bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How does corporate governace pay off? Evidence from Korean stock listings
Authors: Moon Sub Choi Paul , Hwa Choi Joung , Son Mookyong
Published: December 2016

Corporate governance is an envelope for the mechanisms, processes and relations through which corporations are controlled and guided. Consequently, corporate governance affects operational performance and, in turn, stock returns, as Gompers et al. (2003) find. In this research, we use the Korea Corporate Governance Stock Price Index (KOGI) to test a possible linkage between corporate governance and shareholder wealth in Korea.Factor mimicking portfolios sorted per KOGI are constructed to estimate a corporate governance risk factor (“good minus bad”). By augmenting this new factor to the existing factor models (Fama and French, 1993; Carhart, 1997) to fit multiply imputed data, we find evidence that corporate governanceinfluences stock pricing in Korea.
Keywords: CG; Risk factor; Factor-mimicking portfolio; Long-short portfolio; Multiple imputation. JEL Classification: G11, G12, G34, C11
Forecasting of the state of the credit market in Ukraine
Authors: Myskiv Galyna , Andreykiv Tetyana , Rudevska Viktoriya
Published: December 2016

The article highlights the forecasting of development of the credit market in Ukraine on the basis of regression analysis and based on a number of macroeconomic factors. It provides a matrix of coefficients for pair correlations for the calculation of the volume of loans given by banks and non-bank financial institutions, foreign economic agents and inter-economic actors. It gives partial regression models for determining the volume of loans according to the market’s segments. It carries out the forecasting of the credit market and the volumes of loans given by its segments.
Keywords: credit market of Ukraine, forecasting, regression analysis, pair correlation. JEL Classification: G21, G23, Е51
Design Device for Suspension Type Disaster-prevention and Rescue, and Maintenance of Tunnel
Authors: Zhi Lin , Xiang Chen , Xue Wang , Si Chen , Qin-Xi Li
Published: December 2016

A suspension tunnel rescue device is studied, which includes a guide rail installed on the top of the tunnel, and an operating system platform mounted on the bottom of the wheel. Advantages: firstly, the rescue platform can achieve a barrier-free movement as it is suspended on the guide rail. In the case of fire in the tunnel, the rescue platform can quickly reach the disaster location to avoid personal injury and property loss even if the tunnel is blocked; secondly, the rescue platform and fire extinction platform can be disassembled from each other, to provide a non-blocking working platform for inspection and maintenance in tunnel. In addition, an umbrella type combined nozzle which is composed of the auxiliary nozzle and the main nozzle was designed. The auxiliary nozzles spray water to isolate the fire while the distribution circumference of the subsidiary nozzles is adjustable.
ACCOUNTABILITY AND PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Authors: Nisriani Manafe Mesri Welhelmina , Akbar Rusdi
Published: December 2016

Local government accountability attracts attention since the issuance of the PresidentialInstruction Number 7 of 1999 on Accountability Reporting of the Performance of GovernmentInstitutions (Instruksi Presiden No. 7 Tahun 1999 tentang Laporan Kinerja Instansi Pemerintah).In practice, this accountability is not as was expected. One indication of the causalfactor of the failure of the accountability implementation program is that it is considered as anobligation to describe and to justify the behavior of the accountability actors. The objective ofthis study is to empirically examine the correlation between the requirements of various types ofaccountability with negative perception of the work context and the work performance of theaccountability actors. It contributes to the empirical evidence for the correlation among thevarious types of accountability obligation and the work performance based on the institutionaltheory with mixed method, which is a quantitative approach with PLS and a qualitativeapproach with thematic analysis. Its samples are 201 SKPD officers in the local government ofNusa Tenggara TimurProvince. The results of the study show that the conflict in theaccountability requirement has significant impact on the work context with negative perceptionat different levels, but does not have any significant impact on the work performance of theaccountability actors.Keywords: accountability, accountability requirements, work performance, and mixed method.
Gingivektomi Menggunakan Scalpel dan Electrocautery pada Perawatan Gingival Enlargement Wanita Pubertas
Authors: Widagdo Anton Kusumo , Murdiastuti Kwartarini
Published: December 2016

Gingivitis pubertas merupakan suatu peradangan gusi karena kondisi tertentu yang diklasifikasikan menurut faktor etiologi dan perubahan patologi. Peningkatan ukuran gingiva merupakan tanda adanya kelainan gingiva. Gingivektomi adalah pemotongan jaringan gingiva dengan membuang dinding lateral poket yang bertujuan untuk menghilangkan poket dan keradangan gingiva sehingga didapat gingiva yang fisiologis, fungsional dan estetik baik. Pada kasus ini, wanita berusia 16 tahun mengeluhkan keadaan gusi atas dan bawah yang membengkak sejak 1 tahun yang lalu, mudah berdarah dan tidak ada rasa nyeri. Penanganan untuk kasus ini dirancang menggunakan teknik gingivektomi menggunakan pisau periodontal dan gingivoplasty menggunakan electrocautery secara bertahap. Teknik gingivektomi menggunakan kombinasi scalpel dan electrocautery pada perawatan gingivitis pubertas memberikan hasil yang memuaskan secara estetik maupun fungsional pada pasien. ABSTRACT: Gingivectomy Using Scalpel and Electrocautery in Gingival Enlargement Treatment of Puberty Female. Puberty Gingivitis is a gum inflamation due to certain conditions that are classified by etiologic factors and pathological changes. The increase in gingival size is a sign of gingival disorder. Gingivectomy is cutting the gingival tissue by removing the lateral wall of the pocket which aims to eliminate pockets and gingival inflammation thus obtaining physiologically, functionally and aesthetically good gingiva. In this case, 16-year old woman complained of the state of the upper and lower gums which were swollen since the last one year, easily bleeding and no pain. The handling of this case was designed to use the technique of gingivecto by using periodontal knives and gingivoplasty by gradually using electrocautery. Gingivectomy technique with a combination of scalpel and electrocautery in puberty gingivitis treatment gives satisfactory results in aesthetic and functional state in patients.
Penatalaksanaan Frenektomi dan Depigmentasi Gingiva pada Regio Anterior Rahang Atas Anak Perempuan Usia 11 Tahun
Authors: Akin Richard , Soesilowati Al Sri Koes
Published: December 2016

Frenulum labialis yang abnormal dapat berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan gingiva dan menimbulkan penyakit periodontal dengan cara menarik margin gingiva sehingga menimbulkan resesi gingiva. Abnormalitas dari frenulum ini juga menyebabkan diastema dari gigi insisivus sentral, iritasi pada jaringan periodontal, menghalangi proses pembersihan gigi, menghalangi pergerakan alat ortodonsi, mengganggu pemakaian protesa gigi serta berpengaruh pada estetik. Selain frenulum yang abnormal, masalah pada gingiva yang dapat berpengaruh juga pada estetik adalah pigmentasi gingiva. Pigmentasi pada gingiva merupakan hasil dari granul melanin yang diproduksi oleh melanoblas. Hiperpigmentasi melanin pada gingiva biasanya bukan masalah medis tetapi keluhan pasien yang menginginkan terapi perbaikan estetik. Untuk melaporkan penatalaksanaan frenektomi labialis superior dan depigmentasi pada kasus sentral diastema dan pigmentasi gingiva. Anak perempuan 11 tahun diastema sentral insisivus maksila disertai dengan hiperpigmentasi gingiva regio anterior maksila. Diastema sentral insisivus maksilanya disebabkan oleh perlekatan frenulum labialis superior yang tinggi. Perawatan untuk perlekatan frenulum labialis superior yang tinggi dilakukan frenektomi dan perawatan depigmentasi dilakukan dengan teknik scraping menggunakan skalpel. Perawatan frenektomi dan depigmentasi menunjukkan hasil perbaikan perlekatan frenulum dan  menghilangkan hiperpigmentasi gingiva. ABSTRACT: Management of Frenectomy and Gingival Depigmentation at Regio Anterior Upper Arch of 11 Year Old Girl. Abnormal labial frenulum may affect gingival health and cause periodontal disease by pulling the gingival margin causing gingival recession. Abnormalities of the frenulum also cause diastema of central incisors and irritation of the periodontal tissues, bother the teeth cleaning process, interfere the movement of orthodontic tools, interfere with the proper fit of the denture and affect the aesthetics. In addition to abnormal frenulum, a problem that can affect the gingival esthetics is also gingival pigmentation. Gingival pigmentation is a result of melanin granules produced by melanoblast. Melanin hyperpigmentation of the gingiva is not a medical problem but it becomes a complaint from patients who desire aesthetic improvement therapies. To report frenectomy labialis superior management and depigmentation in the central case of diastema and gingival pigmentation. An 11 year old girl had diastema in maxillary central incisor accompanied by gingival pigmentation in maxillary anterior region. Diastema in maxillary central incisor is caused by a high attachment of the superior labial frenulum. The (one of the) Treatment for a high attachment of the superior labial frenulum is frenectomy and the depigmentation treatment is done by scraping technique using a scalpel. Frenectomy and depigmentation treatment show improved results of the frenulum attachment and remove gingival pigmentation.
Perawatan Bonegraft dengan Penambahan Platelet-Rich Plasma dan Kolagen pada Kerusakan Infraboni
Authors: Wijayanto Hendry Dwi , Murdiastuti Kwartarini
Published: December 2016

Perawatan kerusakan jaringan periodontal mempunyai tujuan utama mendapatkan jaringan regeneratif dan proses yang berlangsung membentuk struktur jaringan yang fungsional melalui proses pertumbuhan serta diferensiasi sel sel baru. Bonegraft adalah perawatan untuk kasus kerusakan tulang. Platelet-rich plasma yang merupakan platelet autologus konsentrasi tinggi tersuspensi dalam plasma setelah disentrifugasi. Dalam PRP banyak terdapat komponen yang berperan dalam proses penyembuhan regeneratif, growth faktor, agen kemotaktik dan agen vasoaktif. Kombinasi dengan penambahan kolagen merupakan altematif yang aman dan efektif, selain menstimulasi pelepasan growth faktor pada daerah target, juga memperkuat signal agar degranulasi platelet dapat ditingkatkan. Pada kasus ini, wanita berusia 24 tahun mengeluhkan keadaan giginya goyah sejak 3 bulan yang lalu karena traumatik, tidak ada rasa nyeri. Setelah dilakukan rontgen periapikal digital terlihat terjadinya kerusakan tulang infraboni. Penanganan untuk kasus ini dirancang dengan bedah flap, bonegraft Demineralized Freeze-Dried Bovine Bone Allograft (DFDBA), aplikasi platelet-rich plasma, serta penambahan kolagen. Kombinasi bonegraft dengan aplikasi PRP dan penambahan kolagen untuk menunjang perawatan periodontal memberikan hasil yang memuaskan secara penampakan klinis dan penampakan radiografis. ABSTRACT: Bonegraft Treatment with Addition of Platelet - Rich Plasma and Collagen in Infrabony Defect. The treatment of periodontal tissue damage has the main goal to get regenerative tissues and processes that take place to form a functional network structure through the process of cell growth and differentiation of new cells. Bonegraft is a treatment for cases of bone damage. Platelet-rich plasma is autologous platelets suspended in plasma high concentrations after centrifugation. In PRP, there are many components that play a role as a regenerative agent of healing process, growth factors, chemotactic agents and vasoactive agents. Its combination with the addition of collagen is a safe and effective alternative; in addition to stimulating the release of growth factors in the target area, it also strengthens the signal to improve platelet degranulation. In this case, a 24-year-old woman complained of unsteady state of her teeth since the last 3 months due to trauma; there was no pain. A digital periapical X-ray exposed infrabony defect. The treatment for this case was designed to use a surgical flap, bonegraft Demineralized Freeze-Dried Bovine Bone Allograft (DFDBA), application of platelet-rich plasma, as well as the addition of collagen. Bonegraft combination with PRP application and the addition of collagen to support periodontal treatment have given satisfactory results in the clinical and radiographic appearance.
Enukleasi Kista Dentigerous pada Coronoid Mandibula Sinistra di Bawah Anastesi Umum
Authors: Azhar Sayid , Goereti Maria , Soetji P Soetji P
Published: December 2016

Kista adalah penyebab pembengkakan kronis yang paling sering pada rahang dibandingkan tulang lain karena banyaknya sisa epitel odontogenik. Kista yang dibentuk dari epitel odontogenik merupakan yang terbanyak di rahang. Kista dentigerous merupakan kantung jaringan ikat yang berisi cairan dengan berbatas epitel skuamos berlapis yang terbentuk di sekitar mahkota gigi yang tidak erupsi atau dentikel. Kista ini sering disebut kista folikular karena hasil pembesaran folikel yang berasal dari akumulasi cairan antara epitel tereduksi dengan email gigi. Shear dan Spreight mengatakan bahwa etiologi terjadinya kista dentigerous bisa karena gigi impaksi. Seorang pasien laki – laki berusia 41 tahun dilaporkan datang ke klinik Bedah Mulut RSUP Dr. Sardjito dengan keluhan utama benjolan di bawah telinga kiri, tidak terasa sakit ukuran 4x3x3 cm muncul kurang lebih 8 bulan sebelumnya. Awalnya kecil kemudian membesar, pasien telah menjalani perawatan dari puskesmas dan tidak ada kemajuan. Penatalaksanaan kasus ini adalah enukleasi kista di bawah anestesi umum. Evaluasi dilakukan 4 bulan post operasi dan tidak ada tanda kambuh. Riwayat penyakit sistemik dan alergi obat tidak ada. ABSTRACT: Dentigerous Cyst Enucleation on Coronoid Mandibular Sinistra under General Anesthesia. Cyst is the most common caused of chronic swelling in the jaw compared to other bone as there are a lot of odontogenic epithelium. Cyst formed from odontogenic epithelium is the most encountered case found in dental practice. Dentigerous cyst is a sac formed of connective tissues filled with liquid and lined with stratified squamos epithelium border which was developed around un-erupted dental crown or denticle. This kind of cyst is also known follicular cyst on a reason that swelling follicle is derived from liquid accumulation between tooth enamel reductions with dental email. Shear and Spreight stated that impacted tooth is the ethiology of dentigerous cyst. We are reporting a case of41 year old man who came to Dr. Sardjito central hospital with chief complain of swelling under left ear, painless, 4x3x3 cm sized and increase within 8 months since its developed. The patient was treated in the Primary Health Care but no improvement reached. This case was managed with enucleated cyst under general anesthesia. No sign of recurrence after 3 months follow up and patient evaluation. No systemic disease and allergic symptom was found in this patient.
Perawatan Gigi Insisivus Lateralis Kanan Maksila Fraktur Ellis Kelas III
Authors: Pary Fakriantu Chaldun , Kristanti Yulita
Published: December 2016

Gigi fraktur Ellis kelas III merupakan kasus fraktur mahkota dengan terbukanya pulpa. Fraktur mahkota yang luas dengan pulpa terbuka memerlukan perawatan saluran akar dengan restorasi mahkota jaket disertai inti pasak. Perawatan ini dilakukan dengan tujuan  untuk mengembalikan fungsi gigi dari segi mastikasi, estetika. Pasien laki-laki umur 25 tahun datang untuk menambalkan gigi depan kanan atas yang patah 8 hari yang lalu karena kecelakaan. Diagnosis gigi 12 adalah fraktur Ellis kelas III. Mula-mula dilakukan anestesi infiltrasi pada rami nervus alveolaris superior anterior, kemudian dilakukan pulpektomi satu kunjungan. Selanjutnya gigi direstorasi dengan mahkota jaket porselin fusi metal disertai pasak fiber. Perawatan pulpektomi satu kunjungan dan restorasi mahkota jaket porselin fusi metal dengan pasak fiber dapat mengembalikan fungsi gigi dari segi mastikasi, estetika, fonetik, dan melindungi jaringan pendukung. ABSTRACT: Right Insisives with Class III Ellis Fracture. Ellis fractured tooth class III is a case of crown fracture with exposed pulp. Extended crown fracture with exposed pulp needs root canal treatment with post and core build up followed with crown restoration. The treatment is aimed especially to restore functions of tooth in mastication and esthetics, phonetics. A 25 year old male patient came to restore her fractured upper right front tooth 8 days ago because of accident. Tooth 12 was diagnosed with Ellis fracture class III. The anterior superior alveolar nerve rami was infiltrated, and one visit pulpectomy was carried out. Tooth was restored with fiber post and porcelain fused to metal crown. One visit pulpectomy and porcelain fused to metal crown with fiber post could restore tooth masticatory function, esthetic, phonetic, and preserving the supporting tissues.
Vacuum Assisted Vaginal Delivery in Singleton Term Pregnancies: Short Term Maternal and Neonatal Outcome in a Tertiary Hospital of Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Buddhi , Shrestha Subha , Thapa Babita
Published: December 2016

Introduction: Other than cesarean delivery, assisted vaginal delivery is an alternative procedure for delivery in emergency obstetrics. Presently, vacuum delivery has gained more popularity than forceps for operative/ assisted vaginal delivery, when and where indicated, with success as well as lesser neonatal and maternal complications. This study was done to estimate the short term maternal and fetal morbidity/mortality due to vacuum assisted vaginal delivery.

 

Methods:  A prospective observational study was conducted at Lumbini Medical College Teaching Hospital from January 2015 to May 2016. One hundred and four pregnant women who had successful vacuum assisted vaginal deliveries were enrolled. Fetal and maternal outcome were assessed.

 

Results: One hundred and four successful vacuum deliveries (2.9%) were conducted among 3457 deliveries during our study period. Sixty seven (64.4%) were primigravida and most (n=59, 56.7%) parturients were of age group 20-30 years. The commonest (n=65, 62.5%) indication for vacuum application was prolonged second stage of labor. The maternal morbidity variables were: 6.7% (n=7) had genital tract injury, 3.8% (n=4) had primary post-partum hemorrhage, 3.8% (n=4) had urinary retention, 2.8% (n=3) needed blood transfusion. Among neonatal morbidity indicators, 19.2% (n=20) neonates had birth asphyxia, 4.8% (n=5) neonates had cephalohematoma, 0.96% (n=1) had brachial plexus injury. There was one early neonatal death due to meconium aspiration syndrome.

 

Conclusion: A successful vacuum assisted delivery can be achieved with lesser maternal and neonatal morbidity with timely assessment of labor, skilled operator, and availability of neonatal team.
Aerobic Bacteria Associated with Symptomatic Gallstone Disease and their Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Western Nepal
Authors: Thapa Sagun Bahadur , Bajracharya Kishor , Kher Yashwant Ramakrishan , Pant Sushama Suresh , Gurung Sanjay , Pudasaini Rashmi
Published: December 2016

Introduction: Gallstone disease is one of the most common disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Biliary tract infection results from bile stasis due to chronic obstruction, mainly (80%) gallstones. Biliary obstruction increases ductal pressure, resulting in bacterial proliferation and dissemination. Proper guidelines for appropriate use of antibiotics in managing uncomplicated and complicated gallstone disease are lacking; on the other hand, the antibiotic usage for its management cover a broad spectrum of organism which may not be required most of the times. This study aims to determine the microbiology of the bile culture and antimicrobial susceptibility in patients with symptomatic gallstone disease in our setup.

 

Methods: This prospective study included patients admitted in surgery department with a diagnosis of symptomatic gallstone disease and subjected for laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy from 1st of Oct 2015 to 30th Sep 2016. The intraoperative bile of patients subjected for cholecystectomy were cultured aerobically in Blood agar and MacConkey agar. The isolates were identified and tested for their sensitivity pattern. The data were collected, entered and then analyzed using SPSS version 23. The descriptive statistics were calculated.

 

Results: Of the total 259 patients, bile culture was negative in 183 patients (70.7%) and was positive in only 76 patients (29.3%). Pseudomonas was the most common cultured organism in 52 (68.4%) patients. Other isolated organisms included E. coli, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Enterococci, and Acinetobacter. Imipenem and amikacin were the most effective prophylactic antibiotics.

 

Conclusion: Bile culture was negative in majority of patients with symptomatic gallstone disease. Few patients are positive in culture with predominantly Pseudomonal growth, mostly sensitive to amikacin or imipenem.
Antibiotic Sensitivity in Post Cesarean Surgical Site Infection at a Tertiary Care Centre in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Chhetry Manisha , Subedi Shanti , Ghimire Sita , Lamichhane Sabina , Banerjee Basudev , Singh Ganesh Kumar
Published: December 2016

Introduction: Post cesarean surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the common complications diagnosed in 2.5%-16% of the cases and is associated with significant increase in maternal morbidity, hospital stay, costs, and psychological stress to the new parents. This study was designed to study the incidence of SSI and the antimicrobial resistance pattern in our hospital.

 

Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted from July 2015 to December 2015, in which all patients who were admitted with post cesarean SSI or developed SSI during their stay were included.  Wound specimens were collected and susceptibility testing was carried out using disc diffusion technique.

 

Results: The incidence of post cesarean SSI was 6.07% (47/774). Out of the 47 patients who had SSI, 35 (74.75%) had positive swab culture. The most important organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (82.85%) out of which 17 (58.62%) were MRSA strain. The resistance of Staphylococcus to penicillin was 84.6% whereas amikacin was found to be highly sensitive (>96%). Among the MRSA strain, resistance to ciprofloxacin, which is the currently used drug for prophylaxis, was 94%. Resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, and clavulanate was also high. Resistance to vancomycin was also high (53%). Amikacin and chloramphenicol were found to be highly sensitive  (94% and 90% respectively) in the MRSA group.

 

Conclusion: MRSA is the leading cause of post cesarean SSI and is a matter of great concern. Amikacin and chloramphenicol were found to be highly sensitive in this group but unlike other studies, resistance of vancomycin was showing an increasing trend.
Outcome of Inferior Patellar Pole Avulsion Fractures
Authors: Joshi Ruban Raj , Dwivedi Rajeev , Byanjankar Subin , Shrestha Rahul
Published: December 2016

Introduction: The optimal treatment for inferior pole patella avulsion fractures has still been a topic of debate. The options include (a) internal fixation of the pole fragment and (b) resection of the avulsed fragment and repair of the patellar ligament to the patella. We present the comparative outcomes for patients with displaced inferior pole patella treated by resection and transosseous Ethibond® Krackow suture repair of patellar ligament with open reduction and internal fixation with modified tension band wiring and circumferential wiring.

 

Methods: During a three year period between August 2013 and September 2016, twenty consecutive patients with distal pole fractures of the patella were prospectively enrolled in this study. These patients were divided into two groups. Group-T patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation with modified tension band wire and  group-R patients by resection of the avulsed fragment and reattachment of the patellar ligament to the patella with #5 Ethibond®. Data entry and analysis was done by using SPSS version 20. Anatomical and functional outcome were compared.

 

Results: Consecutive 20 patients were treated either with resection lower patellar pole (n=10) or with open reduction internal fixation with tension band wiring (n=10). Demographics were matched in two groups. Group-T required a longer hospital stay (U=13.5, p=0.005). Complications were seen more often in Goup-T compared to Group-R (p=0.005). Group-R had better scores (Bostman score U=6, p=0.001; SFMA U=7.5, p=0.001) and range of movement (p<0.05).

 

Conclusion: Resection of the avulsed fragment and reattachment of the patellar ligament to the patella had better outcome according to the Bostman and SFMA dysfunction score, shorter hospital stay, and less complications as compared to open reduction and internal fixation with tension band wire and circumferential wiring.
Fast edge-preserving gravity-like image interpolation
Authors: Lukac Zeljko , Ocovaj Stanislav , Samardzija Dragan , Temerinac Miodrag
Published: December 2016

In this paper we propose a novel image interpolation algorithm which
preserves edges and keeps a natural texture of interpolated images. The
algorithm is based on an idea that only pixels that belong to the same side
of an edge should be used in interpolation of pixels that belong to an edge.
Beside similarity-based separation of known interpolation pixels a
gravity-like interpolation coefficient set is also introduced in order to
support different number of interpolation pixels and their location in two
dimensional plane. The algorithm also applies arbitrary scaling factors,
thus offering a broader scope of applications. Use of a local set of
interpolating points makes the proposed algorithm suitable for applications
on resource-limited platforms. The edge performance is demonstrated for
structured geometric forms, while a general interpolated image quality is
evaluated using objective measures and subjective comparisons. A comparison
with some relevant interpolation algorithms shows the desirable tradeoff
between image quality (sharpness and texture) and requested computing power
(run-time).
Statistical analysis of average, high and low waters of the Toplica River
Authors: Martic-Bursac Natasa , Stricevic Ljiljana , Nikolic Milena , Ivanovic Radomir
Published: December 2016

The river Toplica springs on the east slopes of Kopaonik. It is the biggest
left tributary of the Juzna Morava, in which it empties at the town of
Korvingrad. It is 130 km long and the surface of its river-basin amounts to
2180 km?. This study estimates the probability of average, minimum and
maximum discharge occurrence on the hydrological profile Pepeljevac on the
Toplica River in the period 1951-2014. Pearson type III distribution was used
for quantifying average, minimum and maximum annual discharge. Results of the
study point out to significant fluctuations in the river Toplica discharge
upstream the hydrological profile Pepeljevac, which is the base for further
study and improvement water management planning in the basin. On the basis of
probability of average annual discharges occurrence, a classification of
years by water richness was done. Mann-Kendal test examined the trend of
Toplica discharge, while Pettit, SNTH, Buishand and von Neumann tests
analyzed homogeneity of the data on the observed profile. Analysis of average
annual discharges shows that years moderately rich in water are the most
numerous (29) with somewhat higher participation of rich in water (16) than
dry (14) years. Coefficients of variation of maximum and minimum annual
discharges for the Toplica river point out to significant fluctuations
upstream the hydrological profile Pepeljevac. These results are the base for
further study and improvement of water management planning in the basin.
GIS spatial analysis of the distribution of snow depth: A study of western Rhodopes, Bulgaria
Authors: Nikolova Valentina , Penkov Aleksandar
Published: December 2016

The aim of the present research is to show the advantages of information
technology in investigating the snow cover. The snow data is usually taken
from the measurement in meteorological stations which are often sparsely and
insufficient. The problem in the analysis of the snow cover is how to
present point data spatially and what is the most appropriate model. The
area of the present research is the western part of Rhodopes mountain
(Southern Bulgaria). The relief is variable from low to high mountainous and
the climate is influenced by the high altitude and Mediterranean air
advections. The spatial analysis of the distribution of snow depth is done
in ArcGIS by application of Spatial Statistics Tools and Geostatistical
Analyst. We considered altitude, aspect and slope as explanatory variables
that could be used for determination of the territorial distribution of the
snow depth. These factors are determined on the base of digital elevation
model and the relationship between variables is evaluated by application of
regression analysis, ordinary less squares (OLS) analysis and geographically
weighted regression (GWR). The high values of R2 (above 0.7) show the
representativeness of the model. A map of spatial distribution of snow depth
is created by Map algebra in GIS environment, applying the regression
equation of the relation snow depth - altitude. Inverse distance weighted
and ordinary kriging interpolation are also carried out. The research shows
that spatial presentation of point snow data and its interpretation should
be done taking into account the relief and the exposition of the territory.
Challenges of science-society interactions in the frame of sustainable development: A case-study of contemporary Bulgaria
Authors: Paneva Aneliya
Published: December 2016

Effectively tackling problems of sustainable development such as climate
change, poverty, and biodiversity loss requires a different perspective on
the role of science in society. Building on the understanding that knowledge
production processes shall go hand in hand with governance processes,
sustainability science and ecological economics promote transdisciplinarity
and participatory procedures as a key requirement for scientific work on
nature-society interactions. Involving non-academic actors such as local lay
persons, civil society representatives, businesses, and decision makers in
the research process promises the discovery of practical solutions to
related problems and empowerment of communities. While this novel research
approach has been increasingly applied in Western societies, its adoption by
scientific actors in the context of Central and Eastern Europe, however,
remains relatively low. Employing Bulgaria as a case study, this
investigation examined the inter-actions between academia and practice
through a series of expert interviews and a review of policy documents, thus
offering insights into the specific conditions of implementing science for
sustainable development. It emerges that knowledge transfer and experience
exchange in the field are needed. Promoting social learning in this domain
requires clarification of the roles of actors and institutions for
sustainable development. Finally, recommendations for science related
policies and scientific work are given.
Public infrastructure policies and economic geography
Authors: Arabyan Onik
Published: December 2016

This work proposes a simple way to analyze some of the effects of regional
policies on industrial (economic) geography, regional income disparities and
growth. For this purpose, it is used the "localized spillover" model, in
which both the location and the endogenous growth rate are simultaneously
determined. The model is extended to allow explicit consideration of
different public policies such as infrastructure policies, transfers and
subsidies to technology transfers, etc. An important message of this work is
that the presence of localized technology spillovers implies that a
trade-off exists between spatial efficiency and equity when infrastructure
policies reduce the transport costs either between or inside regions. Public
policies that facilitate the interregional diffusion of technology
spillovers have very different implications and do not have this trade-off.
European policy makers believe that regional policies are not only necessary
to improve equity but also efficiency. To give a change to this argument,
this work presents an analysis of regional policies in the presence of
congestion effects. Multiple equilibria may appear even with capital
mobility: a "good" equilibrium with high growth and low spatial
concentration and a "bad" equilibrium with low growth and high spatial
concentration. In the presence of congestion costs, policies that improve
infrastructure in the poor region can improve growth and reduce inequality.
Again, however, policies that facilitate the interregional diffusion of
technology spillovers are better.
International migration and related policies in europe 1950 - 2015
Authors: Penninx Rinus
Published: December 2016

Immigration in Europe has been shaped by: a) its particular development in
time; b) the geographical patterns of migration within and towards European
countries; and c) the shifting types of migration and characteristics of
migrants involved. The first part of this contribution outlines changes in
these three basic migration-related factors. Migration outcomes are not
haphazard nor are these the result of unhindered economic push and pull
factors in a free market. Immigration policies of receiving countries do
greatly influence the volume and patterns of migration, the place of
settlement and the characteristics of migrants. Regulations on conditions of
residence and integration do furthermore influence significantly the
position of immigrants in their new destination, among others by setting
conditions for their stay (residence rights) and access to the labour
market. The second part of this chapter outlines the migration and
integration regimes that have been developed by states of different parts of
Europe and by the European Union. In conclusion, immigration has become a
relevant phenomenon in all EU countries. However, as a consequence of
different timing of immigration, different socio-economic contexts and
varying governmental migration and integration policies, European countries
are confronted with different forms migration (immigration, emigration,
transit migration) and with different types of migrants. European states
have also developed different governmental policies of migration and
integration. Historically, a common denominator in the framing of European
policies is that countries do not see themselves as immigration countries;
they are immigration countries against their will. In recent times, such
framing is reinforced by populist and nationalist movements that see
immigrants not only as economic competitors, but also as a threat to the
national "culture and world views". The more Europe needs immigrants for
economic and demographic reasons, the less they are welcomed for cultural
and political reasons.
Elusive Migration Systems. Lessons from Europe’s new migratory map
Authors: Göler Daniel
Published: December 2016

Europe is facing a new era of migration. During the last decades, the
European migration system underwent several shifts due to different reasons.
A basic observation is that general changes, on the political map for
example, do not necessarily have the same consequences in European regions,
even in seemingly similar contexts. The major changes started in 1990
accelerated with the enlargement of the European Union in 2004 and found its
continuation by crisis-driven migration from south European countries into
Western European labour markets after 2008. All of these "migration waves"
have been topped by a massive inflow of refugees in 2015 creating new
migratory map of Europe. Thus, important stages of contemporary and present
European migration history are interpreted as indicators for a surplus in
diversity, flexibility and spontaneity and will serve for formulating the
hypothesis of Elusive Migration Systems as an analytical framework and a
kind of hypothesis to study new features of migrants? trajectories, which
became more and more variable. Being grounded may be the wish of the
majority of Europeans and, in effect, the global population, but being on
the move, voluntarily or forced, is reality for a certain number of migrants
inside and heading towards Europe.
The new political geography of migration in Europe between external borders and internal freedom of movement
Authors: Giordano Alfonso
Published: December 2016

The creation of the Schengen area has modified the political geography of
migration with important implications from a variety of perspectives, all of
which affect the migration management policies of EU member States as well
as those of third countries. On the one hand, the Schengen area established
the first supranational border in the history of Europe; on the other hand,
it obliged a small group of countries (those bordering non-EU States) to
monitor the new border, manage refugee flows and repatriate illegal migrants
from third countries, despite often being unprepared to tackle the migration
phenomenon. The policies implemented in both the Mediterranean and
continental countries have revealed a lack of long-term vision in dealing
with several migration related issues. Currently, the absence of a single EU
migration policy, the egocentric approach of some non-Mediterranean European
countries and the re-emergence of border walls characterize the context.
Nevertheless, migration flows and terrorism in Europe represent significant
opportunities to strengthen the common European area, rather than weakening
it. Moreover, evidence suggests that such global phenomena are better
addressed at a supranational level rather than on a national basis.
Response of Wheat Genotypes to Different Levels of Nitrogen
Authors: Shrestha Shukra Raj , Manandhar Sarita , Chaudhary Bedanand , Sapkota Bibek , Bhattarai Rudra , Adhikari Suraya Prasad
Published: December 2016

A field experiment was conducted using six genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for response to different levels of nitrogen (N) use.  The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha-1) as main plots and six wheat genotypes (BL 3623, BL 3629, BL 3872, NL 1008, NL 1055 and Vijay, a check variety) as sub-plots.  Grain yield and other yield components increased linearly in response to N concentrations in both seasons.  Only two parameters: days to heading (DOH) and days to maturity (DTM) varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) among wheat genotypes in both the years.  None of the parameters showed interaction effects in both seasons. Vijay showed highest grain yield of 3.12 t ha-1 in 2013 with the application of 100 kg N ha-1, and 3.23 t ha-1 in 2014 with 150 kg N ha-1. Spike length, productive tillers m-2, number of spikes m-2 and test weight were greater with higher N rates. The straw yield of wheat fertilized with 150 kg N ha-1 was the highest in Vijay (4.35 t ha-1) and BL 3872 (4.33 t ha-1), respectively.  Vijay with 100 kg N ha-1 produced the highest number of productive tillers m-2 (276.33) in 2013 and 296.00 with the application of 150 kg N ha-1 in 2014.
Biovar Differentiation and Variation in Virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum Isolates Infecting Solanaceous Vegetables
Authors: Timila Ram Devi , Manandhar Shrinkhala
Published: December 2016

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum E.F. Smith is one of the destructive diseases of solanaceous vegetables specially tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Experiments were conducted to determine biovar types existing among the strains or isolates of Nepal and variation in virulence in some vegetables belonging to solanaceae family. A total of 39 isolates infecting tomato, eggplant, chilli and potato collected from different parts of Nepal were analyzed for biovar types on the basis of 3 disaccharides and 3 hexose alcohols oxidation test.  Experiments were conducted to determine variation in virulence or aggressiveness of some of the  isolates under  screen house conditions using three host differentials such as Pusa Ruby (susceptible), Bishesh (moderately resistant) and Srijana (resistant) tomato cultivars. Of the 39 isolates, 23 were biovar III, three biovar II, three biovar IV, and one was biovar I. Nine isolates could not be differentiated into any of the five biovars. For breeding and epidemiological purposes it is very important to analyze the variability of aggressiveness. A total of 5 isolates collected from different places were included in the test. Isolates from Bhaktapur was found the most virulent causing wilt in the variety Bishesh (moderately resistant). Other isolates had the negative impact with zero wilt on the differentials used. Isolates from Jungekhola of Dhading district did not induce wilt even on susceptible variety (Pusa Ruby), but exhibited only senescence reaction. The result indicated that there is some slight variation among the isolates tested. Some effective management tactics might be needed in those locations where highly aggressive or virulent strain of bacterial wilt is prevalent, because resistant variety may not be stable in such locations.
Multiple Cropping for Raising Productivity and Farm Income of Small Farmers
Authors: Paudel Mina Nath
Published: December 2016

Multiple cropping is an agriculture system long adopted by marginalized small holder farmers especially in hills and mountains. This practice was a meant to enhance farm productivity when farming area is limited. Here, in this paper, a brief review on the benefits of multiple cropping is presented focusing on the practices adopted by marginalized farmers, in general. In multiple cropping, it is generally argued that the practice favors an efficient utilization of resources like air, water, light, space, and nutrients by companion crops in both temporal and spatial dimensions due to their differential growth habits and seasonality.  Multiple cropping could be one of the viable alternatives to cope uncertainties and changes, where food and nutritional uncertainty looming large. The ultimate outcome of multiple cropping could be visualized in adverse or harsh environment for increase agriculture production, livelihood and income. Various food products are obtained through multiple cropping. Land equivalent ratio (LER), relative yield total (RYT) and income equivalent ratio (IER) can be increased with mixed/intercropping systems. Multiple cropping helps in getting more than one crop simultaneously, so even if the selling price of one commodity is less, the other might compensate.  In the tropics, smallholder farms, which produce over 60% of the food resources of developing nations from intercropping of cereals with many crops mostly legumes, had been the field of much investigation because of synergistic effects of diversifying food production and household cash incomes in these systems. This clearly implies the importance of multiple cropping for small farmers who constitute majority in the developing countries.
Enabling Water-Energy–Food Nexus: A New Approach for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Mountainous Landlocked Countries
Authors: Gurung Tek Bahadur
Published: December 2016

Majority of landlocked mountainous countries are poorly ranked in Human Development Index (HDI), mostly due to poor per capita agriculture production, increasing population, unemployment, expensive and delayed transportation including several other factors. Generally, economy of such countries substantially relies on subsistence agriculture, tourism, hydropower and largely on remittance etc.  Recently, it has been argued that to utilize scarce suitable land efficiently for food production, poor inland transport, hydropower, irrigation, drinking water in integration with other developmental infrastructures, an overarching policy linking water - energy – food nexus within a country for combating water, energy and food security would be most relevant.  Thus, in present paper it has been opined that promotion of such linkage via nexus approach is the key to sustainable development of landlocked mountainous countries.  Major land mass in mountainous countries like Nepal remains unsuitable for agriculture, road and other infrastructure profoundly imposing food, nutrition and energy security. However, large pristine snowy mountains function as wildlife sanctuaries, pastures, watershed, recharge areas for regional and global water, food and energy security.  In return, landlocked mountainous countries are offered certain international leverages. For more judicious trade off, it is recommended that specific countries aerial coverage of mountains would be more appropriate basis for such leverages.  Moreover, for sustainability of mountainous countries an integrated approach enabling water - energy – food nexus via watershed-hydropower-irrigation-aquaculture-agriculture-integrated linking policy model is proposed. This model would enable protection of watershed for pico, micro, and mega hydro power plants and tail waters to be used for aquaculture or irrigation or drinking water purposes for food and nutrition security.
Relationship between Time Interval from Admission to Delivery and Obstetrics Outcomes in Eclampsia/Severe Preeclampsia
Authors: Pandit Upendra
Published: December 2016

Aims: The purpose of this study was to find out the time interval from admission to delivery in eclamptic/ severe preeclamptic mothers and see the relationship to their obstetrics (maternal and fetal) outcomes.Methods: A retrospective case review was conducted at Nepalgunj Medical College, Teaching hospital, Nepalgunj. About 152 mothers with eclampsia/severe preeclampsia and postpartum eclampsia whom received either loading or both loading and maintenance doses of Magnesium Sulfate, while they were admitted to the hospital from 1stJanuary 2011 to 31st December 2015. Out of them, 132 were eclampsia/severe preeclampsia (antepartum / intrapartum) and 20 mothers were postpartum eclampsia were enrolled in the study. Descriptive analysis was used by reviewing medical records and Maternity registers. A 95% CI and P-value of <0.05 were considered as statistically significant.Results: Among 132 mothers, 53 (40.1%), 35 (26.5%) and 44 (33.3%) mothers delivered within 2 hours, 6 hours and ≥12 hours respectively. Ninety seven (73.4%) mothers underwent caesarean section, 27 (20.4%) had spontaneous vertex delivery 8(6%) underwent assisted vaginal deliveries. Out of 139 births there were 118 (84.8%) live births; 21 (15.1%) still births. The apgar score ≥7 at 5 minutes was seen in 81(58.2%) babies and low apgar <7 was seen in 37(26.6%) babies. and no evidence of live apgar "0" was seen in 23(16.5%).There were 2 neonatal deaths. Eleven still births in 2 hours, 4 in 6 hours and 6 in≥12 hours of admission were noted .Among 152 mothers including postpartum 20(13.1%) eclampsia, complications developed in 51 (33.5%) mothers. Maternal deaths were 2(1.3%).Conclusions: There is no significant difference in obstetrics outcomes in early (2 hour), later (6 hours) and late (≥12 hours) delivery of eclamptic/severe preeclamptic mothers.