bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distinct Neural Correlates for Resolving Stroop Conflict at Inhibited and Noninhibited Locations in Inhibition of Return
Authors: Chen Qi , Wei Ping , Zhou Xiaolin
Published: October 2006

It is well documented that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are intensively involved in conflict control. However, it remains unclear how these “executive” brain regions will act when the conflict control process interacts with spatial attentional orienting. In the classical spatial cueing paradigm [Posner, M. I., & Cohen, Y. (1984). Components of visual orienting. In H. Bouma & D. G. Bouwhuis (Eds.), Attention and performance X (pp. 531–556). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum], response to a target is delayed when it appears at the cued location compared with at the uncued location, if the time interval between the cue and the target is greater than 300 msec. This effect of inhibition of return (IOR) can alter the resolution of Stroop conflict such that the Stroop interference effect disappears at the cued (inhibited) location [Vivas, A. B., & Fuentes, L. J. Stroop interference is affected in inhibition of return. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8, 315–323, 2001]. In this event-related functional magnetic resonance study, we investigate the differential neural mechanisms underlying interactions between pre-response interference, response interference, and spatial orienting. Two types of Stroop words [incongruent response-eligible words (IE), incongruent response-ineligible words (II)] and neutral words were presented either at the cued or uncued location. The significant pre-response interference at the uncued location activated the left rostral ACC as compared with at the cued location. Moreover, although the IE words which have conflicts at both pre-response and response levels did not cause significant behavioral interference at the cued location, they activated the left DLPFC as compared with at the uncued location. Furthermore, neutral words showed significant IOR effects behaviorally, and they activated the left frontal eye field (FEF) at the uncued location relative to the cued location. These results suggest that the left rostral ACC is involved in the interaction between pre-response conflict and IOR, whereas the left DLPFC is involved in the interaction between response conflict and IOR. Moreover, the FEF is involved in shifting attentional focus to novel locations during spatial search.
Gene-expression profiling and array-based CGH classify CD4+CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm and cutaneous myelomonocytic leukemia as distinct disease entities
Authors: Dijkman Remco , van Doorn Remco , Szuhai Károly , Willemze Rein , Vermeer Maarten H. , Tensen Cornelis P.
Published: October 2006

CD4+CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm (CD4+CD56+HN) is an aggressive hematopoietic malignancy with distinct clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic features that commonly involve the skin, bone marrow, and blood. Differentiation from cutaneous myelomonocytic leukemia (c-AML) may be exceedingly difficult and requires extensive phenotyping. The molecular mechanisms involved in the development of CD4+CD56+HN are largely unresolved. Moreover, recurrent chromosomal alterations have not yet been precisely defined in CD4+CD56+HN and c-AML. In the present study an integrated genomic analysis using expression profiling and array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was performed on lesional skin biopsy samples of patients with CD4+CD56+HN and c-AML. Our results demonstrate that CD4+CD56+HN and c-AML show distinct gene-expression profiles and distinct patterns of chromosomal aberrations. CD4+CD56+HN is characterized by recurrent deletion of regions on chromosome 4 (4q34), chromosome 9 (9p13-p11 and 9q12-q34), and chromosome 13 (13q12-q31) that contain several tumor suppressor genes with diminished expression (Rb1, LATS2). Elevated expression of the oncogenes HES6, RUNX2, and FLT3 was found but was not associated with genomic amplification. We noted high expression of various plasmacytoid dendritic-cell (pDC)–related genes, pointing to the cell of origin of this malignancy.
Orientation of endothelial cell division is regulated by VEGF signaling during blood vessel formation
Authors: Zeng Gefei , Taylor Sarah M. , McColm Janet R. , Kappas Nicholas C. , Kearney Joseph B. , Williams Lucy H. , Hartnett Mary E. , Bautch Victoria L.
Published: October 2006

New blood vessel formation requires the coordination of endothelial cell division and the morphogenetic movements of vessel expansion, but it is not known how this integration occurs. Here, we show that endothelial cells regulate division orientation during the earliest stages of blood vessel formation, in response to morphogenetic cues. In embryonic stem (ES) cell–derived vessels that do not experience flow, the plane of endothelial cytokinesis was oriented perpendicular to the vessel long axis. We also demonstrated regulated cleavage orientation in vivo, in flow-exposed forming retinal vessels. Daughter nuclei moved away from the cleavage plane after division, suggesting that regulation of endothelial division orientation effectively extends vessel length in these developing vascular beds. A gain-of-function mutation in VEGF signaling increased randomization of endothelial division orientation, and this effect was rescued by a transgene, indicating that regulation of division orientation is a novel mechanism whereby VEGF signaling affects vessel morphogenesis. Thus, our findings show that endothelial cell division and morphogenesis are integrated in developing vessels by flow-independent mechanisms that involve VEGF signaling, and this cross talk is likely to be critical to proper vessel morphogenesis.
The effects of continuous venovenous hemofiltration on coagulation activation
Authors: Bouman Catherine SC , de Pont Anne-Cornélie JM , Meijers Joost CM , Bakhtiari Kamran , Roem Dorina , Zeerleder Sacha , Wolbink Gertjan , Korevaar Johanna C , Levi Marcel , de Jonge Evert
Published: October 2006

Introduction

The mechanism of coagulation activation during continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) has not yet been elucidated. Insight into the mechanism(s) of hemostatic activation within the extracorporeal circuit could result in a more rational approach to anticoagulation. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether CVVH using cellulose triacetate filters causes activation of the contact factor pathway or of the tissue factor pathway of coagulation. In contrast to previous studies, CVVH was performed without anticoagulation.

Methods

Ten critically ill patients were studied prior to the start of CVVH and at 5, 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 3 and 6 hours thereafter, for measurement of prothrombin fragment F1+2, soluble tissue factor, activated factor VII, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, kallikrein–C1-inhibitor and activated factor XII–C1-inhibitor complexes, tissue-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor type I, plasmin–antiplasmin complexes, protein C and antithrombin.

Results

During the study period the prothrombin fragment F1+2 levels increased significantly in four patients (defined as group A) and did not change in six patients (defined as group B). Group A also showed a rapid increase in transmembrane pressure, indicating clotting within the filter. At baseline, the activated partial thromboplastin time, the prothrombin time and the kallikrein–C1-inhibitor complex and activated factor XII–C1-inhibitor complex levels were significantly higher in group B, whereas the platelet count was significantly lower in group B. For the other studied markers the differences between group A and group B at baseline were not statistically significant. During CVVH the difference in the time course between group A and group B was not statistically significant for the markers of the tissue factor system (soluble tissue factor, activated factor VII and tissue factor pathway inhibitor), for the markers of the contact system (kallikrein–C1-inhibitor and activated factor XII–C1-inhibitor complexes) and for the markers of the fibrinolytic system (plasmin–antiplasmin complexes, tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type I).

Conclusion

Early thrombin generation was detected in a minority of intensive care patients receiving CVVH without anticoagulation. Systemic concentrations of markers of the tissue factor system and of the contact system did not change during CVVH. To elucidate the mechanism of clot formation during CVVH we suggest that future studies are needed that investigate the activation of coagulation directly at the site of the filter. Early coagulation during CVVH may be related to lower baseline levels of markers of contact activation.
Deficiency of Adiponectin Receptor 2 Reduces Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance but Promotes Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Liu Yanfang , Michael M. Dodson , Kash Shera , Bensch William R. , Monia Brett P. , Murray Susan F. , Otto Keith A. , Syed Samreen K. , Bhanot Sanjay , Sloop Kyle W. , Sullivan John M. , Reifel-Miller Anne
Published: October 2006

Adiponectin/adiponectin receptors (AdipoR) are involved in energy homeostasis and inflammatory pathways. To investigate the role of AdipoR2 in metabolic control, we studied the lipid and glucose metabolic phenotypes in AdipoR2-deficient mice. AdipoR2 deletion diminished high-fat diet-induced dyslipidemia and insulin resistance yet deteriorated glucose homeostasis as high-fat feeding continued, which resulted from the failure of pancreatic β-cells to adequately compensate for the moderate insulin resistance. A defect in the AdipoR2 gene may represent a mechanism underlying the etiology of certain subgroups of type 2 diabetic patients who eventually develop overt diabetes, whereas other obese patients do not.
Slaves without Masters? Arawakan Dynasties among the Chiriguano (Bolivian Chaco, Sixteenth to Twentieth Centuries)
Authors: Combès Isabelle , Lowrey Kathleen
Published: October 2006

A product of the conquest of an Arawakan population by Tupí-Guaraní migrants, Chiriguano society offers a clear instance of “indigenous hybridity” that has received inadequate scholarly attention. We suggest that the assimilation of the Chiriguano case to Tupí-Guaraní sociopolitical models demonstrates a process of “Guaranization” that has influenced scholars as much as—if not more than—the Chiriguano themselves. By means of an ethnohistorical analysis of the Chiriguano political system, we attempt to recover the Arawakan heritage of this truly mestizo society in which different cultural traditions are both counterposed and combined. The reading we offer of the “Chiriguano case” is a new one, oriented specifically to the ethnically diverse frontier territory of the South American Gran Chaco but having broad comparative value.
Visual Experience and Motor Action: Are the Bonds Too Tight?
Authors: Clark Andy
Published: October 2006

How should we characterize the functional role of conscious visual experience? In particular, how do the conscious contents of visual experience guide, bear upon, or otherwise inform our ongoing motor activities? According to an intuitive and (I shall argue) philosophically influential conception, the links are often quite direct. The contents of conscious visual experience, according to this conception, are typically active in the control and guidance of our fine-tuned, real-time engagements with the surrounding three-dimensional world. But this idea (which I shall call the Assumption of Experience-Based Control) is hostage to empirical fortune. It is a hostage, moreover, whose safety is in serious doubt. Thus Milner and Goodale (1995) argue for a deep and abiding dissociation between the contents of conscious seeing, on the one hand, and the resources used for the online guidance of visuomotor action, on the other. This “dual visual systems” hypothesis, which finds many echoes in various other bodies of cognitive scientific research, poses a prima facie challenge to the Assumption of Experience-Based Control. More importantly, it provides (I shall argue) fuel for an alternative and philosophically suggestive account of the functional role of conscious visual experience.
Topological rearrangement yields structural stabilization and interhelical distance constraints in the Kin.46 self-phosphorylating ribozyme
Authors: Cho Bongrae , Burke Donald H.
Published: October 2006

The Kin.46 ribozyme catalyzes transfer of the gamma (thio)phosphoryl group of ATP (or ATPγS) to the ribozyme's 5′ hydroxyl. Single-turnover catalytic activities of topologically rearranged versions of Kin.46 were studied to gain insight into its overall tertiary architecture. The distal ends of stems P3 and P4 were tethered through a single-stranded connection domain that altered the interhelical connectivity. The shortest linkers interfered with catalysis, while seven or more nucleotides (nt) in the linker allowed near-normal catalytic rates, suggesting that a distance of roughly 25–35 Å optimally separates the termini of these helices. Activity was maximal when the tether contained 15 nt, at which point the kcat (0.016 min−1) and Km (1.2 mM) values were identical to those of a nontethered control. The presence of the tether alters Mg2+ dependence, in that Mg2+ binding appears to be more cooperative in the tethered ribozyme (Hill coefficient 1.4–1.8 versus 0.8 for the nontethered ribozyme). Binding affinity for the ATPγS substrate increases at elevated concentrations of Mg2+, particularly for the tethered ribozyme. The tethered ribozyme displays significantly enhanced thermal stability, with a maximum initial velocity (0.126 min−1) at 60°C, whereas the nontethered ribozyme has a lower maximum initial velocity (0.051 min−1) at 50°C. The tether also significantly reduces the apparent entropy of activation. Both of these effects can be understood in terms of stabilization of the ribozyme in a conformation that is on-path with respect to catalysis, and in terms of facilitating formation of the allosteric activation helix P4.
The Value of Different Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty Metrics in Predicting Business Performance
Authors: Morgan Neil A. , Rego Lopo Leotte
Published: October 2006

Managers commonly use customer feedback data to set goals and monitor performance on metrics such as “Top 2 Box” customer satisfaction scores and “intention-to-repurchase” loyalty scores. However, analysts have advocated a number of different customer feedback metrics including average customer satisfaction scores and the number of “net promoters” among a firm’s customers. We empirically examine which commonly used and widely advocated customer feedback metrics are most valuable in predicting future business performance. Using American Customer Satisfaction Index data, we assess the linkages between six different satisfaction and loyalty metrics and COMPUSTAT and CRSP data-based measures of different dimensions of firms’ business performance over the period 1994–2000. Our results indicate that average satisfaction scores have the greatest value in predicting future business performance and that Top 2 Box satisfaction scores also have good predictive value. We also find that while repurchase likelihood and proportion of customers complaining have some predictive value depending on the specific dimension of business performance, metrics based on recommendation intentions (net promoters) and behavior (average number of recommendations) have little or no predictive value. Our results clearly indicate that recent prescriptions to focus customer feedback systems and metrics solely on customers’ recommendation intentions and behaviors are misguided.
The anatomy and complications of “t” versus vertical closure of the hypopharynx after laryngectomy
Authors: Davis R. Kim , Vincent Miriam E. , Shapshay Stanley M. , Strong M. Stuart
Published: October 2006

The early postoperative hypopharyngeal anatomy of 37 consecutive patients undergoing total laryngectomy at the Boston Veteran's Administration Hospital between July 1977 and April 1980 was studied by barium swallow radiographs and correlated with the technique of closure. The “pseudoepiglottis,” a structure radiographically resembling a normal epiglottis, was seen arising from the anterior hypopharynx near the base of the tongue in 21 of 28 evaluable patients. It occurred in all patients with vertical closures vs. 67% of patients with a “T” shaped closure. The average length in the “T” closure group was 9.6 mm (range 0.35) vs. 18.4 mm (6.40) in the vertical group, a statistically significant difference (p<0.05).

Radiologic strictures occurred in 39% of all patients, dysphagia in 29%, fistulae in 18%, and sinus tracts in 14%. All complications occurred more frequently in the vertical closure group. Patients who received preoperative cis‐platinum bleomycin chemotherapy and postoperative irradiation had 50% dysphagia and 67% stricture rates.

The average ratio of the width of the retropharyngeal space to that of C4 was 0.48 in stricture patients 08. 0.29 in non‐stricture patients (statistically significant at the p<0.01 level). This ratio taken in the early postoperative period may help predict which patients will develop strictures.
Ear, nose, and throat — Head and neck surgery in a tropical region
Authors: Murphy James P.
Published: October 2006

Burkitt's lymphoma, onchocerciasis, and scleroma are discussed in this paper as well as other presentations which include tuberculosis cervical adenitis, chloroquin induced hearing loss, and chronic otitis media resulting from measles and malnutrition. Due to the rapidity and ease of world travel today, knowledge, diagnosis, and treatment of tropical diseases are important for the American otolaryngologist.
Adherence of microorganisms in infections of the respiratory tract
Authors: Dudley James P.
Published: October 2006

Although upper respiratory infections are a cause of significant morbidity, the mechanism by which microorganisms have a toxic effect on these mucosal surfaces is only beginning to be understood. Human and animal research has indicated that microbial adherence to the host cell is one of the initial elements responsible for microbial toxicity to respiratory and gastrointestinal epithelium. The role played by adherence is governed by a variety of host and microbial factors. A clearer understanding of the role of these factors should help to promote methods of interfering with this toxic process and thus limit morbidity produced by these infections.
Endoscopic treatment of the hypopharyngeal diverticulum: 211 cases
Authors: Van Overbeek Jos J. M. , Hoeksema Paul E.
Published: October 2006

It is somewhat surprising that endoscopic treatment of hypopharyngeal diverticula has failed to become as widely known as the method merits in our opinion. In principle we use the Dohlman procedure. The septum between diverticulum and esophageal lumen is divided with a diathermic knife after electrocoagulation. In larger diverticula we prefer to divide the tissue bridge in several sessions. Endoscopic treatment (under local anesthesia, if necessary) can be carried out in patients whose general condition is poor.

From 1964 until 1980 we have endoscopically treated 211 patients, including 6 patients with a recurrent diverticulum after transcutaneous surgery. The complication rate is low and the complications were successfully controlled except in 1 patient, who died from cardiac failure 2 days after operation. Ultimately 193 patients (91.5%) are very satisfied and 17 patients (8%) are fairly satisfied with the therapeutic result. We feel justified in maintaining that endoscopic treatment of hypopharyngeal diverticula can be regarded as a good method of treatment.
Fulminant infections of odontogenic origin
Authors: Dierks Eric J. , Meyerhoff William L. , Schultz Barbara , Finn Rick
Published: October 2006

The dentition is a common source of infection in the head and neck and most odontogenic infections respond uneventfully to proper dental therapy. Some more fulminant odontogenic infections can produce complications including airway obstruction, necrotizing fasciitis, and extension of the infection to the orbits, intracranial structures, and thorax.

Six such cases treated by the authors are presented and recommendations for management including aggressive antimicrobial, therapy‐based bacteriology and surgical drainage and debridement are made.
Trichinosis presenting as a neck mass
Authors: Snyderman Nancy L.
Published: October 2006

Trichinosis is a rare cause of a neck mass, but should be considered by the physician when contemplating a differential diagnosis. This disease is still endemic in parts of the world and is directly related to the ingestion of incompletely cooked pork. A case is presented in which a 68‐year‐old man was diagnosed as having a squamous cell carcinoma of the mandible only to have trichinosis diagnosed on the final pathologic report. The case presentation is followed by a historical review and discussion.
Three‐dimensional reconstruction of the temporal bone
Authors: Green J. Douglas , Marion Mitchell S. , Erickson Bradley J. , Robb Richard A. , Hinojosa Raùl
Published: October 2006

Study of the complex anatomy and pathology of the temporal bone has traditionally used microscopy which permits analysis in only two dimensions. Recent advances in bioimaging technology have permitted visualization and reconstruction of computed tomography images in three dimensions. We have developed a technique that applies this technology in the imaging and reconstruction of human temporal bones. Data taken from serial histologic sections of the temporal bone are entered into a computer. The sections are edited and, through the use of specially developed software, a realistic three‐dimensional reconstruction is produced. The reconstructed image can be rotated along any of three axes, and structures within the temporal bone can be isolated for more detailed analysis. Applications for the study of pathologic conditions of the temporal bone will be discussed.
Analysis of gender differences in the auditory brainstem response
Authors: Dehan Christopher P. , Jerger James
Published: October 2006

This study examined the effects of hormones, head size, and oral temperatures on latencies and amplitudes of the auditory brainstem response in 10 young women, 10 young men, and 5 postmenopausal women. Significant gender differences between men's and women's auditory brainstem responses were confirmed. Men showed longer latencies and smaller amplitudes than women. Results showed that oral temperature has little effect on auditory brainstem response latencies and amplitudes. Head size affects waves III, V, and the amplitude of wave V, but is not entirely responsible for the gender latency difference. By examining young women with normal monthly hormonal cycles, significant changes in the absolute latencies of wave V were observed. These changes were correlated with hormonal changes as measured from venous blood samples. It was concluded that the etiology of the gender difference is a combination of hormonal and head‐size differences.
Managing temporomandibular joint syndrome
Authors: Hodges John M.
Published: October 2006

Pain in the temporomandibular joint is primarily responsible for the morbidity often associated with this syndrome. Of the 448 cases in this study, 48% presented as ear pain and 46% complained of either headache, sinus pain, or neck pain. Temporomandibular joint pain and mastication muscle tenderness elicited with palpation were frequent physical findings.

In this review, temporomandibular joint syndrome was successfully managed in 75% of 448 cases with conservative treatment consisting of patient education, heat, massage, non‐narcotic analgesics, and occlusal splints. Seventeen percent were referred to dentists for restorations or orthodontics. The success rate for the 6% who underwent diagnostic arthroscopy and/or open joint surgery with disc replacement was 67%.

Therefore, patients with ear pain or head and neck pain require an objective evaluation of medical history and physical examination to obtain the correct diagnosis and subsequent correct treatment and pain relief. Early diagnosis helps to prevent changes in the joint that can become irreversible with intractable pain. Surgery is reserved for those patients who fail to respond to conservative management.
Auditory brainstem response results as predictors of behavioral auditory thresholds in severe and profound hearing impairment
Authors: Brookhouser Patrick E. , Gorga Michael P. , Kelly William J.
Published: October 2006

Pediatric cochlear implantation is restricted to patients with stable, bilateral profound sensorineural hearing losses who derive no benefit from conventional amplification. Obtaining reliable audiologic thresholds in a young child with sudden or early‐onset hearing loss can be challenging. This study examines the accuracy with which auditory brain‐stem response evaluation can predict unaided and aided behavioral thresholds in a child with severe‐to‐profound hearing loss. Reliable behavioral thresholds were obtained on 119 children who had no measurable click‐evoked auditory brainstem responses at instrumentation limits of 100 dB HLn. These data show that an absent auditory brainstem response at 100 dB HLn does not necessarily indicate the absence of measurable unaided hearing for test frequencies ranging from 250 Hz to 4000 Hz. Average aided thresholds of better than 60 dB were present in 43% of the children for 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz and in 53% for 500 and 1000 Hz. Therefore, the absence of a click‐evoked auditory brainstem response at 100 dB HLn in a young child is not prima facie evidence of the child's cochlear implant candidacy.
Endoscopic management of cerebrospinal fluid leaks and cephaloceles
Authors: Mattox Douglas E. , Kennedy David W.
Published: October 2006

The excellent visualization and atraumatic surgical techniques of endoscopic sinus surgery have been applied to the management of five cerebrospinal fluid leaks and two nasal cephaloceles. In all cases, the exact site of the lesion was identified. Four cerebrospinal fluid leaks were grafted with a free or pedicled septal mucosal graft. The fifth cerebrospinal fluid leak came from a narrow sphenoethmoid recess and stopped after the mucosa was abraded. The two cephaloceles were reduced intranasally and covered with bone and mucosal grafts. Not all cases seen in the same time period were treated endoscopically; two additional cerebrospinal fluid leaks were treated with conventional techniques because of severe nasal inflammatory disease and intracranial complications. The technique and indications for endoscopic management of cerebrospinal fluid leaks and cephaloceles are discussed.
The trigeminal sensory innervation to the middle ear, eustachian tube, and pharynx: A study by the horseradish peroxidase tracer method
Authors: Oyagi Shohaku , Ito Juichi , Honjo Iwao
Published: October 2006

The trigeminal sensory innervations to the middle ear, the eustachian tube, and the pharynx were examined using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method in cats.

After HRP application to the middle ear and the eustachian tube, HRP‐labeled cells were found mainly in the posterolateral portion and the anteromedial portion of the trigeminal ganglion, respectively. In the case of injection into the epipharynx and the mesopharynx, HRP‐labeled cells were found in the anteromedial portion and the posterolateral portion, respectively. HRP‐labeled cells were hardly observed when HRP was applied to the hypopharynx.

These results indicate that trigeminal nerve sensory fibers branch to the middle ear, including the eustachian tube, epipharynx, and mesopharynx.
Electronic control of laryngeal spasm. I. Blockage of orthodromically induced action potentials in intact canine recurrent laryngeal nerves
Authors: Broniatowski Michael , Davies Charles R. , Jacobs Gordon B. , Nose Yukihiko , Grundfest‐Broniatowski Sharon , Tucker Harvey M.
Published: October 2006

Spastic dysphonia is a central nervous system phenomenon of unknown etiology characterized by uncoordinated voice tremor with erratic patterns of laryngeal contraction. Standard treatments have not been entirely satisfactory. The authors propose to apply a concept of selective nerve activity blockage, which leaves normal contractions undisturbed, as the basis for suppression of laryngeal spasticity. Single pulses of constant duration and increasing amplitude were injected into specially designed blocking electrodes placed around six recurrent laryngeal nerves (three dogs). Vocal cord adduction was reduced or arrested within given “windows” of stimulation levels of the blocking electrodes, while it increased with higher amplitudes when the current was injected via standard bipolar electrodes (controls). Although this study demonstrates the feasibility of blocking action potentials passing along recurrent laryngeal nerves, it might eventually allow control of laryngeal spasm from information taken directly from the affected musculature.
Le fort i osteotomy approach to the skull base
Authors: Sasaki Clarence T. , Lowlicht Roger A. , Astrachan David I. , Friedman Craig D. , Goodwin W. Jarrard , Morales Marco
Published: October 2006

Horizontal osteotomy allows the surgeon to safely down‐fracture the maxilla for wide exposure of the central skull base. This surgical approach is easily extended posteriorly in the midline to include the clivus and the arch of C1, providing 8 cm of horizontal anterior exposure and 5 cm of posterior. Wide operative exposure and a low rate of complications afford superior functional and cosmetic preservation in removing tumors of the central cranial base.
Stapedotomy technique and results: Ten years' experience and comparative study with stapedectomy
Authors: Levy Rudi , Shvero Jacob , Hadar Tuvia
Published: October 2006

Fifty of the 810 patients who underwent stapedotomy for otosclerosis from 1969 through 1988 were randomly chosen for follow‐up of at least 5 years. Most of the patients (65%) had follow‐ups of 10 years after stapedotomy, but another 50 patients who underwent stapedectomy had follow‐ups of longer than 10 years.

In 50 patients, stapedectomy under local anesthesia was performed by removal of the footplate of the stapes, using an endaural incision, and covering the oval window with Gel‐foam®. In the other 50 patients, stapedotomy was performed under general anesthesia, using an endopreauricular incision, making a small hole in the footplate, and covering the hole only with blood from the surgical area. Although both groups showed improvement in hearing after the operation, the air‐bone gap in the stapedotomy group was significantly better than that in the stapedectomy group. The use of the endopreauricular incision under general anesthesia was preferable to endaural incision under local anesthesia because the operative field was wider, more convenient for the surgeon, and conducive to patient safety. There were no significant complications in either group.

Our experience suggests that stapedotomy is the procedure of choice for otosclerosis.
Tolerance of the carotid‐sheath contents to brachytherapy: An experimental study
Authors: Werber Josh L. , Mccormick Steven A. , Sood Brij , Alfieri Alan , Vikram Bhadrasain
Published: October 2006

Tumor invasion of the carotid artery is a potential indication for brachytherapy, which delivers a high dose of irradiation to residual tumor while limiting the dose to adjacent healthy tissues. The tolerance of carotid‐sheath contents to varying doses of brachytherapy, however, has not been clearly established. In order to evaluate brachytherapy effects on carotid‐sheath contents, after‐loading catheters were implanted bilaterally in 3 groups of 6 rabbits each (18 rabbits). Iridium 192 brachytherapy doses of either 5000 cGy (rad), 9000 cGy, or 13,000 cGy were delivered unilaterally, with the contralateral neck serving as a nonirradiated control in each animal.

There were no carotid ruptures and wound healing was normal. Two animals from each group were killed at 6,20, and 48 weeks. Even at the highest dose (13,000 cGy), nerve conduction studies performed on the vagus nerve prior to sacrifice revealed no increased latency, histologic changes were minimal, and carotid arteries were patent. These observations suggest that the carotid‐sheath contents in healthy rabbits could tolerate high doses (up to 13,000 cGy) of low‐dose‐rate interstitial brachytherapy without complications.
Organic reactions in high-temperature and supercritical water
Authors: Fraga-Dubreuil Joan , Poliakoff Martyn
Published: October 2006

This paper describes various examples of organic reactions carried out in high-temperature water (HTW) that have been performed at the University of Nottingham using either batch-type reactors or continuous-flow systems. Homogeneously and heterogeneously catalyzed partial oxidations of aromatic compounds, in situ hydrogenations, heterocyclic reactions, hydrolysis (HYD), saponification (SAP), and deuteration reactions are presented.
Expression of transforming growth factor-β isoforms and their receptors in utero-vaginal junction of hen oviduct in presence or absence of resident sperm with reference to sperm storage
Authors: Das Shubash Chandra , Isobe Naoki , Nishibori Masahide , Yoshimura Yukinori
Published: October 2006

Our goal was to determine whether transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) isoforms were involved in the process of sperm survivability in the sperm-storage tubules (SST) in the utero-vaginal junction (UVJ) of hen oviduct. The birds were artificially inseminated. The mRNA expressions of three types of TGFβ isoforms (TGFβ2, TGFβ3, and TGFβ4) and three types of receptors (TβR1, TβR2, and TβR3) were examined in the presence or in the absence of resident sperm in SST by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. The mRNA expression of TGFβs and TβRs in sperm was also examined. Immunocytochemistry and western blot were performed for TβR2 to confirm its localization in UVJ. The sperm were observed at least 10 days after insemination by histology. The mRNA expressions of TGFβs and TβRs were significantly increased in UVJ in the presence of resident sperm in SST. The mRNA expressions of TGFβs and TβRs were also observed in sperm. Immunohistochemistry revealed that TβR2 were located in lymphocytes in UVJ and SST cells. The presence of TβR2 in UVJ was also confirmed by western blot. These results suggest that enhanced expressions of TGFβs and TβRs in UVJ may protect sperm in SST, probably by suppressing anti-sperm immunoreactions.
Distribuição espacial de Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) na cultura de citros
Authors: Toledo Francisco Ricardo de , Barbosa José Carlos , Yamamoto Pedro Takao
Published: October 2006

O estudo da distribuição espacial de pragas é fundamental para elaboração de planos de amostragem para o uso do manejo integrado de pragas. Para o afídeo Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), estudou-se a distribuição espacial em talhões de pomares de citros comerciais de laranja-doce [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] da variedade Pêra, com 5; 9 e 15 anos de idade, durante o período de setembro de 2004 a abril de 2005. Foram realizadas 14 amostragens de número de T. citricida em intervalos aproximados de 15 dias entre as mesmas, utilizando-se de armadilhas adesivas de cor amarela (0,11 x 0,11 m) fixadas à planta, a 1,5 m de altura aproximadamente. As armadilhas foram distribuídas na área, a cada cinco plantas na linha, em linhas alternadas, totalizando 137 armadilhas no talhão com 5 anos, 140 no talhão com 9 anos e 80 no talhão com 15 anos. Os índices de dispersão utilizados foram: razão variância média (I), índice de Morisita (Idelta), coeficiente de Green (Cx) e expoente k da distribuição Binomial Negativa. O índice que melhor representou a agregação do pulgão foi o expoente k da distribuição Binomial Negativa, e a distribuição binomial negativa foi o modelo que melhor se ajustou aos dados. Através destas análises, verificou-se que a maioria das amostragens apresentou uma distribuição agregada da população de T. citricida.
Suscetibilidade de cercas-vivas, quebra-ventos e plantas invasoras ao vírus da leprose e sua transmissão para laranjeiras por Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)
Authors: Maia Ozana Maria de Andrade , Oliveira Carlos Amadeu Leite de
Published: October 2006

Objetivou-se avaliar a potencialidade de algumas plantas freqüentes em pomares cítricos de hospedar o vírus da leprose, transmitido por Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes). Foram utilizadas as seguintes plantas: Hibiscus sp. L., Malvaviscus mollis DC., Grevillea robusta A. Cunn., Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth., Bixa orellana L., Commelina benghalensis L., Bidens pilosa L., Sida cordifolia L. e Ageratum conyzoides L.. Duas criações-estoque do ácaro foram realizadas, sendo uma sobre frutos com sintomas de leprose e outra sobre frutos sem sintomas. De cada planta hospedeira do ácaro, escolheram-se duas folhas, delimitando-se na face inferior de cada planta uma área, que recebeu ácaros criados sobre frutos com lesões de leprose, que aí permaneceram durante sete dias. Os ácaros foram em seguida transferidos para mudas cítricas das variedades Natal e Valência e mantidos em casa de vegetação. As folhas das diferentes espécies vegetais sobre as quais os ácaros estavam anteriormente, foram destacadas e conservadas em placas de Petri, sobre algodão e papel-filtro umedecido. Ácaros criados sobre frutos sem lesões de leprose foram mantidos por três dias sobre essas folhas e, posteriormente, transferidos para novas mudas cítricas, que também foram subseqüentemente mantidas em uma casa de vegetação. Após 60 dias, quantificou-se o número de lesões de leprose nas mudas cítricas. Os resultados evidenciaram que o ácaro não perdeu a capacidade de transmissão do vírus para mudas cítricas após acesso alimentar por sete dias sobre qualquer uma das plantas intermediárias consideradas no estudo. Ácaros provenientes de frutos sem lesões de leprose adquiriram o vírus da leprose e o transmitiram a mudas cítricas quando tiveram acesso alimentar a C. benghalensis, A. conyzoides, B. pilosa, S. cordifolia e B. orellana, onde, anteriormente, ácaros criados sobre frutos com lesões de leprose permaneceram por sete dias. Estes resultados evidenciam a potencialidade de estas plantas serem depositárias e fonte de transmissão do vírus para plantas cítricas suscetíveis.
Impacto da intensificação da densidade de plantio na rentabilidade em duas cultivares de macieira em Fraiburgo-SC
Authors: Kreuz Carlos Leomar , Souza Alceu , Petri José Luiz
Published: October 2006

Este artigo analisa as expectativas de retorno associadas ao agronegócio da maçã, com base em pomares existentes na região de Fraiburgo-SC. Detalham-se os custos de produção das cultivares Gala e Fuji implantadas em sistemas de alta e superalta densidade. Os resultados indicam ser apenas mediana a rentabilidade do agronegócio em análise. A intensificação tecnológica via ampliação da densidade de plantio, propicia um incremento na rentabilidade. O mesmo pode ser dito da cultivar Fuji em relação à cultivar Gala.
Cotton resistance to ramulose and variability of Colletotrichum gossypii f. sp. cephalosporioides
Authors: Nascimento Jefferson Fernandes do , Zambolim Laércio , Vale Francisco Xavier Ribeiro do , Berger Paulo Geraldo , Cecon Paulo Roberto
Published: October 2006

Four cultivars and 21 lines of cotton were evaluated for resistance to ramulose (Colletotrichum gossypii f. sp. cephalosporioides) in a field where the disease is endemic. The seeds of each genotype were planted in 5 x 5 m plots with three replications. The lines CNPA 94-101 and 'CNPA Precoce 2'were used as standard susceptible and resistant references, respectively. The disease incidence (DI) was calculated from the proportion of diseased plants in the plot. The disease index (DIn) was calculated from the disease severity using a 1 to 9 scale, and was evaluated at weekly intervals starting 107 days after emergence. The data collected was used to calculate the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). In general, the DIn increased linearly with time and varied from 20.0 to 57.1 and AUDPC from 567 to 1627 among the genotypes which could be clustered in to two distinct groups. The susceptible group contained two cultivars and nine lines and the resistant group contained one cultivar and 12 lines. The relationship between disease index and evaluation times was linear for the 25 genotypes tested. The line CNPA 94-101, used as susceptible standard, was the most susceptible with an average DI = 83.4, DIn = 57.1 and AUDPC = 1627.7. The line CNPA 96-08 with DI = 37.8, DIn = 20.0 and AUDPC = 567.7 was the most resistant one. Among the commercial cultivars 'IAC 22' was the most susceptible and 'CNPA Precoce 2', used as resistant standard was the most resistant. The variability in virulence of the pathogen was studied by spray inoculating nine genotypes with conidial suspensions (10(5)/mL) of either of the 10 isolates. The disease severity was evaluated 30 days later using a scale of 1 to 5. The virulence of the isolate was expressed by DIn. All the isolates were highly virulent but their virulence avaried for several genotypes and could be clustered in two distinct groups of less and more virulent isolates. The isolate MTRM 14 from Mato Grosso was the least virulent while Minas Gerais was the most virulent, with DIn of 6.36 and 46.47, respectively. In this experiment the line HR 102 and the cultivar 'Antares' were the most resistant ones with DIns of 18.32 and 19.14, respectively.
Visualização in vitro da colonização de raízes por rizobactérias
Authors: Queiroz Brigida P. V. de , Aguilar-Vildoso Carlos I. , Melo Itamar S.
Published: October 2006

É proposto nesse trabalho a utilização do substrato phytagel para a germinação de sementes bacterizadas e visualização de colônias bacterianas. Sementes de limoeiro cravo (Citrus limonia Osbeck) foram inoculadas e monitoradas com rizobactérias utilizando-se tubos de ensaio contendo diferentes substratos para germinação de sementes, quais sejam: Ágar-Ágar, Ágar Noble e Phytagel, onde foram avaliados sete isolados rizobacterianos além de um isolado de Escherichia coli DH5a como controle negativo. Verificou-se que o Phytagel permitiu uma visualização nítida da colonização ao longo das raízes, pelas bactérias, como também proporcionou ser uma boa ferramenta para estudar a colonização via microscopia de varredura. As rizobactérias que melhor colonizaram as raízes e que apresentaram turbidez no ágar, ao seu redor, mostraram-se aderidas à superfície radicular, com colonização eficiente em diferentes sítios ao longo das raízes, quando observadas em alta magnificação.
Efeito de doses de potássio na severidade da murcha-de-curtobacterium em cultivares de feijoeiro comum
Authors: Theodoro Gustavo de Faria , Maringoni Antonio Carlos
Published: October 2006

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de potássio (K) na severidade da murcha-de-curtobacterium em três cultivares de feijoeiro (IAC Carioca Pyatã, IPR 88 - Uirapuru e SCS 202 - Guará), em condições de casa-de-vegetação. Os tratamentos foram 135,0; 112,5; 90,0; 67,5 e 45,0 kg.ha-1 de K2O, na forma de cloreto de potássio. As avaliações ocorreram aos 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 dias após a inoculação e foi estimada a área abaixo da curva de progresso da murcha-de-curtobacterium (AACPMC). Não foi verificada influência das doses de K2O na AACPMC e na quantidade de K na parte aérea de plantas das cultivares IAC Carioca Pyatã e IPR 88 - Uirapuru. Conforme o aumento das doses de K2O, somente houve incremento na massa da matéria seca das plantas não inoculadas da cultivar SCS 202-Guará.
Variabilidade genética em isolados de Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens
Authors: Souza Valmir Luiz de , Maringoni Antonio Carlos , Krause-Sakate Renate
Published: October 2006

A cultura do feijoeiro está sujeita à incidência de várias doenças que acarretam perdas significativas na produção, dentre as quais encontra-se a murcha-de-curtobacterium ou murcha bacteriana, causada por Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff). Atualmente a murcha-de-curtobacterium tem se constituído em um novo problema para a cultura do feijoeiro em várias regiões brasileiras. A resistência genética tem sido o meio mais eficiente no controle da doença, porém a possibilidade da existência de variabilidade genética presente em isolados de Cff, pode ser uma conseqüência maléfica ao melhoramento visando a obtenção de cultivares de feijoeiro resistentes, especialmente na estabilidade e durabilidade da resistência. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da variabilidade genética de 26 isolados de Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens, 20 dos quais provenientes de feijoeiro (Cff), coletados em diferentes regiões do Brasil, quatro provenientes de coleções internacionais (Cff) e dois endofíticos de citros (C. flaccumfaciens). Foram utilizados dois pares de oligonucleotídeos, CffFOR2-CffREV4 e CF4-CF5, avaliando-se na especificidade em reação de PCR, para a caracterização dos 26 isolados. No estudo da variabilidade genética, utilizou-se da técnica rep-PCR e os iniciadores REP, ERIC e BOX. A partir do padrão eletroforético gerado pela amplificação dessas seqüências repetitivas no DNA genômico dos 26 isolados bacterianos, foram realizadas análises pertinentes (UPGMA SM) e obtenção de um dendograma. Considerando-se um índice de similaridade de 75%, os isolados foram distribuídos em quatro grupos distintos. Os isolados de Cff provenientes do Paraná e DF foram separados em grupos diferentes, enquanto que isolados endofíticos de citros não formaram um grupamento distinto dos de feijoeiro. Os isolados procedentes do Estados de São Paulo mostraram-se geneticamente heterogêneos, alguns se agruparam com o isolado de USA, Santa Catarina e de citros, enquanto outros agruparam-se com isolados provenientes da França e Paraná. A avaliação da especificidade dos dois pares de oligonucleotídeos, mostrou que os oligonucleotídeos CffFOR2-CffREV4 detectaram todos os 26 isolados. Os oligonucleotídeos CF4-CF5 apresentaram menor especificidade não detectando dois isolados de Cff de feijoeiro (2928) e (2936) e os isolados endofíticos de citros. Portanto como ferramenta para detecção de Cff em feijoeiro os oligonucleotídeos CffFOR2-CffREV4 revelaram ser os mais indicados.
Sistema de reprodução em populações de Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Miers
Authors: Gusson Eduardo , Sebbenn Alexandre Magno , Kageyama Paulo Yoshio
Published: October 2006

O sistema de reprodução de duas populações de Eschweilera ovata foi quantificado por análise de isoenzimas em estrutura de progênies usando os modelos misto de reprodução e cruzamentos correlacionados. Desvios do modelo misto de reprodução foram evidenciados entre as freqüências alélicas dos óvulos e do pólen e pela heterogeneidade nas freqüências alélicas do pólen que fecundou as diferentes árvores. A taxa de cruzamento multilocos foi alta em ambas populações Camarugipe (t m =0,999±0,004) e Itaparica (t m=0,985±0,023). A alta variação na taxa de cruzamento individual (t variando de 0,320 a 1,000) indicou que a espécie não é auto-incompatível. Diferenças positivas e significativamente diferentes de zero foram detectadas entre a taxa de cruzamento multiloco e uniloco, indicando cruzamentos endogâmicos em ambas populações Camarugipe (t m-t s =0,066±0,014) e Itaparica (t m-t s =0,073±0,016) e possível estruturação genética espacial. Valores altos de cruzamentos biparentais foram detectados nas populações (Camarugipe, r p=0,577±0,088; Itaparica r p =0,423±0,070), demonstrando que as progênies são constituídas principalmente por misturas de meios-irmãos e irmãos-completos. O coeficiente de coancestria nas progênies de ambas as populações (Camarugipe, tetaxy=0,211; Itaparica tetaxy =0,191) foi superior ao esperado em progênies de meios irmãos (0,125). Os resultados foram discutidos sob a ótica de amostragens para melhoramento, conservação genética e coleta de sementes para recuperação ambiental.