bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nature And Development Of Children’s Event Memory
Authors: Leichtman Michelle D , Ceci Stephen J , Morse Marjorie B
Published: November 2023

In a routine report on the Boston evening news, an investigative reporter spoke with a family whose house had been burned to the ground just hours before. Still clearly shaken, the mother described her horror at awakening to smoke emanating from the ground floor of her home, her fright in realizing her children were asleep in the next room, her actions in removing them from the home, and her present feelings of relief at their safety and dismay at the material loss. When the microphone was trained on the family’s 5-year-old son, his first response was a stunned pause. He was then able to answer the reporter’s inquiries with the information that he felt “happy, because my baby sister’s o.k.” and “sad, because I don’t know where my toys are.” A younger baby, apparently around 6 months, cried in the arms of her father, who had not been home at the time that the fire was discovered.
The Great Late Medieval Kingdoms Poland and Hungary, 1350-1500
Authors: Johnson Lonnie R
Published: November 2023

When Czechs, Hungarians, and Poles look back on their histories, they share a sense of tragedy related to those events leading up to the loss of “national freedom,” and for the Hungarians and the Poles, this feeling of loss is often intensified by reminiscences about extensive territories lost as well. If the old historical kingdoms of Poland and Hungary were “organic wholes” to the same extent that many Poles and Hungarians feel they were, the sensations they experience are akin to the phantom pain that amputees have after having lost a limb. They know that what has been lost is gone for good, but neurological quirks sometimes allow them to feel pains in the missing extremi-ties.
The Counter-Reformation: The Roman Catholic Church and the Habsburg Dynasty Triumphant, 1550-1700
Authors: Johnson Lonnie R
Published: November 2023

The idea of reform inspired Protestants and Catholics alike with an apocalyptic sense of urgency that led them to see the world as a battlefield for the agents of God and the devil. Even though religion was often misused as an ideological pretext for the cynical realization of pragmatic political objectives, spiritual conviction was, for better or worse, a motive for action. Habitual Christians of all denominations today have trouble understanding what was at stake because the passions involved are so foreign to our con temporary way of life.
Epilogue: Postrevolutionary Paradoxes: Central Europe Since 1989
Authors: Johnson Lonnie R
Published: November 2023

During the last six months of 1989 the Communist regimes in the Eastern bloc came down one by one: in July in Poland, in Hungary in September, in East Germany in November, and in Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria in December. One thing all these revolutions had in common was that they obviously displaced the old Communist order, and the coincidence of 1989 with the bicentennial celebration of the French Revolution in 1789 was an appropriate historical accident. Francois Furet, one of the premier French historians of the French Revolution, drew parallels between 1989 and “the ideas of 1789 or the American Revolution: human rights, the sovereignty of peoples, free elections, markets” and compared the Communist regimes with the ancien regime of late-eighteenth-century France: hated, immobile, and incompetent.
Introduction
Authors: Kissin Benjamin , Begleiter Henri
Published: November 2023

The main emphasis of this volume is on the mechanisms underlying the development of alcohol dependence, described by Edwards (1990) as the most basic characteristic of alcoholism. The factors leading to its development may be biological, psychological, or social, but they most often consist of some combination of these. Since the pharmacology of alcohol involves both the biological and behavioral effects of the drug, it is critical to our understanding of alcohol dependence.
Metabolism of Ethanol, Acetaldehyde, and Condensation Products
Authors: Cederbaum Arthur I
Published: November 2023

Although small amounts of ethanol may be formed endogenously from yeast and bacteria in the gut (Krebs and Perkins, 1970), ethanol is primarily an exogenous compound that is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the ingested ethanol may be excreted in the breath, sweat, and urine; however, more than 90% of the ethanol is removed by oxidation (Holford, 1987). The predominant role of the liver in ethanol oxidation has been demonstrated in many studies (Larsen, 1959; Lundsgaard, 1938; Winkler et al., 1969). The major metabolic pathways for ethanol oxidation are found to the largest extent in the liver. These pathways all oxidize ethanol to acetaldehyde, which is subsequently oxidized to acetate.
Seek Your Salve Where You Get Your Sore
Authors: Ingle H Larry
Published: November 2023

As the year 1645 drew to a close and 1646 began, the Civil War in Leicestershire had wound down. Belvoir Castle, long a royalist stronghold and garrison, capitulated, and the king’s men at Ashby-de-la-Zouch hauled their colors down. Maneuvering for the best position from which to bargain with his enemies, King Charles presently found himself the prisoner of strict Scottish Calvinists who had one firm demand of all those, be they parliamentarians or royalists, with whom they dealt, namely, that their Presbyterian church be established throughout the kingdom. With Parliament’s upper hand thus assured, final victory seemed in reach, as did settlement of the decades-long conflict between court and commons.
The North for Greatness
Authors: Ingle H Larry
Published: November 2023

In the winter of 1651 when George Fox mounted his horse and turned north-ward away from Derbyshire, he gave no indication that he sensed anything different about the land, and he certainly did not know what was in store for him and his movement in the north borderlands. Hence we must take him at his word: he simply passed into the hill country of Yorkshire, preaching repentance and searching for more converts to his young movement. If he had tapped a reservoir of emptiness and found enough response to merit traveling in the Midlands for nearly four years, then he must have hoped for at least as much response in the northern counties. Barren and backward, isolated and fought over by powerful Scottish lairds and English earls, the north country could boast one large city, York, with a spectacular minster steeple visible for thirty miles; after that, according to one seasoned traveler, the boasting would have to stop, for the town, with short, narrow streets, resembled the rest of the region: mean and indifferent. The area where Fox entered Yorkshire rolled, flattening out to the east where windmills dotted the landscape and the North Sea lapped against the shoreline. With many streams but few bridges, travel in the north was mostly by water or horseback; even trade goods moved to market on the backs of pack horses. Parishes were large, bishops were absentees, clergymen were ignorant and ill paid, and schools were fewer than anywhere else in the country. Even though other sections of the country shared these deficiencies,3 the area was still regarded as a backwater, ignored and looked down on by more sophisticated southerners, a place where discontent every so often bubbled up in the shape of religious revolt.
Out of the North All Ill Comes Forth
Authors: Ingle H Larry
Published: November 2023

To judge from published reaction to the push of George Fox’s Children of the Truth southward, something resembling a new Pict invasion seemed in the offing, and this time no Hadrian’s Wall rose to block the incursion. Fox’s movement provoked fears in London and encouraged defenders of the established ecclesiastical and political orders to push the populace to reject it. Francis Higginson, a Westmorland minister who watched the Children operate in his county, explained how “Satan’s seeds-men” had “crept” into the north the previous summer and seduced multitudes to embrace devilish doctrines. William Prynne, having lost his ears because of two libel convictions, wrote a pamphlet that fulminated against Quakers as “the spawn of Romish Frogs, Jesuits, and Franciscan Friars” who had grown up in the very section of the country where Catholics had always posed a threat. A posthumous edition of Ephraim Pagett’s famous Heresiography included an attack on the Friends: readers were told that Quakers were an upstart branch of the Anabaptists, “thickest set in the north parts,” the dregs of conceited and ignorant common people and prey to those opposing “all laws, magistrates, ancient worship, prayers and sacraments” and subverting the present “holy age, the age of perfection, zeal, and liberty.” An anonymous author dubbed them “anti-Scripturalists” and “Libertines” who had begun in the north and now seemed poised to extend their community and their lust for other men’s wives southward. A news sheet jibed that a goose wrote in her will, “I give my soul to the sister Quakers, on condition they damm it not, as they had done their own.” A broadside shouted that thirty blasphemies flourished in the city and that “Ranters, Quakers, Seekers” broached their heresies daily.
I Thank God and My Cunning
Authors: Ingle H Larry
Published: November 2023

When Edward Pyott, one of the Quakers held at Launceston jail, took up his pen on May 14, 1656, to write to George Bishop, he had strict instructions about what to write. George Fox wanted Bishop, a prominent Bristol Friend, to delay publishing his pamphlet, West Answering to the North, because its harsh words about Cornwall were likely to “enrage and obstruct the [Quakers’] service here.” After all, Pyott went on, echoing Fox, “the justices have been as yet pretty civil towards us ... which is to be owned and encouraged.” Only the next day Pyott contacted another correspondent, writing that Fox liked the brief prepared for the court but thought it best “to have it go in my name singly.”2With Pyott signing the brief, Fox could take the high road and retain his stance as prophet of righteousness.
Resources and Reasons for Individual Style
Authors: Johnstone Barbara
Published: November 2023

Both the “Cartesian” syntactician, in his chamber with his pencil, and the “empirical” sociolinguist, in the department store with his tape recorder, commit what are, strictly, analogous methodological fallacies in moving directly from the so-called data of intuition or a questionnaire to generalizations about the “competence” of an ideal speaker-hearer or the “speech” of a community. Between the data and the generalizations there exists the variable, the phenomenon of individual language-seen, not Why does this sentence-the one you are now reading-consist of precisely these twenty-three words, and why are they in this order? There are many reasons. For one thing, the sentence begins with whyand not with pourquoior warumor limaaoabecause it is in English, not in French or German or Arabic. The fact that the sentence is in English means that it is likely that the sounds and structures of its words will conform to the conventions of English phonology and morphology and that the words will be part of the English lexicon (though the Englishness of a sentence does not make it necessarythat all its words be English, as my third sentence shows). Because the sentence is in English, it is also likely that the words will be in the order typically
Individual Voice and Articulate Speaking
Authors: Johnstone Barbara
Published: November 2023

It is believed by speakers of Malagasy, who live in Madagascar, that there are two kinds of talk: everyday talk and kabary,or formal oratory (Keenan 1973). A person who can perform kabarywell is a good speaker, an articulate person. Not everyone is allowed to be an orator; women, for example, who are in general thought to be overly direct and pushy in speech (Keenan 1974), are excluded. And not every man who has learned something about the roundabout “winding words” in which kabarymust be phrased and the rules for who speaks when in the situations that call for kabaryis equally good at performing it. Some orators are more articulate than others, in other words, and accordingly in greater demand to speak at marriage-request ceremonies and in other situations in which kabaryis necessary. Being articulate, for the Malagasy, requires two things: being a member of the category of people who are allowed to perform articulate roles, and, assuming that one is a member of this category, being competent at those roles. There is even more to it, however. Being an articulate orator sometimes requires strategic inarticulateness. When the orator representing a young man ‘s family speaks to request a young woman ‘s hand in marriage, he must symbolize in his speech the inferior role of the petitioner. To do this, he must purposely make errors in delivery and protocol but not so many that he jeopardizes his reputation as a good speaker.
A King, a Queen, and the Riddle Between: Riddles and Interpretation in a Late Midrashic Text
Authors: Stein Dina
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with riddles in a Midrashic text. For the purposes of the discussion I make two assumptions concerning the nature of Midrash: that the Midrash is an interpretation of the scriptural canon and that it is a discursive situation which implies a sender and an addressee. In this situation the messages are transmitted in forms of discourse. These discursive channels operate most clearly when an overt discursive situation exists in the text itself-that is, in the communication between the characters in the Midrashic text.
When Is a Riddle Not a Riddle? Some Comments on Riddling and Related Poetic Devices in Classical Sanskrit
Authors: Salomon Richard
Published: November 2023

Sanskrit riddles have attracted some interest in modern scholarship, though it cannot yet be said that they have been comprehensively or authoritatively treated. The most important work on the subject is Sternbach 1975. Bhagwat 1965 also treats of Sanskrit riddles in detail, along with material in other languages. Otherwise, the modern critical literature is generally limited to briefer studies, such as Porcher 1979, and incidental discussions in works on other subjects.
Peasant Rebels Under Stalin
Authors: Viola Lynne
Published: November 2023

Based on newly declassified Soviet archives, including secret police reports, Peasant Rebels Under Stalin documents the active history of the vast peasant rebellion against collectivization between 1928-1932. Lynn Viola reveals the manifestation in Stalin’s Russia of universal strategies of peasant resistance in what amounted to virtual civil war between state and peasantry.
Reorganization or Reform? The Fairness of Current Trends
Authors: Daniels Norman , Light Donald W , Caplan Ronald L
Published: November 2023

In August 1994, when the 103rd Congress abandoned any attempt to legislate national health care reform, we might have expected all talk about reform to cease, at least until some later Congress returned to the question. That has not happened (White 1994). Of course, some of the continued talk of reform was prompted by the belief that the states would pick up where the federal government had left off (Pear 1994). But the state reform initiatives that were passed in recent years have largely been put on hold, and some states are threatening to rescind them (Freudenheim 1995b). It is striking, then, given the failure of both federal and state reform efforts, to hear policy experts, politicians, and the media speak so assertively about ongoing “reform,” even “dramatic” and “accelerating reform.”
January, 1864—May, 1864
Authors: Burgess Lauren Cook
Published: November 2023

The new year brought passage of a bill re-establishing the Federal military rank of lieutenant general. It would be filled by a commander from the west who knew how to wage war on Southern armies and win. In the next year-and-a-half, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant would forge the Union’s disparate armies into one destructive engine bent on forcing the South to its knees. Before Grant could take command, however, President Lincoln and General-in-Chief Henry Wager Halleck would “borrow” a portion of Federal forces one last time for some unfinished business.
Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Delirium
Authors: Ingha Jane , Breitbart William
Published: November 2023

Delirium is defined as a transient organic brain syndrome characterized by the acute onset of disordered attention (arousal) and cognition, accompanied by disturbances of psychomotor behavior and perception.1 Delirium may complicate any of a large number of disorders and can be highly aversive to patients. Untreated delirium may increase patient morbidity and family distress, and foster conflict between staff and families.2,3 Studies in medical populations suggest that delirium is underrecognized by medical and nursing staff 4—6 Although often treatable and reversible, etiologic factors are often missed and treatment strategies that may be highly beneficial are neglected. Appropriate assessment of delirium is imperative, and requires knowledge of the preva­ lence, diagnostic criteria, and assessment methodology.
Counseling the Confused Patient and the Family
Authors: Borreani Claudia , Caraceni Augusto , Tamburini Marcello
Published: November 2023

Delirium is frequent in progressive diseases such as cancer and AIDS. At times it can be reversible, but often it characterizes the terminal evolution of the disease. In many cases, therefore, delirium not only heralds death but also, as popular wisdom has it, is a way of dying. 1,2 This chapter will focus on the role and content of counseling in cases of cognitive impairment or delirium occurring in the course of advanced cancer. Communication with the patient and the family in this clinical circumstance is not easy and is very much influenced by psychological and organic factors: cognitive failure, coping abilities, perception and knowledge of the disease, perception and knowledge of terminality, fluctuation of symptoms, and reversibility or irreversibility of consciousness impairment.
Assessment and Management of Opioid-Induced Constipation, 95 Susan Derby and Russell K. PortenoyOpioid-Induced Constipation
Authors: Derby Susan , Portenoy Russell K
Published: November 2023

In 1995, approximately 547,000 people in the U.S. died of cancer and several million lived with their disease.1 Of those with metastatic solid tumors, more than two thirds had pain severe enough to necessitate opioid therapy. Opioid analgesics are highly effective, but produce side effects that may limit therapy or contribute to impaired quality of life. Constipation, a particularly common side effect with multiple contributing etiologies, may be difficult to treat. Constipation should be defined as a symptom (that is, a subjective phe­ nomenon) characterized by diminished frequency of defecation associated with difficulty or discomfort. It is usually distressing when present, and occasionally poses serious risks. Associated symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating and distention, and sometimes anorexia and nausea. Untreated constipation may progress to obstipation, which may potentially lead to life­ threatening complications associated with bowel obstruction. Constipation is also a risk factor for intestinal perforation in patients receiving corticosteroids for the management of intracranial lesions.
Clinical Implications of Morphine Metabolites
Authors: Sj0gren Per
Published: November 2023

Morphine is the most widely used opioid analgesic and remains the “gold standard” when the effects of other analgesic drugs are to be compared. Mor­ phine is a hydrophilic phenanthrene alkaloid, which is a natural constituent of opium. With its pKa of 7.9, 23% is unprotonized in plasma at physiological pH. About 30% of morphine is bound to plasma proteins. In humans, the mean volume of distribution ranges from 1.2 to 6.2 Ukg, the mean elimination half-life ranges from 1.7 to 4.5 hours, and the mean clearance ranges from 6.4 to 23 Ukg/min.1,2 Absorption after parenteral administration averages 90% within 45 minutes, whereas oral bioavailability is low and variable (15%- 65%).3,4 In humans the predominant metabolic pathway for morphine is glu­ curonidation. 5 The high hepatic extraction rate of 0.7 indicates the important first-pass effect and explains the low oral bioavailability. To a much lesser extent, biotransformation takes place in the kidneys and lungs. The glu­ curonides, which are the main metabolites, are eliminated via bile and urine. Smaller amounts are excreted via sweat and breast milk. Ninety percent of the total elimination takes place within one day. The conjugation rate seems to increase gradually during chronic use of morphine.
The Emerging Role of the Fentanyl Series in the Treatment of nChronic Cancer Pain
Authors: Gauthier Michaele. , Fine Perry G
Published: November 2023

Historically, the fentanyl series of opioid analgesics was not developed with chronic pain indications in mind. The driving force for synthetic opioid re­ search and development during the past three decades has centered around surgical anesthesia needs. Fentanyl only recently emerged in a formal manner outside the operating theater.
Neuropathic Cancer Pain: Syndromes And Clinical Controversies
Authors: Moulin Dwight E
Published: November 2023

Neuropathic cancer pain can be due to direct tumor infiltration of neural structures or to secondary effects produced by treatments of the underlying neoplasm. Neuropathic pain due to the former etiology is present in 20%-30% of patients attending specialized cancer pain centers, and pain due to the latter occurs in about 10% of attendees. Although patients with neuropathic pain due to tumor infiltration clinically resemble those with neuropathic pain arising from nonmalignant causes, there are important differences between these populations. Neuropathic cancer pain is almost always accompanied by other pain syndromes, including bone pain and visceral pain:3 Tumor infiltration usually implies progressive incurable disease, inevitably leading to loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic function. Relentless disability that is obvious to the patient and the physician, and the knowledge that the disease process is ultimately fatal, adds a major suffering component to the pain syndrome that must be addressed.4 Finally, the dynamics of progressive nerve injury attributable to tumor infiltration may impact on the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain in a way that is not present following monophasic nerve injury (e.g., trauma), and this also has implications for treatment.
Adjuvant drugs for neuropathic cancer pain
Authors: Hewitt David J , Portenoy Russell K
Published: November 2023

Neuropathic pain refers to any syndrome in which pain is imputed to have a pathophysiology related to aberrant somatosensory processing in the peripheral or central nervous systems. Neuropathic pain can result from injury to nervous tissue at any point along afferent pathways, including peripheral nerves, nerve plexus, nerve root, spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus, or cortex. Cancer can produce neuropathic pain through direct compression or invasion of neural structures by tumor or by injury caused by antineoplastic therapies. These therapies include neurotoxic drugs (e.g., vinca alkaloids, cisplatinum, and paclitaxel), radiation, and surgery.
The Reversible Causes of Asthenia in Cancer Patients
Authors: Cleary James F
Published: November 2023

Although asthenia is a relatively new term in oncology, the symptoms that it encompasses have long been recognized as part of the clinical presentation of cancer. Asthenia is derived from the Greek: a (absence) thenia (strength) and is defined as a lack of strength, diminution of vital power, weakness, debility (Oxford English Dictionary). For many years, “asthenia” has been considered to be a natural concomitant of malignant neoplasms and it was suggested that asthenia may be a form of carcinomatous myopathy.
The Spectrum of Grief in Palliative Care
Authors: Katz Laurence , Chochinov Harvey Max
Published: November 2023

The experience of losing a loved one as a result of death is an inevitable part of adult life. It has been estimated that for every person who dies, at least jive close friends, relatives, and loved ones are left behind. The annual incidence of bereavement in the population is estimated at between 5% and 9%. Because of the nature of progressive medical illness, a substantial portion of the newly bereaved will have been intimately involved with the deceased during their medical treatment. It is a salient aspect of grief in this situation that there is usually a period of anticipatory grieving preceding the death. This presents an opportunity and an obligation for palliative care teams to combine care and comfort of the patient with guidance and assessment of the family through the final phases of terminal illness and death. If this is done with understanding, concern, and sensitivity, this care can substantially benefit the subsequent grieing process.
Treatment of Symptoms Other Than Pain in Pediatric Palliative Care
Authors: Levetown Marcia
Published: November 2023

The frequency of various symptoms among pediatric palliative care patients largely depends on the site of the survey. If patients are assessed following admission to a specialized program, the philosophy of the program influences the mix of patients and, consequently, the prevalence of symptoms. In England, for example, where patients are qualified for admission early in the disease process, there is a very large proportion of patients with slowly degenerative disorders, such as Sanfilippo syndrome, a metabolic disorder. This disease causes thickened facial features, progressive loss of intellect and other central nervous system functions, and seizures. Accordingly, a high proportion of English patients have this type of symptomatology.
Surgical Palliation of Malignant Bone Pain
Authors: Frassica Frank J , Frassica Deborah Anne , Lietman Steven A , Huckell Cameron A , Kostuik John P , Chao Edmund Y S , Sim Franklin H
Published: November 2023

Bone metastases are the third most common site of metastases. Although lung and liver metastases are more common, destructive lesions of the skeleton often cause more problems for the patient than do visceral metastases. A marked reduction in the quality of life can occur when bone metastases are not managed in an aggressive fashion to prevent fractures, pain and neurologic deficits. Patients may despair when they lose their independence as a result of uncontrolled bone metastases. Surgery is an important adjunct to maintain the independence of the patient with bone metastases. Surgical treatment is centered on three principal areas: prevention and treatment of long bone fractures, reconstruction of major joints, and reconstruction of the spine (with or without decompression) to restore structural stability. Patients must be carefully evaluated prior to surgery and during the perioperative period to minimize the risk of complications.
From Sadness to Major Depression: Assessment and Management in Patients with Cancer
Authors: Porter Maryfrances R , Musselman Dominique L , Mcdaniel J Stephen , Nemeroff Charles B
Published: November 2023

Mental health professionals face the challenge of differentiating expected emotional distress associated with a cancer diagnosis (such as sadness, grief, and bereavement) from the disabling psychiatric disorder of major depression. To manage patients appropriately, professionals must contend with patients’ hurried schedules and sudden hospitalizations, educate family members, negotiate complex medication regimens, and interact with a multidisciplinary treatment team. Skillful diagnosis and careful attention to management strategies are needed to optimize care.
Symptom Control in Patients with Severe Character Pathology
Authors: Passik Steven D , Hay Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

Living with life-threatening illness presents all patients with profound physical and emotional challenges. Physically, they must often adapt to painful, uncomfortable, invasive, or exhausting treatment regimens, and they may experience increasing bodily or cognitive decline. Emotionally, patients must contend with reactions such as shock, fear, anxiety, or sadness upon learning their diagnosis, and then make the necessary changes required to live with it. Such emotional reactions are to be expected, even in the psychologically healthy. Indeed, a prevalence study of psychiatric disorders in cancer patients found that emotional distress was quite common: nearly half (47%) of assessed inpatients and outpatients had levels of emotional disturbance that could be classified as a psychiatric disorder.
Palliative Care and the Clinical Approach to Disorders of the Skin
Authors: Hale Lloyd R , Ryan Terence J
Published: November 2023

In the context of palliative care, several new concepts guide the management of skin disease. First, the disease processes that contribute to skin failure in the severely ill result in functional impairment of the skin and consequent handicap. Management may focus on attempting to cure or diminish the causes of skin failure, or it may address the specific impairments. Mostly, it attempts to relieve handicap. Second, one of the principal functions of the skin is communication. Isolation, loss of confidence, and the feeling of being unwelcome are perhaps the worst handicaps. Remedies include touch, camouflage, the prescription of a prosthesis (after mastectomy, for example) or a wig, and the teaching of communication skills. The “look good, feel good” factor is an important component of well-being, and hence, of health. It is a neglected factor in most “Health for All” documents, although it is quite well recognized in the cancer management literature.
What went wrong?: Derailed Encounters
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline
Published: November 2023

Have you ever gotten into an actual argument with your doctor? While out and-out battles are an extreme, most of us have, at one time or another, felt dissatisfied with a visit to the doctor even though things seemed to go well on the surface. Intrinsically, the doctor-patient encounter is fraught with risks and pitfalls. All too often, both fail to realize their potential. The patient is anxious, the doctor usually isn’t. The problem they are there to deal with is a personal threat to the patient and a professional challenge to the doctor. At the beginning of the visit, each has a completely different viewpoint. The perceptions and emotions they experience are very different. Their knowledge base, values, and very often their goals are different. So incongruence is inevitable.
Getting the Most Out of Managed Care
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline
Published: November 2023

In the past, patients were often kept in the hospital too long. It’s a lot easier, for instance, for a doctor to see a series of patients between 7:30 and 8:00 A.M. and send them each a bill than to schedule them all separately in the office. And you may not realize that for a hospital, in view of all the services that have to be available at all times, there is nothing more expensive than keeping an empty bed. But that reason for hospitalization is no longer acceptable under managed care.
But What Have You Done for Us Lately? Some Recent Perspectives on Linguistic Nativism
Authors: Green Christopher D , Vervaeke John
Published: November 2023

The problem with many contemporary criticisms of Chomsky and linguistic nativism is that they are based on features of the theory that are no longer germane; aspects that either have been superseded by more adequate proposals, or dropped altogether under the weight of contravening evidence. It is notable that, contrary to the misguided opinion of many of his critics, Chomsky has been more willing than the vast majority of psychological theorists to revise and extend his theory in the face of new evidence. His resistance to the proposals of those of his early students and colleagues who banded together under the name “generative semantics” was not, as is widely believed, a matter of his unwillingness to entertain evidence contrary to his own position. Rather, it was a matter of his unwillingness to entertain vague, ambiguous, and inconsistent theoretical claims. His ultimate victory over generative semantics was grounded squarely in his willingness to alter his theory to bring it more in line with new evidence; and the theory now bears only a modest resemblance to that which he developed in the 1950s and 1960s.
Will Cognitive Revolutions Ever Stop?
Authors: Bruner Jerome
Published: November 2023

I do not write this chapter as an historian of the cognitive revolution. I’m not very good at that sort of thing, and besides, we’re all still too much on the barricades to be historians. Modem historiography teaches one big truth that should sober us. The Past (with a capital letter) is a construction: how one constructs it depends on your perspective toward the past, and equally on the kind of future you are trying to legitimize (see, e.g., Mink, 1978).
Analyzing Temporal Factors in Urban Morphology Development
Authors: Campari Irene
Published: November 2023

There is nothing continuous. Continuous is only the present. Urban morphologies have been described as provided with a strong structural stability. The stability is due to some persistent basic forms of urban components as well as to some topological relations between them. The disciplines that deal with urban development have adopted the historical model of time to temporally define events and actions about the modifications of urban spaces. This model applied to events and actions, defines temporally by dates only the causes of urban space modifications. This leads to an accumulation of historical details on the causes of morphological modifications. This accumulation often is done without any reference to a process model that should account for the factors that make the configuration of an urban space constant in time.
Russian Advertising in Search of Psychology
Authors: Leontiev Dmitry A
Published: November 2023

A Brief History of Advertising in Russia

Western readers may be surprised to learn that advertising is not a new field for Russian psychologists. Its history in Russia, however, has been uneven with several separate periods that are loosely connected to each other.
Alcoholism in Russia: The Enemy Within
Authors: Bratus Boris S
Published: November 2023

It was spring 1985 when Gorbachev assumed the post of general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Neither the Soviet people nor the rest of the world knew that Gorbachev’s era would mean the end of the Soviets, the end of socialist rule in Eastern Europe, and the destruction of the Berlin Wall that had come to symbolize the impenetrable Soviet empire. The only major change that Gorbachev announced soon after he assumed office was the start of a rigorous anti-alcohol campaign. Ironically, this was to be the last purely Soviet campaign, and it was launched in traditional Bolshevik style-a sudden and surprise attack of grand scale against a long-time enemy. Students of history will recognize that the anti-alcohol campaign did not originate with Gorbachev. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) had already planned the campaign before Gorbachev took office. Although in the minds of most Soviet citizens the campaign against the use of alcohol is associated with Gorbachev, most are aware that it was really the brainchild of the secretary of ideology, Egor Ligachev.
lnterethnic Intolerance in Post-Soviet Ukraine
Authors: Golovakha Evgueny , Panina Natalya
Published: November 2023

The population of modern Ukraine is an uneven mix of various ethnicities. According to the last general census (1989), the 51.5 million Ukrainians are composed of72.7 percent Ukrainian nationals, 22.1percent Russians, .9 percent Jews, and 4.3 percent “other.” Although Ukrainian history contains less of the sort of interethnic conflict that resulted in armed rebellions than occurred in other parts of the former Soviet Union, recent events have caused increased tensions among the ethnic groups in modern Ukraine. Several ethnic groups have been forced to move to Ukraine because of conditions caused by the breakup of the Soviet Union. For example, the Crimean Tartars have been resettling in Ukraine, which has caused problems as they adapt to life in a new country. The bigger problem, however, is the unknown consequences of the “Ukrainization” policy that makes Ukrainian the official language of this newly independent country. Of course, ethnic Russians who have been living in Ukraine are worried about the change in language because only those who are fluent in Ukrainian will be able to hold high-level positions in government, academia, and political life. There are also large numbers of ethnic Ukrainians, especially in East Ukraine, whose mother tongue is Russian. They fear that they will be outcasts in their own country because of the new language requirements. Members of this large group have an ambivalent identification with modern Ukraine because their parents or grandparents decided to make the dominant language of their time Russian, which was taught and learned at home, in the belief that this choice was in the best interest of their offspring.
The Black Body
Authors: Lemke Sieglinde
Published: November 2023

The Negroes are conquering Paris. They are conquering Berlin. They have already filled the whole continent with their howls, with their laughter The Revue Negre, which is rousing the tired public in the Theatre des Champs-Elysees to thrills and madness as otherwise only a boxing match can do is symbolic.
Conspecific Brood Parasitism, Population Dynamics, and the Conservation of Cavity-Nesting Birds
Authors: Eadie John , Sherman Paul , Semel Brad
Published: November 2023

A substantial number of bird species nest or roost in cavities (9-18% of all species in Europe, North America, southern Africa, and Australia). More than half of these are obligate cavity-nesters (Newton, 1994a,b). A central conservation problem facing many species is loss of breeding habitat. Considerable evidence, both observational and experimental, indicates that populations of hole-nesting birds frequently are limited by shortages of suitable nesting cavities (von Haartmann, 1957; Brush, 1983; Brawn and Baida, 1988; Bock et al., 1992; Newton, 1994a,b). Development, and the removal of large, mature timber and snags (dead trees) for commercial purposes, exacerbate these shortages. The problem is most acute for secondary cavity-nesting birds, which rely on primary cavity excavators (mainly woodpeckers), physical damage (from storms), or natural tree rot to produce cavities of sufficient size and quality.
The Evolved Psychological Apparatus of Human Decision-Making Is One Source of Environmental Problems
Authors: Wilson Margo , Daly Martin , Gordon Stephen
Published: November 2023

It has become increasingly difficult to ignore or deny the fact that the Earth’s biota are in crisis. The abundance and diversity of flora and fauna have been and are being diminished at an accelerating pace, both as a direct result of human exploitation and as an indirect result of habitat loss and environmental degradation (Wilson, 1992). Despite the efforts of parties with economic interests antagonistic to conservation, it is no longer possible for informed citizens to doubt the reality of these trends, nor is there reason to doubt that the diversity and abundance of species will continue to decline for some time as a result of human numbers and activities. What is controversial is what to do about it (Clark, 1991).
A Brief History of the Flute
Authors: Toff Nancy
Published: November 2023

The history of music for the flute and the history of the instrument itself are intimately related. For the modern flutist, therefore, familiarity with the history of the instrument helps in understanding how its physical characteristics determined the technical content and stylistic features of the music. Particularly since 1700, the structural and mechanical development of the flute correlates quite closely with developments in musical composition and performance practice. Needless to say, the correlation is not coincidental. The history of the flute naturally divides itself into two distinct, though chronologically overlapping, phases, that of the “German” or “old system” flute and that of the Boehm flute. What would seem obvious designations, A.B. and P.B. (Ante Boehm and Post Boehm), do not strictly apply, however, because the Boehm flute, like most new inventions, did not gain immediate public acceptance.
Tone
Authors: Toff Nancy
Published: November 2023

“The tone is the voice without which one cannot even begin to sing,” wrote Theobald Boehm in The Flute and Flute-Playing.  1 One needs no higher authority to assert the status of flute tone as the most important element of flute playing. It is the flute’s tone that gives the instrument its distinctive quality. Historically, tone has been the reason for the flute’s popularity among players and listeners alike. Tone, wrote the great English flutist Charles Nicholson, is “the proudest boast of the instrument.”
Articulation
Authors: Toff Nancy
Published: November 2023

Articulation, says the dictionary definition, is “the art or process of speaking.” The definition applies to flute playing just as it applies to verbal utterance. The components-breath, rhythm, accent, phrasing, termination, and silence-are the same, as are the tools-the respiratory system, lips, and tongue. The intellectual process, too, is similar, whether it forms verbal syllables into words, phrases, and sentences or joins musical notes into phrases, periods, and movements. Articulation is not just tonguing, as most wind players define it, but something much broader, and more akin to what we generally think of as phrasing. Articulation is a method of joining musical tones, determining their beginnings and ends and the relationships between individual notes and those around them. Therefore, while this chapter will discuss the usual, narrow definition of articulation-the physical motion of the tongue-remember that tonguing, like fingering, is only a tool, which must be informed by a broader musical logic.
Style
Authors: Toff Nancy
Published: November 2023

“Style,” wrote Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his 1768 Dictionary of Music, “is the distinctive character of music in execution. This character varies much in respect to country, the taste of the inhabitants, and the genius of the authors. According to the matter, the place, the time, the subjects, and the expressions &c.” Today, with the internationalization of culture fostered by the technologies of communication and transportation, the elusive element of style maintains strong affinities with the time and place of its origin, though less so with the place of its performance. Style is, however, no less at the mercy of its interpreters.
Introduction
Authors: Toff Nancy
Published: November 2023

This catalog emphasizes the finest compositions for flute from each historical era, with considerable attention given to works by flutists. In general, this catalog includes “professional” quality literature; that is, music suitable for public performance. It includes very little purely pedagogical material, though some works, such as Kuhlau chamber music, may be of marginal interest to a general audience. The catalog includes music for piccolo, alto flute, and bass flute as well as for concert C flute. It includes some material originally written for flute choir, but does not include flute ensemble arrangements. (See the Selected Bibliography for other catalogs that do list large ensembles and arrangements.) The list includes both solo literature-accompanied and unaccompanied-and small chamber works. The general criterion for the latter was that the flute be the principal or one of the principal instruments; for this reason, woodwind quartets (flute, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon) and woodwind quintets (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn) are omitted. Very few of the ensemble works require more than five players.
Phonemes and Morphophonemics
Authors: Enk Gerrit J Van , Vries Lourens De
Published: November 2023

There are both segmental and suprasegmental phonemes in Korowai. The segmental phonemes can be divided into vowels and consonants on the basis of their function in syllables. Vowels function as the nuclei of syllables and can carry stress. Consonants form the periphery of syllables and cannot carry stress.
Ontogeny of Immune Function
Authors: Apanius Victor
Published: November 2023

Upon hatching, birds enter a world abundant with viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia, fungi, protozoa, cestodes, trematodes, nematodes, acanthocephalans, acarines, and insects with parasitic life-styles. In this chapter, parasites are defined as organisms that increase their fitness at the expense of the host’s fitness, and the words parasites, pathogen and infectious agent are used interchangeably. The diversity and complexity of the ecological interactions between birds and their infectious agents have been overlooked, in part because the avian immune system has been so successful at mitigating these threats. Traditionally, the investigation of parasite resistance has been the province of medical institutions. Although immunity is critical for the survival and reproductive success of the individual, ornithologists have made little effort to apply what is known about how the immune system controls infectious disease to problems in avian ecology and evolution. The increasing interest in avian host-parasite interactions (Loye and Zuk 1990; Clayton and Moore 1996), suggests that this situation may soon change.
‘Che neturn of the Molly Maguires
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

The final confrontation between the Reading Railroad and the Workingmen’s Benevolent Association took the form of the “Long Strike,” which lasted from January to June 1875.The battle was fought in the context of a national economic depression. It was one of several desperate and unsuccessful efforts by organized labor in the United States to preserve the considerable gains won in the late r86os and early 1870s. All over the United States, labor was on the defensive. The defeat of Pennsylvania’s anthracite mine workers was the most spectacular and violent of a series of similar defeats for American labor during the great depression of the 1870s, including those of the cigarmakers of New York City and the textile workers of Fall River, Massachusetts.
Rough Justice
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

By the mid-187os, the violence in the lower anthracite region was once again drawing national attention, just as it had a decade earlier. The single year from October 1874 to September 1875 was the most concentrated period of Molly Maguire activity. In this period, eight more assassinations were attributed to the organization-the same number as in the previous twelve years. Two of the assassinations took place late in 1874; the other six were committed in the four months immediately following the Long Strike.Although it was castigated as mindless barbarity by contemporaries, much of the Molly Maguire violence of the 1870s involved the enforcement of a specific type of retributive justice. The victims varied from Welsh gang members to miners, mine superintendents, and public officials. But the strategy of revenge employed in each case was much the same: direct, violent, and lethal. Elements of greed, dishonesty, and brutality entered into the picture, as they often do in human affairs; some of the participants in the Molly Maguire violence were not fighting for social justice in any meaningful sense, being animated instead by strictly individual grievances. But most of the violence bore either a primary or a secondary connection to labor relations, the assassination of mine officials in the most direct sense, and the assassination of public officials and Welsh miners and gang members because it was part of a general interethnic conflict that had its material basis in patterns of discrimination in the workplace.