bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency rates and constraints on subject personal pronoun expression: Findings from the Puerto Rican highlands
Authors: Holmquist Jonathan
Published: July 2012

This study examines subject personal pronoun expression in the Spanish of the west-central highlands of Puerto Rico. Although rates of s-deletion are comparably high, rates of overt subject expression are shown to be much lower than rates reported for varieties of coastal Puerto Rican Spanish and U.S. mainland Puerto Rican Spanish. The linguistic constraints on overt versus null pronoun usage in the data are shown to coincide to a very large extent with constraints identified for other Puerto Rican dialects and also Castilian Spanish in central Spain, whereas of the social factors, only the distinction between farmers and nonfarmers is significant. The study suggests that, if rates of personal subject pronoun expression are an indication of dialectal variation, the rates presented here for this syntactic phenomenon represent the continuing effects of a conservative dialect in the interior of the island of Puerto Rico.
Models, forests, and trees of York English:Was/werevariation as a case study for statistical practice
Authors: Tagliamonte Sali A. , Baayen R. Harald
Published: July 2012

What is the explanation for vigorous variation betweenwasandwerein plural existential constructions, and what is the optimal tool for analyzing it? Previous studies of this phenomenon have used the variable rule program, a generalized linear model; however, recent developments in statistics have introduced new tools, including mixed-effects models, random forests, and conditional inference trees that may open additional possibilities for data exploration, analysis, and interpretation. In a step-by-step demonstration, we show how this well-known variable benefits from these complementary techniques. Mixed-effects models provide a principled way of assessing the importance of random-effect factors such as the individuals in the sample. Random forests provide information about the importance of predictors, whether factorial or continuous, and do so also for unbalanced designs with high multicollinearity, cases for which the family of linear models is less appropriate. Conditional inference trees straightforwardly visualize how multiple predictors operate in tandem. Taken together, the results confirm that polarity, distance from verb to plural element, and the nature of the DP are significant predictors. Ongoing linguistic change and social reallocation via morphologization are operational. Furthermore, the results make predictions that can be tested in future research. We conclude that variationist research can be substantially enriched by an expanded tool kit.
On-Chip Open Microfluidic Devices for Chemotaxis Studies
Authors: Wright Gus A. , Costa Lino , Terekhov Alexander , Jowhar Dawit , Hofmeister William , Janetopoulos Christopher
Published: July 2012

Microfluidic devices can provide unique control over both the chemoattractant gradient and the migration environment of the cells. Our work incorporates laser-machined micro and nanofluidic channels into bulk fused silica and cover slip-sized silica wafers. We have designed “open” chemotaxis devices that produce passive chemoattractant gradients without an external micropipette system. Since the migration area is unobstructed, cells can be easily loaded and strategically placed into the devices with a standard micropipette. The reusable monolithic glass devices have integral ports that can generate multiple gradients in a single experiment. We also used cover slip microfluidics for chemotaxis assays. Passive gradients elicited from these cover slips could be readily adapted for high throughput chemotaxis assays. We have also demonstrated for the first time that cells can be recruited into cover slip ports eliciting passive chemoattractant gradients. This proves, in principle, that intravital cover slip configurations could deliver controlled amounts of drugs, chemicals, or pathogens as well as recruit cells for proteomic or histological analysis in living animals while under microscopic observation. Intravital cover slip fluidics will create a new paradigm forin vivoobservation of biological processes.
EDS Measurements of X-Ray Intensity at WDS Precision and Accuracy Using a Silicon Drift Detector
Authors: Ritchie Nicholas W.M. , Newbury Dale E. , Davis Jeffrey M.
Published: July 2012

The accuracy and precision of X-ray intensity measurements with a silicon drift detector (SDD) are compared with the same measurements performed on a wavelength dispersive spectrometer (WDS) for a variety of elements in a variety of materials. In cases of major (>0.10 mass fraction) and minor (>0.01 mass fraction) elements, the SDD is demonstrated to perform as well or better than the WDS. This is demonstrated both for simple cases in which the spectral peaks do not interfere (SRM-481, SRM-482, and SRM-479a), and for more difficult cases in which the spectral peaks have significant interferences (the Ba L/Ti K lines in a series of Ba/Ti glasses and minerals). We demonstrate that even in the case of significant interference high count SDD spectra are capable of accurately measuring Ti in glasses with Ba:Ti mass fraction ratios from 2.7:1 to 23.8:1. The results suggest that for many measurements wavelength spectrometry can be replaced with an SDD with improved accuracy and precision.
Tuning Fifth-Order Aberrations in a Quadrupole-Octupole Corrector
Authors: Lupini Andrew R. , Pennycook Stephen J.
Published: July 2012

The resolution of conventional electron microscopes is usually limited by spherical aberration. Microscopes equipped with aberration correctors are then primarily limited by higher order, chromatic, and misalignment aberrations. In particular the Nion third-order aberration correctors installed on machines with a low energy spread and possessing sophisticated alignment software were limited by the uncorrected fifth-order aberrations. Here we show how the Nion fifth-order aberration corrector can be used to adjust and reduce some of the fourth- and fifth-order aberrations in a probe-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope.
The Sound of the English Picturesque in the Age of the Landscape Garden
Authors: GROVES STEPHEN
Published: July 2012

In eighteenth-century England, painting, poetry and gardening were often labelled the ‘sister arts’. An increasing interest in English landscape scenes and an emerging taste for ‘nature tourism’ gave rise to the ‘picturesque’ movement. Contemporary writers seldom considered English music as part of this ‘sisterhood’, however, or treated music as a medium for conveying national scenic beauty. When the picturesque was discussed in connection with music, eighteenth-century critics tended to use the concept to explain the tactics of novelty and surprise encountered in German instrumental music. Plays with regularity and expectation were analogous to the surprises and irregularities of picturesque ‘beauty spots’ – natural features studied and imitated by contemporary landscape gardeners. Accordingly, recent musicological studies of the picturesque have also preferred to emphasize its kinship with the unconventional or subversive formal schemas in instrumental music by German composers.

This article addresses the silent aporia in this discourse: the apparent absence of any participation in the picturesque movement by composers from England, the country most closely associated with this aesthetic. Focusing on the pictorialism and pastoralism of eighteenth-century English song texts and their musical treatment, this article reveals previously ignored connections between the veneration of national landscape and English vocal music. In consequence, the glee – a decidedly marginal genre in traditional eighteenth-century music historiography – emerges at the centre of contemporary aesthetic concerns, as the foremost musical vehicle for the expression of a distinctively English, painterly engagement with national landscapes.
ABSENT CADENCES
Authors: MIRKA DANUTA
Published: July 2012

The slow movement of Symphony No. 64 in A major, ‘Tempora mutantur’, has long intrigued Haydn scholars on account of its absent cadences and enigmatic form. The Latin title of the symphony is thought to be derived from the epigram by John Owen, a near-contemporary of Shakespeare, and it was used by Elaine Sisman to support her hypothesis that the slow movement formed part of Haydn's incidental music for Shakespeare'sHamlet. The enigma can be explained through an analysis informed by concepts native to eighteenth-century music theory. The absent cadences create instances of ellipsis, a rhetorical figure described by Johann Adolph Scheibe and Johann Nikolaus Forkel, and the form plays with a familiar template codified by Heinrich Christoph Koch. This analysis leads to a different interpretation. Rather than suggesting the protagonist of Shakespeare's tragedy, the movement stages a fictive composer in an act of musical comedy not dissimilar to that in Symphony No. 60, ‘Il Distratto’. The title comes not from Owen but from a Latin adage that was incorporated by Owen into his epigram. This adage had been popular in Germany since the Reformation and was then applied by one eighteenth-century music theorist to describe changes of musical conventions.
Spiritual well-being in patients with advanced heart and lung disease
Authors: Strada E. Alessandra , Homel Peter , Tennstedt Sharon , Billings J. Andrew , Portenoy Russell K.
Published: July 2012

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate levels of spiritual well-being over time in populations with advanced congestive heart failure (CHF) or chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD).

Method:

In a prospective, longitudinal study, patients with CHF or COPD (eachn = 103) were interviewed at baseline and every 3 months for up to 30 months. At each interview, patients completed: the basic faith subscale of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being (FACIT-Sp) questionnaire, the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS), the Rand Mental Health Inventory (MHI), the Multidimensional Index of Life Quality (MILQ), the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), and the Short Portable Mental Health Questionnaire (SPMSQ).

Result:

The mean age was 65 years, 59% were male, 78% were Caucasian, 50% were married, 29% lived alone, and there was no significant cognitive impairment. Baseline median FACIT-Sp score was 10.0 on a scale of 0–16. FACIT-Sp scores did not change over time and multivariate longitudinal analysis revealed higher scores for black patients and lower scores for those with more symptom distress on the MSAS-Global Distress Index (GDI) (bothp = 0.02). On a separate multivariate longitudinal analysis, MILQ scores were positively associated with the FACIT-Sp and the MHI, and negatively associated with the MSAS-GDI and the SIP (allp-values < 0.001).

Significance of results:

In advanced CHF and COPD, spiritual well-being remains stable over time, it varies by race and symptom distress, and contributes to quality of life, in combination with symptom distress, mental health and physical functioning.
Beyond the “Three Bs”: How American Christians Approach Faith and Politics
Authors: Friesen Amanda , Wagner Michael W.
Published: July 2012

While it is well-known that religiosity measures inform modern political alignments and voting behavior, less is known about how people of various religious orthodoxies think about the role of religion in society. To learn more about this veritable “black box” with respect to whether and why people connect their spiritual life to the political world, we conducted several focus groups in randomly selected Christian congregations in a mid-sized Midwestern city. Our analysis offers confirmatory, amplifying, and challenging evidence with respect to the “Three Bs” (believing, behaving, and belonging) perspective on how religion affects politics. Specifically, we show that while contemporary measures of religious traditionalism accurately reflect individuals’ partisan, ideological, and issue preferences, attitudes regarding the broad intersection of faith and politics are perhaps best understood via the presence (or absence) of denominational guidance on questions of the role of religion in society. We conclude by offering suggestions for future survey research seeking to explain the relationship between religion and politics.
Religion and Support for Democracy: A Comparative Study for Catholic and Muslim Countries
Authors: Gu Man-Li , Bomhoff Eduard J.
Published: July 2012

This article presents a cross-country empirical analysis of the relationship between religion and political attitudes among the Catholic and Muslim publics, using the most recent data from the World Values Survey. We find that public support for democracy is stronger among the better educated in both the Catholic and Muslim countries. Contrary to the conventional belief that pious believers are less receptive to democracy, individual religiosity, measured by belief in God, is found to have a significant positive impact on desire for democracy in both types of society. Our findings further indicate that at the societal level, overt support for democracy is consistently positively correlated to the attachment of a set of more implicit tolerant civil values in Catholic-majority countries, while exactly the opposite is observed in Muslim-majority countries.
Religious Identity and Political Participation in the Mennonite Church USA
Authors: Kopko Kyle C.
Published: July 2012

This article examines religious identity and its effect on political participation in the context of the Mennonite Church USA. Traditionally, Mennonite doctrine discouraged political activity because of its “worldly” nature. But it is uncertain if traditional doctrine influences the political behavior of contemporary church members. This article seeks to determine (1) to what extent there is a religious identity among contemporary Mennonites, (2) does this identity discourage support for political participation, and (3) if Mennonite identity discourages political participation, what is the substantive difference in support for political participation between low and high identity Mennonites? The analysis reveals that Mennonite religious identity is widespread in the Mennonite Church USA and high levels of identity decreases support for political activity. Despite this, Mennonites as a whole are fairly supportive of political participation, regardless of their level of identity.
‘At-risk’ for psychosis research: where are we heading?
Authors: Lin A. , Nelson B. , Yung A. R.
Published: July 2012

The ‘at-risk’ criteria are a useful paradigm for investigating the psychological, neurocognitive, neurobiological and genetic risk factors for psychosis, specifically schizophrenia. To date, the primary outcome of interest in at-risk research has been the development of psychotic disorder, whereby patients are categorized as either having ‘transitioned’ or ‘not transitioned’. Despite the acceptance of this dichotomy, it is important to consider that the threshold at which psychotic symptoms progress from attenuated to frank ‘psychotic disorder’ is arbitrary and may be incorrect or meaningless in terms of neurobiological and functional changes associated with psychosis. This has implications for clinical care and the search for markers of schizophrenia. We present recent research suggesting that the term ‘outcome’ needs to be broadened to incorporate non-psychotic diagnoses, functioning and negative symptoms. Shifting the traditional notion of outcome is the future challenge for at-risk research, but the inclusion of outcomes other than psychosis is likely to result in better aetiological models of psychotic illness.
What is the WHO essential medicines list?
Authors: Purgato M. , Barbui C.
Published: July 2012

This article briefly presents the main characteristics of the World Health Organization (WHO) essential medicines list (EML), a register of minimum medicine needs for every health-care system. The idea behind the list is that the use of a limited number of well-known and cost-effective medicines may lead to improved long-term medicine supply, lower costs and better health care provision.
World Ocean Assessment experts needed
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2012

The United Nations (UN) is inviting interested scientists to apply to be members of an international pool of 1000–2000 experts who will be authors and reviewers of its first World Ocean Assessment (WOA) report, slated for completion in 2014. The UN anticipates that subsequent WOA reports will be generated on a 5‐year cycle. The first report will include more than 50 subjects grouped within four main themes: marine environment and understanding of the ocean's role in the global integrated Earth system, food security and safety, human activities that influence the ocean or are influenced by the ocean, and marine biological diversity. A scientific and technical summary is also planned.
Hemispheric snow water equivalent: The need for a synergistic approach
Authors: Tedesco Marco , Derksen Chris , Pulliainen Jouni
Published: July 2012

Snow plays a crucial role in climatological and hydrological processes, and it is a key factor in modulating energy, water, and carbon budgets. The optically bright snow‐covered surface regulates the amount of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth, which influences regional energy budgets. Snow water equivalent (SWE), the amount of water stored within the snowpack, has wide‐ranging effects: playing a critical role in the management of water resources and hydropower production, influencing the soil temperature through thermally insulating properties, and affecting the ability of rangifers (i.e., caribou) to efficiently forage for food. These are some examples of the importance of estimating snow depth and SWE across regional and hemispheric scales.
AGU and Wiley‐Blackwell to partner on publication of journals and books
Authors: McEntee Chris
Published: July 2012

AGU has signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Wiley‐Blackwell to partner in journal and book publishing. The agreement, effective 1 January 2013, is a significant step forward in transforming AGU publishing consistent with our strategic plan goal of scientific leadership and collaboration. Wiley‐Blackwell is the international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Family‐owned and publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange, the company is strong in every major academic and professional field and partners with many of the world's leading societies. Wiley‐Blackwell, a leader in developing models for open access and providing developing nations with access to science, publishes nearly 1500 peer‐reviewed journals and more than 1500 new books annually. The company publishes approximately 700 society titles.
Outstanding Student Paper Awards
Authors: Anonymous
Published: July 2012

The following members received Outstanding Student Paper Awards at the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif. See also “Outstanding Student Paper Awards” published previously (Eos, 93(27), 253–254; Eos, 93(28), 260–261; and Eos, 93(30), 293).
Reanalyses find rising humidity in the Arctic but miss fine details
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2012

Direct, reliable observations of atmospheric conditions stretch as far back as the midseventeenth century, with otherwise consistent records being punctuated by periodic updates in methods, practitioners, and observational equipment. To bridge these shifts in technique and technology, scientists develop reanalysis models designed to tie together diverse observations into a coherent picture of the system's evolution. But, like all models or analytical techniques, reanalysis of data sets can suffer from errors or biases. Identifying how the records produced by different reanalyses vary can be a difficult practice, but determining if a cluster of models consistently produces biased results can be even more difficult.
Area‐based approach improves global sediment discharge modeling
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2012

By approaching the challenge of calculating global sediment discharge rates from a new angle, Pelletier developed a model that outperforms many existing simulations while minimizing the number of free parameters. Knowing how sediment is transported by the world's rivers is a key factor in understanding how landscapes change over time, with important consequences for agricultural viability, ecological health, and soil properties. Traditionally, the majority of discharge models calculate sediment redistribution at the watershed or drainage basin scale, using watershed average values of the physical properties known to affect sediment transport. The author's model, on the other hand, partitions the planet into sections that are 5 arc minutes wide—roughly 10 kilometers across at the equator and smaller at higher latitudes. This decision to use an area‐based grid rather than drainage basin averages allows for an improved representation of small‐scale processes that are often washed out at the watershed scale.
Basal crevasses on the Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctica: Implications for meltwater ponding and hydrofracture
Authors: McGrath Daniel , Steffen Konrad , Rajaram Harihar , Scambos Ted , Abdalati Waleed , Rignot Eric
Published: July 2012

A key mechanism for the rapid collapse of both the Larsen A and B Ice Shelves was meltwater‐driven crevasse propagation. Basal crevasses, large‐scale structural features within ice shelves, may have contributed to this mechanism in three important ways: i) the shelf surface deforms due to modified buoyancy and gravitational forces above the basal crevasse, creating >10 m deep compressional surface depressions where meltwater can collect, ii) bending stresses from the modified shape drive surface crevassing, with crevasses reaching 40 m in width, on the flanks of the basal‐crevasse‐induced trough and iii) the ice thickness is substantially reduced, thereby minimizing the propagation distance before a full‐thickness rift is created. We examine a basal crevasse (4.5 km in length, ∼230 m in height), and the corresponding surface features, in the Cabinet Inlet sector of the Larsen C Ice Shelf using a combination of high‐resolution (0.5 m) satellite imagery, kinematic GPS and in situ ground penetrating radar. We discuss how basal crevasses may have contributed to the breakup of the Larsen B Ice Shelf by directly controlling the location of meltwater ponding and highlight the presence of similar features on the Amery and Getz Ice Shelves with high‐resolution imagery.
Xenopumices from the 2011–2012 submarine eruption of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain): Constraints on the plumbing system and magma ascent
Authors: Meletlidis S. , Di Roberto A. , Pompilio M. , Bertagnini A. , Iribarren I. , Felpeto A. , Torres P. A. , D'Oriano C.
Published: July 2012

Textures, petrography and geochemical compositions of products emitted during the onset of the 2011–2012 submarine eruption (15 October, 2011) off the coast of El Hierro have been investigated to get information on interaction mechanism between the first rising magma and the crust during the onset of the eruption as well as to get information on magma storage and plumbing systems beneath El Hierro volcano. Studied products consist of 5–50 cm bombs with an outer black to greenish, vesicular crust with bulk basanite composition containing pumiceous xenoliths (xenopumices). Our results show that xenopumices are much more heterogeneous that previously observed, since consist of a macro‐scale mingling of a gray trachyte and white rhyolite. We interpreted xenopumices as resulting from the interaction (heating) between the basanitic magma feeding the eruption, a stagnant trachytic magma pocket/s and an associated hydrothermally altered halo with rhyolitic composition. Our findings confirm the importance of the study of the early products of an eruption since they can contain crucial information on the plumbing system geometry and the mechanism of magma ascent.
Acoustic emission monitoring of hydraulic fracturing laboratory experiment with supercritical and liquid CO2
Authors: Ishida Tsuyoshi , Aoyagi Kazuhei , Niwa Tomoya , Chen Youqing , Murata Sumihiko , Chen Qu , Nakayama Yoshiki
Published: July 2012

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is often used for enhanced oil recovery in depleted petroleum reservoirs, and its behavior in rock is also of interest in CO2 capture and storage projects. CO2usually becomes supercritical (SC‐CO2) at depths greater than 1,000 m, while it is liquid (L‐CO2) at low temperatures. The viscosity of L‐CO2is one order lower than that of normal liquid water, and that of SC‐CO2is much lower still. To clarify fracture behavior induced with injection of the low viscosity fluids, we conducted hydraulic fracturing experiments using 17 cm cubic granite blocks. The AE sources with the SC‐ and L‐CO2injections tend to distribute in a larger area than those with water injection, and furthermore, SC‐CO2tended to generate cracks extending more three dimensionally rather than along a flat plane than L‐CO2. It was also found that the breakdown pressures for SC‐ and L‐CO2 injections are expected to be considerably lower than for water.
Observed and simulated changes in the Southern Hemisphere surface westerly wind‐stress
Authors: Swart N. C. , Fyfe J. C.
Published: July 2012

Changes in the position and strength of the Southern Hemisphere surface westerlies have significant implications for ocean circulation and the global carbon cycle. Here we compare the climatologies, as well as the trends, in the position and strength of the surface westerly wind‐stress jet in reanalyses with the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) phase 3 and phase 5 models over the historical period from 1979–2010. We show that both the CMIP3 and CMIP5 models exhibit an equatorward biased climatological jet position. The reanalyses and climate models both show significant trends in annual mean jet strength, though the climate models underestimate the strengthening. Neither reanalyses nor models show a robust trend in annual mean jet position over the historical period, though significant trends do occur in the Austral summer position. We also compare the response of the CMIP3 and CMIP5 model wind‐stresses to a range of anthropogenic forcing scenarios for the 21st century.
Collisionless and collisional dissipation of magnetospherically reflecting whistler waves
Authors: Crabtree C. , Rudakov L. , Ganguli G. , Mithaiwala M.
Published: July 2012

In this letter we consider the dissipation of magnetospherically reflecting whistler waves from both ionospheric sources and from sources outside the plasmasphere such as chorus. We use a simple spatially dependent model of the suprathermal electron population, a standard cold plasma density model based on a diffusive equilibrium, and a range of plasmaspheric temperatures to demonstrate that the often‐ignored (electron‐ion) collisional damping is usually at least the same order of magnitude and often an order of magnitude larger than the dissipation due to collisionless damping (Landau and transit‐time). Furthermore the collisional damping is sensitive to the cold plasmaspheric temperature, which depends on location (night/day‐side) and solar conditions. These results indicate that accurate spatially dependent models of plasmaspheric temperatures as well as suprathermal electron fluxes are necessary for modeling the dissipation of magnetospherically reflecting whistler waves.
Juan de Fuca slab geometry and its relation to Wadati‐Benioff zone seismicity
Authors: McCrory Patricia A. , Blair J. Luke , Waldhauser Felix , Oppenheimer David H.
Published: July 2012

A new model of the subducted Juan de Fuca plate beneath western North America allows first‐order correlations between the occurrence of Wadati‐Benioff zone earthquakes and slab geometry, temperature, and hydration state. The geo‐referenced 3D model, constructed from weighted control points, integrates depth information from earthquake locations and regional seismic velocity studies. We use the model to separate earthquakes that occur in the Cascadia forearc from those that occur within the underlying Juan de Fuca plate and thereby reveal previously obscured details regarding the spatial distribution of earthquakes. Seismicity within the slab is most prevalent where the slab is warped beneath northwestern California and western Washington suggesting that slab flexure, in addition to expected metamorphic dehydration processes, promotes earthquake occurrence within the subducted oceanic plate. Earthquake patterns beneath western Vancouver Island are consistent with slab dehydration processes. Conversely, the lack of slab earthquakes beneath western Oregon is consistent with an anhydrous slab. Double‐differenced relocated seismicity resolves a double seismic zone within the slab beneath northwestern California that strongly constrains the location of the plate interface and delineates a cluster of seismicity 10 km above the surface that includes the 1992 M7.1 Mendocino earthquake. We infer that this earthquake ruptured a surface within the Cascadia accretionary margin above the Juan de Fuca plate. We further speculate that this earthquake is associated with a detached fragment of former Farallon plate. Other subsurface tectonic elements within the forearc may have the potential to generate similar damaging earthquakes.
Ocean‐generated magnetic field study based on satellite geomagnetic measurements: 2. Signal inference
Authors: Golubev Yury
Published: July 2012

The work presented here is the second part of an ocean‐generated magnetic field study and provides a procedure for inferring the ocean‐generated magnetic field from satellite geomagnetic measurements. The procedure was first tested on synthetic data. The simulation employed a hypothetical satellite measuring the magnetic field at an altitude of 400 km. The “measurements” (generated by the CM4 and CHAOS models) included the core field, the lithospheric field, the ionospheric and magnetospheric fields, the secular variation, and the ocean‐generated magnetic field. The search algorithm, as proposed in part 1, converts irregular measurements into fields on a regular grid. The filtration procedure is based on the Savitzky‐Golay algorithm. The procedure includes four steps providing seven unknown filter parameters. Parameter values were obtained by solving the problem of minimizing the spatially averaged squared residuals between the inferred field and the model field. Then, the parameters were used in the filter to infer the ocean‐generated magnetic field that was initially added to the “measurements.” The inferred signal, although spatially corrupted and having a smaller magnitude (60% of the magnitude of the initial signal), indicated the presence of magnetic anomalies within the Southern Ocean. The technique was then applied to CHAMP geomagnetic measurements. The result of filtering was clear magnetic anomalies within the Southern Ocean with a spatial character that were close to what models of the ocean‐generated magnetic field provided. The magnitude of the inferring signal was 5 nT, the corrected values were 7–8 nT, 1–2 nT larger than the modeled field magnitude. To compare the temporal variability of the inferred field with the variability of sea surface height, ten 10° by 10° areas were selected within the Southern Ocean and the root‐mean‐square of both SSH and the magnetic field were computed for each area. A comparison of the results indicated a close similarity between SSH and the magnetic field temporal variability, which allowed the identification of the inferred field as the ocean‐generated magnetic field.
The hindcast skill of the CMIP ensembles for the surface air temperature trend
Authors: Sakaguchi Koichi , Zeng Xubin , Brunke Michael A.
Published: July 2012

Linear trends of the surface air temperature (SAT) simulated by selected models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5) historical experiments are evaluated using observations to document (1) the expected range and characteristics of the errors in hindcasting the ‘change’ in SAT at different spatiotemporal scales, (2) if there are ‘threshold’ spatiotemporal scales across which the models show substantially improved performance, and (3) how they differ between CMIP3 and CMIP5. Root Mean Square Error, linear correlation, and Brier score show better agreement with the observations as spatiotemporal scale increases but the skill for the regional (5° × 5° – 20° × 20° grid) and decadal (10 – ∼30‐year trends) scales is rather limited. Rapid improvements are seen across 30° × 30° grid to zonal average and around 30 years, although they depend on the performance statistics. Rather abrupt change in the performance from 30° × 30° grid to zonal average implies that averaging out longitudinal features, such as land‐ocean contrast, might significantly improve the reliability of the simulated SAT trend. The mean bias and ensemble spread relative to the observed variability, which are crucial to the reliability of the ensemble distribution, are not necessarily improved with increasing scales and may impact probabilistic predictions more at longer temporal scales. No significant differences are found in the performance of CMIP3 and CMIP5 at the large spatiotemporal scales, but at smaller scales the CMIP5 ensemble often shows better correlation and Brier score, indicating improvements in the CMIP5 on the temporal dynamics of SAT at regional and decadal scales.
An extended cumulative logit model for detecting a shift in frequencies of sky‐cloudiness conditions
Authors: Lu QiQi , Wang Xiaolan L.
Published: July 2012

In Canada, sky‐cloudiness (or cloud cover) condition is reported in terms of tenths of the sky dome covered by clouds and hence has 11 categories (0/10 for clear sky, 1/10 for one tenth of the sky dome covered by clouds, …, and 10/10 for overcast). The cloud cover data often contain temporal discontinuities (changepoints) and present a large amount of observational uncertainty. Detecting changepoints in a sequence of continuous random variables has been extensively explored in both statistics and climatology literature. However, changepoint analyses of a multinomial sequence data with extra variabilities are relatively sparse. This study develops a likelihood ratio test for detecting a sudden change in parameters of the cumulative logit model for a multinomial sequence. The extra‐multinomial variation is accounted for by allowing an overdispersion parameter in the model fitting. Moreover, the empirical distribution of the estimated changepoint is approximated by a bootstrap method. An application of this new technique to real sky cloudiness data in Canada is presented.
A comparison of two canopy conductance parameterizations to quantify the interactions between surface ozone and vegetation over Europe
Authors: Anav A. , Menut L. , Khvorostyanov D. , Viovy N.
Published: July 2012

The effect of air pollution on vegetation and the consequent changes in atmospheric chemistry are largely under‐investigated; a new generation of chemical transport models fully coupled with complex land surface models is needed to better represent the feedbacks between vegetation and atmospheric chemistry. In this context, we coupled at high spatial resolution (30 km) the chemistry transport model CHIMERE with the land surface model ORCHIDEE to study the regional impact of tropospheric ozone on Euro‐Mediterranean vegetation and the consequent changes in biogenic emission and ozone dry deposition owing to modifications in canopy conductance and LAI due to the ozone stress on vegetation. Results for the year 2002 show that the effect of tropospheric ozone on vegetation leads to a significant reduction of about 23% in the annual gross primary production, followed by a reduction in leaf area index. In addition, results show that CHIMERE does not correctly reproduce the activity of evergreen forests, grassland and crops during winter and fall, and consequently the dry deposition velocity is affected by this wrong pattern. On the other hand, in the coupled model, we have a better representation of vegetation activity during cold months, and the general performance of the model is improved compared to local site observations.
Seeing red in cyclic stratigraphy: Spectral noise estimation for astrochronology
Authors: Meyers Stephen R.
Published: July 2012

Fundamental to the development of astronomical time scales is the recognition of oscillatory variability within stratigraphic data and its evaluation relative to a null “noise” hypothesis. In this study, Monte Carlo simulations are used to investigate the suitability of two commonly used noise hypotheses (the “conventional” and “robust” AR1 approaches), and the results highlight important limitations in both for cyclostratigraphic application. Perhaps most problematic, the robust AR1 method can result in inflated confidence level estimates and excessive clumping of false positives within the low frequency portion of the spectrum, especially when the underlying noise process has a high lag‐1 autocorrelation. Given typical cyclostratigraphic records, this technique will often impose “significant” eccentricity band variability, even in the case of pure AR1 noise. An alternative spectral noise estimation method is proposed to overcome these problems, which simultaneously allows for departures from the AR1 assumption, and obtains high statistical power—that is, the ability to accurately identify astronomical signals when they are present in the data. We apply the method to un‐tunedδ18O data from Miocene sediments of the Ceara Rise, indicating statistically significant spectral power at frequencies that are consistent with the published orbital interpretation of Weedon et al. (1997). Furthermore, evaluation of the frequency arrangement of the significant spatial bedding periods, using the average spectral misfit method for astrochronologic testing, reveals that the null hypothesis of no orbital influence can be rejected with a high degree of confidence (the 99.8% confidence level).
Training Production of Lexical Stress in Typically Developing Children Using Orthographically Biased Stimuli and Principles of Motor Learning
Authors: van Rees Lauren J. , Ballard Kirrie J. , McCabe Patricia , Macdonald-D’Silva Anita G. , Arciuli Joanne
Published: July 2012

Purpose

Impaired lexical stress production characterizes multiple pediatric speech disorders. Effective remediation strategies are not available, and little is known about the normal process of learning to assign and produce lexical stress. This study examined whether typically developing (TD) children can be trained to produce lexical stress on bisyllabic pseudowords that are orthographically biased to a strong–weak or weak–strong pattern (e.g.,
MAMbey
or
beDOON
), in combination with the principles of motor learning (PML).

Method

Fourteen TD children ages 5;0 (years;months) to 13;0 were randomly assigned to a training or control group using concealed allocation within blocks. A pre- to posttraining group design was used to examine the acquisition, retention, and generalization of lexical stress production.

Results

The training group learned to produce appropriate lexical stress for the pseudowords with strong maintenance and generalization to related untrained stimuli. Accuracy of stress production did not change in the control group.

Conclusion

TD children can learn to produce lexical stress patterns for orthographically biased pseudowords via explicit training methods. Findings have relevance for the study of languages other than English and for a range of prosodic disorders.
Script Training and Generalization for People With Aphasia
Authors: Goldberg Samantha , Haley Katarina L. , Jacks Adam
Published: July 2012

Purpose

To examine the effects and generalization of a modified script training intervention, delivered partly via videoconferencing, on dialogue scripts that were produced by 2 individuals with aphasia.

Method

Each participant was trained on 2 personally relevant scripts. Intervention sessions occurred 3 times per week, with a combination of in-person meetings and videoconferencing, and lasted for 3 weeks per script. This study followed a multiple baseline design across scripts. Measures of accuracy, grammatical productivity, speaking rate, and articulatory fluency were obtained during baseline, intervention, and maintenance phases. Generalization probes were administered by challenging participants to engage in a conversation about their script topic with conversation partners who did not follow the script.

Results

Both participants showed improvement on all dependent variables for both scripts during and after the intervention phase. Generalization samples showed improved grammatical morpheme use and increased rate of speech over prebaseline samples.

Conclusion

There is evidence that script training intervention can improve accuracy, grammatical productivity, speaking rate, and articulatory fluency in script production tasks as well as in more functional conversational tasks. Videoconferencing is a viable method of conducting script training intervention when it is supported by face-to-face intervention sessions, slight modifications to the procedure, and an emphasis on self-cuing skills.
Integrating Functional Measures With Treatment: A Tactic for Enhancing Personally Significant Change in the Treatment of Adults and Adolescents Who Stutter
Authors: Ingham Roger J. , Ingham Janis C. , Bothe Anne K.
Published: July 2012

Purpose

It is proposed that stuttering treatment, particularly for adults and adolescents who stutter, may benefit from more inventive and extensive use of functional measurement—measures that are also treatment agents. Such measures can be tailored to produce more personally significant and evidence-based treatment benefits. They may be especially useful when employed in conjunction with partial self-management and performance-contingent procedures.

Method

Previous approaches to the definition of stuttering treatment goals and the measurement of stuttering treatment outcomes are critically reviewed. Suggestions for improvements are presented within the framework of an evidence-based and relatively standardized stuttering treatment.

Results and Conclusion

Results from a review of existing literature and from 2 case studies show that 2 specific personally significant problems, saying one’s name and addressing large audiences, were improved by implementing these strategies in treatment. Functional measures directly connected to treatment, and partially self-managed performance-contingent schedules, merit further research as methodologies that are suitable for conducting personally significant and evidence-based treatments with adults and adolescents who stutter.
Stuttering and Language Ability in Children: Questioning the Connection
Authors: Nippold Marilyn A.
Published: July 2012

Purpose

This article explains why it is reasonable to question the view that stuttering and language ability in children are linked—the so-called “stuttering–language connection.”

Method

Studies that focused on syntactic, morphologic, and lexical development in children who stutter (CWS) are examined for evidence to support the following claims: (a) that CWS, as a group, are more likely to have disordered or weak language skills (“language deficits”) than children who do not stutter (CWNS); (b) that language deficits play a causal role in the onset of stuttering; and (c) that stuttering, over time, restricts children’s language development.

Results

Analysis of the evidence suggests that CWS, like CWNS, show the full range of language abilities (high, average, low); that language deficits are not associated with stuttering onset or persistence; and that stuttering has little or no impact on language development.

Conclusions

A connection between stuttering and language ability was not supported. An alternative perspective is that CWS have a compromised motor control system that makes it difficult for them to move forward in speech and that the tie to language lies not in a deficient linguistic system but in difficulty expressing the intended meaning via a fully functional speech system.
High temperature Z-meter setup for characterizing thermoelectric material under large temperature gradient
Authors: Amatya R. , Mayer P. M. , Ram R. J.
Published: July 2012

To properly estimate a thermoelectric material's performance, one should be able to characterize a single thermoelectric (TE) element with a large temperature gradient. In this work, we present an experimental setup including a Z-meter that can heat the sample to a very high temperature of 1200 °C in vacuum. The Z-meter can simultaneously measure all three thermoelectric parameters (Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity), as well as measure the generated power and the efficiency for a single TE leg. Furthermore, this measurement of power conversion efficiency is used to generate a measure of the material's ZT. An in situ metallurgical bond was used to achieve low thermal (0.05 Kcm2/W) and electrical (3 mΩ) contact parasitics. An integrated strain gauge ensures reproducible thermal contact. At high temperature (>600 K), radiative heat transfer is modeled and the instrument is optimized to suppress the systematic error to below 7%. The TE parameters and ZT for a bulk-sample (Bi2Te3) and a thin-film sample (ErAs:InGaAlAs) with a large temperature gradient (ΔT ∼ 200 K) have been measured and are within 3%–7% of the independently measured values.
Modulated active charge exchange fast ion diagnostic for the C-2 field-reversed configuration experiment
Authors: Korepanov S. , Smirnov A. , Clary R. , Dettrick S. , Deichuli P. , Kondakov A. , Murakhtin S.
Published: July 2012

A diagnostic technique for measuring the fast-ion energy distribution in a field-reversed configuration plasma was developed and tested on the C-2 experiment. A deuterium neutral beam modulated at 22 kHz is injected into the plasma, producing a localized charge-exchange target for the confined fast protons. The escaping fast neutrals are detected by a neutral particle analyzer. The target beam transverse size (∼15 cm) defines the spatial resolution of the method. The equivalent current density of the target beam is ≤0.15 A/cm2, which corresponds to a neutral density (∼6 × 109 cm−3) that highly exceeds the background neutral density in the core of C-2. The deuterium fast-ions due to the target beam (E ∼27 keV), are not confined in C-2 and thus make a negligible contribution to the measured signals.
Hamilton–Jacobi theory for degenerate Lagrangian systems with holonomic and nonholonomic constraints
Authors: Leok Melvin , Ohsawa Tomoki , Sosa Diana
Published: July 2012

We extend Hamilton–Jacobi theory to Lagrange–Dirac (or implicit Lagrangian) systems, a generalized formulation of Lagrangian mechanics that can incorporate degenerate Lagrangians as well as holonomic and nonholonomic constraints. We refer to the generalized Hamilton–Jacobi equation as the Dirac–Hamilton–Jacobi equation. For non-degenerate Lagrangian systems with nonholonomic constraints, the theory specializes to the recently developed nonholonomic Hamilton–Jacobi theory. We are particularly interested in applications to a certain class of degenerate nonholonomic Lagrangian systems with symmetries, which we refer to as weakly degenerate Chaplygin systems, that arise as simplified models of nonholonomic mechanical systems; these systems are shown to reduce to non-degenerate almost Hamiltonian systems, i.e., generalized Hamiltonian systems defined with non-closed two-forms. Accordingly, the Dirac–Hamilton–Jacobi equation reduces to a variant of the nonholonomic Hamilton–Jacobi equation associated with the reduced system. We illustrate through a few examples how the Dirac–Hamilton–Jacobi equation can be used to exactly integrate the equations of motion.