bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polynomial nonlinear spatio‐temporal integro‐difference equation models
Authors: Wikle Christopher K. , Holan Scott H.
Published: March 2011

Spatio‐temporal statistical models are ubiquitous in the environmental sciences. Often the underlying spatio‐temporal process can be written as a hierarchical state‐space process that utilizes prior understanding of the physical process to formulate models for the state transition. In situations with complicated dynamics, such as wave propagation, or population growth and dispersal models, parameterizing the transition function associated with the high‐dimensional state process may prove difficult or even impossible. One approach to overcoming this difficulty is through the use of polynomial stochastic integro‐difference equation (IDE) models. Here, in the context of discrete time and continuous space, complicated dynamics can be accommodated through redistribution kernels that are allowed to vary with space. To facilitate computation and dimension reduction, we consider a basis‐function‐expansion representation of this model. Even in this framework there are too many parameters to estimate efficiently from a classical perspective. Therefore, we utilize the hierarchical Bayesian framework in order to implement a stochastic‐search variable‐selection algorithm that mitigates these estimation issues. Finally, the method is illustrated on the problem of long‐lead prediction of equatorial sea surface temperature.
Neurobehavioral correlates of the rapid formation of the symbolic control of visuospatial attention
Authors: Trujillo Logan T. , Schnyer David M.
Published: March 2011

Prior research suggests that nonpredictive symbolic central cues can produce nonvoluntary shifts of endogenous attention when associations between cues and spatial locations are overlearned during cognitive development. The present ERP study extends this research by first showing that overlearned cue–spatial location associations necessary to support nonvoluntary attentional orienting can be rapidly formed in adult humans. A second experiment indicates that the nonvoluntary orienting formed by such rapid learning is semireflexive (amenable to top‐down influence) rather than reflexive (resistant to top‐down influence). A third experiment suggests that the rapid formation of endogenous nonvoluntary orienting requires explicit rather than implicit learning of cue–location associations. These findings provide further support for a strong connection between neurocognitive representations of space, symbol meaning, and attentional control.
Electrophysiological evidence for abnormal error monitoring in recurrent major depressive disorder
Authors: Georgiadi Elena , Liotti Mario , Nixon Neil L. , Liddle Peter F.
Published: March 2011

Previous neuroimaging work has identified anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) abnormalities in recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD), implicating a persistent underlying predisposition to depression. Error‐monitoring studies in MDD, as indexed by error‐related negativity (ERN), have yielded conflicting results, probably because of task differences or confounds in patient samples. ERN patterns were examined in remitted (n=19) and acutely depressed (n=17) patients, classified as a function of illness stage, and their matched controls in a go/no‐go task using high‐density ERPs. Results showed an abnormally larger ERN (p<.05) in remitted patients, especially in younger cases. Overall, ERN was found to decrease with age across all groups. The findings of increased ERN in remitted depression may implicate an overactive ACC associated with a hypervigilant error‐monitoring system. The observed tendency of ERN reduction in a severe depressive state failed to reach statistical significance.
Validation of an online referral guide for melanocytic fundus lesions
Authors: Hemmerdinger Christopher , Beech Michael , Groenewald Carl , Damato Bertil
Published: March 2011

Citation information: Hemmerdinger C, Beech M, Groenewald C & Damato B. Validation of an online referral guide for melanocytic fundus lesions.Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011, 31, 574–579. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2011.00830.x

Aim:  To assess the validity of an online referral guide for melanocytic fundus lesions available to optometrists.

Methods:  A prospective inter‐observer agreement assessment of a novel grading system for melanocytic fundus lesions using digital images from the Liverpool Ocular Oncology Centre.

Results:  The study was completed by 94.5% (52/55) of optometrists recruited. A total of 2594 valid grading scores were obtained for 400 different melanocytic lesions which were assigned to three management categories (monitor, routine referral or urgent referral). The linear weighted kappa value between the optometrists and the ocular oncologist was 0.66 (95% CI 0.64–0.68). Optometrist inter‐observer agreement was 0.62 (95%CI 0.57–0.67).

Conclusions:  This online referral guide for melanocytic lesions shows substantial agreement between optometrists and a gold standard opinion. It is easily accessible and could be helpful to community optometrists managing patients with a melanocytic fundus lesion.
Theorising international youth volunteering: training for global (corporate) work?
Authors: Jones Andrew
Published: March 2011

Ongoing globalisation poses a distinct challenge to how we understand what work ‘is’ in the contemporary world. Theoretical distinctions between the spatialities and temporalities of work as a practice have become blurred, along with understandings of work purely as an economic rather than a socio‐cultural phenomenon. Building on theoretical approaches within geography and the ‘new sociology of work’, this paper argues that the transformation of work produced by contemporary globalisation requires a more sophisticated and geographically informed understanding of the spatiality of work as a practice. It develops this contention by presenting research into a specific kind of (unconventional) work – international youth volunteering. It argues that this form of work has a complex spatiality, whose constitution and impacts exceed the specific material location of workers in both space and time. Furthermore, it examines how this ‘multiplex mode’ of work practice destabilises the relationship between work and non‐work, and facilitates the development of cultural capital, self‐identity and skills in young people. It also contends that this form of voluntary work is embedded in the emerging needs of global labour markets. These arguments are elaborated through the presentation of research from a longitudinal project on the impacts of international youth volunteering. This research consists of data from interviews and focus groups with young people who undertook a range of different types of overseas voluntary work placement, and interviews with corporate recruiters in leading transnational firms concerning their understanding of the value (or otherwise) of international volunteering.
Adolescents Prefer More Immediate Rewards When in the Presence of their Peers
Authors: O'Brien Lia , Albert Dustin , Chein Jason , Steinberg Laurence
Published: March 2011

Adolescents take more risks in the presence of their peers, but the mechanism through which peer presence affects risky decision‐making is unknown. We propose that the presence of peers increases the salience of the immediate rewards of a risky choice. The current study examined the effect of peer presence on reward sensitivity in a sample of 100 late adolescents ages 18 through 20 (M=18.5) using a delay discounting task, which assesses an individual's preference for immediate versus delayed rewards. Participants were randomly assigned to complete the task alone or with 2 same‐age, same‐sex peers observing. Consistent with our prediction, adolescents demonstrated a greater preference for immediate rewards when with their peers than when alone. Heightened risk taking by adolescents in the company of their friends may be due in part to the effect that being with one's peers has on reward sensitivity.
Coping While Incarcerated: A Study of Male Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Shulman Elizabeth P. , Cauffman Elizabeth
Published: March 2011

The present study examines the associations between coping efforts and psychological (internalizing and externalizing symptoms) and behavioral adjustment in a sample of 373 male juvenile offenders (ages 14–17) during the first month of incarceration. Social support seeking was associated with a more rapid decline in internalizing symptoms and lower levels of externalizing symptoms. Acceptance had a stress‐buffering effect with regard to internalizing symptoms, whereas denial predicted higher levels of these symptoms. The only coping variable related to violent behavior was active coping, which was associated with lower rates of violent offending among youth with any violent incidents. The importance of fostering coping skills and increasing positive coping options for incarcerated adolescents is discussed.
An elder on sea ice: an interview with Aipilik Inuksuk of Igloolik, Nunavut
Authors: Aporta Claudio , MacDonald John
Published: March 2011

This article provides an introduction to an interview in which an experienced hunter from Igloolik, Aipilik Inuksuk, shares his knowledge of sea ice. It analyses the nature and differences between scientific and Inuit approaches to sea ice, and it describes the difficulties of documenting and recording Inuit knowledge in context. The article describes the Igloolik Oral History Project as an innovative example of documentation of indigenous knowledge.
The Relationships among MRI‐Defined Spinal Cord Involvement, Brain Involvement, and Disability in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Cohen Adam B. , Neema Mohit , Arora Ashish , Dell’Oglio Elisa , Benedict Ralph H. B. , Tauhid Shahamat , Goldberg‐Zimring Daniel , Chavarro‐Nieto Christian , Ceccarelli Antonella , Klein Joshua P. , Stankiewicz James M. , Houtchens Maria K. , Buckle Guy J. , Alsop David C. , Guttmann Charles R. G. , Bakshi Rohit
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE

To determine the interrelationships between MRI‐defined lesion and atrophy measures of spinal cord involvement and brain involvement and their relationships to disability in a small cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

BACKGROUND

Although it is known that cervical spinal cord atrophy correlates with disability in MS, it is unknown whether it is the most important determinant when compared to other regions of the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, it is not clear to what extent brain and cord lesions and atrophy are related.

DESIGN AND METHODS

3T MRI of the whole brain and whole spinal cord was obtained in 21 patients with MS, including 18 with relapsing‐remitting, one with secondary progressive, one with primary progressive, and one with a clinically isolated syndrome. Brain global gray and white matter volumes were segmented with Statistical Parametric Mapping 8. Spinal cord contour volume was segmented in whole by a semi‐automated method with bins assigned to either the cervical or thoracic regions. All CNS volumes were normalized by the intracranial volume. Brain and cord T2 hyperintense lesions were segmented using a semi‐automated edge finding tool.

RESULTS

Among all MRI measures, only upper cervical spinal cord volume significantly correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale score (r =−.515, P = .020). The brain cord relationships between whole or regional spinal cord volume or lesions and gray matter, white matter, or whole brain volume or whole brain lesions were generally weak and all nonsignificant.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

In this preliminary study of mildly disabled, treated MS patients, cervical spinal cord atrophy most strongly correlates with physical disability in MS when accounting for a wide range of other CNS measures of lesions and atrophy, including thoracic or whole spinal cord volume, and cerebral gray, white or whole brain volume. The weak relationship between spinal cord and brain lesions and atrophy may suggest that they progress rather independently in patients with MS. J Neuroimaging 2012;22:122‐128
Jerarquías del cuidado en Sudáfrica. Enfermeras, asistentes sociales y cuidadoras domiciliarias
Authors: LUND Francie
Published: March 2011

La autora analiza las jerarquías del trabajo de cuidado de Sudáfrica, que han sido alteradas por la pandemia de sida y los cambios estructurales consiguientes. Estas enfermeras, asistentes sociales, cuidadoras domiciliarias y voluntarias — son casi todas mujeres — poseen antecedentes muy diversos y trabajan en organismos oficiales, empresas privadas, hogares y entidades sin fines de lucro. Aunque ha mejorado la prestación de cuidados, lo cual ha propiciado algunos aumentos salariales, su labor sigue estando infravalorada. La lucha contra la pandemia impulsa la transferencia de tareas en sentido descendente y agrava el fardo de trabajo que recae en las trabajadoras poco o nada remuneradas y que sufren las peores condiciones laborales.
Severe acute maternal morbidity in asylum seekers: a two‐year nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands
Authors: VAN HANEGEM NEHALENNIA , MILTENBURG ANDREA SOLNES , ZWART JOOST J. , BLOEMENKAMP KITTY W.M. , VAN ROOSMALEN JOS
Published: March 2011

Objective. Asylum seekers often have poorer physical and mental health compared with the general population. The aim of this study was to assess incidence and risk indicators for severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM) in asylum seekers. Design. Prospective, population‐based cohort study. Setting. All 98 maternity units in the Netherlands. Population. All asylum seekers in the Netherlands. Methods. All cases of severe maternal morbidity in asylum seekers were collected during a two‐year period. All pregnant women in the Netherlands in the same period acted as a reference cohort (n=371 021). Main Outcome Measures. Incidence and possible risk indicators of SAMM in asylum seekers. Results. Of the SAMM cases, 40 were identified as asylum seekers. This yields an incidence of 31 per 1 000 severe maternal morbidity in asylum seekers. Compared with the general Dutch population, asylum seekers have a four‐ to fivefold increased risk of SAMM (relative risk 4.5; 95% confidence interval 3.3–6.1). Even compared with other non‐Western immigrant women, asylum seekers have an increased risk of SAMM (relative risk 3.6; 95% confidence interval 2.6–5.0). Possible risk indicators for SAMM are as follows: a single household, unemployment, low socio‐economic status, major language barrier, short stay in the Netherlands, HIV positive, late gestational booking, multiparity and prior cesarean section. Conclusions. Asylum seekers have an increased risk for SAMM compared with other immigrant women, as well as compared with the general Dutch pregnant population. In this study, we identified possible additional risk factors. Special attention is needed while taking care of asylum‐seeking pregnant women.
Typically atypical: histiocytoid Sweet syndrome, associated with malignancy
Authors: Hünermund Anika , Wendel Ana‐Maria , Geissinger Eva , Bröcker Eva‐Bettina , Stoevesandt Johanna
Published: March 2011

Sweet syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) is characterized by a dramatic onset of high fever, neutrophilia and typical skin lesions. About 20 % of patients have an associated malignancy, most commonly hematologic diseases. Chronic and paucisymptomatic manifestations of Sweet syndrome may be misdiagnosed or misinterpreted as harmless, resulting in delayed diagnosis. “Atypical” manifestations are especially suspicious for associated malignancies. This is demonstrated by a 39‐year old patient with chronic and afebrile disease who was referred to our clinic only after symptoms had persisted for several months. By that point, an underlying nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma had already reached an advanced stage. Skin biopsies revealed dermal infiltrates of histiocytoid cells of myelogenous origin, supporting a diagnosis of histiocytoid Sweet syndrome. Specific cutaneous infiltrates associated with myelogenous leukemia were ruled out.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—BILATERAL ORTHOTOPIC URETEROCELES IN A DOG
Authors: SECREST SCOTT , BRITT LISA , COOK CRISTI
Published: March 2011

A 5‐year‐old neutered male Akita had a 5‐month history of hematuria. Bilateral orthotopic ureteroceles were diagnosed using a combination of sonography, computed tomography (CT), and radiography. With CT excretory urography, the ureteroceles appeared as two intraluminal cystic structures in the vesicoureteral region of the urinary bladder, which directly communicated with dilated ureters. Unlike the other imaging modalities CT excretory urography provided a definitive diagnosis by confirming the communication between the hydroureters and the cystic dilations in the caudodorsal aspect of the urinary bladder.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN HORSES WITH SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
Authors: EASLEY JEREMIAH T. , BROKKEN MATTHEW T. , ZUBROD CHAD J. , MORTON ALISON J. , GARRETT KATHERINE S. , HOLMES SHANNON P.
Published: March 2011

Fourteen horses with septic arthritis underwent high‐field (1.5 T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Septic arthritis was diagnosed based on results from historical and clinical findings, synovial fluid analyses and culture, and radiographic, ultrasonographic, arthroscopic, and histopathologic findings. MR findings included diffuse hyperintensity within bone and extracapsular tissue on fat‐suppressed images in 14/14 horses (100%), joint effusion, synovial proliferation, and capsular thickening in 13/14 horses (93%), bone sclerosis in 11/14 horses (79%), and evidence of cartilage and subchondral bone damage in 8/14 horses (57%). Intravenous gadolinium was administered to five of the 14 horses and fibrin deposition was noted in all horses. Other findings after gadolinium administration included synovial enhancement in 4/5 (80%) horses, and bone enhancement in 1/5 (20%) horses. The MR findings of septic arthritis in horses were consistent with those reported in people. MRI may allow earlier and more accurate diagnosis of septic arthritis in horses as compared with other imaging modalities, especially when the clinical diagnosis is challenging. It also provides additional information not afforded by other methods that may influence and enhance treatment.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN 15 ACROMEGALIC CATS
Authors: POSCH BARBARA , DOBSON JANE , HERRTAGE MIKE
Published: March 2011

Feline acromegaly is characterized by chronic excessive growth hormone secretion, most commonly caused by a functional pituitary adenoma. In this study, acromegaly was diagnosed in 15 cats on the basis of compatible clinical signs, laboratory, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. MRI findings were reviewed retrospectively. Enlargement of the pituitary gland with suprasellar extension was present in all cats. No characteristic signal patterns were identified on T1‐weighted and T2‐weighted sequences. Contrast enhancement was nonuniform in all cats, as was suspected involvement of the adjacent hypothalamus. A mass effect on the cavernous sinus and third ventricle was present in 13 cats. Mild peritumoral edema was present in four cats, and moderate edema in one cat. Transtentorial herniation was present in one cat. Histopathology confirmed the presence of a pituitary adenoma in two cases. MRI is a useful modality to establish the diagnosis of acromegaly.
On the aggregation properties of FMRP – a link with the FXTAS syndrome?
Authors: Sjekloća Ljiljana , Pauwels Kris , Pastore Annalisa
Published: March 2011

Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is an RNA binding protein necessary for correct spatiotemporal control of neuronal gene expression in humans. Lack of functional FMRP causes fragile X mental retardation, which is the most common inherited neurodevelopmental disorder in humans. In a previous study, we described the biochemical and biophysical aggregation properties of constructs spanning the conserved region of FMRP and of two other human fragile X related (FXR) proteins, FXR1P and FXR2P. Here, we show that the same regions have an intrinsic tendency to aggregate and spontaneously misfold towards β‐rich structures, also under non‐destabilizing conditions. These findings pave the way to future studies of the mechanism of formation of FXR‐containing ribonucleoprotein granules and suggest a possible link with the as yet poorly understood FXR proteins’ associated pathologies.

Structured digital abstract

 FXR2P binds to FXR2P by fluorescence technology (View interaction)

 FMRP binds to FMRP by electron microscopy (View interaction)

 FXR1P binds to FXR1P by electron microscopy (View interaction)
Aesthetic Groundwater Quality Impacts from a Continuous Pilot‐Scale Release of an Ethanol Blend
Authors: Ma Jie , Xiu Zongming , Monier Amy L. , Mamonkina Irina , Zhang Yi , He Yongzhi , Stafford Brent P. , Rixey William G. , Alvarez Pedro J.J.
Published: March 2011

A pilot‐scale aquifer system (8 m3 continuous‐flow tank packed with fine grain sand) was used to evaluate groundwater quality impacts from a continuous release of 10% v:v ethanol solution in water mixed with benzene and toluene (50 mg/L each). The geochemical footprint (methane [CH4], volatile fatty acids [VFAs], pH, oxidation reduction potential [ORP], dissolved oxygen [DO], and temperature) was monitored more than 11 months. A rapid depletion of DO (from 5.3 to less than 0.1 mg/L) and a decrease of ORP (from 110 to –310 mV) were observed within 25 d of the release. The high‐biochemical oxygen demand exerted by ethanol resulted in strongly anaerobic conditions, indicated by the accumulation of CH4 (up to 17.9 mg/L) and VFAs (up to 226 mg/L acetic acid and 280 mg/L n‐butyric acid). Measurements at the sand surface (40 cm from the water table) using a portable combustible gas detector did not detect CH4. However, accumulation of VFAs (particularly n‐butyric acid) during the summer exceeded the secondary maximum contaminant level value for odor (odor levels extrapolated from aqueous concentrations), which represents a previously unreported aesthetic impact. Temperature variations (3.9 to 30.0 °C) significantly affected microbial activities, and a strong correlation was observed between groundwater temperature and CH4/VFAs generation (p less than 0.05). Overall, these results suggest that seasonal variation of odor generation and CH4 concentration should be considered at sites contaminated with fuel ethanol blends.
Beyond Transformation and Regulation: Productive Tensions and the Analytics of Inclusion
Authors: SIMON‐KUMAR RACHEL , KINGFISHER CATHERINE
Published: March 2011

The inclusion of marginal groups is increasingly becoming part of contemporary governance. Critical appraisals categorize inclusionary mechanisms either as politically transformative or as regulative and part of the state's broader agenda of social control. In this article, we argue against both these positions and propose instead that inclusion is simultaneously regulative and transformative, that is, it is practiced in a state of—what Chantal Mouffe calls—“productive tension.” The article is divided into two parts: the first critically examines the theoretical literature on the tensions written into inclusive practices. The second part illustrates productive tensions in the case of inclusive strategies between ethnic/migrant groups and the government in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The article urges the reconceptualization of tensions and contradictions as part of the broader contours of contemporary radical democracy wherein erasures, assimilations, resistance, and transformations exist simultaneously.

La inclusión de grupos marginados se está convirtiendo cada vez más en parte de la gobernabilidad contemporánea. Algunas evaluaciones críticas categorizan a los mecanismos de inclusión como políticamente transformadores o como reguladores y parte de un programa de control social más amplio por parte del estado. En este artículo argumentamos en contra de ambas posiciones y proponemos que la inclusión es simultáneamente regulativa y transformadora, es decir, es practicada en un estado de—lo que Chantall Mouffe llama—“tensión productiva.” El artículo es dividido en dos partes: la primera examina de manera crítica la literatura teórica de las tensiones que acompañan las prácticas de inclusión. La segunda ilustra las tensiones productivas en el caso de las estrategias de inclusión entre grupos étnicos/migrantes y el gobierno de Aotearoa/Nueva Zelanda. El artículo urge a la reconceptualización de las tensiones y contradicciones como parte de un entorno más amplio de la democracia radical contemporánea en donde el rechazo, asimilación, resistencia y transformación coexisten simultáneamente.
Democracy and the General Will: A Rousseauian Response to Schumpeter
Authors: FABER MICHAEL J.
Published: March 2011

Joseph Schumpeter's famous Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy articulates a minimalist theory of democracy that he contrasts with what he calls the “classical doctrine of democracy.” This “classical doctrine” appears to be a thinly veiled democratic interpretation of Rousseau's social contract, although Schumpeter rarely mentions Rousseau. The use of the concept of the general will, including the direct use of the French phrase volonté générale often associated with Rousseau, makes this apparent. Although Rousseau seems on the surface an odd choice as the archetypal democrat, Schumpeter's reading of him has some merit; Rousseau's social contract can be a democratic society in a certain sense of the word. Rousseau, furthermore, provides an adequate defense against the criticisms Schumpeter makes against his theory. This article uses Rousseau's ideas to argue against Schumpeter's minimalist model and in favor of what he calls the classical doctrine of democracy.

El famoso trabajo de Schumpeter Capitalismo, Socialismo y Democracia expresa una teoría de la democracia minimalista que él contrasta con lo que llama la “teoría clásica de la democracia.” Esta “doctrina clásica” parece ser una interpretación encubierta del contrato social de Rousseau. El uso del concepto de la voluntad general, incluyendo el uso directo de la frase francesa volonté générale, a menudo asociada a Rousseau, hace esto aparente. Aunque a primera vista Rousseau parece una elección extraña como el demócrata ideal, la interpretación de Schumpeter tiene su mérito; el contrato social de Rousseau puede ser de cierto modo una sociedad democrática, además, provee una defensa adecuada en contra de las críticas que Schumpeter hace de su teoría. Este artículo utiliza las ideas de Rousseau para argumentar en contra del modelo minimalista de Schumpeter y apoyar lo que él llamaba la doctrina clásica de la democracia.
Dishevelled C‐terminus: prolyl and histidinyl motifs
Authors: Wang H.‐Y. , Malbon C. C.
Published: March 2011

The phosphoprotein scaffold Dishevelled is an essential component of both Wnt signalling and of the signalsome that constitutes the supermolecular ‘punctae’ of assembled proteins often observed in fluorescence microscopy. The C‐terminal region beyond the DEP domain displays unique and interesting character, exploited herein by careful analysis of the primary structure. Human Dishevelled‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and fly Dishevelled (Dsh) sequences were downloaded and interrogated in silico. The C‐terminus of Dishevelled‐3 is revealed by FoldIndex® to be rich in ordered structure. It displays primary sequence that is unique and divergent in important ways from vertebrate isoforms as well as from the fly Dsh. The region is amphipathic, high in prolyl content, and harbours polyprolines. Dishevelled‐3 displays some regions, where the proline content is >40%. Polyprolyl sequences (2–4 residues) likely constitute important sites of interaction with other Dishevelled isoforms. Several histidine‐single amino acid repeats are notable. The 637,638/647,648 repeats of Dvl3 are essential for Wnt non‐canonical, but not canonical signalling. Mutagenesis reveals that the C‐terminal sequence is essential for the formation of punctae, made visible by fluorescence microscopy. These Dvl3‐based signalsomes are very large (25–35 MDa‐MW), supermolecular complexes that display dynamic reorganization in response to Wnt stimulation. Dishevelled‐3 C‐terminus is rich in structure and unique motifs, worthy of detailed analysis with modern molecular tools.
How do they do Wnt they do?: regulation of transcription by the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway
Authors: Archbold H. C. , Yang Y. X. , Chen L. , Cadigan K. M.
Published: March 2011

Wnt/β‐catenin signalling is known to play many roles in metazoan development and tissue homeostasis. Misregulation of the pathway has also been linked to many human diseases. In this review, specific aspects of the pathway’s involvement in these processes are discussed, with an emphasis on how Wnt/β‐catenin signalling regulates gene expression in a cell and temporally specific manner. The T‐cell factor (TCF) family of transcription factors, which mediate a large portion of Wnt/β‐catenin signalling, will be discussed in detail. Invertebrates contain a single TCF gene that contains two DNA‐binding domains, the high mobility group (HMG) domain and the C‐clamp, which increases the specificity of DNA binding. In vertebrates, the situation is more complex, with four TCF genes producing many isoforms that contain the HMG domain, but only some of which possess a C‐clamp. Vertebrate TCFs have been reported to act in concert with many other transcription factors, which may explain how they obtain sufficient specificity for specific DNA sequences, as well as how they achieve a wide diversity of transcriptional outputs in different cells.
Dual roles for Wnt signalling during the formation of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction
Authors: Henríquez J. P. , Salinas P. C.
Published: March 2011

Wnt proteins play prominent roles in different aspects of neuronal development culminating with the formation of complex neuronal circuits. Here, we discuss new studies addressing the function of Wnt signalling at the peripheral neuromuscular junction (NMJ). In both, invertebrate and vertebrate organisms, Wnt signalling promotes and also inhibits the assembly of the neuromuscular synapse. Here, we focus our attention on recent studies at the vertebrate NMJ that demonstrate that some Wnt proteins collaborate with the Agrin‐MuSK signalling to induce post‐synaptic differentiation. In contrast, Wnts that activate the Wnt/β‐catenin signalling inhibit post‐synaptic differentiation. The dual function of different Wnts might finely modulate the proper apposition of the pre‐ and post‐synaptic terminals during NMJ formation and growth.
Extraction of urethral calculi by transabdominal cystoscopy and urethroscopy in nine dogs
Authors: Libermann S. V. , Doran I. C. , Bille C. R. , Bomassi E. G. , Rattez E. P.
Published: March 2011

Objectives: To describe a minimally invasive technique for treating urethral obstructions in male dogs and to review the postoperative results.

Methods: All dogs (n=9) had urethral obstruction due to calculi. Obstructions were verified by radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations. Dogs with impaired kidney function were not included in the study. A 5‐mm diameter trocar and cannula were placed in the ventral midline, 2 cm cranial to the umbilicus, allowing placement of a 10‐mm diameter cannula under visual guidance, adjacent to the apex of the bladder. The bladder was then partially exteriorised and sutured to the skin. A 5‐mm diameter cystoscopy sheath was introduced into the bladder lumen and advanced into the urethra. Continuous retrograde flushing was used to dislodge the calculi from the site of obstruction and collect them upstream.

Results: The nine dogs were followed up for a minimum of 6 months. No major postoperative complications were identified. One dog exhibited transient macroscopic haematuria (for 3 weeks postoperatively). All urethral calculi were removed in the nine dogs. No recurrence was found during the follow‐up period.

ClinicalSignificance: A minimally invasive approach is used to treat urethral obstructions resulting from calculi in the male dogs.
Gammopathy in a Spanish dog infected withBartonella henselae
Authors: Tabar M‐D. , Maggi R. G. , Altet L. , Vilafranca M. , Francino O. , Roura X.
Published: March 2011

Generalised pyogranulomatous disease and hyperviscosity syndrome associated with a presumed monoclonal gammopathy was diagnosed in a three‐year‐old intact female Pomeranian. TheBartonella henselaeantibody titer was 1:64 andBartonellaspecies DNA was amplified from the splenic tissue. Monoclonal gammopathies in dogs are typically associated with plasma cell and lymphoid dyscrasias and other inflammatory or infectious diseases such as ehrlichiosis and leishmaniosis. Based on this case report, infection withBartonellaspecies should also be added to the differential diagnoses for gammopathy in dogs. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of molecular evidence ofBartonellaspecies infection in a sick dog in Spain.
A retrospective study of the rate of postoperative septic arthritis following 353 elective arthroscopies
Authors: Ridge P. A.
Published: March 2011

Objective: To report the rate of postoperative septic arthritis following elective diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in small animals within a clinical setting.

Methods: A retrospective case review from the case log of one veterinary surgeon.

Results: Of the 353 procedures included, performed on 305 animals, there were three cases of postoperative sepsis (0·85%).

ClinicalSignificance: Interventional arthroscopy including both diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in small animals is a safe technique and poses a risk of postoperative sepsis of approximately 1%.
Use of strontium‐90 plesiotherapy for the treatment of a lingual plasmacytoma in a dog
Authors: Ware K. , Gieger T.
Published: March 2011

A 12‐year‐old, 25 kg, intact male St Bernard crossbreed was presented for treatment of a 538 mm ulcerated tumour on the dorsal tongue. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology revealed a plasmacytoma. The dog staged negative for evidence of local metastatic or systemic disease. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis. Treatment with one 150 Gy dose of radiation delivered with strontium‐90 plesiotherapy was performed. Side effects were not noted and there was no visible evidence of tumour remaining at 2 months and 1 year after therapy.
The Epistemic Predicament of a Pseudoscience: Social Constructivism Confronts Freudian Psychoanalysis
Authors: BOUDRY MAARTEN , BUEKENS FILIP
Published: March 2011

Social constructivist approaches to science have often been dismissed as inaccurate accounts of scientific knowledge. In this article, we take the claims of robust social constructivism (SC) seriously and attempt to find a theory which does instantiate the epistemic predicament as described by SC. We argue that Freudian psychoanalysis, in virtue of some of its well‐known epistemic complications and conceptual confusions, provides a perfect illustration of what SC claims is actually going on in science. In other words, the features SC mistakenly ascribes to science in general correctly characterize the epistemic status of Freudian psychoanalysis. This sheds some light on the internal disputes in the field of psychoanalysis, on the sociology of psychoanalytic movement, and on the “war” that has been waged over Freud's legacy with his critics. In addition, our analysis offers an indirect and independent argument against SC as an account of bona fide science, by illustrating what science would look like if it were to function as SC claims it does.
Proteomic analysis of urine from male dogs during early stages of tubulointerstitial injury in a canine model of progressive glomerular disease
Authors: Nabity Mary B. , Lees George E. , Dangott Lawrence J. , Cianciolo Rachel , Suchodolski Jan S. , Steiner Jörg M.
Published: March 2011

Background:Sensitive and specific noninvasive biomarkers for tubulointerstitial injury are lacking, and proteomic techniques provide a powerful tool for biomarker discovery.

Objective:The aim of this study was to identify novel urinary biomarkers of early tubulointerstitial injury in canine progressive renal disease using both 2‐dimensional differential in‐gel electrophoresis (2‐D DIGE), which identifies individual proteins, and surface‐enhanced laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (SELDI‐TOF), which generates protein peak profiles.

Methods:Urine was collected from 6 male dogs with X‐linked hereditary nephropathy (XLHN) at 2 time points (TP): 1) the onset of overt proteinuria (urine protein:creatinine ratio>2) and 2) the onset of azotemia (creatinine ≥1.2 mg/dL); corresponding renal biopsies were analyzed from 3 of the dogs. Urine samples from the 6 dogs were subjected to analysis by 2‐D DIGE and SELDI‐TOF. Urinary retinol‐binding protein (RBP) was evaluated in 25 male dogs with XLHN and normal control dogs by Western blot analysis.

Results:Clinical data and histologic evaluation revealed reduced renal function and increased tubulointerstitial fibrosis at TP 2. A number of urine proteins and protein peaks were differentially present at the 2 time points, with several known biomarkers of renal disease identified in addition to several promising new biomarkers. RBP was first detected in urine approximately 2 months before onset of azotemia (TP 2), but after onset of overt proteinuria, and amounts increased with progression of disease.

Conclusions:Proteomic techniques were successfully used to identify urinary biomarkers of renal disease in dogs with XLHN. Urinary RBP is a promising biomarker for early detection of tubulointerstitial damage and progression to end‐stage renal disease.
Ca2+–calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II represses cardiac transcription of the L‐type calcium channel α1C‐subunit gene (Cacna1c) by DREAM translocation
Authors: Ronkainen Jarkko J. , Hänninen Sandra L. , Korhonen Topi , Koivumäki Jussi T. , Skoumal Reka , Rautio Sini , Ronkainen Veli‐Pekka , Tavi Pasi
Published: March 2011

Non‐technical summary  In heart muscle cells, fluctuations of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration ([Ca2+]i) at the frequency defined by the heart rate induce contractions of the cells. Over a longer timescale the same fluctuations define the properties of the cells by regulating expressions of specific genes through the activation of a variety of cellular enzymes. In this study, we have characterized a specific cell signalling pathway, explaining how [Ca2+]i regulates the expression of the L‐type calcium channel (LTCC). We show that [Ca2+]i‐activated calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) activates downstream regulatory element (DRE) binding transcription factor DREAM, which consequently suppresses the expression of LTCCs. By experiments and mathematical modelling we demonstrate that the LTCC downregulation through the Ca2+–CaMKII–DREAM cascade constitutes a physiological feedback mechanism enabling cardiomyocytes to adjust the calcium intrusion through LTCCs to the amount of intracellular calcium detected by CaMKII.
Motoneuron afterhyperpolarisation duration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Piotrkiewicz Maria , Hausmanowa‐Petrusewicz Irena
Published: March 2011

Non‐technical summary  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease of still unknown aetiology, although over 130 years have passed since its first description. Since it is not possible to directly record from motoneurons (MNs) in ALS patients, a significant proportion of the research on ALS takes place in animal models of the disease with specific genetic mutations. However, these results are received with scepticism by many of the clinical researchers, since these mutations are responsible for only about 2% of all human ALS cases. We developed a method to characterise indirectly the human MN afterhyperpolarisation (AHP) duration by analysis of muscular electrical activity. In early stages of ALS muscle impairment we observed substantial shortening of the AHP, which was consistent with the results from acute experiments in ALS animal models. Thus, our study lays a bridge between animal and clinical research that may be relevant for identification of mechanism(s) underlying neurodegeneration in ALS.
Extreme Response Analysis of Floating Structures Using Coupled Frequency Domain Analysis
Authors: Low Ying Min , Grime Andrew J.
Published: March 2011

In the dynamic analysis of a floating structure, coupled analysis refers to a procedure in which the vessel, moorings, and risers are modeled as a whole system, thus allowing for interactions between various system components. Because coupled analysis in the time domain is impractical owing to prohibitive computational costs, a highly efficient frequency domain approach was developed in a previous work, wherein the drag forces are linearized. The study showed that provided the geometric nonlinearity of the moorings/risers is insignificant, which often holds for ultradeepwater systems, the mean-squared responses yielded by the time and frequency domain methods are in close agreement. Practical design is concerned with the extreme response, for which the mean upcrossing rate is a key parameter. Crossing rate analysis based on statistical techniques is complicated as the total response occurs at two timescales, with the low frequency contribution being notably non-Gaussian. Many studies have been devoted to this problem, mainly relying on a technique originating from Kac and Siegert; however, these studies have mostly been confined to a single-degree-of-freedom system. The aim of this work is to apply statistical techniques in conjunction with frequency domain analysis to predict the extreme responses of the coupled system, in particular the modes with a prominent low frequency component. It is found that the crossing rates for surge, sway and yaw thus obtained agree well with those extracted from time domain simulation, whereas the result for roll is less favorable, and the reasons are discussed.
Estimating the Energy Production Capacity of a Taut-Moored Dual-Body Wave Energy Conversion System Using Numerical Modeling and Physical Testing
Authors: Elwood D. , Yim S. C. , Amon E. , von Jouanne A. , Brekken T. K. A.
Published: March 2011

This paper presents an innovative technique for evaluating the performance of direct-drive power take-off systems for wave energy devices using simulated force and velocity profiles. The performance of a linear generator was evaluated in a realistic operating condition using the results from a coupled model of a taut moored, dual body, and wave energy conversion system as position input for Oregon State University’s wave energy linear test bed. The experimental results from the linear test bed can be compared with the predictions of the simulation and used to evaluate the efficiency of the generator.
Analysis of Bloch’s Method and the Propagation Technique in Periodic Structures
Authors: Farzbod Farhad , Leamy Michael J.
Published: March 2011

Bloch analysis was originally developed by Bloch to study the electron behavior in crystalline solids. His method has been adapted to study the elastic wave propagation in periodic structures. The absence of a rigorous mathematical analysis of the approach, as applied to periodic structures, has resulted in mistreatment of internal forces and misapplication to nonlinear media. In a previous article (Farzbod and Leamy, 2009, “The Treatment of Forces in Bloch Analysis,” J. Sound Vib., 325(3), pp. 545–551), we clarified the treatment of internal forces. In this article, we borrow the insight from the previous work to detail a mathematical basis for Bloch analysis and thereby shed important light on the proper application of the technique. For example, we conclusively show that translational invariance is not a proper justification for invoking the existence of a “propagation constant,” and that in nonlinear media, this results in a flawed analysis. We also provide a simple, two-dimensional example, illustrating what the role stiffness symmetry has on the search for a band gap behavior along the edges of the irreducible Brillouin zone. This complements other treatments that have recently appeared addressing the same issue.
Exact solutions for the field electron emission achieved from a flat metal using the standard Fowler–Nordheim equation with a correction factor that accounts for the electric field, the work function, and the Fermi energy of the emitter
Authors: Mayer A.
Published: March 2011

The author uses a transfer-matrix technique to simulate field electron emission from a flat metal. The author compares in particular the results provided by this numerical scheme with those predicted by the standard Fowler–Nordheim equation. This comparison aims at establishing the influence of different approximations introduced in the standard Fowler–Nordheim theory (in particular the use of the Jeffreys–Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation for evaluating the transmission coefficient of the surface barrier and the series expansion of this coefficient when integrating over the normal-energy distribution of the incident electrons). In addition to the field and work function considered in previous work, the author explores the dependence of the emission current on the Fermi energy of the emitter. This physical parameter, which is related to the density of free carriers in the emitter, does not appear in the final form of the standard Fowler–Nordheim equation. It is therefore discarded from most analysis of field-emission data. The author shows, however, by a series of arguments that the emission currents are affected by the Fermi energy of the emitter. The author finally establishes a correction factor to be used with the Murphy–Good expression that accounts for the field, for the work function, and for the Fermi energy of the emitter and provides the exact solution for the emission achieved from a flat metal.
Stabilized electron emission from silicon coated carbon nanotubes for a high-performance electron source
Authors: Ryu Je Hwang , Bae Na Young , Oh Hye Mi , Zhou Otto , Jang Jin , Park Kyu Chang
Published: March 2011

The authors show that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) coated with an amorphous silicon layer around their periphery show enhanced and stable electron emission. The CNT-field emitter array was grown on silicon substrate through a resist-assisted patterning process. The CNTs become coated with silicon from the substrate, which is etched and redeposited onto the CNTs. The authors obtained enhanced and stabilized electron emission from the silicon coated CNTs with a turn-on field of 2 V/μm at an emission current density of 1 μA/cm2. The structure and electron emission properties of the functionalized emitters are discussed.