bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Word Problems That Contain a Constant in the Course of Mathematics of Primary School in Ukraine
Authors: Skvortsova Svitlana , Оnoprienko Oksana , Romanyshyn Ruslana
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the research of the place of the mathematical word problems in the course of mathematics of primary school in Ukraine. The researchers define the results in the study of solving math problems, find out the essence of the process of solving math problems, form primary school students’ ability to solve math problems that contain a constant. Among the mentioned are to find the fourth proportional, do the proportional division and find the unknown number by two differences. The paper deals with the organization of educational research of students in order to identify common and distinctive features of the mathematical structures of these types of math problems and their influence on the method of solution. Based on the methodological system of teaching primary school learners to solve math problems by S. Skvortsova, taking into account the essence of the concept of “ability to solve math problems” and the methodical system of forming the ability to solve certain types of math problems, it has been proposed a system of drilling activities for the generalization of mathematical structures and methods of solving math problems that contain a constant value.
The Role of Student Self-Government in Ensuring the Quality of Higher Education
Authors: Kondur Oksana , Koturbash Nataliia , Mykhaylyshyn Galyna
Published: April 2021

The current state of development of the Ukrainian state requires further reform of all spheres of life of the Ukrainian community. The democratization of the principles of higher education needs special attention. Since students are the driving force of society, the developer of unique ideas of the present and future, a factor in the formation and development of civil society, so the democratization of student life, active participation of students in different organizations, leadership skills and teamwork, making the right decisions and responsibility for their implementation becomes especially relevant during educational transformations.
Student governments have a significant impact on youth. The range of such influence primarily extends to the realization of the student in the modern world, meeting his/her needs, both in education and in other areas, including volunteer, artistic, managerial, social and more. Therefore, membership in student organizations gives a young person a valuable life experience, which can later be implemented in practice. Participation in student self-government contributes to the development of students' leadership qualities, the formation of their active civic life positions. That is, the activities of student government in higher education institutions are aimed at forming the values of the younger generation.
At the same time, student self-government is a unique factor in reforming the modern system of the educational process in higher education institutions. Applicants are actively involved in the development, implementation, and accreditation of educational programs, are experts in the accreditation of the National Agency for Quality Assurance in Education. The article demonstrates the effectiveness of student self-government bodies in higher education institutions on specific examples, substantiates the need for their development as one of the factors that contributes to the improvement of quality assurance processes in education.
Boom in Distance Learning During the Coronavirus Pandemic: Challenges and Possibilities
Authors: Blyznyuk Tetyana , Budnyk Olena , Kachak Tetiana
Published: April 2021

The article highlights brief theoretical aspects of the origin of distance learning tracing the experience of foreign counties as well as Ukraine’s practice in this regard. The paper outlines practical and social aspects of distance education; definition of what successful distance learning should look like; effective solution to the problem of implementing distance or blended learning by the academic staff of the Precarpathian national University. The necessity of engaging both teachers and students in integrating innovative digital technologies in academic process of education institutions to ensure a quality level of practical classes, creating favorable conditions for self-realization and professional development of future primary school teachers is substantiated. Major accent is placed on the efficiency of the use of particular digital tools like Kahoot, Mentimeter, Pear Deck and Flipgrid for innovative organization of education environment, creative presentation of theoretical information, consolidating students’ knowledge, practical skills and abilities, formative and summative assessment of learning outcomes, development of students’ competences within certain courses, as well as systematic professional self-improvement. It was found out that among the difficulties most often faced by the education institutions in working with students was identified as follows: providing equal access to online or blended education under the condition of Coronavirus pandemic in rural, mountain and low-income communities, etc. The authors proved the quality of introduction and application of distance learning at the Pedagogy Faculty of the PNU in the process of teaching/studying the academic courses of the language and literature cycle can be assessed by means of the mentioned in the research digital instruments. This will contribute to the practical orientation of the educational process, active participation of each student in the learning process, increasing motivation and engagement in all forms of cooperation in the education environment.
Orientacinių reikšmių struktūra lietuvių kalboje (Apie vietos prielinksnių ir linksnių reikšmes)
Authors: Kilius Jonas
Published: April 2021

Apie lietuvių kalbos prielinksnius ir linksnius, taigi ir apie jų vietos reikšmes, rašyta palyginti daug. (Prie)linksniai (= prielinksniai ir linksniai) paprastai buvo nagrinėjami atsietai vienas nuo kito, dažnai abėcėlės ar kokia kita formalia tvarka, todėl akivaizdžiai neišryškinama jų funkcinių sistemų struktūra.Šiame straipsnyje, remiantis opozicijų teorija, bandoma atskleisti vienos funkcinės sistemos reikšmių struktūrą, tuo pačiu atskirų (prie)linksnių vietą, vaidmenį, reikšmę šioje vienoje sistemoje, eksplicitiškai parodyti (prie)linksnių orientacinių reikšmių bendrumus ir skirtumus.Trumpumo sumetimais tas objektas, kurio vieta nusakoma, vadinamas subjektu, o tas objektas, kurio atžvilgiu nusakoma subjekto vieta, vadinamas orientyru, pvz.: Dėk pieštuką (subjektas) ant stalo (orientyras).Čia nagrinėjamas tik konkrečių vietos santykių reiškimas, eliminuojami tokie vietos santykiai, kuriuos būtų galima pavadinti abstrakčiais – pvz.: išeiti į laisvę, būti posėdyje, eiti pas kaimyną, į pasimatymą.Darbe laikomasi nuomonės, kad, nagrinėjant vietos santykių reiškimą, skirtini du matavimai – orientacinė reikšmė ir slankumas. Orientacine reikšme vadinama reikšmė, nusakanti, kokioje vietoje orientyro atžvilgiu yra, buvo ar bus subjektas – orientyro viduje, išorėje, viršuje, šone ir pan. Taigi, pvz.: būti dėžėje, prie, virš, šalia dėžės – tai vis skirtingos orientacinės reikšmės.Slankumu vadinama reikšmė, nusakanti, ar slenka subjektas orientyro, jo dalių atžvilgiu, ar ne, jei slenka, tai kaip – artyn ar tolyn, linijiškai ar ne ir t. t. Plg.: dundėti miške, į mišką, iš miško, po mišką, per mišką, kur (prie)linksniai rodo vis kitokį slankumą (išliekant tai pačiai orientacinei reikšmei – orientyro vidui). Slankumo reikšmių struktūra ketinama aptarti kitame straipsnyje.Pažymėtina, kad lietuvių kalboje abu šiuos vietos reikšmės matavimus dažnai išreiškia vienas žymiklis – vietos (prie)linksnis. Pvz., pasakyme dundėti į mišką priel. į rodo ir slankumą (subjektas ne stovi, bet slenka, artėja), ir orientacinę reikšmę (orientyro vidų). Vis dėlto ir lietuvių kalboje yra atvejų, kai kiekviena iš šių reikšmių nusakoma atskiru žymikliu – ryškiausiai tai matyti iš dvigubų prielinksnių iš po, iš už, iš anapus ir kt. Iš, matyt, terodo slankumą (tolimą), o antrieji dėmenys turi tik orientacinę reikšmę.
Zum Problem des bestimmten Artikels im Gotischen
Authors: Vilutis J.
Published: April 2021

In unserer früheren Untersuchung war der Gebrauch des gotischen Artikels i Skeireins untersucht worden. Es wurde dort hingewiesen, daß der Gebrauch des gotischen Artikels vielfach von der Art des Sprachdenkmals abhängt. Die gotischen Sprachdenkmäler lassen sich in 3 Gruppen einteilen: Skeireins, Apostelbriefe, Bibelübersetzung.Wir untersuchen hier den Gebrauch des Artikels in den Apostelbriefen. In einigen Untersuchungen über den gotischen Artikel bleibt dieser Sprachstoff so gut wie unberücksichtigt, man untersucht in erster Linie die Sprache der gotischen Bibel.Mit Berücksichtigung der Sprache des griechischen Originals lassen sich alle unsere Belege in 3 Gruppen einteilen:I. Der Artikel liegt in beiden Vorlagen vor.II. Der Artikel liegt nur im griechischen Text vor.III. Der Artikel fehlt in beiden Vorlagen.Wir untersuchen diese Fälle, um die Funktionen des gotischen Artikels festzustellen und den Einfluß der griechischen Vorlage zu erklären.
A NEW SIMPLE METHOD TO PRESERVE PHAGE - PRELIMINARY STUDY
Authors: JAPE ANURADHA ATUL
Published: April 2021

The host E. coli and its phage were isolated from sewage water. The phage infected host, E coli cells were encapsulated in alginate at specific time interval of co-cultivation, beads were stored at different temperatures. Beads were solublised to release phages and stability of released phages was evaluated by performing plaque assay at monthly interval. The number of plaque forming units increased with time of co-cultivation and by 45mins of phage-host co-cultivation, count raised from 106 to 108 pfu/ml. The infected host cells were entrapped in calcium alginate at a stage when multiple copies of mature phage are ready within host cell, and well before commencement of cell lysis.
PSYCHROPHILIC MICROBIAL DIVERSITY AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GLACIERS IN THE GARHWAL HIMALAYA, INDIA
Authors: KUMAR RAHUL , Sharma Ramesh C.
Published: April 2021

The main objective of the current research work was to investigate the physicochemical properties of ice samples collected from the snout of three important glaciers located in the Garhwal Himalaya along with the psychrophilic microbial diversity. This study was carried out for two years from 2015 to 2016 with two sampling attempts each year. Ice samples were collected from all the pre-identified sampling sites at a depth of 5cm to observe and record the characteristics and to isolate and identify the psychrophilic diversity of microorganisms. Overall fourteen physical and chemical properties of ice samples were recorded. The psychrophilic microbial diversity was identified through the morphological, biochemical and MALDI-TOF-MS techniques. The α–diversity of microbes in the ice of Satopanth glacier was 17 with 08 bacterial species, 04 actinomycetes species and 05 fungal species. However, the α–diversity of microbes in the ice of Bhagirathi-Kharak glacier was also 17 with 06 bacterial species, 05 actinomycetes species and 06 fungal species. The α–diversity of microbes in the ice of Gangotri glacier was 19 with 09 bacterial species, 05 actinomycetes species and 05 fungal species. The present research work can be a decent reference for additional investigations in a similar discipline. The available data will also help the researchers to study the psychrophiles, their existence in glaciers and their importance to society.
EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION WITH SEAWEED AND POLYPHENOLS MIXTURE ON ANTIOXIDANT STATUS, CONCENTRATION AND MOTILITY OF RABBIT SPERMATOZOA
Authors: Knížatová Nikola , Massányi Martin , Tokárová Katarína , Vizzarri Francesco , Massányi Peter , Ondruška Ľubomír , Lukáč Norbert
Published: April 2021

In recent years, many studies have been focused on natural substances that could have effect on health of animals. We investigated effect of extract consisting mainly of polyphenols, brown algae and plant polysaccharides on the reproduction potential of male rabbits (New Zealand white breed) during 60 days long dietary experiment. The rabbits were divided into three groups. Control was fed a basal diet, whereas the second and third group were supplemented with seaweed and polyphenols mixture: T1 = 0.3% and T2 = 0.6% respectively. We observed that sperm concentration in both experimental groups increased in comparison to the control group. Results of the CASA analysis showed enhanced motility (C = 85.09±7.53%, T1 = 87.21±8.25%, T2 = 89.38±8.02%) and progressive motility (C = 74.28±12.6%, T1 = 79.07±13.89%, T2 = 81.28±11.37%) in experimental groups supplemented with combination of algae and polyphenols in comparison with the control group. While monitoring ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), we found the highest value in T1 group, changes were insignificat. An increase in GPx activity was measured in experimental groups in comparison with the control group with major difference in T1 group. In experimental groups, we determined an increase in activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in comparison with control group, the difference was significant in T2 group (C = 0.26±0.11 U/mg TP; T2 = 0.31±0.09 U/mg TP). In conclusion, our studies suggest that dietary supplementation with brown seaweed and plant polyphenols mixture may be potentially useful for enhancement of sperm motility and protection against oxidative stress.
EVALUATION OF ACUTE TOXICITY EXPOSURE TO AQUEOUS LEAVES EXTRACT OF SYZYGIUM KANARENSE (TALBOT) RAIZADA
Authors: CHALANNAVAR RAJU KRISHNA , S Divakar M , Debnath Souvik , Debnath Souvik , Chatterjee Tapan Kumar , Shenoy Sooryaprakash H
Published: April 2021

Syzygium kanarense (Talbot) Raizada (Family: Myrtaceae), a rare plant tested for toxicity in order to explore therapeutic value. In the current study, the preliminary phytochemical screening, in vitro toxicity and acute toxicity of aqueous extract of Syzygium kanarense leaves (AESKL) were evaluated. Phytochemicals were screened and cytotoxicity was confirmed by MTT assay using NIH/3T3 cell line. For acute toxicity evaluation, female rats were divided into two equal groups; one group served as control while the other group received a single dose of AESKL at 2000mg/kg body weight (b.w) were treated and observed for 14 days. AESKL contains phenolics, tannins, terpenoids, saponins and steroids. The result showed the cytotoxicity value of inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 491.56 µg/ml of AESKL. Acute toxicity of AESKL established the Lethal Dose (LD50) more than 2000 mg/kg b.w and no mortality rate was observed. No changes in behavioural, b.w, relative organ weight, haematological, biochemical and histological were observed. Based on the results, it can be conclude that AESKL do not pose any risk when given orally to rats. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on evaluation of in vitro and in vivo toxicity of AESKL.
BIOLUMINOMETRIC ASSAY OF CELL ATP DETECTION UNDER STRESS CONDITIONS AND IN THE ASSESSMENT OF CLEANNESS OF THE FOOD PRODUCING COMPANY
Authors: Pozgajova Miroslava , Duranova Hana
Published: April 2021

Detection and tracking of microorganism’s behavior in natural environments and under stressed conditions have been nowadays accelerated by the requirement for the risk assessment associated with environmental contamination. Luminescence-based techniques, for they cost efficiency, fastness, reliability and reproducibility are particularly appropriate for such studies. We used bioluminescence sensing assay to determine ATP levels in the yeast Schizosaccharomyce pombe. Determination of adenosine concentration per cell was assessed in the yeast cells counted prior to the experiment. To test the methodology, model organism was exposed to life-threatening concentration of heavy metals cadmium and nickel for three hours. Afterwards, changes in the ATP levels were detected and compared to the control. Strikingly, our results revealed that such conditions lead to considerable increase in the production of ATP by mitochondria compared to untreated cells. Normal level of ATP in the control increased from the basal 9.92x10-16 M to 2.90x10-15 M after Cd exposure and to 7.58x10-15 M upon Ni treatment. The methodology was subsequently used for assessment of cleanness of margarine producing company devices after regular sanitation procedure. Detection of only negligible amount of the ATP signal confirmed good cleaning strategy in the tested food processing company.
DESULFURIZATION OF BENZOTHIOPHENE BY AN ISOLATED GORDONIA SP. IITR100
Authors: Ahmad Dr Varish , Ahmad Abrar , Khan Mohammad Imran , Baothman Othman A.S. , Khan Mohd. Jahir
Published: April 2021

Different recalcitrant aliphatic and aromatic sulfur compounds e.g. Dibenzothiophene, Benzothiophene, and Di-methyl Dibenzothiophene etc. have been remaining in the petrol and diesel, even after hydrodesulfurization, a chemical method of sulfur impurities removal. These sulfur impurities are required to be removed before it is being transported as fuel. So many microbes have been reported in the last decade showing potential for removing the sulfur impurities by using various pathways at ambient temperature, especially 4S pathways. In this study, we describe desulfurization of a model compound Benzothiophene by a Gordonia sp. IITR100 using microbial cell culture and analytical techniques e.g. spectrophotometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry using column-5. Gordonia sp. IITR100 can grow on Benzothiophene as well as Dibenzothiophene us shown by spectrophotometrical analysis as evident by increased turbidity in aqueous culture. Benzothiophene was metabolized to o-hydroxystyrene as the final product analogous to ‘4S’ pathway as Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectra analysis revealed. Gordonia sp. IITR100 have already been shown desulfurization with heavy organosulfur compounds like Thianthrene, and Benzonahpthothiophene to o-hydroxyphenyl phenylsulfone and 2-phenyl-naphthalene-1-ol respectively. The Gordonia sp. IITR100 have shown potential for Desulfurization of heavy and calcitarant sulfur-compounds suggests its potential (broad substrates range) for use in various tough organosulfur fractions in petroleum. Thus, this bacterial strain could be utilized   for commercial purpose of biodesulfurization.
HEALTH PROMOTING BREAD; COMPRISING NATURAL-MIRACLE ANTHOCYANINS
Authors: Refiker Hurmus , Asir Suleyman
Published: April 2021

The phenolic aqueous extract from red cabbage was incorporated into bread and stability and contribution of anthocyanins comprising bread samples have been investigated. Assessment of total monomeric anthocyanin in sample bread stored both at room temperature and at 4 oC, on different days; first, third, sixth and 32nd day of storage, was carried out. The total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity of sample bread were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) procedure and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method, respectively. Total phenolic contents were estimated as 91.88 ± 2.42 mg GAE/100 g and ORAC value was calculates as 1387 ± 153 mmol TE/100 g (DW;Dry weight). No colonies of mold were monitored in sample bread when kept at 4 oC for almost three weeks retaining its antioxidant properties. These innovative and health promoting bread samples might be inspiring for public and the molecular gastronomy and food science researches as well as in the near future.
IDENTIFICATION OF LIPOPEPTIDES PRODUCED BY BACILLUS AMYLOLIQUEFACIENS STRAINS
Authors: Bedlovičová Zdenka , Englerová Karolína , Nemcová Radomíra , Kačániová Miroslava
Published: April 2021

In this study we isolated and identified the lipopeptides produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains 1/6k and 4/9, which were isolated from Adriatic Sea. Lipopeptides belong to the family of cyclic biosurfactants representing a group of surface active compounds produced by various microorganisms. Studied Bacillus spp. strains were able to produce cyclic lipopeptides surfactin, iturin A and fengycin. The characterisation of lipopeptides was studied by various analytical techniques (high-performance liquid chromatography – HPLC and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analysis for molecular mass determination – MALDI-TOF/MS). These methods confirmed co-production of three lipopeptides – surfactin, iturin A and fengycin by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.
The Chapter of Bärdi Bäk khan in the Čingiz-nāmä of Ötämiš Ḥāǰǰī Tolu Bay, ämīr of the Golden Horde
Authors: Göncöl Csaba
Published: April 2021

In the past few years researchers of the history of the Golden Horde devoted considerable attention to formerly neglected chronicles written in Turkic in the successor states of the Ulus of J̌uči, particularly to the so called Čingiz-nāmä of Ötämiš Ḥāǰǰī. Though this collection of genuine oral tradition is an indispensable source, a critical approach is oftentimes overlooked by the scholars using it. This paper aims to demonstrate how the historical consciousness of the populace of the Golden Horde altered the stories behind certain events. For this purpose, the story of Bärdi Bäk khan in the Čingiz-nāmä will be subjected to criticism.
From Alamut to Dadu: Jamāl al-Dīn’s Armillary Sphere on the Mongol Silk Roads
Authors: Yoichi Isahaya
Published: April 2021

This article aims to shed light on a hitherto unknown transmission route of the astral sciences from Alamut to Dadu (Beijing). I argue that the huntianyi 渾天儀, an armillary sphere, which Jamāl al-Dīn dedicated to Qubilai in 1267, was designed in Alamut – the main stronghold of the Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs – on the grounds that the instrument was set to Alamut’s latitude. After its fall in 1256, the armillary sphere traversed the Mongol Silk Roads. The Dastūr al-munajjimīn, an Arabic work of the Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs, functions as the missing link in this West-to-East transmission.
Os Dois Papas: uma reflexão a respeito do princípio protestante e a substância católica a partir da teologia da cultura
Authors: Dumer Pablo Fernando
Published: April 2021

O artigo analisa a obra cinematográfica Dois Papas a partir da teologia da cultura de Paul Tillich e dos conceitos de princípio protestante e substância católica, do mesmo teólogo. O filme apresenta ao espectador uma reflexão, desde a diferença entre os dois personagens, de dois destinos e dois modelos teológicos distintos. Reflete mais que a condição do catolicismo contemporâneo, mas da teologia e cristianismo como um todo. Impulsionada por essa obra, é possível voltar a refletir a respeito de conceitos importantes de Tillich, da dinâmica entre o protestantismo e catolicismo que vai muito além do âmbito denominacional, mas que possui significado abrangente à teologia. Querendo ou não, o filme faz o público refletir teologia e o artigo quer explicitar isso.
Births: Provisional Data for 2020
Authors: Hamilton Brady , Martin Joyce , Osterman Michelle
Published: April 2021

Presents provisional 2020 data on U.S. births, shown by age and race and Hispanic origin of mother. Also presents data on cesarean delivery and preterm births.
The Legal Regulation of Real Estate Turnover in the Context of Digitalization of the Russian Economy
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Baltutite Iolanta
Published: April 2021

Introduction: the formation and development of the real estate market as a specific sphere of market relations is one of the basic vectors of the creation in the Russian Federation of an economic system based on the prevalence of private property and market mechanisms of self-regulation, functioning and formation of the economy. The rapid development of digital technologies leads to the transformation of the entire system of public relations, including the sphere of real estate transactions. Purpose: to study the peculiarities of concluding transactions, whose object is real estate, in the context of informatization of civil turnover, as well as to develop and justify the theoretical and practical conclusions and proposals for improving the relevant legal regulation. Methods: the methodological framework for the study is based on the methods of scientific cognition, among which the main ones are the methods of consistency, analysis and comparative law. Results: the author analyzes the results of the reform of the current civil legislation and innovations in the field of the legal regulation of real estate transactions in the context of digitalization and informatization of the state and society, considers the main theoretical and practical problems of the legal regulation of the implementation and organization of such transactions using digital technologies, and also formulated specific proposals for improving the current legislation in this area. Conclusions: the innovations in the legal regulation of real estate in the context of the fourth industrial revolution contain a number of positive aspects, but it is advisable to constantly identify and develop the ways to eliminate the gaps, both in the legal regulation and in the theoretical and legal understanding of the transformation of public relations in the field of real estate transactions in the context of Industry 4.0. It is revealed that when making a transaction completely in electronic form, neither the registration authority nor the notary will be able to determine the real, desired intentions of the transaction participant, who may be under duress, or does not understand the meaning of his actions, or is misled, which may later become the basis for invalidating the transaction. In this regard, the additional mechanisms for authenticating applicants when receiving electronic public services are needed.
The Impact of Digital Technologies on the Legal Regime for the Protection of Personal Data in Banking
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Kazachenok Olesya
Published: April 2021

Introduction: currently, the information technologies are at a very high level, so there may be the situations of data leakage, thereby increasing the risk of obtaining information by third parties, moreover, the electronic format of information threatens personal information security, so it seems necessary to adapt the domestic legislation to the current processes of “digitalization” and create a system of comprehensive protection of personal data in banking, necessary in the transition to Industry 4.0. The purpose of the work is to study the impact of digital technologies on the legal regime for the protection of personal data in banking, to develop proposals for improving the legislation in this area, to identify the risks of unauthorized access to personal data in the context of digitalization. Methods: the methodological framework for the study consists of: the methods of scientific analysis, logical analysis and the dialectical method. Results: the result of the research is the development of proposals for improving the regulatory framework in the field of personal data protection in banking in the context of the active development of digital technologies. Conclusions: the conclusion is made about the advantages and disadvantages of using blockchain in the banking sector, the need to develop a regulatory framework that regulates the activities of entities using such technologies. The author draws attention to the existing payment systems that have proven their efficiency in the banking sector. In addition, in order to prevent cases of leaking personal information of the bank customers, it seems appropriate to eliminate the existing legal uncertainty and unify the rules governing the legal regime for the protection of personal data in banking, in particular, the author supports the idea of concluding an agreement on electronic information interaction between the Central Bank and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, so that the law enforcement agencies can quickly respond to fraudulent actions and prevent them.
Smart Contracts and the Principles of the Law of Obligations
Authors:   Tomsk State University, Churilov Alexey
Published: April 2021

Introduction: the digitalization of public relations and the emergence of smart contracts have created the need to study what a smart contract is and whether it is subject to the general principles of the law of obligations. Methods: the methodological framework for the research is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main ones are the methods of historicism, consistency, and analysis. Results: the possibility of extending the principles of the law of obligations to the relations of the parties when they conclude a smart contract is analyzed. Conclusions: the conclusion is made about the extension of the principles of the law of obligations to smart contracts with the features due to the nature of smart contracts.
The Criminal Evaluation of Socially Dangerous Consequences of Environmental Crimes (Through the Example of Illegal Logging of Forest Stands)
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Yakovleva Olga
Published: April 2021

Introduction: a criminally punishable act causes certain changes in the objects of criminal legal protection, i.e. it entails the onset of socially dangerous consequences. Specifically, this is expressed in harming the legally protected interests of the individual, society or the state, or in creating an immediate threat of harm. The consequences of environmental crimes are the result of exposure to natural objects and are harmful to nature and environmental safety. The aim of the work is to give a criminal evaluation of the socially dangerous consequences of environmental crimes. Methods: the methodological framework for the study includes a whole range of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the fundamentally important ones are the methods of system analysis, synthesis. Results: the paper presents a criminal-legal analysis of the socially dangerous consequences of environmental crimes. The classification of these consequences is defined. The necessity of the correct formulation in the law of the attribute characterizing the socially dangerous consequences of environmental crimes is emphasized. Conclusions: the consequences of environmental crimes are reflected in the object of encroachment, changes in the state of the natural environment that provides vital human interests. The socially dangerous consequences of environmental crimes are physical, economic, and environmental in nature. They act as: 1) a crime-forming feature; 2) a qualifying feature; 3) are recognized as the basis for the intersectoral differentiation of responsibility and the differentiation of criminal responsibility.
The International Legal Principles of Environmental Protection in the Application to the Formation of the International Environmental Organization of the Caspian Sea
Authors:   Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Mursaliev Araz
Published: April 2021

Introduction: in the paper, the author aims to analyze the content and legal significance of the international legal principles of environmental protection in the context of the prospects for the formation of an international environmental organization in the Caspian region. The author focuses on the principles that have already been enshrined in the international legal treaties concluded by the Caspian Sea States: the precautionary approach, the “polluter pays” principle, the principle of accessibility of information on marine pollution, and the principle of the ecosystem approach. Methods: the methodological framework for the study is the methods of analysis and synthesis, the empirical methods of comparison, interpretation, as well as such specific scientific methods as the legaldogmatic method and the method of interpretation of legal norms. Results: the results of the study show that the development of the regional environmental protection institutions in the Caspian region should take into account the international legal principles of environmental protection. In particular, based on the analysis of the abovementioned international legal principles, the author justifies the need to give a possible regional interstate environmental organization the functions of monitoring, tracking the causes of harm, the function of a center for collecting, processing and distributing information, as well as coordinating the activities of all existing international and national structures to improve the efficiency of their cooperation. Discussion and conclusions: the development of the regional environmental institutions is impossible without taking into account the international legal principles enshrined in the regional international treaties. The author concludes that it is necessary to apply the content of such principles in the formation of a regional interstate environmental organization.
Genetic aspects of Ebstein anomaly and related heart diseases
Authors: Penyaeva Elena V.
Published: April 2021

Ebstein anomaly is a congenital heart disease, which is characterized by the presence of atrialized portion of the right ventricle, formed as a result of displacement of the tricuspid valve leaflets into the right ventricle and their partial adherence to the underlying myocardium. Atrialized portion in the right ventricle occupies the space between the fibrous annulus of the right atrioventricular orifice and the functional annulus of tricuspid valve, which represents a zone of closure of free (non-adherent to the underlying myocardium) edges of its leaflets. Ebstein anomaly is very rarely isolated, and can be combined with a number of heart diseases and be an integral part of hereditary syndromes. Currently, the role of genetic research in the investigation of the etiology of human diseases as well as understanding of the relationship between different diseases is increasing. The review presents literature data on the combination of Ebstein anomaly with other heart diseases (congenital heart diseases, Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome, cardiomyopathies, including left ventricular noncompaction), inter alia, within the scope of hereditary syndromes (Noonan syndrome, 8p deletion syndrome, 18q deletion syndrome, 1p36 deletion syndrome, Pierre Robin syndrome). Genetic factors (gene and chromosomal mutations) lying at the core of Ebstein anomaly, as well as heart diseases combined with it, are highlighted. The analysis of published data suggests that Ebstein anomaly is a monogenic disease, and is characterized by allelic and locus genetic heterogeneity. The combination of Ebstein anomaly with other heart diseases is based on their genetic linkage.
Human embryo genome editing: an interdisciplinary approach
Authors: Grebenshchikova Elena G. , Andreyuk Denis S. , Volchkov Pavel Y. , Vorontsova Maria V. , Ginter Evgeny K. , Izhevskaya Vera L. , Lagunin Alexey A. , Polyakov Aleksandr V. , Popova Olga V. , Smirnikhina Svetlana A. , Tishchenko Pavel D. , Trofimov Dmitriy Y. , Kutsev Sergey I.
Published: April 2021

The prospects for the human embryos genome editing cause intense debates both in the scientific community and in general public. While the main attention of scientists is focused on the safety, effectiveness and clinical feasibility of the inherited genome editing, the public pays attention to the bioethical aspects of the issue - the prospects of a baby design, the development of new forms of social inequality and intervention in human evolution. The authors conducted an interdisciplinary analysis of medical genetics and bioethical issues of human embryo genome editing, revealed the possibilities and limitations of genome editing technology, and considered the specifics of ethical discussions. The conceptualization of the main approaches of natural and social sciences in a general theoretical framework made it possible not only to take into account the complex nature of the issues, but also to create the prerequisites for its further productive discussion.
Interagency in health care children and adolescents: WHO recommendations and Russian realities
Authors: Schepin Vladimir O. , Chicherin Leonid P. , Popov Valery I. , Esaulenko Igor E.
Published: April 2021

The article presents the materials of systematization and scientific study of the main international and Russian normative documents in the field of healthcare and rights of children and adolescents aged 0-17, and of the practical implementation of an intersectoral/interdepartmental approach in relevant programs. A set of modern methods of socio-hygienic and medical-organizational research, including statistical, historical insights, expert evaluation, study of departments experience, and others was applied, with an emphasis on analysis. Based on the model of the younger generation, the authors consider the current problems of implementing an interdepartmental approach to healthcare and protection of the rights of children and adolescents, recommended in recent years by leading international organizations, primarily The United Nations (UN): and the World Health Organization (WHO). The authors analyze the leading Russian normative documents based on international policy and illustrates the state of the approach in the Russian Federation, which is considered to be the leading, most effective mechanism for achieving the goals of strategies and integrated programs in this area, with an emphasis on preventive measures and the organization of primary healthcare as the most accessible and affordable to the public. The results of a comprehensive analysis of federal and international official documents actualized the need for intersectoral activities in healthcare, education, social protection and other systems to strengthen the health promotion of the younger generation, which is considered to be the less protected group of population from the perspective of health and social well-being. The article shows the importance of further improvement of comprehensive research on the scientific justification of optimal, real and effective for the federal and territorial levels of organizational methods for interdepartmental healthcare of the younger generation in Russia.
Management of the incidence of infectious diseases by applying preventive measures in the weakest period in its cyclicity
Authors: Savilov Evgeny D.
Published: April 2021

Existing preventive measures have not been entirely efficient. Mainly they are aimed at solving social and economic issues, which demands both time and money. Considering this, it is necessary to find and sustain additional effective measures, based on patterns of development of infectious diseases, which could be more cost-effective. One of such approaches could be based on the theory of self-regulation of parasitic systems, which directs epidemiologists to conducting preventive measures before the rise of the number of cases to prevent increase in the agents virulence. Yet this theory does not provide the optimum time for preventive measures. Based on the main statements of the theory of self-regulation of parasitic systems and analysis of annual and/or long-term cyclicity, the article provides substantiation of the theory that the lowest level of incidence is the weakest period in its development. Epidemiological experiments, using bacterial dysentery as an example, showed that preventive administration of polyvalent dysenteric bacteriophage in risk groups (children going to preschool institutions) during two months of the lowest incidence level of the disease appeared to be effective. The positive effect took place in the stages of cyclic increase and decrease of long-term trends. The effect appeared in the groups of children and population in general with most marked decline in disease occurrence in its seasonal peak. The hypothesis that the lowest incidence level is directly related to seasonal climbs of the disease was proved by our earlier studies when we investigated influence of technogenic pollution of the environment on annual incidence rate of more than ten most common infectious diseases with different ways of transmission. Thus, the lowest incidence level of infectious diseases defines their future growth and/or decline, and, therefore, it can be used to conduct preventive measures.
Vitamin D-binding protein: multifunctional component of blood serum
Authors: Povaliaeva Alexandra A. , Pigarova Ekaterina A. , Romanova Anastasia A. , Dzeranova Larisa K. , Zhukov Artem Y. , Rozhinskaya Liudmila Y.
Published: April 2021

Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) was discovered more than half a century ago as a polymorphic serum protein and is currently characterized by a variety of physiological properties. First of all, DBP carries the bulk of vitamin D metabolites circulating in the bloodstream, while albumin is the second most important transport protein, especially in patients with a low concentration of DBP in serum. Since it was discovered that only 12% of the total circulating DBP have occupied steroid binding sites, a vigorous study of other potential biological roles of DBP was initiated: actin utilization, regulation of inflammation and innate immunity mechanisms, fatty acid binding, effects on bone metabolism and participation in the tumor pathogenesis. This review focuses on the main known biological functions of DBP.
Conceptual approaches to finding effective treatment for a new coronavirus infection at different stages
Authors: Kamalov Armais A. , Mareev Viacheslav Y. , Orlova Iana A.
Published: April 2021

The article attempts to analyze the change in philosophy in approaches to the treatment of COVID-19 that have occurred in recent months, based on published research and their own experience in the treatment of a new coronavirus infection at the medical research and education center of Moscow state University. Emphasis is placed on the rationale for the phased use of different types of therapy. The reasons for using spironolactone in patients with COVID-19 as a drug for etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy are discussed in detail. The authors conclude that the use of antiviral drugs in combination with drugs that prevent the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into cells from the first days of the disease should be supplemented with pre-emptive anti-inflammatory therapy that interrupts the progression of the disease. The parallel use of anticoagulants that reduce the risk of thrombotic and thromboembolic complications.
COVID-19-associated secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (cytokine storm syndrome)
Authors: Alekseeva Ekaterina I. , Tepaev Rustem F. , Shilkrot Ilia Y. , Dvoryakovskaya Tatyana M. , Surkov Aleksander G. , Kriulin Ivan A.
Published: April 2021

In most cases, COVID-19 has a favorable outcome. However, the risk of developing critical forms of the disease, including secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis HLH (cytokine storm syndrome), remains high. This dictates the interest in studying pathogenetic mechanisms, features of the clinical picture, laboratory and instrumental criteria for covid-19 disease. The article analyzes the causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure as manifestations of HLH. The necessity of monitoring signs of hyperinflammation (ferritin, C-reactive protein, etc., biomarkers of inflammation) and activation of thrombosis is substantiated, in order to make timely decisions about the beginning of pathogenetic therapy. However, there are limitations for routine testing of the level of Pro-inflammatory cytokines. Information about the diagnostic criteria of HLH is summarized, and the expediency of these criteria for establishing secondary HLH, which has complicated the course of COVID-19, is emphasized.
Immunogenicity and protectivity of the peptide vaccine against SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Ryzhikov Aleksandr B. , Ryzhikov Evgenii А. , Bogryantseva Marina P. , Danilenko Elena D. , Imatdinov Ilnaz R. , Nechaeva Elena A. , Pyankov Oleg V. , Pyankova Olga G. , Susloparov Ivan M. , Taranov Oleg S. , Gudymo Andrei S. , Danilchenko Natalya V. , Sleptsova Ekaterina S. , Bodnev Sergei A. , Onkhonova Galina S. , Petrov Vladimir N. , Moiseeva Anastasiya A. , Torzhkova Polina Y. , Pyankov Stepan A. , Tregubchak Tatyana V. , Antonets Denis V. , Gavrilova Elena V. , Maksyutov Rinat A.
Published: April 2021

Background. In 2020, the pandemic caused by novel coronavirus infection has become one of the most critical global health challenges during the past century. The lack of a vaccine, as the most effective way to control the novel infection, has prompted the development of a large number of preventive products by the scientific community. We have developed a candidate vaccine (EpiVacCorona) against novel coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 that is based on chemically synthesized peptides conjugated to a carrier protein and adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide and studied the specific activity of the developed vaccine.
Aims study of the immunogenicity and protectivity of the peptide candidate vaccine EpiVacCorona.
Methods. The work was performed using standard molecular biological, virological and histological methods.
Results. It was demonstrated that EpiVacCorona, when administered twice, spaced 14 days apart, to hamsters, ferrets, and non-human primates (african green monkeys, rhesus macaques) at a dose of 260 g, which is equal to one inoculation dose for humans, induces virus-specific antibodies in 100% of the animals. Experiments in hamsters showed this vaccine to be associated with the dose-dependent immunogenicity. The vaccine was shown to accelerate the elimination of the virus from the upper respiratory tract in ferrets and prevent the development of pneumonia in hamsters and non-human primates following a respiratory challenge with novel coronavirus.
Conclusions. The results of a preclinical specific activity study indicate that the use of EpiVacCorona has the potential for human vaccination.
Anniversary of RAS Academician Ivan Ivanovich Dedov
Authors: Starodubov Vladimir I.
Published: April 2021

The Hero of Labor of the Russian Federation Ivan Ivanovich Dedov turned 80 on February 12! The Department of Medical Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences congratulates RAS Academician Ivan Ivanovich Dedov!
Bovine tunica albuginea conserved in honey as xenograft for cystoplasty in rats
Authors: Rodrigues Aline Ferreira , Castañon Cecília Ribeiro , Maués Tábata , Lancetta Carla Ferreira Farias , Abílio Edmundo Jorge , Degani Viviane Alexandre Nunes , Ferreira Maria de Lourdes Gonçalves
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT: Urinary bladder damages leading to few viable bladder tissue available might demand a challenging reconstructive surgery. In this context, biomaterials are valid alternatives for bladder reconstruction. This study evaluated the bovine tunica albuginea fragment as graft material for cystoplasty in rats and honey-preserved implant viability.Thirty Wistar rats were assigned to two groups: (1) a test group (T) with a circular 1.0-cm-diameterbovine tunica albuginea graft application in the apex region by a continuous absorbable (Polyglactin 910 5-0) suture with stitching of all bladder layers and (2) a simulation group (S) in which animals underwent only partial cystectomy. In addition, each of these groups was further divided into three subgroups according to euthanasia period on post-surgery day 7, 15 and 30.Two animals had self-limiting hematuria at postsurgical period. At necropsy, frequent crystals and adhesion to the peritoneum were observed. At the histopathological evaluation, animals from the T group euthanized by 15th postoperative day had layers disorganization and initial muscle development, while T group rats euthanized by 30th postoperative day showed complete urothelization. Urothelization pattern was similar in both groups. Moreover, the muscular layer formation was present in both groups, but more evident in S group animals. Nevertheless, inflammatory infiltrate and neovascularization were remarkably more intense in T group rats.It might be concluded that bovine tunica albuginea graft was successful in repairing rats’ bladder, being a good biomaterial option in reconstructive urinary vesicle surgery.