bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Numerical and Experimental “Conical” Flow Fields in Supersonic Corners with Compression and/or Expansion
Authors: Anderson D A , Nangia R K
Published: May 2019

The flow field produced by the intersection of two plane solid surfaces in a supersonic stream is a complex interference flow. These flows can be fully compressive, fully expansive or of mixed compression-expansion nature. This paper presents a comparison of the flow field structure in an axial corner obtained experimentally with that predicted numerically by using a shock-capturing finite-difference method. The effect of sweep and surface deflection are evaluated and the general influence of each is presented for the three classes of corner flows. The results of this study show that the numerical method is a valuable aid in understanding the flow structure for simple configurations. In addition confidence in the numerical method is gained for use in solving the more general three-dimensional configurations where the flow is non-conical and several wave interactions may be present.
ON COMPLEX HOMOGENEOUS SINGULARITIES
Authors: LÊ QUY THUONG , NGUYEN LAN PHU HOANG , PHO DUC TAI
Published: May 2019

We study the singularity at the origin of $\mathbb{C}^{n+1}$ of an arbitrary homogeneous polynomial in $n+1$ variables with complex coefficients, by investigating the monodromy characteristic polynomials $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{l}(t)$ as well as the relation between the monodromy zeta function and the Hodge spectrum of the singularity. In the case $n=2$, we give a description of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{C}(t)=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{1}(t)$ in terms of the multiplier ideal.
ON THE GENERALISATION OF SIDEL’NIKOV’S THEOREM TO -ARY LINEAR CODES
Authors: WEI YILUN , WU BO , WANG QIJIN
Published: May 2019

We generalise Sidel’nikov’s theorem from binary codes to $q$-ary codes for $q>2$. Denoting by $A(z)$ the cumulative distribution function attached to the weight distribution of the code and by $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}(z)$ the standard normal distribution function, we show that $|A(z)-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}(z)|$ is bounded above by a term which tends to $0$ when the code length tends to infinity.
A systematic review of the effects of increasing arachidonic acid intake on PUFA status, metabolism and health-related outcomes in humans
Authors: Calder Philip C. , Campoy Cristina , Eilander Ans , Fleith Mathilde , Forsyth Stewart , Larsson Per-Olof , Schelkle Bettina , Lohner Szimonetta , Szommer Aliz , van de Heijning Bert J. M. , Mensink Ronald P.
Published: May 2019

We conducted a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCT) of increased intake of arachidonic acid (ARA) on fatty acid status and health outcomes in humans. We identified twenty-two articles from fourteen RCT. Most studies were conducted in adults. These used between 80 and 2000 mg ARA per d and were of 1–12 weeks duration. Supplementation with ARA doses as low as 80 mg/d increased the content of ARA in different blood fractions. Overall there seem to be few marked benefits for adults of increasing ARA intake from the typical usual intake of 100–200 mg/d to as much as 1000 mg/d; the few studies using higher doses (1500 or 2000 mg/d) also report little benefit. However, there may be an impact of ARA on cognitive and muscle function which could be particularly relevant in the ageing population. The studies reviewed here suggest no adverse effects in adults of increased ARA intake up to at least 1000–1500 mg/d on blood lipids, platelet aggregation and blood clotting, immune function, inflammation or urinary excretion of ARA metabolites. However, in many areas there are insufficient studies to make firm conclusions, and higher intakes of ARA are deserving of further study. Based on the RCT reviewed, there are not enough data to make any recommendations for specific health effects of ARA intake.
The Movement of Faith as Revealed in Tolstoi's Confession
Authors: Patterson David
Published: May 2019

Tolstoi's Confession is the story of the spiritual crisis which its author experienced during the late 1870s, when the man who had written War and Peace and Anna Karenina came to believe that he had accomplished nothing in life, that his life was meaningless. Although there are parallels between the torments of Levin in Anna Karenina and Tolstoi's own conflicts in the Confession, the latter piece was written in 1879, two years after the publication of the former, and represents a more developed reflection on “the problem of life.” As I shall argue in this article, the resolution of the crisis related in Tolstoi's Confession comes in a movement of faith which emerges as the fourth aspect of a four-dimensional change or metamorphosis within the individual. The four-dimensions of the metamorphosis may be described as (1) the encounter with death, (2) the onset of despair, (3) the struggle for possibility, and (4) the movement of faith. Let us now see how an analysis of the movement of faith as revealed in Tolstoi's Confession may be rendered in these terms.
An agenda for Irish history, 1978-2018
Authors: Edwards R. Dudley
Published: May 2019

The celebration of the fortieth anniversary of the two societies, the Irish Historical Society and the Ulster Society for Irish Historical Studies, suggests that, having looked backwards over the achievements of the first forty years, we may look forward to what might be done in the comparable future.

The main achievements of these societies, the promoting of objective Irish history and the maintaining of a common cultural outlook on Irish history, were secured by the admission of Ireland as a cultural entity to the international historical organisation, the Comité International des Sciences Historiques.
Richard Stanihurst (1547-1618) and Old English identity
Authors: Lennon Colm
Published: May 2019

In 1584, Richard Stanihurst, who was by then living in the Spanish Netherlands in self-imposed exile, wrote that the people of that country were ‘exceedingly amazed when they converse with a native of Ireland who professes to knowing no Irish’. That observation seemed to epitomise the position of natives of the English colony in Ireland in the sixteenth century, who found themselves facing the universal problems of colonists. Their racial origins were misunderstood by foreigners, and they were treated patronisingly in their mother-country. Some years earlier, he had referred to how the dialect of travelling Palesmen was mocked by native Englishmen who ‘judge them, upon their first repair there, to learn their English in three or four days, as though they had bought at Chester a groat's worth of English, and so packed up the rest to be carried after them to London’.
Waiver of Statutory Rights in Israel Labour Law: A Comparative Analysis in Light of English and American Law
Authors: Schreiber Herbert
Published: May 2019

One of the recurring issues of Israel labour law has been whether an employee may validly waive statutory rights conferred upon him. This issue had led to a head-on collision between the Supreme Court and the Labour Court, with the latter adopting a position directly contradicting the Supreme Court's precedents on this issue.

On certain issues the Courts are in agreement. Both concede that a waiver is unenforceable where the employee is unaware of his statutory rights. Both concur that labour legislation is cognitive in nature and that an employee may not initially “contract-out” statutory rights conferred upon him. However where the right has already “accrued”—that is, where the employee is entitled by law to claim certain statutory benefits as a result of past employment—the Courts are in open conflict. The Supreme Court has adopted the position that an employee may waive such existing and accrued rights by agreement, may compromise them by settlement and may submit any disputed issue respecting them to an arbitrator for determination.
The Addition of Arabic as an Official and Working Language of the UN General Assembly and at Diplomatic Conferences
Authors: Tabory Mala
Published: May 2019

The United Nations Conference on International Organization (San Francisco, 25 April to 26 June 1945) initiated an era of quinquilingualism in the conduct of international organizational affairs, with Chinese, Russian, Spanish, English and French serving as its official languages, and the latter two as its working languages. The text of the United Nations Charter, according to Article 111, is authentic in these five languages. The distinction between official and working languages introduced at San Francisco set the pattern for linguistic practices at the United Nations. Each organ of the United Nations has since adopted language procedures suitable to its requirements, with the practices of the General Assembly initially following the pattern of the same two working languages and five official languages established at San Francisco. According to the rules of procedure of the General Assembly as in force until 1 January 1974, working languages were those in which verbatim records and the Journal were issued and into which all speeches were translated; as for the official languages, all resolutions, important documents and summary records were made available in them, and verbatim records and documents only upon the request of a delegation.

Spanish was added to English and French as the third working language of the General Assembly on 7 December 1948. Two proposals for the inclusion of Russian and Chinese respectively among the working languages of the General Assembly were rejected in 1949. The General Assembly's rules of procedure were not further altered in this respect until 21 December 1968, when Russian was included among its working languages. An amendment submitted on that occasion by (Nationalist) China with a view to eliminating the distinction between official and working languages in the General Assembly and Security Council by granting Chinese the status of a working language was rejected. Chinese was included among the working languages of the General Assembly on 18 December 1973. At that point all five Charter languages acquired both official and working language status, and the distinction between the two classes of languages ceased to have practical relevance.
Rules for Courts: The Role of Lawyers, Judges, Professors and Government
Authors: Weinstein Jack B.
Published: May 2019

This discussion covers some methods and institutions for changing procedures in the courts. More particularly, I refer to procedures for conducting litigations in courts of general jurisdiction, that is to say, civil procedure, criminal procedure and evidence.

Since criminal procedure and evidence are controlled here by statutes, I realize that when the terms “rules” or “regulations” are used you would normally think only of civil procedure. I use the term “rules” in a broader sense since in federal courts in the United States, most procedure governing civil and criminal trials and appeals, including evidence, stems from rules promulgated by the Supreme Court of the United States, subject to modification by Congress.

I shall describe briefly the history and present situation in the United States, making some reference to the British method, touch on the Israeli method, and then draw some general conclusions, raising some questions about the Israeli pattern as I understand it. These countries are comparable since each has a strong, independent judiciary and a tradition of freedom and the rule of law.
Living with a Postcolonial Conundrum: Yi Yŏngil and Korean Film Historiography
Authors: Kim Hieyoon
Published: May 2019

Since its publication, Yi Yŏngil's Complete history of Korean cinema (1969) has remained a seminal work of film historiography. A critical rereading of the work is required, however, to capture the paradoxes of postcolonial historiography that are created by the spatial-temporal orders of modernity in a decolonizing, non-Western society. By examining Yi's creative use of historical documentation, such as oral testimonies of filmmakers, this article considers how he offers a counter-narrative against colonialist historiography that denies Korea's agency to transform itself into a modern nation-state without Japanese annexation. However, despite his decolonizing endeavor, his work cannot fully eradicate the colonial effects that inevitably shape postcolonial subjectivity in the globalizing world. In reassessing the possibilities and predicaments of his work, this article reveals Yi's fundamental conundrum as a postcolonial writer living with the effects of colonialism, ultimately challenging the imagination of the postcolonial experience as an uninterrupted struggle to establish an autonomous nation.
Monitoring sun bears and Asiatic black bears with remotely sensed predictors to inform conservation management
Authors: Scotson Lorraine , Ross Steven , Arnold Todd W.
Published: May 2019

Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus and sun bear Helarctos malayanus populations are declining throughout South-east Asia as a result of habitat loss and human disturbance. Knowledge of the distribution and status of each species is limited and largely anecdotal. Range maps are coarse, compiled by expert opinion, and presence or absence is unknown over large portions of South-east Asia. These two species co-occur in Lao People's Democratic Republic and may be faring better there than in neighbouring countries. During 2010–2013 we searched for bear sign along 99 transects within eight study sites throughout Lao. To explore countrywide relative abundance and habitat suitability, we modelled bear sign as a log-linear function of biological and anthropogenic predictors that were associated with habitat assemblages and human disturbance. Bears favored higher elevations and rugged terrain in areas less accessible to humans, and were most abundant in the north and east of Lao. Suitable habitats were rare in the southern lowland plains where bear abundance was relatively low. Our model predicted that Nam Et–Phou Louey National Protected Area had the largest areas of suitable bear habitat, followed by the Nakai-Nam Teun and Nam Ha National Protected Areas. Using transects to survey for bear sign, we created a replicable geographical information system based assessment tool for bears in Lao that can be used to identify conservation opportunities and monitor changes in bear distribution over time.
Prevalence of comorbid mental and physical illnesses and risks for self-harm and premature death among primary care patients diagnosed with fatigue syndromes
Authors: Carr Matthew J. , Ashcroft Darren M. , White Peter D. , Kapur Nav , Webb Roger T.
Published: May 2019

Background

Fatigue syndromes (FSs) affect large numbers of individuals, yet evidence from epidemiological studies on adverse outcomes, such as premature death, is limited.

Methods

Cohort study involving 385 general practices in England that contributed to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) with linked inpatient Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) and Office for National Statistics (ONS) cause of death information. A total of 10 477 patients aged 15 years and above, diagnosed with a FS during 2000–2014, were individually matched with up to 20 comparator patients without a history of having a FS. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were estimated to compare the FS and comparison cohorts on clinical characteristics. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for subsequent adverse outcomes were estimated from stratified Cox regression models.

Results

Among patients diagnosed with FSs, we found elevated baseline prevalence of: any psychiatric illness (PR 1.77; 95% CI 1.72–1.82), anxiety disorders (PR 1.92; 1.85–1.99), depression (PR 1.89; 1.83–1.96), psychotropic prescriptions (PR 1.68; 1.64–1.72) and comorbid physical illness (PR 1.28; 1.23–1.32). We found no significant differences in risks for: all-cause mortality (HR 0.99; 0.91–1.09), natural death (HR 0.99; 0.90–1.09), unnatural death (HR 1.00; 0.59–1.72) or suicide (HR 1.68; 0.78–3.63). We did, however, observe a significantly elevated non-fatal self-harm risk: HR 1.83; 1.56–2.15.

Conclusions

The absence of elevated premature mortality risk is reassuring. The raised prevalence of mental illness and increased non-fatal self-harm risk indicate a need for enhanced assessment and management of psychopathology associated with fatigue syndromes.
Internal or external evil: a merism in Luwian incantations
Authors: Mouton Alice , Yakubovich Ilya
Published: May 2019

The paper addresses the frequent collocation /ir(hu)waliyan parittarwaliyan/, which occurs in Luwian incantations embedded in Hittite cuneiform ritual texts. Despite the relatively clear context, the meanings of this and similar collocations have remained obscure. Using combinatory and etymological methods, we intend to demonstrate that it hides the merism “internal (or) external”, which modifies various sorts of supernatural negative phenomena. Furthermore, we intend to argue that such an interpretation is compatible with the Late Bronze Age Anatolian beliefs about potential sources of evil. A collateral result of our demonstration is the elucidation of a number of additional contexts in the Hittite, Luwian, Lydian, and official Aramaic languages.
Phytotoxicity and Yield Response of Sugarbeets(Beta vulgaris)to a Mixture of Phenmedipham and Desmedipham
Authors: Winter S. R. , Wiese A. F.
Published: May 2019

A 50:50 mixture of phenmedipham (methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methylcarbanilate) and desmedipham [ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate (ester)] was applied at 1.1, 2.2, and 4.4 kg/ha to weed-free sugarbeets(Beta vulgarisL. ‘Mono-HyD2’) at three growth stages in the morning and afternoon to evaluate factors associated with phytotoxicity. Sugarbeet stand loss from herbicide application had a much greater effect on yield than temporary vigor loss. Increasing herbicide rate always increased stand loss. Spraying in the afternoon was much less injurious than spraying in the morning when maximum temperature during the day exceeded 22 C. Excessive stand loss occurred, even with the 1.1 kg/ha rate and 4 to 6 leaf sugarbeets, when sprayed on the morning of a day with maximum temperature of 30 C or greater. Yield loss was determined by percent stand loss and by sugarbeet stand density prior to herbicide application. Significant sucrose yield loss occurred with all rates when applied in the morning to a marginal sugarbeet stand.
Persistence and Movement of Ten Herbicides in Soil
Authors: Miller J. H. , Keeley P. E. , Thullen R. J. , Carter C. H.
Published: May 2019

Ten herbicides were each applied at two rates to Panache loam for 5 or 6 yr as soil-incorporated broadcast sprays directed to the base of cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-1’) at last cultivation. Chemical determinations 6 months after annual treatment showed that trifluralin(a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline], benefin(N-butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine), DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate), and prometryn [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] residues were essentially confined to the tilled zone of soil; whereas, bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercapteothyl)benzenesulfonamide], fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(a,a,a,-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea], linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea], and diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] residues were found below the tilled zone. At time of retreatment, annual residue determinations from the upper 15 cm of soil showed that nitralin and prometryn had dissipated completely and residues of the other herbicides and were notably reduced as compared to levels at cotton harvest. One year after final treatment herbicide residues below the tilled zone were essentially nondetectable, except for diuron, linuron, and fluometuron. There was no evidence of herbicide accumulation in soil with repeated applications.
Weed Control in Established Alfalfa(Medicago sativa)
Authors: Robison L. R. , Williams C. F. , Laws W. D.
Published: May 2019

Several soil-applied and two foliar herbicides were evaluated for weed control in established alfalfa(Medicago sativaL.) in two experiments for two consecutive years. Most of the soil-applied herbicides effectively controlled weeds in the first harvest year following application; however, there was little carry-over into succeeding years. Except for the low rate of secbumeton [N-ethyl-6-methoxy-N′ (1-methylpropyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] in the first alfalfa cutting of 1973, no herbicide treatment significantly increased alfalfa yields over the control plot. In fact, some herbicides caused injury to alfalfa at high rates of application, as did reapplication a second year at the original rate of application.
Comparative Toxicity of Several Dinitroaniline Herbicides
Authors: Jordan T. N. , Baker R. S. , Barrentine W. L.
Published: May 2019

Seven dinitroaniline herbicides were tested in the field for 3 yr at rates up to twice that normally used for annual grass control. Trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) and profluralin [N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine] gave 95 and 94% control of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] from rhizomes, respectively, after the third year at the double rate. These two herbicides controlled johnsongrass from rhizomes better than nitralin [4-methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline], butralin [4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] and pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] at comparable rates. After 3 yr, seed cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213’) yields were higher with double rates of trifluralin, profluralin, fluchloralin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline], and pendimethalin, than with nitralin, dinitramine(N4,N4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine), and butralin. In greenhouse studies, reduction of cotton raproot length by the dinitroaniline herbicides incorporated at the normal rate of use followed the order: butralin ≤ pendimethalin ≤ fluchloralin ≤ trifluralin < profluralin < dinitramine. All herbicides except pendimethalin at 0.28 and 0.56 kg/ha reduced lateral root production of cotton. The dinitroaniline herbicides at normal rates of use reduced fresh weight of cotton seedlings from 12 to 34%. The mean vapor toxicity of the dinitroaniline herbicides to Japanese millet [Echinochloa crus-galli(Roxb.) Wight ‘frumentacea’] shoots averaged from no injury with oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide) and nitralin to 66% injury with dinitramine and trifluralin.
Plant Competition for Atrazine
Authors: Hoffman D. W. , Lavy T. L.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse and field studies demonstrated that plants compete for soil-applied atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine]. Oats(Avena sativaL. ‘Neal’) and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Clark 63’] were grown in greenhouse bioassay studies to study the effects of plant population on bioassay sensitivity. High plant populations were not as effective as low plant populations in detecting low levels of atrazine in soil. Conversely, by increasing plant populations or decreasing soil volumes quantitative measurement of higher atrazine concentrations can be determined. A14C-labeled atrazine study showed that by increasing soybean populations from one to six per pot, atrazine uptake per plant was decreased 50%. When soybeans were planted at a rate of six plants per 100 cm2in a field treated with atrazine at 1.1 kg/ha, soybean dry weight production was 97% of the untreated control; when planted at a rate of one plant per 100 cm2, dry weight was only 26% of the comparable untreated check. Thus, herbicide rates for optimum weed control may have to be increased with increasing weed populations or increased crop seeding rates or both.
Alachlor and Gibberellic Acid Interaction on Corn Tissues
Authors: Narsaiah D. Bala , Harvey R.G.
Published: May 2019

The effect of alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] and gibberellic acid (GA3) on increase in length of corn (Zea maysL.) epicotyl segments and the interactions between alachlor (0, 5 × 10-6, 5 × 10-4, 4.4 × 10-4, and 5 × 10 M) and GA3(0, 1 × 10-6, 2.8 × 10-4, and 1 × 10-4M) were investigated. Alachlor significantly inhibited growth of these segments while GA3usually increased growth. GA3in combination with alachlor caused a significant increase in growth compared to alachlor alone resulting in growth comparable to that occurring in untreated tissues. The magnitude of GA3induced growth in the presence of alachlor depended upon the concentrations of the herbicide and GA3employed. Alachlor was, however, able to inhibit the GA3induced growth. The maximum degree of growth inhibition resulted from exposure of the segments to alachlor with or without GA3from the start of incubation. This inhibition decreased as the exposure to alachlor was delayed. Alachlor started inhibiting growth in the presence of GA3after the first 9 hr of incubation and after the first 21 hr of incubation in the absence of GA3.
Laboratory and Greenhouse Spray Chamber
Authors: Davis Edwin A.
Published: May 2019

A spray chamber was constructed to spray herbicides or growth regulators on small potted plants. Syphon-type pneumatic atomizing nozzles were used to eliminate the need to pressurize the spray solution. Two stationary overhead nozzles deliver the solution to plants rotating on a turntable. The chamber permits convenient and accurate regulation of volume and rate of chemical application for laboratory and greenhouse investigations.
Soil Degradation of Three Dinitroanilines
Authors: Zimdahl R.L. , Gwynn S.M.
Published: May 2019

These studies were conducted in the laboratory on two soils at two temperatures to define the rate of degradation and the associated rate law for trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine), and 2,6-dinitro-N-(3-pentyl)-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-toluidine (hereafter referred to as Unnamed). Rate of degradation was directly correlated with temperature and moisture content. First order kinetics adequately described the rate of degradation at 15 C, but the simple first order assumption was not sufficient to describe degradation at 30 C. The implication of our interpretation is that at 30 C two rate processes may operate in the soil degradation of these three dinitroaniline herbicides. The data show an initial rapid first order rate of degradation with a subsequent change to a slower first order process. First half lives ranged from 0.4 to 1.8 months at 30 C and were consistently lower in a loam than in a sandy loam soil.
Interactions of Oxadiazon and Dinoseb with Stem Rot in Peanuts
Authors: Backman P.A. , Rodriguez-Kabana R. , Buchanan G.A.
Published: May 2019

Oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] significantly reduced the incidence of stem rot caused by the soil-borne pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii L. in field-grown peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L. ‘Florunner’). Dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) (1.7 kg/ha) used alone also reduced stem rot, but when combined with oxadiazon control was not significantly improved, although yields were significantly increased. Dinoseb was toxic to S. rolfsii in laboratory tests, suggesting that disease reductions and yield increases are attributable to this observation. Oxadiazon was non-toxic to the pathogen, indicating that disease control must be indirect, perhaps relating to the reduced plant spreading observed in treated plots. The reduction in ground contact is thought to reduce the probability of contacting pathogen inoculum. The potential value of oxadiazon in an integrated pest management system appears to be good because of simultaneous weed and disease control as well as frequent yield increases. This potential may be improved by use of dinoseb in the same program. Disease control is apparently an expression of the direct toxicity of dinoseb and the indirect effects of oxadiazon.
Johnsongrass Control in Soybeans with Soil-Incorporated Dinitroaniline Herbicides
Authors: McWhorter C.G.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted to study the feasibility of using several dinitroaniline herbicides for the selective control of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] from seed and rhizomes in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Bragg’]. The herbicides were incorporated into the soil with two disk cultivations immediately after application. These were trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) at 0.6 to 2.2 kg/ha, nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline] at 0.6 to 2.2 kg/ha, dinitramine (N4,N4-diethyl-α,α,α,-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine) at 0.4 to 1.5 kg/ha, fluchloralin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline] at 0.6 to 2.2 kg/ha, profluralin [N-(cyclopropyl-methyl)-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine] at 0.8 to 3.4 kg/ha, butralin [4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] at 1.7 to 6.7 kg/ha, AC-92390 (N-sec-butyl-2,6-dinitro-3,4-xylidine) at 0.8 to 3.4 kg/ha, and AN-56477 [N,N-di(2-chloroethyl)-4-methyl-2,6-dinitroaniline] at 2.2 to 4.5 kg/ha. On Bosket sandy loam soil, the best average johnsongrass control over a 2-yr period was obtained following profluralin at 1.7 kg/ha and butralin at 3.4 kg/ha. These treatments also resulted in highest average soybean yields. On Sharkey clay soil, profluralin at 3.4 kg/ha and butralin at 6.7 kg/ha resulted in maximum johnsongrass control and soybean yields. Immediate incorporation of profluralin and butralin into both soils for 2 successive years effectively controlled johnsongrass from rhizomes without soybean injury and with greatly increased soybean yields. Trifluralin, nitralin, and fluchloralin also provided acceptable johnsongrass control within individual experiments, and greatly increased soybean yields.
Movement and Activity of Glyphosate in Purple Nutsedge
Authors: Zandstra Bernard H. , Nishimoto Roy K.
Published: May 2019

Tubers from purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.) plants grown in the greenhouse for 2 to 10 weeks did not germinate after foliar applications of 4 kg/ha glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine). Some tubers from 12- and 24-week-old purple nutsedge plants survived glyphosate application. Translocation of14C-glyphosate from treated purple nutsedge leaves to other plant parts increased from 5% of the amount applied at 1 day to 19% at 4 days after application. Specific activity of14C in tubers was greater than in leaves of plants 2- to 6-week-old. With increasing plant age, specific activity decreased in both tubers and leaves. As purple nutsedge grew older, total14C translocated increased in tubers, and decreased slightly in leaves. Thin layer chromatography showed no evidence of glyphosate metabolism in purple nutsedge.
Glyphosate Toxicity to Common Milkweed and Hemp Dogbane as Influenced by Surfactants
Authors: Wyrill J.B. , Burnside O.C.
Published: May 2019

Surfactants were evaluated in the greenhouse for their ability to enhance glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] toxicity to common milkweed (Asclepias syriacaL.) and hemp dogbane (Apocynum cannabinumL.). Ethoxylated amines were among the most effective groups of surfactants. Nonionic ether and ester ethoxylates combined with a dimethyl amine or a quaternary ammonium salt were more effective than any of these surfactants alone. Effectiveness of ethoxylated amine surfactants was altered by pH changes. Cat-ionic surfactants tended to be more effective than nonionic surfactants. With exceptions, surfactants were more effective with increased ethoxylation. Amine surfactant effectiveness increased with increasing concentrations up to 0.3% (w/v). Surfactant effectiveness on a molar basis was more closely related to the ethylene oxide content of the surfactant than was effectiveness on a percentage basis. Contact angle was not related to surfactant effectiveness at high or low surfactant concentrations. Ethoxylated stearyl ether and amine surfactants gave optimum effectiveness at hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) values of 15 to 16 and 19 to 20, respectively. Surfactants with a low HLB were usually less effective. Effectiveness of surfactant combinations was quite variable and difficult to predict. Therefore, the indiscriminate addition of surfactants to glyphosate spray mixtures which already contain a surfactant should be avoided.
The Effect of Intraspecific Competition on the Growth and Development of Johnsongrass under Greenhouse Conditions
Authors: Williams R.D. , Ingber B.F.
Published: May 2019

Various levels of intraspecific competition influenced johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] reproduction. Increases in density, from one to eight plants per 20-cm pot, delayed for formation of rhizomes and panicles and reduced the final dry weight accumulation in these reproductive structures under greenhouse conditions. Tillering was delayed by medium density (4 plants per pot) and inhibited by the highest density (8 plants per pot). At all densities, the dry weight accumulation in reproductive structures was associated with a decrease in dry weight of the shoot material. Most of the reproductive effort was in the formation of rhizomes rather than panicles. Crowding of johnsongrass plants delayed the formation of the reproductive structures and reduced their final dry weight.
Wheat and Wild Oat Response to Flufenprop-methyl
Authors: Olson Wayne A. , Nalewaja John D.
Published: May 2019

The tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Waldron’) and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) to various rates of flufenprop-methyl {methyl-2-[benzoyl(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)amino]propanoate} applied weekly after wheat and wild oat emergence was determined under field conditions. Wild oat control increased at all growth stages as flufenprop-methyl rate increased. Wild oat control was greater than 80% with flufenprop-methyl at all rates when applied up to 6 weeks after wild oat emergence: (anthesis stage), but decreased when application was delayed further. Wheat was most susceptible to flufenprop-methyl during anthesis. Flufenprop-methyl at 0.56 kg/ha injured weed-free wheat only at the boot and anthesis stages. Injury intensity and the number of weeks that injury remained evident increased as flufenprop-methyl rate increased. Flufenprop-methyl injury to wheat was expressed as reduced plant height, grain yield, and kernels per spike and increased grain protein. Plant height reductions were attributed to reduced cell elongation. Grain yield reductions resulted from reduced kernels per spike.
The Persistence of 2,4,5-T in a Pacific Northwest Forest
Authors: Norris L. A. , Montgomery M.L. , Johnson E.R.
Published: May 2019

The concentrations of 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] in four species of vegetation varied from 11 to 115 ppmw immediately after application at 2.24 kg/ha but were less than 0.5 ppmw after 1 yr. The 2,4,5-T level in forest floor declined 90% during the first 6 months after application and less than 0.02 kg/ha remained after 1 yr. There was little leaching of 2,4,5-T from the forest floor into soil and no residues were found deeper than 15 cm. Maximum soil residues did not exceed 0.1 ppmw. Residue levels and dissipation rates of 2,4,5-T were similar after one and two successive annual applications.
Sugarcane (Saccharum) Production by Minimum Cultivation, Fenac, and Terbacil
Authors: Millhollon R.W.
Published: May 2019

Sugarcane (Saccharuminterspecific hybrids) grown without cultivation but maintained relatively weed-free with herbicides and hand hoeing, produced yields of sugarcane/ha and sugar/ha in the plant, first-ratoon, and second-ratoon crops that were 100%, 95%, and 88%, respectively, of the yield of sugarcane cultivated two to four times annually. Standard cultural practice involves at least two cultivations, namely, the off-barring and the fertilizational cultivations. Additional cultivations did not substantially increase yield. When sugarcane yield was affected either by cultivation or herbicide treatment, stalk population rather than stalk weight was affected the most. Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] and annual weeds were controlled effectively in both cultivated and non-cultivated sugarcane with broadcast, preemergence application of fenac [(2,3,6-trichlorophenyl)acetic acid] at 5 kg/ha or terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) at 1.8 kg/ha. Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.), however, was controlled only with a combination of fenac or terbacil and periodic cultivation.
Pubescence Affects Spectra and Imagery of Silverleaf Sunflower (Helianthus argophyllus)
Authors: Gausman H.W. , Menges R.M. , Escobar D.E. , Everitt J.H. , Bowen R.L.
Published: May 2019

Silverleaf sunflower (Helianthus argophyllus Torr. & Gray) is a weed in the sandy soils of south and southeast Texas. The young plant parts are densely white-tomentose. This pubescence greatly increased laboratory and field-measured light reflectance over the 0.5- to 2.5-μm waveband compared with the sparsely-hairy leaves of common sunflower (Helianthus annum L.). This increased reflectance caused silverleaf sunflower's image on Eastman Kodak Aerochrome infrared color type 2443 film to be “pinkish” compared with darker magenta images for other plant species. Therefore, aerial photography may be useful to distinguish silverleaf sunflower plants from other plant species to locate its endemic areas, monitor its spread, and delineate areas needing weed control.
Accelerated After-Ripening for Overcoming Seed Dormancy in Grass Weeds
Authors: Taylorson R.B. , Brown M.M.
Published: May 2019

The initial dormancy in mature seeds of 12 out of 14 species of grass weeds studied was significantly overcome by pretreatment of the dry seeds at 50 C in stoppered vials. The time required for maximum effect varied depending upon species and lots within species. The procedure, termed accelerated after-ripening, can produce seeds in various stages of dormancy simply by varying the duration of the pretreatment. One of the first stages that becomes apparent is an increased response to light.
The Effect of Forest Conversion with Herbicides on Pine (Pinus spp.) Establishment, Soil Moisture and Understory Vegetation
Authors: Sterrett J.P. , Adams R.E.
Published: May 2019

The effects of soil-applied and stem-injected herbicidal techniques of forest conversion on soil moisture, pine establishment and understory vegetation were determined in an Appalachian hardwood forest. Grid applications of fenuron (1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea) at 11.2 kg/ha were as effective in killing tops and controlling sprouting of hardwood species as the injection application with 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] and fuel oil. Survival of white pine (Pinus strobusL.) was higher with 5.6 kg/ha than with 11.2 kg/ha of fenuron pellets. The growth in height of pines growing under reduced competition was considerably greater than for pines growing in competition with hardwoods. During the second growing season after treatment significantly more soil moisture was present in the plots treated with fenuron and 2,4,5-T than in the untreated ones. Herbaceous vegetation and understory woody plants increased after the herbicide treatments. The third season following herbicide treatment twenty-seven species were recorded on the treated areas that were not present on the untreated control areas.
Effects of Fungi and Bacteria on the Decline of Arthropod-Damaged Waterhyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) in Florida
Authors: Charudattan R. , Perkins B. D. , Littell R. C.
Published: May 2019

A survey of the fungal and bacterial flora of waterhyacinth, [Eichornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms] infested with two arthropods, Neochetina eichhorniae Warner (weevil) and Orthogalumna terebrantis Wallwork (mite) was undertaken to determine the role of microorganisms in the decline of this host in Florida waters. Generally arthropod-infested plants were more diseased, had smaller laminae, lower numbers of live petioles and higher numbers of dead petioles per plant than noninfested plants. Several parasitic fungi, including some known pathogens of waterhyacinth, and soft-rot bacteria were isolated from arthropod-infested and noninfested plants. Higher numbers of microorganisms were present on arthropod-infested than on noninfested plants. The fungi and bacteria occurred randomly on arthropod-damaged waterhyacinth. No vector relationship was discovered between the arthropods and any fungus or bacterium. However, Acremonium zonatum (Saw.) Gams a virulent pathogen of waterhyacinth, and other necrotic leaf-spot diseases (‘disease B’) were predominant on arthropod-damaged plants. Disease B was independent of the arthropods, while A. zonatum incidence on waterhyacinth in sample sites was related especially to damage by adult mites. The origin of the observed association between A. zonatum symptoms and mite damage on laminae is unclear, even though field observations suggest a direct relationship between them. The weevil was also capable of aiding A. zonatum infections by creating points of entry for this pathogen into the host. In laboratory tests, waterhyacinths could be killed by the combined effects of the weevil and A. zonatum, although death did not ensue in the field under existing levels of this disease. The combined effects of arthropods and diseases led to reduction in the photosynthetic area of waterhyacinth and under severe stress, to root- and crown-rots. It is recommended that the process of biological control of waterhyacinth in Florida should include an integrated approach, using insects and pathogens.
Effect of Herbicide Antidotes on Barban
Authors: Miller S. D. , Nalewaja J. D. , Pudelko J.
Published: May 2019

Several herbicide antidotes were used with barban (4-chloro-2-butynylm-chlorocarbanilate) in the field and greenhouse. The seed treatments of R-25788(N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetanilide) and NA (1,8-naphthalic anhydride) at 0.12 or 0.5% by seed weight reduced wheat(Triticum aestivumL. ‘Waldron’) injury with barban in the field and greenhouse. R-25788 and R-28725 (2,2-dimethyl-3-dichloroacetyloxazolidine) applied at 0.14 kg/ha as a spray with barban or R-28725 applied as a seed treatment at 0.06 or 0.25% by seed weight were ineffective in reducing wheat injury. S-449 (4-chloro-2-hydroxyiminoacetanilide) at 0.06 or 0.25% by seed weight reduced wheat injury with barban in the greenhouse; however, in the field these treatments increased wheat injury and reduced wild oat(Avena fatuaL.) control.
Biochemical Requirements for Seed Germination and Shoot Development of Witchweed(Striga asiatica)
Authors: Yoshikawa F. , Worsham A. D. , Moreland D. E. , Eplee R. E.
Published: May 2019

Germination of witchweed [Striga asiatica(L.) Kuntze] seeds was induced by treating air-dry seeds with kinetin (6-furfuryl-aminopurine) at 1.16 × 10−4M and 2.32 × 10−4M without subjecting the seeds to the conventional preconditioning procedures. Rudimentary shoot development of the seedlings also was promoted. Tissue culture techniques were used also to study growth regulator and nutritional requirements for witchweed seedling development. Seedlings with normal leaves and stems were obtained under aseptic conditions in synthetic media at pH 5.4 in the absence of a host plant when cultured in the presence of kinetin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), sucrose, casein hydrolysate and mineral salts. No shoot development occurred in the absence of kinetin or zeatin [6-(trans-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enylamino)purine]. Shoot development was more advanced if IAA or gibberellic acid (GA3) was used in combination with the cytokinins. Witchweed seedlings are dependent on a host plant not only for their nutrition, but also for plant hormones such as a cytokinin required for the promotion of shoot development.
Effect of Soil pH and Tillage on Persistence of Simazine
Authors: Slack C. H. , Blevins R. L. , Rieck C. E.
Published: May 2019

Field studies on the persistence of simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] showed less persistence under no-tillage corn(Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3369A’) culture than conventionally tilled corn. Bioassay studies conducted in the greenhouse using oats(Avena sativaL. ‘Compact’) as indicator crop showed the lowest level of simazine remaining in soils of low pH (5.4 and lower). Persistence of simazine in the soil increased with increasing soil pH.
Effect of R-25788 on EPTC Metabolism in Corn(Zea mays)
Authors: Carringer R. D. , Rieck C. E. , Bush L. P.
Published: May 2019

R-25788(N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide) had no effect on14CO2evolution from carbonyl-14C-EPTC(S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) treated corn(Zea maysL. ‘inbred Oh551’). Treatment with 1.0 ppmw R-25788 increased production of water-soluble and unextractable products from EPTC and increased the rate of disappearance of organic-soluble radioactivity. R-25788 increased levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione in corn roots. Pretreatment of corn in nutrient solution with R-25788 had no effect on glutathione synthetase activity in root tissue, but R-25788 at 5.0 and 500.0 nM showed an in vitro stimulation of the enzyme.
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Fluridone in Selected Crop Species
Authors: Berard D. F. , Rainey D. P. , Lin C. C.
Published: May 2019

The uptake, translocation, and metabolism of the herbicide fluridone 1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone was studied in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville 213’) (fluridone tolerant) and corn (Zea mays L. ‘Migro 5040’), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Calland’], and rice (Oryza sativa L. ‘Nato’) (fluridone susceptible). Uptake studies with 14C fluridone demonstrated that all species absorbed radioactivity with rice having the highest concentration. Equivalent concentrations of radioactivity were observed in corn, cotton, and soybean. Absorbed fluridone was retained primarily in the roots and the basal region of the stem of cotton, while in the herbicide susceptible species fluridone was readily translocated into the shoots. No appreciable metabolism of fluridone was observed in the roots or shoots of cotton and soybean. Tolerance of cotton to fluridone was primarily attributed to the limited translocation of the compound.
Influence of Temperature and Acid Scarification Duration on Scarlet Morningglory(Ipomoea coccinea)Seed Germination
Authors: Hardcastle W. S.
Published: May 2019

When seed coats of scarlet morningglory(Ipomoea coccineaL.) were pricked with a needle or scarified by H2SO4, seed germination was improved. The highest percent germination was obtained with seeds pricked with a needle or exposed to H2SO4for 180 min prior to incubation in moist paper towels. Seed planted in a potting mixture of sandy clay loam, ground sphagnum moss, and sand had the highest germination after 75 min exposure to acid. Scarlet morningglory seed germination was highest (74%) between 15 and 30 C after 144 h incubation.