bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insulin Injection Technique is Negatively Correlate to Short- and Long-run Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Long-Acting Insulin Analogue
Authors: Cheng Yan , Li Qing-he , Yi Fen-di , Chen Li-ping , Yuan Lei , Yan Ji-qiang , Gao Lan , Qi Yu -xia , Sun Qin , Ding Fu-wan , Wang Dong-ping
Published: May 2021

Objective: To observe the effects of insulin injection technique (IT) on short- or long-run glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients (T2D) with long-acting insulin analogue. Methods: This was a single-center, cross-over, observational and open-labled study. Patients with T2D receiving long-acting insulin analogue insulin were enrolled as inpatients. The study period lasting for 5 days including a 1-day screen period and 4-day continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) period. During CGM period, patients injected insulin themselves from day 1 to day 2, and patient’s insulin IT was given by two independent specialist nurses, with insulin injected by nurses from day 3 to day 4. The primary endpoint was the correlation between the insulin IT and the mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE). Results: A total of 60 diabetic inpatients were recruited and completed the study. The mean score of patients’ insulin IT of patients was lower than that of nurses (p<0.05). We observed that the MAGE value was significant different between the two injections period (P<0.05), and needle reuse and rotation of injection site were negatively correlated to MAGE and HbA1c values, respectively. Conclusion: Insulin IT was negatively correlation to short- or long-run glycemic control in T2D patients with long-acting insulin analogue therapy.
A Qualitative Study on the Working Experiences of Clinical Pharmacists in Fighting Against COVID-19
Authors: Wang Xiaojuan , Yao Xiali , Jia Xuedong , Shi Xiangfen , Hao Jie , Yang Yantao , Liu Gang , Zhang Xiaojian , Du Shuzhang , Yin Zhao
Published: May 2021

Background: Along with the medical team, clinical pharmacists played a significant role during the public health emergency of COVID-19. However, to our knowledge, few studies on their work experience with combating COVID-19 have been published. Interviews with clinical pharmacists was conducted to better understand their roles. Through these interviews, further insight would be gained regarding the existing problems within pharmaceutical departments in medical institutions. This information could be used to amend emergency plans for when these departments encounter catastrophic public health events. Methods: A qualitative study design was employed with face-to-face and audio-recorded interviews being conducted with 13 clinical pharmacists. This group included nutritional pharmacists from two hospitals that were fighting against COVID-19 in Henan. All interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the interview data were analyzed thematically using Colaizzi software (version 11). Results: The results contributed to a deeper understanding of the clinical pharmacists’ work experiences providing consultation for the medical department. Four themes emerged from interview data, including the role played by clinical pharmacists, experiences encountered by clinical pharmacists, psychological feelings of clinical pharmacists, and career expectations of clinical pharmacists. Conclusions: This exploratory study provides preliminary evidence that some of the work experiences of clinical pharmacists were aligned. However, some deficiencies, such as lack of participation, were highlighted by the clinical pharmacists and these deficiencies are areas that need to be improved by the department of pharmacy.
The Effect of Educational-supportive Interventions on Distress Tolerance of Parents of Premature Infants Hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Quasi-experimental study
Authors: Pourmovahed Zahra , Mahmoodi Razieh , Abadi Hassan Zarei Mahmoud , Mahmoudi Mohammad Reza
Published: May 2021

Background: Parents of premature infants are more likely to be exposed to stressful situations than parents of term infants. This study aimed to explore the effect of educational-supportive interventions on the tolerance of parents of premature infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, the participants included 50 parents of premature infants admitted to one of the NICUs in Shiraz, Iran from October 2019 to May 2020. Parents were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The training package and its content were done for the intervention group in five 45-minute sessions for two weeks and three times in a week. The data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and Distress Tolerance Scale and analyzed by SPSS 24 using paired t-test, independent t-test, and chi-square test. It was considered statistically significant (P<0.05).Results: The mean scores of the mothers’ and fathers’ distress tolerance in the pre-intervention stage were 36.0 ± 6.1, 33.9 ± 7.4 in the control group (P<0.14) and (38.4±5.8), (38.0 ± 5.9) in the experimental group (P<0.001), respectively. After the intervention, mean scores of the mothers’ and fathers’ distress tolerance in the control group were (35.9 ± 5.3), (36.5 ± 6.3) and in the experimental group (54.7 ± 5.3), (53.0 ± 6.0), which compared to before intervention had a significant increase (P <0.001). Conclusion: Supportive-educational programs can increase distress tolerance in parents of premature infants, facilitate the relationship between them and lead to increasing the quality of infants’ care.
Regularly missed symptoms in primary and secondary narcolepsy
Authors: Diamandis Carolina , Adams Jacob S , Seideman David , Lazar Marius , Honda Riku
Published: May 2021

Based on an analysis of anonymized medical records from four hospitals in Asia and Africa, we succeeded in identifying symptoms typical for narcolepsy (with cataplexy) that are regularly overlooked because they are masked by the two severe leading symptoms. Our results do not differ between primary and secondary cases of narcolepsy.
Selective Electron Beam Melting (SEBM) of Pure Tungsten: Metallurgical Defects, Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Ren Xin , Peng Hui , Li Jingli , Liu Hailin , Huang Liming , Yi Xin
Published: May 2021

Effects of processing parameters on the metallurgical defects, microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of pure tungsten samples fabricated by selective electron beam melting (SEBM) are investigated. SEBM-fabricated bulk tungsten samples with features of lack of fusion, sufficient fusion, and over-melting are examined. For samples upon sufficient fusion, an ultimate compressive strength of 1.76 GPa is achieved at the volumetric energy density of 900 J/mm 3 ~1000 J/mm 3. The excellent compressive strength is higher and the associated volumetric energy density is significantly lower than corresponding reported values in literature. The average relative density of SEBM-fabricated samples is 98.93%, and no microcracks but only pores with diameters of few tens of micrometers are found in SEBM-ed tungsten samples of sufficient fusion. Properties of samples by SEBM and selective laser melting (SLM) have also been compared. It is found that SLM-fabricated samples exhibit inevitable microcracks, and have a significantly lower ultimate compressive strength and a slightly lower relative density of 98.51% in comparison with SEBM-ed samples.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS OF INFLUENCE ON MORTALITY CAUSED BY COVID-19
Authors: Bielova I. , D’yakonova I. , Taraniuk L. , Demikhov O.
Published: May 2021

Of great importance in today's conditions is the assessment of destructive factors influencing the mortality rate of patients with COVID-19, because this analysis may be necessary to form a roadmap for governments, which aims to prevent and reduce the spread of COVID-19. The aim of the research is to analyze the factors influencing mortality caused by COVID-19, based on data from countries around the world and at the national level. Among such factors, the influence of the environmental component is highlighted. Methodology and scientific approaches: comparative analysis - in establishing the average level of indicators for groups of countries depending on the human development index HDI, as well as for key indicators to characterize the level of environmental "load" at the level of regions of Ukraine, synthesis method - economically justified analysis results average level of indicators for groups of countries depending on the human development index HDI, the method of generalization - in forming the general conclusions of the study, statistical methods (correlations and the method of averages) - in assessing the impact of factors on mortality from COVID-19. The results of the study: the article conducted a study on the analysis of factors influencing mortality caused by COVID-19. Indicators that participate in the analysis of factors influencing mortality from COVID-19 are identified. The main indicators of the standard of living and health of the population used in the world are marked. The average levels of indicators for groups of countries depending on the human development index HDI are calculated and the dependences of these indicators and their impact on the mortality rate on COVID-19 are economically substantiated. In terms of regions of Ukraine, an analysis of the impact of indicators that affect the mortality rate from COVID-19, using some components of the environmental "load". The analysis of the main indicators for the assessment of the consequences of the spread of COVID-19 is carried out and their significance at the regional level is analyzed. The possibility of using the results in further research may relate to the formation of an economic model of factors influencing mortality caused by COVID-19, which will predict different scenarios of destructive factors on mortality from COVID-19 depending on the implementation of measures to combat the spread of the disease among governments countries. The practical significance of the study is that based on the analysis of the results of the study there is the possibility of forming effective management decisions by governments to counter the spread of COVID-19 at the international and national levels. The social consequences include the social effects that result from the results of this analysis through effective health care decision-making by national governments, that may reduce the mortality rate among the population from COVID-19.
D+ platelet transfusions in D– patients: cause for concern?
Authors: Bartley A.N. , Carpenter J.B. , Berg M.P.
Published: May 2021

Patients whose RBCs are D– may produce anti-D if they are exposed to D on donor RBCs. Except in emergency situations, patients whose RBCs lack D are transfused with only D– RBCs. Platelets carry no Rh antigens, but platelet units may be contaminated by RBCs that could carry D when these units are collected from D+ donors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether our policy of allowing D+ platelets to be transfused to patients whose RBCs type as D–, without the use of prophylactic Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG), results in D alloimmunization. The transfusion records of all patients who received platelet transfusions from December 2004 to March 2007 were reviewed. Transfusion recipients were evaluated with pretransfusion ABO and D typings, and an antibody screen. Recipients were reevaluated in the same manner before subsequent transfusions. Transfusion records of 114 D– patients were analyzed. Overall, 104 patients received D+ platelets; 67 had repeat antibody screening after transfusion. No patients were shown to make anti-D after platelet transfusion. There was no evidence of D alloimmunization as a result of transfusion of D+ platelets in any D– patient during this study. The data do not support the practice of restricting D– patients to receiving only D– apheresis platelets, even among patients with chronic transfusion requirements. Prophylactic use of RhIG for D+ apheresis platelet transfusions in D– patients also appears to be unnecessary.
Immunohematology

2009;25:5–8.
Nonhemolytic passenger lymphocyte syndrome: donor-derived anti-M in an M+ recipient of a multiorgan transplant
Authors: Makuria A.T. , Langeberg A. , Fishbein T.M. , Sandler S.G.
Published: May 2021

Passenger lymphocyte syndrome (PLS) is a well-recognized complication that may follow a hematopoietic progenitor cell or solid-organ transplant. Typically, the syndrome presents as acute hemolysis of the recipient’s RBCs, which have become serologically incompatible with blood group antibodies formed by passively transfused donor-origin B lymphocytes. Most cases involve anti-A or anti-B. However, there are cases involving non-ABO serologic incompatibility, as well as cases in which the serologic incompatibility was not associated with clinical evidence of hemolysis. This report describes a case of passenger lymphocyte syndrome in an M+ recipient who developed anti-M after receiving a multiorgan transplant from an M– cadaver donor. Although the temporal events and serologic findings were consistent with a diagnosis of PLS, there was no evidence of in vivo hemolysis associated with the identification of a newly formed anti-M. This report includes a literature review of other case reports of PLS associated with non-ABO antibodies in solid-organ and hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant recipients.
Immunohematology

2009:25:20–23.
Anti-Kpa–induced severe delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction
Authors: Koshy R. , Patel B. , Harrison J.S.
Published: May 2021

Kpa is a low-frequency antigen occurring in less than 2 percent of the Caucasian population. Mild to moderate delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions (DHTR) and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn attributable to anti-Kpa have been reported. Severe overt DHTR has not been reported with anti-Kpa. A case of a severe DHTR attributed to anti-Kpa after multiple RBC transfusions is being reported. A 52-year-old Caucasian woman received multiple units of RBCs for a lower gastrointestinal bleed. She was referred to our institution for hepatic and renal failure, which was supported by laboratory findings of peak LDH, bilirubin, BUN, and creatinine elevations. Hemoglobin had dropped on Day 10 after transfusion. The DAT and antibody screen (ABS) were negative. Initial workup and subsequent ABS were negative. Anti-Kpa was identified when an additional RBC panel was tested. One of the RBC units transfused was incompatible by antihuman globulin (AHG) crossmatch with the patient’s plasma and typed positive for Kpa. DHTR was confirmed after extensive workup. The patient responded to supportive therapy and experienced an uneventful recovery. DHTR may not be considered when DAT and ABS are negative. However, correlation of recent transfusion with signs and symptoms should alert the clinician to entertain and investigate a DHTR that should include the AHG crossmatch of all implicated RBC units. The severity of the reaction also raises concerns as to when and what antigen specificity should be considered for inclusion in the antibody screening cells.
Immunohematology

2009;25:44–47.
Southeast Asian ovalocytosis is associated with increased expression of Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC)
Authors: Woolley I.J. , Hutchinson P. , Reeder J.C. , Kazura J.W. , Cortés A.
Published: May 2021

The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC or Fy glycoprotein) carries antigens that are important in blood transfusion and is the main receptor used by Plasmodium vivax to invade reticulocytes. Southeast Asian ovalocytosis (SAO) results from an alteration in RBC membrane protein band 3 and is thought to mitigate susceptibility to falciparum malaria. Expression of some RBC antigens is suppressed by SAO, and we hypothesized that SAO may also reduce Fy expression, potentially leading to reduced susceptibility to vivax malaria. Blood samples were collected from individuals living in the Madang Province of Papua New Guinea. Samples were assayed using a flow cytometry assay for expression of Fy on the surface of RBC and reticulocytes by measuring the attachment of a phycoerythrin-labeled Fy6 antibody. Reticulocytes were detected using thiazole orange. The presence of the SAO mutation was confirmed by PCR. There was a small (approximately 10%) but statistically significant (p=0.049, Mann-Whitney U test) increase in Fy expression on SAO RBC compared with RBC from individuals without this polymorphism: mean Fy expression (mean fluorescence intensity [MFI]) was 10.12 ± 1.22 for SAO heterozygotes versus an MFI of 8.95 ± 1.1 for individuals without SAO. For reticulocytes the MFI values were 27.61 ± 19.12 for SAO heterozygotes and 16.47 ± 3.81 for controls. SAO is associated with increased and not decreased Fy6 expression so that susceptibility to P. vivax infection is unlikely to be affected.
Immunohematology

2009;25:63–66.
Quality activities associated with hospital tissue services
Authors: Hillberry C.M. , Schlueter A.J.
Published: May 2021

Quality assurance is a vital component of a tissue service that aims to meet regulatory requirements and provide safe and functional tissue for surgical procedures in the institution. Many hospital transfusion services have or are in the process of assuming tissue service functions for their institutions, and the concepts of tissue quality assurance requirements should be familiar to the transfusion service. This review discusses the key aspects of tissue service quality assurance, including requirements for FDA registration, selection and qualification of tissue suppliers, recordkeeping, management of occurrences and tissue recalls, adverse event reporting, audits, and quality control. Comparing the similarities and differences between tissue and blood component regulatory requirements suggests transfusion service processes can be readily adapted to incorporate quality assurance for tissue service activities.
Immunohematology

2009;25:102–106.
Recognition and management of antibodies to human platelet antigens in platelet transfusion–refractory patients
Authors: Vassallo R.R.
Published: May 2021

Platelet transfusion refractoriness is a problem for parous and multiply transfused patients, placing them at higher risk for morbidity and mortality when posttransfusion count increments are significantly lower than expected. Although nonimmune causes of transfusion refractoriness are very common, HLA alloantibodies are the most important of the less frequent immune factors responsible for inadequate count increments. As universal leukoreduction decreases the occurrence of HLA antibody formation, antibodies to human platelet antigens (HPAs), an even less common immune factor, may rise proportionately. Carefully matched apheresis platelets can substantially improve platelet count increments in the setting of HLA and HPA alloantibody-mediated transfusion refractoriness. An evidence-based HPA testing strategy is described along with the incidence and specificity of HPA antibodies in platelet transfusion refractoriness. Optimal strategies to manage patients with HPA or combined HPA and HLA antibodies are presented. Ultimately, close cooperation between ordering physicians and the blood provider is critical in choosing the correct tests and assuring platelet availability during intensive support of these challenging patients.
Immunohematology

2009;25:119–124.
Hyperhemolytic transfusion reaction attributable to anti-Fy3 in a patient with sickle cell disease
Authors: Reyes M.A. , Illoh O.C.
Published: May 2021

A case of hyperhemolytic transfusion reaction attributable to anti-Fy3 in a 30-year-old African American woman with a history of sickle cell disease is reported. The patient was admitted for vaso-occlusive sickle cell crisis and received 4 units of packed RBCs secondary to worsening symptomatic anemia (Hb 5.0 g/dL). On admission, the patient’s antibody screen and identification showed anti-V and anti-E, and her antibody history included anti-E, -C, -Jkb, -N, -V, -S, -Sla, and a cold agglutinin with possible anti-I specificity. A DAT performed on her RBCs was negative. RBC units that lacked E,C,Jkb,N,V,and S were transfused. Posttransfusion Hb was 8.9 g/dL. On day 10 she developed a fever of 103°F, and on day 11 her Hb decreased to 6.4 g/dL. She complained of severe back pain and dark urine. In addition, she became hypertensive, tachycardic, and jaundiced. The DAT indicated the presence of IgG on the patient’s RBCs. Anti-Fy3 was identified in the serum and eluate. During the next 24 hours,her Hb decreased to 2.4 g/dL. The LDH level was 1687 U/L, and her reticulocyte count was 2.6%. A delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction with hyperhemolysis secondary to anti-Fy3 was suspected and was successfully treated with IVIG and high-dose prednisone. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published case of hyperhemolysis in sickle cell disease attributable to anti-Fy3.
Immunohematology

2008:24:45–51.
Transfusion service disaster planning
Authors: Bundy K.L. , Foss M.L. , Stubbs J.R.
Published: May 2021

The Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minnesota, recently set forth a directive to develop a Mayo Emergency Incident Command System (MEICS) plan to respond to major disasters. The MEICS plan that was developed interfaces with national response plans to ensure effective communication and coordination between our institution and local, state, and federal agencies to establish a common language and communication structure. The MEICS plan addresses multiple aspects of dealing with resource needs during a crisis, including the need for blood and transfusion medicine services. The MEICS plan was developed to supplement our current local emergency preparedness procedures and provide a mechanism for responding to the escalating severity of an emergency to deal with situations of a magnitude that is outside the normal experience. A plan was developed to interface the existing Transfusion Medicine disaster plan standard operating procedures (SOP) with the institutional and Department of Laboratory Medicine (DLMP) MEICS plans. The first step in developing this interface was defining MEICS. Other major steps were defining the chain of command, developing a method for visually indicating who is “in charge,” planning communication, defining the actions to be taken, assessing resource needs, developing flowcharts and updating SOPs, and developing a blood rationing team to deal with anticipated blood shortages. Several key features of the interface and updated disaster plan that were developed are calling trees for response personnel, plans for relocating leadership to alternative command centers, and action sheets to assist with resource assessment. The action sheets also provide documentation of key actions by response personnel.
Immunohematology

2008;24:93–101.
Molecular analyses of GYPB in African Brazilians
Authors: Omoto R. , Reid M.E. , Castilho L.
Published: May 2021

The molecular background of variant forms of GYPB is not well studied in Brazilians of African descent. The present study was carried out to determine the molecular bases of the S–s– phenotype and the frequency of GYPB*S silent gene for the S–s+ phenotype in a blood donor population of African Brazilians. In this study, 165 blood samples from African Brazilians (Northeastern Brazil) who phenotyped as S–s– (n = 17) and S–s+ (n = 148) by hemagglutination were selected. Allele-specific (AS)-PCR and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to identify the variant forms of GYPB. In 13 of 17 S–s– samples (76.5%), both GYPB were deleted. In 137 of the 148 S–s+ samples (92.6%), the AS-PCR was consistent with the S–s+ phenotype. In 4 of the S–s– samples (23.5%) and 11 of the S–s+ samples (7.4%), the AS-PCR showed the presence of a GYPB*S allele associated with silencing of S. In the 4 donors with the S–s– phenotype, there was homozygosity (or hemizygosity) for the GYP(P2) allele (n = 2), homozygosity (or hemizygosity) for the GYP(NY) allele (n = 1), and heterozygosity for the GYP(P2) and GYP(NY) alleles (n = 1). In the 11 donors with the S–s+ phenotype, there was heterozygosity for GYP(P2) allele (n = 8) and heterozygosity for GYP(NY) allele (n = 3). This study reports for the first time the molecular mechanisms responsible for the S–s– phenotype in a population of African Brazilians and provides new information about the frequency and molecular bases of the GYPB*S silent gene (7.4%) in this population.
Immunohematology

2008;24:148-153.
Application of gel technology in the serologic characterization of autoantibody in DAT-positive autoimmune diseases
Authors: Das S.S. , Chaudhary R.K
Published: May 2021

Gel tests are now available for the determination of immunoglobulin classes and subclasses and complement fractions coating RBCs. These tests simplified serologic characterization of autoantibodies in various autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of gel cards in the serologic characterization of autoantibody with regard to the immunoglobulin classes, complement fractions, and IgG subclasses, and the influence of these characteristics on hemolysis. Gel cards were used to characterize the RBC-bound autoantibodies in 66 DAT-positive patients. Hematologic and biochemical parameters such as Hb, reticulocyte count, serum bilirubin, and serum LDH were obtained from the patient files. Of the 49 patients carrying IgG on their RBCs, 21 (42.8%) were suffering from connective tissue disorders and another 16 patients (32.7%) had autoimmune hemolytic anemia. A total of 19 of these 49 patients had evidence of hemolysis. Thirteen of the 17 patients (76.5%) whose RBCs were coated with more than one type of immunoglobulin and complement were experiencing hemolysis (p < 0.05). Seventy-five percent (21 of 28) of patients having IgG1, IgG3, or both on their RBCs showed hemolysis (p < 0.05). Thus, it is important to serologically characterize autoantibodies in autoimmune disorders to effectively predict the prognosis and disease outcome. This characterization can be performed effectively with the gel test, which can be introduced in blood centers as a replacement to the conventional tube technique.
Immunohematology

2007; 23:59–62.
Consortium for Blood Group Genes (CBGG): 2007 report
Authors: Reid M.E , Westhoff C. , Denomme G. , Castilho L.
Published: May 2021

The Consortium for Blood Group Genes is a worldwide organization whose goal is to have a vehicle to interact, establish guidelines, operate a proficiency program, and provide education for laboratories involved in DNA and RNA testing for the prediction of blood group, platelet, and neutrophil antigens.
Immunohematology

2007;23:165–8.
External quality assessment scheme in red blood cell serology: a 5-year experience in Thailand
Authors: Bejrachandra S. , Saipin J. , Nathalang O. , Siriboonrit U. , Rungroung E. , Udee S.
Published: May 2021

From 2000 to 2004, 36, 58, 72, 78, and 86 laboratories participated in an external quality assessment scheme (EQAS) organized by the Department of Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital. Each year the staff was requested to perform ABO grouping, D typing, antibody screening, antibody identification, and DATs on eight blood samples. Each participant received information on the correct test results and a coded summary. Regarding ABO grouping, the error rate ranged from 0.3 to 1.3 percent, mostly due to human errors. Error rates in D typing ranged from 0.7 to 5.7 percent, the most problematic being weak D phenotype interpretation. Although every sample was negative by the DAT, error rates due to false positive test results were determined to be 0.4 to 2.1 percent. Antibody screening errors were also found; however, errors steadily decreased from 4.2 percent in 2000 to 0.3 percent in 2004. Only 69.4 to 87.2 percent of laboratories performed antibody identification; however, correct results increased from 78.4 to 91.0 percent. In conclusion, an EQAS in RBC serology should be used to compare results from different laboratories and to identify those laboratories that need improvement in testing procedures.
Immunohematology

2006;22:1–5.
Reduced red blood cell destruction by antibody fragments
Authors: Mqadmi A. , Abramowitz S. , Zheng X. , Yazdanbakhsh K.
Published: May 2021

Antibodies to blood group antigens can cause immune RBC destruction directly (extravascular destruction) or indirectly through subsequent complement activation (intravascular hemolysis). The Fc portion of the IgG antibody is responsible for the effector functions of immune RBC destruction. We hypothesized that sensitization of RBCs with blood group antigen–specific IgG antibodies lacking their Fc portion would escape from the recipient’s immune system, allowing for a longer survival period of the RBCs in the circulation. Direct injection of mouse RBC-specific Ter-119 monoclonal antibody into mice resulted in a more severe anemia compared with that in mice injected with the Ter-119 F(ab′)2 fragment. We found that mouse RBCs coated in vitro with the Ter-119 F(ab′)2 fragment, when transfused into mice, survived longer in circulation compared with RBCs coated with whole Ter-119 IgG molecule. The data support the conclusion that antibodies can be rendered less pathogenic through removal of their Fc portion.
Immunohematology

2006;22:11–14.
H-deficient Bombay and para-Bombay red blood cells are most strongly agglutinated by the galactophilic lectins of Aplysia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa that detect I and P1 antigens
Authors: Gilboa-Garber N. , Sudakevitz D. , Levene C. , Rahimi-Levene N. , Yahalom V.
Published: May 2021

The galactophilic lectins Aplysia gonad lectin (AGL) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectin (PA-IL), which detect human I and P1 RBC antigens, were examined for hemagglutination of H+ (group O and B) and H-deficient (Bombay and para-Bombay phenotype) RBCs. The results were compared with those obtained using two other galactophilic lectins, Maclura pomifera lectin (MPL) and Arachis hypogaea (peanut) agglutinin (PNA), which share T-antigen affinity, and two fucose-binding H-specific lectins, Ulex europaeus (UEA-I) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectin (PA-IIL), as well as with those achieved with anti-I serum. The results revealed that, in contrast to UEA-I and PA-IIL, which preferentially agglutinated H+ RBCs, and to MPL and PNA, which similarly agglutinated all examined RBCs, AGL, PA-IL, and the anti-I serum agglutinated the H-deficient RBCs more strongly than did the H+ RBCs. These findings could be attributed to increased levels of I and P1 antigens on those RBCs resulting from the use of the free common H-type 2 precursor for their synthesis. Since both PA-IL and PA-IIL are regarded as potential pathogen adhesins, it would be interesting to statistically compare the sensitivities of individuals of H+ and H-deficient RBC populations to P. aeruginosa infections.
Immunohematology

2006;22:15–22.
Problems highlighted when using anticoagulated samples in the standard tube low ionic strength antiglobulin test
Authors: Sweeney A.J.
Published: May 2021

Within the UK blood transfusion services, there is currently no recommendation for the use of either clotted or anticoagulated samples for antibody identification testing. This report describes three cases in which the detection of IgM antibodies was impeded by the use of anticoagulated samples. Two patient samples, referred for compatibility testing, were both identified as having IgM complement-activating anti-S and the remaining case involved an antenatal patient with IgM complement-activating anti-Vel. In all three cases, the coincidental referral and investigation of both clotted and anticoagulated samples led to the discrepancy in serum and plasma test results becoming apparent. Potential errors in selection of suitable blood for transfusion and appropriate antenatal management were avoided by correct identification of the antibodies present using the clotted samples.
Immunohematology

2006;22:72–77.
The Charles Drew Program in Missouri: a description of a partnership among a blood center and several hospitals to address the care of patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: Isaak E.J. , LeChien B. , Lindsey T. , DeBaun M.R.
Published: May 2021

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder which can be complicated by stroke in infancy and childhood. The primary and secondary prevention of stroke in this patient population is regular RBC transfusion therapy at least every three weeks, but there is no consensus on the ideal RBC transfusion therapy. The Charles Drew Program, a partnership among a blood center and several hospitals affiliated with academic medical centers in Missouri, provides RBCs for the care of patients with SCD. There are three basic aims: the RBC components are phenotypically matched on three minor RBC antigens, the units are less than 7 days old, and each patient has a limited number of dedicated donors, so that the donor exposure is minimized. This report describes the operational phases of this program and summarizes its performance with respect to each of these aims.
Immunohematology

2006;22:112–116.
Case report: moderate hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-G
Authors: Huber A.R. , Leonard G.T , Driggers R.W , Learn S.B. , Gilstad C.W
Published: May 2021

Views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or U.S. Government.

The only previously published case of anti-G in a pregnant woman indicated that anti-G alone caused little, if any, fetal or neonatal hemolysis. This report describes an affected fetus with amnionitic fluid OD 450 absorbance values in the moderate zone of the Liley prediction graph who required prolonged phototherapy after birth until day of life 20. Anti-G was identified and anti-C and -D excluded in the mother’s serum. In contrast to the previous report, this report shows anti-G alone can cause moderate HDN and that fetal monitoring and treatment may be necessary.
Immunohematology

2006;22:166–170.
Expression of Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines during reticulocyte maturation: using a CD71 flow cytometric technique to identify reticulocytes
Authors: Woolley I.J , Wood E.M , Sramkoski R.M. , Zimmerman P.A. , Miller J.P , Kazura J.W
Published: May 2021

Flow cytometric methods commonly used to identify reticulocytes are of limited usefulness in malarious areas, since RNA staining also detects plasmodia. An important antigen expressed on reticulocytes is Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC, also known as Fy), the receptor for Plasmodium vivax. An early marker for reticulocytes is CD71 (transferrin receptor). We have been interested in CD71 as an alternative marker for reticulocytes in the context of Fy expression. Flow cytometry was used to determine the expression of Fy on CD71-positive and -negative reticulocytes and to correlate serology and genotype. A reduction of 13 percent was seen in Fy6 expression between CD71-positive reticulocytes and RNA-positive reticulocytes. CD71 disappears early during reticulocyte maturation, while Fy6 expression is relatively preserved. CD71 is an alternative to staining for RNA for reticulocyte assays relating to Fy6 expression.
Immunohematology

2005;21:15–20.
The incidence of red cell alloantibodies underlying panreactive warm autoantibodies
Authors: Maley M. , Bruce D.G , Babb R.G. , Wells A.W , Williams M.
Published: May 2021

A recognized hazard of administering blood transfusions to patients with panreactive warm autoantibodies is that alloantibodies may be masked. Studies have shown the incidence of underlying alloantibodies to be 30 to 40 percent. Adsorption procedures can be used to remove autoantibodies and allow detection and identification of underlying alloantibodies. This study contains data from 126 patients referred to the Red Cell Immunohaematology laboratory at the National Blood Service, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. These patients were from the northeast of England, a population for which data have not previously been reported. Samples identified as containing panreactive warm autoantibodies were subjected to adsorption procedures (95 by alloadsorption and 31 by autoadsorption). Absorbed sera were then tested to identify underlying alloantibodies. Of 126 samples, 39 (31%) contained a total of 61 RBC alloantibodies; 15 (12%) contained 2 or more antibody specificities; and 14 (11%) contained alloantibodies not found within the Rh or Kell blood group systems. Antibodies identified included the following specificities: E (19), D (9), c (7), C (6), S (5), Fya (3), Jka (2), Jkb (2), K (2), Kpa (2), Fyb, Cw, N, and f (ce). This study reinforces the value of adsorption studies, whether using autologous or allogeneic RBCs, when panreactive warm autoantibodies are present. In addition, this study confirms that it is not appropriate in these cases simply to issue blood which is “least incompatible” or Rh phenotype- and K antigen-matched.
Immunohematology

2005;21:122–125.
Persistent anti-Dra in two pregnancies
Authors: Rahimi-Levene N. , Kornberg A. , Siegel G. , Morozov V. , Shinar E. , Asher O. , Levene C. , Yahalom V.
Published: May 2021

The Drori (Dra) antigen is one of the ten high-prevalence antigens of the Cromer blood system, which are carried on decay-accelerating factor (DAF, CD55). The Dr(a–) phenotype was first described in a 48-year-old Jewish woman from Bukhara. Her serum contained an antibody to a high-prevalence antigen named anti-Dra. Most known individuals with the Dr(a–) phenotype are Jews from the geographic area of Bukhara, but individuals from Japan have also been described. Antibodies in the Cromer blood group system, including anti-Dra, have never been reported to cause HDN. In most of the cases with anti-Dra examined in Israel, the antibodies have been subtyped as IgG2 and IgG4. This report is of a woman with Dr(a–) phenotype and an anti-Dra titer of 256 to 512 in her serum, observed during two successive pregnancies. At birth, the RBCs of the first- and second-born child were negative and positive in the DAT, respectively, and neither manifested clinical signs of HDN. The disappearance of Cromer system antibodies, including anti-Dra in midpregnancy, has been described in a previous study. In that study, it was theorized that the antibodies in the serum of the women were adsorbed onto placental DAF. The finding of a high anti-Dra titer in two successive pregnancies in this patient, with a positive DAT for the RBCs of one of the two babies at term, differs from published reports, suggesting that a different mechanism might be involved.
Immunohematology

2005;21:126–128.
Review: the Kell, Duffy, and Kidd blood group systems
Authors: Westhoff C.M. , Reid M.E.
Published: May 2021

After the discovery (over 50 years ago) that the IAT could be applied to the detection of antibodies to blood group antigens, there was a rapid increase in the identification of alloantibodies that caused transfusion reactions or HDN. After Rh, antibodies in the Kell, Duffy, and Kidd blood group systems were the next in clinically significant antibodies to be revealed. Much of what has been learned about these blood groups since the journal Immunobematology issued its first edition has to do with the proteins, the genes, and the molecular basis for the antigens. What has not changed is that, after ABO and Rh, antibodies to antigens in these three systems are still the most clinically significant. They will form the basis of this review.
Cefotetan-induced immune hemolytic anemia following prophylaxis for cesarean delivery
Authors: Shariatmadar S. , Storry J.R. , Sausais L. , Reid M.E.
Published: May 2021

Second- and third-generation cephalosporins, notably cefotetan, are increasingly implicated in severe, sometimes fatal immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. We describe a 26-year-old woman who developed severe hemolytic anemia 2 weeks after receiving a single prophylactic dose of cefotetan during cesarean delivery. The patient’s DAT was weakly reactive for IgG and her serum reacted with cefotetan-coated RBCs. The antibody had a titer of 4096 by antiglobulin testing. The patient required treatment with two units of PRBCs and experienced gradual resolution of hemolysis. Our case emphasizes the need for increased awareness of delayed onset hemolytic anemia following prophylactic use of cefotetan.
Review: immune thrombocytopenic purpura: an update for immunohematologists
Authors: Sandler S.G.
Published: May 2021

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an acquired disease in which autoantibodies to platelets cause their sequestration and destruction by mononuclear macrophages, principally in the spleen. If increased production of platelets by megakaryocytes does not compensate for platelet destruction, the number of circulating platelets decreases (thrombocytopenia), resulting in a characteristic bleeding tendency (purpura). While most children with the disease experience a relatively short and benign clinical course, ITP in adults often lasts more than 6 months (chronic ITP) and is resistant to conventional treatment (corticosteroids, intravenous immune globulin, or splenectomy). The goal of medical management is to increase the platelet count to a safe level, without the risks of bacterial infections associated with splenectomy or toxicity from prolonged corticosteroid therapy. Splenectomy increases platelet counts in hours to days in most patients with acute ITP, but nearly 50 percent experience recurrent thrombocytopenia by 5 years postsplenectomy.
The sensitivity, specificity, and clinical relevance of gel versus tube DATs in the clinical immunology laboratory
Authors: Paz N. , Itzhaky D. , Ellis M.H.
Published: May 2021

The DAT is a test used to demonstrate in vivo antibody and/or complement coating of RBCs. Typically, the DAT is performed in test tubes; however, recently a number of commercially available tests using gel-filled microtubes have become available. Few data comparing the sensitivity of these test media are available. To compare the rate of detection of a positive DAT performed in test tubes versus in gel-filled microtubes and to assess the clinical significance of the results in patients undergoing evaluation of anemia, we tested 310 consecutive EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples from adult patients. The samples were analyzed using both the conventional tube technique and a gel-based assay (DiaMed®; Cressier sur Morat, Switzerland). Test results were expressed as either positive or negative. When a positive result by either technique was encountered, the treating physician was interviewed to determine whether the result warranted further patient investigation or treatment. In 268 out of 310 cases the DAT was negative by both methods. Of the 42 patients with a positive DAT, the test was positive by both methods in 18 patients. In the remaining 24 cases the DAT was positive by the gel test only. In all cases positive by both techniques the test result affected patient management. Of the 24 cases that were positive only by gel test, 3 were judged to be clinically significant. In this study, the gel test was more sensitive than the tube technique for performance of the DAT. However, the clinical significance of a DAT positive only by a gel test is doubtful. We believe that use of the gel-based DAT should be more extensively evaluated before it is adopted as a standard technique in general clinical laboratory practice.
Effects of arsenic on the distribution and mode of occurrence of gold during fluid-pyrite interaction: A case study of pyrite from the Qiucun gold deposit, China
Authors: Zhang He , Cai Yuanfeng , Sha Gang , Brugger Joël , Pring Allan , Ni Pei , Qian Gujie , Luo Zhenjiao , Zhang Yang , Tan Wei
Published: May 2021

This paper presents the results of an investigation of the incorporation of Au within pyritic ore from the Qiucun epithermal Au deposit, China. The new data provide insights into the mode of occurrence of Au during fluid-rock interactions within epithermal systems. The distribution and mode of occurrence of Au within arsenian pyrite were investigated using a chemical and structural characterization-based approach combining laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) trace element analysis, megapixel synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis (MSXRF), and atom probe tomography (APT). The resulting data indicate that invisible Au is present at elevated concentrations in the form of a homogeneous solid solution within As-rich pyrite domains, which yields Au concentrations that positively correlate with As. Arsenic-induced lattice defects, such as stacking faults and the expansion of the pyrite unit cell, provide evidence of the effect of As on the incorporation of Au into pyrite. The nucleation and crystallization of electrum preferentially occurred at the fluid-pyrite reaction interface or along fractures and grain boundaries within the pre-existing pyrite. This study indicates that changes in physicochemical conditions (e.g., temperature, pH, and sulfur fugacity) during fluid-pyrite interactions are key controls on the development of nanometer- or micrometer-scale clusters of gold. The systematic compositional and textural observations documented in this study provide new insights into the mechanisms responsible for the different modes of occurrence of Au (ionic vs. particulate) and enable us to further understand the processes involved in the formation of Au mineralization.
Isotopic tracers of sources of water for springs from the Edwards Aquifer, Central Texas, USA
Authors: Tian Lijun , Gao Yongli , Yang Guang , Schwartz Benjamin , Cai Binggui , Ray Christopher , Li Yunxia , Wu Haibin
Published: May 2021

The Edwards Aquifer (EA) in Central Texas provides water supply for over two million people and contains springs that are hydrologically and ecologically important to the region. The residence time of groundwater in the EA ranges from a few days to many thousands of years, since water in the aquifer is contained and transported within both matrix porosity and large conduits. In this study, stable isotopes of water from five springs are investigated for tracing the origin of water and hydrological processes in the EA system during 2017–2019. There is a quick response of the isotopic signals measured at these springs to changes in the isotopic compositions of precipitation. By utilizing an isotope mixing model, we have identified sources of water for these springs with a bi-modal distribution of groundwater supply in the EA: water supplied from deep groundwater with a longer residence time (an average of 67%) and supplemental epikarst interflow with a shorter residence time (an average of 33%). The evolution of hydrochemical water types from HCO3–Ca to HCO3·Cl–Ca·Mg along the EA flowpaths indicates that inputs from epikarst interflow are greater in springs within the artesian zone than the springs within the contributing zone.
Heterogeneous Metal Catalysis for the Environmentally Benign Synthesis of Medicinally Important Scaffolds, Intermediates, and Building Blocks
Authors: Ilamanova Maysa , Mastyugin Maxim , Schäfer Christian , Kokel Anne , Török Béla
Published: May 2021

:

This account provides a broad overview of the application of solid metal catalysts
in synthetic chemistry with a focus on the synthesis of medicinally important scaffolds or
building blocks. Heterogeneous catalysis is a fundamental contributor to green or sustainable
synthesis. Despite this, many synthetic chemists overwhelmingly focus on homogeneous
methods, and due to their unfamiliarity with solid catalysts, many would not consider using
them. The primary purpose of this work is to bring solid catalysts and their application
possibilities to the attention of synthetic chemists in a format that focuses on reactions, thus
building a bridge between the two sides for the benefit of sustainable applications and,
eventually, the whole society. The two major parts of this account describe the common types
of solid metal catalysts and the applications of these catalysts in sustainable synthesis. The
first part gives an overview of the major types of solid metal catalysts, including common hydrogenation catalysts to
metal nanoparticles. The second and more extensive part illustrates the use of these catalysts in a thematic order
based on reaction types, including hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, oxidation, metathesis, cross-coupling reactions,
and hydroformylation.