bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vonoprazan and amoxicillin dual therapy as the first‐line treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Du Ren‐Chun , Hu Yu‐Xin , Ouyang Yaobin , Ling Li‐Xiang , Xu Jing‐Yuan , Sa Rina , Liu Xiao‐Shun , Hong Jun‐Bo , Zhu Yin , Lu Nong‐Hua , Hu Yi
Published: December 2023

Background

Recent clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy of vonoprazan‐amoxicillin (VA) dual therapy as the first‐line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection in different regions with inconsistent results reported. In this systematic review and meta‐analysis, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of VA dual therapy compared to the currently recommended therapy for eradicating H. pylori.

Materials and Methods

A comprehensive search of the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases was performed using the following search terms: (“Helicobacter” OR “H. pylori” OR “Hp”) AND (“vonoprazan” OR “potassium‐competitive acid blocker” OR “P‐CAB”) AND (“amoxicillin” OR “penicillin”) AND (“dual”). The primary outcome was to evaluate the eradication rate according to intention‐to‐treat and per‐protocol analysis. The secondary outcomes were adverse events and compliance.

Results

A total of 15 studies involving 4, 568 patients were included. The pooled eradication rate of VA dual therapy was 85.0% and 90.0% by intention‐to‐treat and per‐protocol analysis, respectively. The adverse events rate and compliance of VA dual therapy were 17.5% and 96%, respectively. The efficacy of VA dual therapy was superior to proton pump inhibitors‐based triple therapy (82.0% vs. 71.4%, p < 0.01) but lower than vonoprazan‐containing quadruple therapy (83.1% vs. 93.3%, p = 0.02). 7‐day VA dual therapy showed lower eradication rates than 10‐day (χ2 = 24.09, p < 0.01) and 14‐day VA dual therapy (χ2 = 11.87, p < 0.01). The adverse events rate of VA dual therapy was lower than vonoprazan triple therapy (24.6% vs. 30.9%, p = 0.01) and bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy (20.5% vs. 47.9%, p < 0.01). No significant difference of compliance was observed between VA dual therapy and each subgroup.

Conclusion

VA dual therapy, a novel regimen, showed high efficacy as the first‐line treatment for H. pylori eradication, which should be optimized before application in different regions.
The importance of legal strength for trade unions: Theory and evidence from China
Authors: Lei Jianxuan
Published: December 2023

This paper studies how legal strength—the effectiveness of a legal system in governing the use of laws—influences trade unions in China. By focusing on the institutional environment in which laws are practiced, I theorize that a strong legal system can empower trade unions through direct legal mobilization and legal consciousness. Empirical analysis with data collected from multiple sources supports this prediction. I find that unionization is more prevalent in strong legal systems than in weak ones. Moreover, Chinese unions improve labor outcomes to a greater extent when one or more dimensions of the legal systems are strong.
Consumer rebate strategy for a manufacturer selling price‐quality differentiated products
Authors: Majumder Sani , Nielsen Izabela , Maity Susanta , Saha Subrata
Published: December 2023

In this study, we consider a scenario where a manufacturer offers two price‐quality differentiated products, which we label “regular” and “upgraded,” through a retailer and uses direct rebates to customers to stimulate sales. Therefore, the critical question posed is: If a customer rebate is provided, should it be on the regular, upgraded, or both products? Consequently, we compare the outcomes of eight options from a manufacturer's perspective. The analysis reveals that the manufacturer's choice is not straightforward. Rebates on both products can lead to higher profit for the manufacturer if the proportion of rebate‐sensitive consumers is moderate. However, product quality becomes critical as the proportion of rebate‐sensitive consumers increases. If the quality of the regular product is too high or too low, then the manufacturer may use a rebate only on the regular product; otherwise, it should be on only an upgraded product. The rebate value on an upgraded product continuously decreases with regular product quality if a rebate is introduced only on an upgraded product, but its nature changes in other contexts. Quality improvement investment is also a critical factor that affects the manufacturer's decision. Because an analytical assessment of the effectiveness of rebate promotion under the price‐quality consideration is still missing in the literature, the decision to initiate a rebate promotion might be considered on an ad hoc basis. Therefore, the explicit thresholds identified in this study can help managers to make rebate decisions comprehensively.
Factors associated with continuing education needs in medication administration among school nurses
Authors: Yu Hsing‐Yi , Huang Chun‐Hsia , Shen Yung‐Chao , Lin Hui‐Ling , Chang Li‐Chun
Published: December 2023

Aim

To investigate the continuing education requirements and factors influencing school nurses' needs in relation to medication administration on school campuses.

Design

A total of 391 school nurses working in K‐12 schools in Taiwan were invited to participate in an online questionnaire survey.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study employed a probability proportionate to size technique along with a random sampling method. Data were collected from February to April 2023.

Results

School nurses reported a significant demand for continuing education and perceived moderate levels of stress and government support related to medication administration. Among the various dimensions, the highest demand was observed for ‘definition of campus medication errors’ and ‘regulations for campus medical orders.’ Moreover, the ‘identifying drug interactions’ and ‘adverse drug effects and referrals’ dimensions were identified as the most stressful aspects. Notably, perceived stress emerged as the sole predictive factor for continuing education demand, accounting for 16.1% of the variance.

Conclusions

The study found that there was a significant demand for and moderate stress related to continuing education among school nurses. Therefore, it is crucial for the government and school nursing organizations to develop targeted programs focusing on medication administration. These initiatives should be designed to enhance nurses' capabilities and reduce their stress, thereby ensuring safe medication administration on campuses.

Impact

Continuing education enables school nurses to acquire up‐to‐date knowledge and improve the workflow in their practice. This study highlights a strong need for education in medication administration with a focus on ‘campus medication error definitions’ and ‘campus medical order regulations.’ The government and relevant school nursing organizations should prioritize the development and implementation of continuing education programs to decrease the school nurses' stress related to medication administration.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.

Reporting Method

This study adhered to the relevant cross‐sectional EQUATOR STROBE guidelines.
Colour shade and chemical influences on the capture of adults Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in blackberry crops
Authors: Cruz‐Esteban Samuel
Published: December 2023

Western flower thrips (WFT) are a major pest for blackberry crops in Mexico, causing economic damage. To monitor this pest, yellow and blue sticky traps are commonly used during the blossom season. However, the impact of different shades of yellow and blue on adult WFT capture has not been well understood. The study tested different shades of yellow and blue to determine their influence on capturing of Frankliniella occidentalis in infested blackberry crops. Additionally, diverse geometric shapes in bright blue (the most appealing shade from the initial test) set against a dark green backdrop were examined. Furthermore, the potential synergy between the bright blue sticky traps and commercial attractants was investigated. Bright blue (blue 3; 59% reflectance to 548 nm) and fluorescent yellow (yellow 4; 98% reflectance to 522 nm) traps were effective in capturing adult WFT in high numbers, however, the bright blue traps displayed a numerical superiority (5.6%–12.8% more) over the fluorescent yellow traps. Furthermore, the introduction of various geometric shapes in bright blue against a dark green background showed a significant effect on the capture of adult WFT, with the traps consisting of a triangle and the semicircle yielding the highest captures (standardized data with respect to the blue area of the trap). However, the results indicate that a trap without contrast (>blue area) can be used if it is placed in contrast to the crop foliage (non‐standardized data). Lurem‐TR, a commercial attracts, significantly increased adult WFT capture rates, doubling or tripling the capture to traps without bait, and 2 mg of eugenol increased captures by 1.5–2.5 times. The findings are crucial for improving the monitoring and control of WFT blackberry crops. By optimizing trapping strategies, the agricultural sector can better manage the impact of this pest on blackberry cultivation.
Theoretical and experimental analysis of the drying kinetics of okra using infrared dryer
Authors: El‐Mesery Hany S. , Kamel Reham M. , Shawir Samar M. , Alshaer W. G.
Published: December 2023

In this research, the thin‐layer drying characteristics and quality parameters of okra pods were investigated by subjecting it to drying using an infrared drier. The drying process was achieved at three different radiation intensities of 0.167, 0.235, and 0.520 W/cm2 and included three air velocities of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 m/s. A detailed analysis of their drying kinetics (drying curve, drying rate curve, effective moisture diffusivity, and mathematical modeling), shrinkage and rehydration, and total color change were performed. Results showed the drying process occurred in the falling‐rate period. The drying time was reduced with rising infrared intensity and declining air velocity. The Midilli et al. model provided the best fitting for each drying curve (coefficient of determination (R2) > 0.99, reduced chi‐square (χ2), and root mean square error [RMSE] closer to zero). The effective moisture diffusivity values among various drying conditions ranged from 2.89 to 12.23 × 10−10 m2/s, which were within the normally predictable range for food materials. The rehydration ratio increased as air velocity increased and decreased as infrared radiation intensity increased. The phenomenon of shrinkage ratio had a positive relationship with higher levels of infrared radiation and a negative association with faster airflow. As the air velocity and radiation intensity rose, there was an observed increase in the overall color difference between fresh and dried okra. The current study's results will provide additional insights into the optimal drying conditions for preparing okra as a snack, breakfast item, or other culinary applications.

Practical applications

Okra is important commodity in terms of global agricultural production. As okra is a perishable product with a short shelf life, the food industry has been forced to find methods, such as drying, that extend its storage life by months. The conventional system of hot air dying displays many disadvantages. Infrared drying intended a substitute way to improve the quality of dehydrated products. However, infrared is rarely expended alone as a drying method and is frequently combined with other drying systems. The main goal of this work is to study an innovative process to extend the storage life of okra reducing energy and time consumption and ensuring sample quality.
CircTMEM87A promotes the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer by regulating the miR‐1276/SLC7A11 axis
Authors: Dong Xueguang , Chen Xiumei , Zhao Yuanhao , Wu Qunyan , Ren Yuguo
Published: December 2023

Background

Gastric cancer (GC) is a common malignancy with high incidence and mortality, and its pathogenesis involves the regulation of circular RNAs (circRNAs). However, the molecular mechanism of circTMEM87A in GC malignant progression is uncertain.

Methods

Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was performed to detect the expressions of circTMEM87A, miR‐1276, and solute carrier family 7 membrane 11 (SLC7A11). Western blot was applied to detect protein expression levels of EMT‐related proteins (vimentin and E‐cadherin) and SLC7A11. Cell counting kit‐8 assay (CCK8) and thymidine analog 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) were performed to assess cell proliferation. Apoptosis was investigated using flow cytometry. Transwell assay and wound healing assay were carried out to examine the migration of MKN‐7 and AGS cells. The Cellular ROS Assay Kit, Iron Assay Kit, and GSH/GSSG Ratio Detection Assay Kit were utilized to monitor lipid ROS level, iron level, and GSH/GSSG ratio, respectively. The interaction between miR‐1276 and circTMEM87A or SLC7A11 was investigated using dual‐luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. A xenograft mouse model was constructed to explore the function of circTMEM87A in tumor formation in vivo.

Results

CircTMEM87A and SLC7A11 were upregulated, while miR‐1276 was downregulated in GC tissues and cells. Knockdown of circTMEM87A suppressed the proliferation and migration and promoted apoptosis and ferroptosis of GC cells. CircTMEM87A served as a sponge for miR‐1276, and miR‐1276 inhibitor relieved the circTMEM87A knockdown‐induced effects on GC cell phenotypes. Similarly, SLC7A11, a downstream gene of miR‐1276, rescued miR‐1276 overexpression‐induced effects on GC cell function. Furthermore, circTMEM87A knockdown inhibited GC cell tumor phenotypes in vivo.

Conclusion

CircTMEM87A promoted the proliferation and migration and inhibited apoptosis and ferroptosis of GC cells by increasing SLC7A11 expression through binding to miR‐1276.
Bridging the gap between primary care and community‐based organizations to address complex care needs of older adults
Authors: Seifert Bernie , Volckaert Annaliese E. , O'Connor Sharon , Flaherty Ellen , Pepin Renée L.
Published: December 2023

Supporting older adults in their desire to remain in an independent living environment requires a collaborative, interprofessional approach in which the individual's medical and social needs are coordinated. This approach requires recognizing the difference in the culture of care between primary care and community‐based organizations. Identifying how the two cultures differ may be the first step to learning how to work collaboratively and effectively to meet the social and medical needs of older adults. In this paper, we describe the rationale and process for integrated primary and community‐based care in a comprehensive restructuring of care for older adults as well as recommendations for implementation.
Medication use quality and safety in older adults: 2022 update
Authors: Gray Shelly L. , Brandt Nicole , Schmader Kenneth E. , Hanlon Joseph T.
Published: December 2023

Improving the quality of medication use and medication safety are important priorities for healthcare providers who care for older adults. The objective of this article was to identify four exemplary articles with this focus in 2022. We selected high‐quality studies from an OVID search and hand searching of major high impact journals that advanced the field of research forward. The chosen articles cover domains related to deprescribing, medication safety, and optimizing medication use. The MedSafer Study, a cluster randomized clinical trial in Canada, evaluated whether patient specific deprescribing reports generated by electronic decision support software resulted in reduced adverse drug events in the 30 days post hospital discharge in older adults (domain: deprescribing). The second study, a retrospective cohort study using data from Premier Healthcare Database, examined in‐hospital adverse clinical events associated with perioperative gabapentin use among older adults undergoing major surgery (domain: medication safety). The third study used an open‐label parallel controlled trial in 39 Australian aged‐care facilities to examine the effectiveness of a pharmacist‐led intervention to reduce medication‐induced deterioration and adverse reactions (domain: optimizing medication use). Lastly, the fourth study engaged experts in a Delphi method process to develop a consensus list of clinically important prescribing cascades that adversely affect older persons' health to aid clinicians to identify, prevent, and manage prescribing cascades (domain: optimizing medication use). Collectively, this review succinctly highlights pertinent topics related to promoting safe use of medications and promotes awareness of optimizing older adults' medication regimens.
Global evidence of inequality in well‐being among older adults
Authors: Smith Michael D. , Wesselbaum Dennis
Published: December 2023

Background

By 2030, the UN expects 1.4 billion older adults and 2.1 billion by 2050. By 2050, 80 percent of older persons will live in developing nations. This demographic shift will present new challenges and opportunities in several areas, including health, migration, employment, and social safety nets. This study's aims were to: (1) present novel evidence on the trends and determinants of well‐being and well‐being inequality among older people around the world; and (2) highlight variation across World Bank development groups.

Methods

The study utilizes individual‐level survey data from nine waves of the Gallup World Poll (2009–2017), which is representative of about 99.5% of the global population. First, we report country‐level panel evidence on well‐being and well‐being inequality for adults over 60 years of age. Second, we estimate regressions to identify the individual‐level determinants of well‐being and well‐being inequality.

Results

Our results indicate that average levels of happiness vary little over time. This holds for all World Bank development groups. In contrast, we show that inequality in well‐being increases for all categories except in high‐income countries. Examining the factors that influence well‐being and well‐being inequality reveals the particular importance of income, social ties, and health. We also reveal gender differences in global well‐being; women tend to be happier than men. Lastly, whereas variations in inequity‐causing factors are minimal when comparing older to younger individuals, they vary substantially when comparing across development groups.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that rather than focusing on the average level of well‐being among older people, governments should consider the full distribution of well‐being. This requires a special emphasis on health, social networks, and education, as well as the assessment of distributional impacts in policy proposals.
Achieving compliance in the use of force: the production and maintenance of an imminent threat in an aerial targeting operation
Authors: HOLDER ALEXANDER
Published: December 2023

This article provides a socio‐legal analysis of the ways in which military personnel orient to the laws of war as they seek to produce and maintain lawful targets for the use of force. In order to further empiricize debates surrounding the United States’ (US) controversial interpretations of core concepts in the laws of war, the article takes up the concept of ‘imminence’ – which is fundamental to the doctrine of anticipatory self‐defence – and details its consequential role within a civilian casualty incident that occurred in Afghanistan in 2010. By analysing the talk of personnel involved in that operation, the article details the ways in which a drone crew and Special Forces team constructed the ‘here‐and‐now’ meaning and relevance of imminence in order to ensure the lawfulness of the strike. In doing so, the article demonstrates that the US’ contemporary orientations to the laws of war expand the scope for lawful violence.
Are pro‐productivity policies fit for purpose?
Authors: van Ark Bart , de Vries Klaas , Pilat Dirk
Published: December 2023

In this paper we examine productivity trends, drivers of productivity growth and pro‐productivity policies across the G‐20 economies since 1970. While we find distinctly different productivity growth dynamics between G‐20 economies and over time, one common observation is a widely shared slowdown in labour productivity growth since the 2010s underpinned by lower (or even negative) total factor productivity growth. Moreover, the growth in capital per worker hour has also begun to level off. We develop a typology of pro‐productivity policies and argue that policies for investment and technological change need strengthening to support a revival of productivity growth. Such policies should include a balanced approach to stronger technological progress and more rapid diffusion; a strengthening of investment, especially in intangibles and public services; and greater attention for human capital. We also argue for stronger institutions and capabilities that allow for dynamic learning about pro‐productivity policies across countries and over time.
The divalent metal ion exporter IhpABC is required to maintain iron homeostasis under low to moderate environmental iron conditions in the bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Authors: Zhang Fengyue , O'Brian Mark R.
Published: December 2023

Bacterial iron export mitigates high iron stress, but a role for it under lower iron conditions has not been established. MbfA is the high iron stress exporter in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Here, we identify the ihpABC genes in a selection for secondary site mutations that suppress the poor growth phenotype of feoAB mutants defective in iron acquisition. IhpABC belongs to the RND tripartite efflux pump family. High iron conditions that derepress the mbfA gene partially rescued the growth of an ihpC mutant but reverted the feoB ihpC mutant to the feoB growth phenotype. The ihpA mutant grown under low iron conditions accumulated higher levels of iron compared to the wild type, and it displayed aberrant iron‐responsive gene expression. The mbfA mutant was more sensitive than the wild type to H2O2, but the ihpA mutant was not sensitive. The ihpA mutant accumulated more Zn, Co and Cd than was found in the wild type, and growth of the mutant was more sensitive to inhibition by ZnCl2, CoCl2 and CdCl2. The findings suggest that IhpABC is a divalent metal ion exporter that helps maintain iron homeostasis under low to moderate environmental iron levels. Thus, iron export is not limited to managing high iron stress.
Flooding drives tropical dry forest tree community assembly in Southeast Brazil
Authors: Madeira Denise Moura , Matzner Renan de Soldi , Filipe Pereira de Lima e Silva Vinvivenci , Barcelos Giuliano , de Souza Cleber Rodrigo , Rodrigues Santos Lucélia , De Carvalho Araújo Felipe , de Oliveira Alves Braga Michael , Carolina Arantes da Silva Lidiany , Tavares Pereira Rafaella , Lívia de Carvalho Rodrigues Ana , Andrade Vinicius , Manoel dos Santos Rubens
Published: December 2023

In this study, we characterized and compared vegetation types associated with geomorphological units susceptible to distinct flooding levels. Differences in vegetation are related to landform variations. We aimed to 1) characterize the vegetation structure and quantify community compositional differences among landforms and 2) compare landforms soil characteristics and how these correlate with the tree vegetation. The study area is located in the Brazilian Caatinga domain, near the Verde Grande river, a tributary of São Francisco river (14°54′38ʺS, 43°42′53ʺW). We allocated six plots in each of the five landforms sampled (from wettest to driest sites): 1) marginal dike (RF – riparian forest), 2) upper terrace (RWF – riparian wetland forest), 3) lower terrace (WF – wetland forest), 4) lower plain (OFF – occasionally flooded forest) and 5) upper plain (UF – unflooded forest). We ran a non‐metric multidimensional scaling, produced a Venn diagram, and performed a principal component analysis (PCA) on the soil data (compared through a Tukey test at 5% significance after a significant ANOVA). A total of 1422 individuals, 26 families, 70 genera and 89 species were recorded. The NMDS revealed two distinct floristic groups: one group is associated with landforms with assumed higher flood frequency (RF, RWF, WF) and one with less frequently flooded landforms (OFF and UF). The RF, OFF, and UF landforms contained exclusive species (that only occurred in the plots of a particular landform). The species Geofroea spinosa (Fabaceae) was responsible for 70% of the total biomass recorded in the landforms RWF and WF. The soil analysis showed a gradient of soil acidity and fertility related to water saturation, whereby the most frequently flooded plots had the highest acidity values and highest fertility. We found that flood‐related conditions significantly influence tree community structure and species distribution in this floodplain in the Brazilian Caatinga domain.
Cryptic bacterial pathogens of diatoms peak during senescence of a winter diatom bloom
Authors: Branscombe Laura , Harrison Ellen L. , Choong Zhi Yi Daniel , Swink Courtney , Keys Matthew , Widdicombe Claire , Wilson William H. , Cunliffe Michael , Helliwell Katherine
Published: December 2023

Diatoms are globally abundant microalgae that form extensive blooms in aquatic ecosystems. Certain bacteria behave antagonistically towards diatoms, killing or inhibiting their growth. Despite their crucial implications to diatom blooms and population health, knowledge of diatom antagonists in the environment is fundamentally lacking.

We report systematic characterisation of the diversity and seasonal dynamics of bacterial antagonists of diatoms via plaque assay sampling in the Western English Channel (WEC), where diatoms frequently bloom. Unexpectedly, peaks in detection did not occur during characteristic spring diatom blooms, but coincided with a winter bloom of Coscinodiscus, suggesting that these bacteria likely influence distinct diatom host populations.

We isolated multiple bacterial antagonists, spanning 4 classes and 10 bacterial orders. Notably, a diatom attaching Roseobacter Ponticoccus alexandrii was isolated multiple times, indicative of a persistent environmental presence. Moreover, many isolates had no prior reports of antagonistic activity towards diatoms. We verified diatom growth inhibitory effects of eight isolates. In all cases tested, these effects were activated by pre‐exposure to diatom organic matter. Discovery of widespread ‘cryptic’ antagonistic activity indicates that bacterial pathogenicity towards diatoms is more prevalent than previously recognised.

Finally, examination of the global biogeography of WEC antagonists revealed co‐occurrence patterns with diatom host populations in marine waters globally.
Craniofacial features of adult obese obstructive sleep apnoea patients in relation to the obesity onset – A pilot study
Authors: Alfuriji Samah , Chen Yanlong , Ahmed Iqbal Hussein , Yen Edwin H. , Pliska Benjamin T. , Almeida Fernanda R.
Published: December 2023

Introduction

Obesity and craniofacial structures are aetiologies of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). The effect of obesity onset on the craniofacial development and growth of obese OSA subjects has been suggested, but supporting data were lacking. This study aimed to assess the craniofacial features of adult obese OSA patients in relation to their obesity onset.

Materials and Methods

A total of 62 adult OSA patients were included in the study, consisting of 12 early‐onset (i.e. before puberty), 21 late‐onset (i.e. after puberty) and 29 non‐obese. All participants underwent a sleep study and cephalometric radiograph. Cephalometric analysis was conducted to measure the craniofacial features among the groups.

Results

The early obesity onset group (n = 12) showed a more prognathic mandible, longer lower facial height, protrusive incisors, a more caudal position of the hyoid bone and a wider lower airway. The late‐onset group (n = 21) had more proclined and protrusive upper incisors, a shallower overbite, a more inferiorly positioned hyoid bone and an obtuse craniocervical angle. The overall obese group showed a combination of the findings above, plus a shorter soft palate and shorter airway length.

There was no significant difference between early and late obesity onset groups. However, the early group showed a tendency for a shallower or decreased mandibular plane angle and deeper overbite.

Conclusions

The current pilot study had many limitations but holds important information as a hypothesis generator. Craniofacial features of OSA patients with different obesity onset showed discrepancies and were distinguished from non‐obese controls. Adult OSA patients with an early obesity onset showed a tendency for a more hypodivergent growth pattern than those with a late obesity onset.
Transposable elements cause the loss of self‐incompatibility in citrus
Authors: Hu Jianbing , Liu Chenchen , Du Zezhen , Guo Furong , Song Dan , Wang Nan , Wei Zhuangmin , Jiang Jingdong , Cao Zonghong , Shi Chunmei , Zhang Siqi , Zhu Chenqiao , Chen Peng , Larkin Robert M. , Lin Zongcheng , Xu Qiang , Ye Junli , Deng Xiuxin , Bosch Maurice , Franklin‐Tong Vernonica E. , Chai Lijun
Published: December 2023

Self‐incompatibility (SI) is a widespread prezygotic mechanism for flowering plants to avoid inbreeding depression and promote genetic diversity. Citrus has an S‐RNase‐based SI system, which was frequently lost during evolution. We previously identified a single nucleotide mutation in Sm‐RNase, which is responsible for the loss of SI in mandarin and its hybrids. However, little is known about other mechanisms responsible for conversion of SI to self‐compatibility (SC) and we identify a completely different mechanism widely utilized by citrus. Here, we found a 786‐bp miniature inverted‐repeat transposable element (MITE) insertion in the promoter region of the FhiS2‐RNase in Fortunella hindsii Swingle (a model plant for citrus gene function), which does not contain the Sm‐RNase allele but are still SC. We demonstrate that this MITE plays a pivotal role in the loss of SI in citrus, providing evidence that this MITE insertion prevents expression of the S‐RNase; moreover, transgenic experiments show that deletion of this 786‐bp MITE insertion recovers the expression of FhiS2‐RNase and restores SI. This study identifies the first evidence for a role for MITEs at the S‐locus affecting the SI phenotype. A family‐wide survey of the S‐locus revealed that MITE insertions occur frequently adjacent to S‐RNase alleles in different citrus genera, but only certain MITEs appear to be responsible for the loss of SI. Our study provides evidence that insertion of MITEs into a promoter region can alter a breeding strategy and suggests that this phenomenon may be broadly responsible for SC in species with the S‐RNase system.
Microbiota in human breast milk: Noninfectious mastitis versus without mastitis
Authors: Ito Mizuho , Tanaka Miori , Date Midori , Nagao Saeko , Miura Kumiko , Mizuno Katsumi
Published: December 2023

Background

Long‐term breastfeeding is beneficial for both mothers and infants and mastitis is associated with the premature interruption of breastfeeding. Mastitis can be infectious or noninfectious. However, the effect of noninfectious mastitis on milk microbiota is not well‐understood. In this study, we aimed to clarify the relationship between noninfectious mastitis and the microbiota by conducting breast milk culture tests.

Methods

We compared the milk microbiota between women with noninfectious mastitis and without mastitis. Bacterial cultures were compared in 143 milk samples from January to November 2022, and bacterial diversity was evaluated based on the total number of bacterial species and bacterial species found per specimen.

Results

Women with noninfectious mastitis provided samples at a significantly later stage postpartum (p < 0.01). The total bacterial count was significantly lower in samples from participants with noninfectious mastitis (p < 0.01). The bacterial diversity of milk from participants with noninfectious mastitis was lower than that without mastitis: nine bacterial species identified in the former and 21 in the latter. The number of Rothia spp. was significantly higher, whereas the number of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas fluorescens was significantly lower in samples from women with mastitis. There was no correlation between postpartum week and the number of bacterial species or presence of Rothia spp.

Conclusions

Noninfectious mastitis is associated with a decrease in the diversity of human milk microbiota, indicating impaired immune, metabolic, and neuroendocrine development functions in infants. Rothia spp. may also be associated with noninfectious mastitis, suggesting a possible target for future research.
The comparison of COVID‐19 vs seasonal influenza in children
Authors: Yayla Burcu Ceylan Cura , Aykac Kubra , Boluk Oguz , Fidanci Ilknur , Tasar Medine Aysin , Pamuk Utku , Karakoc Ayse Esra , Karakaya Jale , Ozsurekci Yasemin
Published: December 2023

Background

Influenza in children has been well described, whereas there has been a paucity of pediatric data regarding COVID‐19. It is crucial for clinicians to differentiate cases of COVID‐19 from cases of influenza because of the upcoming influenza season in the new pandemic era.

Methods

This retrospective study included pediatric patients who were diagnosed with laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 between March and September 2020, or seasonal influenza between October 2019 and March 2020.

Results

A total of 315 children were included in this study; 151 were diagnosed with influenza and 164 had confirmed COVID‐19. The median age of patients with COVID‐19 was 10 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 3–15 years), whereas the median age of patients with influenza was 4 years (IQR: 1–6 years) (p = 0.001). In the COVID‐19 group, 6.3% of patients had underlying diseases, the most frequent being neurological conditions (3%). In the influenza group, 20.9% of patients had an underlying disease, the most frequent being asthma (14.5%). Fever (odds ratio [OR]: 20.476; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.438–171.995; p = 0.005), dyspnea/tachypnea (OR 13.950; 95% CI: 2.607–74.634; p = 0.002), and increased C‐reactive protein (CRP) (OR: 7.650; 95% CI: 2.094–27.955; p = 0.002) were main predictors of influenza diagnosis in comparison to COVID‐19. Lymphopenia was detected in 43.2% of patients with influenza and 19.9% of patients with COVID‐19 (p = 0.001).

Conclusions

The accurate differentiation between “influenza or COVID‐19” seems possible by evaluating a combination of factors including cough, fever, vomiting, leucopenia, lymphopenia, pneumonia, in pediatric patients with high CRP as well as age.
Immunoglobulin for hemolytic jaundice in Japan: A retrospective survey
Authors: Ono Hideko , Kakiuchi Satsuki , Kusuda Satoshi
Published: December 2023

Background

Intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) is used to treat blood‐type incompatibility hemolytic disease of newborns (BTHDN). Although IVIG's efficacy for treating BTHDN has been challenged, as an updated systematic review suggests, IVIG could significantly reduce exchange transfusions. We conducted a mail‐in questionnaire survey to ascertain actual use of IVIG for BTHDN in Japan.

Methods

The survey, conducted in 2014, included infants born between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2013. Questionnaires were sent to the heads of neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) at perinatal centers of the Japan Neonatologist Association.

Results

A total of 195 centers (64.6%) responded to the questionnaire. During the study period, 170 centers (87.2%) reported incidences of BTHDN. Among these centers, there were 1726 diagnosed cases of BTHDN in neonates. Of these cases, 419 infants were treated with IVIG in 127 centers, representing approximately 74.7% of all centers. After the exclusion of cases with missing data and those where consent for data usage was not obtained, a total 916 infants were included in this study. Of these, 219 (23.9%) were treated with IVIG after phototherapy, and 187 (20.4%) of these infants did not require further blood exchange transfusion. The IVIG dosages ranged from 40 to 1200 mg/kg/dose, but the majority were between 500 and 1000 mg/kg/dose, with a median of 800 mg/kg/dose. About 20% of the infants treated with IVIG showed late‐onset anemia and required treatment. Adverse events were reported in less than 1% of infants.

Conclusions

For the treatment of BTHDN, IVIG administration was widely used in NICUs in Japan without severe adverse events.
Liver histology and hepatic progenitor cell activity in pediatric acute liver failure: Implications for clinical outcome
Authors: Panda Kalpana , Sood Vikrant , Lal Bikrant Bihari , Khanna Rajeev , Rastogi Archana , Ramakrishna Gayatri , Alam Seema
Published: December 2023

Background

Hepatic progenitor cell (HPC) activity and regenerative process that follows pediatric acute liver failure (PALF) is still not well understood. This clinicopathological study was thus conducted with an aim to study the correlation of liver histology and HPC activity with outcomes in PALF.

Methods

All PALF patients with available hepatic histological specimens were included and specimens were analyzed for hepatocyte loss, HPC activity [using cytokeratin (CK) 7, CK19, sex‐determining region Y‐related high mobility group box(SOX)9 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)], hepatocyte proliferation (using Ki67), and hepatocyte senescence (using p53 and p21).

Results

Ninety‐four children were included: 22 (23.4%) survived with native liver (SNL) (i.e., the good outcome group) while rest (i.e., the poor outcome group) either died [33%, 35.1%] or received liver transplant (LT) [39%, 41.5%]. When compared to subjects with poor outcomes, those in the SNL group exhibited significantly less severe hepatocyte loss, fewer HPC/hpf, more proliferating hepatocytes, and less senescent hepatocytes (p < .05). Increasing severity of hepatocyte loss (adjusted OR: 9.95, 95% CI: 4.22–23.45, p < .001) was identified as an independent predictor of poor outcome. Eighty percent children with >50% native hepatocyte loss had poor outcome within 10 days of hospitalization.

Conclusion

In PALF, more severe hepatocyte loss, higher number of HPC activation, lesser number of proliferating hepatocytes, and greater number of senescent hepatocytes are associated with a poor outcome. Loss of >50% hepatocytes is an independent predictor of poor outcome in PALF.
The divergence of South Korea's Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) from the EU ETS: An institutional complementarity view
Authors: Joo Jihyung , Paavola Jouni , Van Alstine James
Published: December 2023

Emissions trading schemes (ETS) have spread across the globe to tackle climate change. However, limited attention has been given to how ETS characteristics and designs differ and why. We use the concept of institutional complementarity to explore how the EU ETS and South Korea's ETS (K‐ETS) adapt to complement established political economy. The EU ETS is characterized as a market with stakeholder ownership, while the K‐ETS is more regulatory in nature with government leadership. The EU ETS complements a decentralized political system with liberalized energy market, and the K‐ETS became compatible with the centralized majoritarian politics and a regulated electricity market. The ETSs have evolved incrementally, and they are not likely to link in the foreseeable future due to divergence. We suggest a strong focus on “how to adapt” an ETS to its own institution rather than adopting the established blueprint model in countries with a strong regulatory style of governance.

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von Malmborg, Fredrik. 2023. “Combining the Advocacy Coalition Framework and Argumentative Discourse Analysis: The Case of the ‘Energy Efficiency First’ Principle in EU Energy and Climate Policy.” Politics & Policy 51(2): 222–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12525.
In the shadow of September 11: The roots and ramifications of anti‐Muslim attitudes in the United States
Authors: Lajevardi Nazita , Oskooii Kassra , Saleem Muniba , Docherty Meagan
Published: December 2023

What are the underpinnings and ramifications of anti‐Muslim attitudes in the United States? While scholars have emphasized the centrality of race and racial attitudes to American politics, examinations of hostility towards Muslim Americans with context‐specific measures are still lacking despite the increasing relevance of this population in the public imagination. Particularly after the tragic 9/11 attacks, Islamophobia emerged as a pervasive force in American social and political life, entangling race, religion, and nationality to further stigmatize and marginalize Muslims. By more systematically examining the relationship between anti‐Muslim attitudes and public support for a range of initiatives that aim to, or already have, further marginalize(d) American Muslims, the research presented herein aims to underscore the limitations of attitudinal measures that lack context specificity. Through two studies that utilize a nationally representative survey and a longitudinal study of public opinion towards Muslims, we make the case for the development and use of more nuanced measures that capture the distinct nature of hostility towards Muslims as encompassing both perceived realistic and symbolic threats. Additionally, we consider the range of social, psychological, and physical consequences that Islamophobia may exert on Muslim individuals themselves, as well as their interactions with the majority population. These have important implications for scholars studying the sociopolitical behavior of Muslims and policymakers seeking to counteract the adverse effects of Islamophobia in the United States or elsewhere.
Ten years of injectable platelet‐rich fibrin
Authors: Miron Richard J. , Gruber Reinhard , Farshidfar Nima , Sculean Anton , Zhang Yufeng
Published: December 2023

The use of platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF) has seen widespread advantages over platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) in many fields of medicine. However, until 2014, PRF remained clinically available only in its solid clotted form. Modifications to centrifugation protocols and tube technology have led to the development of a liquid injectable version of PRF (i‐PRF). This narrative review takes a look back at the technological developments made throughout the past decade and further elaborates on their future clinical applications. Topics covered include improvements in isolation techniques and protocols, ways to further concentrate i‐PRF, and the clinical impact and relevance of cooling i‐PRF. Next, various uses of i‐PRF are discussed, including its use in regenerative periodontology, implantology, endodontics, temporomandibular joint injections, and orthodontic tooth movement. Furthermore, various indications in medicine are also covered, including its use in sports injuries and osteoarthritis of various joints, treatment of diabetic ulcers/wound care, and facial esthetics and hair regrowth. Finally, future applications are discussed, mainly its use as a drug delivery vehicle for small biomolecules, such as growth factors, antibiotics, exosomes, and other medications that may benefit from the controlled and gradual release of biomolecules over time.
Reduction of cryopreservation‐induced structural, functional and molecular damages in ram sperm by hydrated C60 fullerene
Authors: Güngör İbrahim Halil , Türk Gaffari , Dayan Cinkara Serap , Acisu Tutku Can , Tektemur Ahmet , Yeni Deniz , Avdatek Fatih , Arkali Gözde , Koca Recep Hakkı , Özer Kaya Şeyma , Sagiroglu Meltem , Etem Önalan Ebru , Sönmez Mustafa , Gür Seyfettin , Yüce Abdurrauf
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to investigate the morphological, functional and molecular changes in frozen–thawed ram sperm using an extender containing different concentrations of hydrated carbon 60 fullerene (C60HyFn), a nanotechnological product. Semen taken from each of the seven Akkaraman rams were pooled. Semen collection was done twice a week and it continued for 3 weeks. Each pooled semen sample was divided into six equal groups and diluted with tris + egg yolk extender including 0 (control), 200, 400, 800 nM, 1 and 5 μM concentrations of C60HyFn at 37°C. They were then frozen in liquid nitrogen vapour at −140°C, stored in liquid nitrogen container (−196°C) and thawed at 37°C for 25 s before analysis. In comparison with control, C60HyFn addition prior to freezing procedure provided significant increases in total and progressive motility rates, glutathione peroxidase, catalase activities and percentage of highly active mitochondria, and significant decreases in dead and abnormal sperm rates, lipid peroxidation, caspase‐3 and DNA fragmentation levels in frozen–thawed ram semen. When compared to control, C60HyFn supplementation significantly down‐regulated the expression levels of miR‐200a and KCNJ11, and significantly up‐regulated the expression levels of miR‐3958‐3p (at the concentrations of 200, 400, 800 nM and 1 μM), CatSper1 (at the concentrations of 200, 400 nM and 5 μM), CatSper2 (at the concentrations of 1 and 5 μM), CatSper3 (at the concentrations of 200, 400 nM, 1 and 5 μM), CatSper4 (at all concentrations), ANO1 (at the concentrations of 800 nM, 1 and 5 μM) and TRPV5 (at the concentrations of 200, 400 and 800 nM). The addition of C60HyFn had no effect on global DNA methylation rates. As a result, C60HyFn supplementation to ram semen extenders may be beneficial in reducing some of the functional, structural and molecular damages in sperm induced by the freeze–thawing procedure.
Phosphorylated p38 MAP kinase expression by leucocytes is increased in allergic humans and associated with IgE responses
Authors: Silverberg Jonathan I. , Smith‐Norowitz Tamar A. , Kohlhoff Stephan , Joks Rauno
Published: December 2023

Mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) activate cascades that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and death. Phosphorylated (phos‐)p38 MAPK is a cell‐signalling pathway associated with Th2 cytokine responses, which is required for immunoglobulin (Ig)E production. It is unknown whether MAPK are associated with IgE production. We examine the evidence linking p38 MAPK to inflammatory responses. Phos‐p38, extracellular signal‐related kinase (ERK) and c‐JUN‐n terminal (JNK) MAPK expression by blood leucocyte subsets and levels of serum Igs were measured in blood from adults with asthma and/or rhinoconjunctivitis (N = 28) and non‐asthma (N = 10) (flow cytometry, microfluorenzymeimmunoassay). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from allergic subjects were cultured for 10 days ± anti‐CD40/recombinant IL‐4 ± inhibitor of phos‐P38. Culture supernatants were assayed for IgE (ELISA). Phos‐p38 MAPK expression by all leucocyte subsets of allergic subjects was associated with serum IgE levels (p ≤ 0.01), after adjusting for cell counts, age, sex, race and smoking status (p ≤ 0.04). Leucocyte expression of phos‐ERK and JNK did not correlate with IgE (p = 0.09–0.99). Instead, phos‐ERK expression was associated with serum IgG. When PBMC from atopic subjects were cultured for 10 days with anti‐CD40/rhIL‐4, IgE levels were 26.2 ± 18 ng/mL. Inclusion of SB202190 (5–20 μg/mL), a specific inhibitor of phos‐p38 MAPK, in culture suppressed IgE production in dose‐dependent manner, with peak suppression obtained with SB202190 at 20 μg/mL (82.1% ± 11.8) (p = 0.0001), with virtually no cytotoxicity (<5%). Different MAPK pathways may be associated with IgE (p38) and IgG (ERK) responses. Phos‐p38 MAPK can be a potential anti‐allergy drug target.