bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Lexicon of Science: A Course in Technical Terminology
Authors: Kellner Robert Scott
Published: May 2005

The lack of a scientific background of many of our technical writing students and the continual amalgamation of the sciences make a technical terminology course an important adjunct to the technical writing curriculum. This course consists of three distinct phases: a compilation of terms already known by the students, an expansion of that list into a comprehensive list of the major technical terms in approximately fifteen scientific fields, and an indepth study by each student into a particular field. This course would help to create scholars who were conversant in most major fields of study. This would make the students more flexible in their job searches. What is more important, it would help them understand the forces that shape our civilization and thereby broaden their control over those forces.
Collegiate Attitudes toward Suicide: New Zealand and United States
Authors: Domino George , Macgregor Janet Catherine , Hannah Mo Therese
Published: May 2005

Attitudes toward suicide, as assessed by the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire (SOQ), were evaluated in samples of New Zealand ( N = 236) and United States ( N = 248) college students. Substantial differences were found, with New Zealand students attitudinally perceiving to a greater degree a relationship between suicide and mental illness, perceiving suicide as less serious, agreeing with the right to take one's life, and seeing suicide in a more religious context and as a less impulsive, less “normal,” and more moral action.
An Assessment of Computer-Assisted Instruction Dissertations: 1988–1993
Authors: Fang Kwoting
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study is to highlight trends of types of modes, beneficiary, and thrust used in computer-assisted instruction (CAI) dissertations. A six-item summation chart was used to categorize the characteristics found in 322 CAI dissertations from 1988 through 1993. The following items were used in the categorization of dissertations: year, geography, academic area, mode, beneficiary, and thrust. The major portion of each item is listed as following: year—1990 (19.6%), geography—south (35.7%), academic area—technology (26%), mode—tutorial (72.7%), beneficiary—college students (33.5%), and thrust—analysis (47.5%). Doctoral dissertations provide the major contributions to the specific field. Therefore, it is beneficial for researchers to highlight some of the research trends, and find some of the challenges that they will face in CAI doctoral dissertation.
Canadian Federalism and the Canadian Health Care Program: A Comparison of Ontario and Quebec
Authors: Palley Howard A.
Published: May 2005

The Quebec and Ontario health insurance and health service delivery systems, developed within the parameters of federal regulations and national financial subsidies, provide generally universal and comprehensive basic hospital and medical benefits and increasingly provide for the delivery of long-term care services. Within a framework of cooperative federalism, the health care systems of Ontario and Quebec have developed uniquely. In terms of vital statistics, the health of Ontario and Quebec residents generally is comparable. In viewing expenditures, Quebec has a more clearly articulated plan for providing accessible services to low-income persons and for integrating health and social services, although it has faced some difficulties in seeking to achieve the latter goal. Its plans for decentralized services are counterbalanced by a strong provincial role in health policy decision-making. Quebec's political culture also allows the province to play a stronger role in hospital planning and in the regulation of physician income than one finds in Ontario. These political dynamics allow Quebec an advantage in control of costs. In Ontario, in spite of some recent setbacks, physician interests and hospital sector interests play a more active role in health system bargaining and are usually able to influence remuneration and resource allocation decisions more than physician interests and hospital sector interests in Quebec.
Computers in Health Science Education: Communication and Management
Authors: Brenner Lisa P. , Cowan James
Published: May 2005

An automated health science university is characterized through a description of a teaching physician's interaction with his networked microcomputer. Progress towards instructional automation is explored at Rush University and the University of Illinois with an emphasis on an electronic logbook and evaluation system for medical clerkship and residency programs. This joint development project is presented as an intermediate stage in automation. Its use is contrasted to traditional computer based education, and shown to fill pressing needs in medical education.
Case Analyses of Terminally Ill Cancer Patients who Refused to Sign a Living Will
Authors: Stephens Ronald L. , Grady Rosemary
Published: May 2005

In a larger survey of fifty cancer patients offered living wills, six individuals declined to sign these advance directives. Theoretically, this failure to sign could either increase the chance for, or alternatively the patients' vulnerability to, resuscitation. A detailed evaluation of each of the six cases is contained herein. The potential value of living wills is discussed in the context of other, newer forms of advance directives, such as the durable power of attorney for health care, and a more detailed living will called the “Medical Directive.” It is concluded that the case for a living will in a cancer population still merits individual consideration, and in certain cases protects patients from unwarranted medical technology.
The Silent Sympathy: A Study of Attitudes toward Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Hai Dorothy M. , Sullivan Deborah H.
Published: May 2005

A study of 560 health professionals and students indicated widespread sympathy for miscarriage patients: 83 per cent of respondents rated the emotional support needs of miscarriage patients above the average rating they provided for seventeen other medical conditions. Interestingly, those involved in the delivery of health care were less likely than those not involved to rate emotional support needs of miscarriage patients higher than average. The need to provide strong emotional support systems for these women and training for health care professionals is stressed.
Models of Learning in ICAI
Authors: Duchastel P. , Brien R. , Imbeau J.
Published: May 2005

ICAI (Intelligent CAI) differs from traditional CAI in the flexibility it brings to the student-system interaction, thereby encouraging an active and exploratory approach to learning rather than a more receptive and objective-oriented one. Various forms of learning which have been proposed in the psychological and educational literature are briefly presented, after which a review is made of a number of ICAI systems in terms of the kinds of learning they support. It is concluded that the potential power of ICAI systems to foster learning is still beyond our ability to specify formally the rules which regulate learning in complex situations, such as those involved in tutorial dialogues.
Eugenics and Prenatal Testing
Authors: Hubbard Ruth
Published: May 2005

Prejudices against people with disabilities, pool people, and immigrants during the nineteenth century generated a science of “race improvement” called eugenics. In the United States, a number of eugenic measures were enacted early in this century, but it was in Nazi Germany that eugenics flourished under the name of racial hygiene (Rassenhygiene). In the guise of furthering the health of the German people, German scientists and physicians initially designed programs of sterilization. Next came euthanasia and finally mass extermination of “lives not worth living.” Remembering this history, many German women oppose the new technical developments in prenatal diagnosis because they see them as yet another way to specify what kinds of people are and are not fit to inhabit the world. This paper tries to place the new technologies in the context of eugenics and to point out some of the ways in which the new, supposedly liberating, choices in fact limit women's control over our lives.
Meningo-Encephalitis Presenting as an Acute Paranoid Psychosis
Authors: Wise Thomas N. , Buffe Francis P. Le , Granger Stephen I.
Published: May 2005

A twenty-seven year old woman with meningo-encephalitis and paranoid symptoms is presented. The patient was admitted to a psychiatric unit where, two months previously, her brother had been under treatment for a paranoid schizophrenic episode. The diagnostic lumbar puncture was performed after several days of increasing periods of disorientation, stupor, incontinence, posturing, and perseveration. There was no fever, no signs of meningeal irritation, and no localizing neurologic deficit. The problem of recognizing organic brain disease presenting as an acute psychotic episode is discussed. In this case, the positive family history was given inappropriate emphasis, while the good pre-morbid adjustment of the patient and the symptoms of confusion and headache were inadequately considered. Viral meningo-encephalitis, particularly that due to herpes simplex, often presents with a picture of behavioral abnormalities and minimal physical signs, and is easily confused with a functional process.
Managing Medical Technology: Lessons for the United States from Quebec and France
Authors: Rosenau Pauline Vaillancourt
Published: May 2005

Important modifications to technology assessment, diffusion, adoption, and utilization must take place if the United States is to better employ medical technology and save resources so as to assure access for the uninsured and underinsured. The United States can learn from other health systems that are more successful in achieving these goals. The author selects for comparison the health systems of France and Quebec. The discussion focuses on the differences between the three systems in the management of medical technology on a range of policy-relevant dimensions, including health system structure, attitudes about planning versus market competition, government regulation, the balance between decentralization and centralization, the needs of the individual and those of the society, linkages between technology assessment and policy-making, and the importance of medical technology assessment for medical practice. Seven specific recommendations are made for better managing medical technology in the United States, drawing on what can be observed from the experiences of Quebec and France.
Clarifying the Measurement of Death Attitudes: A Factor Analytic Evaluation of Fifteen Self-Report Death Scales
Authors: Durlak Joseph A. , Kass Richard A.
Published: May 2005

A factor analysis of a representative population of fifteen death scales completed by 350 college students uncovered five orthogonal death-attitude factors. These factors were named Negative Evaluation of Death, Reluctance to Interact with the Dying, Negative Reaction to Pain, Reaction to Reminders of Death, and Preoccupation with Thoughts of Dying. These results support thanatological theory that death attitudes are multidimensional, that is, multiple death attitudes do co-exist and co-vary within individuals. The major implication of these findings concerns the need to differentiate and measure these separate death attitudes effectively.
Cognitive and Emotional Differences between Short- and Long-Term Vipassana Meditators
Authors: Easterlin Barbara L. , Cardeña Etzel
Published: May 2005

This study compared perceived stress and cognitive and emotional differences between two groups of Buddhist mindfulness meditators. Nineteen beginning and twenty-four advanced meditators carried electronic pagers for five days and responded to daily random signals by completing an Experience Sampling form (ESF) containing items related to the dependent variables. As compared with beginners, advanced practitioners reported greater self-awareness, positive mood, and acceptance. Greater stress lowered mood and self-acceptance in both groups, but the deleterious effect of stress on acceptance was more marked for the beginners. These findings validate in a naturalistic setting some of the effects described in traditional Buddhist texts on mindfulness.
Neuropsychological Functioning in Treated Phenylketonuria
Authors: Faust David , Libon David , Pueschel Sigfried
Published: May 2005

Comprehensive neuropsychological assessment was performed on a series of patients with treated classical phenylketonuria. All patients showed a similar cluster of performance deficits in motor and visual-motor functions, spatial operations, academic skill areas, and select areas of higher level reasoning. The results are consistent with other neuropsychological studies of patients with early and late diet termination that have used differing assessment methods, thus allowing for greater confidence in the findings. Examination of underlying factors indicates that poor motor coordination, limits in the complexity of spatial problem solving, and limits in the amount of information that can be “processed” simultaneously may account for most or all of the performance deficits observed among these patients. Suggestions for future research and both clinical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.
The Relationship between Group Size and Performance on a Microcomputer Problem-Solving Task for Learning Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Students
Authors: Lieber Joan , Semmel Melvyn I.
Published: May 2005

Microcomputers are a powerful resource. Yet, in order for teachers to use this technology effectively, they need information about how specific variables might affect the performance of mildly handicapped as well as nonhandicapped learners. This study examines the effect of group size on performance measures, the relationship between group size and task engagement, and the relationship of task engagement to performance for both types of learners. Twenty learning handicapped and twenty nonhandicapped boys from upper elementary grades participated for ten minutes, three times per week for a four-week period on a mathematics problem solving task. Each student worked individually, with a handicapped partner, and with a nonhandicapped partner. Results indicated that it was as effective for students to work with a partner at the computer as it was for them to work alone. This finding occurred although dyads had half as much time at the computer as students working alone. Task engagement was also similar for children working in dyads or individually. Following each computer session a paper and pencil task was administered individually to the study participants. There was no difference in number correct related to group size; yet, at the most difficult task level, learning handicapped children solved more problems correctly following a computer session in which they worked with a partner. It appears that given a software program which requires students to apply mathematics skills to a new situation, it is effective to have two children working together at the computer.
The Global Expansion of Precarious Employment, Work Disorganization, and Consequences for Occupational Health: Placing the Debate in a Comparative Historical Context
Authors: Quinlan Michael , Mayhew Claire , Bohle Philip
Published: May 2005

Mounting research evidence suggests that the shift to contingent work arrangements in industrialized countries is having serious adverse effects on the health of workers, both directly and indirectly (by undermining regulatory and other protections). The authors place this research, and the issues surrounding it, in a comparative historical context. Extensive use of precarious employment is not essentially new. It was a characteristic feature of most if not all industrialized societies in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Though the two phases are not identical, historical comparisons are instructive for understanding recent experiences and ways of addressing them. The authors also make comparisons with the developing world, where the informal sector typically accounts for over half the workforce. Such comparisons are instructive in indicating the consequences of a shift to more precarious patterns of employment and disorganized work settings. There is also good evidence that precarious employment is expanding in the developing world. The growing precarious employment in both industrialized and developing countries is interconnected, and the authors identify a number of the mechanisms affecting workers' health.
United Nations Development Program Solicits Funds from Corporations
Authors: Karliner Joshua , Srivastava Amit , Bruno Kenny
Published: May 2005

The Global Sustainable Development Facility (GSDF) project, a collaboration between the U.N. Development Program and a variety of global corporate sponsors, some with poor human rights, labor, and environmental records, has come under criticism from prestigious nongovernmental organizations around the world. A letter to James Gustave Speth, Administrator of the U.N. Development Program, expresses concern about the threat posed by the GSDF project to the independence and credibility of the U.N. Development Program.
Radiocarbon Dating and Lower Mississippi Valley Archaeology
Authors: Lewis R. Barry
Published: May 2005

Our understanding of prehistory is increasingly conditioned by absolute dates, particularly radiocarbon age determinations. Sample selection and date interpretation procedures are therefore important to productive archaeological research. Guidelines for those procedures are described and illustrated with archaeological examples from the Lower Mississippi Valley. Recommendations are made for the improved interpretability and reliability of absolute dates from archaeological contexts.
A Tale of Two Bridges: Comparative Suicide Incidence on the Golden Gate and San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridges
Authors: Seiden Richard H. , Spence Mary
Published: May 2005

The Golden Gate Bridge is currently the number one suicide site in the world. In contrast, the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, which was completed six months earlier, is located less than six miles away, and is the same height, has had substantially fewer suicides. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the differential suicide patterns at these two structures. Using official records available for the years from 1937 through 1979, the data were analyzed with regard to the respective contributions of availability, suggestion, and psychological/symbolic factors as they enter into the choice of suicide method and location.
The Stream of Consciousness: I. William James's Pulses
Authors: Natsoulas Thomas
Published: May 2005

It is argued here that William James's famous stream of consciousness, as he addressed it in The Principles of Psychology, is not after all analogous to a stream or river of water, but rather it consists of a succession of discrete instances or states of consciousness. Already in 1890, James had implicitly arrived at his later explicit conception of consciousness as made up of individual “drops” or “pulses.” These are temporally adjacent each one to the next one; they have nothing else between them except for possible time gaps or interruptions of consciousness, the frequency of which James was not in a position to estimate. In the present article, a case is made for the discrete structure of consciousness, according to James in The Principles, by discussing two main topics: a) the relation that James postulated between consciousness and the underlying brain process; and b) his understanding of how we are aware directly of our own instances of consciousness.
Breast Cancer Screening Practices among Low-Income Vietnamese Women
Authors: Yi Jenny K. , Reyes-Gibby Cielito C.
Published: May 2005

Cancer is the leading cause of death among Asian-American women in the United States and breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Asian-American women. Early detection through breast cancer screening has been found to improve the rate of survival for breast cancer. This study examined factors associated with breast cancer screening among 345 Vietnamese women ≥40 years old residing in a low-income Houston area. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire assessing socio-demographic characteristics, access to care factors, acculturation, and perceived susceptibility and severity of risks. Results showed 38 percent, 49 percent, and 33 percent of the respondents reporting having had a breast self-exam, a clinical breast exam, and a mammogram, respectively. Predictors of breast cancer screening include education, employment, ability to speak English, having lived in the United States for more than five years, and having a regular place of care. Implications of this study include the need for a culturally-relevant educational program for this understudied population.
The Deprofessionalization of Soviet Physicians: A Reconsideration
Authors: Brown Julie V.
Published: May 2005

Traditional explanations for the relatively low status of the Soviet medical profession credit the Bolshevik government in the 1920s with deprofessionalizing or “leveling” a once autonomous and powerful occupational group. This article presents new data which challenge that interpretation. The Russian medical profession was never autonomous and powerful. Many physicians cooperated with the Bolsheviks because of shared beliefs regarding the organization of medical care. By the late imperial period, many physicians advocated the inclusion of all medical workers in policy-making administrative organs. Focusing upon Russian psychiatrists, the author analyzes the events that prompted the profession to adopt this position. The finding of greater continuity between prerevolutionary Russian and Soviet physicians suggests that this presumably anomalous case has greater significance for theoretical models of professionalization and occupational prestige than previously supposed.
Five Year Evaluation of the Student Diversity Program: A Retrospective Quasi-Experiment
Authors: Padgett Vernon R. , Reid John F.
Published: May 2005

The Student Diversity Program (SDP) initially delivered academic and social support to Black student athletes, but expanded to include a more diverse group of students at risk of disqualification. To assess whether this program increased retention, we examined graduation rates and ending GPAs of students in four SDP cohorts from 1994 and 1995 ( n = 39), comparing them to matched students who were not in the program ( n = 434), over five years of academic progress. We matched these comparison students on semester of enrollment in CSUF, ethnic group, sex, age, transfer status (FTF or Transfer), and cumulative GPA at the end of their first semester. SDP students graduated at twice the rate of the comparable students after five years. SDP student's GPA of last record was not however different from that of comparison students. It appears that the Student Diversity Program achieves its goal of delivering academic support, and is effective not only with Black athletes but with a more diverse group of at-risk students as well.
Health and Safety Strategies in a Changing Europe
Authors: Walters David
Published: May 2005

This article presents a synthesis of some of the more significant findings from two recent surveys on working conditions and national strategies for their improvement in the European Union in the 1990s. As patterns and organization of employment have changed in the past decade, the consequences for health and safety present new challenges for legislators, the social partners, the regulatory agencies, and the specialists. These challenges are only partially met in most European member states. Because of the continued deregulation of employment, reduced public expenditure, and reduced trade union presence, the operation of strategies to implement a common framework of E.U. legislation is limited and often incomplete. This issue must be confronted if systems for promoting the well-being of people at work in Europe are to keep up with the rapidly changing nature of the risks that they face.
The Life and Work of Jay R. Gould
Authors: Ramsey Richard David
Published: May 2005

Jay Reid Gould has had a formative influence on the development of technical and business communication in the twentieth century. In a career as student, teacher, consultant, and author and editor, including service as founding editor of the Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, Jay has helped bridge the gap between technical subject matter and the human concern of communicating this subject matter. Thus he has helped synthesize the sciences and the humanities.
Strategies for Equity in Health: Report from Sweden
Authors: Dahlgren Göran , Diderichsen Finn
Published: May 2005

In recent years the Swedish debate on health policy has been focusing on resource allocation between primary care versus secondary care, private care versus public care, and prevention versus care. The National Commission on the “Swedish Health Services in the 1990s” brought attention to the prevailing inequalities in health. The Health Policy Bill of 1985 defines the reduction of inequalities in health as a major target of national health policy. The health policy measures discussed are mainly outside the health care sector.
Neuroendocrine Correlates of the Type a Behavior Pattern: A Review and New Hypotheses
Authors: Fava Maurizio , Littman Andrew , Halperin Peter
Published: May 2005

Various studies have tried to identify the possible neuroendocrine correlates of the action/emotion complex defined as Type A behavior pattern. Type A subjects have been observed quite consistently to respond to laboratory stressors with a greater sympathetic nervous system response than Type B subjects. There also seems to be a trend towards a hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in Type A individuals. The clinical relevance of these findings lies in the fact that there is an increasing clinical and laboratory evidence of a pathogenic role of catecholamines in coronary artery disease (CAD) and that some of these neuroendocrine correlates might actually be the mediators of the risk of CAD conferred by the Type A behavior pattern. We hypothesize that dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), an adrenal weak androgen, is inversely correlated with the degree of Type A behavior pattern and this hypothesis seems to be confirmed by the results of a preliminary investigation that we have conducted.
Health, Recreation, and the Unemployed: An Interactive Model
Authors: Spigner Clarence , Havitz Mark E.
Published: May 2005

Researchers in disciplines of health, recreation/leisure, and labor point out how their respective fields address individual health and societal well-being. However, such perspectives are more often expressed in single tracks or combinations of health and recreation, health and employment, or recreation and unemployment, but seldom all three together. “This article suggests the adaptation of a more inclusive conceptual model which triangulates the interdependence between individual or social health, access to public sector recreational activities, and target populations of unemployed people. An inclusive systems model which articulates theoretical and practical linkages between health, recreation, and joblessness is proposed. This interdisciplinary approach can help social service agencies ameliorate individual and social pathologies brought on by unemployment.
The Phenomena of Technical Fallout
Authors: Mangan Frank J.
Published: May 2005

The relationship between the technical writer and his or her audience will directly dictate the format, style, and purpose of the information to be communicated. This paper explores the structures of that process and how these structures change as the technical processor's audience changes.
Black Females and Lethal Violence: Has Time Changed the Circumstances under Which They Kill?
Authors: McClain Paula D.
Published: May 2005

Increases in lethal violence, the disproportionate representation of blacks as victims and offenders, and the more active participation and redefined roles of women in various aspects of life, makes the study of black female behavior in lethal acts of violence essential and important. The question of whether social changes in American society, specifically the women's rights movement, have impacted the circumstances or situations under which black females murder is examined. Secondary data on 119 black female homicide offenders and survey data on nine additional offenders were gathered through the project, “Black Homicide and the Urban Environment.” Analysis indicates that the circumstances surrounding the homicide incidents are still congruent with Wolfgang's findings [1], however, many changes appear to be occurring. It appears that if these changes continue for another decade Wolfgang's theory may no longer serve as an appropriate explanation for black female behavior in acts of lethal violence.
Out-of-Body Experiences: Alterations of Consciousness and the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Authors: Alvarado Carlos S. , Zingrone Nancy L. , Dalton Kathy S.
Published: May 2005

Spontaneous out-of-body experiences (OBEs) were studied in relation to spontaneous alterations of consciousness and to laboratory-induced alterations of consciousness in the ganzfeld in ninety-seven artists. We predicted positive relationships between claims of OBEs and claims of parapsychological phenomena, spontaneous alteration of consciousness, lucid dreams, openness to experience, and alterations of consciousness in the ganzfeld. Three of the predicted relationships were statistically significant. The OBE group (N = 42) had a higher mean index of parapsychological experiences than the non-OBE group ( N = 24). OBE experiences also reported a significantly higher frequency of spontaneous experiences of losing awareness of surroundings and losing a sense of time. These results were consistent with Blackmore's OBE model in the sense that individuals who claimed to experience OBEs also experienced other spontaneous changes in their cognitive maps.
Influence of Rural and Urban Environments on the Health Outlook of Twelfth Grade Students in Jordan
Authors: Ahlawat Kapur S. , Baydoun Elias
Published: May 2005

Using a sample of 312 grade twelve male and female students from rural and urban area schools in Jordan, the influence of rural and urban sociological environments on their health outlook was explored. The concept HEALTH was evaluatd on sixteen Semantic Differential scales. MANOVA and univariate F-tests revealed different effects of rural and urban environments on each gender. There were statistically significant ( p < .00) sex differences in the urban school students but not in the rural school students. Also there were statistically significant ( p < .03) environmental effects on the female students but not on the male students. In general urban female students held brighter perspectives of health than did urban male as well as rural female students. Between the males, rural students tended to show sunnier outlook toward health than did their urban cohorts but the differences were not statistically significant at alfa = .05 level. Implications for the development of health education curricula and public health programs were discussed.
A Replicative Cremation Experiment
Authors: Thurman Melburn D. , Willmore L. James
Published: May 2005

Cremation can be carried out on dry bone, green (or recently defleshed) bone, or bone in the flesh. Previous experimenters in cremation replication (Baby, 1954; Binford, 1963) argued that dry bone cremation can be readily differentiated from green bone and in-flesh cremations, but did not provide criteria for differentiating creamation of green bone from in-flesh cremation. This paper, based on the cremation of four green humeri and four fleshed upper extremities, suggests that the bone residue of green bone cremation can be differentiated from that of in-flesh cremation.
On the Acquisition of Aesthetic, Escapist, and Agentic Experiences
Authors: Hirschman Elizabeth C.
Published: May 2005

The present study investigated a set of eleven aesthetic and recreational activities according to the types of experiences they provide. Aesthetic, Escapist and Agentic experiences were studied. Aesthetic experiences were defined as those that absorb one's full attention and arouse one's senses and emotions to a state of transcendance. Escapist experiences were defined as those sought as desirable substitutes for a presently anxious or unpleasant state. Agentic experiences are those that the individual uses in an instrumental fashion to acquire information or learning. It was found that the dimensions underlying activity similarity for each type of experience included: presence vs. absence of a story line, nonvisual sensory stimulation, active vs. passive participation, solitary vs. group involvement and in-home vs. out-of-home setting.
The Stream of Consciousness: VI. Relevancies from Imagination, Cognition and Personality
Authors: Natsoulas Thomas
Published: May 2005

Quite naturally, Imagination, Cognition and Personality is the literal context of the present series of articles, which aims to examine what is known and knowledgeably held about the nature and character of the referents of William James's concept of the stream of consciousness. The sixth and seventh installments focus on selected relevant interpretations and facts from Imagination, Cognition and Personality. These relevancies include 1) Christopher M. Aranosian's account of those temporal sections of the stream of consciousness during composing and improvising that consist of auditory musical imagery, 2) Erwin R. Steinberg's argument against the stream-of-consciousness technique of writing literature, as providing a poor simulation of a stream of consciousness, especially when compared to what might be accomplished by programming a present-day computer, and 3) Lee Tilford Davis and Peder J. Johnson's result of no mental activity at all reported ten per cent of the time by the subjects in an experiment using random thought-sampling.
Denying Death: A Note regarding Some Ambiguities in the Current Discussion
Authors: Donaldson Peter J.
Published: May 2005

This note raises a number of questions about the theoretical and empirical adequacy of the notion that Americans deny death. An attempt is made to point out the difficulty of concluding that Americans deny death without a precise understanding of what denial means and how it can be measured. Some suggestions regarding the development of denial are made. And an example is offered by way of demonstrating the need for adequate conceptualization.
Quantifying States of Consciousness via an Empirical-Phenomenological Approach
Authors: Pekala Ronald J. , Levine Ralph L.
Published: May 2005

Two hundred and forty-nine subjects, averaging thirty-five to a group, participated in two sessions consisting of two different four minute stimulus conditions. The subjects completed an inventory, the Phenomenology of Consciousness Questionnaire, immediately afterwards in reference to each of these conditions. The questionnaire assessed the phenomenological state associated with each condition in terms of nine different dimensions of consciousness. The results indicated that the phenomenological parameters that define a state of consciousness are stable under several different conditions. Baseline, identity, and altered states of consciousness that are associated with specific stimulus conditions can be defined and differentiated in terms of intensity variations within, and pattern effects among, the dimensions of conscious experience.
Patient Records in the Mental Health Disciplines
Authors: Reynolds John Frederick , Mair David
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to describe the reports regularly written in mental health hospitals and community mental health centers. Psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, pastoral counselors, administrators, and records specialists were interviewed. A total of 150 randomly selected samples of five basic mental health records were analyzed. Rhetorical contexts for each were evaluated.
Caught in the “Traps of Managed Competition”? Examples of Russian Health Care Reforms from St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region
Authors: Curtis Sarah , Petukhova Natasha , Sezonova Galina , Netsenko Nadia
Published: May 2005

Elements of a “managed market” for health services have been introduced into the Russian health care system, which under the Soviet regime was run as a comprehensive state-managed system. The authors examine the recent development of health service reforms in a case study of the city of St. Petersburg and the surrounding Leningrad region. Evidence from key informants and a local survey of service users shows how alternative models of the managed market are being introduced in different parts of the study area. A critical review of the market-oriented strategies for reform emerging in the case study suggests that such reforms carry risks associated with the “traps of managed competition.” Future policy for health service systems in Russia must take these risks more fully into account.
Addressing the Contradictions: Health Promotion and Community Health Action in the United Kingdom
Authors: Farrant Wendy
Published: May 2005

Within mainstream health education/promotion in the United Kingdom, the last few years have witnessed an upsurge of interest in community development, sometimes coupled with an undermining of the fundamental principles of this approach. This article addresses some of the contradictions and dilemmas that this development has presented for the community health movement. Current trends in health promotion policy and practice are examined in relation to broader health and welfare policy of the 1980s, the history of community development in health, and the background to the World Health Organization's “Health for All by the Year 2000” and health promotion initiatives. The possibilities and limitations of utilizing the rhetoric, to support community health action, are explored with reference to recent attempts by the community health movement to “reclaim” Health for All.
A Not So Modest Proposal
Authors: Dempsey Arthur D.
Published: May 2005

The American Spelling Reform Association was founded over one hundred years ago with the avowed intention of making English spelling more regular and consistent. Their attempts and subsequent attempts at spelling reform have failed. With today's advances in speech synthesis and voice recognition by computer a regularized alphabet would enhance machine reading and writing.
Campus Attitudes toward Alcohol and Drugs in a Deep Southern University
Authors: Globetti Elaine , Globetti Gerald , Brown Charles L. , Stem John T.
Published: May 2005

In our zeal to deal with alcohol and drug abuse, we may have a distorted picture of what the majority of college students actually think about alcohol and drug use. Students in this study done at a public university located in the Deep South report being generally intolerant of substance abuse.
Entrepreneurs in Action: A Web-Case Model
Authors: Clouse R. Wilburn , Goodin Terry
Published: May 2005

Much of traditional schooling in America is built around systems of compliance and control, characteristics which stifle the creative and entrepreneurial instincts of the children who are subjected to these tactics. This article explores a different approach to education, one that involves capturing the interest of the student through the use of problem and project-based instruction delivered via the Internet. Called Entrepreneurs in Action, this program seeks to involve students in a problem at the outset and to promote the learning of traditional subject areas as a process of the problem-solving activities that are undertaken. The program's details are explained, from elementary school through university level courses, and the authors outline their plans to test the efficacy of the program at each level.
Capitation and Primary Care in Canada: Financial Incentives and the Evolution of Health Service Organizations
Authors: Gillett James , Hutchison Brian , Birch Stephen
Published: May 2005

Alternative approaches to the funding, organization, and delivery of primary care have been the subject of ongoing discussion and debate in many industrialized nations for many years. One common recommendation has been to use capitation, as opposed to fee-for-service, as the payment method for physicians. In this study the authors use data from interviews with physicians and Ministry of Health officials to trace the evolution of Ontario's Health Service Organization (HSO) program, the only program of capitation-funded physician care in Canada. The program has developed in three phases: formation in the early 1970s, expansion in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, and restructuring in the 1990s. The analysis focuses on the perceptions and actions of policymakers and physicians who became involved with the program at different points in its evolution, and identifies how they perceived and responded to the financial incentives that were introduced to promote the program. This case study allows an examination of the shifting objectives, communications, perceptions, and responses of policymakers and stakeholders in changing contexts over a period of more than 20 years. The long history of the HSO program provides the opportunity to examine the factors that can cause financial incentives to go awry. The authors suggest how this case study offers lessons for financial incentive policymaking.
New Problems in Community Health: Implications for Residency and Training Programs
Authors: Richter E. D.
Published: May 2005

Schistosomiasis in Egypt and slum housing in New York City are examples of the kinds of problems which require public health workers to look beyond conventional medical horizons. The role of public health workers needs to be expanded beyond the traditional administrative boundaries for government and the academic world. The writer advocates changed and closer institutional relationships between training centers and client communities, and more active roles for a greater number of community health professionals as part of their graduate educational experience. This is consistent with the idea that educational training programs have to prepare their graduates for career patterns with greater action and initiative. The health officership, with its far-reaching mandate for involvement in all aspects of community health, is suggested as an instrument through which academic involvement in community health can be mediated. At the same time, the role of the health officer needs to be redefined as the community's “ecologic triage officer.” Involvement with the health officer's problems will broaden an institution's approach to community health because these problems reach beyond medical care. The professional roles associated with many of the major new problems of community health will require closer structural relationships between governmental-type field settings and academic residency and training programs.
Conservatism and Attitudes toward Suicide: A Study of Taiwanese-American and U.S. Adults
Authors: Domino George , Su Sulin
Published: May 2005

The Suicide Opinion Questionnaire and the Conservatism scale were administered to two samples of respondents: Eighty-two Taiwanese-Americans and eighty-two United States adults, of comparable gender, age, and geographical location. The results indicated significant differences on seven of the eight SOQ scales, as well as significant differences in conservatism. In both samples, the pattern of correlations between conservatism and attitudes toward suicide was highly similar, with more conservative individuals perceiving suicide as related to mental illness, religion, and moral evil, and less so as a right to die. In both samples, significant differences in attitudes toward suicide were reflected between those self-identified as suicide ideators and those not so identified.
Consciousness, Attention, and Hypnoidal Effects during Firewalking
Authors: Hillig Justine A. , Holroyd Jean
Published: May 2005

Subjective experiences of individuals who walked on hot coals during a firewalking ceremony were investigated. This study extended and partially supported an investigation reported by Pekala and Ersek in this Journal [1]. Twenty-three participants completed retrospective questionnaire assessments concerning their subjective experiences while walking on hot coals. Results from twelve participants were compared with the participants' own experiences during a baseline condition. The data suggested that attention during firewalking is significantly more “one-pointed” than during a baseline condition, and that consciousness may be characterized as more “hypnoidal” than during a baseline condition. Walking on hot coals was further characterized by trends toward reporting increased altered awareness, altered experience, and absorbed attention. Participants who developed a greater degree of blistering reported significantly greater hypnoidal effects during the firewalk than those who developed a lesser degree of blistering.
The Good Death: Reaching an Inductive Understanding
Authors: Leichtentritt Ronit D. , Rettig Kathryn D.
Published: May 2005

The study examines descriptions by twenty-six elderly Israelis of a good death. The transcripts of personal interviews were analyzed using phenomenological methods to determine general and essential essences of the good death phenomenon. The good death was perceived as a multidimensional phenomenon based on eighteen general essences that were condensed into five essential essences that included the physiological, personal, interpersonal, social, and cultural domains of life. The good death incorporated past, present, and future time periods; and was underlined by the fundamental wish to establish continuity. The good death description further involved a critical component toward the ways in which death and dying are currently occurring in Israel. The research results call for Israeli policy-makers to more forcefully acknowledge and accommodate the different secular perspectives of the good death into law and to allow individuals more freedom and control over the dying processes and rituals following one's death.
Pasting Your Umbrella before the Rain: A Case Study
Authors: Cernada George P.
Published: May 2005

This case study tells from a participant's viewpoint how the results of large-scale social surveys and demographic projections are translated into educational program objectives and, more importantly, an educational product that gears into the thinking patterns of a younger generation. Cultural, bureaucratic and political obstacles to change and how they were overcome or not are reviewed in this chronological unfolding of the development of Taiwan's first population education approach in the classroom.
A Survey of Age and Attitudes toward Computers
Authors: Morris David C.
Published: May 2005

This study examines the relationships between age, education, sex, and household income, and attitudes toward computers. An eight-item Likert scale was developed to measure the attitudes (the “Computer Orientation Scale”). The Spearman-Brown coefficient for the scale is .733; Alpha is .728. Regression analysis revealed that sex and household income had no direct effect on the attitude variable. Age and education however, showed direct effects on computer attitudes. In addition, age was indirectly linked through education. The data were collected by interviews with a large, randomly selected phone sample ( N = 380). The sample was chosen by a computer program which makes selections on the basis of the proportion of blocks and exchanges in service in the sampling area. The study was conducted during the Autumn of 1986, throughout the Muncie/Delaware County area of East-Central Indiana, a.k.a. Middletown, U.S.A.