bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flowers of the sea
Authors: Tiplady Jonathan
Published: November 2008

`Flowers of the sea' is an attempt to respond to the question of dream writing with a different type of gesture. It was written in 2004, coming out of work done in what you might call the field of creative-critical writing, and is part of a series of what I call `legends'. Three of these legends have been published elsewhere, in the Oxford Literary Review, Succour and The Blue Guitar (Tiplady, 2002, 2005, 2007b). The title came from a conversation overheard in Cardiff, Wales, between Hélène Cixous and Sarah Wood. I thought they were talking about the flowers of the sea; they were in fact talking about the flowers of Derrida's Glas. One thing this legend concerns itself with is the links between TV and writing. How do these two connect up, and what does this have to do with the possibility of dream writing? One could write an anthology of televisions in literature. Derrida once commented, for example, that a hotel room without television is worse than a hotel room without water. And Barry MacSweeney also loved television, writing in Letters to Dewey, `And television is eternal, just like books and people and kindness' (MacSweeney, 1999: 40). My legend asks whether televisions really might have this quasi-eternal or even sublime quality to them, whether there is in television a possibility not yet properly taken account of (that we are not aware of when we watch, which makes us watch, which is not to say we should watch more or less). In `Flowers of the sea' the telly is something you can do things with, a bit like the airport chair-telly Alice puts money in at New York airport in Alice in the Cities (1973). The narrator speaks of writing notes on it, praying to it, as if it could not only be turned on and controlled, but somehow played. Long before the internet phenomenon of YouTube, I would contend we were dreaming of playing with TV ourselves, of actually playing television. I play TV, you play TV, we play TV. Playing with television is always playing with vision at a distance (`tele' from the Greek meaning `far off' or `at a distance'). It's a dream of a vision, us dreaming of actually seeing ourselves then doing so, and wanting to repeat that (video more and more quick). Television, in this sense, would be the dream of vision itself, and writing could be imagined as another means of this type of vision. We write, in other words, to see ourselves. Tvgraphy, architelewriting, or dream writing is the only possible writing. If anything can explain the immense popularity of television and its internet myrmidons (YouTube delivering approximately 100 million videos a day), perhaps it is this. (The legend is dedicated, by the way, to someone I can't name, but the whole dream is fully theirs.)
`Interior explorations' Paul Belloni du Chaillu's dream book
Authors: Grant Ben
Published: November 2008

This paper will suggest that du Chaillu's Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa can be read as a book which presents to the reader a series of dream scenes that centre on the figures of gorillas, cannibals and negroes. I will argue that, by thus positioning himself as a subject who experiences West Africa as if it were a dream, du Chaillu brings back from his interior explorations not only scientific knowledge, but also dream knowledge, and that these two ways of knowing Africa are inseparably interwoven.
Dream shibboleth
Authors: Nagai Kaori
Published: November 2008

This article characterizes diaspora writing as a kind of dream writing, through the reading of two autobiographical works by Mary Antin (1881—1949), a Russian-Jewish immigrant to America. It dreams of the possibility of a `dream shibboleth', a password through which to bypass the law of the tribal shibboleths which condemn migrants to the border and the never-ending process of self-translation. It is the immigrants' wish to survive and make a home wherever they happen to land that makes their nightly adventure a scene of dream writing, in which the scars of border-crossing magically turn themselves into rich and nutritious seeds which aid their journey.
Love and the Leviathan
Authors: Patapan Haig , Sikkenga Jeffrey
Published: November 2008

Hobbes's understanding of love, and its significance for his political thought, has received insufficient attention. This essay contends that Hobbes has a consistent and comprehensive teaching on love that directly repudiates what he regards as the Platonic teaching on eros. In attacking the Platonic idea of eros, Hobbes undermines a pillar of classical political philosophy and articulates a significant aspect of his new understanding of the passions in terms of power, which is itself a critical part of his new political science most famously presented in Leviathan.
Defending the Hobbesian Right of Self-Defense
Authors: Sreedhar Susanne
Published: November 2008

A well-known part of Hobbes's political theory is his discussion of the inalienability of the right of self-defense. In this article, I present and defend a reinterpretation of Hobbes's account of self-defense. I begin by showing the weaknesses of the standard interpretation of this account: It rests on an implausible thesis about the evil of death; it renders Hobbes's applications of the right of self-defense inexplicable; and it conflicts with Hobbes's claim that there are cases in which the right of self-defense can be given up. I argue that we should understand Hobbes's claim to be that the right of self-defense is inalienable only in the social contract, and I offer a new interpretation of how his argument on this point might go.
The Two Deaths of Lady Macduff
Authors: Miller Ted H.
Published: November 2008

Stephen White and Gianni Vattimo have argued in favor of weak ontological thought. Particularly for White, weak ontology's contestable fundamentals are a superior response to strong ontologies, including the violence linked to them. I make a historically comparative evaluation of their arguments. The evaluation draws on William Davenant's Restoration revision of Shakespeare's Macbeth. Davenant's play defends Charles II's sovereignty against the strong ontological claims of orthodox Anglicans. Lady Macduff's much expanded role and the death she suffers, in contrast to her counterpart in Shakespeare's Folio, are key vehicles for this defense. Davenant's revisions are linked in this interpretation to Charles II's Happy Act of Indemnity and Oblivion of 1660. Also explored are new connections between Macduff and the witches. I argue Davenant exemplifies a contingency unanticipated by weak ontology advocates: he is both antifoundational and in favor of violence. Antifoundational arguments aid more political persuasions than often imagined.
Identity Implications of Relationship (Re)Definition Goals
Authors: Wilson Steven R. , Kunkel Adrianne D. , Robson Scott J. , Olufowote James O. , Soliz Jordan
Published: November 2008

Identity implications theory (IIT) is applied to analyze how young adults manage identity concerns associated with the goals of initiating, intensifying, and disengaging from romantic relationships. Participants wrote their responses to one of six hypothetical romantic (re)definition scenarios, indicated whether they actually would pursue the relational goal if their scenario were real, and rated degree of threat to both parties' face. Responses were coded for positive and negative politeness strategies. Participants in different relational goal conditions perceived different face threats, varied in their likelihood of pursuing the relational goal, and employed different politeness strategies. Relationship (re)definition goal also moderated associations between perceived face threats and goal pursuit as well as politeness strategies. The findings show how multiple goal theories such as IIT can be applied to situations where relational goals are primary as well as how, to varying degrees, identity concerns shape and constrain how young adults pursue relational (re)definition goals.
Bullying and Victimization Among Boys and Girls in Middle School
Authors: Wienke Totura Christine M. , MacKinnon-Lewis Carol , Gesten Ellis L. , Gadd Ray , Divine Katherine P. , Dunham Sherri , Kamboukos Dimitra
Published: November 2008

The present study examines the mechanisms by which students' perceptions of family and school experiences moderate the association between their emotionality and their habitual involvement in bullying and victimization. The authors hypothesize that students with internalizing and/or externalizing difficulties are less likely to be categorized as bullies and/or victims if they report coming from more cohesive and adaptable families and attending schools characterized by higher adult monitoring, lower levels of aggression and disorder, and higher levels of school bonding. Home and school environments in which these characteristics are less evident to students were expected to exacerbate the likelihood of being bullies and/or victims. Middle school youth ( N = 2,506) and their teachers completed surveys assessing emotionality, peer relationships, academic performance, and home and school contexts. Using multinomial logistic regression, the authors found that perceived climates low in student misconduct increase the likelihood that internalizing difficulties predicted classification as victims. Increased student-reported adult monitoring decreased the likelihood for students with externalizing problems to be characterized as bullies, particularly for girls. These findings have implications for the development of school-based intervention programming.
Relative Importance of Parents and Peers
Authors: Masten Carrie L. , Juvonen Jaana , Spatzier Agnieszka
Published: November 2008

By focusing on school-based behaviors, this study examined the validity of a lay assumption that peers match, and even surpass, parents in terms of their importance as socialization agents by early adolescence. Self-reported academic and social behaviors, peer group norms, and perceived parent values were assessed among fourth, sixth, and eighth graders ( n = 364). Results indicated academic and social behaviors, and perceived peer group norms for each, were more negative among older youth than younger youth. Sixth and eighth graders also reported parents valuing social behaviors less than fourth graders, although perceptions of parent values of academic behaviors remained high for all grades. Regression findings suggested perceived parent values predict academic and social behaviors at each grade, whereas peer group norms predict social behavior for all grades, but academic behavior only for older students. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of ameliorating negative changes in behavior during middle school.
Quality-Adjusted Life Years Lost from Nonfatal Motor Vehicle Accident Injuries
Authors: Nyman John A. , Barleen Nathan A. , Kirdruang Phatta
Published: November 2008

Background . A number of studies have estimated the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) lost from nonfatal motor vehicle accident injuries, but these estimates have a number of limitations. Objectives . The goal of this study is to estimate the QALYs lost from the typical motor vehicle accident injury based on 1) data obtained through a standard preference elicitation procedure, 2) both permanent and nonpermanent injuries, and 3) a more realistic baseline quality-of-life level from which to determine the QALY decrement. This study also intends to demonstrate the advantages of using self-reported health status as the basis for determining a change in QALYs. Research Design . Ordered probit equations were estimated to determine the change in self-reported health status associated with 3 categories of injuries. These results were next converted to their marginal effects and weighted by the quality-of-life estimates for self-reported health status found in Nyman and others (2007). The quality-of-life decrements for the 3 categories of injury were then converted to QALY decrements by applying estimates of the duration of that injury type. Subjects . The data came from 8 years of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), from 1997 to 2004. Measures . Self-reported health status categories were excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor. Results . The reference case decrement for an average motor vehicle accident injury is 0.0612 QALYs or 0.0360 QALYs, if discounted at 3%. Conclusions . Quality-of-life weights for self-reported health status can be used to exploit the data in large national surveys.
A Reasoned Action Approach to Health Promotion
Authors: Fishbein Martin
Published: November 2008

This article describes the integrative model of behavioral prediction (IM), the latest formulation of a reasoned action approach. The IM attempts to identify a limited set of variables that can account for a considerable proportion of the variance in any given behavior. More specifically, consistent with the original theory of reasoned action, the IM assumes that intentions are the immediate antecedents of behavior, but in addition, the IM recognizes that environmental factors and skills and abilities can moderate the intention-behavior relationship. Similar to the theory of planned behavior, the IM also assumes that intentions are a function of attitudes, perceived normative pressure and self-efficacy, but it views perceived normative pressure as a function of descriptive as well as of injunctive (i.e., subjective) norms. After describing the theory and addressing some of the criticisms directed at a reasoned action approach, the paper illustrates how the theory can be applied to understanding and changing health related behaviors.
Health Decision Making: Lynchpin of Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Spring Bonnie
Published: November 2008

Health decision making is both the lynchpin and the least developed aspect of evidence-based practice. The evidence-based practice process requires integrating the evidence with consideration of practical resources and patient preferences and doing so via a process that is genuinely collaborative. Yet, the literature is largely silent about how to accomplish integrative, shared decision making. Implications for evidence-based practice are discussed for 2 theories of clinician decision making (expected utility and fuzzy trace) and 2 theories of patient health decision making (transtheoretical model and reasoned action). Three suggestions are offered. First, it would be advantageous to have theory-based algorithms that weight and integrate the 3 data strands (evidence, resources, preferences) in different decisional contexts. Second, patients, not providers, make the decisions of greatest impact on public health, and those decisions are behavioral. Consequently, theory explicating how provider-patient collaboration can influence patient lifestyle decisions made miles from the provider's office is greatly needed. Third, although the preponderance of data on complex decisions supports a computational approach, such an approach to evidence-based practice is too impractical to be widely applied at present. More troublesomely, until patients come to trust decisions made computationally more than they trust their providers' intuitions, patient adherence will remain problematic. A good theory of integrative, collaborative health decision making remains needed.
A Theory of Medical Decision Making and Health: Fuzzy Trace Theory
Authors: Reyna Valerie F.
Published: November 2008

The tenets of fuzzy trace theory are summarized with respect to their relevance to health and medical decision making. Illustrations are given for HIV prevention, cardiovascular disease, surgical risk, genetic risk, and cancer prevention and control. A core idea of fuzzy trace theory is that people rely on the gist of information, its bottom-line meaning, as opposed to verbatim details in judgment and decision making. This idea explains why precise information (e.g., about risk) is not necessarily effective in encouraging prevention behaviors or in supporting medical decision making. People can get the facts right, and still not derive the proper meaning, which is key to informed decision making. Getting the gist is not sufficient, however. Retrieval (e.g., of health-related values) and processing interference brought on by thinking about nested or overlapping classes (e.g., in ratio concepts, such as probability) are also important. Theory-based interventions that work (and why they work) are presented, ranging from specific techniques aimed at enhancing representation, retrieval, and processing to a comprehensive intervention that integrates these components.
Validation of an Automated Safety Surveillance System with Prospective, Randomized Trial Data
Authors: Matheny Michael E. , Morrow David A. , Ohno-Machado Lucila , Cannon Christopher P. , Sabatine Marc S. , Resnic Frederic S.
Published: November 2008

Objective. We sought to validate 3 methods for automated safety monitoring by evaluating clinical trials with elevated adverse events. Methods. An automated outcomes surveillance system was used to retrospectively analyze data from 2 randomized, TIMI multicenter trials. Trial A was stopped early due to elevated 30-day mortality rates in the intervention arm. Trial B was not stopped early, but there was transient concern regarding 30-day intracranial hemorrhage rates. We compared statistical process control (SPC), logistic regression risk adjusted SPC (LR-SPC), and Bayesian updating statistic (BUS) methods with a standard prospective 2-arm event rate analysis. Each method compares observed event rates to alerting boundaries established with previously collected data. In this evaluation, the control arms approximated prior data, and the intervention arms approximated the observed data. Results. Trial A experienced elevated 30-day mortality rates beginning 7 months after the start of the trial and continuing until termination at month 14. Trial B did not experience elevated major bleeding rates. Combining the alerting performance of each method across both trials resulted in sensitivities and specificities of 100% and 85% for SPC, 0% and 100% for BUS, and 100% and 93% for both LR-SPC models, respectively. Conclusion. Both SPC and LR-SPC methods correctly identified the majority of months during which the cumulative event rates were elevated in trial A but were susceptible to false positive alerts in trial B. The BUS method did not result in any alerts in either trial and requires revision.
Understanding the decay of stone-built cultural heritage
Authors: Smith B.J. , Gomez-Heras M. , McCabe S.
Published: November 2008

The problem of the decay and conservation of stone-built heritage is a complex one, requiring input across many disciplines to identify appropriate remedial steps and management strategies. Over the past few decades, earth scientists have brought a unique perspective to this challenging area, drawing on traditions and knowledge obtained from research into landscape development and the natural environment. This paper reviews the crucial themes that have arisen particularly, although not exclusively, from the work of physical geographers — themes that have sought to correct common misconceptions held by the public, as well as those directly engaged in construction and conservation, regarding the nature, causes and controls of building stone decay. It also looks to the future, suggesting how the behaviour of building stones (and hence the work of stone decay scientists) might alter in response to the looming challenge of climate change.
Matriculating the Matrix: A Different Understanding of Psychic Structure, Resonance and Repression
Authors: Bhurruth Martin
Published: November 2008

Matriculation is referred to in the sense of entry to further education and plays with the subjunctive, `What if Foulkes had conceptualized the matrices as being structure of mind?'

This article constructs a group-analytic psychical structure of the individual mind made up of the Personal, Dynamic and Social Matrices. Resonance between the matrices is then recognized as a source of psychic energy with sufficient power to lift the repression barrier causing painful affects and memories to come into consciousness. This article develops Foulkes' concept of resonance.
The Two-Minute Check-in at the Beginning of Psychoanalytic Group Therapy Sessions
Authors: Gordon Robert M.
Published: November 2008

A check-in at the beginning of supportive and symptom-focused groups is common. However, it has not been part of psychoanalytic groups which centre on the unconscious determinates of symptoms. The purpose of the two-minute check-in in a psychoanalytic group is to gain information on each member's state of mind, help the group decide where it wants to focus its attention during the session, to balance the member's participation (so that talkative and quiet members start the group equally), and to produce a sense of mutuality and group concern. It is also the time for members to bring up attendance issues, payment issues or termination plans. The two-minute check-in is not likely to have much of a therapeutic effect in and of itself. A survey of my patients in two groups considered the two-minute check-in as functioning as a group level intervention. It sets the stage for a more efficient psychoanalytic group session at the interpersonal and intrapsychic levels.
Holding in Relational Theory and Group Analysis
Authors: Yogev Herzel
Published: November 2008

The article reviews Winnicott's concept of `holding' and its place in group analysis. Winnicott viewed holding in therapy as equivalent to the maternal function of holding the baby. This stance requires a more refined model, in which holding is viewed as an illusion that both participants need to acknowledge as such and that enables them to act upon each other in the potential space. This article examines the variations that inevitably exist in the amount and kind of holding that is needed in therapy, and the intersubjective movement towards the holding position during therapy.
Fabrication Effects on Properties of Composites for Medical Applications: 1. Composite Preparation and Characterization
Authors: Habeb R.R. , Walker G.S. , Jones I.A. , Rudd C.D.
Published: November 2008

We investigate the fabrication of continuous carbon fiber/poly(ε-caprolactone) composites for biomedical applications. Two fabrication methods: in-situ polymerization and film stacking are compared at two different thicknesses. Analysis of void content produced via the two fabrication methods showed that the in-situ polymerization specimens had considerably lower void content than the film stacked samples. Significantly higher mechanical properties were obtained for the in-situ polymerized samples, and an almost three-fold increase in properties was seen as compared to the film stacked samples. Scanning electron microscopy images of surfaces supported the findings above. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed higher dynamic modulus for the in-situ polymerized samples which was consistent with the above results.
Prediction of Long Term Flexural Fatigue Strength of Honeycomb Sandwich Composites
Authors: Cai Hongneng , Miyano Yasushi , Nakada Masayuki
Published: November 2008

A prediction method for the fatigue life of polymer composites under arbitrary frequency, load ratio and temperature was extended to that of polymer composite structures. The three-point bending tests for honeycomb cored sandwich (SW) panels with GFRP skin plates and Nomex honeycomb core under constant strain rates (CSR) and fatigue loading at various strain rates and temperatures were conducted. The maximum bending moments for CSR and fatigue loadings strongly depend on time and temperature, and the time—temperature superposition principle for the storage modulus of matrix resin holds for the maximum bending moments for fatigue loading as well as CSR loading. The long term fatigue strength at any time, temperature and number of cycles to failure can be predicted using the master curves of the bending moment by fatigue loading based on the accelerated testing methodology.
Technology Studies to Meet the Needs of People With Dementia and Their Caregivers
Authors: Topo Päivi
Published: November 2008

The aim of this article is to present the findings of a review of studies that focused on technology supporting people with dementia and their caregivers. A literature search was carried out in eight scientific literature databases covering literature published between January 1992 and February 2007. A total of 46 studies providing original data and one review were included in this review. Analyses covered the aims of the studies, the technology used, study design, methods, outcome variables, and results. Most studies were carried out in residential care and focused on the needs of formal caregivers. Only a few studies involved people with dementia actively using the technology. The studies are difficult to compare because of the large variety of aims, technologies, design, and outcome measurements. There is a need for more research in this area, in particular, with people who have a mild stage dementia living in the community.
The introduction of the concept of dementia praecox into Spain, 1902—19
Authors: Plumed Domingo José Javier
Published: November 2008

Edited by Dr Tom Dening

Modern psychiatry has been shaped by Emil Kraepelin's nosological revolution. Historiography, accordingly, has taken an interest in how his ideas on psychiatry were introduced in different countries. This article will analyse the introduction of dementia praecox into Spanish psychiatry and its relationship with the theoretical debate taking place there at the time in the context of Spanish psychiatric care and institutions.
Psychosurgery in Italy, 1936—39
Authors: Kotowicz Zbigniew
Published: November 2008

In 1936 Egas Moniz introduced a new method for treating mental illness — psychosurgery. This new procedure was taken up immediately in a number of countries, including Italy. In most countries its introduction was slow and the numbers of operations were in single figures, but in Italy the introduction was rapid and around a dozen neuropsychiatrists reported much higher numbers of operations performed. Also in Italy the first innovations to the technique, notably the transorbital variation, were introduced. Moreover, all these activities took place without any sign of the protest seen elsewhere. Conditions that allowed the acceptance of this risky procedure seemed to be a consequence of the way in which the professions of neurology and psychiatry had been merged in Italy.
`These strangers within our gates': race, psychiatry and mental illness among black Americans at St Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, DC, 1900—40
Authors: Gambino Matthew
Published: November 2008

During the early decades of the twentieth century, William Alanson White and the medical staff at St Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, DC, developed an ambitious programme for US psychiatry wherein the profession would dedicate itself to the reconstitution of mentally-fit and socially-productive American citizens. The racist assumptions beneath this programme led most physicians at the institution to expect little more than deference, dependence and common labour from their black patients, preventing them from comprehending the impact of substandard and racially-segregated care. Black men and women were acutely aware of the injustices they faced. When they rejected elements of the hospital's medical regimen, these patients were also rejecting a social vision that consigned them to the margins of US civic life.
Managing the `unmanageable': interwar child psychiatry at the Maudsley Hospital, London
Authors: Evans Bonnie , Rahman Shahina , Jones Edgar
Published: November 2008

When opened as a post-graduate teaching and research hospital in 1923, the Maudsley made virtually no provision for the treatment of children. Yet its children's department saw sustained growth during the interwar period. This expansion is explored in relation to novel behaviourist hypotheses and the forging of formal links with local government and charitable bodies. The recruitment of psychologists, educators and specialist social workers fostered a multidisciplinary approach through case conferences. This development would structure the theoretical origins of child psychiatry, in particular influencing the role and interpretation of psychoanalytic theory within it. The theoretical orientation of child psychiatry and the practical treatment of children represented an area of dynamic change and innovation at a time when adult psychiatry struggled to discover effective treatments or achieve breakthroughs in causal understanding.
Assessing e-book model sustainability
Authors: Polding Robert , Baptista Nunes José Miguel , Kingston Bernard
Published: November 2008

The project described in this article explores the transition from a paper-based book, which deals with higher education (HE) ranking tables, namely The Times Good University Guide (GUG), to a fully customizable e-book. This article sets the background of the project, identifies design research as the general methodological approach, examines the existing e-book models and describes the current state of the research. It concludes, based on a set of real-life full prototypes that have now been live on the web for three years, that current e-book model propositions are too limited in terms of implementing a fully customizable and dynamic league table web application. The article's originality lies in the specific nature of the book being digitized and the nature of that digitization. The GUG is an entire book based around a university league table. What is envisaged is not just the translation of this league table, and corresponding information into a digital format, but a fully customizable and dynamic web application that fully explores this table in ways that would not be possible in a paper-based form.
Media, scientific journals and science communication: examining the construction of scientific controversies
Authors: Brossard Dominique
Published: November 2008

This paper analyzes the role of the media in the construction of the “water with memory” controversy. It demonstrates that the universality of the canons of the scientific enterprise transcends the scientific publications' domain and can also influence mass media coverage of scientific controversies. Mass media can play a crucial role in scientific controversies. This role goes way beyond acting as secondary sources of news created in the scientific arena. The case study illustrates how media in times of crisis can assume the rhetorical role traditionally imparted to scientific journals, the latter adopting a passionate and sensationalistic approach usually attributed to mass media. The case study demonstrates that mass media's role in science communication cannot be studied in isolation, and that scientific journals and mass media work in interaction in the construction of scientific controversies.
Making a small country count: nanotechnology in Danish newspapers from 1996 to 2006
Authors: Kjærgaard Rikke Schmidt
Published: November 2008

This article presents the results of a content study of how nanotechnology has been framed in Danish national newspapers by taking a random sample of 250 articles published between 1996 and 2006 from a population of 1,062 articles. The articles were analyzed for “dominant frame” and “dominant tone” with respect to risks and benefits of nanotechnology. The findings demonstrate a remarkable positive tone in the articles with a ratio of ten to one in favor of “benefits outweigh risks” versus “risks outweigh benefits.” Using data from this content study the author analyzes patterns of newspaper attention and framing. The data are used in a comparative study to challenge simplistic narratives of general similarities and differences between European and US contexts, making a claim for paying more attention to local cultural and national contexts in studies of media coverage of emerging technologies.
Public attitudes to genomic science: an experiment in information provision
Authors: Sturgis Patrick , Brunton-Smith Ian , Fife-Schaw Chris
Published: November 2008

We use an experimental panel study design to investigate the effect of providing “value-neutral” information about genomic science in the form of a short film to a random sample of the British public. We find little evidence of attitude change as a function of information provision. However, our results show that information provision significantly increased dropout from the study amongst less educated respondents. Our findings have implications both for our understanding of the knowledge—attitude relationship in public opinion toward genomic science and for science communication more generally.
Corporate Social Disclosure Practices of Top Software Firms in India
Authors: Murthy Vijaya
Published: November 2008

This study examines the corporate social disclosure practices of the top 16 software firms in India. The 2003–2004 annual reports were analysed using content analysis to examine the attributes reported relating to human resource, community development activities, products and services activities and environmental activities. The human resources category was the most frequently reported followed by community development activities and the environmental activities was the least reported. Most of the information was qualitative and was disclosed in the ‘other’ sections of the annual report. Some firms had separate sections for each category while many others disclosed their social practices in the introductory pages of the annual report. The results indicate that firms had different motives/reasons for reporting the different attributes. The shortage of skilled labour in the software sector seems to have shaped the corporate social disclosure (CSD) practices in the human resources category. Firms seem to engage in community development activities without expecting changes to their economic performance and the CSD of community activities seem to be shaped by the expectations of the society. The nature of global competition in the software sector seems to have shaped the CSD practices in the product and services contribution category.
Public Transportation and Customer Satisfaction
Authors: Agarwal Reeti
Published: November 2008

In today's competitive market scenario, organizations increasingly understand the importance of building and effectively managing the relationship with its customers. For building and maintaining a healthy relationship with the customer, organizations need to understand and meet the expectations of its customer. The organizations today should aim not only at satisfying the customer but should also focus on delighting him. Thus it has become imperative for organizations to identify parameters that cause customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction and consciously measure them so as to try and bring about the necessary changes on the basis of customer perceptions. The present study has been undertaken to find the factors related to Indian Railway services that have an impact on customer satisfaction. The study was conducted using the survey method. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 500. Factor and regression analysis was used to analyse the data and identify the effect of customers’ perception about the quality of performance of various factors on customer satisfaction. The major findings of the study depict that out of the various factors considered, employee behaviour has the maximum effect on satisfaction level of customers with Indian Railways as a whole.
Economic Reforms, Growth and Regional Divergence in India
Authors: Ghosh Madhusudan
Published: November 2008

This paper examines long-run growth performance and regional divergence in per capita income across 15 major Indian states during the pre- and post-reform periods. Evidence shows that the divergence has increased the post-reform period. The divergence has been due to inter-state variations in production structures, human capital and infrastructure. Larger public investment in human capital and infrastructure for states with lower steady-state could improve overall growth performance and reduce regional imbalances. Ongoing economic reforms that seem to have led to an increase in growth as well as regional disparities of income need to be modified appropriately.
Win Friends and Influence People
Authors: Hill Vanessa , Carley Kathleen M.
Published: November 2008

Organizational culture research has primarily focused on organizations characterized by permanent, full-time employment relationships. The workplace is increasingly characterized by multiple employment relationships. It is not clear that current understandings of culture capture what occurs in these organizations. Employing participant observation and survey methods, the authors use a grounded theory approach to explore the transmission of cultural values and practices in a temporary placement agency, an organization characterized by multiple employment relationships. The authors find that successful purveyors of cultural values are characterized by how well they are liked and their perceived importance to their coworkers' success rather than traditional means of culture management, such as policy and hierarchical authority.
Getting “More Bang for the Buck”
Authors: Mickel Amy E. , Barron Lisa A.
Published: November 2008

Practitioners view monetary rewards as an important and powerful motivational tool. Yet organizational research has focused primarily on the economic value of these rewards. In this essay, the authors challenge this view by suggesting that monetary rewards also acquire symbolic meaning via the organization's distribution practices. They contend that the presence of symbolic meaning adds symbolic value to the economic value of the reward, which increases the reward's overall perceived value. They argue that the increased perceived value of the reward can lead to desired organizational outcomes. Conversely, the authors argue that the absence of symbolic meaning can lessen the overall perceived value of the reward. This increases the likelihood of undesired organizational outcomes. These ideas have implications for organizational scholars' theories about monetary rewards and for how practitioners distribute monetary rewards in organizations.
Theatrical Performance as Unfreezing
Authors: Taylor Steven S.
Published: November 2008

The author conceptualizes the staging of a theatrical play within the main session of the Academy of Management as an organizational intervention intended to facilitate unfreezing as a first step in bringing about change. He suggests that the theatrical performance facilitates Schein's three requirements of unfreezing: It creates disconfirming data through second-order observation and by creating a common language, it facilitates anxiety or guilt through the social sharing of emotion, and it creates psychological safety through catharsis and communal audiencing. The author illustrates this based on cast and audience responses to a play, called Ties That Bind, that was performed at the 2002 annual meetings of the Academy of Management in Denver as an all-academy symposium.
22 Things I Hate
Authors: Abrahamson Eric
Published: November 2008

This article does not present one long rant about the state of our field. Rather, it articulates a series of 22 mini rants—short rants that do not exceed 116 words in length. The mini rants range from theory generation; to the positioning of articles in our field; to hypothesis generation; to data, methods analysis, and results; to academic writing; and to our field in general. The shotgun approach presented by mini rants serves as a device to maximize the number of potential thoughtful, or even rant-like, responses to each of the author's mini rants.
Influencing Ideas
Authors: Greenwood Royston , Meyer Renate E.
Published: November 2008

Few papers achieve the success of DiMaggio and Powell's 1983 “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” The impact of the paper, as indicated by its citation count and its influence on a wide range of disciplines, has been extraordinary. Furthermore, the paper's influence continues to increase. Here we celebrate this exceptional paper and offer observations on how ideas become adopted, institutionalized, and sometimes translated in ways not necessarily intended by their authors. We also note the vagaries of the process by which journals assess the caliber of papers submitted to them—after all, this paper was initially rejected!
Restricted Authority
Authors: Mulcare Daniel M.
Published: November 2008

This article connects slavery politics with the curtailment of antebellum infrastructure policy and the limits placed on the development of the early American state. Because many Southerners feared that a unified Northern majority could hinder slavery's expansion or continued existence, they successfully worked to curtail federal power, even in areas seemingly unconnected to slavery. They helped to undermine a national improvement system, the federal government's ability to build improvements within state borders, and Congress's power to levy tolls to fund road repairs. In addition, Southerners' efforts to curb certain improvement projects curtailed the federal government's overall administrative capacity.
Good Women, Martyrs, and Survivors
Authors: Pinnewala Parvani
Published: November 2008

This article analyzes select psychological and social models to provide a new theoretical framework for South Asian women subjected to partner violence. It focuses on women's help-seeking behaviors and efforts to end violence. Analysis of the stress-coping paradigm, the ecological model, and the transtheoretical approach indicates the possibility of integrating their core constructs of cognitive, contextual, and process elements to provide a culturally relevant model for South Asia. Each model is reviewed from a Sri Lankan clinical perspective to discuss its relevance to South Asian women's experience with, and responses to, violence. This initial theoretical framework will need to undergo further comprehensive theorizing and rigorous empirical testing in different South Asian countries to assess its validity.
Covariation in the Use of Physical and Sexual Intimate Partner Aggression Among Adolescent and College-Age Men
Authors: White Jacquelyn W. , Smith Paige Hall
Published: November 2008

A longitudinal examination of male perpetration of physical aggression toward a romantic partner and its covariation with sexual aggression reveals a decline from adolescence through 4 years of college. Witnessing domestic violence and experiencing parental physical punishment increased the likelihood of physical aggression in adolescence, but not thereafter. Prior perpetration best predicted subsequent perpetration. Although adolescence was the time of greatest risk, the 2nd year in college was an additional time of increased risk. Furthermore, physical and sexual aggression covaried with each other in the sample at rates significantly greater than chance, indicating that covariation may be a unique form of perpetration. Witnessing domestic violence and experiencing parental physical punishment were associated with an increased likelihood of men committing both forms of intimate partner aggression in adolescence.
Improving Services to African American Survivors of IPV
Authors: Gillum Tameka L.
Published: November 2008

Researchers have found that many services designed to assist survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) take a mainstream, color-blind approach to their interventions. Several authors have indicated a need for culturally specific IPV interventions to adequately address the issue of IPV within the African American community. This exploratory study was designed to ascertain, from African American survivors, what their experiences were with mainstream IPV interventions and how their experience with a culturally specific domestic violence agency was different from those experiences. Overall, women described mostly problematic experiences with mainstream services and positive experiences with the culturally specific agency.
Teamwork Through Team Building: Face-to-Face to Online
Authors: Staggers Julie , Garcia Susan , Nagelhout Ed
Published: November 2008

This article describes the ways the authors incorporated team-building activities into our online business writing courses by interrogating the ways that kinesthetic learning translates into the electronic realm. The authors review foundational theories of team building, including Cog's Ladder and Tuckman's Stages, and offer sample exercises they have converted. The authors show how the medium affects the exercises, how the choices made as teachers affect the exercises, and how they adjusted to meet the needs of their students. The authors argue that teamwork most successfully occurs after team building, and too often this team building is lacking in online environments.
Functional Status, Chronic Stress, and Cortisol Response After Mild-to-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Bay Esther , Sikorskii Alla , Fuli Gao
Published: November 2008

It is well known that individuals experience difficulties with depressive symptoms and functional status after traumatic brain injury. However, it is unclear what the relationship is between these 2 phenomena and whether there is a biological explanation for. In this secondary analysis, we examined whether depressive symptoms explained postinjury functional status and whether chronic stress and salivary cortisol influenced this relationship. Participants included 75 persons within 24 months of their injury dates who were evaluated or treated in specialty clinics. All participants and a family member or significant other completed survey data, and 50 of the participants provided cortisol data. Results indicated that chronic stress, measured using Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale, completely mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms, measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and psychological functioning, measured using the Patient Competency Rating Scale. Furthermore, those who provided cortisol data displayed hypocortisolemia in their 12-hr profile. Results from this analysis suggest that interventions focused on addressing the chronic stress experience may be important in limiting depressive symptoms and improving psychological functioning. Longitudinal study of this phenomenon is required to understand the progression of chronic stress after traumatic brain injury.
Collective memory and crisis
Authors: West Brad
Published: November 2008

Utilizing a Geertzian cultural systems approach, Australian newspaper reporting of the 2002 Bali bombing is analysed to explore the dynamics of collective memory during crisis. With Australian footballers among the casualties in the terrorist attack, the traditional heroic figure of the Australian sportsman was widely used as a symbolic frame through which journalists, politicians and social commentators rationalized national suffering. The resulting promotion of an insular Australian nationalism inflamed public hostility towards Indonesia about the treatment of Australia's dead and injured. A counter-narrative of the attack emerged, however, with Australian tourists in Bali being mythologically aligned with First World War Anzac soldiers. In keying the bombing into the cultural logics of contemporary global travel and post-Fordist consumption, this collective memory provided a `model for' the emergence of a more cosmopolitan nationalism that legitimized a return to everyday activities and allowed for the development of closer diplomatic ties with Indonesia.