bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy efficiency of the Visitor Pattern: contrasting Java and C++ implementations
Authors: Connolly Bree Déaglán , Ó Cinnéide Mel
Published: October 2023

Design patterns are applied frequently during software evolution in order to make the software more flexible and amenable to extension. One little-studied aspect of design patterns is their propensity to increase run-time energy consumption due to the indirection and additional structure they introduce. In this paper we study the impact of the Visitor pattern on energy efficiency. The Visitor pattern separates an algorithm from the objects it acts upon and improves maintainability by placing each algorithm within a single visitor class. This is at the cost of increased indirection due to the double dispatch required when the algorithm is invoked. We experimentally investigate the energy impact of varying the implementation of this pattern, and of removing the pattern entirely from software written in Java and C++. In our results we observe energy consumption reductions greater than 7% in a Java-based textbook example when the pattern is implemented using reflective dispatch, and reductions of over 10% when experimenting with an open source Java project, JavaParser. The complete removal of the pattern yields more complex results, with little impact in the textbook example but reductions of over 7% in the JavaParser study. To explore the generalisability of our findings, we subsequently apply the same transformations to the C++ based CppParser. Total pattern removal here sees energy consumption reductions of over 66% while the reflective dispatch approach increases energy consumption by up to 2012%. Our results highlight the energy savings that can be achieved when the Visitor pattern is removed both in Java and C++ implementations, and also show that some language specific features can allow for further energy savings when the implementation of the pattern is varied.
Multi-task learning for X-vector based speaker recognition
Authors: Zhang Yingjie , Liu Liu
Published: October 2023

In this paper, we propose a speaker recognition system that leverages multi-task learning and features integration (MTFI), to improve the performance of x-vector based speaker recognition models. It is important to integrate complementary information from different features such as MFCC, Fbank, spectrogram and LPCC, as often a single feature usually cannot cover all information about a speaker and generalization is insufficient. Since the x-vector model outputs affine transformation values with the penultimate hidden layer in the trained model, the parameter distribution of this layer should be stable and should not be affected by tasks that are not current branches when switching tasks. Therefore, we propose a shared unit (SU) in multi-task learning, which is useful for sharing common representations and other auxiliary tasks. Then, an attention mechanism is designed to calculate the frame weight in the statistical pooling layer, so as to enhance the key frame information. The proposed system had an EER of 0.98% in voxceleb1 and the average score fusion obtained the EER of 0.65%.
Screening for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Young Autistic Adults: The Diagnostic Accuracy of Three Commonly Used Questionnaires
Authors: Palmer Melanie , Fang Zhaonan , Hollocks Matthew J , Charman Tony , Pickles Andrew , Baird Gillian , Simonoff Emily
Published: October 2023

Objective

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common co-occurring condition in autistic individuals. ADHD is sometimes first recognised in young adulthood because ADHD symptoms may be misattributed to autism due to superficial overlap in presentation and diagnostic overshadowing. It should be investigated whether ADHD questionnaires are accurate in screening symptoms in young adults with autism. The current study examined this.

Methods

Participants were autistic young adults (N = 119) who took part in the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP), a population-based cohort. ADHD research diagnoses were obtained through the parent-informed Young Adult Psychiatric Assessment. Parents and young adults (self-report sample N = 71) completed ADHD questionnaires (Aberrant Behavior Checklist hyperactivity/non-compliance subscale, Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales ADHD Index, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ADHD subscale). Receiver operating characteristic analyses were conducted to explore if the questionnaires discriminated ADHD cases from non-cases. To assess whether results varied by intellectual functioning, subgroup analyses were completed for those with an IQ ≥ 70 vs. <70.

Results

Weighted ADHD rates were high. Overall although the measures were performing at or close to adequate levels (area under the curve was 0.66 to 0.79 for parent-report and 0.70 to 0.65 for self-report), no single measure met adequate thresholds for sensitivity and specificity simultaneously. Tool performance was not different for those with an IQ ≥ 70 vs. <70.

Conclusion

No single measure reported adequate performance for distinguishing ADHD from non-ADHD cases in this sample of young autistic adults. Use of current thresholds may lead to under-diagnosis.
The Acquisition of Relative Clauses in Autism: The Role of Executive Functions and Language
Authors: Peristeri Eleni , Kamona Xanthi , Varlokosta Spyridoula
Published: October 2023

Purpose

Relative clauses present a well-known processing asymmetry between object-extracted and subject-extracted dependencies across both typical and atypical populations. The present study aimed at exploring the comprehension of object and subject relative clauses as conceptualized by the Relativized Minimality framework in autistic children and in a group of age- and IQ-matched typically-developing children. The study also explored the way performance in relative clauses would be affected by the children’s language and executive function skills.

Method

Relative clause comprehension was tested through a sentence-picture matching task and language was tested with a receptive vocabulary task. Executive functions were assessed through backward digit recall and a Flanker test.

Results

Object relative clauses were harder to parse for both groups than subject relatives, while number mismatch between the moved object Noun Phrase and the intervening subject Noun Phrase in object relatives boosted both groups’ performances. Typically-developing children’s performance in object relatives was predicted by both language and executive functions, while autistic children failed to use language and did not systematically draw on their executive functions in object relative clause comprehension.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that relative clause processing in autism follows a normal developmental trajectory, and that difficulty with parsing object relative clauses stems from reduced language and executive functions rather than deficits in the children’s morphosyntactic skills.
The Role of Social Support and Acculturation Factors on Postpartum Mental Health Among Latinas in the MADRES Pregnancy Cohort
Authors: Corona Karina , Yang Tingyu , Dunton Genevieve , Toledo-Corral Claudia , Grubbs Brendan , Eckel Sandrah P. , Johnston Jill , Chavez Thomas , Lerner Deborah , Lurvey Nathana , Al-Marayati Laila , Habre Rima , Farzan Shohreh F. , Breton Carrie V. , Bastain Theresa M.
Published: October 2023

We examined the associations between social support and postpartum mental health in 137 U.S. and foreign-born Latinas in the MADRES pregnancy cohort. We also examined whether language, years in the U.S., and country of birth moderates these relationships. Participants were administered PROMIS support measures 1 month postpartum; the Perceived Stress and Postpartum Distress Measure 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum; and the CESD scale 12 months postpartum. Perceived stress was lower at 6 months postpartum for women reporting higher emotional (p = 0.01), informational (p = 0.03), and instrumental support (p < 0.001); and lower at 12 months postpartum for women reporting higher emotional support (p = 0.01). Distress at 6 months was lower in women reporting higher emotional support (p = 0.03). Interactions suggest that associations were stronger for mothers that speak Spanish, spent fewer years in the U.S., and were born in Central America.
Online Altruism: What it is and how it Differs from Other Kinds of Altruism
Authors: Lou Katherine , Floridi Luciano
Published: October 2023

Altruism is a well-studied phenomenon in the social sciences, but online altruism has received relatively little attention. In this article, we examine several cases of online altruism, and analyse the key characteristics of the phenomenon, in particular comparing and contrasting it against models of traditional donor behaviour. We suggest a novel definition of online altruism, and provide an in-depth, mixed-method study of a significant case, represented by the r/Assistance subreddit. We argue that online altruism can be characterized by its differing experiences compared to traditional giving, from a giver’s point of view, and unique mechanisms and actions made possible by the internet. These findings explain why people give to anonymous strangers online and provide a new perspective on altruism that is important in building a more altruistic internet and society.
Rank 5 Trivializable Subriemannian Structure on $$\mathbb {S}^7$$ and Subelliptic Heat Kernel
Authors: Bauer Wolfram , Laaroussi Abdellah , Tarama Daisuke
Published: October 2023

We present an explicit form of the subelliptic heat kernel of the intrinsic sublaplacian $$\Delta _{\textrm{sub}}^5$$

Δ

sub

5

induced by a rank 5 trivializable subriemannian structure on the Euclidean seven dimensional sphere $$\mathbb {S}^7$$

S

7

. This completes the heat kernel analysis of trivializable subriemannian structures on $$\mathbb {S}^7$$

S

7

induced by a Clifford module action on $$\mathbb {R}^8$$

R

8

. As an application we derive the spectrum of $$\Delta _{\textrm{sub}}^5$$

Δ

sub

5

and the Green function of the conformal sublaplacian in an explicit form.
Some thoughts on transparency of the data and analysis behind the Highly Cited Researchers list
Authors: Klein Alexandra-Maria , Kranke Nina
Published: October 2023

Clarivate’s Highly Cited Researchers (HCR) list is one of the most important quantitative performance indicators in science and influences individual careers and also the reputation of research institutions. However, many researchers and representatives of institutions and funding agencies are not familiar with the method that is applied to generate the HCR lists. We therefore provide a detailed description of Clarivate’s method and give an example to illustrate how HCR are identified. While Clarivate provides the complete HCR lists and a detailed description of the method used for identifying HCR, the detailed analysis with actual numbers is not published. It is therefore not entirely transparent how exactly the HCR were identified, and which authors were excluded from the initial list, e.g. due to scientific misconduct. It is also impossible to check the analysis for errors. Given the prestige and weight that is attributed to Clarivate’s HCR list, we call for transparency of the data and analysis behind the HCR list.
A between-cluster approach for clustering skew-symmetric data
Authors: Vicari Donatella , Di Nuzzo Cinzia
Published: October 2023

In order to investigate exchanges between objects, a clustering model for skew-symmetric data is proposed, which relies on the between-cluster effects of the skew-symmetries that represent the imbalances of the observed exchanges between pairs of objects. The aim is to detect clusters of objects that share the same behaviour of exchange so that origin and destination clusters are identified. The proposed model is based on the decomposition of the skew-symmetric matrix pertaining to the imbalances between clusters into a sum of a number of off-diagonal block matrices. Each matrix can be approximated by a skew-symmetric matrix by using a truncated Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) which exploits the properties of the skew-symmetric matrices. The model is fitted in a least-squares framework and an efficient Alternating Least Squares algorithm is provided. Finally, in order to show the potentiality of the model and the features of the resulting clusters, an extensive simulation study and an illustrative application to real data are presented.
Neuroanatomical findings in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder and early Parkinson’s disease: a Voxel-based morphometry study
Authors: Donzuso Giulia , Cicero Calogero E. , Giuliano Loretta , Squillaci Raffaele , Luca Antonina , Palmucci Stefano , Basile Antonello , Lanza Giuseppe , Ferri Raffaele , Zappia Mario , Nicoletti Alessandra
Published: October 2023

Isolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is a parasomnia characterized by loss of physiological atonia of skeletal muscles with abnormal behaviors arising during REM sleep. RBD is often the early manifestation of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly alpha-synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Both structural and functional neuroimaging studies suggest that iRBD might share, or even precede, some of the features commonly found in PD, although without a definitive conclusion. Aim of the study is to evaluate the presence of structural abnormalities involving cortical and subcortical areas in PD patients with RBD and iRBD. Patients with video-polysomnographic (VPSG)-confirmed iRBD, and patients with a diagnosis of PD were recruited. In all PD patients, the presence of probable RBD was assessed during the follow-up visits (PD/pRBD). A group of healthy controls (HC) subjects was also recruited. Each subject underwent a structural brain MRI using a 3-D T1-weighted spoiled gradient echo sequence. Twenty-three patients with iRBD, 24 PD/pRBD, and 26 HC were enrolled. Voxel-based morphometry-AnCOVA analysis revealed clusters of grey matter changes in iRBD and PD/pRBD compared to HC in several regions, involving mainly the frontal and temporal regions. The involvement of cortical brain structures associated to the control of sleep cycle and REM stage both in PD/pRBD and iRBD might suggest the presence of a common structural platform linking iRBD and PD, although this pattern may not underlie exclusively RBD-related features. Further longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the patterns of changes occurring at different time points of RBD-related neurodegeneration.
Random simple-homotopy theory
Authors: Benedetti Bruno , Lai Crystal , Lofano Davide , Lutz Frank H.
Published: October 2023

We implement an algorithm RSHT (random simple-homotopy) to study the simple-homotopy types of simplicial complexes, with a particular focus on contractible spaces and on finding substructures in higher-dimensional complexes. The algorithm combines elementary simplicial collapses with pure elementary expansions. For triangulated d-manifolds with $$d\le 6$$

d
≤
6

, we show that RSHT reduces to (random) bistellar flips. Among the many examples on which we test RSHT, we describe an explicit 15-vertex triangulation of the Abalone, and more generally, $$(14k+1)$$

(
14
k
+
1
)

-vertex triangulations of a new series of Bing’s houses with k rooms, $$k\ge 3$$

k
≥
3

, which all can be deformed to a point using only six pure elementary expansions.
Numerical Modelling and Predicting Performance of Geogrid-Reinforced Low-Volume Unpaved Roads over Soft Subgrades
Authors: Chua Boon Tiong , Nepal Kali Prasad
Published: October 2023

Pavement performance is usually predicted by large-scale laboratory experiments, expensive field tests and/or comparatively cheaper numerical modelling alternative. In this study, a finite element limiting strain model has been developed to investigate the strain response of both unreinforced and geogrid-reinforced pavements on unpaved roads where the geogrid is placed at the bottom of the unbound granular base layer. A two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric finite element model (FEM) is used to analyse the behaviour of both unreinforced and geogrid-reinforced granular base. The critical pavement responses (vertical surface deformation, compressive strain and compressive stress at the top of subgrade, etc.) are simulated numerically using ABAQUS. These critical responses are used to develop the pavement performance models (strain limiting models) and to predict long-term service life of pavement or the reduction of thickness of granular base for equivalent service life or a combination of both. The parametric results are then used to develop design charts to aid practitioners to use directly in designs. The numerical model is verified using published literature-based information and found to be reasonable. The results show that the traffic benefit ratio (TBR) of 3.1 at a 20 mm rut depth can be achieved for a thin granular base built over soft subgrade using a medium stiff geogrid.
A Distributed Microservice Architecture Pattern for the Automated Generation of Information Extraction Pipelines
Authors: Sildatke Michael , Karwanni Hendrik , Kraft Bodo , Zündorf Albert
Published: October 2023

Companies often build their businesses based on product information and therefore try to automate the process of information extraction (IE). Since the information source is usually heterogeneous and non-standardized, classic extract, transform, load techniques reach their limits. Hence, companies must implement the newest findings from research to tackle the challenges of process automation. They require a flexible and robust system that is extendable and ensures the optimal processing of the different document types. This paper provides a distributed microservice architecture pattern that enables the automated generation of IE pipelines. Since their optimal design is individual for each input document, the system ensures the ad-hoc generation of pipelines depending on specific document characteristics at runtime. Furthermore, it introduces the automated quality determination of each available pipeline and controls the integration of new microservices based on their impact on the business value. The introduced system enables fast prototyping of the newest approaches from research and supports companies in automating their IE processes. Based on the automated quality determination, it ensures that the generated pipelines always meet defined business requirements when they come into productive use.
Sustainable Short-Term Production Planning Optimization
Authors: Zanella Fernando , Vaz Clara Bento
Published: October 2023

This study proposes a framework for short-term production planning of a Portuguese company operating as a tier 2 supplier in the automotive sector. The framework is intended to support the decision-making process regarding a single progressive hydraulic press, which is used to manufacture cold-stamped parts for exhaust systems. The framework consists of two sequential levels: (1) a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model to determine the optimal production quantities per week while minimizing the total cost; (2) a dynamic production sequencing rule for scheduling operations on the hydraulic press. The two levels are combined and implemented in Excel, where the MILP model is solved using the Solver add-in, and the second level uses the optimal production quantities as inputs to determine the production sequence using a dynamic priority rule. To validate the framework, a proposed optimal plan was compared to a real plan executed by the company, and it was found that the framework could save up to 22.1% of the total cost observed in reality while still satisfying demand. To address uncertainties, the framework requires a rolling weekly planning horizon.
MLOps Challenges in Industry 4.0
Authors: Faubel Leonhard , Schmid Klaus , Eichelberger Holger
Published: October 2023

An important part of the Industry 4.0 vision is the use of machine learning (ML) techniques to create novel capabilities and flexibility in industrial production processes. Currently, there is a strong emphasis on MLOps as an enabling collection of practices, techniques, and tools to integrate ML into industrial practice. However, while MLOps is often discussed in the context of pure software systems, Industry 4.0 systems received much less attention. So far, there is only little research focusing on MLOps for Industry 4.0. In this paper, we discuss whether MLOps in Industry 4.0 leads to significantly different challenges compared to typical Internet systems. We provide an initial analysis of MLOps approaches and identify both context-independent MLOps challenges (general challenges) as well as challenges particular to Industry 4.0 (specific challenges) and conclude that MLOps works very similarly in Industry 4.0 systems to pure software systems. This indicates that existing tools and approaches are also mostly suited for the Industry 4.0 context.
New Ways in Municipal Flood Mitigation: a Mixed-Integer Programming Approach and its Practical Application
Authors: Boeckmann Jan , Thielen Clemens
Published: October 2023

Adapting to the consequences of climate change is one of the central challenges faced by humanity in the next decades. One of these consequences are intense heavy rain events, which can cause severe damage to buildings due to flooding. In this paper, we present the first use of optimization techniques that scales well enough to be applicable for supporting decision-making in planning precautionary measures for flash floods caused by heavy rain events in realistic scenarios. Our mixed-integer programming model has been implemented as an innovative decision support tool in the form of a web application, which has already been used by more than 30 engineering offices, municipalities, universities, and other institutions. The model aims to minimize the damage caused in the case of a heavy rain event by taking best-possible actions subject to a limited budget and constraints on the cooperation of residents. We further present an efficient, graph-based representation and preprocessing of the surface terrain, a combinatorial algorithm for computing an initial solution of the mixed-integer program, and computational results obtained on real-word data from different municipalities.
Growth, morphology, and formation of cinnabarin in Pycnoporus cinnabarinus in relation to different irradiation spectra
Authors: Schinagl Christoph W. , Siewert Bianka , Hammerle Fabian , Spes Gaja , Peintner Ursula , Schlierenzauer Michael , Vrabl Pamela
Published: October 2023

Background

The demand for natural pigments in general, and for fungi-derived pigments in particular, is constantly rising. Wood-decomposing fungi represent a promising source for natural pigments and they are usually easy to cultivate in pure culture. One of them, i.e., Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, offers a highly interesting spectrum of bioactivity, partly due to the formation of the orange–red pigment cinnabarin. However, apart from a few studies addressing its diverse potential biotechnological applications, there is still a large gap of knowledge concerning the influence of light on the formation of cinnabarin. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of different irradiations on the cinnabarin content, the growth, and the morphology of three different P. cinnabarinus strains. We used highly standardized irradiation conditions and cultivation techniques in combination with newly developed methods for the extraction and direct quantification of cinnabarin.

Results

Red, green, blue, and UV-A irradiation (mean irradiance Ee = 1.5 ± 0.18 W m−2) had considerable effects on the growth and colony appearance of all three P. cinnabarinus strains tested. The cinnabarin content determined was, thus, dependent on the irradiation wavelength applied, allowing strain-specific thresholds to be defined. Irradiation with wavelengths below this strain-specific threshold corresponded to a lower cinnabarin content, at least at the intensity applied. The orange–red pigment appeared by light microscopy as incrusted extracellular plaques present on the hyphal walls. Highly efficient vegetative propagation occurred by arthroconidia, and we observed the tendency that this asexual reproduction was (i) most frequent in the dark but (ii) never occurred under UV-A exposure.

Conclusion

 This study highlights a differential photo-dependence of growth, morphology, and cinnabarin formation in P. cinnabarinus. This confirms that it is advisable to consider the wavelength of the light used in future biotechnological productions of natural pigments.

Graphical abstract
Machine Learning-Based Screening Solution for COVID-19 Cases Investigation: Socio-Demographic and Behavioral Factors Analysis and COVID-19 Detection
Authors: Uddin K. M. Aslam , Prity Farida Siddiqi , Tasnim Maisha , Jannat Sumiya Nur , Faruk Mohammad Omar , Islam Jahirul , Murad Saydul Akbar , Adhikary Apurba , Bairagi Anupam Kumar
Published: October 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has unleashed an unprecedented global crisis, releasing a wave of illness, mortality, and economic disarray of unparalleled proportions. Numerous societal and behavioral aspects have conspired to fuel the rampant spread of COVID-19 across the globe. These factors encompass densely populated areas, adherence to mask-wearing protocols, inadequate awareness levels, and various behavioral and social practices. Despite the extensive research surrounding COVID-19 detection, an unfortunate dearth of studies has emerged to meticulously evaluate the intricate interplay between socio-demographic and behavioral factors and the likelihood of COVID-19 infection. Thus, a comprehensive online-based cross-sectional survey was methodically orchestrated, amassing data from a substantial sample size of 500 respondents. The precisely designed survey questionnaire encompassed various variables encompassing socio-demographics, behaviors, and social factors. The Bivariate Pearson’s Chi-square association test was deftly employed to unravel the complex associations between the explanatory variables and COVID-19 infection. The feature importance approach was also introduced to discern the utmost critical features underpinning this infectious predicament. Four distinct Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, specifically Decision Tree, Random Forest, CatBoost, and XGBoost, were employed to accurately predict COVID-19 infection based on a comprehensive analysis of socio-demographic and behavioral factors. The performance of these models was rigorously assessed using a range of evaluation metrics, including accuracy, recall, precision, ROC-AUC score, and F1 score. Pearson’s Chi-square test revealed a statistically significant association between vaccination status and COVID-19 infection. The use of sanitizer and masks, the timing of infection, and the interval between the first and second vaccine doses were significantly correlated with the likelihood of contracting the COVID-19 virus. Among the ML models tested, the XGBoost classifier demonstrated the highest classification accuracy, achieving an impressive 97.6%. These findings provide valuable insights for individuals, communities, and policymakers to implement targeted strategies aimed at mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Concomitantly combined anterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner reconstruction: A case report
Authors: Van Hoc Nguyen , Manh Khanh Nguyen
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Introduction

Combined posterolateral corner (PLC) - anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears account for 10% of complex knee injuries. In an ACL-PLC injured knee, an untreated PLC injury causes a significant increase in force on the ACL graft and may be a leading cause of graft failure.

Case presentation

A 26-year-old male patient with combined ACL and PLC injury. He was concurrently reconstructed in both ACL and PLC. We used 2 semitendinosus (1 in each knee) and 1 glacilis tendon (in the injured knee). The ACL was reconstructed by one 4-stranded simitendinosus with an all-inside technique and TightRope fixation. The PLC reconstruction utilized one femoral tunnel at the isometric point, graft fixation at the femoral tunnel by TightRope, and at the tibial tunnel by absorbable screw. After a follow-up of 9 months, Cincinnati’s score was 70/100 and the IKDC score was B type.

Discussion

The main advantage is that surgeons do not have to care about tendon length and graft diameter compared to the previous method.

Conclusion

Concomitantly combined ACL and PLC reconstruction has good results in remaining knee functions and decreasing ACL reconstruction failure. However, femoral tunnel creation needs to be careful to avoid femoral tunnel intersections.

Highlights
Herbert Puchta's 101 Tips for Teaching Teenagers
Authors: Puchta Herbert
Published: October 2023

This compact, user-friendly book provides practical tips to help you address the challenges of the teenage classroom.

This compact, user-friendly book draws on Herbert Puchta's rich knowledge and experience to help you address the challenges of the teenage classroom. It references recent research and developments in understanding teenagers and offers practical tips for creating positive classroom dynamics and guiding teenagers towards becoming mature and responsible adults.
Assimilation of Transformed Retrievals From Satellite High‐Resolution Infrared Data Over the Central Pacific Area
Authors: Cherubini Tiziana , Antonelli Paolo , Businger Steven , Scaccia Paolo
Published: October 2023

A month‐long data assimilation experiment is carried out to assess the impact of CrIS and IASI Transformed Retrievals (TRs) on the accuracy of analyses and forecasts from a 3‐hr Weather Research and Forecasting cycling system implemented over the central North Pacific Ocean. Conventional observations and satellite MicroWave (MW) radiance data are assimilated along with TRs in comparative experiments. Both the NCEP Global Forecasting System and the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts analyses are used in the evaluation process. The results show that the assimilation of TRs alone, and in combination with MW radiance assimilation, have the greatest impact on the characterization of the moisture field in the middle atmospheric levels (800–300 hPa), and particularly in the lower portion (800–600 hPa). The latter improvement is likely due to a refinement in the vertical definition of the trade‐wind inversion.
Heavy Rainfall Forecast of Landfalling Tropical Cyclone Over China With an Upgraded DSAEF_LTP Model
Authors: Wang Mingyang , Ding Chenchen , Ren Fumin , Zhang Da‐Lin , Jia Li
Published: October 2023

Since the release of the Dynamical‐Statistical‐Analog Ensemble Forecast for Landfalling Typhoon Precipitation (DSAEF_LTP) model, a series of upgrades has been made to improve its heavy rainfall forecast performance for different cases and regions of China. However, little effort has been given to systematic evaluation of its multi‐upgraded version with a large sample size, especially for all the coastal regions of China. This study evaluates the performance of Version 1.0 (V1.0) and its improved Version 1.1 (V1.1) of the DSAEF_LTP model in simulating heavy rainfall amounts associated with 76 landfalling tropical cyclones (LTCs) over China during 2004–2016. The optimized schemes from these simulations are then applied to the heavy rainfall forecasts of 37 LTCs during 2017–2020. To further improve the forecast performance of V1.1, a subregional re‐ensemble scheme, referred to as V1.1R, is introduced after examining its performances over three coastal subregions of China. A comparison of the forecast performances of V1.0, V1.1, V1.1R, and four operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models for the 37 LTCs shows that the performance of V1.1 is much better than that of V1.0, with a 65% higher summed threat score (TS) for over 250‐mm (TS250) and 100‐mm (TS100) rainfall; and that V1.1R's TS100 and TS250 values are further improved by 8% and 20%, respectively, as compared to V1.1. These values are superior to those of the four operational NWP models. Additionally, case studies reveal that the track distributions and intensities of LTCs may significantly impact the forecast performance of heavy rainfall.
A Strong Quake (or Two) Rattled Puget Sound 1,100 Years Ago
Authors: Wilke Carolyn
Published: October 2023

Tree rings hint that two neighboring faults ruptured within 6 months of each other and suggest that the maximum magnitude of quakes around Puget Sound could exceed previous estimates.
An Unprecedented Sea Ice Retreat in the Weddell Sea Driving an Overall Decrease of the Antarctic Sea‐Ice Extent Over the 20th Century
Authors: Dalaiden Quentin , Rezsöhazy Jeanne , Goosse Hugues , Thomas Elizabeth R. , Vladimirova Diana O. , Tetzner Dieter
Published: October 2023

Sea‐ice extent is predicted to decrease in a warming climate. However, despite global warming over the past century, total Antarctic sea ice remained relatively stable from 1979 until 2015, before strongly melting. Here we explore the long‐term sea ice variability by reconstructing Antarctic sea ice since 1700 CE, based on paleoclimate records and data assimilation. Our results indicate a decline in southern hemisphere sea‐ice extent over the 20th century, driven by a reduction of 0.26 million km2 in the Weddell Sea that reached values at the end of the century lower than any other reconstructed period. The Ross Sea experienced an increasing sea‐ice cover trend due to a low‐pressure system located off the Amundsen Sea coast, offset by a decreasing trend in the Bellingshausen‐Amundsen Sea. Models failed to account for the Ross Sea increase, resulting in an overly uniform estimate of Antarctic sea ice loss over the 20th century.
Large Scale Salinity Anomaly Has Triggered the Recent Decline of Winter Convection in the Greenland Sea
Authors: Almeida Lucas , Kolodziejczyk Nicolas , Lique Camille
Published: October 2023

The Greenland Sea is a key region for open ocean convection and ventilation, which exhibit a large variability with periods of strong convection and shutdowns. After a long period of weak winter convection (from the 1970s to the early 1990s), a recovery has been reported, beginning in the 1990s and intensifying in the early 2000s until 2013. Using ISAS, an optimal interpolation product based on Argo observations, we document a recent significant weakening of deep convection between 2014 and 2020, accompanied by a continuous warming of the mixed layer but also a freshening after 2014. These hydrographic changes likely increase the ocean stratification and precondition the shutdown of winter convection. We suggest that these property changes result from a shift of the large scale atmospheric circulation, affecting the source of Atlantic Water to the Nordic seas, causing a freshening of about −0.1 g kg−1 that spreads into the Greenland Sea.
Deep Short‐Term Slow Slip and Tremor in the Manawatu Region, New Zealand
Authors: Fasola Shannon L. , Jackson Noel M. , Williams Charles A.
Published: October 2023

The Manawatu region experiences deep tremor and long‐term slow slip events (SSEs); however, tremor is adjacent to, and not co‐located with, long‐term SSEs. Observations of episodic tremor and slip (ETS) elsewhere suggest it is possible smaller short‐term SSEs below the current detection threshold occur where tremor is observed. Therefore, we sought to determine if small SSEs occurred with Manawatu tremor. We decomposed GNSS data using times of tremor to assess average surface displacements and performed a static slip inversion to model the displacement during tremor. The slip inversion suggested small slow slip partially coincided with tremor and long‐term SSEs may influence these small SSEs by increasing slip rates. We suggest that the interface below deep long‐term SSEs may slip often, in small ETS‐like SSEs that are not individually detectable geodetically. The question remains as to the nature of the strong variability in SSE behavior with depth and duration in the southern Hikurangi margin.
Time Lags Between Ionospheric Scintillation Detection at Northern Auroral Latitudes and Onset of Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Yang Zhe , Morton Y. T. Jade , Liu Yunxiang
Published: October 2023

Ionospheric responses to geomagnetic storms can cause irregular plasma structures and scintillation of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals. In this paper, we investigate time lags between the detection of GNSS signal scintillation at northern hemisphere auroral latitudes and the onset of 15 geomagnetic storms that occurred in 2015–2017. The results show that the time lags between the detection of ground‐based GNSS scintillations and the observed sudden change in solar wind parameters are between tens of minutes and 15 hr. This time lag consists of two segments. The first segment is about 30–80 min, which is the lag between observed disturbances in the geomagnetic field and solar wind disturbances detected by orbiting spacecrafts around the L1 point. The second segment is between the observed GNSS signal scintillation and the storm sudden commencement (SSC). This second lag segment varies in the range of about 10–830 min and highly depends on the storm onset time and geomagnetic locations of GNSS signal propagation paths. Longer time lags over 450 min were observed with the signal ionospheric piercing point at 60–70° geomagnetic latitudes (MLAT) on the dayside, while shorter lags of 10∼450 min were observed with the signal IPPs at 68–81° MLAT and on the nightside at the time of SSC. The lag time variations can be explained by ionospheric irregularity production and transport processes associated with a variety of auroral and polar cap phenomena in response to solar wind coupling to the magnetosphere and ionosphere.
3D Crustal Structure of the Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya: Signatures of Mid‐Crustal Ramp and Lesser Himalayan Duplex
Authors: Mitra Supriyo , Sharma Swati , Wanchoo Sunil Kumar , Priestley Keith
Published: October 2023

The NW Himalayan “seismic gap” lies between the 1905 and 2005 earthquake rupture zones and straddles the meisoseismal zone of the 1555‐Kashmir earthquake. Sufficient elastic strain has now accumulated across this region to drive a mega‐thrust earthquake. We model the crustal structure and geometry of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) using Jammu and Kashmir Seismological NETwork data. P‐wave receiver‐function spatial and common‐conversion‐point (CCP) stacks, and joint inversion with Rayleigh‐wave group‐velocities are used to construct 3D Vs model of the region. This model reveals increasing crustal thickness from foreland‐to‐hinterland, and an under‐thrust Indian crust beneath NW Himalaya. The Moho is at ∼45 km depth beneath Sub‐Himalaya deepening to ∼70 km beneath Higher‐to‐Tethyan Himalaya with a gentle NE dip. The MHT forms a low‐velocity layer and has a flat–ramp geometry. The flat segment is beneath Sub‐to‐Lesser Himalaya at 6–10 km depth, and dips ∼4°. The mid‐crustal (frontal) ramp is beneath Kishtwar Higher‐Himalaya and Zanskar Range at 10–16 km depth, and dips ∼13–17°. Crustal structure varies along‐arc between east (Kishtwar) and west (Kashmir Valley) segments. A Lesser Himalayan duplex (LHD) lies beneath the Kishtwar Window and is bound by MHT and Main Central Thrust. The LHD high‐angle imbricate structures are illuminated by moderate seismicity. Beneath Kashmir Valley, the underthrust crust is ∼10 km thicker, has higher crustal Vs, and a shallower MHT at ∼10 km depth. The westward shallowing of MHT occurs through a lateral ramp. Aftershocks of the 2013‐Kishtwar earthquake concentrate on the frontal–lateral ramp intersection and mark the MHT down‐dip locked‐to‐creep transition.
Evaluation and Error Source Analysis of Convection‐Permitting Forecasts for Localized Nocturnal Rainfall Over a Complex Mountainous Region in Pearl River Delta, South China
Authors: Rao Xiaona , Zhu Kefeng , Zhao Kun , Chen Xingchao , Hu Sheng , Liu Xiantong , Zhou Ang
Published: October 2023

The concave mountainous area of Pearl River Delta (PRD) is a summer rainfall hotspot of South China due to the presence of warm‐moist monsoon flow and complex orography. This study evaluated the performance of a convection‐permitting Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in forecasting nocturnal rainfall in this area, focusing on days with low level southwesterly winds during the summers of 2013–2015. Results showed that the nocturnal rainfall exhibited two centers, one located along the large‐scale northern mountains and the other along the small‐scale Huadu Hill. WRF demonstrated superior performance in predicting rainfall over the northern mountainous region. In contrast, WRF significantly underestimated nocturnal rainfall both near local Huadu Hill and in the foothill area of northern mountains, which were strongly influenced by local forcings. Using high‐resolution analyses from Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System (VDRAS) and Automatic Weather Stations observations, we firstly identified the sources of forecast errors in triggering a typical localized nocturnal convection. Results revealed that WRF severely underestimated thermal contrast between the Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration and the concave mountains, leading to the absence of the northeastern/northern inflows toward the cities. Consequently, low level convergence and updrafts near the convection initiation position were too weak to lift air parcels above the severely overestimated level of free convection, thereby failing to trigger the convection. VDRAS‐based sensitivity experiments, with a specific focus on assimilating surface temperature, validated the crucial role of urban‐mountain thermal contrast on local winds that triggered the nocturnal convection.
The Cyclin-dependent kinase 1: more than a cell cycle regulator
Authors: Massacci Giorgia , Perfetto Livia , Sacco Francesca
Published: October 2023

The Cyclin-dependent kinase 1, as a serine/threonine protein kinase, is more than a cell cycle regulator as it was originally identified. During the last decade, it has been shown to carry out versatile functions during the last decade. From cell cycle control to gene expression regulation and apoptosis, CDK1 is intimately involved in many cellular events that are vital for cell survival. Here, we provide a comprehensive catalogue of the CDK1 upstream regulators and substrates, describing how this kinase is implicated in the control of key ‘cell cycle-unrelated’ biological processes. Finally, we describe how deregulation of CDK1 expression and activation has been closely associated with cancer progression and drug resistance.
HER-3 surface expression increases in advanced colorectal cancer representing a potential therapeutic target
Authors: Capone Emily , Tryggvason Thordur , Cela Ilaria , Dufrusine Beatrice , Pinti Morena , Del Pizzo Francesco , Gunnarsdottir Helga Sigrun , Grottola Tommaso , De Laurenzi Vincenzo , Iacobelli Stefano , Lattanzio Rossano , Sala Gianluca
Published: October 2023

HER-3 (also known as ErbB-3) is a human epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases family member, and its expression in CRC (colorectal cancer) tissues was previously associated with poor prognosis. In this study, HER-3 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in two cohorts of early and advanced metastatic CRC patients. The first cohort included 180 patients diagnosed with CRC in absence of lymph nodes or distant metastases (Stage I and Stage II), while the second was obtained from 53 advanced metastatic CRC patients who developed synchronous (SM) and metachronous (MM) liver metastases. In the first early-stage CRC cohort, 86 out of 180 (47.8%) tumors showed membranous expression of HER-3, with a mean percentage of positive tumor cells of 25.7%; conversely, in advanced metastatic CRC primary tumors, HER-3 was detected in all specimens, with a mean percentage of positive tumor cells of 76.1%. Kaplan–Meier curves showed that in the advanced metastatic CRC group, patients with HER-3high tumors had a significantly lower Cancer-Specific Survival (CSS) rate compared to patients with HER-3low tumors (p = 0.021). Importantly, this worse CSS rate was observed only in the MM subgroup of patients with HER-3high tumors (p = 0.002). Multivariate analysis confirmed that high HER-3 expression represents a significant and strong risk factor for death in patients developing MM liver metastases (Hazard Ratio = 64.9; 95% Confidence Interval, 4.7–886.6; p = 0.002). In addition, using a specific anti-HER-3 antibody-drug conjugate, named EV20/MMAF, we showed that HER-3 + CRC cells can be efficiently targeted in vitro and in vivo. Overall, this study confirms that surface HER-3 is highly expressed in CRC and reveals that HER-3 expression increases in metastatic CRC patients compared to early stage. Importantly, the results suggest that HER-3 has a prognostic and therapeutic value in patients developing MM liver metastases.
Elucidating the active phases of CoOx films on Au(111) in the CO oxidation reaction
Authors: Chen Hao , Falling Lorenz J. , Kersell Heath , Yan George , Zhao Xiao , Oliver-Meseguer Judit , Jaugstetter Max , Nemsak Slavomir , Hunt Adrian , Waluyo Iradwikanari , Ogasawara Hirohito , Bell Alexis T. , Sautet Philippe , Salmeron Miquel
Published: October 2023

Noble metals supported on reducible oxides, like CoOx and TiOx, exhibit superior activity in many chemical reactions, but the origin of the increased activity is not well understood. To answer this question we studied thin films of CoOx supported on an Au(111) single crystal surface as a model for the CO oxidation reaction. We show that three reaction regimes exist in response to chemical and topographic restructuring of the CoOx catalyst as a function of reactant gas phase CO/O2 stoichiometry and temperature. Under oxygen-lean conditions and moderate temperatures (≤150 °C), partially oxidized films (CoOx<1) containing Co0 were found to be efficient catalysts. In contrast, stoichiometric CoO films containing only Co2+ form carbonates in the presence of CO that poison the reaction below 300 °C. Under oxygen-rich conditions a more oxidized catalyst phase (CoOx>1) forms containing Co3+ species that are effective in a wide temperature range. Resonant photoemission spectroscopy (ResPES) revealed the unique role of Co3+ sites in catalyzing the CO oxidation. Density function theory (DFT) calculations provided deeper insights into the pathway and free energy barriers for the reactions on these oxide phases. These findings in this work highlight the versatility of catalysts and their evolution to form different active phases, both topological and chemically, in response to reaction conditions exposing a new paradigm in the catalyst structure during operation.
Recent acceleration in global ocean heat accumulation by mode and intermediate waters
Authors: Li Zhi , England Matthew H. , Groeskamp Sjoerd
Published: October 2023

The ocean absorbs >90% of anthropogenic heat in the Earth system, moderating global atmospheric warming. However, it remains unclear how this heat uptake is distributed by basin and across water masses. Here we analyze historical and recent observations to show that ocean heat uptake has accelerated dramatically since the 1990s, nearly doubling during 2010–2020 relative to 1990–2000. Of the total ocean heat uptake over the Argo era 2005–2020, about 89% can be found in global mode and intermediate water layers, spanning both hemispheres and both subtropical and subpolar mode waters. Due to anthropogenic warming, there are significant changes in the volume of these water-mass layers as they warm and freshen. After factoring out volumetric changes, the combined warming of these layers accounts for ~76% of global ocean warming. We further decompose these water-mass layers into regional water masses over the subtropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and in the Southern Ocean. This shows that regional mode and intermediate waters are responsible for a disproportionate fraction of total heat uptake compared to their volume, with important implications for understanding ongoing ocean warming, sea-level rise, and climate impacts.