bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Familial Incidence of Gilles de la Tourette's Disease, with Observations on Aetiology and Treatment
Authors: Friel Patrick B.
Published: August 2008

Gilles de la Tourette's disease is a relatively rare condition characterized by multiple motor tics and an irresistible compulsion to swear. It was first described by Itard in 1825. Many years later, at the Salpêtrière under the tutelage of Charcot and Brissaud, Georges Gilles de la Tourette made a study of nine cases, including Itard's original one, and published his account of the disorder in 1885. He defined it as a nervous affliction characterized by motor incoordination accompanied by echolalia and coprolalia. He distinguished it from the large number of conditions which previously had been grouped under the heading of chorea. He pointed out similarities between this syndrome and the ‘jumping Frenchmen of Maine’ described by Beard in 1880 and the ‘myriachit’ of Siberia described by Hammond in 1884. Other authors however, question whether these conditions are really part of the same disorder.
Familial Pre-senile Dementia: The Relevance of a Histological Diagnosis of Pick's Disease
Authors: Sim Myre , Bale R. N.
Published: August 2008

The literature of familial pre-senile dementia is adequately reviewed by McMenemey (1963) and Pratt (1967) and that on familial forms of Alzheimer's disease by Tandy and Bain (1970). In non-familial cases of Alzheimer's disease it has been possible to correlate the clinical features with the histological diagnosis obtained from cerebral biopsy (Sim and Sussman, 1962; Sim et al., 1966), and the present paper is an attempt to see whether, by using similar diagnostic criteria as listed in Table I, including cerebral biopsy, a similar consistency could be demonstrated in the affected members of each family.
Psychiatric Illnesses in the Families of Female Criminals: A Study of 288 First-Degree Relatives
Authors: Cloninger C. Robert , Guze Samuel B.
Published: August 2008

Sociopathy, alcoholism, and drug dependence have been shown to be the only psychiatric disorders more frequent among convicted male felons than in the general population (4, 5). In these studies, sociopathy, regardless of other disorders, was found in nearly 80 per cent. An increased prevalence of sociopathy, alcoholism, drug dependence, and hysteria, or Briquet's Syndrome (3), was found among the first-degree relatives of these felons; hysteria (Briquet's Syndrome) among the female relatives and the other disorders predominantly among the male relatives. Overall, 44 per cent of the male felons' first-degree relatives received a psychiatric diagnosis (6).
Exhibitionism, Sexual Violence and Paedophilia
Authors: Rooth Graham
Published: August 2008

In 1954 a large survey showed that exhibitionists accounted for about a third of recidivist sexual offenders in England and Wales (Radzinowicz, 1957). As less than 2 per cent of convicted sex offenders fall into the recidivist category, the numbers concerned are small: a matter of a few hundred only. However, their frequent reappearances in the Courts and psychiatric clinics result in their constituting a problem out of all proportion to their numbers.
A Performance Learning Measure for the Aged
Authors: Savage R. D. , Hall Elizabeth H.
Published: August 2008

The absence of a motor-perceptual learning measure which has a control or partialled out effect for age and general intellectual level has become obvious and the need for such a measure has been seen to be urgent in relation to the assessment of cognitive functioning in the elderly. Work by Savage and his colleagues (1971) has highlighted the fact that the measurement of intellectual levels and intellectual learning ability for both verbal and performance or motor-perceptual aspects of cognitive functioning is essential if the normal and abnormal structure and changes in cognitive functioning at any age is to be more fully understood. This paper reports on the development of the Block Design subtest of the WAIS as such a performance learning test. To our knowledge, there has so far been no measure of motor-perceptual or performance learning which has built into it an acceptable level or process of automatic control for general or performance intelligence and for age.
The Consequences of Unplanned Repatriation
Authors: Burke Aggrey W.
Published: August 2008

In attempting to resolve the issue of the relative importance of environmental and genetic factors in mental illness migration studies have been inconclusive (Dohrenwend and Dohrenwend, 1969). Among West Indian immigrants an increased incidence of mental disorder as compared to the native population and the population at home has been suggested (Hemsi, 1967). Other workers have attached great importance to environmental factors in explaining the atypical picture of West Indian mental illness (Gordon, 1965; Tewfik and Okasha, 1965).
A Psychiatric Approach to the Diagnosis of Suicide and its Effect upon the Edinburgh Statistics
Authors: Ovenstone Irene M. K.
Published: August 2008

Researchers agree that suicides are under-reported, although estimates of the extent vary. Dublin (1963) suggested that recorded figures were understated by one fourth to one third. Seager and Flood (1965) estimated that possible suicides among deaths reported as accidents, misadventure or open verdicts might be as many as 50 per cent of those actually returned as suicide. Important sources of under-reporting lie in the methods of ascertaining and recording suicide as well as in religious and social attitudes, which tend, in certain countries, to look upon suicide as a stigma and to avoid a verdict of suicide where possible.
The Use of Disulfiram Implantation in Alcoholism
Authors: Malcolm M. T. , Madden J. S.
Published: August 2008

The unpleasant reaction to alcohol experienced by patients taking disulfiram was reported twenty-four years ago (Hald and Jacobsen, 1948; Martensen-Larsen, 1948). For as long as patients continue to take oral disulfiram they may be too afraid to drink. Unfortunately in practice they often discontinue the therapy, and drink with impunity a few days later. Thus a long-acting preparation of disulfiram would be desirable.
Unilateral Versus Bilateral Ect in Schizophrenia
Authors: Doongaji D. R. , Jeste D. V. , Saoji N. J. , Kane P. V. , Ravindranath S.
Published: August 2008

Electroconvulsive therapy with unilateral electrode placement has been tried most often in depressive disorders (Abrams and de Vito, 1969; Cannicott, 1962; Cannicott and Waggoner, 1967; Costello et al., 1970; d'Elia, 1970; Fleminger et al., 1970; Levy, 1968; Martin et al., 1965; Strain et al., 1968; Valentine et al., 1968; Zinkin and Birtchnell, 1968; Lancaster et al., 1958), although Lancaster (op. cit.) noted that it was as effective as bilateral ECT in relieving certain other psychotic symptoms, such as catatonia, stupor and hallucinations. This paper reports the comparative results in schizophrenia of bilaterally administered ECT and of ECT administered unilaterally to either the dominant or the non-dominant hemisphere.
Undiagnosed Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Welner Amos , Liss Jay L. , Robins Eli
Published: August 2008

It has been shown in a record study (Welner, Liss, Robins and Richardson, 1972), and confirmed in a follow-up study using a blind structured interview (liss, Welner, and Robins, 1972), that most of those in-patients in our studies who were discharged without a diagnosis met the criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis when rigorous criteria were used (Feighner, Robins, Guze, Woodruff, Winokur and Munoz, 1972). However, using methods and evidence from these studies, out of the 109 patients who were followed-up for a mean period of 39 months, 25 patients were conspicuous in that even after initial or repeated admissions to hospital, after their records were reviewed, and after a follow-up study, they still remained undiagnosable. It was the purpose of this study to describe and evaluate in detail this group of 25 patients with particular reference to the possible reasons why they remained undiagnosed and therefore were defined by us as ‘undiagnosable’.
The Origins of Analgesic Nephropathy
Authors: Murray Robin M.
Published: August 2008

The association between renal papillary necrosis and prolonged ingestion of compound analgesics containing aspirin and phenacetin, has been widely reported (5, 6, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 24, 42). Although formerly thought to occur mainly in Switzerland, Scandinavia and Australia, analgesic nephropathy is now being increasingly reported in Britain (3, 26, 36), and in particular in Western Scotland (33). In the past seven years over 100 cases have been seen in the renal unit of the Western Infirmary, Glasgow, and, of these 42 have died in uraemia.
Stereotactic Limbic Leucotomy: Neurophysiological Aspects and Operative Technique
Authors: Kelly Desmond , Richardson Alan , Mitchell-Heggs Nita
Published: August 2008

Psychosurgery has always been, and is likely to remain, a controversial subject. Blind operations lack precision and can lead to adverse personality changes or other serious side-effects. Open surgery is becoming less acceptable because of the difficulties of accurately assessing the extent of a lesion and its exact location. The introduction of stereotactic techniques enables far smaller lesions to be placed with a high degree of accuracy, and increased knowledge of the limbic system has contributed to advances in this field.
Alcoholics Known or Unknown to Agencies: Epidemiological Studies in a London Suburb
Authors: Edwards Griffith , Hawker Ann , Hensman Celia , Peto Julian , Williamson Valerie
Published: August 2008

We present here some findings from a survey carried out in one (former) London borough, of the information known to one or more of a number of agencies such as courts, clergy, employers, doctors, etc. (we term these sources ‘reporting agencies', see Methodology Section 4), concerning those individuals who might have a drinking problem. The results will be interpreted in the light of a house-to-house sample survey which was conducted at the same time, and in part of that same area (Edwards et al., 1972a, b, c, d, 1973): the extent of overlap in case identification will be closely considered. The literature on epidemiology applied to alcoholism has been reviewed by one of us elsewhere (Edwards, 1973), and the relevance of epidemiology to planning the community's response to its drinking problems was discussed. In the present paper the application of those general arguments to the realities of a particular set of data will be tentatively explored.
A Psychiatric Residency in the U.S.A
Authors: Berger Joseph
Published: August 2008

There is a wide variety of training programmes in psychiatry in the United States. There are such programmes at most well-known Medical Schools and Universities; at various clinics, some of international reputation; at the psychiatry departments of many large city hospitals, and at many of the state hospitals.
Iprindole and Imipramine in Non-Psychotic Depressed Out-Patients
Authors: Rickels Karl , Chung Hack R. , Csanalosi Irma , Sablosky Lester , Simon Joseph H.
Published: August 2008

In an earlier study this research group reported iprindole, a relatively new tricyclic derivative, to be an effective drug for use in depressed neurotic out-patients (ii). We found it to produce significantly greater improvement than placebo on a variety of outcome measures. Good response to iprindole as compared to placebo has also been reported by Hicks (5) and Daneman (3). Sterlin et al., comparing iprindole with amitriptyline in a relatively small patient sample, reported that iprindole, while faster acting, produced less overall improvement (15); differences in improvement did not, however, reach statistical significance.
Patterns of New Chronicity in a Mental Hospital
Authors: Measey Laurence G. , Smith Howard
Published: August 2008

The problem of the long-stay patient in the Mental Hospital has been discussed for a long time. The prediction that there would be a steady decline in the number of these patients made by Tooth and Brooke (1951) has not been borne out by the evidence of Baldwin and Hall (1967), and more recently by Hailey (1971). They have shown that although there has been a fall in numbers the rate has been far from steady.
Cognitive Functioning in Schizophrenia
Authors: Marshall W. L.
Published: August 2008

It has long been accepted that inadequate or abnormal cognitive performance is a characteristic of those patients described as schizophrenic (Cameron, 1938, 1939; Goldstein, 1939). A number of theories have been advanced to suggest that the basic deficit underlying this abnormal performance lies in impaired information processing. McGhie (1969, 1970) and Payne (1960) consider the defect to be in the filter that normally operates to exclude irrelevant stimuli, while Yates (1966a, 1966b) suggests that the impairment may reflect a slowed rate of information transfer in the primary processing channel. Hawks and Marshall (1971) also argue for slowed processing, but although they talk about overload due to inappropriately filtered input they appear to identify their position with Broen's (1968) response interference theory.
Specific and Non-specific Factors in Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Gelder M. G. , Bancroft J. H. J. , Gath D. H. , Johnston D. W. , Mathews A. M. , Shaw P. M.
Published: August 2008

Previous investigations have suggested that desensitization is the treatment of choice for simple phobic disorders, but is less effective with agoraphobia, particularly when the phobias are accompanied by much generalized anxiety (Gelder and Marks, 1966). Even the milder agoraphobias usually respond incompletely despite prolonged treatment. An alternative treatment that offers more rapid or effective results, particularly with agoraphobia, would therefore be of value. The technique of flooding or implosion has recently been the subject of a number of studies, and some, but not all, have shown evidence of considerable therapeutic power. The method is also of some theoretical interest since it breaks the rules which are thought to be important in desensitization. Thus, according to early proponents (Stampfl and Levis, 1967) success depends on exposing patients to fantasy material of an extremely intense and anxiety-provoking nature, so that extinction to cues associated with the original traumatic situation may take place. From this theoretical viewpoint desensitization can be only partially successful, since these traumatic origins are neither sought for nor presented to the patient. Even if the necessity of dealing with original anxiety-provoking cues is not accepted, the use of material which evokes maximal anxiety for prolonged periods is contrary to the counter-conditioning theory of desensitization (Wolpe, 1958). Indeed, this theory predicts that flooding would rarely be successful and might make the phobia worse because uncontrolled increases in anxiety may cause reconditioning.
The Set Test as an Aid to the Detection of Dementia in Old People
Authors: Isaacs Bernard , Kennie Agnes T.
Published: August 2008

Screening examinations are widely advocated for the early detection of disease in the elderly (Williamson et al., 1964; Lowther, McLeod and Williamson, 1970; Williams et al., 1972; Richardson, 1964; Anderson and Cowan, 1955; Isaacs, Livingstone and Neville, 1972). There have been several successful experiments in the use of health visitors and district nurses in the initial interview (Burns, 1969; Hodes, 1971; McNabola, 1970; Williamson et al., 1966).
Codification and Automation of Psychiatric Data: the CAPRICE System
Authors: Valentine M.
Published: August 2008

In the United States of America, many centres are now running automated data programmes in the psychiatric field (Kline and Laska, 1968; Ulett and Sletten, 1971). In Britain, such developments have been much more restricted; prominent examples however are the North-East Scotland psychiatric register, and the Maudsley Hospital—Institute of Psychiatry check-list, together with the Camberwell register. As a clinical itemization, the ‘Present Psychiatric State’ (Wing et al., 1967) presents a comprehensive listing of over 400 symptoms, the evaluation being confined to the previous four weeks of the patient's experience. This is a valuable research tool, but for routine clinical history requirements it would be both too detailed and, by definition, too limited in scope.
Amitriptyline, Weight Gain and Carbohydrate Craving: A Side Effect
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Mueller P. S. , De la Vergne P. M.
Published: August 2008

Increase in weight is a well-known side effect of phenothiazine drugs (Dally, 1967). There have been scattered reports of weight gain on tricyclic antidepressants (Arenillas, 1964; Dally, 1967; Kline, 1969), but this possibility has received little systematic study. Investigation is confounded by the fact that depression itself often produces weight loss. Crammer and Elkes (1968) reported weight gain in responders to desipramine, but regarded this as a limited phenomenon which never built up to obesity and was due to reversal of depression-induced weight loss.
The Influence of the 1968 Glossary on the Diagnoses of English Psychiatrists
Authors: Kendell R. E.
Published: August 2008

Since 1949 the diagnoses given to all patients admitted to psychiatric hospitals in England and Wales have been collected and tabulated, initially by the General Register Office and more recently by the Ministry of Health and its successor the Department of Health and Social Security. These data are published regularly and have been used for many purposes—to follow trends in admission and discharge rates, to predict future bed and manpower needs, and in international comparisons. Before 1970 there was no official nomenclature and psychiatrists used whatever diagnostic terms they wished when completing the S.B.H.15 index cards provided for each patient (Department of Health and Social Security, 1970, Appendix A). In the Department of Health these diagnoses were converted into 3-digit numbers, using a complex code developed by the General Register Office (D.H.S.S., 1970, Appendix B), and finally these code numbers were grouped together to make them conform as well as possible with the nomenclature of the 7th edition of the International Classification of Disease (ICD 7). Inevitably this procedure was unsatisfactory. It was cumbersome; it only permitted a few broad diagnostic categories to be distinguished with any confidence; and it involved making a number of arbitrary assumptions about the relationship between the different nomenclatures involved.
The Iowa 500: Follow-up of 225 Depressives
Authors: Winokur George , Morrison James
Published: August 2008

In previous studies we have suggested that there are two types of depressive illness (4, 5). The first of these is depressive spectrum disease which has as its prototype the early-onset female depressive; the second type is pure depressive disease, the prototype of which is the late-onset male depressive. Other family studies support the differences between these two prototypes (1, 8). The early-onset females have a considerable amount of alcoholism and probably sociopathy in their male first-degree relatives. The late-onset males have an ordinary amount of these illnesses in their male relatives. In the families of early-onset females, female relatives outnumber male relatives for the presence of depressive illness; this is not seen in late-onset males, where male and female relatives have equal amounts of depressive illness.
The Ganser Syndrome in Singapore: A Report on Ten Gases
Authors: Tsoi Wing Foo
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this paper is to report on ten cases of this uncommon syndrome admitted to Woodbridge Hospital, Singapore, and studied by the author in a systematic way. No attempt will be made to review the literature, as this has already been done recently by Goldin and MacDonald (1955), Enoch and Irving (1962), Enoch et al. (1967) and Whitlock (1967). The Ganser syndrome appears to be getting rarer in the West, as reports in recent literature have usually covered a few cases only: May et al. (1960) reported three cases and Whitlock (1967), six cases.
Consciously Rejected Children
Authors: Pemberton David A. , Benady D. Roger
Published: August 2008

Children who are rejected give a clinical impression of making interpersonal relationships with difficulty. Wolberg (1944) described the consequences of parental rejection as depending upon the age of the child at the time of the rejection, the manner in which frustration was imposed by the parents, the nature and extent of compensatory gratification from others, and the success or failure of spontaneous reparative attempts on the part of the child to establish accepting relationships. Earlier studies of the child's reaction to rejection were marred by the tendency to define rejection too loosely, so that both conscious and unconscious forms were included as well as more frequent ambivalent parental attitudes, with a resultant wide scatter in the form of the children's responses. However, it has been shown by comparison with accepted children that the rejected child is uncommunicative, rebellious, less friendly, and bewildered about life (Symonds, 1938). Rejected children have been noted to be hypersensitive, and it has been speculated that this stems from feelings of insecurity and of not belonging to a permanent setting (Childers, 1935). The types of reaction to rejection were sub-divided into two broad groups—aggressive and submissive (Newell, 1934). Aggressive behaviour, including rebelliousness, disobedience, temper tantrums, quarrelsomeness, stealing and truancy occurred when the parental handling was consistently hostile; while submissive behaviour, including shyness, seclusiveness, cravings for attention, occurred more frequently when the parental behaviour was consistently over-protective (Newell, 1936). The aggressive response to hostile rejection was confirmed by Wolberg, who also thought that the symptoms of delinquency, truancy, enuresis and frustration intolerance should be interpreted in the larger framework of the child's attitudes towards himself and the world.
The Phenomenology of Hallucinations as an Aid to Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Lowe Gordon R.
Published: August 2008

This paper outlines one method of investigating the phenomenology of spontaneous hallucinations in a mental hospital population; and considers the possibility of using the method as an aid to differential diagnosis.
Language Structure and Predictability in Overinclusive Patients
Authors: Hart D. S. , Payne R. W.
Published: August 2008

Deviant language behaviour is the primary basis for the clinical inference of thought disorder. Bleuler (1950), for example, emphasizes loose associations and disjointed utterances. Mayer-Gross, Slater, and Roth (1960) state that thought disorder is indicated by such conversation characteristics as ‘woolly vagueness', in-consequential following of side issues, direction by alliteration, analogies or clang associations, and the use of words out of context. However, psychological studies have typically used measures of disordered thinking derived from performance on categorization tasks. Such tasks do not obviously measure the abnormality which is definitive for the clinician. The study reported here was an attempt to relate measures of language effectiveness to overinclusive thought disorder.
Parent-Child Concordance with Respect to Sex and Diagnosis in Schizophrenia and Manic-Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Powell Anne , Thomson Nancy M. , Hall David J. , Wilson Linda S.
Published: August 2008

In the search for an explanation of the aetiology of psychiatric illness, the study of the family as a unit for psychiatric research is becoming increasingly necessary. That family members resemble one another in many respects seems an intuitively correct idea. Children resemble their parents in both physical attributes and temperament; the former is mainly attributed to heredity and the latter to an interaction of heredity and social learning. Previous psychiatric studies of the family have indicated two areas for further investigation: firstly, sex concordance, and secondly diagnostic concordance among psychiatrically ill first degree relatives. The literature relating to these areas is abundant, and the main conclusions are summarized below.
Brain Disconnection and Schizophrenia
Authors: Beaumont J. G. , Dimond S. J.
Published: August 2008

The concept of brain disconnection derives from work in which the two cerebral hemispheres are surgically separated by division of the corpus callosum. The patient behaves as if his two half-brains function to some degree independently. The syndrome of brain disconnection is exemplified by such split-brain cases (Geschwind, 1965). Neither hemisphere shows an awareness of the functions of the other, and there is a marked failure to cross-match stimuli across the midline of the body. The integrity of the corpus callosum is essential to normal integration between the hemispheres.
The Personality of Female Prisoners
Authors: Eysenck Sybil B. G. , Eysenck Hans J.
Published: August 2008

The theory has been put forward inCrime and Personality(Eysenck, 1964) that criminals are characterized by a combination of extraverted and neurotic personality traits; put in operational terms, it was suggested that compared with a control group of normal (non-criminal) subjects they would have higher scores on the N and E scales of the MPI or the EPI (Eysenck, 1959; Eysenck and Eysenck, 1964). In the second edition of the book the further hypothesis was added that prisoners would also be characterized by high P scores; the letter P refers to a third dimension of personality provisionally entitled ‘psychoticism’. Earlier investigations of the N x E hypothesis have been reviewed in the second edition ofCrime and Personality(Eysenck, 1970) and by Passingham (1972); the most recent study of both hypotheses is contained in two papers dealing with the personality makeup of male prisoners (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1970, 1971). The conclusions to be drawn from an examination of the literature are as follows: (1) As far as P is concerned, prisoners undoubtedly have much higher scores than do various types of control groups. (2) As far as N is concerned, most studies show prisoners to have significantly higher scores than controls. (3) As far as E is concerned, it appears that scores sometimes do and sometimes do not separate prisoners and controls in the predicted direction; it seems that we must distinguish between the two main components of E, i.e. sociability and impulsivity (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1969). Prisoners are significantly more impulsive, but less sociable, than controls.
Personality and Psychosocial Interactions in an Undergraduate Sample
Authors: Howell Ronald , Grown Sidney , Howell R. W.
Published: August 2008

In this study an attempt was made to relate personality as measured by the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (Crown and Crisp, 1966, 1970) to selected psychosocial characteristics of undergraduates in residence, the majority of whom were between 18 and 22 years of age. Individual questionnaires were sent out. Just under 50 per cent of the questionnaires were returned, and the present analysis is based on this sample.
An Increase of Anorexia Nervosa in a University Population
Authors: Duddle May
Published: August 2008

This paper draws attention to an increase in the number of cases of anorexia nervosa presenting at a University Student Health Centre in the last few years.
The Post-Graduate Education and Training of Consultant Psychiatrists
Authors: Brook Peter
Published: August 2008

This paper reports some aspects of a survey made of the training experiences of a group of recently appointed consultants in general psychiatry; it is the third such survey made by the author. The original enquiry was a postal one and asked about the training and education received by all consultants who had been appointed for the first time to a post in general psychiatry, with at least 6 N.H.S. sessions, between 1 October 1963 and 30 September 1969 (R.M.P.A., 1969). A second survey, using a questionnaire much modified from the first, was made of consultants appointed between 1 October 1966 and 30 September 1969, using the same criteria of eligibility as the first group (Brook, 1972, 1973). The present enquiry used a postal questionnaire almost identical to that used for the previous group, which was circulated to consultants in general psychiatry appointed between 1 October 1969 and 30 September 1972.
Assessing Drug-taking as a Problem: An English Observation Study
Authors: Plant Martin A.
Published: August 2008

Very little research has been conducted on drug-takers in the community. Goode (1970) and Reeves (1973) are notable American and British exceptions. Both used non-random methods to collect information from drug-takers in non-clinical settings. In the present study, carried out in Cheltenham, I used participant observation as a means of approaching drug-takers in their ‘natural’ settings. I employed an anthropological technique called ‘snowballing’. This involved introducing myself to a few drug-takers. These individuals, when satisfied about my identity and intentions, introduced me to their drug-taking friends, who in turn introduced me to the network of other drug-takers whom they knew. During the period August 1970–October 1972, I was able, informally, to observe the life-styles and drug-taking behaviour of a number of drug-taking groups within the community. In addition, I collected statistical information about the biographical characteristics of 200 individuals I encountered. A standardized interview schedule was used which investigated family backgrounds, employment, education, social relationships, delinquency, drug histories, living conditions, ideology and sexual behaviour.
Non-Verbal Behaviour in Mental Illness
Authors: Hill Denis
Published: August 2008

It is a paradox that during the years of psychosocial development each man has to achieve an identity, a role in which he can feel secure, and yet poets and philosophers tell us that man is forever seeking to diminish the isolation which a personal identity imposes. Without the development of a personal identity and a role in life the individual remains a social isolate, a dependent parasite or a social deviant. Yet, once achieved, identity brings a new awareness of separateness from others and a need to merge the self with others, to identify with someone or something else. This would seem to be a main objective of love. It has been said that human love is the supreme act of communication with another, a merging of identity, and poets speak of communicating with nature or with God in like terms. Romantic and sacred literature abound in metaphors and images describing the bliss which such activity offers. If it is true that while we have a need to develop a sense of personal selfhood, an identity and a role, we have a further need to diminish the separateness such awareness imposes, how do we go about it? The contemporary answer is, of course, by communication, by relating to others. The better the communication we have with others, the greater our sense of belongingness, the less the pain of individual isolation. It is not necessary to emphasize that a cardinal feature of all severe mental illness is either a loss or a distortion of the individual's communicative capacity. But I would like to emphasize that the debate as to whether failure of communication is either a cause, or an association, or a consequence of mental illness is not my theme.
R. D. Laing in Post-Critical Perspective
Authors: Dyer Allen R.
Published: August 2008

R. D. Laing has offered a challenge to society and to psychiatry which is difficult to accept, for it implies that ‘sane’ society and psychiatry as its instrument actually perpetuate rather than alleviate certain kinds of mental illness. In spite of Laing's growing popularity with the counter-culture, there is a conspicuous lack of consideration of Laing's thought in the psychiatric literature. This may be taken as a rejection of what Laing says, a sort of professional passive aggression. Indeed many would suggest that Laing has passed the limits of sanity; he is certainly deviant. Yet psychiatry's reticence may reflect the difficulty in responding appropriately to Laing's indictment. Apparently there is much truth in Laing's analysis. It is existential, and his considerations involve each of us as persons, not just as members of a corporate group, psychiatrists or sane citizens. Furthermore there is a temptation either to accept or to reject what Laing says as a whole without careful attention to the implications of his arguments.
A Serological Study on Mentally Ill Patients
Authors: Lycke Erik , Norrby Ragnar , Roos Björn-Erik
Published: August 2008

It is known that different mental symptoms may occur as early symptoms of acute viral meningoencephalitides. In herpes virus (HSV) infections of the central nervous system (CNS) the appearance of these symptoms is well documented (Juel-Jensen and MacCallum, 1972). The recurrence of psychotic symptoms in cases of recurrent HSV infections has also been described (Shearer and Finch, 1964; Drachman and Adams, 1962). In recent years serological observations of the prevalence of HSV antibodies in patients with psychiatric disorders have suggested a possible association of HSV infections with aggressive behaviour (Cleoburyet al., 1971), as well as with psychotic depressions (Rimon and Halonen, 1969).
Cytogenetic Studies in the Offspring of Lsd Users
Authors: Fernandez J. , Brennan T. , Masterson J. , Power M.
Published: August 2008

The presumed carcinogenic and chromosome-breaking potential of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (d-LSD 25) in human somatic cells has been reviewed by Fernandezet al.(1973). Reports concerning its teratogenic effect in experimental animals and man have been either contradictory or inconclusive. The following possible teratogenic mechanisms may be considered: (1) A direct effect on organogenesis of LSD ingested by the mother during early pregnancy; (2) A similar disturbance of organogenesis by a persistent metabolite of LSD ingested by the mother at some time prior to the pregnancy; (3) Chromosome damage or point mutations in parental germ cells exposed to LSD before initiation of a pregnancy.
The Mental Health Services: A Review of the Statistical Sources and a Critical Assessment of their Usefulness
Authors: Maynard Alan , Tingle Rachel
Published: August 2008

The National Health Service has entered a period of substantial change. The impending reform of local government (1974) will coincide with considerable reforms in the administrative structure of the N.H.S. (1). In addition, our subject matter—the mental health services—has been the subject of various Government White Papers and policy decisions (2). These reforms are an attempt to increase the efficiency of the service, and throughout their pages reference is made to the need for scientific management and administrative efficiency.
The Reliability of the Psychiatric Anamnesis
Authors: Eastwood M. R. , Ross H. E.
Published: August 2008

The psychiatric anamnesis is a lengthy enquiry based on the Meyerian principle that most aspects of a patient's past and present history are relevant to the diagnosis and management of psychiatric disorder. Despite widespread use by both clinicians and research workers, the anamnesis has been the subject of few investigations regarding its reliability and validity. The studies reported have not encouraged confidence in traditional history taking (Haggard et al., 1960; Wenar and Coulter, 1962; Beckett et al., 1967). The present study was carried out to investigate the reliability of the family and personal history.
Controlled Trial of Depot Fluphenazine in Out-patient Schizophrenics
Authors: Crawford R. , Forrest A.
Published: August 2008

Although phenothiazines have gained acceptance as the standard treatment for the acute episode of schizophrenia (Rathod and Rees, 1953; Cole, 1964), there is much more doubt about their effectiveness as maintenance therapy. Several American studies have reported on the results of maintenance therapy with chlorpromazine compared with placebo, and found phenothiazine treatment to be superior in preventing relapse (Scarpitti et al., 1964; Pasamanick et al., 1957; Ravaris et al., 1967). However, these studies suffer from methodological problems which impair their clarity. First, as emphasized by Leff and Wing (1971), diagnostic criteria are rarely stipulated. This is clearly important if American work is to be compared with British, since Kendell et al. (1971) have shown the wider concept of schizophrenia used in the U.S.A. Secondly, the likelihood of bias occurring in the population meeting trial selection criteria, resulting in a trial population which is unrepresentative of the group as a whole, is not usually defined. Every trial worker knows this ‘shrinking sample’ phenomenon, which appears to result in a sudden scarcity of patients as soon as a trial is contemplated. The trial of maintenance therapy conducted by Leff and Wing (1971) meets this objection by following the progress of patients who met the trial criteria but could not be included for various other reasons.
The Effects of Phenothiazines on Endocrine Function: I
Authors: Beumont P. J. V. , Gelder M. G. , Friesen H. G. , Harris G. W. , MacKinnon P. C. B. , Mandelbrote B. M. , Wiles D. W.
Published: August 2008

Shortly after the advent of modern psychopharmacological agents in the 1950s it was noted that their clinical use led occasionally to galactorrhoea (Gäde and Heinrich, 1955; Winnik and Tennenbaum, 1955), to menstrual disorders (Polishuk and Kulcsar, 1956), and to false positive pregnancy tests (Foxworth and Lehman, 1957; Marks and Shackcloth, 1966). The drugs were also shown to have a profound effect upon the oestrous cycle (Cranston and Segal, 1960) and breast activity (Sulman and Winnik, 1956; Sulman, 1970) of laboratory animals. Most published reports incriminated the phenothiazines, especially chlorpromazine, and the literature pertaining to this drug was reviewed in detail by De Wied (1967); but similar effects have been noted with several related psychotropic substances (Shader and Di Mascio, 1970). These side effects are generally accepted to result mainly from the action of the drugs on the hypothalamus (De Wied, 1967), but the precise mechanisms involved are not fully understood.
Serum Anticonvulsant Concentrations in Epileptic Patients with Mental Symptoms
Authors: Reynolds E. H. , Travers R. D.
Published: August 2008

The introduction of techniques for the measurement of the serum concentrations of anticonvulsant drugs has opened up new opportunities of studying epilepsy in many of its aspects. Until the present time authors have studied variations in, and factors effecting, the metabolism of the drugs, and the relationship of serum drug concentrations to seizure control and well known side effects (see Woodbury, Penry and Schmidt, 1972). In this paper we report some preliminary observations on drug concentrations in patients with and without marked changes in their mental state.
The Role of Conflict in the Genesis and Treatment of Neurosis
Authors: Shapiro M. B.
Published: August 2008

One of the earliest and best replicated findings resulting from the experimental investigation of animal learning is that conflict can produce disordered behaviour (Pavlov, 1927). These conflicts vary in kind, ranging from a conflict, as in the circle and ellipse discrimination experiments, between responding and not responding, to a conflict between approach and avoidance as in the pairing of electric shock with food. As Kimmel (1971) points out, whether or not a conflict produces disordered behaviour is a function of the animal's previous history. An ellipse has already to be clearly associated with ‘no food’ and a circle with food for disorder to be produced by presenting a circle and ellipse which are very similar to each other. Similarly, special conditions of training can be found which enable a dog to salivate and wag his tail in response to an injury severe enough to draw blood.
Suicidal Feelings in the General Population: A Prevalence Study
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Myers J. K. , Lindenthal J. J. , Tanner J.
Published: August 2008

Feelings that life is not worth living and thoughts of suicide are common in psychiatric patients, particularly in depressives (Beck, 1967). Very little information is available, however, regarding the occurrence of suicidal feelings in the general population. In contrast, the epidemiology of completed suicide has received extensive study (Dublin, 1963), and there have been some epidemiological studies of attempted suicide (Shneidman and Farberow, 1961; Mintz, 1964; Parkin and Stengel, 1965). However, this information cannot automatically be generalized to suicidal feelings. It has been emphasized in recent years that suicidal phenomena are diverse, and that completed suicide, suicidal attempts, and suicidal feelings should not be equated (Stengel and Cook, 1958; Neuringer, 1962).
Psychosocial Study of Stammering in Egyptian Children
Authors: Okasha Ahmed , Bishry Zeinab , Kamel M. , Hassan A. H.
Published: August 2008

Stammering has been defined as an interruption in the normal rhythm of speech of such a frequency and abnormality as to attract attention, interfere with communication or cause distress to a stammerer or his audience (Bloodstein, 1960).
Electroencephalographic Study of Stammering
Authors: Okasha Ahmed , Moneim S. Abdel , Bishry Zeinab , Kamel M. , Moustafa M.
Published: August 2008

Stammering has been and still is one of the most challenging disorders in psychiatry. It may be the result of constitutional or neurological differences (Karlin, 1950; Boland, 1951), of delayed auditory feed-back (Lee, 1951), of neurosis or of a learned response (Wischuer, 1950, 1952). Schmoigl et al. (1967) studied 50 cases of stammering and found abnormalities in 70 per cent of cases. The possibility of organicity in stammering tempted us to make EEG studies in Egyptian stammerers.
A Survey of General Practitioners' Referrals to a Psychiatric Out-Patient Service
Authors: Gardiner A. Q. , Petersen J. , Hall D. J.
Published: August 2008

In recent years reports have shown that in psychiatric practice in this country short treatments with relatively brief interviews and much reliance on drugs are the rule (Carstairs and Bruhn, 1962; Sargant and Slater, 1964). That this is also true of general practice has been demonstrated (Cooper, 1965; Shepherd et al., 1966).
A Scale for Predicting Subsequent Suicidal Behaviour
Authors: Buglass Dorothy , Horton John
Published: August 2008

Between 1962 and 1970, the male parasuicide (attempted suicide) rate in Edinburgh has doubled, and the rate for women shows a 70 per cent increase (Kreitman, 1972). Of those who are admitted following a parasuicidal act a substantial proportion are readmitted—approximately 15 per cent within 12 months and 25 per cent within three years. Parasuicide is a sign of severe distress, and repetition indicates that the distress has not been adequately alleviated. A means of early identification of the potential repeaters would be valuable.
Behaviour Therapy in a Case of Blepharospasm
Authors: Sharpe Robert
Published: August 2008

This case is reported in the absence of any documented evidence of the systematic and successful treatment of blepharospasm. A flexible behaviour therapy approach, guided by behavioural analysis and experimental psychology was used (Sharpe and Meyer, 1973).
Emotional Illness in Psychiatric Trainees
Authors: Waring E. M.
Published: August 2008

Emotional illness in psychiatric post-graduate trainees has been the topic of several papers in recent years (1, 2, 3). In summary, these papers suggest that emotional illness in psychiatric training is common. Anxiety and depression characterize these illnesses and occur most frequently in the first year of training. But, as Halleck and Woods have stated, ‘Information as to the prevalence of anxiety states, depression, suicide, psychoses or serious acting out is unavailable’ (4).
MMPI and Clinical Scales Compared
Authors: Stephens F. G. , Valentine M.
Published: August 2008

The aim of the investigation was to compare rating scales for syndromes as given by a psychological test, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), with those derived from a standardized psychiatric history (CAPRICE System). The first is dependent on information supplied directly by the patient, who answers a check-list; the second is based on a psychiatric interview and the completing of a codified case-history. The computerized form of the MMPI was employed (Fowler and Miller, 1969), and the scales selected were those corresponding with manifest anxiety (At scale); depression (D scale); phobias, obsessions and compulsions (Pt scale); and schizophrenia (Sc scale). The nearly corresponding scales derived from the CAPRICE System (Valentine, 1973) are the scales for Anxiety, Depression, Obsessional-Compulsive Disorder, and Psychosis.
Once versus Thrice Daily Thiothixene in the Treatment of Schizophrenic In-Patients
Authors: Lee J. Hillary , Branchey Marc , Haher E. Janet , Varga Ervin , Simpson George M.
Published: August 2008

Reports have been accumulating in the literature attesting to the failure of patients, particularly out-patients, to take medication as prescribed (Stewart and Cluff, 1972; Moulding et al., 1970). The incidence of these failures, which may include anything from missing occasional doses to taking no medication at all, has been reported to range from 25–59 Per cent. In addition, it has not been possible to identify those patients who will have the highest failure rates (Blackwell, 1972). While most of the studies have involved medical patients, it is probably legitimate to assume that schizophrenic patients are at least as unreliable in taking medication as the medical patients. Thus, in one study of 125 psychiatric patients, Willcox et al. (1965) found that 48 per cent took no medication at all.
The Relationship Between the Effect of Lactate Infusion on Anxiety States, and their Amelioration by Carbon Dioxide Inhalation
Authors: Haslam M. T.
Published: August 2008

Anxiety is perhaps one of the commonest and most disabling symptoms in medicine, yet its satisfactory alleviation has been elusive.

Work by Kluver and Bucy (1939) suggested that the amygdala generated anxiety, the function of the hippocampus being to decrease it. The hypothalamus appears to organize the level of arousal through the amygdala.
Treatment of a Situational Phobia—A Case for Running
Authors: Orwin Arnold
Published: August 2008

Systematic desensitization using bodily responses other than relaxation as the specific anxiety inhibitor has produced positive results in phobic states. Jones (1924) used feeding, Wolpe (1969) advocated motor activity using a conditioned motor response, Ventis (1973) described a case where induced laughter was effective and Orwin (1971) paired the respiratory relief obtained after maximum voluntary respiratory arrest with the anxiety evoking stimuli. A derivation of this latter technique utilized the autonomic excitation caused by the vigorous physical exertion of running, to compete with the anxiety response in the agoraphobic syndrome (Orwin, 1973). This brief report describes an unusual situational phobia treated by this latter method (‘the running treatment’), following previous experience with simple claustrophobia.
Psychiatric Disorder in the Young Adolescents of an Industrial Town
Authors: Leslie Shirley A.
Published: August 2008

The opportunity to conduct a prevalence study of psychiatric disorder among young adolescents arose because a Family and Community Project had been established in Blackburn and the neighbouring town of Accrington. This Project, which is under the direction of Dr. G. Rose, aims to study the causes and possible methods of prevention of delinquency. As part of the survey, the secondary school population had been screened by means of questionnaires given to parents, teachers, and the children themselves, and this provided the starting point for the study described here.