bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Regulatory Post‐Market Safety Advisories on Prescribing Practices: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis
Authors: Kim Seonji , Kim Subin , Kim Chungsoo , Chang Junhyuk , Park Rae Woong , Kim Kyung Won , You Seng Chan
Published: February 2025

Less frequent adverse drug reactions are usually discovered after a drug's release to the market, making effective and timely communication of regulatory post‐market advisories essential for preventing emerging adverse effects. Time series analysis is a key study design for assessing the impact of post‐market safety advisories. However, most previous studies have focused on narrow evaluations, limiting systematic assessment of how different safety advisories affect prescribing practices. This study aimed to investigate changes in prescribing practices following regulatory post‐market safety advisories in Korea. Interrupted time series analyses were conducted using nationwide claims data from 2018 to 2021 and hospital datasets covering the period from 2 years before and 3 years after post‐market safety advisories. We categorized the selected drugs into two groups: safety warning through letters and real‐time safety alarms (contraindications or requiring attention). Twelve post‐market safety advisories were analyzed, including four safety warnings and eight safety alarms, which showed an overall relative reduction (safety warning: relative change [95% confidence interval]: −8.06% [−10.23% to −5.84%], safety alarm on contraindication: −92.65% [−95.65% to −87.59%], and safety alarm on requiring attention: −8.04% [−9.98% to −6.05%]). All types of regulatory interventions reduced the prescribing of targeted drugs; however, the magnitude of these effects differed substantially depending on the type of intervention. By identifying and comparing the influence of regulatory post‐market safety advisories, we can enhance these measures to better protect patient health. Continuous monitoring and systematic assessment of safety‐related regulatory advisories, with ensured reproducibility, are warranted to optimize effectiveness and ensure safe medication practices.
Analyzing and Predicting the Relationship Between the Coupling Capacitance and the Plates Misalignment Based on SSA‐CNN Method in Dynamic Charging of EVs
Authors: Li Shenwang , Wu Songjian , Su Qiuren , Chen Junkuan , Wu Thomas Xinzhang
Published: February 2025

Electric vehicles (EVs) have become increasingly popular among new energy vehicles. Therefore, the cost of charging devices and the efficiency of power conversion are major challenges to the large‐scale development of EVs. Capacitive power transfer (CPT) technology uses an electric field for transmission, which is low‐cost and insensitive to metal objects. Usually, the vehicle chassis is made of metal. It is relatively easy to deal with the chassis when we use CPT. To analyze and predict the relationship between the four‐plate capacitive coupler (FPCC) lateral and longitudinal misalignment, vertical distance variation, and the coupling capacitance, a prediction model of the coupling capacitance is proposed, based on the Sparrow Search Algorithm optimized convolutional neural network (SSA‐CNN). Firstly, replace the four‐plate coupling structure with the six‐capacitor model, derive the π‐shape model based on Kirchhoff's current equation, and transform the π‐shape model into the T‐shape model through the star‐delta transformation method. Next, the coupling capacitances for the plates misalignment are simulated utilizing Maxwell. Finally, through theoretical analysis and experimental validation, it is demonstrated that the proposed prediction model in this paper can predict the relationship between CN and the plates dynamic misalignment within a 15% error in the given range.
Segmentation of IC Images in Integrated Circuit Reverse Engineering Using EfficientNet Encoder Based on U‐Net++ Architecture
Authors: Cheng Hongnan , Yu Chaozhi , Zhang Chenguang
Published: February 2025

Segmentation of electrical components and metal traces from integrated circuit (IC) images is crucial for IC reverse engineering. Existing image segmentation methods face significant challenges when applied to IC images, including high resolution, limited training data, and the need for precise segmentation. To address these issues, this study proposes a combined approach of segmentation and post‐processing. During the segmentation stage, we use UNet++ as the base architecture, with EfficientNet‐B7 as the encoder, resulting in an E‐UNet++ model. This model effectively combines the efficiency and pre‐training capabilities of EfficientNet with the ability of UNet++ to capture both global structural information and fine‐grained boundary details in IC images, enabling it to effectively handle challenges such as high resolution and limited training samples. In the post‐processing stage, to address potential noise caused by the insufficient utilization of spatial location information in network‐based methods, we propose the use of Hough circle detection and median filtering to eliminate noise from vias and non‐via regions. Compared to the suboptimal segmentation model, our proposed method achieved a 0.58% improvement in mean intersection over union (mIoU) and a 0.33% improvement in mean pixel accuracy (MPA) on the real‐world dataset and a 0.78% improvement in mIoU and a 0.44% improvement in MPA on the open‐source dataset. These experimental results demonstrate that our method effectively improves the accuracy of IC segmentation.
Ubiquitin‐specific protease 25 improves myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury by deubiquitinating NLRP3 and negatively regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activity in cardiomyocytes
Authors: Ye Bozhi , Xu Diyun , Zhong Lingfeng , Wang Yi , Wang Wei , Xu Haowen , Han Xue , Min Julian , Wu Gaojun , Huang Wenhai , Liang Guang
Published: February 2025

Background

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI) restricts the effect of myocardial reperfusion therapy and lacks effective prevention and treatment methods. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), especially members of the ubiquitin‐specific protease (USP) family of DUBs, are key proteins in the ubiquitination modification process and play a vital role in MI/RI. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of USP25, as a member of the USP family, in MI/RI and its molecular mechanism.

Methods

Transcriptome sequencing was applied to evaluate the differential expression of USP families during hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) and validated in human and mouse heart samples and cardiomyocytes by performing quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Wild‐type or USP25−/− mice were used to develop the MI/RI model. Co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis was used to screen the potential substrate protein of USP25 in H/R‐induced cardiomyocyte injury. TUNEL and Hoechst/propidium iodide staining and western blot were used to detect the level of pyroptosis. In addition, cardiomyocyte‐specific USP25 overexpression in NLRP3−/− mice with AAV9 vectors was used to validate the biological function of USP25 and NLRP3 interaction.

Results

We found that the expression level of USP25 was significantly decreased in I/R‐induced mouse heart tissues and primary cardiomyocytes in a time‐dependent manner. USP25 deficiency exacerbated MI/RI and aggravated I/R‐induced cardiac remodelling in mice. Mechanistically, USP25 directly binds to NLRP3 protein and K63‐linkedly deubiquitinates NLRP3 at residue K243 via its active site C178, thus hindering NLRP3–ASC interaction and ASC oligomerization to inhibit NLRP3 activation and pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes. We further showed that the overexpression of USP25 in cardiomyocytes ameliorated MI/RI in mice, whereas this protective effect disappeared when NLRP3 is knocked out.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that USP25 ameliorates MI/RI by regulating NLRP3 activation and its mediated pyroptosis. This finding extends the protective role of USP25 in cardiovascular disease and provides an experimental basis for future USP25‐based drug development for the treatment of MI/RI.

Key points

The deubiquitinating enzyme USP25 was down‐regulated both in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI) myocardium tissues.

The deficiency of USP25 worsened exacerbated MI/RI in mice, whereas the overexpression of USP25 in cardiomyocytes mitigated this pathological phenotype.

USP25 directly interacts with the NLRP3 protein and deubiquitinates it via K63 linkage at residue K243 through its active site C178, thus affecting NLRP3‐ASC interaction and ASC oligomerization to inhibit NLRP3 activation and pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes.
A novel construction approach for the pore structure model principally focuses on the controllable roundness of rock particles
Authors: Dong Jiabin , Yang Ning , Jin Yi , Wu Ying , Liu Dandan , Zheng Junling , Zhao Jingyan
Published: February 2025

Pores among particles provide the main space for the storage and migration of deep underground fluids (such as oil, gas, groundwater, and unconventional natural gas). The pores form a pore structure with complex morphology which is mainly dominated by the shape and distribution of particles. Therefore, the reconstruction of the pore structure or granular porous media and the evaluation of particle roundness have become an important foundation for the study of fluid flow through deep underground rock mass. This research proposes a novel approach for the multi‐scale model with angular vertexes. The fractal topology theory and Voronoi space segmentation technology are combinedly used for the reconstruction of fractal granular porous media. The angular shapes are smoothed by using a modified B‐spline technique and the particles with varying degrees of roundness are generated. To validate the superiority of our approach, the roundness based on the Wadell roundness calculation method is calculated and compared with the roundness obtained from particles smoothed using the vertex rounding substitution method. Results show that the roundness of particles smoothed with the modified B‐spline technique closely aligns with the corresponding set rounded level (a nondimensional variable). Conversely, the vertex rounding substitution method is limited to a single dimensionally rounded radius. This innovative approach can offer a new method for the construction of granular porous media for the fluid flow study in deep underground rock mass.
Heterogeneity of Locked‐Pasture Snow Conditions Modulate Habitat and Movement Choices of a Facultative Migrant
Authors: Gura Katherine B. , Liston Glen E. , Reinking Adele K. , Bedrosian Bryan , Elder Kelly , Chalfoun Anna D.
Published: February 2025

Habitat selection and movement are key mechanisms by which animals can respond to and potentially cope with highly variable environmental conditions. Optimal responses likely vary, however, depending on the severity and scope of conditions. We tested this hypothesis using a facultative migrant species, the Great Gray Owl (Strix nebulosa), which exhibits high inter‐ and intra‐individual variation in the timing, direction, and distance of winter movements. Specifically, we evaluated whether episodic, spatiotemporally variable “locked‐pasture” snow conditions, which restrict access to subnivean food, prompted shifts in habitat selection or long‐distance movements by owls. We quantified the movement of 42 owls using global positioning system (GPS) data within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, USA, during 2017–2022. We used a novel ecological application of SnowModel, a snow evolution modeling system, to estimate fine‐scale, physical snow properties likely to influence access to prey. Variables included snow depth, snow crusts produced by wind, and ice crusts produced by melt‐freeze and rain‐on‐snow events. Owls avoided heterogeneously distributed wind crusts via local shifts in habitat selection. More homogenous ice crusts elicited long‐distance movements away from affected home ranges. Finally, owls employed both proximate shifts in habitat selection and long‐distance movements to avoid deeper snow. Ultimately, owls exhibited behavioral flexibility in response to limiting snow conditions that can vary in terms of severity, spatial extent, and duration. Such behavioral responses determine species distribution, with implications for population and community dynamics in spatiotemporally variable systems. Understanding the effects of, and responses to, environmental controls is increasingly important given the scope of on‐going global change.
Mechanochemical Dissociation of Singlet Carbene–CS2 Adducts
Authors: Lim Gayeong , Park Subin , Lee Minji , Kang Dongmin , Kim Youngsuk
Published: February 2025

Owing to the extensive application of singlet carbenes, their generation through the release of small molecules from stable adducts is attracting increasing research interest. This study explores the mechanochemical release of CS2 from Carbene–CS2 adducts formed by three distinct singlet carbenes: cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC); N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC); and N,N’‐diamidocarbene (DAC). Under ball‐milling conditions, these adducts exhibit notably different reactivities; DAC–CS2 releases CS2 completely within 20 min, NHC–CS2 has a slower release rate, while CAAC–CS2 decomposes into a complex mixture. DFT calculations reveal that the release of CS2 from CAAC–CS2 requires the highest activation energy (32 kcal/mol), suggesting that it is inaccessible under the reaction conditions. This is likely because of the higher HOMO energy of CAAC, which correlates with a stronger bond with CS2, thereby limiting its dissociation. This study highlights how the electronic structures of carbenes influence their interactions with small molecules, paving the way for controlling the reactivity of carbene–small‐molecule adducts.
The Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A in Treating Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review, Meta‐Analysis, Trial Sequential Analysis, and Meta‐Regression
Authors: Wagrees Waseem , Kelani Hesham , Salamah Hazem Mohamed , Mahmoud Abdelrahman , Khlidj Yehya , Abdelraouf Mohamed R. , Sharaf Bahaa , Elnewishy Moustafa , Albaramony Nadia , Naeem Ahmed , Elazim Ahmed Abd , El‐Ghanem Mohammad , Greene‐Chandos Diana , Jadidi Mohammad , Lerner David P. , Kay Arthur D. , Merlin Lisa R. , Brock Charles
Published: February 2025

Background

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a leading cause of disability. Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT‐A) has strong anti‐spasmodic and analgesic effects, suggesting that its local muscular injection can reduce CLBP compared to other therapies. In this systematic review and meta‐analysis, we investigated the efficacy and safety of BoNT‐A on patients with CLBP.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases for studies comparing BoNT‐A to other therapies in terms of functional improvement and pain improvement as measured by visual analog scale (VAS) and clinically significant improvement in pain (50% or greater reduction in VAS score). We employed trial sequential analysis (TSA) to confirm the findings. The GRADE approach was employed to assess the overall quality of the evidence.

Results

The search yielded nine studies, seven randomised clinical trials (RCTs), and two prospective observational studies. Compared to the control, BoNT‐A increased the incidence of clinically significant improvement in pain (RR = 4.82, 95% CI (3.00, 7.76), p < 0.00001) and functional improvement (RR = 3.81, 95% CI (2.40, 6.04), p < 0.00001) (low‐certainty evidence), and reduced VAS score (MD = −1.62, 95% CI (−3.13, −0.11), p = 0.04) (very low‐certainty evidence). Subgroup analysis showed that BoNT‐A is effective against normal saline (moderate‐certainty evidence), and it was comparable to steroids and local anaesthetics (very low‐certainty evidence). TSA confirmed the findings regarding clinical improvement in pain and functional improvement.

Conclusion

BoNT‐A is a tolerable and effective treatment for CLBP with a longer duration of action. Future high‐quality studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Significance

This paper provides good evidence that BoNT‐A may be employed in patients suffering from resistant chronic low back pain not responding to normal saline injection due to its higher efficacy and longer duration of action. Compared to steroids and local anaesthetics injections, there is not enough data to draw a firm conclusion and future studies are needed.
Nanowire‐Based Flexible Sensors for Wearable Electronics, Brain–Computer Interfaces, and Artificial Skins
Authors: Song Xiaopan , Gu Yang , Wang Sheng , Wang Junzhuan , Yu Linwei
Published: February 2025

Flexible electronic devices with compliant mechanical deformability and electrical reliability have been a focal point of research over the past decade, particularly in the fields of wearable devices, brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), and electronic skins. These emerging applications impose stringent requirements on flexible sensors, necessitating not only their ability to withstand dynamic strains and conform to irregular surfaces but also to ensure long‐term stable monitoring. To meet these demands, one‐dimensional nanowires, with high aspect ratios, large surface‐to‐volume ratios, and programmable geometric engineering, are widely regarded as ideal candidates for constructing high‐performance flexible sensors. Various innovative assembly techniques have enabled the effective integration of these nanowires with flexible substrates. More excitingly, semiconductor nanowires, prepared through low‐cost and efficient catalytic growth methods, have been successfully employed in the fabrication of highly flexible and stretchable nanoprobes for intracellular sensing. Additionally, nanowire arrays can be deployed on the cerebral cortex to record and analyze neural activity, opening new avenues for the treatment of neurological disorders. This review systematically examines recent advancements in nanowire‐based flexible sensing technologies applied to wearable electronics, BCIs, and electronic skins, highlighting key design principles, operational mechanisms, and technological milestones achieved through growth, assembly, and transfer processes. These developments collectively advance high‐performance health monitoring, deepen our understanding of neural activities, and facilitate the creation of novel, flexible, and stretchable electronic skins. Finally, we also present a summary and perspectives on the current challenges and future opportunities for nanowire‐based flexible sensors.
An Ongoing Teacher Professional Development Programme to Enhance Critical Health Literacy Pedagogies and Assessment
Authors: Peralta Louisa R. , Marvell Claire L. , Barkell James , Burns Kellie , Otten Claire
Published: February 2025

Issue Addressed

Health literacy is an important asset for adolescents to develop through engagement in schooling and curriculum. The few studies that have focused on teachers, health literacy pedagogies and assessment, show that teachers find it difficult to enhance students' critical health literacy levels and to measure students' health literacy knowledge and capabilities using valid models. The aim of this study was to develop a longer‐term PD programme for secondary school teachers to enhance their ability to plan for critical health literacy learning and to co‐design with teachers a curricular model for assessing health literacy.

Methods

Two face‐to‐face (F2F) PD sessions and two online PD sessions were scheduled with three participating specialist Health and Physical Education (HPE) teachers, seven HPE programmes were deductively analysed using Nutbeam's health literacy hierarchy and the Australian Curriculum: HPE outcomes and content.

Results

Analysis showed that interactive learning activities were dominant (64%), compared with functional (4%) and critical learning activities (4%). The co‐designed curriculum model for measuring student health literacy was also developed for use in Australian schools. The resultant rubric is informed by Nutbeam's model, Broder et al.'s definition and Bloom's taxonomy.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first ongoing teacher PD programme that has embedded co‐design processes for teachers and researchers to design a curricular health literacy assessment model for Australian and international HPE programmes.

So What?

The valid measurement and assessment of child and adolescent health literacy has largely been ignored in previous research. This study is the first attempt to co‐design a curricular health literacy assessment for secondary schools that can be used by teachers and health professionals.
Precision Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Its Drug Resistance
Authors: Tang Bin , Li Pu , Mao Xuhu
Published: February 2025

Helicobacter pylori, a gram‐negative microaerophilic bacterium, is implicated in a broad spectrum of upper gastrointestinal disorders, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and even certain extragastric diseases. Its ability to colonize and persist within the host is driven by a complex arsenal of colonization and virulence factors, underscoring the intricate dynamics of host–pathogen interactions. The clinical management of H. pylori remains challenging, primarily due to the absence of commercially available vaccines and the increasing prevalence of multidrug resistance. Accurate and reliable detection methods are therefore critical for preventing infections, identifying antibiotic resistance, and assessing treatment efficacy. Currently, both invasive and non‐invasive diagnostic approaches are employed, each with unique strengths and limitations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of H. pylori pathogenesis, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic interventions, highlighting the latest advancements in diagnostic and treatment technologies. By critically evaluating existing methods and exploring innovative approaches, this review aims to support future progress in the effective management of this globally prevalent pathogen.
The validation of the Self‐Care Belief and Behavior Questionnaire in the Infant and Early Child Mental Health Workforce
Authors: Najm Julia A. , Morelen Diana
Published: February 2025

Professionals in the Infant/Early Child Mental Health (IECMH) field are at an increased risk of experiencing burnout, compassion fatigue, and secondary trauma symptoms due to the nature of their work that is further aggravated by the COVID‐19 pandemic. Engagement in self‐care may be a helpful strategy for IECMH professionals to curb these psychological effects. Previous operationalizations of self‐care have singularly emphasized the behavior aspect despite a growing body of research showing the importance of self‐care beliefs. A novel Self‐Care Belief and Behavior Questionnaire was tested in a sample of 121 IECMH female identifying professionals located in the United States (between the ages of 18 and 69 with 81.2% identified as White, 12.3% as Black or African American, 2.5% as Latino/a or Latin American, 1.6% as multi‐ethnic, .8% as Asian or Pacific Islander, and 1.6% preferred not to answer) to strengthen psychometric validity and understand how self‐care relates to professional quality of life, internalizing symptoms, and emotion regulation in the IECMH Workforce.
Visible–near‐infrared wavelength‐selective photodetection and imaging based on floating‐gate phototransistors
Authors: Wang Bo , Zhang Ningning , You Jie , Wu Xin , Zhang Yichi , Miao Tian , Liu Yang , Jiang Zuimin , Zhong Zhenyang , Sun Hao , Guo Hui , Hu Huiyong , Wang Liming , Zhu Zhangming
Published: February 2025

Wavelength selective imaging has a wide range of applications in image recognition and other application scenarios, which can effectively improve the recognition rate of objects. However, in the existing technical scenarios, it is usually necessary to use complex optical devices such as filters or gratings to achieve wavelength extraction. These methods inevitably bring about the problems of complex structure and low integration. Therefore, it is necessary to realize the wavelength extraction function at the device level. Here, we realize the wavelength extraction function and wide‐spectrum imaging function in the visible to infrared band based on a visible light absorber/floating gate storage layer/near‐infrared (NIR) photogating layer configuration. Under infrared irradiation, the device exhibits negative photoresponse through the absorption of infrared light by the Ge substrate and the photogating effect, and realizes visible positive light response through the absorption of visible light by MoS2. Utilizing the memory function of the device, by cleverly changing the gate voltage pulse, the photoresponse state of the output voltage is effectively adjusted to achieve three imaging states: visible light response only, response to both visible and infrared light, and infrared light response only. Active selective imaging of the word “XDU” was achieved at 532 and 1550 nm wavelength. By using the photoresponse data of the device, the passive imaging of the topography of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province was obtained, which effectively improves the recognition rate of mountains and rivers. The proposed reconfigurable visible–infrared wavelength‐selective imaging photodetector can effectively extract image information and improve the image recognition rate while ensuring a simple structure. The single‐chip‐based spectral separation imaging solution lays a good foundation for the further development of visible–infrared vision applications.

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Irrigation frequency requirements for sufficient warm‐season species quality in Florida
Authors: Schiavon Marco , Pirtle Todd , Cox Katherine , Rios Esteban , Unruh Bryan , Erickson John , Lindsey A. J. , Kenworthy Kevin , Cardenas‐Lailhacar Bernard , Dukes Michael , Schwartz Brian , Raymer Paul , Chandra Ambika , Wu Yanqi
Published: February 2025

Periodic drought and shortage of potable water have led many municipalities in Florida to set limitations and restrictions on irrigation frequency for home lawns. These restrictions do not take into account turfgrass health and response and may be inappropriate across different species and cultivars; hence, there is a need to identify genotypes that could sustain quality and performance under reduced irrigation. A study was conducted at the University of Florida Plant Science Research and Education Unit in Citra, FL, to assess turfgrass response of 10 bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.), nine zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.), and five seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) cultivars to different irrigation regimes, consisting of non‐irrigated control (Rainfed), soil moisture sensor (SENSOR)‐based (up to 152 mm mo−1), 8X per month (8XMO up to 152 mm mo−1), 4X per month (4XMO up to 76 mm mo−1), 2X per month (2XMO up to 38 mm mo−1), and 1X per month (1XMO up to 19 mm mo−1). Plots were evaluated for turfgrass quality and percent green cover using digital image analysis every 3 days over a 22‐month period. Bermudagrass was able to sustain acceptable turfgrass quality during one of the growing seasons when irrigated 4XMO, showing substantial water savings compared to the other two species. SENSOR irrigation significantly reduced water consumption for all the three species and produced turfgrass quality similar to 8XMO irrigation. Results indicate that selecting the right cultivar for the area could help sustain turfgrass aesthetic and functionality.
The Importance of Body Mass Index on Prognostic Factors for Urinary Incontinence in Asymptomatic Nulliparous Women
Authors: Dizdaroğulları Gizem Elif , Çam Çetin , Ayvacı Habibe , Karateke Ateş
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Measurements of levator hiatal area (LHA) by pelvic floor ultrasound examination were shown to be associated with symptoms and signs of prolapse and urinary incontinence. Body mass index (BMI) is a modifiable risk factor which has shown to be related with urinary incontinence. Our aim in this study was to observe and to understand the relation between BMI and weight with LH and other transperineal ultrasound parameters such as bladder neck mobility and bladder‐urethra angles in asymptomatic nulliparous women.

Materials and Methods

This study was a cross‐sectional study in a gynecology outpatient clinic of a tertiary center after receiving ethical approval. Nulliparous women presenting to the gynecology outpatient clinic without any uro‐gynecological complaint were invited to participate.

Results

During study period, 167 women met the eligibility criteria. Our data showed that weight and BMI are correlated with hiatal dimensions, γ angle and bladder neck descent even in asymptomatic nulliparous women.

Discussion

These findings may explain why weight loss is associated with improvements in stress incontinence symptoms and why we should encourage women in weight control which is the only modifiable factor in the etiology of incontinence.
Hidden Armour: The Passive Protective Function of Caudal Osteoderms in Snakes
Authors: Frýdlová Petra , Dudák Jan , Tymlová Veronika , Žemlička Jan , Moravec Jiří , Frynta Daniel
Published: February 2025

Dermal armour, consisting of bony dermal structures known as osteoderms (ODs), is widespread in squamate reptiles. However, in some limbless taxa such as snakes, ODs are rare, probably due to a trade‐off between mechanical protection and the demands of locomotion and consumption of large prey. Recent findings of ODs restricted to the distal body regions of sand boas (Eryx, Erycidae) challenge this paradigm, suggesting they provide passive mechanical protection against aggressive prey without significantly impairing locomotion. Building on these findings, we have continued the search and identified three additional snake species that have well‐developed caudal ODs, including the first‐ever discovery of ODs in shield‐tailed snakes (Uropeltidae). In these fossorial species, which are characterised by their unique tail morphology, ecological adaptations and colouration, the ODs at the tail tip may serve as passive protection against predators. However, an alternative role in locomotion or occasional phragmosis cannot be ruled out. In the Javelin sand boa (Eryx jaculus), the ODs are hypothesised to function as a mechanical defence against aggressive prey. These results highlight the functional and evolutionary plasticity of ODs and emphasise the urgent need for further studies on their specific role and adaptive significance in the ecology and evolution of snakes.
Evolutionary Implications of the Human Soleus Muscle Based on the Comparative Anatomy of Detailed Intramuscular Nerve Distribution Patterns in Primates
Authors: Sakuraya Tohma , Sonomura Takahiro , Emura Kenji , Hirasaki Eishi , Iwata Tetsunari , Katsumata Akitoshi , Arakawa Takamitsu
Published: February 2025

Over the course of its evolution, the human soleus muscle has rapidly increased in size and gained a more important role in bipedal locomotion. However, the detailed processes underlying these morphological changes remain uninvestigated. When discussing these morphological changes in muscles, the innervation patterns among primates is an important criterion to consider and compare. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the detailed intramuscular nerve distribution patterns of the soleus muscle in nine extant primate species and provide new evolutionary implications. The human soleus muscle is innervated by two branches of the tibial nerve: the posterior nerve branch innervates the major posterior part of the soleus muscle, and the anterior nerve branch innervates the anterior bipennate part of the soleus muscle. The soleus muscle is innervated by the posterior branch in all species and by the anterior branch in five of the nine primate species. The prevalence and distribution patterns of the anterior branches varies even between closely related species. However, these variations were not associated with the intramuscular distribution patterns of the posterior branches. Therefore, the distribution of the anterior and posterior branches may have evolved independent of each other. In humans, the anterior branch and intramuscular subbranch of the posterior branch—that innervates the muscle fascicles originating from the soleal line on the tibia—are distributed more widely within the soleus muscle than in non‐human primates. This rapid increase in size and medial expansion of the soleus muscle over the course of human evolution may be due to the expansion of the two parts of the soleus muscle innervated by these two branches.
Future Snow Scenarios for Northern Europe Based on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 Data
Authors: Räisänen Petri , Luomaranta Anna , Jylhä Kirsti
Published: February 2025

The ongoing climate change alters the snow conditions. This paper evaluates these changes in Northern Europe including Fennoscandia and the Baltic Sea region, based on data from the newest generation of global climate models (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6; CMIP6). Thirteen CMIP6 models are selected for the analysis based on the availability of daily snow data and the models' performance in simulating global and Northern European climate and snow conditions in Finland. The analysis focuses on four quantities: the largest daily value of snow water equivalent during the winter SWEmax, and the length, start day and end day of the longest continuous snow period. The models project an overall shift towards less snowy conditions with progressing warming: reduced SWEmax and shorter snow seasons that start later and end earlier. This is seen already in recent (1951–2023) trends, with largest simulated trends in southern Fennoscandia and in the Baltic countries and smaller trends in the northern inland regions. ERA5‐Land reanalysis data mainly agree with this spatial pattern, although with some notable differences. The decrease of snow continues into the future (2023–2100), with larger trends projected for Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) scenarios with larger radiative forcing. Also, larger changes are projected for southern than northern Fennoscandia. For example, for the moderate emission scenario SSP245, snow seasons around 2090 are projected to be nearly 50 days shorter than in 1981–2010 in southern Finland but only 30 days shorter in Finnish Lapland. However, there is substantial quantitative uncertainty in the trends in snow conditions, even for a fixed emission scenario. For example, for SSP245, the one‐sigma uncertainty due to natural variability alone is estimated to be at least 30%–50% of the multi‐model mean trends in 2023–2100 for all snow‐season metrics considered.
Recent Advance in the Synthesis and Applications of Chiral Covalent Organic Frameworks: A Mini‐Review
Authors: Liu Qiuyi , Li Zhu , Sun Jing , Lan Yue , Hu Jiaqi , Xiao Yuqiang , Yang Feng‐Qing , Gao Die
Published: February 2025

Chiral covalent organic frameworks (CCOFs) are emerging porous materials with tunable chiral structures, abundant pores, and high surface areas, gaining significant attentions in separation, sensing, and asymmetric catalysis. This review summarizes the synthesis methods of CCOFs and their applications in chiral recognition. It discusses the advantages and limitations of three synthesis strategies, including chiral post‐modification, direct synthesis, and chiral‐induced synthesis. The review also highlights the potential of CCOFs in chiral separation, sensing, and asymmetric catalysis for efficient purification, detection, and synthesis of chiral molecules. Challenges and future directions for the preparation and application of CCOFs are also addressed, aiming to guide further research and practical applications.
Separation, Analysis, and Degradation of Cembranoids in Flue‐Cured Tobacco Leaves
Authors: Xie Yue , Yuan Kailong , Zhu Junchen , Zhang Yonggang , Zhang Xiaobing , Feng Hongru , Pan Yuanjiang , Sun Cuirong
Published: February 2025

Cembranoids are significant flavor precursors found in flue‐cured tobacco leaves. The degradation products can serve as important aromatic compounds. In this study, 16 cembranoids were discovered in flue‐cured tobacco leaves by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (MS), and 1 cembranoid featuring both oxidation and dehydrogenation from α/β‐cembranoid was identified for the first time. α‐ and β‐cembranoids were confirmed to be precursors to various degradation products. Additionally, β‐cembranoid was prone to epimerize into α‐cembranoid while simultaneously undergoing allylic rearrangement, with the hydroxyl group undergoing migration. During the aging and curing processes, cembranoids can easily add oxygen atoms to the carbon–carbon double bonds, whereas the hydroxyl group in the structure may form epoxides, oxidize into ketones, or undergo dehydration reactions. Additionally, the microwave plasma torch interfaced with an MS was used to create and detect the pyrolysis and oxidized products of cembranoids. More degradation products were discovered, including oxidation products with the addition of one to three oxygen atoms, as well as a series of aromatic compounds such as 1,3,5‐heptatriene and its range of homologs. This research presented the different degradation pathways of cembranoids in flue‐cured tobacco during aging and curing processes, offering valuable insights for the enhancement of tobacco production techniques and quality control.
Identifying Cellular Immunodeficiency Through a Persistent Herpetic Whitlow
Authors: Blomen Chiara L. , Abeck Finn , Booken Nina , Siemann‐Harms Ute , Schneider Stefan W.
Published: February 2025

Cutaneous infections caused by HSV are common, with the oral and genital mucosa being most frequently affected (1, 2). In individuals with immunodeficiency, HSV‐2 caused skin lesions may appear severe and unusual, or occur simultaneously with other skin diseases (3). We report on a patient who presented with painful peri‐ and subungual hypergranulation of digitus III, accompanied by ulceration, honey‐coloured crusts and seropurulent exudate. Immunohistochemistry and PCR confirmed HSV‐2 caused chronic herpetic whitlow. Simultaneously, Herpes zoster and seborrhoeic dermatitis were diagnosed, leading to a thorough evaluation for underlying immunosuppressive conditions. While belonging to the MSM (Men who have sex with men) community, the patient declined HIV‐testing. Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis revealed a substantial reduction in CD4+ T‐cells, indicating severe cellular immunodeficiency. Following in‐depth conversations, the patient revealed that he had not undergone HIV testing due to anxiety of a positive test result and the potential associated social stigma. After underlining the significance of HIV testing for his own health, the risk of transmitting a potential infection to others, and informing about modern antiretroviral treatment, the patient ultimately decided to undergo testing, leading to HIV diagnosis. Antiretroviral medication was initiated, resulting in a reduction of HIV viral load and an improvement in cellular immunity. This case report demonstrates the enduring HIV stigma, which can lead to fear‐driven avoidance in HIV testing. Healthcare professionals should approach patients' fears with empathy, while also underscoring the importance of disclosing one's HIV status to others.
All‐Dielectric Metawaveguide Ring Resonators with Deeply Sub‐Diffractive Mode Volumes
Authors: Gafsi Saddam , Ryckman Judson D.
Published: February 2025

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators provide an essential platform for various optical applications but are typically limited to mode volumes V ≈2πR(λ0/2n)2 where R is the bend radius and n is the refractive index. Here, the theory, simulation, and experimental realization of WGM resonators capable of achieving deeply sub‐diffractive mode volumes are presented, V << 2πR(λ0/2n)2, while preserving high Q factors. Rather than relying on plasmonics to reduce the mode volume, the work relies on all‐dielectric metamaterial waveguides that support localized field enhancements within the high index medium. Combined with the excitation of standing wave rather than traveling wave WGM resonances, it is shown how the mode volume of a silicon microring resonator can be reduced by factors >10 – 100 depending upon nanostructure dimensions and choice of cladding. The analysis further suggests a lower bound for the sub‐diffractive all‐dielectric mode volume, Vmin’, which scales in proportion to the mode order m times the refractive index raised to the seventh power, i.e.: Vmin’ ≈mn−7. Experimentally, these sub‐diffractive WGM devices are shown to support standing wave resonances while maintaining high intrinsic quality factors ≈104–105. These metawaveguide ring resonators present a promising WGM platform for interfacing wavelength‐scale optics with sub‐wavelength matter.
Preparation and Evaluation of RGD‐Conjugated Crosslinked PVA Tissue Engineered Vascular Scaffold with Endothelial Differentiation and Its Impact on Vascular Regeneration In Vivo
Authors: Li Xiafei , Zhang Xuewei , Wang Yameng , Ji Shenglu , Zhao Ziwei , Yin Jianshen , Yang Tuo , Feng Xin , Chen Hongli , Li Wenbin , Wang Xianwei , Jing Changqin , Ding Dan , Zhao Liang
Published: February 2025

PVA has emerged as a prevalent material for the construction of vascular tissue engineering scaffolds. Nonetheless, the integration of 3D crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) scaffolds featuring arginine‐glycine‐aspartate (RGD) binding remains a rarity in tissue engineering. In the present study, a PVA‐4‐azidobenzoic acid (AZ)‐RGD scaffold is prepared based on cross‐linking of two distinct PVA derivatives: one featuring photoreactive azides for ultraviolet (UV)‐crosslinking and the other incorporating RGD peptides. The results show that the PVA‐AZ‐RGD scaffold has good blood compatibility and biomechanical properties, with hydrophilic properties, and a hydrolysis rate of 27.31% at 12 weeks. Notably, the incorporation of RGD peptides significantly bolsters the attachment and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the scaffolds, compared to non‐RGD‐conjugated controls. Furthermore, RGD conjugation markedly accelerates endothelialization of MSCs following 15 days of endothelial culture. Post‐transplantation, the PVA‐AZ‐RGD scaffold exhibits favorable blood flow patency, minimal immune rejection, promotes endothelialization and smooth muscle cell proliferation, and facilitates the development of extracellular matrix, ultimately contributing to the formation of regenerative artificial blood vessels. These comprehensive findings underscore the promising potential of RGD‐integrated, crosslinked PVA scaffolds for applications in vascular tissue engineering.
Adjusting Morphology, Structure, and Mechanical Properties of Electrospun High‐Molecular‐Weight Poly(l‐Lactic‐Acid) Nanofibrous Yarns Through Hot Stretching Treatment
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Jiang Jiayi , Liu Hailei , Liu Fei , Shao Huarong , Chen Shaojuan , Wu Shaohua
Published: February 2025

An integrated strategy that combines innovative electrospinning technique with traditional hot‐stretching post‐treatment is designed and implemented to generate high‐molecular‐weight poly(l‐lactic‐acid) (hmwPLLA, Mw = 2 80 000 Da) electrospun nanofiber‐constructed yarns (ENCYs). The internal fiber diameter within the hmwPLLA ENCYs is found to increase gradually with the increase of hmwPLLA solution concentration. The hmwPLLA ENCY generated from a concentration of 10% (w v−1) is demonstrated with uniform morphology with an average fiber diameter of 737.7 ± 72.2 nm and an average yarn diameter of 454.9 ± 3.5 µm. Compared with the unstretched hmwPLLA ENCY, increasing the hot‐stretching temperature can significantly enhance the fiber orientation and crystallinity. Moreover, the mechanical properties of stretched ENCYs are obviously enhanced compared with the unstretched control. The fiber orientation and crystallinity of stretched ENCYs are also found to be significantly improved with the increase of hot stretching rate, further resulting in the obvious increase of breaking strength and Young's modulus. Importantly, the braided textiles made from stretched hmwPLLA ENCYs exhibited great biocompatibility by effectively guiding the cell alignment and supporting the cell adhesion and proliferation. In summary, the high performance hmwPLLA ENCYs show great potential for the future design and development of advanced biomedical textiles.
Fabrication and Characterization of Multi‐Stimuli‐Responsive Hydrogels with Robust Mechanical Properties, Good Self‐Healing, and Substrate Adhesiveness Using a Traditional Chemical Crosslinker and Initiator‐Free Approach
Authors: Kalulu Mulenga , Oderinde Olayinka , Mwanza Christopher , Ogungbesan Shephrah O. , Hussain Muzammal , Fu Guodong
Published: February 2025

Hydrogels are essential in various applications, including biomedical fields, robotics, sensors, and wearable technologies. Traditional fabrication methods often involve chemical crosslinkers and initiators, which can introduce toxicity and limit practical use. This study presents an innovative approach to creating multifunctional, multi‐stimuli‐responsive hydrogels without using these traditional components. By polymerizing AMPS, DMAA, and MAA monomers using environmentally friendly AlCl3·6H2O as a crosslinker via UV polymerization, the study produces hydrogels exhibiting good mechanical properties such as tensile strength (3.02 ± 0.12 MPa), toughness (20.01 ± 1.8 J m−3), superior stretchability (2182.4 ± 114% elongation), and good compression resistance in addition to possessing self‐healing capabilities, ionic conductivity, and responsiveness to temperature, pH, and ionic strength. This innovative technique represents a significant advancement toward developing sustainable hydrogels suitable for diverse biomedical, robotic, and sensor, technology applications.
GSH‐Responsive Semiconducting Polymer as a Nanotheranostic Platform for NIR‐II Imaging‐Guided Chemo‐Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Wang Ben , Zhang Yujing , Ji Yuquan , Yang Guangzhao , Zhang Xiaolong , Zhou Yi , Yu Siyang , Yin Haotong , Zhou Hui , Yin Chao , Fan Quli
Published: February 2025

The development of multifunctional nanotheranostic platforms with stimuli‐responsive capabilities holds significant potential for enhancing cancer diagnosis and treatment. Herein, a glutathione (GSH)‐responsive semiconducting polymer (SP) nanotheranostic system, SP/DOX‐SS‐PEG nanoparticles (NPs), is presented, designed for combined near‐infrared II (NIR‐II) fluorescence imaging (FI) and chemo‐photothermal therapy. The amphiphilic SP (SP‐SS‐PEG) is synthesized through a multi‐step reaction sequence, including Suzuki coupling, amidation, and thiol‐disulfide exchange reactions, and subsequently encapsulates the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) through self‐assembly, resulting in the formation of GSH‐responsive SP/DOX‐SS‐PEG NPs. These SP/DOX‐SS‐PEG NPs exhibit high photothermal stability and significant GSH‐triggered DOX release. In vitro studies demonstrate that SP/DOX‐SS‐PEG NPs display enhanced cellular uptake and robust cytotoxicity against 4T1 cancer cells under 808 nm laser irradiation. Upon intravenous injection in tumor‐bearing mice, NIR‐II FI reveals efficient tumor accumulation and prolonged retention of the NPs. In vivo anti‐tumor efficacy studies indicate that SP/DOX‐SS‐PEG NPs combined with 808 nm laser irradiation achieve the most significant inhibition of tumor growth, with minimal systemic toxicity. Taken together, these findings highlight the promising potential of SP/DOX‐SS‐PEG NPs as a multifunctional platform for precision cancer theranostics, integrating efficient NIR‐II imaging, GSH‐triggered drug release, and dual chemo‐photothermal therapy.