bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The cell kinetics of teleost fish epidermis: Epidermal mitotic activity in relation to wound healing at varying temperatures in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa)
Authors: Bullock Alistair M. , Marks Ronald , Roberts Ronald J.
Published: August 2009

An autoradiographic study of experimental wounding of the skin of juvenile plaice was performed using tritiated thymidine (20 μCi per gram body weight) injected intraperitoneally, at water temperatures of 5, 10 and 15°C.

Samples of lesion were taken at regular intervals up to 108 hours and autoradiographic preparations made. In addition wounds of less than 12 hours duration, unsuitable for autoradiography were examined and in vitro explant autoradiography studies on similar material used to support the findings for these short term lesions. Results showed that there was a very rapid migration of Malpighian cells into the defect which was not accompanied by any evidence, over the time‐scale of the study, of a mitotic burst. Adjacent normal skin was markedly reduced in thickness. Closure of these relatively small wounds was achieved within nine hours at 10°C and by 12 hours at 5°C. The thickness of the migrated epidermal cover was much thicker at 15°C than 5°C.

Numbers of labelled cells were similar in migrating and peripheral epidermis and mucous cells appeared to be randomly distributed except in the periphery of advancing migrating cells, where thev were absent.
The diet of adult and juvenile Agama bibroni (Reptilia: Lacertae) and a study of the jaw mechanisms in the two age groups
Authors: Capel‐Williams G. , Pratten D.
Published: August 2009

A study of wild Agama bibroni indicated that adults fed largely on Orthoptera with an active selection for species in the middle to large size range. The juvenile diet was mainly of Hymenoptera, Formicidae. This dietary difference led to a study of jaw mechanisms suggesting that due to a differential growth of the cranial bones, particularly those of the lower jaw, the mechanical advantages of the adult and juvenile jaws differed considerably. This allowed the rapid bite of the adult to be two and a half times more powerful, per unit area, than that of the juvenile. During slow close there was almost no difference in efficiency. From this it is suggested that the differing diets are not only the result of different habitats but also due to skeletal arrangements.
The roof of the fourth ventricle in amphibian brains
Authors: Jones Hazel C. , Dolman Gillian S. , Brocklehurst G.
Published: August 2009

The structure of the roof of the fourth ventricle in 10 amphibian species has been examined histologically using serial sections of complete skulls containing the brain and intact meninges. The caudal end of the roof, the posterior tela, consists of a single layer of epithelial cells which are continuous with the ependymal cells which line the walls of the fourth ventricle. The structure of the posterior tela varies according to the species: in the urodele amphibians and Xenopus it consists of a complete and continuous layer of cells, whereas the anurans, excluding Xenopus, have a posterior tela consisting of cells arranged in clumps and short strings. The discontinuous structure of the posterior tela in the anurans gives apparent communication between the ventricular system and the subarachnoid space and this area may be a site for exchange of cerebrospinal fluid between the two compartments.
The diurnal rhythm and the processes of feeding and digestion in Tridacna crocea (BivaMa: Tridacnidae)
Authors: Morton Brian
Published: August 2009

Tridacna crocea Lamarck 1819 possesses a diurnal rhythm of activity. During the daylight hours the hypertrophied siphonal tissues, containing zooxanthellae, are expanded and phasic adductions occur that pump fresh sea water into and filtered water and pseudofaeces out of the mantle cavity. During the night the shell valves become more apposed, the mantle folds are withdrawn and few phasic adductions occur. Such a pattern of activity is similar to that described for other sublittoral bivalves.

With this cycle of activity and inactivity is correlated the process of extra‐cellular digestion of filtered food in the stomach. This is accomplished by the alternate, but incomplete, dissolution and subsequent reformation of the crystalline style. The style partially dissolves at night and reforms during the day. The digestive diverticula undergo a sequence of cytological changes related to the intra‐cellular digestion of filtered food, again related to the cycle of night and day and thus to feeding.

During the night there is a transport and intra‐cellular digestion of zooxanthellae by amoebocytes from the mantle to the haemocoel surrounding the visceral mass. During the day digested zooxanthellae are transported to the digestive diverticula where they are discharged (together with the waste products of the intra‐cellular digestion of filtered food) into the tubule lumina and thus back into the stomach to be eventually voided via the anus.

Recognizable zooxanthellae are also transported to the kidney, where they are taken up by the cells of the distal limb to form cellular globular concretions; these too are probably also eventually voided.

The discharge of digested zooxanthellae via the digestive diverticula has resulted in modifications to the processes of tubule breakdown and reformation involving the digestive cells only. These unique modifications are described and compared with the structural changes seen in the digestive diverticula of other bivalves.

It is concluded that the unusual functioning of the digestive diverticula is a direct consequence of the utilization by Tridacna of a secondary source of food without the concomitant evolution of special organs of digestion, as for example there has been in the Teredinidae feeding on filtered food and wood. Specific comparisons are made between the Tridacnidae and the Teredinidae and suggestions are made as to how zooxanthellae came to be used as food in these unusual bivalves.
The luminescence and photophores of euphausiid crustaceans
Authors: Herring P. J. , Locket N. A.
Published: August 2009

Euphausiid shrimps bear light organs, two pairs in the thorax, and four similar single organs in the abdomen: A pair on the eyestalks differ in structure from these others, and are not considered further by us. In most species the size of the organs is related to that of the animal, but they are relatively smaller in deeper living species. In some species certain light organs are larger in males. The flashes of light emitted begin abruptly, remain steady for several seconds and die away slowly. Euphausiids flash in response to light, including that of another euphausiid, and to certain drugs, notably 5 hydroxytryptamine and certain analogues.

The photophores contain a lantern where the light is generated, and three separate optical components which reflect and refract the light out of one pole of the organ. Our interpretation of the structures suggests that light generation is probably controlled by alteration of the blood flow through the lantern, and that this in turn is under nervous control.
Growth of nestling sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus)
Authors: Moss Dorian
Published: August 2009

Growth rates, mortality and parental care of nestling sparrowhawks were studied in southwest Scotland. Ae Forest was a conifer plantation 200–400 metres above sea‐level, while the Annan valley consisted of farmland, woods, and small plantations on low ground.

Nestling sparrowhawks were measured daily from hatching for 21–24 days. Weight, tarsus length and outermost primary feather length were recorded. Nestlings could be sexed by the age of 16 days from the larger size of females, which were significantly heavier than males at one day, had longer tarsi at nine days, and longer primaries at 18 days. Growth rates were calculated using linear regression over standardized periods of about 10 days.

Growth rates were independent of brood size, and were negatively correlated with hatching date in one area. Hatching order and growth rate were correlated within broods. The greatest differences in growth rates were found between zones of Ae Forest, and between forest and valley.

Twenty‐one per cent of nestlings over two days old died. Causes of mortality were starvation, wet weather, predation and desertion. Most of the mortality occurred in parts of Ae Forest remote from valley woodlands.

The presence or absence of the adult female was noted on nest visits. When habitually brooding, until the young were 11 days old, the hen was present on about 85% of visits. By fledging this figure fell to 66% in the valley, and to 32% in the forest.

The development of sexual dimorphism is discussed; females gained weight and body size faster than males, which developed various skills sooner.

It is suggested that differences in growth rates between parts of the study area were related to food supply. Poor growth rates, high mortality, and lack of parental care all occurred in areas which were remote from sources of abundant prey, as measured by song‐bird censuses.
Comparison between pars intercerebralis neurosecretory cells of Glossina and those of other higher Diptera
Authors: Panov A. A.
Published: August 2009

Three types of the A‐neurosecretory cells (NSCs) were found in the pars intercerebralis (PI) of the adult brain of four species of tsetse flies (Glossina palpalis, G. pallidipes, G. austeni and G. morsitans). The typical formula of their composition is: 8 A1‐, 14 A2‐ and 4 A3‐cells. After permanganate oxidation, the neurosecretory materials (NSMs) of Al‐ and A3‐cells are rich in strong acid groups. The A2‐NSM contains both strong and weak acid groups after this treatment; besides, it retains a weak affinity to acid dyes. In addition to the A‐cells, the PI of Glossina species seems to include a number of NSCs of the type B.

The data obtained indicate a great similarity of the NSC composition in the PI of Glossina and other related higher dipterans.

In addition to the NSCs, giant neurons and particular cells with large cytoplasmic inclusions were also found in the PI of Glossina. The cells with large cytoplasmic inclusions correspond apparently to vacuolated cells previously observed in the brain of some flies. It is suggested that the considerable complication in reproductive biology which took place in tsetse flies had no effect on the composition of the NSCs in their PI when compared to that in related species with more ordinary cycles of reproduction.
A comparison of fox skulls from Wales and South‐East England
Authors: Huson L. W. , Page R. J. C.
Published: August 2009

Seven different measurements of fox skulls from animals of known sex were recorded for 571 fox skulls from Wales and South‐East England. A multivariate technique, discriminant function analysis, is used to classify the skulls according to sex and regional origin. Differences detected suggest that male skulls tend to be larger, and that skulls from Wales are larger than those from South‐East England. The classifications are presumed to reflect true differences between sexes and regions.
The biology and systematics of a new species of Xenopus (Anura: Pipidae) from the highlands of Central Africa
Authors: Tinsley* R. C. , Kobel** H. R. , Fischberg*** M.
Published: August 2009

A new species of clawed toad, Xenopus wittei sp. nov. is described from highland areas overlapping the borders of Rwanda, Uganda and Zaire. A comprehensive morphological analysis of the species has been carried out. X. wittei sp. nov. is very closely related to X. vestitus and both have a tetraploid chromosome complement (2n= 72), the only examples within the genus. Nevertheless, the two species may be distinguished by easily observed features, including head morphology and dorsal body colours and patterns, and are also identified by their karyotypes and mating calls.

Data on distribution, ecology and parasite infection are derived from both museum collections and fieldwork in Central Africa. X. wittei sp. nov. is sympatric in parts of its range with X. vestitus, X. laevis victorianus and X. I. bunyoniensis, with up to three of the taxa sharing the same habitats. The implications of potential species interactions are discussed. Experimental hybridization has confirmed the reproductive isolation of the two tetraploid species. Parasitological studies show that they may be distinguished from one another by host specific species of the nematode Chitwoodchabaudia and from other Xenopus species by the absence of the tapeworm genus Cephalochlamys. Large scale population movements of the Xenopus species have apparently occurred in the Central African highlands during the period of available records. Sympatry observed amongst the present day representatives of Xenopus may have been an important factor in the evolution of these toads since X. wittei sp. nov. and X. vestitus are interpreted as allopolyploids, the products of interspecies hybridization.
The oral fimbriae of the lamprey Geotria australis
Authors: Lethbridge R. C. , Potter I. C.
Published: August 2009

The frond‐like fimbriae surrounding the oral disc of the lamprey, Geotria australis, have been examined in living specimens, and by using histological, histochemical and ultra‐structural techniques. Approximately 57 fimbriae are present in this species, with those at the posterior end of the disc being significantly larger than those in the anterior and lateral regions. The terminal finger‐like projections of the fimbriae possess a stratified epithelium composed solely of a series of rows of mucous‐producing cells. Tests have shown that the mucus of the epithelial cells contains large amounts of N‐acetyl neuraminic acid. Since the adjacent fimbriae are closely apposed when the lamprey is using its oral disc for suction, it is suggested that their flexible shape, mucous secretions and production of an increased surface area for attachment, help to provide a more efficient seal. Since fimbriae are present in all lampreys except those species belonging to the Mordaciidae, it is postulated that their absence in this latter family can be related to known differences in the behaviour of their adult stages.
Breeding season, litter size and nestling mortality of the Harvest mouse, Micromys minutus (Rodentia: Muridae), in Britain
Authors: Harris Stephen
Published: August 2009

Data are presented on the breeding biology of Micromys minutus in Britain. It is shown that although litters are produced over a protracted period (May‐December), 74% of the litters are born in August and September. Mean litter size is 5·40±0·16(n= 62), which is a significant reduction on the mean litter size of 6·75±0·40(n= 16) calculated from pre‐1917 literature. Litter size was found to be constant throughout the breeding season, and there was no difference in mean litter size between two samples collected close to the northern and southern limits of the known British range. By comparing the mean litter size of samples 1–5, 6–10 and 11+ days old, no significant loss of individual mice within litters could be detected, although 12·3% of all litters died prior to weaning. This loss was predominantly of autumnal litters, cold and wet being important climatic factors that terminate the breeding season. Comparisons are made with data from other parts of the animal's range.
Preliminary measurements of the sensitivity of the vibrissae of Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) to low frequency vibrations
Authors: Renouf Deane
Published: August 2009

The sensitivity of the vibrissae of three Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) to vibrations ranging between 50 and 1000 Hz was estimated using standard psychophysical techniques. Their vibrissae are relatively insensitive at the lower frequencies tested, however, vibrations which displaced the animal's whiskers by less than one micron were perceptible at 1000 Hz. Further preliminary tests indicated that the animals can use their vibrissae to perceive vibrations beyond this frequency. It is hypothesized that marine mammals can use their whiskers to detect the large amplitude water displacements propagated by objects vibrating at low frequencies. This ability would permit the animal to determine various properties of objects moving underwater without having to touch them.
The mammalian temporo‐pterygoid ligament
Authors: Cave A. J. E.
Published: August 2009

An account is given of a generally unrecognized fascial ligament (lig. temporo‐pterygoideum) found to occur in eutherian mammals. This structure is a functional specialization of the salpingo‐palatal fascia, developed in response to the activity of the palatal tensor and levator musculature. The ligament is attached superiorly to the Eustachian process of the temporal bone and inferiorly to the hamular process of the medial pterygoid lamina. It is responsible for the development of both these processes, which, in the macerated cranium, testify to the original presence of this ligament.
The diurnal rhythm and the cycle of feeding and digestion in the slug Deroceras caruanae
Authors: Morton Brian
Published: August 2009

Deroceras caruanae (Pollonera 1891) possesses an endogenous cycle of activity and inactivity entrained by the cycle of night and day. D. caruanae remains inactive on the undersurface of experimental feeding panels during daylight hours and as dusk approaches undertakes a phase of crawling bringing it into contact with food on the upper surface of the feeding panel at night. As dawn approaches, the slugs retire to the undersurface of the panel. In total darkness, the slugs lose their normal rhythm of light and dark regulated phases of activity and inactivity. The rhythm is retained (albeit out of phase with slugs experiencing a normal light‐dark sequence) in constant illumination. The relative feeding rates of D. caruanae have been correlated with this cycle of activity and inactivity.

Structural and functional changes in the organs of digestion, notably the digestive diverticula, have been correlated with the cycle of night and day, the cycle of activity and inactivity and feeding. The digestive tubules undergo a sequence of cytological changes over the course of 24 hours that primarily involves the digestive cells. These cells absorb and intra‐cellularly digest food in the hours of daylight and in late evening commence–and at night complete–a process of breakdown releasing fragmentation spherules and excretory concretions into the stomach. The fragmentation spherules, by the release of unused intra‐cellular enzymes, possibly assist in the primary extra‐cellular digestion of food in the crop on the next feeding cycle.

The digestive diverticula comprise three cell types; digestive cells, calcium cells and thin cells. The function of these cell types is discussed and the structure of the digestive diverticula of D. caruanae compared with that of other pulmonates.

Finally a co‐ordinated scheme of the processes of activity and inactivity, and feeding and digestion is constructed showing how such processes are inter‐related and affected by environmental variables; most notable among these is the cycle of night and day.
An investigation of the anatomy of Colpodaspis pusilla (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) and a description of a new species of Colpodaspis from Tanzanian coastal waters
Authors: Brown G. H.
Published: August 2009

Recent collections of the primitive bullomorph, Colpodaspis pusilla (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia), have provided material for an anatomical investigation and the redefinition of the genus. A full description of a new species from the Indian Ocean is included and the relationship of Colpodaspis to other bullomorphs discussed.
Observations on the anatomy of Hermaea variopicta (Opisthobranchia: Ascoglossa)
Authors: Gascoigne Thomas
Published: August 2009

The alimentary system, reproductive system and central nervous system of Hermaea variopicta (Costa) are described for the first time. Its gut resembles that of Hermaea bifida (Montagu), type species of the genus; the radula is considered in detail. Its diaulic reproductive system is described in morphological and functional terms. The central nervous system has three ganglia on the visceral loop. The anatomical evidence supports the opinion of Lemche & Thompson (1974) that Hermaeopsis Costa, former genus of H. variopicta, should be discarded. However, the division of the genus Hermaea into two subgenera, Hermaea and Placida, is not recommended. H. variopicta appears to be more primitive than H. bifida. In the discussion, the origin of hermaeid and stiligerid lines from a common ancestral stock is suggested, to which is added a new theory of the evolution of stiligerid penial styles.
Analyses of otter (Lutra lutra) faeces from Deeside, N.E. Scotland
Authors: Jenkins David , Walker J. G. K. , Mccowan D.
Published: August 2009

Otter faeces were collected at monthly intervals from around two lakes near the River Dee in Aberdeenshire in 1975 and 1976. They were analysed to show the frequency of occurrence of identifiable undigested items and also the relative bulk of these different items. Statistical differences were recorded in frequency of occurrence. The main food was eel in both years with small perch also important in January to June and amphibia in the spring. A reduction in the frequency of eel in the faeces was associated with fewer observations of otters.
A physiological basis for colony desertion by Red‐billed queleas (Quelea quelea)
Authors: Jones P. J. , Ward P.
Published: August 2009

A breeding colony of Red‐billed queleas, established in N.E. Nigeria under poor feeding conditions occasioned by drought, was abandoned after the eggs had been laid. Inadequate energy intake caused males to leave before completing the nests. This resulted in thousands of eggs being laid through bottomless nests onto the ground. The females left progressively as they completed their clutches; below normal protein‐ and fat‐reserves probably combined to induce abandonment. Some individuals, predominantly females, died on the last night of occupation. Death apparently resulted from an adverse nutritional balance at a crucial stage in the laying sequence. The main value of the fat reserves in females beginning to lay appears to be in allowing maximal foraging “for protein”.
Mechanical stresses in fast locomotion of buffalo (Syncews coffer) and elephant (Loxodonta africana)
Authors: Alexander R. McN. , Maloiy G. M. O. , Hunter Barbara , Jayes A. S. , Nturibi J.
Published: August 2009

Films of buffalo and elephant running, and detailed measurements on dissected legs, have been used to estimate the maximum stresses which occur in locomotion, in certain muscles, tendons and bones. These stresses are similar to stresses previously determined for some other, smaller mammals.
The biology of two Australian species of dinopid spider
Authors: Austin A. D. , Blest A. D.
Published: August 2009

Populations are compared of the E. Australian net‐casting spiders Dinopis subrufus (L. Koch 1878) and Menneus unifasciatus (L. Koch 1878) co‐existing in dry sclerophyll forest. Previous recent accounts of net‐building by Dinopis are confirmed, and it is shown that Menneus constructs its snare in essentially the same way. Whereas Dinopis makes its net in relation to horizontal surfaces and catches prey walking across them, Menneus relates it to vertical grass‐stems and twigs near to the ground, and catches small blattellid cockroaches which run up them (92 % of prey records). Prey‐capture by Dinopis appears to be non‐selective, and includes cockroaches (23%), ants (33%) and other spiders (15%). Both genera are nocturnal and are procryptic by day. Dinopis become active after nightfall, Menneus during twilight. The time taken for net‐construction nevertheless means that both must capture the bulk of their prey after dark. It is suggested that the large posterior median eyes of Dinopis, known to be highly specialized for night‐vision, are used to discriminate prey whose reflectances differ little from those of their backgrounds. It is possible that Menneus locates prey through vibration of the framework of the snare, but the small, unspecialized eyes may perceive prey insects as silhouettes against much lighter surrounds because of the orientation of the snare and the nature of the background.
Seasonal changes in the male accessory glands of reproduction in adult Fallow deer (Dama dama)
Authors: Chapman Norma G. , Chapman D. I.
Published: August 2009

The accessory glands of reproduction of male Fallow deer (Dama dama L.) comprise paired ampullae which are expansions of the caudal portions of the vas deferens, paired seminal vesicles, a prostate and a disseminate prostate embedded in the pelvic urethra. All the glands undergo an annual cycle of growth and regression, reaching their maximum development in October at the time of the rut. Parallel changes were observed in the testes.
Energetics of growth in House martins (Delichon urbica)
Authors: Bryant D. M. , Gardiner A.
Published: August 2009

Energy requirements for growth and maintenance of nestling House martins was studied in relation to brood size and age. Parallel studies of feeding rates and faecal output were made. The effect of mutual insulation between members of the brood on metabolism was of significance for reducing maintenance energy requirements. Of great value for predicting the peak energy demand of the brood was the number of young and their individual requirements for growth and maintenance at different ages. Power equations are given for predicting brood assimilation, faecal output and feeding frequency in relation to brood size. The impact of food scarcity on growth patterns was assessed. The large lipid stores of nestlings served as an energy reserve during adverse conditions both before and after fledging. Asynchronous hatching in large broods is interpreted as a mechanism which serves to minimize the peak in energy demand which occurs about 12 days after the brood hatches.
A chromosomal and morphometric study of Papuan tree rats Pogonomys and Chiruromys (Rodentia, Muridae)
Authors: Dennis Elizabeth , Menzies J. I.
Published: August 2009

Material representing the nine currently recognized species of Pogonomys and its subgenus Chiruromys was subjected to a programme of canonical correlation analysis. Results indicated that six of these species were distinct while two other groups merited subspecific rank. The holotype of another species, P. mollipilosus, appeared to bear little relation to the widespread montane rats with which it has customarily been associated and is now included in the synonomy of a lowland species, P. macrourus. Computer analysis did not suggest any close relationship between Chiruromys and Pogonomys and Chiruromys is now regarded as a separate genus. Examination of the chromosomes confirms that the division into two genera is valid and, while the karyotype of one could be derived from the other it could just as easily be derived from an independent ancestor. Therefore we postulate an independent origin for Chiruromys and Pogonomys.
Biology and relationships of the South African sacoglossan mollusk Volvatella laguncula
Authors: Thompson T. E.
Published: August 2009

The oxynoaceanVolvatellaand the less well knownAscobullaandCylindrobullaare the most primitive living members of the gastropod order Sacoglossa.Volvatellais a world‐wide genus characterized by a capacious shell into which complete retraction is possible, a posterior exhalant spout‐like pallial siphon, and a sacoglossan radula.

At Strandfontein near the Cape of Good Hope, large numbers of these small molluscs were found living among and feeding upon the roots of the algaCaulerpa filiformis, which forms sublittoral meadows on the coasts of southern Africa. They were identified asVolvatella lagunculaSowerby, 1894, originally described (from the shell alone) in material from Port Elizabeth. The mollusc lives and feeds in the muddy sand aroundCaulerparoots at a depth of 5 cm or more below the surface. The captured material proved to be hermaphrodite, sexually mature and to have mated, but no spawn was found. An interesting feature of the reproductive organs was an epidermal ciliated gutter extending along the right flank from the female opening past the male opening on to the side of the head; this is interpreted as an oviducal groove conducting the egg‐stream during oviposition (as has been suggested for the Japanese juliaceans). A similar groove was found on the left side but its function is unknown.

The mantle cavity contained a plicate gill; irrigation was brought about by adduction movements which rhythmically deformed the outer lip of the shell. A strong transverse muscle was present and was responsible for these movements. It is evidently homologous with the adductor muscle of the bivalved juliaceans. It is likely that what is pumped through the mantle cavity ofVolvatellais an ooze of fine mud.

Volvatella, together withCylindrobullaandAscobulla, constitutes a link between the infaunal proto‐opisthobranchs and the present‐day epifaunal herbivorous Sacoglossa.

An annotated list of the world's species ofVolvatellaconcludes the paper.
The structure of the gills and lungs of the arid‐zone crab, Holthuisana (Austrothelphusa) transversa (Brachyura: Sundathelphusidae) including observations on arterial vessels within the gills
Authors: Taylor H. H. , Greenaway Peter
Published: August 2009

Structural adaptations of the branchial apparatus of Holthuisana (formerly Parathelphusa) transversa (Martens) for bimodal gas exchange and ion uptake are described using optical and electron microscopy.

A single epithelial cell type (besides pillar cells) in the gill lamellae fulfils the dual role of ion uptake from freshwater and aquatic gas exchange. The total blood/water distance is about 5–8 μm (cuticle 2–3 μm, cells 2–5 μrn). Apical cellular extensions delimit an extensive system of subcuticular spaces. Mitochondria are numerous in the sub‐apical cytoplasm but do not form “mitochondrial pumps” with the weakly developed basal infoldings. Nephrocytes are present in the gill shaft but not in the lamellae. Each gill possesses two arteries termed epibranchial and hypobranchial arteries), which run parallel and medial to the main afferent and efferent vessels, and which branch extensively in each lamella (lamellar arteries). The multi‐layered endothelial wall of the arteries forms a longitudinally pleated intima. Larger arteries possess an external collagenous sheath. Sheath and intima are absent from the terminal capillaries. It is suggested that the arteries supply oxygen to the metabolically active tissues of collapsed gills during aerial respiration.

The branchiostegites are expanded to form lungs which are ventilated by a unique tidal mechanism involving lateral movements of the thoracic wall. The inner cuticular lining of the branchiostegite is smooth and the epidermal cells extremely attenuated. The total blood/ gas distance is only 250–300 nm (cuticle 200–250 nm, epidermal cell extensions 20–50 nm, basal lamina 30–40 nm) and comparable with the lungs of higher vertebrates. Deoxygenated systemic blood is directed close to the gas exchange surface by newly‐described fimbriated cells bordering the connective tissue partitions separating fine afferent and efferent blood sinuses.

The observations are discussed in detail in relation to general features of the structure of crustacean gills, branchiostegites and permeable cuticles and of crustacean circulatory and respiratory physiology.
The social display of the Chilean teal Anas flavirostris flavirostris
Authors: Standen* P. J.
Published: August 2009

Filmed episodes of social display in the Chilean teal were analysed in order to throw light on the function of social display in surface‐feeding ducks and the role the female plays in this activity. Four different methods were used to study the associations between different behaviour patterns in several individuals. It appears that the behaviour patterns comprising social display fall into three groups which are described as “attention getting”, “close‐range” and aggressive. It is proposed that social display allows unpaired males to attract the attention of females in an attempt to establish a pair‐bond through the use of the “close‐range” behaviour patterns. This forces paired males to compete in “attention‐getting” behaviour patterns. Aggression results from this competition and from the threatening presence of unpaired males when the paired males try to strengthen their pair‐bonds with the use of the “close‐range” behaviour patterns.

Females play an influential role as their behaviour links the “attention‐getting” behaviour with the “close‐range” and aggressive behaviour. Their “close‐range” behaviour suppresses that of other females.
Testicular atrophy in captive gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla)
Authors: Dixson A. F. , Moore H. D. M. , Holt W. V.
Published: August 2009

Testes were obtained at post mortem from three Western lowland gorillas, two Bornean orang‐utans and one Chimpanzee. All specimens were adults which had died in captivity. Histological examination revealed that two gorillas exhibited complete degeneration of the seminiferous tubules and that the testes contained large amounts of interstitial tissue. Some, less obvious, signs of degeneration were noted in the third specimen but poor preservation of the material hampered interpretation of these features. The testes of the Orang‐utans and Chimpanzee were structurally normal. Testicular atrophy in captive gorillas may be more common than is generally realized and there is a need for research on fertility and reproductive endocrinology of male specimens. At the moment it is not possible to identify the causes of testicular dysfunction in captive gorillas.
Ultrasound production during stridulation by hydropsychid larvae (Trichoptera)
Authors: Silver Susan C.
Published: August 2009

The stridulatory apparatus of eight species of 5th instar caddis larvae of the family Hydropsychidae were compared using the scanning electron microscope. This revealed the presence of secondary structures associated with each main ridge of the file in some species. Slight differences occur in the number of ridges which form the plectra. The sounds produced by two coexisting species of hydropsychid larvae were recorded and temporal and frequency analysis carried out. These sounds are found to extend far into the ultrasonic range and appear to show only minor interspecific differences. The occurrence of stridulatory behaviour during territorial defence and its significance in relation to the ecology of the larvae is discussed. Some physical parameters affecting sound reception in the near‐ and far‐field are presented and this leads to speculation on the existence of a possible hearing mechanism.
Some observations on the ultrastructure of the thyroid gland of the pregnant Plains viscacha (Lagostomus maximus)
Authors: Young B. A.
Published: August 2009

The thyroids from pregnant viscacha were examined in the electron microscope. The complex changes occurring in pregnancy are discussed. Of particular interest was the presence of numerous phagolysosomes. It is suggested that consideration be given to the terminology in this field.
Multivariate geographical variation of the Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Wales
Authors: Huson L. W. , Page R. J. C.
Published: August 2009

Seven different cranial measurements of foxes of known sex were recorded. Univariate and multivariate techniques were used to study the geographical variability of the skulls. A clear multivariate separation of skulls from six counties in Wales is demonstrated, which is correlated with certain geographic features of the areas from which the skulls were obtained.
Lappet‐faced vultures (Torgos tracheliotus) hatch and rear a White‐headed vulture (Trigonoceps occipitalis) in the wild
Authors: Anthony A. J. , Komen J. , Mundy P. J.
Published: August 2009

In Gonarezhou National Park, southeast Zimbabwe Rhodesia, White‐headed vultures laid their egg in a nest of Lappet‐faced vultures in June 1978. Lappet‐faced vultures then incubated the egg and reared the nestling successfully to fledging. The chick's feathers however had “fault bars”, and during seven days of observation it received less than one visit per day by its foster parents. In the same area in 1973 a White‐headed vulture was found incubating its egg in a Lappet‐faced vulture style nest. The sizes of these eggs (811 times 650 mm and 79–9 times 65–8 mm) and their estimated dates of laying (24 June 1973 and 21 June 1978) were almost identical, suggesting that the same pair of White‐headed vultures was involved.
Growth in pygoscelid penguin chicks
Authors: Volkman N. J. , Trivelpiece W.
Published: August 2009

A study of sympatrically breeding Adelie (Pygoscelis adeliae), Chinstrap (P. antarctica), and Gentoo (P. papua) penguins was undertaken on King George Island, South Shetland Islands to compare their rates and patterns of growth, and to relate these findings to pygoscelid breeding ecology. In contrast to other large oceanic birds, the logistic equation best described the biomass growth of pygoscelid penguins, as it did their culmen and flipper growth. Growth constants were 0146, 0127 and 0113; asymptotic weights were 3940 g, 4025 g and 5715 g for Adelie, Chinstrap and Gentoo penguins, respectively. Growth of feet and flippers was more rapid than culmen growth.

Among the pygoscelids, the Adelie penguin has the most southern breeding range, the Gentoo the most northern; while the Chinstrap penguin's range is approximately intermediate to its congeners. In this and other studies, pygoscelid penguins show both an inverse correlation between their growth constants and asymptotic weights, and between their asymptotic weights and latitudinal distributions. Mean adult weights, however, are not correlated with latitudinal distributions as adult Adelie penguins weigh more than adult Chinstrap penguins. It is suggested that lower asymptotic weights are advantageous in the shorter breeding seasons found at higher latitudes.

The similarity of growth rates of Adelie and Chinstrap penguins to day 37, and the decrease of the rate at which Chinstraps grow thereafter, does not support the hypothesis that Chinstrap penguin growth rates are retarded due to food competition with the Adelie penguin in areas of sympatry. The preponderance of krill (Euphausia spp.) in the diet of all these pygoscelid penguins suggests that differences in growth or survival rates resulted from factors other than dietary differences. Due to lack of available data, other such variables affecting survival and growth rates (e.g. predation, foraging strategies) could not be assessed.

Recently pygoscelid penguin populations have expanded, probably in response to increased food resources. Adelie and Chinstrap populations have increased more rapidly than Gentoo populations. It is suggested that the lower rate of increase of Gentoo populations reflects basic differences in ecological strategies among pygoscelids, as evidenced by their growth patterns.
The distribution, identification, and naming of the Mastomys natalensis species complex in southern Africa (Rodentia: Muridae)
Authors: Green Christopher A. , Keogh Hillary , Gordon D. H. , Pinto M. , Hartwig E. K.
Published: August 2009

Three hundred and forty seven rats belonging to the Mastomys natalensis complex (Smith, 1834) were live trapped from 60 localities in southern Africa. They were identified as species A, or B using either or both diploid chromosome number and haemoglobin electromorphs. These, and previously published data are presented to give a distribution of the species in southern Africa. It is suggested that workers may safely use the haemoglobin marker for identification purposes in this region as opposed to the more difficult chromosome marker. We suggest that species A can be referred to M. natalensis (Smith, 1834), and species B to M. coucha (Smith, 1836). We consider the two other oldest synonyms, M. caffer (Smith, 1834), and M. marikquensis (Smith, 1836).
Direct absorption of amino acids and glucose by the branchial sac and the digestive tract of benthic filter‐feeders (Ascidians)
Authors: Fiala‐Medioni A. , Pequignat E.
Published: August 2009

In Clavelina, Ciona, Phallusia and Styela, the branchial sac, the stomach and the intestine are involved in the absorption of dissolved amino aids and glucose. Autoradiography and double countings on 14C and 3H labelled samples show that, in the first hour, the branchial sac can concentrate several hundred times the dissolved nutritive molecules from dilute solutions, whereas the digestive tract is not involved significantly. In Phallusia the hepato‐pancreas has a specific activity higher than in the intestine and may be an organ of storage. In all species, the branchial sac absorbs the largest proportion of labelled material.
Age and seasonal coat changes in long haired and normal Fallow deer (Dama dama)
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth , Hornby Janet
Published: August 2009

Coat changes from birth to the second winter coat in a long haired variety of Fallow deer are described and compared with normal deer. The long haired deer are characterised by a dense, curly crown and long tufts of hair growing from the ears. The long haired coat always contained a high proportion of growing hairs in contrast to the normal coat in which there were discrete generations of growing hairs. The difference between the long haired and normal deer was most marked in the first winter when the hairs of the long coat were longer and finer than normal and tended to be easily wetted in contrast to the normal coarse winter coat.
The ultrastructure and histochemistry of the spermathecae of Tubifex tubifex (Annelida: Oligochaeta)
Authors: Fleming T. P.
Published: August 2009

The wall of the spermathecal ampulla in Tubifex tubifex consists of epithelial, muscular and peritoneal layers. The epithelial surface contains closely microvilli while lateral and basal plasma membranes are extensively convoluted. Epithelial cytoplasm exhibits a vertical zonation of subcellular components. The distal zone contains filiform secretory particles which are orientated perpendicular to the apical surface; extrusion occurs by their fusion with the plasma membrane between the bases of neighbouring microvilli. Mitochondiral and Golgi zones, the latter containing the nucleus, subtend the distal zone. The basal zone, composed of vertical compartments formed by the folded plasma membrane, is rich in α‐glycogen rosettes. The distal epithelium and lumen material contain neutral mucopolysaccharides and carboxylated acid mucopolysaccharides in conjunction with neutral protein. The ultrastructure of the spermathecal duct wall is comparable with that of the ampulla but is characterized by extremely long microvilli and a prominent musculature.
Species‐typical calls in the Ctenodactylidae (Rodentia)
Authors: George Wilma
Published: August 2009

“Alert” calls of the five species of Ctenodactylidae have been recorded in their desert habitat
Estimates of mechanical stresses in tortoise leg muscles
Authors: VAN Leeuwen J. L. , Jayes A. S. , Alexander R. McN.
Published: August 2009

Force platform records and films have been made of a tortoise walking. A technique has
Factors affecting the delivery of prey to nestling Sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus)
Authors: Geer Timothy
Published: August 2009

Five Sparrowhawk nests were watched from hides at close quarters during the nestling
Examination of teeth of Commerson's dolphin
Authors: Lockyer C. , Smellie C. G. , Goodall R. N. P. , Cameron AND I. S.
Published: August 2009

Teeth collected from 40 specimens of Commerson's dolphin Cephalorhynchus commersonii,
Optomotor responses of three congeneric gekkonid lizards having different daily activity times*
Authors: Frankenberg Eliezer
Published: August 2009

Optomotor responses of three Israeli forms of Ptyodactylus hasselquistii, exhibiting differences in daily activity patterns, were studied. The number of reorientation movements was affected by drum velocity, stripe width and light intensity. The three closely related forms responded differently in correlation to their time of daily activity.
Ultrastructural features of the light organs of Histioteuthis macrohista (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)
Authors: Dilly P. N. , Herring P. J.
Published: August 2009

The general morphology and ultrastructure of the epidermal and arm tip photophores of H. macrohista have been compared. Both types of photophore have similar structures

and the photocytes of each are characterized by dense aggregations of endoplasmic reticulum. The filter region of the epidermal photophores contains protoporphyrin.
Climatic determinants of spring littering by feral coypus, Myocastor coypus
Authors: Gosling L. M.
Published: August 2009

The fat reserves of adult female coypus in winter and the proportion of females littering in the following spring were measured between 1971 and 1979. Data were from post mortem material obtained during the current trapping programme in East Anglia.
Mammal tracking and nest location in Brazilian forest with an improved spool‐and‐line device
Authors: Miles M. A. , de Souza A. A. , Póvoa M. M.
Published: August 2009

Spool‐and‐line mammal tracking devices, with a range of up to 2300 m, were constructed and used to trace Brazilian forest mammals. A retrieval rate of 64.6% was achieved with

263 animals of 16 species. Detailed observations of nests or refuges and behaviour were possible, which contributed to an understanding of the ecological segregation of the species. It was demonstrated that spool‐and‐line tracking was a valuable, neglected procedure, with some advantages over other methods, that could become an integral part of routine investigations of mammal ecology.
Elastic energy storage in the hopping of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis)
Authors: Biewener A. , Alexander R. McN. , Heglund N. C.
Published: August 2009

Bipedal hopping of kangaroo rats has been studied by making force plate records and X‐ray cinematograph films simultaneously. Calculations using the data so obtained, and

anatomical data, show that energy saving by elastic storage is much less important than

in kangaroos.
The functional morphology of the branchial chambers and associated structures of Ebalia tuberosa (Crustacea: Decapoda: Leucosiidae), with special reference to ventilation of the egg‐mass
Authors: Schembri Patrick J.
Published: August 2009

Ebalia tuberosa bury themselves in sediment but do not construct permanent burrows. There are no functional Milne‐Edwards' openings, the respiratory currents passing along channels formed by apposition of several interlocking buccal appendages. In adult females, the dome‐like abdomen fits over the concave sternum to form a large abdominosternal chamber which completely encloses the egg‐mass. The branchial chambers are connected tothe abdominosternal chamber by two branchiosternal canals plugged by modified pericardial

sacs which act as one‐way valves. When the telson is extended, water is sucked into the abdominosternal chamber and then into the branchial chambers, thus ventilating the eggmass. The setation of the respiratory and associated structures serves to lock appendages

together, to form screens and gaskets and to groom the buccal appendages. Setal morphology is shown to be correlated with function.
Ovarian cycle in a temperate zone frog, Rana temporaria, with special reference to factors determining number and size of eggs
Authors: Jørgensen C. Barker
Published: August 2009

In the frog, Rana temporaria, the number of eggs in a clutch ranged from about 2500 to 9000/100g body mass and egg diameter ranged from 1.1 to 1.9 mm. There was an inverse relation between number and size of eggs. It is indicated that egg size depends upon the number of oocytes recruited to vitellogenic growth and that the number of oocytes recruited depends upon the number of small oocytes that constitutes the recruitment pool. The total amount of yolk deposited in the ovaries was independent of the number of eggs, i. e. clutch size. During an ovarian cycle, therefore, physiological mechanisms seem to regulate the amount of yolk deposited within the ovaries at large, rather than in the individual vitellogenic oocyte.