bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polymorphism of axillary bud galls induced by Rhopalomyia longitubifex (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Artemisia princeps and A. montana (Asteraceae) in Japan and Korea, with designation of new synonyms
Authors: GANAHA Tomoko , NOHARA Machiko , SATO Shinsuke , UECHI Nami , YAMAGISHI Kenzou , YAMAUCHI Satoshi , YUKAWA Junichi
Published: June 2007

In the past, Rhopalomyia longitubifex, Rhopalomyia shinjii, and Rhopalomyia sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) have been regarded as independent species based on differences in the sizes and shapes of axillary bud galls induced on Artemisia montana (Asteraceae) in Japan and A. princeps in Japan and Korea. However, comparison of morphological features and molecular sequencing data indicate that these Rhopalomyia gall midges are identical and that the differences in gall shape are polymorphisms, although the measurements of gall height and diameter overlap slightly. This finding suggests that although galls have frequently been regarded as extensions of the phenotype of a species, differences in gall shape may not always be reliable for identifying gall‐inducing cecidomyiids. The older name, R. longitubifex, is applied to these gall midges, and the names that were applied to this species on later occasions are revised or synonymized. The mature and immature stages of R. longitubifex are redescribed and information on the distribution, host range, and gall size of this species is provided. We also discuss the role of gall polymorphism in the early stages of speciation.
Two new species of the genus Carminator Shaw from Japan, the northernmost record of extant Megalyridae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: MITA Toshiharu , KONISHI Kazuhiko , TERAYAMA Mamoru , YAMANE Seiki
Published: June 2007

The family Megalyridae is recorded from Japan for the first time on the basis of two new species, Carminator helios and C. japonicus. This is the northernmost record of living Megalyridae, although fossil species are known from regions of the Baltic Sea. Carminator helios can be distinguished from congeners of the Asian and Australian regions by the combination of a long head, deeply excavated frons with convex inner margins, entirely striated postgena, the number of fore tibial spines (more than 16), and a long R1 vein. Carminator japonicus is distinguishable from other species by the combination of an orange‐colored metasoma, a weakly excavated frons, and an elongate vertex. This species was collected from the canopy of Acer pictum. Additional characters that distinguish species of the genus Carminator are discussed.
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Preschool Physical Growth: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Greene Tom , Ernhart Claire B. , Sokol Robert J. , Martier Sue , Marler Matthew R. , Boyd Thomas A. , Ager Joel
Published: June 2007

This report examines the effects of fetal alcohol exposure on size and growth in an urban cohort followed prospectively through early childhood. Indices of prenatal drinking were related to measurements of weight, stature (length), and head circumference obtained at birth and during five subsequent in‐home assessments. Small but statistically Significant relationships were detected between short‐term recall estimates of drinking during pregnancy and weight and length at birth. The strength of these relationships diminished during the preschool assessments. However, estimates of catch‐up growth associated with alcohol exposure were not statistically significant. With the exception of a single case with a profile of signs characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome, an adverse effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on head circumference was not indicated.
Hemoglobin‐Acetaldehyde Adducts Are Elevated in Women Carrying Alcohol‐Damaged Fetuses
Authors: Niemelä Onni , Halmesmäki Erja , Ylikorkala Olavi
Published: June 2007

Alcohol use exceeding 3 to 5 daily drinks is associated with a 30% to 50% risk of delivering a child with fetal alcohol effects (FAE). FAE could be prevented if women were counseled and if they decreased their drinking. Therefore, we need sensitive and specific markers to detect alcohol abuse during pregnancy. We investigated whether acetaldehyde‐hemoglobin adducts (Hb‐Ach) could be such a marker. Using an antiserum specific for acetaldehyde‐generated epitopes in proteins, we measured the levels of Hb‐Ach from the red cells of 19 women visiting the outpatient department of pregnant alcohol abusers and from 14 non pregnant controls. The pregnant women were carefully followed to receive personal antenatal care and intensive counseling on alcohol. Nevertheless, eight of the women delivered infants with FAE. The remaining 11 women had healthy infants, although only four of them stopped drinking totally.

The highest concentrations of Hb‐Ach were found from women who subsequently delivered children with FAE. When compared with the pregnant women abstaining from ethanol the Hb‐Ach values were found to be elevated in five of eight (63%) of the women who gave birth to children with FAE, whereas only in two/seven (28%) of the mothers who despite drinking delivered healthy children. Hb‐Ach measurements during pregnancy may prove to be useful to monitor the compliance of women withdrawing from alcohol and to distinguish the mothers at risk of affected offspring. The studies also support a pathophysiological role of acetaldehyde in producing ethanol‐associated fetal injury.
Alcohol Use, Other Traits, and Risk of Unnatural Death: A Prospective Study
Authors: Klatsky Arthur L. , Armstrong Mary Anne
Published: June 2007

This study prospectively explores relations of usual alcohol intake in a Northern California population of 128,934 persons to risk of subsequent unnatural death. of 385 such deaths during the 8‐year study period, 88 were due to motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), 106 to suicide, 52 to homicide, and 139 to miscellaneous other unnatural causes. Comparisons of ex‐drinkers and 5 levels of current drinkers to lifelong abstainers were studied by Cox proportional hazards models with 9 covariates. In adjusted analyses, persons reporting intake of 6 or more drinks daily were at greatly increased risk of death from suicide (6 times) and homicide (7 times), and at moderately increased risk of death from MVAs (2 times). Lighter and exdrinkers were not at significantly increased risk for all unnatural deaths or any of its subsets. Among persons reporting 6 or more drinks/day, women and persons below 50 years of age were at especially high risk, but Blacks and Whites were at similar risk. Persons who usually drank liquor or wine were at greater risk for MVAs than those who usually drank beer; beverage choice was unrelated to the other causes of death. Among other covariates, men and not married persons were at higher risk and college graduates at lower risk, for each cause of death. The only major racial difference was a lower risk of suicide for Blacks (versus Whites). These data provide considerable detail about usual alcohol use and risk of unnatural death. They point to special need for preventive efforts among younger persons and women, with particular attention to suicide and homicide.
Sleep‐Disordered Breathing in Alcoholics: Association with Age
Authors: Aldrich Michael S. , Shipley James E. , Tandon Rajiv , Kroll Phillip D. , Brower Kirk J.
Published: June 2007

Sleep apnea and related disorders are not uncommon in abstinent alcoholics. We assessed the relationship between age and the presence and severity of sleep‐disordered breathing in alcoholism by performing one night of polysomnography on 75 abstinent alcoholic subjects undergoing treatment for alcoholism. Sleep‐disordered breathing (defined as 10 or more apneas plus hypopneas/hr of sleep) was present in 17% of 66 men aged 22–76 and in 0 of 9 women aged 28–63 years. Three percent of men under age 40 years had sleep‐disordered breathing compared with 25% of men between ages 40–59 and 75% of those above age 60. Although alcoholics with sleep‐disordered breathing had a higher body mass index than those without, the increased frequency over age 40 was statistically significant after controlling for the effects of body mass index. Sleep in subjects with sleep‐disordered breathing was significantly more disturbed than in subjects without sleep‐disordered breathing. Our findings suggest that sleep‐disordered breathing in older male alcoholics is more prevalent than has been reported in most studies of normal men and that the increase in sleep‐disordered breathing that occurs with age in alcoholics is greater than the age‐related increase in sleep‐disordered breathing that occurs in healthy elderly men. Furthermore, sleep‐disordered breathing is a significant contributor to sleep disturbance in a substantial proportion of male alcoholics above the age of 40 years. Sleep‐disordered breathing, when combined with existing cardiovascular risk factors and alcohol use, may contribute to the increased risk of stroke and mortality that occurs in alcohol users. Although none of the women alcoholics in this study had sleep‐disordered breathing, a reliable estimate of the prevalence of sleep‐disordered breathing in women alcoholics will require additional studies.
Intragastric Intubation of Alcohol During Postnatal Development of Rats Results in Selective Cell Loss in the Cerebellum
Authors: Pierce Dwight R. , Serbus Dellan C. , Light Kim E.
Published: June 2007

Postnatal alcohol exposure produces reductions in the number of Purkinje cells in the rat cerebellum. The goal of this study was to determine if the method of postnatal alcohol exposure would influence the degree of vulnerability of the Purkinje cells. Previously reported studies from other laboratories have demonstrated cerebellar Purkinje cell count reductions following postnatal alcohol exposure via artificial rearing and vapor inhalation techniques. This study used gastric intubation to administer alcohol (3.6 g ethanol/kg body weight, bid) to male rat pups from postnatal days 4–10. Peak blood alcohol levels were 203 ± 12.7 mg/dl on postnatal day 6. On postnatal day 10, the animals were perfused, and brain weights were obtained. Body weight was not significantly altered by the postnatal alcohol exposure, yet the wet weights of the cerebral cortex and whole brain were significantly reduced. Although the cerebellar weight was not significantly reduced, the overall number of Purkinje cells measured in the cerebellar vermis was significantly reduced by 24% compared with the isocaloric and normal control groups. The pattern of vulnerability for the individual cerebellar lobules was similar to the previously reported studies, indicating that alcohol's teratogenicity transcends experimental paradigm and is remarkedly consistent, when relatively similar blood alcohol profiles are established.
Effectiveness of a High School Alcohol Misuse Prevention Program
Authors: Shope Jean T. , Copeland Laurel A. , Maharg Ruth , Dielman T.E.
Published: June 2007

An alcohol misuse prevention curriculum for tenth‐grade students was developed, implemented, and evaluated through twelfth grade with 1041 students from four school districts. The curriculum emphasized social pressures resistance training, immediate effects of alcohol, risks of alcohol misuse, and social pressures to misuse alcohol. There were desirable program effects on alcohol misuse prevention knowledge (p<0.001), alcohol misuse (p<0.02), and refusal skills (p<0.09). Gender by occasion differences were found on alcohol use, alcohol misuse, and driving after drinking, with boys' rates increasing more than those of girls. Exposure to a sixth‐grade, as well as the tenth‐grade, program did not result in better outcomes. Despite high levels of alcohol use among high school students, a tenth‐grade curriculum can result in some desirable effects. Creative approaches are needed, however, especially for boys who tend to use and misuse alcohol at rates that increase more steeply than those of girls.
Differences in the Serum Levels of Acetaldehyde and Cytotoxic Acetaldehyde‐Albumin Complexes after the Consumption of Red and White Wine: In Vitro Effects of Flavonoids, Vitamin E, and other Dietary Antioxidants on Cytotoxic Complexes
Authors: Wickramasinghe S. N. , Hasan R. , Khalpey Z.
Published: June 2007

After the consumption of ethanol, acetaldehyde levels increase in the serum, and the serum develops a nondialyzable cytotoxic activity caused by the formation of unstable acetaldehyde‐albumin complexes. The concentration of acetaldehyde in the serum and the cytotoxic activity in serum albumin 8.5 hr after six healthy volunteers began to drink 94 g of ethanol were significantly less when the ethanol was consumed as red wine than as white wine. The serum acetaldehyde was measured by a fluorigenic HPLC assay, and the cytotoxic activity in albumin was determined using two different assays based on dissimilar endpoints: (1) detachment of adherent A9 cells and (2) impairment of the ability of A9 cells to reduce tetrazolium. When serum obtained from five other healthy volunteers after the consumption of while wine was incubated at 37°C for 3 hr with a number of dietary antioxidants at a concentration of 100 μmol/liter, the cytotoxicity of the albumin was markedly reduced. The antioxidants studied consisted of six flavonoids (kaempherol, fisetin, quercetin, catechin, taxifolin, and coumarin) and three nonflavonoids (salicylic acid, tannic acid, and atocopherol). In the case of α‐tocopherol, a statistically significant reduction of cytotoxicity was observed at a concentration of 10 μmol/liter. In addition, the cytotoxicity of artificially prepared acetaldehyde‐albumin complexes was significantly reduced when such complexes were incubated with 50 to 100 μmol/liter of kaempherol, fisetin, quercetin, coumarin or salicylic acid, or 10 μmol/liter of a‐tocopherol at 37°C for 3 hr. Evidently, in vitro, flavonoid and nonflavonoid dietary constituents reduce the amount of unstable acetaldehyde‐albumin complexes found in both postalcohol serum and in artificially produced acetaldehyde‐albumin complexes. The difference in the amount of unstable acetaldehyde‐albumin complexes found in serum after the consumption of red and whiie wine may therefore be caused by the higher concentration of antioxidants, including flavonoids, in red wine than in white wine. Because acetaldehyde and acetaldehyde‐albumin complexes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of alcohol‐mediated tissue damage, these data suggest that dietary antioxidants may influence the biological consequences of excess alcohol consumption.
Pharmacotherapies for Alcohol Problems: A Review of Research with Focus on Developments since 1991
Authors: Litten Raye Z. , Allen John , Fertig Joanne
Published: June 2007

Research on medications to treat alcohol problems has flourished in the last 5 years. Whereas before this time most projects focused on withdrawal agents, at least equal interest has now extended to drugs that may directly reduce urge to drink. The most promising medications in this regard are the opiate antagonists and acamprosate. Considerable attention has also been devoted to serotonergic agents. As aids to detoxification, pharmacologic agents that affect the multiple neural systems disrupted by acute alcohol withdrawal remain under active investigation. Significant progress is also being made in identifying medications to assist alcoholics suffering collateral psychopathology, especially depression and anxiety based disorders. Unfortunately, fewer gains have been realized in the development of medications to assist patients simultaneously dependent on both alcohol and illicit drugs. Also, research to develop amethys‐tic agents remains in its very early stages.
Voice of the Afflicted
Authors: Erickson Carlton K.
Published: June 2007

Over the past 10 years, I have been privileged to conduct educational forums for audiences containing many recovering alcoholics or otherwise chemically dependent persons. In these forums about the addictive diseases and their treatment and research possibilities, significant interaction with the audience members occurs. During these interactions, certain anecdotal phenomena seem to predominate. The repetitive nature of these reports suggests the need for systematic investigation. As with editorial comments in major medical journals, observed phenomena and unanswered questions from the victims can be valuable in the generation of testable hypotheses. Perhaps the ideas presented herein will be useful in the development of future research on alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence.
Regulation of Human Monocyte Functions by Acute Ethanol Treatment: Decreased Tumor Necrosis Factorα, Interleukin‐lβ and Elevated Interleukin‐10, and Transforming Growth Factor‐β Production
Authors: Szabo Gyongyi , Mandrekar Pranoti , Girouard Linda , Catalano Donna
Published: June 2007

We and others have previously shown that even acute ethanol exposure has the capacity to modulate immune functions, particularly monocyte functions. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that acute ethanol treatment inhibits inflammatory, while increasing inhibitory cytokine production in human blood monocytes that, in tum, could contribute to the overall immune abnormalities seen after alcohol use. Our data show that in vitro treatment of blood monocytes with a physiologically relevant dose of alcohol (W mM) results in significantly decreased induction of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)‐lβ by bacterial stimulation of either Gram‐positive [staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), 1 μg/ml of SEB] or Gram‐negative [lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 1 μg/ml of LPS] origin both at the protein and mRNA levels. In contrast, acute ethanol treatment induces monocyte production of mediators with immunoinhibitory potential, including transforming growth factor‐β and IL‐10. We further show that ethanol not only induces monocyte/macrophage (Mø) IL‐10 and transforming growth factor‐β, but even augments bacterial (both LPS and SEB) stimulation‐induced production of both of these cytokines. IL‐10 is a potent inhibitor of Mø TNFα production. We found that ethanol‐induced elevation in Mø IL‐10 levels contributes to the decreased Mø TNFα production to bacterial challenge in eth‐anol‐exposed Mø. However, mRNA levels for TNFα are downregu‐lated as early as 1.5 hr after ethanol treatment, suggesting that ethanol likely has an IL‐10 independent, direct effect on early signaling events of TNF α induction.
Effects of Ethanol on Biotransformation of All‐Trans‐Retinol and All‐Trans‐Retinal to AILTrans‐Retinoic Acid in Rat Conceptal Cytosol
Authors: Chen Hao , Namkung Moses J. , Juchau Mont R.
Published: June 2007

Enzymatic catalysis of the oxidations of ethanol, all‐trans‐retinol (t‐retinol) and all‐trans‐retinal (t‐retinal) were demonstrated in the cy‐tosolic fractions of rat conceptal homogenates at day 12 of gestation. Products of the retinoid oxidation reactions were identified with HPLC by comparing elution times with those of authentic standard retinoids. NAD‐dependent oxidations of each of the three substrates were demonstrable with assay conditions used t‐retinol and t‐retinal each were converted to readily detectable quantities of all‐trans‐retinoic acid (t‐RA). At 1.0 mM or higher concentrations, ethanol effectively inhibited the synthesis of t‐RA from both t‐retinol and t‐retinal when adult hepatic cytosol was used as enzyme source. Approximately 70% and 40% inhibitions, respectively, were observed at 10 mM ethanol concentrations. By contrast, for the reactions catalyzed by rat conceptal cytosol (RCC) under the same experimental conditions, ethanol failed to inhibit significantly the conversion of either t‐retinol or t‐retinal to t‐RA at concentrations up to 1,000 mM. For the RCC‐catalyzed conversion of t‐retinal to t‐RA, increasing concentrations of ethanol (0 to 1.0 M) resulted in linear increases rather than decreases in quantities of t‐RA generated. At a 2.0 M concentration of ethanol, the quantity of t‐RA increased by >50%. Significant inhibition of t‐RA generation from t‐retinal occurred only at extremely high (>4.0 M) concentrations. The results indicated that ethanol was a very ineffective inhibitor of RCC‐catalyzed synthesis of t‐RA from either t‐retinol or t‐retinal. This contrasted strongly with effective inhibitory effects with adult hepatic cytosol as enzyme source. The results supported the concept that competitive inhibition of conversion of t‐retinol to t‐RA in conceptal tissues is not a significant factor in ethanol‐elicited embryotoxicity and dysmorphogenesis, at least in rodents. Mechanisms for the eth‐anol‐induced increases in conversion of t‐retinal to t‐RA remain to be elucidated.
Risk Factors of Sexual Harassment by Peers: A Longitudinal Investigation of African American and European American Adolescents
Authors: Goldstein Sara E. , Malanchuk Oksana , Davis‐Kean Pamela E. , Eccles Jacquelynne S.
Published: June 2007

The present research explores risk factors for, and longitudinal associations of, sexual harassment by peers during adolescence. Eight‐hundred and seventy‐two African American and European American adolescents (65.4% African American, 51.1% females) were assessed during the summer after the eighth grade (mean age=14.2 years) and then again in the 11th grade (mean age=17.1 years). At the first assessment, adolescents were asked about their experiences with sexual harassment, their psychological reactions to sexual harassment, and also about their peer relationships, perceived pubertal timing, problem behavior, and mental health. At the second assessment, adolescents reported on their problem behavior and mental health. In general, youth who associated with peers who were involved in problem behavior were at risk for victimization. Among females, those who perceived themselves to be experiencing early pubertal development were also at risk. Additionally, for some adolescents, sexual harassment predicted later adjustment difficulties.
Similarity and Complementarity of Behavioral Profiles of Friendship Types and Types of Friends: Friendships and Psychosocial Adjustment
Authors: Güroğlu Berna , Van Lieshout Cornelis F. M. , Haselager Gerbert J. T. , Scholte Ron H. J.
Published: June 2007

This study investigated different types of friendships and the behavioral profiles of different types of friends in relation to individual adjustment. In 102 classes with preadolescents (mean age 11), 737 independent friendship dyads, and in 149 classes with adolescents (mean age 14), 1,102 friendship dyads were identified. At each age group, cluster analyses on the behavioral profiles of the dyads yielded three friendship types, with two types of friends within each friendship type: Socially Withdrawn friendship (Victimized Withdrawn and Prosocial Withdrawn friends), Prosocial friendship (High Prosocial and Less Prosocial friends), and Antisocial friendship (Bullying Antisocial and Antisocial friends). The behavioral profiles of the two friends in Prosocial friendships were marked by similarity and in the other two types by complementarity. Both Victimized Withdrawn and Bullying Antisocial friends were less adjusted than participants without friends while Prosocial friends were more adjusted.
Problematic Situations in the Lives of Urban African American Middle School Students: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Farrell Albert D. , Erwin Elizabeth H. , Allison Kevin W. , Meyer Aleta , Sullivan Terri , Camou Suzanne , Kliewer Wendy , Esposito Layla
Published: June 2007

Qualitative methods were used to identify problem situations encountered by adolescents in urban middle schools serving a predominantly African American student population. Interviews focusing on identifying problem situations and the context in which they occur were conducted with 60 adolescents including students and peer mediators at middle schools and adolescents at community centers. Interviews were also conducted with 50 adults, including parents of middle school students, community center staff, and middle school staff including bus drivers, cafeteria workers, teachers, security guards, and school administrators. Qualitative analysis and coding of interview transcripts identified 39 themes representing a diverse array of problem situations, many of which occurred across multiple contexts including peers, school, family, and neighborhood domains.
Similarity and the Quality of Online and Offline Social Relationships Among Adolescents in Israel
Authors: Mesch Gustavo S. , Talmud Ilan
Published: June 2007

Studies on online social relationships have focused on how Internet use is associated with sociability, but have not compared the quality of online with offline relationships. On the other hand, studies on adolescent friendship formation have used school samples disregarding the Internet as a new social context for it. We took a different approach, studying the relationship between the social context of acquaintance (school, neighborhood, and online) and the structure and quality of friendships among adolescents. In a representative sample of Israeli adolescents (n=980), similarities in age, gender, and place of residence were studied in respect of the social sphere in which each friend was met (neighborhood, school, and online communication). We found that when a friend was met at school the likelihood of similarity in age, gender, and place of residence was higher than when contact was made online. Friends met in the neighborhood and schools were usually closer than friends met online. However, social similarity mattered even for friends who were met online. The more similar an online friend was in residence and gender, the stronger was the social tie.
Surface area analysis of dental implants using micro‐computed tomography
Authors: Schicho Kurt , Kastner Johann , Klingesberger Roman , Seemann Rudolf , Enislidis Georg , Undt Gerhard , Wanschitz Felix , Figl Michael , Wagner Arne , Ewers Rolf
Published: June 2007

Objectives: In this study, we present and evaluate a micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT)‐based method for the calculation of the potential bone/implant contact area (p‐BICA) on the surface of dental implants.

Material and methods: For seven commercially available implants (Ankylos™ implant, Brånemark System®, Frialit CELLplus™, Replace® Select Tapered, Straumann Solid screw™, XiVE S CELLplus™, 3i Osseotite XP™ Threaded Miniplant®), the p‐BICA surface is determined by means of three‐dimensional X‐ray computed‐tomography and computer‐based data processing. Measurements were repeated two times, and the stability and repeatability of the measurement method were evaluated.

Results: Our analysis revealed a p‐BICA of 118 mm2 for the XiVE S CELLplus™ implant, 134 mm2 for the Ankylos™, 136 mm2 for the Frialit CELLplus™, 138 mm2 for the Brånemark System®, 139 mm2 for the Replace®, 159 mm2 for the 3i Osseotite XP™ and 199 mm2 for the Straumann Solid screw™ implant. The measurement method proved to be stable and led to reproducible results.

Conclusions: The micro‐ and macrostructure of dental implants define the surface and the p‐BICA. Precise determination of this parameter can be achieved by means of the micro‐CT‐based method as presented in this study. The value of p‐BICA lies in the predictability of industrial design before preclinical and clinical testing. Based on this method, dental implant properties become comparable even if geometrical details are not disclosed by the manufacturer.
Extracellular matrix expression and periodontal wound‐healing dynamics following guided tissue regeneration therapy in canine furcation defects
Authors: Christgau Michael , Caffesse Raul G. , Schmalz Gottfried , D'Souza Rena N.
Published: June 2007

Aim: Temporal and spatial expression pattern of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in furcation defects following guided tissue regeneration (GTR) compared with open‐flap debridement (OFD).

Material and Methods: In 21 dogs, mandibular second and fourth pre‐molars were treated with one non‐resorbable and three different resorbable membranes. Third pre‐molars were treated by OFD. After 2, 4, 8 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months, tissues were analysed by immunohistochemistry for collagen I (Col‐I) and III (Col‐III), fibronectin (FN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN).

Results: At 2 weeks, the defect was mainly occupied by FN+ granulation tissue (GT), which was sequentially replaced by new connective tissue expressing FN, Col‐I, and increasingly Col‐III. Following superficial resorptions by OPN+ osteoclasts and odontoclasts, cementum and bone formation ensued with strong expression of BSP and OPN along bone and tooth surfaces. Deposition of Col‐I, FN, BSP and OPN+ cementoid and osteoid became evident after 4 weeks. Extrinsic fibres of cementum and bone stained intensely for Col‐III. The newly formed periodontal ligament expressed FN, Col‐I, and Col‐III, but no BSP or OPN.

Conclusions: The spatial ECM expression was similar for OFD and the different GTR methods, although the timing and quantity of ECM expression were influenced by wound stabilization and inflammatory reactions.
A Tale of Two Cases: Lessons for Education From the Study of Two Boys Living With Half Their Brains
Authors: Immordino‐Yang Mary Helen
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT—In recent years, educators have been looking increasingly to neuroscience to inform their understanding of how children’s brain and cognitive development are shaped by their learning experiences. However, while this new interdisciplinary approach presents an unprecedented opportunity to explore and debate the educational implications of neuropsychological research, a good model for this dialogue is lacking. This is in part because relatively little is known about the relationships between cognitive, emotional, and neurological development, in part because of a dearth of research methods designed to rigorously connect issues of learning and development to neuropsychological strengths and weaknesses, and in part because neuropsychological studies are rarely presented in a format that is conducive to meaningful cross‐disciplinary dialogue with educators. To begin to address these issues, in this article, I present the complementary cases of Nico and Brooke, two high‐functioning adolescents, who have suffered the removal of an entire brain hemisphere (Nico his right and Brooke his left) to control severe epilepsy. Through presenting a neuropsychological study of these rare boys’ emotion and affective prosody (vocal intonation) through the developmental lens of an educator, I reinterpret the neuropsychological findings for what they reveal about how the boys leveraged their emotional and cognitive strengths to learn important skills for which they were each missing half of the normally recruited neural hardware. While Nico’s and Brooke’s results seem on the surface to contradict expectations based on neuropsychological findings with adults, they combine to reveal a compensatory logic that begins to elucidate the active role of the learner as well as the organizing role of emotion in brain development, providing a jumping‐off point for discussion between educators and neuroscientists and a model for connecting neuropsychological strengths and weaknesses to learning.
Report of the International Association of Geoanalysts on the Certification of Penrhyn Slate, OU‐6
Authors: Kane Jean S.
Published: June 2007

The International Association of Geoanalysts (IAG) has certified a slate sample, OU‐6, for twelve major and minor constituents, as well as thirty‐five trace elements through an interlaboratory programme conducted in close compliance with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Guide 35 (1989). Laboratories were qualified for participation in the certification programme, based on their performance in the prior analysis of OU‐6 as a proficiency test material. Thirty laboratories provided data for the certification, though not for each constituent that was certified. Certification criteria included a means of establishing traceability for the certification data, generally through concurrent analysis of the existing Geological Survey of Japan reference material JSl‐1, agreement of results between laboratories and methods, and a minimum of data rejection (4% rejection rate for OU‐6 data and 6% for JSl‐1 data), preferably for well‐understood technical reasons only. Information values are provided for an additional eight constituents where certification criteria were not met. Uncertainties developed in accordance with the “Guide on Uncertainty in Measurement” (Eurachem 2000) and representing the 95% confidence interval of the certified and information values are reported for all fifty five constituents. The material is currently available in 40 g units for distribution by the IAG. Supply is anticipated to last about ten years.
Precise/ Small Sample Size Determinations of Lithium Isotopic Compositions of Geological Reference Materials and Modern Seawater by MC‐ICP‐MS
Authors: Jeffcoate Alistair B. , Elliott Tim , Thomas Alex , Bouman Claudia
Published: June 2007

The Li isotope ratios of four international rock reference materials, USGS BHVO‐2, GSJ JB‐2, JG‐2, JA‐1 and modern seawater (Mediterranean, Pacific and North Atlantic) were determined using multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS). These reference materials of natural samples were chosen to span a considerable range in Li isotope ratios and cover several different matrices in order to provide a useful benchmark for future studies. Our new analytical technique achieves significantly higher precision and reproducibility (< ± O.3%o 2s) than previous methods, with the additional advantage of requiring very low sample masses of ca. 2 ng of Li.
Neutron Activation Analysis, Atomic Absorption and X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Review for 2004–2005
Authors: Bédard L. Paul
Published: June 2007

These technologically mature techniques occupied a stable to modestly increasing sector of the spectrum of analytical methods in Earth and environmental sciences in 2004–5. Despite this, several notable advances were reported in this two year period. In the field of X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry, these included the development of portable synchrotron and total reflection instruments, the use of pyroelectric crystals as X‐ray generators, introduction of high‐purity Ge detector arrays, and the development of an XRF imaging spectrometer with the capability of mapping analytes and X‐ray intensity ratio. Atomic absorption s spectrometry saw major work published on high‐resolution continuum source AAS (HR‐CS AAS) involving the development of a xenon short‐arc lamp. Other advances included the use of laser wave mixing in a graphite furnace tube (with a claimed detection limit of 10–16 g g‐1), solid sampling and ultrasound in sample preparation. Neutron activation analysis saw two innovations that may herald future growth in this technique, namely a neutron source free of a nuclear reactor and a detector operating at room temperature.
Trends in Analytical Developments and Earth Science Applications in LA‐ICP‐MS and LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS for 2004 and 2005
Authors: Sylvester Paul J.
Published: June 2007

This review of laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry includes research that employed quadrupole instruments, and single‐collector and multicollector magnetic sector field instruments. The most important trend in 2004–2005 was the growing appreciation that small matrix effects in LA‐(MC)‐ICP‐MS need to be addressed in order to produce highly precise and accurate data by the method. The issue is most acute for isotope ratio measurements that require standard‐sample‐standard bracketing but can also be important for certain elemental analysis. Matrix‐dependent elemental and isotopic fractionations were studied from the standpoint of laser‐sample interactions and the behaviour of laser‐generated particles in the ablation cell, transfer tubing and ICP torch. Innovations in LA‐(MC)‐ICP‐MS involved signal smoothing, in torch laser ablation, on‐line isotope dilution and molecular oxide monitoring. Other important research was carried out on the calibration and homogeneity of various reference materials; and the exploration of mature (in situ U‐Pb geochronology) and emerging (apatite fission‐track chronometry, U‐Th/He thermochronology, boron/strontium/uranium‐series isotopic microanalysis) applications in the Earth sciences.
High Sensitivity Analysis of Trace Element‐Poor Geological Reference Glasses by Laser Ablation‐Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS)
Authors: Jacob Dorrit E.
Published: June 2007

Fifty‐two trace elements in NIST SRM 614, 616 and MPI‐DING BM90/21‐G glass reference materials as well as in NIST SRM 612, USGS BCR2‐G and other MPI‐DING reference glasses (KL2‐G, GOR132‐G, GOR128‐G, ATHO‐G, Tl‐G, StHs6/80‐G and ML3B‐G) were determined by laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS). Accurate ultra‐low trace element abundances in the NIST SRM 614, 616 and BM90/21‐G reference glasses down to lower ng g−1 levels were determined with relative standard deviations (RSD) of less than 10%. Limits of detection using He as carrier gas were up to two times lower than with Ar and were 0.004 to 0.12 μg g−1 for elements of lower mass numbers (amu < 85) and 0.002 to 0.06 μg g−1 for elements having amu < 85. The measured concentrations generally agree within 15% with previous studies except for B in NIST SRM 614 and 616, which appears to be heterogeneously distributed, and Co, Zn, Ga and Ag in NIST SRM 616 for which the existing data set is too small to evaluate the discrepancies. New values for As (0.593 μg g−1), Ag (0.361 μg g−1) and Cd (0.566 μg g−1) in NIST SRM 614 and new values for Na (94864 μg g−1) and As (0.276 μg g−1) in NIST SRM 616 are reported.
Diabetes associated cell stress and dysfunction: role of mitochondrial and non‐mitochondrial ROS production and activity
Authors: Newsholme P. , Haber E. P. , Hirabara S. M. , Rebelato E. L. O. , Procopio J. , Morgan D. , Oliveira‐Emilio H. C. , Carpinelli A. R. , Curi R.
Published: June 2007

It is now widely accepted, given the current weight of experimental evidence, that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to cell and tissue dysfunction and damage caused by glucolipotoxicity in diabetes. The source of ROS in the insulin secreting pancreatic β‐cells and in the cells which are targets for insulin action has been considered to be the mitochondrial electron transport chain. While this source is undoubtably important, we provide additional information and evidence for NADPH oxidase‐dependent generation of ROS both in pancreatic β‐cells and in insulin sensitive cells. While mitochondrial ROS generation may be important for regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) activity and thus disruption of cellular energy metabolism, the NADPH oxidase associated ROS may alter parameters of signal transduction, insulin secretion, insulin action and cell proliferation or cell death. Thus NADPH oxidase may be a useful target for intervention strategies based on reversing the negative impact of glucolipotoxicity in diabetes.
Activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors induces a PKC‐dependent switch in AMPA receptor subtypes in mouse cerebellar stellate cells
Authors: Sun Lu , June Liu Siqiong
Published: June 2007

The repetitive activation of synaptic glutamate receptors can induce a lasting change in the number or subunit composition of synaptic AMPA receptors (AMPARs). However, NMDA receptors that are present extrasynaptically can also be activated by a burst of presynaptic activity, and thus may be involved in the induction of synaptic plasticity. Here we show that the physiological‐like activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs induces a lasting change in the synaptic current, by changing the subunit composition of AMPARs at the parallel fibre‐to‐cerebellar stellate cell synapse. This extrasynaptic NMDAR‐induced switch in synaptic AMPARs from GluR2‐lacking (Ca2+‐permeable) to GluR2‐containing (Ca2+‐impermeable) receptors requires the activation of protein kinase C (PKC). These results indicate that the activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs by glutamate spillover is an important mechanism that detects the pattern of afferent activity and subsequently exerts a remote regulation of AMPAR subtypes at the synapse via a PKC‐dependent pathway.
Influence of Surface Roughness on Non-Newtonian Thermohydrostatic Performance of a Hole-Entry Hybrid Journal Bearing
Authors: Nagaraju T. , Sharma Satish C. , Jain S. C.
Published: June 2007

A general solution scheme to account the surface roughness and the cross-film viscosity variation of lubricant due to its non-Newtonian behavior and rise in fluid-film temperature for the analysis of fluid-film bearings is presented. The combined influence of surface roughness, non-Newtonian behavior of lubricant, and thermal effects on the performance of a hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system has been investigated. The surface roughness, especially stationary roughness (i.e., rough bearing and smooth journal) with a transverse pattern was found to partially compensate for the loss in load-carrying capacity due to the thermal and/or non-Newtonian behavior of lubricant effects. It limits 18.86% loss in load-carrying capacity due to the thermal effect to only 1.6% and 33.99% loss due to the combined influence of non-Newtonian lubricant and thermal effect to 16.76%.
Foil Gas Bearing With Compression Springs: Analyses and Experiments
Authors: Song Ju-ho , Kim Daejong
Published: June 2007

A new foil gas bearing with spring bumps was constructed, analyzed, and tested. The new foil gas bearing uses a series of compression springs as compliant underlying structures instead of corrugated bump foils. Experiments on the stiffness of the spring bumps show an excellent agreement with an analytical model developed for the spring bumps. Load capacity, structural stiffness, and equivalent viscous damping (and structural loss factor) were measured to demonstrate the feasibility of the new foil bearing. Orbit and coast-down simulations using the calculated stiffness and measured structural loss factor indicate that the damping of underlying structure can suppress the maximum peak at the critical speed very effectively but not the onset of hydrodynamic rotor-bearing instability. However, the damping plays an important role in suppressing the subsynchronous vibrations under limit cycles. The observation is believed to be true with any air foil bearings with different types of elastic foundations.
A Low Friction Bearing Based on Liquid Slip at the Wall
Authors: Choo J. H. , Glovnea R. P. , Forrest A. K. , Spikes H. A.
Published: June 2007

In recent years it has been shown experimentally by a number of workers that simple, Newtonian liquids can slip against solid surfaces when the latter are both very smooth and lyophobic. It has also been shown theoretically how, based on a half-wetted bearing principle, this phenomenon may be used to significantly reduce friction in lubricated sliding contacts and thus make possible the hydrodynamic lubrication of very low load contacts. This paper describes the experimental validation of this concept. A low load bearing is constructed and the influence of surface roughness and the wetting properties of the surfaces on friction are investigated over a wide range of sliding speeds. It is shown that liquid slip can be used to considerably reduce friction in full film, hydrodynamic conditions.
Numerical Modeling of Non-Newtonian Fluids in Slider Bearings and Channel Thermohydrodynamic Flow
Authors: Khlifi M. El , Souchet D. , Hajjam M. , Bouyahia F.
Published: June 2007

A three-dimensional thermohydrodynamic model is developed to predict non-Newtonian lubricant behavior in slider bearings and channel flow. The generalized Reynolds equation is established using the concept of generalized Newtonian fluids (GNF) and the temperature field is determined with the energy equation. The chosen rheological models are the power-law, Bingham, and Hershel–Bulkley models. The last two models hold uniformly in yielded and unyielded regions using the approach proposed by Papanastasiou. The results present the evolution of the velocity, pressure, and thermal fields. The power loss, load capacity, and friction coefficient are analyzed. Comparisons are made with Newtonian lubricants and other recent non-Newtonian computational analyses.
Reproduction affects flight activity in female and male Daubenton’s bats, Myotis daubentoni
Authors: Dietz M. , Kalko E.K.V.
Published: June 2007

Nearly all mammals in the temperate zone breed in spring and summer when climatic conditions are favourable and food is abundant. Similar to other mammals, food requirements of female bats are particularly high during pregnancy and lactation and of males during spermatogenesis. Seasonal changes in energy demand and reproductive condition should therefore result in different foraging activity within and between sexes. This assumption was tested on 16 adult females and 13 adult males of the Palaearctic Daubenton’s bat, Myotis daubentoni (Kuhl, 1817), that were radio-tracked during pregnancy, lactation, and post-lactation periods. Pregnant females, as hypothesized, flew significantly longer (mean: 358.9 min; 70% of the night length) than males (mean: 228.5 min; 42.4% of the night length) during spring. In contrast, nightly flight time of lactating females decreased and was significantly less than that of pregnant females, but was similar to that of males during the same period. The longest flight times of males were registered during late summer when spermatogenetic activity is high. However, there were distinct differences in the use of foraging areas between female and male Daubenton’s bats. Female bats used small, individual foraging areas during pregnancy and lactation. The pattern was reversed in females after the young had been weaned and in males after they entered spermatogenesis. Overall, the results confirmed our proposition that flight activity reflects the higher energy demand and nutrition requirements in the different reproductive periods.
Comparison of the Effects of Tai Chi and Resistance Training on Bone Metabolism in the Elderly: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Shen Chwan-Li , Williams James S. , Chyu Ming-Chien , Paige Robert L. , Stephens Allen L. , Chauncey Katherine B. , Prabhu Fiona R. , Ferris Lee T. , Yeh James K.
Published: June 2007

This feasibility study compared the effects of Tai Chi (TC) and resistance training (RT) on bone metabolism in the elderly. Twenty eight sedentary, elder adults, were randomized into either TC ( n = 14, 78.8 +/-1.3 years) or RT ( n = 14, 79.4 +/-2.2 years) to participate in 40 min of exercise per session, 3 sessions/week for 24 weeks. The outcome measures assessed were the concentrations of serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), pyridinoline (PYD), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium, and urinary calcium. The TC group had a higher compliance rate than the RT group. After 6 weeks, (i) both TC and RT resulted in higher level of serum BAP relative to the baseline and the TC group exhibited a greater increase in serum BAP than the RT group; (ii) there was an increase of serum PYD in the RT group only, not in the TC group; and (iii) the BAP/PYD ratio was higher than baseline only in the TC group, and the increase of the ratio in the TC group was greater than that in the RT group. After 12 weeks, the increase in serum PTH in the TC group was higher than the RT group. After 24 weeks, there was a reduction of the urinary calcium level in the TC group relative to the baseline. In conclusion, these findings support that TC is beneficial for increasing bone formation in elderly, and long-term application is needed to substantiate the effect of TC as an alternative exercise in promotion of bone health.