bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined treatment for facial rejuvenation using an optimized pulsed light source followed by a fractional non‐ablative laser
Authors: Chan C. Stanley , Saedi Nazanin , Mickle Clinzo , Dover Jeffrey S.
Published: August 2013

Background

Combination laser treatments can potentially increase the effectiveness of treatment without the additional downtime associated with another procedure.

Objective

To assess the effectiveness and safety of combining non‐ablative fractional treatments with optimized intense pulsed light.

Methods and Materials

Ten subjects (Group A) received full face treatments with a non‐ablative fractional either followed or preceded by an optimized intense pulsed light source. Twenty‐six subjects (Group B) received only full face treatments with the same non‐ablative, fractional laser device.

Results

For Group A, the overall average Fitzpatrick Wrinkle Scale for all patients improved from 6.3 ± 1.1 at baseline to 5.9 ± 0.8 one month following one treatment for an average improvement of 0.4 ± 0.6 (P < 0.10 paired t‐test n = 9). The average pigment improvement score was 1.8 ± 0.9 on a 4‐point scale. In Group B, the average Fitzpatrick Wrinkle Scale improved from 6.0 ± 1.6 at baseline to 5.2 ± 1.4 at 3 months for an average improvement of 0.8 ± 0.7 (P < 0.001, n = 26 paired t‐test). The average pigment improvement score was 1.4 ± 1.0 (P < 0.001, t‐test, n = 26). Adverse events were similar in the two groups.

Conclusion

The combination of an optimized intense pulsed light source with a non‐ablative fractional laser during the same treatment session is safe and effective. Lasers Surg. Med. 45:405–409, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alterations of motor cortical excitability and anatomy in Unverricht‐Lundborg disease
Authors: Danner Nils , Julkunen Petro , Hyppönen Jelena , Niskanen Eini , Säisänen Laura , Könönen Mervi , Koskenkorva Päivi , Vanninen Ritva , Kälviäinen Reetta , Mervaala Esa
Published: August 2013

Unverricht‐Lundborg disease is the most common form of progressive myoclonus epilepsies. In addition to generalized seizures, it is characterized by myoclonus, which usually is the most disabling feature of the disease. Classically, the myoclonus has been attributed to increased excitability of the primary motor cortex. However, inhibitory cortical phenomena have also been described along with anatomical alterations. We aimed to characterize the relationship between the excitability and anatomy of the motor cortex and their association with the severity of the clinical symptoms. Seventy genetically verified patients were compared with forty healthy controls. The symptoms were evaluated with the Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale. Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied to characterize the excitability of the primary motor cortex by determining the motor thresholds and cortical silent periods. In addition, the induced cortical electric fields were estimated using individual scalp‐to‐cortex distances measured from MRIs. A cortical thickness analysis was performed to elucidate possible disease‐related anatomical alterations. The motor thresholds, cortical electric fields, and silent periods were significantly increased in the patients (P < 0.01). The silent periods correlated with the myoclonus scores (r = 0.48 to r = 0.49, P < 0.001). The scalp‐to‐cortex distance increased significantly with disease duration (r = 0.56, P < 0.001) and correlated inversely with cortical thickness. The results may reflect the refractory nature of the myoclonus and indicate a possible reactive cortical inhibitory mechanism to the underlying disease process. This is the largest clinical series on Unverricht‐Lundborg disease and the first study describing parallel pathophysiological and structural alterations associated with the severity of the symptoms. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Regional anatomy of the pedunculopontine nucleus: Relevance for deep brain stimulation
Authors: Fournier‐Gosselin Marie‐Pierre , Lipsman Nir , Saint‐Cyr Jean A. , Hamani Clement , Lozano Andres M.
Published: August 2013

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is currently being investigated as a potential deep brain stimulation target to improve gait and posture in Parkinson's disease. This review examines the complex anatomy of the PPN region and suggests a functional mapping of the surrounding nuclei and fiber tracts that may serve as a guide to a more accurate placement of electrodes while avoiding potentially adverse effects. The relationships of the PPN were examined in different human brain atlases. Schematic representations of those structures in the vicinity of the PPN were generated and correlated with their potential stimulation effects. By providing a functional map and representative schematics of the PPN region, we hope to optimize the placement of deep brain stimulation electrodes, thereby maximizing safety and clinical efficacy. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Weber and Beltrami integrals of squared spherical Bessel functions: finite series evaluation and high‐index asymptotics
Authors: Tomaschitz Roman
Published: August 2013

Weber integrals and Beltrami integrals are studied, which arise in the multipole expansions of spherical random fields. These integrals define spectral averages of squared spherical Bessel functions with Gaussian or exponentially cut power‐law densities. Finite series representations of the integrals are derived for integer power‐law index μ, which admit high‐precision evaluation at low and moderate Bessel index n. At high n, numerically tractable uniform asymptotic approximations are obtained on the basis of the Debye expansion of modified spherical Bessel functions in the case of Weber integrals. The high‐n approximation of Beltrami integrals can be reduced to Legendre asymptotics. The Airy approximation of Weber and Beltrami integrals is derived as well, and numerical tests are performed over a wide range of Bessel indices by comparing the exact finite series expansions of the integrals with their high‐index asymptotics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general scattering theorem for chiral Herglotz functions
Authors: Athanasiadis Christodoulos E. , Dimitroula Sotiria
Published: August 2013

A chiral electric Herglotz pair is an incident upon a scatterer that is a perfect conductor. First, we define appropriate tangential subspaces of that satisfy the conditions of the left circularly and right circularly polarization, and we prove that they are complete and orthogonal spaces. Then, we define integral operators on these spaces that compose the chiral far‐field operator. We prove a general scattering theorem that connects chiral Herglotz functions with the chiral far‐field operator, which covers known results in the achiral case. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
13C NMR spectroscopy of copoly(arylenephthalide) derivatives with diphenyloxide and terphenyl fragments in the main chain
Authors: Kraikin Vladimir A. , Fatykhov Akhnef A. , Sakhipova Il'nara I. , Sedova Elvira A. , Egorov Aleksandr E. , Salazkin Sergey N.
Published: August 2013

1H and 13С NMR spectral assignments have been provided for low‐molecular reference monomers, poly(diphenyleneoxidephthalide) and periodic copoly(arylenephthalide) derivatives such as AB, ABB, and ABBB (where A = terphenylenephthalide and B = diphenyleneoxidephthalide) using 1H‐1H COSY, 1H‐13C HSQC and HMBC NMR techniques. Distinctive 13C NMR chemical shifts of a main chain have been observed containing fragments of similar structures and lateral phthalate groups being part of various diads. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional quadratic nonconforming brick element
Authors: Meng Zhaoliang , Sheen Dongwoo , Luo Zhongxuan , Kim Sihwan
Published: August 2013

A new nonconforming brick element with quadratic convergence for the energy norm is introduced. The nonconforming element consists of on a cube [−1,1]3, and 14 degree of freedom (DOF). Two types of DOF are introduced. One consists of the value at the eight vertices and six face‐centroids and the other consists of the value at the eight vertices and the integration value of six faces. Error estimates of optimal order are derived in both broken energy and norms for second‐order elliptic problems. If a genuine hexahedron, which is not a parallelepiped, is included in the partition, the proposed element is also convergent, but with a lower order. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 30: 158–174, 2014
Substituent effects on the dehydration of arene hydrates in aqueous solution
Authors: O'Mahony Michelle J. , More O'Ferrall Rory A. , Boyd Derek R. , Lam Casey M. , O'Donoghue AnnMarie C.
Published: August 2013

Rate constants have been determined by UV spectrophotometry at 25 °C for the acid‐catalyzed dehydration of different types of monocyclic arene hydrates including those substituted at the 1‐, 2‐ or 3‐positions. General acid catalysis was not observed, and linear plots of pseudo‐first‐order rate constants for dehydration against hydronium concentration were obtained. A Hammett plot of the second‐order rate constants for acid‐catalyzed dehydration, kH (M−1s−1), of unsubstituted‐ (8a), 3‐substituted (8b, 8c, 8d, 8e) and 1‐substituted‐benzene hydrates (14f and 14h) shows an excellent correlation with σ+ values and yields a large negative ρ‐value of –6.5. The results are consistent with rate‐determining formation of a benzenium ion in which direct mesomeric interaction with the substituent occurs, presumably permitted by the coplanar arrangement of the diene and carbocation centre in the intermediate. Data points for 2‐substituted arene hydrates (13f, 13g, 13h, 13i) deviate negatively from the Hammett plot as direct mesomeric interaction with the substituent is not possible in the corresponding benzenium intermediates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical investigation of two‐photon absorption and fluorescence properties of cypridina luciferin‐based derivatives: 2,3,5‐trisubstituted pyrazine compounds
Authors: Sun Ying , Liu Xiao‐Ting , Guo Jing‐Fu , Ren Ai‐Min , Wang Dan
Published: August 2013

Two‐photon fluorescent probe materials are significant for achieving observation of living phenomena in entire organs and tissues. To explore new materials with high fluorescence and large two‐photon absorption (TPA) cross section, a series of 2,3,5‐trisubstituted pyrazine derivatives were designed. Their equilibrium geometries, one‐photon absorption, TPA, and luminescence properties have been studied by using density functional theory (DFT), time‐dependent DFT, and Zerner's intermediate neglect of differential overlap program. The results show that the introduction of styrene groups to 2,3,5‐trisubstituted pyrazine derivatives can efficiently increase the conjugated effect and enhance the TPA activity. Moreover, the luminescence properties of 2,3,5‐trisubstituted pyrazine derivatives were compared, and the effect of three substituents on the fluorescence of trisubstituted pyrazine derivatives was analyzed by means of different contribution of the basis functions localized on pyrazine fragment into the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. The oscillator strengths in the excited state (ƒem) for the pyrazine derivatives substituted by styryl are larger than that of other derivatives with acetylamino and indole groups substituted at 2‐site and 5‐site of the pyrazine core, and the ƒem of 3‐indolyl pyrazine derivatives is larger than that of 3‐styrene pyrazine derivatives. It suggests that the styrene group has a great influence on the luminescence property. In addition, the indole group substituted at 3‐site of the pyrazine derivatives can also promote the fluorescence property. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stem Cell Labeling and Tracking with Nanoparticles
Authors: Liang Chao , Wang Chao , Liu Zhuang
Published: August 2013

Stem cell research is a field that has attracted tremendous attention in recent years. How to precisely label and track stem cells after administration is important not only for fundamental stem cell research, but also for practical applications of stem cell technology in the clinic. Various stem cell labeling and tracking strategies, many of which utilize nanotechnology, have been reported by many different groups. Here, recent progress in the development of various functional nanomaterials for stem cell labeling and tracking is reviewed and the current challenges and future prospects are discussed.
Exciting the optical response of nanowire metamaterial films on the tip of optical fibres
Authors: Leite I. T. , Hierro‐Rodríguez A. , Silva A. O. , Teixeira J. M. , Sousa C. T. , Fernández‐García M. P. , Araújo J. P. , Jorge P. A. S. , Guerreiro A.
Published: August 2013

This Letter reports on the assembly on the tip of an optical fibre of a metamaterial film fabricated by a self‐assembly bottom‐up method, composed of silver nanowires embedded in an alumina matrix. By illuminating the film through the fibre in a reflection configuration, we observe experimentally the optical response of the metamaterial in agreement with theoretical predictions and interpreted as the excitation of surface plasmon‐polaritons in the cylindrical surface of the nanowires. These results pave the way for low‐cost optical fibre devices that incorporate metamaterial films.

magnified image

Micrographs of a nanowire metamaterial film mounted on the tip of an optical fibre (left) and top‐view of the sample in a transmission configuration (right). The red colour results from the absorption of the other optical wavelengths by the plasmon modes in the metamaterial.

(© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Estimating and diagnosing model error variances in the Météo‐France global NWP model
Authors: Boisserie M. , Arbogast P. , Descamps L. , Pannekoucke O. , Raynaud L.
Published: August 2013

A methodology for estimating model error statistics is proposed. Its application to the global operational model ARPEGE of Météo‐France provides valuable insights into the spatio‐temporal dynamics of model error variances. In particular larger model errors are found in the midlatitude storm tracks (high cyclonic activity) for dynamical variables such as 500 hPa geopotential height and the 850 hPa wind speed.

The average model errors over both hemispheres show a linear growth until they reach saturation. Model errors are also shown to grow more rapidly than predictability errors; this leads to a crossover time beyond which model error contribution to forecast error starts to play the dominant role. Moreover, model errors saturate more rapidly than predictability errors. On the other hand, spectral analysis shows an upscale energy transfer and a faster growth at synoptic scales for both model errors and predictability errors. This indicates that, for dynamical variables, the growth of both errors is most likely driven by baroclinic instability.

The results found in this study could provide valuable information for a future implementation of a stochastic physics approach to account for model errors in the operational ensemble prediction system.
Transaction Costs, Social Costs and Open Systems: Some Common Threads
Authors: Valentinov Vladislav , Chatalova Lioudmila
Published: August 2013

The present paper draws upon the open systems perspective to identify the common systems‐theoretic core of two schools of modern economic thought, the new institutional economics and the heterodox institutionalism. This core is shown to be in the argument that the maintenance of complexity requires appropriate self‐regulatory mechanisms. While the new institutional economics focuses on the technological complexity maintained by corporate hierarchies, the heterodox institutionalism is concerned with the civilizational complexity that needs to be maintained by broader self‐regulatory institutions of the public and nonprofit sector. This argument highlights the complementary and paradoxical relationship between the concepts of transaction costs and social costs analyzed by the respective schools. Corporate hierarchies may successfully exercise their self‐regulatory role by economizing on transaction costs, yet in doing so they generate social costs that are reducible through the self‐regulatory activity of public and nonprofit institutions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns and processes of invasive grass impacts on wildlife in Australia
Authors: Grice A. C. , Vanderduys Eric P. , Perry Justin J. , Cook Garry D.
Published: August 2013

There are almost 400 naturalized grass species in Australia and most terrestrial and many freshwater ecosystems are subject to invasion by one or more species. Some species can dominate the ground stratum of the vegetation and thus radically transform the structure, composition and ecological functioning of the ecosystem. In these situations, the species richness of the herbaceous vegetation typically declines as the grasses out‐compete native grasses and forbs for water, nutrients, and light. In terrestrial environments, invasive grasses often modify disturbance regimes, especially the frequency and intensity of fire. These effects on vegetation structure and composition and water and nutrient cycling are habitat‐altering for the fauna of the invaded systems. Although some wildlife species do well in vegetation transformed by invasive grasses, there are many negative effects on wildlife through reduced resource availability and unsuitable fire regimes. There are few cost‐effective, broad‐scale options for reversing the effects of invasive grasses on radically transformed systems. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Terrestrial salamander abundance on reclaimed mountaintop removal mines
Authors: Wood Petra Bohall , Williams Jennifer M.
Published: August 2013

Mountaintop removal mining, a large‐scale disturbance affecting vegetation, soil structure, and topography, converts landscapes from mature forests to extensive grassland and shrubland habitats. We sampled salamanders using drift‐fence arrays and coverboard transects on and near mountaintop removal mines in southern West Virginia, USA, during 2000–2002. We compared terrestrial salamander relative abundance and species richness of un‐mined, intact forest with habitats on reclaimed mountaintop removal mines (reclaimed grassland, reclaimed shrubland, and fragmented forest). Salamanders within forests increased in relative abundance with increasing distance from reclaimed mine edge. Reclaimed grassland and shrubland habitats had lower relative abundance and species richness than forests. Characteristics of reclaimed habitats that likely contributed to lower salamander abundance included poor soils (dry, compacted, little organic matter, high rock content), reduced vertical structure of vegetation and little tree cover, and low litter and woody debris cover. Past research has shown that salamander populations reduced by clearcutting may rebound in 15–24 years. Time since disturbance was 7–28 years in reclaimed habitats on our study areas and salamander populations had not reached levels found in adjacent mature forests. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Synthesis and Characterization of a 2D Cobalt(II) Coordination Polymer Containing the Adiponitrile Ligand
Authors: Chainok Kittipong , Saphu Watcharin , Khemthong Phailyn , Harding David J.
Published: August 2013

The cobalt(II) coordination polymer [Co(ADN)3][FeCl4]2 (1), which contains a flexible dinitrile bridging ligand was synthesized at room temperature from the 1:2:3 reaction of CoCl2, FeCl3, and adiponitrile (ADN) in CH3NO2. The compound was characterized by spectroscopic methods and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structure of 1 consists of a 2D sheet structure of [Co(ADN)3]2+ cations, the charge balance is maintained by [FeCl4]– anions. Each central CoII atom is coordinated by six nitrogen atoms from four gauche‐ and two anti ligands, adopting a distorted octahedral arrangement. The [FeCl4]– anions sit in channels created by the [Co(ADN)3]2+ cations, and link the 2D sheets into a 3D structure by weak C–H···Cl hydrogen bonds. The framework structure of 1 is thermally stable up to 285 °C.
Up sector of minimal flavor violation: top quark properties and direct D meson CP violation
Authors: Bai Yang , Berger Joshua , Hewett JoAnne L. , Li Ye
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Minimal Flavor Violation in the up-type quark sector leads to particularly interesting phenomenology due to the interplay of flavor physics in the charm sector and collider physics from flavor changing processes in the top sector. We study the most general operators that can affect top quark properties and D meson decays in this scenario, concentrating on two CP violating operators for detailed studies. The consequences of these effective operators on charm and top flavor changing processes are generically small, but can be enhanced if there exists a light flavor mediator that is a Standard Model gauge singlet scalar and transforms under the flavor symmetry group. This flavor mediator can satisfy the current experimental bounds with a mass as low as tens of GeV and explain observed D-meson direct CP violation. Additionally, the model predicts a non-trivial branching fraction for a top quark decay that would mimic a dijet resonance.
Nutrient enrichment alters dynamics in experimental plant populations
Authors: Molofsky Jane , Danforth Christopher M. , Crone Elizabeth E.
Published: August 2013

Controlling weed populations requires an understanding of their underlying population dynamics which can be achieved through a combination of model development and long‐term studies. In this paper, we develop models based on long‐term data from experimental populations of the weedy annual plant Cardamine pensylvanica. Four replicate populations of C. pensylvanica were grown in growth chambers under three different nutrient levels but with all other environmental conditions held constant. We analyze the resulting time series using generalized additive models and perform stability analyses using Lyapunov exponents. Further, we test whether the proposed mechanism, delayed density dependence caused by maternal effects, is operating in our system by experimentally manipulating maternal density and assessing the resulting offspring quality. Our results show that that increasing the frequency of nutrients causes plant population dynamics to shift from stable to damped 2‐point oscillations to longer cycles. This shift in population dynamics is due to a shift at high nutrients from populations being regulated by first order density feedbacks to being regulated by both first order and second order density feedbacks. A consequence of these first order and second order feedbacks was an increase in cycle lengths as demonstrated by the presence of complex eigenvalues. A short‐term experiment confirmed that when grown under high nutrients, the density of maternal plants strongly affected offspring size, providing a mechanism whereby these second order density feedbacks could operate. Our results demonstrate that increasing nutrient frequency results in a qualitative shift in dynamics from stable to longer cycles.
Ultrasound-Guided Aspiration and Injection of an Intraneural Ganglion Cyst of the Common Peroneal Nerve
Authors: Liang Teresa , Panu Anukul , Crowther Sean , Low Gavin , Lambert Robert
Published: August 2013

Background

Intraneural ganglion cysts are rare, benign, mucinous lesions that occur within neural sheaths and are thought to involve cystic fluid exiting from nearby synovial joints. They often present as tender masses causing paresthesias in the distribution of the involved nerve, muscle weakness or cramping, or localized or referred pain.

Case Description

We present a case of a patient who initially presented with foot drop due to an intraneural ganglion cyst of the common peroneal nerve. This cyst was successfully treated using ultrasound guidance to aspirate the cyst and inject corticosteroid to prevent further inflammation.

Literature Review

Standard of care has previously involved surgical resection, but this has been associated with a high frequency of recurrence. Due to the risks of nerve and vessel damage, there have been efforts to find alternative ways of resolving these cysts.

Purposes and Clinical Relevance

Aspiration and injection of corticosteroid is a useful and minimally invasive alternative to surgery for managing intraneural ganglion cysts.
Does integrating family planning into HIV care and treatment impact intention to use contraception? Patient perspectives from HIV‐infected individuals in Nyanza Province, Kenya
Authors: Newmann Sara J. , Grossman Daniel , Blat Cinthia , Onono Maricianah , Steinfeld Rachel , Bukusi Elizabeth A. , Shade Starley , Cohen Craig R.
Published: August 2013

Objective

To evaluate whether HIV‐infected women and men in HIV care and not using highly effective methods of contraception thought they would be more likely to use contraception if it were available at the HIV clinic.

Methods

A face‐to‐face survey assessing family‐planning knowledge, attitudes, and practices was conducted among 976 HIV‐infected women and men at 18 public‐sector HIV clinics in Nyanza, Kenya. Data were analyzed using logistic regression and generalized estimating equations.

Results

The majority of women (73%) and men (71%) thought that they or their partner would be more likely to use family planning if it were offered at the HIV clinic. In multivariable analysis, women who reported making family‐planning decisions with their partner (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53–6.80) and women aged 18–25 years who were not currently using family planning (aOR 4.76; 95% CI, 2.28–9.95) were more likely to think they would use contraception if integrated services were available. Women who perceived themselves to be infertile (aOR 0.07; 95% CI, 0.02–0.31) and had access to a cell phone (aOR 0.40; 95% CI, 0.25–0.63) were less likely to think that integrated services would change their contraceptive use. Men who were not taking antiretroviral medications (aOR 3.30; 95% CI, 1.49–7.29) were more likely, and men who were unsure of their partner's desired number of children (aOR 0.36; 95% CI, 0.17–0.76), were not currently using family planning (aOR 0.40; 95% CI, 0.22–0.73), and were living in a peri‐urban setting (aOR 0.46; 95% CI, 0.21–0.99) were less likely to think their partner would use contraception if available at the HIV clinic.

Conclusions

Integrating family planning into HIV care would probably have a broad impact on the majority of women and men accessing HIV care and treatment. Integrated services would offer the opportunity to involve men more actively in the contraceptive decision‐making process, potentially addressing 2 barriers to family planning: access to contraception and partner uncertainty or opposition.
Learning curves in collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR) information systems: An empirical analysis from a mobile phone manufacturer
Authors: Yao Yuliang , Kohli Rajiv , Sherer Susan A. , Cederlund Jerold
Published: August 2013

While Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) information systems have been increasingly deployed to improve supply chain operations in a cross section of industries, the extant literature has largely overlooked the learning effects within organizations, thereby resulting in incomplete assessment of their business value. Using an operational‐level panel data for nine product lines over 2.5 years, we empirically examine the learning curves in CPFR between Motorola, a mobile phone manufacturer, and one of its U.S.‐based national retail partners. We found that the two key components of CPFR, collaborative forecasting (CF) and collaborative replenishment (CR), exhibit distinct learning curves. Forecast accuracy improves immediately following CPFR implementation but the rate of improvement slows over time, whereas inventory levels increase at first and begin decreasing after a period. Further, we found different learning effects in terms of inventory levels when products are later replaced with new form factors. Product replacements have lower inventory levels than their antecedents, at least for low‐end products. We discuss important implications for theory and practice at the interface of information systems and operations management.
Capability hierarchy in electronic procurement and procurement process performance: An empirical analysis
Authors: Mishra Abhay Nath , Devaraj Sarv , Vaidyanathan Ganesh
Published: August 2013

This paper examines the interrelationship between two hierarchically structured functional capabilities pertinent in the organizational procurement process, and the impact of these capabilities on procurement process performance. These functional capabilities operate at different levels in an organization's procurement process. We draw upon resource‐ and knowledge‐based views of the firm to theorize that in this hierarchy of information technology‐enabled procurement capabilities, the higher‐level capability – procurement integration competence – enables firms to develop and deploy a lower‐level capability – digital procurement competence. Further, we theorize that the lower‐level capability impacts procurement process performance directly and completely mediates the relationship between higher‐level capability and performance. Thus, although performance is impacted directly only by the lower‐level capability, the higher‐level capability facilitates the development and use of the lower‐level capability. Our research model is tested using survey data from a large sample of 412 manufacturing firms. The results provide strong support for the proposed research model. In particular, we find that as hypothesized, the impact of procurement integration competence on performance is completely mediated by digital procurement competence. Our results suggest that when examined at the procurement process level, the impact of higher‐level capabilities may be manifested completely through the lower‐level capabilities. Theoretical and practical implications of the research are discussed.
Effect of Fuel Type on Carbon Monoxide Accumulation in Tents of Varied Design
Authors: Betten David P. , Castle David J. , Bales Lee L. , Hughes Mary J.
Published: August 2013

Objective

The use of backpacking stoves in tents has been recognized to result in elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels and even death among tent inhabitants. A study was performed to evaluate carbon monoxide production occurring in varying tents with variable fuel types.

Methods

Using a popular backpacking stove, both white gas and regular unleaded gasoline were used to heat a pot of water inside 2 tents of differing levels of weather resistance (“3-season tent” and “4-season tent”) under controlled settings. A remote carbon monoxide sensor measured levels over a 20-minute period. Multiple 20-minute runs were performed with varying fuel and tent combinations to assess peak levels and rates of carbon monoxide production.

Results

Mean peak carbon monoxide levels were obtained in the 3-season tent and 4-season tent when white gas was burned measuring 60.5 ppm (95% CI: 31.2 to 89.8) and 154.5 ppm (95% CI: 112.8 to 195.7; P = .002), respectively. The use of regular unleaded gasoline in the 3-season and 4-season tents resulted in mean peak carbon monoxide levels of 102.9 ppm (95% CI: 77.8 to 128.0) and 210.6 ppm (95% CI: 37.4 to 383.1; P = .06), respectively. Using regular unleaded gasoline resulted in significantly increased mean peak carbon monoxide levels compared with white gas in the 3-season tent ( P = .006); however, the difference was not significant in the 4-season tent ( P = .23).

Conclusions

The use of backpacking stoves in tents produces varying levels of carbon monoxide related to fuel type and tent styles. Efforts should continue to educate persons of the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning with the use of any stove while inside tents.
Conjugal Interdependence in Quebec: From Legal Rules to Social
Representations About Spousal Support and Property Division on Conjugal
Breakdown1
Authors: Belleau Hélène , St-Pierre Pascale Cornut
Published: August 2013

In the present article, we examine the extent to which legal norms related to
family matters are in line with the diverse social representations of current
conjugal life, more particularly as concerns the economic interdependence of the
couple during or subsequent to their union. Two Quebec legal measures compel
attention: the division of the family patrimony and the obligation of support
payable to the former partner. The present analysis is based on an empirical
study involving couples living together in Quebec. Whereas current legal
discourse concerning unmarried cohabitation appears focused on spousal support,
our survey has brought out two elements that could challenge the current legal
approach. When it comes to social representations, we find that the awarding of
support to the partner is highly controversial. The majority of our respondents
also believe that the family patrimony should be shared equally, whether or not
the couple is married, and more especially when there are children, the property
of the household being deemed to be the fruit of a joint and family-oriented
effort.
PHOTOGRAPHICALLY BASED KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Cavedon-Taylor Dan
Published: August 2013

Pictures are a quintessential source of aesthetic pleasure. This makes it easy to forget that they are epistemically valuable no less than they are aesthetically so. Pictures are representations. As such, they may furnish us with knowledge of the objects they represent. In this article I provide an account of why photographs are of greater epistemic utility than handmade pictures. To do so, I use a novel approach: I seek to illuminate the epistemic utility of photographs by situating both photographs and handmade pictures among the sources of knowledge. This method yields an account of photography's epistemic utility that better connects the issue with related issues in epistemology and is relatively superior to other accounts. Moreover, it answers a foundational issue in the epistemology of pictorial representation: ‘What kinds of knowledge do pictures furnish?’ I argue that photographs have greater epistemic utility than handmade pictures because photographs are sources of perceptual knowledge, while handmade pictures are sources of testimonial knowledge.
A NEW PROSPECT FOR EPISTEMIC AGGREGATION
Authors: Berntson Daniel , Isaacs Yoaav
Published: August 2013

How should the opinion of a group be related to the opinions of the group members? In this article, we will defend a package of four norms – coherence, locality, anonymity and unanimity. Existing results show that there is no tenable procedure for aggregating outright beliefs or for aggregating credences that meet these criteria. In response, we consider the prospects for aggregating credal pairs – pairs of prior probabilities and evidence. We show that there is a method of aggregating credal pairs that possesses all four virtues.
A RELIABILISM BUILT ON COGNITIVE CONVERGENCE: AN EMPIRICALLY GROUNDED SOLUTION TO THE GENERALITY PROBLEM
Authors: Jönsson Martin L.
Published: August 2013

Process-reliabilist analyses of justification and knowledge face the generality problem. Recent discussion of this problem turns on certain untested empirical assumptions that this paper investigates. Three experiments are reported: two are free-naming studies that support the existence of a basic level in the previously unexplored domain of names for belief-forming processes; the third demonstrates that reliability judgments for the basic-level belief-forming process types are very strongly correlated with the corresponding justification and knowledge judgments. I argue that these results lend support to process-reliabilism; I then go on to explore several different ways to make use of them in solutions to the generality problem.
A residue formula for the fundamental Hochschild class on the Podleś sphere
Authors: Krähmer Ulrich , Wagner Elmar
Published: August 2013

The fundamental Hochschild cohomology class of the standard Podleś quantum sphere is expressed in terms of the spectral triple of Dąabrowski and Sitarz by means of a residue formula.
The decay of the flow in the end region of a suddenly blocked pipe
Authors: Jewell Nathaniel , Denier James P.
Published: August 2013

We consider the decay to rest of initially laminar flow within the end region of a suddenly blocked pipe. Here the flow is dominated by two temporally developing boundary layers, one on the pipe wall and one located at the blockage. The evolution and interaction of these boundary layers contributes to the creation and annihilation of toroidal vortices in the end-region flow, the number and extent growing with increasing Reynolds numbers. For larger Reynolds numbers, these nonlinear vortices delay the decay process within the end region, decaying at a slower rate than flow far downstream of the blockage. Our numerical simulations for pre-blockage Reynolds numbers up to 3000 indicate that the flow in this end region is stable to axisymmetric disturbances.
Hydrodynamic diffusion of sedimenting point particles in a vertical shear flow
Authors: Crosby Andrew , Lister John R.
Published: August 2013

The hydrodynamic diffusion of sedimenting point particles in a vertically sheared periodic system is investigated numerically and theoretically. In both the velocity-gradient direction and the vorticity direction, the rate of hydrodynamic diffusion is reduced as the shear rate is increased. In the velocity-gradient direction, two-particle interactions cause no net displacement, and three-particle interactions are necessary for diffusive behaviour. In contrast to an unsheared system, the resulting diffusion coefficient is only weakly dependent upon the size of the system and ${\widehat{D}}_{xx} \sim 4. 2\times 1{0}^{- 4} \hspace{0.167em} {n}^{2} {(f/ \mu )}^{4} {\dot {\gamma } }^{- 3} \ln (0. 42\widehat{L}{(\mu \dot {\gamma } / f)}^{1/ 2} )$, where $n$ is the particle number density, $f$ the force per particle, $\mu $ the fluid viscosity, $\dot {\gamma } $ the imposed shear rate, and $\widehat{L}$ the system size. In the vorticity direction, although individual two-particle interactions cause no net displacement, a superposition of interactions is sufficient to cause diffusion-like linear growth of the ensemble-averaged square particle displacements. The associated diffusion coefficient is given by ${\widehat{D}}_{yy} \sim 9. 47\times 1{0}^{- 4} \hspace{0.167em} n{(f/ \mu )}^{2} \widehat{L}\hspace{0.167em} {\dot {\gamma } }^{- 1} $. At sufficiently long times, the effect of multi-particle interactions cannot be neglected and there is a transition to another regime in which the diffusion coefficient is similar in form, but slightly reduced from this value. The dependence of ${\widehat{D}}_{xx} $ and ${\widehat{D}}_{yy} $ on the number density and dimensionless shear rate is explained using theoretical scaling arguments and analyses.
Three-dimensional spatially localized binary-fluid convection in a porous medium
Authors: Lo Jacono David , Bergeon Alain , Knobloch Edgar
Published: August 2013

Three-dimensional convection in a binary mixture in a porous medium heated from below is studied. For negative separation ratios steady spatially localized convection patterns are expected. Such patterns, spatially localized in two dimensions, are computed and numerical continuation is used to examine their growth and proliferation as parameters are varied. The patterns studied have the form of a core region with four extended side-branches and can be stable. A physical mechanism behind the formation of these unusual structures is suggested.
The Stability of Finite Miscible Liquid-Liquid Stratified Microchannel Flow with Boundary Slip
Authors: You X.-Y. , Zhang L.-D. , Zheng J.-R.
Published: August 2013

The effects of boundary slip on the stability of finite miscible/immiscible liquid-liquid stratified microchannel flow were investigated. In this approach, the boundary slip was considered by Navier slip assumption and the finite-miscible liquid-liquid interface was modeled by double film model. The stability of the flow was studied by the small disturbance theory. The results indicated that the effects of boundary slip on the instability of finite miscible stratified microchannel flow with different viscosity ratio, interface location and the property of interface (i.e.thickness and viscosity distribution of mixed layer) are distinct and complex. The effect intensity of upper and lower boundary slip on flow stability is determined by viscosity ratio, interface structure (different Ns) and film thickness. When the interface changes from the channel center to the wall, the critical Re number is enhanced by boundary slip and especially markedly near the critical line and after across the critical line it suddenly decreases to a small value (even to 424). The flow stability always increased by boundary slip.
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of Three-Dimensional Braided Composite Material using Carbon Nanotube Thread Sensors
Authors: Wan Z. , Li J. D. , Jia M. , Li J. L.
Published: August 2013

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) takes advantage of the recent advances in nanotechnology and sensing in order to monitor the behavior of a structure, assess its performance and identify damage at an early stage. Monitoring the state of strain throughout an entire structure is essential to determine its state of stress, detect potential residual stresses after fabrication, and also to help to establish its integrity. The Carbon nanotube thread was integrated into three-dimensional braiding materials and used for the first time as a sensor to monitor strain and also to detect damage in the three-dimensional braided composite material.

In this paper a literature review about the application of carbon nanotubes thread for sensors and smart materials used for SHM of braiding structures is presented. The test data show the braided angle is important parameter for structural health monitoring of three-dimensional. The research will provide a new integrated and distributed technologies for the built-in carbon nanotube sensor to detect the health of composite. The subject will provide the new idea and method for the development of smart composite materials research and application.
Soret and Dufour Effects on the Unsteady Mixed Convection Flow Over a Stretching Surface
Authors: Alsaadi F. E. , Shehzad S. A. , Hayat T. , Monaquel S. J.
Published: August 2013

Mixed convection flow of second grade fluid bounded by a permeable stretching surface is discussed. Soret and Dufour effects are also present. Series solutions for the resulting problems are made using homotopy analysis method (HAM). Analysis has been carried out for the effects of embedded parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration fields. Numerical values of Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are computed and discussed.
Investigation on Transient Responses of a Piezoelectric Crack by using Durbin and Zhao Methods for Numerical Inversion of Laplace Transforms
Authors: Ing Y.-S. , Liao H.-F.
Published: August 2013

This study applies the numerical inversion of Laplace transform methods to study the piezoelectric dynamic fracture problem, recalculating Chen and Karihaloo's [1] analysis on the transient response of a impermeable crack subjected to anti-plane mechanical and in-plane electric impacts. Three numerical methods were adopted for calculating the dynamic stress intensity factor: Durbin method, Zhao method 1, and Zhao method 2. The results obtained were more accurate than the results in Chen and Karihaloo's [1] study. Through the calculation, this study presents a better range of parameters for the above three methods, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of each method in detail.
NEAT AND CONEAT SUBMODULES OF MODULES OVER COMMUTATIVE RINGS
Authors: CRIVEI SEPTIMIU
Published: August 2013

We prove that neat and coneat submodules of a module coincide when $R$ is a commutative ring such that every maximal ideal is principal, extending a recent result by Fuchs. We characterise absolutely neat (coneat) modules and study their closure properties. We show that a module is absolutely neat if and only if it is injective with respect to the Dickson torsion theory.
SPECIAL MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF -GROUPS
Authors: COSSEY JOHN
Published: August 2013

In the 2006 edition of the Kourovka Notebook, Berkovich poses the following problem (Problem 16.13): Let $p$ be a prime and $P$ be a finite $p$-group. Can $P$ have every maximal subgroup special? We show that the structure of such groups is very restricted, but for all primes there are groups of arbitrarily large size with this property.
A NOTE ON THE DIOPHANTINE EQUATION
Authors: DENG MOU JIE
Published: August 2013

Let $(a, b, c)$ be a primitive Pythagorean triple satisfying ${a}^{2} + {b}^{2} = {c}^{2} . $ In 1956, Jeśmanowicz conjectured that for any given positive integer $n$ the only solution of $\mathop{(an)}\nolimits ^{x} + \mathop{(bn)}\nolimits ^{y} = \mathop{(cn)}\nolimits ^{z} $ in positive integers is $x= y= z= 2. $ In this paper, for the primitive Pythagorean triple $(a, b, c)= (4{k}^{2} - 1, 4k, 4{k}^{2} + 1)$ with $k= {2}^{s} $ for some positive integer $s\geq 0$, we prove the conjecture when $n\gt 1$ and certain divisibility conditions are satisfied.
Findings from an online behavioural weight management programme provided with or without a fortified diet beverage
Authors: Haddock C. Keith , Poston Walker S. C. , LaGrotte Caitlin , Klotz Alicia A. , Oliver Tracy L. , Vander Veur Stephanie S. , Foster Gary D. , Jebb Susan A. , Moore Carmel , Roberts Susan A. , Reeves Rebecca S. , Bolton Mary Pat , Foreyt John P.
Published: August 2013

The present multi-centre randomised weight-loss trial evaluated the efficacy of a low-intensity 12-week online behavioural modification programme, with or without a fortified diet beverage using a 2 × 2 factorial design. A total of 572 participants were randomised to: (1) an online basic lifestyle information (OBLI) intervention, consisting of one online informational class about tips for weight management; (2) an online behavioural weight management (OBWM) intervention, entailing 12 weekly online classes focused on weight-loss behaviour modification; (3) an OBLI intervention plus a fortified diet cola beverage (BEV) containing green tea extract (total catechin 167 mg), soluble fibre dextrin (10 g) and caffeine (100 mg) (OBLI+BEV); (4) OBWM+BEV. Assessments included height, weight, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived body composition, and waist circumference (WC). Attrition was 15·7 %. Intention-to-treat (ITT) models demonstrated a main effect for type of Internet programme, with those assigned to the OBWM condition losing significantly more weight (F= 7·174; P= 0·008) and fat mass (F= 4·491; P= 0·035) than those assigned to the OBLI condition. However, there was no significant main effect for the OBWM condition on body fat percentage (F= 2·906; P= 0·089) or WC (F= 3·351; P= 0·068), and no significant main effect for beverage use or significant interactions between factors in ITT models. A 12-week, low-intensity behaviourally based online programme produced a greater weight loss than a basic information website. The addition of a fortified diet beverage had no additional impact.