bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glycerol in subcritical and supercritical solvents
Authors: Galy Nicolas , Nguyen Rémi , Yalgin Hasret , Thiebault Nicolas , Luart Denis , Len Christophe
Published: September 2016

Glycerol conversion to added value chemicals is a research avenue that has attracted significant interest in recent years. The utilization of critical solvents such as water and organic solvents in critical conditions as well as subcritical conditions (or hot compressed solvent) and supercritical conditions can offer several advantages to batch processes and in continuous flow systems in view of their potential implementation in industry. This review has been aimed to highlight most recent key processes for glycerol valorization to valuable products using different types of catalysts and processes. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
New diketopiperazines as vectors for peptide protection and brain delivery: Synthesis and biological evaluation
Authors: Virgone‐Carlotta A. , Dufour E. , Bacot S. , Ahmadi M. , Cornou M. , Moni L. , Garcia J. , Chierici S. , Garin D. , Marti‐Batlle D. , Perret P. , Ghersi‐Egea J.F. , Moulin Sallanon M. , Fagret D. , Ghezzi C.
Published: September 2016

New strategies allowing the transfer of molecules, especially peptides, through the blood‐brain barriers are a major pharmacological challenge for the treatment of brain diseases. The present study aims at evaluating in vivo the cerebral bioavailability of carrier systems, based on small and functionalizable 2,5‐diketopiperazine (DKP) motifs. We studied 2 different cyclo(Lys‐Lys) DKP scaffolds alone and a cyclo(Lys‐Gly) DKP carrier bearing as peptide model, the tau protein hexapeptide VQIVYK sequence.

The different carrier systems were synthesized and radiolabeled using one of the free domains. The stability, biodistribution, and ability to cross blood‐brain barrier were investigated in vivo in mice for 99mTc‐DKP scaffolds, 99mTc‐HVQIVYK peptide alone, and 99mTc‐DKP‐VQIVYK. 125I‐labelled bovine serum albumin was used as negative control for brain uptake.

Both radiolabeled DKPs scaffolds and 99mTc‐DKP‐VQIVYK showed a high stability, while peptide 99mTc‐HVQIVYK alone was quickly degraded in vivo. The presence of 99mTc‐DKPs scaffolds and 99mTc‐DKP‐VQIVYK was observed in the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces and to a lower extent in the brain parenchyma up to 45 minutes post‐injection in mice.

This work highlights the potentiality of DKP scaffolds as vectors to transport peptides into the brain by limiting proteolysis and favoring cerebral bioavailability.
Combination of Cymbopogon citratus and Allium cepa essential oils increased antibacterial activity in leafy vegetables
Authors: Ortega‐Ramirez Luis A , Silva‐Espinoza Brenda A , Vargas‐Arispuro Irasema , Gonzalez‐Aguilar Gustavo A , Cruz‐Valenzuela M Reynaldo , Nazzaro Filomena , Ayala‐Zavala J Fernando
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

Cymbopogon citratus and Allium cepa essential oils (EOs) are rich in terpenes and sulfur compounds respectively, both with antibacterial activity and different cell targets, supporting the idea that their combination can increase their efficacy.

RESULTS

Major constituents of C. citratus were geranial and neral, while A. cepa presented dipropyl disulfide and dipropyl trisulfide. Cymbopogon citratus and A. cepa EOs inhibited the in vitro growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (minimal inhibitory concentrations of 2.21 and 5.13 g L−1 respectively), Salmonella Choleraesuis (3.04 and 1.28 g L−1), Listeria monocytogenes (1.33 and 2.56 g L−1) and Staphylococcus aureus (0.44 and 5.26 g L−1). Application of the EO combination to spinach caused a greater reduction in E. coli (2.34 log colony‐forming units (CFU) g−1), S. Choleraesuis (2.94 log CFU g−1), L. monocytogenes (2.06 log CFU g−1) and S. aureus (1.37 log CFU g−1) compared with higher doses of individual EOs; a similar effect was observed for romaine lettuce. Individual and combined EOs caused a reduction in flavor acceptability level; however, no significant differences were found among odor acceptability of control vegetables and those treated with the EO combination and C. citratus EO.

CONCLUSION

Leafy vegetables treated with the EO combination showed higher antibacterial protection and odor acceptability compared with individual EO treatments. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Non‐targeted metabolite profiling highlights the potential of strawberry leaves as a resource for specific bioactive compounds
Authors: Kårlund Anna , Hanhineva Kati , Lehtonen Marko , McDougall Gordon J , Stewart Derek , Karjalainen Reijo O
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

The non‐edible parts of horticultural crops, such as leaves, contain substantial amounts of valuable bioactive compounds which are currently only little exploited. For example, strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) leaves may be a promising bioresource for diverse health‐related applications. However, product standardization sets a real challenge, especially when the leaf material comes from varying cultivars. The first step towards better quality control of berry fruit leaf‐based ingredients and supplements is to understand metabolites present and their stability in different plant cultivars, so this study surveyed the distribution of potentially bioactive strawberry leaf metabolites in six different strawberry cultivars. Non‐targeted metabolite profiling analysis using LC/qTOF‐ESI‐MS with data processing via principal component analysis and k‐means clustering analysis was utilized to examine differences and commonalities between the leaf metabolite profiles.

RESULTS

Quercetin and kaempferol derivatives were the dominant flavonol groups in strawberry leaves. Previously described and novel caffeic and chlorogenic acid derivatives were among the major phenolic acids. In addition, ellagitannins were one of the distinguishing compound classes in strawberry leaves. In general, strawberry leaves also contained high levels of octadecatrienoic acid derivatives, precursors of valuable odour compounds.

CONCLUSION

The specific bioactive compounds found in the leaves of different strawberry cultivars offer the potential for the selection of optimized leaf materials for added‐value food and non‐food applications. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
ANCHORING ADHD SYMPTOMS TO MENTAL AGE
Authors: Martin Callie , Dunham Mardis , Patel Samir H. , Contreras‐Bloomdahl Susana
Published: September 2016

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM‐5), requires that symptoms of ADHD must be developmentally inappropriate in order for an ADHD diagnosis to be considered. Because the DSM‐5 does not specifically outline procedure for determining developmental inappropriateness of behaviors, practitioners do not have guidance for making this consideration. To explore the relationship between mental age and behavior ratings of ADHD symptoms, the cognitive and behavioral data from 50 children who were evaluated in a school or clinic were compiled for this study. Cognitive ability scores were used to calculate mental age and behavior rating scores were then recalculated using the assessed mental age. Using the recalculated behavior ratings, scores based on mental age decreased significantly on the Attention Problems, Hyperactivity, and Atypicality scales of the BASC‐2. Additionally, as the discrepancy between mental and chronological age increased, larger differences in scores were found.
Grassmann phase space theory for fermions
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M.
Published: September 2016

A phase space theory for fermions has been developed using Grassmann phase space variables which can be used in numerical calculations for cold Fermi gases and for large fermion numbers. Numerical calculations are feasible because Grassmann stochastic variables at later times are related linearly to such variables at earlier times via c‐number stochastic quantities. A Grassmann field version has been developed making large fermion number applications possible. Applications are shown for few mode and field theory cases.
Magnetic properties in metal‐organic framework compounds [M2(C8H4O4)2 · C6H12N2] (M = Cu, Ni, Co)
Authors: Kozlova Svetlana G. , Samsonenko Denis G. , Tkachenko Ivan A. , Slobodyuk Arseny B. , Stepnov Dmitrii A. , Yunoshev Alexander S.
Published: September 2016

The magnetic properties of metal‐organic framework compounds [M2(C8H4O4)2 · C6H12N2] (M = Cu, Ni, Co) were studied in the region of 300–4 K by magnetic susceptibility and 1H magic‐angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The interaction between the magnetic ions M was found to be antiferromagnetic at the temperatures above 100–150 K. Lowering the temperature changes the interaction character to ferromagnetic. The exchange interaction was found between 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (dabco) molecules and magnetic ion.

Magnetic properties in metal‐organic framework compound.
Bond Markets Initiation and Tax Revenue Mobilization in Developing Countries
Authors: Balima Wenéyam Hippolyte , Combes Jean‐Louis , Minea Alexandru
Published: September 2016

We analyze the relationship between the introduction of a sovereign bond market (BM) and tax revenue mobilization behavior, using a large sample of 119 developing countries. Propensity Scores Matching estimations reveal that BM participation significantly fosters domestic tax revenue mobilization. Moreover, we find that this favorable effect is sensitive to BM countries' characteristics, namely the stance of monetary and fiscal policies, the exchange rate regime, the level of economic development, and the degree of financial openness and financial development. Finally, our results show that BM participation fosters internal taxes and reduces their instability, compared to international trade taxes. These findings highlight the strength of BM in promoting structural reforms in developing countries, through encouraging them to increase their tax effort and even by contributing to some extent to the fiscal transition process.
The Changing Benefits of Early Work Experience
Authors: Baum Charles L. , Ruhm Christopher J.
Published: September 2016

We examine whether the benefits of high school work experience have changed over the last 20 years by comparing effects for the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Our main specifications suggest that the future annual earnings benefits of working 20 h per week in the senior year of high school have fallen from 17.4% for the earlier cohort, measured in 1987–1989, to 12.1% for the later cohort, in 2008–2010. The gains have diminished by similar amounts for men and women but much more substantially for those who do not later attend college than for those who do. We further show that most of the differential between cohorts can be attributed to the way that high school employment is related to subsequent adult work experience and occupational attainment.
Water systems understandings: a framework for designing instruction and considering what learners know about water
Authors: Sadler Troy D. , Nguyen Hai , Lankford Deanna
Published: September 2016

Water is critical to the existence of Earth in its current form; therefore, it stands to reason that a student's science education experiences ought to support the development of increasingly sophisticated ideas about water in socio‐ecological systems. Despite the significance of water, it has tended not to receive systematic treatment in the science curriculum. A framework is advanced to help educators and curriculum developers conceptualize water systems in the science curriculum. The framework is composed of physical dimensions of water systems and aspects of water systems understandings. This framework can be used to plan for curriculum, instruction, and assessment; it can also be used to organize a review of existing research on student ideas about water and associated misconceptions. Misconceptions that have been documented regarding the various physical dimensions of water systems (surface water, groundwater, atmospheric water, water in biotic systems, and water in engineered systems) are discussed. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1178. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1178

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes

Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
Mathematical modeling of the female reproductive system: from oocyte to delivery
Authors: Clark Alys R , Kruger Jennifer A
Published: September 2016

From ovulation to delivery, and through the menstrual cycle, the female reproductive system undergoes many dynamic changes to provide an optimal environment for the embryo to implant, and to develop successfully. It is difficult ethically and practically to observe the system over the timescales involved in growth and development (often hours to days). Even in carefully monitored conditions clinicians and biologists can only see snapshots of the development process. Mathematical models are emerging as a key means to supplement our knowledge of the reproductive process, and to tease apart complexity in the reproductive system. These models have been used successfully to test existing hypotheses regarding the mechanisms of female infertility and pathological fetal development, and also to provide new experimentally testable hypotheses regarding the process of development. This new knowledge has allowed for improvements in assisted reproductive technologies and is moving toward translation to clinical practice via multiscale assessments of the dynamics of ovulation, development in pregnancy, and the timing and mechanics of delivery. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1353. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1353

This article is categorized under:

Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models

Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease
An overview of rapamycin: from discovery to future perspectives
Authors: Yoo Young Ji , Kim Hanseong , Park Sung Ryeol , Yoon Yeo Joon
Published: September 2016

Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive metabolite produced from several actinomycete species. Besides its immunosuppressive activity, rapamycin and its analogs have additional therapeutic potentials, including antifungal, antitumor, neuroprotective/neuroregenerative, and lifespan extension activities. The core structure of rapamycin is derived from (4R,5R)-4,5-dihydrocyclohex-1-ene-carboxylic acid that is extended by polyketide synthase. The resulting linear polyketide chain is cyclized by incorporating pipecolate and further decorated by post-PKS modification enzymes. Herein, we review the discovery and biological activities of rapamycin as well as its mechanism of action, mechanistic target, biosynthesis, and regulation. In addition, we introduce the many efforts directed at enhancing the production of rapamycin and generating diverse analogs and also explore future perspectives in rapamycin research. This review will also emphasize the remarkable pilot studies on the biosynthesis and production improvement of rapamycin by Dr. Demain, one of the world’s distinguished scientists in industrial microbiology and biotechnology.
Policy documents as sources for measuring societal impact: how often is climate change research mentioned in policy-related documents?
Authors: Bornmann Lutz , Haunschild Robin , Marx Werner
Published: September 2016

In the current UK Research Excellence Framework (REF) and the Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA), societal impact measurements are inherent parts of the national evaluation systems. In this study, we deal with a relatively new form of societal impact measurements. Recently, Altmetric—a start-up providing publication level metrics—started to make data for publications available which have been mentioned in policy documents. We regard this data source as an interesting possibility to specifically measure the (societal) impact of research. Using a comprehensive dataset with publications on climate change as an example, we study the usefulness of the new data source for impact measurement. Only 1.2 % (n = 2341) out of 191,276 publications on climate change in the dataset have at least one policy mention. We further reveal that papers published in Nature and Science as well as from the areas “Earth and related environmental sciences” and “Social and economic geography” are especially relevant in the policy context. Given the low coverage of the climate change literature in policy documents, this study can be only a first attempt to study this new source of altmetrics data. Further empirical studies are necessary, because mentions in policy documents are of special interest in the use of altmetrics data for measuring target-oriented the broader impact of research.
(Teil-)Automatisierung der liquid-overlay-Sphäroidkultivierung
Authors: Krüger Alexander , Ingargiola Mirjam , Hüther Melanie , Kunz-Schughart Leoni A.
Published: September 2016

3D tumor spheroid models are increasingly applied in secondary, cellbased drug testing due to certain therapy-relevant in vivo-like characteristics. Automation of routine and delicate steps in spheroid culturing and processing, including the gentle well-to-well transfer of spheroids, facilitates spheroid-based assay standardization. Semi-automated workflows minimize experimental variations and are recommended in particular for combination treatment testing and long-term monitoring.
Automatisierung für die personalisierte Krebstherapie
Authors: Hadenfeld Manal , Rauser Georg , Köhl Ulrike , Abken Hinrich , Apel Michael
Published: September 2016

Every year, in Germany about 17.000 patients are diagnosed with malignant melanoma, and 3.000 patients die as a consequence of the disease. Recently, many successful results in cancer therapy were achieved by the CAR T cell therapy. In the BMBF-funded project CD20 CAR-TIME, CAR T cells will be applied to treat melanoma patients in a clinical study. Moreover, this project consortium will explore how automation can de - liver this personalized form of therapy to a large number of patients.
Factores de innovación para la competitividad en la Alianza del Pacífico. Una aproximación desde el Foro Económico Mundial
Authors: Arredondo Trapero Florina , Vázquez Parra José Carlos , De la Garza Jorge
Published: September 2016

El presente artículo tiene el objetivo de estudiar, mediante un modelo de regresión, cuáles son las variables que influyen de forma significativa en el pilar de la innovación para la competitividad de los países de América Latina. Posteriormente, se hace un análisis de varianza de las variables innovadoras en el grupo de países que forman parte de la Alianza del Pacífico para contrastarlo con el resto de los países de Latinoamérica y encontrar las variables que marcan una diferencia significativa entre ambos. Se concluye que la aplicación de patentes resulta ser un diferenciador de innovación para la competitividad en la Alianza del Pacífico en relación con el resto de Latinoamérica.
Yield of computed tomography pulmonary angiogram in the emergency department in cancer patients suspected to have pulmonary embolism
Authors: Tannous Pierre , Mukadam Zubin , Kammari Chetan , Banavasi Harsha , Soubani Ayman O.
Published: September 2016

Objective/background:

The use of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in the emergency department (ED) for patients suspected to have pulmonary embolism (PE) has been steadily rising in the last 2 decades. However, there are limited studies that specifically address the use of CTPA in the ED for cancer patients suspected to have PE. The objective of this study is to assess the rate of positive PE by CTPA in the ED in cancer patients and the variables that are associated with positive results.

Methods:

A retrospective review of electronic medical records for 208 consecutive patients with cancer who presented to the ED and received a CTPA for suspected PE over a 12-month period. The review included demographics, type and status of cancer, presenting symptoms, CTPA results, calculation of Wells Score, management based on CT findings, and outcome of patients.

Results:

Among the 208 patients who met the inclusion criteria during our study period (mean age 57 ± 13.37 years, 73% women, 59% African American, and 32% Caucasians), 5.7% were diagnosed with PE. One hundred and eighty-two (83.7%) had a Wells Score ≤ 4, of which 2.2% were found to have to have PE, 22 (16.3%) patients had a Wells Score >4 of which 36.4% were found to have PE (p < .0001). Sensitivity and specificity of Wells > 4 was 66.7% and 92.9%, respectively, with an odds ratio of 27 (95% CI 6.6-113.6). Receiver operator characteristics area under the curve for Wells Score was 0.868. Age, race, sex, malignancy type, stage, status, clinical presentation, D-dimer, and a previous history of venous thromboembolism were not found to have statistically significant predictive values.

Conclusion:

The yield of CTPA to rule out PE in patients with cancer presenting in the ED is low. Following a validated decision-making protocol such as Wells Criteria may significantly decrease the number of CTPA used in the ED.
Perinatal exposure to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram alters spatial learning and memory, anxiety, depression, and startle in Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Sprowles Jenna L.N. , Hufgard Jillian R. , Gutierrez Arnold , Bailey Rebecca A. , Jablonski Sarah A. , Williams Michael T. , Vorhees Charles V.
Published: September 2016

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) block the serotonin (5‐HT) reuptake transporter (SERT) and increase synaptic 5‐HT. 5‐HT is also important in brain development; hence when SSRIs are taken during pregnancy there exists the potential for these drugs to affect CNS ontogeny. Prenatal SSRI exposure has been associated with an increased prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and peripheral 5‐HT is elevated in some ASD patients. Perinatal SSRI exposure in rodents has been associated with increased depression and anxiety‐like behavior, decreased sociability, and impaired learning in the offspring, behaviors often seen in ASD. The present study investigated whether perinatal exposure to citalopram causes persistent neurobehavioral effects. Gravid Sprague‐Dawley rats were assigned to two groups and subcutaneously injected twice per day with citalopram (10 mg/kg; Cit) or saline (Sal) 6 h apart on embryonic day (E)6‐21, and then drug was given directly to the pups after delivery from postnatal day (P)1‐20. Starting on P60, one male/female from each litter was tested in the Cincinnati water maze (CWM) and open‐field before and after MK‐801. A second pair from each litter was tested in the Morris water maze (MWM) and open‐field before and after (+)‐amphetamine. A third pair was tested as follows: elevated zero‐maze, open‐field, marble burying, prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle, social preference, and forced swim. Cit‐exposed rats were impaired in the MWM during acquisition and probe, but not during reversal, shift, or cued trials. Cit‐exposed rats also showed increased marble burying, decreased time in the center of the open‐field, decreased latency to immobility in forced swim, and increased acoustic startle across prepulse intensities with no effects on CWM. The results are consistent with citalopram inducing several ASD‐like effects. The findings add to concerns about use of SSRIs during pregnancy. Further research on different classes of antidepressants, dose‐effect relationships, timing of exposure periods, and mechanisms for these effects are needed. It is also important to balance the effects described here against the effects of the disorders for which the drugs are given.
A monograph on Perampanel
Authors: Chinnadurai Somasundaram , Ranganathan Lakshmi , Shankar Gobinathan , Arulnambi Tamilpavai , Mehndiratta Man Mohan
Published: September 2016

Perampanel is a non-competitive antagonist at the AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid) subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. It is approved as an adjunctive therapy in focal epilepsy with or without secondarily generalised seizures in patients aged >12 years. This in-depth review describes the structure, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic profile, indications, dosage and efficacy, contraindications, possible drug interactions, adverse effect profile and its management with regards to Perampanel. It is one of the latest additions in the therapeutic armamentarium of an epileptologist being useful in focal as well as generalised epilepsies as an add-on. It has shown high rates of efficacy and a relatively good tolerability. Slow dose titration, patient education and bed time dosing along with downtitration of medications which may aggravate Perampanel associated adverse events improves the patients’ compliance and quality of life.
DNP, mitochondrial uncoupling, and neuroprotection: A little dab'll do ya
Authors: Geisler John G. , Marosi Krisztina , Halpern Joshua , Mattson Mark P.
Published: September 2016

Recent findings have elucidated roles for mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) in neuronal plasticity and resistance to metabolic and oxidative stress. UCPs are induced by bioenergetic challenges such as caloric restriction and exercise and may protect neurons against dysfunction and degeneration. The pharmacological uncoupler 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP), which was once prescribed to >100,000 people as a treatment for obesity, stimulates several adaptive cellular stress‐response signaling pathways in neurons including those involving the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the transcription factor cyclic AMP response element‐binding protein (CREB), and autophagy. Preclinical data show that low doses of DNP can protect neurons and improve functional outcome in animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, epilepsy, and cerebral ischemic stroke. Repurposing of DNP and the development of novel uncoupling agents with hormetic mechanisms of action provide opportunities for new breakthrough therapeutic interventions in a range of acute and chronic insidious neurodegenerative/neuromuscular conditions, all paradoxically at body weight–preserving doses.
Colorectal injury by compressed air: the rule of conservative therapy
Authors: Al-Ozaibi Labib , Al-Jarrah Zhwar
Published: September 2016

We are reporting a case of colorectal injury caused by a jet of compressed air directed from a distance towards the anus. The patient mentioned that it happened accidentally while his colleague was cleaning his clothes using compressed air. The patient presented with acute abdominal pain and distension. A contrast CT study did not show any free air or leakage. The patient was treated conservatively, progressed well and was discharged from the hospital on the fourth day.
Aferrarse o soltar privilegios de género: sobre masculinidades hegemónicas y disidentes
Authors: Bard Wigdor Gabriela
Published: September 2016

Las investigaciones e intervenciones dirigidas a prevenir la violencia de género y a promover la igualdad han contemplado, de manera predominante, acciones y medidas que tienen como destinatarias a las mujeres. Sin embargo, esta problemática debería abordarse de modo relacional. Si solo trabajamos con una de las partes implicadas, habitualmente las mujeres, dejamos fuera al actor principal del conflicto: el varón. Por eso, en el presente artículo, nos proponemos desarrollar los aspectos más relevantes que constituyen a las masculinidades hegemónicas y a las “nuevas masculinidades”, tanto desde un abordaje teórico como empírico, a partir de autores claves y entrevistas realizadas a varones durante 2015. El objetivo es involucrar no solo a las mujeres sino también a los varones en labores de problematización de su propiaposición de privilegio y de prevención de la violencia de género, de manera que contribuyan a la socialización de las nuevas generaciones en valores democráticos de ejercicio del poder y en relaciones igualitarias.
Invariant Jordan curves of Sierpiński carpet rational maps
Authors: GAO YAN , HAÏSSINSKY PETER , MEYER DANIEL , ZENG JINSONG
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we prove that if $R:\widehat{\mathbb{C}}\rightarrow \widehat{\mathbb{C}}$ is a postcritically finite rational map with Julia set homeomorphic to the Sierpiński carpet, then there is an integer $n_{0}$, such that, for any $n\geq n_{0}$, there exists an $R^{n}$-invariant Jordan curve $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}$ containing the postcritical set of $R$.
Kierkegaard and the Limits of Thought
Authors: Watts Daniel
Published: September 2016

This essay offers an account of Kierkegaard’s view of the limits of thought and of what makes this view distinctive. With primary reference toPhilosophical Fragments, and its putative representation of Christianity as unthinkable, I situate Kierkegaard’s engagement with the problem of the limits of thought, especially with respect to the views of Kant and Hegel. I argue that Kierkegaard builds in this regard on Hegel’s critique of Kant but that, against Hegel, he develops a radical distinction between two types of thinking and inquiry: the ‘aesthetic-intellectual’ and the ‘ethico-religious’. I clarify this distinction and show how it guides Kierkegaard’s conception of a form of philosophical practice that involves drawing limits to the proper sphere of disinterested contemplation. With reference to two rival interpretations of Kierkegaard’s approach to the limits of thought—which I call ‘bullet-biting’ and ‘relativizing’—I further show how my ‘disambiguating’ account can better explain how, and why, his work courts a form of self-referential incoherence, in which it appears that certain limits of thought are at once affirmed and violated.
Electromagnetohydrodynamic Flow of Powell-Eyring Fluids in a Narrow Confinement
Authors: Li F.-Q. , Jian Y.-J. , Xie Z.-Y. , Wang L.
Published: September 2016

In this work, we investigate electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) flow of Powell-Eyring fluid through a slit confinement. The approximate analytical solution and numerical result of EMHD velocity are obtained by using homotopy perturbation method and Chebyshev spectral method, respectively. The analytical solutions are found to be in good agreement with numerical results under the same conditions. The influences of Hartmann number Ha, electrical field strength parameter S, the Powell-Eyring fluid parameters γ and β on velocity are discussed in detail. It is found that the volume flow rate of Newtonian fluid is always larger than that of Powell-Eyring fluid. The results reveal the intricate interaction between EMHD effect and fluid rheology involving non-Newtonian fluid. Therefore, the results are useful in dealing with some non-Newtonian biomicrofluidic systems.
Simulation of Flow Past a Cylinder With Adaptive Spectral Element Method
Authors: Hsu L.-C. , Ye J.-Z. , Hsu C.-H.
Published: September 2016

The simulations of flow past a two-dimensional circular cylinder are conducted to investigate the feasibility of adaptive mesh refinement applied on curved spectral elements. The nonconforming spectral element method and adaptive meshes technique are used to the curve surfaces and observe whether any discontinuity of the solutions. The adaptive nonconforming spectral element method is implemented to compare with those obtained by conforming mesh method with respect to several existing numerical and experimental studies. Meanwhile, three kinds of estimated error base mesh adaptation are conducted to compare their accuracy and efficiency with conforming mesh method. The results show adaptive nonconforming mesh method is more efficient than the conforming method. Especially, the vorticity error based method performs highest accuracy and fastest convergence. The results show this mesh refinement technique is applicable on the curved elements with satisfactory accuracy. It releases this technique may be applied on the simulations of flow past objects with more general geometries.
When empowering leadership fosters creative performance: The role of problem-solving demands and creative personality
Authors: Audenaert Mieke , Decramer Adelien
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the circumstances under which empowering leadership fosters creative performance. Arguments were developed for a three-way interaction of empowering leadership, problem-solving demands and creative personality in this linkage. These arguments resulted in competing hypotheses from a fit and a compensation perspective. The results from a survey of 213 employees of a Flemish large industrial organization were used. We found that less creative employees in jobs with high problem-solving demands particularly benefit from empowering leadership. This paper adds to a more complex understanding of the effectiveness of empowering leadership by highlighting the relevance of the simultaneous interplay of contextual and personal factors.
Lunch at school and children’s cognitive functioning in the early afternoon: results from the Cognition Intervention Study Dortmund Continued (CoCo)
Authors: Schröder Maike , Müller Katrin , Falkenstein Michael , Stehle Peter , Kersting Mathilde , Libuda Lars
Published: September 2016

Studies about effects of school lunch on children’s cognition are rare; two previous studies (CogniDo, CogniDo PLUS) generally found no negative effects of lunch on children’s cognitive performance at the end of lunch break (i.e. 45 min after finishing lunch), but suggested potential beneficial effects for single parameters. Therefore, the present study investigated the hypothesis of potential positive effects of school lunch on cognitive performance at early afternoon (90 min after finishing lunch). A randomised, cross-over intervention trial was conducted at a comprehensive school with fifth and sixth grade students. Participants were randomised into two groups: On day 1, group 1 did not eat lunch, whereas group 2 received lunch ad libitum. On day 2 (1 week later), group 2 did not eat lunch and group 1 received lunch ad libitum. The cognitive parameters task switching, working memory updating and alertness were tested using a computerised test battery 90 min after finishing the meal. Of the 204 recruited children, fifty were excluded because of deviations from the study protocol or absence on one of the 2 test days, which resulted in 154 participants. Data showed no significant effects of lunch on task switching, working memory updating and alertness (P values between 0·07 and 0·79). The present study suggests that school lunch does not seem to have beneficial effects on children’s cognitive functions regarding the conducted tests at early afternoon. Together with our previous studies, we conclude that school lunch in general has no negative effects on cognitive performance in children. However, beneficial effects seem to be restricted to a relatively short time period after eating lunch.
Effects of aerobic exercise performed in fasted v. fed state on fat and carbohydrate metabolism in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Vieira Alexandra Ferreira , Costa Rochelle Rocha , Macedo Rodrigo Cauduro Oliveira , Coconcelli Leandro , Kruel Luiz Fernando Martins
Published: September 2016

This study aimed to verify the effect of aerobic exercise performed in the fasted v. fed states on fat and carbohydrate metabolism in adults. Searches were conducted in March 2015, and updated in July 2016, using PubMed®, Scopus and Cochrane databases (terms: ‘fasting’, ‘exercise’, ‘aerobic exercise’, ‘substrate’, ‘energy metabolism’, ‘fat’, ‘glucose’, ‘insulin’ and ‘adult’) and references from selected studies. Trials that compared the metabolic effects of aerobic exercise (duration ≤120 min) performed in the fasted v. fed states in adults were accepted. The outcomes evaluated were fat oxidation during exercise and the plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose and NEFA before and immediately after exercise; two independent reviewers extracted the data (A. F. V. and L. C.). The results were presented as weighted mean differences between treatments, with 95 % CI. Of 10 405 articles identified, twenty-seven studies – with a total of 273 participants – were included. There was a significant increase in fat oxidation during exercise performed in the fasted, compared with fed, state (−3·08 g; 95 % CI −5·38, −0·79; I2 39·1 %). The weighted mean difference of NEFA concentrations was not significantly different between states (0·00 mmol/l; 95 % CI −0·07, 0·08; I2 72·7 %). However, the weighted mean differences of glucose (0·78 mmol/l; 95 % CI 0·43, 1·14; I2 90·8 %) and insulin concentrations (104·5 pmol/l; 95 % CI 70·8, 138·2; I2 94·5 %) were significantly higher for exercise performed in the fed state. We conclude that aerobic exercise performed in the fasted state induces higher fat oxidation than exercise performed in the fed state.
Genetic dissection of flour whiteness by unconditional and conditional quantitative trait locus mapping in wheat
Authors: DENG Z. Y. , LI W. J. , CHEN F. , FANG W. Q. , CHEN G. F. , SUN C. L. , ZHANG Y. X. , WANG S. Y. , TIAN J. C.
Published: September 2016

Flour whiteness (FW) is an important factor in assessing flour quality and determining the end product quality. It is an integrated sensory indicator reflecting flour colour and is negatively correlated with protein content. In order to dissect the genetic relationship between FW and its five related traits at the quantitative trait locus (QTL)/gene level, a recombinant inbred line population was evaluated under three environments. Quantitative trait loci for FW were analysed by unconditional and conditional QTL mapping. Four unconditional additive QTLs and 16 conditional additive QTLs were detected across the three environments. Of these QTLs, only one major additive QTL (Qfw1D1-1) was consistently identified using both unconditional and conditional QTL analysis. This QTL was independent of flour colour a* (a function of red-green with a positive a* for redness and negative for greenness) and b* (a green-blue value with positive value for yellowness and negative for blueness) and was only slightly affected by flour protein content. A minor additive QTL (Qfw4A-4) was also detected using these two QTL mapping methods, being independent of flour colour a* and b*. Five unconditional and ten conditional epistatic minor QTLs were detected, from which only one pair (Qfw3A-10/Qfw6B-6) was identified by both unconditional and conditional QTL mapping, also independent of flour colour a* and b*. The major QTL (Qfw1D1-1) identified in the current study for the first time can be used for improving wheat FW in marker-assisted breeding.
Cardiovascular benefits of lycopene: fantasy or reality?
Authors: Thies Frank , Mills Lynsey M. , Moir Susan , Masson Lindsey F.
Published: September 2016

Epidemiological evidence indicates that high consumption of tomatoes and tomato-based products reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as CVD and cancer. Such potential benefits are often ascribed to high concentrations of lycopene present in tomato products. Mainly from the results of in vitro studies, potential biological mechanisms by which carotenoids could protect against heart disease and cancer have been suggested. These include cholesterol reduction, inhibition of oxidation processes, modulation of inflammatory markers, enhanced intercellular communication, inhibition of tumourigenesis and induction of apoptosis, metabolism to retinoids and antiangiogenic effects. However, with regard to CVD, results from intervention studies gave mixed results. Over fifty human intervention trials with lycopene supplements or tomato-based products have been conducted to date, the majority being underpowered. Many showed some beneficial effects but mostly on non-established cardiovascular risk markers such as lipid peroxidation, DNA oxidative damage, platelet activation and inflammatory markers. Only a few studies showed improvement in lipid profiles, C reactive protein and blood pressure. However, recent findings indicate that lycopene could exert cardiovascular protection by lowering HDL-associated inflammation, as well as by modulating HDL functionality towards an antiatherogenic phenotype. Furthermore, in vitro studies indicate that lycopene could modulate T lymphocyte activity, which would also inhibit atherogenic processes and confer cardiovascular protection. These findings also suggest that HDL functionality deserves further consideration as a potential early marker for CVD risk, modifiable by dietary factors such as lycopene.
‘The rez accent knows no borders’: Native American ethnic identity expressed through English prosody
Authors: Newmark Kalina , Walker Nacole , Stanford James
Published: September 2016

In many Native American and Canadian First Nations communities, indigenous languages are important for the linguistic construction of ethnic identity. But because many younger speakers have limited access to their heritage languages, English may have an even more important role in identity construction than Native languages do. Prior literature shows distinctive local English features in particular tribes. Our study builds on this knowledge but takes a wider perspective: We hypothesize that certain features are shared across much larger distances, particularly prosody. Native cultural insiders (the first two co-authors) had a central role in this project. Our recordings of seventy-five speakers in three deliberately diverse locations (Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, North/South Dakota; Northwest Territories, Canada; and diverse tribes represented at Dartmouth College) show that speakers are heteroglossically performing prosodic features to index Native ethnic identity. They have taken a ‘foreign’ language (English) and enregistered these prosodic features, creatively producing and reproducing a shared ethnic identity across great distances. (Native Americans, prosody, ethnicity, ethnic identity, English, dialects)*
Ion charge state and energy enhancement by axial magnetic field applied during laser produced plasma expansion
Authors: Abbasi S.A. , Dogar A.H. , Ilyas B. , Ullah S. , Rafique M. , Qayyum A.
Published: September 2016

The effects of axial magnetic field on the properties of the ions ejected from Nd:YAG laser (wavelength = 1064 nm, pulse duration = 6 ns) produced expanding Cu plasma were investigated. A plane Cu target, without and with 0.23 T axial magnetic field at its surface, was irradiated in the fluence range of 2–24 J/cm2. The ions emitted along the target surface normal were analyzed with the help of ion collector and time-of-flight electrostatic ion energy analyzer. The integrated ion yield, highest ion charge state, average ion energy, and energy of individual ion charge states were found to increase by application of the magnetic field. The initial parameters of the non-equilibrium plasma such as average ion charge, equivalent potential, electron temperature, electron density, Debye length, and transient electric field were estimated from the experimental results obtained without and with application of the magnetic field. The increase of ion yield and ion charge state by application of magnetic field are most probably due to the trapping of electrons in front of the target surface, which boosts up the electron impact ionization process. The ion energy increment due to the magnetic field is discussed in the frame work of electrostatic model for ion acceleration in laser plasma.
Electrical characterization of atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge-based cold plasma jet using ring electrode configuration
Authors: Divya Deepak G. , Joshi N.K. , Pal U. , Prakash R.
Published: September 2016

In this study, an atmospheric pressure cold plasma jet has been generated based on dielectric barrier discharge plasma. The double ring electrode configuration is used and analysis has been performed subjected to wide range of supply frequencies up to 25 kHz and supply voltage up to 6 kV. The electrical characterization of the plasma jet has been carried out using a high voltage probe. The V-I characteristics of the developed cold plasma jet have been studied and the consumption of the power has been analyzed at various input combinations of supply frequency and applied voltage. Consequently, the supply voltage and supply frequency are optimized with respect to the discharge current and jet length for optimum power consumption. The peak power consumed for glow discharge operation has been found to be 1.27 W in the optimized configuration.
BOOTSTRAPPING PRE-AVERAGED REALIZED VOLATILITY UNDER MARKET MICROSTRUCTURE NOISE
Authors: Hounyo Ulrich , Gonçalves Sílvia , Meddahi Nour
Published: September 2016

The main contribution of this paper is to propose a bootstrap method for inference on integrated volatility based on the pre-averaging approach, where the pre-averaging is done over all possible overlapping blocks of consecutive observations. The overlapping nature of the pre-averaged returns implies that the leading martingale part in the pre-averaged returns arekn-dependent withkngrowing slowly with the sample sizen. This motivates the application of a blockwise bootstrap method. We show that the “blocks of blocks” bootstrap method is not valid when volatility is time-varying. The failure of the blocks of blocks bootstrap is due to the heterogeneity of the squared pre-averaged returns when volatility is stochastic. To preserve both the dependence and the heterogeneity of squared pre-averaged returns, we propose a novel procedure that combines the wild bootstrap with the blocks of blocks bootstrap. We provide a proof of the first order asymptotic validity of this method for percentile and percentile-tintervals. Our Monte Carlo simulations show that the wild blocks of blocks bootstrap improves the finite sample properties of the existing first order asymptotic theory. We use empirical work to illustrate its use in practice.
Units of group rings, the Bogomolov multiplier and the fake degree conjecture
Authors: GARCÍA–RODRÍGUEZ JAVIER , JAIKIN–ZAPIRAIN ANDREI , JEZERNIK URBAN
Published: September 2016

Let π be a finite p-group and ${\mathbb{F}_{q}}$ a finite field with q = pn elements. Denote by $\I_{\mathbb{F}_{q}}$ the augmentation ideal of the group ring ${\mathbb{F}_{q}}$[π]. We have found a surprising relation between the abelianization of 1 + $\I_{\mathbb{F}_{q}}$, the Bogomolov multiplier B0(π) of π and the number of conjugacy classes k(π) of π:
$$
\left | (1+\I_{\Fq})_{\ab} \right |=q^{\kk(\pi)-1}|\!\B_0(\pi)|.

In particular, if π is a finite p-group with a non-trivial Bogomolov multiplier, then 1 + $\I_{\mathbb{F}_{q}}$ is a counterexample to the fake degree conjecture proposed by M. Isaacs.
Holes of the Leech lattice and the projective models of K3 surfaces
Authors: SHIMADA ICHIRO
Published: September 2016

Using the theory of holes of the Leech lattice and Borcherds method for the computation of the automorphism group of a K3 surface, we give an effective bound for the set of isomorphism classes of projective models of fixed degree for certain K3 surfaces.