bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Strategy for the One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Spiro Dihydropyridine from Amines and Activated Alkynes.
Authors: Kiruthika Selvarangam E. , Lakshmi Neelakandan Vidhya , Banu Babu Rasidha , Perumal Paramasivan T.
Published: March 2012

Isatin, activated methylene compounds, primary amines, and diesters (IV)/(VIII) are used for the preparation of multisubstituted spirocyclic pyridine systems (V) and (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of 2,4′‐Bi‐1,3‐oxa(thia)zoles as Scaffolds for Bioactive Products.
Authors: Pena S. , Scarone L. , Manta E. , Serra G.
Published: March 2012

A series of 2,4′‐bi‐1,3‐azoles are constructed using the Hanzsch reaction and oxidative cyclodehydration of β‐hydroxy amides or thioamides.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Vinyllactones via Allylic Oxidation of Alkenoic Acids.
Authors: Bischop Martina , Pietruszka Joerg
Published: March 2012

It is demonstrated that Pd‐catalyzed allylic oxidation of alkenoic acids (I) offers an entry to vinyllactones (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antioxidant Evaluation of Some New 3‐Substituted Coumarins.
Authors: Hamama Wafaa S. , Berghot Moged A. , Baz Eman A. , Gouda Moustafa A.
Published: March 2012

From the synthesized new title compounds the coumarins (VII), (XII), and (XVI) exhibit a high antioxidant activity in comparison to ascorbic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: C—H Arylation of Pyridines: High Regioselectivity as a Consequence of the Electronic Character of C—H Bonds and Heteroarene Ring.
Authors: Guo Pengfei , Joo Jung Min , Rakshit Souvik , Sames Dalibor
Published: March 2012

A new and highly regioselective method for C—H arylation of pyridines and quinolines containing electron‐withdrawing substituents is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Organocatalytic Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of Piperidines and Oxazolidines.
Authors: Cihalova Sylva , Valero Guillem , Schimer Jiri , Humpl Marek , Dracinsky Martin , Moyano Albert , Rios Ramon , Vesely Jan
Published: March 2012

Organocatalyzed Michael addition of amidomalonates, e.g. (I) and (VI), towards enals (II) followed by intramolecular hemiaminal formation provides enantioenriched piperidine derivatives (III) and (VII), resp., in up to 99% optical purity.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Pyridination of Hydroquinone in Aqueous Solution.
Authors: Nematollahi Davood , Dadpou Bita
Published: March 2012

The electrochemical oxidation of hydroquinone in aqueous solution in the presence of pyridine and 4‐methylpyridine is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Tandem N‐Vinylation and Cyclization of Anilines and Haloenynes: An Efficient Approach to Substituted Quinolines.
Authors: Wang Yuxing , Liao Qian , Zhao Peng , Xi Chanjuan
Published: March 2012

The reaction can be performed successfully with bromo‐ and iodoenynes.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Ring‐Closing Metathesis (RCM)/Oxidation by an Assisted Tandem Ruthenium Catalysis for the Synthesis of 2‐Quinolones.
Authors: Kato Hiroshige , Ishigame Tatsuya , Oshima Nobuhiro , Hoshiya Naoyuki , Shimawaki Ken , Arisawa Mitsuhiro , Shuto Satoshi
Published: March 2012

It provides a new approach to 2‐quinolones.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular C—H Activation/C—C Bond Formation: A Straightforward Synthesis of Phenanthridines.
Authors: Peng Jinsong , Chen Tonghui , Chen Chunxia , Li Bin
Published: March 2012

A number of phenanthridines and related compounds is available.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Intramolecular [2 + 2]‐Photocycloaddition Reactions of 4‐Substituted Quinolones Catalyzed by a Chiral Sensitizer with a Hydrogen‐Bonding Motif.
Authors: Mueller Christiane , Bauer Andreas , Maturi Mark M. , Consuelo Cuquerella M. , Miranda Miguel A. , Bach Thorsten
Published: March 2012

In the presence of the chiral amide AMX the quinolones (Ia)—(Ic) and (IVa) undergo photocyclization with good to high regio‐ and enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Serendipitous Discovery: Nickel Catalyst for the Cycloaddition of Diynes with Unactivated Nitriles.
Authors: Kumar Puneet , Prescher Simon , Louie Janis
Published: March 2012

The system Ni(cod)2/Xantphos catalyzes the reaction between alkynes and nonactivated nitriles to give unexpected pyridine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Route to Chiral Tetrahydroquinoxalines via Ring‐Opening of Activated Aziridines.
Authors: Ghorai Manas K. , Sahoo Ashis K. , Kumar Sarvesh
Published: March 2012

The solvent‐ and catalyst‐free SN2‐type ring‐opening of the activated aziridines proceeds highly stereo‐ and regioselective.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Aryl‐2‐nitrosoanilines as Intermediates in the Synthesis of Substituted Phenazines from Nitroarenes.
Authors: Kwast Andrzej , Stachowska Karolina , Trawczynski Adam , Wrobel Zbigniew
Published: March 2012

Different reaction conditions are described for the reductive cyclization of nitrosoarenes of type (I) to give a variety of target compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Formal [3 + 3]‐Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitrones with Electrophilic Vinylcarbene Intermediates.
Authors: Wang Xiaochen , Xu Xinfang , Zavalij Peter Y. , Doyle Michael P.
Published: March 2012

Various 1,2‐oxazine derivatives can be prepared with good to high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Intramolecular Allylic C—H Amination versus C=C Aziridination Through Co(II)‐Based Metalloradical Catalysis.
Authors: Lu Hongjian , Jiang Huiling , Hu Yang , Wojtas Lukasz , Zhang X. Peter
Published: March 2012

Azathiazine derivatives are selectively synthesized by intramolecular allylic C—H amination of both N‐bishomoallylic and N‐allylic sulfamoyl azides using a Co(II)—porphyrin catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Fluorogenic Cyclooctyne Activated by Cu‐Free Click Chemistry.
Authors: Jewett John C. , Bertozzi Carolyn R.
Published: March 2012

The coumarin‐conjugated cyclooctyne coumBARAC (X) is only weakly fluorescent.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Indole‐Fused Benzodiazepines.
Authors: Biswas Subhasish , Batra Sanjay
Published: March 2012

It provides a straightforward approach to various indolobenzodiazepines.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,n‐Diamines. Part 4. Synthesis of 1‐Aryl‐2‐alkyl‐1,4,5,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐1,3‐diazocines.
Authors: Diaz Jimena E. , Gruber Nadia , Orelli Liliana R.
Published: March 2012

Microwave‐assisted cyclodehydration of diamines (III) and (VII) offers a convenient synthesis of novel 1,3‐diazocines.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Chemistry of Bimetallic Oxides Constructed from Molybdodiphosphonate Building Blocks
Authors: Jones Stephanie , Zubieta Jon
Published: March 2012

Review: 182 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: CVD Grown Semiconductor Nanowires: Synthesis, Properties and Challenges
Authors: Pan J. , Shen H. , Mathur S.
Published: March 2012

Review: 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aryl Diazonium versus Iodonium Salts: Preparation, Applications and Mechanisms for the Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Bonin Helene , Fouquet Eric , Felpin Francois‐Xavier
Published: March 2012

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorine Conformational Effects in Organocatalysis: An Emerging Strategy for Molecular Design.
Authors: Zimmer Lucie E. , Sparr Christof , Gilmour Ryan
Published: March 2012

Review: ca. 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Toward Automated Oligosaccharide Synthesis.
Authors: Hsu Che‐Hsiung , Hung Shang‐Cheng , Wu Chung‐Yi , Wong Chi‐Huey
Published: March 2012

Review: ca. 400 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Functionalization of Inert Bonds and Synthesis of Bioactive Natural Products
Authors: Cramer Nicolai
Published: March 2012

Review: 22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Oxidation of C—O and C—N Bonds Using Oxidases
Authors: Turner Nicholas J.
Published: March 2012

Review: 102 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Composite Solid Electrodes ‐ Tool for Organic Electrochemistry
Authors: Navratil Tomas
Published: March 2012

Review: 303 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: C—H Activation of Alkanes in Selective Oxidation Reactions on Solid Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Lercher Johannes A. , Naraschewski Frederik N.
Published: March 2012

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dissolution and Transformation of Carbohydrates in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Rosatella Andreia A. , Frade Raquel F. M. , Afonso Carlos A. M.
Published: March 2012

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts for Multicomponent Reactions.
Authors: Climent Marie Jose , Corma Avelino , Iborra Sara
Published: March 2012

Review: 408 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Organocatalysts Derived from Simple Chiral Acyclic Amino Acids in Asymmetric Catalysis.
Authors: Chai Zhuo , Zhao Gang
Published: March 2012

Review: ca. 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Charge‐Accelerated Sulfonium [3,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangements
Authors: Huang Xueliang , Klimczyk Sebastian , Maulide Nuno
Published: March 2012

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reduce to the Maximum: Truncated Natural Products as Powerful Modulators of Biological Processes
Authors: Wach Jean‐Yves , Gademann Karl
Published: March 2012

Review: ca.100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fused Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds with Near Infrared Absorption and Emission
Authors: Jiao Chongjun , Wu Jishan
Published: March 2012

Review: ca.100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: “Pseudo‐Halide” Derivatives of Grubbs′‐ and Schrock‐Type Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Anderson Emily Baird , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: March 2012

Review: about 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Baylis—Hillman Reaction: A Novel Concept for Creativity in Chemistry
Authors: Basavaiah Deevi , Veeraraghavaiah Gorre
Published: March 2012

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Anion Receptor Chemistry: Highlights from 2010
Authors: Wenzel Marco , Hiscock Jennifer R. , Gale Philip A.
Published: March 2012

Review: 179 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Etiology of Potentially Primordial Biomolecular Structures: From Vitamin B12 to the Nucleic Acids and an Inquiry into the Chemistry of Life′s Origin: A Retrospective
Authors: Eschenmoser Albert
Published: March 2012

Review: about 300 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Trend Analysis of Metabonomics and Systematic Review of Metabonomics‐derived Cancer Marker Metabolites
Authors: Ng Doreen Jia Yi , Pasikanti Kishore Kumar , Chan Eric Chun Yong
Published: March 2012

Review: 187 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Porous Carbon‐Supported Catalysts for Energy and Environmental Applications: A Short Review
Authors: Yang Yunxia , Chiang Ken , Burke Nick
Published: March 2012

Review: 141 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Graphene—Inorganic Nanocomposites.
Authors: Bai Song , Shen Xiaoping
Published: March 2012

Review: [547 refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Therapeutic Approach Based on Recent Understanding of the Development of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Hosoi Toru
Published: March 2012

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Fluorous Effect in Biomolecular Applications
Authors: Cametti Massimo , Crousse Benoit , Metrangolo Pierangelo , Milani Roberto , Resnati Giuseppe
Published: March 2012

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembled Supramolecular Networks at Interfaces: Molecular Immobilization and Recognition Using Nanoporous Templates
Authors: Li Min , Zeng Qing Dao , Wang Chen
Published: March 2012

Review: 40 refs.
The Cochrane Library and acute otitis media in children: an overview of reviews
Authors: Oleszczuk Marta , Fernandes Ricardo M. , Thomson Denise , Shaikh Nader
Published: March 2012

Background

Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common clinical problems in childhood with peak incidence occurring in the first 2 years of life.

Objectives

To critically evaluate the available evidence in The Cochrane Library regarding the treatment of AOM.

Methods

The Cochrane Library was searched using the terms ‘otitis media’ and ‘ear infection’. Reviews focusing on the treatment of AOM in children were included. Data on patient relevant outcomes (pain, treatment failure, AOM recurrence and adverse events) were extracted by two authors.

Main results

Six reviews were included in this overview. The first review compared antibiotics with placebo. Antibiotics reduced pain on days 2–7 [odds ratio (OR): 0.61; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49–0.75; Number needed to treat (NNT) = 14] but increased overall adverse events (OR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.14–4.84; NNT = 7). Antibiotics also reduced the number of children with treatment failure (persistence of signs and symptoms at the end of therapy) (OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.27–0.60; NNT = 8), and this effect was larger in two recent randomized controlled trials which used stringent diagnostic criteria and were restricted to young children (OR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.16–0.34; NNT = 4). The second review addressing the length of antibiotic treatment showed that shorter courses of oral antibiotics resulted in a slightly increased likelihood of treatment failure (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.55), although trial quality was limited. In the third review, no significant differences were noted between once‐ or twice‐daily versus three times‐daily administration of amoxicillin‐based antibiotic treatment; however, the quality of the original data on which the review was based was less than optimal. The fourth review compared delayed antibiotics to immediate therapy or to no antibiotics for AOM, with no differences in pain between groups. In the fifth review, decongestants and/or antihistamines were compared with placebo. Decongestants and antihistamines provided no appreciable benefit and were associated with significant adverse events (OR: 3.74; 95% CI: 1.53, 9.16). In the sixth review, topical analgesic drops and placebo were compared. Use of analgesic drops was associated with a significant increase in pain reduction (OR: 3.07; 95% CI: 1.33, 7.05).

Authors' conclusions

Current evidence suggests that antibiotic treatment may be justified in young children with stringently diagnosed AOM. Copyright © 2012 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Synthesis and Evaluation of Lipophilic BTBP Ligands for An/Ln Separation in Nuclear Waste Treatment: The Effect of Alkyl Substitution on Extraction Properties and Implications for Ligand Design (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 8/2012)
Authors: Lewis Frank W. , Harwood Laurence M. , Hudson Michael J. , Distler Petr , John Jan , Stamberg Karel , Núñez Ana , Galán Hitos , Espartero Amparo G.
Published: March 2012

The cover picture shows four radiochemical gloveboxes used for working with plutonium and other α‐active radioactive materials as the background image. The gloveboxes contain centrifugal contactors and mixer‐settler rigs for use in laboratory‐scale solvent extraction, actinide oxide dissolution and aqueous actinide chemistry and spectroscopy. The picture is courtesy of Dr. Robin Taylor, National Nuclear Laboratory, Sellafield, Seascale, Cumbria CA20 1PG, UK. The foreground represents the selective extraction of AmIII over EuIII by new 6,6′‐bis(triazinyl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine (BTBP) ligands, a family of ligands currently under study for the separation of actinides from lanthanides in a proposed future selective actinide extraction (SANEX) process. This separation is foreseen as an important step in reducing the long‐term radiotoxicity of nuclear waste. Details are discussed in the article by F. W. Lewis, L. M. Harwood et al. on p. 1509 ff.

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Experimental simulation of base‐isolated buildings pounding against moat wall and effects on superstructure response
Authors: Masroor Armin , Mosqueda Gilberto
Published: March 2012

Base‐isolated buildings are typically important facilities expected to remain functional after a major earthquake. However, their behavior under extreme ground shaking is not well understood. A series of earthquake simulator experiments were performed to assess performance limit states of seismically isolated buildings under strong ground motions, including pounding against a moat wall. The test setup consists of a quarter scale three‐story frame isolated at the base with friction pendulum bearings and a moat wall model. An effort was made to properly scale the strength and the stiffness of the frame relative to the bearings properties from a professionally designed isolated three‐story steel intermediate moment‐resisting frame so that realistic yielding mechanisms can be observed. The moat wall was modeled as either a rigid triangle steel stopper or a concrete wall of various thicknesses with soil backfill. The moat wall gap was set to various displacement increments to examine the sensitivity of this parameter and also to assess the effects of impact on the superstructure at different velocities. The test results indicate that the contact forces are largely dependent on the gap distance, impact velocity and wall flexibility and, in extreme cases, pounding can induce yielding in the superstructure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Brief Form of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Adult Patients with Bulimic Disorders: A Pilot Study
Authors: Arcelus Jon , Whight Debbie , Brewin Nicky , McGrain Lesley
Published: March 2012

Objective

The aim of the study was to pilot a brief form of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for the treatment of patients with bulimic disorders.

Method

Ten patients with bulimic disorder treated with a new brief version of IPT (IPT‐BN10) completed measurements of eating disorders psychopathology (Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire, Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory). The results were matched with a group of patients treated with conventional IPT and with waiting list control.

Results

Statistical differences were found between starting and ending of therapy for those patients treated with IPT‐BN10. Statistical difference was also found when comparing with waiting list control.

Discussion

The pilot study suggests that IPT‐BN10 may be an effective treatment for patients having bulimic disorders; however, this hypothesis needs to be tested in an experimental way. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Facies and provenance analysis of Paleogene‐age alluvial conglomerates from the northern part of the Mesta Basin, SW Bulgaria
Authors: Ebinghaus A. , McCann T. , Augustsson C.
Published: March 2012

The Mesta Basin in southwest Bulgaria is a graben that contains a Paleogene‐age siliciclastic and volcaniclastic succession deposited in alluvial and fluvial settings. A sedimentological analysis has shed light on conglomerate provenance, and the links between deposition and tectonic setting. Petrographical and chemical analysis of conglomerate clasts and matrix from the Dobrinishka, Gradinishka, Osikovo (or Osenovo) and Zlataritsa formations reveal both local, and more distal source provenance ages. The basal conglomerates are subdivided into three types, a lower and upper polymictic and a middle granitic conglomerate type. Petrographical and chemical analysis reveals granite, gneiss and amphibolite clasts that were sourced from the Sidironero–Mesta Unit of the Middle Allochthon of the Rhodope Metamorphic Complex, and the Rila–Rhodope Batholith to the east of the basin. Cathodoluminescence analysis of quartz sand grains reveals an increased input of red‐ and violet‐luminescent volcanic grains. Volcanic quartz in the oldest conglomerates indicates a hitherto unknown early (pre‐Oligocene) phase of volcanic activity in the vicinity of the Mesta Basin. The conglomerates were deposited in association with movement on the Ribnovo low‐angle normal fault during the Late Eocene, creating subsidence and the development of considerable accommodation space. The establishment of a fluvial environment followed subsequent Oligocene‐age volcanic activity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cosmic spherules from the Ordovician of Argentina
Authors: Voldman G. G. , Genge M. J. , Albanesi G. L. , Barnes C.R. , Ortega G.
Published: March 2012

The discovery of magnetic spherules in acid‐insoluble residues from conodont samples encouraged a systematic search for Ordovician micrometeorites from northwestern Argentina. Some 220 melted micrometeorites were recovered from the magnetic fraction of six samples (total rock weight: 23 kg) from the Cordillera Oriental (Santa Rosita Formation) and 17 from five samples (total rock weight: 8.9 kg) from the Argentine Precordillera (Las Aguaditas, Gualcamayo and Las Vacas formations). The specimens resemble I‐type cosmic spherules, in their chemistry and distinct dendritic and polygonal crystalline structures. They represent a flux of micrometeorites several orders of magnitude greater than present. The wide differences in spherule abundance between the Precordillera and the Cordillera Oriental samples could reflect uncertainties in the sedimentary rates or temporal variations in the flux of extraterrestrial matter to Earth. The micrometeorite‐bearing formations span the late Tremadocian to the late Darriliwian (~480–460 Ma), which is consistent with a period of elevated flux of extraterrestrial material, as recorded several thousand kilometres away from coeval horizons in Scotland, Sweden and central China. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronic inflammation, immune escape, and oncogenesis in the liver: A unique neighborhood for novel intersections
Authors: Stauffer Jimmy K. , Scarzello Anthony J. , Jiang Qun , Wiltrout Robert H.
Published: March 2012

Sustained hepatic inflammation, driven by alcohol consumption, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and/or chronic viral hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), results in damage to parenchyma, oxidative stress, and compensatory regeneration/proliferation. There is substantial evidence linking these inflammation-associated events with the increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Although acute liver inflammation can play a vital and beneficial role in response to liver damage or acute infection, the effects of chronic liver inflammation, including liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, are sufficient in a fraction of individuals to initiate the process of transformation and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. This review highlights immune-dependent mechanisms that may be associated with hepatocellular oncogenesis, including critical transformative events/pathways in the context of chronic inflammation and subverted tolerogenesis. (Hepatology 2012)
Long-term follow-up of hemodynamic responders to pharmacological therapy after variceal bleeding
Authors: Augustin Salvador , González Antonio , Badia Laia , Millán Laura , Gelabert Aranzazu , Romero Alejandro , Segarra Antoni , Martell María , Esteban Rafael , Guardia Jaime , Genescà Joan
Published: March 2012

Although it is assumed that hemodynamic responders to pharmacological therapy after a variceal hemorrhage are adequately protected from rebleeding, there is no evidence that either this response or its protective effect extend beyond the usual 2-year follow-up featured in available studies. We aimed to assess the maintenance of hemodynamic response and its impact on outcomes in a large cohort of hemodynamic responders during a long follow-up. One hundred three patients with cirrhosis admitted with acute variceal bleeding between 2001 and 2010 were prospectively evaluated. The hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) was determined 5 days after the bleeding and repeated 5-7 days after maximal tolerated doses of nadolol and nitrates. Hemodynamic responders (HVPG ≤12 mm Hg or ≥20% decrease from baseline) were maintained on drugs and followed up with annual HVPG measurements. Forty-eight patients (47%) were hemodynamic responders. The median follow-up was 48 months (range, 2-108 months). Long-term HVPG evaluations could not be performed in eight patients (four deaths, two rebleedings, two follow-ups <1 year). Among the remaining 40 patients, hemodynamic response was maintained in 26 (65%) and lost in 14 (35%). There were no baseline differences between the two subgroups. However, 100% of alcoholic patients who remained abstinent maintained long-term response, compared with 36% of nonabstinent alcoholics and 50% of patients with viral cirrhosis. Patients with loss of hemodynamic response rebled more during follow-up and showed a higher incidence of death or liver transplantation.

Conclusions

: After variceal bleeding, long-term maintenance of hemodynamic response to drug therapy is mainly restricted to patients with alcoholic cirrhosis who remain abstinent. The loss of this long-term response carries worse clinical outcomes. (HEPATOLOGY 2012)
Surface‐Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization in Ordered Mesoporous Silicas
Authors: Kruk Michal
Published: March 2012

Recent advances in the synthesis of well‐defined high‐surface‐area mesoporous silica/polymer composites via surface‐initiated polymerization (“grafting from” method) and via attachment of preformed polymer chains (“grafting to” method) to surfaces of ordered mesoporous silicas (OMSs) are reviewed in the context of related research areas. Prior work on polymerizations in nanoscale confinements of OMSs is outlined and surface‐initiated polymerization in disordered mesoporous silicas is briefly discussed. Early work on the surface‐initiated radical polymerization initiated from OMS surface is reviewed and recent work involving OMS supports with large mesopores is discussed to illustrate the ability to form well‐defined polymer brushes in nanopores using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The synthesis of polymer brushes in mesopores through the combination of ATRP or other polymerizations and the “click” chemistry is also outlined.
Removal of monochlorobenzene from air in a trickling biofilter at high loading rates
Authors: Zilli Mario , Nicolella Cristiano
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND: In this study, the biofiltration of air streams laden with monochlorobenzene (MCB) vapours was investigated using a trickling biofilter operated co‐currently. The device was filled with ceramic material and inoculated with an acclimated microbial culture. A neutralization process was carried out in a separate unit using crushed oyster shells. Long‐term biofilter performance was evaluated over a 10‐month period of continuous experiments under different influent pollutant concentrations from 0.10 to 1.75 g m−3, sequentially stepped up through three different apparent air residence times of 60, 30, and 15 s.

RESULTS: Pollutant removal was shown to be complete at influent concentrations up to 1.25, 0.75 and 0.20 g m−3, and apparent air residence times of 60, 30, and 15 s, respectively. The maximum elimination capacity was found to be 95.0 g mPM−3 h−1 for an influent concentration of 1.0 g m−3 and an apparent air residence time of 30 s, corresponding to a loading rate of 120.0 g mPM−3 h−1. Monochlorobenzene and biomass concentration profiles along the biofilter evidenced the dependence of microbial concentration distribution on the pollutant loading rate and the existence of a linear relationship between biomass concentration and specific pollutant removal rate, regardless of the operating conditions applied. A macrokinetic analysis shows that the MCB removal rate is zeroth order for low values of MCB concentration. A critical value of MCB concentration exists at all superficial air velocity at which the biomass growth is inhibited. A simple kinetic model is developed which is able to describe the inhibition behaviour under any operating conditions.

CONCLUSION: The experimental results indicated that the system was effective and stable under various working conditions and over a long operating period, provided that the loading conditions corresponding to substrate inhibition of microbial growth are not exceeded. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of temperature and air flow rate on carbon and nitrogen compounds changes during the biodrying of swine manure in order to produce combustible biomasses
Authors: Avalos Ramirez Antonio , Godbout Stéphane , Léveillée François , Zegan Dan , Larouche Jean‐Pierre
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND: Manure is the main waste of raising livestock, when spreading in soils can cause surface and ground water pollution. The management of manure is associated with emissions of greenhouse gases and odours. Dry manure contains at least 45% of carbon. This is an attractive characteristic for energetic valorisation. To use manure in the production of energy, it must be previously dried.

RESULTS: Wet solids from swine manure containing 30% of dry matter were dried in laboratory scale biodryers. Four levels of aeration rate from 0.4 to 4 L min−1 kg$^{-1}_{\rm {DM}}$ and five levels of temperature from 25 to 65 °C were tested. The highest emissions of CO2, NH3 and N2O occurred at the highest air flow rate of 4 L min−1 kg$^{-1}_{\rm {DM}}$. For all operating conditions, the high calorific power had a mean value of 15 ± 0.4 MJ kg$^{-1}_{\rm {DM}}$. The dried biomass obtained had an energetic potential to valorise by combustion.

CONCLUSION: The bed temperature and aeration rate have an effect on carbon and nitrogen bio‐cycles. These operating parameters can also control the release quantity and gaseous form of nitrogen. Several problems related to swine manure management can be solved by using biodrying, an economic and environmental friendly technology. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Photocatalytic oxidation of treated municipal wastewaters for the removal of phenolic compounds: optimization and modeling using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANNs)
Authors: Antonopoulou Maria , Papadopoulos Vassilios , Konstantinou Ioannis
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND: TiO2 heterogeneous photocatalysis should be optimized before application for the removal of pollutants in treated wastewaters. The response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were applied to model and optimize the photocatalytic degradation of total phenolic (TPh) compounds in real secondary and tertiary treated municipal wastewaters.

RESULTS: RSM was developed by considering a central composite design (CCD) with three input variables, i.e. TiO2 mass, initial concentration of TPh and irradiation intensity. At the same time a feed‐forward multilayered perceptron ANN trained using back propagation algorithms was used and compared with RSM. Under the optimum conditions established in experiments ([TPh]0 = 3 mg L−1; [TiO2] = 300 mg L−1; I = 600 W m−2) the degradation for both TPh and total organic carbon (TOC) followed pseudo‐first‐order kinetic model. Complete degradation of TPh took place in 180 min and reduction of TOC reached 80%. A significant abatement of the overall toxicity was accomplished as revealed by Microtox bioassay.

CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the variables considered have important effects on TPh removal efficiency. The results demonstrated that the use of experimental design strategy is indispensable for successful investigation and adequate modeling of the process and that ANNs gave better modelling capability than RSM. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Fabrication and characterization of albumin‐acacia nanoparticles based on complex coacervation as potent nanocarrier
Authors: Hedayati Rouhollah , Jahanshahi Mohsen , Attar Hussain
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND: Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Gum Arabic (Acacia) were used to fabricate nanoparticles (NPs) as a new nanocarrier for drug and bioactive delivery systems. Several parameters, namely pH, protein to polysaccharide ratio, ionic strength, total biopolymer concentration, temperature, agitation speed and glutaraldehyde concentration were investigated for their effect on the product preparation process. Besides fabrication, the stabilization step including heating, ultrasonicating, cross‐linking, and its effect on average size and polydispersity of NPs was examined.

RESULTS: Total biopolymer concentration had no marked effect on the average size of prepared NPs although it did affect other systems produced by complex coacervation. The most effective parameters were pH, temperature and ionic strength, which affected this system (albumin‐acacia) by a complicated route. The smallest size of prepared NPs (i.e. the best product) was 108 nm, which was fabricated under the optimum condition of T = 4 °C, pH = 4.9, $Pr{:}Ps = 2$, and Is = 0.

CONCLUSION: Of the stabilization methods tested, heating gave the best results. The fabricated NPs were purified with a 0.45 µm syringe filter and analyzed by PCS, SEM, FTIR and DSC. The mechanism of complex coacervation for preparing NPs, and their use as a nanodelivery system are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Discrimination of organic coffee via Fourier transform infrared–photoacoustic spectroscopy
Authors: Gordillo‐Delgado Fernando , Marín Ernesto , Cortés‐Hernández Diego Mauricio , Mejía‐Morales Claudia , García‐Salcedo Angela Janet
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND: Procedures for the evaluation of the origin and quality of ground and roasted coffee are constantly needed for the associated industry due to complexity of the related market. Conventional Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can be used for detecting changes in functional groups of compounds, such as coffee. However, dispersion, reflection and non‐homogeneity of the sample matrix can cause problems resulting in low spectral quality. On the other hand, sample preparation frequently takes place in a destructive way. To overcome these difficulties, in this work a photoacoustic cell has been adapted as a detector in a FTIR spectrophotometer to perform a study of roasted and ground coffee from three varieties of Coffea arabica grown by organic and conventional methods.

RESULTS: Comparison between spectra of coffee recorded by FTIR‐photoacoustic spectrometry (PAS) and by FTIR spectrophotometry showed a better resolution of the former method, which, aided by principal components analysis, allowed the identification of some absorption bands that allow the discrimination between organic and conventional coffee.

CONCLUSION: The results obtained provide information about the spectral behavior of coffee powder which can be useful for establishing discrimination criteria. It has been demonstrated that FTIR‐PAS can be a useful experimental tool for the characterization of coffee. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
The Stein Effect: an Alternative Film‐induced Tourism Perspective
Authors: Busby Graham , Huang Rong , Jarman Rebecca
Published: March 2012

Cornwall, in the far west of England, has long been a popular holiday destination, attracting visitors with a range of motivations, both domestically and internationally. At the same time, gastronomy has become more of a motivation, and when viewed on the small screen with celebrity chef involvement, it is argued that a form of film‐induced tourism occurs. The research identified the influence of television celebrity chef Rick Stein upon visitors to the small, coastal town of Padstow, also now known as Padstein. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micropatterning Polydiacetylene Supramolecular Vesicles on Glass Substrates using a Pre‐Patterned Hydrophobic Thin Film
Authors: Choi Ji‐Min , Yoon Bora , Choi Kyungyong , Seol Myeong‐Lok , Kim Jong‐Man , Choi Yang‐Kyu
Published: March 2012

A micropatterning method for depositing polydiacetylene (PDA) supramolecular vesicles on glass substrates, employing a pre‐patterned hydrophobic thin film, is presented. The pre‐patterned hydrophobic thin film is used to define surface‐exposed regions on hydrophilic glass substrates where selective immobilization of PDA vesicles takes place. The observation that fluorescent patterns are generated by heat treatment of the deposited PDAs demonstrates that the vesicles are successfully immobilized in the form of micropatterns. Finally, the possibility that this strategy may be used to design a vesicle‐based sensor chip system is demonstrated by the observation that fluorescence patterns are generated when the immobilized PDA vesicles interact with cyclodextrin.
Discontinuous information in the worst case and randomized settings
Authors: Hinrichs Aicke , Novak Erich , Woźniakowski Henryk
Published: March 2012

We believe that discontinuous linear information is never more powerful than continuous linear information for approximating continuous operators. We prove such a result in the worst case setting. In the randomized setting we consider compact linear operators defined between Hilbert spaces. In this case, the use of discontinuous linear information in the randomized setting cannot be much more powerful than continuous linear information in the worst case setting. These results can be applied when function evaluations are used even if function values are defined only almost everywhere.
Triebel‐Lizorkin sequence spaces are genuine mixed‐norm spaces
Authors: Brigham Dan , Mitrea Dorina , Mitrea Irina , Mitrea Marius
Published: March 2012

We show that the Triebel‐Lizorkin sequence spaces are, in an appropriate context, genuine mixed‐norm spaces, then use this identification together with the general machinery developed in conjunction with the latter scale of spaces to establish interpolation, duality, factorization, and other functional analytic properties of the Triebel‐Lizorkin spaces.
Reducing RF‐related heating of cardiac pacemaker leads in MRI: Implementation and experimental verification of practical design changes
Authors: Nordbeck Peter , Fidler Florian , Friedrich Michael T. , Weiss Ingo , Warmuth Marcus , Gensler Daniel , Herold Volker , Geistert Wolfgang , Jakob Peter M. , Ertl Georg , Ritter Oliver , Ladd Mark E. , Bauer Wolfgang R. , Quick Harald H.
Published: March 2012

There are serious concerns regarding safety when performing magnetic resonance imaging in patients with implanted conductive medical devices, such as cardiac pacemakers, and associated leads, as severe incidents have occurred in the past. In this study, several approaches for altering an implant's lead design were systematically developed and evaluated to enhance the safety of implanted medical devices in a magnetic resonance imaging environment. The individual impact of each design change on radiofrequency heating was then systematically investigated in functional lead prototypes at 1.5 T. Radiofrequency‐induced heating could be successfully reduced by three basic changes in conventional pacemaker lead design: (1) increasing the lead tip area, (2) increasing the lead conductor resistance, and (3) increasing outer lead insulation conductivity. The findings show that radiofrequency energy pickup in magnetic resonance imaging can be reduced and, therefore, patient safety can be improved with dedicated construction changes according to a “safe by design” strategy. Incorporation of the described alterations into implantable medical devices such as pacemaker leads can be used to help achieve favorable risk‐benefit‐ratios when performing magnetic resonance imaging in the respective patient group. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo CEST MR imaging of U87 mice brain tumor angiogenesis using targeted LipoCEST contrast agent at 7 T
Authors: Flament Julien , Geffroy Françoise , Medina Christelle , Robic Caroline , Mayer Jean‐François , Mériaux Sébastien , Valette Julien , Robert Philippe , Port Marc , Le Bihan Denis , Lethimonnier Franck , Boumezbeur Fawzi
Published: March 2012

LipoCEST are liposome‐encapsulating paramagnetic contrast agents (CA) based on chemical exchange saturation transfer with applications in biomolecular MRI. Their attractive features include biocompatibility, subnanomolar sensitivity, and amenability to functionalization for targeting biomarkers. We demonstrate MR imaging using a targeted lipoCEST, injected intravenously. A lipoCEST carrying Tm(III)‐complexes was conjugated to RGD tripeptide (RGD‐lipoCEST), to target integrin ανβ3 receptors involved in tumor angiogenesis and was compared with an unconjugated lipoCEST. Brain tumors were induced in athymic nude mice by intracerebral injection of U87MG cells and were imaged at 7 T after intravenous injection of either of the two contrast agents (n = 12 for each group). Chemical exchange saturation transfer‐MSME sequence was applied over 2 h with an average acquisition time interval of 13.5 min. The chemical exchange saturation transfer signal was ∼1% in the tumor and controlateral regions, and decreased to ∼0.3% after 2 h; while RGD‐lipoCEST signal was ∼1.4% in the tumor region and persisted for up to 2 h. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a persistent colocalization of RGD‐lipoCEST with ανβ3 receptors in the tumor region. These results constitute an encouraging step toward in vivo MRI imaging of tumor angiogenesis using intravenously injected lipoCEST. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Probiotika: Anforderungen und Wirkmechanismen
Authors: Hörmannsperger Gabriele , Haller Dirk
Published: March 2012

Der gezielte Einsatz probiotischer Mikroorganismen zur Aufrechterhaltung der Gesundheit in Functional‐Food‐Produkten oder zur Prävention und Therapie von Erkrankungen ist aus naturwissenschaftlicher Sicht bisher noch Zukunftsmusik. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, ist vor allem die Charakterisierung physiologisch relevanter, probiotischer Wirkmechanismen notwendig. Erst die Identifizierung protektiver Struktur‐Funktions‐Beziehungen ermöglicht eine rationale Selektion neuer potentieller Probiotika sowie eine gezielte, auf die jeweilige Indikation oder den jeweiligen Konsumenten abgestimmte Verwendung von Probiotika.
FimH‐Inhibitoren – eine neue Möglichkeit chronische Harnwegsinfektionen zu behandeln und zu verhindern
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: March 2012

40 bis 50 % der Frauen durchleiden in ihrem Leben eine Harnwegsinfektion und etwa die Hälfte erkrankt im kommenden halben Jahr ein zweites Mal. Das sind ca. 15 Millionen Infektionen pro Jahr alleine in den USA.
Using time‐to‐onset for detecting safety signals in spontaneous reports of adverse events following immunization: a proof of concept study
Authors: Van Holle Lionel , Zeinoun Ziad , Bauchau Vincent , Verstraeten Thomas
Published: March 2012

Purpose

Disproportionality analyses (DPA) are widely used in pharmacovigilance for detecting safety signals from spontaneous reports of adverse events. In these analyses, time‐to‐onset (TTO; the time between vaccination and the onset of the adverse event) is rarely considered. Our objective is to assess the potential use of TTO to improve signal detection (SD).

Methods

Adverse events were defined as signals for a vaccine if the TTO distribution was significantly different from the distribution of other events for the same vaccine and from the distribution obtained with the same event for other vaccines. Distributions were compared within a time window of 30 days by using the two‐sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic. With the use of the product label as a proxy of true positive safety signals, TTO SD was compared with a standard DPA method (based on stratified empirical Bayesian geometric mean) for an oral live pediatric vaccine (Rotarix™) and an inactivated adult vaccine (Fluarix™).

Results

With the use of the GlaxoSmithKline spontaneous reports database for Rotarix™, 10 Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities preferred terms were identified as signals, and among them, five were listed in the product label. The DPA method identified only three preferred terms from the label, that is, TTO SD showed higher sensitivity and specificity. For Fluarix™, TTO SD also showed higher sensitivity but lower specificity.

Conclusion

This TTO SD method is complementary, conceptually and practically, to more traditional DPA and does not share the major drawback of DPA known as the masking effect. Higher sensitivity and/or specificity can be achieved using TTO SD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eine Gefahr für die Raumfahrt
Authors: Klinkrad Heiner
Published: March 2012

Mehr als 50 Jahre Raumfahrt haben in einigen erdnahen Bahnregionen zu kritischen Konzentrationen sowohl in der Anzahl als auch in der Masse von Raumfahrtrückständen geführt. Im Februar 2009 kam es zu einer ersten Kollision zwischen zwei Satelliten (Iridium 33 und Kosmos 2251). Dieses Ereignis lag im Erwartungsbereich von vorherigen Prognosen, die eine zunehmende Anzahl von Kollisionen zwischen massereichen Objekten als Vorboten einer Kollisions‐Kettenreaktion im erdnahen Weltraum interpretieren. Um einer solchen Entwicklung entgegen zu wirken bedarf es der aktiven Entfernung von nicht mehr funktionstüchtigen Satelliten und Raketenoberstufen, die etwa 75 % der im Orbit befindlichen Masse ausmachen.
Stress management training for breast cancer surgery patients
Authors: Garssen Bert , Boomsma Martijn F. , de Jager Meezenbroek Eltica , Porsild Terry , Berkhof Johannes , Berbee Monique , Visser Adriaan , Meijer Sybren , Beelen Rob H. J.
Published: March 2012

Objective

This study evaluated the psychological effects of a pre‐surgical stress management training (SMT) in cancer patients.

Methods

Stress management training comprised four sessions in total: on 5 days and 1 day pre‐surgery and on 2 days and 1 month post‐surgery. Patients also received audio CDs with relaxation and coping skills exercises. Patients were randomly assigned to the SMT (N = 34) or a regular care condition (N = 36). Depression, anxiety, quality of life, perception of control, fatigue, pain, sleep problems, and surgery‐related somatic symptoms were measured at Day 6 and Day 1 pre‐surgery, and Day 2, 5, 30 and 90 post‐surgery.

Results

Depression and fatigue decreased in the intervention group and increased in the control group, leading to significant group differences at Day 2 (fatigue) and Day 5 post‐surgery (fatigue and depression). It also appeared that surgery‐related symptoms had increased more in the control group 3 months post‐surgery than in the SMT group. No intervention effects were observed for anxiety, pain, and sleep problems.

Conclusion

The use of a short psychological intervention is effective in reducing depression and fatigue in the post‐surgical period, although the effects are of short duration.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sample sizes for trials involving multiple correlated must‐win comparisons
Authors: Julious Steven A. , McIntyre Nikki E.
Published: March 2012

In Clinical trials involving multiple comparisons of interest, the importance of controlling the trial Type I error is well‐understood and well‐documented. Moreover, when these comparisons are themselves correlated, methodologies exist for accounting for the correlation in the trial design, when calculating the trial significance levels. However, less well‐documented is the fact that there are some circumstances where multiple comparisons affect the Type II error rather than the Type I error, and failure to account for this, can result in a reduction in the overall trial power. In this paper, we describe sample size calculations for clinical trials involving multiple correlated comparisons, where all the comparisons must be statistically significant for the trial to provide evidence of effect, and show how such calculations have to account for multiplicity in the Type II error. For the situation of two comparisons, we provide a result which assumes a bivariate Normal distribution. For the general case of two or more comparisons we provide a solution using inflation factors to increase the sample size relative to the case of a single outcome. We begin with a simple case of two comparisons assuming a bivariate Normal distribution, show how to factor in correlation between comparisons and then generalise our findings to situations with two or more comparisons. These methods are easy to apply, and we demonstrate how accounting for the multiplicity in the Type II error leads, at most, to modest increases in the sample size. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.