bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unsuccessful diagnostic cytogenetic analysis is a poor prognostic feature in acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Medeiros Bruno C. , Othus Megan , Estey Elihu H. , Fang Min , Appelbaum Frederick R.
Published: October 2013

Chromosome banding analysis is the gold standard method for the identification of recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). It allows stratification of AML patients into subgroups with distinct responses to therapy and survival. Unfortunately, a variety of issues hamper cytogenetic evaluation in c. 10% of cases [unsuccessful cytogenetics (UC)] and the outcome of these patients is poorly understood. To better define the significance of UC in patients with AML, we compared the baseline characteristics and the prognostic impact of 94 (6%) patients, whose standard metaphase analysis yielded unacceptable results, to the remaining 1403 AML patients with successful cytogenetic analysis treated on successive Southwestern Oncology Group protocols. The incidence of UC increased with age, with peak incidence in patients older than 60 years. These patients had a lower response rate to induction chemotherapy (complete remission rate of 43%) and dismal 5‐year survival rates (16%), which was especially poor in patients older than 60 years (<5%). The complete remission and survival rates were similar to those seen in patients with unfavourable karyotype. The early death rate was not increased. These results suggest that UC increases with age and predict for poor outcomes, similar to the outcomes of patients with unfavourable karyotype.
The evolution of genomic imprinting: costs, benefits and long‐term consequences
Authors: Holman Luke , Kokko Hanna
Published: October 2013

Genomic imprinting refers to a pattern of gene expression in which a specific parent's allele is either under‐expressed or completely silenced. Imprinting is an evolutionary conundrum because it appears to incur the costs of diploidy (e.g. presenting a larger target than haploidy to mutations) while foregoing its benefits (protection from harmful recessive mutations). Here, we critically evaluate previously proposed evolutionary benefits of imprinting and suggest some additional ones. We discuss whether each benefit is capable of explaining both the origin and maintenance of imprinting, and examine how the different benefits interact. We then outline the many costs of imprinting. Simple models show that circulating deleterious recessives can prevent the initial spread of imprinting, even if imprinting would be evolutionarily stable if it could persist long enough to purge these. We also show that imprinting can raise or lower the mutation load, depending on the selective regime and the degree of dominance. We finish by discussing the population‐level consequences of imprinting, which can be both positive and negative. Imprinting offers many insights into evolutionary conflict, the interaction between individual‐ and population‐level fitness effects, and the ‘gene's‐eye view’ of evolution.
Ganglioside GD3 induces convergence and synergism of adhesion and hepatocyte growth factor/Met signals in melanomas
Authors: Furukawa Keiko , Kambe Mariko , Miyata Maiko , Ohkawa Yuki , Tajima Orie , Furukawa Koichi
Published: October 2013

Ganglioside GD3 is highly expressed in human melanomas and enhances malignant properties of melanomas, such as cell proliferation and invasion activity. In this study, we analyzed the effects of GD3 expression on cell signals triggered by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/Met interaction and by adhesion to collagen type I (CL‐I). Although stimulation of melanoma N1 cells (GD3+ and GD3−) with either HGF or adhesion to CL‐I did not show marked differences in the phosphorylation levels of Akt at Ser473 and Thr308 between two types of cells, simultaneous treatment resulted in definite and markedly increased activation of Akt in GD3+ cells. Similar increases were also shown in Erk1/2 phosphorylation levels with the costimulation in GD3+ cells. When resistance to induced apoptosis by H2O2 was examined, only GD3+ cells treated with both HGF and adhesion to CL‐I showed clearly low percentages of dead cells compared with GD3− cells or GD3+ cells treated with either one of the stimulants. Cell growth measured by 5‐ethynyl‐2‘ deoxyuridine uptake also showed synergistic effects in GD3+ cells. These results suggested that GD3 plays a crucial role in the convergence of multiple signals, leading to the synergistic effects of those signals on malignant properties of melanomas.
The Big Difference a Small Island Can Make: How Jamaican Adolescents Are Advancing Acculturation Science
Authors: Ferguson Gail M.
Published: October 2013

New research with Jamaican adolescents has brought acculturation science into closer accord with two 21st‐century cultural realities: (a) multicultural destination societies for immigrant families and (b) intercultural contact among nonimmigrant families via modern globalization mechanisms. In this article, I review two theoretical expansions to the traditional conceptualization of acculturation (i.e., tridimensional acculturation and remote acculturation) along with supporting empirical evidence among Jamaican adolescents in the United States and on the Caribbean island. First, bidimensional acculturation lenses are exchanged for tridimensional ones to capture the acculturation of immigrant youth for whom three cultural dimensions are relevant. Second, acculturation pathways are expanded to include modern indirect and/or intermittent intercultural contact for nonimmigrant youth. Tridimensional and remote acculturation may be modern mechanisms by which today's and tomorrow's adolescents produce their own development. These advances reveal new avenues to investigate adolescent acculturation and adaptation in their increasingly complex cultural neighborhoods.
Role of acid sphingomyelinase in the regulation of mast cell function
Authors: Yang W. , Schmid E. , Nurbaeva M. K. , Szteyn K. , Leibrock C. , Yan J. , Schaller M. , Gulbins E. , Shumilina E. , Lang F.
Published: October 2013

Background

Degranulation of mast cells is stimulated by store‐operated Ca2+‐entry (SOCE). In other cell types, Ca2+‐entry is modified by ceramide. Exogenously added ceramide has been shown to trigger mast cell apoptosis. Effects of endogenously produced ceramide in mast cells remained, however, elusive. Ceramide may be produced from sphingomyelin by acid sphingomyelinase (Asm).

Objective

This study explored the impact of Asm on mast cell functions.

Methods

Mast cells were isolated from bone marrow (BMMCs) or peritoneal lavage of gene‐targeted mice lacking Asm (asm−/−) and their wild‐type littermates (asm+/+). BMMC maturation and apoptosis‐associated annexin V binding were determined by flow cytometry. Asm activity was assessed enzymatically, cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i) utilizing Fura‐2 fluorescence, current across the cell membrane by whole‐cell patch clamp, degranulation from hexosaminidase‐release and migration utilizing a transwell chamber. In vivo anaphylaxis was derived from decrease in body temperature.

Results

Peritoneal mast cell number, BMMC phenotype, spontaneous BMMC apoptosis as well as BMMC CD117, CD34 and FcεRI expression were similar in both genotypes. In asm+/+ BMMCs, stimulation with antigen resulted in a fast ~2.5‐fold increase in Asm activity. Release of Ca2+ from internal stores and hence several Ca2+‐dependent functions were strongly impaired in asm−/− BMMCs. Thus, antigen‐induced increase in [Ca2+]i in IgE‐sensitized cells, antigen‐ but not ionomycin‐induced currents through Ca2+‐activated K+‐channels (KCa3.1), IgE/antigen‐triggered β‐hexosaminidase release, and antigen‐induced migration were all lower in asm−/− BMMCs than in asm+/+ BMMCs. Pharmacological inhibition of Asm by amitriptyline (500 nm, 3 h) in asm+/+ BMMCs similarly decreased antigen‐induced increase in [Ca2+]i, KCa3.1 currents, ß‐hexosaminidase release and migration. The decrease in body temperature upon the induction of systemic anaphylaxis was significantly less pronounced in asm−/− mice than in asm+/+ mice, an observation pointing to in vivo significance of Asm.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Asm is a novel, powerful regulator of mast cell function and thus a potential target in the treatment of allergic reactions.
Protein kinase C‐η polymorphism rs2230500 does not confer disease susceptibility to multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica
Authors: Kawano Yuji , Matsushita Takuya , Cui Yi Wen , Isobe Noriko , Yoshimura Satoshi , Yonekawa Tomomi , Masaki Katsuhisa , Yamasaki Ryo , Murai Hiroyuki , Kira Jun‐ichi
Published: October 2013

Objectives

To determine whether the non‐synonymous 1425G/A polymorphism (rs2230500), an Asian‐specific single nucleotide polymorphism that increases the kinase activity and affects the function of immune cells, of the protein kinase C‐η gene (PRKCH) confers the risk of developing idiopathic demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system in a Japanese population.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from 96 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, 52 neuromyelitis optica (NMO)/NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patients and 151 healthy controls. The polymorphism rs2230500 was genotyped by sequencing.

Results

No significant association was observed between the PRKCH rs2230500 polymorphism and the risk of either MS or NMO/NMOSD. Clinical characteristics were also unaffected by the rs2230500 status.

Conclusions

Although the possibility that PRKCH has some effect on MS and NMO/NMOSD risk cannot be completely excluded because of the small study sample size, the polymorphism rs2230500 did not appear to confer disease susceptibility to MS or NMO/NMOSD in this Japanese population.
Association of transalveolar sinus floor elevation, platelet rich plasma, and short implants for the treatment of atrophied posterior maxilla
Authors: Anitua Eduardo , Alkhraist Mohammad H. , Piñas Laura , Orive Gorka
Published: October 2013

Objectives

Assess the efficiency of transalveolar sinus floor augmentation in association with platelet rich plasma and short implants for the treatment of atrophied edentulous maxilla with a residual bone height (RBH) <5 mm.

Materials and methods

Atrophied posterior maxilla was treated with transalveolar sinus floor augmentation performed with conventional bone drills and autologous platelet concentrate. The space created below the Schneiderian membrane was filled with platelet rich plasma alone or in combination with a bone graft and followed by the insertion of short implants. Surgical complications, implant survival, and marginal bone loss were evaluated during the follow‐up period.

Results

Forty‐eight patients (average age: 55.98 ± 8.71 years) with 61 short implants were treated in this study. Schneiderian membrane perforation occurred in one maxillary sinus, and the initial RBH of 4.15 ± 0.53 mm was increased to 8.86 ± 1.60 mm. There was no significant difference between the grafting materials with respect to the gained bone height. The mean follow‐up time of the implants was 10.81 ± 5.87 months (range: 2–28 months) since loading. The average bone loss was 0.59 ± 0.12 mm (loading time <6 months), 0.62 ± 0.16 mm (loading time between 6 and 12 months), and 1.00 ± 0.45 mm (loading time higher than 12 months). The use of wide implants was the only parameter that decreases significantly the marginal bone loss. Two implant failures occurred before loading, and the cumulative implant survival rate was 96.7%.

Conclusions

The proposed treatment protocol for transalveolar sinus floor augmentation could be efficient in the treatment of severe atrophy in the maxilla.
Differences in degradation behavior of two non‐cross‐linked collagen barrier membranes: an in vitro and in vivo study
Authors: Bozkurt Ahmet , Apel Christian , Sellhaus Bernd , van Neerven Sabien , Wessing Bastian , Hilgers Ralf‐Dieter , Pallua Norbert
Published: October 2013

Objectives

Collagen barrier membranes are used in guided bone regeneration/guided tissue regeneration because of their excellent bio‐ and cytocompatibility. However, they are considered to have limitations in clinical outcome because of rapid and unpredictable degradation profiles. The aim of this study was to investigate the degradation behavior of two porcine‐based, non‐cross‐linked collagen membranes in vitro and in vivo.

Materials and Methods

Remaix™ (RX; Matricel GmbH, Herzogenrath, Germany) and Bio‐Gide® (BG; Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland) membranes were characterized by testing mechanical strength, denaturation temperature, enzymatic degradation and hydroxyproline content in vitro (n = 5 up to 16). Thereafter, both membranes were implanted subcutaneously in rats (n = 20) for up to 20 weeks to investigate tissue compatibility with respect to membrane thickness.

Results

BG contained a significant higher hydroxyproline content compared with RX, but RX showed a higher stress at break (dry: 11.4 (SD 2.9) vs. 5.5 (SD 1.5) N/mm²), higher suture retention (wet: 5.6 (SD 1.3) vs. 2.7 (SD 0.7) N), increased denaturation temperature (55.1 (SD 1) vs. 49.4 (SD 0.6)°C) and an almost twofold reduction in degradation rate (15.6% (SEM 1.3)/h vs. 24.8% (SEM 2.9)/h) in vitro. In the rat model, both membranes showed excellent tissue compatibility without signs of inflammatory reactions. Shortly after implantation, RX and BG showed moderate infiltration of mononuclear cells that appeared not to be influenced by the surface texture of the membranes. In the histomorphometric analysis, both membranes showed significant different thickness over the 20 weeks period (P = 0.0002). Although the thickness remained almost stable during the first 9 weeks after implantation, after 20 weeks, the thickness of RX decreased only slightly, whereas BG showed a thickness loss of around 50% and stronger degradation than RX. Therefore, the higher stability of RX against biodegradation found in vitro was confirmed in the animal study.

Conclusion

This study shows differences in the biodegradation characteristics of two non‐cross‐linked collagen membranes in vitro and in vivo. Whether the higher stability of RX is of clinical relevance should be analyzed in future clinical investigations.
Intercolony movement of pre‐breeding seabirds over oceanic scales: implications of cryptic age‐classes for conservation and metapopulation dynamics
Authors: Bicknell Anthony W. J. , Knight Mairi E. , Bilton David T. , Campbell Maria , Reid James B. , Newton Jason , Votier Stephen C.
Published: October 2013

Aim

Demographic linkage between subpopulations plays a critical role in population processes. Metapopulation dynamics, however, remains one of the most poorly understood aspects of population biology. This is especially true for small, pelagic seabirds because their discrete subpopulations are located on offshore islands, separated by vast areas of open ocean, making monitoring logistically challenging. Seabird populations often contain large numbers of immature pre‐breeders that may be important for subpopulation connectivity and demography, but are poorly studied. Here we provide evidence for intercolony movement of pre‐breedingLeach's storm‐petrelsOceanodroma leucorhoaamong three colonies spanning theNorthAtlanticOcean. We discuss their influence on metapopulation dynamics and the extinction risk of a subpopulation under threat from extreme predation.

Location

NorthAtlanticOceanIslands (Scotland,Canada &Iceland).

Methods

We use a novel application ofBayesian stable isotope mixing models to infer recent movement of pre‐breeding birds between three major breeding populations in theNorthAtlantic. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values from breeding birds (central place foragers) sampled at each colony were used as model sources and pre‐breeding birds as model mixtures.

Results

Of 134 pre‐breeding Leach's storm‐petrels sampled at three colonies across theNorthAtlantic, five had isotope mixing model estimates dissimilar (< 25%) to their colony of capture and were instead isotopically similar to another breeding region. Nineteen further pre‐breeders had highly mixed signatures (< 50% for the colony of capture), indicating possible recent movement between colonies.

Main conclusions

Our findings provide evidence for interpopulation connectivity of pre‐breedingLeach's storm‐petrels among colonies spanning theNorthAtlantic. These results highlight the significance of cryptic young age‐classes in metapopulation dynamics and the demographic processes. Moreover, they provide us with a better understanding of how one subpopulation remains extant, despite experiencing extreme predation rates.
Live/Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiographic Assessment of Ventricular Septal Volume and Mass before and after Myectomy in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Sadat Kamel , Diddi Hari Prakash , Klas Berthold , Asaad Ayman Haj , Çekirdekçi Elif İjlal , Sungur Aylin , Sudhakar Selvin , Cain Matthew , Kamal Arshad , Nanda Navin C.
Published: October 2013

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetically transmitted cardiomyopathy. In patients resistant to medical management, myectomy is the surgical procedure of choice to reduce the symptoms of left ventricular outflow obstruction. Two‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (2DTEE) has become part of the operative procedure by decreasing the incidence of postoperative complications. However, because of the three‐dimensional geometry of left ventricular outflow tract, it is unable to comprehensively assess the location and severity of the obstruction and to provide accurate guidance during myectomy. In this study, 10 patients with HCM underwent live/real time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEE) intra‐operatively to measure the volume of the resected septum. This volume correlated well with the volume of the resected septal muscle directly obtained using a graduating cylinder containing water (r = 0.9, P < 0.000). 3DTEE may be potentially used as an adjunct to guide the surgeon in performing an adequate myectomy with a lower incidence of residual obstruction and complications such as an iatrogenic ventricular septal defect.
NONLINEAR PRICING STRATEGIES AND COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY
Authors: HERNANDEZ MANUEL A. , WIGGINS STEVEN N.
Published: October 2013

This paper empirically examines the effect of competitive conditions on nonlinear pricing strategies in the airline industry. We use a unique data set to analyze the impact of concentration and the competitive pressures generated by Southwest and other low cost carriers on the relative prices within a menu of fares. The menu orders tickets by quality based upon cabin and ticket restrictions. We analyze the ratio of fares charged for various qualities within the menu to the fares charged for the lowest quality nonrefundable, restricted tickets. We observe a fare compression for only the highest fares on only the most concentrated (i.e., monopoly) routes. This result is something of a puzzle given a monopolist's market power. We find, however, that actual and potential competition from Southwest reduces low end fares and generally leads to substantial fare compression throughout the fare menu. (JEL L11, L93)
Examining growth rate and starvation endurance in pit‐building antlions from Mediterranean and desert regions
Authors: ROTKOPF RON , OVADIA OFER
Published: October 2013

Stressful or stochastic environments may have significant selective effects, leading to increased plasticity or stress resistance. Starvation is a type of stress commonly encountered among organisms inhabiting stochastic environments. Indeed, starvation endurance is an important trait, especially in sit‐and‐wait predators, which experience frequent fluctuations in prey arrivals because of their limited mobility.

Differences in starvation endurance between antlions originating from Mediterranean (benign and predictable) and desert (harsher and stochastic) regions were investigated by exposing them to starvation in a fully factorial experiment using climate chambers simulating Mediterranean or desert climatic conditions.

A trade‐off between growth rate and starvation endurance was also investigated by feeding the antlions at two different frequencies pre‐starvation. Additionally, the existence of growth compensation was tested for by measuring relative growth rate when feeding was resumed post‐starvation.

Population of origin did not significantly affect rates of body mass loss during starvation or relative growth rates when feeding was resumed. Antlions that were fed less frequently during the feeding phase lost mass faster during the starvation phase, but grew faster during the compensation phase.

This study emphasises the importance of testing responses to stress when investigating life‐history trade‐offs. Some phenotypic differences between populations might be apparent only when exposing the experimental organisms to external stress. Conversely, phenotypic differences apparent under stress‐free conditions might be masked by the effects of the stress factor. Adopting such an integrative approach allows elucidation of the level of plasticity in response to stress in different populations.
Short‐term effects of biochar on soil heavy metal mobility are controlled by intra‐particle diffusion and soil pH increase
Authors: Rees F. , Simonnot M. O. , Morel J. L.
Published: October 2013

Biochar, the solid product of biomass pyrolysis, can be used as a soil amendment to stabilize metals in contaminated soils. The effects of biochar on the mobility of metals in soils are, however, poorly understood. To identify the predominant processes, we focused on (i) a possible kinetic limitation by transport in biochar particles, (ii) the evolution of biochar mineral phases and (iii) the effect of biochar on soil pH. Batch experiments were conducted to measure the sorption kinetics of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) and the sorption‐desorption isotherms for lead (Pb), Cu, Cd, zinc (Zn) and Ni in a wood‐derived biochar. Sorption data were then compared with extraction test results using biochar with one acidic and one basic soil contaminated by Zn, Cd and Pb. Kinetic results showed that biochar particle sizes controlled metal sorption rate despite a similar specific surface area, which indicated a limitation by intra‐particle diffusion. Isotherms showed a partially reversible sorption to biochar following the order Pb > Cu > Cd ≥ Zn > Ni, which we explained primarily by the (co)precipitation of metals or their adsorption on specific biochar mineral phases. Effective metal immobilization was observed with biochar in both contaminated soils but could not be predicted from the sorption isotherms. This immobilization appeared to be governed by the soil pH increase, which induced a greater retention of metals on soil particles. Short‐term effects of biochar on contaminated soils may therefore be controlled by diffusion in biochar particles and by soil alkalinization processes.
Moving beyond methods: the need for a diverse programme in climate change research
Authors: Thompson Ross M. , Beardall John , Beringer Jason , Grace Mike , Sardina Paula
Published: October 2013

Understanding effects of climate change on ecosystems will require a diverse range of approaches. We proposed using downscaled climate models to generate realistic weather scenarios as experimental treatments. Kreyling et al. propose a gradient approach to determine the shape of response functions. These approaches are different, but highly complementary.
CPP‐115, a vigabatrin analogue, decreases spasms in the multiple‐hit rat model of infantile spasms
Authors: Briggs Stephen W. , Mowrey Wenzhu , Hall Charles B. , Galanopoulou Aristea S.
Published: October 2013

Objective

Infantile spasms (IS) have poor outcomes and limited treatment options, including vigabatrin, a γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) aminotransferase inactivator. Vigabatrin has been associated with retinal toxicity. A high affinity vigabatrin analogue (CPP‐115; Catalyst Pharmaceutical Partners, Inc., Coral Gables, FL, U.S.A.) has shown lower risk of retinal toxicity. Here, we test the efficacy of CPP‐115 in reducing spasms and its tolerability in the multiple‐hit rat model of IS, in which daily vigabatrin reduced spasms for only one day, but was not well tolerated.

Methods

Male rats were treated with the protocol of the multiple‐hit model of IS on postnatal day 3 (PN3). Using a randomized, blinded, vehicle‐controlled, dose‐response study design, CPP‐115 (0.1, 1, or 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally [i.p.]) or vehicle was given daily (PN4–12) or as a single injection (PN7) after spasm onset. Intermittent video‐ or video‐electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring was done. Secondary end points included the following: daily weights, survival, performance on open field activity, surface righting time, and negative geotaxis (PN3–20), horizontal bar (PN13–20), and Barnes maze (PN16–19). Statistics used a linear mixed model of raw or normalized log‐transformed data, taking into account the repeated observations on each animal.

Results

The lower CPP‐115 doses (0.1–1 mg/kg/day, PN4–12) reduced spasms between PN6 and 7 without increasing mortality. CPP‐115 at 5 mg/kg/day (PN4–12) reduced spasms earlier (PN5), but was eventually lethal. A single CPP‐115 injection (1 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased electroclinical spasms acutely but transiently. CPP‐115 transiently improved the probability to >50% reduction of spasms, but did not accelerate spasm cessation. CPP‐115 did not alter neurodevelopmental outcomes or visuospatial learning.

Significance

We provide proof‐of‐concept evidence that CPP‐115, a vigabatrin analogue, decreases spasms in the multiple‐hit rat model of IS at considerably lower and better tolerated doses than vigabatrin did in our previous studies. Further optimization of the treatment protocol is needed. CPP‐115 may be a promising new candidate treatment for IS with better tolerability than vigabatrin.
Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors: A model for examining the effects of pathology versus seizures on cognitive dysfunction in epilepsy
Authors: Baxendale Sallie , Donnachie Elizabeth , Thompson Pamela , Sander Josemir W.
Published: October 2013

Purpose

Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs) provide a unique model for studying the effects of seizures on cognitive development. Epilepsy and antiepileptic medications are prominent features in the lives and schooling of people who develop seizures in childhood. People with an adult onset share the same underlying brain pathology, but their childhood development is unaffected by seizures. Therefore, DNTs provide a model to examine the specific influence of seizures and their treatment on cognitive development, over and above the effects of the underlying pathology in epilepsy.

Methods

We examined the neuropsychological characteristics of 56 adults with DNT and medically intractable epilepsy (mean age 32.7 years). Twenty‐two adults (39%) had an age of onset of epilepsy before the age of 12 years (childhood‐onset group). Scores on tests of intelligence (Verbal IQ and Performance IQ), reading, working memory, verbal learning, verbal recall, visual learning, and expressive and receptive language ability were analyzed.

Key Findings

There were no significant localization effects (right vs. left vs. extratemporal) on any of the neuropsychological test scores. In the group as a whole, the neuropsychological test scores were significantly lower than healthy, age‐matched controls on measures of Verbal IQ (p < 0.01), naming p < 0.01, verbal learning (p < 0.01), and working memory (p < 0.05). The childhood‐onset group had significantly lower scores on the measures of Verbal IQ (p < 0.01), Performance IQ (p < 0.05), reading (p < 0.05), naming (p = 0.05), and verbal retention (p < 0.05) than those with an onset of seizures at the age of 12 or older.

Significance

The traditional pattern of lateralized memory deficits seen in people with hippocampal sclerosis may not be present in people with temporal lobe epilepsy associated with a DNT. The presence of seizures and their treatment in early childhood may adversely influence the development of these core cognitive abilities, resulting in patterns of cognitive deficits that remain apparent in adulthood.
Japanese Macaques Depend not Only on Neighbours but also on More Distant Members for Group Cohesion
Authors: Sugiura Hideki , Shimooka Yukiko , Tsuji Yamato
Published: October 2013

A well‐known behavioural model for group aggregation is that an individual depends on a few neighbouring individuals to adjust its movement, such as departure (repulsion) from and approach (attraction) to neighbours. However, an individual may rely not only on a few closest neighbours, but also on more distant individuals, in a group of stable membership. We measured temporal changes in the local density of individuals around a focal individual and changes in distance to other focal individuals in a group of wild Japanese macaques to determine whether the macaques depended only on a few neighbours or also on more distant individuals for adjustments in cohesiveness. We used simultaneous focal animal sampling, with two observers recording the individuals' locations using a global positioning system (GPS), over three seasons. Numbers of individuals within 20 m from an animal tended to increase after 10 min when there were a small number of individuals around the animal. However, the number tended to decrease when there was a larger number of individuals. It remained similar when there were an intermediate number of individuals. The two focal animals tended to separate after 10 min when the interindividual distance was short. However, they tended to move closer when far apart. They remained a similar distance apart when they were at an intermediate distance. Contact calls, which are suggested to function as locating group members and keeping cohesiveness, were emitted more frequently when the distance between the two focal animals was very large in two seasons. However, the rate of contact calls was not influenced by the number of individuals within 20 m from an animal. These results suggest that individual Japanese macaques do not only rely on a few closest neighbours, but also rely on more distant group members. Japanese macaques may know the general whereabouts of the whole group, and when they stay at the periphery of the group, they may emit contact calls frequently and move towards the central zone so as not to become separated from the group.
Effects of Egg and Circulating Testosterone on Ring‐Necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) Male Traits and Combat Outcome
Authors: Rubolini Diego , Fusani Leonida , Bonisoli‐Alquati Andrea , Canoine Virginie , Caprioli Manuela , Romano Maria , Ambrosini Roberto , Dessì‐Fulgheri Francesco , Saino Nicola
Published: October 2013

Studies of avian species have shown that maternal effects mediated by the transfer of egg hormones can profoundly affect offspring phenotype and fitness. We previously demonstrated that the injection of a physiological amount of testosterone (T) in the eggs of ring‐necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) disrupted the covariation among male morphological traits at sexual maturity and positively affected male mating success. Here, we investigate whether egg T exposure affected adult male circulating T levels at the onset of the breeding season (reflecting gonadal maturation), and the relationship between circulating T and male traits. Egg T exposure did not affect pre‐mating plasma T. T levels were not associated with the expression of secondary sexual and non‐sexual traits or socio‐sexual behaviour (social rank, overall fighting ability and mating success). However, wattle brightness decreased with increasing circulating T in males hatched from T‐eggs (T‐males) but not among control males. In dyadic encounters during the peak mating period, control males with higher pre‐mating T levels had higher chances of being dominant over other control males. However, higher pre‐mating T levels did not predict success in male‐male competition in encounters involving T‐males. We suggest that the long‐term effects of egg T on male phenotype do not originate from differential gonadal maturation according to egg T treatment. Rather, prenatal androgens may have priming effects on functioning of target tissues, translating into differential phenotypic effects according to androgen exposure during embryonic development.
Recurrent airway obstruction: A review
Authors: Pirie R. S.
Published: October 2013

Recurrent airway obstruction is a widely recognised airway disorder, characterised by hypersensitivity‐mediated neutrophilic airway inflammation and lower airway obstruction in a subpopulation of horses when exposed to suboptimal environments high in airborne organic dust. Over the past decade, numerous studies have further advanced our understanding of different aspects of the disease. These include clarification of the important inhaled airborne agents responsible for disease induction, improving our understanding of the underlying genetic basis of disease susceptibility and unveiling the fundamental immunological mechanisms leading to establishment of the classic disease phenotype. This review, as well as giving a clinical overview of recurrent airway obstruction, summarises much of the work in these areas that have culminated in a more thorough understanding of this debilitating disease.
Irukandji jellyfish polyps exhibit tolerance to interacting climate change stressors
Authors: Klein Shannon G. , Pitt Kylie A. , Rathjen Kristen A. , Seymour Jamie E.
Published: October 2013

Increasing ocean temperatures and strengthening boundary currents have caused the poleward migration of many marine species. Cubozoan jellyfish known to cause Irukandji syndrome have historically been confined to tropical waters but may be expanding into subtropical regions. Here, we examine the interactive effects of warming and acidification on the population dynamics of polyps of an Irukandji jellyfish, Alatina nr mordens, and the formation of statoliths in newly metamorphosed medusae, to determine if this jellyfish could tolerate future conditions predicted for southeast Queensland (SEQ), Australia. Two experiments, examining the orthogonal factors of temperature and pH, were undertaken. Experiment 1 mimicked the current, ca. 2050 and ca. 2100 summer temperature and pH conditions predicted for SEQ using A1F1 scenarios (temperature: 25, 27, 29 °C; pH: 7.9, 7.8, 7.6) and Experiment 2 mimicked current and future winter conditions (18 and 22 °C, pH 7.9, 7.8, 7.6). All polyps in Experiment 1 survived and budded. Fewer polyps budded in the lower pH treatments; however, patterns varied slightly among temperature treatments. Statoliths at pH 7.6 were 24% narrower than those at pH 7.8 and 7.9. Most polyps survived the winter conditions mimicked by Experiment 2 but only polyps in the 22 °C, pH 7.9 treatment increased significantly. The current absence of A. nr mordens medusae in SEQ, despite the polyps' ability to tolerate the current temperature and pH conditions, suggests that ecological, rather than abiotic factors currently limit their distribution. Observations that budding was lower under low pH treatments suggest that rates of asexual reproduction will likely be much slower in the future. We consider that A. nr mordens polyps are likely to tolerate future conditions but are unlikely to thrive in the long term. However, if polyps can overcome potential ecological boundaries and acidification proceeds slowly A. nr mordens could expand polewards in the short term.
From silk to satellite: half a century of ocean colour anomalies in the Northeast Atlantic
Authors: Raitsos Dionysios E. , Pradhan Yaswant , Lavender Samantha J. , Hoteit Ibrahim , McQuatters‐Gollop Abigail , Reid Phillip C. , Richardson Anthony J.
Published: October 2013

Changes in phytoplankton dynamics influence marine biogeochemical cycles, climate processes, and food webs, with substantial social and economic consequences. Large‐scale estimation of phytoplankton biomass was possible via ocean colour measurements from two remote sensing satellites – the Coastal Zone Colour Scanner (CZCS, 1979–1986) and the Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor (SeaWiFS, 1998–2010). Due to the large gap between the two satellite eras and differences in sensor characteristics, comparison of the absolute values retrieved from the two instruments remains challenging. Using a unique in situ ocean colour dataset that spans more than half a century, the two satellite‐derived chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) eras are linked to assess concurrent changes in phytoplankton variability and bloom timing over the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and North Sea. Results from this unique re‐analysis reflect a clear increasing pattern of Chl‐a, a merging of the two seasonal phytoplankton blooms producing a longer growing season and higher seasonal biomass, since the mid‐1980s. The broader climate plays a key role in Chl‐a variability as the ocean colour anomalies parallel the oscillations of the Northern Hemisphere Temperature (NHT) since 1948.
Longest neurite‐specific activation of Rap1B in hippocampal neurons contributes to polarity formation through RalA and Nore1A in addition to PI3‐kinase
Authors: Nakamura Takeshi , Yasuda Sayaka , Nagai Hiroyuki , Koinuma Shingo , Morishita So , Goto Akihiro , Kinashi Tatsuo , Wada Naoyuki
Published: October 2013

In a developing nervous system, axon‐dendrite formation is instructed by extrinsic cues, and the mechanism whereby a developing neuron interprets these cues using intracellular signaling is particularly important. Studies using dissociated hippocampal neurons have identified many signaling pathways underlying neuronal polarization. Among the components of these pathways, Rap1B is essential for axon specification in hippocampal cultures. However, spatiotemporal regulation of Rap1B activity in polarizing neurons and how it affects neuronal polarization remain unclear. Herein, we investigated spatiotemporal activity‐change of Rap1B and its target molecules in hippocampal neurons. FRET imaging showed that specific activation of Rap1B was observed at the tip of a future axon. To dissect downstream signaling, we used three effector mutants of Rap1B. Expression of Rap1B‐G12V/E37G and G12V/Y40C mutants resulted in supernumerary axons. The targets of Rap1B‐G12V/E37G were RalA and Nore1A, whereas Rap1B‐G12V/Y40C activated PI3‐kinase. RalA was activated in the tip of stage 3 axons, and RalA‐S28N expression reduced the fraction of neurons with supernumerary axons induced by Rap1B‐G12V/E37G. Furthermore, Nore1A depletion reduced the number of cells without axons. These results indicate that specific activation of Rap1B contributes to neuronal polarization via interaction with RalA and Nore1A in addition to PI3‐kinase.
Establishment and directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells from glycogen storage disease type Ib patient
Authors: Satoh Daisuke , Maeda Tohru , Ito Tetsuya , Nakajima Yoko , Ohte Mariko , Ukai Akane , Nakamura Katsunori , Enosawa Shin , Toyota Masashi , Miyagawa Yoshitaka , Okita Hajime , Kiyokawa Nobutaka , Akutsu Hidenori , Umezawa Akihiro , Matsunaga Tamihide
Published: October 2013

Glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSDIb) is caused by a deficiency in the glucose‐6‐phosphate transporter (G6PT), which leads to neutrophil dysfunction. However, the underlying causes of these dysfunctions and their relationship with glucose homeostasis are unclear. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold a great promise for advances in developmental biology, cell‐based therapy and modeling of human disease. Here, we examined the use of iPSCs as a model for GSDIb. In this study, one 2‐year‐old patient was genetically screened and diagnosed with GSDIb. We established iPSCs and differentiated these cells into hepatocytes and neutrophils, which comprise the main pathological components of GSDIb. Cells that differentiated into hepatocytes exhibited characteristic albumin secretion and indocyanine green uptake. Moreover, iPSC‐derived cells generated from patients with GSDIb metabolic abnormalities recapitulated key pathological features of the diseases affecting the patients from whom they were derived, such as glycogen, lactate, pyruvate and lipid accumulation. Cells that were differentiated into neutrophils also showed the GSDIb pathology. In addition to the expression of neutrophil markers, we showed increased superoxide anion production, increased annexin V binding and activation of caspase‐3 and caspase‐9, consistent with the GSDIb patient's neutrophils. These results indicate valuable tools for the analysis of this pathology and the development of future treatments.
The permanent catheter
Authors: Tan Ek Khoon , Tan Seck Guan
Published: October 2013

An elderly woman receiving hemodialysis via a right brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula presented to the clinic for elective removal of a tunneled hemodialysis catheter inserted 5 years ago. The catheter had not been removed earlier at the patient's request. Removal was now unsuccessful in the clinic. Exploration in the operating room revealed the innominate vein had fibrosed around the length of the catheter. The procedure was abandoned, catheter cut short and the remnant left in situ. This case serves as a reminder to exercise caution if there is difficulty in removing the catheter even after the cuff is dissected free, and to remove them once a working fistula or graft is available. Failing which, the patient bears an unnecessary risk of line infection, or as in this case, the catheter may unintentionally end up what its common misnomer “perm‐cath” alludes to – becoming truly “permanent.”
Development of bullous pemphigoid after change of dialysis membrane
Authors: Sodemoto Kinuyo , Yamahana Junya , Echigo Takeshi , Nishijima Chihiro , Shimada Yuka , Inaoki Makoto
Published: October 2013

A 75‐year‐old Japanese man presented with pruritic blisters and macules on his trunk and extremities. He had been on hemodialysis for 4 years because of chronic renal failure, and in recent months, a polymethylmethacrylate membrane had been used for dialysis. After a change in dialysis membrane to a cellulose triacetate membrane, pruritic tense blisters developed on the extremities in combination with marked blood eosinophilia. Physical examination showed erythematous macules and tense blisters on the trunk and extremities. A biopsy specimen of an erythematous macule showed subepidermal vesicles and eosinophils that attached to the dermal–epidermal junction. Serum level of eosinophilic cationic protein was elevated. From clinical, histological, and immunological findings, a diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid was made. New blisters continued to erupt during the period in which the patient used the cellulose triacetate membrane dialyzer, and even after the use of clobetasol propionate. It resolved only after the patient came back to the use of a synthetic membrane dialyzer. We discontinued the use of clobetasol propionate, and neither bullous eruptions nor blood eosinophilia recurred. These observations suggest that cellulose membrane may be involved in the development of bullous pemphigoid through activation of eosinophils in the blood and the skin lesion, as in the present case.
Factors predicting failure of AV “fistula first” policy in the elderly
Authors: Hod Tammy , DeSilva Ranil N. , Patibandla Bhanu K. , Vin Yael , Brown Robert S. , Goldfarb‐Rumyantzev Alexander S.
Published: October 2013

An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferential hemodialysis (HD) access. The goal of this study was to identify factors associated with pre‐dialysis AVF failure in an elderly HD population. We used United States Renal Data System + Medicare claims data to identify patients ≥67 years old who had an AVF as their initial vascular access placed pre‐dialysis. Failure of the AVF to be used for initial HD, was used as the outcome. Logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with AVF failure. The study cohort consisted of 20,360 subjects (76.2 ± 6.02 year old, 58.5% men). Forty‐eight percent of patients initiated dialysis using an AVF, while 52% used a catheter or an AVG. The following variables found to be associated with AVF failure when an AVF was created at least 4 months pre‐HD initiation: older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.02), female gender (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.55–1.83), black race (OR 1.41; 95% CI 1.26–1.58), history of diabetes (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.06–1.39), cardiac failure (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.15–1.37), and shorter duration of pre–end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) nephrology care (OR for a nephrology care of less than 6 months prior to ESRD of 1.22 compared with a pre‐ESRD nephrology follow up of more than 12 months; 95% CI 1.07–1.38). OR for AVF failure for the entire cohort showed similar findings. In an elderly HD population, there is an association of older age, female gender, black race, diabetes, cardiac failure and shorter pre‐ESRD nephrology care with predialysis AVF failure.
Treatment of pruritus with Prometheus dialysis and absorption system in a patient with benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis
Authors: Ołdakowska‐Jedynak Urszula , Jankowska Irena , Hartleb Marek , Jirsa Milan , Pawłowska Joanna , Czubkowski Piotr , Krawczyk Marek
Published: October 2013

Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) is an autosomal recessive liver disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of jaundice and itching. Episodes of cholestasis last variously from 1 week to several months, may start at any age and usually resolve spontaneously. No effective treatment has been found as yet. We report a case of genetically proven BRIC in a male patient who developed three episodes of pruritus and jaundice at the age of 14, 16 and 19 years. During the third episode, he did not respond to pharmacological medical therapy, and fractionated plasma separation and absorption (FPSA, Prometheus) was performed to manage intractable pruritus. The treatment immediately alleviated pruritus, lowered serum bilirubin concentration and induced sustained remission in the 5‐year follow up. FPSA seems to be a safe and effective way of treatment for BRIC in patients with severe pruritus and prolonged jaundice.
Pre‐ and postoperative nutritional assessment and health‐related quality of life in recipients of living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Urano Eri , Yamanaka‐Okumura Hisami , Teramoto Arisa , Sugihara Kohei , Morine Yuji , Imura Satoru , Utsunomiya Tohru , Shimada Mitsuo , Takeda Eiji
Published: October 2013

Aim

The nutritional state of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) recipients is one of the most important factors affecting postoperative outcome. Although the assessment of health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) is of increasing importance, few studies have examined this in conjunction with LDLT recipient nutritional state.

Methods

Ten LDLT recipients with end‐stage liver disease were recruited for this study. Measurements of energy expenditure, anthropometrics and laboratory data were performed before and 1, 6 and 12–24 months after LDLT. HRQOL was measured by using the 36‐item Short‐Form (SF‐36) before and 1, 3, 6 and 12–24 months after LDLT.

Results

The preoperative value of non‐protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) was 0.796 ± 0.026 and it increased significantly after the operation. Serum non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels were high in the preoperative state, but had significantly decreased 1 month after the operation. A negative correlation between npRQ and NEFA was observed throughout the study period. Cholinesterase and albumin levels improved to normal levels within 6 and 12–24 months, respectively. The recovery of the physical component summary of the SF‐36 was observed after the improvement of all domains of laboratory data and energy metabolism based on the nutritional state.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that the recovery of metabolic function, laboratory data and HRQOL in LDLT recipients are variable, and it took more than 6 months to normalize the liver protein synthetic capacity and physical HRQOL score periods. Therefore, long‐term nutritional support is required in LDLT recipients.