bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA (K3) PADA STASIUN PENGGILINGAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE HAZARD IDENTIFICATION RISK ASSESMENT DETERMINE CONTROL (HIRADC) DAN HUMAN ERROR ASESSMENT AND REDUCTION TECHNIQUE (HEART)
Authors: Susi Asmara Bagaskara , Ferida Yuamita
Published: February 2024

PT Madubaru (PG/PS Madukismo) merupakan pabrik yang memproduksi gula dan spiritus. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyebab terjadinya kecelakaan potensi bahaya dan tingkat risiko pada stasiun penggilingan. Berdasarkan data kecelakaan kerja dari tahun 2021 hingga Agustus 2022 didapatkan persentase kecelakaan kerja terbesar ada pada bagian stasiun penggilingan yaitu sebesar 50% dari 36 kecelakaan yang terjadi, dimana pada bagian tersebut sering terjadi kecelakaan. Adapun berdasarkan perhitungan dengan metode HEART didapatkan hasil perhitungan nilai HEP tertinggi pada aktivitas 1.1 yaitu meletakkan tebu diatas cane table  memiliki nilai probabilitas yang paling tinggi yaitu sebesar 0,851, aktivitas 1.3 penggilingan kedua sebesar 0,486, 0,387 pada aktivitas 1.5 penggilingan keempat, 0,216 pada aktivitas 1.6 penggilingan kelima, 0,080 pada aktivitas 1.2 penggilingan pertama, dan terakhir aktivitas yang paling sedikit memiliki probabilitas error adalah aktivitas 1.4 yaitu penggilingan ketiga. Adapun hasil perhitungan tingkat resiko pada setiap sub aktivitas pekerjaan, didapatkan bahwa aktivitas pekerjaan yang dilakukan pada stasiun penggilingan 4 pada sub aktivitas saat tebu masuk, dan pengelasan pipa-pipa air adalah sebesar 15 yang mana nilai ini didalam matriks evaluasi masuk kedalam kategori HIGH, selain itu pada aktivitas penggilingan 1, penggilingan 2, penggilingan 3, dan penggilingan 4 memiliki skor tingkat resiko sebesar 10 pada sub aktivitas memasukan tebu kedalam penggilingan, dan skor 6 pada aktivitas pembersihan ampas tebu disekitar stasiun kerja. Adapun usulan perbaikan dengan mengacu hierarki pengendalian diantara nya adalah menyediakan APD, membuat dan memasang rambu K3, dan terakhir menyusun prosedur pengangkutan bahan baku.

 

Kata Kunci : Hiradc, Heart, perhitungan HEP, Matriks
ANALISA LAJU KOROSI KETEBALAN PIPA BAJA KARBON PADA PROSES PEMBAKARAN DI UNIT BOILER
Authors: Darmadi Herry , Nelza Novia , Muhammad Iqbal Harapan Muslim Siregar  , Kurnia Dian , Yudhi Bastanta
Published: February 2024

The demand for electrical energy continues to increase along with the increase in economic growth in Indonesia, where currently almost all equipment used by humans depends on electrical energy. The steam power generation system is one of the power generation systems that are commonly used in industries and other power plants. In general, a steam power generation system consists of several main components, namely: pumps, steam turbines, boilers, generators and condensers. Boilers are composed of several components such as pipes, chimneys,   superheaters, steam drums, economizers, and other important components. One of the most important components in the boiler system is the boiler pipe which plays a role in helping the combustion process to be used in the boiler. Loss of boiler pipe thickness due to corrosion is one of the important factors that really need to be considered in the boiler combustion process at PLTU. Loss of thickness of the boiler pipe in the combustion process that is too large can cause pipe leakage which results in the interruption of the combustion process in the boiler pipe. So to overcome this problem, checks are carried out to carry out maintenance on the boiler pipe to avoid leaks in the boiler pipe. After the calculation, the average reduction in pipe thickness due to corrosion is 0.1465 mm/yr
PERHITUNGAN PROYEKSI BEBAN TRANSFORMATOR DALAM PERENCANAAN KAPASITAS GARDU INDUK 150 KV
Authors: Hasan Muhammad Hasan Basri Paleba
Published: February 2024

Perhitungan proyeksi kapasitas gardu induk merupakan faktor yang sangat penting dalam perencanaan dan pengoperasian suatu sistem tenaga listrik. Tujuan penghitungan proyeksi dalam perencanaan kapasitas gardu induk adalah agar kebutuhan listrik dan pasokan listrik dapat seimbang. Khususnya di Gardu Induk 150 kV Bandar Sribhawono Lampung Timur. Metode Regresi Linier Berganda telah dirumuskan untuk menyelesaikan kasus ini. Gardu Induk Bandar Sribhawono Lampung Timur memiliki dua buah transformator berkapasitas 60 MVA. Proyeksi perencanaan 8 tahun ke depan akan mempertimbangkan apakah transformator pada gardu induk masih mampu melayani beban atau mengalami kelebihan beban. Hasil perhitungan selama 8 tahun ke depan menunjukkan bahwa transformator di gardu induk masih mampu melayani beban. Hasilnya transformator pertama tahun 2030 dengan pembebanan 79% masih mampu menangani beban 8 tahun kedepan. Kemudian hasil transformator kedua pada tahun 2030 dengan pembebanan 80% masih dianggap mampu menangani beban 8 tahun ke depan.
Frequent haze events associated with transport and stagnation over the corridor between the North China Plain and Yangtze River Delta
Authors: Yan Feifan , Su Hang , Cheng Yafang , Huang Rujin , Liao Hong , Yang Ting , Zhu Yuanyuan , Zhang Shaoqing , Sheng Lifang , Kou Wenbin , Zeng Xinran , Xiang Shengnan , Yao Xiaohong , Gao Huiwang , Gao Yang
Published: February 2024

Abstract. PM2.5 pollution is a major air quality issue that deteriorates human health, and numerous studies have focused on PM2.5 pollution in major regions such as the North China Plain (NCP) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD). However, the characteristics of PM2.5 concentrations and the associated formation mechanism in the transport corridor (referred to as SWLY) between the NCP and YRD are largely ignored. Based on observational data, we find that the number of PM2.5 pollution events in SWLY is comparable to that in the NCP, far exceeding that in the YRD, which is indicative of the severity of air pollution in this area. Utilizing a regional climate and air quality model, we isolate the effect of seesaw transport events, e.g., transport between the NCP and YRD, and atmospheric stagnation on the accumulation of PM2.5 over SWLY. Specifically, seesaw events and stagnation, comparable to each other, collectively account for an average of 67 % of pollution days, with PM2.5 exceeding 75 µg m−3, and this fraction (85 %) is even larger for severe haze events, with PM2.5 exceeding 150 µg m−3. Furthermore, the connection between seesaw transport and large-scale circulation is examined. The transregional transport of pollutants from the NCP to the YRD (YRD to NCP) is likely stimulated by positive (negative) to negative (positive) geopotential height anomalies at 500 hPa located in northern China. The health effect due to short-term PM2.5 exposure induced by the transregional transport and stagnation is investigated, yielding a total of 8634 (95 % CI: 6023–11 223) and 9496 (95 % CI: 6552–12 413) premature deaths, respectively, in SWLY during winter 2014–2019, which is as high as 9 % of the total premature deaths in China, even though SWLY takes up less than 1 % of China's area. While atmospheric stagnation is in general projected to occur more frequently under a warming climate, this study indicates the importance of regional emission control to alleviate PM2.5 pollution from seesaw transport and stagnation.
Pliocene shorelines and the epeirogenic motion of continental margins: A target dataset for dynamic topography models
Authors: Hollyday Andrew , Raymo Maureen E. , Austermann Jacqueline , Richards Fred , Hoggard Mark , Rovere Alessio
Published: February 2024

Abstract. Global mean sea level during the mid-Pliocene Epoch (~3 Ma), when CO2 and temperatures were above present levels, was notably higher than today due to reduced global ice sheet coverage. Nevertheless, the extent to which ice sheets responded to Pliocene warmth remains in question, owing to high levels of uncertainty in proxy-based sea-level reconstructions as well as solid Earth dynamic models that have been used to evaluate a limited number of data constraints. Here, we present a global dataset of ten wavecut scarps that formed by successive Pliocene sea-level oscillations and which are observed today at elevations ranging from ~6 to 109 m above sea level. The present-day elevations of these features have been identified using a combination of high-resolution digital elevation models and field mapping. Using the MATLAB interface TerraceM, we extrapolate the cliff and platform surfaces to determine the elevation of the scarp toe, which in most settings is buried under meters of talus. We correct the scarp-toe elevations for glacial isostatic adjustment and find that this process alone cannot explain observed differences in Pliocene paleoshoreline elevations around the globe. We next determine the signal associated with mantle dynamic topography by back-advecting the present-day three-dimensional buoyancy structure of the mantle and calculating the difference in radial surface stresses over the last 3 Myr using the convection code ASPECT. We include a wide range of present-day mantle structures (buoyancy and viscosity) constrained by seismic tomography models, geodynamic observations, and rock mechanics laboratory experiments. Finally, we identify preferred dynamic topography change predictions based on their agreement with scarp elevations and use our most confident result to estimate a Pliocene global mean sea level based on one scarp from De Hoop, South Africa. This inference (11.6 ± 5.2 m) is a downward revision and may imply ice sheets were relatively resistant to warm Pliocene climate conditions. We also conclude, however, that more targeted model development is needed to more reliably infer mid-Pliocene global mean sea level based on all scarps mapped in this study.
Storm damage beyond wind speed – Impacts of wind characteristics and other meteorological factors on tree fall along railway lines
Authors: Lorenz Rike , Becker Nico , Gardiner Barry , Ulbrich Uwe , Hanewinkel Marc , Benjamin Schmitz
Published: February 2024

Abstract. Strong winter wind storms can lead to billions in forestry losses, disrupt train services and amount to millions of Euro spend on vegetation management alongside the German railway system. Therefore, understanding the link between tree fall and wind is crucial. Existing tree fall studies often emphasize tree and soil factors more than meteorology. Using a dataset from Deutsche Bahn (2017–2021) and meteorological data from ERA5 reanalysis and RADOLAN radar, we employed stepwise model selection to build a logistic regression model predicting the risk of a tree falling on a railway line in a 31 km grid cell. While daily maximum gust speed is the strongest risk factor, we also found that daily duration of strong wind speeds, precipitation, soil water volume, air density and the precipitation sum of the previous year increase tree fall risk. A high daily gust factor decreases the risk. Using interaction terms between maximum gust speed and duration of strong wind speeds as well as gust factor improves the model performance. Therefore, our findings suggest that high and prolonged wind speeds, especially in combination with wet conditions (high precipitation and high soil moisture) and a high air density, increase tree fall risk. Incorporating meteorological parameters linked to local climatological conditions (through anomalies or in relation to local percentiles) improved the model accuracy. This indicates the importance of taking tree adaptation to the environment into account.
Validation of 12 years (2008–2019) of IASI-CO with IAGOS aircraft observations
Authors: Barret Brice , Loicq Pierre , Le Flochmoën Eric , Bennouna Yasmine , Hadji-Lazaro Juliette , Hurtmans Daniel , Sauvage Bastien
Published: February 2024

Abstract. IASI-A, B and C (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) are nadir looking thermal infrared sensors which are monitoring the atmospheric composition since 2008. Atmospheric Carbon monoxide (CO) is retrieved from IASI radiances with two algorithms: the SOftware for a Fast Retrieval of IASI Data (SOFRID) and the Fast Optimal Retrievals on Layers for IASI (FORLI). The airborne in-situ observations from the In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) European Research Infrastructure have been used to validate the IASI CO retrievals. The validation study of IASI CO data performed in 2011 whith IAGOS data was limited to two airports (Frankfurt and Windhoek) and 2 years because of the limited sampling at the other IAGOS sites. The extension of the IAGOS infrastructure during the last decade enables a validation with enough temporal sampling at 33 airports worldwide over the whole IASI-A period (2008–2020). The retrievals provide between 1.5 and 3 independent pieces of information about the CO vertical profile and we have selected to validate the surface-600 hPa and 600–200 hPa partial columns in addition to the total column. The ability of the retrievals to capture the CO variabilities is slightly different for the two retrieval algorithms. The correlation coefficients are generally larger for SOFRID, especially for the total and lower tropospheric columns, meaning a better representation of the phase of the variability, while the amplitude of the variations of FORLI are in better agreement with IAGOS in the mid-upper troposphere. On average SOFRID and FORLI retrievals are underestimating the IAGOS total columns of CO (TCC) by 8±16 % and 6±14 % respectively. This global TCC agreement between the algorithms is hiding significant vertical and geographical differences. In the lower troposphere (Surface-600 hPa) the bias is larger for FORLI (-11±27 %) than for SOFRID (-4±24 %). In the mid-upper troposphere the situation is reversed with a bias of -6±15 % for FORLI and of -11±13 % for SOFRID. The largest differences between the retrievals are detected south of Bangkok where SOFRID underestimation is systematically larger for the TCC and mid-upper tropospheric column. North of Philadelphia FORLI biases are signiﬁcantly larger than SOFRID ones for the TCC and the lower tropospheric columns. Our validation results will provide a better characterisation of IASI-CO data to the users and help improve the retrievals for future versions.
Merging modelled and reported flood impacts in Europe in a combined flood event catalogue, 1950–2020
Authors: Paprotny Dominik , Rhein Belinda , Vousdoukas Michalis I. , Terefenko Paweł , Dottori Francesco , Treu Simon , Śledziowski Jakub , Feyen Luc , Kreibich Heidi
Published: February 2024

Abstract. Long-term trends in flood losses are regulated by multiple factors including climate variation, demographic dynamics, economic growth, land-use transitions, reservoir construction and flood risk reduction measures. Attribution of those drivers through the use of counterfactual scenarios of hazard, exposure or vulnerability first requires a good representation of historical events, including their location, intensity and the factual circumstances in which they occurred. Here, we develop a chain of models that is capable of recreating riverine, coastal and compound floods in Europe between 1950 and 2020 that had a potential to cause significant socioeconomic impacts. This factual catalogue of almost 15,000 such events was scrutinised with historical records of flood impacts. We found that at least 10 % of them had led to significant socioeconomic impacts (including fatalities) according to available sources. The model chain was able to capture events responsible for 96 % of known impacts contained in the HANZE flood impact database in terms of persons affected and economic losses, and for 81 % of fatalities. The dataset enables studying drivers of vulnerability and flood adaptation due to a large sample of events with historical impact data. The model chain can further be used to generate counterfactual events, especially related to climate change and human influence on catchments.
Biomass burning sources control ambient particulate matter but traffic and industrial sources control VOCs and secondary pollutant formation during extreme pollution events in Delhi
Authors: Awasthi Arpit , Sinha Baerbel , Hakkim Haseeb , Mishra Sachin , Mummidivarapu Varkrishna , Singh Gurmanjot , Ghude Sachin D. , Soni Vijay Kumar , Nigam Narendra , Sinha Vinayak , Rajeevan Madhavan  N.
Published: February 2024

Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM) are major constituents of smog. Delhi experiences severe smog during post-monsoon season, but a quantitative understanding of VOCs and PM sources is still lacking. Here, we source-apportioned VOCs and PM, using a high-quality recent (2022) dataset of 111 VOCs, PM2.5, and PM10 using positive matrix factorization. Contrasts between clean-monsoon and polluted-post-monsoon air, VOC source fingerprints, molecular-tracers, enabled differentiating paddy-residue burning from other biomass-burning sources, which has hitherto been impossible. Fresh paddy-residue burning and residential heating & waste-burning contributed the highest to observed PM10 (25 % & 23 %), PM2.5 (23 % & 24 %), followed by heavy-duty CNG-vehicles 15 % PM10 and 11 % PM2.5. For ambient VOCs, ozone, and SOA formation potentials, top sources were petrol-4-wheelers (20 %, 25 %, 30 %), petrol-2-wheelers (14 %, 12 %, 20 %), mixed-industrial emissions (12 %, 14 %, 15 %), solid fuel-based cooking (10 %, 10 %, 8 %) and road construction (8 %, 6 %, 9 %). Emission inventories tended to overestimate residential-biofuel emission (>2) relative to the PMF output. The major source of PM pollution was regional biomass burning, whereas traffic and industries governed VOC and secondary pollutant formation. Our novel source-apportionment method quantitatively resolved even similar biomass and fossil-fuel sources, offering insights into both VOC and PM sources affecting extreme-pollution events. It represents a notable advancement over current source apportionment approaches, and would be of great relevance for future studies in other polluted cities/regions of the world with complex source mixtures.
An automatic mesh generator for coupled 1D–2D hydrodynamic models
Authors: Kang Younghun , Kubatko Ethan J.
Published: February 2024

Abstract. Two-dimensional (2D), depth-averaged shallow water equation (SWE) models are routinely used to simulate flooding in coastal areas – areas that often include vast networks of channels and flood-control topographic features and/or structures, such as barrier islands and levees. Adequately resolving these features within the confines of a 2D model can be computationally expensive, which has led to coupling 2D simulation tools to less expensive one-dimensional (1D) models. Under certain 1D–2D coupling approaches, this introduces internal constraints that must be considered in the generation of the 2D computational mesh used. In this paper, we further develop an existing automatic unstructured mesh generation tool for SWE models, ADMESH+, to sequentially (i) identify 1D constraints from the raw input data used in the mesh generation process, namely the digital elevation model (DEM) and land–water delineation data; (ii) distribute grid points along these internal constraints, according to feature curvature and user-prescribed minimum grid spacing; and (iii) integrate these internal constraints into the 2D mesh size function and mesh generation processes. The developed techniques, which include a novel approach for determining the so-called medial axis of a polygon, are described in detail and demonstrated on three test cases, including two inland watersheds with vast networks of channels and a complex estuarine system on the Texas, USA, coast.
Leveraging Computer-Aided Education for Enhanced Learning: Innovations, Benefits, and Challenges in the Medical Sector
Authors: Charanbir Charanbir Singh , Kumar Rakesh , Kumar Santosh
Published: February 2024

The Computer-Aided Education (CAE) system is a solution designed to enhance the quality and effectiveness of the education system. This system offers numerous benefits, including the reduction of teacher workload, standardization and consistency, cost-effective learning, and data-driven insights. Overall, CAE systems play a significant role in modern education, offering tremendous potential to enhance learning, broaden access, and improve efficiency. By carefully considering its benefits, limitations, and responsible implementation, educators can leverage CAE to create a more engaging, personalized, and effective learning experience for all students. Students may participate in realistic clinical scenarios without endangering patient safety, gain remote access to information, and benefit from customized learning paths matched to their competence levels. Hence, this paper provides an overview of the evolution of computer-assisted education, discusses various technological innovations in Computer-Assisted Education, especially in the medical sector, and explores the merits and demerits of computer-assisted education.
ҐЕНЕЗА ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ДОГОВОРУ ТАЙМШЕРУ: ПОРІВНЯЛЬНО-ПРАВОВИЙ АСПЕКТ
Authors: Фатхутдінова Інна Володимирівна
Published: February 2024

У статті здійснено порівняльно-правовий аналіз становлення засад регулювання договору таймшеру. Встановлено, що передумовами для виникнення таймшеру є поява після Другої світової війни таборів відпочинку по пакетній системі у Великобританії. Виявлено, що у сучасному розумінні концепція таймшеру виникла у Європі в 60-х роках минулого століття у Швейцарії, а згодом поширилася і в інших європейських державах. Доведено, що першою формою таймшеру (ще має назву «фіксованого тижня») є така, яка передбачала, що споживач має право користування об’єктом (будинком, готельним номером тощо) на курорті у певний тиждень щороку протягом такої тривалості, яка передбачена договором. Виявлено, що із 1970-х років таймшер почав активно розвиватися у США спочатку у вигляді «кондомініумів». Вказаний підхід передбачав спільну власність у будинку по фіксованих частках, що надавала право почергово кільком власникам займати квартиру щороку протягом певного часу (або через рік), періодично протягом того самого періоду часу. У 1970-х роках таймшер отримав новий розвиток і на європейських курортах (зокрема, в Іспанії, Шотландії та інших державах). На відміну від пакетних пропозицій, було запропоновано концептуально інший підхід – гарантовано якісне житло для відпочинку у чітко визначений час, яке не потребувало від власника затрат щодо управління та утримання. Встановлено, що подальший розвиток таймшеру із 1990-х років ґрунтується на засадах консолідації бізнесу із ярко вираженим домінуванням великих готельних компаній, які пропонували таймшер із гнучкими та лояльними пакетами пропозицій до розміщення. На рівні Європейського Союзу вперше директиву з метою захисту споживачів таймшеру було прийнято ще у 1994 році – Директиву 94/47/ЄС. Нині в ЄС діє Директива 2008/122/ EC Європейського парламенту та Ради ЄС, яка була прийнята у тому числі через розвиток таймшеру і появу нових супутніх продуктів на ринку, що потребувало оновленого правового регулювання та посиленого захисту прав споживачів. Проведене дослідження дозволило нам виділити такі чотири історичні періоди розвитку таймшеру в Україні та інших державах.
Arheometrija keramike brončanog doba s trogirskog područja
Authors: Kudelić Andreja , Neral Natali , Paraman Lujana
Published: February 2024

U radu se donose rezultati arheometrijske analize lončarije s nekoliko brončanodobnih nalazišta na području srednje Dalmacije. Provedena je mineraloško-petrografska analiza 38 tankih izbrusaka keramike metodom optičke mikroskopije, dok je na manjem broju uzoraka mineralni sastav određen metodom rendgenske difrakcije na prahu. Analizom rezultata dobivene su informacije o karakteristikama glinovite sirovine, podaci o vrsti i udjelu neplastičnih primjesa namjerno dodavanih glini, ali i informacije o tehnikama izrade i temperaturama pečenja keramike. Istraživanje je pokazalo da su brončanodobni lončari vrlo vjerojatno koristili lokalnu, lako dostupnu glinu te da su glini dodavali neplastične primjese: kalcit, sedimentne stijene i grog. Razmatranjem tehnoloških izbora uočene su promjene u lončarskim praksama između prve i posljednje faze brončanog doba. Također je razvidna dugotrajna tradicija upotrebe kalcita koji u posljednjoj fazi brončanog doba postaje dominantna primjesa. S druge strane, od ranog brončanog doba lončari smjesi dodaju i grog, samostalno ili u kombinaciji s kalcitom te rjeđe usitnjenim sedimentnim stijenama, a takva se praksa izgleda polako napušta od kasnog brončanog doba. Rezultati stoga ukazuju na prisutne obrasce koji u vezu dovode izbor primjesa s kronološkim obrascima, a takav tehnološki izbor mogao je biti povezan i s periodičnim utjecajima „nevidljivih“ društvenih faktora.
Moisture Dependent Physical Properties of Chironji (Buchanania Lanzan)Nut
Authors: J. Kumar  , P.K. Prabhakar  , P.P. Srivastav  , P.K. Bhowmick
Published: February 2024

Physical properties of Chironji nut were determined as a function of moisture content, varying from 9.98 to 17.06% (d. b.). Nut length, width, thickness, and geometric mean diameter increased linearly from 9.0 to12.1 mm, 6.9 to10.5 mm, 5.87 to 10 mm and 7.14 to10.83 mm, respectively, with increase in moisture content from 9.98 to 17.06% (d.b.). Sphericity, volume and thousand seed weight also increased linearly from 0.79 to 0.89, 147.69 to 577.12 mm3 , and 150 to 390 g, respectively. True density and bulk density decreased linearly from 854.0 to 798.6 kg.m-3 and 623.0 to 548.9 kg.m-3, respectively; while porosity increased from 27.07 to 31.27 per cent. The highest static coefficient of friction was found on plywood surface. The static coefficient of friction increased from 0.25 to 0.31, 0.59 to 0.67, and 0.66 to 0.76 on sunmica, mild steel and canvas surfaces, respectively. The angle of repose increased linearly from 28.10 to 32.90° with the increase of moisture content.
Optimization of Process Parameters for Production of Palmyrah Palm Jaggery
Authors: Madhava  , D. Ravindra Babu  , P. C. Vengaiah  , B. Hari Babu
Published: February 2024

Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer L.) is one of the important and an alternate source for production of jaggery. Palmyra jaggery industry is facing technical issues as quantification of lime to be used, heating temperature and heating time of neera for jaggery preparation. A central composite rotatable design was used to optimize the process parameters like quantity of lime, heating temperature and heating time. Mathematical models and response surfaces were developed for estimating the total sugars, ash and moisture content of palmyra palm jaggery. Total sugars increased with increase in temperature and time, but lime had less effect over the optimal value. Ash content was more affected with lime, but less effected by the time and temperature. Moisture content was more affected by temperature and less by time and lime content. The best combination obtained to get good quality solid palmyrah jaggery was use of 2.1% lime, operating temperature of 111°C and 126 min of process time. The jaggery prepared at these conditions had 0.17% fat, 0.98% protein, 2.80% ash and 91.00% carbohydrates at 8.50% moisture content. Sensory evaluation of jaggery showed that the jaggery produced with above combination scored well for all quality attributes as compared to jaggery prepared at 2.1% lime, 1210C and 174 min time.
Effect of Drying Methods and Storage on Quality of Ready-to-eat Dehydrated Carrot Shreds
Authors: V.R. Sagar
Published: February 2024

The investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of drying methods and storage conditions on the quality of ready-to-eat dehydrated carrot shreds made from tropical orange coloured mature carrots. The prepared carrot shreds were blanched in boiling water for pre-standardized time, and dipped in sugar solution for 30 min. The shreds were drained, and dehydrated in a cabinet dryer a low-temperature dryer at temperature of 58±2oC and 40±2oC, respectively, up to final moisture content of 3-5 per cent. It took 9 and 12 h, respectively, for drying in cabinet dryer and low temperature dryer. Results indicated that cabinet dryer was better for dehydration of carrot shreds as compared to low temperature dryer, as it retained higher amount of β-carotene, total carotenoids, rehydration ratio, and low non-enzymatic browning in the finished product, and also took less time for bulk drying of the product. Dehydrated carrot shreds were packed in 200g HDPE pouches and stored at room temperature and low temperature for storage study. It was found that carrot shreds could be stored at room temperature up to 3 months without loss of colour, flavour and texture; and up to 6 months at low temperature (7oC). However, the quality of the product was significantly affected by storage temperature and period of storage.
Assessment of Biofuel Blends Using Diesel-Biodiesel and Alcohol
Authors: Shishir Kumar Verma  , A. K. A Lawrence  , A. K. Tripathi  , K. K. Patel
Published: February 2024

The main characteristics fuel properties of diesel, jatropha curcus oil and fuel prepared from blends of diesel- jatropha curcus oil and diesel-jatropha curcus oil-ethanol in various proportions were studied. The relative density, API gravity, kinematic viscosity, gross heat of combustion, cloud and pour point, flash and fire point, carbon residue, ash content and total acid values were recorded and compared with diesel to study their compatibility as compression ignition engine fuel. The characteristic fuel property of jatropha curcus-diesel in 90:10 proportion was found to be close to that of diesel. The fuel properties of diesel – ethanol blends in 75:25 proportion was also found to be close to that of diesel. However, the other fuels obtained from blending jatropha curcus-diesel as well as from jatropha curcus-diesel-ethanol in various proportions deviated from diesel when higher proportions of jatropha curcus oil were blended with diesel.
Optimization of Operational Parameters of a Dust Separation System for Straw Combine
Authors: Abhishek Bhardwaj  , J. S. Mahal  , G S Manes  , Aseem Verma
Published: February 2024

Astudy was undertaken to find out the optimum design parameters of dust separation system of straw combines. Experiments were conducted with five bed thicknesses viz. 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mm for three different shaking speeds viz. 160, 210 and 260 and three different sieve stroke lengths viz. 10 mm, 15 mm and 20 mm. Sieves with three different sieve openings of 0.208, 0.246 and 0.295 mm were used. Per cent mass separation for all bed thicknesses decreased with time from 10 s to 40 s, and thereafter became constant up to 60 s. In all experiments, cumulative mass separation increased for each durations with increase in straw bed thickness from 20 mm to 60 mm. Acid insoluble ash decreased with time up to 40 s at each straw bed thickness, after which it attained nearly constant value up to 60 s of time interval. With increase in straw bed thickness from 20 mm to 60 mm, cumulative mass separation increased for each duration of experiment. Similarly, at each straw bed thickness, acid insoluble ash decreased with time up to 40 s, after which it attained nearly constant value up to 60 s of time interval. Optimum design parameters for mechanical sieving like straw retention time, straw bed thickness, sieve opening and stalking speed for satisfactory cleaning of wheat straw were found to be 40 s, 50 mm, 0.208 mm and 160 stoke.min-1, respectively.
Effect of Microwave Treatment on Dehulling of Pigeon Pea
Authors: J. A. Moses  , B. K. Tiwari  , K. Alagusundaram
Published: February 2024

Dehulling of pulses is an energy intensive operation, also associated with significant product losses. In the present study, microwave energy was examined as an alternative pre-milling treatment for pigeon pea. Response surface methodology (RSM) based central composite design was used to study the effect of the independent variables (microwave power and exposure time) on the dehulling parameters. The process parameters showed significant effects on various dehulling parameters (per cent dehulled whole and splits, un-dehulled whole and splits, fines/ broken, powder and hulls). Highest dehulling efficiency and lowest loss were observed for a microwave treatment at 630 W for 90 s. With the rising market demand for pulses, microwave energy can prove to be a profitable pretreatment technique for dehulling of pigeon pea.
Optimization of Extrusion Process for Preparation of Ready-to-Eat Product from Maize-Rice-Anola
Authors: G.S. Chikkanna  , D.V.K. Samuel  , S.K. Jha
Published: February 2024

A blend of maize flour, rice flour and Anola in the ratio 80:10:10 was used as the ingredients for extrusion that would provide a vitamin C enriched ready-to-eat food product. Central composite design was used to evaluate the effects of independent variables, namely, barrel temperature (383-4030 K), screw speed (300-400 rpm) and feed moisture content (22-28.2% d.b) on product responses (bulk density, hardness, colour, expansion ratio and vitamin C). Sensory analysis was carried out using the 9-point hedonic scale for selected extruded product for colour, texture (hardness) and overall acceptability. The regression model developed was significant with R2 greater than 0.78. Barrel temperature and screw speed significantly influenced (P < 0.10) the expansion ratio, bulk density, and vitamin C. The barrel temperature and moisture content for colour and hardness of the product were significantly different (P< 0.05). On the basis of organoleptic evaluation, the product extruded at 3930 K barrel temperature, 350 rpm screw speed and 25% (d.b) feed moisture content was of the most acceptable quality.
Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Growth and Yield of Tomato under Drip Irrigation in Shade Net House
Authors: Priyanka Sharma  , Mahesh Kothari  , S.S. Lakhawat  , S.R. Bhakar
Published: February 2024

The effect of deficit irrigation on growth and production of drip irrigated tomato under shade net house was studied through field experiment. Four different levels of drip irrigation equivalent to 100%, 80%, 60% and 40% of crop evapotranspiration with five replications were considered for their effect on crop growth and crop yield inside the shade net house. Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicon, Badshah Variety) plants were grown under the shade net house with 50% shade. Plant height, number of leaves and individual fruit weight were found to be highest with 80 % irrigation, giving highest yield of 108.30 t.ha-1. Actual irrigation water application between 1.62 and 4.58 mm.day-1 was thus recommended for tomato crop in a shade net house.
Influence of Single-and Double-Stage Hammer Grinding on Quality Attributes of Turmeric Powder
Authors: A.K. Choudhary  , S.K. Garg  , M.K. Bawankar  , A.N. Chavan  , M. Singh
Published: February 2024

Physical properties of turmeric rhizomes such as length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, volume, bulk density, true density, porosity, angle of repose and coefficient of friction were found to increase with increasing moisture range from 9.9-17.6 % (d.b). A comparative study was conducted to observe influence of single- and double-stage hammer grinding on average particle size, volume surface mean diameter, mass mean diameter and volume mean diameter of ground turmeric powder. The average temperature of turmeric powder was in the range of 38o C to 54o C and 35o C to 48o C for single-stage and double-stage hammer grinding, respectively. Comparatively finer powder was made by double-stage hammer grinding. Turmeric powder ground with double-stage grinding had volatile oil, curcumin and oleoresin retention ranging from 75-80%, 72-75% and 85-90%, respectively, at different moisture contents. Turmeric powder obtained from double-stage hammer grinding retained 15-25% more volatile oil, oleoresin and curcumin of active compounds as compared to single-stage hammer grinding. Browning index and yellowness index were superior in double-stage hammer grinding
Development of Electronic Ground Speed Sensor for Tractors
Authors: P.K. Pranav  , K.P. Pandey  , V.K. Tewari
Published: February 2024

A microcontroller-based low-cost ground speed sensor was developed for agricultural tractors. The device consisting of a transparent disc and an optical slot sensor was fabricated to measure the number of revolutions per minute (rpm) of the tractor front wheel. The device was installed on the tractor kingpin, and connected with front wheel by flexible wire. The measured rpm of front wheel was fed to a programmed microcontroller where actual ground speed was calculated by multiplying the distance travelled by the front wheel in one revolution. A digital display of actual ground speed on the tractor’s dashboard was obtained. The performance of developed sensor was compared with the commercially available ground speed Radar Sensor (Dickey-John) at different loads and surface conditions. The developed sensor was found to perform well compared to the radar sensor
Effect of Lateral Slope and Loading Pattern on Static Stability of Single Axle Trailer
Authors: Lande Satish Devram  , Indra Mani  , Adarsh Kumar
Published: February 2024

Single axle trailers are most common means of transportation in rural areas. For maintaining stability of tractortrailer system, it is necessary to ascertain different factors and forces which disturb equilibrium during transportation. The effect of operating conditions and design parameters of single axle trailers on its stability were analysed using scaled physical model under static conditions. Static load tests on varying slopes were carried out using scaled physical model to determine the variation in load pattern on the trailer tyre and its hitch point. The angle of inclination along with the normal load influenced the load shift from outer wheel to inner wheel, causing instability of the tractor-trailer system. The axle position had a paramount effect on vertical hitch load. Hitch length and axle position were two major design considerations that ensured proper distribution of normal load. A normal load less than 4273 N, and the centre axle position of trailer was safe operating conditions for tractor-trailer system at lateral slope (angle of inclination) of less than 15 degrees.
Physico-chemical Properties of Bottle Gourd Kernel
Authors: Rama Chandra Pradhan  , Avinash Singh Patel  , Sabyasachi Mishra
Published: February 2024

Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) is a rich source of dietary protein and contains omega-3 fatty acid in its oil. It is high-value oil in India as well as in the world market due to its medicinal properties. The oil is generally extracted using solvent extraction method from the kernels. Physico-chemical properties of the kernel were determined at initial moisture content of 6.18% (wet basis). Proximate analysis of the kernel was also evaluated. These properties are useful in designing particular equipment and also in post-harvest processing of kernel. The oil and protein content of kernel were found to be higher than that of the seed.
Assessment of Reservoir Sedimentation in Arid Region Watershed of Gujarat
Authors: Deepesh Machiwal  , Devi Dayal  , Sanjay Kumar
Published: February 2024

The study aimed at sedimentation assessment in a reservoir, for the first time, in an arid region watershed located in Kukma village of Kachchh, Gujarat by performing aerial topographical survey. The topographical database was subjected to SURFER software to generate grid, contour map and three-dimensional digital model of the reservoir by interpolating reduced levels spatially using kriging technique. Storage volumes were computed for entire depth of the reservoir at 10 mm intervals using trapezoidal formula. The storage volume data were utilized to develop depth-capacity curve, which was fitted with logarithmic, power, and exponential empirical regression models; and the best-fit model was selected by applying correlation coefficient (R), coefficient of determination (R2 ), root mean square (RMSE), modified Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (MNSE) and modified index of agreement (MIA) goodness-offit criterion. Contour map of the reservoir revealed the maximum depth of 2.85 m corresponding to full storage capacity of 24879 m3 . The three-dimensional view closely matched with the real outlook, which confirmed accuracy of the survey and data analysis. The depth-capacity curve was utilized to determine rainwater storage during years 2012 and 2013 as 925 and 24879 m3 , respectively, in response to 79.1 and 291.9 mm of rainfall, respectively. This finding suggested that reduction in monsoon rainfall caused significant reduction in the rainwater storage. The power regression model was considered as the best-fit in this study due to the lowest RMSE (293 m3 ), and highest R (0.98) and R2 (0.93) values. The values of MNSE (0.60) and MIA (0.83) further supported the selection of the best-fit model. It was revealed that capacity of the reservoir reduced by 4305.5 m3 (14.75%) over a period of 12 years due to sedimentation at average annual rate of 358.8 m3 . Finally, it is emphasized that there is need for planning and implementation of appropriate soil conservation measures within the reservoir catchment.
GIS Based Spatial Modelling for Cost Optimized Energy Generation from Biomass
Authors: Gagandeep Kaur  , Rohit Sharma  , Jarnail Singh
Published: February 2024

A GIS-based modelling system was developed for cost optimization of energy generation, and for sample analyses of the spatial distribution of biomass potential from crop residues and agro-industrial waste at block level in Punjab. The interface between GIS and Visual basic was developed for calculating optimized size and location of primary collection centres and energy generation centres for biomass management. A non-linear optimization technique using simplex method was adopted for cost optimization through coding in GIS-VB interface. Total potential estimate of biomass for power generation in Punjab was 30.27 Mt, major contribution being from paddy straw (65.13%), wheat straw (22.73%), paddy husk (8.44%) and cotton stalk (1.88%). Total potential power generation from surplus biomass was estimated to be 2000 MW. The biomass intensity of surplus biomass for energy generation varied between 2.25 t.ha-1 and 11.07 t.ha-1. The total biomass requirement per year for a 10 MW plant was estimated. The biomass management model successfully suggested the location of various power plants and collection centres as also optimised sizes of the collection centres.
Moisture Dependent Physical Properties of Buckwheat
Authors: S.K. Aleksha Kudos  , R.K. Gupta  , D. Mridula
Published: February 2024

In order to design equipment for processing of buckwheat grain (Fagopyrumesculentum), some of the physical properties were determined as a function of moisture content, varying from 9.89% to 20.48% (d.b). Length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter and geometric mean diameter of buckwheat grains increased significantly (p≤0.01) from 5.29 to 6.02 mm, 3.69 to 4.16 mm, 3.34 to 3.71 mm, 4.11 to 4.63 mm and 4.02 to 4.52 mm, respectively, with increase in moisture content. Sphericity had significant differences with moisture content of the grain, and ranged from 0.752 to 0.785. Thousand grain weight increased linearly from 24.26 g to 26.61 g. A linear significant increase of grain surface area from 51.04 mm2 to 64.57 mm2 was observed in the moisture range. Bulk density and true density decreased linearly (p≤0.01) from 669.10 kg.m-3 to 615.38 kg.m-3 and 1136.88 kg.m-3 to 1111.11 kg.m-3, respectively, whereas porosity increased significantly (p≤0.01) from 41.15 to 44.62 per cent. Angle of repose significantly increased from 25.45 to 28.78 degrees. At all moisture contents, the static and dynamic coefficient of friction were highest on mild steel surface and lowest on glass surface. The coefficient of internal friction increased linearly from 0.753 to 0.891.
Development of Crop Water Demand Based Water Delivery Schedule for a Canal Command
Authors: S. D. Vibhute  , A. Sarangi  , D.K. Singh
Published: February 2024

Crop water demand-based canal water delivery schedule was developed using geospatial tools and CROPWAT model for the Jhajjar distributary of Western Yamuna Canal Command in Haryana, India. The geospatial database of different soil, water and crop parameters in the command area were developed and analyzed using the Geographic Information System (GIS) tool. Further, the geospatial data were used to work out the irrigation schedule of different crops using CROPWAT model. It was observed from the analysis that the gross irrigation water requirement of wheat was 363.4 mm and that of rice was 1386 mm with effective rainfall depths of 55.8 and 461.8 mm during the wheat (rabi) and rice (kharif) growing seasons, respectively. The crop water demand driven protocol developed in this study estimated that about 25.5% of area under the Jhajjar distributary could be supplied with adequate irrigation, considering the operational canal release roster of the distributary. Nontheless, it could be recommended to modify the existing roster as per the crop water demand estimates, or use of ground water resource in area of deficit canal supply to match the crop water demand in the entire canal command.
Studies on Draughtability of Non-Descript Bullock Breeds of Odisha
Authors: M.K. Ghosal  , D. Behera  , A.K. Mohapatra
Published: February 2024

A study on the draughtability of small-sized bullock was conducted in Odisha with CIAE animal loading car at varying draft loads in different seasons with respect to body weight. Physiological responses of the bullocks such as pulse rate, respiration rate and body temperature were recorded, and power output as well as fatigue score were determined on hourly intervals. It was observed that physiological responses were predominantly affected by the ambient conditions at a particular load. At 9% load, the bullocks got fatigued during 4th hour of work but sustained the loads of 7% and 8% of body weight for 4 h of work in summer. Similarly, at 10% load, the bullocks got fatigued during 4th hour of work but sustained the loads of 8% and 9% of body weight for 4 h of work in rainy season. The bullocks sustained the loads of 9%, 10% and 11% of body weight for 4 h of work during the winter months. However, during 4th hour of work at 11% load in winter, the determined fatigue score of 19 was approaching to the threshold value of allowable fatigue level and the bullocks were found to be slightly unstable to work. Considering the fatigue score and power output, it was observed that the bullocks could sustain draft load of 8% in summer, 9% in rainy and 11% in winter season.
An Interactive Multi-Objective Linear Programming Approach for Watershed Planning-A Case Study
Authors: J.C. Paul  , B. Panigrahi  , R.K. Sahu
Published: February 2024

Agriculture is an economic activity that significantly contributes to the GDP of the country, and secures the viability of the rural sector and the social coherence. Optimal utilisation of available resources is important to meet the growing demand of food and fibres of the people. Watershed management planning study on the Badabandha Nala watershed in Banapur block of Khurda district, Odisha, was carried out using multi-objective programming approach and analysed with interactive technique (STEP method). A compromise solution was obtained from the optimal solutions by the preference of Decision Maker by using interactive step method. The land allocation plan was done considering the major crops grown in the area. The objective function was to maximise food, fodder, fuel wood, net income, labour employment generation and runoff water augmentation; considering constraints of land, water and human resources. The benefit-cost ratio of the proposed plan was 1.42:1 with cropping intensity of 170% (kharif 91%, and rabi 79%). The benefit for the proposed planning was 184% higher than the existing practices.