bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Support as described by fathers with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Ćwirynkało Katarzyna , Parchomiuk Monika
Published: December 2022

Background

Many fathers with intellectual disabilities experience some difficulties in fulfilling their parenting role due external factors. The quality of their parenting depends on various factors, including the availability and adequacy of support. The aim of this study was to understand the lived experiences associated with social support of fathers with intellectual disabilities.

Method

The organisation of the research and data analysis were carried out in accordance with Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 20 fathers with intellectual disabilities.

Results

In the analysis, three interrelated themes emerged: Discrepancies between needs and provision of support; Discriminatory practices and feeling (dis)empowered; and Recognition of support.

Conclusions

Fathers described negative aspects of their experiences that were not conducive to strengthening paternal competences and led to a sense of loneliness. Positive aspects also emerged, indicating that fathers were determined to fulfil their role despite the lack of adequate support for their needs.
Doppler parameters of ophthalmic artery in women with preeclampsia: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Dai Xinxin , Kang Li , Ge Huiyu
Published: December 2022

Preeclampsia is a progressive and severe cardiovascular disorder in pregnant women. To determine the potential significance of ophthalmic Doppler parameters in preeclamptic women and to provide evidence‐based hints for clinical practice and scientific investigation. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library till July 31, 2022. Pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random effects model. Heterogeneity across included studies was evaluated utilizing the Q test and I2 statistic. We identified 8 observational studies that met the inclusion criteria. The pooled SMD for peak systolic velocities (PSV) was .12 (95% CI: −.82, 1.06, p = .8071; I2 = 94%, p < .0001). The overall SMD for time‐averaged mean peak velocities (MV) was 1.79 (95% CI: .87, 2.71, p = .0001; I2 = 60%, p = .1152). Regarding the pulsatility index (PI), the pooled SMD was −2.05 (95% CI: −3.12, −.98, p = .0002; I2 = 92%, p < .0001). Overall SMD for end‐diastolic velocities (EDV) was 1.11 (95% CI: .23, 1.98, p = .0136; I2 = 92%, p < .0001). The pooled SMDs for resistance index (RI) and peak ratio (PR) was −.18 (95% CI: −1.90, 1.53, p = .8333; I2 = 96%, p < .0001) and 1.46 (95% CI: −1.30, 4.22, p = .2994; I2 = 99%, p < .0001), respectively. Publication bias was not identified. MV, PI, and EDV showed significant differences between patients with preeclampsia and non‐hypertensive pregnant participants. Studies on the predictive performance of ophthalmic artery Doppler parameters are warranted.
An Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Procedure for Detecting Back Random Responding Behavior
Authors: He Yinhong
Published: December 2022

Back random responding (BRR) behavior is one of the commonly observed careless response behaviors. Accurately detecting BRR behavior can improve test validities. Yu and Cheng (2019) showed that the change point analysis (CPA) procedure based on weighted residual (CPA‐WR) performed well in detecting BRR. Compared with the CPA procedure, the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) obtains more detailed information. This study equipped the weighted residual statistic with EWMA, and proposed the EWMA‐WR method to detect BRR. To make the critical values adaptive to the ability levels, this study proposed the Monte Carlo simulation with ability stratification (MC‐stratification) method for calculating critical values. Compared to the original Monte Carlo simulation (MC) method, the newly proposed MC‐stratification method generated a larger number of satisfactory results. The performances of CPA‐WR and EWMA‐WR were evaluated under different conditions that varied in the test lengths, abnormal proportions, critical values and smoothing constants used in the EWMA‐WR method. The results showed that EWMA‐WR was more powerful than CPA‐WR in detecting BRR. Moreover, an empirical study was conducted to illustrate the utility of EWMA‐WR for detecting BRR.
Modeling, drying kinetics, and antioxidant properties of Bentong ginger based on different drying techniques
Authors: Subramaniam Sarmilaah Dewi , Azman Nurul Aini Binti Mohd , Abdul Mudalip Siti Kholijah Binti , Halim Luqman Abdul , Basrawi Firdaus , Muhammad Noryanti Binti
Published: December 2022

This study presents the effect of different drying techniques (swirling fluidized bed drying [SFBD], oven drying [OD], and freeze drying [FD]) on the drying kinetics, antioxidant potential, and 6‐gingerol concentration of Bentong ginger (BG). Seven mathematical models were applied to the experimental data to determine the best thin‐layer drying models for drying applications Interaction between the drying methods and antioxidant properties has been evaluated using correlation coefficient (R). The Midilli–Kucuk model showed the best fit at explaining the thin layer drying behavior of the BG for OD and SFBD, whereas the Page model showed the best fit for FD. Correlation analysis revealed that the drying methods had a strong positive correlation with DPPH and a moderate negative correlation with 6‐gingerol concentration and total phenolic content. The experimental results showed that SFBD reduces the total drying time compared to OD and FD, which translates to a low energy consumption, high drying rate, and moisture diffusivity. In addition, the dried BG sample from the SFBD exhibited a slightly higher DPPH inhibition and total phenolic yield as well as the best option to preserve the 6‐gingerol compound in the Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC‐QTOF/MS) analysis. Thus, the SFBD approach proved to be a feasible method for drying ginger.

Practical applications

Ginger is considered to be highly perishable foods due to their high moisture content. The most common process for keeping shelf‐stable ginger is dehydration. Drying preserves the quality of ginger by lowering the moisture level, which prevents microbial growth and chemical changes during dried storage. The use of fluidized bed (FBD) dryers for agricultural products processing has grown in popularity in recent years. The modified and hybrid FBD systems were observed to be efficient for drying food products in previous studies. The outcome of this research showed that SFBD techniques attain better nutritional quality of ginger through less energy consumption and processing time.
Comparative safety of sulfonylureas among U.S. nursing home residents
Authors: Zullo Andrew R. , Riester Melissa R. , Hayes Kaleen N. , Munshi Medha N. , Berry Sarah D.
Published: December 2022

Background

The comparative safety of sulfonylureas (SUs) in nursing home (NH) residents remains understudied despite widespread use. We compared the effects of three SU medications and initial SU doses on adverse glycemic and cardiovascular events among NH residents.

Methods

This national retrospective cohort study linked Medicare claims with Minimum Data Set 2.0 assessments for long‐stay NH residents aged ≥65 years between January 2008 and September 2010. Exposures were the SU medication initiated (glimepiride, glipizide, or glyburide) and doses (standard or reduced). One‐year outcomes were hospitalizations or emergency department visits for severe hypoglycemia, heart failure (HF), stroke, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). After the inverse probability of treatment and inverse probability of censoring by death weighting, we estimated hazard ratios (HR) using Cox regression models with robust 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

The cohort (N = 6821) included 3698 new glipizide, 1754 glimepiride, and 1369 glyburide users. Overall, the mean (standard deviation) age was 81.4 (8.2) years, 4816 (70.6%) were female, and 5164 (75.7%) were White non‐Hispanic residents. The rates of severe hypoglycemia were 30.3 (95% CI 22.3–40.1), 49.0 (95% CI 34.5–67.5), and 35.9 (95% CI 22.2–54.9) events per 1000 person‐years among new glipizide, glimepiride, and glyburide users, respectively (glimepiride versus glipizide HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0–2.4, p = 0.04; glyburide versus glipizide HR 1.2, 95% CI 0.7–1.9, p = 0.59). The rates of severe hypoglycemia were 27.1 (95% CI 18.6–38.0) and 42.8 (95% CI 33.6–53.8) events per 1000 person‐years among new users of reduced and standard SU doses, respectively (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.4–3.5, p < 0.01). Rates of HF, stroke, and AMI were similar between medications and doses.

Conclusions

Among long‐stay NH residents, new use of glimepiride and standard SU doses resulted in higher rates of severe hypoglycemic events. Cardiovascular outcomes may not be affected by the choice of SU medication or dose.
Perspectives and experiences of living with self‐neglect among older adults: A systematic review and meta‐synthesis
Authors: Yu Mingming , Wang Wenru , Gu Libin , Ramachandran Hadassah Joann
Published: December 2022

Purpose

Given the global trajectory toward an aging population, renewed interest in the phenomena of self‐neglect is needed if relevant stakeholders are to be adequately prepared for an expected increase in the number of elder self‐neglect cases. This current study is designed to systematically review and synthesize the qualitative literature on the perspectives and experiences of older adults living with self‐neglect.

Design

A narrative meta‐synthesis was used.

Methods

Six English databases (PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus, Scopus, Embase, and PsycINFO) were comprehensively searched from inception to May 2022. The thematic synthesis method was applied to analyze and synthesize the findings of the included studies. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative checklist was applied to evaluate the quality of the included studies.

Findings

A total of six qualitative studies were finally included with four studies conducted in the United States, one in Israel, and one in Ireland. Through meta‐synthesis, five analytical themes were identified: attributes of self‐neglect, life shaped by misery, insufficient social networks and resources, self‐protection and preservation, and anchoring beliefs and practices.

Conclusions

This qualitative synthesis provides profound insights into the self‐neglect phenomenon from the standpoint of older adults with self‐neglect and can provide guidance to relevant stakeholders on how to address elder self‐neglect cases with respect to its assessment, reporting and management. Future research across geographical locations on the experiences of older adults with self‐neglect are needed to provide a more global understanding of this significant and emerging public health issue.

Clinical relevance

The development of future self‐neglect management practices based on medical and sociocultural models of care can focus on supporting self‐neglecters with positive coping mechanisms and supporting service providers with spiritual care competencies to ensure interventions achieve ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence.
Adverse pregnancy outcomes in Toxoplasma gondii seropositive Hispanic women
Authors: Mutka Tina , Seyfang Andreas , Yoo Ji Youn , Dutra Samia Valeria Ozorio , Ji Ming , Louis‐Jacques Adetola , Bruder Karen , Prescott Stephanie , Kim Kami , Groer Maureen
Published: December 2022

Aims

Chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection is not thought to affect pregnancy or birth outcomes, but there are few prospective studies. The study aims were T. gondii immunoglobulin G measurement and relationship of chronic T. gondii infection with gestational age at birth and adverse pregnancy outcomes in 690 Hispanic women in Tampa, Florida.

Methods

Hispanic women, born either in the United States or in Latin America or the Caribbean had a venous blood sample drawn to measure T. gondii IgG and T. gondii serotype at the first prenatal visit, along with collection of demographic and health‐related measures. Seropositive and seronegative women were followed throughout their pregnancy. Gestational age, infant weights, and adverse pregnancy outcomes (miscarriages, preterm births) were compared in the two groups.

Results

There were 740 women of self‐reported Hispanic ethnicity screened and enrolled in Tampa, Florida, with 690 having birth data extracted from the electronic health record (538 T. gondii negative and 152 T. gondii seropositive). T. gondii seropositivity was 22.4% and the majority (83%) had high avidity titers, indicating chronic infection. Compared to T. gondii seronegative Hispanic women, seroseropositive women had more smaller for gestational age infants and higher prevalences of miscarriages and preterm birth.

Conclusion

This is one of the largest longitudinal cohort studies of women with chronic T. gondii infection followed through pregnancy. There was a higher percentages of adverse pregnancy outcomes in this group compared to T. gondii seronegative controls. The mechanism for this is unknown and warrants reexamination of the dogma that chronic T. gondii infection in pregnant women has no significant clinical consequences.
Third trimester re‐screening for gestational diabetes in morbidly obese women despite earlier negative test can reveal risks for obstetrical complications
Authors: Abu Shqara Raneen , Or Shany , Nakhleh Francis Yara , Wiener Yifat , Lowenstein Lior , Wolf Maya Frank
Published: December 2022

Aim

We investigated associations of maternal obesity with late gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis (>34 weeks) in women with previous normal glucose screening, and associations of late GDM with obstetrical outcomes.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study assessed obstetrical and neonatal outcomes of 238 women with normal (24–28 week) glucose screening results, who underwent late repeat oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) (>34 weeks) due to a suspected LGA fetus (54.6%) or polyhydramnios (45.4%). A sub‐analysis was performed of outcomes of women with late versus mid‐trimester GDM.

Results

The GDM rate in repeat OGTT screening was 22.2% for the total sample, and 33% among women with morbid obesity. Among women with late GDM versus without late GDM, rates were higher for macrosomia, large‐for‐gestational‐age fetus induction of labor, neonatal hypoglycemia, jaundice, and the need for phototherapy. Among women with late GDM, a higher pregestational BMI was associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Higher risks for macrosomia and CS due to macrosomia were demonstrated in women with late vs. mid‐trimester GDM.

Conclusion

Late screening in pregnancy may reveal GDM among women with previous normal glucose screening, particularly among those with late third trimester BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2, GDM in a previous pregnancy or fasting glucose >95 mg/dl. Women diagnosed with GDM at >34 weeks following normal glucose screening at 24–28 weeks are at higher risk for adverse perinatal outcomes. For women with morbid obesity, or suspected macrosomia or polyhydramnios in the late third trimester, and normal glucose screening in the second trimester, retesting should be considered.
Comparison of denture base adaptation between additive and conventional fabrication techniques
Authors: Tosun Osman Nuri , Bilmenoglu Caglar , Özdemir Ali Kemal
Published: December 2022

Purpose

This in vitro study compared the adaptation of denture bases fabricated by injection molding (IM), compression molding (CM), liquid crystal display (LCD), and digital light processing (DLP) techniques.

Material and methods

A definitive maxillary cast was duplicated using a silicone mold to create 40 gypsum casts that were laser scanned before any fabrication procedures were initiated. For the DLP and LCD groups, 20 denture bases (10 in each group) were virtually designed and manufactured referring to the digitalized data. For the CM and IM groups, 20 denture bases (10 in each group) were molded using gypsum models. A total of 40 gypsum models and their corresponding denture bases were scanned. The scanned intaglio surface of each denture base was superimposed on the scanned reference cast to compare the degree of tissue surface adaptation. The three‐dimensional surface deviations of the total intaglio surface, denture border apex, palatal vault, and crest of the ridge were evaluated on the basis of the best fit algorithm technique using inspection software. The data were statistically analyzed using one‐way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test (α = 0.05).

Results

According to the superimposing results, for the total intaglio surface, the lowest deviation was present on the injection‐molded group and the highest deviation occurred on the LCD group. For the palatal vault, the lowest deviation was present on the DLP group and the highest deviation occurred in the compression molded group. For the crest of the ridge, the lowest deviation was present in the injection‐molded group and the highest deviation occurred in the LCD group. For the denture border apex, the lowest deviation was present in the DLP group and the highest deviation occurred in the LCD group.

Conclusions

Maxillary denture bases fabricated using DLP and IM techniques showed higher surface adaptation than the bases fabricated using LCD and CM techniques. Among the conventional techniques, higher compatible dentures can be produced with IM; among the additive techniques, higher compatible dentures can be produced with DLP.
End‐of‐life care over four decades in a quaternary neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Barry Alexandra , Prentice Trisha , Wilkinson Dominic
Published: December 2022

Aim

Death in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) commonly follows a decision to withdraw or limit life‐sustaining treatment. Advances in medicine have changed the nature of life‐sustaining interventions available and the potential prognosis for many newborn conditions. We aimed to assess changes in causes of death and end‐of‐life care over nearly four decades.

Methods

A retrospective review of infants dying in the NICU was performed (2017–2020) and compared with previous audits performed in the same centre (1985–1987 and 1999–2001). Diagnoses at death were recorded for each infant as well as their apparent prognosis and any withdrawal or limitations of medical treatment.

Results

In the recent epoch, there were 88 deaths out of 2084 admissions (4.2%), a reduction from the previous epochs (132/1362 (9.7%) and 111/1776 (6.2%), respectively, for epochs 1 and 2). More than 90% of infants died after withdrawal of life‐sustaining treatment, an increase from the previous two epochs (75%). There was a reduction in deaths from chromosomal abnormalities, complications related to prematurity and severe birth asphyxia.

Conclusions

There continue to be changes in both the diagnoses leading to death and approaches to withdrawal of treatment in the NICU. These may reflect ongoing changes in both prenatal and post‐natal diagnostics as well as changing attitudes towards palliative care within the medical and wider community.
Six miRNA expressions in the saliva of smokers and non‐smokers with periodontal disease
Authors: Öngöz Dede Figen , Gökmenoğlu Ceren , Türkmen Emrah , Bozkurt Doğan Şeyma , Ayhan Burhanettin Sertaç , Yildirim Kubilay
Published: December 2022

Background

It has been stated that microRNA (miRNA) plays an important role in development, homeostasis, and immune functions, and abnormal miRNA expression may cause faster disease progression.

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine miR‐203, miR‐142‐3p, miR‐146a, miR‐146b, miR‐155, and miR‐29b gene expressions in the saliva of smokers and non‐smokers with the periodontal disease before and after non‐surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT).

Methods

A total of 90 individuals, 30 with periodontitis, 30 with gingivitis, and 30 periodontally healthy (control group), were included. These three groups were divided into subgroups as smoking and non‐smoking individuals, with 15 people in each group. NSPT was applied to patients with periodontitis and gingivitis. Saliva samples and clinical parameters were obtained at baseline and repeated 6 weeks after NSPT.

Results

Saliva miR‐203, miR‐142‐3p, miR‐146a, miR‐146b, and miR‐155 gene expressions were significantly upregulated in patients with periodontal disease compared to the control group both in smokers and non‐smokers, and also these miRNAs' gene expressions were significantly higher in the periodontitis group than in the gingivitis group at baseline (p < .05). A significant increase in saliva miR‐142‐3p expression was detected in all groups of smokers compared to non‐smokers (p < .05). Although there was a decrease in salivary miRNAs gene expressions with the treatment, it was not statistically significant (p > .05).

Conclusions

These results suggest that salivary miR‐146a, miR‐146b, miR142‐3p, miR‐155, and miR‐203 gene expressions increased with the progression of periodontal disease, but unchanged after periodontal treatment. Moreover, smoking may contribute to an increase in the levels of salivary miR‐142‐3p in the periodontal health and disease.
Impact of sleep and physical activity habits on real‐life glycaemic variability in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Gauthier Pierre , Desir Chesner , Plombas Maud , Joffray Eloïse , Benhamou Pierre‐Yves , Borel Anne‐Laure
Published: December 2022

The aim of this study was to better characterise whether sleep habits, eating schedule and physical activity in real‐life are associated with glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 28 patients (aged 60 years [58; 66], 54% female) with type 2 diabetes treated with basal‐bolus insulin therapy administered by insulin pumps were analysed. Glycaemic data measured by Flash Glucose Monitor System, physical activity and sleep data measured by accelerometer, and meal schedules were simultaneously collated with insulin pump administration data, for 7 days in real‐life. Their respective impact on the time spent in target, in hypoglycaemia, in hyperglycaemia and on glycaemic variability was evaluated. Multiple regressions showed that the total daily dose of meal boluses of insulin was inversely associated with the coefficient of variation (CV; coefficient β = −0.073; 95% confidence interval: −0.130, −0.015; p = 0.016), as well as sleep duration. The higher the sleep duration, the lower the glycaemic variability (coefficient β = −0.012; 95% confidence interval: −0.023, −0.002; p = 0.027). The mean 7 days physical activity of the subjects was very low and was not associated with glycaemic control on the 7 days mean values. However, days with at least 1 hr spent in physical activity higher than 1.5 METs were associated with less glycaemic variability that same day. This real‐life observation highlights the importance of sufficient sleep duration and regular physical activity to lessen the glycaemic variability of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Reproductive cost in female European and mountain hares
Authors: Rughetti M. , Ferloni M.
Published: December 2022

In female mammals, reproduction requires high‐energy expenditure because of gestation and lactation; therefore, a fitness cost of current reproduction may lead to a decrease in future survival or reproduction. The reproductive cost differs between short‐lived species with a fast life history strategy compared to long‐lived species with a slow life history strategy. We used harvest data on reproduction and body mass from two small‐sized and short‐lived mammals, mountain and European hare (Lepus timidus and Lepus europaeus) to explore the cost of reproduction and determine how the number of newborns produced in the current breeding season affects female body mass at the end of the reproductive season. Within a reproductive season, female hares experienced a reproductive cost: current litter size was negatively affected by the number of newborns produced in the current breeding season until the current litter. In the given reproductive season, females that had had more litters also had the highest reproductive output and had higher body mass at the end of the breeding season. The presence of a reproductive cost and the high reproductive performance of heavier female hares suggest a strategy of reproduction more conservative than expected for a species with a relatively small size and fast life history strategy. Heavier female hares seemed to be able to face the cost of reproduction, produce more offspring and remain larger at the end of the reproductive season: a strategy that is more conservative than risky. We believe female hares adopt, at least in part, a conservative strategy of reproduction characterized by an increased number of litters per season because of the positive fitness payoff gained.
Navigating the burden of proof and responsibility: A narrative inquiry into Indigenous medical learners' experiences
Authors: Burm Sarah , Deagle Sebastian , Watling Christopher J. , Wylie Lloy , Alcock Danielle
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Many medical schools have well‐established admission pathways and programming to support Indigenous medical workforce development. Ideally, these efforts should contribute to attracting highly qualified Indigenous applicants which, in turn, may improve accessible, quality care for Indigenous people. However, it is difficult to evolve and tailor these approaches without a situated understanding of Indigenous learners' experiences. In this paper, we focus on the Canadian context, sharing Indigenous learners' stories about their journey towards and throughout medical training.

Methods

The conceptual underpinnings of narrative inquiry and key principles from Indigenous methodologies were drawn upon throughout both data collection and analysis. Participants were Indigenous learners (medical students and residents) and a recently graduated physician (n = 5) from one Canadian medical school. Both spoken (formal recorded interviews) and visual (photographs) texts were used to make meaning of participants' experiences.

Results

Participants' experiences during medical training showed a striking resemblance at three points in their transition to, and progression through, medical education: preparing for and applying to medical school, completing undergraduate medical training and determining specialty choice. Participants' stories revealed a tug‐of‐war between their identities as an Indigenous person and as a medical trainee, with these tensions sometimes compromising their perceived sense of belonging within both Indigenous and academic circles, creating, at times, a heavy burden to shoulder.

Conclusion

Meaningful representation of Indigenous people in the medical workforce is about more than training additional health care providers; it requires understanding Indigenous learners and recently graduated physicians' experiences as they enter and navigate the medical profession. By amplifying their voices, we stand to gain a more holistic representation of the factors that contribute to and potentially impede the recruitment and retention of Indigenous people into the medical profession.
A fact‐finding survey of medical care provided to neuromuscular disease patients at the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry in Japan
Authors: Hanai Akiko , Yorimoto Keisuke , Ohkubo Ryo , Tsukamoto Tadashi , Mizuno Katsuhiro , Takahashi Yuji
Published: December 2022

Subject

The aim of the present study was to conduct a fact‐finding survey of medical care practices that are provided to neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) patients and to identify the placement rate and timing of implementation for each of the diseases.

Method

All 3756 NMD patients who were admitted to the Neurology ward between April 2015 and March 2020 were included. This was a retrospective survey of specific medical care practices (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and tracheotomy) implemented.

Results

The results showed that 325 patients (8.7%) had PEG placements, and 78 patients (2.1%) had tracheotomies. When the course of each disease from onset to medical care was examined, the diseases for which medical care was received soon after onset were MND, MSA, DLB, and progressive supranuclear palsy, whereas muscular dystrophy, myopathy, and Parkinson's disease (PD) were diseases with a relatively long time between disease onset and medical care. Discussion: In conducting the fact‐finding survey on medical care practices for NMD, the following were taken into consideration: (i) difficulty in conducting the investigation due to NMD being a rare disease; (ii) existence of a difference in age of onset and progression of the diseases; and (iii) differences in treatment environments due to disparities in treatment policies among medical institutions providing medical care and local support systems.

Conclusions

The course of medical care provision for NMD patients varied depending on the disease, and the difference in the time course of progression of symptoms greatly impacted patients' decision making.
Effects of regular soy formula intake between 1 and 2 months of age on food sensitization in infancy
Authors: Sakihara Tetsuhiro , Otsuji Kenta , Arakaki Yohei , Hamada Kazuya , Matsui Teruaki , Sugiura Shiro , Ito Komei
Published: December 2022

Background

The effects of regular soy formula (SF) intake on the development of food sensitization in infancy remain unclear. This study aimed to assess the effects of regular SF intake between 1 and 2 months of age on food sensitization development by 6 months of age.

Methods

Using data from a randomized controlled trial of a birth cohort from four Japanese hospitals that assessed cow's milk allergy development, we performed a retrospective cohort study of 235 infants who avoided cow's milk formula and supplemented breastfeeding with SF as required between 1 and 2 months of age. Regular SF intake was defined as SF consumption of ≥14 days per month and ≥1350 ml per month. Food sensitization was defined as positive skin prick test reactions to hen's egg, cow's milk, wheat, and/or soy. Using multivariable logistic regression models that adjusted for parental, perinatal, and environmental factors, we calculated the adjusted odds ratios of regular SF intake for food, hen's egg, and cow's milk sensitization by 6 months of age.

Results

From the 235 participants, 114 (48.5%) had regular SF intake. The adjusted odds ratios of regular SF intake for food, hen's egg, and cow's milk sensitization were 0.32 (95% confidence interval: 0.16–0.62, p = .0007), 0.42 (0.20–0.88, p = .02), and 0.33 (0.14–0.81, p = .02), respectively.

Conclusion

Regular SF intake between 1 and 2 months of age in infants avoiding cow's milk formula was significantly associated with a reduced risk of food sensitization in infancy.
MATE transporter GFD1 cooperates with sugar transporters, mediates carbohydrate partitioning and controls grain‐filling duration, grain size and number in rice
Authors: Sun Changhui , Wang Yang , Yang Xiaorong , Tang Lu , Wan Chunmei , Liu Jiqing , Chen Congping , Zhang Hongshan , He Changcai , Liu Chuanqiang , Wang Qian , Zhang Kuan , Zhang Wenfeng , Yang Bin , Li Shuangcheng , Zhu Jun , Sun Yongjian , Li Weitao , Zhou Yihua , Wang Pingrong , Deng Xiaojian
Published: December 2022

More than half of the world's food is provided by cereals, as humans obtain >60% of daily calories from grains. Producing more carbohydrates is always the final target of crop cultivation. The carbohydrate partitioning pathway directly affects grain yield, but the molecular mechanisms and biological functions are poorly understood, including rice (Oryza sativa L.), one of the most important food sources. Here, we reported a prolonged grain filling duration mutant 1 (gfd1), exhibiting a long grain‐filling duration, less grain number per panicle and bigger grain size without changing grain weight. Map‐based cloning and molecular biological analyses revealed that GFD1 encoded a MATE transporter and expressed high in vascular tissues of the stem, spikelet hulls and rachilla, but low in the leaf, controlling carbohydrate partitioning in the stem and grain but not in the leaf. GFD1 protein was partially localized on the plasma membrane and in the Golgi apparatus, and was finally verified to interact with two sugar transporters, OsSWEET4 and OsSUT2. Genetic analyses showed that GFD1 might control grain‐filling duration through OsSWEET4, adjust grain size with OsSUT2 and synergistically modulate grain number per panicle with both OsSUT2 and OsSWEET4. Together, our work proved that the three transporters, which are all initially classified in the major facilitator superfamily family, could control starch storage in both the primary sink (grain) and temporary sink (stem), and affect carbohydrate partitioning in the whole plant through physical interaction, giving a new vision of sugar transporter interactome and providing a tool for rice yield improvement.
Wheat genome architecture influences interactions with phytobeneficial microbial functional groups in the rhizosphere
Authors: Gruet Cécile , Abrouk Danis , Börner Andreas , Muller Daniel , Moënne‐Loccoz Yvan
Published: December 2022

Wheat has undergone a complex evolutionary history, which led to allopolyploidization and the hexaploid bread wheat Triticum aestivum. However, the significance of wheat genomic architecture for beneficial plant–microbe interactions is poorly understood, especially from a functional standpoint. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that wheat genomic architecture was an overriding factor determining root recruitment of microorganisms with particular plant‐beneficial traits. We chose five wheat species representing genomic profiles AA (Triticum urartu), BB {SS} (Aegilops speltoides), DD (Aegilops tauschii), AABB (Triticum dicoccon) and AABBDD (Triticum aestivum) and assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction their ability to interact with free‐nitrogen fixers, 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate deaminase producers, 2,4‐diacetylphloroglucinol producers and auxin producers via the phenylpyruvate decarboxylase pathway, in combination with Illumina MiSeq metabarcoding analysis of N fixers (and of the total bacterial community). We found that the abundance of the microbial functional groups could fluctuate according to wheat genomic profile, as did the total bacterial abundance. N fixer diversity and total bacterial diversity were also influenced significantly by wheat genomic profile. Often, rather similar results were obtained for genomes DD (Ae. tauschii) and AABBDD (T. aestivum), pointing for the first time that the D genome could be particularly important for wheat–bacteria interactions.
Hand hygiene monitoring: Comparison between app and paper forms for direct observation
Authors: Libero Giulia , Bordino Valerio , Garlasco Jacopo , Vicentini Costanza , Maria Zotti Carla
Published: December 2022

Healthcare‐associated infections (HAIs) are a global public health threat. Italy is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of HAI. Hand hygiene (HH) is a pillar of infection prevention and control. Monitoring HH is necessary to improve HH compliance, and direct observation is considered the gold standard. Transcription and analysis of data collected during direct observation of HH compliance with the WHO paper form are time‐consuming. We collected, during a 9‐day observation period, HH opportunities and compliance both with a smartphone application (SpeedyAudit) and with the WHO paper form. Then, we investigated the difference in the required time for data transcription and analysis between the WHO paper form and the use of the app. The difference in the required time for data transcription and analysis was significant with a mean time of 2 s using the app and about 14–54 min/day using paper form (p = .004) while no significant difference was found in measured compliance rates between the two data collecting methods. HH monitoring with an app is time‐saving, and the app we used was easy to use.
Performance and physiological quality of Escallonia resinosa seeds: prospects for their use in reforestation and restoration
Authors: Huayta‐Hinojosa L. David , Nolasco‐Lozano Emily , Guerra Damaris , Hermoza‐Gamboa Joel , Quispe‐Melgar Harold Rusbelth
Published: December 2022

In the Andes, many native forest species are not used in reforestation or restoration programs mainly due to a lack of information about their propagation. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the seeds of Escallonia resinosa by analyzing fruit and seed productivity and characteristics, seed physiological quality, and the germination rate of seeds collected at different stages of fruit physiological maturity, using tetrazolium and standard germination tests. Our results show an estimated production (mean ± SD) of 34,252.5 ± 25,900 fruits per tree and 26.5 ± 20 million seeds per tree. Seed length was 1.0 ± 0.13 mm and seed weight was 12.4 ± 1 μg. We recognized two different morphological types of seeds: Type I seeds (lacking testa) were unviable, whereas all Type II seeds (with testa) germinated. Seed viability and germination rates were 10.5 and 48.6%, respectively; therefore, the viability test underestimated the actual germination rate. Morphological or microsite variables of the parent tree did not influence seed viability or germination. Germination rates were highest (41.8 ± 2.5%) for the seeds of fruits harvested at the initial maturity stage (green fruits). Our results show that E. resinosa is a species with potential for reforestation and restoration projects in the Andes: it has high seed production and good germination performance, and seeds can be harvested from fruits collected at different stages of physiological maturity.
American Jewish humor
Authors: Caplan Jennifer
Published: December 2022

This article charts the development of the particular genre generally known as “Jewish humor.” It provides and overview of the topic for those interested in the relationship between American Jews and humor and the phenomenon of Jewish humor. It aligns the history of the genre with the history of Jews in America to demonstrate the ways in which changes in Jewish American social status was reflected in the type of humor being produced, as well as the way that the evolution of popular media platforms were often shaped and dominated by Jewish content producers. It begins with Yiddish film and theatre and continues through radio and early television, stand‐up comedy, the late twentieth century boom in Jewish sitcoms, the rise of “Generation Hanukkah Song,” and finally the current move toward Internet and social media humor.
Grammaticalization from Minimizer to Focus Marker as Upward Reanalysis along the Nominal Spine*
Authors: Ogawa Yoshiki
Published: December 2022

This article demonstrates that Japanese minimizers, which are originally used as Negative Polarity Items in a negative context, can sometimes behave as focus markers when used postnominally. I will review a previous syntactic analysis of English minimizers, and propose a revised syntactic analysis of Japanese minimizers, based on newly discovered synchronic and diachronic facts. I argue that the usage of Japanese minimizers as focus markers was developed through grammaticalization as Upward Reanalysis along the nominal spine.
Duration of antibiotic treatment for acute graft pyelonephritis: What's the standard of care?
Authors: Kumar Rebecca , Pereira Marcus , Taimur Sarah , True Karin , Detwiler Randall , van Duin David
Published: December 2022

Background

Limited evidence is available to inform the duration of antibiotic treatment in kidney transplant recipients with bacterial acute graft pyelonephritis. Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation suggest a 14–21 day duration.

Methods

A four‐question survey was constructed to determine the current standard of practice for the duration of treatment for acute graft pyelonephritis. The survey was distributed among members of the Infectious Diseases and the Kidney Pancreas Communities of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation.

Results

Among 144 survey respondents, 87 (60%) were infectious disease physicians, and 36 (25%) were transplant nephrologists. Although most (55%) respondents preferred a 14‐day duration, a spread between 7 and 28 days was observed. Goals of treatment and drivers for longer duration differed between infectious disease physicians and transplant nephrologists.

Conclusions

Although most respondents prefer a 14‐day duration of treatment for acute graft pyelonephritis, a wide range of responses was seen between 7 and 28 days. More evidence is needed to inform optimal treatment duration in this common infectious complication after transplantation.

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Human papillomavirus‐independent cervical cancer and its precursor lesions
Authors: Aggarwal Ieera Madan , Yeo Yen Ching , Ng Zheng Yuan
Published: December 2022

Key content

With the move towards ubiquitous human papillomavirus (HPV) primary screening and increasing coverage with HPV vaccination, the prevalence of HPV‐associated cervical cancers is predicted to decrease.

Clinicians must be aware of HPV‐independent adenocarcinomas, which are likely to increase as a proportion of the total diagnosed cervical adenocarcinomas.

Advances in histopathology, immunohistochemistry and molecular genetics have increased our understanding of the spectrum of gastric‐type and other rare HPV‐independent adenocarcinomas.

Clinical outcome and prognosis of HPV‐independent adenocarcinoma is worse than the HPV‐associated adenocarcinoma.

There is a paucity of evidence‐based guidelines tailored to management of HPV‐independent adenocarcinomas.

Learning objectives

To know the various types of HPV‐independent cervical cancers, as classified by the WHO 2020 classification of cervical adenocarcinomas.

To appreciate current understanding of possible precursor lesions of HPV‐independent cervical cancers, especially gastric‐type adenocarcinoma.

To be aware of the potential ‘red‐flag’ symptoms and findings on radiological investigations for early diagnosis, and the current evidence available for the management and clinical outcomes of HPV‐independent adenocarcinoma.
Dissecting the functions of COP1 in the UVR8 pathway with a COP1 variant in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhang Qianwen , Lin Li , Fang Fang , Cui Beimi , Zhu Cheng , Luo Shukun , Yin Ruohe
Published: December 2022

COP1 is a critical repressor of plant photomorphogenesis in darkness. However, COP1 plays distinct roles in the photoreceptor UVR8 pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. COP1 interacts with ultraviolet B (UV‐B)‐activated UVR8 monomers and promotes their retention and accumulation in the nucleus. Moreover, COP1 has a function in UV‐B signaling, which involves the binding of its WD40 domain to UVR8 and HY5 via conserved Val‐Pro (VP) motifs of these proteins. UV‐B‐activated UVR8 interacts with COP1 via both the core domain and the VP motif, leading to the displacement of HY5 from COP1 and HY5 stabilization. However, it remains unclear whether the function of COP1 in UV‐B signaling is solely dependent on its VP motif binding capacity and whether UV‐B regulates the subcellular localization of COP1. Based on published structures of the COP1 WD40 domain, we generated a COP1 variant with a single amino acid substitution, COP1C509S, which cannot bind to VP motifs but retains the ability to interact with the UVR8 core domain. UV‐B only marginally increased nuclear YFP‐COP1 levels and significantly promoted YFP‐COP1 accumulation in the cytosol, but did not exert the same effects on YFP‐COP1C509S. Thus, the full UVR8–COP1 interaction is important for COP1 accumulation in the cytosol. Notably, UV‐B signaling including activation of HY5 transcription was obviously inhibited in the Arabidopsis lines expressing YFP‐COP1C509S, which cannot bind VP motifs. We conclude that the full binding of UVR8 to COP1 leads to the predominant accumulation of COP1 in the cytosol and that COP1 has an additional function in UV‐B signaling besides VP binding‐mediated protein destabilization.
Does Caffeine Increase Fat Metabolism? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Conger Scott A. , Tuthill Lara M. , Millard-Stafford Mindy L.
Published: December 2022

Whether caffeine (CAF) increases fat metabolism remains debatable. Using systematic review coupled with meta-analysis, our aim was to determine effects of CAF on fat metabolism and the relevant factors moderating this effect. Electronic databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched using the following string: CAF AND (fat OR lipid) AND (metabolism OR oxidation). A meta-analytic approach aggregated data from 94 studies examining CAF’s effect on fat metabolism assessed by different biomarkers. The overall effect size (ES) was 0.39 (95% confidence interval [CI] [0.30, 0.47], p < .001), indicating a small effect of CAF to increase fat metabolism; however, ES was significantly higher (p < .001) based on blood biomarkers (e.g., free fatty acids, glycerol) (ES = 0.55, 95% CI [0.43, 0.67]) versus expired gas analysis (respiratory exchange ratio, calculated fat oxidation) (ES = 0.26, 95% CI [0.16, 0.37]), although both were greater than zero. Fat metabolism increased to a greater extent (p = .02) during rest (ES = 0.51, 95% CI [0.41, 0.62]) versus exercise (ES = 0.35, 95% CI [0.26, 0.44]) across all studies, although ES was not different for studies reporting both conditions (ES = 0.49 and 0.44, respectively). There were no subgroup differences based on participants’ fitness level, sex, or CAF dosage. CAF ingestion increases fat metabolism but is more consistent with blood biomarkers versus whole-body gas exchange measures. CAF has a small effect during rest across all studies, although similar to exercise when compared within the same study. CAF dosage did not moderate this effect.
The Effect of Attentional Focus on Real-Time Conscious Motor Processing During Tandem Walking in Young Adults
Authors: Shahzada Shamoon S. , Mak Toby C.T. , Wong Thomson W.L.
Published: December 2022

The theory of reinvestment in experimental psychology suggested that automated performance could be degraded if attention was internally diverted to the process of skill execution. This study examined the role of attentional focus instructions on real-time conscious motor processing (i.e., reinvestment) during tandem walking. Thirty-six young adults (mean age = 20.94, SD = 1.43 years) participated; their electroencephalography T3–Fz coherence (i.e., real-time reinvestment) was measured during three walking conditions with different attentional focus instructions: external focus, internal focus, and control conditions. The results suggested that attentional focus instructions did not significantly affect real-time conscious motor processing during tandem walking in young adults, possibly due to the low level of motor task complexity of walking by young adults. The Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale appears to be not sensitive enough to reflect the real-time reinvestment during gait-related movements in young adults.