bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Frank Gillian , Moreton Bethany , White Heather R.
Published: September 2018

The lines seem so clearly drawn: A white evangelical minister stands in front of his California congregation on a Sunday morning. In one hand he holds a Bible. In the other is the text of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges extending civil marriage rights to same-sex couples throughout the country. “It’s time to choose,” he thunders to thousands of believers in the stadium-style worship center. “Will we follow the Word of God or the tyrannical dictates of government?” His declaration “This is who I stand with” is met with applause from the faithful as he dramatically flings the Court’s decision to the ground and tramples on it, waving the Bible in his upraised hand....
Subversive Spiritualities
Authors: Jain Andrea R.
Published: September 2018

This chapter features influential figures of American yoga, whose life and work illustrate the re-reaction of “exotic” Indian devotions into idiosyncratic forms of American yoga. Those responsible for appropriating and re-creating yoga as a mode of subversive spirituality varied as widely as the turn-of-the-century sex reformer Ida C. Craddock (1857–1902), the Hindu-Indian nationalist Vivekananda (1863–1902), the tantric guru Swami Muktananda (1908–82), and the devotional guru Daya Mata (1914–2010). The architects of this spiritual practice of modern yoga blurred religious boundaries and challenged mainstream Christianity as they also subverted sexual norms. However, this decidedly countercultural image shifted markedly by the end of the twentieth century. For this reason, yoga provides a unique exemplar of the intertwined transformations of twentieth-century religion and sexuality. Initially largely perceived as a perverse and heathen challenge to the Protestant moral establishment, yoga by the century’s end typified ascendant cultural ideals of bodily and spiritual health.
Sex Is Holy and Mysterious
Authors: Mccartin James P.
Published: September 2018

Historians of sexuality have consistently portrayed U.S. Catholics as agents of denunciation and repression, intransigently opposed to the advance of “modern” sexual values and practices. The result of such portrayals is to make Catholics into ahistorical actors, entering the narrative only to give voice to their church’s purportedly unchanging views on sexual morality. This chapter focuses on the early twentieth century reform efforts by a vanguard of Catholic educators, who argued for a new regime of forthright instruction about sexuality. The story of these educators highlights how their approach was shaped by multiple contingencies, from the lingering effects of Catholics’ long-standing status as a religious minority to changing patterns of formal education to shifting ideas about human development. Though they advocated views distinct from those of non-Catholic counterparts, these educators were far from simple reactionaries intent upon prohibiting access to sexual knowledge. Instead, they were reformers who, in the words of Matthew Michel, aimed to overcome the “bane of absolute silence” about sex in Catholic schools and promote in their students “respect for self and high reverence for others” as cornerstones of sexual morality.5 The movement for Catholic sex education thus highlights how a careful investigation that integrates religious history and the history of sexuality has the potential to bring to light new narratives and uncover rich—even surprising—possibilities within two historical subfields that, until now, have seldom intersected in more than a cursory fashion.
Real True Buds
Authors: Weisenfeld Judith
Published: September 2018

This essay focuses on the Philadelphia-based Peace Mission Movement, led by the African American religious figure known as Father Divine and centered on the belief that he was God in a body. The movement, in which committed followers lived celibate lives in sex-segregated communal residences meant to establish the Kingdom of God on earth, saw its peak of membership and influence during the 1930s and early 1940s. Observers frequently painted Divine as a charismatic manipulator who demanded celibacy of his mostly African American female followers, but took a wife in what he described as a spiritual marriage. Such criticism resonated with American Protestant discourses about papal control of Roman Catholics and the sexual deviance and social dangers of celibacy.
The essay turns attention from outsiders’ preoccupation with Divine to ask questions about religion and sexuality among his followers. It examines the case of a group of women in the movement who embraced Divine’s requirement to reject all human relationships and mortal desire, yet expressed connection to and longing for one another through the Peace Mission’s theological language. This case of relationships within the Peace Mission underscores for historians of sexuality and of religion the need to understand religious celibacy as a complex practice and identity, shaped and inflected by the particular theological frameworks and institutions that support it as well as by the broader social context in which its practitioners are located.
Family Planning Is a Christian Duty
Authors: Mehta Samira K.
Published: September 2018

Throughout the 1960s, the Protestant mainline developed a theology of “responsible parenthood,” grounded in scripture and Christian thought that turned the use of contraception within marriage into a site of Christian moral agency. Responsible parenthood language offered religious responses to scientific advances and scientifically articulated social problems like population explosion. Protestant clergy, nationally and locally, deployed it to encourage birth control among married couples. These leaders were often members of what is called “mainline” Protestantism, encompassing such moderate, non-evangelical denominations such as the United Methodist Church, the United Church of Christ, the Presbyterian Church (USA), the American Baptist Church, and the Episcopal Church. They eschewed fundamentalism and valued ecumenical cooperation, particularly among liberal white Protestants, building alliances through groups such as the National Council of Churches (NCC). While the number of mainline Protestants has declined since the middle of the twentieth century, in the 1960s mainline Protestants constituted a prominent voice in public conversations. Their influence was so great that much of what historians tend to see as secular was actually deeply inflected with liberal Protestant values.
From Women’s Rights to Religious Freedom
Authors: Kranson Rachel
Published: September 2018

This essay traces the Women’s League for Conservative Judaism’s engagement in the issue of reproductive rights during the 1970s and early 1980s. Members of the Women’s League first championed legal abortion in 1970, defending their position through expressly feminist arguments supporting women’s reproductive autonomy. While they never backed down from their endorsement of legal abortion, the political shifts of the late 1970s and early 1980s compelled them to develop a new language through which to discuss the issue. Reframing access to abortion as a matter of religious freedom offered Women’s League members a way to articulate their support for the procedure without publicly endorsing the principle of women’s reproductive autonomy, an idea that had become increasingly controversial over the course of the 1970s. As much of the American public began to view a particularly right-wing, Christian opposition to abortion as a universal religious principle, the leaders of the Women’s League struggled to show that their backing of legal abortion did not conflict with their religious commitments. Framing access to abortion as a religious right enabled them to present their stance on abortion as a component of their spiritual worldview rather than as a capitulation to secular, feminist ideals.
Fascinating and Happy
Authors: Young Neil J.
Published: September 2018

In the late 1960s, Jaquie Davison, an Arizona housewife who struggled to find happiness while raising her seven children, enrolled in a Fascinating Womanhood (FW) workshop at her Mormon church ward led by a fellow Latter-day Saint (LDS) woman, Helen Andelin. Andelin’s workshops, and her accompanying best-selling book, Fascinating Womanhood, offered LDS women the hope of personal fulfillment by accepting their divinely ordained roles and responsibilities, including embracing their sexual gifts as wives. While Andelin mostly avoided the brewing controversies of her era, the meetings radicalized Davison. Creating the organization Happiness of Womanhood (HOW), Davison’s group not only targeted the defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) but also opposed abortion, homosexuality, pornography, sex education, busing, and the removal of school prayer. HOW soon claimed ten thousand members in all fifty states. This chapter examines Andelin and Davison within the context of LDS teachings on sexuality as a way of understanding how Mormon women responded to and helped shape the development of Mormonism’s conservative culture of sexuality and gender and its political consequences. The lessons of FW and the HOW organization turned these women’s attention outward to the nation and committed them to countering the country’s social and sexual developments they believed directly opposed their moral vision and ideological worldview.
Founding New Sodom
Authors: Rivers Daniel
Published: September 2018

This essay looks at the worldview of gay male communalists across the United States in the mid-1970s as seen in the rural gay magazine Rural Free Delivery (RFD) in the critical years from 1973 to 1976 as well as in other extant archival sources related to gay communalism. As a clearinghouse for gay men involved in radical, back-to-the-land ventures, RFD provides a complex view of the creation of a largely white, gay male counterculture spirituality that fused the sexual politics of early gay liberationists with ecofeminist, animist, New Age understandings of sexuality, the natural world, and spirit. Gay men who were or who wanted to live in communal spaces nationwide sent letters and stories into RFD, which was published in a variety of gay male communal spaces during these years.
We Who Must Die Demand a Miracle
Authors: Gerber Lynne
Published: September 2018

In the 1980s and 1990s, gay religious leaders and communities faced a challenge that stretched their physical, emotional, spiritual, and theological resources past their limits. The emergence of AIDS forced them to address the familiar challenges of integrating sexuality and faith in a new—life or death—context. It would prove a critical testing ground for whether and how the radical experiment of explicitly gay religiosity could sustain people and communities “in trouble.” This chapter tells the story of how one gay-identified congregation, Metropolitan Community Church in San Francisco, and its pastor drew on a combination of liberation theology, LGBT literature, and what David Halperin calls a “queer sensibility” to forge gay religious life in a time of both immense possibility and immense suffering and loss. It does so by looking at one moment in the church’s life—the sermon given by the congregation’s minister on Christmas Eve of 1989—and using it as a lens to examine how liberation theology and LGBT literature were brought to bear on this particular moment in the AIDS crisis in order to make gay Christianity a usable tradition in a time of crisis and change.
The Rhetoric of Reputation
Authors: Welch Kimberly M.
Published: September 2018

This chapter demonstrates that one of the main rhetorical tactics exploited by black litigants in the antebellum Natchez district was to leverage the cultural scripts of reputation in court proceedings. African Americans strategically deployed the language of reputation to gain a measure of autonomy over their lives. On certain occasions, such language could not only bolster their credibility, it could even curtail white authority. For black litigants, a reputation was not just a thing that one had; it was also a malleable package of linguistic possibilities one claimed or manipulated. An individual’s reputation symbolized the community’s assessment and opinion about that person, certainly; but it also entailed a language that one could leverage or deploy.
Afterword
Authors: Welch Kimberly M.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines Josephine Decuir, the first plaintiff in a constitutional case on racial discrimination in public transit to appear before the U.S Supreme Court. It demonstrates that in her lawsuit she drew on a rich tradition of black legal advocacy, lessons she learned from her family and from black litigants throughout the Natchez district. It argues that black litigants’ pre-emancipation experience with private law was important, for it was preparation for the long battle ahead for full citizenship and equality, a battle that would continue to be (and continues to be) fought over in the nation’s courts and beyond. Civil litigation—seemingly mundane lawsuits over property disputes, for divorce, or to recover unpaid loans—is also a significant component of the civil rights and racial justice struggle. For these lawsuits involve claims about who counts, whose voices are worth hearing, and who can and should be included. They are claims on the state and claims to accountability and recognition. They are claims about the protection of human dignity.
Introduction
Authors: Gershenhorn Jerry
Published: September 2018

During the twentieth century, black journalists played an essential role in the struggle for equal rights in America. Operating in the racially oppressive South, determined black publishers, editors, and journalists illuminated racial discrimination, while advocating black voter registration and equal educational opportunity. Austin, who edited and published the Carolina Times from 1927 to 1971, was one of the most fearless and effective of these journalists. He boldly challenged white supremacy and racial segregation for over four decades, from the years prior to World War II through the modern civil rights era.
No Man Is Your Captain
Authors: Gershenhorn Jerry
Published: September 2018

Born in 1898, Louis Austin came of age in rural Halifax County in eastern North Carolina, during an era of increasing oppression of African Americans. Raised in the African Methodist Episcopal church, Austin was greatly influenced by his father, a barbershop owner, who taught his children that all people were equal before God. Austin moved to Durham in 1921 to attend the National Training School, now North Carolina Central University. In Durham, Austin encountered a black community with a thriving black middle class and many successful black businesses, notably North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company and the Mechanics and Farmers Bank, two of the largest black-owned financial institutions in the nation.
Double V in North Carolina
Authors: Gershenhorn Jerry
Published: September 2018

During World War II, Austin was North Carolina’s leading advocate of the Double V strategy during World War II, fighting for victory at home against racist injustice, while supporting US efforts against the Axis powers abroad. Austin shined a bright light on the contrast between the United States government’s wartime rhetoric of fighting for freedom in Europe and Asia, and the oppression experienced by blacks every day on the home front. Unlike many black leaders in North Carolina, Austin supported A. Philip Randolph’s March on Washington Movement, which compelled President Franklin D. Roosevelt to issue an executive order that banned racial discrimination in defense plants. Despite being harassed by several federal government agencies, including the FBI and the IRS, Austin refused to tone down his attacks on the US and North Carolina governments for perpetuating racially oppressive policies. In 1944, Austin revitalized the Durham branch of the NAACP after a white bus driver murdered a black soldier. The bus driver, who was exonerated by an all-white jury, shot the soldier, who had initially refused to accommodate to Jim Crow seating.
It Was a Wonder I Wasn’t Lynched
Authors: Gershenhorn Jerry
Published: September 2018

During the second half of the 1960s, Austin developed a complex relationship with the Black Power movement. During these years, he continued to fight for school integration and black political power. Austin worked closely with the Durham Committee on Negro Affairs, leading to the election of more black officials in Durham and throughout the state. When, in the midst of public school integration, white officials shut down many black schools and fired black principals and teachers, Austin publicized these injustices and backed lawsuits to protect black educators’ jobs. While he criticized the Black Panthers and other organizations that employed violent rhetoric and advocated black separatism, Austin championed the efforts of local activist Howard Fuller, who was considered a militant by many during that era. Austin also backed efforts by Fuller and other activists to combat poverty and ensure fair and decent housing for African Americans.
Taxpayers and Taxeaters
Authors: Walsh Camille
Published: September 2018

Chapter Six focuses on how demands for racial integration in education after Brown also frequently deployed tax-based activism to achieve their ends, from busing cases to the important, though brief, extension of civil rights litigation logic from education to poverty and welfare rights. In this decade the effects of the War on Poverty and welfare activism worked together to generate the first combined race- and class-based equal protection claims. Response to the poverty jurisprudence of the court was largely filtered through the language of taxpayers' rights. Finally, this chapter examines the Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg School District case in 1971 and the response of many angry "taxpaying citizens" at the thought of desegregation and busing. Swann was the high point for the judicial attempt at equalizing educational opportunities, even as the de jure/de facto distinction was beginning to break down.
Putin’s Economic Inheritance
Authors: Miller Chris
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the economy that Vladimir Putin inherited when he took power. During the 1990s, Russian President Boris Yeltsin had begun moving Russia toward a market economy, eliminating price controls and privatizing industries and real estate. Yeltsin’s reforms, however, were overshadowed by a deeper structural problem: the collapse of the Soviet state led to an enduring budget crisis. The tax system had stopped functioning; the government funded its deficit by printing money, causing high inflation; and the economy lurched from crisis to crisis throughout the 1990s. Given the disastrous macroeconomic climate, Yeltsin’s team made only halting progress in restructuring industry, rebuilding the state, or establishing a business climate that promoted investment. This was Putin’s economic inheritance.
Stabilizing Russia’s Finances
Authors: Miller Chris
Published: September 2018

The 2000s were boom years for energy, as prices skyrocketed and oil producers reaped windfall profits. Vladimir Putin’s Russia had its fair share of excess, yet what is more remarkable is how much Russia saved. Over the course of the 2000s, over half a trillion dollars were put in in long-terms savings funds. Putin had seen the tumult of the 1991 and 1998 crises, and knew that hard times would come again. He wanted a large stock of financial firepower to deal with any contingency. He also took steps to restructure the country’s banking system. High inflation had plagued Russia since 1991, but Putin assembled a talented team of managers at the Finance Ministry and Central Bank who managed to get inflation down and keep it fairly low. Though Putin’s government is often rightly noted to include many former KGB agents and judo buddies, it is also notable the extent to which the economic ministries recruited talented—and economically orthodox—managers. By the mid-2000s, Russia had the most stable financial environment it had ever known.
From Crisis to Crisis
Authors: Miller Chris
Published: September 2018

In 2008, Vladimir Putin reached the end of his second presidential term. Barred by the constitution from serving three consecutive terms, he appointed Dmitry Medvedev his successor and took the position of prime minister for himself. The political shift coincided with an economic crisis, as the financial crash in the United States spread to Russia. Oil prices slumped and financial markets froze up. Many in Russia predicted the end of Putinomics, and new president Medvedev touted his plans to diversify Russia’s economy away from energy. Little came of that. Instead, Russia used the huge financial war chest that Putin had built up to bail out businesses and plug holes in the budget while waiting for an economic recovery. Renewed growth came quickly, though with less vigor than before. Slower growth rates and continued corruption sparked anti-Putin protests in Moscow during late 2011 and early 2012, but Putin’s record of economic success during the 2000s gave him the support he needed to sideline opponents and reassert his control on power. He returned to the presidency in 2012.
Putinomics under Pressure
Authors: Miller Chris
Published: September 2018

The war in Ukraine, Western economic sanctions, and slumping oil prices during 2014 and 2015 have renewed questions about the long-term prospects of Putinomics. Many Western analysts predicted that Russia’s economy and Vladimir Putin’s adventurous foreign policy would quickly fold after the imposition of sanctions. These predictions proved false, and Russian businesses have adapted to sanctions and lower oil prices without great difficulty. The real challenge to Putinomics lies not in financial crisis—Putin’s habit of saving in the good times mean that Russia has plenty of resources with which to fend off a financial squeeze—but stagnation. Will Russians tolerate GDP growth of only 1-2%? Such a rate is acceptable for a developed country, but far below Russia’s potential. If discontent surges, can Putin find a way to spark new growth to placate the population? It is difficult to predict the future course of Russian politics. But betting against Putinomics has rarely been a winning strategy.
Postscript
Authors: Miller Chris
Published: September 2018

In 2000, political scientist Timothy Frye surveyed 500 businesses in Russia, including firms large and small, in several regions. He asked them about the main obstacles to business development. Their responses explain much about the Russian government’s economic strategy since then (see table 1). Corruption was on the list of obstacles to business, but Russia’s corporate leaders said it was only the sixth-most-pressing problem. Far more worrisome, they believed, was Russia’s high tax burden, followed by legal instability, access to credit, and a lack of qualified managers....
Organic Resistance
Authors: Bivar Venus
Published: September 2018

France is often held up as a bastion of gastronomic refinement and as a model of artisanal agriculture and husbandry. But French farming is not at all what it seems. Countering the standard stories of gastronomy, tourism, and leisure associated with the French countryside, Venus Bivar portrays French farmers as hard-nosed businessmen preoccupied with global trade and mass production. With a focus on both the rise of big agriculture and the organic movement, Bivar examines the tumult of postwar rural France, a place fiercely engaged with crucial national and global developments. Delving into the intersecting narratives of economic modernization, the birth of organic farming, the development of a strong agricultural protest movement, and the rise of environmentalism, Bivar reveals a movement as preoccupied with maintaining the purity of the French race as of French food. What emerges is a story of how French farming conquered the world, bringing with it a set of ideas about place and purity with a darker origin story than we might have guessed.
Introduction
Authors: Bivar Venus
Published: September 2018

The postwar French state struggled to find the right balance between quantity and quality in the agricultural sector. European integration and the general drive to modernize the French economy drove French planners to push for greater productivity, while simultaneously drawing on the French reputation for quality artisanal production in order to market food stuffs to foreign consumers. The end result was a food system split between the big-box food store and the open-air market. This push for higher productivity launched a wave of Schumpeterian creative destruction that put many farmers out of business. One of the most important tools available to the proponents of agricultural industrialization was land use policy. Through the consolidation of holdings, farms achieved greater efficiency while farmers were pushed off their lands.
The Industrial Ideal, 1944–1958
Authors: Bivar Venus
Published: September 2018

After the Second World War, the French Planning Office was tasked with two goals: short-term reconstruction and long-term economic modernization. At the heart of these two goals was the agricultural sector. In the short-term, getting agricultural back online would put a stop to rations; in the long-term, a competitive export-led farm sector would fix balance-of-payments deficits and fuel modernization in the secondary and tertiary sectors. Land use policy was key to agricultural modernization. In the early years of the postwar period, remembrement was the primary mechanism used to consolidate farms and improve productivity. To consolidate and increase the size of their holdings, farmers took on massive amounts of debt, betting that the new markets of European integration would improve their revenues. When it became clear that only a small handful of farmers would benefit from modernization, farm unions organized protests and the public media took notice of the "farm problem."
Alternative Ideals, 1944–1958
Authors: Bivar Venus
Published: September 2018

In response to the industrialization of agriculture, biodynamic and organic practices emerged across Europe. Inspired by the work of Rudolph Steiner, French doctors, farmers, and agronomists banded together in order to create the first anti-industrial farm organizations. Many of these early pioneers were drawn to alternative agriculture because they valued the purity that came with food free from chemical additives. This obsession with purity was often grounded in fascist, anti-Semitic ideology, and many of these of these early pioneers had supported both the Vichy government of the 1930s and the eugenics movement. These early pioneers included Raoul Lemaire, André Louis, Henri-Charles Geffroy, André Birre, Jean Boucher, and Mattéo Tavera.
Conclusion
Authors: Bivar Venus
Published: September 2018

By the 1980s the French agricultural sector had become one of the most powerful players in the global food system. It was the second largest exporter in the world and its foreign-market earnings led many to refer to the farm sector as the "green petroleum" of France. Others, however, preferred to believe that French agriculture was grounded in terroir-based artisanal production, a wilful misrecognition that the state used to its advantage, marketing French foodstuffs as quality products. While quality production certainly did increase, buttressed by the introduction of such labels as the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC), non-industrial production only ever accounted for a marginal percentage of total output. Caught between the reality of industrial production and a public reputation for quality output, French farmers continued to navigate the war of attrition brought on by industrialization and to resist their own obsolescence.
Shortwave radiative impact of liquid–liquid phase separation in brown carbon aerosols
Authors: Fard Mehrnoush M. , Krieger Ulrich K. , Peter Thomas
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol particles may undergo liquid–liquid phase
separation (LLPS) when exposed to varying relative humidity. In this study,
we model how the change in morphology affects the shortwave radiative
forcing, in particular for particles containing organic carbon as a molecular
absorber, often termed “brown carbon” (BrC). Preferentially, such an
absorber will redistribute to the organic phase after LLPS. We limited our
investigation to particle diameters between 0.04 and 0.5 µm,
atmospherically relevant organic-to-inorganic mass ratios typical for aged
aerosol (1:4<OIR<4:1) and absorptivities
ranging from zero (purely scattering) to highly absorbing brown carbon. For
atmospherically relevant O : C ratios, core-shell morphology is expected
for phase-separated particles. We compute the scattering and absorption
cross sections for realistic eccentric core-shell morphologies. For the size
range of interest here, we show that assuming the core-shell morphology to be
concentric is sufficiently accurate and numerically much more efficient than
averaging over eccentric morphologies. In the UV region, where BrC absorbs
strongest, phase-separated particles may exhibit a scattering cross section
up to 50 % larger than those of homogenously mixed particles, while their
absorption cross section is up to 20 % smaller. Integrating over the full
solar spectrum, due to the strong wavelength dependence of BrC absorptivity,
limits the shortwave radiative impact of LLPS in the thin aerosol layer
approximation. For particles with very substantial BrC absorption there will
be a radiative forcing enhancement of 4 %–11.8 % depending on the
Ångström exponent (AAE) of BrC absorptivity for the case of small surface
albedos and a decrease of up to 18 % for surfaces with high reflectivity.
However, for those of moderate absorptivity, LLPS will have no significant
shortwave radiative impact.
CALIPSO Lidar Calibration at 1064 nm: Version 4 Algorithm
Authors: Vaughan Mark , Garnier Anne , Josset Damien , Avery Melody , Lee Kam-Pui , Liu Zhaoyan , Hunt William , Pelon Jacques , Hu Yongxiang , Burton Sharon , Hair Johnathan , Tackett Jason L. , Getzewich Brian , Kar Jayanta , Rodier Sharon
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Radiometric calibration of space-based elastic backscatter lidars is accomplished by comparing the measured backscatter signals to theoretically expected signals computed for some well-characterized calibration target. For any given system and wavelength, the choice of calibration target is dictated by several considerations, including signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and target availability. This paper describes the newly implemented procedures used to calibrate the 1064 nm measurements acquired by CALIOP (i.e., the Cloud Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization), the two-wavelength (532 nm and 1064 nm) elastic backscatter lidar currently flying on the Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) mission. CALIOP’s 532 nm channel is accurately calibrated by normalizing the molecular backscatter from the uppermost aerosol-free altitudes of the CALIOP measurement region to molecular model data obtained from NASA’s Global Modeling and Assimilation Office. However, because CALIOP’s SNR for molecular backscatter measurements is prohibitively lower at 1064 nm than at 532 nm, the direct high altitude molecular normalization method is not a viable option at 1064 nm. Instead, CALIOP’s 1064 nm channel is calibrated relative to the 532 nm channel using the backscatter from a carefully selected subset of cirrus cloud measurements. In this paper we deliver a full account of the revised 1064 nm calibration algorithms implemented for the version 4.1 (V4) release of the CALIPSO lidar data products, with particular emphases on the physical basis for the selection of calibration quality cirrus clouds and on the new averaging scheme required to characterize intra-orbit calibration variability. The V4 procedures introduce latitudinally varying changes in the 1064 nm calibration coefficients of 25 % or more relative to previous data releases and are shown to substantially improve the accuracy of the V4 1064 nm attenuated backscatter coefficients. By evaluating calibration coefficients derived using both water clouds and ocean surfaces as alternate calibration targets, and through comparisons to independent, collocated measurements made by airborne high spectral resolution lidar, we conclude that the CALIOP V4 1064 nm calibration coefficients are accurate to within 3 %.
Tidal and seasonal forcing of dissolved nutrient fluxes in
reef communities
Authors: Gruber Renee K. , Lowe Ryan J. , Falter James L.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Benthic fluxes of dissolved nutrients in reef communities are controlled by oceanographic forcing including hydrodynamic regime and seasonal changes in oceanic nutrient supply. Up to a third of reefs worldwide can be characterised as having circulation that is tidally-driven, yet almost all previous research on reef nutrient fluxes has focused on systems with wave-driven circulation. Fluxes of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus were measured on a strongly tide-dominated (spring range > 8 m) reef platform located in the Kimberley region of northwest Australia. A one-dimensional control volume approach was used, which combines continuous measurements of flow with modified Eulerian sampling of waters traversing the reef. Measured fluxes were compared to theoretical mass-transfer-limited uptake rates derived from flow speeds. Reef communities released a moderate amount of nitrate, potentially derived from the remineralization of phytoplankton and dissolved organic nitrogen. Nutrient concentrations and flow speeds varied between the major benthic communities (coral reef and seagrass), resulting in spatial variability in estimated nitrate uptake rates. Rapid changes in flow speed and water depth are key characteristics of tide-dominated reefs, which caused mass-transfer-limited nutrient uptake rates to vary by an order of magnitude on time scales of ~minutes–hours. Seasonal nutrient supply was also a strong control on reef mass-transfer-limited uptake rates, and increases in offshore dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations during the wet season caused an estimated twofold increase in uptake.
Evaluating multi-year, multi-site data on the energy balance closure of eddy-covariance flux measurements at cropland sites in southwest Germany
Authors: Eshonkulov Ravshan , Poyda Arne , Ingwersen Joachim , Wizemann Hans-Dieter , Weber Tobias K. D. , Kremer Pascal , Högy Petra , Pulatov Alim , Streck Thilo
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The energy balance of eddy covariance (EC) measurements is typically not closed. This so-called energy balance closure (EBC) problem has been a long-standing issue in micrometeorology. It is a main challenge in evaluating and interpreting EC flux data. EBC is crucial for validating and improving regional and global climate models. To investigate the reasons behind EBC more closely for agro-ecosystems, we analysed EC measurements from two climatically contrasting regions (Kraichgau (KR) and Swabian Jura (SJ)) in southwest Germany. Data were taken at six fully equipped EC sites from 2010 to 2017. The gap in EBC was quantified by ordinary linear regression, by the energy balance ratio (EBR) between turbulent fluxes and available energy, and by the residual energy term. In order to examine potential reasons for differences in EBC, we compared the EBC under varying environmental conditions and investigated a wide range of possible controls. Statistical analyses were conducted for the whole data set to test the effects of different regions, years, sites and crops on EBC. We also investigated whether EBC was a function of buoyancy, friction velocity, or atmospheric stability. The time-variable footprints of all EC stations were estimated based on data measured in 2015, complemented by micro-topographic analyses along the prevailing wind direction. The lowest mean annual energy balance gap was 17 % in KR and 13 % in SJ. Highest EBRs were commonly measured for winds originating from the prevailing wind direction. The variation of EBC was higher in winter than in summer. The measurement site exerted a statistically significant effect on EBC, but not crop or region. The spread of EBR distinctly narrowed under unstable atmospheric conditions, strong buoyancy, and high friction velocities. Smaller footprint areas led to better EBC due to increasing homogeneity. Flow distortions of winds that first travelled past the back head of the anemometer affected EBC negatively.
DECIPHeR v1: Dynamic fluxEs and ConnectIvity for Predictions of HydRology
Authors: Coxon Gemma , Freer Jim , Lane Rosanna , Dunne Toby , Howden Nicholas J. K. , Quinn Niall , Wagener Thorsten , Woods Ross
Published: September 2018

Abstract. This paper presents DECIPHeR (Dynamic fluxEs and ConnectIvity for Predictions of HydRology); a new flexible model framework that simulates and predicts hydrologic flows from spatial scales of small headwater catchments to entire continents. DeCIPHER can be adapted to specific hydrologic settings and available data and modified to represent different levels of heterogeneity, connectivity and hydrological processes as needed. It has an automated build function that allows rapid set-up across required model domains and is open source to help researchers and/or practitioners use the model. DeCIPHER is applied across Great Britain to demonstrate the model framework and evaluated against daily flow time series from 1,366 gauges for four evaluation metrics to provide a benchmark of model performance. Results show the model performs well across a range of catchment characteristics but particularly in wetter catchments in the West and North of Great Britain. Future model developments will focus on adding modules to DECIPHeR to improve the representation of groundwater dynamics and human influences.
The Art of Judicious Lying
Authors: Camfield Gregg
Published: September 2018

When he began writing Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain believed in an Enlightenment idea of progress and focused much of his satirical energy attacking literalist religion as a vestige of a more primitive state of human civilization. He called these vestiges lies. By the time he shifted his focus to the problem of racism, he began to doubt the idea of progress, wondering instead whether all cultures are fundamentally based on lies and therefore impervious to direct efforts to promote progress. He postulated instead that judicious lying is the best tool to improve humankind.
Reading, Writing, and “Riffmatic”: Using Twain in a Writing Class
Authors: Gatten John T.
Published: September 2018

Using Mark Twain's letters and short works in a beginning fiction writing class can be very fruitful because in them students can see ways Twain views the role of setting in developing new stories, constructs humorous situations that can be imitated by students, and projects dialogue for a particular audience in a manner that is similar to that of a jazz musician. This article develops an awareness of how composition in a story can lead to the composition of relationships in the outside world. This brief discussion offers ways of looking at Twain's work for insights into writing and teaching creative writing. It is not so much about how to write as it about using the creative process to get a class involved.
The syntax of Basque allocutive clitics
Authors: Haddican Bill
Published: September 2018

A key piece of evidence in favor of recent proposals that speech act roles are encoded in the syntax comes from languages with “allocutivity” –agreement with non-thematic addressees. This paper analyzes the syntax of allocutive morphemes in the best studied allocutive language, Basque. It is shown that properties of these morphemes, including morpheme order and the way allocutive morphemes condition exponence of neighboring heads can be modeled using standard assumptions about cliticization, head-adjunction and case in Basque. The analysis lends support to a central idea in recent literature on the syntax of speech act roles, namely that addressees are encoded by a nominal element introduced in the left periphery. This paper proposes that, in Basque, this nominal element is overt, with a distribution that obeys principles similar to those for thematic addressees.
Strigolactones as mediators between fungi and plants
Authors: Kowalczyk Anita , Hrynkiewicz Katarzyna
Published: September 2018

A constantly changing environment is challenging for all organisms on Earth, especially for terrestrial plants, which face several environmental stresses despite their static way of life. In attempts to understand the mechanisms responsible for plant growth and development, scientists have recently focused on a small group of carotenoid derivatives called “strigolactones” (SLs), which are synthesized mostly in the roots in response to a variety of external factors. Strigolactones are compounds that define plant plasticity towards many environmental factors, including the establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis under nutrient-deficient conditions. As exogenous signals, they can stimulate the branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) hyphae and as endogenous signals they adjust a plant architecture, including changes within the roots, allowing host plant and fungi to meet. SLs can also function as signaling molecules that allow colonization and establishment of the later stages of mutualistic symbioses between organisms such as AMF. SLs act on AMF metabolism by stimulating its mitochondrial respiration. Genes encoding enzymes crucial for SL biosynthesis – CCD7 and CCD8 – are also found in gymnosperm genomes, which encourages speculation that strigolactones may also be part of a host-plant and ectomycorrhizal fungi signaling pathway during the establishment of symbiosis. Nevertheless, SLs impact on ectomycorrhiza formation remain unknown. The broad spectrum of SL bioactivity has made these compounds valuable from an industrial perspective. In the future, SLs may be commercialized in plant protection products, biostimulants, or as substances used in genetic engineering to allow the creation of crops capable of growing under disadvantageous conditions.
Estudo anatômico da madeira Chomelia obtusa Cham. et Schlecht
Authors: Marchiori José Newton Cardoso
Published: September 2018

The description of general, macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the wood is realized. The anatomial structure is compared with literature references to genus Chomelia and family Rubiaceae. The most striking anatomical details observed were the almost absence of axial parenchyma, the presence of septate and nonseptate fibres in wood, and Heterogeneous rays of Kribs's I type. Extremely numerous pores, of small diameters, and placed freqeuntly in multiples of 4 or more cells, are importante characteristics of transversal section of the wood.
Seeing Is Believing: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Math
Authors: Gleason Brian
Published: September 2018

An activity is designed to pique the interest of prospective secondary teachers who may doubt the value of learning abstract algebra for their chosen profession.
Lathosterol and other Noncholesterol Sterols in Treatment of Hereditary Hypercholesterolemias: 20-Year Experience among School Children and Adolescents
Authors: Hyánek Josef , Pehal František , Dubská Ladislava , Miková Blanka , Martiníková Vera , Privarová Jana , Brtnová Jana , Táborský Ludek
Published: September 2018

Aims: This paper presents our 20-year experience with diagnosing heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HFH) and monitoring its diet and drug treatment in 94 children (6-18 years) by means of noncholesterol sterols (NCS), namely lathosterol (Lat) and desmosterol (Des) as cholesterol synthesis precursors, and campesterol (Cam) and sitosterol (Sit) as cholesterol absorption precursors.
Patients and Methods: Four groups were included in the study: (1) 64 children with genetically confirmed HFH; (2) 30 children with clinical and laboratory symptoms of HFH where the relevant genetic mutations have not been found; (3) 77 children with alimentary hyperlipidemia (AH), and (4) 84 healthy children as a control group. The followed-up markers were routine lipid profile comprising total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triacylglycerides (TAG), complemented by apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R), apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism, and plasma NCS (Lat, Des, Cam and Sit), the latter being established by means of GC/MS. The medical treatment of HFH patients consisted of simvastatin and ezetimibe. Correlations between TC lowering and decrease in Lat and other NCS values during combination treatment were examined in various types of hypercholesterolemia.
Results: HFH patients, whether genetically confirmed or not, exhibit a significant decrease in Lat (and in milder concentrations also Des) which correlates directly to the TC lowering during the combination therapy (r = 0.912 for Lat; r = 0.798 for Des; p<0.001). Cam and Sit do not correlate with the TC lowering at all (r = -0.378 for Cam; r = -0.208 for Sit). By contrast, high TC levels in AH patients are not accompanied by significantly elevated Lat levels, and, therefore, caloric restriction cannot result in significant Lat or Des decrease (p<0.001). Lat and Des levels are also high following drug treatment interruption during long vacations or when the drug treatment is neglected. Compensatory elevation of Cam and Sit occurs in 50% of treated children patients after the desirable TC level below 4.8 mmol/l has been achieved and maintained. In our experience, the combination of statin and ezetimibe is the most efficacious therapy to lower TC together with Lat and Des in children with HFH.
Conclusions: Inclusion precursors for cholesterol synthesis and absorption in laboratory testing improve differential diagnosis of HFH, and makes monitoring and/or treatment of pediatric patients more precise and convenient.
Safety and Efficacy of Methanol Fraction of Moringa oleifera as Antihypertensive in L-NAME Induced Hypertensive Rabbits: Bedside to Bench, Implications for Bench Back to Bedside
Authors: Adedapo A.D.A. , Jegede O.T. , Omobowale T.O. , Nabofa W. , Oyagbemi A.A. , Adedapo A.A.
Published: September 2018

Context: Hypertension, a global menace requires innovative research into the use of Moringa oleifera being promoted and traditionally used as alternative therapy.
Objective: To innovatively evaluate the mechanistic effect, safety and efficacy of the methanol fraction of M. oleifera (MMO) leaves on L-NAME induced hypertensive rabbits.
Methods: Rabbits were divided into six groups: Control, L-NAME alone, L-NAME with 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg of MMO and enalapril. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were similar baseline parameters and Day 3 systolic blood pressure (SBP) less than baseline SBP respectively. The primary outcome was a 10% reduction of SBP on Day 21. Enalapril group was excluded from analysis. Safety was assessed with liver and renal functions, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide concentrations to elucidate mechanistic effect.
Results: Moringa 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg reduced SBP by 4.75, 18.00 and 15.25 mmHg (F=22.123, p=0.000). SBP control was achieved with MMO 200mg/kg, 14% reduction and 400mg/kg, 12% reduction. Nitric oxide concentration, 0.06, 0.094 and 0.114mmol (F= 30.255, p= 0.000) dose-dependently increased and was most predictive of SBP control (r2=0.802, p=0.000). Nitric oxide production was inversely related to heart/body weight ratio which was dose-dependently reduced. MMO reduced hydrogen peroxide and ALT level but no significant effect on urea, HDL, and TG.
Conclusion: MMO reduced SBP and dose-dependently increased nitric oxide concentration in L-NAME induced hypertensive rabbits. The effect may be mediated via activation of nitric oxide pathway. MMO demonstrated a potent anti-oxidant activity and safety. Effect on ventricular hypertrophy needs further evaluation.