bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spin-Filtering Transport in Double Parallel Quantum Wires on a Graphene Sheet*
Authors: Yang Fu-Bin , Cheng Yan , Liu Fu-Ti , Chen Xiang-Rong , Cai Ling-Cang
Published: March 2015

We theoretically investigate the spin filtering transport of double parallel quantum wires (QWs) side-coupled to a graphene sheet and sandwiched between two ferromagnetic (FM) leads. The dependences of the wire-graphene coupling strength, wire-wire coupling strength, as well as the spin polarization of the ferromagnetic leads are studied. It is found that the wire-graphene coupling strength tends to reduce the current and the wire-wire coupling strength can first reinforce and then decrease the current. The spin polarization strength has an enhanced (identical) effect on the current under the parallel (anti-parallel) alignment of the FM leads, which gives rise to an obvious spin-filter and tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) effect. Our results suggest that such a theoretical model can stimulate some experimental investigations about the spin-filter devices.
Cofinality spectrum theorems in model theory, set theory, and general topology
Authors: Malliaris M. , Shelah S.
Published: March 2015

We connect and solve two long-standing open problems in quite different areas: the model-theoretic question of whether

S
O

P
2

SOP_2

is maximal in Keisler’s order, and the question from general topology/set theory of whether

p

=

t

\mathfrak {p} = \mathfrak {t}

, the oldest problem on cardinal invariants of the continuum. We do so by showing these problems can be translated into instances of a more fundamental problem which we state and solve completely, using model-theoretic methods.
Topology and dynamics of laminations in surfaces of general type
Authors: Deroin Bertrand , Dupont Christophe
Published: March 2015

We study Riemann surface laminations in complex algebraic surfaces of general type. We focus on the topology and dynamics of minimal sets of holomorphic foliations and on Levi-flat hypersurfaces. We begin by providing various examples. Then our first result shows that Anosov Levi-flat hypersurfaces do not embed in surfaces of general type. This allows one to classify the possible Thurston’s geometries carried by Levi-flat hypersurfaces in surfaces of general type. Our second result establishes that minimal sets in surfaces of general type have a large Hausdorff dimension as soon as there exists a simply connected leaf. For both results, our methods rely on ergodic theory: we use harmonic measures and Lyapunov exponents.
Cooperation
Authors: McCready E.
Published: March 2015

This chapter introduces notions of cooperation and altruism. It first introduces Gricean notions of cooperativity and then asks whether it is rational to cooperate. Answers provided in evolutionary theory, especially in game-theoretic contexts, are explored, and it is shown that repeated interactions can lead to cooperation being a rational strategy. This view is then applied to the case of communication. The secondary aim of the chapter is to introduce game theory and the view of rationality used there.
Hedging beyond truth
Authors: McCready E.
Published: March 2015

This chapter considers hedges that are not truth‐directed. The first case discussed is that of relevance or biscuit conditionals, which are analyzed as hedges over relevance (or other non‐Quality directed Gricean implicatures). This analysis is compared with existing views in the literature. The chapter then turns to hedges of expressive content, which are related to the notion of alief; finally, hedging of epistemic modals is discussed.
Updating with reliability
Authors: McCready E.
Published: March 2015

This chapter provides a novel analysis of evidentials with an eye toward their pragmatic behavior. It begins with some criteria that a pragmatically adequate analysis must satisfy, and then turns to an overview of the formal system that forms the core of the analysis, a dynamic model involving sets of information states, each equipped with a plausibility relation, which are merged into a global state by a process of belief aggregation. Some principles are proposed for the mapping between evidential content and these information states. Finally, some case studies are presented.
Conclusion
Authors: McCready E.
Published: March 2015

This chapter is a brief summary of the main arguments and overall themes of the book. As it says, the main theme is how judgements about reliability manifest in the semantics and pragmatics of natural language, focusing on the experiential basis for judging cooperativity and the likelihood that a given information source will give accurate information. The chapter closes with a brief mention of one way in which the proposal does not fully capture the notion of cooperativity.
Definiteness and related concepts
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: March 2015

Chapter 5 gives an introduction to definiteness, indefiniteness, and related concepts, and aims to dispel confusion that is often caused by contradictory uses of some relevant terms—not least the term ‘indefinite’. Along the way, the chapter makes a new proposal about the value of the so-called ‘indefinite construction’ in sentences that make generalizations pertaining to the past or the present. A new proposal is also put forward for the contribution that the ‘indefinite relative pronoun’ (hostis) makes to the meaning of a sentence. The chapter concludes with a detailed analysis of the first relative clause in Sappho 31 (ottis enantios toi isdanei…), as a case study to show why certain distinctions are worth making.
Varieties of Greek relative clause
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: March 2015

Chapter 6 introduces the actual relative clause constructions of Greek. The main constructions are: (i) postnominal relative clauses: a noun (traditionally the ‘antecedent’) is in some way modified by a following relative clause (the man whom you see; Socrates, whom you see); (ii) free relative clauses: in traditional terms, a relative clause that either has no expressed antecedent (what she saw) or has an antecedent ‘incorporated’ into the relative clause itself (what things she saw); (iii) semi-free relative clauses: a demonstrative pronoun is the traditional ‘antecedent’ to a following relative clause, and its only obvious function is to point forward to the relative clause (That which has happened may happen again); (iv) relative clauses in relative-correlative sentences: a sentence-initial relative clause is picked up by a demonstrative pronoun in a following main clause (What we don’t know, that we can’t teach). Structures (ii)–(iv) are inherently maximalizing relative clauses.
Forays into early Greek relative clauses in non-epic genres
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: March 2015

Chapter 8 surveys the relative clauses of early non-hexameter texts. After summarizing an earlier study by the author on Mycenaean headings it turns to early alphabetic inscriptions; Anaximander; Heraclitus; iambic poetry; monodic and choral lyric; and elegy. Different relative clause constructions predominate in different kinds of text, yet the basic system remains remarkably similar. In this system inherently maximalizing relative clauses and postnominal relative clauses are used to say different kinds of things, with little overlap. Different inherently maximalizing constructions are also not simply interchangeable. The usual inherently maximalizing construction is the free relative clause, but semi-free relative clauses and relative-correlative sentences appear when the syntactic role of a free relative clause would be difficult to work out. The choice between relative-correlative sentences and semi-free relative clauses is determined almost entirely by text type: practical texts and lower literary genres favour relative-correlative sentences while higher genres favour semi-free relative clauses.
Postnominal and inherently maximalizing relative clauses in Homer
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: March 2015

Chapter 9 is the first of four chapters considering Homer. It is devoted to the circumstances under which Homer chooses an inherently maximalizing relative clause and those under which he chooses a postnominal relative clause. Like the authors of the texts considered in chapter 8, Homer turns out to use postnominal relative clauses and inherently maximalizing relative clauses to say different kinds of things, with very little overlap. Taking advantage of the larger quantity of Homeric material available for study, the chapter offers a detailed and systematic demonstration of this point by considering all the inherently maximalizing relative clauses and all the postnominal relative clauses in Iliad 1–4. Exceptions to the general rule also help to explain it. Where either kind of construction is possible, Homer usually prefers an inherently maximalizing construction because maximalizing meaning (or definiteness) is inherent to the construction, and therefore unambiguous.
How does Homer choose between inherently maximalizing constructions?
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: March 2015

Chapter 10 considers how Homer chooses between different inherently maximalizing constructions. The usual inherently maximalizing construction is again the free relative clause, but the use of semi-free relative clauses and relative-correlative sentences is encouraged if the syntactic role of a free relative clause would be difficult to work out. In Homer both semi-free relative clauses and relative-correlative sentences are used, but relative-correlative sentences often appear in contrastive contexts. The chapter considers why relative-correlative sentences are associated (outside epic) with certain types of text, are extremely plentiful in the Homeric catalogues, and are often found in contrastive contexts. It suggests that all of these points can be explained by the contribution which a Greek relative-correlative sentence makes to the discourse. A relative-correlative sentence gives rise to a clearly articulated topic-comment structure; this type of structure is stylistically appropriate in certain kinds of text, and is useful for marking contrastive topics.
How does Homer choose between ὁ, ἡ, τό and ὅς, ἥ, ὅ?
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: March 2015

In Homer, as in some other varieties of Greek, the basic relative pronoun hos, hē, ho competes with ho, hē, to, the latter obviously developed, in some way, from the anaphoric pronoun *so-. Chapter 11 examines the choice between hos, hē, ho and ho, hē, to in Homeric relative clauses. As is well known, ho, hē, to mostly occurs in non-restrictive relative clauses, but hos, hē, ho is found in non-restrictive relative clauses too. The chapter shows, however, that ho, hē, to has a much stronger affinity than hos, hē, ho for postnominal relative clauses giving new information about something specific, while hos, hē, ho has a much stronger affinity than ho, hē, to for (i) relative clauses with epic te, expressing permanent characteristics or typical behaviour of the referents of the antecedents, and (ii) relative clauses expressing a known fact applying uniquely to something specific.
Homeric relative clauses in direct speech and narrative
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: March 2015

Chapter 12 shows that, within the Iliad, the frequencies of different relative clause constructions differ between direct speech and narrative. Relative clauses, and especially inherently maximalizing relative clauses, occur much more often in direct speech. Two possible reasons might suggest themselves. One is that the narrator and the speakers have different kinds of things to say, and that these lend themselves to the use of different constructions with different frequencies. The other is that the speeches contain a higher proportion of younger linguistic features: perhaps relative clauses, and inherently maximalizing relative clauses in particular, belong to a comparatively young stratum. This chapter argues for the former solution. From evidence internal to the Iliad, it therefore reaches the same conclusion as chapter 8: the relative prominence of different constructions varies with genre, and this variation is due to the different kinds of things that different sort of texts say.
Cretan inscriptions to 400 bc
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: March 2015

Chapter 13 considers relative clauses from Cretan alphabetic inscriptions up to the end of the fifth century BC. The relevant texts are all prescriptive, and inherently maximalizing relative clauses clearly predominate. Cretan inscriptions thus provide support for the impression gained in chapter 8, that Homer’s massive predominance of postnominal relative clauses does not extend to all varieties of early Greek. Once again the basic system is remarkably similar to that found in other types of text considered. Postnominal relative clauses are not simply interchangeable with inherently maximalizing constructions. The usual inherently maximalizing relative clause is the free relative clause. The authors of Cretan inscriptions did not, in general, take much care to make clear the syntactic role of a free relative clause. Relative-correlative sentences occasionally appear, however, when they are contrastive or (for ‘case hierarchy’ reasons) the role of a free relative clause would be difficult to work out.
Against four syntactic relics and for one
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: March 2015

Chapter 14 returns to questions of linguistic history and prehistory. It begins with four syntactic phenomena sometimes considered relics from a stage before the development of Greek relative clauses as we know them: anaphoric hos, hē, ho; clause-final placement of postnominal relative clauses; verbless relative clauses; apodotic de. The chapter argues that none of these is actually such a relic, but that Greek relative clause syntax does include at least one genuine syntactic relic of an earlier stage: epic te. The earlier stage is, however, not a stage without relative clauses, but one in which relative clauses were necessarily already present. The chapter also makes the somewhat radical suggestion that one variety of early Greek relative clause may actually be a fairly recent development: the non-restrictive relative clause, which has often been taken to be the earliest Greek relative clause construction.
Optical lattice emulators
Authors: Duchon E. , Loh Y. L. , Trivedi N.
Published: March 2015

The equilibrium thermodynamics of bosons and fermions in optical lattices are considered in the single-band Hubbard regime, with an emphasis on interesting magnetic, superfluid, and spin liquid ground states. The parameters of the Hubbard model—the tunneling and interaction parameters—can be obtained quantitatively in terms of the strength and periodicity of the optical lattice potential, tuned by the laser intensity and wavelength. This direct link between the parameters of a theoretical model and the actual experimental optical lattice gives rise to the phase diagram of the Bose–Hubbard model. The definition of the order parameter as an expectation value of the annihilation operator in a coherent state is discussed. This phase-coherent superfluid state is contrasted with the phase-incoherent Mott state naturally defined in terms of number states. Following the repulsive Bose–Hubbard model, the phase diagram of the Fermi–Hubbard model is considered with both attractive and repulsive interactions.
Bose–Einstein condensation of magnons at room temperature
Authors: Dzyapko O. , Demidov V. E. , Demokritov S. O. , Melkov G. A. , Slavin A. N.
Published: March 2015

This chapter discusses the room-temperature kinetics and thermodynamics of the magnon gas in yttrium iron garnet films driven by a parametric microwave pumping. It shows that for high enough pumping powers, the thermalization of the driven gas results in a quasi-equilibrium state described by the Bose–Einstein statistics with a non-zero chemical potential. Further increase of the pumping power causes a Bose–Einstein condensation documented by an observation of the magnon accumulation at the lowest energy level. Using the sensitivity of the Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy to the coherence degree of the scattering magnons, the chapter demonstrates the spontaneous emergence of coherence of the magnons accumulated at the bottom of the spectrum, which occurs if their density exceeds a critical value.
Smoothers
Authors: Cosme E.
Published: March 2015

This chapter describes the use of smoothers in data assimilation. The filtering problem in data assimilation consists in estimating the state of a system based on past and present observations. In contrast to filters, amoothers implement Bayesian data assimilation using future observations. Smoothing problems can be posed in different ways. The main formulations in geophysics are fixed-point, fixed-interval, and fixed-lag smoothers. In this chapter, these problems are first introduced in a Bayesian framework, and the most straightforward Bayesian solutions are formulated. Common linear, Gaussian implementations, many of which are based on the classical Kalman filter, are then derived, followed by their ensemble counterparts, based on the usual ensemble Kalman filter techniques. Finally, the pros and cons, as well as the computational complexities, of all the schemes are discussed.
Observation impact on the short-range forecast
Authors: Cardinali C.
Published: March 2015

This chapter describes the concept of forecast error sensitivity to observations (FSO) and its use for diagnostic purposes. Assessment of the observational contribution to analysis and forecasting is among the most challenging aspects of diagnostics in data assimilation and numerical weather prediction. The FSO tool computes the contribution of all observations to the forecast error: a positive contribution is associated with an increase in forecast error and a negative contribution with a decrease. The technique is illustrated by an application to the weather prediction system of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.
Observation error specifications
Authors: Desroziers G.
Published: March 2015

This chapter gives an overview of the specifications of observation errors in data assimilation schemes. In particular, different ways of diagnosing the statistics of these errors are also presented. The evidence of correlations for a given number of observations and the way they can be represented are discussed.
Particle filters for the geosciences
Authors: van Leeuwen P. J.
Published: March 2015

This chapter, compares results from the Canadian global ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) with observations. This inevitably leads to discrepancies between the observed real atmosphere and its modelled equivalent. These discrepancies originate from system error. In a system simulation experiment, an attempt is made to obtain a coherent picture of the error evolution of a system. Errors can be due to things as different as an inappropriate closure assumption in a forecast model and inaccurate observations of surface pressure. This chapter, first describes Monte- Carlo methods in general to arrive at a definition of “‘system error”.‘. This is followed by an elimination procedure. First, medium-range ensemble forecasts are used to quantify the understanding of weaknesses of the forecast model. Subsequently, consideration turns to the data-assimilation context to see what additional error sources must be present. The chapter ends with some speculation on the types of errors that should be included.
Second-order methods for error propagation in variational data assimilation
Authors: Le Dimet F.-X. , Gejadze I. , Shutyaev V.
Published: March 2015

This chapter discusses the use of second-order methods for estimating error propagation in variational data assimilation. The basic variational approach to data assimilation exhibits the optimality system: it can be considered as a generalized model containing all the available information. To estimate the impact of errors due to the parameters of the model and/or to the observations, it is necessary to consider second-order properties. The variational approach can be used to estimate the propagation of uncertainties in the analysis. Two basic cases are considered. In the deterministic framework, the uncertainty is a virtual and deterministic perturbation on the model parameters, whose impact on some criterion is to be found. In the stochastic framework, the uncertainty is a random variable transported by the model as such. The output is a stochastic perturbation on the outputs of the analysis, for which it is necessary to determine its probabilistic characteristics.
Adjoints by automatic differentiation
Authors: Hascoët L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter describes how adjoint algorithms can be created by automatic differentiation (AD). Data assimilation makes intensive use of gradients. In many situations, the so-called adjoint approach is generally the most efficient way to compute gradients, by propagating derivatives backwards from the result of the given model or function. Writing an adjoint algorithm by hand is a complex, error-prone task. When the given model is provided in the form of a computer algorithm, AD can build its adjoint algorithm mechanically, for instance by program transformation. This chapter presents the principles of AD, focusing on the adjoint mode. It provides a brief panorama of existing AD tools, and the program analysis and compiler technology that they employ to produce efficient adjoint algorithms.
Assimilation of images
Authors: Vidard A. , Titaud O.
Published: March 2015

This chapter describes processes for direct assimilation of images. Among data available for assimilation, a significant portion can be considered as images or image sequences, i.e. structured and dense-in-space information. In meteorology, such observations are often obtained from spaceborne devices and are therefore expensive to acquire. Moreover, images contain information about system dynamics through the time evolution of a sequence or within the structures that are represented (fronts, filaments, etc.). Therefore, images are a valuable source of information. Historically, they have been assimilated by pseudo-observation, where part of the dynamical information is extracted by image processing techniques and then assimilated as conventional observations. This approach has proven quite effective, but the pre-processing renders error specification cumbersome and leads to loss of information. More recently, research has been carried out to assimilate images directly in the assimilation process; two of these proposed approaches are presented and discussed in this chapter.
Multigrid algorithms and local mesh refinement methods in the context of variational data assimilation
Authors: Debreu L. , Neveu E. , Simon E. , Le Dimet F.-X.
Published: March 2015

This chapter looks at the use of multigrid methods and local mesh refinement algorithms in the context of the variational data assimilation method. Firstly, the chapter looks back at basic properties of the traditional variational data assimilation method and considers on the role of the background error covariance matrix. The next section shows how multigrid algorithms can efficiently solve the resulting system. Then the chapter deals with local mesh refinements and the final part of the chapter gives some ideas on how to couple the two approaches in the view of local multigrid algorithms.
Selected topics in multiscale data assimilation
Authors: Bocquet M. , Wu L. , Chevallier F. , Kookhan M. R.
Published: March 2015

This chapter discusses several approaches to developing original theoretical approaches to assimilate information at a given scale and consistently propagate it to other scales. This is motivated by the fact that models and observations both provide information at various spatial and temporal scales, but their respective scales do not necessarily match. This chapter discusses several approaches to this problem, such as the construction of a multiscale best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE). This approach is applied to the design of efficient adaptive grids in control space with minimal aggregation errors. Examples are chosen in the field of atmospheric constituents such as the inverse modelling of mesoscale CO2 fluxes and the observability of a nuclear test from the United Nations International Monitoring System.
Greenhouse gas flux inversion
Authors: Chevallier F.
Published: March 2015

This chapter is a short overview of the art of inferring CO2 sources and sinks from atmospheric mole fraction measurements, with an opening towards other greenhouse gases, such as methane, for which the inference problem is similar. The various components of this Bayesian estimation problem are recalled: the observations (in situ or from satellites), the prior information about the sources and sinks, the physical models that describe atmospheric transport, and the statistical models that describe the errors of all input information pieces. The chapter also discusses the pros and cons of this approach.
Data assimilation in atmospheric chemistry and air quality
Authors: Elbern H. , Friese E. , Nieradzik L. , Schwinger J.
Published: March 2015

This chapter discusses data assimilation in atmospheric chemistry and air quality. Atmospheric chemistry dynamics and its simulations are significantly forced by emissions, in addition to other parameters. Data assimilation typically aims at analysing the initial state of the system. Hence, for atmospheric chemistry simulations, data assimilation must be extended beyond initial-value identification to identify further parameters by estimation techniques. This chapter describes advanced spatio-temporal data assimilation techniques used in atmospheric chemistry. The objective is joint parameter-initial-state estimation for a coupled four-dimensional variational data assimilation/inversion system using the chemistry-transport model EURAD-IM and satisfying three criteria: both parameter families must have dominant influence on the dynamics, they must be poorly known, and they must impinge on the system on the same timescale. A coupled initial-value/emission-inversion system is described, along with assimilation of tropospheric satellite data from both gas-phase and aerosol retrievals. Examples of aerosol data assimilation are also given.
Data assimilation in coastal oceanography
Authors: Zavala-Garay J. , Wilkin J. , Levin J.
Published: March 2015

This chapter presents examples of variational data assimilation in coastal oceanography using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). Realizing that satellite data is the only source of information in real time in most parts of the world ocean, the Ocean Modeling Group at Rutgers University has developed methodologies to exploit the information content in remotely sensed observations. This chapter evaluates the extent to which incremental, strong constraint, four-dimensional variational data assimilation (IS4DVAR) can improve prediction of mesoscale variability using ROMS. Examples of two applications of IS4DVAR in two very different dynamical regimes are presented: the East Australia Current (EAC) and the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB). The two main sources of satellite information, namely sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height anomaly (SSHA), are found to be complementary, and therefore both need to be assimilated in order to approximate the three-dimensional structure of the ocean.
Data assimilation in glaciology
Authors: Bonan B. , Nodet M. , Ozenda O. , Ritz C.
Published: March 2015

This chapter addresses an inverse problem in glaciology, namely how to infer a climatic scenario (i.e. how to reconstruct past polar temperature) from ice volume records. Ice volume observations are available from oceanic records, giving information about sea level, and therefore about the amount of water stored in ice sheets, ice caps, and glaciers. The link between the climatic scenario and the ice sheet volume is complex. The temperature affects the ice mass budget (accumulating minus melting ice). Then, the ice mass budget is a key factor in ice dynamics, which is quite complex in itself (non-Newtonian fluid and nonlinear rheology). The few previous studies of this subject have used fairly simple inverse methods. The idea of the approach described in this chapter is to explore, with idealized twin experiments, the ability of the adjoint method to solve the inverse problem of reconstructing past temperature given all available observations.
Similarity, graphs and networks, random matrices, and SVD
Authors: Grindrod CBE Peter
Published: March 2015

This chapter considers how a range of ideas from linear algebra, nonnegative matrices, random matrices and modern graph theory may assist in the understanding of observed pairwise similarities and networks over a large population of people or objects. In particular it examines some well-known different types of network models and considers (inverse problems concerning) how best to represent any observed social and friendship networks within such classes. This provides methods for inverse problems and soft clustering. Example applications are given to social networks and to clinical data.
Clustering and unsupervised classification
Authors: Grindrod CBE Peter
Published: March 2015

This chapter examines iterative clustering methods including finite mixture modelling based on the EM algorithm. Applications to behavioural segmentation of domestic energy customers, the identification of customer missions in supermarkets, and behaviour-based targeting for mobile network operators are covered.
Multiple hypothesis testing over live data
Authors: Grindrod CBE Peter
Published: March 2015

A Bayesian framework for making real over live data time decisions is introduced. Examples are given to identify certain types of sources, and recognize returning customers. The use of logistic regression and generalized linear classifiers is illustrated.
Adaptive forecasting
Authors: Grindrod CBE Peter
Published: March 2015

This chapter considers the problem of conditioning models and making forecasts as more and more information arrives, moving away from a subjective prior estimate for a model. It presents applications to sales forecasts for new product launches energy demand forecasting using smart metre data from domestic consumers.
About the identification of signals at LHC
Authors: Mansoulié Bruno
Published: March 2015

This chapter describes the main ingredients and steps of the analysis used in the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson decaying into WW (l, l, νν) in the ATLAS experiment. It presents a short guide through a “modern” analysis, typical of the analyses performed on LHC data. The main ingredients are reviewed: irreducible and reducible backgrounds, background estimates from Monte Carlo or data-driven, signal and control regions, global fit, extraction of limits and signal, and the look-elsewhere effect.
Introduction to the theory of LHC collisions
Authors: Mangano Michelangelo L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter illustrates the basic principles underlying the use of perturbative QCD in predicting the structure of hard processes in high-energy hadronic collisions. It starts with a discussion of the factorization formula, which is the basis for the description of all hard processes in terms of universal functions parametrizing the density of quarks and gluons inside the proton. It then discusses the evolution of the perturbative final states, made of quarks and gluons, toward physical systems made of hadrons. Finally, several applications and examples of comparisons between the theoretical predictions and current data are presented. These provide a picture of the success of this theoretical framework, giving good confidence in the reliability of its future applications to the study of LHC collisions.
An introduction to the gauge/gravity duality
Authors: Maldacena Juan M.
Published: March 2015

This chapter is a short introduction to the gauge/gravity duality or AdS/CFT correspondence. After reviewing some basic facts about anti-de-Sitter space, the author describes some of the basic elements of the dictionary between the two sides. The author relates fields in the interior to operators in the boundary. The author also relates the thermodynamics of the field theory to properties of black holes in the gravity solution.
Introduction to the AdS/CFT correspondence
Authors: Boer Jan de
Published: March 2015

This chapter provides a summary of some of the most important aspects of the AdS/CFT correspondence, together with pointers to some of the vast number of papers that have been published on this subject. The AdS/CFT correspondence is one of the most exciting discoveries in theoretical physics of the past 20 years, providing a framework in which it is possible to study strongly coupled field theories using weakly coupled gravity, and at the same time yielding a non-perturbative definition of quantum gravity in anti-de Sitter space.
Hydrodynamics and black holes
Authors: Oz Yaron
Published: March 2015

This chapter describes how the AdS/CFT correspondence (the Holographic Principle) relates field theory hydrodynamics to perturbations of black hole (brane) gravitational backgrounds. The hydrodynamics framework is first presented from the field theory point of view, after which the dual gravitational description is outlined, first for relativistic fluids and then for the nonrelativistic case. Further details of the fluid/gravity correspondence are then discussed, including the bulk geometry and the dynamics of the black hole horizon.
Spontaneous breakdown of local conformal invariance in quantum gravity
Authors: Hooft Gerard ’t
Published: March 2015

This chapter shows how the black hole complementarity principle can be naturally implemented by treating local conformal invariance as an exact but spontaneously broken symmetry of quantum gravity. This allows a description of the black hole either in terms of the imploding particles or entirely in terms of the emerging Hawking particles. These complementary representations can be obtained from one another by a local conformal transformation; this implies that the black hole scattering matrix is equivalent to a local conformal gauge transformation. Perturbative canonical quantum gravity, coupled to a renormalizable model for matter fields, has this conformal symmetry built in, and this symmetry would be exact if the local conformal anomalies cancelled. The Einstein–Hilbert action can be regarded as breaking local conformal invariance only dynamically, not explicitly. The functional integral over the dilaton component of the metric field can be disentangled from the other integrations over the metric and the matter fields, turning the remainder of the theory into a trivially conformally invariant system. When the residual metric is treated as a flat background, this leads to a novel constraint: in combination with the dilaton contributions, the matter Lagrangian should have a vanishing beta function. The zeros of this beta function are isolated points in the landscape of quantum field theories, and so one arrives at a denumerable, or perhaps even finite, set of quantum theories for matter, where coupling constants, masses, and cosmological constant are all fixed, and computable in terms of Planck units.
Renormalization group flows and anomalies
Authors: Komargodski Zohar
Published: March 2015

This chapter reviews various aspects of renormalization group flows and anomalies. The chapter considers specific Euclidean two-dimensional theories. Namely, the theories are invariant under translations and rotations in the two space directions. Here the chapter studies theories where, if possible, certain equations hold in fact also at coincident points. In other words, the chapter looks at theories where there is no local gravitational anomaly.
The description of N=1,d=4 supergravity using twisted supersymmetric fields
Authors: Baulieu Laurent
Published: March 2015

This chapter describes how the method of twisted supersymmetric fields used for describing global supersymmetry, as in the context of topological field theories, can be extended to the description of local supersymmetry. As an example, the method is applied to the case of N = 1 Euclidean supergravity on a 4-manifold with an almost complex structure, with its couplings to scalar and vector multiplets.
High-energy collisions of particles, strings, and branes
Authors: Veneziano Gabriele
Published: March 2015

This chapter summarizes some 25 years of work on the transplanckian-energy collisions of particles, strings, and branes, seen as a theoretical laboratory for understanding how gravity and quantum mechanics can be consistently combined in string theory. The ultimate aim of the exercise is to understand whether and how a consistent quantization of gravity can solve some longstanding paradoxes, such as the apparent loss of information in the production and decay of black holes at a semiclassical level. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the emergence of General Relativity expectations and in evaluating several kinds of quantum string corrections to them in the weak-gravity regime while keeping unitarity manifest. While some progress has also been made in the strong-gravity/gravitational collapse domain, full control of how unitarity works in that regime is still lacking.
Introduction
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis , Anagnostopoulou Elena , Schäfer Florian
Published: March 2015

This chapter first presents the key issues of discussion concerning the causative alternation, before proceeding to outline the theory of Voice that is further built on and developed in the rest of the book. The chapter first defines the causative alternation and offer a survey of the issues that have widely been discussed in the literature. It then turns to the introduction of the main hypothesis, according to which the causative alternation is a Voice alternation. It offers the ingredients of the model of Voice that is developed in this book, building on Kratzer (1996) and on work within Distributed Morphology. It develops a theory of Voice, according to which next to active there are three non-active Voice heads involved in transitivity alternations: Passive, Middle, and expletive Voice. The chapter finally provides an outline of the book.
A typology of Voice
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis , Anagnostopoulou Elena , Schäfer Florian
Published: March 2015

This chapter develops a typology of the different Voice heads in anticausatives, reflexives, and passives across languages. The role of Voice in Greek-type anticausatives and in Romance/Germanic-type anticausatives, presented in Chapter 3, is discussed, focusing on the question of how to explain Voice syncretism. It is argued that, cross-linguistically, the presence of Voice morphology in anticausatives does not have any truth-conditional effects. This morphology is associated with a particular type of semantically inert Voice head, which we label expletive Voice. A number of restrictions on the Greek passive suggest that in English and German, the head Passive introducing the passive function is located on top of the Voice projection introducing the external argument, while in Greek, passive formation is built on the basis of the non-active variant of Kratzer’s Voice head (middle, building on Doron 2003 and subsequent work). The properties of Greek Voice are best captured by the underspecification approach to Voice.
Scope and towers
Authors: Barker Chris , Shan Chung-Chieh
Published: March 2015

Chapter 1 develops the basic formal grammar used in Part I, called the ‘tower’ presentation. This includes a development of the category system used throughout the book. This provides a way to reason about the syntactic category of scope-taking expressions. The type-shifters LIFT and LOWER are discussed, along with the main combination schema. In each case, there is a schematic diagram that illustrates graphically the concept behind the rule. Several derivations are presented in detail. There is a derivation illustrating how the combination schema expresses a bias in favor of linear scope, as well as a derivation of a sentence exhibiting scope ambiguity. There are a number of exercises, along with complete answers, that can help the reader consolidate their grasp of the essential principles.
From generalized quantifiers to dynamic meaning
Authors: Barker Chris , Shan Chung-Chieh
Published: March 2015

Chapter 3 argues that Montague’s conception of DP meanings as generalized quantifiers is a (limited) form of continuation passing. Likewise, the dynamic semantics conception of sentence meaning as an update function on surrounding context is also seen to be a form of continuation passing. There is a brief comparison of the continuation‐based tower approach to Dynamic Montague Grammar. Montague’s insight follows from making continuations available to expressions in category DP; the dynamic conception of meaning follows from making continuations available to expressions in the category S. Since the continuation‐based approach makes continuations available systematically and uniformly to expressions not only in categories DP and S, but to expressions in any syntactic category, generalized quantifier theory and dynamic semantics turn out to be two special cases of a single general strategy of making continuations available throughout the grammar.
Movement as delayed evaluation: Wh‐fronting
Authors: Barker Chris , Shan Chung-Chieh
Published: March 2015

Chapter 5 extends the fragment to handle wh‐question formation by introducing the type‐shifter FRONT. This type‐shifter captures the systematic syntactic relationship between in‐situ wh‐questions and fronted wh‐questions. Flexibility in the timing of the application of the type‐shifter accounts for pied piping. Because the type‐shifter adjusts the syntax of a wh‐question without affecting its semantics, the net effect is that the denotation of a fronted wh‐question will be identical to the denotation of the corresponding in‐situ wh‐question. Fronted wh‐phrases combine with question bodies that are clauses missing a DP argument somewhere inside of them. The position of the missing DP is occupied by a gap, where gaps are identity categories, both syntactically and semantically. The account of multiple wh predicts superiority effects through the same evaluation‐order mechanism as the explanation for weak crossover.
Generalized coordination, Flexible Montague Grammar
Authors: Barker Chris , Shan Chung-Chieh
Published: March 2015

Chapter 7 argues that Partee and Rooth’s theory of generalized coordination implicitly involves a limited form of continuation‐capture. On a continuation account, coordination can be analyzed as reuse of a continuation: first, the continuation of the coordinated expression is combined with one coordinand, then with the other one. Continuations are implicit also in Hendriks’ Flexible Montague Grammar, a conceptually related type‐shifting system. Like the continuation‐based tower fragment, Flexible Montague Grammar is a simple type‐shifting system that provides a robust account of scope relations. However, it is not well‐suited to reasoning about order, and therefore is not able to explain crossover contrasts. This claim is explored by extending Flexible Montague Grammar with a binding type‐shifter, and noting that the type‐shifter generates crossover violations.
Order effects in negative polarity licensing
Authors: Barker Chris , Shan Chung-Chieh
Published: March 2015

Chapter 8 extends the explanation for crossover to a phenomenon that involves scope, but not binding, namely, the licensing of negative polarity items. It has long been a mystery why negative polarity licensing appears to be sensitive not only to scope relations, but also to linear order. We argue that the pattern of configurations in which a quantificational DP is able to bind a pronoun is similar to the pattern of configurations in which an NPI‐licensing quantifier is able to license a negative polarity item. An account is developed in the tower fragment on which the link between a negative polarity item and its licensor is mediated by the same syntactic mechanism that establishes the link between a quantifier and a pronoun that it binds. As a result, NPI licensing shows a sensitivity to evaluation order in the same class of structures that trigger a weak crossover violation.
Parasitic scope forsame
Authors: Barker Chris , Shan Chung-Chieh
Published: March 2015

Chapter 14 uses the type‐logical grammar developed in the previous chapter to provide an analysis of the notoriously challenging compositional semantics of adjectives such as ‘‘same’’ and ‘‘different’’. The behavior of ‘‘same’’ when it occurs in a nominal motivates an analysis on which it takes scope over the nominal. In order to extend that basic analysis to the general case, NL‐lambda allows an account in terms of parasitic scope, on which ‘‘same’’ takes scope in a way that depends on the scope of some other scope‐taking element in the sentence. We present Solomon’s argument that ‘‘same’’ in the presence of partitives motivates recursive (parasitic) scope, in which ‘‘same’’ takes scope over a containing DP, turning that larger DP into an expression that is itself a scope‐taker. We briefly compare the parasitic scope approach to other accounts of the semantics of ‘‘same’’ and ‘‘different’’.
The null morpheme POS
Authors: Rett Jessica
Published: March 2015

This chapter is the first installment of a history of the treatment of evaluativity in degree semantics. It begins with a brief tutorial in degree semantics and a short discussion of the ontological status of degrees. It details the origins of degree semantics (Bartsch and Vennemann 1972; Cresswell 1976), which was also the origin of POS, a null degree modifier proposed to treat evaluativity in positive constructions. The second half of the chapter includes a review of semantic and philosophical discussions about the nature of the standard invoked by evaluativity, as well as a review of recent applications of POS outside of evaluative adjectival constructions, particularly in event semantics.
Evaluativity as implicature
Authors: Rett Jessica
Published: March 2015

This chapter presents the main theoretical proposal of the book: the claim that evaluativity and its distribution can be accounted for using a Gricean notion of conversational implicature. In cases like equatives in which evaluativity is sensitive to the polarity of the adjective, evaluativity is a strengthening of meaning resulting from a Manner implicature. In cases like the positive construction in which evaluativity is not sensitive to polarity, evaluativity is a strengthening of meaning resulting from a Quantity implicature, similar to those associated with tautologies like War is war. This chapter includes a discussion of why evaluativity is the resulting strengthened meaning in degree constructions, based largely on work by Bolinger (1972). The analysis draws on independent observations of the sensitivity of implicature to topic and questions under discussion to explain the asymmetrical status of evaluativity in equatives. The account is extended to absolute adjectives as well as relative ones.
Extensions of the evaluativity implicature
Authors: Rett Jessica
Published: March 2015

This chapter explores extensions of the claim that evaluativity is an implicature outside of the canonical data set. The first section parallels claims in Rett (2008) that a cross-linguistic difference in evaluativity between analytic (e.g. more tall) and synthetic (e.g. taller) comparatives is easily predicted by a manner implicature treatment of evaluativity. The second section speculates about contrasts in evaluativity across adjectival classes, with a particular focus on relative, absolute, and extreme adjectives (and the work in Kennedy and McNally 2005). The third section explores the notion of evaluativity in gradable nouns (Morzycki 2009) like a looker and a number. The final section discusses the notion of evaluativity generally, and the apparent asymmetry in natural language between positive (e.g. so big) and negative (e.g. so little) speaker evaluativity (Bolinger 1972).