bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Studies of Effect of Temperature on Three Species of Entamoeba*
Authors: SIDDIQUI WASIM A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Three morphologically indistinguishable species, Entamoeba histolytica, E. invadens and E. moshkovskii, were compared with regard to the effect of temperature. Temperature tolerance studies showed that the thermal endpoints (100% death) of DKB and the Laredo strains of E. histolytica, DSR strain of E. moshkovskii and IP strain of E. invadens were in the descending orders of 43°, 41°, 41° and 39°C respectively. DKB strain seemed to be very sensitive to temperatures below 30°C. The Laredo strain of E. histolytica and DSR strain of E. moshkovskii were similar in their range of temperature tolerance.

The DKB strain of E. histolytica has been adapted to grow at 30°C and IP strain of E. invadens at 35°C, with Clostridium perfringens as the associate in both cases. Comparison of normal and temperature‐adapted strains of the three species of Entamoeba with respect to population cycle showed that at higher temperatures the multiplication rate is higher and the population reaches its peak in 2 to 3 days, whereas at the lower temperature the multiplication rate tends to decrease and the maximum population is reached by the 4th day. Individual trophozoites from the 30°C‐adapted strain of E. histolytica were larger than those of the parent strain grown at 37°. Amoebae of the IP strain of E. invadens adapted to 35° were smaller than those of the original strain grown at 30°.

The observations indicate that the Laredo strain of E. histolytica, isolated from a patient with amoebic dysentery, is an unusual mutant of a typical strain of E. histolytica, which on one hand shows affinity with typical E. histolytica and on the other hand with E. moshkovskii and E. invadens.
Physiological Properties of Tetrahymena vorax†
Authors: SHAW ROSS F. , WILLIAMS NORMAN E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Four strains of ciliates regarded as strains of Tetrahymena vorax were studied nutritionally and serologically. All grew on a chemically defined medium and phospholipid was generally stimulatory. It is concluded from the results of the present study, together with information available in the literature, that two of the strains (V1 and PP) are actually strains of T. pyriformis. This leaves T. vorax represented by two extant strains, V2 and Tur, both of which are polymorphic.

Evidence is presented for “stable transformations” in two of the strains included in the study, i.e., stocks have spontaneously developed phenotypic differences which are uniparentally inherited. The potential importance of studies of uniparental inheritance for physiological and developmental genetics is discussed.
Accumulation of Extracellular Amino Acids by Euglena gracilis
Authors: McCALLA D. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Normal Euglena gracilis, strain z, growing in the light in defined medium (initial nitrogen concentration 140 μ/ml) depletes the medium of all ninhydrin‐positive N by the time a cell density of 2 million per ml is reached. A further 2‐ to 3‐fold increase in the cell number takes place in the absence of exogenous N. The N content of an early log phase cell is about 100 picograms but decreases very rapidly as the culture continues to grow, reaching 22 picograms in the stationary phase. When grown in the dark, normal cells take up N somewhat more slowly but the supernatant fluid from saturation cultures is again devoid of N.

At modest cell densities, the permanently bleached strains examined contain less N per cell than do normal strains. The cultures of the bleached strains achieve a maximum density of about 1 to 2 million per ml rather than the 4 to 5 million reached by the normal strain. As a result, supernates from stationary phase cultures of bleached cells still contain a large proportion of the total N supplied.

Paper chromatographic analysis of these supernates reveals several ninhydrin‐positive compounds. Most of these have been identified as common amino acids. Some of the properties of two unidentified, ninhydrin‐positive compounds are described.
Lack of Evidence for Encystment in the Parasitic Amoeba Hydramoeba hydroxena (Entz)
Authors: BEERS C. DALE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. It is known that hydras infected with H. hydroxena commonly disintegrate and release scores of amoebae. Spherical resting bodies found among the free amoebae have been described as cysts and it has been suggested that they give rise to amoebulae. Using Hydra pseudoligactis as the host, a study was made of the history of the free amoebae and of the structure, nature, and fate of the so‐called cysts. All such amoebae transformed into spherical bodies that resembled cysts, even to the presence of an external membrane. These bodies invariably disintegrated after 2–3 days and they never produced amoebulae. They were called pseudocysts. The external membrane proved to be a layer of gelated cytoplasm. Unlike a true cyst membrane, it dissolved in KOH and it underwent solation when the pseudocyst disintegrated. It is concluded that the pseudocysts are actually weakened, starved, moribund amoebae. At present there is no evidence that H. hydroxena is capable of producing true cysts; its transmission from host to host appears to be solely by means of the amoeboid trophozoite.
Observations on Argentophilic Granules of Certain Peritrichs*
Authors: Hobbs Elizabeth Sanders , Lang Margaret E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Studies of certain members of the order Peritrichida, namely species of Carchesium, Epistylis, Vorticella and Zoothamnium, have revealed prominent argentophilic granules, probably cuticular pores, on the bells of all species, located on the transverse striations which encircle the bells. With light microscopy they appear similar to the basal bodies or kinetosomes found in the peristomal regions of the sessile forms, in the posterior ciliary girdles of the telotrochs, and in the scopulas of both sessile and motile organisms. Telotrochs of the various species are depicted with single and multiple rows of the basal bodies from which the membranelles of the locomotor girdles arise.
Cultivation of Rumen Protozoa. I. Factors Influencing the Cultivation of Rumen Oligotrich Protozoa “In Vitro”
Authors: Rahman S. A , Purser D. B. , Tyznik W. J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Factors influencing the cultivation of entodinia in vitro have been studied. It was found that removal of particulate material, culture division, or a combination of both resulted in similar maximum protozoal concentrations. At the same time, untreated culture concentrations declined rapidly after reaching a maximum concentration at about the tenth day.

At concentrations of streptomycin greater than 25 μg per ml of media, increasing the level of streptomycin extended the time required for a culture to attain a maximum protozoal concentration. A significant relationship (P>.01) was demonstrated between the starch concentration and the protozoal concentration, and it was found that various combinations of starch and streptomycin produced different relative protozoal concentrations in initial and established cultures. Implications arising from these results are discussed.
Localization of Ciliary Primordia in Induced Abnormal Cysts of Oxytricha. fallax
Authors: Hashimoto Kaneji
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Precystic organisms embedded in agar become abnormal cysts. Some of them are excystable rod‐like or ellipsoid forms and the others, non‐excystable fiat ones. Major axis of the rod‐like or ellipsoid cysts is parallel with the body axis of the previous precystic organisms, because when the cysts are formed the protoplast within the secreted cyst walls rotates or agitates slightly around the major axis but movement around the minor axis is precluded.

The fibrillar structures appearing in excystment from abnormal cysts are bilaterally symmetrical, different from the normal spherical cysts showing radial symmetry. The two poles from which the fibrils radiate are situated opposite each other but not at the extremities of the cyst. The locus of the anterior pole corresponds to the site of oral primordia in dividers and reorganizers.

When the anterior part of the original adoral membranelles (AZM) in the early precystic animals is removed, the ellipsoid cysts from the abbreviated animals show a disturbance of the anterior fibrillar arrangement. The primoidium of the future AZM runs straight from the anterior extremity of the cyst toward the uninjured posterior pole. Ellipsoid cysts from precystic animals after the posterior region is removed similarly have disturbed fibrils near the posterior extremity of the cyst. The AZM primordium then arising on excystment extends from the uninjured anterior pole toward the damaged posterior extremity of the cyst. Similar events are found also in spherical cysts from anterior and posterior fragments of precystic animals.

In either case, though the initial phase of the AZM primordium shows irregular contour, leaf‐like shape is accomplished later accompanying the increase of primordial granules, while the other ciliary primordia such as undulating membrane and cirri arise at their corresponding areas. All can produce normal excysted animals.

The ciliary primordia appearing upon excystment, notably that of the AZM, therefore seem to have descended from the precystic stage or foregoing trophic one.
The Amino Acid Requirements of Acanthamoeba sp. Neff
Authors: Adam Katherine M. G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Acanthamoeba sp. Neff can synthesize 4 of the 10 essential amino acids, namely, histidine, lysine, threonine and tryptophan. However, in this minimal medium, the non‐essential amino acid glycine was also required for growth. Serine or threonine could replace glycine, but the growth rate was reduced.
An Unusual Protozoal Infection of Tsetse Flies (Glossina Weidemann 1830 spp.) in West Africa
Authors: Foster R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Glossina palpalis R‐D 1830 and G. pallicera Bigot 1891 in northwest Liberia were found to be infected with a flagellate parasite which never invaded the mouthparts. The parasite occurred as a number of distinctive crithidial and trypanosomal forms, and although infection was commonly confined to the midgut, it occasionally extended into the hind‐gut; infections of the hindgut only were rare. The parasites also infected the coelomic cavity of the host. Attempts to produce further developmental stages in N.N.N. medium, rat, crocodile, varanid and hen failed. There are morphological similarities between the parasite and some developmental stages of Trypanosoma grayi Novy 1906, but reasons are advanced why the two forms do not belong to the same, but possibly to closely related species.
Isolation and Characterization of Deoxyribonucleic Acid of Two Species of Trichomonas Donne*
Authors: Mandel M. , Honigberg B. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A modification of the method of Marmur permits the ready isolation of native deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from some strains of Trichomonas vagtnalis and T. gallinae. Analysis of the purified DNA by thermal denaturation and density gradient centrifugation shows both to be quite rich in adenine plus thymine and to display considerable compositional heterogeneity. Analyses for dry weight, total nitrogen, and amounts of the nucleic acids are also given.
Three Acidophilic Volvocine Flagellates in Pure Culture*
Authors: Fott Bohuslav , Mccarthy Alan J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Three acidophilous volvocine flagellates from peat water in Czechoslovakia were obtained in pure culture by the washing technique. Two of these, Carteria acidicola and Chlamydomonas acidophila, grew so densely in low‐pH Euglena gracilis media containing glutamic acid as to suggest they possess a vigorous heterotrophy. The other, Carteria turjosa, grew less well and required vitamin B12. In peat‐water media the upper limit of growth was 5.5. The lowest pH tested, 2.5, permitted growth of Carteria acidicola and Chlamydomonas acidophila. Some peptone media permitted growth at pH 6.0. The morphology of these flagellates is described.
Cytological and Cytogenetical Studies on Paramecium polycaryum. V. Lethal Interactions in Certain Stocks*
Authors: Takayanagi Tan , Hayashi Shinji
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Evidence is presented for killer and sensitive animals in Paramecium polycaryum. The killer animals excreted in the culture medium a lethal substance which killed the sensitive animals. The lethal substance was unstable at high temperatures and was completely precipitated by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 30 minutes. Comparative immunity to killing by killer animals was shown to be possessed by some animals of certain sensitive stocks.

Attempts to find a cytoplasmic particle comparable to “kappa” in P. aurelia in killer animals were not successful.
Effects of CO2 on Paramecium multimicronucleatum*
Authors: GITTLESON STEPHEN M. , SEARS D. F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Experiments were undertaken to examine and to quantitate the effect of CO2 upon movement, contractile vacuole activity, cellular volume and shape, and survival of Paramecium multimicronucleatum. Paramecia tolerated pressures of CO* up to 1 atmosphere for at least 24 hours. Above 1 atmosphere survival was inversely related to pressure of CO2. Increasing CO2 tensions slowed forward movement and altered length and width of the spiral paths. Pulsation rates of anterior contractile vacuoles diminished as the CO2 pressure increased. At 20 psi of CO2 vacuoles ceased to function. Paramecia retained their volume and shape when exposed to high CO2 tensions. Removal of CO2 from the medium decreased speed and length of spirals and caused an increase in cellular volume. These effects of pressure variation of “CO” are examined in terms of the ability of COS to expand the volume of hydrocarbons upon dissolving into these compounds and in terms of bicarbonate competing for cations at the cell membrane.
The Effect of Different Sera in the Culture Medium on the Behavior of Plasmodium berghei Following Serial Passage Through Tissue Culture*
Authors: WEISS MARGARET L. , DEGIUSTI DOMINIC L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A previous study has shown that a strain of Plasmodium berghei had become modified following serial passage through rats and tissue culture in a medium containing lamb serum. Mice infected with this strain showed a longer survival time and some of the mice recovered. The recovered mice developed a true immunity to reinfection with the modified strain and the parent strain. It was thought that this effect was due to the serum contained in the culture medium. Consequently the experiments were repeated and other strains developed using rat and calf serum. The strain derived, after 10 serial passages alternately through rats and tissue culture containing rat serum, retained the characteristics of the parent strain, i.e., all mice infected with this strain died; the majority within 19–21 days. Mice infected with a strain derived from the series utilizing calf serum showed a significantly longer survival time and 8 mice out of 87 survived. The strain derived by using lamb serum yielded results similar to those previously reported and after 8 serial passages 20 mice out of 65 survived infection. The hypothesis is advanced that P. berghei is antigenically heterogeneous, much as has been shown for the trypanosomes. It is thought that opsonins contained in the serum of the tissue culture medium render certain antigenic types more liable to phagocytosis and therefore the in vitro treatment acts as a screening process, as the case might be, leaving those types most easily recognized by the mouse and hence evoking an effective immune response.
Reticulo‐Endothelial Activity in Mice Infected with Plasmodium vinckei
Authors: COX F. E. G. , BILBEY D. L. J. , NICOL T.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The effect of P. vinckei infections on the phagocytic activity of the reticulo‐endothelial system in mice has been investigated. Changes occurring in the pattern of R.E. activity show that there is slight stimulation of phagocytosis 24 hours after the initiation of the infection at which time parasites appear in the blood. The stimulation continues and reaches a peak on the 3rd day, following which it drops to subnormal levels by the 6th and 7th days when the animals die. The parasitaemia rises abruptly from the 4th day onwards, this increase bearing a direct relationship to the fall in the level of phagocytic activity. The changes which occur during this infection are compared with those previously reported for Plasmodium gallinaceum in chicks.
Observations on Atypical Mitochondria in Paramecium caudatum*
Authors: YUSA AYERE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A description of atypical mitochondria found in specimens of Paramecium caudatum, which had been treated with shocks of electric current, is reported. The morphological alterations of these organelles, noted only in certain percentages of specimens from several experimental groups, usually involved a three‐ to fivefold increase in diameter accompanied by distortions of their regular form into various configurations. The structural integrity of the internal microtubules, however, was for the most part preserved. These abnormal forms are interpreted in the light of the experiment as examples of cellular reactions to injury.
A New Species of Seabrookia (Foraminiferida) from the Later Tertiary of Southern California
Authors: LIPPS JERE H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Published records of the foraminiferal genus Seabrookia indicate the genus to be widespread and its occurrence apparently discontinuous. The genus is here reported for the first time as a fossil from the eastern Pacific Ocean region, with the description of the new species S. cooperta from the California Miocene.
Cannibalism in Frontonia leucas Ehr.
Authors: DEVI R. VIMALA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Starvation apparently does not induce cannibalism in F. leucas, but the occurrence of infirm, cytolized and helpless individuals in a dish of normal ones seems to afford an opportunity for it. Ingestion of the victim as well as the process of its digestion in the food vacuole of the cannibal is described. The highest number found ingested by a single cannibal is three. Cytoplasm and the micronuclei are digested before the macronucleus. Part of the macronucleus is present in the food vacuole of the cannibal even 16 hours after ingestion of the prey. By 24 hours, digestion is complete. The deoxyribonucleic acid of the macronucleus undergoes some specifiable change in its constitution towards the latter part of its digestion. Cannibalism does not lead to giant formation.
The Biology of Neobursaridium gigas Balech, 1941 (Ciliata: Heterotrichida)
Authors: THURSTON JUNE P.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. N. gigas Balech, 1941, has been found again in Uganda and cultured in the laboratory. Some features of its morphology and behavior were studied. The buccal cavity has a small pit. Trichocysts are found in the endoplasm as well as the cortex. The ciliate appears to be highly sensitive to light. Cyclops was an important predator. The size of N. gigas is very variable.
Antigens of Plasmodium lophurae*
Authors: SHERMAN IRWIN W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Erythrocyte‐free Plasmodium lophurae were lysed by freeze‐thawing and the lysate subjected to contrifugation. Two fractions were obtained: (1) hemozoin, an insoluble protein‐containing pigment and (2) soluble proteins. Hemozoin when “solubilized” in 4 M urea was immobile upon electro‐phoresis in a 4 M urea starch gel. The soluble plasmodial proteins were grossly contaminated by host cell hemoglobin, but were readily separated from the latter by starch gel electrophoresis. Employment of the Ouchterlony and immunoelectrophoretic techniques demonstrated that one of the major antigenic components in this avian plasmodium is hemoglobin. The malarial pigment showed no antigenicity. Rabbit antisera prepared against formalinized erythrocyte‐free parasites discerned some 4 to 6 precipitating antigens, but no such reaction was obtained using hyperimmune chicken serum after naturally induced blood infections. These studies show the distinct nature of the host and parasite by physico‐chemical means and illustrate the value of the immunoelectrophoretic method in providing a simple and sensitive tool for detecting impurities in parasite protein preparations. It is further suggested that confusion in host and parasite antigens as described in the literature may in part be due to these unidentified erythrocyte elements.
A Comparative Study of Hartmannellid Amoebae
Authors: ADAM KATHERINE M. G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Twenty strains of hartmannellid amoebae have been studied. All the strains grew axenically in liquid and chemically defined media. Strains were found to differ their rate of growth, optimum temperature for growth and in amino acid requirements. All except one strain (Lilly) were found to be serologically related by the immobilization test. Direct observation of the trophozoites and cysts, and the results of serological and physiological tests, have led to the conclusion that the 20 strains should comprise a single species until further information is gained on these and other representatives of the genus.

Earlier literature on the classification of hartmannellid amoebae has been critically reviewed, and it is concluded that Hartmannella castellanii Douglas 1930 is the correct name for the species. It is suggested that Acanthamoeba castellanii (Volkonsky 1931), Hartmannella glebae (Dobell 1914) and H. rhysodes Singh 1952 became synonyms of H. castellanii, and that Mayorella palestinensis Reich 1933 be transferred to the genus Hartmannella.

Some strains of H. castellanii were able to grow at mammalian body temperature. Since the species appears to be common and widely distributed, and farms cysts which resist desiccation, it is probable that the occurrence of amoebae in mammalian cell cultures has arisen by contamination from the air.
The Effect of Trypsin on the Pellicle of Euglena gracilis
Authors: KIRK J. T. O.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The effect of trypsin on the pellicle of Euglena gracilis has been studied. A simple apparatus which permits the incubation of a number of culture flasks under identical conditions of illumination is described. Cells of E. gracilis suspended in 0.01 M NH4HCO3 are rapidly lysed by trypsin. Lysis is prevented by 0.3 M sucrose, 0.3 M glucose, 0.3 M glycerol, 0.15 M KBr or 0.15 M NaCl. After treatment with trypsin in the presence of a protective solute the cells are still osmotically stable when resuspended in distilled water, indicating that free protoplasts are not liberated. These solutes do not protect isolated, empty pellicles against the action of trypsin. It is suggested that cells of E. gracilis are only susceptible to trypsin when they are swollen as a result of exposure to hypotonic media: that the resultant stretching of the pellicle permits lysis by allowing the enzyme to penetrate to sites which are normally hidden.
The Somatic and Oral Infraciliature of the Enigmatic Giliate Cyathodinium piriforme*
Authors: PAULIN JEROME J. , CORLISS JOHN O.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The unusual patterns of infraciliary kinetosomes on the body and in the large anterior depression of the trophont stage of this difficult‐to‐classify ciliate have been examined by use of the Chatton‐Lwoff silver impregnation technique. In our material there are nine rows of somatic cilia, arranged more or less concentrically around the oral cavity at the anterior end of the pyriform‐shaped body; in the cavity itself there are eight quite separate rows of “vestibular” ciliature. Erratically distributed on posterior areas of the body are argentophilic “granules” which may be non‐cilia‐bearing kinetosomes. A contractile vacuole pore, described for the first time, is located on the ventral surface in the posterior third of the body to the right of the midline.

Still more information is needed to be able to establish the most appropriate taxonomic allocation for Cyathodinium. It is suggested that a combination of fine structural (electron microscopical) and morphogenetic (fission, stomatogenesis, reorganization) studies is required to elucidate both the form and the function of the several unique features of Cyathodinium and that a new understanding of these will permit resolution of the problem of the systematic status of the ciliate.
The Behavior and Pathogenicity of Two Strains of Trichomonas gallinae in Cell Cultures*
Authors: HONIGBERG B. M. , BECKER R. DiM. , LIVINGSTON M. C. , MCLURE M. T.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A comparison of the effects upon trypsin‐dispersed chick liver cell cultures of a virulent (Jones' Barn) and a non‐pathogenic (Lahore) strain of Trichomonas gallinae revealed significant differences in behavior of the parasites in cell cultures and in the response of such cultures. The virulent strain multiplies faster in nutrient medium in the presence of cell cultures; stimulates great activity of the macrophages; is not handled effectively by these phagocytes in which it can multiply causing their ultimate destruction; is found significantly more often within the cytoplasm of the liver epithelial and fibroblast‐like cells; causes very much more profound degenerative changes in all the cells, both invaded and non‐invaded; and suppresses effectively the division rate of the fibroblast‐like cells. On the other hand, the nonpathogenic strain multiplies at a lower rate in the presence of cell cultures; stimulates less activity of the macrophages; is handled readily by these phagocytes in which it multiplies only very rarely, if ever; is found seldom within the liver epithelial and fibroblast‐like cells; causes far less degeneration of all the cell culture elements; and suppresses significantly less the dlvision rate of the fibroblast‐like cells.

At the end of a 20–24 hour period typically only a few living cells are left in cultures exposed even to attenuated isolates of the virulent strain, whereas those inoculated with the mild one do not show much degeneration even after 28 hours. The effects upon the cell cultures of cell‐free filtrates of actively growing trichomonad cultures are relatively minor, but the changes caused by the filtrates of cultures of Jones' Barn strain appear to be more extensive than those caused by similar filtrates of Lahore strain.
Excystation of Eimeria bovis and Other Species of Bovine Coccidia*
Authors: NYBERG PETER A. , HAMMOND DATUS M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Mechanically released sporocyts of Eimeria bovis, E. ellipsoidalis and E. auburnensis readily excysted when incubated in a mixture of trypsin, steapsin, and bovine bile. Excystation of intact E. bovis, E. ellipsoidalis and E. auburnensis oocysts occurred after pretreatment at 37°C in aqueous 0.02 M cysteine hydrochloride under an atmosphere of CO2‐air or CO2‐N2, followed by incubation in an enzyme‐bile mixture. Nine % of E. bovis oocysts were activated after 6 hr of incubation at 37 C in a mixture of 0.5% (w/v) trypsin, 0.5% (w/v) steapsin, and 5.0% (v/v) bile at pH 7.5 with 10 hr pretreatment under air and 20% CO2; with 30% CO2, 80% activation occurred; with 50% CO2, 91% of the oocysts were activated. At CO2 levels from 10 to 40%, pretreatment with CO2 and N2 yielded less activation than CO2 and air. Pretreatment with CO2‐N2 (50–50) for 2 hr resulted in 37% activation; for 6 hr, 60%; for 10 hr, 94%; and for 14 hr, 99%. After pretreatment under 50% CO2 for 10 hr, 95% excystation was obtained by incubation for 6 hr in 0.5% trypsin and 5.0% bile. Only 76 or 69% excystation occurred when 0.25% trypsin or 1.0% bile, respectively, was substituted. Addition of steapsin to this mixture caused little change in the results. In oocysts pretreated 14 to 21 hr with steapsin, 2% or less excystation occurred after 6 hr in a trysinbile or bile mixture. E. ellipsoidalis oocysts, pretreated for 10 hr under CO2‐N2 (50–50), underwent 61 and 80% excystation when incubated for 2 and 6 hr, respectively, in trypsin, steapsin, and bile. E. bovis oocysts enclosed in a dialysis bag inside an intestinal fistula became thinned or flattened at the micropyle after 24 hr, and excystation occurred when these oocysts were mixed with trypsin, steapsin, and bile and returned to the fistula for 4 hr. No excystation occurred when oocysts without added enzymes were left 48 hr in the fistula. Sporozoites escaped first from sporocysts and then from oocysts.
Frequency of Infection and Seasonal Variation of Leucocytozoon berestneffi in the Yellow‐billed Magpie, Pica nuttalli*
Authors: CLARK GLEN W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A study, based on tissue and blood smears, has been made of the incidence and intensity of Leucocytozoon in 193 yellow‐billed magpies. Tissue smears had a significantly higher gametocyte frequency, as well as a higher density level than was found in the blood films. Three hundred and seven adult magpies were examined for relationship of season to blood‐parasite incidence. Both incidence and intensity, as indicated by blood smears increased during the spring months; the peak occurred in March; the lowest findings were in August and September. Data from tissue smears indicate a high incidence throughout the year.
The Lesser Haemosporidina*
Authors: MANWELL REGINALD D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Although the Haemosporidina are a large group, few of them arc well known. Those considered here are called the “lesser Haemosporidina” because they have, on the whole, much less impovtance than the malaria parasites of man. They are, nevertheleq far from insignificant because some cause serious disease in the lower animals and probably play an important role in the maintenance of biological balances. Their use as research tools has also often led to very useful discoveries directly applicable to human malaria.

Only four species of the 60 or so now known in the genus plasmodium parasitize man; we are still ignorant of many of the most elemental facts relating to the biology of the rest. The rectors of many remain undiscovered and, partly as a result, their exoerythrocytic stages have never been observed. Even when such knowledge cxists. there are many lacunae in what we know of thcir physioloey. A really practical method of cultivating the various stapes would be of great help.

We also need much more knowledge of the close relatives of the malaria parasites, comprising the genera Hueinoprofeits, Hepatocystis, and Lertcocytoroon. There are close parallels in their host occurrence which undoubtedly have evolutionary significance. Yet such facts are difficult to interpret, although it seems likely that Haenzoproteus may be the oldest of the four.

Whether Babesia and Dactylosoma should be included in the Harniosporidimz has been questioned. It is the author's opinion that it would be better to retain them. Despite important differences there are basic similarities. Much remains unknown about Babesia and very little of importance is known about Dactylosoma. This genus is known from Anura all over the world, and seems usually to occur in frogs and toads, in which the species is usually thought to be D. Ranarum. Other species have been occasionally reported from other amphibia and even from fish. Nothing at all is known of its transmission or life cycle. Its occurrence in frogs in very widely separated areas may have the same significance which Metcalf many years ago attached to the similar occurrence of the opalinids: it may be evidence for the existence in remote times of land bridges connecting land masses now remote from one another.
Genetics of Entamoeba: Characterization of Two New Parasitic Strains which Grow at Room Temperature (and at 37°C)*
Authors: ENTNER NATHAN , MOST HARRY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Of set‐era1 strains of Eiztarnocha isolated from human patients diagnosed to have mild. chronic amebiasis, two strains (AG and JA) Were found to have the ability to grow well at room temperature, in addition to growing at 37°C. Subsequent genetic analysis has shown these two strains to be very closely related to the well‐known “Laredo strain of Entamoeba histolytica.” The implications of the marked differences from “true”E. histolitica are discussed.
Effect of Nitrofurans on the Chloroplast System of Euglena gracilis
Authors: McCALLA D. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Twelve derivatives of 5‐nitrofuran were tested on Euglena grarzlis. All rendered the organism permanently apoplastidic and, at somewhat higher concentrations, killed. The furan analogues of 3 of these compounds had no effect on the chloroplast system and were less toxic than the nitrcfurans. Low concentrations of nitrofurantoin and nitroiuraldehyde inhibited formation of chlorophyll when etiolated cells irere illuminated.

Exposure of euglena to low concentrations of these agents for about 2 generation times. followed by plating on drug‐free mediurn. resulted in a high proportion of bleached colonies. It is theretore concluded that the nitrofurans induce apotplastidy by causing permanent damage to the chloroplast system rather than by inhibiting its replication temporarily. Since one of the nitrofurans which was found to bleach euglena, NFT–3‐amino‐6[‐2‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furyl) vinyl]‐1,2,4‐triazine–is known to cause specific inhibition of DNA synthesis in bacteria, nitrofurans may perhaps bleach euglena through selective damage to chloroplast‐DNA or to the DNA‐synthesizing system of the chloroplast.
Permeability to Sugars and Fatty Acids in Polytoma obtusum
Authors: CHAPMAN LINDA F. , CIRILLO VINCENT P. , JAHN THEODORE L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Whole cells of Polytoma obtusum do not utilize glucose or other hexoses, but cell‐free extracts show glucokinase activity having a pH optimum at 8.5 and a Q10 of 2.4 between 0–20°C. Lack of glucom utilization by whole cells reflects a permeability barrier to all sugars.

To determine whether inability of acetate‐grown cells to utilize butyrate also denoted a permeability barrier, permeability to acetate and butyrate was studied in acetate‐ and butyrate‐grown cells However, acetate‐grown cells accumulated C‐14 labeled butyrate against a concentration gradient. Therefore inability of acetate‐grown cells to utilize butyrate does not denote a permeability barrier.

Acetate‐kinase activity was consktently demonstrated in cell‐free extracts of both acetate‐ and butyrate‐grown cells. Butyrate kinase was consistently found only in butyrate‐grown cells. However, the absence of buttymte kinase in acetate‐grown cells cannot be claimed since occasionally butyrate kinase activity was demonstrated in extracts of acetate‐grown cells.
Physiological Studies on the Rumen Ciliate, Ophryoscolex purkynei Stein
Authors: MAH ROBERT A. , HUNGATE ROBERT E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Fermentation of wheat by a clonal population of Ophryoscolex purkynei obtained from an in vitro culture yielded butyrate, acetate, smaller amounts of propionate, and traces of formate and lactate. H2 and COz were formed in a ratio of approximately 2:1. The soluble sugars tested were not fermented in manometric experiments. Decomposition of pectin by O. Purkynei is due to pectin esterase and transeliminase; the latter enzyme resembles the bacterial transeliminase rather than the fungal pectin transeliminase. The occurrence of these enzymes seems odd since the end products do not appear to be metabolized.

The rate of fermentation of wheat by washed suspensions of protozoa agreed with the rate determined by following gas production in a normal culture during a 24‐hr period. The rate was lower than that reported for the holotrichous rumen ciliates; the total products formed per cell per hour by the washed suspension were 0.295 mpM.

The formation of gas by fermentation of soybean and linseed oil meals was due to the starch and not protein in these materials. Manometric experiments with the pure proteins, casein, gliadin, and glutenin showed no gas evolution. Ammonification of these substrates in addition to plant chloroplasts was determined. Linseed oil meal gave a high value of 0.02 mμM/cell/hr which is of practical magnitude when compared to the rate of formation of acid, 0.08 mμM/cell/hr.

Based on a concentration of 4000 protozoa/ml, estimation of the proteolytic activities of O. Purkynei indicated that it can account for 1.5% of the total ammonification. But, it can account for nearly 11% per day of the nitrogen supplied to the host when the protozoa are passed on to the abomasum. Its contribution to the volatile acids produced in the rumen is 3%, assuming the maximum rate of acid formation from wheat. Ophryoscolex can be of significance in the rumen if it occurs at high concentrations (4W/ml) but the rate of fermentatiodcell is too low to assign much importance to this organism when it occurs in low numbers.
Streptomycin‐ and Pyribenzamine‐Induced Chlorosis in Euglena*
Authors: TONG NORA C. H. LIANG , GROSS J. A. , JAHN THEODORE L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Streptomycin (SM) and pyribenzamine (PBZ at 5 × 10−4 inhibit the growth rate of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris in the light. Growth rates based on optical density, however, differed from those based on direct cell counts. The drugs also induced chlorosis (bleaching). SM caused chlorosis 10% of plated colonies after 1 to 2 hr of exposure, 50% after 8 hr, and 100% after two days. PBZ treatment yielded no chlorotic colonies after 1 to 2 hr exposure, and only 18–20% chlorotic colonies after 5 to 15 days. Since no chlorotic colonies were initially present, these drugs must have acted directly on each cell. Resistance to bleaching probably varies among the cells of a culture. The lower incidence of bleached cells in PBZ‐treated cultures might mean that the drug affects cells only during the early stage of growth. Morphological evidence as well as the viability of the druptreated cultures showed that at equimolar concentrations SM is less toxic to Euglena than PBZ but more readily causes bleaching. Therefore the mechanism of action of SM differs from that of PBZ. Conditions governing the PBZ effect are not completely known.
Babesiosoma tetragonis n. sp. (Sporozoa: Dactylosomidae) from a California Teleost*
Authors: BECKER CLARENCE D. , KATZ MAX
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sporozoans belonging to the genus Babesiosorna were found in the erythrocytes of a young Catostomus collected in northern California. This is the first record of these parasites in a North American teleost. All stages of the schizogonic cycle and also the “gametocytes” were observed in the erythrocytes of the host Descriptions and measurements of these stages are given, and comparisons with the four known species of Babesiosoma are made. This parasite represents a new species, for which the name, Babesiosoma tetragonis, is proposed.
An Electron Microscopic Study of the Final and Initial Forms of Plasmodium gallinaceum in Thin Sections of Infected Tissue Cultures*
Authors: MEYER H. , de OLIVEIRA MUSACCHIO M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Merozoites from Plasmodiunz gallinaceum (exoerythrocytic forms) have been observed with the electron microscope in thin sections of infected tissue cultures. When still in segmenter formation, at the end of the intracellular cycle, a small canaliculum can be observed in their proximal part which runs from the nuclear region down into the cytoplasmic core of the segmenter, where, in some sections, it continues directly into the endoplasmic reticulum of the core.

Large, vacuole‐like empty spaces in the merozoites recall swollen mitochondria. They show short villi at the periphery, instead of the typical cristae; they resemble the mitochondria of starved tissue cells.

In the distal pole of the merozoites, one or two oval bodies of great electron density are present, among several smaller granules, both structures still being of unknown significance. The rest of the cytoplasm is of great electron density and shows a fine granulation.

In the young trophozoites the oval bodies and the smaller granules disappear. Also, mitochondria are not found just after parasites enter a cell. These, however, reappear soon.

The contact of the trophozoites with the cytoplasm of the host is intimate. Both surface membranes of the parasite are visible, mostly intact, but showing also openings which are considered artifacts, since no images have been obtained which indicate a passage of material through them from the host to the parasite. It is believed, however, that the parasite takes up material from the host through the membranes by an osmotic process. The fading of the electron density and the greater distance between the particles of its cytoplasm in the growing parasite seem to prove this. The particles which are responsible for the electron density of the merozoites, and of the young trophozoites, do not differ in their aspect from the RNA particles of the host cells.

The nucleus, which in the merozoites and in the very first intracellular stages shows a homogenous fine and dense granulation, develops a darker region later, of irregular shape, which is located eccentrically, and is considered the nucleolus of these forms.
Some Biochemical, Cytological, and Morphogenetic Comparisons Between Astasia longa and a Bleached Euglena gracilis*
Authors: BLUM JACOB J. , SOMMER JOACHIM R. , KAHN VARDA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The relationship between Astasia longa and a streptomycin‐bleached strain of Euglena grocilis has been examined by several criteria. The organisms differ in their sensitivity to actinomycin D and 8‐azaguanine in their ability to incorporate C14‐labeled leucine, and in their sensitivity to a new antibiotic called primycin. Euglena forms an induced acid phosphatase when grown in phosphate‐deficient medium, but Astasia does not. On the basis of these and other differences, it is suggested that these two organisms are separate genera. Understanding of cell division in these cells has been increased by discovery of an array of tubular fibrils corresponding to a spindle apparatus in the nucleus of a dividing Astasia. This finding, plus the observation that presumptive pellicle complexes are formed during prophase, clarify the fission mechanisms in these organisms.
Study of the Cellular Action of Drugs with Protozoa. II. Comparative Study of the Inhibitions Induced by Hypocholesteremic Agents on Ochromonas danica Multiplication; Annulment by Oleic Acid*
Authors: AARONSON S. , BENSKY BARBARA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Several hypocholesteremic agents inhibit multiplication of Ochromonas danica, Euglena grucilis, and Tetrahy‐menu pyriformis. Inhibiting O. danica are benzmalecene, triparanol, diazacholestanol. 3‐β‐(2‐diethylaminoethoxy) androst‐5‐en‐17‐one, α‐phenylbutyric acid, β‐diethylaminoethyldiphenyl‐n‐propylacetate (SKF‐525A) 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐ (β‐dimethylaminoethoxy)pentane (SKF‐3301A), trans‐3‐(p‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐[p‐(2‐diethylaminoethoxy)phenyll‐2‐pentenenitrile (P‐3429), frans‐3‐[p‐(2‐diethylaminoethoxy) phenyll‐2‐pentenenitrile (P‐3013), vanadyl SO† and L‐thyroxine but not nicotinic acid, 3‐pyridylacetic acid, 3‐pyridylacetamide, nicotinuric acid, p‐aminosalicylic acid. tris‐(2‐dimethylaminoethyl) phosphate (SKF‐7732‐A3), tris‐ (2‐diethylaminoethyl) phosphate (SKF‐7997‐A3), 2,3‐bis[p‐(2‐diethylaminoethoxy) phenyl] acrylonitrile bis (P‐2681).

Inhibition of Ochromonas multiplication by benzmalecene, triparanol, diazacholestanol, SKF‐525A. SKF‐3301A, P‐3013, and P‐3429 was annulled by lecithin, TEM, and specifiically by oleic acid. The following compounds equimolar with oleic acid were ineffective: stearic, palmitic, myristic, and lauric acids; cholesterol, stigmasterol, ergosterol, lanosterol, and β‐sitosterol; mevalonic acid lactone, geranyl acetate, farnesol, and squalene.

Evidence is presented for the usefulness of protozoa as detectors of toxicity and possible harmful side effects of inhibitors of lipid metabolism in mammals.
Pigments of Rlepharisma zindulans Compared with Hypericin
Authors: SEVENANTS MICHAEL R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An analysis of the pigments from the protozoan Blepharismn undtulans is reported. Methods of isolation and separation by paper chromatography are described. along with subsequent spectrophotometric and chemical analysis. Since the two major pigments were available only in amounts insufficient for thorough chemical analysis, these pigments were compared with the known pigment hypericin. Although similarities in the visible spectra indicate that the B. unduluns pigments possess the same mesodianthrone structure as hypericin, infrared spectra and chemical reactions disclose differences in the position, and possibly in the number, of the functional groups. A tentative structure is proposed.
The Relationship between Arginine, Citrulline and Ornithine in Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: HILL D. L. , VAN EYST J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Studies on the metabolism or arginine, citrulline, and ornithine by Tetrahymena pyriformis confirmed that these compounds do not participate in a urea cycle in this organism. No evidence for the enzymes of the cycle or for the presence of urea or urease was found. However, conversion of arginine to ornithine takes place. This system consists of two enzymes, arginine desimidase and a citrulline‐hydrolyzing enzyme. This is different from the arginine dihydrolase enzymes reported for bacteria and yeast, since no labile phosphate is produced in the conversion of citrulline to ornithine. The enzyme responsible for the latter conversion was purified 44‐fold. The pH optimum of the enzyme, its substrate specificity, and the effect of inhibitors on its activity were investigated. The enzyme appears entirely hydrolytic in nature.
Resolution of Persistent Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Problems Involving Ciliate Protozoa Assignable to the Astome Family Haptophryidae Cepede, 1923*
Authors: CORLISS JOHN O. , de PUYTORAC PIERR , LOM JIRI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Confusion has long existed in the literature concerning both the taxonomy and the nomenclature of ciliates belongin: to the astomatid family Haptophryidae. Most of the controversy has centered around the names and concepts of “Haptophrya” and “Sieboldiellina.” The latter name, widely used for certain species found as parasites (endocommensals) of turbellarians, must fall as a junior synonym of the former, which has commonly been restricted to the astomatous ciliate parasites (endocommensals) of various amphibians But the species of “Haptophrya” are then left without a generic vehicle, since Haptophrya Stein, 1867, must, in effect, be used to replace Sieboldiellina Collin, 1911, as the proper generic name of the turhellarian parasites Fortunately a name is available for the amphibian species: Cepedietta Kay, 1942.

The problem is further complicated because of the recognition of subfamilial groups, the name of one of these having been formed from Sieboldiellina and having become associated with certain species parasitic in turbellarians. With the realization that, by the international rules of zoological nomenclature, Haptophrya must be used with reference to these particular turbellarian parasites, the subfamilial name associated with the amphibian forms must be changed. We propose Cepediettinae n. nom. in solution of this particular problem. We recognize a third subfamily, Ckpkde's Lachmannellinae, to contain the three remaining acceptable genera comprising the family Haptophryidae: Anndophrya, Lachmanndla, and Steinella.

At the generic and specific levels numerous errors of a nomenclatural nature have been committed in the older literature, many unwittingly perpetuated in recent papers. These are all corrected in the present work. For the sake of future clarity we have included a series of figures, both original and from the literature, and have designated neotypes of the two principal species involved in the overall controversy.
Eimeria aurati n. sp. (Protozoa:Eimeriidae) from Goldfish (Carassius auratus) in North America
Authors: HOFFMAN GLENN L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria aurati n. sp. is described from the intestine of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, from Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Oocysts were very numerous in long, whitish, opaque fecal casts. They were 16 to 24 by 14 to 17 μ (mean, 20.1 by 16.3) and were non‐sporulated when passed but sporulated 2 to 5 days later.