bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A methodology for implementing highly concurrent data structures
Authors: Herlihy M.
Published: November 2005

A
concurrent object
is a data structure shared by concurrent processes. Conventional techniques for implementing concurrent objects typically rely on
critical sections
: ensuring that only one process at a time can operate on the object. Nevertheless, critical sections are poorly suited for asynchronous systems: if one process is halted or delayed in a critical section, other, non-faulty processes will be unable to progress. By contrast, a concurrent object implementation is
non-blocking
if it always guarantees that some process will complete an operation in a finite number of steps, and it is
wait-free
if it guarantees that
each
process will complete an operation in a finite number of steps. This paper proposes a new methodology for constructing non-blocking and wait-free implementations of concurrent objects. The object's representation and operations are written as stylized sequential programs, with no explicit synchronization. Each sequential operation is automatically transformed into a non-blocking or wait-free operation using novel synchronization and memory management algorithms. These algorithms are presented for a multiple instruction/multiple data (MIMD) architecture in which
n
processes communicate by applying
read, write
, and
compare&swap
operations to a shared memory.
Kill-safe synchronization abstractions
Authors: Flatt Matthew , Findler Robert Bruce
Published: November 2005

When an individual task can be forcefully terminated at any time, cooperating tasks must communicate carefully. For example, if two tasks share an object, and if one task is terminated while it manipulates the object, the object may remain in an inconsistent or frozen state that incapacitates the other task. To support communication among terminable tasks, language run-time systems (and operating systems) provide kill-safe abstractions for inter-task communication. No kill-safe guarantee is available, however, for abstractions that are implemented outside the run-time system.In this paper, we show how a run-time system can support new kill-safe abstractions without requiring modification to the run-time system, and without requiring the run-time system to trust any new code. Our design frees the run-time implementor to provide only a modest set of synchronization primitives in the trusted computing base, while still allowing tasks to communicate using sophisticated abstractions.
Parametric analysis for adaptive computation offloading
Authors: Wang Cheng , Li Zhiyuan
Published: November 2005

Many programs can be invoked under different execution options, input parameters and data files. Such different execution contexts may lead to strikingly different execution instances. The optimal code generation may be sensitive to the execution instances. In this paper, we show how to use parametric program analysis to deal with this issue for the optimization problem of computation offloading.Computation offloading has been shown to be an effective way to improve performance and energy saving on mobile devices. Optimal program partitioning for computation offloading depends on the tradeoff between the computation workload and the communication cost. The computation workload and communication requirement may change with different execution instances. Optimal decisions on program partitioning must be made at run time when sufficient information about workload and communication requirement becomes available.Our cost analysis obtains program computation workload and communication cost expressed as functions of run-time parameters, and our parametric partitioning algorithm finds the optimal program partitioning corresponding to different ranges of run-time parameters. At run time, the transformed program self-schedules its tasks on either the mobile device or the server, based on the optimal program partitioning that corresponds to the current values of run-time parameters. Experimental results on an HP IPAQ handheld device show that different run-time parameters can lead to quite different program partitioning decisions.
Cloning-based context-sensitive pointer alias analysis using binary decision diagrams
Authors: Whaley John , Lam Monica S.
Published: November 2005

This paper presents the first scalable context-sensitive, inclusion-based pointer alias analysis for Java programs. Our approach to context sensitivity is to create a clone of a method for every context of interest, and run a
context-insensitive
algorithm over the expanded call graph to get
context-sensitive
results. For precision, we generate a clone for every acyclic path through a program's call graph, treating methods in a strongly connected component as a single node. Normally, this formulation is hopelessly intractable as a call graph often has 10 14 acyclic paths or more. We show that these exponential relations can be computed efficiently using binary decision diagrams (BDDs). Key to the scalability of the technique is a context numbering scheme that exposes the commonalities across contexts. We applied our algorithm to the most popular applications available on Sourceforge, and found that the largest programs, with hundreds of thousands of Java bytecodes, can be analyzed in under 20 minutes.This paper shows that pointer analysis, and many other queries and algorithms, can be described succinctly and declaratively using Datalog, a logic programming language. We have developed a system called bddbddb that automatically translates Datalog programs into highly efficient BDD implementations. We used this approach to develop a variety of context-sensitive algorithms including side effect analysis, type analysis, and escape analysis.
The liberty structural specification language
Authors: Vachharajani Manish , Vachharajani Neil , August David I.
Published: November 2005

Rapid exploration of the design space with simulation models is essential for quality hardware systems research and development. Despite striking commonalities across hardware systems, designers routinely fail to achieve high levels of reuse across models constructed in existing general-purpose and domain-specific languages. This lack of reuse adversely impacts hardware system design by slowing the rate at which ideas are evaluated. This paper presents an examination of existing languages to reveal their fundamental limitations regarding reuse in hardware modeling. With this understanding, a solution is described in the context of the design and implementation of the Liberty Structural Specification Language (LSS), the input language for a publicly available high-level digital-hardware modeling tool called the Liberty Simulation Environment. LSS is the first language to enable low-overhead reuse by simultaneously supporting static inference based on hardware structure
and
flexibility via parameterizable structure. Through LSS, this paper also introduces a new type inference algorithm and a new programming language technique, called
use-based specialization
, which, in a manner analogous to type inference, customizes reusable components by statically inferring structural properties that otherwise would have had to have been specified manually.
The set constraint/CFL reachability connection in practice
Authors: Kodumal John , Aiken Alex
Published: November 2005

Many program analyses can be reduced to graph reachability problems involving a limited form of context-free language reachability called Dyck-CFL reachability. We show a new reduction from Dyck-CFL reachability to set constraints that can be used in practice to solve these problems. Our reduction is much simpler than the general reduction from context-free language reachability to set constraints. We have implemented our reduction on top of a set constraints toolkit and tested its performance on a substantial polymorphic flow analysis application.
Java RMI, RMI tunneling and Web services comparison and performance analysis
Authors: Juric Matjaz B. , Kezmah Bostjan , Hericko Marjan , Rozman Ivan , Vezocnik Ivan
Published: November 2005

This article compares different approaches for developing Java distributed applications which have to communicate through firewalls and proxies, including RMI over open ports, HTTP-to-port, HTTP-to-CGI, HTTP-to-servlet tunneling and web services. A functional comparison of approaches has been done, as well as a detailed performance analysis with overhead analysis and identification of optimizations. Therefore the paper contributes to the overall understanding of different approaches for developing Java distributed applications in circumstances, where the communication through firewalls and/or proxies is inevitable. The paper also contributes to the understanding of performance related issues.
A trace-based binary compilation framework for energy-aware computing
Authors: Li Lian , Xue Jingling
Published: November 2005

Energy-aware compilers are becoming increasingly important for embedded systems due to the need to meet conflicting constraints on time, code size and power consumption. We introduce a trace-based, offline compiler framework on binaries and demonstrate its benefits in supporting energy optimisations. The key innovation lies in identifying frequently executed paths in a binary program and duplicating them as single-entry traces. Separating frequently from infrequently executed paths enables the compiler to focus both performance and energy optimisations on the hot traces.Traces constructed at the level of binaries are inherently inter-procedural, spanning both application and library code. Such a framework allows an embedded application developer to exploit optimisation opportunities made possible due to the information that is available only at link time.We describe the implementation of our trace-based framework in
alto
, a link-time optimiser for the Alpha architecture. We present a new algorithm for constructing the hot traces from binaries. This algorithm is both effective (since the execution cycles are mostly spent on traces) and practical (due to small code size increases caused). We have developed and implemented a new optimisation to reduce the functional unit leakage energy. We show how the traces facilitate the development of such an optimisation, which results in significant leakage energy savings for benchmark programs at the cost of small performance penalties.
ESys.Net
Authors: Lapalme J. , Aboulhamid E. M. , Nicolescu G. , Charest L. , Boyer F. R. , David J. P. , Bois G.
Published: November 2005

The next generation of tools for embedded systems design will represent a common arena for several cooperating groups. These tools will permit system design at a high abstraction level and enable automatic refinement through several abstraction levels to obtain the final prototype. To facilitate this evolution, we propose a new .Net Framework based system level modeling and simulation environment. This environment allows (1) cooperation -- by enabling web-based design and multi-language features, (2) easy systems specification task -- by enabling the integration of software components and by alleviating memory management and (3) the linking to automatic refinement tools -- by enabling the translation of model specifications into a standard intermediate format and by permitting the annotation of model specifications.
Compositional static instruction cache simulation
Authors: Patil Kaustubh , Seth Kiran , Mueller Frank
Published: November 2005

Scheduling in hard real-time systems requires a priori knowledge of worst-case execution times (WCET). Obtaining the WCET of a task is a difficult problem. Static timing analysis techniques approach this problem via path analysis, pipeline simulation and cache simulation to derive safe WCET bounds. But such analysis has traditionally been constrained to only small programs due to the complexity of simulation, most notably the complexity of static cache simulation, which requires inter-procedural analysis.This paper describes a novel approach of compositional static cache simulation that alleviates the complexity problem, thereby making static timing analysis feasible for much larger programs than in the past. Specifically, a framework is contributed that facilitates static cache analysis by splitting it into two steps, a module-level analysis and a compositional phase, thus addressing the issue of complexity of inter-procedural analysis for an entire program. The module-level analysis parameterizes the data-flow information in terms of potential evictions from cache due to calls containing conflicting references. The compositional analysis stage uses the result of the parameterized data-flow for each module. Thus, the emphasis here is on handling most of the complexity in the module-level analysis and performing as little analysis as possible at the compositional level. The experimental results for direct-mapped instruction caches show that the compositional analysis framework outperforms prior analysis methods for larger programs by one to two orders of magnitude, depending on the reference for comparison, while providing equally accurate predictions. This novel approach to static cache analysis provides a promising solution to the complexity problem in timing analysis, which, for the first time, makes the analysis of larger programs feasible.
EMBARC
Authors: Hiser Jason D. , Davidson Jack W.
Published: November 2005

Many architectures today, especially embedded systems, have multiple memory partitions, each with potentially different performance and energy characteristics. To meet the strict time-to-market requirements of systems containing these chips, compilers require retargetable alogrithms for effectively assigning values to the memory partitions. The EMBARC algorithm described in this paper is the first algorithm to attempt to realize a comprehensive, retargetable algorithm for effective partition assignment of variables in an arbitrary memory hierarchy. It supports a wide variety of memory models including on-chip SRAMs, multiple layers of caches, and even uncached DRAM partitions. Even though it is designed to handle such a range of memory hierarchies, EMBARC is capable of generating partition assignments of similar quality to algorithms designed for specific memory hierarchies. We use a large range of benchmarks and memory models to demonstrate the effectiveness of the EMBARC algorithm. We found that EMBARC can achieve 99% of the improvement of a dedicated algorithm for cacheless systems without SRAM. Also, for cacheless systems with SRAM, EMBARC generated the optimal partition assignment for benchmarks that were simple enough to hand-generate an optimal partition assignment. As further proof of EMBARC's generality, we also show how EMBARC can be used to generate partition assignments for a memory hierarchies with two on-chip caches that can be accessed in parallel.
Hardware-managed register allocation for embedded processors
Authors: Zhuang Xiaotong , Zhang Tao , Pande Santosh
Published: November 2005

Most modern processors (either embedded or general purpose) contain higher number of physical registers than those exposed in the ISA. Due to a variety of reasons, this phenomenon is likely to continue especially on embedded systems where encoding space is very limited. Saving the encoding space leads to lower power consumption in the I-cache; on the other hand, harnessing more physical registers saves power in the memory subsystem and reduces latency as well. These design decisions however result in the difficulty of register allocation for a compiler due to limited number of exposed registers at ISA level.In this paper, we therefore propose a hardware managed register allocation scheme to allocate more physical registers at runtime and to utilize them. As a byproduct, we also show that hardware managed register allocation has other merits such as better exploitation of low register pressure regions, more flexible management of caller-save/callee-save registers, etc.Our approach consists of both compiler and hardware enhancements. On the compiler side we assign variables at various stack offsets such that the offsets indicate the relative allocation priorities at runtime. The hardware is modified to identify such spills and make decisions whether they should be put in the (invisible) physical registers based on their relative priorities. Finally, our results show slight improvement in the instructions per cycle counts (IPC) but significant power consumption reduction in the cache.
A retargetable register allocation framework for embedded processors
Authors: Daveau Jean-Marc , Thery Thomas , Lepley Thierry , Santana Miguel
Published: November 2005

This paper describes the FlexCC2 register allocation framework. FlexCC2 is an optimizing retargetable C compiler for embedded processors, and in particular for DSP processors. Embedded processors often contain features such as irregular and constrained register sets that complicate register allocation, making traditional methods inefficient. In this paper, we present a register allocation framework specifically tailored for embedded processor specificities. This framework has been integrated in the FlexCC2 production compiler and is used by FlexCC2 customers.
Optimizing for space and time usage with speculative partial redundancy elimination
Authors: Scholz Bernhard , Horspool Nigel , Knoop Jens
Published: November 2005

Speculative partial redundancy elimination (SPRE) uses execution profiles to improve the expected performance of programs. We show how the problem of placing expressions to achieve the optimal expected performance can be mapped to a particular kind of network flow problem and hence solved by well known techniques. Our solution is sufficiently efficient to be used in practice. Furthermore, the objective function may be chosen so that reduction in space requirements is the primary goal and execution time is secondary. One surprising result that an explosion in size may occur if speed is the sole goal, and consideration of space usage is therefore important.
Code protection for resource-constrained embedded devices
Authors: Saputra H. , Chen G. , Brooks R. , Vijaykrishnan N. , Kandemir M. , Irwin M. J.
Published: November 2005

While the machine neutral Java bytecodes are attractive for code distribution in the highly heterogeneous embedded domain, the well-documented and standardized features also make it difficult to protect these codes. In fact, there are several tools to reverse engineer Java bytecodes. The focus of this work is the design of a substitution-based bytecode obfuscation approach that prevents code from being executed on unauthorized devices. Furthermore, we also improve the resilience of this substitution-based approach to frequency-based attacks. Using various Java class files, we show that our approach is 2.5 to 3 times less computationally intensive as compared to a traditional encryption based approach. Our experiments reveal that the protected class files could not execute on unauthorized clients.
The Genetics of Hearing and Balance in Zebrafish
Authors: Nicolson Teresa
Published: November 2005

The zebrafish is an excellent model system for studying the molecular basis of inner ear development and function. The eggs develop ex utero and the ear is transparent for the first few weeks of life. Forward genetic screens and antisense technology have helped to elucidate the signaling pathways and molecules required for inner ear development and function. This review addresses the most recent advances in our understanding of how the ear forms and discusses the molecules in hair cells that are essential for sensing sound and movement in the zebrafish.
Which Hemostatic Markers Add to the Predictive Value of Conventional Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease and Ischemic Stroke?
Authors: Smith Ann , Patterson Chris , Yarnell John , Rumley Ann , Ben-Shlomo Yoav , Lowe Gordon
Published: November 2005

Background—

Few studies have examined whether hemostatic markers contribute to risk of coronary disease and ischemic stroke independently of conventional risk factors. This study examines 11 hemostatic markers that reflect different aspects of the coagulation process to determine which have prognostic value after accounting for conventional risk factors.

Methods and Results—

A total of 2398 men aged 49 to 65 years were examined in 1984 to 1988, and the majority gave a fasting blood sample for assay of lipids and hemostatic markers. Men were followed up for a median of 13 years, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events were recorded. There were 486 CVD events in total, 353 with prospective coronary disease and 133 with prospective ischemic stroke. On univariable analysis, fibrinogen, low activated protein C ratio, D-dimer, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were associated significantly with risk of CVD. On multivariable analyses with conventional risk factors forced into the proportional hazards model, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and PAI-1 were significantly associated with risk of CVD, whereas factor VIIc showed an inverse association (
P
=0.001). In a model that contained the conventional risk factors, the hazard ratio for subsequent CVD in the top third of the distribution of predicted risk relative to the bottom third was 2.7 for subjects without preexisting CVD. This ratio increased to 3.7 for the model that also contained the 4 hemostatic factors.

Conclusions—

Fibrinogen, D-dimer, PAI-1 activity, and factor VIIc each has potential to increase the prediction of coronary disease/ischemic stroke in middle-aged men, in addition to conventional risk factors.
An Evaluation of the Proposed Mechanism of the Adaptive Infrared Iris Hypothesis Using TRMM VIRS and PR Measurements
Authors: Rapp Anita D. , Kummerow Christian , Berg Wesley , Griffith Brian
Published: November 2005

Significant controversy surrounds the adaptive infrared iris hypothesis put forth by Lindzen et al., whereby tropical anvil cirrus detrainment is hypothesized to decrease with increasing sea surface temperature (SST). This dependence would act as an iris, allowing more infrared radiation to escape into space and inhibiting changes in the surface temperature. This hypothesis assumes that increased precipitation efficiency in regions of higher sea surface temperatures will reduce cirrus detrainment. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite measurements are used here to investigate the adaptive infrared iris hypothesis. Pixel-level Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) 10.8-μm brightness temperature data and precipitation radar (PR) rain-rate data from TRMM are collocated and matched to determine individual convective cloud boundaries. Each cloudy pixel is then matched to the underlying SST. This study examines single- and multicore convective clouds separately to directly determine if a relationship exists between the size of convective clouds, their precipitation, and the underlying SSTs. In doing so, this study addresses some of the criticisms of the Lindzen et al. study by eliminating their more controversial method of relating bulk changes of cloud amount and SST across a large domain in the Tropics. The current analysis does not show any significant SST dependence of the ratio of cloud area to surface rainfall for deep convection in the tropical western and central Pacific. Results do, however, suggest that SST plays an important role in the ratio of cloud area and surface rainfall for warm rain processes. For clouds with brightness temperatures between 270 and 280 K, a net decrease in cloud area normalized by rainfall of 5% per degree SST was found.
Mechanisms of Remote Tropical Surface Warming during El Niño
Authors: Chiang John C. H. , Lintner Benjamin R.
Published: November 2005

The authors demonstrate through atmospheric general circulation model (the Community Climate Model version 3.10) simulations of the 1997/98 El Niño that the observed “remote” (i.e., outside the Pacific) tropical land and ocean surface warming appearing a few months after the peak of the El Niño event is causally linked to the Tropics-wide warming of the troposphere resulting from increased atmospheric heating in the Pacific, with the latter acting as a conduit for the former. Unlike surface temperature, the surface flux behavior in the remote Tropics in response to El Niño is complex, with sizable spatial variation and compensation between individual flux components; this complexity suggests a more fundamental control (i.e., tropospheric temperature) for the remote tropical surface warming. Over the remote oceans, latent heat flux acting through boundary layer humidity variations is the important regulator linking the surface warming in the model simulations to the tropospheric warming over the remote tropical oceans. Idealized 1997/98 El Niño simulations using an intermediate tropical circulation model (the Quasi-Equilibrium Tropical Circulation Model) in which individual surface fluxes are directly manipulated confirms this result. The findings over the remote ocean are consistent with the “tropospheric temperature mechanism” previously proposed for the tropical ENSO teleconnection, with equatorial planetary waves propagating tropospheric temperature anomalies from the eastern Pacific to the remote Tropics and moist convective processes mediating the troposphere-to-remote-surface connection. The latter effectively requires the boundary layer moist static energy to vary in concert with the free tropospheric moist static energy. Over the remote land regions, idealized model simulations suggest that sensible heat flux regulates the warming response to El Niño, though the underlying mechanism has not yet been fully determined.
Southwest Indian Ocean SST Variability: Its Local Effect and Remote Influence on Asian Monsoons*
Authors: Annamalai H. , Liu Ping , Xie Shang-Ping
Published: November 2005

An atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is used to examine the role of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in regional climate variability. In particular, the authors focus on the effect of the basinwide warming that occurs during December through May after the mature phase of El Niño. To elucidate the relative importance of local and remote forcing, model solutions were sought for experiments where SST anomalies are inserted in the (i) tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans, (ii) tropical Pacific Ocean, and (iii) tropical Indian Ocean. A 10-member ensemble simulation is carried out for each of the three forcing scenarios.

The model solutions demonstrate that precipitation variations over the southwest Indian Ocean are tied to local SST anomalies and are highly reproducible. Changes in the Indian Ocean–Walker circulation suppress precipitation over the tropical west Pacific–Maritime Continent, contributing to the development of a low-level anticyclone over the Philippine and South China Seas. Our model results indicate that more than 50% of the total precipitation anomalies over the tropical west Pacific–Maritime Continent is forced by remote Indian Ocean SST anomalies, offering an additional mechanism for the Philippine Sea anticyclone apart from Pacific SST. This anticyclone increases precipitation along the East Asian winter monsoon front from December to May. The anomalous subsidence over the Maritime Continent in conjunction with persistent anomalies of SST and precipitation over the Indian Ocean in spring prevent the northwestward migration of the ITCZ and the associated deep moist layer, causing a significant delay in the Indian summer monsoon onset in June by 6–7 days. At time scales of 5 days, however, the reproducibility of the northward progression of the ITCZ during the onset is low.

Results indicate that Indian Ocean SST anomalies during December through May that develop in response to both atmospheric and oceanic processes to El Niño need to be considered for a complete understanding of regional climate variability, particularly around the Indian Ocean rim.
Growing Up in Poor Neighbourhoods
Authors: MacDonald Robert , Shildrick Tracy , Webster Colin , Simpson Donald
Published: November 2005

Drawing upon qualitative, longitudinal research with ‘socially excluded’ young adults from some of England’s poorest neighbourhoods, the article explores how locally-embedded, social networks become part of the process whereby poverty and class inequalities are reproduced. Networks of family and friends, rooted in severely de-industrialized locales, supported young people as they carved out transitions to adulthood in adverse circumstances. Examples are given in respect of informants’ highly localized housing careers and their longer-term experience of ‘poor work’.

Paradoxically, though, while local networks helped in coping with the problems of growing up in poor neighbourhoods and generated a sense of inclusion, the sort of social capital embedded in them served simultaneously to close down opportunities and to limit the possibilities of escaping the conditions of social exclusion. Overall, and contrary to some recent youth sociology, the article stresses the continuing importance of class and place in shaping youth transitions.
Class, Moral Worth and Recognition
Authors: Sayer Andrew
Published: November 2005

The article advances a case for greater consideration of the moral aspects of the experience of class, and the concerns that people have regarding their class position and how others view them. First it outlines an approach to understanding lay normativity, especially morality, in which moral sentiments are viewed as evaluative judgements on how behaviour affects well-being. Drawing upon concepts from moral philosophy and examples of moral boundary drawing and shame, it argues that lay morality is weakly differentiated and assumes a universalizing character. Secondly it considers the close relations between economic distribution and recognition, arguing that it is necessary to distinguish between conditional and unconditional recognition, and internal and external goods in order to understand the struggles of the social field. Class inequalities render equality of conditional recognition impossible, because they prevent equal access to practices and goods worthy of recognition.
The Attempt to Globalize Hegemony
Authors: Needler Martin
Published: November 2005

This is a schematic, even crude, treatment of a very large topic: the history of inter-American relations before and after 9/11, with special reference to the meanings that can now be read into it retrospectively in the light of the significance of 9/11. It will focus on the role of the United States in Latin America, rather than on the relations of the Latin American countries with each other.
Between Soft Power and a Hard Place
Authors: Coronado Jaime Preciado
Published: November 2005

Following the classic international relations theory of Joseph Nye, this article tries to identify his influence in the Bush Doctrine. The ‘hard power’ determines the unilateralism of the military in the foreign affairs of the US government. The ‘soft power’ is legitimized by the very values on which the Bush Doctrine is based, such as ‘civilization’, and ‘democratic’ values, but they are questioned as hegemonic. Inter-American relations show how these tensions between hard and soft power highlight the differences between the Department of State and the militarist branch of the government, through their ideologues, around the struggle of the United States’ worldwide hegemony.
The Effects of Unequal Size
Authors: Genna Gaspare M. , Hiroi Taeko
Published: November 2005

We argue that successful economic integration requires a regionally preponderant country that acts as a provider of goods. However, when a large member acts in a costly unilateral manner, regional integration suffers because of the asymmetric effects on smaller members. In contrast, when smaller members act in a costly unilateral manner, the preponderant power is likely to absorb costs. We propose to test these hypotheses by using the case of the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR) during three crises: the attempted military coup in Paraguay in 1996, the 1999 devaluation of the Brazilian real, and the 2002 devaluation of the Argentine peso. Evidence shows that economic integration declined with costly Brazilian unilateral actions but improved when Brazil provided goods.
Sakhina: A Study of Female Masculinity in a Sri Lankan Muslim Community
Authors: de Munck Victor C.
Published: November 2005

In a Muslim village in Sri Lanka, one woman, Sakhina, was collectively reviled for committing adultery while other women who had committed adultery were not. This article uses a figured world/cultural models theory to describe and explain both Sakhina’s and the villagers’ behaviour. It shows that additional punishment by society occurs when an individual’s behaviour not only does not conform with cultural norms but with cultural understandings of ‘bad’ behaviour. Further, I demonstrate that Sakhina’s nonconformity implicitly posed a threat to male hegemony because it provided evidence that females could express traits that had heretofore been thought of as natural to, and hence, the exclusive domain of, males.
Inner Self, Outer Individual: A Bengali ‘Bāul’ Perspective
Authors: Openshaw Jeanne
Published: November 2005

Dumont’s denial of individuality to Hindus, with the exception of renouncers of the world, has provoked a fascinating, but in many ways confusing debate on the subject of the individual and the self. The present article uses oral historical information and writings by Rāj Khyāpā, a Bengali ‘Bāul’ guru, and his followers, to highlight one of many indigenous debates about the self and the individual. Rāj and other Bāuls use the high ‘Hindu’ (or unorthodox ‘Islamic’) notions of identity between individual selves and supreme being to legitimize a radical agenda, whereby the authority of alleged superiors (divine or human) is denied in favour of the affirmation of each person’s agency and autonomy. The discussion is framed in terms of the indigenous South Asian distinction between inner versus outer perspectives or realities. This, it is argued, avoids some pitfalls of the Dumontian approaches, such as the exaggeration of discontinuities between householder and renouncer, Hindu and Muslim, as well as traditional and modern South Asian culture.
From Tadri to Basra: The Journey of Khwaja Abdul Qadir as Recounted in the Waqai-I Manazil-I Rum
Authors: Brittlebank Kate
Published: November 2005

The Waqai-i Manazil-i Rum is an important Indian document of the late 18th century. An incomplete account of Tipu Sultan of Mysore’s embassy to the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid I, it provides a fascinating insight into the travails of sea voyages of the time, as well as descriptions of local conditions along the Persian Gulf. Of note is its frankness in reporting the internal squabbling, desertions and difficulties endured by the mission. A reassessment of the text, in the context of recent scholarly interest in travel writing, reveals similarities with other Muslim travelogues. In addition, questions are raised regarding the diary’s authorship, in the light of Tipu’s recently translated instructions to his envoys.
Flexible Justice
Authors: Goldstein Daniel M.
Published: November 2005

As Bolivia has restructured its economic and political sectors according to a neoliberal model, citizens have been required to become more ‘flexible’ in securing their livelihoods, creating ‘self-help’ economic activities and informal employment schemes to make ends meet. At the same time, as state mechanisms for administering justice and producing ‘security’ fail due to the inadequacies of the neoliberal regime, Bolivian citizens are adopting ‘flexible’ attitudes toward crime and punishment, frequently turning to ‘self-help’ justice mechanisms (including private security patrols and vigilante lynchings) to combat crime in their communities. This article explores the processes by which neoliberal logic and language condition the experiences and responses to crime and insecurity of residents in different neighborhoods of Cochabamba, Bolivia. It suggests that lynchings in Bolivia today be understood as a kind of neoliberal violence, produced both by the scarcities and deficiencies of the privatizing state, and by the logic of transnational capitalism itself, which has saturated civil society and public culture.
Sahmat, 1989 – 2004
Authors: Dutta Arindam
Published: November 2005

The article looks at the career trajectory of an anti-sectarian, nationwide, artists’ platform in India, the Safdar Hashmi Memorial Trust (Sahmat), since its inception in 1989. Sahmat's foundation parallels significant changes in India polity: the neo-liberalization of state economic and cultural policy, the rise of the Hindu right, the emergence of a new consumerist class, and significant political fragmentation. The article traces different schisms in Sahmat's history, both internal and external, superimposed onto these larger, structural changes within society. In doing so, it examines the particular convergence of aesthetic and political strategies employed by this unique organization.
A Way Out of the Crisis?
Authors: Belzen Jacob A.
Published: November 2005

This paper seeks solutions to what has recently been called psychology of religion’s ‘crisis’ by returning to the program of one of its founding fathers, Wilhelm Wundt. It reviews Wundt’s criticism of the psychology of religion of his day, explores his völkerpsychologisch approach to religion, discusses the reasons why it failed to make a lasting impact and offers a reappraisal. The paper argues that despite the problems inherent in Wundt’s aborted general psychology program, it nonetheless contains an approach that may serve as an impetus to present psychological research on religion. Contemporary developments in cultural psychology in particular offer necessary complements to current research in the psychology of religion.
Workplace Communication
Authors: Kinnick Katherine N. , Parton Sabrena R.
Published: November 2005

This article reports the results of a content analysis of the debut season of the reality television show, The Apprentice. All 15 episodes were examined to determine the role that communication competencies played in competitors’ success or elimination. Results indicate that the ability to persuade effectively was most critical to winning tasks, but leadership skills and interpersonal skills were the most common sources of praise and criticism from teammates and Donald Trump and his associates. Women appeared to be judged more critically for their interpersonal skills than men, whereas evaluations of men focused primarily on their leadership abilities.
Reassessing the Foundations of Customer Delight
Authors: Finn Adam
Published: November 2005

The 1990s saw a questioning of the value of merely satisfying customers and instead focused attention on the importance of customer delight. In a key contribution, Oliver, Rust, and Varki (1997) developed a structural model of the antecedents and consequences of customer delight, acting in parallel with satisfaction, that was generally supported for two entertainment services. However, the effect of delight on intention was significant for symphony ticket purchasers but not for theme park patrons. This article first replicates their path analysis for more mundane visits to consumer Web sites. Then it takes advantage of a larger sample and additional measures to address construct measurement issues and to determine whether customer delight is something more than a nonlinear effect of satisfaction on intention.
Person-Place Congruency
Authors: Morrin Maureen , Chebat Jean-Charles
Published: November 2005

A person-place congruency framework is proposed that predicts more affectively charged atmospherics, such as background music, will positively affect impulsive shoppers, whereas atmospherics that tend to facilitate more cognitive consumer processing, such as ambient scent, will positively affect contemplative shoppers. Expectations are supported in a large-scale field study (N = 774).
Service Customization Through Employee Adaptiveness
Authors: Gwinner Kevin P. , Bitner Mary Jo , Brown Stephen W. , Kumar Ajith
Published: November 2005

Customization strategies aimed at providing customers with individually tailored products and services are growing in popularity. In a service context, the responsibility for customization frequently falls on the shoulders of front-line customer contact employees. Few marketing scholars, however, have considered what it means to be adaptive in these roles and how customization behaviors can be encouraged. Drawing on marketing, organizational behavior, and psychology literatures, the authors define and empirically test antecedents of two distinct dimensions of employee adaptive behavior: interpersonal adaptive behavior and service-offering adaptive behavior. Results indicate that an employee’s level of customer knowledge, certain personality predispositions, and intrinsic motivation positively influence the propensity to adapt both their interpersonal style and the actual service offering. Implications for market segmentation, employee selection, training, and motivation are offered.
Why Are There Unintended Consequences of Program Action, and What Are the Implications for Doing Evaluation?
Authors: Morell Jonathan A.
Published: November 2005

Reasons for unintended consequences of program action are explained. Although this topic has been dealt with extensively in the field of planning, that literature provides little guidance for how evaluation methodologies can be improved. Implications for evaluation are provided by drawing the distinction between consequences that are unforeseen and consequences that are unforeseeable and then recommending tactics for dealing with each.
Democratic Theorizing
Authors: Kushner Saville
Published: November 2005

What is the relationship between theory and design in evaluation pretending to be “democratic?” When do we feel able to relinquish elements of intellectual control over evaluation? If not in qualitative versus quantitative tendencies, where lie key value divisions in evaluation? To elicit the views of two leading United Kingdom-!based theorists of evaluation, Ray Pawson and Nigel Norris, Saville Kushner penned a brief argument positing the democratic imperative of ceding theoretical control to participants. Pawson, coauthor of Realistic Evaluation, has intellectual preferences for (contextualized) causal reasoning; Norris, a close associate of Barry MacDonald, is a long-standing advocate of democratic evaluation. Although not necessarily diametrically opposed, their approaches to evaluation theorizing are distinct. In his “Aunt Sally” opener, Kushner argues that choosing or not to cede or share theoretical control of an evaluation with participants better characterizes differences between value positions in evaluation than more conventional bipolarities such as qualitative-quantitative or “strong” and “weak” designs. Norris and Pawson move this simple argument further and explore its more complex dimensions.
Using Recommendations in Evaluation
Authors: Iriti Jennifer E. , Bickel William E. , Nelson Catherine Awsumb
Published: November 2005

Is it appropriate and useful for evaluators to use findings to make recommendations? If so, under what circumstances? How specific should they be? This article presents a decision-making framework for the appropriateness of recommendations in varying contexts. On the basis of reviews of evaluation theory, selected evaluation reports, and feedback from American Evaluation Association presentations, the authors present a description of contextual variables likely to affect the making of recommendations (e.g., use context, evaluator role) and a typology of potential recommendations. To enhance the utility of the tools presented, the authors summarize the available literature and present key arguments for and against the provision of various types of recommendations in given contexts. This work is designed to be a step toward creating a more systematic process for considering the use of recommendations by providing evaluators with a comprehensive tool for reflection and decision making.
Parental report of the early development of children with regressive autism
Authors: Ozonoff Sally , Williams Brenda J. , Landa Rebecca
Published: November 2005

Most children with autism demonstrate developmental abnormalities in their first year, whereas others display regression after mostly normal development. Few studies have examined the early development of the latter group. This study developed a retrospective measure, the Early Development Questionnaire (EDQ), to collect specific, parent-reported information about development in the first 18 months. Based on their EDQ scores, 60 children with autism between the ages of 3 and 9 were divided into three groups: an early onset group ( n= 29), a definite regression group ( n= 23), and a heterogeneous mixed group ( n= 8). Significant differences in early social development were found between the early onset and regression groups. However, over 50 percent of the children who experienced a regression demonstrated some early social deficits during the first year of life, long before regression and the apparent onset of autism. This group, tentatively labeled ‘delays-plus-regression’, deserves further study.
The Thick and Thin of It: What the Carotid Artery Can Tell Us
Authors: Willis Ann
Published: November 2005

The purpose of the study was to determine (1) if there were early signs of intimal/medial wall thickening (IMT) in a sample of persons age 25 years and older and (2) what health problems and health behaviors were significant to this formation. The study comprised 85 participants. A health history questionnaire was used to obtain information on respondents’ health problems and health behavior. The measurements obtained from a sonogram of the carotid artery walls were compared with health history. Logistic regression and odds ratios were calculated to determine the rate of IMT associated with health behavior and health-related problems. It was found that increasing age and any history of smoking seem to increase the risk of IMT. Hypertension was only marginally significant in this study sample. Screening for IMT formation may be useful in health behavior change approaches.
Quantitative Echocardiography
Authors: Waggoner Alan D.
Published: November 2005

As a complement to imaging cardiac structure, quantification of cardiac size, function, and blood flow is an integral part of echocardiography. This review provides information on the echocardiographic methods of evaluation with performance instruction and tips on obtaining accurate information. Quantitation using M-mode provides information on atrial, ventricular, and great vessel dimension and function. A review of the use of the Bernoulli equation outlines how echocardiographic measurements provide information relating to cardiac pressures. A discussion of the use of the continuity equation and pressure half time describes the use in valvular regurgitation and stenosis.
A Guide to Clinical Safety
Authors: Hedrick W. R.
Published: November 2005

Multiple issues affecting the prudent use of diagnostic sonography in the clinical environment are discussed. Topics include an analysis of the concept of benefits versus risks, clinical efficacy in obstetrics, minimum threshold for thermal effects, Output Display Standard, mechanical index, thermal index, user responsibility, and ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable). Thermal and mechanical acoustic output indices offer a uniform approach to control ultrasonic exposure of patients and to provide assurance of safety.