bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resources, Staff Beliefs and Organizational Culture: Factors in the Use of Information and Communication Technology for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Parsons Sarah , Daniels Harry , Porter Jill , Robertson Christopher
Published: July 2007

Background  Access to, and the use of, information and communication technology (ICT) is increasingly becoming a vital component of mainstream life. First‐order (e.g. time and money) and second‐order factors (e.g. beliefs of staff members) affect the use of ICT in different contexts. It is timely to investigate what these factors may be in the context of service provision for adults with intellectual disabilities given the role ICT could play in facilitating communication and access to information and opportunities as suggested in Valuing People.

Method  Taking a qualitative approach, nine day service sites within one organization were visited over a period of 6 months to observe ICT‐related practice and seek the views of staff members working with adults with intellectual disabilities. All day services were equipped with modern ICT equipment including computers, digital cameras, Internet connections and related peripherals.

Results  Staff members reported time, training and budget as significant first‐order factors. Organizational culture and beliefs about the suitability of technology for older or less able service users were the striking second‐order factors mentioned. Despite similar levels of equipment, support and training, ICT use had developed in very different ways across sites.

Conclusion  The provision of ICT equipment and training is not sufficient to ensure their use; the beliefs of staff members and organizational culture of sites play a substantial role in how ICT is used with and by service users. Activity theory provides a useful framework for considering how first‐ and second‐order factors are related. Staff members need to be given clear information about the broader purpose of activities in day services, especially in relation to the lifelong learning agenda, in order to see the relevance and usefulness of ICT resources for all service users.
Order Imbalance and Its Impact on Market Performance: Order‐driven vs. Quote‐driven Markets
Authors: Huang Yu Chuan , Chou Jian‐Hsin
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  The behavior of order imbalance and its impact on market performance at the two Taiwan stock index futures markets, the TAIFEX and the SGX‐DT, is investigated. The TAIFEX is an order‐driven call market, while the SGX‐DT uses a quote‐driven continuous trading system. Our empirical results show that for the TAIFEX order‐driven market, the spread is minimized when order imbalance is high. In contrast, for the SGX‐DT quote‐driven market, the spread is highest when order imbalance is high. For both markets, order imbalance has an impact on market liquidity and volatility. The impact is larger and more significant for SGX‐DT futures. This suggests that the order‐driven market mechanism of TAIFEX futures is superior in absorbing order imbalance and in reducing the resulting price impact.
Retrograde activation of STAT3 by leukemia inhibitory factor in sympathetic neurons
Authors: O’Brien Jennifer J. , Nathanson Neil M.
Published: July 2007

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a member of the interleukin‐6 family of cytokines and signals through the glycoprotein 130 and LIF receptor beta subunits. Binding of cytokines to these subunits activates multiple signaling cascades, including the Janus kinase (Jak)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway. We used compartmentalized cultures of sympathetic neurons and immunocytochemical analyses of STAT3 to examine the mechanisms involved in retrograde signaling of LIF from distal neurites (DN) to cell bodies. Addition of LIF to the DN of these neurons triggers the activation and nuclear translocation of STAT3. Inhibition of Jak activity in the cell bodies prevented LIF‐induced retrograde activation of STAT3, while block of Jak activity in the DN had no effect on the appearance of activated STAT3 in the nucleus. These results show that the transport of activated Jak is not the main mechanism mediating retrograde signaling. Although there is an increase in phosphorylated STAT3 in the neurites after distal stimulation, the transport of activated STAT3 is not necessary for retrograde signaling. Our results are consistent with a signaling endosome model for retrograde signaling, in which the LIF/glycoprotein 130/LIF receptor/Jak complex is internalized and transported to activate STAT3 in the cell body.
Slurry acceptance mapping of Northern Ireland for run‐off risk assessment
Authors: Jordan C. , Higgins A. , Wright P.
Published: July 2007

Using geographic information system techniques, hydrology of soil types (HOST) classes were combined with slope, rockiness, flood hazard and soil moisture deficit classes within a risk matrix to produce a slurry acceptance map for Northern Ireland (NI) on a 50 m grid. Moreover, due to the whole territory of NI being designated as a nitrate vulnerable zone, a nitrates action programme is to be implemented across the region in the near future and this is likely to restrict slurry applications to the growing season. To assess the risk classes associated with slurry applications during the growing season, an additional slurry acceptance map for NI was created in which the HOST factor was excluded from the analysis. The maps created showed that, for the period January–December, the majority (80%) of agricultural soils in NI were in the severe risk category following application of 50 m3 ha−1 of slurry. However, this proportion was reduced to only 29% when the same volume of slurry was applied during the growing season, when the soils were not saturated and significant rainfall was not received in the period immediately after slurry application.
PANTELLERIAN WARE: A COMPREHENSIVE ARCHAEOMETRIC REVIEW*
Authors: MONTANA G. , FABBRI B. , SANTORO S. , GUALTIERI S. , ILIOPOULOS I. , GUIDUCCI G. , MINI S.
Published: July 2007

Pantellerian ware is a Late Roman cooking ware whose production centre was established on the island of Pantelleria by the pioneering research of Fulford and Peacock almost 20 years ago (Peacock 1982; Fulford and Peacock 1984). Archaeological and archaeometric studies carried out by the authors of the present contribution during the past four years have aimed to fully characterize this ceramic class. Recurrent ceramic forms, their distribution over time and space, their petrographic characteristics and their chemical identity, as well as possible raw materials and their technological properties, were considered. The present paper is a comprehensive review of this archaeometric work and aims to establish a ‘reference group’. Using a representative number of samples of Pantellerian ware that were recently discovered in the island through archaeological field surveys or surface and submarine excavations, it was possible to characterize in detail the compositional variability of this ware in terms of chemistry and petrography. Furthermore, the physical properties of this ceramic type have been defined in order to better understand its performance characteristics, mainly in response to induced thermal stress. In the meantime, the experimental mixing and tempering of locally sampled raw materials have shed light on the ancient manufacturing process and have led to an approximation of the original paste.
MODELLING CHANGES IN MOLLUSC SHELL INTERNAL MICROSTRUCTURE DURING FIRING: IMPLICATIONS FOR TEMPERATURE ESTIMATION IN SHELL‐BEARING POTTERY*
Authors: MARITAN L. , MAZZOLI C. , FREESTONE I.
Published: July 2007

Firing experiments have been carried out on a clay containing naturally occurring fragments of mollusc shell. The transformation and/or decomposition of mineral phases with temperature was monitored by thermal analysis on the starting material and compared with X‐ray diffraction data on the fired specimens. Scanning electron microscopy revealed systematic changes in the internal microstructure of the shell fragments. Micrometer‐sized intra‐ and inter‐layer pores formed in the shells before the complete decomposition of calcite. The shape, dimension and location of the pores within the shell microstructure were found to be directly related to the firing temperature. The analysis of these microstructural features in archaeometric studies offers a good constraint on the estimation of the firing temperature in shell‐bearing pottery.
Acute Water Intoxication in a Dog
Authors: Toll Jeffrey , Barr Stephen C. , Hickford Fiona H.
Published: July 2007

A one‐year‐old female labrador Retriever dog was admitted to the Emergency Service after playing in a lake for several hours. Physical examination revealed coma, hypothermia, and bradycardia. Marked diuresis was noted. A serum biochemical profile revealed hyposmolality, hyponatremia, and hypoproteinmia suggestive of dilution of serum constituents. Acute water intoxication was diagnosed. Recovery was complete and occurred without specific therapy. Acute water intoxication should be considered in the differential diagnosis of coma. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1999, 9: 19–25)
High Levels of HDL Cholesterol Do Not Predict Protection From Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Authors: Baron Alea A. , Baron Scott B.
Published: July 2007

Elevated levels ≥ 60 mg/dL) of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol have been felt to be protective for cardiovascular disease in women. While cardiovascular disease is the leading killer of women in the United States, this is underrecognized, and women's symptoms are often atypical, leading to underdiagnosis. When high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol is high, physicians may underestimate a woman's cardiovascular risk. This tendency may have adverse health consequences.
Associations Among Walking Performance, Physical Activity, and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Pettee Kelley K. , Larouere Beth M. , Kriska Andrea M. , Delia Johnson B. , Orchard Trevor J. , Goodpaster Bret H. , Conroy Molly B. , Mackey Rachel H. , Underwood Darcy A. , Kuller Lewis H.
Published: July 2007

An objective measure of walking performance could have several potential applications in clinical settings. The cross‐sectional relationships among long distance corridor walk (LDCW) time, physical activity, and subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) measures were examined before group randomization in 492 participants (mean age, 57.0±2.9 years) from the Women On the Move Through Activity and Nutrition (WOMAN) study, a randomized clinical trial involving postmenopausal women. Longer walk times were significantly associated with higher body mass index (P<0001), average waist circumference (P<0001), and lower levels of physical activity (P<002). The proportion of detectable coronary artery calcification and median aortic pulse wave velocity levels were significantly higher among those with slower walk times (P<002 and P<.001, respectively). Findings from the current report support the utility of the LDCW to identify women at higher risk for CVD who may be candidates for further cardiovascular testing or intensive lifestyle intervention.
Mechanisms of Cardiac Fibrosis in Hypertension
Authors: Díez Javier
Published: July 2007

Changes in the composition of cardiac tissue develop in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (ie, hypertensive heart disease) and lead to structural remodeling of the myocardium. One of these changes is related to the disruption of the equilibrium between the synthesis and degradation of collagen types I and III molecules, which results in an excessive accumulation of collagen types I and III fibers within the myocardium. Myocardial fibrosis is the consequence of a number of pathologic processes mediated by mechanical, neurohormonal, and cytokine routes. The clinical relevance of fibrosis is that it may contribute to heart failure and other cardiac complications in patients with hypertensive heart disease. This brief review focuses on the mechanisms of hypertensive myocardial fibrosis.
Measuring the Quality of Dying in Long‐Term Care
Authors: Munn Jean C. , Zimmerman Sheryl , Hanson Laura C. , Williams Christianna S. , Sloane Philip D. , Clipp Elizabeth C. , Tulsky James A. , Steinhauser Karen E.
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVES: To describe two versions of a new measure, The Quality of Dying in Long‐Term Care, for postdeath administration to surrogate respondents (staff and family caregivers) of all decedents (QOD‐LTC) and of cognitively intact decedents (QOD‐LTC‐C) who die in nursing homes (NHs) and residential care or assisted living (RC/AL) facilities.

DESIGN: Using two levels of exploratory factor analysis, 15 candidate items for the QOD‐LTC and 36 candidate items for the QOD‐LTC‐C were tested using multiple criteria to determine factor structure and interpretability of the quality of dying in long‐term care (LTC).

SETTING: One hundred seventeen RC/AL facilities and 31 NHs in FL, MD, NC, and NJ.

PARTICIPANTS: Family (n=439) and staff (n=332) caregivers of 633 decedents from a stratified random sample from RC/AL facilities and NHs in four states.

MEASUREMENTS: Trained interviewers asked respondents to rate statements describing potentially important aspects of the quality of dying using a 5‐point Likert scale. The scale items were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis with communalities set to unity using a Promax rotation.

RESULTS: The 11‐item QOD‐LTC (α=0.66), appropriate for surrogate respondents for all decedents, consists of three domains (personhood, closure, preparatory tasks). The 23‐item instrument for surrogate respondents of cognitively intact decedents, the QOD‐LTC‐C (α=0.85), consists of five domains (sense of purpose, closure, control, social connection, preparatory tasks).

CONCLUSION: The QOD‐LTC and QOD‐LTC‐C are psychometrically acceptable measures of the quality of the dying experience, developed for and tested in LTC settings. Use of these measures can increase understanding of the dying experience in LTC.
Neurovascular Coupling and Epilepsy: Hemodynamic Markers for Localizing and Predicting Seizure Onset
Authors: Schwartz Theodore H.
Published: July 2007

Hemodynamic surrogates of epileptic activity are being used to map epileptic foci with PET, SPECT, and fMRI. However, there are few studies of neurovascular coupling in epilepsy. Recent data indicate that cerebral blood flow, although focally increased at the onset of a seizure, may be temporarily inadequate to meet the metabolic demands of both interictal and ictal epileptic events. Transient focal tissue hypoxia and hyperperfusion may be excellent markers for the epileptic focus and may even precede the onset of the ictal event.
The Pharmacodynamics of Parenteral Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors
Authors: JENNINGS LISA K. , JACOSKI MARY V. , WHITE MELANIE McCABE
Published: July 2007

Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists are a unique class of antiplatelet agents introduced for the management of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and those presenting with unstable angina or non‐ST segment elevation (NSTE) myocardial infarction (MI), collectively recognized as acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Eptifibatide, abciximab, and tirofiban HCl are three GPIIb/IIIa antagonists approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration. Of the three agents, eptifibatide is approved for use in both PCI and NSTE ACS patient populations, whereas abciximab is indicated for patients undergoing PCI, and tirofiban is approved for patients with NSTE A CS. Dose selection for the initial trials using the three parenteral antagonists was based on in vitro and ex vivo pharmacodynamic assays conducted under different blood collection and platelet function assay conditions. Recent comparative pharmacodynamics studies, which used newly defined and standardized assay conditions, indicate that the platelet aggregation inhibition achieved with these dosing regimens is variable. Therefore, the differences in clinical efficacy as evidenced in the more recent clinical studies (e.g., Enhanced Suppression of the Platelet Receptor GPIIb/IIIa using Integrilin Therapy [ESPRIT], Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries TV Acute Coronary Syndromes [GUSTO‐IV ACS], and Do Tirofiban HCl and ReoPro Give Similar Efficacy Outcomes Trial [TARGET]) may be related to the variable antiplatelet effects of the approved dose regimens.
Monitoring of Platelet Function in the Setting of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitor Therapy
Authors: THOMPSON CHRISTOPHER M. , STEINHUBL STEVEN R.
Published: July 2007

The role of the platelet in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes is clearly established. In addition, the beneficial effects of oral and intravenous platelet inhibitor therapies were demonstrated in multiple, large, randomized clinical trials. However, despite these advances, current antiplatelet therapy fails to prevent coronary events in a substantial proportion of patients. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that antiplatelet medications are administered without monitoring of the response to therapy. For example, oral antiplatelet therapy is administered as a standard dose for all patients, while intravenous inhibitors of the platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor are dosed based on patient body weight. A major limitation of measuring platelet function has been that no practical test exists. The historic gold standard, bleeding time, was a very crude measure of platelet function with limited clinical utility. The current “gold standard,” turbidimetric aggregometery, requires a central laboratory and is cumbersome to perform. Fortunately, a number of new tests with rapid turnaround time can be performed at the patient's bedside. This article discusses the details regarding the performance, advantages, disadvantages, and available data related to clinical use of each test in populations with coronary disease and patients treated with antiplatelet therapy.
Percutaneous Retrieval of a Wallstent from the Pulmonary Artery Following Stent Migration from the Iliac Vein
Authors: ASHAR RAJIV M. , HUETTL ERIC A. , HALLIGAN ROBERT
Published: July 2007

Wallstents are being used increasingly in conjunction with balloon dilatation for treatment of iliac vein stenosis. Stent misplacement or migration is a complication of the procedure, and may be symptomatic and warrant repositioning or removal. We report the case of a patient whose iliac vein stenosis was managed with two overlapping Wallstents and was complicated by embolization of one stent into the right ventricle (RV) and the other to the pulmonary artery (PA). This article illustrates percutaneous endovascular removal of a migrated stent from the PA using a jugular and femoral approach.
Transcatheter Occlusion of a Large Aortoazygos Fistula Using the Amplatzer Device
Authors: SALIBA ZAKHIA , BONNET DAMIEN , HAUSSE ANA , AGGOUN YACINE , BONHOEFFER PHILIPP
Published: July 2007

This report describes the percutaneous embolization of an unusual aortoazygos arteriovenous fistula in a 22‐month‐old child. The large fistula (8 mm) was successfully occluded using a 12‐ to 10‐mm Amplatzer Duct Occluder device using the arterial approach. The device was incompletely deployed into the abnormal vessel to avoid tearing of the intima by the sharp distal disk.
Determinants of Serum Creatinine Trajectory in Acute Contrast Nephropathy
Authors: GUTTTEREZ NOEL V. , DIAZ ALBERTO , TIMMIS GERALD C. , O'NEILL WILLIAM W. , STEVENS MELISSA A. , SANDBERG KEISHA R. , MCCULLOUGH PETER A.
Published: July 2007

The aim of this study was to describe the trajectory of creatinine (Cr) rise and its determinants after exposure to radiocontrast media. Included were 98 subjects who underwent cardiac catheterization and were randomized to forced diuresis with IV crystalloid, furosemide, mannitol (if pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was<20 mmHg), and low dose dopamine versus intravenous crystalloid and matching placebos. Baseline and postcatheterization serum Cr levels were analyzed in a longitudinal fashion, allowing for differences in the time between blood draws, to determine the different critical trajectories of serum Cr. The mean age, baseline serum Cr, and Cr clearance (CrCl) were 69.3 ± 10.8 years, 2.5 ± 0.9 mg/dL, and 31.4 ± 12.1 mL/min, respectively. The clinically driven postprocedural observation time was 5.5 ± 5.1 days (range 19 hours and one Cr value to 25.7 days and 18 values). The mean maximum Cr was 3.3 ± 1.4, range 1.7–8.7 mg/dL). Longitudinal models support baseline Cr clearance predictions for the change in Cr at 24 hours, time as the determinant of Cr trajectory, and requisite monitoring. For any given individual, a rise in Cr of ≤ 0.5 mg/dL in the first 24 hours after contrast exposure predicted a favorable outcome. Baseline renal function is the major determinant of the rate of rise, height, and duration of Cr trajectory after contrast exposure. Length of observation and frequency of laboratory measures can be anticipated from these models.
Development of a Multicenter Interventional Cardiology Database: The Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Cardiovascular Consortium (BMC2) Experience
Authors: KLINE‐ROGERS EVA , SHARE DAVID , BONDIE DIANE , ROGERS BRUCE , KARAVITE DEAN , KANTEN SHERRI , WREN PATRICIA , BODURKA CINDY , FISK CATHY , MCGINNITY JOHN , WRIGHT SUSAN , FOX SUSAN , EAGLE KIM A. , MOSCUCCI MAURO
Published: July 2007

The technical challenges in the development of a quality‐controlled registry of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) are currently unknown. This article describes the authors' experience in the development of a regional, quality‐controlled PCI registry. In 1996, 16 centers in Michigan were invited to participate in a multicenter PCI registry. Nine centers agreed to a pilot data collection and, as of July 2001, eight centers are still actively collecting data. An Oracle database was developed by the coordinating center. A common data collection form and a standard set of definitions were agreed on during several meetings. Data validity was insured through review of each form by a trained nurse, by automatic database diagnostic routines, and by site visits that included a review of the catheterization laboratory logs and a review of randomly selected charts. The average number of forms requiring query resolution was 33% in 1997 (range 7–76%), and it decreased to 5% in 1999 (range 1.4–10%). The most commonly queried variables were outcomes prior to discharge, lesion category, lesion complexity, date of birth, device used, gender, postprocedural percent stenosis, presence of left main disease, and MI date. Invalid dates, identification of the doctor, the presence of duplicate forms, and of duplicate outcomes were additional common queries generated by the internal diagnostic routines. In conclusion, the number of queries and diagnostic reports generated in the database suggests that the development of a quality‐controlled PCI registry requires the institution of a careful diagnostic and data quality assessment system.
Different Techniques for Closure of Multiple Interatrial Communications with the Amplatzer Septal Occluder
Authors: ROMAN KEVIN S. , JONES ALEX , KEETON BARRY R. , SALMON ANTHONY P.
Published: July 2007

We present three cases of multiple interatrial communications to illustrate the extended use of the Amplatzer septal occluder and to highlight procedural techniques. The first case demonstrates how a single device can be used to close two adjacent defects. It is important to balloon size both defects and to note if balloon occlusion of one defect closes the other and vice versa. The second case demonstrates closure of multiple atrial septal defects using two devices. The technique needed to obtain an “interleaved” position of the two devices is detailed. This technique allows for a lower profile that reduces stress on the devices and surrounding structures and may decrease the risk of thromboembolism and device embolization. The third case describes device closure of a residual defect adjacent to a previous device implanted at an earlier sitting. In this situation, an overlapping position without the option for “interleaving” is inevitable.
Prevention of Stent Thrombosis Following Brachytherapy and Implantation of Drug‐Eluting Stents
Authors: DERNTL MICHAEL , SYEDA BONNI , BERAN GILBERT , SCHUKRO CHRISTOPH , DENK STEFAN , GLOGAR DIETMAR
Published: July 2007

The implementation of coronary brachytherapy and especially the application of drug‐eluting stents for the prevention of in‐stent restenosis are of vital importance in the field of interventional cardiology. Despite undeniable benefits of these new methods a potential increased risk for the occurrence of stent thrombosis as a result of the mode of action of these new methods has to be taken into consideration. The prevention of stent thrombosis following coronary brachytherapy and implantation of drug‐eluting stents is therefore of particular importance to assure the success of these forward‐looking technologies. This article provides an overview of current data regarding the incidence of stent thrombosis following brachytherapy and implantation of drug‐eluting stents and it's implication for clinical practice.
Etanercept Treatment of Erythema Nodosum
Authors: Boyd Alan S.
Published: July 2007

A 22‐year‐old otherwise healthy woman presented to the Vanderbilt University Dermatology Clinics with a 5‐year history of painful, red plaques and nodules on her shins and tops of her feet. She had initially been seen by a rheumatologist, who diagnosed her with erythema nodosum (EN) and prescribed oral prednisone. After 1 month of therapy, the condition had not improved and she discontinued the treatment. She had undertaken no additional therapy in the interim. At the onset of her condition, she was taking no medications, using only etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol vaginal ring for contraception. Her condition did not change after beginning this hormonal contraception. Her lesions were constant, with variable waxing and waning and without any discernible precipitants. They were tender to palpation but were otherwise without symptoms. She denied any history of fever, joint pain, fatigue, cough, gastrointestinal symptoms, malaise, mucosal ulcerations, foreign travel, infectious exposures, or illicit drug use. Clinically, her anterior legs displayed moderately well demarcated patches and nodules with dusky erythema. The lesions were tender to palpation but were not present on the feet or above the knees. Darkened, bruise‐like areas were also appreciated and corresponded to older, quiescent lesions. Results from a chest x‐ray, complete blood cell count, and metabolic panel were normal. She declined a biopsy. She was treated with supersaturated solution of potassium iodide, indomethacin, methotrexate, and dapsone, all without benefit. She was then begun on etanercept 25 mg administered subcutaneously twice weekly. After 1 month she noticed the lesions beginning to fade with a concomitant decrease in their discomfort, and by 4 months she was clear of her disease. Results of all monitoring blood work were normal. At 6 months, her disease had resolved and her etanercept dose was reduced by half without any flare of her condition. She has continued 25 mg weekly for 12 months without developing any new lesions.
Colocalization of Lichen Planus and Vitiligo Associated With Selective IgA Deficiency
Authors: Gül Ülker , Soylu Seçil , Demiriz Murat
Published: July 2007

A 28‐year‐old man with a diagnosis of vitiligo universalis for 6 years presented with reddish polygonal papules that had developed on his left hand first and then on his right hand. On dermatologic examination, porcelain‐white hypopigmented appearance was observed all over his body, and there were violaceous, flat‐topped papules changing from 2 to 5 mm in diameter localized on the hypopigmented areas of the dorsum of both hands and flexor sites (Figure 1). The physical examination and laboratory investigations including hemogram, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum biochemistry, and urinanalysis were normal. Antibodies to thyroid tissue, hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, nuclear, and streptolysine were negative. Repeated IgA levels in serum were found to be decreased; however, the other immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM) and C3, C4 and cryoglobulins were in normal ranges. Histopathologic examination of the polygonal papules revealed hyperkeratosis, focal thickening of the granular layer, and irregular acanthosis in triangular saw‐tooth pattern. The basal layer was invaded by the lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate and had numerous necrotic keratinocytes. The infiltrate in the upper dermis was band‐like and sharply demarcated at its lower border. There were also a few melanophages in the upper dermis. Melanocytes were decreased in number, and in some areas they were absent at the basal layer of epidermis. Clinical and histopathologic diagnosis were consistent with lichen planus and vitiligo (Figure 2).

The lichen planus at vitiliginous area on the wrist of the patient.

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The histopathologic examination of the lesion was consistent with vitiligo and lichen planus (hematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification ×100).

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A Complete Sec61 Complex in Nosema Bombycis and Its Comparative Genomics Analyses1
Authors: WU ZHENGLI , LI YANHONG , PAN GUOQING , LI CHUNFENG , HU JUNHUA , LIU HANDENG , ZHOU ZEYANG , XIANG ZHONGHUAI
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT. We characterized a complete Sec61 complex in Nosema bombycis, which has been shown to consist of Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ genes. Comparing the genomic regions that harbor the respective subunit genes between N. bombycis, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, and Antonospora locustae, we found that microsporidian genomes have high degree of synteny in short genomic fragment, and that this gene synteny in general might exist throughout microsporidian genomes.
New Models of Negotiation, Dispute Resolution, and Joint Problem Solving
Authors: Wells John Calhoun , Liebman Wilma B.
Published: July 2007

The revolutionary changes sweeping the workplace, union‐management relationships, and the world economy have contributed to a sharply redefined role for the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS), the primary provider of mediation services to labor and management in the United States. In this article's three main sections, the authors trace the history and provide background information about FMCS; consider the changing role of mediation, driven by societal forces of change from the late 1970s to the present; and speculate on the agency's future and the expected expansion in the use of mediation.
Techniques and Sequences in Mediation Strategies: A Proposed Model for Research
Authors: Wall James A. , Stark John B.
Published: July 2007

Most studies of mediation strategy focus on the “how” and “what” of the process, but fail to take into consideration when particular techniques are used. To improve our understanding of mediation strategies in general, the authors of this article propose a new methodological approach that includes an analysis of the particular techniques that are used as well as the order of their use.
Interagency Bargaining and International Negotiation: Lessons from the Open Skies Treaty Talks
Authors: Tucker Jonathan B.
Published: July 2007

Internal bargaining among government agencies has a direct effect on the formal external negotiation, particularly with regard to the flexibility of the negotiator and their ability, to reach agreements. This article illustrates how interagency bargaining within the U.S. and Soviet governments affected the negotiation of the 1992 Open Skies Treaty between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the former Warsaw Pact.
Negotiating National Identity and Self‐Determination in Ethnic Conflicts: The Choice Between Pluralism and Ethnic Cleansing
Authors: Kelman Herbert C.
Published: July 2007

The contradictions of ethnonational identity, which make it a prime force in both the promotion and the destruction of human dignity and social justice, have become more pronounced with the ending of the Cold War. It is necessary to reconceptualize national identity and develop new norms for accepting a group's right to national self‐determination through establishment of an independent state expressing its national identity, and even for accepting its claim to national identity itself. This article proposes that (1) implementation of a group's right to self‐determination cannot be left to the group alone, but must be negotiated with those who are affected by that decision, particularly minority populations; and (2) national identity itself must be “negotiated” ‐ explored and discussed ‐ with those who are affected by the group's self‐definition.
Culture and Joint Gains in Negotiation
Authors: Brett Jeanne M. , Adair Wendi , Lempereur Alain , Okumura Tetsushi , Shikhirev Peter , Tinsley Catherine , Lytle Anne
Published: July 2007

What effect does culture have on the achievement of joint gains in negotiation? Prior research has identified a number of strategies, for example sharing information about preferrences and priorities, eschewing power, that lead to the development of joint gains when both negotiators are from the U.S. Are these same strategies used in other cultures? Are other strategies used? How effective are negotiators from different cultures in realizing joint gains? These are among the questions considered by the authors, whose research is based on data collected from negotiators from six different cultural backgrounds: France, Russia, Japan, Hong Kong, Brazil, and the U.S.
Getting to the Table in Oslo: Driving Forces and Channel Factors
Authors: Watkins Michael , Lundberg Kirsten
Published: July 2007

Using the secret Middle East peace talks in Oslo, Norway as a case example, the authors develop a conceptual framework for analyzing prenegotiation processes in negotiation. The framework focuses on understanding changes in the balance of geopolitical, internal, political, and group psychological forces that lead parties to negotiate. The framework also highlights the importance of “channel factors,” such as the use of unofficial representatives, small‐state sponsorship, co‐mediation, secret diplomacy, and staged agreements. Although developed with reference to the Oslo peace process, the authors believe this framework has broader applicability to the analysis of prenegotiation processes in international and ethnic disputes and other situations of protracted conflict. They conclude with a series of questions for future prenegotiation research.
Negotiation: The Chinese Concept
Authors: Faure Guy Olivier
Published: July 2007

It is no understatement to say that negotiation activity has skyrocketed in China in recent years; however, these negotiations are frequently unsatisfactory. Part of the reason for this lack of success is that Chinese people have a conception of negotiation that is fundamentally different from that of people in the West. Based on extensive interviews with Chinese and non‐Chinese negotiators over a period of five years, the author explains the Chinese approach by using two metaphors: “mobile warfare” and the “joint quest.” Understanding this approach has significant implications for negotiation practice.
The Strategic Use of Interests, Rights, and Power to Resolve Disputes
Authors: Lytle Anne L. , Brett Jeanne M. , Shapiro Debra L.
Published: July 2007

To ensure success in resolving difficult disputes, negotiators must make strategic decisions about their negotiation approach. In this essay, we make practical recommendations for negotiation strategy based on Ury, Brett, and Goldberg's (1993) interests, rights, and power framework for dispute resolution and subsequent empirical research by Brett, Shapiro, and Lytle (1998). We discuss how negotiations cycle through interests, rights, and power foci; the prevalence of reciprocity; and the one‐sided, distributive outcomes that result from reciprocity of rights and power communications. We then turn to using interests, rights, and power strategically in negotiations. We discuss choosing an opening strategy, breaking conflict spirals of reciprocated rights and power communications, and when and how to use rights and power communications effectively in negotiations.
What Hat Do I Wear Now?: An Examination of Agency Roles in Collaborative Processes
Authors: Wondolleck Julia M. , Ryan Clare M.
Published: July 2007

As collaborative approaches to resolving public disputes become more prevalent, agency officials are finding themselves in unfamiliar terrain. This article offers one conceptualization of agency roles in collaborative processes, drawing from the experiences of natural resource managers and environmental regulators at the federal level. Based on an examination of 65 cases, the authors identify three distinct “hats” that effective agency officials wear in collaborative processes – leader, partner, and stakeholder. The objective and function of each role is assessed, along with the implications of agency facilitation. The most successful agency representatives were able to blend the three primary roles, and did not act as facilitators of the collaborative process.
What Novices Think About Negotiation: A Content Analysis of Scripts
Authors: O'Connor Kathleen M. , Adams Ann A.
Published: July 2007

What do novices think about the negotiation process? Though scholars have assumed that negotiators rely on cognitive scripts to guide their behavior in negotiation, scant empirical evidence documents the existence and content of these scripts. A sample of novice negotiators listed all the actions that they believed constituted successful negotiation. The findings indicate that people have a socially‐shared sense of the appropriate sequence of behaviors for negotiating. Closer scrutiny, however, shows that many of these behaviors are associated with poor negotiated outcomes. Specifically, an investigation of the content of these scripts shows that novices believe that incompatible interests, sequential issue settlement, impasses, and competitive behavior are common to the negotiation process.
Negotiating in a Complex World
Authors: Watkins Michael
Published: July 2007

Drawing on the literatures on negotiation and conflict resolution as well as research on international diplomacy, the author proposes a framework for understanding complexity in real‐world negotiations. Rejecting models of the process that are simplistic, sterile, or static, he argues that complexity is inherent in negotiation. In ten propositions, he lays out key dimensions of complexity and ways that skilled negotiators can manage it. The propositions focus attention on the ways negotiators create and claim value, shape perceptions and learn, work within structure and shape the structure, negotiate and mediate, link and de‐link negotiations, create momentum and engineer impasses, and work outside and inside. The author also highlights the importance of organizational learning in negotiation, noting that most negotiators manage multiple negotiations in parallel, and most organizations have many negotiators doing similar things.
Seeing Theory in Practice: An Analysis of Empathy in Mediation
Authors: Della Noce Dorothy J.
Published: July 2007

cush and Folger (1994) in The Promise of Mediation acticulated distinctions between Individualist and Relational ideology, and linked them to specific theoretical orientations to mediation practice, problem‐solving and transformative, respectively. Yet, a question persists as to whether these distinctions produce any material differences in practice. This question is approached here through an examination of a single construct in the mediation literature, empathy. The author proposes that the Individualist and Relational ideological frameworks have material implications for the concept and the practice of fostering empathy between the parties to a mediation: The problem‐solving framework fosters a social interaction which can be understood as transactional empathy while the transformative framework fosters an interaction described as relational empathy.
Alternative Models of the Future of Negotiation Research
Authors: Moore Don A. , Murnighan J. Keith
Published: July 2007

In January of 1999, leading negotiation scholars and practitioners gathered at Northwestern University for a conference sponsored by the Hewlett Foundation. Here, we chronicle a conversation that occurred regarding negotiation research. Our diverse group consisted of people with backgrounds in social psychology, anthropology, sociology, and clinical practice. We discussed issues surrounding where research takes place (in the lab or in the field), experimental participants (students or practicing professionals), and the ultimate value of research.
Can We Negotiate and Still Be Friends?
Authors: Kurtzberg Terri , Medvec Victoria Husted
Published: July 2007

In this essay, we address why it is that people may not feel comfortable negotiating with friends. We hypothesize what the effects of friendship could be on the negotiation process and outcome, and propose also how a negotiation could impact a friendship. Finally, we suggest means for measuring this impact. This essay, based on of a discussion at the Hewlett conference, does not provide answers but instead proposes questions with the hope that these questions will provoke future research into these areas.
The Ombudsman: What's in a Name?
Authors: Gadlin Howard
Published: July 2007

The role of the ombudsman is perhaps the least well understood in the field of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). This essay introduces readers to the differing conceptions of the role; the sometimes fractious divide that has existed in the past between “classical” and “organizational” ombudsmen; and a collection of essays by four well‐known practitioners that shed light on what it is ombudsmen do; the kinds of disputes they deal with and how they operate; how they view their role (and how others view it); and both the possibilities and limitations of the ombuds function.
Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Induce Problem Solving in Schools
Authors: Shapiro Daniel L. , Watson Andrew
Published: July 2007

A growing body of research suggests that students are able to learn skills of conflict resolution, but rarely apply them in real‐world disputes. In this essay, the authors focus on ways to increase the likelihood that students in disputes will use problem‐solving techniques rather than resorting to violence. The authors utilize Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (1991) as a guide for identifying antecedents to problem‐solving behavior. They also suggest means by which these antecedents can be modified to induce constructive problem‐solving behavior in school settings.
Civilians Versus Police: Mediation Can Help to Bridge the Divide
Authors: Berger Vivian
Published: July 2007

The increasing frequency of notorious cases of conflicts between police officers and members of the general public (which in New York City has led to incidents of death, battery, and sexual assault) is cause for alarm. At the root of many police‐community conflicts are an incomplete understanding of the work of the police, poor communication on the part of the police and the public, or simple misunderstanding. A number of communities, including New York City, are turning to mediation to provide a forum for the potential resolution of complaints made against police by citizens. After a brief survey of the work of such programs nationally, the author focuses on three New York cases in which she served as a mediator, using them to illustrate the pitfalls and special rewards of mediating in this context. The author believes that the mediation process itself can work in a transformative way, improving strained relations between police and the general population
More than Just a Footnote: Constructing a Theoretical Framework for Teaching about Gender in Negotiation
Authors: Kolb Deborah M.
Published: July 2007

The dominant paradigm in teaching about gender issues in negotiation over the past 25 years has been to treat the subject as one of difference‐men negotiate one way, and women negotiate another way. While this can provoke interesting discussions, there are pitfalls in treating gender in this way. The author suggests two other ways to approach the subject matter: viewing gender as emergent in the negotiation process or taking a gender relations perspective that highlights some of the invisible aspects of negotiation. The author suggests ways to teach about gender in negotiation courses from each of these perspectives; these newer ways of teaching about gender in negotiation help make it a more integral part of the curriculum.
Supplemental Joint Brainstorming: Navigating Past the Perils of Traditional Bargaining
Authors: Shapiro Daniel L.
Published: July 2007

Though decision makers in many domains use bargaining as their primary approach to negotiation, it has limited efficacy in multi‐issue, nonquantifiable transactions. Nevertheless, many negotiators use back‐and‐forth bargaining rather than other approaches. The author explicates reasons for this choice and describes “supplemental joint brainstorming,” an innovative strategy to supplement the institutionally‐entrenched bargaining approach to negotiation with interest‐based negotiation.
Negotiation or Mediation?: An Exploration of Factors Affecting the Choice of Conflict Management in International Conflict
Authors: Bercovitch Jacob , Jackson Richard
Published: July 2007

The conditions under which negotiation or mediation are chosen in international conflict have been little studied. Previous research has tended to focus on the motivations and rational calculations of the states involved. Scant attention has been given to examining the effect of the context on this choice. In this article, we present a framework for studying the contextual conditions under which negotiation or mediation are likely to take place. Employing an original data set, we find that negotiation tends to be used when conflicts are relatively simple, of a low intensity, and when both parties are relatively equal in power. Mediation, on the other band, tends to be used in disputes characterized by high complexity, high intensity, long duration, unequal and fractionated parties, and where the willingness of the parties to settle peacefully is in doubt.
Changing the Debate about “Success” in Conflict Resolution Efforts
Authors: D'Estrée Tamra Pearson , Fast Larissa A. , Weiss Joshua N. , Jakobsen Monica S.
Published: July 2007

This essay outlines a conceptual framework for discussing “success” in interactive conflict resolution and in conflict resolution efforts more generally. It first proposes reasons why evaluation is crucial for improving practice. An overview of the new framework and its development are then presented. This gives the reader a window into its construction and some of the challenges of evaluation in conflict intervention processes. Next, the uses of the framework are explained as well as how its use helps to change the debate about successful processes. Finally, this article discusses how the theoretician, practitioner, and researcher‐evaluator can use this framework for their own purposes, and how evaluating processes based upon their goals helps to improve the theory, practice, and research of the field.
Teaching Ideas: Bargaining Styles and Negotiation: The Thomas‐Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument in Negotiation Training
Authors: Shell G. Richard
Published: July 2007

Many negotiation courses and executive training programs cover the subject of bargaining styles. The Thomas‐Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI) is a commonly used psychological assessement tool that helps students and teachers probe this topic. The TKI measures the five conflict management facets proposed by the Dual Concerns Model: competing, collaborating, compromising, accommodating, and avoiding. The author has used the TKI extensively in teaching executives about bargaining styles, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of it as a teaching aid. He also presents research on the frequency with which various TKI scores are reported in business programs. Finally, he provides thumbnail sketches of typical bargaining behavior exbibited by people with very strong and very weak predispositions for each of the five conflict modes. Some implications of theses behaviors for specific professional audiences are explored.