bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scores of Spanish Smokers on Fagerström's Tolerance Questionnaire
Authors: Becoña Elisardo , Alvarez-Soto Edilberto , Gómez-Durán Bernardo , García María Pilar
Published: August 2011

Nicotine may be the agent responsible for tobacco addiction. A noninvasive, easy measure for evaluating addiction is Fagerström's 1978 Tolerance Questionnaire. Present results are based on responses of 732 Spanish smokers to the Spanish version of the questionnaire. The questionnaire has a moderate reliability, and some items are more important than others. Among the Spanish smokers, the questionnaire differentiated the groups of 327 light, 275 normal, and 130 heavy smokers.
Effects of Erotica upon Men's and Women's Loving and Liking Responses for Their Partners
Authors: Amelang Manfred , Pielke Michaela
Published: August 2011

We replicated the essential features of the 1978 Dermer and Pysczinski study in two investigations with 70 and 197 subjects, respectively. The primary question was whether the reading of erotic texts (vs neutral texts) affects only scores on the 1970 Love scale of Rubin or also scores on the Liking scale. We tested men and women, both individually and in groups. We found no significant effects due to the experimental treatment on either of the scales for women and men. Present moods of the subjects yielded a double interaction with gender and the experimental treatment for scores on the Love scale, but not those on the Liking scale. We interpreted the interaction in relation to the discriminant validity of the two scales.
Affective Control Efficacy as a Factor in Willingness to Participate in a Public Performance Situation
Authors: Arch Elizabeth C.
Published: August 2011

Self-efficacy beliefs have been a major factor in motivation to participate in a variety of situations. While task efficacy and cognitive control efficacy are well researched, confidence in the ability to control one's affective responses to a situation—affective control efficacy—has only recently been proposed. A questionnaire presenting a simulated performance opportunity was administered to 190 graduate students in education. Analysis of the data to examine the independent effects of task efficacy, cognitive control efficacy, and affective control efficacy on willingness to participate in a public performance situation supported the importance of the new variable.
A Psychometric Analysis of the Charles F. Kettering Climate Instrument
Authors: Johnson William L. , Dixon Paul N. , Johnson Annabel M.
Published: August 2011

This paper describes a multivariate analysis of scores on the Charles F. Kettering School Climate Profile, a measure of climate. A total of 906 administrators, teachers, and students from a high school campus in a large school district in the southwestern United States completed the General Climate Profile. Primary and second-order factor analysis suggested different subscales than those given for the profile. Refinements are offered to make the instrument more effective for a high school population.
Gordon W. Allport on the Nature of Prejudice
Authors: de Carvalho Roy J.
Published: August 2011

This essay examines the life work of Gordon W. Allport (1921–1967) on the nature of prejudice and racial discrimination.
Women with MBAS Marry UP While Men with MBAS Marry down
Authors: Harrell Thomas W.
Published: August 2011

Women with MBAs and their husbands had higher earnings than men with MBAs who had higher earnings than their women classmates. There were some similarities and some differences in the occupations of the wives of men with MBAs and the husbands of women with MBAs.
Kindergartners' Responses to Males in Nontraditional Roles: A Replication of Styer (1975)
Authors: Taylor Katie , Lesiak Judi Lucas , Carroll James , Lesiak Walter J.
Published: August 2011

After listening to 2 stories, William's Doll and Ira Sleeps Over, 2 groups of kindergarten students (22 boys and 27 girls) were questioned about their attitudes toward the nontraditional male roles depicted. A comparison with a 1975 study by Styer suggests that both genders are more accepting of literature portraying boys in nontraditional ways.
Rates of Attempted Suicide and of Completed Suicide in European Nations
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Estimated rates of attempted suicide in 12 European nations were significantly associated with official rates of completed suicides in those nations.
Significant Influence of Participation in Ethnic-Specific Programs on Clinical Diagnosis for Asian Americans
Authors: Flaskerud Jacquelyn H. , Akutsu Phillip D.
Published: August 2011

Asian American clients ( N = 1528) in the Los Angeles County mental health system who were seen at ethnic-specific (Asian) clinics by Asian therapists were diagnosed with significantly lower percentages of psychotic disorders and other major psychiatric disorders and significantly higher percentages of nonpsychiatric disorders than were Asian clients who were seen by Asian and white therapists at mainstream clinics.
Self-Esteem and Locus of Control of Women Who Report Sexual Abuse during Childhood
Authors: Silliman Mary E.
Published: August 2011

To study the self-esteem and locus of control of adult women who reported childhood sexual abuse experiences, 66 undergraduate students in psychology completed the Tennessee Self-concept Scale, Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, and a research questionnaire. Contrary to expectation, mean scores of 33 women who reported abuse were not significantly different from those of 33 control women who reported no such experience.
Using Students as Subjects in Research on State Lottery Gambling
Authors: Browne Beverly A. , Brown Daniel J.
Published: August 2011

This study compared the results of a survey of lottery use administered to a sample of 1009 from the general population with a survey of 288 marketing students at a state university. Contrary to other research on the validity of samples of students, students' attitudes, game preferences, and reasons for play were similar to those of the general population.
Psychometric Properties of the Inventory of Learning Processes: Evidence from United Arab Emirates College Students
Authors: Albaili Mohamed A.
Published: August 2011

The reliability and validity of the Inventory of Learning Processes was investigated for 166 United Arab Emirates college students. Analysis provided satisfactory estimates of internal consistency and stability over a 4-wk. period. In addition, moderate intercorrelations among scales were comparable to the 1977 values of Schmeck, et al. Finally, correlations were significant between Deep and Elaborative Processing scales and students' GPAs, indicating that the two scales were moderately predictive of academic performance. These findings lend support to the reliability and validity of the Inventory of Learning Processes as a measure of learning style. In sum, the present investigation provides some evidence suggesting that this instrument can be used with reasonable confidence with subjects other than American college students.
A Brief Measure of Loneliness Suitable for Use with Adolescents
Authors: Roberts Robert E. , Lewinsohn Peter M. , Seeley John R.
Published: August 2011

An 8-item loneliness scale was administered to a sample of high school students ( N = 1,710) twice, about one year apart. The scale exhibited good internal consistency reliability (alphas of 0.78 and 0.79, respectively), was relatively independent of gender effects, and demonstrated evidence of construct validity. Factor analysis of the items yielded a two-factor solution which met methodological criteria, but over-all the data suggested a method artifact, e.g., positively and negatively worded items factored separately. Examination of the two factors indicated the subscale of four negative items (lack companionship, no longer close, left out, feel isolated) had an α reliability of .77, correlated .89 with the total scale score, and exhibited virtually an identical pattern of associations with a set of theoretically relevant variables as the full scale. This four-item scale may be useful in epidemiologic surveys in which over-all response burden is an issue.
Compliance with the Item Limit of the Food Supermarket Express Checkout Lane: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

A total of 75 15-min. observations of customers' behavior at a food supermarket suggests that only about 15% of shoppers observe the item limit of the express lane. The overages tend to be limited to approximately 1 to 3 pieces.
Applicants' Fraud in Law Enforcement
Authors: Costello Raymond M. , Schneider Sandra L. , Schoenfeld Lawrence S.
Published: August 2011

Applicants' fraud in the form of “self-inflation” bias discriminates against the “honest” applicant who does not engage in a deceptive self-presentation. The MMPI dissimulation index is one measure of “self-inflation” or “faking-good,” which, in this study, was used to assess whether the index differentiated police applicants on the basis of disciplinary suspension days. A statistically significant relationship was observed. A 16-point T-score difference ( K < F) was the point of maximum predictive efficiency. Applicants who scored 16 or more points higher on Scale K than on Scale F were statistically more likely to have problematic police careers. Replication of the finding is warranted to evaluate the usefulness of F minus K as an employment screen in police settings. Threats to replication were discussed.
Suicide and Homicide Rates and National Character
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

National indices of psychoticism, neuroticism, extraversion, and stress were not correlated consistently with national rates of suicide and homicide.
Validation of a Portuguese Form of Templer's Death Anxiety Scale
Authors: Donovan James M.
Published: August 2011

To translate Templer's Death Anxiety Scale into the Brazilian Portuguese Escala de Ansiedade de Morte, linguistic validity was first established by back-translation and calculating bilingual split-half reliability coefficients. Even-numbered items achieved a minimally adequate .59, while the odd-numbered items attained a satisfactory .91. The internal consistency of the Escala (.77) matches that found for the original scale. The construct validity was tested by replicating the interactions of the English form with (1) the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, (2) the Purpose-in-Life Test, and (3) Levenson's measure of locus of control. The Escala performed as expected, save for some difficulty with the locus of control measure.
Relationships between Anti-Semitism and Authoritarian Attitudes in a National Survey
Authors: Raden David
Published: August 2011

A measure of anti-Semitism had consistently low correlations with authoritarian attitude items among 1203 white non-Jews in the 1988 General Social Survey.
Effects of Feature Variations on Attributions for Schematic Faces
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: August 2011

31 subjects classified 16 schematic faces on six dimensions. Attractiveness was generally associated with widely separated eyes, a short nose, and high feature placement. When features were considered in combination, faces with low placement were judged attractive, although the effect was mitigated by a narrow mouth. Previous findings concerning perceived age and gender were partially replicated, but folk wisdom linking intelligence to low placement (high forehead) was refuted. It is suggested that the relationship between individual features and attributions is nonlinear and interactive, and that researchers should investigate these hypotheses by exercising finer control over feature variations.
Marital Satisfaction and Sex-Roles in a New York Metropolitan Sample
Authors: Juni Samuel , Grimm Donald W.
Published: August 2011

145 married men and 143 married women completed Snyder's 1981 Marital Satisfaction Inventory and the Bern Sex-role Inventory (Short Version). Analyses showed that scores on femininity correlated with more marital satisfaction indices than did scores on masculinity. Masculinity correlated with more marital satisfaction indices for men than for women. Finances showed no relationship with the Bern indices. All of the statistically significant correlations were negative, indicating that sex-role attributes are associated with diminished marital dissatisfaction. Despite the low magnitude of the correlations, their statistical significance points to congruence between sex-roles and marital satisfaction.
Anomalies in Covert Conditioning
Authors: Paniagua Freddy A.
Published: August 2011

The covert conditioning approach has received much empirical support. Despite the utility of this approach, a number of anomalies (or methodological problems) have been considered in the past. This study describes three anomalies in covert conditioning which have received little attention: (1) the difficulty in assessing the application of the covert conditioning technique by the client, (2) the difficulty in explaining client's failures during use of the technique in terms of either problems with the therapist's instructions regarding the use of the technique or problems with the client's inability to imagine the scene, and (3) the use of single-case experimental designs in the evaluation of the effectiveness of covert conditioning techniques seems to violate the experimental format of such designs.
Neo Personality Inventory Profiles of Assertive and Nonassertive Persons
Authors: Ramanaiah Nerella V. , Deniston William M.
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis that assertive and nonassertive persons have different personality profiles was tested by giving the College Self-expression Scale and the NEO Personality Inventory to 120 male and 139 female undergraduates. Results strongly supported the hypothesis.
Audience's Response to Jokes in Speeches with and without Recorded Laughs
Authors: Gruner Charles R.
Published: August 2011

Two speakers made videotaped speeches containing apt humor twice before a live audience; in one presentation the live audience laughed at the jokes and in the other there was no laughter. 64 students saw one tape with laughter, then one without and rated each speaker on ethos scales and on “interestingness” and “funniness.” They preferred the speaker who elicited laughter, but a significant order of speakers made the main findings conditional.
A Test of a Social Deviancy Theory of Suicide Using the Foreign Born
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In contrast to a prediction from a social deviancy theory of suicide, the suicide rates of foreign born in the continental states of America were not related to the proportion of foreign born persons in the population.
Consistency and Variability in Two Personality Traits over Time and across Situations
Authors: Herringer Lawrence G.
Published: August 2011

A total of 171 American college students participated in two studies of personality self-ratings. Subjects rated their conscientiousness, outgoingness, and their variability on these dimensions, then provided ratings for specific situations, or returned one day for three successive weeks to rate their daily behavior for the same traits. General self-ratings for both dimensions correlated with an average rating across 19 situations about .70 and with an average rating for three different days about .60. Ratings of subjective variability on each dimension were unrelated to actual variation across time or situations. Results suggest that general ratings do represent an “intuitive average” across finite instances but that trait variability is not accurately judged.
Countertransference: A Typological Expansion
Authors: Hoffman Eric
Published: August 2011

Countertransference was viewed from the perspective of a 2 × 2 × n factorial typology (source × degree of consciousness × depth). This typology incorporated the conscious and unconscious influences of nonpsychological variables and their theoretical schema upon the analyst's therapeutic recommendations.
Understanding Sex Differences in the Components of Mathematics Achievement
Authors: Randhawa Bikkar S. , Randhawa Jason S.
Published: August 2011

This study involved administering for two academic years Reading Comprehension and Mathematics tests of a standardized battery to 253 Grade 10 students from one school. Factor matrices using microcomponents of the two tests for boys and girls were highly similar. While reading comprehension was a significant predictor of the problem-solving component for boys, it was not for girls. Also, significant differences in favor of boys were found on all three process components, on all but two content components, and on five microcomponents. Patterns of observed differences were similar for the two years. Results are related to the emerging theory of sex differences in mathematics, and specific research and practical implications are discussed.
Sexual Fears are Increasing
Authors: Katz Roger C. , Frazer Nicole , Wilson Leah
Published: August 2011

This study compared scores from three samples of college students ( N = 810) on the Sexual Aversion Scale, a measure of sexual anxiety based on DSM-III—R criteria for diagnosing sexual aversion disorder Measurements were taken in 1988, 1991, and 1992. There was a significant increase in sexual anxiety during this period, most of it attributable to fear of acquiring AIDS. Although the women reported more sexual anxiety than the men over-all, there was no difference on fear of AIDS. These findings could foreshadow an increase in sexual dysfunctions and desire disorders.
Relationship of Loneliness and its Affective Elements to Self-Esteem
Authors: Haines Debra A. , Scalise Joseph J. , Ginter Earl J.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between loneliness and self-esteem for adolescents ( n = 57; age range 16 to 18 years). As hypothesized, scores on the UCLA Scale for Loneliness correlated negatively with adolescents' scores on Coopersmith's self-esteem measure. And, scores on two affective dimensions of loneliness (Isolation and Dejection) correlated negatively with scores on self-esteem.
AIDS and College Students: A Survey of Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs
Authors: Greenlee Shelia P. , Ridley Dennis R.
Published: August 2011

A survey of beliefs about, knowledge of, and attitudes about AIDS was administered to 345 college students. While knowledge was generally high, reported behavior was not always consistent with that knowledge.
Factors Affecting the Progression towards Burnout: A Comparison of Professional and Volunteer Counsellors
Authors: Capner Maxine , Caltabiano Marie Louise
Published: August 2011

This study compared professional and volunteer counsellors on a number of key variables in the progression to burnout, namely, stressors, strain, defensive coping, social support, Type A personality, and breakdown. Job stressors unique to each group were identified but there was overwhelming evidence for professionals and volunteers belonging to a homogeneous counselling population as evidenced by similarity across major constructs. Path analysis supported theoretical formulations on burnout by Maslach and Cherniss, and gave support to Lin, Dean, and Ensel's argument that social support may act as a buffer to burnout.
Tedium, Depression, and Suicidal Preoccupation
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of college students (54 men and 73 women), a measure of tedium (physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion) was associated with depression ( r = .62) and, independently of depression, with current suicidal preoccupation ( r = .37).
Adolescent Offenders: Comparison for Sexual, Violent, and Property Offences
Authors: Truscott Derek
Published: August 2011

The psychological functioning and abuse history of 23 sexual, 51 violent, and 79 property adolescent offenders were compared. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scores of these three groups did not differ although sexual offenders were twice as likely to have a history of sexual abuse, making those personal experiences more relevant to the form of their criminal behavior.
Do Perceived Parents' Actions Differentially Correlate with Students' Ratings of Themselves and Their Parents across Familial Configurations?
Authors: Necessary James R. , Parish Thomas S.
Published: August 2011

In the present study 212 high school students described how loving or hateful they perceived their parents' actions to be toward one another on the Revised Love/Hate Checklist, and also evaluated their parents and themselves on the Personal Attribute Inventory. On the checklist, perceptions by students from intact families of their parents' actions were significantly correlated with each other as well as with their ratings of their parents and their own self-ratings. Such correlations were not generally observed for students of the other four familial configurations. Implications are discussed.
Development of a Driving Anger Scale
Authors: Deffenbacher Jerry L. , Oetting Eugene R. , Lynch Rebekah S.
Published: August 2011

A cluster analysis of responses from more than 1500 college students to 53 potentially angering driving-related situations yielded a 33-item driving anger scale (alpha reliability = .90) with six reliable subscales involving hostile gestures, illegal driving, police presence, slow driving, discourtesy, and traffic obstructions. Subscales all correlated positively, suggesting a general dimension of driving anger as well as anger related to specific driving-related situations. Men were more angered by police presence and slow driving whereas women were more angered by illegal behavior and traffic obstructions, but differences compensated so there were no gender differences on total score. A 14-item short form (alpha reliability = .80) was developed from scores more highly correlated ( r = .95) with scores on the long form. Driving anger may have potential value for research on accident prevention and health psychology.
On the Relationship of the Five-Factor Personality Model to Personality Disorders: Four Reservations
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L. , Becker Lee A. , DiRito David C. , Durham Robert L. , Kinlaw Melanie M. , Philbrick Peter B.
Published: August 2011

McCrae and Costa since 1986 have proferred a five-factor personality model as a lingua franca among different psychometric test users, and they suggest that their operationalization of the five-factor model, the NEO Personality Inventory, may also be useful in the clinical assessment of the abnormal personality. The present study examined the inventory and its relationship to the 11 personality disorders of Axis II of DSM-III—R in a sample of 180 adults. Correlational multivariate analyses appear to indicate a limited usefulness of the five-factor model in the understanding of personality disorders, and four major objections are offered. Further research with clinical samples, other models of personality, and other measures of personality disorders are encouraged.
Question Effects on Question Generation and the Mediation of Attitude Change
Authors: Howard Daniel J. , Kerin Roger A.
Published: August 2011

80 undergraduates were exposed to arguments advocating supplemental vitamin use. Ending arguments with rhetorical questions (when compared with statements) resulted in more favorable attitudes towards vitamin use and a more favorable profile of questions generated about the message topic. The question profile, principally reflecting uncertainty concerning personal nutrition, mediated the attitudinal effect.
Smokeless Tobacco Consumption by Mexican-American University Students
Authors: Lopez Linda C.
Published: August 2011

A modified version of the Illinois Department of Public Health Smokeless Tobacco Survey was administered to 220 women and 134 men attending a state university in New Mexico. The respondents included 65 male and 83 female Mexican-Americans as well as 118 female and 59 male Anglo-Americans. All Mexican-American women identified themselves as nonusers of smokeless tobacco. Of the Anglo-American women, one indicated that she used snuff, and 3 disclosed that they chewed tobacco. 33% of the Anglo-American men and 18% of the Mexican-American men stated that they used smokeless tobacco products. A chi-squared analysis showed this difference was significant. Implications are discussed.
Early Childhood Special Educators' Perceptions of School Psychologists' Roles in Their Programs
Authors: Beauchamp Karen D. F.
Published: August 2011

Perceived and preferred roles of 67 school psychologists in early childhood special-education programs were examined in a partial replication with 268 respondents in Illinois of Mowder, Willis, and Widerstrom's work. The most commonly cited reason for consultation with school psychologists was related to psychological assessment, with information on children's functioning as the most likely benefit. Respondents preferred the mental health model. Although respondents were satisfied with the roles of school psychologists, they presented several concerns about expanded roles for school psychologists.
Machiavellianism and Altruism: Effect of Relatedness of Target Person on Machiavellian and Helping Attitudes
Authors: Barber Nigel
Published: August 2011

Four studies were conducted to investigate evolutionary predictions about the effect of relatedness of target persons on interpersonal attitudes. The first study ( N = 65 students) showed that Machiavellianism was lower in relation to family members than to people in general. The second study ( N = 86), in which a new Helping Attitudes questionnaire was used and validated, indicated that helpfulness was greater for family members than towards people in general or strangers. In the third study ( N = 72 women) social attitudes were just as favorable to close friends as to family members. In the fourth study ( N = 100 women) helpfulness was strongly predicted by relatedness of social targets but Machiavellianism was not. Results are discussed in terms of kin-selection theory in the context of an evolutionary past in which people interacted in small, closely related groups.
Maximizing Heritability of a Linear Combination of Traits
Authors: Grove William M.
Published: August 2011

In 1971 Jones proposed an approximate procedure for finding that linear combination of scores which has maximum heritability in a twin sample. I give an exact small-sample procedure. I point out two problems: such procedures can over-optimize the heritability by capitalizing on chance, and confidence intervals and significance tests are needed. I give an approach using James-Stein shrinkage estimation and bootstrapped standard errors to address these problems. It appears that confidence intervals may be quite broad. To reduce the width of the confidence intervals, one can accept some small-sample bias in exchange for smaller sampling errors. The James-Stein approach to estimating coefficients is used to achieve reduced confidence interval width. I illustrate with a computational example using personality data.
Myths about Suicide in American and Philippine Nurses
Authors: Lester David , Castromayor Iris
Published: August 2011

91 American student nurses were more accurate in their knowledge about suicide than 147 Philippine student nurses. However, the American nurses were incorrect on roughly 25% of the items on average, indicating that increased education about suicide would be of benefit to them.
A Cross-Cultural Study of Need for Achievement in Italian and American Children
Authors: Lowe Roland C. , Wilczynski Michaela
Published: August 2011

Need for achievement was examined in TAT records of 20 children in Italy and 20 in the USA. As predicted, Italian girls showed the lowest mean score on need for achievement.
Cognitive Style and Consumers' Ethnocentrism
Authors: McIntyre Roger P. , Meric Hawa J.
Published: August 2011

The greater availability to consumers of foreign goods since the recent globalization of business has increased the need for measures to assess consumers' attitudes and preferences for domestic and foreign products. Consumers' ethnocentrism has been proposed as a construct that may partially explain why some consumers evaluate domestic products more favorably than foreign ones. The CETSCALE, developed to measure the ethnocentrism construct, has been shown to be valid and reliable; however, its developers pointed out a need to assess whether consumers' ethnocentric tendencies operate uniformly across all consumers or whether certain population segments indicate greater ethnocentric tendencies than others. The present study of whether ethnocentrism varied across cognitive styles suggests cognitive style affected 162 consumers' tendency toward ethnocentrism.
Individual Characteristics and Social Knowledge in Ethical Reasoning
Authors: White Judith
Published: August 2011

Individual differences and structures of social knowledge in ethical reasoning were examined with 234 graduate business school students to see, among other things, what would be the role of gender in ethical reasoning. Individuals bring a variety of psychological, philosophical, and ethical orientations to organizational life, challenging traditional managerial assumptions concerning appropriate responses to ethical dilemmas. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, this research demonstrated that the individual characteristics of gender, learning style, and personality characteristics are significantly more influential in the use of an ethic of care or an ethic of justice in ethical reasoning than are the structures of social knowledge. In this study, social knowledge was measured through the preference for an organic or mechanistic world view and a communitarian or consequentialist moral orientation.
A Selected Bibliography of Literature on Revenge
Authors: Stuckless Noreen , Goranson Richard
Published: August 2011

A total of 150 key references in the scholarly literature pertaining to revenge are presented under the categories of Applied, Biological, Criminal Aggression, Cross-cultural, Definition and Measurement, Historical, Literature, Philosophical, Psychoanalytic and Psychiatric, Punishment, Social Psychology, Suicide and Bereavement, and Theoretical.
Suicide in Québec, 1951–1986
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Data from Fortier, et al. (1989) were reanalysed using multiple regression. While birth and divorce rates were significantly associated with both male and female suicide rates, unemployment rates and cirrhosis death rates were associated only with male suicide rates.
Relationship of Response-Set Differences on Beck Depression Inventory Scores of Undergraduate Students
Authors: Lehmicke Nancy , Hicks Robert A.
Published: August 2011

The relationship of a ruminating and a distracting response style upon severity of depression and on gender were investigated. The Ways of Coping Questionnaire was modified to include ruminating and distracting scales and administered to 91 undergraduate students who also completed the Beck Depression Inventory. It was hypothesized that (a) regardless of gender, people who ruminate would have greater rated severity of depression than people who distract themselves; (b) women ruminators would show higher rated severity of depression than women distractors; and (c) female and male ruminators would show the same ratings on severity of depression. A set of t ratios was computed for mean differences between the groups. An analysis of variance for response style × gender was also done with the women and men classified as ruminators. The results conformed to the predictions for women but not for men.
Influences on Decision-Making Behavior
Authors: Daboval Jeanne , Comish Ray , Swindle Bruce
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine, using a series of vignettes, the association of ethical values and decision-making behavior of marketing managers. A questionnaire was mailed to 1,000 practicing marketing managers; a total of 539 usable responses were received. The findings were that respondents tended to make ethical decisions based on costs and benefits of the consequences of the decision rather than absolute moral imperative.
Sexual Behavior and Telling the Truth on Questionnaires
Authors: Brink T. L.
Published: August 2011

69 community college students reported that they would be least likely to tell the truth on an anonymous questionnaire about topics such as frequency of sexual activity and lifetime number of sexual partners.
Relationship between the Bracken Basic Concept Scale and the Differential Ability Scales with an At-Risk Sample of Preschoolers
Authors: McIntosh David E. , Brown Marci L. , Ross Stacey L.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between the Bracken Basic Concept Scale and the Differential Ability Scales with 35 at-risk preschoolers between the ages 3–6 and 5–11. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient of .70 was obtained between the Bracken Basic Concept Scale Total Test scores and the General Conceptual Ability scores of the Differential Ability Scales. This association supports the use of the Bracken scale to predict intelligence if replicated with a larger sample and specific handicaps. In addition, support for the administration of the more brief Bracken School Readiness Composite compared to using the Bracken Total Test score in the prediction of the Differential Ability Scales General Conceptual Ability score was found.
Self-Reported High-Risk Behavioral History of HIV Positive Prison Inmates
Authors: Templer Donald I. , Walker Steven
Published: August 2011

30 male HIV positive prison inmates tended to deny high-risk behavior for infection, most notably homosexuality. The public health implications are that the veracity of such denial should not be assumed.
Mental Arithmetic as a Function of Computerized Digit Rates, Gender, and Size of Audience
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Henderson Mary E.
Published: August 2011

Mental-arithmetic tests were given to 117 undergraduate volunteers (40 men and 77 women) using three rates (between groups) of digit presentation (1 sec., 2 sec., and 3 sec.) under three (within-group) sizes of audience (2 observers, 1 observer, and alone condition). Subjects were instructed to sum mentally three sets of 25 numerals ranging from 1 to 5 in computer-generated random sequences, under each of the three audience conditions. A mixed 2×3×3 split-plot analysis of variance of correct scores showed a significant main effect for rate of digit presentation, and post hoc Scheffé tests of multiple comparisons showed significant differences between the 1-sec. rate and each of the other rates (2 sec. or 3 sec.), yet no significance between 2-sec. and 3-sec. rates indicating a “critical threshold” has been identified with implications for computer-scrolled numerical information. Also, there was a significant two-way interaction between gender and size of audience. Post hoc Newman-Keuls comparisons showed women scored higher than men in the one-observer condition while men scored higher than women in the two-observer condition. Interpretations regarding interpersonal relationships and social inhibition were offered.
Two Investigations of the Validity of the WISC–III
Authors: Slate John R.
Published: August 2011

Two studies were conducted in which the validity of the WISC–III was investigated. In Study 1, WISC—R and WISC–III IQs were correlated for a sample of 53 students who, although originally meeting criteria for a disability category through use of the WISC—R, did not meet eligibility criteria upon reevaluation with the WISC–III. Corrected correlations between IQs were high, ranging from .80 to .87, and were comparable to figures reported in the WISC–III manual. Consistent with the WISC–III manual, WISC–III IQs were 8, 5, and 7 points lower than the WISC—R Full Scale, Verbal, and Performance IQs, respectively. In Study 2, the criterion validity of the WISC–III with the WRAT—R Reading, Spelling, and Arithmetic subscales and with the PPVT—R was investigated for a sample of 32 students with mental retardation. The WISC–III IQs and PPVT—R scores were highly correlated, sharing between 64 to 76% of variance. Correlations between WISC–III IQs and scores on the WRAT—R Reading and Arithmetic subscales were moderate. Surprisingly, the WISC–III IQs were not related to the WRAT—R Spelling scores. Implications of both studies for assessment specialists are discussed.
Self-Esteem, Stress, and Depression among Graduate Students
Authors: Kreger Don W.
Published: August 2011

In a study of 29 graduate students, self-ratings of stress correlated with low scores on self-esteem but were not related to an objective indicator of actual stress. Both self-rated stress and low self-esteem scores were related to scores on depression, with a weak interaction effect.
Ethnic and Racial Social Distance: Seven Decades Apart
Authors: Kleg Milton , Yamamoto Kaoru
Published: August 2011

Comparison of findings of a 1925 study of social distance with 110 businessmen and teachers and of a 1993 study with 135 teachers, rating 24 ethnic groups on essentially the same Bogardus scale, showed that, while the size of mean distances had decreased, the preferential order of the target peoples had remained remarkably stable over the seven decades, the rank correlation being .86.
Developmental Factors in Positive Attitudes toward Zoo Animals
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Kidd Robert M. , Zasloff R. Lee
Published: August 2011

Research suggests that attitudes toward animals are established through childhood experiences. Currently, educational wildlife experiences for most urban children are available only at zoos and wildlife parks. To clarify the cognitive and emotional effects of distance, visibility, and tactile stimulation generated by various ways of exhibiting animals, 308 parents and their 3- to 7-year-old children were interviewed in Main Zoo and Petting Zoo areas. Children at Petting Zoos spent more time watching, touching, and talking to the animals than at Main Zoos, demonstrating that, even when live animals are very close and visible, children are significantly more interested when they can touch, pet, or cuddle. Parents felt that touching and petting were extremely important in teaching respect and appreciation for all animal life.
Correlation of Scores on the Eysenck and Sonso Personality Inventories
Authors: Kentle Robert L.
Published: August 2011

Correlations of scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory with those of the SONSO Personality Inventory, a test of five factors of personality, were estimated for 300 junior college students. Extraversion and Neuroticism show reasonably close correspondence to the Shyness and Nervousness scales of the SONSO.
Comparison of Self-Esteem Scores: American and Indian Adolescents
Authors: Wood Paula C. , Hillman Stephen B. , Sawilowsky Shlomo S.
Published: August 2011

The Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory was administered to 112 African American adolescents who were academically at-risk for dropping out of high school. Results were similar to those of a previous study comparing a heterogeneous group of 100 American adolescents with 100 youths from India. Differences on scores of self-esteem for the two international groups were noted.
Developmental Influences of Attitudes and Beliefs on Adolescents' Smoking
Authors: Wang Min Qi , Fitzhugh Eugene C. , Cowdery Joan E. , Trucks Joan
Published: August 2011

This study examined developmental influences of beliefs and attitudes on adolescents' smoking. A national sample ( N = 6,900) of adolescents ages 14 to 18 was selected. Data included measures of smoking behavior, beliefs, and attitudes. Although odds ratios show that attitudes and beliefs are predictive of adolescents' smoking status across the ages of 14 to 18 years, no systematic change of the prediction is evident, which contrasts with the psychological developmental model.
Multiple Personality
Authors: Breiner Sander J.
Published: August 2011

All diagnoses of Multiple Personality Disorder are part of a Dissociative Identity Disorder; they show hurt self-esteem (image) and are self-injurious.
Effects of a Behavioral Stress-Management Program on Anxiety, Mood, Self-Esteem, and T-Cell Count in HIV-Positive Men
Authors: Taylor Douglas N.
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated the effects of a behavioral stress-management program on anxiety, mood, self-esteem, and T-cell count in a group of HIV-positive men who were asymptomatic except for T-cell counts below 400. The program consisted of 20 biweekly sessions of progressive muscle relaxation and electromyograph biofeedback-assisted relaxation training, meditation, and hypnosis. Ten subjects were randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a no-treatment control group, and the 2 groups were compared on pre- to posttreatment changes in the dependent measures. Analysis showed that, compared with the no-treatment group, the treatment group showed significant improvement on all the dependent measures, which was maintained at a 1-mo. follow-up. Since stress is known to compromise the immune system, these results suggest that stress management to reduce arousal of the nervous system and anxiety would be an appropriate component of a treatment regimen for HIV infection.
Use of the Beck Anxiety Inventory with Adolescent Psychiatric Outpatients
Authors: Steer Robert A. , Kumar Geetha , Ranieri William F. , Beck Aaron T.
Published: August 2011

The Beck Anxiety Inventory was administered to 105 outpatients between 13 and 17 years old who were diagnosed with various types of psychiatric disorders. A principal factor analysis was performed, and two factors were found representing subjective and somatic symptoms of anxiety. The item compositions of these factors were comparable to those previously described for adolescent inpatients. The results are discussed as supporting the use of the inventory for evaluating self-reported anxiety in outpatient adolescents.
Psychological Acceptance and Alexithymia in Spinal Cord Injury Patients
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Koyama Iku , Tobimatsu Haruki
Published: August 2011

We examined psychological acceptance and alexithymia in a sample of 45 patients with spinal cord injury. Approximately 86% of patients regarded their prognosis for spinal cord injury as favorable. Seven years after the onset of injury, however, complete psychological acceptance of injury had not occurred in many patients. Patients who had achieved psychological acceptance tended to show alexithymia. These results suggest that patients may achieve psychological acceptance in the context of adapting to society by suppressing or denying their feelings and finally developing alexithymic features.
Early Genital Stimulation of Rats Lowers Limbic Seizure Latencies for Females but Increases Latencies for Males
Authors: Baker Penelope , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

The genitals of male and female rats were tactilely stimulated (glass rod) for 10 successive days beginning on postnatal Days 5, 15, or 35; handled but nonstimulated litter mates served as the reference groups. Limbic seizures were induced by a single systemic injection of lithium and pilocarpine when the rats were adults. The genitally stimulated female rats displayed a lower seizure threshold (as inferred from shorter seizure-onset times) relative to their cage mates. The single largest effect occurred for those females which had been stimulated after the vagina had opened (postnatal 35–45 days).
Social Stress and Suicide: Replicating an Asian Study with American Data
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: August 2011

A study purporting to show an association between social stress and attempted suicide in Hong Kong utilized an incorrect regression specification. The study was replicated with American time-series data and, using the correct specification, social stress was positively associated with suicide rates.
Model of Factors Related to Tendencies to Discriminate against People with AIDS
Authors: Johnson Stephen D.
Published: August 2011

This study was done to integrate previous work on discriminatory tendencies against those who have AIDS and the possible role of two new variables, perceived responsibility and God's retribution. Using interview data from 205 randomly selected respondents from “Middletown” (Muncie, Indiana), an empirical model was developed. Ratings on homosexual intolerance had the biggest influence on tendencies toward discrimination against AIDS. This type of intolerance was confirmed as a part of a traditional and politically conservative perspective in which the ideas that those with AIDS are responsible for their predicament and God punishes those who sin play an important role.
Psychological Size and Distance in the Relationships of Adult Children of Alcoholics with Their Parents
Authors: Grasha Anthony F. , Homan Margot
Published: August 2011

Adult children of alcoholics' ( n = 68) perceptions of their relationships with parents were compared with those of a control sample ( n = 37) to examine independent and joint influences of interpersonal status and affect on family dynamics. Visual metaphors for relationships using circle drawings and a status-affect rating scale from the Grasha-Ichiyama Psychological Size and Distance Scale were employed. Compared with the control group, adult children of alcoholics drew smaller circles to represent themselves, i.e., indicating less interpersonal status, only when assessing their relationships with their fathers. Analyses of status-affect ratings showed that the drawings of smaller circles reflected feeling less competent, i.e., having less personal knowledge and expertise, rather than perceptions of being submissive in the relationship. The distance drawn between the circles of adult children of alcoholics and their parents, i.e., psychological distance, was much larger than that of the control group. Ratings showed that perceptions of a negative emotional climate and submissiveness together accounted for 25% of the unique variance in predicting psychological distance. Perceptions of being submissive, however, were not associated with perceptions of psychological distance among adult children of nonalcoholic parents.
Scores on the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test and the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement-Comprehensive Form for Emotionally Conflicted Adolescents
Authors: Gentry Nancy , Sapp Gary L. , Daw Jane L.
Published: August 2011

Subtest scores on the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test and the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement-Comprehensive Form were compared for 27 emotionally conflicted adolescents. Correlations between subtests paired for assumed comparability ranged from .79 to .91 (median r = .69), and one of five mean comparisons was significant (Wechsler Mathematics Reasoning > Kaufman Mathematics Applications). The results suggest that these selected Wechsler subtests possess utility for assessing academic achievement and provide an acceptable alternative to the K–TEA.
Does Incest Cause Homosexuality?
Authors: Cameron Paul , Cameron Kirk
Published: August 2011

A random sample of 5,182 adults from 6 U.S. metropolitan areas were questioned about incestuous sexual relationships during childhood. Incest was disproportionately reported by both male and female bisexuals and homosexuals. 148 gays (7.7% of the sample) reported 14 (50%) of same-sex, and 7 (22%) of opposite-sex incestuous experiences, and 20 (69%) of same-sex and 2 (3%) of opposite-sex sexual experiences with other relatives. 88 lesbians (3% of the sample) reported 2 (33%) of same-sex incest and 7 (9%) of opposite-sex incest and 1 (17%) of same-sex and 10 (13%) of opposite-sex sexual experiences with other relatives. 12% of 98 male homosexuals vs 0.8% of 1,224 male heterosexuals with a brother reported brother-brother incest. These findings are consonant with those of other studies in which disproportionately more incest by homosexuals was reported. As opposed to an evolutionary genetic hypothesis, these data support the alternative that homosexuality may be learned, since homosexuals do not produce children at sustainable levels and the incidence of homosexuality varies as a function of various social factors. Incest cannot be excluded as a significant basis for homosexuality.