bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Bonding in Carbene Complexes of an Unsymmetrical Dilithio Methandiide: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Gessner Viktoria H. , Meier Florian , Uhrich Diana , Kaupp Martin
Published: October 2013

Herein, we report the preparation of a new unsymmetrical, bis(thiophosphinoyl)‐substituted dilithio methandiide and its application for the synthesis of zirconium‐ and palladium‐carbene complexes. These complexes were found to exhibit remarkably shielded13C NMR shifts, which are much more highfield‐shifted than those of “normal” carbene complexes. DFT calculations were performed to determine the origin of these observations and to distinguish the electronic structure of these and related carbene complexes compared with the classical Fischer and Schrock‐type complexes. Various methods show that these systems are best described as highly polarized Schrock‐type complexes, in which the metal–carbon bond possesses more electrostatic contributions than in the prototype Schrock systems, or even as “masked” methandiides. As such, geminal dianions represent a kind of “extreme” Schrock‐type ligands favoring the ionic resonance structure M+CR2−as often used in textbooks to explain the nucleophilic nature of Schrock complexes.
Feasibility Analysis of Short‐Period Seismograph Receiver Function—An Example of Hotan Seismic Array, Xinjiang
Authors: Ming‐Shuai TANG , Can GE , Yong ZHENG , Hai‐Tao WANG
Published: October 2013

Using the teleseismic waveform data recorded by 9 sub‐stations (including 1 set of broadband and 9 sets of short‐period seismographs) of Hotan Seismic Array with an aperture about 3 km in 3 years, we studied and analysed the stability and reliability of short‐period seismograph receiver function. By comparative analysis of the receiver function waveforms isolated from teleseismic waveform data recorded by short‐period and broadband seismograph, the following results are obtained. (1) Receiver functions of short‐period and broadband seismograph are very consistent and high stability, they have good linear correlation (correlation coefficient 0.9), but Ps seismic phases have small amplitude difference (about 20%), whenever the Gaussian coefficient value is 1.5 or 2.5. (2) The short‐period seismograph receiver functions can replace broadband seismograph receiver functions, if a method using the seismic phase arrival time of receiver functions is adopted (such as grid‐stacking‐search method). (3) The result may cause wrong interpretation (e.g., the lower crust low‐velocity layer) if only the waveform data of short‐period seismograph receiver functions are used to inverse for crustal S‐wave velocity structure, because there exist large velocity deviations (about 0.3 km/s) from lower crust to upper mantle, due to lack of low frequency information under 0.155 Hz and the nonlinear amplitude response under 1 Hz frequency band with short‐period seismographs; so additional data sensitive to wave velocity value (such as surface wave dispersion) are needed for joint analysis.
Risk of colorectal cancer and adenomas in the families of patients with adenomas: A population‐based study in Utah
Authors: Tuohy Thérèse M.F. , Rowe Kerry G. , Mineau Geraldine P. , Pimentel Richard , Burt Randall W. , Samadder N. Jewel
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Guidelines recommend that individuals with a first‐degree relative (FDR) diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) or advanced adenoma before age 60 years should undergo colonoscopy starting at age 40 years. The authors quantified the risk of adenomas and CRC in FDRs, second‐degree relatives (SDRs), and third‐degree relatives (TDRs) of patients diagnosed with adenomas and advanced adenomas.

METHODS

A population‐based, retrospective, case‐control study was performed of residents of the state of Utah aged 50 years to 80 years who underwent colonoscopy between 1995 and 2009 at Intermountain Healthcare or the University of Utah. Controls were selected from the population of colonoscopy patients who were free of adenomas or CRC and matched to each case based on sex and birth year. Colonoscopy results were linked with cancer and pedigree information from the Utah Population Database to investigate the familial aggregation of adenomas and CRC using Cox regression analysis. The unit of analysis was the relatives of cases and controls.

RESULTS

Of 126,936 patients who underwent colonoscopy, 43,189 had adenomas and 5563 had advanced adenomas and defined the case population. An elevated risk of CRC was found in FDRs (relative risk [RR], 1.35; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.25‐1.46), SDRs (RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.07‐1.23) of adenoma cases, and in FDRs of advanced adenoma cases (RR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.29‐2.18) compared with controls. Approximately 10% of CRCs diagnosed in relatives would have been missed if the current screening guidelines were strictly adhered to.

CONCLUSIONS

Relatives of colonoscopy patients with adenomas and advanced adenomas appear to have a significantly elevated risk of developing colorectal neoplasia. These data should be considered when establishing CRC screening guidelines for individuals and their families. Cancer 2014;120:35–42. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Tackling the cancer signal transduction “Labyrinth”: A combinatorial use of biochemical tools with mathematical models will enhance the identification of optimal targets for each molecular defect
Authors: Karamouzis Michalis V. , Papavassiliou Athanasios G.
Published: October 2013

Unraveling cancer‐associated molecular defects is crucial for further pharmacological targeting. Although novel techniques are being developed to elucidate genomic, proteomic, and transcriptomic alterations, the map of protein interactions and aberrations in normal but also in malignant cells is still obscure. It has been recently shown that many of the events in signaling cascades might be revealed using mathematical models. Transcriptional regulation still represents the main obstacle for the design of truly molecularly‐targeted agents, mainly due to its enormous plasticity and heterogeneity in cells and tissues. Systematic mapping of signaling networks and application of new computational algorithms will reinforce the use of novel research tools in this venue. The case of epidermal growth factor receptor family proteins and their intracellular cross‐talk interactions and downstream molecules is used as a representative paradigm. Cancer 2014;120:316–322. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Colorectal cancer among first‐degree relatives of individuals with adenomas: The risk is elevated, but now what?
Authors: Gupta Samir , Martinez Elena , Madlensky Lisa
Published: October 2013

Colorectal cancer risk among relatives of patients with adenomas appears to be elevated, but implications for guidelines are unclear.
Cancer care for individuals with schizophrenia
Authors: Irwin Kelly E. , Henderson David C. , Knight Helen P. , Pirl William F.
Published: October 2013

Individuals with schizophrenia are a vulnerable population that has been relatively neglected in health disparities research. Despite having an equivalent risk of developing most cancers, patients with schizophrenia are more likely to die of cancer than the general population. Cancer care disparities are likely the result of patient‐, provider‐, and systems‐level factors and influenced by the pervasive stigma of mental illness. Individuals with schizophrenia have higher rates of health behaviors linked with cancer mortality including cigarette smoking. They also have significant medical comorbidity, are less likely to have up‐to‐date cancer screening, and may present at more advanced stages of illness. Patients with schizophrenia may be less likely to receive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, have more postoperative complications, and have less access to palliative care. However, opportunities exist for the interdisciplinary team, including medical, surgical, and radiation oncologists; psychiatrists; and primary care physicians, to intervene throughout the continuum of cancer care to promote survival and quality of life. This review summarizes data on overall and cancer‐specific mortality for individuals with schizophrenia and reviews specific disparities across the cancer care continuum of screening, diagnosis, treatment, and end‐of‐life care. Using a case, the authors illustrate clinical challenges for this population including communication, informed consent, and risk of suicide, and provide suggestions for care. Finally, recommendations for research to address the disparities in cancer care for individuals with schizophrenia are discussed. Despite significant challenges, with collaboration between oncology and mental health teams, individuals with schizophrenia can receive high‐quality cancer care. Cancer 2014;120:323–334. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Comparable flow cytometry data can be obtained with two types of instruments, Canto II, and Navios. A GEIL study
Authors: Solly Françoise , Rigollet Lauren , Baseggio Lucille , Guy Julien , Borgeot Jessica , Guérin Estelle , Debliquis Agathe , Drenou Bernard , Campos Lydia , Lacombe Francis , Béné Marie C.
Published: October 2013

Flow cytometry (FC) instruments settings classically rely on local establishment of photomultipliers (PMT) voltages adapted to the measurements expected to be performed. In the era of multiparameter FC (MFC), it appears more and more desirable that comparable patterns of fluorescence are obtained in different settings. This relies on a harmonization of settings between instruments. Although this has been shown to be feasible within a given brand of flow cytometers, little information is available about broader comparisons in a given center or in a multicenter fashion. Here, we report a two‐phase series of experiments first performed between a Canto II (BD Biosciences) and a Navios (Beckman Coulter) instruments in the same center. PMT values adjusted on the reference instrument (RI) Canto II were used to establish target values for PMT settings on the paired Navios practice instrument (PI). This allowed to show the good correlation of all but peaks 1 and 2 of Rainbow® beads between RI and PI. Using 4‐ or 8‐color stained leukocytes, the similitude of the settings was further confirmed. A complex set of matrices was then established between five centers all equipped with both instruments. Using Bland & Altman difference comparisons for median fluorescence values, it was shown that using either Rainbow beads or CD16 stained polymorphonuclears to set‐up target values on the RI CantoII, highly superimposable results could be obtained on all 9 PI. The latter were obtained using Rainbow beads or Compbeads® for comparisons. In summary, this two‐phase study demonstrates the feasibility of different methods allowing for a robust harmonization of settings for MFC. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Destination Known: Targeted Drug Delivery in Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis
Authors: Westein Erik , Flierl Ulrike , Hagemeyer Christoph E. , Peter Karlheinz
Published: October 2013

Preclinical Research

Atherosclerosis and its sequelae are key contributors to overall human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Substantial effort has been made toward the understanding of disease mechanisms and particularly treatment options. Drugs for primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerosis and in particular its complications, e.g., myocardial infarction, are widely used therapeutics. However, those drugs typically act nonspecifically, thus affecting not only target cells and atherosclerotic lesions but also causing unwanted side effects. One of the most promising recent developments are drugs that exclusively act at the site where they are needed and thereby minimize deleterious side effects. This review focuses on new approaches for targeted drug delivery, emphasizing single‐chain antibody constructs, liposomal formulations, and microRNAs/gene delivery to sites of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.
Antifibrinolytic Therapy in Intracranial Hemorrhage
Authors: Meier Kevin , Hoesch Robert
Published: October 2013

Preclinical Research

Treatment options for intracranial hemorrhage include surgery, blood pressure control, and hemostatic medications. Antifibrinolytics are hemostatic medications that interrupt the pathway leading to the breakdown of fibrin clots, thereby stabilizing the latter. The primary antifibrinolytics in use are tranexamic acid and epsilon‐aminocaproic acid, both of which are lysine analogs. These medications have been used with some success in cardiac surgery, trauma, and menorrhagia. In the intracranial hemorrhage literature, antifibrinolytics have been studied mostly in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. While early trials in subarachnoid hemorrhage showed decreased rebleeding rates with consequently increased risk of stroke, newer studies using medical vasospasm prevention and shorter treatment durations have demonstrated a potential for clinical utility. There are also data supporting the use of antifibrinolytics in traumatic brain injury. Antifibrinolytics are less promising agents for hemostasis in subdural, epidural, and intraparenchymal hemorrhages.
Intermediates in Ammonothermal GaN Crystal Growth under Ammonoacidic Conditions
Authors: Zhang Shiyu , Hintze Frauke , Schnick Wolfgang , Niewa Rainer
Published: October 2013

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Rainer Niewa from the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the University of Stuttgart. The cover image illustrates several gallium‐containing species as possible intermediates of GaN crystal growth in supercritical ammonia under ammonoacidic conditions as well as crystals of solid compounds recovered from ammonia.
Four‐Component Assembly of Natural‐Product‐Like Ring‐Fused Isoquinuclidines
Authors: Sellstedt Magnus , Dang Hung The , Prasad G. Krishna , Sauer Uwe , Almqvist Fredrik
Published: October 2013

A four‐component reaction between formyl‐substituted 2‐pyridones, aldehydes, amines, and activated alkenes has been developed. The resulting products are ring‐fused natural‐product‐like isoquinuclidines. Three carbon–carbon bonds, two carbon–nitrogen bonds, and four or five stereocentres are formed in the reaction with overall product yields in the range 23–67 %. In most cases a single diastereomer was obtained. An intramolecular version of the reaction yielded analogues of the multi‐ring‐fused natural product catharanthine in a single step.
Adherence to preventive exercises and self‐reported swallowing outcomes in post‐radiation head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Shinn Eileen Huh , Basen‐Engquist Karen , Baum George , Steen Sven , Bauman Rachel Freeman , Morrison William , Garden Adam Seth , Sheil Cathleen , Kilgore Kelly , Hutcheson Katherine A. , Barringer Denise , Yuan Ying , Lewin Jan S.
Published: October 2013

Background

To reduce the risk of long‐term swallowing complications after radiation, swallowing exercises may be helpful. Both the rate of adherence to swallowing exercises and its impact on future swallowing function are unknown.

Methods

In all, 109 patients with oropharyngeal cancer beginning radiation were tracked for 2 years to determine adherence to swallowing exercises. Participants completed the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) 1–2 years after treatment, to assess self‐reported swallowing function. Adherence, demographics, tumor, and treatment variables were multivariably regressed onto the MDADI physical subscale score.

Results

In accord with speech pathologist documentation, 13% of the participants were fully adherent and 32% were partially adherent. Adherence was associated with the Physical MDADI Subscale score in the multivariate model (p = .01).

Conclusions

The majority of patients with head and neck cancer are nonadherent to swallowing exercise regimens and may benefit from supportive care strategies to optimize their adherence. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: 1707–1712, 2013
Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition attenuates liver fibrosis and development of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Fuchs Bryan C. , Hoshida Yujin , Fujii Tsutomu , Wei Lan , Yamada Suguru , Lauwers Gregory Y. , McGinn Christopher M. , DePeralta Danielle K. , Chen Xintong , Kuroda Toshihiko , Lanuti Michael , Schmitt Anthony D. , Gupta Supriya , Crenshaw Andrew , Onofrio Robert , Taylor Bradley , Winckler Wendy , Bardeesy Nabeel , Caravan Peter , Golub Todd R. , Tanabe Kenneth K.
Published: October 2013

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most rapidly increasing cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Because of the lack of viable treatment options for HCC, prevention in high-risk patients has been proposed as an alternative strategy. The main risk factor for HCC is cirrhosis and several lines of evidence implicate epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the progression of cirrhosis and development of HCC. We therefore examined the effects of the EGF receptor (EGFR) inhibitor erlotinib on liver fibrogenesis and hepatocellular transformation in three different animal models of progressive cirrhosis: a rat model induced by repeated, low-dose injections of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), a mouse model induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and a rat model induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). Erlotinib reduced EGFR phosphorylation in hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and reduced the total number of activated HSC. Erlotinib also decreased hepatocyte proliferation and liver injury. Consistent with all these findings, pharmacological inhibition of EGFR signaling effectively prevented the progression of cirrhosis and regressed fibrosis in some animals. Moreover, by alleviating the underlying liver disease, erlotinib blocked the development of HCC and its therapeutic efficacy could be monitored with a previously reported gene expression signature predictive of HCC risk in human cirrhosis patients. Conclusion: These data suggest that EGFR inhibition using Food and Drug Administration-approved inhibitors provides a promising therapeutic approach for reduction of fibrogenesis and prevention of HCC in high-risk cirrhosis patients who can be identified and monitored by gene expression signatures. (HEPATOLOGY 2014;59:1577-1590)
The beneficial effect of encapsulated human adipose‐derived stem cells in alginate hydrogel on neural differentiation
Authors: Khosravizadeh Zahra , Razavi Shahnaz , Bahramian Hamid , Kazemi Mohammad
Published: October 2013

Tissue engineering employs combination of biomaterials and cell therapy to develop new therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases, spinal cord, and traumatic brain injuries. Alginate is a biocompatible hydrogel, which has been used broadly to encapsulate many types of cells. Human adipose‐derived stem cells (hADSCs) have appropriate property to differentiate into neuron‐like cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of alginate hydrogel on the viability and neural differentiation potential of induced hADSCs. After neural induction of isolated hADSCs and encapsulated in alginate hydrogel, the cell viability using MTT assay and their neural differentiation potential by immunocytochemical and real time RT‐PCR analysis for neural markers (Nestin, GFAP, and MAP2) were evaluated. Expression of Nestin, GFAP, and MAP2 markers was significantly increased compare to monolayer induced cells (p < 0.001), but we did not found any significant effect on viability of induced cells relative to monolayer induced cells. Although neural differentiation of encapsulated cells was increased relative to monolayer induced cells, the viability of these cells was not significantly different in alginate hydrogel as compared with monolayer induced cells. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 749–755, 2014.
Vascular progenitor clusters from peripheral blood in cancer patients following oncologic surgery
Authors: Javidnia Hedyeh , Hanna Mary , Li Yuhua , Scheer Adena , Filion Lionel , Eapen Libni , Carrier Marc , Auer Rebecca , Corsten Martin , Allan David S.
Published: October 2013

Introduction

Vascular progenitor cells (VPCs) are recruited into the peripheral blood (PB) following ischemia and inflammation and correlate with vascular health. The impact of recruiting VPCs on surgical recovery and cancer progression following tumor resection remain unknown.

Methods

We measured VPC clusters and enumerated circulating CD34+ VEGFR2+ angiogenic cells in 18 patients with oral cancer (OC) undergoing resection and free flap reconstruction (high vascular injury) and in 18 patients undergoing colorectal cancer resection (CRC) (low vascular injury) at baseline and multiple timepoints after surgery.

Results

VPC clusters increased following OC resection, peaking on Day +3 and returning to baseline by Day 28. In contrast, VPC clusters decreased sharply on Day +3 in patients with CRC before returning to baseline. CD34+ VEGFR2+ cells did not increase significantly after surgery. More rapid clinical recovery following OC resection was observed in patients with greater VPC cluster levels on Day +3. Tumor size and subsequent progression of cancer did not correlate with recruitment of VPC cluster‐forming cells.

Conclusion

VPC recruitment following cancer resection may depend on cancer subtype and may relate to the degree of surgical stress and vascular injury. Recovery after surgery for OC may be accelerated in patients with greater VPC recruitment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:151–157. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Amylose‐Poly(l‐lactide) Inclusion Supramolecular Polymer: Enzymatic Synthesis by Means of Vine‐Twining Polymerization Using a Primer–Guest Conjugate
Authors: Tanaka Tomonari , Sasayama Shota , Nomura Shintaro , Yamamoto Kazuya , Kimura Yoshiharu , Kadokawa Jun‐ichi
Published: October 2013

An inclusion supramolecular polymer composed of amylose and poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA) is successfully synthesized by phosphorylase‐catalyzed enzymatic polymerization using a malto­heptaose‐functionalized poly(l‐lactide) (G7‐PLLA) as a primer–guest conjugate substrate according to vine‐twining polymerization. The product forms a polymeric continuum of an inclusion complex in which PLLA is included by an amylose chain enzymatically elongated from the other G7‐PLLA. The product is characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and gel‐permeation chromatography measurements. The analytical results indicate that such an inclusion supramolecular polymer is efficiently produced, even under the low concentration of the guest polymer, PLLA, owing to the high local concentration of PLLA segments in the present system because G7‐PLLA forms aggregates 50–110 nm in diameter in aqueous media.

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Multisource ascertainment of Huntington disease in Canada: Prevalence and population at risk
Authors: Fisher Emily R. , Hayden Michael R.
Published: October 2013

There is uncertainty surrounding the accuracy of prevalence estimates for Huntington's disease (HD). The aims of this study were to provide a best estimate of the prevalence and population at risk for HD in the province of British Columbia (BC), Canada, in 2012. HD patients with a clinical and/or genetic diagnosis of HD and individuals at risk for HD were ascertained from multiple sources. Clinical and genetic data were obtained from all available medical, social service, and genetic testing records. Six hundred and thirty‐one HD patients and 3,763 individuals at 25% or 50% risk for HD were identified. Prevalence of HD was estimated at 13.7 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 12.6–14.8 per 100,000) in the general population, and 17.2 per 100,000 (95% CI: 15.8–18.6 per 100,000) in the Caucasian population. The population at 25% to 50% risk was estimated at 81.6 per 100,000 (95% CI: 79.0–84.2 per 100,000) individuals. These figures suggest there may be up to 4,700 individuals affected with HD and 14,000 at 50% risk for HD in Canada as well as up to 43,000 individuals affected with HD and 123,000 at 50% risk for HD in the United States. This is the first direct assessment of HD epidemiology in Canada in over three decades. These findings suggest that underascertainment may have led to previous underestimates of prevalence, namely, in Caucasian populations, and will aid in the planning of appropriate resource allocation and service delivery for the HD community. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis as an under‐diagnosed cause of flap failure in heparin‐naive patients: A case report and systematic review of the literature
Authors: Tessler Oren , Vorstenbosch Joshua , Jones Daniel , Lalonde Sebastien , Zadeh Teanoosh
Published: October 2013

Background

Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITT) is an immune complex mediated and potentially devastating cause of flap loss in microvascular surgery. HITT may be an under‐reported cause of early‐flap failure due to subclinical manifestations at the time of flap loss. A case report of a patient presenting with HITT‐related flap failure and the results of a systematic literature review of the clinical presentation of HITT in microsurgery are presented here.

Case Report

A patient suffering from a chronic wound on the right medial malleolus was treated with an ALT flap, which was compromised by thrombosis. Multiple attempts to rescue the flap including thrombolysis, popliteal AV loop, and a second free flap were all unsuccessful. Six days following the initial procedure, a diagnosis of HITT was made following a positive HITT‐antibody test as the cause of flap failure.

Methods

PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE searches yielded 113 results, of which 6 met our criteria for manuscripts describing HITT in microsurgical procedures.

Results

Evaluation of the peer‐reviewed literature describing HITT in microsurgery suggests that HITT‐related flap failure occurs rapidly, more frequently in heparin‐naïve patients, and in advance of systemic thrombosis and thrombocytopenia.

Conclusions

Due to the rapid and unpredictable onset of HITT during microsurgery, we recommend maintaining an index of suspicion for HITT in flaps with otherwise unexplained early thrombosis. We also encourage hematology consultation, discontinuing heparin use and initiating alternate thromboprophylaxis in order to inhibit the potential for subsequent life‐threatening systemic complications as well as improving the potential for delayed reconstructive success. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:157–163, 2014.
The epigenetics of early development: Inferences from stem cells
Authors: Rasmussen Theodore P.
Published: October 2013

Approximately 200 cell types and multiple tissues are established throughout the development of the zygote to an adult mammal. During this process, the cellular genome remains fixed, yet the transcriptome of each of the cell types become widely divergent. This review discusses the epigenetics of preimplantation embryos and the use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) as cell‐culture models for the inner cell mass (ICM) and epiblast, respectively. Differential patterns of transcription are set up during development by the action of key transcription factors and epigenetics, which are involved in the establishment and maintenance of stable transcriptional states during development. In early embryos, for example, changes in the epigenome consist of alterations to the methylation of CpG dinucleotides and post‐translational modification of histones within chromatin. In addition, histone replacement occurs broadly in zygotes. The ICM of the blastocyst, on the other hand, has the amazing ability to contribute to every tissue and cell type present in the adult body. Therefore, ESCs are arguably the most important cell‐culture model available to developmental biologists. The advantages and risks of using ESCs to model ICM pluripotency are therefore discussed. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 194–201, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Like Moses Who Led His People to the Promised Land: Nation‐ and State‐Building in Bougainville
Authors: Hermkens Anna‐Karina
Published: October 2013

This article focuses on indigenous religious beliefs and practices in relation to nationalism and state‐building in conflict and post‐conflict Bougainville. Since the early seventies, people of the island ofBougainville have sought to secede fromPapuaNewGuinea and constitute a separate sovereign state. The almost ten year long secessionist struggle between theBougainvilleRevolutionaryArmy (BRA) and thePNG DefenceForce (PNGDF) that eventuated in 1988, destroyed nearly all infrastructure, socio‐economic services, and the functions of thePNGstate on the island. At the same time, the crisis also brought about the establishment of new local governments, such as ‘TheBougainvilleInterimGovernment’, as well as a new Nation: the Independent Republic, later called theKingdom ofMe'ekamui, ruled byBRAleaderFrancisOna. This article explores the creation of theMe'ekamui Nation and analyses the religious underpinnings of nation‐ and state‐building in Bougainville, focusing on the performances and normative frameworks used in the endeavor to become a sovereign state.
Becoming the State in Northern Australia: Urbanisation, Intra‐Indigenous Relatedness, and the State Effect
Authors: Fisher Daniel
Published: October 2013

In Australia's Northern Territory, the Larrakia have been involved in a decades‐long effort to gain recognition as traditional owners through Land Rights and Native Title legislation. From one perspective, their claims have failed to achieve the entitlement and recognition grounded in these governmental regimes (Scambary 2007; Povinelli 2002). However, over the past decade the Larrakia Nation Aboriginal Corporation (LNAC) and the Larrakia Development Corporation (LDC) have emerged as locally powerful corporate bodies that pursue programs and exercise forms of power on behalf of the Larrakia that can be understood in terms of state and governmental practice. Through suburban development, a night patrol, educational and vocational training, a radio station, and through forms of policy research and statistical enumeration, the Larrakia nation have emerged in the eyes of many as a de facto Aboriginal ‘state’ in the Darwin region. This paper explores the intra‐Indigenous relations through which these practices have emerged, and analyses the extent to which the LNAC might be understood as a kind of ‘state’ within a state, responsible for world‐shaping activities of knowledge production, housing and health outreach, vocational training and education, and policing. Focussing on the forms of ‘stateness’ that accrue to the Larrakia Nation in Darwin through its policing, knowledge production, and outreach programs for Aboriginal campers, the article explores the differential articulation of Aboriginal groups with the state. It concludes by asking how such differences matter in contexts of planned urbanisation in the Northern Territory.
An automated causality assessment algorithm to detect drug‐induced liver injury in electronic medical record data
Authors: Cheetham T. Craig , Lee Janet , Hunt Christine M. , Niu Fang , Reisinger Steph , Murray Rich , Powell Greg , Papay Julie
Published: October 2013

Purpose

The aim of this study was to develop an automated causality assessment algorithm to identify drug‐induced liver injury.

Methods

The Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) is an algorithm for determining the causal association between a drug and liver injury. In collaboration with hepatology experts, definitions were developed for the RUCAM criteria to operationalize an electronic RUCAM (eRUCAM). The eRUCAM was tested in a population of patients taking 14 drugs with a characteristic phenotype for liver injury. Quality assurance for programming specifications involved comparisons between scores generated by the eRUCAM, for probable and highly probable cases, and expert manual RUCAM (n = 20). Concordance between eRUCAM and manual RUCAM subscores and total score was tested using the Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Results

Causality scores were the same for 6 of 20 patients (30%) by manual and eRUCAM algorithms. Analysis of subscores revealed ≥80% concordance between manual and eRUCAM for five of the seven criteria. In general, the total scores tended to be higher for the eRUCAM compared with the manual RUCAM. Programming issues were identified for criterion 5 ‘non‐drug causes of liver injury’ where significant differences existed between manual and eRUCAM scoring (p = 0.001). For criterion 5, identical scores occurred in 9 of 20 patients (45%), and manual review identified additional codes, timing criteria, and laboratory results for improving subsequent eRUCAM revisions.

Conclusion

The eRUCAM had generally good concordance with manual RUCAM scoring. These preliminary findings suggest that the eRUCAM algorithm is feasible and could have application in clinical practice and drug safety surveillance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential label‐free quantitative proteomic analysis of avian eggshell matrix and uterine fluid proteins associated with eggshell mechanical property
Authors: Sun Congjiao , Xu Guiyun , Yang Ning
Published: October 2013

Eggshell strength is a crucial economic trait for table egg production. During the process of eggshell formation, uncalcified eggs are bathed in uterine fluid that plays regulatory roles in eggshell calcification. In this study, a label‐free MS‐based protein quantification technology was used to detect differences in protein abundance between eggshell matrix from strong and weak eggs (shell matrix protein from strong eggshells and shell matrix protein from weak eggshells) and between the corresponding uterine fluids bathing strong and weak eggs (uterine fluid bathing strong eggs and uterine fluid bathing weak eggs) in a chicken population. Here, we reported the first global proteomic analysis of uterine fluid. A total of 577 and 466 proteins were identified in uterine fluid and eggshell matrix, respectively. Of 447 identified proteins in uterine fluid bathing strong eggs, up to 357 (80%) proteins were in common with proteins in uterine fluid bathing weak eggs. Similarly, up to 83% (328/396) of the proteins in shell matrix protein from strong eggshells were in common with the proteins in shell matrix protein from weak eggshells. The large amount of common proteins indicated that the difference in protein abundance should play essential roles in influencing eggshell strength. Ultimately, 15 proteins mainly relating to eggshell matrix specific proteins, calcium binding and transportation, protein folding and sorting, bone development or diseases, and thyroid hormone activity were considered to have closer association with the formation of strong eggshell.
Controlled nucleation and optical properties of InAs quantum dots grown on faceted GaAs microstructures
Authors: Zander Marlene , Nishinaga Jiro , Gotoh Hideki , Horikoshi Yoshiji
Published: October 2013

We present a study of the site‐controlled nucleation of InAs quantum dots on faceted GaAs microstructures grown by migration enhanced epitaxy and demonstrate single quantum dot emission. Well defined GaAs templates with facets mostly belonging to the crystal plane families {01n }, {11n } and (001) are realized. Subsequent InAs nucleation occurs on the plane with the highest growth rate, and allows a precise positioning of optical active InAs quantum dots. The site‐controlled quantum dots reveal excitonic and biexcitonic transitions with narrow linewidths. The results are promising for the realization of single photon sources from site‐selected InAs QDs on faceted GaAs microstructures. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Deglycosylation induces extensive dynamics changes in α‐amylase revealed by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry
Authors: Ji Chengjie , Wei Gary
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

N‐Linked glycosylation plays important roles in modulating protein structure and function. The direct impact of the modification on protein conformation is not yet well understood.

METHODS

Here we probed the dynamic changes following Endo H trimming of high mannose glycans in α‐amylase by means of amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

The results revealed that deglycosylation elicited extensive alterations in backbone dynamics, affecting regions both adjacent to and distal from the glycosylation site.

CONCLUSIONS

The overall exchange rate is reduced in the glycosylated state, which indicates rigidity enhancement due to the attached carbohydrates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of Color Instability in a Liquid Laundry Detergent
Authors: Missler Stephen R. , Vredeveld Douglas J. , Westrate Eric D. , Sliva Philip G. , Brouwer Steven J.
Published: October 2013

During reformulation of a liquid laundry detergent, an undesirable color change was observed: the normally blue color of the formulation was found to turn green when exposed to elevated temperatures during accelerated stability testing. Spectroscopic analysis revealed formation of a yellow substance, whose transmission spectrum combined with that of the blue dye to yield the observed green color. Sequential solid phase extraction using cation and anion exchange indicated the yellow substance was a base. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis of the isolate demonstrated a series of related compounds whose elemental composition and fragmentation suggested polyethenyl imines (PEIs). These results support a mechanism involving metal‐catalyzed oxidative degradation of triethanolamine (TEA) with subsequent acetaldehyde‐mediated formation of conjugated PEIs as primary factors responsible for the observed color change.
Protein alkylation by the α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde acrolein. A reversible mechanism of electrophile signaling?
Authors: Randall Matthew J. , Hristova Milena , van der Vliet Albert
Published: October 2013

Acrolein, a reactive aldehyde found in cigarette smoke, is thought to induce its biological effects primarily by irreversible adduction to cellular nucleophiles such as cysteine thiols. Here, we demonstrate that acrolein rapidly inactivates the seleno‐enzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) in human bronchiolar epithelial HBE1 cells, which recovered over 4–8 h by a mechanism depending on the presence of cellular GSH and thioredoxin 1 (Trx1), and corresponding with reversal of protein–acrolein adduction. Our findings indicate that acrolein‐induced protein alkylation is not necessarily a feature of irreversible protein damage, but may reflect a reversible signaling mechanism that is regulated by GSH and Trx1.
FAD C(4a)‐hydroxide stabilized in a naturally fused styrene monooxygenase
Authors: Tischler Dirk , Schlömann Michael , van Berkel Willem J.H. , Gassner George T.
Published: October 2013

StyA2B represents a new class of styrene monooxygenases that integrates flavin‐reductase and styrene‐epoxidase activities into a single polypeptide. This naturally‐occurring fusion protein offers new avenues for studying and engineering biotechnologically relevant enantioselective biochemical epoxidation reactions. Stopped‐flow kinetic studies of StyA2B reported here identify reaction intermediates similar to those reported for the separate reductase and epoxidase components of related two‐component systems. Our studies identify substrate epoxidation and elimination of water from the FAD C(4a)‐hydroxide as rate‐limiting steps in the styrene epoxidation reaction. Efforts directed at accelerating these reaction steps are expected to greatly increase catalytic efficiency and the value of StyA2B as biocatalyst.
Five Hundred Years of Italian Scholarship on Machiavelli'sPrince
Authors: Giorgini Giovanni
Published: October 2013

Machiavelli'sPrincecirculated widely in manuscript form in Italy way before its publication in 1532. Its reception was mixed from the start: some readers found in it a frank, sometimes ironic, description for the benefit of the people of the evil means used by bad rulers; others read in it evil recommendations to tyrants to help them maintain their power. The history of the reception of thePrincein Italy discloses a book with many facets: the impious and amoral Machiavelli of the Jesuits; the republican champion of the people, who unveiled the evil practices of tyrants, of the Enlightenment and Romantic readers; the citizen and patriot who fought for the liberation of Italy of the “Risorgimento”; the nationalist author who realized the limits of popular sovereignty and the necessity of force during the Fascist era; and many more Machiavellis andPrincespresent in Italy in the past five hundred years.
Strauss onThe Prince
Authors: Mansfield Harvey C.
Published: October 2013

Here is a study of what Leo Strauss in his marvelous book,Thoughts on Machiavelli(1958), tells us about Machiavelli'sThe Prince, and how he tells it. The “how” is quite remarkable: his book is unlike any other book that has ever been written on Machiavelli. For the first time Machiavelli's esotericism is not only alluded to or introduced but explained at length. In explaining, Strauss shows how he arrived at his discoveries in Machiavelli's texts, teaching his readers the proper mixture of innocence and savvy. With his book Strauss gives a wholly new picture of an author who set store by being “wholly new.” All scholarly studies on Machiavelli can now be divided into those written before Strauss and those written after him, and the latter between those that take account of him in some fashion and those that willfully, or blithely, ignore him.
Three Interrelated Views of Punishment
Authors: Sterba James P.
Published: October 2013

It is very unusual for books under review to relate to each other as instructively as do these three books on punishment. They truly deserve to be read and reviewed together.
Excavations in Melos, 1897
Authors: Smith Cecil
Published: October 2013

At the close of last year's Report (British School Annual, vol. ii., p. 76) it was stated that we had begun late in the season of 1896 an excavation on a site at Phylakopi, in the north-east of the island. The results then obtained were of so promising a character, that it was determined to constitute Phylakopi as the main objective of the campaign of 1897, and in fact to lay siege to the prehistoric fortress with all the forces at our disposition.
Ancient Sites in Melos
Authors: Mackenzie Duncan
Published: October 2013

After the close of the excavation season of the British School at Melos last year, I availed myself of the opportunity afforded by a prolonged stay to explore the island. The sites of Komia, Palæochori, and Hagia Kyriaki had been previously visited by me in company with Mr. Charles Clark, architect to the British School, but as the former visits had been limited to one day I revisited the sites mentioned more at leisure afterwards. In order to become more familiar with the people and the districts I stayed several days at or near each of the sites, sleeping usually in the threshing-floors near the farm-houses.
Panathenaic Amphorae
Authors: Smith Cecil
Published: October 2013

Since the article by De Witte in Annali dell' Inst. 1877, p. 294, this subject has not received much attention from archaeologists, although the material has in the interval sensibly increased. In publishing here three documents of a somewhat new interest to the study of Panathenaic amphorae, I propose merely to offer some suggestions which may be worth consideration when the subject comes to be once more comprehensively worked out.
Prof. Jannaris' Historical Greek Grammar
Authors: Mahaffy J. P.
Published: October 2013

Of the writing of Greek grammars there is no end, and the reading of them is a weariness to the flesh. Most of them are unpractical enough, and give the student imaginary things for real. How many a boy has been persuaded to accept as good Greek the whole of dear old τύπτω as set forth in the paradigms ever since the first book printed in Greek—the Grammar of Lascaris—was constructed for the torment of the young! How often do rules piled upon rules obscure our sense of a living and real language! It is not, therefore, easy to persuade men that have a long and daily habit of reading Greek to turn back to a grammar, unless they are obliged to look for that most idle of all knowledge—theoretical rules to set down upon examination papers. Yet Prof. Jannaris has overcome this strong repugnance in me, and I labour at his very voluminous and intricate book with profit, and with an interest I never before felt in such a book. Not that he persuades me of all his theories—far from it; but he attacks and strives to solve the standing problems which recur perpetually to the honest student of classical Greek, and which ought, we imagine, to have been long since solved.
I. The Season's Work
Authors: Hogarth D. G.
Published: October 2013

The initial stages of the excavation of the prehistoric city near the hamlet of Phylákopi in north-west Melos have been reported in previous issues of the Annual (II. and III.). The development of this exploration in its second season (1897) made it imperative that its continuation should be the principal, indeed the sole, objective of the next campaign of the School; and to that end accordingly our funds and energies were exclusively directed in the spring of 1898.
III. The Pottery
Authors: Edgar C. C.
Published: October 2013

Perhaps the main interest of the prehistoric deposit at Phylákopi consists in the fact that of sites hitherto excavated it alone covers the centuries which separate the Mycenaean age from the earliest culture known to us on Greek soil. To discover a few landmarks between those two limits and provide as far as possible a scale of comparison by which to determine the relative date of more isolated finds has been one leading aim of the excavation. For such a purpose no other material is so important as pottery, merely because no other material is so plentiful; in houses and tombs alike it is the one thing that is never lacking.
The Palace of Knossos
Authors: Evans Arthur J.
Published: October 2013

As far as it was possible to forecast the Campaign of 1902 on the Palace site of Knossos it promised to be one of finishing up in a limited quarter of the East Slope, with some further delimitation of already fairly ascertained boundaries. But appearances were deceptive. Not only did the work of excavating the remainder of the deep-lying rooms of the Central part of this quarter prove to be of extraordinary difficulty, owing to the masses of heavy superstructures that it was necessary to support, but the building was found to extend further down the slope than the preliminary trial pits had led us to expect. In several cases these had just missed important walls, with the result that vast masses of excavated materials had, towards the close of the previous campaign, been dumped down in places from which they had this year to be removed at the cost of much labour. It was also found that several of the chambers previously excavated along the edge of the second East Slope Terrace—notably those near the Olive Press—overlaid basement areas containing important remains, and these, in turn, the floor levels of a still earlier Palace, covered with pottery of the pure ‘Kamáres’ class.
Keftiu and the Peoples of the Sea
Authors: Hall H. R.
Published: October 2013

It may well be that in the idea of Herodotus and his contemporaries, that the gods of Greece came originally from Egypt, there lies a consciousness of a fact, and that there was latent in the Greek mind a vague idea that their civilization had, far back in the mists of time, come into contact with that of Egypt, and even that some of its characteristics were of Egyptian origin. Leaving out of account the question of the possible African origin of ‘Mycenaean’ culture, and so ultimately of much of the civilization which we know as ‘Greek,’ we can now say with certainty that we know that Greek culture had, a thousand years before Herodotus, been brought into contact with the already three thousand year old civilization of Egypt, and that this contact was a comparatively close one, and one which cannot fail to have resulted in a perceptible modification of the less-developed and younger culture. We now know that this contact was closest in the sixteenth and fifteenth centuries B.C., when the kings of the XVIIIth Dynasty reigned over Egypt.