bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Octineon Lindahli (W. B. Carpenter) : an Un-described Anthozoon of Novel Structure
Authors: Herbert Fowler G.
Published: April 2021

This interesting form, dredged during the cruise of H.M.S. “Porcupine” in 1870, was originally studied by Dr. W. B. Carpenter, from whose drawings two plates were lithographed for publication in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ of the Royal Society ; but unfortunately no account of the investigation was found among his papers. The specimens were then entrusted for description to my honoured teacher, Professor H. N. Moseley ; and on the last occasion that I saw him he talked to me with his customary infectious enthusiasm about this Anthozoon, on which he was at the moment engaged. He, however, was unable to finish the work, and the late Dr. Philip Carpenter then asked me to undertake it. Professor Moseley left only a description of Dr. Carpenter’s figures and an introduction to his own paper ; the latter, although only a rough draft, is printed here without alteration of any kind :
Note on the Mesenteries of Actinians
Authors: Dixon A. Fraser
Published: April 2021

In a paper published in the last number of the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science’ (193, January, 1894) on “Octineon Lindahli,” the author, Dr. G. H. Fowler, gives a figure—woodcut Fig. A,—and as my name is given in connection with it, perhaps I may be allowed to make a statement regarding it. The figure “represents Sagartia, Actinia, Bunodes (Lacaze-Duthiers, corroborated by F. Dixon).” Some time ago Professor Haddon, who was then writing the first part of his “Revision of British Actiniae,” asked me to cut sections of young specimens belonging to the genera whose development Lacaze-Duthiers had described. He asked me to do this because the Hertwigs, from their observations on Adamsia diaphaua, assumed that Lacaze-Duthiers had made a mistake in determining which were the first eight mesenteries to arise in Sagartia, Actinia, and Bunodes. They assumed that in these genera, just as in Adamsia diaphana, the most “ventral “of the dotted mesenteries in Fig. A of Dr. Fowler was developed so early as to form one of the eight mesenteries in the stage with eight mesenteries. If this were so the eight-mesentery stage in Sagartia, Actinia, and Bunodes could not correspond to the permanent condition in Edwardsia, or to the condition described first by Professor Haddon for the larva of Halcampa, because in these no “lateral “mesentery is present with its muscle plate pointing “dorsal wards.” The Hertwigs’ figure for Adamsia is given by Dr. Fowler in Fig. B, and this represents what they assumed to be the arrangement also in young specimens of Sagartia, Actinia, and Bunodes.
A Contribution to the Morphology of Bacteria
Authors: Klein E.
Published: April 2021

Since the classical papers on Bacteria published by Professor F. Cohn in the ‘Zeitschrift der Biologie d. Pflanzen,’ vols, i to iii, all bacteriologists have accepted the subdivision of the Schizomycetes into cocci, bacilli, and vibrios or spirilla, as representing the main morphological fundamental types. But by Lankester1 and Zopfs’researches on Cladothrix dichotoma, and by Hauser’s well-known and exhaustive work on ‘Putrefactive Bacteria’ (‘Ueber Fäulnissbacterien,’ Leipzig, 1885), it has become recognised that the shape under which a particular bacterial species presents itself depends both on the medium in which it grows, as also on certain inherent characters of the organism itself. Thus it has become recognised that while the elements of one species appear as often in the form of oval as of cylindrical cells, those of another retain, under almost all conditions, pre-eminently that of cylindrical cells. To name a few instances : (a) the Proteus vulgaris of Hauser. This organism—the organism of putrefaction par excellence—is known to occur in the most varied shapes, as cocci, oval forms, cylindrical and vibrionic forms; but when growing in gelatine plates at 20° C. it will be found that in the first twenty-four to forty-eight hours the colonies are made up entirely of cylindrical bacilli, some of extreme length and forming very characteristic threads. The “swarming” out and the development of strands from such a colony are uniformly due to, and consist of, thread-like bacilli (see my article in Stevenson and Murphy’s ‘Treatise on Hygiene,’ II, pl. ii) ; but later on, say after three or four days, when liquefaction of the gelatine has become extensive, the forms one meets are those various kinds described by Hauser as coccus forms, ovals, cylindrical cells, and vibrionic forms.
Spolia Nemoris
Authors: Hubrecht A. A. W.
Published: April 2021

It was in the summer of 1889 that an invitation reached me, coming from the Royal Physical Society (Koninklijke Natuurkundige Vereeniging) in Batavia, to undertake a trip to the Indian Archipelago for purposes of scientific research. This invitation opened the prospect of realisation of a wish long cherished and for a naturalist not exorbitant,—the wish to have a direct glimpse and a personal impression of animal and vegetable life in the tropics. And so it was accepted with alacrity.
Some Abnormal Annelids
Authors: Andrews E. A.
Published: April 2021

Amongst the Annelida, as amongst other groups of non-Vertebrates, various abnormalities and monstrosities may be found upon examining large numbers of individuals. Thus in some groups, as in the Eunicidæ, double and supernumerary antennæ and parapodia are not so very unusual, though they have received little or no attention as yet. Again, more fundamental abnormalities affecting the integrity of the body somites occur in widely separated groups of Annelids, as has been recently demonstrated by C. J. Cori, T. H. Morgan, and F. Buchanan. Even repetitions of considerable regions of the body, bifurcations of the main axis that produce a double monster have been observed again and again. As naturally to be expected from the accessibility to observation and familiar occurrence of the terrestrial Annelids, the earthworms, it is chiefly amongst this group that cases of doubleness have been observed and recorded, though such also exist amongst the marine forms.
On Benhamia cœcifera, n. sp., from the Gold Coast
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland
Published: April 2021

Some time this year I received a large specimen of Benhamia from Professor Jeffrey Bell for examination and identification. My best thanks are due to the authorities of the British Museum for their permission to make the examination.
On the Inadequacy of the Cellular Theory of Development, and on the Early Development of Nerves, particularly of the Third Nerve and of the Sympathetic in Elasmobranchii
Authors: Sedgwick Adam
Published: April 2021

It is now more than ten years ago since I first pointed out the inadequacy of the cellular theory of development. That I did so in a very guarded manner need hardly be said; but now, after ten years of mature work, I feel justified in giving a stronger expression to the views which I then formed, and which all my subsequent work has amply confirmed. My words then (in 1883) were as follows :—” In short, if these facts are generally applicable, embryonic development can no longer be looked upon as being essentially the formation by fission of a number of units from a single primitive unit, and the co-ordination and modification of these units into a harmonious whole. But it must rather be regarded as a multiplication of nuclei and a specialisation of tracts and vacuoles in a continuous mass of vacuolated protoplasm.” Again, in 1888, in the preface to my “Monograph on the Development of the Cape Species of Peripatus,” 1 I wrote: “It would appear, indeed, that in Peripatus the cells of the adult, in so far as they are distinct and sharply marked off structures, are not, as appears to be generally the case, present in the earliest embryonic stages, but are gradually evolved as development proceeds. In other words, the cell-theory, if it implies that the adult cells are derived from embryonic cells which have been directly produced by the division of the ovicell, does not apply to the embryos of Peripatus.”
The Primitive Streak of the Rabbit; the Causes which may determine its Shape, and the Part of the Embryo formed by its Activity.
Authors: Assheton Richard
Published: April 2021

The following pages are offered as a contribution towards the elucidation of the mode of formation and the function of the primitive streak in the rabbit.
On the Growth in Length of the Frog Embryo.
Authors: Assheton Richard
Published: April 2021

In some previous papers on the development of the rabbit I have attempted to show that there are two main centres of growth, each in itself tending to produce a radially symmetrical form; but since these two centres of growth are situated eccentrically to each other the resulting embryo is cylindrical, and subsequently bilaterally symmetrical.
On the Structure of Vermiculus pilosus
Authors: Goodrich E. S.
Published: April 2021

In 1892 (3a) I published a short description of an interesting new Oligochæte I had found on the sea-shore near Weymouth. Since then I have obtained more material, which I have worked at in Professor Lankester’s laboratory at Oxford, and am now able to give a more complete and accurate account of its anatomy.
Sedgwick’s Theory of the Embryonic Phase of Ontogeny as an aid to Phylogenetic Theory
Authors: MacBride E. W.
Published: April 2021

In a recent number1 of this Journal there appeared a paper by Mr. Adam Sedgwick on the significance of the embryonic phase in development, which embodies a principle which, if true, seems to me well fitted to throw light on some obscure problems in morphology.
On the Variation of Haliclystus octoradiatus
Authors: Browne Edward T.
Published: April 2021

A normal specimen of Haliclystus octoradiatus, Clark, has eight adradial groups of tentacles; eight adradial genital bands; eight colleto-cystophors, one midway between every two groups of tentacles; and four internal, interradial septa.
The Collar-cells of Heterocœla
Authors: Bidder George
Published: April 2021

The collar-cells are in normal life short and barrel-shaped, with separated cylindrical collars, which are never united. In certain pathological conditions, probably connected with suffocation, they elongate very greatly, diminishing in the diameter of their upper part, or “collum;” and in some species, though not in Sycon compressum, the collars may then come into contact. In certain other pathological conditions the collar is lost, though apparently it can be regenerated. These metamorphoses appear unconnected with the ingestion of food, which also was not found to induce any migration of the collar-cells. On the other hand, migration seemed to occur under exceptionally unhealthy conditions.

The collar is made up of (in Sycon compressum) about thirty parallel rods united by a film of some other substance. The flagellum is intimately connected with the nuclear membrane. There is an interstitial substance between the bodies of the cells. The area inside the collar appears to be provided with a sphincter membrane.

Cells preserved and cut by the paraffin method show an average contraction of 5:4 linear in the best sections. In most preparations this contraction is uneven, producing Sollas’s membrane and other fictitious appearances.
Further Remarks on the Cell-theory, with a Reply to Mr. Bourne
Authors: Sedgwick Adam
Published: April 2021

In a paper published last autumn (this Journal, vol. 37), I called attention to the apparent inadequacy of the celltheory. Recently a criticism upon my article has appeared from the pen of Mr. G. C. Bourne, to which I may be allowed to devote a few words. But before replying to Mr. Bourne, I should like to state my position with regard to the theory a little more fully than I have hitherto done. In my previous communication I used theword “inadequacy” because it seemed to me to express, as nearly as possible, my own views with regard to the theory. A theory to be of any value must explain the whole body of facts with which it deals. If it falls short of this, it must be held to be insufficient or inadequate ; and when at the same time it is so masterful as to compel men to look at nature through its eyes, and to twist stubborn and uncomformable facts into accord with its dogmas, then it becomes an instrument of mischief, and deserves condemnation, if only of the mild kind implied by the term inadequate.
The Early Development of Amia
Authors: Dean Bashford
Published: April 2021

Ganoids, or more accurately Crossopterygians and Chondrostean Actinopterygians, must be looked upon as, in many ways, a transitional and intermediate group. For, on the one hand, the evidence is becoming conclusive that the Teleosts are to be regarded as its highly differentiated descendants; and, on the other hand, its most primitive members have certainly the closest ties of kinship with both the early sharks and lungfishes.1
Zoological Observations in the South Pacific
Authors: Willey Arthur
Published: April 2021

In the course of a brief stay in Sydney I had the opportunity of working up for publication some material obtained by me. My warmest thanks are due to Professor W. A. Haswell, who has generously placed space and appurtenances at my disposal in his laboratory at the University of Sydney.
The Constitution and Development of the Society Of Termites: Observations On their Habits; With Appendices on the Parasitic Protozoa Of Termitidæ, and on The Embiidæ
Authors: Grassi B. , Sandias A.
Published: April 2021

The memoir, of which I have made the following translation, was originally published in the ‘Atti dell’ Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania,’ ser. 4, vols, vi and vii (1893–4), but has become more generally known through the appearance of a separate edition in the former year. But though its value was immediately recognised, the work has not yet become familiar to an extent commensurate with the importance of its contributions to natural science.
An Endeavour to identify Palmoglcea Macrococca (Kütz.) with Description of the Plant believed to be meant, and of a New Species, both, however, referable rather to the Genus Meostænium (Näg.)
Authors: Archer William
Published: April 2021

Before proceeding to the subject proper of this communication I shall call to mind the characters of the genus Palmoglcea (Kütz.) itself, thus defined by Kützing: *— “Stratum gelatinosum difforme indeterminatum, ex cellulis sparsis polygonimicis in substantia gelinea nidulantibus, compositum.” Now, such a diagnosis of the genus, while it does not seem calculated to exclude all that it ought, appears to me to omit an additional important character pervading all the species intended to be included therein (if we except, as we ought, Palmoglœa Roemeriana Kütz.), and that is the elongate or oblong form of the cells. As I should be disposed to understand it, putting aside his Palmoglœa Roemeriana, Kützing must have established his genus Palmoglœa for the reception of, and meant it to include, all those Palmellaceous Algæ (except the one species forming his genus Trichodictyon, separated from his Palmoglœa with little reason) possessing oblong, cylindrical, or elliptic cells, with granular contents, each cell possessing only a single simple, special, mucous coat not persistently included coat within coat, the whole becoming confluent into an indeterminate gelatinous stratum of greater or less density or tenuity. It is true that, of course, in the specific characters and diagnosis of subgroups, the elongate form of the cells is alluded to, but I do not think a character so obviously generic should have been left to be sought for amongst the specific. But the fact of Roemeriana being included in the genus compelled him to omit this character from the diagnosis.
On Hetoroplana, a New Genus of Planarians
Authors: Willey Arthur
Published: April 2021

Since I have been in Lifu I have obtained one specimen only of a very remarkable flat-worm which must form the type of a new genus and a new family. The quite unexpected relations of symmetry presented by this form, which I will call Heteroplana, speak for the accuracy of the observations, although I should be more satisfied if I could obtain more examples of it.
On the Relation of the Arthropod Head to the Annelid Prostomium
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S.
Published: April 2021

The question of the segmentation of the Arthropod head, and of the homology of the preoral region in Arthropods and Annelids, has for long excited the interest of naturalists, giving rise to much discussion, and leading investigators to the discovery of many important facts. The present paper, written at the suggestion of Professor E. Ray Lankester, does not claim to be a contribution to our knowledge of the problems involved, nor an exhaustive history of the subject; it aims neither at originality nor completeness, but is merely an attempt to give a plain account of the questions at issue, and the advance that has been made towards answering them, for the benefit of those who have not devoted special attention to the subject.
On the Development of the Californian Hag-fish, Bdellostoma Stouti, Lockington
Authors: Dean Bashford
Published: April 2021

Dr. Howard Ayers, in a lecture before the Wood’s Holl Biological Laboratory,1 has given a detailed account of the occurrence of the Pacific Hag-fish, Bdellostoma Dombeyi (= Stouti), in the Bay of Monterey. Its great abundance in this region gave promise of material for the study of the development of a Myxinoid ; or, at all events, the chances to obtain these valuable stages seemed far more favorable here than in the European localities, mainly in the North Sea, where the eggs of Myxine had long been sought. Among the zoologists who endeavoured to secure hag-fish embryos in California Professor G. C. Price, of the Leland Stanford, Junior, University, was the first to succeed, and he has already published two accounts of his studies.2 During the past summer additional developmental stages, including a number of the earlier ones, were collected by the present writer during a visit (July, August, September) at the Hopkins Marine Laboratory.
Note on a New British Echiuroid Gephyrean, with Remarks on the Genera Thalassema and Hamingia
Authors: Herdman W. A.
Published: April 2021

On the dredging expeditions of the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee we endeavour as much as possible to try new methods of collecting, or to modify old methods, with the object of securing animals whose special habitat renders them difficult of capture. With this end in view, when dredging last Easter (April, 1896) in the deep depression that runs down between the Isle of Man and Ireland, it occurred to me to try a haul of the large fish-trawl (50-foot beam) which we had on board, but to steam very much more slowly than is customary when trawling, so as to allow the foot-rope to dig deeply into the stiff blue mud which I knew we were on. We went dead slow with plenty of the heavy steel warp out, the result being—as the event proved—that a good deal of the warp lay on the bottom, and so made the pull on the trawl practically a horizontal one. As a consequence of this we must have sliced off the top six inches to a foot, possibly, of the bottom deposit as we went along. When the trawl came up it was half full of the blue mud, and we found it impossible to get the net on board. After steaming round for a little a good deal of the mud was washed out through the meshes, and the cod-end was then hoisted on board by means of the tackle, and ripped up so as to precipitate upon the deck a seething mass of mud, spawning fish,1 and Invertebrates, which spread over a considerable area to a depth of about a foot.
On Drepanidotænia hemignathi, a New Species of Tapeworm
Authors: Shipley Arthur E.
Published: April 2021

The specimens of the above-named tapeworm, of which I received but ten, are all small; they vary in length from 10 mm. to 22 mm. The head is very small; immediately behind it, there being practically no neck, the body begins to broaden out, and in some specimens the proglottides attain a width of 2 mm. The segmentation of the body commences immediately behind the head, and is very well marked a little further back. The posterior border of each segment overlaps the succeeding one with a prominent edge or rim ; this is well shown in longitudinal section (fig. 6). The number of segments varies from some fifty to sixty to over a hundred. The measurements given above are about the average, but, as is well known, tapeworms are extremely extensible animals, and this to a great extent diminishes the value of figures quoted in reference to their size. In some specimens the body is stretched, and the length of the segments equals one half or even two thirds of their breadth, but in the commoner forms the segments are very short and broad, sometimes eight or ten times as broad as long. They are flattened, as is seen in transverse section, and sometimes, especially towards the posterior end, the whole body is hollowed so that each segment is curved. The most posterior segments, which are crowded with embryos well advanced in their development, are rounder, less flattened, longer, and they readily broke off.
Studies in Dedifferentiation. 5. Dedifferentiation and Reduction in Aurelia
Authors: de Beer G. R. , Huxley J. S.
Published: April 2021

Professor Garstang called the attention of one of us (J.S.H.) to the fact that the medusa Aurelia, when left without food, underwent a remarkable decrease in size accompanied by interesting form-changes. Accordingly, a number of medusae of Aurelia aurita were obtained from Plymouth, and placed in breffits containing sea-water under aeration, in the Department of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, Oxford.
On Proterythropsis vigilans, n.sp
Authors: Marshall Sheina M.
Published: April 2021

The genus Proterythropsis was founded by Kofoid and Swezy (1) to contain a Gymnodinian found by them at La Jolla, California, in the month of July. It possessed a pigment spot and lens, and was characterized by a stout posterior tentacle. Only one specimen was obtained and it was named P. crassicaudata. In this paper I describe a new species which differs from P. crassicaudata in several respects and to which I give the name P. vigilans. It is shown from the dorsal side in the coloured figure on Pl. 9, and from the ventral side in Text-fig. 1.
On the Reproductive Processes of the Earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris
Authors: Grove A. J.
Published: April 2021

During the sexual congress of L. terrestris, the co-operating worms become attached to one another in a head-to-tail position in such a way that segments 9-11 of one are opposed to the clitellum of the other, and vice versa. At these points the attachment between the worms is an intimate one, assisted by the secretion of the glands associated with the diverticula of the setal pores found in certain segments, and is reinforced by the mutual penetration of the setae into the opposed bodysurfaces. There is also a slighter attachment between segment 26 of one and 15 of the other. Each worm is enclosed in a slime-tube composed of mucus secreted from the epidermis. The exchange of seminal fluid is a mutual one. The fluid issues from the apertures of the vasa deferentia in segment 15, and is conducted beneath the slime-tube in pit-like depressions in the seminal grooves, which extend from segment 15 to the clitellum on each side of the body, to the clitellum, where it accumulates in the space between the lateral surfaces of segments 9-11 of one worm and the clitellum of the other. Eventually it becomes aggregated into masses in the groove between segments 9 and 10, and 10 and 11, and passes thence into the spermathecae. The seminal groove and its pit-like depressions are brought into existence by special muscles lying in the lateral blocks of longitudinal muscles of the body-wall.
Rhynchodemus britannicus, n.sp. A new British terrestrial triclad, with a note on the excretion of Calcium Carbonate
Authors: Percival E.
Published: April 2021

The terrestrial triclad fauna of the British Isles is very scanty. Up to the discovery of B. Scharf fi, von Graff (3), in Dublin the only indigenous species known was R. t e r r estr is, which occurs commonly in England and Ireland (von Graff, 3). Recently Professor A. Dendy (2) reported the discovery of R. Scharffi at Chiswick, and by his great kindness I was able to examine one of the specimens found there (see below). Dr. Orton of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth, informed me that he had recently found, in a garden at Plymouth, several terrestrial triclads, one of which he had sent to Professor Dendy. This specimen, which was described as being black when alive, was, in the preserved condition, greyish brown to chocolate-brown dorsally, and pale grey along the creeping sole. Unfortunately it was immature, and could not be defined specifically, but was obviously a Rhynchodemus. The length was 2·4 cm. and breadth 1 ·5 mm. in the preserved state. Dr. Orton also spoke of a fawn-grey specimen, more than two inches long, which unfortunately deliquesced. I have no doubt that this was a representative of the new species. Mr. J. T. Wadsworth, of Manchester University, sent me two specimens of sulphur-yellow colour found in a garden at Stockport. These answered very closely to the description of the external features of R. Scharffi, but on further examination were found to belong to the new species.
Cytological Observations on Gymnostomatous Ciliates, with a Description of the Maturation Phenomena in Diploid and Tetraploid Forms of Chilodon uncinatus
Authors: MacDougall Mary Stuart
Published: April 2021

Some form of supporting structure is found around the oral opening in many species of ciliates. This varies from a few trichites around the mouth, as in Spathidium spathula, or a simple tube of trichites, as in Prorodonteres, to the very complicated apparatus found in various species of Chilodon and Nassu1a. The early investigators designated this structure the pharyngeal basket or ‘Reusenapparat ‘. There are many references to this organelle, either of a descriptive or speculative nature, particularly as to its function. Kent (1881) gives a partial account of its behaviour in division and encystment, and there is an incomplete account by Enriques (1908) of its behaviour in division and conjugation. It seems desirable, therefore, to make an extended study of the structure in order to determine its origin, if possible, and its behaviour in the complete life-cycle. This naturally led to a study of the basket during division, conjugation, and encystment phases, and the material obtained for this purpose was found to be favourable for the further study of nuclei during division and conjugation.
Peristalsis in the Malpighian tubules of Diptera, Preliminary account: with a note on the elimination of Calcium Carbonate from the Malpighian tubules of Drosophila funebris
Authors: Eastham L.
Published: April 2021

The proximal regions of the Malpighian tubules of Drosophila funebris and Calliphora erythrocephala are supplied with systems of circular and longitu-dinal muscles external to the basement membrane. These muscles are continuous with those of the mid-gut. There is a terminal muscle to each anterior tubule in Drosophila funebris connected to the alar muscles of the pericardial septum. Peristalsis has been observed in the proximal regions of the tubules, caused by the circular muscles. The tubules exhibit a waving movement, probably due to the longitudinal muscle-bands of the lower or proximal ends of the tubules. Calcium carbonate is stored in the terminal portions of the anterior tubules of Drosophila funebris. This calcium carbonate is not eliminated at the beginning of metamorphosis, but is passed to the gut about the sixth day of pupal life, and is only expelled from the body on the emergence of the adult. Calcium carbonate is found in the Malpighian tubules of the adult Drosophila funebris.
Notes on the Choanoflagellate, Codosiga botrytis, Ehrbg
Authors: Lapage Geoffrey
Published: April 2021

This paper records observations upon living specimens only of the Choanoflagellate Codosiga botrytis, Ehrbg. The study of the organism does not support the view put forward by Entz, Franze, and Ehrlich, that the collar is a spiral membrane. It shows that the collar of Codosiga botrytis is, as earlier workers correctly stated, a protoplasmic, flexible, retractile, conical membrane, closed on all sides except on its upper, free surface. Its function as an apparatus for catching food is discussed. The flagellum and the currents it produces are described, and the part played by them in bringing food to the collar, and their other functions, are explained. It is shown that the food, when it has been caught by the collar, passes down the outside of that structure to be ingested at or below the middle of the body and not at its upper end and never by the area enclosed by the collar. Defoe-cation, however, invariably occurs from the area enclosed by the collar. The actual ingestion of food is effected by means of a rhythmical contraction which passes round the upper end of the body just below the collar, acting in conjunction with the mucous envelope in which the body is enclosed. As this wave of contraction passes round it creates a space between the body and the envelope at successive points along its course. It is this space which, being seen only in profile at the sides of the body, has been interpreted either as a travelling vacuole (Bfitschli) or as a portion of a spiral membrane (Entz, Eranze, Ehrlich). It is into this space that the food particle drops when it has reached the base of the collar. It is then sealed up in it, so to speak, as the wave of contraction passes on, by the return of the body-surface to close apposition to the envelope above it. Being now interposed between the body and the mucous envelope, it appears to lie in a vacuole in this situation; and it is eventually pressed into the interior of the body when, by a continuance of the amoeboid movement, the body again moves into close contact with the mucous envelope over the area occupied by this apparent vacuole. There are normally two contractile vacuoles situated at different levels and on opposite sides of the posterior half of the body. Entz and his school are wrong in interpreting one of these as a so-called ‘gullet vacuole ‘at which food is said to be ingested. No individuals have as yet been seen that show either division, encystment, or conjugation.
On the Influence of the Macronucleus on the Formation of New Morphological Characters in Infusoria
Authors: Dogiel Prof. V. A.
Published: April 2021

The macronucleus of the Infusoria is considered to be wholly of somatic value controlling the different vegetative functions of the animal, while the generative function is under the control of the micronucleus. Dobell (1917 1) definitely assumes that ‘the meganuclear system of a ciliate is the equivalent of the nuclei of the somatic cells of a matazoon; and the micronuclear system of a ciliate is the equivalent of the germ-cell nuclei of a metazoon Therefore it is only natural to suppose that in the development of new racial or specific characters changes of structure are regulated by the micronucleus which contains the whole of the ‘Keimplasma Whether the macronucleus takes any part therein is a question left unanswered.
A New Microscopic Growing Stage
Authors: Barker John
Published: April 2021

The advantages of some contrivances for facilitating the examination of objects from time without disturbance, and which could be kept as nearly as possible under the same conditions under which they were first observed, has at all times been a desideratum in microscopic science ; and the pages of the ‘Microscopical Journal ‘have been usefully occupied in making known several valuable aids for this purpose ; and as the growing stage lately brought under the notice of the Dublin Microscopical Club appears to present some advantages over growing slides at present in use, I have been induced to furnish a more ample description of’ it with an illustrative diagram. To my view, a growing stage or slide should possess the following qualities :—1. It should be efficient, and not likely to go out of order, neither flooding the object and overflowing the “stage, or drying up and allowing the air to get under the cover ; (2) it should be easily cleaned; (3) it should work well for at least a week, and even then should be capable of being suppled with fresh water without disturbing the object ; (4) it should enable the investigator when, in ordinary microscopic examination with a common slide and cover, he may have found something which he may wish to preserve moist, and observe at on a future occasion to do so with facility; (5) it should allow of the object being examined at any time without displacement ; (6) it should permit the whole of the covering glass to be examined, and it should not be in the way of any other piece of apparatus ; and lastly, it should not be costly in price. Now, all these objects seem to me to be secured in the growing stage under consideration. The appliance would appear to be peculiarly valuable to those who would wish to watch the varying changes in microscopic algæ, rhizopods, infusoria, rotifera, or anything requiring to be kept moist while under investigation. The microscopist, in his usual investigations with an ordinary slide three inches by one inch, and with a common covering glass, frequently sees objects which he would wish to keep under notice for several hours, perhaps days or weeks, and this he will be enabled to accomplish by merely placing the slide on this stage, and at any time transferring it again to the stage of the microscope, or by putting the growing stage, with slide upon it, on the stage of the microscope, the whole of the covering glass can be brought under inspection, so that no object which had been under the covering glass can escape observation. I have several rhizopods under notice at present for upwards of a week ; and I have kept rotifera healthy for days in this appliance. The construction of this stage is so simple as to admit of any one expert in cutting glass to make it in a few hours ; and I have drawn a diagram, to scale which will facilitate its construction.
On Fresh-Water Algæ, &c
Authors: Hicks J. Braxton
Published: April 2021

My principal motive in remarking on Mr. Archer’s papel on Palmoglœa macrococca was not so much to question the independent existence of the forms of which he wrote, as to urge him to direct his unfettered attention to the study of these forms in their life-history ; and also to rouse the attention of Algologists to the unstable basis on which the genera of so many of these lower forms were resting. I am glad to find that, to a considerable extent, Mr. Archer agrees with the observations then made, though he appears yet to hold that there are some plants which can always be recognised by the eye, although it is difficult to convey the exact appearance by word or drawing. No doubt this is so ; but yet it must be admitted as a very insecure basis on which to stand.
On Two New Species in Saprolegnieæ, referable respectively to the genus Saerolegnia (Nees v. Esenb.) and Achyla (Nees v. Esenb.).
Authors: Archer William
Published: April 2021

Even at the risk of being, perhaps, considered as somewhat premature in coming forward to describe two new species in the family Saprolegnieæ, without being quite satisfied as to the particular genus to which I assume, from certain data afforded, that they each respectively belong, I still venture to do so, inasmuch as the reproductive parts offer abundant characters to establish them as, indeed, distinct, undescribed species, although their generic position may remain uncertain.
On the Protophyta of New Zealand
Authors: Lindsay W. Lauder
Published: April 2021

Compared with what has been already achieved, there remains, in certain departments of the Flora of New Zealand, much more yet to be accomplished—much that can probably only be properly executed by the resident or local botanist, who can leisurely study living forms on or near the locality of their growth. Of no groups of plants is this remark so true as of the Protophyta—the Desmidiaceæ, Diatomacea, and Palmellaceœ. The first and the last may be said to be almost or quite unknown ; while our knowledge of the Diatomaceæ of the New Zealand islands is nearly altogether confined to my own local and limited collection from the neighbourhood of Dunedin, in the province of Otago. * There is here, therefore, for the local botanist, not only a most extensive and varied, but almost untrodden, field of research; and it is with a view to incite him to cultivate this most promising field that I venture to offer the following remarks. While the work of collection is comparatively easy, that of examination is far from being so. All the groups in question require the laborious care of the skilled microscopist; and labourers of such a class are not numerous, either in a new colony or at home. But there is no reason why collectors should not be numerous—why they should not supply the materials for work to the systematist in his cabinet. The collector, and the examiner or describer, arc necessary complements to each other. While the latter seldom has opportunity to collect over wide areas, he can utilise the materials supplied by the less skilled travellers who have such opportunity : so that each has his appropriate and indispensable place in the advancement of science.
Note on “Asteridia” occurring in Penium Digitus (Bréb.)
Authors: Archer William
Published: April 2021

Some time ago I made a gathering of some minute algæ from a pool near Enniskerry, on the road, going towards Lough Bray. Amongst these a number of globular, densely spined bodies, with green contents, conspicuously presented themselves. The spines densely covering these were very numerous, very slender throughout, and acute. The bodies themselves were mostly to be found distributed in pairs over the field of view. These might easily be taken for so many zygospores of some desmidian; but much as such a structure resembled a possible zygospore, these bodies were not like that known of any species of the family Desmidiese, nor was there any evidence in the gathering that they might actually be zygospores of any form not yet known in the conjugated state.
On new forms of diatomaceæ, from dredgings off the arran islands, co. galway
Authors: O’meara Eugene
Published: April 2021

IN my first communication on this subject I ventured to express my opinion that a more careful examination of the material would lead to the discovery of other new and interesting forms, and I have now the gratification to inform you that my anticipations have been fully verified. I have been engaged from time to time, as opportunity was afforded, in examining the material, with most satisfactory results. Some few of the forms recently discovered I shall now submit to your notice.
On monochromatic illumination
Authors: Woodward J. J.
Published: April 2021

Since 1865 I have been in the habit of using monochromatic (violet) light, not only for photo-micrography in my own hands and those of my able assistant, Dr. Edward Curtis, Assist.-Surgeon and Brevet-Major, U. S. Army, but also for all microscopic work requiring the sharpest definition, as, for example, the examination of the finest Diatomacea, the Nobert’s lines, &c.
Description of a live-box for the observation of living tadpoles and other animals
Authors: Schultze F. E.
Published: April 2021

In the first part of Vol. xxxv of Virchow’s ‘Archiv ‘(January, 1866) doubts were expressed by A. Böttcher, of Dorpat, with respect to the spontaneity of the changes in form and place of the so-termed contractile cells, his doubts having arisen from a strict scrutiny into the method hitherto followed in the investigation of the motile phenomena of cells, and especially of the effects of the so-termed “wet chamber;” and he has suggested the possibility “that the amæboid motions, as they are exhibited on the stage of the microscope, may be caused by external influences independent of the vitality of the cells.”
The Enteronephric System in Woodwardia, with Remarks on the Nephridia of Lampito dubins
Authors: Bahl Karm Narayan
Published: April 2021

The ‘enteronephric ‘type of nephridial system, previously described by the author in Pheretima and Lampito, has now been shown to be present in the genus Wood-wardia as well. It would seem that this type of excretory system is widely distributed in the sub-family Megascolecinae. In essentials the nephridial system of Woodwardia resembles that of Lampito; both possess the entero-nephric ‘septal nephridia and the ‘exonephric ‘integumentary nephridia. The bunches of pharyngeal nephridia open into the pharynx and buccal cavity through five or six pairs of common ducts. The elaborate system of canals and ducts characteristic of the excretory system of Pheretima and Lampito obtains in Woodwardia also, but the physiological significance of the system still remains uncertain. The nephridial system of L. dubius is peculiar and interesting in that it consists of a pair of clusters in each segment, each cluster comprising five nephridia with five pre-septal funnels, and each member of the cluster opening separately to the exterior. Stephenson’s idea of a meganephridium with branching funnels (5–6) has been shown to be erroneous, and it is urged that if each cluster is derived by branching from a single meganephridium of Lumbricus, the branching is not confined to the funnels only, as Stephenson believed, but has been completed from one end of the nephridium to the other, and each of the five nephridia in a cluster is a separate and discrete structure with its own funnel opening into the coelom and its own separate terminal duct opening to the exterior.
Studies on the Golgi Apparatus in Gland-cells. I. Glands associated with the Alimentary Tract
Authors: Bowen Robert H.
Published: April 2021

The recent researches of Nassonov (1923 and 1924) on the relation of secretory granules to the Golgi apparatus have again revived the hope that we may at last be on the way to a solution of the perplexing problem of secretory origins. Working from a somewhat different starting-point, I have recently (Bowen, 1924) tried to interpret Nassonov’s findings in the light of certain well-understood phenomena in the process of sperm formation. It is clear, however, that the interesting possibilities thus suggested must depend for their final demonstration upon further and more critical evidence of three interdependent kinds. These are (1) a demonstration that the general topographical relationship of Golgi apparatus and secretory granules is always such as to allow a possibility of the existence of some more intimate association ; (2) an extension of our knowledge of the finer structure of the Golgi apparatus especially in somatic cells ; and (3) a critical demonstration of the relation of the individual secretory granules to the detailed structural features of the Golgi apparatus. All of these matters have been dealt with in the papers mentioned above, but in no case can we consider the evidence sufficiently extensive and critical to justify final conclusions.
Note on the Oogenesis of Peripatopsis Capensis (Purcell).
Authors: King Seana D.
Published: April 2021

Owing to its interesting position as a connecting link between Annelids and Arthropods, any details regarding the cytology and embryology of Peripatus are likely to be of interest. Montgomery (2), when investigating the spermatogenesis, found some sections of the ovary in his material, but was not able to describe any structures resembling the mitochondria of the sperm-cells. In the present note little has been attempted owing to the very small amount of material available, but it is hoped that the facts set down here may be of some value, at least until the oogenesis can be more exhaustively studied.
The Living Cell in vitro as shown by Darkground Illumination and the changes induced in such Colls by fixing Reagents
Authors: Strangeways T.S.P. , Canti R.G.
Published: April 2021

Tissue growing upon a coverslip in vitro provides peculiarly favourable material for a microscopical investigation of the structure and behaviour of the living cell. Some of the changes which take place in the living cell during growth and division, as seen by direct illumination, have already been described by one of the writers (Strangeways, 1922). By employing dark-ground illumination, however, a much more intimate study of the cell growing in vitro can be made than is possible with the aid of the usual direct methed, and with this technique various internal structures appear as sharply defined, conspicuous objects which by the ordinary method are so indistinct as to be hardly visible. Dark-ground illumination, which has seldom been used for the examination of tissue cultures, has been employed by W. H. Lewis (1923), who records some interesting results obtained from a study of the living cell kept at room temperature. The present writers, by maintaining the cultures at body temperature throughout the period of examination, have been able to extend Lewis’s observations, and by the development of a special technique are also able to give some account of the changes wrought in the individual living cell by the application of some of the more common fixing reagents.
The Relation of the Glandular Elements of the Clitellum of the Brandling Worm (Eisenia foetida, Sav.) to the Secretion of the Cocoon
Authors: Grove A. J. , Cowley L. F.
Published: April 2021

The clitellum of E. foetida may be divided into three regions on each side of the body in accordance with the glandular elements present. Region A, which extends from the mid-dorsal line to a point just below the lateral setae, contains (a) mucin-secreting gland-cells, (b) large granule gland-cells, and (c) fine granule gland-cells. Region B, which extends from just below the lateral setae to a point just inside the inner ventral setae, contains gland-cells (a) and (b) and (c) as in Region A, and in addition (d) gland-cells occupying the ventrolateral ridge and (e) gland-cells associated with the diverticula of the setal pores. Region C, which comprises the ventral surface, contains gland-cells (a) and (b), and cells of an interstitial nature.

By the use of differential stains evidence has been obtained, from a similarity of staining reactions, that the cocoon slimetube is secreted by the mucin gland-cells, the cocoon membrane by the large granule gland-cells, and the albumen by the fine granule gland-cells.

The gland-cells occupying the ridge in Region B and those associated with the diverticula of the setal pores do not participate in the secretion of the cocoon.
Observations on Trichonymphids. : II. The Structure of Microspironympha elegans, n. sp
Authors: Mackinnon Doris L.
Published: April 2021

Among the trichonymphid flagellates inhabiting the gut of Leucotermes tenuis Hagen sent me by Dr. Withycombe from Trinidad is one that I have decided to place in the genus Microspironympha Koidzumi.1
The Early Development of the Chondrocranium of Salmo Fario
Authors: de Beer G. R.
Published: April 2021

The parachordal of Salmo fario was not observed to chondrify in two separate portions, anterior and posterior. No separate pole cartilages were found. The first part of the auditory capsule to arise is in the region where the hyomandibula will become attached to it. The hyomandibula, symplectic, and ceratohyal arise as separate cartilages. The hypohyals, basihyal, and copula arise as separate cartilages. The ceratobranchials,” hypobranchials, epibranchials, and pharyngobranchials (at least the anterior) arise as separate cartilages. The lateral commissure is formed from the post-palatine process, the prootic process, and cartilage representing the basi-trabecular process. The taenia marginalis (or orbital cartilage) arises separately. Rudimentary basal and otic processes are carried on the pterygo-quadrate. The olfactory nerve comes to traverse the orbit as a result of the relative forward displacement of the lamina orbito-nasalis.