bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monkeys Order Primates
Authors: Reid Fiona A
Published: November 2023

Primates are mainly tropical in distribution and are native throughout the world except Australia. They include primitive lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, and bushbabies, in addition to the more familiar monkeys and apes. Higher primates are divided into 2 ancient lin- eages, the New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys and great apes, including humans. New World monkeys were confined to South America when it was an island continent. A few species have since dispersed northward and are now among the more conspicuous Middle American mammals.
Rodents Order Rodentia
Authors: Reid Fiona A
Published: November 2023

The Rodentia is the largest order of mammals, with nearly 2300 species worldwide. More than 40% of all mammalian species belong to this order. Additional species of small rodents may be described in the future, especially in the Neotropics, based on chromosomal and biochemical studies. Rodents are found on all land masses and occupy almost all available habitat types except polar regions. They exhibit a range of body sizes and shapes, with adult weights ranging from 4 g to 60 kg. Most species are small and rat- like in form, with short legs and long tails, although a few larger species have long, thin legs and short tails. Most rodents have 4 toes on the front feet and 5 on the hind feet. All rodents have similar teeth: 2 pairs (one upper, one lower) of incisors, a gap, or diastema, and several pairs of chewing teeth (molars only in mouselike rodents, premolars and molars in squirrels and cavylike rodents). The dental formula is i 1/1, c 0/0, p 0–2/0–2, m 2–3/2–3. The incisors grow continuously throughout life, have a chisel-like cutting edge, and are used for gnawing.
Rabbits And Hares Order Lagomorpha, Family Leporidae
Authors: Reid Fiona A
Published: November 2023

The lagomorphs are distributed worldwide and include 2 families, 1 of which occurs in the Neotropics. With about 61 species in 11 genera, this family is represented in south- east Mexico and Central America by only 4 species in 2 genera. Originally classified as rodents because of their constantly growing incisors, lagomorphs differ in having a second pair of small incisors behind the long upper incisors. The dental formula is i 2/1, c 0/0, p 3/2, m 3/3. Rabbits and hares have long, narrow ears, slitlike nostrils, soft fur, short tails, and long, fully furred hind feet. There are 5 toes on the forefoot and 4 on the hind foot. Both jackrabbits and hares are members of the genus Lepus (with 1 represen- tative in southeast Mexico); other Central American rabbits are in the genus Sylvilagus. Most rabbits and hares are nocturnal. They are herbivores and have a modified di- gestive system for handling large amounts of vegetation.
Even-Toed Ungulates Order Artiodactyla
Authors: Reid Fiona A
Published: November 2023

The Artiodactyla includes peccaries, deer, pigs, hippopotamuses, camels, giraffes, ante- lope, and cattle and is the most diverse order of hoofed mammals. Even-toed ungulates have 2 weight-bearing toes on each foot. They probably are only distantly related to the odd-toed ungulates; they are thought to be more closely related to cetaceans (whales and dolphins). Two families are native to Central America.
Compelled Release of Interviews
Authors: Neuenschwander John A
Published: November 2023

In the eyes of a court, either state or federal, a recording or transcript of an oral history interview is hearsay. Although there are numerous exceptions to the rules of evidence that bar the introduction of hearsay evidence, none of these exceptions usually apply to the out-of-court statements that are made by an interviewee in the course of an oral history interview. The primary means by which oral history does make it into court is through the opinion testimony of expert witnesses.Rule 703 of the Federal Rules of Evidence provides that an expert witness may rely upon inadmissible evidence “if of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions and inferences upon a subject, . . .”While state rules of evidence vary somewhat from the Federal Rules of Evidence, there are provisions in most state evidence codes for similar reliance by experts on hear- say evidence such as oral history. Under Rule 703, a trial judge does have the authority to exclude an expert’s testimony if the court determines that the hearsay evidence upon which he or she is basing his opinion is not the type of evidence that can be “reasonably relied upon,” but such authority is rarely exercised.
Privacy Issues:The Stealth Torts
Authors: Neuenschwander John A
Published: November 2023

The use of “stealth” as the defining adjective is quite appropriate for the three privacy torts that could possibly result in the filing of a lawsuit against an oral history program. Since there is much more limited awareness of these types of legal challenges, it is easy to overlook them. Their relatively low profile is due in part to the relatively small number of case filings that are based on one or more of these privacy torts. As a result, they generally receive far less attention from the news media than do the far more common lawsuits for defamation.
Copyright
Authors: Neuenschwander John A
Published: November 2023

The top ten lists were first used by David Letterman in 1985 as a way to heighten viewer interest in his Late Show. Since that time, top ten lists have become a staple in American culture. They apparently satisfy a craving to rank virtually everything from actors to athletes. Not surprisingly, there are even top ten lists of the greatest copyright myths. Although there are at least a half dozen of such lists, a law firm that specializes in intellectual property law culled through five of these and produced a more condensed meta-list entitled “Four Most Mythical Copyright Myths.
Introduction
Authors: Field Douglas
Published: November 2023

In 2001, eight critically acclaimed writers, including Amiri Baraka and Chinua Achebe, gathered at Lincoln Center in New York City to pay homage to the life and work of James Arthur Baldwin. Fourteen years after Baldwin’s untimely death at the age of sixty-three, the writers assembled could not agree on his legacy or literary reputation. “It was hard to decide,” the Irish novelist Colm Tóbín noted, “what part of him came first” (Tóbín 15). Was it, Tóbín pondered, his race or his sexuality? Should Baldwin be remembered for his eloquent early novels or his fiery and polemical essays? Was he a religious writer or an embittered secular artist who used the cadences of the King James Bible for aesthetic effect?

The discussion at Lincoln Center highlights the diMculties of defining this prodigious writer whose work spanned four decades, culminating in one hundred and twenty-four book reviews, six novels, seven works of nonfiction, two plays, a children’s book, a scenario, a collection of short stories, and two books of poetry.
Facts and Myths about American Voters: An Introduction
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R
Published: November 2023

Every election season comes with an abundance of myths and conventional wisdoms that political analysts, self-anointed experts, news anchors, reporters, consultants, and academics use to explain democracy at work. Most election coverage relies on stories about a political process in which success or failure at the polls depends heavily on the clever strategies employed by candidates and parties. The notion that elections are generally won by good campaign strategies and that voters are perennially up for grabs makes for exciting journalism and television commentary, but it often strays afield from what political scientists know about American voters and their behavior. As a matter of fact, most voters identify with one of the two major parties and, when all is said and done, most partisans (even having flirted with defection) come back to their own parties when November rolls around. There are a few exceptional elections in which economic downturns, domestic unrest, and unpopular military engagements are powerful enough to shake even strong party identifers from their normally steadfast party moorings.
Americans Hate to Love Their Party, but They Do!
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R
Published: November 2023

Party affiliation continues to be the primary shaper of American electoral politics, despite a common belief—frequently emphasized in media commentary—that party matters relatively little to voters. Public opinion surveys typically reflect discontent with the parties, often as a reflection of unhappiness with current officeholders or events, but partisanship, as we show in this chapter, is alive and well in American politics. This does not means that Americans are boosters of party government. According to the 2000 American National Election Study (ANES), 23 percent of Americans supported having one party control the Congress and presidency while a majority (51 percent) voiced a preference for divided government. Not only do Americans seem to distrust the notion of unified party government but they also exhibit substantial distaste for the parties themselves.
Soccer Moms and Other Myths about the Gender Gap
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R
Published: November 2023

Mothers have been regularly touted as swing voters in recent presidential elections, and the notion that various kinds of mothers are more fluid in their partisan attachments than are other groups of voters is a mainstay of popular election commentary. In particular, the security concerns of women were a theme of the 2004 election because various preelection polls indicated that women were more concerned with national security than were men. As the gender gap varied over the course of the campaign, “security moms” became the swing voter célèbre of the election season, seized on by many media stories despite limited evidence that they existed in numbers or behavior not seen in previous elections.
Emotions and Emotional Development
Authors: Barish Kenneth
Published: November 2023

I begin, in this chapter, with a selective review of recent theory and research on the nature of emotions and a discussion of several emotions that are particularly important in clinical work with children. I will briefly describe some widely accepted principles that have special relevance to our understanding of both normal and pathological child development and the therapeutic process.
Optimal and Pathological Development in Childhood: A General Theory
Authors: Barish Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Drawing on this understanding of the nature of emotions and emotional development, I would now like to propose an emotion-based theory of optimal and pathological development in childhood. In this model, the psychopathology of childhood and adolescence, whether expressed as a disturbance of mood or behavior, results from the persistence of negative emotions—and the complex transformations of these emotions—in the mind of the child.
Theories of Pathological Development: A Brief Review
Authors: Barish Kenneth
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2, I presented a general theory of optimal and pathological development in childhood. Pathological development was understood to result from negative emotions that remain active in the mind of the child and the persistence of modes of thought and behavior associated with negative affects, especially, persistent demands and avoidances. Before I describe, in greater clinical detail, emotional processes that, in interaction with biological risk and vulnerability, eventuate in pathological outcomes in childhood and adolescence, I will offer a brief review of existing models of pathological development in childhood, making note of their strengths and limitations.
Empathy
Authors: Barish Kenneth
Published: November 2023

The importance of the therapist’s empathy is universally acknowledged, at least as an essential precondition, for all effective psychotherapy, including psychotherapy with children and families. In recent years, however, clinical and theoretical interest in empathy—with some exceptions (see, especially, Bromfield, 2007; Greene and Ablon, 2006)—appears to have waned, and this trend is particularly apparent in writing about children. The concept of empathy is regarded by many as vague, unscientific, and subject to frequent misuse. Contemporary psychoanalytic child therapists have focused attention on processes related to empathy (for example, mentalization and reflective functioning, Fongay and Target, 1998; Fongay et al., 2002) recognition and intersubjectivity, Frankel, 1998; or insightfulness, Koren-Karie, Oppenheim, and Goldsmith, 2007 but tend to eschew empathy as an organizing theoretical concept. Empathy also plays a small role in the theory and technique of cognitive and behavioral approaches to child therapy.
Child Psychotherapy as a Socializing Process II: Winning and Losing
Authors: Barish Kenneth
Published: November 2023

This chapter continues my discussion of psychotherapy as a socializing process, taking up one of the most common problems encountered in child therapy—winning and losing at games. To facilitate engagement with child patients and to lessen the burden of excessive or potentially threatening inquiry, child therapists have traditionally offered the child an opportunity to play structured games. Many children readily accept this offer. If the child is a boy, he is likely to eagerly anticipate these contests—and he will arrange to win, at least most of the time.
Parent Guidance I: Promoting Emotional Health and Resilience
Authors: Barish Kenneth
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters, I have presented a malignancy model of child psychopathology and a resilience model of children’s emotional health. This perspective on emotional development has important implications for parent guidance—how we can best help parents help their children. With some important exceptions, advice to parents offered by psychologists, in both the popular and professional literature, remains largely behavioral, focused on methods of discipline—”shaping” pro-social behavior and teaching parents how to impose effective sanctions when children misbehave—with the goal of achieving improved “compliance” with parental demands.
Further Topics Related to Elliptic Curves
Authors: Reilly Norman R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we consider several topics relating to elliptic curves. We begin with two important areas of applications: cryptography and prime factorization. The next three sections consider ideas about elliptic curves and about curves related to elliptic curves. We consider curves of the form y 2 x 3 ax b that are not elliptic curves, then we look at the concept of birational equivalence in the light of which we see that elliptic curves are not as special as they might at first appear. Next we consider the genus of a curve that places elliptic curves in a hierarchy of curves. In the very last section, we consider the solutions to a well-known family of Diophantine equations.
Ancestral Monty
Authors: Rosenhouse Jason
Published: November 2023

Like all professional mathematicians, I take it for granted that most people will be bored and intimidated by what I do for a living. Math, after all, is the sole academic subject about which people brag of their ineptitude. “Oh,” says the typical well-meaning fellow making idle chitchat at some social gathering, “I was never any good at math.” Then he smiles sheepishly, secure in the knowledge that his innumeracy in some way reflects well on him. I have my world-weary stock answers to such statements. Usually I say, “Well, maybe you just never had the right teacher.” That defuses the situation nicely.
Classical Monty
Authors: Rosenhouse Jason
Published: November 2023

We begin with some terminological ground rules. The host of our hypothetical game show shall always be referred to as “Monty.” We will use the second person in describing the game-show contestant. That is, we will phrase things as if you, the reader, are playing the game. A door will be said to be “correct” if it conceals the car and “incorrect” or “empty” if it conceals a goat. When we speak of being presented with identical doors, you should interpret that to mean that each of the doors has an equal probability of being correct. Your goal in every case is to maximize your chances of winning the car. If it is said that Monty makes a decision at random, that means he chooses from among his possibilities with equal probability.
Some Techniques for Solving Sudoku Puzzles
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

The Sudoku or Number Place, is a Latin square divided into subsquares (boxes) as shown in Figure 4.1. Figure 4.2 shows the playing field for the Sudoku. It is a 9 × 9 square with nine rows marked A, B,C, . . . , I; nine columns marked a, b, c, . . . , i; and nine boxes marked 1 to 9 (Figure 4.3). Figure 4.4 is a sample puzzle. Observe that some of the cells have numbers and some do not. The numbers that are given will be different in every puzzle. Like in a crossword puzzle, you must fill in the empty cells with the correct numbers. How do you find the correct numbers? You will know you have the correct numbers when each box, each row, and each column is filled with numbers 1 to 9 (Figure 2.3 or Figure 4.1).
The Fourth Dimension
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

Figure 11.1 shows a magic square in three dimensions, a sculpture by Patric Ireland in Eaton Fine Art Gallery, West Palm Beach, Florida [100]. It is a 3 × 3 square. The numbers are indicated by counting the numbers of blocks in each column and dividing by two. Hold your breath! Here we go, leaping into the fourth and higher dimensions of space. But don’t worry, we will approach them gradually, one dimension at a time. In early times, artists showed three-dimensional space in two dimensions, but their paintings looked ﬂat. Following the invention of perspective by Brunelleschi and its publication in the book On Painting by Alberti in 1435, the technique was acquired by artists and allowed them to give their work the appearance of depth while still painting on ﬂat, two-dimensional surfaces (Figure 11.2). Although we cannot visualize in our minds anything beyond three dimensions, mathematicians have been able to work in higher dimensions, and Einstein in his theory of relativity, referred to time as the fourth dimension.
Practical Applications of Magic Squares
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

A practical use of magic squares is in statistics. Statistics is a technical, mathematical subject practiced by specialists but is very important to everyone. Thanks to statistics, we have an estimate of how long we will live, the chance of being struck by lightning or a comet, and whether our favorite horse will win the Kentucky Derby. Nothing in life is certain, but with statistical methods developed in the last century, we can make useful estimates of the possibilities of these occurrences. These methods have become important in the insurance business, finance, agriculture, weather forecasting, sports and gambling, and scientific and social research.
Some Puzzles for You
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

Magic square with odd numbers. Make a perfect magic square of order 3, with magic constant 27, made up of only consecutive odd numbers beginning with 1 in any cell. That is, the magic square is made using the numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 (Peterson [54]). Magic square with even numbers. Construct a perfect magic square of order 3, with magic constant 30, composed of only consecutive even numbers beginning with 2 in any cell. That is, the magic square is made using the numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 (Peterson [54]). Magic square with prime numbers. Prime numbers are numbers that are divisible only by themselves and Make a magic square of order 3, having a magic constant 177, with prime numbers 5, 17, 29, 47, 59, 71, 89, 101, and 113. Start with 5 in any cell (Pickover [56]).
The Walls Go Up
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

Conservative think tanks, academics, and policy makers have taken an entirely different approach to cost-benefit analysis. Unlike proregulatory groups, conservatives have embraced this tool wholeheartedly—pushing to expand its use, and combing for ways to reform it to their liking. At every stage in the development of cost-benefit analysis, commentators and decisionmakers committed to deregulation have faithfully pursued the goals of placing cost-benefit analysis at the center of the administrative state and shaping it towards their agenda. When the political climate was in their favor, they quickly moved to implement their vision of cost-benefit analysis. When they faced opposition in the White House, they used whatever levers they had at their disposal in Congress, and bided their time until better conditions arose.
Winning the Good Fight (Sometimes)
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

Although proregulatory interests outside the government have largely abandoned the task of shaping cost-benefit analysis, certain actors within government have taken steps to remove the antiregulatory bias from cost-benefit analysis. One of the most important of these efforts was undertaken by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) during the Clinton administration, with the development of its own in-house cost-benefit analysis capability, in response to the traditional antagonism between the EPA and the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA). With its own cost-benefit tools, the EPA had the analytic firepower needed to struggle effectively with OIRA over environmental regulations. The efforts culminated in the EPA Cost-Benefit Guidelines, which provide the EPA with an independent source of justification for its cost-benefit decisions. One of the most important of those decisions was the value placed on a human life, and the methodology for arriving at that value.
Fallacy 4: People Cannot Adapt
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

The fourth fallacy of cost-benefit analysis is that people cannot adapt. This fallacy underlies a relatively new technique for valuing regulation that has been gathering steam over the past decade, and may soon become a prominent fixture of cost-benefit analysis—quality adjusted life-years (QALYs). QALYs are used as an alternative to statistical lives saved. However, QALYs systematically overestimate the quality of life losses from less-than-perfect health because they fail to account for how people adapt to health setbacks. In addition, there is a conceptual flaw that limits the usefulness of QALYs: They cannot be incorporated into cost-benefit analysis because a constant dollar-per-QALY exchange rate does not exist.
Issues In Media And Social Learning: Rap Music, Beauty And Domestic Violence
Authors: Dill Karen E
Published: November 2023

We humans are like no other species. We are highly skilled creatures who adapt to physical and social environments and who survive and thrive despite our physical vulnerabilities. We accomplish these feats largely due to outstanding mental abilities. I know, sitting around the Christmas tree watching as someone tries to assemble a toy or even get the toy out of the box, “outstanding mental abilities” isn’t the first phrase that comes to mind, but it’s true. Our intelligence allows us to make complex judgments and choices, many of which are social—for example, attributions about the intentions of people from outside our social group or skills that help us gain power and control over others. All of this used to be accomplished through face-to-face interactions within communities.
The Social Psychology Of Political Coverage
Authors: Dill Karen E
Published: November 2023

On Friday June 13, 2008, I walked into a restaurant to eat dinner with my family. Glancing up at the plasma TV on the wall, I couldn’t quite take in what I was seeing. Tim Russert, NBC News’ Washington bureau chief and long-time moderator of Meet the Press, had collapsed at work and, at the age of fifty-eight and in the prime of his career, had died from a heart attack. What I felt was a visceral sense of loss, sadness, and the kind of wish to make it not true one feels upon learning of the sudden death of a friend or a cherished uncle.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Richard
Published: November 2023

It was a time of intense partisanship across the nation. The United States was divided between two political parties with sharply divergent ideologies. The closeness of elections meant that the outcomes sometimes remained inconclusive for a long time after the people had voted. Essayists spent much of their time reviewing media accounts and then writing polemics attacking their opponents, including launching personal attacks on presidential candidates and other politicians in the opposition. Many of them did so under pseudonyms to hide their identity. Their essays circulated widely among the political elite of the day.

This was the state of American politics and media just over 200 years ago, when Republicans and Federalists dominated the political scene and partisan newspaper editors supported or attacked them. But it could just as easily describe our own age. Today those essayists are called “bloggers,” short for “webloggers.” They are people who maintain online journals that discuss politics. Like their early counterparts, they spend many hours each day collecting information and writing commentary; instead of publishing their essays in broadsheets circulated in taverns and other public places, though, they post them on their Web sites. Bloggers thrive on commentary, rumor, gossip, and satire. And, similar to the partisan press of that earlier day, they also collaborate with politicians who know their writing can be instrumental in reaching a politically interested and potentially active audience.
Personality and Its Disorders Structural Models, Mathematical Methods, and Theoretical Conceptions
Authors: Millon Theodore
Published: November 2023

Eating disorders (EDs) are polysymptomatic syndromes, defi ned by maladaptive attitudes and behaviors around eating, weight, and body image but typically accompanied by disturbances of selfimage, mood, impulse regulation, and interpersonal functioning. In this chapter, we outline the defi ning features of the EDs, provide a brief historical perspective, and review fi ndings on ED epidemiology and comorbid psychopathology. We also provide an overview on factors thought to act in ED etiology. We then elaborate a multidimensional (biopsychosocial) perspective on ED causality that attempts to account for some of the more salient aspects of ED phenomenology.
Schizoid and Avoidant Personality Disorders
Authors: Bernstein David P , Arntz Arnoud , Travaglini Laura
Published: November 2023

Clinicians frequently fail to distinguish schizoid and avoidant personality disorders owing to the fact that they are behaviorally similar diagnostic entities characterized by interpersonal detachment. Both types of personalities may appear socially isolated, having few or no close friendships, engage primarily in solitary as opposed to social activities, and remain aloof or inhibited in social situations.
Dependent and Histrionic Personality Disorders
Authors: Bornstein Robert F , Malka Iris L
Published: November 2023

Observant clinicians and empirical researchers have long recognized that dependent personality disorder (DPD) and histrionic personality disorder (HPD) share at least one important feature: both are rooted in exaggerated, infl exible dependency needs. Dependency-related behaviors are present in both sets of diagnostic critera as described in the DSM–IV–TR.
Sadistic Personality Disorder
Authors: Stone Michael H , Butler Jeremy R , Young Kathleen M
Published: November 2023

In the nineteenth century Krafft-Ebing (1965) introduced the terms sadism and masochism to describe the sexual gratifi cation derived either from cruelty (sadism) or from bodily punishment infl icted on oneself or witnessed by others (masochism). Inspired by the novels of the Marquis de Sade (1740–1814) depicting pain, sexual dominance, and the cruelty and humiliation with certain sexual pleasures of a “perverse” kind, Krafft-Ebing defi ned sadism as the infliction of pain upon a sexual object; masochism as the desire to have pain infl icted upon oneself by the sexual object.
Schizotypic Psychopathology Theory, Evidence, and Future Directions
Authors: Lenzenweger Mark F
Published: November 2023

Schizotypic psychopathology has long intrigued researchers and clinicians and continues to do so over 100 years later. In short, schizotypic psychopathology represents a unique and rich window on schizophrenia liability; therein lies the heuristic basis for much of the scientific activity in this area of psychopathology.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Authors: Ronningstam Elsa
Published: November 2023

The clinical concept of a narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) and the notion of pathological narcissism were based until recently on psychoanalytic theory. Recent observations of such patients have contributed to a growing database recognizing the complexity of narcissistic pathology and its various characterological and symptomatic expressions. The inclusion of NPD in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.) (DSM–III; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1980) established its status as an offi cial diagnostic category, with overt and identifi able criteria amenable to more rigorous empirical study.
Fatalism
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

One way to preserve our tranquility, the Stoics thought, is to take a fatalistic attitude toward the things that happen to us. According to Seneca, we should offer ourselves to fate, inasmuch as “it is a great consolation that it is together with the universe we are swept along.” According to Epictetus, we should keep firmly in mind that we are merely actors in a play written by someone else—more precisely, the Fates. We cannot choose our role in this play, but regardless of the role we are assigned, we must play it to the best of our ability. If we are assigned by the Fates to play the role of beggar, we should play the role well; likewise if we are assigned to play the role of king. If we want our life to go well, Epictetus says, we should, rather than wanting events to conform to our desires, make our desires conform to events; we should, in other words, want events “to happen as they do happen.”
Insults
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

Some will think it strange that the Roman Stoics would spend time talking about insults and how best to deal with them. “Is this the proper function of a philosopher?” they will ask. It is, if we think, as the Stoics did, that the proper role of philosophy is to develop a philosophy of life.
Personal Values
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

People are unhappy, the Stoics argue, in large part because they are confused about what is valuable. Because of their confusion, they spend their days pursuing things that, rather than making them happy, make them anxious and miserable.
Personal Values
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

Besides valuing fame, people typically value wealth. These two values may seem independent, but a case can be made that the primary reason we seek wealth is that we seek fame. More precisely, we seek wealth because we realize that the material goods our wealth can buy us will win the admiration of other people and thereby confer on us a degree of fame. But if fame isn’t worth pursuing, and if our primary reason for seeking wealth is so we can gain fame, then wealth shouldn’t be worth pursuing either. And according to the Stoics, it isn’t.
The Decline of Stoicism
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

Marcus Aurelius was simultaneously a Stoic philosopher and, as Roman emperor, the most powerful man in the Western world. This confluence of philosophy and politics could have been quite beneficial to Stoicism, but as we have seen, he did not try to convert his fellow Romans to the philosophy. As a result, Marcus became, in the words of the nineteenth-century historian W. E. H. Lecky, “the last and most perfect representative of Roman Stoicism.”1 After his death, Stoicism fell into a slump from which it has yet to recover.
The Motivated Consumer
Authors: Sperling Daniel , Gordon Deborah
Published: November 2023

Two strategies dominate discussions about curbing greenhouse gas emissions and oil use: vehicle efficiency and low-carbon fuels. But there’s a third strategy that’s also very important: motivating better behavior. People, acting as consumers, travelers, voters, and investors, are central to all strategies to reduce oil use and carbon footprints. With the rest of the world following America’s lead in mobility matters, it’s especially important for Americans to adjust their behavior. The primary challenge is to awaken an American public largely ignorant of the energy and climate implications of their decisions, and to motivate American consumers to align their choices with the greater public good—what U.S. Senator John McCain has repeatedly called “a cause greater than self-interest.”

Consumers have a lot of say about the future of global mobility. If consumers demand more socially and environmentally responsible products, manufacturers must respond to these demands or risk market loss. Changes in consumers’ purchasing preferences can fundamentally alter the market-place, as demonstrated recently by the shrinking market share of big SUVs and the growing market share of hybrid vehicles. Consumers have the power to motivate market shifts and technological innovation.
Pillars of Humanity: Hope Across Time
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

Arguably, the greatest sources of human joy and suffering are rooted in the three motives that underlie hope: mastery, attachment, and survival. More time and energy goes into understanding, controlling, satisfying, sustaining, repairing, and honoring these motivational vital signs than any others. Indeed, we have a natural inclination to gravitate toward moving accounts of these very forces.

Five of the top-rated films of all time, for example, are Citizen Kane, The Godfather, Lawrence of Arabia, Casablanca, and Gone with the Wind, each in their own way a compelling story of one or more of the vital motives, whether thwarted or triumphant. Consider Citizen Kane: Beneath the obvious power imagery is a story of frustrated attachment and longing. In one scene an old man reflects on a beautiful girl he glimpsed only fleetingly as a youth, realizing he has thought of her every day for more than 50 years.
Faith: The Assurance of Things Hoped For
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we explore the diverse ways that human beings have expressed their deepest beliefs and highest values. We identify some of the biases about faith and show how true faith differs from blind devotion and can be distinguished from unhealthy forms of impoverished spirituality.

“Faith,” according to the New Testament, “is the assurance of things hoped for, a belief in things unseen.” Without faith in karma, what hope sustains the Hindu? If Buddhists abandon faith in the eight-fold path, what will guarantee their hoped-for release from suffering? Without faith in the dreamtime, what hope is there for the aborigine of Western Australia?
Spiritual Growth: The Life Cycle of Hope
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we trace the development of spiritual beliefs across the life span, utilizing a comprehensive, four-stage model in which we combine our integrative framework with concepts from developmental and clinical psychology, psychiatry, and theology. This in-depth analysis is designed to help you to better understand the importance of the attachment, mastery, and survival motives at different points in the life span. In addition, you should come away with a deeper appreciation of the hope–spirituality connection, including both the transpersonal and personal experiences that can affect the development of various forms of faith and spirituality.

Clearly, hope and spirituality converge in important ways. It is a convergence that begins early in life through the attachment drive and then develops through personally and socially derived modes of self-protection to shape one’s spiritual beliefs. At the heart of those beliefs for most individuals is a God or higher power representation inherited from the religion of their culture. Indeed, all of the world’s major religions appear to recognize some form of supreme transcendent being (see Table 7.1). Even the polytheistic systems of the Native American Indian tribes have a concept of a higher power that reigns above all others.
Spiritual Intelligence: Developing A Smart Soul
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 6 we described some classic expressions of faith. In this chapter, we examine faith choices in greater detail. Putting aside the beliefs of others for a moment, where should you put your faith? Should you turn to religion or put your trust in science or technology or invest in something else of value? What are your faith needs? What are the long-term consequences of investing your faith in a certain way of life?

You will find eight faith alternatives in this chapter. To choose wisely from them requires your trust, openness, and spiritual honesty in arriving at a true assessment of your faith needs. Such needs vary from individual to individual, depending on each person’s disposition and life experience. Reflecting the varied ways of “being in the world,” they are also akin to “spiritual types.” Which type are you? At the end of this chapter, you will find several types to consider, as well as the faith possibilities for each type. You will also find an assessment tool designed to help you clarify or discover your own spiritual disposition.
Attachment Matters: Love Always Hopes
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

You have reached the halfway point in this hope journey. Chapters 1 through 8 dealt with your hope legacy, from the biological infrastructure for mastery, attachment, and survival to cultural factors and spiritual influences. We now shift to the wings of hope—to varied strategies for drawing upon the virtue of hope to unleash within you a greater a sense of purpose, connectedness, and capacity for terror management and healing. We begin with those strategies that are attachment related.

As social creatures we cannot live in isolation. Recall that Aristotle labeled as “beasts or gods” those who seemed content to live by themselves. The fifteenth-century poet John Donne echoed this sentiment when he wrote, “No man is an island.” It is human bonds, said the Chinese sage Mengzi, “that fill the space between heaven and earth.”
From Fear To Hope: Peace In Troubled Waters
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

Fear, like anxiety, can be overwhelming and draining. Some individuals are able to contain their fears. Although mindful of the dangers that exist in the world, they nevertheless manage to keep things in perspective. We might call them the “hope-buffered,” those stout of heart who refuse to yield to their fears. Others are less fortunate; fear dominates their lives and exhausts their resources. In The Fall of the House of Usher, Edgar Allan Poe unveiled a character utterly consumed by the “work of worry.”

He could wear only garments of a certain texture; the odors of all flowers were oppressive; his eyes were tortured by even a faint light ... there was little which did not inspire him with horror ... I found him a bound slave. [He said to me] “I shall perish .. . I shall be lost. I dread the events of the future ... I shudder at the thought of any, even the most trivial incident ... the period will sooner or later arrive when I must abandon life and reason together, in some struggle with the grim phantasm of FEAR.”
Hope for Health: Prescriptions For Well-Being
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

The comedian George Burns once remarked, “If you don’t take care of your body, where will you live?” For the most part, Burns practiced what he preached and ultimately lived to the ripe old age of 100. In a tribute offered by the Huffington Center on Aging, it was noted, “He had a great capacity to never give up working, never give up loving, and never saying never.” In other words, Burns displayed a lifelong passion for mastery, attachment, and survival.

Plato and George Burns shared at least one thing in common. Both understood that every aspect of an individual’s existence influences his or her health. This holistic wisdom can be found in many cultures. This is why millions of Chinese practice their soft martial art of tai chi every morning while their Native American counterparts hold regular purification rituals to cleanse the mind, body, and spirit. It is why Plato was moved to write, “The cure of many diseases is unknown to physicians because they are ignorant of the whole. For the part can never be well unless the whole is well.”
What Is Psychiatry?
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H
Published: November 2023

Psychiatric disorders are among the most common maladies affecting humans. Current estimates indicate that at least one in three individuals has a diagnosable psychiatric disorder at some point in his or her life. Based on how frequently they occur in the population, psychiatric disorders are a bit like the common cold, although their symptoms and complications are much more devastating. Many psychiatric disorders go unrecognized and untreated, resulting in great costs in terms of suffering and lost productivity.
Warning Signs
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H
Published: November 2023

What are the early signs of a psychiatric disorder? How can a person recognize early symptoms of a relapse of a preexisting illness? What symptoms should lead someone to seek psychiatric care? Psychiatrists are asked these questions regularly, often by people who are concerned about the behaviour of a friend or family member. Some psychiatric disorders are associated with loss of insight, and those afficted by these illnesses may accept changes in their thinking, mood, and behavior as “normal” or “understandable” under the circumstances of their lives. It frequently falls to friends and family members to recognize that something is wrong and to encourage the person to seek help. In this chapter, we will discuss warning signs that indicate that an individual has or may be developing a serious psychiatric disorder.
Why Are Psychiatric Disorders So Common?
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H
Published: November 2023

Studies examining the frequency of psychiatric disorders in various populations are done by epidemiologists. These are scientists who investigate patterns of illnesses, as well as their causes and prevention. They play key roles in describing epidemics and in identifying factors associated with the spread of a disease in a population. Ideally, they would like to study an entire population, such as the entire US population or the entire population of New York City. However, that is usually impossible (due to the economic costs and logistical challenges associated with such a massive research undertaking), so epidemiological studies rely on obtaining representative “random samples” of the people of interest.
What Do We Know about the Mechanisms Underlying Psychiatric Disorders?
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H
Published: November 2023

The Holy Grail of psychiatric science is to understand the biological mechanisms underlying mental illnesses. It is hoped that once we are armed with this information, we will be able to devise new strategies that target the primary brain dysfunctions and that possibly prevent these complex and devastating disorders from occurring in the first place. Realistically, we are a long way from these goals. However, rapid advances in neuroimaging, neuroscience, and genetics over the latter part of the last century give us strong reasons for optimism. Some of the research techniques that are now routinely used in neurobiology laboratories on a daily basis were considered “Star Wars” science 15 or 20 years ago.
How Are Psychiatric Disorders Treated? Basic Principles
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H
Published: November 2023

Psychiatrists use many different approaches to treat mental disorders. These range from various forms of psychotherapy (talk therapy), patient education, and social interventions to medications and brain stimulation techniques. All of these treatments are important tools, and each can be highly effective and lifesaving in certain situations. In this chapter, we will discuss some basic principles regarding the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In Chapter 8, we will discuss the use of medications. Psychotherapies and lifestyle interventions will be considered in Chapter 9. In Chapter 10, we will review brain stimulation techniques and their use in treating psychiatric disorders.
How Can Patients and Families Help with Treatment?
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H
Published: November 2023

One of our goals in writing this book is to make psychiatry understandable to people who are not mental health professionals. The more patients and their families and friends know about psychiatric disorders and their treatments, including the roles of psychiatrists and other mental health professionals, the better it is for improving outcomes. Knowledge about the signs and symptoms of various disorders can go a long way toward the early recognition of imminent relapses. For example, a patient with bipolar mood disorder who begins to make repeated phone calls in the middle of the night is likely to be relapsing. Similarly, a person who is beginning to withdraw from interactions with friends and is giving up usual social activities could be exhibiting the early signs of major depression.
Consumers Beware
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H
Published: November 2023

A recurring theme in this book has been that psychiatric disorders involve abnormal brain function and are serious medical problems. Complications from these disorders can be devastating for individuals, families, and society, and can include suicide, violence, physical abuse, premature death from a variety of causes, job loss, and discord in relationships. Thus, we believe that psychiatric disorders merit the highest level of attention from the highest quality providers in our health care delivery system.
Trends in Psychiatry and Mental Health
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H
Published: November 2023

Psychiatry has changed dramatically over the last several decades. Prior to the 1950s, psychoanalytic approaches dominated psychiatric thinking. These approaches were based on opinion and dogma and not empirical evidence. Examining the reliability or validity of psychoanalytic approaches in controlled clinical trials was not considered relevant. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy was considered an important, perhaps the most important, treatment modality. Such treatment usually required multiple therapy sessions per week conducted over extended periods of time, often years. When in the 1950s effective medications to treat mental disorders began to become available, many psychoanalysts felt that these medications could, at best, only cover up symptoms and that therapy was still required to help patients restructure their lives.