bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Employee’s Pilferage and Security in Beverage Manufacturing Companies in Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Attah Edwin , Abdullahi Liman , Yusuf Usman
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between employee pilferage of pilferage and security in beverage manufacturing companies in Lagos State. The study is anchored on the rational choice theory in order to understand the connection between pilferage and security in beverage manufacturing companies in Lagos State. The researcher adopted a mixed research method involving survey research and historical research designs. The population of this study is 8,595 staff. This comprises all employees of Promasidor Nigeria Ltd, Nigeria Bottling Company (Coca Cola), Cadbury Nigeria Plc, and Guiness Nigeria Plc. The sample size of the study was 400 determined using Rakesh Sample size formula. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected using questionnaires, while secondary data were collected from related works on pilferage and security in beverage manufacturing companies. Data collected from questionnaire were analyzed using absolute frequencies and simple percentages, while data from secondary sources were analyzed using relational-content analysis. Among other things, it was found that the higher the level of pilferage, the lower the level of security of employees in beverage manufacturing companies in Lagos State. Among other things, it was recommended that given that there is relationship between pilferage and security in beverage manufacturing companies in Lagos State, beverage manufacturing companies in the state should ensure that stealing is drastically reduced in their various organizations through employment, training and proper motivation of staff who must be full-time staff. This would largely make the employees committed to work and shun pilferage.
Evaluation of Revenue Effect from Tax Components and Economic Growth in Nigeria
Authors: Atuma Emeka , David Amarachi , Nwibo Nneamaka , Nkwagu Chibuike , Udenta Blessing , Njim Sunday , Uwaeke Uchechukwu
Published: July 2024

This research empirically examined the relationship between tax revenue and economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1994-2021. Ex-post facto research design was adopted in the investigation. Multiple regression analysis was employed, in which Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model as the method of analysis was utilized in the research. The ARDL model evaluates long-run and short-run interactions among the specified variables. The unit root tests conducted using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) revealed that the time series variables used were stationary at level and the first difference, but none of the variables was stationary at the second difference. The ARDL – Bound test analysis revealed the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship between tax revenue and economic growth in Nigeria within the period of the study. The coefficient of error correction mechanism was statistically significant and also negatively signed. The results equally showed that both company income tax and value added tax were statistically significant and positively related to economic growth in Nigeria in both shot-run and long-run periods; whereas personal income tax was statistically insignificant and positively related to economic growth in Nigeria in both short-run and long-run. Based on the findings, the study therefore recommended tax authorities responsible for tax administration should upgrade the tax database to capture all potential tax-payers in order to broaden tax income.
Impact of Internally Generated Revenue on Economic Growth in Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Authors: Ayebaenemi Ayebaenemi, J , Uguru Leonard , Chukwu U. C , Elom J. O
Published: July 2024

The study examined the Impact of Internally Generated Revenue on Economic Growth in Ebonyi State, Nigeria from 2007 to 2022. Specifically, the impacts of internally generated revenue measured by pay-as-you-earn, withholding tax, direct assessment tax, and administrative tax on economic growth represented by Gross Domestic Product in Ebonyi State were examined. The theory of fiscal decentralization was adopted for the study. The study employed ex post factoresearch design. Data was obtained through the Ebonyi State Ministry of Budget, Planning, Research & Monitoring, Office of the Accountant General of the State, and Ebonyi State Internal Revenue Service (EBSIRS) for the period under study. The multiple linear regression model involving ordinary least square (OLS) estimation approach using E-view econometric software version 12 to analyze the data collected. The study made the following findings: that pay-as-you-earn has significant negative impact on gross domestic product; that there is presence of negative and significant impact of withholding tax on gross domestic product; that direct assessment tax has positive and significant impact on gross domestic product; and that administrative tax has positive but significant effect on gross f domestic product in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The study then recommended among others that Nigerian government should pay particular attention to the reduction of the pay-as-you-earn (PAYE) rate because high PAYE rate has the tendency of adversely affecting gross domestic product. Also, the rate of withholding tax should be reduced to a relatively low level so as to boost gross domestic product and subsequently translate to economic growth in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Again, Ebonyi State government should expand the tax yield through restructuring its direct assessment tax dragnet. Furthermore, to ensure sustainable gross domestic product through administrative tax, the state government should encourage her citizens to build trust in it through tax accountability, making sure that the promises made to the citizens are fulfilled.
Mbịakọ Asụsụ na Mgbanwe Asụsụ n’Ẹdda
Authors: Onu Agha , Uka Egwu , Emeka-Nwobia Ngozi , Obianika Evelyn , Eze Maudline , Ayaru Ekwe
Published: July 2024

Mbịakọ ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta asụsụ bụ mgbe asụsụ abụọ ma ọ bụ kaịrịa nwere mmekọrịta. Ya bụ mgbe ọ bụla ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche bịakọrọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ nwere mmekọrịta, asụsụ ha na-emetụta onwe ha. Asụsụ nke ọ bụla nwere ike imetụta nke ọzọ n’ebe ọ pụrụ iche nke na o nwere ike iweghara ọnọdụ nke ọzọ ma ọ bụ mee ka e nwee mgbanwe n’ebe ụfọdụ. Mgbe e nwere mbịakọ asụsụ, asụsụndị ahụ bịakọrọ nwere ike ịmakọ, gbaziri okwu ma ọ bụ nwee mgbanwe na ụfọdụ mkpụrụ okwu ha. Nchọcha a chọrọ ịma ma mbịakọ olu ndị Ẹdda bịakọrọ n’olu Igbo ndị ọzọ nwere out o siri wete mgbanwe olu ndị ahụ. Kpọmkwem, mbunuche nchọcha a bụ ịmata ụdị mgbanwe ndị pụtara ihe n’olu ndị Ẹdda. Nchọcha a gbasoro usoro sosholingwisitik langueji kọntakiti. A chọpụtara na dị ka olu ndịẸdda na asụsụ ndị Igbo ndị ọzọ na abịakọ na-enwe mmetụta olu asụsụ ahụ na-agbanwe. Ihe ndị na-ebute mgbanwe ahụ gụnyere mbịakọ asụsụ, mmekọrịta, nlụkọrịta di na nwunye na ebe onye bi dg. A chọpụtakwara na mgbanwe a na-ahụta n’olu ndị Ẹdda enweghị usoro, ma ndị bi n’ime obodo, ma ndịbi n’ụzọ ije socha na mgbanwe a. Otu aka ahụ kwa mgbanwe a kacha pụta ihe n’etiti ụmụ na-eto eto. Ụdị mgbanwe achọpụtara n’olu ndị Ẹdda gunyere; mgbanwe nke ụda, mgbanwe nke ọdịdị, mgbanwe nke nsirmmebe, mgbanwe nke usoro okwu na mgbanwe nke echiche. Ndị nchọcha tụnyere aro ndị a: ka ndị nkuzi gbalịsie ike tinye n’ọrụ ihe “Policy on Education” kwuru maka iji asụsụ epum akụziri ụmụ aka ihe n’ogugo mbido agụmakwụkwọ. Ezinaụlọ, dị ka ebe mmụta na-ebido, ga-agbalịsie ike kụnye n’ime ụmụ aka inwe mmasị na ugwu nye asụsụ ha n’ihi na ọ bụrụ na ha nwee mmasị na ugwu nwe asụsụ ha, ha ga-achọ ịsụ ya mgbe niile. Ndị ọchịchị wepụta otu ụbọchị ma ọ bụ abụọ a ga-akpọ“Igbo ga-adị”, a ga-eji na-asụ naanị Igbo onweghi asụsụ ọzọ a ga-anabata n’ụbọchị ahụ n’ụlọ ọrụnakwa ebe ndị ọzọ.
Multilateralism and Bilateralism in International Trade
Authors: Aro Gilbert , Nwosu Chiedozie , Ngene Innocent , Nnadi Samuel
Published: July 2024

The contemporary international system is dominated by international trade. Therefore, it is the fundamental and critical aspect of international economic relations. The study investigated the how African states participate in common bilateral and multilateral trade relations. Its core objective is to study whether trade barriers have been made less cumbersome among the participating countries in African continental region. Common trade and international trade justify the essence of globalization. The wave of globalization has necessitated the flux of multilateralism and bilateralism among the participating nations in the international trade. Methodologically, the study adopted comparative theory of international trade. Its method of data collection is documentary method and analyzed through interpretive studies. As the international trade continues to take the centre stage in the international economic relations; States continue to engage in multilateral and bilateral trade relations. The operations of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) and Multi-national Corporations (MNCs) as non-state actors also engage in multilateral and bilateral agreements with the host states. Several agreements led to the establishment of General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) remains conspicuous products of multilateralism and bilateralism in the international trade in the recent time. African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) is a multilateral agreement enacted by fifty-four members of the African Union (AU) in 2019 to boost trade relations among them. Its core benefit is to facilitate free trade and removal of trade barriers in the region Therefore, this study is set to examine the advantages and impacts of AFCFTA and other multilateral and bilateral agreements in Africa and the world at large.
Multi-National Joint Task Force and the Fight against Boko-Haram Insurgency: A study of Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon Republics
Authors: Muhammad Umar , Salleh Mohd
Published: July 2024

The Boko Haram insurgent group, active in the Lake Chad Basin LBC region posed a complex security challenge to Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon Republics. The increasing number of cross-border attacks and the infiltration of Boko Haram insurgents from Nigeria into the neighbouring countries posed a serious security threat to all the countries involved. Adopting counterinsurgency theory as the framework of analysis, this article investigates and analyses the collective efforts of the affected countries in combating Boko Haram in the LCB region. This qualitative study aimed at contributing to the existing literature on the topic and to close the research gap on the collective approach policies applied by the affected countries. The method applied to collect data was interview method where 20 participants were carefully selected based on knowledge and expertise from 3 different fields namely security, academic and journalism. Data were coded and analysed using ATLAS.ti software to generate themes for coding process. The findings suggest that counterinsurgency measures have seen limited success, attributed to an excessive focus on security actions and insufficient attention to political and economic strategies in addressing the insurgency. The article concludes that to bring an end to the menace of Boko Haram across the affected countries, various stakeholders including governments, NGOs, and foreign nations should include soft approaches in addition to the military approach in dealing with the situation.
Implications of Vote Buying on Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria: A study of the 2023 National Assembly Election in Ebonyi Central Senatorial Zone
Authors: Nwakpu Okechukwu , Uduma Dick , Alozie C
Published: July 2024

The study examined the implications of vote buying on democratic consolidation in Nigeria with a focus on 2023 National Assembly election in Ebonyi central senatorial zone. The study aimed at identifying the manifestations, impacts and the catalyst to vote buying in the National Assembly election in Ebonyi Central Senatorial zone in particular and Nigeria in general. The study adopted the quantitative method which was supported by the qualitative method of data collection and used clientelism as the theoretical framework. The data collected was presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentage. The hypotheses were tested using a T test. The study discovered that vote buying largely affected the outcome of the 2023 National Assembly Election in Ebonyi Central Senatorial zone and identified some factors such as poverty, lack of voter’s education and poor execution of sanctions as catalyst of vote buying. The study concluded that without tackling the catalyst of vote buying in Nigeria election, vote buying will keep on thriving.
The Role of Local Government in Community Transformation: A study of Abeokuta South Local Government Area
Authors: Salako Anuoluwapo , Adebajo Adeola , Oyekanmi Abiodun , Omojowo Toyin
Published: July 2024

Although the rationale behind the establishment of local governments globally is developmental in nature, it is sardonic and appalling to note that development is far from these local areas, especially in developing nations with Nigeria inclusive. In Nigeria, provisions ofbasic needs like local roads, drainages, healthcare and education in these local areas are questionable despite the number of local governments created nationwide;it is on this basis this paper is undertaken to assess the role of local government in community transformation, with a specific focus on Abeokuta South Local Government. The paper adopted a descriptive research method and data was gotten through the use of questionnaire and interview from residents and local government staff of Abeokuta South Area L.G.A. The paper adopted simple percentage with a mean score of 2.5 or higher as benchmark, while efficientservice-delivery was adopted as a theoretical framework.The paper discovered that Abeokuta South Local Government is equally created constitutionally and funded internally and externally, however, it was found underperforming, as most of the local developmental jobs are performed by the state government. This was due toseveral factors such as adoption of caretaker committee which led tolack of political autonomy, inadequate funding, lack of visionary local leaders, corruption etc. Therefore, the paper recommends that for Abeokuta South Local Government Area to be transformedthe Nigeria Constitution should be amended to give full autonomy both in administration and fund to local governments,a democratically elected government should replace the transitional or caretaker committee
Development of cost-effective dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction technique for preconcentration of multi-residue herbicides in environmental waters prior to Chromatographic analysis
Authors: Bekele Habtamu , Legesse Abi , Yohannes Weldegebriel , Megersa Negussie
Published: July 2024

High-density dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HD-DLLME-HPLC-DAD) was developed for extraction and determination of six commonly used sulfonylurea herbicides in matrices of environmental waters. For simultaneous extraction of the target herbicides, the optimum experimental parameters that 024influence extraction efficiency were investigated. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.8-1.5 and 1.9-5.1 ng mL−1, respectively. The precisions in terms of relative standard deviations (% RSDs) of both intra-day and inter-day precisions (n = 6) were found to be 2.92 to 7.08 and 3.01 to 8.13, respectively. Furthermore, applicability of the developed method was investigated by analyzing spiked tap, lake, river and underground water samples and satisfactory recoveries were obtained in the range of 84.3–101.7% with RSDs < 9.8% (n = 6) and the target analytes were not detected in real samples. The proposed method offered several attractive features including fast analysis time, simplicity, sensitivity, and selectivity. Therefore, the trace level enrichment and assessment of sulfonylurea herbicides residues from environmental water matrices using HD-DLLME-HPLC-DAD could be utilized as a reliable alternative in routine laboratory analysis of contaminated environmental waters.
KEY WORDS: Environmental water, High-density dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, HPLC-DAD, Miniaturization analytical technique, Sulfonylurea herbicides, Trace level enrichment
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(5), 1189-1204.                                   
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i5.1
Mechanical and heat transfer behaviour of electro-deposited nickel-zirconia coating
Authors: K. Manoj J. , Arunachalam U. , Mathanbabu M. , Kajavali A.
Published: July 2024

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are often applied to base metals exposed to excessive temperatures to protect them from the harsh operating thermal cycle load conditions and to enhance their functionality. For this research, nickel and zirconia was coated over a mild steel substrate by electro-deposition or co-deposition method. While selecting appropriate electro-deposition parameters, this study analyses the convection and conduction heat transfer characteristics and mechanical behaviours of a nickel-zirconia co-deposit over a mild steel substrate. The better-quality deposition is formed with thicknesses of 10 μm and 50 μm. The microstructure and morphological analyses were conducted using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The phase analysis was conducted using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The porosity, hardness and wear behaviours were measured as per the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The results showed that nickel-zirconia coating has better performance. The coating's convection and conduction heat transfer potential are investigated using a specially designed and constructed experimentation apparatus. Compared to an uncoated panel, heat transfer studies on nickel-zirconia coatings demonstrate that nano-coatings with a particle size of about 92 nm show a significant temperature drop with varied coating thicknesses and heat inputs for different heat inputs.
KEY WORDS: Thermal barrier coatings, Electro deposition, Conduction heat transfer, Convection heat transfer, Nickel-Zirconia
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(5), 1439-1452.                                                         
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i5.19
Theoretical study on the molecular and crystal structures of myricetin
Authors: Du Hongchen , Pan Rongkai , Huan Weiwei , Li Jie , Feng Lijuan
Published: July 2024

The molecular and crystal structures of myricetin have been studied using density functional theory. The geometry parameters are calculated based on the optimized molecular structure, and the thermodynamic properties “heat capacity, enthalpy and entropy” are performed using our self-programmed programme, the calculated results are consistent with literature reports. Crystal structures were predicted using the Dreiding force field and refined by DFT-GGA-RPBE method. The crystal form tends to crystalline in P-1 space group. The large calculated band gap (Eg) of the crystal proves it is stable, which is consistent with the conclusion from gas phase. The conduction band (LUCO) is mainly contributed from the p state of C atom and valence band (HOCO) from the p state of O atom.
KEY WORDS: Molecular structure, Crystal structure, Myricetin, Theoretical study
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(5), 1469-1478.                                                          
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i5.21
Synthesis and characterization of some transition metal complexes with Schiff base derived from 2,6-diaminopyridine
Authors: A.S. Al-Quaba Rana , A. Hasan Esraa , Y. Al-Assafe Amaal
Published: July 2024

Schiff base labeled as H2L1 was synthesized, which was derived from pyridine-2,6-diamine and 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde. Types of complexes [ML]Cl2 and [ML(py)2]Cl2, were formed with Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+. Additionally, adduct complexes [ML(py)2] were prepared  in a ratio of 2:1. Diverse analytical techniques, elemental analyses, (FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR), conductance measurements, and magnetic susceptibility, were employed to characterize these complexes and adducts. The data acquired validated that the ligands donor atoms act as (ONNO) tetra-dentate bibasic chelating ligands with metal ions. Depending on spectral and magnetic measurements, the suggested shapes of these complexes were reported to be either tetrahedral/octahedral in geometry. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to get some theoretical data about the generated complexes. The data obtained includes the energy of the highest and lowest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO), electron density, ionization potential (IP), electron affinity (EA), electronegativity (En), electrophilicity (ὠ), chemical hardness (η), and dipole moment (μ). Different characteristics of the complexes have been investigated and explained based on these studied parameters. The molecular docking of target microorganisms of these complexes will be studied. The interaction of DNA gyrase 4ckk with the compounds visualized by LigPlot software.
KEY WORDS: 2,6-Diaminopyridine, 2-Hydroxynaphthaldehyde, Metal complexes, Spectral studies
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(5), 1337-1350.                                                          
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i5.12
Identification of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with Citrus sinensis L. Osebeck (sweet orange) in Benue State, Nigeria
Authors: Adamu Maryam Yahaya , Ochapa Charles , Philip Peter , Eche Christopher Oche
Published: July 2024

Plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) genera associated with rhizospheres of citrus trees was conducted in Ado and Gboko Local Government Areas of Benue State during May/June 2022 farming season.  A total of sixty (60) rhizosphere soil samples each from the two (2) local government areas were collected at a depth of 10-15 cm using auger. The soil samples were then transported to Crop Protection Department Laboratory, Modibbo Adama University, Yola for extraction and identification at the generic level using the standard identification keys. Results showed a total of ten and eight genera of PPNs were identified from the soil samples collected from around the root of citrus trees in Ado and Gboko local government areas respectively. These genera, in a general descending order of occurrence frequency (FO %) were: Tylenchulus (59.00), Helicotylenchus (28.00), Pratylenchus (41.00), Rotylenchulus (25.00), Trichodorus (20.00), Melodogyne (19.00), Radopholus (14.00), Longidorus (11.00) Xiphinema (8.00) and Scutellonema. (6.00). Among the plant-parasitic nematodes identified, Tylenchulus spp. appears to be the most abundant in occurrence and population density on the citrus orchards surveyed in the two surveyed location with a frequency of occurrence of 59.00 and 52.00 and a population density of 924% and 532% in Ado and Gboko respectively. While Scutellonema and Rotylenchulu are the least frequently occurring nematodes in Ado and Gboko local government areas respectively. Based on the obtained result, it was concluded that the occurrence of PPN is probably because the local environmental and soil conditions are more suitable for their growth.
Evaluation of medicinal and nutritional values of mistletoe leaves (Loranthaceae) in Bida Metropolis, Niger State Nigeria
Authors: Obi P. U. , Nma E .M , Babagana M. , Nurudeen, I.
Published: July 2024

Mistletoe plays an important role in the life of rural people as it has nutritional and medicinal values for livestock and human respectively. The present study evaluates the medicinal and nutritional values of mistletoe leaves (Loranthaceae). The qualitative phytochemical result revealed that phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides were present in the methanol extract of the mistletoe leaves while anthraquinones, sterols and phlobatannins were absent. The result of the quantitative phytochemical properties revealed that phenols was the highest phytochemical with 235.58±0.84mg/100g, followed by saponins (123.15±1.21 mg/100 g), tannins (76.04±0.55 mg/100g), flavonoids (18.03±0.82 mg/100 g) while the least was found to be alkaloids with amount of 13.02±0.08 mg/100g. The proximate result showed that moisture had the highest (49.91±1.39%), followed by carbohydrates (34.31±2.10%), crude protein (8.64±0.54%), ash (3.87±0.24%) and fats (2.78±0.09%) while crude fiber was found to be the least nutrient (0.54±0.03%). This research underscores the medicinal value of mistletoe and its vast nutritional characteristics for the treatment of some ailment and as feed for animals.
Modelling the influence of temperature and rainfall on the population dynamics of Mastomys natalensis in Nigeria
Authors: Adenike Adekunle Taiwo , Ogundoyin Ibrahim Kazeem , Akanbi Caleb Olufisoye
Published: July 2024

Lassa fever is a viral disease that is endemic, causing significant morbidity and mortality. However, the complexity of the disease dynamics and the interplay of environmental and climatic factors make it difficult to get a robust, accurate and reliable model for the disease outbreak prediction. The research therefore, developed a geo-computational based model for Lassa fever prediction. The geo-computational based model for Lassa fever outbreak prediction will be formulated based on random forest and the resulting model will be specified using Unified Modelling Language (UML). The simulation of the model was carried out in R Programming Language, Environmental and climatic data variables were used to drive the simulation. By integrating advanced computational techniques with geospatial and climatic variables, the model achieved a high accuracy rate of 87.74%, demonstrating its proficiency in outbreak prediction. Validation results, including an AIC value of 596.97 for the GLM model, underscore the reliability of the simulation outcomes. A predictive map generated from the model showcases its capacity to forecast outbreaks in Nigerian states. Through this approach, leveraging climatic and environmental factors for accurate prediction, this study contributed to enhancing public health preparedness and response strategies for combating Lassa fever.
Exploring microbial analysis of tap water in University of Benin Halls of residence: implications for health and sustainability
Authors: Ogbebor Nicholas O. , Alaba Alamu Bamidele , Ohiocheoya Benjamin
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to analyze the bacterial and fungal composition of tap water found in the University of Benin's halls of residence, located in Benin City, Nigeria. Standard methods were employed to isolate, enumerate, characterize, and identify the bacterial and fungal isolates.Clean and safe water access is crucial for human well-being and sustainable development. This study examines the bacterial and fungal contaminants in the tap water obtainable in the halls of residence at the University of Benin in Benin City, Nigeria. Standard methods were employed to isolate, enumerate, characterize, and identify the bacterial and fungal isolates. Microbial analysis revealed the presence of bacteria such as Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Bacillus spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, along with potential pathogens like Escherichia coli in all samples. Fungi detected included Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp., and Mucor spp. The detection of E. coli suggests waterborne disease risks, emphasising the need for water treatment and hygiene. Maintaining microbiological quality is crucial for a healthy learning environment. Variations across residential halls indicate the importance of infrastructure and maintenance. Compliance with regulations and standards, infrastructure upgrades, education on water safety, collaboration with health authorities, and continuous monitoring are recommended to ensure safe tap water for students in university residences.
Functional and micro-structural properties of starch and flour produced from one indigenous and three improved local rice (Oryza sativa) varieties
Authors: Musa Mustapha Hauwa , Agomuo Jude Kelechi , Dandago Munir Abba , Atanda Kazeem Sogunle , Nahemiah Danbaba , Terpase Amon
Published: July 2024

Study on the functional and micro-structural quality of starch and flour obtained from four (4) varieties of rice was assessed. The quality aspect of the rice varieties was compared between local and improved variety (Faro 44, 52, 61 and Kwandala). The samples were processed to obtain flours and starches. The Proximate composition, micro-structure and functional attributes of the samples were analyzed. The percentage moisture contents in rice flours ranged from (8.39-8.68 %) while those of starches ranged from (8.68-9.98%). The percentage ash content of the flour samples analyzed ranged from (0.71-0.91%) while those of starches ranged from (0.49-0.64%). The percentage fat content of rice flour samples ranged from (1.55-2.15%) while those of starch ranged from (1.47-2.62%). The percentage protein content of rice flour ranged within (6.64-7.66%) while those of starches ranged between (6.99-7.88 %). The results of the CHO content of rice flour samples fell within (80.99-82.36%) while those of starches ranged from (80.50-81.51%). Starch yield content varied between (52.64-56.40%). The results of loose density and packed Bulk Density of rice flour ranged between (1.14-1.18g/mL) and (1.13-1.21g/mL), while loose bulk density and packed density of the rice starch ranged within (0.65-0.73g/ml) and (0.71-0.73g/mL). The results of Water Absorption Capacity of rice flour ranged within (1.58-1.86 g/g) while those of starch ranged between (1.90-1.99g/g). The results of Oil Absorption Capacity of rice flour ranged between (1.83-2.17g/g). While, those of starch ranged from (2.02-2.33g/g). The Gelling consistency of rice flour ranged between (16.32-35.54mm), meanwhile those of starch ranged from (17.05-60.35mm). Amylose content for rice flour ranged from (21.11-26.10 %) while those of starches ranged from (21.11-26.10%) and (21.35-25.14%). Amylopectin content of rice flours ranged from (20.09-23.67) while those of starches ranged from (19.94-23.70%). The granulated starch samples were polyhedral in shape with an average length - width of (4.96-6.56mm), while those of starch ranged from 5.55-5.77mm respectively. The rice starch to aid highest and lowest swelling power and solubility ranged between 24.43-33.02 °C and 11.50-18.23°C at 95°C, respectively.
Assessment of mycological quality of commercially sold Yogurt in Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria
Authors: Ekeleme Uzochukwu Godswill , Mohammed Aisha
Published: July 2024

Assessment of the mycological quality of commercially sold yoghurt in Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria was carried out in this study. Five different brands of yoghurt coded A to E were analyzed using standard microbiological methods. Total fungal count ranged from 0.5×101 cfu/ml – 0.6x103 CFU/mL. Fungi isolated include Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. And Rhizopus sp. Antifungal susceptibility studies showed susceptibility of fungal isolates to all antifungal agents tested including Amphotericin-B (20 μg), Itraconazole (10 μg), fluconazole (25 μg) and Ketoconazole (10 μg). The presence of fungi in the yoghurt may be as a result of unclean water used in the production, contaminated milk and unhygienic condition of the handlers. It is recommended that yoghurt producers, sellers and handlers should ensure hygienic practices and avoid long exposure of yoghurt before selling to consumers.
Effect of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) Pulp Syrup Supplementation on the Production of Bioethanol from Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Molasses at Different Temperatures and pH
Authors: Babale Hussaini Madu , Buba Fatimah , Dibal Nathan Isaac , Milala Mohammed Adamu
Published: July 2024

Alternative sources of environmentally friendly energy source such as biofuels are been explored with the aim of reducing environmental  pollution and cope with the growing energy demand. Bioethanol was produced from sugarcane molasses using tamarind  supplements at different pH and temperatures. The volatile profile of the bioethanol produced was evaluated using Gas  chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Bioethanol was produced from sugarcane molasses hydrolyzed using tamarind pulp  syrup (TPS) and distilled water (DW) at different temperatures (26-30 oC) and pH (4.5-6.5) and utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae for  fermentation. The results showed a significant increase in reducing sugar yield, bioethanol yield/quantity, and bioethanol volatility for the  bioethanol produced using TPS hydrolysis compared to those produced using DW (p<0.05). The suitable temperature and pH for the  production of the maximum amount of reducing sugar and bioethanol were 28 oC and 5.5 respectively. The volatility of the bioethanol  produced was highest at a temperature of 28 oC and a pH of 5.5. The density of bioethanol obtained using TPS (0.797 g/cm3) was close to  the standard density of bioethanol (0.789 g/cm3). Conclusively, TPS was found to enhance bioethanol production from sugarcane  molasses through fermentation. This suggests that it could serve as an alternative hydrolyzer for the production of biofuel.
Relationship between Nasal Mucociliary Clearance and Nasal Index among Adult Volunteers in Kano, Nigeria: Implications for Respiratory Health
Authors: Idris Khalifa A. , Habib Khadija , Yusuf Ashiru , Musa Sunday A. , Tukur Ahmad R. , Ahmad Mahmud , Jibril Yasir N. , Amin Said , Muhammad Mukhtar
Published: July 2024

Nasal Mucociliary Clearance (NMC) is a vital mechanism that clears foreign particles and pathogens from the nasal cavity, ensuring nasal  health and preventing respiratory infections. Although the nasal index, an anthropometric measurement of nose shape, remains  unstudied in relation to NMC, exploring this link could provide valuable clinical insights into predicting respiratory conditions and nasal disorders. This study aimed to establish the relationship between nasal mucociliary clearance and nasal index among adult volunteers in  Kano. Four hundred and five (405) participants were systematically selected comprising males (233) and females (172) which are all  residents of Kano State, Nigeria. The nasal height and width of each participant were measured using a digital Vernier calliper and the  nasal index was calculated. Nasal Mucociliary Clearance Time (NMCT) was measured using the saccharine test, as the time taken to  experience a sweet taste at the posterior naso-pharynx after the placement of saccharine was recorded as NMC time. The data were  analyzed using SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics 20). The mean age and standard deviation of the study participants were 23±3 years for males  and 21±2 years for females. The mean and standard deviation of the nasal index in the males and females were 89 ± 9 and84±8,  respectively. The mean and standard deviation of NMCT in males was 9 ± 4 min while in females was 8 ± 4 min. This study did not identify  a statistically significant correlation between the nasal index and nasal mucociliary clearance (p≥0.05, r=0.46). However, sexual  dimorphism was found in the nasal index, with males having a significantly higher nasal index than females (p<0.001).This study  established that no significant correlation exists between the nasal index and NMCT, thus it could be inferred that the shape and size of  the nose have no influence on the NMCT.
Analyzing Stability and Bifurcation in an HIV Model with Treatment Interventions
Authors: Olopade I.A. , Alabi M.O. , Adamu A.K. , Akinwumi T.O. , Sangoniyi S.O. , Mohammed I.T. , Adeniran G.A. , Ajao S.O. , Adewale S.O.
Published: July 2024

This study presents a comprehensive mathematical model for HIV infection dynamics in the presence of treatment, focusing on stability  analyses. The model incorporates treatment interventions and explores their impact on disease progression, viral load dynamics, and  population-level outcomes. A stability analysis was conducted to investigate the existence and properties of equilibrium points, including  disease-free and endemic equilibria. Analysis shows that there is existence of disease-free whenever the threshold quantity R0 is less  than unity i.e. R0 >1 , and otherwise epidemic when  R0 >1 . Utilizing mathematical techniques and computational simulations, we  explore the stability of these equilibrium points under varying conditions and treatment scenarios. Our findings elucidate the critical role  of treatment in mitigating HIV transmission, reducing viral replication, and preserving immune function. This research contributes  valuable insights into the dynamics of HIV infection and the efficacy of treatment interventions in controlling the spread of the virus.
Nigeria military and sustainable development.
Authors: Christian Tsaro Dii
Published: July 2024

The study of the Nigeria Military and Sustainable Development was done in retrospect to interrogate the development policies during the period of military regimes as well as The Armed Forces of Nigeria AFN post-1999 policies whether they were sustainable or not. It sought to contribute to knowledge by viewing military development policies through the prism of the fundamental theorems of welfare economics to ascertain the sustainability of the development programmes undertaken by the military in Nigeria. The study adopted conceptual and historicalframeworks for its methodological approach. It relied on the Push and Pull theory as a theoretical framework to explain the study. The study established that the development policies of the military in Nigeria presented a Rawlsian view of policy disposition whereas in practice and implementation, they were largely inspired by the libertarian and utilitarian views. Also, it stated that some of the development policies of the military regimes in Nigeria were sustainable development as far as continuity of policy implementation was concerned but could not be considered as sustainable development in real terms of acceptable global definition because noconsiderations were made for future generations in the policies.
Using a vector autoregressive approach on analysing the impact of regional trade on Tanzania economic growth
Authors: M.L. Utouh Harold , Tile Augustine
Published: July 2024

The study focuses on examining the impact that regional trade has on Tanzania's economic growth, using data collected from 1960 to 2021. It also examines the causal relationship between merchandise imports and exports and their effects on Tanzania's GDP growth rate. To establish the causal relationship between merchandise imports and merchandise exports and their impact on GDP growth, a non-experimental research design was employed. The analysis was performed by employing Engle Granger Cointegration, as it helps in ascertaining whether the variable exhibitslong-run relationships. A Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) model was also utilised, incorporating important macroeconomic variables such as merchandise import and merchandise export. The model's impulse responses are consistent with the gravity theory of trade. The findings indicate apositive relationship between the rates of merchandise import and export and the growth rate of GDP. Additionally, the lagged growth rate of GDP has an initial positive impact on GDP growth in the current year. The model's impulse responses are consistent with the gravity theory of economics. The findings show a direct correlation between merchandise import and export ratesand GDP growth rates. The study therefore recommends that Tanzania's government should prioritise policy measures that promote exports and foster favourable conditions for imports, as these dynamics contribute to the country's GDP growth.
Knowledge and attitude towards tele-eyecare among Optometry students in University of Benin
Authors: Odigie Oseleonomhen Monica , Akpotiri Jennifer , Zeppieri Marco , Musa Mutali
Published: July 2024

Purpose: Tele-eyecare is a form of tele-healthcare that engages in delivering eye care services to patients using telecommunications  technology. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude towards tele-eyecare among optometry students.
Methods: A convenience sampling technique was used to distribute pre-tested questionnaires to 268 students in pre-clinical and clinical  classes of the Department of Optometry, University of Benin. The characteristics of the respondents were displayed using percentages  and tables. The association between knowledge, attitude, and characteristics of respondents was tested using the Chi-square test.
Results: Among the respondents, 56.7% were females while 43.3% were less than 25 years of age. The majority of the respondents  (92.6%) indicated that tele-eyecare involved the use of information and communication technology to provide eye care services. 86.6% of  respondents believed that tele-eyecare can improve the quality and accessibility of eye care services while 75.4% agreed that tele-eyecare  would benefit future eye care providers. Furthermore, 65% of respondents were interested in getting training on tele-eye care, age,  gender, and year of study influenced the knowledge and attitude of the respondents (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The majority of the  participants demonstrated good knowledge and a good attitude towards tele-eyecare, however, there is a need to close the tele-eye care  knowledge gap among clinical optometry students.
Case reports on Low Vision Assessment & Management of Marfan Syndrome (MFS) Patients, in a Tertiary Hospital in Kano, Nigeria
Authors: Eme Okpo , Haruna Shanono Aisha , Ikechukwu Nwakuche P. , Chiedozie Ogbonna Bright , Lucky Onyeije Odinakachi
Published: July 2024

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an inherited disorder that affects the heart, joints, skeleton, skin, and eyes. People living with MFS are  described as tall, long, slender built in appearance, with arachnodactyly, chest wall deformities, and scoliosis. A long, narrow face with  deep-set eyes, down-slanting palpebral fissures, flat cheekbones, and a small chin are the facial features often found in people with MFS.  The onset varies from infancy to all ages with most cases being diagnosed in the first two decades of life. In children, ocular findings are  microspherophakia, congenital/infantile glaucoma, high refractive error at a young age, uveitis, retinal detachments, and enophthalmos  secondary to the absence of retrobulbar fat. The basic management procedures include topical dilating agents for chronic dilation of the  eye to increase pupillary size for aphakic correction, thorough and careful refraction, the use of contact lenses and/or glasses, removal of the dislocated lens, cataract surgery and treatment of amblyopia. Low vision assessments were carried out on the patients. The approach  to the management of the two patients, whose cases are being reported, was different for each case and differed from  conventional low vision management. Spectacle corrections of OD -20.00DS (1.76LogMar 6/36 near: 0.80M@23cm) and OD +7.5.0DS (6/9  1M@12cm) were issued for Cases 1 & 2 respectively. 8X Telescope (6/9) and magnifiers (4X Handheld N5 and spectacle +16 DS 0.50m/ N5)  were recommended for cases 1 and 2 respectively. Low vision and rehabilitation were found to maximize visual functioning and are  reliable options for MFS.
Identifying ribonucleotide reductase subunit genes as potential lung adenocarcinomas biomarkers using integrated bioinformatics analysis
Authors: Shang Jin , Kondowe Blessed , Zhang Hui , Xie Xinming
Published: July 2024

Introduction Dysregulation of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) subunit genes (RRM1, RRM2 and RRM2B) expression is reported to be involved in the occurrence of various human malignancies. However, the prognostic value of RR subunit genes expression in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients remains controversial. Objective This study aims to analyze the expression profiles, prognostic values, and immune infiltrating associations of RR subunit genes in LUAD to explore whether RR subunit gene expression has value in the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).Methodology We used multiple search engines to access multiple online bioinformatics databases, including Oncomine, TIMER, GEPIA, Kaplan–Meier Plotter, PrognoScan, the Human Protein Atlas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, UCSC Xena, cBioProtal, TCGA, GEO, DAVID, and STRING databases.Results The study found that RRM1 and RRM2 might be an attractive target for treating LUAD, while RRM2B were down-expressed in LUAD (P < 0.05). The study also found that high RRM1 or RRM2 expression, or low RRM2B expression suggested poor prognosis of LUAD patients in both TCGA and GEO databases (P < 0.05). Additionally, our results indicated that RR subunit genes expressions have different characteristics with immune infiltrating, RRM2B had a slight but significant positive correlation with almost every infiltrating immune cells except CD4+ T cells (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, by co-expression gene network analysis of RR subunit genes, we found that five new hub genes (PLK1, AURKA, CDCA8, TTK and CDC45) were significantly positively correlated with RRM1 and RRM2 expression whereas were negatively correlated with RRM2B expression, and these five hub genes were identified to be related with a poor prognosis in LUAD patients (P < 0.05). Conclusion The study findings demonstrate that RR subunit genes may be a prognostic marker and therapeutic target for LUAD patients.
Epidemiological, anatomopathological and immunohistochemical profiles of male breast cancer in Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria (Profiles of male breast cancer)
Authors: Merad Zakaria , Belkralladi Houria , Merad Yassine , Tou Abdenacer
Published: July 2024

Background Male breast cancer (BC) is a rare disease, few prospective studies have been undertaken compared to studies carried out in women. The condition is characterised by unfavorable prognosis when compared to that of females. The aim of the present work is to describe the anatomopathologic characteristics of males breast cancer at the level of the pathology department of the Hospital-University Center of Sidi Bel Abbes (ALGERIA).MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study on male breast cancers diagnosed in our pathology department between January 2010 and December 2020 was undertaken, the variables assessed were epidemiological, macroscopic, microscopic and immunohistochemical data. Results A total of 25 breast male cancer were identified in this study, the mean age at the diagnosis time was 58.8± 3.5 years, and the age was ranging from 37 to 83. The mean tumor size was 3.58 ± 1.5 cm, with sizeranging from 1.8 to 9 cm. About 18 of patients had tumors located in the upper outer quadrant (UOQ). Histopathological examination revealed the predominance of invasive carcinoma of no special type in 22 patients, followed by lobular carcinoma in 2 patients. 18 patients presented with nodal involvement and 23 of patients had hormonal receptors expression, including oestrogen receptor (RO), and progesterone receptor (RP). Additionnaly, just one patient had positive overexpression of HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2).ConclusionBreast cancer in males in Algeria appears to be relatively rare and presents at an older age compared to females. Three out of four patients presented tumors in the UOQ and most were invasive carcinoma no special type. In the majority of male BC cases hormonal receptors and nodal involvement were present, while HER2 receptors were absent.