bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Means of Delivering Recommended Levels of Long Chain n‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Human Diets
Authors: Garg M.L. , Wood L.G. , Singh H. , Moughan P.J.
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT:  n‐3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3PUFA) of marine origin have been shown to be essential for brain development and cognitive function. In addition to their essentiality, the scientific literature is full of evidence to suggest that regular consumption and/or dietary supplementation with long chain n‐3PUFA give several health benefits including: prevention of cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, dyslexia, and depression. Long chain n‐3PUFA intake in the Western countries, including Australia, has been shown to be inadequate. This is largely due to the fact that the Western populations do not eat seafood on a regular basis because of its cost and availability, and many individuals do not like the flavor/taste/odor of seafood. Foods fortified with long chain n‐3PUFA could play an important role in meeting the demands for optimal health. Marine n‐3PUFA are not likely to compete with saturated, monounsaturated, and n‐6PUFA as a major source of dietary fat; however, increasing the intake of foods containing marine n‐3PUFA is an important strategy for the prevention of chronic illnesses. Recent developments in food technology allow fortification of foods, such as bread, dairy products, eggs, pasta, biscuits, margarines, and other spreads, without the undesirable fish odor/taste and with reasonable shelf life. There is a need to increase the amount of long chain n‐3PUFA consumed per serve and optimize their bioavailability. This article reviews the foods fortified with marine n‐3PUFA and their role in meeting daily requirements, and highlights the need for further research in this important area of functional foods.
Papain‐induced Gelation of Soy Glycinin (11S)
Authors: Zhong Fang , Yang Xin , Li Yue , Shoemaker Charles F.
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT:  The gelation of soy peptides produced by the action of papain enzymes on soy glycinin (11S) dispersions (4.7% w/v) was investigated. Cation‐exchange chromatography was used to fractionate crude papain. The nonbinding fraction showed no gel‐forming activity on the 11S dispersion. Two binding fractions showed gel‐forming activity, and the gel strength of both 11S gels was similar. The activity of the crude papain on 11S dispersions produced a slightly stronger gel than one formed with either of the 2 binding fractions. With the crude papain, the rate of gel formation appeared to be strongly influenced by the enzyme concentration, but the maximum gel strength was independent of enzyme concentration. When the temperature was increased, the papain treatment of 11S soy protein produced weaker gels when the measurement was made at the temperature of formation. This dependence of maximum gel strength on temperature was found to be a function of only the measurement temperature and not the gel formation temperature. The degree of protein hydrolysis at maximum gel strength was similar (∼6%) for the gels formed at different temperatures. When the temperature was increased, the elastic modulus G′, the viscous modulus G″, and the degree of viscoelasticity (G″/G′) decreased. This suggested that the gels were formed the by hydrophobic interactions among the peptides. This observation was supported by particle size measurements on samples of gels which were mixed with reagents known for their ability to disrupt hydrophilic/electrostatic, hydrophobic, or disulfide interactions.
Modeling Cooking Time to Inactivate Salmonella in Chicken Leg Quarters Cooked in an Air–Steam Impingement Oven
Authors: Osaili Tareq M. , Griffis Carl L. , Martin Elizabeth M. , Gbur Edward E. , Marcy John A.
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT:  Inadequate cooking of poultry products may lead to human foodborne infections. The use of mathematical models that describe heat transfer during cooking of chicken leg quarters may help in developing safer food products and minimizing time for cooking. The objective of this study was to develop regression models that predict cooking time required to reach internal temperatures of 71.1, 73.9, 76.7, and 82.2 °C in chicken leg quarters. Samples that had different weights, thicknesses, and initial internal temperatures were cooked in an air–steam impingement oven at temperature of 232.2 °C, humidity of 60%, and air velocity of 1.4 m/min. A thermocouple probe (type K) connected with a data acquisition system was inserted into the coldest point of each chicken leg quarter. Samples were cooked until they reached an internal temperature higher than 82.2 °C. The collected data of each sample in the data acquisition system were used to develop regression models that depend on sample weight, thickness, and initial temperature in predicting cooking times. Sample weight, thickness, and initial internal temperature had significant effects on the cooking time. The results of these models would be helpful for ready‐to‐eat poultry processors to meet lethality performance standards, and ensuring the safety and quality of skin on, bone in chicken leg quarters cooked via air–steam impingement ovens.
Specific Anosmia Observed for β‐Ionone, but not for α‐Ionone: Significance for Flavor Research
Authors: Plotto A. , Barnes K.W. , Goodner K.L.
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT:  In the context of measuring thresholds of orange flavor compounds in a deodorized orange juice matrix, it was found that 50% of panelists could not perceive β‐ionone or β‐damascenone as well as the other panelists. Orthonasal and retronasal thresholds for β‐ionone were, respectively, 985 and 490 times higher for nonperceivers than perceivers. For β‐damascenone, the ratios were 690 and 390 times higher for ortho‐ and retronasal thresholds, respectively. Panelists who could not perceive β‐ionone were otherwise good perceivers of most compounds tested. There were no such differences for α‐ionone, a constitutional isomer of β‐ionone. All 3 compounds were retested in water using the same panelists. Differences between nonperceivers and perceivers of β‐ionone were 4900 and 4600 times higher for ortho‐ and retronasal thresholds for nonperceivers, respectively. However, for β‐damascenone, no such differences were found when measured in water. The same panelists could be classified as “perceivers” or “nonperceivers” when β‐ionone was tested in deodorized orange juice or in water. A different panel was used to confirm β‐ionone and β‐damascenone thresholds in water. A greater difference between perceivers and nonperceivers was found for β‐ionone; as with the first panel, there were no differences in sensitivity to β‐damascenone between panelists when the compound was tested in water.
The Influence of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Effectiveness of Trans‐cinnamaldehyde‐coated LDPE/Polyamide Films
Authors: Han J. , Castell‐Perez M.E. , Moreira R.G.
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT:  We have evaluated the effect of electron beam irradiation (up to 20 kGy) on the functional and barrier properties of trans‐cinnamaldehyde‐coated low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)/polyamide films. Irradiation did not affect the tensile strength and toughness of the films, but the 20 kGy treatment increased the percent elongation‐at‐break significantly. The barrier properties were also enhanced (approximately 18.8%) when the films were exposed to 20 kGy. Addition of trans‐cinnamaldehyde with 3% of polyamide coating solution (w/w) did not affect the tensile strength and barrier properties of the films, but significantly decreased the percent elongation‐at‐break and toughness. Films with 3% and 10% coating were used to wrap fresh‐cut romaine lettuce samples to determine their antimicrobial activity. Total aerobic plate count (APC) and yeast and mold growth were determined as a function of dose (0, 0.5, and 1.0 kGy) for 14 d of storage at 4 °C. Irradiation reduced the total APC and yeast and mold counts (YMC) as dose increased. The 0.5‐ and 1.0‐kGy treatments decreased initial APCs by 1.2‐ and 1.5‐logs, and no YMCs were observed in the 1.0‐kGy treated samples at day 0. Irradiation exposure significantly lowered APCs of lettuce samples by almost 1‐log colony‐forming unit (CFU)/g compared to the nonirradiated controls, though it only slightly reduced YMCs. The effectiveness of using irradiation with antimicrobial films was enhanced with increased radiation dose and trans‐cinnamaldehyde concentration (3% to 10%).
Portable Electronic Nose for Detection of Spoiling Alaska Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)
Authors: Chantarachoti J. , Oliveira A.C.M. , Himelbloom B.H. , Crapo C.A. , McLachlan D.G.
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT:  The ability of a portable hand‐held electronic nose (EN) in detecting spoilage of whole Alaska pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) stored at 14 °C and in slush ice (1 °C) was investigated. Fish were sampled daily at 14 °C for up to 3 d, while fish stored in slush ice were sampled at various intervals up to 16 d. Sensory evaluations indicated that fish were rejected at day 3 when stored at 14 °C and at day 12 when stored in slush ice. Aerobic bacteria counts for fish skin at 14 °C ranged from 3.4 log10 colony‐forming units (CFU)/cm2 (day 0) to 4.8 log10 CFU/cm2 (day 3) and for fish stored in slush ice ranged from 3.4 log10 CFU/cm2 (day 0) to 5.5 log10 CFU/cm2 (day 16). The correct classification rate using forward stepwise general discriminate analysis was 85% and 92% for EN analysis of belly cavity volatiles for fish held at 14 °C and in slush ice, respectively. A predictive model may be developed for spoilage of whole Alaska pink salmon by analyzing belly cavity odors using the EN.
Hematological parameters and anaerobic threshold in Brazilian soccer players throughout a training program
Authors: SILVA A. S. R. , SANTHIAGO V. , PAPOTI M. , GOBATTO C. A.
Published: July 2007

We assessed the responses of hematological parameters and their relationship to the anaerobic threshold of Brazilian soccer players during a training program. Twelve athletes were evaluated at the beginning (week 0, T1), in the middle (week 6, T2), and at the end (week 12, T3) of the soccer training program. On the first day at 7:30 am, before collecting the blood sample at rest for the determination of the hematological parameters, the athletes were conducted to the anthropometric evaluation. On the second day at 8:30 am, the athletes had their anaerobic threshold measured. Analysis of variance with Newman–Keuls’post hoc was used for statistical comparisons between the parameters measured during the soccer training program. Correlations between the parameters analyzed were determined using the Pearson's correlation coefficient. Erythrocytes concentration, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were significantly increased from T1 to T2. The specific soccer training program led to a rise in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit from T1 to T2. We assumed that these results occurred due to the plasma volume reduction and may be explained by the soccer training program characteristics. Furthermore, we did not observe any correlation between the anaerobic threshold and the hematological parameters.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the apo(a) kringle IV type 8 domain are not associated with atherothrombotic serum lipoprotein (a) concentration, in a portuguese paediatric population
Authors: FERREIRA H. , COSTA E. , VIEIRA E. , BARBOT J. , DOS SANTOS R.
Published: July 2007

Lipoprotein (a) (Lp[a]) is a complex of apolipoprotein (a) (apo[a]) and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), associated with atherothrombotic disease. Most of the interindividual variations in plasma levels of Lp(a) can be attributed to sequence differences linked to the apo(a) gene locus. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible link between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the apo(a) kringle (K) IV type 8 domain and atherothrombotic serum Lp(a) concentrations. Direct sequencing of the two exons and flanking intronic sequences of the apo(a) K IV type 8 domain was performed in a group of 97 paediatric patients, 51 with serum Lp(a) concentration above and 46 with concentration below 30 mg/dl,. We found three SNPs, two in exon 1 (c.66A>C and c.133G>A) and one in intron 1 (c.160+1G>A). The c.66A>C polymorphism was the most common with a heterozygosity frequency of 15.46%. The c.133G>A and c.160+1G>A polymorphisms were found at a frequency of 5.15% and 1.03%, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found in the genotype distribution between the two groups of patients. Our results suggest that these SNPs in the apo(a) K IV 8 domain are not directly associated with atherothrombotic serum Lp(a) concentration in our population.
Evaluation of the diagnostic reliability of different RBC indices and formulas in the differentiation of the β‐thalassaemia minor from iron deficiency in Palestinian population
Authors: SIRDAH M. , TARAZI I. , AL NAJJAR E. , AL HADDAD R.
Published: July 2007

β‐thalassaemia minor and iron deficiency are the most common causes of microcytosis and/or hypochromasia. The present study evaluates the diagnostic reliability of different RBC indices and formulas, as well as our proposed formula, in the differentiation of the β‐thalassaemia minor from iron deficiency in Palestinian population. Complete blood count (CBC) parameters of 2196 certainly diagnosed (1272 β‐thalassaemia minor and 924 iron deficiency) samples were used to evaluate the following indices and formulas: Bessman index (RDW), Mentzer formula (MCV/RBC), England and Fraser formula (MCV − RBC − 5 × Hb − 3.4), Shine and Lal formula (MCV2 × MCH/100), Ehsani formula (MCV − 10 × RBC), Srivastava formula (MCH/RBC), Green and King formula (MCV2 × RDW/Hb × 100), red distribution width index RDWI (RDW × MCV/RBC), RDW/RBC, as well as our formula (MCV − RBC − 3 × Hb). For each index and formula, the receiver operative characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to calculate the area under the curve (AUC), in addition, sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios were calculated. No significant differences were reported between our formula, Green‐King formula and the RDWI (P > 0.05) in discriminating β‐thalassaemia minor from iron deficiency (AUC = 0.914, 0.909 and 0.907 respectively). However, the three indices and formula showed the highest efficiencies and they were significantly (P < 0.05) better than the others in the discrimination efficiency .It was concluded that our formula, Green–King formula and the RDWI provided the highest reliabilities in differentiating β‐thalassaemia minor from iron deficiency in Palestinian population while Bessman index was poor and ineffective for that purpose.
Caffeine's impairment of insulin‐mediated glucose disposal cannot be solely attributed to adrenaline in humans
Authors: Battram D. S. , Graham T. E. , Dela F.
Published: July 2007

Caffeine (CAF) impedes insulin‐mediated glucose disposal (IMGD) and increases plasma adrenaline concentrations ([ADR]; 0.6 nm). While the antagonism of ADR abolishes the CAF effect, infusion of ADR (0.75 nm) has no effect on IMGD. We have now examined CAF and ADR in concert to determine whether or not they elicit an additive response on IMGD. We hypothesized that CAF + ADR would elicit a greater effect than either CAF or ADR alone (i.e. that CAF effects would not be solely attributed to ADR). Subjects (n= 8) completed four trials in a randomized manner. An isoglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp was performed 30 min after the following treatments were administered: (1) placebo capsules and saline infusion ([ADR]= 0.29 nm) (PL trial), (2) CAF capsules (dose = 5 mg kg−1) and saline infusion ([ADR]= 0.62 nm) (CAF trial), (3) PL capsules and ADR infusion ([ADR]= 1.19 nm) (ADR trial), and (4) CAF capsules (dose = 5 mg kg−1) and ADR infusion ([ADR]= 0.93 nm) (CAF + ADR trial). As expected, CAF, ADR and CAF + ADR decreased (P≤ 0.05) IMGD compared to PL. CAF + ADR resulted in a more pronounced decrease in IMGD versus PL (42%) compared to CAF (26%) or ADR (24%) alone; however, the effect was not fully additive (P= 0.08). Furthermore, CAF decreased IMGD to a similar magnitude as ADR despite a 50% lower [ADR]. In summary, while ADR contributes to the CAF‐induced impairment in IMGD, it is not solely responsible for caffeine's effects.
Coordinated release of nucleotides and mucin from human airway epithelial Calu‐3 cells
Authors: Kreda Silvia M. , Okada Seiko F. , Van Heusden Catharina A. , O'Neal Wanda , Gabriel Sherif , Abdullah Lubna , Davis C. William , Boucher Richard C. , Lazarowski Eduardo R.
Published: July 2007

The efficiency of the mucociliary clearance (MCC) process that removes noxious materials from airway surfaces depends on the balance between mucin secretion, airway surface liquid (ASL) volume, and ciliary beating. Effective mucin dispersion into ASL requires salt and water secretion onto the mucosal surface, but how mucin secretion rate is coordinated with ion and, ultimately, water transport rates is poorly understood. Several components of MCC, including electrolyte and water transport, are regulated by nucleotides in the ASL interacting with purinergic receptors. Using polarized monolayers of airway epithelial Calu‐3 cells, we investigated whether mucin secretion was accompanied by nucleotide release. Electron microscopic analyses of Calu‐3 cells identified subapical granules that resembled goblet cell mucin granules. Real‐time confocal microscopic analyses revealed that subapical granules, labelled with FM 1‐43 or quinacrine, were competent for Ca2+‐regulated exocytosis. Granules containing MUC5AC were apically secreted via Ca2+‐regulated exocytosis as demonstrated by combined immunolocalization and slot blot analyses. In addition, Calu‐3 cells exhibited Ca2+‐regulated apical release of ATP and UDP‐glucose, a substrate of glycosylation reactions within the secretory pathway. Neither mucin secretion nor ATP release from Calu‐3 cells were affected by activation or inhibition of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. In SPOC1 cells, an airway goblet cell model, purinergic P2Y2 receptor‐stimulated increase of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration resulted in secretion of both mucins and nucleotides. Our data suggest that nucleotide release is a mechanism by which mucin‐secreting goblet cells produce paracrine signals for mucin hydration within the ASL.
Bilayer
3
He: A Simple Two-Dimensional Heavy-Fermion System with Quantum Criticality
Authors: Neumann Michael , Nyéki Ján , Cowan Brian , Saunders John
Published: July 2007

Two-dimensional helium-3 (
3
He) provides a simple model for the experimental investigation of the emergence of quantum complexity in a strongly correlated Fermi system. We have observed two-dimensional, two-band heavy-fermion behavior in bilayer films of
3
He atoms when adsorbed on the surface of graphite preplated by a solid bilayer of
4
He. Thermodynamic measurements on this system showed that the relevant control parameter is the total density of the
3
He film. The
3
He bilayer system can be driven toward a quantum critical point at which the effective mass appears to diverge, interband coupling vanishes, and a local-moment state appears. It opens a new testing ground for theories of quantum criticality in heavy-fermion materials.
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION METRICS FOR UML BASED OBJECT-ORIENTED SYSTEMS
Authors: RAMARAJ E. , DURAISAMY S.
Published: July 2007

Design plays a key role in the development of software. The quality of design is crucial and is a fundamental decision element in assessing the software product. The early availability of design quality evaluation provides a better way to decide the quality of the final product. This avoids presumption in the quality evaluation process. Hence Software Metrics provide a valuable and objective insight of enhancing each of the software quality characteristics. This paper proposes a quality model to assess the design phase of any object-oriented system based on the works of Chidamber, Kemrer and Basili and suggests two new metrics. The research focuses on analyzing a set of metrics, which has direct influence on the quality of the software and creating a metrics tool based on Java that can be used to validate the object-oriented projects against these metrics. The analysis is carried out on a set of real world projects designed using Unified Modeling Language, which are used as test cases. These metrics and models are proposed to add more quality information in refining any object-oriented system during the early stages of design itself.
AUTOMATING FUNCTIONAL TESTING OF COMPONENTS FROM UML SPECIFICATIONS
Authors: BARBOSA DANIEL L. , LIMA HELTON S. , MACHADO PATRICIA D. L. , FIGUEIREDO JORGE C. A. , JUCÁ MAKELLI A. , ANDRADE WILKERSON L.
Published: July 2007

A method of functional testing for software components according to model-based testing techniques is proposed. Test cases are generated from UML diagrams and OCL constraints that comprise a component interface and realization specification. The method uses a reduced set of UML artifacts that constitute the main requirements for its application along with a component development process, making use of development artifacts. Also, the set of generated test artifacts are packed together with the provided components to reduce the overall testing effort when clients assemble applications. A tool has been developed to automate the method with test cases generated as Java test components. Test execution and result analysis is also supported. For each component, the tool generates a test component that can be easily upgraded and configured for testing the services provided by a component throughout its life cycle.
COMPARISON OF WEAR RESISTANCE MECHANISMS OF DIE STEEL IMPLANTED WITHCANDMoIONS
Authors: CHENG M. F. , YANG J. H. , LUO X. D. , ZHANG T. H.
Published: July 2007

Mo and C ions extracted from a metal vapor vacuum arc ion source were implanted into the surface of die steel (H13) to compare the wear resistance mechanisms of the implanted samples, respectively. The concentration depth profiles of implanted ions were measured using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and calculated by a code called TRIDYN. The structures of the implanted steel were observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and grazing-angle X-ray diffraction, respectively. It was found that the conventional heat-treated H13 steel could not be further hardened by the subsequent implanted C ions, and the thickness of the implanted layer was not an important factor for the Mo and C ion implantation to improve the wear resistance of the H13 steel. Mo ion implantation could obviously improve the wear resistance of the steel at an extraction voltage of 48 kV and a dose of 5 × 1017cm-2due to formation of a modification layer of little oxidation with Mo2C in the implanted surface.
DETERMINATION OF POINTS OF ZERO CHARGE OF NATURAL AND TREATED ADSORBENTS
Authors: NASIRUDDIN KHAN M. , SARWAR ANILA
Published: July 2007

Although particle size and its measurement are intuitively familiar to particle technologists, the concept of point of zero charge (pzc) is less widely understood and applied. This is unfortunate since it is at least as fundamentally important as particle size in determining the behavior of particulate materials, especially those with sizes in the colloidal range below a micrometer. pzc is related to the charge on the surface of the particle and strongly depends on the pH of the material; so it influences a wide range of properties of colloidal materials, such as their stability, interaction with electrolytes, suspension rheology, and ion exchange capacity.

The pH dependence of surface charges was quantified for four different adsorbent–aqueous solution interfaces. The points of zero charge were determined for activated charcoal, granite sand, lakhra coal, and ground corn cob materials using three methods: (1) the pH drift method, measuring pH where the adsorbent behaves as a neutral specie; (2) potentiometric titration, measuring the adsorption of H + and OH - on surfaces in solutions of varying ionic strengths; (3) direct assessment of the surface charge via nonspecific ion adsorption as a function of pH. The intrinsic acidity constants for acid and base equilibria, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], were also calculated. Lakhra coal was found to have the lowest pzc value among all other adsorbents studied owing to the presence of a large amount of humus material. The results were used to explain general connections among points of zero charges, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation % of adsorbents.
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF AgCd2GaS4
Authors: ATUCHIN V. V. , KESLER V. G. , PARASYUK O. V.
Published: July 2007

The electronic structure of AgCd 2 GaS 4 crystal has been studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Chemical bonding effects have been observed by comparative analysis of binding energies of element core levels and crystal structure of AgCd 2 GaS 4 and several ternary sulfides. It has been shown for Ga-bearing sulfides that the increase of mean chemical bond length between gallium and sulfur ions is directly related to the decrease of chemical shift of cation core level binding energy.
APPLICATION OF SURFACE MODIFICATION IN BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH
Authors: SHI J. Z. , CHEN C. Z. , ZHANG SHUJUAN , WU YINGJING
Published: July 2007

In this paper, the applications and qualifications of biomedical materials are introduced. In regard to the hard tissue implants, the biocompatibility can be improved by preparing various bio-ceramic and bio-glass coatings. In view of this, the principles, characteristics, and applications of surface modification (plasma spraying, electrostatic spray deposition, micro-arc oxidation, pulsed laser deposition, sol–gel deposition, and magnetron sputtering) in biomedical materials are reviewed. In addition, the research direction of improving biocompatibility by surface modification is presented.
MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF THE SURFACE SEGREGATION OF Au75Pd25 AT (110) SURFACE USING AN ANALYTIC EMBEDDED ATOM METHOD
Authors: CHEN YU , LIAO SHUZHI
Published: July 2007

The surface concentrations and concentration depth profiles to the (110) surface of an Au 75 Pd 25 alloy is studied by modified analytical embedded atom method (MAEAM) with the Monte Carlo simulations. The results indicate that Au enriched in the two topmost layers, but depleted in the third layer. The Au concentration in the non-reconstructed surface is less than that in the reconstructed surface. Au concentration in third layer of reconstructed surface, which is more agreement with experimental data in present simulations, is about 63% 61% and 55%, at 800K, 600K and 400K respectively. Thus the present simulations are helpful for a better understanding of surface segregation of AuPd alloys.
A REFINEMENT CONCEPT FOR EQUILIBRIA IN MULTICRITERIA GAMES VIA STABLE SCALARIZATIONS
Authors: DE MARCO GIUSEPPE , MORGAN JACQUELINE
Published: July 2007

In a finite multicriteria game, one or more systems of weights might be implicitly used by the agents by playing a Nash equilibrium of the corresponding trade-off scalar games. In this paper, we present a refinement concept for equilibria in finite multicriteria games, called scalarization-stable equilibrium, that selects equilibria stable with respect to perturbations on the scalarization. An existence theorem is provided together with some illustrative examples and connections with some other refinement concepts are investigated.
FREE ENTRY, MARKET SIZE, AND THE OPTIMISTIC STABILITY
Authors: NAKANISHI NORITSUGU
Published: July 2007

We examine the long-run outcomes under free entry-exit when each firm not only takes account of the effects of her own entry-exit on the market structure but also takes full account of the effects due to other firms' simultaneous entry-exit. Adopting the framework of the theory of social situations (TOSS), we derive a unique set of stable outcomes, which is based only on two fundamental assumptions of the "firms-as-profit-maximizers" and the "free entry-exit," but not on any specific mode of play (i.e., a specification of how the players make their decisions, take actions within the market, and think of the other players' behavior). We compare the stable outcome with the long-run equilibria under the competitive mode, the Cournot-Nash mode, and the monopolistically competitive mode. We find that (i) each of these equilibria can be compatible with the stable outcome only if the market size is small and (ii) none of them can be compatible with the stable outcome if the market size is sufficiently large; Further, (iii), for almost all market size, the monopolistically competitive equilibrium is compatible with the stable outcome if the elasticity of substitution is sufficiently close to (but, greater than) unity. In a sense, when the market size is sufficiently large, these three modes of play are not consistent with two fundamental assumptions.
THE SHAPLEY VALUE FOR PARTITION FUNCTION FORM GAMES
Authors: DO KIM HANG PHAM , NORDE HENK
Published: July 2007

Different axiomatizations of the Shapley value for TU games can be found in the literature. The Shapley value has been generalized in several ways to the class of games in partition function form. In this paper we discuss another generalization of the Shapley value and provide a characterization.
MINING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS FOR CORPORATE TECHNOLOGY KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
Authors: WATTS ROBERT J. , PORTER ALAN L.
Published: July 2007

An organization's knowledge gained through technical conference attendance is generally isolated to the individual(s) attending the event. The aggregate corporate knowledge is extremely limited, unless the organization institutes a process to document and transfer that knowledge to the organization. Even if such a process exists, the knowledge gains are limited to the experiences and communication skills of the individuals attending the conference. Many conference proceedings are now published and provided to attendees in electronic format, such as on CD-ROM and/or published on the internet, such as IEEE conference proceedings listed at . These proceedings provide a rich repository that can be mined. Paper abstract compilations reflect "hot topics," as defined by the researchers in the field, and delineate the technical approaches being applied. R&D profiling can more fully exploit recorded conference proceedings' research to enhance corporate knowledge. This paper illustrates the potential in profiling conference proceedings through use of WebQL information retrieval and TechOasis (VantagePoint) text mining software. It shows how tracking research patterns and changes over a sequence of conferences can illuminate R&D trends, map dominant issues, and spotlight key research organizations.
CONTRIBUTION TO QUALITY OF LIFE: CROSS-NATIONAL VALIDATION OF NEW METRICS FOR MOBILE DATA SERVICE TECHNOLOGY IN KOREA AND JAPAN
Authors: CHOI HUN , KIM JINWOO , LEE MINKYUNG , GIAGLIS GEORGE , NARUSE KAZUAKI , CONSTANTIOU IOANNA D. , FIFE ELIZABETH , MAYHEW GLENN E.
Published: July 2007

Every technology should be geared to improve the quality of users' lives. The important pre-requisite is to measure the contribution of the technology to quality of life reliably and validly. This study provides a theoretical and empirical basis for the development of better measures for the contribution of a mobile data service technology to the quality of users' lives. The reliability and validity were verified through online surveys in Korea and Japan. The survey results indicated that critical mobile data services could be identified using the measures. Moreover, the critical services were found to be different between Korea and Japan.
OIL/WATER INTERFACE SYNTHESIS AND OPTICAL PROPERTY OF STRONTIUM TUNGSTATE NANORODS
Authors: CHEN Y. , WU Q. S. , DING Y. P.
Published: July 2007

Strontium tungstate nanorods with uniform morphology were controllably synthesized for the first time via a facile liquid–solid–solution (LSS) process through oil/water interface. These nanorods have diameters of about 50 nm and length of about 500 nm. XRD curves indicated that as-obtained nanorods were body-centered tetragonal phases with lattice parameters of a = 5.416 Å and c = 11.95 Å, which is consistent with the values reported in JCPDS card No. 08-0490. Study on the optical properties of as-obtained nanorods showed that SrWO 4 nanorods possess different optical properties from bulk counterpart. A mechanism of the formation process was also discussed.
Technology Trend and Application of TFT-LCDs
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshitaka , Brown Christopher
Published: July 2007

TFT-LCD technology has been under development for both TVs and mobile applications. For LCD-TVs, large size substrate handling technology plays a critical role in fabrication. In the mobile arena, smart and stylish information tools are strongly desired which incorporate the features of high usability, low power consumption, compactness (thin and light weight), high resolution and good image quality. CG Silicon® Technology* has been developed to realize high performance TFTs and enable new technologies such as LCDs with integrated display drivers and sensor functionality.
TFT Technologies for Large Area Electronics
Authors: Jang Jin
Published: July 2007

The TFT technologies developed at ADRC on amorphous silicon (a-Si), polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) and organic semiconductor are summarized. The a-Si TFT was used for visible light detection as well as switching devices of AMLCD. As a result, the AMLCDs with imbedded sensor or imbedded backlight control sensor were developed. Poly-Si is used for mobile applications with smart design and integrated circuits. We developed a new CW laser crystallization for the super-grain poly-Si and disk-shaped grain growth using a Ni mediated solid phase crystallization. The organic TFT was developed with a self-organized process and printable TFT was fabricated for the low-cost array on plastic.
The Hysteresis Phenomenon in a-Si:H TFT and Poly-Si TFT in AMOLED
Authors: Park Sang-Geun , Lee Jae-Hoon , Shin Hee-Sun , Choi Sung-Hwan , Han Min-Koo
Published: July 2007

The hysteresis phenomenon of both a-Si and poly-Si TFT has been studied in order to investigate the hystersis phenomenon effect on residual image of AMOLED display. The transfer characteristics of both a-Si:H TFT and poly-Si TFT were varied according to the gate voltage sweep direction due to the different initial interface trapped charges in the gate insulator. The threshold voltage in a-Si:H TFT was altered by 0.23V due to hysteresis of device according to gate sweep direction while that in poly-Si TFT was varied by 0.21V due to the different gate insulator. In order to suppress hystersis effect on OLED current error we proposed and fabricated a new pixel circuit. By applying the reset voltage in pixel circuit, the data voltage sweep direction could be fixed and hysteresis effect on OLED current error was successfully suppressed. We showed that the OLED current error was successfully suppressed by experiment.
Study of Structure and Electrical Characteristics of Silicon Oxynitride Layers Synthesized by Dual Ion Implantation in Silicon and their Annealing Behaviour
Authors: Yadav Amar D. , Bhatt Geeta , Dubey Dr. S K.
Published: July 2007

30 keV low-energy ion-implantor was used to synthesize silicon oxynitride (SixOyNz) insulating layers. The reactive ion-beams of molecular oxygen (16O2+) and nitrogen (14N2+) were co-implanted sequentially into silicon at room temperature in the ratio 1:1 to total fluence level ranging from 5x1016 to 1x1018 ions-cm-2. Characterization of ion-beam synthesized SixOyNz layers was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and current-voltage (I-V) measurements before and after rapid thermal annealing (RTA) treatments at different temperatures. XRD studies of the as implanted samples indicate formation of oxynitride layers with the presence of implanted oxygen mostly in the oxide phase and nitrogen in the dissolved form in the implanted silicon layer. RTA of the samples at higher temperature results in the transformation of oxide and nitride into new phases. Al-ion-beam synthesized oxynitride-Si (MIS) devices were fabricated with as implanted and annealed samples to study current density voltage (J-V) characteristics. These results show ohmic conduction at low voltages and non-ohmic behavior at higher fields. Results obtained in the present work show higher electrical resitivity and the lower trap density for the ion-beam synthesized oxynitride films than those films prepared by other methods.
Physics-Based Percolation Model of Oxide Breakdown
Authors: Sune Jordi , Wu Ernest , Tous Santi
Published: July 2007

A physics-based percolation model that relates defect generation and oxide breakdown is presented. The model is based on two elements: a compact model for the trap-assisted current through single and multiple trap paths and the statistical description of defect positions in these paths. This new percolation model overcomes the limitations of the standard geometrical implementation of the percolation model and is more easily linked to the experimental breakdown results in the ultra-thin oxide limit. This new picture reproduces all the important results of the traditional percolation model and is able to explain experimental results that the old model cannot even consider.
Atomic-Scale Analyses of Non-Equilibrium Surface Reactions During Plasma Processing
Authors: Hamaguchi Satoshi , Yamashiro Masashi , Yamada Hideaki
Published: July 2007

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to study non-thermal-equilibrium reaction dynamics taking place on the surface during dry etching processes. In MD simulations, the motion of each atom is solved numerically based upon pre-determined interatomic potential functions and data of interest (such as sputtering yields, deposition rates, etch products, etc.) are evaluated from statistical averaging of relevant instantaneous data obtained from the simulations. In this paper, we review our recent MD simulations results on organic polymer etching.
Grain Boundary Characterisation in Sequentially Laterally Solidified Polycrystalline-Silicon Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Valletta Antonio , Bonfiglietti Alessandra , Rapisarda Matteo , Pecora Alessandro , Mariucci Luigi , Fortunato Guglielmo , Brotherton Stan D.
Published: July 2007

An unambiguous characterisation of the polycrystalline-Si grain boundary behaviour has been obtained by studying thin film transistors, TFTs, realized on sequentially lateral solidified, SLS, material. The grain boundary, GB, carrier trapping has been distinguished from intra-grain trapping by analysing TFTs with channels aligned along two orthogonal directions in this anisotropic material: the thermal activation energy of the channel current was measured in the two orthogonal directions, and the difference in activation energy was related to carrier flow over perpendicular GBs. Two dimensional numerical simulations show that the experimental behaviour is correctly reproduced by a finite-width GB, in which carrier flow is controlled by transport across a resistive GB region, rather than by emission over a barrier.
Bathtub-Shaped Hazard Rate Function for Ultra-thin Gate Dielectrics
Authors: Yuan Tao , Kuo Way , Kuo Yue
Published: July 2007

The hazard rate function for the time-dependent dielectric breakdown of gate dielectrics is reported in this study. Time-to-breakdown data are simulated from a lifetime distribution that considers the physical nature of the breakdown mechanisms. The bathtub-shaped hazard rate function is observed based on a simulation study. A Bayesian approach is adopted in the statistical analysis in order to include knowledge from past experience.
Reliability of High Performance Short Channel Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Film Transistor on the Glass Substrate
Authors: Shin Hee-Sun , Song In-Hyuk , Park Joong-Hyun , Han Min-Koo
Published: July 2007

We have investigated the degradation phenomenon of short channel (L<2μm) poly-Si TFTs annealed by excimer laser on glass substrate. In the typical n-type poly-Si TFT, the threshold voltage is usually increased due to the hot carrier caused by the high drain field after the electrical stress. Whereas, in the high performance n-type short channel TFT, threshold voltage is decreased rather than increased after high drain and gate bias at 15V equally. The decrease of threshold voltage may be attributed to the hole trapping at backside interface between poly-Si active layer and buffer oxide due to self-heating effect. The C-V measurements indicate that the hole trapping to buffer oxide is rather large near the source rather than near the drain. Our experimental results show that the high performance short channel poly-Si TFT employing excimer laser annealing is degraded on backside interface near the source by self-heating effect rather than hot-carrier effect.
In-line Automatic Defect Inspection and Repair Method for a High Yield TFT Array Production
Authors: Honoki Hideyuki , Nakasu Nobuaki , Arai Takeshi , Yoshimura Kazushi , Edamura Tadao
Published: July 2007

We have developed an automated circuit defect inspection and repair method that can be used to improve the yield ratio of Thin Film Transistor substrates for liquid crystal displays. The method focuses on correcting resist patterns after the development process to ensure shape regularity. We built a prototype system and confirmed that the method is valid. This method can be used to produce a high yield of TFT-LCD at a low cost and eliminate defects.
Transistor and Circuit Operation of Complimentary Organic Thin Film Devices
Authors: Yang Yong S. , Kim Seong H. , Lim Sang C. , Lee J H. , Ku C H.
Published: July 2007

Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) have attracted much attention as next generation electronic devices because of cost reduction, flexibility, and small overhead on the environment. In this study we fabricated OTFTs using pentacene as an active material on a heavily doped, thermally oxidized silicon wafer. The silicon substrate acted the gate, and thermal oxide and parylene acted as the gate dielectrics. The devices fabricated at 70 {degree sign}C have the field-effect mobility of approximately 0.2 cm2/Vs, which is comparable to hydrogenated amorphous silicon TFTs. The surface potential between source electrode and drain electrode was measured by scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy. In order to investigate the Schottky barrier and threshold voltage characteristics of OTFTs, we inserted the complimentary gate electrode into the basic structure of OTFTs. The shift of threshold voltages and the decrease of barrier height were observed in the direction of positive complimentary gate voltage.
Increased visceral sensitivity to capsaicin after DSS-induced colitis in mice: spinal cord c-Fos expression and behavior
Authors: Eijkelkamp Niels , Kavelaars Annemieke , Elsenbruch Sigrid , Schedlowski Manfred , Holtmann Gerald , Heijnen Cobi J.
Published: July 2007

During acute and chronic inflammation visceral pain perception is altered. Conflicting data exist, however, on visceral pain perception in the postinflammatory phase. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether visceral pain perception is altered after resolution of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced inflammation of the colon. Visceral sensory function in mice was assessed by monitoring behavioral responses to intracolonic capsaicin instillation. Two hours later the number of c-Fos-positive neurons in lamina I/II and X of spinal cord segments T12/13–S1 was determined as a measure of neuronal activation. DSS colitis was induced by adding 1% of DSS to the drinking water. The course of DSS-induced colitis was assessed by determining the disease activity index score. Animals developed a transient colitis and had recovered at day 49. At this time point, cytokine levels and colon length were similar to control animals. Importantly, after resolution of DSS-induced colitis the behavioral response to intracolonic capsaicin was increased compared with control mice. Moreover, capsaicin-induced spinal cord neuronal c-Fos expression was significantly increased. Interestingly, after colitis animals also exhibited referred somatic hyperalgesia as measured with von Frey hairs on the abdominal wall. We conclude that postinflammatory visceral hyperalgesia occurs after resolution of DSS-induced colitis and that capsaicin-induced behavioral responses and spinal cord neuronal c-Fos activation are effective readouts for determination of visceral pain perception.
Role of 5-hydroxytryptamine mechanisms in mediating the effects of small intestinal glucose on blood pressure and antropyloroduodenal motility in older subjects
Authors: Gentilcore Diana , Little Tanya J. , Feinle-Bisset Christine , Samsom Melvin , Smout André J. P. M. , Horowitz Michael , Jones Karen L.
Published: July 2007

Postprandial hypotension is an important clinical problem, particularly in the elderly. 5-Hydroxytryptamine3(5-HT3) mechanisms may be important in the regulation of splanchnic blood flow and blood pressure (BP), and in mediating the effects of small intestinal nutrients on gastrointestinal motility. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of the 5-HT3antagonist granisetron on the BP, heart rate (HR), and antropyloroduodenal (APD) motility responses to intraduodenal glucose in healthy older subjects. Ten subjects (5 male, 5 female, aged 65–76 yr) received an intraduodenal glucose infusion (3 kcal/min) for 60 min ( t = 0–60 min), followed by intraduodenal saline for a further 60 min ( t = 60–120 min) on 2 days. Granisetron (10 μg/kg) or control (saline) was given intravenously at t = −25 min. BP (systolic and diastolic), HR, and APD pressures were measured. Pressure waves in the duodenal channel closest (“local”) to the infusion site were quantified separately. During intraduodenal glucose, there were falls in systolic and diastolic BP and a rise in HR ( P < 0.0001 for all); granisetron had no effect on these responses. Granisetron suppressed the number and amplitude ( P < 0.05 for both) of local duodenal pressures during intraduodenal glucose. Otherwise, the effects of intraduodenal glucose on APD motility did not differ between study days. We conclude that in healthy older subjects, 5-HT3mechanisms modulate the local duodenal motor effects of, but not the cardiovascular responses to, small intestinal glucose.
Avian genomics in the 21st century
Authors: Burt D.W. , White S.J.
Published: July 2007

The chicken has long been an important model organism for developmental biology, as well as a major source of protein with billions of birds used in meat and egg production each year. Chicken genomics has been transformed in recent years, with the characterisation of large EST collections and most recently with the assembly of the chicken genome sequence. As the first livestock genome to be fully sequenced it leads the way for others to follow – with zebra finch later this year. The genome sequence and the availability of three million genetic polymorphisms are expected to aid the identification of genes that control traits of importance in poultry. As the first bird genome to be sequenced it is a model for the remaining 9,600 species thought to exist today. Many of the features of avian biology and organisation of the chicken genome make it an ideal model organism for phylogenetics and embryology, along with applications in agriculture and medicine. The availability of new tools such as whole-genome gene expression arrays and SNP panels, coupled with information resources on the genes and proteins are likely to enhance this position.