bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liquid Chromatographic Resolution of Mexiletine and Its Analogs on Crown Ether‐Based Chiral Stationary Phases
Authors: Jin Kab Bong , Kim Hee Eun , Hyun Myung Ho
Published: March 2014

Mexiletine, an effective class IB antiarrhythmic agent, and its analogs were resolved on three different crown ether‐based chiral stationary phases (CSPs), one (CSP 1) of which is based on (+)‐(18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid and the other two (CSP 2 and CSP 3) are based on (3,3’‐diphenyl‐1,1’‐binaphthyl)‐20‐crown‐6. Mexiletine was resolved with a resolution (RS) of greater than 1.00 on CSP 1 and CSP 3 containing residual silanol group‐protecting n‐octyl groups on the silica surface, but with a resolution (RS) of less than 1.00 on CSP 2. The chromatographic behaviors for the resolution of mexiletine analogs containing a substituted phenyl group at the chiral center on the three CSPs were quite dependent on the phenoxy group of analytes. Namely, mexiletine analogs containing 2,6‐dimethylphenoxy, 3,4‐dimethylphenoxy, 3‐methylphenoxy, 4‐methylphenoxy, and a simple phenoxy group were resolved very well on the three CSPs even though the chiral recognition efficiencies vary with the CSPs. However, mexiletine analogs containing 2‐methylphenoxy group were not resolved at all or only slightly resolved. Among the three CSPs, CSP 3 was found to show the highest chiral recognition efficiencies for the resolution of mexiletine and its analogs, especially in terms of resolution (RS). Chirality 26:272–278, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Game design for bioinformatics and cyberinfrastructure learning: a parallel computing case study
Authors: Perry Daniel , Robinson John , Cruz Stephanie , Aragon Cecilia , Chowning Jeanne Ting , Peters Mette
Published: March 2014

As a growing number of serious games have been developed for biology and computer science learning, few address the communication and technical challenges that arise in cyberinfrastructure (CI) intensive projects, where multiple‐domain scientists collaborate. This paper describes empirical data collected during a year‐long human‐centered game design process, in which design ideas generated by high‐school students were bridged with bioinformatics and parallel computing learning concepts. Our research shows that ‘fun’ and engaging game elements are actually well suited for addressing the sociotechnical aspects of CI projects. We provide a human‐centered game design methodology, as well as a case study, in which this methodology is applied to the design of parallel computing‐focused mini‐games. This research has implications for integrating large‐scale computing concepts such as shared resources and services into gaming experiences. It also has implications for supporting learning through enjoyable and fun experiences as part of a larger CI collaborative environment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Migration of sea urchin primordial germ cells
Authors: Campanale Joseph P. , Gökirmak Tufan , Espinoza Jose A. , Oulhen Nathalie , Wessel Gary M. , Hamdoun Amro
Published: March 2014

Background: Small micromeres are produced at the fifth cleavage of sea urchin development. They express markers of primordial germ cells (PGCs), and are required for the production of gametes. In most animals, PGCs migrate from sites of formation to the somatic gonad. Here, we investigated whether they also exhibit similar migratory behaviors using live‐cell imaging of small micromere plasma membranes. Results: Early in gastrulation, small micromeres transition from non‐motile epithelial cells, to motile quasi‐mesenchymal cells. Late in gastrulation, at 43 hr post fertilization (HPF), they are embedded in the tip of the archenteron, but remain motile. From 43–49 HPF, they project numerous cortical blebs into the blastocoel, and filopodia that contact ectoderm. By 54 HPF, they begin moving in the plane of the blastoderm, often in a directed fashion, towards the coelomic pouches. Isolated small micromeres also produced blebs and filopodia. Conclusions: Previous work suggested that passive translocation governs some of the movement of small micromeres during gastrulation. Here we show that small micromeres are motile cells that can traverse the archenteron, change position along the left‐right axis, and migrate to coelomic pouches. These motility mechanisms are likely to play an important role in their left‐right segregation. Developmental Dynamics 243:917–927, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modelling the effect of Pliocene–Quaternary changes in sea level on stable and tectonically active land masses
Authors: Trenhaile Alan
Published: March 2014

A mathematical model was used to examine the effect of Pliocene and Quaternary changes in sea level on the development of tectonically active and inactive rock coasts. The model calculated rates of mechanical wave erosion according to such factors as the deep water wave regime, bottom topography and surface roughness, and the resistance of the rocks. Subaerial terraces were truncated or eliminated by subsequent terrace formation at lower elevations, especially on steeply sloping landmasses experiencing slow rates of uplift. Submarine terraces formed during glacial stillstands were best preserved when rapid subsidence quickly carried them below the level of wave action. On slowly subsiding landmasses, submarine terraces formed during interglacials and glacial periods experienced repeated erosional modification during subsequent periods of rising and falling sea level and were generally less distinctive. On rapidly rising or subsiding (>5 mm yr‐1) landmasses, terraces that formed during interglacial stages alternated, above and below present sea level, with terraces formed during glacial stages. Despite some differences in terrace occurrence and elevational distribution, it may be difficult to distinguish profiles cut during accelerating or decelerating uplift. The amount of erosion during sea level oscillations increases with oscillation amplitude and the larger oscillations in the middle to late Quaternary were therefore more conducive to erosion than the smaller oscillations of the Pliocene and early Quaternary. The effect of oscillation amplitude may have been countered during the earlier stages of profile development, however, by steeper submarine gradients and reduced rates of wave attenuation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple Case Study Methods and Findings
Authors: Cousins J. Bradley , Bourgeois Isabelle
Published: March 2014

Research on organizational evaluation capacity building (ECB) has focused very much on the capacity to do evaluation, neglecting organizational demand for evaluation and the capacity to use it. This qualitative multiple case study comprises a systematic examination of organizational capacity within eight distinct organizations guided by a common conceptual framework. Described in this chapter are the rationale and methods for the study and then the sequential presentation of findings for each of the eight case organizations. Data collection and analyses for these studies occurred six years ago; findings are cross‐sectional and do not reflect changes in organizations or their capacity for evaluation since that time. The format for presenting the findings was standardized so as to foster cross‐case analyses, the focus for the next and final chapter of this volume.
Postscript: That Was Then, This Is Now
Authors: Cousins J. Bradley , Bourgeois Isabelle
Published: March 2014

We provide some concluding reflections about the sustainability of organizational capacity for evaluation arising from informal communications with some of our case organizations.
Faculty as Border Crossers: A Study of Fulbright Faculty
Authors: Eddy Pamela L.
Published: March 2014

As adult learners, faculty members approach new experiences based on events of the past, but this underlying framework of understanding is challenged when they work abroad for an extended period of time.
THE EFFECT OF NONCOGNITIVE TRAITS ON HEALTH BEHAVIOURS IN ADOLESCENCE
Authors: Mendolia Silvia , Walker Ian
Published: March 2014

This paper investigates the relationship between personality traits and health behaviours in adolescence using a large and recent cohort study. In particular, we investigate the impact of locus of control, self‐esteem and work ethics at ages 15–16 years on the incidence of health behaviours such as alcohol consumption, cannabis and other drug use, unprotected and early sexual activity and sports and physical activity. We use matching methods to control for a very rich set of adolescent and family characteristics, and we find that personality traits do affect health behaviours. In particular, individuals with external locus of control, low self‐esteem or with low levels of work ethics seem more likely in engage in risky health behaviours. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of A Soft Drink Tax in the UK
Authors: Tiffin Richard , Kehlbacher Ariane , Salois Matthew
Published: March 2014

The majority of the UK population is either overweight or obese. Health economists, nutritionists and doctors are calling for the UK to follow the example of other European countries and introduce a tax on soft drinks as a result of the perception that high intakes contribute to diet‐related disease. We use a demand model estimated with household‐level data on beverage purchases in the UK to investigate the effects of a tax on soft drink consumption. The model is a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System, and censoring is handled by applying a double hurdle. Separate models are estimated for low, moderate and high consumers to allow for a differential impact on consumption between these groups. Applying different hypothetical tax rates, we conclude that understanding the nature of substitute/complement relationships is crucial in designing an effective policy as these relationships differ between consumers depending on their consumption level. The overall impact of a soft drink tax on calorie consumption is likely to be small. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health literacy and the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: a systematic review
Authors: Palazzo M. Carlotta , Dell'Osso Bernardo , Altamura A Carlo , Stein Dan J , Baldwin David S
Published: March 2014

Objective

Anxiety disorders are treatable conditions, but many affected individuals neither seek professional help nor adhere to recommended pharmacological treatments. Increasing the health literacy of people with (or at risk of) anxiety disorders may encourage treatment‐seeking and adherence to recommended interventions. Aims of this study were to review the literature relating to health literacy in the treatment of anxiety disorders, focusing on results on public opinion on psychotropic medications and its effectiveness in improving access to psychiatric health care and the actual use of medications.

Methods

A computerized literature search of the published literature on mental health literacy was undertaken, focusing on the question of whether increased mental health literacy led to increased treatment‐seeking and pharmacotherapy adherence in individuals with anxiety disorders.

Results

Twelve relevant articles were identified. All reported that improving mental health literacy leads to raised awareness, and in 10 out of 12 studies, increased help‐seeking. However, there is currently no unequivocal evidence to show that increasing health literacy leads to increased use of medication in any psychiatric disorder, including anxiety disorders. Two studies show that knowledge of presumed biological mechanisms can predict use of psychotropic medication, including antidepressants, in psychiatric disorders, however, not specifically in anxiety disorders.

Conclusion

There have been few investigations of health literacy focused on psychotropic medications. Given the prevalence, burden and sub‐optimal recognition, and treatment of anxiety disorders, further work is needed to determine whether increased mental health literacy is associated with treatment‐seeking and medication adherence in patients with these disorders. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives and risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lagergren Katarina , Lagergren Jesper , Brusselaers Nele
Published: March 2014

There is an unexplained strong male predominance in the aetiology of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC). The hypothesis that oestrogens are protective, deserves attention. A potential protective influence of exogenous oestrogen exposure, that is, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and oral contraceptives (OC) has been addressed only in studies of limited statistical power, and the individual studies have not provided conclusive results. We conducted a systematic literature search and meta‐analysis on HRT and OC and the risk of OAC. We used the databases PubMed and the Web of Science. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by the Mantel–Haenszel random‐effect method. A total of five studies were included. Compared to never users, ever users of HRT had a statistically significantly decreased risk of OAC (pooled OR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.58–0.98), and ever users of OC had a borderline significantly decreased risk of this cancer (pooled OR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.57–1.00). In conclusion, HRT and OC use seems to be associated with a decreased risk of OAC. However, further research is warranted.
A large conditioned pain modulation response is not related to a large blood pressure response: A study in healthy men
Authors: Nilsen K.B. , Olsen I.C. , Solem A.N. , Matre D.
Published: March 2014

Background

Endogenous pain modulation has been studied with the conditioned pain modulation (CPM) paradigm with large differences in the magnitude of the CPM effect. We hypothesized that differences in CPM effects might be associated with differences in blood pressure responses to the conditioning stimulus when comparing the CPM effects using two different conditioning stimuli.

Methods

A single‐blind repeated‐measures design with block‐randomization was applied on 25 healthy male subjects. The test stimulus (TS; tonic heat pain for 120 s) was first presented alone, thereafter in parallel with a conditioning stimulus (CS). Conditioning stimuli were either a cold pressor test (CPT) or equally painful ischaemic muscle pain (ISC), both lasting 120 s. Finger blood pressure and heart rate were recorded continuously. Data were analysed in a linear mixed model framework with CS type (CPT or ISC) and conditioning (TS or TS + CS) as independent factors.

Results

An inhibitory CPM effect was found for both types of conditioning (p < 0.001). The CPM effect was larger during CPT conditioning compared with ISC conditioning (p = 0.001). No association with the concomitant cardiovascular response (blood pressure and heart rate) was found (p > 0.34).

Conclusion

Cold pressor pain CS induces larger CPM effects than ischaemic pain CS. The larger CPM effect is, however, not associated with a larger blood pressure response. Other factors related to the CS should be investigated to understand why different CS modalities give different CPM effects.
Target site pharmacokinetics of linezolid after single and multiple doses in diabetic patients with soft tissue infection
Authors: Eslam Roza Badr , Burian Angela , Vila Greisa , Sauermann Robert , Hammer Alexandra , Frenzel Dorothea , Minichmayr Iris K. , Kloft Charlotte , Matzneller Peter , Oesterreicher Zoe , Zeitlinger Markus
Published: March 2014

The underlying pathology of diabetic wounds, i.e. impairment of macro‐ and microcirculation, might also impact target site penetration of antibacterial drugs. To compare tissue concentrations of linezolid in infected and not infected tissue 10 patients suffering from type 2 diabetes with foot infection were included in the study. Tissue penetration of linezolid was assessed using in vivo microdialysis at the site of infection as well as in non‐inflamed subcutaneous adipose tissue. All patients were investigated after receiving a single dose of linezolid and five patients in addition at steady state. After a single dose of linezolid significantly higher area under the concentration vs. time curve over 8 hours (AUC0–8) and maximum concentrations (Cmax)‐values were observed in plasma (65.5 ± 21.2 mg*h/L and 16.4 ± 4.6 mg/L) as compared to inflamed (36.3 ± 22.9  mg*h/L and 6.6 ± 3.6 mg/L) and non‐inflamed tissue (33.0 ± 17.7 mg*h/L and 6.7 ± 3.6 mg/L). Multiple administrations of linezolid led to disappearance of significant differences in Cmax and AUC0–8 between plasma, inflamed, and non‐inflamed tissue. Approximately 2‐fold increase of Cmax and AUC0–8‐values in tissue was observed at steady state as compared to the first administration. Penetration of linezolid is not impaired in diabetic foot infection but equilibrium between plasma and tissue might be delayed.
Clinical value of chest computerized tomography scans in patients admitted with pneumonia
Authors: Garg Deepak , Johnson Leonard B. , Szpunar Susan , Fishbain Joel T.
Published: March 2014

Patients admitted with pneumonia often receive a chest computed tomography (CT) scan for a variety of reasons. We conducted this study to evaluate our overall utilization and the clinical impact of CT scans in patients admitted to our institution with pneumonia. Patients admitted to our facility from January 2008 through November 2011 with a confirmed diagnosis of pneumonia were eligible for evaluation. Information related to patient demographics, performance of a CT scan, pneumonia‐related procedures, severity of illness, and outcomes was collected. One hundred ninety‐five patients met inclusion criteria. Sixty‐nine patients had CT scans performed. CT scans were performed more often in younger patients (58.1 ± 19.0 vs 66.8 ± 18.6, P = 0.002), individuals with lower CURB 65 (Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, Age > 65) scores (1.7 ± 1.4 vs 2.2 ± 1.4, P = 0.037), and those with no infiltrates or consolidation on plain radiographs (26.9% vs 7.1%, P < 0.0001). Patients who had a procedure performed had longer average length of stays (15.3 ± 11.9 vs 6.8 ± 4.1 days, P = 0.016). Pneumonia‐related procedures were more likely performed in patients who had a CT scan. Specific guidelines and objective rules need to be developed to prospectively guide the use of advanced imaging techniques in pneumonia patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:447–450. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Lycopene cyclase and phytoene synthase activities in the marine yeast Rhodosporidium diobovatum are encoded by a single gene crtYB
Authors: Guo Wenjing , Tang Hui , Zhang Liping
Published: March 2014

crtYB, encoding lycopene cyclase and phytoene synthase was cloned from Rhodosporidium diobovatum ATCC 2527 by rapid amplification of cDNA ends method. The full‐length cDNA of crtYB is 2, 330 bp and contains eight introns. The gene products is a 594 amino acids, with a predicted molecular mass of 65.63 kDa and a pI of 6.73. The N‐terminus of the protein contains six transmembrane regions, which has been characterized as a lycopene beta‐cyclase. The C‐terminal half has squalene and phytoene synthase signatures that identified as phytoene synthetase. By heterologous complementary detection of this gene in E. coli and HPLC analysis, the regions responsible for phytoene synthesis and lycopene cyclization were localized within the protein.
Thermal fatigue behaviour and damage development in Al‐Alloys 6061 an 6061‐metal matrix composites
Authors: Heimann S. , Pohl M.
Published: March 2014

Metal matrix composites (MMC) have become important materials in many technical fields. But above all there is a high amount of failures due to alternating stresses because of temperature changes.

In this investigation the thermal fatigue behaviour of two metal matrix composites with different particle contents and their base material without particles are compared. It is shown that there are three main parameters influencing lifetime: the maximum temperature of the cycles, the particle content and the particle size. An increasing of these parameters means a decreasing of the cycle numbers before damage occurs.
Effect of heat treatment on structure evolution and properties of nano zinc titanate ceramics
Authors: Labib S. , Refai H. S. , Ismail S. M.
Published: March 2014

Nano zinc titanate ceramics are prepared using a conventional solid state method. The obtained compacts are sintered at 800, 900, 1000 and 1100 °C for 3 h. The prepared compacts are analyzed using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for structural and microstructural studies. Based on the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data, it is observed the coexistence of ZnTiO3 and α‐Zn2TiO4 phases together at low temperature (800 °C) without the presence of TiO2 (rutile) contradicting the general mechanism stating the transformation of ZnTiO3 to α‐Zn2TiO4 and TiO2 at higher temperatures. A new mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of nano ZnTiO3 and α‐Zn2TiO4 structures depending on the role of TiO2 in achieving this mission. According to this mechanism, we propose a partial diffusion of TiO2 in the ZnO lattice forming the ZnTiO3 phase. The second part of TiO2 acts as a catalyst that facilitates the transformation of nano ZnTiO3 to nano α‐Zn2TiO4. The catalytic power of rutile is achieved from its enhanced tensile stress that induces the phase transition from nano ZnTiO3 to nano α‐Zn2TiO4.
Dimensions of Social Dominance Orientation: The Roles of Legitimizing Myths and National Identification
Authors: Hindriks Paul , Verkuyten Maykel , Coenders Marcel
Published: March 2014

Using a representative sample of Dutch natives, the current study examined the distinction between two dimensions of social dominance orientation [SDO–Dominance (SDO–D) and SDO–Egalitarianism (SDO–E)] and their relation with prejudice towards immigrant groups. Results showed that an empirical distinction between the two dimensions could be made. Furthermore, the relation between SDO and prejudice was fully mediated by hierarchy–enhancing (ethnic citizenship, assimilation) and hierarchy–attenuating myths (civic citizenship, multiculturalism), but in different ways for both SDO dimensions. Moreover, there were distinct paths between the SDO dimensions and ethnic prejudice for higher and lower identifiers. For higher identifiers, the relation between SDO–D and prejudice was fully mediated by the endorsement of hierarchy–enhancing myths. For lower identifiers, there was an association between SDO–E and prejudice that was predominantly mediated by the endorsement of hierarchy–attenuating myths. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology
Boron addition in MnFe(P,Si) magnetocaloric materials: interstitial vs. substitutional scenarii
Authors: Guillou F. , Yibole H. , Porcari G. , Brück E.
Published: March 2014

The addition of boron in MnFe(P,Si) materials has been studied by considering two possibilities: an interstitial intercalation or a substitutional approach. A cell volume decrease with “extra” B addition is observed which is incompatible with an interstitial scenario. On the contrary, the evolutions of the cell volume, ratio of the cell parameter and Curie temperatures are found to be well consistent with the values already reported for the substitution of phosphorous by boron in the parent Fe2P1‐xBx compound. This work sheds light on the possibility to achieve a fine tuning of the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of MnFe(P,Si) materials by involving a new parameter: boron substitution. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Asymmetric magnetoresistance in bulk In‐based off‐stoichiometric Heusler alloys
Authors: Dubenko Igor , Samanta Tapas , Quetz Abdiel , Saleheen Ahmad , Prudnikov Valerii N. , Granovsky Alexander B. , Stadler Shane , Ali Naushad
Published: March 2014

It has been found that Ni50Mn35In14B exhibits with increasing temperature a first‐order magnetostructural phase transition from a low‐magnetization martensitic phase to a high‐temperature ferromagnetic austenitic phase at TM∼315 K as observed from magnetization M(T) curves with H=0.05 T. A shift in TM of about 12 K towards lower temperatures has been detected under application of a 5T magnetic field. An asymmetric magnetoresistance (spin‐valve‐like behavior) has been observed in the vicinity of TM at 304 K after the initial application of magnetic field that could be related to the kinetic arrest and de‐arrest of a fractional austenite phase in the vicinity of phase co‐existence. A possible origin of a spin‐valve‐like MR in Ni50Mn35In14B, and its relation to structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties, has been discussed. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inverse problem method for complex permittivity reconstruction of layered media in a rectangular waveguide
Authors: Smirnov Yu. G. , Shestopalov Yu. V. , Derevyanchuk E. D.
Published: March 2014

We solve the inverse problem of finding frequency‐dependent complex permittivity of a multi‐sectional dielectric diaphragm in a waveguide of rectangular cross section from the transmission coefficient measured at different frequencies. Based on the developed recursive method we perform a detailed analysis for one‐, two‐ and three sectional diaphragms. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photodegradation of bisphenol A in aqueous medium: Monitoring and identification of by‐products by liquid chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: da Silva Júlio César Cardoso , Reis Teodoro Janaina Aparecida , Afonso Robson José de Cássia Franco , Aquino Sérgio F. , Augusti Rodinei
Published: March 2014

RATIONALE

Environmental bisphenol A (BPA) contamination is currently a matter of concern. This compound can disrupt the endocrine system by mimicking natural hormones and cause adverse effects on different organisms. In addition, it has been suggested that BPA can impair brain development, especially in fetuses and children. To efficiently remove BPA from contaminated water and wastewaters, several emerging technologies have been developed. Most are based on photodegradation. However, by‐products resulting from the application of such methods have not been properly characterized.

METHODS

The photodegradation of BPA was conducted using two different methods: photocatalysis (TiO2/UV‐A and TiO2/UV‐C systems) and direct photolysis (UV‐A and UV‐C radiation). The degradation process was continuously monitored to identify and observe the by‐products formed under these conditions. Direct infusion electrospray ionization coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry in negative ion mode [ESI(–)‐HRMS] and liquid chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC/HRMS) were employed to monitor these by‐products.

RESULTS

The results revealed that the TiO2/UV‐C system was the most efficient in causing both BPA depletion and mineralization of the organic matter in solution. Moreover, accurate mass data allowed for the assignment of molecular formulae for seven by‐products, many of them unprecedented, formed under these conditions. Thus, a route for the photodegradation of BPA in aqueous medium could be proposed based on these results. Finally, additional tests revealed that the by‐products showed a higher toxicity against Artemia salina than the primary precursor.

CONCLUSIONS

All of these findings indicate that the identification of by‐products arising from oxidative treatments is of primary importance because such compounds can be more hazardous than their precursors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using a single, high mass resolution mass spectrometry platform to investigate ion suppression effects observed during tissue imaging
Authors: Tomlinson Laura , Fuchser Jens , Fütterer Arne , Baumert Mark , Hassall David G. , West Andrew , Marshall Peter S.
Published: March 2014

RATIONALE

The signal intensity of a given molecule across a tissue section when measured using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is prone to changes caused by the molecular heterogeneity across the surface of the tissue. Here we propose a strategy to investigate these effects using electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) on a single high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) platform.

METHODS

A rat was administered with a single inhaled dose of a compound and sacrificed 1 h after dosing. Sections were prepared from the excised frozen lung and analysed using MALDI, liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) nano‐ESI‐MS and nano‐ESI liquid chromatography (LC)/MS. The ESI and MALDI ion sources were mounted either side of the ion transfer system of the same Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass spectrometer.

RESULTS

MALDI MSI clearly demonstrated widespread distribution of the dosed molecule throughout the lung, with the exception of a non‐lung section of tissue on the same sample surface. Comparison of the lipid signals across the sample indicated a change in signal between the lung and the adipose tissue present on the same section. Use of ESI and MALDI, with and without an internal standard, supported the evaluation of changes in the signal of the dosed molecule across the tissue section.

CONCLUSIONS

The results demonstrate the successful application of a dual ion source HRMS system to the systematic evaluation of data from MALDI MSI, used to determine the distribution of an inhaled drug in the lung. The system discussed is of great utility in investigating the effects of ion suppression and evaluating the quantitative and qualitative nature of the MSI data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural speculation and identification of alkaloids in Macleaya cordata fruits by high‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry combined with a screening procedure
Authors: Qing Zhi‐Xing , Cheng Pi , Liu Xiu‐Bin , Liu Yi‐Song , Zeng Jian‐Guo , Wang Wei
Published: March 2014

RATIONALE

Alkaloids with significant therapeutic effects are the main active constituents of Macleaya cordata, which is a perennial herb plant in the Papaveraceae family. A systematic and novel method for speculating and identifying the structures of alkaloids in M. cordata fruits by high‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/Q‐TOF‐MS) with a screening procedure was reported.

METHODS

Investigation of mass spectral fragmentation of alkaloids was carried out based on the tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data analyses of eight reference substances. The skeletons of alkaloids were determined by their ultraviolet spectra (UV) and MS/MS data. The substituent groups of the alkaloids were acquired through a screening procedure developed in our laboratory and MS/MS data. The substituent linkage sites were deduced by MS/MS fragmentation behavior, as well as biosynthetic pathways of related alkaloids.

RESULTS

The structures of 21 alkaloids were speculated in this study, 10 of which were reported for the first time in M. cordata. Furthermore, benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline and N‐methyltetrahydroprotoberberine‐type alkaloids were discovered, which indirectly proved that the biosynthetic pathways of benzophenanthridine alkaloids reported in Eschscholtzia california existed in M. cordata as well.

CONCLUSIONS

HPLC/Q‐TOF‐MS combined with a screening procedure was a systematic and reliable method for speculating and elucidating the structures of alkaloids. This study might be useful for the identification of other compounds in herbal medicines. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HyperUAS—Imaging Spectroscopy from a Multirotor Unmanned Aircraft System
Authors: Lucieer Arko , Malenovský Zbyněk , Veness Tony , Wallace Luke
Published: March 2014

One of the key advantages of a low‐flying unmanned aircraft system (UAS) is its ability to acquire digital images at an ultrahigh spatial resolution of a few centimeters. Remote sensing of quantitative biochemical and biophysical characteristics of small‐sized spatially fragmented vegetation canopies requires, however, not only high spatial, but also high spectral (i.e., hyperspectral) resolution. In this paper, we describe the design, development, airborne operations, calibration, processing, and interpretation of image data collected with a new hyperspectral unmanned aircraft system (HyperUAS). HyperUAS is a remotely controlled multirotor prototype carrying onboard a lightweight pushbroom spectroradiometer coupled with a dual frequency GPS and an inertial movement unit. The prototype was built to remotely acquire imaging spectroscopy data of 324 spectral bands (162 bands in a spectrally binned mode) with bandwidths between 4 and 5 nm at an ultrahigh spatial resolution of 2–5 cm. Three field airborne experiments, conducted over agricultural crops and over natural ecosystems of Antarctic mosses, proved operability of the system in standard field conditions, but also in a remote and harsh, low‐temperature environment of East Antarctica. Experimental results demonstrate that HyperUAS is capable of delivering georeferenced maps of quantitative biochemical and biophysical variables of vegetation and of actual vegetation health state at an unprecedented spatial resolution of 5 cm.
X‐linked hypophosphatemic rickets: Enamel abnormalities and oral clinical findings
Authors: Cremonesi Ilaria , Nucci Cesare , D'Alessandro Giovanni , Alkhamis Nadia , Marchionni Silvia , Piana Gabriela
Published: March 2014

X‐linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a genetic disorder related to alterations in bones and teeth formation, due to low levels of phosphate in blood. Oral findings in XLH have been enamel and dentine abnormalities, high pulp horns, large pulp chambers, and some cases of periapical abscesses related to teeth without caries or traumatic injuries. The aim of our study was to assess the presence of enamel alterations, such as microclefts and/or structure defects in patients with XLH and give guidelines of prevention of XLH dental complications. History taking, oral clinical and radiological examination in 10 young patients affected by XLH (average age of 9) and in 6 patients without XLH (average age of 8). Impressions were performed on the vestibular surfaces of teeth in order to obtain replicas. The replicas were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and compared to replicas of control group. The images of replicas of XLH patients showed deep microclefts and irregular enamel surface structure compared to replicas of control group. The replica of a patient with spontaneous periapical abscesses showed numerous enamel crater‐shaped depressions and deep microcleavages penetrating into the enamel thickness. In absence of caries or fractures, the abscesses pathogenesis may be related to microcleavages of the enamel and dentin, which allow bacterial invasion of the pulp. There could be a relationship between XLH disease and enamel abnormalities. SCANNING 36:456–461, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structure‐Dependent Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Hypoxia Induced with Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Wang Li‐Rong , Xue Xue , Hu Xiao‐Mei , Wei Ming‐Yuan , Zhang Chun‐Qiu , Ge Guang‐Lu , Liang Xing‐Jie
Published: March 2014

Cytotoxicity of nanomaterials on living systems is known to be affected by their size, shape, surface chemistry, and other physicochemical properties. Exposure to a well‐characterized subpopulation of specific nanomaterials is therefore desired to reveal more detailed mechanisms. This study develops scalable density gradient ultracentrifugation sorting of highly dispersed single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) into four distinct bands based on diameter, aggregation, and structural integrity, with greatly improved efficiency, yield, and reproducibility. With guarantee of high yield and stability of four SWNT fractions, it is possible for the first time, to investigate the structure‐dependent bioeffects of four SWNT fractions. it is possible Among these, singly‐dispersed integral SWNTs show no significant effects on the mitochondrial functions and hypoxia. The aggregated integral SWNTs show more significant effects on the mitochondrial dysfunction and hypoxia compared to the aggregated SWNTs with poor structure integrity. Then, it is found that the aggregated integral SWNTs induced the irregular mitochondria respiratory and pro‐apoptotic proteins activation, while aggregated SWNTs with poor structure integrity greatly enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. This work supports the view that control of the distinct structure characteristics of SWNTs helps establish clearer structure‐bioeffect correlation and health risk assessment. It is also hoped that these results can help in the design of nanomaterials with higher efficiency and accuracy in subcellular translocation.
Nano‐Intermetallic AuCu3 Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Performance and Mechanism
Authors: Zhang Nanlin , Chen Xin , Lu Yuanjun , An Li , Li Xiang , Xia Dingguo , Zhang Ze , Li Jixue
Published: March 2014

This paper introduces a new approach for catalyst design using the non‐precious metal Cu as one of the catalytic active centers. This differs from previous studies that considered precious metals to be responsible for the catalytic reaction in precious alloys. Intermetallic AuCu3/C nanoparticles with a diameter of 3 nm were developed for the first time, with uniform dispersion and a narrow size distribution. The ca. 3 nm as‐synthesised AuCu3/C showed superior catalytic performance for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) in alkaline solutions, with comparable half‐wave potential and 1.5 times mass current density of commercial Pt/C at 0.80 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)). The advanced catalytic activities are mainly attributed to the synergetic effects of electro‐active atomic Au and Cu on the particle surface, in which Cu helps to activate the O2 molecule and Au benefits OH− desorption. The excellent durability and methanol tolerance exhibited in alkaline solutions provide another advantage for AuCu3/C to be considered as a potential alternative cathode catalyst in alkaline fuel cells.
A mixture of common skew‐t factor analysers
Authors: Murray Paula M. , McNicholas Paul D. , Browne Ryan P.
Published: March 2014

A mixture of common skew‐tfactor analysers model is introduced for model‐based clustering of high‐dimensional data. By assuming common factors, this model allows clustering to be performed in the presence of a large number of mixture components or when the number of dimensions is too large to be well modelled by the mixture of factor analysers model or a variant thereof. Furthermore, assuming that the component densities follow a skew‐tdistribution allows robust clustering of data with asymmetric clusters. This paper is the first time that skewed common factors have been used, and it marks an important step in robust clustering and classification of high‐dimensional data. The alternating expectation–conditional maximization algorithm is employed for parameter estimation. We demonstrate excellent clustering performance when our mixture of common skew‐tfactor analysers model is applied to real and simulated data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Propensity score estimation in the presence of length‐biased sampling: a non‐parametric adjustment approach
Authors: Ertefaie Ashkan , Asgharian Masoud , Stephens David
Published: March 2014

The pervasive use of prevalent cohort studies on disease duration increasingly calls for an appropriate methodology to account for the biases that invariably accompany samples formed by such data. It is well known, for example, that subjects with shorter lifetime are less likely to be present in such studies. Moreover, certain covariate values could be preferentially selected into the sample, being linked to the long‐term survivors. The existing methodology for estimating the propensity score using data collected on prevalent cases requires the correct conditional survival/hazard function given the treatment and covariates. This requirement can be alleviated if the disease under study has stationary incidence, the so‐called stationarity assumption. We propose a non‐parametric adjustment technique based on a weighted estimating equation for estimating the propensity score, which does not require modeling the conditional survival/hazard function when the stationarity assumption holds. The estimator's large‐sample properties are established, and its small‐sample behavior is studied via simulation. The estimated propensity score is utilized to estimate the survival curves. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
DIY E‐Books
Authors: Dalton Bridget
Published: March 2014

Teachers are using DIY tools to design literacy curricula and texts and share them with colleagues online. This article features a free book authoring tool, CAST's UDL Book Builder, that supports teachers in designing eBooks based on universal design for learning principles and reading research.
A Manganese(II) Coordination Polymer with the Ligands ­Azide and Picolinate: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Yang Qian , Liu Sui‐Jun , Zhang Ying‐Hui
Published: March 2014

The two dimensional MnII coordination polymer [Mn3(pic)2(N3)4(CH3OH)]n (1) with the ligands azide and picolinic acid (Hpic) was synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Meanwhile, analysis of the magnetic properties revealed antiferromagnetic exchange for polymer 1.
Retrograde Headless Intramedullary Screw Fixation for Displaced Fifth Metacarpal Neck and Shaft Fractures: Short Term Results
Authors: Doarn Michael C. , Nydick Jason A. , Williams Bailee D. , Garcia Michael J.
Published: March 2014

Background

This study aimed to evaluate the early clinical outcomes of retrograde headless intramedullary screw fixation for displaced fifth metacarpal neck and shaft fractures.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed nine patients treated with retrograde intramedullary screw fixation of fifth metacarpal neck and shaft fractures between 2011 and 2013. Patient demographics and outcomes including hand dominance, age, sex, type of injury, injury and postoperative radiographs, return to work, time to fracture union radiographically, complications, visual analog score, disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand scores, postoperative metacarpophalangeal joint range of motion, and grip strength were recorded.

Results

Nine fractures in nine patients with a mean age of 32 years (19–54) were included. There were seven metacarpal neck and two metacarpal shaft fractures. All patients sustained injury by direct impact of fist against an object. No case involved worker's compensation. Patients had a mean follow-up of 36 weeks (6–57 weeks) and at the time of latest follow-up had no pain. Mean radiographic healing was 49 days (28–85 days). Mean return to work was 6 weeks (4–10 weeks). Mean metacarpalphalangeal joint motion was 0° extension and 90° flexion. Mean disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand scores pre- and postoperatively improved from 43 to 0.7, respectively. The mean postoperative grip strength was measured of the injured hand (40 kg) and un-injured hand (41 kg).

Conclusions

Retrograde headless intramedullary screw fixation of fifth metacarpal neck and shaft fractures has overall favorable early outcomes and offers the benefit of stable fixation, early motion without cast immobilization, and the ability for early return to work. This technique is a viable surgical option for these fractures and may be considered in the appropriate patient population.
Qualitative Analysis of Mafic Dyke Swarms and Kimberlites from Morphological and Geophysical Signatures, NW of Proterozoic Cuddapah Basin, Eastern Dharwar Craton
Authors: Reddy R. Ananda
Published: March 2014

Widespread distribution of mafic dykes and scanty occurrence of ultrabasic intrusives of kimberlitic affinity around Proterozoic Cuddapah basin, parts of Eastern Dharwar craton of south India has been the focus of attention since their discovery, to understand the structural fabric in relation to their emplacement in geological time. Satellite Imagery, geomorphological, geophysical and radiometric age data of Narayanpet area, northwest of Cuddappah basin, have clearly displayed the alignments and structures of geological significance, such as deep seated fault / fracture / shear zones, stratigraphic / lithological contacts, basic / ultrabasic intrusives and younger granites etc,. Based on the field observations such as emplacement of mafic dykes, their cross cutting relationship, study of morphological and geophysical signatures, inferred linears drawn from satellite imagery, aeromagnetic and gravity maps are arranged in a chronological order. A system of long, narrow and widely spaced dykes trending NW-SE direction conformable to gneissic foliation, typically associated with migmatites in the southwestern part of the study area are the oldest. Followed by E-W dykes, cut across by the sparsely distributed dykes associated with NW-SE and N-S features and in turn off set by dykes of NE-SW trends are the youngest.

Kimberlites of Narayanpet area, belongs to hypabysal facies, which are essentially controlled by E-W to ENE-WSW deep seated fault / fracture zone, their intersection with NW-SE, NE-SW to N-S trends, which may have been reactivated during Proterozoic period as indicated by the intrusion of mafic dykes (~2270 to 1701 Ma) and emplacement of kimberlitic magmatism (~1300 to 1100 Ma) suggesting different intrusive episodes. Kimberlite pipes of Narayanpet field, falls in an ellipsoid form trending WNW-ESE direction in the northern part of the area, associated with radial drainage / topographic high and a gravity low. In addition, physical properties such as density and magnetic susceptibilities of mafic dykes and kimberlites, their geophysical signatures, emplacement of kimberlites at the close vicinity of mafic dykes or at their intersections have also been discussed.
A New Occurrence of Thorianite from Syenitic Pegmatite near Bhaluchuan, Odisha
Authors: Singh Yamuna , Bagora S. , Viswanathan R. , Babu P.V. Ramesh , Parihar P.S.
Published: March 2014

We report a new occurrence of thorianite from syenitic pegmatite near Bhaluchuan, Sambalpur district, Odisha. The thorianite is brown to deep-brown with round grains of 2 to 10 mm size. The chemical analysis of the investigated thorianite reveals 64.8% ThO2, 25% U3O8, 3.81% PbO and 1.7% Fe2O3. Calculated structural formula of the thorianite is (Th+40.61U+40.14U+60.08ΣREE+30.017Pb+20.04Ca+20.01Mn+20.001Fe+30.05Al+30.003Sc+20.002K+10.005Na+10.008Si+40.04Ti+40.02)O2.08. Chondrite-normalised rare-earth element (REE) plot of the thorianite reveals enrichment of light REE (LREE) over heavy REE (HREE) with pronounced negative Eu-anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.35). The (ΣLREE/ΣHREE)N ratio is perceptibly high (2.76). The (La/Lu)N (42.31), (La/Yb)N (27.49) and (Ce/Yb)N (21.58) ratios are also very high.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the investigated thorianite displays sharply-defined reflections. Corresponding interplanar spacings (d-spacings) of all the reflections are in very close agreement with those published for thorianite standard in International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) Card No. 4-556. However, I/Io of two reflections (1.9694Å and 1.6787Å) are lower than those published for thorianite standard. The unit cell parameter (ao) of the investigated thorianite (ao 5.5750Å) is also less than ao of thorianite standard (ao 5.6000Å and V 175.62Å3), which is because of extensive substitution of Th by U.