bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Internal Distribution Patterns of a Calanoid Copepod Population, and a Description of a Modified Clarke‐Bumpus Plankton Sampler
Authors: COMITA GABRIEL W. , COMITA JEAN J.
Published: May 2016

The internal distribution patterns of all the developmental stages of a Diaptomus siciloides population were studied by taking a large number of small samples of the same size. Use was made of a modified Clark‐Bumpus plankton sampler constructed so that the volume of water filtered could be pre‐set, and the behavior of this sampler was studied using a number 20 net. The data for the distribution patterns were obtained from fifty‐one samples of 56.8 liters each, collected over a period of forty‐five minutes. From these samples Fisher’s coefficient of dispersion (S2/X̄), was computed and used as a measure of dispersion. With the exception of nauplius II it was found that all the immature stages and the adult males and females were infradispersed at the lower five‐per cent level of significance. Nauplius II was randomly dispersed, and the eggs were found to be superdispersed. When the stages were lumped to form categories such as total nauplii or total copepodids, randomness or superdispersion was found. The dependence of S2 /X̄ on sample size, number of samples, and population density was examined.
The Response of Some Freshwater Fish to Isopropyl Methylphosphonofluoridate (Sarin) in Water
Authors: WEISS CHARLES M. , BOTTS JAMES L.
Published: May 2016

The toxic response and behavior of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), the green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), and the goldfish (Carassius auratus) have been determined on exposure to water solutions of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (Sarin). Comparison of the time of response over a wide range of concentrations and at several temperatures for the three species indicates changing rates of reaction to the toxic material. Analysis of the dose‐response curves shows that the product of concentration and time of response is not equal to a constant. It is suggested that the point of maximum curvature of the dose‐response curve, when plotted on arithmetic paper, be used as a value which would be most consistent for comparing relative toxicities of toxic agents or relative resistance of various species to the same toxic material.
Pure Autonomic Failure Versus Prodromal Dysautonomia in Parkinson's Disease: Insights from the Bedside
Authors: Merola Aristide , Espay Alberto J. , Zibetti Maurizio , Romagnolo Alberto , Rosso Michela , Maule Simona , Lopiano Leonardo
Published: May 2016

Autonomic failure may include orthostatic hypotension, supine hypertension, bowel and bladder disturbances, impaired thermal regulation, and sexual dysfunction, all of which can be features of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other a‐synucleinopathies. All patients with pure autonomic failure, most patients with multiple system atrophy, and 18% of patients with PD will develop symptomatic orthostatic hypotension. However, the extent of central and peripheral norepinephrine deficiency, parasympathetic nuclei degeneration, and arterial baroreflex failure may be differentially impaired in these disorders. Consequently, clinical features and prognostic implications of autonomic dysfunction in a‐synucleinopathies may be more complex than previously envisioned. The case described in this report highlights the clinical similarities between PD and pure autonomic failure, raising the question of whether pure autonomic failure represents a restricted Lewy body synucleinopathy or an early manifestation of PD.
Parallel iterative refinement in polynomial eigenvalue problems
Authors: Campos Carmen , Roman Jose E.
Published: May 2016

Methods for the polynomial eigenvalue problem sometimes need to be followed by an iterative refinement process to improve the accuracy of the computed solutions. This can be accomplished by means of a Newton iteration tailored to matrix polynomials. The computational cost of this step is usually higher than the cost of computing the initial approximations, due to the need of solving multiple linear systems of equations with a bordered coefficient matrix. An effective parallelization is thus important, and we propose different approaches for the message‐passing scenario. Some schemes use a subcommunicator strategy in order to improve the scalability whenever direct linear solvers are used. We show performance results for the various alternatives implemented in the context of SLEPc, the Scalable Library for Eigenvalue Problem Computations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual‐based versus aggregate meta‐analysis in multi‐database studies of pregnancy outcomes: the Nordic example of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine in pregnancy
Authors: Selmer Randi , Haglund Bengt , Furu Kari , Andersen Morten , Nørgaard Mette , Zoëga Helga , Kieler Helle
Published: May 2016

Purpose

Compare analyses of a pooled data set on the individual level with aggregate meta‐analysis in a multi‐database study.

Methods

We reanalysed data on 2.3 million births in a Nordic register based cohort study. We compared estimated odds ratios (OR) for the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and venlafaxine use in pregnancy on any cardiovascular birth defect and the rare outcome right ventricular outflow tract obstructions (RVOTO). Common covariates included maternal age, calendar year, birth order, maternal diabetes, and co‐medication. Additional covariates were added in analyses with country‐optimized adjustment.

Results

Country adjusted OR (95%CI) for any cardiovascular birth defect in the individual‐based pooled analysis was 1.27 (1.17–1.39), 1.17 (1.07–1.27) adjusted for common covariates and 1.15 (1.05–1.26) adjusted for all covariates. In fixed effects meta‐analyses pooled OR was 1.29 (1.19–1.41) based on crude country specific ORs, 1.19 (1.09–1.29) adjusted for common covariates, and 1.16 (1.06–1.27) for country‐optimized adjustment. In a random effects model the adjusted OR was 1.07 (0.87–1.32). For RVOTO, OR was 1.48 (1.15–1.89) adjusted for all covariates in the pooled data set, and 1.53 (1.19–1.96) after country‐optimized adjustment. Country‐specific adjusted analyses at the substance level were not possible for RVOTO.

Conclusion

Results of fixed effects meta‐analysis and individual‐based analyses of a pooled dataset were similar in this study on the association of SSRI/venlafaxine and cardiovascular birth defects. Country‐optimized adjustment attenuated the estimates more than adjustment for common covariates only. When data are sparse pooled data on the individual level are needed for adjusted analyses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐principles prediction of a novel hexagonal phosphorene allotrope
Authors: Xu Mei , He Chaoyu , Zhang Chunxiao , Tang Chao , Zhong Jianxin
Published: May 2016

Phosphorus prefers three‐connected configurations due to its inequivalent sp3‐hybridization. In the past year, many quasi two‐dimensional three‐connected networks were proposed as possible phosphorene allotropes. In this Letter, a new quasi two‐dimensional three‐connected network is proposed as a new potential phosphorene allotrope (Hex‐star). Based on first‐principles method calculations, the structure, stability and electronic properties of Hex‐star were systematically investigated. Our results indicate that Hex‐star is dynamically stable and it is a semiconductor with quasi‐direct band gap of 1.81 eV based on HSE06 method.

Perspective top view (left) and Magen–David‐like orthographic top view (right) of Hex‐star phosphorene.

magnified image

(© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Decoding the China luxury market
Authors: Oswald Laura R.
Published: May 2016

Semiotics and value creation in emerging markets
IBM Rebuilds Europe: The Curious Case of the Transnational Typewriter
Authors: PAJU PETRI , HAIGH THOMAS
Published: May 2016

In the decade after the Second World War IBM rebuilt its European operations as integrated, wholly owned subsidiaries of its World Trade Corporation, chartered in 1949. Long before the European common market eliminated trade barriers, IBM created its own internal networks of trade, allocating the production of different components and products between its new subsidiaries. Their exchange relationships were managed centrally to ensure that no European subsidiary was a consistent net importer. At the heart of this system were eight national electric typewriter plants, each assembling parts produced by other European countries. IBM promoted these transnational typewriters as symbols of a new and peaceful Europe and its leader, Thomas J. Watson, Sr., was an enthusiastic supporter of early European moves toward economic integration. We argue that IBM’s humble typewriter and its innovative system of distributed manufacturing laid the groundwork for its later domination of the European computer business and provided a model for the development of transnational European institutions.
Mental health care in post-genocide Rwanda: evaluation of a program specializing in posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse
Authors: Ng L. C. , Harerimana B.
Published: May 2016

Background.

Following the genocide, millions of Rwandans are likely living with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Le Centre Psychothérapeutique Icyizere provides the only specialized treatment for PTSD in the Rwandan healthcare system.

Methods.

Demographics, diagnosis, treatment, outcomes, and scores on assessments of functioning and PTSD were recorded from clinical charts of all patients receiving care between October 2013 and 2014. Descriptive statistics and within-groupttests comparing functional impairment and PTSD symptoms at intake to discharge and follow-up were calculated.

Results.

A total of 719 patients (55.08% male) received care. Patients were more educated, more likely to live in the capital, and less likely to be married than the general population. Patients reported high desire for, and strong satisfaction with, care. Most patients (55.60%) were still in care by the end of the program evaluation. Functioning improved from intake to discharge (p< 0.001), and improvements were sustained at follow-up (p< 0.001). Most adults were diagnosed with psychotic disorders, substance use disorders, or depression. Only 20 patients were diagnosed with PTSD, and symptoms were improved at discharge (p= 0.003).

Conclusions.

This program evaluation demonstrated the utility of a low-resource information management system to provide clarity about the patient population and outcomes. Results suggest that services are effective and sustainable, although people with PTSD were not the primary recipients of care. Disparities in care by diagnosis, education, marital status, and geography are discussed. Results have contributed to changes in service delivery and care and efforts to increase access to care.
Astrophysical fluid dynamics
Authors: Ogilvie Gordon I.
Published: May 2016

These lecture notes and example problems are based on a course given at the University of Cambridge in Part III of the Mathematical Tripos. Fluid dynamics is involved in a very wide range of astrophysical phenomena, such as the formation and internal dynamics of stars and giant planets, the workings of jets and accretion discs around stars and black holes and the dynamics of the expanding Universe. Effects that can be important in astrophysical fluids include compressibility, self-gravitation and the dynamical influence of the magnetic field that is ‘frozen in’ to a highly conducting plasma. The basic models introduced and applied in this course are Newtonian gas dynamics and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) for an ideal compressible fluid. The mathematical structure of the governing equations and the associated conservation laws are explored in some detail because of their importance for both analytical and numerical methods of solution, as well as for physical interpretation. Linear and nonlinear waves, including shocks and other discontinuities, are discussed. The spherical blast wave resulting from a supernova, and involving a strong shock, is a classic problem that can be solved analytically. Steady solutions with spherical or axial symmetry reveal the physics of winds and jets from stars and discs. The linearized equations determine the oscillation modes of astrophysical bodies, as well as their stability and their response to tidal forcing.
Electoral Handouts as Information
Authors: Kramon Eric
Published: May 2016

Why is vote buying effective even where ballot secrecy is protected? Most answers emerge from models of machine politics, in which a machine holds recipients of handouts accountable for their subsequent political behavior. Yet vote buying is common in many contexts where political party machines are not present, or where parties exert little effort in monitoring voters. This article addresses this puzzle. The author argues that politicians often distribute electoral handouts to convey information to voters. This vote buying conveys information with respect to the future provision of resources to the poor. The author tests the argument with original qualitative and experimental data collected in Kenya. A voter's information about a candidate's vote buying leads to substantial increases in electoral support, an effect driven by expectations about the provision of clientelist benefits beyond the electoral period. The results, showing that the distribution of material benefits can be electorally effective for persuasive reasons, thereby explain how vote buying can be effective in the absence of machine politics.
Party System Institutionalization and Government Formation in new Democracies
Authors: Savage Lee
Published: May 2016

Party systems provide the essential structure of the coalition bargaining environment. Stability in party systems ensures the presence of regularities that can be observed in government formation, but most empirical research focuses on established democracies. In new democracies, party systems are less institutionalized, which means that interactions between parties can be unpredictable and has significant implications for coalition formation. This article presents the first study of coalition formation in new democracies that employs an empirical design comparable to that of the leading research on Western Europe. The author uses a new data set of potential coalitions in Central and Eastern Europe to examine three explanations for government formation that arise when party systems are weakly institutionalized. The results show first that incumbency is a disadvantage for governments in new democracies when formation occurs postelection. This disadvantage is due to high levels of electoral volatility caused by policy failure and clientelistic practices. Incumbents are advantaged when formation takes place midterm, as weak party system institutionalization leads to an inchoate pattern of interaction between opposition parties, which therefore fail to provide a viable alternative. Second, the presence of former dominant parties influences government formation by stifling the development of programmatic competition. Instead, programmatic competition is subjugated to contestation based on historical enmities. And third, established parties collude to exclude new parties from coalition formation—a possible indicator that a party system is becoming more institutionalized. The article provides new insights into the importance of routinized and stable political practices and institutions.
Living arrangement and cognitive decline among older people in Europe
Authors: MAZZUCO STEFANO , MEGGIOLARO SILVIA , ONGARO FAUSTA , TOFFOLUTTI VERONICA
Published: May 2016

Family resources may play an important role in the wellbeing of older people. In this paper, we examine the association between living arrangement and cognitive decline among people over 65 living in different European countries. The underlined hypothesis is that living with others (i.e. spouse or/and children) vis-à-vis living alone may have a positive role in maintaining cognitive functioning, but also that such beneficial influence varies according to the circumstances. To this end, we used data from the first two waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), which provides indicators of several cognitive functions: orientation, immediate recall, delayed recall, verbal fluency and numeracy. Net of both the potential biases due to the selective attrition and the re-test effects, the evidence shows that the association between living arrangement and cognitive decline depends on the geographical area and on the starting level of cognitive function.
Cohomologies ofn-simplex relations
Authors: KOREPANOV IGOR G. , SHARYGIN GEORGY I. , TALALAEV DMITRY V.
Published: May 2016

A theory of (co)homologies related to set-theoreticn-simplex relations is constructed in analogy with the known quandle and Yang–Baxter (co)homologies, with emphasis made on the tetrahedron case. In particular, this permits us to generalise Hietarinta's idea of “permutation-type” solutions to the quantum (or “tensor”)n-simplex equations. Explicit examples of solutions to the tetrahedron equation involving nontrivial cocycles are presented.
Improving hand hygiene compliance in child daycare centres: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: ZOMER T. P. , ERASMUS V. , LOOMAN C. W. , VAN BEECK E. F. , TJON-A-TSIEN A. , RICHARDUS J. H. , VOETEN H. A. C. M.
Published: May 2016

Gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in children attending daycare centres (DCCs) are common and compliance with hand hygiene (HH) guidelines to prevent infections is generally low. An intervention was developed to increase HH compliance and reduce infections in DCCs. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention on HH compliance. The intervention was evaluated in a two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial in 71 DCCs in The Netherlands. Thirty-six DCCs received the intervention including: (1) HH products; (2) training about HH guidelines; (3) two team training sessions aimed at goal setting and formulating HH improvement activities; and (4) reminders and cues for action (posters/stickers). Intervention DCCs were compared to 35 control DCCs that continued usual practice. HH compliance of caregivers and children was observed at baseline and at 1, 3 and 6 months follow-up. Using multilevel logistic regression, odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained for the intervention effect. Of 795 caregivers, 5042 HH opportunities for caregivers and 5606 opportunities for supervising children's HH were observed. At 1 month follow-up caregivers' compliance in intervention DCCs was 66% vs. 43% in control DCCs (OR 6·33, 95% CI 3·71–10·80), and at 6 months 59% vs. 44% (OR 4·13, 95% CI 2·33–7·32). No effect of the intervention was found on supervising children's HH (36% vs. 32%; OR 0·64, 95% CI 0·18–2·33). In conclusion, HH compliance of caregivers increased due to the intervention, therefore dissemination of the intervention can be considered.
Art and Death in Late Neolithic Sardinia: The Role of Carvings and Paintings in Domus de Janas Rock-cut Tombs
Authors: Robin Guillaume
Published: May 2016

Sardinian Neolithic rock-cut tombs are not merely underground repositories, but complex and dynamic ritual architectures whose sequence of chambers was designed to host elaborate programmes of death ritual. The internal walls of about 250 of these tombs are decorated with carvings and paintings depicting architectural structures, cattle-head motifs and geometric designs. Research has often focused on classifying the motifs into typo-chronological categories, and little attention has been paid to their architectural setting and how art actually interacts with the spaces and structures of the tombs. How were art and architecture combined to create a setting appropriate for deathways? The present article results from a systematic review of this art and discusses patterns in the distribution and position of the motifs inside the tombs. Motifs were repeatedly placed at a few specific locations, suggesting that they played an active role in standardized ritual uses of the tombs. It is argued that art significantly contributed to structure spaces, sequence rituals, shape the ceremonial experience of the tombs, and was therefore a key agent in Late Neolithic deathways.
Fragmentation, auto-modification and post ionisation proton bound dimer ion formation: the differential mobility spectrometry of low molecular weight alcohols
Authors: Ruszkiewicz D. M. , Thomas C. L. P. , Eiceman G. A.
Published: May 2016

Ion-neutral interactions at atmospheric pressure result in significant complexity in the observed responses for alcohols by differential mobility spectrometry. Such behaviours ultimately enable enhanced selectivity and confidence in data assignments.
Chemically modified graphene films for high-performance optical NO2 sensors
Authors: Xing Fei , Zhang Shan , Yang Yong , Jiang Wenshuai , Liu Zhibo , Zhu Siwei , Yuan Xiaocong
Published: May 2016

Various graphene-based gas sensors that operate based on the electrical properties of graphene have been developed for accurate detection of gas components.
A ratiometric fluorescence nanosensor for highly selective and sensitive detection of selenite
Authors: Chen Linfeng , Tian Xike , Zhao Yuan , Li Yong , Yang Chao , Zhou Zhaoxin , Liu Xiangwen
Published: May 2016

We herein developed a ratiometric fluorescent nanosensor for accurate and on-site sensing of SeO32− by linking the recognition molecules 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) onto the surface of carboxyl group modified CdTe@SiO2.
Creating a hyperpolarised pseudo singlet state through polarisation transfer from parahydrogen under SABRE
Authors: Olaru Alexandra M. , Roy Soumya S. , Lloyd Lyrelle S. , Coombes Steven , Green Gary G. R. , Duckett Simon B.
Published: May 2016

SABRE is harnessed to create a hyperpolarised long-lived state in 2-aminothiazole with >90% efficiency and 27 seconds lifetime.
K2S2O8-mediated metal-free direct P–H/C–H functionalization: a convenient route to benzo[b]phosphole oxides from unactivated alkynes
Authors: Ma Dumei , Chen Weizhu , Hu Gaobo , Zhang Yun , Gao Yuxing , Yin Yingwu , Zhao Yufen
Published: May 2016

A metal-free and K2S2O8-mediated radical addition/cyclization of internal alkynes leading to benzo[b]phosphole oxides was developed, which eliminates residual heavy metal contamination in the product.
Non-isocyanate poly(amide-hydroxyurethane)s from sustainable resources
Authors: Zhang Keren , Nelson Ashley M. , Talley Samantha J. , Chen Mingtao , Margaretta Evan , Hudson Amanda G. , Moore Robert B. , Long Timothy E.
Published: May 2016

A one-pot melt polymerization of plant oil-based monomers and diamines afforded film-forming, isocyanate-free poly(amide-hydroxyurethane)s with processability and mechanical integrity.
Sulfonated ethylenediamine–acetone–formaldehyde condensate: preparation, unconventional photoluminescence and aggregation enhanced emission
Authors: Yu Wei , Wu Ying , Chen Jiachun , Duan Xiangyan , Jiang Xiao-Fang , Qiu Xueqing , Li Yuan
Published: May 2016

The water-soluble sulfonated ethylenediamine–acetone–formaldehyde (SEAF) with unconventional fluorescence and AEE effect was prepared. The emission mechanism was ascribed to the cluster-induced emission of carbonyl groups.
Imine-functionalized thioether Zn(ii) turn-on fluorescent sensor and its selective sequential logic operations with H2PO4−, DFT computation and live cell imaging
Authors: Patra Chiranjit , Bhanja Anup Kumar , Sen Chandana , Ojha Durbadal , Chattopadhyay Debprasad , Mahapatra Ambikesh , Sinha Chittaranjan
Published: May 2016

Thioether Schiff base (H2L), a nontoxic Zn2+-sensor (LOD, 0.050 μM) has shown selective ON–OFF emission following INHIBIT logic circuit with H2PO4−and useful agent for the identification of Zn2+and H2PO4−in intracellular fluid in living cells.
Fabrication of a novel electrochemical sensing platform based on a core–shell nano-structured/molecularly imprinted polymer for sensitive and selective determination of ephedrine
Authors: Bagheri H. , Pajooheshpour N. , Afkhami A. , Khoshsafar H.
Published: May 2016

A simple methodology was used to develop a novel sensor based on a core–shell/molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for the determination of ephedrine.
Dynamic programming track‐before‐detect algorithm for radar target detection based on polynomial time series prediction
Authors: Zheng Daikun , Wang Shouyong , Meng Qingwen
Published: May 2016

An improved dynamic programming track‐before‐detect (DP‐TBD) algorithm is proposed in this study. A new relaxed DP‐TBD test statistic containing a term of state transition probability is derived. The state transition probability is designed according to the one‐step prediction of the target state. An asymptotic and recursive solution is developed to obtain the state prediction by the polynomial time series model under the framework of weighted least squares. The impact of the weight parameter on the performance of the proposed algorithm is also investigated. The proposed algorithm can efficiently integrate the energy back‐scattered along the admissible target trajectory in that the designed state transition probability enables the relaxed test statistic to distinguish real targets from the false ones more effectively. The prediction needs no priori information of target state space model and can be embedded in the recursion of the DP‐TBD. Numerical simulations are provided to assess and compare the performance of the proposed algorithm. It turns out that the proposed algorithm has better detection and tracking performance than the basic one and is resilient to various target motion forms.
Comparative study of neutron emission from a plasma focus device using two different anode shapes
Authors: Talukdar N. , Borthakur S. , Neog N. K. , Borthakur T. K.
Published: May 2016

The neutron emission from a low energy (2.2 kJ) plasma focus (PF) device operated with two different shapes (cylindrical and converging) of anodes has been investigated by employing photomultiplier tube and bubble dosimeter. The neutron emission with each anode is analyzed and the results are compared. It is found that the anode shapes strongly influenced the emission of neutron. The X-ray emission is found to be higher in case of converging anode, while neutron emission is found to be higher in case of cylindrical anode. The neutron yield and energy are found to be highly anisotropic in nature which indicates that the beam target mechanism plays a major role in the neutron emission in a PF device. The speed factor as well as the specific heat ratio of pinch column shows a good agreement with the experimentally observed results.
Obligatory processing of irrelevant gesture
Authors: Feller Sebastian , Gellatly Angus
Published: May 2016

This paper presents a study of selected iconic gestures with a view to determining their effects on RT in a task-relevant and a task-irrelevant context. In two experiments, participants were presented with a coloured shape on a computer screen, a spoken statement referring to the presented shape, and a gesture that was task irrelevant. The findings from both experiments show strong support for the assumption that gesture processing is obligatory; irrelevant gestures affected speed of task performance. Furthermore the findings suggest that for slower, more cognitively controlled decisions incongruent gestures have an inhibitory effect, while for faster, more cognitively automated decisions congruent gestures have a facilitatory effect.
Lexical frequency and subject expression in native and non-native Spanish
Authors: Linford Bret , Long Avizia , Solon Megan , Whatley Melissa , Geeslin Kimberly L.
Published: May 2016

This paper investigates the effect of lexical frequency on third-person subject form variation by native and highly-advanced non-native speakers of Spanish. In line with previous research, verb tokens which represented 1% or more of the total tokens were categorized as frequent whereas all others were categorized as infrequent. We also coded for six other linguistic variables: number, referent specificity, semantic class, morphological regularity, TMA, and switch reference. The findings revealed that lexical frequency did not have an independent effect on third-person subject form variation and in only one case did high lexical frequency appear to activate the effect of another linguistic factor. We discuss our results alongside findings of previous research and offer directions for future research.
Complexity perspectives on linguistic landscapes
Authors: Soler-Carbonell Josep
Published: May 2016

Linguistic landscape studies (LLS) have become popular tools to investigate multilingual settings; yet they often lack theoretical elaboration. This paper tries to contribute to filling this gap by combining the postulates of complexity theory with the concept of ‘scale’. Taking Tallinn as a case study, I conceptualise scales as nodes of complexity, dynamically produced and reproduced by the inter-connection of different agents in interaction. The results show a significant degree of language heterogeneity in Tallinn’s LL, but one that adopts different forms in different places, something that indexes the diverse types of mobility in those settings. What appears as multilingual messiness becomes logically coherent when we look at how different semiotic resources are mobilized to co-construct different scalar frameworks. In conclusion, it is argued that a scalar analysis informed by a complexity perspective can be beneficially exploited for theoretical and methodological purposes in LLS.
Theorizing mobility in semiotic landscapes
Authors: O’Connor Brendan H. , Zentz Lauren R.
Published: May 2016

This study theorizes connections between semiotic resources and mobility in public displays of language with reference to data from Brownsville, Texas and Betultujuh, Central Java. From an ethnographic perspective, the paper explores the relation of public signage to the mobility of human beings and the mobility of texts in space and time. The semiotic landscape of Brownsville reflects a stratified sociolinguistic space shaped by a history of contact between English and Spanish and the continuing movement of people, goods, and texts across the U.S.-Mexico border. In Betultujuh, by contrast, a semiotic landscape characterized by indeterminacy, amid the influence of national language ideologies and globalizing English, shows evidence of a cultural shift mediated by the circulation of material artifacts and features of language. Based on these analyses, it is argued that porous borders between languages are tied to the mobility of people, texts, and things in a globalizing world.
Contrastive Pragmatics and Translation
Authors: Kranich Svenja
Published: May 2016

This book provides the first comprehensive account of English-German pragmatic contrasts in written discourse and their effects on English-German translations. The novel and multi-dimensional corpus-based studies of business communication and popular science writing presented in this book combine quantitative and qualitative approaches and focus on the use of evaluative adjectives and epistemic modal markers. They provide empirical evidence that English and German differ in systematic ways and that translations, while being adapted to target audience’s preferences to a large extent, are clearly susceptible to source language interference when it comes to more fine-grained differences. The book discusses which general factors determine the degree of impact of source language features on translations and also comments on the possibility of source language influence on target language norms via translations. The book is of interest to researchers and students in a variety of fields, such as pragmatics, translation studies, genre analysis and stylistics.
The syntax of motion light verbs in Jordanian and Moroccan Arabic
Authors: Ouali Hamid , Al Bukhari Juman
Published: May 2016

Motion verbs, when they co-occur with main verbs in what we call motion light verb constructions, have an aspectual function. In this paper, we examine the properties of these motion verbs and the implication of their distribution on clause structure. We argue that motion light verbs and main verbs head different vPs. Motion light verbs select AspP. We show how our analysis explains the aspectual properties of light verb constructions and the distribution of light verbs in relation to the main verb, the subject, and negation. We also explain why these sentences can have a simple tense reading and two possible negative readings depending on the position of negation.
Two-ligand priming mechanism for potentiated phosphoinositide synthesis is an evolutionarily conserved feature of Sec14-like phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine exchange proteins
Authors: Huang Jin , Ghosh Ratna , Tripathi Ashutosh , Lönnfors Max , Somerharju Pentti , Bankaitis Vytas A.
Published: May 2016

Lipid signaling, particularly phosphoinositide signaling, plays a key role in regulating the extreme polarized membrane growth that drives root hair development in plants. The Arabidopsis AtSFH1 gene encodes a two-domain protein with an amino-terminal Sec14-like phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) domain linked to a carboxy-terminal nodulin domain. AtSfh1 is critical for promoting the spatially highly organized phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate signaling program required for establishment and maintenance of polarized root hair growth. Here we demonstrate that, like the yeast Sec14, the AtSfh1 PITP domain requires both its phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns)- and phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho)-binding properties to stimulate PtdIns-4-phosphate [PtdIns(4)P] synthesis. Moreover, we show that both phospholipid-binding activities are essential for AtSfh1 activity in supporting polarized root hair growth. Finally, we report genetic and biochemical evidence that the two-ligand mechanism for potentiation of PtdIns 4-OH kinase activity is a broadly conserved feature of plant Sec14-nodulin proteins, and that this strategy appeared only late in plant evolution. Taken together, the data indicate that the PtdIns/PtdCho-exchange mechanism for stimulated PtdIns(4)P synthesis either arose independently during evolution in yeast and in higher plants, or a suitable genetic module was introduced to higher plants from a fungal source and subsequently exploited by them.
Spatial and Temporal Multidimensional Poverty in Nigeria
Authors: Ajakaiye Olu , Jerome Afeikhena T. , Olaniyan Olanrewaju , Mahrt Kristi , Alaba Olufunke A.
Published: May 2016

While economic growth is generally thought to reduce poverty, the age-old debate on the links between growth and poverty has been resuscitated following the pronounced differences in the strength of this relationship across countries. Nigeria has recorded impressive growth in the last decade. Cognizant of the renewed interest in the multidimensionality of poverty and its measurement, this chapter appraises spatial and temporal non-monetary multidimensional poverty in Nigeria using the first-order dominance approach. It examines five indicators of deprivation: education, water, sanitation, shelter, and energy. The analysis and results are quite robust and lend support to the view that poverty reduction in Nigeria has not kept pace with the rapid economic growth attained in the last decade. The analyses indicate that regional inequalities remain profound with huge disparities between the urban and rural sectors as well as between the southern and northern geopolitical zones of the country.
Unacknowledged Legislators
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

Whereas the Romantic figure of the poet-prophet is now habitually dismissed as a cliché, this book focuses on the role of the poet as lawgiver and shows how pervasive and complex this conception of poetic writing was both immediately before the French Revolution of 1789 and over the following decades. After a Prologue, the Introduction presents the poet-lawgiver: first, in relation to Shelley’s ‘unacknowledged legislator’, the nomos of ancient Greek poetry, and Plato’s views on the poet’s function in an ideal republic; second, as revealing a fundamental tension between the poet as receiver and transmitter of laws (Moses), and as creator of laws (Orpheus); and, third, against the background of Paul Bénichou’s classic account of French Romanticism. After discussion of the low status of verse poetry in the immediate pre-revolutionary period and the contrasting rise of the philosopher-dramatist as a lawgiver in prose, subsequent chapters present the post-revolutionary politico-literary agendas set by Chateaubriand (and others) on the monarchist Right and by Staël (and others) on the liberal Left, charting how these agendas were pursued in these writers’ literary work and public lives and then developed and profoundly modified in the poetry and public exploits of Lamartine, Hugo, and Vigny. The Conclusion summarizes the salient features of the poet-lawgiver in the post-revolutionary period and demonstrates how on the first centenary of the Revolution this figure remained central to Symbolist discussion of poetry—and especially to that of Mallarmé, whose particular approach to poetry as lawgiving is illustrated in a brief Epilogue.
What Is Best Practice for Providing Pain Relief During Retinopathy of Prematurity Eye Examinations?
Authors: Francis Kim
Published: May 2016

Background:

Retinopathy of prematurity screenings is considered a painful procedure. Yet, preterm infants 30 weeks of gestation or less or weighing 1500 g or less or between 1500 and 2000 g or greater than 30 weeks of gestation with an unstable course are required to have these examinations until their eyes reach maturity.

Purpose:

A systematic search of the literature was conducted to answer the question “For premature infants undergoing retinal eye examinations, what interventions are the most effective for pain reduction?”

Methods/Search Strategy:

CINAHL Plus and MEDLINE were searched using the key words: retinopathy of prematurity and pain. The search was limited to the last 10 years and experimental or quasi-experimental studies attempting to reduce pain during eye examinations.

Findings/Results:

The search criteria yielded 14 studies that addressed interventions to decrease pain during examinations. Three strategies were noted for pain relief including nonpharmacological interventions (n = 9), topical anesthetics (n = 3), and examination techniques (n = 2). The findings indicate that these 3 strategies provided varying results for pain relief but could be beneficial if provided in a consistent protocol.

Implications for Practice:

Consequently, policies for pain management during retinopathy of prematurity examinations need to be used consistently. It is important for clinicians to consider using a combination of strategies that maximize comfort and provide pain relief.

Implications for Research:

There remains a need to continue to examine pain-relieving techniques for retinopathy of prematurity examinations. Further investigation is needed to evaluate effective strategies that mitigate pain and the pathways causing pain. In addition, investigating the clinical feasibility of examinations without speculum use may be worthwhile.
Effects of surgical intervention on trochlear remodeling in pediatric patients with recurrent patella dislocation cases
Authors: Sugimoto Dai , Christino Melissa A. , Micheli Lyle J.
Published: May 2016

Patella instability is often encountered among physically active pediatric athletes, and surgical intervention is useful in cases with recurrent patella dislocations, chronic instability, and abnormal alignment. Several surgical procedures have been used for patella-realignment and stabilization, but the effects of surgical intervention on bony trochlear remodeling in skeletally immature patients have not been well studied. We thus present two cases of pediatric recurrent patella dislocations that showed trochlear remodeling following patella-realignment surgery. The first case describes an 11-year-old female treated with a Roux–Golthwait procedure and the second case highlights a 12-year-old male treated with lateral release and medial capsular reefing. The Merchant technique, a radiographic criterion that was designed to evaluate patella alignment in relation to the femoral trochlea groove, including sulcus and congruence angles was used to measure postoperative bony development. Both pediatric patients showed successful outcomes following surgical interventions for chronic patella instability. Using the Merchant technique, both patients showed improved congruence and sulcus angles postoperatively. Patella realignment in skeletally immature patients may be beneficial for promoting trochlear remodeling and deepening of the trochlear groove, which may help protect against future dislocation or subluxation events. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case report.
Acute Care Physical Therapy for a Patient With Hip Fracture and Sternal Restrictions: Applying the Evidence and Collaborating Through the Dilemma
Authors: Sutter Jonathan R. , Vickers Kayla C. , Wodka Nicole F.
Published: May 2016

Background and Purpose:

Patients with a recent sternotomy are told to restrict the use of their upper extremities for a period of weeks or months after the procedure. However, when a patient with a recent sternotomy sustains a hip fracture, a mobility dilemma results. The purpose of this case study is to describe a risk/benefit dilemma in which sternotomy restrictions were at direct odds with a patient's need for early activity after a hip fracture.

Case Description:

The patient is an 80-year-old woman who was 6 days postoperation for open heart surgery when she fell and fractured her left hip. After hip surgery, she demonstrated reduced tolerance to weight-bearing to the operative leg. Her acute care recovery was facilitated by the removal of sternotomy restrictions, permitting her to be standing and walking early in her recovery.

Outcomes:

The patient completed 7 physical therapy sessions in the acute care setting, and was able to progress quickly, walking for the first time on postoperative day 2. She was discharged to a skilled nursing facility, and then her home. The patient regained the ability to ambulate independently without an assistive device in the community.

Discussion:

This is a case study in which early mobility after hip fracture was valued more highly than strict adherence to sternotomy restrictions. After a risk/benefit analysis with the cardiothoracic surgeon, the patient was allowed to use her upper extremities for functional mobility and upper extremity ergometer for continuation of cardiac rehabilitation. She recovered well without sternotomy or hip surgery complications.
Goggatomy: a Method for Opening Small Cuticular Compartments in Arthropods for Physiological Experiments
Authors: Kay Alan R. , Raccuglia Davide , Scholte Jon , Loukianova Elena , Barwacz Christopher , Armstrong Steven R. , Guymon C. Allan , Nitabach Michael N. , Eberl Daniel F.
Published: May 2016

Most sense organs of arthropods are ensconced in small exoskeletal compartments that hinder direct access to plasma membranes. We have developed a method for exposing live sensory and supporting cells in such structures. The technique uses a viscous light cured resin to embed and support the structure, which is then sliced with a sharp blade. We term the procedure a ‘goggatomy’, from the Khoisan word for a bug,gogga. To demonstrate the utility of the method we show that it can be used to expose the auditory chordotonal organs in the second antennal segment and the olfactory receptor neurons in the third antennal segment ofDrosophila melanogaster, preserving the transduction machinery. The procedure can also be used on other small arthropods, like mites,Daphnia, mosquitoes, wasps and ants to expose a variety of cells.
A comprehensive and scalable database search system for metaproteomics
Authors: Chatterjee Sandip , Stupp Gregory S. , Park Sung Kyu (Robin) , Ducom Jean-Christophe , Yates John R. , Su Andrew I. , Wolan Dennis W.
Published: May 2016

Background

Mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomics experiments rely on accurate matching of experimental spectra against a database of protein sequences. Existing computational analysis methods are limited in the size of their sequence databases, which severely restricts the proteomic sequencing depth and functional analysis of highly complex samples. The growing amount of public high-throughput sequencing data will only exacerbate this problem. We designed a broadly applicable metaproteomic analysis method (ComPIL) that addresses protein database size limitations.

Results

Our approach to overcome this significant limitation in metaproteomics was to design a scalable set of sequence databases assembled for optimal library querying speeds. ComPIL was integrated with a modified version of the search engine ProLuCID (termed “Blazmass”) to permit rapid matching of experimental spectra. Proof-of-principle analysis of human HEK293 lysate with a ComPIL database derived from high-quality genomic libraries was able to detect nearly all of the same peptides as a search with a human database (~500x fewer peptides in the database), with a small reduction in sensitivity. We were also able to detect proteins from the adenovirus used to immortalize these cells. We applied our method to a set of healthy human gut microbiome proteomic samples and showed a substantial increase in the number of identified peptides and proteins compared to previous metaproteomic analyses, while retaining a high degree of protein identification accuracy, and allowing for a more in-depth characterization of the functional landscape of the samples.

Conclusions

The combination of ComPIL with Blazmass allows proteomic searches to be performed with database sizes much larger than previously possible. These large database searches can be applied to complex meta-samples with unknown composition or proteomic samples where unexpected proteins may be identified. The protein database, proteomics search engine, and the proteomic data files for the 5 microbiome samples characterized and discussed herein are open source and available for use and additional analysis.
Initiation of mtDNA transcription is followed by pausing, and diverge across human cell types and during evolution
Authors: Blumberg Amit , Rice Edward J. , Kundaje Anshul , Danko Charles G. , Mishmar Dan
Published: May 2016

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes are long known to be co-transcribed in polycistrones, yet it remains impossible to study nascent mtDNA transcripts quantitatively in vivo using existing tools. To this end we used deep sequencing (GRO-seq and PRO-seq) and analyzed nascent mtDNA-encoded RNA transcripts in diverse human cell lines and metazoan organisms. Surprisingly, accurate detection of human mtDNA transcription initiation sites (TIS) in the heavy and light strands revealed a novel conserved transcription pausing site near the light strand TIS, upstream to the transcription-replication transition region. This pausing site correlated with the presence of a bacterial pausing sequence motif, yet the transcription pausing index varied quantitatively among the cell lines. Analysis of non-human organisms enabledde novomtDNA sequence assembly, as well as detection of previously unknown mtDNA TIS, pausing, and transcription termination sites with unprecedented accuracy. Whereas mammals (chimpanzee, rhesus macaque, rat, and mouse) showed a human-like mtDNA transcription pattern, the invertebrate pattern (Drosophila and C. elegans) profoundly diverged. Our approach paves the path towards in vivo, quantitative, reference sequence-free analysis of mtDNA transcription in all eukaryotes.