of interest as therapeutic targets. They also drive the quest for understanding how ABC transporters can generally accommodate such a wide range of substrates. The Pdr5 transporter from baker's yeast is representative of the PDR group and, ever since its discovery more than 30 years ago, has been the subject of extensive functional analyses. A new perspective of these studies has been recently provided in the framework of the first electron cryo‐microscopy structures of Pdr5, as well as emergent applications of machine learning in the field. Taken together, the old and the new developments have been used to propose a mechanism for the transport process in PDR proteins. This mechanism involves a “flippase” step that moves the substrates from one leaflet of the bilayer to the other, as a central element of cellular efflux.
Correlation of serum vascular endothelial growth factor and cardiovascular risk factors on collateral formation in patients with acute coronary artery syndrome
Authors: Balakrishnan Sheeja , B Senthil Kumar
Published: April 2022

Coronary collaterals serve as an alternative source of blood flow in obstructive coronary heart disease. Coronary collateral development is induced by various angiogenic growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A). Cardiovascular risk factors strongly associated with coronary artery disease include age, sex, elevated serum cholesterol, disturbed carbohydrate metabolism, and elevated blood pressure. A better understanding of the effects of these cardiovascular risk factors and serum VEGF‐A level on collateral recruitment is necessary for a better prognosis in coronary artery diseases and new insight for further therapeutic promotion of coronary collaterals.220 consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography with a mean age of 61 ± 9.83 were selected for the analysis. Two milliliters of blood were taken from the patients for analysis. The blood serum VEGF concentration was quantified via the ELISA method. Angiograms and other clinical reports were collected. Significant coronary artery disease was diagnosed in those with ≥ 70% of stenosis in at least one of the coronary arteries. The angiographic and clinical data were documented. The collateral grading was done according to the Rentrop Scoring system. The serum vascular endothelial growth factor level was correlated with the collateral score and cardiovascular risk factors like age, sex, type II diabetes, blood pressure, and cholesterol level. An increase in the level of the collateral score was noted with an increase in the level of VEGF in blood serum. A significant association was founded between serum VEGF level and cardiovascular risk factors on collateral formation in patients with diabetes and hypertension.
Insight into the Contribution of Cerium Oxide to MnOx/CeO2 in Methanol Oxidation Reaction: Perspective From the Crystal Facet of CeO2
Authors: Wu Chaohui , Fan Zhaoyang , Lu Dong , Wu Xu , Du Yali , Guo Xingmei
Published: April 2022

In this study, cerium oxide with different exposed crystal facets was prepared and function as the support for MnOx/CeO2 catalysts, whose catalytic performance were evaluated in the methanol oxidation reaction. The results showed that the difference in crystal facet exposure could remarkably affect the methanol oxidation performance of the MnOx/CeO2 catalysts, where the (110) facet exposure is more beneficial to the catalytic performance. A series of characterizations revealed that the best performance of the MnOx/CeO2‐NS catalyst can be attributed to the increase of oxygen vacancies and a more suitable valence state distribution, which is intrinsically correlated with the exposed (110) facet, resulting in excellent methanol oxidation performance with T50=156 °C, T90=171 °C, better stability and preferable H2O/CO2 resistance. This work might provide a fundamental understanding for the rational design and optimization of manganese‐cerium oxide catalysts for the methanol oxidation reaction.