bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifikasi Ekosistem Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) sebagai Pendukung Desa Wisata Rawabogo, Kecamatan Ciwidey, Kabupaten Bandung
Authors: Aztamurri Fadhilla Ihsani , Indratno Imam
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Rawabogo Village is one of the tourist villages in Ciwidey District which has millions of potential enough to be used as supporters of a tourist village. Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) have an important role in supporting a village to become a tourist village. In addition, MSMEs also help increase economic growth such as creating job opportunities, thereby creating income and wealth, as well as reducing poverty. Therefore, identification of the MSME ecosystem was carried out to find out how far the ecosystem supports the existing MSMEs, as an effort to support the development of the Raawabogo Tourism Village. The method used in this research is the Qualitative Descriptive Method and the Likert Scale Method with the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EES) approach or the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach. The results of the analysis state that they do not support the MSME ecosystem because of the lack of support for the ecosystem, both from the village government and from the village community. This has resulted in MSMEs in Rawabogo Village being hampered by their development and having an impact on the development of tourist villages. Efforts are made in the form of CBT (Community Based Tourism) considering that in planning the tourism village, it does not involve the role of the community.

Abstrak. Desa Rawabogo merupakan salah satu desa wisata di Kecamatan Ciwidey yang memiliki berjuta potensi yang cukup dijadikan sebagai pendukung sebuah desa wisata. Usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah (UMKM) mempunyai peran penting dalam mendukung sebuah desa menjadi desa wisata. Selain itu, UMKM juga membantu meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi seperti terciptanya peluang kerja, sehingga tercipta pendapatan dan kekayaan, serta mengurangi kemiskinan. Maka dari itu dilakukan pengidentifikasian terhadap ekosistem UMKM guna mengetahui sejauhmana menunjangnya ekosistem tersebut terhadap UMKM yang ada, sebagai upaya pendukung pengembangan Desa Wisata Raawabogo. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ialah metode skala likert dan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EES) atau pendekatan ekosistem kewirausahaan. Hasil dari analisis menyatakan bahwa kurang menunjangnya ekosistem UMKM disebabkan kurangnya support terhadap ekosistem tersebut, baik dari pihak pemerintah desa maupun dari pihak masyarakat desa. Hal ini mengakibatkan UMKM di Desa Rawabogo menjadi terhambat perkembangannya serta ikut berdampak kepada pengembangan desa wisata. Dilakukannya upaya berupa CBT (Community Based Tourism) mengingat dalam perencanaan pada desa wisata tidak sedikit melibatkan peran masyarakat.
Penerapan Planned Maintenance untuk Mereduksi Downtime Mesin MOJ-3 di Departemen Finishing PT. XYZ
Authors: Avrilio Naufal Fadhillah , Endang Prasetyaningsih  , Nita P. A. Hidayat
Published: March 2022

Abstract. PT. XYZ is a company that produces plastic sacks and warings for local and foreign consumers (exports). This research was conducted at the Finishing Department, which carries out the process of cutting sack rolls into packaged products. There are three series of production processes, namely cutting, sewing, and packing. The process of cutting and sewing is done with the MOJ machine, namely MOJ-1, MOJ-2, and MOJ-3. The MOJ-3 engine is the engine that has the highest downtime, which is 409,68 hours. The downtime of the MOJ-3 machine caused the production process to stop because the sacks produced on the MOJ-3 machine could not be transferred to another machine. This research aims to impelement planned maintenance with determine the maintenance intervals to increase machine reliability. Maintenance intervals are specified for conveyor clip components, knife supports, and sewing loopers. The maintenance interval for clip conveyor components is 90 hours, knife support is 72 hours, and the sewing looper is 105 hours. The downtime of the clip conveyor component can be reduced to 19,41 hours, the knife support component to 8,55 hours, and the sewing looper component to 6,17 hours. The calculation results show that joint maintenance with a time interval of 105 hours can reduce the total maintenance cost from Rp207.963.924 (currently) to Rp91.808.815 (proposed).

Abstrak. PT. XYZ merupakan perusahaan yang memproduksi karung plastik dan waring kepada distributor lokal dan konsumen luar negeri (ekspor). Penelitian ini dilakukan di Departemen Finishing yang melakukan proses pemotongan gulungan karung hingga menjadi produk yang telah dikemas. Terdapat tiga rangkaian proses produksi, yaitu pemotongan, penjahitan, dan pengepakan. Proses pemotongan dan penjahitan dilakukan dengan mesin MOJ, yaitu MOJ-1, MOJ-2 dan MOJ-3. Mesin MOJ-3 merupakan mesin yang memiliki downtime tertinggi, yaitu 409,68 jam. Downtime mesin MOJ-3 mengakibatkan proses produksi terhenti, karena karung yang diproduksi pada mesin MOJ-3 tidak dapat dipindahkan ke mesin lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan planned maintenance dengan menentukan interval pemeliharaan agar dapat meningkatkan keandalan mesin. Interval pemeliharaan ditentukan untuk tiga komponen kritis mesin MOJ-3, yaitu clip conveyor, penyangga pisau, dan looper jahit. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa interval pemeliharaan komponen clip conveyor sebesar 90 jam, penyangga pisau sebesar 72 jam, dan looper jahit sebesar 105 jam. Dengan interval pemeliharaan yang dihasilkan, downtime komponen clip conveyor dapat direduksi menjadi 19,41 jam, komponen penyangga pisau menjadi 8,55 jam, dan komponen looper jahit menjadi 6,17 jam. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa pemeliharaan bersama dengan interval waktu 105 jam mampu menurunkan total biaya pemeliharaan dari Rp207.963.924 (saat ini) menjadi Rp91.808.815 (usulan).
Assessment of 2 Hair Removal Methods in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: LeFors Jennifer E , Anderson Laura M , Hanson Margaret A , Raiciulescu Sorana
Published: March 2022

Rabbits are frequently used as surgical models in research. However, studies assessing the effects of various hair removal methods on wound healing and surgical site infection (SSI) in rabbits are sparse. Here we evaluated the effects of 2 hair removal methods—clipping with electric
clippers and using a commercial depilatory agent—on wound healing and SSI as assessed via wound scoring and histology. Incisions were assigned ASEPSIS scores on days 3 and 7. To assess whether the hair removal methods influenced aseptic preparation, swabs for bacterial culture were obtained
just after hair removal on day 0, after aseptic skin preparation on day 0, and on day 1. For histopathologic assessment, full-thickness punch biopsies were obtained on days 0, 1, 3, 7, and 21. Histopathology revealed significant differences between the 2 methods, with the depilatory method
having consistently higher scores (that is, more abnormalities). We conclude that for a surgical preparation regimen, clipping is safer, more efficacious, and less traumatic to tissues in rabbits.
FAKTOR- FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI VIRAL MARKETING ATTITUDE TERHADAP MOBILE VIRAL MARKETING INTENTION
Authors: RIDHO AHMAD
Published: March 2022

Internet users, especially younger ones, spend a lot of time on the Internet to interact with others through various channels and applications such as e-mail, instant messaging, and even online games. The growing use of mobile devices today makes the interaction between individuals online becomes easier and more intense. One of the implications of this condition is the phenomenon of spreading viral content through mobile devices. This provides various impacts for both consumers and marketers. This research attempts to continue several prior research efforts through empirical testing of a mobile viral marketing synthesis model in the Indonesian context. This research uses descriptive research design approach with empirical data collected through an online survey of young generation samples in Jabodetabek. Empirical data is then processed using Structural Equation Modeling approach to test a number of hypotheses proposed. The results of this research conclusion are as follows: 1) Perceived Usefulness proved positively and significantly influence to Viral Marketing attitude, 2) Perceived Ease Of Use not proven positive and not significant to Viral Marketing attitude, 3) Perceived Cost proven negative and not significant to Viral Marketing attitude, 4) Perceived Enjoyment proved to have a positive and significant effect on Viral Marketing attitude, 5) Viral Marketing attitude proved to have a positive and significant effect on Mobile Viral Marketing Intention, 6) Altruism proved to have a positive and significant effect on Mobile Viral Marketing Intention.
Pengembangan Permainan Interaktif Berbasis Teknologi Untuk Anak Usia Dini
Authors: Widhiasih Angger Prima , Yunita Sandra
Published: March 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan produk berupa Permainan Interaktif Berbasis Teknologi dan bagaimana penerapannya dalam pembelajaran. Pengembangan permainan interaktif ini menggunakan model 4D. Model pengembangan 4D terdiri dari empat tahap, yaitu pendefinisian, perancangan, pengembangan, dan penyebarluasan. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara dan lembar validasi. Hasil expert review diperoleh nilai rata-rata hasil penilaian permainan interaktif oleh ahli materi mendapat hasil 92% dan ahli media mendapat hasil 92%. Hasil uji coba guru mendapat hasil 83%. Pada tahap uji coba lapangan mendapat hasil 77%. Berdasarkan hasil uji coba lapangan menunjukkan permainan interaktif termasuk dalam kategori “baik”, maka permainan interaktif berbasis teknologi untuk anak usia dini telah layak untuk digunakan.Kata kunci: Pengembangan Permainan Interaktif, Anak Usia Dini
STUDENTS’ PROBLEMS IN ANSWERING LISTENING SECTION OF TOEFL AT NON ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM OF UPN VETERAN JAKARTA
Authors: Fitariana Cut , Almanar Abduh - , Rohim Abdul
Published: March 2022

This research aimed  to find the problems that students did in answering TOEFL especially in listening section. The research used descriptive qualitative approach. For the data collection, it used the instrument is interview.  The subjects of the research were non english department students in seventh grade of FIKES Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta. To analyze the data, it was through the techniques: data collection, data display, data reduction, and conclusion drawing.  25 seventh semester students of Nursing Study Program participated in this study selected by using random sampling techniques. Descriptive qualitative method was used in this research. The results of this research indicate that the difficulties experienced by students based on the the interview are difficultiy in their concentration while listening, difficulty regarding vocabulary meaning, difficulty in catching meaning in long and speed conversation, and difficulty in recognizing unfamiliar topic.
SECONDARY STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN ENGLISH VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT AT ACULMAITL SCHOOL MEXICO.
Authors: Márquez Martínez Marisol , - Arjulayana -
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this research was to relate the extent to which the virtual learning environment improved the English language performance of first-year secondary school students in Mexico. This research had a quantitative approach with a correlational and explanatory scope to see how the variables were related, observing how reliable a virtual environment could be. In short, the importance of the study is that students develop digital skills and knowledge, so that they could take advantage of the content and make use of the digital teaching materials and resources presented on the platform. The study was carried out using non-probabilistic sampling since the subjects are 11 adolescents from the 1st year of secondary school, and they were chosen for using the platform during the school year. Taking into consideration different factors such as the individual and the context they  live in. On the individual development, to cognitive variables such as learning style, prior learning, intelligence, and learning, while the latter involves motivational variables. In the context, there are three variables: the first is institutional re-use, the school centre, the school management, teacher training, and the school environment.
KONSEP PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DALAM PERSPEKTIF AL-QUR’AN SURAH LUQMAN AYAT 12-19
Authors: Fitriana Fitriana
Published: March 2022

Islamic education is essentially oriented towards religious and worldly goals, namely to form a generation of robbani who are obedient to the laws of God, and are able to face all forms of life challenges that exist, so that their lives become benefits for themselves and their environment. which is always appropriate for every age and place, provides guidance and direction in all areas of life in general, as well as in the principles and concepts in the field of education in particular. Among them as contained in the luqman chapter 12-19 which gives details of the basic concept of Islamic education as a whole; includes aqeedah, sharia and morality.Keywords: Concept, Islamic Education, Al-Qur'an, Surah Luqman Verses 12-19.
RUMUSAN SISTEM PENDIDIKAN YANG ISLAMI
Authors: Mubin Ali
Published: March 2022

This research is motivated by several reasons, including, First, at this time there was a philosophical error that was applied by educational institutions that is generally education in Indonesia is influenced by Western paradigms that tend to be secular. Second: it is time for Muslims to apply educational principles based on Islamic teachings that originate from the Koran and Sunnah. The writing method uses a descriptive analytical method that is philosophical normative that is adjusted to the sources of literature. The results of the study can be mentioned that the formulation of Islamic education is education that bases its conception on the teachings of monotheism, namely efforts to streamline the application of Islamic religious values that can lead to the transformation of values and knowledge as a whole to humans, society and the world in general in accordance with values which is transcendental
WACANA BERITA KURIKULUM OPERASIONAL SEKOLAH DI SEKOLAH PENGGERAK PADA KORAN DIGITAL RADARSOLO.JAWAPOS.COM (ANALISIS WACANA KRITIS MODEL TEUN A. VAN DIJK)
Authors: Rufaidah Desy , Ermawati Ermawati , Sumarlam Sumarlam
Published: March 2022

Saat ini berita tidak hanya disajikan dalam bentuk cetak, tetapi disajikan pula dalam bentuk digital,daring. Melalui berita, komunikator dapat menyampaikan informasi, menyosialisasikan, mengampanyekan, memengaruhi, mengintimidasi, dan menanamkan ideologi kepada partisipan (pembaca). Makna dari wacana dan proses produksi berita dapat diketahui dengan analisis model Teun A. Van. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan struktur teks dan konteks sosial model Teun A. Van Dijk pada wacana teks berita daring radarsolo.jawapos.com dengan judul “Sekolah Penggeran di Solo Kebut Rancang Kurikulum Baru”. Berita tersebut diterbitkan 13 Juli 2021. Data penelitian ini berupa penggalan berita daring berjudul “Sekolah Penggeran di Solo Kebut Rancang Kurikulum Baru”. Sumber data diperoleh dari surat kabar daring radarsolo.jawapos.com. Metode simak, teknik simak bebas libat cakap, catat, dan studi Pustaka digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data. Instrumen penelitian yaitu pemahaman peneliti mengenai AWK model Teun A. Van Dijk dan sekolah penggerak dengan kartu data. Keabsahan data dilakukan dengan triangulasi teknik. Metode analisis data menggunakan metode analisis wacana kritis model Teun A. Van Dijk. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa struktur teks berita tersebut memuat tiga dimensi teks yaitu struktur makro, superstruktur, struktur mikro. Struktur makro yaitu sekolah penggerak harus menggunakan Kurikulum Operasional Sekolah. Superstruktur meliputi meliputi bagian summary dan story, sedangkan struktur mikro meliputi latar, detil, koherensi, bentuk kalimat, leksikon, dan grafis. Dalam konteks sosial diketahui tidak terdapat praktik kekuasaan dan akses luas. Kata kunci: Kurikulum Operasional, Analisis Wacana
Examination of the Relationship Between Social Appearance Anxiety and Communication Skills of Faculty of Sport Sciences Students
Authors:   Aksaray University (Turkey), Öcal Tuncay , Metin Serkan Necati ,   Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University (Turkey)
Published: March 2022

Concerns about social appearance, which are common especially among young people, and their preferences in communication based on these concerns have come to a remarkable level. From this point of view, the study aimed determined to examine the relationship between social appearance anxiety and communication skills levels on the students in the faculties of sports sciences. Following the aim, the research was performed on 220 students in total, and male and female students were selected randomly. The sample of the study, in which the relational screening model, which is one of the quantitative research methods, was used as a method. Besides, the "Social Appearance Anxiety Scale" (SAAS) and the " Communication Skills Assessment Scale (CSAS) was used, and ANOVA and t-tests were used in the statistical evaluation of the data. In the evaluation of the data, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in the sub-dimensions of communication skills in terms of communication skills depending on gender (p<0.05). Moreover, it was understood that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of social appearance anxiety related to the gender variable (p>0.05).
Performance Evaluation the Turbidity Removal Efficiency of AL-Muthana Water Treatment Plant
Authors: Nasier Mohammad , Abdulrazzaq Khalid Adel
Published: March 2022

Turbidity is a visual property of water that expresses the amount of suspended substances in the water. Its presence in quantities more significant than the permissible limit makes the water undrinkable and reduces the effectiveness of disinfectants in treating pathogens. On this basis, turbidity is used as a basic indicator for measuring water quality. This study aims to evaluate the removal efficiency of AL- Muthanna WTP. Water turbidity was used as a basic parameter in the evaluation, using performance improvement evaluation and data from previous years (2016 to 2020). The average raw water turbidity was 26.7 NTU, with a minimum of 14 NTU, with a maximum of 48 NTU. Water turbidity value for 95% of settling daily reading data was (13.7) NTU which is larger than the goal value (10) NTU, which achieves (51.2) % of the optimum goal. In comparison, the water turbidity value for 95% of daily reading data of water filtered was (6.90) NTU which is larger than the goal value (5) NTU, which achieves (68.8) % of the optimum goal. The removal efficiency for previous years (2016 to 2020) was (78.5, 76, 73.5, 72, 68)%, respectively, within acceptable limits.
Comparison of Seepage Trough Zoned Earth dam Using Improved Light-Textured Soils
Authors: Alzamily Zaid Neamah , Abed Basim Sh.
Published: March 2022

Seepage through earth dams is one of the most popular causes for earth dam collapse due to internal granule movement and seepage transfer. In earthen dams, the core plays a vital function in decreasing seepage through the dam body and lowering the phreatic line. In this research, an alternative soil to the clay soil used in the dam core has been proposed by conducting multiple experiments to test the permeability of silty and sandy soil with different additives materials. Then the selected sandy soil model was used to represent the dam experimentally, employing a permeability device to measure the amount of water that seeps through the dam's body and to represent the seepage line. A numerical model was adopted using Geo-Studio software in the branch (SEEP/W)  to simulate the experimental model, examined soils with different percentages of additives, and compared the numerical and experimental results to predict the innovation model of soil. It was found that the sandy type (C) soil model has a permeability very close to that of clay soil when using 10% cement kiln dust (CKD) and 5% cement as additives. Furthermore, soil type (C) was calibrated with the core soil of HIMREEN Earth dam, which is clay soil, as well as with the core soil of HADITHA Earth dam, which is composed of dolomite. The comparison between the results of the hypothetical simulated cases and the real cases were revealed a high agreement between the two cases according to the resulted of identical phreatic (seepage) lines and the calculated amount of seepages water from these cases.
Removal of Dye from Synthetic Wastewater by Liquid Membrane
Authors: Hameed Saba’ A. , Flayeh Hussein. M.
Published: March 2022

New technologies have risen into popularity causing the Liquid membrane techniques to evolve over other separation techniques due to its high selectivity and recovery, increased fluxes, and reduced investment and operating cost. This work focuses on extracting Methylene Blue (MB), a cationic dye using a simple BLM separation technique from its aqueous phase. It combines extraction and stripping in a single unit operation. The feed phase was an aqueous solution of MB, the solvent chosen was soybean oil for the liquid/organic membrane phase, and tri-octyl amine acted as a carrier. The strip phase was a hydrochloric acid solution for this study. A two-phase equilibrium study was done to choose the correct solvent, carrier, and receiving phase (soybean oil, tri-octyl amine, and HCl) were chosen, which was then followed by a three-phase study. Effect of various parameters like equilibrium time, feed and stripping phase pH, stirring speed, carrier concentration, initial feed concentration, and strip phase concentration were all studied to find out the most optimum working condition for maximum extraction and recovery of MB. The removal efficiency of MB by using soybean oil was found as 92%, at the optimum process conditions for the transport of MB were found as follows: pH in the feed phase (11), pH in the stripping phase (5), initial concentration of MB (20 ppm), carrier concentration (7%) (v/v) TOA and stirring speed (250 rpm), respectively.
A Measurement of the Cosmic Expansion Within our Lifetime
Authors: Melia Fulvio
Published: March 2022

The most exciting future observation in cosmology will feature a monitoring of thecosmic expansion in real time, unlike anything that has ever been attempted before.This campaign will uncover crucial physical properties of the variousconstituents in the Universe, and perhaps answer a simpler questionconcerning whether or not the cosmic expansion is even accelerating. An unambiguousyes/no response to this query will significantly impact cosmology, of course, butalso the standard model of particle physics. Here, we discuss---in a straightforwardway---how to understand the so-called `redshift drift' sought by this campaign, andwhy its measurement will help us refine the standard-model parametersif the answer is `yes.' A `no' answer, on the other hand, could be more revolutionary,in the sense that it might provide a resolution of several long-standing problems andinconsistencies in our current cosmological models. An outcome of zero redshift drift,for example, would obviate the need for a cosmological constant and render inflationcompletely redundant.
Cosmological test using the Hubble diagram of high-z quasars
Authors: Melia Fulvio
Published: March 2022

It has been known for over three decades that the monochromaticX-ray and UV luminosities in quasars are correlated, though non-linearly.This offers the possibility of using high-$z$ quasars as standardcandles for cosmological testing. In this paper, we use a recentlyassembled, high-quality catalog of 1598 quasars extending all theway to redshift $\sim 6$, to compare the predictions of the $R_{\rm h}=ct$and $\Lambda$CDM cosmologies. In so doing, we affirm that the parameterscharacterizing the correlation depend only weakly on the chosen cosmology,and that both models account very well for the data. Unlike $\Lambda$CDM,however, the $R_{\rm h}=ct$ model has no free parameters for this work,so the Bayesian Information Criterion favours it over $\Lambda$CDM with arelative likelihood of $\sim 88\%$ versus $\sim 10\%$. Thisresult is consistent with the outcome of other comparative tests, many ofwhich have shown that $R_{\rm h}=ct$ is favoured over the standard modelbased on a diverse range of observations.
Reassessing dust’s role in forming the CMB
Authors: Melia Fulvio
Published: March 2022

The notion that dust might have formed the cosmic microwave background(CMB) has been strongly refuted on the strength of four decades ofobservation and analysis, in favour of recombination at a redshift$z\sim 1080$. But tension with the data is growing in several otherareas, including measurements of the Hubble constant $H(z)$ and theBAO scale, which directly or indirectly impact the physics at thesurface of last scattering (LSS). The $R_{\rm h}=ct$ universeresolves at least some of this tension. We show in this paper that---{\it ifthe BAO scale is in fact equal to the acoustic horizon}---the redshiftof the LSS in this cosmology is $z_{\rm cmb} \sim 16$, placing it withinthe era of Pop III star formation, prior to the epoch of reionizationat $15\gtrsim z \gtrsim 6$. Quite remarkably, the measured values of$z_{\rm cmb}$ and $H_0\equiv H(0)$ in this model are sufficient toargue that the CMB temperature today ought to be $\sim 3$ K, so$H_0$ and the baryon to photon ratio are not independent freeparameters. This scenario might have resulted from rethermalizationof the CMB photons by dust, presumably supplied to the interstellar mediumby the ejecta of Pop III stars. Dust rethermalization may therefore yetresurface as a relevant ingredient in the $R_{\rm h}=ct$ universe. Upcominghigh sensitivity instruments should be able to readily distinguish between therecombination and dust scenarios by either (i) detecting recombination linesat $z\sim 1080$, or (ii) establishing a robust frequency-dependent variationof the CMB power spectrum at the level of $\sim 2-4\%$ across the sampledfrequency range.
The Lapse Function in Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker Cosmologies
Authors: Melia Fulvio
Published: March 2022

The Friedmann-Lema\^itre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric, the backboneof modern cosmology, is founded on the cosmological principle,which assumes homogeneity and isotropy throughout the cosmos. Oneof its simplifications is the choice of lapse function $g_{tt}=1$,regardless of which stress-energy tensor $T^{\mu\nu}$ is used inEinstein's field equations. It is sometimes argued that this selectionis justified by gauge freedom, given that $g_{tt}$ in FLRW may bea function solely of $t$, not of the spatial coordinates, permittinga redefinition of the time. We show in this paper, however, that thecomoving frame in the Hubble expansion is non inertial for all but afew special cases of the expansion factor $a(t)$. Changing the gaugechanges the frame of reference and cannot alter this property ofthe expansion profile, since it would of necessity reformat themetric using the coordinates of a non-comoving observer. We thereforesuggest that the pre-selection of $g_{tt}=1$, independently of theequation of state in the cosmic fluid, incorrectly avoids the timedilation that ought to be present relative to the actual free-fallingframe when $\ddot{a}\not=0$.
Initial Energy of a Spatially Flat Universe: a Hint of its Possible Origin
Authors: Melia Fulvio
Published: March 2022

The evidence for a Big Bang origin of the Universe is truly compelling, though its causeremains a complete mystery. As the cosmic spacetime is revealed to us with ever improvingdetail, however, we are beginning to refine the range of its possible initial conditions---atleast within the framework of current physical theories. The Universe, it seems, is spatiallyflat, and here we discuss in clear, straightforward terms why this trait implies a cosmos withzero {\it kinetic} plus {\it gravitational} energy, though apparently not zero {\it total}energy. Such an outcome has far reaching consequences because of the possibility that theUniverse may have begun its existence as a quantum fluctuation. Was this from `nothing,' orperhaps a pre-existing vacuum? A non-zero total energy would seemingly preclude the formerscenario, but not necessarily the latter, though this would then raise the question of how afluctuation with non-zero energy could have lived long enough, or classicalized, for us to seeit 13.5 billion years later. The high-precision measurement of the Universe's spatialcurvature may thus constitute the first tangible piece of evidence impacting a possiblequantum beginning.
Detecting Prejudice from Egalitarianism: Why Black Americans Don’t Trust White Egalitarians’ Claims
Authors: Rosenblum Michael , Jacoby-Senghor Drew S , Brown N. Derek
Published: March 2022

Although White Americans increasingly express egalitarian views, how they express egalitarianism may reveal inegalitarian tendencies and sow mistrust with Black Americans (N=1335). Black perceivers accurately inferred underlying racial attitudes and motivations, likeability, and trustworthiness from Whites’ written declarations that they are nonprejudiced and egalitarian (Experiments 1-2). White writers believed their egalitarianism seemed more inoffensive and indicative of allyship than was perceived by Black Americans (Experiment 1A). Linguistic analysis revealed that Black perceivers accurately attended to language emphasizing humanization, support for equal opportunity, personal responsibility, and that equality already exists (Experiment 1B). We found causal evidence that these linguistic cues inform Black people’s perceptions and trust of White egalitarians (Experiment 2). Suggesting potential societal costs of these perceptions, White egalitarians’ underlying racial beliefs negatively predicted Black participants actual trust and cooperation in an economic game (Experiment 3). White Americans’ insistence that they are egalitarian itself perpetuates mistrust with Black Americans.
Grounding Action Verbs in Egocentric Visual Perception
Authors: Zhang Yayun , Cain Ellis , Crandall David , Yu Chen
Published: March 2022

It has been conjectured that verb learning is hard because verb meanings are not readily ``packaged'' from the physical world. To provide new empirical evidence on this account, we analyzed egocentric video collected from natural toy-play interaction and focused on the naming events when action verbs were uttered in parent speech. Using the Human Simulation Paradigm, we showed egocentric videos of those naming events to adult observers and asked them to guess the target verb in parent speech. We found that adult observers used many different verbs to describe the same visual event, and only one of them matched with the verb in parent speech. We analyzed mismatched verbs and identified several sources of mismatch, and found that all of the mismatched verbs are relevant to the target verb, but they capture different properties (temporal, semantic, etc) of the visual event. We also found that different naming events for the same verb also differ in terms of the degree of ambiguity. Taken together, the results in the present paper provided new evidence from the child’s view, showing that verb learning is hard not only because multiple possible meanings are embedded in each learning situation, but also because these candidate meanings expand across multiple dimensions of the physical world, overlap with each other, and relate to the target meaning in many different ways.
Mortality and morbidity rates in patients undergoing emergency laparotomy: an analysis in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Manoj P  , Shashikumar HB  , Fathimath Shihana
Published: March 2022

Background: Emergency Laparotomy is a complex and often time-critical surgical procedure associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Emergency abdominal surgery is performed in most hospitals, and acute laparotomy is considered a high-risk procedure with significant mortality rates ranging from 14% to 20%. This study is done to assess the mortality and morbidity rates in patients undergoing emergency laparotomy at a tertiary care hospital over a period of 1 year and to identify risk factors associated with it.
Aims and Objectives: To assess the mortality and morbidity rates in patients undergoing emergency laparotomy at a tertiary care hospital.
Materials and Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted in the department of general surgery at KR hospital during the period of January 2020 to December 2020. All the patients who underwent emergency laparotomy were included in the study. Patient was followed during the pre-operative, intraoperative and post operative period and demographic data, comorbidities, habits were collected pre-operatively. Post-operatively, the complications were identified and classified based on the Clavien-Dindo classification. Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify risk factors for mortality and morbidity.
Results: A total of 478 patients underwent emergency laparotomy, of whom 18% had surgical complications and 23% had medical complications. The overall 30-day mortality was 20.3%. The overall death rate within 24 h of surgery was assessed. Several risk factors for 30-day mortality were identified: age, ASA >3, performance score, etc.
Conclusion: A complete analysis of complications and mortality in a consecutive group of patients undergoing laparotomy was done and found that almost one in five patients died after emergency laparotomy. Predictors of poor outcome and several risk factors for mortality and morbidity were identified.
Comparative study of hemodynamic responses during laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation with dexmedetomidine and esmolol
Authors: Chandramohan Vigneshwaran , Natarajan Ramya , Vishwanath R Hiremath
Published: March 2022

Background: Many drugs used to reduce the hemodynamic stress response during laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. The quest for ideal drugs and their dosage without major side effects is still pursued. Dexmedetomidine, an alpha-2 agonist, is emerging as a promising drug to counteract the catecholamine release.
Aims and Objectives: This study is done to compare the effect of lower doses dexmedetomidine and esmolol in control of hemodynamic response and stability in cases undergoing laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation during general anesthesia.Setting and Design: This was a prospective, randomized double-blinded comparative study.
Materials and Methods: After approved by the Institute Ethics Committee, consent obtained from 60 patients (n=60) belonging to ASA I or II. Patients were equally divided into twogroups (D and E). Group D patients (n=30) were infused with intravenous dexmedetomidine at 0.75 mcg/kg diluted in 20 ml with normal saline 10 min before induction. Group E patients (n=30) were infused with intravenous esmolol 0.75 mg/kg diluted in 20 ml of normal saline 2 min before intubation. After administration of drugs, SBP, DBP, MAP, HR, and SpO2 were recorded, immediately after induction, after intubation at 1 min, 3 min, 5 min, and 10 min, respectively.
Results: Data wereentered into Microsoft Excel datasheet and wereanalyzed using SPSS 22 version software. In the study, there was a significant decrease in SBP, DBP, MAP, and HR from administration till 10 min after intubation inGroup D compared to Group E. No severe hypotension or bradycardia was seen in any of the patients in either group, took part in our study.
Conclusion: This study concludes low dose of dexmedetomidine (0.75mcg/kg) was superior to low dose of esmolol (0.75 mg/kg) in maintaining of hemodynamic stability in response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation without any significant adverse effects even though both drugs were comparable in suppressing pressor response.
Testicular biopsies in infertility and correlation with clinical and laboratory features
Authors: Babu Priscilla , Srivastava Vivi M
Published: March 2022

Background: With advances in assisted reproductive techniques management of infertility is changing at a very fast pace. Although minimally invasive techniques such as testicular sperm aspiration and micro-dissection testicular sperm extraction (microTESE) are gaining increased acceptance due to their minimally invasive nature the importance of testicular biopsy can not be overemphasized. Testicular biopsy provides a more accurate picture of testicular pathology and helps in identifying conditions such as hypospermatogenesis, which may not be evident on microTESE.
Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study the histopathology of testicular tissue in infertile males and to correlate the histopathologic findings with clinical features and relevant laboratory findings.
Materials and Methods: Seventy patients with male infertility who had undergone testicular biopsies were included in this study on the basis of a predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study was conducted in the department of general pathology, Christian medical college Vellore. Demographic details and history were recorded in all patients. Hormonal profile, Histopathological analysis was done in all the cases. Chromosomal analysis and Y chromosomal microdeletion studies were done in selected cases.
Results: Among the 70 patients evaluated, semen analysis revealed azoospermia in all but four cases. The most commonly affected age group was found to be between 31 and 35 years (44.29%). The mean age of the patients was found to be 33.71±5.56 years. Only 37.14% of our patients had normal testicular volumes and 66 (94.29%) patients had azoospermia. The majority of the patients (64.29 %) had high FSH values (>11 mIU/ml). On histopathological examination, the basement membrane was thickened (more than 0.40 microns) in 26 cases (37.14 %). On analysis of seminiferous tubules, maturation arrest was the most common abnormality (40%) followed by Sertoli cells only (30%) and hypospermatogenesis (15.71%). Maturation arrest was most commonly seen at the stage of primary spermatocyte (22.86%). Karyotyping was done only in 24 selected cases. Out of 24 patients, 23 patients had normal chromosomal numbers (95.83%) whereas one patient had a missing Y chromosome (4.17%). Y chromosome microdeletion studies showed abnormalities in three patients consisting of AZFa,b,c in two patients (8.33%) and AZFb deletion in 1 (4.77%) patient.
Conclusion: Testicular biopsy is an important investigation in patients with male factor infertility. It not only does help in accurate diagnosis but also can help in sperm extraction for usage in in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
Seroprevalence of anti-streptolysin O antibodies and its clinical correlates in patients presenting at a tertiary care hospital of southern Haryana: A five year retrospective study
Authors: Yadav Chanchal , Sangwan Jyoti , Mane Pratibha , Lohan Kirti , Yadav Kumkum , Kumar Mukesh
Published: March 2022

Background: Streptococcus pyogenes, or group A Streptococcus, in addition to sore throat is responsible for certain non-suppurative diseases, such as acute rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, which occur weeks after the acute infectious process. Anti-streptolysin-O (ASO) titer determination is one of important test sought by clinician. ASO has been shown to vary with age, geographical location, season, and site of infection.
Aims and Objectives: To determine the seroprevalence of ASO antibodies and its clinical correlates in a tertiary healthcare facility of Southern Haryana.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was done on 453 samples received in the Department of Microbiology, Shaheed Hassan Khan Mewati Government Medical College, Nuh, Haryana, on the blood samples received for the detection of ASO, over a period of 5 years (November 2015–October 2020). The data was analyzed for seroprevalence pattern of ASO and association of the same with clinical symptoms.
Results: The seroprevalence of ASO antibodies in the present study was found to be 11.3%. Females were more positive than males being 60.8% and 39.2%, respectively. The most common age group involved was 11–20 years.
Conclusion: The seroprevalence of ASO antibodies in the present study was found to be 11.3%. Females showed more positivity compared to males. ASO positivity was seen more in the 11–20 years of the age group which could be due to the development of more competent immune system by this age. Arthralgia, fever, carditis, and sore throat were the common clinical presentations. The ASO test is an important investigation being easy to perform even in rural settings providing crucial clue for the diagnosis of post-streptococcal sequelae.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on doctors’ clinical practice
Authors: Kulkarni Naveen S , Neelakanth S Patil  , Vishalakshi  , Asha Bullappa  , Shriyan Hithashree , Mishra Subhashree
Published: March 2022

Background: The pandemic of COVID-19 has affected doctors, nurses, patients, and people working in hospitals.
Aims and Objectives: This study aims to study the trends in doctors’ clinical practice during COVID-19 pandemic.
Materials and Methods: The study conducted at SDMCMS&H, Dharwad, includes questionnaire on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on doctors’clinical practice. The experience of doctors between May 2020 and June 2021 working in SDM University is considered in this study.
Results: The number of non-COVID patients in OPD and IPD has reduced. The time spent in clinical examination is reduced, reliability on investigations has increased. The use of telemedicine is increasing.
Conclusion: The impact of COVID-19 on clinical practice and doctors is multifactorial.The doctors and other health care workers can modify the COVID-19 impact on clinical practice by continuing to deliver the services as during pre-pandemic.
Adverse events following immunization against COVID-19 among healthcare workers: An observational study in Haryana, India
Authors: Chaudhary Chintu , Singh Mukhmohit , Khan Mohd. Najmul Aqib , Anand Bhupinder Kaur , Saini Shveta
Published: March 2022

Background: COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus leading to rampant spread and pandemic ongoing since March 2020. Scientists/researchers and professionals from health-care related disciplines started tremendous efforts for early rollout of the vaccine and vaccines started coming out by the end of the year 2020. India rolled out two vaccines developed in India itself on January 6 and started the world biggest vaccination drive for nearly 2 lakh frontline healthcare and sanitary workers, on January 16, 2021. Because COVID-19 vaccines are novel vaccines, information on risk of rare serious vaccine reactions are limited.
Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the adverse drug reactions following immunization with Covishield Vaccine.
Materials and Methods: The present study is an observational follow-up study to asses any adverse events following immunization (AEFI) occurrence within 7 days of vaccination among all eligible participants who were vaccinated under the field practice area of Rural Health Training Center, Al-Falah School of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Faridabad (Haryana).
Results: The overall incidence of any AEFI within 7 days was found to be 136/1000 vaccinations for the first dose. Out of total 97 recipients reported with adverse events, 76.3% had AEFI within 24 h with fever as the most common symptom reported. The incidence of AEFI’s was found to be associated with gender (P<0.02) and age group (P<0.05) and occupation (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Most of the adverse events were short-lived and observed in the first 24 hours of vaccination. Incidence decreased in subsequent days and no serious AEFI was reported.
Myriad Manifestations of Gallbladder Carcinoma on Multidetector Computed Tomography: Retrospective Study of 230 Patients from Tertiary Care Centre of North India
Authors: Gupta Varun , Lohia Nishant , Harish S  , Sawant Milind , Bharadwaj Yogesh Kumar
Published: March 2022

Background: Gallbladder carcinoma is endemic in India. Though imaging findings of gallbladder carcinoma are very well-described in the literature, the research question that guided this study was to evaluate various imaging manifestations of the disease in this particular geographic region of North India which is a highly endemic region for gallbladder cancer and compare with studies from other parts of the world.
Aims and Objective: The purpose of the study was to retrospectively analyse spectrum of findings on Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) in histologically proven gallbladder carcinoma detected at a tertiary care centre from the NorthIndia. The primary objective was to define the various patterns of growth while the secondary objective was to analyse the specific prevalence and patterns of spread of the disease.
Materials and Methods: We retrospectively studied contrast enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) findings in 230 patients of histologically proven gallbladder carcinoma. Patients with previous cholecystectomy or biliary intervention were excluded.
Results: In our study, focal or asymmetrical wall thickening of the gallbladder was the most common growth pattern seen in 140(61%) patients. Contiguous infiltration of liver was seen in 190 (83%) cases. Regional nodal involvement was observed in 90 (39%) patients, while 100 (43%) patients had both regional & distant nodal involvement. Liver and peritoneal metastases were noted in 71 (31%) patients and 96 (42%) patients respectively. Majority (81%) of patients had stage IV disease.
Conclusion: MDCT provides comprehensive information regarding the local extent as well as distant spread of gallbladder carcinoma. Asymmetric gall bladder wall thickening in this geographical region must be considered suspicious and should evoke histopathological analysis to exclude malignancy.
A study of laryngeal microsurgery for vocal cord lesions
Authors: Zafar Shaheen , Kumar Rohit
Published: March 2022

Background: A voice disorder occurs when a person’s voice quality, pitch, or volume is out of synch with their age, gender, culture, or location. Moreover,when a person shows concern about an unusual voice that does not satisfy daily necessities, despite the fact that others do not notice, it is considered to have voice problem.
Aims and Objectives: Collection and analysis of data base to determine the impact of microlaryngeal surgery (MLS) on voice outcome.
Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, in a tertiary care hospital in Patna Medical College andHospital, from October 2020 to June 2021. Study was performed on 30 consecutive cases of benign lesions of vocal cord diagnosed clinically not responding to medical management.
Results: Voice handicap index was evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively. The results were compared. Preoperatively, 40% (12) of patients showed moderate handicap scoring and 60.0% (18) patients showed severe handicap index. Postoperatively, there was improvement. At 2nd, follow-up 33.3% (10) patients showed moderate handicap scoring, 50.0% (15) patients showed mild handicap scoring and 16.7% (5) patients showed severe handicap scoring. At 6th week follow-up 21, (70.0%) patients showed mild handicap scoring and 30.0% (9) showed moderate handicap scoring. Finally, at 12th week follow-up, we observed 93.3% (28) patients had mild handicap scoring while only 6.7% (2) patients had moderate handicap scoring with significant difference (P≤0.0001).
Conclusion: MLS is an effective procedure to provide improvement in speech among patients with benign vocal cord lesion.