bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gastric emptying scintigraphy in carcinoma of the pancreas
Authors: Kuruba Rajesh , Wig Jai Dev , Kochhar Rakesh , Mittal Bhagwant Rai
Published: September 2010

Objective: In patients with unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas, the role of prophylactic gastroenterostomy is debatable. Many workers still recommend combined biliary and enteric bypass at the initial surgery despite known complications of gastroenterostomy.

Method: We conducted a prospective study in 17 patients with carcinoma of the pancreas without mechanical obstruction, to evaluate the presence of functional gastroparesis by doing a radionuclide, solid‐phase scintigraphy. We tried to correlate delayed gastric emptying (DGE) with symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction, serum bilirubin level, stage of disease and intraoperative assessment.

Results: Of the 17 patients, seven (41.2%) had DGE. No correlation was found between delayed emptying and symptoms, serum bilirubin level, stage of disease or intraoperative assessment for gastric outlet obstruction.

Conclusion: Solid‐phase gastric emptying scintigraphy may help to detect DGE in patients with carcinoma of the pancreas preoperatively. Patients with DGE may be chosen for prophylactic gastrojejunostomy during the initial biliary bypass.
LAPAROSCOPIC RESECTION FOR COLORECTAL ADENOCARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH PREVIOUS ABDOMINAL SURGERY
Authors: Kwok S.Y. , Chung C.C. , Tsang W.W.C. , Chan E.S.W. , Li M.K.W.
Published: September 2010

Objective: We compared laparoscopic colorectal resection in patients with previous abdominal surgery to those with ‘virgin abdomen’. The aim was to find out whether adhesions from previous abdominal surgery affected laparoscopic colorectal resection.

Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the patients who underwent laparoscopic anterior resection (n = 91) and laparoscopic abdomino‐perineal resection (n = 30) during the period from January 1996 to May 2000. Those patients with previous abdominal surgery were compared to those without previous abdominal surgery. The operating time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, complication and conversion rate was compared.

Results: Thirty‐one patients had previous abdominal surgery (study group), whereas 90 patients had no previous abdominal surgery (control group). The operating time, blood loss and length of hospitalization were similar in both groups. The complication and conversion rate were higher in the study group but the difference is not significant.

Conclusion: Laparoscopic colorectal resection in patients with previous abdominal surgery is safe and gives comparable results to those without previous abdominal surgery. Previous abdominal surgery should not be considered as a contraindication for laparoscopic colorectal resection.
Cataract surgery practice and endophthalmitis prevention by Australian and New Zealand ophthalmologists
Authors: Rosha Deepinder S , Ng Jonathon Q , Morlet Nigel , Boekelaar Michelle , Wilson Shea , Hendrie Delia , Semmens James B
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Purpose:  Our aim was to examine current cataract surgery practice and the methods of chemoprophylaxis used in Australia and New Zealand, and to determine if these factors were related to self‐reported incidence rates of postoperative endophthalmitis.

Methods:  All Fellows and trainees of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists were surveyed about their cataract surgery practices and methods of chemoprophylaxis for the prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis. Associations between self‐reported incidence rates of endophthalmitis and clinical practice were examined using multivariate Poisson regression modelling.

Results:  There were 731 respondents (81.6% of 896 surveyed) to the survey. Respondents reported a total of 162 120 cataract operations and 92 cases of endophthalmitis in 2003, a cumulative incidence of 0.057%. The self‐reported incidence of endophthalmitis varied from 0.034% in Victoria to 0.56% in the Northern Territory. Topical antibiotics were used preoperatively by 46.7% compared with 97.4% postoperatively; while only 44.1% used subconjunctival antibiotics. The routine use of subconjunctival antibiotic halved the self‐reported incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis (incidence rate ratio 0.53, 95% confidence interval 0.30–0.92).

Conclusions:  Subconjunctival antibiotics may be beneficial in the prevention of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery.
Changes of retinal functions following the induction of ocular hypertension in rats using argon laser photocoagulation
Authors: Li Rachel S , Tay David K , Chan Henry HL , So Kwok‐Fai
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Background:  Electroretinography (ERG) provides a longitudinal monitoring of pathological changes in retina. Scotopic threshold response (STR) of ERG was shown to reflect inner retinal activity and is particularly useful in the evaluation of inner retinal changes in ocular hypertension models. Recently, STR was demonstrated to be attenuated after the induction of ocular hypertension using injection of hypertonic saline into episcleral veins which indicates an impairment of retinal function. However, little is known on the changes of retinal function in an ocular hypertension model induced by laser photocoagulation at episcleral veins and limbal veins.

Methods:  Ocular hypertension was induced unilaterally using laser photocoagulation at episcleral veins and limbal veins in adult Sprague–Dawley rats. Intraocular pressure was monitored and the number of retinal ganglion cell loss was counted across the 8‐week experimental period. The animals were dark adapted overnight and flash ERGs were measured before the laser treatment, 5 and 8 weeks after treatment. The changes of STR, scotopic negative response, a‐wave and b‐wave were analysed.

Results:  Approximately 1.6‐fold elevation of intraocular pressure was induced in the experimental eyes and 3% retinal ganglion cell loss per week was found. The amplitude of STR was significantly attenuated which indicates an impairment of inner retinal activities. There was also a reduction of scotopic negative response, a‐wave and b‐wave after the induction of ocular hypertension.

Conclusions:  The laser‐induced ocular hypertension model in the present study produced a substantial reduction of retinal functions. Understanding the characteristic of pathological changes is crucial for further study using this model.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy ameliorates the blood–retinal barrier breakdown in diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Chang Yun‐Hsiang , Chen Po‐Liang , Tai Ming‐Cheng , Chen Chiao‐Hong , Lu Da‐Wen , Chen Jiann‐Torng
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Background:  To study the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy on diabetic retinopathy in a streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rat model.

Methods:  Sprague–Dawley albino male rats were divided into three groups. The three groups were as follow: (i) non‐diabetic control group (non‐DM control); (ii) diabetic control group (DM control); and (iii) diabetic rats receiving hyperbaric oxygen therapy (DM HBO). Rats in DM HBO group were incubated in an oxygen monoplace chamber. The HBO condition was set at 2.5 atmospheres and 100% oxygen. The duration of a single HBO treatment was 90 min. Rats in DM HBO groups received HBO three times per week for 3 months. Retinal vascular permeability was assessed by measuring fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labelled bovine albumin and retinal Evans blue leakage into the retina.

Results:  We found that the retinal parenchyma showed prominent thickening but not statistically significant in rats with DM, corresponding to the retinal oedema, compared with the control and DM HBO groups. fluorescein isothiocyanate relative fluorescence intensity (Mean ± SE) in normal control animals, diabetic animals, and HBO‐treated diabetic animals was 356 ± 47, 865 ± 78, and 518 ± 49, respectively, demonstrating significant difference between the means of diabetic and HBO‐treated diabetic animals, and between means of control and diabetic animals (n = 8, P < 0.05). Retinal Evans blue leakage in control animals, diabetic animals, and HBO‐treated diabetic animals was 7.6 ± 2.9, 18.5 ± 4.2 and 10.2 ± 3.1 µL plasma/g retinal dry weight/h, respectively, demonstrating significant difference between the means of diabetic and HBO‐treated diabetic animals, and between means of control and diabetic animals (n = 8, P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  HBO therapy may diminish the extent of the increased blood–retinal barrier breakdown in diabetic animals.
Retinal autoantibody profile in early age‐related macular degeneration: preliminary findings from the Blue Mountains Eye Study
Authors: Cherepanoff Svetlana , Mitchell Paul , Wang Jie Jin , Gillies Mark C
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Background:  To compare the retinal autoantibody profile in individuals with and without early age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and to determine whether baseline autoantibodies are associated with progression to advanced AMD 5 and 10 years later.

Methods:  Western immunoblotting was used to detect the presence of retinal autoantibodies in the baseline serum of 47 individuals with early AMD and 16 healthy controls from the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Autoantibody isotype, IgG subclass distribution and target antigens in the early AMD group were compared with the control group. The association between baseline autoantibodies and progression to advanced AMD 5 and 10 years later was evaluated using the chi‐square test.

Results:  Retinal autoantibodies were found in a higher proportion of the early AMD group compared with controls (57%vs. 25%, χ2 = 5.028, P = 0.025). Autoantibodies targeted a range of retinal polypeptides in both AMD cases and controls. The commonest polypeptide antigens occurred between 20–35 kDa and 50–60 kDa. More than one IgG subclass was often present in participants with autoantibodies. Over a 10‐year period, 11 participants (23.4%) with early AMD progressed to advanced AMD. No association was found between baseline autoantibodies and the development of advanced AMD over 10 years (χ2 = 0.16, Fisher’s exact P = 0.59).

Conclusions:  The retinal autoantibody profile in early AMD is complex, both in terms of antigenic targets and immunoglobulin isotypes. Detection of potential disease‐associated autoantibodies will require a larger sample size and full characterization of the retinal antigens involved.
Eyelid metastasis from lung carcinoma
Authors: Ahamed Riaz , Ram Raghu , Shannon Jason , Winter Richard K
Published: September 2010

Abstract

A 74‐year‐old man presented with a 4‐month history of swelling in the right upper lid. Biopsy of the lesion showed moderate to poorly differentiated invasive squamous cell carcinoma. He was recently diagnosed with squamous carcinoma of the lung with similar histology to the eyelid lesion. Eyelid metastases are a rare presentation of lung tumours.
Optical coherence tomography findings in commotio retina
Authors: Sony Parul , Venkatesh Pradeep , Gadaginamath Shailesh , Garg Sat Pal
Published: September 2010

Abstract

A 16‐year‐old boy presented with diminished visual acuity of 6/60 following blunt trauma to his right eye with a cricket ball. Fundus examination showed commotio retinae. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) demonstrated increased reflectivity with small optically clear spaces in the area corresponding to the photoreceptor outer segment. At 2‐month follow up the visual acuity improved to 6/6. A small area of retinal opacification persisted nasally, and OCT of the corresponding area continued to show increased reflectivity in the area of photoreceptor outer segment. Increased reflectivity on OCT in eyes with commotio retinae probably denotes photoreceptor outer segment disruption and seems to be reversible to a variable extent.
Comparison of visual function following implantation of Acrysof Natural intraocular lenses with conventional intraocular lenses
Authors: Landers John , Tan Teng‐Han , Yuen Joshua , Liu Henry
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Background:  Recently an intraocular lens (IOL) has been introduced which blocks blue light. As blocking blue light may be to the patient's detriment, this study was designed to evaluate visual function following implantation of a blue‐blocking (Acrysof Natural) IOL.

Methods:  Patients were recruited for this non‐randomized controlled interventional study, from those attending a private rural ophthalmology clinic for cataract surgery (n = 93). Only those who had previously had a conventional IOL implanted into one eye were offered an Acrysof Natural IOL for the second eye. Postoperatively patients underwent refracted Snellen visual acuity, contrast sensitivity using a CSV‐1000E instrument and colour vision testing using a Farnsworth D‐15 test, with a subset (n = 20) undergoing a Farnsworth–Munsell 100‐Hue test. Results were then compared between eyes. Finally, a subset (n = 63) completed a survey designed to assess the subjective impact of the Acrysof Natural IOL.

Results:  There were no statistically significant differences between eyes implanted with conventional IOLs compared with Acrysof Natural IOLs for visual acuity (t = 0.57; P = 0.57), contrast sensitivity (t = 0.43; P = 0.67 for 3 cycles per degree [cpd], t = 0.56; P = 0.58 for 6 cpd, t = 0.09; P = 0.93 for 12 cpd and t = 0.16; P = 0.87 for 18 cpd) or colour vision with the Farnsworth D‐15 (χ2 = 0.38; P = 0.55) or the Farnsworth–Munsell 100‐Hue test t = 0.34; P = 0.74). Most subjects reported that they could not tell a difference between the two IOLs subjectively or that any difference experienced was not significant.

Conclusion:  Our sample did not show any significant differences between eyes implanted with conventional IOLs and the Acrysof Natural IOL. We would suggest that the Acrysof Natural IOL may be used without any significant difference in visual function.
Granulation tissue in the eyelid margin and conjunctiva in junctional epidermolysis bullosa with features of laryngo–onycho–cutaneous syndrome
Authors: Figueira Edwin C , Crotty Anne , Challinor Christopher J , Coroneo Minas T , Murrell Dedee F
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Eye and adnexal involvement in epidermolysis bullosa can range from symptoms of mild irritation resulting from conjunctival involvement to severe cicatrization of the ocular surface and adnexa. We describe a unique case of granulation tissue in the eyelid margin and conjunctiva in a patient with junctional epidermolysis bullosa. The eyelid granulation tissue resembled granulomas that seen in laryngo–onycho–cutaneous syndrome, which is caused by a mutation in an isoform of the LAMA3 gene, LAMA3a. On investigation, our patient had a combination of a unique mutation in LAMA3 and the mutation I17N in LAMA3a, providing further evidence that laryngo–onycho–cutaneous syndrome is a variant of junctional EB.
Erythropoietin levels in aqueous humour in eyes with exudative age‐related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Jonas Jost B , Neumaier Michael
Published: September 2010

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the concentration of erythropoietin as another potent ischemia‐induced angiogenic factor is elevated in eyes with neovascular (age‐related macular degeneration [AMD]) or oedematous (diabetic retinopathy) maculopathies. The clinical comparative study included 28 patients with diabetic macular oedema, 59 patients with exudative AMD, and 49 patients with cataract. For all patients, aqueous humour was collected during cataract surgery or during an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Erythropoietin levels were measured using a solid‐phase chemiluminescence immunoassay. The mean concentration of erythropoietin was significantly higher in the diabetic group (60.1 ± 46.7 mUnits/mL; P < 0.001) than in the age‐related macular degeneration group (22.9 ± 23.2 mUnits/mL) and in the control group (22.0 ± 21.0 mUnits/mL; P < 0.001). The two latter groups did not vary significantly (P = 0.41). The results indicate that erythropoietin may be present in considerably higher concentrations in eyes with diabetic macular oedema than in eyes with exudative AMD or normal eyes.
Immune recovery uveitis in an HIV‐negative individual†
Authors: Baker Michelle L , Allen Penelope , Shortt Jake , Lewin Sharon R , Spencer Andrew
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Immune recovery uveitis (IRU) is an intraocular inflammatory disorder originally described in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and inactive cytomegalovirus retinitis following highly active antiretroviral therapy. Although relatively common in individuals with acquired immune deficiency syndrome in the United States it is an extremely uncommon presentation in Australia. IRU also occurs in iatrogenically immunosuppressed individuals with a similar incidence to HIV‐infected individuals. We report one case of IRU in an HIV‐negative individual following a volunteer unrelated donor allogeneic stem cell transplant for non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. In the context of tapering the immunosuppression the patient developed bilateral IRU, consisting of panuveitis and macular oedema. The visual acuity (VA) at presentation of IRU was limited to counting fingers bilaterally. The IRU resolved with the re‐intensification of the immunosuppression. VA restored to right 6/18 and left 6/12.
Diagnosis and management of corneal keloid
Authors: Chawla Bhavna , Agarwal Ashutosh , Kashyap Seema , Tandon Radhika
Published: September 2010

Abstract

A 29‐year‐old man presented with a slowly growing mass in his left eye for the past 6 months. He had undergone a lens aspiration for traumatic cataract with an anterior chamber intraocular lens implantation several years ago. On examination, a pearly white mass was seen on the cornea. Ultrasound biomicroscopy revealed a hyperdense mass well demarcated from the underlying corneal tissue. The mass was excised by superficial keratectomy and the bare stroma covered with amniotic membrane. Histopathological examination of the excised mass revealed findings consistent with the diagnosis of a corneal keloid. At follow up after 6 months, no recurrence was observed.
Oral sodium fluorescein to improve visualization of clear vitreous during vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Yao Yi , Wang Zhi‐Jun , Wei Shi‐Hui , Huang Yi‐Fei , Zhang Mao‐Nian
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Purpose:  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of orally administered sodium fluorescein to stain the clear vitreous before vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Methods:  Twenty‐two consecutive eyes of 20 patients with PDR and five eyes of five patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) were included. The average patient age was 52 years (range 46–58). Closed pars plana vitrectomy, proliferative membrane peeling and endolaser photocoagulation were performed. Vitreous and blood samples were collected to measure sodium fluorescein concentrations by high pressure liquefied chromatography.

Results:  The degree of staining of the clear vitreous was evaluated by colour photographs, videos and the concentration of sodium fluorescein in the vitreous and blood samples. The clear vitreous in all 22 eyes with PDR ranged from slightly to markedly green, but the clear vitreous in five eyes with PVR was not stained with sodium fluorescein. The sodium fluorescein concentration in the vitreous samples ranged from 122 to 282.0 ng/mL and from 64 to 74 ng/mL in the blood samples in patients with diabetes and PVR. No urticaria, nausea or other side‐effects developed.

Conclusion:  The clear vitreous can be stained markedly green by sodium fluorescein administered 12–16 h before surgery. Surgeons can easily differentiate residual clear vitreous. The stained vitreous may be made more visible by photocoagulation. This method is also helpful in teaching surgical procedures, and fewer side‐effects compared with intravenous and intravitreal fluorescein and intravitreal triamcinolone.
Management of congenital elevation deficiency due to congenital third nerve palsy and monocular elevation deficiency
Authors: Rose Loreto VT , Elder James E
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Purpose:  To document the presentation and management of congenital III nerve palsy and monocular elevation deficiency to single ophthalmologist over a 14‐year period. Surgical management was reviewed and visual outcome was analysed.

Methods:  A retrospective study was conducted of all patients presenting during a period between 1992 and 2006 to the private practice of a paediatric ophthalmologist, with either congenital III or monocular elevation deficiency. For patients requiring surgical intervention pre‐ and post‐surgical data were documented and analysed.

Results:  A total of 19 congenital III and 13 monocular elevation deficiency patients were identified. There were eight surgical patients in each congenital III nerve palsy group and in the monocular elevation deficiency group. The congenital III group had a preoperative mean exotropia for near of −36 prism dioptres (PD) compared with postoperative mean exotropia for near −16 PD. Preoperative mean hypotropia for near of −19 PD was improved to postoperative mean hypotropia of −5 PD. The monocular elevation deficiency group had preoperative mean esotropia for near of +6 PD compared with postoperative mean exotropia for near −5 PD. Preoperative mean hypotropia for near of −15 PD was improved to postoperative mean hypotropia of −7 PD. At last follow up both groups had a majority of mild or no amblyopia noted.

Conclusion:  Superficially, congenital III and monocular elevation deficiency may appear similar, both frequently having ptosis and hypotropia as features. Careful clinical assessment of the horizontal alignment and the result of forced duction testing will usually allow them to be distinguished. Congenital III more frequently requires surgery for exotropia as well as surgery for hypotropia and monocular elevation deficiency more often requires surgery just for hypotropia. The ptosis surgery is similar for either diagnosis in this study. Significant cosmetic improvement, as well as excellent visual acuity outcomes can be achieved.
Assessment of the spontaneous pulsations of the central retinal vein in daily ophthalmic practice
Authors: Legler Ulrich , Jonas Jost B
Published: September 2010

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to assess the frequency of eyes with a spontaneous pulsation of the central retinal vein in the setting of a busy daily ophthalmic practice. The clinical observational case‐series study included 690 eyes (345 subjects). The optic disc was ophthalmoscopically assessed using a non‐contact ophthalmoscopic lens at the slit lamp. Out of the study population, 526 eyes (76.2%) of 265 (76.8%) subjects showed a detected spontaneous pulsation of the central retinal vein (prevalence rate: 76.2 ± 1.6% [mean ± standard error] per eye, and 76.8 ± 2.3% per subject). In univariate analysis, the presence of a detected spontaneous central retinal vein pulsations was statistically associated with systolic systemic blood pressure (P = 0.04) and with the ocular perfusion pressure (P = 0.03). The results suggest that as examined in the setting of a busy daily ophthalmic practice, the central retinal vein was found to show a spontaneous pulsation in about 80% of the subjects.
Primary cutaneous B cell lymphoma presenting as recurrent eyelid swelling
Authors: Pandya Vivek B , Conway R Max , Taylor Simon F
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Primary cutaneous lymphoma represents a distinct clinical entity within the spectrum of haematological malignancy. A case of primary cutaneous B cell lymphoma is reported, presenting in an 87‐year‐old female with a 2‐year history of intermittent swelling and discolouration of the right upper and lower eyelids, in the absence of systemic symptoms. Histopathological examination of an incision biopsy revealed a lymphoid infiltrate in the dermis with immunophenotypic features of B cell lymphoma. Staging investigations confirmed the absence of systemic disease. Treatment with oral chemotherapy was undertaken with a good response. Ophthalmologists should include primary cutaneous lymphoma in the differential diagnosis of recurrent eyelid swelling.
Endothelial keratoplasty – a review
Authors: Price Marianne O , Price Jr Francis W
Published: September 2010

Abstract

From its inception over a century ago, penetrating keratoplasty grew to become the most common and most successful form of solid tissue transplantation. Yet clinicians have long recognized the limitations of full‐thickness corneal transplants, including prolonged visual rehabilitation, unpredictable refractive changes, susceptibility to ocular surface complications and vulnerability to traumatic wound rupture. Selective replacement of diseased or damaged posterior corneal layers was conceptualized and implemented a half century ago. However, it has only been within the past decade that improved techniques and instrumentation have allowed endothelial keratoplasty (EK) to become the preferred treatment for patients with endothelial dysfunction. EK provides more rapid visual recovery, minimizes induced astigmatism and, most importantly, better maintains globe integrity than penetrating keratoplasty. Descemet stripping automated EK is currently the most widely used method. This article covers how EK techniques have evolved over time, considers who is or is not an appropriate candidate for EK, describes Descemet stripping automated EK methods and instrumentation, discusses EK postoperative complications and management and compares visual recovery, refractive outcomes and endothelial cell loss with that of standard penetrating keratoplasty.
Contemporary limbal stem cell transplantation – a review
Authors: Dua Harminder S , Miri Ammar , Said Dalia G
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Conjunctivalization of the cornea is the hallmark of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). This is often associated with persistent corneal epithelial defects and a fibrovascular pannus. LSCD can be unilateral or bilateral and partial or total. In partial LSCD involving the visual axis sequential sector conjunctival epitheliectomy (SSCE) is a useful option. In total LSCD, transplantation of limbal tissue or of ex vivo expanded sheets is the mainstay. In unilateral cases autolimbal transplant is the procedure of choice. In bilateral cases living (related) and cadaver donors are considered. The former has the advantage of being fresh and can be human leucocyte antigen matched. Procedures for harvesting limbal tissue from living donors are identical. Different strategies are required for harvesting tissue from cadaver whole globes or sclero‐corneal rims. Recipient eye preparation requires removal of the fibrovascular tissue. Donor explants are generally sutured directly on the denuded recipient surface without the preparation of a ‘bed’ to fit the explant. It is imperative that inflammation is meticulously controlled before limbal transplantation especially if tissue from living donors is used. Limbal transplantation, with the exception of a corneal graft, should be the last surgical intervention planned. Meticulous postoperative care and treatment with antibiotics, steroids, artificial tears and autologous serum are required. With allografts long‐term immunosuppression is necessary. Limbal transplantation is contraindicated in the presence of severe dry eye. Despite its complexities limbal transplantation does significantly improve vision related quality of life. Autografts give the best results and living related donor grafts are next best. Majority of cadaver grafts fail in 5 years.
Rationale for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery and current limitations
Authors: Granberg Candace F. , Gettman Matthew T.
Published: September 2010

Over the past several years, surgeons have sought to develop techniques to decrease the morbidity of various procedures. As a result, an extensive array of progressively more minimally invasive techniques now exists in the urologist’s armamentarium, including smaller (‘mini’) incisions, laparoscopic hand‐assisted surgery, as well as pure laparoscopic and robotic approaches. Theoretically, smaller incisions result in decreased pain and subsequently accelerated convalescence postoperatively. Most recently, innovative surgeons across multiple surgical specialties have pioneered the concept of eliminating incisions altogether and operating through natural orifices, which has been termed natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). The improved cosmesis associated with a pure NOTES approach is an attractive option for patients undergoing invasive therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. NOTES has significant potential for use by urological surgeons, as evidenced by multiple studies demonstrating the feasibility of pure and hybrid NOTES procedures in cadaveric, animal and human subjects. The purpose of this paper is to review the rationale for NOTES in urological surgery, and to detail the current limitations of this new technique.
Laparoendoscopic single‐site surgery and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: future perspectives
Authors: Best Sara L. , Tracy Chad R. , Cadeddu Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2010

Hundreds of laparoendoscopic single‐site surgery (LESS) and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) cases have been reported in the literature across a broad span of urological procedures. Despite this, many hurdles to widespread adoption of these techniques exist, including technical challenges, such as decreased triangulation and unfamiliar viewing angles, and more philosophical issues, such as the necessity of demonstrating benefits of these techniques over conventional laparoscopy. Future research will seek to overcome these obstacles. This may be accomplished with further instrument development, including robotic instrumentation, as well as clinical studies evaluating outcomes of LESS/NOTES operations that may demonstrate advantages in these techniques.
THE IMPACT OF ANTISMOKING POLICIES IN KOREA ON QUIT SUCCESS AND SMOKING INTENTIONS
Authors: HONG SEONGHOON , COLLINS ALAN R.
Published: September 2010

In 2001 and 2002, the Korean government dramatically increased cigarette taxes, anti‐smoking advertisements, and smoking prohibitions as part of an anti‐smoking campaign. This paper examines the impacts of these policy changes by modeling quit success and smoking intentions pre‐ and post‐policy and attributing model differences to anti‐smoking policies. Model results provide evidence that national anti‐smoking policies increased both quitting success and intention to quit. However, the impacts of these policies are uneven throughout Korean society. Females and those who exercise for health maintenance experienced higher quit success. Heavy smokers and high frequency alcohol drinkers stated they are less likely to quit smoking post‐policy. One impact of national anti‐smoking policies is reduced provincial differences among Koreans in both quit success and intention to quit. Future anti‐smoking policies should address the different needs of these groups. (JEL D12, I19)
EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON SUBSIDIES, MORAL HAZARD, AND MARKET POWER IN AGRICULTURAL MARKETS
Authors: PHILLIPS OWEN R. , NAGLER AMY M. , MENKHAUS DALE J. , BASTIAN CHRISTOPHER T.
Published: September 2010

Laboratory markets are created to capture the important features of agricultural commodity markets. Sellers make production decisions and hold inventories before goods are sold. In a posted‐bid auction environment, price supports create a moral hazard for sellers. Part of the price‐support subsidy is transferred to buyers in the form of lower prices, which are close to those predicted by the buyers' Cournot level. The subsidy program is expensive for this reason. Lump‐sum payments correct the moral hazard problem and are better at transferring income to sellers. However, transfers made at the beginning of each production period cause a decline in production levels. (JEL D44, C92)
The Global Financial Crisis and Sub‐Saharan Africa: The Effects of Slowing Private Capital Inflows on Growth*
Authors: Brambila‐Macias José , Massa Isabella
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  This paper uses the bias‐corrected least‐squares dummy variable (LSDV) estimator to examine the relationship between economic growth and four different types of private capital inflows (cross‐border bank lending, foreign direct investment (FDI), bonds flows and portfolio equity flows) on a sample of 15 selected sub‐Saharan African countries over the period 1980–2008. Our results show that FDI and cross‐border bank lending exert a significant and positive impact on sub‐Saharan Africa's growth, whereas portfolio equity flows and bonds flows have no growth impact. Our estimates suggest that a drop by 10 per cent in FDI inflows may lead to a 3 per cent decrease of income per capita growth in sub‐Saharan Africa, and a 10 per cent decrease in cross‐border bank lending may reduce growth by up to 1.5 per cent. Therefore, the global financial crisis is likely to have an important effect on sub‐Saharan Africa's growth through the private capital inflows channel.
Aid and Poverty in Africa: Do Well‐being Measures Understate the Progress?
Authors: Batana Yélé Maweki
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  In the last 15 years international aid donors to Africa have shifted their focus dramatically toward health and education; the share of social sector support in total aid rose from 33 per cent to 60 per cent from 1990–94 to 2000–2004 alone. If this aid has been effective, it is unlikely to be captured in GDP or income poverty figures. This paper uses the Demographic and Health Survey at multiple points in time to explore changes in well‐being in ten sub‐Saharan African countries. It compares the evolution of both assets and health which are considered as the two main dimensions of well‐being. These dimensions are simultaneously estimated using the structural equation models with latent variables that have been developed in the psychometric literature. The comparisons of well‐being across time in each country are based on the stochastic dominance analysis. The main results suggest that assets and health have improved during the last two decades in most of these countries. A decline in assets is observed for three countries while health deteriorates in two countries. The reduced poverty appears to be explained less by the aid than other factors in most cases.
The Problem of the Co‐operative Attitude to Nationalisation before the Congress of the International Co‐operative Alliance (Prague, September, 1948)
Authors: Peddlie James M.
Published: September 2010

In this Paper the attitude of the Co‐operative Movement towards the development of State activity in the form of Nationalisation is discussed.

The recent developments in Britain afford an opportunity for the detailed consideration of Co‐operative reactions to the growth of Ndionalisation.

Reference is made to the historical, economic, and political circumstances that largely influence the individual point of view and approach to the question in various countries.
Regulation of granulosa cell apoptosis by death ligand–receptor signaling
Authors: MATSUDA‐MINEHATA Fuko , MAEDA Akihisa , CHENG Yuan , SAI Takafumi , GONDA Hiroshi , GOTO Yasufumi , MANABE Noboru
Published: September 2010

Several hundred thousand primordial follicles are present in the mammalian ovary, however, only 1% develop to the preovulatory stage and finally ovulate. The remainder will be eliminated via a degenerative process called ‘atresia’. The endocrinological regulatory mechanisms involved in follicular development and atresia have largely been characterized but the precise temporal and molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of these events remain unknown. Many recent studies suggest that apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells plays a crucial role in follicular atresia. Notably, death ligand‐receptor interaction and subsequent intracellular signaling have been demonstrated to be the key mechanisms regulating granulosa cell apoptosis. In this review we provide an overview of granulosa cell apoptosis regulated by death ligand‐receptor signaling. The roles of death ligands and receptors [Fas ligand (FasL)]‐Fas, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)‐TNF receptor and TNFα‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL)‐TRAIL receptor (TRAILR)] and intracellular death‐signal mediating molecules (Fas‐associated death domain protein), TNF receptor 1‐associated death domain protein, caspases, apoptotic protease‐activating factor 1, TNFR‐associated factor 2 and cellular FLICE‐like inhibitory protein in granulosa cells are discussed.
The Fog of Integration: Reassessing the Role of Economic Interests in European Integration
Authors: Leblond Patrick
Published: September 2010

The main theories of European economic integration argue that private economic interests provide the impetus and pressures for integration to move forward. Public policy analyses of the European Union's legislative process, however, show that intense lobbying by such interests can prevent legislative proposals from being adopted, even if economic interests were initially in favour of supranational legislation. How do we explain this apparent contradiction? The answer is that economic interests initially face great uncertainty as to the precise costs and benefits of integrating a particular policy area; only once the ‘fog of integration’ lifts—as a result of concrete legislative proposals being tabled by the Commission—are economic interests able to calculate these costs and benefits and, consequently, decide whether to lobby for or against the proposal. To provide a first-run validation of the argument, the article examines the cases of the Software Patent and Takeover directives.
Making science special for pupils with learning difficulties
Authors: Gebbels Susan , Evans Stewart M. , Murphy Lynne A.
Published: September 2010

In this article Susan Gebbels and Stewart M. Evans from Newcastle University and Lynne A. Murphy who is a practising school teacher in north‐east England discuss how they worked collaboratively on a programme of science education with a group of 16 Key Stage 3 pupils with moderate learning difficulties. The project lasted for one academic year and was part of Creative Partnerships, the Government's flagship creative learning programme. The authors describe some of the challenges faced by teachers to cater for the needs of all pupils within an inclusive school setting. The programme of science education focused on local marine and coastal environments with a special emphasis on fieldwork, enquiry‐based learning and cross‐curricular approaches to learning. The project was evaluated through the use of questionnaires, pupil interviews and informal discussions with teaching staff. Evaluations of the programme were positive. Pupils were more motivated to learn about science, had a sense of pride in their achievements and claimed that participation in the project helped them in forming friendships. The class published and distributed an information booklet on the coast to other schools and the general public.
Ensuring access and inclusion for marginalised children in extended services: identifying the barriers and promoting choice
Authors: Frost Nick , Elmer Sue , Best Lesly , Mills Sue
Published: September 2010

This article by Nick Frost of Leeds Metropolitan University, Sue Elmer of Leeds Trinity University, and Lesly Best and Sue Mills, who are both Independent Researchers, looks at the experience of marginalised children in extended services. The authors conducted research into access to, and inclusion in, extended services based within schools and children's centres. A wide range of research methods were used, including both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The views of children and young people, their parents and a range of professionals were gathered to inform the study. The study identifies barriers that limit childrens' opportunities for access and inclusion. An important aspect of the research was identifying solutions to overcome these barriers in order to promote improved access, inclusion and choice. Following completion of the research, a toolkit was developed to enable extended services to assess and improve their practice.
Points from the SENCo‐Forum
Authors: Wedell Klaus
Published: September 2010

Cost‐effective continuing professional development
PURPOSELY INDUCED ASYMMETRTC INFORMATION
Authors: Petith Howard C.
Published: September 2010

The theory of optimal employment contracts under asymmetric information generally assumes that the firm is unable to convince workers about the truth of its reports about the state of the world. However evidence indicates that firms are actually unwilling to reveal information for reasons connected with collective bargaining. The present note sets out a bargaining model which rationalizes this attitude and shows that it may cause employment to diverge from its optimal level.
Stakeholder dialogue and organisational learning: changing relationships between companies and NGOs
Authors: Burchell Jon , Cook Joanne
Published: September 2010

This article presents a critical examination of the process of stakeholder dialogue in the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) field. It utilises data from a three‐year research project into stakeholder dialogue processes to discuss three central themes: first, what is meant by the term ‘dialogue’, both from a theoretical perspective and from its practical application within CSR; second, the challenges of creating effective dialogue; and third, measuring and assessing the potential outcomes of dialogue. In providing a critical overview of these themes, the article examines the nature of organisational learning through stakeholder engagement and dialogue. It questions the motives behind engagement in dialogue and highlights some of the potential challenges for organisational learning posed by opting for a stakeholder dialogue approach. It argues that organisations engaging in stakeholder dialogue must have a clear understanding of the implications of undertaking a dialogue process and have a long‐term perspective regarding the outcomes and learning likely to emerge from it. While stakeholder dialogue may produce significant results, it is argued, many of these may be difficult to quantify on a short‐term basis.
Environmental and Genetic Variance in Children's Observed and Reported Maladaptive Behavior
Authors: Leve Leslie D. , Winebarger Allen A. , Fagot Beverly I. , Reid John B. , Goldsmith H. Hill
Published: September 2010

The genetic and environmental contributions to children's maladaptive behavior are assessed in a sample of 154 twin pairs (77 MZ twin pairs and 77 DZ twin pairs), who range in age from 6 to 11 years. To bridge the strengths of behavioral genetic methods and environmental assessment techniques, we use a multimethod, multimeasure approach to data collection, and analyze the data using behavioral genetic modeling techniques. Results indicate that genetic variation accounts for a majority of the variance in parent‐reported child maladaptive behavior (average = 62%). One parent‐report measure also suggests a smaller, significant contribution of shared environmental variance. In contrast to the parental ratings, the observational coding and global impressions of parent‐twin interactive behavior suggest that shared environment is the primary source of variance accounting for parent and child maladaptive behavior. This is due, in part, to the direct influence one's interactive partner has on the expression of maladaptive behavior in an interactive setting. When controlling for the co‐participant's behavior, genetic variation increases and shared environmental variation decreases.
Learning to Crawl
Authors: Adolph Karen E. , Vereijken Beatrix , Denny Mark A.
Published: September 2010

The effects of infants' age, body dimensions, and experience on the development of crawling was examined by observing 28 infants longitudinally, from children's first attempts at crawling until they began walking. Although most infants displayed multiple crawling postures en route to walking, development did not adhere to a strict progression of obligatory, discrete stages. In particular, 15 infants crawled on their bellies prior to crawling on hands and knees, but the other 13 infants skipped the belly‐crawling period and proceeded directly to crawling on hands and knees. Duration of experience with earlier forms of crawling predicted the speed and efficiency of later, quite different forms of crawling. Most important, infants who had formerly belly crawled were more proficient crawling on hands and knees than infants who had skipped the belly‐crawling period. Transfer could not be explained by differences in infants' age or body dimensions alone. Rather, experience using earlier crawling patterns may have exerted beneficial effects on hands‐and‐knees crawling by shoring up underlying constituents common to all forms of crawling postures.
Marriage and the Parenting Alliance: Longitudinal Prediction of Change in Parenting Perceptions and Behaviors
Authors: Floyd Frank J. , Gilliom Laura A. , Costigan Catherine L.
Published: September 2010

The study evaluates how marriage and the parenting alliance affect parenting experiences over time. Couples (N= 79) with school‐age children who have mental retardation completed self‐report and observational measures of marriage, the parenting alliance, and parenting attitudes and behaviors at 2 periods, 18–24 months apart. Longitudinal structural equation modeling demonstrated significant effects of marital quality on changes over time in self‐reports of perceived parenting competence for both the mothers and the fathers, and in observed negative mother‐child interactions. Also, in all cases, the parenting alliance mediated the effects of marriage on parenting experiences. There was little evidence of reciprocal causation in which parenting variables predicted change in the quality of marriage and the parenting alliance. Interactions involving child age suggested that teenagers as opposed to younger children were more reactive to negative features of their parents' marital functioning and parenting alliance. Implications are discussed regarding stable but negative marital functioning and regarding possible differences in mothers' and fathers' parenting in the context of marital distress.
MONITORING BEHAVIOR WITH AN ARRAY OF SENSORS
Authors: Monekosso Dorothy N. , Remagnino Paolo
Published: September 2010

The objective is to detect activities taking place in a home and to create a model of behavior for the occupant. A behavior is a pattern in the sequence of activities. An array of sensors captures the status of appliances. Models for the occupant's activities are built from the captured data using supervised and unsupervised learning techniques. The models of behavior are built using the hidden Markov model (HMM) technique. Predictive models can be used in a number of ways: to enhance user experience, to maximize resource usage efficiency, for safety and security. This work focuses on supporting independent living and enhancing quality of life of older persons. The ultimate goal is for the system to distinguish between normal and anomalous behavior. In this paper, we present the results of comparing supervised and unsupervised classification techniques applied to the problem of modeling activity for the purpose of modeling behavior in a home.