bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric Climate Change Detection by Radio Occultation Data Using a Fingerprinting Method
Authors: Lackner Bettina C. , Steiner Andrea K. , Hegerl Gabriele C. , Kirchengast Gottfried
Published: April 2011

The detection of climate change signals in rather short satellite datasets is a challenging task in climate research and requires high-quality data with good error characterization. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) provides a novel record of high-quality measurements of atmospheric parameters of the upper-troposphere–lower-stratosphere (UTLS) region. Because of characteristics such as long-term stability, self calibration, and a very good height resolution, RO data are well suited to investigate atmospheric climate change. This study describes the signals of ENSO and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the data and investigates whether the data already show evidence of a forced climate change signal, using an optimal-fingerprint technique. RO refractivity, geopotential height, and temperature within two trend periods (1995–2010 intermittently and 2001–10 continuously) are investigated. The data show that an emerging climate change signal consistent with the projections of three global climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project cycle 3 (CMIP3) archive is detected for geopotential height of pressure levels at a 90% confidence level both for the intermittent and continuous period, for the latter so far in a broad 50°S–50°N band only. Such UTLS geopotential height changes reflect an overall tropospheric warming. 90% confidence is not achieved for the temperature record when only large-scale aspects of the pattern are resolved. When resolving smaller-scale aspects, RO temperature trends appear stronger than GCM-projected trends, the difference stemming mainly from the tropical lower stratosphere, allowing for climate change detection at a 95% confidence level. Overall, an emerging trend signal is thus detected in the RO climate record, which is expected to increase further in significance as the record grows over the coming years. Small natural changes during the period suggest that the detected change is mainly caused by anthropogenic influence on climate.
Sensitivity of the Stratospheric Circulation to the Latitude of Thermal Surface Forcing*
Authors: Winter Barbara , Bourqui Michel S.
Published: April 2011

Using the chemistry climate model Intermediate General Circulation Model–Fast Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry (IGCM-FASTOC), the authors analyze the response in the Northern Hemisphere winter stratosphere to idealized thermal forcing imposed at the surface. The forcing is a 2-K temperature anomaly added to the control surface temperature at all grid points within a latitudinal window of 10° or 30°. The bandwise forcing is applied systematically throughout all latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Thermal forcing applied anywhere equatorward of 20°N, or continuously from the equator to 30°N, increases planetary-wave generation in the troposphere and enhances the flux of wave activity propagating vertically into the stratosphere. Consequently, a greater flux of wave activity breaks in the polar vortex, increasing the Brewer–Dobson circulation and leading to a warm anomaly in the polar stratosphere. Ozone concentration increases at high latitudes and decreases at low latitudes. Thermal surface forcing imposed between 30° and 60°N has the reverse effect—decreased planetary-wave generation in the lower troposphere and reduced vertically propagating wave flux entering the stratosphere—and leads to a stronger and colder vortex. Thermal forcing applied poleward of 60°N has little effect on the tropospheric mean state but nonetheless decreases the planetary-scale eddy heat flux from the surface to the tropopause, resulting in a sufficient decrease of the vertical flux of wave activity for the vortex to be anomalously strong and cold. When surface forcing is imposed only poleward of 30°N, ozone concentration decreases at high latitudes but is not affected at low latitudes. Combining the forcing in an equatorial and an extratropical band leads to a response similar to that of the equatorial forcing, demonstrating that the subtropical surface temperature changes determine the sign of the surface-driven response in the vortex.
Field Significance of Regression Patterns
Authors: DelSole Timothy , Yang Xiaosong
Published: April 2011

Regression patterns often are used to diagnose the relation between a field and a climate index, but a significance test for the pattern “as a whole” that accounts for the multiplicity and interdependence of the tests has not been widely available. This paper argues that field significance can be framed as a test of the hypothesis that all regression coefficients vanish in a suitable multivariate regression model. A test for this hypothesis can be derived from the generalized likelihood ratio test. The resulting statistic depends on relevant covariance matrices and accounts for the multiplicity and interdependence of the tests. It also depends only on the canonical correlations between the predictors and predictands, thereby revealing a fundamental connection to canonical correlation analysis. Remarkably, the test statistic is invariant to a reversal of the predictors and predictands, allowing the field significance test to be reduced to a standard univariate hypothesis test. In practice, the test cannot be applied when the number of coefficients exceeds the sample size, reflecting the fact that testing more hypotheses than data is ill conceived. To formulate a proper significance test, the data are represented by a small number of principal components, with the number chosen based on cross-validation experiments. However, instead of selecting the model that minimizes the cross-validated mean square error, a confidence interval for the cross-validated error is estimated and the most parsimonious model whose error is within the confidence interval of the minimum error is chosen. This procedure avoids selecting complex models whose error is close to much simpler models. The procedure is applied to diagnose long-term trends in annual average sea surface temperature and boreal winter 300-hPa zonal wind. In both cases a statistically significant 50-yr trend pattern is extracted. The resulting spatial filter can be used to monitor the evolution of the regression pattern without temporal filtering.
The Asian Monsoon in the Superparameterized CCSM and Its Relationship to Tropical Wave Activity
Authors: DeMott Charlotte A. , Stan Cristiana , Randall David A. , Kinter James L. , Khairoutdinov Marat
Published: April 2011

Three general circulation models (GCMs) are used to analyze the impacts of air–sea coupling and superparameterized (SP) convection on the Asian summer monsoon: Community Climate System Model (CCSM) (coupled, conventional convection), SP Community Atmosphere Model (SP-CAM) (uncoupled, SP convection), and SP-CCSM (coupled, SP). In SP-CCSM, coupling improves the basic-state climate relative to SP-CAM and reduces excessive tropical variability in SP-CAM. Adding SP improves tropical variability, the simulation of easterly zonal shear over the Indian and western Pacific Oceans, and increases negative sea surface temperature (SST) biases in that region.

SP-CCSM is the only model to reasonably simulate the eastward-, westward-, and northward-propagating components of the Asian monsoon. CCSM and SP-CCSM mimic the observed phasing of northward-propagating intraseasonal oscillation (NPISO), SST, precipitation, and surface stress anomalies, while SP-CAM is limited in this regard. SP-CCSM produces a variety of tropical waves with spectral characteristics similar to those in observations. Simulated equatorial Rossby (ER) and mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) waves may lead to different simulations of the NPISO in each model. Each model exhibits some northward propagation for ER waves but only SP-CCSM produces northward-propagating MRG waves, as in observations. The combination of ER and MRG waves over the Indian Ocean influences the spatiotemporal structure of the NPISO and contributes to the differences seen in each model.

The role of ocean coupling must be considered in terms of the time scale of the SST response compared to the time scale of tropical variability. High-frequency disturbances experience coupling via its changes to the basic state, while lower-frequency disturbances may respond directly to SST fluctuations.
The Modification of Bottom Boundary Layer Turbulence and Mixing by Internal Waves Shoaling on a Barrier Reef
Authors: Davis Kristen A. , Monismith Stephen G.
Published: April 2011

Results are presented from an observational study of stratified, turbulent flow in the bottom boundary layer on the outer southeast Florida shelf. Measurements of momentum and heat fluxes were made using an array of acoustic Doppler velocimeters and fast-response temperature sensors in the bottom 3 m over a rough reef slope. Direct estimates of flux Richardson number Rf confirm previous laboratory, numerical, and observational work, which find mixing efficiency not to be a constant but rather to vary with Frt, Reb, and Rig. These results depart from previous observations in that the highest levels of mixing efficiency occur for Frt < 1, suggesting that efficient mixing can also happen in regions of buoyancy-controlled turbulence. Generally, the authors find that turbulence in the reef bottom boundary layer is highly variable in time and modified by near-bed flow, shear, and stratification driven by shoaling internal waves.
Thermal Lag Correction on Slocum CTD Glider Data
Authors: Garau Bartolomé , Ruiz Simón , Zhang Weifeng G. , Pascual Ananda , Heslop Emma , Kerfoot John , Tintoré Joaquín
Published: April 2011

In this work a new methodology is proposed to correct the thermal lag error in data from unpumped CTD sensors installed on Slocum gliders. The advantage of the new approach is twofold: first, it takes into account the variable speed of the glider; and second, it can be applied to CTD profiles from an autonomous platform either with or without a reference cast. The proposed methodology finds values for four correction parameters that minimize the area between two temperature–salinity curves given by two CTD profiles. A field experiment with a Slocum glider and a standard CTD was conducted to test the method. Thermal lag–induced salinity error of about 0.3 psu was found and successfully corrected.
Tropical Cyclogenesis Associated with Kelvin Waves and the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Schreck Carl J. , Molinari John
Published: April 2011

The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) influences tropical cyclone formation around the globe. Convectively coupled Kelvin waves are often embedded within the MJO, but their role in tropical cyclogenesis remains uncertain. This case study identifies the influences of the MJO and a series of Kelvin waves on the formation of two tropical cyclones.

Typhoons Rammasun and Chataan developed in the western North Pacific on 28 June 2002. Two weeks earlier, conditions had been unfavorable for tropical cyclogenesis because of uniform trade easterlies and a lack of organized convection. The easterlies gave way to equatorial westerlies as the convective envelope of the Madden–Julian oscillation moved into the region. A series of three Kelvin waves modulated the development of the westerlies. Cyclonic potential vorticity (PV) developed in a strip between the growing equatorial westerlies and the persistent trade easterlies farther poleward. Rammasun and Chataan emerged from the apparent breakdown of this strip.

The cyclonic PV developed in association with diabatic heating from both the MJO and the Kelvin waves. The tropical cyclones also developed during the largest superposition of equatorial westerlies from the MJO and the Kelvin waves. This chain of events suggests that the MJO and the Kelvin waves each played a role in the development of Rammasun and Chataan.
Management of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax in Children
Authors: Seguier-Lipszyc Emmanuelle , Elizur Arnon , Klin Baruch , Vaiman Michael , Lotan Gad
Published: April 2011

Objective. To examine the role of CT scans and early surgical intervention in the management of pediatric patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP). Methods . Retrospective cohort study. Results. The authors identified 46 cases with 70 episodes of pneumothorax. The recurrence rate among conservatively treated patients was 50% both after the first and the subsequent episode. Recurrence rate in cases with and without blebs on CT was comparable. Initial episodes were treated with supplemental oxygen (n = 18) and chest tube drainage (n = 18), and 10 patients underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). The recurrence rate was significantly lower following surgical intervention compared with other therapy, and morbidity was comparable with that in patients who needed chest tube drainage. Conclusions. Recurrence after the first episode of PSP in children is frequent and is difficult to predict by CT findings. VATS is safe and effective in preventing recurrences. Surgical intervention may be an attractive alternative in patients who require chest tube drainage for the first episode of PSP.
Validating an Efficient Method to Quantify Motion Sickness
Authors: Keshavarz Behrang , Hecht Heiko
Published: April 2011

Objective: Motion sickness (MS) can be a debilitating side effect associated with motion in real or virtual environments. We analyzed the effect of expectancy on MS and propose and validate a fast and simple MS measure.

Background: Several questionnaires measure MS before or after stimulus presentation, but no satisfactory tool has been established to quickly capture MS data during exposure. To fill this gap, we introduce the Fast MS Scale (FMS), a verbal rating scale ranging from zero (no sickness at all) to 20 (frank sickness). Also, little is known about the role of expectancy effects in MS studies. We conducted an experiment that addressed this issue.

Method: For this study, 126 volunteers participated in two experiments. During stimulus presentation, participants had to verbally rate the severity of MS every minute before filling in the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ). To measure expectancy effects, participants were separated into three groups with either positive, negative, or neutral expectations.

Results: We compared the verbal ratings with the SSQ scores. Pearson correlations were high for both the SSQ total score (r = .785) and the nausea subscore (r = .828). No expectancy effects were found.

Conclusion: The FMS is a fast and valid method to obtain MS data. It offers the possibility to record MS during stimulus presentation and to capture its time course. We found expectancy not to play a crucial role in MS. However, the FMS has some limitations.

Application: The FMS offers improved MS measurement. It is fast and efficient and can be performed online in environments such as virtual reality.
Lessons from our students: Unsung heroes in a time of global relational warming
Authors: Lord Susan
Published: April 2011

This article offers a discussion of a collaborative international learning experience with a social work student in an MSW program in the United States. It tells the story of a particular student from Western Africa who has worked for political and civil rights as well as economic and social rights, and delineates lessoned learned by both the student and the professor through their collaboration.
Preliminary Steps towards a Natural Theology
Authors: Ormerod Neil
Published: April 2011

Attempts to prove the existence of God must contend with dominant cultural paradigms of what constitutes ‘proof.’ This article explores mathematical and scientific paradigms of proof, to argue for a separate metaphysical paradigm which is both related to and distinct from the scientific paradigm. Just as mathematics and science require certain orientations and skills, so too does a metaphysical approach, one based on what Lonergan calls ‘intellectual conversion.’
Heaven in Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Novello Henry
Published: April 2011

The traditional view of heaven as a pre-existing space reserved for the righteous is inadequate and in need of reformulation, particularly, when Christology is understood from an evolutionary view of the cosmos. From the standpoint of the Risen One who is the ‘new emergent whole’ in the process of evolving nature, heaven (where Christ ‘is’ with his risen body) is a heaven that arises out of this world. This cosmic heaven, as a higher and different universe within this universe, is a ‘new creation,’ and this new creation is in process since it is continually transforming this cosmic world into itself. This process will be completed when cosmic time enters into Christ’s time and God becomes ‘all in all’ (1 Cor 15:28).
What Does It Take to Implement Change Successfully? A Study of the Behaviors of Successful Change Leaders
Authors: Higgs Malcolm , Rowland Deborah
Published: April 2011

This article seeks to explore the impact of leaders’ behaviors on the successful implementation of change. A qualitative empirical study of change leader behaviors based on interviews with leaders from 33 organizations is presented. Analyses of the data indicated that leader-centric behaviors have an adverse impact on change implementation. In contrast, behaviors that may be described as being more facilitating and engaging are positively related to change success. Four critical behavior sets are identified. It was evident that leaders who experienced the highest levels of success deployed all four of the behavior sets and minimal presence of leader-centric behaviors. The study findings provide support for some of the recent research into change leadership. However, they provide a more detailed picture of the nature of behaviors associated with successful change implementation. The article concludes with a brief discussion of limitations and areas for further research.
A Study of Workplace Justice Differences During Times of Change
Authors: Bernerth Jeremy B. , Walker H. Jack , Walter Frank , Hirschfeld Robert R.
Published: April 2011

The authors used social comparison theory in conjunction with fairness theory to investigate the impact of differences between personal and third-party perceptions of change justice on commitment to the change and turnover intentions. Results involving data from manufacturing employees, who had recently undergone a sweeping organizational change, indicated that differences in perceived fairness for oneself versus others were negatively related to change commitment but positively related to emotional exhaustion. In addition, results indicated that emotional exhaustion mediated the relationship between justice differences and the important outcomes of change commitment and turnover intentions. Implications for organizations and future research are discussed.
Urban Competitiveness and US Metropolitan Centres
Authors: Kresl Peter , Singh Balwant
Published: April 2011

In this paper, the urban competitiveness of 23 major US cities is examined. The methodology allows the obtaining of results that are not available to other methodologies. Several determinants of urban competitiveness are identified that are statistically verifiable and it is possible to show how both these determinants and the competitiveness of 23 US urban economies have changed during the past two decades. The results are presented in a manner that will be of use to urban decision-makers and planners. This study follows up on two earlier studies of this topic.
β-convergence and the Cyclical Dynamics of UK Regional House Prices
Authors: Cook Steve
Published: April 2011

The potential convergence of regional house prices in the UK is examined. In contrast to the existing literature which focuses upon stochastic convergence, the present paper considers alternative forms of convergence. Using a method based upon conditional probabilities of high and low growth rates, tests are employed to detect β-convergence in UK regional house prices. Importantly, given the suggested differences in regional house price dynamics over the course of the cycle in the housing market, β-convergence is considered not only over the full sample of observations available, but over cyclical sub-samples also. Interestingly, while convergence is not detected over the whole sample available, it is observed over the housing market cycle, with overwhelming evidence of convergence detected particularly during the downturn. These findings, supported by results for σ-convergence, show that failure to detect convergence may be due to its episodic nature being masked when arbitrarily defined sample periods are considered.
Estimation of Social Costs of Transport in Japan
Authors: Mizutani Fumitoshi , Suzuki Yusuke , Sakai Hiroki
Published: April 2011

Using a dataset of 111 Japanese cities in 2005, the article estimates the social costs of car transport and analyses the structure of the components of and the relationship between social costs and city size. The following major results are obtained. First, the social costs of vehicular transport increase at an accelerated pace as city size becomes larger. Secondly, while the construction of roads does not work to decrease the social costs of vehicular transport, public transport has a tendency to decrease such costs, although with minimal effect. Thirdly, the traffic congestion component represents more than 45 per cent of the total social cost of vehicular transport. Cost due to global warming accounts for 5–11 per cent of the total. Fourthly, the social costs of vehicular transport are about 8 per cent of GDP. Fuel tax for cars covers only 16.3 per cent of the social costs of regular car use.
Dilemmas of the Nightlife Fix
Authors: Hae Laam
Published: April 2011

In recent years, nightlife has been increasingly recognised as an important resource for the enhancement of the post-industrial profile of the city and for the promotion of gentrification in derelict neighbourhoods. It projects an image of a vibrant social and cultural life, considered particularly appealing to the young professional labour force of post-industrial sectors, the members of whom are particularly apt to consider moving to the city. However, the advocates of this ‘nightlife fix’ thesis ignore tensions that have emerged between residents in gentrifying neighbourhoods and nightlife businesses due to the nuisance effects of the latter. Using the example of New York City, this paper examines how conflicts over nightlife in gentrifying neighbourhoods have resulted in the gentrification of nightlife and have thus transformed the nature of the city’s nightlife itself.
When What You Have Is Who You Are: Self-Uncertainty Leads Individualists to See Themselves in Their Possessions
Authors: Morrison Kimberly Rios , Johnson Camille S.
Published: April 2011

Four studies tested whether uncertainty about the self-concept can motivate people, particularly individualists who define themselves in terms of their personal traits and characteristics, to perceive their material possessions as extensions of themselves (i.e., as self-expressive). In Study 1, European American participants rated their favorite pair of blue jeans as more self-expressive after being induced to feel self-uncertain, whereas Asian American participants did not. In Study 2, participants who scored high on a measure of individualism rated their cars as more self-expressive following a self-uncertainty manipulation. In Study 3, individualists (but not collectivists) rated their favorite possessions as more self-expressive after being subject to self-uncertainty; a manipulation of self-irrelevant uncertainty did not produce these results. In Study 4, thinking about a self-expressive (relative to utilitarian) possession bolstered self-certainty among individualists, but not collectivists. Implications for research on culture, the self-concept, and possessions are discussed.
Justice and the Return of Imperialism
Authors: Jenkins Dominick
Published: April 2011

The article describes how U.S. liberal conservative internationalists (Andrew Carnegie, Elihu Root, Teddy Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson) used an idea of justice to legitimize “accumulation by dispossession” and America's use of the World War I to renew the imperial project as war to “make the world safe for democracy.” It looks at how a similar attempt is being made today by George W. Bush and others to seize the word back from the global justice movement and, by looking at how U.S. socialists (Eugene Debbs) resisted the attempt to use the language of justice against them, suggests how that attempt can be overcome.
Arms over AIDS in South Africa: Why the Boys Had to Have Their Toys
Authors: van der Westhuizen Janis
Published: April 2011

This article attempts to find a rationale for South Africa's multi-billion-dollar arms deal given the absence of any conventional military threat and despite the overwhelming need to manage the HIV/AIDS pandemic as a far more salient threat to both South African and regional security. Culture, identity, and norms help to illustrate the compulsion to acquire weapons as a demonstration of a state's symbolic power, and as an important pursuit of foreign policy. In as much as Pretoria sought to gain status and prestige from the arms deal, the strategy is disappointingly conventional and therefore with limited ultimate effect.
Theory and Society in the Shadow of Terror
Authors: James Paul
Published: April 2011

Contemporary social theory has reached an impasse that expresses the contradictions of our time. The retreat from Grand Theory may have been necessary but there is need now to go back to basic questions about ontology, epistemology, and ethics. This article presents an alternative approach to method—an approach that allows us to map the tensions between tribalism, traditionalism, modernism, and postmodernism in this age of globalization, multiplying crises, and increasing insecurities.
Political Space: Autonomy, Liberalism, and Empire
Authors: Dalby Simon
Published: April 2011

Many attempts to think about contemporary politics express spatial metaphors affirming a close association between political space and the territorial state. On the basis of an analysis of the general consequences of such metaphors in relation to recent literatures on empire or globalization, this article examines the way they enable cartographies of violence associated with the “global war on terror” and the reinscription of national strategies of “security.”
Decisionism and Humanitarian Intervention: Reinterpreting Carl Schmitt and the Global Political Order
Authors: Roach Steven C.
Published: April 2011

International legal scholars and political scientists have devised many alternative proposals to legalize politically legitimized humanitarian interventions. While many of these alternative legal mechanisms have addressed the limits to the UN Charter and the political and economic consequences of intervention, they also have exposed the need for more theoretical analysis of the shift in political responsibilities and decision making from the state to international level. In this article, I draw on Carl Schmitt's theory of decisionism in order to understand the legitimacy and political dynamics of global decisionism. I argue that more theoretical analysis of the political substance of global authority is needed in order to understand the revolutionary content of a human rights enforcement regime.
The Beautiful Nation: Reflections on the Aesthetics of Hellenism
Authors: Constantinou Costas M.
Published: April 2011

An aesthetics of Hellenism affirming an exclusivity and localization of the beautiful oscillates along a political axis from domination to liberation. This article seeks to unsettle such accounts of “the beautiful nation” so as to enable other mediations of the real and the ideal, and thus a more open and heterodox vision of nation and homeland.
The Global Visa Regime and the Political Technologies of the International Self: Borders, Bodies, Biopolitics
Authors: Salter Mark B.
Published: April 2011

This article examines the micropolitics of the border by tracing the interface between government and individual body. In the first act of confession before the vanguard of governmental machinery, the border examination is crucial to both the operation of the global mobility regime and of sovereign power. The visa and passport systems are tickets that allow temporary and permanent membership in the community, and the border represents the limit of the community. The nascent global mobility regime through passport, visa, and frontier formalities manage an international population through and within a biopolitical frame and a confessionary complex that creates bodies that understand themselves to be international. The author charts the way that an international biopolitical order is constructed through the creation, classification, and contention of a surveillance regime and an international political technology of the individual that is driven by the globalization of a documentary, biometric, and confessionary regime. The global visa regime and international borders are crucial in constructing both international mobile populations and international mobile individuals.
The Problem with Normality: Taking Exception to “Permanent Emergency”
Authors: Neocleous Mark
Published: April 2011

This article challenges the increasingly prevalent idea that since September 11, 2001, we have moved into a state of permanent emergency and an abandonment of the rule of law. The article questions this idea, showing that historical developments in the twentieth century have actually placed emergency powers at the heart of the rule of law as a means of administering capitalist modernity. This suggests we need to rethink our understanding of the role of emergency measures in the “war on terror” and, more generally, to reconsider the relationship between the rule of law and violence.
“Like a Dog!”: Humiliation and Shame in the War on Terror
Authors: Danchev Alex
Published: April 2011

An examination of the disturbing practice of torture and abuse in the “global war on terror,” focusing on the methods and motivations of the United States. Proceeding from the imaginary yet all-too-real world of Kafka and the Kafkaesque, it highlights the themes of humiliation and shame in the waging of this war, noting that the damage so caused is reciprocal and indivisible: “Whoever degrades another degrades me.”
Splinters of Hegemony: Ontopoetical Visions in International Relations
Authors: Soguk Nevzat
Published: April 2011

Drawing on a montage of specific cases from diverse political landscapes that echo well beyond their specificity, this article examines border poetics enacted in international migration, biopolitical poetics harnessed to the resistance by refugees to government regimentation of their displacement, the disruptive potential of poetics in the war in Iraq, and the poetics of poverty and wealth in Jamaica.
Dystopic Geographies of Empire
Authors: Kumar Rajaram Prem
Published: April 2011

Through an economy of contemporary colonial power, this article examines the twin tropes of discipline and aesthetic representation in order to trace the intimate effects of contemporary colonial power on bodies placed in spaces of exception.
Introduction: Local Reaction to Global Integration—The Political Economy of Development in Indigenous Communities
Authors: Aikau Hokulani K. , Spencer James H.
Published: April 2011

The case studies explored in this volume show how indigenous communities from North America, South America, and Asia have articulated their collective interests within the context of development. This global perspective reveals at least three recurring dilemmas: Who defines the indigenous group and toward what end? How do such groups assert these identities and claims against the nation state, even as they depend on that state for legitimacy? In a fast-globalizing world of placelessness, how and why do they articulate socio-spatial identities? Presenting these cases together offers a constructive platform for better understanding conflicts between globalization and specific localities as well as indigenous reactions to development planning.
The Political Economy of Market Reform and the Formation of Socio-Spatial Identities in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam
Authors: Spencer James H.
Published: April 2011

This article attempts to place the concept of indigeneity in the context of contemporary conflicts and claims to resources in the face of increasing global integration. Rather than treating indigenous politics as primarily a product of historical and (European) colonial conflict of culture and race/ethnicity, I use the example of recent land conflicts in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam as a starting point toward understanding contemporary debates on indigeneity. Based on fieldwork in 1994, the article describes one community's conflict over resource-use that demonstrates how land law, local rules of access, and the evolution of competing claims to land can create politicized socio-spatial localities overnight. Such communities, though sharing a similar culture, language, and history with the dominant nation, maintain local meanings and rules of access that define a distinct socio-spatial community. This example from Vietnam suggests that contemporary globalization and market integration is creating new indigenous communities that need to be better understood.
Pathways of “Indigenous Knowledge” in Yunnan, China
Authors: Sturgeon Janet C.
Published: April 2011

Although the word indigenous is prohibited in China, indigenous knowledge was adopted by a Chinese NGO in Kunming in 1995 to focus on minority farmers' land uses that protect biodiversity. The author's research on Akha farmers in southern Yunnan traced Akha land use from 1950 to 2006, assessing the effects of changing political economies, especially the 1980s switch to a neoliberal path, on Akha land management. Akha practices that maintained biodiversity persisted through collectivization (1958–82) and economic reforms (1982–1997), but have almost disappeared since the 1998 state policies reclaiming villagers' forests and sloping agricultural lands. Aspects of neoliberalism that combined crisis environmentalism with state development plans have removed Akha land uses that protected biodiversity more effectively than socialist collectivism did. Links between indigenous knowledge and biodiversity are called into question as Akha farmers plant monoculture cash crops on remaining lands.
The Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes: New Border Politics?
Authors: Vaughan-Williams Nick
Published: April 2011

The shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes in Stockwell Station, South London, on 22 July 2005, was described as a “tragic mistake” by Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Ian Blair. This framing of the killing has come to dominate responses to it in the mainstream media. However, such a framing stymies critical questioning about what happened and colludes in the reproduction of a particular framework of understanding within which sovereign power has retrospectively valorized his death. By contrast this article reads the shooting as one of multiple responses of the British state to the bombings of the London transport network on 7 July 2005 and locates Menezes';s death within the broader context of the global “War on Terror.” Rather than a “mistake,” the author argues that the shooting is symptomatic of systemic features of Western politics and in particular innovations in the ways sovereign power attempts to secure the spatial and temporal borders of sovereign political community.
Critical Research Agendas for Peace: The Missing Link in the Study of International Relations
Authors: Richmond Oliver P.
Published: April 2011

An elaborate intellectual and policy framework has been constructed in order to preserve and protect “peace.” The concept of peace is often used to refer to what Plato would have described as an “ideal form,” or to depict a minimalist, realistliberal version in which there is an absence of overt violence particularly between or within states. These common and differing usages illustrate that the concept of peace has generally been overlooked, and is often deployed in an ill-specified manner, while at the same time implying extraordinary levels of legitimacy. This article explores the consequences of not engaging with the concept of peace and outlines the possibilities inherent in opening up multiple conceptualizations of peace as a critical research agenda central to International Relations.
Locating Cosmopolitan Democracy in the Theory-Praxis Nexus
Authors: Aksu Eşref
Published: April 2011

This article seeks to contextualize the concept of cosmopolitan democracy. Following a brief account of cosmopolitan thought as it relates to the idea of democracy, it focuses more closely on David Held's work over the last two decades. It then examines the role of the theory-praxis nexus in the parallel development of democratic theory and democratic practice at the global level. Held's work on cosmopolitan democracy reminds us that theory may prove useful even when it has to remain detached from existing practice for a long time for the simple reason that democratization on massive scales (more specifically, democratization of global governance) may have to benefit from possibilities rather than actualities.
Precarity Unbound
Authors: Ettlinger Nancy
Published: April 2011

Departing from tendencies to bound precarity in particular time periods and world regions, this article develops an expansive view of precarity over time and across space. Beyond effects of specific global events and macroscale structures, precarity inhabits the microspaces of everyday life. However, people attempt to disengage the stress of precarious life by constructing the illusion of certainty. Reflexive denial of precarious life entails essentialist strategies that implicitly or explicitly classify and homogenize people and phenomena, legitimize the constructed boundaries, and in the process aim at eliminating difference and possibilities for negotiation; the tension between these goals and material realities helps explain misrepresentations that can be catastrophic at multiple scales, re-creating precarity. Reactions to 9/11 by the Bush administration represent a case in point of reflexive denial of precarity through strategies that created illusions of certainty with deleterious results. Normatively, the paradox of precarious life and reflexive denials prompts questions as to how urges for certainty in the context of precarity might be constructively channeled. the author approaches this challenge in the final section by drawing from a nexus of concerns about post-Habermasian radical democracy, individual thought and feeling, and network dynamics. Whereas Hardt and Negri reverse the direction of the Foucauldian concept of biopower from top-down to bottom-up, the author draws from Foucault's concept of governmentality in relation to resistance to imagine a cooperative politics operating within as well as across scales.
Shock, Therapy, and Postcommunist Transitions
Authors: Pusca Anca
Published: April 2011

This article explores how the concept of shock has been used in connection to processes of social change and transition, and argues that a wider exploration of the concept in fields other than political science and international relations can provide us with important insights into the individual and collective impacts of transitions. Although criticizing the idea of shock as therapy, the article presents a number of alternative uses of shock that can be particularly insightful for understanding often contradictory behaviors that characterize periods of transition, as well as a series of dangerous consequences of attempts to deal with shock through various techniques of distancing, distraction, and normalization.
Speaking Rights to Theory
Authors: Hayman P. A
Published: April 2011

The status of constructivism as an open and accommodating intellectual approach is at odds with its aim of becoming the most appropriate site for a theory-practice synthesis. As an exemplar of the social concern that forms the ontology of constructivism, human rights is well placed to provide the context of a critique. More often than not, human rights are taken to be an unreliable variable within differently conceived international political schema. It is now an appropriate time to look again at the opportunities that human rights offers in establishing the cohesion of constructivism. Challenging the limitations of preconceived notions of social knowledge, the focus of the article will be on the human-rights side of the equation; namely, its features as a universal and its manifestation as a power, and what they tell us about the requirements for “becoming theory.”
Dadaism and the Peace Differend
Authors: Richmond Oliver P.
Published: April 2011

This experimental essay attempts to show how alternative methods and approaches are valuable in interrogating the ways in which orthodox theories of international relations (IR) approach peace. Drawing on a broad variety of critical traditions, it seeks to encourage the development of creative and experimental interdisciplinary approaches as well as to underline the deficiencies of more instrumentalist theories and methods. It especially tries to show how eclectic and experimental theories and methods produce sophisticated insights that are capable of reorienting analysis so as to respond to dynamics that must be understood if sustainable and multiple variations of peace are to emerge.
Introduction: International Discourses of Indigenous Rights and Responsibilities
Authors: Byrd Jodi A. , Heyer Katharina C.
Published: April 2011

The articles in this second of a series of three issues edited by faculty in the Political Science Department at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa examine the concept of “indigeneity” as it pertains to aspects of law, policy, and governance. Focused on the array of temporal and historical issues surrounding nationhood, citizenship, law, and policy, the authors interrogate how historical legal systems evolve through control of and resistance by indigenous peoples and what the actions by state actors say about how legal institutions treat the concept of “indigeneity.” The key issues surrounding “indigeneity” as a site of critical inquiry within legal systems and governmental structures raise key questions that these articles explore: What new policies and systems are being created in the wake of global imperialism, the war on terror, and the policing of national borders? How are indigenous peoples rearticulating understandings of governance and policy in their struggles for recognition, independence, self-determination, and sovereignty? Finally, what distinguishes indigenous governance, law, and policy, and what are the possibilities and challenges facing such institutions both locally and transnationally?
Toward Sustainable Self-Determination: Rethinking the Contemporary Indigenous-Rights Discourse
Authors: Corntassel Jeff
Published: April 2011

More than eighty years since Chief Deskaheh petitioned the League of Nations for Haudenosaunee self-determination, it is becoming clearer that the existing rights discourse can take indigenous peoples only so far. States and global/regional forums have framed self-determination rights that deemphasize the responsibilities and relationships that indigenous peoples have with their families and the natural world (homelands, plant life, animal life, etc.) that are critical for the health and well-being of future generations. What is needed is a more holistic and dynamic approach to regenerating indigenous nations, and I propose the concept of sustainable self-determination as a benchmark for future indigenous political mobilization. Utilizing case studies of indigenous community regeneration such as the Native Federation of Madre de Dios (FENAMAD) in Peru and the White Earth Land Recovery Project (WELRP) on Turtle Island as well as analyzing the existing research on rights, political mobilization, and ecosystems, this article identifies alternatives to the existing rights discourse that can facilitate a meaningful and sustainable self-determination process for indigenous peoples around the world. Overall, findings from this research offer theoretical and applied understandings for regenerating indigenous nationhood and restoring sustainable relationships on indigenous homelands.
Boundary-creating Processes and the Social Construction of Threat
Authors: Tsoukala Anastassia
Published: April 2011

Looking at the key theoretical approaches to the social construction of threat in the sociology of deviance and in political science, this article addresses the way boundaries between groups are created in different contexts. Comparison between UK media coverage of terrorists and football hooligans reveals that this is a rational process that draws boundaries on the basis of the position of the target group in the political field rather than the objective seriousness of the threat.
Chimeras of Terror: Disciplining Roma Identity in Lithuania
Authors: Kavaliauskaite Jurate
Published: April 2011

The article explores the proliferation of discourses on (anti)terror and the production of discursive “peripheries” that provide a rationale for social exclusion, ethnic intolerance, and governmental disciplining after 9/11. Preconditions and functionality of the vocabulary of terror in the construction of the identity of the Roma ethnic minority in Lithuania are presented in the case study. The case study focuses on the conflict in late 2004 between state authorities and the Roma community settled in the Kirtimai district of the capital city.
Terrorism: When Risk Meets Security
Authors: Petersen Karen Lund
Published: April 2011

This article draws attention to the changing concepts of risk and security after 9/11 and the consequences that these changes have for political constructions of the state/market relation. By focusing on how the concept of partnership designates a certain understanding of risk and security, the article questions the construction of the role of private companies in US security policy after 9/11, as well as the construction of a politics of security in the private market of insurance. The article argues that, in political texts, the private company is constructed as an agent in the provision of national security; the private company is constituted as a political actor with political responsibilities that exceed respect for the law. Additionally, the article demonstrates the ways insurance businesses strive to uphold a classical understanding of the private insurance market and its responsibility.
Citizenship as Capital: The Distinction of Migrant Labor
Authors: Bauder Harald
Published: April 2011

As subordinate workers, migrants and foreigners are an essential labor force for industrialized economies. The author extends Pierre Bourdieu's ideas of capital to suggest that citizenship constitutes a key mechanism of distinction between migrant and nonmigrant workers. From this perspective, citizenship is a strategically produced form of capital, which manifests itself in formal (legal and institutional) as well as informal (practiced and cultural) aspects. Both aspects of citizenship can render migrant labor more vulnerable than nonmigrant labor and often channel migrants into the secondary labor market or the informal economy. The author presents examples from Germany and Canada to illustrate how legal and cultural processes associated with citizenship facilitate economic subordination and exploitation of migrant labor. The value of conceptualizing citizenship as a form of capital lies in integrating processes of inclusion and exclusion into a framework of distinction and in locating the strategic nature of citizenship with the motivation of reproduction. Based on the situation of migrants in the labor market, the author proposes that the logic of distinction and reproduction is an important underlying force in the construction and transformation of the concept of citizenship.