bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methodological advances in predicting flow-induced dynamics of plants using mechanical-engineering theory
Authors: de Langre Emmanuel
Published: February 2012

The modeling of fluid–structure interactions, such as flow-induced vibrations, is a well-developed field of mechanical engineering. Many methods exist, and it seems natural to apply them to model the behavior of plants, and potentially other cantilever-like biological structures, under flow. Overcoming this disciplinary divide, and the application of such models to biological systems, will significantly advance our understanding of ecological patterns and processes and improve our predictive capabilities. Nonetheless, several methodological issues must first be addressed, which I describe here using two practical examples that have strong similarities: one from agricultural sciences and the other from nuclear engineering. Very similar issues arise in both: individual and collective behavior, small and large space and time scales, porous modeling, standard and extreme events, trade-off between the surface of exchange and individual or collective risk of damage, variability, hostile environments and, in some aspects, evolution. The conclusion is that, although similar issues do exist, which need to be exploited in some detail, there is a significant gap that requires new developments. It is obvious that living plants grow in and adapt to their environment, which certainly makes plant biomechanics fundamentally distinct from classical mechanical engineering. Moreover, the selection processes in biology and in human engineering are truly different, making the issue of safety different as well. A thorough understanding of these similarities and differences is needed to work efficiently in the application of a mechanistic approach to ecology.
Biophysics, environmental stochasticity, and the evolution of thermal safety margins in intertidal limpets
Authors: Denny M. W. , Dowd W. W.
Published: February 2012

As the air temperature of the Earth rises, ecological relationships within a community might shift, in part due to differences in the thermal physiology of species. Prediction of these shifts – an urgent task for ecologists – will be complicated if thermal tolerance itself can rapidly evolve. Here, we employ a mechanistic approach to predict the potential for rapid evolution of thermal tolerance in the intertidal limpet Lottia gigantea. Using biophysical principles to predict body temperature as a function of the state of the environment, and an environmental bootstrap procedure to predict how the environment fluctuates through time, we create hypothetical time-series of limpet body temperatures, which are in turn used as a test platform for a mechanistic evolutionary model of thermal tolerance. Our simulations suggest that environmentally driven stochastic variation of L. gigantea body temperature results in rapid evolution of a substantial ‘safety margin’: the average lethal limit is 5–7°C above the average annual maximum temperature. This predicted safety margin approximately matches that found in nature, and once established is sufficient, in our simulations, to allow some limpet populations to survive a drastic, century-long increase in air temperature. By contrast, in the absence of environmental stochasticity, the safety margin is dramatically reduced. We suggest that the risk of exceeding the safety margin, rather than the absolute value of the safety margin, plays an underappreciated role in the evolution of thermal tolerance. Our predictions are based on a simple, hypothetical, allelic model that connects genetics to thermal physiology. To move beyond this simple model – and thereby potentially to predict differential evolution among populations and among species – will require significant advances in our ability to translate the details of thermal histories into physiological and population-genetic consequences.
Plankton distribution and ocean dispersal
Authors: McManus Margaret Anne , Woodson C. Brock
Published: February 2012

Plankton are small organisms that dwell in oceans, seas and bodies of fresh water. In this review, we discuss life in the plankton, which involves a balance between the behavioral capabilities of the organism and the characteristics and movement of the water that surrounds it. In order to consider this balance, we discuss how plankton interact with their environment across a range of scales – from the smallest viruses and bacteria to larger phytoplankton and zooplankton. We find that the larger scale distributions of plankton, observed in coastal waters, along continental shelves and in ocean basins, are highly dependent upon the smaller scale interactions between the individual organism and its environment. Further, we discuss how larger scale organism distributions may affect the transport and/or retention of plankton in the ocean environment. The research reviewed here provides a mechanistic understanding of how organism behavior in response to the physical environment produces planktonic aggregations, which has a direct impact on the way marine ecosystems function.
Linking biomechanics and ecology through predator–prey interactions: flight performance of dragonflies and their prey
Authors: Combes S. A. , Rundle D. E. , Iwasaki J. M. , Crall J. D.
Published: February 2012

Aerial predation is a highly complex, three-dimensional flight behavior that affects the individual fitness and population dynamics of both predator and prey. Most studies of predation adopt either an ecological approach in which capture or survival rates are quantified, or a biomechanical approach in which the physical interaction is studied in detail. In the present study, we show that combining these two approaches provides insight into the interaction between hunting dragonflies (Libellula cyanea) and their prey (Drosophila melanogaster) that neither type of study can provide on its own. We performed >2500 predation trials on nine dragonflies housed in an outdoor artificial habitat to identify sources of variability in capture success, and analyzed simultaneous predator–prey flight kinematics from 50 high-speed videos. The ecological approach revealed that capture success is affected by light intensity in some individuals but that prey density explains most of the variability in success rate. The biomechanical approach revealed that fruit flies rarely respond to approaching dragonflies with evasive maneuvers, and are rarely successful when they do. However, flies perform random turns during flight, whose characteristics differ between individuals, and these routine, erratic turns are responsible for more failed predation attempts than evasive maneuvers. By combining the two approaches, we were able to determine that the flies pursued by dragonflies when prey density is low fly more erratically, and that dragonflies are less successful at capturing them. This highlights the importance of considering the behavior of both participants, as well as their biomechanics and ecology, in developing a more integrative understanding of organismal interactions.
Biomechanics meets the ecological niche: the importance of temporal data resolution
Authors: Kearney Michael R. , Matzelle Allison , Helmuth Brian
Published: February 2012

The emerging field of mechanistic niche modelling aims to link the functional traits of organisms to their environments to predict survival, reproduction, distribution and abundance. This approach has great potential to increase our understanding of the impacts of environmental change on individuals, populations and communities by providing functional connections between physiological and ecological response to increasingly available spatial environmental data. By their nature, such mechanistic models are more data intensive in comparison with the more widely applied correlative approaches but can potentially provide more spatially and temporally explicit predictions, which are often needed by decision makers. A poorly explored issue in this context is the appropriate level of temporal resolution of input data required for these models, and specifically the error in predictions that can be incurred through the use of temporally averaged data. Here, we review how biomechanical principles from heat-transfer and metabolic theory are currently being used as foundations for mechanistic niche models and consider the consequences of different temporal resolutions of environmental data for modelling the niche of a behaviourally thermoregulating terrestrial lizard. We show that fine-scale temporal resolution (daily) data can be crucial for unbiased inference of climatic impacts on survival, growth and reproduction. This is especially so for species with little capacity for behavioural buffering, because of behavioural or habitat constraints, and for detecting temporal trends. However, coarser-resolution data (long-term monthly averages) can be appropriate for mechanistic studies of climatic constraints on distribution and abundance limits in thermoregulating species at broad spatial scales.
Integrating physiological and biomechanical drivers of population growth over environmental gradients on coral reefs
Authors: Madin Joshua S. , Hoogenboom Mia O. , Connolly Sean R.
Published: February 2012

Coral reefs exhibit marked spatial and temporal variability, and coral reef organisms exhibit trade-offs in functional traits that influence demographic performance under different combinations of abiotic environmental conditions. In many systems, trait trade-offs are modelled using an energy and/or nutrient allocation framework. However, on coral reefs, differences in biomechanical vulnerability have major demographic implications, and indeed are believed to play an essential role in mediating species coexistence because highly competitive growth forms are vulnerable to physical dislodgment events that occur with high frequency (e.g. annual summer storms). Therefore, an integrated energy allocation and biomechanics framework is required to understand the effect of physical environmental gradients on species’ demographic performance. However, on coral reefs, as in most ecosystems, the effects of environmental conditions on organisms are measured in different currencies (e.g. lipid accumulation, survival and number of gametes), and thus the relative contributions of these effects to overall capacity for population growth are not readily apparent. A comprehensive assessment of links between the environment and the organism, including those mediated by biomechanical processes, must convert environmental effects on individual-level performance (e.g. survival, growth and reproduction) into a common currency that is relevant to the capacity to contribute to population growth. We outline such an approach by considering the population-level performance of scleractinian reef corals over a hydrodynamic gradient, with a focus on the integrating the biomechanical determinants of size-dependent coral colony dislodgment as a function of flow, with the effects of flow on photosynthetic energy acquisition and respiration.
Identification of cis- and trans-acting factors involved in the localization of MALAT-1 noncoding RNA to nuclear speckles
Authors: Miyagawa Ryu , Tano Keiko , Mizuno Rie , Nakamura Yo , Ijiri Kenichi , Rakwal Randeep , Shibato Junko , Masuo Yoshinori , Mayeda Akila , Hirose Tetsuro , Akimitsu Nobuyoshi
Published: February 2012

MALAT-1 noncoding RNA is localized to nuclear speckles despite its mRNA-like characteristics. Here, we report the identification of several key factors that promote the localization of MALAT-1 to nuclear speckles and also provide evidence that MALAT-1 is involved in the regulation of gene expression. Heterokaryon assays revealed that MALAT-1 does not shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm. RNAi-mediated repression of the nuclear speckle proteins, RNPS1, SRm160, or IBP160, which are well-known mRNA processing factors, resulted in the diffusion of MALAT-1 to the nucleoplasm. We demonstrated that MALAT-1 contains two distinct elements directing transcripts to nuclear speckles, which were also capable of binding to RNPS1 in vitro. Depletion of MALAT-1 represses the expression of several genes. Taken together, our results suggest that RNPS1, SRm160, and IBP160 contribute to the localization of MALAT-1 to nuclear speckles, where MALAT-1 could be involved in regulating gene expression.
The crucial role of PNPase in the degradation of small RNAs that are not associated with Hfq
Authors: Andrade José M. , Pobre Vânia , Matos Ana M. , Arraiano Cecília M.
Published: February 2012

The transient existence of small RNAs free of binding to the RNA chaperone Hfq is part of the normal dynamic lifecycle of a sRNA. Small RNAs are extremely labile when not associated with Hfq, but the mechanism by which Hfq stabilizes sRNAs has been elusive. In this work we have found that polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) is the major factor involved in the rapid degradation of small RNAs, especially those that are free of binding to Hfq. The levels of MicA, GlmY, RyhB, and SgrS RNAs are drastically increased upon PNPase inactivation in Hfq− cells. In the absence of Hfq, all sRNAs are slightly shorter than their full-length species as result of 3′-end trimming. We show that the turnover of Hfq-free small RNAs is growth-phase regulated, and that PNPase activity is particularly important in stationary phase. Indeed, PNPase makes a greater contribution than RNase E, which is commonly believed to be the main enzyme in the decay of small RNAs. Lack of poly(A) polymerase I (PAP I) is also found to affect the rapid degradation of Hfq-free small RNAs, although to a lesser extent. Our data also suggest that when the sRNA is not associated with Hfq, the degradation occurs mainly in a target-independent pathway in which RNase III has a reduced impact. This work demonstrated that small RNAs free of Hfq binding are preferably degraded by PNPase. Overall, our data highlight the impact of 3′-exonucleolytic RNA decay pathways and re-evaluates the degradation mechanisms of Hfq-free small RNAs.
Successful Use of Fondaparinux for Bridging Early After Aortic and Mitral Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement
Authors: Perissinotti Anthony J , Dotson Bryan , Baciewicz Frank A , Tennenberg Steven D
Published: February 2012

Objective:

To report a case of successful use of fondaparinux for bridging early after aortic and mitral mechanical heart valve replacement (MHVR).

Case Summary:

A 71-year-old female underwent aortic and mitral valve replacements with St. Jude medical bileaflet prostheses, as well as DeVega tricuspid annuloplasty and coronary artery bypass graft. Anticoagulation was initially withheld following the procedure because of thrombocytopenia, large amount of chest tube drainage (~1 L/day), and concerns regarding postoperative bleeding. The thrombocytopenia (baseline platelet count 183 × 103/μL; postoperative platelet count 44 × 103/μL) was thought to be a consequence of the cardiopulmonary bypass; there was a low probability of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. However, the care team preferred to avoid heparin products and initiated fondaparinux 7.5 mg subcutaneously once daily on postoperative day 8 once the patient's platelet count had recovered to >100 × 103/μL. The treatment was bridged to warfarin on postoperative day 13 and the patient was discharged home after receiving 8 days of fondaparinux. Throughout the patient's hospitalization and upon follow-up on postoperative day 31, there were no signs or symptoms of thromboembolic events or bleeding.

Discussion:

Unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins are the standard of care for bridging to warfarin in patients with MHVR. The use of fondaparinux following MHVR has not been studied in randomized controlled trials. In vitro studies support the effectiveness of fondaparinux in preventing thrombus formation on mechanical heart valves. However, the only data available in humans as of December 2011 are 3 case reports. Two of these case reports described the successful use of fondaparinux for anticoagulation in a patient with an aortic valve replacement. In the third case report, the patient had an aortic and mitral valve replacement. Our case report is novel because it describes the use of fondaparinux early after MHVR, which is the most critical time period (or effective thromboprophylaxis.

Conclusions:

The use of fondaparinux for postoperative bridging in our patient early alter combined aortic and mitral MHVR was effective. However, until studies evaluate the efficacy and safety of fondaparinux in patients with MHVR, its use should be considered only when heparin products are contraindicated.
A Flexible Concept of Finish: Rock-Cut Shrines in Premodern India
Authors: Dehejia Vidya , Rockwell Peter
Published: February 2012

India has a rich tradition of monuments cut from living rock, ranging from cave-shrines with a single façade to entire monolithic temples with both an interior and an exterior excavated from a mountainside. At a rough count more than eleven hundred caves and monoliths exist at some forty-five sites, created by Buddhists, Hindus, and Jains over a span of a thousand years. And to those accustomed to the modern concept of finish, half of this vast range of rock-cut monuments appears incomplete. No doubt explanations revolving around singular historical circum-stances satisfactorily explain some of this incomplete work. This article, however, addresses the significant number of unfinished works that seem unexplained by specific historical circumstances, and proposes that the concept of “finish” was flexible. The patron's prime aim was to create a monument that was usable and functional, with a fully carved-out sanctum and a complementary iconographic program. Once the sanctum was ready for consecration and worship, many, if not most, patrons appear to have been unconcerned with the finish of the overall structure. If the subsidiary areas of a shrine came to fruition at the same time as the sanctum, all well and good. If not, as long as the sacred myths were clearly readable by devotees, figures within a panel could wait forever to be released from the rock of the mountainside, and the panel's framing pilasters could remain but roughly sketched out. With worship initiated, such details assumed and retained a low priority, even when the structure continued in worship for centuries after its initiation. It appears that “finish” was a flexible concept with regard to the rock-cut monuments of premodern India.
Deaf Parents and Pediatric Cochlear Implantation: An Exploration of the Decision-Making Process
Authors: Hardonk Stefan , Daniels Sarah , Desnerck Greetje , Loots Gerrit , Van Hove Geert , Van Kerschaver Erwin , Sigurjónsdóttir Hanna Björg , Vanroelen Christophe , Louckx Fred
Published: February 2012

The study examined factors in deaf parents' decision between cochlear implantation (CI) and traditional hearing aids for their child. The subjects were 6 Flemish children ages 5-9 years with severe/profound congenital hearing loss, with at least 1 deaf parent. The researchers, who conducted thematic content analysis of qualitative data collected through parent interviews, found that with the exception of a family with 1 hearing parent, parents gave priority to Deaf identity, sign language, and ethical issues in deciding between CI and hearing aids. Medical risks were also mentioned. The researchers conclude that the decision-making processes of the parents involved factors that have also been found among hearing parents, as well as aspects that have not been reported to play a role in hearing parents' decision making. A further conclusion is that deaf parents' perspective merits attention in professional practice and empirical research.
Serving and Supporting Young Children With a Dual Diagnosis of Hearing Loss and Autism: The Stories of Four Families
Authors: Myck-wayne Janice , Robinson Suzanne , Henson Erica
Published: February 2012

The research on young children with a dual diagnosis of hearing loss and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is meager and scattered. Pockets of research on this population of children suggest that it is difficult to make the diagnosis of ASD in children with hearing loss. A case study design was used to examine the diagnostic process for young children and their families. The study found that the diagnosis of hearing loss was made first and that obtaining an ASD diagnosis and the appropriate services was complicated. The findings provide insight into how to support and provide intervention to families with children who have a dual diagnosis.
Enhancing Sequential Time Perception and Storytelling Ability of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children
Authors: Ingber Sara , Eden Sigal
Published: February 2012

A 3-month intervention was conducted to enhance the sequential time perception and storytelling ability of young children with hearing loss. The children were trained to arrange pictorial episodes of temporal scripts and tell the stories they created. Participants ( N = 34, aged 4-7 years) were divided into 2 groups based on whether their spoken-language gap was more or less than 1 year compared to age norms. They completed A. Kaufman and N. Kaufman's (1983) picture series subtest and Guralnik's (1982) storytelling test at pretest and posttest. Measures demonstrated significant improvement in sequential time and storytelling achievement postintervention. Three of the examined demographic variables revealed correlations: Participants with genetic etiology showed greater improvement in time sequencing and storytelling than participants with unknown etiology; early onset of treatment correlated with better achievement in time sequencing; cochlear implant users showed greater storytelling improvement than hearing aid users.
Memory Skills of Deaf Learners: Implications and Applications
Authors: Hamilton Harley
Published: February 2012

The Author reviews research on working memory and short-term memory abilities of deaf individuals, delineating strengths and weaknesses. Among the areas of weakness that are reviewed are sequential recall, processing speed, attention, and memory load. Areas of strengths include free recall, visuospatial recall, imagery, and dual encoding. Phonological encoding and rehearsal appear to be strengths when these strategies are employed. The implications of the strengths and weaknesses for language learning and educational achievement are discussed. Research questions are posed, and remedial and compensatory classroom applications are suggested.
Nonverbal Behaviors in the Analytic Situation: The Search for Meaning in Nonverbal Cues
Authors: McLaughlin James T.
Published: February 2012

Two extended clinical examples are offered to show the value of attending to nonverbal behaviors in the analytic situation. Such kinesics may be highly charged transference actualizations that lead to the recovery of early memories. The material is viewed primarily from the theoretical standpoint of separation-individuation dynamics. The author argues that nonverbal phenomena should not be viewed as inferior to verbal communications or as less central to analytic work. (PLR)
F. Scott Fitzgerald and American Psychiatry: A New Letter
Authors: West James L. W.
Published: February 2012

A previously unpublished four-page letter written by F. Scott Fitzgerald to one of his readers in the spring of 1936 reveals a considerable lack of confidence in psychotherapy. The reader, Joan Tyson, had come upon two of Fitzgerald’s now-famous Crack-Up essays in Esquire magazine and had written to him suggesting that he seek psychiatric help. Fitzgerald’s wife, Zelda Sayre, had been undergoing treatment for mental illness since 1930, but without much progress, and Fitzgerald had lost confidence in such therapy. In his response to Mrs. Tyson he writes of psychoanalysts: “I would never consider trusting myself to what passes for psychology-psychiatry in this country. How could someone not up to your ankles in intelligence + character help you. By some miracle? some act of God?”
Sándor Ferenczi, the "Introjective Psychoanalyst"
Authors: Borgogno Franco
Published: February 2012

In this paper, the author aims to highlight why Ferenczi is the "introjective psychoanalyst" par excellence in the history of psychoanalysis. Employing the approach to classic psychoanalytic texts adopted in his book Psychoanalysis as a Journey , he explores and discusses a number of crucial theoretical and clinical issues that, throughout Ferenczi's life and works, shaped his development in this direction. In doing so, the author also maintains that this specific characteristic of his analytic commitment is the main reason why today we still look at Ferenczi as a source of inspiration and a contemporary teacher. In his argument, the author focuses particularly on Ferenczi's early and late writings in order to illustrate more clearly the development of his "introjective" analytic style. He leaves for another paper the equally interesting subject of the evolution of Ferenczi's ideas on the phenomena of imitation, incorporation, and identification that follow the process of introjection.
Gradient estimates via non-linear potentials
Authors: Duzaar Frank , Mingione Giuseppe
Published: February 2012

We present pointwise gradient bounds for solutions to $p$-Laplacean type non-homogeneous equations employing non-linear Wolff type potentials, and then prove similar bounds, via suitable caloric potentials, for solutions to parabolic equations.
Towards boundedness of minimal log discrepancies by the Riemann-Roch theorem
Authors: Kawakita Masayuki
Published: February 2012

We introduce an approach via the Riemann-Roch theorem to the boundedness problem of minimal log discrepancies
in fixed dimension. After reducing it to the case of a Gorenstein terminal singularity, firstly we prove that
the minimal log discrepancy is bounded if either multiplicity or embedding dimension is bounded. Secondly we
recover the characterization of a Gorenstein terminal three-fold singularity by Reid, and the sharp bound for
its minimal log discrepancy by Markushevich, without explicit classification. Finally we provide the sharp
bound for a special four-fold singularity, whose general hyperplane section has a terminal piece.
Towards Mori’s program for the moduli space of stable maps
Authors: Chen Dawei , Coskun Izzet
Published: February 2012

We introduce and compute the class of a number of effective divisors on the moduli space of stable maps
$\overline{{\scr M}}_{0,0}({\Bbb P}^{r}, d)$, which, for small $d$, provide a good understanding of the
extremal rays and the stable base locus decomposition for the effective cone. We also discuss various
birational models that arise in Mori's program, including the Hilbert scheme, the Chow variety, the
space of $k$-stable maps, the space of branchcurves and the space of semi-stable sheaves.
On the Siegel-Weil theorem for loop groups, II
Authors: Garland Howard , Zhu Yongchang
Published: February 2012

We prove a generalization of the Siegel-Weil theorem for loop groups.
The curious moduli spaces of unmarked Kleinian surface group
Authors: Canary Richard D. , Storm Peter A.
Published: February 2012

Fixing a closed hyperbolic surface $S$, we define a moduli space ${\rm
A}{\cal I}(S)$ of unmarked hyperbolic $3$-manifolds homotopy equivalent to
$S$. This $3$-dimensional analogue of the moduli space ${\cal M}(S)$ of
unmarked hyperbolic surfaces homeomorphic to $S$ has bizarre local topology,
possessing many points that are not closed. There is, however, a natural
embedding $\iota: {\cal M}(S) \rightarrow {\rm A}{\cal I}(S)$ and
compactification ${\rm A}\overline{\cal I}}(S)$ such that $\iota$ extends to
an embedding of the Deligne-Mumford compactification $\overline{\cal M}}(S)
\rightarrow {\rm A}\overline{\cal I}}(S)$.
In the Footprints of Aeschylus: Recognition, Allusion, and Metapoetics in Euripides
Authors: Torrance Isabelle
Published: February 2012

It is well known that Euripides responds to Aeschylus in several of his plays, most notably in Electra . In this article I suggest a new reading of the recognition scene in Euripides' Electra , comparing also the recognition sequence in Iphigenia among the Taurians , which alludes to the same Aeschylean model. I argue that through their allusions to Aeschylus, both scenes can be read as metapoetic reflections on the constraints and conventions of dramatic composition. The issue, therefore, is not one of criticism of or homage to Aeschylus (or Homer), as scholars have generally held. Rather I argue that Euripides presents his audience with an invitation to recognize and appreciate the poetic challenges of composing a dramatic performance, through metaphor, word-play and metapoetic suggestions. The poetic self-consciousness present in both scenes underlines the poet's awareness that he is following in the footsteps of mighty poetic predecessors.
Virgil's Double Cross: Chiasmus and the Aeneid
Authors: Quint David
Published: February 2012

Virgil's historical experience of Rome's civil wars shapes episodes and larger frames of chiastic reversal in the Aeneid . He plots out the twin aristeiai of Aeneas and Turnus in Book 12.500-53 as one long, intricate chiasmus to insist upon the interchangeability of the two heroes and of their two contending sides. Chiasmus similarly enters into the application of the opening simile of the epic, 1.148-153, to the action it describes, destabilizing the relationship of the Aeneid to the simile's content: the quelling by words of the violence of civil strife. Virgil's framing of the second half of the poem by the visitations of Allecto and the Dira doubly inverts their Homeric equivalents, the descents of a peacekeeping Athena at the beginning of the Iliad and the end of the Odyssey . Through chiasmus, Virgil simultaneously posits, undoes, and creates critical distance upon his epic's aspirations to aesthetic totality.
The Political Topicality of Menander's Dyskolos
Authors: Owens William M.
Published: February 2012

In Dyskolos , produced in 316 B.C.E. , Menander implied his support for Demetrios of Phaleron and the Macedonian-backed oligarchy Demetrios headed as Epimelētēs . The play's mixed-class marriages involved only families that remained enfranchised under the oligarchy's wealth requirement. Thus, they did not indicate support for democratic egalitarianism, but citizen solidarity under the oligarchy. The play's ethical theme, epimeleia , solicitous care of those in need, implied support for the Epimelētēs personally. Knemon's rage evoked the mob that had condemned the previous oligarch Phokion in 318. Knemon's subsequent catastrophe warned the dēmos that they must acquiesce in Macedonian hegemony.
The Genesis of the Arrows of Love: Diachronic Conceptual Integration in Greek Mythology
Authors: Cánovas Cristóbal Pagán
Published: February 2012

When and how were the arrows of love created? Individual invention has been argued for by classicists; a connection to everyday metaphors has been suggested in cognitive linguistics. I propose new cognitive-theoretical tools: the Abstract Cause Personification blend and an EMISSION image-schema. I explain the emergence of Love the Archer in Antiquity through conceptual integration from earlier materials: Apollo the Archer personifying death, erotic emissions in lyric imagery, the link between passion and extreme illness, and possibly the arrows of glance. The embodied, human-scale story of causation that structures the arrows of love has been crucial for their success.
Forgive Me Friend: Mohammed and Ibrahim
Authors: Spadola Emilio
Published: February 2012

This essay examines my accidental conversion to Islam and its discomforting consequences for my fieldwork in Morocco. While my conversion and my subsequent efforts to grasp its significance represents an awkward extreme, I use the episode to challenge similar tropes of friendship and obligation, accident and rapport in the American reflexive ethnographic tradition, especially in Morocco—one of the tradition's classic fieldwork sites. Focusing on my friendship with Mohammed (a Moroccan) and his efforts to negotiate my ambivalence, I argue that what remains underexplored in this ethnographic tradition and its thinking on friendship is the act of forgiving.
"How Much of this is Promise?": God as Sincere Speaker in Evangelical Bible Reading
Authors: Bielo James S.
Published: February 2012

In this article I examine how language ideology intersects with textual ideology, listening, and group identity in an American Evangelical context. The ethnographic focus is a men's Bible study group, their extended reading of the Old Testament book of Proverbs, a schism within the group involving a Pentecostal participant, and the tensions that surface when they read biblical texts as promises from God. I argue that the model of the sincere speaker can be extended to scriptural authors, forming religious subjects as listeners. The religious listening that is created, when viewed against the backdrop of Evangelical textual assumptions and Western assumptions about the nature of promises, explains the struggles these men encounter through their collective reading of scripture.
Israelite Genealogies and Christian Commitment: The Limits of Language Ideologies in Guhu-Samane Christianity
Authors: Handman Courtney
Published: February 2012

Language ideological work on Protestantism has largely focused on how people engage in an intimate, immediate, and individualistic relationship with God, and the answer has been that they do so by sweeping away the debris—the history, the social relations, the sins, and the language—that keeps God at a distance. However, this focus has neglected the extent to which other Christian social formations play crucial roles in how Christians conceptualize their past, present, and future relationships to spiritual forces. In this article, I focus on Guhu-Samane (Papua New Guinea) discourses that circulate among Christians that their ethnic group is actually one of the Lost Tribes of Israel even as these same Christians denounce their own ego-centric genealogies as nothing more than histories of sinfulness. I argue that the renunciation of ego-centric genealogies and ego-centric pasts to create individual Christians depends upon the embrace of socio-centric genealogies and ethnic pasts to create the potential to be united Christians.
Intimate Dependence and its Risks in Neoliberal Japan
Authors: Alexy Allison
Published: February 2012

This paper examines how contemporary Japanese women are negotiating neoliberal standards for independence in relation to cultural norms and personal desires that encourage dependence in romantic relationships. In recent decades, neoliberal standards of maturity have become increasingly visible in Japan, and many marital counselors offer advice suggesting that independent, atomized selves are a key to happiness. Yet many women express ambivalence at this formula and instead find romantic possibility in dependent relationships. I examine how women are contesting these opposing standards by focusing on advice surrounding naming practices between spouses.
The Disorder of Things: Hoarding Narratives in Popular Media
Authors: Lepselter Susan
Published: February 2012

In recent years, a rise of mediated popular narratives portrays hoarders as disconnected from normal social life. Hoarders, shown as suffering from both pathological practices of overconsumption and from the inability to complete the normative purchasing cycle of disposal and re-consumption, are commonly linked to discourses of addiction. I analyze how these mediated narratives present hoarders in all the spectacular chaos of their isolation, and then therapeutically renormalize them as managed, rational agents of consumption who may rediscover the social. This paper demonstrates how multiple, transgressive behaviors become unified as a disease through the emergence of a narrative convention.
The "Case of a Bearded Woman": Hypertrichosis and the Construction of Gender in the Age of Darwin
Authors: Hamlin Kimberly A.
Published: February 2012

This essay analyzes the late-nineteenth-century epidemic of hypertrichosis, the disease of "superfluous hair," in the context of the U.S. reception of evolutionary theory. Between 1877 and 1920 scores of dermatologists reported at conferences and in medical journals that their female patients were traumatized by excessive facial and body hair. At the same time, the public flocked to see bearded ladies on display at circus sideshows. To make sense of hirsute women, specialists and popular observers alike often invoked evolutionary theory, especially Charles Darwin's theory of sexual selection as explained in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871). Studying the medical and popular fascination with female hirsutism sheds light on the understudied role that gender has played in the U.S. reception of evolutionary theory, reveals how the cultural norm of female hairlessness became naturalized, and helps us better understand the ongoing construction of gender, a highly racialized category.
The Fox and the Bee: Horace's First Book of Epistles
Authors: Trinacty Christopher
Published: February 2012

This paper investigates the slippage between poetic and philosophical language in three of Horace's Epistles (1.3, 1.19, 1.20). The connections between these individual poems are representative of Horace's poetic interplay in the Epistles as a whole. Horace's use of animal fables, poetic theory, and shared language highlights his belief that to live correctly is tantamount to writing correctly, and that the Epistles offer a suitable generic form for self-exploration and self-criticism.
A Roman Folk Model of the Mind
Authors: Short William Michael
Published: February 2012

In Latin, ways of speaking about the mind are largely metaphorical. Moreover, while the metaphors that deliver this vocabulary are drawn from different sources, they reflect a coherent “folk model” of the mind that motivates and structures certain dimensions of Roman society’s thought and behavior. In this paper, I present evidence of Latin speakers’ metaphorical conceptualization of the mental domain and reconstruct the folk model from this evidence. Finally, in a culturally comparative perspective, I explore how Latin speakers’ “preferential conceptualization” of mental activity in terms of spatial motion conditions Roman understandings of the literary tradition and of literary imitation.
The Informal Sector in Jinja, Uganda: Implications of Formalization and Regulation
Authors: Lince Sarah
Published: February 2012

This article examines two policies targeting the informal open-air market and fishing sectors in Jinja, Uganda. The informal sector has grown to become a significant source of livelihood for people in growing cities such as Jinja. At the same time, development policies have become increasingly concerned with encouraging formalization as well as the participation of local stakeholders in governance and decision-making. While there has been much debate about the potential impacts of formalizing previously informal, unregulated, unpermitted activities, the implications of these policies for informal vendors and fishers have received less attention. Despite their promises of addressing previous marginalization, the patterns of participation and formalization enforced by these two policies in Uganda have reduced the control of these individuals over their own livelihoods, as well as intensifying contestations of local authority and jurisdiction over resources.
Oil and the Production of Competing Subjectivities in Nigeria: “Platforms of Possibilities” and “Pipelines of Conflict”
Authors: Adunbi Omolade
Published: February 2012

This article examines how multinational corporations, recognizing the symbolic value of oil pipelines, flow stations, and platforms as ancestral promises of wealth to subject populations, work with NGOs and communities (sometimes in collaboration with the latter, but sometimes in a more adversarial manner) in setting up governance structures that often compete with, and sometimes oppose, the state in struggles over territorial control and resource extraction. These forms of contestations, it argues, create new sites of power in which NGOs aid multinational oil corporations in negotiating new sites of governance that in themselves create new structures of power.
Late Holocene Subsistence Practices Among Cis-Baikal Pastoralists, Siberia: Zooarchaeological Insights from Sagan-Zaba II
Authors: Nomokonova Tatiana , Losey Robert J. , Weber Andrzej , Goriunova Ol'ga I. , Novikov Aleksei G.
Published: February 2012

Roughly 3000 years ago, nomadic pastoralists began to arrive in the Cis-Baikal region of eastern Siberia. While the archaeological record of these groups is quite extensive, most research on pastoralists here has focused on mortuary traditions while questions about subsistence practices have been left largely unaddressed. Few habitation sites from the late Holocene here contain stratified deposits, and virtually none have been subject to modern excavation methods or zooarchaeological analyses. We present new faunal data from the recently excavated Sagan-Zaba II site located on the west coast of Lake Baikal. This site offers a unique opportunity to examine diachronic patterns in diet and subsistence practices of local pastoralists. It contains stratified deposits associated with different periods of pastoralist occupation spanning much of the late Holocene. Significantly, it is the first site of this period in the region to be screened with fine-meshed sieves and to be systematically studied by zooarchaeologists. The results of our research reveal a series of new insights on pastoralist subsistence practices. First, the primary domesticates in all periods were sheep, goats, cattle, and horses. Cattle appear to increase through time at the site while horses remained relatively rare. Second, pastoralists at Sagan-Zaba regularly hunted Lake Baikal's freshwater seals, long after the introduction of domesticated livestock. Third, hunting of terrestrial mammals, particularly roe deer and red deer, was also common at the site. Finally, our data demonstrate that pastoralists here also regularly fished. This subsistence practice was previously unrecognized in the region, likely due to lack of sieving of sites. Furthermore, these data suggest that historically documented fishing by modern local pastoralists and increases in sedentism were not completely the result of Russian-period settlement of the region but instead were occurring in Cis-Baikal long prior to the modern era.
Children Playing and Learning: Crafting Ceramics in Ancient Indor Khera
Authors: Menon Jaya , Varma Supriya
Published: February 2012

It is only in the recent decade that distinct archaeological studies on children have emerged. One of the ways in which children have been made archaeologically visible has been in the context of craft and learning frameworks where they have been perceived as active agents in the production of material culture. Archaeologically, the work of novice crafters can be discerned through attributes of small size, asymmetrical forms, and other deficiencies in manufacturing techniques suggesting inadequate conceptual frames as well as less developed physical skills. The deposits recovered during the excavations in the northwestern part of the ancient site of Indor Khera have been dated between 200 b.c. and a.d. 300. The excavations have revealed in an early phase a potter's house within and around which several miniature vessels with similar characteristics were found, perhaps the work of children. Further, numerous tiny terracotta and clay lumps indicate that to begin children might have been given small bits of clay to play with. It appears that the ceramic craft may have involved a gradual learning process that included play, observation, and experimentation.
The Beauty of Anatomy: Visual Displays and Surgical Education in Early-Nineteenth-Century London
Authors: Berkowitz Carin
Published: February 2012

The early-nineteenth-century artist, anatomist, and teacher Sir Charles Bell saw anatomy and art as closely related subjects. He taught anatomy to artists and surgeons, illustrated his own anatomical texts, and wrote a treatise on the use of anatomy in art. The author explores the connections among visual displays representing human anatomy, aesthetics, and pedagogical practices for Bell and a particular group of British surgeon-anatomists. Creating anatomical models and drawings was thought to discipline the surgeon's hand, while the study of anatomy and comparative anatomy would discipline the artist's eye. And for Bell, beauty made drawings into better pedagogical tools.
Local Government Health Services in Interwar England: Problems of Quantification and Interpretation
Authors: Gorsky Martin
Published: February 2012

This article provides a critical discussion of recent work on local government health care and health services in interwar England. A literature review examines case study approaches and comparative quantitative surveys, highlighting conventional and revisionist interpretations. Noting the differing selection criteria evident in some works, it argues that studies based upon a limited number of personal health services provide an insufficient basis for assessing local health activity and policy. There follows a regional study demonstrating various discrepancies between health financing data in local sources and those in nationally collated returns. These in turn give rise to various problems of assessment and interpretation in works relying on the latter, particularly with respect to services for schoolchildren and long-stay patients. The case study points to the importance of integrating poor law medical services in evaluations, and of learning more about the role of government subsidy in supporting expanding services.
“A Variety of Tastes”: The Lancet in the Early-Nineteenth-Century Periodical Press
Authors: Pladek Brittany
Published: February 2012

This article examines the opening years of Thomas Wakley’s 1823 journal the Lancet , which rose to dominate the precarious early-nineteenth-century medical publishing market. The author argues that Wakley was an editor acutely aware of his journal’s relationship to a wider nonmedical press and that this awareness may have even contributed to the Lancet ’s early success. In addition to, and often contiguous with, the journal’s strongly worded critique and detailed medical content, Wakley sought to attract readers by importing entertaining formal components from lay periodicals.
Beasts, Murrains, and the British Raj : Reassessing Colonial Medicine in India from the Veterinary Perspective, 1860–1900
Authors: Mishra Saurabh
Published: February 2012

Assessments of colonial medicine in India have, until now, focused almost exclusively on questions related to human health. This article shifts attention to the subject of animal health and reexamines existing hypotheses about colonial medicine in India from this new perspective. It looks at the linkages between veterinary medicine and the military and fiscal policies of the colonial state, arguing that animal health in the larger colony remained neglected throughout the late nineteenth century as a result of these policies. In arguing this, the essay examines several areas related to veterinary medicine in India, including bacteriology, veterinary training, horse breeding, and disease control.
Debating a Duty to Treat: AIDS and the Professional Ethics of American Medicine
Authors: Wallis Patrick
Published: February 2012

A heated ethical and professional debate occurred in the United States in the late 1980s over whether doctors had an ethical obligation to treat people with AIDS. Sparked by public refusals to treat by physicians, the debate was linked to changes in the epidemic and general tensions about the character of the profession. Despite widespread public consensus on the existence of a duty, the outcome of the debate was limited. Physicians’ obligations for HIV/AIDS were defined by law; no general and durable obligation in the face of epidemics was secured. The professional system proved weak in the face of potential crisis.