bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Female Pianists and Their Male Critics in Nineteenth-Century Paris
Authors: Ellis Katharine
Published: September 2012

The sudden appearance of several female concert pianists in Paris in the mid 1840s forced male journalists to develop new critical rhetorics. Criticism of the period became saturated with problematic notions of gender, the use of the body, and levels of acting in performance. Because they were interpreters rather than composers, women pianists challenged traditional ideas about the meaning of pianistic virtuosity and were central to the enlargement of the concert repertory. In comparison with male colleagues, however, they were disadvantaged, caught in a web of conflicting ideas concerning the relative value of particular keyboard repertories that were themselves gendered.
Nadia Boulanger and the Salon of the Princesse de Polignac
Authors: Brooks Jeanice
Published: September 2012

In music history, the application of the public/private dichotomy and the accompanying metaphor of separate spheres of masculine and feminine activity has meant that performance in domestic settings has generally been regarded as less important than and unrelated to public performance in concert halls. Yet private performances in salons were often an important part of the transmission and reception of many kinds of music (not only that labeled "salon music"), and salons frequently helped to nurture the careers of performers and composers. This study is based primarily on Nadia Boulanger's personal papers, only recently made available to scholars. It uses the relationship between Boulanger and the Princesse Edmond de Polignac to illustrate the significant role salons played in musical culture of the 1930s and discusses some of the ways in which the ostensibly private world of the salon was related to and bound up with the public world of the concert hall. In using the public/private dichotomy as a metaphor for such relationships we run the risk of distorting perceptions of them and underestimating their part in musical culture.
"National in Form, Socialist in Content": Musical Nation-Building in the Soviet Republics
Authors: Frolova-Walker Marina
Published: September 2012

The present article examines the Soviet project of developing national musical cultures within the Caucasian and Central Asian republics of the USSR. This undertaking effectively required the transplanting of the Russian nineteenth-century model of musical nationalism to the republics, under the guidance of composers sent from Moscow and Leningrad. The article investigates the relationship between this model and its imitations, using examples from Caucasian and Asian operas, and touching upon the connected discourses of orientalism and socialist realism.
Tacitus Incognito: Opera as History in "L'incoronazione di Poppea"
Authors: Heller Wendy
Published: September 2012

This essay considers opera's use of a particular history in seventeenth-century Venice: Cornelius Tacitus's Annals of the Roman Empire as transformed in Monteverdi's and Busenello's L'incoronazione di Poppea. In contrast with a recent hypothesis linking Tacitus, Poppea, and the Venetian Accademia degli Incogniti with Neostoicism, this essay argues that the members of the Accademia degli Incogniti used Tacitus's history of the Julio-Claudians as part of a highly specialized republican discourse on Venetian political superiority and sensual pleasures. After considering Incogniti philosophies and interest in the erotic in the context of Venetian political ideals and the influence of Tacitus on political and moral thought in early modern Europe, this essay places L'incoronazione di Poppea in the context of several other treatments of Tacitus produced during the mid-seventeenth century by Busenello's colleagues in the Accademia degli Incogniti, in which empire and the liabilities of female power are contrasted implicitly with Venice's male oligarchy. The Venetian rejection of Stoic philosophy and fascination with the erotic and the patriotic play themselves out in one of the opera's most peculiar distortions of the historical record-the scene following the death of Seneca in which the philosopher's nephew, the poet Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, known in Venice for his republican ideals, joins the emperor Nero in song to celebrate his uncle's death and Poppea's charms. As transformed by Monteverdi's sexually explicit music, Lucan's endorsement of artistic self-expression, sensual freedom, and republican ideals provides a critical counterpoint to Senecan support of the principate and moral restraint-a view that was far more compatible with Venetian concerns at midcentury.
Ives's "114 [+ 15] Songs" and What He Thought of Them
Authors: Hitchcock H. Wiley
Published: September 2012

This essay reflects work toward a critical edition of 129 Ives songs (all those in whose publication he was directly involved)-mainly 114 Songs (1922) and the New Music issues of Thirty-Four Songs (1933) and Nineteen Songs (1935). It explores his value judgments of them, and also of 50 Songs (1923), containing unaltered reprints from 114. 114 Songs is eclectic and inclusive, a retrospective exhibition of various song types, including ones drastically foreign to conventional notions of a song. In 50 Songs, Ives responded to adverse reactions to 114 Songs and sought to reprint songs of "more general interest." For the New Music collections, he revised many songs, especially those initially arranged from pre-114 chamber-ensemble works. To the latter he typically restored material from the "parent pieces," increasing the songs' dissonance (not, however, to falsify their modernity). He also reprinted conservative songs, as well as adding nine previously unpublished ones, and in both collections chose the songs' order carefully.
Pattern of Clinical Genetics Referral Following Perinatal Postmortems
Authors: Balasubramanian Meena , Bourke Sean , Crawford Nicola , Cohen Marta C.
Published: September 2012

Fetal loss can be spontaneous or induced following findings on the anomaly scan. This study aims to (1) ascertain referral rates and patterns of referral to clinical genetics (CG) triggered by postmortem (PM) findings and (2) improve the quality of care offered to those families at risk of recurrence. A review of all PM reports during 2007 and 2008 was undertaken. We collected clinical and demographic information on all those cases in which a recommendation for referral had been or should have been made. During the study period, 549 PMs were conducted, of which 72 (13%) had a recommendation for referral to CG. A further 30 (5%) cases were identified in which a recommendation for referral to CG should have been made. Of the 72 cases with a recommendation for referral to CG, 54 cases were identified within the catchment area. Of these, 29 (54%) resulted in a referral to Sheffield CG, with an average of 17 weeks' waiting time for referral. In >90% of cases it was possible to clarify diagnosis and offer additional information. A small proportion of families declined referral to CG. By mapping the process from PM report to potential referral to CG, we have been able to highlight areas of clinical concern and improve clinical practice. This study has also enabled us to gain a better understanding of the patient referral and clinical care pathways involved. This, in turn, has provided a clinical focus within the joint histopathology-genetics multidisciplinary meetings to enable discussion of potential referrals.
Assessment of role of rosmarinic acid in preventing oxidative process of low density lipoproteins
Authors: Tache Andreia , Radu Gabriel-Lucian , Litescu Simona-Carmen
Published: September 2012

This study aimed to assess the antioxidant compound effects on oxidisable substrates, using an effective bio-mimetic system based on human low density lipoproteins (LDL). Thermally generated radicals induce LDL oxidative changes to be identified and quantified. The bio-mimetic system thus developed responded linearly to radicals’ concentration over a range of 10−6-10−5 mol L−1. Cu2+ accentuates lipoperoxidation but, when rosmarinic acid was present, Cu2+ produced an unexpected effect, i.e. increased antioxidant efficiency against lipoperoxidation. Rosmarinic acid inhibits production of lipoperoxides by up to 30 % in the absence of Cu2+ and up to 70 % in its presence when the rosmarinic acid-to-Cu molar ratio is 1: 1.
Analysis of Organophosphorus compound poisoning patients attending CMS-TH, Bharatpur, Nepal
Authors: Laudari S , Patowary BS
Published: September 2012

Organophosphorus (OP) compound poisoning is a medical emergency. It is important to know its nature, clinical presentation, severity and outcome in order to take up appropriate measures including proper planning, treatment and prevention. This study was aimed to assess the clinical profile of organophosphorus poisoning. This is a prospective hospital based study conducted at CMS-T.H., Bharatpur, Nepal. The study included 111 patients of organophosphorus poisoning during the period November 2008 to July 2011. The incidence was commoner in females than males with female:male ratio being 1.47:1. Majority of the patients(58.56%) belonged to the age group 16 to 30 years with female predominance(2.25:1). Modes of poisoning were suicidal in the majority (94.59%), accidental in 4.50%. and homicidal in 0.90%. Psychiatric problems were the major precipitating factors. Majority of patients(62.16%) had moderate poisoning (POP scale: 4-7).On admission, dyselectrolytemia and respiratory failure were found in 74.77% and 21.62% respectively.8 patients expired (7.69%). Large amount of OP poison ingestion (>40ml) and increased severity of poisoning (POP scale) were found to have statistical significance with the rate of mortality. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal,2011,Vol-7,No-4, 9-19 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v7i4.6736
A randomized controlled trial comparing results of closed reduction and plaster immobilization versus external fixator in unstable fractures of distal radius
Authors: Gupta HK , Singh MP
Published: September 2012

To evaluate the functional and radiological outcome of the two different modalities in unstable fracture distal end of radius, and the complications in each group. Study consists of prospective analysis of the cases of unstable fracture of distal end of radius managed by two different methods of treatment in 40 patients and the functional outcome measured by the standardized functional scoring method (Gartland and Werley 1951, Stewart et al. 1984). The radiological outcome of the fracture management as mentioned above measured according to Anatomical scoring method (Stewart et al. 1984). In this study there was no statistical difference between functional and anatomical outcome when treated by either method. There was no poor graded result anatomically or functionally in either group. No serious complication was noted in both the groups. Both the method of treatment produced no significant difference in outcome, functionally and anatomically , but the extra cost of anaesthetic drugs, operation theatre charges, hazards of anaesthesia and the cost of implants can be avoided in cases managed with closed reduction and immobilization in plaster cast. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal,2011,Vol-7,No-4, 20-27 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v7i4.6737
Glaucoma suspect & Humphrey Field Analyzer a correlation
Authors: Dahal P , Rizal AP , Karki DB
Published: September 2012

Glaucoma originally meant "clouded", in Greek.The term glaucoma refers to a group of diseases that have in common characteristic optic neuropathy with associated visual field loss for which elevated intraocular pressure is one of the primary risk factor. The purpose of the study is to correlate the clinically diagnosed cases of glaucoma suspect with the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA). Fifty cases of glaucoma suspect who attended the glaucoma clinic of Nepal Eye Hospital Tripureswor, Kathmandu, Nepal and who meets at least two criteria, among the four types of glaucoma suspects were advised for the HFA for the study. In this study out of 50 patient, 36 (72%) patients had normal visual field. 14 (28%) patients had thinning of the neural retinal rim (NRR) in both eyes. The significant relation with thinning of neural retina rim and glaucomatous hemifield test was found in the study. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal,2012,Vol-8,No-1, 23-28 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v8i1.6822
Gold(III) Tetraarylporphyrin Phosphonate Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents
Authors: Chen Huasheng , Li Jun , Shen Tingting , Li Yan , Liu Juanjuan , Liu Jinliang , Xu Aihua , Wang Cunde
Published: September 2012

5-[4-(Dialkyoxyphosphorylamino)]phenyl-10,15,20- triphenylporphyrinato gold(III)chlorides have been synthesised and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against SMMC-7721 human hepatic and sarcoma 180 mouse cancer cell line panels. 5-[4-(Diisopropoxyphosphorylamino)]phenyl-10,15,20- triphenylporphyrinato gold(III)chloride exhibited significant growth inhibitory properties against sarcoma 180 mouse cancer cells (IC50 value = 2.60 μM) and 5-[4-(dipropoxyphosphorylamino)]phenyl-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrinato gold(III)chloride showed significant growth inhibitory properties against SMMC-7721 human hepatic cancer cells (IC50 value = 5.10 μM).
A Three-Component Novel Synthesis of 1-[Aryl(Thioacetamido)Methyl]-2-Naphthol Derivatives
Authors: Hassanabadi Alireza , Hosseini-Tabatabaei Mohammad R.
Published: September 2012

A three-component reaction between 2-naphthol, an aryl aldehydes and thioacetamide catalysed by p-toluenesulfonic acid under reflux conditions provided a simple and efficient one-pot route for the synthesis of 1-[aryl(thioacetamido)methyl]-2-naphthol derivatives in excellent yields.
First Synthesis of 3-Methoxy-4-Aminopropiophenone
Authors: Vera William J. , Banerjee Ajoy K.
Published: September 2012

The transformation of 3-methoxyphenylacetone to 4-amino-3-methoxypropiophenone is described.
KAl(SO4)2.12H2O as an Eco-Friendly and Reusable Catalyst for the Synthesis of Amides by the Ritter Reaction
Authors: Sadeghi Bahareh , Farahzadi Ebrahim , Hassanabadi Alireza
Published: September 2012

KAl(SO4)2.12H2O (Alum) is an eco-friendly, inexpensive, readily available and reusable and was applied as catalyst to the synthesis of N-alkyl amides from nitriles and alcohols by the Ritter reaction. This solvent-free procedure is very simple with excellent yields and easy work-up.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Novel Ferrocenyl Pyrrolizidines
Authors: Yu-Mei Zhang , Peng Liu , Hong-Li Zhang , Guo-Liang Feng , Li-Jun Geng
Published: September 2012

Microwave-assisted synthesis of ferrocenyl pyrrolizidines containing cyano groups has been accomplished in moderate yields via a facile [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction of several azomethine ylides, derived from aromatic aldehydes and proline, with 1, 1-dicyano-2-ferrocenylethene as the dipolarophile. This method offers several advantages such as short reaction time and simple procedure.
Steric Effects of Aryl Aldehydes on a Multicomponent One-Pot Synthesis of Imidazoles
Authors: Li Ruohan , Xiao Shuzhang , Zhang Meng , Nie Zhaomin , Xiao Rong , Hu Longhai
Published: September 2012

The one-pot reaction of an aryl aldehyde with 2-cyanopyridine and ammonium acetate in refluxing acetic acid produced the known 2-(2′-pyridyl)imidazole and fused imidazoles. This suggests that the steric effect of aryl rings plays an important role in these syntheses. A possible mechanism of the reaction is discussed.
Diamondoid Characterization in Condensate by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: The Junggar Basin of Northwest China
Authors: Li Shuifu , Hu Shouzhi , Cao Jian , Wu Ming , Zhang Dongmei
Published: September 2012

Diamondoids in crude oil are useful for assessing the maturity of oil in high maturation. However, they are very difficult to separate and accurately quantify by conventional geochemical methods due to their low abundance in oil. In this paper, we use comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) to study the compounds in condensates from the Junggar Basin of northwest China and address their geological and geochemical applications. GC×GC-TOFMS improves the resolution and separation efficiency of the compounds. It not only separates the compounds that coelute in conventional GC-MS (e.g., 4, 8-dimethyl-diamantane and trimethyl-diamantane) but also allows the identification of compounds that were not previously detected (e.g., trimethyl-diamantane (15A)). A reversed-phase column system improves the separation capabilities over the normal phase column system. The diamondoid indexes indicate that a representative condensate from Well DX 10 is highly mature with equivalent Ro being approximately 1.5%.
Antiproliferation and Induction of Apoptosis in Ca9-22 Oral Cancer Cells by Ethanolic Extract of Gracilaria tenuistipitata
Authors: Yeh Chi-Chen , Tseng Chao-Neng , Yang Jing-Iong , Huang Hurng-Wern , Fang Yi , Tang Jen-Yang , Chang Fang-Rong , Chang Hsueh-Wei
Published: September 2012

The water extract of Gracilaria tenuistipitata have been found to be protective against oxidative stress-induced cellular DNA damage, but the biological function of the ethanolic extracts of G. tenuistipitata (EEGT) is still unknown. In this study, the effect of EEGT on oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) Ca9-22 cell line was examined in terms of the cell proliferation and oxidative stress responses. The cell viability of EEGT-treated OSCC cells was significantly reduced in a dose-response manner (p < 0.0001). The annexin V intensity and pan-caspase activity of EEGT-treated OSCC cells were significantly increased in a dose-response manner (p < 0.05 to 0.0001). EEGT significantly increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level (p < 0.0001) and decreased the glutathione (GSH) level (p < 0.01) in a dose-response manner. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of EEGT-treated OSCC cells was significantly decreased in a dose-response manner (p < 0.005). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that EEGT induced the growth inhibition and apoptosis of OSCC cells, which was accompanied by ROS increase, GSH depletion, caspase activation, and mitochondrial depolarization. Therefore, EEGT may have potent antitumor effect against oral cancer cells.
Systematic Study of the Physicochemical Properties of a Homologous Series of Aminobisphosphonates
Authors: Alanne Aino-Liisa , Hyvönen Helena , Lahtinen Manu , Ylisirniö Markku , Turhanen Petri , Kolehmainen Erkki , Peräniemi Sirpa , Vepsäläinen Jouko
Published: September 2012

Aminobisphosphonates, e.g., alendronate and neridronate, are a well known class of molecules used as drugs for various bone diseases. Although these molecules have been available for decades, a detailed understanding of their most important physicochemical properties under comparable conditions is lacking. In this study, ten aminobisphosphonates, H2N(CH2)nC(OH)[P(O)(OH)2]2, in which n = 2–5, 7–11 and 15 have been synthesized. Their aqueous solubility as a function of temperature and pH, pKa-values, thermal stability, IR absorptions, and NMR spectral data for bothliquid (1H, 13C, 31P-NMR) and solid state (13C, 15N and 31P-CPMAS NMR) were determined.
Remote Sensing of Fractional Green Vegetation Cover Using Spatially-Interpolated Endmembers
Authors: Johnson Brian , Tateishi Ryutaro , Kobayashi Toshiyuki
Published: September 2012

Fractional green vegetation cover (FVC) is a useful parameter for many environmental and climate-related applications. A common approach for estimating FVC involves the linear unmixing of two spectral endmembers in a remote sensing image; bare soil and green vegetation. The spectral properties of these two endmembers are typically determined based on field measurements, estimated using additional data sources (e.g., soil databases or land cover maps), or extracted directly from the imagery. Most FVC estimation approaches do not consider that the spectral properties of endmembers may vary across space. However, due to local differences in climate, soil type, vegetation species, etc., the spectral characteristics of soil and green vegetation may exhibit positive spatial autocorrelation. When this is the case, it may be useful to take these local variations into account for estimating FVC. In this study, spatial interpolation (Inverse Distance Weighting and Ordinary Kriging) was used to predict variations in the spectral characteristics of bare soil and green vegetation across space. When the spatially-interpolated values were used in place of scene-invariant endmember values to estimate FVC in an Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image, the accuracy of FVC estimates increased, providing evidence that it may be useful to consider the effects of spatial autocorrelation for spectral mixture analysis.
Global statistical tests for clustered earthquake pattern discovery in Italy
Authors: Rotondi Renata , Varini Elisa
Published: September 2012

It is a widely shared opinion that not only secondary earthquakes (aftershocks) but also main earthquakes tend to occur in time-space clusters. The importance of this assumption requires the application of statistical tools to objectively evaluate its coherence with the reality at different scales of size-space-time. Global tests allow us to select the data sets with significant space-time clustering in order to perform more in-depth analyses to detect cluster locations. According to different fixed magnitude thresholds, we perform two global statistical tests, the Knox test and the Jacquez test, based on the space-time distance between pairs of earthquakes under the null hypothesis of uniform distribution in time and space, and evaluate the significance of the possible clusters. We analyze subsets of historical Italian earthquakes drawn from the Parametric Catalog of Italian Earthquakes (CPTI04) with magnitude thresholds 4.5, 5.3 and 6.0, associated with the composite seismogenic sources of the Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources. Each subset is related to one of the eight tectonically homogeneous macroregions in which the Italian territory has been divided. Significant space-time clustering is found for all sets with a magnitude threshold of 4.5. This tendency decreases drastically or disappears when the cut off rises to 5.3, with the exception of two macroregions located in the Eastern Alps and the Calabrian Arc, respectively, where evidence of space-time interaction may refer to stress transfer among consecutive or adjacent faults. The link between clustering effect and tectonic behavior could guide the choice of different stochastic point processes to model the seismic activity.
Integrating knowledge seeking into knowledge management models and frameworks
Authors: Lottering Francois , Dick Archie L.
Published: September 2012

Background: A striking feature of the knowledge management (KM) literature is that the standard list of KM processes either subsumes or overlooks the process of knowledge seeking. Knowledge seeking is manifestly under-theorised, making the need to address this gap in KM theory and practice clear and urgent.Objectives: This article investigates the theoretical status of the knowledge-seeking process in extant KM models and frameworks. It also statistically describes knowledge seeking and knowledge sharing practices in a sample of South African companies. Using this data, it proposes a KM model based on knowledge seeking.Method: Knowledge seeking is traced in a number of KM models and frameworks with a specific focus on Han Lai and Margaret Graham’s adapted KM cycle model, which separates knowledge seeking from knowledge sharing. This empirical investigation used a questionnaire to examine knowledge seeking and knowledge sharing practices in a sample of South African companies.Results: This article critiqued and elaborated on the adapted KM cycle model of Lai and Graham. It identified some of the key features of knowledge seeking practices in the workplace. It showed that knowledge seeking and sharing are human-centric actions and that seeking knowledge uses trust and loyalty as its basis. It also showed that one cannot separate knowledge seeking from knowledge sharing.Conclusion: The knowledge seeking-based KM model elaborates on Lai and Graham’s model. It provides insight into how and where people seek and share knowledge in the workplace. The article concludes that it is necessary to cement the place of knowledge seeking in KM models as well as frameworks and suggests that organisations should apply its findings to improving their knowledge management strategies.
Liraglutide in Combination with Metformin or Sulfonylurea for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in Adult patients
Authors: Udiawar Maneesh V , Bain Stephen C
Published: September 2012

Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease characterized by decline in β-cell function and insulin resistance. The development of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, has been shown in clinical trials to be an effective drug with beneficial effects on β-cell function and improved glycemic control, without the side effects of weight gain and hypoglycemia that frequently limit the use of oral anti-diabetic drugs. Furthermore, its prolonged half-life makes it suitable for once daily administration. Liraglutide is demonstrated to be an effective agent in combination with commonly used oral antidiabetic drugs such as metformin and sulphonylureas, with a significant number of patients achieving their glycemic targets without hypoglycemia. In this review, the results from clinical trials utilizing liraglutide in combination with metformin or sulphonylurea are summarized with regards to efficacy and safety.
Evaluating MODIS cloud retrievals with in situ observations from VOCALS-REx
Authors: King N. J. , Bower K. N. , Crosier J. , Crawford I.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Microphysical measurements collected during eleven profiles through marine stratocumulus as part of the Variability of the American Monsoon Systems (VAMOS) Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) are compared to collocated overpasses of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the Aqua and Terra satellite platforms. The full depth of the cloud is sampled in each case using a Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) and a Two-Dimensional Stereo Probe (2DS) together sizing cloud and precipitation droplets in the diameter range 2-1260 μm. This allows the total optical depth (τc) of the cloud and effective radius (re) of the droplet size distribution to be compared to MODIS cloud retrievals of the same quantities along with the secondarily derived total liquid water path. When compared to the effective radius at cloud top, the MODIS retrieved re using the 2.1 μm wavelength channel overestimates the in situ measurements on average by 13% with the largest overestimations coinciding with the detection by the 2DS of drizzle sized droplets. We show through consideration of the full vertical profile and penetration depths of the wavelengths used in the retrieval that the expected retrieved values are less than those at cloud top thus increasing the apparent bias in re retrievals particularly when using the 1.6 and 2.1 μm channels, with the 3.7 μm channel retrievals displaying the best agreement with in situ values. Retrievals of τc also tend to overestimate in situ values which, coupled with a high bias in re retrievals, lead to an overestimation of liquid water path. There is little apparent correlation between the variation of the three near-infrared re retrievals and the vertical structure of the cloud observed in situ. Retrievals are performed using measured profiles of water vapour and temperature along with an accurate knowledge of the width of the droplet size distribution which improve agreement between in situ and retrieved values but cannot completely explain the observed biases. Additionally we show that cloud heterogeneity and three-dimensional radiative effects may high skew the mean when averaging over comparison domains but cannot explain all of the apparent high bias.
The 2007–2011 evolution of tropical methane in the mid-troposphere as seen from space by MetOp-A/IASI
Authors: Crevoisier C. , Nobileau D. , Armante R. , Crépeau L. , Machida T. , Sawa Y. , Matsueda H. , Schuck T. , Thonat T. , Pernin J. , Scott N. A. , Chédin A.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Since July 2007, monthly averages of mid-tropospheric methane are retrieved in the Tropics over land and sea, by day and night, from IASI onboard MetOp-A, yielding a complete view of the geographical distribution, seasonality and long-term tendency of methane in the mid-troposphere. Retrieved methane displays a clear seasonal cycle of ~25 ppbv in the Northern Tropics, with a maximum in November and a minimum in April–May, a more complex cycle of ~15 ppbv in the Southern Tropics, and a south-to-north latitudinal variation of ~30 ppbv, in good agreement with regular aircraft measurements of the CONTRAIL program. Comparisons with CARIBIC aircraft measurements made at ~11 km yield an averaged difference between collocated IASI estimates and CARIBIC measurements of 7.2 ppbv with a standard deviation of 13.1 ppbv, and show that IASI captures well the evolution of mid-tropospheric methane. In particular, in 2007 and 2008, IASI shows an increase of mid-tropospheric methane in the tropical region of 9.5 ± 2.8 and 6.3 ± 1.7 ppbv yr−1 respectively, in excellent agreement with the rate of increase measured at the surface after almost a decade of near-zero growth. IASI also indicates a slowing down of this increase in the following years to ~2 ppbv yr−1, with the highest increase in 2010. Assuming that the recent evolution of methane is mostly due to an increase in surface emissions, IASI might indicate a decrease in tropical wetland emissions for the period 2009–2011, in agreement with decreasing tropical precipitation over this period, together with an increase in biomass burning emissions in 2010 in the Southern Tropics.
Position error in profiles retrieved from MIPAS observations with a 1-D algorithm
Authors: Carlotti M. , Arnone E. , Castelli E. , Dinelli B. M. , Papandrea E.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The information load (IL) analysis, first introduced for the two-dimensional approach (Carlotti and Magnani, 2009), is applied to the inversion of MIPAS observations operated with a 1-dimensional (1-D) retrieval algorithm. The IL distribution of MIPAS spectra is shown to be often asymmetrical with respect to the tangent points of the observations and permits to identify the preferential latitude where the profiles retrieved with a 1-D algorithm should be geo-located. Therefore a position error is made when the tangent points of the observations are used to assign the geo-location of the retrieved profile. We assess the amplitude of the position error for some of the MIPAS main targets and we show that the IL analysis can also be used as a tool for the selection of observations that, when analyzed, minimize the position error of the retrieved profile. When the temperature (T) profiles are used for the retrieval of volume mixing ratio (VMR) of atmospheric constituents, the T position error (of the order of 1.5 degrees of latitude) induces a VMR error that is directly connected with the horizontal T gradients. Temperature profiles can be externally-provided or determined in a previous step of the retrieval process. In the first case, the IL analysis shows that a meaningful fraction (often exceeding 50%) of the VMR error deriving from the 1-D approximation is to be attributed to the mismatch between the position assigned to the external T profile and the positions where T is required by the analyzed observations. In the second case the retrieved T values suffer by an error of 1.5–2 K due to neglecting the horizontal variability of T; however the error induced on VMRs is of minor entity because of the generally small mismatch between the IL distribution of the observations analyzed to retrieve T and those analyzed to retrieve the VMR target. An estimate of the contribution of the T-position error to the error budget is provided for MIPAS main targets. This study shows that the information load analysis can be successfully exploited in a 1-D context that makes the assumption of horizontal homogeneity of the analyzed portion of atmosphere. The analysis that we propose can be extended to the 1-D inversion of other limb-sounding experiments.
Modeling atmospheric ammonia and ammonium using a backward-in-time stochastic Lagrangian air quality model (STILT-Chem v0.7)
Authors: Wen D. , Lin J. C. , Zhang L. , Vet R. , Moran M. D.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. A new chemistry module of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4+) was incorporated into a backward-in-time stochastic Lagrangian air quality model (STILT-Chem) that was originally developed to simulate the concentrations of a variety of gas-phase species at receptors. STILT-Chem simulates the transport of air parcels backward in time using ensembles of fictitious particles with stochastic motions, while simulating emissions, deposition and chemical transformation forward in time along trajectories identified by the backward-in-time simulations. The incorporation of the new chemistry module allows the model to simulate not only gaseous species, but also multi-phase species involving NH3 and NH4+. The model was applied to simulate concentrations of NH3 and particulate NH4+ at six sites in the Canadian province of Ontario for a six-month period in 2006. The model-predicted concentrations of NH3 and particulate NH4+ were compared with observations, which show broad agreement between simulated concentrations and observations. Since the model is based on back trajectories, the influence of each major process such as emission, deposition and chemical conversion on the concentration of a modeled species at a receptor can be determined for every upstream location at each time step. This makes it possible to quantitatively investigate the upstream processes affecting receptor concentrations. The modeled results suggest that the concentrations of NH3 at those sites were significantly and frequently affected by southwestern Ontario, northern Ohio, and nearby areas. NH3 is mainly contributed by emission sources whereas particulate NH4+ is mainly contributed by the gas-to-aerosol chemical conversion of NH3. Dry deposition is the largest removal process for both NH3 and particulate NH4+. This study revealed the contrast between agricultural versus forest sites. Not only were emissions of NH3 higher, but removal mechanisms (especially chemical loss for NH3 and dry deposition for NH4+) were less efficient for agricultural sites. This combination explains the significantly higher concentrations of NH3 and particulate NH4+ observed at agricultural sites.
A methodology for estimating seasonal cycles of atmospheric CO2 resulting from terrestrial net ecosystem exchange (NEE) fluxes using the Transcom T3L2 pulse-response functions
Authors: Nevison C. D. , Baker D. F. , Gurney K. R.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. We present a method for translating modeled terrestrial net ecosystem exchange (NEE) fluxes of carbon into the corresponding seasonal cycles in atmospheric CO2. The method is based on the pulse-response functions from the Transcom 3 Level 2 (T3L2) atmospheric tracer transport model (ATM) intercomparison. The new pulse-response method is considerably faster than a full forward ATM simulation, allowing CO2 seasonal cycles to be computed in seconds, rather than the days or weeks required for a forward simulation. Further, the results provide an estimate of the range of transport uncertainty across 13 different ATMs associated with the translation of surface NEE fluxes into an atmospheric signal. We evaluate the method against the results of archived forward ATM simulations from T3L2. The latter are also used to estimate the uncertainties associated with oceanic and fossil fuel influences. We present a regional breakdown at selected monitoring sites of the contribution to the atmospheric CO2 cycle from the 11 different T3L2 land regions. A test case of the pulse-response code, forced by NEE fluxes from the Community Land Model, suggests that for many terrestrial models, discrepancies between model results and observed atmospheric CO2 cycles will be large enough to clearly transcend ATM uncertainties.
Collaborative modelling for active involvement of stakeholders in urban flood risk management
Authors: Evers M. , Jonoski A. , Maksimovič Č. , Lange L. , Ochoa Rodriguez S. , Teklesadik A. , Cortes Arevalo J. , Almoradie A. , Eduardo Simões N. , Wang L. , Makropoulos C.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. This paper presents an approach to enhance the role of local stakeholders in dealing with urban floods. The concept is based on the DIANE-CM project (Decentralised Integrated Analysis and Enhancement of Awareness through Collaborative Modelling and Management of Flood Risk) of the 2nd ERANET CRUE funding initiative. The main objective of the project was to develop and test an advanced methodology for enhancing the resilience of local communities to flooding. Through collaborative modelling, a social learning process was initiated that enhances the social capacity of the stakeholders due to the interaction process. The other aim of the project was to better understand how data from hazard and vulnerability analyses and improved maps, as well as from the near real-time flood prediction, can be used to initiate a public dialogue (i.e. collaborative mapping and planning activities) in order to carry out more informed and shared decision-making processes and to enhance flood risk awareness. The concept of collaborative modelling was applied in two case studies: (1) the Cranbrook catchment in the UK, with focus on pluvial flooding; and (2) the Alster catchment in Germany, with focus on fluvial flooding. As a result of the interactive and social learning process, supported by sociotechnical instruments, an understanding of flood risk was developed amongst the stakeholders and alternatives for flood risk management for the respective case study area were jointly developed and ranked as a basis for further planning and management.
A simple inverse method for the distribution of basal sliding coefficients under ice sheets, applied to Antarctica
Authors: Pollard D. , DeConto R. M.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Variations in intrinsic bed conditions that affect basal sliding, such as the distribution of deformable sediment versus hard bedrock, are important boundary conditions for large-scale ice-sheet models, but are hard to observe and remain largely uncertain below the modern Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. Here a very simple model-based method is described for deducing the modern spatial distribution of basal sliding coefficients. The model is run forward in time, and the basal sliding coefficient at each grid point is periodically increased or decreased depending on whether the local ice surface elevation is too high or too low compared to observed in areas of unfrozen bed. The method considerably reduces large-scale errors in Antarctic ice elevation, from several 100s to several 10s of meters in most regions. Remaining ice elevation errors over mountain ranges such as the Transantarctics are further improved by parameterizing the possible effect of sub-grid topography in the basal sliding law, representing sliding in deep valleys. Results are compared with modern velocity data, and various sensitivity tests are described in Appendices.
Atuação do enfermeiro a usuários de álcool e de outras drogas na Saúde da Família
Authors: Souza Luccas Melo de , Pinto Maria Getúlia
Published: September 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v14i2.11245Este trabalho trata-se de estudo exploratório-descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, que objetivou identificar como enfermeiros atuantes na Saúde da Família abordam a temática do álcool e de outras drogas. Foram abordados oito enfermeiros por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. A maioria dos entrevistados considera que esse tema está inserido no cotidiano das equipes, pois é um problema de saúde pública, com agravantes sociais. A detecção dos usuários na comunidade é realizada, na maioria das vezes, pelos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde ou pelos familiares dos usuários. A vontade de reabilitação do usuário e o vínculo dele com os profissionais de saúde são indispensáveis para o tratamento. Entre os desafios encontrados está a falta de conhecimento para detectar e assistir os usuários, além da dificuldade de vínculo com eles. Ressalta-se a necessidade de maior capacitação dos enfermeiros da atenção primária para atuarem no tratamento de usuários de álcool e de outras drogas.
CT Imaging of Coronary Stents: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Mahnken Andreas H.
Published: September 2012

Coronary stenting became a mainstay in coronary revascularization therapy. Despite tremendous advances in therapy, in-stent restenosis (ISR) remains a key problem after coronary stenting. Coronary CT angiography evolved as a valuable tool in the diagnostic workup of patients after coronary revascularization therapy. It has a negative predictive value in the range of 98% for ruling out significant ISR. As CT imaging of coronary stents depends on patient and stent characteristics, patient selection is crucial for success. Ideal candidates have stents with a diameter of 3 mm and more. Nevertheless, even with most recent CT scanners, about 8% of stents are not accessible mostly due to blooming or motion artifacts. While the diagnosis of ISR is currently based on the visual assessment of the stent lumen, functional information on the hemodynamic significance of in-stent stenosis became available with the most recent generation of dual source CT scanners. This paper provides a comprehensive overview on previous developments, current techniques, and clinical evidence for cardiac CT in patients with coronary artery stents.
Orthoamide und Iminiumsalze, LXXXII [1]. Die Spaltung von Alkincarbonsäure-orthoamiden mit Trimethylsilylazid / Orthoamides and Iminium Salts LXXXII [1]. The Cleavage of Orthoamides of Alkynecarboxylic Acids by Trimethylsilyl Azide
Authors: Kantlehner Willi , Edelmann Kai , Frey Wolfgang
Published: September 2012

The cleavage of orthoamides of alkynecarboxylic acids 5 with trimethylsilyl azide affords 4-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-4H-1,2,3-triazoles 9. By treatment of the bis-orthoamide of acetylenedicarboxylic acid 1 with trimethylsilyl azide and benzoyl azide, respectively, the 5- [bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-5H-1,2,3-triazole carboxamidinium salt 12a is accessible. Iminium salts 10 and 14 can be prepared by methylation of the triazoles 9 and 12a in 2-position of the triazole ring. The crystal structure of 5H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamidinium tetraphenylborate 12b is reported
The Role of the Coordination Modes of a Flexible Bis(pyridylamide) Ligand in the Topology of 2D Copper(II) Complexes
Authors: Wang Xiu-Li , Liu Peng , Luan Jian , Lin Hong-Yan , Xu Chuang
Published: September 2012

Two new two-dimensional copper(II) coordination polymers, [Cu(L)(BDC)]_H2O (1) and [Cu2(L)0:5(SIP)(OH)(H2O)] 2H2O (2) [L=N;N0-bis(3-pyridylamide)-1,6-hexane, H2BDC=1,3- benzenedicarboxylic acid, H3SIP=5-sulfoisophthalic acid (3,5-dicarboxybenzenesulfonic acid)], have been synthesized hydrothermally by self-assembly of the flexible bis-pyridyl-bis-amide ligand L and the aromatic polycarboxylate ligands H2BDC or H3SIP. X-Ray diffraction analysis reveals that complex 1 displays a metal-organic coordination layer with a binodal (3,5)-connected {42.67.8}{42.6} topology, in which the L ligands adopt a m2-bridging mode (via ligation of the pyridyl nitrogen atoms). Complex 2 also exhibits a layered network based on tetranuclear copper clusters [Cu4(μ3-OH)2(H2O)2(O2C-)4], L ligands and SIP anions, showing a binodal (4,8)-connected network with {414.610.84}{44.62} topology, in which the L ligands adopt a μ6-bridging coordination mode (via ligation of the pyridyl nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen atoms). Adjacent layers in 1 and 2 are further linked by hydrogen bonding interactions to form three-dimensional supramolecular frameworks. The electrochemical behavior of the two complexes in bulk-modified carbon paste electrodes has been investigated
Management of Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Sausen Verra O. , Marks Katherine E. , Sausen Kenneth P. , Self Timothy H.
Published: September 2012

Allergic rhinitis is the most common chronic childhood disease. Reduced quality of life is frequently caused by this IgE-mediated disease, including sleep disturbance with subsequent decreased school performance. Asthma and exercise-induced bronchospasm are commonly seen concurrently with allergic rhinitis, and poorly controlled allergic rhinitis negatively affects asthma outcomes. Nonsedating antihistamines or intranasal azelastine are effective agents to manage allergic rhinitis, often in combination with oral decongestants. For moderate to severe persistent disease, intranasal corticosteroids are the most effiective agents. Some patients require concomitant intranasal corticosteroids and nonsedating antihistamines for optimal management. Other available agents include leukotriene receptor antagonists, intranasal cromolyn, intranasal ipratropium, specific immunotherapy, and anti-IgE therapy.
New Antiretroviral Therapies for Pediatric HIV Infection
Authors: Morris Jennifer L. , Kraus Donna M.
Published: September 2012

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome affect millions of children worldwide. The development of antiretroviral therapy has significantly improved the morbidity and mortality of pediatric patients infected with HIV. Currently, 4 classes of antiretroviral agents exist: nucleoside / nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and entry inhibitors. A total of 21 single-entity antiretroviral agents and 4 co-formulated antiretroviral products hold Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for treatment of HIV-1 infection. However, not all of these agents are indicated for use in patients less than 18 years of age. Since the year 2000, 7 new antiretroviral agents (atazanavir, emtricitabine, enfuvirtide, fosamprenavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, tenofovir, and tipranavir) have been approved by the FDA for use in adult patients as part of combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Although only 3 of these newer agents (emtricitabine, enfuvirtide, and lopinavir/ritonavir) are currently FDA approved for use in pediatric patients, pediatric clinical studies of the other 4 new agents are currently underway. The purpose of this article is to review these 7 new antiretroviral agents and describe their roles in the treatment of pediatric HIV infection. For each drug, the following information will be addressed: FDA-approved indication and age groups, clinical efficacy, pharmacokinetics, adverse drug reactions, clinically relevant drug interactions, pediatric and adult dosing, dosage forms, administration, and place in the treatment of pediatric HIV infection.