bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structured training in intraosseous infusion to improve potentially life saving skills in pediatric emergencies – Results of an open prospective national quality development project over 3 years
Authors: PFISTER CHRISTOPH ALEXANDER , EGGER LARS , WIRTHMÜLLER BEAT , GREIF ROBERT
Published: October 2007

Background:

Children in emergencies need peripheral intravenous (IV) access in order to receive drugs or fluids. The success of IV access is associated with the age of patients and fails in up to 50% of children younger than 6 years. In such situations, it is essential that physicians and paramedics have a tool and easily learnable skills with a high chance of success. According to international guidelines intraosseous (IO) access would be the next step after failed IV access. Our hypothesis was that the success rate in IO puncturing can be improved by standardizing the training; so we developed an IO workshop.

Methods:  Twenty‐eight hospitals and ambulance services participated in an evaluation process over 3 years. IO workshops and the distribution of standardized IO sets were coordinated by the study group of the University Hospital of Berne. Any attempted or successful IO punctures were evaluated with a standardized interview.

Results:  We investigated 35 applications in 30 patients (a total of 49 punctures) between November 2001 and December 2004. IO puncture was not successful in 5 patients. The success rate depended neither on the occupation nor the experience of users. Attendance at a standardized IO workshop increased the overall success rate from 77% to 100%, which was statistically not significant (P = 0.074).

Conclusions:  Standardized training in IO puncturing seems to improve success more than previous experience and occupation of providers. However, we could not show a significant increase in success rate after this training. Larger supranational studies are needed to show a significant impact of teaching on rarely used emergency skills.
Intranasal clonidine as a premedicant: three cases with unique indications
Authors: STELLA MICHAEL J. , BAILEY ANN G.
Published: October 2007

Clonidine is experiencing increasing use in the pediatric population as a sedative and analgesic because of its central α2‐adrenergic agonism. We report three cases of preoperative use of intranasal clonidine in pediatric patients, all for different indications. One patient was treated for preoperative agitation and hallucinations associated with oral midazolam. One patient was given clonidine as a premedicant. The third patient was treated for preoperative agitation and hypertension. All three patients had subjective resolution of indicated symptoms and none experienced adverse outcomes.
Sirtuins and β‐cell function
Authors: Bordone L. , Guarente L.
Published: October 2007

Over the past century, there have been major advances in medicine, diet and living conditions that have substantially extended the health span of people in the developed world. Over the past decade or so, the science of ageing has made great strides in providing an understanding of the underlying causes of ageing and how diet and genes play into the ageing process. In this essay, we will review some of the recent advances made in the science of sirtuins and β‐cell biology, and discuss how we will apply this knowledge to further the progress of humankind in healthy ageing.
The HNF‐1α‐SNARE connection
Authors: Yamagata K. , Nammo T. , Sato Y. , Saisho K. , Shoda H. , Fukui K.
Published: October 2007

Maturity‐onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a monogenic form of type 2 diabetes mellitus that is characterized by impairment of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β‐cells. We previously reported that heterozygous mutations of the hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)‐1α gene cause a form of MODY (MODY3). We have subsequently found that collectrin, a recently cloned kidney‐specific gene of unknown function, is a novel target of HNF‐1α in pancreatic β‐cells. In addition, we have demonstrated that collectrin forms a complex with the soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex by direct interaction with snapin, a protein that is thought to be involved in neurotransmission by binding to synaptosomal‐associated protein, 25 KD (SNAP25). Collectrin favours the formation of SNARE complexes and controls insulin exocytosis.
The balance between proinsulin biosynthesis and insulin secretion: where can imbalance lead?
Authors: Uchizono Y. , Alarcón C. , Wicksteed B. L. , Marsh B. J. , Rhodes C. J.
Published: October 2007

Insulin is stored in pancreatic β‐cells in β‐granules. Whenever insulin is secreted in response to a nutrient secretagogue, there is a complementary increase in proinsulin biosynthesis to replenish intracellular insulin stores. This specific nutrient regulation of proinsulin biosynthesis is predominately regulated at the translational level. Recently, a highly conserved cis‐element in the 5′‐untranslated region (UTR) of preproinsulin mRNA, named ppIGE, has been identified that is required for specific translational regulation of proinsulin biosynthesis. This ppIGE is also found in the 5′‐UTR of certain other translationally regulated β‐granule protein mRNAs, including the proinsulin processing endopeptidases, PC1/3 and PC2. This provides a mechanism whereby proinsulin processing is adaptable to changes in proinsulin biosynthesis. However, relatively few β‐granules undergo secretion, with most remaining in the storage pool for ∼5 days. Aged β‐granules are retired by intracellular degradation mechanisms, either via crinophagy and/or autophagy, as another long‐term means of maintaining β‐granule stores at optimal levels. When a disconnection between insulin production and secretion arises, as may occur in type 2 diabetes, autophagy further increases to maintain β‐granule numbers. However, if this increased autophagy becomes chronic, autophagia‐mediated cell death occurs that could then contribute to β‐cell loss in type 2 diabetes.
β‐cell hyperexcitability: from hyperinsulinism to diabetes
Authors: Nichols C. G. , Koster J. C. , Remedi M. S.
Published: October 2007

Nutrient oxidation in β cells generates a rise in [ATP]:[ADP] ratio. This reduces KATP channel activity, leading to depolarization, activation of voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ entry and insulin secretion. Consistent with this paradigm, loss‐of‐function mutations in the genes (KCNJ11 and ABCC8) that encode the two subunits (Kir6.2 and SUR1, respectively) of the ATP‐sensitive K+ (KATP) channel underlie hyperinsulinism in humans, a genetic disorder characterized by dysregulated insulin secretion. In mice with genetic suppression of KATP channel subunit expression, partial loss of KATP channel conductance also causes hypersecretion, but unexpectedly, complete loss results in an undersecreting, mildly glucose‐intolerant phenotype. When challenged by a high‐fat diet, normal mice and mice with reduced KATP channel density respond with hypersecretion, but mice with more significant or complete loss of KATP channels cross over, or progress further, to an undersecreting, diabetic phenotype. It is our contention that in mice, and perhaps in humans, there is an inverse U‐shaped response to hyperexcitabilty, leading first to hypersecretion but with further exacerbation to undersecretion and diabetes. The causes of the overcompensation and diabetic susceptibility are poorly understood but may have broader implications for the progression of hyperinsulinism and type 2 diabetes in humans.
Islet‐cell‐to‐cell communication as basis for normal insulin secretion
Authors: Bavamian S. , Klee P. , Britan A. , Populaire C. , Caille D. , Cancela J. , Charollais A. , Meda P.
Published: October 2007

The emergence of pancreatic islets has necessitated the development of a signalling system for the intra‐ and inter‐islet coordination of β cells. With evolution, this system has evolved into a complex regulatory network of partially cross‐talking pathways, whereby individual cells sense the state of activity of their neighbours and, accordingly, regulate their own level of functioning. A consistent feature of this network in vertebrates is the expression of connexin (Cx)‐36‐made cell‐to‐cell channels, which cluster at gap junction domains of the cell membrane, and which adjacent β cells use to share cytoplasmic ions and small metabolites within individual islets. This chapter reviews what is known about Cx36, and the mechanism whereby this β‐cell connexin significantly regulates insulin secretion. It further outlines other less established functions of the protein and evaluates its potential relevance for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to diabetes.
Action potentials and insulin secretion: new insights into the role of Kv channels
Authors: Jacobson D. A. , Philipson L. H.
Published: October 2007

Coordinated electrical activity allows pancreatic β‐cells to respond to secretagogues with calcium entry followed by insulin secretion. Metabolism of glucose affects multiple membrane proteins including ion channels, transporters and pumps that collaborate in a cascade of electrical activity resulting in insulin release. Glucose induces β‐cell depolarization resulting in the firing of action potentials (APs), which are the primary electrical signal of the β‐cell. They are shaped by orchestrated activation of ion channels. Here we give an overview of the voltage‐gated potassium (Kv) channels of the β‐cell, which are responsible in part for the falling phase of the AP, and how their regulation affects insulin secretion. β cells contain several Kv channels allowing dynamic integration of multiple signals on repolarization of glucose‐stimulated APs. Recent studies on Kv channel regulation by cAMP and arachidonic acid and on the Kv2.1 null mouse have greatly increased our understanding of β‐cell excitation–secretion coupling.
The incidence of land tenure insecurity in Southern Africa: Policy implications for sustainable development
Authors: Mutangadura Gladys
Published: October 2007

The study presented in this article used a combination of key informant interviews and a review and synthesis of existing country level literature to identify the major sources of land tenure insecurity in six Southern African countries: Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, and Zambia. Findings reveal that the main causes of land tenure insecurity experienced in Southern Africa include lack of land rights of minority groups, unclear or overlapping land rights, overcrowding, land alienation into leasehold, insecurity of farm workers and farm labour tenants, inappropriate and exploitative administrative practices, land encroachment and illegal settlers and limited women's land rights. The article presents a summary of land tenure security related initiatives that the study countries have or are in the process of adopting. Analysis of these initiatives shows that tenure reforms have focused on changing the law and rules but little has been done to translate new laws into implementable programs; capacity building; prioritization of resources to support tenure reform; provision of complementary policies and incentives; addressing HIV/AIDS‐land tenure related problems; and monitoring and evaluation. The paper contends that these policy issues should be addressed in order to ensure realization of land tenure security for all.
ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY: CONTINUING THE TOPOGRAPHER'S TRADITION?
Authors: Dallas R. W. A.
Published: October 2007

The President's Medallist directs the Survey Services Branch of the Technical Services Group of English Heritage. This Branch includes the Photogrammetric Unit which was first established at the Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies of the University of York in 1975, with support from English Heritage's predecessor organisation. The Unit has played a leading part in the development of architectural photogrammetry in the UK, with particular reference to the recording of ancient monuments and historic buildings. The writer discusses some aspects of the application of photogrammetry in this area, illustrating the modern photogrammetric product in comparison with 18th and 19th century pictures and prints from his own collection.

C'est le titulaire de la Médaile du Président de notre Société qui dirige le Département de Levés du groupe des services techniques du Patrimoine anglais.

Ce Département comprend ľUnité de Photogrammétrie qui était installée initialiement àľInstitut des Études Architecturales Avancées ďYork en 1975, avec le soutien de ľorganisme qui précédait le Patrimoine anglais.

Cette Unité a joué un rôle prépondérant dans le développement de la photogrammétrie architecturale au Royaume‐Uni, et une mention particulière est à faire en ce qui concerne ľarchivage des constructions anciennes et des monuments historiques. Ľauteur discute de quelques aspects des applications de la photogrammétrie dans ce domaine, illustrant le produit photogrammétrique moderne par comparaison avec des tableaux et des gravures des 18èmeet 19ème siècles issus de sa collection personelle.

Der Träger der Präsidenten‐Medaille leitet die Vermessungsabteilung innerhalb des Technischen Dienstes von English Heritage. Diese Abteilung schlieβt die Photogrammetrie‐Einheit mit ein, die zunächst im Jahre 1975 im Institut für Moderne Architektur an der Universitat York mit unterstüt‐zung der Vorgängerorganisation von English Heritage aufgebaut wurde. Diese Einheit hat eine führende Rolle bei der Entwicklung der Architektur‐photogrammetrie im Vereinigten Königreich gespielt, wobei besonders altehrwürdige Denkmäler und historische Bauwerke aufgenommen wurden. Der Schreiber diskutiert einige Aspekte der Anwendung der Photogrammetrie aufdiesem Gebiet und illustriert das moderne photogrammetrische Erzeugnis im Vergleich mit Bildern und Kopien aus dem 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, die der eigenen Sammlung entstammen.
FIRST RESULTS ON ORIENTING SIMULATED ALONG‐TRACK SATELLITE STEREOSCOPIC IMAGERY
Authors: Neto F. A.
Published: October 2007

The main advantages of along‐track versus across‐track stereoscopic imagery, for which SPOT is the main example, are presented and the orbital model for the orientation of along‐track satellite stereoscopic imagery under development at University College London (UCL) is briefly described. This model was mainly directed towards future sensors, such as ASTER, OMI and OPS, for which tests on simulated data were carried out. The expected precision of modelling along‐track stereoscopic imagery is analysed and further developments are considered.

Ľauteur compare les avantages essentiels de la stéréoscopie longitudinale à ceux de la stéréoscopie latérale dont SPOT constitue le principal exemple en imagerie spatiale.

Elle décrit brièvement la modèle orbital en cours de développement àľUniversity College London (UCL) pour ľorientation des images stéréoscopiques en recouvrement longitudinal, le long de la trace du satellite. Ce modèle est essentiellement destiné aux capteurs futurs tels que ASTER, OMI et OPS, pour lesquels on a effectué des essais sur données simulées. On examine la précision de cette modélisation relative aux images en stéréoscopie longitudinale et ľon apporte quelques réflexions sur des développements ultérieurs.

Präsentiert werden die gröβten Vorteile “along‐track” stereoskopischer Aufnahmen gegenüber “across‐track” Aufnahmen. SPOT ist dafür ein Hauptbeispiel. Das Umlaufbahnmodell für die Orientierung der “along‐track” stereoskopischen Aufnahmen das gegenwärtig im University College London entwickelt wird, wird kurz beschrieben. Dieses Modell wurde hauptsächlich auf künftige Sensoren, wie ASTER, OMI und OPS ausgerichtet, die entweder getestet wurden, oder für die Simulationsdaten vorliegen. Die erwartete Genauigkeit der Messung “along‐track” stereoskopischer Aufnahmen wird analysiert und weitere Entwicklungen werden in Erwägung gezogen.
THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SOCIETY ANALOGUE INSTRUMENT PROJECT
Authors: Burnside C. D.
Published: October 2007

In 1989, the Council of the Photogrammetric Society decided that some record of the use of analogue photogrammetric equipment in Great Britain should be preserved before it was too late. The author agreed to investigate this matter as a research project funded by a number of survey organisations. Work on the project so far has resulted in the completion of two documents. The first is a Catalogue of Analogue Instruments that list some 230 instruments of 30 different types. The second is an Archive that gives further details of the history and use of the 30 different types of instrument. The entry included in his paper, by way of example, is that concerned with the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph.

Readers are encouraged to provide corrections and additional information wherever possible.
FEATURE EXTRACTION IN DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Förstner W.
Published: October 2007

Feature extraction is the first and crucial step of all image analysis procedures. Together with their mutual relations, features form perceptual structures on which hypothesis generation and reconstruction processes are built. The article gives a framework for feature extraction within an interpretation system, discusses a possible object and image model useful for building up perceptual structures and gives examples for the use of various features for standard photogrammetric tasks.

Ľextraction automatique de silhouettes est la première étape fondamentale dans tout procédéďanalyse ďimages.

Ces silhouettes constituent, en même temps que leurs relations mutuelles, des structures identifiables à partir desquelles on peut établir des hypothèses et procéder à la re constitution. On donne dans cet article un cadre général pour ľextraction de silhouettes dans un système ďinterprétation et ľon y discute ďune modélisation possible de ľimage et de ľobjet pour obtenir des structures identifiables. On fournit enfin des exemples sur ľemploi de diverses silhouettes d̄objets dans les travaux photogrammétriques courants.

Die Kantenextraktion stellt den I. wesentlichen Schritt aller Bild‐analyseverfahren dar. Gemeinsam mit ihren wechselseitigen Beziehungen bilden die Kanten wahrnehmbare Strukturen, auf denen Hypothesen und Rekonstruktionsprozesse aufgebaut werden können. Im Artikel werden ein Grundgerüst z.ur Kantenextraktion angegeben, mögliche Objekt‐ und Bild‐modelle zur Entwicklung von Wahrnehmungsstrukturen diskutiert und Beispiele zur Nutzung verschiedener Kanten für photogrammetrische Standardaufgaben angegeben.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE FOR PREDICTING ACCURACIES OF MULTISTATION NETWORKS
Authors: Bammeke A. A.
Published: October 2007

This paper describes the derivation of new mathematical formulae for predicting global estimates of accuracies of object point co‐ordinates in multistation networks. The formulae are tested with data from real cases that have been reported in the literature and the optimum configuration of convergent photography in multistation networks is discussed.
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PHOTO‐RADIATION METHOD OF TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Collins B. J. , Madge B. , Beckett C. M.
Published: October 2007

The photo‐radiation method of terrestrial photogrammetry was introduced in 1981 as an appropriate means of rapidly surveying large areas of open ground, primarily beaches. Since that time, several variations on the standard method have been tested. These have arisen from attempting to solve problems associated with particular situations. For instance, the use of the waterline as a means of contouring developed from a problem where a dangerous river bank was inaccessible for traditional survey observations. Another application concerned laboratory testing where photogrammetry is particularly attractive for measurement due to the coverage which is possible, together with the advantage that permanent records remain on film for later re‐analysis. Both these variations in the photo‐radiation method are described, together with an indication of the circumstances under which they have been successfully applied.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTI‐APPLICATION COLLINEARITY EQUATIONS MODEL
Authors: El‐Beik A. H. A. , Masaad E. M.
Published: October 2007

Earlier mathematical models that have been developed for use with data acquisition/data reduction systems in close range photogrammetry have not taken into consideration the geometry of video imagery. In this paper, a recently developed multi‐application collinearity equation (MACE) model is analysed and assessed. The model is simple to apply and is adaptable to any data acquisition/data reduction system in close range photogrammetry.
THE USE OF A LOW COST GPS RECEIVER FOR BLOCK AERIAL VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Ekin W. H.
Published: October 2007

An investigation has been made into the feasibility of using a low cost GPS receiver fitted to a light fixed wing aircraft as an aid to flying parallel flight lines for block aerial vertical photography. Two cases were examined: (I) the pilot controlled the heading of the aircraft according to the indications on the course deviation indicator of the GPS receiver; (2) the autopilot, being connected to the GPS receiver, controlled the heading of the aircraft. The results obtained for both sidelap and endlap were equal to or superior to those obtained with a CCTV system.

On a mené une recherche sur la faisabilité du GPS comme aide au maintien du parallélisme des axes de prises de vues d'un bloc de photographies aériennes verticales, en utilisant un récepteur GPS bon marché fié a un avion léger. On a examiné deux cas: (i) celui ou le pilote a maintenu le cap de l'avion en suivant les indications de l'index de changement de route du récepteur GPS; (ii) celui ou c'est le pilote automatique qui, par une liaison au récepteur GPS, a maintenu le cap de l'uvion. Les résultats obtenus pour le recouvrement latéral et l'extrgmité des bandes se sont révélés égaux ou supérieurs ii ceux obtenus avec un systPme CCTV.

Es wurde eine Untersuchung über die mögliche Nutzung billiger GPS‐Empfanger, die in ein Kleinjlugzeug als Hilfsmittel zum Flug paralleler Bildstreifen für die blockweise Luftbildaufnahme eingebaut wurden, durchgefuhrt. Dabei wurden 2 Falle geprüft: (1) Der Pilot steuerte das Flugzeug entsprechend der Anzeige auf dem Kursindikator des GPS‐Empfangers. (2) Der mit dem GPS‐Empfänger verbundene Autopilot steuerte das Flugzeug. Die Ergebnisse sowohl für Querals auch Längsüberdeckung waren gleich oder besser als die mit einem CCTV‐System erhaltenen.
GPS FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRIC GROUND CONTROL: THE HEIGHTING PROBLEM
Authors: Maye P. , Price E. J.
Published: October 2007

The authors provide an account of current Directorate of Military Survey approaches to the provision of photocontrol by use of GPS and they pay special attention to the requirements of height control.

GPS now provides us with a rapid method for determining plan and height for photogrammetric control directly over the points required by the photogrammetrist. By utilizing the slope of the geoid model, orthometric heights can be obtained to an accuracy of 0.15 m to 0.2 m. Surveys can be carried out quickly in all weather conditions and with none of the traditional terrestrial survey skills. Time, cost and manpower are greatly reduced. The plan accuracies are well within any requirements of the photogrammetrist and heights can be achieved to within 0.15 m to 0.2 m on test areas of UK. As photogrammetric height accuracy requires at best 1 m for plotting a 10 metre contour interval, heighting by GPS and the use of a geoid model solves the heighting problem.

Les auteurs fournissent un compte‐rendu de la façon dont le Directorate of Military Survey aborde actuellement le problème de la fourniture de points ďappui photos avec ľemploi du GPS et prêterit une attention particulière à celui des points ďappui altimétriques.

Die Autoren geben einen Bericht über die gegenwärtigen Versuche beim Directorate of Military Survey zur Paβpunktbestimmung mit GPS, wobei sie den Anforderungen an die Höhenbestimmung besondere Aufmerksamkeit zollen.
HEIGHTING ACCURACY TEST FROM 1:2000 SCALE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Davison M.
Published: October 2007

A description is given of a heighting accuracy test carried out at Cartographical Services Limited on 1:2000 scale aerial photography. Premarked points, with ground surveyed heights, were established on a dual carriageway road near Worcester and photography was flown using a Leica RC20 aerial camera with EMC. Photogrammetric height measurement was carried out with both a Zeiss P3 analytical plotter and a Cartographic Engineering Limited/Carto Instruments AP190 plotter; respective r.m.s.e. accuracies of ± 25 mm and ± 30 mm were obtained. The new Cartographic Engineering Limited CP2 analytical plotter has subsequently been used for height measurement on similar photography and comparable accuracy has been achieved.

On présente un essai de précision altimétrique, effectué par la Société“Cartographical Services” de Southampton, sur des photographies aérienne àľéchelledu 1:2000. On a utilisé des points pré‐balisés, repartis sur une route à double voie près de Worcester, et dont ľaltitude a été déterminé sur le terrain. La prise de vue a été fait avec une caméra Leica RC20 munie ďun système de compensation du filé longitudinal. On a effectué les déterminations photogrammétriques des altitudes en utilisant à la fois un restituteur analytique Zeiss P3 et une restituteur AP190 de la Société“Cartographic Engineering/Carto Instruments.” On a obtenu comme erreurs moyennes quadratique les valeurs de ± 25 mm et ± 30 mm respectivement. On a enfin utilisé le noveau restituteur analytique CP2 de la Société“Cartographic Engineering” pour ces déterminations altimétriques et ľon a obtenu une précision comparable.

Es wird ein Versuch zur Bestimmung der Höhengenauigkeit, der beim Cartographical Services Ltd. in Southampton für den Bildmaβstab 1:2000 durchgeführt wurde beschrieben. Signalisierte Punkte, deren Höhen im Gelände bestimmt wurden, wurden aufeiner Doppelfahrbahn in der Nähe von Worcester angeordnet undmit einerLeica RC20 mit EMC aufgenommen. Die photogrammetrische Höhenbestimmung erfolgte mit einem analytischen Auswertegerät P3 von Zeiss und einem AP 190 Plotter von Cartographic Engineering Ltd./Carto Instruments. Dabei wurden mittlere Fehler von ± 25 mm bzw. ± 30 mm erhalten. Das neue analytische Auswertegerät CP 2 von Cartographic Engineering Ltd. wurde danach für Höhenmessungen bei ähnlichen Luftbildern genutzt, wobei vergleichbare Genauigkeiten erreicht wurden.
HIGH PRECISION LEVELLING OF MOTORWAYS. BY LOW LEVEL HELICOPTER SURVEY
Authors: Boardman J. C.
Published: October 2007

Photogrammetrists are acutely aware that remote methods of survey are commonplace. However, it is only relatively recently that high precision levelling of the national motorway network has been conducted in this manner. There are now several competing methods available, all of which have gained some acceptance. This paper describes a low level aerial photographic method employing a helicopter as the platform. It begins with the reasons for the development, describes the system and methods involved, addresses the safety aspects, attempts to outline the necessity for the largest scale possible to maintain precision, analyses the potential developments and discusses the advantages and disadvantages compared with ground based systems.
HIGH ORDER STAGE CALIBRATION FOR AN ANALYTICAL PLOTTER
Authors: Bethel J. S.
Published: October 2007

An analysis is given of the modelling of XY stage errors in an analytical plotter by polynomial functions. This is discussed as an alternative to demanding strict mechanical accuracy in the stage construction. In an era of plentiful computational resources, it is concluded that apportioning more of the responsibility to the mathematical co‐ordinate refinement is an effective strategy. A second degree polynomial is used for each of the two stages in an analytical plotter, modelling the systematic stage errors to within the variability of a single observation. A requirement for instrument stability is emphasized. Such techniques have application for other instruments such as image scanners.

On étudie la modélisation des erreurs des chariots XY ďun restituteur analytique en utilisant des fonctions polynomials. II s‘agit en fait de trouver une alternative à des exigences de prêcision mêcanique très strictes dans la réalisation de ces chariots. A une époque oùľon dispose ďune abondance de ressources en moyens de calcul, il apparait en effet relever ďune stratégie efficace de s'appuyer davantage sur les traitements mathématiques pour améliorer les valeurs des coordonnées. On utilise, pour chacun des deux chariots, un polynome du second degrè pour modéliser les erreurs systématiques des chariots, et les rendre inférieures aux erreurs propres à une observation unique. On insiste sur la nécessitéďune grande stabilityé instrumental. Ces processus peuvent également s'appliquer àďautres instruments comme les scanneurs ďimages.

Es wird die Modellierung von Fehlern des xy‐Wagens bei analytischen Auswertegeräten mit Hilfe von Polynomen analysiert. Des wird als Alternative zur Forderung nach einer strengen mechanischen Genauigkeit bei der Bildwagenkonstruktion diskutiert. Im Zeitalter hervorragender Computer‐Ressourcen, so wird geschluβfolgert, ist es eine effektive Strategie, sich mehr der mathematischen Koordinatenverbesserung zuzuwenden. Ein Polynom 2. Grades wird für jeden der 2 Bildträger eines analytischen Auswertegerätes genutzt, um die systematischen Fehler im Bereich der Variation von einzelnen Beobachtungen zu modellieren. Bezüglich der Stabilität des Instruments wird eine Anforderung formuliert. Solche Verfahren kännen auch bei anderen Geräten, wie zum Beispiel Bildscanner angewendet werden.
DEVELOPMENTS IN PHOTOGRAPHIC LENSES
Authors: Ray S. F.
Published: October 2007

Photographic lenses are produced in a variety of types for numerous image formats. Innovations in optical technology enable technically advanced lenses to be produced and camera systems improved. Following descriptions of computer aided design and manufacture and the importance of new optical materials, aspheric surfaces and floating elements, several types of lenses are described in detail, including zoom, soft focus, high resolution, micro, large format and telephoto designs. Also discussed are optical attachments and the optical systems of compact cameras, viewfinders and three‐chip video cameras.
REMOTE SENSING AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN TREATY VERIFICATION: PRESENT CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE
Authors: Gupta V.
Published: October 2007

Treaty verification involves the acquisition and interpretation of data to establish a country's compliance to an agreement. Remote sensing and photogrammetry in verification is established in the intelligence community and is progressively entering the civilian sector as well. The Open Skies Treaty and the proliferation of commercial satellite imagery have created a niche for open, multilateral verification. These recent developments come at an opportune moment as the verification task has become more cumbersome and complex.

This paper surveys the changes in the field of verification, aerial monitoring and satellite surveillance. It details existing and future verification tasks and presents the operational capabilities for fulfilling those tasks. The limiting factors are also presented.
HAZMAP: A REMOTE DIGITAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR WORK IN HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Chapman D. P. , Deacon A. T. D. , Hamid A.
Published: October 2007

In a continuing drive to reduce the radiation exposure of nuclear workers, many routine aspects of nuclear plant maintenance and refurbishment are increasingly undertaken by robotic or remote handling tools. Accurate “as built” documentation of plant records is vital to the successful planning and execution of such operations since an unexpected obstruction or undocumented site modification may result in a costly disruption or even failure of the intervention. In recognition of the importance of such documentation, a recent European Community† sponsored project has been directed towards the development of techniques for cost effective survey and modelling of such plant. This paper will detail the rationale behind the design of such a system and will describe typical results from a number of pilot projects.
MAP MAKING FOR PROFIT AND PLEASURE
Authors: Leatherdale J. D.
Published: October 2007

Some of the economic and operational aspects of mapping are discussed, including the conditions that may offer air survey a competitive advantage over other methods. The financing of national mapping programmes around the world is increasingly market oriented, driven by the need to provide the end users with information that they can turn into sustainable economic growth and social progress. Despite these economic pressures, map makers seem to find their work more enjoyable and rewarding than most professionals.
THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SOCIETY ANALOGUE INSTRUMENT PROJECT: A SECOND EXTRACT
Authors: Burnside C. D.
Published: October 2007

The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565‐582 (October 1993). It contained, as Appendix A, the entry from the Archive that dealt with the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph. This paper provides a second extract from the Archive concerned with the entries relating to the Barr & Stroud ZA1 plotter, the Williamson Multiplex equipment and the Thompson pinhole plotter.
OPTIMIZING THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC NETWORK TO RECORD MOZART'S PIANOFORTE
Authors: Kotowski R. , Peipe J.
Published: October 2007

The pianoforte in the Mozarthaus at Salzburg is a state of the art instrument of the late 18th century. It was recorded photogrammetrically in order to enable fundamental musicological investigations to be carried out. An important aspect of the piano survey was high precision three dimensional point determination performed by combined bundle adjustment. The process was optimized by use of software tools for simulation, automatic error detection and graphical analysis of the adjustment results. This procedure considerably increased the efficiency and reliability of the photogrammetric reconstruction.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DATA CAPTURE: AN INEXPENSIVE ALTERNATIVE
Authors: Methley B. D. F.
Published: October 2007

A case is made for the development of an inexpensive and portable data capturing unit which could be used with existing mirror stereoscopes and which could provide an accuracy sufficient for most digital map databases. The results of simulation experiments to test the accuracy of the system are presented.
THE ACCURACY OF DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS DERIVED FROM DIGITISED CONTOUR DATA
Authors: Robinson G. J.
Published: October 2007

Although accuracy of digital elevation models (DEMs) can be quantified and measured in different ways, each is influenced by three main factors: terrain character, sampling strategy and interpolation method. These parameters, and their interaction, are discussed. The generation of DEMs from digitised contours is emphasised because this is the major source of DEMs, particularly within member countries of OEEPE. Such DEMs often exhibit unwelcome artifacts, depending on the interpolation method employed. The origin and magnitude of these effects and how they can be reduced to improve the accuracy of the DEMs are also discussed.
Impaired T‐Amplitude Adaptation to Heart Rate Characterizes IKr Inhibition in the Congenital and Acquired Forms of the Long QT Syndrome
Authors: COUDERC JEAN‐PHILIPPE , VAGLIO MARTINO , XIA XIAJUAN , MCNITT SCOTT , WICKER PIERRE , SARAPA NENAD , MOSS ARTHUR J. , ZAREBA WOJCIECH
Published: October 2007

Introduction: The QTc interval prolongation is not a perfect surrogate marker of the presence of an increased risk for arrhythmic events. In the search for alternative markers, we investigated the T‐amplitude and QT interval adaptation to heart rate (HR) in patients with the congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) and individuals with sotalol‐induced QT prolongation.

Methods and Results: Our investigation is based on the analysis of continuous 12‐lead digital Holter recordings in: 49 LQT1 carriers, 25 LQT2 carriers, 37 healthy individuals off drugs and on 160 mg of sotalol, and 21 of them also on 320 mg of sotalol. The Holter recordings were used to investigate repolarization parameters and their HR dependency. A loss of HR dependency of the T‐amplitude was found as a common feature in individuals with impaired Ikr kinetics: LQT2 carriers and subjects on sotalol. The T‐amplitude/RR slope was significantly (P < 0.05) flatter in LQT2 (0.31 ± 0.27 μV/ms) than in both LQT1 (0.62 ± 0.40 μV/ms) and healthy individuals (0.55 ± 0.29 μV/ms). A dose‐dependent reduction of the T‐amplitude/RR slope was also observed in subjects on sotalol (160 mg dose: 0.26 ± 0.19 μV/ms; 320 mg dose: 0.21 ± 0.14 μV/ms). The QT/RR slope was less effective than T‐amplitude/RR slope in differentiating between congenital and drug‐induced repolarization delay.

Conclusions: Impaired adaptation of T‐amplitude to changing HR is a common electrocardiographic feature associated with KCNH2 mutation and Ikr blockade by sotalol. This ECG marker may play an important role in the future of the assessment of the penetrance of KCNH2 mutation and the identification of a drug effect on the Ikr kinetics.
Anatomic Location of Pulmonary Vein Electrical Disconnection with Balloon‐Based Catheter Ablation
Authors: PHILLIPS KAREN P. , SCHWEIKERT ROBERT A. , SALIBA WALID I. , THEMISTOCLAKIS SAKIS , RAVIELE ANTONIO , BONSO ALDO , ROSSILLO ANTONIO , BURKHARDT J. DAVID , CUMMINGS JENNIFER , NATALE ANDREA
Published: October 2007

Introduction: Balloon‐based catheters are an emerging technology in catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation, which aim to achieve consistent and rapid ablation encirclement of pulmonary veins (PVs). Recent emphasis has been placed on achieving more proximal electrical isolation within the PV–left atrial (LA) junction. We sought to evaluate the precise anatomic level of PV electrical disconnection with current design balloon‐based catheters.

Methods and Results: Thirteen patients with drug‐refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation undergoing balloon catheter ablation with the endoscopic laser system (CardioFocus) or the high frequency‐focused ultrasound system (ProRhythm) underwent electroanatomic mapping (EAM) of the left atrium. Intracardiac echocardiographic (ICE) imaging was used for visualization of the position of the balloon catheter during energy delivery. Detailed point analysis of the location of electrical disconnection was then documented on EAM and with ICE.

Successful electrical isolation was achieved in all 52 PVs. Despite ICE imaging confirming balloon catheter position at the antrum of the PVs, the location of electrical disconnection was demonstrated to be at or near the tubular ostium of the PVs on EAM and on ICE in all patients.

Conclusion: Current generation balloon‐based catheter ablation achieves electrical isolation distal in the LA–PV junction. This may limit the results of such systems in treating nonparoxysmal forms of atrial fibrillation.
Autonomic Mechanism to Explain Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrograms (CFAE)
Authors: LIN JIAXIONG , SCHERLAG BENJAMIN J. , ZHOU JING , LU ZHIBING , PATTERSON EUGENE , JACKMAN WARREN M. , LAZZARA RALPH , PO SUNNY S.
Published: October 2007

Objective: To simulate complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAE) during sustained atrial fibrillation (AF) in experimental animals.

Background: The mechanism(s) underlying CFAE has not been fully elucidated.

Methods: Twenty‐two dogs were subjected to a right and/or left thoracotomy. A gauze patch soaked with acetylcholine (ACh) was placed on the right atrial appendage (RAA) to induce sustained AF. During AF, varying concentrations of ACh (1, 10, 100 mM) were “painted” on the RA where electrograms showed regular organized activity. In another six dogs, anterior right ganglionated plexi (ARGP) near the sino‐atrial node and inferior right GP (IRGP) at the junction of inferior vena cava and atria were sequentially ablated. In five dogs, ACh was injected into ARGP to induce CFAE.

Results: During sustained AF, local “painting” with ACh 1 mM and 10 mM induced intermittent CFAE in 1 of 11 and 10 of 11 dogs, respectively. With 100 mM ACh, all 11 showed CFAE (two intermittent, nine continuous). In six other dogs, continuous CFAE induced by topical application of 100 mM ACh were markedly attenuated by ARGP + IRGP ablation. In another five of five dogs, ACh injection into ARGP induced a gradient of CFAE with the continuous CFAE always occurring near the ARGP and CFAE also occurring at left pulmonary vein‐atrial junctions. During ARGP ablation, AF was terminated in all five dogs immediately after regularization of the rotor‐like electrograms or continuous CFAE.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates an autonomic basis for CFAE formation, suggesting that graded hyperactive states of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) may induce various types of CFAE observed clinically.
Computer‐Simulated Alternative Modes of U‐Wave Genesis
Authors: DEPOLLI MATJAŽ , AVBELJ VIKTOR , TROBEC ROMAN
Published: October 2007

Objective: Several hypotheses for the origin of the U wave in electrocardiograms have been proposed. We have set out to explore and test alternative modes for U‐wave genesis via computer simulations.

Methods and Results: A spatial model of a left ventricle has been constructed from 12 layers composed of cubic cells. Each cell is assigned its own time‐dependent action potential with its own contribution to the electrical potential at arbitrary points where ECGs are measured. Simulated ECGs show that U waves can be generated using various combinations of action potentials (APs) across the different layers of the ventricular wall. We demonstrate a new mode of U‐wave genesis, even with small differences in the repolarization.

Conclusion: The U wave can be generated in the presence of strong intercellular coupling. Myocardial layers with prolonged action potentials, like M cells, are not necessarily needed for U‐wave genesis.
The Secrets of Successful (and Unsuccessful) Mediators Continued: Studies Two and Three
Authors: Goldberg Stephen B. , Shaw Margaret L.
Published: October 2007

In a survey of 216 advocates in mediation, the successful mediator's ability to gain the confidence of the parties was cited as important to his or her success more frequently than were any of the skills used by the mediator to bring about agreement. This article discusses the means by which mediators gain the confidence of disputing parties. The article also discusses the different skill and attribute profiles of different successful mediators and the advocates' views of the reasons for mediator failure. The article considers the implications of its findings for mediators, trainers, and advocates, and concludes with suggestions for future research.
When Negotiations Become Routine: Not Reinventing the Wheel While Thinking Outside the Box
Authors: Kesting Peter , Smolinski Remigiusz
Published: October 2007

In this article, we seek to apply the insights of recent research on routine to the context of repeated negotiations. To demonstrate the link between both concepts, we introduce an analytical framework in which we identify different negotiation situations in which routine can develop. We distinguish two dimensions of the negotiation process: a problem‐solving dimension and a communication dimension. Our framework for analyzing the role of routine in negotiation is built around these two dimensions. We define those skills that we argue in repeated negotiations can help negotiators manage particular kinds of negotiations depending on the level and type of routinization that type of negotiation involves. Moreover, we demonstrate that our framework is inherently dynamic, which we illustrate with simplified business examples.
Group Polarization and 12 Angry Men
Authors: Sunstein Cass R.
Published: October 2007

Deliberating groups, including juries, typically end up in a more extreme position in line with their predeliberation tendencies. A jury whose members are inclined, before deliberation, to find a defendant not guilty will likely render a verdict of not guilty; a jury whose members want to award punitive damages will likely produce an award higher than that of the median juror. The phenomenon of group polarization, found in many domains, stems from a combination of information pooling and peer pressure. The events portrayed in the film 12 Angry Men seem to defy the logic of group polarization, but the film nonetheless shows an acute psychological sense.
Negotiating for Money: Adding a Dose of Reality to Classroom Negotiations
Authors: Volkema Roger J.
Published: October 2007

Negotiation and conflict management courses have become increasingly common in business schools around the world. Frequently, these courses employ role plays and simulations to encourage students to try new strategies, tactics, techniques, and behaviors. While these simulations generally are designed to elicit realistic negotiation dynamics, they often lack the full emotional tension inherent in actual negotiations. One possible reason for this reduced tension is that no tangible resources, such as money, are at stake. This article describes an experiment in which MBA students paid a player's fee at the beginning of a negotiation course, and in which each negotiation exercise had an actual dollar value at risk. The article reports some results from this experiment and offers suggestions for instructors who might seek to add a player's fee to their own courses. In general, most students found the experience valuable, as it provided performance benchmarks while focusing their attention more sharply on risks and returns.
Mutational spectrum of delta‐globin gene in the Portuguese population
Authors: Morgado Ana , Picanço Isabel , Gomes Susana , Miranda Armandina , Coucelo Margarida , Seuanes Filomena , Seixas Maria Teresa , Romão Luísa , Faustino Paula
Published: October 2007

The phenotype of increased Hb A2 typical of β‐thalassaemia (β‐thal) carriers can be reduced to normal or borderline values because of the co‐inheritance of a δ‐globin gene (HBD, MIM #142000) mutation, which may lead to misinterpretation of diagnostic results. To know the spectrum of δ‐globin mutations in the Portuguese population we performed a mutational analysis of the δ‐globin gene in a group of 51 Portuguese β‐thal carriers presenting microcytosis, hypochromia and a normal/borderline Hb A2 level and in another group of 15 individuals suspected to have δ‐globin structural abnormalities. The heterozygosity for the β+IVS‐I‐6T→C (HBB:c. 92+6T>C) mutation was the main cause for the mentioned atypical β‐thal carrier phenotype. Furthermore, eight individuals were double heterozygous for one common β‐thal mutation and the δ+Cd27G→T mutation (Hb A2–Yialousa; HBD:c.82G>T). One of them also presented a novel δ‐globin gene promoter mutation,−80G→A (HBD:c.−130G>A), responsible for about 25% decrease of the promoter activity in transient expression assays. One the other hand, in the other group of 15 individuals suspected to have δ‐globin structural abnormalities observed by biochemical methods, some known Hb A2 variants were identified – Hb A2′ (HBD:c.49G>C), Hb A2‐Babinga (HBD:c.410G>A), and Hb A2‐Wrens (HBD:c.295G>A), and the novel Hb A2‐Fogo [δ64(E8)(Gly→Ser); (HBD:c.193G>A)]. This novel Hb A2 variant was observed segregating in linkage with Hb E (HBB:c.79G>A) in a three generation family. In conclusion, six different δ‐globin mutations were found, being two of them new molecular defects. All δ‐alleles identified were found linked to the expected β‐globin cluster haplotype. All mutations caused a low Hb A2 level and through this could lead to misdiagnosis when inherited together with a β‐thal allele.