bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Security Issues in Web Services
Authors: Dixit Priyanka
Published: February 2018

This chapter describes how security is an important aspect in today's digital world. Every day technology grows with new advancements in various areas, especially in the development of web-based applications. All most all of the web applications are on the internet, hence there is a large probability of attacks on those applications and threads. This makes security necessary while developing any web application. Lots of techniques have been developed for mitigating and defending against threats to the web based applications over the internet. This chapter overviews the important region of web application security, by sequencing the current strategies into a major picture to further the future research and advancement. Firstly, this chapter explains the major problem and obstacles that makes efforts unsuccessful for developing secure web applications. Next, this chapter distinguishes three basic security properties that a web application should possess: validation, integrity, accuracy and portray the comparing vulnerabilities that damage these properties alongside the assault vectors that contain these vulnerabilities.
Flawed Security of Social Network of Things
Authors: Anand Rohit , Sinha Akash , Bhardwaj Abhishek , Sreeraj Aswin
Published: February 2018

This chapter deals with the security flaws of social network of things. The network of things (NoT) is a dynamic structure that is basically an interface of real world and virtual world having capabilities of collection and sharing data over a shared network. The social network of things (SNoT) is a versatile way of connecting virtual and real world. Like any other device connected to internet, objects in SNoT are also vulnerable to the various security and privacy attacks. Generally, to secure Social Network of Things in which human intervention is absent, data capturing devices must be avoided. Types of security attacks that are huge threats to NoT as well as SNoT will be discussed in the chapter. The huge collection of information without necessary security measures allows an intruder to misuse the personal data of owner. Different types of attacks with reference to the different layers are also discussed in detail. The best possible potential solutions for the security of devices in SNoT will be considered.
Detection of Botnet Based Attacks on Network
Authors: Prachi
Published: February 2018

This chapter describes how with Botnets becoming more and more the leading cyber threat on the web nowadays, they also serve as the key platform for carrying out large-scale distributed attacks. Although a substantial amount of research in the fields of botnet detection and analysis, bot-masters inculcate new techniques to make them more sophisticated, destructive and hard to detect with the help of code encryption and obfuscation. This chapter proposes a new model to detect botnet behavior on the basis of traffic analysis and machine learning techniques. Traffic analysis behavior does not depend upon payload analysis so the proposed technique is immune to code encryption and other evasion techniques generally used by bot-masters. This chapter analyzes the benchmark datasets as well as real-time generated traffic to determine the feasibility of botnet detection using traffic flow analysis. Experimental results clearly indicate that a proposed model is able to classify the network traffic as a botnet or as normal traffic with a high accuracy and low false-positive rates.
Cyberattacks, Cybercrime and Cyberterrorism
Authors: Srivastava Saurabh Ranjan , Dube Sachin
Published: February 2018

This chapter describes how with growing reliance of modern society over internet and web-based services in every nook and corner of our daily lives, the threats of disruption and damage to these services has also evolved at a parallel rate. One of these threats having a potential of severe and life-threatening devastations is ‘Cyberterrorism.' Contrasting to non-lethal terms such as ‘internet vandalism' and ‘hacktivism,' cyberterrorism encompasses a daunting reach to destruction to the fabric of our modern society. Because of its nature, despite its rapid growth, contrary to conventional terror attacks, cyberterrorism still seems distant from creating a direct threat to civilian life and society. Due to this distance, there is a lack of attention and focus on counter mechanisms against cyberterrorism. By applying effective techniques and keeping our eyes open, establishments can go a long way to avert cyberterror attacks and also recover quickly in the occurrence of an attack. The conclusion of this chapter is that additional research is needed to identify the areas in which personal and professional functions on the internet are still vulnerable.
Impact of Big Data on Security
Authors: Kashyap Ramgopal , Piersson Albert D.
Published: February 2018

The motivation behind this chapter is to highlight the qualities, security issue, advantages, and disadvantages of big data. In the recent researches, the issue and challenges are due to the exponential growth of social media data and other images and videos. Big data security threats are rising, which is affecting the data heterogeneity adaptability and privacy preservation analytics. Big data analytics helps cyber security, but no new application can be envisioned without delivering new types of information, working on data-driven calculations and expending determined measure of information. This chapter demonstrates how innate attributes of big data are protected.
Experience-Centred Design and the Role of Computer-Aided Tools in the Creative Process
Authors: Olalere Folasayo Enoch
Published: February 2018

In this chapter, the author examines the levels of a cognitive process (visceral, behavioural, and reflection design) in experience-centred design and their applicability in developing effective products. The study further explores the role of computer-aided tools (CAD) in engaging users as the fundamental participants in the creative process. This was achieved by developing two products digitally (CAD models) based on Norman's three design levels, and evaluated using a semantic differential scale to test the emotive response towards the designs. The findings show that CAD is a viable tool for gaining insight into users' perceptions towards a design idea. Also, the results revealed that the process of supporting or sustaining cultural values through design also enhances the affective quality (reflective level) of the design.
A Vitruvian-Inspired Theoretical Framework for Architecture in Virtual Worlds
Authors: Barneche-Naya Viviana , Hernández-Ibáñez Luis A
Published: February 2018

Virtual worlds are an environment for the realization of multiple social activities ranging from entertainment to education, economics, or even medicine. Such activities require virtual spaces and buildings for their development and are inhabited by avatars that stand in place of the user. The architecture of these virtual buildings is, for the most part, a replica of architecture in the real world, and yet the realm of the virtual is replete with opportunities to develop novel and imaginative forms of buildings. It is possible to better meet the requirements and needs of the users if they use formulas adapted to the potentialities of this world of information. In this emerging field of architectural design, there is still no theoretical framework that can guide the creators of virtual buildings. For this reason, the authors propose a possible starting point as it was done in classical times with the real-world architecture, following the example of Vitruvian triad, firmitas, utilitas venustas, which is complemented by the virtual and exclusive domain of virtual architecture.
Soundscaping
Authors: Johansson Michael
Published: February 2018

In this chapter, the author presents how he developed different processes for collectively producing a series explorative soundscapes through interface creation and mechanical artifacts using specific constraints influenced by theories of art, design, and architecture. He shows how he worked with a design methodology that brought together an editor and the final expression of the artwork into one surface of interaction and execution using a virtual cityscape as an iterative ground for sound and music explorations, and gives some examples of different prototypes and iterations. The author also discusses how he tweaked/iterated with the parameters of the framework, the sounds, and the final visual expression to match his artistic intention, and finally to bring some noise.
Mobile Learning
Authors: Leitão Rui , Rodrigues Joao M. F. , Marcos Adérito Fernandes
Published: February 2018

As a consequence of the technological advances and the widespread use of mobile devices to access information and communication in the last decades, mobile learning has become a spontaneous learning model, providing a more flexible and collaborative technology-based learning. Thus, mobile technologies can create new opportunities for enhancing the pupils' learning experiences. This chapter presents the development of a game to assist teaching and learning, aiming to help students acquire knowledge in the field of geometry. The game was intended to develop the following competences in primary school learners (8-10 years): a better visualization of geometric objects on a plane and in space; understanding of the properties of geometric solids; and familiarization with the vocabulary of geometry. Findings show that by using the game, students have improved around 35% the hits of correct responses to the classification and differentiation between edge, vertex, and face in 3D solids.
The Impacts of Climate Change on Food Security and Management in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Ramakrishna Akkinapally , Bang Sergie
Published: February 2018

Papua New Guinea is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change since it encompasses 17,000 km of coastline, 600 low-lying islands, and 2,000 coastal villages. It is vulnerable to sea-level rise and other manifestations of climate change. Climate change provides new and unprecedented challenges that demand equally new and urgent efforts to meet them. Research and development efforts are taking rapid strides forward in understanding what is going to happen to farming, fishery, and forest systems as the climate changes. The interactions that will occur with other global changes within this complex and dynamic situation, as well as the trade-offs between food security, livelihoods, and environmental security are also being studied. PNG is engaging new strategies, forging new partnerships and truly integrating approaches. Climate change risks are effectively mainstreamed in development planning at all levels to build in adaptation and mitigation measures. This chapter looks at these new strategies.
Can Educational Approaches Help to Revolutionize Quantitative Solutions for Climate Change?
Authors: Ahamer Gilbert
Published: February 2018

In order to apply web-supported education to solve one of the foremost issues revolutionizing our life on the planet Earth, this chapter focuses on global climate change and its driving forces from a both didactic and scientific perspective. It describes how to “tackle the task of a transition through technological targets” (T5). It suggests a technology-oriented quantitative approach based on the “Global Change Data Base” for the sharing of hypotheses, scenarios, political applications, and didactic strategies related to planning, developing, managing, using and evaluating technological targets towards climate protection and global sustainability in academia, administration, education and policy consulting. The complete logical chain of cause and effect from social drivers to CO2 emission and climate change is used as an educational basis for advocating the global necessity and potential technological feasibility of CO2 reduction. Students negotiate global structural transitions and a set of CO2 abatement measures (similar to the game “Surfing Global Change”).
International Funding and Collaboration in Sea Level Rise Research
Authors: López-Ferrer Mayte
Published: February 2018

International collaboration and research funding in Sea Level Rise (SLR) research are investigated in this chapter. SLR can be taken as a paradigmatic research area to study the international scientific collaboration and research funding efforts because it is affecting the whole planet and is an interdisciplinary research area involving disciplines belonging to the geosciences but also the life sciences, technology sciences, and social sciences. The aim of the chapter is to identify the main stakeholders in the topic, institutions, and countries; analyze overlapping efforts; identify possible research gaps; and to study the role played by the funding agencies. Bibliometrics and a social network analysis approach are applied. Co-occurrence networks of keywords, affiliations, and funding agencies among scientific papers in Thomson Reuters' Web of Science Core Collection in the SLR topic are analyzed. Conclusions show that international scientific collaboration is common in SLR, but international co-financing is less frequent.
Common Duckweeds as a Model System for Climate Change Impact Assessment
Authors: Rale Vinay , Tendulkar Pooja
Published: February 2018

Common duckweeds – Lemna – are free-floating aquatic macrophytes belonging to Lemnaceae family. They occur universally, in tropical and temperate zones and are enabled to grow in stagnant, slow-flowing, nutrient-enriched waters. They have an ability to grow over a wide range of temperatures (6 – 33 0C) and pH (optimum 5.5 – 7.5). Lemna species also manifest a characteristic macrophyte community in association with plants functioning as a dominant primary producer. Asexual mode of reproduction is exclusive and therefore, all resources are directed towards vegetative growth. Structure wise they show leaflets (frond) and root-like diffuse form. This simple morphological and physiological form offers special scientific and engineering properties – reflected in easy handling and manipulation under laboratory conditions. As a result they are regarded as a model plant system for a number of chemical and biogeochemical studies. Climate change affects plant growth and physiology. For example, increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) or increase in ultraviolet (UV) radiation (due to the thinning of the ozone layer) can have pronounced effects on the growth and development of plants. In many instances the decrease in growth rate can create disturbances in photosynthetic processes. In the recent past there has been a surge in the interest in looking for alternative remediation technologies to meet formidable demands of polluting materials and situations. One such approach is phytoremediation – the use of plants and associated microbes for environmental cleanup. Cardinal points in favour of such an approach are – cost-effectiveness, natural energy-driven and minimal capital and running costs. Potency of Lemna spp. as a phytoremediation agent as well as its limitations haven dealt with in details in literature. Moreover, Lemna spp. are accepted and highly standardized as test organisms in aquatic ecotoxicology. The authors have shown earlier that Lemna spp. can play a vital role in combating pollution burden in a glaring local situation of river pollution. However, the recent trend in research indicates that Lemna spp (duckweeds at large) can play a critical and sensitive role in being an indicator of overt and subtle climate change. The following is an attempt to take a review of such recent trends.
Issues of Climate Change, Impact, and Adaptation Strategies in Nigeria
Authors: Ngozi Nwakor Flora , Okey Amadi C. , Chukwunwike Okwusi Moses , Chinyere Adiele Ezekiel
Published: February 2018

Climate change is a global problem affecting agricultural production, a good adaptation strategy for this phenomena should be sought for increase agricultural production. The study was conducted in Nigeria to assess the Impact of Climate Change on root and tuber crops production among farmers in Nigeria. Secondary data were used for the study, they were collected from NRCRI Umudike and other individual publications. The result shows that climate change had negative impact on root and tubers crops production including potato. Adaptation of Agriculture to climate change in the areas of crop and animal production, post harvest activities and capacity building, divers friction of livelihood sources through the use of different farming methods and improved agricultural practices will help to reduce the impact of climate change. Examples are establishment of forestry, generation of improved and disease resistance crop varieties addition of value into agricultural products and post harvest activities for climate change adaptation and sustainable development.
Recent Trends, Issues, and Challenges in Water Resource Development and Global Climate Change
Authors: Rao Prakash , Patil Yogesh
Published: February 2018

Climate change impacts are being felt in many parts of the world and have become an issue of major concern. Tropical countries particularly those in the Asian region are at greater risk and vulnerable to the impacts of climate change as indicated by the report of IPCC. With regard to India there are several impacts forecast which could have adverse consequences on the natural resources and ecosystems of the country making them vulnerable and reducing their capacity to cope with a changing climatic regime. This introductory chapter of the book provides an insight to the recent trends, issues and challenges in water resource development in context to the global climate change.
Role of Water-Energy-Waste Inter-Relatedness to Drive Sustainability amid Climate Concerns
Authors: Sen Salil K. , Pookayaporn Junya
Published: February 2018

The Sustainability value parity framework is proposed to deepen the understanding of the importance of ‘inter-relatedness' of water-energy-waste with the goal of balancing water usage, aligning energy intensity and optimizing waste utilization. Generic waste that is burgeoning is a deterrent to the practice of sustainability that aligns water, energy, infrastructure, health, food, and lifestyle (Sachs, 2007). This chapter delineates the gap between globalization at the macro-level and global citizenry at the grassroots-base and posits a value bridge assessed by appropriate thresholds of water - energy - waste. The emergent need to strengthen climate resilience and to usher into the sustainable pathway of climate-proofed development needs tuning of processes, lifestyle, hazardous substances and consumption. Climate change manifests as an over-arching risk that is strewn with unpredictability, multiple dimensions, uncertainties, spikes, imbalances leading to inequity.
Traditional Water Management System for Climate Change Adaptation in Mountain Ecosystems
Authors: Padigala Bhaskar Shrinivasulu
Published: February 2018

The physical characteristics and geographical isolation of mountain ecosystems in Himachal Pradesh has contributed towards a practice of cooperation and development of traditional knowledge among local communities. Over the centuries these traditional knowledge has been used to manage resource scarcities and adapt to vulnerabilities by the local population for over many generations. This paper describes one of such traditional ‘Farmers Managed Irrigation System' (FMIS) practice, Kuhl, it's an open channel irrigation system to capture and transfer fresh snowmelt water from the glaciers to the agricultural fields in the valley. The characteristic of the local water management institution (structure, participation, process and governance) has been studied to understand their performance and success in managing water rights over the centuries. Lastly, the paper discusses the relevance of traditional water management against the backdrop of climate change, present status and issues related to the continuance of the Kuhl system and recommendations thereof.
Are Students Ready for Online Learning?
Authors: Lin Yu Peng
Published: February 2018

This article advances knowledge by trying to understand online courses from student behavior. This article analyzed student participation in 15 online courses during the years 2012–2015. The sample includes 106 students and their detailed log-on minutes and grades. The author applied a descriptive analysis, a one-way ANOVA, and a simple regression model. The empirical evidence suggests that student attention is substantially discounted in an online learning environment as evidenced by the much lower-than-expected log-on minutes. Students do not seem to treat online courses as equivalent to their traditional on-site counterparts. They tend to “review for assignments.” It is doubtful that students would achieve the same level of learning outcomes as in a conventional face-to-face instruction. The results help to understand how college instruction can best use the Internet.
Does Impulsive Response to Internal and External Food Cues Lead to Higher Calorie Intake?
Authors: Asirvatham Jebaraj
Published: February 2018

Measuring the impact of self-control on caloric intake has proved challenging in non-experimental studies. In this article, we study the relationship between self-control and food intake quantified by calories. Using validated behavioral measures, we find that impulsivity increases caloric intake, and that restraint decreases intake. Furthermore, the effect of impulsivity and restraint is more pronounced at the upper end of the calorie distribution. Thus, individuals already consuming more calories display a heightened reaction and likelihood to succumb to food environmental pressures. An individual's decision to diet, when allowed to vary with behavioral measures, bears no unique significance on caloric intake. Our results are robust to different levels of physical activity and generally robust to underreporting.
An Improved Generalized Quantum-Inspired Evolutionary Algorithm for Multiple Knapsack Problem
Authors: Bansal Sulabh , Patvardhan C.
Published: February 2018

This article describes how the 0/1 Multiple Knapsack Problem (MKP), a generalization of popular 0/1 Knapsack Problem, is NP-hard and harder than simple Knapsack Problem. Solution of MKP involves two levels of choice – one for selecting an item to be placed and the other for selecting the knapsack in which it is to be placed. Quantum Inspired Evolutionary Algorithms (QIEAs), a subclass of Evolutionary algorithms, have been shown to be effective in solving difficult problems particularly NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. QIEAs provide a general framework which needs to be customized according to the requirements of a given problem to obtain good solutions in reasonable time. An existing QIEA for MKP (QIEA-MKP) is based on the representation where a Q-bit collapse into a binary number. But decimal numbers are required to identify the knapsack where an item is placed. The implementation based on such representation suffers from overhead of frequent conversion from binary numbers to decimal numbers and vice versa. The generalized QIEA (GQIEA) is based on a representation where a Q-bit can collapse into an integer and thus no inter conversion between binary and decimal is required. A set of carefully selected features have been incorporated in proposed GQIEA-MKP to obtain better solutions in lesser time. Comparison with QIEA-MKP shows that GQIEA-MKP outperforms it in providing better solutions in lesser time for large sized MKPs. The generalization proposed can be used with advantage in other Combinatorial Optimization problems with integer strings as solutions.
A Format-Compliant Encryption for Secure HEVC Video Sharing in Multimedia Social Network
Authors: Long Min , Peng Fei , Gong Xiaoqing
Published: February 2018

Aiming at secure video sharing in multimedia social network, a format-compliant encryption scheme for high efficiency video coding (HEVC) based on sigh data hiding (SDH) is proposed. The encryption is tightly integrated with the encoding/decoding processes. For each coding unit (CU), the sign of the nonzero coefficient and the first hiding nonzero coefficient are both encrypted with key stream. Meanwhile, one of merging index, motion vector prediction index, sign of motion vector difference and reference frame index is chosen for encryption according to a control factor. As it is explored in this article, experimental results and analysis indicate that it can effectively resist brute-force attack, difference attack and replacement attack. Also, it can keep a good balance in encryption space, computation complexity and security. Based on the encryption scheme, a framework of its implementation in multimedia social network is presented. It has great potential to be implemented for secure video sharing in multimedia social network.
Reversible Watermarking in Digital Image Using PVO and RDWT
Authors: Gao Lin , Gao Tiegang , Zhao Jie , Liu Yonglei
Published: February 2018

This article proposed a reversible digital image watermarking scheme using PVO and Redundant Discrete Wavelet Transform (RDWT). The PVO was introduce to the proposed scheme to enhance the embedding capacity. By embedding the watermark in the RDWT coefficients, the proposed scheme exploited the visual masking property of RDWT to achieve better visual quality. Also, the proposed scheme has better performance on embedding capacity because the RDWT has several sub-band coefficients for embedding. The experimental results on natural and medical images suggests that the proposed scheme could meet the demand of perceptional quality with better embedding capacity than former schemes.
Polynomial-Based Secret Image Sharing Scheme with Fully Lossless Recovery
Authors: Ding Wanmeng , Liu Kesheng , Yan Xuehu , Liu Lintao
Published: February 2018

Lossless recovery is important for the transmission and storage of image data. In polynomial-based secret image sharing, despite many previous researchers attempted to achieve lossless recovery, none of the proposed work can simultaneously satisfy an efficiency execution and at no cost of some storage capacity. This article proposes a secret sharing scheme with fully lossless recovery based on polynomial-based scheme and modular algebraic recovery. The major difference between the proposed method and polynomial-based scheme is that, instead of only using the first coefficient of sharing polynomial, this article uses the first two coefficients of sharing polynomial to embed the pixels as well as guarantee security. Both theoretical proof and experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
An Empirical Investigation of the Impact of Demographic Factors on E-Government Services Adoption
Authors: Mensah Isaac Kofi , Mi Jianing
Published: February 2018

This article investigates the impact of demographic factors on the adoption of e-government services. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used as the theoretical framework for the study. SPSS was used to analyze the data. The results indicate that gender was significant in moderating the positive impacts of both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use on the willingness to use e-government services. Age and education, however, were not significant in moderating the impact of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use on the adoption of e-government services. Also, age, gender, and education have no direct impact on PU. Education has a direct impact on PEOU but age and gender do not. This article further has demonstrated that a perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of e-government services are positive predictors of the willingness of citizens to use e-government services. The implications of these findings are further discussed.
An Interval Valued Fuzzy Soft Set Based Optimization Algorithm for High Yielding Seed Selection
Authors: Sooraj T. R. , Tripathy B. K.
Published: February 2018

As seed selection is a challenging task due to the presence of hundreds of varieties of seeds of each kind, some homework is necessary for selecting suitable seeds as new varieties and kinds of seeds are introduced in the market every year having their own strengths and weaknesses. The complexities involved in the characteristics in the form of parameters results in uncertainties and as a result some uncertainty based model or hybrid models of more than is required to model the scenario and come out with a decision. Soft sets have enough of parameterization tools to support and hence is the most suitable one for such a study. However, as hybrid models are more efficient, the authors select a model called the interval valued fuzzy soft set (IVFSS) and propose a decision-making algorithm for the selection of seeds. A real database of seeds is used for experimental verification of the efficiency of the algorithm. This is the first attempt for such a study. The use of signed priorities and intervals for the membership of values for entities makes the study more efficient and realistic.
On Soft Graphs and Chained Soft Graphs
Authors: Ratheesh K. P.
Published: February 2018

Soft set theory has a rich potential for application in many scientific areas such as medical science, engineering and computer science. This theory can deal uncertainties in nature by parametrization process. In this article, the authors explore the concepts of soft relation on a soft set, soft equivalence relation on a soft set, soft graphs using soft relation, vertex chained soft graphs and edge chained soft graphs and investigate various types of operations on soft graphs such as union, join and complement. Also, it is established that every fuzzy graph is an edge chained soft graph.
Neutrosophic Soft $\Gamma$-Semiring and Its Ideals
Authors: Mandal Debabrata
Published: February 2018

As a generalization of fuzzy sets, soft set and neutrosophic sets are applied to many branches of mathematics to overcome the complexities arising from uncertain data. Combining these notions, in this article, the author initiates the study of $\Gamma$-semirings, an extension of semirings, and its ideals by neutrosophic soft sets. After defining some necessary definitions, they investigate neutrosophic soft $\Gamma$-semiring, neutrosophic soft ideals, idealistic neutrosophic soft $\Gamma$-semiring and obtain some of its characterizations.
Economic Growth and Climate Change
Authors: Raghupathi Wullianallur , Raghupathi Viju
Published: February 2018

In this article, the authors use analytics to explore the association between economic growth and climate change at a country-level. They examine different indicators to better understand the macro issues and guide policy decision-making. The authors analyze global economic growth and climate change using the World Bank data of 131 countries and 16 indicators for the period 2005 to 2010. The analysis shows overall economic growth is positively associated with climate change. This implies country leaders should design and implement structured development plans if they are to promote economic growth to alleviate poverty while simultaneously mitigating climate change.
Efficient Authentication Scheme with Reduced Response Time and Communication Overhead in WMN
Authors: Rathee Geetanjali , Saini Hemraj
Published: February 2018

Recently, Wireless Mesh Network is deliberated as a significant technology due to its self-healing, self-configuring and self-organizing features. The Multi-hop nature of WMN nodes has the potential to forward the data traffic to their intended destination node without the involvement of source node. One of the factors that impact the WMN performance is secure communication process. Various secure authentication mechanisms have been projected however, authentication delay and communication overheads are listed as the main security issues of these approaches. In this article, an efficient and fast authentication protocol have been proposed to reduce the response time, computation overhead during encryption/decryption process of the routing messages. Further various simulations with erratic nodes have been conducted to endorse the enhancement of proposed solution against existing protocols. Moreover, performance comparison between existing and proposed schemes have been analyzed in detail showing that proposed approach has achieved better outcome against convinced consequences.
A Systematic Study and Analysis of Security Issues in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
Authors: Swain Jhum , Pattanayak Binod Kumar , Pati Bibudhendu
Published: February 2018

A Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is an assortment of a variety of portable nodes that are linked collectively in a greater number in a wireless medium that has no permanent infrastructure. Here, all the nodes in the network act as both router and host and is in charge for accelerating and forwarding packets to other nodes. Due to the frequent link failure and high speed of mobile nodes, there are many challenges in MANET. As security is the basic challenge in a MANET, this article discusses the various protocols developed for security issues in MANET and IoT and presents a comparative analysis on their performance. After detailed analysis and comparison, it was observed that when security features are imposed at different levels during routing, various protocols perform in different ways. Also, the network performance and network life times vary from one approach to another. So, this article also presents the effect of security features on data drop and delay of prominent protocols after simulation.
Linear Programming Approach for Solving Balanced and Unbalanced Intuitionistic Fuzzy Transportation Problems
Authors: Kumar P. Senthil
Published: February 2018

In this article, two methods are presented, proposed method 1 and proposed method 2. Proposed method 1 is based on linear programming technique and proposed method 2 is based on modified distribution method. Both of the methods are used to solve the balanced and unbalanced intuitionistic fuzzy transportation problems. The ideas of the proposed methods are illustrated with the help of real life numerical examples which is followed by the results and discussion and comparative study is given. The proposed method is computationally very simple when compared to the existing methods, it is shown to be and easier form of evaluation when compared to current methods.
Spectral Analysis and Experimental Validation of a Low-Damage Hybrid Dissipater
Authors: Golzar Farzin G. , Rodgers Geoffrey W. , Chase J. Geoffrey
Published: February 2018

Supplemental dissipation plays a vital role in reducing structural damage, repair costs, and downtime due to earthquakes. A hybrid dissipation mechanism has been developed to offer repeatable and consistent energy dissipation, while maintaining significant re-centring capability. This dissipation device consists of a viscous damper (VD) and a friction ring-spring (RS) combining rate-dependent dissipative behaviour of the viscous device with rate-independent dissipation and re-centring from the ring-spring. This approach, ensures simultaneous displacement reduction and increased self-centring potential. Spectral analysis of a single-degree-of-freedom structure has been carried out to outline the efficacy of the device and delineate the impact and contribution of each component to the overall device behaviour. A prototype hybrid device is tested comprising a viscous damper with silicone fluid and a ring-spring with peak design force of 26kN. These components are connected in a parallel configuration through a fixed outer shell and a moving coupled shaft. Experimental proof-of-concept testing for the hybrid device and single ring-spring includes sinusoidal displacement inputs with amplitude of 25 and 30 mm, loading frequencies of [0.25-1.75] Hz, and ring-spring pre-load of 21 and 34%. The overall device has a peak response force of 32kN at input velocities of ~200 mm/s. At this speed, ~20kN comes from the ring spring and ~12kN from the viscous damper. Further tests on the single viscous device are conducted using silicone oils with viscosities of 100, 500, and 1000 cSt and peak input velocities of [50-300] mm/s to evaluate the impact of viscosity on the damping force. These experimental tests are used to delineate the function of the individual components of the device and assess the behaviour of the hybrid combination, in comparison to the predicted analytical behaviour.
Comparison between a Traditionally Retrofitted Industrial Building and an Alternative Solution Using BRBs
Authors: Mora Alejandro , Nazal Jorge
Published: February 2018

Seismic retrofit of industrial buildings usually consists of traditional strengthening methods such as the addition or replacement of braces and welding of plates. This implies that the seismic force is maintained, or in some cases, increased due to stiffening. Consequently, a large amount of steel is needed to satisfy the code requirements. However, the use of buckling restrained braces (BRBs) as an alternative to the traditional retrofit increases the dissipation of energy and, as a result, a reduction of the seismic force is expected. This may produce in some cases a reduction of the steel required to obtain an appropriate performance of the building. In addition, the use of BRBs concentrates the dissipation in specific locations, then the behavior of the building is more predictable. In this research, an actual traditionally retrofitted industrial building is analyzed, and a quantification of the benefits of using BRBs instead of traditional methods is made. The comparison between both solutions is based on costs and seismic performance.
The Use of TPMC for Designing MRFs Equipped with FREEDAM Connections: A Case Study
Authors: Montuori Rosario , Nastri Elide , Piluso Vincenzo , Streppone Simona
Published: February 2018

Within European Research Project “FREEDAM” supported by RFCS a design procedure for MRFs equipped with friction dampers has been developed. In particular, beam-to-column joints are equipped with friction dampers located at the bottom flange level namely “FREEDAM” dampers. Therefore, all the connections are conceived in order to prevent structural damage. A prototype structure has been designed according to a design procedure assuring a collapse mechanism of global type whose name is Theory of Plastic Mechanism Control, and its seismic performances have been investigated by means of IDA analyses in a companion paper.
Metal Shear Panels for Seismic Upgrading of RC Buildings: A Case Study
Authors: de Matteis Gianfranco , Ferraioli Massimiliano
Published: February 2018

In order to prove the possibility to adopt effectively metal shear panels for practical applications and to define specific design methodology, a case study, related to the retrofitting of the hospital building of Scafati in Campania, is presented in this paper. Based on the results of previous full-scale tests on a real r.c. frame reinforced with pure aluminium shear panels, a design procedure has been implemented in order to define the optimal configuration of shear panels to be applied to improve the seismic performance of the building under consideration. Then, a parametrical study by means of dynamic analyses under different historical records has been developed taking into account different hypotheses of modeling for the RC structure. The obtained results allows to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed system, which is able to increase significantly the seismic performance of existing structure. In addition, the outcomes of the study provide interesting indications for design applications.
Seismic Retrofit of a Heritage Building in Wellington Using Buckling Restrained Braces
Authors: Gilani Amir S.J. , Bothara Jitendra , Miyamoto H. Kit
Published: February 2018

A heritage building in Wellington, New Zealand (NZ) was classified as potentially earthquake-prone following an initial seismic assessment (ISA) by the Wellington City Council (WCC). The first four stories of the building were constructed originally in 1908 and an additional lightweight story was added in 1955 and altered in 1993. The building has a rectangular floor plan measuring 24 x 10.5 m. In the longitudinal direction, steel frame with solid unreinforced masonry (URM) infill walls provided resistance to seismic forces. In the transverse direction, perforated URM walls with large openings and nonductile concrete encased steel frames were used for both gravity and seismic load transfer. A detailed seismic assessment (DSA) of the building structure confirmed seismic capacity of the building in excess of 100% of New Building Standards (%NBS) in the longitudinal direction. However, in the transverse direction, the structure, secondary components and non-structural components had a seismic capacity less than 34%NBS, hence the building was confirmed earthquake-prone in its current state under the NZ Building Act. Performance-based engineering was used to devise the seismic retrofit for the principle structure. To retrofit the principle building structure to 100%NBS in the transverse direction, new Buckling Restrained Braced (BRB) frames were designed to carry seismic load. A geotechnical investigation showed that the underlying soil was competent and thus soil-structure interaction (SSI), tie foundation beams and nonlinear analysis were used to obtain realistic demand and capacity for the building after seismic retrofitting. The BRB manufacturer was consulted and the BRB size distribution along the height was optimized. The construction of the seismic retrofit is currently underway.
Development of Structural Metal Energy-Dissipation Techniques for Seismic Disaster Mitigation of Buildings in China
Authors: Li Guo Qiang , Jin Hua Jian , Pang Meng De , Li Yan Wen , Sun Ying Zhi , Sun Fei Fei
Published: February 2018

Buildings in seismic zones are required to provide proper stiffness and load-bearing capacity to resist frequent earthquakes, and possess proper ductility and energy-dissipating capacity to prevent collapse under rare earthquakes. To meet these requirements, the concept of structural energy-dissipation techniques for the bi-functions of load-bearing and energy dissipating are proposed. A number of structural metal energy-dissipation elements, such as buckling-restrained steel plate shear walls, non-buckling corrugated steel plate shear walls, two-level yielding steel coupling beams and energy-dissipative columns, have been developed. They are designed to provide stiffness/strength to guarantee the operation of buildings under frequent earthquakes, but also dissipate energy to reduce seismic effects to a considerable extent for collapse-prevention of buildings. The experimental and theoretical studies on these structural metal energy-dissipating dampers are presented. The efficiency of these structural dampers for disaster mitigation of buildings against earthquakes are also presented to provide a reference for their practical application.
Accounting for the Flexibility of Beam-Column Joints within New Zealand Steel Moment-Resisting Frame Structures
Authors: Wiles Lilliana , Pethybridge Jonathan , Sullivan Timothy John
Published: February 2018

In New Zealand there currently appears to be no simplified, effective method of analysing the rotational stiffness of beam-column joints in steel moment resisting frame structures. Many practicing engineers use simplified design tables to detail beam-column joints for strength requirements, without accounting for the flexibility of joints. This tends to underestimate the flexibility of structures and hence the drifts they undergo in wind and earthquake events. To permit improved consideration of beam-column joint stiffness in a simplified manner, this work adapts the European component method to develop a series of tables that practitioners could look up to quickly identify beam-column joint stiffness values. The potential use for such stiffness values is highlighted by examining the impact of joint flexibility on the drifts expected in a 4-storey steel MRF subject to 1 in 500 year return period earthquake loading.
Failures and Prediction Methods of Lateral Buckling Strength of H-Shaped Beams Connected by Flush End Plates
Authors: Matsubara Hiroshi , Takahashi Junichi , Ikeguchi Yoshiharu , Ikarashi Kikuo
Published: February 2018

This paper presents boundary conditions for lateral buckling of the H-shaped beams connected to columns by flush end plates which fall into the lateral buckling following the out of plane plastic deformations of the flush end plates. The study is conducted by the following procedure: First, the behavior of the connection is researched by the no buckling experiment under the cyclic loading. As a result, it is found that the relationship between the out of plane plastic deformations of the endplates and the bending moment at the beam end can be predicted. Next, the FEM analyses of the rigid-frame structures consist of the slender beams having flush end plates connection and the structures consist of the beams having rigid connection are conducted to research the stress conditions in the tension flanges and the compression flanges of the beams during falling into lateral buckling. As a result, it is found that the rigid connection is restraining warping of the beam more tightly than the flush end plates connection, then the maximum bending moment strength against lateral buckling of the beams connected by rigid connections is higher than those of the beams connected by flush endplate. We recommend that the boundary conditions for the lateral buckling of the beams connected by flush end plates should be regarded to be different from those of the beams connected by the rigid connections.
Battened Steel Columns with Semi-Continuous Base Plate Connections: Experimental Results vs. Theoretical Predictions
Authors: della Corte Gaetano , Cantisani Gaetano , Landolfo Raffaele
Published: February 2018

The paper describes a comparison of experimental results and theoretical predictions regarding the lateral force-displacement response of built-up battened steel columns including semi-rigid and partial-strength base plate connections. Two specimens, representing samples of columns extracted from an existing industrial building, were fabricated and tested. Different types of both the battens and the base-plate connections characterized the two specimens. Preliminary lateral-loading tests in a range of elastic response, under varying levels of the concomitant axial force, allowed both exploring initial (elastic) stiffness and estimating yield displacements. Subsequently, cyclic lateral-loading tests with a given value of the axial force allowed investigating the restoring force characteristics in case of seismic actions. First, the paper describes and comments on the experimental performance of the two specimens. Second, numerical finite-element model predictions are illustrated and compared with experimental results. Third, based on the experimental results, as well as on the FE model analysis, the study looks for possible extensions and adaptations to current Eurocode 3 prediction models.