bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving the Economic and Mathematical Methods for Analyzing and Reducing Current State of Debt Among the Entities
Authors: Husanovich Ruzimuradov Shuhrat
Published: March 2021

The collection of information on non-payments in the banking sector and their compact presentation in the matrix form in accordance with the required rules, the creation of various economic models (equities) of non-payments, elimination of different non-payment consequences and analysis are the intermediate scientific research goal of the article.
Simulated Annealing-Based Optimization (SA) Approach for Solving Economic Load Dispatch Problems
Authors: Tiwari Gourav , Dohare Devendra
Published: March 2021

The economic dispatch problem with non smooth cost function has become a major issue with depletion of coal and increasing fuel prices. A proper schedule of available generating units may save millions of dollars per year in production cost. In this paper, Simulated Annealing Optimization (SA) algorithm is proposed for solving economic load dispatch (ELD) problems. Simulated annealing is a random-search technique which exploits an analogy between the way in which a metal cools and freezes into a minimum energy crystalline structure (the annealing process) and the search for a minimum in a more general system; it forms the basis of an optimization technique for combinatorial and other problems Simulated annealing can deal with highly nonlinear models, chaotic and noisy data and many constraints. It is a robust and general technique. Its main advantages over other local search methods are its flexibility and its ability to approach global optimality. In all cases, the proposed algorithm either matches or outperforms the solution reported for the existing algorithms. The proposed technique is also easy to implement and capable of finding feasible near global optimal solution.
Si Kenyal Manis, Obat Diabetes Mujarab
Authors: Ferdinand David Christian
Published: March 2021

A serious disease occurs when the pancreas produce insufficient insulin is called diabetes. A various complications that affected to eyes, heart, and nervous system caused by diabetes. The use of synthetic drugs both oral and injection can cause a serious side effects like hypoglycemia. Based on these reasons, many researchers try to develop an anti-diabetic drugs derived from natural resources.One of the plants which potential to decrease glucose level in diabetic patients is Cinnamon (Cinnamomun zeylanicum). Cinnamon extract is very potent to decreases the glucose level in diabetic conditions. Based on this, the cinnamon extract will formulate in softgel forms. The manufacturing process occurs by encapsulate the extract with gelatin film as a shell material. Gelatin is a chewy shell material. The addition of plasticizer in gelatin is very important because its can affected to flexibility of capsule. The encapsulation process with rotary die method occurs using a special machine. The encapsulation process occurs by create a contract manufacture with third person. To ensure theproduct quality, a various test like organoleptic, weight-content uniformity, and rupture test was conducted.
Pemanfaatan Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) dalam Penanganan Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kurnia Dede Christian
Published: March 2021

Diabetes Melitus (DM) atau yang lebih di kenal dengan sebutan kencing manis, merupakan salah satu penyakit yang disebabkan tingginya gula darah disertai dengan gangguan metabolisme karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein sebagai akibat ketidakcukupan fungsi insulin. penelitian dari Hendra Stevani, dkk tahun 2016 mengenai efektifitas Rebusan Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Glukosa Darah Pada Mencit (Mus musculus). Daun kersen terbukti dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah yang dilakukan pada hewan percobaan berupa mencit, dengan konsentrasi 15%
Pensamento Algébrico na aprendizagem de equações do 1º grau
Authors: Hilário Constantino , Sabe Elias Manensa , Albano Idio Vilar , Passos Marinez Meneghello
Published: March 2021

Nesta pesquisa, adotamos uma abordagem qualitativa e a mesma classifica-se em descritiva. O objetivo do estudo foi compreender o nível de desenvolvimento do Pensamento Algébrico de alunos de uma turma da 8a classe, na resolução de situações-problema relativas a Equações do 1º grau. Participaram da pesquisa 28 alunos de uma Escola Secundária da Autarquia de Montepuez, da província de Cabo Delgado, em Moçambique. Os dados foram recolhidos por meio de um questionário, cujas informações foram organizadas e analisadas segundo os procedimentos da Análise de Conteúdo proposta por Bardin (1977). Os resultados revelaram o domínio de atividades algébricas referentes aos níveis de desenvolvimento do Pensamento Algébrico Incipiente e o Pensamento Algébrico Intermediário, em que 24 alunos mobilizaram o nível incipiente e 4 alunos o nível intermediário. Estes resultados mostraram que os alunos estavam em um processo de transição do pensamento aritmético para o algébrico e as habilidades desenvolvidas por eles revelaram que estavam na fase de se familiarizarem com problemas algébricos e suas operações. Concluímos que as habilidades destes alunos, em função do seu nível de instrução, distanciam-se dos objetivos traçados no Programa de Matemática da 8ª classe do Sistema Nacional de Educação de Moçambique.
ENGLISH: Islamic Jurisprudence and Geneva Convention: Searching Compatibility for Women Worriers’ Rights
Authors: Ali Dr. Barkat , Dr. Muhammad Saeed Sheikh  , Dr. Muhammad Sohail
Published: March 2021

This research paper evaluates the Islamic values vis-a-vis Geneva Convention concerning the rights of women warriors as prisoners of war by the victorious country. The discussion is to discover the similarities and differences between the two areas on the subject. This study focuses the probability of combining these two separate areas but common in objectivity. The Islamic law protects the women from the scourges of war in a number of ways. Similarly, the Geneva Convention also tries to protect the women as prisoners of war. This study concerns the main research question as to whether there may be the compatibility between Islamic and Geneva Convention law for developing a common code on the issue of rights of women worriers. The objective of the study undertaken is to develop a common code through reconciliation between these two separate regulations for conducting war, and ensuring the upholding of human dignity of female worriers. This will complement the existing knowledge on the issue as a guideline for all concerned in the context of International Humanitarian Law.
Evaluation and effective management of non-technical losses in power networks
Authors:   University of Natal, Durban, South Africa, Davidson Innocent Ewean
Published: March 2021

Market-driven economies and deregulated electricity industry environment have stimulated the minimization of technical and non-technical losses (NTL) even though they do not constitute major operational or quality of supply problems. Their impact is economic and utilities often passed down the costs to consumers. NTL need to be addressed to determine the overall performance of power networks, as these losses are expected to be more dominant at the sub-transmission (132kV-33kV) and reticulation (22kV and 11kV) levels of the electricity supply industry value chain. In some national grid operations, NTL are estimated to account for up to 30% in revenue losses to electric utilities, and overhead expenditure in added maintenance costs. This paper discusses a method for NTL evaluation and an effective management approach to loss minimization and revenue collection.
FUZZY LOGIC IN CREATING ADAPTIVE INTELLIGENT LEARNING
Authors: Rasulova Nasibakhon , Salieva Dilorom
Published: March 2021

the article discusses the relevance and effectiveness of individualization of online learning using information and Internet technologies, the features of a multi-agent approach using fuzzy logic, an analysis of intelligent adaptive learning systems with different types is given, their models, advantages and disadvantages are also given.
Nutrition in contemporary Zimbabwe: a situational analysis
Authors: Matsungo Tonderayi Mathew , Chopera Prosper
Published: March 2021

Background: Malnutrition in all its forms continues to be a global public health challenge affecting mostly women and children in Africa. The socioeconomic consequences of poor nutrition are far-reaching and cross-generational. Objective: To provide an update on the nutrition situation in Zimbabwe in the context of the United Nations 2030 sustainable development agenda. Key findings: In Zimbabwe, the leading nutrition problems include high levels of childhood stunting, micronutrient deficiencies (Vitamin A, Iron, Zinc, and Selenium) affecting mostly children younger than 5 years and women aged 15-49 years. This paper presents evidence on the emergence of obesity and associated complications like diabetes, hypertension, and several cancers in addition to the traditional problem of undernutrition burden “multiple burden of malnutrition”. These nutrition challenges can be attributed to poor breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, the low dietary diversity affecting mostly rural households and nutrition transition. Cultural and religious beliefs are barriers to the adoption of appropriate breastfeeding and IYCF practices. Conclusion: The multiple burden of malnutrition exists in Zimbabwe. Although there is political, commitment and multisectoral initiatives to address malnutrition and food insecurity, the declining socio-economic situation and the COVID-19 associated restrictions are worsening the situation and poor households are getting more vulnerable. Considering that Zimbabwe’s economy is agriculture-based there is a need to put emphasis on promoting nutrition-sensitive agriculture initiatives and urgently implement the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) to propel the adoption of healthy lifestyles and dietary behaviors.

Keywords: Stunting, Breastfeeding, IYCF, Micronutrient deficiency, SDGs, COVID-19, Zimbabwe.
Changes of cirrus cloud properties and occurrence over Europe
during the COVID-19 caused air traffic reduction
Authors: Li Qiang , Groß Silke
Published: March 2021

Abstract. By inducing linear contrails and contrail cirrus, air traffic has a main impact on the ice cloud coverage and occurrence. During the COVID-19 pandemic the civil air traffic over Europe was significantly reduced: in March and April 2020 to about 80 % compared to the year before. This unique situation allows to study the effect of air traffic on cirrus clouds. This work investigates based on satellite lidar measurements if and how cirrus cloud properties and occurrence changed over Europe in the course of COVID-19. Cirrus cloud properties are analyzed for different years, which showed similar meteorological conditions for March and April as they were found for 2020. Comparing these years shows that the cirrus cloud occurrence was reduced by about 30 % with smaller cloud thicknesses found in April 2020. The average thickness of cirrus clouds was reduced to 1.18 km in April 2020 compared to a value of 1.40 km under normal conditions. In addition, the cirrus clouds measured in April 2020 possess smaller mean values of the particle linear depolarization ratio (PLDR) than the previous years at high significance level, especially at colder temperatures (T
An algorithm to detect non-background signals in greenhouse gas
time series from European tall tower and mountain stations
Authors: Resovsky Alex , Ramonet Michel , Rivier Leonard , Tarniewicz Jerome , Ciais Philippe , Steinbacher Martin , Mammarella Ivan , Mölder Meelis , Heliasz Michal , Kubistin Dagmar , Lindauer Matthias , Müller-Williams Jennifer , Conil Sebastien , Engelen Richard
Published: March 2021

Abstract. We present a statistical framework for near real-time signal processing to identify regional signals in CO2 time series recorded at stations which are normally uninfluenced by local processes. A curve-fitting function is first applied to the detrended time series to derive a harmonic describing the annual CO2 cycle. We then combine a polynomial fit to the data with a short-term residual filter to estimate the smoothed cycle and define a seasonally-adjusted noise component, equal to two standard deviations of the smoothed cycle about the annual cycle. Spikes in the smoothed daily data which rise above this 2σ threshold are classified as anomalies. Examining patterns of anomalous behavior across multiple sites allows us to quantify the impacts of synoptic-scale weather events and better understand the regional carbon cycling implications of extreme seasonal occurrences such as droughts.
A Method for Liquid Spectrophotometric Measurement of Various
Forms of Iron and Copper in Ambient Aerosols
Authors: Yang Yuhan , Gao Dong , Weber Rodney J.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Determination of transition metals in ambient aerosols is important due to their toxicity to human health. However, the traditional measurement techniques for metal analysis are often costly and require sophisticated instruments. In this study, we developed and verified relatively low-cost liquid spectrophotometric methods for the measurements of iron (Fe) and copper (Cu), often the two most abundant transition metals in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5). For Fe analysis, we utilized a ferrozine based colorimetric method, which has been frequently used for water-soluble (WS) Fe determination, and further extended this approach for the measurement of total Fe (water-soluble + water-insoluble). In this method, Fe is quantified through the formation of a light-absorbing ferrozine-Fe(II) complex (absorbance at 562 nm). A similar colorimetric method, which forms a bathocuproine-Cu(I) complex absorbing light at 484 nm, was developed and examined for measurement of WS and total Cu. These methods were applied to 24-hour integrated filter samples collected in urban Atlanta. Based on PM2.5 ambient aerosols, total and water-soluble Fe and Cu concentrations were in good agreement with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements (slopes 1.0 ± 0.1, r2 > 0.89). The water-soluble components, operationally defined as those species in the aqueous filter extract that pass through a 0.45 µm pore filter, were further characterized by ultrafiltration, which showed that roughly 85 % of both the Fe and Cu in the water-soluble fraction was composed of components smaller than nominally 4 nm.
Geochemical zones and environmental gradients for soils from the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica
Authors: Diaz Melisa A. , Gardner Christopher B. , Welch Susan A. , Jackson W. Andrew , Adams Byron J. , Wall Diana H. , Hogg Ian D. , Fierer Noah , Lyons W. Berry
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Previous studies have established links between
biodiversity and soil geochemistry in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica,
where environmental gradients are important determinants of soil
biodiversity. However, these gradients are not well established in the
central Transantarctic Mountains, which are thought to represent some of the
least hospitable Antarctic soils. We analyzed 220 samples from 11 ice-free
areas along the Shackleton Glacier (∼ 85∘ S), a
major outlet glacier of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. We established three
zones of distinct geochemical gradients near the head of the glacier
(upper), its central part (middle), and at the mouth (lower). The upper zone had the
highest water-soluble salt concentrations with total salt concentrations
exceeding 80 000 µg g−1, while the lower zone had the lowest
water-soluble N:P ratios, suggesting that, in addition to other parameters
(such as proximity to water and/or ice), the lower zone likely represents the most
favorable ecological habitats. Given the strong dependence of geochemistry
on geographic parameters, we developed multiple linear regression and random
forest models to predict soil geochemical trends given latitude, longitude,
elevation, distance from the coast, distance from the glacier, and soil
moisture (variables which can be inferred from remote measurements).
Confidence in our random forest model predictions was moderately high with
R2 values for total water-soluble salts, water-soluble N:P,
ClO4-, and ClO3- of 0.81, 0.88, 0.78, and 0.74,
respectively. These modeling results can be used to predict geochemical
gradients and estimate salt concentrations for other Transantarctic Mountain
soils, information that can ultimately be used to better predict
distributions of soil biota in this remote region.
Chemical characterization of the Punta de Fuencaliente CO2-enriched system (La Palma, NE Atlantic Ocean): a new natural laboratory for ocean acidification studies
Authors: González-Delgado Sara , González-Santana David , Santana-Casiano Magdalena , González-Dávila Melchor , Hernández Celso A. , Sangil Carlos , Hernández José Carlos
Published: March 2021

Abstract. We present a new natural carbon dioxide (CO2) system located
off the southern coast of the island of La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). Like
CO2 seeps, these CO2 submarine groundwater discharges (SGDs) can be
used as an analogue to study the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on the
marine realm. With this aim, we present the chemical characterization of the
area, describing the carbon system dynamics, by measuring pH, AT and
CT and calculating Ω aragonite and calcite. Our explorations
of the area have found several emission points with similar chemical
features. Here, the CT varies from 2120.10 to 10 784.84 µmol kg−1, AT from 2415.20 to 10 817.12 µmol kg−1, pH from 7.12 to
8.07, Ω aragonite from 0.71 to 4.15 and Ω calcite from 1.09 to
6.49 units. Also, the CO2 emission flux varies between 2.8 and 28 kg CO2 d−1, becoming a significant source of carbon. These CO2
emissions, which are of volcanic origin, acidify the brackish groundwater
that is discharged to the coast and alter the local seawater chemistry.
Although this kind of acidified system is not a perfect image of future
oceans, this area of La Palma is an exceptional spot to perform
studies aimed at understanding the effect of different levels of OA on the
functioning of marine ecosystems. These studies can then be used to
comprehend how life has persisted through past eras, with higher atmospheric
CO2, or to predict the consequences of present fossil fuel usage on the
marine ecosystem of the future oceans.
An analysis of the macroalgal δ13C variability in the Gulf of California
Authors: Velázquez-Ochoa Roberto , Ochoa-Izaguirre María Julia , Soto-Jiménez Martín F.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The C isotopic composition in macroalgae (δ13C) is highly variable, and its prediction is very complex relative to terrestrial plants. To contribute to the knowledge on the variations and determinants of δ13C-macroalgal, we analyzed a large stock of specimens varying in taxa and morphology and inhabiting shallow marine habitats from the Gulf of California (GC) featured by distinctive environmental conditions. A large δ13C variability (−34.61 ‰ to −2.19 ‰) was observed, mostly explained on the life form (taxonomy, morphology, and structural organization), and modulated by the interaction between habitat features and environmental conditions. The intertidal zone specimens had less negative δ13C values than in the subtidal zone. Except for pH, environmental conditions of the seawater do not contribute to the δ13C variability. Specimens of the same taxa showed δ13C similar patterns, to increase or decrease, with latitude (21º–30° N). δ13C-macroalgal provides information on the inorganic carbon source used for photosynthesis (CO2 diffusive entry vs HCO3− active uptake). Most species showed a δ13C belong into a range that indicates a mix of CO2 and HCO3− uptake; the HCO3− uptake by active transport is widespread among GC macroalgae. About 20–34 % of species showed the presence of carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM). Ochrophyta presented a high number of species with δ13C > −10 ‰, suggesting widespread HCO3− use by non-diffusive mechanisms. Few species belonging to Rhodophyta relied on CO2 diffusive entry (δ13C
Nutrient utilization and diatom productivity changes in the low-latitude south-eastern Atlantic over the past 70 ka: response to Southern Ocean leakage
Authors: Hendry Katharine , Romero Oscar , Pashley Vanessa
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Eastern boundary upwellings (EBUs) are some of the key loci of biogenic silica (opal) burial in the modern ocean, representing important productive coastal systems that extraordinarily contribute to marine organic carbon fixation. The Benguela upwelling system (BUS), in the low-latitude south-eastern Atlantic, is one of the major EBUs and is under the direct influence of nutrient-rich Southern Ocean waters. Quantification of past changes in diatom productivity through time, in response to late Quaternary climatic change, feeds into our understanding of the sensitivity of EBUs to future climatic perturbations. Existing sediment archives of silica cycling include opal burial fluxes, diatom assemblages, and opaline silicon isotopic variations (denoted by δ30Si). Burial fluxes and siliceous assemblages are limited to recording the remains reaching the sediment (i.e. export), and δ30Si variations are complicated by species-specific influences and seasonality. Here, we present the first combined δ30Si record of two large centric diatoms from the BUS, encompassing full glacial conditions to the Holocene. In addition to export, our new data allow us to reconstruct the utilization of dissolved Si in surface waters in an area with strong input from Southern Ocean waters. Our new archives show that there was enhanced upwelling of Southern Ocean Si-rich water accompanied by strong silicic acid utilization by coastal dwelling diatoms during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3; 60–40 ka). This pulse of strong silicic acid utilization was followed by a weakening of upwelling and coastal diatom Si utilization into MIS2, before an increase in pelagic diatom Si utilization across the deglaciation. We combine our findings with mass balance model experiments to show that changes in surface water silica cycling through time are a function of both upwelling intensity and utilization changes, illustrating the sensitivity of EBUs to climatic change on glacial–interglacial scales.
A solar optical hyperspectral library of rare-earth-bearing minerals, rare-earth oxide powders, copper-bearing minerals and Apliki mine surface samples
Authors: Koerting Friederike , Koellner Nicole , Kuras Agnieszka , Boesche Nina Kristin , Rogass Christian , Mielke Christian , Elger Kirsten , Altenberger Uwe
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Mineral resource exploration and mining is an essential part of today's high-tech industry. Elements such as rare-earth elements (REEs) and copper
are, therefore, in high demand. Modern exploration techniques from multiple platforms (e.g., spaceborne and airborne), to detect and map the spectral
characteristics of the materials of interest, require spectral libraries as an essential reference. They include field and laboratory spectral
information in combination with geochemical analyses for validation. Here, we present a collection of REE- and copper-related hyperspectral spectra
with associated geochemical information. The libraries contain reflectance spectra from rare-earth element oxides, REE-bearing minerals,
copper-bearing minerals and mine surface samples from the Apliki copper–gold–pyrite mine in the Republic of Cyprus. The samples were measured with
the HySpex imaging spectrometers in the visible and near infrared (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) range (400–2500 nm). The geochemical
validation of each sample is provided with the reflectance spectra. The spectral libraries are openly available to assist future mineral mapping
campaigns and laboratory spectroscopic analyses. The spectral libraries and corresponding geochemistry are published via GFZ Data Services with the
following DOIs: https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.1.4.2019.004 (13 REE-bearing minerals and 16 oxide powders, Koerting et al., 2019a),
https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.1.4.2019.003 (20 copper-bearing minerals, Koellner et al., 2019), and https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.1.4.2019.005 (37 copper-bearing surface
material samples from the Apliki copper–gold–pyrite mine in Cyprus, Koerting et al., 2019b). All spectral libraries are united and comparable by
the internally consistent method of hyperspectral data acquisition in the laboratory.
A standardized database of Marine Isotope Stage 5e sea-level proxies in southern Africa (Angola, Namibia and South Africa)
Authors: Cooper J. Andrew G. , Green Andrew N.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Evidence for sea-level change during and around Marine Isotope Stage (MIS)
5e (ca. 125 ka) in southern Africa derives from a wide variety of geomorphic
and sedimentological sea-level indicators, supported in the past 2 decades
by absolute chronological control, particularly on littoral deposits, some
of which have a quantifiable relationship to former sea level. In addition
to these proxies, data provided by both terrestrial (dune sediments and
archaeological remains) and marine (lagoonal and nearshore littoral
sediments) limiting points provide broad constraints on sea level. Here, we
review publications describing such data points. Using the framework of the
World Atlas of Last Interglacial Shorelines, we insert in a standardized
database (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4459297, Cooper and Green, 2020) all the
elements available to assess former palaeo-relative sea level (palaeo-RSL) and the
chronological constraints associated with them (including uncertainties).
Overall, we reviewed 71 studies, from which we extracted 39 sea-level
indicators and 26 limiting points. As far as age attribution is concerned,
early analysis of molluscs and whole-rock beachrock samples using U series
allowed dating of several sea-level indicators during the 1980s, but the more
widespread application of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating
since 2004 has yielded many more (and more accurate) sea-level indicators
from several sites. This has helped resolve the nature and timing of MIS 5e
shorelines and has the potential to further elucidate the apparent presence
of two or more sea-level peaks at several South African sites during this
interval. The standardized sea-level database presented in this paper is the
first of its kind for this region. Future research should be directed to
improve the stratigraphic description of last interglacial shorelines and to
obtain better dating, high-accuracy elevation measurements with better
palaeo-RSL interpretation.
Growing topography due to contrasting rock types in a tectonically dead landscape
Authors: Peifer Daniel , Persano Cristina , Hurst Martin D. , Bishop Paul , Fabel Derek
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Many mountain ranges survive in a phase of erosional decay for millions of years following the cessation of tectonic activity. Landscape dynamics in these post-orogenic settings have long puzzled geologists due to the expectation that topographic relief should decline with time. Our understanding of how denudation rates, crustal dynamics, bedrock erodibility, climate, and mantle-driven processes interact to dictate the persistence of relief in the absence of ongoing tectonics is incomplete. Here we explore how lateral variations in rock type, ranging from resistant quartzites to less resistant schists and phyllites, and up to the least resistant gneisses and granitic rocks, have affected rates and patterns of denudation and topographic forms in a humid subtropical, high-relief post-orogenic landscape in Brazil where active tectonics ended hundreds of millions of years ago. We show that catchment-averaged denudation rates are negatively correlated with mean values of topographic relief, channel steepness and modern precipitation rates. Denudation instead correlates with inferred bedrock strength, with resistant rocks denuding more slowly relative to more erodible rock units, and the efficiency of fluvial erosion varies primarily due to these bedrock differences. Variations in erodibility continue to drive contrasts in rates of denudation in a tectonically inactive landscape evolving for hundreds of millions of years, suggesting that equilibrium is not a natural attractor state and that relief continues to grow through time. Over the long timescales of post-orogenic development, exposure at the surface of rock types with differential erodibility can become a dominant control on landscape dynamics by producing spatial variations in geomorphic processes and rates, promoting the survival of relief and determining spatial differences in erosional response timescales long after cessation of mountain building.
Intercomparison of Photoacoustic and Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift Instruments: Laboratory Calibration and Field Measurements
Authors: Zhang Jialuo , Chen Jun , Wang Meng , Su Mingxu , Zhou Wu , Varma Ravi , Lou Shengrong
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The study of aerosol optical properties is essential to understand its impact on the global climate. In our recent field measurement, a photoacoustic extinctiometer (PAX) and a cavity attenuated phase shift albedo monitor (CAPS-ALB) were used for online aerosol optical properties measurement. Laboratory calibration with gas and particle samples were carried out to correct disagreements of field measurements. During particle calibration, we adopted ammonium sulfate (AS) samples for scattering calibration of nephelometer parts of both the instruments, then combined with number-size distribution measurements into MIE model for calculating the value of the total scattering (extinction) coefficient. During gas calibration, we employed high concentration NO2 for absorption calibration of PAX resonator, then further intercompared the extinction coefficient of CAPS-ALB with a cavity-enhanced spectrometer. The correction coefficient obtained from the laboratory calibration experiments was employed on the optical properties observed in the filed measurements correspondingly, and showed good result in comparison with reconstructed extinction from the IMPROVE model. The intercomparison of the calibrated optical properties of PAX and CAPS-ALB in field measurement were in good agreement with slopes of 1.052, 1.024 and 1.046 for extinction, scattering and absorption respectively, which shows the reliability of measurement results and verifies the correlation between the photoacoustic and the cavity attenuated phase shift instruments.
Information content of soil hydrology in the Amazon as informed by
GRACE
Authors: Massoud Elias C. , Bloom A. Anthony , Longo Marcos , Reager John T. , Levine Paul A. , Worden John R.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The seasonal-to-decadal terrestrial water balance on river basin scales depends on a number of well-characterized but uncertain soil physical processes, including soil moisture, plant available water, rooting depth, and recharge to lower soil layers. Reducing uncertainties in these quantities using observations is a key step towards improving the data fidelity and skill of land surface models. In this study, we quantitatively characterize the capability of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (NASA-GRACE) measurements – a key constraint on Total Water Storage (TWS) – to inform and constrain these processes. We use a reduced complexity physically-based model capable of simulating the hydrologic cycle, and we apply Bayesian inference on the model parameters using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, to minimize mismatches between model simulated and GRACE-observed TWS anomalies. Based on the prior and posterior model parameter distributions, we further quantify information gain with regards to terrestrial water states, associated fluxes and time-invariant process parameters. We show that the data-constrained terrestrial water storage model is capable of capturing basic physics of the hydrologic cycle for a watershed in the western Amazon during the period of January 2003 through December 2012, with an r2 of 0.96 and RMSE of 46.93 mm between observed and simulated TWS. Furthermore, we show a reduction of uncertainty in many of the parameters and state variables, ranging from a 2 % reduction in uncertainty for the porosity parameter to an 85 % reduction for the rooting depth parameter. The annual and interannual variability of the system are also simulated accurately, with the model simulations capturing the impacts of the 2005–2006 and 2010–2011 South America droughts. The results shown here suggest the potential of using gravimetric observations of TWS to identify and constrain key parameters in soil hydrologic models.
Probabilistic, high-resolution tsunami predictions in North Cascadia
by exploiting sequential design for efficient emulation
Authors: Salmanidou Dimitra M. , Beck Joakim , Guillas Serge
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The potential of a full-margin rupture along the Cascadia subduction zone poses a significant threat over a populous region of North America. Traditional probabilistic tsunami hazard assessments produce hazard maps based on simulated prediction of tsunami waves either under limited ranges of scenarios or at low resolution, due to cost. We use the GPU-accelerated tsunami simulator VOLNA-OP2 with a detailed representation of topographic and bathymetric features. We replace the simulator by a Gaussian Process emulator at each output location to overcome the large computational burden. The emulators are statistical approximations of the simulator behaviour. We train the emulators on a set of input-output pairs and use them to generate approximate output values over a six-dimensional scenario parameter space, e.g., uplift/subsidence ratio, maximum uplift, that represent the seabed deformation. We implement an advanced sequential design algorithm for the optimal selection of only sixty simulations. This approach allows for a first emulation-accelerated computation of probabilistic tsunami hazard in the region of the city of Victoria, British Columbia. The low cost of emulation provides for additional flexibility in the shape of the deformation, which we illustrate here, considering two families, buried rupture and splay-faulting, of 2,000 potential scenarios.
The impact of drought on soil moisture trends across Brazilian biomes
Authors: Lopes Ribeiro Flavio , Guevara Mario , Vázquez-Lule Alma , Cunha Ana Paula , Zeri Marcelo , Vargas Rodrigo
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Over the past decade, Brazil has experienced severe droughts across its territory, with important implications for soil moisture dynamics. Soil moisture variability has a direct impact on agriculture, water security and ecosystem services. Nevertheless, there is currently little information on how soil moisture across different biomes responds to drought. In this study, we used satellite soil moisture data from the European Space Agency, from 2009 to 2015, to analyze differences in soil moisture responses to drought for each biome of Brazil: Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Pampa and Pantanal. We found an overall soil moisture decline of −0.5 % yr−1 (p<0.01) at the national level. At the biome level, Caatinga presented the most severe soil moisture decline (−4.4 % yr−1), whereas the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes showed no significant trend. The Amazon biome showed no trend but had a sharp reduction of soil moisture from 2013 to 2015. In contrast, the Pampa and Pantanal biomes presented a positive trend (1.6 % yr−1 and 4.3 % yr−1, respectively). These trends are consistent with vegetation productivity trends across each biome. This information provides insights into drought risk reduction and soil conservation activities to minimize the impact of drought in the most vulnerable biomes. Furthermore, improving our understanding of soil moisture trends during periods of drought is crucial to enhance the national drought early warning system and develop customized strategies for adaptation to climate change in each biome.
Effects of marine traffic on sediment erosion and accumulation in ports: a new model-based methodology
Authors: Guarnieri Antonio , Saremi Sina , Pedroncini Andrea , Jensen Jacob H. , Torretta Silvia , Vaccari Marco , Vincenzi Caterina
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The action of propeller-induced jets on the seabed of ports can cause
erosion and the deposition of sediment around the port basin, potentially
significantly impacting the bottom topography over the medium and long
term. If such dynamics are constantly repeated for long periods, a drastic
reduction in ships' clearance can result through accretion, or the stability and duration of structures can be threatened through erosion. These
sediment-related processes present port management authorities with problems,
both in terms of navigational safety and the optimization of management and
maintenance activities of the port's bottom and infrastructure. In this study, which is based on integrated numerical modeling, we examine
the hydrodynamics and the related bottom sediment erosion and accumulation
patterns induced by the action of vessel propellers in the passenger port of
Genoa, Italy. The proposed new methodology offers a state-of-the-art
science-based tool that can be used to optimize and efficiently plan port
management and seabed maintenance.
Resampling of ENSO teleconnections: accounting for cold season
evolution reduces uncertainty in the North Atlantic
Authors: King Martin P. , Li Camille , Sobolowski Stefan
Published: March 2021

Abstract. We re-examine the uncertainty of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation teleconnection to the North Atlantic following the investigation of Deser et al. (2017) (DES2017). Our analyses are performed on the November–December (ND) and January–February (JF) means separately, and for a geographical area that covers a larger extent in the midlatitude North At- lantic than DES2017. The motivation for splitting the cold season in this way arises from the fact that the teleconnection patterns and underlying physical mechanisms are different in late fall compared to mid-winter. As in DES2017, our main technique in quantifying the uncertainty is bootstrap resampling. Amplitudes and spatial correlations of the bootstrap samples are presented together effectively using Taylor diagrams. In addition to the confidence intervals calculated from Student's t tests and the percentiles of anomalous sea-level pressure (SLP) values in the bootstrap samples, we also investigate additional confidence intervals using techniques that are not widely used in climate research, but have different advantages. In contrast to the interpretation by DES2017, our results indicate that we can have some confidence in the signs of the teleconnection SLP anomalies. The uncertainties in the amplitudes remain large, with the upper-percentile anomalies at up to 2 times those of the lower percentiles in the North Pacific, and 2.8 times in the North Atlantic.
Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Penerimaan Penghuni Rumah Susun Menggunakan Metode Weighted Product Berbasis Web
Authors: Ajis  , Prambudi Dwi Arief , Hertianti Erina
Published: March 2021

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Penerimaan Penghuni Rumah Susun Menggunakan Metode Weighted Product Berbasis Web di bawah bimbingan Dwi Arief Prambudi, S.Kom.,M.Kom dan Erina Hertianti, S.Hut.,M.P. Teknologi informasi pada era sekarang ini, dapat membuat orang tertarik untuk menciptakan hal yang baru agar dapat lebih berguna dimasa yang akan datang.  Salah satu contoh dari penggunaan teknologi informasi pada zaman sekarang ini adalah komputer.  Berbagai fungsi  penggunaan komputer dalam berbagai hal seperti mengolah data, melakukan perhitungan matematika dan lain sebagainya.  Pemanfaatan komputer tidak hanya sebatas pengolahan data saja tetapi juga dimanfaatkan sebagai pemberi solusi terhadap masalah yang didapatkan seperti halnya sistem pendukung keputusan yang sangat bermanfaat bagi kita. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat atau merancang sebuah sistem pendukung keputusan dalam menentukan pemilihan penghuni rumah susun, menerapkan metode Weighted Product untuk pemilihan penghuni rumah susun sebagai bahan pertimbangan bagi pengelola rumah susun. Metode Weighted Product merupakan  perkalian untuk  menghubungkan  rating atribut,  dimana rating setiap atribut  harus  dipangkatkan dengan  bobot  atribut yang bersangkutan.  Dalam perhitungan metode Weighted Product diperlukan normalisasi bobot terlebih dahulu.  Sistem ini membutuhkan masukan kriteria berdasarkan kebutuhan kepentingan calon pelamar rumah susun berupa antrian pendaftaran, kelompok masyarakat, penghasilan perbulan, fasilitas, dan jumlah penghuni peruangan. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi sebagai bahan pertimbangan dalam pengambilan keputusan bagi instansi atau perusahaan yang memerlukan sesuai kriteria yang sudah
Sistem Pakar Diagnosa Penyakit Daun Dan Batang Pada Tanaman Karet Menggunakan Metode Certainty Factor Berbasis WEB
Authors: Wahyuni Endah Sri , Prambudi Dwi Arief , Roby
Published: March 2021

Tanaman karet adalah tanaman tahunan yang dapat tumbuh sampai umur 30 tahun. Habitus tanaman ini merupakan pohon dengan tinggi tanaman dapat mencapai 15 – 20 meter. Modal utama dalam pengusahaan tanaman ini adalah batang setinggi 2,5 sampai 3 meter dimana terdapat pembuluh latek. Oleh karena itu fokus pengelolaan tanaman karet ini adalah bagaimana mengelola batang tanaman ini seefisien mungkin. Sistem Pakar adalah sebuah sistem yang menggunakan pengetahuan manusia dimana pengetahuan tersebut dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah komputer dan kemudian digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah-masalah yang biasanya membutuhkan kepakaran atau keahlian manusia. Salah satu penerapan sistem pakar adalah dalam bidang perkebunan untuk mendiagnosa penyakit pada tanaman. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan perancangan dan pembuatan sistem pakar yang digunakan untuk membantu mendiagnosa suatu penyakit daun dan batang pada tanaman karet serta menentukan solusi terhadap tanaman karet Dari penjelasan di atas untuk itu penulis membuat suatu sistem, yaitu sistem pakar diagnosa penyakit daun dan batang pada tanaman karet menggunakan metode certainty factor yang dimaksudkan untuk membantu kerja petani dalam memberikan informasi serta kesimpulan dari penyakit daun dan batang yang diderita pada tanaman karet.
Perilaku Dalam Pengelolaan Sampah Dan Kondisi Layanan Pengelolaan Sampah Kota Malinau
Authors: Rahma Nuzula Elfa
Published: March 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui praktik-praktik yang dilakukan masyarakat Kabupaten Malinau dalam pengelolaan sampah serta persepsi mereka terhadap layanan pengelolaan sampah yang telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan dari segi praktik pengelolaan sampah, masyarakat Kota Malinau relatif telah sadar akan pentingnya menjaga kebersihan, meski belum sepenuhnya terimplementasi dalam tindakan. Membuang sampah pada tempat yang telah disediakan diakui telah dilakukan oleh sebagian besar masyarakat. Perilaku keliru dalam membuang sampah yang paling umum dilakukan adalah membuang sampah ke sungai, serta di fasilitas umum yang ramai seperti pasar. Selain itu, pengelolaan sampah secara komunal relatif belum dilakukan. Di sisi lain, ada pula praktik positif yang telah dilakukan masyarakat Malinau sejak lama, yaitu pemanfaatan sampah dapur dan sisa makanan menjadi pakan ternak. Di samping itu, praktik pengelolaan sampah swadaya yang terorganisir dengan baik dapat ditemukan di sekolah-sekolah. Sedangkan untuk layanan pengelolaan sampah kota yang dilakukan dinas terkait, masyarakat umumnya mengeluhkan kurangnya jumlah TPS yang layak serta perlunya peningkatan frekuensi dalam kedisiplinan dalam pengangkutan dan pengumpulan sampah ke TPA. Untuk pengembangan layanan pengelolaan sampah ke depan, pemerintah setempat perlu pula melakukan upaya aktif lebih untuk mendorong partisipasi masyarakat untuk melakukan pemilahan dan pengumpulan sampah yang baik di tingkat rumah tangga, seperti yang diarahkan dalam prinsip 3R (Reduce, Reuse, dan Recycle)
Hyperbolic markers in modeling hyperbole: a scenario-based account
Authors: Ovejas Ramírez Carla
Published: March 2021

This article discusses hyperbolic markers in modeling hyperbole from the perspective of a scenario-based account of language use within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics. In this view, hyperbole is seen as a mapping across two conceptual domains (Peña y Ruiz de Mendoza, 2017), a source domain, here relabeled as the magnified scenario, which contains a hypothetical unrealistic situation based on exaggeration, and a target domain or observable scenario which depicts the real situation addressed by the hyperbolic expression. Since the hypothetical scenario is a magnified version of the observable scenario, the mapping contains source-target matches in varying degrees of resemblance. Within this theoretical context, the article explores resources available to speakers for the construction of magnified scenarios leading to hyperbolic interpretation. Among such resources, we find hyperbole markers and the setting up of domains of reference. Finally, the article also discusses hyperbole blockers, which cancel out the activity of the other hyperbolic meaning construction mechanisms.
Ángel López García-Molins: un lingüista comprometido, un humanista
Authors: Morant-Marco Ricard
Published: March 2021

El objetivo del trabajo es reflexionar sobre la función de la lingüística y de los estudiosos del lenguaje actualmente, a partir de la trayectoria académica de Ángel López García Molins (ALG-M). Su modo de vivir la profesión resulta interesante para explicar el oficio de lingüista y para inspirar y alentar a las futuras generaciones de expertos en esta materia. Para conseguir nuestro propósito hemos recogido, primero, las publicaciones de y sobre ALG-M. Y, en una segunda etapa, hemos clasificado, descrito y explicado los comentarios seleccionados sobre su condición de lingüista y humanista. Con el fin de lograr la máxima objetividad hemos dejado que hablen sus textos y los de los expertos. El artículo comienza con una breve introducción. A continuación, se explican las principales cualidades de este lingüista conocido, reconocido y apreciado. Seguidamente, se reflexiona sobre su faceta humanista, que le lleva a defender, entre otras cosas, un plurilingüismo equitativo y las humanidades y a aprovechar para ello, su faceta de columnista, editor y bloguero. El trabajo acaba con unas breves conclusiones.