bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY AND THE DISCOUNT RATE FOR POLICY ANALYSIS
Authors: Mertens Jean-François , Rubinchik Anna
Published: June 2011

For two independent principles of intergenerational equity, the implied discount rate equals the growth rate of real per capita income, say, 2%, thus falling right into the range suggested by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. To prove this, we develop a simple tool to evaluate small policy changes affecting several generations, by reducing the dynamic problem to a static one. A necessary condition is time invariance, which is satisfied by any common solution concept in an overlapping-generations model with exogenous growth. This tool is applied to derive the discount rate for cost–benefit analysis under two different utilitarian welfare functions: classical and relative. It is only with relative utilitarianism, and assuming time-invariance of the set of alternatives (policies), that the discount rate is well defined for a heterogeneous society at a balanced growth equilibrium, is corroborated by an independent principle equating values of human lives, and equals the growth rate of real per-capita income.
Renal impairment and moderate alcohol consumption in the elderly. Results from the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging (ILSA)
Authors: Buja Alessandra , Scafato Emanuele , Baggio Bruno , Sergi Giuseppe , Maggi Stefania , Rausa Giuseppe , Basile Angela , Manzato Enzo , Ghirini Silvia , Perissinotto Egle
Published: June 2011

Objective

The influence of moderate alcohol consumption on renal function is not clear in elderly people. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and renal function, expressed as serum creatinine levels and glomerular filtration rates (GFR), in an elderly population.

Design

Perspective cohort study.

Setting

Population-based study on an elderly Italian population.

Subjects

A sample of 3404 Italian people (1619 women and 1785 men), aged 65–84 years, from the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging (ILSA).

Results

Prevalence and cumulative risk of impaired renal function (defined as GFR ≤ 60 ml/min) were estimated by sex and alcohol consumption groups. Logistic regression analysis adjusting for confounders (age, education, smoking, BMI and medications) and intermediate factors (blood cholesterol and fibrinogen, systolic hypertension and diabetes) showed that alcohol consumption level was not significantly related to the prevalence of mild renal impairment in elderly women. In men, both prevalence and incidence results seemed to suggest an inverse linear relationship between moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of mild renal impairment. A U-shaped association was shown for women at the incidence phase, suggesting a higher risk of developing renal impairment for women who drink more than 24 g alcohol/d.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that, in accordance with the recommendations on alcohol consumption in the elderly, moderate quantities of alcohol are not injurious to renal function in elderly men.
Development and evaluation of the Oxford WebQ, a low-cost, web-based method for assessment of previous 24 h dietary intakes in large-scale prospective studies
Authors: Liu Bette , Young Heather , Crowe Francesca L , Benson Victoria S , Spencer Elizabeth A , Key Timothy J , Appleby Paul N , Beral Valerie
Published: June 2011

Objectives

To describe the development of the Oxford WebQ, a web-based 24 h dietary assessment tool developed for repeated administration in large prospective studies; and to report the preliminary assessment of its performance for estimating nutrient intakes.

Design

We developed the Oxford WebQ by repeated testing until it was sufficiently comprehensive and easy to use. For the latest version, we compared nutrient intakes from volunteers who completed both the Oxford WebQ and an interviewer-administered 24 h dietary recall on the same day.

Setting

Oxford, UK.

Subjects

A total of 116 men and women.

Results

The WebQ took a median of 12·5 (interquartile range: 10·8–16·3) min to self-complete and nutrient intakes were estimated automatically. By contrast, the interviewer-administered 24 h dietary recall took 30 min to complete and 30 min to code. Compared with the 24 h dietary recall, the mean Spearman's correlation for the 21 nutrients obtained from the WebQ was 0·6, with the majority between 0·5 and 0·9. The mean differences in intake were less than ±10 % for all nutrients except for carotene and vitamins B12and D. On rare occasions a food item was reported in only one assessment method, but this was not more frequent or systematically different between the methods.

Conclusions

Compared with an interviewer-based 24 h dietary recall, the WebQ captures similar food items and estimates similar nutrient intakes for a single day's dietary intake. The WebQ is self-administered and nutrients are estimated automatically, providing a low-cost method for measuring dietary intake in large-scale studies.
Parent calcium-rich-food practices/perceptions are associated with calcium intake among parents and their early adolescent children
Authors: Reicks Marla , Degeneffe Dennis , Ghosh Koel , Bruhn Christine , Goodell L Suzanne , Gunther Carolyn , Auld Garry , Ballejos Miriam , Boushey Carol , Cluskey Mary , Misner Scottie , Olson Beth , Wong SiewSun , Zaghloul Sahar
Published: June 2011

Objective

The study aimed to (i) segment parents of early adolescents into subgroups according to their Ca-rich-food (CRF) practices and perceptions regarding early adolescent CRF intake and (ii) determine whether Ca intake of parents and early adolescents differed by subgroup.

Design

A cross-sectional convenience sample of 509 parents and their early adolescent children completed a questionnaire in 2006–2007 to assess parent CRF practices and perceptions and to estimate parent and child Ca intakes.

Setting

Self-administered questionnaires were completed in community settings or homes across nine US states.

Subjects

Parents self-reporting as Asian, Hispanic or non-Hispanic White with a child aged 10–13 years were recruited through youth or parent events.

Results

Three parent CRF practice/perception segments were identified, including ‘Dedicated-Milk Providers/Drinkers’ (49 %), ‘Water Regulars’ (30 %) and ‘Sweet-Drink-Permissive Parents’ (23 %). Dedicated-Milk Providers/Drinkers were somewhat older and more likely to be non-Hispanic White than other groups. Ca intakes from all food sources, milk/dairy foods and milk only, and milk intakes, were higher among early adolescent children of Dedicated-Milk Providers/Drinkers compared with early adolescents of parents in other segments. Soda pop intakes were highest for early adolescents with parents in the Water Regulars group than other groups. Dedicated-Milk Providers/Drinkers scored higher on culture/tradition, health benefits and ease of use/convenience subscales and lower on a dairy/milk intolerance subscale and were more likely to report eating family dinners daily than parents in the other groups.

Conclusions

Parent education programmes should address CRF practices/perceptions tailored to parent group to improve Ca intake of early adolescent children.
What Drives the Recruitment of Migrant Workers to Work in Social Care in England?
Authors: Hussein Shereen , Stevens Martin , Manthorpe Jill
Published: June 2011

This article outlines the reasons for the recruitment of migrant workers by the adult care sector in England, as revealed by participants in a multi-method study. The background to the study is the changing socio-demographic profile of the social care workforce, notably the employment of non-UK citizens in large numbers from outside traditional recruitment sources within the British Commonwealth. The article reports on 136 individual interviews with different stakeholders from the English social care sector undertaken in 2008–2009. Drawing on a theoretical framework developed during the first phase of the study, the analysis revealed a two-fold explanation of the demand for migrant workers in the English care sector. First, to fill specific staff vacancies, either through direct recruitment of workers from outside the UK or among those already in the UK; and, second, a more strategic, but less common, decision to recruit migrants with specific characteristics. The implications for social policy are set in the context of political concerns about migration and concurrent political aspirations to improve social care through resolving recruitment difficulties.
Disabling or Enabling: The Extension of Work-Related Conditionality to Disabled People
Authors: Patrick Ruth
Published: June 2011

This article considers the defensibility of the extension of conditionality to disabled people through a qualitative investigation of welfare service users’ opinions on the applicability of conditionality for disabled people. Three focus groups took place, with participants segmented according to whether or not they were disabled, to enable a comparison between the attitudes of those who would and would not be directly affected by the extension of conditionality analysed. The qualitative research undertaken demonstrates how much more the government must do before it can justifiably make disability benefit receipt conditional on participating in work-related activities.
Creating Community Cohesion: The Power of Using Innovative Methods to Facilitate Engagement and Genuine Partnership
Authors: Kagan Carolyn , Duggan Karen
Published: June 2011

National policies implemented at local level require marginalised community groups to work with public sector agencies and professionals. It can be a significant challenge to work across these boundaries. This article explores how creative and visual methods can be used to support people from so-called ‘hard-to-reach’ groups to articulate complex thoughts and ideas, and communicate their experience of living in their communities. Examples are drawn from the authors’ recent work in the north of England on regeneration and social cohesion, in which university staff collaborated on separate projects in partnership with – and driven by – community groups.
Collection, characterization and olfactory evaluation of Pandanus species in Southern India
Authors: Zanan Rahul L. , Nadaf Altafhusain B.
Published: June 2011

A detailed survey along the coastal regions of Southern India revealed the occurrence of seven Pandanus species, viz. P. kaida Kurz., P. odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntz., P. canaranus Warb., P. furcatus Roxb., P. thwaitesii Mart., P. foetidus Roxb and a new species P. palakkadensis Nadaf, Zanan & Wakte. The fragrance of staminate inflorescences of these species was compared with the fragrance of commercial staminate inflorescences of P. odorifer. P. thwaitesii,P. kaida and P. palakkadensis recorded comparable fragrance with that of P. odorifer. The study reveals the fragrance potential of these species, which could be exploited commercially for extraction of essential oil.
Imaging of 3‐D plasmaspheric electron density using GPS to LEO satellite differential phase observations
Authors: Spencer Paul S. J. , Mitchell Cathryn N.
Published: June 2011

This paper outlines a new mathematical approach to imaging the electron density distribution in the high regions of the topside ionosphere and the plasmasphere from 800 km up to 20,200 km altitude using GPS measurements from low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. The problem of ionospheric imaging using ground‐based GPS measurements has been studied for a number of years. Such methods have proved extremely useful in providing details of the larger‐scale morphology of the global ionosphere. The work presented extends these methods to image the plasmasphere up to altitudes of the GPS satellites at 20,000 km. The problem of limited observations due to the small number of LEOs in operation is overcome by constraining the plasmaspheric electron density to be constant along magnetic field lines. A coordinate transform from a spherical coordinate system to one defined in terms of Euler potentials is sufficient to provide unambiguous solutions. Preliminary results using data from the COSMIC satellite constellation are presented showing the response of the plasmasphere to changes in the interplanetary medium.
Complexity: The ultimate frontier?
Authors: Morris Simon Conway
Published: June 2011

Complexity remains a slippery concept for explaining living systems. Although the first cells and their descendants must have been much more complex than previously thought, this raises the question of whether there is an upper limit to the complexity of life.
A new era for plant biotechnology
Authors: Hunter Philip
Published: June 2011

New applications and technologies, and more rigorous safety measures could herald a new era for genetically modified crops with improved traits, for use in agriculture and the pharmaceutical industry.
Mitochondrial transformation: time for concerted action
Authors: Lightowlers Robert N.
Published: June 2011

We are frustratingly devoid of robust methods to genetically transform mitochondria in nearly all species. This extended Opinion explores the attempts to date, and their successes or failures.
The Influence of Receiver Size on Magnitude of Acoustic and Perceived Measures of Occlusion
Authors: Vasil-Dilaj Kristin A. , Cienkowski Kathleen M.
Published: June 2011

Purpose

The current study examined measured and perceived occlusion for a receiver-in-the-canal (RIC) hearing aid with different-sized receivers. The relationship between these measures and ear canal volume was also investigated.

Method

Thirty adult participants were fitted with an RIC hearing aid and tested with 5 receiver size conditions. Measured occlusion effect was calculated from aided and unaided real-ear responses obtained while subjects vocalized /i/. Perceived occlusion measures were acquired using an occlusion effect scale.

Results

Measured occlusion was greatest for the largest receiver. The most common perceived occlusion ratings were none to mild occlusion for all receiver sizes. Perceived ratings were weakly correlated to acoustic measures. There was little to no correlation between receiver size and estimated ear canal volume.

Conclusions

Measured and perceived occlusion was minor in all receiver conditions. Occlusion was not correlated to ear canal volume, suggesting that RIC hearing aids most often result in negligible amounts of measured and perceived occlusion effect, regardless of ear canal size. Because no significant relationship existed between the occlusion measures, clinicians may need to consider that self-rating of occlusion may not match measured occlusion results.
Comparing Pure-, Pulsed, and Warbled Tone Thresholds in Adults at 3000 and 6000 Hz
Authors: Franklin Clifford A. , Franklin Thomas C. , Franklin Jennifer L.
Published: June 2011

Purpose

Pulsed and warbled tones are suitable substitutions for pure tones in hearing threshold measurement according to the 2005 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association guidelines. These guidelines also recommend measuring thresholds at 3000 and 6000 Hz. To date, there is no research directly supporting substitution of pulsed or warbled tones for pure tones at 3000 and 6000 Hz for listeners with normal hearing or with hearing loss. This study compared pure-, pulsed, and warbled tone thresholds at 3000 and 6000 Hz.

Method

Forty-seven adults with normal hearing and 16 adults with sensorineural hearing loss participated in this study. Air-conduction thresholds were elicited with pure tones at octave intervals from 250 to 8000 Hz and with pure-, pulsed, and warbled tone stimuli at 3000 and 6000 Hz.

Results

Small mean differences in thresholds were obtained using each of the 3 stimulus types for both listeners with normal hearing and hearing loss. Some of the mean differences tested were found to be statistically significant. The differences were nevertheless small and in all cases within the clinically accepted 5-dB step size.

Conclusion

Although substitutions did not violate the 5-dB step size, the slope of a listener’s hearing loss may be a factor in the inaccuracy of measurement during the substitution of warbled tones for pure tones.
Targeting Hearing Health Messages for Users of Personal Listening Devices
Authors: Punch Jerry L. , Elfenbein Jill L. , James Richard R.
Published: June 2011

Purpose

To summarize the literature on patterns and risks of personal listening device (PLD) use, which is ubiquitous among teenagers and young adults. The review emphasizes risk awareness, health concerns of PLD users, inclination to take actions to prevent hearing loss from exposure to loud music, and specific instructional messages that are likely to motivate such preventive actions.

Method

We conducted a systematic, critical review of the English-language scholarly literature on the topic of PLDs and their potential effects on human hearing. We used popular database search engines to locate relevant professional journals, books, recent conference papers, and other reference sources.

Conclusions

Adolescents and young adults appear to have somewhat different perspectives on risks to hearing posed by PLD use. Messages designed to suggest actions they might take in avoiding or reducing these risks, therefore, need to be targeted to achieve optimal outcomes. We offer specific recommendations regarding the framing and content of educational messages that are most likely to be effective in reducing the potentially harmful effects of loud music on hearing in these populations, and we note future research needs.
Changes in the fatty acids in seeds of interspecific hybrids between Brassica napus and Brassica juncea
Authors: Iqbal M. C. M. , Weerakoon S. R. , Geethanjalie H. D. N. , Peiris P. K. D. , Weerasena O. V. D. S. J.
Published: June 2011

Mustard (Brassica juncea) accessions from Sri Lanka have a fatty acid profile (FAP) dominated by the undesired erucic acid. Therefore, it is necessary to develop B. juncea lines with canola-quality FAP, carrying reduced erucic acid (<1%) and increased oleic acid (>50%). To improve the FAP, B. juncea accessions were hybridised with spring-type canola (B. napus) varieties grown in Australia. Interspecific crosses between three B. napus cultivars (♂) and B. juncea accessions (♀) gave crossability of 50–65%. Embryo culturing on Lichter medium overcame post-germination barriers to obtain F1 plants. Culturing of ovules 21 days after pollination was successful and embryos were independent of hormones in the culture medium and directly developed into plants. Seeds of interspecific hybrids had a FAP different from parental values, particularly for oleic and erucic acids. The low oleic acid (13%) in B. juncea increased to 23–26% in hybrids and high erucic acid in B. juncea (41%) declined to 21–23% in hybrids. Linoleic and linolenic acids showed little variation from parental values. FAP of F1 hybrids shifted towards that of canola quality. The F2 seeds had zero erucic acid and high oleic acid similar to or exceeding the canola parent. Successful interspecific hybridisation of B. juncea and B. napus was confirmed by altered FAP and molecular markers. Embryo rescue in interspecific hybrids of B. juncea and B. napus is a simple, powerful biotechnological tool to increase genetic diversity and transcend species barriers to transfer desired genes, between the species. By implementing a crossing strategy, there is a potential to improve the FAP of Sri Lankan mustard towards the canola type.
Influence of 24 annual applications of fertilisers and/or manure to alfalfa on forage yield and some soil properties under dryland conditions in northern China
Authors: Fan Jun , Hao Mingde , Malhi Sukhdev S. , Wang Quanjiu , Huang Mingbin
Published: June 2011

A field experiment was established in 1984 at Changwu, Shaanxi, China, to determine the long-term effects of three annual fertiliser and/or manure treatments [no fertilisation (CK), application of phosphorus (P) fertiliser alone at 26 kg P ha–1, and application of P fertiliser at 26 kg P ha–1 + nitrogen (N) fertiliser at 120 kg N ha–1 + animal manure at 75 Mg ha–1 (PNM)] to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on forage dry matter yield (DMY) from 1985 to 2008 (24 growing seasons), and some soil properties (moisture content, and concentration of organic matter, total N, total P and available P in soil) in 2001, 2004 and 2006. Compared with the unfertilised CK, application of fertiliser and/or manure resulted in a significant increase of forage DMY in 19 of 24 years, with a maximum DMY usually in the PNM treatment. Cumulative DMY over 24 years (from 1985 to 2008) increased linearly in all three treatments, and it was higher by 22.72 Mg ha–1 with PNM and only by 7.78 Mg ha–1 with P compared with the CK treatment. Soil moisture contents in deep soil profiles did not differ among treatments in most cases. Soil organic matter, total N, total P and available P in soil increased with fertiliser and/or manure treatments, especially when PNM was applied over a long period. In conclusion, the findings suggest that combined applications of inorganic fertilisers and organic manure to alfalfa can provide substantial benefits in terms of both forage yield and stand longevity, while also improving soil quality on the Loess Plateau of northern China.
New strains of rhizobia that nodulate regenerating messina (Melilotus siculus) plants in saline soils
Authors: Bonython A. L. , Ballard R. A. , Charman N. , Nichols P. G. H. , Craig A. D.
Published: June 2011

Messina [Melilotus siculus (Turra) Vitman ex B.D.Jacks (syn. M. messanensis (L.) Mill.)] is the most promising annual pasture legume for saline waterlogged soils in southern Australia. Messina forms a symbiosis with the commercial Sinorhizobium medicae strain, WSM 1115, used for many annual medic (Medicago) species. However, WSM 1115 does not persist over the summer months in saline soils and fails to adequately nodulate regenerating messina plants, restricting its commercial development as a new species for agriculture. To overcome this symbiotic constraint, two field experiments (swards and rows) and a glasshouse symbiotic effectiveness experiment were undertaken to identify strains of S. medicae able to persist in saline soils and adequately nodulate regenerating messina plants. In the sward experiment, no rhizobia were detected in WSM 1115 plots in the first autumn following seed set, whereas 3519 rhizobia per g of soil were measured for strain SRDI 554. Compared with WSM 1115, SRDI 554 increased regenerating messina nodulation from 32 to 100%, the number of nodules per plant from 1.3 to 32.4 and shoot dry weights from 23.6 to 80.2 mg/plant. The row field experiment found SRDI 554 had greater saprophytic competence than WSM 1115 and increased overall mean plant nodulation from 11 to 74%. The symbiotic effectiveness experiment found plant shoot weight of the majority of S. medicae strains under non-saline conditions was similar to WSM 1115. These experiments have identified new strains of rhizobia that overcome the symbiotic constraint in regenerating messina plants in saline soils. Further evaluation, particularly in acidic saline, waterlogged soils, is required to confirm adaptation of the most promising strains to soils within the full range of messina target environments.
The Dipole States of Mas?11 Nuclei
Authors: Spicer BM , Fraser RF
Published: June 2011

Calculations of the even parity states of mass-ll nuclei in the 1p-2h basis are presented and the results are compared with experimental data from inelastic electron scattering, the llB(y, n) and llB(y, p) cross sections, and the lOB(p, Yo) excitation function.
The Structure of Quantum Fluids: Helium and Neon
Authors: Klemm AD , Storer RG
Published: June 2011

A procedure for the evaluation of the path integrals for the two-particle statistical density matrix at low temperatures is described. It is applied to both helium and neon, the first being the paradigm of a quantum mechanical gas and the second exhibiting weaker, but still significant, quantum effects at temperatures above the triple point. The density independent part of the pair-correlation functions and the second virial coefficients are obtained from these quantities. Three- and many-particle quantum properties are examined by approximating the Slater sum by a product of Boltzmann factors, each factor containing an effective pair-potential defined from the results of the two-particle case. The radial distribution function, obtained from a Percus-Yevick equation using this effective potential, demonstrates the validity of using the effective potential approximation as a tool for studying quantum properties by giving satisfactory results for helium and good agreement with experiment for neon.
Observations of Formamide at 6 cm in Sagittarius B2
Authors: Ribes JC , Ables JG , Godfrey PD , Brown RD
Published: June 2011

Six hyperfine components of the 212-211 transition of formamide (NH2CHO) have been measured in the laboratory. The multiplet was subsequently observed in emission in the direction of Sgr B2 with the 64 m telescope at Parkes. The relative frequencies and intensities of the three strongest components in the hyperfine structure are in excellent agreement with the laboratory measurement. Their Doppler shift corresponds to a radial velocity of 62 kms-i.
Mobility and Diffusion. II. Dependence on Experimental Variables and Interaction Potential for Alkali Ions in Rare Gases
Authors: Robson RE , Kumar Kailash
Published: June 2011

Formulae derived in Part I are used here to calculate mobility and diffusion coefficients for K + ions in helium and in neon gases. The formulae are evaluated by inverting truncated matrices, and the effect of using successively larger matrices is investigated numerically. It is found that close agreement with the measurement .of ion mobilities can be obtained over a significant range of values of E/no .and this determines the potential parameters of an assumed 12-6-4 potential within narrow limits. Diffusion coefficients are calculated from the potential so obtained. The sensitivity of the mobility to variations in potential parameters is discussed and some observations of interest for future experiments are made.
Mobility of Ions in Gas Mixtures
Authors: Robson RE
Published: June 2011

A formula for the mobility of ions in a mixture of neutral gases is obtained as a generalization of an expression previously derived from the Boltzmann equation for ions in a pure gas (Kumar aitd Robson 1973). It is shown that Blanc's law holds only for very specialized situations. Using interaction potentials obtained in a previous work (Robson and Kumar 1973), the mobilities of K + ions in helium-neon mixtures have been calculated and the deviations from Blanc's law are discussed.
Numerical Study of a Conjecture in the Self-avoiding Random Walk Problem
Authors: Guitmann AJ , Sykes MF
Published: June 2011

It has been conjectured that the sum of the critical attritions p. and v of a selfavoiding random walk on a triangular and a honeycomb lattice respectively should be precisely six. Estimates of the critical attrition obtained from the analysis of exact series expansions support this conjecture. Assuming the conjecture, estimates of the two critical attritions are made and found to be in good agreement with those obtained by other methods. The exact inequality v2 ~ p.2/(1 + p.) is proved, and it is shown that an analogous inequality applies to a pair of three-dimensional lattices.
Cosmic Radio Noise Absorption and Hydrogen Emission in the Auroral Substorm
Authors: Kilfoyle BP , Jacka F
Published: June 2011

From a study of records from Mawson, Kiruna, and Murmansk it is shown that slowly varying ionospheric absorption (SVIA) and HP emission are characteristic of the region behind the midnight poleward bulge of the auroral substorm, in accord with the model of Akasofu (1968).
Application of Thermoluminescence Theory to the Investigation of Thermoremanent Magnetization Curves
Authors: Chen R , Westcott-Lewis MF
Published: June 2011

Because of the similarity that exists between the basic equations describing the behaviour of thermoluminescence (TL) and thermoremanent magnetization (TRM), it is shown here that previously established methods for analysis of TL glow curves can be usefully applied to the analysis of TRM curves.
An Automatic Dynamic Spectrum Analyser for Video Tape Recorded Signals
Authors: Ellis GRA
Published: June 2011

A time-expansion sweep frequency spectrum analyser is described for signals in the 0-3 MHz frequency range. It is based on a standard video tape recorder used in the single frame replay mode. With a time-expansion ratio of 400 between the record time and replay time, a frequency resolution of 10 kHz together with a time resolution of 0�5 ms is realized. An example of the spectra of Jupiter radio bursts made with the analyser is presented.
A Measurement of the Branching Ratio for the Gamma Transitions from the 4·235 MeV Level of 24Mg
Authors: Branford D
Published: June 2011

The branching ratio for the y-transitions from the 4�235 MeV level of 24Mg has been measured following a study of the 23Na(p, y) resonances at 1021 and 1416 keV bombarding energy. The result, which is considerably more accurate than those reported previously, is compared with the predictions of the rotational model and shell model calculations.
The Vlasov?Maxwell Operators in Self-adjoint Form
Authors: Mason DP
Published: June 2011

A systematic method for obtaining the scalar product with respect to which a given Vlasov-Maxwell operator is self-adjoint is illustrated by considering the operator introduced by Shure (1964) to describe one-dimensional longitudinal oscillations in a bounded plasma. By separation of variables the problem is reduced to the solution of a singular integral equation for the weight function of the scalar product. The solution of this equation is not explicit but is in the form of a simple linear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind which is easily solved. The method should be applicable to similar operators in this field.
Direct Reaction Inelastic Scattering to the 2? State of 16O Via a Nonlocal Interaction
Authors: Ruzzene F , Amos K
Published: June 2011

A study is made of the effects of a purely nonlocal representation of the reaction mechanism in inelastic scattering. In particular, the inelastic scattering of 30 MeV protons and 65 MeV IX-particles leading to the 2- state of 8�88 MeV excitation in 160 are considered. The reaction mechanisms are represented by separable interactions between the projectile and target nucleon, and a simple spectroscopy for 160 is used in the plane wave Born approximation. The derived cross sections are compared with other calculations and the measured data. The asymmetry in proton inelastic scattering is also discussed.
Finite Rest Masses of Wave Quanta in Inhomogeneous Material Media
Authors: Cole KD
Published: June 2011

Snell's law is put in such a form that the bending of wave trajectories in inhomogeneous media can be compared with the bending due to a mechanical force field as deduced in an earlier paper (Cole 1971). Two experiments are proposed to detect this bending effect. Though small in terrestrial conditions, the effect may be significant in the vicinity of some massive celestial objects such as pulsars. It is shown that the Coulomb law in ~ cold plasma is of Yukawa form in which the scale distance is c/(fJp where (fJp is the plasma frequency. This distance is the Compton wavelength of the particle defined by wave quanta in the plasma.
High Resolution Observations of Supernova Remnants at 80 MHz
Authors: Dickel JR
Published: June 2011

Observations of 10 supernova remnants with a resolution of about 4' arc at 80 MHz have enabled the spectra of several of these objects to be extended to this low frequency. From the results only the weIl-known supernova remnant G43�3-0�2 (W49B) shows conclusive evidence for curvature in its integrated spectrum at low frequencies in agreement with previous work. Some discrepancy between the conclusions and those from a related survey of smaIl diameter supernova remnants by Dulk and Slee (1972) is noted. Contour maps are presented for five of the more extended sources with a resolution equal to or greater than any previous maps. These results have been compared with higher frequency data in a search for possible changes in spectra across individual sources. G 189�1 + 2� 9 (IC 443) has been found to have a nearly constant spectral index over most of its extent with perhaps a somewhat flatter spectrum on its southern side.
An All-sky Catalogue of Strong Radio Sources at 408 MHz
Authors: Robertson JG
Published: June 2011

A catalogue of 160 extragalactic radio sources stronger than 10 f.u. at 408 MHz has been compiled by selecting sources from the Parkes and 3CR surveys but adopting the most accurate values of flux density that are available. The sky coverage of 10�1 sr omits only the galactic plane and Magellanic Cloud regions. The flux density scale due to Wyllie has been used throughout.
Finite Deformations of the Nucleus
Authors: Tassie LJ
Published: June 2011

Deformations of the nucleus are examined with a model based on the irrotational incompressible motion of an inhomogeneous fluid. Restrictions of previous treatments to small deformations are noted and the model is extended to arbitrary deformations. '".�'he particular case of ellipsoidal deformation is considered and compared with experiment. It is concluded that the contribution of ellipsoidal deformation to hexadecapole deformation is not negligible.
The Placement of the 188 keV Transition in 70Ga
Authors: Carlson LE , Najam MR , Davidson WF , Biggerstaff JA , Martin PW
Published: June 2011

A careful study of the y-rays following the 70Zn(p, ny)1�Ga reaction has shown no evidence for a first excited state at 188 keY in 70Ga. However, a 188 keY y-ray transition was found to de-excite the 879 keY level in 70Ga, whose half-life was measured to be 24�3 ns.
Anisotropic Diffusion and the Townsend?Huxley Experiment
Authors: Lowke JJ
Published: June 2011

The relationship between current ratios and electron diffusion coefficients for the Townsend-Huxley experiment is reanalysed with the assumption that diffusion can be represented by two coefficients DT and DL for diffusion transverse and parallel respectively to the applied electric field. When the new formula is used to interpret previous experimental data obtained with a diffusion tube of length 2 cm, the derived values of DT/fl become independent of pressure (fl being the electron mobility). For longer diffusion tubes (~ 6 cm), current ratios are insensitive to DL and the results differ insignificantly from those obtained using the formula previously derived on the assumption that diffusion is isotropic.
Evening?Type Transequatorial Propagation on Japan?Australia Circuits
Authors: Mcnamara LF
Published: June 2011

The correlation between the reception in the evening of v.h.f. signals on Japan Australia circuits and the presence of spread F along the circuits is examined. The correlation is found to be highly significant and leads to the conclusion that spread F is a necessary but not sufficient condition for such reception. The fact that the presence of spread F is not a sufficient condition is explained in terms of either breaks in its distribution along the circuits or of plasma frequencies which are too low to support the proposed propagation mode.
A Search for Interstellar Molecular Lines in the Frequency Range 8·6 to 9·2 GHz
Authors: Batchelor RA , Brooks JW , Godfrey PD , Brown RD
Published: June 2011

An unsuccessful search has been made in the directions of Sagittarius B2, Sagittarius A, and Orion A for molecular lines of formyl, pyridine, formaldehyde, acrolein, and formamide in the frequency range 8�6 to 9�2 GHz. The failure to detect the formyl line in particular provides evidence about the possible modes of formation of interstellar formaldehyde.
A Note on Inverse Scattering Calculations of Energy-Independent Potentials
Authors: Cook JL
Published: June 2011

It is shown that a method proposed for determining one single-channel potential from a real scattering phase shift using resonance parameters allows the determination of an energy-independent potential.
An Analysis of Inelastic Scattering to the 2+ State in 54Fe at 1·409 MeV
Authors: Smith R , Amos K
Published: June 2011

The differential cross section, spin-flip probability amplitude, and asymmetry for the inelastic scattering of19�6 MeV protons to the 2+ state in 54Feat 1�409 MeV are analysed. The antisymmetrized distorted wave approximation is used to evaluate the scattering amplitudes in which the reaction mechanism is represented by a generalized core polarization model. Good fits are obtained to the differential cross section and spin-flip probability data. The exchange core polarization contributions are shown to be essential to obtain such fits. However, the asymmetry data cannot be fitted simultaneously, and this failure demonstrates the limitations of the current collective model representation of the core polarization process
The Dynamic Collective Model Interpretation of the Photoneutron Cross Section of 181Ta
Authors: Hicks RS , Spicer BM
Published: June 2011

The cross section for photoneutron production in 181Ta has been measured from threshold to 28� 8 MeV using bremsstrahlung and direct neutron detection. Integrated between these limits, the absolute value of the cross section has been determined to be 2 '47 �O' 35 MeV. b. An examination of the cross section variation with excitation energy reveals the existence of the giant quadrupole resonance lying on the high excitation edge of the dipole peak. This provides additional evidence for the validity of the dynamic collective model. The present data do not support the existence of extensive fine structure below 17 MeV, as proposed by Ishkhanov et al. (1969).
Australian Journal of Physics Astrophysical Supplements
Authors: Davies M , Little AG , Mills BY
Published: June 2011

A catalogue of radio sources observed at a frequency of 408 MHz with the Molonglo radiotelescope is presented. The catalogue includes an area of 0�21 sr between declinations -19�.3 and - 22� �4. A total of 1545 sources is listed down to a limiting flux density of O� 1 f.u., the catalogue being largely complete above 0�25 f.u. Errors in position vary from ~ 5N arc for sources stronger than 1 f.u. to ~ 30N arc for the weakest sources.
Secondary Ionization Mechanisms in an E × B Discharge in Hydrogen
Authors: Fletcher J , Walsh TI
Published: June 2011

A study of the secondary ionization mechanisms operative in an Ex B Townsend discharge in hydrogen has been made by investigating the formative time lag to electrical breakdown in such discharges. Comparison of the experimental data with predictions from a theoretical model enables the secondary mechanisms to be distinguished and their separate contributions to be estimated. The results so obtained are compared with those derived from the equivalent pressure concept.
Hydrogen Content of Young Stellar Clusters. V. Clusters NGC6604, 6611, and 6823
Authors: Tovmassian HM , Nersessian SE
Published: June 2011

Measurements of the total amount of hydrogen gas associated with the O-type clusters NGC 6604, 6611, and 6823 are reported. Only a small part of the large visible nebula in which NGC 6604 appears to be embedded is associated with the cluster. The small ionized nebula associated with NGC6604 has a mass of ~600Mo and is part of a larger neutral cloud. The mass of the ionized nebula associated with NGC 6611 is ~ 5000 M 0, while a neutral hydrogen shell with a total mass of ~ 105 M 0 probably surrounds the ionized nebula. The cluster NGC 6823 is embedded in a bright nebula of mass ~ 1800 Mo. A neutral hydrogen shell of mass ~ 2000 M 0 surrounds the ionized nebula, so that the total mass of hydrogen associated with NGC 6823 is ~ 4000 Mo.
Spectra for 107 Radio Sources Selected at 408 MHz
Authors: Murdoch HS , Hoskins DG
Published: June 2011

Radio spectra are presented for 107 sources which have previously been examined for optical identifications based on 408 MHz positions obtained with the Molonglo cross. Flux density measurements are given at five frequencies from 318 to 2695 MHz. The relationship between spectrum and optical identification is discussed. For sources with peaked, flat, or complex spectra the identification rate with QSO candidates is very high. For the remaining sources, no significant difference between the spectral index distribution of QSOs and galaxies is found.
Corrigenda: Hydromagnetic Stability of Thin Self-gravitating Disks and Spiral Structure
Authors: Hosking RJ
Published: June 2011

A term (-Jo8Boz/ca~)ai is omitted from the right-hand side of equation (16b) (cf. equations (2) and (12)). Equation (17) should therefore read.
Mode Coupling in the Solar Corona. I. Coupling Near the Plasma Level
Authors: Melrose DB
Published: June 2011

The theory of mode coupling in the radiation from solar type I storms is extended to treat coupling when the frequency! is near the plasma frequency!p. It is found that Cohen's coupling ratio Q = U/It)4, where It is the transition frequency (f'P It for strong coupling), is to be multiplied by a factor (1-!~/ J2)5/2 for QT regions, i.e. coupling is relatively suppressed close to the plasma level. The implications on the handedness of solar radio radiation are discussed. The possibility of depolarization due to mode coupling is considered briefly.
Mode Coupling in the Solar Corona. II. Oblique Incidence
Authors: Melrose DB
Published: June 2011

Previous discussions of mode coupling at a QT region have assumed vertical incidence and have hus invoked magnetic structures which violate div B = o. A new method is developed here for alculating the coupling coefficients for oblique incidence so that coupling at a QT region can be reated without invoking nonphysical magnetic structures. The method involves solving the Booker uartic equation implicitly in terms of the familiar formulae of magnetoionic theory. A coupling pproximation is introduced which involves one step in an iterative procedure to find explicit solutions rom the implicit ones. The approximation is necessarily valid in a finite range about the critical oupling points. The present method is used to generalize the results of Cohen to allow oblique ncidence. The results of the existing discussions of mode coupling for vertical incidence and nonphysical agnetic structures can be justified both qualitatively and semiquantitatively (although ith a slightly different physical interpretation).
Computer Simulation of an Electron Swarm at low E/p in Helium
Authors: McIntosh AI
Published: June 2011

A computer simulated electron swarm at E/P293 = 1�0 V cm -1 tore 1 in a model gas has been used to examine the validity of a recent theory of electron drift and diffusion. The computed results are in agreement with well-established theories for the electron energy distribution function, drift velocity and transverse diffusion coefficient, and confirm that, for a constant momentum transfer cross section, the longitudinal diffusion coefficient is approximately half the transverse coefficient. However, significant differences have been found between the computed swarm and the predictions of the theory of Huxley (1972). In particular, over the time scale considered, the electron swarm is not symmetric about its centroid but is spatially anisotropic in such a way that it could appropriately be described as 'pear shaped'.
Observations of Interplanetary Scintillations at 327 MHz
Authors: Pramesh Rao A , Bhandari SM , Ananthakrishnan S
Published: June 2011

The properties of the interplanetary medium and the structures of9 compact radio sources have been derived from the observed interplanetary scintillations at 327 MHz using the Ooty radio telescope. The observed scale size of the electron density irregularities has a value of 100 km in the elongation range 0�3-0� 7 A. U. and shows no indication of increasing with elongation, as has been suggested by Hewish and Symonds (1969). The Bessel transforms of intensity fluctuations could seldom be used for estimating the solar wind velocity since the minima corresponding to the Fresnel filtering effect were rarely seen. The study of the skewness parameter of the probability distribution of intensity fluctuations at 327 MHz indicates that for elongations between O' 2 and O' 35 A.U. the thin screen model is satisfactory, but for larger elongations no clear conclusion can be drawn.
Structure of 194 Southern Declination Radio Sources from Interplanetary Scintillations
Authors: Bhandari SM , Ananthakrishnan S , Pramesh Rao A
Published: June 2011

Interplanetary scintillation observations of 194 southern declination radio sources have been made at 327 MHz. The angular size and the fraction of the flux present in the scintillating component have been estimated. More than half of the observed sources scintillate and contain ;;;'10% of their flux in angular size smaller than 0"�5. About 75 % of the quasars and '" 50 % of the galaxies and the blank field objects scintillate. For quasars the spectral index seems to be correlated with the strength of scintillation; most of the flat spectrum quasars are strong scintillators and are unresolved. The scintillating properties of blank field objects are consistent with Bolton's hypothesis that most of these are galaxies beyond the plate limit of the Sky Survey.
Melting Criterion for Cubic Metals Based on a Modified Angular Force Model
Authors: Prakash Jyoti , Hemkar MP
Published: June 2011

A modified angular force model for the lattice dynamics of metals is used to test Lindemann's melting criterion by computing the ratio Ym of the mean square amplitude of thermal vibrations to the square of the interatomic spacing at the melting point for a number of cubic metals belonging to different groups in the periodic table.
Lifetimes of States in 62,64Cu and 67,70Ga
Authors: Carlson LE , Najam MR , Davidson WF , Zuk WM , Bell RAI , Thompson JV
Published: June 2011

The Doppler shift attenuation method of lifetime determination has been employed following the 62.6 4 Ni(p, ny)62.6 4 Cu and 67. 70Zn(p, ny)67. 70Ga reactions. The lifetime of the 62CU state at 637 keY was found to be 220 :':1~g fs; lower limits of 230 and 250 fs were set for the levels at 426 and 548 keYrespectively. For 64 CU, a lower limit of 175 fs was set for both the 609 and 663 keY states. Lifetimes in 67Ga were determined for the indicated levels as: 828 keY, 280 +igg fs; 911 keY, 370 :,:~~g fs; 1412 keY, 900 :,:~~go fs; 1519 keY, 750 :,:!ggo fs; 1555 keY, 190 :,:~g fs; 1639 keY, 150 :,:!g fs; 2041 keY, 150 :,:~g fs; and 2174 keY, 80 :':jg fs. Lower limits of 600 and 110 fs were set on the lifetime values for the 1202 and 1978 keY levels respectively. Similarly, lower limits on the lifetimes of the 70Ga levels at 1203 and 1245 keY were set at 320 and 720 fs, while values for the 1312 and 1446 keY levels of 70Ga were found to be 245 :':~~ and 390 :':~~~ fs.
The Effect of Velocity Gradients on Multi-level Atom Non-LTE Line Source Functions
Authors: Vardavas IM , Cannon CJ
Published: June 2011

Macroscopic velocity gradients are featured in calculations of several different line source functions for a model multi-level atom in non-LTE. The physical processes giving rise to these source functions, and their corresponding line profiles, are discussed in detail. In particular, three quite distinct coupling mechanisms between the various levels in the atom are considered and the results so obtained enable an easy interpretation of non-LTE line source functions to be made for any multilevel atom.
Identification of Ka X-ray Satellite Lines Induced by MeV Heavy-ion Bombardment of Elemental Targets
Authors: Larkins FP
Published: June 2011

It is shown that multiply ionized atoms with one or two holes in the 2s subshell in addition to holes in the 2p subshell may contribute directly to the observed Krx. satellite and hypersatellite spectra reported for targets bombarded with highly energetic heavy ions. The direct participation of such defect configurations results because the normally rapid Ll -L23M Coster-Kronig transition processes are energetically forbidden for most excited atomic species that are multiply ionized in the L shell. Adiabatic nonrelativistic Hartree-Fock calculations are presented to support this conclusion. A detailed calculation for the Krx. satellite and hypersatellite spectra of the silicon system is given.