bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Foundational Bibliography for American Intentional Communities
Authors: Miller Timothy
Published: October 2020

Lyman Tower Sargent has been the preeminent scholar of utopianism in our time and has undertaken a diverse network of approaches to the study of what he has called “social dreaming.” He has written monographs, articles, and essays and has been a relentless compiler of information on utopianism heretofore largely overlooked by his peers. One of the main directions of his work has been bibliographical, as he has compiled guides to the vast corpus of utopianism that he has uncovered.
Lyman Tower Sargent's Utopian Literature in English: An Annotated Bibliography from 1516 to the Present: New Recognition
Authors: Stelts Sandra , Mattson Mark
Published: October 2020

This article celebrates Lyman Tower Sargent's online bibliography of Utopian literature, its creation at the Penn State Libraries, and its cataloging by the Library of Congress.
Artigos científicos publicados em acesso aberto pelos docentes dos programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu no Setor de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas na UFPR
Authors: Lima Karolayne Costa Rodrigues de , Mendes Junior Ricardo , Pinto José Simão de Paula
Published: October 2020

Introdução: apresenta o contexto da comunicação científica e os movimentos de acesso aberto à informação focando na criação e no desenvolvimento das formas de publicação: acesso aberto ou acesso restrito. Contextualiza os sistemas de publicação científica e a disponibilidade e o acesso aos artigos científicos produzidos com recursos públicos. Visa responder qual é a forma de publicação acadêmica adotada pelos docentes dos programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu do Setor de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas da Universidade Federal do Paraná para a comunicação dos resultados de pesquisa. Objetivo: apresenta como objetivo geral identificar por meio da plataforma Lattes e enquanto docente do quadro permanente dos programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu da Universidade Federal do Paraná qual é a forma de publicação adotada para a comunicação dos resultados de pesquisa. Metodologia: o método utilizado para identificação do tipo de sistema de publicação é a aplicação de um algoritmo de coleta e classificação de artigos científicos. Resultados: os resultados indicam que 54% dos docentes do setor publicam seus artigos em acesso aberto.
Eccentrically braced frames
Authors: Sidwell G. K.
Published: October 2020

This paper is the result of deliberations of the Society's Study Group for the seismic design of steel structures.
Estudio de la participación ciudadana en encuestas actitudinales un análisis de la Encuesta Social Europea (8ª ed.)
Authors: Recalde Esnoz Irantzu
Published: October 2020

La Encuesta Social Europea (ESE) persigue el objetivo de conocer actitudes, valores, comportamientos y características sociodemográficas de distintos países europeos. A través de los datos de la octava edición de la ESE para el caso español, en este trabajo se ha realizado un análisis del contacto y la entrevista con las unidades muestrales. Los resultados señalan que las personas con mayores tasas de contacto son aquellas con edades comprendidas entre los 55 y 64 años y aquellas que recibieron visita para ser entrevistadas en lunes.

Además, se ha podido comprobar que las mayores tasas de entrevista son conseguidas en jóvenes (15-24 años), en personas que residen en granjas, en quienes no tienen ningún sistema de acceso a la vivienda (como porteros automáticos o vallas) y en aquellas que residen en vecindarios sin vandalismo.
A SPECIAL CLASS OF UNIVALENT FUNCTIONS WITH NEGATIVE COEFFICIENTS
Authors: Aouf M. K.
Published: October 2020

There are many special classes of univalent functions in the unit disc U. In this paper, we consider the special class P(A, B, alpha, beta, -1 <= B < A <= 1, - 1 <= B <= 0, 0 < =alpha < 1 and 0 < beta <= 1, of univalent functions in the unit disc U. And it is the purpose of this paper to show some properties of this class.
Global testing of a consensus solubility assessment to enhance robustness of the WHO biopharmaceutical classification system
Authors: Gigante Valeria , Pauletti Giovanni M. , Kopp Sabine , Xu Minghze , Gonzalez-Alvarez Isabel , Merino Virginia , McIntosh Michelle P. , Wessels Anita , Lee Beom-Jin , Rezende Kênnia Rocha , Scriba Gerhard K.E. , Jadaun Gaurav P. S. , Bermejo Marival
Published: October 2020

The WHO Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) is a practical tool to identify active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that scientifically qualify for a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence studies. The focus of this study was to engage a global network of laboratories to experimentally quantify the pH-dependent solubility of the highest therapeutic dose of 16 APIs using a harmonized protocol. Intra-laboratory variability was ≤5 %, and no apparent association of inter-laboratory variability with API solubility was discovered. Final classification “low solubility” vs “high solubility” was consistent among laboratories. In comparison to the literature-based provisional 2006 WHO BCS classification, three compounds were re-classified from “high” to “low-solubility”. To estimate the consequences of these experimental solubility results on BCS classification, dose-adjusted in silico predictions of the fraction absorbed in humans were performed using GastroPlus®. Further expansion of these experimental efforts to qualified APIs from the WHO Essential Medicines List is anticipated to empower regulatory authorities across the globe to issue scientifically-supported guidance regarding the necessity of performing in vivo bioequivalence studies. Ultimately, this will improve access to affordable generic products, which is a critical prerequisite to reach Universal Health Coverage.
„La distance critique et ses avatars barthésiens”
Authors: Rapak Wacław
Published: October 2020

Zgodnie z tytułem artykuł poświęcony jest podstawowym kategoriom krytycznym wypracowanym przez Rolanda Barthes’a w ramach francuskiej „nowej krytyki” zwanej w kręgach amerykańskich i anglosaskich french theorie. Autor artykułu włącza w swoją prezentację uwagi na temat recepcji Barthes’owskiej teorii w krakowskim środowisku naukowym w czasach, kiedy budziła ona w Polsce spore zainteresowanie. Autor kładzie jednak nacisk głównie na te kategorie, które wpłynęły na jego myślenie w pracach poświęconych przez niego dziełom Maurice’a Blanchota, Henriego Michaux czy też Georges’a Pereka.
Five days without a smartphone. Smartphone use and subjective well-being: Results from a study comparing normal use with a deprivation condition
Authors: Kohout Susann , Schumann Christina
Published: October 2020

The study examined the association between smartphone use and subjective well-being by comparing regular use with a deprivation condition. Subjective well-being is defined by cognitive and affective components. Regular smartphone use is studied in various situations and for different functions. Data were collected in a prolonged qualitative quasi-experimental deprivation study (n = 11) using diaries (n = 210 diary entries) and follow-up interviews (n = 11). Participants kept diaries for 10 days: five days during normal smartphone use and five days during deprivation. Afterwards, we compared well-being during normal use and deprivation. Results show that using the smartphone for infotainment was clearly associated with pleasant emotions, while social interaction apps caused both negative and positive emotions. However, results from the deprivation part of the study indicate that in sum, satisfaction with social relations clearly worsened when not using a smartphone. Moreover, participants had difficulty managing daily life. Taken together, non-usage seems to cause isolation and low subjective well-being.
Eine rechtsethische Bewertung des Entwurfs eines deutschen Lieferkettengesetzes
Authors: Tiedemann Paul
Published: October 2020

This article is an ethical evaluation of a draft law regulating the legal responsibility of companies for the observance of human rights and environmental standards along their supply chains. The draft law recognizes ethical responsibility in supply chains and attempts to translate this responsibility into legal rules. For all its shortcomings, it would be a first step towards shaping global economic relations that meet moral standards. However, the question of responsibility for the behaviour of end customers remains unanswered.
Island Migration, Resource Use, and Lithic Technology by Anatomically Modern Humans in Wallacea
Authors: Ono Rintaro , Pawlik Alfred , Fuentes Riczar
Published: October 2020

Island migration and adaptation including both marine and terrestrial resource use and technological development by anatomically modern humans (AMH) are among the most significant issues for Pleistocene archaeology in Southeast Asia and Oceania, and directly related to the behavioral and technological advancements by AMH. This paper discusses such cases in the Wallacean islands, located between the past Sundaland and the Sahul continent during the Pleistocene. The Pleistocene open sea gaps between the Wallacean islands and both landmasses are very likely the major factor for the relative scarcity of animal species originating from Asia and Oceania and the high diversity of endemic species in Wallacea. They were also a barrier for hominin migration into the Wallacean islands and Sahul continent. We summarize three recent excavation results on the Talaud Islands, Sulawesi Island and Mindoro Island in Wallacea region and discuss the evidence and timeline for migrations of early modern humans into the Wallacean islands and their adaptation to island environments during the Pleistocene.
Epidemiology of Acute Rotavirus Diarrhea Among Hospitalized Children Under Five Years of Age in Hefei, China, During 2015 - 2018
Authors: Yuan Liping , Lum Gillian Gianna Anne , Zhao Junmei , Li Wenya
Published: October 2020

Background: Rotavirus infection is still the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in children under five years of age worldwide. It is also a serious public health concern in China. Objectives: This study aimed to obtain information about rotavirus diarrhea among hospitalized children in Hefei City, Anhui Province, China, in recent years. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study over four years (2015 - 2018) examining hospital admission records of rotavirus infections at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University in Hefei City of Anhui Province, China. Results: A total of 1,095 cases with acute viral gastroenteritis requiring hospital admission from January 2015 to December 2018 were analyzed. Among them, 276 cases were positive for rotavirus A infection, accounting for 25.21% of the total number of children suffering from acute diarrhea. The detection rate of rotavirus A was the highest in children aged 1 - 2 years. The peak month for rotavirus infection during 2015 - 2018 was December and January. The hospitalized children with rotavirus infection showed dehydration, electrolyte disorder, liver function abnormality, and myocardial enzyme abnormality. Conclusions: Rotavirus is still the first pathogen of acute viral diarrhea in children in Hefei, especially children < 2 years of age, which highlights the need for widespread rotavirus immunization in young children.
Revision of the lanternfly genus Limois Stål, 1863 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) with description of a new species from China
Authors: Wang Wen-Qian , Xu Si-Long , Constant Jérôme , Qin Dao-Zheng
Published: October 2020

All extant species of the planthopper genus Limois Stål (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) were studied. One new species, Limois sordida sp. nov., is described and illustrated from China. Six known species are re-described and photos and illustrations of male genitalia are provided. A key to all extant species of this genus is also given.
Economic Networking as Implied in Property Law: Certain Aspects
Authors: Michailovna Belikova Ksenia
Published: October 2020

The present paper outlines the current stage in the development of traditional approaches in the field of property law and the relevant legislation and practice in Russia. Some results and tendencies of adapting traditional approaches to the realities of the new time are introduced. The author shows a gradual shift from the concept of property form toward the concept of property regime based on the actual move away from the property holders themselves to the rights that such holders enjoy. The present paper highlights the economic reasons for this state of affairs. It has also been revealed that the method of appropriation of information leads to the changes in the area of property defined, given the parties involved, as state property concerns its definition as communal and public. As a result, a property network regime for information has been formed according to the information available in the network (from inaccessible and restricted to commercial or generally accessible). The author explains the reasons for more complicated property relations and evolving ownership rights for both tangible and digital objects. It has been established that the spare potential of property interpretation in terms of its regimes is significant; thus, it requires further analysis. It is worth highlighting those property regimes and forms as mobile and variable. This paper states that the ethical problem of justice that arises in the context of the effectiveness and the possibility of traditional forms of property, especially private property, contributes to the reassignment of property functions that fit property regimes. This paper provides up-to-date scientific information on Russian legislation and the doctrine/research works (books, articles, etc.), as well as other ideas in the relevant field; the paper contributes to the understanding of the practical and legislative gap (or its absence) in Russian and foreign research results and implications.
Children as Victims of Forced Marriages in Lesotho: A Question of Cultural Practice or Approval of Child Exploitation
Authors: Mosa Likoti Precious , Kevin Sibanyoni Ephraim
Published: October 2020

This study focuses on the experiences of children as victims of abduction into forced child marriage in Lesotho. The study pays attention to children living in the rural area of Semonkong, where patterns of abduction into forced marriage are common. The objectives were, to explore factors that contribute to incidents of a child forced marriages, to determine the effects of a child forced into marriages. The study used a qualitative research method. A sample of 10 participants (all women aged 21-51) from the Semonkong area in Lesotho were sampled using Snowball sampling. In-depth interviews were used to collect data and were analyzed thematically. The findings: families use cultural practice as a means to exact power and authority to exploit children to escape poverty. Most girls were abducted without their consent, threatened, and were continuously violated in their marriages. They experienced damaging and degrading psychological effects from abduction but more so in their marriages. They endure all sorts of abuse and never reported the incident to the police. Recommendations: Preventing forced child marriage requires strengthened legal and policy frameworks, to ensure increased awareness and greater enforcement of existing laws.
Fisioterapia preventiva para mulheres idosas: uma revisão de literatura
Authors: Kunh Joyce , De Oliveira Valadares Bianca
Published: October 2020

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar determinados esportes para desenvolver capacidades físicas humanas e, mais especificamente, a autonomia funcional de mulheres idosas envolvidas em atividade física. O objetivo é determinar a capacidade do corpo e sua forma de desenvolvimento, pois assim será possível destacar as diferenças entre o trabalho concluído, fornece resultados comparativos e apontar como a natureza do exercício físico que interfere no planejamento e na execução da autonomia funcional, e qual atividade física apropriada durante a epidemia.
A indisciplina na EEEFM José Teixeira Fialho no turno vespertino
Authors: Mauricio Pinto Jailson , Vicente do Carmo Lima Douglas
Published: October 2020

O presente Artigo é resultado de pesquisa realizada na EEEFM JOSÉ TEIXEIRA FIALHO, no turno vespertino, sobre um problema recorrente e freqüente no contexto escolar: a indisciplina. Sua influência no cotidiano tem provocado conflitos diários e obstáculos no processo ensino-aprendizagem. Os fatores levantados após entrevista, envolvendo alunos e professores, apontam práticas e comportamentos inadequados em ambos. Concluiu-se que para haver um relacionamento equilibrado é necessário privilegiar o diálogo e repensar às práticas e comportamentos de todos.
Extensão no ensino superior: Elo entre teoria e prática na aprendizagem significativa
Authors: Pinto Hoffmann Wesley , Maria de Paula Juliana , Fernanda Dias Evelyn , Araújo Roselia , De Britto Sodré Edwyn , De Deus Felipe Scotti João , Ferreira Guedes Sumaya , Aparecia Queli Geraldi Claudinéia , Sousa e Silva Sumária , Aparecida Loss Raquel
Published: October 2020

A Universidade tem um papel fundamental como integradora entre diferentes realidades e também de aproximar conhecimentos teóricos e práticos, através dos três pilares de ensino, pesquisa e extensão. Dessa forma, teve como principal objetivo aproximar os conhecimentos teóricos de uma área relevante  para a Engenharia de Alimentos (química e física) às práticas e experimentações através de oficinas e minicursos para ensino regular. Na realização das oficinas integrantes do projeto de extensão, foi possível despertar o senso de cooperação e interesse nas disciplinas de física e química, através de atividades práticas que resultaram no bem comum, e fortaleceram o senso de solidariedade e o gosto pelo estudo. O vínculo com a comunidade local é fundamental para criar soluções para as problemáticas que envolvem a prática docente.
A Major Eocene Sponge Fauna (Castle Hayne Formation, North Carolina)
Authors: FINKS ROBERT M. , HOLLOCHER KURT , THIES KENNETH J.
Published: October 2020

The Castle Hayne Formation (Middle and Upper Eocene, North Carolina) contains a rich, diverse and well-preserved sponge fauna, equaled among known Tertiary faunas only by the Eocene fauna of Western Australia and the Miocene fauna of Algeria. It includes among Calcarea two genera of lithonines, (3 new species); among Demospongia one hadromerine, two genera of choristids (2 new species), one cephalorhaphiditid (new genus and species), and three genera and species of plinthosellid lithistids (2 new species); and among Hexactinellida four genera of hexactinosan hexactinellids (1 new genus, 1 new subgenus, 2 new species), two genera of lychniscosan hexactinellids (1 new genus, 2 new species), and a new genus and species of lyssacine hexactinellid. Noteworthy are whole fossil specimens of Geodia and Stelletta (Stolleya), two new genera (one of which is extremely abundant) of cup-shaped hexactinellids with radial fins, and the first fossil species of the Recent genus Verrucocoeloidea. Two faunal facies are recognized: a near-shore one dominated by demosponges and an off-shore one dominated by hexactinellids (with lithonine Calcarea), a pattern known from other published Cretaceous and Tertiary faunas. The off-shore facies is dated from associated fossils as late Claibornian (Auversian); the near-shore facies is probably of approximately the same age because of some common species. The prominence of the extinct plinthosellid lithistids and the absence of rhizomorines and megamorines is noteworthy. All the genera have close relatives in the Cretaceous; all but the plinthosellids have living relatives as well, and five genera are still extant. It is noteworthy that this Eocene fauna is richer than any known North American Cretaceous sponge fauna, even though the Cretaceous was elsewhere very sponge-rich.
Long Term Long-Line Shark Catches: Variations by Site and Tidal Stage
Authors: SCHWARTZ FRANK J.
Published: October 2020

Long term long-line shark catch variations (38 yr) at two Onslow Bay, North Carolina sites were examined for differences in catches by sites and tidal stages. Catches were highly significantly different between sites. Catches by tidal stage were not significantly different at each site.
Nineteeth Century Oil Exploration in North Carolina
Authors: HAIRR JOHN
Published: October 2020

North Carolina has an abundance of mineral resources. Gold, uranium, copper and coal have been found and successfully extracted at one time or another, as have precious stones such as rubies, emeralds and sapphires. One very valuable natural resource has eluded North Carolinians—petroleum. Despite millions of dollars invested in searching for this valuable resource from the shadow of the Blue Ridge in the west to the abyssal depths of the Manteo Exploration Unit off the Outer Banks to the east, no one has yet discovered a commercially viable oil field in the rock formations underlying the Old North State. I attempt to correct many of the misconceptions that prevail concerning the early attempts to discover oil in North Carolina by discussing early efforts to locate oil here, and examine what was learned at a relatively early period about the potential for extracting petroleum from the Triassic Age rock formations of the Piedmont region of the state.
Richard's Skate, Bathyraja richardsoni, a Rare Skate off North Carolina
Authors: Schwartz Frank J.
Published: October 2020

Few specimens of the deepwater Richard's skate, Bathyraja richardsoni, have been collected worldwide since it was described off New Zealand in 1961. Recent searches uncovered two specimens collected off North Carolina in 1974.
From “The Small Doll” to “The Lioness”: The Reversal of Master/Slave Role in Sylvia Plath’s Selected Poems
Authors: Shahsavari Atoosa , Naseri Fahimeh , Movahhed Abdolmohammad
Published: October 2020

Written in the last two years of her life, selected poems of Sylvia Plath such as, “The Jailer”, “Three Women”, “Fever103°”, “Purdah”, “Daddy”, “Lady Lazarus”, and “Edge” reveal that the speaker’s inevitable movement towards her final suicide is rooted in her enslavement by men in society. This is observed by reading these poems in the light of Simon De Beauvoir’s dichotomy of master-slave in The Second Sex, with application of terms like “the other”, “realm of the women”, “double demand”, “servant”, and “enchantress”. In this article it is argued that the speaker manages to reverse the dichotomy and becomes the master of her own fate by committing suicide. To the best of my knowledge the application of De Beauvoir’s theory to the above-mentioned poems has not been done before; therefore, it can shed new light on how power relations between men and women are reversed in these poems.
Language Implications for Peace or War: Exploring How the use of Language led to war between Umuaro and Okperi in Chinua Achebe’s Arrow of God in the Light of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Language
Authors: Ekeh Greg
Published: October 2020

This paper explored the conflict between Umuaro and Okperi (Fictitious Igbo towns) in Chinua Achebe’s Arrow of God (A novel written by Chinua Achebe in 1965, which is a picture of struggle and dialectics between Igbo culture/religion and imported European culture/religion) in the light of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s philosophy of language. The aim of the paper was to show how the use and understanding made of language can have implications for peace or war, between individuals or communities. The goal is to contribute to the promotion of peace through appropriate use and understanding of language. Philosophical method of analysis was applied in discussing Wittgenstein’s views on language as well as extracts from Arrow of God. The extracts hinged on the utterances among the elders of Umuaro, as well as between Umuaro’s emissaries led by Akukalia and the elders of Okperi, which eventually culminated in a war between Umuaro and Okperi. The findings of the study showed that use of words and languages can lead to peace or war, by their implications, understanding and context. The conclusion was that understanding and applying Wittgenstein’s view of language as a social practice through meaning as use, language-games, rule-following, grammar and form of life can help people, especially those in positions of authority, power and influence, to make good choice of words and languages in their speeches or utterances – words and languages that promote peace instead of war or any kind of violence. Mahatma Gandhi was an example of such leaders, and it was recommended that today’s leaders emulate him, for a peaceful coexistence, especially as the present society is apparently enveloped in political tensions and struggle for supremacy in various dimensions.
Using Language Entertainment Activities to Enhance University Students’ English Vocabulary at Albaha University
Authors: Mohamed Khalifa Gawi Elsadig
Published: October 2020

Few studies have considered the use of entertainment activities in teaching foreign languages. The significance of the present study emerges from handling the use of educational entertainment activities as a strategy to improve Saudi university students’ vocabulary learning. The current study aim is to explore the use of entertainment activities in enhancing the students’ vocabulary at Albaha University. A pretest and posttest are administered to a sample of 20 junior students, enrolled in English courses in the College of Science and Arts in Almandaq, as the study participants. A quasi-experimental approach, that involves the study of the experimental group (n=10) and control groups (n=10), applies in the current study. The study uses SPSS to analyze the data. The findings of the study reveal that the use of entertainment activities has a statistically significant impact on improving the students’ vocabulary. Also, they show that entertainment activities in the educational process help to motivate the learner to interact with the educational material and with other learners in the learning situations. Accordingly, it is recommended that increasing the extent of using entertainment activities helps in enhancing the junior students’ vocabulary learning as an effective teaching strategy. In terms of the study findings, It is conclued that the application of the entertainment activities enables teachers and learners to pinpoint such activities in building university students’ vocabulary and other language skills.
The Offstage Character in Modern American Drama: Sam Shepard’s Buried Child
Authors: Abdullah Hammood Najim , Dhahir Mahmood Samer , Ramadhan Hashim Mohamed
Published: October 2020

This paper highlights and explains the impact of the offstage character, which is widely prevalent in the American drama, on the onstage characters and the audience as well. In the 20th century, American drama is marked by the loss and absence which depict the dark side of American society because of the ramifications of the two World Wars. These consequences are the major reasons behind man’s hopelessness, alienation and failure. With the great development in the field of psychology, at the hand of Sigmund Schlomo Freud in the 19th century, which paved the path for the writers to deeply burrow in the psychological issues that man suffers from in the modern and postmodern era. Consequently, writers, like Shepard, try to examine the hidden issues of their characters by dint of the offstage character in the context of a family that represents the society. These unseen characters have influential roles including; catalyst roles and the proximate cause which uncover the cause of the obliteration of American family members in the darkness of their sin. This paper also examines; the role played by the absent character in dealing with the critical issues of American society, such as the incestuous issues and the failure of the American dream.
Pronunciation Problems of English Diphthongs Sounds Encountered by Saudi Students at Albaha University, Saudi Arabia. A case Study in Almandag
Authors: Abdalla Ahmed Abker Ibrahim
Published: October 2020

The present study highlights the pronunciation problems of English diphthongs sounds. The significance of this study some Saudi students as EFL sometimes face many problems when they speak English language. Pronunciation of diphthongs sounds is one of these problems. Students do not pay attention to diphthongs’ pronunciation in speaking. Consequently, they do not concentrate on diphthongs sounds. The researcher used Statistical Analytical Method. The data were collected by two tools; oral recorded and written tests. Students asked to pronounce twenty-five words contained diphthongs sounds on written sheets. Also, a written test took place for the same words, to put them into correct columns. The study participants contained twenty-five students from English department. The study arrived at the following results: Saudi students face problems in pronouncing centering diphthongs sounds ending in /ɪə/, /eə/ and /ʊə/ sounds. They mispronounced diphthongs words contain closing diphthongs sounds ending in /eɪ/, /aɪ/ and /ɔɪ/sounds. Students did not have enough ability to pronounce closing diphthongs sounds ending in /əʊ/ and /aʊ sounds. The recommendations of this study: students need more exercises about centering diphthongs sounds. They need more practices about closing diphthongs in general. Saudi students highly need to check their dictionaries to correct their pronunciation.
Factual Mentality vs. Emotional Make-up: A Lexical Featural Analysis of Characters’ Dialogue in Charles Dickens’s Hard Times
Authors: Makhloof Suzan
Published: October 2020

This paper is mainly concerned with making a systematic and objective lexical analysis of the language used by the main dynamic characters (Gradgrind and Louisa) in Charles Dickens’ Hard Times. This lexical analysis is mainly conducted in light of the lexical category in Leech and Short’s (2007) checklist of stylistic categories, each containing several subcategories. Some of the questions under each subcategory are answered in an attempt to unravel the stylistic significance underlying the language used by these characters, which enables the researcher to track their inner dynamicity throughout. This invites the researcher to stylistically tackle selected sentences uttered by these dynamic characters before the change, during change and after the change. As far as the lexical features are concerned, some lexical items (i.e., nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs) are used for characterization.
Aspirations and Entanglements of the “Child of Modern India”: A Legacy of Deprivation in M R Anand’s Untouchable
Authors: Ahmed Sayma Renaissance
Published: October 2020

Mulk Raj Anand’s ground-breaking debut novel Untouchable has successfully pictured the dreadful condition of the downtrodden outcastes who live in an ‘other space’ devoid of access to the minimum essential rights that might identify them as human species. Their position in Indian caste-ridden society is determined by the limitations of power, delights, and aspirations enjoyed by the caste Hindus living in the spaces under whose shadow they are doomed to live. This paper aims at examining the aspirations and uplifting strategy of the novel’s protagonist Bakha who, despite having promising youth and potentiality, fails to voice against the social deprivation. Being focused on personal interests and aspirations, the sweeper boy mistakenly falls into the victim of dominant discourses of political elites. He ultimately gets confused regarding personal as well as collective emancipation. The paper also argues that along with the abysmal narration of the life of the Untouchables, the novelist has also documented their aspirations that may wither away in the coming days of modern India.
Investigating Speaking Skills Problems of Pakistani Learners in ESL Context
Authors: Mooneeb Ali Muhammad , Uzma Khizar Nayla , Yaqub Humaira , Afzaal Jawaria , Shahid Amna
Published: October 2020

A pivotal skill that needs focus and concentration for efficient communication is speaking. It is taken as one of the toughest skill for learning of language. However, the issue to attain speaking proficiency becomes more problematic in Second language contexts. Specifically in English language speaking situations and ESL contexts, the learners are unable to communicate effectively and they are reluctant to speak due to various problems. Particularly in Pakistan English is regarded as official language for communication, yet only small percentage can communicate in English effectively. This investigation objects to explore the hindrances and problems faced by Pakistani ESL learners while speaking English. The population for this current investigation comes from Pakistan whereas the sample comes from four provincial capitals (Sindh, KPK, Punjab, Baluchistan) and one federal capital of Pakistan i.e. Islamabad. The sample size from the population was 100 (20 each from provincial and federal capital). Quantitative research design was used in which questionnaire was conducted from the people to explore various factors affecting the English speaking in Pakistani peoples. The results revealed that ESL learners in Pakistan do face a lot of psychological, linguistic, and social problems while speaking English. The results concluded that these factors create hindrances to achieve fluency in English language speaking. The outcomes of this study are significant to help concerned administrators, institutions, educators and teachers to eliminate these problems to attain efficiency in speaking English.
Ideational Meaning and Morality in the Internet Memes of 9gag about the Interaction between Teacher and Students
Authors: Ariyoga Majid , Rahyono F.X.
Published: October 2020

As multimodal text, Internet memes encompassing verbal and visual elements have a significant function in producing meaning both independently and inherently. In addition, they are not only used to entertain the reader through humorous messages, but also used to convey moral message. This research investigated the ideational meaning and the critical message in the internet memes related to the interaction between teacher and students in teaching and learning activities. It was conducted to reveal experiential and representational meaning; inter-semiotic logical relations; the portrayed events; and the implied problems as criticism to both teachers and students contained in these Internet memes. They were obtained from Instagram account of @9gag. Focusing on the ideational meaning, it applied three theories, namely, transitivity system, representational component of visual grammar, and inter-semiotic logical relations. It also applied the theory of relevance to reveal the critical message behind these internet memes. Several studies, related to the internet memes both in multimodal discourse analysis and pragmatic study, have been conducted. Nevertheless, this present study is the development of those studies using different approach. Specifically, this study focused on internet memes concerning teachers and students interaction which have never investigated before. The results revealed five kinds of verbal processes; five kinds of visual processes; six logical relations between caption and image; five portrayed students’ behaviours; nine problems implied in student figure; and six problems implied in teacher figure. Through this study, the readers are expected to understand both wisdom and un-wisdom messages of criticism in the Internet memes.
Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 improves intestinal environment against fluoride-induced memory impairment in mice—a study based on the gut–brain axis hypothesis
Authors: Xin Jinge , Zeng Dong , Wang Hesong , Sun Ning , Khalique Abdul , Zhao Ying , Wu Liqian , Pan Kangcheng , Jing Bo , Ni Xueqin
Published: October 2020

Background

Excessive fluoride can lead to chronic neurodegeneration characterized by neuron and myelin loss and memory dysfunction. The gut–brain axis hypothesis suggests that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in regulating brain function. Thus, using probiotics to adjust the gut microenvironment may be a potential therapy for mental diseases.

Methods

Mice in the prob group were administrated with Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 for 28 days prior to and throughout a 70-day exposure to sodium fluoride. The drinking water of all groups (F and prob groups) except the control group were replaced by high-fluoride water (100 mg NaF/L) on day 28. Animals in each group were divided into two subsets: one underwent behavioral test, and the other was sacrificed for sampling. The mRNA expression level and protein content related to inflammatory reaction in the ileum and hippocampus were respectively detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression levels of proteins related to myelin structure, apoptosis, and memory in the hippocampus and tight junction proteins in the ileum were determined by RT-qPCR and/or immunohistochemistry. Gut permeability markers (D-lactate and diamine oxidase (DAO)) in the serum were also examined by ELISA.

Results

The results showed that fluoride exposure induced a lower spontaneous exploration (P < 0.05) in T-maze test, which indicated an impairment of memory. Spontaneous exploration of BS15-treated mice was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that in F group. Fluoride reduced (P < 0.05) levels of myelin structural protein (proteolipid protein) and neurogenesis-associated proteins (brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cAMP/Ca2+ responsive element-binding protein), induced disordered inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6; P < 0.05), increased pro-apoptotic genes (caspase-3; P < 0.05), and decreased anti-apoptotic genes (Bcl-2; P < 0.05) in the hippocampus, of which the influences were reversed by BS15. BS15 treatment exerted significant preventive effects on reversing the gut inflammation induced by excessive fluoride intake by reducing (P < 0.05) the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)) and remarkably increasing (P < 0.05) the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10). Moreover, the serum DAO activity and D-lactate concentration significantly increased by fluoride were also reduced (P < 0.05) by BS15. This result indicated the profitable effect of BS15 on gut permeability.

Conclusion

L. johnsonii BS15 intake could benefit the neuroinflammation and demyelination in the hippocampus by improving the gut environment and ameliorating fluorine-induced memory dysfunction.
Cause and Effect Relationship in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes under Temperate Conditions
Authors: Dar Mohd Aslam , Khuroo Noor-ul-Saleem , Mir Reyaz-ul-Rouf , Dar Zahoor Ahmad , Lone Bilal Ahmad , Sheikh Farooq A. , Bhat Umer Rashid , Sofi Parvaze Ahmad , Dar Sher A.
Published: October 2020

Thirty-five genotypes and 3 varieties of chickpea were undertaken to determine the variability, interrelationship among yield and its components and their primary and secondary impact on seed quantity. The research work performed at FoA, Wadura Sopore, SKUAST-Kashmir in the rabi 2017-18. The treatment differences were statistically highly significant for all the traits along with higher magnitude of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation indicating presence of good amount of variability. The character, plant height showed maximum difference preceding by pod number plant-1, days taken to maturity, 50% flowering, seed yield plant-1, 100 seed weight, number of secondary and primary branches plant-1 and seeds pod-1. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation have been seen maximum in case of seed yield plant-1 preceding by plant height, pod number plant-1, secondary branch number, seeds pod-1 and 100-seed weight. Pod number plant-1, plant height, days to maturity (99%) exhibited maximum heritability (b.s.) then secondary branches plant-1, days to 50% flowering (98%), 100-seed weight, seed yield plant-1 (96%). Seed yield plant-1 showed maximum genetic advance as mean% (54.17) then plant height (50.93) and pods per    plant-1 (50.02). The seed yield plant-1 exhibited significant and positive correlation with pods plant-1, secondary branches plant-1, seeds pod-1 and 100-seed weight. By comprehending path coefficient maximum primary effect shown by pods plant-1 on seed yield plant-1 then seeds pod-1, 100-seed weight, primary branches plant-1.
Effectiveness of Fertilizer Use among Arable Farmers in Yola South, North-Eastern Part of Nigeria
Authors: Sadiq A. A. , Shuwa Salamatu Ali , Daniel Alice
Published: October 2020

Aim: This paper aimed to assess the effectiveness of fertilizer use among arable farmers in Yola South North-eastern part of Nigeria.

Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted at Yola South LGA of Adamawa State, Nigeria during September, 2019-July, 2020.

Methodology: Four (4) areas were selected in the area (Yolde pate, Bole, Mbamaba and Wuro-chekke) where 40 farmers were randomly selected from each farm location totaling to 160 farmers. The data obtained through administered questionnaires were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and effectiveness Test Value (ETV) method respectively.

Results: The result shows that soil type, vegetation cover and soil type were the most indicators of soil fertility among farmers in the area where most farmers used organic fertilizers than the inorganic or combined except at Wuor-chekke farm location. Broadcasting method of fertilizer application was found to be mostly adopted in the area. Similarly, Organic fertilizer was assessed to be highly effective (HE) in all the farm location except at Wuro-chekke while inorganic fertilizer was HE at Bole and the combine used of organic and inorganic fertilizers appeared HE except at Mbamba farm location. Moreover, broadcasting method was HE at Yolde pate and Wuro-chekke farm locations while band placing was HE at Bole and spot method found to be moderately effective (ME) except at Mbamba appeared not effective (NE) respectively.

Conclusion: Intensive training to the farmers on modern strategies and techniques on fertilizer use through extension services should be conducted and timely provision of fertilizers to the target farmers should be considered by the relevant agencies in Yola area and the environment for the sustainable and profitable food production for the growing population.
A Study of Some Properties and Goodness-of-Fit of a Gompertz-Rayleigh Model
Authors: Mohammed Fadimatu Bawuro , Manju Kabiru Ahmed , Abdullahi Umar Kabir , Sani Makama Musa , Kuje Samson
Published: October 2020

The Rayleigh was obtained from the amplitude of sound resulting from many important sources by Rayleigh. It is continuous probability distribution with a wide range of applications such as in life testing experiments, reliability analysis, applied statistics and clinical studies. However, it is not flexible enough for modeling heavily skewed datasets as compared to compound distributions. In this paper, we introduce a new extension of the Rayleigh distribution by using a Gompertz-G family of distributions. This paper defines and studies a three-parameter distribution called “Gompertz-Rayleigh distribution”. Some properties of the proposed distribution are derived and discussed comprehensively in this paper and the three parameters are estimated using the method of maximum likelihood estimation. The goodness-of-fit of the proposed distribution is also evaluated by fitting it in comparison with some other existing distributions using a real life data.
Synthetic in vitro transcribed lncRNAs (SINEUPs) with chemical modifications enhance target mRNA translation
Authors: Toki Naoko , Takahashi Hazuki , Zucchelli Silvia , Gustincich Stefano , Carninci Piero
Published: October 2020

Chemically modified mRNAs are extensively studied with a view toward their clinical application. In particular, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) containing SINE elements, which enhance the translation of their target mRNAs (i.e., SINEUPs), have potential as RNA therapies for various diseases, such as haploinsufficiencies. To establish a SINEUP‐based system for efficient protein expression, we directly transfected chemically modified in vitro transcribed (mIVT) SINEUP RNAs to examine their effects on target mRNA translation. mIVT SINEUP RNAs enhanced translation of EGFP mRNA and endogenous target Sox9 mRNA in both cultured cells and a cell‐free translation system. Our findings reveal the functional role of RNA modifications in SINEUPs and suggest several broad clinical applications of such an RNA regulatory system.
The human gut microbiota is neither an organ nor a commensal
Authors: Riccio Paolo , Rossano Rocco
Published: October 2020

The recent explosive increase in the number of works on gut microbiota has been accompanied by the spread of rather vague or improper definitions, chosen more for common use than for experimental evidence. Among them are those defining the human gut microbiota as an organ of our body or as a commensal. But, is the human gut microbiota an organ or a commensal? Here, we address this issue to spearhead a reflection on the real roles of the human gut microbiota in our life. Actually, the misuse of the vocabulary used to describe the properties and functions of the gut microbiota may generate confusion and cause misunderstandings both in the scientific community and among the general public.
Crowding tunes the organization and mechanics of actin bundles formed by crosslinking proteins
Authors: Park Jinho , Lee Myeongsang , Lee Briana , Castaneda Nicholas , Tetard Laurene , Kang Ellen Hyeran
Published: October 2020

Fascin and α‐actinin form higher‐ordered actin bundles that mediate numerous cellular processes including cell morphogenesis and movement. While it is understood crosslinked bundle formation occurs in crowded cytoplasm, how crowding affects the bundling activities of the two crosslinking proteins is not known. Here, we demonstrate how solution crowding modulates the organization and mechanical properties of fascin‐ and α‐actinin‐induced bundles, utilizing total internal reflection fluorescence and atomic force microscopy imaging. Molecular dynamics simulations support the inference that crowding reduces binding interaction between actin filaments and fascin or the calponin homology 1 domain of α‐actinin evidenced by interaction energy and hydrogen bonding analysis. Based on our findings, we suggest a mechanism of crosslinked actin bundle assembly and mechanics in crowded intracellular environments.
Cancer diagnostics based on plasma protein biomarkers: hard times but great expectations
Authors: Landegren Ulf , Hammond Maria
Published: October 2020

Cancer diagnostics based on the detection of protein biomarkers in blood has promising potential for early detection and continuous monitoring of disease. However, the currently available protein biomarkers and assay formats largely fail to live up to expectations, mainly due to insufficient diagnostic specificity. Here, we discuss what kinds of plasma proteins might prove useful as biomarkers of malignant processes in specific organs. We consider the need to search for biomarkers deep down in the lowest reaches of the proteome, below current detection levels. In this regard, we comment on the poor molecular detection sensitivity of current protein assays compared to nucleic acid detection reactions, and we discuss requirements for achieving detection of vanishingly small amounts of proteins, to ensure detection of early stages of malignant growth through liquid biopsy.