bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detailed insight into transtympanic electrocochleography (TT-ECochG) and direct cochlear nerve action potential (CNAP) for intraoperative hearing monitoring in patients with vestibular schwannoma – methodology of measurements and interpretation of results
Authors: Pobożny Izabela , Lachowska Magdalena , Bartoszewicz Robert , Niemczyk Kazimierz
Published: January 2021

Background: The aim was to present the methodology and interpretation of intraoperative hearing monitoring with simultaneous Transtympanic Electrocochleography (TT-ECochG) and direct Cochlear Nerve Action Potential (CNAP) measurements during vestibular schwannoma removal.
Materials and Methods: Detailed methodology of measurements and interpretation of results are presented in three exemplary patients who underwent tumor removal via middle fossa approach (MFA) with the use of intraoperative monitoring of hearing with TT-ECochG and direct CNAP performed in real time. In addition, all responses were automatically recorded and stored along with surgical information and subjected to detailed analyses and calculation after surgery.
Results: The following changes in TT-ECochG and direct CNAP responses were observed: Patient #1 – TT-ECochG and CNAP responses with minor, but transient, morphology changes (hearing was preserved); Patient #2 – CNAP responses changed significantly but, temporarily, from triphasic into biphasic responses later, with marked but partially reversible desynchronization of CNAP; changes in TT-ECochG responses were also observed but, at the end, returned to baseline (surgery-related deterioration of hearing); Patient #3 – irreversible changes of TT-ECochG and direct CNAP (complete loss of hearing).
Conclusions: A combination of TT-ECochG and direct CNAP allows for real-time monitoring of auditory function during vestibular schwannoma resection and surgical manipulation which contribute to the risk of hearing loss. Therefore, the surgeon can be instantly informed about changes which could increase the possibility of preserving the patient’s hearing
PARENTING STYLES AND AGGRESSION OF JUVENILE DELINQUENTS IN DIGOS CITY
Authors: Daligdig Sarno Jonel Mark
Published: January 2021

The primal purpose of the study was to find out which domain of parenting styles best influenced aggression of juvenile delinquents. Around 184 juvenile delinquents as determined by the Philippine National Police-Women and Children Protection Desk and personnel from the Department of Social and Welfare Development were chosen through universal sampling method. This study utilised quantitative-correlational research design. The statistical tools used were mean, Pearson r, and regression technique. The results of the study reveal that there was an evident and significant relationship between parenting styles and aggression among the identified juvenile delinquents. Further, it was also found out that on the domains of parenting styles, authoritarian parenting style emerged as the sole indicator that best influenced aggression of juvenile delinquents.
GENEZA ORAZ POJĘCIE ZASADY BIZNESOWEJ OCENY SYTUACJI
Authors: Węgliński Konrad
Published: January 2021

Wywodząca się z systemu common law zasada biznesowej oceny sytuacji (ang. business judgement rule) stanowi element regulacji problematyki odpowiedzialności osób zarządzających spółką wobec spółki lub jej udziałowców i stanowi zasadniczy mechanizm balansujący zakres indemnizacji oraz zwolnienia z odpowiedzialności. Tytułowa zasada opiera się na założeniu, że menedżer jest zwolniony z odpowiedzialności wobec spółki, jeżeli podejmował on działania w dobrej wierze, w warunkach braku konfliktu interesów, z właściwym rozeznaniem, opierając się na racjonalnych przesłankach (w szczególności stosownych opiniach i ekspertyzach) oraz w najlepszym interesie spółki. Zasada biznesowej oceny sytuacji jest coraz częściej wykorzystywana w systemie civil law. Przykłady jej zastosowania można zaobserwować m.in. w Niemczech, Austrii, Szwajcarii, Hiszpanii oraz Czechach. W ostatnich latach podjęto także pierwsze próby wprowadzenia zasady biznesowej oceny sytuacji do polskiego systemu prawnego. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie genezy tytułowej zasady oraz zaprezentowanie kluczowych zagadnień związanych z pojęciem zasady biznesowej oceny sytuacji.
UCHWAŁA W SPRAWIE PRAWA WYKONYWANIA ZAWODU FIZJOTERAPEUTY NA GRUNCIE KODEKSU POSTĘPOWANIA ADMINISTRACYJNEGO
Authors: Dytko Jan
Published: January 2021

Celem artykułu jest prezentacja i analiza materiału normatywnego oraz doktryny postępowania administracyjnego w zakresie wykonywania zawodu fizjoterapeuty. Zawód fizjoterapeuty przynależy co zawodów medycznych. Podlega reglamentacji w ramach władztwa korporacyjnego. O prawie wykonywania zawodu decyduje uchwała Krajowej Rady Fizjoterapeutów – organu wykonawczego Krajowej Izby Fizjoterapeutów. W sprawach dotyczących zawodu fizjoterapeuty Krajowa Rada Fizjoterapeutów podejmuje uchwały stwierdzające albo odmawiające stwierdzenia prawa wykonywania zawodu. Uchwały takie podlegają kontroli sądu administracyjnego. Uprawnionym do wniesienia skargi jest zainteresowany fizjoterapeuta oraz minister do spraw zdrowia. Do uchwał w sprawie przyznania i stwierdzenia prawa wykonywania zawodu fizjoterapeuty mają odpowiednie zastosowanie przepisy Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego odnoszące się do decyzji administracyjnych. Jest to odesłanie typu zewnętrznego, nie odnoszące się jednak do konkretnych przepisów odesłania.
China's economic presence in Mozambique
Authors: Proença Garcia Francisco
Published: January 2021

O nosso estudo procura identificar uma caracterização para presença económica chinesa em Moçambique na segunda década do século. Assim, organizámos a nossa análise em cinco pontos fundamentais. No primeiro, efetuamos uma breve descrição da presença chinesa no continente africano; no segundo abordamos as relações entre Moçambique e a China e descrevemos a situação económica e financeira de Moçambique; em terceiro lugar procuramos quantificar as relações comerciais entre os dois países e, num quarto ponto analisamos a cooperação e a ajuda pública para o desenvolvimento efetuada pela China em Moçambique, para, num quinto ponto analisarmos qual o atual investimento direto efetuado pela China naquele país africano.
A Belt and Road Initiative: uma análise sobre a projeção global da China no Século XXI
Authors: Kotz Ricardo Lopes , Ouriques Helton
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo analisa o papel geoeconômico dos investimentos estrangeiros diretos da China para a execução da Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), o principal conceito de política externa do mandatário Xi Jinping. Para isto são propostos dois horizontes temporais que permitem realizar uma análise conjuntural acercada inserção internacional da China: 40 anos e 20 anos. Estes recortes temporais abrangem o processo de reformas e abertura, à partir de 1978, passando pela projeção global dos investimentos chineses com a estratégia Going Global e que resulta atualmente na Nova Rota da Seda, ou Belt and Road Initiative. Osprincipais resultados da pesquisa sugerem que embora tenha surgido como um plano para a construção de infraestrutura através da Eurásia, a BRI se tornou um amplo conceito para se compreender a posição da China no sistema internacional, sobretudo na condução de suas relações com outros países emergentes.Os recortes temporais analisados representam uma continuidade na trajetória político-estratégica da China e visam à obtenção do seu principal objetivo de Estado: a continuidade do seu desenvolvimento econômico. O aporte teórico da geoeconomia é importante, neste trabalho, para compreender a implementação e consolidação da BRI através da emissão de investimentos estrangeiros diretos.
Las relaciones China - Rusia en la era de la Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta: la mutua adaptación a la asimetría
Authors: Ruiz-Ramas Ruben
Published: January 2021

El debate acerca de las relaciones entre China y Rusia, y en particular, acerca del alcance potencial de su “asociación estratégica”, tiene en la obra de Bobo Lo (2008) y su concepto de “eje de conveniencia” un inevitable punto de anclaje. El escepticismo del autor respecto a la naturaleza y sostenibilidad de la asociación estratégica entre las dos grandes potencias descansa en tres elementos: la existencia de intereses contrapuestos tanto en el estricto ámbito bilateral como entre sus proyectos de integración regional; la divergencia en el diseño del futuro orden internacional llamado a sustituir el “momento unipolar” (Krauthammer, 1990) de supremacía estadounidense; y por último, la creciente asimetría entre China y Rusia en términos económicos, extensible, salvo en el terreno militar, al resto de capacidades estructurales. En este artículo se realiza una revisión del debate sobre las relaciones China-Rusia partiendo de los tres aspectos mencionados. A continuación, operando desde ellos, se analizan las relaciones China - Rusia desde el lanzamiento por China de la Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta (IFR), tanto en lo respectivo a los acuerdos bilaterales, como en la coordinación de la IFR con la Unión Económica Euroasiática (UEE) liderada por Rusia. Las principales conclusiones del estudio son, igualmente, tres. Por un lado, la voluntad de hacer progresar la “asociación estratégica” de gobernantes chinos y rusos, y en paralelo, de minimizar las fuentes de conflicto entre ambas potencias, han devenido en el avance sustancial de su cooperación, aplicable tanto a acuerdos bilaterales como regionales. Por otro lado, siendo cierto lo anterior, persiste un fuerte desequilibrio entre el contenido real de estos acuerdos y la retórica con que, especialmente Rusia, proyecta sus relaciones con China. La tercera conclusión pasa por evidenciar que la asimetría entre China y Rusia, a pesar de mantenerse en aumento, no ha imposibilitado profundizar en la “asociación estratégica”. Un resultado favorecido por la mutua adaptación de China y Rusia a una relación asimétrica entre dos estados con identidad de gran potencia. Así, la dinámica de sus relaciones advierte un intercambio tácito por el que Rusia asume que es China quien determina la política económica y comercial de la integración euroasiática; mientras China se aclimata a las exigencias narrativas de Rusia para sostener su relato de liderazgo político en Eurasia.
La subinformación en la relación China-Hong Kong: lecciones para América Latina
Authors: Alcántar Jaime Sonia Evangelina
Published: January 2021

La subinformación es la sustracción de datos esenciales en noticias publicadas por la prensa, misma que dificulta la construcción de un panorama íntegro sobre un acontecer político. A diferencia de la desinformación, la cual tergiversa intencionalmente información con el fin de engañar y confundir a la audiencia, la subinformación encubre datos importantes sin atención a las características de factualidad e imparcialidad, propias del ejercicio periodístico. En esta distinción conceptual, el presente artículo sostiene que la prensa publica mayor subinformación que desinformación, pero que ambas tienen un impacto similar en la opinión pública relativo a temas políticos particulares. Como caso paradigmático, el objetivo de este ejercicio es exponer la relación de la subinformación entre la República Popular China y la Región Administrativa Especial de Hong Kong, con el fin de conocer cuál es el impacto subinformativo de la prensa en la opinión pública regional sobre las protestas de Hong Kong en 2019. A través de un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de los titulares noticiosos de la prensa más influyente en ambas regiones, se recopilan sugerencias útiles en la alfabetización mediática sobre los procesos subinformativos en América Latina en lo relacionado a las últimas protestas políticas y su mediación en la prensa.
Dinámicas de ciudades/región transfronterizas en América del Norte y China: Tijuana-San Diego y Zhuhai-Macao como casos de estudio
Authors: Morales Daniel , López Almejo José de Jesús
Published: January 2021

Una de las características principales de la globalización es que no sólo ha provocado una creciente permeabilidad en las fronteras estatales en términos westfalianos, sino que ello ha llevado también a la reestructuración de las articulaciones entre lo local y lo internacional, a través de lo que ha sido denominado como espacios transfronterizos. Pero, ¿qué motiva la construcción de las ciudades/regiones transfronterizas? La hipótesis que sostenemos es que la construcción de ciudades/región transfronterizas encuentra su principal motivación más en razones de proximidad geográfica en el marco de la globalización de la que se derivan las dinámicas económicas y comerciales, así como la circularidad migratoria masiva, que en nacionalismos tradicionales. Para demostrar nuestro argumento comparamos los procesos de construcción de las ciudades/región de Tijuana-San Diego y Zhuhai-Macao como espacios transfronterizos. A partir de ello, hemos encontrado que las dinámicas transfronterizas observadas en dichos casos no sólo resultan paradigmáticas y tienen un alcance global, sino que además resultan de especial relevancia para América Latina.
Silêncio e ausência de cor em manchetes jornalísticas de caráter racial: práticas autorais de escrita para outras (res)significações de sentidos
Authors: Fonseca Janaína Zaidan Bicalho , Ribeiro Angelo Roberto Gonçalves
Published: January 2021

Este artigo objetiva apresentar um exercício de escrita mediada por uma perspectiva dialógica da linguagem. Para isso, valemo-nos de um trabalho pautado na paráfrase e na reconstrução de sentidos, a partir da reescrita, empreendida por um acadêmico de Letras, de manchetes jornalísticas de caráter racial, fundadas desde uma visão preconceituosa e excludente. A ideia desenvolvida girou em torno da ressignificação de sentidos, tomando como direção escolhas e posicionamentos próprios do produtor do texto, num encaminhamento autoral de escrita. A perspectiva teórica baseou-se nas categorias conceituais bakhtinianas, tanto no tocante à análise das manchetes, quanto no que diz respeito às análises metadiscursivas empreendidas pelo autor das reescritas.
Autoria e heterogeneidade em (dis)curso
Authors: Nunes Renato Cassim
Published: January 2021

A pergunta que inquieta pesquisadores de diversas áreas do conhecimento humano, sobretudo, aqueles que tomam a linguagem como objeto de estudo, é o que é um autor? Neste ensaio, além de retomar essa questão ainda levando outras como: se no baixo letramento não temos autoria, pois esta só apareceria no alto letramento, então essa figura seria uma construção limitada aos saberes? O que teríamos nos discursos fundadores cujos saberes não são aprendidos numa escola/universidade? Os religiosos, por exemplo, nos quais os sacerdotes recebem a revelação de uma experiência com o sagrado? Que tipo de trabalho um sujeito precisaria realizar com e na linguagem para alcançar a posição de autor? Se a linguagem é por natureza heterogênea é possível um sujeito se destacar no meio de tantos outros ao mobilizar diferentes discursos numa dada enunciação? Quais indícios nos permitiria eleger alguém como autor de alguma obra? A partir dessas inquietações, pretendo discorrer, neste ensaio, sobre a categoria autor, a qual gera polêmica na sociedade, seja por motivos jurídicos, nos quais ela aparece em oposição ao plágio ou como sinônimo de originalidade versus falseamento de trabalhos artísticos/textuais, ou por métodos teóricos metodológicos, em que se defende ou se recusa se ela é um fim em si mesma. Para entrar nesse campo, dialogo com Focault e Authier-Revuz; problematizo Barthes e Tfouni; e tomo alguns discursos atualizados em textos para demonstrar o trabalho que um sujeito discursivo desempenha ao constituir autor de algo e quais efeitos essa posição pode desencadear em compos discursivos distintos.
Beihilfenrechtskonforme und ökonomisch fundierte Strukturreformoptionen für kommunale Krankenhäuser
Authors: Roth Christoph
Published: January 2021

Covid-19 hat uns sehr deutlich vor Augen geführt, welche hohe Bedeutung es hat, in unserer Gesellschaft zu jeder Zeit ausreichend ausgestattete Krankenhäuser zur Verfügung zu haben. An der Krankenhausversorgung in Deutschland wirken dabei insbesondere Krankenhäuser in öffentlicher, freigemeinnütziger und privater Trägerschaft mit, wobei Krankenhäuser in öffentlicher Trägerschaft knapp die Hälfte aller stationären Behandlungen abdecken.

Seit einigen Jahren wird für den deutschen Krankenhausmarkt immer intensiver diskutiert, wie auf der einen Seite private Krankenhausträger, oftmals in Konzernstrukturen organisiert, attraktive Renditen erzielen können, während auf der anderen Seite viele kommunale Krankenhäuser auf demselben Markt Defizite erwirtschaften, die seitens ihrer kommunalen Träger ausgeglichen werden müssen. Kommunale Krankenhäuser sehen sich dabei immer öfters dem Vorwurf der ineffizienten Leistungserbringung gegenüber. Zugleich argumentieren private Krankenhausträger, dass Defizitausgleiche und zusätzliche Gelder seitens der kommunalen Träger für ausschließlich kommunale Krankenhäuser den Wettbewerb auf dem Krankenhausmarkt verzerren und bezweifeln die Vereinbarkeit mit dem Europäischen Beihilfenrecht ohne vorherige Notifizierung durch die Europäische Kommission.

Erhalten kommunale Krankenhäuser daher neben der dualen Krankenhausfinanzierung zusätzliche finanzielle Unterstützung seitens ihrer Träger, stehen sowohl die Trägerkommune – oftmals vertreten durch das kommunale Beteiligungsmanagement – als auch die jeweilige Krankenhausgeschäftsführung vor der Frage, welche Voraussetzungen erfüllt werden müssen, um diese Gelder beihilfenkonform erhalten zu können. Hier herrscht ein erhebliches Maß an Rechtsunsicherheit vor. Diese Diskussion erfolgt dabei im wohl versorgungskritischsten Gesundheitsbereich. Die Krankenhausversorgung der Bevölkerung muss 24 Stunden täglich an allen Tagen des Jahres sichergestellt sein, ohne jegliche Unterbrechung. Vor diesem Hintergrund kommt dem Vertrauen der Bevölkerung in die Qualität der Krankenhausversorgung eine kaum zu überschätzende Bedeutung zu.

Das vorliegende Werk adressiert die Rechtsunsicherheit kommunaler Akteure bei der Unterstützung ihrer kommunalen Krankenhäuser. Dazu wird der Frage der Effektivität und Effizienz der Leistungserbringung im Krankenhaussektor nachgegangen, um den Vorwurf der ineffizienten Leistungserbringung durch kommunale Krankenhäuser zu untersuchen. Auf Basis der Untersuchungsergebnisse wird die beihilfenrechtliche Bewertung zusätzlicher finanzieller Mittel seitens kommunaler Träger weiterentwickelt und beihilfenrechtskonforme Organisations-Reformoptionen für kommunale Krankenhäuser aufgezeigt, damit Krankenhausträger und Krankenhausgeschäftsführungen beihilfenrechtliche Risikopositionen ausschließen und dem Vorwurf der ineffizienten Leistungserbringung aktiv begegnen können.
Vertical Arthropod Dynamics across Organic Matter Fractions in Relation to Microclimate and Plant Phenology
Authors: F. Barberena-Arias María , Cuevas Elvira
Published: January 2021

Plant diversity is a key factor influencing belowground dynamics including microclimate and decomposer arthropod communities. This study addresses the effect of individual plant species on belowground arthropods by focusing on seasonal variations in precipitation, temperature and arthropods along the vertical organic matter profile. In the Guanica Dry Forest, Puerto Rico, microclimate was described and 5 plant species and 10 trees/species were selected. Under each tree, for one year, temperature was measured and samples collected along the organic matter fractions. Collected arthropods were standardized to ind/m2, identified to Order/Family and assigned to morphotypes. The annual temperature pattern was similar for all species and OM fractions. Arthropod abundance was similar among plant species and higher in humus than in litter fractions. Richness and species composition were different among plant species and OM fractions. All plant species and OM fractions showed low arthropod abundance and richness, and similar arthropod species composition in the dry season, while in the wet season abundance and richness were higher and species composition varied across plant species and OM fractions. These data suggest that arthropods form specific assemblages under plant species and stages of decomposition that, during the dry season, represent a subgroup adapted to extreme environmental conditions.
Technika, autonomie a etika: ke stému výročí Čapkova dramatu R. U. R.
Authors: Drozenová Wendy
Published: January 2021

Čapek’s drama R. U. R., which is rather a social dystopia than a science fi ction (the principle of functioning of robots is not suggested, the drama is focused on the impact on humanity), shows the double face of technology: Th e dream about the “liberation of work” easily takes a turn for its opposite, and for destruction of humanity in consequence of ruthless utilization of the technological achievement for selfi sh economical and militaristic interests. „Autonomous technology“, which is not controlled by human aims any more, but by the rules of its own development, became an important subject of philosophy and ethics of technology (e.g. in works by J. Ellul, H. Jonas), and has a warning eff ect. Today, Industry 4.0 and the process of robotization bring new promises, but also new problems. Th e legacy of Karel Čapek includes values of humanism and understanding for other people’s views and needs, which is valuable for developing ethics of technology in democratic society.
Heidegger, The Holocaust and Postmodernism
Authors: Schotten Peter ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

Martin Heidegger, an influential twentieth-century philosopher, attempted to transcend previous metaphysical understandings. Rejecting his Catholic heritage, his ontology sought to free itself from any objective ethical standard Nonetheless, he was unable to reject ethical matters entirely. Before Hitler's rise to power, Heidegger championed authenticity as a quasi-ethical concept. Later, he condemned technology as the source of human suffering. Neither led him to condemn the Holocaust explicitly. Such a condemnation was warranted in light of Heidegger's enthusiastic early support of National Socialism and his silence at its collapse. Ultimately, Heidegger's silence reflected the unacceptably high price of amoral thought intent upon celebrating only itself Heidegger's conception of the human being in a world where transcendental standards do not exist reveals the spirit of postmodern man, rooted in nothing larger than himself.
Light as an Absolute in Science and Religion
Authors: Grandy David A. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

In Einstein's theory of relativity, the speed of light is deemed an absolute value because it is indifferent to the motion of material bodies. Nothing we do can "take a bite" out of its measured velocity of 186,000 miles per second: it is an irreducible quantity. Similarly, our minds cannot race ahead quickly enough to reduce or convert light to everyday understandings. Indeed, modem physics portrays light as having an infinite aspect. Leading to talk of the spaceless, timeless character of light, this aspect permits the suggestion that light resonates spiritual possibilities, and this resonance supports the traditional religious view that light is a symbol or expression of divinity. It also provides a basis for affirming absolutes in ethical life. The relativist stance is thus countered on two fronts—scientific and sacred—with light shining through the veil or barrier that has historically divided the two.
The Religious and Moral Foundations of Civil Society and Free Market Economy
Authors: Byker Gaylen J. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

This essay proposes that a healthy civil society and a fair and effective free market economy constitute the bases of a well-functioning democratic polity. For civil society and free market economy to function well requires citizens with good moral character. Religious beliefs and practices provide the best foundation for the development and maintenance of the moral norms, virtues, motivations, tendencies, and habits essential for open, pluralistic, liberal societies. Yet liberalism has effectively undermined religious claims to the public domains of freedom and the goals of society. The separation of church and state was extended to an even deeper separation of secular, public thought, from religious thought and influence. This has contributed to the weakening of families, churches, schools, and communities, and their interest in and ability to train virtuous and responsible citizens, which a free society needs to sustain itself.
Armenian Religious Textiles in Istanbul
Authors: Breu Marlene R. , Marchese Ronald T. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

This essay examines extant religious textile artifacts in the Armenian churches of Istanbul. The churches are not only social links, but also repositories for highly perishable material expressions of religious life, which enhanced the community. The pieces, most of which were donated to individual churches by the resident Armenian community, feature intricate designs and rich embellishment. They exhibit a remarkable level of technical sophistication and skill both within the professional artisan class and the lay community, especially Armenian women. The textiles are significant in the study of late Byzantine and Ottoman art, and the movement of Amtenians in the Diaspora The Armenian Orthodox Apostolic Church has long been an anchor of a minority people, and the caretaker of its artistic expression. It continues as an important link between the religious, cultural, and civil life of Armenians in Istanbul and all Turkey,
Belgrade Student Demonstrations, 1996-97
Authors: Gruenwald Oskar ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

Belgrade University student demonstrations, 1996-97, represent a turning point in the emergence of a democratic civic culture and civil society in the former Yugoslavia. Large-scale student demonstrations were triggered by the regimens cancellation of the November 1996 municipal election victories by the united opposition, Zajedno, in more than a dozen cities throughout Serbia, Demonstrating independently of political parties, student demands concerned not only narrow issues of university education, funding and governance, but also much larger society-wide issues concerning democratic prospects for Serbia Student demonstrations helped achieve several important goals, including the reinstatement of the 1996 opposition victories, and hastened Milošević's departure. Belgrade students sought consciously to transcend Serbian nationalism, effectively challenging the regime, while distancing themselves from all political parties. Crucial in terms of overcoming the virulent nationalisms, exploited by political leaderships throughout the Balkans in the 1990s, was the students' quest for universal human rights, democracy, pluralism, tolerance, and an open society. Following Milošević's demise, the studem movement became institutionalized in Otpor as a genuine civil society public-interest group and unofficial watchdog.
William and Henry James
Authors: Moloney Catherine Therese ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

This essay suggests that literary studies have a crucial role to play in the liberalisation of professional and vocational education and training. Prose and poetry contents of current literature syllabuses demand rigorous moral and ethical explication. Instructive in this regard was the societal interplay of professional texts in medicine with journalistic and fictional works, specifically in relation to spes phthisica, in the nineteenth century. Thus, the works of Willian and Henry James, with their synergies and antipathies, extended the discussion from medical to theological texts. The lectio divina in general and the Carmelite mystics in particular influenced the writings of both James brothers. These considerations highlight the relevance of liberal arts education in the twenty-first century.
Envisioning a Christian Liberal Arts Education
Authors: Jeffers James S. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

Increasing specialization and the fragmentation of knowledge have become the hallmarks of contemporary higher education. The general education or core curriculum at American colleges and universities has gradually also lost its useful original purpose to help each student become an educated person with a clear set of beliefs and values, a citizen capable of leading a moral, compassionate, and committed life. Christian hitter education has followed this general trend, despite the fact that most Christian colleges and universities have a core identity which they want to pass on to their students. The Torrey Honors Institute at Biola University offers a way for Protestant Christian colleges to revitalize their liberal arts education. Its curriculum uses the Great Books of the West to combine the study of theology and the Bible with the study of the humanities and social sciences. Its pedagogy uses elements of active learning as well as mentoring and technical innovations, to enhance the classroom experience.
Abortion Policy and the Market
Authors: Cobin John M. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

The only true scarce resource is the human mind. Yet abortion is perhaps the most potent enemy of the human mind, since it destroys the one thing in life that cannot be replaced. Ecmomic analysis suggests that abortion policy will fail to serve the public iruerest due to public choice and knowledge problems, and it will adversely distort beneficial market phenomena like adoption services. Even if markets fail to produce zero unwanted pregnancies, it is not clear that abortion policy has avoided more tragic government failures. Theologians argue that killing innocent human beings is moral turpitude, since an irreplaceable soul is lost. But abortion is also a huge social loss in an economic sense. Society loses from legalized abortion by losing a mind and from the social costs that devolve from destroying that mind. Hence, classical liberals should embrace the recent pro-life momentum.
Physician-Assisted Suicide and Democracy
Authors: Dennehy Raymond L. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

Apologists for physician-assisted suicide maintain that democracy's commitment to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness entitles any rational adult to decide when to end one's life. Yet the procedure nullifies freedom and the right to life, and is thus anti-democratic. Both on the practical and theoretical levels, assisted suicide leads to involuntary euthanasia. On the theoretical level, the distinction between voluntary and involuntary euthanasia is clear, but on the practical level it becomes blurry. Both pre-Nazi Germany and contemporary Holland offer ample evidence for the slippery slope that leads from voluntary to involuntary euthanasia. While advocates of assisted suicide regard the transition to the involuntary as an "abuse," that transition is, however, necessarily implied, and hence justified by assisted suicide. For the putative "right" to kill oneself implies that one has rights of disposal over one's life. But what is in principle disposable may be disposed of by others. Any argument for voluntary euthanasia implies the justification of involuntary eutharuisia. Therefore, physician-assisted suicide nullifies the right to life and with it the democratic charter.
The Enigma of Suffering
Authors: Heinrichs Daniel ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

The postmodem age considers suffering as the greatest evil and an indictment of God. Yet a Biblical perspective on suffering reveals it as part of the human condition and a test of discipleship, Both the Old and the New Testaments view suffering through the lens of God's faithfulness, pace, transcendence, redemption, and salvation for all who believe in Him. This essay explores what we may discern from Scripture regarding suffering and its role in spiritual growth, self-discipline, character formation, and the Christian vocation of witness in the world. Crucially, we ourselves consciously decide our attitude towards suffering whether it is our own or the suffering of others. Yet suffering ony truly becomes that when we suffer unjustly for matters that we have not knowingly brought upon ourselves, in contrast to suffering due to our own mistakes or misbehavior. Ultimately, only God can answer difficult problems in the realm of justice. For the believer, God's promises are the foundation for life which fill the heart, mind, and soul.
Adam Smith's Faustian Bargain
Authors: Adie Douglas K. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

Adam Smith created a social model which subordinated faith to reason and reason to the instincts which, when released, drive the "system of natural liberty," facilitating peace, prosperity, and especially freedom. Smith's Faustian Bargain, which underlies the model, is to trade beneficence for self-preservation plus freedom. Without restraint, the social instincts would endanger private property and social stability. Smith recommends limited but effective government and a plethora of social devices, including a reconstituted, impotent collection of churches, to bolster morality and prevent instability. Transplanted to America, Smith's system and Biblical Christianity restrained immorality and allowed free enterprise to flourish yielding unprecedented freedom and prosperity. The decline of faith in the Biblical God and moral absolutes at the end of the nineteenth century upset the delicate balance between freedom and morality resulting in social problems not susceptible to voluntary solutions. Government intervention slowed economic growth and restricted individual freedom. Will a twenty-first century Biblical revival restore morality and permit once again the flourishing of individual liberty, or will government intervention continue to erode freedom?
Can Individual Morality and Commercial Life Be Reconciled?
Authors: Walsh Adrian , Lynch Tony ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

Socialists and defenders of laissez-faire share the view that in the market agents pursue their self-interest, not the good of others. On this basis, socialists reject the market as an arena of immorality, while laissez-faire theorists attempt to defuse the charge by relying on the providential consequences of the "invisible hand," However, both stances presuppose a view of morality that too sharply separates self-interest and altruism. Some try to separate the economic arui morality into discrete spheres. In contrast, a compatibilist account shows the ways a concern for personal profit and a concern for others can come together. Such a motivationalist approach allows one to re-conceive the "invisible hand." It is no longer a serendipitous justification of the merely self-interested, but an invitation to think of the various mixtures of altruism and self-interest required to produce those results that may commend the market.
Polish Perspectives on the Morality of Capital Accumulation
Authors: Nawojczyk Maria , Walton Shane ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

This essay examines market morality from a sociological perspective. Focusing upon a case study of Poland, it highlights the effects historical socio-political forces have upon popular attitudes toward unequal accumulation. Poland's unique mythology of wealth is rooted in both peasant and literary subcultures, and the communist experience. Public opinion surveys demonstrate that negative attitudes toward wealth accumulation were pervasive in Poland during the early 1990s. Actual capital accumulation suggests that, in the early years of the post-communist transition, Polish reality largely substantiated Polish mythology. Political connections were often used to enter the Polish business elite, and shady practices employed to maintain such positions. The essay explores this correlation, highligjhting social mythology's joint dependence on cultural residue and reality, as well as the effects of social, political, and economic forces upon societal attitudes toward morality in the marketplace.
Early human occupations in NW Iberia: The archaeological record of the Lower Miño basin during the second half of the Middle Pleistocene
Authors: MÉNDEZ-QUINTAS Eduardo , SANTONJA Manuel , PÉREZ-GONZÁLEZ Alfredo , DEMURO Martina , ARNOLD Lee J. , DUVAL Mathieu
Published: January 2021

The Miño River is one of the main Atlantic basins of Iberia and preserves extensive Pleistocene deposits. However, there is presently limited information concerning the first human occupation history of this region. Existing research undertaken across the region has identified a significant number of Large Flake Acheulean (LFA) sites with African affinities. These sites are associated with former fluvial environments and are now preserved as a sequence of fluvial terraces along the Miño River, located between relative elevations of + 40 m and + 20 m, and dated to between Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 9 and 6. The chronological range and observed technological patterns are similar to those recognised in other areas of South western Europe, particularly the central Iberian Peninsula and Aquitanian region (France) during the second half of the Middle Pleistocene.
Mathematical Lens: Picnic Patterns
Authors: Reinhardt Jeffrey A.
Published: January 2021

Picnic tablecloth patterns caught my eye while I was enjoying the musical patterns of an outdoor symphony concert at the Lancaster Festival, a ten-day music festival held each summer in Lancaster, Ohio.
Precision: The Neglected Part of the Measurement Standard
Authors: Nowlin Donald
Published: January 2021

The concepts of precision and significant digits are often ignored by mathematics teachers. The author examines the results of this trend and recommends five principles to use with problems involving measurements.
The Known Mix: A Taste of Variation
Authors: Canada Daniel L.
Published: January 2021

When teachers think of data analysis and the word variation, often the first thing that comes to mind is the notion of something formal, such as a standard deviation. However, although an understanding of variation is a critical element of statistical reasoning, it “does not mean an understanding of ‘standard deviation’ but of something more fundamental—the underlying change from expectation that occurs when measurements are made or events occur” (Watson et al. 2002, p. 2; emphasis added). The key component in understanding variation is understanding that there are differences in whatever you happen to be looking at or measuring.
Playing with Dominos: Proof by Induction
Authors: Kaplan Gail
Published: January 2021

Students use real dominos to understand the principles of mathematical induction.
The Infinite Hotel
Authors: Wanko Jeffrey J.
Published: January 2021

A modern retelling of the historic debate between Georg Cantor and Leopold Kronecker helps explain the concept of the cardinality of different infinities.
Collaborative Planning for a Unit on the Quadratic Formula
Authors: Kotelawala Usha
Published: January 2021

Conversations among three high school teachers as they plan a unit on deriving the quadratic formula allow them to share ideas and reflect on their teaching struggles and successes.
Bridging Algebra and Geometry with n-gram Proofs
Authors: Craven Joshua D.
Published: January 2021

With the help of hint cards, students formulate and prove conjectures about angle measures, first for pentagrams and then for hexagrams, heptagrams, and general n-grams.
Technology Tips: Exploring the ABCs of Parabolas
Authors: Fallon Danielle , Luck Gary S.
Published: January 2021

Making conjectures and proving relationships are important aspects of students' mathematical development, yet prompting students to observe and justify results can be challenging. How can teachers turn a lesson on quadratic shifts and transformations into one in which students are excited about predicting results as well as justifying them?
Looking to Mars for Mathematics Connections
Authors: Perham Arnold E. , Perham Faustine L.
Published: January 2021

Kepler's laws and beyond: Students use Jet Propulsion Laboratory data to investigate Mars and its orbit.
Mathematical Lens: Totally Cubeular!
Authors: Hudson Rick A.
Published: January 2021

The artwork shown in photographs 1 and 2 is entitled Cubeular Pyramid. Created by the artist Josh Rodenberg, it was first exhibited at the Arlington Arts Center in Arlington, Virginia. The piece expresses Rodenberg's “personal balance between organization and chaos” and was inspired by his self-described obsession with the computer game Tetris®, which requires players to stack pieces consisting of arrangements of four squares.
Tips For Beginners: A Simple Experiment in Algebra
Authors: Trimble H. C.
Published: January 2021

Do you ever wish for a simple experiment that suggests a generalization for your algebra students to prove? Here is one you may like.
Equations and geometric loci; a logical synthesis
Authors: Servais W.
Published: January 2021

Teachers of elementary mathematics are beginning to realize that certain elementary ideas are fundamental to the study of mathematics. This article presents some of these ideas and applies them to topics studied in secondary mathematics.
What is ratio?
Authors: Brumfiel Charles
Published: January 2021

Key mathematical concepts need some careful thought. This article examines the concept of ratio and relates it to the quotient of two numbers.
Mathematics in the Junior High School: Junior High School and The Stock Market
Authors: Schultz Harriet
Published: January 2021

In answer to the complaint of many parents today that their children are not learning arithmetic that will be of practical use, here is an arithmetic unit that the junior high teacher can use to enliven the classroom and at the same time develop many meaningful implications.
Anent the discovery method
Authors: Henderson Kenneth B.
Published: January 2021

Here is a critical examination of the discovery method and its uses in a mathematics classroom. The author asserts that the discovery method does not enable pupils under certain circumstances to achieve a real understanding of why a particular generalization may be true.
Curiosity and culture
Authors: Wren F. Lynwood
Published: January 2021

From the faith that nature consists of a harmonious structure of mathematical laws and from an insatiable curiosity man has learned to build mechanical models which are flexible enough to structure events in the physical world.
Historically Speaking,— American doctoral dissertations on mathematics and astronomy written by women in the nineteenth century
Authors: Eells Walter Crosby
Published: January 2021

The first doctorates of philosophy earned in an American university were conferred on three men at Yale University in 1861. The first doctorate earned by a woman was conferred at Boston University in 1877.
Modern mathematics and its place in the secondary school
Authors: Meder Albert E.
Published: January 2021

Secondary teachers often ask, “What is modern mathematics?” It is new subject matter and a new point of view.
The “Steinmetz problem” and school arithmetic
Authors: Sutton Richard M.
Published: January 2021

A simple solution for an intriguing problem.
Points and Viewpoints: Thoughts on teacher training
Authors: Henderson Kenneth B.
Published: January 2021

Teaching consists of behavior intended to result in students acquiring knowledge. It is a rational activity, that is, it is based on voluntary choices regarding selection of subject matter and methods of teaching. These choices are made explicitly or implicitly in terms of certain principles, and can be justified by the teacher if they are called into question. The justification proceeds, as does every case of justification, by arguing that the choices are consistent with a set of criteria (principles).
Tips for Beginners: Originality in geometry
Authors: Beeman William E.
Published: January 2021

While teaching seventh and eighth grade mathematics in the North Texas Laboratory School, Denton, Texas, I had a most pleasant experience teaching a unit on plane geometry that I would like to share with other teachers.
Trisecting an Angle
Authors: Pickett Hale
Published: January 2021

—A convincing answer to an often-heard question.
The use of congruence in geometry proofs
Authors: Bergmann Carl
Published: January 2021

While “ordered triangles” are a bit unusual, they do provide a fresh way to look at old ideas.
Factoring the quadratic trinomial
Authors: Clair Harry S.
Published: January 2021

An interesting variation of a very old topic.
Miniature number systems
Authors: Jones Burton W.
Published: January 2021

Fields, rings, and groups! Some high schools will wish to experiment with the simpler ideas of modern algebra as possible mathematical “food” for bright youngsters.
The Euler identity
Authors: Yates Robert C.
Published: January 2021

A concise way to establish a well-known identity.
Meta-mathematics and the modern conception of mathematics
Authors: Kenner Morton R.
Published: January 2021

Mathematics is an abstract science, and its abstractions give rise to many interesting studies, in particular, meta-mathematics.
Historically Speaking,— Mascheroni constructions
Authors: Court N. A.
Published: January 2021

In a recent issue of The Mathematics Teacher,1 Dr. J. H. Hlavaty called attention to the curious so-called Mascheroni constructions, or geometric constructions with compasses alone. The readers of Dr. Hlavaty's attractive article may be interested in some supplementary notes of a historical and bibliographical nature.
Mathematics in the Junior High School: “3 × 5” Review
Authors: Allen Dwight W.
Published: January 2021

It was near the end of the semester. I was reviewing in first-year algebra class by putting multiple-choice questions from old examinations on the board in outline form.
New Ideas for the Classroom: A mathematics exhibit
Authors: Strand Vivian
Published: January 2021

For several years my mathematics students have been asked to complete a project of their own choice. These projects were completed outside of class and could be anything mathematical that was also useful, beautiful, or intriguing. Each project was due on a definite date, at which time the student would demonstrate his completed project to the class. In this way the assignment became an experience in creativeness, craftsmanship, and communication. It is such experiences that our students need if they are to grow in appreciation and understanding of the elegance and power of mathematics.
Tips For Beginners: The metric system in junior high school
Authors: Rucker Isabelle P.
Published: January 2021

When children enter the eighth grade they are generally eager, interested, and anxious to embark on a new phase of their education. Their enthusiasm for mathematics wanes when the content is only a review of the arithmetic they had in the earlier grades. I would like to pass on some suggestions for a unit in eighth-year mathematics that has proved to be a very successful and motivating experience for our students.1
Sets and some elementary problems
Authors: Merriman Gaylord M.
Published: January 2021

Will instruction in sets in elementary algebra help clarify the usual student difficuldties with verbal problems?
The logarithm function to the base e— a development for high school seniors
Authors: Seebeck C. L.
Published: January 2021

An approach to the logarithm function to the base e that emphasizes some important properties of the function.
Tips for Beginners: The man in motion
Authors: Mills Robert J.
Published: January 2021

A few years ago, George Hallas, coach of the Chicago Bears professional football team, won a championship by baffling his opponents with a formation using the “man in motion.” In coaching circles this was hailed as an innovation, but any beginning teacher could have told the coaching fraternity there was nothing new to being baffled by a “man in motion.” I would like to present an approach to motion problems with which I have had some success.