bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Map Is More Than Just a Graph: Geospatial Educational Research and the Importance of Historical Context
Authors: Kelly Matthew Gardner
Published: February 2019

In this article, I discuss the promise of geospatial techniques for education policy research and how increased attention to the historical context of spatial data can enhance that work. While scholarship utilizing geographic information systems has added considerable breadth to our understanding of education policy, recent geospatial studies in education policy tended to neglect long-term, historical trends. Drawing on research in geography dealing with temporality, this article discusses the critical importance of historical context for spatial analysis. Then, to illustrate this point, I use the example of education policy research on school district boundaries to suggest the benefits of extending our temporal frame when conducting geospatial educational research. Greater attention to the historical context of geospatial data can (1) help policy researchers generate new research questions, (2) enhance their use of quantitative spatial analysis techniques, and (3) deepen their understanding of the underlying causes of contemporary patterns in the distribution of educational opportunity.
Everyday politics of austerity: Infrastructure and vulnerability in times of crisis
Authors: Petrova Saska , Prodromidou Alexandra
Published: February 2019

Growing numbers of households in Greece are unable to secure adequate levels of energy services in the home – a condition generally known as energy poverty. This situation can largely be attributed to the imposition of an austerity regime following the post-2008 debt crisis. We scrutinize the everyday experiences of, and resistance to, austerity among the ‘new energy poor’ – an emergent socio-demographic group whose vulnerability is contingent upon decreasing incomes, high prices, new taxation and inadequate socio-technical infrastructures. Having undertaken ethnographic research with 25 households living in and around the Northern Greek city of Thessaloniki, we draw on theoretical insights from the domains of informal household practices and environmentality frameworks to highlight the manner in which the austerity regime simultaneously renders households vulnerable and governable. The geographies of the new energy poor include a variety of spatial settings – in urban and peri-urban locations alike – that are constitutive of multiple material sites while being dependent upon them. This points to the existence of an infrastructurally embedded everyday landscape of austerity that amalgamates the state policies, corporate interests, household practices and material pathways through which energy is produced and consumed.
What Is the Confusion With Cortisol?
Authors: McEwen Bruce S.
Published: February 2019

Cortisol has many roles not only in mediating the response to stress but also in the circadian rhythm, and it does so by both genomic and nongenomic cellular and molecular mechanisms. Yet, it is common to associate cortisol only with stress and, in particular, with the negative aspects of stress even though we would not survive without it. This commentary provides a brief overview not only of the diverse roles of cortisol but also of how to measure it to get meaningful information in the context of other mediators of stress and adaptation and the concepts of allostasis and allostatic load and overload. In particular, the adaptive plasticity of the brain mediated by glucocorticoids and excitatory amino acids is discussed in relation to misconceptions about what constitutes brain damage. Thus the confusion with cortisol is that it does too many important things both positive and negative!
Tranexamic acid is an active site inhibitor of urokinase plasminogen activator
Authors: Wu Guojie , Mazzitelli Blake A. , Quek Adam J. , Veldman Matthew J. , Conroy Paul J. , Caradoc-Davies Tom T. , Ooms Lisa M. , Tuck Kellie L. , Schoenecker Jonathan G. , Whisstock James C. , Law Ruby H. P.
Published: February 2019

Key Points

TXA is an active-site inhibitor of uPA. TXA attenuates MDA-MB-231 BAG cell migration and inhibits endogenous uPA activity.
Expansion of IL-17A–secreting CD8+ mucosa-associated invariant T cells in peripheral blood following stem cell mobilization
Authors: Varelias Antiopi , Gartlan Kate H. , Wilkinson Andrew N. , Olver Stuart D. , Samson Luke D. , Tey Siok-Keen , MacDonald Kelli P. A. , Hill Geoffrey R.
Published: February 2019

Key Points

Stem cell mobilization with G-CSF promotes IL-17A secretion by donor CD8+ MAIT cells. Tbet and RORγt coexpression identifies potential IL-17A–secreting proinflammatory populations after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Interleukin-2–inducible T-cell kinase inhibitors modify functional polarization of human peripheral T-cell lymphoma cells
Authors: Mamand Sami , Carr Matthew , Allchin Rebecca L. , Ahearne Matthew J. , Wagner Simon D.
Published: February 2019

Key Points

ITK inhibitors perturb functional changes due to polarizing culture conditions in normal human tonsil CD4+ T cells. Primary human PTCL cells alter their functional properties in culture and ITK inhibitors modify these changes.
Transcriptome sequencing analysis of maize embryonic callus during early redifferentiation
Authors: Zhang Xiaoling , Wang Yanli , Yan Yuanyuan , Peng Hua , Long Yun , Zhang Yinchao , Jiang Zhou , Liu Peng , Zou Chaoying , Peng Huanwei , Pan Guangtang , Shen Yaou
Published: February 2019

Background

Maize is one of the primary crops of genetic manipulation, which provides an excellent means of promoting stress resistance and increasing yield. However, the differences in induction and regeneration capacity of embryonic callus (EC) among various genotypes result in genotypic dependence in genetic transformation.

Results

In this study, embryonic calli of two maize inbred lines with strong redifferentiation capacity and two lines with weak redifferentiation capability were separately subjected to transcriptome sequencing analysis during the early redifferentiation stages (stage I, 1–3 d; stage II, 4–6 d; stage III, 7–9 d) along with their corresponding controls. A total of ~ 654.72 million cDNA clean reads were yielded, and 62.64%~ 69.21% clean reads were mapped to the reference genome for each library. In comparison with the control, the numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for the four inbred lines identified in the three stages ranged from 1694 to 7193. By analyzing the common and specific DEGs of the four materials, we found that there were 321 upregulated genes and 386 downregulated genes identified in the high-regeneration lines (141 and DH40), whereas 611 upregulated genes and 500 downregulated genes were specifically expressed in the low-regeneration lines (ZYDH381–1 and DH3732). Analysis of the DEG expression patterns indicated a sharp change at stage I in both the high- and low-regeneration lines, which suggested that stage I constitutes a crucial period for EC regeneration. Notably, the specific common DEGs of 141 and DH40 were mainly associated with photosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, ribosomes, and plant hormone signal transduction. In contrast, the DEGs in ZYDH381–1 and DH3732 were mainly related to taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, fatty acid elongation, starch and sucrose metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and plant circadian rhythm. More importantly, WOX genes, which have an ancestral role in embryo development in seed plants and promote the regeneration of transformed calli, were specifically upregulated in the two high-regeneration lines.

Conclusions

Our research contributes to the elucidation of molecular regulation during early redifferentiation in the maize embryonic callus.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: TRIM29 facilitates the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and the progression of colorectal cancer via the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Authors: Sun Juntao , Zhang Tianyu , Cheng Mengmeng , Hong Liwen , Zhang Chen , Xie Mengfan , Sun Peijun , Fan Rong , Wang Zhengting , Wang Lei , Zhong Jie
Published: February 2019

Background

Tripartite Motif 29 (TRIM29) has been newly identified as being implicated in cancer progression. However, the biological role and molecular mechanism of TRIM29 in the invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) remain to be determined.

Methods

The expression levels of TRIM29 and β-catenin in CRC patient specimens were detected by immunohistochemistry. Recombinant lentivirus vectors containing the TRIM29 gene and its small hairpin interfering RNAs were constructed and transduced into CRC cells. Wound-healing and Transwell assays were performed to evaluate the migration and invasion abilities of CRC cells in vitro. Hepatic metastasis models in nude mice were established to validate the function of TRIM29 in vivo. Moreover, the expressions of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated proteins were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting in CRC cells. Finally, Western blotting, qRT-PCR, luciferase reporter assays, and immunofluorescence assays were used to explore the molecular mechanisms of TRIM29 in CRC progression.

Results

Increased TRIM29 expression positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and β-catenin expression in patient CRC tissues. Overexpression of TRIM29 promoted invasion and metastasis of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo by regulating EMT, whereas the knockdown of TRIM29 had the opposite effect. Further mechanistic studies suggest that TRIM29 can activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via up-regulating CD44 expression in colorectal cancer.

Conclusions

TRIM29 induces EMT through activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via up-regulating CD44 expression, thus promoting invasion and metastasis of CRC.
Engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum to produce the biogasoline isopentenol from plant biomass hydrolysates
Authors: Sasaki Yusuke , Eng Thomas , Herbert Robin A. , Trinh Jessica , Chen Yan , Rodriguez Alberto , Gladden John , Simmons Blake A. , Petzold Christopher J. , Mukhopadhyay Aindrila
Published: February 2019

Background

Many microbes used for the rapid discovery and development of metabolic pathways have sensitivities to final products and process reagents. Isopentenol (3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol), a biogasoline candidate, has an established heterologous gene pathway but is toxic to several microbial hosts. Reagents used in the pretreatment of plant biomass, such as ionic liquids, also inhibit growth of many host strains. We explored the use of Corynebacterium glutamicum as an alternative host to address these constraints.

Results

We found C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 to be tolerant to both the final product, isopentenol, as well to three classes of ionic liquids. A heterologous mevalonate-based isopentenol pathway was engineered in C. glutamicum. Targeted proteomics for the heterologous pathway proteins indicated that the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase protein, HmgR, is a potential rate-limiting enzyme in this synthetic pathway. Isopentenol titers were improved from undetectable to 1.25 g/L by combining three approaches: media optimization; substitution of an NADH-dependent HmgR homolog from Silicibacter pomeroyi; and development of a C. glutamicum ∆poxB ∆ldhA host chassis.

Conclusions

We describe the successful expression of a heterologous mevalonate-based pathway in the Gram-positive industrial microorganism, C. glutamicum, for the production of the biogasoline candidate, isopentenol. We identified critical genetic factors to harness the isopentenol pathway in C. glutamicum. Further media and cultivation optimization enabled isopentenol production from sorghum biomass hydrolysates.
Considering the benefits of hosting refugees: evidence of refugee camps influencing local labour market activity and economic welfare in Rwanda
Authors: Loschmann Craig , Bilgili Özge , Siegel Melissa
Published: February 2019

This paper examines the influence of Congolese refugees on host communities in Rwanda, with a focus on labour market activity and economic welfare. The analysis takes advantage of newly collected survey data from three refugee camps and their surrounding areas to compare individuals and households within communities at various distances from, and therefore exposure to, the refugee population. We find evidence that residing close to a refugee camp makes it more likely that an individual is engaged in wage employment in comparison to farming or livestock production, representing a shift away from subsistence farming activities. In addition, there is evidence that females living nearby a camp have a higher occurrence of self-employment in business both as a primary and secondary activity, highlighting a notable gender-specific dynamic. Likewise, living in close proximity to a camp is associated with greater household asset ownership, benefiting both male- and female-headed households similarly, whereas no relationship is found in regard to ones’ subjective perception of their household’s economic situation. These generally encouraging results illustrate that refugees need not be a burden to their host societies, and their presence results in direct and indirect benefits.
Mental health difficulties across childhood and mental health service use: findings from a longitudinal population-based study
Authors: Mulraney Melissa , Hiscock Harriet , Sciberras Emma , Coghill David , Sawyer Michael
Published: February 2019

Background

Over the past 20 years the prevalence of child and adolescent mental disorders in high-income countries has not changed despite increased investment in mental health services. Insufficient contact with mental health services may be a contributing factor; however, it is not known what proportion of children have sufficient contact with health professionals to allow delivery of treatment meeting minimal clinical practice guidelines, or how long children experience symptoms prior to receiving treatment.

Aims

To investigate the level of mental healthcare received by Australian children from age 4 years to 14 years.

Method

Trajectories of mental health symptoms were mapped using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Health professional attendances and psychotropic medications dispensed were identified from linked national Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme records.

Results

Four trajectories of mental health symptoms were identified (low, high-decreasing, moderate-increasing and high-increasing). Most children with mental health symptoms had few MBS mental health attendances, and only a minority received care meeting study criteria for minimally adequate treatment. Children in the high-increasing and moderate-increasing trajectories were more likely to access care, yet there was no evidence of improvement in symptoms.

Conclusions

It is important that children and adolescents with mental health problems receive treatment that meets minimal practice guidelines. Further research is needed to identify the quality of care currently provided to children with mental health difficulties and how clinicians can be best funded and supported to provide care meeting minimal practice guidelines.

Declaration of interests

None.
Hydrocortisone Granules Are Bioequivalent When Sprinkled Onto Food or Given Directly on the Tongue
Authors: Daniel Eleni , Digweed Dena , Quirke Jo , Voet Bernard , Ross Richard J , Davies Madhu
Published: February 2019

Background

Immediate-release hydrocortisone granules in capsules for opening in pediatric-appropriate doses have recently been licensed for children with adrenal insufficiency. This study evaluated the bioavailability of hydrocortisone granules administered as sprinkles onto soft food and yogurt compared with direct administration to the back of the tongue.

Methods

Randomized, 3-period crossover study in 18 dexamethasone-suppressed healthy men. In each period, the fasted participants received 5 mg hydrocortisone granules either directly to the back of the tongue or sprinkled onto soft food (applesauce), or yogurt, followed by 240 mL of water. Serum cortisol was measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectometry.

Results

The cortisol geometric mean maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) for direct administration, sprinkles onto yogurt, and sprinkles onto soft food were: Cmax 428, 426, 427 nmol/L and AUC0-inf 859, 886, 844 h × nmol/L, and AUC0-t 853, 882, 838 h × nmol/L respectively. The 90% CI for the ratios of Cmax, AUC0-inf and AUC0-t for administration with soft food or yogurt to direct administration were well within the bioequivalent range, 80% to 125%. Median time to Cmax (Tmax) was similar between methods of administration: 0.63 hours administered directly, 0.75 hours on soft food and 0.75 hours on yogurt. No adverse events occurred during the study.

Conclusions

Hydrocortisone granules administered as sprinkles onto soft food or yogurt but not mixed with these foods are bioequivalent to those administered directly to the back of the tongue. Carers, parents, or patients may choose to administer hydrocortisone granules either directly or sprinkled onto soft food or yogurt.
Diabetes Mellitus–Related Fractional Glucose Uptake in Men and Women Imaged With 18F-FDG PET-CT
Authors: Waqas Komal , van Haard Paul M M , Postema Jan W A , Schweitzer Dave H
Published: February 2019

Context

Cohort studies show that cognitive dysfunction and both vascular and Alzheimer’s dementia are more common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Objective

To review and compare brain volume and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in brain of individuals age 60 to 70 years with or without type 2 diabetes.

Design

We searched 620 medical records for negative 18FDG PET-CT scans obtained during 33 months. Records showing history of cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, neurologic disorders, any history of brain atrophy, or documented cerebral infarction on neuroimaging were excluded from the study.

Results

A total of 119 medical records met the inclusion criteria. Data from 63 women and 56 men (without T2DM, 86; with T2DM, 33) were analyzed. Brain volume was larger in men than women (mean ± SD, 1411 ± 225 cm3 vs 1325 ± 147 cm3, respectively; P = 0.02), but men had a significantly lower fractional glucose uptake (SUVgluc), calculated as fasting blood glucose × SUVmax. [median (minimum, maximum), 63.6 (34.6, 126.6) vs 70.0 (36.4, 134.3); P = 0.02]. Brain volume was also larger in persons without T2DM than in those with T2DM (1392 ± 172 cm3 vs 1269 ± 183 cm3; P < 0.001), but SUVgluc was similar between these groups. Brain volume correlated with SUVgluc in both men and women overall (P < 0.001) but not in men and women with T2DM (P = 0.20 and 0.36, respectively).

Conclusion

In men without T2DM, median brain volume was larger and fractional glucose uptake was less than in women without T2DM. In men and women with T2DM, brain volume and fractional glucose uptake were similar. The findings support the hypothesis that fractional glucose uptake becomes impaired in men with T2DM.
Are North Korean Compatriots “Korean”? The Trifurcation of Ethnic Nationalism in South Korea during the Syngman Rhee Era (1948–60)
Authors: Kim Bumsoo
Published: February 2019

Focusing on the question of whether South Koreans’ notion of “we, the people of Korea” (uri taehan kungmin) included North Korean compatriots or not, this study examines the trifurcation of ethnic nationalism in South Korea during the Syngman Rhee era (1948–1960). Specifically, by analyzing columns and editorials of three Korean newspapers, Chosŏn ilbo, Tonga ilbo, and Kyŏnghyang sinmun, this study reveals that, following the division of Korea (1948), Korean nationalism trifurcated, at least in South Korea, into three different but closely related versions, each of which did not deny that historically all Koreans belonged to the same nation, but defined “we, the people of Korea” differently: (1) tanil minjok (one nation) nationalism, which included not only South Koreans but also North Korean compatriots in “we, the people of Korea”; (2) anticommunist nationalism, which included South Koreans and “patriotic compatriots” of North Korea in “we, the people of Korea” while excluding North Korean “commies”; and (3) Taehan Min’guk (the great ROK) nationalism, which identified only South Koreans as “we, the people of Korea.” In doing so, this study suggests that, as the division of Korea solidified after the Korean War, South Koreans began to “imagine” themselves as a different national community, separated from North Korean compatriots.
Integrative analysis of Paneth cell proteomic and transcriptomic data from intestinal organoids reveals functional processes dependent on autophagy
Authors: Jones Emily J. , Matthews Zoe J. , Gul Lejla , Sudhakar Padhmanand , Treveil Agatha , Divekar Devina , Buck Jasmine , Wrzesinski Tomasz , Jefferson Matthew , Armstrong Stuart D. , Hall Lindsay J. , Watson Alastair J. M. , Carding Simon R. , Haerty Wilfried , Di Palma Federica , Mayer Ulrike , Powell Penny P. , Hautefort Isabelle , Wileman Tom , Korcsmaros Tamas
Published: February 2019

Paneth cells are key epithelial cells providing an antimicrobial barrier and maintaining integrity of the small intestinal stem cell niche. Paneth cell abnormalities are unfortunately detrimental to gut health and often associated with digestive pathologies such as Crohn's disease or infections. Similar alterations are observed in individuals with impaired autophagy, a process which recycles cellular components. The direct effect of autophagy-impairment on Paneth cells has not been analysed. To investigate this, we generated a mouse model lacking Atg16l1 specifically in intestinal epithelial cells making these cells impaired in autophagy. Using 3D intestinal organoids enriched for Paneth cells, we compared the proteomic profiles of wild-type (WT) and autophagy-impaired organoids. We used an integrated computational approach combining protein-protein interaction networks, autophagy targeted proteins and functional information to identify the mechanistic link between autophagy-impairment and disrupted pathways. Of the 284 altered proteins, 198 (70%) were more abundant in autophagy-impaired organoids, suggesting reduced protein degradation. Interestingly, these differentially abundant proteins comprised 116 proteins (41%), predicted targets of the selective autophagy proteins p62, LC3 and ATG16L1. Our integrative analysis revealed autophagy-mediated mechanisms degrading proteins key to Paneth cell functions, such as exocytosis, apoptosis and DNA damage repair. Transcriptomic profiling of additional organoids confirmed that 90% of the observed changes upon autophagy alteration affect protein level and not gene expression. We performed further validation experiments showing differential lysozyme secretion, confirming our computationally inferred down-regulation of exocytosis. Our observations could explain how protein level alterations affect Paneth cell homeostatic functions upon autophagy impairment.
Anal cancer chemoradiotherapy outcome prediction using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and clinicopathological factors
Authors: Rusten Espen , Rekstad Bernt Louni , Undseth Christine , Klotz Dagmar , Hernes Eivor , Guren Marianne Grønlie , Malinen Eirik
Published: February 2019

Objective:

To assess the role of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET), obtained before and during chemoradiotherapy, in predicting locoregional failure relative to clinicopathological factors for patients with anal cancer.

Methods:

93 patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma treated with chemoradiotherapy were included in a prospective observational study (NCT01937780). FDG-PET/CT was performed for all patients before treatment, and for a subgroup (n = 39) also 2 weeks into treatment. FDG-PET was evaluated with standardized uptake values (SUVmax/peak/mean), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and a proposed Z-normalized combination of MTV and SUVpeak (ZMP). The objective was to predict locoregional failure using FDG-PET, tumor and lymph node stage, gross tumor volume (GTV) and human papilloma virus (HPV) status in univariate and bivariate Cox regression analysis.

Results:

N3 lymph node stage, HPV negative tumor, GTV, MTV, TLG and ZMP were in univariate analysis significant predictors of locoregional failure (p < 0.01), while SUVmax/peak/mean were not (p > 0.2). In bivariate analysis HPV status was the most independent predictor in combinations with N3 stage, ZMP, TLG, and MTV (p < 0.02). The FDG-PET parameters at 2 weeks into radiotherapy decreased by 30–40 % of the initial values, but neither absolute nor relative decrease improved the prediction models.

Conclusion:

Pre-treatment PET parameters are predictive of chemoradiotherapy outcome in anal cancer, although HPV negativity and N3 stage are the strongest single predictors. Predictions can be improved by combining HPV with PET parameters such as MTV, TLG or ZMP. PET 2 weeks into treatment does not provide added predictive value.

Advances in knowledge:

Pre-treatment PET parameters of anal cancer showed a predictive role independent of clinicopathological factors. Although the PET parameters show substantial reduction from pre- to mid-treatment, the changes were not predictive of chemoradiotherapy outcome.
Duty of candour: implications for radiologists
Authors: Strickland Nicola Hilary
Published: February 2019

This article addresses duty of candour in relation to radiologists. The legislation underpinning duty of candour, definition of terms and the requirements for its application are explained. Consideration is given as to the differences between duty of candour and openness of discussion. The issue of how duty of candour should apply to radiologists (both diagnostic and interventional) is then addressed.
Spectrum of neurovascular complications from central nervous system infections (viral, bacterial and fungal)
Authors: Tang Christine , Patel Nikhil Kaushik , Miller Robert , Beale Timothy , Hyare Harpreet
Published: February 2019

In the following pictorial review, common and uncommon neurovascular complications associated with a spectrum of viral, bacterial and fungal infections involving the central nervous system will be illustrated. These complications include cerebral vascular insult, venous thrombosis, vasculitis and aneurysm formation. They can occur as separate entities but are often inter-related. The imaging features of neurovascular complication related to infections can provide clues and aid diagnosis when considering the potential mode of infectious spread and the type of potential infectious organism involved. The radiological appearances vary from common features that are shared by several types of pathogens to typical characteristics of a type of infectious organism.
Diffusion-weighted imaging of the breast: current status as an imaging biomarker and future role
Authors: Camps-Herrero Julia
Published: February 2019

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the breast is a MRI sequence that shows several advantages when compared to the dynamic contrast-enhanced sequence: it does not need intravenous contrast, it is relatively quick and easy to implement (artifacts notwithstanding). In this review, the current applications of DWI for lesion characterization and prognosis as well as for response evaluation are analyzed from the point of view of the necessary steps to become a useful surrogate of underlying biological processes (tissue architecture and cellularity): from the proof of concept, to the proof of mechanism, the proof of principle and finally the proof of effectiveness. Future applications of DWI in screening, DWI modeling and radiomics are also discussed.
Stress as a potential moderator of ovarian hormone influences on binge eating in women
Authors: Fowler Natasha , Vo Phuong T. , Sisk Cheryl L. , Klump Kelly L.
Published: February 2019

Previous research has demonstrated significant associations between increased levels of ovarian hormones and increased rates of binge eating (BE) in women. However, whereas all women experience fluctuations in ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle, not all women binge eat in response to these fluctuations, suggesting that other factors must contribute. Stress is one potential contributing factor. Specifically, it may be that hormone-BE associations are stronger in women who experience high levels of stress, particularly as stress has been shown to be a precipitant to BE episodes in women. To date, no studies have directly examined stress as a moderator of hormone-BE associations, but indirect data (that is, associations between BE and stress and between ovarian hormones and stress) could provide initial clues about moderating effects. Given the above, the purpose of this narrative review was to evaluate these indirect data and their promise for understanding the role of stress in hormone-BE associations. Studies examining associations between all three phenotypes (that is, ovarian hormones, stress, and BE) in animals and humans were reviewed to provide the most thorough and up-to-date review of the literature on the potential moderating effects of stress on ovarian hormone–BE associations. Overall, current evidence suggests that associations between hormones and BE may be stronger in women with high stress levels, possibly via altered hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to stress and increased sensitivity to and altered effects of ovarian hormones during stress. Additional studies are necessary to directly examine stress as a moderator of ovarian hormone–BE associations and identify the mechanisms underlying these effects.
Incidence of the thermal transition in the range of 45-5°C in chromatophores present in the wings of Schistocerca americana
Authors: Cañizares María Belén , Naranjo Nathaly , Mátyás Bence
Published: February 2019

The variation of the color intensity of the chromatophores present in the wings ofSchistocerca americanawas analyzed by exposing 31 specimens to thermal transitions within the range of 45 - 5 °C.  The adult specimens were collected using a mini-terrarium of dimensions 40x40x30 cm. As a substrate, a layer of soil, stones, and finally a layer of grass were used along with branches of bushes and leaves; hydroponic lettuce, cabbage and the grass were used as food for the specimens. Optical microscopy of the wings of the insects was used for live observation without coverslips or contrasting substances. At 45°C, degradation of color intensity was observed in the chromatophores present in the wings. At 5°C, chromatophores intensify their color to brownish-black. This temperature was the extreme minimum thatS. americanacould tolerate. We found negative correlation between the temperature and the degree of darkness (R2 = 0.8038). Our results are in accordance with a previously published study in whichPhaulacridium vittatumwas examined, as the decrease of temperature caused darkening color change in melanin-type chromatophores. The present investigation can be considered as the first initial study of its kind forS. americana, in terms of examining the changes in the color intensity of the chromatophores present in the wings caused by thermal transition under laboratory conditions.
Military engineering training
Authors: Лепешинский Игорь , Lepeshinskiy Igor'
Published: February 2019

Theoretical and practical questions on the organization of engineering support in the link "battalion — company"are considered. The textbook is developed in accordance with the qualification requirements and the training program of officers at the Federal state educational institutions of higher education of the Russian Federation in relation to the course program of the discipline "Tactical training", section "Military engineering training".
It can be used to train cadets of higher educational institutions, students of military training centers, faculties of military training (military departments), as well as in the system of commander training of officers.
Assess Before Rx: Reducing the Overtreatment of Asymptomatic Blood Pressure Elevation in the Inpatient Setting
Authors: Pasik Sara D , Chiu Sophia , Yang Jeong , Sinfield Catherine , Zubizarreta Nicole , Ramkeesoon Rosemarie , Cho Hyung J , Krouss Mona
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Asymptomatic blood pressure elevation is common in the inpatient setting. National guidelines recommend treating with oral agents to slowly decrease blood pressure; however, many clinicians use intravenous antihypertensive medications, which can lead to unpredictable changes in blood pressure.

OBJECTIVE

To decrease the number of inappropriate orders (without symptoms of hypertensive emergency or order for NPO) of intravenous antihypertensives and adverse events associated with intravenous orders.

DESIGN

Quasi‐experimental study with multidisciplinary intervention.

PARTICIPANTS

Inpatients with a one‐time order for an intravenous antihypertensive agent from January 2016 to February 2018.

MAIN MEASURES

The main outcomes were the total numbers of orders and inappropriate orders, adverse events, and alternate etiologies per 1,000 patient‐days. As a balancing measure, patients were monitored for adverse events when blood pressure was elevated and not treated.

KEY RESULTS

There were a total of 260 one‐time orders of intravenous antihypertensives on two medical units. Inappropriate orders decreased from 8.3 to 3.3 per 1,000 patient days (P = .0099). Adverse events associated with intravenous antihypertensives decreased from 3.7 to 0.8 per 1,000 patient days (P = .0072).

CONCLUSION

This initiative demonstrated a significant reduction in inappropriate use of IV antihypertensives and an associated reduction in adverse events.
Institutional Investors and Corporate Environmental, Social, and Governance Policies: Evidence from Toxics Release Data
Authors: Kim Incheol , Wan Hong , Wang Bin , Yang Tina
Published: February 2019

This paper studies the role of institutional investors in influencing corporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) policies by analyzing the relation between institutional ownership and toxic release from facilities to which institutions are geographically proximate. We develop a local preference hypothesis based on the delegated philanthropy and transaction-costs theories. Consistent with the hypothesis, local institutional ownership is negatively related to facility toxic release. The negative relation is stronger for local socially responsible investing (SRI) funds, local public pension funds, and local dedicated institutions. We also find that the relation is more negative in communities that prefer more stringent environmental policies and in communities of greater collective cohesiveness. Local institutional ownership, particularly local ownerships by SRI funds and public pension funds, is positively related to the probability that an ESG proposal is either introduced or withdrawn. The paper sheds light on the drivers behind institutions’ ESG engagement and their effectiveness in influencing ESG.

This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.
A Sharp Test of the Portability of Expertise
Authors: Green Etan A. , Rao Justin M. , Rothschild David
Published: February 2019

To what extent does expertise depend on context? We observe professionals perform a task that is logically isomorphic to—but contextually distinct from—a familiar task in which they are skilled. We find that performance plummets when contextual cues disappear, suggesting that the expertise we observe on the familiar task is more heuristic than conceptual and does not travel far.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3063 .

This paper was accepted by John List, behavioral economics.
Intermediate life support for the adult
Authors: Barker Stuart
Published: February 2019

Stuart Barker, Graduate Tutor in Adult Nursing, Northumbria University (stuart.j.barker@northumbria.ac.uk), discusses more advanced skills to complement basic life support, including early recognition of deterioration, different types of airway support for an unconscious patient and automated defibrillation
The role of the nurse in supporting cancer clinical trials
Authors: Lavender Verna , Croudass Anne
Published: February 2019

Clinical trials are a fundamental component of high-quality care, and have been widely reported to improve care and patient outcomes. For research trials to be successful, patients need to have awareness of trials, be invited to participate, and be supported to make informed decisions about consenting to enrol in clinical trials. Some cancer nurses have been reported to be reluctant to discuss clinical trials with patients, based on their own beliefs about the perceived burden of clinical trials, while others have been reported to facilitate patient access to clinical trials by working closely with their clinical research nurse colleagues. Nursing patients enrolled in cancer clinical trials is a specialised (and often complex) area of practice. There is significant opportunity for nurses to develop their knowledge about clinical trials, for example, through reciprocal learning between clinical and research teams, which might enhance patients' experiences of, and outcomes from, clinical trials.
Oral loratadine in the management of G-CSF-induced bone pain: a pilot study
Authors: Duggan Caitriona , Murphy Louise , Costello Vicky , Leary Eilis O , Yousif Ala Dien , Blazkova Silvie , Dowling Maura
Published: February 2019

This pilot study aimed to ascertain if bone pain induced by granulocyte-colony stimulating factors (G-CSFs) can be alleviated or eliminated by oral antihistamine loratadine. Twelve patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy were included in the study. Daily pain increased between before treatment started and after cycle 1 in all patients. All 12 participants were started on loratadine on cycle 2; three patients were taking pain medications in addition to this as needed, which were ibruprofen (n=1) or tramadol (n=2). Pain decreased towards the later cycles after patients were started on loratadine in cycle 2, with the exception of one patient who also took tramadol as needed in cycle 3. Oral loratadine was found to be associated with pain reduction in patients with cancer receiving G-CSFs.
Opening or closing the door to aesthetics?
Authors: Senior Amy
Published: February 2019

The medical aesthetics sector is always full of lively debate, and no topic has been more widely discussed than that of who should be allowed to carry out aesthetic treatments. Many believe that this should be the remit of nurses, doctors and dentists only, whereas others call for other healthcare professionals to be permitted to practice in this field. In this article, Amy Senior discusses this difficult issue
Cryolipolysis and the opportunity for body contouring treatments
Authors: Langdon Selena
Published: February 2019

Cryolipolysis, also known as fat freezing, is a treatment that has gained in popularity over the past decade. It offers a non-invasive approach to fat burning, including less patient downtime and mortality than with surgical approaches. However, there are still risks, and it is important that any practitioner looking into providing this treatment receives adequate training. In this article, Selena Langdon explores the evolution of this treatment, how it works and safety considerations.
Liquid Fuel Production by Zeolite-A Catalyzed Pyrolysis of Mixed Cassava Solid Waste and Rubber Seed Oil
Authors: Simanjuntak Wasinton , Delilawati Pandiangan Kamisah , Sembiring Zipora , Simanjuntak Agustina
Published: February 2019

In this investigation, a mixture of cassava solid waste and rubber seed oil was subjected to pyrolysis for liquid fuel production. A series of pyrolysis experiments was conducted with fixed composition of 50 g cassava solid waste and 150 mL rubber seed oil. The experiments were conducted using zeolite-A synthesized from rice husk silica and aluminum metal through sol-gel route and subsequently calcined at different temperatures as catalyst. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcination temperatures of the catalyst on the chemical composition of the liquid fuel obtained. The pyrolysis experiment was commenced at room temperature and allowed to reach peak temperature of 350°C, and the composition of liquid fuel produced was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The results of GC-MS analyses reveal that liquid fuels composed of a series of organic compounds, broadly belong to hydrocarbon, alcohol, ester, ketone, aldehyde, and acid. The results also display significant effect of the calcination temperatures of the catalyst on the composition of the liquid. For hydrocarbon contents in particular, the fuel with the highest hydrocarbon content of 90% was obtained using the catalyst calcined at 800°C, suggesting that the use of the particular catalyst is the optimum condition. Based on the hydrocarbon content of the liquid fuels, it is concluded that the zeolites exhibited considerably high ability to enhance the formation of hydrocarbon and simultaneously suppress the formation of oxygenated compounds.
Synthesis and Anti-Colon Cancer Activity of 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives with Aliphatic S-Substituents
Authors: Al-Mansury Sadiq , A. Balakit Asim , Fadhel Alkazazz Fatin , N. Madlum Kaiser , A. Ghaleb Rana
Published: February 2019

A series of new 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazoles have been designed, synthesized and their structures were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometric techniques. The target compounds are designed as analogues for the anti-cancer agent Combretastatin A-4 with different aliphatic side substituents. The synthesized novel heterocyclic compounds were evaluated as anticancer molecules against colon cancer cell line (SW480) using the crystal violet cytotoxicity assay. The results revealed that these compounds have growth inhibitive effect on the cancer cells with different inhibition levels. Compound 5a with -SMe group was found to be the most active one with 77.4% cell growth inhibition and 10 µM IC50 value, it was also found to have relatively low cytotoxicity when tested against Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) normal cells line. The levels of the antioxidant total capacity of the synthesized triazoles have been determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay against ascorbic acid as a reference antioxidant agent at 50 μM. Compound 4 showed highest antioxidant activity with DPPH radical scavenging capacity of 71%.
Polarographic Performance of Some Azo Derivatives Derived from 2-amino-4-hydroxy Pyridine and Its Inhibitory Effect on C-steel Corrosion in Hydrochloric acid
Authors: Abdallah M. , Alfakeer M. M. , Hasan N. F. , Mabrouk E. M. , Alharbi Ahmed. M.
Published: February 2019

The polarographic performance of five azo compounds derived from 2-amino-4-hydroxypyridine was studied in BR buffer series of pH 2-12. The polarograms of all azo compounds in strong acidic solutions gave a single irreversible diffusion-controlled 4-electron wave representing the splitting of the N=N group to the amine stage but in alkaline solutions 2-electron irreversible wave is obtained corresponding to the reduction of the azo center to the hydrazo stage. For NO2 substituted derivative, approximately two equal waves were observed in the acidic solutions, , but in the alkali, the rise of the second wave is approximately twice that of the first wave. The effect of substituents on electrode reaction was investigated and the kinetic parameters were calculated. The mechanistic pathway was proposed and interpreted. The dissociation constants of the tested azo compounds were examined by potentiometric methods and the M-L formation constants of their complexes with some transition metal ions were computed. Application of the investigated azo compounds as inhibitors of dissolution of carbon steel in in 1MHCl solutions was inspected using potentiodynamic polarization technique. The results indicated that these compounds inhibit C-steel corrosion in HCl solutions and the inhibition efficiency reached 81% in presence of 1x10-3 M of the inhibitors. The efficiency of the inhibitors follows the following sequence: III> II > I > IV > V This arrangement is consistent with the sequence of the E1/2 and the pka values of these azo compounds.
Research of the Obtaining Process of Protective Phosphate Nanocoatings
Authors: Aikozova Laura , Tukibayeva Ainur , Satayev Marat
Published: February 2019

This article presents thermodynamic calculations of the interaction of zinc and iron chlorides with phosphoric acid. The influence of temperature and duration of the interaction on the degree of decomposition of metal chlorides is also determined. It is established that with increasing the temperature and the duration of interaction, the degree of conversion of zinc and iron chlorides to metal phosphates increases and the residual chlorine content in the product simultaneously decreases. The quality control of the obtained products was carried out using physical, chemical and crystal-optical methods of analysis.
Lack of Additional Diagnostic Yield of 16s rRNA Gene PCR for Prosthetic Joint Infections
Authors: Lane Michael A , Ganeshraj Neeraja , Gu Alice , Warren David K , Burnham Carey-Ann D
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Medical management of prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) relies on the identification of causative organisms through traditional culture-based approaches to guide therapy. However, diagnosis of many PJIs remains challenging, with many clinically apparent infections remaining culture-negative. Molecular diagnostics have the potential to increase diagnostic yield, particularly among culture-negative PJIs.

Methods

Bone, tissue, or synovial fluid from patients with clinically identified PJIs were collected for inclusion in this study. Samples were assessed with traditional cultures and classified as culture-positive or -negative after 48 h. Samples subsequently underwent a Staphylococcus aureus-/Kingella kingae-specific PCR followed by a 16s rRNA gene PCR.

Results

A total of 77 unique patients with clinically identified PJIs contributed a total of 89 samples for inclusion in the study. There were 54 culture-negative and 35 culture-positive samples evaluated. The sensitivity and specificity of S. aureus PCR in culture-positive samples was 57.1% (95% CI, 34.1%–78.1%) and 92.9% (95% CI, 66.1%–98.9%), respectively. Among culture-positive samples, 16s rRNA gene PCR correctly identified 3 of 21 (14.3%) samples with S. aureus and 2 of 5 (40%) samples with Streptococcus spp. All molecular tests were negative in those with clinically identified, culture-negative PJI.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that these diagnostic tools have a limited role in PJI diagnosis.