bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
МИКРОБИОЛОШКА ИСПРАВНОСТ ХРАНЕ ЗА ЖИВОТИЊЕ
Authors: Калаба В. , Касагић Д. , Голић Б.
Published: March 2018

Микробиолошка исправност хране за животиње један је од основнихпредуслова здравља и производности у сточарству, живинарству и аквакултури.Присуство различитих микроорганизама (Salmonella, Clostridium, E. coli иStaphylococcus, теквасаца и плијесни) у храни индиректно може представљатипроблем у јавном здрављу због патогености и токсигености, али и способностиприлагођавања микроорганизама различитим условима средине и могућностиширења патогених микроорганизама. Микробиолошка неисправност хране заживотиње, поред штетног утицаја на здравље животиња, узрокује и економскегубитке у производњи. У раду су приказани резултати микробиолошке анализе401 узорка смјеса намијењених за различите категорије и врсте животиња.Резултати анализе су показали да је 47,63% узорака било незадовољавајуће.
The Messinian stromatolites of the Sierra del Colmenar (Western Mediterranean): facies characterization and sedimentological interpretation
Authors: Villafañe Patricio Guillermo , Corbí Hugo , Cónsole-Gonella Carlos , Ruiz-Sánchez Francisco Javier
Published: March 2018

The Messinian stromatolites belonging to the Terminal Carbonate Complex unit, from the northern sector of the Bajo Segura Basin (CAM section, Sierra del Colmenar, SE Spain) have been studied. To understand the direct relationship between the morphologies of the stromatolites and their deposition context in order to reconstruct the environmental conditions for their growth, a detailed study of their architecture, external morphology and internal morphology was carried out (macrofabric and microfabric). The stromatolites are made up of domic bodies laterally linked to each other, generating a macrostructure (bioherms) with lateral continuity. This stromatolitic macrostructure presents variations in its internal morphology, giving rise to seven subfacies product of the environmental changes experienced during the growth of the microbial bushes. The stromatolites are arranged parallel of coastline acting as paleogeographic barriers to reduce the physical stress of the environment. Although in general lines suggests a coastal environment, restricted and shallow for the formation of the whole level, the variation in internal morphology is evidence of minor changes in the physical environment.
Profile of the Portuguese male university rugby sevens championship
Authors: Silva João Diogo , Cruz-Ferreira Antonio , Ribeiro Carlos Alberto Fontes , Santiago Luiz Miguel
Published: March 2018

Introduction: Rugby Sevens is one of the fastest growing sports in the world, especially the sevens variant after its inclusion in the Summer Olympics’ programme. The Portuguese University Sevens Championship is an amateur tournament that takes place every year.

Objectives: To gather a set of relevant data regarding the profile of the Portuguese university rugby sevens’ players, as well as the epidemiology of injuries at this level of competition.

Methodology: Firstly, an observational study was conducted to collect data regarding each player anthropometry, individual experience, training habits and warm-up routines. Secondly, a prospective cohort study including all participating athletes was conducted, to identify and describe all injuries occurring during the competition. A follow-up period until the return to sport from all injured players was conducted.

Results: A total of 87 players from 8 teams competed in the tournament. On average, athlete’s heighted 178.6 cm (± 6.65) and weighted 83.34 kg (± 11.22). Total match exposure was 53.67 player match-hours and the injury incidence rate was 186.2 per 1000 player match-hours (94.7-332.4, CI 95%). Average severity was 26.6 days (± 6.23). Most injuries occurred on the second half (n=6), following contact events with the opponent (n=8). Lower limb (n=6) and joint/ligament (n=7) injuries were the most frequent.

Discussion: The overall injury incidence rate was higher than any previously reported in the literature. Insufficient training and warm-up routines of the injured players strengthens the idea that these are key elements in injury prevention. The small sample limits the results' statistical significance.

Conclusions: Similar but larger studies must be conducted to gain better knowledge of the individual profile of the Portuguese university rugby player and the burden of injuries at this level of competition.
Using constructed covers to protect infrared cameras while surveying wildlife along roadways
Authors: Albrecht Marc , Peek Matt
Published: March 2018

We examined the effectiveness of simulated underground utility cable markers in hiding infrared cameras along a roadway. Our study took place in the summer of 2014 and winter of 2015 as part of a survey to determine whether swift fox (Vulpes velox) were present along the route of a planned highway expansion project in western Nebraska. Camera covers were constructed of square vinyl posts modified to conceal and camouflage the camera, and used in conjunction with a scent attractant. Camera stations were placed approximately 1.6 km apart and ran for 5 nights along a 200 km stretch of the planned construction site. There were 2,135 trap nights in the study. No camouflaged cameras were taken or disturbed in any way. The only camera placed along the roadway during the survey that was not placed in one of our covers was cable-locked to a utility pole. It was stolen within 3 days. By allowing cameras to remain in the right-of-way (ROW), obtaining access to place the cameras was greatly facilitated in many areas. The cost per camera cover was approximately $20. We conclude this method of disguising cameras is an effective one for roadside use.
A Tribute to Our Guru, Mentor, Friend and Economic Commentator Par Excellence: Professor Mohammad Sadli
Authors: Pangestu Mari E.
Published: March 2018

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Indonesia in a Changing Energy Frontier: Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Sambodo Maxensius Tri
Published: March 2018

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A Structural Vector Auto-Regression Model of the Indonesian Economy
Authors: Negara Siwage Dharma
Published: March 2018

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Inflation, Financial Market, and Economic Policy: A Review Essay and Lesson for Indonesia's Economy
Authors: Ilyas Dhaniel
Published: March 2018

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Ethnic ldentity and the Utilization of Land: A Case Study in Riau, Indonesia
Authors: Hardjono Joan
Published: March 2018

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Volatility of World Rice Prices, Import Tariffs and Poverty in Indonesia: A GCE-Microsimulational Analysis
Authors: Dartanto Teguh
Published: March 2018

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Measuring Financial Markets Integration: Indonesia and East Asia
Authors: Lestano Lestano
Published: March 2018

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Exports and Innovation in Indonesian Manufacturing
Authors: Kuncoro Ari
Published: March 2018

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Urban Amenities and Quality of life Index: Evidence from Cities in Indonesia
Authors: Djamaluddin Sartika
Published: March 2018

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Improving Human Capital through Better Education to Support Indonesia’s Economic Development
Authors: Adam Latif , Negara Siwage Dharma
Published: March 2018

AbstractDespite Indonesia’s impressive economic growth, it still lags behind other countries with a similar income level in terms of the quality of its human capital. This paper argues that one key factor explaining this low quality of human capital relates to the lack of focus and clear strategies to develop its education system. This paper attempts to assess Indonesia’s current state of human capital development with particular focus on its education sector. In order to benefit from its demographic bonus, Indonesia needs to to improve its current education and skill training system. Better education and skill training system will support the country’s effort to reduce poverty and youth unemployment. The effectiveness of public spending in education should be improved to raise the quality of education. Indonesia needs to integrate its human capital development plan with its economic master plan.Keywords: Human Capital; Poverty; Unemployment; Education; DevelopmentAbstrakMeskipun mencatatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang mengagumkan, kualitas sumber daya manusia Indonesia masih tertinggal dibandingkan negara lain dengan tingkat penghasilan setara. Tulisan ini berpendapat bahwa faktor kunci yang menjelaskan rendahnya kualitas sumber daya manusia berhubungan dengan ketiadaan strategi yang terfokus dan jelas untuk mengembangkan sistem pendidikan Indonesia. Tulisan ini menilai kondisi kekinian dari pengembangan sumber daya manusia Indonesia dengan fokus khusus pada sektor pendidikan. Agar dapat mengoptimalkan manfaat dari bonus demografi, Indonesia perlu membenahi sistem pendidikan dan pelatihan keterampilan. Sistem pendidikan dan pelatihan keterampilan yang lebih baik akan menunjang upaya pengentasan kemiskinan dan pengurangan pengangguran muda. Efektivitas pengeluaran pemerintah di sektor pendidikan perlu ditingkatkan guna meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan. Indonesia perlu mengintegrasikan rencana pembangunan sumber daya manusia dengan master plan perekonomian.Kata kunci: Sumber Daya Manusia; Kemiskinan; Pengangguran; Pendidikan; PembangunanJEL classifications: I25; O15
Effectiveness Of Failure Modes Effect Analysis (FMEA)
Authors: Setiasih Putri Ingen , Junadi Purnawan
Published: March 2018

Objective : One of the prevention efforts of medical errors that occur in health services is by identifying the potential failure of the service before the failure occurs. FMEA is one way to identify the risks of failure. Therefore, the authors wanted to find out whether FMEA was effective for reducing Medical error based on previous studies.Method: This article was a literature review using references in an online database such as EBSCOhost. The author found 280 articles while searching by using the keyword "FMEA". After filtered by publication period from 2012 to 2017, fulltext and language, finally got 7 articles. Finally, the author used the three most relevant literature.Result: FMEA is proven to decrease potential failure rate after follow-up to failure was done in service process, so medical error can be prevented. In the application of FMEA, bias can occur during the determination of potential failure and determination of scoring on RPN. Therefore, it is expected that the team involved in making FMEA experts in the process of service to be designed.Conclusion: FMEA could prevent medical errors by determining potential failure and following up on potential failure before failure occurs.Keywords: FMEA, healthcare, medical error.
Additional notes, corrections and sporophyte descriptions for Mesochaete (Bryopsida: Aulacomniaceae) in Australia.
Authors: Ramsay Helen , Seppelt Rodney , Downing Alison
Published: March 2018

The genus Mesochaete Lindb. is known from tropical to temperate regions of the east coast of mainland Australia and Lord Howe Island. It includes two species, M. undulata Lindb. and M. taxiforme (Hampe) Watts & Whitel. Leaf size, leaf cell dimensions and aspects of leaf cross-sectional anatomy appear to be the most reliable morphological features to distinguish the species and new information is given in support of their retention as separate species. Incorrect statements in the Flora of Australia and other Australian treatments are rectified. As there are no previous illustrations of the sporophyte of M. taxiforme, or descriptions of the peristome and spores of either taxon, complete illustrations of the two Mesochaete species are presented with a supplementary description of the sporophyte and, where available, SEMs of peristomes and spores. One of the taxa, M. taxiforme, was represented by very little fruiting material. Consequently, only one sporophyte was sacrificed for the SEM work. Morphologically, peristomes and spores of both taxa appear almost identical.
Bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells promote invasiveness and transendothelial migration of osteosarcoma cells via a mesenchymal to amoeboid transition
Authors: Pietrovito Laura , Leo Angela , Gori Valentina , Lulli Matteo , Parri Matteo , Becherucci Valentina , Piccini Luisa , Bambi Franco , Taddei Maria Letizia , Chiarugi Paola
Published: March 2018

There is growing evidence to suggest that bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs) are key players in tumour stroma. Here, we investigated the cross‐talk between BM‐MSCs and osteosarcoma (OS) cells. We revealed a strong tropism of BM‐MSCs towards these tumour cells and identified monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1, growth‐regulated oncogene (GRO)‐α and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 as pivotal factors for BM‐MSC chemotaxis. Once in contact with OS cells, BM‐MSCs trans‐differentiate into cancer‐associated fibroblasts, further increasing MCP‐1, GRO‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐8 levels in the tumour microenvironment. These cytokines promote mesenchymal to amoeboid transition (MAT), driven by activation of the small GTPase RhoA, in OS cells, as illustrated by the in vitro assay and live imaging. The outcome is a significant increase of aggressiveness in OS cells in terms of motility, invasiveness and transendothelial migration. In keeping with their enhanced transendothelial migration abilities, OS cells stimulated by BM‐MSCs also sustain migration, invasion and formation of the in vitro capillary network of endothelial cells. Thus, BM‐MSC recruitment to the OS site and the consequent cytokine‐induced MAT are crucial events in OS malignancy.
Subjecting appropriate lung adenocarcinoma samples to next‐generation sequencing‐based molecular testing: challenges and possible solutions
Authors: Li Weihua , Qiu Tian , Ling Yun , Gao Shugeng , Ying Jianming
Published: March 2018

Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) has recently been rapidly adopted in the molecular diagnosis of cancer, but it still faces some obstacles. In this study, 665 lung adenocarcinoma samples (558 TKI‐naive and 107 TKI‐relapsed samples) were interrogated using NGS, and the challenges and possible solutions of subjecting appropriate tissue samples to NGS testing were explored. The results showed that lower frequencies of HER2/BRAF/PIK3CA and acquired EGFR T790M mutations were observed in biopsy samples with <20% tumor cellularity than in those with ≥20%, but there were no significant differences in the frequencies of EGFR or KRAS mutations. Moreover, tumor heterogeneity was assessed by heterogeneity score (HS), which was calculated through multiplying by 2 the mutant allele frequency (MAF) of tumor cells. In TKI‐naive samples, intratumor heterogeneity could occur in EGFR, KRAS, HER2, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutant tumors, but the degree was variable. Higher EGFR, but lower BRAF and PIK3CA HS values were observed compared with KRAS HS. In TKI‐relapsed samples, analysis of concomitant sensitizing EGFR and T790M MAFs showed that intratumor heterogeneity was common in acquired EGFR T790M mutant tumors. The mutational status between primary and metastatic tumors was usually concordant, but KRAS, HER2, and PIK3CA HS were significantly higher in metastatic tumors than in primary tumors. Additionally, the discordance rate of mutational status in multifocal lung adenocarcinomas diagnosed as equivocal or multiple primary tumors was high. Together, our findings demonstrate that a comprehensive quality assessment is necessary during tissue process to mitigate the challenges of poor tumor cellularity, tumor heterogeneity, and multifocal clonally independent tumors.
Revisiting the Crustal Structure and Kinematics of the Central Andes at 33.5°S: Implications for the Mechanics of Andean Mountain Building
Authors: Riesner Magali , Lacassin Robin , Simoes Martine , Carrizo Daniel , Armijo Rolando
Published: March 2018

The Andean belt is the only present‐day active case example of a subduction‐type orogeny. However, an existing controversy opposes classical views of Andean growth as an east verging retro wedge, against a recently proposed bivergent model involving a primary west vergent crustal‐scale thrust synthetic to the subduction. We examine these diverging views by quantitatively reevaluating the orogen structural geometry and kinematics at the latitude of 33.5°S. We first provide a 3‐D geological map and build an updated section of the east vergent Aconcagua fold‐and‐thrust belt (Aconcagua FTB), which appears as a critical structural unit in this controversy. We combine these data with geological constraints on nearby structures to derive a complete and larger‐scale section of the Principal Cordillera (PC) within the fore‐arc region. We restore our section and integrate published chronological constraints to build an evolutionary model showing the evolving shortening of this fore‐arc part of the Andes. The proposed kinematics implies uplift of the Frontal Cordillera basement since ~20–25 Ma, supported by westward thrusting over a crustal ramp that transfers shortening further west across the PC. The Aconcagua FTB is evidenced as a secondary east verging roof thrust atop the large‐scale basement antiform culmination of the Frontal Cordillera. We estimate a shortening of ~27–42 km across the PC, of which only ~30% is absorbed by the Aconcagua FTB. Finally, we combine these findings with published geological data on the structure of the eastern back‐arc Andean mountain front and build a crustal‐scale cross section of the entire Andes at 33.5°S. We estimate a total orogenic shortening of ~31–55 km, mainly absorbed by crustal west vergent structures synthetic to the subduction. Our results provide quantitative key geological inferences to revisit this subduction‐type orogeny and compare it to collisional alpine‐type orogenic belts.
Reconnecting Stochastic Methods With Hydrogeological Applications: A Utilitarian Uncertainty Analysis and Risk Assessment Approach for the Design of Optimal Monitoring Networks
Authors: Bode Felix , Ferré Ty , Zigelli Niklas , Emmert Martin , Nowak Wolfgang
Published: March 2018

Collaboration between academics and practitioners promotes knowledge transfer between research and industry, with both sides benefiting greatly. However, academic approaches are often not feasible given real‐world limits on time, cost and data availability, especially for risk and uncertainty analyses. Although the need for uncertainty quantification and risk assessment are clear, there are few published studies examining how scientific methods can be used in practice. In this work, we introduce possible strategies for transferring and communicating academic approaches to real‐world applications, countering the current disconnect between increasingly sophisticated academic methods and methods that work and are accepted in practice. We analyze a collaboration between academics and water suppliers in Germany who wanted to design optimal groundwater monitoring networks for drinking‐water well catchments. Our key conclusions are: to prefer multiobjective over single‐objective optimization; to replace Monte‐Carlo analyses by scenario methods; and to replace data‐hungry quantitative risk assessment by easy‐to‐communicate qualitative methods. For improved communication, it is critical to set up common glossaries of terms to avoid misunderstandings, use striking visualization to communicate key concepts, and jointly and continually revisit the project objectives. Ultimately, these approaches and recommendations are simple and utilitarian enough to be transferred directly to other practical water resource related problems.
A Novel Approach to Model Earth Fissure Caused by Extensive Aquifer Exploitation and its Application to the Wuxi Case, China
Authors: Ye Shujun , Franceschini Andrea , Zhang Yan , Janna Carlo , Gong Xulong , Yu Jun , Teatini Pietro
Published: March 2018

Initially observed in the semiarid basins of southwestern USA, earth fissures due to aquifer over‐exploitation are presently threatening a large number of subsiding basins in various countries worldwide. Different mechanics have been proposed to explain this process, such as differential compaction, horizontal movements, and fault reactivation. Numerical modeling and prediction of this major geohazard caused by overuse of groundwater resources are challenging because of two main requirements: shifting from the classical continuous to discontinuous geomechanics and incorporating two‐dimensional features (the earth fissures) into large three‐dimensional (3‐D) modeling domain (the subsiding basin). In this work, we proposed a novel modeling approach to simulate earth fissure generation and propagation in 3‐D complex geological settings. A nested two‐scale approach associated with an original nonlinear elastoplastic finite element/interface element simulator allows modeling the mechanics of earth discontinuities, in terms of both sliding and opening. The model is applied on a case study in Wuxi, China, where groundwater pumping between 1985 and 2004 has caused land subsidence larger than 2 m. The model outcomes highlight that the presence of a shallow (∼80 m deep) bedrock ridge crossing the Yangtze River delta is the key factor triggering the earth fissure development in this area. Bending of the alluvial deposits around the ridge tip and shear stress due to the uneven piezometric change and asymmetrical shape of the bedrock have caused the earth fissure to onset at the land surface and propagate downward to a maximum depth of about 20–30 m. Maximum sliding and opening are computed in the range of 10–40 cm, in agreement with the order of magnitude estimated in the field.
Modeling Spatial Dependence of Rainfall Extremes Across Multiple Durations
Authors: Le Phuong Dong , Leonard Michael , Westra Seth
Published: March 2018

Determining the probability of a flood event in a catchment given that another flood has occurred in a nearby catchment is useful in the design of infrastructure such as road networks that have multiple river crossings. These conditional flood probabilities can be estimated by calculating conditional probabilities of extreme rainfall and then transforming rainfall to runoff through a hydrologic model. Each catchment's hydrological response times are unlikely to be the same, so in order to estimate these conditional probabilities one must consider the dependence of extreme rainfall both across space and across critical storm durations. To represent these types of dependence, this study proposes a new approach for combining extreme rainfall across different durations within a spatial extreme value model using max‐stable process theory. This is achieved in a stepwise manner. The first step defines a set of common parameters for the marginal distributions across multiple durations. The parameters are then spatially interpolated to develop a spatial field. Storm‐level dependence is represented through the max‐stable process for rainfall extremes across different durations. The dependence model shows a reasonable fit between the observed pairwise extremal coefficients and the theoretical pairwise extremal coefficient function across all durations. The study demonstrates how the approach can be applied to develop conditional maps of the return period and return level across different durations.
Analysis of Proteins andDNAsUsing Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Elemental Tagging
Authors: Zhang Shixi , Zhang Sichun , Zhang Xinrong , Liu Rui
Published: March 2018

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) is one of the most powerful techniques allowing multielement and/or isotope quantification over broad linear dynamic range with very low detection limit. Combining with elemental tagging strategies, ICP‐MS has facilitated multiplexed analysis of both proteins and nucleic acids, which contributes to bioanalytical science.

This article describes different types of bioanalytical applications for detecting these biomolecules. Common conjugation approaches and elemental tags used in these assays are reviewed. Analysis of more than 30 proteins and DNAs of 15 different sequences has been achieved using elemental tags combined with ICP‐MS. ICP‐MS‐based biomolecules assay will undoubtedly be developed in the future for biological research.
In Situ Tracking of Composition and Morphology of a Diblock Copolymer Film with GISAXS during Exchange of Solvent Vapors at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Berezkin Anatoly V. , Jung Florian , Posselt Dorthe , Smilgies Detlef‐M. , Papadakis Christine M.
Published: March 2018

Solvothermal vapor annealing at elevated temperature is applied to a thin film from a cylinder‐forming polystyrene‐block‐poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PS‐b‐PDMS) diblock copolymer. At this, the film is swollen in the vapor of n‐heptane (highly selective for PDMS). This vapor is stepwise replaced by the vapor of toluene (weakly selective for PS). The morphologies are investigated using in situ, real‐time grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS). The initial cylindrical morphology is transformed into, among others, the lamellar one. This novel type of experiments allows probing a trajectory in the state diagram of the PS‐b‐PDMS/n‐heptane/toluene mixture. To corroborate the morphologies, they are generated by molecular simulations, and the 2D GISAXS maps are calculated using the distorted‐wave Born approximation. To relate the morphologies to the solvent distribution in the two types of nanodomains, the latter is estimated from the intensities of the Bragg reflections in the 2D GISAXS maps along with the swelling ratio of the film. Comparison with the results from a similar experiment carried out at room temperature results in the same sequence of morphologies; however, at elevated temperature, more well‐ordered structures are obtained. This new approach proves to be efficient to achieve a block copolymer thin film having a desired morphology and orientation.
Thermo‐Responsive Actuation of a DNA Origami Flexor
Authors: Turek Vladimir A. , Chikkaraddy Rohit , Cormier Sean , Stockham Bill , Ding Tao , Keyser Ulrich F. , Baumberg Jeremy J.
Published: March 2018

Nanomachines capable of controlled programmable work at the nanoscale promise to revolutionize a vast range of research and eventually should impact on daily lives. Due to the ease of design and modification, DNA origami is emerging as a natural platform to build such machines. However, one essential challenge is the controlled and rapid actuation of DNA origami using an external biocompatible stimulus. Here, actuation based on temperature‐induced phase transitions of the thermo‐responsive polymer poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is reported. By incorporating this polymer into DNA origami structures on either side of a flexible region, a “DNA origami flexor” is created that uses the tunable PNIPAM hydrophobicity to reversibly open and close the DNA structures. Such a mechanism has the advantage of being versatile and biocompatible, and possessing strong response to temperature changes of a few degrees Kelvin.
Low‐Dose X‐ray Activation of W(VI)‐Doped Persistent Luminescence Nanoparticles for Deep‐Tissue Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Song Liang , Li Pei‐Pei , Yang Wen , Lin Xia‐Hui , Liang Hong , Chen Xiao‐Feng , Liu Gang , Li Juan , Yang Huang‐Hao
Published: March 2018

Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) has served as an important strategy for treatment of various diseases, it still experiences many challenges, such as shallow penetration of light, high‐dose light irradiation, and low therapy efficiency in deep tissue. Here, a low‐dose X‐ray‐activated persistent luminescence nanoparticle (PLNP)‐mediated PDT nanoplatform for depth‐independent and repeatable cancer treatment has been reported. In order to improve therapeutic efficiency, this study first synthesizes W(VI)‐doped ZnGa2O4:Cr PLNPs with stronger persistent luminescence intensity and longer persistent luminescence time than traditional ZnGa2O4:Cr PLNPs. The proposed PLNPs can serve as a persistent excitation light source for PDT, even after X‐ray irradiation has been removed. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that low‐dose (0.18 Gy) X‐ray irradiation is sufficient to activate the PDT nanoplatform and causes significant inhibitory effect on tumor progression. Therefore, such PDT nanoplatform will provide a promising depth‐independent treatment mode for clinical cancer therapy in the future.
Flexible Normal‐Tangential Force Sensor with Opposite Resistance Responding for Highly Sensitive Artificial Skin
Authors: Mu Chunhong , Song Yuanqiang , Huang Wutong , Ran Ao , Sun Rujie , Xie Weihua , Zhang Huaiwu
Published: March 2018

An electronic skin (e‐skin) that can detect both normal and tangential forces with a differentiable signals output is essential for wearable electronics. A flexible, stretchable, and highly sensitive tactile sensor is presented that enables the detection of both normal and tangential forces, with specific opposite and thus easily being differentiated resistance changing outputs. The e‐skin, which is based on two‐sublayered carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/graphene oxide (GO) hybrid 3D conductive networks, that are anchored on a thin porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer, is synthesized via a porogen (GO wrapped NaCl) assisted self‐assembling process. The fabricated CNTs/GO@PDMS‐based e‐skin shows superior sensitivity (gauge factor of 2.26 under a pressure loading of 1 kPa) to tangential force, moderate sensitivity (−0.31 kPa−1 at 0.05–3.8 kPa, and −0.03 kPa−1 at 3.8–6.3 kPa, respectively) to normal force, and a high‐reproducible response over 5000 loading cycles including stretching, bending, and shearing. For applications, the e‐skin can not only detect wrist pulsing, discriminating different roughness of surfaces, but also produce an obvious responding to an extremely slight ticking (<20 mg) from a feather, and even can real‐timely monitor human's breath and music in rhythm.
Advanced Characterization Techniques in Promoting Mechanism Understanding for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhao Enyue , Nie Kaihui , Yu Xiqian , Hu Yong‐Sheng , Wang Fangwei , Xiao Jie , Li Hong , Huang Xuejie
Published: March 2018

Due to their numerous advantages, such as high specific capacity, lithium–sulfur batteries (Li–S batteries) have attracted much attention as next‐generation energy storage systems. To meet future needs for commercial application, Li–S batteries will require both improved cycle life and high energy density. It is of critical importance to understand the fundamental mechanisms in Li–S systems to further improve the overall battery performance. Various advanced characterization techniques, over the past few years, have proven their important role in promoting the mechanism understanding for Li–S batteries. Here, the recent progress of mechanism understanding, including redox reactions, Li polysulfides dissolution, etc., in Li–S systems based on the advanced characterization techniques is reviewed. Special focus is placed on how these advanced characterization techniques are being employed and what characteristic or capability they possess. The importance of the combination of multiple characterization techniques, differences between ex situ and in situ experimental methods, as well as effects of characterization conditions in Li–S batteries are also discussed.
High Crystal Quality 2D Manganese Phosphorus Trichalcogenide Nanosheets and their Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Shifa Tofik Ahmed , Wang Fengmei , Cheng Zhongzhou , He Peng , Liu Yang , Jiang Chao , Wang Zhenxing , He Jun
Published: March 2018

Transition metal phosphorus trichalcogenides (MPX3, X = S, Se) are layered materials possessing high chemical diversity and wide range of applications in a broad wave length spectrum. Theoretical studies reveal that auspicious activity of photocatalytic water splitting can be realized from them. However, experimental efforts have so far been challenged with the synthesis bottleneck. Described herein is the general chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth method and photocatalytic activity of these materials. A novel route to systematically grow MnPX3 nanosheets on flexible carbon fiber substrate is reported. The temperature profile of the CVD process is carefully optimized that confer a facile and successful conversion of oxide precursor to phospho‐trichalcogenide with high crystallinity. Moreover, the obtained manganese‐based phosphorus trichalcogenide nanosheets demonstrate promising activity in sacrificial agent‐free photocatalytic water splitting under simulated solar light (AM 1.5G). This study provides a significant stepping stone in exploring the fascinating world of functional 2D materials and pursuing performance enhancement.
From Nanostructural Evolution to Dynamic Interplay of Constituents: Perspectives for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Hwang Taehyun , Lee Byungho , Kim Jinhyun , Lee Sangheon , Gil Bumjin , Yun Alan Jiwan , Park Byungwoo
Published: March 2018

Moving away from the high‐performance achievements in organometal halide perovskite (OHP)‐based optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices, intriguing features have been reported in that photocarriers and mobile ionic species within OHPs interact with light, electric fields, or a combination of both, which induces both spatial and temporal changes of optoelectronic properties in OHPs. Since it is revealed that the transport of photocarriers and the migration of ionic species are affected not only by each other but also by the inhomogeneous character, which is a consequence of the route selected to deposit OHPs, understanding the nanostructural evolution during OHP deposition, in terms of the resultant structural defects, electronic traps, and nanoscopic charge behaviors, will be valuable. Investigation of the film‐growth mechanisms and strategies adopted to realize OHP films with less‐defective large grains is of central importance, considering that single‐crystalline OHPs have exhibited the most beneficial properties, including carrier lifetimes. Critical factors governing the behavior of photocarriers, mobile ionic species, and nanoscale optoelectronic properties resulting from either or all of them are further summarized, which may potentially limit or broaden the optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications of OHPs. Through inspection of the recent advances, a comprehensive picture and future perspective of OHPs are provided.
A Metal–Organic Framework with Optimized Porosity and Functional Sites for High Gravimetric and Volumetric Methane Storage Working Capacities
Authors: Wen Hui‐Min , Li Bin , Li Libo , Lin Rui‐Biao , Zhou Wei , Qian Guodong , Chen Banglin
Published: March 2018

Extensive research has been devoted to developing new porous materials with high methane storage capacity. While great progress has been made in recent years, it still remains very challenging to target simultaneously high gravimetric and volumetric methane (CH4) working capacities (deliverable amount between 5.8 and 65 bar) in a single material. Here, a novel metal–organic framework (termed as UTSA‐110a) constructed by an extended linker containing a high density of functional nitrogen sites, exhibiting both very high gravimetric and volumetric working capacities of 317 cm3 (STP: 273.15 K, 1 atm) g−1 and 190 cm3 (STP) cm−3, respectively, for robust MOFs, is reported. Both of these values are higher than those of two benchmark materials: HKUST‐1 (207 cm3 (STP) g−1 or 183 cm3 (STP) cm−3) and UTSA‐76a (267 cm3 (STP) g−1 or 187 cm3 (STP) cm−3). Computational studies reveal that it is the combination of optimized porosity and favorable binding sites that leads to the simultaneously high gravimetric and volumetric working capacities in this material.
It's Not a Bug, It's a Feature: Functional Materials in Insects
Authors: Schroeder Thomas B. H. , Houghtaling Jared , Wilts Bodo D. , Mayer Michael
Published: March 2018

Over the course of their wildly successful proliferation across the earth, the insects as a taxon have evolved enviable adaptations to their diverse habitats, which include adhesives, locomotor systems, hydrophobic surfaces, and sensors and actuators that transduce mechanical, acoustic, optical, thermal, and chemical signals. Insect‐inspired designs currently appear in a range of contexts, including antireflective coatings, optical displays, and computing algorithms. However, as over one million distinct and highly specialized species of insects have colonized nearly all habitable regions on the planet, they still provide a largely untapped pool of unique problem‐solving strategies. With the intent of providing materials scientists and engineers with a muse for the next generation of bioinspired materials, here, a selection of some of the most spectacular adaptations that insects have evolved is assembled and organized by function. The insects presented display dazzling optical properties as a result of natural photonic crystals, precise hierarchical patterns that span length scales from nanometers to millimeters, and formidable defense mechanisms that deploy an arsenal of chemical weaponry. Successful mimicry of these adaptations may facilitate technological solutions to as wide a range of problems as they solve in the insects that originated them.
Ultrathin Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanosheets for High‐Performance Supercapacitors and Redox Electrolyte Energy Storage
Authors: Jayaramulu Kolleboyina , Dubal Deepak P. , Nagar Bhawna , Ranc Vaclav , Tomanec Ondrej , Petr Martin , Datta Kasibhatta Kumara Ramanatha , Zboril Radek , Gómez‐Romero Pedro , Fischer Roland A.
Published: March 2018

The design of advanced high‐energy‐density supercapacitors requires the design of unique materials that combine hierarchical nanoporous structures with high surface area to facilitate ion transport and excellent electrolyte permeability. Here, shape‐controlled 2D nanoporous carbon sheets (NPSs) with graphitic wall structure through the pyrolysis of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are developed. As a proof‐of‐concept application, the obtained NPSs are used as the electrode material for a supercapacitor. The carbon‐sheet‐based symmetric cell shows an ultrahigh Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)‐area‐normalized capacitance of 21.4 µF cm−2 (233 F g−1), exceeding other carbon‐based supercapacitors. The addition of potassium iodide as redox‐active species in a sulfuric acid (supporting electrolyte) leads to the ground‐breaking enhancement in the energy density up to 90 Wh kg−1, which is higher than commercial aqueous rechargeable batteries, maintaining its superior power density. Thus, the new material provides a double profits strategy such as battery‐level energy and capacitor‐level power density.
Methanolysis of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) catalyzed by ferric chloride
Authors: Song Xiuyan , Wang Chan , Shen Yong , Liu Fusheng , Yu Shitao , Ge Xiaoping
Published: March 2018

Methanolysis of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was investigated using ferric chloride (FeCl3) as catalyst. The structures of the obtained product were characterized by FT‐IR and 1H NMR, and it was indicated that the main product was methyl 3‐hydroxybutyrate (M3HB). The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, and the amounts of methanol and catalyst on the conversion of PHB and yield of M3HB were investigated. Under optimum conditions, the conversion of PHB and yield of M3HB were 91.1% and 88.3%, respectively. The catalyst could be reused six times with no apparent decrease in its catalytic activity. Kinetic study indicated that this reaction was a first‐order kinetic reaction with activation energy of 34.17 kJ/mol. Moreover, the possible mechanism of the reaction was proposed.
Integrated Microfluidic Device for Drug Studies of Early C. Elegans Embryogenesis
Authors: Dong Li , Jankele Radek , Cornaglia Matteo , Lehnert Thomas , Gönczy Pierre , Gijs Martin A. M.
Published: March 2018

Small molecules inhibitors are powerful tools for studying multiple aspects of cell biology and stand at the forefront of drug discovery pipelines. However, in the early Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) embryo, which is a powerful model system for cell and developmental biology, the use of small molecule inhibitors has been limited by the impermeability of the embryonic eggshell, the low‐throughput manual embryo isolation methods, and the lack of well‐controlled drug delivery protocols. This work reports a fully integrated microfluidic approach for studies of C. elegans early embryogenesis, including the possibility of testing small molecule inhibitors with increased throughput and versatility. The setup enables robust on‐chip extraction of embryos from gravid adult worms in a dedicated pillar array chamber by mechanical compression, followed by rapid fluidic transfer of embryos into an adjacent microtrap array. Parallel analysis of ≈100 embryos by high‐resolution time‐lapse imaging from the one‐cell stage zygote until hatching can be performed with this device. The implementation of versatile microfluidic protocols, in particular time‐controlled and reversible drug delivery to on‐chip immobilized embryos, demonstrates the potential of the device for biochemical and pharmacological assays.
Polar auxin transport is implicated in vessel differentiation and spatial patterning during secondary growth in Populus
Authors: Johnson Dan , Eckart Phoebe , Alsamadisi Noah , Noble Hilary , Martin Celia , Spicer Rachel
Published: March 2018

Premise of the Study

Dimensions and spatial distribution of vessels are critically important features of woody stems, allowing for adaptation to different environments through their effects on hydraulic efficiency and vulnerability to embolism. Although our understanding of vessel development is poor, basipetal transport of auxin through the cambial zone may play an important role.

Methods

Stems of Populus tremula ×alba were treated with the auxin transport inhibitor N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) in a longitudinal strip along the length of the lower stem. Vessel lumen diameter, circularity, and length; xylem growth; tension wood area; and hydraulic conductivity before and after a high pressure flush were determined on both NPA‐treated and control plants.

Key Results

NPA‐treated stems formed aberrant vessels that were short, small in diameter, highly clustered, and angular in cross section, whereas xylem formed on the untreated side of the stem contained typical vessels that were similar to those of controls. NPA‐treated stems had reduced specific conductivity relative to controls, but this difference was eliminated by the high‐pressure flush. The control treatment (lanolin + dimethyl sulfoxide) reduced xylem growth and increased tension wood formation, but never produced the aberrant vessel patterning seen in NPA‐treated stems.

Conclusions

These results are consistent with a model of vessel development in which basipetal polar auxin transport through the xylem‐side cambial derivatives is required for proper expansion and patterning of vessels and demonstrate that reduced auxin transport can produce stems with altered stem hydraulic properties.
A comparative prospective observational study of children and adults with immune thrombocytopenia: 2‐year follow‐up
Authors: Schifferli Alexandra , Holbro Andreas , Chitlur Meera , Coslovsky Michael , Imbach Paul , Donato Hugo , Elalfy Mohsen , Graciela Elena , Grainger John , Holzhauer Susanne , Riccheri Cecilia , Rodeghiero Francesco , Ruggeri Marco , Tamary Hannah , Uglova Tatjana , Wu Runhui , Kühne Thomas ,   Intercontinental Cooperative ITP Study Group (ICIS)
Published: March 2018

Comparative clinical studies of children and adults with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) are poorly covered in the literature. However, the accepted classification of ITP—childhood ITP and adult ITP—results in considerable differences in treatment protocols and practice guidelines. The analysis of the Pediatric and Adult Registry on Chronic ITP (PARC‐ITP) of patients at first presentation demonstrated fewer differences in clinical and laboratory findings at initial diagnosis between children and adults than expected. The present report of 2‐year follow‐up data supports the hypothesis that there are common aspects of childhood and adult ITP. Data of 3360 children and 420 adults were collected during the time of 2004 until 2015 at initial diagnosis. Follow‐up information was available for 51% and 33% of children and 66% and 49% of adults at 12‐ and 24‐months, respectively. Similarities were found in unexpected areas of ITP, such as the rate of late remission at 12 and 24 months, reported bleeding sites, platelet count in bleeders, and the frequency of treated patients with persistent or chronic ITP. Differences were confirmed for the overall rate of remission and treatment modalities. Unexpected differences were found in the percentage of nonbleeders, with more adults in the nonbleeder group. More studies are needed to investigate different age groups with the aim to optimize their management.
Stimuliresponsive NO‐Freisetzung für die abrufbereite Gas‐sensibilisierte synergistische Krebstherapie
Authors: Fan Wenpei , Yung Bryant C. , Chen Xiaoyuan
Published: March 2018

Das noch junge Gebiet der Gastherapie findet enorme Aufmerksamkeit in der Medizin und den Naturwissenschaften. Beträchtliche Forschungsanstrengungen galten insbesondere dem Gasotransmitter Stickstoffmonoxid (NO), aufgrund dessen zweifacher Rolle bei der direkten Abtötung von Krebszellen in hohen Konzentrationen und in der kooperativen Sensibilisierung von Krebszellen in synergistischen Therapien. Aktuelle Studien gelten insbesondere dem chemischen Design verschiedener endogener/exogener stimuliresponsiver NO‐freisetzender Nanotherapeutika und ihren biomedizinischen Anwendungen für die abrufbereite (“on‐demand”) NO‐sensibilisierte synergistische Krebstherapie. Diese Forschungen sind Gegenstand dieses Kurzaufsatzes, ebenso wie die potenziellen Herausforderungen bezüglich der NO‐Gastherapie. Ziel ist es, die Entwicklung von NO‐Nanotherapeutika zu unterstützen und neue Richtungen in diesem Gebiet aufzuzeigen.
Lead‐Free Silver‐Bismuth Halide Double Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Yang Bin , Chen Junsheng , Yang Songqiu , Hong Feng , Sun Lei , Han Peigeng , Pullerits Tõnu , Deng Weiqiao , Han Keli
Published: March 2018

Lead‐free perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) were obtained mainly by substituting a Pb2+ cation with a divalent cation or substituting three Pb2+ cations with two trivalent cations. The substitution of two Pb2+ cations with one monovalent Ag+ and one trivalent Bi3+ cations was used to synthesize Cs2AgBiX6 (X=Cl, Br, I) double perovskite NCs. Using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, the charge carrier relaxation mechanism was elucidated in the double perovskite NCs. The Cs2AgBiBr6 NCs exhibit ultrafast hot‐carrier cooling (<1 ps), which competes with the carrier trapping processes (mainly originate from the surface defects). Notably, the photoluminescence can be increased by 100 times with surfactant (oleic acid) added to passivate the defects in Cs2AgBiCl6 NCs. These results suggest that the double perovskite NCs could be potential materials for optoelectronic applications by better controlling the surface defects.
Soft‐Robotik
Authors: Whitesides George M.
Published: March 2018

Diese Beschreibung des Feldes “Soft‐Robotik” soll kein normaler Übersichtsartikel im Sinne einer umfangreichen technischen Zusammenfassung eines sich entwickelnden Feldes sein. Stattdessen ist das Ziel, die Soft‐Robotik als neues Feld zu beschreiben – eines, das Gelegenheiten für Chemiker und Materialwissenschaftler bietet, die es mögen “Dinge” zu bauen und mit makroskopischen Objekten zu arbeiten, die sich bewegen und Kräfte ausüben. Er wird eine (persönliche) Sicht darauf bieten, was Soft‐Aktuatoren und ‐Roboter sind und wie diese Klasse von Soft‐Geräten in das höher entwickelte Feld der konventionellen “Hart”‐Roboter passt. Er wird auch ansprechen wie und warum Soft‐Robotik mehr als nur ein kleiner technischer “Kniff” der Hart‐Robotik ist und eine einzigartige Rolle für die Chemie und die Materialwissenschaften in diesem Feld vorschlagen. In ihrem Kern ist die Soft‐Robotik geistig und technologisch anders als Hart‐Robotik, sowohl weil sie andere Zielsetzungen und Verwendungszwecke hat, als auch weil sie darauf beruht, dass Materialeigenschaften viele Rollen übernehmen, die in der Hart‐Robotik Sensoren, Aktuatoren und Regler einnehmen.