bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Exposure Assessment for Methylmercury from Seafood for Consumers in the United States
Authors: Carrington Clark D. , Bolger Michael P.
Published: March 2003

An exposure model was developed to relate seafood consumption to levels of methylmercury (reported as mercury) in blood and hair in the U.S. population, and two subpopulations defined as children aged 2–5 and women aged 18–45. Seafood consumption was initially modeled using short‐term (three‐day) U.S.‐consumption surveys that recorded the amount of fish eaten per meal. Since longer exposure periods include more eaters with a lower daily mean intake, the consumption distribution was adjusted by broadening the distribution to include more eaters and reducing the distribution mean to keep total population intake constant. The estimate for the total number of eaters was based on long‐term purchase diaries. Levels of mercury in canned tuna, swordfish, and shark were based on FDA survey data. The distribution of mercury levels in other species was based on reported mean levels, with the frequency of consumption of each species based on market share. The shape distribution for the given mean was based on the range of variation encountered among shark, tuna, and swordfish. These distributions were integrated with a simulation that estimated average daily intake over a 360‐day period, with 10,000 simulated individuals and 1,000 uncertainty iterations. The results of this simulation were then used as an input to a second simulation that modeled levels of mercury in blood and hair. The relationship between dietary intake and blood mercury in a population was modeled from data obtained from a 90‐day study with controlled seafood intake. The relationship between blood and hair mercury in a population was modeled from data obtained from several sources. The biomarker simulation employed 2,000 simulated individuals and 1,000 uncertainty iterations. These results were then compared to the recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) that tabulated blood and hair mercury levels in a cross‐section of the U.S. population. The output of the model and NHANES results were similar for both children and adult women, with predicted mercury biomarker concentrations within a factor of two or less of NHANES biomarker results. However, the model tended to underpredict blood levels for women and overpredict blood and hair levels for children.
Assessing Overall Risk in Reproductive Experiments
Authors: Dunson David B.
Published: March 2003

Toxicologists are often interested in assessing the joint effect of an exposure on multiple reproductive endpoints, including early loss, fetal death, and malformation. Exposures that occur prior to mating or extremely early in development can adversely affect the number of implantation sites or fetuses that form within each dam and may even prevent pregnancy. A simple approach for assessing overall adverse effects in such studies is to consider fetuses or implants that fail to develop due to exposure as missing data. The missing data can be imputed, and standard methods for the analysis of quantal response data can then be used for quantitative risk assessment or testing. In this article, a new bias‐corrected imputation procedure is proposed and evaluated. The procedure is straightforward to implement in standard statistical packages and has excellent operating characteristics when used in combination with a marginal model fit with generalized estimating equations. The methods are applied to data from a reproductive toxicity study of Nitrofurazone conducted by the National Toxicology Program.
A Systematic Uncertainty Analysis of an Evaluative Fate and Exposure Model
Authors: Hertwich Edgar G. , McKone Thomas E. , Pease William S.
Published: March 2003

Multimedia fate and exposure models are widely used to regulate the release of toxic chemicals, to set cleanup standards for contaminated sites, and to evaluate emissions in life‐cycle assessment. CalTOX, one of these models, is used to calculate the potential dose, an outcome that is combined with the toxicity of the chemical to determine the Human Toxicity Potential (HTP), used to aggregate and compare emissions. The comprehensive assessment of the uncertainty in the potential dose calculation in this article serves to provide the information necessary to evaluate the reliability of decisions based on the HTP. A framework for uncertainty analysis in multimedia risk assessment is proposed and evaluated with four types of uncertainty. Parameter uncertainty is assessed through Monte Carlo analysis. The variability in landscape parameters is assessed through a comparison of potential dose calculations for different regions in the United States. Decision rule uncertainty is explored through a comparison of the HTP values under open and closed system boundaries. Model uncertainty is evaluated through two case studies, one using alternative formulations for calculating the plant concentration and the other testing the steady state assumption for wet deposition. This investigation shows that steady state conditions for the removal of chemicals from the atmosphere are not appropriate and result in an underestimate of the potential dose for 25% of the 336 chemicals evaluated.
A Modeling Framework for Exposing Risks in Complex Systems
Authors: Sharit Joseph
Published: March 2003

This article introduces and develops a modeling framework for exposing risks in the form of human errors and adverse consequences in high‐risk systems. The modeling framework is based on two components: a two‐dimensional theory of accidents in systems developed by Perrow in 1984, and the concept of multiple system perspectives. The theory of accidents differentiates systems on the basis of two sets of attributes. One set characterizes the degree to which systems are interactively complex; the other emphasizes the extent to which systems are tightly coupled. The concept of multiple perspectives provides alternative descriptions of the entire system that serve to enhance insight into system processes. The usefulness of these two model components derives from a modeling framework that cross‐links them, enabling a variety of work contexts to be exposed and understood that would otherwise be very difficult or impossible to identify. The model components and the modeling framework are illustrated in the case of a large and comprehensive trauma care system. In addition to its general utility in the area of risk analysis, this methodology may be valuable in applications of current methods of human and system reliability analysis in complex and continually evolving high‐risk systems.
Perception of Hazards: The Role of Social Trust and Knowledge
Authors: Siegrist Michael , Cvetkovich George
Published: March 2003

Recent research indicates that social trust of those who manage a hazard is strongly correlated to judgments about the hazard's risk and benefits. The present study investigates the more specific question of “For which hazards is this?” It was postulated that when an individual lacks knowledge about a hazard, social trust of authorities managing the hazard determines perceived risks and benefits. On the other hand, when an individual has personal knowledge about a hazard and therefore does not need to rely on managing authorities, social trust is unrelated to judged risks and benefits. Participants (N = 91) assessed risks, benefits, and trust in managing authorities and personal knowledge associated with 25 hazardous technologies and activities. As expected, strong correlations between social trust and judged risks and benefits were observed for hazards about which people did not possess much knowledge. No significant correlations between social trust and judged risks and benefits were found for hazards about which people were knowledgeable. Results suggest that the lay public relies on social trust when making judgments of risks and benefits when personal knowledge about a hazard is lacking. Replicating findings of other studies, the present study also found negative correlations between perceived risks and perceived benefits. When social trust was controlled for, correlations between perceived risks and benefits diminished. Implications of the results for risk management are discussed.
Socioeconomic Determinants of Health‐ and Food Safety‐Related Risk Perceptions
Authors: Dosman Donna M. , Adamowicz Wiktor L. , Hrudey Steve E.
Published: March 2003

Individual and societal perceptions of food‐related health risks are multidimensional and complex. Social, political, psychological, and economic factors interact with technological factors and affect perceptions in complex ways. Previous research found that the significant determinants of risk perceptions include socioeconomic and behavioral variables. Most of these past results are based on two‐way comparisons and factor analysis. The objective of this study was to analyze the significance of socioeconomic determinants of risk perceptions concerning health and food safety. A multivariate approach was used and the results were compared with earlier bivariate results to determine which socioeconomic predictors were robust across methods. There were two major findings in this study. The first was that the results in the multivariate models were generally consistent with earlier bivariate analysis. That is, variables such as household income, number of children, gender, age, and voting preferences were strong predictors of an individual's risk perceptions. The second result was that the gender of the respondent was the only variable found to be robust across all three classes of health and food safety issues across two time periods.
Perceived Risks of Conventional and Organic Produce: Pesticides, Pathogens, and Natural Toxins
Authors: Williams Pamela R. D. , Hammitt James K.
Published: March 2003

Public risk perceptions and demand for safer food are important factors shaping agricultural production practices in the United States. Despite documented food safety concerns, little attempt has been made to elicit consumers' subjective risk judgments for a range of food safety hazards or to identify factors most predictive of perceived food safety risks. In this study, over 700 conventional and organic fresh produce buyers in the Boston area were surveyed for their perceived food safety risks. Survey results showed that consumers perceived relatively high risks associated with the consumption and production of conventionally grown produce compared with other public health hazards. For example, conventional and organic food buyers estimated the median annual fatality rate due to pesticide residues on conventionally grown food to be about 50 per million and 200 per million, respectively, which is similar in magnitude to the annual mortality risk from motor vehicle accidents in the United States. Over 90% of survey respondents also perceived a reduction in pesticide residue risk associated with substituting organically grown produce for conventionally grown produce, and nearly 50% perceived a risk reduction due to natural toxins and microbial pathogens. Multiple regression analyses indicate that only a few factors are consistently predictive of higher risk perceptions, including feelings of distrust toward regulatory agencies and the safety of the food supply. A variety of factors were found to be significant predictors of specific categories of food hazards, suggesting that consumers may view food safety risks as dissimilar from one another. Based on study findings, it is recommended that future agricultural policies and risk communication efforts utilize a comparative risk approach that targets a range of food safety hazards.
Budgeting in Slovenia During the Democratic Transition
Authors: LeLoup Lance T. , Ferfila Bogomil , Herzog Christina
Published: March 2003

Slovenia represents an interesting and important case in the study of comparative budgeting in post‐socialist countries during democratization and economic reform. Compared to Hungary and other nations in the region, Slovenia has had more budget stability and has maintained fiscal balances through shared political norms and strong ministerial guardianship. Political culture, institutional capacity, and the nature of governing coalitions all affected budget outcomes. In general, Slovenia has moved more quickly to reform its budgetary institutions and processes but still faces a range of difficult budget issues and choices.
The Risk‐Return Paradox in Local Government Investing
Authors: McCue Clifford P.
Published: March 2003

This study contrasts expected utility theory in the form of modern portfolio theory (MPT) with a descriptive psychological analysis in the form of prospect theory. For local government investment managers, the assumptions underlying MPT are violated in the manner predicted by prospect theory. Findings confirm the notion that local government investment managers are risk‐averse when facing an investment gain and risk‐seeking when facing an investment loss. Although a number of researchers have appealed to prospect theory to explain firm and industry risk patterns, the utility of prospect theory in public sector organizations is questioned. This study finds that irrespective of their personal disposition toward risk, local government chief investment officers defer to a compelling public interest when making investment decisions for their organization.
The New Governmental Financial Reporting Model under GASB Statement No. 34: An Emphasis on Accountability
Authors: Voorhees William R. , Kravchuk Robert S.
Published: March 2003

After more than a decade and a half of research, study, and public comment, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) in June 1999 issued the standards for a new governmental accounting model, GASB Statement No. 34, Basic Financial Statements—and Management's Discussion and Analysis—for State and Local Governments (hereafter Statement No. 34). These new standards introduced significant operational accountability by adding a set of additional government‐wide financial statements to the current set of fund‐based financial statements, which had previously focused on fiscal accountability. Other changes have resulted in substantially improved accountability in the government reporting model.
The Structure of Max Weber's Ethic of Responsibility
Authors: Starr Bradley E.
Published: March 2003

Max Weber's distinction in “Politics as a Vocation” between the ethic of conviction and the ethic of responsibility is best understood as a distinction between mutually exclusive ethical worldviews. Interpretations that correlate the two ethics with Weber's distinction between value‐rational social action and instrumental‐rational social action are misleading since Weber assumes that both types of rational social action are present in both ethics. The ethic of conviction recognizes a given hierarchy of values as the context for moral endeavor. The ethic of responsibility acknowledges value obligations, but assumes the absence of any given hierarchy of values and the inevitability of value conflict as the context for moral endeavor. When interpreted in the context of his multilayered understanding of value conflict, Weber's ethic of responsibility emerges as a coherent ethical perspective.
Just War Theory In Comparative Perspective: A Review Essay
Authors: Ilesanmi Simeon O.
Published: March 2003

The late twentieth century has provided both reasons and occasions for reassessing just war theory as an organizing framework for the moral analysis of war. Books by G. Scott Davis, James T. Johnson, and John Kelsay, together with essays by Jeffrey Stout, Charles Butterworth, David Little, Bruce Lawrence, Courtney Campbell, and Tamara Sonn, signal a remarkable shift in war studies as they enlarge the cultural lens through which the interests and forces at play inpolitical violence are identified and evaluated. In his review of the contribution made by these texts, the author focuses on the cohesion of just war theory, the asymmetry between Christian and Islamic attitudes toward holy war, and the need to develop just war theory into a tool adequate to assist in the moral evaluation of violent conflicts within, not just between, nation‐states.
Sieges, Shipwrecks, andSensible Knaves: Justice and Utility in Butler and Hume
Authors: Bowlin John R.
Published: March 2003

By examining the theories of justice developed by Joseph Butler and David Hume, the author discloses the conceptual limits of their moral naturalism. Butler was unable to accommodate the possibility that justice is, at least to some extent, a social convention. Hume, who more presciently tried to spell out the conventional character of justice, was unable to carry through that project within the framework of his moral naturalism. These limits have gone unnoticed,largely because Butler and Hume have been misinterpreted, their relation misconstrued. Exegetes have persistently misunderstood the differences that divide them, have misconceived the notion of “public utility” in Hume's account of justice, have wrongly interpreted Butler as a forerunner of Immanuel Kant, and have altogether missed the degree to which Hume stands in the tradition of Thomas Aquinas.
Recovering the Pastness of the Past: A Response to the Focus on Eighteenth‐Century Ethics
Authors: Schneewind J. B.
Published: March 2003

In its dominantly ahistorical character, the Journal of Religious Ethics has much in common with its counterparts among philosophical journals, showing as clearly as they do the widespread antihistorical bias oftwentieth‐century analytical philosophy. Moreover, such historical work as the journal has published has been tied unnecessarily closely to the voluntarist (divine command) paradigm. While drawing attention to the antivoluntarist strand in the history of ethics, the articles by John Bowlin, Mark Cladis, and Mark Larrimore, together with the introduction by Jennifer Herdt, demonstrate that the purposes of inquiry in religious ethics are better served by attending to the past than by ignoring it.
A History of the Extraterrestrial Life Debate
Authors: Crowe Michael J.
Published: March 2003

From antiquity to the present, humans have debated whether intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe. This presentation will survey this debate, examining the roles played in it by science, religion, philosophy, and other areas of human learning. One thesis that will be developed is that whether or not extraterrestrials exist, ideas about them have strongly influenced Western thought.
Race and Theory: Culture, Poverty, and Adaptation to Discrimination in Wilson and Ogbu
Authors: Gould Mark
Published: March 2003

This article provides the theoretical resources to resolve a number of conundrums in the work of William Julius Wilson and John Ogbu. Contrary to what Wilson's and Ogbu's work sometimes imply, inner-city blacks are not enmeshed in a “culture of poverty,” but rather are generally committed to mainstream values and their normative expectations. Activities that deviate from these values derive from the cognitive expectations inner-city blacks have formed in the face of their restricted legitimate opportunity structures. These expectations, which suggest that educational and occupational success are improbable for inner-city residents, are accurate. If their opportunities were to improve, their cognitive expectations would change and most would be committed to taking advantage of these new opportunities. The differences that separate the inner-city poor from whites center on cultural symbols, which help constitute their identity, sometimes in opposition to the white majority. Most deficiencies in performance among blacks stem not from these cultural attributes, but from the way they are processed in white-dominated organizations. Given a majority commitment to equal opportunity and a majority belief that blacks actually have equal opportunity, many conclude from their performance that blacks are in some sense inferior. This “new racism” overdetermines the performance of blacks.
Determining Inputs for Neural Network Models of Multivariate Time Series
Authors: Maier H. R. , Dandy G. C.
Published: March 2003

In recent years, artificial neural networks have been used successfully to model multivariate water resources time series. By using analytical approaches to determine appropriate model inputs, network size and training time can be reduced. In this paper, it is proposed that the method of Haugh and Box and a new neural network–based approach can be used to identify the inputs for multivariate artificial neural network models. Both methods were used to obtain the inputs for a multivariate artificial neural network model used for forecasting salinity in the River Murray at Murray Bridge, South Australia. The methods were compared with a third method that uses knowledge of travel times in the river to identify a reasonable set of inputs. The results obtained indicate that all three methods are suitable for determining the inputs for multivariate time series models. However, the neural network–based method is preferable because it is quicker and simpler to use. Any prior knowledge of the underlying processes should be used in conjunction with the neural network method.
Predicting the Outcome of Construction Litigation Using Neural Networks
Authors: Arditi David , Oksay Fatih E. , Tokdemir Onur B.
Published: March 2003

In this study, neural networks were used to predict the outcome of construction litigation. Disagreements between the owner and the contractor can arise from such considerations as interpretation of the contract, changes made by the owner, differing site conditions, acceleration and suspension of work, and so forth. When there are disagreements between the contractor and the owner, the result is the inefficient use of resources and higher costs for both the owner and the contractor, as well as damage to the reputation of both sides. Neural networks may help to predict the outcome of construction claims that are normally affected by a large number of complex and interrelated factors. Data composed of characteristics of cases and circuit and appellate court decisions were extracted from cases filed in Illinois appellate courts in the last 12 years. A network was trained using these data, and a rate of prediction of 67% was obtained. If the parties to a dispute know with some certainty how the case would be resolved if it were taken to court, it is believed that the number of disputes could be reduced greatly.
A GIS‐Based Multimodal Advanced Traveler Information System
Authors: Mouskos Kyriacos C. , Greenfeld Joshua
Published: March 2003

A conceptual Multimodal Advanced Traveler Information System (MATIS) was developed on a Sun SPARC 10 workstation using the ARC/INFO GIS software platform. The primary components of the MATIS are the databases, the data‐processing algorithms, and the user interface. The data‐processing algorithms include route planning for private automobile, transit, and ride sharing. These algorithms are executed independently of each other in the present version of the system. The user interface allows the users to enter the input through customized menus that were developed using the ARC/INFO capabilities. The system can accept both subscribers, who have their individual profile in the system containing their travel characteristics for one or more of each subsystems, and nonsubscribers, who can enter at any time into the system and receive travel information from any of the subsystems. Any user can subscribe or unsubscribe to/from the system at any time. The design and the required input/output of MATIS are outlined, and future enhancements of the model are suggested.
Modeling an Asphalt Pavement Repair System Considering Fuzziness of Budget Constraints
Authors: Saitoh Masamichi , Fukuda Tadashi
Published: March 2003

Generally, it is difficult to decide a repair budget program for asphalt pavement during the analysis period at the planning stage. Furthermore, with the increase in the number of projects, the changes in the life‐cycle cost tend to be insensitive to the changes in budget. In order to take into consideration these ambiguities in pavement repair programs, an optimization system applying fuzzy‐set theory is developed.
Structural Concrete Analysis Using Rigid‐Body‐Spring Networks
Authors: Bolander, Jr. J. E. , Hong G. S. , Yoshitake K.
Published: March 2003

This article presents a new computational approach for supporting the design of structural concrete. The main purpose of this research is to facilitate construction, interpretation, and revision of the analysis model through (1) highly automated mesh generation, (2) discrete modeling of the material components and cracking, (3) dependence on basic material parameters, and (4) graphic rendering of the response quantities, most notably crack locations and widths. Concrete material is represented by a rigid‐body‐spring network whose geometry is defined by a Voronoi diagram on randomly distributed points. Random geometry of the network reduces mesh bias on potential cracking directions. Concrete cracking is modeled using an energetic fracture mechanics approach that is objective with respect to network component density and random geometry. Reinforcing material may assume any piecewise linear trajectory and is positioned irrespective of the spring network defining the concrete material. Viability of the approach is demonstrated through elastic stress analyses and ultimate failure analyses of T‐shape bridge piers subjected to eccentric loading.
Optimal Design of Water Distribution Systems Using Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Vairavamoorthy Kalanithy , Ali Mohammed
Published: March 2003

This article proposes an optimal design methodology for the design of water distribution systems based on genetic algorithms. The objective of the optimization is to minimize the capital cost, subject to ensuring adequate pressures at all nodes. The proposed method differs from those of previous workers who have applied genetic algorithms in that the strings in the genetic algorithm model are coded using real variables, and this avoids the problem of redundant states often found when using binary (and Gray) coding schemes. A fitness function is also proposed that incorporates a variable penalty coefficient that depends on the degree of violation of the pressure constraints. The method also differs from those of previous workers in that it does not require solution of the nonlinear equations governing the flows and pressures in the distribution system for each individual member within the population. Hence this method shows a significant advantage compared with previously published techniques in terms of computational efficiency. The method has been tested on several networks, including networks used for benchmark testing least‐cost design algorithms, and has been shown to be very efficient and robust.
A Hybrid AL‐Based System for Site Layout Planning in Construction
Authors: Elbeltagi Emad , Hegazy Tarek
Published: March 2003

The layout of temporary facilities on a construction site is a complex and experience‐based process that aims at minimizing the travel distance among facilities and improving site productivity and safety. To address the difficulties associated with the process, this article presents a hybrid system for construction‐site layout planning. The originality of the proposed system stems from its integration of three components, each is developed based on a different artificial intelligence (AI)–based technique: (1) a knowledge base that stores and uses information related to identifying necessary facilities and their sizes, (2) a fuzzy quantifier to address the vagueness inherent in the project manager's assessment of facilities' closeness relationships, and (3) an improved genetic algorithm to search for an optimal layout solution. Details of the system are described, and a case study is used to demonstrate its capabilities. Possible extensions are then outlined.
Topology Design of Truss Structures in a Multicriteria Environment
Authors: Ruy Won‐Sun , Yang Young‐Soon , Kim Gi‐Hwa , Yeun Yun‐Seog
Published: March 2003

As an analogy of the general design process, this article presents a novel design approach that could generate structural design alternatives having different topologies and then select the optimal structures from them together with simultaneously determining the optimal design variables related to geometry and member size subjected to a multiple objective design environment. For this purpose, a specialized genetic algorithm, called StrGA_DeAl+MOGA, that can handle the design alternatives and multicriteria problems very effectively is developed for the optimal structural design. To validate the developed method, plain‐truss design problems are considered as illustrative examples. To begin with, the promising topologies are generated under the name of “design alternatives” with consideration of the given multiobjective environment. Based on the selected topology of truss structures, the sizing or geometric optimization process starts to determine the optimal design parameters. Three‐bar and ten‐bar truss problems are treated in the article to test the concept and methodology.
Principles for the Prevention and Intervention of Mathematics Difficulties
Authors: Fuchs Lynn S. , Fuchs Douglas
Published: March 2003

Three levels of prevention and intervention in the area of mathematics are addressed: (a) primary prevention focusing on universal design, (b) secondary prevention focusing on adaptations, and (c) tertiary prevention focusing on intensive and explicit contextualization of skills–based instruction.

The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss principles of prevention and intervention in the area of mathematics. First, we identify research–based principles associated with primary prevention. Second, we turn our attention to secondary prevention, with a focus on prereferral intervention. We identify principles that serve to differentiate primary and secondary prevention and specify instructional variables that are promising for use within a secondary prevention mode. Finally, we discuss intervention. We identify principles of effective intervention, which include individually referenced decision making, instructional intensity, and deliberate contextualization of skills–based instruction.
Neuroimaging Studies of Reading Development and Reading Disability
Authors: Pugh Kenneth R. , Mencl W. Einar , Jenner Annette R. , Lee Jun Ren , Katz Leonard , Frost Stephen J. , Shaywitz Sally E. , Shaywitz Bennett A.
Published: March 2003

Converging evidence from a number of neuroimaging studies, including our own, suggest that fluent word identification in reading is related to the functional integrity of two left hemisphere posterior systems: a temporo‐parietal system and a ventral occipito‐temporal system. These posterior systems are functionally disrupted in developmental dyslexia. Reading disabled, relative to nonimpaired, readers demonstrate heightened reliance on both inferior frontal and right hemisphere posterior regions, presumably in compensation for the LH posterior difficulties. We propose a neurobiological account suggesting that for normally developing readers the temporo‐parietal system predominates at first, and is associated with aspects of processing critical in learning to integrate orthography with phonological and lexical‐semantic features of printed words. The occipito‐temporal system, by contrast, constitutes a fast, late‐developing, word‐identification system that underlies fluent word recognition in skilled readers.
The Information Content of Method of Payment in Mergers: Evidence from Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
Authors: Campbell Robert D. , Ghosh Chinmoy , Sirmans C. F.
Published: March 2003

We provide evidence on the information content of the method of payment in mergers by examining shareholder returns in a sample of REIT mergers over the period 1994–1998. When the target firm is publicly held, we find that transactions are always stock‐financed, and that acquiring firm shareholders sustain small negative returns around the announcement date. When the target is privately held, cash financing, mixed (stock and cash) financing, and placement of blocks of acquirer stock with target owners are more prevalent. Acquirer returns are positive in stock‐financed mergers when the target is private, which is consistent with both the information signaling and monitoring by blockholders hypotheses. Further analysis supports the information signaling hypothesis as the dominant explanation. The effects of other explanatory variables are similar whether the target is public or private. Most significantly, acquiring shareholder returns are negatively related to the acquirer's size, but positively related to the acquirer's use of the UPREIT organizational structure. The positive wealth effects of the UPREIT structure are not fully explained as the capitalization of tax benefits.
Optimal Stabilization Policy in the Presence of Learning by Doing
Authors: Martin Philippe , Rogers Carol Ann
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the optimal stabilization policy when growth is driven by learning by doing. If benefits of learning by doing are not fully internalized, the optimal policy is to tax labor during expansions and to subsidize it during recessions. The long‐term impact of this policy depends critically on initial conditions: If stabilization starts during an expansion, it has a positive effect on long‐term production. When stabilization starts during a recession, its long‐term effect is negative. The paper makes a methodological contribution in its analytical derivation of the optimal policy along the transition path as well as in the steady state.
Population Monotonicity and Egalitarianism for Binary Social Choice Problems
Authors: Chun Youngsub
Published: March 2003

We consider the class of binary social choice problems. A society must choose one of two public projects, money being available to perform side payments and each agent having quasi‐linear preferences. Moulin (1987, Quarterly Journal of Economics102, 769–783) formulates the problem and characterizes the egalitarian solution on the basis of agreement. This axiom requires that changes in the preferences of some members of the society should affect the agents whose preferences have not changed in the same direction; all gain or all lose. In this paper, we present an alternative characterization of the egalitarian solution on the basis of population monotonicity. This axiom requires that upon the arrival of new agents, all of the original agents should be affected in the same direction; all gain or all lose.
The Risk Balls Game: Transforming Risk and Insurance Into Tangible Concepts
Authors: Baranoff Etti G.
Published: March 2003

The Risk Balls game is used as a game in an introductory insurance course to demonstrate in a tangible way the notion of risk and its relationship to insurance. Through playing with the ``risk balls,'' each one representing a different type of risk, the students experience feelings of anxiety about risk, and later, the sense of anxiety reduction when they transfer the risk balls to insurers. The game incorporates complex concepts of risk transfer and risk reduction via pooling and sharing of risk. The mathematical implications of the law of large numbers are physically felt in the classroom when the students experience the relief associated with transferring the risk balls to insurers. The discussion that ensues during the game includes aspects of the underwriting process; moral hazard; adverse selection; the role of agents, insurers, and regulators; and the nature of the insurance contract. The game of risk balls stimulates lively group discussions and provides hands‐on experience with risks such as premature death risk or fire risk and the fears associated with them.
The Risk of Obedience: A Consideration of Kierkegaard's Fear and Trembling
Authors: Rae Murray
Published: March 2003

This paper argues that Kierkegaard's defence of Abraham is in the first instance a polemic against the notion that the demands of faith are co‐terminous with the best insights of practical reason. It is further argued that while no justification of Abraham's action at Mount Moriah may be offered, he is nevertheless to be admired for trusting in God beyond the limits of his understanding. Such trust is admirable, however, only in the context of a long life of obedience and love.
The body in analysis: authentic movement and witnessing in analytic practice
Authors: Wyman‐McGinty Wendy
Published: March 2003

This paper will describe a form of active imagination called authentic movement, in which attention is given to the somatic unconscious. In authentic movement, patients are encouraged to focus inward and attend to any bodily sensations, images and feelings which may arise. In the process of focusing inward on one's bodily‐felt experience, images, somatic memory and the accompanying feelings which arise are then available to be explored as a communication from the patient's unconscious. Authentic movement supports the individual in linking image with affect in that the individual re‐experiences the somatic aspect of symbolization. What was previously conserved on the somatic level as unmentalized experience, can now begin to be taken up into the mind, thought about, and made available for analysis. In authentic movement, the analyst acts as a silent witness to the patient's explorations. The quiet focused attention of the witness helps to create a secure containing environment in which the person moving can experience a sense of feeling held and seen. The function of the witness is to hold the patient's experience in his own mind, particularly what is not yet mentalized. The witness utilizes his somatic countertransference, including any images, feelings and bodily responses which are generated by what is being communicated non‐verbally, as a means of understanding and responding to the patient's material.
Archetypes as symbolic forms
Authors: Pietikainen Petteri
Published: March 2003

In Jung's psychology, archetypes are biologically inherited supra‐individual predispositions of the collective unconscious, and in this paper this controversial theory of archetypes is evaluated in the context of Ernst Cassirer's philosophy of symbolic forms. The main thesis of the author is that with the help of the Cassirerian approach, archetypes can be understood as culturally determined functionary forms organizing and structuring certain aspects of man's cultural activity, namely those predominantly non‐cognitive (for example, emotional, numinous, pathological) mental aspects of human life, which remain more or less unarticulated due to their non‐discursive nature. The revision the author is proposing revolves around the notion that the archetypal theory can be removed from the rather unfruitful discourse on the genetic inheritance of archetypes. When archetypes are seen as symbolic forms, Jung's theory is in a position to make a potentially valuable contribution to hermeneutical and cultural studies, as archetypes function in this new context as active constituents of human experiences, which give these experiences a non‐discursive, symbolic form. Thereby, archetypes can become accessible to historical and cultural analyses, and hermeneutical inquiry into the manifold symbolism of mental (including unconscious) phenomena can be enriched.
Under the volcano: varieties of anger and their transformation
Authors: Wiener Jan
Published: March 2003

This paper seeks to illustrate the ambiguity of the affect of ‘anger’ which masks a number of subtly different emotions observable in clinical work. The author differentiates between anger, rage and hatred in terms of the dialectical relationship between ego and self and pays particular attention to why it is that for some patients, experiences of anger may be harnessed creatively into development, whereas for others, they remain self destructive. Using illustrations from work with two patients in analysis, the author describes how a persistent grievance originating in the earliest stages of life is linked with hatred and can lead to a defensive self structure. It is suggested that the clues to the presence of a grievance and to its potential transformation are likely to be observable first in the analyst's countertransference in the form of an all‐embracing emotional strait jacket. Analysts' capacity to tolerate their own hatred is crucial to the transformation of a patient's grievance.
The multiple self: working with dissociation and trauma
Authors: Everest Pauline
Published: March 2003

This paper describes a patient who appears to have a chronic dissociative personality disorder. Renewed clinical interest in dissociative disorders had arisen in North America in the 1980s, in part due to the influence of the Women's Movement which had highlighted the incidence of child sexual abuse. The early psychological observations of Janet, Freud and Jung on hysterical patients who displayed dissociative phenomena were similar to those displayed by the patient. Consideration is given to theoretical understanding of the condition, taking into account the views of the earlier theorists and object‐relations theory.

The possibility of trauma, in particular childhood sexual abuse, as a causative factor in dissociative disorders is discussed.
Conscious mind – conscious body
Authors: Greene Anita U.
Published: March 2003

The incorporation of body awareness and touch techniques within analytic treatment is the main theme of this paper. Beginning with a personal experience of the oneness of body and psyche, the author considers Jung's observation of the physiological accompaniments of emotional reactions and his understanding of body as both shadow and ground. The author proposes a new model of analytic treatment that embraces both the verbal and imaginal as well as the non‐verbal and somatic aspects of psyche. She describes the three elements of her approach: 1) reading what the body is saying about psyche; 2) using the body as an organ of perception; 3) using touch as a therapeutic tool. The effects of the taboo around touch are considered. Clinical examples throughout the paper demonstrate how somatic awareness and the use of touch promote the analytic process.
Exploring racism
Authors: Morgan Helen
Published: March 2003

Whilst the concept of ‘race’ has no basis in genetics or biology, the dynamics of racism pervade all aspects of modern life – including the consulting room. In this paper the relationship between a white therapist and a black patient is explored through an unbidden thought and a verbal slip that occurred in the course of the therapy. The amplification and examination of these unwanted ‘slips’ are used to shed light on the subtleties of the effects of difference in colour on the relationship. It is argued here that the interaction reflects and illuminates the asymmetrical relationship between ‘black’ and ‘white’ in modern western society. This is then considered using the concepts of the cultural unconscious and social unconscious as ways of understanding the tenacity of racism in ourselves.
The Multinomial Probit Model Revisited: A Discussion of Parameter Estimability, Identification and Specification Testing
Authors: Weeks Melvyn
Published: March 2003

In this paper we examine the multinomial probit model in the light of recent developments in the field of simulation‐based inference. We focus upon five broad areas: specification of multinomial choice models; parameter estimability and the use of simulation techniques, parameter identification; specification testing; and practical issues in simulation‐based inference. Although the substitution of simulated probabilities for difficult to compute multidimensional integrals represents a significant step, by examining the more tenuous task of identification and in particular the identification of covariance parameters, we show how the specification and estimation of the multinomial probit still represents a formidable task.
The Heckman Correction for Sample Selection and Its Critique
Authors: Puhani Patrick
Published: March 2003

This paper gives a short overview of Monte Carlo studies on the usefulness of Heckman’s (1976, 1979) two‐step estimator for estimating selection models. Such models occur frequently in empirical work, especially in microeconometrics when estimating wage equations or consumer expenditures.

It is shown that exploratory work to check for collinearity problems is strongly recommended before deciding on which estimator to apply. In the absence of collinearity problems, the full‐information maximum likelihood estimator is preferable to the limited‐information two‐step method of Heckman, although the latter also gives reasonable results. If, however, collinearity problems prevail, subsample OLS (or the Two‐Part Model) is the most robust amongst the simple‐to‐calculate estimators.
Dependent and Accountable: Evidence from the Modern Theory of Central Banking
Authors: Piga Gustavo
Published: March 2003

In this paper we take another look at the literature on central bank independence. We show that the representative‐agent approach to monetary policy is seriously flawed and does not provide a sound basis for deriving institutional solutions to the inflationary‐bias. We then argue that the political approach to monetary policy provides a better account of the inflationary‐bias and that this has important implications for the set‐up of institutional arrangements, like central‐bank independence, and the role of contractual arrangements, like indexation. Central bank independence, if appropriately modeled, can fail to reduce inflationary pressures in plausible circumstances. We then identify some issues in the theory of central banking that have not been clearly resolved and we offer some intuition as to the way they could be studied. We conclude by showing some potentially worrisome implications for the future of the European Monetary Union.
Software Review: Theory and Practice of Econometric Modelling using PcGive10
Authors: Urga Giovanni
Published: March 2003

This review offers a guided tour to PcGive 10 modules for econometrics analysis of time series (PcGive), limited dependent variable (LogitJD) and static and dynamic panel data analyses (DPD), financial econometric (GARCH) and time series (ARFIMA) modelling. Several empirical applications are reported to illustrate the package.
Motivation Crowding Theory
Authors: Frey Bruno S. , Jegen Reto
Published: March 2003

The Motivation Crowding Effect suggests that external intervention via monetary incentives or punishments may undermine, and under different identifiable conditions strengthen, intrinsic motivation. As of today, the theoretical possibility of motivation crowding has been the main subject of discussion among economists. This study demonstrates that the effect is also of empirical relevance. There exist a large number of studies, offering empirical evidence in support of the existence of crowding–out and crowding–in. The study is based on circumstantial evidence, laboratory studies by both psychologists and economists, as well as field research by econometric studies. The pieces of evidence presented refer to a wide variety of areas of the economy and society and have been collected for many different countries and periods of time. Crowding effects thus are an empirically relevant phenomenon, which can, in specific cases, even dominate the traditional relative price effect.
Property Rights and Natural Resource Management in Developing Countries
Authors: Heltberg Rasmus
Published: March 2003

This essay surveys the literature on property rights and natural resource management in developing countries. Focus is on policy relevant discussions concerning collective action, property regimes, local institutions for natural resource management, the evolution of individual property rights to land, land titling by government and poverty–environment linkages. The tendency to draw policy conclusions from simplistic analysis is criticised, and the need for more credible empirical research is highlighted.