bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomic Instability Signature of Palindromic Non-Coding Somatic Mutations in Bladder Cancer
Authors: Vacher Sophie , Suybeng Voreak , Girard Elodie , Masliah Planchon Julien , Thomson Grégory , Le Goux Constance , Garinet Simon , Schnitzler Anne , Chemlali Walid , Firlej Virginie , Damotte Diane , Allory Yves , Kamal Maud , Pignot Géraldine , Bieche Ivan
Published: October 2020

Numerous pan-genomic studies identified alterations in protein-coding genes and signaling pathways involved in bladder carcinogenesis, while non-coding somatic alterations remain weakly explored. The goal of this study was to identify clinical biomarkers in non-coding regions for bladder cancer patients. We have previously identified in bladder tumors two non-coding mutational hotspots occurring at high frequencies (≥30%). These mutations are located close to the GPR126 and PLEKHS1 genes, at the guanine or the cytosine of a TGAACA core motif flanked, on both sides, by a stretch of palindromic sequences. Here, we hypothesize that such a pattern of recurrent non-coding mutations could be a signature of somatic genomic instability specifically involved in bladder cancer. We analyzed 26 additional mutable non-coding sites with the same core motif in a cohort of 103 bladder cancers composed of 44 NMIBC cases and 59 MIBC cases using high-resolution melting (HRM) and Sanger sequencing. Five bladder cancers were additionally analyzed for protein-coding gene mutations using a targeted NGS panel composed of 571 genes. Expression levels of three members of the APOBEC3 family genes were assessed using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Non-coding somatic mutations were observed for at least one TGAACA core motif locus in 62.1% (64/103) of bladder tumor samples. These non-coding mutations co-occurred in the bladder tumors but were absent in prostate tumor, HPV-positive Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) colorectal tumor series. This signature of palindromic non-coding somatic mutations, specific to bladder tumors, was not associated with patients’ outcome and was more frequent in females. Interestingly, this signature was associated with high tumor mutational burden (TMB) and high expression levels of APOBEC3B and interferon inducible genes. We identified a new type of somatic genomic instability targeting the TGAACA core motif loci flanked by palindromic sequences in bladder cancer. This mutational signature is a promising candidate clinical biomarker for the early detection of relapse and a major low-cost alternative to the TMB to monitor the response to immunotherapy for bladder cancer patients.
Breast Cancer Cell–Neutrophil Interactions Enhance Neutrophil Survival and Pro-Tumorigenic Activities
Authors: Wu Lingyun , Saxena Sugandha , Goel Paran , Prajapati Dipakkumar R. , Wang Cheng , Singh Rakesh K.
Published: October 2020

Breast cancer remains the most prevalent cancer in women with limited treatment options for patients suffering from therapy-resistance and metastatic disease. Neutrophils play an important role in breast cancer progression and metastasis. We examined the pro-tumorigenic nature of the breast cancer cell–neutrophil interactions and delineated the differences in neutrophil properties between the chemotherapy-resistant and the parent tumor microenvironment. Our data demonstrated that high neutrophil infiltration is associated with disease aggressiveness and therapy resistance. In the human breast cancer dataset, expression of neutrophil-related signature gene expression was higher in tumors from therapy-resistant patients than therapy-sensitive patients. We observed that breast cancer-derived factors significantly enhanced neutrophil survival, polarization, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Breast cancer cell-derived supernatant treated neutrophils significantly expressed high levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), CC-chemokine ligand-2-4 (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP9), and formed extracellular traps (NETs). Moreover, neutrophils showed increased secretion of MMP9 when cultured with the supernatant of chemotherapy-resistant Cl66-Doxorubicin (Cl66-Dox) and Cl66-Paclitaxel (Cl66-Pac) cells in comparison with the supernatant of Cl66-parent cells. Together, these data suggest an important role of breast cancer cell–neutrophil interactions in regulating pro-tumor characteristics in neutrophils and its modulation by therapy resistance.
Increased Expression of NPM1 Suppresses p27Kip1 Function in Cancer Cells
Authors: Kometani Tatsuya , Arai Takuya , Chibazakura Taku
Published: October 2020

p27Kip1, a major cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is frequently expressed at low levels in cancers, which correlates with their malignancy. However, in this study, we found a qualitative suppression of p27 overexpressed in some cancer cells. By proteomic screening for factors interacting with p27, we identified nucleophosmin isoform 1 (NPM1) as a novel p27-interacting factor and observed that NPM1 protein was expressed at high levels in some cancer cells. NPM1 overexpression in normal cells suppressed p27 function, and conversely, NPM1 knockdown in cancer cells restored the function in vitro. Furthermore, the tumors derived from cancer cells carrying the combination of p27 overexpression and NPM1 knockdown constructs showed significant suppression of growth as compared with those carrying other combinations in mouse xenograft models. These results strongly suggest that increased expression of NPM1 qualitatively suppresses p27 function in cancer cells.
Safety and Tolerability of Stromal Vascular Fraction Combined with β-Tricalcium Phosphate in Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Phase I Clinical Trial
Authors: Kim Kyoung-Tae , Kim Kwang Gi , Choi Un Yong , Lim Sang Heon , Kim Young Jae , Sohn Seil , Sheen Seung Hun , Heo Chan Yeong , Han Inbo
Published: October 2020

The rates of pseudarthrosis remain high despite recent advances in bone graft substitutes for spinal fusion surgery. The aim of this single center, non-randomized, open-label clinical trial was to determine the feasibility of combined use of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) for patients who require posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) and pedicle screw fixation. Two polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages were inserted into the intervertebral space following complete removal of the intervertebral disc. The PEEK cage (SVF group) on the right side of the patient was filled with β-TCP in combination with SVF, and the cage on the left side (control group) was filled with β-TCP alone. Fusion rate and cage subsidence were assessed by lumbar spine X-ray and CT at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. At the 6-month follow-up, 54.5% of the SVF group (right-sided cages) and 18.2% of the control group (left-sided cages) had radiologic evidence of bone fusion (p = 0.151). The 12-month fusion rate of the right-sided cages was 100%, while that of the left-sided cages was 91.6% (p = 0.755). Cage subsidence was not observed. Perioperative combined use of SVF with β-TCP is feasible and safe in patients who require spinal fusion surgery, and it has the potential to increase the early bone fusion rate following spinal fusion surgery.
Modelling Complex Particle–Fluid Flow with a Discrete Element Method Coupled with Lattice Boltzmann Methods (DEM-LBM)
Authors: Liu Wenwei , Wu Chuan-Yu
Published: October 2020

Particle–fluid flows are ubiquitous in nature and industry. Understanding the dynamic behaviour of these complex flows becomes a rapidly developing interdisciplinary research focus. In this work, a numerical modelling approach for complex particle–fluid flows using the discrete element method coupled with the lattice Boltzmann method (DEM-LBM) is presented. The discrete element method and the lattice Boltzmann method, as well as the coupling techniques, are discussed in detail. The DEM-LBM is thoroughly validated for typical benchmark cases: the single-phase Poiseuille flow, the gravitational settling and the drag force on a fixed particle. In order to demonstrate the potential and applicability of DEM-LBM, three case studies are performed, which include the inertial migration of dense particle suspensions, the agglomeration of adhesive particle flows in channel flow and the sedimentation of particles in cavity flow. It is shown that DEM-LBM is a robust numerical approach for analysing complex particle–fluid flows.
The Evolution and Development of Solution Dolines with Horizontal Growth and the Processes of Their Floors: A Case Study on the Plate-Shaped Dolines of the Bükk Mountains, Aggtelek Karst and Pádis Plateau
Authors: Veress Márton
Published: October 2020

This study investigated the evolution and development of plate-shaped dolines (depressions with a large diameter, small depth and plain floor) within the framework of a case study. For the determination of their morphological characteristics, the morphological parameters of 16 dolines were measured and calculated (their average values were compared to the parameter average values of the dolines of other doline types). Based on the data from the vertical electrical sounding measurements, the superficial deposit and the morphology of the bedrock of six dolines were studied. It can be stated that the plate-shaped dolines increased in size by widening. They were formed at sites where the water drainage and material transport capacities of the epikarst of the bedrock ceased on doline floors, while the drainage and material transport took place at the margin of the dolines. Their genetic varieties were plate-shaped dolines with a karren, plate-shaped dolines with a drawdown doline, plate-shaped dolines with a subsidence doline, plate-shaped dolines without a drawdown doline and plate-shaped dolines with a partial doline.
Damping Properties of Flax/Carbon Hybrid Epoxy/Fibre-Reinforced Composites for Automotive Semi-Structural Applications
Authors: Fairlie George , Njuguna James
Published: October 2020

The ever-increasing demand for environmentally friendly biocomposites for use in various engineering applications requires a strong understanding of these materials properties, especially in automotive applications. This study focused on investigating how the stacking sequence and fibre orientation impacts the damping properties of hybrid flax/carbon fibre-reinforced composites. Different hybrid carbon fibre/flax fibre-reinforced composites using epoxy resin as the matrix were manufactured using vacuum-assisted resin infusion moulding technique. Each composite material was then tested for tensile properties using a universal testing machine, and the damping experiment was conducted using an impulse hammer and a Laser Doppler Vibrometer. The tensile study found out that adding a flax layer to the external layers of carbon fibre laminate reduced Young’s modulus by 28% for one layer and 45% for two layers. It was noted that when the fibre orientation of the internal layer of [C/F2/C]s was replaced with two ±45° layers, this had a very little effect on Young’s modulus but reduced the ultimate tensile strength by 61%. This experimental study also showed that the most important layer when it comes to damping properties is the external layers. By adding an external flax layer into an epoxy/carbon fibre-reinforced composite considerably enhanced its damping ratio by 53.6% and by adding two layers increased it by 94%. The results indicated a high potential for the automotive semi-structural applications to improve damping properties of the vehicle.
Effect of Two Organic Production Strategies and Ageing Time on Textural Characteristics of Beef from the Retinta Breed
Authors: García-Torres Susana , López-Gajardo Adoración , Tejerina David , Prior Estrella , Cabeza de Vaca María , Horcada Alberto
Published: October 2020

The primary aim of this paper is to determine the influence of two organic production systems, organic grass-fed (OG) and organic concentrate-fed (OC), vs. a conventional concentrate-fed (CC) system; the second aim is to determine the influence of the ageing period on the physical parameters and texture properties of beef from the Retinta breed. Muscle samples from Longissimus thoracis were stored at 2–4 ± 1 °C for 0, 7, 14, and 21 days for the purposes of ageing. Analyses of pH, water losses (drip loss and cooking loss), Warner-Bratzler shear force, texture profile analysis (TPA), and histological analysis of muscle fibre were carried out. The results revealed that organic meat experienced lower drip loss and higher cooking loss than conventional meat. Although the meat of organic grass-fed animals was tougher initially, it showed a higher tenderisation speed in the first ageing days than OC and CC meats. The sarcomere length increased during the ageing period, which showed a negative correlation to shear force. According to its texture characteristics, the Retinta meat produced in organic systems could be recommended by its quality.
X-Linked Duchenne-Type Muscular Dystrophy in Jack Russell Terrier Associated with a Partial Deletion of the Canine DMD Gene
Authors: Brunetti Barbara , Muscatello Luisa V. , Letko Anna , Papa Valentina , Cenacchi Giovanna , Grillini Marco , Murgiano Leonardo , Jagannathan Vidhya , Drögemüller Cord
Published: October 2020

A 9-month old male Jack Russell Terrier started showing paraparesis of the hindlimbs after a walk. Hospitalized, the dog went into cardiac arrest, and later died. Necroscopic examination revealed a severe thickness of the diaphragm, esophagus, and base of the tongue, leading to the diagnosis of muscular dystrophy. The histology confirmed the marked size variation, regeneration, and fibrosis replacement of the skeletal muscle fibers. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the absence of dystrophin confirming the diagnosis. Transmission electron microscopy showed disarrangement of skeletal muscle fibers. Finally, whole-genome sequencing identified a ~368kb deletion spanning 19 exons of the canine dystrophin (DMD) gene. This pathogenic loss-of-function variant most likely explains the observed disease phenotype. The X-chromosomal variant was absent in seven controls of the same breed. Most likely, this partial deletion of the DMD gene was either transmitted on the maternal path within the family of the affected dog or arose de novo. This study revealed a spontaneous partial deletion in DMD gene in a Jack Russell Terrier showing a Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy due to non-functional dystrophin.
Stem Branching of Cycad Plants Informs Horticulture and Conservation Decisions
Authors: Marler Thomas , Calonje Michael
Published: October 2020

The number of branches in male and female plants of Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill, Cycas edentata de Laub., Cycas wadei Merr., and Zamia encephalartoides D.W. Stev. were counted in Guam, Philippines, and Colombia, to confirm earlier reports that female plants develop fewer branches than males. Cycas plants produce determinate male strobili and indeterminate female strobili, but Zamia plants produce determinate strobili for both sexes. More than 80% of the female trees for each of the Cycas species were unbranched with a single stem, but more than 80% of the male trees exhibited two or more branches. The mean number of branches on male plants was more than double that of female plants. The number of branches of the Zamia male plants was almost triple that of female plants. Moreover, the Zamia plants produced 2.8-fold greater numbers of branches than the mean of the Cycas plants. Most of Guam’s unsexed C. micronesica trees in 2004 were unbranched, but after 15 years of damage from non-native insect herbivores, most of the remaining live trees in 2020 contained three or more branches. The results confirm that male Cycas and Zamia plants produce more branches than female plants and suggest cycad species with determinate female strobili produce more branches on female plants than species with indeterminate female strobili. Our results indicate that the years of plant mortality on Guam due to non-native insect herbivores have selectively killed more female C. micronesica trees. Horticulture and conservation decisions may be improved with this sexual dimorphism knowledge.
Incarceration Exposure and Barriers to Prenatal Care in the United States: Findings from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System
Authors: Testa Alexander , Jackson Dylan B.
Published: October 2020

Previous research demonstrates that exposure to incarceration during pregnancy – either personally or vicariously through a partner – worsens parental care. However, little is known about the specific barriers to parental care that are associated with incarceration exposure. Using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (years 2009–2016), the current study examines the relationship between exposure to incarceration during pregnancy and barriers to prenatal care in the United States. Negative binomial and logistic regression models were used to assess the association between the recent incarceration of a woman or her partner (i.e., incarceration that occurred in the 12 months prior to the focal birth) and several barriers to prenatal care. Findings indicate that exposure to incarceration, either personally or vicariously through a partner, increases the overall number of barriers to prenatal care and this association operates through several specific barriers including a lack of transportation to doctor’s appointments, having difficulty finding someone to take care of her children, being too busy, keeping pregnancy a secret, and a woman not knowing she was pregnant. Policies designed to help incarceration exposed women overcome these barriers can potentially yield benefits for enhancing access to parental care.
Association between Perceived Oral Symptoms and Presence of Clinically Diagnosed Oral Diseases in a Sample of Pregnant Women in Malaysia
Authors: Yunita Sari Ema , Saddki Norkhafizah , Yusoff Azizah
Published: October 2020

The integration of oral health into primary health care denotes the important role of medical counterparts as the front liners in antenatal care to help screen mothers for oral symptoms and refer them to dentists accordingly. However, the validity of self-perceived oral health status is inconclusive. This study determined the association between self-perceived oral symptoms and the presence of clinically diagnosed oral diseases in a sample of pregnant women. A total of 192 pregnant women participated in this cross-sectional study. Clinical oral examinations were performed to record dental caries experience, gingival health and periodontal health. The women were also asked about their oral symptoms. Most women had at least one oral symptom (84.9%): cavitated tooth (62.0%), bad breath (38.5%), bleeding gums (28.6%), and toothache (22.9%). About half of the women had untreated dental caries (58.9%), and the odds were significantly higher in women who complained of having cavitated tooth. About half of the women had moderate to severe gingivitis (53.7%), and the odds were significantly higher in women who complained of bleeding gums. About half had periodontal pockets (46.3%), and the odds were higher in women who complained of bleeding gums and bad breath although lower in women who complained of swollen gums. In conclusion, the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease among pregnant women in this study were relatively high. The presence of untreated dental caries, moderate and severe gingivitis, and periodontal pockets were significantly associated with their corresponding oral symptoms.
Effect of Five Bench Inclinations on the Electromyographic Activity of the Pectoralis Major, Anterior Deltoid, and Triceps Brachii during the Bench Press Exercise
Authors: Rodríguez-Ridao David , Antequera-Vique José A. , Martín-Fuentes Isabel , Muyor José M.
Published: October 2020

The bench press exercise is one of the most used for training and for evaluating upper-body strength. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the electromyographic (EMG) activity levels of the pectoralis major (PM) in its three portions (upper portion, PMUP, middle portion, PMMP, and lower portion, PMLP), the anterior deltoid (AD), and the triceps brachii (TB) medial head during the bench press exercise at five bench angles (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°). Thirty trained adults participated in the study. The EMG activity of the muscles was recorded at the aforementioned inclinations at 60% of one-repetition maximum (1RM). The results showed that the maximal EMG activity for PMUP occurred at a bench inclination of 30°. PMMP and PMLP showed higher EMG activity at a 0° bench inclination. AD had the highest EMG activity at 60°. TB showed similar EMG activities at all bench inclinations. In conclusion, the horizontal bench press produces similar electromyographic activities for the pectoralis major and the anterior deltoid. An inclination of 30° produces greater activation of the upper portion of the pectoralis major. Inclinations greater than 45° produce significantly higher activation of the anterior deltoid and decrease the muscular performance of the pectoralis major.
Individual Stress Prevention through Qigong
Authors: van Dam Karen
Published: October 2020

Owing to work intensification and an accelerated pace of life in general, individuals in many Western countries are often overactivated and find it difficult to switch off. However, recovery from physiological and mental activation is critical to prevent stress symptoms and maintain one’s physiological and mental well-being. Extensive research evidence indicates that Qigong, a traditional Chinese movement practice for promoting health, provides an effective means to recover from work and off-work demands. The main objective of this paper is to offer a comprehensive, narrative review of the effects of Qigong and its core components. Attention is first paid to the outcomes of work and off-work demands and stress, and the role of recovery for individuals’ well-being. Then, Qigong and its components are explained, followed by the results of scientific research. Finally, limitations and implications for research and practiced are discussed.
Immediate Antiretroviral Therapy: The Need for a Health Equity Approach
Authors: Mgbako Ofole , E. Sobieszczyk Magdalena , Olender Susan , Gordon Peter , Zucker Jason , Tross Susan , Castor Delivette , H. Remien Robert
Published: October 2020

Immediate antiretroviral therapy (iART), defined as same-day initiation of ART or as soon as possible after diagnosis, has recently been recommended by global and national clinical care guidelines for patients newly diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Based on San Francisco’s Rapid ART Program Initiative for HIV Diagnoses (RAPID) model, most iART programs in the US condense ART initiation, insurance acquisition, housing assessment, and mental health and substance use evaluation into an initial visit. However, the RAPID model does not explicitly address structural racism and homophobia, HIV-related stigma, medical mistrust, and other important factors at the time of diagnosis experienced more poignantly by African American, Latinx, men who have sex with men (MSM), and transgender patient populations. These factors negatively impact initial and subsequent HIV care engagement and exacerbate significant health disparities along the HIV care continuum. While iART has improved time to viral suppression and linkage to care rates, its association with retention in care and viral suppression, particularly in vulnerable populations, remains controversial. Considering that in the US the HIV epidemic is sharply defined by healthcare disparities, we argue that incorporating an explicit health equity approach into the RAPID model is vital to ensure those who disproportionately bear the burden of HIV are not left behind.
LINC00885 a Novel Oncogenic Long Non-Coding RNA Associated with Early Stage Breast Cancer Progression
Authors: Abba Martin C. , Canzoneri Romina , Gurruchaga Agustina , Lee Jaeho , Tatineni Pradeep , Kil Hyunsuk , Lacunza Ezequiel , Aldaz C. Marcelo
Published: October 2020

Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 885 (LINC00885) was identified as significantly upregulated in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The aim of this study was to characterize the phenotypic effects and signaling pathways modulated by LINC00885 in non-invasive and invasive breast cancer models. We determined that LINC00885 induces premalignant phenotypic changes by increasing cell proliferation, motility, migration and altering 3D growth in normal and DCIS breast cell lines. Transcriptomic studies (RNA-seq) identified the main signaling pathways modulated by LINC00885, which include bioprocesses related to TP53 signaling pathway and proliferative signatures such as activation of EREG, EGFR and FOXM1 pathways. LINC00885 silencing in breast cancer lines overexpressing this lncRNA leads to downregulation of proliferation related transcripts such as EREG, CMYC, CCND1 and to significant decrease in cell migration and motility. TCGA-BRCA data analyses show an association between high LINC00885 expression and worse overall survival in patients with primary invasive breast carcinomas (p = 0.024), suggesting that the pro-tumorigenic effects of LINC00885 overexpression persist post-invasion. We conclude that LINC00885 behaves as a positive regulator of cell growth both in normal and DCIS breast cells possibly operating as a ceRNA and representing a novel oncogenic lncRNA associated with early stage breast cancer progression.
Recent Advances in Drosophila Models of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
Authors: Kitani-Morii Fukiko , Noto Yu-ichi
Published: October 2020

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most common inherited peripheral neuropathies. CMT patients typically show slowly progressive muscle weakness and sensory loss in a distal dominant pattern in childhood. The diagnosis of CMT is based on clinical symptoms, electrophysiological examinations, and genetic testing. Advances in genetic testing technology have revealed the genetic heterogeneity of CMT; more than 100 genes containing the disease causative mutations have been identified. Because a single genetic alteration in CMT leads to progressive neurodegeneration, studies of CMT patients and their respective models revealed the genotype-phenotype relationships of targeted genes. Conventionally, rodents and cell lines have often been used to study the pathogenesis of CMT. Recently, Drosophila has also attracted attention as a CMT model. In this review, we outline the clinical characteristics of CMT, describe the advantages and disadvantages of using Drosophila in CMT studies, and introduce recent advances in CMT research that successfully applied the use of Drosophila, in areas such as molecules associated with mitochondria, endosomes/lysosomes, transfer RNA, axonal transport, and glucose metabolism.
Discovery of Novel Fetal Hemoglobin Inducers through Small Chemical Library Screening
Authors: Breveglieri Giulia , Pacifico Salvatore , Zuccato Cristina , Cosenza Lucia Carmela , Sultan Shaiq , D’Aversa Elisabetta , Gambari Roberto , Preti Delia , Trapella Claudio , Guerrini Remo , Borgatti Monica
Published: October 2020

The screening of chemical libraries based on cellular biosensors is a useful approach to identify new hits for novel therapeutic targets involved in rare genetic pathologies, such as β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease. In particular, pharmacologically mediated stimulation of human γ-globin gene expression, and increase of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production, have been suggested as potential therapeutic strategies for these hemoglobinopathies. In this article, we screened a small chemical library, constituted of 150 compounds, using the cellular biosensor K562.GR, carrying enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) and red fluorescence protein (RFP) genes under the control of the human γ-globin and β-globin gene promoters, respectively. Then the identified compounds were analyzed as HbF inducers on primary cell cultures, obtained from β-thalassemia patients, confirming their activity as HbF inducers, and suggesting these molecules as lead compounds for further chemical and biological investigations.
A Study of the Gut Bacterial Community of Reticulitermes virginicus Exposed to Chitosan Treatment
Authors: Telmadarrehei Telmah , Tang Juliet D. , Raji Olanrewaju , Rezazadeh Amir , Narayanan Lakshmi , Shmulsky Rubin , Jeremic Dragica
Published: October 2020

A thorough understanding of microbial communities in the gut of lower termites is needed to develop target-specific and environmentally benign wood protection systems. In this study, the bacterial community from Reticulitermes virginicus was examined by Illumina sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) spanning the V3 and V4 regions. Prior to library preparation, the termites were subjected to five treatments over an 18-day period: three groups were fed on wood treated with 0.5% chitosan, 25% acetic acid, or water, the fourth group was taken directly from the original collection log, and the fifth group was starved. Metagenomic sequences were analyzed using QIIME 2 to understand the treatments’ effects on the dynamics of the gut bacteria. Four dominant phyla were detected: Bacteroidetes (34.4% of reads), Firmicutes (20.6%), Elusimicrobia (15.7%), and Proteobacteria (12.9%). A significant effect of chitosan treatment was observed in two phyla; Firmicutes abundance was significantly lower with chitosan treatment when compared to other groups, while Actinobacteria was lower in unexposed and starved termites. The results suggest that chitosan treatment not only affects the structure of the microbial community in the gut, but other treatments such as starving also cause shifts in termite gut communities.
Fungus Aspergillus niger Processes Exogenous Zinc Nanoparticles into a Biogenic Oxalate Mineral
Authors: Šebesta Martin , Urík Martin , Bujdoš Marek , Kolenčík Marek , Vávra Ivo , Dobročka Edmund , Kim Hyunjung , Matúš Peter
Published: October 2020

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) belong to the most widely used nanoparticles in both commercial products and industrial applications. Hence, they are frequently released into the environment. Soil fungi can affect the mobilization of zinc from ZnO NPs in soils, and thus they can heavily influence the mobility and bioavailability of zinc there. Therefore, ubiquitous soil fungus Aspergillus niger was selected as a test organism to evaluate the fungal interaction with ZnO NPs. As anticipated, the A. niger strain significantly affected the stability of particulate forms of ZnO due to the acidification of its environment. The influence of ZnO NPs on fungus was compared to the aqueous Zn cations and to bulk ZnO as well. Bulk ZnO had the least effect on fungal growth, while the response of A. niger to ZnO NPs was comparable with ionic zinc. Our results have shown that soil fungus can efficiently bioaccumulate Zn that was bioextracted from ZnO. Furthermore, it influences Zn bioavailability to plants by ZnO NPs transformation to stable biogenic minerals. Hence, a newly formed biogenic mineral phase of zinc oxalate was identified after the experiment with A. niger strain’s extracellular metabolites highlighting the fungal significance in zinc biogeochemistry.
Spontaneous Rectal Perforation in a Patient with SARS–CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Giuffrè Mauro , Bozzato Alessandro Marco , Di Bella Stefano , Occhipinti Alessandro Agostino , Martingano Paola , Cavallaro Marco Francesco Maria , Luzzati Roberto , Monica Fabio , Cova Maria Assunta , Crocè Lory Saveria
Published: October 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is mostly perceived as a respiratory disease. However, there is increasing evidence of patients showing gastrointestinal symptoms, with increasing rates of presentation according to the severity of the disease. In a few cases, the abdominal involvement of COVID-19 resulted in spontaneous bowel perforation. Here, we present in detail the first case of rectal perforation in a patient with COVID-19.
Detection of City Integration Processes in Rapidly Urbanizing Areas Based on Remote Sensing Imagery
Authors: Zheng Zihao , Wu Zhifeng , Chen Yingbiao , Yang Zhiwei , Marinello Francesco
Published: October 2020

Since China’s reform and development commenced, in the context of rapid urbanization and coordinated regional development, Chinese cities with a close geographic proximity and social ties have gradually formed an integrated city development model. As a new phenomenon in China’s urbanization process, existing research on China’s integrated cities mainly focuses on typical case studies, and most research has been limited to literature reviews and theoretical analyses. The growing application of remote sensing technology in urbanization research in recent years has provided new opportunities for the analysis of city integration. Therefore, based on multi-spectral Landsat-8 and nighttime light images (SNPP/VIIRS, Suomi National Polar-orbiting Platform/Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite), this paper selects four of the most representative integrated cities with different backgrounds in China to analyze the land-use conversion, plot light fluctuation, and light gravity center shift in the boundary zone between cities. The results show that (1) Guangfo has the highest level of integration and urban expansion is mainly concentrated in the south-central part of the boundary area; (2) Guanshen’s level of integration is second to Guangfo’s and is mainly concentrated in the west; (3) HuSu’s integration is still in the initial stage and its increase in light intensity lags behind the expansion of building land during the study period; (4) although the light intensity and building land area increased significantly during the study period in Xixian, the overall development level of Xixian still lagged behind coastal cities due to the restriction of its geographical location. Our application results expand the data sources for integrated city research and the obtained results can potentially support decision-making and planning in the process of urban development.
Integrating Ecosystem Services into Land-Use Modeling to Assess the Effects of Future Land-Use Strategies in Northern Ghana
Authors: Koo Hongmi , Kleemann Janina , Fürst Christine
Published: October 2020

In West Africa, where the majority of the population relies on natural resources and rain-fed agriculture, regionally adapted agricultural land-use planning is increasingly important to cope with growing demand for land-use products and intensifying climate variability. As an approach to identify effective future land-use strategies, this study applied spatially explicit modeling that addresses the spatial connectivity between the provision of ecosystem services and agricultural land-use systems. Considering that the status of ecosystem services varies with the perception of stakeholders, local knowledge, and characteristics of a case study area, two adjoining districts in northern Ghana were integrated into an assessment process of land-use strategies. Based on agricultural land-management options that were identified together with the local stakeholders, 75 future land-use strategies as combinations of multiple agricultural practices were elaborated. Potential impacts of the developed land-use strategies on ecosystem services and land-use patterns were assessed in a modeling platform that combines Geographic Information System (GIS) and Cellular Automaton (CA) modules. Modeled results were used to identify best land-use strategies that could deliver multiple ecosystem services most effectively. Then, local perception was applied to determine the feasibility of the best land-use strategies in practice. The results presented the different extent of trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services delivered by future land-use strategies and their different feasibility depending on the district. Apart from the fact that findings were context-specific and scale-dependent, this study revealed that the integration of different local characteristics and local perceptions to spatially explicit ecosystem service assessment is beneficial for determining locally tailored recommendations for future agricultural land-use planning.
3,5-Bis((E)-4-methoxybenzylidene)-1-(2-morpholinoethyl)piperidin-4-one
Authors: Kuswardani Tyas , Herfindo Noval , Frimayanti Neni , Hendra Rudi , Zamri Adel
Published: October 2020

The 3,5-bis((E)-4-methoxybenzylidene)-1-(2-morpholinoethyl)piperidin-4-one (3) compound was synthesized by a two-step reaction with 92% yield. The chemical structure of compound 3 was confirmed by IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. The title compound was screened for its anti-dengue activity against DENV2 NS2B-NS3 protease and showed 39.09% inhibitory activity at 200 µg/mL.
Analysis of γ′ Precipitates, Carbides and Nano-Borides in Heat-Treated Ni-Based Superalloy Using SEM, STEM-EDX, and HRSTEM
Authors: Rakoczy Łukasz , Rutkowski Bogdan , Grudzień-Rakoczy Małgorzata , Cygan Rafał , Ratuszek Wiktoria , Zielińska-Lipiec Anna
Published: October 2020

The microstructure of a René 108 Ni-based superalloy was systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction, light microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and electron microscopy techniques. The material was investment cast in a vacuum and then solution treated (1200 °C-2h) and aged (900 °C-8h). The γ matrix is mainly strengthened by the ordered L12 γ′ phase, with the mean γ/γ′ misfit, δ, +0.6%. The typical dendritic microstructure with considerable microsegregation of the alloying elements is revealed. Dendritic regions consist of secondary and tertiary γ′ precipitates. At the interface of the matrix with secondary γ′ precipitates, nano M5B3 borides are present. In the interdendritic spaces additionally primary γ′ precipitates, MC and nano M23C6 carbides were detected. The γ′ precipitates are enriched in Al, Ta, Ti, and Hf, while channels of the matrix in Cr and Co. The highest summary concentration of γ′-formers occurs in coarse γ′ surrounding MC carbides. Borides M5B3 contain mostly W, Cr and Mo. All of MC carbides are enriched strongly in Hf and Ta, with the concentration relationship between these and other strong carbide formers depending on the precipitate’s morphology. The nano M23C6 carbides enriched in Cr have been formed as a consequence of phase transformation MC + γ → M23C6 + γ′ during the ageing treatment.
The Influence of UV Light on Rheological Properties of Collagen Extracted from Silver Carp Skin
Authors: Sionkowska Alina , Lewandowska Katarzyna , Adamiak Katarzyna
Published: October 2020

Acid soluble collagen (ASC) was extracted from Silver Carp fish skin. Collagen was dissolved in acetic acid at varying concentrations and its rheological properties were studied. Steady shear flow properties of collagen solutions at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/mL were characterized using rheometry at 20 °C. Collagen solutions were irradiated with UV light (wavelength 254 nm) for up to 2 h and rheological properties were measured. All the collagen solutions showed a shear-thinning flow behavior. A constant viscosity region was observed after 1 h of UV irradiation, which showed that collagen molecules were fully denatured. A short treatment with collagen solution by UV (ultraviolet) light led to an increase in viscosity; however, the denaturation temperature of UV-irradiated collagen decreased. Depending on the time of UV treatment, collagen extracted from Silver Carp fish skin may undergo physical crosslinking or photodegradation. Physically crosslinked collagen may find applications in functional food, cosmetic, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industries.
Performance Evaluation and Kinetic Analysis of Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Zeitoun Zeyad , El-Shazly Ahmed H. , Nosier Shaaban , Elmarghany Mohamed R. , Salem Mohamed S. , Taha Mahmoud M.
Published: October 2020

The objectives of the current study are to assess and compare the performance of a developed photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR) in treating industrial waste (e.g., organic dye waste) against membrane distillation. The current PMR is composed of a feed tank, which is a continuous stirred photocatalytic reactor containing slurry Titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles that are activated by using ultraviolet lamp irradiation at a wavelength of 365 nm, and a poly-vinylidene flouride (PVDF) membrane cell. The experimental setup was designed in a flexible way to enable both separate and integrated investigations of the photocatalytic reactor and the membrane, separately and simultaneously. The experimental work was divided into two phases. Firstly, the PVDF membrane was fabricated and characterized to examine its morphology, surface charge, and hydrophobicity by using a scanning electron microscope, surface zeta potential, and contact angle tests, respectively. Secondly, the effects of using different concentrations of the TiO2 photocatalyst and feed (e.g., dye concentration) were examined. It is found that the PMR can achieve almost 100% dye removal and pure permeate is obtained at certain conditions. Additionally, a kinetic analysis was performed and revealed that the photocatalytic degradation of dye follows a pseudo-first-order reaction.
Precipitation and Growth Simulation of γ′ Phase in Single Crystal Superalloy DD6 with Multiphase-Field Method and Explicit Nucleation Algorithm
Authors: Xu Qingyan , Zhang Yaqian
Published: October 2020

The microstructure evolution of Ni-based superalloys during heat treatment is of great significance for obtaining better service performance. However, heat treatment experimentation is costly and time-consuming, and sometimes fails to reveal physical mechanisms well. In the present study, a multiphase-field model coupled with an explicit nucleation algorithm was established to simulate the precipitation and growth of γ′ phase in DD6 superalloy, which can be applied to a multicomponent elastic-inhomogeneous system. The PanNickel© database was used to calculate thermodynamic and kinetic data in multicomponent superalloys. First, the coupling method of multiphase-field model and explicit nucleation algorithm was introduced. The coupled model was used to simulate the precipitation of γ′ phase under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. It was found that a unimodal microstructure was formed under isothermal conditions and there was a “soft impingement” phenomenon, while a bimodal distribution composed of cuboidal γ′ precipitates and fine secondary γ′ precipitates was formed during a cooling process of 25–125 °C/min. The effect of cooling rate was studied. Then, the chemical and elastic driving forces were analyzed. It was found that Al and Ta contributed most to the chemical driving force, while Re and W gathered at the γ/γ′ interface and inhibited the growth of γ′ phase. γ′ precipitates had a cuboidal shape under the influence of elastic driving force. Finally, the growth and coarsening process of γ′ phase was studied and compared with the well-known Lifshitz−Slyosov−Wagner (LSW) theory. The growth of γ′ phase can be divided into rapid growth, coarsening and quasi-static coarsening stages according to the simulation results, among which the coarsening stage is basically consistent with the LSW theory. The current model can be used to simulate the precipitation and growth of single crystal superalloys where multicomponent and elastic effects are considered.
Running on Empty: A Metabolomics Approach to Investigating Changing Energy Metabolism during Fasted Exercise and Rest
Authors: Blackburn Gavin , Hay Joshua , Skagen Christine , Paul Elizabeth , Achcar Fiona , Wilson John , Best Cameron , Manson Erin , Burgess Karl , Barrett Michael P. , Gill Jason M. R.
Published: October 2020

Understanding the metabolic processes in energy metabolism, particularly during fasted exercise, is a growing area of research. Previous work has focused on measuring metabolites pre and post exercise. This can provide information about the final state of energy metabolism in the participants, but it does not show how these processes vary during the exercise and any subsequent post-exercise period. To address this, the work described here took fasted participants and subjected them to an exercise and rest protocol under laboratory settings, which allowed for breath and blood sampling both pre, during and post exercise. Analysis of the data produced from both the physiological measurements and the untargeted metabolomics measurements showed clear switching between glycolytic and ketolytic metabolism, with the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data showing the separate stages of ketolytic metabolism, notably the transport, release and breakdown of long chain fatty acids. Several signals, putatively identified as short peptides, were observed to change in a pattern similar to that of the ketolytic metabolites. This work highlights the power of untargeted metabolomic methods as an investigative tool for exercise science, both to follow known processes in a more complete way and discover possible novel biomarkers.
The Effects of Silver Sulfadiazine on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms
Authors: Ueda Yutaka , Miyazaki Motoyasu , Mashima Kota , Takagi Satoshi , Hara Shuuji , Kamimura Hidetoshi , Jimi Shiro
Published: October 2020

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the most commonly detected drug-resistant microbe in hospitals, adheres to substrates and forms biofilms that are resistant to immunological responses and antimicrobial drugs. Currently, there is a need to develop alternative approaches for treating infections caused by biofilms to prevent delays in wound healing. Silver has long been used as a disinfectant, which is non-specific and has relatively low cytotoxicity. Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) is a chemical complex clinically used for the prevention of wound infections after injury. However, its effects on biofilms are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to analyze the mechanisms underlying SSD action on biofilms formed by MRSA. The antibacterial effects of SSD were a result of silver ions and not sulfadiazine. Ionized silver from SSD in culture media was lower than that from silver nitrate; however, SSD, rather than silver nitrate, eradicated mature biofilms by bacterial killing. In SSD, sulfadiazine selectively bound to biofilms, and silver ions were then liberated. Consequently, the addition of an ion-chelator reduced the bactericidal effects of SSD on biofilms. These results indicate that SSD is an effective compound for the eradication of biofilms; thus, SSD should be used for the removal of biofilms formed on wounds.
Permeability and Adsorption–Desorption Behavior of Rare Earth in Laboratory Leaching Tests
Authors: Wang Xiaojun , Wang Hao , Sui Can , Zhou Lingbo , Feng Xiao , Huang Chengguang , Zhao Kui , Zhong Wen , Hu Kaijian
Published: October 2020

In order to investigate the influence of the ion exchange process on the permeability of rare earth ore bodies in the leaching process, a laboratory-scale comparative experiment with ammonium sulfate solution and deionized (DI) water as leaching solutions is conducted. Compared with the DI water leaching test, the permeability coefficient of the rare earth ore sample leached by the ammonium sulfate solution gradually decreases at the beginning and then increases with the completion of leaching. The physical and morphological evolutions of rare earth ore samples in this comparative experiment are also monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance and scanning electron microscopy. It is concluded that the change in the permeability coefficient arises from the adsorption–desorption of a large number of clay microparticles, resulting in a dynamic evolution of pore structures. Further mechanism analysis suggests that the change in internal ionic strength caused by ion exchange and leaching solution seepage promotes the adsorption–desorption behavior of clay microparticles.