bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF INJECTION THERAPY IN MORTON'S NEUROMA
Authors: Schiffer G , Chan O , Jalan R , Padhiar N
Published: June 2013

Objective

The objective is to compare the effectiveness of two different methods of administering injection, ultrasound guided versus palpation guided, for the treatment of Morton's Neuroma.

Patients and Methods

This is a retrospective review of patients who have had corticosteroid-injections as part of their treatment for Morton's Neuroma. A postal-questionnaire using a modified Foot Health Status Questionnaire, reviewing foot-pain, foot function-activity, footwear and general foot health, was utilised and posted to all patients diagnosed with Morton's Neuroma in the Podiatry Clinic between 2001–2006. No inclusion or exclusion criteria were applied.

Results

Of the 104 questionnaires distributed 46 (44.23%) were returned. Subjects who had no corticosteroid injection as treatment for Morton's Neuroma were excluded {14/46 (30.43%)}. Subsequently 32/46 subjects were evaluated. To some extend better results were demonstrated in the palpation guided injection group. There was some evidence of statistical significance (p=0.05) in three questions. Those were concerning the time interval between the last corticosteroid injection and completion of the questionnaire (0.02), work limitation (p=0.048) or walking (0.0482) difficulties secondary to foot problems. No other statistical association was confirmed.

Conclusion

Injection therapy is often the treatment of choice. No advantage has been demonstrated in this survey of ultrasound guided injection versus palpation guided injection. Further studies are needed to prove the effectiveness of ultrasound guided corticosteroid injection.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF OPEN TIBIAL SHAFT FRACTURES IN SPORTS
Authors: Akhtar Muhammad Adeel , Goudie Stuart , Brown Charles Court
Published: June 2013

Background

Tibial shaft fracture is a common sports injury in young athletic population. Open fractures can result in significant morbidity. Our aim was to study the epidemiology, severity and soft tissue coverage of sports related open tibial shaft fractures in the southeast of Scotland over the last 22 years.

Methods

We identified 502 patients from our prospective trauma database between 1988 and 2010 with open tibial shaft fractures and 33 patients (6.5%) had sports related fractures. Demographic details were recorded along with sports played, severity of injuries by using injury severity score, severity of fractures by using Gustillo Anderson classification system and requirement of soft tissue coverage procedures.

Results

The mean age was 30 years (range- 15–67). 29 (88%) were male and four female (12%). The most common sport played was football in 20 patients (61%) followed by rugby in three patients (9%) skiing, quad bike and horse riding in two patients each (6%) and golf, squash, cycling and sledging in one patient (3%) each.

The mean injury severity score was 10.8 (range 10–16). Eleven patients (33%) had grade 1, fifteen patients (46%) had grade 2, five patients (15%) had grade 3a and two patients (6%) had grade 3b injuries according to Gustillo Anderson classification system of open fractures.

Eight patients (24%) required soft tissue coverage for the treatment of these fractures. The types of flaps used were fasciocutaneous flap in four patients, split skin graft in three patients and adipofascial flap in four patients.

Discussion

We looked at the epidemiology of open tibia shaft fractures in the southeast of Scotland in last 22 years and found that football was the most common sport (61%) associated with these fractures. 88% patients were male. 21% patients had severe (grade 3) injuries and 24% patients required soft tissue coverage for the treatment of these fractures. This information can help sports physicians in planning orthopaedic and plastic services for the treatment of sports related open tibial shaft fractures.
EFFECT OF UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL USE OF LATERALLY WEDGED INSOLES WITH ARCH SUPPORTS ON IMPACT LOADING IN MEDIAL KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
Authors: Abdallah Amira
Published: June 2013

Background

Increased impact loading is implicated in knee osteoarthritis development and progression. This study examined the initial impact force and first ground reaction force (GRF) peaks, their loading rates, their relative timing to the stance phase timing and the walking speed during unilateral and bilateral use of different inclinations of laterally wedged insoles (LWI) with arch supports.

Methods

Data were collected from 33 female patients with medial knee osteoarthritis, using an AMPTI forceplate, under five insole conditions (unilateral 6° & 11° and bilateral 0°, 6° & 11°) and a without-insole one.

Results

Repeated measures MANOVA revealed significant (p<0.05) increase in the impact force in the bilateral 11° vs each of the unilateral 6° and without-insole conditions. The impact loading rate decreased significantly in the unilateral 11° vs the bilateral 6° insole condition. The relative timing of the impact force increased significantly in each of the bilateral 6°, bilateral 11° and unilateral 11° vs the bilateral 0° insole condition and in each of the bilateral 11° and unilateral 11° vs the without-insole condition. Moreover, there were significant (p=0.000) positive correlations between the impact and GRF loading rates and the walking speed and each of the impact force, impact loading rate and GRF loading rate. Finally, the Chi-square test revealed insignificant (p>0.05) association between the insole conditions and the presence of impact forces.

Discussion/Conclusion

Patients with medial knee osteoarthritis are advised to use unilateral 11° LWI and walk slowly to decrease impact loading. Unilateral use of 11° LWI decreases impact loading possibly through increasing foot pronation (Abdallah A.A. & Radwan A.Y., 2011)*.
RECOVERY OF TRANSVERSE STRAIN IN HIGH–STRESS TENDONS FOLLOWING EXERCISE
Authors: Wearing Scott , Locke Simon , Cook Jill , Purdam Craig , Smeathers James , Hooper Sue
Published: June 2013

Background

This study evaluated the time course of recovery of transverse strain in the Achilles and patellar tendons following a bout of resistance exercise.

Methods

Seventeen healthy adults underwent sonographic examination of the right patellar (n=9) or Achilles (n=8) tendons immediately prior to and following 90 repetitions of weight–bearing exercise. Quadriceps and gastrocnemius exercise were performed against an effective resistance of 175% and 250% body weight, respectively. Sagittal tendon thickness was determined 20 mm from the tendon enthesis and transverse strain was repeatedly monitored over a 24 hour recovery period.

Results

Resistance exercise resulted in an immediate decrease in Achilles (t7=10.6, P<.01) and patellar (t8=8.9, P<.01) tendon thickness, resulting in an average transverse strain of 0.14±0.04 and 0.18±0.05. While the average strain was not significantly different between tendons, older age was associated with a reduced transverse strain response (r=0.63, P<.01). Recovery of transverse strain, in contrast, was prolonged compared with the duration of loading and exponential in nature. The mean primary recovery time was not significantly different between Achilles (6.5±3.2 hours) and patellar (7.1±3.2 hours) tendons and body weight accounted for 62% and 64% of the variation in recovery time, respectively.

Discussion

Despite structural and biochemical differences between the Achilles and patellar tendons,1the mechanisms underlying transverse creep–recovery in vivo appear similar and are highly time dependent. Primary recovery required about 7 hours in healthy tendons, with full recovery requiring up to 24 hours. These in vivo recovery times are similar to those reported for axial creep recovery of the vertebral disc in vitro,2and may be used clinically to guide physical activity to rest ratios in healthy adults. Optimal ratios for high–stress tendons in clinical populations, however, remain unknown and require further attention in light of the knowledge gained in this study.
MOTOR PERFORMANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF MENTAL-LINGUISTIC AND MEDICAL FINDINGS IN FIRST GRADERS
Authors: Oelze Janine , Richter Nadine , Schulz Henry
Published: June 2013

Background

Especially in childhood, motor and cognitive functions are thought to address similar brain areas and thus seem to be interrelated.3Further a close link between brain function and the skeletal muscle system as well as the cardiovascular system is accepted.2A correlation between the concentration and the coordinative performance is also being assumed in adolescents.1

Methods

The KOMPASS project (complex general school examination) investigates the motor performance (DMT 6–18), the movement behaviour (parents questionnaire) and the health status (school entrance examination) of first graders in the city of Chemnitz. 2.774 children (6.8±0.4 years, BMI 15.5±1.8 kg/m2) were tested and 2.035 parents were interviewed since 2010. The standard school entrance examination was conducted in 3.739 children. 1.901 parents gave their consent for merging the various data records.

Results

The motor performance of the first graders in the test tasks: 20 meter sprint (Z-value 99.1±9.1), side jumps (Z-value 103.5±11.3), broad jump (Z-value 101.8±10.7), sit-ups (Z-value 99.4±8.9), stand and reach (Z-value 102.2±10.2) and 6 minute run (Z-value 101.6±10.3) was average. They achieved performances above average in the tasks balancing backwards (Z-value 106.2±11.6) and press-ups (Z-value 108.4±11.6). Within the school entrance examination speech disorders were diagnosed in 40.8%, deficits of visual perception in 26.0% and behavioural disorders in 16.7% of all children. Some kind of supportive interventions were received by 15.9% of all first graders. Those mental-linguistic findings showed a highly significant negative relationship with the motor performance (R=0.257; p<0.01) in the multiple regression analysis. A highly significant negative correlation was also found between the motor performance and the medical findings: decrease of visual acuity (24.0%), impairment of seeing stereo (3.5%) and deficits in fine or gross motor skills (35.7% and 23.8%)(R=0.380; p<0.01).

Discussion/Conclusions

Various studies suggest a close relationship between brain function and physical performance. The results of the KOMPASS project confirm this nexus of cognitive function and physical performance in children without being able to prove a causal relationship.
ELITE SOCCER'S LOWER LIMBS EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH ASYMMETRY
Authors: Zahalka Frantisek , Maly Tomas , Mala Lucia , Teplan Jaroslav , Gryc Tomas , Vaidova Eva , Hank Mikulas , Buzek Mario
Published: June 2013

Background

A vertical jump is one of essential motor skills in many sports (Vanezis & Lees, 2005). Monitoring and description of vertical jumps is based on both external movement structure and explosive strength of lower limbs as a basic driving impulse for its performance. Explosive strength is one of the most important components for the body increasing and vertical jump (Aragon, 2000).

Methods

The research group consisted of elite soccer players (n=138, age=25,1±4,7 years, height=184,2±7,2 cm, weight=79,7±8,1 kg). For recording force effect of lower limbs on the surface, two force platforms Kistler B8611A (KISTLER Instrumente AG, Switzerland) were used. All participants performed three types of a vertical jump, T1–countermovement jump with arms included, T2–countermovement jump with arms excluded, T3–squat jump. Evaluation parameters were: high of the jump (cm), maximal strength produced by separate lower limb FmaxR(L) and strength impulse produced by separate lower limb during the take off (Ns-1).

Results

The heights of the jumps were CMJ-FA=42.83±4.88 cm, CMJ=37.55±4.18 cm a SQJ=35.97±3.97cm. Maximal strength produced by separate lower limb was recalculated by dividing to weight of every player as a strength for one kilogram; FmaxPT1=1.32±0.11 N.kg-1 resp. FmaxLT1=1.27±0.11 N.kg-1; FmaxPT2=1.33±0.14 N.kg-1 resp. FmaxPT2=1.28±0.16 N.kg-1; FmaxPT3=1.12±0.12 N.kg-1 resp. FmaxLT3= 1.09±0.09 N.kg-1. The level of asymmetry was evaluated by percentage difference between maximal strength of right or left lower limb per one kilogram of boy weight. Percentage difference between maximal strength was T1=5.86±4.58%; T2=9.61±7.92, T3=5.47±6.49%. Evaluation of lower limbs asymmetry by help of strength impulse using the take off was T1=9.91±10.49 N.s-1, T2=8.55±7.34 N.s-1, T3=5.69±4.73 N.s-1.

Discussion/Conclusions

The best results were achieved in the first type of the vertical jump (T1). Results of the countermovement jump without arm swing (T2) and squat jump without arm swing (T3) are more comparable, although it could be expected that squat position could improve the height of absolute value of the vertical jump. The biggest asymmetry by maximal strength point of view was found in the jump T2. Jumps T1 and T2 had asymmetry by maximal strength point on were similar and the absolute value was only half according to jump T1 asymmetry. The biggest asymmetry by strength impulse was in the jump T1, rest jump's aszmmetry were lower (T2-13%; T3-42%).

Project was supported: MSM 0021620864, GACR P407/11/P784, PRVOUK 38.
EXUBERANT INFLAMMATORY REACTION AFTER AN INFILTRATION OF PLATELET-RICH PLASMA (PRP)
Authors: Kaux J F , Croisier J L , Léonard P , Goff C Le , Crielaard J M
Published: June 2013

Background

PRP, obtained from centrifuged autologous blood, contains a large quantity of growth factors, which may enhance tissue healing processes. Local infiltration of PRP represents a relatively new treatment for tendinopathies. To date, no side effects have been reported after infiltration of PRP to treat tendinopathy.1

Case report

A 35-year-old patient had a right upper patellar tendinopathy which was resistant to all of the conservative treatments for more than six months. The patient was a type 1 diabetic (well controlled). He benefited from an intratendinous infiltration of 6 mL of PRP (8.105 platelets/mm 3, almost no red or white blood cells) without local anaesthetic. Immediately following the infiltration, local cryotherapy was performed for 15 minutes. NSAIDs were avoided, but class-1 or -2 pain-killers were authorised if necessary. A standardised sub-maximal eccentric rehabilitation should be started 1 week after. However, the patient experienced local swelling with erythema, increased heating and pain which appeared just underneath the patella, but without biological inflammatory syndrome. A great Doppler signal in a thicker patellar tendon was observed by US, but there was no sign of local infectious disease demonstrated by either CT or MRI. However, the local inflammation did not decrease after a progressive 3-week treatment of local cryotherapy, local and oral NSAIDs and colchicine 1 mg. Thus, an insidious infection was suspected, even though there was neither evidence of biological inflammatory syndrome or sign of infectious lesion on imagery examination. An antibiotic therapy (rifampicine 600 mg+minocycline 100 mg) was initiated for 3 months. Finally, a 3-phase bone scintigraphy suggested the presence of a complex regional pain syndrome type 1 treated by a classical physical therapy and concomitant class-2 pain killers. The evolution was favourable after 6 months of symptomatic treatment, and the pain decreased to a level similar to that before the infiltration of PRP.

Discussion/Conclusions

This case report calls attention to potential side effects that are linked to this new therapy by infiltration of platelet rich plasma in case of tendinopathy, in particular when used in patients with type 1 diabetes. Thus, the balance between benefits and risks must be carefully evaluated before using this treatment in patients with type 1 diabetes.
SENSORI-MOTOR INSOLES MAY INCREASE PERONEUS LONGUS ACTIVITY DURING STANCE PHASE OF HUMAN GAIT
Authors: Ludwig Oliver , Quadflieg Roman , Koch Michael
Published: June 2013

Background

Sensori-motor insoles are supposed to influence muscle activity of the ankle stabilizing muscles during stance phase of human gait by imposing pressure upon tendon structures. For this purpose, specially shaped elements are integrated in the insoles. In particular, activation of m. peroneus longus as a main pronator of the foot is supposed to prevent ankle sprains. Nevertheless, no evidence for a potential effect of sensori-motor insoles could be shown until now.

The objective of this study was to examine changes in muscle activity of the peroneus longus (PL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle caused by sensori-motor insoles with a lateral wedge.

Methods

For 32 healthy subjects the activity of the peroneus longus and tibialis anterior muscle was recorded by means of surface EMG (Noraxon Telemyo). A randomized, double blinded cross-over-design was used. Subjects walked in several sub-tests both in neutral shoes with sensori-motor insoles and with dummy insoles. Sensori-motor insoles (Shore 35, Springer AG, Berlin) had a convex-formed spot that was placed above the skin of the peroneus longus tendon, 8 mm distal to the inferior retinaculum. Pressure sensors under the heel and forefoot were used to identify gait phases.

In a former study changes in muscular activity peaks of the peroneus longus muscle could be found mainly in the period between 14% and 34% stance phase.1Therefore, integrated EMG was calculated for both PL and TA for the periods of 0–15% (loading response), 15–50% (mid stance) and 50–100% (terminal stance). Sub-tests with sensori-motor insoles and dummy insoles were compared for each subject by statistical means (paired t-test). Effect size and post hoc power were calculated using G*Power 3.1.

Results

PL activity in mid stance was statistically significant higher (p=.0083, post hoc power =.98) with sensori-motor insoles (18.4±12.17 uV*s) compared to dummy-insoles (10.0±7.6 uV*s). Effect size (Cohen's d) was .80, indicating a large effect. For other gait phases and for TA activity no significant effects (p<.05) could be found.

Discussion

As changes in peroneus activity could be found only in mid stance when both the body weight is transferred to the foot and the sensori-motor spots impose pressure on the skin we conclude that increased muscular activation is due to increased afferent input. In both initial contact and terminal stance the sensori-motor spots do not influence afferent input and motor activation pattern of peroneus longus. As the ankle joint is sensitive to disturbances (supination) during mid stance an increased activity of pronator muscles might help to stabilize the foot and possibly help to prevent ankle sprains.
ABDOMINAL MUSCLE INJURIES IN SOCCER–SURGICAL CASE SERIES
Authors: Brix Christian , Lohrer Heinz , Hoeferlin Andreas
Published: June 2013

Background

Muscle injuries frequently occur in both competitive and amateur sports. In soccer, muscle injuries are responsible for more than one third of all injuries. The smaller portion are the major injuries (muscle tear and tendinous avulsion).1 2As the abdominal muscles give the necessary core stability for sports like soccer,2those injuries need special attention to enable athletes to a fast return to their sports.

Methods

A literature review to look for articles dealing with internal oblique muscle injuries was performed. Analysis of the medical health records of the Institute for Sports Medicine, Frankurt between 2010 and 2012 was performed to analyse our special experience with abdominal muscle injuries in sport. The medical records were evaluated for injury cause, symptoms, operation, follow-up treatment and outcome.

Results

There was no publication found dealing solely with abdominal wall injuries in soccer, in comparison to publications found for tennis players. Abdominal injuries as blunt trauma are reported to be more common in contact sports like soccer.3The analysis of our health records revealed three cases of lateral abdominal muscles injuries in soccer players. Clinically patients uniformely showed tenderness at the anterior iliac crest and were no longer able to participate in training. Ultrasound detected hematoma. The diagnosis of a tendinous avulsion of the internal oblique muscle was confirmed by MRI. Operation was performed by making three bone anchoring sutures through the anterior iliac crest. Postoperative care included two-week rest and compressing lumbar bandage. Specific workout for the abdominal muscles was performed 2nd-6th postoperative week. After 6 weeks the transition to sport-specific training was possible. All three soccer players were able to fully participate the regular exercise before 12 weeks and have fully recovered and re-integrated in their soccer activity after that time.

Conclusion

Muscular injuries of the abdominal wall in soccer are rare but serious.3An accurate diagnosis made by MRI is essential for further treatment planning. In our cases, operation is the treatment of choice resulting in excellent results.
Effects ofLactobacillus gasseriOLL2809 and α-lactalbumin on university-student athletes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Authors: Sashihara Toshihiro , Nagata Masashi , Mori Takeshi , Ikegami Shuji , Gotoh Minoru , Okubo Kimihiro , Uchida Masayuki , Itoh Hiroyuki
Published: June 2013

Strenuous exercise reduces immune cell function and increases the risk of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. In addition, it affects mood state and causes physical fatigue. Athletes require both mental and physical conditioning to execute good performance. In this study, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the immunopotentiation and fatigue-alleviation effects of Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2809 (LG2809) and α-lactalbumin (αLA) in university-student athletes after strenuous exercise. A total of 44 university students who performed strenuous exercise daily were separated into 3 groups to receive a 4-week course of placebo, 100 mg LG2809, or 100 mg LG2809 in combination with 900 mg αLA, respectively. Before and after each dietary treatment, the subjects performed strenuous cycle ergometer exercise for 1 h. Before and after each exercise session, blood samples and visual analogue scale scores for fatigue were obtained. In addition, the mood of each subject before and after the dietary treatment was evaluated using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. LG2809 ingestion was effective in preventing reduced natural killer cell activity due to strenuous exercise and elevating mood from a depressed state. In addition, LG2809 + αLA was found to alleviate minor resting fatigue, which was supported objectively by the significant reduction in the serum reactive oxygen metabolites and transforming growth factor β1 levels. These effects could be helpful for athletes to maintain mental and physical condition.
EXACT SOLUTION OF POPULATION REDISTRIBUTIONS IN A MIGRATION MODEL
Authors: WANG XUE-WEN , ZHANG LI-JIE , YANG GUO-HONG , XU XIN-JIAN
Published: June 2013

We study a migration model, in which individuals migrate from one community to another. The choices of the source community i and the destination one j are proportional to some power of the population of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. Both analytical calculation and numerical simulation show that the population distribution of communities in stationary states is determined by the parameters α and β. The distribution is widely homogeneous with a characteristic size if α > β. Whereas, for α < β, the distribution is highly heterogeneous with the emergence of condensing phenomenon. Between the two regimes, α = β, the distribution gradually shifts from the nonmonotonous (α < 0) to scale-free (α > 0).
STUDY ON A UNIFIED MODEL OF DARK MATTER AND DARK ENERGY FROM DBI THEORY
Authors: LU JIANBO , XU LIXIN , WU YABO , LIU MOLIN , LI TIANQIANG
Published: June 2013

In this paper, we study a unified model of dark matter and dark energy obtained from Dirac–Born–Infeld (DBI) action in string theory. Two accelerated expansions in universe can be unified in this action. By using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, we fit the current observational data to constrain the model parameters in this unified model, where various density parameters as model parameters are included, and their constraint values are: [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. In addition, the Hubble constant and cosmic age are [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] (Gyr), respectively. According to the constraint results on model parameters we discuss the evolutions of some cosmological quantities in structure formation, such as the density contrast and the growth variable. At last, the evolution of geometrical quantity is studied to distinguish the unified models of dark sectors with the cosmological constant model. It is shown that this unified model of dark matter and dark energy is attractive to interpret the accelerating universe.
Running rivers
Authors: O'Brien Michael
Published: June 2013

For animated film "Brave," Pixar Animation Studios adopted a procedural workflow for special effects. This new paradigm changed how Pixar approached effects. It allowed them to iterate, experiment, and layer physics alongside artist-directed elements. The effects artists used proceduralism to create a Scottish river for the main characters to enjoy some mother/daughter time.
Effect of Some Fabric and Sewing Conditions on Apparel Seam Characteristics
Authors: Choudhary A. K. , Goel Amit
Published: June 2013

Many previous studies showed that seam appearance as well as performance depends on the interrelationship of fabrics, threads, and the stitch/seam selection and lastly on the sewing conditions, which include the needle size, needle thread tension, stitch density, and the appropriate operation and maintenance of the sewing machine. Present investigation elucidates the effect of blend composition, sewing thread size, and sewing needle parameters on garment seam characteristics (i.e., seam strength, seam strength efficiency, seam puckering, seam stiffness, and drape coefficient). The seam quality characterization is studied through the L9 orthogonal design methodology. In good quality apparels, compatibility of the seams with the functional requirement is very important for serviceability and life of the apparel. Reversibility as well as repairing of seams in the apparel is very limited in the condition of seam failure. Seam strength efficiency is higher for the uniform fiber matrix in the structure of fabrics. The polyester dominated suiting fabrics give minimum seam stiffness because polyester component has low flexural rigidity. The cotton dominated suiting fabrics have less seam puckering due to increase in fabric stiffness.
Mouse Models and Techniques for the Isolation of the Diabetic Endothelium
Authors: Darrow April L. , Maresh J. Gregory , Shohet Ralph V.
Published: June 2013

Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic endothelial dysfunction is necessary in order to improve the cardiovascular health of diabetic patients. Previously, we described an in vivo, murine model of insulin resistance induced by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) whereby the endothelium may be isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) based on Tie2-GFP expression and cell-surface staining. Here, we apply this model to two new strains of mice, ScN/Tie2-GFP and ApoE(−/−)/Tie2-GFP, and describe their metabolic responses and endothelial isolation. ScN/Tie2-GFP mice, which lack a functional toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), display lower fasting glucose and insulin levels and improved glucose tolerance compared to Tie2-GFP mice, suggesting that TLR4 deficiency decreases susceptibility to the development of insulin resistance. ApoE(−/−)/Tie2-GFP mice display elevated glucose and cholesterol levels versus Tie2-GFP mice. Endothelial isolation by FACS achieves a pure population of endothelial cells that retain GFP fluorescence and endothelial functions. Transcriptional analysis of the aortic and muscle endothelium isolated from ApoE(−/−)/Tie2-GFP mice reveals a reduced endothelial response to HFD compared to Tie2-GFP mice, perhaps resulting from preexisting endothelial dysfunction in the hypercholesterolemic state. These mouse models and endothelial isolation techniques are valuable for assessing diabetic endothelial dysfunction and vascular responses in vivo.
Improving Drug Loading of Mucosal Solvent Cast Films Using a Combination of Hydrophilic Polymers with Amoxicillin and Paracetamol as Model Drugs
Authors: Boateng Joshua , Mani Justine , Kianfar Farnoosh
Published: June 2013

Solvent cast mucosal films with improved drug loading have been developed by combining carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), sodium alginate (SA), and carrageenan (CAR) using paracetamol and amoxicillin as model drugs and glycerol (GLY) as plasticizer. Films were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), folding resilience, swelling capacity, mucoadhesivity, and drug dissolution studies. SA, CMC, and GLY (5 : 3 : 6) films showed maximum amoxicillin loading of 26.3% whilst CAR, CMC, and GLY (1 : 2 : 3) films had a maximum paracetamol loading of 40%. XRPD analysis showed different physical forms of the drugs depending on the amount loaded. Films containing 29.4% paracetamol and 26.3% amoxicillin showed molecular dispersion of the drugs while excess paracetamol was observed on the film surface when the maximum 40% was loaded. Work of adhesion was similar for blank films with slightly higher cohesiveness for CAR and CMC based films, but the differences were significant between paracetamol and amoxicillin containing films. The stickiness and cohesiveness for drug loaded films were generally similar with no significant differences. The maximum percentage cumulative drug release was 84.65% and 70.59% for paracetamol and amoxicillin, respectively, with anomalous case two transport mechanism involving both drug diffusion and polymer erosion.
Hormonal Changes in Menopause and Orexin-A Action
Authors: Messina Giovanni , Viggiano Andrea , De Luca Vincenzo , Messina Antonietta , Chieffi Sergio , Monda Marcellino
Published: June 2013

Menopause is a period of significant physiological changes that may be associated with increased body weight and obesity-related diseases. Many researches were conducted to assess the contribution of factors such as estrogen depletion, REE decline, and aging to weight gain. An increase in orexin-A plasma levels, paralleling lower estrogen levels, was found during menopause. Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides recently discovered, involved in the regulation of feeding behaviour, sleep-wakefulness rhythm, and neuroendocrine homeostasis. Orexins might offer the missing link between postmenopausal hypoestrogenism and other manifestations of the menopausal syndrome, including appetite and weight changes and increase in cardiovascular risk.
Methylation and Expression of Immune and Inflammatory Genes in the Offspring of Bariatric Bypass Surgery Patients
Authors: Guénard Frédéric , Tchernof André , Deshaies Yves , Cianflone Katherine , Kral John G. , Marceau Picard , Vohl Marie-Claude
Published: June 2013

Background. Maternal obesity, excess weight gain and overnutrition during pregnancy increase risks of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease in the offspring. Maternal biliopancreatic diversion is an effective treatment for severe obesity and is beneficial for offspring born after maternal surgery (AMS). These offspring exhibit lower severe obesity prevalence and improved cardiometabolic risk factors including inflammatory marker compared to siblings born before maternal surgery (BMS).Objective. To assess relationships between maternal bariatric surgery and the methylation/expression of genes involved in the immune and inflammatory pathways.Methods. A differential gene methylation analysis was conducted in a sibling cohort of 25 BMS and 25 AMS offspring from 20 mothers. Following differential gene expression analysis (23 BMS and 23 AMS), pathway analysis was conducted. Correlations between gene methylation/expression and circulating inflammatory markers were computed.Results. Five immune and inflammatory pathways with significant overrepresentation of both differential gene methylation and expression were identified. In the IL-8 pathway, gene methylation correlated with both gene expression and plasma C-reactive protein levels.Conclusion. These results suggest that improvements in cardiometabolic risk markers in AMS compared to BMS offspring may be mediated through differential methylation of genes involved in immune and inflammatory pathways.
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid/Nanohydroxyapatite Scaffold Containing Chitosan Microspheres with Adrenomedullin Delivery for Modulation Activity of Osteoblasts and Vascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Wang Lin , Li Chunyan , Chen Yingxin , Dong Shujun , Chen Xuesi , Zhou Yanmin
Published: June 2013

Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a bioactive regulatory peptide that affects migration and proliferation of diverse cell types, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and osteoblast-like cells. This study investigated the effects of sustained release of ADM on the modulation activity of osteoblasts and vascular endothelial cellsin vitro. Chitosan microspheres (CMs) were developed for ADM delivery. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid and nano-hydroxyapatite were used to prepare scaffolds containing microspheres with ADM. The CMs showed rough surface morphology and high porosity, and they were well-distributed. The scaffolds exhibited relatively uniform pore sizes with interconnected pores. The addition of CMs improved the mechanical properties of the scaffolds without affecting their high porosity.In vitrodegradation tests indicated that the addition of CMs increased the water absorption of the scaffolds and inhibited pH decline of phosphate-buffered saline medium. The expression levels of osteogenic-related and angiogenic-related genes were determined in MG63 cells and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured on the scaffolds, respectively. The expression levels of osteogenic-related and angiogenic-related proteins were also detected by western blot analysis. Their expression levels in cells were improved on the ADM delivery scaffolds at a certain time point. Thein vitroevaluation suggests that the microsphere-scaffold system is suitable as a model for bone tissue engineering.
Ascaris lumbricoides: To Expect the Unexpected during a Routine Colonoscopy
Authors: Kanneganti Kalyan , Makker Jasbir S. , Remy Prospere
Published: June 2013

Ascaris lumbricoidesis a common nematode infecting humans worldwide with increased prevalence in tropical and subtropical areas of less developed countries. Recently, it has been estimated that over one billion individuals are infected with ascariasis worldwide with 7% in USA. Although most of these cases are due to increasing immigration and travel outside America it is worth recognizing that prevalence of ascariasis is high in southeastern parts of USA due to their temperate climate. Infections ofA. lumbricoidesare largely asymptomatic, and hence a large population of people carrying this worm remains undetected for years until they develop some symptoms. Due to a large group of asymptomatic individuals with intestinal ascariasis, these worms are occasionally and unexpectedly identified during routine endoscopic procedures. Here, we present a case of an intestinal ascariasis found during routine colonoscopy in an African-American man from the Bronx with perianal itching. He denied any history of travel outside USA but reported frequent visits to South Carolina. This case illustrates the fact that ascariasis should be suspected even if immigration or travel outside USA is not involved. It should be suspected even in cases of travel within USA to the south east where endemic cases are reported.
Stability of SIRS Epidemic Model with Stochastic Perturbation and Distributed Delays
Authors: Rifhat Ramziya , Abdurahman Xamxinur , Muhammadhaji Ahmadjan
Published: June 2013

A class of SIRS epidemic model with stochastic perturbation and distributed delays is proposed and discussed. Some sufficient conditions on the stability of the zero solution are established. Finally, concluding that, the white noise is favorable for the stability of zero solution and the distributed time delays have no impact on the stability of zero solution.
Dexmedetomidine Reduced Cytokine Release during Postpartum Bleeding-Induced Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome in Rats
Authors: Xianbao Liu , Hong Zhan , Xu Zeng , Chunfang Zhang , Dunjin Chen
Published: June 2013

Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is anα2-adrenergic agonist. It decreases the levels of norepinephrine release, resulting in a reduction of postsynaptic adrenergic activity. In the present study, the effects of DEX on postpartum bleeding-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (BMODS) were studied in rats in which BMODS was induced by the combination of hypotension and clamping of the superior mesenteric artery. We evaluated the role of dexmedetomidine (DEX) in cytokine release during postpartum BMODS in rats. In summary, the present study demonstrated that DEX administration reduced IFN-r and IL-4 release and decreased lung injury during postpartum BMODS. It is possible that DEX administration decreased inflammatory cytokine production in BMODS by inhibiting inflammation and free radical release by leukocytes independent of the DEX dose.
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis and Brain Delivery of Therapeutic Biologics
Authors: Xiao Guangqing , Gan Liang-Shang
Published: June 2013

Transport of macromolecules across the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) requires both specific and nonspecific interactions between macromolecules and proteins/receptors expressed on the luminal and/or the abluminal surfaces of the brain capillary endothelial cells. Endocytosis and transcytosis play important roles in the distribution of macromolecules. Due to the tight junction of BBB, brain delivery of traditional therapeutic proteins with large molecular weight is generally not possible. There are multiple pathways through which macromolecules can be taken up into cells through both specific and nonspecific interactions with proteins/receptors on the cell surface. This review is focused on the current knowledge of receptor-mediated endocytosis/transcytosis and brain delivery using the Angiopep-2-conjugated system and the molecular Trojan horses. In addition, the role of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in regulating the efflux of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) from brain to blood, and approaches to improve the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic biologics by generating Fc fusion proteins, and increasing the pH dependent binding affinity between Fc and FcRn, are discussed.
PLAC1 Expression Decreases in Chorionic Villi in Response to Labor
Authors: Rodriguez-Prado Yahdira M. , Kong Xiaoyuan , Fant Michael E.
Published: June 2013

PLAC1 (Placenta-Specific 1) is a recently described, trophoblast-expressed gene essential for normal placental development. The protein localizes to the microvillus membrane surface of the syncytiotrophoblast in direct proximity to the maternal compartment. Although its role has not been defined, increased circulating levels of human PLAC1 mRNA in maternal blood are associated with preeclampsia. Furthermore, PLAC1-null mice exhibit decreased viability in the peripartum period suggesting a role in pregnancy maintenance late in gestation. We examined PLAC1 gene expression in the human placenta during normal pregnancy and pregnancies associated with maternal diabetes and preeclampsia using quantitative, real time PCR (q-RT-PCR). Although there was no apparent difference in PLAC1 gene expression among human pregnancies complicated by diabetes or preeclampsia, an unexpected effect of labor was noted at term. PLAC1 expression in placentae delivered vaginally following induced or spontaneous labor was significantly reduced compared to placentae not exposed to labor making it one of only a few placental genes influenced by labor. The significance of this finding is unknown. Viewed in the context of its importance in placental development, however, these findings are consistent with a role for PLAC1 in the maintenance of the maternal-fetal interface.
Nonviral Methods for Inducing Pluripotency to Cells
Authors: O'Doherty Ryan , Greiser Udo , Wang Wenxin
Published: June 2013

The concept of inducing pluripotency to adult somatic cells by introducing reprogramming factors to them is one that has recently emerged, gained widespread acclaim and garnered much attention among the scientific community. The idea that cells can be reprogrammed, and are not unidirectionally defined opens many avenues for study. With their clear potential for use in the clinic, these reprogrammed cells stand to have a huge impact in regenerative medicine. This realization did not occur overnight but is, however, the product of many decades worth of advancements in researching this area. It was a combination of such research that led to the development of induced pluripotent stem cells as we know it today. This review delivers a brief insight in to the roots of iPS research and focuses on succinctly describing current nonviral methods of inducing pluripotency using plasmid vectors, small molecules and chemicals, and RNAs.
Study of Zinc Sulfide Concentrates by DTA, TGA, and X-Ray Analyses and Their Roasting in Fluidized Bed Furnace
Authors: Boyanov B. S. , Peltekov A. B.
Published: June 2013

Bulgaria is a major producer of zinc in the Balkans (about 100,000 tons per year). The two zinc plants (KCM S.A., Plovdiv, and LZC S.A., Kardzhali) deliver the necessary raw materials from Bulgaria and abroad. But the zinc production at LZC Kardzhali for nearly a year has stopped. Turkey is a main producer of zinc sulfide concentrates from the Balkan countries. In this connection, an analysis of the delivered Turkish sulfide zinc concentrates is made through statistical processing of data about their chemical content. For the aim of processing them according to the classic hydrometallurgical scheme, studies are carried out using X-ray phase analysis as well as DTA and TGA.
Providing optimal charge for roasting in fluid bed furnace (FBF) can be successfully done by using the WEB-based information system we have written, which calculates mixtures of different raw materials. The program system developed is illustrated by calculations of charges of 5 zinc concentrates from Turkey. The accomplishment of optimal mixing of concentrates and providing a stable mix composition for a long period of time is a task of primary importance in the technological process control in zinc hydrometallurgy.
Increased Expression of RhoA in Epithelium and Smooth Muscle of Obese Mouse Models: Implications for Isoprenoid Control of Airway Smooth Muscle and Fibroblasts
Authors: Ross Kristie R. , Darrah Rebecca J. , Hodges Craig A. , Lang LaTresa , Kelley Thomas J.
Published: June 2013

The simultaneous rise in the prevalence of asthma and obesity has prompted epidemiologic studies that establish obesity as a risk factor for asthma. The alterations in cell signaling that explain this link are not well understood and warrant investigation so that therapies that target this asthma phenotype can be developed. We identified a significant increase in expression of the small GTPase RhoA in nasal epithelial cells and tracheal smooth muscle cells from leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice compared to their wild-type counterparts. Since RhoA function is dependent on isoprenoid modification, we sought to determine the role of isoprenoid-mediated signaling in regulating the viability and proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells (ASM) and normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF). Inhibiting isoprenoid signaling with mevastatin significantly decreased the viability of ASM and NHLF. This inhibition was reversed by geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), but not farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), suggesting specificity to the Rho GTPases. Conversely, increasing isoprenoid synthesis significantly increased ASM proliferation and RhoA protein expression. RhoA expression is inherently increased in airway tissue from ob/ob mice, and obesity-entrained alterations in this pathway may make it a novel therapeutic target for treating airway disease in the obese population.
Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes: Biological Markers and Personalized Medicine
Authors: Radke Peter W.
Published: June 2013

Antithrombin and antiplatelet therapies have been in the focus of pharmacological developments over recent years with an increasing number of anticoagulants and antiplatelets becoming available. While these drugs share common pharmacological characteristics (i.e., antiplatelet drugs binding to the P2Y12 receptor), they also differ substantially regarding metabolism, type of receptor binding, clinical end points that have been reduced as compared to the current gold standard, and, consequently, the spectrum of indication. These differences pose the need and, above that, great chances for therapy personalization. Understanding the challenges and opportunities that arise from the use of biological markers in guiding antiplatelet therapy is mandatory to provide best medical practice for patients with acute coronary syndromes.
Extreme Maternal Metabolic Acidosis Leading to Fetal Distress and Emergency Caesarean Section
Authors: Cecere Nicolas , Hubinont Corinne , Kabulu Kadingi Arnauld , Vincent Marie-Françoise , Van den Bergh Peter , Onnela Anna , Hantson Philippe
Published: June 2013

A 31-year-old pregnant woman ( weeks) was admitted with extreme tachypnea. She had a previous history of congenital muscular dystrophy (Ullrich’s disease) and isolated glucosuria. The patient had reduced food intake during the last 24 hours prior to admission and vomited twice. Serum glucose level was normal (112 mg/dL), while urinalysis revealed glucosuria 4+ and ketonuria 4+. ABG revealed pH 7.06, PCO29 mm Hg, and bicarbonate 2 mmol/L. Anion gap was 28 mmol/L. Tachypnea was a compensatory mechanism for a severe nonlactic metabolic acidosis. The diagnosis of starvation ketoacidosis was established. The patient received supplemental dextrose 10% intravenously and sodium bicarbonate. As fetal heart monitoring was pathological, an emergency caesarean section was performed. Umbilical cord venous pH was 7.01, with PCO234 mm Hg and bicarbonate 8 mmol/L. Starvation ketoacidosis is a rare metabolic disorder that may occur mainly in the third trimester of pregnancy. Muscular dystrophy and renal glucosuria were precipitating factors.
Lateral Control Implementation for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Authors: Samar R. , Shah M. Zamurad , Nzar M.
Published: June 2013

This paper presents practical aspects of guidance and control design for UAV and its flight test results. The paper focuses on the lateral-directional control and guidance aspects. An introduction to the mission and guidance problem is given first. Waypoints for straight and turning flight paths are defined. Computation of various flight path parameters is discussed, including formulae for real-time calculation of down-range (distance travelled along the desired track), cross-track deviation, and heading error of the vehicle; these are then used in the lateral guidance algorithm. The same section also describes how to make various mission-related decisions online during flight, such as when to start turning and when a waypoint is achieved. The lateral guidance law is then presented, followed by the design of a robust multivariable H∞ controller for roll control and stability augmentation. The controller uses the ailerons and rudder for control of roll angle and stabilization of yaw rate of the vehicle. The reference roll angle is generated by the nonlinear guidance law. The sensors available on-board the vehicle do not measure yaw rate; hence, a practical method of its estimation is proposed. The entire guidance and control scheme is implemented on the flight control computer of the actual aerial vehicle and taken to flight. Flight test results for different mission profiles are presented and discussed.