bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The research of the parameters of a vibration machine for composite materials compaction
Authors: Maslov Alexander , Batsaikhan Janar
Published: October 2018

Based on the analysis of the conventional methods for composite materials compaction, the authors propose a vibration machine made as a form without bottom with a horizontal oscillation vibro-exciter mounted on its end face. To determine the rational parameters of the vibration machine we researched the “vibration form – composite medium” dynamic system wherein composite medium is represented in the form of a system with distributed parameters. This system takes into account the resilient, viscous, inertia and power properties of the compacted composite material. We formulated a partial differential equation describing the variation of stresses in the compacted medium depending on the dynamic module of resilient deformation, the coefficient of dynamic viscosity, the coefficient of non-resilient resistance and the compacted medium inertia in the functional dependence on the composite material density and relative deformation. We formulated an oscillation wave equation describing the propagation of the viscous-resilient-plastic waves of deformation in the compacted composite material. The solution of the oscillation wave equation resulted in the formulation of the law of the oscillation of the form and the compacted material. We determined the stresses occurring in the composite material. We obtained the relations for the determination of the vibration machine basic parameters depending on the physical and mathematical characteristics of the compacted composite material.
Automated verification of compliance of technical documentation of an enterprise in the conditions of digital technology
Authors: Feofanov Alexander , Bondarchuk Nataliya
Published: October 2018

The article describes the current situation of the country in the field of digital technologies and the importance of development in this direction. The sources of growth due to digitalization, as well as the impact on the standard of living of human digital technologies are described. Particular attention is paid to the need to introduce and develop a proposed program that will manage all discrepancies based on risk-based thinking and the PDCA principle.
Subminiature eddy current transducers for thickness measurement
Authors: Dmitriev Sergey , Malikov Vladimir , Sagalakov Anatoly
Published: October 2018

A new gage system was made based on the eddy-current transducer. The system makes it possible to evaluate the possibility of using the eddy current method to measure the thickness of conductive and dielectric coatings applied on a conductive base material. One of the important advantages of the developed gage system is the possibility of local measurement of the thicknesses of conductive and non-conductive coatings. In this article, in particular, the measurement features are described in detail, as well as the specificity of the gage system. Also it represents data, showing the dependence of signal amplitude on objects of different thicknesses, and experiments proved the limiting dimensions, at which measuring data are useful.
Evaluation of adhesion strength of protective coatings with Al powder by adhesion work of initial suspension towards metal surface
Authors: Antonova Natalia
Published: October 2018

The influence of energetic factors upon surface properties of suspensions on the basis of Na-CMC with aluminum powder, used to produce anticorrosion coatings, is revealed. It is shown that relative adhesion work, got by measuring the extent of suspensions surface strain and the angles of wetting the steel surface with suspensions, correlate with adhesion strength of coatings containing aluminum powder.
Heat storage materials based on polymers modified with functionalized carbon nanotubes
Authors: Shchegolkov Alexander , Dyachkova Tatyana , Burakova Elena
Published: October 2018

The article presents studies of nanomodified materials based on paraffin waxes with polyethylene as heat-storage materials. Accumulation of thermal energy is possible when converting electrical energy into thermal energy. In this case, the accumulation of thermal energy can occur as a central zone of nanomodified materials, and at its ends. This is due to the location of the electrodes in nanomodified materials. When CNT was mixed with polyethylene and the mixture was subsequently heated on the surface of a CNT, a homogeneous PE layer of a special structure was formed. The presented feature of the interaction can be considered as a special case of functionalization.
Modern materials strengthening techniques by extreme effects
Authors: Glezer Alexander M.
Published: October 2018

In a brief review, the techniques of extreme effects on metallic solids are systematically examined in order to create margin structural states and unique physical and mechanical properties. The principles of complex extreme effects and the engineering of grain boundaries are considered, making it possible to obtain promising multifunctional materials with strength close to the theoretical limit.
Interactive communication between the user and the computer-aided design system of shaft forging on presses
Authors: Kanyukov Sergey , Konovalov Anatoly , Muizemnek Olga
Published: October 2018

Despite the accelerated development of computer technology, programming languages and methods in recent years, computer-aided design of open-die forging on presses is still not widespread due to weak formalization of the subject area. Therefore, the developers of relevant computer-aided systems have to put “approximate” algorithms and programs into the systems for solving technological problems. As a result, they provide users with the ability to adjust design concepts by a graphic dialogue. The paper describes a mechanism of interactive communication between the user and the computer-aided design system of shaft forging on presses, which was developed at the Institute of Engineering Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch). This system provides wide opportunities for making necessary adjustments in a forging drawing and a forging process map. This ensures obtaining necessary design and process documentation suitable for using in the production process, even when the algorithms and programs are imperfect. Moreover, it significantly facilitates the implementation of the system at various enterprises.
Using of machine parts abstract elements in nc-programs developing for the cnc machines
Authors: Nazarov Mihail , Kiselev Evgeny , Popovich Aleksey
Published: October 2018

Described questions of automation for the process-layout preparation with using of workpieces abstract elements in NC programming. Presented views of various elements parts workpieces and algorithms of functioning of the automated CAM-system.
Semi-Markov model of a technical system with calendar maintenance
Authors: Glech Sergey G. , Obzherin Yuriy E. , Nikitin Mikhail M.
Published: October 2018

Maintenance is a widely used method of reliability and efficiency increasing of technical systems. In present paper, a semi-Markov model of the system with calendar maintenance was constructed. Phase merging algorithm is used for approximate finding of system’s stationary reliability characteristics. The problem of optimum maintenance carrying-out period finding is solving.
Investigation of eigenvibrations of a loaded bar
Authors: Samsonov Anton A. , Solov’ev Sergey I.
Published: October 2018

The differential eigenvalue problem describing eigenvibrations of a bar with fixed ends and attached load at an interior point is investigated. This problem has an increasing sequence of positive simple eigenvalues with limit point at infinity. To the sequence of eigenvalues, there corresponds a complete orthonormal system of eigenfunctions. We formulate limit differential eigenvalue problems and prove the convergence of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the initial problem to the corresponding eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the limit problems as load mass tending to infinity. The original differential eigenvalue problem is approximated by the finite difference method on a uniform grid. Error estimates for approximate eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are established. Theoretical results are illustrated by numerical experiments for a model problem. Investigations of this paper can be generalized for the cases of more complicated and important problems on eigenvibrations of beams, plates and shells with attached loads.
Assessment of mechanical characteristics of steel subject to cyclic loads effect on non-standard compact specimens
Authors: Khasanov Rim N. , Valiev Aybulat S. , Kuzeev Iskander R.
Published: October 2018

It is showed by experiments that the use of compact specimens for determination of fracture work of steel that undertook cyclic deformations enables to identify metal with a number of cumulative fatigue damages. The yield limit determined in the first series of experiments was used for cycling parameters determination: 0.9 from the yield limit was set for damage accumulation in the elastoplastic stress range. At the same time an average cycle load was 8.9 kN, and an amplitude was 8.6 kN. It is demonstrated that specific fracture work increases upon the increase of compact specimens’ thickness. The tendency of specific fracture work decrease is observed upon fatigue damage accumulation. Thin specimens are particularly sensitive to damage accumulation. The results of the experiments indirectly support the hypothesis of fractional-dimensional surface layer existence.
Experimental researches of determination of degree of interaction of a working organ with the object of treatment in plant growing
Authors: Belousova Anna I. , Moiseev Arkady V.
Published: October 2018

The article is devoted to the main soil treatment with a combined plow. The article has a research character, which is expressed in the fact that the analysis of methods and means of mechanization for the main tillage with the turnover of a layer, as well as excerpts from the works of leading scientists on the problem, there were shown the types of patents that provided the optimal soil treatment, their shortcomings and solutions to these problems. There were determined the main trend of development of soil-processing combined machines, improvement of constructions of arable units to improve the quality of their work. Also, the form of the disk was justified, namely, there was shown the causal relationship of the presence of cuts in the disk of the tillage tool in comparison with the solid disk. There were described the principle and process of the developed combined plow. As a result of the work done, there was obtained the design of a combined plow with additional working bodies which consist of disks installed by batteries behind each body of the plow. The conclusions set out the main results achieved so far.
Calculation of the working element for layer-by-layer soil-free tillage
Authors: Kambulov Sergei , Bozhko Igor , Olshevskaya Anastasia
Published: October 2018

The paper proves the scheme and proposes a technique of engineering calculation of the working element for layer-by-layer soil-free tillage in conditions of insufficient moisture. Soil treatment causes significant changes in the volume ratio of the solid, liquid and gaseous phases influencing the chemical, physico-chemical and biological processes, accelerating or slowing down the rate of synthesis and destruction of organic matter. Soil cultivation creates favorable physical conditions for soil fertility. It continues to be one of the most important ways to control weeds, pests and diseases of crops. However, the use of known working elements for soil cultivation does not allow to intensify all the factors ensuring the increase and reproduction of effective fertility. The most effective way to achieve this can be the use of a working organ that decompresses the lower horizons, providing differential crumbling of soil layers, creating a mulch layer on the surface and increasing erosion resistance, i.e. layer-by-layer loosening. This improves the structure of the soil, moisture accumulation and aeration of the root layer, which activates the processes of nitrification and will allow plants to use additional nutrients.
Antimykotika – Posaconazol-Tabletten als kosteneffektive Prophylaxe invasiver Pilzerkrankungen
Authors: Fietz Cornelia
Published: October 2018

Grau S et al. Cost-effectiveness of posaconazole tablets versus fluconazole as prophylaxis for invasive fungal diseases in patients with graft-versus-host
disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Eur J Health Econ 2018; 19: 627–636

Azol-Antimykotika gelten als Standardtherapie zur Prophylaxe invasiver Pilzerkrankungen bei immunsupprimierten Patienten. Posaconazol Saft erwies sich in
einer randomisierten Phase 3 Studie bei Patienten mit Graft-versus-Host-Reaktion nach allogener hämatopoetischer Stammzelltransplantation als effektiver im
Vergleich zu Fluconazol Kapseln. Zudem konnte die Kosteneffektivität nachgewiesen werden. Die Autoren untersuchen, ob dies auch auf die
Posaconazol-Tablettenformulierung zutrifft.
Palladium-Catalysed Coupling and Acid-Mediated Cyclisation: Synthesis of Fluorenones and Fluorenes
Authors: Kumar Devarapalli , Kishore Dakoju , Satyanarayana Gedu
Published: October 2018

Palladium-catalysed sequential one-pot synthesis of fluorenones is described. The reaction comprises intermolecular Suzuki coupling and intramolecular acid-mediated cyclisation in a one-pot procedure. The protocol is also applied to the synthesis of fluorenes using a single column purification.
Comparative Study of the Use of HPA Lanolin and Breast Milk for Treating Pain Associated with Nipple Trauma
Authors: Mariani Neto Corintio , de Albuquerque Rosemeire Sartori , de Souza Sonia Cristina , Giesta Renata Oliveira , Fernandes Andrea Penha Spinola , Mondin Bárbara
Published: October 2018

Objective To compare two different treatments—the use of highly purified anhydrous (HPA) lanolin and expressed breast milk—for women with pain and nipple trauma during the breastfeeding process.

Method A total of 180 puerperal women were randomly assigned to 2 groups: one was treated with HPA lanolin and the other with their own expressed breast milk. All of the participants received the same breastfeeding technique instructions and therapeutic care standard. Three assessments were performed: at the time of inclusion in the study (after randomization); after 48 hours; and after 7 days. At each interval, data was collected in relation to pain and trauma. A numerical/verbal category scale was used for the pain variable, and the nipple trauma score for the trauma variable. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using the chi-squared test, the Fisher exact test, the student t-test, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Generalized estimating equations were calculated using the STATA 12 statistical software package (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX, USA) and IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA).

Results There was pain improvement from the second to the third assessment in the group that used HPA lanolin, while the pain remained unchanged between these two periods (p < 0.001) in the breast milk group. In terms of trauma, improvement was identified in its extension and depth from the first to the third assessment, and it was higher in the HPA lanolin group than in the breast milk group (p = 0.025).

Conclusion The treatment of pain and nipple trauma with HPA lanolin achieved better results than the one with breast milk, based on a 7-day treatment period.
Fetal MRI in the Identification of a Fetal Ventral Wall Defect Spectrum
Authors: Coleman Peter , Marine Megan , Weida Jennifer , Gray Brian , Billmire Deborah , Brown Brandon
Published: October 2018

Objective To ascertain if useful criteria for prenatal diagnosis of fetal ventral body wall defects (VBWDs) exists by reviewing published literature on diagnosis of VBWD as compared with our own diagnostic experience.

Study Design A comprehensive literature review of diagnostic criteria of fetal VBWD including pentalogy of Cantrell (POC), omphalocele, exstrophy, imperforate anus, spina bifida (OEIS), cloacal exstrophy, limb–body wall complex (LBWC), and body stalk anomaly was performed followed by a retrospective review of all fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations from our medical center over a 2-year period.

Results Classically, OEIS is omphalocele, bladder exstrophy, imperforate anus, and spina bifida. POC is defects of the supraumbilical abdomen, sternum, diaphragm, pericardium, and heart. LBWC is two of the following: exencephaly or enencephaly with facial clefts, thoracoschisis or abdominoschisis, and limb defects. Twenty-four cases of VBWD on MRI over a 24-month period were identified with seven cases involving defects of additional organ systems. Six of these seven cases demonstrated findings from two or more of the traditional diagnoses POC, OEIS, and LBWC making diagnosis and counseling difficult.

Conclusion There is a lack of consensus on useful diagnostic criteria within the published literature which is reflected in our own diagnostic experience and poses a challenge for accurate prenatal counseling.
Predicting Thromboembolic and Bleeding Event Risk in Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Borre Ethan , Goode Adam , Raitz Giselle , Shah Bimal , Lowenstern Angela , Chatterjee Ranee , Sharan Lauren , Allen LaPointe Nancy , Yapa Roshini , Davis J. , Lallinger Kathryn , Schmidt Robyn , Kosinski Andrzej , Al-Khatib Sana , Sanders Gillian
Published: October 2018

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia that increases the risk of stroke. Medical therapy for decreasing stroke risk involves anticoagulation, which may increase bleeding risk for certain patients. In determining the optimal therapy for stroke prevention for patients with AF, clinicians use tools with various clinical, imaging and patient characteristics to weigh stroke risk against therapy-associated bleeding risk.

Aim This article reviews published literature and summarizes available risk stratification tools for stroke and bleeding prediction in patients with AF.

Methods We searched for English-language studies in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published between 1 January 2000 and 14 February 2018. Two reviewers screened citations for studies that examined tools for predicting thromboembolic and bleeding risks in patients with AF. Data regarding study design, patient characteristics, interventions, outcomes, quality, and applicability were extracted.

Results Sixty-one studies were relevant to predicting thromboembolic risk and 38 to predicting bleeding risk. Data suggest that CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc and the age, biomarkers, and clinical history (ABC) risk scores have the best evidence for predicting thromboembolic risk (moderate strength of evidence for limited prediction ability of each score) and that HAS-BLED has the best evidence for predicting bleeding risk (moderate strength of evidence).

Limitations Studies were heterogeneous in methodology and populations of interest, setting, interventions and outcomes analysed.

Conclusion CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc and ABC scores have the best prediction for stroke events, and HAS-BLED provides the best prediction for bleeding risk. Future studies should define the role of imaging tools and biomarkers in enhancing the accuracy of risk prediction tools.

Primary Funding Source Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PROSPERO #CRD42017069999)
Antisense-Oligonukleotide I
Authors: Wurster C. D. , Ludolph A. C. , Lehmann D. , Graf H.
Published: October 2018

Molekulargenetische Untersuchungen konnten die Pathomechanismen vieler neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen aufklären, jedoch standen lange Zeit keine krankheitsmodifizierenden Therapieoptionen zur Verfügung. Dies änderte sich seit der Einführung von sogenannten Antisense-Oligonukleotiden in die klinische Praxis. Im Jahr 2016 wurden erstmals Antisense-Oligonukleotide zur Behandlung der spinalen Muskelatrophie und der Muskeldystrophie Duchenne zugelassen. In der Entwicklung von Antisense-Oligonukleotiden waren Hürden zu überwinden und chemische Modifikationen notwendig, die deren Einsatz erst möglich machten. In diesem Artikel stellen wir Prinzipien dieser chemischen Modifikationen und Wirkmechanismen von Antisense-Oligonkuleotiden vor. Darüber hinaus geben wir einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Wissenschaft zu verschiedenen Antisense-Oligonukleotiden und fokussieren dabei auf neuromuskuläre und neurodegenerative Erkrankungen wie die spinale Muskelatrophie, die Muskeldystrophie Duchenne, die myotone Dystrophie, Chorea Huntington und die Amyotrophe Lateralsklerose.
Vertane Chance zur Aufklärung eines dramatischen Kapitels der Psychiatriegeschichte
Authors: Pross C.
Published: October 2018

Der Dokumentarfilm “SPK-Komplex” zeigt interessante historische Filmaufnahmen, dekliniert aber die komplexe und vielschichtige Geschichte des Sozialistischen Patientenkollektivs Heidelberg (SPK) (1970–1971) zu einer Schwarz-Weiß-Malerei herunter. Wesentliche Faktoren und Akteure werden ausgeblendet und der Arzt Dr. Wolfgang Huber, Leitfigur des SPK, wird einseitig zum Opfer einer angeblich reaktionären Klinikleitung stilisiert. Der Film unterschlägt, dass die Heidelberger Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik unter dem Chef von Dr. Huber, Prof. Walter von Baeyer, damals eine der fortschrittlichsten der Bundesrepublik und eine Werkstatt der Psychiatriereform gewesen ist. Nach gescheiterter akademischer Karriere zog Huber seine Patienten in einen Rachefeldzug gegen von Baeyer hinein und missbrauchte einen Teil von ihnen als Kampftruppe für seine absurden Vorstellungen von den psychisch Kranken als revolutionäres Subjekt.
Schultergelenkersatz beim juvenilen Rheumatiker
Authors: Arbogast M.
Published: October 2018

Die Schultergelenksbeteiligung beim juvenilen Rheumatiker manifestiert sich klinisch wie auch radiologisch erst sehr spät. Deswegen ist eine frühzeitige Detektion über die Sonografie oder ein MRT wegweisend. Ein Gelenkerhalt ist unter einer suffizienten medikamentösen Therapie über die Synovialektomie dauerhaft möglich, in späteren Stadien kann nach Destruktion die Hemiprothese oder bei Rotatorenmanschettendefekt die inverse Schulterendoprothetik ein therapeutisches Instrument sein, Schmerz unter Funktionsgewinn zu reduzieren.
Estimating the performance of lithium beam measurements of current density and electron density in an H-mode pedestal
Authors: Liao K. T. , Austin M. E. , Rowan W. L. , Thomas D. M. , Zhao B. Z.
Published: October 2018

The lithium beam is an effective diagnostic tool for investigation of stability and particle transport in the pedestal. It was used successfully to measure edge current density on DIII-D, achieving qualitative agreement with neoclassical models. Electron density profiles were also measured. Proposed upgrades will continue these measurements with higher reliability as well as explore edge current measurements using spectroscopy. The optics will be redesigned to optimize throughput and aperture broadening and to replace the photomultiplier tubes with avalanche photodiodes. The new system will yield detailed measurements of the pedestal, complementing existing diagnostics for investigating pedestal stability, edge localized mode cycle, and particle transport through the pedestal.
Switched model based control of dual-PWM converters in the direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine system
Authors: Tian Chongyi , Li Chengdong , Zhang Guiqing , Wang Ming , Wang Ruiqi
Published: October 2018

Nowadays, permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based direct drive wind power generation systems are developing rapidly and are attracting more and more attention. Dual-PWM (pulse width modulation) converters, as full power converters of the direct-drive wind power system, have excellent performance and have been widely used in recent years. The effective control of the back-to-back Dual-PWM converters plays an important role in generating the wind power efficiently. As the back-to-back Dual-PWM converters of the direct-drive wind power generation system can be considered as switched systems according to their working characteristics, this study presents one switched model based control strategy for the control of the Dual-PWM converters. First, the switched dynamic models of the converters on the PMSG side and the grid side are established, respectively. In contrast to the traditional averaged or linearized models, the proposed models can be more precise because no approximation will be introduced when the wind speed changes. Then, in order to realize the highest convergent rate, the min-projection strategy based switched control laws are derived. Furthermore, the stability analysis is done to assure the global stability of the proposed control strategy. Finally, detailed simulations and experiments are available to verify the proposed control method. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed models and the control strategy are correct and effective. Comparing with the conventional proportional-integral control method, this paper integrates the back-to-back Dual-PWM converters as part of the proposed controller and utilizes the states of the converters as control variables, and thus, faster torque dynamics can be achieved.
Transport and thermodynamic properties of the novel compound Nd5CuSn3
Authors: Matsumoto Keisuke T. , Morioka Naoya , Hiraoka Koichi
Published: October 2018

Electrical resistance R and specific heat C were measured to study the physical properties of the novel compound Nd5CuSn3 which crystallizes in the hexagonal Hf5CuSn3-type structure. Nd ions occupy two non-equivalent sites. The values of R and C showed distinct anomalies at the magnetic transition temperature TM of 56.3 K. The increments of TM in the magnetic fields are consistent with the material being in a ferro- or ferri-magnetic state at temperatures below TM.
Polarization and charge carrier density coupling in epitaxial PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3/ZnO heterostructures
Authors: Wang Juan , Leng Ruohanyang , Salev Pavel , Cole Mikal , Grigoriev Alexei
Published: October 2018

The integration of ferroelectric materials with semiconductor heterostructures can greatly enhance the functionality of electronic devices, provided the ferroelectric material retains a significant part of its switchable polarization. This work reports polarization switching in epitaxial PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3/ZnO/GaN heterostructures grown on c-cut sapphire single-crystal substrates. The electrical measurements of PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3/ZnO ferroelectric/semiconductor capacitors reveal an unexpected difference between a counterclockwise ferroelectric hysteresis loop and a clockwise C-V loop. A non-linear hysteretic behavior of the capacitance is observed in the voltage range that is at least 3 times narrower than the range of ferroelectric polarization switching voltages. This difference can be explained by charge injection effects at the interface between ferroelectrics and semiconductors. The interaction between electric polarization and the electronic structure of the heterojunction leads to capacitance and charge carrier concentrations that are switchable by polarization of the ferroelectric layer. These findings are important for both fundamental and applied research of switchable and highly tunable ferroelectric/semiconductor heterostructures.
Evaporation of strong coffee drops
Authors: Kim Jin Young , Weon Byung Mook
Published: October 2018

Coffee stains remain when coffee drops evaporate. Commonly, dilute coffee exhibits ring-like stains after evaporation governed by self-pinning and vapor diffusion. Modern printing technology requires dense-ink printing, so that it is useful to understand the evaporation dynamics of dense inks. Here, we experimentally explore how strong coffee drops evaporate and how coffee stains are generated from strong coffee that can give an insight into dense inks. We find that evaporation rates of strong coffee drops become slower as coffee concentrations become higher. The evaporation dynamics of strong coffee deviate greatly from dilute coffee, revealing nonlinear evaporation dynamics, attributed to the concentration-dependent fluid property. The nonlinear evaporation of strong coffee can be important in understanding the drying-mediated printing of dense nanoinks.
Broad bandwidth piezoelectric energy harvester by a flexible buckled bridge
Authors: Yi Zhiran , Hu Yili , Ji Bowen , Liu Jingquan , Yang Bin
Published: October 2018

A piezoelectric vibration energy harvester with a broad bandwidth (>15 Hz) is proposed based on a flexible self-buckled bridge. The polymer sheet, thin metal foil, and thinned piezoelectric ceramic film are bonded to constitute the flexible buckled bridge with the total thickness of 200 μm. Its good flexibility is benefit to obtain low resonant frequency (<200 Hz). A “T” shaped proof mass is used to provide a concentrated force at the center of the bridge for buckling easily and decrease the resonant frequency. The natural buckled arc after the bonding process results in a nonlinear phenomenon at the excited acceleration of 0.25 g. The harvester is capable of achieving a maximum peak open-circuit voltage of 15.18 V and maintaining a bandwidth of 15 Hz (90–105 Hz) at an applied acceleration amplitude of 2.0 g. Meanwhile, the harvester generates the maximum effective power of 0.6 mW and the maximum effective power density of 6.9 mW/cm3 at 2.0 g and 105.3 Hz. The normalized power density reaches 0.36 mW cm−3 g−2 Hz−1. The harvester with larger proof mass results in low resonant frequency and a broader bandwidth of 30 Hz (67–97 Hz). Moreover, the harvester performs good reliability at an acceleration amplitude of 2.0 g.
Comparison of mechanisms of the plasma generation by nanosecond discharge at extremely high overvoltage
Authors: Levko Dmitry
Published: October 2018

Two mechanisms of the nanosecond timescale discharge initiation in nitrogen at extremely high overvoltage are compared using a one-dimensional Particle-in-Cell Monte Carlo collisions model. In the first mechanism, the discharge is ignited by the electrons seeded initially in the vicinity of the cathode, while in the second mechanism, the discharge is initiated by the electron field emission from the cathode. It was shown that both approaches predict discharge evolution governed by the runaway electrons generating in the cathode-anode gap. The latter promotes the propagation of the fast ionization wave from the cathode to the anode. However, there are some distinctive features which are explained by different numbers of runaway electrons presented in the cathode-anode gap. In the case, when the field emission is considered, one obtains the virtual cathode formation, the generation of electrons with the anomalous energy, and the fast ionization wave velocity comparable to the speed of light.
Physical insights into the operation of a 1-nm gate length transistor based on MoS2 with metallic carbon nanotube gate
Authors: Perucchini Marta , G. Marin Enrique , Marian Damiano , Iannaccone Giuseppe , Fiori Gianluca
Published: October 2018

Low-dimensional materials such as layered semiconductors or carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been attracting increasing attention in the last few decades due to their inherent scaling properties, which become fundamental to sustain the scaling in electronic devices. Inspired by recent experimental results [Desai et al., Science 354, 99 (2016)], in this work we examined the ultimate performance of MoS2-channel Field Effect Transistors with a gate length of 1 nm by means of quantum transport simulations based on the Poisson equation and non-equilibrium Green's function formalism. We considered uniformly scaled devices, with channel lengths ranging from 5 to 20 nm controlled by a cylindrical gate with a diameter of 1 nm, as would be required in realistic integrated circuits. Moreover, we also evaluated the effect of the finite density of states of a carbon nanotube gate on the loss of device performance. We noticed that the sub-threshold swing for all short-channel structures was greater than the ideal 60 mV per decade limit of thermionic devices, and we attributed this to the presence of tunneling currents and gate-drain interactions. We tailored the transistor architecture in order to improve the gate control. We concluded that the limited CNT-channel capacitive coupling poses severe limitations on the operation and thus exploitation of the device.
Sorptive remediation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) using mixed mineral and graphene/carbon-based materials
Authors: Lath Supriya , Navarro Divina A. , Losic Dusan , Kumar Anupama , McLaughlin Michael J.
Published: October 2018

Environmental contextPer- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are contaminants of emerging concern, creating a need to develop efficient multi-functional adsorbents for improved remediation performance. By exploiting the versatility of graphene technology, we demonstrate that combining mineral and carbonaceous phases greatly increases and strengthens PFAS-binding to the adsorbent. The study highlights the benefits and potential applications of mixed adsorbents in PFAS-remediation.
AbstractAs the degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and related per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is energy-intensive, there is a need to develop in situ remediation strategies to manage PFAS-contamination. The sorption of PFOA by graphene oxide (GO), an iron-oxide-modified reduced-GO composite (FeG) and an activated-carbon(C)/clay/alumina-based adsorbent, RemBindTM (RemB), are evaluated. Sorption by FeG and RemB (>90%) is much greater than GO (60%). While an increase in pH hinders PFOA-sorption by GO, owing to the increased repulsion of anionic PFOA, variations in pH and ionic strength do not significantly influence PFOA-sorption by FeG and RemB, which indicates that binding is predominantly controlled by non-electrostatic forces. Hydrophobic interactions are assumed at the graphene or C-surface for all adsorbents, with added ligand-exchange mechanisms involving the associated Fe- and Al-minerals in FeG and RemB, respectively. Desorption of adsorbed PFOA is greatest in methanol, compared to water, toluene, or hexane, which provides estimates of the binding strength and reversibility from an environmental-partitioning perspective; i.e. risk of remobilisation of bound PFOA owing to rainfall events is low, but the presence of polar organic solvents may increase leaching risk. Iron-mineral-functionalisation of GO enhances the amount of PFOA adsorbed (by 30%) as well as the binding strength, which highlights the advantage of combining mineral and C-phases. Successful sorption of a range of PFASs from a contaminated-site water sample highlights the potential of using ‘mixed’ adsorbents like FeG and RemB in situ for PFAS-remediation, as they provide avenues for enhanced sorption through multiple mechanisms.
Thermal stress induces heat shock protein 70 and apoptosis during embryo development in a Neotropical freshwater fish
Authors: Sales Camila F. , Lemos Flavia S. , Morais Roberto D. V. S. , Thomé Ralph G. , Santos Helio B. , Pinheiro Ana P. B. , Bazzoli Nilo , Rizzo Elizete
Published: October 2018

Fish embryos are particularly vulnerable to temperature changes, with the effects varying with developmental stage. The major aim of the present study was to analyse the relationship between apoptosis and heat shock protein (HSP) 70 during embryo development under thermal stress conditions. To this end, Prochilodus lineatus embryos at the blastopore closure stage were subjected to one of three thermal treatments for 1h (Group 1, 25°C (control); Group 2, 20°C; Group 3, 30°C) and then examined at 0, 4 and 8h posttreatment (h.p.t.). The viability of embryos was highest in Group 1 (81.33±16.65%), followed by Group 3 and Group 2 (75.33±12.10% and 68.67±16.86% respectively), with significant difference between Groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05). At 0h.p.t., embryos subjected to thermal stress (Group 3) had a significantly higher number of terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP–digoxigenin nick end-labelling (TUNEL)- and caspase-3-labelled cells, and a lower number of HSP70-positive cells than those in the control group. At 4h.p.t., there was a decrease in the TUNEL reaction and an increase in HSP70 in embryos in Group 3. At 8h.p.t., the size of Group 3 embryos was significantly smaller than that of Group 1 embryos. The results indicate a cytoprotective role for HSP70, regulating caspase-3-mediated apoptosis during embryo development of P. lineatus; however, this mechanism is not effective in controlling embryo viability and larval malformations.
Whose perception matters? An analysis of the social construction of Ghana Police Service and the implementation of the Single Spine Pay Policy
Authors: Boasiako Antwi
Published: October 2018

This article assesses the social construction of the Ghana Police Service to explain why the government of Ghana assigned pay increase to the personnel of the service in the initial stage of implementation of the Single Spine Pay Policy. Through a diachronic case study design, the article undertakes a content analysis of budget states of Ghana from 2001 to 2016 and shows that despite the widespread negative societal perception of the police service, the GPS remains a positively constructed target population in the eyes of the state. The article argues that this state-driven positive social construction combined with the preponderant political power to make the police service an advantaged target group deserving of the salary increment under the SSPP. The theoretical implications of this dichotomous statesociety social construction for the democratic policy design theory are further explored with a call l for a new research agenda.
Individual and household in-work poverty in Europe: understanding the role of labor market characteristics
Authors: Filandri Marianna , Struffolino Emanuela
Published: October 2018

The article presents an analysis of the association between labor market characteristics related to female employment and the prevalence of in-work poverty. We compare two relative measures of in-work poverty: The individual definition refers to workers whose salary is below 60% of the median, while the household-level definition refers to individuals whose household income is below 60% of the median. Microdata from the 2014 EU-SILC survey and macrodata on involuntary part-time employment and female labor market participation are used to perform a multilevel analysis on 31 European countries. The results show a positive relationship between involuntary part-time work and in-work poverty according to the household definition. Female labor market participation is positively associated with the individual definition and negatively with the household one. However, after controlling for the level of within-country income inequality, only the effect of the female employment rate remains positive and significant for the individual in-work. These results shed light on the multifaceted role of labor market characteristics related to female employment and their implications for policy. We argue that the promotion of female participation should be combined with explicit measures to reduce the disadvantageous position of women in the labor market.
One step at a time
Authors: Lozano Guillermina
Published: October 2018

The most challenging part of growing up a minority is identifying opportunities to follow your passion. My story is a bit convoluted, but a passion for science and learning coupled with motivation led to a stellar career that now includes the E.E. Just Award from the American Society for Cell Biology.
The top six risky behaviors among Iranian university students: a national survey
Authors: Poorolajal Jalal , Mohammadi Younes , Soltanian Ali Reza , Ahmadpoor Jamal
Published: October 2018

Background

Multiple risk-taking behaviors are associated with increased risk of poor educational attainment, morbidity and premature mortality. This study involved a large representative sample of Iranian university students addressing multiple risk behaviors and associated factors.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 4261 participants, involving 13 medical universities throughout the country in 2017. The following six risky behaviors were addressed: (a) smoking cigarettes during the past month, (b) using some kinds of illicit drugs during the past month, (c) drinking alcohol during the past month, (d) engaging unprotected sex during the past year, (e) having suicidal ideation during the past month or attempting suicide in the past year, (f) and Internet addiction. The 20-item internet addiction test and the 28-item general health questionnaire were used.

Results

Almost 37.3% of the participants engaged in at least one out of six risky behaviors. The prevalence of Internet addiction was 24.5%, cigarette smoking 13.5%, alcohol use 7.8%, illicit drug abuse 4.9%, unprotected sex 7.8%, suicidal ideation 7.4%, attempting suicide 1.7% and general health problems 38.9%.

Conclusion

A majority of the Iranian university students studied engaged in at least one risky behavior. Engaging in one risky behavior increases the risk of engaging in other risk-taking behaviors.
Household Sharing and Commitment: Evidence from Panel Data on Individual Expenditures and Time Use
Authors: Lise Jeremy , Yamada Ken
Published: October 2018

In this article, we analyse the dynamics of intra-household allocations using unique panel data on individual-specific consumption expenditures and time used for leisure, market production, and home production. Cross-sectional differences at the time of marriage in expected wage profiles between a husband and wife strongly affect the allocation of private consumption expenditures and time use by households in the cross section. There are substantial gender asymmetries in these allocations. Even for households where the husband and wife have identical wages, the private consumption expenditures for the wife are about half those for the husband. Within a given household over time, shocks to wages lead households to shift the relative weights in favour of the spouse receiving the favourable shock. Additionally, we find that households adjust the weights in response to large but not to small shocks; the adjustment to the weights is twice as large in the year leading up to a divorce; and adjustments are more frequent in dual- than in single-earner households. We interpret the data using a dynamic collective model of the household with potentially limited commitment.
Jewish Physicians in Late Medieval Ashkenaz
Authors: Visi Tamás
Published: October 2018

Medical writings written by Jews in late medieval Western and Central Europe demonstrate that although Jews were excluded from universities, the medical world outside of the universities was open to them. Jewish medical writers relied on Latin and vernacular sources and often they wrote in German. Emphasising the importance of knowledge of authoritative books, they attempted to secure their social standing by demonstrating that they confirmed to the generally accepted social norm that required physicians and surgeons to rely on learned medicine. Nevertheless, only a few Jewish medical practitioners wrote books.
28-year-old Woman With Opioid Use Disorder Delivers Healthy Baby While in Custody: Addressing Forced Detox
Authors: Gray Jessica , Saia Kelley , Walley Alexander Y.
Published: October 2018

Background:

Opioid agonist treatment (OAT) in pregnancy reduces overdose risk, drug use, increases prenatal care engagement, and improves birth outcomes. Yet many pregnant women lack access to adequate treatment. OAT, while incarcerated, reduces subsequent overdose risk, improves continuation to treatment on release, and reduces recidivism. Yet most correction facilities do not follow evidence-based guidelines for treatment, resulting in destabilization and overdose. This case is unique in illustrating 1 example of a patient who is justice-involved during pregnancy and the postpartum period, and highlighting an area of advocacy that is under-reported in the medical literature.

Case Presentation:

A 28-year-old G2P0010 woman with a history of severe opioid use disorder (OUD) learned she was 13 weeks pregnant after a polysubstance overdose while on methadone treatment. She did not engage in prenatal care, despite many encounters with the healthcare system. Her pregnancy course was marked by polysubstance use, hospitalizations, and incarcerations. While incarcerated, she delivered a healthy baby at 37 weeks, and her parental custody rights were suspended.

The obstetrics team successfully advocated with the jail for continuing methadone postpartum due to the increased risk of relapse and overdose on release. After release, she continued methadone treatment with no further illicit opioid use, began to engage in counseling, 12-step meetings, and worked towards custody of her son.

Conclusions:

The postpartum and postincarceration periods are 2 high-risk periods for women with OUD. OAT in and out of incarceration provided some stability and benefit, in the midst of a prenatal course that was fragmented by polysubstance use, hospitalization, and incarceration. Maintaining and prioritizing access to OAT for patients who are incarcerated is necessary, though not sufficient, to address the high risk of overdose. Empowering healthcare providers to advocate for incarcerated patients with OUD on an individual level is 1 key strategy to optimize addiction treatment for incarcerated people.
How Accurate is the Multiplier Method in Predicting the Timing of Angular Correction After Hemiepiphysiodesis?
Authors: Eltayeby Hady H. , Gwam Chukwuweike U. , Frederick Margaret M. , Herzenberg John E.
Published: October 2018

Purpose:

The purpose of the study was to validate the accuracy of the Multiplier Method (MM) in predicting the timing of angular correction after hemiepiphysiodesis and to determine the role of using skeletal age when calculating those predictions.

Methods:

This retrospective study included 131 physes in 77 patients treated with hemiepiphysiodesis to gradually correct a coronal plane deformity before skeletal maturity. To compare the MM’s predictions to the actual treatment duration, the “desired angular correction” was considered the actual achieved angular correction determined from the “endpoint x-ray” (last x-ray before implant removal). We measured the bone length and width of the growth plate from the preoperative x-ray and calculated the MM’s prediction of the duration of treatment based on the MM formula. We compared the predicted duration to the observed duration of treatment for each case. The difference was calculated by subtracting the observed duration from the predicted duration. The result was the “absolute difference,” which is the number of months over or under predicted by the MM.

Results:

The mean absolute difference between the MM’s predicted duration and the observed duration was 2.31 months, which was highly significant (P≤0.001). The MM’s prediction agreed with the observed duration of treatment (ie, zero absolute difference) in 15% of the predictions, 69% were under predicted, and 16% were over predicted. Sixty-eight percent of the absolute differences were within 3 months regardless of the direction of error. The mean difference was relatively less in genu varum cases and was statistically significant (P=0.047). Comparing the mean difference using chronological age and skeletal age in the formula showed no statistically significant difference.

Conclusions:

The MM has a tendency to under predict. Therefore, doing a guided growth right before skeletal maturity should be started 2 to 4 months earlier than suggested by the MM. Moreover, our data did not show that the bone age gave more accurate predictions than chronological age.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV.