bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in recovery of left and right ventricular function following aortic valve interventions: A longitudinal echocardiographic study in patients undergoing surgical, transapical or transfemoral aortic valve implantation
Authors: Forsberg Lena M. , Tamás Éva , Vánky Farkas , Engvall Jan , Nylander Eva
Published: April 2013

Objectives

To evaluate longitudinal left and right ventricular function (LVF and RVF) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) as compared to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and LVF and RVF after TAVI by the transfemoral (TF) or transapical (TA) approach.

Background

Knowledge about differences in recovery of LVF and RVF after TAVI and SAVR is scarce.

Methods

Sixty patients (age 81 ± 7 years, logistic EuroSCORE 16 ± 10%), undergoing TAVI (TF: n = 35 and TA: n = 25), were examined by echocardiography including atrioventricular plane displacement (AVPD) and peak systolic velocities (PSV) by tissue Doppler at basal RV free wall, LV lateral wall and septum preprocedurally, 7 weeks and 6 months postprocedurally. Twenty‐seven SAVR patients were matched to 27 TAVI patients by age, gender and LVF.

Results

Early postintervention, TAVI patients had improved longitudinal LVF. However, when analyzed separately, only TF, but not TA patients, had improved LV lateral and septal AVPD and PSV (all P ≤ 0.01). All TAVI patients, as well as the TF and TA group had unchanged longitudinal LVF between the early and late follow‐ups (all P > 0.05). The SAVR group had higher septal LVF than the matched TAVI group preprocedurally, while postoperatively this difference was diminished. Longitudinal RVF was better in the TF group than in the TA group pre‐ and postprocedurally. Although the SAVR group had superior longitudinal RVF preoperatively, this was inferior to TAVI postoperatively.

Conclusions

Postprocedural longitudinal LVF and RVF in patients undergoing TF‐TAVI, TA‐TAVI, or SAVR differ considerably. Preservation of longitudinal RVF after TAVI might influence the selection of aortic valve intervention in the future.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Driving Corporate Social Responsibility in the Malawian Mining Industry: A Stakeholder Perspective
Authors: Mzembe Andrew Ngawenja , Meaton Julia
Published: April 2013

While there has been a growing body of research focused on corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices in developing economies, few studies have examined the factors shaping the CSR agenda in sub‐Saharan countries. Using qualitative data obtained through semi‐structured interviews with management and stakeholders, this paper examines the drivers of the CSR agenda pursued by Paladin (Africa), a subsidiary of an Australian multinational mining company (MNC) operating the first uranium mine in Malawi. The findings suggest that the CSR agenda in the mining industry in Malawi is strongly influenced by externally generated pressures such as civil society organisation activism and community expectations; although it is clear that other drivers such as public and private regulations and pressure from financial markets also played a role in pressurising Paladin to adopt a CSR agenda. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Weakness of remote authentication scheme of Chen et al.
Authors: Tang Hong‐bin , Liu Xin‐song , Chen Jian‐ying
Published: April 2013

The extensive application of mobile commerce has led researchers to design more secure protocols for mobile devices during the recent years. In 2011, Chen et al. proposed a three‐factor mobile device‐based remote authentication scheme, which tackled the security risk imposed by the loss of both password and mobile device. Scheme of Chen et al., however, is still vulnerable to the privileged insider attack, the replay attack, the impersonation attack, and the denial of service attack. It is not feasible for real‐life implementation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved t‐out‐of‐n e‐lottery protocol
Authors: Liu Y. , Lin D. , Cheng C. , Chen H. , Jiang T.
Published: April 2013

In 2009, Lee and Chang proposed an electronic t‐out‐of‐n lottery protocol over the Internet based on the Chinese remainder theorem and blind signature. However, a security flaw exists in Lee–Chang's protocol that the lottery agent and the malicious purchaser can collude to control the winning result, which is unfair for the honest participants. On the basis of a verifiable random number generated by using the Lagrange interpolation formula over a finite field, an improved t‐out‐of‐n e‐lottery protocol is proposed, which guarantees that each participant can generate the winning result equally. The improved protocol achieves public verifiability and fairness without a trusted third party and a delaying function, which makes it more robust and more efficient. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power increases performance in a social evaluation situation as a result of decreased stress responses
Authors: Schmid Petra C. , Schmid Mast Marianne
Published: April 2013

We tested whether power reduces responses related to social stress and thus increases performance evaluation in social evaluation situations. We hypothesized and found that thinking about having power reduced fear of negative evaluation and physiological arousal during a self‐presentation task (Studies 1 and 2). In Study 2, we also showed that simply thinking about having power made individuals perform better in a social evaluation situation. Our results confirmed our hypotheses that the mechanism explaining this power–performance link was that high power participants felt less fear of negative evaluation. The reduced fear of negative evaluation generated fewer signs of behavioral nervousness, which caused their performance to be evaluated more positively (serial mediation). Simply thinking of having power can therefore have important positive consequences for a person in an evaluation situation in terms of how he or she feels and how he or she is evaluated. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subsurface architecture of the Boulder Creek Critical Zone Observatory from electrical resistivity tomography
Authors: Leopold Matthias , Völkel Jörg , Huber Juliane , Dethier David
Published: March 2013

The architecture of the critical zone includes the distribution, thickness, and contacts of various types of slope deposits and weathering products such as saprolite and weathered bedrock resting on solid bedrock. A quantitative analysis of architecture is necessary for many model‐driven approaches used by pedologic, geomorphic, hydrologic or biologic studies. We have used electrical resistivity tomography, a well‐established geophysical technique causing minimum surficial disturbance, to portray the subsurface electrical resistivity differences at three study sites (Green Lakes Valley; Gordon Gulch; Betasso) at the Boulder Creek Critical Zone Observatory (BcCZO). Possible limitations of the technique are discussed. Interpretation of the specific resistivity values using natural outcrops, pits, roadcuts and drilling data as ground truth information allows us to image the critical zone architecture of each site. Green Lakes Valley (3700 MASL), a glacially eroded alpine basin, shows a rather simple, split configuration with coarse blockfields and sediments, partly containing permafrost above bedrock. The critical zone in Gordon Gulch (2650 MASL), a montane basin with rolling hills, and Betasso (1925 MASL), a lower montane basin with v‐shaped valleys, is more variable due to a complex Quaternary geomorphic history. Boundaries between overlying stratified slope deposits and saprolite were identified at mean depths of 3.0 ± 2.2 m and 4.1 ± 3.6 m in the respective sites. The boundary between saprolite and weathered bedrock is deeper in Betasso at 5.8 ± 3.7 m, compared with 4.3 ± 3.0 m in Gordon Gulch. In general, the data are consistent with results from seismic studies, but electrical resistivity tomography documents a 0.5–1.5 m shallower critical zone above the weathered bedrock on average. Additionally, we document high lateral variability, which results from the weathering and sedimentation history and seems to be a consistent aspect of critical zone architecture within the BcCZO. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Method to Detect Differentially Methylated Loci With Next‐Generation Sequencing
Authors: Xu Hongyan , Podolsky Robert H. , Ryu Duchwan , Wang Xiaoling , Su Shaoyong , Shi Huidong , George Varghese
Published: April 2013

Epigenetic changes, especially DNA methylation at CpG loci have important implications in cancer and other complex diseases. With the development of next‐generation sequencing (NGS), it is feasible to generate data to interrogate the difference in methylation status for genome‐wide loci using case‐control design. However, a proper and efficient statistical test is lacking. There are several challenges. First, unlike methylation experiments using microarrays, where there is one measure of methylation for one individual at a particular CpG site, here we have the counts of methylation allele and unmethylation allele for each individual. Second, due to the nature of sample preparation, the measured methylation reflects the methylation status of a mixture of cells involved in sample preparation. Therefore, the underlying distribution of the measured methylation level is unknown, and a robust test is more desirable than parametric approach. Third, currently NGS measures methylation at over 2 million CpG sites. Any statistical tests have to be computationally efficient in order to be applied to the NGS data. Taking these challenges into account, we propose a test for differential methylation based on clustered data analysis by modeling the methylation counts. We performed simulations to show that it is robust under several distributions for the measured methylation levels. It has good power and is computationally efficient. Finally, we apply the test to our NGS data on chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The results indicate that it is a promising and practical test.
On the electric breakdown field of the mesosphere and the influence of electron detachment
Authors: Neubert Torsten , Chanrion Olivier
Published: April 2013

It has been suggested recently that electron associative detachment from negative atomic oxygen ions provides an additional source of free electrons in electric discharges of the mesosphere, the sprites, and gigantic jets. Here we study attachment under some simplifying assumptions and show that the threshold field decreases with time and can reach values well below the conventional threshold field. The concept of a fixed threshold field therefore itself breaks down. We find that the growth rate decreases with decreasing electric field and that long exposure time of electric fields therefore is needed for electron avalanches to grow. Detachment is likely to affect the conductivity of streamer filaments and other long‐lasting space charge structures like gigantic jets or the ionization state of the mesosphere when illuminated by thunderstorm fields. Detachment by itself does not directly affect small‐scale streamer formation or explain the time delays of sprites as proposed by others.
Global distribution of equatorial magnetosonic waves observed by THEMIS
Authors: Ma Qianli , Li Wen , Thorne Richard M. , Angelopoulos Vassilis
Published: April 2013

We investigate the wave magnetic field data from three THEMIS spacecraft over the recent 31 months to perform a statistical study of equatorial magnetosonic (MS) wave properties and spatial distribution. The THEMIS spacecraft provide good data coverage in the dominant MS wave region near the equator and at 2≤L≤8. Our global survey shows that strong amplitudes and high occurrence of MS waves are generally observed near the equator, outside the plasmapause, on the dawnside during geomagnetically disturbed periods. In addition, increase of geomagnetic activity shifts the MS wave distribution toward earlier magnetic local time. Strong MS waves generally have RMS wave amplitudes ∼50 pT and an occurrence rate ∼20% on the dawnside outside the plasmapause and could therefore have an important influence on both ring current ion and energetic electron dynamics in the Earth's radiation belts.
Intensities of the Martian N2 electron‐impact excited dayglow emissions
Authors: Fox Jane L. , F. Hać Nicholas E.
Published: April 2013

The first N2 emissions in the Martian dayglow were detected by the SPICAM UV spectrograph on board the Mars Express spacecraft. Intensities of the (0,5) and (0,6) Vegard‐Kaplan bands were found to be about one third of those predicted more than 35 years ago. The Vegard‐Kaplan band system arises from the transition from the lowest N2 triplet state () to the electronic ground state (). It is excited in the Martian dayglow by direct electron‐impact excitation of the ground N2(X) state to the A state and by excitation to higher triplet states that populate the A state by cascading. Using revised data, we compute here updated intensities of several of the bands in the N2 triplet systems and those involving the a1Πg state, the upper state of the Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield bands. We find that the predicted limb intensities for the (0,5) and (0,6) Vegard‐Kaplan bands are consistent with the measured values.
Transoral robotic surgery for the management of oropharyngeal minor salivary gland tumors
Authors: Villanueva Nathaniel L. , de Almeida John R. , Sikora Andrew G. , Miles Brett A. , Genden Eric M.
Published: April 2013

Background

In this study we report our preliminary experience with the use of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for the management of minor salivary gland malignancies of the oropharynx and outcomes.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of 10 patients followed over a 5‐year period at a single tertiary academic medical center. Patient, tumor, clinicopathologic, functional, and oncologic outcomes were collected and analyzed.

Results

All cancers treated were either T1 (40%) or T2 (60%). Negative margins were achieved in all patients. Four patients received adjuvant radiation therapy (40%). No patients experienced surgical complications and all had excellent functional outcomes. Mean follow‐up was 24 months (range, 2–60 months) with locoregional and distant control achieved in 8 patients (80%) and 9 patients (90%), respectively.

Conclusions

Minor salivary malignancies of the oropharynx are a surgical disease. Short‐term follow‐up data demonstrate feasibility, low morbidity, good functional, and oncologic results for TORS management of these malignancies. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 28–33, 2014
USING MODIFIED VISUAL‐INSPECTION CRITERIA TO INTERPRET FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OUTCOMES
Authors: Roane Henry S. , Fisher Wayne W. , Kelley Michael E. , Mevers Joanna L. , Bouxsein Kelly J.
Published: April 2013

The development of functional analysis (FA) methodologies allows the identification of the reinforcers that maintain problem behavior and improved intervention efficacy in the form of function‐based treatments. Despite the profound impact of FA on clinical practice and research, questions still remain about the methods by which clinicians and researchers interpret FA graphs. In the current study, 141 FA data sets were evaluated using the structured visual‐inspection criteria developed by Hagopian et al. (1997). However, the criteria were modified for FAs of varying lengths. Interobserver agreement assessments revealed high agreement coefficients across expert judges, postdoctoral reviewers, master's‐level reviewers, and postbaccalaureate reviewers. Once the validity of the modified visual‐inspection procedures was established, the utility of those procedures was examined by using them to categorize the maintaining reinforcement contingency related to problem behavior for all 141 data sets and for the 101 participants who contributed to the 141 data sets.
INITIAL FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OUTCOMES AND MODIFICATIONS IN PURSUIT OF DIFFERENTIATION: A SUMMARY OF 176 INPATIENT CASES
Authors: Hagopian Louis P. , Rooker Griffin W. , Jessel Joshua , DeLeon Iser G.
Published: April 2013

The functional analysis (FA) described by Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, and Richman (1982/1994) delineated not only a set a specific procedures, but also a model that involves the use of analogue conditions wherein antecedent and consequent variables are systematically manipulated. This consecutive case‐series analysis describes FAs of 176 individuals with intellectual disabilities who had been admitted to an inpatient unit for severe problem behavior. Following an initial standardized FA, additional modifications were performed in pursuit of differentiation. Ultimately, a function was identified in 86.9% of the 176 cases and in 93.3% of the 161 cases for which the FA, if necessary, was modified up to 2 times. All modifications were documented and classified as involving changes to antecedents, consequences, or design (or some combination of these). Outcomes for each type of modification are reported. The results support the utility of ongoing hypothesis testing through individualized modifications to FA procedures, and provide information regarding how each type of modification affected results.
CONDUCTING FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES OF PROBLEM BEHAVIOR VIA TELEHEALTH
Authors: Wacker David P. , Lee John F. , Dalmau Yaniz C. Padilla , Kopelman Todd G. , Lindgren Scott D. , Kuhle Jennifer , Pelzel Kelly E. , Waldron Debra B.
Published: April 2013

Behavior consultants conducted functional analyses (FAs) via telehealth with 20 young children with autism spectrum disorders between the ages of 29 and 80 months who displayed problem behavior and lived an average of 222 miles from the tertiary hospital that housed the behavior consultants. Participants' parents conducted all procedures during weekly telehealth consultations in regional clinics located an average of 15 miles from the participants' homes. Behavior consultants briefly trained parent assistants to provide on‐site support for families during consultations. FAs completed within a multielement design identified environmental variables that maintained problem behavior for 18 of the 20 cases, and interrater agreement averaged over 90%. Results suggested that behavior analysts can conduct FAs effectively and efficiently via telehealth.
A pH‐sensitive binary drug delivery system based on poly(caprolactone)–heparin conjugates
Authors: Ye Lin , Gao Zemin , Zhou Yu , Yin Xuan , Zhang Xinpeng , Zhang Aiying , Feng Zengguo
Published: April 2013

PCL‐heparin conjugates were synthesized by coupling mono‐hydroxyl terminated PCL (Mn = 2000‐10000 g/mol) with heparin via EDC/NHS chemistry. The conjugates enabled to self‐assemble into the core‐shell nanoparticles in around 100 nm diameter to load binary anti‐cancer drugs. Lipophilic and neutral paclitaxel (PTX) was first encapsulated in the core, and then hydrophilic and positive charged doxorubicin (DOX) was incorporated into the negative charged shell of PTX loaded nanoparticles via the electrostatic interaction. The in vitro release profiles of the binary‐drug loaded nanoparticles revealed that both PTX and DOX were sustainably released from the particles but behaved differently. The release of DOX was pH dependent, ensuring more drug to be released in the tumor cells than in the normal ones. Hence these particles were featured by a sequential controlled drug delivery behavior with a significant cytotoxicity to cervical cancer (Hela cell) and breast cancer (MDA‐MB‐321) cells. The CLSM observations clearly indicated that both loaded PTX and DOX aggregated in the nucleus of tumor cells to exert their anti‐tumor pharmacodynamic effect on the cells. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 880–889, 2014.
Composition‐dependent protein secretion and integrin level of osteoblastic cell on calcium silicate cements
Authors: Shie Ming‐You , Chang Hsien‐Chang , Ding Shinn‐Jyh
Published: April 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the responses of the human osteosarcoma cell line MG63 to calcium silicate cements with different Si/Ca molar ratios and different surface roughness. In particular, the study evaluated integrin subunit levels, phosphor‐focal adhesion kinase (pFAK) levels and protein production at the cell attachment stage. The results indicated that the surface roughness (variations within a factor of 10) of the cements did not play a prominent role in cell attachment and proliferation, but the effect of composition was highlighted. IncreasedpFAKand total integrin levels and promoted cell attachment and cell cycle progression were observed upon an increase in cement Si content. Cement with a higher Si content was beneficial for collagen Type I (COL I) adsorption,COL Isecretion, andαlibβ3subintegrin expression, whereas cement with a higher Ca content increased fibronectin (FN) adsorption,FNsecretion, and enhancedαvβ1subintegrin levels. These results establish composition‐dependent differences in integrin binding as a mechanism regulating cellular responses to biomaterial surfaces. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 769–780, 2014.
Biocompatibility of TiO2 nanotubes with different topographies
Authors: Wang Yu , Wen Cuie , Hodgson Peter , Li Yuncang
Published: April 2013

The biological response of osteoblast cells to implant materials depends on the topography and physico‐chemistry of the implant surface and this determines the cell behavior such as shaping, adhesion and proliferation, and finally the cell fate. In this study, titanium (Ti) was anodized to create different topographies of titania nanotubes (TNTs) to investigate the cell behavior to them. TNTs with and without a highly ordered nanoporous layer on their top surface were fabricated using two‐step and one‐step anodizing processes, respectively. The TNTs without a highly ordered nanoporous layer on the top surface exhibited a rougher surface, higher surface energy and better hydrophilicity than the TNTs with such a layer. Osteoblast‐like cells (SaOS2) were used to assess the biocompatibility of the TNTs with different topographies in comparison to bare cp‐Ti. Results indicated that TNTs can enhance the proliferation and adhesion of osteoblast‐like cells. TNTs without a highly ordered nanoporous layer exhibited better biocompatibility than the TNTs covered by such a nanoporous layer. Cell morphology observation using confocal microscopy and SEM indicated that SaOS2 cells that were adhered to the TNTs without the highly ordered nanoporous layer showed the longest filopodia compared to TNTs with a highly ordered nanoporous layer and bare cp‐Ti. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 743–751, 2014.
Novel role of miR‐181a in cartilage metabolism
Authors: Sumiyoshi Kumi , Kubota Satoshi , Ohgawara Toshihiro , Kawata Kazumi , Abd El Kader Tarek , Nishida Takashi , Ikeda Nao , Shimo Tsuyoshi , Yamashiro Takashi , Takigawa Masaharu
Published: April 2013

Micro RNA (miRNA) is a small non‐coding post‐transcriptional RNA regulator that is involved in a variety of biological events. In order to specify the role of miRNAs in cartilage metabolism, we comparatively analyzed the expression profile of known miRNAs in chicken sternum chondrocytes representing early and late differentiation stages. Interestingly, none of the miRNAs displaying strong expression levels showed remarkable changes along with differentiation, suggesting their roles in maintaining the homeostasis rather than cytodifferentiation of chondrocytes. Among these miRNAs, miR‐181a, which is known to play critical roles in a number of tissues, was selected and was further characterized. Human microarray analysis revealed remarkably stronger expression of miR‐181a in human HCS‐2/8 cells, which strongly maintained a chondrocytic phenotype, than in HeLa cells, indicating its significant role in chondrocytes. Indeed, subsequent investigation indicated that miR‐181a repressed the expression of two genes involved in cartilage development. One was CCN family member 1 (CCN1), which promotes chondrogenesis; and the other, the gene encoding the core protein of aggrecan, a major cartilaginous proteoglycan, aggrecan. Based on these findings, negative feedback system via miR‐181a to conserve the integrity of the cartilaginous phenotype may be proposed. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 2094–2100, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Frequency‐dependent cell death by optical tweezers manipulation
Authors: NG K.S. , ZHOU Z.L. , NGAN A.H.W.
Published: April 2013

Optical tweezers were used to scan individual Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia cells to determine if the cell death depends on the scanning conditions. Although increasing the scanning frequency or amplitude means greater force applied to the cells, their effects on cell death are not a simple increasing trend, as observed in the optical microscopy. Indeed, cell death sharply increased at particular screening frequencies and amplitudes, whereas other frequencies or amplitudes were less detrimental. These results suggest that cell damage was more sensitive to certain scanning conditions, rather than simply high‐applied forces. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 2037–2041, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Induction of STEAP4 correlates with 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulation of adipogenesis in mesenchymal progenitor cells derived from human adipose tissue
Authors: Narvaez C. J. , Simmons K. M. , Brunton J. , Salinero A. , Chittur S. V. , Welsh J. E.
Published: April 2013

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in human adipocytes and is transiently induced during early adipogenesis in mesenchymal progenitor cell models. VDR null mice exhibit enhanced energy expenditure and reduced adiposity even when fed high fat diets. Adipocyte‐specific transgenic‐expression of human VDR in mice enhances adipose tissue mass, indicating that VDR activation in adipocytes enhances lipid storage in vivo. In these studies, we conducted genomic profiling and differentiation assays in primary cultures of human adipose‐derived mesenchymal progenitor cells to define the role of the VDR and its ligand 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) in adipogenesis. In the presence of adipogenic media, 1,25D promoted lipid accumulation and enhanced the expression of FABP4, FASN, and PPARγ. Mesenchymal cells derived from 6‐month old VDR null mice exhibited impaired adipogenesis ex vivo but differentiation was restored by stable expression of human VDR. STEAP4, a gene that encodes a metalloreductase linked to obesity, insulin sensitivity, metabolic homeostasis and inflammation, was highly induced in human adipose cells differentiated in the presence of 1,25D but was minimally affected by 1,25D in undifferentiated precursors. These studies provide a molecular basis for recent epidemiological associations between vitamin D status, body weight and insulin resistance which may have relevance for prevention or treatment of metabolic syndrome and obesity. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 2024–2036, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reversal of cardiac dysfunction and subcellular alterations by metoprolol in heart failure due to myocardial infarction
Authors: Babick Andrea , Elimban Vijayan , Zieroth Shelley , Dhalla Naranjan S.
Published: April 2013

In order to examine the reversibility of heart failure due to myocardial infarction (MI) by β‐adrenoceptor blockade, 12 weeks infarcted rats were treated with or without metoprolol (50 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. The depressed left ventricular (LV) systolic pressure, positive and negative rates of changes in pressure development, ejection fraction, fractional shortening and cardiac output, as well as increased LV end‐diastolic pressure in 20 weeks MI animals were partially reversed by metoprolol. MI‐induced decreases in septum (systolic) thickness as well as increase in LV posterior wall thickness and LV internal diameter were partially or fully reversible by metoprolol. Treatment of MI animals with metoprolol partially reversed the elevated levels of plasma norepinephrine and dopamine without affecting the elevated levels of epinephrine. Although sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) Ca2+‐uptake, as well as protein content for SR Ca2+‐pump and phospholamban, were reduced in the infarcted hearts; these changes were partially reversible with metoprolol. Depressed myofibrillar Ca2+‐stimulated ATPase activity, as well as mRNA levels for SR Ca2+‐pump, phospholamban and α‐myosin heavy chain, were unaffected whereas increased mRNA level for β‐myosin heavy chain was partially reversed by metoprolol. The results suggest that partial improvement of cardiac performance by β‐adrenoceptor blockade at advanced stages of heart failure may be due to partial reversal of changes in SR Ca2+‐pump function whereas partial to complete reverse cardiac remodeling may be due to partial reduction in the elevated levels of plasma catecholamines. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 2063–2070, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hybrid vapor stripping–vapor permeation process for recovery and dehydration of 1‐butanol and acetone/butanol/ethanol from dilute aqueous solutions. Part 2. Experimental validation with simple mixtures and actual fermentation broth
Authors: Vane Leland M. , Alvarez Franklin R. , Rosenblum Laura , Govindaswamy Shekar
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

In Part1 of this work, a process integrating vapor stripping, vapor compression, and a vapor permeation membrane separation step, ‘membrane assisted vapor stripping’ (MAVS), was predicted to produce energy savings compared with traditional distillation systems for separating 1‐butanol/water and acetone‐butanol‐ethanol/water (ABE/water) mixtures. Here, the separation performance and energy usage of a MAVS pilot system with such mixtures and an ABE fermentation broth were assessed.

Results

The simple stripping process required 10.4 MJ‐fuel kg–1‐butanol to achieve 85% butanol recovery from a 1.3 wt% solution. Addition of the vapor compressor and membrane unit and return of the membrane permeate to the column raised 1‐butanol content from 25 wt% in the stripping vapor to 95 wt% while cutting energy usage by 25%. Recovery of secondary fermentation products from the ABE broth were based on their relative vapor–liquid partitioning. All volatilized organic compounds were concentrated to roughly the same degree in the membrane step. Membrane permeance, selectivity, and overall MAVS energy usage were the same with the broth as with the ABE/water solution.

Conclusion

Energy usage of the MAVS experimental unit corroborated process simulation predictions. Simulations of more advanced MAVS designs predict 74% energy savings compared with a distillation–decanter system. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Sub‐Functionalization of Duplicated Genes in the Evolution of Nine‐Spined Stickleback Hatching Enzyme
Authors: Kawaguchi Mari , Takahashi Hiroshi , Takehana Yusuke , Naruse Kiyoshi , Nishida Mutsumi , Yasumasu Shigeki
Published: April 2013

Gene duplication is the primary source of novel genes, and is followed by non‐, sub‐, or neo‐functionalization. In this study, we compared the egg envelope digestion mechanism of hatching enzymes between three‐spined stickleback and nine‐spined stickleback species, and found that the function of the hatching enzymes of nine‐spined sticklebacks was uniquely derived by gene duplication, followed by sub‐functionalization. The hatching enzyme of euteleosts consists of two metalloproteases, high choriolytic enzyme (HCE), and low choriolytic enzyme (LCE). LCE, especially, has an important role in solubilizing egg envelope protein by cleaving two specific sites. Three‐spined stickleback had a single copy of the LCE gene, like other euteleosts. However, nine‐spined stickleback had two types of LCE genes, α‐type and β‐type, suggesting that a duplication of the LCE gene occurred during the evolution of sticklebacks. The α‐type and β‐type each cleaved one of the two sites. Therefore, in the nine‐spined stickleback, the function of the ancestral LCE was driven by a single copy gene, which was partitioned into two functions separately driven by two duplicated genes, and egg envelope was solubilized by the cooperative action of the two LCEs, α‐type and β‐type. Herein, we provide a molecular mechanism for an evolutionary adaptation driven by gene duplication and sub‐functionalization. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 320B:140–150, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Constructive Leader Behaviors, Likelihood of Derailment, and the Cuboid Personality Framework: A Replication and Extension of Gough (1990)
Authors: Kulas John T.
Published: April 2013

Gough (1990b) applied the California Psychological Inventory's (CPI) “cuboid” framework to various leadership contexts, noting the potential for continued, future application of this model within the leadership domain. However, subsequent to this initial investigation (and one similarly oriented but differently executed project), no cuboid follow‐up has taken place. Applying the framework to a large sample of international managers, cuboid classifications were recorded across cultural regions, gender, race, age, organizational level, and industry. Associations with indices of leadership effectiveness and derailment were documented via averaged 360° ratings. Results generally support norm‐favoring individuals as exhibiting leadership advantage, although this effect differed slightly across the leadership dimension being assessed (although remaining relatively stable across hierarchical leadership position). Potential future applications of the cuboid model to the management and leadership domains are suggested primarily in the topical areas of cross‐cultural leadership (different occupancy rates were documented across regions of origin), leadership emergence (interpersonally oriented, norm‐favoring individuals predominantly occupied leadership positions), and leader development (low “satisfaction” and rule‐questioning leaders were generally rated as having lower effectiveness ratings and an increased likelihood of derailment).
Dale Carnegie's Leadership Principles: Examining the Theoretical and Empirical Support
Authors: Basford Tessa E. , Molberg Andrea
Published: April 2013

Dale Carnegie's best‐seller How to Win Friends & Influence People offers advice on leadership, interpersonal relationships, and persuasion. Though profoundly influential, Carnegie's self‐help book—including its nine guiding leadership principles—is based on anecdotes, case studies, and personal examples rather than empirical evidence. Examining the theoretical and empirical support behind Carnegie's leadership principles is essential for leaders to better understand whether to draw upon these principles and, if so, how and when to effectively use them in the workplace.
The Imperative of Education
Authors: Thomas Ted , Gentzler Kevin
Published: April 2013

Teaching midgrade leaders at the Command and General Staff Officers Course (CGSOC) located in Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, comes with many unique challenges. At CGSOC, students arrive having led soldiers in combat and having served in leadership positions in the United States Army for at least 10 years. When they walk into the classroom and see an instructor with a dress shirt and tie—not in a uniform—their immediate thought is, “What can this civilian teach me? I have fought in foreign lands and had to watch people die and lead soldiers through intensely difficult circumstances.” Through most of their careers, their approach to learning in Professional Military Education (PME) has been through training. CGSOC is the first time they experience learning from mostly an educational pedagogy as opposed to training. We focus on teaching how to think instead of what to think. At CGSOC we use an Experiential Learning Model (ELM), based on Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory. The ELM takes Kolb's experiential learning cycle and superimposes five steps on the preferred learning styles described by Kolb. We promote student‐to‐student dialogue, drawing out the experience resident in the classroom, and add leadership theory to reinforce the learning.
Health Care Educators: New Directions in Leadership Development
Authors: Hess Caryl
Published: April 2013

Fortune 500 companies have a competitive advantage in leadership development, whereas health care has lagged far behind. Physician leadership development, in particular, is a game changer for a closed staff, group practice that relies on a pipeline of physician leaders—such as the Cleveland Clinic. To address this leadership development gap in health care, the Cleveland Clinic Academy (CCA) was established in 2006. The academy is predicated on developing health care leaders with specific emphasis on physician leadership education using a competency‐based curriculum with value‐added components, including continuing medical education (CME) and master's of business administration (MBA) transfer credits. In the pioneering spirit of Dr. F. Mason Sones, the novel curriculum includes didactic learning, experiential immersion, and executive coaching, designed to promote physician career development, leadership potential, productivity and job satisfaction, and business acumen. The unique programs—54 stand‐alone courses, and customized programs such as Leading in Health Care, Staff Leadership Rotation, Samson Global Leadership Academy, Healthcare Finance and Accounting, and others—have affected individuals and patient care by reaching over 6,000 health care providers, including physicians from Cleveland Clinic, Bulgaria, France, Ireland, Japan, Qatar, UAE, India, Belgium, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, Turkey, Dominican Republic, and throughout the United States. CCA provides a new direction in leadership development with an integrated competency‐based curriculum for physicians, nurses, and administrators.
Mind the Gaps: What Limits the Impact of Leadership Education
Authors: Conger Jay
Published: April 2013

Although leadership education holds great promise for enhancing the effectiveness of individuals in their work lives, it is limited by certain critical shortcomings. Unless these are successfully addressed, the classroom experiences we create will not facilitate the transfer of useful learning and its application to the day‐to‐day challenges that leaders face. In this article, the author addresses three important gaps in our approaches: the reality gap, the skill intensive gap, and the application gap. The author illustrates how and why each gap creates barriers to the transfer of learning to individuals and to their work‐lives.
MRI‐based prediction of pulsed high‐intensity focused ultrasound effect on tissue transport in rabbit muscle
Authors: O'Neill Brian E. , Vo Howard Q. , Shao Hongwei , Karmonik Christof , Zhou Xiaobo , Li King C.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

To design an algorithm for optimizing pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound (p‐HIFU) treatment parameters to maximize tissue transport while minimizing thermal necrosis based on MR image guidance.

Materials and Methods

P‐HIFU power, duty cycle, and treatment duration were varied to generate different levels of thermal and mechanical deposition in rabbit muscle. Changes in T2‐weighted and T1 contrast‐enhanced (CE) signal were assessed immediately following treatment and at 24 h. Transport parameters were extracted by means of T1‐weighted dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) technique at 0 and 24‐h time points.

Results

Successful p‐HIFU treatment was indicated by focal hyperintensity on the T2‐weighted image immediately post‐treatment, suggesting increased fluid (edema), with little intensity change in CE image. After 24 h, the affected region expanded along the muscle fiber accompanied by clear hyperintensity in CE image (contrast uptake). Quantitative DCE‐MRI analysis revealed statistically significant increases in both leakage rate and extracellular space, accompanied by a decrease in clearance rate.

Conclusion

Successful p‐HIFU treatment was mainly correlated to tissue heating. Tissue transport properties following treatment success would result in improved contact between drug and targets in both time and space. MRI is the key to controlling treatment by means of thermometry and also monitoring efficacy by means of T2‐weighted imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1094–1102. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Blood oxygenation level dependent, blood volume, and blood flow responses to carbogen and hypoxic hypoxia in 9L rat gliomas as measured by MRI
Authors: Jerome Neil P. , Hekmatyar S. Khan , Kauppinen Risto A.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

To study vascular responsiveness to hypoxia and hypercarbia together with vessel size index (VSI) in a 9L rat glioma (n = 11) using multimodal MRI.

Materials and Methods

VSI was determined using T2 and MRI following AMI‐227 contrast agent. Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal response was determined using T2 EPI MRI, blood volume changes using AMI‐227 and blood flow by means of continuous arterial spin labeling.

Results

VSI in the cortex, tumor rim, and core of 2.2 ± 1.0, 18.2 ± 5.4, and 23.9 ± 14.7 μm, respectively, showing a larger average vessel size in glioma than in the brain parenchyma. BOLD and blood volume signal changes to hypoxia and hypercapnia were much more profound in the tumor rim than the core. Hypoxia led to rim BOLD signal change that was larger in amplitude and it attained the low value much faster than either core or brain cortex. The vasculature in the rim appears more responsive to respiratory challenges in terms of volume adaptation than the core. Blood flow values within the gliomas were much lower than in the contralateral brain. Neither hypercarbia nor hypoxia had an effect on the tumor blood flow.

Conclusion

Vascular responses of 9L gliomas to respiratory challenge, in particular hypoxia, are heterogeneous between the core and rim zones, potentially offering a means to classify and separate intratumor tissues with differing hemodynamic characteristics. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:110–119. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multicenter measurements of myelin water fraction and geometric mean T2: Intra‐ and intersite reproducibility
Authors: Meyers Sandra M. , Vavasour Irene M. , Mädler Burkhard , Harris Trudy , Fu Eric , Li David K.B. , Traboulsee Anthony L. , MacKay Alex L. , Laule Cornelia
Published: April 2013

Purpose

To assess the reproducibility of myelin water fraction (MWF) and geometric mean T2 (GMT2), which are in vivo markers of pathological changes underlying disability and progression in diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

Materials and Methods

Five healthy volunteers were scanned twice within 24 hours at six different sites using the same manufacturer's 3T magnetic resonance (MR) system. T2 distributions were produced by fitting multiecho 3D T2 data using non‐negative least squares, with stimulated echo correction. MWF, the fraction of signal with T2 between 15 and 40 msec to the entire signal, and GMT2, the mean T2 on a logarithmic scale from T2 between 40 and 200 msec, were examined in white matter.

Results

Intrasite coefficients of variation (COVs) were low (mean 3.99% for MWF and 0.51% for GMT2), as were intersite COVs (mean 4.68% for MWF, 0.31% for GMT2). Scan–rescan intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) (0.76 for MWF and 0.93 for GMT2) and Bland–Altman plots indicated good agreement between single site scans. Intersite ICCs were relatively high (0.69 for MWF and 0.92 for GMT2), revealing good intersite reliability.

Conclusion

MWF and GMT2 measures are reproducible between scans and across sites with an equivalent MR scanner and sequence protocol. Multicenter clinical trials using quantitative T2 relaxation are feasible. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1445–1453. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Within‐lesion differences in quantitative MRI parameters predict contrast enhancement in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Jurcoane Alina , Wagner Marlies , Schmidt Christoph , Mayer Christoph , Gracien Rene‐Maxime , Hirschmann Marc , Deichmann Ralf , Volz Steffen , Ziemann Ulf , Hattingen Elke
Published: April 2013

Purpose

To investigate the relationship between quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) and contrast enhancement in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. We compared maps of T1 relaxation time, proton density (PD), and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) between lesions with and without contrast enhancement as quantified by the amount of T1 shortening postcontrast agent (CA).

Materials and Methods

In 17 patients with relapsing‐remitting MS (RRMS), 15 with progressive MS (PMS), and 17 healthy controls, T1, PD, and MTR were measured at 3T and T1‐mapping was repeated after CA administration. Manually drawn MS‐lesions (3D‐FLAIR) were labeled as enhancing if post‐CA T1‐shortening exceeded mean T1‐shortening in normal‐appearing white matter (NAWM) by at least 2 standard deviations. Precontrast T1, PD, and MTR were compared in enhancing lesions, nonenhancing lesions, NAWM, and gray matter.

Results

Precontrast T1, PD, and MTR differed significantly between enhancing and nonenhancing lesions in RRMS and PMS patients (all P < 0.01). In PMS patients, PD of NAWM, enhancing, and nonenhancing lesions and MTR and T1 of gray matter differed significantly from RRMS and controls. Only MTR of gray matter differed between RRMS and controls.

Conclusion

Contrast enhancement in MS quantified by relative T1 shortening may be predicted by precontrast abnormalities of T1, PD, and MTR and likely represents blood–brain barrier damage. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1454–1461. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo identification of sentinel lymph nodes using MRI and size‐controlled and monodispersed magnetite nanoparticles
Authors: Iida Shuji , Imai Kensuke , Matsuda Sachiko , Itano Osamu , Hatakeyama Mamoru , Sakamoto Satoshi , Kokuryo Daisuke , Okabayashi Koji , Endo Takashi , Ishii Yoshiyuki , Hasegawa Hirotoshi , Aoki Ichio , Handa Hiroshi , Kitagawa Yuko
Published: April 2013

Purpose

To develop a sentinel lymph node (SN) identification method using accurately synthesized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), as an enhanced specific SN tracer in combination with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in intact rodent and SN metastasis models.

Materials and Methods

Three sizes of MNPs were originally synthesized. We developed an experimental rat SN model, with brachial lymph nodes (Br) as the SN and the axillary lymph node (Ax) as the second lymph node, and injection of MNPs via the front paw. SN detectability was evaluated in vivo using T1‐weighted MR images after injection of the synthesized MNPs, and the amount of iron in the Br and in the Ax was assessed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.

Results

The highest ratios of the amount of iron in the Br versus the Ax were 3.1 and 3.3, using 20‐nm MNPs after 2‐ and 24‐hour injections. The appropriate dose and particle diameter for MRI detection was optimized, and the SN was optimally distinguished in the normal and metastatic rat models using MRI after a 0.4 mg/kg 20‐nm MNP injection.

Conclusion

We developed and optimized a useful SN identification method using MRI in rodent models. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1346–1355. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.