bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Math Wars
Authors: Schoenfeld Alan H.
Published: May 2004

During the 1990s, the teaching of mathematics became the subject of heated controversies known as the math wars. The immediate origins of the conflicts can be traced to the “reform” stimulated by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics’ Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics. Traditionalists fear that reform-oriented, “standards-based” curricula are superficial and undermine classical mathematical values; reformers claim that such curricula reflect a deeper, richer view of mathematics than the traditional curriculum. An historical perspective reveals that the underlying issues being contested—Is mathematics for the elite or for the masses? Are there tensions between “excellence” and “equity”? Should mathematics be seen as a democratizing force or as a vehicle for maintaining the status quo?—are more than a century old. This article describes the context and history, provides details on the current state, and offers suggestions regarding ways to findaproductive middle ground.
Educational Change and the Women’s Movement: Lessons From British Columbia Schools in the 1970s
Authors: Gaskell Jane
Published: May 2004

This article uses Melucci’s approach to social movements to explore how the women’s movement changed education in British Columbia in the 1970s. The women’s movement was a multifaceted social phenomenon with multiple agendas and actors. In the early 1970s, it developed a temporary sense of cohesion in the field of education in the context of a Royal Commission on the Status of Women. The movement remained constantly in tension with formal educational institutions but opened up new debates about education and new spaces in the provincial government and the teachers’ federation. The debates were not resolved and the spaces were not stable, but the movement brought about significant change that increased equity and enhanced the legitimacy of education. The article concludes with a discussion of the place of social movements in a democratic politics of education.
The Impact of State Policies and Actions on Local Implementation Efforts: A Study of Whole School Reform in New Jersey
Authors: Walker Elaine M.
Published: May 2004

This article integrates the technical model of policy implementation with a coconstructed perspective of implementation to understand the impact of the New Jersey Department of Education’s (NJDOE) actions and policies on implementation of a set of court-ordered mandates in 30 of the state’s poorest school districts (referred to as the Abbott or special needs districts). The analysis reveals that the organizational responses of the NJDOE subverted the goals of the reforms. At the same time, local districts have interpreted and responded to the reforms in ways that are consonant with their own experiences and understandings. The article concludes with the observation that the ambient political environment in which the NJDOE operates places it in a conflictual relationship with not only the local districts but with the state’s Supreme Court, which is the progenitor of the reforms.
The Roles of State Departments of Education As Policy Intermediaries: Two Cases
Authors: Hamann Edmund T. , Lane Brett
Published: May 2004

As the variety of state education agency (SEA) responses to the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 demonstrates, different SEAs interpret the same federal educational policy differently. Nonetheless, little research has depicted how federal policies are changed by SEA-based policy intermediaries. Using an “ethnography of educational policy” approach, this article offers two illustrations of mediation processes at the SEA level: Maine’s and Puerto Rico’s initial attempts to implement the federal Comprehensive School Reform Demonstration program. Both attempts show that the mediation process is inevitable and that its general direction can be predicted: Policies will be adapted in ways that better correspond with local problem diagnoses, understandings, and habits of action. The study leaves intact McLaughlin’s assertion that local negotiation and reframing of policy can be a source of improvement or added value. Such improvement is more likely if an expectation of mediation is explicitly accounted for and if what counts as improvement reflects local mores.
Design and Sample Characteristics of the PRISM-E Multisite Randomized Trial to Improve Behavioral Health Care for the Elderly
Authors: Levkoff Sue E. , Chen Hongtu , Coakley Eugenie , Herr Elizabeth C. McDonel , Oslin David W. , Katz Ira , Bartels Stephen J. , Maxwell James , Olsen Edwin , Miles Keith M. , Costantino Giuseppe , Ware James H.
Published: May 2004

Objective: To describe the design of the Primary Care Research in Substance Abuse and Mental Health for Elderly (PRISM-E) study and baseline characteristics of the randomized primary care patients with mental health problems and at-risk alcohol use. Method: Adults aged 65 and older were screened at primary care clinics from 10 study sites throughout the United States. Those diagnosed for depression, anxiety, and/or at-risk alcohol consumption were randomized to either integrated or enhanced referral care. Results: Of the 23,828 participants, 14% had a positive assessment for depressive and/or anxiety disorders, and 6% had at-risk alcohol consumption diagnoses. Among patients with mental health diagnoses, there was a higher preponderance of younger ages, women, and ethnic minorities. Among patients with at-risk drinking, there was a higher preponderance of younger ages, Whites, and men. Discussion: These findings indicate the need for screening in primary care and for engaging older adults in treatment.
A Co-Twin Control Study of Physical Function in Elderly African American Women
Authors: Furner Sylvia E. , Giloth Barbara E. , Arguelles Lester , Miles Toni P. , Goldberg Jack H.
Published: May 2004

Objective: This study investigated variables associated with physical functioning limitations among elderly African American women, controlling for genetics and common family environment. Method: Activities of daily living limitations (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living limitations (IADL) are examined in 180 pairs of African American elderly twins using a co-twin control design. The association of chronic disease, other physical problems, lifestyle, and demographic factors with both measures are investigated. Results: Arthritis, hypertension, and more than 1 chronic disease are associated with ADL limitations and arthritis; diabetes, heart attack, and more than 1 chronic disease are associated with IADL limitations in univariate analyses. In multivariate analyses, a different set of additional variables is associated with the two measures. Discussion: Among elderly African American women, physical functioning limitations are influenced by the presence of chronic diseases, other physical problems, lifestyle, and demographics. These associations are not due to genetics or common family environment effects.
Socioeconomic Status and Health among Older Adults in Rural and Urban China
Authors: Zimmer Zachary , Kwong Julia
Published: May 2004

Objective: The association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health, which has proven to be quite robust, is rarely tested in societies where levels of economic development and systems of stratification differ from those in Western developed countries. This article examines associations in rural and urban China. Method: Techniques include logit equation estimates of separate and pooled samples. The latter employ interaction terms to test rural and urban effects. Socioeconomic indicators include those more customarily used in these types of studies (e.g., education) and several that are less traditional (e.g., pension eligibility). Results: Results indicate associations exist in China. Bank savings is the strongest predictor. Some unexpected results are also found, including a positive association between socioeconomic status and chronic conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease) among older adults in urban China. Discussion: Use and access to a health care professional might explain part of this anomaly.
Mental Illness and Disability among Elders in Developing Countries
Authors: Subedi Sree , Tausig Mark , Subedi Janardan , Broughton C. L. , Williams-Blangero Sarah
Published: May 2004

Objective: This article attempts to document the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among elders in a rural village in Nepal. In addition, we investigate the relationship between psychiatric illness and functional disability to assess the impact of disorder on social functioning. Method: A semistructured interview checklist to diagnose six disorders was used ( N = 182). In addition, elders older than age 60 were examined to assess the functional impact of mental health conditions by measuring functional disability. Results: Eighteen percent of elders seem to have a diagnosable psychiatric disorder. Furthermore, in general these elders were also less likely to receive assistance with the disabilities they report, compared with those who do not experience a psychiatric disorder. Discussion: Documenting the extent of psychiatric disorder among elders in developing societies sensitizes health planners to the growing reality of aging in their societies and the need for expanded physical and psychiatric health care services.
Concurrent and Long-Term Predictors of Older Adults’ Use of Community-Based Long-Term Care Services
Authors: Bookwala Jamila , Zdaniuk Bozena , Burton Lynda , Lind Bonnie , Jackson Sharon , Schulz Richard
Published: May 2004

Objective: This study examined concurrent and long-term associations between caregiver-related characteristics and the use of community long-term care services in a sample of 186 older adults caring for a disabled spouse. Method: We used two waves of data from the Caregiver Health Effects Study, an ancillary study of the Cardiovascular Health Study. Caregiver-related need variables as predictors of service use were of primary interest and included caregiving demands, caregiver mental and physical health, and mastery. Their contribution to service use was examined after controlling for known predictors of service use. Results: At Time 1, more caregiver depressive symptoms predicted greater service use; at Time 2, more caregiver activity restriction and depressive symptoms predicted greater formal service use; increases in caregiver activity restriction and depressive symptomatology over time predicted increases in service use. Discussion: Caregiver-related need variables play a significant role in defining utilization patterns of community-based long-term care services among older adults.
Body-Weight Change and Physical Functioning Among Young Old Adults
Authors: Jenkins Kristi Rahrig
Published: May 2004

Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to examine if body weight change is a potential risk factor for the onset of functional impairment across time among various functional domains. Methods: Using longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study, logistic regression models on the onset of functional impairment over three time points are estimated for young old adults. Results: Results indicate that weight gain is associated with greater risk of lower body mobility impairment. An increase in body mass index of greater than 5% increases the likelihood of the onset of lower body mobility functional impairment. Discussion: Study findings support the promotion of healthy weight management. Future studies in this area may want to investigate effective interventions that contribute to healthy weight maintenance among this cohort.
A Profile of Calls to a Poison Information Center Regarding Older Adults
Authors: Skarupski Kimberly A. , Mrvos Rita , Krenzelok Edward P.
Published: May 2004

Objectives: The authors sought to examine the nature of calls to poison information centers by adults ages 50 and over. Methods: The authors used data from the national Toxic Exposure Surveillance System and conducted a retrospective review of all cases reported to an American Association of Poison Control Centers Certified Regional Poison Information Center in 1998 and 1999 ( N = 6,365). Results: The results indicated that females’ poison experiences were more likely the result of therapeutic error, adverse drug reactions, ingestions, and the acute-on-chronic class. The authors found that older age was inversely associated with acute class, suspected suicide, food poisoning, and inhalation and dermal exposures. Discussion: Older adults are the greatest consumers of over-the-counter drugs, take multiple medications for various medical conditions, and are experiencing biological changes that affect drug metabolism. Older women may be at especially high risk because of high drug use. Poison prevention education should target older adults.
Barriers to Eligibility and Enrollment Among Older Women in a Clinical Trial on Osteoporosis
Authors: Unson Christine G. , Ohannessian Christine , Kenyon Lisa , Case Allison , Reisine Susan , Prestwood Karen
Published: May 2004

Objectives: The study examined whether ethnicity or socioeconomic status influenced a group’s ability to meet eligibility criteria and willingness to enroll. Method: The eligibility and enrollment status of 904 women aged 65 years and older who responded to recruitment efforts of an estrogen and osteoporosis clinical trial were analyzed. Results: Among women screened, 59% were White, 27% African Americans, and 14% Hispanics; average age was 75 years; 57.6% were eligible, of which 32% enrolled. High-income area residents were more likely to be eligible than lowincome residents. African Americans were less likely to be eligible for medical reasons than non-African Americans. Eligible Hispanics were more likely to be enrolled than non-Hispanics. African Americans were equally willing to enroll as Whites. Minority residents of low-income areas were more likely to enroll than minority residents of high-income areas. Discussion: Recruitment efforts should address barriers to eligibility and barriers to willingness to enroll.
Childhood and Schooling in an Indian Village
Authors: Sarangapani Padma M.
Published: May 2004

This article explores the ideology of childhood and schooling in an Indian village primary school, in an attempt to understand the importance of authority in the relationship of the teacher to the student, and of discipline in the process of schooling. Ethnographic data from a village school and popular folk literature are analysed and interpreted. The identities of teacher and student are found to be elaborated to include traditional and everyday identities through which pedagogic authority becomes naturalized. The perceived need for discipline emerges from an understanding of childhood-as-play in opposition to adulthood-as-work. Schools are expected to discipline children’s playfulness. Yet the school is not a totalitarian, coercive institution. The children and teachers refer back to and recreate the local ideology while making sense of and giving meaning to their activities in school.
Teenage Pregnancy and the Construction of Adolescence
Authors: Macleod Catriona
Published: May 2004

The depiction of teenage pregnancy as a social problem relies on the assumption of adolescence as a separable stage of development. Utilizing a Derridian framework, the author analyses how the dominant construction of adolescence as a transitional stage: (1) acts as an attempt to decide the undecidable (namely, the adolescent who is neither child nor adult, but simultaneously both) - an attempt which collapses in the face of teenage pregnancy; (2) relies on the ideal adult as the endpoint of development; and (3) has effects in terms of gendered and expert/parent/adolescent power relations.
Extending the Social Exclusion Debate
Authors: Roche Jeremy , Tucker Stanley
Published: May 2004

In this article the authors explore the day-to-day lives of two groups of young people. Both were the subject of research activities carried out between 1997 and 2000. The outcomes of that work into the lives of young carers and young people with ME (myalgic encephalomyelitis) have been extensively documented elsewhere; here we draw out some of the common factors that serve to socially isolate and exclude young people who are heavily reliant on, or are drawn into supporting, home-based caring relationships. We argue that the current social exclusion debate’s primary focus on the public sphere (with an emphasis on such matters as homelessness and school exclusion) neglects the ways in which young people can experience similar forms of disadvantage in the private sphere. A more critical analysis of the impact of social exclusion on young people requires a wider perspective, which examines and clarifies the interconnectedness of the public and private domains of young people’s lives. The research presented in this article highlights the ‘common experience’ of young people’s exclusion in the private and public sphere and raises further issues regarding young people’s invisibility and professional practice and unease when faced with the complexity of young people’s lives.
Throwing Like a Girl?
Authors: Evaldsson Ann-Carita
Published: May 2004

This study explores interaction in same-sex and cross-sex foursquare games, and, in particular, how throwing (and talk) are adjusted along with diverse configurations of players. The game was played among girls and boys with immigrant backgrounds (Syrian, Kurdish, Chilean) from low-income families in a multiethnic school setting in Sweden. The study investigates girls’ physicality across various game contexts, finding that as the configuration of players shifts, the forms of bodily actions the girls invoke to construct social identities shift as well. The girls used slams - ways of throwing that require force and muscular strength, physical behaviour that is not conventionally seen as part of femininity. The same girls altered throwing (and language) style, ‘throwing like a girl’, to downplay physical skills with less skilled girls. In cross-sex games, the girls (and the boys) playfully mock challenged gender meanings such as boys’ domination and girls’ subordination. The fact that the girls studied here were not restricted in physicality (or spatiality) indicates that there is considerable variation in female physicality. Overall, the findings underscore that studies of girls’ (and boys’) physicality should be grounded in detailed analyses of interaction in specific game contexts, with attention to cultural and institutional frameworks embedded in the games.
‘If I Tell Them Then I Can’
Authors: Eckert Gisela
Published: May 2004

This article explores how Swedish children relate to adult discussions and rules concerning children’s play and television habits. It is argued that the children interviewed are well aware of adult ideas concerning children, TV and play. In accounting for these rules, the children present themselves as regulated by adults, but also as valuable to their parents. A closer look at the accounts reveals that the children sometimes oppose the descriptions imposed on them and are able to argue against the perceived adult opinion. It is important to point out, however, that the children broadly express a trust in adults and their judgements.
Chinese Cultural Beliefs about Adversity
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L.
Published: May 2004

The relationship between Hong Kong adolescents’ beliefs about adversity and their adjustment was studied using a scale measuring positive and negative Chinese cultural beliefs about adversity ( N= 1519). Results showed that adolescents with stronger endorsement of positive Chinese beliefs (or weaker endorsement of negative Chinese beliefs) about adversity generally had better psychological well-being and school adjustment and less problem behaviour. Although adolescents’ degree of agreement with Chinese cultural beliefs about adversity was generally associated with adolescent adjustment, this relationship was stronger in adolescents with economic disadvantage than in adolescents without economic disadvantage.
Tree Stumps, Manhole Covers and Rubbish Tins
Authors: Factor June
Published: May 2004

The physical features of a primary school playground – dimensions, textures, furnishings, etc. – are incorporated and adapted for their own purposes by children in their free play. Youngsters create an intricate network of usage, play-lines invisible but known to every child at the school. Unfortunately, the general adult indifference to children’s playlore often results in a lack of consultation with the playground’s users when well-meaning but ignorant ‘landscaping’ of a school playground is undertaken.
Places for Children – Children’s Places
Authors: Rasmussen Kim
Published: May 2004

In their everyday lives, children largely stay within and relate to three settings – their homes, schools and recreational institutions. These environments have been created by adults and designated by them as ‘places for children’. A more differentiated picture of children’s spatial culture emerges when children discuss and take photographs of settings that are meaningful to them. This article applies the concept ‘children’s places’ to explain the fact that children relate not only to official places provided by adults, but also to informal places, often unnoticed by adults. The analysis sheds light on interfaces and discontinuities between ‘places for children’ and ‘children’s places’ and argues that the concept should not be underestimated in the sociology of childhood.
Baby Pictures
Authors: Lustig Deborah Freedman
Published: May 2004

Like many parents in the US, teen mothers regularly have professional portraits taken of their children. This article, based on an ethnographic study of a diverse group of teen mothers in urban California, analyzes these baby pictures as representations of childhood, motherhood and family, and as material objects used in the construction of kin networks. Through these portraits teen mothers construct themselves as good mothers, resisting public denunciations of their childbearing at the same time that they embrace consumer culture. Small photos are exchanged with their friends and family members, contributing to a culture of care, albeit one based on market principles.
Teenagers, Territory and the Appropriation of Space
Authors: Childress Herb
Published: May 2004

Through their legal status as ‘minors’, American teenagers are legally prohibited from property ownership. In order to claim places, therefore, young people must appropriate and occupy the places of others. This makes territorial markers and behavior the primary mode of spatial claiming among teens, but adults tend not to recognize the legitimacy of territory in a tenured or ownershipbased spatial system. This article explores some territorial modes of place-making, the conflicts that arise between youth and adults over their places, and the responses by teens to increased restriction and spatial surveillance of the American landscape.
‘Our Town’
Authors: Gallagher Claire B.
Published: May 2004

In the ‘Our Town’ project, 20 urban children designed and built an intervention in their neighborhood. The process involved extensive collaboration with the community at large and resulted in a park. This construction was developed in direct contrast to a more typical adult conception of a playground. Children’s concerns in their design included issues of intergenerational interaction, safety, comfort and visual delight. The success of the project speaks to the depth of knowledge, and lack of political agenda, which may permit children to be designers and advocates for change in their neighborhoods. This article seeks to identify and address questions regarding the inclusion of children as effective and appropriate resources for input in design and advocacy for change in their built environment.
A Theory of Post-Civil War Democratization
Authors: Wantchekon Leonard , Neeman Zvika
Published: May 2004

We model the transition from a chaotic status quo to a more orderly political regime as a two-stage game involving two warring factions and the citizens. The warring factions move first and decide the form of government by (1) inviting an external arbitrator, (2) choosing the people as arbitrator, i.e. democratizing or (3) maintaining the status quo. We analyze the conditions under which democracy is likely to emerge as the outcome of the game. We show that citizens prefer democracy because it generates a sociopolitical order that protects them against ‘banditry’ and expropriation. Because the citizens’ actions generate positive externalities, incentives for democratization are generated in part by the fact that protection against expropriation under democracy also indirectly benefits the warring factions.
Dividing the Indivisible
Authors: Brams Steven J. , Kaplan Todd R.
Published: May 2004

Political parties in Northern Ireland recently used a divisor method of apportionment to choose, in sequence, ten cabinet ministries. If the parties have complete information about each other’s preferences, we show that it may not be rational for them to act sincerely by choosing their most-preferred ministry that is available. One consequence of acting sophisticatedly is that the resulting allocation may not be Pareto-optimal, making all the parties worse off. Another is non-monotonicity – choosing earlier may hurt rather than help a party. We introduce a mechanism, combining sequential choices with a structured form of trading, that results in sincere choices for two parties that avoids these problems. Although there are dif.culties in extending this mechanism to more than two parties, other approaches are explored, such as permitting parties to make consecutive choices not prescribed by an apportionment method. But certain problems, such as eliminating envy, remain.
Entre Salut Et Damnation: Métaphores Chez Linda Lê
Authors: Do Tess
Published: May 2004

Dans l’univers romanesque de Linda Lê, la nourriture joue un rôle particulièrement ambigu. Représentée sous forme de plats et de recettes exotiques, elle rappelle la madeleine de Proust dans la recherche du paradis perdu de l’enfance. Mais au lieu de faire venirl’eau à la bouche, les souvenirs gastronomiques de Lê exhalent brutalement une odeur de décomposition car la nourriture qu’elle offre est aussi une pourriture. Filant sa métaphore de la nourritureculture, Lê dévoile le revers de l’intégration à la culture française et le lent empoisonnement que subissent les Vietnamiens, ex-colonisés et immigrants. A table devant deux cultures, l’une de leurs ancêtres et l’autre de leur pays d’adoption, ils vomissent et crient famine: pour ces apatrides toute consommation risque de mener à une intoxication fatale.
French Film Criticism and Cultural Hegemony: the Perpetual French ‘Discovery’ of Le Cinéma Des Antipodes
Authors: McGregor Andrew
Published: May 2004

The exoticism of the Antipodes has for centuries been a major focal point of European fantasy. French critical reception of Australian cinema, and French constructions of Australian cultural identity, reflect the enduring popular image in France of an Australia that is a cultural as well as a geographical opposite – an orientalist relationship that ensures European centricity as much as it perpetuates the marginalisation of Australian cultural identity. The theme of perpetual discovery that emerges in French critical writing on Australian film is indicative of a sustained cultural marginalisation as much as a practical and commercial marginality. Similarly, Australian as well as French organisations, in their attempt to create a niche market in France for what is labelled the Cinéma des Antipodes, perpetuate the notion that each and every identifiably Australian film offers the potential for a fresh European ‘discovery’ of the Antipodes.
If Language is a Game - These are the Rules: A Search into the Rhetoric of the Spiritual Self-Help Book If Life is a Game - These are the Rules
Authors: Askehave Inger
Published: May 2004

Recent years have seen a growing interest in the areas of metaphysics, spiritualism, psychotherapy and the like. New Age concepts such as ‘transcendence’, ‘self-realization’, ‘meditation’ and ‘holism’ (which in the 1960s were restricted to the hippies and their mind-expanding drugs) have now become fully accepted, widely acknowledged and, not least, used by people both inside and outside the New Age community. In the wake of this ‘popularization’ of New Age, a paradigmatic shift seems to take place in our society in general where traditional rationalistic thinking is replaced by, or at least fused with, a more irrational, emotional, and intuitive approach to argumentation. The aim of this article is to uncover the origins of this emotional and intuitive rhetoric. More specifically, I shall analyse the discourse of the spiritual self-help book and discuss the reflex of New Age ideology on language itself.
Framing Authority: Gender, Face, and Mitigation at a Radio Network
Authors: Kendall Shari
Published: May 2004

This article examines the work-related talk of a female technical director of a radio news-and-talk program to illustrate that women and men in positions of institutional authority create gendered identities through the demeanors of authority they create based on their face-related practices. Although extensive research, including P. Brown and Levinson’s (1987) analysis of linguistic politeness phenomena, has explored the linguistic dimensions of deference, these discussions have not integrated the concept of demeanor, even though Goffman (1967) introduces deference and demeanor as ‘two basic elements’ of the expressive component of language - that component through which individuals convey face-related meanings. An interactional sociolinguistic approach shows that the relationship between gendered identities and the linguistic expression of face is mediated by the dynamic negotiation of positions and frames. The implications of these practices are discussed within the context of gendered discourse in the workplace.
Images of Nature by Tourism and Environmentalist Discourses in Visitors Books: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Ecotourism
Authors: Stamou Anastasia G. , Paraskevopoulos Stephanos
Published: May 2004

This article offers qualitative insights into the way visitors to a Greek reserve negotiate the duality of ecotourism in visitors books. This is a neglected issue in general, and within ‘Ecocritical Discourse Analysis’ in particular. Using as ‘map’ a Content Analysis undertaken in a previous study, we now conduct a lexical analysis to two of the major discourses drawn for the shaping of images of the natural environment of the reserve (tourism and environmentalist discourses), in order to reveal the conceptual organization of such images. By also using the descriptive tool of ‘macro-speech acts’, images are positioned within a ‘tourism-environmentalism continuum’. The results of the analysis indicate that although in the visitors book of the information center environmentalist images dominate, in that from the observation site, tourism images prevail. Moreover, the two samples differ in the way they shape environmentalist images. In conclusion, with very few images being positioned at the middle of the continuum, the two social practices do not function in a complementary way, leading to a dualism rather than a duality of ecotourism.
A Call to Arms at the End of History: A Discourse–Historical Analysis of George W. Bush’s Declaration of War on Terror
Authors: Graham Phil , Keenan Thomas , Dowd Anne-Maree
Published: May 2004

In this article we take a discourse–historical approach to illustrate the significance of George W. Bush’s (2001) declaration of a ‘war on terror’. We present four exemplary ‘call to arms’ speeches by Pope Urban II (1095), Queen Elizabeth I (1588), Adolf Hitler (1938) and George W. Bush (2001) to exemplify the structure, function, and historical significance of such texts in western societies over the last millennium. We identify four generic features that have endured in such texts throughout this period: (i) an appeal to a legitimate power source that is external to the orator, and which is presented as inherently good; (ii) an appeal to the historical importance of the culture in which the discourse is situated; (iii) the construction of a thoroughly evil Other; and (iv) an appeal for unification behind the legitimating external power source. We argue further that such texts typically appear in historical contexts characterized by deep crises in political legitimacy.
Grammar–The First Covert Operation of War
Authors: Butt David G. , Lukin Annabelle , Matthiessen Christian M. I. M.
Published: May 2004

The cultural perturbations created by 11 September (9/11) have produced a layering of discourses. These layers offer a remarkable opportunity for interpreting ideology in relation to text construction. We examine two degrees of this textual dispersion: first, the motivated selection in the crafting of President Bush’s first speech after 9/11; and second, the speech by British Lieutenant Colonel Tim Collins as he exhorts his troops before engagement in the war against Iraq of 2003. The texts are remarkable for their similarities and their differences – two different contexts in which humans are called to enact policy which involves behaviour that should be abhorrent. Bush presents an asymmetrical world (in moral, not economic, terms); and this asymmetry is mainly expressed in the consistent allocation of grammatical roles. Collins presents the regiment’s task as a family mission, with dramatic switching between positive constructions of an Old Testament Iraq and the regiment (‘family’) on the one hand, and the ‘rightful destruction’ of the enemy, on the other hand. Again, but in more varied ways, it is the grammar which carries the burden of discriminating between those to be protected and those to be targeted. Ideology in language follows from the fact that we can construct multiple versions of the ‘same’ physical, biological, social and semiotic events.
Mourning: How We Get Aligned
Authors: Martin J. R.
Published: May 2004

This article takes up an interpersonal perspective on discourse, which focuses on what we might think of as the rhetorical power of language. In particular, it emphasizes the role of evaluation, and the constructive role it plays in organizing sociality – how we share feelings in order to belong. It considers in some detail the texture of an editorial from a Hong Kong lifestyle magazine published 10 days after 11 September 2001 (9/11), outlining the ways in which the editor negotiates solidarity with his expat readership, naturalizing a range of reading positions both within and between those readers.
‘They That Sow the Wind...’: Proverbs and Sayings in Argumentation
Authors: G¡ndara Lelia
Published: May 2004

Proverbs are frequently used in everyday language to support or summarize a point of view. Because of their illocutionary force, the polyphonic nature of their use and the way they operate at the cognitive level, the use of proverbs is a powerful strategy in argumentation. In this article, the efficacy of proverbs for argumentative goals is analysed in three texts that enable us to see how they project a pattern onto specific situations. Here, the use of proverbs introduces a cause-and-effect relationship to the analysis of the 11 September terrorist attacks on the United States of America. The analytical approach used is based upon enunciation theory and discourse analysis.
Neglecting Europe: Explaining the Predominance of American Ideas in New Labour’s Welfare Policies Since 1997
Authors: Daguerre Anne , Taylor-Gooby Peter
Published: May 2004

Britain’s New Labour Government has placed welfare reform at the top of its political agenda. New Labour has endorsed a radical ‘workfare’ agenda in relation to labour market policies. The government no longer aims to secure full employment through direct job creation or Keynesian demand management. Instead, it promotes the notion of equal opportunities for all based on a contract between benefit claimants and the employment service. The New Deal is at the heart of British activation programmes for the unemployed. While American policies have provided a crucial influence on the design of the New Deal, the influence of European programmes has been – and still is – much more limited. The article provides ample evidence of the lack of European–British policy networks and explores the reasons why policy transfer occurs principally from the US rather than from Continental Europe.
Mathematics, Measurement, Metaphor and Metaphysics II
Authors: Fisher William P.
Published: May 2004

This paper continues the exposition begun in the previous paper (Fisher, 2003b) concerning philosophy’s metaphysical insistence on rigorous figure–meaning independence, and its own distrust of that insistence, turning now to the potential for a new metrological culture that values both the full integration of mathematics and measurement, and frequent, vigorous challenges to that integration. Recent criticisms of psychological measurement as subject to a quantitative or methodological imperative are evaluated in terms of the history of academic metaphysics developed in the previous paper. The thesis is proposed and defended that quantitative instruments effectively embody hermeneutic-mathematical metaphysics’ coordination of signifier and signified only when both within-and between-laboratory metrology studies are completed. Experimental tests of instrument functioning and social networks of laboratories collaborating in the creation and maintenance of metric standards are seen as vital to the emergence of a new metrological culture in the human sciences.
Symbolic and Sub-Symbolic Representations in Computational Models of Human Cognition
Authors: Kelley Troy D.
Published: May 2004

The debate over symbolic versus sub-symbolic representations of human cognition has been continuing for thirty years, with little indication of a resolution. The argument is this: Does the human cognitive system use symbols as a representation of knowledge, and does it process symbols and their respective constituents? Or does the human cognitive system use a distributed representation of knowledge, and is it somehow capable of processing this distributed representation of knowledge in a complex and meaningful way? This paper argues for an integrated symbolic and sub-symbolic approach to the representation of cognition. The lines of reasoning used as evidence to bolster this argument for an integrated approach are the cognitive architecture the Adaptive Character of Thought-Rational (ACT-R), and biology, where it is argued that symbolic and sub-symbolic representations of cognition are part of an intellectual continuum, with sub-symbolic representations at the low end and symbolic representations at the higher end.
Who Says What the Words Say?
Authors: Cornejo Carlos
Published: May 2004

Currently, cognitive psychology assumes that linguistic meaning is based on associations between linguistic forms and semantic contents. This conception presents empirical as well as logical problems. It does not explain the flexibility of language use and it is inconsistent with the subject-dependence of all cognitive acts. A theoretical analysis of these issues shows a history of confusion between linguistic and phenomenological interpretations of the term meaning, and between the external and internal perspective towards intentionality of mental life. However, if understood as perspectives, both uses underline non-exclusive aspects of linguistic meaning, namely its epistemic objectivity and its ontological subjectivity. It is argued that both aspects could be integrated through the pragmatization and semiotization of meaning.
Splitting in Normal and Pathological Populations from the Perspective of Predictive Control Theory
Authors: Dean Andy C.
Published: May 2004

For the purpose of clarification, the defense mechanism of splitting is delimited into normal forms evident in healthy populations and pathological forms common to some psychopathological populations. Normal splitting is defined as a less extreme variant of pathological splitting which tends to evince more palpable splitting of the other-image compared to the self-image, largely as a result of the reasonably stable selfconcept typical of normal populations. Splitting is investigated within the evolutionary context and is presented as possessing adaptive antecedents which facilitate extrapsychic survival as it relates to intrapsychic survival. A new theory of splitting, entitled predictive control theory (PCT), is proposed which conceptualizes splitting as the facilitation of prediction and perceived control under threatening and/or stressful periods. This framework conceptualizes splitting as working with, rather than against, anxiety to facilitate rapid survival actions. The PCT model is examined in both normal and pathological development and adulthood.
The Topography of Moral Ecology
Authors: Brinkmann Svend
Published: May 2004

The idea that the human world contains moral properties, that is, moral values and goods, raises a fundamental challenge to the prevailing methodological paradigm in psychology, which is connected to a problematic metaphysical worldview that excludes values from the world. In contrast, this article conceptualizes the human world as a moral ecology; as a meaningful world with moral properties that present human beings with moral reasons for action. The concept of social practice is employed to understand the nature of moral ecology. Thinkers such as Aristotle, Heidegger and Dewey, who emphasize our practical dealings with the world as the basis of understanding, along with the perspectives on morality found in Charles Taylor and Alasdair MacIntyre, help provide the framework of moral ecology. The article concludes by addressing key problems related to the nature of psychology, relativism and identification of moral properties and practices.
Trauma and Temporality
Authors: Mather Ronald , Marsden Jill
Published: May 2004

The authors argue that attention to the Freudian and Derridean concepts of Nachtr®aglichkeit and diff¥erance might challenge the implicit assumption of the linear development of traumatic stress from originary event to presenting symptoms. These concepts raise fundamental questions as to the origin of trauma and its ontological status. It is suggested that the psychical reality of retro-causality necessitates a reorientation of current thought about traumatic stress to reflect the paradoxical temporal dynamics of postmodernity.
Complex Communication and the Self at the Edge
Authors: Grant Colin B.
Published: May 2004

This paper uses an interdisciplinary communication-theoretical perspective to evaluate the impact on the self of acute communicative complexity. Here, complexity is seen as a factor of the contingency (or risk) which is embedded in constructions which social actors make in a multifaceted social environment. Without recourse to transcendental models, the aim here is to examine the references of the self and its relationship with cognitive autonomy (as distinct from social freedom). Such referentiality and autonomy are contingent in the sense that they differ in each actor and in each environment. This cognitive autonomy must also be located in an environment with reference to other actors. Meaning is conceptualized as a temporarily stabilized social semantic which is ‘constructed’ by means of communications between cognitively autonomous actors in an environment known as society but without contact with an objective world ‘beyond’ it. Such contingent communications cannot establish direct ‘contact’ with a putatively stable reality or horizon common to all, but operate by means of complex fictions which are in turn temporarily constructed and require constant revalidation. The guiding question is: how does society reconcile stability with autonomy?
Waking Up from the Dream of Reason
Authors: van Hezewijk Renée
Published: May 2004

For centuries, philosophy and psychology in one way or another identified thought with logic, or logic with thought. Only in recent decades has it become clear that there is more to thought than logic. Evolutionary psychology has stressed the adaptive function of thought, as of other processes often identified as psychological. Gigerenzer et al. have worked for some years now on a program of research in which thinking is approached as an adaptive process. According to them, it is misleading to use the complexities of logic, mathematics or statistics as the standards for correct thinking or as a model for thought. On the contrary, thinking is the effective use of simple heuristics. The four volumes discussed in this review essay demonstrate that the approach can be very fruitful in many domains of human reasoning, and can be effective in practical problem solving as well, without having to fall back on the intricacies of logic, statistics, mathematics and other tools of the trade of scientific decision making.
Job Stability and Job Security: a Comparative Perspective on Switzerland’s Experience in the 1990s
Authors: Sousa-Poza Alfonso
Published: May 2004

In most European countries, there is some evidence that jobs became, and to an even greater extent were perceived to have become, increasingly insecure in the 1990s. In Switzerland, where unemployment has long been far lower than the European average, unemployment increased in the same period. Yet in general, job stability has remained remarkably constant in the past decade, and instability far below the European average. Only with regard to voluntary job-to-job mobility can a significant increase in the second half of the 1990s be observed; involuntary turnover has actually decreased. As Switzerland is a small, open economy with weak union power and employment protection legislation, this article casts doubts on the extent to which exposure to globalization can influence job instability. Instead, consensus- and stability-oriented industrial relations and management practices, as well as the state of the external labour market, appear to shape both job stability and security.
Power, Process, and Practice: Communications in European Works Councils
Authors: Stirling John , Tully Barbara
Published: May 2004

This article analyses European Works Councils (EWCs) as constellations of interest groups that have to struggle if they are to create cohesion and coherent identities. Cultural and linguistic barriers are problems not only of communication, but as power relationships that reinforce inclusiveness or exclusion. Drawing on data derived from their direct involvement with training for EWCs, the authors argue that sensitivity to issues of language and cross-cultural communication is a key factor in achieving success and effectiveness.
Trade Union Responses to Immigrants and Ethnic Inequality in Denmark and the UK: the Context of Consensus and Conflict
Authors: Wrench John
Published: May 2004

This article uses interviews with trade union activists in the UK and Denmark to explore union policies towards immigrant and ethnic minority members in each country. Danish policies emphasize education, communication, and awareness-raising, while the British focus on the structures of racism and exclusion, and the need for anti-discrimination and positive action policies. The article suggests that the contrast between the consensus and conflict frames of reference, and the quality of the national political discourse are factors which aid our understanding of these national differences.