bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rectus Abdominus Free Flap in the Reconstruction of the Orbit Following Subtotal Exenteration
Authors: Weichel Eric D. , Eiseman Andrew S. , Casler John D. , Bartley George B.
Published: January 2011

An 18-year-old woman with recurrent embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma underwent a right subtotal exenteration sparing the eyelids and conjunctiva to remove the tumor. A rectus abdominus muscle free flap was secured to the right temporalis muscle. The temporalis muscle was then advanced into the temporal fossa defect and the rectus abdominus flap placed into the right orbital cavity and right maxillary sinus. An ocular conformer was then placed and a lateral tarsorrhaphy was performed. This surgical technique provides rapid socket rehabilitation with good cosmesis and enables the use of a standard ocular prosthesis.
The extent and content of the presentation of the geography of Europe in school textbooks in European countries
Authors: Senegačnik Jurij
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this article is to determine to what extent and with what kind of content European textbooks approach the study of the geography of Europe. It presents results from one of the earliest studies to include textbooks from almost all European countries. Using a specially designed data recording sheet an analysis was made of 35 textbooks for lower secondary and 28 textbooks for upper secondary education. There were 17 elements analyzed in the textbooks, using the method of content analysis. The study showed considerable differences between textbooks for lower and higher age groups as well as differences between textbooks of Western Europe and Eastern Europe. In some parts of Europe we find regions with common textbook patterns, but these are based only on individual elements and not several elements taken together.
Planning capacity of Slovenian municipalities
Authors: Marot Naja
Published: January 2011

Spatial planning is one of the major legal duties for Slovenian municipalities. The planning framework is legally defined in the Spatial Planning Act which is frequently modified. Thus, municipalities need to adhere to changes very often. The capability of a municipality to adapt to new obligations and conditions influences delivery of spatial development. In a doctoral research we analyzed the capacity of municipalities to implement the planning act, i.e. what is the planning governance capacity of Slovenian municipalities. Thirteen indicators were defined and data were collected with the help of a questionnaire and secondary sources. These indicators were then used to produce the typology of management capacity in the field of planning. We also tested whether the size and spatial characteristics of a municipality affected the final result of this classification. Fifty-five municipalities were classified into three groups: municipalities with poor conditions for the implementation of spatial planning legislation (37 municipalities), municipalities with fair conditions for the implementation of spatial planning legislation (17 municipalities) and the Municipality of Ljubljana as the municipality with the best conditions. Groups differ in human resource solutions, finance consumption, frequency of participation of stakeholders and their impact. Comparison between the size and typology of governance showed their mutual dependence, and therefore in different sized municipalities we find different governance capacities. Finally, some suggestions for better spatial governance are proposed.
Regional inequality in Serbia as a development problem
Authors: Miljanović Dragana , Miletić Radmila , Đorđević Jasmina
Published: January 2011

The aim of this paper, in the context of the contemporary socio-economic changes in Serbia, is to consider changes in the regional development policy, and therefore in the approach to underdeveloped areas. A special attention is paid to regional inequality as a developmental problem since it directly influences the integrative processes, violating them, and therefore leads to side effects (economic, social, demographic, ecological, spatial, etc.). In Serbia, traditionally undeveloped areas (rural, hilly-mountainous and border/peripheral) have formed during a longer historical period, contrary to the new types of areas - municipalities (“devastated areas”) that are connected to the transition period (“transition poverty”). Both appeared by cause and effect reaction to natural, socio-economic, social, demographic, cultural-civilizational and political factors.
The 1812 Map of the Illyrian Provinces by Gaetan Palma
Authors: Gašperič Primož
Published: January 2011

Despite their short existence, the Illyrian Provinces have left traces in Slovenian politics, culture, and ethnic awareness. One tangible result of French rule was the Carte des Provinces Illyriennes (Map of the Illyrian Provinces) by Gaetan Palma, clearly showing the territory of the provinces and their surrounding areas. After nearly two centuries, this high-quality cartographic work continues to preserve its conceptual value and communicates the level of cartographic development and the political extent of Napoleon’s France at the beginning of the nineteenth century to the reader.
Geomorphosite assessment
Authors: Erhartič Bojan
Published: January 2011

Geomorphosites comprise natural features and processes, which can carry a certain value, whether that be scientific, aesthetic, historical, cultural, social, economic or other. With the intention of reducing the subjective impacts and enabling a mutual comparison, several assessment methods burst onto the scene. The article mentions four procedures of geomorphosite assessment on the basis of Slovene methodology. Which assessment method seems most adequate, depends on the research aims. For the needs of nature protection, greater emphasis should be put on scientific and management aspects, with additional emphasis on the social component or the cultural value to guarantee a more comprehensive study.
Políticas ciudadanas, inmigración y cultura: El caso del deporte en la ciudad de Barcelona
Authors: Sánchez Martín Ricardo
Published: January 2011

En el Plan Estratégico del deporte de la ciudad de Barcelona se considera la necesidad de facilitar y promover la práctica de la actividad físico-deportiva de toda la población, dadas sus posibilidades como elemento generador de calidad de vida y salud, de participación ciudadana y de integración social. Como resultado de la investigación que se presenta se han determinado las barreras socio-culturales para la práctica de actividades físico-deportivas, se muestran los hábitos de práctica deportiva de los colectivos extranjeros y se establecen los criterios para la política municipal de promoción deportiva de la ciudadanía para el caso concreto de Barcelona. Se trata de una Investigación Social Participativa que incluye análisis documental, estudios cuantitativos, técnicas cualitativas, así como técnicas de investigación colaborativa, sesiones participativas y asambleas.
El remolino actuado: Etnografía contemporánea del Monte Tláloc
Authors: Lorente Fernández David
Published: January 2011

El Monte Tláloc constituyó un importante sitio ceremonial regional en la época prehispánica: era el lugar en el que se realizaban los ritos petitorios de lluvia del Imperio mexica. Por ello ha despertado el interés creciente de arqueólogos y etnohistoriadores. Sin embargo, la etnografía sistemática de la zona es prácticamente inexistente, al grado de que desconocemos exactamente el sentido de las ofrendas y los rituales que continúan realizándose allí. En este sentido, el artículo presenta las conclusiones de un prolongado trabajo de campo en el área y describe un rito terapéutico en el que la ofrenda es la teatralización de un «remolino actuado», es decir, una identificación con los espíritus del agua por el recurso de imitar sus acciones. Dicho remolino se asocia también con otra variedad de ofrendas que incluyen la donación de semillas o sus aromas como alimento. A partir de un análisis del rito se explora parte de la compleja cosmología contemporánea que establece la vinculación indisoluble entre la figura del Monte Tláloc y el sistema de regadío texcocano: canales y manantiales forman con él un todo unitario desde el punto de vista conceptual y geográfico
El cambio social y la 'Constitución moderna' en los clásicos de la Sociología. Durkheim y Weber en perspectiva comparada
Authors: Santiago José
Published: January 2011

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la concepción del cambio social de Durkheim y Weber desde una perspectiva comparada. Se propone una lectura de sus obras prestando atención al lugar que ambos ocupan en lo que, siguiendo a Bruno Latour, llamaremos “Constitución moderna”. Desde este nivel metateórico, la comparación permitirá mostrar las herramientas y recursos de la “Crítica moderna” de los que estos autores se sirven para construir sus teorías del cambio social. Con esta perspectiva comparada, el artículo examina de qué manera Durkheim y Weber teorizan sobre la “cuarta garantía” de la “Constitución moderna”, que hace referencia al lugar que ocupa Dios en la modernidad. Por último, esta “garantía” es problematizada en el marco de la sociedad contemporánea a partir de las propuestas de algunos teóricos actuales.
Towards Development of Web-based Assessment System Based on Semantic Web Technology
Authors: El-Sofany Hosam Farouk , El-Seoud Samir A.
Published: January 2011

The assessment process in an educational system is an important and primordial part of its success to assure the correct way of knowledge transmission and to ensure that students are working correctly and succeed to acquire the needed knowledge. In this study, we aim to include Semantic Web technologies in the E-learning process, as new components. We use Semantic Web (SW) to: 1) support the evaluation of open questions in e-learning courses, 2) support the creation of questions and exams automatically, 3) support the evaluation of exams created by the system. These components should allow for measuring academic performance, providing feedback mechanisms, and improving participative and collaborative ideas. Our goal is to use Semantic Web and Wireless technologies to design and implement the assessment system that allows the students, to take: web-based tutorials, quizzes, free exercises, and exams, to download: course reviews, previous exams and their model answers, to access the system through the Mobile and take quick quizzes and exercises. The system facilitates generation of automatic, balanced, and different exam sheets that contain different types of questions covering the entire curriculum, and display gradually from easiness to difficulty. The system provides the teachers and administrators with several services such as: store different types of questions, generate exams with specific criteria, and upload course assignments, exams, and reviews.
Laptops vs. Desktops in a Google Groups Environment: A Study on Collaborative Learning
Authors: Abrantes Steven Lopes , Gouveia Luis Borges
Published: January 2011

Current literature on m-learning refers to the lack of studies on real use of m-learning applications and how they can compete with current desktop counterparts. The study consists of an experiment involving one hundred and twelve students of higher education and a set of learning activities that they have to accomplish. This study has the main objective to validate if the students that use laptops or desktops are in the flow experience and which of them are more in the flow experience, when using Google Groups. The used approach is based on the flow experience introduced by [1]. It was possible to conclude that students have experienced the flow state both by students using laptops or desktops, but having the laptop students a more positive effect in the flow experience.
Role of MicroRNA-214–Targeting Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog in Advanced Glycation End Product-Induced Apoptosis Delay in Monocytes
Authors: Li Li-Min , Hou Dong-Xia , Guo Ya-Lan , Yang Jun-Wei , Liu Yuan , Zhang Chen-Yu , Zen Ke
Published: January 2011

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) delay spontaneous apoptosis of monocytes and contribute to the development of inflammatory responses. However, the mechanism by which AGEs affect monocyte apoptosis is unclear. We studied the role of microRNA-214 (miR-214) and its target gene in AGE-induced monocytic apoptosis delay. Using microRNA (miRNA) microarray and stem-loop, quantitative RT-PCR assay, we studied genome-wide miRNA expression in THP-1 cells treated with or without AGEs. Significant upregulation of miR-214 was consistently observed in THP-1 and human monocytes treated with various AGEs, and AGE-induced monocytic miR-214 upregulation was likely through activation of receptor for AGEs. A striking increase in miR-214 was also detected in monocytes from patients with chronic renal failure. Luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-214 specifically binds to the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mRNA 3′-untranslated region, implicating PTEN as a target gene of miR-214. PTEN expression is inversely correlated with miR-214 level in monocytes. Compared with normal monocytes, AGE-treated monocytes and monocytes from chronic renal failure patients exhibited lower PTEN levels and delayed apoptosis. Overexpression of pre–miR-214 led to impaired PTEN expression and delayed apoptosis of THP-1 cells, whereas knockdown of miR-214 level largely abolished AGE-induced cell survival. Our findings define a new role for miR-214–targeting PTEN in AGE-induced monocyte survival.
HCV Peptide (C5A), an Amphipathic α-Helical Peptide of Hepatitis Virus C, Is an Activator of N-Formyl Peptide Receptor in Human Phagocytes
Authors: Lin Qing , Fang Dan , Hou Xinwei , Le Yingying , Fang Jiazhu , Wen Feng , Gong Wanghua , Chen Keqiang , Wang Ji Ming , Su Shao Bo
Published: January 2011

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural 5A, a phosphorylated zinc metalloprotein, is an essential component of the HCV replication complex. An amphipathic α-helical peptide (HCV peptide [C5A]) derived from nonstructural 5A membrane anchor domain possesses potent anti-HCV and anti-HIV activity in vitro. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of HCV peptide (C5A) to regulate host immune responses. The capacity of HCV peptide (C5A) in vitro to induce migration and calcium mobilization of human phagocytes and chemoattractant receptor-transfected cells was investigated. The recruitment of phagocytes in vivo induced by HCV peptide (C5A) and its adjuvant activity were examined. The results revealed that HCV peptide (C5A) was a chemoattractant and activator of human phagocytic leukocytes by using a G-protein coupled receptor, namely formyl peptide receptor. In mice, HCV peptide (C5A) induced massive phagocyte infiltration after injection in the air pouch or the s.c. region. HCV peptide (C5A) also acted as an immune adjuvant by enhancing specific T cell responses to Ag challenge in mice. Our results suggest that HCV peptide (C5A) derived from HCV regulates innate and adaptive immunity in the host by activating the formyl peptide receptor.
Formation of Toxic Amyloid Fibrils by Amyloid β‐Protein on Ganglioside Clusters
Authors: Matsuzaki Katsumi
Published: January 2011

It is widely accepted that the conversion of the soluble, nontoxic amyloid β‐protein (Aβ) monomer to aggregated toxic Aβ rich in β‐sheet structures is central to the development of Alzheimer’s disease. However, the mechanism of the abnormal aggregation of Aβ in vivo is not well understood. Accumulating evidence suggests that lipid rafts (microdomains) in membranes mainly composed of sphingolipids (gangliosides and sphingomyelin) and cholesterol play a pivotal role in this process. This paper summarizes the molecular mechanisms by which Aβ aggregates on membranes containing ganglioside clusters, forming amyloid fibrils. Notably, the toxicity and physicochemical properties of the fibrils are different from those of Aβ amyloids formed in solution. Furthermore, differences between Aβ‐(1–40) and Aβ‐(1–42) in membrane interaction and amyloidogenesis are also emphasized.
Ixabepilone as Monotherapy or in Combination with Capecitabine for the Treatment of Advanced Breast Cancer
Authors: Tkaczuk Katherine H. Rak
Published: January 2011

Breast Cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the world with 4.4 million survivors up to 5 years following the diagnosis. 1 In the US alone approximately forty thousand women die annually of metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Despite many effective systemic treatment options approximately 50% of women with MBC succumb to the disease within 24 months of the diagnosis. 2 Ixabepilone is a novel, first in class member of the epothilone class of antineoplastic agents. Ixabepilone is indicated as monotherapy for the treatment of metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer in patients whose tumors are resistant or refractory to anthracyclines, taxanes, and Capecitabine. Ixabepilone is also indicated in combination with Capecitabine for the treatment of patients with metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer resistant to treatment with an anthracycline and a taxane, or whose cancer is taxane resistant and for whom further anthracycline therapy is contraindicated. Ixabepilone was extensively studied as a single agent in patients with MBC and was found to be effective and well tolerated with a predictable and manageable safety profile. Not surprisingly prior exposure to anthracyclines and taxanes affects significantly the potential for response to therapy with single agent Ixabepilone in metastatic setting. MBC patients with taxane resistant MBC have objective response rate (RR) of 12%, patients with prior low exposure to taxanes and/or resistance RR = 22%, Ixabepilone treatment after adjuvant anthracycline therapy exposure renders RR = 42% and in Taxane naïve patients RR = 57%. In two large phase III studies of Ixabepilone + Capecitabine versus Capecitabine alone, progression free survival (PFS) and overall response rates (RR) were higher in the combination treatment arms, but no survival advantage was seen overall. Treatment with Ixabepilone + Capecitabine in a phase II study resulted in an overall response rate (ORR) of 23% in ER/PR/HER2 negative, triple-negative breast cancer patients (TNBC) while ORR of 31% was seen in a preplanned pooled analysis of TNBC in the phase III trials of Ixabepilone + Capecitabine. Significantly prolonged median PFS was seen for TNBC treated with the combination of Ixabepilone + Capecitabine compared to Capecitabine alone 4.2 vs. 1.7 months respectively. Ixabepilone as single agent appears to show excellent antitumor activity in patients with TNBC MBC. Addition of Ixabepilone to Capecitabine results in approximately doubling in median PFS for TNBC versus Capecitabine alone. Single agent Ixabepilone is generally well tolerated, and its toxicity profile does not overlap with that of Capecitabine and therefore depending on prior exposure to chemotherapy both single agent Ixabepilone or in combination with Capecitabine can be used safely and effectively for treatment of advanced breast cancer.
Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with Treated Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Analysis of 14 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Ahmed Ala Eldin H. , Ibrahim Ahmed S. , Elshafie Somia M.
Published: January 2011

Background

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is an increasing global health problem that continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality. The impact of PTB has been measured in terms morbidity and mortality and little attention has been paid to continuing respiratory disability in those who were cured. Pulmonary hypertension (PHT) is a serious respiratory disability that results from structural lung damage and chronic hypoxia. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of PHT in a cohort of treated PTB patients who presented with shortness of breath.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study that included 14 consecutive patients who were cured of PTB and presented with shortness of breath. Demographic and clinical data were recorded for all patients. PHT was diagnosed using Doppler echocardiography.

Results

Fourteen patients who were treated for PTB and were found to have PHT were studied. All patients were sputum smear negative at the time of the study. The mean age (SD) was 43.1 (13.6) and half of the patients were males. The mean number of years since PTB was diagnosed (SD) was 9.4 (10.9). All patients had abnormal chest x-rays. The commonest radiological abnormality was fibrocavitation which occurred in 50% of patients. Estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) of 51 to 80 mm/Hg was found in 9 patients (64.3%) whereas PASP of 40 to 50 mm/Hg was found in 4 patients (28.6%) and one patient had PASP more than 80 mm/Hg.

Conclusions

Different grades of PHT occurred in this cohort of treated PTB patients on average about 9 years after cure. The findings of this study support implementation of strategies for early detection and prevention of PTB. For those who were cured from PTB, longer periods of disability should be implemented in assessment of disease burden.
Infliximab: A Review of Its Use in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Marzo Manuela , Felice Carla , Rapaccini Gian Lodovico , Guidi Luisa , Armuzzi Alessandro
Published: January 2011

Infliximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody against anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha that has changed the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Our review describes its mean clinical and pharmacological features, in order to resume its efficacy in induction and maintenance of clinical remission in both Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Although its efficacy in induction and maintenance of remission has been established by several clinical trials, the administration of Infliximab is also associated with an increased risk of side effects, in particular in long-term treatment. We also discussed about issues regarding the correct timing to start and to stop biological therapy.
Management of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension with Sitaxentan Sodium
Authors: Pulido Tomas , Murillo Carla , Ramírez-Neria Paulina , Hurtado Viridiana , de la Garza Paola , Astorga Sandra , Miranda María Teresa , Sandoval Julio
Published: January 2011

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic and progressive disease with a poor prognosis if left untreated. Pathophysiological alterations in this disease lead to vasoconstriction, endothelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation, and in situ thrombosis. Endothelin-1 (one of the most potent vasconstrictors known), has been shown to be increased in PAH, contributing, in part at least, to these abnormalities. Endothelin acts through the binding of two receptors, ETA and ETB. Sitaxentan is a selective ETA endothelin receptor antagonist that has been demonstrated, in several clinical trials, to improve exercise capacity, functional class and hemodynamics. Sitaxentan has a good safety profile, is well tolerated and has a low incidence of liver toxicity.
TRAMA TRÓFICA DE LOS PECES DEL EMBALSE LA GOLETA (PRIMAVERA 2007) EN EL ESTADO DE MÉXICO
Authors: Navarrete-Salgado N. A. , Benítez-Maca E. , Jiménez-Escudero V. M. , Toledo García K. I. , Elías-Fernández G.
Published: January 2011

En este estudio se determinó la posición trófica de la ictiofauna del embalse La Goleta, Estado de México. Se realizó un muestreo en la primavera de 2007, donde se registraron los siguientes parámetros del agua, temperatura, profundidad, transparencia, turbidez, oxígeno disuelto, conductividad, pH, dureza, y alcalinidad, también se realizó la captura de peces utilizando un chinchorro charalero. El análisis del contenido estomacal se determinó con el método numérico y volumétrico. Los peces capturados pertenecen a tres especies: Menidia jordani, la cual se considera una especie zooplanctófaga generalista; Cyprinus carpio, es omnívoro muy generalista y Carassius auratus que es un pez herbívoro generalista.
DISPONIBILIDAD DE LUZ Y PRODUCCIÓN DE NUEZ DESPUÉS DEL ACLAREO DE ÁRBOLES DE NOGAL PECANERO (Carya illinoensis )
Authors: Arreola Ávila J. G. , Lagarda Murrieta A. , Borja de la Rosa A. , Valdez Cepeda R. , López-Ariza Bernardo
Published: January 2011

El volumen de la copa bien iluminada es uno de los factores clave en la productividad de árboles de nogal pecanero. Cuando las huertas de nogal pecanero con densidades de plantación al menos de 100 árboles por hectárea presentan problemas de sombreo, la penetración de luz dentro de la copa del árbol y entre árboles, el crecimiento y la producción son negativamente afectadas. La investigación realizada para estudiar el efecto del aclareo de árboles de nogal pecanero sobre la disponibilidad de la luz y productividad de la huerta es limitada. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto del aclareo de árboles sobre la disponibilidad de radiación fotosintéticamente activa (RFA) dentro de árboles permanentes, crecimiento del brote, producción y calidad de la nuez. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en una huerta madura de nogal pecanero con aclareo de árboles de 25 a 50 % durante el periodo 2004-2008. La disponibilidad de RFA dentro de árboles, longitud de brotes y la producción de nuez fueron afectadas por los tratamientos de aclareo; sin embargo, la calidad (porcentaje de almendra) por árbol durante el periodo de tres años de estudio no fue significativamente afectada. Los resultados de este estudio indican que un gradual aclareo en huertas con problemas de sombreo debe realizarse para recuperar el crecimiento y componentes de producción.
ESTRUCTURA Y COMPOSICIÓN DE LA VEGETACIÓN DEL CAÑÓN DEL ZOPILOTE, GUERRERO, MÉXICO
Authors: Ávila Sánchez P. , Sánchez-González A. , Catalán Everástico C.
Published: January 2011

Se analizó el cambio en la composición y estructura de la vegetación a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal en el Cañón del Zopilote, localizado en la cuenca del río Balsas, en Guerrero. En un intervalo de 450 a 2,800 m de altitud se colocaron 28 parcelas de muestreo, en diferentes tipos de vegetación, definidos por su fisonomía. En cada tipo de vegetación se establecieron seis parcelas de 1,000 m2 para el muestreo de las especies arbóreas, y dentro de ellas una sub-parcela de 100 m2 para arbustivas y dos de 6 m2 para herbáceas. El atributo estructural estimado fue el valor de importancia relativa de las especies; para la clasificación de los tipos de vegetación se utilizó el análisis de agrupamiento. En el gradiente estudiado se identificaron 314 especies de plantas vasculares (cuatro incluidas en la NOM-059-ECOL-2001), en 204 géneros y 79 familias. Las familias mejor representadas fueron Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Burseracea, Lamiacaea y Euphorbiaceae. Se definieron cinco tipos de vegetación: bosque tropical caducifolio, palmar, bosque de Quercus, bosque de Pinus y bosque mesófilo de montaña. Es probable que el cambio abrupto en las condiciones topográficas y climáticas en el Cañón del Zopilote, definan la estrecha proximidad de tipos de vegetación contrastantes.
FLORA Y VEGETACIÓN EN LA PORCIÓN SUR DE LA MIXTECA POBLANA
Authors: Guízar-Nolazco E. , Granados-Sánchez D. , Castañeda-Mendoza A.
Published: January 2011

Se estudió la vegetación en diez municipios del extremo meridional de la Mixteca poblana con una superficie aproximada de 1,668.74 km2. Se efectuaron colectas botánicas y un muestreo ecológico cuantitativo para estimar los valores de importancia y área basal para las especies arbóreas en las áreas mejor conservadas, con el objetivo de determinar los tipos de vegetación existentes y las asociaciones vegetales aún presentes. Los resultados indican la existencia de cinco tipos de vegetación correspondientes a bosque tropical bajo caducifolio, bosque bajo palmatifoliado, bosque tropical bajo de durifolios, bosque mediano perennifolio ripario y bosque templado bajo de escuamifolios. Se identificaron 13 asociaciones vegetales, siete de las cuales pertenecen al bosque tropical bajo caducifolio, que es el tipo de vegetación más representativo. La lista florística preliminar incluye 360 especies, 225 géneros y 77 familias de plantas vasculares. Se discuten de manera general los patrones de la vegetación, sus posibles causas, la importancia de la flora a nivel regional y el estado actual de conservación de la cubierta vegetal.
LA LLUVIA ÁCIDA Y LOS ECOSISTEMAS FORESTALES
Authors: Granados Sánchez D. , López Ríos G. F. , Hernández García M. Á.
Published: January 2011

Por efecto de la civilización industrial y del desarrollo tecnológico de nuestros tiempos, se origina la “lluvia ácida”, que es la precipitación en forma de lluvia, nieve, aguanieve, granizo o niebla con altas concentraciones de ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4), ácido nítrico (HNO3) y ácido carbónico (H2CO3). El aumento de la lluvia ácida ha tenido efectos considerables en los ecosistemas: los bosques del mundo se están muriendo y sus cuerpos de agua no pueden sostener a las poblaciones normales de peces. Asimismo, disminuye el rendimiento agrícola y se corroen el mármol, metal y piedra en las ciudades.
COMPONENTES QUÍMICOS PRINCIPALES DE LA MADERA DE Dalbergia granadillo Pittier Y DE Platymiscium lasiocarpum Sandw.
Authors: Rutiaga-Quiñones J. G. , Pedraza-Bucio Fabiola E. , López-Albarrán P.
Published: January 2011

Se realizó un análisis químico de la madera (duramen, zona de transición y albura) de dos especies tropicales (Dalbergia granadillo y Platymiscium lasiocarpum) de acuerdo a las normas ASTM. Los componentes químicos determinados fueron: cenizas, extraíbles (etanol-benceno, agua caliente y agua a temperatura ambiente), lignina y holocelulosa. Las cantidades de componentes químicos encontrados en las muestras de madera variaron de la siguiente manera: cenizas (0.62 a 1.84 %), solubilidad total (10.19 a 33.35 %), lignina (25.24 a 27.24 %) y holocelulosa (49.24 a 55.25 %). El análisis estadístico de varianza de los resultados indicó que la cantidad de componentes químicos es diferente estadísticamente (P
PATRONES DE DIVERSIDAD DE LA REGENERACIÓN NATURAL EN RODALES MEZCLADOS DE PINOS
Authors: Leyva-López J. Cristóbal , Velázquez-Martínez A. , Ángeles-Pérez G.
Published: January 2011

Con el objetivo de determinar la composición, diversidad, similitud florística y valor de importancia de las especies arbóreas, se evaluó la regeneración de tres rodales en donde se aplicó el método de regeneración natural de árboles padre durante el periodo 1989-1995. Dentro de cada rodal, se definieron unidades relativamente homogéneas considerando características como pendiente, exposición, altitud y número de árboles padre; resultando once unidades. Contiguas a éstas se seleccionaron áreas sin intervención. En cada unidad se estableció un sitio circular de 314.16 m2 (10 m de radio), el cual se dividió en cuatro sub-parcelas de 78.54 m2. Se evaluó la regeneración establecida de especies arbóreas (pinos y latifoliadas), en las áreas con tratamiento y las especies arbóreas en las áreas sin tratamiento. Se determinó la diversidad de especies y la densidad. Se calculó el valor de importancia (IVI). Se determinaron los índices de diversidad e índices de similitud. Los resultados indican que los rodales estudiados presentan una mezcla de especies de pino y latifoliadas, en donde dominan relativamente las primeras. Los índices de diversidad calculados señalan que a medida que pasa el tiempo, después del tratamiento de regeneración, los valores de diversidad y riqueza son menores, aunque éstos no cambian en aquellos rodales sin tratamiento. Al comparar los índices de diversidad de especies entre los rodales tratados, todos son estadísticamente diferentes. Sin embargo, al compararlos con los rodales sin tratamiento, sólo en un rodal y en su adyacente, no son estadísticamente diferentes, los cuales obtuvieron entre sí el valor más alto del índice de similitud. En general, la mezcla de especies en los rodales con tratamiento de regeneración y en las áreas adyacentes, se mantiene con pocos cambios, por lo que se concluye que la aplicación de la corta de regeneración no tuvo efectos negativos sobre la composición y diversidad de especies, mas aún propició un ligero incremento de éstas.
Observations of ice multiplication in a weakly convective cell embedded in supercooled mid-level stratus
Authors: Crosier J. , Bower K. N. , Choularton T. W. , Westbrook C. D. , Connolly P. J. , Cui Z. Q. , Crawford I. P. , Capes G. L. , Coe H. , Dorsey J. R. , Williams P. I. , Illingworth A. J. , Gallagher M. W. , Blyth A. M.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Simultaneous observations of cloud microphysical properties were obtained by in-situ aircraft measurements and ground based Radar/Lidar. Widespread mid-level stratus cloud was present below a temperature inversion (~5 °C magnitude) at 3.6 km altitude. Localised convection (peak updraft 1.5 m s−1) was observed 20 km west of the Radar station. This was associated with convergence at 2.5 km altitude. The convection was unable to penetrate the inversion capping the mid-level stratus. The mid-level stratus cloud was vertically thin (~400 m), horizontally extensive (covering 100 s of km) and persisted for more than 24 h. The cloud consisted of supercooled water droplets and small concentrations of large (~1 mm) stellar/plate like ice which slowly precipitated out. This ice was nucleated at temperatures greater than −12.2 °C and less than −10.0 °C, (cloud top and cloud base temperatures, respectively). No ice seeding from above the cloud layer was observed. This ice was formed by primary nucleation, either through the entrainment of efficient ice nuclei from above/below cloud, or by the slow stochastic activation of immersion freezing ice nuclei contained within the supercooled drops. Above cloud top significant concentrations of sub-micron aerosol were observed and consisted of a mixture of sulphate and carbonaceous material, a potential source of ice nuclei. Particle number concentrations (in the size range 0.1
The structure and dynamics of a large-scale plasmoid generated by fast reconnection in the geomagnetic tail
Authors: Ugai M.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. As a sequence of Ugai (2010b), the present paper studies in detail the structure and dynamics of large-scale (principal) plasmoid, generated by the fast reconnection evolution in a sheared current sheet with no initial northward field component. The overall plasmoid domain is divided into the plasmoid reconnection region P and the plasmoid core region C. In the region P, the magnetized plasma with reconnected field lines are accumulated, whereas in the region C, the plasma, which was intially embedded in the current sheet and has been ejected away by the reconnection jet, is compressed and accumulated. In the presence of the sheared magnetic field in the east-west direction in the current sheet, the upper and lower parts of the reconnection region P are inversely shifted in the east-west directions. Accordingly, the plasmoid core region C with the accumulated sheared field lines is bent in the north-south direction just ahead of the plasmoid center x=XC, causing the magnetic field component in the north-south direction, whose sign is always opposite to that of the reconnected field lines. Therefore, independently of the sign of the initial sheared field, the magnetic field component Bz in the north-south direction has the definite bipolar profile around XC along the x-axis. At x=XC, the sheared field component has the peak value, and as the sheared fields accumulated in the region C become larger, the bipolar field profile becomes more distinct.
Copula-based downscaling of spatial rainfall: a proof of concept
Authors: van den Berg M. J. , Vandenberghe S. , De Baets B. , Verhoest N. E. C.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Fine-scale rainfall data is important for many hydrological applications. However, often the only data available is at a coarse scale. To bridge this gap in resolution, stochastic disaggregation methods can be used. Such methods generally assume that the distribution of the field is stationary, i.e. the distribution for the entire (fine-scale) field is the same as the distribution of a smaller region within the field. This assumption is generally incorrect and we provide the proof of concept of a method to estimate the distribution of a smaller region. In this method, a copula is used to construct a bivariate distribution describing the relation between the scales. This distribution is then used to estimate the distribution of the fine-scale rainfall within a single coarse-scale pixel, by conditioning on the coarse-scale rainfall depth.
Atmospheric circulation patterns associated with strong wind events in Catalonia
Authors: Peña J. C. , Aran M. , Cunillera J. , Amaro J.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The benefit of having a daily synoptic weather type catalogue and even more, a detailed catalogue for high impact weather events is well recognised by both climatologist and meteorologist communities. In this way the Meteorological Service of Catalonia (SMC) has produced some accurate classifications for extreme events, such as hailstorms or strong winds (SW). Within the framework of the MEDEX project, the SMC has been collaborating to increase the level of awareness about these events. Following this line of work, the aim of this study is to characterise the SW events in Catalonia. According to the guidelines of the MEDEX project we worked with its SW event database for the period June 1995 to May 2004. We also used the period 2005–2009 to test the methodology. The methodology is based on principal component, cluster and discriminant analyses and applied to four variables: SLP, temperature at 850 hPa and geopotential at 500 hPa on a synoptic-scale and local gust wind. We worked with ERA-Interim reanalysis and applied discriminant analysis to test the quality of the methodology and to classify the events of the validation period. We found seven patterns for the SW events. The strongest event corresponds to NW-Flow with the Azores Anticyclone and the passing of a low pressure through the Pyrenees. This methodology has distinguished the summer events in an independent cluster. The results obtained encourage us to follow this line of work.
Real‐Time Quantitative PCR Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Content
Authors: Venegas Victor , Wang Jing , Dimmock David , Wong Lee‐Jun
Published: January 2011

Mitochondrial disorders are a group of complex and heterogeneous diseases that may be caused by molecular defects in the nuclear or mitochondrial genome. The biosynthesis and integrity of the small 16.6‐kb mitochondrial genome require a group of nuclear encoded genes. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndromes (MDDSs) are autosomal recessive disorders caused by molecular defects in nuclear genes, and characterized by a reduction in mtDNA content. To date, mutations in at least nine genes (POLG, DGUOK, TK2, TYMP, MPV17, SUCLA2, SUCLG1, RRM2B, and C10orf2) have been reported to cause various forms of MDDSs. In the clinical setting, a simple method to determine mtDNA depletion would be useful prior to undertaking gene sequence analysis. This unit outlines the real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of mtDNA content in tissues. MtDNA content varies among different tissues and at different ages in the same individual. Detailed protocols for the selection of nuclear genes for normalization, PCR set up, validation procedures, tissue and age matched controls, and sensitivity and specificity in various tissues, as well as interpretation of results are discussed. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 68:19.7.1‐19.7.12 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Mode of Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination of Toxic Materials
Authors: Mirer Franklin E.
Published: January 2011

Toxicology supports health risk assessments that generate exposure limits for chemicals. A toxic effect is presumed proportional to the concentration of the proximal toxicant at the target site of action. Uptake, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a toxicant explain the action of the agent and the variation in potency between exposure circumstances, species, and agents with similar mode of action. The proximal toxicant may be the parent compound or a product of metabolism of the toxic agent. Portals for entry into the body in the occupational environment are primarily inhalation and skin absorption. The most prominent determinants of absorption are physical state, particle size and lipid solubility. The liver is the most prominent organ for metabolism of toxicants, oxidation by Cytochrome P450 enzymes the most prominent metabolic pathway for activation and detoxification. Excretion pathways include exhalation of volatile compounds, transport of polar compounds to urine by the kidney and transport of lipid soluble compounds to feces via bile. Examples of agents and detailed discussion of the structure of organ systems are given.
Characterizing Air Contaminant Emission Sources
Authors: Harris Robert L. , Arp Earl W. , Burton D. Jeff
Published: January 2011

All workers over‐exposures to air contaminants result from poorly controlled emissions of the contaminants into the work environment. The present study focuses mainly about the emission inventory and to implement cost‐effective emission and exposure controls. The role of IH has also been addressed in identifying and characterizing the emission sources which contribute to exposure.
Control Banding: Background, Critique, and Evolution
Authors: Nelson Deborah Imel , Zalk David M.
Published: January 2011

Control banding (CB) strategies offer easy solutions for controlling worker exposures to constituents that are found in the workplace in the absence of firm toxicological and exposure data. Several constrains and challenges for understanding the CB strategies have been discussed in the present study. The CB approach has been recognized in all the sectors of developing countries and is considered as the most practical approach for the prevention of work‐related risks
Nonionizing Radiation: Broadband Optical
Authors: Phillips Margaret Levin , Butler Allene “Scotty”
Published: January 2011

Optical radiation consists of the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and infrared (IR) regions of the nonionizing electromagnetic spectrum. The main target organs for optical radiation are the eye and skin. This chapter reviews the basic science of optical radiation, describes characteristics of common broadband optical radiation sources, discusses exposure criteria and methods for the quantitative assessment of optical radiation hazards, describes basic principles for control of these hazards, and provides practical discussion of hazard recognition and control for specific processes or sources, including solar UV, welding, germicidal radiation, and photocuring lamps.
Nonionizing Radiation: Radiofrequency
Authors: Hitchcock Robert Timothy
Published: January 2011

The Radio‐frequency radiation (RFR) is nonionizing, electromagnetic energy that extends from 3 kilohertz (kHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz) in the health professions. The order‐of‐magnitude band for RFR and sub‐RF portion of the spectrum has been presented. The frequencies in the specific bands have been allocated for different applications. Besides this, specific frequencies have been designated for industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) uses. It has been found that if the potential exposure exceeds the action limit, i.e., approximately 1/5
th
of the exposure limit, then a RF safety program (RFSP) should be implemented and maintained.
Vibration
Authors: Nelson Christopher M.
Published: January 2011

Human exposure to mechanical vibration is typically considered under two general headings:
whole‐body vibration
, usually occurring in transport systems or when operating a mobile machine; and
hand‐arm vibration
, resulting from use of vibrating hand‐held, hand‐guided or hand‐fed machines. This chapter is concerned with occupational exposure to hand‐arm vibration (HAV), which is associated with the development of sensorineural, vascular and musculoskeletal disorders, collectively known as the hand‐arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). The standardized methods, and their limitations, for measurement and evaluation of worker vibration exposure and the vibration emission of machinery are discussed. Disabling cases of HAVS are preventable if employers apply good practice to minimise risk and provide health surveillance for workers at risk; this chapter discusses risk assessment for HAVS and gives examples of good practice for risk control. Exposure limits and action levels laid down in national legislation or guidance, in the European Union, Japan and the USA, are discussed and compared.
Occupational Safety and Health Law
Authors: Howard John , Smith Steven C.
Published: January 2011

In 1970, Congress passed the Occupational Safety and Health Act (“OSH Act”) which established a national system for workplace safety and health standards development, standards enforcement and consultative assistance under the administrative implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The OSH Act imposes duties on employers to comply with OSHA's safety and health standards under a system of civil and criminal sanctions, and provides for a number of employee inspection participation and anti‐discrimination rights. The OSH Act also established the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to conduct research that would inform OSHA about emerging workplace safety and health risks. The chapter provides an overview of the major provisions of the OSH Act as they have been administratively implemented by OSHA and judicially interpreted by the courts in the years since its enactment with an emphasis on OSHA's health standards that are used in the practice of industrial hygiene.
Contemporary Industrial Hygiene Considerations for Health Care Work Settings
Authors: Emery Robert J. , Charlton Michael A. , Brown Bruce J.
Published: January 2011

Individuals seek health care to improve their health status, so there may be the presumption that the health care workplace is inherently safe and relatively free from possible hazards. But intertwined with the provision of modern medical care are possible exposures to a wide variety of potentially hazardous conditions and agents. Industrial hygienists providing services to this unique work environment must develop a thorough understanding of all the risks present in order to effectively anticipate, recognize, evaluate, and control the hazards. The types of hazards possibly present in the typical health care worksetting are discussed along with suggested concurrent prudent control measures, all within the context of providing quality health care for patients, while protecting the workers.
Fire Safety In The Workplace
Authors: Custer Richard L. P. , Powell Pamela A.
Published: January 2011

The present study provides an overview of the terminology and concepts of fire safety with particular emphasis on the workplace setting. Various issues, such as fire protection codes, standards, and regulations, fire safety fundamentals, features of building construction related to fire protection and employee response to emergencies have been examined.