bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A System Dynamics Model for Cocaine Prevalence Estimation and Trend Projection
Authors: Homer Jack B.
Published: November 2015

In this article the author presents a system dynamics simulation model that reproduces a variety of national indicator data reflecting cocaine use and supply over a fifteen-year period and provides detailed estimates of underlying prevalence. Sensitivity tests are conducted that clarify observed trends such as growth in the compulsive use of crack cocaine and decline in the casual use of cocaine powder. Alternative scenarios with possible policy implications are simulated and projected through the year 2002 and the results are assessed. Researchers and decisionmakers hoping to understand and anticipate the dynamics of illicit drug use may benefit from simulation models that are realistic in detail and broad in scope.
The Price of Cocaine, Heroin and Marijuana, 1981–1993
Authors: Rhodes William , Hyatt Raymond , Scheiman Paul
Published: November 2015

The analysis reported in this article provides a consistent price series for cocaine, heroin, and marijuana based on over twelve years of data from the Drug Enforcement Administration's System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE). Cocaine and heroin prices fell sharply through most of the 1980s, but seem to have stabilized in the early 1990s. In contrast, marijuana prices rose markedly through most of the 1980s, but seem to have fallen in 1992 and 1993.
HIV Prevalence and Frequency of Risk Behavior in Injecting Drug Users Entering Treatment and Out of Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Study in Five Italian Cities
Authors: Rezza Giovanni , Salmaso Stefania , Abeni Damiano , Brancato Giovanna , Anemona Alessandra , Rovetta Claudia , Verani Paola , Perucci Carlo Alberto , Carballo Manuel ,   Italian/WHO Working Group
Published: November 2015

We conducted a study to describe current patterns of drug-related behaviors, and to identify characteristics that may distinguish injecting drug users entering treatment from those out of treatment, in five Italian cities. Overall, 1,180 subjects were recruited — 568 entering treatment and 612 out of treatment. Male to female ratio was 6.6:1. The median age was similar in the two groups. A high proportion of injecting drug users recruited out of treatment had been in treatment at least once. HIV prevalence among injecting drug users entering treatment was not higher than that of those who were out of treatment. Furthermore, a large proportion of injecting drug users who still were out of treatment reported having adopted safe behaviors. The results of the study emphasize the need to implement outreach programs aimed at harm reduction.
Drug and Alcohol Problems in the Workplace in Italy
Authors: Bruno Francesco
Published: November 2015

The workplace is, simultaneously, one of the least explored and most important areas where drug and alcohol problems occur. In this article some information on essential Italian features of this experience is collected and presented. According to this information, the nature and extent of drug and alcohol consumption can be considered critical.

The characteristics of the Italian situation are outlined from quantitative and legislative points of view with general and contextual considerations. In Italy, prevention efforts and information on alcohol are separated completely from other drugs. This is especially true in the workplace where alcohol-related problems are perceived to be nonexistent. The attitudes of workers' organizations and businesses are presented.

In Italy, drug dependence doesn't prejudice one's right to keep his job, even if employees carry out tasks dangerous to their own or other's safety. However, in order to safeguard others, the employer must reassign such employees to other tasks, as provided by law.

Furthermore, the introduction of testing in the workplace has been delayed because it appears to imply a conflict between the organization's right to safeguard its interest and the individual's right to privacy.
Number of Sex Partners and Crack Cocaine Use: Is Crack an Independent Marker for HIV Risk Behavior?
Authors: Longshore Douglas , Anglin M. Douglas
Published: November 2015

Prior research on the “sex for crack” phenomenon has described high behavioral risks for HIV transmission among crack-dependent women who have sex with multiple partners in order to obtain the drug. But research has not shown that the number of sex partners is elevated for crack users overall, regardless of the circumstances or intensity of use. In addition, crack is only one of several elements comprising high-risk lifestyles of many users; thus it cannot be concluded from prior research that crack use itself is an independent marker for risky sexual behavior. In this sample of Los Angeles arrestees interviewed between 1988 and 1991, more sex partners were reported by women and men who had smoked crack in the past year than by those who had not. These findings were not an artifact of demographic differences between crack users and nonusers or of the association between crack use and other high-risk behaviors. It may therefore be important to widen the targeting of HIV preventive education to include users of crack cocaine regardless of the intensity or circumstances of use.
Creating a Drug Czar: A Study of Political Rationality and Symbolic Politics
Authors: Stolz Barbara Ann
Published: November 2015

Many prominent criminal justice experts have characterized as irrational the federal anti-crime/anti-drug legislation enacted during the last two decades. Among the drug provisions repeatedly considered and sometimes enacted by Congress were proposals to establish a drug czar. To gain insight into the political rationality underlying Congress's persistent efforts to establish a drug czar, this article examines these attempts in the context of symbolic politics — what political acts mean to the public — and political institutions. Specifically, it explores how Congressional efforts to enact a drug czar reflect Congress' need to reassure the public and how a political structure can serve a symbolic threat/reassurance function of criminal law.
Peer Referral Networks and Utilization of a Union-Based Eap
Authors: Bamberger Peter , Sonnenstuhl William J.
Published: November 2015

Although peers have always played a critical role in referring co-workers to union-based alcohol and mental health programs, relatively little is known about those referral processes. This exploratory study fills that gap by reporting upon the role of peer referral networks in the Association of Flight Attendants Employee Assistance Program (AFA EAP.) Our exploratory findings suggest that the utilization rate of chemically-dependent co-workers is related to the size of the EAP's network of friends and supporters, quality of labor-management relations, and a positive belief in co-workers' recovery. Overall utilization is related to the union's multiple subcultures.
Peer Support as a Method of Risk Reduction in Injecting Drug-User Communities: Experiences in Dutch Projects and the “European Peer Support Project”
Authors: Trautmann Franz
Published: November 2015

This article discusses the central importance in Western Europe of active drug users/injectors working with their peers to combat the spread of HIV and reduce other health problems. The structure and workings of several different peer organizations are described, and an important distinction is made between “self-help” versus drug-user “unions” or “interest” groups. The roots of the first drug-user unions are traced to the junkiebonden that surfaced in the Netherlands in the early 1970s. Now, the European Peer Support Project, which is described, coordinates projects in six different western European countries, supporting several different initiatives, and producing training programs and manuals for users to assist them in their organizing efforts. The underlying premise of drug-user self-organizations is that repressive drug policy, as defined by criminal laws, is not only a fundamentally inappropriate approach to the “drug problem;” repressive drug policy is partly responsible for the creation of the “drug problem” in the first place.
A Longitudinal Test of Social Learning Theory: Adolescent Smoking
Authors: Akers Ronald L. , Lee Gang
Published: November 2015

A general social learning theory of deviance is applied to adolescent smoking as a form of sustance use and tested with data from a 5-year longitudinal study of a panel (N=454) of respondents in grades 7 through 12 in an Iowa community. The major components of the process specified in the theory are differential association, differential reinforcement, definitions (attitudes), and modeling. The process is one in which the operation of these variables produces abstinence or smoking, but with some reciprocal effects of smoking behavior on the social learning variables. Previous research on various kinds of deviance and substance use has been supportive of the theory. The findings in this study from LISREL models of the overall social learning process and each of the component of association, reinforcement, and definitions are also supportive.
Pseudomaturity among Adolescents: Construct Validation, Sex Differences, and Associations in Adulthood
Authors: Newcomb Michael D.
Published: November 2015

A theory of pseudomaturity or precocious development has been suggested to explain how mis-timing of adult transition events (occurring too early) can generate difficulties later in life. In a community sample, the age at which 30 adult activities (including various types of drug involvement) were begun were examined for an underlying factor structure, sex differences, and general and specific correlates with various aspects of adult functioning. Five factors were identified, confirmed, and moderately correlated including age of; drug initiation, financial autonomy, independent living, intimacy involvement, and deviant activities. Age at puberty did not load on any factor and was only significantly related to age of intimacy Involvement. Men were involved in drug use, financial autonomy, and deviant activities earlier than women, whereas women began puberty and intimacy at younger ages than the men. Pseudomaturity as reflected in a general construct and specific scales was significantly associated with numerous aspects of later adult role functioning, including drug abuse, socioeconomic status, intimacy involvement, emotional distress, divorces, criminal activities, and job instability. Although certain pseudomature behaviors consistently had adverse later consequences (early drug initiation to later drug abuse), others had differential impact on adult role functioning based on whether the transition event occurred in isolation (financial autonomy alone had beneficial long-term effects) or whether it was associated with a general lifestyle of pseudomaturity (with overall negative consequences).
Community-Based AIDS Prevention: Preliminary Outcomes of a Program for African American and Latino Injection Drug Users
Authors: Weeks Margaret R. , Himmelgreen David A. , Singer Merrill , Woolley Stephen , Romero-Daza Nancy , Grier Maryland
Published: November 2015

This paper presents preliminary outcomes of a community-based AIDS prevention program for drug users called Project COPE II, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) cooperative agreement study in Hartford, Connecticut. COPE II's efficacy study compares the NIDA standard intervention against two culturally targeted, enhanced interventions, one for African Americans and one for Puerto Ricans. A sample of 188 out-of-treatment injection drug users (IDUs) with matched baseline and 6-month follow-up interviews were compared for changes in monthly injection rates and proportionate use of new and pre-used needles and used injection supplies. Effects of injection outliers, attrition, and ethnic differences were examined for impact on outcome measures and to identify subgroups within the study population for whom the intervention had differential effects. These preliminary analyses suggest that attendance in culturally targeted enhanced interventions may increase the likelihood of positive program outcome, including drug-related risk reduction for some populations. However, subgroups of IDUs, such as extremely high injectors or individuals who drop out before initiating or completing the program, may require different intervention approaches. Further research is needed to understand the relationship between intervention and behavior change, reasons for attrition, and moderating factors affecting project outcomes.
Facilitation into Drug Treatment or Self-Help among out-of-Treatment IDUS in Portland: You Can Lead a Horse to Water, But…
Authors: He Haiou , Stark Michael , Fleming David , Gould Jeanne , Russell-Alexander Yolanda , Weir Brian
Published: November 2015

This study's purpose was to encourage out-of-treatment injection drug users (IDUs) to participate in drug treatment or self-help, and thereby reduce their injection drug use and HIV risk. In Portland, Oregon, IDUs were recruited for HIV counseling and testing and were randomly assigned to a standard intervention (SI) or one of two enhanced intervention (EI) groups. SI subjects received two sessions of counseling and testing only. In addition to counseling and testing, EI subjects received social support and incentives designed to facilitate their entrance into either drug treatment (DT) or self-help (SH). Compared to SI subjects, a higher proportion of DT subjects initiated drug treatment, and more SH subjects initiated self-help. There was, however, rapid dropout from DT and SH among EI participants, and no difference was found between SI and EI subjects in injecting at a 6-month follow-up. Subjects retained in DT or SH had reduced injection drug use, suggesting the need to determine factors that make DT and SH more intrinsically appealing.
Variation in Perceived College Drinking Norms and its Impact on Alcohol Abuse: A Nationwide Study
Authors: Perkins H. Wesley , Wechsler Henry
Published: November 2015

College students' perceptions of campus norms about alcohol use and the impact of these perceptions on personal alcohol abuse are examined with data (N = 17,592) from a nationwide survey of students at 140 colleges and universities. The student's particular collegiate environment accounted for only a small portion of the overall variation in perceptions of campus drinking norms. Within each campus context perceptions varied widely. More permissive perceptions of the norm were significantly associated with greater personal alcohol abuse even after controlling for personal attitudes, thus suggesting that perceiving a permissive environment encourages students to drink more heavily than they would otherwise based on their personal attitudes. The detrimental impact of perceiving more permissive drinking norms is greatest for students whose own attitudes about drinking are already permissive.
Establishing an HIV/AIDS Intervention Program for Street Drug Users in a Developing Nation
Authors: Inciardi James A. , Surratt Hilary L. , McCoy H. Virginia
Published: November 2015

The general purposes of the PROVIVA project are to establish a community HIV/AIDS surveillance and monitoring system in Rio de Janeiro and to develop, implement, and evaluate a community-based HIV/AIDS prevention and intervention program for cocaine injectors and snorters, and male transvestite sex workers, in Rio's shantytowns, prostitution districts, and other neighborhoods where rates of street drug use are high. A secondary purpose is to develop an effective field-based HIV prevention program that can be used in other communities throughout Latin America and perhaps other developing nations.

Conducting research in an international setting in general, and establishing a community-based seroprevalence and prevention project in a developing nation in particular, presented a myriad of procedural and logistical obstacles and complications. Within this context, this paper reviews the requirements of the National Institute on Drug Abuse cooperative agreement projects, examines the issues and problems associated with implementing this kind of research in a developing nation, and suggests appropriate solutions for dealing with these emergent circumstances and difficulties.
Participant Observation of a Therapeutic Community Model for Offenders in Drug Treatment
Authors: Mello Cátia Olivier , Pechansky Flavio , Inciardi James A. , Surratt Hilary L.
Published: November 2015

This paper reports the participant observation of a Brazilian psychologist and a Brazilian psychiatrist during a 1-month period in two therapeutic communities (TCs) for drug-using offenders. A description of the activities undertaken by the prisoners who are serving their sentences at the Multi-Purpose Criminal Justice Facility in Wilmington, Del., is complemented with a theoretical understanding of the process. Clinical and developmental psychological approaches are used to explain the functioning of TCs when applied to a correctional environment. The theory of scripts and the use of metacommunication as a therapeutic tool are used in the explanation of these therapeutic procedures.
A Qualitative Study of the Social Contextual Use of Alkyl Nitrites (Poppers) among Targeted Groups
Authors: French Rebecca , Power Robert
Published: November 2015

This paper uses qualitative methods to examine the social contextual use of alkyl nitrites among targeted groups: young recreational drug users (students), polysubstance users receiving treatment in a methadone program, homosexual men, and homeless people. Nitrites were a popular recreational and social drug, most commonly taken in nightclubs to enhance both music and the effects of other recreational drugs or taken to enhance sexual experience. Its legal status, low cost, and easy availability added to its popularity, particularly among younger people.

Nitrites appeared to be commonplace in mainstream night clubs, having previously been confined to night clubs catering to a more homosexual clientele. Despite this fact, nitrites were still associated with gay culture. There was no evidence that nitrite use led directly to use of illicit drugs.
The “Temperance Mentality”: A Comparison of University Students in Seven Countries
Authors: Alexander Bruce K. , Dawes Gary A. , van de Wijngaart Govert F. , Ossebaard Hans C. , Maraun Michael D.
Published: November 2015

In response to a ‘temperance mentality’ questionnaire, university students from Iran, Bulgaria, the United States, and Italy expressed more support for ‘temperance moralism’ than did students from Canada, Ireland, and the Netherlands. On the other hand, students from all seven countries generally supported ‘non-moralistic drug prohibitionism,’ an attitude that appears more compatible with the contemporary harm-reduction movement. In every sample, students expressed more support for temperance items that were directed towards drugs and alcohol than they did for items that were directed at alcohol alone. We argue that understanding the “temperance mentality” on a transnational level may help society to avoid repeating some of the drug policy excesses of the past.
Does Early Drug Use Increase the Risk of Dropping out of High School?
Authors: Ellickson Phyllis , Bui Khanh , Bell Robert , McGuigan Kimberly A.
Published: November 2015

This study examines the impact of early adolescent drug use on subsequent dropping out of high school in a sample of 4,390 adolescents from California and Oregon. Participants were initially surveyed in 7th grade in 1985 and again in 1990 when they should have completed 12th grade. Logistic regression analyses show that frequency of cigarette use during 7th grade predicts dropping out of high school, controlling for demographics, family structure, academic orientation, early deviance, and school environment. Separate analyses by race/ethnicity replicate this finding for Asians, Blacks, and whites, but not for Latinos. For Latinos, early marijuana use predicts dropping out. The results suggest that preventing or reducing the incidence of early smoking and marijuana use may help reduce the probability of dropping out of high school.
Illicit Drug Use and Labor Market Outcomes: A Review of Economic Theory and its Empirical Implications
Authors: Kaestner Robert
Published: November 2015

In this paper, I outline the economic theory pertinent to the analysis of the effect of drug use on labor market outcomes. I argue that the complex behavioral links that underlie the relationship between drug use and labor market outcomes make it necessary to explicitly model the process that determines both of these outcomes. Only then can effective empirical strategies be developed that will yield credible estimates of the causal effect of drug use on labor market outcomes. Economic theory is well suited to this task since at its core it is a behavioral model of individual choice. I also discuss some methodological strategies that can be used to address the empirical problems associated with estimating such a structural model.
Formalism and Narrative in Law and Medicine: The Debate over Medical Marijuana Use
Authors: Manderson Desmond
Published: November 2015

The debate over the medical use of marijuana, recently played out in California and of topical significance elsewhere, is often portrayed – by both sides – as a conflict between the forces of rationality against those of emotion. The fact that proponents and opponents are both able to characterize themselves as on the ‘right’ side of this equation should suggest to us that what is at stake is precisely the meaning of rationality. The author presents the debate on this subject as an ideological struggle about the nature of our society's core values. At the heart of the dispute is a disagreement about what counts as science, as evidence, and as truth. After demonstrating that in the debate over medical marijuana, there are two versions of these concepts being played out, the author goes on to argue that the conflict can be resolved by exploring deeper those philosophical elements which are common to both sides. Characterizing the philosophical disagreement as one between those who value ‘public good’ and those who, on the contrary, value ‘private freedom,’ Manderson concludes by focusing on the pain which the medical use of marijuana is said to relieve. The control of pain is both a public benefit and a private advantage and, therefore, is an aspect which, the author believes, makes a case for the use of the drug persuasive to both sides.
Accuracy in Detecting Prenatal Drug Exposure
Authors: Arendt Robert E. , Singer Lynn T. , Minnes Sonia , Salvator Ann
Published: November 2015

A basic problem encountered by investigations of prenatal cocaine effects has been the valid identification and quantification of exposure. Based on a combination of sources: (a) medical record review, (b) maternal urine toxicology screen, (c) meconium analysis, and (d) maternal postpartum interview, drug exposure status of 415 infants was established. Using this combination as a benchmark, maternal postpartum interview was found most sensitive, while medical record review was slightly less accurate. Meconium analysis and urine screens both demonstrated miss rates greater than the interview or record review methods. Meconium analysis and postpartum interview, however, each detected cases of cocaine exposure that the other had missed. Correlations between the amount of cocaine found in meconium and in maternal report indicated that the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine was the best biological marker. Quantifying heavy versus light exposure required a combination of both meconium analysis and maternal postpartum interview techniques.
Heroin Sniffing as Self-Regulation among Injecting and Non-Injecting Heroin Users
Authors: Sotheran Jo L. , Goldsmith Douglas S. , Blasco Martín , Friedman Samuel R.
Published: November 2015

This paper examines sniffing as a mode of administration among three subgroups who sniff heroin: those who had never injected, those who were also injecting, and those who had ceased injection. Modified life-history interviews were conducted in 1994 with 26 people currently sniffing but not Injecting, recruited in street-based settings in conjunction with an ongoing study of risk behavior and seroprevalence among drug injectors. These were supplemented by survey interviews and brief open-ended interviews with 23 people who combined heroin injecting with heroin sniffing, recruited from a parallel component of the ongoing study, based at a hospital detoxification ward. Not merely a brief precursor to heroin injecting, heroin sniffing can continue for long periods, and persist during and after periods of injection. Each subgroup uses heroin sniffing to regulate different perceived risks: heroin tolerance and financial expenditure (among those who have never injected), situational risks (among current injectors), and personal crises (among former injectors). These findings suggest the importance of personal factors over syringe availability or fear of HIV in use of modes of heroin administration.
Ecstasy Use at Large-Scale Dance Events in the Netherlands
Authors: van de Wijngaart  , Braam Ruud , de Bruin Dick , Fris Marjolein , Maalsté N.J.M. , Verbraeck H.T.
Published: November 2015

In the 1980s, MDMA appeared on the Dutch market. The popular use of MDMA and MDMA-analogs (commonly known as ecstasy) spread quickly in the second half of the 1980s, especially at large-scale dance events. After prohibition in 1988, the ecstasy market became “polluted,” adding an extra risk factor to its use. The Dutch government showed concern, and the Health Department initiated a research program. The Utrecht University Addiction Research Institute (CVO) conducted a socio-epidemiological study into the nature and extent of, and the risks involved in, ecstasy use at dance events. More than one thousand respondents participated in the study. This article focuses on the methodology and results of the study. Applied methods included observations, written questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and urine sampling.
Needle and Syringe Exchange in Poland and the Former Soviet Union: A New Approach to Community-Impact Studies
Authors: Alcabes Philip , Beniowski Marek , Grund Jean-Paul C.
Published: November 2015

This article describes a new approach to assessing the impact of needle- and syringe-exchange programs (NSEPs), designed for application in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. In these parts of the world, use of a homemade opiate preparation made from poppy plants is common. The advance of AIDS has been associated with increasing use of this drug. However, NSEP might be less effective in that setting than in the West: with a liquid drug, virus transmission may take place through sharing or selling of the drug itself, even when each user has his or her own works and never shares them with others. NSEPs can be difficult to evaluate, however, particularly where users are stigmatized. Here, we propose methods to assess the community impact of NSEPs by evaluating syringes, not users. These methods involve labeling, tracking, and enumeration of syringes as well as testing of syringes for parenterally transmissible virus (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus). They allow for estimation of the total number of syringes in circulation, the average time each syringe spends circulating among users, and the rate of virus exposure among users. Examples are given of the implementation of these methods in Poland, with assessments of the community impact of local NSEPs there.
RNA Is Closely Associated with Human Mast Cell Secretory Granules, Suggesting a Role(s) for Granules in Synthetic Processes
Authors: Dvorak Ann M. , Morgan Ellen S. , Lichtenstein Lawrence M. , Weller Peter F. , Schleimer Robert P.
Published: November 2015

The distribution of ribosomes in mature human mast cells, a major granulated secretory cell, does not resemble that in other secretory cells, such as pancreatic acinar cells and plasma cells. By routine ultrastructural analysis, ribosomes in human mast cells are often close to, attached to, or even appear to be within secretory granules. To document better these relationships, we used multiple electron microscopic imaging methods, based on different principles, to define RNA, ribosome, and granule relationships in mature human mast cells. These methods included EDTA regressive staining, RNase digestion, immunogold labeling of ribonucleoproteins or uridine, direct binding or binding after ultrastructural in situ hybridization of various polyuridine probes to polyadenine in mRNA, and ultrastructural autoradiographic localization of [3H]-uridine incorporated into cultured human mast cells. These different labeling methods demonstrated ribosomes, RNA, U1SnRNP (a small nuclear RNP specific for alternative splicing of mRNA), mRNA, and uridine to be associated with secretory granules in human mast cells, implicating granules in a larger synthetic role in mast cell biology.
Ruthenium Hexaammine Trichloride Chemography for Aggrecan Mapping in Cartilage Is a Sensitive Indicator of Matrix Degradation
Authors: Buschmann Michael D. , Maurer Anne-Marie , Berger Elke , Perumbuli Prasanna , Hunziker Ernst B.
Published: November 2015

We developed a new quantitative histochemical method for mapping aggrecan content in articular cartilage and applied it to models of cartilage degradation. Ruthenium hexaammine trichloride (RHT) forms co-precipitates with aggrecan, the main proteoglycan component of cartilage, and was previously found to be a good fixative in aiding the maintenance of chondrocyte morphology. We show that these RHT-aggrecan precipitates generate a positive chemographic signal on autoradiographic emulsions, in the absence of any radioactivity in the tissue section, via a process similar to the autometallographic process used previously for localization of trace metals ions in tissues. By exploiting the inherent depth-dependence of aggrecan concentration in adult articular cartilage, we demonstrated that the density of silver grains produced by RHT-derived chemography on autoradiographic emulsions correlated with locally measured aggrecan concentration as determined by the dimethylmethylene blue assay of microdissected tissue from these different depths of cartilage. To explore the benefits of this new method in monitoring tissue degradation, cartilage explants were degraded during culture using interleukin-1 (IL-1) or digested after culture using chondroitinase and keratinase. The RHT chemographic signal derived from these samples, compared to controls, showed sensitivity to loss of aggrecan and distinguished cell-mediated loss (IL-1) from degradation due to addition of exogenous enzymes. The RHT-derived chemographic grain density represents an interesting new quantitative tool for histological analysis of cartilage in physiology and in arthritis.
Programs, Materials and Techniques
Authors: Brown Virginia
Published: November 2015

The column this month is devoted primarily to an in-depth review of the Goodman & Burke Reading Miscue Inventory.

The Reading Miscue Inventory, as one of the more radical departures from traditional reading assessment, is compared with a more traditional Individual Reading Inventory, the Durrell Analysis of Reading Difficulty. The basic premises of Miscue Analysis recast assessment from error counting to analyzing the context of a departure from the expected response of the text, and further to determine the relationship of that departure to the language and concept repertoire of the reader. Since they also carry implications for the reconsideration of the role of the teacher in reading instruction, and for viewing reading behaviors as “good” or “bad,” the bases upon which it has been developed will be of interest to practitioners and researchers in learning disabilities, as well as to parents whose children are placed in remedial programs designed to ameliorate reading problems.

A short review of a program by Hatten & Hatten that is designed to bridge the gap between the language clinician's program and functional use of language in the natural environment follows. Last is a fanfare to Max Trader of the Grand Junction, Colorado Public Schools for a successful inservice that should be emulated.
Teacher Involvement and Early Identification of Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Schaer Hildegard F. , Crump W. Donald
Published: November 2015

Research on early identification of learning disabilities shows little consensus as to its feasibility. A review of programs geared to early intervention, after identification, indicates mainly inconclusive results or no follow-up and evaluation at all. The teacher as a key person in early identification and diagnosis is stressed. Teacher observations, together with continuous daily evaluation, seem to be the best course available under the circumstances.
A State Department of Education's Stake in the Work of Professional Teacher Placement Agencies
Authors: Stone James C.
Published: November 2015

Qualified teachers, particularly elementary school teachers, are at a premium in every state. In California, the fastest growing state, which obtains one half its annual supply from other states, an effective cooperative program facilitates guidance, certification, and the continuous study of supply and demand, as described here by Mr. Stone, Consultant in Teacher Education, California State Department of Education.
Exploring the Dimensionality of Ethnic Minority Adaptation in Britain: An Analysis across Ethnic and Generational Lines
Authors: Lessard-Phillips Laurence
Published: November 2015

In this article I explore the dimensionality of the long-term experiences of the main ethnic minority groups (their adaptation) in Britain. Using recent British data, I apply factor analysis to uncover the underlying number of factors behind variables deemed to be representative of the adaptation experience within the literature. I then attempt to assess the groupings of adaptation present in the data, to see whether a typology of adaptation exists (i.e. whether adaptation in different dimensions can be concomitant with others). The analyses provide an empirical evidence base to reflect on: (1) the extent of group differences in the adaptation process, which may cut across ethnic and generational lines; and (2) whether the uncovered dimensions of adaptation match existing theoretical views and empirical evidence. Results suggest that adaptation should be regarded as a multi-dimensional phenomenon where clear typologies of adaptation based on specific trade-offs (mostly cultural) appear to exist.
The Influence of Coagulation Variables on the Structure and Physical Properties of an Acrylic Fiber
Authors: Knudsen J. P.
Published: November 2015

During the coagulation step in the wet spinning process, a concentrated, highly viscous polymer solution is transformed into protofibers which require further processing before they acquire textile fiber properties. The structure of these protofibers is strongly influenced by coagulation conditions, and this structure, in turn, influences the extent to which desirable properties can be developed in the finished product.

In this study, the effect of several coagulation variables on the structure of protofibers preserved by freeze drying has been determined and related to the further processability and final properties of the fibers.

Coagulation temperature, coagulation bath composition, extrusion rate, and take-up rate are shown to influence the cross-sectional shape, initial density, and void structure of the protofibers. Higher initial fiber density and more homogeneous internal structure permit the development of higher strength at lower stretches, higher elongation at a given strength level, high maximum strength and modulus at high stretch ratios, and improved fatigue and abrasion behavior.
The Effect of Testing Conditions on Fiber Drag: Part I: Dynamic Method
Authors: Simpson Jack , DeLuca Lloyd B.
Published: November 2015

The effect of testing conditions on fiber drag when a dynamic drafting force measurement (West Point Cohesion Tester2) is used was investigated. It was demonstrated that the drag characteristic of a particular cotton can best be evaluated by measuring the drafting tenacity at several roll settings.

An exponential type of curve was obtained when the reciprocal of roll setting was plotted against drafting tenacity. Based on the equation for a particular draft, the equation for any draft can be derived by multiplying the constant of the equation by the ratio of the drafts.

The drafting-force wavelength increased with increases in fiber length, roll setting, and draft, and it corresponded exactly to the wavelength of the sliver thickness wave as obtained with the Saco-Lowell Sliver Tester.
The Sorption Behavior of Cystine-Modified Wool
Authors: Watt I. C.
Published: November 2015

The sorption behavior of wool fibers with a reduced cystine content has been studied, using water and formic acid as sorbates. Reduction alone causes little change of the sorption behavior but reduction followed by alkylation of the sulfhydryl groups causes changes depending on the extent of reduction and the alkylation procedure.

The water absorption isotherm of the alkylated wool is less than the corresponding isotherm of unmodified wool until near-saturation humidities where the water content becomes higher for the alkylated samples. For absorption at high humidities the uptake curves of reduced and methylated samples show large overshoots of water content above the equilibrium water content. For samples alkylated with alkyl dihalides such that new cross-links are formed, the rate of uptake is less than for unmodified wool, but at saturation the water content is between that of unmodified wool and reduced and methylated wool. The conversion of cystine to lanthionine in wool also leads to increased water contents at high humidities. The changes in sorption behavior of the modified wools are more marked when formic acid vapor is the sorbate.
Studies in Mothproofing: Part III: Patterns of Damage Caused in Moothproofed Woolen Fabrics by Two Species of Clothes Moth
Authors: Kuwana Zyuiti , Nakamura Sigeko
Published: November 2015

The efficacy of dieldrin (1–0.0009% on fabrics), Mitin (16–0.156%), and Eulan U33 (6–0.0058%) was tested with 30-day-old larvae of Tinea pellionella (L.) and 25-day-old larvae of Tineola bisselliella (Hum.) at 25° C and 75% RH, raised on dried fish and yeast. With higher concentrations of the proofing agents, all larvae died within one or two weeks, and the damage was 0.05–4 mg per 10 larvae, depending on the concentration. With less proofing agent, the damage in the first week (20–35 mg) was increased in the next three weeks to a total of 130–200% of the first amount, the mortality was low, and pupation began from the third week. At concentrations between these, the damage was 7–10 mg and the mortality was 100%. All three mothproofing agents were somewhat more effective against Tineola than Tinea. As compared with the Attagenus larvae, these clothes moths are slightly less susceptible to dieldrin, more susceptible to Eulan U33, and show about the same susceptibility to Mitin.
Nonwoven Fabric Studies: Part III: The Anisotropy of Nonwoven Fabrics
Authors: Hearle J. W. S. , Stevenson P. J.
Published: November 2015

The anisotropy of nonwoven fabrics of various types has been studied in terms of modulus, strength, breaking extension, and fiber orientation. Polar diagrams for these quantities are given. Another important factor is the degree of curl in the fibers, and results are compared from different types of fabric and different directions. The variations in mechanical properties with direction are explained in terms of the structural features.
Characterizing Fiber Crimp by Image Analysis: Definitions, Algorithms, and Techniques
Authors: Xu B. , Pourdeyhimi B. , Sobus J.
Published: November 2015

Crimp is one of the most important aspects of fiber geometry. Image analysis provides a means for quantifying crimp morphology in an efficient and reliable manner. This study presents a protocol for the automated analysis of two-dimensional crimp data. Preprocessing operations consist of histogram equalization, boundary definition with the use of image morphology, and boundary information storage by chain codes. Descriptors for characterizing and quantifying crimps are defined and algorithms for calculating these descriptors are developed. Preliminary results of a trial analysis indicate that these techniques may prove useful in the general application of crimp characterization and classification.
Applying Differential Scanning Calorimetry to Detergency Studies of Oily Soil
Authors: Yatagai Mamiko , Komaki Motoko , Hashimoto Toshimasa
Published: November 2015

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been applied to studies of oily soil removal from fibrous materials. Fabric and filter paper were soiled with various oily substances present in sebum. After washing, the fibrous samples were subjected to DSC measurements. The residual oily soils on the samples were analyzed by the melting peak areas of the DSC heating curves, a method that is widely applicable to various oily substances with different melting points and polymorphic forms. Various woven or nonwoven fibrous samples can be scanned, regardless of sample size in washing experiments.
Influence of Textile Structure on Single Fiber Transfer from Woven Fabrics
Authors: Annis Patricia A. , Bresee Randall R. , Cooper Terry R.
Published: November 2015

A machine designed to abrade fabrics using small abrasive forces and slow rates is used to induce fiber transfer from twelve woven fabrics. Single fiber transfer, the release and relocation of individual fibers, is evaluated in terms of the number and length of fibers transferred, along with the influence of several fiber, yarn, and fabric structural features on fiber transfer. Modeling procedures indicate that structural features that predict fiber transfer best are fiber denier, fiber length, and weave type. The influence of these features is complex, and analysis of variance indicates that fiber transfer is significantly affected by their interaction.
Degradative Wool Shrinkproofing Processes
Authors: Coderch L. , Pinazo A. , Erra P.
Published: November 2015

We have studied the protein modification occurring in some degradative shrinkproofing processes, and compared the physical and chemical changes arising from these processes. The treatment medium facilitates the penetration of reactive agents. Although none of the treatments preventing wool shrinkage provoke an appreciable solubilization of the fibers, all of them modify protein to form new ionic compounds.
Structural Morphology of High Speed Spun Polyester Fibers
Authors: Mukhopadhyay S. K. , Bebbington E. M. O. , Foster P. W.
Published: November 2015

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) monofilaments spun at speeds ranging from 4 to 9 km/min were studied using a flexible thermomechanical analyzer, Instron tensile tester, transmission electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Dynamic shrinkage tension behavior, modulus and elongation, electron diffraction patterns of ultra thin cross sections of fibers, and the melting behavior of the materials are discussed in terms of structural stability, crystallinity, and crystalline orientation.
Diffusion of an Acid Dye in a Multiple Porous Membrane Assembly
Authors: Sasaki H. , Morikawa H.
Published: November 2015

We have investigated the concentration distribution of an acid dye in a multiple porous cellulosic membrane. On the basis of the diffusional boundary layer model, we present the computational method of a concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient of dye in multiple layers. We have assumed that the relationship between the diffusion coefficient Df and the dye concentration C is of the form Df = Dfo exp(α C). The concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient estimated by the numerical method is in close agreement with that predicted by the pore model in a dye concentration range of about 1.0 to 2.2 × 10−2 mol/kg.
Catalytic Vapor Phase Nitroxidation of p-Xylene: a New Route for Synthesis of Terephthalic Acid and Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)
Authors: Kala Vandana , Prasad R. , Sharma A. L. , Mathew J.
Published: November 2015

We have examined catalytic transformation of p-xylene into terephthalonitrile with nitric oxide (NO) over an aluminium oxide-supported ferric oxide catalyst using a fixed bed reactor in a temperature range of 320-460°c under atmospheric pressure. We achieved a maximum conversion of 80% with an Al2O3:Fe2O3 catalyst having an Al:Fe atomic ratio of nearly 1:1 at a temperature of 360°c with a NO: p-xylene mole ratio of 54.60. We studied the effect of temperature and NO: p-xylene mole ratio on the conversion to terephthalonitrile. Using Mössbauer and IR spectra of the catalysts, we concluded that Al2O3 not only provides a larger surface for the iron oxide catalyst, but also increases its activity by interacting with Fe2O3 and upholds the theory of metal support interaction.
Multilayer Adsorption of Moisture in Wool and its Application in Fabric Steaming
Authors: Le Cuong V. , Ly Nhan G.
Published: November 2015

Multilayer adsorption theory is used to derive an equation that accurately fits the experimental isotherms for the whole range of adsorbate concentration. The parameters used in the proposed isotherm equation relate to the size and fraction of capillaries and pores in the adsorbent material. A relationship between the change in the quantity of adsorbed molecules and temperature is derived for any adsorbent material in which the sizes of capillaries and pores do not change with temperature. This equation, when combined with the isotherm equation, produces a family of isotherms at varying temperatures, and the isosteres for changes in regain with temperature at constant humidity. From the absorption behavior of wool at high temperature, the steady-state condition during steaming of wool can be predicted. For the conditions that prevail in pressure decatizing, fabric with initial regains in the range of 13-18% will take the least time to reach equilibrium.
Dyeing Rate of Nylon 6 Yarn with p-Aminoazobenzene
Authors: Sasaki H. , Morikawa H. , Miyaguchi T. , Araki H.
Published: November 2015

The dyeing rate of p-aminoazobenzene on nylon 6 yarn at 40°C has been investigated. The apparent diffusion coefficient and the diffusional boundary layer parameter are estimated in such a way that the experimental data fit with the theoretical rate curve based on the diffusional boundary layer model. The dyeing behavior of the yarn is discussed in relation to the pore size of the spaces between individual filaments.
Effects of Grafting with Acrylic Acid on Removal of Oily Soil from Polyester Fabric
Authors: Kawase Tokuzo , Uchita Maki , Fujii Tomiko , Minagawa Motoi
Published: November 2015

In a series of studies on the effects of modifying textiles for soil release properties, polyester fabrics were grafted with acrylic acid to vary their surface energies while changing their bulk properties as little as possible. The surface free energies of grafted polyester fabrics were estimated using the relationship between the polar component of surface energies γ sp and the peak area ratios of COONa (1580 cm-1) to COOR (1250 cm-1) by FT-IR measurements. The effects of grafting on soil release were also investigated with washing experiments using squalane, triolein, and oleic acid as oily soils. The effects of grafting on oily soil removal varied depending on the polarity of soil. Results are discussed in terms of the work of adhesion between oil and polyester fabric.