bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Late Holocene Slip Rate of the Mojave Section of the San Andreas Fault near Palmdale, California
Authors: Young Elaine K. , Cowgill Eric , Scharer Katherine M. , Anderson-Merritt Emery O. , Keen-Zebert Amanda , Weldon Ray J.
Published: June 2021

The geologic slip rate on the Mojave section of the San Andreas fault is poorly constrained, despite its importance for understanding earthquake hazard, apparent discrepancies between geologic and geodetic slip rates along this fault section, and long-term fault interactions in southern California. Here, we use surficial geologic mapping, excavations, and radiocarbon and luminescence dating to quantify the displacements and ages of late Holocene landforms offset by the fault at three sites. At the Ranch Center site, the slip rate is determined using the base of a fan marking incision and deflection of an ephemeral channel. At the adjacent Key Slide site, the margin of a landslide deposited on indigenous fire hearths provides a minimum rate. At the X-12 site, the slip rate is determined from a channel that incised into a broad fan surface, and is deflected and beheaded by the fault. We use maximum–minimum bounds on both the displacement and age of each offset feature to calculate slip rate for each site independently. Overlap of the three independent rate ranges yields a rate of 33–39 mm/yr over the last 3 ka, under the assumption that the sites share a common history, given their proximity. Considered in sequence, site-level epistemic uncertainties in the data permit but do not require a rate increase since ∼1200 cal B.P. Modest rate changes can be explained by aleatory variability in earthquake timing and magnitude; larger changes could suggest a shared regional variation with the Garlock and other faults. The new late Holocene slip rates are consistent with geodetic model estimates that include a viscoelastic crust and earthquake cycle effects. The geologic slip rates also provide average slip over dozens of earthquake cycles—a key constraint for long-term earthquake rupture forecasts.
Testing Nonlinear Amplification Factors of Ground-Motion Models
Authors: Loviknes Karina , Kotha Sreeram Reddy , Cotton Fabrice , Schorlemmer Danijel
Published: June 2021

We explore nonlinear site effects in the new Japanese ground-motion dataset compiled by Bahrampouri et al. (2020). Following the approach of Seyhan and Stewart (2014), we evaluate the decrease of soil amplification according to the increasing and corresponding ground motion on surface rock (VS30=760  m/s). To better predict the rock ground motion associated with each record, we take into account the between-event variability of the ground motion, and to better evaluate the impact of nonlinearity, we correct observed ground motion on soil by the site-specific linear amplification. Instead of grouping the stations by site-response proxy, we focus on individual stations with several strong-motion records. We develop a framework to test recently published nonlinear site amplification models against a linear site amplification model and compare the results with recent building codes that include nonlinearity. The results show that the site response varies greatly from site to site, indicating that conventional site proxies, such as VS30, are not sufficient to characterize nonlinear site response. Out of all of the Kiban–Kyoshin network stations, 20 stations are selected as having recorded sufficient data to be used in the test. Out of these 20 stations, five stations show signs of nonlinearity, that is, the nonlinear models performed better than the linear-amplification model for all periods T. For most sites, however, the linear site amplification models get the best score. This suggest that, for the range of predicted rock motion considered in this study (peak ground acceleration <0.2g), nonlinearity may not have a sufficiently large impact on soil ground motion to justify the use of nonlinear site terms in ground-motion functional forms and seismic building codes for such moderate-level shaking.
Seismic Noise Recorded by Telecommunication Fiber Optics Reveals the Impact of COVID-19 Measures on Human Activity
Authors: Shen Junzhu , Zhu Tieyuan
Published: June 2021

Quantifying the response of human activity to different COVID-19 measures may serve as a potential way to evaluate the effectiveness of the measures and optimize them. Recent studies reported that seismic noise reduction caused by limited human activity due to the COVID-19 lockdown had been observed with seismometers. However, it is difficult for the current seismic infrastructure in urban cities to characterize spatiotemporal seismic noise during the post-COVID-19 lockdown, because of their sparse distribution. Here, we show key connections between progressive COVID-19 measures and spatiotemporal seismic noise changes recorded by a distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) array deployed in State College, Pennsylvania. We first show a spatiotemporal seismic noise reduction (up to 90%) corresponding to reduced human activity in different city blocks during the stay-at-home period. We also show partial noise recovery corresponding to increased road traffic and industrial machinery in phase yellow and phase green of the lockdown. Nonrecovery seismic noise in the 0.01–10 Hz band suggests the low level of pedestrian movement during phase yellow and phase green. According to a linear correlation between Google mobility change and seismic noise change, we emphasize that DAS recordings using city-wide fiber optics could provide a way for quantifying the impact of COVID-19 measures on human activity in different blocks.
Finite difference analysis of Rayleigh wave scattering at a trench
Authors: Fuyuki Masahiko , Matsumoto Yoshiro
Published: June 2021

abstract

A finite difference scheme with the improved treatment of boundary conditions at corners and with the introduction of the absorbing boundary conditions at computational edges is applied to the analysis of Rayleigh wave scattering at a trench ditched on the surface of an elastic half-space. Complex transmission and reflection coefficients are calculated from the surface waveforms at a given moment and are compared with the experimental and theoretical predictions. In order to investigate the effect of converted waves, the complex transmission coefficient along a step is calculated from the time series waveforms at observation points with a fixed incident angle to the free surface.
The wave front in a homogeneous anisotropic medium
Authors: Yedlin M. J.
Published: June 2021

abstract

A simple geometric construction is derived for the shape of the wave front in a homogeneous anisotropic medium. It is shown to be equivalent to the intuitive method of constructing a wave front using Huygen's principle.

Although this construction has been referred to and tersely described in the literature (Musgrave, 1970; Kraut, 1963; Duff, 1960), it is instructive to demonstrate its relationship to the common notion of the wave front obtained via consideration of the group velocity. The wave front is shown to be the polar reciprocal of the slowness surface (the dispersion relation at constant frequency). An appreciation of the pole-polar correspondence between the two surfaces allows quick inference of some of the important features of the wave front in a homogeneous anisotropic medium.
Location of earthquake swarm events near Palmdale, California, using a linear gradient velocity model
Authors: Drowley Dayna Salter , McNally Karen C.
Published: June 2021

abstract

A series of small earthquakes (0.5 ≦ ML ≦ 3.0) along a 60-km segment of the San Andreas Fault in the vicinity of Palmdale, California, has been recorded since 1976 by an array operated by the California Institute of Technology. The events were analyzed in two steps. First, travel-time data from four regionally well-recorded events (ML = 2.2, 2.8, 3.0, 2.8) were inverted using a nonlinear least-squares algorithm to obtain a local velocity model consisting of an upper crustal layer with linearly increasing velocity in dipping contact with a constant velocity half-space. Hypocenters of over 150 events were relocated using this velocity model. Most of the events are clustered between the mapped traces of the San Andreas and Punchbowl faults; however, there has been a migration of activity along the San Andreas Fault. Activity which began in a 5-km cluster has expanded during a 2-yr period to fill a 60-km segment of the fault.
Tasmanian seismicity—natural and reservoir-induced
Authors: Shirley J. E.
Published: June 2021

abstract

The Tasmania University Seismic Net currently operates eight stations in Tasmania. Telemetered data are recorded at the University in Hobart on chart and on magnetic tape. The net is capable of detecting events with M > 0.8, and the epicenters of these events can be reliably determined over an area of 40,000 km2 or approximately 60 per cent of the island. There are at present approximately 100 events located per year of which 80 per cent can be assigned magnitudes. Approximately 20 per cent of these events have M ≧ 2.0 with 5 per cent M ≧ 3.0.

Much of the seismic activity can be correlated with major geological features. There is a direct correlation between the increased seismicity in the Gordon River Power Development storage area and the water load of this 13.5 × 109 tonne water storage.
Short-term tilt anomalies preceding local earthquakes near San Jose, California
Authors: Mortensen C. E. , Iwatsubo E. Y.
Published: June 2021

abstract

A tilt anomaly preceded a pair of earthquakes (ML = 4.2, origin time 0014 UTC, and ML = 3.9, origin time 0018 UTC, both on 29 August 1978) on the Calaveras Fault near San Jose, California. These earthquakes occurred at hypocentral depths of 8.5 and 9.0 km, respectively, and were located 6.7 and 5.2 km northwest of the Mt. Hamilton tiltmeter site. The anomaly is similar in shape and time scale to signals observed on other tiltmeters at the times of recorded surface creep events. The anomaly began approximately 40 hr before the earthquake pair and consisted of gradual down-to-the-east tilting followed by rapid tilting down-to-the-north-northeast at a rate of 12 μrad/hr. This was followed by 1 hr of rapid down-to-the-east tilting amounting to 1.5 μrad. The maximum peak tilt of 10.6 μrad down-to-the-northeast was followed by gradual decelerating tilting down-to-the-southwest constituting partial recovery. An anomaly of nearly identical form, but smaller in amplitude and duration, preceded an ML = 2.2 aftershock on 5 September 1978. Other nearby earthquakes as large as ML = 4.7 have occurred without accompanying creep-like signals. A similar, but a much smaller (0.74 μrad) creep-event-like signal preceded an ML = 3.5 earthquake with epicenter 3 km east of the Black Mountain tiltmeter site. In general, however, short-term tilt anomalies such as these are not observed to precede local earthquakes within the central California tiltmeter network. The tilt signal preceding the 29 August earthquake pair may be interpreted in terms of a model of a propagating creep event, at depth, associated with seismic failure at a “stuck” patch on the fault. However, the data are not adequate to constrain the model sufficiently to constitute a test of the hypothesis.
Earthquake source mechanism determination by use of body-wave amplitudes—An application to Swedish earthquakes
Authors: Slunga Ragnar
Published: June 2021

abstract

A method for earthquake source studies based on a combined use of polarity and amplitude observations is proposed. It makes use of the impulses of the observed body waves to avoid the introduction of additional source parameters besides the orientation angles and seismic moments.

A statistical model is proposed and the method is applied to five small earthquakes in Sweden recorded by 3 to 5 stations in the distance range of 20 to 100 km. The seismic moments of these earthquakes are in the range of 0.6 to 10 × 1011 N-m (1 N-m = 107 dyne-cm).

The resulting mechanisms are statistically significant and well defined in spite of the fact that for four of the earthquakes, only two or less polarities are used. Furthermore, the solutions are close to the mechanism of the major (Mo = 3.5 × 1015 N-m) earthquake in the Gulf of Finland 1976. They all indicate horizontal principal compressive stresses in the sector E-W to SSE-NNW.

The successful use of amplitude observations presented in this paper shows that source mechanism inversion can be made based on recordings at only a very few close stations.
Transmitting boundaries: A closed-form comparison
Authors: Kausel Eduardo , Tassoulas John L.
Published: June 2021

abstract

Several transmitting boundaries which have been proposed for the numerical analysis of problems of wave propagation in continua of infinite extent are reviewed. They are grouped into three broad classes: (1) elementary boundaries (Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions); (2) highly absorbing local boundaries; and (3) consistent transmitting boundaries. A closed-form comparison for the problem of time-harmonic antiplane line load on a stratum shows that elementary boundaries produce strong reflections, local boundaries have good absorption characteristics, and consistent transmitting boundaries are perfect absorbers.
A constraint on the earth's lateral heterogeneity from the scattering of spheroidal modeQ−1 measurements
Authors: Sleep Norman H. , Geller Robert J. , Stein Seth
Published: June 2021

abstract

We conduct a probabilistic analysis of the scattering of normal mode Q−1 measurements caused by the multiplet splitting from the earth's lateral heterogeneity. We apply our probabilistic results to a data set of unstacked Q−1 measurements for fundamental spheroidal modes from 0S13 through 0S28. Multiplet broadening of only 14 × 10−4 of the central frequency is sufficient to account for the scatter of the observed data. The observed scatter of Q−1 data is caused by a combination of three effects: lateral heterogeneity of density and velocities, actual lateral heterogeneity of Q−1 in the earth, and measurement error. The last two effects can only reduce the amount of lateral heterogeneity of density and velocities which is required to produce the observed scatter. Thus, by attributing the entire multiplet broadening to lateral heterogeneity of elastic properties, we can obtain an upper bound on its effect. It seems reasonable to assume that the maximum fraction of lateral heterogeneity in the mantle at the depths sampled by these modes (roughly from the surface to 1000 km deep) is on the same order (14 × 10−4) as the maximum multiplet broadening found by our analysis.
Spatial variation of crustal seismic velocities in southern California
Authors: Ergas Raymond A. , Jackson David D.
Published: June 2021

abstract

Arrival-time data for local earthquakes were used to study lateral velocity variations and error statistics for southern California. Crustal P velocities averaged over the major geomorphic provinces vary by only a few per cent. Regions of relatively high velocity include the Peninsular ranges, the Imperial valley, the Pomona basin, and the Colorado desert. The Santa Monica, southern Sierra, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto mountains are relatively slow, as is the offshore area. Near-surface station delays, which are unknown to within several tenths of a second, are a major source of uncertainty in the regional velocities.

Arrival-time errors include two types: (1) small errors caused by imperfect timing and unmodeled velocity variations; and (2) larger errors apparently caused by improper identification of arrivals and by blunders. We found no reliable way to identify the latter errors unless they result in large arrival-time residuals. For a strongly edited catalog, the variance of arrival-time residuals appears to increase linearly with epicentral distance, as predicted for wave propagation in a randomly heterogeneous medium. The variance of residuals is strongly station dependent. Residuals are nearly Gaussian within the 70 per cent confidence interval, but not outside this interval. The 95 per cent confidence limit occurs at about three standard deviations.
Multi-mode analysis of Rayleigh-type Lg. Part 2. Application to southern California and the northwestern Sierra Nevada
Authors: Cara Michel , Minster J. Bernard , Le Bras Ronan
Published: June 2021

abstract

The UC diagram technique described in the companion paper (Part 1), is applied to nine sets of Lg phases recorded through the CEDAR system in southern California, and two sets of Lg phases recorded along the northwestern margin of the Sierra Nevada. A clear image of the signal is obtained in time-frequency-wavenumber space, and we discuss in particular observations at 2.5-sec period, for events 200 to 300 km outside the profiles. From the gross features of UC diagrams we conclude that a representation of Lg as a single coherent multi-mode wave train is oversimplified in the case of southern California but is more appropriate for the Sierra block. In southern California, peaks observed at group velocities smaller than 3.2 km/sec are not predicted by realistic crustal models of the area, and are probably due to lateral heterogeneities effects such as mode conversion and multipathing. On the other hand, for group velocities between 3.2 and 3.6 km/sec, peaks observed in either area can generally be interpreted in terms of overtones excited at the source and propagating through spatially averaged structures, although care must be taken to monitor the stability of the algorithm on actual short-period records.
Magnitude calibration of the Central Minnesota Seismic Array
Authors: Greenhalgh S. A. , Mosher C. C. , Mooney H. M.
Published: June 2021

abstract

Magnitude calibration for the Central Minnesota Seismic Array presents special problems because the infrequuent local and near-regional earthquake are usually too small to be recorded at teleseismic distances. Two procedures have been applied. The first uses teleseisms recorded by the array for which independent magnitudes are available. The second uses large near-regional mine blasts to determine the attenuation rate for short-period P waves in the upper crust, together with Evernden's (1970) magnitude-charge size relationship.

The teleseismic correlations establish that the individual stations of the array yield consistent magnitudes, that the P wave amplitudes behave predictably with respect to epicentral distance and azimuth, but that a magnitude-dependent bias must be removed.

Measured ground amplitudes for mine blasts are found to be proportional to total charge size to the power 1.0. Using this value, we find amplitude attenuation proportional to D−B for distance D in kilometers, with best fit given by B = 2.57 for P waves. The final local magnitude scale for D up to 250 km takes the form

m b = 2.57 log ⁡ D + log ⁡ A − 3.97.
The times of origin and depths of focus of intermediate and deep focus earthquakes: Model calculations
Authors: Hales A. L. , Muirhead K. J. , Maki-Lopez L.
Published: June 2021

abstract

Two methods for determining the time of origin, depth of focus, and the average velocities from the focus to the surface are described. The first stage in the first method is to determine the time of origin using a modification of the Wadati method. As was pointed out in 1973 by Kisslinger and Engdahl, the relation between (ts − tp and tp is nonlinear and it is necessary to allow for this nonlinearity by including a term in tp2 in the analysis. Thereafter the depth of focus and the average velocity can be found by a modification of the procedure used to determine the depth to a reflector in seismic reflection prospecting. It is necessary to allow for the sphericity of the Earth in this analysis.

In the second method, the depth of focus is determined first by analyzing (ts − tp)2 as a function of x2, x being the epicentral distance. The average velocity of separation of S and P waves is also determined at this stage. Thereafter the time of origin and the average P and S velocities are determined. The results of the analysis of the calculated travel times for three models show that systematic errors in the depth of focus using these procedures are less than 2 km over the depth range of 60 to 640 km.

Preliminary results of the analysis of a limited set of Japanese earthquakes by these methods give estimates of depth smaller than those given by ISC for depths less than 300 km. For deeper earthquakes, these methods give foci deeper than the ISC, but in these cases the observations close to the epicenter are inadequate for reliable analysis.
Microseismicity in the mid-St. Lawrence Valley Charlevoix zone, Québec
Authors: Anglin F. , Buchbinder G.
Published: June 2021

abstract

Previous seismicity studies of the Charlevoix zone of the mid-St. Lawrence Valley have defined the extent of the active zone. Continued monitoring of this zone has yielded more hypocenters that, together with the previous data, give a more detailed picture of the hypocentral distribution of the microactivity. A more definite correlation can now be made with the known structure in this region and the faults of the St. Lawrence VAlley in general.

The cumulative data permit a definition of lateral boundaries of the seismic activity, range of focal depths, and anomalous nonseismic zones. It is also possible to make a correlation with the normal faults that were probably associated with the paleorifting of the St. Lawrence Valley but are now under compression. In this seismically active region, part of these preexisting partially sealed faults were most likely weakened again at the time of formation of the Charlevoix impact structure.
Comparison of theS/Nratios of low-frequency hydrophones and geophones as a function of ocean depth
Authors: Brocher Thomas M. , Iwatake Brian T. , Gettrust Joseph F. , Sutton George H. , Frazer L. Neil
Published: June 2021

abstract

The pressures and particle velocities of sediment-borne signals were recorded over a 9-day period by an array of telemetered ocean-bottom seismometers positioned on the continental margin off Nova Scotia. The telemetered ocean-bottom seismometer packages, which appear to have been very well coupled to the sediments, contained three orthogonal geophones and a hydrophone. The bandwidth of all sensors was 1 to 30 Hz. Analysis of the refraction data shows that the vertical geophones have the best S/N ratio for the sediment-borne signals at all recording depths (67, 140, and 1301 m) and nearly all ranges. The S/N ratio increases with increasing sensor depth for equivalent weather conditions. Stoneley and Love waves detected on the Scotian shelf (67-m depth) are efficient modes for the propagation of noise.
Learning English as a second language through translanguaging in early years
Authors: GELİR İskender
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how preschool children learn English a second language and literacy in early years. English as widely spoken language has prestigious in many societies. Thus, parents and teachers have appetite for their children and students to learn English. This study was conducted between October and January in a private nursery in Siirt, Turkey. The participant children are 5 and 6 years old. There are different bilingual education models applied in early year education. This paper will discuss these models by focusing on the concept of translanguaging on which recently scholarships have focused. This will be used to examine the children’s language learning and their interactions with teacher and peers in the classroom. Ethnography was the research methodology of this paper. The findings show that flexible language use allow the children to develop their second language learning. The paper suggests a flexible language model for learning English as a second language.
Measurement and Assessment Literacy Levels of Teachers in the Context of Certain Factors
Authors: ERGÜL Ayşe Özlem , ÇETİN Dr. Sevda
Published: June 2021

In this study, measurement and assessment literacy levels of teachers were investigated in the context of certain factors. Assessment literacy inventory was applied to 189 secondary school teachers to determine teachers' measurement and assessment literacy levels. The item examination skill test was applied to 54 secondary school mathematics teachers to determine the relationship between secondary school mathematics teachers' measurement and assessment literacy levels and their skill to examine items appropriate to attainment and grade level was analyzed. It was as well as discovered that measurement and assessment literacy level of the teachers was low. It was also found that measurement and assessment literacy levels of the teachers significantly differ by professional seniority and branch. A moderately significant positive correlation was found between the teachers' skill to examine items appropriate to educational attainment and grade level, and their measurement and assessment literacy levels. Due to the low measurement and assessment literacy level of secondary school teachers, studies such as seminars or trainings on this subject can be conducted. Practical activities can also be conducted along with the theoretical information on the subject.
INVESTIGATION OF NEUTRON-INDUCED REACTION CROSS SECTIONS FOR SEVERAL NUCLEAR REACTOR STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
Authors: DAĞ Murat
Published: June 2021

Selection of the appropriate materials as a structural components of nuclear reactor are of key importance to implement the highest efficiency and security. Zr, Fe, Cr, Sn and Nb are commonly used materials involved in structural alloy inside the reactor. The presented result of neutron-induced reaction cross section calculations for Cr50-52-53-54, Fe54-56-57, Nb93, Sn117-119-124, Zr90-91-92 have been computed using Constant Temperature Model, Back Shifted Fermi Gas Model, Generalised Super Fluid Model and Microscopic level densities presented in TALYS 1.9 nuclear code. The calculations have been repeated by changing the level density parameter a for each isotope and model to observe changes in the model assumption. The obtained results are compared with the experimental data taken from the literature.
Regulating the Digital Economy
Authors: Campbell Leith H.
Published: June 2021

This editorial comes in three parts: some observations on the growing need to regulate the digital economy more effectively; a brief introduction to the papers in this issue; and some updates on the editorial team that produces the Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy.
Optimization of Conditions for Human Bacterial Preparation for Biological Correction of Intestinal Microflora
Authors: Sorokina E.A. , Zhgun E.S. , Kislun Yu.V. , Denisova E.A. , Bespyatykh Yu.A. , Ilina E.N.
Published: June 2021

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is now considered as an effective tool for the treatment of various GI pathologies. Fecal preparations are delivered both through the lower GIT (enema, colonoscopy) and upper (endoscopy, capsules). A common disadvantage of instrumental methods of administration is their high invasiveness associated with the risk of intestinal perforation and the use of anesthesia. Oral capsules are minimally invasive, comfortable and more aesthetic, so this method of drug delivery is gaining popularity. The main issue with the use of frozen feces (including the lyophilisate used in capsules) is its efficiency compared to the original material. During lyophilization, cells are exposed to stress factors such as low temperatures, water crystallization, osmotic stress, changes in pH, and dehydration. To reduce the likelihood of cell damage during lyophilization, protective media (lyo-protectants) are used. In this work sucrose, gelatin, and their combinations have been used as lyoprotectors. To estimate the number of microorganisms, a bacteriological study was carried out. The number of Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and the total number of E.coli and Enterobacteriaceae was estimated. It was found that the lyophilized stool sample containing 10% sucrose as a protective medium had the highest number of viable cells. Also, the physical properties of the lyophilisate (its flowability) are convenient for preparing capsulated form. The molar ratios of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the original fecal samples and lyophilisates were studied by gas chromatography. The molar ratios of major SCFAs (acetate, propionate and butyrate) were identical in the samples studied. The composition of the protective medium in which the lyophilized biomaterial corresponds to the original feces in terms of the number of "live" microorganisms has been proposed. According to its physical characteristics lyophilisate is convenient for capsules preparation.
Islamic Education Movie: Character Learning Through Nussa-Rara Movie
Authors: Husna Fathayatul , Dewi Ratna Sari
Published: June 2021

This article examines the Islamic cartoon film Nussa and Rara. The author used Nussa and Rara as a window to see the emergence of Islamic cartoon films. Its strengths are in conveying educational values to children and as a learning medium to build character education for children aged 12 years and under. To explain this phenomenon, the author employed the content analysis method and combined it with relevant data; those were strengthened by many research results and literature studies. Through this method, the author showed that Nussa and Rara movie shares Islamic value in each segment, such as the value of honesty, asking for prayers on time, respecting neighbors, and so on. The author tried to see how every figure, especially Umma as Nussa and Rara’s mother, explains and exemplifies how to be a good Muslim. Through this article, it could be concluded that films are not always judged to have a negative impact on the audience. Even films can contribute as a medium for education and dissemination of Islamic da'wah. Besides, through films, it can also contribute to building good character for children under 12 years of age. Some learning methods that can be used are the many steps or methods that can be planted in children, such as the habituation and storytelling methods. These methods can be used to apply the values of faith, moral values, and worship values. Thus, this article greatly contributes to enriching academic discourse related to character learning for children under 12 years of age. This article concluded that the Nussa and Rara cartoon film really strives to spread Islamic da'wah and build children's character from an early age with daily customs and begin to familiarize children to apply the values of Islamic teachings perfectly.
Ecotourism in Indonesia: Local Community Involvement and The Affecting Factors
Authors: Kia Zakia
Published: June 2021

Travel and tourism have become a fast-growing industry and a major source of income for many developing countries (Wood, 2002), including Indonesia. Approximately 35% of major nature tourism product portfolio is ecotourism (Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif, 2019). Ecotourism development is based on the awareness of understanding in every environment condition which oriented in conservation and concern of the local culture as well as local civilization. Hence, the existence of community interaction is a guarantee to the sustainability of ecotourism development (Damanik, 2013; Wood, 2002). Many benefits offered by the concept of ecotourism, does not keep this concept away from several critics, related to the low of local community involvement in ecotourism management. This study aims to analyze the local community involvement as well as the affecting factors in managing the ecotourism in Indonesia by systematically reviewing 29 articles published in Sinta Ristekdikti’s accredited journals with the qualifications of Sinta 1 and Sinta 2. The discussion about local community involvement will be reviewed from the ecotourism planning level, participation in ecotourism development implementation and participation in its use (Lukman, 2017). Meanwhile, the affecting factors will be analyzed from the operational, structural and cultural perspective.  The results show that the involvement of local communities in ecotourism management in Indonesia is still limited to the level of utilization. From the operational perspective, limits to local community involvement are come from limited information availability about ecotourism to local communities, centralized tourism management and the lack of coordination among stakeholders. Limited number of trained human resources, legal system that does not support the participatory practices, the uncooperative attitude of professionals and the dominance of local elite are still become the limitations to local community involvement from a structural perspective. Meanwhile, cultural barriers include apathy and a low level of public awareness of the potential benefit of ecotourism in their area. We can conclude that the empowerment efforts to local community in ecotourism destinations must be further improved. Educating the local community to understand their rights, informing them about the ecotourism management in their area would be the right first step to execute, because due to the lack of knowledge and information they have, frequently triggers disturbances from the local community which actually will thwart the ecotourism purposes.
Local Government Respond to COVID-19 Pandemics: A Study of South Tangerang City
Authors: Satispi Evi , DyasTuti Retnowati Wahyuning , Fathani Aqil Teguh , Kaewhanam Phimlikid
Published: June 2021

This study aims to analyze local governments' efforts in promoting and implementing policies issued during COVID-19. It can also be seen what instruments are used by the government in the socialization of the policy, and the communication between local government officials and the media, society, and business can be seen. The method used in this research is descriptive with a qualitative approach to see the stages of communication in their role in socializing the Tangerang City Government's policies. The results showed that a policy's socialization had gone very well through various socialization of communications such as online media, print media, and electronic media. This type of socialization media is the main instrument of the Tangerang local government in disseminating policies. Another type of socialization is direct media or outreach to each village. It is recommended that the Tangerang City Government improve its performance in disseminating policies to achieve the resulting policy objectives to build public order towards the policies taken.
STATE AND RIGHT-WING POPULISM: ANALYSIS ON THE KEMENKO POLHUKAM RI PERSUASION APPROACH IN RESPONDING THE WAVE OF “212” MOVEMENT
Authors: Rizkimawati Dinda , Kusumawardhana Indra
Published: June 2021

Basuki Tjahaja Purnama’s blasphemy case reaped various reactions and criticisms. In the “Action of Defending Islam 212”, where Muslims in Indonesia expressed their anger, the masses demanded that religious blasphemers be brought to justice. It caused a series of demonstrations in Indonesia and instability in their domestic security, especially Jakarta as the capital city. This movement was widely known as the wave of right-wing populism in Indonesia. To respond to an extreme right-wing political movement in Indonesian society, the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security made efforts to persuade the community after the movement. This effort was significant in managing the widening of the narrative and reminding those who used the approach anchor base or key people and communities to help spread the message.
Islam as the Core Methodology of International Relations in Islamic Universities in Indonesia
Authors: Candra Rudi , Mubarok Sofi
Published: June 2021

This condition reminds us of the vital role and urgency of developing a methodology of Islamic international relations. In response to this issue, it is necessary to carry out an analysis of the development and application of Islamic international relation methods in Indonesian Universities, in this case, taking the example of three universities: Darussalam University (UNIDA) Gontor, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta (UMY), and UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. These three universities were chosen because they officially declared the development of Islamization or integration of science in the curriculum of the international relations study program. This study aims to analyze the methodological model of Islamic international relations in three universities to be compared and evaluated for their implementation. This type of research was qualitative descriptive by taking the research settings at UNIDA, UMY, and UIN Sunan Ampel. Data collection techniques were through observation, interviews, and limited discussion. Data analysis utilized an interactive model with a four-component analysis approach: data reduction, data analysis, data clarification, and drawing conclusions carried out actively and interactively with source persons as the primary data sources equipped with several secondary sources. This study found that these three universities used three different methods in embodying the concept of Islam in international relations. UNIDA Gontor has its Islamization project, UMY has Islam as the curriculum characteristic, and UIN Sunan Ampel has the integrated twin tower concept. Although these three models have elementary differences, they have the spirit of developing the internalization of Islamic studies in the study of international relations.
The knowledge and use of misoprostol among women in a Nigerian population
Authors: Gbadegesin Abidoye , Olumodeji Ayokunle , Oshodi Yusuf A. , Makinde Oladimeji , Olalere Haleemah , Oye-Adeniran Boniface A.
Published: June 2021

Background: Increasing the availability and accessibility of misoprostol in low resource settings has been advocated to reduce maternal deaths from primary postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). WHO recommends a strategy of antenatal distribution of misoprostol to pregnant women, for self-administration for the prevention of PPH, in settings where women are likely to give birth outside of a health facility or in the absence of skilled health personnel. The success of such strategies depends on the current knowledge and acceptability of misoprostol among women in such population. The aim of this study was that we assessed the knowledge and use of misoprostol among Nigerian women.Methods: It was a prospective cross-sectional population based survey in which 16445 consenting women, from randomly selected households and communities across the 20 local government areas (LGA) of Lagos state, had in-depth interview with the aid of an interviewer administered structured questionnaire to assess their knowledge and use of misoprostol. Data obtained were presented in frequency and proportions.Results: Thirteen per cent and 6.5% of the respondents were aware of drugs that could be used to terminate pregnancy and stop bleeding following childbirth, respectively. Only 5.2% of the women were aware of misoprostol, two-third (67%) of which knew it could be used to terminate pregnancy and 5% of women aware of misoprostol knew it could be used to reduce or stop bleeding following childbirth. Only 2.3% of the entire study population admitted to personal use of misoprostol.Conclusions: Knowledge about the safe, life-saving and effective use of misoprostol among Nigerian women is low. There is need to disseminate information about misoprostol especially in settings where women are likely to give birth outside of a health facility or in the absence of skilled health personnel.
Prevalence, trend and outcome of twin pregnancy in Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Southern Nigeria
Authors: Wekere Felix Chikaike Clement , John Dickson H. , Clement-Wekere Gift A. F. , Iwo-Amah Rose S.
Published: June 2021

Background: Multiple pregnancy is a high-risk pregnancy associated with a higher maternal and perinatal complications compared to singleton pregnancy. Twinning is the commonest form of multiple pregnancy, and its prevalence varies across the globe, with lowest value in Japan and highest in Nigeria.Methods: The aim of the study was to review twin births in Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH), to determine its prevalence, trend, and management outcome.Results: During the period under review, there were 13516, and 263 twin births, giving the prevalence of twinning in RSUTH as 19.5 per 1000 live births or 1 in 51 deliveries. The rate of twinning increased from 7.6 per 1000 deliveries in 2015 to 35.7 per 1000 deliveries in 2019. Mean age of patients was 31 SD 4.82 years, 95% CI: 30.42, 31.59, and modal age group was 30-34 years. Patients’ parity ranged from 0 to 7 with modal parity being para-1. Majority (51.7%) had secondary level education, and were Christians. Preterm delivery rate was 62.4%. The mean gestational age at delivery was 35.7 SD 2.9 weeks, 95% CI: 35.3, 36.0. The mean birth weights of the first and second twins were 2.39 SD 0.67 and 2.30 SD 0.69 respectively. Majority (92%) of the foetuses were alive at birth. Still birth and perinatal mortality rate were 4.2 and 7.8 per 1000 live births. There was no case of maternal mortality.Conclusions: The rate of twining in our setting is high, with an increasing trend. Most of the parturient had preterm delivery, and improved perinatal care services would ensure best perinatal outcome.
Anemia among women of reproductive age: a cross sectional study in Sub district hospital, Akhnoor
Authors: Sharma Chandan , Badyal Ashima
Published: June 2021

Background: Anemia in pregnancy can increase the risk of having a pre-term delivery/babies, which may further lead to low birth weight and sometimes death. Anemia is more prevalent in Asia, with half of the all-anemic women living in Indian subcontinent itself. The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of anemia among women in the reproductive age group (15-49) in a rural population set up of Akhnoor.Methods: A population based cross-sectional study was conducted in Sub district hospital, Akhnoor, Jammu, J and K, India, over a period of 6 months from September 2020 to February 2021, on a total of 320 women in the reproductive age group of 15 to 49 years.Results: A total prevalence of 59.06% was found with highest among pregnant females. Out of this total anemic patient 59.78% (113/189) were mild anemic, and 40.22% (76/189) were either moderately anemic or severe. High prevalence of anemia was seen among illiterate women (68.89%). Prevalence was also significantly associated to excessive/ scanty menstruation. Besides, menstrual cycle more than 35 days and less than 21 days were found to be at higher risk of anemia (60.53% and 83.33%). Underweight women were also found at higher risk of anemia (69.52%). Only 88 out of 320 women studied had completed the course of IFA tablets.Conclusions: Several socio-demographic, menstrual, dietary, environmental, and behavioral factors were associated with anemia. Women of reproductive age should be motivated to include food fortification or iron supplementations in their diet.
Non-surgical management of ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Gupta Vineeta , Nimonkar Shweta , Chaudhari Priyanka , Saxena Namrata , Singh Parul
Published: June 2021

Background: Ectopic pregnancy is a condition when a fertilized ovum is implanted outside the uterine cavity. It is one of the important causes of maternal mortality and morbidity in India. Treatment includes expectant management, medical management and surgical management. Expectant and medical management are the treatment of choice for hemodynamically stable patients who do not want surgical treatment and are desirous of future fertility. The aim of study was to analyse the clinical profile, regimen of medical method used and outcome of non-surgical management in patients with ectopic pregnancy.Methods: It was a retrospective observational distributive study conducted at Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences from January 2015 to December 2019. There were total 182 diagnosed cases of ectopic pregnancy during this duration. Out of them, 87 patients were given non-surgical management. Data was obtained from their medical records to analyse the clinical profile, outcome of expectant and medical management and efficacy of regimen used.Results: Total 87 patient out of 182 diagnosed cases of ectopic pregnancy were studied. Out of these, 57 (65.5%) patients were in the age group of 20 to 30 years, 44 (50.6%) patients were third gravidas and 32 (36.8%) patients did not have any live issue. Thirty three (37.93%) patients had haemoglobin less than 10 gm%, 41 (47.13%) patients had one or more previous caesarean sections and 73 (83.91%) patients had tubal ectopic pregnancy. Overall success rate with non-surgical management was 94.25%.Conclusions: Our study emphasised the role of expectant and medical management in stable patients of ectopic pregnancy and recommends to use methotrexate as therapy even when initial serum β HCG levels are more than 5000 IU and haemoglobin level less than 10 gm% under close monitoring.
Impact of structured pre-natal counselling on early initiation of breast feeding and adherence to exclusive breast feeding: a comparative interventional study
Authors: Koli Hiral B. , Nair Mudra Gopidas , Shah Maitri C.
Published: June 2021

Background: The importance of early initiation of breast feeding (EIBF) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is widely recognized, but the optimum rates have not been attained due to several factors. One of the important factors is the lack of adequate knowledge of women regarding breastfeeding.Methods: This comparative intervention study was conducted in the obstetric OPD and postnatal wards of tertiary care hospital of central Gujarat. This study included antenatal women between gestational age of 28 to 38 weeks who are visiting obstetric OPD at our institute and wanted to deliver at the same as cases (356 participants) and postpartum women who were delivered at this institute who have not taken antenatal care and counselling at this institute as control.Results: This study concluded that prenatal counselling regarding breast feeding had significant impact on the improvement of knowledge of women regarding EIBF and Exclusive breast feeding. Rate of EIBF and EBF was 91.85% and 86.52% in case group which was significantly higher compared to the control group.Conclusions: Prenatal structured counselling helps to raise the rate of EIBF and EBF.
Determination of the prevalence and pattern of menstrual disorders in college going adolescent girls in rural Haryana
Authors: Verma Vaishali , Banashree Das , Jayathi Nath
Published: June 2021

Background: Adolescence is the transitional period from puberty to adulthood, causing rapid physical, cognitive, social and emotional changes. Any deviation of normal menstrual pattern is one of the reasons of severe stress and academic losses on many. The aim of the study was to determine prevalence and pattern of menstrual disorders in college going adolescent girls.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a medical college of Gurugram district of Haryana, North India. A semi-structured, pretested questionnaire was used to ask about the characteristics of girl’s menstruation: age of menarche; regularity/irregularity of menstruation, interval and duration; presence of amenorrhoea; amount of blood loss; degree of pain during menstruation; activity during menstruation and BMI.Results: All the girls were in the age group 17 to 19 years i.e.; in the late adolescent period with the mean age of 18.2±0.7 3 years. 81.66% girls attained menarche between 12 to 14 years of age. 3.66% girls attained early menarche and 0.33% girls attained menarche late. 19 had scanty menstrual bleeding and 7 suffered from secondary amenorrhea. 27 girls suffered from heavy menstrual bleeding. 78.3% adolescent girls had various degrees of dysmenorrhea with 8.66% had severe dysmenorrhea. 17.66% girls had high BMI and 11% girls for underweight.Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of menstrual disorders among adolescent girls which affects their social and academic lives. Thus, more attention should be paid to identify and treat these menstrual morbidities.