bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN RURAL AREAS – STUDIES CONCLUSIONS
Authors: Komorowski Łukasz , Stanny Monika
Published: August 2017

The paper assumed that public transport is more often financed in the multifunctional rural areas than
in typical agricultural communities. The authors have tried to explain whether public transport in urban
areas is regressive or the number of communities financing this service is increasing. Own studies show
that number of rural communities financing public transport has increased between 2001 and 2016. In
spite of all, there are large spatial differentiations across the country. Comparatively high percentage of
inhabitants of typical agricultural areas do not have possibility to use public transport. Need to organize
this service was pointed relatively often in those communities.
ASSESS THE COST AND PROFITABILITY OF RASPBERRY PRODUCTION UNDER COVER IN THE CONTEXT OF BUILDING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE ON EXAMPLE OF SELECTED FARM
Authors: Paszko Dariusz , Krawiec Paweł , Pawlak Joanna , Wróblewska Wioletta
Published: August 2017

The purpose of the study was the comparison of productioncosts and profitability of dessert raspberry under cover in Poland in the years 2015-2016. Investment expenditures for the establishment of raspberry plantations under cover were wery high, an average of 337.6 thousand PLN/ha. Total direct costs of raspberry production (including tunnel and plantation depreciation) amounted to an average of 142.00 thousand PLN/ha. The most profitable was the cultivation of raspberry Sokolica on polyethylene mulches (the gross margin amounted to 200.4 thousand.PLN/ha), the least varieties of Laszka, without mulches – only 8.1 thousand. PLN/ha. The research found that the production of raspberries under cover can be profitable.
ABSORPTION 2007-2013 (2015)1 EU FUNDING FOR UTILIZATION
OF CULTURAL ASSETS IN DOLNOŚLĄSKIE PROVINCE BY SPATIAL
CATEGORIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RURAL AREAS
Authors: Powęska Halina
Published: August 2017

The EU financial resources are an important source of restoration and preservation of cultural
heritage objects and their adaptation to the fulfilment of tasks resulting in the rise of new socio-economic
functions. The purpose of the paper is to identify the ways of the spending of EU aid funds thematically
related to cultural goods with reference to the area of the beneficiary’s origin in the years 2007-2015. The
study was based on the SIMIK database of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Development of the Republic
of Poland. The analysis of the total value and of the level of the EU co-funding shows that rural areas of
the Dolnośląskie Province were beneficiaries of more than 20 % of the value of the EU co-funding for
cultural heritage projects and in this respect they ranked second after the Province capital. At the same
time, rural communes and small towns had the highest share of the EU funds in the total value of the
projects completed during this period.
COMPETITIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY OF POLISH FRUIT FARMS IN 2013-2015
Authors: Sobierajewska Jolanta
Published: August 2017

The paper presents competitiveness and efficiency of the Polish Fruit farms covered by the Polish FADN monitoring in 2013-2015. Competitiveness of the researched fruit farms was determined by competitiveness index calculated as a ratio of farm income to costs of using own factors of production: land, labour and capital (as in: W. Kleinhanss). Approximately 32% of households through generated revenue are able to fully compensate for the alternative costs of their own production factors.
ECOLOGY SAFETY – SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMICAL
ASPECT
Authors: Szewczyk Zofia
Published: August 2017

The aim of the research is to approximate ecological safety issues, sustainable development and investment outlays
for environmental protection and water management. The article is a theoretical and empirical review. It has been
prepared using sources from GUS (polish Central Statistical Office). Analysis concern selected years from 2000 -2015.
Investment outlays for environmental protection used by provinces and investor groups concern 2015. The following
research tools were used: review of literature, descriptive and comparative analysis. Investment outlays in environment
protection and water management increased, but their part in investment outlays in the national economy is not too
high. The most of outlays for environmental protection in 2015 was incurred in following provinces: Mazowieckie,
Wielkopolska and Śląskie, while the least in Warmińsko-Mazurskie and Podlaskie. The structure of investor groups
for environmental protection has not changed for several years. The main investors are the companies (whose part in
expenditures in this year was 67%), the next commune (27%), then the budget units (6%).
INFLUENCE OF POLISH ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION ON NONAGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN THE OPINION OF ENTREPRENEURS FORM PIOTRKÓW KUJAWSKI COMMUNE – SSELECTED PROBLEMS
Authors: Zawisza Sławomir , Paradzińska Agnieszka
Published: August 2017

The paper presents the results of a survey which was carried out in May and June 2015. The respondents were 50 entrepreneurs randomly selected from the general number of 131 registered and 110 actively operating enterprises in the investigated region. The most important sources of information concerning the EU funds were: The Center of Agricultural Advisory in Minikowo and the Town Office in Piotrków Kujawski. In the opinion of the respondents the conditions for the development of entrepreneurship in Poland has significantly improved after accession to The European Union (68.0%). However, only 12.0% of the respondents have taken advantage of the EU funds available within RDP (Rural Development Plan) for the years 2004-2006 and 2007- 2013. For the majority of respondents, incomes from economic activity remained at the same level as before the integration with the EU (48.0%), whereas 46.0% of the entrepreneurs did notice an increase in their income. According to the respondents the benefits from integration with the European Union include: reduction of prices, duty and taxes (58.0%) and good changes in legislation (36.0%), caused by more consistent policy in relation to small and medium companies as well as better profitability of production (26.0%). A s far as difficulties are concerned, as many as (58.0%) of the respondents observed that a significant growth of competition caused by new economic activities in the close proximity and additional expenditures necessary to adjust to standard required by the European Union (24.0%). The great majority of the respondents (88.0%) did not take part in support programs of the UE, mainly because of their high complexity degree and bureaucracy and required procedures (82.0%).
CHOSEN ASPECTS OF MECHANIZATION OF AGRICULTURE
IN INDIVIDUAL FARMS OF MALOPOLSKA
Authors: Zioło Monika , Badach Elżbieta , Luty Lidia
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this paper was to present results of the surveys according to opinions of Malopolska’s
agricultural farms’ owners about amount and age of machines working in those holdings. The research
included size of the farms and type of specialization. The analysis was conducted among 144 individual farm
owners in 2017 year. According to surveyed people after integration with UE the advantage in investment
in polish agriculture occurred, many farmers have bought tillage units, which are not older than 10 years.
Almost 60% handling machinery, cold stores and vans in surveyed Malopolska farms are new, bought
not later than 10 years ago. Among the oldest machines there are combine harvesters, on average their
age is 15, but 30% of respondents owned machines which had over 20 years. Most respondents think that
their farms are sufficiently or even well equipped with the requisite equipment, nevertheless they plan to
purchase used equipment.
USE METHODOLOGY OF BEP TO ANALYZE MECHANIZATION COSTS
ON FARM
Authors: Hornowski Andrzej , Kondraszuk Tomasz
Published: August 2017

The article attempts to adapt the BEP analysis methodology to assess the viability of agricultural machinery. It
was assumed to treat the machine depreciation cost as a fixed cost, but only to the rational use threshold. Above this
threshold, it was considered that depreciation should be calculated using the active method and treated as a variable
cost. In this case it’s a technical potential and its wear becomes a bottleneck. In addition, it was considered reasonable
to take into account the cost of interest on the capital employed, which would be a fixed cost. So far research on the
efficiency of machinery utilization has focused on the quantitative analysis of their use, and the financial aspects are
ignored. The proposed use of the BEP methodology allows not only quantitative and qualitative yield thresholds for
the analyzed machine, but also the calculation of the limit values of the variable component costs (fuel prices, repairs)
and fixed costs (garage, maintenance, interest rates).
System kar i nagród stosowany w rodzinach zastępczych (na przykładzie powiatu bialskiego)
Authors: Ruszkowska Marzena
Published: August 2017

Foster family is one of the most beneficial forms of support for family in crisis. It should
provide the same or a very similar care environment as the natural family. The functioning of
the foster family is based on the use of a variety of educational methods, among which an
important place is occupied by the system of rewards and punishments. Research carried out
in the Biała Podlaska region in 95 foster families living in urban and rural areas showed that
among rewards used in the foster environment there are: cash rewards, gifts, compliments,
friendly gestures from caregivers, and others. Punishments used are pedagogical ones such as
explanation, interpretation, and not pedagogical ones such as shouting, warning, prohibitions,
bans on leaving the room or the house, picking up material things. The most common rewards
are compliments, whereas the most common punishment is a warning.
California Water Rate Trends: Maintaining Affordable Rates in a Volatile Environment
Authors: Gaur Sanjay , Diagne Magu
Published: August 2017

A survey of 14 California counties shows that water rates have increased while median income has remained stagnant in the state since 2003.
The Best and Brightest
Authors: Lafrance David B.
Published: August 2017

What I am about to discuss will fill you with confidence about water's future. I recently sat down with AWWA's summer interns to gauge their understanding of the water sector. Two of them recently graduated from the University of Colorado Boulder (one with a bachelor's degree and the other a doctorate degree), and the other two are midway through their master's programs at CU Boulder. When I asked our four interns what they would do if they had my job, the following response rang true the loudest: “Make sure the best and brightest minds are interested in water careers.” I could not agree more, and this summer, AWWA has done just that!
STRUCTURE OF NEAREST ENVIRONMENT OF IONS IN AQUEOUS CESIUM IODIDE SOLUTIONS FROM X-RAY DIFFRACTION DATA
Authors: Smirnov Pavel R. , Grechin Oleg V. , Voevodina Elena A.
Published: August 2017

Comparatively large amount of works has been devoted to the investigation of the nearest environment of cesium ions in aqueous solutions. But up to date there are no precise quantitative parameters of it. Information about influence of concentration on cesium salts solutions structure is also absent. In order to get the coordination number of Cs+ ion and its dependence on the amount of dissolved salt the set of aqueous solutions of cesium iodide have been studied by X-ray diffraction method in wide concentration range under ambient conditions. Radial distribution functions (RDFs) of the solutions investigated have been calculated from experimental intensity curves of X-ray scattering. Interpretation of experimental peaks on RDFs has been made. On the basis of experimental results and literature information some physically reasonable models of solution have been constructed. Theoretical RDFs have been calculated for every model. Then an optimization procedure has also been made. On the ground of the best fitness between experimental and theoretical RDFs the optimal models for every solution have been found. All quantitative parameters have been tabulated and analyzed. Hydration numbers of Cs+ and I- increase with dilution, reaching in the solution of molar ratio 1:80 values 6.3 and 4.1, respectively. Interparticle distances of Cs+–ОН2 and I- –ОН2 are equal approximately to 0.312 and 0.359 nm. The ions do not form the second coordination shells. It has been determined that contact ion pairs Cs+–I- exist in whole concentration range investigated.Forcitation:Smirnov P.R., Grechin O.V., Voevodina E.A. Structure of nearest environment of ions in aqueous cesium iodide solutions from X-ray diffraction data. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 7. P. 21-26.
VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS OF DIMETHYLSULFONE IN ETHANOL-WATER MIXTURE AT TEMPERATURES RANGE OF 298.15-323.15 K
Authors: Ghazoyan Heghine H. , Markaryan Shiraz A.
Published: August 2017

This paper studies volumetric properties of ternary dimethylsulfone-ethanol-water systems. The biomedical and environmental significance for the fundamental investigations of aqueous solution of dimethylsulfone and influences of third component on volumetric behavior of this system arises from several reasons. In the global sulfur cycle dimethylsulfide is converted to dimethylsulfone leading to an annual atmospheric production of some million tones of dimethylsulfone, much of which would be deposited in rain and snow. In addition, dimethylsulfone has been extensively studied from a medical point of view. It was established that dimethylsulfone is contained in small amounts in human blood and urine. Also of interest is that methionine is transformed into dimethylsulfone in living organisms. In this work densities of solution of dimethylsulfone in ethanol-water mixtures with various compositions have been measured over available concentration range. As it is evident from experimental data, the increase in a temperature leads to the reduction of density. The apparent and partial molar volumes of solutions were determined over the 298.15–323.15K temperature range. As it follows from these data, the apparent molar volumes increase with increasing of temperature. The influence of ethanol on the volumetric behavior has been taken into account by changing the apparent molar volume compared with the apparent molar volume of the binary aqueous solutions of DMSO2. It is found also the effect of the amount of ethanol on the volumetric properties of these solutions. It is interesting that the effect of ethanol on the values of apparent molar volumes does not change monotone with increasing in quantity of ethanol in ethanol-water mixture. In dimethylsulfone+(ethanol-water) solutions the partial molar volume of dimethylsulfone increases when quantity of ethanol in ethanol-water mixture more than 0.5 molar fraction. The observed phenomena are explained by the presence of competition of intermolecular interactions. In the DMSO2-ethanol-water system the strongest interaction between ethanol and water molecules leads to the increase in partial molar volumes for DMSO2.For citation:Ghazoyan H.H., Markaryan S.A. Volumetric properties of solutions of dimethylsulfone in ethanol-water mixture at tempe-ratures range of 298.15-323.15 K. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 7. P. 27-33.
USE OF TRAINING DISCUSSION AT LABORATORY AND PRACTICAL LESSONS WHILE IMPLEMENTING COMPETENCY BASED APPROACH
Authors: Sazhina Olga P. , Glazkova Oxana V. , Shabarin Alexandr A. , Matyushkina Yulia I.
Published: August 2017

An approach implemented in a higher school education system requires use of interactive forms in learning process. Using the example of organisation of laboratory and practical lessons "Methods of quality control with respect to raw materials and products of chemistry manufacture" the effectiveness of training discussions as an interactive form of learning while implementing a competency based approach was demonstrated. Analysis of natural magnetite, used as a raw material for production of iron by the pyrometallurgical method, was chosen as a subject of the discussion. Initially, students analyse State Standard (GOST) N 32517.1-2013 on their own. In class they analyse the Standard from the perspective of use of potentiometric titration instead of visual one under the supervision of instructors. They do modernization of technique for determining: correct a list of specimen used, solution strength, mass of magnetite sample, volume of a sample for titration; suggest a list of laboratory dishes and devices, make preliminary calculations and find out the calculation formula. In the course of discussion, the most preferable method of experiment is elaborated on and recorded. Upon completion a public discussion of the results is held. Each group analyses the obtained data, indicates the positive and negative sides of the suggested method for potentiometric determination of iron content in naturally occurring magnetite. Based on results of questionnaire survey having been held among students who took part in the pedagogic experiment, it was discovered that the proposed way of holding laboratory and practical lessons is more effective in comparison to the traditional one, while serving to unlock the students’ research potential. This way requires applying theoretical skills learned earlier to perform a particular research task. They also learn to work in a team, to sum up results of the common activity and hold responsibility for the results received. Moreover, public speaking is also an important point of learning process. The proposed methods of gaining skills for solution of training tasks facilitate development of intellectual, speaking and communicative students’ competences; they make future specialists more prepared for resolving real production issues.For citation:Sazhina O.P., Glazkova O.V., Shabarin A.A., Matyushkina Yu.I. Use of training discussion at laboratory and practical lessons while implementing competency based approach. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 7. P. 97-101.
GRANULATED SORPTION MATERIALS FOR WASTE WATERS PURUFUCATION FROM ZINK IONS (Zn2+)
Authors: Politaeva Natalia A. , Slugin Vladimir V. , Taranovskaya Elena A. , Alferov Ivan N. , Soloviev Maksim A. , Zakharevich Andrei M.
Published: August 2017

The article describes the main applications of biopolymer – chitosan, the most important of which are medicine and food industry. In recent times, many works devoted to the application of chitosan for wastewater treatment because it has a flocculation and sorption properties. The market price of chitosan is high, so it is proposed to create a granular composite sorption materials based on chitosan and waste of agricultural processing, which will reduce the cost and improve the sorption properties. As waste agricultural processing is proposed to use heat-treated threshing of millet which has high sorption properties. The composites, where the binder is chitosan and the filler - heat-treated threshing millet with different content (10 %; 20 %; 30 %; 40 % of the total weight) were obtained. The adsorption isotherms of zinc ions on the composite adsorbent materials with different content of filler were constructed and the values of maximum sorption capacity were calculated. The mechanical properties (abrasion and grindability) of the obtained composite sorption materials were determined and it was shown that the best sorption characteristics of composite material with the addition of the filler for 30%. The technological scheme of production of composite materials of the heat-treated millet threshing and chitosan for wastewater treatment was developed. The microstructural study of the obtained materials showed that heat-treated additive threshing of millet increases. The economic indicators of production of composite sorption materials were calculated and the methods of disposal were examined.Forcitation:Politaeva N.A., Slugin V.V., Taranovskaya E.A., Alferov I.N., Soloviev M.A., Zakharevich A.M. Granulated sorption materials for waste waters purufucation from zink ions (Zn2+). Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 7. P. 85-90.
Performance Evaluation for Carbon Sequestration in Shale Gas Reservoir Systems
Authors: Zhu Langtao , Liao Xinwei , Chen Zhiming , Cheng Xuyang
Published: August 2017

Storage CO2 in shale formation is considered as a promising option to reduce CO2 emissions and enhance shale gas recovery. Many simple analytical and semi-analytical techniques have been proposed to support screening analysis and performance assessment for potential carbon sequestration sites. However, these analytical techniques have ignored the effect of fracture occurrences, which are important to the carbon sequestration in shale formation.

In this paper, numerical simulation technology is applied to model different complex hydraulic fracture occurrences and evaluate the CO2 seepage rule during carbon sequestration. First, multi-component Langmuir isotherm is applied to simulate the adsorption desorption phenomenon of CO2. Combining Langmuir isotherm with the reservoir parameters of Barnett shale formation, shale reservoir simulation model is constructed to simulate the CO2 seepage law during the CO2 sequestration. Then, based on the shale reservoir simulation model, local grid refinement technology is used to characterize the five typical fracture occurrences caused by hydraulic fracturing. Subsequently, the numerical simulation cases with five different fracture occurrences are run to evaluate the performance during CO2 storage process. Finally, some critical important parameters, including engineering and geologic parameters, are evaluated through the sensitivity study. In order to identify and illustrate the performance which progressively occur over time, the log-log plot of CO2 injection rate versus time is adopted.

The simulation results indicate that the flow regimes of CO2 injection can be classified into eight flow regions. Among these flow regions, the inner boundary dominated flow regime is a unique one which can occur only when realizing strongly stimulated reservoir volume. Further, the sensitivity study indicates that the fracture topologies and the primary fracture conductivity are the two key factors dominating the early-time flow behavior during the carbon sequestration. And the final-time flow behavior is dominated by the shale reservoir parameters.

This work systematically analyzes the effect of fracture topologies on carbon sequestration and enlarges our knowledge of CO2 storage in shale gas systems.

1. Introduction

Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas (CH4) in the United States over the last decade. Due to its unconventional characteristics, injecting carbon dioxide (CO2) to enhance shale gas recovery (CO2-EGR) is a potentially feasible method to increase gas-yield while realizing CO2 sequestration (CS). Therefore, it is more and more important to quantitatively demonstrate the influence of various reservoir and completion parameters on performance of multiply-hydraulic fractured horizontal wells (MFHW) in the process of CO2 injection.
Investigation of the Oil Recovery Mechanism during Laboratory CO2 EOR Experiments with Unconventional Shale Cores through Compositional Simulation
Authors: Zou Amy , Schechter David
Published: August 2017

After implications of hydraulic fracturing operations, the commercial production of tight formations and shale plays were successfully achieved in past decades. Due to the rapid decline rate after primary depletion of fractured reservoirs, extracting the remaining liquid hydrocarbon from the nano-Darcy permeability matrix becomes the next step.

Previously conducted laboratory experiments demonstrated promising results by successfully recovering liquid hydrocarbon from preserved and unfractured sidewall unconventional core plugs. However, what are the driving forces behind this observed result was not well understood. In other words, is the hydrocarbon recovery associated with commonly known recovery mechanisms during CO2 EOR processes, such as viscous displacement, oil volume expansion, viscosity reduction and vaporization of lighter hydrocarbon components? Or, is it driven by other mechanisms that are frequently considered insignificant during conventional CO2 EOR processes?

This study utilizes a commercial compositional simulator to investigate the oil production mechanisms from the matrix into the fractures. The process includes constructing a fine grid 3D model to simulate the previously conducted laboratory experiment, performing systematic sensitivity analysis, and evaluating the mechanisms that could potentially contribute to the oil recovery observed during the experiments. With laboratory scale modeling, the dominating mass transfer mechanism between the matrix and fractures, which in turn translates into oil recovery mechanism, is concluded to be diffusion. The work provided in this study can be used to enhance the accuracy for upscaled field simulations. However, whether CO2 EOR will unlock the unconventional liquid reservoir potential and make significant economic impacts at field scale needs to be carefully evaluated on a case by case basis.

Introduction

For the past few decades, due to the increasing demand of energy and the advancements in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies, the industry reallocated its resources into exploring ways to produce oil from the previously unprofitable shale plays.
Miscible CO2 Flooding Using Horizontal Multi-Fractured Wells in the San Andres Formation, TX – a Feasibility Study
Authors: Yang Junjie , Oruganti Yagna Deepika , Karam P. , Doherty Dan , Doherty Jim , Chrisman J.
Published: August 2017

The San Andres is a well-known dolomitic enhanced oil recovery target with low matrix permeability in the area of interest (Yoakum County, TX). A reservoir simulation study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of using horizontal multi-fractured wells in low permeability miscible floods. A reservoir model was developed for the area of interest and was history-matched with the primary production data from the field. The model was then used to illustrate the CO2 miscible flood potential by quantifying the incremental recovery over the primary production scenario.

Compositional modeling was used in the study to evaluate CO2 flooding feasibility and efficiency. A holistic workflow including PVT modeling, petrophysical analysis, geomodeling, and hydraulic fracture modeling, provided integrated input into the reservoir model. Continuous CO2 flooding was explored as an operating strategy. Furthermore, water alternating gas (WAG) cases were designed and run as a more realistic and cost-effective method of implementing miscible flooding. Based on the history-matched model, sensitivity analyses were conducted on hydraulic fracture geometry, well spacing, injection patterns and operating conditions for the primary production scenario, continuous CO2 flooding and WAG scenarios.

Field surveillance and observations during the history-matching process showed that the wells had undergone damage from scaling. Sensitivity analysis showed that 300ft to 400ft cluster spacing resulted in the highest oil production during the first 10 years. Interdependent parameters such as well spacing and fracture half-length were studied together; this sensitivity review showed that the differential oil recovery from 128 acres to 160 acres was larger than that from 160 acres to 213 acres, leading to the recommendation that 160 acres could be the optimized well spacing. In the optimized design, the continuous CO2 injection case showed an incremental oil recovery of 22% (compared to primary production). The CO2 utilization factor was between 7 and 8, which was consistent with the reported value from literature. WAG sensitivity analysis showed that longer hydraulic fractures did not necessarily improve WAG efficiency, but led to earlier CO2 breakthrough. This observation confirmed our early suspicion that smaller hydraulic fracturing treatment could be a more cost-effective design for miscible flooding in this reservoir. In addition, sweep efficiency and recovery were sensitive to WAG ratio, but not to injection slug size in each cycle.
Carbon Dioxide in Situ Generation for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Wang Shuoshi , Kadhum Mohannad , Yuan Qingwang , Shiau Bor-Jier , Harwell Jeffrey H.
Published: August 2017

Carbon dioxide flooding of oil fields around the world is proven as a successfully adopted practice in increasing oil production particularly in marginal wells with low production rates. However, the limitations of this technology lie in the limited supply of carbon dioxide, high capital cost, and infrastructure corrosion. In this work, we present an alternative CO2 flooding method which generates CO2 inside the reservoir to increase oil recovery. The process involves the injection of a concentrated CO2 producing solution of ammonium carbamate (AC). Chemical solvent CO2 capture technology was widely used for years. Carbamates were formed when aqueous amines absorbed CO2. The new proposed in situ CO2 generation EOR technique provides a way to directly apply the product of the CO2 capture technology for outstanding tertiary recovery.

Ammonium carbamate (CH6N2O2), highly water-soluble chemicals, can dissociate at reservoir temperature producing carbon dioxide and ammonia. The carbon dioxide migrates to the oil phase, causing oil phase swelling and reducing oil viscosity, and therefore increasing oil production. The ammonia dissolves in the water, and the ammonia-water solution increases the water wettability of the rock.

Flow experiments were conducted using 6" Ottawa sand packs. The experiments demonstrated that the decomposition of a 35% AC solution injected to the sand packs resulted in further lowering of the residual oil saturation following a standard water flood. The tertiary recovery in the high-pressure sand pack experiments was found to average 27%.

In the proposed process, AC can be dissolved in produced reservoir fluids or seawater and injected into the reservoir to generate CO2 in situ and increase oil production as it decomposes. The benefits of this process compared to CO2 flooding lie in the simplicity of adapting this technology to an existing waterflood, and the lack of the complicated infrastructure needed in a typical CO2 project, such as compression and gas handling facilities. An additional advantage lies in the ability to deliver the CO2 in the form of a room temperature solid, alleviating the need for a pipeline.
The First Integrated Approach for CO2 Capture and Enhanced Oil Recovery in China
Authors: Wang Xiangzeng , Yuan Qingwang , Wang Shuoshi , Zeng Fanhua
Published: August 2017

As the only company which owns the right for coal mines and oil and gas production in China, Yanchang Petroleum Group has the unique advantages to implement integrated CO2 capture and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in Ordos Basin. This area is also one of the largest CO2 emission areas in China. The coal to chemicals plant was built to efficiently co-utilize coal, oil and natural gas. The energy efficiency is about 8.9% higher than the world average level. Two corresponding CO2 capture plants were built with the capacity of 50,000 and 360,000 tonnes per year. The cost for CO2 capture is as low as $17.5/tonne, much cheaper than most of the other CO2 capture project in the world. By optimizing the distance between CO2 capture plants and EOR sites, the shortest distance, the shortest distance for CO2 transportation is only 10 kilometers. It is estimated that the cost for CO2 transportation is $2.58/tonne. Meanwhile, the CO2 is used for enhanced oil recovery in Yanchang oil fields. Extensive research has been done to investigate the suitable geological conditions for CO2-EOR. Experiments have also been conducted to study the behaviors of CO2-crude oil mixture. Two pilot tests including Qiaojiawa 203 block and Wuqi Yougou are now in operation with well production being doubled or tripled. In addition, more than 87% of reservoirs in Yanchang oil field in Ordos Basin are suitable for CO2-EOR with estimated billions of CO2 storage capacity.

Introduction

Greenhouse gas emissions are regarded as one of the most important factors resulting in global warming and climate change. In all the greenhouse gases, the proportion of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted is the greatest and around 76%, according to the statistics from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2013.

The CO2 emissions are mainly from the consumption of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas which provide 85% of worldwide energy needs for human activities (BP, 2017). While in these CO2 sources from energy consumptions, the burning of coal produces more CO2 than oil or natural gas at the same equivalent electricity generated.
Enhanced Oil Recovery – the History of CO2 Conventional Wag Injection Techniques Developed from Lab in the 1950’s to 2017
Authors: Merchant David
Published: August 2017

During the past 45 years, CO2 flood technology for Enhanced Oil Recovery projects evolved from a partially understood process filled with uncertainties to a process based on proven technology and experience. Many questions involved with CO2 flooding have been thoroughly analyzed and answered. This knowledge is currently being used by a limited number of companies that actually know how to design, implement, and manage a CO2 flood for long term profit. The purpose of this report is to help disseminate this knowledge to operating companies interested in EOR flooding or to CO2 Sequestration Communities interested in storing CO2 in EOR projects.

In 2015, Merchant Consulting published CMTC-440075-MS "Life beyond 80 – A look at Conventional WAG Recovery beyond 80% HCPV Injection in CO2 Tertiary Floods". The primary objective of the report was to target all 10 CO2 Recovery Methods used today including "Conventional WAG Techniques" which have been used in over 90% of all the Enhanced Oil Recovery projects implemented to date. These include projects in the Permian Basin in Texas, Colorado, Oklahoma, and Wyoming. The paper presents answers to the question "What is life after 80% HCPV Injected?" And "What effect does life after 80% HCPV have on Tertiary Oil Recovery, CO2 Utilization and CO2 Retention in different producing formations?" Results of this study show Tertiary Oil Recovery can be as high as 26% OOIP when slug sizes exceed 190% HCPV injected.

Conventional WAG History in CO2 Tertiary Oil Projects:

To achieve CO2 Injection beyond 80% HCPV Injection requires proper CO2 WAG Management. The purpose of this report is to provide both the EOR and CO2 Sequestration Communities an understanding of the "History of Conventional WAG" and how it has changed from first introduced in the Lab in the 1950's, to how it was implemented and developed in the 1980's by the Major Oil Companies in the Permian Basin, and how Conventional WAG is being managed today in the field.
Le retour de l’histoire universelle : une façon de changer le rapport au conflit?
Authors: Prévost-Grégoire Florence
Published: August 2017

À l’heure de la mondialisation, des chercheurs comme David Christian et Dipesh Chakrabarty effectuent le lien entre histoire et conflits et proposent un retour à une histoire universelle et profonde qui nous permettrait de mieux comprendre l’univers et la place de l’humanité dans celui-ci en donnant une plus grande cohérence à la discipline. En faisant l’histoire de ce qui nous est commun, il serait alors possible de développer une certaine identité mondiale et de véritablement se considérer comme « l’humanité ». Cet article propose donc d’aborder le sujet de l’histoire universelle comme piste de compréhension des grands conflits de notre époque, qui sont de plus en plus liés à l’environnement, à l’accès aux ressources ainsi qu’à la gestion de la crise des changements climatiques et occasionnent de profondes remises en question.
Des espaces dans la détection de métaphores
Authors: Beligné Max
Published: August 2017

Cet article propose un état des lieux des méthodes de détection manuelle et automatique de métaphores en vue par la suite d’une meilleure compréhension d’une science sociale. L’objectif est tout d’abord d’avoir une vue synthétique et organisée des différentes théories et méthodologies (formant à chaque fois des espaces possibles différents de détection) pour mieux orienter la recherche sur cette question difficile. Ensuite, chaque espace a été approfondi pour mieux comprendre ses potentialités, ses limites et ses articulations avec les autres espaces. L’aspect protéiforme des métaphores oblige à cet exercice important à la fois de synthèse et de détail, car c’est en combinant les spécialisations des différents espaces qu’on pourra améliorer la détection globale de ce trope aux définitions multiples. Enfin, il s’agit, à travers cet article, de reconstruire un cadre intégrateur pour appréhender simultanément les détections manuelles et automatiques, car elles sont souvent traitées de manière indépendante du fait des spécialisations alors qu’elles traitent d’un problème commun.
Le décrochage culturel ou passer de l’école franco-ontarienne à l’école de langue anglaise
Authors: Boissonneault Julie , Laflamme Simon
Published: August 2017

Au Canada français hors Québec, entre le début des études élémentaires et la fin du secondaire, une proportion importante d’élèves quittent les écoles de langue française pour s’inscrire dans les écoles de langue anglaise. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’expliquer le phénomène. Une enquête a été menée auprès d’élèves, de leurs amis, de leurs parents et de leurs enseignants. Elle a permis d’établir des variations selon les régions, de mettre en évidence l’incidence de la manière dont les élèves se perçoivent linguistiquement puis de repérer une idéologie linguistique et la manière dont elle circule.
Comparative molecular analyses of select pH- and osmoregulatory genes in three freshwater crayfishCherax quadricarinatus,C. destructorandC. cainii
Authors: Ali Muhammad Y. , Pavasovic Ana , Dammannagoda Lalith K. , Mather Peter B. , Prentis Peter J.
Published: August 2017

Systemic acid-base balance and osmotic/ionic regulation in decapod crustaceans are in part maintained by a set of transport-related enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase (CA), Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), H+-ATPase (HAT), Na+/K+/2Cl−cotransporter (NKCC), Na+/Cl−/HCO${}_{3}^{-}$ cotransporter (NBC), Na+/H+exchanger (NHE), Arginine kinase (AK), Sarcoplasmic Ca+2-ATPase (SERCA) and Calreticulin (CRT). We carried out a comparative molecular analysis of these genes in three commercially important yet eco-physiologically distinct freshwater crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, C. destructorandC. cainii, with the aim to identify mutations in these genes and determine if observed patterns of mutations were consistent with the action of natural selection. We also conducted a tissue-specific expression analysis of these genes across seven different organs, including gills, hepatopancreas, heart, kidney, liver, nerve and testes using NGS transcriptome data. The molecular analysis of the candidate genes revealed a high level of sequence conservation across the threeCherax sp.Hyphy analysis revealed that all candidate genes showed patterns of molecular variation consistent with neutral evolution. The tissue-specific expression analysis showed that 46% of candidate genes were expressed in all tissue types examined, while approximately 10% of candidate genes were only expressed in a single tissue type. The largest number of genes was observed in nerve (84%) and gills (78%) and the lowest in testes (66%). The tissue-specific expression analysis also revealed that most of the master genes regulating pH and osmoregulation (CA, NKA, HAT, NKCC, NBC, NHE) were expressed in all tissue types indicating an important physiological role for these genes outside of osmoregulation in other tissue types. The high level of sequence conservation observed in the candidate genes may be explained by the important role of these genes as well as potentially having a number of other basic physiological functions in different tissue types.
Observations of the epizoa found on the turtle Lepidochelys olivacea at La Gloria, Jalisco, Mexico
Authors: Hernandez-Vazquez S , Valadez-Gonzalez C
Published: August 2017

From August to December 1993, 46 female specimens of the turtle Lepidochelys olivacea were examined at La Gloria, Jalisco, Mexico. Several epizoa were collected: leech, balanus, barnacles, remoras, crabs, algae, amphipods and eggs (probably of leechs). The leech Ozobranchus sp. was the most abundant and was located on the neck and flippers of the turtle. The next most abundant group includes the balanus Platylepas hexastylos and Chelonibia testudinaria; the first was more abundant on the neck and flippers of the turtle, whereas the second was most frequently located on the carapace. The gooseneck barnacles were the third most abundant group, including two species. Lepas anatifera and Conchoderma virgatum; the former was most frequently located on the carapace. vvhereas the latter was recorded on the neck and flippers. Also found on L. olivacea were the fish Remora remora, the crab Planes cyaneus, the alga Polysiphonia sp., amphipods and eggs; however, these species were not abundant.
Chromosomes of the experimental hybrid of Crussostrea virginica Gmelin 1791 and Crussostreu rhizophorue Guilding 1828 (Pseudolamellibranchiata: Ostreidae)
Authors: Rodríguez-Romero F , Gascas-Montes-Oca M , Gascas-Montes-Oca M
Published: August 2017

The cytogenetic study of the interspecific larval hybrid of Crassostrau virginica and Crassostrea rhizophorae has been conducted. The chromosome complements in all the types of hybrids assayed were integrated in a normal way to form the zygote and the chromosome number was consistently 20. Only biarmed, homomorphic isopignotic chromosomes were present. Chromosomes of the hybrid karyotype are similar to those of the progenitor species, especially to those of C. virginica
Demersal fish assemblages of the continental shelf off Colima and Jalisco, Mexico (spring, 1995)
Authors: Mariscal-Romero J , Aguilar-Palomino B , Lucano-Kamirez G , Raymundo-Huizar AR , Rodriguez-Ibarra LE , Ruiz-Ramírez S , Gonzalez-Sanson G
Published: August 2017

The structure of the soft-bottom demersal fish assemblages of the continental shelf off Jalisco and Colima, Mexico, was studied in an area of 410 km2. The classification of the 32 most abundant species resulting from the cluster analysis shows eight groups (three from the inner shell; four from the intermediate shelf and one from the slope shelf). The ordination through detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) defined seven units; the affinity and composition of these units were similar to that of the other technique. The multiple contrasts of the analysis of variance, using the depth/temperature/salinity scores, were significantly correlated with the group of stations and with the eigenvalues calculated for the species with the DCA. This confirms the presence of a bathymetric/thermic gradient and that the shallow thermocline has a segregation effect on the demersal assemblages of soft-bottom fishes.
Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico induced by tides, wind and the Yucatan Current
Authors: Martínez-López B , Pares-Sierra A
Published: August 2017

A three-dimensional model is used to study the circulation in the Gulf of Mexico. Currents associated with tides, wind and the Yucatan Current are presented. Each one of these forcings is analyzed by itself and as a combined effect of the three. We were able to closely reproduce the circulation and elevation fields due to the tides. By forcing the model with winds, an anticyclonic circulation is obtained in the western region of the gulf. This feature has been associated in other studies with the local wind forcing and with the anticyclonic gyres generated in the eastern part of the gulf. Results of this work suggest that the detachment of the gyres is mainly a baroclinic process. The contribution of the barotropic flux of the Yucatan Current is found to be restricted to the eastern part of the basin.
Selectivity of the longline system used by the Mexican fleet in the exclusive economic zone
Authors: Santana-Hernández H , Macías-Zamora R , Valdez-Flores JJ
Published: August 2017

The longline is the most common fishing gear used to catch pelagic fish species. It consists of a principal line or mother line from which secondary lines with hooks hang. This fishing gear has demonstrated its efficiency to catch tuna, shark and billfish. The relative specific selectivity, according to some authors, seems to be influenced by factors like fishing strategy, horizontal and vertical species distribution, and the kind and size of bait. In this paper, a practica1 method to estimate hook operating depth is proposed, taking into consideration the catenary line formed by the mother line in each section. This estimate was validated with data obtained by means of a CTD meter placed at the same depth as the hooks during the longline operation. Moreover, an analysis of the species composition of the catch at each hook depth was performed. The results indicate that there is a difference of more than 30 m between operating depths in each section. Likewise, significant differences (at level α = 0.05) among catches at each operating level were observed.
Distribution and abundance of soft-bottom stomatopod crustaceans off the coast of Jalisco and Colima, Mexico
Authors: Arciniega-Flores J , Landa-Jaime V , González-Sansón G
Published: August 2017

Three cruises (DEM 1, DEM II, DEM III) were conducted during 1995 and 1996. Seven localities were visited during each cruise at four different depths (20, 40, 60 and 80 m), with paired shrimp trawls on the continental shelf off Jalisco and Colima, Mexico. Five genera and nine species belonging to the families Eurysquillidae, Hemisquillidae, Lysiosquillidae and Squillidae were identified. The highest richness was found on the DEM III cruise (eight species), with an average abundance of 74 ind/ha. During DEM III Squilla panamensis was the most abundant species (average = 58 ind/ha). Squilla hancocki was the most abundant on the DEM 1 and DEM II cruises, with 18 and 44 ind/ha, respectively. The highest abundance was observed at the 60 m depth, with temperature averages between 13.9 and 23.9ºC. The highest co-occurrence frequency (31.7%) was found between S. hancocki and S. panamensis.