bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Description of Two New Species of Dexosarcophaga (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) From the Coastal Environments of the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: De-Souza Caroline C , Souza Matheus T , Soares Jéssica M M , Carvalho-Filho Fernando S
Published: September 2020

Two new species of Dexosarcophaga Townsend (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) are described, both from the coastal zone of the Brazilian Amazon: Dexosarcophaga salgada sp. nov. and Dexosarcophaga klycyae sp. nov.
Mārūṯā's Testimony about the Šabtāyē, Christian ‘Observers of the Torah’ in the Fifth Century CE*
Authors: Sánchez Francisco Del Río
Published: September 2020

In his Catalogue of Heresies, Mārūṯā, bishop of Mayperqaṭ (d. c. 420), described a group of heretics who received the name of Šabtāyē, a term that can be translated as ‘Sabbathians’ or ‘Sabbath-keepers’. They con-sidered themselves as Christians but also defended the validity of the Torah. Many scholars have identified these Šabtāyē with the Σαββα-τιανοί, the inner schism within the Marcionite church which began around the year 380 in Phrygia and Galatia: this article shows how there are some shreds of evidence that, taken together, suggest that this identification between the Šabtāyē and the followers of Sabbatius does not reflect the reality of the facts. On the other hand, Mārūṯā’s portrait of the Šabtāyē as it appears in his Catalogue of Heresies brings to mind the descriptions of the Ebionites and Nazarenes of many patristic excerpts. Furthermore, the praxis-based description offered by the Bishop of Mayperqaṭ fits well with the definitions of ‘Jewish-Christianity’ suggested by different modern authors.
Parametric Bootstrap Confidence Intervals for the Multivariate Fay–Herriot Model
Authors: Saegusa Takumi , Sugasawa Shonosuke , Lahiri Partha
Published: September 2020

Various multivariate extensions to the well-known Fay–Herriot model have been proposed in the small area estimation literature. Such multivariate models are quite effective in combining information through correlations among small area survey estimates of related variables or historical survey estimates of the same variable or both. Though the literature on small area estimation is already very rich, construction of second-order efficient confidence intervals from multivariate models has received little attention. In this article, we develop a parametric bootstrap method for constructing a second-order efficient confidence interval for a general linear combination of small area means using the multivariate Fay–Herriot normal model. The proposed parametric bootstrap method replaces difficult and tedious analytical derivations by the power of efficient algorithm and high speed computer. Moreover, the proposed method is more versatile than the analytical method because the parametric bootstrap method can be easily applied to any method of model parameter estimation and any specific structure of the variance–covariance matrix of the multivariate Fay–Herriot model avoiding all the cumbersome and time-consuming calculations required in the analytical method. We apply our proposed methodology in constructing confidence intervals for the median income of four-person families for the fifty states and the District of Columbia in the United States. Our data analysis demonstrates that the proposed parametric bootstrap method, applied to both multivariate and univariate Fay–Herriot models, generally provides much shorter confidence intervals compared to the corresponding traditional direct method. Moreover, the confidence intervals obtained from the multivariate model are generally shorter than the corresponding intervals from the univariate model indicating the potential advantage of exploiting correlations of median income of four-person families with median incomes of three- and five-person families.
Using Placeholder Text in Narrative Open-Ended Questions in Web Surveys
Authors: Kunz Tanja , Quoß Franziska , Gummer Tobias
Published: September 2020

Narrative open-ended questions are suitable for gathering detailed information without limiting respondents to a predefined set of response categories. However, despite efforts to improve the quality of open-ended responses using different verbal and visual design features, respondents are often unwilling to expend effort on substantive and comprehensive responses. Based on a Web survey experiment conducted with opt-in panelists in Germany, we test whether placeholder text (i.e., lorem ipsum) in the answer box of a narrative open-ended question can be used as a visual stimulus to promote high-quality responses without discouraging respondents from answering the question. We find that, although placeholder texts that suggest long and extensive responses elicit more extensive responses, they also result in longer response times and less substantive responses. As the disadvantages of such lengthy placeholder texts thus appear to outweigh their advantages, we advise against using them. We further find that shorter placeholder texts do not provide any additional benefits. These findings also suggest that any kind of visual design feature should always be tested thoroughly before use.
Robots and Affirmative Choreographies
Authors: Perillo J. Lorenzo
Published: September 2020

This chapter centers dance theater as an entry point into the relationship between race-based admissions policies (affirmative action) and dance-based articulations of racial agency. The chapter focuses on Pilipino culture nights (PCNs), student-produced annual performances that typically work to affirm a connection to the homeland through the performance of traditional folk forms. However, for Home (2000), a University of California–Berkeley PCN, the dancers and choreographers used hip-hop to emphasize U.S.-based cultural formations. While existing scholarship focuses on the “born again” mode of traditional folk dance within the culture night genre, the analysis centralizes Filipino American use of street dance styles (popping and robotic dancing). The configuration of these elements exaggerates ideologies of multiculturalism and post-raciality in an innovative response to the model minority stereotype.
How Foot Voting Outperforms Ballot Box Voting
Authors: Somin Ilya
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains the advantages of foot voting over ballot box voting as a mechanism of political choice. The big ones are the ability to make a decision that makes a difference, and stronger incentives to become well-informed. These translate into important advantages from the standpoint of several leading theories of political freedom, including consent, negative freedom, positive freedom, and non-domination. The relative merits of foot voting are not affected by the availability of political participation beyond voting, such as activism or lobbying. They are also not negated by claims that foot-voting decisions are selfish in nature, or not truly “political.” The gap is similarly unlikely to be closed by efforts to promote greater democratic deliberation.
Foot Voting and International Migration
Authors: Somin Ilya
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers ways in which foot voting through international migration enhances political freedom. The potential benefits are greater than those of any other type of foot voting because of the vast differences in quality between different national governments. Expanding international foot-voting opportunities is literally a matter of life and death for millions. For the hundreds of millions who live in undemocratic nations, international migration is the only feasible mechanism for political choice. Free migration throughout the world could potentially double world GDP and vastly increase freedom of all kinds. The chapter addresses claims that the effectiveness of international foot voting is undermined by factors such as moving costs and inequality. These are real problems, but much can be done to mitigate them.
The Foot-Voting Constitution
Authors: Somin Ilya
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains how constitutional systems can be structured to maximize opportunities for foot voting, while mitigating potential downsides. Foot voting can be expanded by limits on central government power, strong federal systems (including autonomy for local as well as regional governments), guarantees of freedom of movement, and a variety of constitutional individual rights. Internal foot voting can also be augmented by incentivizing competition between subnational governments. International foot voting can be facilitated by constitutional limitations on central governments’ authority to restrict immigration. Constitutions can also help ensure that governments at all levels are able to use keyhole solutions to address potential downsides of migration. 82
Conclusion
Authors: Somin Ilya
Published: September 2020

The Conclusion summarizes key points of the book and also discusses prospects for expanded foot voting in the future. Modern technology can make foot voting easier and more effective than ever before. There are many policy measures that could incrementally expand foot-voting opportunities, both domestically, and internationally. In addition, increasing tolerance and cosmopolitanism among younger voters in the United States and Europe suggests that political obstacles to expanded migration rights may diminish over time. At the same time, growing xenophobic nationalism poses a significant threat to foot voting, as does the rise of restrictive zoning and other obstacles to internal migration.
Smallpox: The Geopolitical Impact of Smallpox
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at selected events throughout the course of history in which smallpox has played a decisive role. The story of smallpox is interwoven with the history of human migrations and wars, dramatically favoring one population or army over another. Smallpox actually changed the course of history by killing generals and kings or decimating their enemies. That history is presented as context for the chapter’s second part, which assesses whether or not there is a need to revaccinate today: the issues, risks, and benefits involved. Despite the eradication of smallpox as a disease, could the virus return? Since the virus does not linger in the form of a persistent infection, it is amenable to permanent eradication—that is to say, removal from the world. However, because the virus no longer circulates in any community, the numbers of never-vaccinated or never-infected susceptible individuals increase continually. Further, complete or efficient immunity of those previously vaccinated is believed to wane in 10 to 20 years. Consequently, the pool of highly susceptible individuals continues to expand enormously.
Measles Virus
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the origin and infectivity of the measles virus in the course of human history. How measles first came to infect humans is not clear. Definitive proof is hard to come by since measles virus infection was once nearly impossible to distinguish from smallpox virus infection. Consequently, both had been lumped together as a single entity. As early as the tenth century, the Arab physician Abu Becr first attempted to distinguish between the two. However, it was not until the seventeenth century that English physician Thomas Sydenham actually documented the clinical entity of measles infection. Once it was understood that infection with measles virus confers lifelong protection from the disease and that humans are the natural host, interest turned toward developing a preventive vaccine. The chapter then considers the purported evidence that measles virus vaccines may be harmful. Such misinformation is often propagated for personal reasons yet greatly affects public health and individual lives.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, the First Pandemic of the Twenty-First Century; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome; and the 2019–2020 Outbreak of 2019-nCoV
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter assesses Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), which represented the first new viral pandemic of the 21st century. Beginning mysteriously in Southern China during November of 2002, this plague was brought under control by 2004, but only after spreading to thirty-three countries on five continents and infecting over eight thousand humans, seven-hundred and seventy-four of whom died. How the disease spread exemplifies the speed and breadth of viral migration today. Then, as mysteriously as it came, SARS disappeared. However, a closely related viruses, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), first emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in 2012 and COVID-19 emerged in China in 2019 with both spreading globally. SARS , MERS and CVID-19 are members of the coronavirus family. At present, distinct species of bats have been implicated as natural reservoir for SARS maintaining this viruses in the communities it occupies. Meanwhile, how MERS first infected humans and what the animal carrier is are not clear; the suspects are bats and camels. For COVET-19 bats and civets are the suspects
West Nile Virus: Deaths of Crows and Humans
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses West Nile virus, the cause of a formerly unknown disease whose path through America was a trail of dead birds and dead people. West Nile virus is currently the most common and severe form of mosquito-borne encephalitis in North America. At present, West Nile virus has been isolated from over 300 species of birds. The infected birds fall into two major groups: those that carry the virus and are asymptomatic and those that develop an often fatal neurologic disease. Crows, jays, magpies, and house finches, upon infection, develop high virus loads and rapidly infect the mosquitoes that prey on them. House sparrows are also reservoirs for high titers of West Nile virus and play a role in the virus’ transmission in city areas. Humans are incidental/accidental hosts in the natural mosquito–bird cycle of this viral infection. Most humans who become infected have received bites from mosquitoes carrying the West Nile virus. The viruses then replicate at the bite site and likely spread to specialized cells, dendritic cells, which act as processors of foreign antigens. Viruses may also travel directly from the bite site into and through the blood.
Zika Comes to the Western Hemisphere and Americas: How, When, Consequences
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the history of the Zika virus. Viruses are usually messengers of bad news. The bad news emerging as a specialty of infection by Zika viruses and the harm they cause is the long-term disability of the most vulnerable populations: pregnant women and their babies. Zika virus is a member of the flavivirus group, whose fellow members are yellow fever and West Nile viruses; all three are transmitted by mosquitoes. Attacks by Zika virus and the disease it caused unexpectedly exploded in 2015–2016, mainly in Brazil and surrounding countries in Central and South America and the Caribbean. Zika was then transported to the United States. Zika infections recorded in the United States were linked primarily to airplane or ship travelers from the areas of Zika outbreaks. Adult males and females infected with Zika virus may develop an autoimmune disease termed Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). GBS describes persons whose own immune system attacks their nerves (polyneuropathy), leading to symmetrical weakness of the extremities requiring hospitalization.
Mad Cow Disease and Englishmen: Dementia of Humans—Prions: Folding Protein Transmissible Diseases
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter studies mad cow disease. In 1985–1986, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or mad cow disease, was first identified in cattle of southern England, and within two years, over 1,000 instances of infected cattle surfaced in more than 200 herds. Epidemiologic investigations indicated that the addition of meat and bone meal as a protein supplement to cattle feeds was the likely source of that infection. By 1993, cases of mad cow disease peaked at over 1,000 per week. In addition to controlling the BSE epidemic in cattle, procedures were established to gauge whether this disease was a human health problem and to safeguard the population from the potential risk of BSE transmission. As a defense measure, in 1990, a national Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) surveillance unit was established in the United Kingdom to monitor changes in the disease pattern of CJD that might indicate transmission of BSE to humans. Although CJD is the most common form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans, it is a rare disease with a uniform world incidence of about 1 case in 1 to 2 million persons per year.
Influenza Virus, the Plague That Will Continue to Return
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the influenza virus. Even though the casualties, both military and civilian, were massive during World War I, deaths from the epidemic of influenza virus in 1918–1919 surpassed the war’s toll: some 40 to 50 million people died of influenza in less than a year. Although respiratory infection was a common companion of influenza during the 1918–1919 pandemic, pneumonia in young adults has been rare before and since. Over 80% of current and past deaths related to influenza have occurred in people over the age of 70, who most often die from secondary bacterial infections. Yet the risk is almost as great for patients of any age who suffer from chronic heart, lung, kidney, or liver disease; children with congenital abnormalities; or anyone undergoing transplant surgery or afflicted with AIDS. The last influenza pandemic recorded, the “swine flu” pandemic of 2009–2010, provided a scorecard of how far people have come in surveillance, epidemiology, vaccination, and treatments since the 1918–1919 pandemic and the four pandemics that followed.
Apathy and Ignorance: False Prophets of Autism and the Anti-Vaccine Movement
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter highlights the story of autism, the widespread acceptance of its incorrect cause, and the impact on use of vaccines, all stemming directly from deliberate, false reporting. The basic conflict is twofold. First, involvement of a scientific method that must be reproducible, be reliable, and possess substantial proof is in conflict with common/personal beliefs. Second, doctors, scientists, and public health workers, despite their mandate to listen to parents and patients concerning their opinions, must base medical conclusions on evidence that validates the outcome of each patient’s health issue. It is in this milieu that autism and the anti-vaccine groups still do battle. In 1998, Lancet, a usually respectable and reputable English journal, published Dr. Andrew Wakefield’s opinion that the measles, mumps, rubella (German measles) vaccine injected into the arms of children caused inflammation, leading to harmful chemicals entering the bloodstream through the gut (intestine). These factors, he said, traveled to the brain, where the harmful chemicals/toxins caused autism. In the face of this “fake news” about the source of autism and measles, the vaccination rate for measles dropped in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
Team Members
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo
Published: September 2020

If you’ve had the chance to work with great teammates, you’ve seen how they can elevate the people around them, without being “selfless.” It is possible to strive for personal excellence and be a great teammate. This chapter describes 10 recommended actions for anyone who is on a team and wants to be a great team member. The recommendations are derived from the science of teamwork and reflect insights from throughout the book. The tips can be used personally, to ensure you are being an effective team member. They can also be shared with others to help them be a more valuable member of their teams.
The Industrial-Organizational Master’s Degree Curriculum
Authors: Huelsman Timothy J. , Shanock Linda Rhoades
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides an overview of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology Guidelines for Education and Training in Industrial-Organizational Psychology. The Guidelines take a competency-based approach to describing the content of graduate training in industrial-organizational psychology. The authors make recommendations on delivery options for master’s programs seeking to develop student competencies in the areas described in the Guidelines. These delivery options range from formal coursework to supervised internships to research activities. The authors address program characteristics, such as types of students (traditional versus nontraditional) and settings (urban versus rural), that may present unique opportunities and challenges in addressing the Guidelines.
Importance of Applied Experiences
Authors: Kottke Janet L. , Shultz Kenneth S. , Aamodt Michael G.
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides an overview of opportunities for applied experiences that can be offered to students in industrial-organizational master’s programs. The authors discuss course projects (job analysis, training program development and delivery, structured interview development, and salary surveys), simulations (interview or performance coaching session as final exam), practica, and internships. Faculty preparation, community partnerships, and student readiness as factors in implementation are addressed. Throughout, examples and recommendations are presented on how best to incorporate these kinds of experiential assignments into industrial-organizational master’s programs. The chapter concludes with a summary of the data-based evidence for student learning that comes from these kinds of experiences.
The Thesis Process in Industrial-Organizational Master’s Programs
Authors: Schneider Kimberly T. , Mullins Morrie
Published: September 2020

This chapter covers the thesis process in industrial-organizational master’s programs. A master’s thesis project can be a key learning opportunity for students. Whether or not they intend to pursue a PhD, or ever conduct formal research after completing their master’s degree, students gain valuable competencies from completing a thesis, including project management skills, research skills, written and oral communication skills, critical thinking, and ethical behavior. Thesis projects are not without challenges, however. This chapter offers advice and observations based both on the research literature and the authors’ 35+ years of combined experience mentoring master’s theses. Topics addressed include feasible and appropriate projects, collaborations with organizations, navigating the Institutional Review Board process, and on-time thesis completion.
Leveraging Partnerships Between Faculty and Staff to Transform Rape Culture on Campus
Authors: Rizzo Andrew J. , Klein L. B. , Ahmad-Kahloon Zachary , Seshadri Meera , Swan LaWanda , Cherry Lee Helmken
Published: September 2020

Ending gender-based violence (GBV) on campus requires sustained efforts to transform the rape culture that is embedded in college and university systems. While partnership with student activists is crucial, structural change necessitates partnerships among college and university employees, particularly between staff who direct campus survivor advocacy and GBV prevention programs and their faculty allies. This chapter draws on accounts of members of the Campus Advocacy and Prevention Professionals Association across the United States and Canada about their partnerships with faculty. Key themes emerged: navigating bureaucracy, negotiating roles and responsibilities, destabilizing power and privilege dynamics, confronting institutionalized oppressions, and going beyond programming to catalyze systems change through meaningful (and often uncomfortable) partnership and dialogue. Recommendations to transform rape culture through new and existing partnerships on program evaluation, curriculum infusion, survivor support, and campus-wide task forces are discussed.
Epicurus’ Dilemma
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

This chapter takes up Epicurus’ question: If death is nonexistence, how can being dead be bad for us? The answer, according to many philosophers, is that death deprives us of what would be more of a good life. Being nonexistent does not include any bad experiences, but it still deprives us. How can we reconcile this deprivation account of death’s badness with Epicurus’ observation? And can we simultaneously find a solace in death?
Passing Away
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that one way to reconcile Epicureanism with deprivationism is to say that death harms us not when we are nonexistent, but right when we pass away. This approach also answers the “timing question” of when death is bad for us. But it raises the further question of how we can be harmed by being deprived of a future good life prior to that future happening. The answer is that when we pass away, we lose the opportunity for that future.
Incomparable
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

Lucretius asks, if we don’t worry about our nonexistence prior to our life, why should we be concerned about not existing after our life ends? This chapter takes up his question. One reason why is that creation includes the creation of valuable opportunities, while death extinguishes those opportunities. Another is that the relevant comparison is not between the states of being nonexistent before life and being nonexistent after life. Instead, the comparison is between the transitions of coming into existence and passing away.
The Impossible Thing
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

Would an immortal life become so boring that it would eventually result in a debilitating boredom? This chapter examines that question. Others have pointed out that if repeatable activities are pursued, then that should allow us to stay engaged. And if memory and anticipation are limited so that we cannot remember everything, we will not be bored. A separate question is whether we might lose our human priorities if we were immortal. It is argued here that other limits besides death will preserve some structure in human choice.
The 8-Track and the Pen
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines different forms gratitude can take. One way gratitude manifests is holistically: when we are grateful for a whole we are also grateful for its parts, including the bad or useless parts of the whole. Arguably this is because the whole radiates goodness to its various parts. But when is gratitude supposed to be holistic, and when can it be fragmented, with each part getting its own distinctive evaluation? It is proposed that gratitude is holistic when the object in question is meaningful. Meaningful goods are those that figure in rightly valued life stories.
Existence
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

Many are grateful for life. It is argued here that this gratitude reflects a specific value in life: not just that life is of high value, but that it has meaningful value in particular. “Meaning” in this sense is playing a role in our rightly valued life stories. Because life plays a role in all such stories, it has meaning for us. As such, the argument continues, holistic affirmation is a fitting way to value life. This is at least true of ongoing existence, even if creation cannot be good for us.
When Business Is Not “Businesslike”
Authors: Charnock Emily J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the initial resistance to the PAC concept within the business community and among conservatives more generally in the 1940s and 1950s. Though major business groups like the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) and United States Chamber of Commerce had not entirely ignored elections to this point, they concentrated their energies following World War II on lobbying and publicity campaigns promoting “free enterprise,” while criticizing labor and liberal PACs as coercive, collectivist, and antidemocratic. They also placed faith in the “conservative coalition” of Republicans and Southern Democrats to protect their interests, reflecting their strong belief that both parties should and could promote business aims. As fears grew that labor had successfully “infiltrated” the Democratic Party, however, conservative activists urged business groups to be “businesslike” and respond to labor electioneering in kind. Business leaders thus began to contemplate a partisan electoral counterstrategy centered on the Republican Party.
Consequences of the Commercial approach to rivers
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul
Published: September 2020

Chapter 3 examines the adverse effects of the Commercial approach on river morphology, such as fragmentation of rivers, upstream sedimentation, and downstream disfigurations. It demonstrates the “More water, more thirst!” syndrome that this approach creates, leading to exhaustion of rivers and deleterious effects on deltas, estuaries, and the coastal environment. It reviews the broader effects of this approach on the ecology of river basins, including loss of seasonal pulses and emergence of new dangers of catastrophic flooding, waterlogging, salinity, deterioration of soil quality, and damages to the flora and fauna. The chapter also examines the unsuitability of the Commercial approach in the light of climate change, noting GHG emissions from dam reservoirs and increased risks from erratic and greater precipitation. It illustrates the unfair distribution of costs and benefits of the Commercial approach and shows that financial rates of return of projects under the Commercial approach are generally lower than claimed, and the economic rates of return are even lower, if not negative. The chapter also shows how the Commercial approach creates conflicts among co-riparian communities.
Spread of the Ecological approach across the world
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul
Published: September 2020

Chapter 8 reviews the progress of the Ecological approach across the world, in both developed and developing countries. In the United States, this progress can be seen in both dam removal and river restoration activities, including attempts to resuscitate the Colorado River Delta. In Europe, the progress of the Ecological approach has assumed a comprehensive character, as evidenced by the European Union’s Water Framework Directive (WFD) of 2000. The Ecological approach has made advances in developing countries too, many of which were practicing the pre-industrial variant of the Ecological approach until recently. The Narmada Bachao Andolon of India was a strong manifestation of the Ecological approach. Influenced, in part, by their pre-industrial ecological traditions, many developing countries have now taken such advanced steps as giving rivers and nature constitutional rights to exist and survive and not be disrupted by human interventions. These broader initiatives have provided further impetus for the Ecological approach to spread in developing countries.
Cordon approach to rivers
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul
Published: September 2020

Chapter 9 presents the Cordon approach, describing its methods, reviewing its spread across the world, and analyzing its consequences. It discusses the general relationship between river channels and their floodplains and explains the nurturing functions that regular river inundations perform. The chapter then outlines the instruments of the Cordon approach, such as embankments, floodwalls, channelization, and canalization. It goes on to explain the relationship between the Cordon and the Polder approaches and offers a classification of cordons into different types. The chapter reviews the consequences of the Cordon approach, distinguishing between those for river channels and for floodplains. It provides an overview of the experience of the Cordon approach in different parts of the world, focusing on the United States, Europe, and India. It also presents two case studies of the Cordon approach: the Mississippi levee system in the United States and the Huang He River embankments in China.
Joseph Lancaster, Monitorial Education, and Christianity without Sectarianism
Authors: Komline David
Published: September 2020

The chapter focuses on “monitorial education,” schooling built on a pyramid system in which one master teaches several students, who teach several more. Two British teachers, Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell, each developed his own version of this pedagogical strategy at the end of the eighteenth century. In Britain, the question of whose system to use became heated: nonconforming evangelicals supported Lancaster, a Quaker layman; strict Anglicans supported Bell, a Church of England cleric. America picked up on the Lancasterian brand of monitorial instruction, dismissing Bell as tainted by antirepublican ecclesiasticism. In doing so, reformers across the religious spectrum supported monitorial education as a way to instruct America’s youth in a broad Christianity that was not sectarian. Lancasterianism thus introduced educational leaders to the idea of regimented schooling and offered a concrete example of religious schooling anchored in a broad evangelical consensus but not tied to any distinct denomination.
“The Educational Regeneration of New England”
Authors: Komline David
Published: September 2020

This chapter narrates the Common School Awakening in Massachusetts, homing in on a pivotal figure whose role in the awakening has been underestimated: Charles Brooks, a Unitarian minister whose travels to Europe inspired him to begin a campaign to introduce Prussian reforms to American schools. The chapter follows Brooks from the beginning of his career to 1840, when he resigned from his clerical post after having helped introduce two key institutions into the Massachusetts educational bureaucracy, the board of education with its secretary and state-sponsored normal schools. The chapter focuses on the broad religious consensus that Brooks relied upon in his campaign.
Brahms's Violin Sonatas
Authors: Lester Joel
Published: September 2020

Brahms’s Violin Sonatas: Style, Structure, and Performance is a companion volume to Joel Lester’s award-winning 1999 study Bach’s Works for Solo Violin: Style, Structure, and Performance. Using a minimum of technical language and with annotated musical examples illustrating almost every point, Brahms’s Violin Sonatas explores three masterpieces of the concert repertoire in a book designed for performers and music scholars alike. A major focus is how much can be learned by carefully reading Brahms’s artistically nuanced musical notation and by understanding Brahms’s style—especially his music’s deep connections to Classical-Era harmony, phrasing, and form while at the same time using late nineteenth-century harmonies, dissonances, and thematic evolutions, along with the contrapuntal textures that imbue all his works with a uniquely “Brahmsian” sound. The book also explores how these works relate to important events in Brahms’s life. Practical and concrete suggestions on performance arise from many of these discussions, calling performers’ and analysts’ attention to both technical and interpretive matters. The aim of the book is to inspire readers to explore their own individual approaches to Brahms’s music, balancing what they find in the music to how they balance today’s performance and interpretive styles with the ways that Brahms himself and his contemporaries might have played and experienced his creations.
It Sounds like Brahms
Authors: Lester Joel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 discusses the balance of classicism and romanticism as artistic and expressive underpinnings of Brahms’s style. Brahms was in many ways a composer for whom the past—even the distant past—was still very much alive. Yet he was remarkably innovative. He often used Classical-Era forms, but he adapted them to his expressive ends. He used harmonic progressions identical to those used in similar circumstances by composers of the Classical Era, but also used harmonies as adventurously as Wagner or Liszt. In terms of texture and of rhythm and meter, he was, if anything, more adventurous than many of his contemporaries. The chapter offers a detailed analysis of harmony, dissonance, melody, melodic evolution, texture, rhythm and meter, counterpoint, and developing variation in a single Brahms phrase (from the second theme of the first movement of the A-major Violin Sonata, op. 100). Brahms’s phrase is compared to and differentiated from a similar phrase opening the second theme in Beethoven’s Violin Sonata in A, op. 30, no. 2.
Personal Troubles and Public Issues
Authors: Sobieraj Sarah
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows that digital abuse and harassment have cost some women their jobs, jeopardized their mental health, placed them at risk of physical violence, and damaged their reputations. When effective, these attacks undermine women’s contributions to public discourse, create a climate of self-censorship, and even press women out of digital publics altogether. And, based on the uneven distribution of abuse, those whose voices are most underrepresented (e.g., women of color) are likely to be the first pushed out. As a result, digital hostility has ramifications that extend far beyond the lives of those who are targeted. It impacts us all by eroding civil liberties, diminishing our public discourse, thinning the knowledge that informs policy and electoral decision making, and teaching all women that activism and public service are unappealing, high-risk endeavors to be avoided. In so doing, identity-based attacks online pose a credible threat to democratic health.
Ratification
Authors: Monopoli Paula A.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 describes two national suffrage organizations’ efforts, in the final years prior to ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. It highlights the split between members of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), over whether a state-by-state approach to suffrage, or a federal suffrage amendment, was the best strategy to achieve the vote for women. That split caused Alice Paul to form a separate organization, the National Woman’s Party (NWP). The chapter foreshadows how that deep division had an impact on the constitutional development of the federal suffrage amendment, after its eventual ratification in 1920.
Voting and Jury Service
Authors: Monopoli Paula A.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 5 delves into the state cases, which asked whether voting and jury service for women were coextensive. While most courts saw the Nineteenth Amendment as self-executing in terms of voting, many construed it narrowly in terms of whether its scope encompassed other political rights, beyond voting. The chapter connects the lack of congressional enforcement legislation, pursuant to the Nineteenth Amendment, to this thin conception of its scope. It suggests that the NWP and the NLWV, although they were working in other sites of reform, like state legislatures, were not much in the state courts. And it was in those courts, that there was a possibility judges could have been persuaded to adopt a robust interpretation of the Nineteenth Amendment—one that understood it to extend other political rights to women.
Barefoot over Burning Coals
Authors: Hibbing John R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes the organization and methodology of the book. It also introduces its central theme. Ardent Trump supporters are “securitarians,” meaning they want protection from lawbreakers, security in the face of immigrants, and defense against the power of foreign countries whereas those who view outsiders not as a source of threat but rather as people who require and deserve assistance are referred to as “unitarians.” The chapter points out that the group analyzed is not the 63 million people who voted for Trump in 2016 but rather a smaller group composed only of his most intense supporters. It explains that the central evidence in the book comes from a 2019 survey of a large representative sample of American adults and that evolutionary logic makes it possible to understand the centrality of the divide between securitarians and unitarians and the reason this divide makes politics so polarized and explosive.
The Phorgotten Phenotype
Authors: Hibbing John R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides a detailed description of the concept of securitarianism. Research on non-human animals including the Russian silver fox and American oldfield mouse as well as human research using eyetrackers suggests that protective threat responses are often based on something other than fear. Many securitarians do not trust others to take care of them and are attracted to isolationism and survivalist strategies not because they are fearful but because they believe being vigilant and working to provide security are ennobling duties. Thus, securitarians, including many intense Trump supporters, can advocate gun rights, tough crime laws, defense spending, and border walls even though they are not particularly neurotic and scared. Securitarians are not eager to fight and they are not eager to submit but they are eager to be vigilant and prepared. This chapter concludes by comparing securitarianism to other concepts such as libertarianism and communitarianism.
Conclusions
Authors: Kölbel Andrea
Published: September 2020

Chapter Six connects the empirical analysis back to broader conceptual debates about youth, aspiration, and mobility and thus highlights the relevance of this research with a group of young people largely overlooked by scholars and policymakers. Through an in-depth analysis of young people’s time-space-strategies and their current positions within existing socio-spatial hierarchies, this book develops an understanding of young people’s expressions of agency in such a way as to move beyond restrictive stereotypes of youth. It also provides new perspectives on the limitations and the potential of politics of aspiration-building and throws light on the significance of spatial (im)mobility for people’s life chances.
Material Callings in an Outsourced Outpost
Authors: Bhattacharya Sreedeep
Published: September 2020

The author addresses how business process outsourcing (BPO) enabled a generation of urban educated youth to participate in consumption by offering new income opportunities, and instigating new consumerist aspirations. Along with observing operational procedures, appointment processes, spatial dimensions, nature of work, and relations at work in BPOs, this chapter also observes its social impacts. A generation of college-goers flirted with this newfound earning opportunity since the late 1990s to have fun, make friends, or earn quickly. It explores how the consumerist desire gripped a generation that was earlier ineligible to participate in consumption. Narrating his cultural experiences of working in a BPO, the author documents a transition from abstinence to indulgence—a transition that offered freedom to eventuate material aspirations.
The Afterlife of Things
Authors: Bhattacharya Sreedeep
Published: September 2020

This chapter studies the afterlife of the discarded lot more closely in a metal junkyard located in Mayapuri, Delhi. It elaborates why the consumerist landscape needs to fetishize the ‘new’ and encourage compulsive discarding. It maps the trajectory of the discarded and simultaneously analyze the consumers’ changing relationship with the obsolete. It claims that junkyard is a liminal space between usefulness and the lack of it, or use and reuse, where things constantly move and change hands. It also observes how life is induced into the apparently lifeless and value is extracted from waste in ‘operation theatres of inorganic transplants’ by migrant labourers in the margins of the city. It asserts that these operations are directly in conflict with mainstream global models of consumption that rest on doctrines of ephemerality. It also argues how imposed norms on obsolescence produce more discards and reduce the demand for waste, making obsolescence intrinsic to consumer culture.
Obsessive Compulsive (Dis)Order
Authors: Bhattacharya Sreedeep
Published: September 2020

GIVEN THE WIDE RANGE OF COMMODITIES and their representations dealt with in this book, there cannot be a common conclusion. In the concluding chapter, I have made a claim on the broader cultural logic of consumption. I have reiterated the manic obsession with the ‘new’ (ephemeral), the ‘now’ (instantaneous), and the ‘multiple’ (promiscuous), and examined the dis(order) of/in desiring, consuming, and exhausting. Finally, I have rested my claim by stating that the frivolity that governs our relationship with commodities is not confined to them alone. The excess of the new and the promiscuity of the multiple choices spill over to the personal and professional lives as well. Desiring to dispose of things, bodies, spaces, professions, and practices is an underlining consumerist philosophy....
Asaduddin Owaisi
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

Asaduddin Owaisi is the president of the All India Majlis-e-Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen (AIMIM), a Hyderabad-based political party, which represents Muslim interests. Even though AIMIM is a small political party, Asaduddin is perhaps India’s most recognizable Muslim politician. As a scholar of India’s constitution and an avowed constitutionalist, Asaduddin has remarkable clarity of thought on legal and political issues. He also presents nuanced advocacy of secular Muslim interests focusing his energy on education, employment, and economic welfare for Muslims—which need more attention than the community’s religious practices. Asaduddin also possesses a defiant, truculent approach when addressing poor legal thinking, especially by a government in power.
Milind Deora
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

Milind Deora is a Congress politician whose father, Murli Deora, was also in the Congress Party. Milind represents the new generation of urban Indian politicians. From South Mumbai, he is comfortable representing the voices of the wealthiest people in India and slum dwellers. A distinctive feature about Milind’s approach to his politics is that he is not afraid to publicly speak his mind, even if it means being at odds with his party or not giving up his passions for music or his other interests for the sake of politics.
Omar Abdullah
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

Omar Abdullah hails from arguably Kashmir’s most prominent political family. The Abdullahs have been at the forefront of Kashmir politics ever since Maharaja Hari Singh signed the accession of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir to India in October 1947. Omar Abdullah’s political career has seen many highs and lows. He was the chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir at the age of 38, he served as a minister in the BJP led government in New Delhi, and in 2019–20 he spent almost eight months in detention in Kashmir. As a Kashmiri politician from the valley, Omar has learned to walk multiple tightropes, including a Kashmiri and Indian identity.
Priyanka Gandhi Vadra
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

Priyanka Gandhi Vadra, who bears an uncanny resemblance to her grandmother, Indira Gandhi, in both her looks and mannerisms, surprised everybody by announcing her formal entry into politics only in 2019. She chose to take on the party’s most daunting challenge—to revive its organization and fortunes in the critical state of Uttar Pradesh, as the General Secretary of All India Congress Committee (AICC). Even though she stayed away from politics voluntarily for many years, Priyanka understands the challenges Congress faces in Uttar Pradesh. She appears to have taken it upon herself to revive the Congress party’s fortunes in Uttar Pradesh, India’s largest state, and perhaps the only route available to the Congress if it seeks to return to power in Delhi.