bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Insecticides for Early Season Thrips Control in the Mississippi Delta, 1987
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Sixteen treatments were tested for relative efficacy against thrips in irrigated cotton planted 5 May at the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, Miss. Plots were 8 rows (40- inch centers) × 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Foliar treatments were applied to the center 4 rows by high-clearance spray tractor with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 4.4 gal/acre at 4 mph using 1 flat fan nozzle (2008e)/row. Applications were made on 28 May. Other treatments were applied in furrow during planting. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Several plants from each plot were clipped and put in jars in the field and returned to the lab. They were then washed, and the thrips were filtered onto filter paper for counting under a dissection microscope. All data were collected from the center 2 rows. Yield was obtained by mechanical picker.
Control of Spider Mites and L. Hesperus on Cotton, 1986
Authors: Wynholds Paul F. , Leigh Thomas F. , Li Xin Bai
Published: March 2022

Pesticides were applied to 'Acala SJ-2' cotton near Shafter and Five Points, Calif., planted 15 Apr and 17 Apr, respectively. Individual plots were 16 and 24 rows wide, respectively (1.02 m/row), and 46 m long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied by high-clearance ground sprayer equipped with drop booms using 3 or 5 hollow-cone nozzles/row, depending on plant size, delivering 140 or 234 liters/ha at 2.8 kg/cm2. Mainstem leaves (25/plot, 8th unfolded leaf below mainstem terminal) were sampled on 5 or 6 posttreatment dates and processed through a sodium hypochlorite wash system. Counts were made of all active stages of the Tetranychid complex. L. hesperus were sampled by 50 net sweeps/plot (19.4 m2) on 8 sample dates/location. All arthropod counts were transformed (x + 0.5) for analysis of variance; raw means are reported here.
Response of Spider Mites to Capture, 1987
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Magaro J. J.
Published: March 2022

Tetranychus spp. were collected from a cotton field that had been sprayed 8 times with cypermethrin at a rate of 0.06 lb (AI)/acre. Whole leaves with mites were taken to the laboratory. Serial dilutions of Capture 2EC were made using ethanol as a solvent. Dilutions were 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000 ppm of Capture 2EC to ethanol. One ml of each dilution level was pipetted onto the bottom of a 50- × 90-mm Petri dish, and each treatment was replicated 5 times. The dishes were swirled to achieve an even distribution of the solution, and the excess material was poured off. Dishes were dried at room temperature and then stored at 40-50°F. Five adult female mites were removed from leaves using a brush and placed onto the bottom of each dish, which was then closed and held for 24 h at 77°F. Mite mortality was monitored by probing each mite with a brush. Mites were considered dead if they could not move more than one body length after being probed. Data were analyzed using probit analysis with treatments transformed to log10 values.
Armyworm Control, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele , Bromenshenkel Eugene
Published: March 2022

A satisfactory infestation of true armyworm was reported near Cloquet, Minn., by the St. Louis County extension agent. 18- × 35-ft plots were located in an uncut orchard grass field containing approximately 10 larvae/sq ft. Soil moisture was extremely short at the time the treatments were made. Plots were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized complete block. Insecticide was applied in the late afternoon at 75°F. Approximately 15 gal total material was applied/acre using a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi pressure. Live and dead larvae in lVa sq ft/plot were counted 24 h after treatment. Counting sites were selected by dropping a yardstick and counting larvae in the 3 inches on either side of the stick. A damage rating was taken 1 wk posttreatment both for this study and for educational use.
Thrips Control on Peanuts, North Carolina, 1987
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

A field in northern Northampton County was selected to evaluate specific insecticides and nematicides for thrips control. Soil was sandy with only 0.2% organic matter and pH 6.1. Peanuts were planted on 14 May (36 inch rows) with approximately 130 lb seed/acre. Soil temperature was 67°F. Plots were 2 rows wide × 50 ft long, and each plot was separated by 2 buffer rows. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Plot ends were separated by a 5-ft barren strip. Peanuts were planted using a Cole planter, and rolling cultivators were used to lightly incorporate band treatments. In-furrow treatments were placed in the furrow with the seed, and band treatments were placed immediately behind the press wheel. Peanuts were otherwise managed under standard agronomic practices. Thrips control was evaluated by determining the abundance of damaged leaflets per plot. Fifty newly-opened leaflets/plot were randomly selected and examined for thrips damage. The number of damaged leaflets was recorded. Sampling was conducted on 3 dates, 4, 10, and 18 Jun. In addition, on 10 Jun, 10 unopened leaflets per plot were opened and examined for thrips and the number of thrips recorded. All data were transformed by × + 0.5.
Rice Water Weevil Control, 1986
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont. The design was a randomized complete block with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Each experimental unit was 20 × 5 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent contamination from other units. On 8 Apr units were fertilized preplant with urea at 100 lb nitrogen/acre, broadcast seeded with 'Lemont' rice at 100 lb/acre, and treated 16 Apr with benthiocarb at 4 lb Al/acre. On 22 Apr, propanil and benthiocarb were applied each at 3 lb Al/acre. Units were flush irrigated 9 Apr, and the permanent flood was applied 9 May. An additional 50 lb nitrogen/acre in the form of urea was applied at panicle differentiation. Furadan was applied with a hand shaker and the remaining treatments were applied at 10 gal/acre at 12 psi with a CO2-pressurized handheld atomizer. The adjuvant PA-10 was added to one treatment of UC84572F at the rate of 0.25% by volume. Treatments were applied at 0630 hours at a temperature of 75°F and relative humidity of 90%. Wind was from the south at less than 5 mph. On the day of application 0.04 inches of rain was recorded. From 9 to 15 Jun, 10 soil cores (4 inches diam × 4 inches deep) containing approximately 1 plant/core were removed from each unit. Plants were washed in a 40-mesh screen bucket and rice water weevil larvae and pupae were recovered and counted. Units were harvested from 1 to 4 Aug.
Sorghum Greenbug Control, 1985
Authors: Peters Leroy L.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in Clay County, Nebr. The previous year's crop was soybeans. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Plots were 4 rows wide (30-inch spacing) and 30.2 ft long. The 2 center rows were used for insect counts and yield. In-furrow planting-time application of granules was made by applying a preweighed amount of granules from a V-belt seeder into the granule delivery tube mounted on the planter behind the seed tube. Foliar applications were applied on 25 Jul with a CO2-pressurized unit mounted on a bicycle-wheeled plot sprayer. Three nozzles/row were used—1 from each side and 1 over the row. Spraying Systems TX8 hollow-cone tips were used at 40 psi with spray output of 22.5 gal/acre. The number of emerged plants in the 2 center rows of each plot was counted on 20 Jun. Insect population levels were determined by examining 10 plants in the 2 center rows on the stated dates. Plots were harvested on 25 Oct with a Massey 35 combine.
Control of Soybean Insect Pests with Pounce, 1987
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Taylor J. D. , Padgett M. L.
Published: March 2022

Pounce 3.2EC was evaluated to determine its efficacy in controlling velvetbean caterpillars, threecornered alfalfa hoppers, and grasshoppers in soybean. Soybeans were planted on 1 Jun at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton. An Agrotec 100-gal spray rig with a 30-ft boom was mounted to a Ford 6610 tractor. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 35 gal/acre of formulation it 55 psi using flat-fan 8004 nozzles. Pounce was applied at 2 oz of formulated material/acre (0.05 lb [AI]/acre) on 21 Sep. Each of 2 fields was partitioned into 4 replications 30 ft wide and extending the length of the field (about 0.5 acres each). A 6-row (18-ft) untreated border was between each replicate. The Pounce treatment was evaluated 2 and 7 days after application by comparing the number of insect pests/25 sweeps (using a 15-inch-diam sweep net) in the treated plots to those in the middle 2 untreated check rows.
Evaluation of Insecticides Against Corn Earworm, Green Cloverworm, and Associated Arthropod Predators in Soybeans, 1987
Authors: Moss Teresa P. , Zehnder Geoffrey W. , Beahm Mary M. , Sagaral Ras G.
Published: March 2022

Soybeans were no-till planted on 20 Jun after wheat harvest on the Sabine Hall Farm in Richmond COunty, Va. Individual wheat harvest on the Sabine Hall Farm in Richmond County, Va. Individual plots were 4 rows × 15 ft bordered by 2 buffer rows. A randomized complete block experimental design with 3 replications was used. Spray concentrates were applied with a CO2-powered compressed-air sprayer using AL8004 nozzels. Delivery rate was 31.8 gal/acre at 32 psi. Insecticides were foliar applied on 21 Aug to 'Bay' soybeans planted on a 20-inch row spacing. Individual treatments were evaluated 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after application by comparing the number of insect pests and predators/15 sweeps in the treated plots to those in the untreated checks. A 15-inch-diam net passed through the foliage of a single row in each plot on each sampling date constituted 1 sweep. Pod evaluations were made by counting the total number of pods on 5 plants in each plot and then counting the number of CEW-damaged pods on the same plants. Yield estimates were obtained by harvesting 10 row-ft of 1 of the center rows of each plot on 3 Nov. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture.
Soybean Insect Pest Control, 1987
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Planting in June was preferred but high rainfall during that month delayed seeding until 13 Jul when soybean seed was row planted at 10 seeds/ft. Plot size was 75 ft × 7 rows (32-inch row spacing). Treatments are described in the tables and were applied between 0700 and 0900 hours (<5 mph wind) on 20 Sep when plants were VlO-13, R5-6. Up to this time, insect pest populations were too low to evaluate insecticide efficacy. Insecticides were applied with a COa-pressurized (20 psi) 4-nozzle boom sprayer. Nozzle tips were flat-fan LF (80 degrees) and delivered 15 gal finished spray/acre. In each plot 9 ft of row was sampled with a vertical beat sheet on dates recorded in the tables. Samples were brushed from the beat sheet to plastic bags and the contents were frozen and then thawed later for identification and enumeration.
Secondary Pest Buildup in Response to Insecticides, 1987
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Showier A. T. , Reagan T. E. , Rester D. C.
Published: March 2022

Foliar spray concentrates were applied from an airplane to a field of plant cane (2 replications) and first-stubble (2 replications) crop sugarcane at Lanaux Plantation near Kilona, La., for evaluation of buildup of secondary pest infestation of the yellow sugarcane aphid. Each plot consisted of a minimum of 30 rows of sugarcane; the size of the plots ranged from 1.8 to 2.4 acres. Each spray concentrate was applied in water to the crop canopy on 60-ft swath widths (10 rows) at a rate of 2 gal of finished formulation/acre/application. The first application of insecticides was begun after internodes were visible and Diatraea saccharalis infestation exceeded 5% of the stalks with live larvae in the leaf sheaths (13 Jul). The second application was made on 17 Aug when that level of D. saccharalis infestation was again detected in Guthion-treated plots. The number of aphids was evaluated by randomly sampling 20 plants weekly and removing a leaf from the upper portion of each plant.
Insecticide Evaluation Against Mexican Rice Borer on Sugarcane, 1987
Authors: Ring D. R. , Browning H. W.
Published: March 2022

Plots of 4 rows (1.5-m centers) × 19.8 m (0.012 ha) l of 2nd ratoon sugarcane, clone 'TCP81-3072,' were located in Hidalgo County, near Santa Rosa, Tex. A buffer of 3.0 m of standing cane was left between plots. Spray concentrations were applied in a randomized block design at 70 psi in 7.6 liters of water (25.6 liters water/ha) using a ground sprayer with a 6.1- imboom with 1 nozzle on either side and the top of each row of sugarcane. Nozzles on the sides of the cane were lowered 0.9 m into the canopy and directed toward the plants. Formulations of San 353 and 354 were applied immediately prior to applications of conventional insecticides. Prespray counts of bored jinternodes and stalks containing infested leaf sheaths (25 stalks/plot) were made 26 Aug and 9 Sep, respectively. Treatments were applied to all plots on 11 Sep and on 18 Sep to plots of treatments with leaf sheath infestations exceeding 10% (current action threshold), 3 days after the initial treatment. Posttreatment counts of infested leaf sheaths were made on 14, 21, and 25 Sep and 2 and 8 Oct, whereas bored internodes were estimated on 8 Oct. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and least-squares means due to significant pretreatment means.
Combined Insecticide Efficacy When Applied at Two Plant Stages Against Banded Sunflower Moth Larvae, 1986
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele , Warnes Dennis
Published: March 2022

This study, to compare efficacy of insecticides applied at different plant stages for banded sunflower moth (BSM) larvae control, was located at the West Central Experiment Station, Morris, Minn. Plots were 4 30-inch rows × 30 ft planted 7 May, replicated 3 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied at 2 stages of sunflower growth. Applications were made using a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi. Insecticide was broadcast in 25 gal/acre total material. Heads were collected from 20 ft row, dried, and thoroughly smashed. An uncleaned sample was removed for the BSM count; the remainder were cleaned. Both were weighed and recorded. BSM counts were taken on 200 seeds/uncleaned subsample. BSM infestation levels were low. All treatments were equal and superior to the untreated check. There were no differences in yield in this trial.
Low Dosage Control of Sunflower Beetle Larvae with 3 Pyrethroids, 1986
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele , Holder Bobby
Published: March 2022

The trial was established in a commercial sunflower field near Ada, Minn. Plots were 4 rows × 25 ft, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The low concentrations of insecticide applied were obtained by serial dilution using clean containers. No additional sticker or emulsifiers were used. Application was with a handheld C02 sprayer at 40 psi, using 17 gal/acre of total material. Pretreatment and posttreatment counts were taken on the same 10 plants in each plot. Percent reduction was calculated and treated statistically as indicated in the table.
Soil Insecticides for Control of Insects Feeding on Flue-Cured Tohacco Foliage, 1987
Authors: Semtner Paul J.
Published: March 2022

The effectiveness of various soil insecticides was evaluated for the control of insects feeding on tobacco foliage at Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va. Eleven treatments and an untreated check were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted 1 in plots of 40 × 12 ft (3 rows) on 19 May. The soil was a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam (pH 5.8, 3% organic matter). Pretransplant soil treatments were applied, incorporated by double disking, and bedded up on 7 May (ambient temperature, 90-95°F; soil temperature 82-88°F). Granular formulations were broadcast with a Gandy granular applicator mounted on a push cart. The liquid formulations were applied with a COa-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 26 gal/acre through Spraying Systems 8002LP tips at 25 psi. Temik treatments were applied over the bedded row in a 12-inch band with a Gandy applicator and incorporated with a rotary tiller on 15 May. The season was dry (0.34, 1.10, 1.95, and 1.72 inches for May, June, July, and August, respectively), but the crop was irrigated 5 times (1.3 inches, 24 Jun and 15 Jul; 1.5 inches, 23 and 28 Jul; and 1 inch, 7 Aug) to maintain proper growth. Moderate populations of the tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera tabacum solanacearum were present in all test plots. Every 1-2 wk from transplanting to the completion of harvest, the most abundant insect pests were sampled in the center row of each plot. Counts included tobacco flea beetles on 10 plants/plot; flea beetle feeding holes on the most damaged leaf of 10 plants/plot on the first 2 observation dates and on the top leaf at least 6 inches long on the 3rd and 4th dates; green peach aphids between the 4th and 6th lateral veins on the right side of 4 upper leaves at least 6 inches long on 10 plants/plot; and tobacco and tomato hornworms together on all plants on the center row of each plot. Tobacco was harvested from each plot, cured, weighed, and graded to determine return in $/acre. Aphid counts were transformed to log10(X + 1) before analysis, but actual means are shown. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, and significant means were separated by DMRT.
Early-Season Insect Control with Transplant Water Insecticides, 1987
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Onks D. O.
Published: March 2022

Burley and dark tobacco were transplanted on 12 and 21 May, respectively, at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield, Tenn. Plots were 4 rows × 450 ft for the dark tobacco and 4 rows × 240 ft for the burley tobacco. Plots were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design with 42-inch spacing between rows. Plants were spaced 18 ,.nd 36 inches within rows for burley and dark tobacco, respectively. Orthene at different rates was applied in the transplant water at the time of setting. Soil type for the dark tobacco was Montview silt loam, 2-5% slope, pH 6.1. Soil type for the burley tobacco was Dixon silt loam, 2-5% slope, pH 6.3. Total rainfall for the growing season was 10.92 inches, and 2.45 inches of that amount fell during a 6-wk period after transplanting. All plots were sprayed with < orthene at 0.75 lb (AI)/acre on 17 Jun for hornworms. Flea beetle damage was reported as average number of feeding holes/10 leaves; counts were made on the 5th leaf (of width greater than 2 inches) from the top of the plant. Hornworm larvae were counted on 100 plants/plot on 16 Jun. Burley and dark tobacco were harvested on 12 and 24 Aug, respectively.
Aphid Control in Winter Wheat with Spring-Applied Foliar Insecticides, 1987
Authors: Buntin G. D. , Sisk L. R. , Kinard D. J.
Published: March 2022

Selected foliar insecticides were evaluated for control of aphids during the grain-filling phase of wheat growth. Plots were established 10 miles southwest of Plains, Ga., on 29 Oct. Seed was planted in 8-inch rows at 90 lb of seed/acre using a Tye grain drill. Plots measuring 7 × 20 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a C02-powered backpack sprayer equipped with no. 4 flat-fan nozzles, which delivered 27.5 gal/acre. Plots were treated at anthesis on 1 Apr. Aphids were sampled on 23 Apr by counting all aphids on the grain head and flag leaf of 10 randomly selected tillers/plot. Plots were harvested on 29 May by threshing with a small-bundle thresher all grain heads in 2 adjacent 1.1-yd sections of row. Yield was adjusted to 13.5% moisture i content.
Greenbug Control with Magnum Seed Treatment on Winter Wheat, 1986
Authors: Hein G. L. , Ingemansen J. A. , Walgenbach D.
Published: March 2022

Winter wheat plots were planted near Nunda, S. Dak. (loam soil type) on 12 Sep with a grain drill with double disk openers. Thimet was applied to the seed furrow via a grass seeder attachment on the 4iain drill. Plots (1.8 × 15 m) were planted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Precipitation following planting was extreme; 12.8 cm of rain fell during the first week after planting. On 2 Oct a 0.9- × 0.9-m cage was placed over a portion of each plot, and greenbugs were released into these ;ages and allowed to infest the wheat plants (2-leaf stage). The greenbugs were obtained from the Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory in Brookings, S. Dak. (R. Kieckhefer). Each cage received all the greenbugs that were infesting a single sorghum plant that had been growing in the greenhouse. The average number of aphids infested/cage was 350. On 10 Oct the number of aphids/plant was counted on 10 plants in each plot (40/treatment). At this time, the plants were in the 2- to 3-leaf stage. Aphids were again counted on 20 Oct (10 plants/plot), and the plants at this time were in the 3- to 4-leaf stage. Analysis of covariance was used to account for differences in initial infestation levels.
Annual White Grub Control in Kentucky Bluegrass, 1987
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Shearman R. C. , Wit L. A.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were applied to 5- × 10-ft plots on a golf course in Lincoln, Nebr. (Lancaster County), on 5 Aug. Granular formulations were combined with 13.5 oz Milorganite, which served as a carrier, and were hand shaken over plots. Liquid formulations were applied with a C02 sprayer using an LF-4 nozzle at 28 psi and a spray rate of 4 gal/1000 sq ft spray rate. To ensure uniformity among plots, 13.5 oz of Milorganite were also applied over plots receiving liquid formulations and over untreated checks. The experiment was replicated 4 times using a randomized complete block design. Immediately following insecticide applications, the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.75 inches of water. An additional 3.75 inches of rainfall occurred during the posttreatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 14 days after application (19 Aug) by removing 2 sections of sod, 1-sq-ft × 4 inches deep, from each plot and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Summer Control of Northern Masked Chafer Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Snyder County, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The lough consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (60%), Kentucky bluegrass (30%), and perennial ryegrass (10%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted (m a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi and delivering 5 gal/1000 sq ft. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 65°F; soil temperature, 64°F; RH 77%; amount of thatch, 0.25-1.0 inches; soil type, loam; soil size separation, 36.2% sand, 47.6% silt, 16.2% clay; soil moisture, 13.0%; soil pH 5.7; % organic matter, 3.7; water pH, slightly acidic; 9.0 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. The experimental area was not irrigated after treatment. Posttreatment counts were made 32 days later (2 Oct). Six sq ft sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of northern masked chafer grubs/sq ft was recorded.
Spring Control of Northern Masked Chafer and Asiatic Garden Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Snyder County, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The rough consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (60%), Kentucky bluegrass (30%), and perennial ryegrass (10%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a COa sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi and delivering 5 gal/1000 sq ft. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade of sand top dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (27 Apr), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 62°F; soil temperature, 60°F; RH 50%; amount of thatch, 0.25-1.0 inches; soil type, loam; soil size separation, 38.2% and, 43.6% silt, 18.2% clay; soil moisture, 8.5%; soil pH 6.5; % organic matter, 2.8; water pH, slightly acidic; 3.0 inches of rainfall was recorded over the Posttreatment period. The experimental area was not irrigated after treatment. Posttreatment counts were made 24 days later (21 May). Three sq ft sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate and the total number of northern masked chafer and Asiatic garden beetle grubs/sq ft was recorded. An average of 17.7 northern masked chafer grubs and Asiatic garden beetle grubs/sq ft was recorded on 27 Apr.
Control of Sod Webworm in Bluegrass Turf, 1987
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. , Hellman E. L.
Published: March 2022

The test site was a 3-yr-old pure stand of A34 Kentucky bluegrass located near Goldsboro, Caroline County, Md. Turf damage at time of treatment on 19 Aug was heavy, and webworms averaged 20-25/sq ft. Treatment plots were 8 × 8 ft replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied by hand shaker can, and all liquid treatments were applied by sprinkling can in 1.5 gal of water. All applications were made in 2 directions across each plot. A half inch of rain fell during the test period. Three drops of Ambush 2E in 2 gal of water was used as an irritant to bring the webworms to the surface where they were counted. The sample area was a 2.8-sq-ft steel ring randomly placed in each plot.
Fall Control of Annual White Grubs Using Artificial Infestations, 1987
Authors: Johnson James W. , Boston Steven L.
Published: March 2022

Plugs of bluegrass turf were cut with a standard 6-inch cup cutter and potted into 6-inch-diam × 6-inch-deep plastic pots on 17 Sep. Larvae of the southern masked chafer, Cyclocephala immaculata, were placed into these pots at the rate of 4/pot. Pots were dampened to ensure survival of turf. Treatments were applied 21 Sep to pots arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Pots were placed in a 5- × 5-ft plot with treatments applied to this area. Liquid treatments were applied with an R&D Systems CO2 pistol belt sprayer with Delavan LF-3 nozzles calibrated to deliver 30 gal of dilute spray/acre at 30 psi. Granular treatments were applied with a shaker bottle to apply the product evently over the treatment area. Clay granules were added to granular treatments to a uniform weight of 30 g to ensure even distribution of the products. Approximately 0.5 inches of water was applied with sprinklers to the plots within 2 h of application. Additionally, 0.5 inches was applied 25 Sep; 1 inch of rainfall occurred on 28 Sep. The split-rate trial of DZN AG500 had one-half labeled rate (1.98 lb (AI)/acre) applied on 21 Sep, and again on 28 Sep. As the soil was already wet from the inch of rain fall during the previous 24-h period, only 0.25 inches was applied to the DZN split-rate treatments. Data were taken on 24 Sep (72 h), 28 Sep (1 wk), and 5 Oct (2 wk). Sample cores were carefully torn apart, and all grubs recovered from each replicate. The number of living and dead grubs were recorded. The summary % dead figure represents all replicates over all 3 time periods; a total of 36 grubs is used in calculating the summary % dead.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with a Granular Insecticide and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course, Newark, N.Y., 1987
Authors: Villani M. G. , Consolie F. , Preston-Wilsey L. , Wright R. J.
Published: March 2022

Oftanol 5G and 2 species of entomogenous nematodes were applied to a golf course rough at the Newark Country Club on 25 Aug for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The rough consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (25%), annual bluegrass (60%), and broadleaf weeds (15%). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 × 10 ft. Granular material was applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. The nematodes, a dessicated and undessicated formulation of Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (strain NC 25) and undessicated formulation of Heterrhabditis sp. (strain Hp 88), were applied at a rate of 5 billion/acre in 11.4 liters of water through a sprinkling can to the center 4 sq ft of each plot. At treatment time (20 Aug) the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 72°F; soil temperature, 81°F (1 inch), 76°F (3 inches); soil pH 7.0; water pH 6.8; organic matter, 5.3%; soil moisture, 7.0%; soil texture, coarse sand, 11.8%, medium sand 26.7%, fine sand, 38.5%, very fine sand, 17.2%, silt and clay, 5.8%; thatch was —0.25 inches deep. One-half inch of irrigation was applied after treatment. Posttreatment counts were taken on 2 Oct by cutting a 1- × 10-ft strip (2.25 inches deep) lengthwise through the middle of each plot with a mechanical sod cutter and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. A 3-sq-ft sample of sod was examined in each plot, and the surviving grubs were counted. Grub species identifications were made in the field.
Fall Control of White Grubs with Labeled and Experimental Insecticides on a Golf Course, 1987
Authors: Villani M. G. , Consolie F. , Preston-Wilsey L. , Wright R. J.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were applied to a fairway at Drumlins Country Club, Syracuse, N.Y., on 19 Aug for control of a mixed population of Japanese beetle and European chafer grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (40%), annual bluegrass (45%), bentgrass (10%), and broadleaf weeds (5%). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 × 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied in 2 directions within each plot with 11.4 liters (3 gal) of water through a watering can. At treatment time (19 Aug) the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 62°F; soil temperature, 65°F (1 inch), 62°F (3 inches); soil pH 6.9; water pH 7.6; organic matter, 5.4%; soil moisture, 20.0%; soil texture, coarse sand, 15.0%, medium sand, 40.3%, fine sand, 29.4%, very fine sand, 10.0% and silt and clay, 4.7%; thatch was unevenly distributed, but <0.5 inches deep. One-half inch of rain fell within 24 h of treatment and 0.1 inches fell within 24 h posttreatment. Posttreatment counts were taken on 29 Sep by cutting a 1- × 10-ft strip (2.25 inches deep) lengthwise through the middle of each plot with a mechanical sod cutter and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. A 3-sq-ft sample of sod was examined in each plot, and the surviving grubs were counted. Grub species identifications were made in the field. At this time Japanese beetle and European chafer grubs were predominantly third instars.
Efficacy of Lannate and Ambush Used with Bivert for Green Peach Aphid Control, 1987
Authors: Harris M. , Warkentin D. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Chrysanthemum cuttings were direct stuck in 0.41-m2 plots with 36 cuttings/plot. Plants were inoculated with aphids following first pinch, and populations were allowed to build for 1 mo. Pretreatment and 1-wk posttreatment counts were made on 10 cuttings/plot. Treatments were applied after cuttings were taken for counts. A total of 4 weekly treatments were applied to runoff with a Hudson hand-held sprayer at 30 psi; treatments were replicated in 3 plots.
Effects of 4 Horticultural Oils on Feeding and Oviposition by Liriomyza Trifolii, 1987
Authors: Larew H. G.
Published: March 2022

Twenty-five 3-wk-old Iceberg' ohrysanthemums were randomly divided into 5 groups of 5 plants each, and all but 3 leaves near the middle of the stem were removed from each plant. Plants were sprayed with water, 2% (vol/vol) Sunspray 6E, 2% (vol/vol) of an experimental light-weight oil (Sun Refining Company, Philadelphia, Pa.), 2% (vol/vol) Ortho Volck Oil Spray, or 2% (vol/vol) Natur'l Oil. After the plants dried they were all placed in a cage with 50-75 adult L. trifolii for 24 h. After exposure, the feeding punctures (stipples) were counted and leaf area was measured. Leaves were then cleared and stained for egg counts. Both stipple and egg counts were calculated on a per 100 cm2 leaf area basis so that comparisons between plants with different leaf areas could be made.
Flea Beetle Control in Dichondra, 1987
Authors: Garcia J. M. , Ali A. D. , Gay Ralph
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on a dichondra seed farm in Clarksburg, Calif. The test was a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Plot size was 5 × 5 sq ft. The plots were covered with cages constructed from frames with 4 5-ft × 6- inch × 1-inch wooden sides. The upper surface of each frame was lined with white organdy cloth to contain the beetle population. Treatments were applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer using a hollow-cone nozzle at 32 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Pretreatment beetle density was determined on 30 Jun from 2 4.5- × 5.5-inch yellow sticky cards hung inside the cage from the organdy cloth. Posttreatment beetle densities were determined in the same manner on 7 and 14 Jul.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Boalsburg, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer, with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi and delivering 5 gal/1000 sq ft. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 88°F; soil temperature, 82°F; 60%, RH; amount of thatch, 0.5 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil size separation, 23.2% sand, 60.6% silt, 16.2% clay; soil moisture, 24.6%; soil pH 5.3; organic matter, 3.9%; water pH, slightly acidic; 0.8 inches of rainfall was recorded over tie posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 28 Jul, 7 days after the initial treatment date. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inchdiam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10-min period. Three floatation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and inverted to a sq-ft count.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Butler, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a COa sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 sq ft. Granular formulations were applied by using a handheld shaker and mixed with a fine grade of top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; soil temperature, 90°F; RH 90%; amount of thatch, 1.25 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil size separation, 14.2% sand, 63.6% silt, 22.2% clay; soil moisture, 19.2%; soil pH 6.2; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, slightly acidic; 2.2 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 13 Aug, 10 days after the initial treatment. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inchdiam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10- min period. Three floatation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a sq-ft count.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Boalsburg, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 sq ft. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade of top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 88°F; soil temperature, 82°F; RH, 60%; amount of thatch, 0.5 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil size characterization, 23.2% sand, 60.6% silt, 16.2% clay; soil moisture, 24.6%; soil pH 5.3; organic matter, 3.9%; water pH, silightly acidic; 0.8 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 28 Jul, 7 days after the initial treatment. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10-min period. Three floatation samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a sq-ft count.
Japanese Beetle Control in Tall Fescue Turf, 1986
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. , Patton V. L.
Published: March 2022

The test site was a 2-yr-old pure stand of rebel tall fescue located near Goldsboro, Caroline County, Md. Treatment plots were 7 × 10 ft replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied by hand-held shaker can, and liquid treatments were applied by sprinkling can. All applications were made in 2 directions across each plot. All plots received 0.8 inches of water at time of treatment (8 Sep) and another 2 inches later during the test period, all by the irrigation system. The second application of 2 lb (AI)/acre of Diazinon for Diazinon 15G (2.0 + 2.0) and Diazinon AG500 (2.0 + 2.0) treatments was made on 24 Sep. The grubs were sampled on 13 Oct by counting the number of grubs found under 10 sq ft of sod that had been cut by a sod cutter.
Control of Chinch Bug on Red Fescue, 1987
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. , Hellman E. L.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to an established home lawn in Montgomery County, Md. Turf damage at time of treatment was heavy, and nymph chinch bug populations averaged 30-40/sq ft. Treatments were applied on 13 Aug. Plots were 8 × 8 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied in 1.5 gal of water distributed in 2 directions across the plots with a sprinkling can. All plots received 0.25 inches of irrigation immediately after treatment. Chinch bugs were sampled with two 0.25-sq-ft floatation devices.
Control of Southern Masked Chafer Larvae in Tall Fescue Turf, 1986
Authors: Nechols J. R.
Published: March 2022

Several commercial-use granular insecticides wer tested for efficacy against first-instar southern masked chafer (SMC) larvae in an irrigated 4-yr-old stand of'K-31' tall fescue located at the Rocky Ford Turfgrasi Research Plots at Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kans. A check was made for phytotoxicity. The predominant soil type, Chase silt loam, had a relative! high fertility and was composed of 3% organic matter. The range of acidity at the experimental site was pH 7.2-7.3 and the mowing height was 3.5 inches. The experiment was conducted on a 5- × 5-ft plot in a completely randomized block design and included 5 replicates of each of 4 treatments. Each replicat' consisted of a turf core, cut and placed inside a 6-inch-diam polyvinyl chloride cylinder, and then resituated in the turf plot. On 24 and 25 Jul, first-insta SMC larvae were collected from an adjacent tall fescue plot, placed immediately into shaded buckets containing moist peat moss, and then inoculated into premoistened turf cores. Individual larvae were placed head down into each of 10 0.5-inch holes/core and then covered with soil. Weather conditions during grub inoculations were as follows: 25—27°C; 55-75% RH; slight breeze; partly cloudy to sunny skies. No rainfall occurred, but the soil was moist because of irrigation. On 29 Jul, granular applications were made to each cylinder by hand shaking required amounts of each chemical from a cup to achieve an even distribution. Check replicates received inert granules only by the same procedure. All replicates were watered in at a rate of 0.5 inches (175 ml) immediately following treatment. Environmental conditions during application were as follows: 25°C; 85-88% RH; clear to slightly hazy skies; no detectable wind. The pretreated soil was slightly moist from the previous day's irrigation. No rainfall occurred for 24 h posttreatment. Four of the 5 treatment and check replicates were evaluated for larval mortality on 20 Aug, 21 DAT, by removing the turf cores from the cylinders and counting the number of living larvae. The size of each surviving grub was noted. One randomly selected replicate was left intact until 10 Sep (43 DAT) so that treatment and check cores could be evaluated for insect-related damage.
Control of Green June Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course, 1986
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a golf course fairway near Bowie, Prince George's County, Md. Damage to the turf on 19 Aug was moderate. Plots were 8 × 8 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, and replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker can. Liquid formulations were applied with a 2-gal sprinkling can. All applications were made in 2 directions across each plot. Treatments were watered into the thatch with 0.5 inches of water with the golf course irrigation system. The number of dead grubs on the surface of the plots was counted on 20 Aug.
Fletcher Scale Control on Taxus Using Foliar Sprays in Autumn, 1986
Authors: McClure M. S.
Published: March 2022

On 18 Nov, 24 3-ft yews (12 each of ‘Densiformis’ and ‘Hicksii’) were dug B & B from a commercial nursery in Broadbrook, Hartford County, Conn., and transferred to a containment area at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in New Haven. On 25 Nov, the 24 yews were randomly assigned to 4 groups. Three groups were treated the same day with foliar insecticides; the other group served as the untreated check. Treatments were applied by Solo Jetpak 425 backpack sprayer. Two liters of mixed solution was applied to each tree to drench the foliage completely. All living scales were second-instar nymphs at the time of treatment. When the foliage had dried (4 h later) the trees were moved into a glasshouse, where they were maintained under natural lighting at 15°C and watered as needed. Three wk later the general appearance of each group was recorded and each yew was sampled by removing 20 randomly selected 10-cm-long branches/plant. The branches were examined by microscope and the first 5 scales encountered on each branch were recorded as dead or alive. Plants Were kept throughout the winter and checked periodically for evidence of phytotoxicity.
Evaluation of Insecticides Against Birch Aphid on Birch, Wayne County, Ohio, 1985
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Japanese white birch (5.5 m tall) growing in an experimental birch planting at the Ohio State University Agricultural Research and Development Center near Wooster were chosen for evaluating insecticides against birch aphid. Treatments were applied with a KWH backpack mistblower operating at half-throttle on aperture setting 3 for 50 s to deliver 630 ml of finished material per tree. Each treatment was replicated 3 times; replicates consisted of 2 adjacent trees. Applications were made 29 Aug under partly sunny skies at 18°C and no breeze. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 2, 6, and 8 days posttreatment by holding a collection tray beneath 4 interdigitating branches between adjacent trees of each replicate ad striking each branch twice. Collections were placed in glass vials; aphids were counted in the laboratory with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
Control of Bagworms on Oriental Cedar (Aborvitae), 1987
Authors: Gladin Jodie , Price Richard , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

Bagworm control was evaluated on a row of individual Oriental cedar plants, 25 ft high and 10 ft wide, located in Stillwater, Okla. Treatments were made on 6 Jul and replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The plants were sprayed until runoff with a FMC DM 010 sprayer at 350 psi. The temperature was 97°F and wind velocity was 5-10 mph at the time of treatment. Mortality was determined by examining 5 larvae from each replication at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 DAT.
Peachtree Borer Control on Purple-Leaf Sand Cherry, Wooster, Ohio, 1986
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Purple-leaf sand cherry growing in 7.5-liter containers and infested with peachtree borer were used to evaluate effectiveness of Furadan spikes against establishment of peachtree borer larvae. Six-gram spikes containing 1% Furadan were placed in containers on 19 Jun 2.54 cm from the container edge and just below the surface of the medium. Plants were watered just prior to and immediately after spike placement. Five single-plant replicates/treatment were placed outside the greenhouse during the test period, and they received 1.3 cm of overhead irrigation each Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 1 Oct by examining the base of each plant for exudate and frass.
Phytotoxicity Test, Selected Woody Plants, Madison and Wooster, Ohio, 1985
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Selected insecticides were evaluated for phytotoxicity on 15 species of containerized woody plants obtained from a nursery in Madison. Applications were made using a CO2 compression sprayer at 40 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 Flat-fan nozzle delivering 1,892 ml (application to runoff) of finished spray to 45 plants. Each treatment was applied to 3 plants of each species or cultivar. All treatments were applied 23 Jul with conditions sunny, temperature of 20°C, and winds at 10-13 km/h. Plants sprayed with Safer's Insecticidal Soap received a second application 7 days later. Conditions on 30 Jul were sunny, 26°C, and winds were 10-13 km/h. A second group of plants consisting of 8 species was brought to Wooster to evaluate potential phytotoxicity of Zectran and UCZF-21. Plants were sprayed 17 Sep with conditions sunny, temperature of 23°C, and winds at 5-10 km/h. Plants were sprayed to runoff as above.