bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age‐time risk patterns of solid cancers in 60 901 non‐Hodgkin lymphoma survivors from Finland, Norway and Sweden
Authors: Lorenzo Bermejo Justo , Pukkala Eero , Johannesen Tom B. , Sundquist Jan , Hemminki Kari
Published: December 2013

Survival after non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has increased thanks to improved treatment but NHL survivors have an increased risk of second neoplasms. The assessment of cancer risk patterns after NHL may help to quantify the late side‐effects of therapy. Poisson regression was used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and absolute incidence rates for nine solid tumours based on a nationwide cohort of 60 901 NHL survivors from Finland, Norway and Sweden. Patients were diagnosed between 1980 and 2006 and developed 6815 s neoplasms. NHL patients showed an increased risk of each of the nine investigated cancer sites: prostate and pancreas (both RRs 1·28), breast (1·37), colorectum (1·48), urinary bladder (1·52), stomach and lung (both RRs 1·87), skin (melanoma 2·27) and kidney (2·56). The RRs showed a U‐shaped relationship with time after NHL for all nine‐second cancer types. NHL diagnosis early in life was a risk factor for the development of second cancers with the exception of melanoma, but a risk excess was even observed in patients diagnosed with NHL at age 80+ years. The present study provides accurate estimates on the adverse late effects of NHL therapy, which should guide the establishment of cancer prevention strategies in NHL survivors.
A Retrospective Study on Immediate Placement of Neoss Implants with Early Loading of Full‐Arch Bridges
Authors: Andersson Peter , Degasperi Werner , Verrocchi Damiano , Sennerby Lars
Published: December 2013

Background

Full‐arch clearances of compromised teeth and placement of implant‐supported prostheses is one solution for the prosthetic rehabilitation of partially dentate patients.

Purpose

To retrospectively evaluate treatment outcomes after full clearance, immediate placement, and early loading of full‐arch fixed bridges.

Materials and Methods

Fifty‐five patients subjected to full clearance and placement of 284 Neoss implants (Bimodal™ and Proactive™, Neoss Ltd, Harrogate, UK) in 29 edentulous maxillae and 26 mandibles for early loading (1 to 3 days) of a provisional full‐arch bridge were retrospectively evaluated after 1 to 6 years of loading. Osstell™ measurements (Osstell AB, Göteborg, Sweden) were taken at placement and after 3 to 9 months when the provisional bridge was replaced with a permanent one. Marginal bone levels were measured in intraoral radiographs.

Results

All patients (100%) wore a fixed bridge at the time of finalizing the study. A total of 18 failures (6.3%) were encountered during the follow‐up, giving an overall cumulative survival rate of 93.7%. All failures occurred in the maxilla (10.6%), and no implants were lost in the mandible. More Bimodal™ (9.0%) than Proactive™ (4.1%) implants failed. Failing implants showed a significantly lower mean primary stability than successful ones (p = .015). Failed cases showed a significantly lower average ISQ for all implants (p = .015) and a marked decrease to the second registration, while successful cases showed and maintained high ISQs. The average bone loss after 1 year was 0.8 ± 0.5 mm.

Conclusions

Full‐arch clearance of severely diseased teeth followed by immediate placement of Neoss implants, early loading with provisional full‐arch bridges, and subsequent permanent bridges is a possible treatment modality for partially dentate patients. Caution with this approach is recommended for the maxilla, as opposed to the mandible.
The use of a fludarabine‐based conditioning regimen in patients with severe aplastic anemia – a retrospective analysis from three Indian centers
Authors: George Biju , Mathews Vikram , Lakshmi Kavitha M. , Melinkeri Sameer , Sharma Ajay , Viswabandya Auro , Sharma Sanjeevan , Das Satyaranjan , Ahmed Rayaz , Abraham Aby , Nair Velu , Apte Shashikant , Chandy Mammen , Srivastava Alok
Published: December 2013

Between 2001 and 2009, 121 patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) using a conditioning protocol of fludarabine and cyclophosphamide at three Indian hospitals. Donors were HLA‐identical sibling or family donors. Seventy‐six patients were considered “high risk” as per criteria. The graft source included peripheral blood stem cells in 109 and G‐CSF‐stimulated bone marrow in 12. GVHD prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporine and mini‐methotrexate. Engraftment occurred in 117 (96.6%) while two had graft failure and two expired in the first two wk. Neutrophil engraftment was seen at 12.3 d (range: 9–19) while platelet engraftment occurred at 12.4 d (range: 8–32). Grade II–IV acute GVHD was seen in 26.7% and grade IV GVHD in 8.6%. Chronic GVHD occurred in 44% and was extensive in 10%. The five‐yr overall survival for the entire cohort is 75.8 ± 3.9% with a survival of 95.6 ± 3.1% in the low‐risk group (n = 45) and 64.0 ± 5.6% in the high‐risk group (n = 76). Conditioning with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide is associated with very good long‐term survival in patients undergoing HSCT for SAA.
Use of herbivore‐induced plant volatiles as search cues by Tiphia vernalis and Tiphia popilliavora to locate their below‐ground scarabaeid hosts
Authors: Obeysekara Piyumi T. , Legrand Ana , Lavigne Gary
Published: December 2013

Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, and oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse) (both Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) are considered invasive species and have been reported as key pests of urban landscapes in the Northeastern USA. Tiphia vernalis Rohwer and Tiphia popilliavora Rohwer (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) were introduced as biocontrol agents against these beetles. These parasitic wasps burrow into the soil and search for grubs. When a host is found, the wasp attaches an egg in a location that is specific for the wasp species. It is unknown if these wasps can detect patches of concealed hosts from a distance above ground and what role, if any, herbivore‐induced plant volatiles play in their host location. This study evaluated the responses of female T. vernalis and T. popilliavora to grub‐infested and healthy plants in Y‐tube olfactometer bioassays. Also the effect of root herbivory on the composition of turfgrass (Poaceae) volatile profiles was investigated by collecting volatiles from healthy and grub‐infested grasses. Tiphia wasps were highly attracted to volatiles emitted by grub‐infested tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) over healthy grasses. In contrast, wasps did not exhibit a significant preference for grub‐infested perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) as compared with the control plants. The terpene levels emitted by grub‐infested Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue were greater than that of control plants. Low levels of terpenes were observed for both test and control perennial ryegrass. The elevated levels of terpenes emitted by grub‐infested Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue coincided with the attractiveness to the tiphiid wasps. Here, we provide evidence that plant exposure to root‐feeding insects P. japonica and A. orientalis resulted in an increase in terpenoid levels in turfgrasses, which strongly attracts their above‐ground parasitoids.
Diplodia corticola and Phytophthora cinnamomi: the main pathogens involved in holm oak decline on Caprera Island (Italy)
Authors: Linaldeddu B. T. , Scanu B. , Maddau L. , Franceschini A.
Published: December 2013

Since 2008, severe and widespread tree decline and mortality has been observed at the main growing Quercus ilex L. (holm oak) forest on Caprera Island, Italy. To clarify the symptomatology and aetiology of this phenomenon, field surveys and isolations from symptomatic trees were carried out in summer 2010. Affected trees exhibited crown thinning, branch dieback, sunken cankers, epicormic shoots, exudates on branches and trunk, root losses and sudden death symptoms. Four fungal species belonging to Botryosphaeriaceae family, namely Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia corticola, D. seriata and Neofusicoccum parvum, were isolated from cankers on trunk and branches, whereas three species of Phytophthora, namely P. cinnamomi, P. cryptogea and P. gonapodyides, were isolated from fine roots and rhizosphere soil samples. Isolates were identified using both morphological analysis and DNA‐based techniques. Pathogenicity trials on holm oak seedlings showed that all the isolated species are pathogenic. D. corticola proved to be the most aggressive species. Our results provide the first evidence for a combined involvement of D. corticola and P. cinnamomi in the aetiology of holm oak decline in Italy and suggest that these pathogens are not only important contributing factors in the onset of long‐term tree decline, but also may cause the rapid devastation of extensive oak ecosystems.
Modification of physiochemical properties of copra meal by dilute acid hydrolysis
Authors: Thongsook Tipawan , Chaijamrus Sirilux
Published: December 2013

Coconut residue or copra meal (CM), a by‐product after pressing cream and oil out of the coconut meat, is a good source of dietary fibre (DF), but high water‐holding capacity (WHC) of CM limits the quantity of fibre incorporated into food products. This study focused on the modification of CM physiochemical properties using acid hydrolysis to improve its potential utilisation as source of food fibres or low‐calories bulk ingredients in food applications. Acid hydrolysis using 0.5% HCl significantly reduced swelling capacity (SC) and water retention capacity, whereas bulk density (BD) and soluble DF content of the modified CM significantly increased. Monosaccharide composition profile, gel penetration profile and FT‐IR spectra indicated the destruction of CM matrix structure. This destruction increased compactness of the structure and lessened the ability of CM to hold water. Substituting the modified CM for wheat flour in bread and cookies significantly improved bread and cookies qualities compared with the use of the untreated CM. Response surface methodology showed that HCl concentration, hydrolysis temperature and time influenced properties of the modified CM. The models predicting their relationships were also generated.
Optimal advertising decisions for promoting retail and online channels in a dynamic framework
Authors: Sayadi Mohammad Kazem , Makui Ahmad
Published: December 2013

Advertising plays an important role in sales promotion in supply chains. In this paper, advertising decisions for retail and online channels respectively, by retailer and manufacturer will be analyzed. The competition between retailer and manufacturer will be modeled by differential game theory, and feedback Nash equilibrium of the game will be obtained. Some insights are provided by using comparative statics. The obtained results show that compatibility factor of a product with online marketing, difference between manufacturer's online price and wholesale price, effectiveness of advertising, marginal profits, and cost of advertising all have significant effects on the advertising decisions in the equilibrium.
Early Disease Progression after Intravesical Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) Therapy for Superficial Bladder Cancer
Authors: Kanamaru Hiroshi , Saikawa Shigeki , Muranaka Koji , Mori Hirotaka , Akino Hironobu , Miwa Yoshiji , Nakamura Naohiro , Fujita Tomohiro , Okada Kenichiro
Published: December 2013

Background: Disease progression after Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) instillation therapy for bladder cancer is not rare. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of patients treated with BCG for superficial bladder cancer, focusing on the patients who developed invasive disease during follow‐up. The possible mechanism and risk factors for early progression after BCG therapy are discussed.

Methods: A total of 25 patients with superficial bladder cancer (pTa, pT1, and/or pTis) were treated with intravesical BCG instillation (80 mg in 80 mL saline) once a week for eight weeks. Four of the 25 patients received maintenance therapy with BCG (once a month for 3 to 10 months). Patients were followed every three months and underwent cystoscopy, biopsy, and urinary cytology at these intervals. Disease progression was defined as invasion to muscle or prostate, or development of metastatic disease. Clinicopathological features of the patients, especially those with progression, were analyzed.

Results: Progression was observed in six of the 25 patients (including four of 19 patients with carcinoma in situ and two of five patients treated prophylactically with BCG). The average time to progression was 8.7 months. Four patients died of cancer despite intensive treatment. Two patients are alive: one without evidence of disease after cystectomy and the other with metastatic disease.

Conclusions: Proper patient selection, careful follow‐up, and immediate aggressive therapy in case of progression were considered to be important factors to obtain satisfactory results with BCG therapy for bladder cancer.
Microlith Formation In Vitro by Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) Cells
Authors: Kageyama Shinji , Ohtawara Yoshihisa , Fujita Kimio , Watanabe Tetsuya , Ushiyama Tomomi , Suzuki Kazuo , Naito Yasuhisa , Kawabe Kazuki
Published: December 2013

Background: The mechanism of renal stone genesis as well as the location of stone crystal formation in the kidney remains unclear. Possible sites of stone generation are either in the tubular lumen or tubular cell.

Methods: We cultured Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK), LLC‐PK1 and Magen Krebs Niigata‐28 (MKN‐28) cells in DMEM + 10% FBS medium in a well without passage for 30 days.

Results: MDCK cells produced microliths at the basolateral side but not on the lumen side of these cells. The other two cell lines did not form microliths.

Conclusion: Our data show that microlith formation is a characteristic of MDCK cells and that biological mineralization of MDCK cells may serve as a human urolithiasis model in vitro. The findings support a significant role of the renal distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts in the in vitro generation of urinary stones.
Mechanisms of Veno‐Occlusion within and outside the Canine Corpus Cavernosum Penis Using a Pressure‐Flow Technique and Cavernoso‐Venography
Authors: Matsuzaka Junichi , Aoki Hikaru , Fujioka Tomoaki , Kubo Takashi , Yasuda Naoki
Published: December 2013

Background: Physiological erection of the penis requires multiple mechanisms causing an increase in the arterial blood influx into, and decrease in the venous drainage out of the cavernous space.

Methods: We investigated the extent and location of the venous occlusion that occurs with penile erection within (intrinsic mechanism) and outside (extrinsic mechanism) the corpus cavernosum penis, using 15 adult male mongrel dogs. Under controlled flows produced by a combination of aortic ligation and constant infusion of saline into the corpus cavernosum penis, or into the deep dorsal vein, pressures within the cavernous space or deep dorsal vein were measured before and after electrical stimulation of the pelvic splanchnic (pelvic nerve), the hypogastric, and pudendal nerve. An increase in pressure following nerve stimulations represented an increase in outflow resistance due to occlusion of the venous system. Pre‐ and post‐stimulation radiologic evaluations were performed to determine the site(s) of venous occlusion.

Results: Unilateral stimulation of the pelvic nerve caused leftward shift of the corporeal pressure‐flow curve. Bilateral stimulation of the pudendal nerve caused a marked rise in deep dorsal vein pressure.

Conclusions: Both intrinsic and extrinsic venous occlusion mechanisms exist and that the former is activated primarily by unilateral stimulation of the pelvic nerve and the latter by bilateral stimulation of the pudendal nerve. The occlusion site for the extrinsic mechanism was localized to where the dorsal vein penetrates the muscles at the base of the pelvis, whereas the precise site for the intrinsic mechanism could not be determined.
Parturition in Six Renal Allograft Recipients
Authors: Morita Ken , Seki Toshimori , Shinojima Hirokazu , Tabata Tetsuya , Chikaraishi Tatsuya , Tanda Katsutoshi , Nonomura Katsuya , Koyanagi Tomohiko , Hirano Tetsuo , Sakakibara Naoyuki , Kishida Tatsurou , Fujimoto Seiichirou , Kakizaki Kazuhiko
Published: December 2013

Between 1983 and 1994, we studied renal function and neonatal conditions for eight pregnancies and births to six women who had received renal transplants in order to assess the effect of an allograft on pregnancy and its outcome. The gestation period was 34 to 39 weeks (mean 36 weeks and 4 days), and four pregnancies ended before term. All eight babies were delivered by cesarean section. Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) was found in both babies of one woman who had been treated with conventional (without cyclosporin) immunosuppression. The serum creatinine level did not change during gestation in any of the women but was elevated after delivery in four. Four mothers suffered from proteinuria (25–364 mg/dl) during gestation, but the proteinuria disappeared after delivery in all but one case. The one exception, persistent proteinuria of 100–200 mg/dl, was assumed to result from the recurrence of the original renal disease (IgA nephropathy). The reduction of creatinine clearance and hydronephrosis of one graft noted during gestation were later reversed. None of the eight babies (four females and four males) was congenitally malformed, and their Apgar scores were 6 to 9 (median 8). They are now 3 months to 11 years old, and seven of them are healthy and show good growth. One of the two IUGR babies has not grown well; her weight and height are more than 1 SD below the mean for her age, and she is mentally retarded and suffers from muscle weakness. Compared with dialysis patients, female renal allograft recipients have a better quality of life because they can safely deliver a child if they observe the criteria for pregnancy established for renal allograft recipients.
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy in von Willebrand's Disease
Authors: Ishikawa Jiro , Okamoto Masayuki , Higashi Yukiko , Harada Masuyoshi
Published: December 2013

A renal calculus in a patient with von Willebrand's disease was successfully fragmented by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) with the administration of Haemate® P. No serious bleeding was observed after ESWL. With supplementation of the missing von Willebrand's factor, ESWL may be applied to patients with this bleeding diathesis.
Adrenal Myelolipoma Associated with Hereditary Spherocytosis
Authors: Sekido Noritoshi , Kawai Koji , Takeshima Hitoshi , Uchida Katsunori , Akaza Hideyuki , Koiso Kenkichi
Published: December 2013

Myelolipomas are benign tumors composed of mature fat and bone marrow elements. We report a case of adrenal myelolipoma associated with hereditary spherocytosis which was treated with splenectomy seventeen years ago. The hematopoietic stimulus of the hereditary spherocytosis might have been associated with the development of adrenal myelolipoma in the present case.
Acute Renal Failure in a Patient with Chronic Glomerulonephritis after the Administration of Luteinizing Hormone‐Releasing Hormone Analogue Given for Rectal Obstruction Due to Prostate Cancer
Authors: Takezawa Yutaka , Nakano Katsuya , Ohtake Nobuaki , Yamanaka Hidetoshi
Published: December 2013

We report a case in which rectal obstruction due to prostate cancer was exacerbated due to an ileus after the administration of luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone analogue. The obstruction led to copious vomiting, dehydration and renal failure which necessitated hemodialysis. Improvement of the patient was noted four weeks after the start of hormonal treatment with a decrease in rectal obstruction concomitant with decreases in testosterone and prostate specific antigen levels.
A Case of Angiomyolipoma Diagnosed by Thin Slice Non‐Enhanced CT and Needle Biopsy
Authors: Sekido Noritoshi , Kawai Koji , Satoh Motohiro , Akaza Hideyuki , Koiso Kenkichi
Published: December 2013

We report a case of a 52‐year‐old female with two intrarenal tumors in the left kidney and a contralateral non‐functioning kidney. Two renal cell carcinomas were suspected on 10 mm and 5 mm thick slices of computed tomography (CT), while angiography could not exclude a diagnosis of angiomyolipoma. Thin section (2 mm thick) non‐enhanced CT detected negative attenuation values (indicative of fat) within both tumors, but these values were higher than the value for normal fat tissue. Negative attenuation values within the tumor using non‐enhanced thin sections are thought to be essential for a CT diagnosis of angiomyoplipoma, especially when angiomyolipoma is difficult to distinguish from renal cell carcinoma. We performed an ultrasonography‐guided needle biopsy of the tumor and pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of angiomyolipoma, consisting of a rich angiomyomatous element and small amounts of mature adipose tissue.
Herniation of the gravid uterus through a mesoduodenal defect and concurrent omental hernia in a cow
Authors: Muggli Evelyne , Lesser Maren , Braun Ueli , Nuss Karl
Published: December 2013

Objectives

To describe surgical treatment of herniation of the gravid uterus through the mesoduodenum, displacement of the descending duodenum around the gravid uterus, and concurrent herniation of the small and large intestines into the omental bursa in a cow.

Study Design

Clinical report.

Animal

Three‐year‐old, five‐month‐pregnant Swiss Braunvieh cow.

Methods

Repositioning of the displaced uterus and descending duodenum without transection and anastomosis of the duodenum was performed through a right flank laparotomy. Concurrent displacement of a large portion of the small and large intestines into the omental bursa was not associated with intestinal strangulation and was corrected manually. The defects in the omentum and mesoduodenum were sutured.

Results

There were no postoperative complications, and the cow was healthy at discharge from the clinic 1 week after surgery. Telephone follow‐up revealed that the cow had delivered a live calf and was producing a normal amount of milk. The cow was slaughtered 14 months after the surgery because of an udder problem.

Conclusions

Herniation of the gravid uterus through a tear in the mesoduodenum with subsequent displacement of the descending duodenum around the uterus combined with internal omental herniation caused nonspecific clinical signs and no ileus. Exploratory laparotomy in an early stage of pregnancy facilitated reduction of the displaced uterus without transection of the descending duodenum.
Living on the “edge of the suburbs” of Vancouver: A case study of the housing experiences and coping strategies of recent immigrants in Surrey and Richmond
Authors: Teixeira Carlos
Published: December 2013

This study examines the housing experiences and coping strategies of low‐income recent immigrants in Richmond and Surrey, two fast‐growing outer suburbs of Vancouver where the immigrant population has increased rapidly in the last two decades and where there is a limited supply of affordable rental housing, including public and social housing. The study draws on data from seven focus groups with 88 recent immigrant renters and interviews with 15 key stakeholders, conducted in Vancouver, Richmond, and Surrey in 2010. The evidence indicates that these newly arrived immigrants face numerous difficulties in the rental housing market, such as high rents, overcrowding, and poor‐quality housing. Most of these immigrants were spending more than half of their monthly household income on housing, putting them at risk of homelessness. The study's findings suggest that the housing crisis affecting Surrey and Richmond—due to a limited supply of affordable rental housing and high housing costs—makes these two cities challenging regions of Vancouver for newcomers to settle in.
Increased differentiation and reduced gene flow in sex chromosomes relative to autosomes between lineages of the brown creeper Certhia americana
Authors: Manthey Joseph D. , Spellman Garth M.
Published: December 2013

The properties of sex chromosomes, including patterns of inheritance, reduced levels of recombination, and hemizygosity in one of the sexes may result in the faster fixation of new mutations via drift and natural selection. Due to these patterns and processes, the two rules of speciation to describe the genetics of postzygotic isolation, Haldane's rule and the large‐X effect, both explicitly include quicker evolution on sex chromosomes relative to autosomes. Because sex‐linked mutations may be the first to become fixed in the speciation process, and appear to be due to stronger genetic drift (in birds), we may identify pronounced genetic differentiation in sex chromosomes in taxa experiencing recent speciation and diverging mainly via genetic drift. Here, we use nine sex‐linked and 21 autosomal genetic markers to investigate differential divergence and introgression between marker types in Certhia americana. We identified increased levels of genetic differentiation and reduced levels of gene flow on sex chromosomes relative to autosomes. This pattern is similar to those observed in other recently‐divergent avian species, providing another case study of the earlier role of sex chromosomes in divergence, relative to autosomes. Additionally, we identify three markers that may be under selection between Certhia americana lineages.
Eggshell spot scoring methods cannot be used as a reliable proxy to determine pigment quantity
Authors: Brulez Kaat , Cassey Phillip , Meeson Alan , Mikšík Ivan , Webber Simone L. , Gosler Andrew G. , Reynolds S. James
Published: December 2013

Eggshell maculation of most passerines is due to the deposition of the pigment protoporphyrin which is produced during biosynthesis of blood haem. Its functional significance has only received empirical attention in recent years. This interest has generated a number of hypotheses of which some remain untested partly because the quantification of protoporphyrin is analytically challenging and can be prohibitively expensive. Many studies have therefore used the extent of eggshell spotting as a proxy for total eggshell protoporphyrin concentration, although this has not been formally tested. Pigment scoring involves recording visible eggshell pigment attributes, such as spot intensity, distribution and size. Since even immaculate eggs can contain some protoporphyrin, there remains doubt over the degree to which visible pigment correlates with total pigment content of the shell. In this study, we test whether visible pigment scoring can be used as a proxy for protoporphyrin concentration of an eggshell. We use pigmented eggshells of two common British passerine species to compare eggshell spot intensity, distribution and spot size (as used by the visual pigment scoring method) with direct measures of eggshell protoporphyrin concentration. In addition, we compared an alternative method of pigment scoring, the pixel pigment scoring method, using a computer programme to quantify the number of pixels exceeding a specified colour threshold. We demonstrate that although results from both scoring methods were positively correlated with eggshell protoporphyrin concentrations, the correlations were not sufficiently strong to be used as surrogates in studies where actual pigment concentrations are required.
Food web modularity and biodiversity promote species persistence in polluted environments
Authors: Garay‐Narváez Leslie , Flores José D. , Arim Matías , Ramos‐Jiliberto Rodrigo
Published: December 2013

Pollution represents a major threat to biodiversity. A wide class of pollutants tends to accumulate within organisms and propagate within communities via trophic interactions. Thus the final effects of accumulable pollutants may be determined by the structure of food webs and not only by the susceptibility of their constituent species. Species within real food webs are typically arranged into modules, which have been proposed to be determinants of network stability. In this study we evaluate the effect of network modularity and species richness on long‐term species persistence in communities perturbed by pollutant stress. We built model food webs with different levels of modularity and used a bioenergetic model to project the dynamics of species. Further, we modeled the dynamics of bioaccumulated and environmental pollutants. We found that modularity promoted the stability of food webs subjected to pollutant stress. We also found that richer food webs were more robust at all modularity levels. Nevertheless, modularity did not promote stability of communities facing a perturbation that shared most features with the pollutant perturbation, but does not spread through trophic interactions. The positive effect of both modularity and species richness on species persistence was cancelled and even reversed when the structure of food web departed from a realistic body size distribution or a hierarchical feeding structure. Our results support the idea that modularity implies important dynamic consequences for communities facing pollution, highlighting a main role of network structure on ecosystem stability.
Variations in prey consumption of centipede predators in forest soils as indicated by molecular gut content analysis
Authors: Günther Babett , Rall Björn C. , Ferlian Olga , Scheu Stefan , Eitzinger Bernhard
Published: December 2013

Predation is an important ecological factor driving animal population structures, community assemblages and consequently ecosystem stability and biodiversity. Many environmental factors influence direction and intensity of predation, suggesting that trophic linkages between animals vary between different habitats. This in consequence has particular relevance in anthropogenically altered habitats such as managed forests, where disturbance regime, tree composition and stand age may change the natural food web structure. We investigated how prey consumption of three common centipede predators (Lithobiusspp., Chilopoda), representing two body sizes varies between four differently managed forest types in two regions across Germany. We hypothesized that prey preference of these generalist predators is independent of forest type but rather driven by habitat structure, prey abundance and predator body size. Applying specific PCR assays to test for DNA of three abundant prey groups, i.e. Collembola, Diptera and Lumbricidae, in the predators’ guts, we tracked trophic interactions. The results showed that management type indeed has no influence on centipede prey consumption but depth of litter layer and soil pH. Trophic interactions varied between the two sampled forests regions mainly due to changes in the detection of Lumbricidae and Diptera. Also, effect of litter layer and prey abundance significantly differed between the smallerL. crassipesand the largerL. mutabilis, indicating a body size effect. The results complement food web analyses using fatty acids and stable isotopes by elucidating trophic interactions in soil in unprecedented detail.
Shifting ranges of two tree weta species (Hemideinaspp.): competitive exclusion and changing climate
Authors: Bulgarella Mariana , Trewick Steven A. , Minards Niki A. , Jacobson Melissa J. , Morgan‐Richards Mary
Published: December 2013

Aim

Species' responses to climate change are likely to depend on their ability to overcome abiotic constraints as well as on the suite of species with which they interact. Responses to past climate change leave genetic signatures of range expansions and shifts, allowing inferences to be made about species' distributions in the past, which can improve our ability to predict the future. We tested a hypothesis of ongoing range shifting associated with climate change and involving interactions of two species inferred to exclude each other via competition.

Location

NewZealand.

Methods

The distributions of two tree weta species (Hemideina crassidensandH. thoracica) were mapped using locality records. We inferred the likely modern distribution of each species in the absence of congeneric competitors with the softwareMaxent. Range interaction between the two species on an elevational gradient was quantified by transect sampling. Patterns of genetic diversity were investigated using mitochondrialDNA, and hypotheses of range shifts were tested with population genetic metrics.

Results

The realized ranges ofH. thoracicaandH. crassidenswere narrower than their potential ranges, probably due to competitive interactions. Upper and lower elevational limits onMountTaranaki over 15 years revealed expansion up the mountain forH. thoracicaand a matching contraction of the low elevation limits of the range ofH. crassidens. The observed nucleotide diversity inH. thoracicawas consistent with a species that persisted in northern areas during Pleistocene glacial periods, from where it expanded at warmer times. In contrast, a two‐tailed distribution of nucleotide diversity inH. crassidenswas as expected for a species that expanded northwards during glacials and southwards during interglacials.

Main conclusions

Range shifts resulting from climate change involve complex species interactions. Competition among related species is an important factor limiting realized ranges. InNewZealand,H. thoracicais likely to continue to displaceH. crassidensas human‐induced global warming proceeds.
Thermal, trophic and metabolic life histories of inaccessible fishes revealed from stable‐isotope analyses: a case study using orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus
Authors: Trueman C. N. , Rickaby R. E. M. , Shephard S.
Published: December 2013

A time‐resolved record of inhabited water depth, metabolic rate and trophic behaviour of the orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus was recovered from combined stable‐isotope analyses of otolith and muscle tissue. The results demonstrate that H. atlanticus from the north‐east Atlantic Ocean have a complex life history with three distinct depth‐stratified life stages. Early juvenile H. atlanticus occupy relatively shallow habitats, juvenile H. atlanticus show a deep‐demersal phase, rising at sexual maturity, and adult H. atlanticus exploit increasingly deep habitats with increasing age. At all sampled sizes, H. atlanticus muscle tissues have an isotopic composition suggesting a benthic rather than benthopelagic or pelagic diet. Isotopic measures of relative metabolic rate provide an insight into energy partitioning throughout ontogeny. Hoplostethus atlanticus have relatively low metabolic rates compared to coexisting deep‐water benthic fishes, consistent with their unusually high longevity. Surprisingly, lifetime fastest growth rates are achieved during juvenile stages when otolith isotopes imply deep‐water residency and relatively low metabolic rates. Fast growth may be sustained during a period of high efficiency associated with reduced metabolic costs of prey capture or predator evasion. The stable‐isotope approach can be applied to any teleost and provides a rapid, cost‐effective technique for studying deep‐water fish communities.
Up and Down or Down and Up? The Process of Change in Constructive Couple Behavior during Traditional and Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy
Authors: Sevier Mia , Atkins David C. , Doss Brian D. , Christensen Andrew
Published: December 2013

Observed positive and negative spouse behavior during sessions of Traditional (TBCT) and Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy (IBCT) were compared for couples with successful outcomes and their unsuccessful counterparts. One hundred and thirty‐four married chronically and seriously distressed couples (on average in their forties and 80% Caucasian) were randomly assigned toTBCTorIBCT. Trained observers made ratings of 1224 segments from approximately 956 sessions sampled from the course of up to 26 sessions. Multilevel modeling was used to examine change over time.TBCTtreatment responders demonstrated a boost‐drop pattern, increasing in constructive behaviors early (more positive behaviors and less negative behaviors) but decreasing later.IBCTresponders demonstrated an opposite, drop‐boost pattern, decreasing in constructive behaviors early and increasing later. Patterns were significant for positive behaviors (p < .05) and approached significance for negative behaviors (p = .05). In both treatments, nonresponders showed a significant pattern of decline in positive and increase in negative behaviors over time, although a trend (p = .05) indicates thatTBCTnonresponders initially declined in negative behaviors. This study helps clarify the different process of change in two behavioral couple therapies, which may assist in treatment development and provide a guide for therapists in considering behavioral markers of change during treatment.
Honey in dermatology and skin care: a review
Authors: Burlando Bruno , Cornara Laura
Published: December 2013

Honey is a bee‐derived, supersaturated solution composed mainly of fructose and glucose, and containing proteins and amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, minerals, and other minor components. Historical records of honey skin uses date back to the earliest civilizations, showing that honey has been frequently used as a binder or vehicle, but also for its therapeutic virtues. Antimicrobial properties are pivotal in dermatological applications, owing to enzymaticH2O2release or the presence of active components, like methylglyoxal in manuka, while medical‐grade honey is also available. Honey is particularly suitable as a dressing for wounds and burns and has also been included in treatments against pityriasis, tinea, seborrhea, dandruff, diaper dermatitis, psoriasis, hemorrhoids, and anal fissure. In cosmetic formulations, it exerts emollient, humectant, soothing, and hair conditioning effects, keeps the skin juvenile and retards wrinkle formation, regulates pHand prevents pathogen infections. Honey‐based cosmetic products include lip ointments, cleansing milks, hydrating creams, after sun, tonic lotions, shampoos, and conditioners. The used amounts range between 1 and 10%, but concentrations up to 70% can be reached by mixing with oils, gel, and emulsifiers, or polymer entrapment. Intermediate‐moisture, dried, and chemically modified honeys are also used. Mechanisms of action on skin cells are deeply conditioned by the botanical sources and include antioxidant activity, the induction of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase expression, as well as epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in wounded epidermis. Future achievements, throwing light on honey chemistry and pharmacological traits, will open the way to new therapeutic approaches and add considerable market value to the product.
A promising split‐lesion technique for rapid tattoo removal using a novel sequential approach of a single sitting of pulsed CO2 followed by Q‐switched Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm)
Authors: Sardana Kabir , Garg Vijay K , Bansal Shivani , Goel Khushbu
Published: December 2013

Background

Laser tattoo removal conventionally uses Q‐switched (QS) lasers, but they require multiple sittings, and the end results depend largely on the type of tattoo treated. In pigmented skin, due to the competing epidermal pigment results, laser results in tattoo are slow and inadequate.

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of a combined use of ultrapulse CO2 and QS Nd:YAG (1064 nm) laser in the treatment of tattoos in Indian skin.

Materials and Methods

A split‐lesion trial was carried out in five patients, with the left side of tattoos receiving the QS Nd:YAG (1064 nm) and the right side, a sequential combination of Up CO2 and QS Nd: YAG at 6 weeks interval with a maximum of six sittings. Outcome assessment was carried out by a blinded assessor using standardized photography. An assessment of physician improvement score, side‐effects score, and patient satisfaction score was taken during and at the end of the study.

Results

There was a statistically significant improvement on the combination side(physician improvement score ‐3.7 vs. 1.87: P = 0.0019) which occurred earlier with fewer sittings (1.7 vs. 6). There was no statistically significant difference in the side effects.

Conclusion

A combination of an Up CO2 laser with QS Nd: YAG laser is a promising tool for rapid and effective removal of blue–black/blue amateur tattoo in pigmented skin.
Pathways Housing First for Homeless Persons with Psychiatric Disabilities: Program Innovation, Research, and Advocacy
Authors: Greenwood Ronni Michelle , Stefancic Ana , Tsemberis Sam
Published: December 2013

This article describes how the Pathways Housing First (PHF) model of homelessness intervention evolved from a radical idea to the gold standard of service delivery for homelessness intervention programs that serve adults with psychiatric and/or substance abuse diagnoses, not only in the United States, but worldwide. Through the example of PHF we explain how the integration of rigorous research with consumer‐driven service delivery yielded an evidence‐based practice that transformed social policy and created social change. We explain how the research was used to persuade key champions and stakeholders to support funding for and dissemination of this new model of service delivery. We emphasize the practices and strategies that maximized the model's impact validity, and note some of the key challenges that were faced along the way. Through the example of PHF we aim to increase understanding of how research can be used as a tool to achieve social and political change.
Public Engagement, Knowledge Transfer, and Impact Validity
Authors: Hagger‐Johnson Gareth , Hegarty Peter , Barker Meg , Richards Christina
Published: December 2013

Public engagement and knowledge transfer are now necessary supplements to academic research and teaching activity for university‐based psychologists in the United Kingdom. However, a “deficit model” of public understanding is often assumed by national policies. We argue that bidirectional approaches between researchers and concerned communities are necessary, and that bidirectional transfer recognizes different kinds of expertise and experience. We argue further that researchers working in the field of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) psychology have routinely been engaged in bidirectional translational work, by drawing on historical and recent examples. Bidirectional models of knowledge transfer do not resolve all of the potential problems that arise during public engagement. For example, it is not clear how academics should respond when end users do not accept their findings. However, involving concerned communities is clearly necessary to achieving, and maximizing, impact validity and LGBT psychologists have long been at the forefront of so doing.
An Approach to Scholarly Impact through Strategic Engagement in Community‐Based Research
Authors: Speer Paul W. , Christens Brian D.
Published: December 2013

Community‐based research (CBR) has potential to enhance the impact of applied social science research. Yet, CBR encompasses an array of different forms of engagement with a variety of types of community partners. Herein, we describe an approach to CBR for increasing the likelihood of research impact on social issues. We call this approach strategic engagement. Strategic engagement can be understood as CBR that is conceptualized and conducted with attention to the role of power in community decision‐making. To ground the discussion, we draw on our experience of CBR with community organizing groups. Organizing groups have an overt goal of altering community conditions to improve social environments for residents and families. Furthermore, they are unambiguous about the need for the exercise of social power to affect change in these social conditions. Social research that is developed in conjunction with community organizing groups, defined by interests of community organizing groups, and utilized with an explicit focus on social power by community organizing groups has the potential for magnifying research impact.
Memoscopio: Producing Usable and Collectively Owned Knowledge About the World March for Peace and Nonviolence
Authors: Proto Carolina Muñoz , Lyon Antonia Devoto , Castillo Carolina Villar , Battistella Marco
Published: December 2013

As a project, Memoscopio sits at the intersection of activism, social research, and advocacy. Rooted in the tradition of participatory action research (PAR), Memoscopio studies the significance of an international grassroots campaign titled The World March for Peace and Nonviolence (the March). In this article, we identify four conditions that have enabled the Memoscopio PAR team to explore impact validity, which include: (1) the nature of the March (2) the collaboration with its organizers; (3) the nature of the intended audience; and (4) the multidisciplinary composition of the Memoscopio PAR team. In addition, we reflect upon the process of designing and implementing research practices and products that are relevant and useful to the advocacy work of the organizations, communities, and movements that inspired the March.
How Much Punishment is Enough? Designing Participatory Research on Parole Policies for Persons Convicted of Violent Crimes
Authors: Marquez‐Lewis Carla , Fine Michelle , Boudin Kathy , Waters William E. , DeVeaux Mika'il , Vargas Felipe , Wilkins Cheryl “Missy” , Martinez Migdalia , Pass Michael G. , White‐Harrigan Sharon
Published: December 2013

In New York State, the parole process has been brought to the forefront of social justice discourse as policy makers, researchers, and formerly incarcerated persons grapple with ways to improve the criminal justice system. Since 1995, there has been an “unofficial” practice of denying parole to people convicted of violent felonies, based primarily on the nature of the original crime, without consideration for transformation behind prison walls. By analyzing quantitative data from the New York Department of Corrections, and qualitative data from interviews with 34 participants, this study examines return rates for people convicted of violent crimes. The study also investigates whether multiple parole denials and extremely long sentences affect postrelease commitments (and thereby public safety) as well as the ways participants begin, narrate, and sustain (postrelease) personal transformation, remorse, and social responsibility. This article focuses on the participatory research design, a preliminary look at the findings, and a reflection on our attempts at policy impact.
“Tell Me Who Your Enemies Are”: Government Reports About the “Cult” Phenomenon in Israel
Authors: Ruah‐Midbar Marianna , Klin‐Oron Adam
Published: December 2013

Between 1982 and 2011, four Israeli governmental reports addressing ostensible dangers from “cults” (new religious movements, or NRMs) were issued. The 1980s reports use a collectivist discourse, in which the state sees itself as defending the collective's borders from external threats and representing various sectors while seeking consensual values. The 1990s report marks an interim stage in which the state tries to balance individual liberties with sectoral interests. The 2011 report focuses solely on harm to individuals and is the harshest of the four. The reports reflect milestones in three processes of change that have taken place in Israeli society: from a collectivist‐hegemonic ethos to a multisectoral one; from a focus upon society to a focus on the individual; and from nationalistic values to universalistic ones. At every point in time, NRMs represented a different perceived threat to Israeli society. We explain how multisectoralism brings about both tolerance toward new religious phenomena and fierce anti‐cultic activity.