bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microfactories for Intracellular Locally Generated Hydrogen Therapy: Advanced Materials, Challenges, and Opportunities
Authors: Ma Yuli , Wu Fang , Hu Yun Hang
Published: September 2019

Hydrogen therapy has attracted increasing attention in clinical/preclinical studies as an emerging and promising therapy technique owing to its selective antioxidative properties. Microfactories for intracellular local hydrogen production are an efficient intracellular hydrogen delivery system with targeted, controlled, and sustained release. In this Minireview, recently developed materials, technologies, and strategies for locally generated hydrogen therapy are summarized. Different driving forces including ultrasound, light, and chemical reactions are critical to the in situ production of hydrogen for the hydrogen therapy process. The therapeutic mechanisms and effectiveness of this locally generated hydrogen were evaluated based on the type of disease models, with an emphasis on tissue inflammation and cancer. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities of constructing these microfactories for locally generated hydrogen therapy are discussed.
Spatiotemporal Control of Morphogen Delivery to Pattern Stem Cell Differentiation in Three‐Dimensional Hydrogels
Authors: O'Grady Brian J. , Balikov Daniel A. , Lippmann Ethan S. , Bellan Leon M.
Published: September 2019

Morphogens are biological molecules that alter cellular identity and behavior across both space and time. During embryonic development, morphogen spatial localization can be confined to small volumes in a single tissue or permeate throughout an entire organism, and the temporal effects of morphogens can range from fractions of a second to several days. In most cases, morphogens are presented as a gradient to adjacent cells within tissues to pattern cell fate. As such, to appropriately model development and build representative multicellular architectures in vitro, it is vital to recapitulate these gradients during stem cell differentiation. However, the ability to control morphogen presentation within in vitro systems remains challenging. Here, we describe an innovative platform using channels patterned within thick, three‐dimensional hydrogels that deliver multiple morphogens to embedded cells, thereby demonstrating exquisite control over both spatial and temporal variations in morphogen presentation. This generalizable approach should have broad utility for researchers interested in patterning in vitro tissue structures. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
What corporate social responsibility brings to brand management? The two pathways from social responsibility to brand commitment
Authors: Abid Tarek , Abid‐Dupont Marie‐Aude , Moulins Jean‐Louis
Published: September 2019

Social responsibility has become a cornerstone of brand management, enabling brand differentiation in a high growth market. By distinguishing between symbolic and utilitarian associations of social responsibility, our study identifies two levers for consumer brand commitment. We posit that utilitarian associations enhance consumer brand commitment by strengthening consumer trust. We also argue that brands can encourage consumer commitment through their environmental and philanthropic engagements by conveying values with which consumers can identify to foster brand identification. This second commitment lever is argued to be particularly effective for consumers with strong social/environmental personal norms. We empirically test our research model on a sample of regular consumers of organic food brands, validating the two pathways from social responsibility to brand commitment. The moderating role of consumers' personal norms on the process was confirmed regarding the philanthropic dimension but not the environmental one. Contributions and implications for sustainable marketing are discussed.
Inhibition of mmp13a during zebrafish fin regeneration disrupts fin growth, osteoblasts differentiation, and Laminin organization
Authors: Li Li , Zhang Jing , Akimenko Marie‐Andrée
Published: September 2019

Background

Matrix metalloproteinases 13 (MMP13) is a potent endopeptidase that regulate cell growth, migration, and extracellular matrix remodeling. However, its role in fin regeneration remains unclear.

Results

mmp13a expression is strongly upregulated during blastema formation and persists in the distal blastema. mmp13a knockdown via morpholino electroporation impairs regenerative outgrowth by decreasing cell proliferation, which correlates with a downregulation of fgf10a and sall4 expression in the blastema. Laminin distribution in the basement membrane is also affected in mmp13a MO‐injected rays. Another impact of mmp13a knockdown is observed in the skeletal elements of the fin rays. Expression of two main components of actinotrichia, Collagen II and Actinodin 1 is highly reduced in mmp13a MO‐injected rays leading to highly disorganized actinotrichia pattern. Inhibition of mmp13a strongly affects bone formation as shown by a reduction of Zns5 and sp7 expression and of bone matrix mineralization in rays. These defects are accompanied by a significant increase in apoptosis in mmp13a MO‐injected fin regenerates.

Conclusion

Defects of expression of this multifunctional proteinase drastically affects osteoblast differentiation, bone and actinotrichia formation as well as Laminin distribution in the basement membrane of the fin regenerate, suggesting the important role of Mmp13 during the regenerative process.
Consequences of marine barriers for genetic diversity of the coral‐specialist yellowbar angelfish from the Northwestern Indian Ocean
Authors: Torquato Felipe , Range Pedro , Ben‐Hamadou Radhouane , Sigsgaard Eva E. , Thomsen Philip F. , Riera Rodrigo , Berumen Michael L. , Burt John A. , Feary David A. , Marshell Alyssa , D'Agostino Daniele , DiBattista Joseph D. , Møller Peter R.
Published: September 2019

Ocean circulation, geological history, geographic distance, and seascape heterogeneity play an important role in phylogeography of coral‐dependent fishes. Here, we investigate potential genetic population structure within the yellowbar angelfish (Pomacanthus maculosus) across the Northwestern Indian Ocean (NIO). We then discuss our results with respect to the above abiotic features in order to understand the contemporary distribution of genetic diversity of the species. To do so, restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RAD‐seq) was utilized to carry out population genetic analyses onP. maculosussampled throughout the species’ distributional range. First, genetic data were correlated to geographic and environmental distances, and tested for isolation‐by‐distance and isolation‐by‐environment, respectively, by applying the Mantel test. Secondly, we used distance‐based and model‐based methods for clustering genetic data. Our results suggest the presence of two putative barriers to dispersal; one off the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula and the other off northern Somalia, which together create three genetic subdivisions ofP. maculosuswithin the NIO. Around the Arabian Peninsula, one genetic cluster was associated with the Red Sea and the adjacent Gulf of Aden in the west, and another cluster was associated with the Arabian Gulf and the Sea of Oman in the east. Individuals sampled in Kenya represented a third genetic cluster. The geographic locations of genetic discontinuities observed between genetic subdivisions coincide with the presence of substantial upwelling systems, as well as habitat discontinuity. Our findings shed light on the origin and maintenance of genetic patterns in a common coral reef fish inhabiting the NIO, and reinforce the hypothesis that the evolution of marine fish species in this region has likely been shaped by multiple vicariance events.
Seasonal windows of opportunity in milkweed–monarch interactions
Authors: Yang Louie H. , Cenzer Meredith L.
Published: September 2019

Many organisms experience seasonal windows of opportunity for growth and reproduction. These windows represent intervals in time when organisms experience improved prospects for advancing their life history objectives, constrained by the combined effects of seasonally variable biotic and abiotic conditions acting independently or in combination. Although seasonal windows of opportunity are likely to be widespread in nature, relatively few studies have conducted the repeated observations necessary to identify them or suggest the factors that structure them in time. Here, we present the results of three experimental studies conducted at different field sites in three different years in which we manipulated the phenology of monarch caterpillars (Danaus plexippus) throughout the growing season. The primary aims of these experiments were (1) to identify seasonal windows of opportunity for successful larval development on milkweed (Asclepias spp.), and (2) to suggest which factors are most likely to constrain these windows of opportunity in time. We found strong seasonal windows of opportunity in the developmental success of monarchs, with distinct periods of higher developmental prospects during each study year. We evaluated the role of seasonal variation in abiotic thermal stress, host plant density, host plant defensive traits, and natural enemy risk as potential factors that may limit seasonal windows of opportunity. By comparing the seasonal patterns of larval success and potential explanatory factors across all 3 yr, we find patterns that are consistent with seasonally variable abiotic conditions, host plant availability, host plant traits, and natural enemy risk factors. These results suggest the potential for seasonal variation in the factors that limit monarch larval development and population growth. More generally, this study also highlights the value of temporally explicit experimental studies that can identify and examine seasonal patterns in species interactions.
Reactivity vs. Stability of Cyclopropenium Substituted Phosphonium Salts
Authors: Taakili Rachid , Duhayon Carine , Lugan Noël , Canac Yves
Published: September 2019

The stability vs. reactivity of electrophilic 3‐(triphenylphosphonio)‐cyclopropenium salts towards a neutral nucleophile, such as triphenylphosphane, is reported. Depending on the nature of cyclopropenyl substituents (R), the three‐membered cyclic structure is preserved (R = Ph) or evolves by ring opening to the isomeric linear allene (R = Mes). The respective formation of 1,3‐bis(triphenylphosphonio)‐2,3‐diphenylcyclopropene and 3,3‐bis(triphenylphosphonio)‐1,1‐dimesitylallene products is rationalized on the basis of steric and electrostatic constraints.
Designed Synthesis of Multiluminescent Materials Using Lanthanide Metal‐Organic Frameworks and Carbon Dots as Building‐Blocks
Authors: Gao Yuan , Hilbers Michiel , Zhang Hong , Tanase Stefania
Published: September 2019

A multiluminescent composite material, CDs@EuW–MOF, is synthesized by self‐assembling molecular building‐blocks in the presence of carbon dots (CDs). Using water soluble CDs within the growth media of a hydrophilic metal‐organic framework (MOF) enables the incorporation of the CDs within MOF pores through a one‐pot synthesis. The emission spectra obtained using a broad range of excitation wavelengths (295–400 nm) show multiple emissions including the Eu3+ red emission and the dual‐color (blue and green) emissions of the CDs. The red emission intensity of Eu3+ ions decreases in the presence of water molecules, leading to the ratiometric detection of water in methanol within a wide response range of 0–30 % (V/V). Due to the quenching effect on the CDs emission, this composite can also sense acetonitrile. The results demonstrate that using a molecular building‐block approach is an efficient route towards the design of multiluminescent functional materials.
The Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition scale (PAIC15): A multidisciplinary and international approach to develop and test a meta‐tool for pain assessment in impaired cognition, especially dementia
Authors: Kunz Miriam , de Waal Margot W. M. , Achterberg Wilco P. , Gimenez‐Llort Lydia , Lobbezoo Frank , Sampson Elisabeth L. , van Dalen‐Kok Annelore H. , Defrin Ruth , Invitto Sara , Konstantinovic Ljubica , Oosterman Joukje , Petrini Laura , van der Steen Jenny T. , Strand Liv‐Inger , de Tommaso Marina , Zwakhalen Sandra , Husebo Bettina S. , Lautenbacher Stefan
Published: September 2019

Background

Over the last decades, a considerable number of observational scales have been developed to assess pain in persons with dementia. The time seems ripe now to build on the knowledge and expertize implemented in these scales to form an improved, “best‐of” meta‐tool. The EU‐COST initiative “Pain in impaired cognition, especially dementia” aimed to do this by selecting items out of existing observational scales and critically re‐assessing their suitability to detect pain in dementia. This paper reports on the final phase of this collaborative task.

Methods

Items from existing observational pain scales were tested for “frequency of occurrence (item difficulty),” “reliability” and “validity.” This psychometric testing was carried out in eight countries, in different healthcare settings, and included clinical as well as experimental pain conditions.

Results

Across all studies, 587 persons with dementia, 27 individuals with intellectual disability, 12 Huntington's disease patients and 59 cognitively healthy controls were observed during rest and movement situations or while receiving experimental pressure pain, respectively. The psychometric outcomes for each item across the different studies were evaluated within an international and multidisciplinary team of experts and led a final selection of 15 items (5x facial expressions, 5x body movements, 5x vocalizations).

Conclusions

The final list of 15 observational items have demonstrated psychometric quality and clinical usefulness both in their former scales and in the present international evaluation; accordingly, they qualified twice to form a new internationally agreed‐on meta‐tool for Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition, the PAIC‐15 scale.

Significance

Using a meta‐tool approach by building on previous observational pain assessment scales and putting the items of these scales through rigorous empirical testing (using experimental as well as clinical pain studies in several European countries), we were able to identify the best items for pain assessment in individuals with impaired cognition. These selected items form the novel PAIC15 scale (pain assessment in impaired cognition, 15 items).
Factors of Kinetics Processes in Lithium–Sulfur Reactions
Authors: Tang Xiaonan , Xu Zichen , Sun Zhenhua , Zhou Jin , Wu Xiaozhong , Lin Hongtao , Rong Junfeng , Zhuo Shuping , Li Feng
Published: September 2019

Lithium–Sulfur (Li–S) batteries are among the most promising next‐generation secondary battery technologies due to their high theoretical energy density. However, the Li–S reaction is a multistep process and a solid–liquid–solid phase transition process, relating to complex reaction kinetics. Moreover, the poor conductivity of sulfur hinders effective electron transport, and large volume expansion leads to electrode pulverization, causing the electrode to lose effective electrical contact, which decreases the kinetics. In this review, the factors influencing kinetics processes in Li–S electrochemistry are reviewed, starting from the design of sulfur host materials, along with electrode structure. Then, the cell design including electrolyte, interlayer, etc., is discussed further. Finally, insights on how to improve the kinetics are provided, which is expected to provide direction for further kinetic investigation of Li–S batteries.
Plant Oil–Inspired 3D Flower‐Like Zn3V3O8 Nanospheres Coupled with N‐Doped Carbon as Anode Material for Li‐/Na‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Cheng Shikun , Ru Qiang , Shi Zhenglu , Gao Yuqing , Liu Yang , Hou Xianhua , Chen Fuming , Ling Francis Chi-Chung
Published: September 2019

Plant oil–inspired 3D flower‐like Zn3V3O8 nanospheres coupled with nitrogen doped (N‐doped) carbon synthesized via the microemulsion/calcination strategy are used as anodes for lithium‐/sodium‐ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs). The synergistic interaction between the unique 3D flower‐like structure and the existence of N‐doped carbon can provide enough space to buffer volume expansion during the Li+/Na+ intake/outlet process and enhance conductivity, respectively. Thus, the material delivers progressive electrochemical performance. Specifically, the Zn3V3O8 nanospheres exhibit a reversible specific capacity of 1140.6 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles for LIBs and 113.0 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles for SIBs at a current density of 200 mA g−1. Furthermore, the Zn3V3O8 nanospheres electrode owns rate capability for LIBs such as 933.8, 847.9, 780.8, and 664.1 mAh g−1 at elevated current densities of 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mAh g−1, respectively. In addition, it delivers reversible capacities of 207.5, 119.2, 74.1, and 42.7 mAh g−1 at 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 mA g−1 for SIBs, respectively.
HadUK‐Grid—A new UK dataset of gridded climate observations
Authors: Hollis Dan , McCarthy Mark , Kendon Michael , Legg Tim , Simpson Ian
Published: September 2019

HadUK‐Grid is a new dataset of gridded climate observations for the UK produced by the Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Science and Services. The dataset interpolates in situ observations to a regular grid using methods developed in a previous equivalent dataset that had been made available to users since 2002 through the UK Climate Projections project (UKCIP02, UKCP09). The new dataset differs from the existing one in a number of key respects: higher spatial resolution, longer time series for some variables, improved consistency with regard to the pre‐processing of station observations, the use of publicly‐accessible ancillary data sources, a revised calculation sequence for some variables and improved version control. This makes for a dataset that is more internally consistent, more traceable and more reproducible. The result is a dataset of key UK climate variables of up to 1 km resolution from 1862 for monthly rainfall, 1884 for monthly temperature, 1891 for daily rainfall, 1929 for monthly sunshine and a wider set of variables with start dates from the 1960s to support the need for national climate monitoring and climate research.
Migraine and the risk of all‐cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia: A prospective cohort study in community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Morton Rebecca E. , St. John Philip D. , Tyas Suzanne L.
Published: September 2019

Objectives

Dementia is the most common neurological disease in older adults; headaches, including migraines, are the most common neurological disorder across all ages. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between migraines and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD).

Methods

Analyses were based on 679 community‐dwelling participants 65+ years from the Manitoba Study of Health and Aging, a population‐based, prospective cohort study. Participants screened as cognitively intact at baseline had complete data on migraine history and all covariates at baseline and were assessed for cognitive outcomes (all‐cause dementia, AD, and VaD) 5 years later. The association of exposure (lifetime history of migraines), confounding (age, gender, education, and depression), and intervening variables (hypertension, myocardial infarction, other heart conditions, stroke, and diabetes) with all‐cause dementia and dementia subtypes (AD and VaD) was assessed using multiple logistic regression models.

Results

A history of migraines was significantly associated with both all‐cause dementia (odds ratio [OR]=2.97; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.25‐6.61) and AD (OR=4.22; 95% CI=1.59‐10.42), even after adjustment for confounding and intervening variables. Migraines were not significantly associated with VaD either before (OR=1.83; 95% CI=0.39‐8.52) or after (OR=1.52; 95% CI=0.20‐7.23) such adjustment.

Conclusions

Migraines were a significant risk factor for AD and all‐cause dementia. Despite the vascular mechanisms involved in migraine physiology, migraines were not significantly associated with VaD in this study. Recognition of the long‐term detrimental consequences of migraines for AD and dementia has implications for migraine management, as well as for our understanding of AD etiology.
New biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in acute lymphoblastic leukemias: Recent advances
Authors: Simioni Carolina , Bergamini Fabio , Ferioli Martina , Rimondi Erika , Caruso Lorenzo , Neri Luca M.
Published: September 2019

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) represents a heterogeneous group of hematologic malignancies, and it is normally characterized by an aberrant proliferation of immature lymphoid cells. Moreover, dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways that normally regulate cellular transcription, growth, translation, and proliferation is frequently encountered in this malignancy. ALL is the most frequent tumor in childhood, and adult ALL patients still correlate with poor survival. This review focuses on modern therapies in ALL that move beyond standard chemotherapy, with a particular emphasis on immunotherapeutic approaches as new treatment strategies. Bi‐specific T‐cell Engagers (BiTE) antibodies, the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐T cells, or CRISPR‐Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats [CRISPR]–associated nuclease 9) represent other new innovative approaches for this disease. Target and tailored therapy could make the difference in previously untreatable cases, i.e., precision and personalized medicine. Clinical trials will help to select the most efficient novel therapies in ALL management and to integrate them with existing treatments to achieve durable cures.
Hydraulic traits that buffer deep‐rooted plants from changes in hydrology and climate
Authors: Hultine Kevin R. , Froend Ray , Blasini Davis , Bush Susan E. , Karlinski Melissa , Koepke Dan F.
Published: September 2019

Groundwater‐dependent ecosystems are often defined by the presence of deeply rooted phreatophytic plants. When connected to groundwater, phreatophytes in arid regions decouple ecosystem net primary productivity from precipitation, underscoring a disproportionately high biodiversity and exchange of resources relative to surrounding areas. However, groundwater‐dependent ecosystems are widely threatened due to the effects of water diversions, groundwater abstraction, and higher frequencies of episodic drought and heat waves. The resilience of these ecosystems to shifting ecohydrological–climatological conditions will depend largely on the capacity of dominant, phreatophytic plants to cope with dramatic reductions in water availability and increases in atmospheric water demand. This paper disentangles the broad range of hydraulic traits expressed by phreatophytic vegetation to better understand their capacity to survive or even thrive under shifting ecohydrological conditions. We focus on three elements of plant water relations: (a) hydraulic architecture (including root area to leaf area ratios and rooting depth), (b) xylem structure and function, and (c) stomatal regulation. We place the expression of these traits across a continuum of phreatophytic habits from obligate to semi‐obligate to semi‐facultative to facultative. Although many species occupy multiple phreatophytic niches depending on access to groundwater, we anticipate that populations are largely locally adapted to a narrow range of ecohydrological conditions regardless of gene flow across ecohydrological gradients. Consequently, we hypothesize that reductions in available groundwater and increases in atmospheric water demand will result in either (a) stand replacement of obligate phreatophytic species with more facultative species as a function of widespread mortality in highly groundwater‐dependent populations or (b) directional selection in semi‐obligate and semi‐facultative phreatophytes towards the expression of traits associated with highly facultative phreatophytes in the absence of species replacement. Anticipated shifts in the expression of hydraulic traits may have profound impacts on water cycling processes, species assemblages, and habitat structure of groundwater‐dependent woodlands and riparian forests.
Mushroom consumption and incident risk of prostate cancer in Japan: A pooled analysis of the Miyagi Cohort Study and the Ohsaki Cohort Study
Authors: Zhang Shu , Sugawara Yumi , Chen Shiuan , Beelman Robert B. , Tsuduki Tsuyoshi , Tomata Yasutake , Matsuyama Sanae , Tsuji Ichiro
Published: September 2019

In vivo and in vitro evidence has shown that mushrooms have the potential to prevent prostate cancer. However, the relationship between mushroom consumption and incident prostate cancer in humans has never been investigated. In the present study, a total of 36,499 men, aged 40–79 years, who participated in the Miyagi Cohort Study in 1990 and in the Ohsaki Cohort Study in 1994 were followed for a median of 13.2 years. Data on mushroom consumption (categorized as <1, 1–2 and ≥3 times/week) was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to estimate multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for prostate cancer incidence. During 574,397 person‐years of follow‐up, 1,204 (3.3%) cases of prostate cancer were identified. Compared to participants with mushroom consumption <1 time/week, frequent mushroom intake was associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer (1–2 times/week: HRs [95% CIs] = 0.92 [0.81, 1.05]; ≥3 times/week: HRs [95% CIs] = 0.83 [0.70, 0.98]; p‐trend = 0.023). This inverse relationship was especially obvious among participants aged ≥50 years and did not differ by clinical stage of cancer and intake of vegetables, fruit, meat and dairy products. The present study showed an inverse relationship between mushroom consumption and incident prostate cancer among middle‐aged and elderly Japanese men, suggesting that habitual mushroom intake might help to prevent prostate cancer.
CD55 Regulates Bone Mass in Mice by Modulating RANKL-Mediated Rac Signaling and Osteoclast Function
Authors: Shin Bongjin , Won Heeyeon , Adams Douglas J , Lee Sun-Kyeong
Published: September 2019

CD55 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that regulates complement-mediated and innate and adaptive immune responses. Although CD55 is expressed in various cell types in the bone marrow, its role in bone has not been investigated. In the current study, trabecular bone volume measured by μCT in the femurs of CD55KO female mice was increased compared to wild type (WT). Paradoxically, osteoclast number was increased in CD55KO with no differences in osteoblast parameters. Osteoclasts from CD55KO mice exhibited abnormal actin-ring formation and reduced bone-resorbing activity. Moreover, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) treatment failed to activate Rac guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) in CD55KO bone marrow macrophage (BMM) cells. In addition, apoptotic caspases activity was enhanced in CD55KO, which led to the poor survival of mature osteoclasts. Our results imply that CD55KO mice have increased bone mass due to defective osteoclast resorbing activity resulting from reduced Rac activity in osteoclasts. We conclude that CD55 plays an important role in the survival and bone-resorption activity of osteoclasts through regulation of Rac activity. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Abstract
Fe3O4@C particles synthesized with iron‐containing water treatment residuals and its potential for methylene blue removal
Authors: Zeng Huiping , Qiao Tongda , Zhai Longxue , Zhang Jie , Li Dong
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND

Iron (Fe)‐containing groundwater treatment residual is a kind of waste from groundwater treatment plants, showing good potential to be reused. Attention has been paid to Fe‐based magnetic water treatment materials for their easy magnetic separation, and in the meantime, kinds of adsorbents were developed to address the severe global dyes pollution.

RESULTS

Black magnetic material was obtained with using the iron‐containing wastes as iron source without adding other iron chemical reagents by hydrothermal reaction. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) results show that the product is comprised of crystalline iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4) core and amorphous carbon shell (Fe3O4@C), and the core‐shell structure can also been seen clearly in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) result shows its saturation magnetization is 33.56 emu/g. This sample's sorption experiments for methylene blue (MB) removal were conducted, and the experiment results indicated that this sample could be used in a wide range of pH (5–12) and the adsorption might be a complex chemical diffusion process consisting of boundary layer effect due to kinetic modeling fitting analysis. The maximum sorption amount of MB was 16.33 and 19.13 mg/g, respectively at 298 K and 308 K. This sample after five regeneration cycles still had 72.1% MB removal rate.

CONCLUSION

The Fe3O4@C particles with good magnetism were synthesized successfully with Fe‐containing water treatment residuals, water treatment waste sludge, via a one‐step hydrothermal reaction, which could be of reasonable analogy for treating other Fe‐containing industrial waste. Furthermore, this sample could be used as adsorbent for MB molecules removal from dyed water with good reusability and easy magnetic separation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Engineering as the integrator: A case study of one middle school science teacher's talk
Authors: Johnston Amanda C. , Akarsu Murat , Moore Tamara J. , Guzey S. Selcen
Published: September 2019

Background

Integration of engineering into middle school science and mathematics classrooms is a key aspect of STEM integration. However, successful pedagogies for teachers to use engineering talk in their classrooms are not fully understood.

Purpose/Hypothesis

This study aims to address this need with the research question: How does a middle school life science teacher use engineering talk during an engineering design‐based STEM integration unit?

Design/Method

This case study examined the talk of a teacher whose students demonstrated high levels of learning in science and engineering throughout a three‐year professional development program. Transcripts of whole‐class verbal interactions for 18 class periods in the life science‐based STEM integration unit were analyzed using a theoretical framework based on the Framework for Quality K‐12 Engineering Education.

Results

The teacher used talk to integrate engineering in a variety of ways, skillfully weaving engineering throughout the unit. He framed lessons around problem scoping, incorporated engineering ideas into scientific verbal interactions, and aligned individual lessons and the overall unit with the engineering design process. He stayed true to the context of the engineering challenge and treated the students as young engineers.

Conclusions

This teacher's talk helped to integrate engineering with the science and mathematics content of the unit and modeled the practices of informed designers to help students learn engineering in the context of their science classroom. These findings have the potential to improve how educators and curricula developers utilize engineering teacher talk to support STEM integration.
Predominance of the heterozygous CCR5 delta‐24 deletion in African individuals resistant to HIV infection might be related to a defect in CCR5 addressing at the cell surface
Authors: Arendt Vic , Amand Mathieu , Iserentant Gilles , Lemaire Morgane , Masquelier Cécile , Ndayisaba Gilles F , Verhofstede Chris , Karita Etienne , Allen Susan , Chevigné Andy , Schmit Jean‐Claude , Bercoff Danielle Perez , Seguin‐Devaux Carole
Published: September 2019

Introduction

The chemokine receptor CCR5 is the main co‐receptor for R5‐tropic HIV‐1 variants. We have previously described a novel 24‐base pair deletion in the coding region of CCR5 among individuals from Rwanda. Here, we investigated the prevalence of hCCR5Δ24 in different cohorts and its impact on CCR5 expression and HIV‐1 infection in vitro.

Methods

We screened hCCR5Δ24 in a total of 3232 individuals which were either HIV‐1 uninfected, high‐risk HIV‐1 seronegative and seropositive partners from serodiscordant couples, Long‐Term Survivors, or HIV‐1 infected volunteers from Africa (Rwanda, Kenya, Guinea‐Conakry) and Luxembourg, using a real‐time PCR assay. The role of the 24‐base pair deletion on CCR5 expression and HIV infection was assessed in cell lines and PBMC using mRNA quantification, confocal analysis, flow and imaging cytometry.

Results and Discussion

Among the 1661 patients from Rwanda, 12 individuals were heterozygous for hCCR5Δ24 but none were homozygous. Although heterozygosity for this allele may not confer complete resistance to HIV‐1 infection, the prevalence of the mutation was 2.41% (95%CI: 0.43; 8.37) in 83 Long‐Term Survivors (LTS) and 0.99% (95%CI: 0.45; 2.14) in 613 HIV‐1 exposed seronegative members as compared with 0.35% (95% Cl: 0.06; 1.25) in 579 HIV‐1 seropositive members. The prevalence of hCCR5Δ24 was 0.55% (95%CI: 0.15; 1.69) in 547 infants from Kenya but the mutation was not detected in 224 infants from Guinea‐Conakry nor in 800 Caucasian individuals from Luxembourg. Expression of hCCR5Δ24 in cell lines and PBMC showed that the hCCR5Δ24 protein is stably expressed but is not transported to the plasma membrane due to a conformational change. Instead, the mutant receptor was retained intracellularly, colocalized with an endoplasmic reticulum marker and did not mediate HIV‐1 infection. Co‐transfection of hCCR5Δ24 and wtCCR5 did not indicate a transdominant negative effect of CCR5Δ24 on wtCCR5.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that hCCR5Δ24 is not expressed at the cell surface. This could explain the higher prevalence of the heterozygous hCCR5Δ24 in LTS and HIV‐1 exposed seronegative members from serodiscordant couples. Our data suggest an East‐African localization of this deletion, which needs to be confirmed in larger cohorts from African and non‐African countries.
Exercise in multiple sclerosis and its models: Focus on the central nervous system outcomes
Authors: Guo Ling Yi , Lozinski Brian , Yong Voon Wee
Published: September 2019

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) disorder characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Emerging research suggests that exercise has therapeutic benefits for MS patients but the clinical data have focused primarily on non‐CNS outcomes. In this review, we discuss evidence in preclinical MS models that exercise influences oligodendrocyte proliferation and repopulation, remyelination, neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, axonal regeneration, and astrogliosis. Evidence for the therapeutic effects of exercise in MS is further supplemented by data from other CNS diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injury. These results motivate studies into the benefits that exercise confers within the CNS in MS.
Changes in the sensitivity of tropical rainfall response to local sea surface temperature anomalies under global warming
Authors: Ying Jun , Huang Ping , Lian Tao
Published: September 2019

Changes in tropical rainfall variability under global warming are crucial to rainfall changes induced by tropical sea surface temperature (SST) variability modes, which exerts severe influences on human society and the natural environment. As the main factor influencing tropical rainfall variability, changes in the sensitivity of tropical rainfall response to local SST anomalies under global warming remain unclear. This study reveals its two dominant spatial features based on the multi‐model ensemble mean result from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. The sensitivity of tropical rainfall response to SST anomalies is enhanced in the equatorial central–eastern Pacific, and exhibits a positive Indian Ocean dipole‐like pattern in the Indian Ocean. A simplified moisture budget decomposition shows that such change is composed of the thermodynamic effect induced by the increase in mean‐state moisture and the dynamic effect induced by the changes in the sensitivity of atmospheric circulation response to SST anomalies. When the thermodynamic effect, displaying a ‘wet‐get‐wetter’ paradigm, is basically offset with a part of the dynamic effect by the general weakening of atmospheric circulation response to SST anomalies under global warming, changes in the sensitivity of rainfall response to SST anomalies is dominated by a residual dynamic effect that reflects the roles of two factors: the spatially non‐uniform SST warming and the climatological SST. As a result, the ‘warmer‐get‐wetter’ paradigm is more important to changes in the sensitivity of rainfall rasponse to SST anomalies than to climatological rainfall changes. Moreover, the non‐uniform SST warming pattern and the climatological SST are also important sources of intermodel uncertainty in the changes of sensitivity of rainfall rasponse to SST anomalies.
Short peptides secreted by Bacillus subtilis inhibit the growth of mold on fresh‐cut pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo)
Authors: Qiao Huitian , Zhang Bo , Chen Xiangning , Su Lijing , Jiao Chang , Chen Si , Fan Junfeng , Liu Huijun
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND

This study investigates the efficacy of short peptides secreted by Bacillus subtilis for fungal inhibition in fresh‐cut pumpkin and for maintaining its shelf life.

RESULTS

Low‐molecular‐weight filtrate (LC < 1000 Da) of B. subtilis culture (BC) significantly lowered the total number of molds on fresh‐cut pumpkin compared with the untreated control and a BC group after storage. Low‐molecular‐weight filtrate prevented the deterioration of sensory quality in a pumpkin incision, and reduced pectinase activity. It also inhibited the growth of Phytophthora capsici and Penicillium chrysogenum, and the activity of β‐1,3‐glucan synthase (GS) secreted by both molds. Fifty‐seven GS‐inhibiting peptides were screened from 95 LC peptides with two to five amino acid residues. The two most potent peptides, AWYW and HWWY, had strongly suppressive effects on the growth of P. capsici and P. chrysogenum.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that short peptides present in B. subtilis culture can play an important role in the maintenance of fresh‐cut pumpkin by suppressing fungal growth. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Using an automatic pulse voltammetric electronic tongue to verify the origin of honey from Spain, Honduras, and Mozambique
Authors: Sobrino‐Gregorio Lara , Tanleque‐Alberto Fernando , Bataller Román , Soto Juan , Escriche Isabel
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND

The growing need to classify the origin of honey in a simple way is leading to the development of affordable analytical equipment that is in‐line and manageable, enabling rapid on‐site screening. The aim of this work was therefore to evaluate whether an electronic tongue (made of four metallic electrodes: Ir, Rh, Pt, Au), based on potential multistep pulse voltammetry with electrochemical polishing, is able to differentiate between honey samples from Spain, Honduras, and Mozambique.

RESULTS

It was demonstrated, for the first time, that automatic pulse voltammetry, in combination with principal component analysis (PCA) statistical analysis, was able to differentiate honey samples from these three countries. A partial least squares (PLS) analysis predicted the level of certain physicochemical parameters, the best results being for conductivity and moisture with correlation coefficients of 0.948 and 0.879, whereas the weakest correlation was for the sugars.

CONCLUSION

The tool proposed in this study could be applied to identify the country origin of the three types of multifloral honey considered here. It also offers promising perspectives for expanding knowledge of the provenance of honey. All of this could be achieved when a comprehensive database with the information generated by this electronic tongue has been created. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of moving pictures on visual task performance and fatigue using 4K OLED and LCD TVs
Authors: Lim Kyongho , Li Xiaohua , Tu Yan
Published: September 2019

This study compared the effects of 4K organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) and liquid‐crystal display (LCD) TVs on human visual task performance and fatigue when viewing moving pictures. In experiments conducted, subjects were asked to locate 35 icons among a total of 276 on‐screen icons at four moving picture speeds. From the results obtained, it was determined that OLED TVs (emissive type) exhibit superior characteristics for hit rate and false alarm rate compared with LCD TVs (non‐emissive‐type). The evaluation results of a simulator sickness questionnaire administered to ascertain fatigue levels also indicated that OLED TVs induce relatively little fatigue at fast‐moving picture speeds of 10 ppf or more compared with LCD TVs. Thus, this study confirms that OLED TVs, given their ultrafast response time characteristics, are superior in terms of moving picture images to LCD TVs.
Preoperative augmentative and alternative communication enhancement in pediatric tracheostomy
Authors: Santiago Rachel , Howard Michelle , Dombrowski Natasha D. , Watters Karen , Volk Mark S. , Nuss Roger , Costello John M. , Rahbar Reza
Published: September 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

Describe augmentative communication tools and strategies used by pediatric patients referred to inpatient speech‐language pathologists prior to tracheostomy placement.

Study Design

Retrospective review.

Methods

A review of patients who underwent initial tracheostomy placement from 2013‐2016 was conducted at a tertiary pediatric center. Eligible patients were those who were referred to a specialized speech‐language pathologist prior to the date of the tracheostomy placement to support communication abilities. Patients were identified by surgical procedural and billing codes. Data collected included patient demographics, speech and language disorders, and interventions performed. Chart review and cross analysis of billing data for types of assessment and intervention procedures were conducted by two speech‐language pathologists for consensus agreement.

Results

Forty‐six patients (aged 1 month–27 years, mean = 12.9 years) were included in the study. Average time between the bedside communication assessment and tracheostomy procedure date was 17 days. Baseline speech‐language disorders were identified in 11 patients (24%). Thirty‐eight (83%) patients were nonspeaking at the time of consultation. Thirty‐two (70%) patients utilized an electronic communication tool, and 36 (78%) utilized low‐technology communication strategies during the preoperative period. A total of 32 (70%) patients were documented as using no‐technology or speech‐enhancement strategies during the acute hospitalization.

Conclusions

Multidisciplinary tracheostomy teams should consider consultation to speech‐language pathologists for patients prior to tracheostomy placement to assess for utility of high‐technology, low‐technology, and no‐technology augmentative and alternative communication strategies.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 130:1817–1822, 2020
Sterol Carrier Protein‐2/Sterol Carrier Protein‐x/Fatty Acid Binding Protein‐1 Ablation Impacts Response of Brain Endocannabinoid to High‐Fat Diet
Authors: Martin Gregory G. , Seeger Drew R. , McIntosh Avery L. , Milligan Sherrelle , Chung Sarah , Landrock Danilo , Dangott Lawrence J. , Golovko Mikhail Y. , Murphy Eric J. , Kier Ann B. , Schroeder Friedhelm
Published: September 2019

Brain endocannabinoids (EC) such as arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) primarily originate from serum arachidonic acid (ARA), whose level is regulated in part by a cytosolic ARA‐binding protein, that is, liver fatty acid binding protein‐1 (FABP1), not expressed in the brain. Ablation of the Fabp1 gene (LKO) increases brain AEA and 2‐AG by decreasing hepatic uptake of ARA to increase serum ARA, thereby increasing ARA availability for uptake by the brain. The brain also expresses sterol carrier protein‐2 (SCP‐2), which is also a cytosolic ARA‐binding protein. To further resolve the role of SCP‐2 independent of FABP1, mice ablated in the Scp‐2/Scp‐x gene (DKO) were crossed with mice ablated in the Fabp1 gene (LKO) mice to generate triple knock out (TKO) mice. TKO impaired the ability of LKO to increase brain AEA and 2‐AG. While a high‐fat diet (HFD) alone increased brain AEA, TKO impaired this effect. Overall, these TKO‐induced blocks were not attributable to altered expression of brain proteins in ARA uptake, AEA/2‐AG synthesis, or AEA/2‐AG degrading enzymes. Instead, TKO reduced serum levels of free ARA and/or total ARA and thereby decreased ARA availability for uptake to the brain and downstream synthesis of AEA and 2‐AG therein. In summary, Scp‐2/Scp‐x gene ablation in Fabp1 null (LKO) mice antagonized the impact of LKO and HFD on brain ARA and, subsequently, EC levels. Thus, both FABP1 and SCP‐2 participate in regulating the EC system in the brain.
Polymer Structure‐Guided Self‐Assisted Preparation of Poly(ester‐thioether)‐Based Hollow Porous Microspheres and Hierarchically Interconnected Microcages for Drug Release
Authors: Cheng Furong , Su Ting , Pu Yuji , Gao Wenxia , He Bin
Published: September 2019

Porous polymer microspheres (PPMs) have been widely applied in various biomedical fields. Herein, the self‐assisted preparation of poly(ester‐thioether)‐based porous microspheres and hierarchical microcages, whose pore sizes can be controlled by varying the polymer structures, is reported. Poly(ester‐thioether)s with alkyl side chains (carbon atom numbers were 2, 4, and 8) can generate hollow porous microspheres; the longer alkyl chain length, the larger pore size of microspheres. The allyl‐modified poly(ester‐thioether) (PHBDT‐g‐C3) can form highly open, hierarchically interconnected microcages. A formation mechanism of these PPMs is proposed; the hydrophobic side chains‐mediated stabilization of oil droplets dictate the droplet aggregation and following solvent evaporation, which is the key to the formation of PPMs. The hierarchically interconnected microcages of PHBDT‐g‐C3 are due to the partially crosslinking of polymers. Pore sizes of PPMs can be further tuned by a simple mixing strategy of poly(ester‐thioether)s with different pore‐forming abilities. The potential application of these PPMs as H2O2‐responsive vehicles for delivery of hydrophobic (Nile Red) and hydrophilic (doxorubicin hydrochloride) cargos is also investigated. The microspheres with larger pore sizes show faster in vitro drug release. The poly(ester‐thioether)‐based polymer microspheres can open a new avenue for the design of PPMs and provide a H2O2‐responsive drug delivery platform.
1‐Aryl‐2‐(triisopropylsilyl)ethane‐1,2‐diones: Toward a New Class of Visible Type I Photoinitiators for Free Radical Polymerization of Methacrylates
Authors: Kirschner Julie , Baralle Alexandre , Graff Bernadette , Becht Jean‐Michel , Klee Joachim E. , Lalevée Jacques
Published: September 2019

1‐Aryl‐2‐(triisopropylsilyl)ethane‐1,2‐diones (SEDs) are proposed here as a new class of visible Type I photoinitiators (PIs) for free radical polymerization under air upon exposure to blue (@455 nm) and green (@520 nm) LEDs. Remarkably, these new systems present good polymerization performances and excellent bleaching properties compared to camphorquinone‐based systems, and transparent polymers are obtained upon visible light irradiation. Real‐time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to monitor the polymerization profiles. Molecular orbital calculations are also carried out for a better understanding of the structure/reactivity relationship of the photoinitiators.