bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sosyal Medyada ‘Benliğin Sunumu’: Benlik ve Mahremiyetin Sunumunun Bireysel ve Toplumsal Anlamı Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Değerlendirme
Authors: SUVEREN Yaşar , ZEREN KOSAL Ayşe Gül
Published: December 2021

Bu çalışma, günümüzde benliğin ve mahremiyetin sosyal medya ve ağlardaki sunumu sorunsalını ele almaktadır. Bunu yaparken Ervin Goffman’ın sunduğu kuramsal ve kavramsal çerçeveden yararlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, günümüzde benliğin ve mahremiyetin sosyal medya ve ağlardaki sunumu ile gerçeklikteki halleri arasında önemli farklılıklar ve gerilimler olduğunu savunmaktadır. Çalışma, sosyal medya platformlarının ve kullanıcılarının benliklerini başkalarına sunma arzusu içinde olduklarını göstermektedir. Bu arzuyu karşılama doğrultusunda insanlar kendilerini çevrim içi dünyalardaki benlikleri ile ‘gerçek dünya’daki benliklerini sunarken sıklıkla manipülatif stratejiler izlemektedirler. İnsanın sosyal davranışlarının ve sosyal ilişkilerinin sonucu olarak, daha geniş toplumsal çevreler tarafından kabul görme ve takdir edilme ihtiyacından kaynaklanan iyi ve olumlu izlenimler yaratma niyeti, bireylerin benliklerini çevrimiçi ortamda en uygun şekilde sunma taktiklerini kullanmalarına yol açabilmektedir. Sosyal ağlar, bu hedeflere ulaşmak için benlik sunumları için oldukça çeşitlenen seçenekler sunmaktadır. Ancak bu her zaman istenilen sonuçlara ulaşılmasını sağlamamakta ve istenmeyen olumsuz izlenimler edinilmesi gibi sonuçlara yol açabilmektedir. Bu durum hem bireysel hem de toplumsal ilişkilere ve etkileşimlere zarar vererek yanılsamalar üzerine kurulu bir yaşam sürdürülmesine neden olmaktadır.
Avantages de la conformité et de la gestion des risques
Authors: Silva Lilian Reis da
Published: December 2021

La conformité est un programme qui vise à protéger les organisations contre la fraude financière, la corruption, le comportement et/ou l’inconduite des employés qui leur sont liés, empêchant ainsi leur bonne réputation et leur solidité financière d’être ébranlées. Il s’agit d’un outil dont le but est d’établir des règles, des normes et des lignes directrices pour les processus internes au sein des organisations. Il a été développé aux États-Unis en 1970, et ses pratiques ont été transformées en un institut juridique, grâce à la promulgation de la loi pionnière contre la corruption FCPA (Foreign Corrupt Practices Act), motivée par l’affaire du Watergate, qui impliquait le président de l’époque, Richard Nixon, et des membres de son administration, en payant des pots-de-vin dans des enquêtes en faveur de sa réélection. Dans ce contexte, cet article a pour question principale: comment les avantages offerts par le programme de conformité et de gestion des risques collaborent-ils pour réduire les risques de fraude, d’illicite et de corruption au sein des organisations ? L’objectif de cette étude était de présenter les avantages offerts par l’adoption du programme de conformité et de gestion des risques dans les entreprises publiques et privées, dans leurs processus internes et leurs relations avec leur secteur d’activité, et comment elles collaborent pour atténuer la fraude. La méthodologie a été adoptée comme une recherche bibliographique, et il s’agissait des avantages causés par les programmes de prévention de la fraude. Il a été constaté que les programmes de conformité et de gestion des risques apportent des avantages efficaces en matière de protection contre les risques, atténuant la fraude et la corruption, combinés à de nouvelles solutions de gouvernance des Technologies de l’Information (TI), telles que la Enterprise Governance, Risk Management and Compliance (EGRC).
The role of vitamin D deficiency in antituberculous protection
Authors: Todoriko L.D. , Toderika Ya.I. , Shevchenko O.S. , Pidverbetska O.V. , Pidverbetskyi O.Ya.
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND. The main task of modern phthysiology is a comprehensive search for ways to optimize the etiotropic and the pathogenetic treatment of tuberculosis (TB). The search for improved treatment in addition to etiotropic antimicrobial therapy lies in the plane of improving pathogenetic therapy. Analysis of the available scientific sources suggests that the efficacy of TB treatment can be improved by adding vitamin D to the pathogenetic treatment, as vitamin D metabolites support the innate immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE. To determine the role of vitamin D in the immunopathogenesis of the inflammatory response in pulmonary TB and to assess the prospects of its impact on improving the effectiveness of treatment by analyzing information from available scientific sources on this topic.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study was performed for the period December 2020 – August 2021. The search was conducted by

Keywords:

pulmonary tuberculosis, vitamin D, mechanism of action, pathogenesis, treatment. Access to various full-text and abstract databases was used as the main source of research.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. A large number of studies conducted so far prove the link between vitamin D deficiency and the occurrence of pulmonary TB. Vitamin D receptors have been found to be present on various surfaces of immune cells, including T and B cells, indicating that they need vitamin D to perform cellular functions. Vitamin D has been shown to increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages, and that monocytes incubated with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) metabolites induce anti-TB activity. A number of studies have shown that vitamin D increases the body’s production of the antimicrobial/antimycobacterial peptide LL-37, a member of the cathelicidin petelide family. Therefore, the narrowly analyzed analysis according to the literature suggests that in the conditions of full vitamin D status of the human body the course of TB will be favorable, and in case of vitamin D deficiency – which is primarily associated with genetic polymorphisms, the course of TB may be unfavorable.

CONCLUSIONS. Vitamin D functionates as one of the activators of macrophages and plays a role in the immune defense of the human body against mycobacterial TB. The inclusion of vitamin D in the program of complex treatment of TB infection is promising, as it enhances the production of antimicrobial/antimycobacterial peptide LL-37. It can be used as one of the components of TB prevention in children.
Inhaled antiseptics and inhaled antiviral non-prescription drugs in the prevention of ARVI, in particular COVID-19: an epidemiological study
Authors: Feshchenko Yu.I. , Gumeniuk M.I. , Lynnyk М.І. , Dziublyk O.Ya. , Kuzhko M.M. , Tereshkovych О.V. , Khmel O.V. , Panashchuk I.O. , Yashchenko M.V. , Denysov О.S. , Sprynsian Т.А.
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND. The article presents the results of a continuous, cross-sectional, non-interventional, multicenter retrospective epidemiological study, which included cases of 3443 participants. Questionnaires and rapid test for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were used to collect data.

OBJECTIVE. To determine the relationship between the systematic use of additional drugs for the prevention of COVID-19, including inhaled antiseptics and inhaled antiviral drugs, separately and in combination with other drugs, and the risk of developing of coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. 396 participants (11.8 %) took inhaled antiseptics in any period since March 2020, and 410 participants (12.2 %) took inhaled antivirals. A statistically significant protective relationship between episode of COVID-19 when taking inhaled antiseptics and inhaled antiviral drugs (risk ratio 0.901; 95 % confidence interval 0.856-0.948) was determined.

CONCLUSIONS. The use of inhaled antiseptics and inhaled antiviral drugs as additional methods of prevention of COVID-19 has shown a statistically significant effect not only on reducing the risk of COVID-19, but different combinations of inhaled antiseptics or inhaled antiviral drugs with other drug groups as additional methods of preventing COVID-19 had a statistically significant protective relationship with the episode of the disease, with the severity of COVID-19 and with the need for hospitalization.
Barriers to Teaching English Productive Skills in Online Classroom: A Study at the Private Universities in Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Adiba Zahin , Zannat Most. Mushfeka
Published: December 2021

This paper aims at investigating the barriers to teaching productive skills in English in an online platform in the private universities of Bangladesh and attempt to find out the solutions regarding this issue, focusing mainly on the private universities outside Dhaka. Since English is a significant communication tool, it is indispensable to speak and write correctly in English. However, the students have often struggled to speak fluently and write well. As a result, it is necessary to find the main barriers to teaching these two productive skills. In addition, due to the COVID-19, teaching and learning have shifted from real life to virtual classrooms. The existing problems underlying teaching English productive skills have been more crucial in a virtual platform. Therefore, through questionnaire for teachers and classroom observation data was collected from six private universities outside Dhaka, and it has been found that the problems lie mainly in the inability to change the teaching methods and techniques according to the need of an online classroom alongside network issues interrupting effective communication and time management. In an online classroom, the teachers cannot involve the students in pair and group work for speaking and writing activities and provide feedback. Based on the study's findings, it is recommended that more speaking and writing practice in the classroom, interesting visual materials, constant motivation, feedback, and teachers' training were essential to overcome the challenges faced by the teachers for teaching productive skills in English in an online classroom.
a Nanoemulsi Fraksi Daun Pelawan (Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff) Sebagai Antidiabetes
Authors: Samsiar Ary -
Published: December 2021

Diabetes melitus adalah peningkatan kadar gula dalam darah dan sekresi glukosa dalam urin akibat gangguan metabolisme sekresi insulin. Upaya penanganan diabetes melitus dapat dilakukan dengan terapi dan obat-obatan, namun hal ini dapat menimbulkan efek samping. Diabetes juga bisa diobati dengan ramuan herbal dari alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi daun pelawan sebagai antidiabetes berupa nanoemulsi. Daun pelawan diekstraksi dengan aseton, kemudian dipartisi menggunakan pelarut MeOH: air, dipartisi lagi dengan etil asetat, kemudian dipartisi dengan pelarut n-heksana. Nanoemulsi dibuat menggunakan homogenizer dengan kecepatan pengadukan 8000 rpm selama 30 menit dengan komposisi 2,5 ml VCO, 10 ml tween 80 dan 37,5 ml air. Nanoemulsi dari MeOH: fraksi air dan etil asetat memiliki karakteristik yang lebih baik daripada nanoemulsi fraksi n-heksan. Nanoemulsi fraksi MeOH: air memiliki ukuran partikel 123,8 nm, sedangkan etil asetat memiliki ukuran partikel 153,9 nm. Sedangkan sediaan nanoemulsi n-heksan memiliki karakteristik ukuran partikel yang lebih besar yaitu 361 nm, dan memiliki indeks polidispersitas 0,625 nm. Uji antidiabetes menggunakan fraksi etil asetat dapat menghambat α-glukosidase sebesar 1,075% pada konsentrasi 2,5 mg / ml.
Rice Flour Potential As Biodegradable Plate (Bioplastic) In Terms Of It’s Characteristics
Authors: Hamidah Hamidah , Muzaki Hasan , Kholidah Nurul
Published: December 2021

The nature of plastic which is difficult to decompose in nature can have a negative impact on the environtment and health. Encourages effort to develop bioplastik or biopolymer from nature in the formation product. In this study the formation of biodegradable modified rice flour biopolymers using strartfruit. The result of the formation of biodegradable plates with the addition of strartfruit result of water absorption and biodegradation tests also showed that the addition of the volume of 10,15,20,25 Ml could increase water absorption and biodegradation.So it can be concluded that strartfruit filtrate can be used in modifying biodegradable plate to improve it's characteristic
Antioxidant Activity of Uli Banana Peel Extract (Musa x Paradisiaca L. AAB)
Authors: Heriani Fennia Ade
Published: December 2021

Banana plants are native to Indonesia wich are easy to find and have various benefits ranging from roots, stems, fruits until peel. Uli banana (Musa x Paradisiaca L. AAB) is one kind of processed banana that is easy to find. The study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of banana peel extract of uli (Musa x Paradisiaca L. AAB) wich was carried out by maceration using n-hexane and ethanol solvents then fractionated with ethyl acetate and distilled water. Phytochemical screening showed that the uli banana peel extract contained flavonoids and tannins. Antioxidant activity was measured by using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry with the DPPH (2-2, diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method and IC50 (Inhibitory Concentration) test parameters. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of IC50 was 114.86 µg/ml which was classified as moderate antioxidant intensity.
The Toxicity Test on Larvae of Shrimp (Artemia salina L.) of Lindur Fruit Peel Extract (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) and Identification of Its Bioactive Compounds
Authors: Mardliyah Ana , Rastuti Undri , Handayani Santi Nur
Published: December 2021

Indonesia is the most mangrove-rich country, both in terms of area quantity and number of species. Mangrove plants have potential as a source of medicinal compounds. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza is a type of mangrove plant which is a source of medicinal plants from the Rhizoporaceae family. Ethanol extract of the stem bark of B. gymnorhiza has been known to have cytotoxic activity with an IC50 of 508.19 µg/mL against myeloma cancer cells (Rahmah, 2021). The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity of lindur fruit peel extract (B. gymnorrhiza) on Artemia salina Leach shrimp larvae. Lindur fruit peel extraction was carried out by maceration method using methanol solvent which was then fractionated with n-hexane and ethyl acetate as solvent. All extract fractions obtained were then tested for toxicity against shrimp larvae Artemia salina Leach by BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method. Extract fractions with the highest toxicity were identified for their bioactive compounds using UV-Visible and FT-IR spectrophotometers. The results of the toxicity test showed that the lindur fruit peel extract was toxic to A. salina L. and the most toxic fraction was the n-hexane fraction with an LC50 value of 34.109 ppm. The results of the analysis using UV-Visible and FT-IR spectrophotometers the active compound in the hexane fraction of lindur fruit extract (B. gymnorrhiza) contains terpenoid which has double bond conjugated that showed by the existence of an electronic transition of π →π* that was conjugated and there are clusters of -OH, C=O, C=C, aromatic, C-H and C-O groups.
STATE AND PROSPECTS OF THERMAL POWER GENERATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF UKRAINE’S COURSE ON CARBON-FREE ENERGY
Authors: Cherniavskyi M.V.
Published: December 2021

The structure of electricity cost formation for consumers, including depending on the cost of TPP generation, «green» energy and other sources, is investigated, and the main conditions of the efficient regulatory function fulfillment in the power system by thermal power generation in the conditions of Ukraine's course on carbon-free energy are formulated. It is shown that excessive electricity losses in networks and, especially, accelerated increase of the share of «green» generation, much more expensive than nuclear, hydro and thermal, mainly contribute to the growth of electricity costs for non-household consumers and the need to raise tariffs for the population. This accelerated increase directly contradicts the Paris Climate Agreement, according to which plans to reduce Ukraine’s greenhouse gas emissions must be developed taking into account available energy resources and without harming its own economy. The dependences of the specific fuel consumption on the average load and the frequency of start-stops of units are found and it is shown that the increased specific fuel consumption on coal TPPs is an inevitable payment for their use as regulating capacities of UES of Ukraine. In this case, the higher the proportion of «green» generation and a smaller proportion of generating thermal power plants, especially increasing specific fuel consumption. It is proved that in the conditions of growth of the share of «green» generation in Ukraine the share of production of pulverized coal thermal power plants should be kept at the level of not less than 30 % of the total electricity generation. It is substantiated that a necessary condition for coal generation to perform a proper regulatory role in the power system is to introduce both environmental and technical measures, namely — reducing the suction of cold air to the furnace and other boiler elements, restoring condensers and cooling systems, etc. An important factor in reducing the average level of specific fuel consumption is also the reduction of coal burn-out at thermal power plants, where it still remains significant, due to the transfer of power units to the combustion of bituminous coal concentrate. Bibl. 12, Fig. 5, Tab. 5.
A STATE OF ART AND PROSPECTS OF HANDLING USED PET BOTTLES
Authors: Mikulionok I.O.
Published: December 2021

The main data on the production volume of bottles from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in the world are presented. The main ways of handling used PET bottles as one of the hazardous types of waste for the environment, but promising from the point of view of using their properties, are analyzed. The main methods of handling used PET bottles are considered and a critical analysis of each of them is given. Particular attention is paid to the methods of recycling PET bottles, which made it possible to efficiently use recycled PET raw materials directly for their intended purpose. The features of physical, chemical, biological and combined processing methods are also considered, in particular, combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, plasma decomposition of PET bottles, as well as their decomposition under the influence of microorganisms. The main ways of solving the problem of used PET bottles are proposed.  Bibl. 84, Fig. 1.
Audiovisuales para la apropiación social de la ciencia: factores de cultura extrínseca que inciden en su consumo
Authors: Mena Young Margoth
Published: December 2021

Se presenta un estudio cuyo objetivo fue analizar algunos de los factores de cultura científica intrínseca en una población usuaria de redes sociales, con el fin de provocar reflexiones sobre el porqué se deberían considerar esos factores cuando se planifica la producción y distribución de audiovisuales de ciencia, especialmente en redes sociales. La muestra cualitativa estuvo compuesta por 182 personas mediante participación voluntaria, y las respuestas se recolectaron con un cuestionario digital en agosto y setiembre de 2021. Se estudiaron los hábitos de información, la actividad múltiple y uso de dispositivos, y los porcentajes de confianza en distintos emisores. Como resultados principales, aunque las personas declaran mucho interés en la ciencia, eso no se traduce en búsqueda activa de información y menos en participación en actividades. Un 91,5% del grupo entrevistado declaró actividad simultánea cuando consume audiovisuales de ciencia en redes sociales y la confianza premia a las universidades públicas y organismos internacionales y elude a líderes religiosos y a familiares.
Editorial 21
Authors: Echazarreta Soler Carmen
Published: December 2021

Editorial 21
Aplikasi Keselamatan Berbasis Smartphone dengan Integrasi Sinyal Sos Sebagai Solusi Pembentukan Masyarakat Tanggap Bencana
Authors: Ilma Naviatul Ilma , Cendana Feoh Agung Dewa , Saifudin Wahyu Ahmat
Published: December 2021

Natural disasters are disasters caused by an event or a series of events caused by nature, it’s as varied as the form of earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, floods, droughts, hurricanes, and landslides (Law number 4 of 2007). Based on data cited from the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency (BPS) in 2018 the number of people who died due to natural disasters was 6,053 people. This data shows that community preparedness to face the threat of disaster optimally is needed. The idea of creating a smartphone-based safety application design equipped with SOS signal sending capabilities is planned to create a disaster response community and rescue response by related parties to reduce disaster risk with the use of the structured application. The synergy between various parties such as the community and also the government in the smooth running of information as quickly as possible will be the key to the effectiveness of this application. People in situations facing natural disasters can reach safe places with the help of an application that has been embedded in the feature to find out safe places for self-evacuation. If there is an emergency the user can also send an SOS signal to the server which will be picked up immediately by the patrol on duty.
"Yuk Cegah Virus Corona!" Edukasi Pencegahan Corona Melalui Buku Interaktif Anak-Anak
Authors: Putri Alifia Ananda , Arumdani Yeni , Fadhil Fauzi Rizal Muhammad Fathi
Published: December 2021

Corona Virus or COVID-19 was first discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. On January 30, 2020, WHO announced that this epidemic was a global health emergency, spreading so quickly that it reached various countries including Indonesia. Covid-19 had weakened and paralyzed various sectors in Indonesia and even all countries. One of the impacts is in the world of education. Since the implementation of the online system, there have been many pros and cons that have occurred among the community as well as challenges that must be faced with the existence of this distance learning system (PJJ). Early childhood education is undeniably affected by COVID-19. The research method uses empirical methods by collecting data sources from libraries and journals that have been there before. The results of the study concluded that the making of an interactive book "Come on, Prevent Coronavirus!" is a type of busy book in which this book can provide various activities for children so that they will not be bored in digesting the learning material.
Pembelajaran Huruf - Huruf dan Angka Bahasa Arab Saat Pandemi Covid – 19 Melalui Smart Card
Authors: Binersa Ixora Latifolia , Pratiwi Lisa , Susetya Bayu Adi
Published: December 2021

Smart cards are a medium for children's learning that integrates interesting games, media creativity and promotes interaction between family members. This smart card has the theme of hijaiyah letters as an educational medium in learning Arabic numbers and letters during the pandemic that is happening in Indonesia. Now a lot of new innovations are created because of this pandemic period. This method is necessary because direct learning of Arabic letters and numbers is being avoided during the pandemic. This smart card is here to be an alternative for children to study at home. Based on the analysis conducted on the literature review, based on this incident led to the emergence of new obstacles in the way of educating children, namely the difficulty of parents in accompanying children to study at home due to a lack of understanding of the material by parents. With this smart card, it is hoped that children will have no difficulty in learning hijaiyah numbers and letters even though there is a companion
Perancangan Iklan Sosial “Kali Resik, Solo Apik” Menyadarkan Arti Sungai Bersih Bagi Masyarakat Kota Surakarta
Authors: Yordan Charles Sari Charles
Published: December 2021

Through a social advertisement or campaign, it is expected to be able to make people care more about the surrounding environment. One of them is more concerned about the river where now many rivers are affected by pollution. The concept of social advertising through a comprehensive campaign strategy through various media (Integrated Advertising Campaign). This design also uses a visual communication method approach based on existing facts, namely the problem of river pollution which has quite an impact on the river ecosystem environment. An important keyword as a slogan is "Kali Resik, Solo Apik” is a strategy to approach community participation to further strengthen campaign activities so that the message to be conveyed can be understood by the entire community. This social advertising campaign is not only aimed at the people of the riverbanks or riverbanks, but also all levels of society in the city of Surakarta.
Prophetic Populism and the Violent Rejection of Joe Biden’s Election: Mapping the Theology of the Capitol Insurrection
Authors: Rowley Matthew
Published: December 2021

For President Donald Trump’s most committed Christian devotees—those with ears to hear—his rise to power was prophesied, and the 2016 victory was miraculous. Prophets again foretold re-election in 2020. These charismatic Trump supporters tended to come from outside the main denominations, and when the electoral college swung towards Joe Biden, the results were not accepted. In rejecting the election, they became fellow travellers with more overtly militant and conspiratorial groups—sometimes sharing a stage with them. This article describes the discourse of prophetic populism from 2011 to 2021—focusing in particular on the three months from the 2020 election to the storming of Capitol Hill to the inauguration of Joe Biden. Although Trump repeatedly says, ‘Promises Made, Promises Kept’, these prophetic promises did not materialise—leading some to try to force God’s hand. This article explores the reaction to three consecutive disappointments that took their toll on prophetic populism: the declaration of Joe Biden as president-elect in November 2020, the certification of his victory in early January 2021 and the inauguration later that month. It demonstrates the power of a relatively new force in conservative politics, the flexibility of beliefs in divine involvement and the resilience of these beliefs in light of weighty disconfirming evidence.
A Posture of Protest? The Search for Christian Identity in A Post-Secular Society: Between Secularised Eschatology and A Sacralisation of History
Authors: Van der Tol Mariëtta , Rowley Matthew
Published: December 2021

This article theorises ideations of “the people” in a comparative reflection on Latin-Christian theologies and typologies of time and secularised appropriations thereof in right-wing as well as far-right movements in Europe and the United States of America. Understanding the world in grand narratives of “good” and “evil” emerges from Christian eschatological hope: the hope of the restoration and renewal of the cosmos and the final defeat of evil prophesised in association with the return of Christ. However, this language of good and evil becomes detached from the wider corpus of Christian belief and theology. In its secular expression, it may attach the good to an abstract and normative account of “the people”, who are defined in contrast to a range of others, both internal and external to the nation. Secular iterations might further echo the stratification of present, past and future through a sacralisation of the past and a dramatization of the future. The context of contemporary right-wing and far-right movements poses a series of questions about the relationship between belief and belonging, the acceptability of the secularization of Christian traditions and theologies, and the extent to which Christian communities can legitimately associate with right-wing movements.
Iran’s New Iraq Policy After Saddam: From Sociological Dynamics to Political Realities
Authors: SARI İsmail
Published: December 2021

Relations between Tehran and Baghdad, from the Baath Party's coup in 1968 to the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, were neither neighborly nor normal. Therefore, the overthrow of Saddam Hussein can be considered as one of the turning points in the course of Iran-Iraq relations. With the invasion of Iraq by the US, Iran got rid of an enemy like Saddam, while Iraq quickly entered Iran's influence area. However, the US presence in Iraq has also caused serious security concerns for Iran. During this period, while Iran accelerated its nuclear program due to security concerns, it also maintained its priority of ending the US occupation in Iraq and withdrawing its troops. The new political environment that emerged in post-Saddam Iraq brought risks as well as opportunities for Iran. In addition to the historical and sectarian ties between the Iraqi Shiites and Iran, the search for external support in the power struggle in the country caused the Shiites to get closer to Tehran, while Iran's relations with the Kurds, with whom Iran had cooperated against Baghdad for many years, deteriorated relatively during this new period. While this study analyzes Iran’s relations with Shiites and Kurds, which are the main parameters of its policies towards Iraq, it also claimes that Iran has increased its effectiveness in Iraq with the Shiite population's increasing presence in the Iraqi administration, though local and regional dynamics will prevent Iran from continuing this activity for a longer period of time. Consequently, Iran's policies towards post-Saddam Iraq are analyzed in this context.
Sovyet Propaganda Dergisi Krokodil’de İran İslam Devrimi Sırası ve Sonrasında İran’ın Temsili
Authors: ÇAKI Caner , DARI Abdülhakim Bahadır
Published: December 2021

İran şahı Muhammed Rıza Pehlevi’nin iktidarı döneminde Batı yanlısı siyasete yönelmesi, Sovyetler Birliği ve İran arasında yakın ilişkilerin kurulmasını engellemiştir. Diğer yandan 1979 yılında gerçekleşen İran İslam Devrimi’nden sonra kurulan İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nin Komünizm karşıtı bir politika izlemesi nedeniyle de Sovyetler Birliği ve İran arasında yakın ilişkilerin kurulması yine mümkün olmamıştır. Buna karşılık İran şahına karşı gerçekleştirilen İran İslam Devrimi’ni Sovyetler Birliği’nin mizah dergisi Krokodil çeşitli açılardan ele almıştır. Krokodil’in baskı sayısı bakımından Sovyetler Birliği’nin önde gelen mizah dergilerinden birisi olması ve aynı zamanda Sovyetler Birliği’nin propaganda aracı olarak hizmet etmesi nedeniyle Krokodil’deki İran İslam Devrimi’nin sunumu, Sovyetler Birliği’nin İran İslam Devrimi’ne ve sonrasına yönelik siyasi tutumunu yansıtması bakımında önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmada Krokodil’in İran İslam Devrimi sırasında ve sonrasında İran’ı konu alan karikatürleri incelenerek, Sovyetler Birliği’nin İran İslam Devrimi ve sonrası süreçte İran’a yönelik siyasi bakışının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla Krokodil’in konuya ilişkin karikatürleri, Alman dilbilimci Karl Bühler’in Organon Modeli ışığında göstergebilim yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgular ışığında devrimin başlarındaki karikatürlerde şah karşıtı İran İslam Devrimi’nin İran’ın ABD’nin etkisinden kurtuluşu olarak sunulduğu buna karşılık ilerleyen süreçte yayınlanan karikatürlerde İran’a yönelik olumsuz bir algının meydana getirilmeye çalışıldığı ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu şekilde çalışmada Krokodil özelinde İran’ı konu alan Sovyet mizahının doğrudan Sovyetler Birliği’nin İran’a yönelik dış politikası çerçevesinde şekillendiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Yazılı ve İkonografik Kaynaklara Göre Antik İran’da (Persler, Parthlar, Sâsânîler) Hâkimiyet Anlayışı: Tanrısal Seçim
Authors: DURAN Muzaffer
Published: December 2021

İktidarın kaynağına dair ideolojiler devletlerin meşruiyetinin dayandığı temel unsurlardan biridir. Devletlerin hâkimiyet anlayışını yansıtan bu ideolojilerden biri hükümdarın ve onun üyesi olduğu hanedanlığın kutsiyeti düşüncesine dayanan ilahi destektir. Eski İran tarihinde egemenliğin ve iktidarın kaynağı dini temeller çerçevesinde gelişen bir yapı arz etmektedir. Bunun esasını hükümdarın tanrı ile olan iyi (doğruluk, adalet, düzen) veya kötü (yalan, kargaşa) münasebeti oluşturmaktadır. Bu ilişki çerçevesinde hükümdarın tanrı ile ilişkisi “iyi” üzerineyse tanrının ona hükümdarlık yetkisi bağışladığına inanılırdı. Ancak hükümdar kötü bir yönetim sergilerse yönetme erki yine tanrı tarafından geri alınırdı. Tanrı ve hükümdar arasındaki bu ilişki Eski İran’ın yazılı ve arkeolojik kaynaklarında ifade edilmiştir. Bu hususta Avesta metinlerinden Yasna ve Yaşt bölümleri ile Pers ve Sâsânî dönemi yazıtları hükümdarlık geleneği çerçevesinde tanrısal seçim/yetki anlayışını yansıtmaktadır. İkonografik kaynaklarda da bu durum birtakım kutsal anlamlar yüklenen sembollerle ifade edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı da Eski İran’daki Pers, Parth, Sâsânî hanedanlıkları döneminde tanrısal seçim ideolojisinin yazılı ve ikonografik kaynaklardaki yansımalarını incelemek ve bu ideolojinin söz konusu hanedanlıklardaki tarihi seyrini takip etmektir. Bu hususta Eski İran’da söz konusu hanedanlıklar döneminde hükümdarın tanrı tarafından seçilmiş bir temsilci olduğu, buna rağmen iktidarı elde etmenin de bazı şartlarının bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu şartın temeli ise tanrının lütfunu kazanmaktır. Bu amaç için dindar bir kral imajı yaratılmıştır. Bunun yanında tanrısal seçim ideolojisinin bir sonucu olarak Pers ve Sâsânî dönemine ait kaynaklarda dünya hâkimiyeti fikri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bütün bu ideoloji yazılı ve görsel araçlarla bir mesaj olarak sunulmuş ve dolayısıyla meşruiyet propagandasının da bir aracı haline gelmiştir.
China's Political Influence in Turkey and Iran during the Cold War: A Comparison of the Revolutionary Organization of the Tudeh Party of Iran and the Proletarian Revolutionary Enlightenment Movement
Authors: HAZIR Agah
Published: December 2021

This study analyses the ideological influence of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) over the non-state political domains in the Middle East during the Cold War. It offers a comparative analysis of the two largest pro-Chinese leftist political groups in Turkey and Iran during the period between 1960 and 1980: the Revolutionary Organization of the Tudeh Party of Iran (ROTPI) in Iran and the Proletarian Revolutionary Enlightenment Party (PRE) in Turkey. It analyses these movements by focusing on their similarities and differences. This study claims that the pro-Chinese leftist political movements in Iran developed closer military and financial relations with the PRC than did their Turkish counterparts. In doing so, the study contributes to the literature on comparative political thought on the Cold War era, which largely tends to focus on the Soviet influence over the domains of politics and its impact on the international relations of Turkey and Iran. Moreover, this work critically challenges the debates over the relations between the PRC and the Middle East, expanding the academic focus beyond trade relations and military affairs towards political ideology debates. By the same token, it aims to scrutinize alternative political instruments of the PRC during this era.
CONCEPTUAL CHANGE ACTIVITIES ALLEVIATING MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Authors: Kapartzianis Achillefs , Kriek Jeanne
Published: December 2021

This study contributes to a growing literature that investigates vocational students’ conceptual understanding of electricity by proposing a multidimensional and pragmatic approach to conceptual change. Conceptual change model-based activities were designed in a six-stage conceptual change model and were incorporated into a four-week course. The effectiveness of these activities was measured in terms of changing these students’ misconceptions about simple electric circuits towards scientifically accepted ideas in terms of their revolutionary versus evolutionary nature and the extent of transfer of learning. Transformative mixed methods research design was used consisting mainly of a one-group pre-test post-test design with DIRECT Test 1.2 as a research instrument. Paired samples t-test analysis for 15 students’ test scores indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between students’ pre- and post-test scores. The results of the frequency analysis in both pre- and post-tests show a significant percentage drop in the number of students having the identified misconceptions. The majority of students during post pre-test interviews justified their answers incorrectly, but more than 80% answered correctly in the post post-test interview.
Key words: conceptual change, conceptual change model, electric circuits, misconceptions, vocational education.
THE EFFECTS OF SIMULATION-BASED AND MODEL-BASED EDUCATION ON THE TRANSFER OF TEACHING WITH REGARD TO MOON PHASES
Authors: Uçar Sedat
Published: December 2021

Several researchers have investigated the knowledge of the causes of moon phases and how to promote the scientific understanding of these phases. However, these scholars did not determine whether this learning was transferred to the following education. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of two different types of education on the transfer of learning with regard to astronomy content. No significant change in the understanding of the moon’s phases was observed between the groups, but a significant change in the transfer scores of the groups was observed. This result could indicate that the education increased the participants’ understanding of moon phases and that the participants in the simulation group were able to more adequately transfer their knowledge. The alternative conceptions of the causes of the moon phases were transferred to the context of the earth’s phases. In other words, alternative conceptions are transferred to new learning situations. Therefore, the alternative conceptions that the participants hold should be carefully observed when new learning is transferred.
Key words: earth phases, moon phases, pre-service teacher, simulations, transfer.
IMPACT OF MULTIMEDIA ASSISTED TEACHING ON STUDENT ATTITUDES TO SCIENCE SUBJECTS
Authors: Záhorec Ján , Hašková Alena , Bílek Martin
Published: December 2021

During the last decades, multimedia assisted teaching has expanded to all types and levels of schools. The authors dealt with a question whether there is a possibility through the application of multimedia teaching materials in the natural science school subjects to eliminate students' negative attitudes to these subjects. To answer this question, a research was carried out in which the attention was paid to possibilities to eliminate students` negative attitudes to physics as the most unpopular school subject. The authors show how various aspects of students` opinion on physics can be changed due to the use of animations and interactive simulations of the physical phenomena in the teaching process. For the pedagogical intervention two kinds of multimedia teaching materials were used. The difference between them was in the level of their interactivity. Within the research students` attitudes to physics through the given explored aspects were assessed twice, once before the multimedia teaching material pedagogical intervention and the second time after it. As the research results show, although it is possible to certain rate to eliminate students` negative attitudes to physics, this possible elimination depends also on the level of the intractivity of the used multimedia teaching materials. Key words: change of the attitudes, multimedia assisted teaching, negative attitudes to school subjects, teaching physics.
HIERARCHICAL PRINCIPLE IN THE PROBLEM OF A TYPOLOGICAL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Kamenskaya Valentina , Khokhlova Larissa
Published: December 2021

The study contains the theoretical review of different historical approaches to the study of typological properties of a man. One of the well-known typological systems in foreign psychology has been developed in constitutionology, juvenility characteristics, however, haven’t been included in its structure. On the basis of the studied samples the authors of the research consider the empirical proofs of juvenility existence, its significance in typological perspective and the formation of mental functions. The research findings of typological properties of the morphofunctional brain organization as a subject of both Russian and foreign psychology and psychophysiology are analyzed. Theoretical and experimental material is integrated in the analysis of individual typological peculiarities of students of higher educational establishments. The regularities of their manifestation at genotypic, behavioral and personal levels representing various hierarchical layers of a person’s typological system are revealed.
Key words: behaviour, brain, constitution, hierarchy of topological properties, interhemispheric relations, juvenility, model, personal features.
THE EFFECTS OF PARASITES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOUR: AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Prokop Pavol , Fedor Peter
Published: December 2021

Parasites and predators possess serious threats to humans throughout our evolutionary history. Although the impact of predators in modern world is lower than previously, parasites still influence morbidity and mortality of contemporary humans. From the evolutionary perspective, selective pressures caused by parasites should favour individuals that successfully avoid objects/subjects which transmit parasitic diseases and/or those who are successful in combats with them. There is growing evidence for the existence of evolved anti-parasite behaviours in animals, beginning with invertebrates and ending with primates. Avoidance of infected individuals, grooming and self-medication are most common behavioural strategies that are believed to reduce the transmission of parasites. Here we review recent evidence suggesting that several behavioural and emotional traits in humans evolved as a response to selective pressure caused by parasites. Disgust sensitivity and pathogen threat may be a mechanism that generates both a cross-cultural variation in preferences for certain facial traits, as well as drivers of religious diversity, political stability of countries, parenting cognitive abilities and prevalence of extraversion and openness to new ideas. Finally, we declare areas for a future research based on questions guided by the evolutionary perspective. Key words: evolution, human, parasites, psychology.
SEXUAL HEALTH AMONG PORTUGUESE ADOLESCENTS: CHANGES IN A 8 YEAR PERIOD (2002-2010)
Authors: Ramiro Lúcia , Matos Margarida Gaspar de , Reis Marta
Published: December 2021

Recently HIV is falling in a significant number of countries, partly due to the adoption of preventive behaviors, which demonstrates that decreasing sexual transmission of HIV is possible. The aim of this research was to analyze preventive sexual behavior in Portuguese adolescents, including information and attitudes about HIV/AIDS, and assessing whether they changed from 2002 to 2010. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire from the Portuguese sample of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC), a collaborative WHO study. The study provided national representative data of 10587 Portuguese adolescents, randomly chosen from those attending 8th and 10th grades and the opportunity to examine trends in sexual behaviour on a national level. In terms of preventive behaviours, results showed an increasing trend regarding the percentage reporting first sexual intercourse at 14 years old or more and condom use at last sexual intercourse and a stabilized trend concerning having had sexual intercourse and contraceptive pill use. Nevertheless, in terms of information and attitudes about HIV/AIDS, results showed a systematic decreasing trend.
Key words: adolescents, attitudes, information, preventive behaviours, sex education.
THE PERSON-ORIENTED APPROACH IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Raufelder Diana , Jagenow Danilo , Hoferichter Frances , Drury Kate Mills
Published: December 2021

Individual differences are a fundamental component of psychology, but these differences are often treated as “noise” or “errors” in variable-oriented statistical analyses. Currently, there is a small but emerging body of research using the person-oriented approach. In this paper a brief theoretical and methodological overview of the person-oriented approach is given. A person-oriented approach is often preferable where the main theoretical and analytical unit is a pattern of operating factors, rather than individual variables. In order to illustrate the relevance of this approach to research in educational psychology several representative statistical methods are outlined, two of which employ a person-oriented approach (latent class analysis/ latent profile analysis, configural frequency analysis/ prediction configural frequency analysis) and one that combines person and variable-oriented approaches. Examples of data analyses are used to demonstrate that variable and person-oriented approaches provide the researcher with different information that can be complementary.
Key words: configural frequency analysis, educational psychology, individual differences, latent class analysis, person-oriented approach.
Utilidad de la información contable y earnings management: una revisión doctrinaria
Authors: Caivano Giuliana , González Paula Carolina , Tiberi Sofía , Zinno Arbio Florencia Belén
Published: December 2021

La información contable se subordina a la consecución de los objetivos del decisor, bajo la consideración de que el preparador de información financiera aplica su juicio profesional. Este trabajo busca complementar investigaciones que se han realizado, y sus resultados, vinculados con el impacto de la denominada ‘administración de ganancias’ (earnings management) en la utilidad de la información contable, enfocado en el paradigma de la utilidad. Se realiza una investigación exploratoria, mediante análisis doctrinario, con énfasis en la utilidad para el decisor y la teoría contable positiva, y su relación con earnings management. Es importante continuar con investigaciones sobre la utilidad de la información financiera y profundizar en análisis para proponer variantes en su presentación.
Udalaitz: la montaña del dragón en el País Vasco
Authors: Ceruti María Constanza
Published: December 2021

El monte Udalaitz se yergue sobre el poblado vasco de Arrasate-Mondragón y es visitado por montañeros y senderistas con fines recreativos y conmemorativos. En sus alturas han sido erigidas dos cruces modernas y también se observan los basamentos de una antigua ermita cristiana. El presente trabajo procura ahondar en la comprensión de la montaña sagrada vasca desde la experiencia en el terreno en el pico Udalaitz, a través de una mirada antropológica que tiene en cuenta las presencias y ausencias de elementos rituales en el paisaje de altura, la apropiación recreativa y religiosa del ámbito montañoso y los matices en las leyendas relativas a dragones en el imaginario vasco. En las consideraciones se analiza la relación de los mitos sobre dragones con los antiguos sacrificios humanos en el mundo celta y con el fenómeno monástico temprano en la cristianización de diversas montañas europeas.
Fecha de recepción: 23/6/2021
Fecha de aceptación: 10/8/2021
Determination of individual coumarin in a dry extract of Melilotus officinalis L.
Authors: Aroyan M. V. , Generalova Yu. E. , Terninko I. I. , Kaukhova I. E. , Novikova E. K.
Published: December 2021

Introduction. Substances of plant origin exhibit a variety of pharmacological activity in combination with a relatively low toxicity and frequency of side effects. In this regard, a promising direction is the standardization of substances of plant origin in the development of new herbal medicinal products.

Aim. Qualitative and quantitative determination of individual coumarin in a dry extract of Melilotus оfficinalis L.

Materials and methods. A dry extract of the Melilotus officinalis L. was used as an object of research. Determination of individual coumarin was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results and discussion. As a result of the research, coumarin was identified by high performance liquid chromatography based on comparison of retention times of the sample with retention times of a standard sample of coumarin in the sample of dry extract under research. The coumarin contents in the dry extract was 0.642 ± 0.007 %.

Conclusion. The data obtained on the qualitative and quantitative content of coumarin in the dry extract of Melilotus оfficinalis L. were used in the development of the draft version specification of quality indicators.