bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Young Minds, Old Legal Problems
Authors: Wishart Hannah
Published: June 2018

From 10 years of age, the criminal law requires a person demonstrate a reasonable degree of normative competence. But what if a young person aged between 10 and 14 years does not possess such mental capacities, cannot do anything about it and is not capable of holding responsibility? Should the criminal law make allowances for him in these circumstances? I will argue that it should, because neuroscientific studies reveal young adolescents to be incapable of exercising normative competence. For evidence suggests that they are only capable of performing basic mental functions, for instance, self-directed reasoning and appreciating short-term consequences of their actions. In agreement is Lord Dholakia, the principal drafter of the Age of Criminal Responsibility Bill (2017–2019) since the law’s idea of what a 10-year-old is mentally capable of is at odds with the degree of maturational development obtained. As a consequence, Lord Dholakia proposes that there be an increase in the minimum age of criminal responsibility from 10 to 12 years. Though the underlying premise to increase the threshold age is sound, numerous objections will be made, for it will be defended this proposition rests on insufficient neuroscientific evidence.
Defective NaCl Reabsorption in Salivary Glands of Eda-Null X-LHED Mice
Authors: Mukaibo T. , Munemasa T. , Masaki C. , Cui C.Y. , Melvin J.E.
Published: June 2018

Mutations in the ectodysplasin A gene ( EDA) cause X-LHED (X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia), the most common human form of ectodermal dysplasia. Defective EDA signaling is linked to hypoplastic development of epithelial tissues, resulting in hypotrichosis, hypodontia, hypohidrosis, and xerostomia. The primary objective of the present study was to better understand the salivary gland dysfunction associated with ectodermal dysplasia using the analogous murine disorder. The salivary flow rate and ion composition of the 3 major salivary glands were determined in adult Eda-deficient Tabby hemizygous male (Ta/Y) and heterozygous female (Ta/X) mice. Submandibular and sublingual glands of Eda-mutant mice were smaller than wild-type littermates, while parotid gland weight was not significantly altered. Fluid secretion by the 3 major salivary glands was essentially unchanged, but the decrease in submandibular gland size was associated with a dramatic loss of ducts in Ta/Y and Ta/X mice. Reabsorption of Na+ and Cl–, previously linked in salivary glands to Scnn1 Na+ channels and Cftr Cl- channels, respectively, was markedly reduced at high flow rates in the ex vivo submandibular glands of Ta/Y mice (~60%) and, to a lesser extent, Ta/X mice (Na+ by 14%). Consistent with decreased Na+ reabsorption in Ta/Y mice, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis detected decreased mRNA expression for Scnn1b and Scnn1g, genes encoding the β and γ subunits, respectively. Moreover, the Na+ channel blocker amiloride significantly inhibited Na+ and Cl– reabsorption by wild-type male submandibular glands to levels comparable to those observed in Ta/Y mice. In summary, fluid secretion was intact in the salivary glands of Eda-deficient mice but displayed marked Na+ and Cl– reabsorption defects that correlated with the loss of duct cells and decreased Scnn1 Na+ channel expression. These results provide a likely mechanism for the elevated NaCl concentration observed in the saliva of affected male and female patients with X-LHED.
Recent Advances in the Etiology and Treatment of Burning Mouth Syndrome
Authors: Ritchie A. , Kramer J.M.
Published: June 2018

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a debilitating condition that has a striking female predilection. Although the oral mucosa is normal in appearance, patients with BMS experience oral burning that most commonly localizes to the lips and tongue. BMS is a diagnosis of exclusion, and all underlying pathoses associated with allodynia must be ruled out prior to rendering the diagnosis. The etiopathogenesis of BMS remains poorly understood, and thus patient management is challenging. Data indicate that oral and systemic factors both contribute to the development and persistence of the condition. Of particular interest, emerging work identifies structural and functional deficits within the nervous system that may lead to a more mechanistic understanding of BMS pathology. In addition, several novel findings suggest that circadian rhythm dysfunction may be a previously unappreciated yet clinically significant driver of disease. Circadian rhythm controls pain perception, mood, and sleep and plays a key role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Since these are altered in patients with BMS, this may be reflective of underlying circadian dysfunction. While evidence-based treatment strategies for BMS are lacking, current treatment approaches consist of local and systemic medications, such as clonazepam, alpha lipoic acid, capsaicin, low-level laser therapy, gabapentin, and amitriptylin. In addition, the use of cognitive behavioral therapy is reported. This review provides an overview of the recent literature related to the etiology and treatment of BMS and identifies current challenges facing researchers and clinicians alike.
Organized violence, 1989–2017
Authors: Pettersson Therése , Eck Kristine
Published: June 2018

This article reports on trends in organized violence from data collected by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP). With almost 90,000 deaths recorded by UCDP last year, 2017 saw a decrease for the third consecutive year to a level 32% lower than the latest peak in 2014. This trend in declining levels of organized violence is driven by state-based armed conflict, and by the case of Syria in particular. Forty-nine state-based conflicts were active in 2017, down by four compared to 2016, and ten of these reached the level of war, with at least 1,000 battle-related deaths. The overall decrease in fatalities lends support to the claim that conflict deaths are in decline and that the world is increasingly peaceful. This trend holds even more strongly when controlling for increases in world population. In contrast, non-state conflict has increased: a new peak of 82 active non-state conflicts was recorded in 2017 and fatalities have increased concurrently. Much of this is due to escalating violence in DR Congo and the Central African Republic. However, fatalities from non-state conflict remain but 15% of the total number of fatalities from organized violence. As for actors engaged in one-sided violence, their number also increased during 2017, although the number of fatalities remained at the same level as in 2016.
The theological background of the demythologized spirit in preaching
Authors: Cho Kwang-hyun
Published: June 2018

The Christian church has believed that the work of the Holy Spirit is essential in the ministry of preaching. In the development of contemporary homiletics, namely the New Homiletic, however, the work of the Holy Spirit is often found missing and minimized. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that the neglected role of the Holy Spirit in preaching within the New Homiletic is not a mere coincidence, but a necessary consequence of the eventfulness of preaching that the New Homiletic has been engaged in. This is to be proven by examining (i) the demythologization program of Rudolf Bultmann and (ii) the concept of “language-event” or “word-event” of the new hermeneutic, which was appropriated to the eventfulness of preaching by the New Homiletic.
A Downward Spiral? Childhood Suspension and the Path to Juvenile Arrest
Authors: Mittleman Joel
Published: June 2018

There is growing concern that suspensions trigger a ‘‘downward spiral,’’ redirecting children’s trajectories away from school success and toward police contact. The current study tests this possibility, analyzing whether and in what ways childhood suspensions increase children’s risk for juvenile arrests. Combining 15 years of data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study with contextual information on neighborhoods and schools, I find that suspensions disproportionately affect children already enduring considerable adversity. Even so, suspensions appear to redirect children’s trajectories, more than doubling their risk of arrest. Although suspended children experienced greater escalations in behavioral problems than their peers, post-suspension behavioral changes explained relatively little of the association between early suspension and later arrest. Instead, the most consequential way suspended children diverged from their peers was their heightened risk for repeated school sanction. Suspended children’s risk for repeated school removal explained 52 percent of the association between childhood suspension and juvenile arrest.
Untouchables amongst Untouchables: An Anthropocentric Study of Ghasi Dalit Women
Authors: Bag Minaketan , Jagadala Manjulata
Published: June 2018

A dalit refers to a member of that caste which is placed outside the rigid structure of Hindu society. Located at the very bottom of the four-tiered caste system some dalits are so completely and permanently socially excluded that they are called untouchables. But even among this community there are those who are even more socially excluded like the women of the Ghasi community. These women are manual scavengers traditionally responsible for keeping villages clean. They are, in a sense, the most untouchables amongst untouchables. To assess existing levels of discrimination, a study of 88 Ghasi women living in the Kharmunda panchayat of Bargarh district in Odisha was undertaken. It was found that they faced many harsh economic and social restrictions including accessing the village’s common resources which meant they could not enter temples or even access common water sources. Even though the government passed the Manual Scavengers Act, 2013 and the Atrocities Act, 1989 that legally banned discriminatory social practices, these offensive customs have continued even 70 years after India's Independence.
Book review: Roma Chatterji (Ed.), Wording the World: Veena Das and Scenes of Inheritance
Authors: Hebbar Ritambhara
Published: June 2018

Roma Chatterji (Ed.), Wording the World: Veena Das and Scenes of Inheritance. Delhi: Orient BlackSwan Private Limited, 2015, viii+481 pp., 2015, ₹1295.00, ISBN-13: 978-0823261864 (Hardcover).
Book review: D.N. Dhanagare, Populism and Power: Farmers’ Movement in Western India, 1980–2014
Authors: Choubey Kamal Nayan
Published: June 2018

D.N. Dhanagare, Populism and Power: Farmers’ Movement in Western India, 1980–2014. India: Routledge, 2017, 282 pp, ₹894, ISBN 978-11-38668-58-4.
Characterising micro-channel absorber plates for building integrated solar thermal collectors
Authors: Oyinlola MA , Shire GSF
Published: June 2018

This paper discusses the characterisation of micro-channel absorber plates for compact flat plate solar thermal collectors, which are suitable for building integration. Experimental and computational studies were carried out at typical operating conditions for flat plate solar collectors. Three-dimensional numerical analysis using commercial CFD package, ANSYS CFX, showed that heat transfer occurred on only three surfaces of the channel and there was a peripheral variation of the heat flux density. It was also observed that axial thermal conduction could modify the surface boundary at the inlet and outlet; however, the middle section of the channel could be approximated as a rectangular channel with three walls transferring heat under an H1 boundary condition. Experimental studies were used to estimate the standard parameters for predicting performance of the flat plate collectors, which indicated promising performance results. The collector flow factor F″ and the heat removal factor could be improved by increasing the collector capacitance rate; this can be achieved by increasing the mass flow rate per collector area [Formula: see text] as well as reducing the overall heat loss, UL. This analysis is important for optimising design and operating parameters, especially to minimise temperature gradient in the transverse and longitudinal directions.

Practical application: The proposed compact micro-channel absorber plate has the potential to make flat plate collectors more efficient, cheaper and aesthetically attractive in building integration. It could therefore promote the uptake of solar thermal collectors in buildings. The analysis presented in this study would be beneficial for optimising the design and operating parameters of building integrated solar thermal collectors with micro-channels.
Learning off the Job: Examining Part-time Entrepreneurs as Innovative Employees
Authors: Marshall David R. , Davis Walter D. , Dibrell Clay , Ammeter Anthony P.
Published: June 2018

In this paper, we explain and examine how engaging in part-time entrepreneurship (creating and managing side businesses while remaining employed for wages in existing organizations) uniquely positions individuals to exhibit innovative behavior in employee roles. To study this phenomenon, we integrate the literatures on entrepreneurial learning, knowledge and learning transfer, and employee innovation. We hypothesize that part-time entrepreneurship provides an opportunity for individuals to acquire knowledge and skills conducive to enacting innovative behaviors as employees. Multilevel regression analysis of a sample of 1,221 employee responses across 137 organizational units provides evidence to support our positive transferal hypothesis. Further, we find that individual differences in goal orientations and work-unit climates for innovation strengthen these relationships.
Attributional style of emotions and its relationship with users’ search behaviour
Authors: Behzadi Hassan , Sanatjoo Azam
Published: June 2018

This study aimed to assess the users’ style of attribution of emotions in information retrieval process based on Weiner’s attribution theory of emotion. The research method in the present research is descriptive and the type of study is practical. The population of this study consisted of MA students of different humanistic science branches studying at Imam-Reza International University. A sample of 72 students was selected. The required information were collected through a questionnaire of attribution style and two researcher-made questionnaires. Results showed that the majority of the users attributed their failure and success in information retrieval to internal causes. Also according to Weiner’s theory, they mentioned ‘effort’ as a factor in their success and ‘inability’ and ‘inadequate effort’ as their main failure factors. Research showed that individuals who attribute their emotions to internal factors are more satisfied with their search. On the other hand, it was found that there is a significant relationship between the overall style of user’s attribution and their style of attribution in information retrieval.
QR codes for instrumental performance in the music classroom
Authors: Palazón José , Giráldez Andrea
Published: June 2018

This article presents an experiment with a group of secondary school music students in Spain. We used music score sheets enriched with Quick Response codes as a resource for the practice required to play a musical instrument. The first group (n = 56) was compared with another group (n = 56) that used traditional resources (textbooks and compact discs). The results of the research supported the fact that the students who used QR codes associated with videos – read by using mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets – achieved better results than those who used more traditional resources. The analysis of variance test showed that the learning resource had a significant effect on the scores obtained by the students. In other words, the marks of the students participating in the study varied significantly according to the resource used. There was no significant effect on the interaction of method and gender, so there is no relation between the students’ gender and the resources’ impact on the results obtained by students.
Compliance with the safety guidelines for long-term lithium treatment in Sweden
Authors: Golic Mihaela , Aiff Harald , Attman Per-Ola , Ramsauer Bernd , Schön Staffan , Svedlund Jan
Published: June 2018

Background:

Lithium has been used for more than 50 years and guidelines for treatment monitoring have been documented in Sweden since the beginning of the 1980s.

Aims:

The aim of this study was to describe compliance over time with the Swedish guidelines for long-term lithium treatment.

Methods:

The study material was obtained from Sahlgrenska University Hospital’s laboratory database. We analysed data (serum lithium and serum creatinine) of adult patients treated with lithium between 1981 and 2010, and determined compliance with guidelines and serum lithium levels over time.

Results:

Our study material included 2841 patients and 25,300 treatment-years. The compliance with guidelines’ recommendations regarding lithium and creatinine monitoring increased from 36% in 1981 to 68% in 2010. Women were on average 2% more compliant than men ( p < 0.01). Most lithium samples (87–94%) were within recommended intervals throughout the study period. The average lithium level decreased from 0.70 mmol/L in 1981 to 0.58 mmol/L in 2001, and remained stable thereafter.

Conclusions:

Compliance with lithium monitoring guidelines improved slowly but steadily over time. It took three decades to reach a compliance rate of just below 70%. Gender differences were small, but with a significantly better compliance rate for women. Serum lithium was kept within the recommended target interval to a large extent, throughout the study period.
The Effect of Spanish and English Narrative Intervention on the Language Skills of Young Dual Language Learners
Authors: Spencer Trina D. , Petersen Douglas B. , Restrepo M. Adelaida , Thompson Marilyn , Gutierrez Arvizu Maria Nelly
Published: June 2018

Standards of academic performance place a high demand on students’ English language. To help Spanish-speaking preschoolers who are developing English as a second language meet these demands, researchers recommend strengthening their first language to facilitate development of their second language. Head Start teachers and research assistants delivered 12 Spanish and 12 English language lessons to eight preschoolers in small groups. Lessons targeted storytelling and vocabulary and occurred 4 days a week for 20 min. A multiple-baseline experimental design across groups was used to examine the effect of the Spanish–English narrative intervention on children’s retelling skills and a pretest posttest design without a control group documented children’s acquisition of the target words. Results indicated that children made gains in English retelling while maintaining their already high Spanish retelling skills. Improvements in vocabulary were observed in English but not in Spanish.
Endothelial cells are critical regulators of iron transport in a model of the human blood–brain barrier
Authors: Chiou Brian , Neal Emma H , Bowman Aaron B , Lippmann Ethan S , Simpson Ian A , Connor James R
Published: June 2018

Iron delivery to the brain is essential for multiple neurological processes such as myelination, neurotransmitter synthesis, and energy production. Loss of brain iron homeostasis is a significant factor in multiple neurological disorders. Understanding the mechanism by which the transport of iron across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is regulated is crucial to address the impact of iron deficiency on brain development and excessive accumulation of iron in neurodegenerative diseases. Using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived brain endothelial cells (huECs) as a human BBB model, we demonstrate the ability of transferrin, hepcidin, and DMT1 to impact iron transport and release. Our model reveals a new function for H-ferritin to transport iron across the BBB by binding to the T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin receptor 1. We show that huECs secrete both transferrin and H-ferritin, which can serve as iron sources for the brain. Based on our data, brain iron status can exert control of iron transport across the endothelial cells that constitute the BBB. These data address a number of pertinent questions such as how brain iron uptake is regulated at the regional level, the source of iron delivery to the brain, and the clinical strategies for attempting to treat brain iron deficiency.
Symmetry Is Not a Universal Law of Beauty
Authors: Leder Helmut , Tinio Pablo P. L. , Brieber David , Kröner Tonio , Jacobsen Thomas , Rosenberg Raphael
Published: June 2018

Scientific disciplines as diverse as biology, physics, and psychological aesthetics regard symmetry as one of the most important principles in nature and one of the most powerful determinants of beauty. However, symmetry has a low standing in the arts and humanities. This difference in the valuation of symmetry is a remarkable illustration of the gap between the two cultures. To close this gap, we conducted an interdisciplinary, empirical study to directly demonstrate the effects of art expertise on symmetry appreciation. Two groups of art experts—artists and art historians—and a group of non-experts provided spontaneous beauty ratings of visual stimuli that varied in symmetry and complexity. In complete contrast to responses typically found in non-art experts, art experts found asymmetrical and simple stimuli as most beautiful. This is evidence of the effects of specific education and training on aesthetic appreciation and a direct challenge to the universality of symmetry.
Planar time-optimal paths for asymmetric vehicles in constant flows
Authors: Hammoud Bilal , Bazzi Salah , Shammas Elie , de Oliveira Mauricio
Published: June 2018

This paper introduces a new kinematic model to describe the planar motion of an autonomous underwater vehicle moving in constant current flows. The vehicle is modeled as a rigid body moving at maximum attainable forward velocity with symmetric bounds on the control input for the steering rate. The model approximates the effect a flow will induce on the steering rate of the vehicle due to the asymmetric geometry of the vehicle. By imposing restrictions on the magnitude of the flow, the model is then used to characterize and construct the minimum-time paths that guide the vehicle from a given initial to a final configuration in the plane. Algorithms for the time-optimal path synthesis problem are also introduced, along with several simulations to validate the proposed method. Lastly, insights into how one would approach the energy-optimal problem are given, highlighting the fundamental differences in formulation and methods used to solve for the optimal paths.
Robotic manipulation and sensing of deformable objects in domestic and industrial applications: a survey
Authors: Sanchez Jose , Corrales Juan-Antonio , Bouzgarrou Belhassen-Chedli , Mezouar Youcef
Published: June 2018

We present a survey of recent work on robot manipulation and sensing of deformable objects, a field with relevant applications in diverse industries such as medicine (e.g. surgical assistance), food handling, manufacturing, and domestic chores (e.g. folding clothes). We classify the reviewed approaches into four categories based on the type of object they manipulate. Furthermore, within this object classification, we divide the approaches based on the particular task they perform on the deformable object. Finally, we conclude this survey with a discussion of the current state-of-the-art approaches and propose future directions within the proposed classification.
Retrieval of a periodontally compromised tooth by allogeneic grafting of mesenchymal stem cells from dental pulp: A case report
Authors: Hernández-Monjaraz Beatriz , Santiago-Osorio Edelmiro , Ledesma-Martínez Edgar , Alcauter-Zavala Andrés , Mendoza-Núñez Víctor Manuel
Published: June 2018

Objective

To report a case of successful allogeneic grafting of mesenchymal dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) as preliminary findings in a patient with periodontal disease enrolled into clinical trial ISRCTN12831118.

Methods

Mesenchymal stem cells from the dental pulp of a deciduous tooth from a 7-year-old donor were separated from the pulp chamber and processed via enzymatic digestion and centrifugation. DPSCs were passaged and cultured on a 35 × 13 mm culture dish in minimum essential medium-alpha, without supplementation. After reaching 80% confluency, 5 x 106 allogeneic DPSCs in 250 µl phosphate buffered saline were seeded onto a dry scaffold of lyophilized collagen-polyvinylpyrrolidone sponge placed in the left lower premolar area of a 61-year-old patient with periodontal disease. Surgical access to the lower premolar area was achieved using the flap technique.

Results

At 3 and 6 months following allogeneic graft, the patient showed no sign of rejection and exhibited decreases in tooth mobility, periodontal pocket depth and bone defect area. Bone mineral density had increased at the graft site.

Conclusions

Regenerative periodontal therapy using DPSCs of allogeneic origin may be a promising treatment for periodontal disease-induced bone defects.
Elevated Krüppel-like factor 5 expression in spatiotemporal mouse lungs is similar to human congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lungs
Authors: Wang Xueyan , Wan Huajing , Yang Shuo , Zhou Rong , Liao Yong , Wang Fan , Chen Ximin , Wu Zhiling
Published: June 2018

Objective

The study aimed to investigate the role of high Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) expression on the pathogenesis of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lungs (CCAML) in mice.

Methods

A mouse model of high KLF5 expression in the lungs was established. KLF5 expression and the pulmonary lumen diameter were examined by immunohistochemistry to determine a successful model. Basement membrane damage and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were examined. After an adenovirus carrying KLF5 gene transfection in lung adenocarcinoma (H441) was created, changes in expression and activity of MMP-9 were determined.

Results

In a mouse model with high KLF5 expression, the pulmonary lumen was markedly enlarged, indicating establishment of CCAML. The basement membrane was degraded, and MMP-9 activity was significantly higher in the model group compared with the control group. Moreover, mice in a cellular model after transfection also showed higher MMP-9 activity than did controls.

Conclusion

High KLF5 expression may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of CCAML, partly through regulating the activity of MMP-9.
Addition of one session with a specialist counselor did not increase efficacy of a family physician-led smoking cessation program
Authors: Chung Yi-Hsuan , Chang Hao-Hsiang , Lu Chia-Wen , Huang Kuo-Chin , Guo Fei-Ran
Published: June 2018

Objective

Higher-intensity counseling sessions increase the smoking abstinence rate. However, counselors are limited in Taiwan. This study was performed to determine whether the addition of one session with a specialist counselor increases the efficacy of a family physician-led smoking cessation program.

Methods

Participants opted to either visit a family physician for brief counseling and pharmacotherapy (Po) or visit a specialist counselor for an initial session followed by a family physician for brief counseling sessions with pharmacotherapy (P+). The 7-day point prevalence (PP) rate was evaluated at weeks 12 and 24.

Results

In total, 356 patients were enrolled. In the intention-to-treat analysis, the PP rate at week 12 was higher in the Po than P+ group, but there was no significant difference at week 24. In the per-protocol analysis, the PP rates at weeks 12 and 24 were not significantly different between the Po and P+ groups. The adjusted odds ratios also revealed no significant differences in either the intention-to-treat analysis or the per-protocol analysis between the two groups.

Conclusion

The addition of one session with a specialist counselor had no benefit over the provision of counseling through a family physician at either 12 or 24 weeks of follow-up.
Afatinib with subsequent surgery in stage III NSCLC with EGFR mutation: Lessons learned from two clinical experiences
Authors: Mazzoni Francesca , Petreni Paolo , Perna Marco , Scotti Vieri , Bongiolatti Stefano , Livi Lorenzo , Di Costanzo Francesco , Voltolini Luca
Published: June 2018

Afatinib, a second-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is effective as first-line treatment in patients with EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We report 2 cases of EGFR-mutated locally advanced NSCLC treated in neoadjuvant setting with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor at University of Florence/Careggi Hospital. In both cases, afatinib was used for up to 3 months, until 1 week before surgery. Both patients achieved significant reduction (downstaging) of the pulmonary mass and lymphadenopathies and after surgery, it was decided for both cases to restore afatinib treatment up to a further 4 months. Both patients experienced local and distant disease relapses after 9 and 10 months, respectively, and then we restored the afatinib treatment.
The Impossibility of Criminal Justice Ethics: Toward a Phenomenology of the Possible
Authors: Polizzi David
Published: June 2018

Regardless the specific theoretical perspective, all ethical formulations for criminal justice practice in some way construct the ontological character of the offender, which, in turn, situates both epistemology and method. How this ethical process ultimately constructs the offender will likely help to establish the degree of ethical worth such an individual is deemed worthy to receive. Whether based upon the seriousness of the crime or based upon the specific configuration of the architecture of incarceration, the very possibility of legitimate ethical practice is greatly compromised. Such results can be better avoided when the ethical import of the individual is ontologically situated within the very definition of what it means to be human.1 By situating this discussion within the context of the analytic psychology of Carl Jung and his concept of the shadow and the originary ethics of Martin Heidegger found in Being and Time, a more ontologically configured possibility for a criminal justice ethics can be recognized.
Criminal Spin, Self-Control, and Desistance From Crime Among Juvenile Delinquents: Determinism Versus Free Will in a Qualitative Perspective
Authors: Zemel Ofer , Einat Tomer , Ronel Natti
Published: June 2018

The current research is a qualitative examination of the relations between self-control and deterministic/non-deterministic perceptions of life events and the drifts into or desistance from a criminal spin among juvenile delinquents. Based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 21 adolescents (11 active delinquents and 10 desisters), we found that both the intensification of criminal behavior and the desistance from criminal activity are gradual and connected to the reduction or acquisition, respectively, of self-control and the offenders’ belief in their self-control. Criminal behavior and self-control were found to be associated with deterministic or non-deterministic perceptions of life events: the former combined with low self-control are associated with a delinquent lifestyle; the latter combined with high self-control promote the likelihood that young offenders will modify their behavior and desist from criminal behavior. The study may provide better understanding of the role of the criminal spin in the engagement or desistance from criminal behavior.
Structuring the emotional landscape of climate change migration: Towards climate mobilities in geography
Authors: Parsons Laurie
Published: June 2018

The literature on climate migration is increasingly concerned with linking the natural-environmental and socio-cultural dimensions of risk response. However, the epistemological disjuncture between ‘objective’ and subjective accounts of the environment is an impediment. In particular, despite clear evidence of mutual relevance, work on the emotional landscape of climate change has remained separate from more systematic analyses. Aiming to resolve this, this paper uses the case of a Cambodian beggar to show how recent developments across three fields have laid the groundwork for the structural and emotional dimensions of climate change response to be engaged with under a coherent theoretical rubric.
Modeling the connections between internally and externally drained basins using GIS, Google Earth©, and remote sensing
Authors: Lee Jacqueline
Published: June 2018

The development of internal drainage is intimately tied to the tectonic and climatic history of an area, but research into the exact causes and processes of internal drainage is constrained by the ability to accurately delineate both internally and externally draining watersheds. Until recently, existing global catalogs of internally drained regions were either hand-drawn or based upon digital elevation models whose resolution is much lower than those currently available. Here, the World Wildlife Fund’s HydroBASINS dataset is analyzed in a GIS program to identify points of former connectivity between endorheic and exorheic basins, to identify possible palaeolakes and palaeo-distributary channels, and to quantify on a global basis the extent of area lost to internal drainage for 101 large watersheds. The results have been made available in Google Earth© KMZ files, and a sample workflow is presented which uses the data to approximate the relative importance of tectonic vs climatic factors in initiating endorheism. As an example of how the dataset and workflow can be used, the drainage history is modeled for endorheic watersheds within two very different tectonic regimes, the Afar region of northeastern Africa and the Northern Territory of Australia. The methodology is readily adaptable to other endorheic basins and offers the ability to create drainage history models which can help in research areas such as climate change investigations and groundwater and economic mineral prospecting.
Reconsidering downwind operation by analysis of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Phase VI data
Authors: Larwood Scott , Chow Raymond
Published: June 2018

Data are presented comparing upwind versus downwind operation of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Phase VI wind turbine. Power was not reduced as expected for downwind, which may be attributed to inboard three-dimensional effects. Average flap bending loads were reduced with downwind coning and compared well with prediction. Fatigue loads were increased with downwind; however, fatigue was mitigated with a tower shroud. The shroud needs to align with the freestream, demonstrated by an increase in fatigue loads from a 10° shroud misalignment. Pressure data were acquired in the tower wake at the rotor location with and without the shroud. The bare tower wake data compared well with previous work. The shroud wake data at 10° and 20° misalignment showed velocity reduction and turbulence exceeding the bare tower values. Downwind operation, with an aligning tower shroud, should be considered for future designs given the load benefits of downwind coning.
Development of Macro-Level Crime and Collision Prediction Models to Support Data-Driven Approach to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS)
Authors: Takyi Emmanuel A. , Oluwajana Seun Daniel , Park Peter Y.
Published: June 2018

The number of violent crimes and fatal-injury collisions concerns many jurisdictions. Traditional enforcement tactics are often reactive, relying on historical crime and collision data to select locations for law enforcement. Advanced law enforcement tactics take a proactive approach. Such tactics include Data-Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS), which uses predicted numbers of crimes and collisions to identify locations for law enforcement. This DDACTS study was conducted in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. The research developed macro-level prediction models to predict violent crimes and collisions in each traffic analysis zone (TAZ) in Regina. The zonal nature of the analysis is important for overcoming confidentiality and privacy issues associated with violent crimes and fatal-injury collisions. Fifty-four input variables were used to describe each TAZ’s crimes, collisions, socio-demographic, road inventory, traffic, and land use characteristics. The analysis used negative binomial regression coupled with the empirical Bayes method (a popular approach in transportation, but relatively new to crime mapping) to develop two statistical models that predict the long-term mean value for the number of violent crimes/collisions per zone. Cumulative residual plots were used as the main goodness-of-fit test. The findings are summarized on a map showing the top ten hotzones for violent crimes, the top ten hotzones for fatal-injury collisions, and the zones where the crime and collisions zones overlap. The overlapping zones are the DDACTS zones. By focusing law enforcement in the DDACTS zones, it may be possible to reduce violent crimes and fatal-injury collisions simultaneously and use limited resources more cost effectively.
Estimating Event Likelihood for Rock Slope Assets on Transportation Networks
Authors: Mines Aine , Beckstrand Darren , Thompson Paul D. , Boundy Bret , Helm Scott , Jackson Jeff
Published: June 2018

Recent federal regulations require states to develop risk-based transportation asset management (TAM) plans for bridge and pavement assets. These requirements are making TAM principles, and their related benefits and tools, familiar to a variety of sections within Departments of Transportation (DOTs) and prompting select DOTs to apply them to select geotechnical assets.

The Montana Department of Transportation (MDT) recently completed a multi-year project to update its previous Rockfall Hazard Rating System (RHRS) into a Rock slope Asset Management Program (RAMP), incorporating some of these new tools. Incorporating risk into decision-making is important, but risk posed by deteriorating geotechnical assets is difficult for departments to quantify. Adverse event data are often collected in an ad-hoc fashion, with only the worst events attracting attention.

As part of the RAMP project, an MDT-administered adverse event survey was combined with a statewide dataset of detailed rock slope assessments. These data were used to develop initial relationships between rock slope condition and adverse event likelihood per unit area of rock slope face. Annual likelihood of both service disrupting events and accidents was calculated for each rock slope in MDT’s database and used to identify high-risk corridors. Using established AASHTO methods, event likelihood was combined with traffic and detour data, generating site-specific estimates of annual safety and mobility risks, expressed in dollars, which can be incorporated into benefit/cost tools at various planning levels and permits dollar-to-dollar comparisons of the risks posed by rock slope assets to other actively managed assets.
Field Application of UAS-Based Bridge Inspection
Authors: Seo Junwon , Duque Luis , Wacker James P.
Published: June 2018

The use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs), commonly known as drones, has significantly increased over recent years in the field of civil engineering. In detail, the need for a more efficient alternative for bridge inspection has risen because of the increased interest from bridge owners. The primary goal of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of a drone as a supplemental bridge inspection tool. To complete this study, a glued laminated (glulam) girder with a composite concrete deck bridge was chosen in South Dakota, and a Dà-Jiāng Innovations (DJI) Phantom 4 drone, was employed to perform the bridge inspection. Based on the literature review, an inspection procedure with a drone was developed to efficiently identify damage on the bridge. A drone-enabled inspection was performed following the procedure, and resulting images were checked with those available in the past inspection report from South Dakota Department of Transportation (DOT). This study includes UAS-based bridge inspection considerations to capture appropriate image data necessary for bridge damage determination. A key finding demonstrated throughout this project is that different types of structural damage on the bridge were identified using the UAS.
Small Steps, Big Differences: Assessing the Validity of using Home and Work Locations to Estimate Walking Distances to Transit
Authors: Veillette Marie-Pier , Deboosere Robbin , Wasfi Rania , Ross Nancy , El-Geneidy Ahmed
Published: June 2018

Walking to and from public transport can form a seamless way to integrate physical activity into our daily lives, thereby helping us achieve the recommended minutes of physical activity. To measure the link between physical activity and public transport use, it is critical to determine how far individuals are walking, and are willing to walk, to different modes of transit. Few planners, however, have access to detailed information on the exact public transport lines used by individuals, and therefore need to estimate distances by making use of only home and work locations. This study therefore compared two methods of calculating walking distances: one method using widely available home and work locations and a fastest route algorithm leveraging general transit feed specification data, and a second employing a detailed travel survey containing information on the real routes used by each respondent from Montreal, Canada, to generate more robust estimates of the distances individuals are walking to public transport stops. Results show that walking distances calculated from commonly available origin and destination information tend to underestimate real walking distances by 10%. Multilevel mixed-effect regression models indicate these differing results are mainly attributable to differences in travel behaviour and mode choice. Findings from this study provide a better understanding of how modelled and real walking routes to public transport stops differ, which could be of interest to professionals and urban decision makers wishing to correctly model walking to transit in their region when only limited information is available.
Revisiting Lively Streets: Social Interactions in Public Space
Authors: Mehta Vikas , Bosson Jennifer K.
Published: June 2018

Given the investment in streets, it is imperative for planners and urban designers to determine what makes streets social places. Defining street liveliness as stationary social behavior and duration of stay, we present an empirical longitudinal study extending previous research findings. Using observations and visual surveys, regression analysis and factor analysis, we study liveliness and determine its correlation with street characteristics. Extending prior findings, we ask, what changes in street characteristics over time predict increases in liveliness? Complementing previous results, we found liveliness was significantly predicted by increases in commercial seating, public seating, block variety, independent businesses, and community-gathering places.
Is Women’s Tendency to Negotiate Safer Sex Another Opportunity for Intimate Partner Violence in Nigeria?
Authors: Sunmola Adegbenga M. , Mayungbo Olusegun A. , Fayehun Olufunke A. , Opayemi Remi S. , Morakinyo Luqman A.
Published: June 2018

Husband’s controlling and domineering attitudes have been shown to contribute to women’s intimate partner violence experience in Nigeria. Some scholars have suggested that women’s safer sex negotiation may create additional opportunity for incurring partner violence. The purpose of the current study was to test the possibility that married women’s tendency to negotiate safer sex would contribute significant additional proportions of the variance in their experience of physical, sexual, and emotional violence. Using nationally representative data from a sample of married women in Nigeria ( N = 19,360), three separate hierarchical regression analyses were performed to examine the contributions of husband’s controlling and domineering attitudes and tendency to negotiate safer sex to the three types of violence experience. Regression analyses revealed that women whose husbands endorsed more controlling and domineering attitudes experienced more physical, sexual, and emotional violence. Furthermore, women with higher tendency to negotiate safer sex experienced more of all the forms of violence. After accounting for the influence of husband’s controlling and domineering attitudes, regression analyses revealed that women’s tendency to negotiate safer sex accounted for significant additional contributions of the variance in physical, sexual, and emotional violence experience. The additional contributions suggest that specific interventions may be needed for improving women’s negotiation skills to reduce husband perpetrated violence risk.
Violence Next Door: The Influence of Friendship With Perpetrators on Responses to Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Mead Camilla Gleeson , Kelty Sally F.
Published: June 2018

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a prevalent problem worldwide. Friends of perpetrators may be in a unique position to support or affect change. However, little is known about the influence of friendship with a perpetrator on responses to IPV. Social identity theory describes an ingroup bias whereby ingroup perpetrators of violence are viewed as less personally responsible than outgroup perpetrators. This bias has been consistently found for impersonal ingroup relationships, but there is limited research in relation to friends of perpetrators. Drawing on social psychological theories, this study aimed to explore the impact of friendship with a perpetrator on responses to IPV—specifically, on attributions of causality and social rejection. A fictional vignette depicting IPV perpetrated by either a friend or a stranger was presented to 174 university students, who then completed a questionnaire on attributions and social rejection. Results indicated that participants attributed high blame to the perpetrator regardless of their relationship, but friends of the perpetrator were significantly more likely than strangers to attribute the cause of the violence to external factors. Friends of perpetrators were likely to continue the friendship, though social rejection was significantly more likely when the perpetrator was attributed high blame and internal causality. Ingroup bias was not consistently present across all outcomes, demonstrating the complexity of social relationships and IPV. The findings suggest expectancy based on past behavior may influence attributions for violence in existing relationships. The combination of high blame, external attributions, and low social rejection was discussed in relation to opportunities for friends to intervene to prevent IPV. The multifaceted influence of friendship on responses to IPV perpetration suggests the need to consider relationship factors when designing violence prevention campaigns and bystander intervention programs.