bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Chlorophyll and Solanine Formation, and Sprouting of Potato Tubers by Oil Dipping1
Authors: Wu M. T. , Salunkhe D. K.
Published: August 2022

Oil dipping of potato tubers at 22°C inhibited solanine and chlorophyll formation by 92-97% and 93-100%, respectively. Oil dipping at 60°, 100°, and 160°C completely inhibited chlorophyll and solanine formation. The tuber sprouting of cvs. Russet Burbank, White Rose, and Red Pontiac was com pletely inhibited by oil dipping at all temperatures. There were no significant differences in the respiration of the peel and flesh of treated and control tubers.
Effect of Surrounding Cultivar When Screening Cucumber for Resistance to Cucumber Beetle and Pickleworm1
Authors: Lower R. L.
Published: August 2022

Apparent resistance of a treatment cv. as influenced by different surrounding cv. was measured in screening cucumbers for resistance to cucumber beetles and pickleworms. Degree and frequency of seedling damage, and percent seedling reduction were greater when ‘Zucchini Elite’ squash was the surrounding cv. than when any of 3 cucumbers were the surrounding cv. Significant differences in damage to seedlings were found among 9 cucumber cv. Two non-bitter cucumbers were among those least damaged by cucumber beetles; however, the frequency and degree of damage as measured by cotyledon feeding did not differ significantly from 1 of the bitter cv. Factors other than cucurbitacin content are probably involved in expressions of resistance to cucumber beetle. The surrounding cv. had no effect on pickleworm infestation. Pickleworm infestation was low in all cucumber cv. (1.4 per 100 fruit) when compared to summer squash (78 per 100 fruit). The value of ‘Zucchini Elite’ squash as a trap crop for pickleworm may be outweighed by the increased damage to seedling cucumbers by cucumber beetles when squash is the surrounding cv.
Efficacy of a Zero-Tillage Cultural System for Asparagus Produced From Seed and Crowns1
Authors: Putnam A. R.
Published: August 2022

Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L. Cv. Cal. 711) grown both from seed and 1-year old crowns was maintained in a zero-tillage cultural system for 4 years and compared with that grown in a conventional tillage system. In the first 3 harvest seasons, yields of asparagus produced from crowns were increased 27% in the zero-tillage system. Asparagus from seed yielded as much as that from crowns after the third year, but spear size was appreciably smaller. Paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium ion) in combination with either simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine), monuron (3-(P-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea), or terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) provided excellent weed control during each growing season without injuring asparagus. Rotary chopping was a satisfactory method for returning mature brush to the soil. Additional advantages of zero-tillage were a reduction in volunteer asparagus seedlings, improved late season weed control, and less mechanical injury to crowns and buds. This cultural system provided excellent weed control in fields produced by direct seeding where crown depth was shallow and tillage impractical.
Effect of Potassium Gibberellate on Growth and Development of ‘Black Corinth’ Grapes1
Authors: Bertrand Denne E. , Weaver Robert J.
Published: August 2022

‘Black Corinth’ clusters at different stages of development were dipped into 25 ppm potassium gibberellate (KGA3). The most compact clusters resulted from treatment at 75% capfall or at succeeding applications up to 2 weeks after bloom. Most reduction in number of berries occurred at beginning of capfall and at 25% capfall. Berries treated between initiation of capfall and 1 week after full bloom were elongated while treatment at earlier or later stages resulted in round berries. The length-to-diameter ratio was greatest at 95% capfall and 3 days after full bloom.

Clusters were treated with KGA3 at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 20, 60, or 100 ppm at 75% capfall, 3 days, or 1 week after full bloom. At the 75% capfall stage, looseness and number of berries was decreased by KGA3 at 100 ppm Berry wt and vol were increased as compared to controls by all concn of KGA3 above 2 ppm. Length, diameter, and the length-to-diameter ratio generally increased progressively as the concn of KGA3 increased.
Mass Selection for Low Oxidation in Sweetpotato1
Authors: Jones Alfred
Published: August 2022

Mass selection for low oxidation of root flesh was initiated in the fourth generation of an open-pollinated sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] population. Two selection schemes were followed which provided different selection pressures by varying effective population sizes. In one (population A), selected plants were randomly intercrossed by insects each cycle. In the other (population D), approximately 10% of the randomly intercrossing population were selected each cycle and their true seed used to plant the next generation. After 2 cycles of selection in A and 3 in D, they were compared to appropriate generations of the base population. Results were in agreement with selection theory and closely paralleled those obtained with other crops. More rapid advance was made with A, which requires 2 seasons per cycle for any trait not measured in the seedling stage. Good advance was made with D, which allows 1 cycle per season. Study of 21 other traits indicated more changes in unselected traits in A than in D, thus favoring the method of D in early generations of mass selection in sweetpotato. The rapid increase of low oxidizing plants in this study suggests that selection for low oxidizing cvs. may reduce associated processing problems.
Iron-Manganese Relations of ‘Starking Delicious’ Apples in Western Colorado1
Authors: Rogers Ewell
Published: August 2022

The combination of sodium ferric ethylenediamine di-(o-hydroxphenylacetate) and (NH4)2SO4, or (NH4)2SO4 plus sodium ferric ethylenediamine di-(o-hydroxphenylacetate) Zn and Mn disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate increased the Fe and decreased Mn concn in apple leaves. Iron chlorosis was reduced. All treatments which included (NH4)2SO4 increased N and reduced P concn in leaves. The treatments had no significant effect on Zn concn. There were no discernible treatment effects on trunk and shoot growth, or yield and size of fruit.
Ultrastructure of Cuticular Surfaces and Stomata of Developing Leaves and Fruit of the ‘Valencia’ Orange1
Authors: Albrigo L. Gene
Published: August 2022

The outer stomatal openings on Citrus sinensis cv. Valencia fruit and leaves were formed by rupturing of the cuticle and possibly some of the outer epidermal cell wall. Small, 5µ diam, structures surrounded by wax were visible on the young fruit surface. The wax on immature fruit was soft, forming a continuous film with little surface structure. With maturation the progressive formation of more and harder epicuticular wax resulted in more visible structure. The eventual cracking and lifting of the wax film indicated loss of its ability to expand with the slow developing cuticle - cell wall complex. Leaves developed some surface wax structure but no platelet wax was formed. The leaves expanded rapidly and the leaf surface wax remained soft during this time.
Temperature Controlled Floral Induction in Amazon Lily, Eucharist grandiflora, Planch1
Authors: Adams D. G. , Urdahl W. A.
Published: August 2022

Time and temp requirements for floral induction in the Amazon lily were found to be 12 days at 29.4°C (85°F) or 3 weeks at 19.4°C (67°F). Greater numbers of bulbs flowered, however, when heated for 16 days at 29.4°C or 3 weeks at 20.6°C (69°F). No detrimental effects, as indicated by percent flowering and flowers per scape, were apparent when bulbs were heated for 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 weeks at 29.4°C. Total production time was increased as treatment period was extended, but appeared to be definitely modified by season. Days after heating to first flower progressively decreased and total flowers per scape increased as growing conditions improved in spring. The fall crop showed an opposite response.
Copper Toxicity in Phaseolus vulgaris L. as Influenced by Iron Nutrition. II. Elemental and Electron Microprobe Analyses1,2
Authors: Daniels Roland R. , Struckmeyer B. Esther , Peterson L. A.
Published: August 2022

In plants grown without Fe or with Fe tartrate, 0.50 ppm Cu reduced Fe concn only in the roots. When FeEDTA was used, Fe concn were higher in the roots at 0.04 and 0.50 ppm Cu than other treatments. Concentrations of Cu in the roots increased with the increase in Cu in the nutrient solution; in the shoots there was little difference. With FeEDTA, the Cu concn in the roots and shoots at both levels of Cu was considerably less than with Fe tartrate or without Fe. Microprobe analysis showed accumulations of Fe in wall areas of some xylem elements in the midrib of leaves of plants grown with Fe tartrate-0.50 ppm Cu only. Iron did not accumulate in comparable tissues with Fe tartrate-0.04 ppm Cu and with FeEDTA-0.04 and 0.50 ppm Cu. Copper was distributed uniformly throughout the tissues but P accumulated only in wall areas of the cells. The localization of Fe and P in the same cell suggested that high Cu induced chlorosis by precipitation of Fe as Fe phosphate.
Anthocyanin in Flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram. During Anthesis in Relation to Sugar Content1
Authors: Rutland Rufus B. , Seawright Kay Walters
Published: August 2022

Anthocyanin concentration decreased and sugar concentration increased in petals of C. morifolium cv. Orchid Queen during petal expansion in a greenhouse from the day of first coloration until full bloom. No correlation was found between either total sugar or reducing sugar and anthocyanin concn. Dry wt % decreased also during petal expansion so that sugar was an increasing proportion of the dry matter. Anthocyanin was at higher concn in petals expanding in Oct. than in July or Nov., but reducing sugar was higher in Nov. and total sugar was higher in Nov. and July than in Oct. The possibility of insufficient sugar substrate for anthocyanin synthesis under these conditions is discounted.
Effect of Pruning Severity and Rootstock on Growth and Yield of Two Grafted, Cane-pruned Wine Grape Cultivars1
Authors: Lider L. A. , Kasimatis A. N. , Kliewer W. M.
Published: August 2022

Three years of observations were made at Oakville, California, on a vineyard trial of 3 pruning severities on 2 scion grape cultivars, Chardonnay and Gamay Beaujolais, grafted onto 2 phylloxera-resistant rootstocks, ‘St. George’ and ‘A × R #1’. There was a marked increase in crop production with decreased pruning severity. With ‘Chardonnay’ on ‘St. George’ there was nearly a 3-fold increase in yield when the pruning went from 5 retained buds/lb. (453.6g) of prunings to 15 buds/lb. With ‘Gamay Beaujolais’, the yield increase approached 2-fold. Vines on ‘A × R #1’ were markedly more fruitful than those on ‘St. George’, and this rootstock difference was not influenced by pruning severity over a 3-year period.

The variability in level of pruning, as estimated from a visual inspection of individual vines, was great. This could account for both low yields and high vine sizes with ‘Chardonnay’. The pruning level used by an experienced pruner was about 8 retained buds/lb. of prunings on average-sized vines of ‘Chardonnay’ on ‘St. George’, and about 6 buds on the largest vines.

The most severe pruning was very restrictive on yields per vine, and vine vigor was enhanced at these low bud counts. Fruit maturity was delayed by the least-severe pruning level and, in some instances, vine size was reduced the following year. Under the conditions of the test site, the intermediate level of pruning severity, 10 buds/lb. of prunings, was appropriate for the small-clustered, cane-pruned cultivars at the intermediate vine sizes.
The Effect of Nitrate and Ammonium Nitrogen on the Free Amino Acid Composition of Tomato Plants and Tomato Fruit1
Authors: Hoff J. E. , Wilcox G. E. , Jones C. M.
Published: August 2022

The N form had a pronounced effect on the levels of free amino acids. When compared to NO3, NH4 brought about a several fold increase in free amino acids (dry basis) in the roots, while smaller increases were observed in mature, fully expanded leaves, in young growing leaves, and in tomato fruit. Plants fed a combination of the 2 N forms had intermediate levels. The pattern of response to NH4 indicated that aspartic and glutamic acids as well as their amides were predominantly snythesized in the roots when the N source was NH4. The site of synthesis shifted to the leaves when the N source was NO3. The amino acids arginine, serine, alanine, and γ-aminobutyric acid were predominantly synthesized in the leaves irrespective of N form. Topical application of Ca on fruit grown with NH4 resulted in amino acid levels in the fruit similar to those of NO3 fruit. Ammonium toxicity was found to be accompanied by large increases in the levels of GABA and serine in the leaves. It is suggested that ammonium toxicity is a manifestation of intracellular Ca deficiency.
Chemical Stimulation of Germination Rate in Aged Tomato Seeds1
Authors: Earl Puls E. , Lambeth Victor N.
Published: August 2022

The germination rate of 10-year-old seeds of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., line Mo. 17-St-23 was significantly increased by continuous soak treatments of GA3 (0, 10 ppm) + kinetin (1, 10, 50 ppm) + KNO3 (.01 M). Germination percentages 10 days after start of treatment, however, did not differ from those of untreated seeds. GA-induced increases in soluble sugars and in protein hydrolysis, increases in ribonuclease activity in both GA3 and kinetin-treated seeds, and increased cytochrome oxidase activity with KNO3 treatment were observed, suggesting that these chemicals speeded germination by correcting enzymatic and substrate deficiencies at the initial stages of germination.
Effects of Irrigation on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Peas for Processing1
Authors: Pumphrey F. V. , Schwanke R. K.
Published: August 2022

Irrigation water was applied at various growth stages to peas (Pisum sativum L.) grown for processing. Irrigation increased all growth characters measured, extended blooming and pod setting, and delayed maturity 1 to 7 days. Irrigation at pod filling increased yield more than irrigation at any other growth stage and produced the greatest yield increase per cm of water applied. Irrigated peas were of lower quality for processing than non-irrigated peas.
Propagation of Chrysanthemum in Vitro. I. Multiple Plantlets from Shoot Tips and the Establishment of Tissue Cultures1,2
Authors: Earle E. D. , Langhans R. W.
Published: August 2022

Small (0.5 mm high) shoot tips of Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Giant #4 Indianapolis White’ were grown on Murashige-Skoog medium containing various levels of kinetin, NAA, and GA3. Formation of roots, single or multiple shoots, plantlets and friable, hard or leafy callus depended on the hormone levels used. Multiple shoots and green leafy callus were produced on medium containing 2.0 mg/l kinetin and 0.02 mg/l NAA. The leafy callus was suitable for subculture and subsequent reorganization of plantlets. Multiple shoots were rooted and grown into normal plants or were used to start new cultures which formed more multiple shoots. This technique will be useful for storage and propagation of Chrysanthemum and especially for detection and rapid multiplication of virus-free plants.
Growth of Resting Buds1
Authors: Young L. C. T. , Winneberger J. T. , Bennett J. P.
Published: August 2022

Vegetative buds of trees of ‘Hardy’ and ‘Bartlett’ pears, ‘Pearmain’ apple, and ‘Sugar’ prune increased in weight steadily from their inception in spring throughout the rest period. Buds of ‘Bartlett’ grew most rapidly. Apple and prune were the slowest and grew at similar rates. In none of the species did the rest period appear to have any relation to the rate of growth. Lateral buds on trees of ‘Hardy’ during a temperature induced 4 year period of dormancy continued to grow with the formation of additional leaf primordia each year. Earlier formed primordia died and performed the function of scales. All buds of ‘Hardy’ growing in an orchard increased steadily in fresh and dry weights with no apparent effect from the rest period. The ratio of dry to fresh weight of the entire bud as well as its interior parts remained relatively constant during the period of observation.
Crude Oil, Neutral Lipids, Glycolipids, and Phospholipids in Maturing Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Pascual Loreto R. , Wiley Robert C.
Published: August 2022

Seven mutant maize genotypes with sweet corn backgrounds and 4 commercially grown sweet corn cultivars were harvested from 18-45 days after pollination (DAP). The lipids were extracted with chloroform-methanol 2: 1 (v/v) and separated on a silicic acid column into neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids. Mutant genotypes influenced lipid development while inbred lines seemed important in amount of oil synthesized by the kernel. Crude oil and neutral lipids increased from 18-45 DAP while phospholipid and glycolipid values (mg/10 g fresh weight basis) were higher 23-28 DAP which is the prime processing time. During the developmental period studied, neutral lipids, phospholipids and glycolipids amount to 63, 20, and 12% respectively of the crude oil extracted. About 5% of the crude oil was lost in the separation procedure.
Effect of Seed Size on Uniformity of Pimiento Transplants (Capsicum annuum L.) at Harvest Time1
Authors: Cochran H. L.
Published: August 2022

Replicated field plots of small, medium, and large pimiento seeds, cv. Truhard Perfection, were planted in mid-February of 1972 and 1973. Compared to seedlings produced by small seeds, those from medium and large seeds emerged 2 days earlier to a significantly better stand, and attained in 71 days the growth, the hardened condition, and the root system required of usable transplants by canners. Transplants from small seeds failed to reach these requirements within the 75-day duration of this study.
Patulin from Penicillium expansum in Stone Fruits and Pears1
Authors: Buchanan J. R. , Sommer N. F. , Fortlage R. J. , Maxie E. C. , Mitchell F. G. , Hsieh D. P.H.
Published: August 2022

Concentrations of patulin in blue mold lesions caused by Penicillium expansum Lk. ex Thom in pears and stone fruits were similar to those reported for apples. Of fruits tested, only the plum was a poor substrate for accumulation of the mycotoxin. The total patulin within disease lesions increased as the lesions enlarged. However, the concentration of patulin varied considerably, with the largest lesions usually yielding the lowest concentrations. Little or no patulin permeated healthy tissue surrounding the disease lesions unless fruits were overripe or had senescent breakdown.
Effects of Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Quality of Sweet Potatoes1
Authors: Constantin Roysell J. , Hernandez Travis P. , Jones L. G.
Published: August 2022

Whenever supplemental irrigation was applied to sweet potatoes, root quality was reduced. Dry matter content, color of both fresh and processed sweet potatoes, firmness of the canned product, and percent protein decreased as the moisture content of the soil increased. Moisture content had little or no influence on fiber content or cortex thickness of fleshy roots.

Nitrogen levels also influenced quality factors. As N levels increased there was a reduction in flesh color and increases in protein content and firmness of the canned potatoes. Nitrogen had little effect on fiber content, dry matter content or cortex thickness.

Yearly variations occurred for dry matter content, fiber content, firmness of the canned product and flesh color.
Effects of Rootstocks and Length and Type of Interstock on Growth of Apple trees in Sand Culture1
Authors: Lockard Raymond G.
Published: August 2022

Comparisons were made of the fresh weights of trees on apple rootstocks MM 111, MM 106 and M.9 and of the weights of trees with interstocks of ‘Red Delicious’ (RD), MM 106 and M.9 of 2.5, 7.5, 12.5 or 18 cm lengths on MM 111 rootstocks. All scions were RD and the experiment covered the 1969-1972 growing seasons. Weight of all plant parts increased over the 4 years but the percentage of leaves and new growth decreased from 1970 to 1972, whereas the increase in scion and interstock weight tended to be a greater percentage of total plant weight increase (TPI) each year. Treatments MM 106 and M.9 rootstocks and M.9 interstock dwarfted the trees 37, 40, and 40 percent, respectively. M.9 rootstock and interstock and MM 106 interstock increased in weight proportionately more than comparable parts on the least dwarfing graft combinations. M.9 interstock also induced a proportionately larger root system than the other 2 interstocks.

The faster growth rate of plants on MM 111 rootstock resulted from more rapid growth of woody tissues; leaf weights were similar. Plants with an RD or MM 106 interstock showed numerous variations in growth over the 4 years, but those with an M.9 interstock were uniform in growth habit.

Plants with a 12.5 cm interstock weighed the least of all 3 interstock types. A comparison of weight of plants with a 2.5 or 7.5 cm interstock with those with a 12.5 or 18 cm interstock showed a reduction in growth due to the longer interstems only on plants with an M.9 interstock.
Inheritance of an Enhanced Branching Character in the Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)1
Authors: Campbell C. G. , Nonnecke I. L.
Published: August 2022

An unusual branching habit was found in plants of a Guelph tomato line. The axillary buds of the cotyledons and leaves of these plants exhibited vigorous growth at an early stage producing compact, many branched plants with a high number of flower clusters at the first bloom stage. The character was determined by a single, partially dominant gene. No linkage was confirmed with a number of known genes in the tomato genome. The rate of branch growth differed in progeny of crosses with stocks carrying the marker genes indicating the character was influenced by parental genotypes. The gene is designated Lp (Lateral promoter).
Effect of Temperature on Ontogeny of Berries of Vitis Vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon1
Authors: Hale C. R. , Buttrose M. S.
Published: August 2022

The effect of temperature on development of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ berries was examined in growth cabinets beginning 3 weeks after flowering and terminating 6 weeks after the start of stage III. High temperature, 35/30°C, reduced the amount and duration of berry growth during stage I; it lengthened stage II by inhibiting the onset of stage III. Final berry size was irreversibly reduced by high temperature during stage I. The duration of stage II was also lengthened by lowering the day/night temperature during stage I from 25/20 to 18/13°C. Maximum berry size was attained most rapidly at the intermediate and most slowly at high temperature. Generally, stages I and II were more sensitive to temperature than stage III.

Final berry weight was lowest at 35/30°C. The concentration of total soluble solids was low when both stages II and III were at 35/30 and high when stage I or both stages I and II were at 35/30 and subsequent growth at 18/13. Once stage III had started, temperature had little effect on berry size or total soluble solids. Acidity was highest when all stages of development were at 18/13 and was reduced by high temperature at any stage of development.
Freeze Disruption of Sour Orange Leaf Cells1
Authors: Young Roger , Marshall Mann
Published: August 2022

Sour orange leaves (Citrus aurantium L.) from cold-hardened and unhardened plants were sectioned and prepared for light and electronmicroscopy examination after freezing at -3.3°C and -6.7°. Severe membrane destruction was visible in both hardened and unhardened cells after freezing. These membranes included the tonoplast, outer chloroplast membrane, and the cristae membrane in the mitochrondria. The thylakoids of the grana, the intergrana lamella, and the outer mitochrondrial membranes remained intact. Membrane destruction resulted in gross disorganization of cell contents. Disruption of cells was evident and included palisade and mesophyll cells, the lower epidermal layer, and xylem, fiber, and pith cells in the vascular system.
Tolerance to Pierce’s Disease and the Associated Rickettsia-like Bacterium in Muscadine Grape1
Authors: Hopkins D. L. , Mollenhauer H. H. , Mortensen J. A.
Published: August 2022

Rickettsia-like bacteria, implicated as the casual agent of Pierce’s disease, were easily observed by electron microscopy in the xylem of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) with symptoms of Pierce’s disease. The symptoms included severe stunt, marginal leaf burn, and dieback. The bacterium was observed only in the tracheary elements of the xylem.

Differences in levels of tolerance to Pierce’s disease were found in muscadine cultivars and breeding selections. Muscadine cultivars and selections developed at Experiment, GA were generally more tolerant to the disease than those developed at Meridian, MS or Raleigh, NC, however, there were some highly tolerant cultivars from all 3 locations. Cultivars from MS were much more tolerant to the disease than were selections from that location which were never considered acceptable for release to commercial growers.
Uptake and Metabolism of Sucrose in Cut Roses1
Authors: Kaltaler R. E.L. , Steponkus Peter L.
Published: August 2022

When placed in either the modified Cornell Solution (2% sucrose + 200 mg/1 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate) or distilled water, levels of l4C-labelled compounds in Rosa hybrida “Red American Beauty” flowers increased linearly. Girdling the stems decreased accumulation of 14C in the petal tissue by only 25%. Fructose and glucose were the predominant sugars in petal tissues with only minor amounts of sucrose. Addition of sucrose to the preservative solution increased the levels of glucose and fructose but had little affect on the sucrose content. The data indicate that inferences of sugar accumulation in petals cannot be made from data on xylem conductivity.
Processing Studies With Eggplant1
Authors: Constantin Roysell J. , Fontenot James E. , Barrios Earl P.
Published: August 2022

Processing studies during 3 years showed that an acceptable canned product could be produced from eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). The main problem encountered was fruit discoloration that occurred during peeling and upon exposure to air after slicing.

Eggplant fruit can be lye peeled, then sliced or diced. Blanching in boiling water or 1% citric acid was necessary to prevent development of brownish discoloration, and also to reduce bitter and astringent components. Green fruited cultivars discolored less than purple pigmented cultivars, thus producing a lighter colored, more desirable canned product. Blanching did not significantly soften the canned product. The product was soft, but held its shape and could be substituted for boiled eggplant in receipes. Once opened, canned eggplant discolored upon standing, but the reaction could be reversed by the addition of citric acid suggesting that discoloration could be controlled by lowering pH of the product.
The Leaf Roll-Necrosis Disorder of Lilacs: Etiological Role of Urban-Generated Air Pollutants1
Authors: Hibben Craig R. , Poole Taylor Margery
Published: August 2022

The leaf roll-necrosis disorder has been identified in collections of lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.) in or near the cities of New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. Observed symptom differences among lilacs at 6 sites were largely quantitative, indicating the occurrence of incitants common to all locations. Activated charcoal and 4,4’-dioctyldiphenylamine filter chambers applied to branches reduced injury and provided corroborating evidence that air pollutants, including oxidant-type, were causal factors. Monitoring data from New York City and Philadelphia revealed progressively decreasing pollutant levels in recent years that coincided with decreases in severity of the disorder. Fluoride was not a causal agent, based on low levels in leaves. In experimental fumigations of lilac clones, although the results were inconclusive regarding identification of causal pollutants, ozone and sulfur dioxide induced some symptoms of the disorder. The occurrence of additional field symptoms suggested the involvement of other, as yet unidentified, phytotoxic pollutants.
Morphology of the American Holly Shoot and Inflorescence1
Authors: Milbocker Daniel C. , Richard Craig
Published: August 2022

Morphological examination of the vegetative bud of American holly, Ilex opaca Ait., shows it to consist of an apical meristem surrounded by leaf primordia and these in turn by fleshy cataphyls (bud scales). With expansion of the bud into a shoot, flower buds are initiated in the axils of cataphyls and a few leaf primordia. When flowers are not initiated in the leaf axils, vegetative buds develop therein and in the terminal of the shoot. The male inflorescence is a cyme with 3 flowers and the female inflorescence a solitary flower. Both staminate and pistillate flowers normally have 4 sepal points, 4 petals, 4 anthers and 4 carpels though 5 and 6 of each are frequently observed in individual flowers. Pistillate flowers bear no pollen and staminate flowers have only a rudimentary pistil. The trimerous primordium, though variously shaped, is the origin of leaves, cataphyls, resting vegetative buds, bracts, the calyx, and the inflorescence. Differentiation into leaves or cataphyls and inflorescences or resting vegetative buds appeared to be controlled by the physiological condition of the plant at the time of differentiation.
Spur Type Growth Habit in 60 Apple Progenies1,2
Authors: Lapins K. O.
Published: August 2022

Growth habit at bearing age was studied in 60 progenies of apple, Malus pumila Mill. One progeny, ‘Golden Delicious’ × ‘McIntosh Wijcik’, segregated into 2 distinct growth types, spur-type (compact) and non-spur (standard) at an approximate 1:1 ratio. In the other 59 progenies there was a continuous variation from trees with no or few spurs to trees with many spurs. Trees were classified into 5 arbitrary “spurriness” classes, mainly based on the ratio of spurs to vegetative shoots. Average spurriness of a progeny generally increased with that of its parents. Spur-type mutants of standard cultivars when used as both parents increased the degree of spurriness slightly, but less than expected. Certain progenies had 30 to 56% trees comparable in spurriness to the spur-types of commercial apple cultivars. Among parents inducing spurriness in the progeny, ‘Melba’ was outstanding.
THE EFFECTS OF SHOE SUITABILITY ON PLANTAR PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AND BALANCE PARAMETERS IN CHILDREN WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT
Authors: EROL ÇELİK Seher , BEK Nilgün , ÖZCEBE Hilal , KOCAMAN Hikmet
Published: August 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the characteristics of the shoes used by the children have an effect on the dynamic and static plantar pressure distribution parameters and balance parameters in hearing impaired children, and to compare the results with those of nonhearing- impaired children.

Methods: The study included 136 children, 68 children with hearing impairment and 68 children without hearing impairment. The Footwear Assessment Score (FAS) was applied to evaluate children's footwear. Flamingo Balance Test (FBT) was used to evaluate the static balance of the children, and the Functional Reach Test (FRT) was used to evaluate the dynamic balance of the children. Static and dynamic plantar pressure distribution measurements of the children were carried out with a sensored walking platform (Footscan® pedobarography system (RsScan-FootScan lab ltd., Ipswich, England)).

Results: In hearing impaired children, a positive relationship was found between FAS and dominant foot total percentage of pressure values. In children without hearing impairment, there was a negative relationship between FAS and dominant hindfoot pressure, and a positive relationship between FAS and anterior non-dominant foot pressure (p0.05).

Conclusions: The increase in static loading with the footwear suitability on the dominant foot in hearing impaired children may be an indication that children with balance problems load more on the dominant foot in order to feel safer.
Rainfall dynamics observed over India during last century (1901–2020) using innovative trend methodology
Authors: Chauhan Abhilash Singh , Maurya Rajesh Kumar Singh , Rani Alka , Malik Anurag , Kisi Ozgur , Danodia Abhishek
Published: August 2022

This study investigates the spatio-temporal distribution and trends of seasonal rainfall for different meteorological sub-divisions (MSDs) of India using statistical analysis and the innovative trend analysis (ITA) method. The gridded dataset of daily rainfall for 120 years from 1901 to 2020 was obtained from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and analysed using statistical results of mean rainfall, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, skewness, kurtosis, maximum seasonal rainfall, percent deviation of rainfall, number of rainy days, rainfall intensity, rainfall categorization, trend detection, and cross-correlation coefficients. The period was divided into three quad-decadal times (QDT) of 40 years each (i.e., 1901–1940: QDT1, 1941–1980: QDT2, and 1981–2020: QDT3). A general decrease in the number of rainfall events was observed in all the seasons except for a few MSDs of northwest India showing a rise throughout the pre-monsoon season in recent times (QDT3). Significant trends were detected using the ITA method in seasonal rainfall in nearly all the MSDs of India. Our findings are highlighting the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of seasonal rainfall dynamics at the MSDs level which will be useful for comprehending the rainfall dynamics as impacted by climate change and climate variability in India, and may further lead the policymakers and stakeholders for making the best use of available water resources.
Editorial
Authors: Sales de Aquino Fernanda Mayara
Published: August 2022

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Incidencia de las enfermedades foliares en los sistemas agroforestales de Yurimaguas, Perú
Authors: Aragón L. , Huarhua H. , Cerna M. , Flores J. , Dueñas F. , Lao C.P. , Solis R. , Alegre J.
Published: August 2022

Un sistema agroforestal (SAF) se caracteriza por tener una diversidad de componentes como especies forestales maderables y no maderables, así como cultivos, pastos o un sistema de producción ganadera. Esta diversidad de componentes en el sistema reduce la intensidad de las enfermedades, por ejemplo, las foliares. Los objetivos fueron detectar los microorganismos fúngicos asociados a las manchas foliares de las especies vegetales que forman parte de los sistemas de producción agroforestal de los agricultores de Yurimaguas (Loreto) que participaron en el SLA y determinar el nivel de incidencia de las manchas foliares en los sistemas de producción agroforestal. En estas fincas se implementaron diferentes sistemas de cultivo de la tierra, como la palma (Bactris gasipaes) para producir palmitos y cacao (Theobroma cacao), incluyendo el plátano (Mussa sp.). También, sistemas silvopastoriles con especies maderables de crecimiento rápido y lento y ganado con pastos para el pastoreo y la reforestación en áreas de bosques secundarios en estado de degradación. Se realizó la prospección, recolección y determinación de la incidencia de las enfermedades en cada finca, y posteriormente se identificaron con métodos moleculares utilizando los cebadores ITS 1 e ITS 4. Los síntomas que se observaron, predominantemente, fueron manchas foliares en cacao (patrón), palma y plátano. No se observaron síntomas de marchitamiento, decaimiento o podredumbre. La incidencia se evaluó en dos periodos de recolección (2018 y 2019). Los hongos aislados de las manchas foliares fueron Pestalotiopsis sydowiana y Colletotrichum siamense como agentes causantes de las manchas foliares en palma y cacao, y Mycosphaerella fijiensis en plátano. Al determinar la incidencia desde abril de 2018 hasta octubre de 2019, se observó una disminución de este parámetro para las fincas con palma, especialmente en aquellas donde la implementación consistió en mejorar el sistema de producción a través de la fertilización con base en los requerimientos del cultivo. Se concluyó que la mayor intensidad de enfermedades foliares se presentó en los sistemas agrícolas con monocultivo de palma con un 100 % al inicio de la evaluación, y para los sistemas agroforestales en el prototipo silvopastoril, solo se detectó en un rango de 0 % a 25 %.
Anticholinesterase Agents For Alzheimer's Disease Treatment: An Updated
Overview
Authors: Llanes Luana C. , Kuehlewein Isabelle , França Igor V. de , da Silva Luana Veiga , da Cruz Junior José W.
Published: August 2022

Background:

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease
that compromises the cognitive system and causes dementia. In general, AD affects
people over 65 years old, which implies a social impact if we consider future projections
due to the increase in life expectancy. The drugs currently marketed only slow the progression
of the disease. In this sense, the search for new drugs is a relevant topic in
medicinal chemistry. The therapeutic strategy adopted herein is the cholinergic hypothesis,
for which acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) inhibitors constitute the main treatment
for the disease.

Objective:

This review compiles research in synthetic and natural compounds with
AChE inhibitory function.

Methods:

Data were collected based on investigations of AChE inhibitors in the last 5
years of the 2010 decade. Synthetic and natural compounds were investigated, for which
Ligand Based Drug Design (LBDD) and Structure Based Drug Design (SBDD) strategies
were performed to better understand the structure-activity relationship of promising
therapeutic agents.

Results:

Prediction of physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties used to calculate
the bioavailability radar, lipophilicity, drug-likeness, and pharmacokinetics parameters
(SwissADME) indicated that most active compounds are associated with the following
characteristics: molecular weight above 377 g/mol; molar refractivity over 114; fraction
Csp3 below 0.39 and TPSA above 43 Å2. The most active compounds had a lipophilicity
parameter in the range between 2.5 and 4.52, a predominating lipophilic character.
Atoms and bonds/interactions relevant for drug development were also investigated and
the data pointed out the following tendencies: number of heavy atoms between 16 and
41; number of aromatic heavy atoms between 6 and 22; number of rotatable bonds between
1 and 14; number of H-bond acceptors between 1 and 11; number of H-bond
donors below 7. Molecular docking studies indicated that all compounds had higher Goldscores
than the drugs used as a positive control, indicating a stronger interaction with the
enzyme.

Conclusion:

the selected compounds represent a potential for new anticholinesterase
drugs and may be good starting-point for the development of new candidates. Also, design
rules can be extracted from our analysis.
Immuno-informatic Prediction of B and T cell Epitopes of Cysteine Protease Allergen from Phaseolus vulgaris with Cross-reactive Potential and Population Coverage
Authors: Arora Naveen , Sharma Akansha , Vashisht Srishti , Gaur Shailendra Nath , Batra Janendra K.
Published: August 2022

Background:

In-silico mapping of epitopes by immune-informatics has simplified the efforts towards understanding antigen-antibody interactions. The knowledge of allergen epitopes may help in advancing the diagnosis and therapy of allergic diseases.

Objective:

This study was intended to identify B and T cell epitopes of cysteine protease allergen of Phaseolus vulgaris.

Methods:

Modeller 9v20 software was used for the generation of three-dimensional model of cysteine protease and quality assessment was performed using SAVES webserver and other in silico software. Linear and conformational B and T cell epitopes were predicted via immuno-informatics based computational servers. Epitopes were synthesized and their immunoreactivity was analyzed using specific IgE ELISA with food allergy positive patient’s sera. Cellular immune response of peptides was determined through basophil activation assay. Consurf and SDAP (property distance) were used to examine the evolutionary conservancy and potential cross-reactivity of predicted epitopes. MSA based positional conservancy between HDM allergen epitopes and predicted peptides was also established using IEDB epitope database. Finally, population coverage for each promiscuous T cell epitope was predicted using IEDB population coverage analysis tool.

Results:

Cysteine protease structure was derived by homology modeling and combination of bioinformatic tools predicted three B- and three T-cell peptides by consensus method and validated computationally. ELISA with kidney bean sensitive patient’s sera showed higher IgE binding of B-cell peptides as compared to T-cell or control peptides. Epitope conservancy revealed B-cell epitopes being upto 95% conserved in comparison to variable T-cell epitopes (upto 69%). B-cell peptides were crossreactive with homologous allergens based on PD values. Structural comparison of cysteine protease with Der p 1 and Der f 1 showed similar epitopic regions, validating the prediction accuracy of epitopes. Promiscuous T-cell epitopes binding to broad-spectrum class-II MHC alleles demonstrated the distribution of T-cell peptides world-wide (30-98%) and in Asian population (99%).

Conclusion:

The current approach can be applied for identification of epitopes. Analysis of crossreactive and widely-distributed specific epitopes of allergen and knowledge about their interactive surfaces will help in understanding of food allergy and related immune responses.
Initiation of the Pharmacogenetics of Capecitabine in Morocco
Authors: Zouine Khalid , Abassi Meryem , Bouguenouch Laila , Mouhrach Ismail , Oussama Kettani , Abdellah Souleimani , Karim Ouldim , Nawfel Mellas
Published: August 2022

Introduction:

The pharmacogenetics of anticancer drugs is of paramount importance in
minimizing their side effects and increasing their efficacy. When applied to capecitabine, the result is
that variation in patient responses has been largely linked to different genetic polymorphisms of
dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), which explained in many cases, the onset of toxicity of
this medication in patients. Failure of this enzyme is known to be responsible for a high incidence of
serious or fatal side effects. In this study conducted on Moroccan patients under treatment with capecitabine
at usual doses at the Fez University Hospital, the first in Africa and Morocco, we are looking
for the presence of four variants of the DPD gene (DPYD): T486A on exon 5 (rs666523971),
c.1679T> G (p.I560S; rs55886062; allele DPYD * 13) on exon 13, c.1905 + 1G> A (IVS14 + 1G>
A; rs3918290; allele DPYD * 2A) on the splice site near exon 14 and the c.2846A> T mutation
(p.D949V; rs67376798) on exon 22. We will therefore seek to establish the cause-and-effect relationship
between this toxicity and the presence of these variants in his patients, which will allow us
to avoid the dangerous prescription of capecitabine in patients carrying these polymorphisms.

Methods:

This prospective study is carried out at the Laboratory of Medical Genetics of the CHU
Hassan II Fez and spread over a period of 3 years. Patient recruitment was carried out by the oncology
department of CHU Hassan II-Fès. All recruited patients are treated with capecitabine. A total of
64 patients were tested. Blood samples (5 ml) were obtained from each one of them after their consent,
and DNA was extracted. The study of these four polymorphisms was carried out by PCR
sequencing.

Results and Discussion:

We have studied 64 patients taking capecitabine. Their median age was 50,
and the mean age was 50 and 79, with extremes of 25 and 78 years. The sex ratio F / M was 0,60.
Different levels of toxicity have been developed in patients ranging from simple vomiting to IVdegree
hand and foot syndrome and second-degree neuropathy involving total discontinuation of
treatment.
These mutations were not found in the patients. Thus it would be interesting to enlarge the sample
size, look for these polymorphisms and others on other exons of the DPYD gene, and try to understand
the cause of this increased incidence of capecitabine toxicity in the Moroccan population.

Conclusion:

Capecitabine-based chemotherapy caused adverse effects with varying levels in its patients.
The SNPs on the DPYD gene sought were not found in this Moroccan sample. It is desirable
to screen more patients and to search for other SNPs to understand the toxicity of capecitabine in
relation to the DPYD gene. This will make it possible to adjust the dosage of this drug, increase its
effectiveness and minimize its toxicity.
New Explainable Deep CNN Design for Classifying Breast Tumor
Response Over Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Authors: Adoui Mohammed El , Drisis Stylianos , Benjelloun Mohammed
Published: August 2022

Purpose:

To reduce breast tumor size before surgery, Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
(NAC) is applied systematically to patients with local breast cancer. However, with the existing
clinical protocols, it is not yet possible to have an early prediction of the effect of chemotherapy
on a breast tumor. Predicting the response to chemotherapy could reduce toxicity and delay effective
treatment. Computational analysis of Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Images
(DCE-MRI) through Deep Convolution Neural Network (CNN) has proved a significant performance
in classifying responders and no responder’s patients. This study intends to present a
new explainable Deep Learning (DL) model predicting the breast cancer response to chemotherapy
based on multiple MRI inputs.

Methods and Material:

In this study, a cohort of 42 breast cancer patients who underwent chemotherapy
was used to train and validate the proposed DL model. This dataset was provided by the
Jules Bordet institute of radiology in Brussels, Belgium. 14 external subjects were used to validate
the DL model to classify responding or non-responding patients on temporal DCE-MRI volumes.
The model performance was assessed by the Area Under the receiver operating characteristic
Curve (AUC), accuracy, and features map visualization according to pathological complete response
(Ground truth).

Results:

The developed deep learning architecture was able to predict the responding breast tumors
to chemotherapy treatment in the external validation dataset with an AUC of 0.93 using parallel
learning MRI images acquired at different moments. The visual results showed that the most
important extracted features from non-responding tumors are in the peripheral and external tumor
regions. The model proposed in this study is more efficient compared to those proposed in the
literature.

Conclusion:

Even with a limited training dataset size, the developed multi-input CNN model using
DCE-MR images acquired before and following the first chemotherapy was able to predict
responding and non-responding tumors with higher accuracy. Thanks to the visualization of the
extracted characteristics by the DL model on the responding and non-responding tumors, the latter
could be used henceforth in clinical analysis after its evaluation based on more extra data.
Bourgeoning Cancer Targets
Authors: Kriplani Priyanka
Published: August 2022

Identifying cancer genomes has provided acuity into somatically altered genes athwart tu-mors, transformed our understanding of biology, and helped us design therapeutic strategies. Though the action of most cancer cells remains furtive yet many features of cancer surpass their genomes. Consequently, the characterization of tumor genome does not affect the treatment of many patients. Strategies to know the circuity and function of cancer genes provide corresponding methods to expli-cate both non-oncogene and oncogene deficiencies. The emerging techniques specify that the thera-peutic targets produced by non-oncogene deficiencies are much grander than the mutated genes. In the present review, a framework of the long-drawn-out list of cancer targets viz. synthetic lethal tar-gets, oncogene dependence, response to DNA damage, tumor suppressor rescue, metabolic suscepti-bility, protein-protein interaction, cell state or master regulators, targeting immune cells, fibroblasts, etc. giving innovative prospects for clinical translation, are discussed.