bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arbitragem internacional: Leis modelos da UNCITRAL e IA-A
Authors: Wypych Gustavo Henrique
Published: September 2014

A arbitragem é um método de resolução de conflitos e mediante esta se resolvem conflitos por particulares não revestidos da qualidade de juízes estatais. Para uma maior uniformidade criaram-se várias leis modelos que regulam traços da arbitragem com o fim de que cada Estado as adote e incorpore em suas próprias regulamentações. Um exemplo é a Lei Modelo da UNCITRAL transmissora do desenvolvimento que atingiu a arbitragem como meio alternativo de resolução de conflitos. Esta Lei não requer a celebração do compromisso arbitral, permite aos árbitros decretar medidas cautelas, reconhece as faculdades destes de decidir a respeito de sua competência e jurisdição, consagra a autonomia do acordo arbitral conforme a relação jurídica adjacente, exclui a possibilidade de atacar-se a decisão dos árbitros sobre o mérito do assunto e unifica o regime de recursos. A lei introduziu um sistema orgânico de grande aceitação internacional em matéria de reconhecimento e execução dos laudos arbitrais estrangeiros que, entre outros méritos, não assimila ou vincula o regime aplicável ao reconhecimento e execução desses laudos, no tocante as sentenças de outro país. Ainda há as regras probatórias da International Bar Association (IA-A) que, juntando aspectos da Civil Law e da Common Law, constituiu-se em um marco quanto ao procedimento da instrução probatória. Não se pode, pois, negar a importância que o instituto da arbitragem atingiu com incremento do comércio mundial, conferindo a segurança de que este necessita. Assim, é forçoso concluir que um país, para acompanhar o desenvolvimento do comércio internacional, necessita de uma legislação e de um procedimento arbitral eficiente.
Evolução da interpretação do consentimento das partes nas arbitragens do ICSID
Authors: Zanini Godinho Thiago José
Published: September 2014

A proliferação de instrumentos de promoção e proteção de investimentos internacionais (TBIs) que contêm uma oferta geral de arbitragem possibilitou o recurso aos seus tribunais do Centro Internacional para a Solução de Controvérsias Relativas aos Investimentos (ICSID), mesmo na ausência uma cláusula compromissória negociada entre as partes em litígio (que forçosamente afronta um Estado contratante da Convenção ICSID, receptor de seu investimento, ao investidor privado, nacional de outro Estado contratante). Uma vez que a mera ratificação da Convenção não obriga as partes à solução arbitral, o consentimento permanece como pilar do edifício arbitral. Os árbitros vem praticando interpretações cada vez mais audaciosas para fundar a sua competência em disposições presentes nos TBIs, chegando utilizar a cláusula da nação mais favorecida contida nesses instrumentos convencionais para estender os acordos relativos ao sistema de solução de controvérsias mais favorável contido em um outro tratado, posto que estaria intimamente ligado à proteção dos direitos investidores privados estrangeiros. O escopo deste artigo consiste em analisar a evolução da interpretação dos árbitros ao consentimento das partes a uma arbitragem ICSID, que levou a uma explosão recente no número de casos apresentados ao Centro.
Contratos Administrativos Internacionais: a Lei n° 8.666/93 frente às normas do Comércio Internacional
Authors: Plawiak Rainier Belotto
Published: September 2014

O presente estudo analisa os aspectos mais relevantes dos contratos administrativos firmados entre a Administração Pública brasileira e empresas estrangeiras, ou seja, os chamados contratos administrativos internacionais. Vêem-se as peculiaridades (eis que seu regime jurídico é diferenciado) em relação ao contrato internacional propriamente dito, explicitando suas diferenças estruturais e principiológicas fundamentais. Em seguida, abordamos a posição hierárquica, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, dos tratados internacionais ratificados pelo Congresso Nacional, para que possamos melhor compreender sob que aspecto analisaremos a Lei de Licitações e Contratos Administrativos (LLCA), Lei n° 8.666/93, para então apontarmos convergências e divergências entre esta lei e a prática internacional. Ao fim, estudamos o caso específico das licitações cujo objeto tenha sido financiado por organismo financeiro internacional, as quais possuem disciplina normativa diferenciada, como, p. ex., as normas das guidelines.
Adoção Internacional:Um Direito Humano
Authors: Oliveira Paula Moreau Barbosa de
Published: September 2014

Após as atrocidades e os horrores vividos nas guerras mundiais, milhares de crianças e de adolescentes ficaram desabrigados do seio de suas famílias. Começou-se a pensar em um direito humano universal, em uma medida que pudesse amenizar a sofrimento instaurado. O processo de adoção internacional, nesse período, veio como resposta a essa situação. Em 1993, a Convenção de Haia iniciou um caminho em direção a regulamentação da adoção internacional. Procurou instaurar um sistema seguro de cooperação entre os Estados Contratantes que garantisse os direitos da criança ao mesmo tempo em que prevenia atrocidades. No Brasil, atualmente, a internalização dessa Convenção ao oredenamento jurídico brasileiro acrescentou e complementou normas já existentes como, por exemplo, o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente. Esse Estatuto permite que o processo de adoção internacional seja submetido à Comissão Estadual de Adoção (CEJA), o que já é obrigatório no Paraná. Dentro desse sistema de adoção internacional, é necessário repensar a importância da família na construção do sujeito, pois é nesse lugar que a criança vai se desenvolver e se estruturar. Por fim, a adoção internacional envolve um adotante residente em um país diferente do adotado.
O Processo de Acesso ao TRIPS, Relação do Acordo Com as Questões de Saúde Pública e a CDB e os Acordos TRIPS-Plus
Authors: Mercer Henrique Da Silva
Published: September 2014

Este trabalho procurar sintetizar as atuais discussões relativas aoTRIPS. Elas se dariam principalmente sobre quatro temas: como os paísesmembros da OMC devem fazer para se adaptar às regras do TRIPS e como epor que aqueles que desejam ingressar na Organização devem fazê-lo; se oTRIPS é um obstáculo ou uma ferramenta a ser usada em prol da saúdepública; a existência ou não de um conflito entre o TRIPS e a CDB; e por fim osacordos TRIPS-plus e os riscos e oportunidades que eles oferecem aos paísesnão desenvolvidos.
A PROIBIÇÃO DE IMPOSIÇÃO DA PENA DE MORTE A DELINQUENTES JUVENIS COMO NORMA JUS COGENS PREVISTA PELA COMISSÃO INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS
Authors: Oliveira Sonia
Published: September 2014

A Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos já analisou diversos casos fazendo referência ao jus cogens, instituto conhecido também como normas imperativas de direito internacional. Para ilustrar esta referencia se faz análise de um caso no qual uma pessoa foi condenada a pena de morte nos Estados Unidos, por delito que cometeu quando contava com menos de 18 anos de idade. A Comissão se manifestou contrariamente a execução da pena de morte considerando que se os Estados Unidos executassem o requerente estariam infringindo o artigo I da Declaração Americana de Direitos Humanos, tendo em vista esta norma possuir caráter jus cogens devido a evolução do direito internacional no que diz respeito a proibição da execução de delinqüentes juvenis.
“Enterro Celestial”: Devoção e Amor.
Authors: Franco Carla Daniela Kons
Published: September 2014

Xinran Xue, em Enterro Celestial, proporciona ao leitor curioso aoportunidade de viajar no tempo e mergulhar em um Tibet pouco retratado até então. A autora retrata a evolução emocional de uma intrigante mulher de luto, Shu Wen, que abandona sua cidade natal e parte, sozinha, para uma terramisteriosa em busca do paradeiro de seu amor, Kejun – encontrando muito mais do que respostas. Uma busca de três décadas no Tibet, trocando sua vida de médica chinesa, com meros 26 anos, para um cotidiano regrado pelos princípios do budismo: uma conexão mística entre humanos e a natureza,cores e silêncio, uma vida nômade e auto-suficiente, um país de pássaros sagrados e enterros celestiais, um Tibet de belezas e brutalidades. Em determinado momento, Wen descobre as circunstâncias da morte de seu marido: fora vítima de um fatal desentendimento entre duas culturas tão distintas. Uma vida de coragem, de engrandecimento espiritual e, principalmente, inspirada pelo poder transformador do amor. Xinran permite aoleitor vislumbrar que nesta vida há muito mais do que apenas dinheiro e tecnologia. Enfim, trata-se da história verídica de uma mulher extraordinária escrita por outra mulher extraordinária que, com certeza, ficará na memória dos leitores.
Proteção dos Direitos Humanos: Constitucionalização do Direito Internacional ou Internacionalização do Direito Constitucional?
Authors: Friedrich Tatyana Scheila
Published: September 2014

Tanto o Direito Constitucional quanto o Direito Internacional  sempre se preocuparam com o respeito aos Direitos Humanos. Todo o corpo jurídico que forma hoje o Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos teve inspiração em modelos constitucionais que lhes eram anteriores. É o que se pode observar no Pacto dos Direitos Civis e Políticos e no Pacto dos Direitos Econômicos, Sociais e Culturais. Com o desenvolvimento da proteção internacional e regional de tais direitos, atualmente verifica-se a influência do Direito Internacional sobre as Constituições locais, que surgem em conformidade, ou vão se adaptando, às novas regulamentações e exigências internacionais. A Constituição Brasileira caminha nesse sentido.
Balanced Scorecard aplicado em laboratórios de análises clínicas
Authors: Lopes Luciano Luz , Stroparo Elenice , Freitas-Lidani Kárita Cláudia
Published: September 2014

Este artigo apresenta um modelo de Balanced Scorecard (BSC) proposto para laboratório de análises clínicas, baseado na estratégia de Kaplan e Norton, que apresenta um modelo de gestão em laboratório clínico para empresas de qualquer porte. De acordo com esse modelo, a estratégia é definida em relação a perspectivas financeiras, clientes, processos internos, aprendizado e crescimento. O BSC é um instrumento direcionado para o sistema de gestão estratégica que utiliza indicadores de desempenho baseados em variáveis capazes de interferir direta e indiretamente nas ações da empresa.
Tecnologias limpas aplicadas a gestão dos resíduos do coco
Authors: Jerônimo Carlos Enrique de M.
Published: September 2014

Uma grande faixa da Zona da Mata do nordeste brasileiro vem apresentando, nos últimos tempos, um considerável desenvolvimento econômico, propiciado pelo plantio e cultivo do coco. Em paralelo a gravidade causada pela atividade de plantio do coco, surge a necessidade de se encontrar um destino adequado para os resíduos gerados, pois, o mesmo édescartado como lixo, agravando ainda mais o problema da destinação final em lixões. Problema esse, que poderia ser transformado em oportunidade de negócios, passando a sermatéria-prima, gerando renda, ajudando na sobrevivência familiar das regiões produtoras. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo, a elaboração de uma proposta de um sistema integrado abrangendo aspectos ambientais, técnico-científicos e sociais de direcionamento do resíduo orgânico com fins econômicos. Pode-se observar que a gravidade, principalmente em termos do montante, é alta, no entanto as formas de minimização do problema são simples,principalmente por se tratar de um resíduo biodegradável, e composto de fibras naturais, reaproveitadas em diversos processos industriais. Observou-se que a problemática pode ser solucionada pelo empenho empresarial, social e governamental para implantação e adaptação do sistema integrado.
Implantação do 10S como ferramenta de gestão de qualidade em hospital
Authors: Pasquini Nilton Cesar
Published: September 2014

A implantação iniciou em fevereiro de 2011 e terminou em fevereiro de 2012. Foi criado um grupo gestor cuja função básica do gestor do programa, ou de um comitê central, é fomentar as atividades do 10S por toda a empresa. A primeira atitude foi realizar uma limpeza geral (Dia D), pré-requisito para a implantação do Programa 10S. Na implantação do 10S fez uso de 6 ferramentas da qualidade, sendo Diagrama de causa e efeito, Diagrama de dispersão,D5W1H, Gráficos e PDCA e Kanban. O 10S melhorou a imagem da organização perante a sociedade e órgãos governamentais. O programa disseminou no hospital a importância da prática da responsabilidade social, não só como obrigação do hospital em desenvolver açõessociais, mas como incentivo e motivação de seus próprios colaboradores para a realização de trabalhos voluntários para atender às carências da sociedade.
Polish Tulasnellales II. Tulasnella hyalina Höhn. et Litsch.
Authors: Wojewoda Władysław
Published: September 2014

Eight species of the genus Tulasnella Schroet have hitherto been reported from Poland. T. hyalina Höhn. et Lilsch. is new to the mycoflora of Poland. This species was found in South Poland, in the Western Carpathians.
Effect of fungal communities from the environment of culture of Trifolium pratense L. Dactylis glomerata L. on fungi pathogennic for clover.
Authors: Dorenda Maria
Published: September 2014

Thebiotic function of communities of saprophytic fungi in the soil, rhizosphere, planospohere and roots of clover, orchard grass and their mixed cultures in respect to selected pathogenes of clover was examined. The pathogens were Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. trifolii and Sclerotinia trifoliorum. These communities were not able to resist Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. trifolii. However, most of the components of these communities limited the development of Sclerotinia trifoliorum.
Fungi of Delhi XXXIII. Chaetomium putrefactus sp.n.
Authors: Grupta Rani , Mukerji K. G.
Published: September 2014

Chaetomium putrefactus has been described as a new species. It has smaller and sparser hairs and ellipto-fusoid ascospores. We have isolated and described several species of Chaetomium from living and dead leaves of various plants. One species isolated from decaying leaves of Corchorus olitorius appeared to be interesting and new. It is characterized by smaller and fewer hairs and ellipso-fusoid ascospores.
Release of phytotoxins by decomposing roots of Pennisetum typhoides (Borm. f.) Staff et Hubb., their effect on soil fungi and succeeding crops
Authors: Kanaujia R. S.
Published: September 2014

The roots of Pennisetum typhoides decomposing in normal field conditions, in sterilized soil inoculated with 15 rhizosphere fungi and in field soil maintained at various moisture levels produced vanillic acid. 3-4-dihydroxy benzoic acid and hydroxy cinnamic acid. These acids proved toxic to the rhizosphere fungi and seeds and seedlings of certain crop plants. Out of 15 rhizosphere fungal species inoculated to the soil only 6 could induce the release of toxins, moreover, the phytotoxic substances were detected from the washing of the roots collected only on the 30th day. The moisture range which showed liberation of toxins was 20-70 per cent. The time of liberation of acids in different set s varied. These were, however, frequently liberated from washings collected from roots decomposed for 15. 30 and 45 days.
The antimicrobial spectra of selected Penicillia against some pathogenic bacteria and yeasts
Authors: Chauhan Shashi , Chauhan R. K.
Published: September 2014

The antagonista activity of eight isolaies of penicillia bas been studied against 13 pathogenic organisms, which included 6 Gram-positive bacteria, 4 Gram-negative bacteria and 3 yeasts.
A possible mode of survival of Fnsarium udum as a Mycoparasite
Authors: Upadhyay R. S. , Rai Bharat , Gupta R. C.
Published: September 2014

Survival of Fusarium udum Butler, the will pathogen of pigeon-pea, on other microfungi as a mycoparasite has been observed.
Pyrenomycetes from the forest communities of the hills of Strzelin
Authors: Truszkowska Wanda , Chlebicki Andrzej
Published: September 2014

In the years 1979-80 the fungi among Pyrenomycetes were collected in the forest communities on the hills of Strzelin mainly on the remains of dead trees ans shrubs.
Mycological notes from the Polish Tatra National Park
Authors: Sałata Bogusław , Romaszewska-Sałata Joanna , Mułeszko Wiesław
Published: September 2014

A list of 98 microscopic specimens of parasitic fungi collected in Tatra mountains in 1979-81. Till now they were not published as present in Polish Tatra N.P. Such fungi were collected on new hosts plants or were known from the single localites only.
Soil mycoflora as a factor limiting the occurrence of fungi pathogenic for 3 varieties of Dactylis glomerata L. II
Authors: Kutrzeba Maria
Published: September 2014

The investigations concerned fungal associations found in the rhizosphere, rhizoplane and on roots of three varieties of Dactylis glomerata: 'Brudzyńska', 'Motycka' and 'Nakielska' infected with Fusarium avenaceum and F. culmorum and subsequently planted in sterilized and unsterilizes soil. The value of particular varieties in neahing and environment giving good plant health was examined.
Cholesterol in seventeen species of Phyllosticta
Authors: Rai M. K. , Rajak R. C.
Published: September 2014

The paper presents the results of investigations on cholesterol content in the mycelium of 7-day old cultures of Phyllosticta species from 17 different hosts.
Limacella illinita (Fr.) Murrill - new species for Poland
Authors: Komorowska Halina
Published: September 2014

In this note is characterize specimen and locality of fungus species new for Poland
Materials to knowledge of the geographical distribution of higher fungi in Europe
Authors: Skirgiełło Alina
Published: September 2014

The distribution of the localities of 25 species of higher fungi from srries "4" typed for charting in Europe by CMME was analysed. Remarks concerning the locality or host were included.
Drechslera rostrata a new mycoparasite of Syncephalastrum racemosum
Authors: Pandey K. N. , Gupta R. C.
Published: September 2014

Drechslera rostrata is reported here as a new mycoparasite of Syncephalastrum racemosum.
Rare and new Laboulbeniales from Poland. IX
Authors: Majewski Tomasz
Published: September 2014

The author describes two new species (Monoicomyces labiatus sp. n. on Aleocharinae</ div.i> and Rickia stellata sp. n. on Pleuronectocelaeno cuspidata, Acaria), and gives the ocalities in which other species being new for Poland (with the exception of two Trenomyces spp.) were found.
Barssia oregonensis found in the Tatra Mountains (Poland)
Authors: Ławrynowicz Maria , Skirgiełło Alina
Published: September 2014

The first European find of Barssia oregonensis Gilk. (Hypogeous Ascomycetes) is reported from the Tatra Mountains. The fungus has been found in the Picea abies forest in the calcareous soil.
Do Performance-based Health Measures Reflect Differences in Frailty Among Immigrants Age 50+ in Europe?
Authors: Brothers Thomas D. , Theou Olga , Rockwood Kenneth
Published: September 2014

BackgroundLife course influences, including country of residence and country of birth, are associated with frailty index scores. We investigated these associations using performance-based health measures.MethodsAmong 33,745 participants age 50+ (mean age 64.8 ± 10.1; 55% women) in the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe, grip strength, delayed word recall, and semantic verbal fluency were assessed. Participants were grouped by country of residence (Northern/Western Europe or Southern/Eastern Europe), and by country of birth (native-born, immigrants born in low- and middle-income countries [LMICs], or immigrants born in high-income countries [HICs]).ResultsParticipants in Southern/Eastern Europe had lower mean test scores than those in Northern/Western Europe, and their scores did not differ by country of birth group. In Northern/Western Europe, compared with native-born participants, LMIC-born immigrants demonstrated lower mean grip strength (32.8 ± 7.6 kg vs. 35.7 ± 7.7 kg), delayed recall (2.9 ± 1.9 vs. 3.6 ± 1.9), and verbal fluency scores (16.0 ± 6.9 vs. 20.3 ± 7.0). HIC-born immigrants had mean scores higher than LMIC-born immigrants, but lower than native-born participants (all p<.001).ConclusionsCognitive and motor performance, measured from late middle age, were associated with national income levels of both country of residence and country of birth. This was similar to previously observed differences in frailty index scores.
El viaje y el arquitecto
Authors: Baladrón Alfredo
Published: September 2014

A lo largo de la historia, la formación del arquitecto ha venido acompañada por el viaje. El “grand tour” completaba, inicialmente, los conocimientos de historia y composición, pero servía, a su vez, como una fuente de experiencias que acompañarían al arquitecto a lo largo de su vida y obra. El hecho mismo de viajar supone una deslocalización, una tabula rasa en la que los sentidos se despiertan y agudizan, haciendo del sujeto una caja de resonancia sensible que permite una profunda asimilación de lo percibido que alimenta su imaginación. Percepción, memoria e imaginación están íntimamente ligadas. Dado que el arquitecto tiene una habilidad innata de recordar e imaginar espacios, el viaje constituye una fuente de experiencias y emociones que dan forma a su memoria.

La obra de Le Corbusier está marcada por sus viajes. Es posible definir su arquitectura, pintura y escultura por medio de sus visitas a Argel, Río de Janeiro, Nueva York, India o Italia. Pero si hay una que sintetice mejor todas ellas, quizás ese sea el viaje a Oriente de 1911, y fundamentalmente la visita a la Acrópolis a Atenas. Le Corbusier definió el Partenón como una máquina de conmover y le sirvió, años más tarde, para definir el concepto de “Espacio inefable”, cúspide de la emoción plástica.

El artículo trata de mostrar de qué forma afectó a la arquitectura de Le Corbusier esa visita al Partenón, analizando su experiencia y la evolución del recuerdo de la misma a lo largo de su vida.

Throughout history, architectural education has been accompanied

by the journey. The “grand tour” served initially to complete

the knowledge of history and composition, but at the

same time constituted a source of experiences that will accompany

the architect throughout his life and work. The very

act of traveling involves a relocation, a tabula rasa on which

the senses are awakened and intensified, making the subject

a sensitive resonance box that allows a deep assimilation of

the perceived experiences that feeds his imaginary. Perception,

memory and imagination are inextricably linked. Since

the architect has an innate ability to remember and imagine

spaces, the journey is a source of experiences and emotions

that shape memory.

Le Corbusier’s work is marked by his travels. One can define

his architecture, painting and sculpture through his visits to Algiers,

Rio de Janeiro, New York, India and Italy. But if there is

one that best synthesizes all of them maybe that’s the Voyage

à Orient in 1911, and primarily the visit to the Acropolis of

Athens. Le Corbusier defined the Parthenon as a machine to

move and served, years later, to define the concept of “ineffable

space”, top of the plastic emotion.

The article attempts to show how the architecture of Le Corbusier

was affected by the visit to the Parthenon, analyzing his

experience and the evolution of the memory of it throughout

his life.
Revision of the "euryglossiform" species of the Afrotropical bee genus Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Colletidae)
Authors: Kuhlmann Michael
Published: September 2014

The South African endemic bees of the "euryglossiform" species of the genus Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 are revised and illustrated. The species-group is defined for the first time and comprises 20 species, 16 of which are described here as new: Scrapter exiguus sp. nov. ♀, ♂, S. gessorum sp. nov. ♀, S. inexpectatus sp. nov. ♀, S. luteistigma sp. nov. ♀, ♂, S. minutissimus sp. nov. ♂, S. minutuloides sp. nov. ♀, S. minutus sp. nov. ♀, S. nanus sp. nov. ♀, ♂, S. nigerrimus sp. nov. ♀, S. nigritarsis sp. nov. ♀, S. papkuilsi sp. nov. ♀, ♂, S. punctatus sp. nov. ♀, ♂, S. pygmaeus sp. nov. ♀, S. roggeveldi sp. nov. ♀, ♂, S. spinipes sp. nov. ♀, ♂ and S. ulrikae sp. nov. ♀, ♂. For S. acanthophorus Davies, 2005 and S. sittybon Davies, 2005 the female is here described for the first time. A key to all species is provided.
Une scène incontrôlable ? L’encadrement juridique des pratiques théâtrales à Lille et dans sa région à l’époque de la Réforme
Authors: Lavéant Katell
Published: September 2014

En parallèle à la législation impériale qui se met en place au cours du xvie siècle dans les Pays-Bas pour contrôler le théâtre comme possible instrument de propagation des idées de la Réforme, il existe une longue tradition locale dans les villes francophones de la région qui régule l’activité dramatique depuis le xive siècle au moins. En analysant ces différentes sources, et en prenant l’exemple spécifique des registres des délibérations du Magistrat de Lille, on peut étudier le rôle que le théâtre — et plus généralement l’ensemble de la culture récréative et des spectacles — a pu jouer comme lieu d’expression pour les protestants dans cette région. Il apparaît alors que c’est bien le statut hybride du théâtre, entre écrit et oral, qui a pu constituer un outil efficace pour les sympathisants de la Réforme, acteurs comme spectateurs, pour déjouer le contrôle des autorités.
Une foi exemplaire ? Abraham, Esther et David à l’épreuve de la tragédie huguenote1
Authors: Stawarz-Luginbühl Ruth
Published: September 2014

Les tragédies bibliques qui furent composées par plusieurs auteurs réformés à l’orée des guerres de religion (1550-1570 : Bèze, Coignac, A. de La Croix, Rivaudeau, Des Masures, La Taille) ont cette particularité de proposer des intrigues construites autour d’une crise d’ordre tout à la fois politique et spirituel. Les héros ainsi confrontés à un événement grave, capable de remettre en question l’Alliance jadis conclue avec Dieu, sont-ils, au coeur de la tourmente, des fidèles exemplaires ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous tentons, dans un premier temps, de mieux cerner la figure de l’élu souffrant (Job et Abraham) telle qu’elle ressort des Sermons sur Job et du Commentaire sur la Genèse de Calvin. Sur la base de cette réflexion préliminaire, la seconde partie de l’article se donne pour objectif d’interroger, à travers un survol synthétique du corpus, les modalités dramaturgiques régissant la représentation du fidèle mis à l’épreuve.
Théodore de Bèze et la première « Tragedie Françoise » : imitation, innovation et exemplarité
Authors: Graham Anne G.
Published: September 2014

Théodore de Bèze attache le sous-titre « Tragedie Françoise » à la pièce qu’il tire du chapitre 22 de la Genèse lorsqu’il la publie en 1550. Or, la classification générique d’Abraham sacrifiant est une question qui a longtemps préoccupé les critiques. Cet article se propose, dans un premier temps, d’éclairer le choix de Bèze de nommer sa pièce une tragédie en examinant la question de l’exemplarité, celle d’Abraham et celle de l’oeuvre elle-même. Dans un deuxième temps, nous justifions cette classification générique grâce à une analyse de la pièce selon le code de la tragédie antique développé par Florence Dupont dans ses travaux sur le théâtre de Sénèque. Cette analyse nous permet de voir comment Bèze incorpore les quatre composantes de ce code tragique — dolor, furor, crime et monstre tragique — dans sa dramatisation du récit biblique et d’observer la façon dont il exploite la focalisation de la tragédie antique sur le héros et sur sa souffrance pour faire d’Abraham un modèle de foi.
Courage apostolique et crise d’exemplarité : le Petrus (1556) de Claude Roillet
Authors: Nassichuk John
Published: September 2014

Publiée pour la première fois en 1556 dans les Variata poemata de Claude Roillet, la tragédie latine en cinq actes intitulée Petrus met en scène une version des derniers jours de l’apôtre, conçue d’après la tradition historiographique qui fait de lui une victime de Néron. Il se profile à travers ces cinq actes, au-delà de la mise en scène de deux hommes aux valeurs morales opposées, un véritable conflit de civilisations à l’échelle historique. Dans l’ombre de la Rome antique des empereurs et des dieux païens, la Ville éternelle de l’Église et des fidèles chrétiens se dresse au nom du Sauveur. Or, la lutte décisive entre ces deux conceptions rivales se décide à travers une crise de l’exemplarité qui secoue la communauté chrétienne lorsque Pierre, sous la menace de l’empereur, décide de se sauver en quittant Rome. Le présent article traite de la bataille idéologique qui se développe sur cet arrière-fond, entre l’ancienne Rome païenne et la nouvelle Cité de Dieu. L’article traite notamment de trois aspects forts de la pièce de Roillet : le portrait de l’empereur Néron ; le portrait de l’apôtre Pierre ; la portée décisive des grands exemples bibliques qu’invoque ce dernier lors de sa confrontation avec l’empereur.
L’exemplarité de Jules César dans la tragédie humaniste : Muret, Grévin, Garnier
Authors: Frappier Louise
Published: September 2014

Pour les théoriciens de la Renaissance, témoins et commentateurs des crises politiques, la tragédie, en mettant en scène la chute des princes et en traitant des malheurs de l’État, tire son utilité de ce qu’elle est un genre poétique au service de l’« instruction » des puissants. Un examen rapide des tragédies françaises écrites au cours du xvie siècle révèle l’intérêt des dramaturges pour l’histoire romaine, intérêt qui s’explique aisément. L’histoire romaine fournit en effet son lot d’exemples de chutes politiques spectaculaires ; elle présente de même plusieurs modèles et contre-modèles dans la conduite des affaires de l’État. À cet égard, la figure de Jules César occupe une place non négligeable dans le corpus tragique de la période. Il s’agit, dans cet article, d’analyser la représentation du personnage historique de Jules César dans les tragédies de Marc-Antoine Muret (Julius Caesar), Jacques Grévin (César) et Robert Garnier (Cornélie), afin d’en mesurer la portée exemplaire d’un point de vue moral et politique et de déterminer dans quelle mesure l’utilisation de Jules César participe d’une visée didactique ayant pour destinataire le monarque français, à un moment-charnière de l’histoire de la France où sont discutés et repensés les rapports entre le souverain et son royaume.
Bursty magnetic reconnection under slow shock‐generated whistler waves
Authors: Ma Z. W. , Wu L. N. , Li L. J. , Wang L. C.
Published: September 2014

Nonlinear dynamics of magnetic reconnection with an external sub‐Alfvenic parallel shear flow is investigated by using two‐dimensional compressible Hall MHD simulation. Two pairs of slow shocks in the inflow region are generated by the sub‐Alfvenic shear flow in the MHD simulation. With inclusion of Hall effects, it is found that whistler waves are generated in the downstream region of slow shocks. The whistler waves propagating toward the reconnection region drive a large bursty enhancement in magnetic reconnection during its decaying phase.
Heat fluxes across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in Drake Passage: Mean flow and eddy contributions
Authors: Ferrari Ramiro , Provost Christine , Park Young‐Hyang , Sennéchael Nathalie , Koenig Zoé , Sekma Hela , Garric Gilles , Bourdallé‐Badie Romain
Published: September 2014

In contrast to a long‐standing belief, observations in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) show that mean velocity vectors rotate with depth, thus suggesting a possible importance of the time‐mean flow for the local poleward heat transport. The respective contributions of the eddy and mean flows to the heat flux across the ACC in Drake Passage (DP) are investigated using recently acquired and historical time series of velocity and temperature from a total of 24 current meter moorings and outputs of a high‐resolution (1/12°) model with realistic topography. Only 11 out of the 24 depth‐integrated eddy heat flux estimates are found to be significant, and they are poleward. Model depth‐integrated eddy heat fluxes have similar signs and amplitudes as the in situ estimates at the mooring sites. They are mostly poleward or nonsignificant, with amplitude decreasing to the south. The cross‐stream temperature fluxes caused by the mean flow at the moorings have a sign that varies with location and corresponds to the opposite of the vertical velocity estimates. The depth‐integrated temperature fluxes due to the mean flow in the model exhibit small spatial scales and are of opposite sign to the bottom vertical velocities. This suggests that the rotation of the mean velocity vectors with depth is mainly due to bottom topography. The rough hilly topography in DP likely promotes the small‐scale vertical velocities and temperature fluxes. Eddy heat fluxes and cross‐stream temperature fluxes are integrated over mass‐balanced regions defined by the model transport streamlines. The contribution of the mean flow to the ocean heat fluxes across the Southern ACC Front in DP (covering about 4% of the circumpolar longitudes) is about four times as large as the eddy heat flux contribution and the sum of the two represent on the order of 10% of the heat loss to the atmosphere south of 60°S.
Modulation of Rossby waves on the Pacific North Equatorial Current bifurcation associated with the 1976 climate regime shift
Authors: Wang Li‐Chiao , Wu Chau‐Ron , Qiu Bo
Published: September 2014

Simulated current velocity and long‐term reanalysis wind data are used to investigate interannual variations in the bifurcation of the Pacific North Equatorial Current (NEC) after the 1976 climate regime shift. Wind stress curl anomaly (WSCA) in the region of 10°N–15°N and 160°E–170°E generates Rossby waves and affects the NEC bifurcation along the Philippine coast. From 1976 to 1992, following a regime shift to the positive Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) phase, PDO and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) match each other in strength and have a neutralized effect on the WSCA. From 1993 to 2009, WSCA matches PDO well, and its correlation with ENSO is lower. Using a linear regression model, we show that the influence of PDO has nearly 13 times weight over that of ENSO. Prior to the 1976 regime shift, WSCA is closely related to ENSO from 1961 to 1975, and it does not correlate significantly with PDO. Our analysis results show that Rossby waves are preferentially generated in either the negative PDO phase when the ENSO signal dominates, or in the positive PDO phase when the ENSO signal is overshadowed. In the phase when the positive PDO counteracts with the ENSO signal, neither ENSO nor PDO has a significant influence on Rossby wave generations through the WSCA.
Mapping erodibility in dust source regions based on geomorphology, meteorology, and remote sensing
Authors: Parajuli Sagar Prasad , Yang Zong‐Liang , Kocurek Gary
Published: September 2014

Mineral dust in the atmosphere has implications for Earth's radiation budget, biogeochemical cycles, hydrological cycles, human health, and visibility. Currently, the simulated vertical mass flux of dust differs greatly among the existing dust models. While most of the models utilize an erodibility factor to characterize dust sources, this factor is assumed to be static, without sufficient characterization of the highly heterogeneous and dynamic nature of dust source regions. We present a high‐resolution land cover map of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in which the terrain is classified by visually examining satellite images obtained from Google Earth Professional and Environmental Systems Research Institute Basemap. We show that the correlation between surface wind speed and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer deep blue aerosol optical depth (AOD) can be used as a proxy for erodibility, which satisfactorily represents the spatiotemporal distribution of soil‐derived dust sources. This method also identifies agricultural dust sources and eliminates the satellite‐observed dust component that arises from long‐range transport, pollution, and biomass burning. The erodible land cover of the MENA region is grouped into nine categories: (1) bedrock: with sediment, (2) sand deposit, (3) sand deposit: on bedrock, (4) sand deposit: stabilized, (5) agricultural and urban area, (6) fluvial system, (7) stony surface, (8) playa/sabkha, and (9) savanna/grassland. Our results indicate that erodibility is linked to the land cover type and has regional variation. An improved land cover map, which explicitly accounts for sediment supply, availability, and transport capacity, may be necessary to represent the highly dynamic nature of dust sources in climate models.
Programs as Paradigms
Authors: Carranza Pablo Miranda
Published: September 2014

How might we synthesise two very different approaches in architecture? One based on programme and another on typology or paradigm. Pablo Miranda Carranza, a researcher at the Architecture School at the RoyalInstitute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm, takes his cue from an approach suggested by Colin Rowe in the early 1980s to examine how computation formulates architectural thinking and presentation.
Spatial Cognition and Architectural Space: Research Perspectives
Authors: Montello Daniel R
Published: September 2014

An understanding of spatial cognition or knowledge is key to architecture.Here Daniel R Montello, Professor of Geography and Affiliated Professor of Psychological & Brain Sciences at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), explains the significance of cognitive structures and processes for understanding, perceiving, imagining and designing architectural space.
Empathic Imagination: Formal and Experiential Projection
Authors: Pallasmaa Juhani
Published: September 2014

The celebrated architect, educator and author Juhani Pallasmaa is well‐known for having forged a new understanding of perception and the experiential in architecture with his seminal book The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Sensory (3rd edn, Wiley, 2012). Here he describes how ‘imagining human situations’ is at the core of architecture, relying on the interrelationship of physical space, behaviour and the capacity for mental tuning.
The Aura of the Digital
Authors: Ängeslevä Jussi
Published: September 2014

The focus on computation in design is largely on technique, with designers everywhere now using the computer as a tool for aiding design and manufacture. Here, interactive media designer Jussi Ängeslevä shifts the emphasis on computation from design method to ‘meaning making’. He highlights how the work of his practice, Berlin‐based ART+COM, transfers digital thinking in such a way as to express experience unfolding in space.
Near Futures: Associative Archetypes
Authors: Derix Christian , Jagannath Prarthana
Published: September 2014

How might it be possible to create computational systems that are sufficiently intuitive to make human experience of space a design driver? Guest‐Editor Christian Derix and Prarthana Jagannath describe a series of research projects that were undertaken at the Centre for Evolutionary Computing in Architecture (CECA) at the University of East London between 1999 and 2009, which put aside a structuralist, performance‐led approach in favour of new learning models based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) that have the capacity to respond to human activity.
How Can Code be Used to Address Spatiality in Architecture?
Authors: van Schaik Leon
Published: September 2014

Is code entirely incompatible with an intuitive exploration of space? Leon van Schaik, Professor of Architecture (Innovation Chair) at RMIT University thinks so. He contests the usefulness of the data‐crunching capacity of the computer to truthfully model human flows. Moreover, he flags up a concern that an overemphasis on computation could lead architects to neglect an awareness of the place of their own spatial histories in the world, causing them to impose their own subconscious preferences on their clients.
Polar Cation Ordering: A Route to Introducing >10% Bond Strain Into Layered Oxide Films
Authors: Nelson‐Cheeseman Brittany B. , Zhou Hua , Balachandran Prasanna V. , Fabbris Gilberto , Hoffman Jason , Haskel Daniel , Rondinelli James M. , Bhattacharya Anand
Published: September 2014

The 3d transition metal (M) perovskite oxides exhibit a remarkable array of properties, including novel forms of superconductivity, magnetism and multiferroicity. Strain can have a profound effect on many of these properties. This is due to the localized nature of the M 3d orbitals, where even small changes in the M–O bond lengths and M–O–M bond angles produced by strain can be used to tune the 3d– O 2p hybridization, creating large changes in electronic structure. A new route is presented to strain the M–O bonds in epitaxial two‐dimensional perovskite films by tailoring local electrostatic dipolar interactions within every formula unit via atomic layer‐by‐layer synthesis. The response of the O anions to the resulting dipole electric fields distorts the M–O bonds by more than 10%, without changing substrate strain or chemical composition. This distortion is largest for the apical oxygen atoms (Oap), and alters the transition metal valence state via self‐doping without chemical substitution.
Novel and Enhanced Optoelectronic Performances of Multilayer MoS2–WS2 Heterostructure Transistors
Authors: Huo Nengjie , Kang Jun , Wei Zhongming , Li Shu‐Shen , Li Jingbo , Wei Su‐Huai
Published: September 2014

Van der Waals heterostructures designed by assembling isolated two‐dimensional (2D) crystals have emerged as a new class of artificial materials with interesting and unusual physical properties. Here, the multilayer MoS2–WS2 heterostructures with different configurations are reported and their optoelectronic properties are studied. It is shown that the new heterostructured material possesses new functionalities and superior electrical and optoelectronic properties that far exceed the one for their constituents, MoS2 or WS2. The vertical transistor exhibits a novel rectifying and bipolar behavior, and can also act as photovoltaic cell and self‐driven photodetector with photo‐switching ratio exceeding 103. The planar device also exhibits high field‐effect ON/OFF ratio (>105), high electron mobility of 65 cm2/Vs, and high photo­responsivity of 1.42 A/W compared to that in isolated multilayer MoS2 or WS2 nanoflake transistors. The results suggest that formation of MoS2–WS2 heterostructures could significantly enhance the performance of optoelectronic devices, thus open up possibilities for future nanoelectronic, photovoltaic, and optoelectronic applications.
A Novel MoSe2–Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyimide Composite Film for Applications in Electrocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Jia Lingpu , Sun Xiao , Jiang Yimin , Yu Shenjiao , Wang Chunming
Published: September 2014

Promising catalytic activity of MoSe2 in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is synthesized on a new reduced graphene oxide/polyimide (rGO/PI) substrate by a simple electrochemical method. The MoSe2 nanoparticles have excellent photo‐responsive properties; the potential difference could reach 0.45 V with the photo‐responsive time just 0.6 s. Furthermore, MoSe2 thin film exhibits superior catalytic activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). It has a greater cathode current at more positive potential compared to other MoSe2 and MoS2, and the efficiency of H2 evolution is strongly influenced by illumination; this suggests that MoSe2 composite film has good photoelectrocatalysis properties for hydrogen evolution. Besides, both dark and illumination MoSe2 films exhibit extremely high stability in acidic solution as the HER catalytic activity shows no degradation after 100 cycles for two hours. All results indicate that MoSe2–rGO/PI composite film has potential to be a better catalyst for HER.
Local trends in diet in urbanColombia, 1990–1995 to 2008: Little evidence of a nutrition transition among low‐income women
Authors: Dufour Darna L. , Bender Richard L. , Reina Julio C.
Published: September 2014

Objectives

To quantify changes in the diets of low‐income women in Cali, Colombia between 1990–1995 and 2008, a period of increases in body size, and to situate these changes within national‐level trends in food availability, as well as to compare these changes with those expected in countries undergoing a nutrition transition.

Methods

Individual dietary intake was assessed via 24‐hour recalls in both 1990–1995 (n = 85) and 2008 (n = 88). Dietary data were analyzed for intake of energy, macronutrients, and specific food items. National‐level trends in food availability were evaluated using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization.

Results

Total energy and protein intake did not change over time, but in 2008 women consumed proportionally more fat (23.0vs. 19.1% of calories;P = 0.002) and less carbohydrate (66.5vs. 71.0% of calories;P < 0.001) than in 1990–1995. The increased fat consumption is attributable to vegetable oils. This increase in vegetable oil consumption, and a decrease in starchy vegetable consumption, fit with both national‐level trends in food supply, and the expectations of a nutrition transition. On the other hand, the increased consumption of non‐starchy vegetables, and the stability in consumption of added sugars and animal‐source proteins was contrary to the expectations of a nutrition transition.

Conclusions

The changes in diet among low‐income women in Cali, Colombia between 1990–1995 and 2008 partially match national‐level trends in food supply and the theoretical expectations of a nutrition transition, but are nonetheless a localized phenomenon. They do not help explain concurrent changes in body size. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:106–115, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copper Nanoparticles Supported on Doped Graphenes as Catalyst for the Dehydrogenative Coupling of Silanes and Alcohols
Authors: Blandez Juan F. , Primo Ana , Asiri Abdullah M. , Álvaro Mercedes , García Hermenegildo
Published: September 2014

Copper nanoparticles (NPs) supported on a series of undoped and doped graphene materials (Gs) have been obtained by pyrolysis of alginate or chitosan biopolymers, modified or not with boric acid, containing Cu2+ ions at 900 °C under inert atmosphere. The resulting Cu‐G materials containing about 17 wt % Cu NPs (from 10 to 200 nm) exhibit high catalytic activity for the dehydrogenative coupling of silanes with alcohols. The optimal material consisting on Cu‐(B)G is more efficient than Cu NPs on other carbon supports.
Trennung von para‐und ortho‐Wasser
Authors: Horke Daniel A. , Chang Yuan‐Pin , Długołęcki Karol , Küpper Jochen
Published: September 2014

Wasser existiert in Form zweier Kernspinisomere, para und ortho, definiert durch den Gesamtspin der zwei Wasserstoffatomkerne. In isolierten Wassermolekülen ist die Umwandlung zwischen den beiden Isomeren quantenmechanisch verboten, und sie können als zwei verschiedene Molekülspezies betrachtet werden. Ihre Trennung ist nicht trivial, und reine Proben von para‐Wasser sind bisher nicht erzeugt worden. Daher sind die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften, Umwandlungsmechanismen und Wechselwirkungen der beiden Isomere kaum bekannt. Hier demonstrieren wir die Isolierung beider Spinisomere in reinen Molekülstrahlen von para‐ und ortho‐Wasser im jeweiligen absoluten Grundzustand. Die Moleküle in einzelnen Quantenzuständen sind ideale Proben für Studien zu Umwandlungsmechanismen der Isomere, für Präzisionsspektroskopie, zur Untersuchung fundamentaler physikalischer Symmetriebrechung sowie für kernspinbasierte Anwendungen, z. B. Laborexperimente zur Astrophysik und ‐chemie oder hochempfindliche NMR‐Experimente.
Temperature‐Dependent Electron Shuffle in Molecular Group 13/15 Intermetallic Complexes
Authors: Ganesamoorthy Chelladurai , Bläser Dieter , Wölper Christoph , Schulz Stephan
Published: September 2014

Monovalent RAl (R=HC[C(Me)N(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)]2) reacts with E2Et4 (E=Sb, Bi) with insertion into the weak EE bond and subsequent formation of RAl(EEt2)2 (E=Sb 1; Bi 2). The analogous reactions of RGa with E2Et4 yield a temperature‐dependent equilibrium between RGa(EEt2)2 (E=Sb 3; Bi 4) and the starting reagents. RIn does not interact with Sb2Et4 under various reaction conditions, but formation of RIn(BiEt2)2 (5) was observed in the reaction with Bi2Et4 at low temperature.