bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capability of social life cycle assessment for analyzing the artisanal small-scale gold mining sector—case study in the Amazonian rainforest in Brazil
Authors: Springer Sally K. , Peregovich Bernhard G. , Schmidt Mario
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Gold extraction in the Amazonian rainforest is accompanied by ecological threats and social grievances, but at the same time, the artisanal small-scale gold mining sector (ASGM) provides a livelihood for many people. To address this tradeoff, this paper analyzed the social aspects and their possible relations by conducting a case study based on a Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA). This study seeks to determine whether SLCA is capable of reflecting the sector.

Method

A literature-based guideline was used for collecting primary data during several field trips to the Tapajós Region in Brazil. This research instrument constituted the basis for information-oriented interviews and on-site observations. The SLCA categories used in this study were based on the United Nations Environment Programme and the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (UNEP/SETAC) guidelines and the categories in the Fairmined Standard. In addition, secondary data obtained from the literature were used to provide insights into the sector. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis with both deductive and inductive approaches.

Results and discussion

This study described the social aspects of the ASGM sector in the Tapajós Region, including the absence of the state, the illegality and informality of mining operations, the remote and rural area, and the organizational structure. In addition, the extraction methods, poor working conditions, and difficult living conditions were considered. Certain characteristics of the industry like unstable payments, worker movements, and low education levels were recognized, and thus, the relations among the social categories and rebound effects were identified. Several issues were proven to be key factors: unstable payments, autonomy, and the rebound effects of excavators. Complex relations among social issues but also towards ecological and economic issues do exist. The suitability of using the SLCA to reflect the ASGM sector was tested on this basis.

Conclusion

In some respects, the SLCA had limitations, e.g., due to the nonlinear relation between working hours and the amount of extracted gold. The impacts of technology depend on the underlying definition that is used. The current lack of cause-effect models impedes the assessment of an overall picture that considers the relations among the social aspects and other elements of sustainability. A holistic view must be applied if ecological problems are to be solved.
Investigation of Structural Transformations During the Manufacturing of Expanded Snacks for Reformulation Purposes
Authors: van der Sman R. G. M. , Williams J. , Bows J. R.
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we investigate the functionality of potato-based ingredients present in indirectly expanded snacks via careful analysis of their transformation during processing. This research is driven by the desire of industry to develop similar snacks for upcoming markets, where the potato-based ingredients are replaced by other starch sources, which are locally available and at a lower cost. For a range of reformulated snacks, the transformations of starchy ingredients are analysed with a wide variety of experimental methods, like DSC, XRD, and XRT. Our analysis shows that ingredients undergo little transformations during extrusion, which is indeed intended to be mild. During frying native tuber starches (potato and tapioca starch) fully gelatinize, while cereal starches show little gelatinization and swelling. Despite the gelatinization of tuber starches, the particulate character of ingredients is retained. Replacement of pregelatinized potato starch with other starches shows little change in structure. The evolution of the structure of the reformulated snacks are analysed with the CDS formalism. We conclude that gel formers and hard fillers present in the analysed formulations had little functionality regarding texture or structure. For texture, it appears to be required that the matrix composes of a bicontinuous structure of soft fillers, namely gelatinized tuber starches and potato dehydrates. Both these ingredients can be replaced by other tuber-starch sources if the aggregation of the two soft fillers can be prevented. Commercial availability of tuber flours can still be an issue.
Detection of vertebral fracture in an acute hospital setting: an intervention to reduce future fracture risk through fracture liaison service intervention?
Authors: Toal Michael , McLoughlin Connor , Pierce Nicole , Moss Julie , English Sarah , Lindsay John R
Published: October 2020

Summary

We introduced a standardised reporting system in the radiology department to highlight vertebral fractures and to signpost fracture prevention services. Our quality improvement project achieved improved fracture reporting, access to the FLS service, bone density assessment and anti-fracture treatment.

Purpose

Identification of vertebral fragility fractures (VF) provides an opportunity to identify individuals at high risk who might benefit from secondary fracture prevention. We sought to standardise VF reporting and to signpost fracture prevention services. Our aim was to improve rates of VF detection and access to our fracture liaison service (FLS).

Methods

We introduced a standardised reporting tool within the radiology department to flag VFs with signposting for referral for bone densitometry (DXA) and osteoporosis assessment in line with Royal Osteoporosis Society guidelines. We monitored uptake of VF reporting during a quality improvement phase and case identification within the FLS service.

Results

Recruitment of individuals with VF to the FLS service increased from a baseline of 63 cases in 2017 (6%) to 95 (8%) in 2018 and 157 (8%) in 2019 and to 102 (12%) in the first 6 months of 2020 (p = 0.001). One hundred fifty-three patients with VFs were identified during the QI period (56 males; 97 females). Use of the terminology ‘fracture’ increased to 100% (mean age 70 years; SD 13) in computed tomography (n = 110), plain X-ray (n = 37) or magnetic resonance imaging (n = 6) reports within the cohort. Signposting to DXA and osteoporosis assessment was included in all reports (100%). DXA was arranged for 103/153; 12 failed to attend. Diagnostic categories were osteoporosis (31%), osteopenia (36%) or normal bone density (33%). A new prescription for bone protection therapy was issued in 63/153. Twelve of the series died during follow-up.

Conclusions

Standardisation of radiology reporting systems facilitates reporting of prevalent vertebral fractures and supports secondary fracture prevention strategies.
The correlation between white matter integrity and pragmatic language processing in first episode schizophrenia
Authors: Pawełczyk Agnieszka , Łojek Emila , Żurner Natalia , Gawłowska-Sawosz Marta , Gębski Piotr , Pawełczyk Tomasz
Published: October 2020

Objective: Higher-order language disturbances could be the result of white matter tract abnormalities. The study explores the relationship between white matter and pragmatic skills in first-episode schizophrenia.Methods:Thirty-four first-episode patients with schizophrenia and 32 healthy subjects participated in a pragmatic language and Diffusion Tensor Imaging study, where fractional anisotropy of the arcuate fasciculus, corpus callosum and cingulum was correlated with the Polish version of the Right Hemisphere Language Battery.Results:The patients showed reduced fractional anisotropy in the right arcuate fasciculus, left anterior cingulum bundle and left forceps minor. Among the first episode patients, reduced understanding of written metaphors correlated with reduced fractional anisotropy of left forceps minor, and greater explanation of written and picture metaphors correlated with reduced fractional anisotropy of the left anterior cingulum.Conclusions: The white matter dysfunctions may underlie the pragmatic language impairment in schizophrenia. Our results shed further light on the functional neuroanatomical basis of pragmatic language use by patients with schizophrenia.
Intense remodeling of extracellular matrix within the varicose vein: the role of gelatinases and vascular endothelial growth factor
Authors: Horecka Anna , Hordyjewska Anna , Biernacka Jadwiga , Dąbrowski Wojciech , Zubilewicz Tomasz , Malec Agnieszka , Musik Irena , Kurzepa Jacek
Published: October 2020

Background

Increased blood pressure in the varicose veins (VV) can contribute to the overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), affecting the endothelium, smooth muscle, and extracellular matrix of the vein wall. Gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), hypoxia, and inflammation occurring in the VV wall contribute to the increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Aims

Our objective was to analyze the concentration of gelatinases and VEGF in the great saphenous VV wall and plasma of patients.

Methods

In total, 65 patients (2nd degree according to clinical state classification, etiology, anatomy, and pathophysiology—CEAP classification) aged 22 to 70 were enrolled. Control veins (n = 10) were collected from the patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Control plasma (n = 20) was obtained from healthy individuals. Gelatinases and VEGF levels were measured with the usage of ELISA method.

Results

A significant increase in MMP-9 (11.2 vs. 9.98 ng/mg of protein) and VEGF (41.06 vs. 26 ng/g of protein) concentration in VV wall compared with control veins was observed. A positive correlation between VEGF versus MMP-2 (p = 0.03, r = 0.27) was found in the VV wall. However, no correlation was found between the concentration of VEGF and MMP-9 (p = 0.4, r = 0.11) in the VV wall. In addition, no statistical differences between MMP-9, MMP-2, and VEGF levels in plasma of VV patients compared with controls were noticed.

Conclusions

The results of the present study confirm that VV’s patients have altered expression of MMPs and VEGF. Overexpression of MMP-9 and VEGF in the VV wall may contribute to the spreading of inflammatory process and suggests the intense remodeling of extracellular tissue within the VV wall.
Diagnosis and Management of Lymphatic Disorders in Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Kelly Benjamin , Mohanakumar Sheyanth , Hjortdal Vibeke Elisabeth
Published: October 2020

Purpose of Review

Lymphatic disorders have received an increasing amount of attention over the last decade. Sparked primarily by improved imaging modalities and the dawn of lymphatic interventions, understanding, diagnostics, and treatment of lymphatic complications have undergone considerable improvements. Thus, the current review aims to summarize understanding, diagnostics, and treatment of lymphatic complications in individuals with congenital heart disease.

Recent Findings

The altered hemodynamics of individuals with congenital heart disease has been found to profoundly affect morphology and function of the lymphatic system, rendering this population especially prone to the development of lymphatic complications such as chylous and serous effusions, protein-losing enteropathy and plastic bronchitis.

Although improved, a full understanding of the pathophysiology and targeted treatment for lymphatic complications is still wanting. Future research into pharmacological improvement of lymphatic function and continued implementation of lymphatic imaging and interventions may improve knowledge, treatment options, and outcome for affected individuals.
Cardiac Tumors: Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment
Authors: Bussani Rossana , Castrichini Matteo , Restivo Luca , Fabris Enrico , Porcari Aldostefano , Ferro Federico , Pivetta Alberto , Korcova Renata , Cappelletto Chiara , Manca Paolo , Nuzzi Vincenzo , Bessi Riccardo , Pagura Linda , Massa Laura , Sinagra Gianfranco
Published: October 2020

Purpose of Review

Cardiac masses frequently present significant diagnostic and therapeutic clinical challenges and encompass a broad set of lesions that can be either neoplastic or non-neoplastic. We sought to provide an overview of cardiac tumors using a cardiac chamber prevalence approach and providing epidemiology, imaging, histopathology, diagnostic workup, treatment, and prognoses of cardiac tumors.

Recent Findings

Cardiac tumors are rare but remain an important component of cardio-oncology practice. Over the past decade, the advances in imaging techniques have enabled a noninvasive diagnosis in many cases. Indeed, imaging modalities such as cardiac magnetic resonance, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography are important tools for diagnosing and characterizing the lesions. Although an epidemiological and multimodality imaging approach is useful, the definite diagnosis requires histologic examination in challenging scenarios, and histopathological characterization remains the diagnostic gold standard.

A comprehensive clinical and multimodality imaging evaluation of cardiac tumors is fundamental to obtain a proper differential diagnosis, but histopathology is necessary to reach the final diagnosis and subsequent clinical management.
Clinical Implications of the Genetic Architecture of Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Wilsbacher Lisa D.
Published: October 2020

Purpose of Review

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) frequently involves an underlying genetic etiology, but the clinical approach for genetic diagnosis and application of results in clinical practice can be complex.

Recent Findings

International sequence databases described the landscape of genetic variability across populations, which informed guidelines for the interpretation of DCM gene variants. New evidence indicates that loss-of-function mutations in filamin C (FLNC) contribute to DCM and portend high risk of ventricular arrhythmia.

A clinical framework aids in referring patients for DCM genetic testing and applying results to patient care. Results of genetic testing can change medical management, particularly in a subset of genes that increase risk for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, and can influence decisions for defibrillator therapy. Clinical screening and cascade genetic testing of family members should be diligently pursued to identify those at risk of developing DCM.
Experimental Characterization of Weightlessness During Glider Parabolic Flights
Authors: Caprace Denis-Gabriel , Gontier Camille , Iranmanesh Mohammad , Scoubeau Mehdi , Pletser Vladimir
Published: October 2020

Access to earthbound weightlessness is critical to many branches of applied sciences. Besides, several space systems require microgravity testing before their launch. Existing solutions (drop towers, parabolic flights, sounding rockets) offer variable durations and qualities of microgravity environment, but their cost and lead times make them unpractical for small actors such as universities or start-up companies. This leads to a growing interest for alternative microgravity platforms. Here, we study the use of gliders to perform parabolic flights at a lower cost, and we propose a systematic quantification of glider’s 0-g flight capabilities. Results of our flight test campaign show that gliders offer up to 5.5s of weightlessness, with excursions below 0.1g, and a satisfactory level of repeatability. Besides, the recordings do not suffer from the increased level of vibrations generated by piston engines, typical of light-aircraft-based alternatives. Operational considerations associated with glider parabolic flights are also discussed. Finally, we conclude that a microgravity platform based on gliders would be suitable especially for compact experiments and equipment in order to support accelerated design and development, or to produce preliminary experimental results.
Small-scale biogas facilities to enhance nutrient flows in rural Africa—relevance, acceptance, and implementation challenges in Ethiopia
Authors: Schoeber Mia , Rahmann Gerold , Freyer Bernhard
Published: October 2020

On smallholder farms in Ethiopia, livestock manure and organic residues are traditionally removed from fields for construction, feed, and fuel purposes, while the remainder stays in the field as feed or fertilizer. Burning and removing organic matter without replacing it leads to valuable losses of on-farm nutrients and soil carbon, which could otherwise be used to fertilize crops. Instead, resources need to be used efficiently by reducing and recycling organic residues and forming a closed production system. Competition between applications can be eliminated by bio-methanation using a biodigester. There, organic residues are transformed to biogas utilized for light and cooking and bioslurry, a nutritious organic fertilizer and source of organic matter. Through capturing nutrients in agricultural by-products, nutrients become available to the food system again. Literature review has been supplemented with empirical evidence from a study carried out in the central Ethiopian Highlands on 47 smallholder farms, to provide a baseline for further improvements on the management of biogas technology. The study identifies a series of inadequate handling practices and thus a significant potential to optimize the farming system around a biodigester. It is recommended to include forage legumes in the farm system to enhance on-farm available nutrients that can be recycled through a biodigester. It is further necessary to involve the private sector in biodigester programs, to improve local availability of materials, which are suitable to the local culture and traditions. Space for knowledge exchange between farmers and advisors like demonstration farms can further improve bioslurry management. Although challenges remain, the integration of a biodigester should be encouraged as it fulfills the production of energy and a nutritious and economic fertilizer without additional resources, resulting in a win-win situation for the farmer.
An experimental study on high-pressure water jets for paraffin scale removal in partially blocked production tubings
Authors: Yar’Adua Kabir H. , John Idoko J. , Abbas Abubakar J. , Lawal Kazeem A. , Kabir Aisha
Published: October 2020

The common practice of using chemicals and solid-entrained liquids to remove soft scales in production tubings is associated with a high risk of contaminating the environment and eroding pipe internal surfaces. Due to the suspended solids, the current practices are also characterized by high pumping costs and are more problematic to rotating parts of machinery than freshwater. As a cheap and less risky alternative to these corrosive chemicals and liquids, this paper investigates the feasibility of utilizing multiple high-pressure (HP) water jets for the same objective. A total of 54 experimental trials were conducted to study the effects of four factors on the efficiency of scale removal with multiple flat-fan nozzles at an orientation of 25°. The factors investigated are (1) number of nozzles; (2) spray injection pressure; (3) stand-off distance between the spray nozzle and target scale; and (4) condition of the production tubing: ambient and pressurized. Details of the experimental set-up, equipment and procedure are provided. The results of these controlled experiments show a positive correlation between descaling efficiency and spray injection pressure. The same set of experiments reveals a negative correlation between descaling efficiency and nozzle count, as well as between descaling efficiency and spray stand-off. However, for the scale samples and range of parameters investigated in this study, descaling efficiency did not exhibit significant dependency on the chamber conditions, i.e. ambient versus pressurized. The results of this study provide some insights into the feasibility of multiple HP water jets as a cleaner alternative to the use of corrosive chemicals and solid-entrained liquids to remove soft scales in production tubings in oil fields and other applications.
Formation evaluation and reservoir characteristics of the Messinian Abu Madi sandstones in Faraskour Gas Field, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt
Authors: Leila Mahmoud , Eslam Ali , El-Magd Asmaa Abu , Alwaan Lobna , Elgendy Ahmed
Published: October 2020

The Messinian Abu Madi Formation represents the most prospective reservoir target in the Nile Delta. Hydrocarbon exploration endeavors in Nile Delta over the last few decades highlighted some uncertainties related to the predictability and distribution of the Abu Madi best reservoir quality facies. Therefore, this study aims at delineating the factors controlling the petrophysical heterogeneity of the Abu Madi reservoir facies in Faraskour Field, northeastern onshore part of the Nile Delta. This work provides the very first investigation on the reservoir properties of Abu Madi succession outside the main canyon system. In the study area, Abu Madi reservoir is subdivided into two sandstone units (lower fluvial and upper estuarine). Compositionally, quartzose sandstones (quartz > 65%) are more common in the fluvial unit, whereas the estuarine sandstones are often argillaceous (clays > 15%) and glauconitic (glauconite > 10%). The sandstones were classified into four reservoir rock types (RRTI, RRTII, RRTIII, and RRTIV) having different petrophysical characteristics and fluid flow properties. RRTI hosts the quartzose sandstones characterized by mega pore spaces (R35 > 45 µm) and a very well-connected, isotropic pore system. On the other side, RRTIV constitutes the lowest reservoir quality argillaceous sandstones containing meso- and micro-sized pores (R35 > 5 µm) and a pore system dominated by dead ends. Irreducible water saturation increases steadily from RRTI (Swir ~ 5%) to RRTIV (Swir > 20%). Additionally, the gas–water two-phase co-flowing characteristics decrease significantly from RRTI to RRTIV facies. The gaseous hydrocarbons will be able to flow in RRTI facies even at water saturation values exceeding 90%. On the other side, the gas will not be able to displace water in RRTIV sandstones even at water saturation values as low as 40%. Similarly, the influence of confining pressure on porosity and permeability destruction significantly increases from RRTI to RRTIV. Accordingly, RRTI facies are the best reservoir targets and have high potentiality for primary porosity preservation.
Investigation of biomass components on the slow pyrolysis products yield using Aspen Plus for techno-economic analysis
Authors: Shahbaz Muhammad , AlNouss Ahmed , Parthasarathy Prakash , Abdelaal Ali H. , Mackey Hamish , McKay Gordon , Al-Ansari Tareq
Published: October 2020

Prior information on the pyrolysis product behaviour of biomass components-cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin is critical in the selection of feedstock as components have a significant influence on the pyrolysis products yield. In this study, the effect of biomass components on the yield of slow pyrolysis products (char, bio-oil and syngas) is investigated using a validated ASPEN Plus® model. The model is simulated at a temperature of 450 °C, a heating rate of 10 °C/min and a solid residence time of 30 min. The results indicated that at the given conditions, lignin contributed 2.4 and 2.5 times more char yield than cellulose and hemicellulose. The hemicellulose contributed 1.33 times more syngas yield than lignin while the cellulose and hemicellulose contributed 8.67 times more bio-oil yield than lignin. Moreover, the cost involved in the production of char using lignin (110 $/ton) is significantly economical than using cellulose (285 $/ton) and hemicellulose (296 $/ton). The net CO2emission of lignin pyrolysis is 4.14 times lower than cellulose pyrolysis and 3.94 times lower than hemicellulose pyrolysis. It can be concluded that lignin pyrolysis is more advantageous than cellulose and hemicellulose pyrolysis. In the selection of feedstock for the slow pyrolysis, the feedstock with more lignin content is preferred.

Graphical abstract
Implementation of a frailty screening programme and Geriatric Assessment Service in a nephrology centre: a quality improvement project
Authors: Nixon Andrew C. , Brown Julie , Brotherton Ailsa , Harrison Mark , Todd Judith , Brannigan Dawn , Ashcroft Quinta , So Beng , Pendleton Neil , Ebah Leonard , Mitra Sandip , Dhaygude Ajay P. , Brady Mark E.
Published: October 2020

Introduction

The aims of this quality improvement project were to: (1) proactively identify people living with frailty and CKD; (2) introduce a practical assessment, using the principles of the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), for people living with frailty and chronic kidney disease (CKD) able to identify problems; and (3) introduce person-centred management plans for people living with frailty and CKD.

Methods

A frailty screening programme, using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), was introduced in September 2018. A Geriatric Assessment (GA) was offered to patients with CFS ≥ 5 and non-dialysis- or dialysis-dependent CKD. Renal Frailty Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) meetings were established to discuss needs identified and implement a person-centred management plan.

Results

A total of 450 outpatients were screened using the CFS. One hundred and fifty patients (33%) were screened as frail. Each point increase in the CFS score was independently associated with a hospitalisation hazard ratio of 1.35 (95% CI 1.20–1.53) and a mortality hazard ratio of 2.15 (95% CI 1.63–2.85). Thirty-five patients received a GA and were discussed at a MDT meeting. Patients experienced a median of 5.0 (IQR 3.0) problems, with 34 (97%) patients experiencing at least three problems.

Conclusions

This quality improvement project details an approach to the implementation of a frailty screening programme and GA service within a nephrology centre. Patients living with frailty and CKD at risk of adverse outcomes can be identified using the CFS. Furthermore, a GA can be used to identify problems and implement a person-centred management plan that aims to improve outcomes for this vulnerable group of patients.
The Use of Science in Wildland Fire Management: a Review of Barriers and Facilitators
Authors: Hunter Molly E , Colavito Melanie M , Wright Vita
Published: October 2020

Purpose of Review

Science plays a critical role in natural resource management, and the use of science in decision-making is mandated by several policy initiatives. Other disciplines have documented the challenges associated with applying science to management and possible solutions to overcoming challenges, but the evaluation of science use in wildland fire management is relatively immature. In this paper, we reviewed the available literature that evaluates science use in wildland fire management and common barriers and facilitators to science use in decision-making.

Recent Findings

We developed a conceptual model that describes the possible uses of science in fire management (perception, planning, forecasting, implementation, assessment, communication, and policy), common barriers to science use (lack of science, uncertainty, funding/capacity, conflict), common facilitators to fire science use (collaboration, trust, boundary organizations, co-production), and factors that can act as facilitators or barriers to science use depending on their presence or absence (awareness, accessibility, relevance). In the context of our conceptual model, we reviewed 67 papers that examined fire science use between 1986 and 2019.

Most studies were conducted in the USA in the last 10 years and demonstrated that science is commonly used in fire management and that the maturation of organizations devoted to science translation and communication in the last 10 years has likely facilitated the application of fire science. The evaluation of fire science use, however, is still relatively immature, with studies needed on the use of fire science in countries outside the USA, the use of science in the management of wildfires, and in the crafting of policy related to wildland fire management.
An ILM-cosine transform-based improved approach to image encryption
Authors: Dua Mohit , Suthar Arun , Garg Arpit , Garg Vaibhav
Published: October 2020

The chaos-based cryptography techniques are used widely to protect digital information from intruders. The chaotic systems have some of special features that make them suitable for the purpose of encryption. These systems are highly unpredictable and are highly sensitive or responsive to the initial conditions, also known as butterfly effect. This sensitive dependence on initial conditions make these systems to exhibit an intricate dynamical behaviour. However, this dynamical behaviour is not much complex in simple one-dimensional chaotic maps. Hence, it becomes easy for an intruder to predict the contents of the message being sent. The proposed work in this paper introduces an improved method for encrypting images, which uses cosine transformation of 3-D Intertwining Logistic Map (ILM). The proposed approach has been split into three major parts. In the first part, Secure Hash Function-256 (SHA-256) is used with cosine transformed ILM (CT-ILM) to generate the chaotic sequence. This chaotic sequence is used by high-efficiency scrambling to reduce the correlations between the adjacent pixels of the image. In the second part, the image is rotated to move all the pixels away from their original position. In the third part, random order substitution is applied to change the value of image pixels. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been tested on a number of standard parameters such as correlation coefficient, Entropy and Unified average change in intensity. The proposed approach has also been tested for decryption parameters like mean square error and peak signal to noise ratio. It can easily be observed from the obtained results that the proposed method of image encryption is more secure and time efficient than some earlier proposed techniques. The approach works for both color and grey scale images.
Analysis of Functionally Graded Timoshenko Beams by Using Peridynamics
Authors: Yang Zhenghao , Oterkus Erkan , Oterkus Selda
Published: October 2020

In this study, a new peridynamic formulation is presented for functionally graded Timoshenko beams. The governing equations of the peridynamic formulation are obtained by utilising Euler-Lagrange equation and Taylor’s expansion. The proposed formulation is validated by considering a Timoshenko beam subjected to different boundary conditions including pinned support-roller support, clamped-roller support and clamped-free boundary conditions. Results from peridynamics are compared against finite element analysis results. A very good agreement is obtained for transverse displacements, rotations and axial displacements along the beam.
Characterization of the microstructure, microsegregation, and phase composition of ex-situ Fe–Ni–Cr–Al–Mo–TiCp composites fabricated by three-dimensional plasma metal deposition on 10CrMo9–10 steel
Authors: Rakoczy Łukasz , Hoefer Kevin , Grudzień-Rakoczy Małgorzata , Rutkowski Bogdan , Goły Marcin , Auerbach Torsten , Cygan Rafał , Abstoss Kevin Gordon , Zielińska-Lipiec Anna , Mayr Peter
Published: October 2020

Quaternary powder mixtures yNi–20Cr–1.5Al–xTiCp (y = 78.5, 73.5, 68.5; x = 0, 5, 10) were deposited on ferritic 10CrMo9–10 steel to form on plates ex-situ composite coatings with austenitic-based matrix. Plasma deposition was carried out with various parameters to obtain eight variants. The microstructure, chemical composition, phase constitution, phase transformation temperatures, and microhardness of the two reference TiCp-free coatings and six ex-situ composites were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermodynamic simulation, and Vickers microhardness measurements. All composites had an austenite matrix with lattice parameter a = 3.5891–3.6062 Å, calculated according to the Nelson–Riley extrapolation. Microstructural observations revealed irregular distribution of TiCp in the composites. Large particles generally occurred near the external surface due to the acting buoyancy effect, whereas in the interior smaller particles, with an equivalent radius around 0.2–0.6 μm, were present. Due to initial differences in the chemical composition of powder mixtures and also subsequent intensive mixing with the low-alloy steel in the liquid pool, the matrix of the composites was characterized by various chemical compositions with a dominating iron concentration. Interaction of TiCp with matrix during deposition led to the formation of nano-precipitates of M23C6 carbides at the interfaces. Based on the ThermoCalc simulation, the highest solidus and liquidus temperatures of the matrix were calculated to be for the composite fabricated by deposition of 73.5Ni–20Cr–1.5Al–5TiCp powder mixture at I = 130 A. The mean microhardness of the TiCp-free coatings was in the range 138–146 μHV0.1, whereas composites had hardnesses at least 50% higher, depending on the initial content of TiCp.
Disparities in the enrollment to systemic therapy and survival for patients with multiple myeloma ☆
Authors: Jayakrishnan Thejus T. , Bakalov Veli , Chahine Zena , Lister John , Wegner Rodney E. , Sadashiv Santhosh
Published: October 2020

Background:

Disparities driven by socioeconomic factors have been shown to impact outcomes for cancer patients. We sought to explore this relationship among patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who were not considered for hematopoietic stem cell transplant in the first-line setting and how it varied over time.

Methods:

We queried the National Cancer Database for patients diagnosed with MM between 2004 and 2016 and included only those who received systemic therapy as the first-line treatment. Enrollment rates for therapy were calculated as receipt of systemic therapy as the incident event of interest (numerator) over time to initiation of therapy (denominator) and used to calculate incident rate ratios that were further analyzed using Poisson regression analysis. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was constructed for survival analysis, and differences were reported as hazard ratios (HRs).

Results:

We identified 56,102 patients for enrollment analysis and 50,543 patients for survival analysis. Therapy enrollment in a multivariate model was significantly impacted by race and sex (p < .005). Advanced age, earlier year of diagnosis, lack of insurance or Medicaid, and higher comorbidity were associated with poor survival (HR > 1), whereas female sex, non-Hispanic black race, higher income, and treatment at an academic center were associated with improved survival (HR < 1).

Conclusion:

Disparities in treatment of MM exist and are caused by a complex interplay of multiple factors, with socioeconomic factor playing a significant role. Studies exploring such determinants may help in equitable distribution of resources to overcome such differences.
Preoperative prevention and postoperative management of nausea and vomiting in resource limited setting: A systematic review and guideline
Authors: Teshome Diriba , Fenta Efrem , Hailu Sleshi
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:

Postoperative nausea and vomiting is one of the common dissatisfying after surgery with a wide range of complications. It has an incidence of about 80% for patients with multiple risk factors. The etiologies of PONV are multifactorial including patient, anesthetic, and surgical factors. This review aims to support the clinical decision making of PONV management based on available evidence.

Methods:

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol was used to conduct this study. PubMed, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar search engines were used to find evidence that helps to draw recommendations and conclusions.

Results:

In this systemic review and guideline we had used five systemic review and Meta-analysis, one guideline and 4 Meta-analysis of RCTs, three Literature reviews, three Multicenter RCTs, thirteen Single-center RCTs, and two Cross-sectional studies with their respective description of studies.

Discussion:

In the presence of persistent nausea and vomiting, possible contributing factors, such as patient-controlled morphine analgesia, presence of blood in the pharynx, or an abdominal obstruction, hypotension, hypoxia should be excluded before rescue therapy may be initiated.

Conclusions:

Patients who came for surgery have to be evaluated for the risk factors PONV and they should be categorized as low or high risk of it based on the APFEL risk score. Prevention and management of PONV should follow the flow chart as evidenced by most of the literature.

Highlights:
Incidence and associated factors of post-operative pain after emergency Orthopedic surgery: A multi-centered prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Arefayne Nurhussen Riskey , Tegegne Shimelis Seid , Gebregzi Amare Hailekiros , Mustofa Salh Yalew
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Emergency orthopedic surgeries are performed on a daily and night basis across the world and, different levels of postoperative pain is commonly reported early and late in the postoperative period. Despite the availability of evidence-based international reports, still it is not clearly stated in Ethiopia.

Objective:

To determine the incidence and associated factors of post operative pain after Emergency Orthopedics Surgery.

Methods:

A multi-centered prospective observational cohort study was conducted to determine the incidence and associated factors of postoperative pain after emergency orthopedic surgeries from March 1 to May 30, in 2020. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20. To identify the association between outcome variable and independent variables, descriptive statistics, cross tabulation and binary logistic regression were used. Categorical data were analyzed using chi-square test. Adjusted odd ratios were computed with 95% confidence interval and p-value < 0.05 was used to determine the significance of the study.

Result:

The overall incidence of moderate to severe postoperative pain within the first 24 h after emergency orthopedics surgery was 70.5% (95% CI: 64, 77). On multivariable logistic regression analysis; history of having preoperative pain (AOR: 7.92, 95% CI: 3.04, 20.63), history of preoperative anxiety (AOR: 6.42, 95% CI: 2.59, 15.90), preoperative patient expectation about postoperative pain (AOR: 6.89, 95% CI: 2.66, 17.78) and being general anesthesia (AOR: 4.08, 95% CI: 1.30, 12.77) were significantly associated with moderate to severe postoperative pain after emergency orthopedics surgery.

Conclusion:

Postoperative pain management should be given a high priority in emergency orthopedics surgery. Appropriate pain management strategy should be implemented to decrease postoperative pain suffering. Factors associated with postoperative pain were; preoperative history of pain and anxiety, patient expectation about postoperative pain and being general anesthesia.

Highlights:
Women's Rights in Armed Conflict under International Law
Authors: O'Rourke Catherine
Published: October 2020

Laws and norms that focus on women's lives in conflict have proliferated across the regimes of international humanitarian law, international criminal law, international human rights law and the United Nations Security Council. While separate institutions, with differing powers of monitoring and enforcement, implement these laws and norms, the activities of regimes overlap. Women's Rights in Armed Conflict under International Law is the first book to account for this pluralism and institutional diversity. This book identifies key aspects of how different regimes regulate women's rights in conflict, and how they interact. Using country case studies to reveal the practical implications of the fragmented protection of women's rights in conflict, this book offers a dynamic account of how regimes and institutions interact, the extent to which they reinforce each other, and the tensions and gaps in regulation that emerge.
Philosophy and International Law
Authors: Lefkowitz David
Published: October 2020

In Philosophy and International Law, David Lefkowitz examines core questions of legal and political philosophy through critical reflection on contemporary international law. Is international law really law? The answer depends on what makes law. Does the existence of law depend on coercive enforcement? Or institutions such as courts? Or fidelity to the requirements of the rule of law? Or conformity to moral standards? Answers to these questions are essential for determining the truth or falsity of international legal skepticism, and understanding why it matters. Is international law morally defensible? This book makes a start to answering that question by engaging with recent debates on the nature and grounds of human rights, the moral justifiability of the law of war, the concept of a crime against humanity, the moral basis of universal jurisdiction, the propriety of international law governing secession, and the justice of international trade law.
Spatiotemporal Variability in Modeled Bottom Ice and Sea Surface Dimethylsulfide Concentrations and Fluxes in the Arctic During 1979–2015
Authors: Hayashida Hakase , Carnat Gauthier , Galí Martí , Monahan Adam H. , Mortenson Eric , Sou Tessa , Steiner Nadja S.
Published: October 2020

Field observations suggest that oceanic emissions of dimethylsulfide (DMS) may play a dominant role in the production of Arctic aerosols and clouds and therefore modulate the surface irradiance, during spring and summer. DMS is produced not only in the water column but also in various sea ice habitats. The ongoing recession of Arctic sea ice is expected to enhance DMS emissions, but the magnitude of this increase is highly uncertain. Here we investigate the spatiotemporal variability in bottom ice and sea surface DMS concentrations and fluxes using a regional sea ice‐ocean physical‐biogeochemical model. Model results indicate that the observed accelerated decline of Arctic sea ice extent since the beginning of the 21st century is associated with upward trends in May–August pan‐Arctic‐averaged sea surface DMS concentration and sea‐to‐air DMS flux. On the other hand, strong interannual variability and statistically insignificant trends are found for bottom ice DMS concentration and ice‐to‐sea DMS flux, owing to the counteracting effects of the shrinking horizontal extent and the vertical thinning of sea ice on ice algal production. The pan‐Arctic DMS climatology products based on model simulation and satellite algorithms provide dynamically based spatial details that are absent in the in situ measurement‐based climatology due to limited spatiotemporal data coverage and inevitable extrapolation bias. Lastly, model results indicate that the bottom ice DMS and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate production can be the only local source of oceanic DMS emissions into the atmosphere during May prior to pelagic blooms, suggesting that it may be a key component of the biological control on Arctic climate at that time.
Submesoscale Currents Modulate the Seasonal Cycle of Nutrients and Productivity in the California Current System
Authors: Kessouri Fayçal , Bianchi Daniele , Renault Lionel , McWilliams James C. , Frenzel Hartmut , Deutsch Curtis A.
Published: October 2020

In the California Current, subduction by mesoscale eddies removes nutrients from the coastal surface layer, counteracting upwelling and quenching productivity. Submesoscale eddies are also ubiquitous in the California Current, but their biogeochemical role has not been quantified yet in the region. Here, we present results from a physical‐biogeochemical model of the California Current run at a resolution of 1 km, sufficient to represent submesoscale dynamics. By comparing it with a coarser simulation run at 4 km resolution, we demonstrate the importance of submesoscale currents for the seasonal cycles of nutrients and organic matter and highlight the existence of different regimes along a cross‐shore gradient. In the productive coastal region, submesoscale currents intensify quenching and reduce productivity, further counteracting wind‐driven upwelling. In the offshore oligotrophic region, submesoscale currents enhance the upward transport of nutrients, fueling a dramatic increase in new production. These effects are modulated by seasonality, strengthening near the coast during upwelling and offshore in wintertime. The intensification of the transport by submesoscale eddies drives an adjustment of the planktonic ecosystem, with a reduction of plankton biomass, productivity, and size near the coast and an increase offshore. In contrast, organic matter export by sinking particles and subduction of detritus and living cells are enhanced nearly everywhere. Similar processes are likely important in other regions characterized by seasonal upwelling, for example, other eastern boundary upwelling systems.
Identifying the Externally Forced Atlantic Multidecadal Variability Signal Through Florida Rainfall
Authors: Klavans Jeremy M. , Clement Amy C. , Murphy Lisa N. , Zhang Honghai
Published: October 2020

The North Atlantic experiences basin‐wide, multidecadal changes in sea surface temperature (SST), and this SST variability is linked with regional‐to‐continental scale impacts. These impacts often serve as motivation to study the underlying contributors to Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV). However, these impacts can be more than motivation—they can be tools to study the AMV itself. Herein, we consider the positive correlation between Florida summertime rainfall and the AMV (Enfield et al., 2001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012745). First, we show that this relationship is apparent in updated observational data sets. Next, we demonstrate that large ensembles of climate models are capable of producing the observed relationship between the AMV and Florida summertime rainfall. Finally, using large ensembles from multiple climate models, we show that historical forcing makes models more likely to capture the observed relationship in summer precipitation. Our findings have implications for our understanding of the AMV and for precipitation projections in at‐risk South Florida.
Moulin Volumes Regulate Subglacial Water Pressure on the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Covington M. D. , Gulley J. D. , Trunz C. , Mejia J. , Gadd W.
Published: October 2020

Meltwater inputs to moulins regulate Greenland Ice Sheet sliding speeds by controlling water pressure in the most connected regions of the subglacial drainage system. While moulin storage capacities are a critical control on subglacial water pressure, few observations exist to constrain storage. Using direct observations inside moulins, we show that moulin cross‐sectional areas can be at least 500 m2, far greater than is observed at the surface or assumed in models. Moulin water level measurements and numerical modeling reveal that diurnal variability in moulin water pressure is highly attenuated in moulins with large storage volumes (∼3% ice pressure), relative to moulins with smaller storage volumes (∼25% ice pressure). Because large variability in moulin water pressure is linked to processes that ultimately reduce ice sliding speeds, ice sliding speeds in areas drained by large moulins may be more sensitive to long‐term increases in meltwater than areas drained by small moulins.