bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon Dioxide Laser Resection of a Distal Carpal Pilomatricoma and Wound Closure Using Swine Intestinal Submucosa in a Dog
Authors: Holt Timothy L. , Mann F. A.
Published: September 2014

A carbon dioxide laser was used to incise around, dissect, and remove a 2-cm intradermal mass from the left carpus of an 8-year-old, spayed female wheaten terrier. The wound was partially closed, resulting in a 3-cm diameter circular defect with extensor tendons exposed. A swine intestinal submucosa graft was utilized to cover the remaining defect. The graft was removed 5 days later, revealing a healthy granulation tissue bed covering previously exposed tendons with minimal wound margin retraction. The remaining wound was allowed to heal by contraction and epithelialization that was complete by 5 weeks postoperatively. The mass, a pilomatricoma, had not recurred at the last follow-up contact 18 months after surgery. Pilomatricoma, laser application, swine intestinal submucosa grafting, and postoperative wound management are discussed.
Severe Respiratory Compromise Secondary to Cervical Disk Herniation in Two Dogs
Authors: Kube Stephanie , Owen Tina , Hanson Stephen
Published: September 2014

Two dogs presented with acute tetraparesis, hypoventilation, and bradycardia with a second-degree atrioventricular heart block. Neurological examination localized both lesions to the cervical spine. Diagnostic imaging revealed a ventral extradural compression at the second to third cervical (C2–C3) region in one dog and at the third to fourth cervical (C3–C4) region in the other. Following surgical correction of the extruded disk, the hypoventilation and bradycardia resolved. Cervical disk extrusions are a common cause of acute tetraparesis in the dog. This report shows that respiratory and cardiac complications may occur concurrently. The authors recommend screening dogs with cervical myelopathies for respiratory and cardiac dysfunctions and treating appropriately. Prompt surgical intervention and supportive care can improve the prognosis.
Packed Red Blood Cell Transfusions in Dogs With Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage: 55 Cases (1999–2001)
Authors: Waldrop Jennifer E. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Freeman Lisa M. , Rush John E.
Published: September 2014

Fifty-five dogs received packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions for gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage during a 26-month period (1999 to 2001), accounting for 11.7% of the PRBC transfusions in that time. Thirty-nine (61%) dogs had an intestinal pathology (primary or secondary) as the cause of GI hemorrhage, including intestinal masses, gastroenteritis, hepatic disease, and renal disease. Nonsteroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use was found frequently in dogs with GI hemorrhage. Sixteen (39%) dogs were identified as having immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT) and associated GI hemorrhage. Dogs with IMT received more transfusions of PRBC than nonIMT dogs (P<0.03) and received a significantly larger total volume of PRBC (P<0.01) during hospitalization.
Septic Pericarditis, Aortic Endarteritis, and Osteomyelitis in a Dog
Authors: Peterson Polly B. , Miller Matthew W. , Hansen Eric K. , Henry George A.
Published: September 2014

A 7-year-old, female spayed rottweiler was referred with a history of an acute onset of collapse attributable to cardiac tamponade. Thoracic radiographs revealed an enlarged cardiac silhouette compatible with pericardial effusion, sternal osteomyelitis, and an unusual mineralized lesion determined later to be within the aortic wall. The pericardial effusion was a septic exudate secondary to infection with Staphylococcus species and hemorrhage into the pericardium through a mineralized aortic lesion. The case demonstrates the importance of complete evaluation of thoracic radiographs in a patient with cardiac disease and the potential value of cytopathologicalevaluation of pericardial fluid.
Cutaneous Paecilomycosis in a Cat
Authors: Rosser Edmund J.
Published: September 2014

A cat was presented for a 2-year history of a recurrent, soft-tissue swelling of the left metacarpal region. The mass was excised and submitted for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture, fungal culture, and histopathological examination. Cultures revealed the organism Paecilomyces lilacinus, and histopathological examination showed a nodular mycotic granuloma. Itraconazole (10 mg/kg body weight, per os [PO], q 24 hours) was administered and continued for a total of 60 days, with a swelling of the upper lip occurring 3 months after the initial presentation. Subsequent surgical excisions and debridements along with treatment with itraconazole (20 mg/kg body weight, PO, q 24 hours) for a total of 4 months were curative.
Hematogenous Septic Arthritis in the Dog: Results of Five Patients Treated Nonsurgically With Antibiotics
Authors: Fitch Randall B. , Hogan Tara C. , Kudnig Simon T.
Published: September 2014

This retrospective study evaluates the effectiveness of nonsurgical treatment using antibiotics to treat hematogenous septic arthritis in five dogs. Giant-breed dogs were over-represented, with all dogs <1 year of age. Synovial fluid cultures were positive in all cases, with common bacterial species isolated that included Streptococcus B-haemolytic spp., Pasteurella multocida, and Staphylococcus intermedius. Dogs treated with appropriate duration and selection of antibiotics had clinical resolution with no residual deficits. This report and a previous clinical report demonstrate that hematogenous septic arthritis can be successfully treated nonsurgically with antibiotic therapy.
Results of Single-Session Bilateral Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomies as a Treatment for Bilaterally Ruptured Cranial Cruciate Ligaments in Dogs: 25 Cases (2000–2001)
Authors: Barnhart Matthew D.
Published: September 2014

The records of 25 dogs with bilaterally ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments (CrCL) treated with single-session bilateral tibial plateau leveling osteotomies (TPLOs) were reviewed. The mean age and body weight at presentation were 4.9 years and 36.1 kg, respectively. Minor complications occurred in five dogs. Good or excellent function occurred in 19 of 25 dogs at a mean of 6.9 weeks postoperatively. Owner evaluation revealed that the 88% of dogs had good or excellent function at an average of 14.3 months postoperatively. This study demonstrated that single-session bilateral TPLOs are an effective treatment for bilaterally ruptured CrCLs with minimal morbidity and complications.
The Use of Novel Stimuli as Indicators of Aggressive Behavior in Dogs
Authors: Kroll Tracy L. , Houpt Katherine A. , Erb Hollis N.
Published: September 2014

To test the predictive value of a doll and an artificial hand, reactions of dogs (n=100) were compared to histories of behavior toward children. Each dog’s reaction to the doll and the hand was categorized as normal, fearful, fearfully aggressive, or offensively aggressive. Sixty-five percent (n=37) of the dogs that had a normal or no reaction to the stimuli had a history of being good with children. Eighty-eight percent (n=34) of the dogs that had an aggressive reaction to the doll had a history of aggressive behavior toward a child. Dogs that were fearfully aggressive were significantly more likely to show fearful responses to the doll, and dogs that were either dominant or fearfully aggressive were more likely to exhibit aggression of the same type to the hand. The results of this study indicate that the doll and, to a lesser extent, the hand may be useful components in determining the aggressive tendencies of dogs. The results also point out the major limitations, because the false positives and false negatives are too frequent.
Reconstruction of a Bilateral Hypoplastic Soft Palate in a Cat
Authors: Headrick Jason F. , McAnulty Jonathan F.
Published: September 2014

A 2-year-old, female spayed, domestic shorthair cat was presented with a history of dyspnea, upper respiratory congestion, and aspiration. Physical examination revealed a bilaterally hypoplastic soft palate resembling a uvula. A novel surgical technique was performed to reconstruct the soft palate, utilizing both a hard palate-derived mucoperiosteal flap combined with two pharyngeal wall-derived, random-pattern mucosal flaps. This is the first report of a bilaterally hypoplastic soft palate in the cat, as well as a description of a new surgical method for soft palate reconstruction.
Clinicopathological Abnormalities and Treatment Response in 24 Dogs Seroreactive to Bartonella vinsonii (berkhoffii) Antigens
Authors: Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Blann Kasandra R. , Stebbins Martha E. , Muñana Karen R. , Davidson Michael G. , Jackson Hilary A. , Willard Michael D.
Published: September 2014

Bartonella vinsonii (B. vinsonii) subspecies berkhoffii is a recently recognized cause of endocarditis, myocarditis, and granulomatous disease in dogs. In an effort to elucidate other potential disease manifestations, the case records of 24 dogs that were seroreactive to B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) antigens were studied retrospectively. Diagnoses included immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, neutrophilic or granulomatous meningoencephalitis, neutrophilic polyarthritis, cutaneous vasculitis, and uveitis. Repeated B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) antibody titers became negative after treatment. This study indicates that a diverse spectrum of disease manifestations and clinicopathological abnormalities can be detected in dogs that are seroreactive to B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) antigens.
Comparison of Various Methods for Estimating Body Fat in Dogs
Authors: Mawby Dianne I. , Bartges Joseph W. , d’Avignon Andre , Laflamme Dorothy P. , Moyers Tamberlyn D. , Cottrell Tamorah
Published: September 2014

Obesity is considered one of the most common forms of malnutrition occurring in dogs. Laboratory methods of evaluation of body composition in live dogs have included dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and deuterium oxide (D2O) dilution. Clinical methods of evaluation include assigning a body condition score (BCS) based on visual observation, palpation, and morphometric measurements. This study used these four methods to evaluate 23 healthy, adult, client-owned dogs. Good correlation (coefficient of determination [r2]=0.78) was found between measurements of percent body fat (%BF) determined by the D2O dilution method and the DEXA scan. Percent body fat can also be estimated using BCS (r2=0.92 comparison with DEXA) or by using morphometric measurements with simple calculations (r2=0.92 comparison with DEXA).
Shortening of Interestrous Intervals With Cabergoline in Bitches: A Clinical Trial
Authors: Gobello Cristina , Castex Gervasio , Dela sota Luzbel , Corrada Yanina
Published: September 2014

Two consecutive interestrous intervals (n=46) were recorded in 23 bitches of different breeds. At varying times after day 100 from the onset of the second proestrus, cabergoline (5 μg/kg per os q 24 hours) was administered from early (n=11), mid- (n=10), and late (n=2) anestrus until 2 days after the beginning of the following proestrus. Interestrous intervals (IEI) were significantly shorter in the cabergoline-treated time periods when compared to the nontreated IEI (184±4.5 days versus 239±4.5 days; P<0.01). The mean number of days of cabergoline treatment until the onset of proestrus was 21.4±2.9 (least square means and standard error of the mean [LSM±SEM]). Mean cabergoline treatment durations beginning in early, mid-, and late anestrus were 27.4±3.7, 17.6±3.8, and 5±3 days (LSM±SEM), respectively. A significant correlation was found between the stage of anestrus in which the treatments began and the duration of the treatments required to induce estrus (0.51, P=0.01).
Piroxicam, Mitoxantrone, and Coarse Fraction Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder in 10 Dogs: A Pilot Study
Authors: Poirier Valerie J. , Forrest Lisa J. , Adams William M. , Vail David M.
Published: September 2014

Ten dogs with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder were treated with a combination of once-weekly coarse fraction radiation therapy (six weekly fractions of 5.75 Gray [Gy]), mitoxantrone chemotherapy, and piroxicam. All dogs completed the radiation therapy protocol, and only minimal side effects were observed. Only two (22%) dogs achieved a measurable partial response; however, 90% of the dogs had amelioration of their urinary clinical signs. The median survival time for all dogs was 326 days. While this treatment protocol was well tolerated, the response rate and overall survival duration was not superior to reports using mitoxantrone and piroxicam without radiation therapy in dogs with TCC.
Urinary Obstruction Secondary to an Ossifying Fibroma of the Os Penis in a Dog
Authors: Mirkovic Tatjana K. , Shmon Cindy L. , Allen Andrew L.
Published: September 2014

A 13-year-old, 25-kg, castrated male border collie was referred for evaluation of pollakiuria, stranguria, and a decreased urine stream. A calcified periurethral mass near the caudal aspect of the os penis was identified on survey abdominal radiographs. A retrograde contrast urethrocystogram demonstrated that the mass was compressing the penile urethra. The mass was surgically resected. A histopathological diagnosis of an ossifying fibroma of the os penis was made. This report describes an atypical presentation of a rare tumor, an ossifying fibroma, that caused a urinary obstruction in a male dog. A review of the incidence, histopathological features, and behavior of ossifying fibromas is included.
Unusual Urethral Calculi in Two Male Dogs
Authors: Reimer S. Brent , Kyles Andrew E. , Schulz Kurt S. , Bernsteen Lynda , Wooldridge John D. , Ling Gerald V.
Published: September 2014

The clinical presentation and advanced size of the two calculi described in this report are both atypical and noteworthy. Both dogs were presented initially with signs of hematuria, stranguria, and perineal discomfort. Each calculus was visible on survey abdominal radiographs and was present in the region of the ischial arch. Both dogs underwent a perineal urethrotomy to retrieve the calculus. Resolution of clinical signs was obtained in one case, which was referred within 2 months of the onset of clinical signs. The second dog was medically managed for approximately 2.5 years before referral. Surgical intervention failed to restore urinary continence in this second dog. Early detection of similar cases may be important in optimizing clinical outcome following appropriate treatment.
Urethral Obstruction as a Complication of Staged Bilateral Triple Pelvic Osteotomy
Authors: Dudley Robert M. , Wilkens Brent E.
Published: September 2014

A 5-month-old, neutered male Labrador retriever developed urethral obstruction secondary to staged, bilateral, triple pelvic osteotomy procedures. Conventional medical therapy failed to resolve the urinary dysfunction, and eventual surgical correction was required. Prior anecdotal reports exist on this complication, but little to no information is available in the veterinary literature. It was the objective of this case report to document this rare complication and describe its correction.
Chronic Canine Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis): A Retrospective Study of 19 Natural Cases
Authors: Mylonakis Mathios E. , Koutinas Alex F. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Hegarty Barbara C. , Billinis Charalambos D. , Leontides Leonidas S. , Kontos Vassilios S.
Published: September 2014

Nineteen dogs from Greece with chronic ehrlichiosis were studied. The dogs exhibited bicytopenia or pancytopenia, bone marrow hypoplasia, seroreactivity to Ehrlichia canis (E. canis) antigens, and had no history of drug or radiation exposure. Anorexia, depression, severe bleeding tendencies, hypoalbuminemia, and increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity were also hallmarks of the disease. All these animals eventually died, irrespective of the treatment applied. Some dogs were also serologically positive for Rickettsia conorii, Leishmania infantum (L. infantum), and Bartonella vinsonii subspp. berkhoffii. Polymerase chain reaction testing of bone marrow samples revealed E. canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilia, Anaplasma platys, and L. infantum in some dogs. Concurrent infections did not appear to substantially influence the clinical course and final outcome of the chronic canine ehrlichiosis.
Surgical Treatment of Recurrent Dacryocystitis Secondary to Cystic Dilatation of the Nasolacrimal Duct in a Dog
Authors: Lussier Bertrand , Carrier Michel
Published: September 2014

A 3-year-old, castrated male golden retriever was presented for evaluation of recurrent ocular discharge of 4 months’ duration from the left eye. Dacryocystorhinography was performed and demarcated a cystic dilatation of the left nasolacrimal duct with obstruction of the duct distal to the cystic cavity. Surgical exploration of the left maxillary sinus was performed to confirm the diagnosis and reestablish drainage into the nasal cavity. Recovery was uneventful, and the dog has been asymptomatic for >36 months postoperatively. This report documents the third published case of surgical treatment for cystic dilatation of the nasolacrimal duct.
Spontaneous Midlobar Lung Lobe Torsion in a 2-Year-Old Newfoundland
Authors: Hofeling Andrew D. , Jackson Andrew H. , Alsup Joel C. , O’Keefe Debi
Published: September 2014

A 2-year-old, intact male Newfoundland was presented for evaluation of a 1- to 2-day history of coughing, retching, and progressive lethargy. Thoracic radiographs demonstrated right-sided pleural effusion and lobar vesicular emphysema. An exploratory thoracotomy revealed midlobar torsion of the right caudal lung lobe. A partial lung lobectomy was performed, and following surgery, the dog recovered without complications. Lung lobe torsions in dogs typically occur at the hilus of the affected lung lobe. This report documents that midlobar lung lobe torsions occur in dogs and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of lobar vesicular emphysema and pleural effusion.
Phenobarbital-Responsive Ptyalism, Dysphagia, and Apparent Esophageal Spasm in a German Shepherd Puppy
Authors: Gibbon Kristi J. , Trepanier Lauren A. , Delaney Fern A.
Published: September 2014

A 10-week-old, male German shepherd dog was presented with a primary complaint of episodic ptyalism, dysphagia, vomiting, and mandibular salivary gland enlargement. An esophagram with fluoroscopy showed normal pharyngeal and esophageal function; however, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and cervical ultrasonography revealed a focal circumferential thickening of the midcervical esophageal muscular wall, consistent with esophageal spasm. The puppy responded dramatically and completely to phenobarbital treatment. An unusual syndrome of phenobarbital-responsive hypersialosis was consistent with this dog’s clinical presentation and the finding of apparent esophageal spasm. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is unclear, but it may represent a form of limbic epilepsy or peripheral autonomic dysfunction.
Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasia in the Cat: A Case Series
Authors: Seaman Rebecca L.
Published: September 2014

Eight cases of feline pancreatic adenocarcinoma and two cases of pancreatic adenoma were reviewed. The adenomas were incidental findings. Most cats with adenocarcinomas had anorexia (75%) and vomiting (63%), while 38% had abdominal pain, a palpable abdominal mass, and/or jaundice. Diagnostic abnormalities included leukocytosis, hyperglycemia, increased alanine aminotransferase activity, poor serosal detail on abdominal radiography, and an abdominal mass effect on ultrasonography. The majority of cats with carcinomas had metastases (mostly to liver, lung, and small intestine), and all were euthanized or died within 7 days of diagnosis. Clinically, feline pancreatic carcinoma may be difficult to distinguish from feline pancreatitis.
Repetitive Propofol Administration in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Matthews Nora S. , Brown Raquel M. , Barling Kerry S. , Lovering Sandra L. , Herrig Brent W.
Published: September 2014

A bolus of propofol was administered to 10 dogs (6 mg/kg intravenously [IV]) and 10 cats (10 mg/kg IV) on three consecutive days. The occurrence of apnea, heart and respiratory rates, blood pressure, time to movement, and changes in a complete blood count and biochemical profile were recorded. Apnea was not seen in the dogs but was seen in three cats. Slight increases in the number of Heinz bodies were seen in six cats, but the increases were not considered clinically significant. No apparent cumulative adverse effects were seen from a bolus of bisulfite-containing propofol, administered on three consecutive days.
Placebo-Controlled Clomipramine Trial for the Treatment of Feather Picking Disorder in Cockatoos
Authors: Seibert Lynne M. , Crowell-Davis Sharon L. , Wilson G. Heather , Ritchie Branson W.
Published: September 2014

This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed to evaluate the efficacy of clomipramine for the treatment of feather picking disorder in otherwise healthy cockatoos. Twenty cockatoos with chronic feather picking disorder were screened for medical conditions and then randomly assigned to either a clomipramine or placebo group. Based on caregiver assessments and physical examination findings, treatment with clomipramine significantly improved feather picking when compared to a placebo at 3 weeks (P=0.028) and at 6 weeks (P=0.021). Clomipramine had no significant effect, however, on videotaped preening behaviors.
Correlations of Fatty Acid Supplementation, Aeroallergens, Shampoo, and Ear Cleanser With Multiple Parameters in Pruritic Dogs
Authors: Nesbitt Gene H. , Freeman Lisa M. , Hannah Steven S.
Published: September 2014

Seventy-two pruritic dogs were fed one of four diets controlled for n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratios and total dietary intake of fatty acids. Multiple parameters were evaluated, including clinical and cytological findings, aeroallergen testing, microbial sampling techniques, and effects of an anti-fungal/antibacterial shampoo and ear cleanser. Significant correlations were observed between many clinical parameters, anatomical sampling sites, and microbial counts when data from the diet groups was combined. There were no statistically significant differences between individual diets for any of the clinical parameters. The importance of total clinical management in the control of pruritus was demonstrated.
Carmustine, Vincristine, and Prednisone in the Treatment of Canine Lymphosarcoma
Authors: Ricci Lucas Sílvia Regina , Pereira Coelho Bruna Maria , Marquezi Maurício Luis , Franchini Maria Luisa , Miyashiro Samantha Ive , de Benedetto Pozzi Diana Helena
Published: September 2014

A chemotherapeutic protocol using carmustine in combination with vincristine and prednisone was tested in dogs with multicentric malignant lymphosarcoma. Of seven dogs treated, six (85.7%) achieved complete remission. A partial response occurred in one dog. Median survival time was 224 days (mean 386 days), and median duration of remission was 183 days (mean 323 days). Marked neutropenia was observed following carmustine administration. There were no significant alterations in platelets and red blood cell counts during treatment, and no abnormalities attributable to the chemotherapy were found in serum biochemical profiles. Results of this study showed that carmustine is an effective alternative option in the treatment of canine lymphosarcoma.
Postoperative Assessment of Surgical Clip Position in 16 Dogs With Cancer: A Pilot Study
Authors: McEntee Margaret C. , Samii Valerie F. , Walsh Peter , Hornof William J.
Published: September 2014

Metallic hemoclips or surgical staples were inserted in 16 tumor-bearing dogs at the time of surgical resection of the tumor. Orthogonal radiographs were taken immediately postoperatively and after wound healing to visualize the location and number of hemoclips or metallic staples. A shift in hemoclip/staple position was identified in nine dogs, mainly from positioning during radiography. In three dogs, an absolute shift in marker position was identified. Based on this study, it appears that the placement of surgical clips is potentially useful in identifying the tumor bed, which may be of benefit in establishing radiation treatment fields.
Iridium-192 Interstitial Brachytherapy as Adjunctive Treatment for Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors
Authors: Northrup Nicole C. , Roberts Royce E. , Harrell Todd W. , Allen Karen L. , Howerth Elizabeth W. , Gieger Tracy L.
Published: September 2014

Eleven dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) were treated with surgery and iridium-192 (192Ir) interstitial brachytherapy. Minimum tumor doses ranged from 47.2 to 63.3 Gy. Treated tumors were classified as grade II (n=7) or III (n=4). Five dogs had recurrences with a median progression-free interval of 1391 days, and six dogs had no recurrence at a median follow-up time of 942 days. Acute adverse effects were well tolerated, and late effects were mild. One dog developed a second tumor of a different cell type in the radiation treatment field.
Arthroscopic Release of the Medial Femoropatellar Ligament for Canine Medial Patellar Luxation
Authors: Bevan John M. , Taylor Robert A.
Published: September 2014

Five dogs of varying breeds and ages were presented for evaluation of medial patellar luxation that was unresponsive to conservative treatment. Arthroscopy of each affected stifle was performed, and adequacy of the femoral trochlea and patellar tracking in the trochlea were assessed. Medial femoropatellar ligament release was then performed using a bipolar radiofrequency electrosurgical system with or without a tibial tuberosity transposition. The procedure resulted in good to excellent outcomes for four dogs and a fair outcome for a fifth dog.
Biochemical Analysis of Neoplastic Versus Nonneoplastic Abdominal Effusions in Dogs
Authors: Nestor Derek D. , McCullough Sheila M. , Schaeffer David J.
Published: September 2014

This prospective study of 15 dogs evaluated biochemical parameters in abdominal effusions of neoplastic and nonneoplastic origin in an attempt to identify markers for malignant effusions. Dogs in the neoplastic group had statistically significant lower glucose concentrations (mean, 72.6 mg/dL versus 110.0 mg/dL; P=0.0431) and higher lactate levels (mean, 3.81 mmol/L versus 1.68 mmol/L; P=0.0377) in their abdominal fluid than did dogs in the nonneoplastic group, indicating that low glucose and high lactate in abdominal effusions may be markers for neoplasia.
Cranial Cruciate Ligament Pathophysiology in Dogs With Cruciate Disease: A Review
Authors: Hayashi Kei , Manley Paul A. , Muir Peter
Published: September 2014

Cruciate disease is a common cause of chronic lameness in dogs. Midsubstance rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) arises from progressive pathological failure, often under conditions of normal loading in adult dogs with CCL instability. A high risk of rupture is associated with inflammation of the synovium and adaptive or degenerative changes in the cells and matrix of the CCL. In contrast, CCL rupture in puppies is usually associated with traumatic injury and avulsion of the CCL from its sites of attachment.
C-reactive Protein in the Differentiation of Pyometra From Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia/Mucometra in Dogs
Authors: Fransson Boel A. , Karlstam Erika , Bergstrom Annika , Lagerstedt Anne-Sofie , Park Jean S. , Evans Marc A. , Ragle Claude A.
Published: September 2014

Hematological parameters, plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor αwere analyzed in 64 dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of pyometra. Final diagnosis (i.e., pyometra or cystic endometrial hyperplasia [CEH]) was determined by histopathology. As a single test, the percentage of band neutrophils had the highest sensitivity in the prediction of pyometra (sensitivity, 94%). The combination of percentage of bands and CRP had the highest sensitivity (97.7%; specificity, 75%) in predicting the presence of pyometra. The most common clinical signs noted in the study were vaginal discharge, polyuria, polydipsia, lethargy, and gastrointestinal signs. A combination of three or more of these clinical signs was significantly associated with pyometra.
Efficacy of Selamectin in the Treatment of Nasal Mite (Pneumonyssoides caninum) Infection in Dogs
Authors: Gunnarsson Lotta , Zakrisson Göran , Christensson Dan , Uggla Arvid
Published: September 2014

In a laboratory study to evaluate the efficacy of selamectin for treatment of canine nasal mite infection, 12 purpose-bred beagles were experimentally infected with Pneumonyssoides caninum (P. caninum). Six of the dogs were treated with selamectin applied to the skin of the back at dosages of 6 to 24 mg/kg for three times at 2-week intervals. The remaining six dogs were an untreated control group. At necropsy 39 to 46 days after inoculation, no P. caninum mites were found in any of the treated dogs. In contrast, nasal mites were found in five of the untreated dogs. This difference was statistically significant at P=0.015.
Group G Streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome in Three Cats
Authors: Taillefer Mylène , Dunn Marilyn
Published: September 2014

Three 8-week-old kittens were presented with a history of acute, generalized weakness and severe fever. One cat was dead upon presentation, and necropsy findings were supportive of a group G Streptococcus spp. septicemia. During their clinical courses, two of the three kittens developed a progressive, marked swelling of one or more limbs. One moribund and severely hypothermic cat was euthanized a few hours after presentation, and necropsy was also supportive of a group G Streptococcus spp. septicemia. One kitten recovered. Group G streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome was suspected because of the fulminant progression of the septicemia.
Transdermal Fentanyl Patches in Small Animals
Authors: Hofmeister Erik H. , Egger Christine M.
Published: September 2014

Fentanyl citrate is a potent opioid that can be delivered by the transdermal route in cats and dogs. Publications regarding transdermal fentanyl patches were obtained and systematically reviewed. Seven studies in cats and seven studies in dogs met the criteria for inclusion in this review. Dogs achieved effective plasma concentrations approximately 24 hours after patch application. Cats achieved effective plasma concentrations 7 hours after patch application. In dogs, transdermal fentanyl produced analgesia for up to 72 hours, except for the immediate 0- to 6-hour postoperative period. In cats, transdermal fentanyl produced analgesia equivalent to intermittent butorphanol administration for up to 72 hours following patch application.
A Simple Continuous Pattern Using Absorbable Suture for Perineal Urethrostomy in the Cat: 18 Cases (2000–2002)
Authors: Agrodnia Marta D. , Hauptman Joe G. , Stanley Bryden J. , Walshaw Richard
Published: September 2014

Closure with a simple continuous pattern using absorbable suture was evaluated in 18 cats that underwent perineal urethrostomy from 2000 to 2002. The perineal urethrostomy was performed in a similar manner in all the cats, and either 4-0 or 5-0 polydioxanone was used for closure. Cats were evaluated 2 weeks postoperatively, and long-term follow-up information was reviewed. In all cats, the perineal urethrostomy site was healed within 2 weeks. None of the cats developed a stricture postoperatively. Complications were not significantly different (P>0.50) from those found in a comparison group of 21 cats operated between 1997 and 2002, in which perineal urethrostomies were performed using nonabsorbable sutures that were removed postoperatively.
Alapexy: An Alternative Technique for Repair of Stenotic Nares in Dogs
Authors: Ellison Gary W.
Published: September 2014

Alapexy involves the creation and apposition of two small elliptical incisions, which fix the alae in an abducted position. Permanent alapexy was achieved in four of five dogs (eight of nine nostrils) that were operated. Four animals had significant improvement in their respiratory efforts because of reduced nasal obstruction. Although the alapexy procedure was somewhat more difficult to perform than simple wedge resection techniques, it may be a viable option in those animals where other techniques have failed or in animals that have dystrophic or flaccid alar cartilage. The alapexy technique may also improve the diameter of the nares compared to previously described techniques.
Effects of Clomipramine on Cats Presented for Urine Marking
Authors: Landsberg Gary M. , Wilson Andrea L.
Published: September 2014

Twenty-five cats exhibiting at least four episodes of vertical urine marking per week were assessed. Following a medical workup, a 4-week clomipramine trial was instituted, using a mean dose of 0.54 mg/kg per os q 24 hours. No concurrent behavioral or environmental modifications were applied. There was a statistically significant (P<0.0001) decrease in urine spraying when the cats were on clomipramine, with 20 of 25 cats having a ≥75% reduction in spraying within 4 weeks. Side effects were mild. Twenty cats were followed for an additional 5 months. Fifteen cats required medication to control the spraying, often at a reduced dose.
Efficacy of Boric-Complexed Zinc and Acetic-Complexed Zinc Otic Preparations for Canine Yeast Otitis Externa
Authors: Mendelsohn Colleen L. , Griffin Craig E. , Rosenkrantz Wayne S. , Brown Larry D. , Boord Mona J.
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this 2-week, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy of topical amino acid-complexed zinc gluconate formulated with boric acid (ZGB) or acetic acid (ZGA) versus a topical placebo in the treatment of yeast otitis externa in dogs. Included in the study were dogs with otitis externa and a cytopathological finding of yeast organisms in the affected ear. Ears were treated with the placebo, ZGA, or ZGB medications. Yeast counts as well as clinical appearance of the ears were monitored. Results revealed that ZGB significantly reduced the number of yeast organisms in cases of otitis externa.
Calcineurin Inhibitors: A Novel Approach to Canine Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Marsella Rosanna
Published: September 2014

The introduction of calcineurin inhibitors represents a major addition to the armamentarium of drugs available to veterinary clinicians for the management of allergic skin diseases. Both cyclosporine and tacrolimus have been proven to be well tolerated and effective for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs. Although broad spectrum in their mechanism of action, they lack the major adverse effects of glucocorticoids and provide an appealing alternative to traditional therapies. The purposes of this article are to review clinically relevant information regarding these agents and to provide tips for maximizing the benefit obtained from these therapies.
Systemic Mycobacterium avium Infection in a Dog Diagnosed by Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Buffy Coat
Authors: Naughton James F. , Mealey Katrina L. , Wardrop K. Jane , Oaks J. Lindsay , Bradway Daniel S.
Published: September 2014

Dogs may be infected by Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. avium complex, and the clinical signs associated with each of these infections may be indistinguishable. Rapid speciation of the infecting organism is desirable because of the public health concerns associated with M. bovis and M. tuberculosis infections. A mycobacterial infection was suspected in the dog of this report based on acid-fast staining of organisms in macrophages obtained from liver aspirates and buffy-coat preparations. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of a buffy-coat preparation identified M. avium.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus Ligation and Pulmonary Artery Banding in a Kitten
Authors: Summerfield Nuala J. , Holt David E.
Published: September 2014

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and ventricular septal defect were diagnosed in a 2-month-old, 0.9-kg, male kitten. This combination of PDA and ventricular septal defect in a cat has not been previously described. Surgical ligation of the PDA, together with palliation of the ventricular septal defect by pulmonary artery banding with a silastic band, successfully improved the kitten’s condition.
Clinical Utility of Pneumogastrography in Dogs
Authors: Bowlus Rachel A. , Biller David S. , Armbrust Laura J. , Henrikson Todd D.
Published: September 2014

Pneumogastrography utilizes negative contrast media such as air or carbonated beverages to improve visualization of luminal contents and mucosal surfaces within the stomach. Pneumogastrography as a diagnostic technique in cases of gastric disease has not been widely described in the veterinary literature and is a procedure that may yield additional information not obtained from survey radiographs. This technique is useful in the diagnosis of luminal and mucosal gastric diseases. In this article, the pneumogastrography technique and relevant literature are reviewed. Six case examples are included that demonstrate the utility of pneumogastrography in dogs with gastric disease.
Clinical Evaluation of Caudal Superficial Epigastric Axial Pattern Flap Reconstruction of Skin Defects in 10 Dogs (1989–2001)
Authors: Aper Rhonda L. , Smeak Daniel D.
Published: September 2014

Ten dogs with caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flap reconstruction of extensive skin defects were reviewed. Nine dogs had complete survival of the flap. In one dog, a small area of necrosis occurred near the flap tip. Other complications included seroma formation (n=3), partial incisional dehiscence (n=3), flap edema (n=9), and bruising (n=7). Use of the caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flap provided full-thickness skin coverage of extensive skin defects of the rear limb and inguinal region, with relatively minor complications that were amenable to conservative management.
Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Congenital Membranous Ventricular Septal Aneurysm in the Dog and Cat
Authors: Thomas William P.
Published: September 2014

Membranous ventricular septal aneurysm was diagnosed by echocardiography in 17 dogs and three cats. The aneurysm appeared as a thin membrane protruding into the right ventricle from the margins of a congenital ventricular septal defect (VSD). The aneurysm was intact in nine dogs and two cats and perforated by a small VSD in eight dogs and one cat. Other congenital heart defects were present in seven dogs. In all animals, the aneurysm was an incidental finding observed during echocardiographic examination, and it did not appear to directly cause any cardiac dysfunction.
Influence of Asparaginase on a Combination Chemotherapy Protocol for Canine Multicentric Lymphoma
Authors: Jeffreys Antonella Borgatti , Knapp Deborah W. , Carlton William W. , Thomas Rosanne M. , Bonney Patty L. , deGortari A. , Lucroy Michael D.
Published: September 2014

Combination chemotherapy is superior to single-agent chemotherapy for treating canine lymphoma, but the effect of each drug on efficacy remains unknown. By comparing 34 dogs treated with a modified cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone (COP) chemotherapy protocol and 42 dogs given asparaginase in the induction phase of the same protocol, the effect of asparaginase on the chemotherapeutic protocol was determined. Both groups were compared based on clinical response at 2 weeks and 6 weeks, and on the progression-free interval. Asparaginase did not significantly increase the likelihood of a clinical remission or prolong the initial progression-free interval in the dogs studied.
Atresia Ani in the Dog: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Vianna Maria L. , Tobias Karen M.
Published: September 2014

Congenital anomalies of the rectum and anus are rare in dogs. The most frequently reported anomaly is atresia ani. Four types of atresia ani have been reported, including congenital anal stenosis (Type I); imperforate anus alone (Type II) or combined with more cranial termination of the rectum as a blind pouch (Type III); and discontinuity of the proximal rectum with normal anal and terminal rectal development (Type IV). An increased incidence was found in females and in several breeds, including miniature or toy poodles and Boston terriers. Surgical repair is the treatment of choice, but postoperative complications can occur, including fecal incontinence and colonic atony secondary to prolonged preoperative distension.
The Use of Trilostane for the Treatment of Alopecia X in Alaskan Malamutes
Authors: Leone F. , Cerundolo R. , Vercelli A. , Lloyd D.H.
Published: September 2014

Three Alaskan malamutes with hair loss and slightly elevated blood concentrations of 17-hydroxyprogesterone after stimulation with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were treated with trilostane. Trilostane, an inhibitor of 3 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, was given twice daily at a dose of 3.0 to 3.6 mg/kg per day orally for 4 to 6 months. Routine ACTH stimulation tests were performed over 8 months to evaluate the degree of adrenal function suppression. Treatment with trilostane led to complete hair regrowth in all three dogs within 6 months. No adverse effects associated with trilostane were recognized.
Nutritional and Herbal Therapies in the Treatment of Heart Disease in Cats and Dogs
Authors: Gompf Rebecca E.
Published: September 2014

Nutritional supplements such as L-carnitine and taurine have been found to be beneficial in dogs and cats with certain cardiac diseases. However, not all animals with cardiac disease respond to nutritional supplementation, which means that further work must be done to identify causes of cardiac disease. Herbal therapies have been used in dogs and cats based on information available from their use in humans. This paper reviews the possible benefits and side effects of L-carnitine, taurine, and herbal supplements.
Subdural Hematoma of the Brainstem in a Dog: Magnetic Resonance Findings and Treatment
Authors: Adamo P. Filippo , Crawford Jason T. , Stepien Rebecca L.
Published: September 2014

An 8-year-old, spayed female Dalmatian with a history of seizures was evaluated for cervical pain and bilateral scleral hemorrhages. Diagnostic evaluations revealed a mass displacing the ventral brainstem on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The mass was surgically removed and histologically confirmed to be a hematoma. The dog’s neurological signs resolved completely after surgery. Although extradural, subdural, subarachnoid, and intraparenchymal hemorrhages have been reported in dogs and cats, this is the first known report of a subdural hematoma of the ventral brainstem in a dog. On the basis of the history and the appearance of the subdural hematoma on MRI, a traumatic event during the seizure episodes was considered the most likely cause of the subdural hematoma in this case.
Quadricuspid Aortic Valve and Associated Abnormalities in a Dog
Authors: Kettner Frank , Côté Etienne , Kirberger Robert M.
Published: September 2014

An 11-month-old, female Scottish terrier was presented with a history of a heart murmur. The electrocardiogram showed signs of left ventricular enlargement, and radiography confirmed generalized cardiomegaly. Echocardiography revealed four equally sized aortic valve cusps. A ventricular septal defect, with systolic left-to-right shunting, and aortic regurgitation into both ventricles were also present. The dog was free of clinical signs 1 year after diagnosis.
Cardiac Toxicity From Phenylpropanolamine Overdose in a Dog
Authors: Crandell John M. , Ware Wendy A.
Published: September 2014

A 5-year-old, 29-kg, female Labrador retriever developed tachypnea, tachycardia, and ataxia following ingestion of approximately 48 mg/kg of phenylpropanolamine. Initial diagnostic tests showed multiform ventricular tachycardia, left ventricular dilatation with a focal dyskinetic region in the dorsal interventricular septum, and elevations in creatinine kinase and cardiac troponin I. All abnormalities resolved within 6 months. The transient electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and biochemical abnormalities were consistent with myocardial necrosis from infarction or direct catecholamine-induced myocardial toxicity.
Pancreatitis in Cats: Diagnosis and Management of a Challenging Disease
Authors: Zoran Debra L.
Published: September 2014

Feline pancreatitis can be a very difficult disease to diagnose and often requires a combination of clinical suspicion, appropriate physical examination findings, elevations in serum feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity, and changes on abdominal ultrasonography consistent with pancreatic disease. The diagnostic difficulties encountered are related to a lack of specific and readily attributable clinical signs in cats. The sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of pancreatitis are highest when a combination of tests is utilized; but even when such tests are employed, the diagnosis is still problematic, especially in cats with chronic pancreatitis. Therapy is symptomatic and focuses on maintaining fluid volume, controlling pain and vomiting, preventing infection, and adjusting to changes in the cat’s condition as they occur.
Advanced Small Animal Reproductive Techniques
Authors: Davidson Autumn , Eilts Bruce
Published: September 2014

Small animal reproductive techniques have become quite advanced in recent years. Techniques described in this paper include transcervical catheterization for the purpose of insemination and intrauterine diagnostics (e.g., cytology, culture, and/or biopsy), and semen cryopreservation that allows international shipping of valuable semen and preservation of reproductive capacity. The use of uterine and fetal monitoring devices that enable intervention and mediation of dystocia is also described.
2006 AAHA Canine Vaccine Guidelines
Authors: Paul Michael A. , Carmichael Leland E. , Childers Henry , Cotter Susan , Davidson Autumn , Ford Richard , Hurley Kate F. , Roth James A. , Schultz Ronald D. , Thacker Eileen , Welborn Link
Published: September 2014

In 2005, AAHA’s Canine Vaccine Task Force met to reexamine and revise guidelines on the use of vaccines in dogs. The results of the Task Force’s work are summarized and tabulated in this article and are published in their entirety on the AAHA website (www.aahanet.org). The 2006 AAHA Canine Vaccine Guidelines contain information on new technological developments in vaccines, an introduction to conditionally licensed vaccines, and detailed recommendations on the use of available vaccines. Perhaps the most noteworthy addition to the guidelines is a separate set of recommendations created for shelter facilities. Vaccines are classified as core (universally recommended), noncore (optional), or not recommended. The Task Force recognizes that vaccination decisions must always be made on an individual basis, based on risk and lifestyle factors.
Pimobendan in Heart Failure Therapy – A Silver Bullet?
Authors: Gordon Sonya G. , Miller Matthew W. , Saunders Ashley B.
Published: September 2014

Pimobendan is a novel agent with properties that are highly desirable in the clinical management of congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary to both dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and chronic degenerative valvular disease in dogs. Review of available data suggests that pimobendan is safe, well tolerated, and leads to enhanced quality of life in dogs with CHF secondary to DCM or chronic valvular disease when used in combination with furosemide or other conventional therapies (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, digoxin). Pimobendan leads to a reduction in mortality from CHF associated with DCM, and ongoing studies are evaluating its effects on mortality associated with chronic valvular disease.
Veterinary Radiation Therapy: Review and Current State of the Art
Authors: McEntee Margaret C.
Published: September 2014

Veterinary radiation oncology became a recognized specialty in 1994. Radiation therapy is an important component of a multimodality approach to treating cancer in companion animals. It is important to understand the many aspects of radiation, including the equipment used in external beam radiation therapy, the basic mechanism of action of ionizing radiation, the results of irradiating various histopathological types of tumors, as well as the associated potential acute and late side effects of radiation. A comprehensive review of radiation therapy is timely and provides information for clients on cancers that may benefit from external beam radiation therapy.