bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: a meta-analysis
Authors: Huang Wei , Ma Yuanji , Du Lingyao , Kang Shuang , Liu Chang-Hai , Bai Lang , Lei Xuezhong , Tang Hong
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND:

The safety and efficacy of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) for the treatment of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) remain uncertain. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to draw a firmer conclusion.

METHODS:

We searched the Cochrane library, PubMed, Embase, and China Biology Medicine disc to identify relevant RCTs performed before January 2020. Risk ratios (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using a random effects model.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

RRs (95% CI) for 1-, 2-, and 3-month survival rates.

SAMPLE SIZE:

Six RCTs, including three open-label studies.

RESULTS:

The six studies included 246 subjects (121 in a G-CSF group and 125 in a control group). G-CSF administration significantly improved the 1-, 2-, and 3-month survival rates in patients with ACLF. The pooled RRs (95% CI, P) were 0.43 (0.27–0.69,
P
=.0004), 0.44 (0.32–0.62,
P
<.00001), and 0.39 (0.22–0.68,
P
=.0009), respectively.

CONCLUSION:

G-CSF may be beneficial and effective in the treatment of ACLF, but further studies are needed to verify this conclusion.

LIMITATIONS:

The sample size was small, and studies were restricted to countries in Asia.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER:

CRD42021225681

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

None.
“On the High Seas with no Place to Land”: The Smyrnaean Inferno and Humanitarian Aid to Armenian and Greek Refugees from Turkey (1922-1923)
Authors:   Université de Moncton, Chabot Joceline , Kasparian Sylvia ,   Université de Moncton
Published: December 2021

In September 1922, the great fire of Smyrna drove more than 200,000 Armenian and Greek refugees to the wharves of that port city. They had fled to Smyrna to escape the massacres perpetrated by Turkish nationalist troops and now urgently needed humanitarian aid to relocate them to safety in Greece. In this article we examine the actions and the roles of humanitarian workers of the Near East Relief (NER) and the American Women’s Hospitals (AMH) working in Greece among these refugees deported from Smyrna. We highlight the central role of women doctors and nurses in their humanitarian efforts to save this population. Their actions, and the gratitude of their peers and government authorities, solidified their professional status in the context of profound changes to transnational humanitarianism after 1919.
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN LRD (LISTEN, READ AND DISCUSS) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN MEMBACA SISWA KELAS X IPA 2 SMAN 1 PRINGGARATA
Authors: JUPRI JUPRI
Published: December 2021

This study concerns with Listen Read Discuss (LRD) to promote students’ reading skill. The aim of this study was to promote students’ reading skill through (LRD) technique . In this study, the researcher used classroom action research in which the datas were described in qualitative and quantitative description using the instruments of observation checklist, test and documentation. Observation was conducted to know the implementation of (LRD) technique during teaching and learning process and its datas were decribed in qualitative description, while test used to measure the students’ achievement in reading skill in form of a written test and described in quatitative description. Subject of this study was tenth- grade of SMAN 1 Pringgarata which consists of 30 students.This study was conducted in two cycles, each cycle consisted of 4 steps such as: planning, acting, observing and reflecting. The result of this research showed that (LRD) technique could promote students’ reading skill. It could be seen from the significant improvement of result in each cycle. The average of students’ score before implementing the strategy was 47, and increased into 61 in the first cycle . After doing treatment and it increased into 81 in second cycle. It means, students’ reading skill was improved and successful by applying (LRD) technique at the tenth-grade of senior high school, SMAN 1 Pringgarata.

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini fokus untuk mengkaji penerapan model pembelajaran LRD (Learn Read Discuss) untuk meningkat keterampilan membaca siswa. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memaparkan perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi peningkatan keterampilan membaca pada siswa kelas X IPA 2 SMA Negeri 1 Pringgarata dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran LRD (Listen Read Discuss). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) yang datanya dipaparkan melalui data deskripsi kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus. Setiap siklus terdiri dari atas 4 tahap yaitu: tahap perencanaan, pelakasanaan (tindakan), observasi dan refleksi. Data proses pembelajaran setiap siklus dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif sedangkan data hasil pembelajaran dianalisis secara deskriptif kuantitatif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X IPA 2 yang berjumlah 30 orang. Hasil penelitian sebelum diterapkan LRD adalah 47,00 setelah dilakukan tindakan menunjukkan bahwa nilai yang diperoleh siswa pada siklus I meningkat menjadi 61,00 dan pada siklus II mencapai 81,00. Nilai prolehan ini sudah melampaui angka KKM yang diisyaratkan pada mata pelajaran bahasa Inggris di kelas X SMAN 1 Pringgarata Tahun Pelajarn 2021/2022 yaitu 75. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran dengan model LRD dapat meningkatkan keterampilan membaca, khusunya keterampilan membaca jenis teks rcount, siswa kelas X IPA2 SMA Negeri 1 Pringgarata.
THE HISTORY OF RISES AGAINST THE FORCED COLLECTIVIZATION OF THE SOVIET POWER IN THE 20-30s of the XX CENTURY
Authors:   Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Lecturer Abay Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty. E-mail:saule-kt@list.ru, Tulbasieva S.К.
Published: December 2021

The article examines the history of the popular uprising against violent collectivization in the Soviet style in Kazakhstan, which began in the late 1980s and gained independence in the late 1980s. Anti-Soviet, anti-Soviet uprisings of the Soviet era, including the unique Suzak uprising, were not studied until the period of independence. There is a lot of information about the Suzakov uprising both in the archives and in official documents. He recalls the memories of an old man who witnessed historical events and witnessed the sad stories of those who witnessed them in private. In addition, the article analyzes significant research work that can fully correspond to the processes of political, social and economic development that took place in the 20-30s of the twentieth century. The article provides a critical analysis of the opinions and historiographic works of researchers of the history of deported Kazakhstani peasants convicted of forced collectivization of Soviet-style agriculture. In particular, the works of Talas Omarbekov, Mukhamedzhan Rustemov, Zhaksylyk Rymbekov, Suleimen Tabirizovich, Dulat Turantegi, Zharylkasyn Boranbaev and Utesh Kyrgyzbaev are analyzed.
THE SILK ROAD AS A COMMON PART OF THE HISTORY OF IRAN AND KAZAK
Authors:   Assistant Prof. Faculty of Social Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran, Phone number: 00989188128816,E-mail: s.asgari@pnu.ac.ir, Asgari Sohrab
Published: December 2021

Each country has its own history in which the events and ups and downs of that country are recorded. But countries also have parts of history that they have in common. An international incident or a transnational incident in the past caused countries to have common ground in parts of the history. The Silk Road and trade at that time are common points of history between Iran and Kazakhstan. The Silk Road, which started in the east of China, went west, and divided into two major international routes, one passing through Iran and the other passing through Kazakhstan. The Silk Road in Iran and Kazakhstan had structures that facilitate the passage of caravans, including caravanserais. Iranian cities had an acceptable performance in this particular case. One of the most important tools needed to create an efficient administrative structure and oversee the country's affairs has been to build communication channels. The royal road is an example of this communication route that was created in the Achaemenid period to connect different parts of the country.
Religious and heuristic meaning of sacred places of memory: «Arasan-Korasan»
Authors:   Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate professor of Abai KazNPU, Republic Kazakhstan,Almaty. E-mail: tenliktd@mail.ru, Dalayeva T.T. , Nurgaliyev А.К. ,   Master's student of the 2nd year of the special «Religious studies» of theInstitute of History and Law Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai, the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty E-mail:almatnurgaliyev@gmail.com
Published: December 2021

In general science, the concepts of "sacred" and "sacred" are comprehensively considered by the phenomenology of religion. The phenomenology of religion, analyzing these concepts, gives the following definitions. A saint is a value, or an action, given or created by the creator. In other words, it means sanctity, sanctity. And the concept of holiness is used in the implementation of these divine values, or actions. This concept is usually used in religious rituals and Customs. Sanctification is often characterized by the process of purification, removal, for example, exhalation, removal with a healing plant with adraspan, etc. The article provides a definition of the broad meaning of the concepts of" sacred "and" sacred " for the Kazakh people. Based on this, the research paper presents the results of the study of the history of the sacred place "sacred Arasan – Korasan" in Besmoynak village of Zhambyl District of Almaty region, the ways of religious and ritual pilgrimage of pilgrims, the sacral nature of springs, their importance in healing and healing, their place in the development of tourism, the name of the sacred place in general. The publication in the scientific literature of information about the sacred place of Arasan, about the properties of underground springs in it, contributed to the fact that this place was included in the list of sacred objects of interregional Kazakhstan, including Semirechye, and was protected by the state.
Unity in Diversity: A Theological Analysis of the War on Gender Identity
Authors: Hanc Ovidiu
Published: December 2021

"In today’s society, gender identity is redefined. This identity is now disconnected from biological sex and redefined as a cultural phenomenon. The implications are diverse not only from an anthropological point of view but also from a moral stand. As gender becomes a fluid concept, the war between the traditional point of view and the revisionist/progressist one is inevitable. This research reviews how in the last centuries society moved from Theism to Post-Theism and from Post-Theism to Post-Humanism. These shifts reflect a tendency of moral change not only in terms of human identity but also of human sexuality. In this paper, it is argued that a moral dimension is vital for a definition of gender identity. The theological assessment of this topic starts the epistemic endeavor analyzing the biblical foundation of cisgender and sexual dimorphism. In the nature vs. nurture paradigm a thorough analysis of the biblical account of creation and fall of man, attest to the fact that, regardless of how man is born, God’s redemption outlines anthropology, hamartiology, and soteriology. At the practical social level, the struggle for unity in diversity varies from a desideratum to a utopian reality. Nevertheless, the concept of diversity cannot be emptied of its moral dimension. From the Biblical point of view, the solution to this war on sexual identity is redemption, while from the secular point of view the solution to this war is relativism."
Rules on Decarbonization and Humans Rights Law
Authors: Chinchaladze Nazibrola
Published: December 2021

In the 21st-century pandemic world faces, the challenge of global climate change in the form of temperature increase resulting in global warming, extremely crucial for small Iceland states. States from the South Pacific region are the biggest emitters of GHG. Rules of International Environmental Law are being called upon to address the protection and preservation of each environmental media including atmospheric air as substantial media for livelihood on the planet earth. Covid 19 disease strikes human’s breathing system and it is possible, that somehow this is reasoned from changes in the climate system. Thus, the rights of humans proclaimed and established on an international scale under ECHR and 1966 Covenants on separate rights of Humans are correlated with rules of environmental law, likewise, sedentary rocks on the sea bed are connected with the deep seabed, for the sustainability of their lifecycle. If the rights to life, to private and family life are protected and respected for the enjoyment by human beings, the Rules of International Environmental law on climate change mitigation are respected and implemented simultaneously because UNFCC, Paris Agreement, and Kyoto Protocol aim to protect the global atmosphere from GHG emissions ultimately to keep life on the earth, which includes Human’s opportunity to live in a healthy environment under rights to life, private life, and family living standards. The present article tries, briefly to describe how rules of IEL on Climate Change (Hard Laws) and Human Rights Norms interrelate with each other.
How to reason about religious beliefs
Authors: Bertini Daniele
Published: December 2021

Intractable disagreements are commonly analyzed in terms of the semantic opposition of (at least) couples of disputed beliefs (purely epistemic view, from here on PEV). While such a view seems to be a very natural starting point, my intuitions are that such an approach is misleadingly unrealistic, and that an empirical modeling towards how individuals hold beliefs in intractable opposition constitutes a strong defeater for PEV. My work addresses disagreements within the religious domain. Accordingly, I will be concerned with developing my empirical understanding of religious beliefs, and will show the consequences of such proposal on how to answer the problem of religious diversity.
Human Beings as Imago Dei and Homo Sapiens: Assessing the Substantive Interpretation of Imago Dei
Authors: Loikkanen Juuso
Published: December 2021

Traditionally, in Christian theology, human beings have been regarded to be images of God (imago Dei). Often, the divine image has been understood to be located in a supernatural soul separate from the body. In this paper, I examine the credibility of this so-called substantive view of Imago Dei in the light of contemporary science.
Forgiveness of Sin in the Relation to the Community of Believers
Authors: Sorițău Ilie I.
Published: December 2021

"A large number of casualties in our day and our eroded testimony to the world around us, allows for a lot of grieving but also calls for the reassessment of our understanding of sin, forgiveness and the context of restoration: the community of the forgiven. True, there is around us a growing concern for the problem of sin. However, it is more a face-saving concern vis-a-vis the secularized world and the Church. Unfortunately, it is less a concern compared to God and His righteous standards. How do we define sin? How are we to understand the forgiveness of sin? How do we recognize it, how do we administer it? These are some valid questions that need to be addressed. The purpose behind the present research is not to sift the Bible through our experience to accommodate our generation’s understanding of sin but the other way around: to sift experience through the Bible, expose misunderstanding and thus proceed toward restoration through a way of understanding godliness. The intend is not to fill an ontological gap, but rather address the current situation from a biblical and pastoral perspective, into a situation in which theologians and churches together have lost the ability to talk meaningfully about topics such as sin and the internal workings of the human soul and thus have rendered as irrelevant the meaning of Forgiveness that the Gospel brings. The concern in the following pages is to understand the concept of sin and the experiential dynamics of sin and that of Forgiveness and its personal and corporate experience. Even though a better understanding of Forgiveness may not rid our lives of sins nor make us the best forgivers in the world, it will alert us to what is happening around us and offer insight that can become opportunities. "
Statistical Analysis in Time and Frequency Domain of the Last Decades Earth Data
Authors: Nutu Catalin
Published: December 2021

This paper analyses data available from the last fifty years, with regard to Earth and it has the purpose to analyze them from both perspectives: the time domain analysis and spectral-domain analysis. Following this analysis, one can conclude about the correlations within the analyzed data or about forecasted future evolution and necessary measures to be taken in order to reduce the dangers.
Assuming diversity and difference in the educational process. Limits, opportunities, consequences
Authors: Cucos Constantin
Published: December 2021

The traditional pedagogy is built following a homogeneous, unitary public speaking from a cultural, ethnic, linguistic, spiritual point of view. In fact, the school was designed to serve a monolithic community with members presenting the same relief and socio-cultural characteristics. In the meantime, the design and operation of a ‘community’ have changed. The community is no longer historically linear, undifferentiated, or congruent by ethnic or spiritual lineage. Not to mention the fact that socio-economic unevenness leads to cultural stratification or belonging to different value positions. The class of students brings together dissonances or contrasts that can hardly be modeled or managed by the action frameworks or procedural assumptions of yesteryear. Educational policies at the macro or micro level have also changed, satisfying particular needs or situations that were traditionally not taken into account. What would be the guiding principle for adopting and implementing options when it comes to taking on the different and differentiating in training? By what strategies and ways can the requirement of respecting diversity be met? What are the constraints, limits, and obstacles - objective, technical, circumstantial - that may arise in activating this principle? What are the consequences of dissipation and fragmentation of values or actions from the perspective of didactic teleology and praxeology? These are some questions to which we propose some answers in this intervention.
Measurement report: New particle formation characteristics at an urban and a mountain station in northern China
Authors: Zhou Ying , Hakala Simo , Yan Chao , Gao Yang , Yao Xiaohong , Chu Biwu , Chan Tommy , Kangasluoma Juha , Gani Shahzad , Kontkanen Jenni , Paasonen Pauli , Liu Yongchun , Petäjä Tuukka , Kulmala Markku , Dada Lubna
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) events have attracted increasing
attention for their contribution to the global aerosol number budget and
therefore their effects on climate, air quality and human health. NPF
events are regarded as a regional phenomenon, occurring over a large area.
Most observations of NPF events in Beijing and its vicinity were conducted
in populated areas, whereas observations of NPF events on mountaintops with
low anthropogenic emissions are still rare in China. The spatial variation
of NPF event intensity has not been investigated in detail by incorporating
both urban areas and mountain measurements in Beijing. Here, we provide NPF
event characteristics in summer 2018 and 2019 at urban Beijing and a
comparison of NPF event characteristics – NPF event frequency, formation
rate and growth rate – by comparing an urban Beijing site and a
background mountain site separated by ∼80 km from 14 June to
14 July 2019, as well as giving insights into the connection between both
locations. During
parallel measurements at urban Beijing and mountain background areas,
although the median condensation sink during the first 2 h of the
common NPF events was around 0.01 s−1 at both sites, there were notable
differences in formation rates between the two locations (median of 5.42 cm−3 s−1 at the urban site and 1.13 cm−3 s−1 at the
mountain site during the first 2 h of common NPF events). In addition,
the growth rates in the 7–15 nm range for common NPF events at the urban site
(median of 7.6 nm h−1) were slightly higher than those at the mountain site
(median of 6.5 nm h−1). To understand whether the observed events were
connected, we compared air mass trajectories as well as meteorological
conditions at both stations. Favorable conditions for the occurrence of
regional NPF events were largely affected by air mass transport. Overall,
our results demonstrate a clear inhomogeneity of regional NPF within a
distance of ∼100 km, possibly due to the discretely
distributed emission sources.
Observation and modeling of high-7Be concentration events at the surface in northern Europe associated with the instability of the Arctic polar vortex in early 2003
Authors: Brattich Erika , Liu Hongyu , Zhang Bo , Hernández-Ceballos Miguel Ángel , Paatero Jussi , Sarvan Darko , Djurdjevic Vladimir , Tositti Laura , Ajtić Jelena
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Events of very high concentrations of 7Be cosmogenic
radionuclide have been recorded at low-elevation surface stations in the
subpolar regions of Europe during the cold season. With an aim to
investigate the mechanisms responsible for those peak 7Be events, and
in particular to verify if they are associated with the fast descent of
stratospheric air masses occurring during sudden stratospheric warming
(SSW) events, we analyze 7Be observations at six sampling sites in
Fennoscandia during January–March 2003 when very high 7Be
concentrations were observed and the Arctic vortex was relatively unstable
as a consequence of several SSW events. We use the GEOS-Chem chemistry and
transport model driven by the MERRA-2 meteorological reanalysis to simulate
tropospheric 7Be over northern Europe. We show that the model
reasonably reproduces the temporal evolution of surface 7Be
concentrations observed at the six sampling sites. Our analysis of model
simulations, surface 7Be observations, atmospheric soundings of ozone
and temperature and surface ozone measurements indicates that the
7Be peak observed in late February 2003 (between 20 and 28 February 2003) at the six sampling sites in Fennoscandia was associated with downward
transport of stratospheric vortex air that originated during an SSW that occurred
a few days earlier (between 18 and 21 February 2003).
The transport of bioaerosols observed by wideband integrated bioaerosol sensor and coherent Doppler lidar
Authors: Tang Dawei , Wei Tianwen , Yuan Jinlong , Xia Haiyun , Dou Xiankang
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Bioaerosols are usually defined as aerosols derived from biological systems such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They play an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes including ice nucleation and cloud condensation. As such, their dispersion affects not only public health but regional climate as well. Lidar is an effective technique for aerosol detection and pollution monitoring. It is also used to profile the vertical distribution of wind vectors. In this paper, a coherent Doppler wind lidar (CDWL) was deployed for wind and aerosol detection in Hefei, China, from 11 to 20 March in 2020. A wideband integrated bioaerosol sensor (WIBS) was deployed to monitor variations in local fluorescent bioaerosol levels. During observation, three aerosol transport events were captured. The WIBS data show that during these transport events, several types of fluorescent aerosol particles exhibit abnormal increases in either their concentration, number fractions to total particles, or number fractions to whole fluorescent aerosols. These increases are attributed to transported external fluorescent bioaerosols instead of local bioaerosols. Based on the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) backward trajectory model and the characteristics of external aerosols in WIBS, their possible sources, transport paths, and components are discussed. This work proves the influence of external aerosol transport on local high particulate matter (PM) pollution and fluorescent aerosol particle composition. The combination of WIBS and CDWL expands the aerosol monitoring parameters and proves to be a potential method for the real-time monitoring of fluorescent biological aerosol transport events. It contributes to the further understanding of bioaerosol transport.
Anthropogenic CO2-mediated freshwater acidification limits survival, calcification, metabolism, and behaviour in stress-tolerant freshwater crustaceans
Authors: Quijada-Rodriguez Alex R. , Kuan Pou-Long , Sung Po-Hsuan , Hsu Mao-Ting , Allen Garett J. P. , Hwang Pung Pung , Tseng Yung-Che , Weihrauch Dirk
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Dissolution of anthropogenic CO2 is chronically
acidifying aquatic ecosystems. Studies indicate that ocean acidification
will cause marine life, especially calcifying species, to suffer at the
organism and ecosystem levels. In comparison, freshwater acidification has
received less attention, rendering its consequences unclear. Here, juvenile
Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis, were used as a crustacean model to investigate the
impact of CO2-mediated freshwater acidification. Our integrative
approach, investigating changes in the animal's acid–base homeostasis,
metabolism, calcification, locomotory behaviour, and survival rate,
indicates that this economically relevant crustacean will face energetic
consequences from future freshwater acidification. These energetic
trade-offs allow the animal to maintain its acid–base homeostasis at the
cost of reduced metabolic activity, exoskeletal calcification, and
locomotion, reducing the animal's overall fitness and increasing its
mortality. Results indicate that present-day Chinese mitten crab could be
heavily affected by freshwater acidification like their marine counterparts
and emphasize the importance of understanding the long-term implications of
freshwater acidification on species' fitness.
Global balanced wind derived from SABER temperature and pressure observations and its validations
Authors: Liu Xiao , Xu Jiyao , Yue Jia , Yu You , Batista Paulo P. , Andrioli Vania F. , Liu Zhengkuan , Yuan Tao , Wang Chi , Zou Ziming , Li Guozhu , Russell III James M.
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Zonal winds in the stratosphere and mesosphere play
important roles in atmospheric dynamics and aeronomy. However, the
direct measurement of winds in this height range is difficult. We present a
dataset of the monthly mean zonal wind in the height range of 18–100 km and
at latitudes of 50∘ S–50∘ N from 2002 to 2019,
derived by the gradient balance wind theory and the temperature and pressure
observed by the SABER instrument. The tide alias above 80 km at the Equator
is replaced by the monthly mean zonal wind measured by a meteor radar at
0.2∘ S. The dataset (named BU) is validated by comparing with
the zonal wind from MERRA2 (MerU), UARP (UraU), the HWM14 empirical model
(HwmU), meteor radar (MetU), and lidar (LidU) at seven stations from around
50∘ N to 29.7∘ S. At 18–70 km, BU and MerU have (i)
nearly identical zero wind lines and (ii) year-to-year variations of the
eastward and westward wind jets at middle and high latitudes, and (iii) the
quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and semi-annual oscillation (SAO)
especially the disrupted QBO in early 2016. The comparisons among BU, UraU,
and HwmU show good agreement in general below 80 km. Above 80 km, the
agreements among BU, UraU, HwmU, MetU, and LidU are good in general, except
some discrepancies at limited heights and months. The BU data are archived
as netCDF files and are available at https://doi.org/10.12176/01.99.00574 (Liu et al., 2021). The advantages
of the global BU dataset are its large vertical extent (from the
stratosphere to the lower thermosphere) and 18-year internally
consistent time series (2002–2019). The BU data is useful to study the
temporal variations with periods ranging from seasons to decades at
50∘ S–50∘ N. It can also be used as the background wind
for atmospheric wave propagation.
Next generation of Bluelink ocean reanalysis with multiscale data assimilation: BRAN2020
Authors: Chamberlain Matthew A. , Oke Peter R. , Fiedler Russell A. S. , Beggs Helen M. , Brassington Gary B. , Divakaran Prasanth
Published: December 2021

Abstract. BRAN2020 (2020 version of the Bluelink ReANalysis) is an ocean reanalysis that combines observations with an eddy-resolving, near-global ocean general circulation model to produce a four-dimensional estimate of the ocean state.
The data assimilation system employed is ensemble optimal interpolation, implemented with a new multiscale approach that constrains the broad-scale ocean properties and the mesoscale circulation in two steps.
There is a separation in the scales that are corrected in the two steps: the high-resolution step corrects the mesoscale dynamics in the same way as previous versions of BRAN, while the extra coarse step is effective at correcting biases that develop at large scales.
The reanalysis currently spans January 1993 to December 2019 and assimilates observations of in situ temperature and salinity, as well as of satellite sea-level anomaly and sea surface temperature.
BRAN2020 is planned to be updated to within months of real time after this initial release, until an updated version of BRAN is available.
Reanalysed fields from BRAN2020 generally show much closer agreement to observations than all previous versions with misfits between reanalysed and observed fields reduced by over 30 % for some variables, for subsurface temperature and salinity in particular.
The BRAN2020 dataset is comprised of daily averaged fields of temperature, salinity, velocity, mixed-layer depth and sea level.
Reanalysed fields realistically represent all of the major current systems within 75∘ S and 75∘ N, excluding processes relating to sea ice but including boundary currents, equatorial circulation, Southern Ocean variability and mesoscale eddies.
BRAN2020 is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.25914/6009627c7af03 (Chamberlain et al., 2021b) and is intended for use by the research community.
The effect of accounting for public holidays on the skills of the atmospheric composition model SILAM v.5.7
Authors: Fatahi Yalda , Kouznetsov Rostislav , Sofiev Mikhail
Published: December 2021

Abstract. This study quantifies the impact of emission changes
during public holidays on air quality (AQ) and analyses the added value of
accounting for the holidays in AQ modelling. Spatial and temporal
distributions of atmospheric concentrations of the major air pollutants
(the main focus was on NO2, but we also included O3,
CO, PM2.5, and SO2) were considered at the European scale for all
public holidays of 2018. Particular attention was paid to the events with
the most pronounced continental- or regional-scale impact: Christmas and New
Year, Easter, May Day vacations, and the last days of Ramadan. The
simulations were performed with the chemistry transport model SILAM v.5.7 (System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric coMposition).
Three model runs were made: the baseline with no treatment of holidays, the
run considering holidays as Sundays, and the run forcing 80 % reduction in
emissions during holidays for the weekday-sensitive sectors. The emission
scaling was applied on a country basis. The model predictions were compared
with in situ observations collected by the European Environment Agency. The
experiment showed that even conservative treatment of official holidays has
a large positive impact on NOx (up to 30 % of reduction in the bias
inhomogeneity during the holiday days) and improves the CO, PM2.5, and
O3 predictions. In many cases, the sensitivity simulations suggested a greater emission reduction than the level of Sundays. An individual
consideration of the holiday events in different countries may further
improve their representation in the models: specific diurnal pattern of
emissions, additional emission due to fireworks, and different driving
patterns.
Probabilistic Fault Displacement Hazard Analysis for North Tabriz Fault
Authors: Hosseyni Mohamadreza , Rahimi Habib
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The probabilistic fault displacement hazard analysis is one of the new methods in estimating the amount of possible displacement in the area at the hazard of causal fault rupture. In this study, using the probabilistic approach and earthquake method introduced by Youngs et al., 2003, the surface displacement of the North Tabriz fault has been investigated, and the possible displacement in different scenarios has been estimated. By considering the strike-slip mechanism of the North Tabriz fault and using the earthquake method, the probability of displacement due to surface ruptures caused by 1721 and 1780 North Tabriz fault earthquakes has been explored. These events were associated with 50 and 60 km of surface rupture, respectively. The 50–60 km long section of the North Tabriz fault was selected as the source of possible surface rupture. We considered two scenarios according to possible displacements, return periods, and magnitudes which are reported in paleoseismic studies of the North Tabriz fault. As the first scenario, possible displacement, return period, and magnitude was selected between zero to 4.5; 645 years and Mw~7.7, respectively. In the second scenario, possible displacement, return period and magnitude were selected between zero to 7.1, 300 years, and Mw~7.3, respectively. For both mentioned scenarios, the probabilistic displacements for the rate of exceedance 5 % in 50, 475, and 2475 years for the principle possible displacements (on fault) of the North Tabriz fault have been estimated. For the first and second scenarios, the maximum probabilistic displacement of the North Tabriz fault at a rate of 5 % in 50 years is estimated to be 186 and 230 cm. Also, mentioned displacements for 5 % exceedance in 475 years and 2475 years in both return periods of 645 and 300 years, are estimated at 469 and 655 cm.
Assimilating realistically simulated wide-swath altimeter observations in a high-resolution shelf-seas forecasting system
Authors: King Robert R. , Martin Matthew J.
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The impact of assimilating simulated wide-swath altimetry observations from the upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission is assessed using observing system simulation
experiments (OSSEs). These experiments use the Met Office 1.5 km resolution North West European Shelf analysis and forecasting system. In an
effort to understand the importance of future work to account for correlated errors in the data assimilation scheme, we simulate SWOT observations with and without realistic correlated errors. These are assimilated in OSSEs along with simulated observations of the standard observing network, also with realistic errors added. It was found that while the assimilation of SWOT observations without correlated errors reduced the RMSE (root mean squared error) in sea surface
height (SSH) and surface current speeds by up to 20 %, the inclusion of correlated errors in the observations degraded both the SSH and surface
currents, introduced an erroneous increase in the mean surface currents and degraded the subsurface temperature and salinity. While restricting
the SWOT data to the inner half of the swath and applying observation averaging with a 5 km radius negated most of the negative impacts, it also severely limited the positive impacts. To realise the full benefits in the prediction of the ocean mesoscale offered by wide-swath altimetry
missions, it is crucial that methods to ameliorate the effects of correlated errors in the processing of the SWOT observations and account for the correlated errors in the assimilation are implemented.
River ice phenology and thickness from satellite altimetry: potential for ice bridge road operation and climate studies
Authors: Zakharova Elena , Agafonova Svetlana , Duguay Claude , Frolova Natalia , Kouraev Alexei
Published: December 2021

Abstract. River ice is a key component of the cryosphere. Satellite monitoring of
river ice is a rapidly developing area of scientific enquiry, which has
wide-ranging implications for climate, environmental and socioeconomic
applications. Spaceborne radar altimetry is widely used for monitoring river water regimes; however, its potential for the observation of river ice processes and properties has not been demonstrated yet. Using Ku-band backscatter measurements from the Jason-2 and Jason-3 satellite missions (2008–2019), we demonstrate the potential of radar altimetry for the retrieval of river ice phenology dates and ice thickness for the first time. The altimetric measurements were determined to be sensitive enough to detect the first appearance of ice and the beginning of thermal breakup on the lower Ob River (Western Siberia). The uncertainties in the retrieval of ice event timing were within the 10 d repeat cycle of Jason-2 and Jason-3 in 88 %–90 % of the cases analysed. The uncertainties in the river ice thickness retrievals made via empirical relations between the satellite backscatter measurements and in situ observations, expressed as the root mean square error (RMSE), were of 0.07–0.18 m. A novel application of radar altimetry is the prediction of ice bridge road operations, which is demonstrated herein. We established that the dates of ferry closing and ice road opening and closing in the city of Salekhard can be predicted with an accuracy (expressed as RMSE) of 3–5 d.
Elements of future snowpack modeling – Part 2: A modular and extendable Eulerian–Lagrangian numerical scheme for coupled transport, phase changes and settling processes
Authors: Simson Anna , Löwe Henning , Kowalski Julia
Published: December 2021

Abstract. A coupled treatment of transport processes, phase changes and mechanical settling is the core of any detailed snowpack model. A key concept
underlying the majority of these models is the notion of layers as deforming material elements that carry the information on their physical
state. Thereby an explicit numerical solution of the ice mass continuity equation can be circumvented, although with the downside of virtual no
flexibility in implementing different coupling schemes for densification, phase changes and transport. As a remedy we consistently recast the
numerical core of a snowpack model into an extendable Eulerian–Lagrangian framework for solving the coupled non-linear processes. In the proposed
scheme, we explicitly solve the most general form of the ice mass balance using the method of characteristics, a Lagrangian method. The underlying
coordinate transformation is employed to state a finite-difference formulation for the superimposed (vapor and heat) transport equations which are treated in their Eulerian form on a moving, spatially non-uniform grid that includes the snow surface as a free upper boundary. This formulation
allows us to unify the different existing viewpoints of densification in snow or firn models in a flexible way and yields a stable coupling of the
advection-dominated mechanical settling with the remaining equations. The flexibility of the scheme is demonstrated within several numerical
experiments using a modular solver strategy. We focus on emerging heterogeneities in (two-layer) snowpacks, the coupling of (solid–vapor) phase changes with settling at layer interfaces and the impact of switching to a non-linear mechanical constitutive law. Lastly, we discuss the potential of the scheme for extensions like a dynamical equation for the surface mass balance or the coupling to liquid water flow.
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS IN THE FIELD OF FUNCTIONAL-PLANNING ORGANIZATION OF CULTURAL AND LEISURE FACILITIES
Authors: KAZEEVA EKATERINA VLADIMIROVNA , KOROLEVA OLESYA VLADIMIROVNA
Published: December 2021

The article provides an overview of scientific publications in the field of functional planning organization of cultural and leisure facilities. The analysis of the works made it possible to systematize the available data on the research topic and identify promising directions for studying the architectural-typological and functional-planning characteristics of modern cultural and leisure facilities.
ОТ ЭСКИЗОВ ДО ТВОРЧЕСТВА - АНАЛИЗ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ЖИВОПИСИ НА ТЕМУ БАССЕЙНА РЕКИ ХУАНХЭ
Authors: ХУАН ЮАНЬПЭН
Published: December 2021

Художник должен быть не только удовлетворен данными изображения, полученными с помощью электронного оборудования, но и должен часто входить в жизнь людей, возвращаться к телу картины и встречаться лицом к лицу, чтобы испытать опыт рисования на природе. Это обязанность художника. Восприятие эскизов как источника творчества, а затем поиск в жизни, совершенствование элементов творчества, создание произведений, наполненных истинными чувствами, и постепенное формирование собственного языка в процессе непрерывного творчества и исследования - единственный путь для прекрасного художника.
PENINGKATAN PROSES DAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA MENGGUNAKAN MODEL NUMBER HEAD TOGETHER (NHT) DI SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Nurlev avana Megawati
Published: December 2021

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi permasalahan proses dan hasil belajar peserta didik pada pembelajaran matematika di Kelas V SD Negeri 101/II Muara Bungo masih rendah, dibuktikan pada hasil observasi awal, dari 43 peserta didik hanya 15 (35%) peserta didik yang memenuhi KKM. Penyebabnya adalah pendidik masih mendominasi pembelajaran dengan menggunakan metode ceramah, sehingga kurang menarik minat peserta didik untuk belajar. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan penerapan model NHT dalam meningkatkan proses dan hasil belajar matematika di kelas V. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini  adalah PTK. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus, setiap siklus terdiri dari dua pertemuan. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, dan tes hasil belajar, sedangkan analisis data menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) pada siklus I penerapan model NHT dalam proses belajar aspek pendidik mencapai 88% dan aspek peserta didik mencapai 72%. Sedangkan pada siklus II terjadi peningkatan dari aspek pendidik 94% dan aspek peserta didik 88%. (2) Pada siklus II penerapan model NHT hasil belajar peserta didik mencapai ketuntasan 70% dan pada sklus II mengalami peningkatan mencapai ketuntasan 84%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa proses dan hasil belajar matematika kelas V SD Negeri 101/II Muara Bungo dapat ditingkatkan melalui penggunaan model NHT.
Reinventando a relação entre universidade e cultura
Authors: Sidoncha Urbano
Published: December 2021

As universidades são instituições intrinsecamente culturais, por cumprirem, e enquanto cumprem, uma intransferível função cultural. Desta primeira leitura, ainda de superfície, podemos inferir dois outros princípios: o primeiro será o de que uma universidade que queira alijar a responsabilidade cultural que lhe cabe estará a trair a sua própria identidade, a falsear o seu propósito e a renunciar à sua própria condição de universidade; o segundo é o de que a função cultural que cabe às universidades, considerada a sua singular inscrição nos territórios, a sua extensa capilaridade e o seu afã de universalidade, não pode ser desempenhada, sem perda, por nenhuma outra instituição. Essa importância contrasta com a proverbial dificuldade com que a universidade para si própria assume essa condição e com os sucessivos obstáculos, internos e externos, à sua plena concretização. Tais dificuldades obrigam a revisitar a ortodoxia dos modelos de interpretação e de concretização desta missão cultural e a reinventar a relação entre cultura e universidade, sinalizando novas e promissoras vias.
Growth onset of perylene-based nanocrystals
Authors: Khalilov U. , Yusupov M. , Tojiboev A. , Nematollahi P. , Husanova D. , Mirzaev S.
Published: December 2021

The wide application of organic nanocrystals requires a deeper understanding of their nucleation mechanisms. In particular, the onset of nucleation still needs to be elucidated, although tremendous efforts have already been made in both experimental and simulation studies. In this research, we conduct molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, supported by quantum mechanical (DFT) calculations, to understand the mechanisms of the nucleation onset of organic perylene nanocrystals. Our DFT calculations indicate that face-to-face and face-to-edge molecular stacking can ultimately lead to the formation of a herringbone-style perylene nanocrystal. On the other hand, the results of MD simulations show the formation of clusters, which continues with the crystal nucleation in the form of unidirectional or multidirectional growth, depending on the feeding rate of perylene molecule in vacuum. This research helps to better understand the control of the growth of organic nanocrystals in modern nanotechnology.
Leadership Characteristics of Female School Principals According to Female Teachers
Authors: MERT Pınar
Published: December 2021

Although the number of female teachers in schools is higher, this is not evident when looking at leadership levels. Various studies have examined this situation. In this study, the perspectives of female teachers working in private schools who are gradually raising their educational levels are discussed in depth about female head teachers. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 37 female teachers working in private schools in the Anatolian part of Istanbul. The data were analysed using content analysis, one of the qualitative analysis methods. As a result of the research, three main themes were found among the characteristics of female leaders, the competencies of female leaders, and the impact on the work environment. Under the theme of characteristics of female leaders, there are five categories: being selfish, forming problematic working relationships, being detail-obsessed, being jealous, acting emotionally; under the theme of competencies of female leaders: they lead well, their leadership skills are weak, they cannot be fair and impartial, they are not solution-oriented. The theme of the impact of female leaders on the work environment is a chaotic environment; communication is important, supportive environment.
The Effect of Fathers’ Meet-up Training on the Perception of Fatherhood Role of Fathers with Preschool Children
Authors: TURA Gülşah , KANAT Osman
Published: December 2021

This study examined the effect of fathers’ perceptions of fatherhood through online meetings with fathers who have preschool children between 3-6 years of age. A total of 42 fathers (21 fathers in the experimental group and 21 fathers in the control group) took part in the study. The research design with a pretest and posttest control group was used in the research. The “Fatherhood Role Perception Scale” developed by Kuzucu (1999) was used for data collection. Within the scope of the research, online fathers meet-up training was held for the experimental group once a week throughout 11 weeks. The data were analysed using the Mann Whitney U and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test (nonparametric tests). According to the data obtained in the research, it was concluded that the online fathers’ meet-up training was significantly effective on fathers’ perceptions of the fatherhood role. The study’s findings were discussed, and suggestions were listed for future studies in the relevant literature.