bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Code-switching and cognitive control: a review of current trends and future directions
Authors: Özkara Basak , Cedden Gülay , von Stutterheim Christiane , Meyer Patric
Published: February 2025

Bilinguals frequently switch between their languages, a phenomenon known as code-switching (CS). CS is supposed to interact with cognitive control, making theories of cognitive control crucial for understanding bilinguals' CS behavior. This article reviews four prominent frameworks of cognitive control as they pertain to CS. We critically assess each framework and examine empirical studies that test their predictions. In doing so, we highlight the strengths and limitations of these models, ultimately discussing their compatibility. We conclude by proposing avenues for future research and suggesting potential pathways toward developing a comprehensive framework of cognitive control in CS.
Bioindicator “fingerprints” of methane-emitting thermokarst features in Alaskan soils
Authors: Smallwood Chuck R. , Hasson Nicholas , Yang Jihoon , Schambach Jenna , Bennett Haley , Ricken Bryce , Sammon Jason , Mascarenas Monica , Eberling Naomi , Kolker Stephanie , Whiting Joshua , Mays Wittney D. , Anthony Katey Walter , Miller Philip R.
Published: February 2025

Permafrost thaw increases the bioavailability of ancient organic matter, facilitating microbial metabolism of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon dioxide, and methane (CH4). The formation of thermokarst (thaw) lakes in icy, organic-rich Yedoma permafrost leads to high CH4 emissions, and subsurface microbes that have the potential to be biogeochemical drivers of organic carbon turnover in these systems. However, to better characterize and quantify rates of permafrost changes, methods that further clarify the relationship between subsurface biogeochemical processes and microbial dynamics are needed. In this study, we investigated four sites (two well-drained thermokarst mounds, a drained thermokarst lake, and the terrestrial margin of a recently formed thermokarst lake) to determine whether biogenic VOCs (1) can be effectively collected during winter, and (2) whether winter sampling provides more biologically significant VOCs correlated with subsurface microbial metabolic potential. During the cold season (March 2023), we drilled boreholes at the four sites and collected cores to simultaneously characterize microbial populations and captured VOCs. VOC analysis of these sites revealed “fingerprints” that were distinct and unique to each site. Total VOCs from the boreholes included > 400 unique VOC features, including > 40 potentially biogenic VOCs related to microbial metabolism. Subsurface microbial community composition was distinct across sites; for example, methanogenic archaea were far more abundant at the thermokarst site characterized by high annual CH4 emissions. The results obtained from this method strongly suggest that ∼10% of VOCs are potentially biogenic, and that biogenic VOCs can be mapped to subsurface microbial metabolisms. By better revealing the relationship between subsurface biogeochemical processes and microbial dynamics, this work advances our ability to monitor and predict subsurface carbon turnover in Arctic soils.
Neural signal analysis in chronic stroke: advancing intracortical brain-computer interface design
Authors: Shawki Nabila , Napoli Alessandro , Vargas-Irwin Carlos E. , Thompson Christopher K. , Donoghue John P. , Serruya Mijail D.
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Intracortical Brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs) are a promising technology to restore function after stroke. It remains unclear whether iBCIs will be able to use the signals available in the neocortex overlying stroke affecting the underlying white matter and basal ganglia.

Methods

Here, we decoded both local field potentials (LFPs) and spikes recorded from intracortical electrode arrays in a person with chronic cerebral subcortical stroke performing various tasks with his paretic hand, with and without a powered orthosis. Analysis of these neural signals provides an opportunity to explore the electrophysiological activities of a stroke affected brain and inform the design of medical devices that could restore function.

Results

The frequency domain analysis showed that as the distance between an array and the stroke site increased, the low frequency power decreased, and high frequency power increased. Coordinated cross-channel firing of action potentials while attempting a motor task and cross-channel simultaneous low frequency bursts while relaxing were also observed. Using several offline analysis techniques, we propose three features for decoding motor movements in stroke-affected brains.

Discussion

Despite the presence of unique activities that were not reported in previous iBCI studies with intact brain functions, it is possible to decode motor intents from the neural signals collected from a subcortical stroke-affected brain.
osl-ephys: a Python toolbox for the analysis of electrophysiology data
Authors: van Es Mats W. J. , Gohil Chetan , Quinn Andrew J. , Woolrich Mark W.
Published: February 2025

We describe OHBA Software Library for the analysis of electrophysiology data (osl-ephys). This toolbox builds on top of the widely used MNE-Python package and provides unique analysis tools for magneto−/electro-encephalography (M/EEG) sensor and source space analysis, which can be used modularly. In particular, it facilitates processing large amounts of data using batch parallel processing, with high standards for reproducibility through a config API and log keeping, and efficient quality assurance by producing HTML processing reports. It also provides new functionality for doing coregistration, source reconstruction and parcellation in volumetric space, allowing for an alternative pipeline that avoids the need for surface-based processing, e.g., through the use of Fieldtrip. Here, we introduce osl-ephys by presenting examples applied to a publicly available M/EEG data (the multimodal faces dataset). osl-ephys is open-source software distributed on the Apache License and available as a Python package through PyPi and GitHub.
Unpacking excessive polypharmacy patterns among individuals living with chronic pain in Quebec: a longitudinal study
Authors: De Clifford-Faugère Gwenaelle , Nguena Nguefack Hermine Lore , Ménard Nancy , Beaudoin Sylvie , Pagé M. Gabrielle , Guénette Line , Hudon Catherine , Samb Oumar Mallé , Lacasse Anaïs
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Excessive polypharmacy, which can be defined as the concurrent use of ≥10 medications, is prevalent among individuals with chronic pain. However, it remains unclear how it may vary between individuals or over time.

Objectives

This study aimed to describe and identify factors associated with trajectories of excessive polypharmacy.

Methods

A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted using the TorSaDE Cohort, which links Canadian Community Health Surveys (2007–2016) and Quebec health administrative databases. Among 9,156 adults living with chronic pain and covered by public prescribed drug insurance, the presence of excessive polypharmacy (yes/no) was assessed monthly for one-year post-survey completion (12 time points). Group-based trajectory modelling was applied to identify groups with similar patterns over time (trajectories). Multivariable multinomial regression was used to identify factors associated with trajectory membership.

Results

Four trajectories were obtained: (1) “No excessive polypharmacy” (74.8%); (2) “Sometimes in excessive polypharmacy” (8.6%); (3) “Often in excessive polypharmacy” (6.1%); 4) “Always in excessive polypharmacy” (10.5%). Factors associated with the “always in excessive polypharmacy” trajectory membership were: being older, being born in Canada, having a lower income, having a higher comorbidity index score, more severe pain intensity, and more daily activities prevented by pain, reporting arthritis or back pain and poorer perceived general health, and having a family physician. Using opioids or benzodiazepines, having a lower alcohol consumption, doing less physical activity, a higher number of prescribers and visits to a family physician also predicted being always in excessive polypharmacy.

Discussion

This study identifies distinct trajectories of excessive polypharmacy in adults with chronic pain, emphasizing key sociodemographic and clinical factors and the need for tailored interventions for effective medication management.
Plasma NMDAR autoantibody: a new biomarker for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease
Authors: Lai Yulu , Lu Jieting , Liu Yanqing , Zeng Jixiao , Huang Shenwei , Li Lin , Wang Bingtong , Wei Pengfei , Ouyang Yu , Lv Junjian , Zhong Wei , Lan Chaoting , Xia Huimin , He Qiuming
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Hirschsprung Disease (HSCR) is a common congenital intestinal disease in pediatrics. Early diagnosis and treatment after birth alleviate the occurrence of complications. Consequently, we aim to identifiy a biomarker with ease of use, non-invasiveness, and highly accurate for diagnosis.

Methods

Plasma samples were collected from HSCR group, other intestinal disease controls (DC) and healthy controls (HC), while colon samples were collected from HSCR and DC groups. We conducted human neural autoantibody microarray analyses on plasma. The candidate biomarker was further validated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in colon tissue and plasma. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to assess the diagnostic performance of the plasma biomarker.

Results

Microarray analysis revealed that the level of plasma N-methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) autoantibody in HSCR group was significantly higher than those in the HC group (p = 0.008). In plasma analyzed cohort, the level of NMDAR autoantibodies in HSCR group (n = 38) were significantly elevated compared to both the HC (n = 31, p < 0.0001) and the DC (n = 20, p < 0.0001). We further validated the diagnostic efficacy of plasma NMDAR autoantibody, it demonstrated AUCs of 0.96 and 0.81 for diagnosing HSCR when compared to HC and DC.

Conclusions

Plasma NMDAR autoantibody might be served as an efficient, non-invasive biomarker for diagnosing HSCR.
Trend analysis of pediatric urolithiasis prevalence from 1990 to 2021 in the BRICS
Authors: Zhang Zhi-gang , Lin Qing-cheng , Zhou Qing-ying , Xu Nai-fen , Zheng Ding-qin , Pan Qi-zhuang , Wang Xin-jun , Xu Ran
Published: February 2025

Background

The increasing epidemiological trend of pediatric urolithiasis over the past three decades has brought it to the forefront of public health attention. An analysis of the disease burden in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) countries, which share common characteristics such as large population base and limited public health resources, will provide an important reference for global public health policy development. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the trend of the prevalence of pediatric urolithiasis in BRICS countries during 1990–2021, which in turn will provide more valuable information for them and the world in the prevention and treatment of pediatric urolithiasis.

Methods

In this study, data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database. The data were then statistically analyzed using the Joinpoint regression model, AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) prediction model, and subgroup analysis to assess trends in the prevalence of pediatric urolithiasis.

Result

Globally, the prevalence has been increasing every year, with the greatest increase in the 10–14 age group. Encouragingly, the Age-Standardized Prevalence Rate (ASPR) has shown a decreasing trend. The disease burden of pediatric urolithiasis is higher in India and Russia, with the prevalence in India and ASPR in Russia being the highest in the BRICS countries. In South Africa, there is a clear deficit in prevention and treatment in the 0–4 year age group. Additionally, although the burden of pediatric urolithiasis in Brazil is not currently severe, the trend is the fastest deteriorating among the BRICS countries. Finally, China has made significant progress in the prevention and control of pediatric urolithiasis over the past 30 years and is expected to continue this positive trend over the next 15 years.

Conclusion

This in-depth analysis based on GBD 2021 provides a fresh perspective on the evolving burden of pediatric urolithiasis in BRICS countries over the last three decades. Our research provides valuable insights for policy makers and health care providers through in-depth analysis and scientific evaluation of the prevalence of pediatric urolithiasis using different statistical models. In addition, BRICS countries should develop targeted prevention strategies for at-risk populations and ensure the availability of effective treatments that are tailored to their national contexts while also reflecting global health trends and evidence.
Exploration the therapeutic effects of sodium houttuyfonate combined with penicillin G on methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus infected wounds
Authors: Li Yujie , You Shunjie , Li Sheng , Li Si , Jia Aimin , Xiang Xiaoyan , Shen Shi , Cai Yan
Published: February 2025

Background

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a Gram-positive bacterium that can cause local or systemic infectious diseases, and treatment for MRSA has become a major global health issue. Sodium houttuyfonate (SH) is a natural extract of Houttuynia cordata, which has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial effect of SH combined with penicillin G (PNC) against MRSA and its potential beneficial effects in a rat model of MRSA wound infection, and to investigate its possible mechanism in combination with network pharmacology.

Methods

Evaluating the antibacterial effect of drugs through in vitro antibacterial experiments. Construct a MRSA infected wound model in SD rats and determine the optimal drug ratio based on the degree of wound healing. Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining was used to determine inflammatory cell infiltration, Masson staining was used to observe collagen fiber proliferation in the wound, Elisa method was used to detect inflammatory cytokine content in retrobulbar venous blood, and network pharmacology methods were used to elucidate possible molecular mechanisms.

Result

The MIC of SH and PNC are 60–80 μg/mL and 40–70 U/mL, respectively. The FICI of the combined group is 0.375–0.5625, and the optimal drug ratio is SH20 μg/mL + PNC15u/mL. The number of central granulocytes infiltrated in the combined group was less than that in other groups, and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly reduced. In addition, the collagen fibers in the wound were significantly increased. Thirteen target genes were predicted through network pharmacology, among which the core targets were IL1B, IL6, MMP9, IFNG, and TNF. SH and PNG have shown good binding potential with various targets in molecular docking. Among the 83 potential pathways of action, IL-17 signaling pathway is considered a key pathway for promoting wound healing.

Conclusion

Sodium houttuyfonate combined with penicillin G can inhibit bacterial growth in MRSA infected wounds in rats, reduce neutrophil infiltration, promote collagen fiber generation in wounds, and decrease the expression levels of inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α in the blood of rats after MRSA infection. It promotes wound healing through multiple targets and pathways, and preliminarily reveals the drug’s targets and molecular mechanisms.
Metagenomics-based study of rhizospheric microorganisms of Poa alpigena L. in Qinghai Lake, Ganzi River Plateau
Authors: Wei Bo , Xu Qianqian , Kong Junfei , Su Xu , Chen Kelong , Wang Hengsheng
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Poa alpigena Lindm., a dominant forage grass on the Tibetan Plateau, plays a critical role in livestock production and grassland restoration. This study investigates the rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric soil microorganisms of Poa alpigena L. in the Ganzi River area of the Qinghai Lake basin using metagenomic sequencing to understand their diversity and potential ecological functions.

Methods

Soil samples were collected from rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric areas of Poa alpigena L. using the S-type five-point sampling method. DNA was extracted, and metagenomic sequencing was performed using the BGISEQ-500 platform. Alpha and Beta diversity analyses were conducted, and LEfSe analysis was used to identify differentially abundant microbial taxa and metabolic pathways.

Results

A total of 5,681 microbial species across 1,606 genera, 521 families, 61 phyla, and 246 orders were identified. Non-rhizospheric soils exhibited higher species richness than rhizospheric soils. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in both soil types. Rhizospheric soils showed significant enrichment in pathways related to antibiotic biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, and methane metabolism, while non-rhizospheric soils were enriched in quorum sensing and drug-metabolizing pathways.

Discussion

The findings highlight the selective influence of Poa alpigena L. on soil microbial communities and their potential role in mitigating methane emissions. The study provides a foundation for understanding the ecological functions of soil microorganisms in alpine meadows and supports sustainable grassland management practices.
Plant height is the main factor driving forage yield of Poa species under different row spacings and seeding rates in the Qilian Mountains
Authors: Wang Xiaojun , Wang Jinlan , Li ERenCuo , Guo Yani , Li Wen
Published: February 2025

Scientific and reasonable planting densities are crucial for Poa species forage production. However, the optimal row spacing and seeding rate for Poa species cultivation, and the effects of row spacing and seeding rate on Poa species forage yield in the Qilian Mountains remain unclear. In the current study, P. sinoglauca Ohwi., P. crymophila Keng, P. pratensis L. var. anceps Gaud, and P. pagophila Bor were selected as study materials, and a split field experiment designed with row spacing as the main factor and seeding rates as the sub-factor was conducted to study the effects of different row spacings and seeding rates on the agronomic traits and forage yield benefits of Poa species. The main plots were designed with different row spacings of 15 cm (R1), 30 cm (R2), and 45 cm (R3), and the subplots were designed with different seeding rates of 7.0 kg·hm-2 (S1), 12.0 kg·hm-2 (S2), and 17.0 kg·hm-2 (S3). A subsection structural equation model was used to analyze the influence process and path coefficients of row spacing, seeding rate, and the interaction between row spacing and seeding rate on the yield of Poa species, and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was used to comprehensively assess the agronomic traits and forage yield of the experimental varieties. Our results showed that row spacing significantly affected the plant height, tiller number, fertile tiller number, and forage yield of the four Poa species, while seeding rate and interaction between row spacing and seeding rate had significant effects on the forage yield of the four Poa species. The highest forage yields of P. sinoglauca (6709.1 kg·hm-²) and P. crymophila (7471.3 kg·hm-²) were recorded for a row spacing of 30 cm and seeding rate of 17 kg·hm-², and the highest forage yields of P. pratensis L. var. anceps (9469.0 kg·hm-²) and P. pagophila (8152.7 kg·hm-²) were recorded for a row spacing of 30 cm and seeding rate of 12 kg·hm-². Structural equation modeling indicated that row spacing, seeding rate, and the interaction between row spacing and seeding rate primarily affected the forage yield of Poa species by affecting plant height. Our research provided optimal sowing and row spacing for Poa species depending on the species to optimize forage production in the southern Qilian Mountains and similar areas.
Russia's foreign and security policy in Syria: historical relations, Cold War paradigms, and contemporary geopolitics
Authors: Jorge Trujillo Raquel
Published: February 2025

Introduction

This paper examines Russia's diplomatic and security strategy in Syria, placing its engagement in the larger framework of Cold War history and Russian-Syrian ties. The study clarifies how Russia's strategic objectives in the region, especially in connection to its “near abroad” policy, have been molded by the complex historical relationships between Moscow and Damascus.

Methods

The methodology consists in a qualitative approach, applying the security matrix model to the Russian foreign policy in Syria. From a comparative approach, the study draws attention to the similarities between Russia's military activities in Syria and Ukraine, illuminating the intricate relationship between intervention and sovereignty in both situations. The article also critically evaluates how the Kremlin has framed its engagement in Syria as a counterterrorism measure, arguing that this narrative helps to justify its actions both at home and abroad.

Results and discussion

By highlighting the connections between historical background, security strategy, and current geopolitical dynamics, the study's findings show that the intervention in Syria is anchored in a deeply rooted policy in Russia, elaborated on a Cold War heritage towards the U.S. and on new concepts of multi-polarity. The study ultimately aims to offer a deeper explanation of Russia's motives in Syria. The paper adds to the discussion of Russian foreign policy and its effects on international relations and regional stability by using this perspective.
The relationship between perceived peer support and academic adjustment among higher vocational college students: the chain mediating effects of academic hope and professional identity
Authors: Zhu Yaoxiu , Lu Haidong , Wang Xinbo , Ma Wenling , Xu Min
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Academic adjustment is essential for the academic success of higher vocational college students. Although previous research has explored the role of perceived peer support in the academic adjustment of general undergraduate students, its role and underlying mechanisms in this group remain unclear. This study aims to explore the relationship between perceived peer support and academic adjustment, focusing on the chain mediating roles of academic hope and professional identity.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 9,075 students from 35 higher vocational colleges across 15 provinces and cities in China, using multi-stage stratified random sampling. Validated scales were used to measure perceived peer support, academic adjustment, academic hope, and professional identity.

Results

The findings revealed that perceived peer support not only directly influences academic adjustment but also exerts an indirect effect through the individual mediation of academic hope and professional identity, as well as through the sequential mediation from academic hope to professional identity.

Conclusion

Perceived peer support, academic hope, and professional identity significantly promote academic adjustment among higher vocational college students. These findings provide theoretical insights into the mechanisms of academic adjustment and offer practical implications for educational strategies, emphasizing the importance of fostering perceived peer support, academic hope, and professional identity to enhance students’ academic success.
Factorial validity and measurement invariance of a self-reported scale of paradoxical leadership behaviours: evidence from sport industry leaders
Authors: Bourke Matthew , Cairney John , Richard Veronique , Mulcahy Samantha , Moos Chris , Dopson Sue
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Organisational leaders across all sectors are often faced with a dynamic, unpredictable and complex business landscape. Understanding leadership style is integral to optimising leadership and organisational culture and performance. One such leadership style that warrants further investigation is Paradoxical Leadership. This study examines the factorial validity and measurement invariance of a self-report version of the Paradoxical Leadership Scale (PLS) among a diverse sample of sport industry leaders. These sport industry leaders (n = 345) provided a platform to explore paradoxical leadership in a seldom-examined sector.

Methods

Participants were recruited through an online campaign, partnering with the sports media company, SportsPro. Factorial validity of the self-reported PLS was examined using Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (ESEM), and measurement invariance testing was conducted using Multiple Indicator Multiple Causes (MIMIC) modelling across demographic and contextual factors.

Results

Results confirmed the second-order five factor model as the best fit, with partial deviations in item loadings but maintaining overall structural integrity. The scale showed full invariance across managerial levels, experience, gender, and regions, with partial invariance across age groups, indicating its robust applicability.

Discussion

This is the first study to explore the factorial validity and measurement invariance of a modified, self-report scale measuring paradoxical leadership behaviours in a diverse sample of sport leaders. The findings support the use of this scale for both research and practical application in this context. Further research applying this scale across sectors is recommended.
A novel approach to Indian bird species identification: employing visual-acoustic fusion techniques for improved classification accuracy
Authors: Gavali Pralhad , Banu J. Saira
Published: February 2025

Accurate identification of bird species is essential for monitoring biodiversity, analyzing ecological patterns, assessing population health, and guiding conservation efforts. Birds serve as vital indicators of environmental change, making species identification critical for habitat protection and understanding ecosystem dynamics. With over 1,300 species, India's avifauna presents significant challenges due to morphological and acoustic similarities among species. For bird monitoring, recent work often uses acoustic sensors to collect bird sounds and an automated bird classification system to recognize bird species. Traditional machine learning requires manual feature extraction and model training to build an automated bird classification system. Automatically extracting features is now possible due to recent advances in deep learning models. This study presents a novel approach utilizing visual-acoustic fusion techniques to enhance species identification accuracy. We employ a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) to extract features from bird images and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network to analyze bird calls. By integrating these modalities early in the classification process, our method significantly improves performance compared to traditional methods that rely on either data type alone or utilize late fusion strategies. Testing on the iBC53 (Indian Bird Call) dataset demonstrates an impressive accuracy of 94%, highlighting the effectiveness of our multi-modal fusion approach.
Clinical characteristics of depressed children and adolescents with and without suicidal thoughts and behavior: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Häberling I. , Preisig M. , Emery S. , Baumgartner N. , Albermann M. , Strumberger M. , Schmeck K. , Wöckel L. , Erb S. , Rhiner B. , Contin B. , Walitza S. , Berger G.
Published: February 2025

Introduction

About half of all adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) have frequent suicidal thoughts and of those with suicidal ideations, about one-third attempt suicide. Identifying clinical characteristics associated with suicidal ideation and attempts is important for suicide prevention and clinical care.

Methods

Participants were four groups of adolescents diagnosed with MDD (n = 246, 180 females): (a) non-suicidal youths (n = 76), (b) ideators (n = 102; current suicidal ideation), (c) ideator-attempters (n = 56; current suicidal ideation and lifetime history of suicide attempt), and (d) lifetime attempters (n = 12; no current suicidal ideation but lifetime history of suicide attempt). Adolescents underwent clinical interviews and completed questionnaires assessing sociodemographic and clinical variables. Multivariate analyses of variance, logistic regression models, mediation and moderation analyses were run to assess which variables were associated with group membership.

Results

Suicidal ideators, irrespective of whether they had attempted suicide previously, had higher depression severity, higher anxiety and lower resilience compared to non-ideators. Hopelessness was associated with greater odds of being a suicidal ideator (p < .001, OR = 1.18) or an ideator-attempter (p = 0.036, OR = 1.13) than a non-suicidal youth. Attempter-ideators engaged more often in self-harm behavior compared to ideators (p = 0.046, OR = 1.13) and non-suicidal youths (p < .001, OR = 1.45). Ideator-attempters had experienced more childhood maltreatment, with hopelessness mediating the relationship between childhood maltreatment and suicidal ideation. Self-harm moderated the relationship between suicidal ideation and the probability of having made a suicide attempt.

Limitations

Only cross-sectional data was included, and data was based mostly on self-report measures.

Conclusions

Suicidal thoughts are associated with increases in hopelessness while suicide attempts are linked to non-suicidal self-harm behavior. Treatment of non-suicidal self-harm behavior might be an effective suicide prevention strategy in young people with depression.

Clinical Trial Registration

www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier (NCT03167307).
Impact of opioid abuse on oral health: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Smeda Martyna , Knogl Constanze , Müller Karolina , Stahl Martin , Buchalla Wolfgang , Keim Lukas , Piendl Ursula , Wodarz Norbert , Widbiller Matthias
Published: February 2025

Objectives

Opioid use has significantly increased in Germany in recent years. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the oral health, dental hygiene, self-perceived pain, and functional limitations of opioid-addicted patients with a healthy control group.

Materials and methods

50 opioid-addicted patients (OAP) attending substitution treatment at the Centre for Addiction Medicine of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the University of Regensburg were enrolled and interviewed about their drug use history. A control group was matched for age and sex. The oral health status of patients in both groups was documented using a record of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT), Periodontal Screening Index (PSI), Silness and Loe Plaque Index (PI), stimulated salivary flow rate, buffer capacity and pH. Patients also completed a questionnaire on oral hygiene, functional limitations, dietary habits and other topics. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric tests (α = 0.05).

Results

More men (74%) than women (26%) participated in the study with an age range of 19–64 years. According to the inclusion criteria, all OAP had a history of heroin use, followed by cannabinoids (90%) and cocaine (82%). The median DMFT of the OAP was 21 (IQR = 12–28) and was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in the control group (median = 10, IQR = 5–16). In addition, the OAP had a significantly higher proportion of periodontal treatment needs (P < 0.001). The PI of the OAP was also significantly worse (P = 0.012). The pH of stimulated saliva from the OAP (median = 6.8, IQR = 6.4–7.2) was significantly lower (P = 0.002) compared to the control group (median = 7.2, IQR = 7.0–7.4). However, there were no significant differences in stimulated salivary flow rate and buffering capacity (P > 0.086). OAP had significantly poorer oral hygiene, with a particular lack of interdental care (P ≤ 0.0012), and a significantly higher consumption of sweets or sweetened drinks appeared to be a problem (P ≤ 0.027). Functional limitations (P < 0.001) were reported to be a burden for OAP.

Conclusion

Opioid addiction significantly impacts oral health, necessitating improved dental care and confidential treatment services to prevent dental and periodontal diseases and support the social integration of affected individuals.
Validating the use of large language models for psychological text classification
Authors: Bunt Hannah L. , Goddard Alex , Reader Tom W. , Gillespie Alex
Published: February 2025

Large language models (LLMs) are being used to classify texts into categories informed by psychological theory (“psychological text classification”). However, the use of LLMs in psychological text classification requires validation, and it remains unclear exactly how psychologists should prompt and validate LLMs for this purpose. To address this gap, we examined the potential of using LLMs for psychological text classification, focusing on ways to ensure validity. We employed OpenAI's GPT-4o to classify (1) reported speech in online diaries, (2) other-initiations of conversational repair in Reddit dialogues, and (3) harm reported in healthcare complaints submitted to NHS hospitals and trusts. Employing a two-stage methodology, we developed and tested the validity of the prompts used to instruct GPT-4o using manually labeled data (N = 1,500 for each task). First, we iteratively developed three types of prompts using one-third of each manually coded dataset, examining their semantic validity, exploratory predictive validity, and content validity. Second, we performed a confirmatory predictive validity test on the final prompts using the remaining two-thirds of each dataset. Our findings contribute to the literature by demonstrating that LLMs can serve as valid coders of psychological phenomena in text, on the condition that researchers work with the LLM to secure semantic, predictive, and content validity. They also demonstrate the potential of using LLMs in rapid and cost-effective iterations over big qualitative datasets, enabling psychologists to explore and iteratively refine their concepts and operationalizations during manual coding and classifier development. Accordingly, as a secondary contribution, we demonstrate that LLMs enable an intellectual partnership with the researcher, defined by a synergistic and recursive text classification process where the LLM's generative nature facilitates validity checks. We argue that using LLMs for psychological text classification may signify a paradigm shift toward a novel, iterative approach that may improve the validity of psychological concepts and operationalizations.
Evaluation of a non-animal toolbox informed by adverse outcome pathways for human inhalation safety
Authors: de Ávila Renato Ivan , Müller Iris , Barlow Hugh , Middleton Alistair Mark , Theiventhran Mathura , Basili Danilo , Bowden Anthony M. , Saib Ouarda , Engi Patrik , Pietrenko Tymoteusz , Wallace Joanne , Boda Bernadett , Constant Samuel , Behrsing Holger Peter , Patel Vivek , Baltazar Maria Teresa
Published: February 2025

Introduction

This work evaluated a non-animal toolbox to be used within a next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) framework to assess chemical-induced lung effects using human upper and lower respiratory tract models, namely MucilAir™-HF and EpiAlveolar™ systems, respectively.

Methods

A 12-day substance repeated exposure scheme was established to explore potential lung effects through analysis of bioactivity readouts from the tissue integrity and functionality, cytokine/chemokine secretion, and transcriptomics.

Results

Eleven benchmark chemicals were tested, including inhaled materials and drugs that may cause lung toxicity following systemic exposure, covering 14 human exposure scenarios classified as low- or high-risk based on historical safety decisions. For calculation of bioactivity exposure ratios (BERs), obtained chemical-induced bioactivity data were used to derive in vitro points of departures (PoDs) using a nonlinear state space model. PoDs were then combined with human exposure estimates, i.e., predicted lung deposition for benchmark inhaled materials using multiple path particle dosimetry (MPPD) exposure computational modeling or literature maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) for systemically available benchmark drugs.

Discussion

In general, PoDs occurred at higher concentrations than the corresponding human exposure values for the majority of the low-risk chemical-exposure scenarios. For all the high-risk chemical-exposure scenarios, there was a clear overlap between the PoDs and lung deposited mass and Cmax for the benchmark inhaled materials and therapeutic drugs, respectively. Our findings suggest that combining computational and in vitro new approach methodologies (NAMs) informed by adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) associated with pulmonary toxicity can provide relevant biological coverage for chemical lung safety assessment.
A Study on a Speed Regulation Method for Mining Scraper Conveyors and a Control Strategy for Permanent Magnet Drive Systems
Authors: Zhang Xi , Ren Mingming , Wang Hongju , Xu Hongyu , Shi Bin , Gao Miaomiao
Published: February 2025

To address the mismatch between materials and operational speed in mine scraper conveyors under time-varying load conditions, this paper proposes a methodology for the regulation of speed based on the quantity of coal transported by the scraper conveyor. Furthermore, a vector control strategy for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) is presented, underpinned by a global fast terminal sliding mode controller. Firstly, a calculation model for the real-time coal volume of the scraper conveyor was developed based on the double-end oblique cutting coal mining technology in fully mechanized mining operations. This model takes into account the operational condition of the shearer and the scraper conveyor. In addition, a graded speed regulation control method was introduced. Secondly, a global fast terminal controller was developed by integrating the features of linear and terminal sliding mode surfaces. An enhanced sliding mode vector control strategy for the permanent magnet drive motor of the scraper conveyor was subsequently proposed. Finally, a simulation and ground test were subsequently performed on the PMSM experimental bench and SGZ2×1200 scraper conveyor to validate the proposed control strategy. The results indicated that the proposed control strategy not only diminished the overshoot of the rotational speed and decreased the dynamic response time but also improved the anti-interference capabilities of the PMSM relative to the original PI control. Moreover, the ground test validated the feasibility of the suggested speed regulation method.
The Impact of Noise on Agricultural Tractor Operator in Relation to Certain Operational Parameters: An Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach
Authors: Barač Željko , Plaščak Ivan , Radočaj Dorijan , Jurišić Mladen
Published: February 2025

This study examines the impact of noise inside the cabin of an agricultural tractor on the operator, focusing on operational parameters: agrotechnical surfaces, speed of movement, and tire pressure. Noise measurements were conducted on a LANDINI POWERFARM 100 tractor on agricultural fields and access roads. The tests followed HRN ISO 5008:2015 standards for smooth and rough tracks, and the noise was measured with a Metrel Multinorm device using an “A” filter, positioned according to HRN ISO 6396:2018 and ISO 5131:2018 standards. A two-factor analysis of variance was performed, considering tractor speed (“B”) and tire pressure (“C”). The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to group the agronomic surfaces (“A”) into smooth and rough categories. By conducting a one-way ANOVA on the mean values of the dependent variables grouped by AHP, significant differences in noise were found. On the right side of the operator, significant noise differences were found between speeds B2, B3, and B4 (from 73.60 dB(A) to 73.99 dB(A)), with a decrease in noise as speed increased at C2. The coefficient of determination decreased from 78.99% to 44.93% with increasing speed. On the left side, significant differences in noise were found at tire pressure C1 at lower speeds, with increasing R2 values up to 50.89%, and similarly for C3 at higher speeds, reaching 72.61%.
Mechanical Harvesting of Olive Orchards: An Overview on Trunk Shakers
Authors: Messina Gaetano , Sbaglia Matteo , Bernardi Bruno
Published: February 2025

Olive cultivation is still concentrated within the Mediterranean basin, although the last thirty years have seen an expansion into geographical areas outside it. Traditional olive groves, with large planting distances and centuries-old trees, still predominate. However, more and more space is being given over to modern plantations, which allow an ever-increasing degree of mechanisation, although some legal restrictions, often related to the monumental nature of the plantations, make the conversion of old plantations into new ones not always easy. The extreme case is super-intensive olive growing, where the very concept of olive growing has been rethought. In this context, harvesting is the most time-consuming and costly of the cultivation operations. Without it, or rather without a high degree of mechanisation, it is still not possible to produce high-quality oils. A leading role is always played by the trunk shakers, who are still the undisputed protagonists in this sector. This review looks at trunk shakers in olive groves, showing the latest models, and their strengths and weaknesses, based on the research carried out in recent decades.
A Comprehensive Overview of Antibacterial Agents for Combating Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria: The Current Landscape, Development, Future Opportunities, and Challenges
Authors: Gajic Ina , Tomic Nina , Lukovic Bojana , Jovicevic Milos , Kekic Dusan , Petrovic Milos , Jankovic Marko , Trudic Anika , Mitic Culafic Dragana , Milenkovic Marina , Opavski Natasa
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance poses a major public health challenge. The World Health Organization has identified 15 priority pathogens that require prompt development of new antibiotics. This review systematically evaluates the antibacterial resistance of the most significant bacterial pathogens, currently available treatment options, as well as complementary approaches for the management of infections caused by the most challenging multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. For carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, treatment options include combinations of beta-lactam antibiotics and beta-lactamase inhibitors, a novel siderophore cephalosporin, known as cefiderocol, as well as older antibiotics like polymixins and tigecycline. Treatment options for Gram-positive bacteria are vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, etc. Although the development of new antibiotics has stagnated, various agents with antibacterial properties are currently in clinical and preclinical trials. Non-antibiotic strategies encompass antibiotic potentiators, bacteriophage therapy, antivirulence therapeutics, antimicrobial peptides, antibacterial nanomaterials, host-directed therapy, vaccines, antibodies, plant-based products, repurposed drugs, as well as their combinations, including those used alongside antibiotics. Significant challenges exist in developing new antimicrobials, particularly related to scientific and technical issues, along with policy and economic factors. Currently, most of the alternative options are not part of routine treatment protocols. Conclusions and Future Directions: There is an urgent need to expedite the development of new strategies for treating infections caused by MDR bacteria. This requires a multidisciplinary approach that involves collaboration across research, healthcare, and regulatory bodies. Suggested approaches are crucial for addressing this challenge and should be backed by rational antibiotic use, enhanced infection control practices, and improved surveillance systems for emerging pathogens.
Outbreak of High-Risk Clone ST323 Klebsiella pneumoniae Resistant to Ceftazidime–Avibactam Due to Acquisition of blaVEB-25 and to Cefiderocol Due to Mutated fiu Gene
Authors: Galani Irene , Karaiskos Ilias , Souli Maria , Papoutsaki Vassiliki , Gkoufa Aikaterini , Antoniadou Anastasia , Giamarellou Helen
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The incidence of Ceftazidime/Avibactam (CZA)-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate co-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase 2 (KPC-2) and Vietnamese extended-spectrum β-lactamase 25 (VEB-25) has been on the rise in Greece over the past five years. This study investigates the isolation of ST323 K. pneumoniae isolates co-resistant to CZA and cefiderocol (FDC) from colonized and infected patients in a single hospital in Athens. Methods: CZA-resistant K. pneumoniae strains were isolated from 5 ICU patients from 27 December 2023 to 22 January 2024. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested against a panel of agents. Whole-genome sequencing of the isolates was carried out to identify the acquired resistance genes and mutations that were associated with CZA and FDC resistance. Results: The K. pneumoniae isolates belonged to ST323 and harbored blaKPC-2 and blaVEB-25. The isolates had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of >256 mg/L for CZA and 32 mg/L for FDC, due to the disrupted catecholate siderophore receptor Fiu. blaVEB-25 was located on an IncC non-conjugative plasmid and on a ~14 kb multidrug resistance (MDR) region comprising 15 further acquired resistance genes. Transformation studies showed that the blaVEB-25-carrying plasmid provided resistance to most of the β-lactams tested, including CZA. The isolates remained susceptible to carbapenems, imipenem/relebactam, and meropenem/vaborbactam. The plasmid harbored the citrate-dependent iron (III) uptake system (fecIRABCDE), which increased the MIC of FDC from ≤0.08 mg/L to 2 mg/L. Conclusions: The blaVEB-25 gene was associated with IncC plasmids which are important contributors to the spread of key antibiotic resistance genes. Strict infection control measures must be elaborated upon to prevent the spread of extensively drug-resistant organisms such as those described here.
Sustainable Recovery of Phlorotannins from Durvillaea incurvata: Integrated Extraction and Purification with Advanced Characterization
Authors: Rivera-Tovar Pamela Raquel , Contreras-Contreras Gabriela , Rivas-Reyes Paulina Isabel , Pérez-Jiménez Jara , Martínez-Cifuentes Maximiliano , Pérez-Correa José Ricardo , Mariotti-Celis María Salomé
Published: February 2025

The rising demand for bioactive compounds from marine resources highlights the need for sustainable separation technologies. This study introduces an integrated process combining ultrasound-assisted extraction (USAE) and resin purification (RP) to isolate phlorotannins from Durvillaea incurvata, a brown seaweed with significant biomedical potential. Using a 32.5% ethanol–water solvent system for USAE followed by RP on Diaion HP-20 resin, phlorotannins were enriched 2.4-fold, with simultaneous removal of interfering compounds such as mannitol (~100%), which was demonstrated by FTIR and HPLC-IR analysis. Advanced characterization using UHPLC-QToF-MS/MS identified five novel phlorotannins with polymerization degrees of 3 to 8 phloroglucinol units in both USAE extracts and post-RP. Mass balance based on spectrophotometric measurements indicated a purification factor of ~2, confirming process effectiveness. RP streams showed distinct phlorotannin profiles, with one phlorotannin exceeding 70% relative abundance. However, MS/MS results showed significantly lower recoveries than spectrophotometric data, revealing a novel insight into RP purification. These findings highlight the critical role of comprehensive chemical characterization in optimizing sustainable phlorotannin extraction from seaweed. They propose a framework for scalable, eco-efficient technologies for achieving high-purity phlorotannin recovery. This approach facilitates the development of phlorotannin-based applications in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.