bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La construcción de ciudadanía en Colombia un hecho marcado por la violencia
Authors: Verjel Sánchez Sonia
Published: April 2020

El siguiente análisis plantea como la construcción de ciudadanía en Colombia, ha sido permeado directamente por la violencia. El concepto de Ciudadanía moderna se relaciona a Thomas Humphrey Marshall, este sociólogo británico aboga por una ciudadanía que además de descifrarse en una posesión de derechos, lo haga también en términos de la incorporación del sujeto como miembro pleno de una sociedad de iguales. Para Marshall, la ciudadanía se va configurando a través de un desarrollo secuencial que parte con el desarrollo de la ciudadanía civil, como una condición necesaria aunque no suficiente de un posterior desarrollo de la ciudadanía política. Las constituciones políticas que adoptó Colombia, en su transcurrir como nación hasta la actualidad, se ha tejido en torno al eje de las guerras y la violencia, sucesos que confirman el hecho de que en Colombia se adquirieron primero los derechos políticos antes que los civiles (O´Donnell, 2001). El análisis del estudio sobre Informe sobre la calidad de la ciudadanía y la democracia en Colombia 2018 (Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2018), deja entrever como la ciudadanía en Colombia se ha construido sobre una débil institucionalidad, con la presencia de un prolongado conflicto armado especialmente en las zonas rurales y la asociación de la política con prácticas vinculadas a la corrupción, el clientelismo y el narcotráfico, denotan los escasos vínculos de confianza de los ciudadanos entre sí y con las autoridades.
Ciudad y bienestar: la tensión entre la urbanización y el habitar
Authors: Aragon Milton
Published: April 2020

Este texto reflexiona sobre cómo la tensión entre la urbanización y el habitar expone a sus habitantes a un constante estado de estrés y depresión. Los conduce a hábitos nocivos, que derivan en enfermedades crónicas degenerativas. Por lo tanto, la ciudad no es un espacio para el bienestar de los sujetos, porque, los factores que permiten alcanzar el bienestar, que son los lugares, los objetos, los bienes y salud, no son tomados en cuenta. De ahí que el bienestar tiene un fuerte vínculo con el espacio, el tiempo y la sociedad. Así, la urbanización podría producir espacios armónicos, que permitan un desarrollo, físico, mental y económico.
La era digital comprendida desde la Psicología humanista
Authors: Hernandez-Peña Hector , Lagomarsino-Montoya Mario , Aguirre-Martínez Guillermo , Mansilla-Sepúlveda Juan , Estay-Sepúlveda Juan Guillermo , Ganga-Contreras Francisco
Published: April 2020

Ante la era digital, la humanidad se enfrenta a nuevas coyunturas en los ámbitos sociales y psicológicos. La aparición de fenómenos como la adicción a internet, la depresión asociada al uso excesivo de los dispositivos y la pérdida de espacios reales en pro de una virtualidad cada vez mayor, además del desgaste de los recursos naturales, prende las alarmas sobre la salud y el tipo de vida que se lleva en las sociedades. La vida rápida e inmediata parece colocar a las personas en nuevos espacios cuyos impactos aún salen del conocimiento de las ciencias sociales. La Psicología humanista apareció oficialmente en 1961 y puede brindarnos una mirada más humana. El retorno a las experiencias humanas, a las emociones, al valor del individuo y a los sentimientos de autorrealización pueden cimentar las bases de un nuevo pensamiento que ponga luz sobre las problemáticas actuales. Por eso, el objetivo de este trabajo fue el de señalar algunos problemas que llegaron con la era digital, para después dirigir sobre ellos la mirada que brinda la Psicología humanista con el fin de revitalizar los esfuerzos en pro de una vida más saludable tanto entre los individuos como con el ambiente.
Representaciones sociales sobre la formación inicial docente: evaluación diagnóstica a estudiantes que ingresan a carreras pedagógicas en dos universidades chilenas
Authors: Sandoval-Rubilar Pedro , Pavié-Nova Alex , Rubio-Benítez Claudia Edelmira , Maldonado-Fuentes Ana Carolina , González-Castro Claudia
Published: April 2020

Este estudio es de tipo descriptivo e interpretativo y da cuenta de los resultados de las representaciones sociales sobre la profesión docente que autorreportan alumnos que ingresan a la formación inicial de profesores en dos instituciones chilenas de educación superior estatales; una de la región de Ñuble y la otra de la Región de Los Lagos. Este estudio surge a partir de la actualización del sistema nacional de aseguramiento de la calidad de la educación, en donde se establece la obligatoriedad de aplicar test de evaluación diagnóstica. Para tal efecto la población estuvo conformada por 834 estudiantes de la cohorte 2018, pertenecientes a 15 carreras de Pedagogía en dos universidades del país. Se aplicóun instrumento escala tipo Likert, validado en una población similar en el año 2017. Para realizar el análisis de la información, se aplicaron métodos descriptivos numéricos e inferenciales. En sus principales conclusiones, se devela representaciones sociales comunes en dimensiones sobre vocación, ejercicio de la profesión, prestigio e imagen social del profesorado,independiente del sexo, de lo que se desprende que los sujetos evaluados conforman una identidad profesional claramente modelada antes de comenzar su formación inicial docente.
My dog's the champ: an analysis of young people in urban settings and fighting dog breeds
Authors: Burley Saffron
Published: April 2020

There is a growing phenomenon of young people in urban areas owning fighting dog breeds, such as Pit Bull Terriers, Staffordshire Bull Terriers and English Bull Terriers. Many people find these youths and their dogs threatening, and many more are concerned that the dogs are being trained to fight, and to deliberately intimidate. As well as the perception of these young people as a threat, there is also a host of anti-cruelty sentiments directed at them. The purpose of this exploration is to examine the origins and characteristics of this phenomenon and the societal responses in regards to it, especially in the context of wider society's historical tendency to assume the worst of this particular group, and the way that many dominant views on this issue echo typical "moral panic" anxieties. I hope to also reveal the extent of more subtle needs and nuances in the behaviour of these young people and the deeper motivations behind their choice to own and train fighting dog breeds, by using a more sensitive, ethnographic approach to flesh out the picture. I will then apply the understanding gained from this exploration to inform my understanding of the challenges and considerations facing youth and community work in regards to young people, highlighting our aim as youth workers to link our work to broader issues of inequality in society.
Control, cohesion and consumption: constructing young people through participation and citizenship
Authors: Ashcroft Rachel
Published: April 2020

This article examines participation as a "discursive fact". Using the framework of Foucault, it explores the importance of participation and citizenship as "ordering concepts" in the New Labour project. Moreover, it argues that participation is part of a wider discourse of control, cohesion, and consumption. By de-politicising participation, New Labour serves to enhance its own legitimacy. This is the logical outcome of government as systems of thought and action. Youth and community practitioners also objectify youth, exercising similar discursive power in their own work. Putting participation into practice thus presents a challenge for workers, as they are required to recognise their power and to exercise it in a reflexive way.
Empowering to disempower: a dilemma when working with adults with learning difficulties
Authors: Blow (beccygates@outlook.com) Beccy
Published: April 2020

Is the use of participatory techniques effective in empowering and engaging adults with learning difficulties within their "communities"? Despite the progress that has been made to introduce structures for consultation, it is not clear to what extent people are participating. Participation appears to be driven by a Government agenda that is more about achieving consultation forums and less about listening to what is being said or making efforts towards inclusive practice. Who ultimately benefits from empowering practices? This paper discusses the complex ethical considerations of adopting participatory processes with adults with learning difficulties. The potential for individuals to contribute in participatory processes often rests on their ability to communicate verbally within consultative structures and ultimately depends on a degree of interpretation. The challenge for the researcher is to create a meaningful participatory dialogue with research participants whilst facing the difficulties associated with claiming that messages have been clearly understood. This paper draws parallels between the ways in which power relations are analysed in both contemporary learning difficulty discourse and participatory practice and discourse in development work. I also reflect on the use of labelling in the context of learning difficulty and the ways in which labels can be used as a form of control. Participatory techniques can, without significant adjustment and adaptation, result in reinforcing a lack of power. The language of empowerment disguises institutional forms of discrimination that continue to exclude people with learning difficulties from participating as equal citizens.
A modern moral panic: the representation of British Bangladeshi and Pakistani youth in relation to violence and religion
Authors: Salgado-Pottier Rayen
Published: April 2020

Moral panics have arisen about young British Pakistani and Bangladeshi males along two veins: violence and religion. Throughout this article I shall demonstrate that these young men should be considered modern "folk devils", by placing them at the end of a succession of young deviants who have been repeatedly vilified. This is firstly explored through notions of ethnicity and criminality, via the analysis of media, government and public responses to "gangs" and the "riots" that took place in several northern industrial towns in the UK in 1995 and 2001, as well as Paris in 2005. Then the moral panic surrounding religion is explored, which seems to have overtaken the panic surrounding localised violence but still features the same protagonists. "Islamophobia" is discussed in relation to xenophobic media and state representations of young Muslim men and how the latter interact with these derisive stereotypes. Exploring the increased interest of non-practising young Muslims in Islam, I suggest that this has had both beneficial and adverse consequences.
Charting a new course for Deptford Town Hall
Authors: Hendrich Paul
Published: April 2020

Goldsmiths, one of the colleges in the University of London, is the current owner of Deptford's former Town Hall, an ornately sculpted building on a maritime theme. Controversially, the figures celebrated on the front of this building have close associations with the British slave trade. The paper attempts a new historicisation of Goldsmiths in relation to Deptford Town Hall, racism and resistance to racism. It further explores anthropological theory and methods in order to ascertain the institutional responsibilities of Goldsmiths to adequately address this controversial artefact. Finally I briefly examine how theory can inform action in the development of a local campaign.
Carnival post-phenomenology: mind the hump
Authors: Salazar-Sutil Nicolas
Published: April 2020

The following article is an autoethnographic reading of carnival as an inter-cultural and interpersonal event, and one that does not always profit from anthropological models such as inversion or safety-valve theories. The radical proximity of carnival experience destroys the objectivity of the event and makes it meaningful mainly as a lived-in moment. The following is an account of an individual experience that defines the significance of carnival as a form of kinesis, the shaking up of the static ethnographic "I"; an (un)expected humping. My case-study is the Pyrenean carnival of Bielsa in Spain, and my theoretical ideonauts are Mikhail Bakhtin and Judith Butler. The analysis of their concepts of dialogism and performativity lead to a series of complex anthropological questions regarding the meaning and doing of social and cultural events.
Theoretical reflections on the life world of Tanzanian street children
Authors: Wiencke Markus
Published: April 2020

In this article I reconstruct the life world (Lebenswelt) of the street children of the Tanzanian city Mwanza from an emic perspective that emphasises meaning-making, in order to depict them as subjects solely responsible for their actions. Accordingly I shall present how two youths conveyed to me, in numerous colour drawings, their everyday urban life, which is associated with their village history. Furthermore I will present some theoretical reflections on the "life world": I will explore the life world of the children and youths with reference to the construction and formation of identity. It thus becomes clear that even violent and materially difficult living conditions can generate collective identities. The term "street children", which is generally perceived as derogatory, receives a more positive connotation in this way. This is deepened by the description of the street children's relationships, which alternate between solidarity and conflict.
Going, going, but not gone: the impact of social and technological influences on the Australian Deaf community
Authors: Van Steenwyk Ingrid
Published: April 2020

Australia's Deaf community, whose members consider themselves part of a distinct socio-cultural minority group identified by their use of Australian Sign Language (Auslan), is experiencing significant and rapid change. Recent social and technological influences such as cochlear implants, telecommunications technology, mainstreaming and the closure of Deaf Clubs are changing the way Deaf people communicate, socialise and identify. Some research suggests that these influences combined with advances in medical care and genetics have the potential to wipe out deafness altogether, taking with it the entire community, its unique culture and one of the world's few native signed languages (Johnston 2004). Through some aspects of ethnographic field work such as focus groups and participant observation, this article presents an exploration of the Australian Deaf community. Specifically, it examines how and why the community has changed over recent years, and where it may be headed within a social context that favours dominant hearing ideologies associated with medical and scientific perspectives on deafness. In drawing on the collective memory and collective identity of Deaf people, this study reveals the complexity of the Australian Deaf community, illustrating how it re-affirms itself through its agency and how recurring themes of power, control and dominance play out in the lives of Australian Deaf people today. While demonstrating the strength and resilience of a community galvanised by a shared history, language, identity and world view, this study also draws out the Australian Deaf community's unease about the future, signified by feelings of loss, disconnection and a weakening sense of Deaf identity. This study further uncovers the importance of "place" for the Deaf community and feelings of displacement as the community changes, and as Deaf Clubs, which represented feelings of home, identity and control, disappear from the Deaf landscape. Conclusions drawn from this study infer the need for consideration of the role of the Deaf community, as well as issues of Deaf leadership and place in the development of public policy on education, medical intervention and other policy areas affecting the wellbeing and future of Deaf people.
Being an identity prop: some ethical implications
Authors: Busher Joel
Published: April 2020

During recent fieldwork in Namibia I noticed that the people I worked with often took care to arrange our public encounters so that onlookers did not interpret our relationship in ways that might be inconvenient. I was cast as a friend, colleague, employer, customer, acquaintance. My presence created opportunities for the extension of people's "repertoire of identities" (Cinnirella 1998) in both desirable and undesirable directions, and their choreography of our public encounters can be seen as part of their "impression management" (Davis 1986). Observing this process generated opportunities for me to gain insight into the way that people in the research sites negotiated social representations of identity and attributed values to particular social categories, such as volunteer, friend, namesake, NGO-worker, person living with HIV and so forth. However, finding myself playing allocated roles also raised ethical issues, two of which I discuss in this article: 1) Did my presence and participation give apparent endorsement to leaders and support claims about the legitimacy of social hierarchies? 2) Did my involvement with HIV/AIDS projects and the consequent crystallisation of my repertoire of identities threaten to undermine colleagues' and respondents' impression management? I conclude by reflecting on the limitations of my ethical approach at the outset of this research. I recommend that researchers be wary of the narrow perspective of research ethics that can emerge during the ethical clearance procedure, and that they continue to re-visit andadapt their ethical approach whilst in the field.
Behind the scenes: reflecting on cross-gender interview dynamics in Mexico City
Authors: Rios Sandoval Mariana
Published: April 2020

During the summer of 2007 I set out on a qualitative exploratory study in Mexico City that later became a masters dissertation. The study was focused on conversations with a group of men about everyday practices, expectations, ideas and feelings related to parenting, and this was an entry point into exploring constructions of fatherhood and masculinity. As I stumbled through my first in-depth interviews I felt excited, thrilled and touched, but also uneasy, overwhelmed and undeniably puzzled by a whole range of dilemmas that appeared to emerge every time I so much as stopped to think about the course of my research. The six weeks of fieldwork were a truly formative experience. An experience that made me reflect for long hours about the ethics and politics of the research process. I came to recognise that ultimately, the picture of fatherhood drawn in my study was to a certain extent negotiated with the participants, shaped by our interaction and informed by personal backgrounds, expectations, emotions and lived experiences. I believe that reflecting on this aspect of the ethnographic encounter along with communicating those reflections constitute a fundamental part of the learning exercise. The latter is precisely the purpose of the present article: communicating such reflections.
"If you give me some sexing, I might talk to you": researching the Senegalese beach-boys "at my side"
Authors: Venables Emilie
Published: April 2020

This paper examines some of the difficulties that I encountered during my doctoral fieldwork on aspirations of migration amongst young men and women in Senegal. I discuss how my fieldwork with the beach-boys of the Casamance often led to compromising situations that I had not experienced in other areas of my research. Using one interview in particular, I describe the discomfort and guilt I often felt during my fieldwork, and show how I felt torn between being loyal to myself, my work and my informants. I show how the time I spent carrying out research with the coteman led to conflict between myself and my other Senegalese friends, who disapproved of my research and the people with whom I spent my time. Rather than this paper being about my research findings, it is about the research process.
Is a happy anthropologist a good anthropologist?
Authors: Smith Katherine
Published: April 2020

The purposes of this paper are to introduce and contextualise my recent doctoral fieldwork research in Higher Blackley, North Manchester, England, and to discuss the difficulties in understanding and monitoring the fragmentation of the self in fieldwork (Coffey 1999:121). How do we deal, as ethical but also politically motivated human beings, with responses or actions which make us cringe, make us afraid, confused or unhappy? How do we reconcile our own moral, ethical and political perspectives with those of individuals who hold very different perspectives in the field? A Weberian tradition has legitimated research programmes that attempt to equate objectivity with an attitude of emotional disengagement, cognitive objectivity and moral indifference. When faced with anger, fear or depression, a sense of "passionate detachment" was often a desired state for me; however, it was a desire that proved to be part of the very fabric of fieldwork and a result of the "self" which I brought into the field. Through asking the question "Is a happy anthropologist a good anthropologist?" I will demonstrate that, in a rhetorical sense, this question opens up many avenues for elaboration and exploration, in attempts to better understand the world in which we may find ourselves during our fieldwork experiences.
The other side of fieldwork: experiences and challenges of conducting research in the border area of Rwanda/eastern Congo
Authors: Begley Larissa
Published: April 2020

This paper will explore various experiences and challenges  that have occurred during my ongoing fieldwork. Beginning in March 2008 and  continuing until October, fieldwork for this research has taken place in the  border region of Rwanda and the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC),  specifically in the cities of Cyangugu and Gisenyi, Rwanda, and to a lesser extent Goma and Bukavu, DRC. Most anthropologists in the field will experience  feelings of isolation and loneliness. However, the current conditions of this  region, which remains a conflict zone under tight government control, add another  dimension. This has contributed to further feelings of isolation, frustration,  fear, distrust, insecurity, and with no clear way to seek support for both the informants and the anthropologist. This paper will address these challenges and  the ways that they impact on the research process itself, as well as the  effects they have on the anthropologist.
Exploring and representing uncertainty: the demand to create order from chaos
Authors: Holdsworth Julia
Published: April 2020

Uncertainty, fear and the apparent contradictions of stagnation and rapid change are defining experiences of daily life for many of the poor and dispossessed in Donetsk, a post-industrial city in Eastern Ukraine. Throughout my fieldwork, exploring the ways in which people are coping with post-Soviet change, I struggled to make sense of people's lives recognizing that local people often say they are living 'non-sensical' lives. These tensions have remained during the process of writing up as I aim to create coherence without doing too much violence to local experiences and representations. Much has been written in recent years about the changing nature of anthropological fieldwork and writing, however as graduate students and young scholars we often find ourselves constrained in the ways we write. Raising questions of anthropological authority, representation and authenticity, this paper addresses the tensions I encountered through the demands of disciplinary orthodoxy, producing linear, ordered texts from disintegrated and fractured lives.
Stepping between different worlds: reflections before, during and after fieldwork
Authors: Bacchiddu Giovanna
Published: April 2020

Before beginning fieldwork, the anthropology student pictures herself in a totally different dimension: an 'indigenous' world in which she will be immersed for the whole fieldwork period: she does not know the native language, she has no idea of who she will meet or where she will spend most of her time. Then, the 'limbo' state ends and she finds herself suddenly active, even when she does nothing. To be doing fieldwork means to be constantly observed by other people as well as having to observe all around oneself. This paper explores issues I lived through and experienced before, during and after my fieldwork in southern Chile. It is a personal narrative of the contradictions that the fieldworker frequently has to face-especially when doing research in a region that has never been studied by anthropologists before. In it I discuss some of the most confusing episodes that occurred to me during my process of becoming familiar with the host culture. These events illustrate the difficulty of overcoming the 'innocence' typical of the inexperienced fieldworker and the impossibility of stepping outside one's own cultural expectations, despite months of serious professional training. Eventually the experience of fieldwork deeply transforms the fieldworker and her perceptions both of herself and the surrounding world. However, can we cope with the potentially dangerous underpinnings of adopting a different lifestyle for a long period of time? Fieldwork provides us with a chance (with all its emotional implications) to step from one world to another, and the feeling of belonging to both worlds-despite the enormous distance between them.
The politics of localization: controlling movement in the field
Authors: Keshodkar Akbar
Published: April 2020

Romantic notions of the field, as depicted in works such as those of Evans-Pritchard and Malinowski, where an anthropologist is able to set up a hut in the middle of a village, conceal the complexities encountered by researchers in attempts to localize themselves in the field. In the post-colonial, globalizing world today, the field is marked by various unequal power relationships. Reflecting on my fieldwork experience I shall examine how questions of race and ethnicity affect a researcher's ability to acquire various apprenticeships for understanding how 'things are done' (Jenkins 1994: 442) and effectively conduct fieldwork. I worked in the ethnically divided society of Zanzibar, where I was categorized as a local Asian and my ability to move through the social landscape was tied to my ethnic origins. Placed within such contested landscapes, where the researcher becomes a part of the politicized field, traditional training in fieldwork methodology proves useless. In such situations, the researcher is required to re-examine approaches to fieldwork and re-evaluate their position vis-à-vis the rest of the community. As ethnic/racial categories through which the locals classify the researcher dictate the nature of data collected, the paper will explore issues that a researcher must attempt to comprehend when placed in such a situation and discuss how questions of power are integral for negotiating one's position in such a politicized field.
The Polish political scene as seen from a small town market
Authors: Malewska-Szalygin Anna
Published: April 2020

This article presents the results of field research carried out in the spring of 2004 in the town of Nowy Targ (Podhale region, Poland), by the Institute of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Warsaw. The research was based on open-ended interviews-or rather long conversations-with the vendors in the market square, enabling us to observe the political scene from a particular point of view. They interviews brought out the perception of the authorities 'from below'. This perspective uncovered many aspects of politics that are normally hidden behind the legislative language of the Constitution or even behind the informative language of the mass media.
Gatherers of central Poland: a field study
Authors: Rakowski Tomasz
Published: April 2020

This paper concerns the way in which poor inhabitants of a rapidly industrialized terrain in central Poland gather and collect different sort of waste. Such phenomena as dwelling by using gathered scrap and any industrial waste serve as a field for an anthropological study. One the one hand the gathering is a certain strategy of surviving. On the other these collected things create a kind of a narrative - the objects anchor the gatherers experience, write down their biographies and reveal their relation to the local social and economic life.
In quest of Eastern Europe: troubling encounters in the post-Cold War field
Authors: Sideri Eleni
Published: April 2020

This paper examines various transformations regarding the categories of 'us' and 'them' that occurred during my year of fieldwork in Georgia (2003-2004). My research questions concerning the formation of a 'Greek diaspora' in Georgia through family memories and historiographical accounts led me to 'paradoxical' encounters, which seemed to challenge my perceptions of selfhood as well as my ideas about the political, historical and geographical topographies of Greece and Georgia. These troubling encounters seemed to drive me to a re-conceptualisation of both 'East' and 'West', not only as spatial and temporal/historical entities, but also as mutually constructed ideologies during the Cold War and post-Cold War period.
Emotional apprenticeships: reflection on the role of academic practice in the construction of 'the field'
Authors: Shrestha Celayne Heaton
Published: April 2020

This contribution is concerned with the 'emotional regime(s)' (e.g. Reddy 2002) of academic anthropology, and the processes and practices through which 'the field' continues to be constructed as an entity separate from everyday life. 'The field' has been the subject of considerable attention in recent years, as have the textual, social, and conceptual strategies of distanciation involved in its construction. The role of emotions and emotion work in this process, on the other hand, has generally been overlooked. In this article, I draw on my own changing emotions towards the subjects of research during my postgraduate training to show how particular feelings towards the subject of research were legitimised and their expression and sensation encouraged-while others were delegitimised and discouraged-through educational practices such as seminars. The article shows that the transformation in emotional tone (and experience) involved-not the suppression of emotion, as has often been argued in anthropological writings-but a change in emotional style. The paper argues that this change in emotional style-and the 'emotional regime' that supported it-contributed to the 'Othering' of the subjects of research, as well as recasting researcher and researched in a hierarchical relation to each other. Thus, the article suggests that emotional apprenticeship in the academic setting plays a key role in the enduring construction of 'the field' as involving distance and separation from personal areas of activity.
Encountering emotions in the field: an X marks the spot
Authors: Monchamp Anne
Published: April 2020

This paper will examine the role of emotions in fieldwork by discussing the dialogical nature of fieldwork as a research tool. It is argued that fieldwork is based on information gathered through relationships, and therefore the emotional elements of those associations are relevant to the ethnographic writing that is produced. Further this paper will address how acknowledging the role of emotions as a part of fieldwork and the overall ethnographic research process is important; however, simply recognizing that emotions are a part of fieldwork is possibly to underplay their potentially more catalytic role in the learning process in as much as it is often through our emotional reactions that we come to understand. "For the lay person, such as myself, the main evidence of a problem is the simple fact that ethnographic writing tends to be surprisingly boring. How, one asks constantly, could such interesting people doing such interesting things produce such dull books? What did they have to do to themselves?" (Pratt 1986:33)
Eye-glazing and the anthropology of religion: the positive and negative aspects of experiencing and not understanding an emotional phenomenon in religious studies research
Authors: Dutton Edward
Published: April 2020

This article will look at the phenomenon of 'eye-glazing' and the impact, both positive and negative, that this unsettling phenomenon, sometimes observed in religious studies research, has had on my own development as an anthropologist working with Evangelical groups. It will examine the experience of being unable to understand and structure a particular 'culture shock' in one's own research, focussing on eye-glazing, and will examine both the positive and negative consequences for the anthropologist from a personal perspective, placing its findings within the broader anthropological discussion. It will also aim to provide detailed descriptive examples of a fascinating phenomenon of which there has been relatively little discussion in the anthropology of religion.
Culture shock: negotiating feelings in the field
Authors: Irwin Rachel
Published: April 2020

Culture shock is the depression and anxiety experienced by many people when they travel or move to a new social and cultural setting. Although many anthropologist experience culture shock whilst in the field, this is a subject that is rarely discussed in the academic setting. This article explores the issue of culture shock and offers some thoughts on how to relieve it, drawing on the author's own experiences.
Hybrid Insulin Peptides Are Recognized by Human T Cells in the Context of DRB1*04:01
Authors: Arribas-Layton David , Guyer Perrin , Delong Thomas , Dang Mylinh , Chow I-Ting , Speake Cate , Greenbaum Carla J. , Kwok William W. , Baker Rocky L. , Haskins Kathryn , James Eddie A.
Published: April 2020

T cells isolated from the pancreatic infiltrates of nonobese diabetic mice have been shown to recognize epitopes formed by the covalent cross-linking of proinsulin and secretory granule peptides. Formation of such hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) was confirmed through mass spectrometry, and responses to HIPs were observed among the islet-infiltrating T cells of pancreatic organ donors and in the peripheral blood of individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, questions remain about the prevalence of HIP-specific T cells in humans, the sequences they recognize, and their role in disease. We identified six novel HIPs that are recognized in the context of DRB1*04:01, discovered by using a library of theoretical HIP sequences derived from insulin fragments covalently linked to one another or to fragments of secretory granule proteins or other islet-derived proteins. We demonstrate that T cells that recognize these HIPs are detectable in the peripheral blood of subjects with T1D and exhibit an effector memory phenotype. HIP-reactive T-cell clones produced Th1-associated cytokines and proliferated in response to human islet preparations. These results support the relevance of HIPs in human disease, further establishing a novel posttranslational modification that may contribute to the loss of peripheral tolerance in T1D.
Myo-inositol oxygenase (miox) overexpression drives the progression of renal tubulo-interstitial injury in diabetes
Authors: Admin Ada , Sharma Isha , Deng Fei , Liao Yingjun , Kanwar Yashpal S.
Published: April 2020

Conceivably, upregulation of myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) is associated
with altered cellular redox. Its promoter includes oxidant-response
elements, and we also discovered binding sites for XBP-1, a
transcription factor of ER stress response. Previous studies indicate
that MIOX’s upregulation in acute tubular injury is mediated by oxidant
and ER stress. Here, we investigated if hyperglycemia leads to
accentuation of oxidant and ER stress, while boosting each other’s
activities and thereby augmenting tubulo-interstitial injury/fibrosis.
We generated MIOX-overexpressing transgenic (MIOX-TG) and -knockout
(MIOX-KO) mice. A diabetic state was induced by streptozotocin
administration. Also, MIOX-KO were crossbred with Ins2Akita to generate
Ins2Akita/KO mice. MIOX-TG mice had worsening renal functions with
kidneys having increased oxidant/ER stress, as reflected by DCF/DHE
staining, perturbed NAD/NADH and GSH/GSSG ratios, increased NOX-4
expression, apoptosis and its executionary molecules, accentuation of
TGF-signaling, Smads and XBP-1 nuclear translocation, expression of
GRP78 and XBP1 (ER stress markers) and accelerated tubulo-interstitial
fibrosis. These changes were not seen in MIOX-KO mice. Interestingly,
such changes were remarkably reduced in Ins2Akita/KO mice, and likewise
in vitro experiments with XBP1-siRNA. These findings suggest that MIOX
expression accentuates while its deficiency shields kidneys from
tubulo-interstitial injury by dampening oxidant and ER stress, which
mutually enhance each other’s activity.
Metabolic factors, lifestyle habits, and possible polyneuropathy in early type 2 diabetes: A nationwide study of 5,249 patients in the Danish DD2 cohort
Authors: Christensen Diana H. , Knudsen Søren T. , Gylfadottir Sandra S. , Christensen Lotte B. , Nielsen Jens S. , Beck-Nielsen Henning , Sørensen Henrik T. , Andersen Henning , Callaghan Brian C. , Feldman Eva L. , Finnerup Nanna B. , Jensen Troels S. , Thomsen Reimar W.
Published: April 2020

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the association of metabolic and
lifestyle factors with possible diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) and neuropathic
pain in patients with early type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We thoroughly characterized 6,726 patients with recently
diagnosed diabetes. After a median of 2.8 years, we sent a detailed
questionnaire on neuropathy, including the Michigan Neuropathy Screening
Instrument questionnaire (MNSIq) to identify possible DPN (score ≥4) and the
Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions (DN4) questionnaire for possible associated
neuropathic pain (MNSIq ≥4 + pain in both feet + DN4-score ≥3).

RESULTS: Among 5,249 patients with data on both DPN and pain,
17.9% (n=938) had possible DPN, including 7.4% (n=386) with possible neuropathic
pain. In regression analyses, central obesity (waist circumference, waist-hip
ratio, and waist-height ratio) was markedly associated with DPN. Other important
metabolic factors associated with DPN included hypertriglyceridemia ≥1.7
mmol/L: adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 1.36 (1.17; 1.59), decreased HDL
cholesterol <1.0/1.2 mmol/L (male/female): aPR 1.35 (1.12; 1.62), high-sensitive
CRP ≥3.0 mg/L: aPR 1.66 (1.42; 1.94), C-peptide ≥1,550 pmol/L: aPR 1.72 (1.43; 2.07),
HbA1c ≥78 mmol/mol: aPR 1.42 (1.06; 1.88), and antihypertensive drug use: aPR
1.34 (1.16; 1.55). Smoking: aPR 1.50 (1.24; 1.81) and lack of physical activity
(0 vs ≥3 days/week): aPR 1.61 (1.39; 1.85) were also associated with DPN.
Smoking, high alcohol intake, and failure to increase activity after diabetes diagnosis
associated with neuropathic pain.

CONCLUSIONS:Possible DPN was associated with metabolic syndrome factors, insulin
resistance, inflammation, and modifiable lifestyle habits in early type 2
diabetes.
Efficacy and Safety of 1:1 Fixed Ratio Combination of Insulin Glargine/Lixisenatide (iGlarLixi) versus Lixisenatide in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled on Oral Antidiabetic Drugs: The LixiLan JP-O1 Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Watada Hirotaka , Takami Akane , Spranger Robert , Amano Atsushi , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Niemoeller Elisabeth
Published: April 2020

OBJECTIVE:
To assess the efficacy and safety of a 1:1 fixed ratio combination of insulin
glargine and lixisenatide (iGlarLixi) versus lixisenatide (Lixi) in
insulin-naïve Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately
controlled on oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs).

RESEARCH
DESIGN AND METHODS: In this phase 3, open-label, multicenter trial, 321
patients with HbA1c ≥7.5 to ≤10.0% (58 to 86 mmol/mol) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≤13.8 mmol/L (250
mg/dL) were randomized 1:1 to iGlarLixi or Lixi for 52 weeks. The primary end point
was change in HbA1c at week 26.

RESULTS:
Change in HbA1c from baseline to
week 26 was significantly greater with iGlarLixi (−1.58% [−17.3 mmol/mol]) than with Lixi (−0.51% [−5.6 mmol/mol]), confirming
the superiority of iGlarLixi; least squares [LS] mean difference −1.07% [−11.7
mmol/mol], P < 0.0001). At week 26, significantly greater proportions
of patients treated with iGlarLixi reached HbA1c <7% (53 mmol/mol; 65.2% vs. 19.4%; P < 0.0001)
and FPG reductions were greater with iGlarLixi than Lixi (LS mean difference −2.29
mmol/L [−41.23 mg/dL], P < 0.0001). Incidence of documented
symptomatic hypoglycemia (≤3.9 mmol/L [70 mg/dL]) was higher with iGlarLixi
(13.0% vs. 2.5%) through week 26, with no severe hypoglycemic events in either
group. Incidence of gastrointestinal events through week 52 was lower with
iGlarLixi (36.0% vs. 50.0%); rates of treatment-emergent adverse events were
similar.

CONCLUSIONS:
This phase 3 study demonstrated
superior glycemic control and fewer gastrointestinal adverse events with
iGlarLixi than with Lixi, which may support it as a new treatment option for Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes
inadequately controlled on OADs.
Dietary manganese, plasma markers of inflammation, and the development of type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women: findings from the Women’s Health Initiative
Authors: Gong Jung Ho , Lo Kenneth , Liu Qing , Li Jie , Lai Shuiqing , Shadyab Aladdin H. , Arcan Chrisa , Snetselaar Linda , Liu Simin
Published: April 2020

Objective: To
examine the association between manganese intake and the risk of type 2
diabetes in postmenopausal women and determine whether this association is
mediated by circulating markers of inflammation.

Research Design and
Methods: We included 84,285 postmenopausal women without history of
diabetes from the national Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study
(WHI-OS). Replication analysis was then conducted among 62,338 women
participated in the WHI-Clinical Trial (WHI-CT). Additionally, data from a
case-control study of 3,749 women nested in the WHI-OS with information on
biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction were examined using
mediation analysis to determine the relative contributions of these known
biomarkers by which manganese affect T2D risk.

Results: Compared with the lowest quintile of
energy-adjusted dietary manganese, WHI-OS participants in the highest quintile
had a 30% lower risk of type 2 diabetes
(hazards ratio [HR] 0.70 [95% CI 0.65, 0.76]). A consistent association was
also confirmed in the WHI-CT (HR
0.79 [95% CI 0.73, 0.85]). In the
nested case-control study, higher energy-adjusted dietary manganese was
associated with lower circulating levels of inflammatory biomarkers that
significantly mediated the association between dietary manganese and type 2
diabetes risk. Specifically, 19% and 12% of type 2 diabetes risk due to
manganese were mediated through interleukin 6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive
protein, respectively.

Conclusions: Higher
intake of manganese was directly associated with a lower type 2 diabetes risk
independent of known risk factors. This association may be partially mediated
by inflammatory biomarkers.
Elektro Erozyonla Tornalama Yöntemiyle İşlenen Soğuk İş Takım Çeliğinin Yorulma Ömrünün Tahmini
Authors: CAKIROGLU Ramazan , GÜNAY Mustafa
Published: April 2020

Bu çalışmada, elektro erozyon ile tornalamada (EET) işleme parametrelerinin yüzey bütünlüğü ve işlenmiş parçanın yorulma ömrüne etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İlk olarak, iş parçasının dönmesini sağlamak amacıyla bir mekanizma tasarlanarak imal edilmiştir. EET deneyleri, AISI L2 takım çeliği üzerinde üçer farklı boşalım akımı, vurum süresi ve bekleme süresi ile sabit devir sayısı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Deneyler, L9 dikey dizisine göre yapılmış olup, işleme performans çıktıları olarak Rz, Sm ve sertlik değerleri ölçülmüştür. Son olarak, √area modeli uygulanarak işlenen parçaların yorulma ömrü tahmin edilmiş ve işleme parametrelerine göre teorik yorulma ömrünün değişimi araştırılmıştır. Deneysel sonuçlara göre, boşalım akımı ve vurum süresinin artmasıyla Rz ve Sm parametrelerinde bir artış belirlenmiştir. En düşük Rz ve Sm değerleri 3 A boşalım akımı, 3µs vurum süresi ve 5 µs bekleme süresinde elde edilmiştir. Taguchi analizine göre optimum teorik yorulma gerilmesi A1Ton1Toff3 deney dizisinde işlenen parça için √area modeli ile 643.932 MPa olarak hesaplanmıştır.
New stabilizer Cellulose Nano Rods-Zinc Oxide (CNR-ZnO) material for nanocomposite synthesis and anti-bacterial applications
Authors: Aziz Wisam Jafer , Hussain Randa Kamel , Ibraheem Ibraheem Abbas
Published: April 2020

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods were fabricated using Cellulose Nano Rods (CNR) as a new stabilizer material. Synthesized of ZnO-CNR nanocomposites, with a molar ratio of ZnO to CNR (1/2g) were prepared in distilled water. The nanocomposites were distinguished using X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), and Field Emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) techniques. XRD data were showed, the ZnO nanorods with a hexagonal wurtzite structure such readily scattered inside CNR with an average size 20-40 nm. (FESEM) images showed the homogenous morphology of Zinc oxide rods. The optimum ratio of ZnO-CNR was selected to be the tiny size of the ZnO nanorods that yielded a good stabilizer material and antibacterial activity. The ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectrum of the ZnO-CNR nanocomposites appeared absorption peaks in the ultraviolet region at (350-360 nm) wavelength attributes with the energy gap of (3.41 eV) of ZnO-CNR. The antibacterial activities of samples have been investigated against the Gram-positive (pneumonia) and gram-negative (pseudomonas). The maximum antibacterial activities against the Gram-positive (pneumonia) of ZnO nanorods and of ZnO- cellulose nanorods are 16 mm and 22 mm respectively. The optimum anti-bacterial activities versus the Gram-negative (pseudomonas) of zinc oxide nanorods and zinc oxide- cellulose nanorods are 17 mm and 19 mm respectively. The optimum anti-bacterial activities versus the Gram-negative (pseudomonas) of zinc oxide nanosheet and of zinc oxide- cellulose nanorods are 17 mm and 22 mm.
Stopping Power and Partial Stopping Power Effective Charge in The Plasma
Authors: Al-Abdallah Maryam Yahya , Ahmed Baida M. , Ahmed Khalid A.
Published: April 2020

The energy losses of ions moving in an electron gas can be studied through the stopping power of the medium. A large number of calculations of the stopping power of ions and electrons in plasmas have been carried out using the random phase approximation (RPA) in the dielectric formalism, for low and high energies. Then we calculated the partial stopping power effective charge (PSPEC) from the energy loss of an incident proton, Ar-ion, and He-ion in target plasma. The Brandt-Kitagawa (BK) model is used to describe the projectile charge fraction (q) and calculate the stopping power and PSPEC, which depends on temperature and electron density ρ(k) of the plasma. This is a topic of relevance to understanding the beam-target interaction in the contexts of particle driven fusion. The presented study is formulated in terms of classical dielectric functions. The programming language Fortran - 90 was used for a required calculation. In the present work, three systems of plasma (Z-pinch, Tokamak, ICF) for different temperatures and densities were covered. Additionally, a comparison has been done with the previous work of plasma.
weakly supplement extending modules
Authors: Al-Saadi Saad A. , Musa Aya adnan
Published: April 2020

In this paper, the extending property of modules is generalized by using weakly supplement submodules. We call a module M is weakly supplement extending if each submodule of M is essential in a weakly supplement submodule of M. Many characterization of weakly supplement extending module are obtained, we show that M is weakly supplement extending if and only if each closed submodule is weakly supplementing submodule of M. Moreover, we study the relation of weakly supplement extending module and among other known classes of the module such as lifting module, weakly supplemented module, supplement extending module and others. Also, we study conditions under it a direct sum of weakly supplement extending module is weakly supplement extending.