bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When Revolution Is Not Enough: Tracing the Limits of Black Radicalism in Dionne Brand’s Chronicles of the Hostile Sun and In Another Place, Not Here
Authors: Lambert Laurie R.
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyzes Dionne Brand’s poetry collection, Chronicles of the Hostile Sun (1984), and her novel In Another Place, Not Here (1996). While Chronicles pinpoints the misrepresentation of the Grenada Revolution in anti-revolutionary narratives emanating from American imperialism, In Another Place highlights how structures of healing and alternative epistemologies of black radicalism are developed between queer women who are on the margins of both the postcolonial Caribbean nation and the revolution intended to subvert American imperialist forces. Brand’s writing interrogates the black radical tradition in search of a radical feminist politics that can account for gender and sexuality alongside race and class.
Neither Greek nor Indian: Space, Nation, and History in River of Fire and The Mermaid Madonna
Authors: Abbas Sadia
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents a meditation on the idea of Europe, postcolonial nationalism, the ethnic cleansing, Phil and Neo-Hellenism, the Indian Partition, and the Greek-Turkish population transfer, through a reading of the use of ekphrasis (the verbal description of an aesthetic object) in Quratulain Hyder's Ag ka Darya and River of Fire and Stratis Myrivilis's The Mermaid Madonna. It argues for the necessity of recognizing the mutual constitution and "porosity" of Europe and Asia and, more generally, North Africa.
For a Marxist Theory of Waste: Seven Remarks
Authors: Gidwani Vinay
Published: January 2019

The concept of “waste”, operating in multiple registers, forms the basis for a series of forays into Marx and political economy. The chapter traverses a wide terrain: from over-accumulation of capital that portends economic crisis, to planned obsolescence as a response to under-consumption, to the proliferation of commodity detritus that threatens the ability of contemporary cities to function, to the artful and arduous toils of waste workers who salvage value from discards, to the wanton expenditure of human potential in precarious forms of employment that involve removal or repurposing of waste matter, to the global multiplication of superfluous populations who can be enrolled in populist mobilizations. Ultimately, the chapter wagers that “waste” can be the heterogeneous site for a generative quarrel between Marxist political economy and postcolonial critique.
Buenos Aires’s La Salada Market and Plebeian Citizenship
Authors: Forment Carlos A.
Published: January 2019

This study of La Salada, renamed by Cuartel’s residents as the “poor people’s shopping mall,” was founded in the early 1990’s at the height of neoliberalism by several dozen undocumented Bolivian immigrants and Argentine street hawkers in a pauperized, stigmatized and disenfranchised district near the city of Buenos Aires. By the early 2000’s, La Salada occupied a central place in public life in Cuartel and beyond; the European Union described it as “emblematic of counterfeit markets,” among the ten worst of its kind. In studying this market and the network of satellite ‘Saladitas’ that have proliferated in hundreds of neighborhoods across the country, my aim is to analyze the way the structural poor and recently impoverished middle class transformed themselves into citizens and have contributed to the emergence of a new form of life: plebeian democracy. In dialogue with Partha Chatterjee's work on 'governmentalized populations' in the global south, my discussion highlights some of the particular and distinctive features of plebeianism in contemporary Buenos Aires and its implications for the future of democratic life across the global south.
Introduction
Authors: Straub Stephanie M.
Published: January 2019

The introduction locates Derrida's philosophical project within wider developments in philosophy, death penalty abolition, and prison abolition, making a case for the unique value of his work in the current political climate. Because Derrida is deconstructing the logic of the death penalty, rather than the death penalty itself, his seminars will prove useful to scholars and activists opposing all forms of state sanctioned killing. The introduction also provides an overview of the volume as a whole, outlining the particular emphases of the four sections ("Reading Derrida's Death Penalty Seminars," "Derrida and his Interlocutors," "Extending Derrida's Analysis," "Derrida and Capital Punishment in the United States") and introducing each individual essay.
Calculus
Authors: Saghafi Kas
Published: January 2019

In the second volume of The Death Penalty Seminars Derrida establishes a relation between capital punishment and reason itself, declaring that the question of the death penalty is also the question of reason. Delving into the etymological history of reason, from logos to ratio and Grund, Derrida assesses reason as a kind of calculation. This chapter examines the relationship between law and calculation, drawing on Heigdegger’s equation of calculating function of reason with the justificatory function of law. Ultimately, this chapter argues that death penalty always miscalculates to the extent that it represents the law’s attempt to account for the incalculable, or for that which exceeds calculation.
A Proper Death
Authors: Anderson Nicole
Published: January 2019

In The Death Penalty I, Derrida elucidates Kant’s support of the death penalty as that which “marks the access to what is proper to man and to the dignity of reason or of human logos and nomos.” “Man” is distinguished from animals/the beast, precisely because “man … is a subject of the law who raises himself above natural life.” This law is based on rationality, reason, ethics, right to life, and thus to forgiveness and the right to burial. In modern times the animal is not subject to the same law, and therefore the death penalty not only marks what is “proper to man,” but also frames human and animal life in particular ways. This essay examines the medieval practice of animal trials in order to push back against anthropocentric conceptions of the death penalty and to explore its implications for both human and animal lives.
The Heart of the Other?
Authors: Tyson Sarah
Published: January 2019

In the United States, life without parole (LWOP) has become the leading alternative to the death penalty. However, we have compelling reason to be suspicious what passes for the abolition of the death penalty. If, with the death penalty, we have the calculation of the precise moment a life will end, with LWOP we have a different sort of calculation: however long the life of the accused, that will be length of punishment appropriate to this crime. The only possible life after a sentence of LWOP would be the afterlife of civil and social death. This chapter moves between Derrida’s seminar on the death penalty, his interview “Death Penalties,” and the written reflections of people serving LWOP sentences, particularly Spoon Jackson, and people condemned to die to interrogate the leading “alternative” to the death penalty and to continue the work of thinking deconstructive abolitionism.
Gregory of Nazianzus: Animality and Ascent
Authors: Meyer Eric Daryl
Published: January 2019

Chapter 1 examines the theological anthropology embedded in two of Gregory of Nazianzus’ renowned sermons—Oration 28 and Oration 39. Oration 39 takes up the language of the prologue to John’s gospel, but subtly shifts the vocabulary so that the “life” common to all creatures is replaced by a “knowledge” that belongs to humanity alone. Oration 28 narrates two different contemplative ascents to God; one in which animality must be sacrificed and one in which animality is humanity’s point of connection to the divine. Both orations demonstrate that human animality is fundamentally unstable in Gregory’s theological anthropology—both the scapegoat for human separation from God and, although it goes unacknowledged, the model for contemplative union with God.
Animality and Identity: Human Nature and the Image of God
Authors: Meyer Eric Daryl
Published: January 2019

This chapter works to refigure humanity’s place in creation, shifting from accounts centered in the imago dei that inculcate a sovereign anthropological exceptionalism and toward an account in which human beings find themselves personally and spiritually constituted by relations with nonhuman creatures. To that end, the chapter balances conventional emphasis on Genesis 1 with a reading of Nebuchadnezzar’s character arc in the book of Daniel, which configures sovereignty and human uniqueness in a very different way. Moving to the New Testament Gospels, the chapter suggests that one’s identity in the Realm of God is always determined from the perspective of the oppressed. Following this insight through, the chapter imagines who human beings might be in the eyes of various nonhuman neighbors, from pets to animals confined in factory farms.
Animality in Sin and Redemption
Authors: Meyer Eric Daryl
Published: January 2019

Chapter 5 works constructively on the narrative of sin and redemption at the heart of the Christian account of human life. It reverses the conventional paradigm in which humanity falls into sin through proximity to beastly impulses and, through redemption, is raised again above the state of other animals. Drawing on Althusser and Butler to establish an account of “humanity” as an ideological apparatus, the chapter argues that the idea of anthropological exceptionalism itself is at the heart of human sinfulness, a false pretension to transcendence that negates the relations in which God has set human beings. The chapter argues that the incarnation of God as a human being, while it accomplishes redemption, does not endorse an exceptional status for humanity in creation, but reattaches human beings, through their own animality, to creation as a whole.
Animality in Eschatological Transformation
Authors: Meyer Eric Daryl
Published: January 2019

Chapter 6 takes up the end of the human story with God, the eschatological transformation of the human being through the resurrection of the body end entry into perfect communion with God. Conventionally, theologians have imagined resurrected of human body as being whole and intact, but with several basic vital functions negated—namely digestion and sexual expression. Arguing that such a maneuver safeguards the materiality of the human body precisely by negating its animality, this chapter seeks to construct a vision of transformed human life with God in which digestion and sexual expression are at the center of human communion with God and fellow creatures. The chapter’s efforts are aided by the wealth of the tradition itself: biblical and liturgical imagery such as the wedding feast of the Lamb, eucharistic theology, and Christian nuptial mysticism.
Conclusion
Authors: Meyer Eric Daryl
Published: January 2019

The conclusion makes a case for the foregoing chapters’ theological work on human animality as a novel approach to ecological theology. The human relationship to the animality internal to human life shapes human relationships to nonhuman animals and the natural world in a determinative way. Where humanity is defined over against animality and performed in each human life through efforts to transcend one’s own animality—as the bulk of the Christian tradition would have it—then humanity is ill equipped to life in ecological relationships of mutuality and responsibility with fellow creatures. A theology whose account of human life is centered on human animality is one necessary piece of an adequate response to ecological degradation.
The Last Name of the Good
Authors: Coccia Emanuele , Gemma Marissa
Published: January 2019

They are everywhere, but we are only dimly aware of them. We open our eyes and before us unfurls an endless expanse of commodities. They fill our rooms and our homes. They cover our bodies, outlining silhouettes and identities for each of us. They are what we eat. They are often what we desire. They are what we live among. We move only thanks to them and we live inside of them; often we communicate through them....
Cities
Authors: Coccia Emanuele , Gemma Marissa
Published: January 2019

This chapter reflects on the relationship between advertising and commodities, arguing that advertising is the most diffuse vernacular form of the symbolism that defines the state of existence of everything in a city, the main dialect spoken by stones in the contemporary world. It describes the city as a state of mind that dwells in stone, which in turn is the privileged organ of every society's collective symbolism. Politics is the mechanism that allows stones and things to sing, and thus may be considered the supreme form of architecture. The chapter explains how advertising presents commodities as moral forces by enabling cities to recuperate the premodern iconographic tradition—in which painting, sculpture, design, and music were combined with architecture. Advertising, it suggests, is the continuation and specialization of the natural public symbolism of which the walls have always been the collective organs.
The Banality of the Good
Authors: Coccia Emanuele , Gemma Marissa
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that commodities are the extreme form of the good—a banal assertion that becomes evident once we begin to take seriously the shape of the world we live in. If good is defined as the form and perfection of an object, this means creating and opening up a space in it for the articulation of a dialectic—a space in which interiority and transcendence are expressly defined. The chapter explains how the “good” that commodities bring into existence intersects with advertising as a formulation of morality. It describes advertising as a form of discourse about happiness and the perfection of human life that is allowed in—and spread throughout—cities, as well as a kind of indigenous anthropology of contemporary cities. It also considers how advertising transforms commodities into the supreme good and labels anything we can experience as “commodity”.
Totem
Authors: Coccia Emanuele , Gemma Marissa
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that the things we call commodities are like the totems of ancient times—a system of classification via intermediary objects—and that a society, in producing and exchanging things, simply reproduces itself symbolically. It begins with the observation that there exists an uninhibited and forbidden love for things—something that Charles de Brosses has called fetishism. It then considers the symptoms of this secular discomfort with things and the forms it takes by focusing on what Augustine has identified as two possible relationships to the objects that surround us: loving enjoyment and instrumental use. It also explains how this unease relates to commodities and how thinking about commodities amounts to thinking about the good in/of things—and, vice versa. Finally, it describes three spheres in which we experience our love for things, and in which free will and necessity are inextricably intertwined: art, manufacturing, and commerce.
The World of Things
Authors: Coccia Emanuele , Gemma Marissa
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how things come into the world and how the morality conveyed by advertising delineates how the things of the world make themselves into objectified happiness. Anthropology defines commodities as a function of the possibility of becoming an exchange object. From this point of view, anything can become a “commodity,” one that continues to exert its power (and to have social value) after it has passed through an exchange. The good may be conceived as perfectly commensurate with the things of this world, a supposition that links morality with cosmology. This chapter also asserts that advertising is distinct from economics, deeper than the very facts of economic life; its focus is on things and their capacity to morally transform human life. Finally, it discusses the role that things play in the establishment of shared political and moral space.
The Limits of Theory in Trauma and Transcendence
Authors: Boynton Eric , Capretto Peter
Published: January 2019

This introduction describes the challenge of how to think trauma in light of the field's burgeoning interdisciplinarity, and often its theoretical splintering. The introduction offers an overview of scholarship on trauma that has always been challenged by the temporal, affective, and corporeal dimensions of trauma itself, yet it has recently been rendered all the more complex by theoretical and methodological issues that have emerged for these disciplines in their attempts to think trauma. From distinctive disciplinary vectors, the introduction introduces the work of philosophers, social theorists, philosophical psychologists and theologians that considers the limits and prospects of theory when thinking trauma and transcendence, particularly as it relates to Continental Philosophy of Religion.
Phenomenological-Contextualism All the Way Down: An Existential and Ethical Perspective on Emotional Trauma
Authors: Stolorow Robert D.
Published: January 2019

After giving a brief overview of the phenomenological-contextualist psychoanalytic perspective, this chapter traces the evolution of my conception of emotional trauma over the course of three decades, as it developed in concert with my efforts to grasp my own traumatized states and my studies of existential philosophy. It illuminates two of trauma’s essential features: its context-embeddedness and its existential significance. I also describe the impact of trauma on the phenomenology of time and the sense of alienation from others that accompanies traumatic temporality. While discussing the implications of all these formulations for the development of an ethics of finitude, it contends that the proper therapeutic comportment toward trauma is a form of emotional dwelling. The chapter concludes by analyzing the metaphysics of trauma in terms of a “phenomenological-contextualism all the way down,” which embraces the unbearable vulnerability and context-dependence of human existence.
Evil, Trauma, and the Building of Absences
Authors: Boynton Eric
Published: January 2019

A phenomenon with a lingering enigmatic quality, evil has, it seems, been “re-discovered” as a highly suggestive phenomenon today. Evil’s resurgence might be particularly relevant, highlighting lacunae in predominant tendencies of modern thought, specifically in recent attempts to commemorate historical trauma proliferating our genocidal age. This chapter examines the challenge of commemorating historical trauma and atrocity by considering the counter-monuments proposed and completed by the German installation artist, Horst Hoheisel. This study links Emmanuel Levinas’ work with Hoheisel’s constructions and trauma theory’s characterization of trauma as non-assimilable with recent philosophical considerations of evil and suffering in our genocidal age. In this light, Hoheisel’s attempt to bring to presence that which is essentially absent opens up an alternative approach to evil and trauma issuing from the perspective of absence and loss, thereby granting the failure of therapeutic techniques an ethical significance.
The Artful Politics of Trauma: Rancière’s Critique of Lyotard
Authors: Chanter Tina
Published: January 2019

Just as Rancière challenges the absolute difference between politics and art, he resists the absolutization of the other that he sees as characteristic of the ethical turn in contemporary aesthetics. The tendency of Lyotard, however, remains turning alterity into the unrepresentable, the unassimilable, and the unthinkable. Its consequences are precisely what Rancière forebodes with the appropriation of the sublime: For all its talk of art witnessing that which is unrepresentable—and the holocaust as the unrepresentable per se—the ethical turn only manages to rejoin a discourse of purism. If everyone is traumatised, what specific meaning remains for trauma? This chapter explores the context of Rancière’s critique of Lyotard, particularly regarding the attenuation of any sense to trauma that accumulates a privileged status for its singular event; it subsequently interrogates the generalization of trauma to such an extent that one evacuates it of any significance.
Black Embodied Wounds and the Traumatic Impact of the White Imaginary
Authors: Yancy George
Published: January 2019

This chapter theorizes racialization as an interstitial process. In the context of white supremacy, white privilege, and white power, whiteness functions as the transcendental norm that obfuscates its own racialization and normative constitution vis-à-vis Blackness, thereby marking the Black body within the socio-political matrix as “dangerous,” “evil,” “suspicious,” and “disposable.” It analyzes racialization as a site of trauma, a wounding, and a felt terror of both symbolic and existential annihilation. The experience of trauma thus is the result of a violation and violence that attempts to reduce Black people to a state of pure facticity, the very absence of transcendence, where Black alterity is reduced to the white racist imago. This paper contextualizes the historical backdrop of anti-Black racism through the examples of Trayvon Martin, Eric Garner, Tamir Rice, and the author’s personal experience with racial hate speech. This demonstrates how the Black body has undergone a long and enduring history of racialized somatic trauma.
The Psychic Economy and Fetishization of Traumatic Lived Experience
Authors: Capretto Peter
Published: January 2019

Trauma theorists have thoroughly named the impossibility of adequately witnessing to the traumatic experience of others. Yet the demand of trauma researchers to study and advocate on behalf of survivors leaves them in a double bind, wherein lowering the ethical standards of their social relation appears not only tempting, but necessary. Through examinations of Freud’s psychoanalytic understanding of the psychic economy of trauma and Heidegger’s phenomenological critique of the concept of lived experience, this chapter argues that trauma theorists in philosophy and religion must be attentive to the fetishization of the traumatic lived experience of others, specifically as a libidinal symptom of our inevitable failure to satisfy the impossible demands of witnessing. This more quotidian attention to our psychic motivation supplements the transcendent task of conceptually understanding the psychic exteriority of others in trauma, thereby elevating the ethical standards the continental philosophy of religion sets for social research into trauma.
Theopoetics of Trauma
Authors: Rambo Shelly
Published: January 2019

In “Theology and the Poetics of Testimony,” Rebecca Chopp forecasts the future of theology, suggesting that the rise of the new genre of testimony in contemporary culture requires significant shifts in modern theology--both in content and in form (Converging on Culture). First delivered as a lecture in 1997, this essay is both a forerunner in the area of trauma theology and in theopoetics. She predicts that trauma will become the context out of which theology is done, poetics will be its new form, and transcendence will be rewritten in the process. While many theologians recognize their work as situated within a “post-traumatic” context, poetics remains a more elusive challenge. This essay examines the connection between poetics and transcendence, in light of new trajectories of trauma studies and growing literatures in theopoetics.
Humanisms, Posthumanisms, and Their Discontents
Authors: Narkunas J. Paul
Published: January 2019

The introduction outlines how we are living in an automated posthuman future with smart machines that blur boundary between human and non-human. The chapter also summarizes the general problems with humanism and posthumanism for instrumentalizing the human, and documents how both work too closely with neoliberalism and financial capital. How neoliberalism functions like culture and has created a world of economic ontology are also addressed. The author then traces problems with notions of agency based on subjectivity including the posthuman and object-oriented ontology, and proposes a different strategy for thinking agency along Gilbert Simondon’s notion of transindividuation that he calls ahuman. The ahuman is then defined as a stable figuration that embodies dynamic processes and forces that actually frame reality. The chapter ends with a discussion of the aesthetic as new figurations of existence that can be mobilized for alternative political purposes, as well as a brief outline of the chapters.
Utilitarian Humanism
Authors: Narkunas J. Paul
Published: January 2019

Through a critical analysis of UNESCO’s instrumentalization of culture, this chapter describes how culture, often defined as a third way between states and markets, functions as a utilitarian cash-nexus for policing the limit on useful and non-useful cultures. The author calls this utilitarian humanism, with utility measuring what forms of life are recognized as human. With an extended engagement of utilitarianism, the chapter outlines how oppositional cultural critics and realpolitik figures like Samuel Huntington share the same notions of culture as ontologically given that instrumentalizes life and generates a hierarchy of life based on utilitarian categories. This chapter ends by delineating a type of immanent ahuman agency through Giambattista Vico, Deleuze and the stoics notions of “haeccity,” or “thisness” as an antidote to cultural normativity.
Speculative Fictions and Other Cartographies of Life
Authors: Narkunas J. Paul
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that speculative fictions are a mechanism for struggling with speculative capital. Speculative fictions envision unrealized future scenarios, and share a similar strategy to speculative capital, the very forces whose fictions have become our realities. Through a reading of Gary Shteyngart’s contemporary dystopian novel, Super Sad True Love Story, and Deleuze and Guattari on writing and language, the chapter diagnoses how literature could still serve a critical function in light of the digital reorganization of life. Shteyngart models a data-centered world, whereby humans are products of their data for monetization, and interaction between beings has become mediated by a transactional reality. In the process, Shteyngart’s critique not only unravels the distinction between appearance and reality by demonstrating how language is a form of matter, but also his writing allows for concepts to become existence. This is one of speculative fictions major contributions for thinking ahumanly.
Profitability and Water Productivity of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes in Northern Ghana
Authors: Bruce Belinda Prekoh , Alhassan Abdul-Rauf Malimanga , Dou Xuecheng , Gong Daxin
Published: January 2019

The Savelugu-Nanton District of Northern Ghana is a beneficiary of irrigation projects mostly on small scale basis schemes. Poor data situation due to inadequate appraisal of these schemes results in difficulty to track their progress and impacts, which threatens their sustainability. This study was conducted to assess the profitability and productivity of the Libga and Bunglung small scale irrigation schemes in the District between 2013 and 2015. Sixty households were selected using random sampling techniques. Production data, costs, yield and soil data were gathered using structured questionnaires and field measurements. Data on traditional rainfed systems were gathered from secondary information. The results indicated that yields of rice were greater in Bunglung than in Libga scheme but both schemes had greater yields than rainfed systems, resulting in greater profits under irrigation. However, yields of pepper were greater in Libga than in Bunglung. Crop water productivity (CWP) in terms of harvested weight of rice was 0.50 and 0.58 kilogram per cubic meter in Libga and Bunglung respectively while CWPs in terms of gross value of harvested rice were 0.38 and 0.41 Ghana cedis per cubic meter respectively. For pepper, the CWPs were 0.74 and 0.64 kilogram per cubic meter in terms of crop weight in Libga and Bunglung respectively while CWPs in terms of gross value were 1.23 and 1.07 Ghana cedis per cubic meter respectively. Irrigation improved farmers’ incomes, however, pepper production was more profitable than rice production at both schemes. More investments by farmers are important to achieving maximum yields.
Ethylene Production and Physiological Parameters in Common Bean Plants Under Water Deficit
Authors: Sartori F. F. , Ferreira A. C. , Hertz C. E. N. , Okamura E. T. , Felisberto G. , Pessotto M. V. , Soave J. M. , Barros L. P. , Almeida A. A. P. , Souza K. M. , Tezotto T. , Brendler F. O. , Reichardt K. , Dourado-Neto D.
Published: January 2019

Common bean is a plant species cultivated around the globe. The objective of this study was to demonstrate how the physiological parameters associated with transpiration, photosynthesis and ethylene production vary in common bean plants under different periods without irrigation. Three experiments were carried out to assess leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, transpiration, carbon assimilation, and ethylene production as a function of different irrigation intervals. A fourth experiment with exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) in plants with daily irrigation was also carried out. In all experiments there was a reduction in stomatal conductance at the very early period without irrigation, which consequently influenced transpiration and carbon assimilation. It was also verified that the exogenous application of ABA caused a reduction on ethylene production in common bean plants. The relationship between increased ABA production and the reduction of ethylene production is discussed.
Postharvest Management Practices of Grains in the Eastern Region of Kenya
Authors: Njoroge Anastasia W. , Baoua Ibrahim , Baributsa Dieudonne
Published: January 2019

Cereals and legumes play a major role in the production systems and diets of farmers in the semi-arid eastern region of Kenya. Efficient postharvest management can tremendously contribute to food security in these regions. A study was carried out in three counties in eastern Kenya to assess pre and postharvest management practices among farmers. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires designed and administered using Kobo Toolbox via android tablets. Results showed that farmers cultivated three main crops: maize (98%), beans 66%), and pigeon peas (28%). The most saved seed crops were beans (80%) and pigeon peas (50%). Majority of the farmers (80%) experienced pre-drying losses due to insects (48%), rodents (40%) and birds (39%). Farmers stored grain for consumption (80%) and for sale (19%). About 48% of farmers stored the grain for more than 9 months. Challenges during grain storage were insects (57%) and rodents (43%). Primary methods of grain preservation included hermetic methods (61%) followed by insecticides (33%). While progress is being made in addressing storage challenges, there still a need to continue building awareness about improved storage technologies and find solutions for pest infestations in the field and drying after harvest.
Biomass Accumulation and Growth of Common Bean Plants Under Water and Salt Stresses
Authors: Vieira Gustavo da S. , Cabral Filho Fernando R. , Cunha Fernando N. , Rodrigues Carlos R. , Teixeira Marconi B. , Rodrigues Tatiana M. , Viana Samara S. , Veneziano Vitor M. , Júnior Renato G. Guimarães , Soares Frederico A. L. , Costa Cicero T. S. , Martins Vitória R. de C.
Published: January 2019

When it is said about quality and quantity of water supplied through irrigation, for common bean cultivation, it is considered sensitive to water and saline stress. The objective of this work was to evaluate the biomass accumulation and growth of common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) subjected to irrigation with different water depths, using water with different electrical conductivities. The experiment was carried out in pots under a protected environment located in an experimental area of the Federal Institute of Goiás, Rio Verde Campus, in the city of Rio Verde, Goiás. The design was a randomized complete block design in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme with three replications. 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the evapotranspiration of the crop, and two types of electrical conductivity of irrigation water equal to 0.6 and 3.0 dS m-1. All variables were analyzed using the SISVAR® software, whose mean values for the electrical conductivity treatments were compared by Tukey test at 0.05% probability and water replacement by regression analysis, when significant. The use of irrigation water with electrical conductivity of 3 dS m-1 reduces plant height, number of green leaves and stem diameter at 35 days after sowing, thus reducing dry biomass accumulation and aerial part water accumulation at 20 and 70 days after sowing. The deleterious effects under the dry mass of the aerial part at 70 days after sowing, when using an electrical conductivity of 3 dS m-1, are accentuated by the increase of the water dephts.
Effect of Trichoderma spp. on the Propagation of Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek
Authors: Peccatti Aline , Rovedder Ana Paula Moreira , Steffen Gerusa Pauli Kist , Maldaner Joseila , Missio Evandro Luiz , Witt Cleber Saldanha , Morais Rosana Matos de , Camargo Betina , Neuenschwander Frederico , Silva Júnior José Corrêa da , Capitani Luana Camila , Dalcul Luna Parode
Published: January 2019

The interest in using biotechnology tools that contribute to reducing the need for chemical inputs in agroforestry production has increased in recent years, aiming at higher quality for the environment and for society. This interest is also applied to medicine species consumed in natura. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma spp. on germination and initial growth of Maytenus ilicifolia seedlings. Laboratory and greenhouse tests were carried out using Trichoderma spp. isolates obtained from three different strains identified as Trichoderma asperelloides (T1 & T2 strains) and Trichoderma virens (T10 strain). In laboratory, M. ilicifolia seeds without aryl were inoculated in solutions containing fungal spores and distributed in substrate paper in four replicates of 25 seeds/treatment. The first germination count, accumulated germination, percentages of accumulated dead seeds and firm seeds were evaluated at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of incubation. The same isolates were used to evaluate the effect on the initial growth of seedling in a greenhouse through a completely randomized design with 40 replicates, considering a seedling as each replicate. Trichoderma spp. isolates were inoculated on the substrate used as the basis for seeding. Seeds of M. ilicifolia were used from the same batch of the laboratory test, but without removing the aryl. The variables of total height, diameter at root collar and number of leaves were evaluated at 90, 120, 150 and 180 days after seeding. A positive effect of Trichoderma inoculation on seed germination and vigor was observed in the laboratory, with emphasis on the T2 isolate. Growth promoting effects on the M. ilicifolia seedlings were not observed in greenhouse. We suggest to better investigate the interaction between the tested Trichoderma isolates and M. ilicifolia seeds in the presence of aryl.
Hematological, Serum Biochemistry Profile and Nutrient Retention of Finisher Broilers Fed Diet in Which Bio-fermented Rice Husk Meal Substituted Brewer’s Dried Grain
Authors: Ikpe J. N. , Oko E. C. , Vining-Ogu I. C.
Published: January 2019

Heaps of rice husk waste is currently increasing around rice mills in Nigeria. Production cost for broilers has risen tremendously due to high cost of feed ingredients, one of which is Brewer’s Dried Grain (BDG). Rice husk has been identified as a potential feed stuff and can replace BDG in broiler production. The research determined the effect of substituting BDG with bio-fermented rice husk meal on the blood profiles and nutrient retention of the broilers. Four treatment diets were formulated. T1 (control) contained 15% BDG while in T2, T3 and T4 bio-fermented rice husk meal replaced BDG at 33.33%, 66.67% and 100% to be 5%, 10% and 15% respectively. The diets were assigned to 120 broilers of 28 days old in a complete randomized design of 10 broilers replicated 3 times. The broilers were reared for 28 days after which blood samples were collected. Nutrient retention of the diets was also analyzed. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the WBC, MCH, MCHC and serum cholesterol level of broilers on the test ingredient. Nutrient retention showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in ash while the control and T2 were similar (P > 0.05) in crude protein. The research discovered that though there were significant results in most the hematological and biochemical parameters, but the trend of the results was not suggestive that the difference was due to diet. It was concluded that bio-fermented rice husk meal may not have a negative effect on the blood profile of finisher broilers.
Mechanical Damages and Chemical Treatments in the Quality of Maize Seeds Stored
Authors: Ribeiro Bárbara Gomes , Pires Raquel Maria de Oliveira , Fantazzini Tatiana Botelho , Santos Hesoisa Oliveira dos , Andrade Dayliane Bernardes de , Guimarães Renato Mendes
Published: January 2019

The current system of seeds production is highly mechanized and these operations can contribute to losses in quality due the incidence of mechanical damages. The objective in this work was to study the effect of the chemical treatment and the storage on quality of maize seeds with mechanical damages. The seeds used were individually analyzed through X-ray test for the obtainment of three lots; 1-seeds without separation, 2-seeds without mechanical damages and 3-seeds with mechanical damages. The lots were evaluated according the physiological quality, sanity and enzymatic analyzes before and after the chemical treatment with the insecticide Maxim Advanced® and the fungicide Cruiser® and also after 90 days of storage. The chemical treatment of maize seeds is efficient in the control of pathogens, like Fusarium sp. The performance of seeds with internal and external damages can be maintained for 90 days when treated with fungicides and insecticides and stored in environment conditions. The isoenzymatic patterns of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), confirmed the higher deterioration of non-treated seeds during the storage. The mechanical damages found in seeds contribute to the reduction of viability and vigor of maize seeds.
Growth and Production of Millet Irrigated With Dilutions of Treated Gray Water
Authors: Sotero Allana Rayra Holanda , Batista Rafael Oliveira , Oliveira Mychelle Karla Teixeira de , Oliveira Francisco de Assis de , Filho Ricardo André Rodrigues , Mendes Hérick Claudino , Lavôr Wellyda Keorle Barros de , Silva Audilene Dantas da
Published: January 2019

The present work aimed to analyze the effects of the application of dilutions of treated gray water (TGW) in well water (WW) on growth and production of millet cv. Ceará (Pennisetum glaucum). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, on the department of agronomic and forestry sciences, at the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid (UFERSA), Mossoró, RN, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments and six replications, totaling thirty plots. The experiment was carried out in vases with volume of 25L containing four plants per vase. The treatments consisted in five dilutions of TGW in WW: T1—100% WW plus 0% TGW; T2—75% WW plus 25% TGW; T3—50% WW plus 50% TGW; T4—25% WW plus 75% TGW and T5—0% WW plus 100% TGW. During the experiment it was analyzed the attributes of plant height, number of tillers, number of leaves, stem diameter and total fresh and dry matters. With the results, it was observed that the exclusive irrigation with TGW (T5) promoted better millet development. As the concentrations of TGW increased in dilutions, also increased plant height, number of leaves and tillers. The rise in the number of leaves is associated to the rise in height and tillers, and those are associated to the rise in stem diameter and fresh matter, resulting in better accumulations of dry matter and showing the viability of gray water use to improve forage production and increasing potable water availability to multiple uses.
The Protections Afforded by Geographical Indicators and Their Characteristics: The Case of the Gis in Brazilian Agribusiness
Authors: Malacarne Alan , Silva Liaria Nunes da , Vieira Camila Souza , Macedo Ricardo Fontes , Malacarne Andreia , Monte Washington Sales do , De-Bortoli Robelius
Published: January 2019

Geographical Indication (GI) is a way of differentiating a product in the market by highlighting its added value and guaranteed origin. The objective in this paper was to analyze the Brazilian agribusiness GIs in order to identify the extent of the protection in this form of certification. A bibliographic survey was carried out in the public domain as well as a documentary search in the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) database. The database of the registries of GIs, comparing the characteristics of the GIs as: Associations and Cooperatives, in natura and modified, direct and manufactured production, animal and vegetable product, and product or service. The data of GIs was collected and grouped. Soon after, a search was conducted on the official sites of the cooperatives and associations in order to gather information about the production and other details. Direct production is very labor intensive and can not be produced in large quantities. The associations and cooperatives that have the IG seal adopt a manufactured production and hope thus have a greater financial return. All of the Brazilian agribusiness GIs are designated for products. This study serves as a basis for future research on GIs that wish to know the characteristics of Brazilian GIs in order to interact on the subject.
Estimating Impacts of Land Use Change on Evapotranspiration for Three Agricultural Crops in Malta—A Preliminary Assessment
Authors: Fenech Sara , Knox Jerry , Borg Malcolm , Camilleri Christian , Rizzo Alex
Published: January 2019

Estimating evapotranspiration is crucial for better management of catchment water resources. In this study, the FAO CropWat model was used to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ETo), crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and total gross water requirements for three economically important agricultural crops grown in Malta: potatoes, wheat, and vineyards for three years representative of a typically wet (2003), average (2009), and dry (2013) year. In addition, changes in ETc due to changes in land use were estimated for 2009 and 2013 relative to a 2003 baseline. Across all three years and crops, the average ETo rates were estimated to range between 3.7 mm day -1 (2003) and 4.0 mm day-1 (2013) while average ETc rates were estimated to range between 1.6 mm day-1 and 5.3 mm day-1, respectively. For all three years, the highest total gross water requirement was estimated for wheat, reaching a maximum of 1450 mm in 2013. The results suggest that changes in land use between 2003 and 2013 were the main driver for changes in crop water demand. Differences in water demand compared to 2003 were estimated to range between -38% and 60%. This could have a substantial impact on the future sustainability of Malta’s increasingly constrained water resources.
Risk Premium for Loss of Employment within Region
Authors: Ostoj Jan
Published: January 2019

On the basis of the income-based valuation method of intellectual capital of the region in the previous papers, the author discovers a need for a valuation of the risk premium which should be included in the rate that discounts income from work. Undoubtedly, both the loss of employment and the amount of income from work contribute to the intuitive calculation in the economic migration. The income-based valuation of the right to a certain sequence of income at a certain risk level properly integrates these factors as one value, providing a clear criterion of selection. Due to the fact that the labour market does not generate the values that allow the adaptation of the CAPM model, there was offered the original method of the risk premium valuation which provides the results analogous to those based on the CAPM model, and it was applied for the particular provinces in Poland. As a result, there was revealed the equity premium puzzle of the Polish labour market. Because of the significant amount of estimates, the obtained results are the first step towards the problem.
Building a Nation
Authors: Howard Adam M.
Published: January 2019

During the late 1920s and early 1930s, some Bundists began to identify as non-Zionists. Although they viewed Zionism as a nationalist distraction from their socialist values, they believed assisting a fellow labor movement in Histadrut a worthy cause. Additionally, they saw Palestine as a practical option for persecuted Jews to emigrate. With immigration restriction quotas passed by congress in 1921 and 1924 that several restricted Eastern and Southern Europeans from immigrating to the United States, these non-Zionists in the labor movement viewed Palestine as a reasonable alternative for persecuted Jews to go and begin new lives with a strong labor movement to help absorb them into the growing Jewish society there. To help Histadrut absorb these new immigrants, Jewish trade-union leaders expanded beyond the fundraising of the Gewerkschaften Campaign to specifically raise money for colonization. They raised money for the purchase of land in two places where housing was built for these new settlers, naming one the Leon Blum colony and the other the Louis Brandeis colony. This demonstrated the power of these non-government organizations (NGOs) operating transnationally to develop the infrastructure of burgeoning nation. However, in 1939, the British government’s McDonald White Paper would drastically reduce Jewish immigration to Palestine for the next five years and then eliminate it altogether after 1944.
Beginnings, Known and Unknown
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

American football grew most directly from a November 1875 rugby-based game between Harvard and Yale. A central organization for rugby (the Rugby Football Union) had been established in London four years earlier, in 1871, and had promulgated rules. Having learned rugby from Canada’s McGill College, Harvard in 1875 would play only a rugby-based game, and after some compromising Yale agreed to play. By the end of the game, Yale and its supporters had been converted from their previous preference for soccer to a preference for rugby.
Making It Their Own
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

Soon after beginning rugby, American college players spontaneously begin to modify it, purposefully kicking the ball backward to a waiting backfield player. Thereby, they allow planning rather than happenstance and runs around a scrum instead of trying to force the ball through in English rugby style. The American players also tend to spread out across the field and rely on lateral passing of the ball to avoid tackles, again to skirt the scrum rather than force the ball forward. Camp is chosen captain of the Yale football team in his junior year.
The Main Invention
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

At an emergency April 1882 rule-making convention, Camp introduces a “downs-and-distance” rule under which ball possession is made contingent: the team on offense must advance the ball five yards in three downs to maintain possession. Other rule makers strongly protest—how can the referee carry out such a rule? However, Harvard’s William Manning, president of the Intercollegiate Football Association, eventually comes to Camp’s aid, and the “five-yard rule” is tentatively passed on a trial basis. The rule is quickly seen to be effective during play and without question will remain in use. In the medical school exams at the end of his second year, Camp fails five of ten exams. Working with Yale’s 1883 football captain and team leaders, Camp helps develop a system of word signals to inform the team of a play to be run.