bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different Toxicity Mechanisms for Citrinin and Ochratoxin A Revealed by Transcriptomic Analysis in Yeast
Authors: Vanacloig-Pedros Elena , Proft Markus , Pascual-Ahuir Amparo
Published: September 2016

Citrinin (CIT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are important mycotoxins, which frequently co-contaminate foodstuff. In order to assess the toxicologic threat posed by the two mycotoxins separately or in combination, their biological effects were studied here using genomic transcription profiling and specific live cell gene expression reporters in yeast cells. Both CIT and OTA cause highly transient transcriptional activation of different stress genes, which is greatly enhanced by the disruption of the multidrug exporter Pdr5. Therefore, we performed genome-wide transcription profiling experiments with the pdr5 mutant in response to acute CIT, OTA, or combined CIT/OTA exposure. We found that CIT and OTA activate divergent and largely nonoverlapping gene sets in yeast. CIT mainly caused the rapid induction of antioxidant and drug extrusion-related gene functions, while OTA mainly deregulated developmental genes related with yeast sporulation and sexual reproduction, having only a minor effect on the antioxidant response. The simultaneous exposure to CIT and OTA gave rise to a genomic response, which combined the specific features of the separated mycotoxin treatments. The application of stress-specific mutants and reporter gene fusions further confirmed that both mycotoxins have divergent biological effects in cells. Our results indicate that CIT exposure causes a strong oxidative stress, which triggers a massive transcriptional antioxidant and drug extrusion response, while OTA mainly deregulates developmental genes and only marginally induces the antioxidant defense.
Parallelisms and Contrasts in the Diverse Ecologies of the Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi Complexes of Bacteria in the Far Western United States
Authors: Stephenson Nicole , Foley Janet
Published: September 2016

Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi are two tick-borne bacteria that cause disease in people and animals. For each of these bacteria, there is a complex of closely related genospecies and/or strains that are genetically distinct and have been shown through both observational and experimental studies to have different host tropisms. In this review we compare the known ecologies of these two bacterial complexes in the far western USA and find remarkable similarities, which will help us understand evolutionary histories and coadaptation among vertebrate host, tick vector, and bacteria. For both complexes, sensu stricto genospecies (those that infect humans) share a similar geographic range, are vectored mainly by ticks in the Ixodes ricinus-complex, utilize mainly white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) as a reservoir in the eastern USA and tree squirrels in the far west, and tend to be generalists, infecting a wider variety of vertebrate host species. Other sensu lato genospecies within each complex are generally more specialized, occurring often in local enzootic cycles within a narrow range of vertebrate hosts and specialized vector species. We suggest that these similar ecologies may have arisen through utilization of a generalist tick species as a vector, resulting in a potentially more virulent generalist pathogen that spills over into humans, vs. utilization of a specialized tick vector on a particular vertebrate host species, promoting microbe specialization. Such tight host-vector-pathogen coupling could also facilitate high enzootic prevalence and the evolution of host immune-tolerance and bacterial avirulence.
Influence of ambient humidity on the attachment ability of ladybird beetles (Coccinella septempunctata)
Authors: Heepe Lars , Wolff Jonas O , Gorb Stanislav N
Published: September 2016

Many insects possess adhesive foot pads, which enable them to scale smooth vertical surfaces. The function of these organs may be highly affected by environmental conditions. Ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) possess dense tarsal soles of tenent setae, supplemented with an adhesive fluid. We studied the attachment ability of the seven-spotted ladybird beetle (Coccinella septempunctata) at different humidities by horizontal traction experiments. We found that both low (15%) and high (99%) relative humidities lead to a decrease of attachment ability. The significantly highest attachment forces were revealed at 60% humidity. This relationship was found both in female and male beetles, despite of a deviating structure of adhesive setae and a significant difference in forces between sexes. These findings demonstrate that not only dry adhesive setae are affected by ambient humidity, but also setae that stick due to the capillarity of an oily secretion.
Rapid regio- and multi-coupling reactivity of 2,3-dibromobenzofurans with atom-economic triarylbismuths under palladium catalysis
Authors: Rao Maddali L N , Talode Jalindar B , Murty Venneti N
Published: September 2016

A regio- and chemoselective cross-coupling study using 2,3-dibromobenzofurans and 2,3,5-tribromobenzofuran was achieved with sub-stoichiometric loadings of triarylbismuths as atom-economic reagents under Pd-catalyzed conditions. As part of this study, various 2,3-diaryl- and 2,3,5-triarylbenzofuran products were obtained in high yields, involving one-pot operations and short reaction times.
THE IMPACT OF CHAIN EXTENDER ON THE PROPERTIES OF POLYURETHANE FOAM BASED ON RAPESEED OIL POLYOL OBTAINED VIA CHEMO–ENZYMATIC ROUTE
Authors: Kairytė Agnė , Vaitkus Saulius , Balčiūnas Giedrius
Published: September 2016

Presently, researches regarding green chemistry are conducted due to its significance for the mitigation of environmental problems, particularly those related to carbon dioxide emissions in relation to global warming and the usage of fossil feedstocks not only for energy generation but also for materials production. The study examines the impact of bio-products such as corn starch, rapeseed glycerin as well as petroleum based propylene glycol as bifunctional and trifunctional chain extenders on physical-mechanical properties of polyurethane foam from rapeseed oil polyol derived via chemo-enzymatic route. The obtained foams were characterized using European and international methodologies for determination of density, compressive strength perpendicular and parallel to foaming directions, thermal conductivity, long-term water absorption after 28 days of immersion, closed cell content and cell size. Foams containing (5–25) pphp of corn starch display significantly lower values in density and compressive strength as well as cell size compared to the neat polyurethane foam. The greatest compressive strength and the lowest thermal conductivity are obtained for foams with 25 pphp of rapeseed glycerin. All foams extended with bio-products and propylene glycol are characterized by the higher long-term water absorption compared to that of the neat polyurethane foam.
ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN PROPAGATING SOLAR CORONAL DISTURBANCES AND CHROMOSPHERIC FOOTPOINTS
Authors: Bryans P. , McIntosh S. W. , Moortel I. De , Pontieu B. De
Published: September 2016

The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) provides an unparalleled opportunity to explore the (thermal) interface between the chromosphere, transition region, and the coronal plasma observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) of the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The SDO/AIA observations of coronal loop footpoints show strong recurring upward propagating signals—“propagating coronal disturbances” (PCDs) with apparent speeds of the order of 100–120 km s−1. That signal has a clear signature in the slit-jaw images of IRIS in addition to identifiable spectral signatures and diagnostics in the Mg iih (2803 Å) line. In analyzing the Mg iih line, we are able to observe the presence of magnetoacoustic shock waves that are also present in the vicinity of the coronal loop footpoints. We see there is enough of a correspondence between the shock propagation in Mg iih, the evolution of the Si iv line profiles, and the PCD evolution to indicate that these waves are an important ingredient for PCDs. In addition, the strong flows in the jet-like features in the IRIS Si iv slit-jaw images are also associated with PCDs, such that waves and flows both appear to be contributing to the signals observed at the footpoints of PCDs.
Concepções alternativas sobre microrganismos: alerta para a necessidade de melhoria no processo ensino-aprendizagem de biologia
Authors: Oliveira Noalixon Faustino , Azevedo Thamara Medeiros , Sodré Neto Luiz
Published: September 2016

O presente trabalho apresenta e discute os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada em uma escola estadual localizada no Seridó paraibano. A pesquisa objetivou analisar os conhecimentos dos 327 alunos do 1º, 2º e 3º ano do Ensino Médio sobre os microrganismos, como também verificar a forma com que esses alunos interpretam as atividades desses seres relacionadas ao seu cotidiano. Diante dos resultados é possível considerar que os professores precisam utilizar alternativas de ensino que permitam um melhor desenvolvimento cognitivo, procurando identificar os conhecimentos prévios para poder mediar as relações entre o que se conhece e as novas informações.
Educomunicação em praticas de educação ambiental: o uso de documentários na educação básica
Authors: Bonfadini Karla Emanuelle Carneiro Gonçalves , Borim Danielle Cristina Duque Estrada , Rocha Marcelo Borges
Published: September 2016

As discussões relacionadas às questões ambientais são recentes e é praticamente consenso que as reuniões internacionais promovidas pela UNESCO e PNUMA são marcos que passaram a atribuir significados e sentidos à Educação Ambiental (EA) em todo o mundo. Nesse contexto, a EA foi se delineando como um instrumento de resistência à crise ambiental e como uma ferramenta que atua em prol da Educomunicação. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou analisar o potencial didático de documentários ambientais em atividades com estudantes do Ensino Fundamental. Para isso, desenvolveram-se oficinas utilizando documentários, com aplicação de um mesmo questionário antes e depois das mesmas. A finalidade desse instrumento de coleta de dados foi ter parâmetros para examinar como se deu a ressignificação dos conteúdos abordados nos documentários por parte dos alunos. Após a análise do material coletado, observou-se que o uso de documentários ambientais, como um recurso pedagógico em oficinas de Educação Ambiental, contribuiu para motivar e sensibilizar os alunos.
Um estudo exploratório para avaliar a dificuldade de problemas em ensino de física utilizando a teoria da carga cognitiva com o auxílio de uma hipermídia
Authors: Medeiros de Oliveira Angelo Mozart , Moreira Marco Antonio
Published: September 2016

No presente trabalho foi realizado um estudo exploratório sobre o tipo de navegação que os estudantes apresentam dentro de uma hipermídia. Basicamente, a hipermídia conta com problemas sepadarados em dificuldades estabelecidas teoricamente pela Teoria da Carga Cognitiva (CLT). A CLT surge como uma teoria focada nas técnicas e no desenvolvimento de materiais instrucionais que facilitam a aprendizagem. O estudo foi realizado em 35 alunos do 1º ano do ensino médio integrado do IFRS (Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – Câmpus Ibirubá), que tiveram sua navegação e respostas gravadas em um log, assim como o material produzido por eles durante a realização da tarefa. No que se refere a atribuição de dificuldade a priori aos problemas, os resultados sugerem que a CLT foi consistente. Como este estudo exploratório, procuramos contribuir para o levantamento de novas perguntas de pesquisa.
O nó da avaliação em ciências: Formando, deformando ou conformando?
Authors: Nascimento Lucilene Aparecida e Lima do , Rôças Giselle
Published: September 2016

Este estudo refere-se à uma pesquisa desenvolvida numa escola na Baixada Fluminense, no Rio de Janeiro, com normalistas. A partir do questionamento sobre as práticas avaliativas no Ensino de Ciências, buscou-se compreender a concepção de avaliação das participantes da pesquisa por meio de questionários e entrevistas, elementos utilizados como instrumentos de coleta de dados. Esta pesquisa traz uma abordagem qualitativa da análise desses dados, assumindo a pesquisa-ação como o fio condutor da metodologia. A análise evidencia o nó na avaliação do ensino de ciências e busca despertar a conscientização, reflexão e ação dos professores, pesquisadores da área e todos os que acreditam que é possível melhorar o ensino em ciências, a partir da formação inicial de professoras em nível médio, e combatendo a deformação e/ou conformação para desatar esse nó.Palavras-chave: avaliação, ensino em ciências, formação.
Deconstructing AMO framework: a systematic review
Authors: Marin-Garcia Juan A. , Martinez Tomas Juan
Published: September 2016

Purpose: The AMO framework has been widely accepted in HRM literature for explaining the linkage between human resources practices and performance. However, it remains unclear whether this model has been fully demonstrated or not. Hence, we propose a systematic review that aims at identifying those investigations that have thoroughly tested the model, as well as the approaches used by them.Design/methodology/approach: Systematic literature review, filtering scientific papers published in journals indexed in Scopus, Web of Science or Google Scholar, from the year 1993 to 2016, in the field of Social Sciences and Humanities with research that indirectly apply the AMO model in their analysis.Findings: AMO model is an excellent and structured framework that provides a better understanding of the relationship between HRM and performance. Moreover, the effectiveness of the model's proposal appears to be beyond doubt. In fact, a well trained and skilled employee will perform better, and a motivated worker will be ready to "go the extra mile". Likewise, if the work environment does not provide adequate opportunities, both abilities and motivation might become meaningless. However, we consider that many other factors could influence the positive effects of HPWS. As a matter of fact, not only contextual factors, but also individual beliefs, personal affinities, or personal circumstances (among others) might affect the implementation of these practices and the subsequent outcomes. For this reason, we consider that developing an HRM model that perfectly fit any situation is a very complicated, if not impossible, task.Research limitations/implications: The results show a significant variability in both research approaches and variables taken into consideration. In addition, it seems that little research has been conducted to verify the AMO model directly. Therefore, we consider that there is a great need to study the model from a more systematic perspective. A thorough understanding of the model could lead to a better understanding of the problems that organizations face when implementing human resource practices.Originality/value: Our study shed light on some aspects of the AMO framework within the HRM context. Specifically, we aimed to identify whether or not it is possible to confirm the model as it was originally proposed. We also find out which HR practices and measures of performance were considered across investigations, to define a standard approach.
DESIGN OF ROBUST STATE FEEDBACK CONTROLLERS FOR REHABILITATION IN PARKINSONS TREMOR: A SIMULATION STUDY WITH UNCERTAIN MODEL OF BASAL GANGLIA
Authors: Rouhollahi K. , Andani M. Emadi , Karbassi S. M. , Mojiri M.
Published: September 2016

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is one of the most effective neurosurgical procedures to reduce Parkinsons tremor. The conventional method of DBS is open loop stimulation of one area of basal ganglia (BG). On the other hand, existing feedback causes the reduction of additional stimulatory signal delivered to the brain which results in the reduction of the side effects caused by the excessive stimulation intensity. Actually, the stimulatory intensity of the controllers is reduced proportionally by the reduction of hands tremor, which is in fact the intended rehabilitation of the disease. The meaningful objective of this study is to design an architecture of controllers to decrease three criteria. The first one is the hand’s tremor, the second one is the level of delivered stimulation signal to brain in disease condition and the third one is the ratio of the level of delivered stimulation signal in health condition to disease condition. In order to achieve these objectives, a new architecture of a closed loop control system to stimulate two areas of BG at the same time is presented. One area (STN: subthalamic nucleus) is stimulated with a state feedback (SF) controller (pole placement method) and the other area (GPi: globus pallidus internal) is stimulated with a partial state feedback controller (PSFC). Considering these criteria, the results illustrate that stimulating two areas leads to a suitable performance. Simulation results show that the PSF and SF controllers are robust enough to the variations of the system parameters. Moreover, we are able to estimate the parameters of BG model in real time; it is a valuable method to update the time variable parameters of this model.
A SELF-ADAPTABLE DISTRIBUTED CBR VERSION OF THE EQUIVOX SYSTEM
Authors: Henriet Julien , Lang Christophe , Pottayya Ronnie Muthada , Breschi Karla
Published: September 2016

Three dimensional (3D) voxel phantoms are numerical representations of human bodies, used by physicians in very different contexts. In the controlled context of hospitals, where from 2 to 10 subjects may arrive per day, phantoms are used to verify computations before therapeutic exposure to radiation of cancerous tumors. In addition, 3D phantoms are used to diagnose the gravity of accidental exposure to radiation. In such cases, there may be from 10 to more than 1000 subjects to be diagnosed simultaneously. In all of these cases, computation accuracy depends on a single such representation. In this paper, we present EquiVox which is a tool composed of several distributed functions and enables to create, as quickly and as accurately as possible, 3D numerical phantoms that fit anyone, whatever the context. It is based on a multi-agent system. Agents are convenient for this kind of structure, they can interact together and they may have individual capacities. In EquiVox, the phantoms adaptation is a key phase based on artificial neural network (ANN) interpolations. Thus, ANNs must be trained regularly in order to take into account newly capitalized subjects and to increase interpolation accuracy. However, ANN training is a time-consuming process. Consequently, we have built Equivox to optimize this process. Thus, in this paper, we present our architecture, based on agents and ANN, and we put the stress on the adaptation module. We propose, next, some experimentations in order to show the efficiency of the EquiVox architecture.
Poverty in the first-century Galilee
Authors: Häkkinen Sakari
Published: September 2016

In the Ancient world poverty was a visible and common phenomenon. According to estimations 9 out of 10 persons lived close to the subsistence level or below it. There was no middle class. The state did not show much concern for the poor. Inequality and disability to improve one’s social status were based on honour and shame, culture and religion.In order to understand the activity of Jesus and the early Jesus movement in Galilee, it is essential to know the social and economic context where he and his followers came. The principal literary source in first-century Galilee is Josephus, who provides a very incomplete glimpse of the political and economic character of the Galilee and his account is both tendentious and selfserving. There is no consensus among the scholars on the conditions of ordinary people in Galilee at the time of Jesus and the early Jesus movement. The evidence can be interpreted either so that first-century Galilee was peaceful and people had somewhat better times economically because of the large building projects, or just the opposite – the building projects demanded a lot more taxes and forced labour and made life even more difficult. In this article it is argued that the latter conditions explain better the birth and rapid increase of the early Jesus movement in Galilee.
Die hermeneutiek van die belydenisskrifte
Authors: Coetzee Carel F.C.
Published: September 2016

The hermeneutics of the reformed confessions. The purpose of this article, in the first place, is to honour the work that Prof Gert (Jorrie) Jordaan has done over several decades, especiallyin the field of hermeneutics. Secondly, the article wants to make a contribution regardinganother aspect of hermeneutics, namely the hermeneutics of the reformed confessions. A closerelationship exists between Scripture and the confessions. The confessions is a summary or‘authoritative commentary’ on the core truths of the doctrine in Scripture. They are ecclesiastical documents, authoritative and binding on officials and church members of churches in the reformed tradition. They are commentaries or interpretations, but also need to be interpreted. Due to their unique character and function, the hermeneutics of the confessions is of utmostimportance. The article formulates ten guidelines that are, in the view of the author, essentialfor the contemporary interpretation of the confessions.
Isotopic composition for source identification of mercury in atmospheric
fine particles
Authors: Huang Qiang , Chen Jiubin , Huang Weilin , Fu Pingqing , Guinot Benjamin , Feng Xinbin , Shang Lihai , Wang Zhuhong , Wang Zhongwei , Yuan Shengliu , Cai Hongming , Wei Lianfang , Yu Ben
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The usefulness of mercury (Hg) isotopes for tracing the sources and pathways of Hg (and its vectors) in atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) is uncertain. Here, we measured Hg isotopic compositions in 30 potential source materials and 23 PM2.5 samples collected in four seasons from the megacity Beijing (China) and combined the seasonal variation in both mass-dependent fractionation (represented by the ratio 202Hg ∕ 198Hg, δ202Hg) and mass-independent fractionation of isotopes with odd and even mass numbers (represented by Δ199Hg and Δ200Hg, respectively) with geochemical parameters and meteorological data to identify the sources of PM2.5-Hg and possible atmospheric particulate Hg transformation. All PM2.5 samples were highly enriched in Hg and other heavy metals and displayed wide ranges of both δ202Hg (−2.18 to 0.51 ‰) and Δ199Hg (−0.53 to 0.57 ‰), as well as small positive Δ200Hg (0.02 to 0.17 ‰). The results indicated that the seasonal variation in Hg isotopic composition (and elemental concentrations) was likely derived from variable contributions from anthropogenic sources, with continuous input due to industrial activities (e.g., smelting, cement production and coal combustion) in all seasons, whereas coal combustion dominated in winter and biomass burning mainly found in autumn. The more positive Δ199Hg of PM2.5-Hg in spring and early summer was likely derived from long-range-transported Hg that had undergone extensive photochemical reduction. The study demonstrated that Hg isotopes may be potentially used for tracing the sources of particulate Hg and its vectors in the atmosphere.
Research on Retrieval of Atmospheric Temperature and Humidity Profiles from combined Ground-based Microwave Radiometer and Cloud Radar Observations
Authors: Che Yunfei , Ma Shuqing , Xing Fenghua , Li Siteng , Dai Yaru
Published: September 2016

Abstract. This paper focuses on the retrieval of temperature and relative humidity profiles through combining ground-based microwave radiometer observations with those of millimeter-wavelength cloud radar. The cloud-base height and cloud thickness from the cloud radar were added into the atmospheric profile retrieval process, and a back propagation neural network method was used as the retrieval tool. Because substantial data are required to train a neural network, and microwave radiometer data are insufficient for this purpose, eight years of radiosonde data from Beijing were used as a database. The model MonoRTM was used to calculate the brightness temperature of the same channel as the microwave radiometer. Part of the cloud-base height and cloud thickness in the training dataset was also estimated using the radiosonde data. The accuracy of the results was analyzed by comparing with L-band sounding radar data, and quantified using the mean bias, root-mean-square error and correlation coefficient. The statistical results showed that inversion with cloud information was the optimal method. Compared with the inversion profiles without cloud information, the RMSE values after adding the cloud information were to a varying degree reduced for the vast majority of height layers. These reductions were particularly clear in layers with cloud present. The maximum reduction of RMSE for temperature was 2.2 K, and for the humidity profile was 16 %.
Sulfur dioxide retrievals from TROPOMI onboard Sentinel-5 Precursor: Algorithm Theoretical Basis
Authors: Theys N. , De Smedt I. , Yu H. , Danckaert T. , van Gent J. , Hörmann C. , Wagner T. , Hedelt P. , Bauer H. , Romahn F. , Pedergnana M. , Loyola D. , Van Roozendael M.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (S-5P) platform will measure ultraviolet Earthshine radiances at high spectral and improved spatial resolution (pixel size of 7 × 3.5 km2 at nadir) compared to its predecessors OMI and GOME-2. This paper presents the sulfur dioxide (SO2) vertical column retrieval algorithm implemented in the S-5P operational processor UPAS (Universal Processor for UV/VIS Atmospheric Spectrometers), and comprehensively describes its various retrieval steps. The spectral fitting is performed using the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method including multiple fitting windows to cope with the large range of atmospheric SO2 columns encountered. It is followed by a slant column background correction scheme to reduce possible biases or across-track dependent artifacts in the data. The SO2 vertical columns are obtained by applying Air Mass Factors (AMF) calculated for a set of representative a-priori profiles and accounting for various parameters influencing the retrieval sensitivity to SO2. Finally, the algorithm includes an error analysis module which is fully described here. We also discuss verification results (as part of the algorithm development) and future validation needs of the TROPOMI SO2 algorithm.
Assessing the benefit of snow data assimilation for runoff modeling in Alpine catchments
Authors: Griessinger Nena , Seibert Jan , Magnusson Jan , Jonas Tobias
Published: September 2016

Abstract. In Alpine catchments, snowmelt is often a major contribution to runoff. Therefore, modeling snow processes is important when concerned with flood or drought forecasting, reservoir operation and inland waterway management. In this study, we address the question of how sensitive hydrological models are to the representation of snow cover dynamics and whether the performance of a hydrological model can be enhanced by integrating data from a dedicated external snow monitoring system. As a framework for our tests we have used the hydrological model HBV (Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning) in the version HBV-light, which has been applied in many hydrological studies and is also in use for operational purposes. While HBV originally follows a temperature-index approach with time-invariant calibrated degree-day factors to represent snowmelt, in this study the HBV model was modified to use snowmelt time series from an external and spatially distributed snow model as model input. The external snow model integrates three-dimensional sequential assimilation of snow monitoring data with a snowmelt model, which is also based on the temperature-index approach but uses a time-variant degree-day factor. The following three variations of this external snow model were applied: (a) the full model with assimilation of observational snow data from a dense monitoring network, (b) the same snow model but with data assimilation switched off and (c) a downgraded version of the same snow model representing snowmelt with a time-invariant degree-day factor. Model runs were conducted for 20 catchments at different elevations within Switzerland for 15 years. Our results show that at low and mid-elevations the performance of the runoff simulations did not vary considerably with the snow model version chosen. At higher elevations, however, best performance in terms of simulated runoff was obtained when using the snowmelt time series from the snow model, which utilized data assimilation. This was especially true for snow-rich years. These findings suggest that with increasing elevation and the correspondingly increased contribution of snowmelt to runoff, the accurate estimation of snow water equivalent (SWE) and snowmelt rates has gained importance.
Nitrate retention capacity of milldam-impacted legacy sediments and relict A horizon soils
Authors: Weitzman Julie N. , Kaye Jason P.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. While eutrophication is often attributed to contemporary nutrient pollution, there is growing evidence that past practices, like the accumulation of legacy sediment behind historic milldams, are also important. Given their prevalence, there is a critical need to understand how N flows through, and is retained in, legacy sediments to improve predictions and management of N transport from uplands to streams in the context of climatic variability and land-use change. Our goal was to determine how nitrate (NO3-) is cycled through the soil of a legacy sediment strewn stream before and after soil drying. We extracted 10.16 cm radius intact soil columns that extended 30 cm into each of the three significant soil horizons at Big Spring Run (BSR) in Lancaster, Pennsylvania: surface legacy sediment characterized by a newly developing mineral A horizon soil, mid-layer legacy sediment consisting of mineral B horizon soil, and a dark, organic-rich, buried relict A horizon soil. Columns were first pre-incubated at field capacity, and then isotopically labeled nitrate (15NO3-) was added and allowed to drain to estimate retention. The columns were then air-dried and subsequently rewet with N-free water and allowed to drain to quantify the drought-induced loss of 15NO3- from the different horizons. We found the highest initial 15N retention in the mid-layer legacy sediment (17 ± 4 %) and buried relict A soil (14 ± 3 %) horizons, with significantly lower retention in the surface legacy sediment (6 ± 1 %) horizon. As expected, rewetting dry soil resulted in 15N losses in all horizons, with the greatest losses in the buried relict A horizon soil, followed by the mid-layer legacy sediment and surface legacy sediment horizons, respectively. The 15N remaining in the soil following the post-drought leaching was highest in the mid-layer legacy sediment, intermediate in the surface legacy sediment, and lowest in the buried relict A horizon soil. Fluctuations in the water table at BSR which affect saturation of the buried relict A horizon soil could lead to great loses of NO3- from the soil, while vertical flow through the legacy sediment-rich soil profile that originates in the surface has the potential to retain more NO3-. Restoration that seeks to reconnect the groundwater and surface water, which will decrease the number of drying-rewetting events imposed on the relict A horizon soils, could initially lead to increased losses of NO3- to nearby stream waters.
Modelo para la gestión integrada del turismo comunitario en Ecuador, caso de estudio Pastaza
Authors: Reyes Vargas María Victoria , Ortega Ocaña Ángel Fernando , Machado Chaviano Esther Lidia
Published: September 2016

La industria del turismo a nivel global ha experimentado un crecimiento sostenido en las últimas décadas, muestra un interés progresivo hacia las áreas rurales, por su tranquilidad, naturaleza, biodiversidad, tradiciones y cultura; aspectos que se deben preservar y aprovechar a través de una adecuada orientación estratégica. Dentro del marco de las tendencias turísticas mundiales el turismo comunitario es uno de los que tiene mayores aceptaciones en el mercado turístico. En el caso del Ecuador comenzó a configurarse con dinamismo caracterizado el mismo porque buena parte de las reservas naturales del país se encuentran en manos de las comunidades indígenas, es así que el turismo sostenible a través de esta modalidad se ha venido preocupando del mantenimiento de la diversidad étnica, cultural y biológica del país, además su desarrollo se encuentra apoyado por actuales proyectos y leyes normativas para su puesta en marcha. En consecuencia con lo anterior, el objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en presentar un modelo para la gestión integrada del turismo comunitario, a partir de la concepción del desarrollo del destino turístico, el modelo propuesto para su implantación propone un procedimiento, el cual en su estructura sigue los principios del cooperativismo y la colaboración entre las partes que interactúan, como vía de alcanzar la integración del producto, seleccionando para ello como área de estudio la región amazónica del Ecuador y específicamente la provincia de Pastaza, permitiendo contribuir a lograr el desarrollo local de la región.
Linguistic Turn and Gendering Language in the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
Authors: Arimbi Diah A. , Kwary Deny A.
Published: September 2016

Language constructs how humans perceive things. Since language is a human construction, it tends to be biased as it is mainly men’s construction. Using gender perspectives, this paper attempts to discuss the imbalance in gender representations found in the examples given in an English learner’s dictionary, that is, the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 3rd Edition. A learner’s dictionary is chosen because it is where one can find and learn the meaning of words. The results show that linguistically speaking, English is still a highly patriarchal and gendering language where men are portrayed better than women. Women tend to be subjugated under men’s domination. Sexism and patriarchy still overshadow the meanings of words characterizing men and women. This means that men are still considered to be dominating women, despite the fact that the feminist movement has been going more than thirty years. Consequently, English language teachers should balance the gender bias by providing addtional materials that are gender neutral.
Scalable Synthesis of High-Purity (R, R)-Dexmethylphenidate Free Base
Authors: Wang Guan , Chen Dongsheng , Sun Yuanyuan , Cao Qing , Li Bonan , Li Jianqi
Published: September 2016

A practical method for the preparation of high-purity (R, R)-dexmethylphenidate free base was developed. The method involves a substitution reaction of 2-chloropyridine and phenylacetonitrile via hydrolysis followed by hydrogenation, configuration inversion, chiral resolution, methyl esterification, and salification to give high-purity dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride. The hydrochloride salt was then neutralized by powder sodium hydroxide overnight to give dexmethylphenidate free base with over 99% purity. This method can be used for the industrial production of the dexmethylphenidate patch API, which could also be further applied for the preparation of other types of amino acid ester free bases.
The Impact of Personal Selling on the Purchasing Behavior towards Clothes: A Case Study on the Youth Category
Authors: Yousif Rudain Othman
Published: September 2016

This study aimed to find the impact of personal selling on the purchasing behavior for youth in buying clothes. To achieve the objectives of the study, hypotheses were formulated and tested on a sample of the target community made up of 289 young men and women. The questionnaire design (32) was divided into five dimensions, four dimensions based on the personal characteristics of salespersons and their display of goods, characteristics of clothing stores, promotion done by salespersons in the sale of clothing, and the fifth focused on youth’s clothes purchasing behavior. The results of the study showed that 76.7% of males and 99.1% of females prefer to purchase from clothing retail stores. The sampling showed that salespersons in retail stores are honest in dealing with their customers but do not have the ability to negotiate with them. They neither have the required sales skill nor play a big role in stimulating sales, and they do not grant discounts to customers. The study recommended the importance of training and qualification for salespersons in personal selling to help them deal truthfully with customers and develop the ability to negotiate. Salespersons should be granted the authority to give discounts to customers.
Formação cultural e sociedade de consumo – apontamentos oriundos de uma pesquisa-ação
Authors: Nabaes Thaís De Oliveira
Published: September 2016

Visando problematizar aspectos das sociedades hodiernas no que diz respeito aos seus processos de formação cultural, o presente texto apresenta considerações oriundas de uma pesquisa-ação, que teve como referencial principal a Teoria Crítica de matriz frankfurtiana. As manifestações musicais de um grupo de alfabetizandos foram escolhidas como um recorte da realidade social, a fim de discutir fenômenos de consumo e descartabilidade de bens, em especial os culturais. No contexto do trabalho de campo, as categorias emergentes possibilitaram uma ampla discussão sobre elementos envolvidos nos processos de formação cultural nas sociedades marcadas pelo signo do consumo.
“Sou gay, sou alegre, mas não sou bagunça!”: docência, homossexualidade e estética da existência
Authors: França Filipe Gabriel Ribeiro
Published: September 2016

Este texto traz narrativas produzidas a partir de entrevistas narrativas com um professor homossexual durante uma pesquisa de mestrado. A questão analisada na pesquisa parte da seguinte inquietação: “Quais as narrativas, experiências e de que modos se constituem @s professor@s homossexuais?”. Foi utilizado como referencial teórico-metodológico a perspectiva pós-estruturalista. A partir dessa perspectiva puderam ser problematizadas as formas pelas quais o professor pesquisado vai se constituindo enquanto docente homossexual e discutir como esse professor vai se produzindo nas relações de poder, nas relações com o outro e, sobretudo, como se relaciona com a instituição escolar. Assumir-se enquanto professor homossexual organiza a forma com que o sujeito se comporta dentro escola, vivenciando um contínuo processo de negociação com o outro e consigo mesmo.
Corpos-ouvidos destes tempos: implante coclear na mídia
Authors: Medeiros Daniela , Schwengber Maria Simone Vione
Published: September 2016

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre as relações entre mídia e a fabricação dos sujeitos surdos. Do conjunto de materiais, recortamos do Programa Fantástico especificamente o quadro sobre saúde, na reportagem intitulada “Crianças que nasceram surdas escutam pela primeira vez”. Tornamos a mídia um campo social a partir das ferramentas teóricas foucaultianas – discursos e sujeitos – analisando textos e imagens, extraindo deles seus enunciados e os regimes de verdade que produzem, de forma minuciosa, com regularidade e suposta legitimidade, um padrão social de referência e correção por meio do implante coclear – corpos-sujeitos-ouvidos – desejável. Ainda é possível perceber a invisibilização da língua de sinais e a produção de discursos que tratam a surdez como uma deficiência, localizada em um lugar de possível correção pelo implante coclear Abstract This article presents a reflection about the relations between the media and the fabrication of deaf citizens. The set of materials, we cut of the program “Fantastic” specifically the presentment of health, story titled "Children that was born deaf hear for the first time". We make the media a social field from Foucault's theoretical tools – speeches and subjects – analyzing texts and images, extracting them their statements and the truth regimes that produce, in detail, on a regular and supposed legitimacy, a social pattern and correction by means of cochlear implants – body-subject-ears – desirable. It is still possible notice the invisibilization of sign language and the production of speeches that treat deafness as a disability, located in a place of possible correction by the cochlear implant.
Da objetividade à intersubjetividade: contribuições da teoria do Agir Comunicativo para o paradigma Interpretativo
Authors: Azevedo Hernani Luiz , Wielewski Gladys Denise
Published: September 2016

O presente artigo traz algumas discussões sobre a relação objetividade/subjetividade na construção do conhecimento, tendo em vista o Paradigma Interpretativo, muito utilizado nas pesquisas qualitativas em educação e educação científica. Para tanto, discorremos sobre alguns paradigmas epistemológicos presentes na ciência e filosofia, como o paradigma positivista e o fenomenológico. A evolução histórica dos debates sobre a influência da subjetividade na construção do conhecimento nos levou a prestar especial atenção à Teoria do Agir Comunicativo, de Jürgen Habermas, tendo em vista a centralidade da intersubjetividade presente nesta teoria. Concluímos o texto explicitando como desse debate se fez emergir uma teoria da racionalidade humana.
Cenas etnográficas para entender representações de masculinidades na escola
Authors: Nunes Luciana Borre
Published: September 2016

Neste texto, busca-se entender o processo de constituição de masculinidades a partir das interações entre um grupo de vinte crianças e as imagens presentes em seu cotidiano escolar. Apresentam-se os resultados da investigação de doutorado concluído em 2014, pelo Programa de Pós Graduação em Arte e Cultura Visual da Universidade Federal de Goiás (Brasil). A perspectiva teórica está centrada nas discussões pós-estruturalistas dos estudos da cultura visual, educação, gênero e sexualidades. A metodologia de investigação percorreu um viés etnográfico com utilização de grupos focais, fotografias e diário de campo como instrumentos de produção de dados. O texto está organizado em duas partes: (1) cultura visual e possibilidades etnográficas em pesquisas com crianças e; (2) representações de masculinidades em sala de aula a partir dos estudos de gênero e sexualidades.
Rectangular Maze Construction by Combining Algorithms and Designed Graph Patterns
Authors: Chou Wen-Shou
Published: September 2016

Rectangular digital mazes can be constructed by algorithms automatically. However, visual aesthetics such as the shapes and structures of mazes can’t be created gracefully due to the mechanic characteristics of algorithms. This study proposed a method to combine the maze generation algorithm and the graph patterns designed by designers, in order to make mazes can be constructed not only automatically but also creatively.
Polymorphic DNA microsatellite markers for forensic individual identification and parentage analyses of seven threatened species of parrots (family Psittacidae)
Authors: Jan Catherine , Fumagalli Luca
Published: September 2016

The parrot family represents one of the bird group with the largest number of endangered species, as a result of habitat destruction and illegal trade. This illicit traffic involves the smuggling of eggs and animals, and the laundering through captive breeding facilities of wild-caught animals. Despite the huge potential of wildlife DNA forensics to determine with conclusive evidence illegal trade, current usage of DNA profiling approaches in parrots has been limited by the lack of suitable molecular markers specifically developed for the focal species and by low cross-species polymorphism. In this study, we isolated DNA microsatellite markers in seven parrot species threatened with extinction (Amazona brasiliensis,A. oratrix,A. pretrei,A. rhodocorytha,Anodorhynchus leari,Ara rubrogenysandPrimolius couloni). From an enriched genomic library followed by 454 pyrosequencing, we characterized a total of 106 polymorphic microsatellite markers (mostly tetranucleotides) in the seven species and tested them across an average number of 19 individuals per species. The mean number of alleles per species and across loci varied from 6.4 to 8.3, with the mean observed heterozygosities ranging from 0.65 to 0.84. Identity and parentage exclusion probabilities were highly discriminatory. The high variability displayed by these microsatellite loci demonstrates their potential utility to perform individual genotyping and parentage analyses, in order to develop a DNA testing framework to determine illegal traffic in these threatened species.
Validation of picogram- and femtogram-input DNA libraries for microscale metagenomics
Authors: Rinke Christian , Low Serene , Woodcroft Ben J. , Raina Jean-Baptiste , Skarshewski Adam , Le Xuyen H. , Butler Margaret K. , Stocker Roman , Seymour Justin , Tyson Gene W. , Hugenholtz Philip
Published: September 2016

High-throughput sequencing libraries are typically limited by the requirement for nanograms to micrograms of input DNA. This bottleneck impedes the microscale analysis of ecosystems and the exploration of low biomass samples. Current methods for amplifying environmental DNA to bypass this bottleneck introduce considerable bias into metagenomic profiles. Here we describe and validate a simple modification of the Illumina Nextera XT DNA library preparation kit which allows creation of shotgun libraries from sub-nanogram amounts of input DNA. Community composition was reproducible down to 100 fg of input DNA based on analysis of a mock community comprising 54 phylogenetically diverse Bacteria and Archaea. The main technical issues with the low input libraries were a greater potential for contamination, limited DNA complexity which has a direct effect on assembly and binning, and an associated higher percentage of read duplicates. We recommend a lower limit of 1 pg (∼100–1,000 microbial cells) to ensure community composition fidelity, and the inclusion of negative controls to identify reagent-specific contaminants. Applying the approach to marine surface water, pronounced differences were observed between bacterial community profiles of microliter volume samples, which we attribute to biological variation. This result is consistent with expected microscale patchiness in marine communities. We thus envision that our benchmarked, slightly modified low input DNA protocol will be beneficial for microscale and low biomass metagenomics.
Analysis of long‐term observations of NOx and CO in megacities and application to constraining emissions inventories
Authors: Hassler Birgit , McDonald Brian C. , Frost Gregory J. , Borbon Agnes , Carslaw David C. , Civerolo Kevin , Granier Claire , Monks Paul S. , Monks Sarah , Parrish David D. , Pollack Ilana B. , Rosenlof Karen H. , Ryerson Thomas B. , von Schneidemesser Erika , Trainer Michael
Published: September 2016

Long‐term atmospheric NOx/CO enhancement ratios in megacities provide evaluations of emission inventories. A fuel‐based emission inventory approach that diverges from conventional bottom‐up inventory methods explains 1970–2015 trends in NOx/CO enhancement ratios in Los Angeles. Combining this comparison with similar measurements in other U.S. cities demonstrates that motor vehicle emissions controls were largely responsible for U.S. urban NOx/CO trends in the past half century. Differing NOx/CO enhancement ratio trends in U.S. and European cities over the past 25 years highlights alternative strategies for mitigating transportation emissions, reflecting Europe's increased use of light‐duty diesel vehicles and correspondingly slower decreases in NOx emissions compared to the U.S. A global inventory widely used by global chemistry models fails to capture these long‐term trends and regional differences in U.S. and Europe megacity NOx/CO enhancement ratios, possibly contributing to these models' inability to accurately reproduce observed long‐term changes in tropospheric ozone.