bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Collaborative Information Technology Tool Usage on NPD
Authors: Marion Tucker , Fixson Sebastian
Published: July 2019

Information Technology (IT) and the process of new product development (NPD) have become completely intertwined. From computer-aided-design (CAD) to video conferencing to traditional tools like email, the act of design, iterating and communicating with team members is touched at every point in the process by IT. Over the last ten years, new, collaborative information technology (CIT) has entered into the NPD process to make the activity of communication and team information sharing easier, more frequent, and distributed. What is not known is how these tools are influencing the design process itself. This research uses a longitudinal multi-method, ethnographic approach to deep dive into actual use cases. Our results indicate that CIT can have a substantial impact on NPD, but does not automatically alleviate traditional problems during NPD. We also find that the propagation of tools via new firms startups has developed a single tool per task paradigm, which is counter to the development of complex platforms offered by established firms. These single use tools are easily adopted but also easily discarded by development teams.
Data Driven Product Portfolio Analysis of Electric Motors Based on Product Platforms Using Knowledge-Based Systems
Authors: Tüchsen Johann , Pop Adrian-Cornel , Koch Matthias , Schleich Benjamin , Wartzack Sandro
Published: July 2019

For a company it is necessary to know, which products can be configured using carry-over-parts or the same technology. This can become quite relevant in the context of automobile electrification, where complex mechatronic systems are used. Consisting of various mechanical components, these systems perform the required function while being actuated by electronically controlled motors. To solve this, a novel mechanism for data driven portfolio analysis based on product platforms using knowledge-based systems is proposed in this paper. Further, the mechanism is tested by applying it to an electrical motors' case study. Using this method, all possible combinations of a product platform are calculated and finally displayed in different product portfolios. Additionally, all the non-feasible motor designs are removed from the solutions portfolio using the acquired knowledge base and performing design checks. The latter are employed for penalising and eliminating from the pareto-front of the designs, which violate the thermal, mechanical and acoustic constraints. The generated product portfolio can be used further to expand the systems engineering collaboration and support decision-making.
Development Methodology for Optomechatronic Systems Using the Example of a High-Resolution Projection Module
Authors: Ley Peer-Phillip , Knöchelmann Marvin , Kloppenburg Gerolf , Lachmayer Roland
Published: July 2019

In the last few years there has been a noticeable change in the development of headlamp systems in the field of vehicle lighting technology. Starting with adaptive front-lighting systems via Matrix LED systems, high-resolution headlamps will provide more safety in road traffic in the near future.

For the implementation of high-resolution headlamps various spatial light modulators and light generating technologies can be applied. The emitted light of the light source is directed via an illumination optics onto the modulator and a projection optics is applied to image the spatial light modulator into the traffic area. The formerly mechatronic systems are thus increasingly become opto- mechatronic systems. Therefore, the optic design must be taken into account in the early development phase of these systems.

In this paper we present a methodical approach to describe the optic design for optomechatronic systems. This approach can be used to develop efficient and high-intensity optomechatronic systems using various spatial light modulators and light generating technologies. Conclusively we demonstrate an exemplary application of the methodology on a high-resolution projection module.
Integrating the Mechanical Domain into Seed Approach
Authors: Dworschak Fabian , Kügler Patricia , Schleich Benjamin , Wartzack Sandro
Published: July 2019

Data-driven technologies have found their way into all areas of engineering. In product development they can accelerate the customization to individualized requirements. Therefore, they need a database that exceeds common product data management systems. The creation of this database proves to be challenging because in addition to explicit standards and regulations the product design contains implicit knowledge of product developers. Hence, this paper presents an approach for the semantic integration of the engineering design (SeED). The goal is an automated design of an ontology, which represents the product design in detail.

SeED fulfils two tasks. First, the ontology provides a machine-processable representation of the products design, which enables all kind of data-driven technologies. Among other representations, the ontology contains formal logics and semantics. Accordingly, it is a more comprehensible solution for product developers and knowledge engineers. Second, the detailed representation enables discovering of intrinsic knowledge, e.g. design patterns in product generations. Consequently, SeED is a novel approach for efficient semantic integration of the product design.
Supporting Knowledge Re-Use with Effective Searches of Related Engineering Documents - A Comparison of Search Engine and Natural Language Processing-Based Algorithms
Authors: Arnarsson Ivar Örn , Frost Otto , Gustavsson Emil , Stenholm Daniel , Jirstrand Mats , Malmqvist Johan
Published: July 2019

Product development companies are collecting data in form of Engineering Change Requests for logged design issues and Design Guidelines to accumulate best practices. These documents are rich in unstructured data (e.g., free text) and previous research has pointed out that product developers find current it systems lacking capabilities to accurately retrieve relevant documents with unstructured data. In this research we compare the performance of Search Engine & Natural Language Processing algorithms in order to find fast related documents from two databases with Engineering Change Request and Design Guideline documents. The aim is to turn hours of manual documents searching into seconds by utilizing such algorithms to effectively search for related engineering documents and rank them in order of significance. Domain knowledge experts evaluated the results and it shows that the models applied managed to find relevant documents with up to 90% accuracy of the cases tested. But accuracy varies based on selected algorithm and length of query.
Towards a Reconfiguration Framework for Systems Engineering Integrating Use Phase Data
Authors: Qasim Lara , Hein Andreas Makoto , Jankovic Marija , Olaru Sorin , Garnier Jean-Luc
Published: July 2019

One of the aims of systems engineering is to develop systems with a number of pre-defined configurations, in order to operate effectively and efficiently in different contexts and environments. Early in the design phase, system reconfiguration allows to propose and optimize these configurations. With regard to the literature review and industrial observation, pre-defining the standard configurations without relying on hints from end users has been raised as a major difficulty within the industry. In this paper, we propose a reconfiguration framework which considers data collected from the use phase in order to generate valid and optimized configurations with regard to stakeholders needs.
Design for Composites: Derivation of Manufacturable Geometries for Unidirectional Tape Laying
Authors: Voelkl Harald , Kießkalt Andreas , Wartzack Sandro
Published: July 2019

Even though providing excellent specific stiffness and strength properties, high specific energy absorption and a great degree of design freedom, fibre-reinforced plastics still have to make their way into higher volume applications. Addressing the manufacturing challenges, particularly efficient production techniques are Automated Tape Laying (ATL) and Automated Fiber Placement (AFP), as pointed out by various studies and use cases. However, current Computer Aided Engineering approaches for optimised laminate design still lack the capability to produce results suitable for ATL/AFP. A new method for deriving tape courses from any finite element laminate optimisation result is presented and applied to a virtual demonstrator. An outlook is given on further necessities of extending current laminate optimisation approaches.
Factors Preventing the Use of a Lightweight Design Workflow that is Inspired by the Human Locomotive System
Authors: Uttich Eike , Bartz Marcel , Bender Beate
Published: July 2019

A workflow for the design process of technological products was derived from a model that describes the interplay of lightweight design principles in the human locomotive system. This workflow is not yet ready to be used. In this paper, starting points for new research with the goal to enable the use of the workflow are discussed. Using the interplay of lightweight design principles of the human body in technical applications is approached because it is claimed that the interplay leads to an additional reduction of mass. This was proven for a technological system in a previous study. This study lead to a workflow to consider the interplay of the principles in the design process of the technological system. In this paper, the essential parts of this workflow are described in an abstract diagram as a calculation workflow. Subsequently, inputs and outputs of the workflow are identified. Then, the calculation workflow is integrated into the process of design. Afterwards, it is discussed that tension chording, which is one of the lightweight design principles, needs further investigation, because the interplay of the principles can only be used if the principles themselves are used.
A Systematic Approach to Evaluating Design Prompts in Supporting Experimental Design Research
Authors: Patel Apurva , Elena Maria-Vittoria , Summers Joshua
Published: July 2019

Experiments that study engineering behavior in design often rely on participants responding to a given design prompt or a problem statement. Moreover, researchers often find themselves testing multiple variables with a relatively small participant pool. In such situations multiple design prompts may be used to boost replication by giving each participant an equivalent problem with a different experimental condition. This paper presents a systematic approach to compare given design prompts using a two-step process that allows an initial comparison of the prompts and a post-experiment verification of the similarity of the given prompts. Comparison metrics are provided which can be used to evaluate a level of similarity of existing prompts as well as develop similar problems. These metrics include complexity (size, coupling, and solvability), familiarity, and prompt structure. Statistical methods are discussed for post-experiment verification. Guidelines are provided for a post-experiment survey which may be used for an additional perspective of prompt similarity. The proposed approach is demonstrated using an experiment where two design prompts were used for within-subject replication.
An Exploration of the Relations between Functionality, Aesthetics and Creativity in Design
Authors: Han Ji , Forbes Hannah , Schaefer Dirk
Published: July 2019

Creativity is often said to play a vital role in the product design process, while functionality and aesthetics are considered key factors of actual products. Functionality refers to the performance of a product, and aesthetics represents the visual and ergonomic appeals of the product. However, there appears to be an elusive relation between creativity, functionality and aesthetics. This study explores how functionality, aesthetics and creativity are related to one another in design. Through exploring the definitions and assessments of creativity in design, this study reveals that novelty, usefulness and surprise are the three core elements of design creativity. A case study involving experts evaluating design samples in terms of novelty, usefulness, surprise, functionality, aesthetics and overall creativity is conducted. The results imply that there are no statistically significant relations between creativity, functionality, and aesthetics. Considering the three core elements of design creativity, the results indicate that creativity is only statistically significantly related to novelty. Moreover, our results suggest that creativity and novelty are measuring the same construct.
Design for Monitoring of a Research Vehicle
Authors: Kukurowski Nobert , Stetter Ralf , Witczak Marcin
Published: July 2019

In recent years, more and more technical systems dispose of some form of intelligence which allows to control and diagnose the processes and states in such systems. One important prerequisite for both control and diagnosis is monitoring, i.e. a systematic observation, surveillance or recording of entities of a technical product or its surroundings by any technical means. Current investigations were able to clarify that the design of a technical system can ease the control and diagnosis of this system. The same is true for monitoring; this fact will be demonstrated in this paper on the example of a research vehicle which is intended to foster the development of mapping systems and algorithms. In a sense, the main objective of this vehicle is also a kind of monitoring. Due to its unique design, this vehicle is able to navigate on all kind of terrains. It is equipped with several forms of sensors, which are consciously mounted at certain positions on the vehicle in order to allow a detailed detection of the surroundings. The investigation, how design can ease monitoring, was supported by a well-known model of product concretization and concrete insights could be found on all levels.
A Preliminary Proposal Towards Unambiguous Definitions for Modular Interfaces and Interactions
Authors: Fiorineschi Lorenzo , Rotini Federico
Published: July 2019

Modularity is acknowledged to provide benefits across the whole product lifecycle. Accordingly, many literature contributions can be found about modularization methods, metrics and definitions. In particular, recent studies focused on the development of heuristic principles for exploiting modularity early in the design process. However, to design modules it is necessary to define their mutual interactions, the related interfaces and their production strategies. Concerning interfaces and interactions, this paper highlights that current definitions are often ambiguous and overlapping each other. Therefore, extracting univocal information about interfaces and interactions of existent modular products could be difficult. This could hinder the identification of comprehensive heuristic design guidelines, about how to design modules from a structural point of view. This paper proposes a new set of interface and interaction definitions, which allows to overcome the flaw observed for current ones. The proposed set and the classical one have been applied on 110 products identified on the web, showing that the new definitions allow to extract more reliable information.
A Weighted Set Cover Problem for Product Family Design to Maximize the Commonality of Products
Authors: Han Hyeongmin , Chang Sehyun , Kim Harrison
Published: July 2019

In product family design, the commonality of products and performance are competing objectives when designers build platforms. The commonality makes it efficient to manufacture products while it will cause performance loss of products. In this paper, we assume that performance functions evaluate the performance of a product. Targets of performance functions are set for each product depending on the product's property. The designs that satisfy the target of performance functions are denoted as ‘good’ design points. By using ‘good’ design points, a weighted set cover problem (WSC) is applied to formulate the combinatorial optimization problem, which maximizes the commonality by minimizing the number component attributes. A recursive greedy algorithm is proposed to handle the general cost function in the problem for product family design. The formulation and the algorithm are tested for a linear three-degree-of-freedom (3DOF) model. In numerical experiment, the proposed method determines optimal values of the components which are suspensions, stabilizer bars, and tires in the vehicle model.
Entrepreneurial Ideation: Effects of Morphology and Complexity
Authors: Esparza Antonio , Sosa Ricardo , Connor Andy
Published: July 2019

Studies of product architecture identify a mirroring process between the product and the organisation. Parallel, empirical studies of effectual entrepreneurship show an accumulation of commitments between stakeholders while negotiating the features of the product in a similar fashion to product mirroring. This paper presents a study that looks at the effects of mirroring architectural complexity in early stages of entrepreneurship. The survey asked participants to interpret parametrically generated artefacts with the purpose of starting a new firm. Responses were analysed for complexity in the lexical semantic structure of ideas. Results show that the effects of artefact complexity are not as straightforward as hypothesised and provide evidence that suggests an important role of artefact morphology in entrepreneurial ideation. These findings support a model of product architecture mirroring that is filtered by design morphology.
The Hidden Feat Behind Development Cost Escalation - How Engineering Design Enables Functional Expansion in the Aerospace Industry
Authors: Gilain Agathe , Le Masson Pascal , Weil Benoît
Published: July 2019

The aerospace industry experiences a considerable growth in product development costs. Many research works aim at identifying evolution laws characterizing this large-scale phenomenon and at developing design strategies which could help mitigate it. This paper aims to clarify the evolution dynamics governing this phenomenon by studying how the products delivered by these costly projects evolve with time. Increasing complexity is often held responsible for surging costs. If complexity is generally defined as the price to be paid for improving product functionalities, it is rarely specified whether the improvement affects existing functionalities or involves new ones. We aim to identify the patterns of cost growth which can be associated with phenomena of existing functionalities upgrade and new functionalities introduction, and to identify the associated design capabilities that designers need to deploy in order to keep product change and cost growth under control. To that end, we introduce a model which generates curves, each of which featuring a trend of cost growth, specific to a scenario of product evolution and being interpretable as a signature of a strategy used by designers.
Effective Innovation Implementation of Mechatronic Product-Service Systems Considering Socio-Technical Aspects
Authors: Koltun Gennadiy Dmitrovic , Romero Viturro Carlos Alberto , Buchholz Johan , Wissel Juliane , Zaggl Michael , Ocker Felix , Vogel-Heuser Birgit
Published: July 2019

It is estimated that about half of all innovations, such as innovations in mechatronic product-service systems (PSS), fail to deliver the expected benefits to the adopting organization. Different studies point out that one of the main reasons for this is an ineffective implementation process.

In this paper, we argue that, apart from several organizational challenges, insufficient integration of technical and social aspects is one of the reasons for ineffective innovation implementation in the environment of mechatronic PSS.

In order to remedy this weakness, this paper builds on the work of interdisciplinary research collaboration. Experts from technical, socio-technical, and management fields integrate their work within a conceptual innovation implementation management system (IIMS). This IIMS is capable of capturing various methods and models that foster the socio-technical integration in mechatronic PSS. The approach is assessed in a lab-scale demonstration case that is representative of industrial environments.

The presented approach supports an effective innovation implementation process, while the IIMS facilitates individual alignments for future practitioners.
An Eco-Knowledge Tool to Support Eco-Design Implementation Inside Design Departments
Authors: Rossi Marta , Favi Claudio , Russo Anna Costanza , Germani Michele
Published: July 2019

In last years, an increasing attention on environmental matters is registered. Companies face environmental matters to increase the environmental performances of their products, forced by numerous legislations, normative and protocols and induced to the growing attention of consumers toward environmentally friendly products. However, observing the industrial context, it emerges there are several barriers for implementation of eco-design strategies inside design departments. The paper presents a tool which aims at both providing a basic guide on environmental sustainability issues and favouring the knowledge sharing among the different actors of the product design process. The core of the tool is a repository in which company materials, organized and collected in different forms, are collected. The repository contains several parts: training, guidelines, knowledge and milestone, accordingly to the type, structure and form of materials stored. The eco-design tool functions, structure, and workflow are presented and then preliminary test cases are described.
Analysis and Evaluation in the Early Stages of Designing Resource Efficient Offerings: A Comparison among Large Companies and Small and Medium Enterprises
Authors: Brambila-Macias Sergio Andres , Sakao Tomohiko
Published: July 2019

In Europe there is a common vision to transform the economy into a sustainable one by 2050 which among other changes, calls for companies to address their offerings in a more resource-efficient manner. Therefore, efforts to provide design support namely, methods, guidelines and tools to specifically address natural resources and impact of products and services have been increasing. Moreover, companies of all sizes should integrate environmental concerns as early as possible to select profitable and environmentally sound offerings. However, knowledge of the analysis and evaluation of resource- efficient offerings seems currently insufficient especially with regards to similarities and differences among different company sizes. In this paper, the study of eight case companies: 3 large companies and 5 SMEs, shows how industry addresses the analysis and evaluation of their offerings. Commonalities among SMEs and large companies include decisions made by strategic or managerial boards, the use of mock-ups and project management skills, among others. These findings could help academics in providing relevant, useful and usable support to industry.
Can Ethics Enhance Creative Design Activity?
Authors: Sekiguchi Kaira , Hori Koichi
Published: July 2019

This study exhibits that there exists generative ethics in which ethical thinking will allow us to change our perspectives to consider the artifacts’ social effects in design, thereby enhancing our activity to generate novel and practical design ideas.

As an example of practicing the generative ethics, a case for addressing the increasing requirement to properly introduce “artificial intelligence” (AI) systems in society was considered. We applied the ethical design theory to promote the practice of ethical AI design by engineers. To achieve this, we implemented a creativity support tool that can be used based on the knowledge base of AI ethics.

To confirm the validity of the theory and the tool, we conducted user experiments in which the AI research students had to consider the effects of their own research projects with using the tool. We could confirm that the tool actually induced the users to consider social impacts. Some students revealed in response to the questionnaire that the experiment provided them with an opportunity to reconsider their own research theme.

In this study, the ethical design theory and tool will be briefly reviewed, and the experiments will be discussed.
Design for Sustainability and Innovation: A Kansei Engineering Evaluation of the Adaptive Reuse of Old Buildings
Authors: Shao Dan , Nagai Yukari , Sosa Ricardo
Published: July 2019

The aim of our study was to use Kansei Engineering Evaluation to examine the renewal of old buildings with sustainability and innovation by comparing to new buildings. First, we conducted a questionnaire survey, with 84 participants, on 18 buildings from Asian and European countries; the survey used 16 adjectives. Second, we studied the characteristics of new and renewed old buildings in terms of the elements crucial to sustainable and innovative design. The results suggest that the adaptive reuse of old buildings in more sustainable than constructing new buildings. Further, the adjectives preferred by the survey show that the adaptive reuse of old buildings has higher influence with character of “creative” from the innovation viewpoint. This paper presents a project to address sustainability and innovation of adaptive reused of old building at a later stage. This study contributes to the renewal of existing infrastructure to improve its longevity and chance of future reuse, and to ensure environmental sustainability for future society.
Designing for Packaging Sustainability. The Effects of Appearance and a Better Eco-Label on Consumers’ Evaluations and Choice
Authors: Krah Sophie , Todorovic Tea , Magnier Lise
Published: July 2019

The environmental burden of packaging is huge. However, redesigning packaging to make it more sustainable without damaging its other functions is not always easy and can have a negative impact on consumers’ choice. In this paper, we adopt a user-perspective and test the effects of packaging appearance and a better eco-label on consumers’ responses. Based on the literature, we designed an eco- label using a traffic light system with an objective sustainability score enabling to compare the sustainability of different packages. The results of our experimental study (N=120) show that while a sustainable (vs. typical) appearance in packaging has a positive effect on perceived sustainability, it has a negative effect on perceived usability. However, we demonstrate that the presence of a high score on the eco-label positively impacts the perceived sustainability of both the sustainable and the typical packages and the choice intentions. This eco-label also enabled to mitigate the negative effects of the sustainable appearance on perceived usability. Designers and policy-makers can use the results of this paper to positively influence evaluations of and choice for sustainable packaging.
Ethics and Strategy in Decision-Based Design Frameworks: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Hulse Daniel , Hoyle Christopher , Tumer Irem
Published: July 2019

Engineering Design decisions impact customers, the environment and society at large in ways that have profound ethical and strategic implications for designers. Previous research in decision-based design has proposed the decisions should be made on the basis of maximizing the expected utility of the design to the designer. This paper discusses ethical and strategic challenges for these frameworks across five levels: the axioms that underlie utility, the definition of utility, the consideration of multiple stakeholders, the modeling scope, and resulting design framework implementation. Based on these problems, solutions are suggested to account for each in the development of improved, ethically- informed frameworks. Challenges presented here do not prohibit the prudent use of decision-based design frameworks per se, but instead point to cases that must addressed in practice while providing grounds for further research towards the development of decision-based design frameworks that are ethical by design.
Impact of Generational Commonality of Short-Life Cycle Products in Manufacturing and Remanufacturing Processes
Authors: Kim Jinju , Kim Harrison
Published: July 2019

Short-life cycle products are frequently replaced and discarded despite being resource-intensive. The short life span and the low utilization rate of the end-of-life products cause severe environmental problems and waste of resources. In the case of short-life cycle products, a new generation of products is released sooner than other products, therefore there are the opportunities to have various generations of products during the remanufacturing process. The commonality between generations increases the intergenerational component compatibility, which increases the efficiency of the manufacturing and remanufacturing processes, while at the same time weakening the performance difference between generations. This paper proposes a mathematical model to investigate the effect of commonality among generations on the overall production process. Based on various given new generation product designs with different commonality, we aim to propose optimal production planning and pricing strategies to maximize the total profitability and investigate how the results vary according to the commonality strategies between product generations.
Preliminary Results Testing What Different Design Solutions Arise from Different Sustainable Design Methods
Authors: Faludi Jeremy , Ali Omar , Srour Ola , Mecanna Selim , Kamareddine Rami , Chatty Tejaswini
Published: July 2019

Do different sustainable design methods generate different sustainable design ideas? Do they also drive different product innovation ideas? This project empirically tested three design methods: The Natural Step, Whole System Mapping, and Biomimicry. Testing involved qualitatively categorizing 1,115 design ideas from 23 workshops for over 30 companies, including consultancies and manufacturers in consumer electronics, furniture, and apparel. The categorized ideas were then counted to determine if the different design methods caused different kinds of ideas. They did. For example, The Natural Step drove more ideas on green material choice, circular end of life, and social impacts, while Biomimicry drove more durability ideas and Whole System Mapping drove more cost reduction ideas, among other differences. Overall, The Natural Step generated the highest percentage of sustainability ideas, Biomimicry generated the most innovation ideas, and Whole System Mapping generated a balance of both. These preliminary results should help designers and engineers choose design methods suited to the types of design solutions they desire.
Staging Co-Design for a Circular Economy
Authors: Pedersen Signe , Clausen Christian
Published: July 2019

In recent years major companies such as Philips, H&M and Google have adopted a circular economy agenda to promote sustainability. Design consultancies such as IDEO has developed and promoted a circular design guide to help companies in this endeavour. However, designing for a circular economy often require design and reconfiguration of entire value chains – making the transition towards a circular economy rather difficult. In this paper we analyse a development project from the Danish island of Bornholm to investigate how to align diverse actors across the value chain in a process of co-creating systems for a circular economy. We combine design, value chain considerations and circular economy mindsets to informing negotiations of concerns among actors in the value chain.

Such strategical navigation might involve:

Staging initial spaces for dialogue with central actors from the value chain and initiates a process of mapping out their concerns

Staging a re-alignment space where the diverse actors can meet and interact to discuss and negotiate their concerns and their roles in the network

Design and enactment of a number of objects to faciliate negotiations
Territorial Knowledge Ontology as a Guide for the Identification of Resource of the Territory Toward Sustainability
Authors: Ezoji Amer , Matta Nada
Published: July 2019

Representation of territorial knowledge based on the ontology is an approach which explains the nature and reasoning of this knowledge for sustainability. This research proposes an ontology of domain according to the principles for modelling an ontology. This proposed ontology is named DOTK (descriptive ontology for territorial knowledge). DOTK ontology has specialized the entities of territorial knowledge for sustainability and its aim is enhancing the sustainable knowledge of actors within industries. This ontology is a guide for identifying an operational ontology of real example. This research show that ontology of domain can assist to the identifying of tangible and intangible resources of the local territory. So, these identified resources can help the industries and territory for sustainable objectives and improve the available territorial knowledge within local or regional industries.
A Concept for Process-Oriented Interdisciplinary Tolerance Management Considering Production-Specific Deviations
Authors: Heling Bjoern , Oberleiter Thomas , Rohrmoser Andreas , Kiener Christoph , Schleich Benjamin , Hagenah Hinnerk , Merklein Marion , Willner Kai , Wartzack Sandro
Published: July 2019

To meet rising customer requirements, increasingly complex products have to be virtually validated. To achieve this within the framework of virtual product development, a wide range of aspects has to be taken into account. In this context, tolerance analysis has established itself as a proven tool to evaluate the consequences of geometric part deviations on geometric product characteristics. Existing approaches, however, do not sufficiently take into account production-specific deviations, leading to time-consuming iterations during the product development process. Therefore, the focus of this contribution is on process-oriented interdisciplinary tolerance management that allows the integration of manufacturing simulations into the tolerance analysis. In contrast to the conventional approach, this novel methodology allows to avoid unnecessary iterations in the context of product development and validation. Following the presentation of the novel procedure, the application on a case study of an X- ray shutter is carried out, whereby surrogate models are integrated in order to reduce the computing time.
Functional Trade-offs in the Mechanical Design of Integrated Products - Impact on Robustness and Optimisability
Authors: Sigurdarson Nökkvi S. , Eifler Tobias , Ebro Martin
Published: July 2019

It is generally accepted in industry and academia that trade-offs between functional design objectives are an inevitable factor in the development of mechanical systems. These trade-offs can have a large influence on the achievable robustness and performance of the final design, with many products only functioning in narrow sweet-spots between different objectives. As a result, the design process of multi- functional products can be prolonged when designers concurrently attempt to find sweet-spots between a number of potentially interdependent trade-offs. This paper will show that designers only have six different approaches available when attempting to manage a trade-off while trying to ensure robustness and a sufficient performance. These fall within one of three categories; accept, optimise, or redesign. Selecting the wrong approach, can result in consequences downstream which can be difficult to predict, amongst others a lack of robustness to geometric variation, constrained performance, and long development lead time. This points to a substantial potential in the synthesis of design methods that support the identification and management of trade-offs in early product development.
A Semi-automated Requirements Reuse and Recycling Process for Autonomous Transportation Systems R&D
Authors: Damak Youssef , Jankovic Marija , Leroy Yann , Chelbi Karim
Published: July 2019

The R&D of Autonomous Transportation Systems (ATS) is hindered by the lack of industrial feedback and client's knowledge about technological possibilities. In addition, because of intellectual properties (IP) issues, technology consulting companies can't directly reuse developed functionalities with different clients. In this context, requirements reuse technics presents a good way to capitalize on their knowledge while avoiding IP issues. However, the literature review on requirements reuse processes doesn't propose methods to the application of reuse processes with little information about the system's operational context. In this paper, we present a semi-automated requirement reuse and recycle process for ATS R&D. The process helps designers’ copes with the lack of inputs from the clients. Requirements candidates are retrieved from a database using Natural Language Processing and traceability propagation. It is applied to 3 use cases with inputs less than 5 concepts from the client's needs. The results validate its efficiency through number requirements retrieved and the analysis time consumption
An Approach to Integrate Risk Management in Cross-structure SysML-models
Authors: Kunnen Steffen Georg , Adamenko Dmytro , Pluhnau Robin , Nagarajah Arun
Published: July 2019

Demands on developers are increasing due to the growing complexity of products in engineering. As many different disciplines are involved in planning the communication and data exchange becomes difficult. Systems engineering and especially the model-based development have proven themselves for this sector. However, the different languages for system modeling, such as SysML, offer considerable potential for optimization. A corresponding data model must be modelled so that data is available continuously and across all levels. Based on this data model, various engineering processes like risk management can be integrated into this model. New stereotypes are defined within SysML so that errors and risks can be implemented in the system model. This makes it possible to determine influences and effects that risks and errors have on other components of a product across all structures.
Development of Virtual Pipe Simulation System for Inspection Robot Design
Authors: Miura Satoshi , Kawamura Kazuya , Fujie Masakatsu , Sugano Shigeki , Miyashita Tomoyuki
Published: July 2019

Pipe inspection robots have been developed to reduce the cost and time required for gas pipe inspection. However, these robots have been developed using a scrap and build method and are not used in practice. In this paper, we propose a method of virtual pipe inspection simulation to clarify the parameters that are important in increasing the robot's ease of use. This paper presents the results obtained by a feasibility study with regard to pipe simulation. We developed a virtual pipe by simulating eight actual turns of an external gas pipe, and a robot equipped with camera at the tip. In the experiments, three individuals working in the field of gas inspection carried out the operation. We obtained questionnaire, time, and brain activity data. The results revealed various important points that must be considered in practical simulation and robot design. In conclusion, the virtual pipe simulation can be useful in developing the design of a pipe inspection robot.
Fostering Creativity in Design - An Empirical Study on Improvement of Requirement-satisfaction with Introduction of InDeaTe Tool
Authors: Acharya Shakuntala , Bhatt Apoorv Naresh , Chakrabarti Amaresh , Nagai Yukari
Published: July 2019

In today's highly competitive market, product success is determined by two critical factors - innovation and sustainability. While innovation looks to rampantly satisfy the consumers' ever growing requirements with creative solutions, sustainability attempts to rationalise the precarious demands of desired requirements on economy, society and environment.

InDeaTe - Innovation Design database and Template, a web-based, design process guidance tool, supports design of sustainable systems by incorporating sustainability requirements into the design process. This paper investigates the potential of the tool to improve the usefulness of a design, one of the indicators of the creativity of the solutions, apart from its novelty. Comparative studies are conducted to assess the improvement of ‘requirement-satisfaction’,a proxy measure for usefulness. Upon introduction of the tool into the design process, significant improvements are reported, thereby reflecting the ability of InDeaTe to increase the usefulness of solutions and foster creativity in design.
Inconsistency Management in Heterogeneous Models - An Approach for the Identification of Model Dependencies and Potential Inconsistencies
Authors: Kattner Niklas , Bauer Harald , Basirati Mohammad R. , Zou Minjie , Brandl Felix , Vogel-Heuser Birgit , Böhm Markus , Krcmar Helmut , Reinhart Gunther , Lindemann Udo
Published: July 2019

In today's engineering projects, interdisciplinary work leads to an increase in interfaces between different departments and domains. As each stakeholder pursues different goals and tasks, a heterogeneous model landscape is required. In each domain, a variety of different model and software implementations provide the essential basis for efficient work. On the interfaces, the risk of model inconsistencies increases. To handle occurring inconsistencies, various approaches have been presented. For model-based systems engineering projects, rule-based methods are considered as the most suitable technique. However, said approaches require a high manual effort in identifying model dependencies and establishing consistency rules. Unfortunately, in particular these steps are not well described and supported. Therefore, this paper presents an easily applicable approach for the identification of model dependencies in interdisciplinary projects. The method is supported by a software implementation and is directly integrated in engineering workflows. A first industrial case study has shown positive effects of the approach and revealed further research goals.
Simple Integration of Sensory Functions
Authors: Vogel Sven , Kirchner Eckhardt
Published: July 2019

The digitalization of the Industry is one of the megatrends taking place, but many companies struggle to follow this trend. The main reason is the absence of simple solutions for the integration of sensory functions, which are applicable to the existing system. Therefore, this paper discusses the aspects of simplicity in the context of integrating sensory functions into existing systems, to support the development of digitalized products.

Two general requirements can be formulated for a solution to be applicable simple: The first requirement is affected by the product structure. The solution must affect the least possible amount of modules and must not interfere with the interfaces of the modular platform. The second requirement is affected by the effort to model the behaviour of the desired information and the possible data a sensory function is delivering. The effort to develop a reliable solution has to be compared with the commercial potential of the solution.

To consider the mentioned requirements, the paper explains three approaches to assess the simplicity of solutions on an example of the desired monitoring of the functions of a rotary plug valve.
Systematic Generation of a 3D DSM by Extracting Social Robot Behaviors from Literature
Authors: Ozer Ilayda , Erden Zuhal
Published: July 2019

Social robots are in direct communication and interaction with people, thus it is important to design these robots for different needs of individuals or small groups. This has revealed the need to develop design methods for personalized or mass-individualized social robots, which are expected to respond to many different needs of people today and in the future. In this paper, a previously developed 3D DSM model is implemented in the systematic conceptual design of social robot families. The model is independent of any physical elements and based on behavioural elements as perception, cognition and motoric action. The data regarding 45 different social robots from 80 articles in the literature is used to identify these three behaviours of the existing social robots and the mutual relationships among these different behaviours are defined in order to develop a 3D DSM structure to be used as a basis for designing social robot families. The resulting novel 3D DSM is a general-purpose, basic model that can be used to identify behavioural modules to design social robot families.
A Concept for Physiological User Description in the Context of Dual User Integration
Authors: Schröppel Tina , Diepold Theresia , Miehling Jörg , Wartzack Sandro
Published: July 2019

In order to ensure the user's acceptance towards a product, the user has to be captured with all his facets and requirements. In this context, many user-centred design methods only focus on single aspects such as subjective expectation or ergonomic product design. Correlations and connections or a common consideration of several user parameters are often neglected, even if this can provide useful information for improving the design of products. Dual user integration tries to close this gap to a certain extent and considers the user's subjective expectation in combination with their physiological capacities. An integral part of this approach is a target-oriented evaluation of the user. Currently available methods of physiological and subjective evaluation of the user are only partially applicable for dual user integration. Especially physiological measurement techniques are time-consuming and expensive. For this reason, this contribution presents a new concept for capturing and describing the physiological capacity of the user via semantic differentials. Thereby, motor functions, cognition and perception are considered.
From Tinkering Methods to Design Thinking: Primordial Thoughts in Design Research
Authors: Menezes Jean Henrique de Oliveira
Published: July 2019

Design thinking as explored by Bernard Roth from the Stanford d.School, Roger Martin from the Rothman School of Management, and the IDEO merger trio by Tom and David Kelley, as well as current its CEO Tim Brown, dominates the narrative of the contemporary schools of design thinking since the late `90s. This article aims to investigate the underlying philosophies, authors, and events that laid the foundation in which these contemporary designers based their strategies on planning for complex environments. To satisfy this intent, the turbulent origin of design methods is explored, following the post-war environment that allowed these ideas to flourish, the generations of methods in design from the `60s to the `90s, and the encroachment of design methods to the embodiment of a commercialized design thinking methodology.
Interpretations of Design Thinking Across a Large Organization
Authors: Kosmala Martyna , van der Marel Floris , Björklund Tua
Published: July 2019

Design thinking has a prominent role as established corporations ramp up innovation efforts focusing on user needs. Current literature provides a plethora of definitions for design thinking with variations in tools, methods and cultures. This study aims to identify differences in perception and maturity of design thinking across different contexts within a large corporation. The results are based on a thematic analysis of nine semi-structured interviews with industrial and user experience designers in the case company, operating in different countries and three different organizational contexts: lone designers of a region, unit-embedded design team managers and global-level design managers. The results echo the literature in finding no uniform definition of design thinking. Instead, it was seen as a continuous scale of practices, cognitive approaches and mindsets aiming for stronger user-centrism in the organization. Practices and maturity varied between contexts, indicating that to strengthen the role of design in an organization, a deep understanding of the context is crucial for a successful implementation.