bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface analyses of corona‐treated poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: De Puydt Yves , Bertrand Patrick , Novis Yvan , Caudano Roland , Feyder Gusty , Lutgen Pierre
Published: April 2007

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) Mylar® samples were treated by corona discharge in order to improve their adhesive properties. The corona treatments were performed in different atmospheres including nitrogen, ammonia and air.

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to investigate the chemical modifications induced at the PET surface by these corona treatments. XPS results show that nitrogen incorporation takes place in the form of non‐oxygenated nitrogen functionalities, like amine or cyano groups. These are present at the surface of all the corona‐treated samples but in different concentrations depending on the gases used in the corona discharge. Furthermore, XPS analyses performed after heating of the treated samples show a higher thermal stability of the corona‐induced surface modifications in the case of nitrogen and ammonia.

Ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) and static secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analyses were also performed because of their higher surface sensitivity compared with XPS: ISS reveals that nitrogen is not present at the topmost surface layer of the treated samples but is incorporated just beneath. The outermost surface layer presents a composition rich in oxygen. Finally, static SIMS spectra show that corona treatment induces more surface degradation when performed in air compared with nitrogen or ammonia.

These results are discussed in relation to adhesive properties of PET.
Thermal stability of some heat‐resistant elastomers
Authors: Knight G. J. , Wright W. W.
Published: April 2007

The thermal stabilities of four fluoroelastomers, a polyphosphazene elastomer and four polysiloxanes, mainly in the vulcanised state, have been compared by isothermal weight loss experiments in nitrogen, or in air. The overall activation energies for degradation as a function of percentage conversion to volatiles have also been determined. In the majority of cases there was a linear relationship between activation energy and percentage conversion but the slope may be positive, negative or zero.
Dislocation‐induced deep levels in ELO InP revealed by point contact photocapacitance measurements
Authors: Oyama Yutaka , Kimura Toshihiro , Nishizawa Jun‐ichi
Published: April 2007

30K‐photocapacitance and excitation photocapacitance methods were applied to reveal the dislocation‐induced deep levels in coalescent epitaxial lateral overgrowth layers of InP. Point‐contact Schottky barrier junctions with small junction areas were formed on dislocated and dislocation‐free regions. In the dislocation‐free layers, the dominant deep level was located at Ec‐1.30 eV, whereas in the dislocated area, dominant deep levels were detected at Ec‐0.86 eV and 1.05 eV. A neutralized state was also detected at 0.66 eV+Ev. Excitation photocapacitance results have shown that the defect configuration coordinate diagram of the dislocation‐induced deep levels was considered with large Frank‐Condon shifts of 0.28 eV. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
220 GHz low‐noise amplifier MMICs and modules based on a high performance 50 nm metamorphic HEMT technology
Authors: Tessmann A. , Leuther A. , Massler H. , Riessle M. , Kuri M. , Zink M. , Reinert W.
Published: April 2007

A metamorphic composite‐channel InAlAs/InGaAs based high electron mobility transistor (MHEMT) technology has been developed for active and passive high‐resolution imaging applications. The technology features 50 nm gate length in combination with an In content of 80% in the main channel and 53% in the second channel. An extrinsic transit frequency ft of 400 GHz and an extrinsic maximum transconductance gm,max of 1800 mS/mm were measured at a drain voltage of 1 V. Based on this advanced MHEMT technology, coplanar G‐band low‐noise amplifier (LNA) MMICs were realized, achieving a small‐signal gain of more than 15 dB between 192 and 230 GHz together with an average noise figure of 8 dB. Furthermore, mounting and packaging of the monolithic amplifier chips into G‐band waveguide modules was accomplished with only minor reduction in circuit performance. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Two‐dimensional simulation of GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple junction solar cell
Authors: Li Z. Q. , Xiao Y. G. , Li Z. M. Simon
Published: April 2007

In this work, two‐dimensional simulation has been performed on the triple‐junction (TJ) GaInP/GaAs/Ge solar cell devices based on the Crosslight APSYS with improved tunnel junction model. The APSYS simulator solves several interwoven equations including the basic Poisson's equation, and drift‐diffusion current equations for electrons and holes. Basic physical quantities like band diagrams, optical absorption and generation are calculated. The simulated IV characteristics and offset voltage agree well with the published experimental results for TJ GaInP/GaAs/Ge solar cell device. The quantum efficiency spectra have also been computed. Possible design optimization issues to enhance the quantum efficiency have also been discussed with respect to some applicable features of Crosslight APSYS. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Light extraction study of LED using ray tracing computer simulation
Authors: Shmatov Oleksiy
Published: April 2007

This paper presents optical simulation results of different types of compound semiconductor LEDs. Transmitted light power angular distribution and other important LED properties have been studied in order to define how exactly geometry, contacts, layers, coating or encapsulating can change major LED parameters in complex. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
2D‐patterned ferromagnetic III‐Mn‐V semiconductors for planar spintronics
Authors: Farshchi R. , Chopdekar R. V. , Suzuki Y. , Ashby P. D. , Sharp I. D. , Beeman J. W. , Haller E. E. , Dubon O. D.
Published: April 2007

We demonstrate planar patterning techniques to produce isolated regions of ferromagnetic Ga1–xMnxAs embedded in a GaAs host. One technique consists of ion‐implantation through lithographically defined resist, followed by pulsed‐laser melting. Planar Hall‐bar structures of Ga1–xMnxAs formed by this process show a large anomalous Hall signal along with negative magnetoresistance associated with the well‐known hole‐mediated ferromagnetic phase. In another technique patterning is achieved by selective hydrogenation of Ga1–xMnxAs, rendering exposed regions electrically insulating and magnetically inactive. The planar nature of these Hall‐bars allows for tuning the ferromagnetism by the integration of lateral gates to modulate the exchange‐mediating hole population in the Ga1–xMnxAs region, hence creating junction‐FET functionality. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Valence band anticrossing in mismatched III‐V semiconductor alloys
Authors: Alberi K. , Wu J. , Walukiewicz W. , Yu K. M. , Dubon O. D. , Watkins S. P. , Wang C. X. , Liu X. , Cho Y.‐J. , Furdyna J. K.
Published: April 2007

The valence band anticrossing model (VBAC) is applied to explain the composition‐dependent trends in dilute GaSbxAs1–x and GaBixAs1–x alloys. Photomodulated reflectance spectroscopy (PR) of GaSbxAs1–x shows a reduction of the fundamental bandgap energy as well as an increase of the spin‐orbit splitting energy with increasing x. The VBAC model predicts that these shifts are the result of a hybridization of the extended valence band states of GaAs with the localized states of the impurity atoms, which induce an upward movement of the valence band edge. Extrapolation of the model to other III‐(Sb,Bi)‐V alloys is also discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Intrinsic irreversibility in semiconductor light emission
Authors: Ding D. , Johnson S. R. , Wang J.‐B. , Yu S.‐Q. , Zhang Y.‐H.
Published: April 2007

The study of the light emission in semiconductors using energy and entropy balance equations reveals that there is an intrinsic entropy generation built into the emission process. Such an irreversible property provides insight into the conversion of electrical energy into light. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Micromagnetic properties of epitaxial MnAs films on GaAs surfaces
Authors: Hesjedal Thorsten , Engel‐Herbert Roman , Schaadt Daniel M. , Ploog Klaus H.
Published: April 2007

The cover picture of this issue of physica status solidi (c) has been taken from the article [1].
Ab initio and DFT study of La3+ hydration
Authors: Buzko Vladimir , Sukhno Igor , Buzko Margarita
Published: April 2007

An ab initio study of the molecular geometry and stability of La(H2O) (n = 8–9) clusters at the restricted Hartree–Fock and second‐order Møller–Plesset levels is reported. The results obtained indicate that in aqueous solutions, the La3+ ion is primarily 9‐coordinate. The most popular DFT functionals were tested to calculated the dimensions of the La(H2O) aqua ion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
College teaching for student affairs professionals
Authors: Moore Emily L. , Marsh Rebekah S.
Published: April 2007

This chapter describes a new perspective on student learning and its impact on the act and art of college teaching. It also addresses the teaching role of student affairs professionals.
The first weeks of the first year
Authors: Benjamin Mimi , Earnest Kurt , Gruenewald Doug , Arthur Ginny
Published: April 2007

At the beginning of the first year, student affairs staff members serve as educators through special programs and activities that have an impact on students' success in college.
New frontiers for student affairs professionals: Teaching and the first‐year experience
Authors: Hunter Mary Stuart , Murray Kathleen A.
Published: April 2007

The first‐year experience movement opens a window of opportunity for student affairs professionals to extend their educational endeavors into the classroom, thus allowing entrance into segments of campus once reserved exclusively for faculty.
The crucial role of student affairs professionals in the learning process
Authors: Blake J. Herman
Published: April 2007

Professionals with responsibilities for student affairs can play a major role in the increasing emphasis on academic achievement, student learning, and retention. The outlines of future perspectives on professionalism and personal development can be found in examples from the recent past. The new developments will combine historical perspectives with insights from ongoing changes.
Applying the concept of patterns to systems architecture
Authors: Cloutier Robert J. , Verma Dinesh
Published: April 2007

While much has been written about patterns in software engineering, little has been written about their application to systems architecting. This paper provides a discussion of patterns and their potential applicability to complex system architecting. A historical introduction to the concept of patterns is provided along with their evolution from the domain of civil architecture to other engineering disciplines and domains. The relevance and applicability of patterns to systems architecting is then examined. Research with regard to developing a pattern form for documenting patterns for systems architecting is presented, and this is demonstrated on a command and control pattern, using both IDEF0 and UML. The application of this pattern within a functional architecture is then explored. Finally, recommendations for the development and management of a systems architecting and architecting pattern repository are offered. © 2007 Wiley Periodiocals, Inc. Syst Eng 10: 138– 154, 2007
Design of virtual plant environment for future generation green production systems
Authors: Gabbar Hossam A.
Published: April 2007

The operator is a key player in plant operation. However, his tasks and role became more complex with increasing safety and environmental challenges. Plant operation is no longer limited to production lines, but it also includes water, recycle, energy, and other processes that have been integrated with the production process to ensure green production systems. This research work proposes a new operation framework by introducing a design of a virtual plant that can support the operation of future green production systems. Operator activities are modeled in view of production, water treatment, waste, and energy generation processes. Human factors and data element visualization mechanisms are proposed to ensure smooth interaction for green production systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 10: 155–166, 2007
An overview of active and hybrid structural control research in the U.S.
Authors: Soong T. T. , Reinhorn A. M.
Published: April 2007

Under the leadership of the U.S. National Science Foundation in forming the U.S. Panel on Structural Control Research and in launching a program initiative in the area of structural control, there has been a surge of interest in this research field. Recent progress in active and hybrid control research in the U.S. is summarized in this paper. Some areas of research needs are identified and possible future directions for research and development in active and hybrid control are commented upon.
Seismic response of shallow‐floor buildings
Authors: Chow Hoong‐Leong , Selna Lawrence G.
Published: April 2007

A framing system considered for a shallow‐floor building to be used in seismic zones has wide shallow beams with sufficient stirrups. Two‐way slab design is used for this system. This shallow‐floor system is likely to have good ductile behavior as the beams deform inelastically. The lateral resisting system is designed with a ‘strong column—weak beam’ ductile frame configuration so that the hinging zones occur within the beams away from the face of the column. The beams will be substantially wider than the columns. The joint and hinge regions must have sufficient tie and stirrup reinforcement. P‐delta effects should be considered but are not serious when drifts are controlled. The survivability of the ductile shallow‐floor building under moderate earthquakes is studied. The serviceability, e.g., story drift, of the building is of concern. The usual case is that the building is likely to satisfy code requirements for base shear resistance and corresponding story drift limitation. Contrary to code prediction, the performance under a moderate earthquake often yields large story drifts which may severely damage the non‐structural systems.
Drift control in moment resisting steel frame structures
Authors: Fuyama Hiroyuki , Krawinkler Helmut , Law Kincho H.
Published: April 2007

This paper presents the development of a design methodology for the control of interstory drift caused by equivalent static earthquake loads in tall moment resisting steel frame structures. The methodology captures the flexural and shear drift modes through approximate behavior‐based equations and attempts to minimize the total weight of the structural system with due consideration given to both strength and stiffness requirements. The methodology presented is part of an effort to develop a computer‐based design support system for the conceptual design of steel frame structures. This design support system, ‘Building Engineering and Reasoning Tool’ (BERT), together with the application of the drift control methodology, are discussed in a companion paper.
Analysis and seismic strengthening of concrete structures
Authors: Elhassan Rami M. , Hart Gary C.
Published: April 2007

The use of fiberglass/epoxy column jackets and passive energy dissipation systems as alternative methods for the reduction of the seismic hazard of concrete buildings is discussed. The use of the fiberglass/epoxy column jackets has the effect of increasing the shear capacity and the lateral displacement and flexural ductility of columns. The use of passive energy dissipation systems has the effect of reducing the force and deformation demands on buildings by dissipating the earthquake induced energy. These new concepts and technologies are presented through the seismic retrofit of two buildings: a seven‐story hotel and an eight‐story school building located in the city of Los Angeles.
Supplementary energy dissipators for maximum earthquake protection of tall building structures
Authors: Romero Enrique Martinez
Published: April 2007

Ductility, or deformation energy, is by far the largest source of energy dissipation of structures, since normal levels of internal damping represent only a small portion of energy dissipation. However, large material deformations such as those required in building components to perform in a ductile manner, are often associated with cracking and degradation of its strength, particularly in concrete structures. The installation of some manufactured devices to critical regions of structural systems, specifically engineered to concentrate on them the largest part of the dissipated energy during an earthquake, increases the structure's overall thoroughness and improves its performance and reliability during major seismic events.

Passive dissipation of energy is a promising trend in upgrading and retrofitting existing structures, since codes very seldom deal with detailed procedures to attain safe retrofits, as they strongly depend on the actual condition of the particular structure in each case. It is also sought as a very convenient method to reduce the impact of seismic forces on new structures, especially on tall and medium rise buildings in seismic regions.

It is intended that the energy dissipative devices installed in the structure serve as a first defense line against seismic forces, leaving the structure itself and its inelastic reserve of strength, as a second defense line. If structures are designed in accordance to these criteria, the structures only receive part of the seismic forces calculated according to the Code, while the rest is being dissipated through the hysteric ductile behavior of the devices.

Importantly, the hysteric cycles of steel plate devices, ADAS (Added Damping And Stiffness) provide substantial amounts of supplemental energy dissipation and internal damping to the structure, which can reduce the spectral acceleration and therefore, the earthquake forces.

The 1987 Mexico Building Code1 contains no specific provisions regarding the use of energy dissipative devices of any type, and although it does not specifically admit their use, it does not forbid it either.

In order to adopt this novel technique, the professional practitioner has to rely on analytical procedures not required by the Code to find what he believes to be the most appropriate procedure to a rational solution to the problem. It is necessary to identify the objective levels of system strength, stiffness and ductility, and be consistent with the selection of the input design earthquake.

Being aware that system ductility is subjectively developed, and its basis comes largely from engineering judgment and intuition, the author encourages to look for a different seismic resistant approach in order not to depend only on ductility to resist earthquake peak demands
Simulation of input motions in wide period range for earthquake resistant design of super‐high‐rise buildings
Authors: Watabe Makoto , Dan Kazuo , Mita Akira , Ishii Toru
Published: April 2007

A detailed dynamic analysis is performed that incorporates the response from eight possible earthquakes. These earthquakes are for the Tokyo metropolitan area. The building under study is a 550 meter super‐high‐rise building. The fundamental horizontal period of vibration is approximately 6 seconds and the damping is near 2 per cent.
New structural systems for tall buildings: The space‐truss concept
Authors: Pouangare C. C. , Connor J. J.
Published: April 2007

The dominant structural system used for buildings over 40 stories has been the framed tube and its modifications. Recently, new concepts have emerged leading to the development of space‐truss systems, which are more efficient and more economical than tubes. A few buildings have already been built on the space‐truss idea. In this paper, various structural concepts for tall and super‐tall buildings are proposed, and one of them is examined in detail. The issue of material selection is also addressed through a design approach based on material behavior under specific loading conditions and on the cost of the material. In addition, the generic design of a one‐hundred‐and‐twelve story building is presented as an application of the concept.
Confronting the Soviet Management Structure: Bureaucratic, But Workable
Authors: Kvint Vladimir L.
Published: April 2007

Before an MNC even begins negotiation to set up a joint venture in the Soviet Union or otherwise do business there, it needs to understand the labyrinthine Soviet management system it will encounter. Here, Vladimir L. Kvint, a prominent Soviet professor and business authority now heading up his own consulting business in New York City, offers insights into the Soviet management system.
Yankee traders in the New Europe: Recent experiences in the eastern bloc
Authors: Piispanen‐Krabbe Tuula K.
Published: April 2007

US. MNCs practice “patient enthusiasm” as they establish joint ventures or othenoise enter the Eastern European markets.
Trends in business thought and literature: International perspectives on managers in a dual society
Authors: Marcovitch Jacques
Published: April 2007

New winds are blowing as the 20th century draws to a close. Globalization of markets, emerging technologies, and a green alliance are factors leading to drastic changes in the structure of business and indeed in humanity itself. Market globalization results from the shrinking of the planet under a transport and telecommunications revolution. Television has become a global mirror that reflects human society, albeit imperfectly. The image transmitted is of a multicultural, heterogeneous society with a growing gap between world socioeconomic realities. Management is and will increasingly be a critical resource for development. Considerable investment has been made in all countries of the world on the training and development of managers and emerging realities will pose unprecedented demands on management development. These new challenges include new work methods, energy constraints, ecological concerns, demographic growth, product shortages, and geo‐social‐political instability. A radical change can hardly be expected in management education in the short term. It is possible, however, to insert an “innovation gene” in management education institutions to provoke a lasting change process. To determine such a “gene” it is advisable to screen some of the assessments that were made recently and to propose a search for “islands of modernization” in management education and training. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Complying with environmental regulations in foreign markets
Authors: Ifland Peter W.
Published: April 2007

A variety of economic and social factors have created attractive opportunities for U.S.‐based businesses to compete in foreign markets. Although foreign environmental regulations are increasingly complex and demanding, there are many resources available to help ensure compliance. Beyond compliance, progressive environmental regulations in foreign countries will create opportunities for American businesses to compete effectively with advanced technology, management competence, and experience in operating in the highly regulated climate in the U.S. Packaging and packaging waste regulation in the European Community exemplifies both the regulatory complexity as well as the competitive opportunities of competing in foreign markets. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How to operationalize porter's diamond of international competitiveness
Authors: Rugman Alan M. , Verbeke Alain
Published: April 2007

Michael Porter's “diamond” framework has as its focus a set of home country national determinants of international competitiveness. For applications to international business this presents analytical difficulties because Dunning's eclectic theory of the multinational enterprise demonstrates that it is the interaction between national and international determinants that leads to the competitive success of global industries. This article suggests a method of extending Porter's framework to incorporate the modern theory of the multinational enterprise; in particular, a variant of SWOT analysis is used to operationalize the Porter diamond. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
International competition in Latin American telecommunications markets
Authors: Robles Fernando
Published: April 2007

Current market liberalization and reforms in Latin America are attracting a great deal of interest by global telecommunications companies and investors. This article focuses on recent liberalizations and reforms in the telecommunications markets of Chile, Argentina, Mexico, and Venezuela. The article reviews the winning bids for these markets 'and analyzes the strategic alliances of investors, global telecommunications companies, and local investors. The article concludes with an analysis of the experience to date in opening Latin American telecommunication markets to free competition and speculates on future developments in this sector. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Organizational acculturation in foreign subsidiaries
Authors: Selmer Jan , de Leon Corinna
Published: April 2007

Organizational acculturation refers to the influence of parent organizational culture resulting in change of work values of local employees in foreign subsidiaries. A study of host country national middle managers in Southeast Asia explored the impact of organizational acculturation. In the first phase, the work‐related cultural values of managers employed by Swedish subsidiaries in Singapore were compared with those of a control group of managers employed by non‐Swedish companies. The second phase investigated the work values of managers in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Thailand, based on Hofstede's four cultural dimensions. The findings clearly indicated that local managers in Swedish subsidiaries had experienced organizational acculturation, as distinct Swedish values had been adopted. However, cultural change did not occur to an equal extent among the three countries nor between different cultural values. Implications of the findings for international human resource management are discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mainstream and radical theories of the multinational enterprise: Complementary approaches?
Authors: Jones Marc T.
Published: April 2007

This article reviews contemporary mainstream and radical theories of the multinational enterprise (MNE), finding that each research tradition exhibits serious shortcomings. Theories of the MNE dominant in the international business literature are overly economistic, preventing scholars from considering the significant–even determining–effects of political, military, and cultural factors operating at national, international, and global levels on MNE behavior and performance. Conversely, radical theories of the MNE focus primarily on macroeconomic and noneconomic factors, largely ignoring the firm and industry level dynamics that drive MNE behavior. Despite these differences, we suggest that theoretical space exists in which mainstream and radical insights can be synthesized in order to improve our understanding of the MNE. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Don't stop with the one‐stop shop: Foreign investment in a liberalizing third world
Authors: Wells Louis T. , Wint Alvin G.
Published: April 2007

Developing countries around the world are liberalizing their trade and investment regimes. This paper, based on a multiyear, multicountry study, assesses the likely impact of these new trade and investment policies on foreign investment projects. It points to the divergence between rhetoric and reality that often characterizes the new investment policies and institutions. Indeed, the study suggests that, for many foreign investors, changes in trade policy are likely to be more significant than changes in investment policy. The paper provides recommendations to investors on how to take advantage of the new policies they are likely to encounter in developing countries. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A profile of the french CEO
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: April 2007

Despite major changes in French business during the past decade, the profile of the French CEO has changed little. Top managers remain graduates of elite professional schools with prestigious civil service corps membership, lengthy careers in state service, and relatively short business careers. This article assesses the impact of this system on French management, relying in part on a series of interviews conducted in France with over 40 top business and government officials. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lessons from Japan: American and Japanese strategies and goals in the 1990s
Authors: Beck John C. , Hansen Terry
Published: April 2007

This article recounts various Japanese business approaches touted in the 1980s as “Lessons from Japan” for U.S. managers. The logical expectation, given the sheer bulk of the literature, was that U.S. managers would become more “Japanese” in their business strategies and goals while the Japanese would have become more entrenched in their approaches. Questionnaire responses from 95 Japanese and 70 American firms suggest, however, that U.S. managers tend to make few shifts from the strategies and goals they emphasized in the 1980s. Meanwhile Japanese managers report that they expect to move toward more “American” business practices. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
From multinational to transnational?
Authors: Robinson Richard D. , Dickson John P. , Knutsen John A.
Published: April 2007

A little‐researched area of international business is the extent to which U.S.‐based firms have stripped decision‐making of national bias, that is, have become true transnationals. Whether they should or not, from a nationalistic point of view, is of course a matter of opinion and the topic of this article. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Decision‐making authority of former soviet and American managers: Not so different after all?
Authors: Puffer Sheila M. , McCarthy Daniel J.
Published: April 2007

The restricted decision‐making authority of industrial enterprise managers who functioned in the centralized planning system of the former Soviet Union is legendary. The distribution of authority among managerial levels within the enterprises, however, has received far less attention. The authors provide a profile of the decision‐making authority perceived by 90 managers at four hierarchical levels in Soviet manufacturing enterprises. Their responses to 15 decision items are compared with those of 140 American manufacturing managers. The authors evaluate the similarities and differences between the two national groups as well as among four managerial levels in each of the two groups. They conclude with implications of these findings for managers involved in business relationships between the United States and the countries of the former Soviet Union. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Trends in international business, thought, and literature: The past and future of political analysis for international business
Authors: Brewer Thomas L.
Published: April 2007

The literature on political risks (and opportunities) in international business has expanded far beyond its initial preoccupation with expropriation and instability in “third world,” developing countries. The literature has thus become more concerned with other types of government policies and with political conditions in “first world” and “second world” countries as well. In those respects, the literature has developed analytically and become of more widespread relevance to managerial issues in international business. This article reviews the topical coverage of the political risk literature of international business, and in addition it considers key analytical issues concerning the levels of analysis, theoretical content, and analytical methods that have been evident, as well as those that have been neglected. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Marketing globalization: A didactic examination for corporate strategy
Authors: Kustin Richard Alan
Published: April 2007

Recent empirical research suggests an appended explanation of globalization is necessary. Significant global studies have indicated that converging global homogeneous markets have not arrived, thereby concluding globalization of markets should be reexamined. A didactic examination posits globalization as marketing globalization. Two areas of opportunity for marketing globalization strategy are a modified marketing strategy in diverse global markets and a standardized marketing strategy in homogeneous global markets. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
National branding strategies and economic development: Implications for NIEs and LDCs
Authors: Wee Chow‐Hou
Published: April 2007

As the four newly industrialized economies (NIEs), Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore, continue to improve their economic development, there is an increasing realization of the need to create world class brands for global competition. This is because these four NIEs, largely dependent on manufactured products for highly export‐oriented strategies, are facing threats from lower cost semi‐NIEs and LDCs (less developing countries) that are adopting similar strategies. This article examines the important roles played by brands in securing market share. In particular, it highlights the experiences of Japan in the development of international brands. Lessons are then drawn for the NIEs and LDCs, especially with regard to the need to consciously develop world class brands as part of the overall economic growth and development. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Unlocking joint venture potentials in China
Authors: Chen Min
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this article is to address the various issues and strategies related to the creation and management of joint ventures in China. Among the major issues and strategies are: finding suitable partners and locations; negotiating feasible contracts; creating cohesive leadership; understanding the constant changes in Chinese accounting and tax systems; and managing human resource challenges. The problems with cultural differences in management and bureaucratic red‐tape have also been highlighted. Examples of successes and failures are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Estimate of chitin in raw whole insects
Authors: Finke Mark D.
Published: April 2007

Insects contain significant amounts of fiber as measured by crude fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF) or neutral detergent fiber (NDF). It has always been assumed that the fiber in insects represents chitin based on the structural similarity between cellulose and chitin and the fact that the ADF fraction from insects contains nitrogen. In this study, a number of insect species that are raised commercially as food for insectivores were analyzed for moisture, crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25), fat, ash, NDF, ADF, and amino acids. Additionally, the ADF fraction was analyzed for nitrogen and amino acids to determine if proteins might be present in the ADF fraction. The ADF fraction contained a significant amount of amino acids accounting for 9.3–32.7% of the ADF (by weight). The presence of amino acids in the ADF fraction means that using ADF to estimate insect chitin results in an overestimation of insect chitin content. Using ADF adjusted for its amino acid content, the estimated chitin content of these insect species ranged from 2.7–49.8 mg/kg (as is) and 11.6–137.2 mg/kg (dry matter basis). Additionally, these data suggest that for the species measured here the amount of chitin nitrogen is quite small (as a % of total nitrogen) and that crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) provides a reasonable estimate of the true protein for most species of insects. Zoo Biol 0:1–11, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Program verification with interacting analysis plugins
Authors: Charlton Nathaniel
Published: April 2007

In this paper we propose and argue for a modular framework for interprocedural program analysis, where multiple program analysis tools are combined in order to exploit the particular advantages of each. This allows for “plugging together” such tools as required by each verification task and makes it easy to integrate new analyses. Our framework automates the sharing of information between plugins using a first order logic with transitive closure, in a way inspired by the open product of Cortesi et al.

We describe a prototype implementation of our framework, which performs static assertion checking on a simple language for heap-manipulating programs. This implementation includes plugins for three existing approaches—predicate abstraction, 3-valued shape analysis and a decidable pointer analysis—and for a simple type system. We demonstrate through a detailed example the increase in precision that our approach can provide. Finally we discuss the design decisions we have taken, in particular the tradeoffs involved in the choice of language by which the plugins communicate, and identify some future directions for our work.
Carnitine transporter and holocarboxylase synthetase deficiencies in The Faroe Islands
Authors: Lund A. M. , Joensen F. , Hougaard D. M. , Jensen L. K. , Christensen E. , Christensen M. , Nørgaard‐Petersen B. , Schwartz M. , Skovby F.
Published: April 2007

Carnitine transporter deficiency (CTD) and holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency (HLCSD) are frequent in The Faroe Islands compared to other areas, and treatment is available for both disorders. In order to evaluate the feasibility of neonatal screening in The Faroe Islands we studied detection in the neonatal period by tandem mass spectrometry, carrier frequencies, clinical manifestations, and effect of treatment of CTD and HLCSD. We found 11 patients with CTD from five families and 8 patients with HLCSD from five families. The natural history of both disorders varied extensively among patients, ranging from patients who presumably had died from their disease to asymptomatic individuals. All symptomatic patients responded favourably to supplementation with l‐carnitine (in case of CTD) or biotin (in case of HLCSD), but only if treated early. Estimates of carrier frequency of about 1:20 for both disorders indicate that some enzyme‐deficient individuals remain undiagnosed. Prospective and retrospective tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses of carnitines from neonatally obtained filter‐paper dried blood‐spot samples (DBSS) uncovered 8 of 10 individuals with CTD when using both C0 and C2 as markers (current algorithm) and 10 of 10 when using only C0 as marker. MS/MS analysis uncovered 5 of 6 patient with HLCSD. This is the first study to report successful neonatal MS/MS analysis for the diagnosis of HLCSD. We conclude that CTD and HLCSD are relatively frequent in The Faroe Islands and are associated with variable clinical manifestations, and that diagnosis by neonatal screening followed by early therapy will secure a good outcome.
A meta-analysis of clinical trials comparing the serotonin (5HT)-2 receptor antagonists trazodone and nefazodone with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of major depressive disorder
Authors: Papakostas George I. , Fava Maurizio
Published: April 2007

Objective

To compare response rates among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) treated with either a serotonin-2 (5HT2-) receptor antagonist or a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).

Methods

Medline and PubMed were searched for double-blind, randomized clinical trials comparing either trazodone or nefazodone with an SSRI for the treatment of MDD. Data from 9 reports involving a total 988 patients were identified and combined using a random-effects model.

Results

Patients randomized to treatment with a 5HT2 antagonist were as likely to experience clinical response as patients randomized to treatment with an SSRI (RR = 1.002, 95% CI: 0.85–1.17,P= 0.978). Pooled response rates for trazodone/nefazodone and the SSRis were 61.1% and 61.7%, respectively. There was also no difference in overall discontinuation rates (P= 0.334), discontinuation due to adverse events (P= 0.676), or discontinuation due to inefficacy (P= 0.289) between the two groups.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the 5HT2-receptor antagonists trazodone and nefazodone and the SSRis do not differ with respect to their overall efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of MDD. Although the sample size was relatively large and conveyed sufficient statistical power to test for differences in the overall sample, depression is a heterogeneous condition and differences may exist between treatments in particular subgroups of patients.
Risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Kim C.M. , Jeon M.J. , Chung D.J. , Kim S.K. , Kim J.W. , Bai S.W.
Published: April 2007

Objectives: To evaluate the risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and to determine the relationship between these risk factors and stage or other components of POP. Methods: 244 patients with primary POP and 314 women without POP were included. Age, parity, smoking, body mass index (BMI), menopause, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were investigated. Result: Independent risk factors for POP included age over 70, parity higher than 3, and menopause. Age, parity, menopause, and HRT were significantly associated with stage of POP. Genital hiatus (GH) and perineal body (PB) showed a significant positive and negative correlation with age and parity, respectively. Menopause and HRT were also associated with them. Conclusion: Age, parity and menopause are possible risk factors of POP and associated with the lengths of GH and PB in POP women. Further, these risk factors and HRT are significantly correlated with the severity of the disease.
Size–fecundity relationships for Cancer pagurus and Necora puber in the Shetland Islands, Scotland: how is reproductive capacity facilitated?
Authors: Tallack Shelly M.L.
Published: April 2007

Successful management of fishery resources is dependent on understanding the exploited species' reproductive potential, which, in turn, requires spatially relevant estimates of the size at maturity and the size–fecundity relationship. This information is used by fisheries managers to implement regional maturity-based legal landings sizes and seasonal fishery closures aimed at protecting the spawning stock and maintaining the reproductive output of the fished population at a sustainable level, despite exploitation. Crab fisheries in particular depend on such information, which is often limited, even in long-established fisheries. To address this issue, size–fecundity relationships were obtained for two commercially exploited crabs in waters around the Shetland Islands (60°N 01°W). These species were Cancer pagurus and Necora puber. A statistically significant positive size–fecundity relationship was found for C. pagurus which describes a mean reproduction potential ranging from ~0.78 million eggs in females of 129 mm carapace width (CW) to ~2.4 million eggs in females of 212 mm CW. The positive size–fecundity relationship found for N. puber was not statistically significant, but describes a mean reproduction potential ranging from ~0.16 million eggs in females of 56 mm CW to ~0.19 million eggs in females of 96 mm CW. Morphometric assessments of reproductive capacity in C. pagurus support the notion that positive size–fecundity relationships are attributable to the combined capacities of specific morphological features, each of which contributes to a female's spawning output ability. Statistically significant positive linear relationships were found between the natural logarithms of crab size (CW) and pleopod capacity, sperm plug mass, spermathecae capacity and gonad capacity. Respectively, these structures are crucial for successful egg attachment and incubation, sperm retention and protection, sperm storage and oogenesis.
The fish fauna of Gilbert Bay, Labrador: a marine protected area in the Canadian subarctic coastal zone
Authors: Wroblewski Joseph S. , Kryger-Hann Leanne K. , Methven David A. , Haedrich Richard L.
Published: April 2007

The Marine Protected Area in Gilbert Bay, Labrador is the first established in the subarctic coastal zone of eastern Canada. A standardized survey of the fish fauna of Gilbert Bay was initiated during the ice-free season of 2004 to provide baseline information on the fish present in water less than 15 m deep. Beach seines and gill-nets sampled three management zones within the bay which are afforded different levels of protection from human activity. The 25 species in 15 families recorded belong to five ecological guilds: (1) estuarine and marine fish resident in the bay; (2) anadromous species transiting the bay; (3) marine species which migrate into the bay to spawn; (4) offshore-spawning marine fish for which the bay is a nursery area; and (5) marine species which occasionally migrate into the bay to feed. Gilbert Bay lies in a transition zone between Arctic and cold-temperate biogeographical provinces, and its fish fauna is dissimilar from a cold-temperate fish assemblage described for Trinity Bay in eastern Newfoundland.
Severe life events predict specific patterns of change in cognitive biases in major depression
Authors: MONROE SCOTT M. , SLAVICH GEORGE M. , TORRES LEANDRO D. , GOTLIB IAN H.
Published: April 2007

Background. A long-standing debate concerns whether dysfunctional cognitive processes and content play a causal role in the etiology of depression or more simply represent correlates of the disorder. There has been insufficient appreciation in this debate of specific predictions afforded by cognitive theory in relation to major life stress and changes in cognition over time. In this paper we present a novel perspective for investigating the etiological relevance of cognitive factors in depression. We hypothesize that individuals who experienced a severe life event prior to the onset of major depression will exhibit greater changes in dysfunctional attitudes over the course of the episode than will individuals without a severe life event.

Method. Fifty-three participants diagnosed with major depression were assessed longitudinally, approximately 1 year apart, with state-of-the-art measures of life stress and dysfunctional attitudes.

Results. Depressed individuals with a severe life event prior to episode onset exhibited greater changes in cognitive biases over time than did depressed individuals without a prior severe event. These results were especially pronounced for individuals who no longer met diagnostic criteria for major depression at the second assessment.

Conclusions. Specific patterns of change in cognitive biases over the course of depression as a function of major life stress support the etiological relevance of cognition in major depression.
Confronting Jim Crow in the ‘Lone Star’ capital: the contrasting strategies of African-American and ethnic-Mexican political leaders in Austin, Texas, 1910–1930
Authors: McDONALD JASON J.
Published: April 2007

Focusing upon the interaction between ethnic political elites in Austin, Texas, during the early twentieth century, this study examines (1) the impact of migration upon the dominant white elite's attitudes towards and dealings with the city's subordinate nonwhite ethnies, and (2) the agendas adopted by local African-American and ethnic-Mexican leaders. The article explains why in their efforts to improve conditions for their respective ethnic communities, the African-American and ethnic-Mexican leaderships pursued very different strategies from each other – the former concentrating upon the attainment of more universalist goals, the latter on more multiculturalist ones – and evaluates the effectiveness of these contrasting policies.