bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Policy Making Challenges in the scope of Oral Health in Developing Countries A Qualitative Study of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Mohammadpour Mohammad , Bastani Peivand , Ghanbarzadegan Arash , Bahmai Jamshid
Published: November 2019

Background As the strategies proposed for oral health improvement in developed countries do not adapt for the setting of the developing ones, this study is to identify the challenges of oral health policy making in developing countries.Methods It was a qualitative study conducted in 2019 in Iran as a middle-eastern developing country. The study population included all the experts who have enough experience in the scope and have the eagerness to participate. Snowball sampling was used to include the participants and after 12 semi-structured interviews saturation was achieved. Guba and Lincoln criteria containing acceptability, validity, reliability, and transferability were used to assure the study reliability and finally five-stage framework analysis method was used to analyze the data.Results The analysis of the results of the interviews resulted in the identification of 7 main themes and 20 sub-themes as the main challenges of achieving oral health in a developing country. The main themes identified were: policy making, implementing, educational, stewardship, prevention, insurance, and resource allocating. Conclusion: According to the present results, it seems that national coverage of oral health and the integration of these services in prevention ones and serious attention to the private sector can be considered as the most important strategies for achieving improved oral health.
Laser tooth preparation for pit and fissure sealing
Authors: Schwimmer Yair , Beyth Nurit , Ram Diana , Davidovich Esti
Published: November 2019

Background Considerable evidence shows that sealing dental pits and fissures contributes to caries prevention in children and adolescents. Various approaches are available for pit and fissure sealing. Sealants can be inserted with or without mechanical preparation; etching can be applied, with or without bonding. Lasers can be used as an alternative for mechanical preparation. In this study, we systematically evaluated the retention and micro-leakage of pit and fissure sealants, comparing mechanical preparation and Er:Yag laser enamel preparation. For each of these preparations we compared sealants without etching to those with etching, with and without bonding.Methods Sixty extracted sound third molars were classified into 6 groups: A. bur mechanical preparation and sealant application; B. bur mechanical preparation, etching and sealant; C. bur mechanical preparation, etching, bonding and sealant; D. laser mechanical preparation and sealant; E. laser mechanical preparation, etching and sealant application; F. laser mechanical preparation, etching, bonding and sealant. Pit and fissure sealing were evaluated by assessing the retention and micro-leakage of the sealant.Results All the groups showed dye micro-leakage beneath the sealants. Less micro-leakage was observed for the groups that used bur (groups A, B, C) than laser (groups D, E, F): 41 versus 44 specimens. The number of specimens without micro-leakage decreased as follows: group E (24), group A (18), groups B and F (17), group C (14) and group D (5). The difference in penetration between group D and the other groups was statistically significant, p<0.001, chi square.Conclusion Mechanical preparation is important and increases the retention of sealants, especially when using etching material; bonding can help the retention. We recommend preparing sealant with laser, without etching and bonding before its application.
Management of urinary tract infections what do doctors recommend and patients do? An observational study in German primary care
Authors: Gágyor Ildikó , Strube-Plaschke Stephanie , Rentzsch Katrin , Himmel Wolfgang
Published: November 2019

Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women are usually managed in primary care with antibiotics. However, many women seem to prefer to handle UTI symptoms with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other remedies. The aim of this study was to compare UTI management as recommended by physicians with the patients’ management at home. Methods This prospective study in German primary care is based on clinical data from local practices and patient questionnaires. Participating women completed a baseline data sheet in the practice; their urine sample was tested by a dipstick in the practice and cultured by a laboratory. The women reported treatment and symptom-related impairment on an eight-item symptom questionnaire daily for 7 days. Using growth curve models, we analysed the influence of time on the total severity score to examine how symptoms changed across days. We then examined whether symptom severity and symptom course differed between patients who took antibiotics or NSAIDs. Results A total of 120 patients (mean age of 43.3 ± 16.6 years) were enrolled. The urine dipstick was positive for leucocytes in 92%, erythrocytes in 87%, and nitrites in 23%. Physicians prescribed antibiotics for 102 (87%) women and recommended NSAIDs in 14 cases. According to the women’s reports, only 60% (72/120) took antibiotics, while the remainder took NSAIDs and other remedies. Symptoms declined from day 0 to day 6, irrespective of whether women decided to take an antibiotic, NSAIDs, none or both, as confirmed by a significant curvilinear time effect (B = 0.06, SE = 0.005, p < .001). The symptom course, however, was moderated by taking antibiotics so that the change in symptom severity was somewhat more pronounced in women taking antibiotics (B = 0.06) than in the remainder (B = 0.04). Conclusion A substantial proportion of women did not follow their physicians’ treatment recommendations, and many used NSAIDs. All women had a good chance of recovery irrespective of whether they decided to take antibiotics. A sensitive listening to patient preferences in the consultation may encourage physicians to recommend and prescribe symptomatic treatment more often than antibiotic medicines.
Children with Autism spectrum disorder are associated with gut microbiota disorder
Authors: Sun Hairong , You Zhong , Jia Libo , Wang Fang
Published: November 2019

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and clinical characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) associated to the stable state of the gut microbiota. Methods A total of 9 children with ASD and 6 healthy children used as control were selected and feces samples were collected from all of them. The 16S gene ribosomal RNA sequencing was used to analyze the difference in gut microbiota between healthy control children and ASD patients. Results The results of 16S sequencing based on operational taxonomic units (OTUs) analysis showed that the ASD group and the healthy control (HC) group had a large difference in the abundance of microbiota at the level of family, genus and species. The abundance of Bacteroidales and Selenomonadales was significantly lower in the ASD group than in the HC group (p=0.0110 and p=0.0076, respectively). The abundance of Ruminococcaceae in the ASD group was higher than that in the HC group (p=0.0265), while the amount of Prevotellaceae was significantly lower in the ASD group than in the HC group (p=0.0265). The Tax4Fun analysis based on Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) data indicated differentially expressed functional pathway between the ASD group and healthy control group associated to the nervous system, environmental information processing and cellular processing. Conclusions The abundance of gut microbiota in the ASD group is different from that in the healthy control children. These differences affect the biological function of the host. These results suggest that a disorder in the gut microbiota may be associated, at least in part, with ASD in children.
The effect of written information and counseling by an APN on resilience in women with vulvar neoplasia during six months after surgical treatment and the influence of social support, recurrence, and age: A secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial, WOMAN-PRO-II
Authors: Kofler Sabine , Kobleder Andrea , Ott Stefan , Senn Beate
Published: November 2019

Background Woman with vulvar neoplasia complain after surgical treatment often about physical and psychological distress. Lack of information and support can influence resilience. Whether an information-related intervention through an advanced practice nurse support resilience and which other factors have an influence on resilience in women with vulvar neoplasia has never been investigated.Methods The aim of this study were (a) to analyse whether counseling based on the WOMAN-PRO-II program compared to written information creates a significant improvement in resilience scores of women with vulvar neoplasia and (b) to identify potential predictors for resilience. A randomized controlled trial was carried out in women with vulvar neoplasia (N = 49) six months after a surgical treatment in four Swiss hospitals and one Austrian hospital. Analyses of resilience and its predictors were performed using a linear mixed model.Results The resilience score did not differ significantly between the two intervention three and six months after randomisation (p=0.759). As significant predictors of resilience, age (b=.04, p=0.001), social support (b=.28, p=0.009), counseling time (b=.03, p=0.018), and local recurrence (b=-.56, p=0.009) could be identified in linear mixed models analyses.Conclusion To promote resilience in women with vulvar neoplasia, the WOMAN-PRO II Program should be further developed. Particularly, social support should be extended, e.g. in form of more frequent consultations. The interrelation between recurrence and resilience needs to be further investigated to provide specific counseling for women with recurrence.
A novel framework for classification of selection mechanisms in epidemiological research
Authors: Bjork Jonas , Nilsson Anton , Bonander Carl , Strömberg Ulf
Published: November 2019

Background: Non-participation, losses to follow up and other types of study-specific selection mechanisms can be serious concerns in epidemiological studies. There are also selection processes that result in non-random groupings and changes in the composition of populations. These are continuously on-going irrespectively of whether they are subject to sampling in empirical studies. Such population selections are often overlooked, but may lead to lack of comparability of exposed and unexposed populations or decrease study validity in other ways. The overall aim of this study was to develop a simple but general framework for classifying various types of selection mechanisms of relevance for epidemiological research. Methods: We classify selection mechanisms in three dimensions: i) selection at the population level vs. selection that is study-specific, ii) type of mechanism (selection causing exposure vs. selection in population at risk), iii) timing of the selection (pre-exposure, during exposure or post-outcome). Results: Examples from the epidemiological literature of selection mechanisms are discussed and classified according to the three dimensions of the proposed framework. Conclusions: Increased mechanistic understanding of when, how, and why confusion of effects can occur because of selection is an important step towards improved validity of epidemiological research.
Evidence on the effect of position change on pressure ulcer among hospitalized adult patients in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Shiferaw Wondimeneh Shibabaw , Aynalem Yared Asmare , Akalu Tadesse Yirga
Published: November 2019

Background Pressure ulcers (PU) aﬀect millions of people worldwide and always occur over bony areas of the body where pressure and tissue distortion is greatest. The national pooled prevalence of pressure ulcer remains unknown. Hence, this meta-analysis aimed to determine the effect of position change on pressure ulcer among hospitalized clients in Ethiopia. Methods Studies were retrieved through search engines in PubMed, Scopus, WHO afro library, Google Scholar, Africa journal online, PsycINFO and web-science following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). Analysis was done using STATA version 14 software. Heterogeneity between-study was checked using the I 2 and examined a potential publication bias by visual inspection of the funnel plot and Egger’s regression test statistic. The random-effect model was fitted to estimate the summary effects, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence interval (CIs) across studies. Results Out of the reviewing 401 studies, 7 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The estimated pooled prevalence of pressure ulcer in Ethiopia was 11.7% (95% CI (7.28, 16.13%)). Based on the subgroup analysis, the estimated magnitude of pressure ulcer was 15.89% (95% CI: 35.34, 54.04) among studies their sample size were greater than or equals to 250. Those clients who have position change during hospitalization were 82% less likely to develop pressure ulcer [(OR: 0.18 (95% CI (0.07, 0.46)) than their counter part. Conclusion The overall prevalence of pressure ulcer in Ethiopia was relatively high. Position change of the client during hospitalization had paramount benefit to reduce the burden of pressure ulcer. Therefore, policymakers (federal minister of health) could give special attention to minimize the magnitude of pressure ulcer, and to improve the overall quality of healthcare service. Further, meta-analysis study could be conducted to identify individual and health care service related factors to the occurrence of pressure ulcer.
A Drug Identification Model developed using Deep Learning Technologies: Experience of a Medical Center in Taiwan
Authors: Ting Hsien-Wei , Chung Sheng-Luen , Chen Chih-Fang , Chiu Hsin-Yi , Hsieh Yow-Wen
Published: November 2019

Background: Issuing of correct prescriptions is a foundation of patient safety. Medication errors represent one of the most important problems in health care, with ‘look-alike and sound-alike’ (LASA) being the lead error. Existing solutions to prevent LASA still have their limitations. Deep learning techniques have revolutionized identification classifiers in many fields. Aiming to identify blister packages, this study employed a visual-based identification solution, called the deep learning drug identification (DLDI) model, which reduced medication identification errors caused by look-alike drugs. Methods: We collected images of 250 types of blister-packaged drug from the Out-Patient Department (OPD) of a medical center for identification. The deep learning framework of You Only Look Once (YOLO) was adopted for implementation of the proposed deep learning. The commonly-used F1 score, defined by precision and recall for large numbers of identification tests, was used as the performance criterion. This study trained and compared the proposed models based on images of either the front-side or back-side of blister-packaged drugs. Results: Our results showed that the total training time for the front-side model and back-side model was 5 hours 34 minutes and 7 hours 42 minutes, respectively. The F1 score of the back-side model (95.99%) was better than that of the front-side model (93.72%). Conclusions: In conclusion, this study constructed a deep learning-based model for blister-packaged drug identification, with an accuracy greater than 90%. This model outperformed identification using conventional computer vision solutions, and could assist pharmacists in identifying drugs while preventing medication errors caused by look-alike blister packages. By integration into existing prescription systems in hospitals, the results of this study indicated that using this model, drugs dispensed could be verified in order to achieve automated prescription and dispensing.
Level of Quality of Option B+PMTCT Service Provision in Public Health Facilities in Mekelle Zone, Northern Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study
Authors: Ajemu Kiros Fenta , Desta Alem
Published: November 2019

Background Substantial improvements have been observed in coverage and access to maternal health services in Ethiopia. However, quality of care has been lagging behind. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess quality of OptionB + in Mekelle Zone, Northern Ethiopia.Methods Facility based cross-sectional study involving both quantitative and qualitative methods was conducted from December 2016- January 2017. The quality of service delivery was assessed in 11 public health facilities in Mekelle. Data collection was conducted using facility audit, observation, and client exit interview check list to assess (Input-Process–Output) quality components. Similarly in-depth interview guide was used to gather qualitative data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 software. Descriptive statistics were computed to summarize the study findings and triangulation was made with qualitative findings.Results Overall, 2 (16.7%) of study health facilities full filled all the three quality components but none in 3(25%). The input quality component was better than the others in which 4(33.3%) facilities were rated as good. The process and output quality components were judged as good in 3(25%) study health facilities.Conclusion Only 16.7% of facilities studied were achieved good quality with respect to the three predetermined quality components. Since, assessed items in each quality component were potentially easy to intervene; strengthening program monitoring needed by program managers at each level of the health facilities.
The Practice of Counseling by Community Pharmacists in Bisha Health Directorate, Saudi Arabia – Simulated Patient Visit
Authors: Qarni Hassan Mohammed Al , Alrahbeni Tahani , AlQarni Ayidh M , Alqarni Abdullah
Published: November 2019

Background Many organizations have suggested a minimum standard of counseling for patients, which includes information about the name of the drug, description, indication, how to use it, the method of treatment, precautions, adverse reactions, and any contraindications. Correspondingly, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended spending at least 3 minutes with each patient to undertake counseling. The present study aimed to evaluate the practice of counseling by community pharmacists for both over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription-only medicines in Bisha Health Directorate, Saudi Arabia. Method This was a cross-sectional study designed to be a simulation patient visit to community pharmacies at Bisha area. The simulated patient visit were include 73 pharmacies. Two scenarios were used in the simulated patient visit. The first scenario was for a prescription-only medicine and the second scenario was for an OTC medicine. The time recorded for every visit to evaluate counsling period. Results A total of 105 visits were conducted to the community pharmacies as follows: scenario 1 = 73 and scenario 2 = 32. The average time for the simulation was 110 seconds in scenario 1 and 73.4 seconds in scenario 2. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the period it took for the simulation scenario and the time of visit during the day (rho = −0.396, p = 0.001) in the patient simulation. Conclusion It that the service in community pharmacies is selling medicines and patient needs to be given a greaterin these community pharmacies.
Inappropriate Household Water, Sanitation and Hygiene practices are associated with Wasting for children under 5 years in Rural Tanzania: Evidence from the 2015/2016 Survey
Authors: Khamis Ahmed Gharib , Ntwenya Julius Edward , Senkoro Mbazi
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Wasting is a serious problem which lead to various morbidity and mortality incidences among infants and young children in developing countries. More is needed to reveal the environmental factors affecting infant and young child health in various settings particularly rural areas.
Objectives: The objective of this analysis was to examine the association between Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) factors with children acute malnutrition (wasting), and investigate weather rural and urban areas being prone to poor WASH practices in Tanzania. Methods: This is a secondary data analysis of the 2015 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) which is a cross-sectional study. The data was retrieved and re-analysed according to the study objective. The study involved 8,937 children aged 0 to 5 years living in Rural and Urban areas of the United Republic of Tanzania. A child was considered to be wasted if weight-for-height Z-scores were below minus two standard deviations (-2 SD) from the median of the WHO reference. Adjusted for Rural and Urban, the WASH factors were entered in the binary logistic regression model for analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to control for confounders.
Results: Overall, this analysis reveals that rural areas have relatively poor WASH practices compared to their urban counterparts. The result showed that three WASH factors were retained in the model in rural areas. After controling for potential confounders of wasting like diarhoea and fever. The backward selection procedures of the logistic regression showed that: inappropriate disposal of stool (AOR=1.28; 1-1.59 95% CI); more than 30 minutes spent to get water (AOR=0.74; 0.54-1.01 95% CI) and unavailable place for handwashing (AOR=1.23, 0.96-1.56 95% CI) were associated with wasting in rural areas. Only one factor of inappropriate disposal of stool (AOR=2.8; 1.59-4.89, 95% CI) was found to be significantly associated with wasting in urban areas. Both rural and urban areas, there was no association between availability of handwashing facilities, type of sanitation and access to improved water sources with childhood wasting.
Conclusion: This study justifies the importance of interventions for WASH targeting on promotion of nutrition and disease prevention in Tanzania especially in rural areas.
Interaction between COX-1 and COX-2 increases susceptibility to ischemic stroke in a Chinese population
Authors: Zhao Lei , Fang Jinghuan , Zhou Muke , Zhou Jie , Yu Lihua , Chen Ning , He Li
Published: November 2019

Background:Mutations of cyclooxygenase gene (COX gene) may increase the susceptibility of ischemic stroke. We investigated five variants (rs5788, rs1330344, rs3842788, rs20417, and rs689466) of two COX genes in order to explaining the association between these polymorphisms and we also investigated the association between these variants and ischemic stroke risk to determine whether gene–gene interaction between these genes increases the susceptibility of ischemic stroke or its subtypes.
Method: A total of 1981 study subjects (1078 cases and 903 control subjects) were recruited. The interaction of multiple factors was investigated using Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction. The additive effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms on ischemic stroke or its subtypes were analyzed by multiple factor logistic regression.
Results: At COX-1(rs1330344), AA genotype carriers had a lower susceptibility of ischemic stroke ( OR=0.657, 95%CI= 0.437-0.988, P = 0.044 ), and A allele carriers had a lower susceptibility of ischemic stroke ( OR=0.812, 95%CI= 0.657-0.978, P = 0.029 ). At COX-1(rs3842788), AA genotype carriers had a higher susceptibility of ischemic stroke ( OR =5.203, 95% CI=1.519-5.159, P =0.016) . At COX-2 (rs689466), AA genotype carriers had a higher susceptibility of large-artery atherosclerosis ( OR =1.404, 95% CI=1.019-1.934, P =0.038 ). COX-1(rs1330344, rs3842788) and COX-2 rs689466 interacted in SVO, but had no additive effect with ischemic stroke and other subtypes.
Conclusions: At rs1330344, AA genotype may reduce the susceptibility of ischemic stroke. At rs3842788, AA genotype may increase the susceptibility of ischemic stroke. At rs689466, AA genotype may increase the susceptibility of large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA). COX -1(rs1330344, rs3842788) and COX-2 rs689466 interacted in small vessel occlusion (SVO), but had no additive effect with ischemic stroke and other subtypes.
Culture, Science, and Activism in Florida Lawn and Landscape Fertilizer Policy
Authors: Ryan Christopher D. , Unruh J. Bryan , Kenworthy Kevin E. , Lamm Alexa J. , Erickson John E. , Trenholm Laurie E.
Published: November 2019

Every county and municipality in Florida can adopt its own unique ordinance regulating the fertilization of lawns and landscapes. With increased concern for eutrophication to state waterbodies, many have chosen to implement seasonal fertilizer restrictive periods prohibiting the application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, typically during the rainy summer months. These fertilizer “blackout” policies have been the subject of controversy among environmental activists, university scientists, and policy decision makers, with their efficacy being called into question. A Foucauldian discourse analysis was undertaken to trace the dynamics of the controversy, and survey research was conducted with Florida residents and with Florida decision makers to compare their lawncare maintenance practices, sentiments surrounding turfgrass, their trust in landscape science, as well as their awareness of policy in the city or county in which they reside. Differences were found between the two populations in terms of how many respondents fertilized, used automated irrigation systems and hand-pulled weeds. Although both populations had very neutral sentiments around turfgrass with no significant differences, Florida decision-maker respondents had a higher mean response for trust in landscape science. Only 32% of Florida resident respondents were able to accurately identify if their city or county had a blackout ordinance, compared with 81% of decision-maker respondents. Increasing civic science may be the best way for reducing this discrepancy, while also giving power to citizens in environmental policy adoption.
Yield and Fruit Quality Traits of Two Plantain Cultivars Grown at Two Locations in Puerto Rico under Black Leaf Streak Disease Pressure
Authors: Goenaga Ricardo , Irish Brian , Marrero Angel
Published: November 2019

Plantain (Musa balbisiana AAB) is a tropical rhizomatous perennial plant in the genus Musa spp., closely related to banana (Musa acuminata AAA). It is an important cash crop and staple for inhabitants in many parts of the world, including various ethnic groups in the United States. Black leaf streak disease (BLSD) or black sigatoka, caused by Pseudocercospora fijiensis (formerly Mycosphaerella fijiensis), is responsible for significant losses of this crop due to the high susceptibility of the most economically important cultivars. BLSD does not immediately kill plantain plants, but it causes severe leaf necrosis, which results in reduced photosynthetic area, thereby adversely impacting bunch weight and fruit production. Without cultural and chemical control, yields can be reduced by 20% to 80%, depending on severity. This study evaluated a BLSD-resistant cultivar, FHIA-21, against Maricongo, a standard commercial cultivar with no BLSD tolerance, at two locations in Puerto Rico on Ultisol (Corozal site) and Oxisol (Isabela site) soils. Total number of fruit and bunch yield were significantly higher at Isabela, with BLSD severity being significantly lower at this location. Average fruit production of ‘FHIA-21’ was significantly higher than that of ‘Maricongo’ at both locations, with fruit yields of 122,522 and 99,948 fruit/ha at Isabela and Corozal, respectively. Overall, fruit of ‘FHIA-21’ were significantly longer and had greater diameters than those of ‘Maricongo’. At Isabela, the mean bunch fruit weight was significantly higher for ‘FHIA-21’, but both cultivars exceeded the minimum local marketable fruit weight criterion of 270 g. At both locations, the numbers of functional leaves present at flowering and at harvest were significantly higher for ‘FHIA-21’ than for ‘Maricongo’, indicating more availability of photosynthetic area for ‘FHIA-21’ during the fruit-filling period. There were no significant differences between cultivars regarding the concentration of starch and soluble sugars for green fruit. Regarding ripe fruit, ‘FHIA-21’ had a significantly higher concentration of soluble sugars and less starch. In this study, ‘FHIA-21’ had good resistance against BLSD and, if accepted by consumers, is a viable alternative to current commercial cultivars. We also conclude from this study that the expression of the Banana streak virus (BSV) in planting material of this cultivar remains an unknown threat in yield decline of ‘FHIA-21’.
WICHTIGE ELEMENTE BEI DER BEGRIFFSBESTIMMUNG DES BEREICHERUNGSVERBOT IM PRIVATVERSICHERUNGSRECHT (Ein Vergleich zwischen dem österreichischen- und der türkischen Rechtsystemen)
Authors: YILDIRIM Ferhat
Published: November 2019

Die Versicherung ist ein wichtiges Instrument, das im Falle
des Auftretens der im Alltag begegneten oder zu begegnenden Risiken,
entstandenen Schaden mit geringsten Verlust loszuwerden und dass der
Versicherungs-nehmer zu seinem früheren Zustand zurückkehrt ermöglicht.
Hinsichtlich dieser Wichtigkeit kann die Versicherung heute nicht
berücksichtigt werden. Wenn die Globalisierung, die technologische
Entwicklungen usw. berücksichtigt werden, kann es nicht diskutiert werden, dass
es besonders im materiellen Sinn schwer ist, dass die neuen Risiken auftreten,
die Arten von Risiken variieren und die Person dagegen allein kämpfen kann.
Deswegen ist es nicht eine falsche Aussage, dass die Versicherung jetzt ein
Muss unseres Lebens ist.  Es ist
unvermeidlich, dass ein so wichtiger Bereich manche sui generis Grundprinzipien
hat. Diese Prinzipien bezüglich des Bereichs der Versicherung sind von ganzen
Welt angenommene und allgemeine Prinzipien. Eine dieser Prinzipien
„Ersatzprinzip“ oder „ungerechtfertigte Bereicherungs-prinzip“ hat einen
besonderen Platz für das Versicherungsrecht. 
Der Grund der Aussage „die Versicherung kann niemals für den
Versicherungsnehmer oder die versicherte Person eine Quelle des Profits sein “
basiert auf dem ungerechtfertigten Bereicherungsprinzip. Im Rahmen dieses
Prinzips ist die dem Versicherungsnehmer oder der versicherten Person zur
bezahlende Summe weder weniger noch mehr als den erlittenen echten Schaden, sie
bringt dem Versicherungs-nehmer oder der versicherten Person keinen Nutzen. Die
Existenz dieses Prinzips verursacht auch, dass im Bereich der Versicherung
manche besonderen Begriffe und Elemente auftreten. Infolge der Beziehungen
zwischen diese Elemente wird es herausgefunden, ob das nach dem Risiko
entstehende Bereicherungsverbot in Frage kommt. Diese Elemente sind die Versicherungs-summe,
der Versicherungswert und der Ersatz. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit
den Elementen, die effektiv sind, um festzulegen ob das Grundprinzip von dem
Versicherungsrecht „das Bereicherungsverbot“ in Frage kommt, unter
Berücksichtigung des besonders österreichischen
Versicherungs-vertragsgesetzes-VersVG und türkischen Handelsrechtsgesetzes-TTK.
Fenomena Simplifikasi dan Desofistikasi Budaya Jawa di luar Jawa
Authors: Anharudin A , Elizabeth Misbah Zulfa
Published: November 2019

Culture will change with place and time. As a culture, Javanese culture has a tight characteristic. It is interesting to observe the culture among the Javanese community in Lampung which showed the desophistication in Javanese culture that they applied on. The term of “desophistication” in this context meant the loss of the sophisticated traits of Javanese culture or the lost original traits of Javanese culture as in Java mainland. The study was done by applying qualitative research, and the data were combined by involving intensively in the daily life of Javanese people within Javanese communities in Lampung, mainly those who had moved to these areas through the processes of colonization and transmigration, and their inheritances. This study uses an assumption that Javanese culture in the mainland of Java is very sophisticated, with the characteristics of "mystical", "mythological", "spiritualistic," and "ethical-aesthetic". Where as in the villages of Java's colonies and transmigrations in Lampung, have now undergone changes toward a simpler performance. The question that will be cover in this research area, what are the causes and determinant factors of such changes
Sistem Klasifikasi Kelor dalam Etnobotani Masyarakat Wolio
Authors: Sofyani Wa Ode Winesty
Published: November 2019

This article studies about ethnobotany kelor (Moringa oleifera) of Wolio people in Baubau, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The aim of this research is to know how the classification systems of kelor plants in Wolio people and why the kelor plants to be classified. Data collection of this research is using ethnography method, in-depth interview and participatory observation to know the view of Wolio people concern with kelor. The result of this research shows that kelor classification system of Wolio people consists of females and males. According to Wolio people, the existence of kelor classification due to a difference of colour, type, size, and taste. The use of kelor gender as kelor classification system reflects the life of Wolio people.
ANALISIS EKSPLORATIF TERHADAP PEMIKIRAN YŪSUF AL-QARḌĀWĪ TENTANG KESETARAAN DAN KEADILAN GENDER SEBAGAI BAGIAN MAQᾹṢID AL-QUR’ᾹN
Authors: Yaqin Ainol
Published: November 2019

Gender justice and gender equality are complex topics and drew the attention of many people. A number of Muslim jurists have studied it from various perspectives in order to understand and find a fair solution to the problem. However, most of them are rare to study it from the lens of maqāṣid al-Qur’ān, the purpose of al-Qur’an was revealed to the earth. Incorporating gender justice and gender equality in maqāṣid al-Qur’ān is considered urgent with the intent that people will really pay attention, watch, and put male and female proportionally. This paper focuses on analyzing Yūsuf al-Qarḍāwī's thought about gender equality and justice as part of maqāṣid al-Qur’ān. This article includes library research, whose datas are sourced from the literature. The results of this study revealed that men and women have equal rights in every aspect of life; education; economics, social, political, and law. They are also given equal rights in participating to be public leaders. Besides that, they have equal rights in selecting their belief (religion) based on their strong desire and their own belief and they have rights to get heritance as well as having rights to the goods they have. On the contrary, any kinds of discriminations, subordination, stereotyping, violence, and all forms of deviation inequality of gender bias, contradict and contrasted with maqāṣid al-Qur’ān.
EPISTEMOLOGI TAFSIR MULLĀ ṢADRĀ
Authors: Kerwanto Kerwanto
Published: November 2019

This article aims to carry out an exploration related to the epistemological setting of Mullā Ṣadrā's interpretation. Apart from being known as the main Muslim philosopher as Ibn Sinā, Ṣadrā also describes his mystical-philosophical views in his collection of commentary treatises, Tafsīr al-Qurān al-Karīm. Through this article, the author describes a set of interpretive epistemologies used by Ṣadrā, which can be used as an epistemological offer to bridge several issues of Sufi interpretation (tafsīr al-ishārī), especially in the validity of its disclosure method. In addition to the method of interpretation, there are other unique things contained in this article, such as: mukāshafah as the main foundation of interpretation as it applies generally in the Sufi interpretation (tafsīr al-ishārī), sources of interpretation (maṣādir al-tafsīr) and the style of explanation of the commentary (uslūb al-tafsīr) that Ṣadrā uses. Furthermore, to complete this paper, the author also describes Ṣadrā's view of the ontology of the Quran as the basis of his interpretation epistemology.
Evaluation of the Effects of Different Ultrasonic and Under Ultrasonic Limits Sound Frequencies on the Larvae of Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Ozkurt Halil , Kavur Hakan
Published: November 2019

Known as vector arthropods, mosquitoes transmit
several types of diseases to human. Applied vector programmes worldwide against
mosquitoes have different agents such as microorganisms, chemicals, natural
enemies, physical barriers, etc. We aimed to determine the effects of varying
sound frequencies above and below ultrasonic level (10.8 kHz, 20.0 kHz and 24.5
kHz), on Culex pipiens larvae with
three replicates. In total, 720 mosquito larvae located in
modified container with produced three different level sound frequencies piezo
transducers were used in our experiment lasting eight hours. Also, the same
number of larvae were used as control groups. Second instar larvae
were detected more sensitive to used frequencies level. Also, in terms of
larval mortality, the most effective sound frequency was 10.8 kHz in which 129
larvae died. It was concluded that the mortal effect was not related to the change in
the frequency of sound; and this effect was related to acoustic resonance of
the larvae used in the study.
Scrophulariaceae (Sıracaotugiller) Familyasına Ait Erzincan’a Özgü Bazı Türlerin Polen Morfolojileri
Authors: BABÜR Halil , KANDEMİR Ali
Published: November 2019

Bu çalışmada Scrophulariaceae familyasına ait Erzincan’a özgü endemik bazı türlerin polen morfolojileri Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) kulanılarak polen morfolojileri çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada Scrophularia erzincanica, Scrophularia fatmae, Verbascum leiocarpum, Verbascum ozturkii türlerinin polen büyüklükleri, polen tipleri, polen şekilleri, polen ornamentasyonları ve apertür yapıları incelenmiştir. Scrophularia türlerine ait çalışmada; her iki türün polen büyükleri orta ve polen tipleri trikolpattır. İki türün polen şekilleri birbirine yakın olmakla beraber Scrophularia erzincanica türünde subprolate, Scrophularia fatmae türünde ise perprolate olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ornamentasyonların ise sırası ile verrukat ve retikulat olduğu belirlenmiştir. Verbascum türlerine ait çalışmada ise; çalışılan iki türünde polenlerinin orta büyüklükte, polen şeklinin Verbascum leiocarpum’da sferodial, Verbascum ozturkii’de subprolate olduğu, polen tiplerinin trikolpat, ornamentasyonlarının retikulat olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışılan türlere ait bulgular değerlendirildiğinde Scrophularia türlerinde polen morfolojilerin taksonların ayrımında kullanılması için yeterli olmadığı, Verbascum türlerinin ise polen tipinde farklılıklar gösterdiği bu bağlamda taksonların ayırt edilmesinde kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Düşük Tellür Katkılı CuInGaSe2 İnce Filmlerin Yapısal Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi
Authors: ATASOY Yavuz
Published: November 2019

Bu çalışmada Cu(In,Ga)(Se1-yTey)2 ince filmleri, külçe formundaki yapının elektron demeti ile buharlaştırılıp yüksek sıcaklıkta tavlanması ile elde edildi. Örneklerin X-ışını kırınım desenleri (XRD), Raman spektrumları, yüzey görüntüleri ile atomik konsantrasyon ölçümleri alınarak katkısız ve düşük Te katkılı örneklerin yapısal özellikleri ayrıntılı olarak incelenerek karşılaştırıldı. XRD desenlerinde, katkısız CIGS ince filminde, Cu(In,Ga)Se2 ve CuIn3Se5 gibi bir faz ayrışımının ortaya çıktığı, Te katkısı ile beraber faz ayrışımının ortadan kalktığı görüldü. Örneklere ait A1 Raman modlarının deneysel değerleri, teorik bir yaklaşımla elde edilen değerler ile karşılaştırıldı. Yüzey fotoğrafları incelendiğinde, Te katkısı ile beraber film yüzeyinin daha düzgün (uniform) hale geldiği ve tanelerin mikron-altı boyutlarında oluştuğu görüldü. Benzer şekilde, yapıdaki kompozisyon profilinin iyileştiği (Ga miktarının arttığı) ve hedeflenen miktarda Te’ün neredeyse yapıya girdiği görüldü.
Electrochemical Capacitance of Annealed High-Carbon Steel in Aqueous and Non-aqueous Electrolytes
Authors: YAVUZ Abdulcabbar , KAPLAN Kaan
Published: November 2019

High-carbon steel was heat treated in a furnace at 400
ᵒC, 600 ᵒC and 800 ᵒC for 30 minutes. Annealed and non-annealed high carbon
steels were immersed in aqueous (KOH and Na2SO4) and
non-aqueous (choline chloride and urea based ionic liquid called Reline) electrolyte
in order to understand their electrochemical behavior depending on different annealing
temperatures. Areal capacitance of heat treated and non-heat treated high
carbon steel was calculated based on applied elevated temperatures. Roughness
of high-carbon steel increased after thermal oxidation.  The current density and specific capacitance increased
upon increasing annealing temperature of high carbon steel charged/discharged
in KOH electrolyte. The capacitance of steel heat-treated at 800 ᵒC was 50
times greater than that of non-annealed steel in KOH. The areal capacitance of high-carbon
steel scanned in Na2SO4 increased as annealing
temperature increased. The specific capacitance of steel annealed at high
temperature in Na2SO4 was greater than that in KOH and in
Reline electrolyte.  Although
non-annealed and 400 ᵒC annealed high carbon steel was electrochemically
inactive in Reline ionic liquid, the specific capacitance of steel treated at
600 ᵒC and 800 ᵒC increased significantly in Reline. Reline, Na2SO4
and KOH could be used conveniently as supercapacitor electrolyte with annealed high-carbon
steels.
Principios de progresividad y no regresividad en las pensiones especiales de vejez por actividades de alto riesgo en Colombia
Authors: González Flechas Marcela María , Mesa Velasco Marcela
Published: November 2019

Las actividades de alto riesgo son aquellas que ocasionan, tras la exposición a ciertos factores adversos, una repercusión en la salud y el bienestar del trabajador que las desarrolla, motivo por el cual han sido objeto de regulación normativa a nivel nacional e internacional, con la única finalidad de proteger los derechos de los trabajadores expuestos a condiciones extremas para su salud.

Conforme a lo anterior, en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano, dichas actividades han tenido un desarrollo legislativo importante dentro del sistema pensional, que busca proporcionar a los trabajadores que las realizan una protección especial para el caso concreto, a través de una pensión de vejez en condiciones preferentes; la cual es definida en la norma y sus regímenes de transición.

La normatividad en comento debe ceñirse a los principios de la seguridad social, específicamente al principio de progresividad y no regresividad, en pro de los derechos de los trabajadores que se encuentran en situación de alto riesgo. Por lo anterior, este artículo busca determinar si como consecuencia de las modificaciones legislativas, se vulneran los principios referidos, en detrimento de los derechos del trabajador.

En este orden de ideas, el trabajo constará de tres capítulos a saber: elementos
estructurales de las actividades de alto riesgo, antecedentes históricos de las pensiones de alto riesgo y principios de progresividad y no regresividad.
El discurso de la Corte Constitucional Colombiana en torno al concepto de habitante de la calle
Authors: Pinzón Mejía Diana Carolina , Prada Uribe Julián Eduardo
Published: November 2019

En el ámbito jurídico colombiano, la Corte Constitucional se ha erigido como garante y protectora de la Constitución, asumiendo la prerrogativa de establecer límites al poder público y a los particulares. En este sentido, su discurso es la manifestación de una categoría, tanto jurídica como política, privilegiada. El discurso resultante de la hermenéutica constitucional ha desarrollado una enorme cantidad de temáticas, pero en relación con un sector tan cotidiano como vulnerable en el país: la población habitante de la calle, su jurisprudencia ha sido variable. A lo largo del presente artículo, producto de la investigación titulada: Representación constitucional del habitante de la calle: un estudio sobre el discurso de la Corte Constitucional colombiana en torno al concepto de habitante de la calle, financiada por la Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, UNAB, se verificarán los significados o definiciones ofrecidos por la Corte Constitucional, entre 1992 y 2016, para evidenciar su tendencia y principales influencias.
Estilo de vida y nivel de actividad física en estudiantes de residencia médica
Authors: Jácome Valencia Sandra , Villquirán Hurtado Andrés Felipe , Meza Cabrera María Del Mar
Published: November 2019

Introducción: la actividad física y un estilo de vida saludable pueden ser factores protectores de enfermedades no trasmisibles. Tanto profesionales médicos como estudiantes de Medicina juegan un rol fundamental en la adopción de una vida activa y sana por parte de sus pacientes. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar el nivel de actividad física y estilo de vida en estudiantes de residencia médica de una universidad pública.

Métodos: estudio descriptivo realizado en 39 estudiantes de residencia médica quienes diligenciaron el cuestionario internacional de actividad física IPAQ y el test Fantástico para medir su estilo de vida.

Resultados: el 53,8 % de los residentes presentaban sobrepeso, 51,3 % tenían un porcentaje de grasa muy alto, 48 % de los participantes presentaba un nivel de actividad física bajo y 46 % presentaba un estilo de vida adecuado.

Conclusiones: los aspectos encontrados entre los residentes sugieren la toma de medidas y de decisiones oportunas para disminuir el riesgo de padecer enfermedades no transmisibles.
Development of multi-model ensemble for projection of extreme rainfall events in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Noor Muhammad , Ismail Tarmizi , Shahid Shamsuddin , Nashwan Mohamed Salem , Ullah Shahid
Published: November 2019

Possible changes in rainfall extremes in Peninsular Malaysia were assessed in this study using an ensemble of four GCMs of CMIP5. The performance of four bias correction methods was compared, and the most suitable method was used for downscaling of GCM simulated daily rainfall to the spatial resolution (0.25°) of APHRODITE rainfall. The multi-model ensemble (MME) mean of the downscaled rainfall was developed using a random forest regression algorithm. The MME projected rainfall for four RCPs were compared with APHRODITE rainfall for the base year (1961–2005) to assess the annual and seasonal changes in eight extreme rainfall indices. The results showed power transformation as the most suitable bias correction method. The maximum changes in most of the annual and seasonal extreme rainfall indices were observed for RCP8.5 in the last part of this century. The maximum increase was observed for 1-day and 5 consecutive days' rainfall amount for RCP4.5. Spatial distribution of the changes revealed higher increase of the extremes in the northeast region where rainfall extremes are already very high. The increase in rainfall extremes would increase the possibility of frequent hydrological disasters in Peninsular Malaysia.
Simulation of river discharge in ungauged catchments by forcing GLDAS products to a hydrological model (a case study: Polroud basin, Iran)
Authors: Khasmakhi Hadis Pakdel , Vazifedoust Majid , Marofi Safar , Tizro Abdollah Taheri
Published: November 2019

Due to unavailability of sufficient discharge data for many rivers, an appropriate approach is required to provide accurate data for estimating discharge in ungauged watersheds. In this study, Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) datasets were integrated with Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) to simulate the outlet river discharge in Polroud watershed, located in the North of Iran. Temperature and precipitation products generated by GLDAS were calibrated using regression analysis based on observation data for the period of 2004–2006. Then, river discharge was simulated by using HEC-HMS based on two different datasets (GLDAS meteorological product and gauged data) on the scale of the basin for the same period. The results clearly indicated that the forcing of GLDAS data into HEC-HMS model leads to promising results with acceptable correlation with observed data. Although, in comparison with direct GLDAS runoff products, the proposed approach improved the accuracy of river discharge, the problem of underestimation still reduces the expected accuracy. Because of global accessibility, GLDAS datasets would be a good alternative in ungauged or poorly gauged watersheds.