bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ahani v. Canada: A Persuasive Dialogue within the Courts
Authors: Di Giovanni Adrian
Published: June 2020

This paper is a comment on Ahani v. Canada (OCA). Canadian courts are presently involved in a dialogue over the role of international law domestically. The courts’ own grappling with various norms of international law, however, has helped to clarify and reinforce the status of these norms. In Baker v. Canada, the Supreme Court gave a new prominence to the “persuasive approach” of applying international law. Ahani demonstrates that while the persuasive approach has begun to be internalized into Canadian law, the courts are still at odds with how persuasive international law should be. To complicate this account, the Supreme Court’s discussion in Suresh of peremptory norms of international law demonstrates that an over-emphasis on the “persuasive” approach can in fact weaken the role of international law domestically. At the same time, the dialogue within the courts is linked to a much more general dialogue. The importance of cases such as Ahani ultimately stretches beyond the domestic context.
Travel Agency: A Critique of Anti-Trafficking Campaigns
Authors: Sharma Nandita
Published: June 2020

This paper offers a critical evaluation of anti-trafficking campaigns spearheaded by some in the feminist movement in an attempt to deal with the issues of unsafe migrations and labour exploitation. I discuss how calls to “end trafficking, especially in women and children” are influenced by – and go on to legitimate – governmental practices to criminalize the self-willed migration of people moving without official permission. I discuss how the ideological frame of anti-trafficking works to reinforce restrictive immigration practices, shore up a nationalized consciousness of space and home, and criminalize those rendered illegal within national territories. Anti-trafficking campaigns also fail to take into account migrants’ limited agency in the migration process. I provide alternative routes to anti-trafficking campaigns by arguing for an analytical framework in which the related worldwide crises of displacement and migration are foregrounded. I argue that by centering the standpoint of undocumented migrants a more transformative politics emerges, one that demands that people be able to “stay” and to “move” in a self-determined manner.
Resettlement and Processing of Haitian Refugees
Authors: Young Wendy
Published: June 2020

Political violence and human rights abuses are escalating in Haiti, as the country’s nascent democracy deteriorates. Already, the United States and countries in the Caribbean region are developing and implementing policies designed to deter and prevent the arrival of Haitian asylum seekers, despite the fact that the flow of asylum seekers has not yet significantly increased from past years. This paper raises concerns about the failure of the United States to offer protection to Haitian refugees and proposes the implementation of a resettlement program as a partial solution to this systemic failure. The paper endorses the concept of in-country processing of Haitian refugees if done with significant safeguards to prevent further abuses against such applicants.
Statement at UNHCR’s 2003 Executive Committee
Authors: Mapuri Omar Ramadhan
Published: June 2020

On September 29, 2003, at the 54th session of UNHCR’s Executive Committee, High Commissioner Ruud Lubbers convened a panel discussion entitled “Implemention of UNHCR 2004.” The process dubbed “UNHCR 2004” followed closely on the heels of UNHCR’s Global Consultations on International Protection and was intended to focus more closely on UNHCR’s position within the United Nations system and its relationship with states and non-governmental partners. One of the participants in this panel discussion was the Honourable Omar Ramadhan Mapuri, Minister for Home Affairs of the United Republic of Tanzania. Tanzania hosts more refugees than any other African country. More than half a million refugees, mostly from Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo, live in UNHCR camps in the west of the country. Minister Mapuri’s statement, reproduced below with his permission, reflects many of the frustrations of refugee-hosting countries in the developing world.
A Remaining Hope for Durable Solutions: Local Integration of Refugees and Their Hosts in the Case of Uganda
Authors: Dryden-Peterson Sarah , Hovil Lucy
Published: June 2020

The protracted nature of conflicts in countries of the global South means that return to home countries for many refugees is increasingly delayed. At the same time, global terrorism and concerns about security have slowed processes of resettlement in countries of the North. Local integration to host communities in countries of first asylum may be a remaining option. This paper explores possibilities for revival of local integration as a durable solution. The authors situate the study within the framework of protracted refugee situations globally and, specifically, within the existing local settlement structure and the Self Reliance Strategy (SRS) in Uganda. Benefits to refugee-hosting communities are analyzed through two case studies: local integration through commerce and through primary education. The paper concludes by exploring ways in which stakeholders, including refugees, UNHCR, and donor governments can work together to promote shared and simultaneous development in refugee and national communities, specifically in conceptualizing the durable solution of local integration within the context of a national framework for development.
The International Relations of the “New” Extraterritorial Approaches to Refugee Protection: Explaining the Policy Initiatives of the UK Government and UNHCR
Authors: Betts Alexander
Published: June 2020

During 2003 there was an immense amount of debate about the possibility of states adopting extraterritorial approaches to asylum processing and refugee protection, and about such policies’ compatibility with international refugee and human rights law. The debate has centred on two central policy initiatives: the so-called “UK Proposals” and UNHCR’s “Convention Plus.” It has so far focused primarily on the practical and legal consequences of these initiatives. What has been less clear is any explanation of the UK’s (and other supportive states’) motivation in aspiring to de-territorialize refugee protection and of UNHCR’s strategy in the evolving consultations. After clarifying the conceptual and political relationship between the two sets of proposals, the article explores the motivation and international relations underlying them, from the perspectives of the UK Government and UNHCR.
Fear and Loathing Down Under: Australian Refugee Policy and the National Imagination
Authors: Wazana Richard
Published: June 2020

This paper looks at Australia’s refugee policy in light of incidents that took place in the summer of 2001, with the refugees aboard the Tampa. Analyzing the discourse that resulted from these incidents, I show how Australia believes it is a nation under threat that prides itself as generously welcoming as many refugees as it can and who, of late, is only trying to protect its borders from so-called refugees who really are “queue jumpers.” I contrast this view with what emerges from the facts: that Australia’s racialized past makes it very easy for it to believe that it is under siege from refugees, and that it has done all that is legally possible to disinvest itself from its international obligations. This has meant turning boats away at sea, excising certain territories from its jurisdiction, and interning the refugees who arrive in Australia. Through this analysis, I argue that the current policy is a re-emergence of the earlier White Australia policy.
Complementary Therapies for Treating Survivors of Torture
Authors: Vargas Claudia María , O’Rourke Deborah , Esfandiari Malshid
Published: June 2020

The long-term consequences of torture are complex, multidimensional, and pervasive. Torture leaves indelible scars in the mind, body, and cultural world of survivors, compromising their health and well-being. A clearer understanding of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural mechanisms underlying these difficulties is emerging. Research findings on pain are relevant for those suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its associated chronic pain. Rehabilitation programs require crossdisciplinary knowledge and expertise, including of complementary therapies. This article explores the use of complementary therapies in which psychotherapy, in concert with either physiotherapy or bodywork, is offered. Case studies illustrate its application and potential benefits. The clinical experience in controlled circumstances suggests the thesis that complementary therapies advance the psychological and physical healing process.
Contested Belonging: Temporary Protection in Australia
Authors: Humpage Louise , Marston Greg
Published: June 2020

This paper utilizes an analytical distinction between three modes of social belonging to explain the ambiguous resettlement experiences of refugees granted a temporary protection visa (TPV) in Australia. Findings from two qualitative studies indicate that the dominance of a public discourse that depicts asylum seekers as “illegals” inhibits their sense of belonging at the national level. Yet belonging has been facilitated locally through relational networks within communities and the establishment of associations based on cultural or legal categories. Importantly, these successes have provided a basis from which to contest the continued lack of recognition faced by TPV refugees within a nationalistic public discourse.
Identity, Ethnicity and School Experiences: Relocated Montserratian Students in British Schools
Authors: Shotte Gertrude
Published: June 2020

This paper explores the issues of identity and ethnicity that confront relocated Montserratian students in British schools. It begins with a brief historical review of the ongoing volcanic crisis, then explains the circumstances within which the issues are framed. The paper argues that the merging of “old” and “new” forms of identity and ethnicity has affected relocated students’ aspirations in various ways. Montserrat’s education system evolved out of a colonial British-based curriculum that encouraged particular morals, which are not apparent in the British school system. These values remain an integral part of the Montserrat mores and thus are recognized as central to the island identity. In adjusting to their new cultural environment, relocated students have donned new identities that have inevitably clashed with traditional norms. This paper therefore explains how they have negotiated their ethnic/racial identities in relation to school and home, and how they have crafted new identities, while at the same time trying to maintain a desired level of “Montserratness.” The assessment and inferences made in this paper are based on formal and informal research conducted with relocated Montserratians, particularly students and their parents/guardians, in different regions, but the main location is London.
A Survival Story from the Thai-Burmese Border: The Struggle for Education in the Burmese Community in Thailand
Authors: Purkey Mary
Published: June 2020

The Burmese refugee/migrant community on the Thai-Burmese border figures prominently among “refugee diasporas” in the world today. This article describes efforts of Burmese people within this community to provide basic education to their youth in extra-legal migrant schools in the midst of the unwelcoming environment created by the Thai government’s refugee policy. It argues that this community needs greater support than it is currently receiving in order to achieve recognition and security given the impossibility of safe and voluntary repatriation to Myanmar in the foreseeable future. The article closes with a number of specific proposals for facilitating the delivery of education to Burmese “migrant” youth in the Burmese community in Thailand through intervention by both state and nonstate actors.
In “Virtual Dialogue” with the Somali Community: The Value of Electronic Media for Research amongst Refugee Diasporas
Authors: Horst Cindy
Published: June 2020

This article illustrates the methodological potential of electronic media such as the Internet and e-mail for research amongst refugee diasporas. It will first describe research amongst Somalis in Kenyan refugee camps, which demonstrated the importance of transnational networks in the survival of refugees in the camps. The intention of the research set-up was to provide an alternative approach to common depictions of refugees, which often ignore their agency. A focus on agency, referring to every individual’s level of choice and power, is as much a methodological decision as a theoretical or epistemological assumption, since people’s agency clearly manifests itself in knowledge creation. After describing the possible dialogical nature of academic knowledge creation, the article moves on to illustrate how electronic media can play an important role in this. There are a number of apparent advantages to the methodological use of the Internet and e-mail in research, though at the same time pitfalls should not be underestimated. Nevertheless, when studying refugee communities that are dispersed across the globe and make active use of electronic media, “virtual dialogues” provide fascinating new insights.
Migration and Financial Transfers: UK-Somalia
Authors: Lindley Anna
Published: June 2020

Migrants’ financial transfers have been estimated to be Somalia’s largest source of revenue. The UK is believed to be a significant source of these financial transfers to Somalia. Drawing on preliminary ethnographic research in the UK during 2004, this paper firstly presents some empirical observations on the dynamics of these movements of people and money between the UK and Somalia and other parts of the Horn of Africa. Secondly, it asks, in contexts of forced migration, what is the relevance of the popular concept of migrants’ financial transfers as part of a “transnational household livelihood strategy”? Notions of household, strategy, and what it means to send money in such contexts are critically reviewed. The analysis concludes with some challenges to common assumptions regarding refugees’ economic actions.
Reflections on Gendering Canada’s Refugee Process
Authors: Dauvergne Catherine
Published: June 2020

This article introduces the report entitled Gendering Canada’s Refugee Process released by Status of Women Canada in June 2006. The research investigates how, when, and why gender matters in Canadian refugee determination. It sets this inquiry in the context of changes brought in by the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, as well as changes that have occurred due to the post– September 11 security climate. The article reflects on the research methodology and highlights the key conclusions of the report. The report’s seventy-nine recommendations are also presented here.
I’s Wide Shut: Examining the Depiction of Female Refugees’ Eyes and Hands in Stephen Frears’s Dirty Pretty Things
Authors: Wills Jenny
Published: June 2020

In 2002, Stephen Frears directed Dirty Pretty Things – one of the few mainstream fictional films to highlight the effects of exile, the complexities of refugee status, and the trials of migrant labour in the “Western” world. Thus far, the minimal number of “refugee” films produced is mirrored by the minimal discussion about those films (or their absence). This essay examines Frears’s film with a critical lens that incorporates both theoretical evaluations and aesthetic choices. For instance: how do media representations of refugees and migrants relegate the signification of refugee-ism to visceral, silent, repetitiv,e and subordinated signifiers? Additionally, this essay narrows its interest upon Senay, the female lead of Dirty Pretty Things, to open up a dialogue about fragmented body: missing hands / hyperbolized eyes. Drawing on knowledge of the theoretical implications of those choices, this paper addresses refugees and illegal migrants in film with the hope of initiating conversation about an otherwise relatively silent and untouched cinematic subgenre.
Migration Workers as Political Subjects: Globalization-as-Practices, Everyday Spaces, and Global Labour Migrations
Authors: Onuki Hironori
Published: June 2020

Within the currently intensified labour flows from developing societies to highly industrialized areas, the Philippines has been the largest supplier of government-sponsored contract workers. Overseas contract employment was institutionalized by the Philippine government in 1972 to tackle the problems of unemployment and foreign debt. The remittances from migrant workers have become a major source of foreign currency for the national economy, which led the then president Aquino to call overseas workers “national heroes.” In this light, building upon Louise Amoore’s conceptualization of globalization as sets of globalizing social practices, my essay will investigate the concrete, contingen,t and situated practices of global labour migration. By so doing this analysis will stress that these migrant workers are not passive recipients of Philippine state policies but are agential political subjects. It will argue that the structured social practices of global labour migrants not only participate in and depend on, but also contest and negotiate, the (re)constitution of capitalist relations of production and social reproduction within the neo-liberal restructuring of global order. The objective of my essay is to contribute towards both the illustration of global politics as social relations produced by various actors in multiple spheres and emergent crucial efforts to pursue the possibilities for an emancipatory project and political resistance.
Coming Home: Connecting Older Liberians in the Diaspora with the Family and Friends at Home
Authors: Chaudhry Serena
Published: June 2020

Coming Home is an arts initiative that uses photography and film to connect older Liberians in the Diaspora with friends and family at home. A group of elders in Staten Island came together to create messages for the author to carry to friends and family in Liberia. The author delivered the messages, filmed responses, and returned them to the Staten Island community. The project will culminate in a multimedia exhibit featuring the stories, photos, and films. The author used components of Photovoice, a participatory action research strategy, and Social Network Theory as well a resilience framework to guide the arts initiative. In this article the author describes the process of developing and implementing this project with Liberian elders in the New York Diaspora and discusses the ways in which its methodological approaches amplify the voices of community elders, address their culture and values, and raise public awareness about their special needs.
Confronting the Insider-Outsider Polemic in Conducting Research with Diasporic Communities: Towards a Community-Based Approach
Authors: Collet Bruce A.
Published: June 2020

Researchers focusing on diasporic contexts face the difficult task of wearing their “academic hats” while at the same time building meaningful relationships with immigrant communities. This is no more apparent (and important) than with “non-community” (i.e., outsider) researchers. Here diasporic communities, having already
experienced the trauma of forced migration, must see the academic researcher as one they can trust and who is invested in their long-term well being. In this paper I address methodological and philosophical concerns related to the insider-outsider researcher distinction and to conducting research as an “outsider.” The principle aims of the paper are to critically examine the distinctions that create and perpetuate the insider-outsider polemic, explore what this polemic “looks like” within diasporic contexts, and consider community-based participatory research as one “vehicle” that might effectively address some of the thorniest problems associated with the insideroutsider distinction.
A Lawyer's Perspective on
Canadian Refugee Policy
Authors: Schelew Michael
Published: June 2020

The comments below reflect my own experiences in Metropolitan Toronto and may or may not coincide with the experiences
of other lawyers in Toronto or the rest of Canada. Though sorne observations arise from my former position as a refugee
co-ordinator for the Canadian Section (Anglophone) of Amnesty International, any opinions expressed in this article are
personal to me and may or may not be the official position of Amnesty International.
Politicians Talk
Authors: Zisman Alex
Published: June 2020

Weeks before the the federaI election was called Refuge contacted three political figures
who have subsequently been returned to Parliament, Minister of Employment
and Immigration Barbara McDougall, Opposition Critic on Immigration and
Multiculturalism Sergio Marchi, and NDP Critic on Immigration Dan Heap, to question
them about their refugee agendas. Eventually all three found time amid some
frantic canvassing to grant us brief but revealing interviews, which are printed below
in the order in which they occurred.
The Demographic Psychosocial Inventory:
A New Instrument to Measure Risk Factors for
Adjustment Problems Among Immigrants
Authors: Ritsner Michael , Rabinowitz Jonathan , Slyuzberg Michael
Published: June 2020

Objective-The purpose of this study
was to develop and test the Demographic
Psychosocial Inventory
(DPSI), a self-report questionnaire that
assesses demographic and background
characteristics of immigrants,
and psychosocial risk factors of demoralization.
Method-Based on a review of instruments
used to study immigrants, and
researchers' experience in this area, an
85-item questionnaire was developed
that includes 10 scales and three general
indices. Subjects are asked to indicate
their level of satisfaction with
various aspects of their lives, their reasons
for immigration, and problems
they had encountered since they immigrated.
Results-DPSI (Demographic Psychological
Inventory) was tested on 1,200
adult immigrants who came to Israel
from the former USSR since 1989. The
reliability of the scales and general indices
was generally high as measured
by Cronbaeh's Alpha. For one general
index and two scales it was above .78,
for one general index and two scales it
was between .60 and .73, for one general
index and two scales between.41
and .55, and for one scale .23. The general
indices were highly correlated
with the Psychiatric Epidemiology
Research Interview Demoralization
Scale (PERI-D) and the Brief Symptom
Inventory (BSI). The results suggest
that the greatest risk factors of demoralization
are a greater number of distress
sources, difficulty in dealing with conflict, greater discrepancy between
actual difficulties encountered and
those expected, and more reasons for
immigration. The single most important
variable in predicting a demoralization
case was the number of distress
sources. We developed DPSI cutting
points for caseness based on comparisons
to BSI and PERI-D. For the BSI,
DPSI cutting points are .44 for males,
and .48 for females. These cutting
points recognize about 61% of those
who are cases according to BSI, and
about 72% of those who are not cases
according to BSI. For the PERI-D, DPSI
cutting points for caseness are .42 for
males and .44 for females. These cutting
points recognize about 63% of
those who are demoralized according
to PERI-D and about 68% of those who
are not demoralized according to
PERI-D. DPSI tends to recognize
slightly more cases as being at risk of
demoralization than those who are
demoralized according to PERI-D, and
slightly less than those identified as
cases according to BSI.
Conclusions-DPSI is a promising instrument
for gathering demographic
and background characteristics of immigrants,
and for studying psychosocial
risk factors for development of
demoralization. DPSI is available in
English, Hebrew, and Russian.
11. Fiscal Burden Sharing
Authors: Acharya Amitav , Dewitt David B.
Published: June 2020

The authors argue that a reformulated system
of refugee protection must proceed
using a distributive-developmental framework
for fiscal burden sharing. Such a
framework would have to appeal to the
national security interests of donors,
rather than to humanitarian or altruistic
motives. The funds provided should be tied
to concrete, time-specified goals which will
contribute to the well being of refugees.
They argue that this approach should be
pursued parallel to the existing system of
multilateral institutions. The framework
envisions resources being channelled to regional
institutions rather than national
governments. This is a substantially abbreviated
version of the authors' original
work. Please refer to the notice at the end of
this section if you are interested in obtaining
a full copy of the paper, which is expected
to be published in mid-1996.
V. Repatriation and Development Assistance
Authors: Gorman Robert F. , Kibreab Gaim
Published: June 2020

The authors argue that refugees should be
seen as agents of a process of development
to begin during temporary protection and
extend well into the process of return and
reintegration. The process of development
advocated is intended to engage local resources
and energies in the refugee, host
and stayee communities, in a "bottom-up"
fashion. It involves a unified international
role in allocating resources, enlivening and
promoting development at the local level,
and ensuring accountability. The mechanisms
proposed require "judicious, not
lavish" external resources, and establish a
continuum between emergency relief operations and long-term development assistance.
This is a substantially
abbreviated version of the authors' original
work. Please refer to the notice at the
end of this section if you are interested in
obtaining a full copy of the paper, which is
expected to be published in mid-1996.
Les Grands Barrages et la wise environnementale en Afrique
Authors: LLambias-Wolff Jaime , Gachuruzi Shally B.
Published: June 2020

This article seeks to demonstrate that
although large dams are incontestably
considered "engines " of development,
their success is not always assured.
They are nearly always accompanied by
negative and harmful effects on the environment,
which in turn mortgages the
profitability of the sought-after development.
Towards the Development of an Early Warning/Response Network
Authors: Adelman Howard , Schmeidl Susanne
Published: June 2020

This article outlines a proposal put forth
by the Prevention/Early Warning Unit
at the Centrefor Refugee Studies, York
University. The article describes the
problems with early warning and how
an early warning network (EWNET)
can address these existing difficulties.
This EWNET is described as an academic-
NGO-policy consortium that
over a period of a few years will become
self-sufficient through the involvement
of business. Utilizing the Internet,
EWNET will collect information from
all over the world, analyze and disseminate
such information. The link to
policy makers and the importance of
properly communicating alerts are discussed.
While a central management
team oversees EWNET, there are several
units working on administration,
sales and research. Furthermore, the
research unit is broken down into indicator,
communication, response and
area study research; the latter being
linked to twenty crises area nodes. This
structure assures that EWNET will
comprise a broad resource network as well as the links necessary for sending
uniform early warning signals.
The Mental Health of Refugee Children in Canada
Authors: Hyman Ilene , Beiser Morton , Vu Nhi
Published: June 2020

This paper reviews the literature on
sources of stress, and the personal and
social resources refugee youth use to
cope with adversity. Preliminary findings from
the Clarke Institute/University
of Toronto Department of
Psychiatry Southeast Asian (SEA)
Refugee Youth Project, a study of the
mental health and adaptation of SEA
youth to Canada, are used to supplement
findings from the literature. The
review highlights research needs as well
as possibilities for programs that could
help promote the successful adaptation
of refugee youth in Canada.
Reconceiving Resettlement Services as
International Human Rights Obligations
Authors: Clark Tom
Published: June 2020

The author draws on international treaties
to argue that the provision of immigrant
and refugee settlement services
are human rights obligations. Therefore,
services such as primary health
care, food, education and housing are
minimum core obligations that should
be available to newcomers without discrimination.
The implications of this
position for advocacy initiatives are
substantial. Instead of pleading for services
from governments, activists, supported
by international committees,
would hold governments accountable
for implementing international human
rights treaties.
Community Health Centres: An Innovative Approach
to Newcomer Settlement Services
Authors: McLellan Janet
Published: June 2020

While NGO settlement agencies face
increasing challenges to deliver bath
ethnospecific and larger broad-based
programs for immigrants and refugees,
Community Health Centres (CHCs) in
large urban areas of Ontario have developed
innovative means to meet the
health and settlement needs of newcomers.
Positive mental and physical health
through access to medical and social
resources, recognition of health determinants
and enhanced participation in
decision making are integral elements of
CHC settlement and integration programs
and services, all within the context
of medical care. Through extensive
outreach programs to newcomer communities,
CHCs enhance the efectiveness
of ethnospecific groups to define
culturally appropriate services. CHCs
provide an example of desired social
change through a mainstream institutional
basis.
The Ideological Conflict between Mainstream and Ethnospecific Agencies
Authors: Pinto Miranda , Sawicki Lydia
Published: June 2020

This paper examines the conflict between
ethnospecific immigrant serving
organisations and so called "mainstream"
organisations. The author argues
that most of the criticisms raised
against ethnospecific organisations are
ideologically based and are meant to
consolidate the positions of mainstream
organisations. Through "neutral policies"
such as fiscal restraint, ethnospecific
agencies are increasingly
peripherized in the service provision
market. This piece concludes that attempts
to resolve the conflict have only
led to further and wider polarisation.
Forum on Early Warning and Early Response:
A New Collaborative Effort
Authors: Secretariat FEWER
Published: June 2020

This paper provides an introduction
and overview of the Forum on Early
Warning and Early Response
(FEWER). Topics covered are: the mission statement, definitions, objectives
and structure of the group as well as a
description and evaluation of projects in-
progress. A member contact list, a
synopsis of membership criteria and d
activities are included.
Synergy in Early Warning Conterence: Background
Authors: Schmeidl Susanne , Adelman Howard
Published: June 2020

This article has information on the
conference Synergy in Early Warning
organized recently by the Prevention/
Early Warning Unit in Toronto,
Canada. Included are: background on
the issues, a brief outline with the abstracts
of the papers delivered and the
contact addresses of the authors.
Sri Lankan Tamil Refugee Women in India
Authors: Hans Asha
Published: June 2020

The author describes the situation of
displaced and refugee Sri Lankan Tamil
women in camps in India. Gender, ethnicity,
class status, religion, social roles
and security of the person are central to
this analysis of women's experiences of
war as contrasted with the situation of
men. The significance of clashing cultures
and divergent social norms to the
everyday lives of these women is highlighted.
The plight of these women is
linked to refugee policy and international
conventions that are not salient
to the actual lived experience in the
camps, and some directions for change
are indicated.
The Sierra Leone conflict:
The Plight of Refugees and the Displaced
Authors: Nmoma Veronica
Published: June 2020

As a result of the Liberian civil war,
Sierra Leone became simultaneously a
major generator and receiver of refugees. Charles Taylor and his National
Patriotic front of Liberia, along with
Sierra Leone's Fodiy Sankoh's Revolutionary
United Front (RUF) incursion
into Sierra Leone in March 1991, had a
profound impact resulting in at least
10,000 casualties, about a million
internally displaced peoples and some
300,000 refugees in neighbouring
states. This paper argues that the RUF
objective was unclear all along, as it
lacked ideology and that, even now, it
has yet to put forward a coherent program.
Persons Needing Protection: A Reflection on Canada's Role
Authors: Opoku-Dapaah Edward
Published: June 2020

This paper briefly reflects on strategies
by which Canada can deal with new
challenges-including fiscal constraints,
phenomenal rise in the number
of people needing protection, and the
evolution of regional approaches to refugee
protection-while at the same time
promoting its own interests. The paper
is organized around three interrelated
questions concerning these matters.
Defining a Particular Social Group Based on Gender
Authors: Adjin-Tettey Elizabeth
Published: June 2020

lt is now accepted in refugee jurisprudence
that gender-based social groups
fall within the meaning of Particular
Social Group for purposes of according
Convention refugee protection. However,
the criteria for identifying gender-based
social groups remains to be
settled. The tendency has been to identify
the at-risk group by the common
victimization which confronts group
members. This is neither innate nor constant.
The author takes the position that
the group should simply be identified by
the gender of its members-women, although
there may be subgroups of
women united by other characteristics
such as race, nationality or religion. Not
aIl group members will automatically
be eligible for refugee protection; only
women who are genuinely at risk of persecution
will be accorded Convention
refugee status.
Gender Differences and Family Reunion in the European Union:
Implications for Refugees
Authors: Kofman Eleonore , Sales Rosemary
Published: June 2020

The feminization of immigration flows
into Europe, both through family reunion
and the independent migration of
women, has been one of the most significant
social changes of the past two decades.
This development has, however,
remained largely unexplored. This paper
examines the consequences of
changes in access to family reunion, and
its gendered implications for women
entering as family migrants and as applicants
to sponsor family members. It
calls for a positive evaluation of immigration
policy aimed at securing rights
as weIl as controlling immigration
flows.
Representing Refugee Women:
Gender and Work in Three Kenyan Camps
Authors: Hyndman Jennifer
Published: June 2020

Representations of refugee women as
"poor," vulnerable," and "helpless"
are often caricatures inattentive to
the innovations and survival strategies
they employ. Combined with the relatively
few images and impressions of refugee
women’s experiences available, women
relief workers, and scholars have limited
understanding of their worlds across time
and space. This articles aims to 1) discuss
the politics, power relations and problems of
representing refugee women; 2) illustrate selected
daily routines, concerns and income learning
strategies of Somali refugee women in Kenya;
and 3) argue that the “local capacity” or indigenous
skills of this group have not been fully recognized.
Astute humanitarian policy and practice should not
only promote “building local capacity” – a term often
heard in relief circles today - but it should identify,
mobilize and support the kinds of local capacity
identified in the Kenyan camps of Ifo, Hagadera and Dagahaley.
Speaking with Migrant Women Health Care Aides:
On Marketing and Making Sense of Caregiving in Canada
Authors: McCabe Gail
Published: June 2020

The objective of this research was to explore
the life-world of migrant women
health care-aides, focusing on their on
their own subjective understandings of caregiving and
the market for care in Canada. Qualitative
interviews ranging in length from
one to three hours produced snapshots of
the social and cultural fractures endemic
to the migration and settlement process.
I argue that women's caregiving
practice is an aspect of an ethics of care
that allows for moments of empowerment
and resistance to an oppressive social
context shaped by a matrix of race, class
and gender hierarchies.
Interethnic Conflict: A Challenge for the Future of the
Newly Independent States
Authors: Kamenshikov Andre
Published: June 2020

This article focuses on the nature of
interethnic conflicts in the newly independent
states of the former Soviet Union.
The author discusses the prevailing patterns
that characterize such conflicts and
gives a brief account of the changes that
took place in the newly independent states
over the past decade that laid the ground
for the present volatile sociopolitical climate
there. Apart from the material causes
of conflict, a lot of attention is given to
psychological causes such as the loss of
identity which is being compensated by a
growing nationalism. In the opinion of the
author, these psychological causes should
be given much more attention in order to
predict and prevent outbreaks of
interethnic conflicts in the area.
Forced Migrants in Russia:
An Analysis of Russian Law from a Human Rights Perspective
Authors: Marie-Fanon Samuel
Published: June 2020

This paper describes the "forced return" of
Russian and Russian-speaking peoples in
the new "Republics" to Russia as a
consequence of the collapse of the USSR.
Although these migrations bear all the
earmarks of a refugee displacement, they
do not fall within the legitimate definitions
of forced migration. Consequently, these
individuals are forced to endure all the
trauma of displacement without recourse
to the normative international or human
rights remedies. The author suggests that
two new categories, "returnees" and
"returning migrants" be delineated to meet
the needs of these individuals. Several
examples of forced return are described in
the paper to clarify the parameters of the
problem and illustrate the consequences.
Mine Action in Afghanistan
Authors: Maley William
Published: June 2020

Afghanistan is severely contaminated by
anti-personnel mines, which pose major
physical, social and economic threats to
repatriating refugees. Fortunately, mine
action - a multidimensional effort to
address these problems through survey,
detection, clearance, mine awareness, and
victim assistance - is well developed in
Afghanistan, with the Afghan Mine Action
Program a model of good practice.
That said, mine action faces ongoing
challenges, of which those originating in
the realm of politics are the most troubling.
Insecurity in Northern Uganda: Are People Being Given the Protection They Deserve?
Authors: Majtenyi Cathy
Published: June 2020

The civil war between the Uganda Peoples'
Defence Forces (UPDF) and the
Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) rages on
in Northern Uganda, leaving behind a
trail of kidnappings, death and destruction
despite measures to protect civilians.
Ultimate security for the Acholi and others
who live in the North will only come
about with an end to the12-year-old conflict,
which would be accomplished by
negotiations between the two sides. Unfortunately,
misinformation -- and a noticeable
lack of information, especially
from the LRA--are major impediments
to determining the war's root causes and
who is responsible for the instability.
This paper argues that, for a successful
end to the war, the government must cease
its propaganda war, which is mainly
being played out in an uncritical and
biased media, and the LRA must be clear
about its message. Honest discussion and
analytical reporting will greatly facilitate
the negotiation process.
Sex, Drugs and the IMF: Some Implications of "Structural
Readjustmentn for the Bade in Heroin, Girls and Women in the
Upper Mekong Region
Authors: Feingold David A.
Published: June 2020

A highly informed and detailed analysis
of the intimate relationship between
structural adjustment programs and the
thriving drug and sex trade in the Upper
Mekong Region of Thailand, providing
additional perspective on illicit traficking
and trade in the larger Southeast
Asian context. Attention is specifically
drawn to the harsh and disproportional
impact of IMF economic policies upon
women and girls, also acknowledging the
great importance of and understanding
of international traffic in persons, in
terms of migration problems and labour
exploitation, rather than solely in relation
to sex.
A Historical Perspective on the Japanese Sex Trade
Authors: Hanochi Seiko
Published: June 2020

Providing a brief historical perspective
on the evolution of international trafficking
in Japan, the article emphasizes the
importance of the state in establishing the
sex trade as an entrenched social institution.
Drawing attention to the crucial
influence of American military presence
in Japan and other Asian countries, the
article hints at the crucial role played by
the sex trade in an "orderly and efficient"
industrialized nation.
Annotated Guide to Internet Resources on Trafficking in Women
Authors: Mannix Kelly , Shamim Ayesha
Published: June 2020

A carefully selected introduction to current
research available on the Internet about
trafficking in women, this annotated list contains
international responses to the global scope of the
flesh
trade. Articles contain vivid accounts of
the violence, degradation and poverty inherent in
sexual exploitation, and provide analysis and
possible courses of action. Hundreds of websites
offering research and promoting activism to combat
global prostitution and trafficking already exist
and more are being created. Some of the
resources are located on "gateway sites," which
contain valuable links to related sites.
Legislative Review, New Directions and Refugee Resettlement
Authors: Casasola Michael
Published: June 2020

On the surface the proposals surrounding
refugee resettlement in the 1999
"white paper" Building on a Strong
Foundation for the 21st Century:
New Directions for Immigration and
Refugee Policy and Legislation appear
to be watered down versions of Legislative Review Advisory Group (LRAG)
1998 report Not Just Numbers: ACanadian Framework for
Future Immigration proposals.
However, the "white
paper" proposals are the "tip of the iceberg"
of a series of recommendations
Citizenship and Immigratiotn Canada
(CIC) has developed on how Canada
should resettle refugees in the future.
This paper outlines and compares the
LRAG report, the "white paper" and
CIC's model for future resetlement. It
argues that the proposals offer an opportunity
to diminish long-standing barriers
to the Canadian resettlement
program, though the motivation for these .
changes may be partially based on very
practical operational needs. Yet in order
to ensure such change takes place, NGOs
will have to continue to pressure CIC and
the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration
that Canada's resettlement program
be truly humanitarian and that the
number of refugees resettled eaçh year not
be reduced.
Legislative Review and the Voice of Refugees
Authors: Beck Shawn , Sanford Janice
Published: June 2020

This statement represents the collective
voices of refugee claimants and landed
refugees at Romero House, Toronto. It
expresses concern over provisions in "Not
Just Numbers" relating to the proposed
replacement of the quasi-judicial Immigration
and Refugee Board with an administrative
unit of the Department of Immigration. Independence of the decision-
making process would thus possibly
be compromised by the interests of
governmental bureaucracy.
Dynamics of International Human Rights in Japan
Authors: Abe Kohki
Published: June 2020

Starting with a preliminary evaluation
of Canadian human rights practices, the
author critically traces the development
of international human rights ih Japan.
While the country has been aflfcted favourably
by the newly-emerging international
human rights regime, judicial
reluctance to acknowledge the relevance
of human dignity leads the author to conclude
that there is still a long way to go
in achieving the desired situation. The
article ends with a calI for the acceptance
of treaty-based individual petition procedures,
which in his view may effectively
induce the judiciary to open up to
the universal norms for the protection of
human rights.
Moving From Crisis Reaction to Crisis Respon~e:
A Six-Point Non-Violent Alternative to the Bombing Campaign
Authors: Dyck David
Published: June 2020

In this paper, the author argues that
NATO's decision to bomb Yugoslavia
was and is short-sighted. Citing a lack of
historical awareness on the part of Western
decision makers, he relies heavily on
the work of psychodynamics theorist
Joseph Montville in proposing that a
better understanding of "the mind of
Serbia" would lead us to recognize the
folly of our strategy. More specifically,
the author contends that our bombing is
but part of a cycle that is bound to spawn
new rounds of aggression. The author
also articuIates six key components of an
alternative approach. Here, he attempts
to address the question of how we might
use non-violent means to prevent the loss
of life in the short term and, at the same
time, begin the task of building a sustainable,
long-term peace.
The Dangers of "Safe Havens" for Kosovo
Authors: Frelick Bill
Published: June 2020

Safe havens have heen suggested as a
means of providing protection and humanitarian
assistance inside Kosovo.
The track record on safe havens, however, suggests that they might not be as effective as they are touted to be. In fact, safe havens in Northern Iraq, Bosnia, and
Rwanda lured displaced people into areas
with a false sense of security, without
actually keeping them from harm's way. Thus, the author concludes that in the
absence of truly neutral safe havens created
with the consent of all parties to a
conflict, so called safe havens represent a
half-measure that serve to preclude
would-be refugees from seeking asylum
outside their country, while holding
them in areas where the sovereignty of the
government seeking to persecute them
has not fundamentally been challenged.
Refugees and Intemally Displaced: Some Lessons fromi the Kosovo Crisis
Authors: Cohen Roberta , Korm David A.
Published: June 2020

This paper argues that NATO failed to protect the ethnic Albanians of Kosovo and offers four lessons: military and humanitarian action should be better coordinated; internally displaced persons should be protected as well as refugees; humanitarian corridors and safe havens should not be dismissed out of hand; and civilian lives must be valued as much as those in uniforms.
Notes from the Field in Kigoma, Tanzania
Authors: Spiegel Paul B. , Sheik Mani
Published: June 2020

In these short notes the authors provide
some insight to their visit to displaced
persons camps in Kigoma, Tanzania.
This trip marks the fourth set of camps
examined in the Post Emergency Phase
Indicators Project, a joint collaboration
between the Johns Hopkins Center for
Refugee and Disaster Studies, and the
International Emergency and Refugee
Health Branch at the Centers for Disease Control.
Good Practice in Public Health:
Thinking About the Economies of Complex Emergencies
Authors: Deboutte Danielle
Published: June 2020

Emergency public health action is often faced with severe constraints. Limited
resources are available to respond to
sometimes-immense initial requirements
and competing needs. Ethical decisions
in public health can only be made when
the decision-maker understands the arguments for
and against, and decides in
the light of this knowledge. Emergency
budgets are not unlimited, have alternative
possible uses, and can easily be
wasted. Yet many aid workers find it
impossible or unethical to consider the
cost of emergency aid.
This paper proposes to consider the use of
economic methods in three ways:
1- to assist with rational decision-making.
2- to offer a tool for continuously monitoring
interventions.
3- to enable programme evaluation in
terms of cost-effectiveness.