bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KEDUDUKAN HUKUM PERSEROAN TERBATAS YANG BELUM BERSTATUS BADAN HUKUM DALAM MELAKUKAN KEGIATAN USAHA
Authors: Soflestuny Nurul L Syakilah
Published: July 2021

Pembangunan ekonomi umumnya tidak terpisahkan dari pembangunan hukum, oleh karena itukebijakan pembangunan hukum dilaksanakan berdasarkanpembangunan ekonomi yaitu dengan adanya keseimbanganperaturan perundang-undangan yang mendukung kegiatan ekonomidizaman perdagangan yang bebas dengan tidak merugikankepentingan nasional. Secara normative Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 mengatur tentang Perseroan Terbatas, tertuangdalam pasal 1 angka 1 UUPT tersebut ditentukan bahwa perseroan terbatas, adalah “badan hukum yang merupakan persekutuan modal, didirikan berdasarkan perjanjian melakukan kegiatan udaha dengan dasar modal yang seluruhnya terbagi dalam saham dan memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan oleh Undang-Undang dan peraturan pelaksanaannya”.Saatsebuah PT berstatussebagai badan hukum maka saat itulah hukum tersebut memperlakukanparapemegang saham dan pengurusan terpisah dari PT itu sendiri
Mortality prediction in intensive care units including premorbid functional status improved performance and internal validity
Authors: Moser André , Reinikainen Matti , Jakob Stephan M. , Selander Tuomas , Pettilä Ville , Kiiski Olli , Varpula Tero , Raj Rahul , Takala Jukka
Published: July 2021

Objective: Prognostic models are key for benchmarking intensive care units (ICUs). They require up-to-date predictors and should report transportability properties for reliable predictions. We developed and validated an in-hospital mortality risk prediction model to facilitate benchmarking, quality assurance, and health economics evaluation.Study Design and Setting: We retrieved data from the database of an international (Finland, Estonia, Switzerland) multicenter ICU cohort study from 2015-2017. We used a hierarchical logistic regression model that included age, a modified Simplified Acute Physiology Score-II, admission type, premorbid functional status, and diagnosis as grouping variable. We used pooled and meta-analytic cross-validation approaches to assess temporal and geographical transportability.Results: We included 61,224 patients treated in the ICU (hospital mortality 10.6%). The developed prediction model had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.886, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.882-0.890; a calibration slope 1.01, 95% CI (0.99-1.03); a mean calibration -0.004, 95% CI (-0.035-0.027). While the model showed very good internal validity and geographic discrimination transportability, we found substantial heterogeneity of performance measures between ICUs (I-squared: 53.4% to 84.7%).Conclusion: A novel framework evaluating the performance of our prediction model provided key information to judge the validity of our model and its adaptation for future use.
Năm điều rút ra từ cuốn sách Trí tuệ nhân tạo: Hướng dẫn về tư duy con người
Authors: Ho Tung Manh
Published: July 2021

Đây là bài bình sách về "Trí tuệ nhân tạo: Hướng dẫn về tư duy con người" của tác giả Melanie Mitchell, Viện Sante Fe, Hoa Kỳ. Bài đã được đăng trên tạp chí Kinh Tế và Dự Báo, cơ quan ngôn luận của Bộ Kế hoạch và Đầu Tư.
Merkantilisme Dan Toko-tokohnya
Authors: SYAM FADLY
Published: July 2021

Merkantilisme merupakan satu sistem ekonomi yang berkembang dengan dominan di England pada abad ke-17 dan 18. Adapun tokoh-tokoh yang berperan besar dalam pemikiran merkantilisme ialah JEAN BODIN, THOMAS MUN, JEAN BAPTISE, SIR WILLIAM PETTY, dan DAVID HUME
PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN, PEMASARAN RELASIONAL DANKEPUASAN NASABAH TERHADAP LOYALITAS NASABAH PT BANK BRI CABANG BANDAR LAMPUNG
Authors: Fajri Ratu Chaterine , Tiara Tria Arvina , Rinova Dora
Published: July 2021

Penerapan hubungan pemasaran yang dilakukan PT Bank BRI Cabang Bandar Lampungtidak sepenuhnya diterima oleh semua pelanggan, karena untuk mendapatkan pelayanankhusus atau perhatian dalam penerapan hubungan pemasaran diberlakukan syarat danketentuan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan mengetahui mengetahui pengaruhpemasaran relasional dan kepuasan pelanggan terhadap loyalitas nasabah PT Bank BRI CabangBandar Lampung. Penelitian ini termasuk ke dalam penelitian kuantitatif. Populasi padapenelitian ini adalah populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah nasabah PT Bank BRI CabangBandar Lampung selama 3 bulan sebanyak 60 orang dan jumlah sampel sebanyak 60 orang.Analisis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan F hitung = 43,632 > F tabel = 3,16 dengan signifikansi sebsar 0,000 yang berartibahwa ada pengaruh kualitas pelayanan, pemasaran relasional dan kepuasan pelangganterhadap loyalitas nasabah PT Bank BRI Cabang Bandar Lampung.
Kajian Teologis Ketuhanan Yesus menurut Perspektif Saksi Yehuwa
Authors: Enjel Angelina , Jatriani  , Yunestri Mia , Yermia  , Simson  , Tapparan Resvin , Alfri Tandi , febiola
Published: July 2021

Saksi-saksi Yehuwa atau Kristen Saksi Yehuwa percaya bahwa mereka berada pada jalur tradisi kekristenan yang asli. Keaslian itu dapat dilihat dari beberapa ajaran mendasar mereka yang berbeda dengan kekristenan mainstream, yaitu dalam ajaran ketuhanan yang bersifat monoteistik dan kedudukan Yesus yang bukan bagian dari Tritunggal. Padahal dalam ajaran mainstream, Trinitis atau Tritunggal merupakan ajaran sentral dan karenanya Yesus adalah Tuhan Anak atau Anak Tuhan.
PASAR MODAL SYARIAH
Authors: Amaliah Nur Indah
Published: July 2021

Pasar imodal imerupakan isalah isatu iindikator ipertumbuhan iekonomi isebuah inegara. iPerkembangan ipasar imodal isekarang iini isangat icepat isebagai ialternatif iuntuk iindividu iatau iperorangan iberinvestasi. iPerkembangan ipasar imodal ikonvensional iyang isangat icepat iternyata ipada ikenyataannya ibanyak imenimbulkan iunsur ispekulatif idalam ikegiatannya. iHal iini iyang iterjadi ipada ipasar imodal idi iAmerika iSerikat idan inegara-negara ilainnya idi idunia.Perkembangan ipasar imodal iyang ipenuh ispekulatif imemunculkan ikeprihatitan ibagi ipelaku idi ipasar imodal imodal. iMaka, isetelah ikemunculan ibank isyariah, ilalu iasuransi isyariah, imaka idirintislah ipasar imodal isyariah iyang idiberi inama iJakarta iIslamic iIndex i(JII) ioleh ipara ipelaku ipasar imodal iyang isesuai isyariah. iPasar imodal isyariah imemberikan ikepada ipara iinvestor irasa ikeamanan idan ikepastian idalam ibertransaksi isesuai idengan ipraktek isyariah, idan iterhindar idari iunsur ispekulatif. iDalam iperkembangannya,Jakarta iIslamic iIndex i(JII) idirubah inamanya imenjadi iIndek iSaham iSyariah iIndonesia i(ISSI).
Water flow through sediments and at the ice-sediment interface beneath Sermeq Kujalleq (Store Glacier), Greenland
Authors: Doyle Samuel , Hubbard Bryn , Christoffersen Poul , Law Robert , Hewitt Duncan , Neufeld Jerome , Schoonman Charlotte , Chudley Tom , Bougamont Marion
Published: July 2021

Subglacial hydrology modulates basal motion but remains poorly constrained, particularly for soft-bedded Greenlandic outlet glaciers. Here, we report detailed measurements of the response of subglacial water pressure to the connection and drainage of adjacent water-filled boreholes drilled through kilometre-thick ice on Sermeq Kujalleq (Store Glacier). These measurements provide evidence for gap opening at the ice-sediment interface, Darcian flow through the sediment layer, and the forcing of water pressure in hydraulically-isolated cavities by stress transfer. We observed a small pressure drop followed by a large pressure rise in response to the connection of an adjacent borehole, consistent with the propagation of a flexural wave within the ice and underlying deformable sediment. We interpret the delayed pressure rise as evidence of no pre-existing conduit and the progressive decrease in hydraulic transmissivity as the closure of a narrow (< 1.5mm) gap opened at the ice-sediment interface, and a reversion to Darcian flow through the sediment layer with a hydraulic conductivity of ≤ 10^-6 m/s . We suggest that gap opening at the ice-sediment interface deserves further attention as it will occur naturally in response to the rapid pressurisation of water at the bed.
Thermophysical Properties of Solutions of Iron (III) Nitrate-Nonahydrate in Mixtures of Ethanol and Water
Authors: Keller Alexander , Wlokas Irenäus , Kohns Maximilian , Hasse Hans
Published: July 2021

The quality of nanoparticles that are obtained by spray flame synthesis dependsstrongly on the thermophysical properties of the precursor solutions. Solutions ofiron(III)nitrate-nonahydrate (INN) in ethanol are interesting precursor solutions forthe production of iron oxide nanoparticles in these processes. However, no data onthermophysical properties of solutions of INN in ethanol are available in theliterature. Therefore, in the present work, the specific density, viscosity, thermalconductivity and molar isobaric heat capacity of solutions of INN in solvent mixturesof ethanol and water were measured at 101.3 kPa between 288.15 and 333.15 K,solvent compositions ranging from pure ethanol to pure water, and INN molalities upto 1.3 mol kg-1. Empirical correlations of the experimental data are provided.
Interfacial Properties of Binary Mixtures of Simple Fluids and their Relation to the Phase Diagram
Authors: Stephan Simon , Hasse Hans
Published: July 2021

Interfacial properties of binary fluid mixtures were studied using both molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and density gradient theory (DGT). The focus of the study is on the relation of the interfacial properties to the phase diagram of the mixture. Two binary Lennard-Jones mixtures were investigated in a wide range of states: a highly asymmetric mixture (type III), which exhibits vapour–liquid equilibria (VL1E and VL2E), liquid–liquid equilibria (L1L2E), a three-phase equilibrium (VL1L2E), and supercritical fluid–fluid equilibria (F1F2E), and, as a reference, an ideal mixture (type I). The studied interfacial properties are: the surface tension, the relative adsorption, the width of the interfacial region, and the enrichment of the low-boiling component, on which we set a focus. Enrichment was observed at VL1 interfaces; and, to a small extent, also at L1L2 interfaces; but not at the supercritical F1F2 interfaces. The large enrichment found at VL1 interfaces of the type III mixture can be interpreted as a wetting transition: approaching the VL1L2E three-phase line from the VL1 side, the enrichment gets stronger and can be interpreted as precursor of the second liquid phase L2. However, the actual existence of a three-phase line in the phase diagram is no prerequisite for an enrichment. The enrichment is found to be highly temperature-dependent and increases with decreasing temperature.
Compassion and skillful means: Cultural adaptation, psychological science, and creative responsiveness
Authors: Condon Paul , Makransky John
Published: July 2021

In this article, we will address two distinct, but interrelated aspects of “skillful means” that can inform compassion training: (1) the historical precedent and need for adapting meditation practices to meet new cultural contexts, and (2) the need to express compassion flexibly in ways that creatively meet the specific contexts, mentalities, and needs of particular persons and situations. We first discuss ways that the doctrine of skillful means was employed by Buddhists to rationalize the repeated adaptation of Buddhist teachings to meet the culturally situated mentalities and needs of diverse Asian peoples. Then, in continuity with that history of Buddhist adaptation, we explore how theories from modern psychological science, such as attachment theory, can be newly drawn upon to support adaptation of relational frameworks operative in traditional Buddhist cultures of compassion training for modern contexts. Finally, we draw on theories from cognitive science, namely situated conceptualization, that provide a tractable framework for understanding skillful compassion as embodied emptiness—involving the relaxation of pattern completion mechanisms, which helps open up greater discernment and presence to others, so that care and compassion can be more unrestricted, creative, and directly responsive to the person and situation at hand.
The Emergency of Prosociality: a developmental perspective on altruism and human prosocial behavior in the face of disaster
Authors: Rose Lucie , Dezecache Guillaume , Powell Tara , Chokron Sylvie , Kovarski Klara
Published: July 2021

No two emergency situations are the same. A combination of human and contextual factors makes each emergency and disaster event unique in its timeline, its aftermath, and especially its impact on affected populations. Common to these situations, however, is a demonstration of prosocial behavior intended to benefit other victims. Can shared features of emergencies, viewed through the lens of evolutionary, cognitive, developmental and social psychology shed light on these prosocial and altruistic actions? In this narrative review, we survey the onset of prosociality and altruistic behavior in typical human development, and we focus on how it is expressed in emergency situations. We consider how prosociality shifts and adapts in the specific context of a pandemic. Finally, we suggest that a multidisciplinary research approach may help overcome methodological limitations and achieve more comprehensive understanding of prosociality’s underlying mechanisms in emergency contexts.
Age-related differences in the error-related negativity and error positivity in children and adolescents are moderated by sample and methodological characteristics: A meta-analysis
Authors: Boen Rune , Quintana Daniel S , Ladouceur Cecile , Tamnes Christian K.
Published: July 2021

The error-related negativity (ERN) and the error positivity (Pe) are electrophysiological components associated with error processing that are thought to exhibit distinctive developmental trajectories from childhood to adulthood. To investigate the age and age moderation effects on the ERN and the Pe strength during development, we conducted a preregistered three-level meta-analysis synthesizing 120 and 41 effect sizes across 18 group comparison studies and 19 correlational studies, respectively. The meta-analysis included studies with mean age range between 3.6 to 28.7 years for age-group comparisons and 6.1 to 18.7 years for age correlations. Results showed that age was associated with a more negative ERN (SMD = -.433, r = -.230). No statistically significant association between age and the Pe was found (SMD = .059, r = -.091), except for in a group comparison between younger and older adolescents. The age effects were not significantly moderated by whether a Flanker or a Go/No-Go task was used, whereas studies that used other tasks found larger age effects on the Pe. There was a moderating effect of electrode site, whereby the Fz and Cz electrode sites yielded stronger negative associations between age and the ERN and the Pe, respectively. The results confirm that the ERN and the Pe show differential development courses and suggest that sample and methodological characteristics influence the age effects, and lay the foundation for investigations of developmental patterns of error processing in relation to psychopathology and early genetic and environmental risk factors.
Beyond Tuskegee, To Middlesboro: How Perspectives of Policing Shape Vaccine Attitudes for Black Americans
Authors: Rosenthal Aaron , Motta Matt , Farhart Christina E.
Published: July 2021

Attempts to explain the higher levels of vaccine skepticism among Black Americans frequentlyfocus on the history of racial discrimination within the American healthcare system. Whilestudying this discrimination is important, we argue that past research overlooks the role of law enforcement actors outside the healthcare system; both in their history of supporting medical discrimination, and in its contemporary function as a coercive face of the state that may influence Black American’s concerns about vaccines. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal nationally representative surveys, we demonstrate that police attitudes have a strong and causal effect on vaccine skepticism and opposition to pro-vaccine policies among Black Americans. These findings point to the importance of reforming areas outside of the medical field, such as policing, in order to promote lasting declines in vaccine hesitancy.
BAHASA INGGRIS “Bridging The World” untuk Sekolah Menengah Pertama/Madrasah Tsanawiyah Kelas VIII
Authors: Nasution Sukma Septian , Taman Purwanti , Kusumoriny Laksmy Ady
Published: July 2021

Buku ini disusun sebagai luaran mata kuliah Course Design and Evaluation. Dalam penyusunannya, materi dan metodemetode pembelajaran dalam buku ini mengacu pada pendekatan berbasis genre atau Genre Based Approach (GBA) yang merupakan sebuah metode dalam pembelajaran bahasa yang memiliki empat tahapan, yaitu: BKOF, MOT, JCOT, dan ICOT.
Design Inverter SPWM Tow Frequency Based Soil Moisture Sensor Using Arduino
Authors: Rajagukguk Antonius , Kurniawan Riski
Published: July 2021

Inverters on induction motor control are widely used both in industry, transportation, household, and agriculture. This inverter is designed to convert Direct Current electricity into Alternating Current electricity. In this study, the inverter is designed using the Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) switching method and is able to produce pure sine waves of two frequencies of 50 Hz and 25 Hz with input control based on the reading of the soil moisture sensor. The purpose of this research is to apply to the controller of automatic watering plants. This system uses Arduino Uno as a SPWM signal generator and processes the reading of the soil moisture sensor and controls the LC filter. Based on the test results of the inverter control system, it is obtained an output voltage of 200 volts with a measured frequency of 48.83 Hz and 24.61 Hz with an input voltage of 12 Volt DC. The inverter system when loaded with single phase induction motors obtained efficiency at a frequency of 50 Hz by 36% and at a frequency of 25 Hz obtained by 70%. Thus, it can be concluded that this single-phase inverter can be used for applications in single phase induction motor speed control.
Aiman al-Utūm wa Asy‛āruhu al-Jamālīyyah al-Badī‛iyyah (Dirāsah al-Muhassināt al-Lafzdīyyah fī al-Jinās wa al-Saja’
Authors: Pombaile Septiyani Y , Hula Ibnu Rawandhy , Saleh Sriwahyuningsih
Published: July 2021

الأهداف من إجراءات هذا البحث هي: (1) أن تعرف الباحثة أو القارئ أبيات شعر التي تتضمن فيها السجع في شعر أيمن العتوم. (2) أن يعرف الباحثة أو القارئ أبيات شعر التي تتضمن فيها الجناس في شعر أيمن العتوم  . منهج البحث الذي يستخدم الباحثة هو بحثاً نوعياً وصفياً، و الأسلوب المستخدمة في جمع المواد هي الطريقة المكتبية، و أما مصادر المواد المبحوثة المستخدمة في هذا البحث نوعان من المصادر و هما مصدر المواد الأولية و مصدر المواد الثانوية. من نتائج البحث، هي أن أنواع الجناس في ثلاثة موضوعات من أشعار أيمن العتوم 49 جناس و تكون 28 الجناس التام و غير التام 21. و أما السجع  المطرف 9، و السجع الموازي 6، و الترصيع 1.
Analaisis Struturalisme Ferdinand De Saussure pada Puisi الأم Karya Kahlil Gibran
Authors: Muwaffa Royyi
Published: July 2021

Karya sastra merupakan salah satu bentuk ekspresi pengarang dalam mengungkapkan perasaan atau pengalaman yang pernah dialami dan digunakan sebagai media untuk menyampaikan pesan kepada orang lain. Salah satu bentuk karya sastra adalah puisi. Puisi merupakan karya sastra yang mengutamakan keindahan bahasa dan kepadatan makna. Tidak semua pembaca dapat memahami secara langsung tentang makna yang terkandung dalam puisi. Untuk dapat memahami maknanya, maka dibutuhkan suatu pendekatan untuk menganalisis unsur-unsur intrinsik di dalam puisi tersebut. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah pendekatan strukturalisme yang akan menjelaskan setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam puisi, seperti tema, gaya bahasa, amanat, dan sebagainya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dikarenakan peneliti melakukan analisis dengan dua teknik, yaitu teknik simak dan catat. Teknik simak dilakukan dengan cara membaca dan memahami setiap baris sajak dalam puisi, dan teknik catat dilakukan dengan cara mencatat hasil penelitian setelah peneliti memahami makna yang terkandung dalam setiap baris. Objek yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah puisi Ibu Kahlil Gibran yang merupakan puisi tentang peran dan karakter seorang Ibu yang memiliki kasih sayang yang tidak terbatas. Kata kunci: strukturalisme, struktur internal dan eksternal, puisi Ibu karya Kahlil Gibran
Al-Sūrah al-Tasybīhīyah: Nażharīyyatuhā wa Ma’ānīhā fī Asy’āri al-Imām al-Syāfī’ī”
Authors: Safii Randi
Published: July 2021

تجريد البحث: هذا البحث يهدف إلى معرفة الصورة التشبيهية ومعناها في أشعار الإمام الشافعي التي قام الباحث بتحليلها في كتاب ديوان الإمام الشافعي المسمى الجواهر النفيس في شعر الإمام محمد بن إدريس. والمناهج تستعمل في هذا البحث هي تتكون من منهج جمع المواد الذي يقوم الباحث فيه بجمع كل وثائق التي تتضمن الصورة التشبيهية وما يتعلق بها مما ورد في أشعار الإمام الشافعي من كتاب ديوان الإمام الشافعي الجواهر المسمى النفيس في شعر محم بن إدريس. ويقوم الباحث في جمعها بالإطلاع على تلك المواد المتعلقة بموضوع المجموعة مما يتعلق بموضوع البحث. ثم منهج تحليل المواد الذي يستخدم الباحث، وهذا التحليل هو كل منهج تخرج منه الخلاصة بطريقة المجادلة. ثم حاول الباحث تحليل محتوي المواد تحليلا عميقا: وهو تحليل الصورة التشبيهية ومعناها في أشعار الإمام الشافعي. فيستخدم الباحث بتخطيط تبيين الأشاعار التي فيها الصورة التشبيهية ومعناها في أشعار الإمام الشافعي. والصورة التشبيهية هي: التشبيه البليغ حذف الأداة التشبيه ووجه الشبه، التشبيه المرسل المفصل ذكر أداة التشبيه ووجه الشبه. التشبيه المرسل المجمل ذكر أداة التشبيه وحذف وجه الشبه. التشبيه المؤكد حذف أداة التشبيه.
Louis Riel and the Fenian Raid of 1871
Authors: de Trémaudan A.H.
Published: July 2021

Just two years ago Joseph Riel, a younger brother of Louis Riel, the famous Metis chieftain of 1869–70 and 1885, died at the old homestead of the Riel family, at St. Vital, near Winnipeg. Until his last breath Joseph Riel resided in the little white house on the east side of the Red River in which his brother had lived. It has been my privilege, on repeated occasions, to be a guest at this house, either on a friendly call or when attending one of the meetings of the Union Nationale Métisse which has been so kind as to elect me one of its honorary members. During such visits I have been allowed access by the late Joseph Riel to the papers of his brother, which he treasured as so many relics of one whom he considered a martyr. They are mostly in the handwriting of Louis Riel himself, and, naturally, throw light on certain events somewhat different from what one has been accustomed to make out from the more or less authentic and certainly biased reports of his life, which have been printed from time to time in the newspapers or in books.
Louis Riel’s Account of the Capture of Fort Garry, 1870
Authors: de Trémaudan A.H.
Published: July 2021

The capture of Fort Garry, now Winnipeg, by the Red River expedition under Colonel Garnet Wolseley, on August 24, 1870, is an event in Canadian history about which some misapprehensions have been current. It has frequently been said, for example, that the arrival of Colonel Wolseley’s forces took Louis Riel and his associates completely by surprise. That such was not the case is made clear by the following narrative written by Louis Riel himself. For this narrative the present editor is indebted to the late Joseph Riel, who died on the old homestead at St. Vital on May 27, 1921. The manuscript is not apparently complete, for it breaks off abruptly, but it has never been published, and it gives a clear idea of what went on at Fort Garry while Wolseley’s forces were approaching.
The Half-Breed “Rising” of 1875
Authors: Stanley George F.G.
Published: July 2021

In July 1875, the Hon. Alexander Morris, lieutenant-governor of Manitoba and the north-west, received a letter from Lawrence Clarke, the Hudson’s Bay Company factor at Fort Carlton, informing him that a serious state of affairs had arisen on the south branch of the Saskatchewan and strongly pressing for a detachment of the mounted police. This letter mentioned the establishment of a permanent half-breed settlement at St. Laurent and stated that the half-breeds had “assumed to themselves the right to enact laws, rules and regulations for the Government of the Colony and adjoining country of a most tyrannical nature, which the minority of the settlers are perforce bound to obey or be treated with criminal severity.” The “president” of this government was Gabriel Dumont, who was alleged to have coerced various “freemen” and Indians on the plains by seizing the property of, and levying fines upon, those who refused to acknowledge his authority. The letter continued with a statement that the Indians, too, were assuming a hostile attitude and urged that “unless we have a certain protective force stationed at or near Carlton, the ensuing Winter, I cannot answer for the result, serious difficulties will assuredly arise and life and property be endangered.”
Gabriel Dumont’s Account of the North West Rebellion, 1885
Authors: Stanley George F.G.
Published: July 2021

Good generalship requires imagination in the sense of foreseeing what the probable moves of the enemy may be; good military historiography requires not only imagination but the actual study of the documentary sources on each side. It is well known that military, like diplomatic history, is too often presented only from one point of view. A certain bias is unavoidable when the author is familiar with the movements of an army on one side of the hill but can only guess at those of the enemy on the other; an accurate picture of any war, campaign, or battle cannot be presented by a writer who is limited to the records, official and unofficial, available at one G.H.Q., but has nothing more than the conjectures of Intelligence as to what went on at the other.
The Riel Rebellion and Canadian-American Relations
Authors: Gluek, Jr. Alvin C.
Published: July 2021

The Riel Rebellion presents an interesting case in Canadian-American history. For relations between the two nations, already strained by the Civil War, Fenian movements within the United States, and the American rejection of reciprocity, took a turn for the worse in 1869–70 when Canada was suddenly confronted with the insurrection in Rupert’s Land. Beguiled by the evasive dream of becoming a continental republic, Americans had long coveted the lands of their northern neighbour. That the new Dominion of Canada could survive – indeed, could dare to envision its own transcontinental glory – was inconceivable to many Americans. In their own self-interest, they exaggerated the signs of disaffection within the Dominion. And when the Metis of Rupert’s Land forcibly rejected political union with Canada, and certain citizens of British Columbia petitioned President Grant for admission into the United States, it seemed that all British North America was breaking up and that its separate members would soon become a part of the American family to which they “naturally” belonged.
The Myth of Louis Riel
Authors: Owram Douglas
Published: July 2021

In recent years Louis Riel has become somewhat of a Canadian folk hero. At the official, scholarly, and popular levels the rebel hanged in 1885 has become the subject of much attention. Manitoba and Saskatchewan, the site of his two uprisings, have commemorated him in statue while the federal government which allowed his execution to take place in the 1880s has, in the 1980s, designated Batoche a national historic site. Canadian government money has also provided a half million dollar grant designed to allow the compilation and publication of all of Riel’s writings. Such scholarly and official interest is complemented by popular interest. Plays, poems, television dramas, and even an opera have been written about him. Riel has assumed mythical stature.
“Eskimo” Immigrants and Colonial Soldiers: Icelandic Immigrants and the North-West Resistance, 1885
Authors: Bertram Laurie K.
Published: July 2021

How did marginalized and racialized ethnic immigrants transform themselves into active, armed colonial agents in nineteenth-century Western Canada? Approximately twenty Icelanders enlisted to fight Louis Riel’s forces during the North-West Resistance in 1885, just ten years following the arrival of Icelandic immigrants in present-day Manitoba. Forty more reportedly enlisted in an Icelandic-Canadian battalion to enforce the government’s victory in the fall. This public, armed stance of a group of Icelanders against Indigenous forces in 1885 is somewhat unexpected, since most Icelanders were relatively recent arrivals in the West and, in Winnipeg, members of the largely unskilled urban working class. Moreover, they were widely rumoured among Winnipeggers to be from a “blubber-eating race” and of “Eskimo” extraction; community accounts testify to the discrimination numerous early Icelanders faced in the city. These factors initially make Icelanders unexpected colonialists, particularly since nineteenth-century ethnic immigration and colonial suppression so often appear as separate processes in Canadian historiography. Indeed, this scholarship is characterized by an enduring belief that Western Canadian colonialism was a distinctly Anglo sin. Ethnic immigrants often appear in scholarly and popular histories as sharing a history of marginalization with Indigenous people that prevented migrants from taking part in colonial displacement. Proceeding from the neglected history of Icelandic enlistment in 1885 and new developments in Icelandic historiography, this article argues that rather than negating ethnic participation in Indigenous suppression, ethnic marginality and the class tensions it created could actually fuel participation in colonial campaigns, which promised immigrants upward mobility, access to state support, and land.
A Computational Examination of the Sources of Statistical Variance in Particle Parameters During Thermal Plasma Spraying
Authors: Williamson R.L. , Fincke J.R. , Chang C.H.
Published: July 2021

Computational modeling is used to systematically examine many of the sources of statistical variance in particle parameters during thermal plasma spraying. Using the computer program LAVA, a steady-state plasma jet typical of a commercial torch at normal operating conditions, is first developed. Then, assuming a single particle composition (ZrO2) and injection location, real world complexity (e.g., turbulent dispersion, particle size and density, injection velocity and direction, etc.) is introduced "one phenomenon at a time" to distinguish and characterize its effect and enable comparisons of separate effects. A final calculation then considers all phenomena simultaneously, to enable further comparisons. Investigating each phenomenon separately provides valuable insight into particle behavior. For the typical plasma jet and injection conditions considered, particle dispersion in the injection direction is most significantly affected by (in order of decreasing importance): particle size distribution, injection velocity distribution, turbulence, and injection direction distribution or particle density distribution. Only the distribution of injection directions and turbulence affect dispersion normal to the injection direction, and are of similar magnitude in this study. With regards to particle velocity and temperature, particle size is clearly the dominant effect.
Numerical Simulation of Thermal Spray Coating Formation
Authors: Pasandideh-Fard M. , Mostaghimi J. , Chandra S.
Published: July 2021

A three-dimensional model of free-surface flows with heat transfer, including solidification, was used to model the build-up of a coating layer in a thermal spray process. The impact of several nickel particles on a stainless steel plate in different scenarios was considered. Particles diameter ranged from 40 to 80 µm and their impact velocity ranged from 40 to 80 m/s. Particles were initially super-heated; their temperature ranged from 1600 to 2000°C. Fast growth of solidification was found to be one cause of particle splashing in thermal spray coatings. Different splat morphologies obtained from the numerical model were comparable with those obtained from the experiments. Simulation of the sequential impact of two nickel particles showed side-flow jetting and particle splashing observed in experiments. The numerical model proved to be capable of simulating different impact scenarios that occur in a thermal spray; this was demonstrated by simulating nine consecutive particles during their impact on the substrate. Several characteristics of a coating layer build-up such as particle splashing and formation of small satellite droplets and rings around the splat could be seen in the numerical results. Particle splashing is one possible cause of porosity formation in thermal spray coatings.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Gas and Particle Flow in Flame Spraying
Authors: Nylén P.E. , Bandyopadhyay R.
Published: July 2021

The industrial flame spraying process has been analyzed by three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. The actual process is employed at the Volvo Aero Corporation for coating of fan and compressor housings. It involves the Metco 6P gun where the fuel, a mixture of acetylene and oxygen, flows through a ring of 16 orifices, while the coating material, a powder of nickel-covered bentonite, is sprayed through the flame with a stream of argon as a carrier gas by a central orifice. The gas flow was simulated as a multi-component chemically reacting incompressible flow. The standard, two equations, k-e turbulence model was employed for the turbulent flow field. The reaction rates appeared as source terms in the species transport equations. They were computed from the contributions of the Arrhenius rate expressions and the Magnussen and Hjertager eddy dissipation model. The particles were modeled using a Lagrangian particle spray model. In spite of the complexity of the system, the complex geometry and the numerous chemical reactions, the simulations produced fairly good agreement with experimental measurements. The powder size distribution was found to play a critical role in the amount of unmelted fraction of particles. The modeling approach seems to give a realistic description of the physical phenomena involved in flame spraying, albeit some model refinement is needed.
Structure and Properties of Thermally Sprayed Amorphous Polymer Coatings
Authors: Twardowski T.E. , Fang X.H. , Knight R.
Published: July 2021

The high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) combustion spray technique has been shown previously to be an excellent solution for depositing crystalline matrix nano-reinforced polymer coatings [1]. Dense polymer coatings can be produced by HVOF combustion spraying by controlling particle dwell time in the jet and through substrate thermal management. Use of an amorphous matrix material, polycarbonate, will enable the role of matrix crystallinity on the structure and properties of thermally sprayed polymer composite coatings to be separated from effects resulting from the reinforcing phase. An amorphous, commercial polycarbonate resin with a broad particle size distribution of irregular particle morphology has been successfully deposited. Results from optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scratch and density measurements are presented. The influence of variations in process parameters such as spray distance, nozzle length, chiller temperature, fuel: oxygen ratio, and total gas flow rate on coating microstructure are presented.
Reactive Plasma Spray for the Deposition of Ti/TiN Coatings: A Comparative Compositional Study by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
Authors: Bacci T. , Bardi U. , Borgioli F. , Galvanetto E. , Galliano F. , Lavacchi A. , Scrivani A.
Published: July 2021

This paper compares two methods for determining the composition of Ti/TiN coatings deposited by reactive plasma spraying. The coatings were obtained by spraying titanium powder in a low-pressure N2/Ar atmosphere. The resulting film has a variable nitrogen content in the form of titanium nitrides, depending on gas partial pressure, total pressure, sample-source distance, and other parameters. The composition of the film was determined using X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The two techniques provide similar results and either can be used for the compositional characterization of these coatings.
The Influence of Powder Characteristics on the Properties of Detonation Sprayed Cr3C2-25NiCr Coatings
Authors: Somaraju K.R.C. , Srinivasarao D. , Sivakumar G. , Sen D. , Rao G.V.N. , Sundararajan G.
Published: July 2021

Thermal sprayed chromium carbide (Cr3C2)-25% NiCr (Ni-20%Cr) coatings are extensively used in wear resistant applications especially under conditions wherein operating temperatures are likely to be higher than 500°C . The performance of the Cr3C2-NiCr coatings under such conditions depend on a variety of coating properties like the porosity, microstructure, extent of decarburization of Cr3C2 phase and hardness. One of the parameters which affects the above mentioned coating properties is the characteristics of the powder utilized for thermal spraying. In the present study, Cr3C2-25% NiCr powders obtained from four different sources has been utilized to form Cr3C2-NiCr coatings on steel substrates utilizing the detonation spray coating (DSC) system. The Cr3C2-NiCr powders utilized vary from each other in terms of manufacturing route employed (sintered and crushed, pre-alloyed, blended, etc.), particle size distribution, particle shape and even phases present. The influence of each of these powder characteristics on the coating microstructure, porosity, hardness, extent of carbide dissolution and ultimately on coating performance (i.e. sliding and abrasive wear resistance) has been evaluated.
Micro and Macroscopic Approaches to Residual Stress Generation Mechanism of Thermal Spray Coatings
Authors: Tobe S. , Andou Y. , Ando M. , Kuroda S. , Akita K.
Published: July 2021

Microscopic and macroscopic residual stress measurements and a finite element method (FEM) for stress analysis of thermal spray coatings have been carried out to investigate the residual stress generation mechanism. The residual stresses of one splat, laminated two splats and coatings were measured by a micro-beam x-ray stress measurement system and the macroscopic residual stresses were measured in-situ by the curvature change of the thin substrate plate during and after spraying. Two coating materials were employed in this study to deposit the coatings. One is molybdenum of which the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is smaller than that of steel substrate and the other is 80%Ni-20%Cr alloy which has higher CTE than steel. The substrate was preheated up to 550°C just before spraying. The residual stresses of the splat and a coating are fundamentally the same level. The FEM analysis on the residual stress was also useful and by the comparison of two measurement results of microscopic and macroscopic residual stresses, the generation mechanism was discussed.
Microstructure Effects on Stainless Steel Substrates from Deposition of Plasma Spray Coatings
Authors: Wright R.N. , Swank W.D.
Published: July 2021

Cold work and heat treatment influence the mechanical properties, residual stress-state, and corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels. In this study we have examined changes in the defect substructure and microstructure of Type 304 stainless steel resulting from surface preparation, and deposition of bond coats and thick ceramic coatings using plasma spray methods. The structure of the stainless steel was examined as a function of depth from the coating surface using optical and transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. Grit blasting was found to severely cold work the material to a depth of tens of microns, and the amount of cold work varied with measured abrasive particle velocity. The heat input to the surface as a result of depositing a metallic bond coat or thick ceramic coating resulted in substantial annealing of the cold work imparted into the substrate by surface preparation. There was, however, no evidence of change in grain size near the substrate-coating interface that could be attributed to recrystallization or grain growth in the substrate.
Production and Characterization of HVOF Sprayed NiCr-TiC Coatings Using SHS Powder Feedstock
Authors: Blatchford M.T. , Horlock A.J. , McCartney D.G. , Shipway P.H. , Wood J.V.
Published: July 2021

In this paper, the production of NiCr-TiC powder by SHS, suitable for HVOF spraying, is discussed together with results on the microstructure and coating properties. Compacts for SHS were prepared by mixing elemental Ti and C with pre-alloyed Ni-20wt.% Cr powder to give an overall composition of 35wt.% NiCr and 65wt.% TiC. These were then ignited and a self-sustaining reaction proceeded to completion. Reacted compacts were crushed, sieved, and classified to give feedstock powders in size ranges of 10-45 µm and 45-75 µm. All powder was characterized prior to spraying based on particle size distribution, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS). Thermal spraying was performed using both H2 and C3H6 as fuel gases in a UTP/Miller Thermal HVOF system. The resulting coatings were characterized by SEM and XRD analysis, and the microstructures correlated with powder size and spray conditions. Abrasive wear was determined by a modified 'dry sand rubber wheel' (DSRW) test and wear rates were measured. It has been found that wear rates comparable to those of HVOF sprayed WC-17wt% Co coatings can be achieved.
Properties of Nickel Superalloy Coatings As-Sprayed and with Nd-YAG Laser Remelting
Authors: Tuominen J. , Vuoristo P. , Mäntylä T. , Kylmälahti M. , Vihinen J. , Andersson P.H.
Published: July 2021

Thermal spray processes are widely used to protect materials and components against wear, corrosion and oxidation. Despite the use of the latest developments of thermal spraying, such as HVOF and plasma spraying, these coatings may in certain operation conditions show inadequate performance, e.g. due to insufficient bond strength and/or mechanical properties and corrosion resistance inferior to those of corresponding bulk materials. The main cause for a low bond strength in thermal sprayed coatings is the low process temperature, which results only in mechanical bonding. Mechanical and corrosion properties typically inferior to wrought materials are caused by the chemical and structural inhomogeneity of the thermal sprayed coating material. In order to overcome the drawbacks of sprayed structures and to markedly improve the coating properties, laser remelting of sprayed coating was studied in the present work. The coating material was nickel based superalloy Inconel 625, which contains chromium and molybdenum as the main alloying agents. The coating was prepared by high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying onto mild steel substrates. High power continuous wave Nd-YAG laser equipped with large beam optics was used to remelt the HVOF sprayed coating using different levels of power and scanning speed. The coatings as-sprayed and after laser remelting were characterized by optical and electron microscopy. Laser remelting resulted in full homogenization of the sprayed structure. This strongly influenced positively the performance of the laser remelted coatings in adhesion, wet corrosion and high temperature oxidations test. The properties of the laser remelted coatings were compared directly with the properties of as-sprayed HVOF coatings, and with PTA overlay coatings and wrought Inconel 625.
Wires for Arc and High Velocity Flame Spraying—Wire Design, Materials, and Coating Properties
Authors: Wilden J. , Wank A. , Schreiber F.
Published: July 2021

Cored wires show a high potential for production of protective coatings for combined corrosion and wear applications. Iron and nickel based grooved cored wires without and with different reinforcing carbide fillers have been sprayed by arc- and high velocity combustion wire (HVCW) spraying with a Praxair Type 216 gun. Depending on the wear mechanism coatings with a similar abrasive or oscillating wear resistance like HVOF WC/Co/Cr 86/10/4 have been produced. For effective protection against oscillating wear wires with a large diameter and therefore a high content of reinforcing carbide filler have to be applied. All nickel based coatings with chromium addition show an improved corrosion resistance compared to HVOF-sprayed WC/Co/Cr 86/10/4. For coatings from wires with NiCr 80/20 velum no effect of severe sulphurous corrosion in the DIN 50018 test is observed. HVCW-spraying is especially suitable, when only a low degree of interaction between velum and filler material is wanted as for cermet-like coatings. Conventional arc-spraying rather meets the demands of a high degree of interaction between velum and filler necessary for the production of pure metallic coatings like NiCrBSi. All manufactured coatings show good machinability.
Effect of Interface Wetting on Flattening of Freely Fallen Metal Droplet Onto Flat Substrate Surface
Authors: Fukumoto M. , Nishioka E. , Matsubara T.
Published: July 2021

A free falling experiment was conducted as a simulation of a thermal spray process. A flattening behavior of the freely fallen metal droplet impinged onto a flat substrate surface was fundamentally investigated. The substrates were kept at various designated temperatures, and the substrates coated with gold by PVD were also prepared in order to investigate the effect of a wetting at the splat/substrate interface on the flattening behavior of the droplet. A falling atmosphere was atmospheric pressure nitrogen to prevent the oxidation of the melted droplet, and the experiments under low-pressure condition were also conducted. A transition of the splat morphology was recognized in atmospheric pressure nitrogen experiments, that is, the splat morphology on a room temperature substrate was a splash type, whereas that on a high temperature substrate was a disk type. The cross-section microstructure of the splat obtained on the room temperature substrate was an isotropic coarse grain, whereas that on the high temperature substrate was a fine columnar. The grain size changed transitionally with increasing the substrate temperature. Transition temperature on the gold-coated substrate was higher than that on the substrate without coating. The cross-section microstructure of the splat obtained under low-pressure was a fine columnar even on the room temperature substrate. The results indicate that the metal droplet wets better under low-pressure condition than in atmospheric pressure nitrogen condition, and the wetting has a significant role in the flattening of the droplet.
Plasma Sprayed Ultra High Temperature Ceramics for Thermal Protection Systems
Authors: Valente T. , Bartuli C. , Visconti G. , Tului M.
Published: July 2021

Reusable space vehicles, which must withstand re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere, require external protection systems (TPS) which are usually in the forms of rigid surface in areas of high or moderate working temperature. High heat fluxes and temperatures related to high performance hypervelocity flights also require the use of TPS materials having good oxidation and thermal shock resistance, dimensional stability, and ablation resistance. Components by these materials are usually fabricated, starting from either billets or plate stocks, by uniaxial hot pressing, and complex parts, such as low radius edges, are then obtained by electrical discharge machining technique. This article investigates an alternative fabrication technology, based on plasma spraying, to produce near net shape components. Results of experimental activities, such as optimization of plasma spraying parameters based on a DOE approach, are reported and discussed.