bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Social History of Satan, Part Three: John of Patmos and Ignatius of Antioch: Contrasting Visions of “God's People”
Authors: Pagels Elaine H.
Published: December 2006

At the climactic moment of the cosmic drama in the book of Revelation, the seer tells how two great portents appeared in heaven, the first a woman “clothed with the sun”(12:1). Asin a dream, the scene changes, and he sees her pregnant, “crying out in the agony of giving birth,” being menaced by a “great red dragon with seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns on each of its heads” (12:3); thus the seer pictures Israel in danger, confronting her enemies, the foreign oppressors.
MPs' Attitudes to Welfare: A New Consensus?
Authors: BOCHEL HUGH , DEFTY ANDREW
Published: December 2006

The post-war ‘consensus’ on welfare was based largely in the perceived agreement of leading politicians of Conservative and Labour parties on the role of the mixed economy and the welfare state. However, from the late 1970s economic and demographic pressures and ideological challenges, particularly from the New Right, led to cuts in spending on welfare, increased private involvement and an emphasis on more individualistic and selectivist approaches to provision. Recently some scholars have begun to discuss the emergence of a ‘new liberal consensus’ around welfare provision. Drawing upon interviews with 10 per cent of the House of Commons, this article examines the extent to which a new political consensus upon welfare can be identified. In addition to analysing responses to questions on welfare issues, it considers the extent to which MPs themselves believe there to be some degree of consensus in approaches to welfare. It also considers whether any consensus exists merely in the political language used in relation to welfare issues, or whether there is a more substantive convergence.
Without a Song in their Heart: New Labour, the Welfare State and the Retreat from Democratic Socialism
Authors: PAGE ROBERT M.
Published: December 2006

Since coming to power in May 1997, New Labour has been criticised by many Party traditionalists for failing to follow the democratic socialist path laid out by the Attlee, Wilson and Callaghan governments. However, New Labour believes that adherence to a doctrinaire political philosophy is ill suited to contemporary economic and social realities. Accordingly, they have opted to govern on a ‘non-ideological’ pragmatic basis. To this end, they have sought to ensure that the welfare state operates in a way that complements, rather than conflicts with, economic imperatives. While New Labour continues to maintain that the welfare state should be used to tackle opportunity barriers, it no longer believes that the task of the welfare state is to extend opportunities for selflessness, enhance social solidarity or deliver greater equality of outcome.
New Labour's Community of Rights: Welfare, Immigration and Asylum
Authors: MORRIS LYDIA
Published: December 2006

This article shows how a conditional approach to rights dominates New Labour's perspective, not only in the delivery of welfare for full citizens but also in relation to immigration, where rights are a privilege to be earned by meeting labour market needs. This approach does not readily address the position of asylum seekers, who are claiming an absolute right of protection, but an erosion of entitlement during status determination has been used as a means of deterrence and control. The article applies a civic stratification perspective to these developments, as a means of bringing together the operation of rights with the practice of governance, and highlighting the ethical issues at play.
A Problem of Riches: Towards a new Social Policy Research Agenda on the Distribution of Economic Resources
Authors: ORTON MICHAEL , ROWLINGSON KAREN
Published: December 2006

The distribution of economic resources in society is a central concern for social policy. But research in this area has primarily concentrated on the bottom of the economic distribution, namely ‘the poor’. In this article, we argue that it is time for social policy to move away from a narrow focus on poverty to consider the broader issue of inequality between different groups in the economic distribution and, by implication, the position of better-off citizens. This raises a number of conceptual challenges due to the current lack of consideration of wealth and inequality at a political, theoretical or empirical level. The article discusses the challenges and concludes by outlining a possible research agenda. However, the underpinning argument is that social policy needs to develop a broader understanding of the economic distribution.
Abused and Looked After Children as ‘Moral Dirt’: Child Abuse and Institutional Care in Historical Perspective
Authors: FERGUSON HARRY
Published: December 2006

This article argues that to provide adequate historical explanations for the maltreatment of children in institutional care it is necessary to ground the analysis fully in the context of the concept of child abuse and definition of childhood that existed at the time, something that many studies fail to do. Drawing primarily on the experience of the Irish industrial schools prior to the 1970s, while most commentators suggest that children were removed into care and treated cruelly because they were poor, there were also many children who entered the industrial schools who had been abused by their parents and welcomed being protected, and the community played a key role in supporting such actions. Children were treated harshly in the industrial schools not only due to their poverty but because they were victims of parental cruelty, which was perceived to have ‘contaminated’ their childhood ‘innocence’. They were treated as the moral dirt of a social order determined to prove its purity and subjected to ethnic cleansing. Prevention of such abuse today requires a radical reconstruction of the traditional status of children in care, while justice and healing for survivors necessitates full remembrance of the totality of the abuse they experienced, and that those responsible are made fully accountable.
Childcare in Post-Communist Welfare States: The Case of Bulgaria
Authors: SOTIROPOULOU VASSILIKI , SOTIROPOULOS DIMITRI A.
Published: December 2006

In transition societies such as contemporary Bulgaria, the legacy of the communist past in childcare policy is reflected in the state-centred mentality of officials, the tendency towards over-regulation and the complex and inefficient relations among multiple state actors. The traditional approach to children as objects of protection rather than as subjects of rights still prevails. Efforts to modernise legislation and to introduce innovative childcare schemes lack provision of implementation mechanisms. Such efforts are often driven more by the government's need to show progress to international and EU agencies than by commitment to a rights-based approach in childcare. Bulgarian and international NGOs gradually assume a more decisive role in childcare. Reform is needed in institutional care, legislation, administrative structures of childcare, training of professionals and the mentality of care providers, politicians, bureaucrats and the wider public. However, reforms depend on genuine political will to change and implement policies, allocation of funds and change in attitudes.
Social Policy Digest Online
Authors: Bennett Fran , Jones Ken
Published: December 2006

The Social Policy Digest went online in the summer of 2003. This means that the Digest, which used to be printed as part of the Journal of Social Policy, is now only available via the web.
Introduction: In Search of PRC History
Authors: Strauss Julia
Published: December 2006

In a perhaps apocryphal exchange in 1972, when, Henry Kissinger asked Zhou Enlai what he thought the outcome of the French revolution had been, Zhou responded that it was too early to say. This remark has taken on a life of its own precisely because it rings so true. The big, messy, contested phenomena that are revolutions inspire passionate reactions – both for and against – and each generation has a strong tendency to filter its perception of a given revolution through the political, social and epistemological concerns of its own time. This offers both paradox and opportunity. At present, the great politicalsocial revolutions are largely out of favour. Their animating grand ideologies, teleological imperatives, frank human rights abuses and consequent historical narratives have become historically and epistemologically at least suspect if not downright discredited in a post-Cold War world of globalization and market triumphalism. However, now is an enormously vibrant time for the study of the history of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in its phase of active revolution between 1949 and 1976. In addition to the collection here, there are two other edited volumes on PRC history that have either recently been published or are due to be published in the near future.
China's Internationalization in the Early People's Republic: Dreams of a Socialist World Economy
Authors: Kirby William C.
Published: December 2006

The People's Republic of China, like the Chinese Communist Party that ruled it, was from its conception internationalist in premise and in promise. The PRC in its formative years would be Moscow's most faithful and self-sacrificing ally, a distinction earned in blood in Korea and by the fact that, unlike the East European “people's democracies,” the PRC's allegiance was not bought at gunpoint. This article researches one of the most ambitious international undertakings of that era: the effort to plan the development of half the world and to create a socialist world economy stretching from Berlin to Canton. What was China's role in this undertaking, and how did it shape the early PRC? How did this socialist world economy work (or not work)? How successfully internationalist was a project negotiated by sovereign (and Stalinist) states? Why did Mao Zedong ultimately destroy it, and with it, the dream of communist internationalism?
Morality, Coercion and State Building by Campaign in the Early PRC: Regime Consolidation and After, 1949–1956
Authors: Strauss Julia
Published: December 2006

The early to mid-1950s are conventionally viewed as a time when China broke sharply with the past and experienced a “golden age” of successful policy implementation and widespread support from the population. This article shows that the period should be seen as neither “golden age” nor precursor for disaster. Rather it should be seen as a period when the Chinese Communist Party's key mechanisms of state reintegration and instruction of the population – the political campaign and “stirring up” via public accusation sessions – were widely disseminated throughout China, with variable results. The campaigns for land reform and the suppression of counter-revolutionaries show that levels of coercion and violence were extremely high in the early 1950s, and the campaign to clean out revolutionaries in 1955 and after suggests some of the limits of mobilizational campaigns.
Dilemmas of Inside Agitators: Chinese State Feminists in 1957
Authors: Zheng Wang
Published: December 2006

In 1957 the All-China Women's Federation shifted its emphasis on gender equality and embraced a conservative theme “diligently, thriftily build the country, and diligently, thriftily manage the family” for its work report at the Third National Women's Assembly. Based on archival research and interviews, this article examines gender contestations in the CCP's central power structure and argues that formation of the conservative line was a result of strategic manoeuvres by the top women's federation leaders and Deng Xiaoping with the goal of sustaining a gender-based organization in a time of political turbulence. The article emphasizes the importance of informal relations in the formal decision-making process. Informal relations do not fall in the usual analytical categories neatly and defy historical analysis with little historical evidence for empirical studies. Yet they can be crucial in determining historical events, as is demonstrated in the article.
The China Quarterly and the History of the PRC
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick
Published: December 2006

When I was appointed editor of the CQ in 1959, my vision was that it should focus primarily on all aspects of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and on Chinese Communist Party (CCP) history, but that there should also be occasional articles on contemporary Taiwan and the overseas Chinese. That autumn, I did a quick tour of a few American campuses to try to drum up contributors; basically I needed social scientists. But even those universities with significant China programmes were peopled mainly by historians who were not doing research on the PRC. Benjamin Schwartz at Harvard, who had already published Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao, did write articles from time to time on the current scene; at MIT, Lucian Pye was ensuring that political scientists should incorporate East Asia into analyses of comparative politics; at Berkeley, Franz Schurmann (a Yuan historian in an earlier incarnation) was engaged in what became Ideology and Organization in Communist China, S.H. Chen was interested in contemporary mainland literature, and Choh-ming Li (like Alexander Eckstein at Michigan) was studying the economy; at Columbia, C. Martin Wilbur was working on the documents captured when the Soviet embassy in Beijing was raided in the 1920s, but Doak Barnett would not get there till the end of 1960; the only real nest of social scientists examining Chinese behaviour on a daily basis that I found on that trip was located at RAND: Allen Whiting, A.M. Halpern and Alice Langley Hsieh, all working on Chinese foreign relations. The shock of the launch of the first sputnik in 1957 had already led the US government to allocate massive funds to academia for the training of specialists on Russia and China, but the first beneficiaries of the largesse did not start coming out of the pipeline until the late 1960s. With so few potential contributors available, I stopped reviewing China books in case I offended any of them! But the scarcity of talent was also an advantage, for Western and Asian China watchers – diplomats in Beijing, journalists in Hong Kong, businessmen travelling in and out – all subscribed, making the CQ the house magazine of a growing community.
Starbucks Wars: Chinese Courts Say “No Hitch-Hiking Allowed”
Authors: Halper Andrew
Published: December 2006

Coffeehouse culture has hit China, most visibly in the form of Starbucks outlets spreading across major cityscapes, controversially even breaching the sanctum sanctorum of the Forbidden City, as the company seeks to penetrate (or arguably to create) a lucrative PRC coffee-drinking market. The alacrity with which Chinese urbanites have taken to coffeehouses has provoked Chinese and foreign observers alike to theorize about the meaning of the development. Is it an indicium of deep social change, or merely another instantiation of existing trends of rampant consumerism and faddish adoption of Western ways? Some, perhaps hoping to see rather more in this, ask whether it might have implications for political evolution. Others argue (approvingly or otherwise) that it should primarily be viewed through the lens of globalization, an example of yet another massive American brand pushing into China.
Emerging epidemic diseases of frogs in Britain are dependent on the source of ranavirus agent and the route of exposure
Authors: CUNNINGHAM A. A. , HYATT A. D. , RUSSELL P. , BENNETT P. M.
Published: December 2006

A series of transmission studies was conducted to investigate the aetiology, or aetiologies, of emerging fatal epidemic disease syndromes affecting the common frog (Rana temporaria) in Britain. The syndromes, characterized by skin ulceration or systemic haemorrhages, were induced upon exposure to lesion homogenates or cultured ranavirus. The re-isolation of ranavirus from experimentally affected frogs fulfilled Koch's postulates.Aeromonas hydrophila, previously associated with similar lesions, was not significant to disease development. Unexpectedly, disease outcomes were influenced by both the source of agent and the route of exposure, indicating that different ranaviruses with different tissue tropisms and pathogeneses (possibly similar to quasi-species in RNA virus populations) are circulating in the British common frog population. Our findings confirm that ranavirus disease has emerged as an important cause of amphibian mortality in Britain.
About a generalized Buckley-Leverett equation and lubrication multifluid flow
Authors: BAYADA GUY , MARTIN SÉBASTIEN , VÁZQUEZ CARLOS
Published: December 2006

In this paper, we analyse the asymptotic system corresponding to a thin film flow with two different (immiscible) fluids, from theoretical and numerical points of view. We also compare this model to the Elrod-Adams one, which is the reference model in tribology, when cavitation phenomena occur.
World's largest coseismic strike‐slip offset: The 1855 rupture of the Wairarapa Fault, New Zealand, and implications for displacement/length scaling of continental earthquakes
Authors: Rodgers D. W. , Little T. A.
Published: December 2006

We used detailed microtopographic surveys to measure fault offset along the southern trace of the Wairarapa fault, near Wellington, New Zealand, which most recently experienced a Mw> 8.1 earthquake in 1855. Our measurements at 16 localities support the inference that dextral slip in 1855 reached 18.7 m and averaged ∼16 m over the 16 km length that we studied. Five measurements were made where a single active strand comprises the fault zone, yielding “smallest” dextral offsets of 13.0–18.7 m. At Pigeon Bush, sequential beheading of a stream and new14C dating support the interpretation that its 18.7 ± 1.0 m of offset accumulated in 1855. We also measured three “next‐smallest” offsets on single‐strand faults of 26.3–32.7 m, evidence that dextral slip during the previous event was ∼14 m. Eight measurements were made where the Wairarapa fault includes two closely spaced strands, yielding smallest dextral offsets of 12.9–16.0 m. At Tauherenikau River,14C dating of postoffset mud yielded ages indistinguishable from A.D. 1855. Combining all single‐strand and two‐strand (minimum) estimates yields an average dextral slip of 15.5 ± 1.4 m in the study area. Historical observations and our data indicate that vertical slip reached ∼2.5 m. The large displacement and short (∼145 km) strike length yield an unusually high displacement/length ratio for the rupture. As suggested by previous dislocation modeling, we propose that the rupture extended tens of kilometers downdip (W) to merge with the underlying subduction interface. Alternatively, the rupture may have been strongly segmented at depth, yielding an earthquake with an unusually large static stress drop.
North Sea circulation: Atlantic inflow and its destination
Authors: Winther N. G. , Johannessen J. A.
Published: December 2006

This study investigates the Atlantic inflow to the North Sea and its variability, pathways and destination. Results from a numerical model show that the variability of Atlantic inflow is dependent on the inflow location. The inflow between Orkneys and Shetland and in the Shetland shelf area show a strong connection to the strength in westerly winds in winter and spring on a weekly timescale, while the inflow in the Norwegian Trench has a longer response time to the large‐scale wind pattern. About 50% of the Atlantic water that enters the North Sea is mixed with fresher water before it leaves the North Sea as the Norwegian Coastal Current. This illustrates the important role of estuarine processes within the North Sea and Skagerrak area, and their interaction with the Atlantic water.
Implementation of cloud retrievals for Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) atmospheric retrievals: part 1. Description and characterization of errors on trace gas retrievals
Authors: Kulawik Susan S. , Worden John , Eldering Annmarie , Bowman Kevin , Gunson Michael , Osterman Gregory B. , Zhang Lin , Clough Shepard A. , Shephard Mark W. , Beer Reinhard
Published: December 2006

We develop an approach to estimate and characterize trace gas retrievals in the presence of clouds in high spectral measurements of upwelling radiance in the infrared spectral region (650–2260 cm−1). The radiance contribution of clouds is parameterized in terms of a set of frequency‐dependent nonscattering optical depths and a cloud height. These cloud parameters are retrieved jointly with surface temperature, emissivity, atmospheric temperature, and trace gases such as ozone from spectral data. We demonstrate the application of this approach using data from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and test data simulated with a scattering radiative transfer model. We show the value of this approach in that it results in accurate estimates of errors for trace gas retrievals, and the retrieved values improve over the initial guess for a wide range of cloud conditions. Comparisons are made between TES retrievals of ozone, temperature, and water to model fields from the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO), temperature retrievals from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), tropospheric ozone columns from the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) GEOS‐Chem, and ozone retrievals from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS). In each of these cases, this cloud retrieval approach does not introduce observable biases into TES retrievals.
Subduction evolution and mantle dynamics at a continental margin: Central North Island, New Zealand
Authors: Stern T. A. , Stratford W. R. , Salmon M. L.
Published: December 2006

Central North Island, New Zealand, provides an unusually complete geological and geophysical record of the onset and evolution of subduction at a continental margin. Whereas most subduction zones are innately two‐dimensional, North Island of New Zealand displays a distinct three‐dimensional character in the back‐arc regions. Specifically, we observe “Mariana‐type” subduction in the back‐arc areas of central North Island in the sense of back‐arc extension, high heat flow, prolific volcanism, geothermal activity, and active doming and exhumation of the solid surface. Evidence for emplacement of a significant percent of new lithosphere beneath the central North Island comes from heat flux of 25 MW/km of strike (of volcanic zone) and thinned crust underlain by rocks with a seismic wave speed consistent with underplated new crust. Seismic attenuation (Qp−1) is high (∼240), and rhyolitic and andesitic volcanism are widespread. Almost complete removal of mantle lithosphere is inferred here in Pliocene times on the basis of the rock uplift history and upper mantle seismic velocities as low as 7.4 ± 0.1 km/s. In contrast, southwestern North Island exhibits “Chilean‐type” back‐arc activity in the sense of compressive tectonics, reverse faulting, low‐heat‐flow, thickened lithosphere, and strong coupling between the subducted and overriding plates. This rapid switch from Mariana‐type to Chilean‐type subduction occurs despite the age of the subducted plate being constant under North Island. Moreover, stratigraphic evidence shows that processes that define the extensional back‐arc area (the Central Volcanic Region) are advancing southward into the compressional system (Wanganui Basin) at about 10 mm/yr. We link the progression from one system to another to a gradual and viscous removal of thickened mantle lithosphere in the back‐arc regions. Thickening occurred during the Miocene within the Taranaki Fault Zone. The process of thickening and convective removal is time‐ and temperature‐dependent and has left an imprint in both the geological record and geophysical properties of central North Island, which we document and describe.
Visible and invisible volcanic plumes
Authors: Matsushima N. , Shinohara H.
Published: December 2006

Volcanic plumes, discharging from craters or fumaroles, are usually observed at active volcanoes. These plumes are divided into two categories from their appearance; one is a transparent invisible plume, composed of volcanic gases, and the other is a white, visible plume, containing water droplets in addition to the vapors. The difference in plume visibility is caused by changes in the conditions that control water condensation in the plume. We present a simple model describing the condition for the water condensation in the plume as a function of the exit temperature, volcanic gas composition, atmospheric temperature and humidity, and tested the model with a field observation. The result indicates that we can estimate the exit temperature from the visibility of the plume under known atmospheric conditions.
Gravity waves above the Andes detected from GPS radio occultation temperature profiles: Jet mechanism?
Authors: de la Torre A. , Alexander P. , Llamedo P. , Menéndez C. , Schmidt T. , Wickert J.
Published: December 2006

A significant wave activity (WA) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, mainly during winter, was detected at midlatitudes in the southern hemisphere (30–40S) above the Andes Range, from an analysis of Global Positioning System Radio Occultation (GPS RO) temperature profiles retrieved by CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) and SAC‐C (Satélite de Aplicaciones Científicas‐C) Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, between May 2001 and February 2006. The possible main gravity wave sources in this region are: i) orographic forcing, ii) geostrophic adjustment and iii) deep convection. The available vertical resolution of GPS RO soundings does not rule out any of these alternatives. Based on satellite imaginary, the WA enhancements cannot be attributed to deep convection events. Inertia‐gravity waves (IGWs) could be generated after a geostrophic adjustment process, following a perturbation of the zonal jet situated above the Andes Mountains by mountain waves (MWs). The monthly WA intensity follows the zonal wind velocity strength according to its seasonal variability at jet altitudes. As the GPS‐LEO lines of sight are roughly meridionally aligned and the morphology of the Andes at middle latitudes is predominantly north‐south, it was possible to detect MWs as well as IGWs from GPS RO temperature profiles. This characteristic does not apply for other mountain range alignments. From the analysis of a numerical simulation at the time and location of a single RO event with very strong WA, two main modes of oscillation with horizontal wavelength around 40 and 200 km were identified. The first one is attributed to a MW and the second one to an IGW.
Interannual variability of temperature inversions in the subarctic North Pacific
Authors: Masuda Shuhei , Awaji Toshiyuki , Sugiura Nozomi , Toyoda Takahiro , Ishikawa Yoichi , Horiuchi Kazutoshi
Published: December 2006

A newly developed ocean reanalysis dataset (1987–2004) has been used to study interannual variability in the temperature inversion that characterizes the upper layer of the subarctic North Pacific. A local minimum in temperature at the upper edge of the inversion exhibits a significant interannual variability. Conversely, fluctuations in the local temperature maximum (Tmax) found at the lower edge are relatively small. In the Tmax case, the variation in the depth of Tmax is significant and is closely related to ENSO variability. Our estimate of the adjoint solution shows that during periods when the Tmax is located at shallower (deeper) depths, the source water comes from both the Gulf of Alaska and the Kuroshio Extension region (only from the Kuroshio Extension region). These facts suggest that the depth of Tmax is an important indication for diagnostics of the interannual variability of water‐mass property in the subarctic Pacific.
The 17 July 2006 Java tsunami earthquake
Authors: Ammon Charles J. , Kanamori Hiroo , Lay Thorne , Velasco Aaron A.
Published: December 2006

The 17 July 2006 Java earthquake involved thrust faulting in the Java trench and excited a deadly tsunami (∼5–8 m) that inundated the southern coast of Java. The earthquake's size estimates vary significantly with seismic wave period: very long‐period signals (300–500+ s) indicate a seismic moment of 6.7 × 1020 Nm (Mw = 7.8), MS (∼20 s) = 7.2, mb (∼1 s) = 6.2, while shaking intensities (3–10 Hz) were ≤ MMIV. The large tsunami relative to MS characterizes this event as a tsunami earthquake. Like previous tsunami earthquakes, the Java event had an unusually low rupture speed of 1.0–1.5 km/s, and occurred near the up‐dip edge of the subduction zone thrust fault. Most large aftershocks involved normal faulting. The rupture propagated ∼200 km along the trench, with several pulses of shorter period seismic radiation superimposed on a smooth background rupture with an overall duration of ∼185 s.
Production of odd hydrogen in the mesosphere during the January 2005 solar proton event
Authors: Verronen Pekka T. , Seppälä Annika , Kyrölä Erkki , Tamminen Johanna , Pickett Herbert M. , Turunen Esa
Published: December 2006

Using measurements from the MLS/Aura and GOMOS/Envisat instruments together with a 1‐D ion and neutral chemistry model we study the changes in odd hydrogen and ozone in the mesosphere during the January 2005 solar proton event. The unique observational data allow us for the first time to directly test the HOx production theory which involves complex ion chemistry. MLS measurements from the northern polar region show increases of OH concentrations by over 100% around the stratopause, and by up to one order of magnitude in the middle mesosphere after the onset of the SPE. GOMOS measurements indicate decreases in O3 concentration throughout the lower and middle mesosphere, by up to 90%. The model predictions are in reasonable agreement with the observations. We point out that models using the so‐called PHOx/Q parameterization to include the effects of ion chemistry could underestimate the HOx production and the resulting ozone depletion.
Rapid erosion of soft sediments by tidewater glacier advance: Taku Glacier, Alaska, USA
Authors: Motyka Roman J. , Truffer Martin , Kuriger Elsbeth M. , Bucki Adam K.
Published: December 2006

Taku Glacier in southeast Alaska has advanced 7.5 km over the last 115 years, overriding its own glaciomarine and outwash sediments. We have documented rapid erosion of these sediments by comparing radio echo soundings (RES) along five transects (2003–2005) to earlier RES surveys (1989 and 1994) and to early bathymetric surveys of the proglacial fjord. Erosion rates, , reached 3.9 ± 0.8 m a−1 (1989–2003) at a distance, L, of 5.4 km from the 2003 terminus, where ice thickness, H, is 610 m. averaged 2.0 ± 0.1 m a−1 (1940–2005) at L = 3 km (H = 350 m), and 1.5 ± 0.2 m a−1 (1952–2005) at L = 1.5 km (H = 250 m). Detailed mapping over a 4 km2 area of the terminus revealed a deeply incised channel in line with a major outlet stream. Glaciofluvial processes must play the dominant role in the subglacial erosion and removal of these unlithified sediments.
Hybrid code simulations of the solar wind interaction with Comet 19P/Borrelly
Authors: Delamere P. A.
Published: December 2006

Detailed observations of the plasma environment of Comet 19P/Borrelly were made by the Plasma Experiment for Planetary Exploration (PEPE) during the Deep Space 1 (DS1) flyby on 22 September 2001. DS1 flew from north to south relative to the plane of the ecliptic on the sunward side of the comet and all plasma boundaries (i.e., first and last pickup ions, bow shock, decelerated solar wind) were observed to be shifted northward. This surprising result was initially attributed to large well‐collimated dayside jets directed ∼10° northward from the nucleus as observed by the DS1 MICAS camera. However, ground‐based observations of Schleicher et al. (2003) indicate a symmetric gas cloud with respect to the comet‐Sun line. In an attempt to resolve this conundrum, we have conducted a series of hybrid plasma simulations to investigate the effects of the large pickup ion gyroradius (i.e., comparable to the length scale of the cometary obstacle) at 1.36 AU. We find that that a maximum asymmetry, consistent with the observations, is generated when the pickup ion gyroradius is comparable to or less than the standoff distance of the bow shock (BIMF ∼ 4 nT). The degree of asymmetry is reduced for larger and smaller magnetic field strengths.
Physical and optical properties of aerosols over an urban location in western India: Seasonal variabilities
Authors: Ganguly Dilip , Jayaraman A. , Gadhavi H.
Published: December 2006

We present results on various physical and optical properties of aerosols measured over Ahmedabad, an urban location in western India, from 2002 to 2005 and discuss their seasonal and interannual variabilities. Aerosol parameters which have been studied include AOD spectra, aerosol mass concentration, size distribution, BC concentration, wavelength dependency in absorption, scattering coefficient, single scattering albedo and their vertical distribution in the atmosphere. All data have been classified in terms of four major seasons, namely, dry, premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon. AODs show an increasing trend over the first half of the year, and this is more consistent at higher wavelengths. Variation of Angstrom parameter α shows dominance of smaller size particles during dry and postmonsoon seasons while increase in coarser particle concentration during premonsoon and monsoon seasons. PM10 mass concentration varied from low values close to 40 μg/m3 to highs of about 106 μg/m3. Size distribution patterns of near surface aerosols exhibited presence of three distinct modes, all of which could be fitted using three lognormal modes. Highest values of BC mass are obtained during postmonsoon (7.3 ± 3.7 μg/m3) while lowest values are measured during monsoon season (1.5 ± 0.8 μg/m3). Wavelength dependency of aerosol absorption shows signatures of presence of significant amount of absorbing aerosols produced from biofuel/biomass burning in the atmosphere. Single scattering albedo at 0.525 μm are found to be 0.73 ± 0.1, 0.84 ± 0.04, 0.81 ± 0.03 and 0.73 ± 0.08 during dry, premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon seasons, respectively. Vertical distributions of aerosol for dry and postmonsoon seasons are characterized by high values of extinction coefficients within first few hundred meters from the surface where we find a sharp decrease in the extinction values with increasing altitude. Vertical distribution of aerosols during monsoon season shows presence of a very thick and stable aerosol layer between 0.5 and 2.0 km, contributing significantly to the columnar AODs.
Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic thermotectonic evolution along a transect from the north China craton through the Qinling orogen into the Yangtze craton, central China
Authors: Hu Shengbiao , Raza Asaf , Min Kyoungwon , Kohn Barry P. , Reiners Peter W. , Ketcham Richard A. , Wang Jiyang , Gleadow Andrew J. W.
Published: December 2006

Cretaceous and Cenozoic reactivation of the Triassic Qinling‐Dabie orogen between the north China and Yangtze cratons resulted from the combined effects of Pacific subduction–back‐arc extension in east China and collisions in west China. We report new apatite fission track and apatite and zircon (U‐Th)/He data from east Qinling along a >400‐km‐long N‐S transect from Huashan through the Qinling orogen to Huangling. The ages show a general pattern of younging northward. Three major cooling phases are defined by modeling the multiple thermochronologic data sets. The first phase occurred locally in the North and South Qinling during the late Triassic to early Jurassic, following heating associated with the Triassic Yangtze subduction and exhumation of the Wudang metamorphic core complex on the cratonal edge. A second phase represents regional exhumation between 100 and 60 Ma, coeval with rifting marked by the Late Cretaceous–Eocene (K2–E) red bed deposition in eastern China and possibly indicating a link with Pacific subduction–back‐arc extension in eastern China; however, it may also have been superimposed by eastward tectonic escape resulting from the Lhasa–West Burma–Qiangtang‐Indochina collision. The third cooling phase was initiated at ∼45 Ma exclusively in the north Qinling and in the footwall of the graben‐bounding normal fault of the Weihe graben in the Lesser Qinling. We suggest the third phase was related to reactivation of the Qinling fault system as a result of eastward tectonic escape imposed by the India‐Asia collision at ∼50 Ma.
Feature Hiding in 3D Human Body Scans
Authors: Laws Joseph , Bauernfeind Nathaniel , Cai Yang
Published: December 2006

In this paper, we explore a privacy algorithm that detects human private parts in a 3D scan data set. The analogia graph is introduced to study the proportion of structures. The intrinsic human proportions are applied to reduce the search space in an order of magnitude. A feature shape template is constructed to match the model data points using Radial Basis Functions in a non-linear regression and the relative measurements of the height and area factors. The method is tested on 100 data sets from CAESAR database. Two surface rendering methods are studied for data privacy: blurring and transparency. It is found that test subjects normally prefer to have the most possible privacy in both rendering methods. However, the subjects adjusted their privacy measurement to a certain degree as they were informed of the context of security.
Multi-Scale Visual Analysis of Trauma Injury
Authors: Imielinska Celina , Przekwas Andrzej , Tan XG
Published: December 2006

We develop a multi-scale high-fidelity biomechanical and physiologically based modeling tools for trauma (ballistic/impact and blast) injury to brain, lung and spinal cord for resuscitation, treatment planning and design of personnel protection. Several approaches have been used to study blast and ballistic/impact injuries. Dummy containing pressure sensors and synthetic phantoms of human organs have been used to study bomb blast and car crashes. Large animals like pigs also have been equipped with pressure sensors exposed to blast waves. But these methods do not provide anatomically and physiologically, full optimization of body protection design and require animal sacrifice. Anatomy and medical image-based high-fidelity computational modeling can be used to analyze injury mechanisms and to optimize the design of body protection. This paper presents novel approach of coupled computational fluid dynamics and computational structures dynamics to simulate fluid (air, cerebrospinal fluid)–solid (cranium, brain tissue) interaction during ballistic/blast impact. We propose a trauma injury simulation pipeline concept staring from anatomy and medical image-based high-fidelity 3D geometric modeling, extraction of tissue morphology, generation of computational grids, multi-scale biomechanical and physiological simulations, and data visualization.
Bendable GaN high electron mobility transistors on plastic substrates
Authors: Lee Keon Jae , Meitl Matthew A. , Ahn Jong-Hyun , Rogers John A. , Nuzzo Ralph G. , Kumar Vipan , Adesida Ilesanmi
Published: December 2006

A procedure for fabricating flexible forms of high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) supported on plastic substrates is described. The process uses a combination of conventional top-down, wafer scale fabrication protocols to define a printable form of ultrathin, device quality multilayer AlGaN∕GaN single crystalline microstructures—a so-called microstructured semiconductor ink—and soft-lithographic printing methods to effect their registered transfer to a plastic substrate. These procedures yield high performance, bendable HEMT arrays that are mechanically durable—ones with effective transconductances exceeding nearly all reported forms of printed thin-film transistors.
Structure inhomogeneities, shallow defects, and charge transport in the series of thermoelectric materials K2Bi8−xSbxSe13
Authors: Kyratsi Theodora , Hatzikraniotis Euripides , Paraskevopoulos Konstantinos M. , Malliakas Christos D. , Dyck Jeff S. , Uher Ctirad , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: December 2006

The charge transport properties of the low-dimensional thermoelectric materials K2Bi8−xSbxSe13 (0<x⩽8) were studied as a function of temperature and composition. The Seebeck coefficient shows an evolution from n- to p-type character with increasing incorporation of Sb, and at the same time the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity changes from that of a degenerate semiconductor to that of an intrinsic or compensated semiconductor. These changes, however, are not monotonic with composition due to the nonuniform substitution of Sb atoms at the Bi sites of the structure. Three separate composition regions can be assigned depending on x each with different charge transport characters. Electronic transport in K2Bi8−xSbxSe13 was analyzed on the basis of the classical semiconductor theory and discussed in the context of recent band calculations. The results suggest that the K2Bi8−xSbxSe13 materials possess coexisting domains with semimetallic and semiconducting characters whose ratio is influenced by the value of x and by local defects. The extent and relative distribution of these domains control the charge transport properties. Electron diffraction experiments performed on samples of K2Bi8−xSbxSe13 with x=1.6 show evidence for such domains by indicating regions with long range ordering of K+∕Bi3+ atoms and regions with increased disorder. The semiconducting behavior is enhanced with increasing x (i.e., Sb∕Bi ratio) in the composition through a decrease of the semimetallic fraction.
Photoluminescence study of ZnO films codoped with nitrogen and tellurium
Authors: Porter H. L. , Muth J. F. , Narayan J. , Foreman John V. , Everitt Henry O.
Published: December 2006

Epitaxial ZnO films codoped with tellurium and nitrogen were grown by pulsed laser deposition on c-axis oriented sapphire substrates. The codoping strategy allowed the resistivity of the films to be controlled over several orders of magnitude and may prove useful in the development of ZnO based light emitters. Photoluminescence studies of tellurium-doped, nitrogen-doped, tellurium and nitrogen codoped, and undoped ZnO films were conducted. Strong room temperature photoluminescence and stimulated emission were observed in the undoped and Te-doped films, but not in codoped films. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements indicated that carrier lifetime was significantly reduced in doped ZnO as compared to undoped ZnO.
Heat treatment of metastable Nd2Fe17Bx phase formed from undercooled melt of Nd–Fe–B alloys
Authors: Ozawa S. , Kuribayashi K. , Hirosawa S. , Reutzel S. , Herlach D. M.
Published: December 2006

Alloys of Nd10Fe85B5, Nd12Fe82B6, and Nd14Fe79B7 were melted and then solidified without a container using a drop tube. In the as-dropped sample, a large amount of the metastable Nd2Fe17Bx phase was contained. Particularly in relatively large samples, the metastable phase, which was partially decomposed into the Nd2Fe14B and α-Fe phases, shows a microstructure similar to that of normalized low-carbon steel. The heat treatment of the as-dropped samples induces a dual-stage phase transformation. The first stage of the phase transformation, which is dominant in the Nd14Fe79B7 alloy, is the diffusive phase transformation from Nd2Fe17Bx and Nd-rich phases into the Nd2Fe14B phase at 950K, and the second stage of the transformation, which is dominant in the Nd10Fe85B5 alloy, is the decomposition of the metastable phase into the Nd2Fe14B and α-Fe phases at 1100K. Although the rate of the phase transformation in either stage is controlled by the diffusion of Nd atoms, the diffusivity at the first stage of the phase transformation, being large due to the existence of the Nd-rich phase adjacent to the Nd2Fe17Bx phase, results in a decrease of the transformation temperature.
Phase behavior of a symmetrical binary fluid mixture
Authors: Köfinger Jürgen , Wilding Nigel B. , Kahl Gerhard
Published: December 2006

We have investigated the phase behavior of a symmetrical binary fluid mixture for the situation where the chemical potentials μ1 and μ2 of the two species differ. Attention is focused on the set of interparticle interaction strengths for which, when μ1=μ2, the phase diagram exhibits both a liquid-vapor critical point and a tricritical point. The corresponding phase behavior for the case μ1≠μ2 is investigated via integral-equation theory calculations within the mean spherical approximation and grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. We find that two possible subtypes of phase behavior can occur, these being distinguished by the relationship between the triple lines in the full phase diagram in the space of temperature, density, and concentration. We present the detailed form of the phase diagram for both subtypes and compare with the results from GCMC simulations, finding good overall agreement. The scenario via which one subtype evolves into the other is also studied, revealing interesting features.
Structural metrics of high-temperature lattice conductivity
Authors: Huang B. L. , Kaviany M.
Published: December 2006

An atomic structure-based model for high-temperature lattice conductivity is developed for both compact crystals and cage-bridge crystals. For compact crystals, where long-range acoustic phonons dominate, the Debye temperature TD and Grüneisen parameter γ are estimated using interatomic potentials to arrive at the lattice conductivity relation. Under the assumption of homogeneous deformation, TD is estimated according to a simplified force constant matrix and a phenomenological combinative rule for force constants, which is applicable to an arbitrary pair of interacting atoms. Also, γ is estimated from a general Lennard-Jones potential form and the combination of the bonds. The results predicted by the model are in close agreement with the experimental results. For cage-bridge crystals, where both short-range acoustic phonons and optical phonons may be important, a simple mean-free path model is proposed: The phonon mean-free path of such a crystal at high temperatures is essentially limited by its structure and is equal to the cage size. This model also shows good agreement with the results of experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. Based on this atomic-level model, the structural metrics of crystals with low or high lattice conductivity are discussed, and some strategies for thermal design and management are suggested.
Forward modeling method for microstructure reconstruction using x-ray diffraction microscopy: Single-crystal verification
Authors: Suter R. M. , Hennessy D. , Xiao C. , Lienert U.
Published: December 2006

We describe and illustrate a forward modeling method for quantitatively reconstructing the geometry and orientation of microstructural features inside of bulk samples from high-energy x-ray diffraction microscopy data. Data sets comprise charge-coupled device images of Bragg diffracted beams originating from individual grains in a thin planar section of sample. Our analysis approach first reduces the raw images to a binary data set in which peaks have been thresholded at a fraction of their height after noise reduction processing. We then use a computer simulation of the measurement and the sample microstructure to generate calculated diffraction patterns over the same range of sample orientations used in the experiment. The crystallographic orientation at each of an array of area elements in the sample space is adjusted to optimize overlap between experimental and simulated scattering. In the present verification exercise, data are collected at the Advanced Photon Source beamline 1-ID using microfocused 50 keV x rays. Our sample is a thin silicon wafer. By choosing the appropriate threshold fraction and convergence criteria, we are able to reconstruct to ≤10 μm errors the subregion of the silicon wafer that remains in the incident beam throughout the rotation range of the measurement. The standard deviation of area element orientations is ≈0.3°. Our forward modeling approach offers a degree of noise immunity, is applicable to polycrystals and composite materials, and can be extended to include scattering rules appropriate for defected materials.