bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inelastic behaviour of collagen networks in cell–matrix interactions and mechanosensation
Authors: Mohammadi Hamid , Arora Pamma D. , Simmons Craig A. , Janmey Paul A. , McCulloch Christopher A.
Published: November 2014

The mechanical properties of extracellular matrix proteins strongly influence cell-induced tension in the matrix, which in turn influences cell function. Despite progress on the impact of elastic behaviour of matrix proteins on cell–matrix interactions, little is known about the influence of inelastic behaviour, especially at the large and slow deformations that characterize cell-induced matrix remodelling. We found that collagen matrices exhibit deformation rate-dependent behaviour, which leads to a transition from pronounced elastic behaviour at fast deformations to substantially inelastic behaviour at slow deformations (1 μm min
−1
, similar to cell-mediated deformation). With slow deformations, the inelastic behaviour of floating gels was sensitive to collagen concentration, whereas attached gels exhibited similar inelastic behaviour independent of collagen concentration. The presence of an underlying rigid support had a similar effect on cell–matrix interactions: cell-induced deformation and remodelling were similar on 1 or 3 mg ml
−1
attached collagen gels while deformations were two- to fourfold smaller in floating gels of high compared with low collagen concentration. In cross-linked collagen matrices, which did not exhibit inelastic behaviour, cells did not respond to the presence of the underlying rigid foundation. These data indicate that at the slow rates of collagen compaction generated by fibroblasts, the inelastic responses of collagen gels, which are influenced by collagen concentration and the presence of an underlying rigid foundation, are important determinants of cell–matrix interactions and mechanosensation.
The impact of ethnicity on auditor choice: Malaysian evidence
Authors: Nazatul Faiza Syed Mustapha Nazri Sharifah , Smith Malcolm , Ismail Zubaidah
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of ethnicity on auditor choice for Malaysian listed companies.

Design/methodology/approach

This study evaluates the effects of various independent variables on auditor choice behaviour, particularly ethnicity of auditor and ethnicity of management, using a logistic regression analysis approach for 300 companies listed on the Bursa Malaysia (formerly known as Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange‐KLSE) over an 18 year period.

Findings

Auditor choice is shown to be significantly influenced by client firm's characteristics, notably changes in management, complexity, and financial risk, lending support to the findings of previous survey studies. Ethnicity was found to be a significant factor influencing auditor choice only for auditor switches between non‐Big 4 and Big 4 firms.

Research limitations/implications

A number of important variables such as corporate governance characteristics, audit fees, client size, and growth that might enhance an understanding of auditor choice behaviour in Malaysia were not incorporated in the regression models, and might be considered in future studies.

Originality/value

The results presented in the paper have important implications for both the auditing profession and regulators in Malaysia.
Emotional Sobriety: A victim no more
Authors: Anon
Published: November 2014

The fireworks had started and seemingly the world was having a party. I went to bed seeking oblivion through sleep. Next morning, amid the worldwide hype of Millennium celebration, the grim reality of my plight remained unchanged. Despair, terror and isolation were waiting for me when I woke and would dog me remorselessly through yet another day. I was coming to the end of my stay in an addiction treatment centre and I was afraid of the world outside ‐ afraid of reality itself!
Out into the world
Authors: Gibson Anne , Donna
Published: November 2014

This article describes how a group of friends moved from their sheltered environment to a mainstream college course, supported by a staff member from Workshop & Company. It starts with a summary of the process, followed by one member's description of the experience.
An exploration of learning disability and mental health nurses' perspectives on co‐working in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Conway Martina , Taggart Laurence
Published: November 2014

There is an ongoing debate about how specialist psychiatric services for people with learning disabilities and mental health problems should be developed. Nursing personnel are the largest professional group involved with care provision, yet to date there has been little research addressing the knowledge and experiences of learning disability and mental health nurses co‐working with this population. This aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of these nurses, using qualitative methods. The findings are discussed in relation to A Vision for Change (DoHC, 2006) and in comparison with the innovative collaborative working that has occurred with the UK.
Development and implementation of a dual diagnosis strategy for older people in south east London
Authors: Rao Rahul , Shanks Andy
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The provision of a seamless service to address the needs of older people with substance misuse is now more pressing than ever, particularly given the impact of a growing population of older people in society, and with co‐morbid mental health and substance use issues. There is growing recognition of the public health needs of older people with mental health problems and substance misuse. This paper seeks to consider the development and implementation of one particular dual diagnosis strategy.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper examines the background, development and implementation of a dual diagnosis strategy designed to address the growing problem of substance misuse of older people in an inner city area in London, UK.

Findings

A needs assessment highlighted workforce training needs which led to the commissioning of innovative training to address this. Pathways were created to allow seamless transition between services, thus enabling older adults with dual diagnosis to receive the care that they required.

Originality/value

Most local dual diagnosis strategies have focused on adults of working age. This paper concentrates on a local strategy aimed at improving services for older people with mental health and substance misuse problems.
A way through the woods: opening pathways to mental health care for women with multiple needs
Authors: Anderson Sarah
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This paper reports on a pilot project that helps women offenders and other women with multiple needs to access mental health care. The paper aims to increase understanding of the mental health needs of these women and the barriers they face in accessing and sustaining engagement with appropriate care.

Design/methodology/approach

Key principles and early findings are presented from the partnership project based in Anawim Women's Centre, in which a mental health nurse (MHN) is seconded to the centre one day a week. These are presented in light of research relating to the mental health needs of vulnerable women.

Findings

Early findings suggest mental health needs are largely trauma‐based and co‐occurring substance misuse problems are common. The MHN negotiated a pathway into secondary care with community mental health team managers but concerns continue about the ability of primary care services to meet the complex needs of these women. Principles for working with this group include: provision in a women‐only space; a focus on engagement; flexibility; holistic support and empowering women and voluntary sector staff.

Research limitations/implications

Findings are based on eight months of one pilot project in which 22 women were seen.

Practical implications

Practical implications are outlined for commissioners and service managers of mental health care services for vulnerable women.

Originality/value

Research and experience suggest that women with multiple problems can struggle to engage with traditionally structured services and fail to access the holistic support they need. This paper increases understanding of this problem and suggests how these women might be better supported.
The drugs, the NHS, recovery and me …
Authors: Hind Alix
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe examples of service user involvement to demonstrate how they can significantly enhance service provision for people with mental health, substance misuse, and co‐existing mental health and substance misuse problems (dual diagnosis), and in so doing, enhance their own recovery.

Design/methodology/approach

The personal story of one service user illustrates a range of involvement activities: membership of service user panels, development of an anti‐stigma campaign, mentorship of trust staff, and employment as a peer support worker in both mental health and substance misuse services.

Findings

Service provision in mental health and substance misuse services has been enhanced through the genuine involvement of service users. This involvement has been an important factor in building the confidence and skills of service users and supporting them in their own recovery.

Originality/value

The paper describes several innovative involvement initiatives and highlights the dual benefits of these roles to services and the service users employed in them.
The Impregnable Japanese Market: Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Kosenko Rustan
Published: November 2014

Japanese trade barriers purportedly contribute to the escalating US trade deficit with Japan. But Japan’s trade barriers are no more restrictive than those found in the US. Many US firms have used traditional and innovative marketing strategies successfully in the Japanese market. The marketing strategies that have led to that success are outlined.
Auditor Selection: Impact of Audit Committees
Authors: Cottell Philip G. , Rankin Larry J.
Published: November 2014

This article reports the results of a study designed to measure whether an SEC rule requiring audit committees might have an anticompetitive impact on auditor selection. Despite concerns expressed by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and others, the results of this study do not substantiate the contention that such a rule would favour Big‐Eight auditors. Rather, the results suggest that while movement toward Big‐Eight auditors is prevalent among NASD‐listed companies, the existence of an audit committee does not explain the displacement. It appears that such an SEC rule would not unfavourably impact the competition for audit services.
Quality of institutions and the BRIC countries agro-food exports
Authors: Bojnec Štefan , Fertő Imre , Fogarasi József
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impacts of institutional quality (IQ) in exporting and importing countries on agro-food exports from the world's leading emerging economies: Brazil, the Russian Federation, India and China (BRIC countries).

Design/methodology/approach

– Measuring is based on using the gravity trade model and econometric panel data analysis for the period 1998-2009.

Findings

– Agro-food exports from the BRIC countries, particularly Brazil and China, have increased. The Russian Federation has experienced stagnating and volatile patterns. Brazil and India have strengthened market shares in the existing importing markets, while the Russian Federation has experienced severe deterioration. The export of existing products is more important than of new products. Agro-food exports are positively associated with IQ and the size of the gross domestic product in exporting and importing countries, but negatively with distance.

Research limitations/implications

– Among IQ variables, the focus is on the indices of legal structure and security of property rights and freedom to trade internationally in agro-food importing countries and the BRIC exporting countries.

Practical implications

– Different institutions and their quality can affect agro-food exports differently. The impact of institutions is not uniform across product groups.

Originality/value

– This paper adds the impacts of IQ on agro-food exports. Except for processed products for final household consumption, agro-food exports from the BRIC countries are positively associated with the quality of the legal structure, the security of property rights and the freedom to trade internationally as IQ in exporting and importing countries.
The industrial training revolution
Authors: WILLIAMS LADY
Published: November 2014

The Industrial Training Act which was passed in 1964 has already created an entirely new attitude to training: in fact it has initiated a revolution both in thinking and in practice. The UK has lagged far behind most other highly developed industrial countries in this respect, but it is now rapidly taking its place in the forefront. One can appreciate how radical these changes are only if one keeps clearly in mind the situation before the Act became law.
Advanced management studies at Birmingham
Authors: Minkes AL
Published: November 2014

The Advanced Management Course held at the Graduate Centre for Management Studies in Birmingham and introduced in 1965 represented what was in several ways a novel step in post‐experience courses at University level. It takes place each year from approximately October to March, being of six months duration and full‐time; most of those attending live at the Centre during the period of the course (though generally free to go home at the weekend if they wish). The members are, primarily, managers sponsored by companies or other organizations, with a normal minimum age of 25, sometimes aged over 40 but typically in the late 20's or early to mid‐30's. Usually there are a few self‐sponsored participants. This course provides, therefore, for the younger and middle manager. During the six months, he follows an intensive programme in the management sciences. He deals with economics, especially the economics of the firm, and the tools of numeracy in management; mathematics, statistics and management accounting. He also studies basic ideas in sociology and social psychology which relate to the management of the human resource. However, he also devotes a good deal of time to the applications of those ideas to such functions as finance, marketing and personnel and to important areas such as operational research and industrial relations. At the end of the course the Diploma of the Graduate Centre is awarded by examination. The Graduate Centre for Management Studies is a jointly sponsored institution of the Universities of Aston and Birmingham. Full details of the Advanced Management Course and of other aspects of the Centre's work may be obtained from the Secretary, Graduate Centre for Management Studies, 36 Wake Green Road, Birmingham B13 9PD, telephone: 021–449 4137.
ALLOYS containing large amounts of copper and nickel for use in sea‐water
Authors: Maritimer
Published: November 2014

THERE ARE TWO main groups of alloys containing large amounts of copper and nickel used when maximum resistance to corrosion by sea‐water is required.
Pipeline coatings and corrosion prevention
Authors: Hatley H.M.
Published: November 2014

Historically, man's efforts to resist the effects of corrosion can be traced back several hundred years. Sir Hugh Platt (1552–1611) noted that an ‘oily substance’ prevented iron work rusting. The famous Dr. Angus Smith (1817–1884) patented a technique for coating heated metal pipes with ‘coal oil’ to resist corrosion. We have in the above some of the fundamental requirements of a coating, namely: 1. Surface preparation, aiming to clean the pipe surfaces of corrosion products, moisture and foreign matter. 2. Material having a water‐resistant quality.
The higher training of police
Authors: Stead P.J.
Published: November 2014

During the past 18 years, the higher training of the British police has evolved rapidly as part of a training structure which has itself been built up from post‐war foundations. This structure provides substantial residential and refresher training for recruits in district police training centres, specialist training (e.g. in detective work, driving, crime prevention, public relations, forensic science, civil defence,fingerprinting, mounted branch, dog‐handling), and continuous in‐force training, which inter alia prepares officers for the two stiff professional examinations which they must pass to qualify for promotion to sergeant and inspector respectively. There are thus ample facilities within the structure for teaching the police officer the technique of his work.
STRUCTURAL STEEL PROTECTION
Authors: Nylén P. , Trägärdh K.F. , Hudson J.C. , Stanners J.F. , Van Rysselberge M. , Bermane D. , Ballard W.E. , Rivett F.R. , Tremlett H.F. , Johnson W.A.
Published: November 2014

During the second day of the symposium on ‘The Protection of Structural Steel’ interest again centred on the comparative advantages of paint and metal coatings. Speakers discussed the composition of good paint protective systems and the application of sprayed metal coatings, and some consideration was given to the relative cost of the two methods. A report of the papers read during the first day was given in the May issue of CORROSION TECHNOLOGY.
Three‐Dimensional Air Flow
Authors: Levy H.
Published: November 2014

AS far as the author is aware, no attempt has yet been made, either on the experimental or on the theoretical side, to extend to three dimensions the conceptions regarding the formation of a vortex street in the wake of a body, as developed by Karman and Rubach for two dimensions. The problem is complicated by the fact that owing to experimental difficulties there is an almost complete absence of direct visual evidence regarding the nature of the flow in the wake of a three‐dimensional body. This makes it extremely difficult to construct, in imagination, the possible vortex configuration that might originate. It should be understood, therefore, at this stage, that until such direct evidence is available, the suggestions put forward here are to be regarded as merely of a tentative nature, but this has not prevented mathematical investigation on the basis of these suggestions from proceeding.
The Streamline Aeroplane
Authors: Melvill Jones B.
Published: November 2014

EVER since I first began to study Aeronautics I have been annoyed by the vast gap which has existed between the power actually expended on mechanical flight and the power ultimately necessary for flight in a correctly‐shaped aeroplane. Every year, during my summer holiday, this annoyance is aggravated by contemplating the effortless flight of the sea birds and the correlated phenomenon of the beauty and grace of their forms.
Aeroplane Wing Flutter
Authors: Frazer R.A.
Published: November 2014

FOR all stiffness ratios, there is clearly a marked increase of critical speed when the centre of inertia is as far forward as the flexural centre.
A Course for Ground Engineers
Authors: Savage W.P.
Published: November 2014

THE syllabus issued by the Air Ministry stipulates that the qualifications required to be held by the candidate for a ground engineer's licence in “C” category are: (1) an intimate knowledge of the constructional and assembly details of the engine to be included in the licence; and (2) the installation, operation, and maintenance of that engine in an aircraft. This specialised knowledge must be obtained by practical experience in the engine shop, aircraft shop, and on the aerodrome, and proofs of actual engagement in these spheres will be required by the Air Ministry Examining Board.
The All‐Metal Blackburn “Bluebird” Mark IV
Authors: Petty A.E.
Published: November 2014

THE experience gained with the previous models of the “Bluebird” type has enabled the Bluebird IV to be produced embodying all the requirements essential in a light aeroplane for private and club flying. This experience indicated that the policy of side‐by‐side seating in preference to the more usual tandem arrangement was fully justified, and, although previously it had been considered that such an arrangement was necessarily detrimental to performance owing to the wider fuselage, a considerable amount of investigation proved that a fuselage could be designed maintaining the requisite width, but of such a “body form” as to make this loss of performance practically non‐existent. As a result of these investigations it was decided to develop the “Bluebird” both acrodynamically and structurally, and the actual product by its flight tests confirms the theoretical and model investigation, the side‐by‐side Bluebird IV having a performance at least equal to the performance of the best tandem light aeroplane of the same class and the same engine.
Structure Weights of Rigid Airhips
Authors: Roxbee Cox H.
Published: November 2014

A STUDY of the economic design and operation of the rigid airship must take account of many variables; power, speed, range, useful load, volume and structure weight—to cite the most obvious—have presumably absolute values which, in combination for a particular duty, produce the most economical whole. With the very limited knowledge of design and operation which we have at present, it is not possible to attempt a comprehensive enquiry, but certain of the simpler aspects of the problem of the economics of the rigid airship can be considered with advantage. The present note is an attempt to discuss, very elementarily, and on what are thought to be reasonable assumptions, the variation of structure weight with gross volume.
Thermometry in Engine Research
Authors: Alcock J.F.
Published: November 2014

IN research or development work on aero engines there are many occasions when it is desirable, or sometimes essential, to obtain temperature readings under somewhat difficult conditions. In many cases it is possible for serious errors to arise, under conditions which make their detection difficult, and the writer, therefore, thinks that the information he has gained in dealing with these problems may be of value to others.
A Course for Ground Engineers
Authors: Ross Major A.A.
Published: November 2014

SMALL surface cracks in some cast pistons are often present from the date of manufacture, and are due to the casting stresses in the uneven sections. Provided the piston is not subject to considerable distortion in service, these cooling cracks do not increase or lead to failure by fatigue. Actual experience of the design is necessary, however, before a decision can be given as to the safety of a cracked piston, and it must be remembered that the holder of a “C” licence may not have the facilities for so careful an examination of the piston during top overhaul.
The Reduction of Noise in Aircraft
Authors: Wimperis H.E.
Published: November 2014

THE achievement of a reasonable degree of silence in aircraft cabins is chiefly difficult because of the amazing intensity of the noise made by the airscrew and engine. There is, in addition, the difficulty of excluding this noise from the cabin without unduly adding to the weight of the structure.
The First Inflation of R100
Authors: Teed Major P.L.
Published: November 2014

WHEN in 1925 the Airship Guarantee Company entered into possession of the remains of the old R.N.A.S. Airship Station of Howden, this once spacious and well‐equipped aerodrome was reduced, as a result of its post‐war vicissitudes, to a single airship shed standing in a sadly reduced area of marsh land, strewn with an infinite variety of debris, which the vendor's once enthusiastic clients had abandoned under the depressing influence of falling prices.
The Range of Air Line Beacons
Authors: Toulmin‐Smith A.K. , Green H.N.
Published: November 2014

THE visibility of a light depends, on a clear, dark night when the effect of atmospheric absorption can be neglected, on the inverse square of the distance at which it is observed, while the ultimate range at which it becomes invisible depends on the visual acuity of the observer.
The Design of Wind Tunnels
Authors: Relf Ernest F.
Published: November 2014

DURING the last year or two the construction of several new wind tunnels in this Country has been commenced, after many years of inactivity in this direction. The new tunnels are intended either to bring existing equipment up‐to‐date or to meet specific needs for researches which cannot be satisfactorily carried out in the older tunnels. In all cases the new tunnels are of types very different from those previously in use in this country, and it is interesting to trace the reasons for the change. In order to do this it would be well to review the history of the development of the existing tunnel equipment, in order to understand in the first place why the standard type of wind tunnel used in this country was entirely different from, and in some respects less efficient than, that developed on the Continent. When the study of aerodynamic problems was undertaken at the National Physical Laboratory in 1909, the question of a suitable design of wind tunnel was naturally one of the first to be raised.
Gas Fuels for Airships
Authors: Teed Major P.L.
Published: November 2014

WHILE the general principles of gas‐fuel propulsion for airships have been enunciated in a former article, there remain to be considered both the gases available and the means whereby they can be procured.
Airships in Horizontal Flight
Authors: Teed Major P.L.
Published: November 2014

THOUGH the airship is not infrequently described as a lighter‐than‐air craft, the usual meaning attached to the phrase obscures the fact that the vessel, having on occasions to fly cither in the heavy or the light condition, is nearly as dependent as the aeroplane on forces of dynamic origin.
Compression‐Ignition Engines
Authors: Tizard H.T.
Published: November 2014

THE compression‐ignition aircraft engine has arrived in practical form, but the question whether it has come to stay, or rather, whether it will completely displace the petrol engine in course of time, is one on which opinion is much divided. The object of this article is to explore the question from a theoretical point of view.
New Methods of Research
Authors: Wimperis H.E.
Published: November 2014

IT is twenty years ago almost to the clay since the world was saddened by the news of the death of one of its heroes—Wilbur Wright. The inspiring story of the successful attack made by the two brothers, Wilbur and Orville, on the age‐long problem of human flight is too well known to be told at length here. But it is remarkable that the first flight by a motor‐driven aircraft on December 17th, 1903, was made only two years after Chanute, in a speech before the Western Society of Engineers, had felt compelled to use such cautious words as these: “There is some hope that, for some limited purposes at least, man will eventually be able to fly through the air.” Chanute made that speech when introducing a lecturer none other than Wilbur Wright himself. One wonders what the lecturer thought. What he said is on record and I quote a passage which tells us what it was that turned his and his brother's attention to the problem of flight: “My own active interest in aeronautical problems dates back to the death of Lilienthal in 1896. The brief notice of his death which appeared in the telegraphic news at that time aroused a passive interest which had existed from my childhood, and led me to take down from the shelves of our home library a book on ‘Animal Mechanism,’ by Professor Marey, which I had already read several times. From this I was led to read more modern works, and, as my brother soon became equally interested with myself, we soon passed from the reading to the thinking, and finally to the working stage.”
Drift Due to Engine Torque
Authors: Glauert H.
Published: November 2014

IN an article on this subject, published in the February issue of Aircraft Engineering this year. Wing Commander L. J. Wackett suggests that an aeroplane must fly at an appreciable angle of yaw in order to counteract the torque of the engine and airscrew. He gives an approximate formula for calculating this angle of yaw, and describes a series of experiments which appear to confirm his calculation. Since the angle of yaw suggested by this investigation is surprisingly large and would have serious effects on navigation and gunnery, I have made a closer examination of the problem. This analysis has led me to doubt the validity of Wing Commander Wackett's conclusions, since the calculated angle of yaw is negligibly small if the torque is balanced by use of the ailerons and if the aeroplane is maintained on a level keel.
The Estimation of Performance
Authors: Clarkson Richard M.
Published: November 2014

THE performance of an aeroplane is largely determined by certain general characteristics—such, for instance, as its power and surface loadings, etc.—from a knowledge of which an approximate estimate of its performance can be made. Such an estimate is generally effected by the use of a “general curve” connecting the performance with the determining characteristics.. On this curve are represented known performances of a number of different types of aircraft, which are useful when making an estimate, and may be regarded as a comparative means of allowing for the factors not taken into account in the curve.
Maintenance of Metal Airframes
Authors: Gordon Young S.
Published: November 2014

IN the previous chapters consideration has been given generally to aircraft of composite construction in which the main structural members are of timber. In this article it is proposed to deal with aircraft having all‐metal structures, the materials employed in which are in general of steel, duralumin and aluminium.
An Irreversible Control Gear
Authors: Ellis D.L.
Published: November 2014

A RECENTLY patented hydraulic motor car steering damper appears to have a possible application as an irreversible control for the prevention of aileron flutter, and a suggested method of applying the device to a control system is here described.
The Silencing of Aeroplanes
Authors: Davis A.H.
Published: November 2014

IN 1929 a subcommittee was formed, by the Aeronautical Research Committee, to investigate the subject of aircraft noise. Various aspects of the work have received attention, and the present paper is an attempt to summarise the general conclusions in a form suitable for the aircraft industry, without reference to the results of the investigations themselves.
The Farnborough Seaplane Tank
Authors: Coombes L.P. , Perring W.G.A.
Published: November 2014

IT is probable that the earliest recorded results of model experiments conducted for the express purpose of determining the water resistance of a body relate to the tests made by Beaufoy in the Greenland Dock during the years 1793 to 1798. The results of these tests were made public in 1834, and in the same year Scott Russell commenced a series of model experiments upon ship forms, these tests being conducted in a canal. Based on the results of these tests, Scott Russell formulated his theory of ship resistance, and in his paper to the British Association in 1869 he drew particular attention to the important effect of depth of water upon the wave formation. In 1869 the committee of the British Association recommended that experiments should be carried out on a steamer of known form by towing her at various speeds by means of an apparatus which would register the towing force. To this Mr. Froude, who was a member of the committee, added that so great a variety of forms ought to be tried that it would be impossible, alike on the score of time and expenditure, to perform the experiments with full‐sized ships. The Admiralty, when asked to carry out the proposal, declined to do so, but agreed to carry out Mr. Froude's proposal to try models.
Air‐Cooled Engine Cowling
Authors: North J.D.
Published: November 2014

IN the earliest stages of the development of the aeroplane the speed range obtainable was small, flight occurred only at fairly high lift coefficients, and induced drag was the predominant component of total resistance, hence successful flight depended on the achievement rather of minimum weight, minimum wing loading and maximum engine power than on the achievement of minimum possible parasite resistance.
Skin Friction Correction
Authors: Bairstow L.
Published: November 2014

A CONSIDERABLE literature about skin friction or boundary‐layer theory exists both in English and in German and there is general agreement as to the best practicable method of dealing with a change from model to full scale. In the resume now to be given no new ideas or facts are introduced.
Seaplane Take‐off Weights
Authors: Jones E.T.
Published: November 2014

BECAUSE of its ability to take off at the maximum weight that it can sustain in the air at sea level, the landplane has always had a greater range than the seaplane. With the advent of the retractable undercarriage, the landplane has now the added advantage of a much higher cruising speed and hence a further increase of range over the seaplane. The retraction of wing‐tip floats on the boat type of seaplane would compensate to some extent for the retractable undercarriage, but it is certain that we must increase the ratio of maximum take‐off weight to maximum flying weight before we can materially increase the range of all types of seaplanes.
Seaplane Take‐off Weights
Authors: Jones E.T.
Published: November 2014

THE desired qualities for high performance in take‐off were enumerated and discussed in Part I of this article, while certain suggestions were made in Part II, whereby the limiting take‐off weight of modern seaplanes could be increased without adversely affecting the air performance. So far no reference has been made to either atmospheric or sea conditions. In this country there is, on the average, only one dead calm day every three weeks, so that in practice a take‐off is seldom made in flat calm water and in no wind. Before leaving this subject therefore it is desirable to examine the performance of a seaplane in take‐off when there is a wind and to determine the probable effect of wind on the liimting take‐off weight.
Air Racing in America
Authors: Klemin Alexander
Published: November 2014

GREAT things had been expected of the American National Air Races this year, with many new racing machines to the fore. The Hughes high‐wing monoplane, equipped with a 1,000 h.p. twin‐row Wasp engine and built at a cost of $120,000 in Los Angeles, California, was expected, from wind tunnel tests, to achieve a speed of 367 miles per hour, but, unfortunately, was completed too late for participation in the races. Actually, the competing aeroplanes and the pilots were in the end the same that had gained prominence in former years. The records established by J. Doolittle in 1932—a landplane speed record of 294·38 miles per hour and an average of 252·686 miles per hour in the closed circuit Thompson Trophy race, secured in a Gee Bee Sportster—were not even approached, as can be seen from Table I. The difficulty in aeroplane racing in the United States lies in the fact that the well‐established manufacturers do not regard it as worth their while to participate. Racing machines are built by small adventurous groups of pilots and individualistic constructors, and these groups in the lean depression years have generally found it difficult to secure financial backers.
The Cooling of Radial Engines
Authors: Shoemaker J.M. , Rhines T.B. , Sargent H.H.
Published: November 2014

THE remarkable strides made by designers of commercial and military aircraft during recent years have been most strikingly evidenced by the ever‐increasing performance of their products. This progress has been gained, to a great extent, in two ways: by improving the aerodynamic cleanness of the aeroplane and by increasing the specific power output of the engine. However, the successful utilisation of both methods has been complicated by the difficulty of providing the higher‐powered engines with proper cooling and accessibility while retaining the cleanness of the aeroplane. Each addition to the power‐plant output has not only further complicated that unit and made necessary more controls and accessories, but has also made the engine harder to cool. Designing the cowl to favour the cleanness of the aeroplane has often proved to be detrimental to both proper cooling and accessibility.
Retractable Undercarriages
Authors: Dowty G.H.
Published: November 2014

AMONG the many problems of drag reduction engaging the critical attention of aircraft designers to‐day, that parasitic appendix known as the undercarriage stands out, in more ways than one, as probably the most serious single offender still challenging the ingenuity of the designing engineer in his unceasing quest for aerodynamic refinement. Not so many years ago, however, quite a number of designers were openly sceptical of the mechanical feasibility of retracting the undercarriage unit; at least, in such a manner as to make it economically worth while. One suspects that our devotion in this country to the thin‐wing biplane had something to do with that particular brand of aerodynamic astigmatism, because it was not until the cantilever low‐wing monoplane became an accepted type that the idea of wheel retraction became a fashionable formula.
Maintenance of Electrical Equipment
Authors: Crook W.E.
Published: November 2014

IN the previous section it was explained how the terminal P.D. of a shunt dynamo can be adjusted manually by means of a field regulator. Although such a device may find a place where large dynamos are concerned, conditions involving a fluctuating load necessitate some form of automatic voltage control. Where a floating battery is used with the dynamo it is further desirable that the dynamo output should be suited to the state of charge of the battery, and again that it should change with every variation of load. While it would be quite possible to make all these adjustments by manual controls, such a scheme is obviously ruled out on motor vehicles and aeroplanes. The basic aim of the automatic voltage controller must, therefore, be to keep the battery fully charged, but the actual achievement of this aim turns out to involve much greater complexity than would be anticipated.
Stiffness in Stressed Skins
Authors: Atkin E.H.
Published: November 2014

THE increasing operational speeds of the modern aeroplane have involved the designer of the aircraft structure in problems which necessitate the experimental determination or calculation, not only of the strength, but also of the stiffnesses of the various major components of the airframe. It has become very apparent that stiffness rather than strength is the determining factor in the design of many aeroplane components.
Tapered and Twisted Aerofoils
Authors: Crowe J.H.
Published: November 2014

THE fundamental problem of aerofoil theory is to predict accurately the characteristics of wings of various sections and plan form when the former may be any function of the latter. The vortex theory of aerofoils enables us to predict the chief properties of aerofoils below the stall. We are, however, interested also in the conditions obtaining at and above the stall. In the present state of the art we are obliged to rely on wind tunnel tests. The number and variety of wings that would have to be tested in order to give us at all a comprehensive survey of the possibilities of taper, aerodynamic twist and varying section are so great that wind tunnel tests can so far only be said to have touched the fringe of the problem.
Tension Diagonal Fields
Authors: Atkin E.H.
Published: November 2014

TENSION diagonal fields frequently occur in the webs of beams or the faces of hollow torsion members in association with considerable end loads in the booms at the corners.
Corner Losses in Ducts
Authors: Patterson G.N.
Published: November 2014

DUCT systems of various types are used on aircraft. The efficiency of the systems depends upon the losses in the duct. A corner in the duct may produce a large resistance to flow if it is not carefully designed. Research on the problem of corner resistance has been undertaken by a number of investigators. Their results show that the design of a corner is very important. In the following discussion the more significant results are summarized and some factors governing the design of an efficient corner are set forth.
Section Constants
Authors: Parkinson H.
Published: November 2014

WHEN designing sheet metal sections to meet particular requirements it is very useful to have reference to the I's and k's of geometrically similar sections, particularly when scheming structures or assessing possibilities. In the absence of this reference one relies upon experience, together with trial and error, in order to sketch a section to dimensions which are likely to give the required constants.
Openings in Stressed‐Skin Wings
Authors: Williams D.
Published: November 2014

IN R. & M. 1761 the behaviour of a tube of rectangular cross section under torsional loading was investigated with the object of using the results to estimate the corresponding behaviour of a skin‐covered wing, whose normally complex structure renders a more direct calculation impracticable. It is natural therefore to have recourse to the same simplification when it is a question of estimating the effects of introducing discontinuities in the wing cover, The discontinuities discussed in this article are meant to include major gaps in the skin cover such as would be occasioned by the housing of petrol tanks or undercarriage wheels. In the equivalent rectangular tube such gaps are most conveniently represented by the removal of the top and bottom panels over the relevant portion of the span, the torque being transmitted across the gap by shears in the two side members or spars.
A New Form of Biplane
Authors: Irving H.B.
Published: November 2014

IN AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING for June, 1935, and in R. & M. 1715, the present writer and others described some experiments on a wing cellule model of a new form of biplane, the special advantage of which was stability in roll up to angles of incidence as high as about 40deg.; and it was suggested that if the results of the model experiments were borne out on the full scale such a type of biplane might with advantage be adopted for a light sporting machine with a view to minimising the risks due to the inadvertent stall.
The Mechanical Aspect of Flutter
Authors: Walker P.B.
Published: November 2014

THE subject of flutter is universally recognised as a difficult one, and I think it will be agreed that much work remains to be done before our knowledge is sufficient for the everyday needs of the designer. It is not that our scientists and mathematicians have been found wanting, however, for the literature on the subject is extensive and the present rate of production of papers bearing on flutter is higher than ever. But, from the point of view of the man who wishes to have a broad grasp of essential principles, the sheer quantity of theoretical material alone is bewildering.
Measurement of Detonation
Authors: Postlethwaite F.
Published: November 2014

METHODS in general use for assessing detonation in the cylinders of internal combustion engines depend upon training the ear of the engine operator. For single‐cylinder aero‐engine test units it is possible to detect detonation by listening to the various noises produced by the engine. The constant association of the noises produced by detonation and the effects of detonation on the engine parts enables the operator to correlate these two factors. After a training on a particular engine it is possible for him to estimate the destructive quality of different degrees of detonation by listening to the engine noises resulting from detonation. It is, however, very difficult to assess the degree of detonation by such methods, which depend on aural estimation alone.
Estimating Thrust Horse‐Power
Authors: Willis J.G.
Published: November 2014

AIRSCREW data for performance estimation, in practical form, is generally acceptable in the design office, and the present charts and notes have been found useful and convenient in use.
Monoplane Wings With Sweep
Authors: Crean J.R.
Published: November 2014

THE fundamental question of the theoretical calculation of the effect of sweep on the distribution of lift across the span of a monoplane wing has, so far as the present writer is aware, been treated only by G. Andreoli and ?. M. Minski, the former paper being known to him unfortunately not in the original but only through a brief mention in the latter. Minski states that Andreoli approached the question by assuming the wing bound vortices curvilinear and passing through the locus of aerodynamic centres of the chords, the investigation being confined to very small deviations from the usual wing vortex system without sweep. However, it is alleged that the pursuit of the problem led finally to rather complicated integral equations insoluble in practice. Hence Minski, adopting the fundamental idea of a curvilinear bound vortex, this time passing through the mean C.P. positions of the chords (one‐third the chord length from the leading edge), proceeded to attack the problem by a somewhat different method, which will first be summarised briefly here since his paper, being in Russian, is presumably not generally known.
Bench Testing of Carburettors
Authors: Clothier W.C.
Published: November 2014

THE greater part of the development of the components of a complicated mechanism, such as an aircraft engine, can with advantage be done apart from the mechanism as a whole. The study of any part can be more complete and improvements in operation effected more readily when it is not necessary to keep the whole working. A carburettor is in many respects a complete unit whose action may be studied with advantage apart from the engine with which it will be used. While the ultimate criterion of the performance of a carburettor is its behaviour on an engine, a great deal can be learned from suitable bench tests in which the engine is replaced by a suction plant; more use could be made of such testing methods than is done at present.
The Theory of Torsion‐Bending
Authors: Lockwood‐Taylor J.
Published: November 2014

IN these days of metal construction, the aircraft designer frequently uses the so‐called Batho theory of the torsion of thin shells. This simple and well‐known theory is a ecial case, applicable to tubes and boxes of any cross‐section, of the general St. Venant torsion theory. The same theory, applied to thin “ open ” sections, of which a channel is a mplc example, gives the result that the torsional strength and rigidity are very small. While it is true that such a section tends always to be weak in torsion in comparison with a closed section of similar dimensions, subject to certain conditions as regards fixing of the ends it is capable of transmitting an appreciable torque. The method of transmission can be described as differential bending of the two langes, in the case of the channel. Calculation of differential bending stresses in a two‐spar wing under torsion is a simple procedure, but alien the two members in differential bend form part of a continuous section, the conditions are somewhat altered. The general theory applicable to such cases may be called the theory of torsion‐bending. The results of this theory will be summarised, and the proofs given in the Appendix.
U.S. Methods of Aircraft Production
Authors: Wright T.P.
Published: November 2014

IT is indeed an honour to appear before you to address you on the subject “American Methods of Aircraft Production.” We in America have long held the Royal Aeronautical Society in high regard, amply justified by the excellence of its published papers and the example it has set in organisation and in the conducting of an aeronautical society. Indeed, a few years ago when several of us in America decided that we, too, should have an aeronautical society, we planned our own organisation very largely on yours. We are very much pleased that the relationship which has existed between your Society and the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences in America throughout the brief career of the latter has been so close and friendly and I can assure you that we intend to do everything possible on our part to continue this highly desirable condition.