bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The making of a Sub‐Saharan African success story: The case of cross‐border listing of trust bank limited of the Gambia on the Ghana Stock Exchange
Authors: Mmieh Frederick , Owusu‐Frimpong Nana
Published: June 2009

This study evaluates the process of transformation of Trust Bank Limited (TBL) from government control to a private‐listed banking company on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE). Specifically, the objectives are (a) to describe and analyze the important aspects/characteristics of the cross‐border listing of TBL on the GSE; (b) to assess the extent to which the cross‐border listing of TBL on the GSE from 2002–2004 can be considered a success; (c) to explore the extent to which the GSE provides a window of opportunity for other non‐Ghanaian companies to achieve value‐added wealth for their shareholders by listing on the GSE; and (d) to assess whether the GSE can offer a listed Gambian company sufficient international exposure. Secondary and primary sources were used for this study. Analyses of statistical data available suggest that the majority of respondents hail the listing of Trust Bank on the GSE as a resounding success. Over 80% of respondents strongly agree that the listing of Trust Bank on the GSE has made the bank one of the most profitable in the Gambia. It has also improved its service delivery and has given the bank international exposure. In view of the findings presented in this article, it is concluded that the GSE can offer a wide range of opportunities for other West African companies to raise value‐added capital for future investment ventures. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Guaranty Trust Bank of Nigeria: From niche positioning to mass‐market branding
Authors: Maklan Stan , Knox Simon , Michel Stefan
Published: June 2009

This case describes a strategic marketing dilemma facing Tayo Aderinokun, the cofounder and managing director (CEO) of the highly successful Guaranty Trust Bank (GTBank) of Nigeria. In its initial 15 years, GTBank has grown dramatically to become the most respected corporate bank in Nigeria, renowned for both its professionalism and high ethical standards. However, the environment is changing dramatically, and the bank needs to grow quickly in order to survive: perhaps doubling or tripling its size in the next five years. Aderinokun has ruled out merger or acquisition in the immediate future, so organic growth is the only way forward. There is insufficient room for growth in its current commercial niche, so GTBank has decided that the emerging Nigerian retail banking sector is its growth pathway.

However, there are big challenges: GTBank's brand, marketing mix, people, and operating methods are finely tuned for corporate banking, and it is not immediately obvious how it will leverage its assets to compete in the emerging retail banking market. In addition, competitors are attacking GTBank in its core corporate segment. The case explores a classic strategic marketing dilemma: when is a highly successful “niche” brand forced to abandon its unique selling point and go for growth in the mainstream market? How does it leverage that which makes it special so that it offers some compelling advantage for its new customers? Can the niche brand execute well on a large scale? How does it embed its values and behaviors in a new context? Does it have the money, people, culture, and ambition to take share from established competitors in the new market segments? Will its expansion plans make its core business more vulnerable to competitors?

The case explores the strategic context using the established marketing planning tools of political/legal, economic, sociocultural, technological, and environmental (PESTE) and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analyses, and features advertising themes the bank has developed for mass‐market communication purposes to illustrate the far‐reaching implications of the expansion of its retail business. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distribution‐free methods in statistics
Authors: Conover W. J.
Published: June 2009

Statistical methods that do not rely on the assumption of a known population probability distribution function for their validity are called Distribution‐free Statistical Methods (also called nonparametric statistical methods). This includes many methods for presenting statistics in graphs, such as histograms, cumulative distribution functions, correlograms, etc. It also includes the calculation of most sample statistics, such as sample means, sample variances, etc. The method is no longer distribution‐free when the validity of the method depends on an assumption that specifies the form of the population probability distribution, or specifies that the population distribution comes from a family of population probability distribution functions that are specified except for a finite number of parameters. Then the method is in the class of parametric methods. Usually, the distributional assumption is the assumption that the population has a normal probability distribution, with one or both of the parameters (mean and variance) unspecified. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bootstrap and Resampling
Considerable Enhancement of Field Emission of SnO2Nanowires by Post-Annealing Process in Oxygen at High Temperature
Authors: Wang J. B. , Li K. , Zhong X. L. , Zhou Y. C. , Fang X. S. , Tang C. C. , Bando Y.
Published: June 2009

The field emission properties of SnO2nanowires fabricated by chemical vapor deposition with metallic catalyst-assistance were investigated. For the as-fabricated SnO2nanowires, the turn-on and threshold field were 4.03 and 5.4 V/μm, respectively. Considerable enhancement of field emission of SnO2nanowires was obtained by a post-annealing process in oxygen at high temperature. When the SnO2nanowires were post-annealed at 1,000 °C in oxygen, the turn-on and threshold field were decreased to 3.77 and 4.4 V/μm, respectively, and the current density was increased to 6.58 from 0.3 mA/cm2at the same applied electric field of 5.0 V/μm.
Fourier Transform Near Infrared Spectroscopy as a Quality Control Tool for the Analysis of Lecithin and By‐Products During Soybean Oil Processing
Authors: Li Hui , Goulden Mark , Cocciardi Robert , Hughes Jan
Published: June 2009

Fourier transform near infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze multiple measurement parameters in lecithin production samples and soybean oil refining by‐products. For lecithin, partial least squares (PLS) calibration models were developed for acetone insolubles, acid value and moisture and leave‐one‐out cross validation of the calibration models yielded root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) values of 0.37%, 0.59 (mg KOH/g) and 0.050%, respectively. An independent test set consisting of 40% of the lecithin production samples were predicted from the PLS calibration models and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.41%, 0.53 (mg KOH/g) and 0.056% were obtained for acetone insolubles, acid value and moisture, respectively. Comparison of FT‐NIR predictions and corresponding reference method values of 10 lecithin samples using a two‐tailed t test showed no significant difference at the p = 0.05 level. A set of 51 samples of soybean oil refining by‐products, including acidulated soapstock, fatty acids and black oil, were used for developing PLS calibration models for measuring acid value, moisture and iodine value and leave‐one‐out cross validations for each model gave values for RMSECV of 6.59 (mg KOH/g), 0.046% and 0.42 (mg I2/g), respectively. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the suitability of FT‐NIR spectroscopy for the routine analysis of lecithin production samples and soybean oil refining by‐products for quality control purposes.
Expression analysis ofFgf8a&Fgf8bin early stage of P19 cells during neural differentiation
Authors: Alam A.H.M. Khurshid , Suzuki Hitoshi , Tsukahara Toshifumi
Published: June 2009

Fgf8 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family that plays an important role in early neural development. Cellular aggregation and retinoic acid (RA) are needed for mouse embryonic carcinoma (EC) P19 cell neural differentiation. We have examined theFgf8gene in P19 cells during neural differentiation and identified 2 alternatively splicedFgf8isoforms,Fgf8aandFgf8b, among the 8 known splicing isoforms in mammals. The expression ofFgf8aandFgf8bmRNAs transiently and rapidly increased in the early stage of P19 cells during RA‐induced neural differentiation, followed by a decline in expression. The relative amount ofFgf8bwas clearly higher than that ofFgf8aat different time‐points measured within 24 h after RA treatment. IncreasedFgf8bmRNA expression was cellular‐aggregation dependent. The results demonstrated that cellular‐aggregation‐inducedFgf8b, but notFgf8a, may play a pivotal role in early neural differentiation of P19 cells.
Juglone, a naphthoquinone from walnut, exerts cytotoxic and genotoxic effects against cultured melanoma tumor cells
Authors: Aithal Kiran B. , Kumar Sunil M.R. , Rao Nageshwar B. , Udupa Nayanabhirama , Rao Satish B.S.
Published: June 2009

This study demonstrates cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of juglone, a chief constituent of walnut, and its underlying mechanisms against melanoma cells. MTT assay and clonogenic assay were used to study cytotoxicity, micronucleus assay to assess genotoxicity, glutathione (GSH) assay and 2′,7′‐dicholorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH‐DA) assay to evaluate the oxidative stress induction. Apoptosis/necrosis induction was analysed by flow cytometry. We observed a concentration‐dependent decrease in cell survival with a corresponding increase in the lactate dehydrogenase levels. A dose‐dependent increase in the frequency of micronucleated binucleate cells indicated the potential of juglone to induce cytogenetic damage in melanoma tumor cells. Moreover, results of the micronuclei study indicated division delay in the proliferating cell population by showing decrease in the cytokinesis blocked proliferation index. Further, juglone‐induced apoptosis and necrosis could be demonstrated by oligonucleosomal ladder formation, microscopic analysis, increase in the hypodiploid fraction (sub Go peak in DNA histogram), as well as an increased percentage of AnnexinV(+)/PI(+) cells detected by flow cytometry. A significant concentration‐dependent decrease in the glutathione levels and increase in dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence after juglone treatment confirmed the ability of juglone to generate intracellular reactive oxygen species. The cytotoxic effect of juglone can be attributed to mechanisms including the induction of oxidative stress, cell membrane damage, and a clastogenic action leading to cell death by both apoptosis and necrosis.
Changes in lifestyle for psychiatric patients three years after the start of short- and long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and solution-focused therapy
Authors: Knekt P. , Laaksonen M.A. , Raitasalo R. , Haaramo P. , Lindfors O.
Published: June 2009

Objectives

Lifestyle is less favourable among individuals suffering from psychiatric disorders. We studied whether psychotherapy brings along changes in lifestyle and whether these changes differ between short-term and long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (SPP and LPP) and solution-focused therapy (SFT).

Methods

A total of 326 outpatients, 20–46 years of age, with mood or anxiety disorder were randomly assigned to LPP, SPP and SFT. The lifestyle variables considered were alcohol consumption, smoking, body mass index (BMI), leisure time exercise and serum cholesterol. The patients were monitored for three years from the start of treatment.

Results

During the three-year follow-up, BMI and serum cholesterol rose statistically significantly although no statistically significant trends were shown for alcohol consumption, smoking or exercise. SPP showed a disadvantage of increased alcohol consumption and serum cholesterol level when compared with LPP. SFT showed an advantage of reduced smoking in comparison with SPP.

Discussion

Small therapy-specific changes in lifestyle may be a result from psychotherapy treatment. These lifestyle changes are apparently more common in short-term therapy. More studies are needed to verify these findings.
MCC, a new interacting protein for Scrib, is required for cell migration in epithelial cells
Authors: Arnaud Camille , Sebbagh Michaël , Nola Sébastien , Audebert Stéphane , Bidaut Ghislain , Hermant Aurélie , Gayet Odile , Dusetti Nelson J. , Ollendorff Vincent , Santoni Marie-Josée , Borg Jean-Paul , Lécine Patrick
Published: June 2009

MINT‐7211237: MCC (uniprotkb:P23508) physically interacts (MI:0915) with SCRIB (uniprotkb:Q14160), EZR (uniprotkb:P15311), SNX27 (uniprotkb:Q96L92), NHERF1 (uniprotkb:O14745) and NHERF2 (uniprotkb:Q15599) by pull down (MI:0096)
The broad embrace of luxury: Hedonic potential as a driver of brand extendibility
Authors: Hagtvedt Henrik , Patrick Vanessa M.
Published: June 2009

This research proposes a feelings‐based account of brand extension evaluation and demonstrates that the promise of pleasure (hedonic potential) associated with luxury brands is a key driver of brand extendibility. In four studies, we contrast a luxury brand with a value brand. Both brand concepts lead to equally favorable brand evaluations, but the luxury brand concept results in more favorable brand extension evaluations due to the hedonic potential inherent in this concept. However, the luxury brand is shown to be sensitive to inconsistent brand cues, leading to diminished hedonic potential and consequently decreased brand and brand extension evaluations.
Models of Organizational Structure of Midwifery Practices Located in Institutions With Residency Programs
Authors: Collins‐Fulea Cathy
Published: June 2009

Four models of organizational structure for midwifery practices that are located in academic institutions with residency programs are described: parallel models, coexistence models, fully integrated models, and blended models. Examples of each of these models are presented along with advantages and disadvantages and overall effect on resident education.
Pioneering a Universal Curriculum: A Look at Six Disciplines Involved in Women's Health Care
Authors: Taleff Janice , Salstrom Jan , Newton Edward R.
Published: June 2009

This paper describes a multidisciplinary project of curriculum development and implementation at one university. Universal learning concepts for six health care disciplines in women's health, including nurse‐midwifery, are being piloted in an online classroom environment. This multidisciplinary team approach to education distributes the work load, invites experts to share resources, and avoids the duplication of resources across the university departments and schools. This project provides midwifery faculty the opportunity to introduce a new educational paradigm and model the midwifery approach to holistic health care.
Innovative Midwifery Teaching for Medical Students and Residents
Authors: Cooper Elizabeth M.
Published: June 2009

Many midwives are full‐time faculty members of departments of obstetrics and gynecology in academic medical centers. As such, they contribute to the medical school's educational mission by teaching undergraduate and postgraduate medical students in both the clinical area and in didactic lectures. Midwives are also instrumental in the development of many innovative electives, workshops, and lectures, which provide students and residents with more exposure to the midwifery model of care. This article presents some of these innovations.
Dynamics of a stratified shear layer above a region of uniform stratification
Authors: PHAM HIEU T. , SARKAR SUTANU , BRUCKER KYLE A.
Published: June 2009

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to investigate the behaviour of a weakly stratified shear layer in the presence of a strongly stratified region beneath it. Both, coherent Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) rollers and small-scale turbulence, are observed during the evolution of the shear layer. The deep stratification measured by the Richardson number Jd is varied to study its effect on the dynamics. In all cases, a pycnocline is found to develop at the edges of the shear layer. The region of maximum shear shifts downward with increasing time. Internal waves are excited, initially by KH rollers, and later by small-scale turbulence. The wave field generated by the KH rollers is narrowband and of stronger amplitude than the broadband wave field generated by turbulence. Linear theory based on Doppler-shifted frequency of the KH mode is able to predict the angle of the internal wave phase lines during the direct generation of internal waves by KH rollers. Waves generated by turbulence are relatively weaker with a broader range of excitation angles which, in the deep region, tend towards a narrower band. The linear theory that works for the internal waves excited by KH rollers does not work for the turbulence generated waves. The momentum transported by the internal waves into the interior can be large, about 10% of the initial momentum in the shear layer, when Jd ≃ 0.25. Integration of the turbulent kinetic energy budget in time and over the shear layer thickness shows that the energy flux can be up to 17% of the turbulent production, 33% of the turbulent dissipation rate and 75% of the buoyancy flux. These numbers quantify the dynamical importance of internal waves. In contrast to linear theory where the effect of deep stratification on the shear layer instabilities has been found to be weak, the present nonlinear simulations show that the evolution of the shear layer is significantly altered because of the significant momentum and energy carried away by the internal waves.
Response of supersonic turbulent boundary layers to local and global mechanical distortions
Authors: EKOTO ISAAC W. , BOWERSOX RODNEY D. W. , BEUTNER THOMAS , GOSS LARRY
Published: June 2009

The response of the mean and turbulent flow structure of a supersonic high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layer flow subjected to local and global mechanical distortions was experimentally examined. Local disturbances were introduced via small-scale wall patterns, and global distortions were induced through streamline curvature-driven pressure gradients. Local surface topologies included k-type diamond and d-type square elements; a smooth wall was examined for comparison purposes. Three global distortions were studied with each of the three surface topologies. Measurements included planar contours of the mean and fluctuating velocity via particle image velocimetry, Pitot pressure profiles, pressure sensitive paint and Schlieren photography. The velocity data were acquired with sufficient resolution to characterize the mean and turbulent flow structure and to examine interactions between the local surface roughness distortions and the imposed pressure gradients on the turbulence production. A strong response to both the local and global distortions was observed with the diamond elements, where the effect of the elements extended into the outer regions of the boundary layer. It was shown that the primary cause for the observed response was the result of local shock and expansion waves modifying the turbulence structure and production. By contrast, the square elements showed a less pronounced response to local flow distortions as the waves were significantly weaker. However, the frictional losses were higher for the blunter square roughness elements. Detailed quantitative characterizations of the turbulence flow structure and the associated production mechanisms are described herein. These experiments demonstrate fundamental differences between supersonic and subsonic rough-wall flows, and the new understanding of the underlying mechanisms provides a scientific basis to systematically modify the mean and turbulence flow structure all the way across supersonic boundary layers.
Oscillations of the large-scale circulation in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection: the sloshing mode and its relationship with the torsional mode
Authors: ZHOU QUAN , XI HENG-DONG , ZHOU SHENG-QI , SUN CHAO , XIA KE-QING
Published: June 2009

We report an experimental study of the large-scale circulation (LSC) in a turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection cell with aspect ratio unity. The temperature-extrema-extraction (TEE) method for obtaining the dynamic information of the LSC is presented. With this method, the azimuthal angular positions of the hot ascending and cold descending flows along the sidewall are identified from the measured instantaneous azimuthal temperature profile. The motion of the LSC is then decomposed into two different modes based on these two angles: the azimuthal mode and the translational or sloshing mode that is perpendicular to the vertical circulation plane of the LSC. Comparing to the previous sinusoidal-fitting (SF) method, it is found that both the TEE and the SF methods give the same information about the azimuthal motion of the LSC, but the TEE method in addition can provide information about the sloshing motion of the LSC. The sloshing motion is found to oscillate time-periodically around the cell's central vertical axis with an amplitude being nearly independent of the turbulent intensity and to have a π/2 phase difference with the torsional mode. It is further found that the azimuthal angular positions of the hot ascending and cold descending flows oscillate out of phase with each other by π, which leads to the observations of the torsional mode when these two flows are near the top and the bottom plates, respectively, and of the sloshing mode when they are both near the mid-height plane. A direct velocity measurement further confirms the existence of the bulk sloshing mode of the flow field.
Unravelling turbulence near walls
Authors: MARUSIC IVAN
Published: June 2009

Turbulent flows near walls have been the focus of intense study since their first description by Ludwig Prandtl over 100 years ago. They are critical in determining the drag and lift of an aircraft wing for example. Key challenges are to understand the physical mechanisms causing the transition from smooth, laminar flow to turbulent flow and how the turbulence is then maintained. Recent direct numerical simulations have contributed significantly towards this understanding.
Gustatory otorrhoea: a rare case of congenital external ear salivary fistula
Authors: De Zoysa N , Vasani S , Kaniyur S , Frosh A
Published: June 2009

Objective:

We present an extremely rare case of a 44-year-old woman with right gustatory otorrhoea and otalgia.

Case report:

The patient had been initially treated for otitis externa after Pseudomonas aeruginosa was grown from a microbiological swab. The otorrhoea fluid was collected and tested positive for amylase. Sialography and computed tomography imaging of the temporal bone confirmed a sialo-aural fistula from the right parotid gland to the bony external acoustic meatus. The defect was consistent with a patent foramen of Huschke. The fistula was identified surgically via a superficial parotidectomy approach, after contrast injection of Bonney's blue dye into the parotid duct, and then ligated and divided. The patient had immediate and sustained resolution of her otorrhoea.

Conclusions:

Sialo-aural fistulae are extremely rare, and usually arise as a complication of surgery or as an acquired disease process. To date, only four cases have been reported. This case demonstrates the use of sensitive investigation involving sialography and computed tomography, as well as successful surgical management, with complete resolution of symptoms.
Prevention of blood staining of endoscope tip during functional endoscopic sinus surgery: sleeve technique
Authors: Kalra G , Keir J , Tahery J
Published: June 2009

Optimisation of the endoscopic view during FESS may require correction of a deviated septum. The resulting incision leads to bleeding which could obscure the view of the endoscope. Repeated cleaning of the endoscope intraoperatively is time consuming and traumatisation of the lining of the nasal mucosa may lead to formation of adhesions post operatively.

We discuss the use a segment of suction tubing that can act as a conduit or sleeve for the passage of the endoscope into the nasal cavity. This protects the endoscope tip from the bleeding area.
A new species of Dasybranchethus (Annelida: Capitellidae) from Mexican Pacific, with a redescription of Dasybranchethus fauveli
Authors: García-Garza M.E. , de León-González J.A.
Published: June 2009

Dasybranchetus pacifica, collected in Concepcion Bay, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, is described as a new species. In addition, the type species of the genus, Dasybranchetus fauveli Monro, 1931, is redescribed based on type material. The new species differs from D. fauveli in the absence of branchiae, the begining of the mid-dorsal lobe from chaetiger 2 instead of chaetiger 9, abdominal segments with well-developed neuropodial lobes, and hooded hooks with a main fang and three rows of subapical teeth in the following arrangement: 4 teeth in the basal line, 3 in the middle line, and 2 in the apical line.
Differential response of meio- and macrofauna to in situ burial
Authors: Whomersley P. , Huxham M. , Schratzberger M. , Bolam S.
Published: June 2009

Benthic nematode and macrofaunal communities are regularly utilized in impact studies. However, very few studies are carried out utilizing both communities. A literature search using the search engine Scopus (www.Scopus.com) covering the last twenty years, using the keywords ‘Macrofauna’ and ‘Disturbance’ then ‘Meiofauna’ and ‘Disturbance’ and finally ‘Macrofauna and Meiofauna’ and ‘Disturbance’, gave 210, 115 and 36 hits respectively. To assess the differential response of meio- and macrofauna to in situ burial a replicated random block designed field experiment was carried out over a 9-month period on an intertidal mud flat. In situ burial was achieved by spreading 4 cm of anoxic mud on top of each treatment plot at two different intensities. Differences in the response of the two faunal communities over time were assessed using both univariate and multivariate techniques. Clear differences in community behaviour over time and in response to the different intensities of disturbance were observed. Overall macrofauna were found to be more sensitive to physical disturbance than meiofaunal nematodes, although, attributes of meiofaunal nematode communities were more sensitive to the initial impacts of disturbance. The observed community-specific responses and sensitivities of meiofauna and macrofauna to the physical disturbance associated with in situ burial highlights the importance of using both faunal types in the assessment of the effects of seabed disturbance in the marine environment.
Predation: a regulating force of intertidal assemblages on the central Portuguese coast?
Authors: Brazão Sónia A.E. , Silva Ana C.F. , Boaventura Diana M.
Published: June 2009

Predation has long been recognized as an important biological force driving community patterns in intertidal rocky shores throughout the world. Little is known, however, about the role of predation by mobile marine predators in shaping intertidal prey populations in Portuguese rocky shores. The abundance and population structure of crabs were assessed during nocturnal low-tides on two rocky shores to characterize potential predator species. To assess the effect of predation on intertidal species including limpets, barnacles and mussels, predator exclusion experiments using full cage, partial cage and no cage treatments, were set up for two months on two shores on the central Portuguese coast. Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius) and Eriphia verrucosa (Forsskål) were the most abundant crabs. Results from predator exclusion experiments suggested that predators do not exert a significant control on abundance of limpets, mussels or barnacles on the midshore during the experimental period. Despite the fact that these crabs are known to feed on the analysed prey, several factors may account for the observed absence of impact on prey abundance and these are discussed.
Oceanographic factors influencing the distribution of South American fur seal, Arctocephalus australis around the Falkland Islands before the breeding season
Authors: Laptikhovsky Vladimir
Published: June 2009

Distribution of fur seals Arctocephalus australis has been studied in October 2007 on the western, southern and eastern Falkland shelves during the survey of spawning grounds of the red cod, Salilota australis. Fur seals presence/absence, numbers and sex were recorded at every oceanographic station. Animals were found foraging on the shelf edge south-west of the islands, in a productive zone with quasi-stationary eddies at a periphery of upwelling. It was also the zone of maximum abundance of lobster-krill, Munida spp.—an important food source of fur seals and aggregations of both red cod and blue whiting, Micromesistius australis. No fur seals were found in waters of the relative cold and saline Falkland Current as well as in the relatively warm, fresh and oxygen-rich waters of Argentine Drift. It allows supposing that position and extension of the foraging grounds are caused by oceanographic features determining distribution of prey species.
Rallying theQaum:The Muslim League in the United Provinces, 1937–1939
Authors: DHULIPALA VENKAT
Published: June 2009

This paper re-examines the nature of the Muslim League's mobilization of the UP Muslims during the period of Congress party rule and the extent to which it was successful in emerging as their ‘authoritative, representative organization’. In the light of such a re-examination, the paper makes two arguments. First, in contrast to the existing historiography which highlights the role of Jinnah in the ML's revival, this paper underlines the agency of the local leadership of the ML in this process. Second, the paper argues that even though the ML emerged as a popular political party among the UP Muslims in this period, its strength still remained uncertain. This became evident during theMadhe Sahabaagitation between 1938 and 1939 that led to serious tensions and riots between Shias and Sunnis in the city of Lucknow. These tensions threatened to fracture the political base of the ML in the UP besides snowballing into a wider all-India conflict. During this crisis the ML stood aside helplessly, unable to exert its authority as the ‘premier’ organization of the Indian Muslims. These divisions within the Muslim community in the ML's putative bastion in the UP demonstrate that the party still had a task ahead in terms of rallying theQaum.
Symposium 4: Hot topics in parenteral nutrition A review of the use of glutamine supplementation in the nutritional support of patients undergoing bone-marrow transplantation and traditional cancer therapy
Authors: Crowther Mark
Published: June 2009

The relationship between glutamine and malignancy can be traced back to the 1950s and the requirement for glutamine for malignant-cell growth in culture. Later studies demonstrated an association between the rate of proliferation of the malignant cells and glutamine usage. The excessive use of glutamine by malignant cells was seen as an opportunity for the development of a treatment using glutamine analogues, but unfortunately excessive toxicity was observed during clinical studies. In animal models glutamine supplementation, initially thought to increase tumour growth, actually causes tumour regression as a result of improved immune clearance of the tumour and appears to reduce the severity of the side effects of chemo- and radiotherapy. This finding led to human studies in both traditional cancer therapy and bone-marrow transplantation, which are reviewed here. Unfortunately, the majority of the studies performed are small and have poor methodological reporting. There is clinical heterogeneity in terms of routes of administration, dosing schedules, chemotherapy regimens and diseases. Studies of glutamine in non-bone-marrow transplantation chemo- and/or radiotherapy treatment suggest a possible trend towards reductions in objective mucositis but no effect on subjective symptoms. There is no evidence for its effect on other clinical outcomes. For bone-marrow transplantation there appears to be some benefit from oral glutamine in reducing mucositis and graft v. host disease, while intravenous glutamine may reduce infections but at the expense of an increased relapse rate. Good-quality studies are required in this area.
Identification of the agent causing visceral leishmaniasis in Uzbeki and Tajiki foci by analysing parasite DNA extracted from patients' Giemsa-stained tissue preparations
Authors: ALAM M. Z. , KOVALENKO D. A. , KUHLS K. , NASYROVA R. M. , PONOMAREVA V. I. , FATULLAEVA A. A. , RAZAKOV S. A. , SCHNUR L. F. , SCHÖNIAN G.
Published: June 2009

Our present study is the first attempt to characterizeLeishmaniaparasites from foci in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). PCR-sequencing of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 and multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) were applied to DNA extracted from preparations of Giemsa-stained bone marrow aspirates from 13 cases of VL.L. infantumwas shown to cause VL currently occurring in this area. MLMT applying 14 microsatellite markers, previously shown to be polymorphic for strains of theL. donovanicomplex, revealed that microsatellite profiles of parasites causing human VL in the Namangan and Jizzakh regions in Uzbekistan, and Penjikent region in Tajikistan, basically coincide with those of strains ofL. infantumMON-1. Furthermore, these parasites were assigned to a distinct cluster genetically clearly separated from the populations ofL. infantumMON-1 from Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The existence of a genetically homogeneous but distinct group ofL. infantumMON-1 indicates that the parasites circulating in the Uzbeki and Tajiki foci studied have been restricted there for a long time rather than having been recently introduced from elsewhere by human or animal reservoir migration.
Tracking a heterosis effect in the field: tadpole resistance to parasites in the water frog hybridogenetic complex
Authors: PLANADE B. , LENA J.-P. , LI H. , PLENET S. , GUEGAN J.-F. , THOMAS F. , HURTREZ-BOUSSES S. , RENAUD F. , JOLY P.
Published: June 2009

Depending on the extent of evolutionary divergence among parent taxa, hybrids may suffer from a breakdown of co-adapted genes or may conversely exhibit vigour due to the heterosis effect, which confers advantages to increased genetic diversity. That last mechanism could explain the success of hybrids when hybridization zones are large and long lasting, such as in the water frog hybridization complex. In this hybridogenetic system, hybrid individuals exhibit full heterozygosity that makes it possible to investigatein situthe impact of hybridization. We have compared parasite intensity between hybridRana esculentaand parentalR. lessonaeindividuals at the tadpole stage in two populations inhabiting contrasted habitats. We estimated intensity ofGyrinicolasp. (Nematoda) in the gut, Echinostome metacercariae in the kidneys andHaplometra cylindraceain the body cavity (both species belong to Trematoda). Despite high sampling effort, no variation in parasite intensity was detected between taxa, except a possible higher tolerance toH. cylindraceain hybrid tadpoles. The low effect of hybridization suggests efficient gene co-adaptation between the two genomes that could result from hemiclonal selection. Variation in infection intensity among ponds could support the Red Queen hypothesis.
Flow cytometric assessment of distinct physiological stages withinCryptosporidium parvumsporozoites post-excystation
Authors: KING B. J. , HOEFEL D. , LIM S. P. , ROBINSON B. S. , MONIS P. T.
Published: June 2009

Cryptosporidium parvumare protozoan parasites responsible for outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease worldwide. Within the apical complex of this organism reside numerous vesicular secretory organelles and their discharge has been identified as essential for sporozoite motility, cell attachment and penetration. Traditionally, investigation of apical organelle discharge has relied on microscopic and immunochemical hybridization techniques. In this study we demonstrate for the first time how flow cytometry, in combination with vital dye staining, provides an avenue for discrimination of distinct physiological events occurring withinCryptosporidiumsporozoites post-excystation. Time-course studies of freshly excysted sporozoites were carried out at 37°C in cell-free medium, stained with the fluorescent dyes SYTO9/PI, DiBAC4(3), Fluo-4 AM or FM1-43 and analysed by flow cytometry. Significant decreases in sporozoite plasma membrane permeability and increased membrane depolarization were found to be accompanied by concomitant increases in intracellular calcium. Subsequent to these changes, large increases in exocytosed vesicular membrane were apparent. In addition, by measuring side and forward angle light scatter we were able to assess changes in internal granularity and size of sporozoites post-excystation. These observations were suggestive of rapid mobilization, utilization and discharge of apical organelles within sporozoites, which we relate to changes in sporozoite infectivity, ATP levels and total secreted soluble protein.
Dynamics of the heat semigroup on symmetric spaces
Authors: JI LIZHEN , WEBER ANDREAS
Published: June 2009

The aim of this paper is to show that the dynamics of Lp heat semigroups (p>2) on a symmetric space of non-compact type is very different from the dynamics of the Lp heat semigroups if 1
2, and that such a behavior is not possible in the cases 1<p≤2. These results are compared with the corresponding situation for Euclidean spaces and symmetric spaces of compact type, where such a behavior is not possible.
Diffeomorphisms Hölder conjugate to Anosov diffeomorphisms
Authors: GOGOLEV ANDREY
Published: June 2009

We show by means of a counterexample that a C1+Lip diffeomorphism Hölder conjugate to an Anosov diffeomorphism is not necessarily Anosov. Also we include a result from the 2006 PhD thesis of Fisher: a C1+Lip diffeomorphism Hölder conjugate to an Anosov diffeomorphism is Anosov itself provided that Hölder exponents of the conjugacy and its inverse are sufficiently large.
Persistence of wandering intervals in self-similar affine interval exchange transformations
Authors: BRESSAUD XAVIER , HUBERT PASCAL , MAASS ALEJANDRO
Published: June 2009

In this article we prove that given a self-similar interval exchange transformation T(λ,π), whose associated matrix verifies a quite general algebraic condition, there exists an affine interval exchange transformation with wandering intervals that is semi-conjugated to it. That is, in this context the existence of Denjoy counterexamples occurs very often, generalizing the result of Cobo [Piece-wise affine maps conjugate to interval exchanges. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.22 (2002), 375–407].
THE CALL OF NATURE
Authors: Rubin Charles T.
Published: June 2009

Environmental thinking vacillates between two conceptions of our relationship to nature: one assumes that human beings are simply a part of nature, the other that what is natural is defined by what humans have not interfered with. Both can conduce to making human extinction appear a way to protect the integrity of nature. An alternate view notes that human beings by nature possess speech and reason, or logos, which leads to our ability to articulate a concern for nature. The examples of Deep Ecology and transhumanism suggest that only when nature and logos are completely abstracted from one another will thinking about nature in these terms support advocacy of human extinction. Still, this alternative requires confronting the modern “demoralization” of nature, which can coexist only uneasily with either environmentalism's attempt to get us to value nature more, or transhumanism's effort to have us value it less.
HISTORY, POLITICS, AND CLAIMS OF MAN-MADE GLOBAL WARMING
Authors: Lewis John David
Published: June 2009

Claims that a man-made global warming catastrophe is imminent have two major aspects: the scientific support offered for the claims, and the political proposals brought forth in response to the claims. The central questions are whether non-scientists should accept the claims themselves as true, and whether they should support the political proposals attached to them. Predictions of a coming disaster are shown to be a-historical in both the long term and the short term, to involve shifting predictions that are contrary to evidence, and to be opposed by many scientists. The political proposals to alleviate this alleged problem—especially plans by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency—are shown to offer no alternative to fossil fuels, and to portend a major economic decline and permanent losses of liberty. The anthropogenic global warming claims are largely motivated not by science, but by a desire for socialist intervention on a national and a global scale. Neither the claims to an impending climate catastrophe nor the political proposals attached to those claims should be accepted.
THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT, REGULATORY TAKINGS, AND PUBLIC GOODS
Authors: Arnold N. Scott
Published: June 2009

The Endangered Species Act (ESA) can impose significant limitations on what landowners may do with their property, especially as it pertains to development. These restrictions imposed by the ESA are part of a larger controversy about the reach of the “Takings Clause” of the Fifth Amendment, which says that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. The question this paper addresses is whether these restrictions require compensation. The paper develops a position on the general question of compensation for regulatory takings and applies it to the ESA. The main argument concludes that compensation should be paid. It is based on the proposition that the goods provided by regulatory takings are typically public goods, and on a principle of fairness, which holds that compensation should be paid when those who benefit from a regulatory taking pay virtually nothing and those who pay receive hardly any benefit. It is argued that this principle is implicit in many of the Court's rulings on regulatory takings.
UNDERSTANDING THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE AND ITS THREAT TO HUMAN WELFARE
Authors: Burnett H. Sterling
Published: June 2009

Over the past three decades, the Precautionary Principle (PP) has become popular in discussions of public policy, especially in relation to health and environmental policy. Though there are a number of different versions of the principle, the genesis of the idea is that it is better to be safe than sorry. In terms of public policy, proponents of the PP argue that being safe means that, if there is a possibility of harm from a new activity or novel technology, even if the scientific evidence concerning the harm is absent or uncertain, precautionary actions should be taken. In one version or another, the PP has been incorporated into a number of laws and treaties. Yet arguments for the PP are unconvincing, the PP itself is vague and when enacted in law, results in arbitrary regulations that pose a threat to human welfare. As a result, the PP should be rejected as a basis for public policy.
Anger Treatment in Chemically-Dependent Inpatients: Evaluation of Phase Effects and Gender
Authors: Fernandez Ephrem , Scott Stephen
Published: June 2009

Background:There is a growing quest for anger management techniques especially in underserved populations. Patients with a substance abuse history often have untreated anger problems.Aims:To test a new comprehensive program for prevention, intervention, and remediation of anger in chemically-dependent patients. A secondary aim was to explore any anger differences between males versus females.Method:Twenty-six participants (13 male, 13 female) completed three phases of treatment plus follow-up. Dependent measures were six subscales of the (STAXI) questionnaire and self-monitored frequency, duration, and intensity of anger.Results:A significant multivariate effect of phase of study accounted for 42% of the variance in STAXI scores. UnivariateF-tests confirmed significant changes on all STAXI subscales. Most of these were between pre and post phases of the study, the effect sizes = +0.8 for state anger and +0.99 for trait anger. For self-monitored variables, significant reductions emerged between treatment phases, the average pre-post effect size = +1.02. Gender did not affect STAXI scores although females had more self-monitored anger, particularly anger episodes.Conclusions:Findings suggest cumulative efficacy of the anger treatment program. That trait anger declined more than state anger may indicate characterological change in addition to situational change; anger frequency and duration declined more than intensity in keeping with other reports that intensity peaks suddenly and is less modifiable. That males and females were generally similar in anger is worth noting in relation to other studies. Finally, participant attrition is discussed as a problem and a possible index of treatment outcome.
Who Attends and Who Benefits from CBT “Self-Confidence” Workshops Run in Routine Practice? A Pilot Study
Authors: Prytys Marta , Harman Kate , Lee Rachel , Brown June S. L.
Published: June 2009

Background:This study examined characteristics of members of the public who self-referred and the effectiveness of psycho-educational CBT self-confidence workshops when run in routine practice.Method:Repeated measures were employed at pre- and post-workshop stages.Results:Of the 56 members of the general public who self-referred to the workshops, 70% were above the clinical cut-offs for Global Distress (CORE OM) and 86% were above the clinical cut offs for depression symptomatology (CES-D). Follow up data (n= 31) showed significant reduction in self-reported distress and depression at 4-week follow-up. A further analysis showed that those whose scores were above the clinical threshold at initial presentation benefited most but those with scores below the threshold did not seem to benefit.Conclusions:This study demonstrates that psycho-educational CBT workshops attract those with high levels of distress and depression, and have potential as a cost effective means of disseminating psychological interventions.
Mindfulness Groups for Distressing Voices and Paranoia: A Replication and Randomized Feasibility Trial
Authors: Chadwick Paul , Hughes Stephanie , Russell Daphne , Russell Ian , Dagnan Dave
Published: June 2009

Background:The clinical literature cautions against use of meditation by people with psychosis. There is, however, evidence for acceptance-based therapy reducing relapse, and some evidence for clinical benefits of mindfulness groups for people with distressing psychosis, though no data on whether participants became more mindful.Aims:To assess feasibility of randomized evaluation of group mindfulness therapy for psychosis, to replicate clinical gains observed in one small uncontrolled study, and to assess for changes in mindfulness.Method:Twenty-two participants with current distressing psychotic experiences were allocated at random between group-based mindfulness training and a waiting list for this therapy. Mindfulness training comprised twice-weekly sessions for 5 weeks, plus home practice (meditation CDs were supplied), followed by 5 weeks of home practice.Results:There were no significant differences between intervention and waiting-list participants. Secondary analyses combining both groups and comparing scores before and after mindfulness training revealed significant improvement in clinical functioning (p= .013) and mindfulness of distressing thoughts and images (p= .037).Conclusions:Findings on feasibility are encouraging and secondary analyses replicated earlier clinical benefits and showed improved mindfulness of thoughts and images, but not voices.