bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Nutrient Limitation in Yeongsan River Estuary Using Bioassay Experiments
Authors: Yoon Bo Bae , Jung Yun-Hwan , Sin Yongsik
Published: June 2023

The Yeongsan River estuary is experiencing increased concentrations of nutrient and organic matter due to its estuary bank (sea dike). The opening of floodgates at the estuary bank leads to a substantial inflow of freshwater into the saltwater zone, thereby resulting in water quality changes. Our study evaluated spatiotemporal variations in nutrient limitation in the freshwater and saltwater zones in the Yeongsan River estuary, which is expected to fluctuate with the changing seasons. We utilized the N:P ratio to evaluate the potential nutrient limitation and conducted bioassay experiments to directly assess actual nutrient limitation. The N:P ratio showed that P was the limiting nutrient in both the long-term (2004–2008) and during our field investigation. However, the bioassay experiment revealed that in the freshwater zone, P was limited in spring and winter (p < 0.05), while no nutrient was limited in summer and fall. In the saltwater zone, we observed P limitation in spring and winter (p < 0.05) and N limitation in fall (p < 0.05), whereas no nutrient limitation was observed in the summer. These results demonstrate that actual nutrient limitation, which directly influences phytoplankton growth, varies spatiotemporally in response to freshwater discharge in the Yeongsan River estuary.
Effects of the Carbon Intensity Index Rating System on the Development of the Northeast Passage
Authors: Tsai Yuh-Ming , Lin Cherng-Yuan
Published: June 2023

For many years, the Suez Canal (also known as the Suez Route) has been the main route connecting Europe and Asia. However, compared with the Suez Route, the Northeast Passage could save up to 41% of the journey. The ship carbon intensity index (CII) rating system of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) came into effect in 2023. This study took an existing bulk carrier on the Europe–Asia route as an example to calculate the attained CII values at different sailing speeds. It was found that, regardless of external factors, when the ship speed dropped from 14.4 knots (85% maximum continuous rating (MCR)) to 12.6 knots (55% MCR), the corresponding attained CII value decreased from 6.48 g/ton·nm to 5.19 g/ton·nm. Therefore, sailing speed was the key factor influencing the attained CII value, and it was independent of the shipping distance. In addition, when the ship’s sailing output power was between 85% MCR and 75% MCR, for every 5% decrease in MCR, its attained CII value would decrease by 0.13 g/ton·nm, and the fuel consumption amount would decrease by 1 ton/day. However, when the ship sailed at an output power of 75% MCR to 55% MCR, for every 5% decrease in MCR, the attained CII value would decrease even more, up to 0.26 g/ton·nm. In addition, the attained CII value would be reduced by up to 100% and fuel consumption amount would be reduced by up to 1.5 ton/day, resulting in a 50% fuel saving effect. Therefore, to obtain a better CII rating, the optimal ship speed should be set between 75% MCR and 55% MCR according to the wave and wind strengths. However, although slow-speed sailing is the most efficient factor, the number of sailing days would also be extended. Through the ratio created by dividing the distance of the Northeast Passage by the Suez Route, whether the Northeast Passage has the benefit of balancing shipping schedules could be judged. The outcome indicated that a ratio lower than 1 would result in a more balanced shipping schedule. Compared with 2019, the number of ships sailing through the Northeast Passage in 2021 increased significantly by 132%, and the average dead weight tonnage of the ships also rose from 18,846 tons to 23,736 tons. This study found that, with the implementation of the carbon reduction policy of the CII rating, ships sailing through the Northeast Passage could continue to develop toward the trend of large-sized vessels and steady increase in ship number.
A Calibration Study with CFD Methodology for Self-Propulsion Simulations at Ship Scale
Authors: Krasilnikov Vladimir , Skjefstad Vegard Slettahjell , Koushan Kourosh , Rambech Hans Jørgen
Published: June 2023

This paper summarises the main findings from the full-scale Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses conducted at SINTEF Ocean on the case of MV REGAL, which is one of the benchmark vessels studied in the ongoing joint industry project JoRes. The numerical approach is described in detail, and comparative results are presented regarding the propeller open water characteristics, ship towing resistance, and ship self-propulsion performance. The focus of numerical investigations is on the assessment of the existing simulation best practises applied to a ship-scale case in a blind simulation exercise and the performance thereof with different turbulence modelling methods. The results are compared directly with full-scale performance predictions based on model tests conducted at SINTEF Ocean and sea trials data obtained in the JoRes project.
The Images of Climate Change over the Last 20 Years: What Has Changed in the Portuguese Press?
Authors: Lopes Leonardo Soares , Azevedo José
Published: June 2023

Over the past three decades, there has been a significant increase in political and media attention towards climate change. The media has been instrumental in shaping, reproducing, and influencing the political and cultural comprehension of this phenomenon. While previous research has concentrated primarily on the textual content of news articles, this study focuses on the use of images in climate communication. It is based on the belief that images can combine facts and emotions, engaging audiences and adding narrative complexity to verbal claims. With focus on climate imagery, a content analysis was conducted on 1010 images used by a Portuguese newspaper (Público) between January 2000 and May 2022 to visually cover climate change. The purpose of the analysis was to identify the visual frames used by the newspaper to frame the issue. The primary findings indicate that 35.5% of the images analyzed employ a frame that dramatizes the effects of climate change, evoking anxiety and vulnerability. However, there is evidence of a growing body of scientific literature that challenges and refutes the sensationalist and demoralizing narrative, resulting in the development of novel methods of communicating the phenomenon. Compared to the preceding period (2000–2005), the proportion of visual frames depicting potential solutions and adaptation strategies has increased substantially over the past three years (2020–2022) by 16.3%.
Preoperative Diagnosis of Warthin Tumors Combining Cytological, Clinical and Ultrasonographic Information within a Multidisciplinary Approach in a Lump Clinic
Authors: Fois Paolo , Mureddu Luca , Manca Alessandra , Varrucciu Simona , Crescio Claudia , Gallus Roberto , Rizzo Davide , Cossu Antonio , Bussu Francesco
Published: June 2023

(1) Background: Warthin tumors account for about 20% of all benign salivary tumors, approaching 50% if we consider only the parotid gland. Wait and see is considered a reasonable option, but the diagnosis should be certain. Diagnosis can be based on morphological and cytological data, but the sensitivity of the fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is not absolute, with a high rate of non-diagnostic findings in the event of a Warthin tumor, hindering the counseling and therapeutic decisions. The aim of the study is to evaluate the reliability of FNAC and its combination with anamnestic, clinical, and ultrasonographic data in diagnosing Warthin tumors. (2) Methods: A total of 413 patients affected by masses within the major salivary gland and managed between 2017 and 2022 at our institution have been included in the present retrospective study. Each patient underwent fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) with a subsequent cytological diagnosis; successively, for each patient, the clinician (otolaryngologist) and the histopathologist discussed the combination of cytological (even non-diagnostic), clinical, and ultrasonographic data in order to make a “multiparametric” diagnosis. A total of 214 cases were subsequently submitted to surgical resection and had a final histopathology report, to which the cytological and the multiparametric diagnoses can be compared. We extracted all the patients with a cytological, multiparametric, and/or histological diagnosis of Warthin tumors in order to assess the sensitivity and specificity of FNAC and of multiparametric analysis in diagnosing Warthin tumors in case of a major salivary gland mass. (3) Results: One hundred thirty-two cases had a cytological, multiparametric, and/or histological diagnosis of Warthin tumors. FNAC displays a sensitivity of 68.4% and a specificity of 98.7% in diagnosing Warthin tumors. The multiparametric evaluation allowed a considerable improvement in sensitivity (92.9% vs. 68.4%), minimizing the number of non-diagnostic results and preserving at the same time a similar value of specificity (95.5% vs. 98.7%). Notably, none of the patients with a cytological or multiparametric diagnosis of Warthin were affected by a malignant lesion in the final histopathological report. (4) Conclusions: In the case of Warthin tumors, a multiparametric evaluation encompassing anamnestic, clinical, and cytological data is effective in reducing the number of non-diagnostic reports and can safely guide the management of a tumor (e.g., antibiotic treatment of infectious complications, assign a low priority to surgery, even consider observation avoiding surgery) which is absolutely benign and can be associated with no clinically relevant issues.
The Concentration of PCSK9-Lp(a) Complexes and the Level of Blood Monocytes in Males with Coronary Atherosclerosis
Authors: Filatova Anastasiia Yu. , Afanasieva Olga I. , Arefieva Tatiana I. , Potekhina Alexandra V. , Tyurina Alexandra V. , Klesareva Elena A. , Razova Oksana A. , Ezhov Marat V. , Pokrovsky Sergey N.
Published: June 2023

In this study we analyzed the concentration of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), PCSK9-Lp(a) complexes and the circulating monocyte subsets in coronary atherosclerosis. For this study, 257 patients with coronary atherosclerosis and 68 patients without stenotic atherosclerosis in the coronary, carotid and lower extremity arteries (control group) were enrolled. The monocyte subpopulations (classical CD14++CD16-, intermediate CD14++CD16+ and non-classical CD14+CD16++) were analyzed by direct immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. The Lp(a) and PCSK9-Lp(a) complexes in the serum were detected by ELISA. The concentration of Lp(a) was higher in the coronary atherosclerosis group compared with the controls (23.0 (9.1; 73.3) mg/dL versus 10.7 (4.7; 25.0) mg/dL, p < 0.05). No correlations between the level of Lp(a) and the concentration of the PCSK9-Lp(a) complexes, nor between the level of Lp(a) or PCSK9 and the total number of monocytes, were observed in either group. A slight positive correlation between the concentration of PCSK9-Lp(a) complexes and the absolute level of monocytes was obtained (r = 0.20, p = 0.002) in the patients with atherosclerosis due to the intermediate monocyte subsets (r = 0.33, p = 0.04). According to regression analysis, both the PCSK9-Lp(a) complexes concentration and BMI were related to the absolute number of blood monocytes in patients with atherosclerosis. Further studies are required to determine the pathogenetic contribution of PCSK9-Lp(a) complexes to the development of atherosclerosis.
Pharmacomicrobiomics of Antidepressants in Depression: A Systematic Review
Authors: Brown Lisa C. , Bobo William V. , Gall Cory A. , Müller Daniel J. , Bousman Chad A.
Published: June 2023

This systematic review evaluated the animal and human evidence for pharmacomicrobiomics (PMx) interactions of antidepressant medications. Studies of gut microbiota effects on functional and behavioral effects of antidepressants in human and animal models were identified from PubMed up to December 2022. Risk of bias was assessed, and results are presented as a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. A total of 28 (21 animal, 7 human) studies were included in the review. The reviewed papers converged on three themes: (1) Antidepressants can alter the composition and metabolites of gut microbiota, (2) gut microbiota can alter the bioavailability of certain antidepressants, and (3) gut microbiota may modulate the clinical or modeled mood modifying effects of antidepressants. The majority (n = 22) of studies had at least moderate levels of bias present. While strong evidence is still lacking to understand the clinical role of antidepressant PMx in human health, there is evidence for interactions among antidepressants, microbiota changes, microbiota metabolite changes, and behavior. Well-controlled studies of the mediating and moderating effects of baseline and treatment-emergent changes in microbiota on therapeutic and adverse responses to antidepressants are needed to better establish a potential role of PMx in personalizing antidepressant treatment selection and response prediction.
Inhaled Corticosteroids and the Risk of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Findings from a Nationwide Population-Based Study
Authors: Yu Iseul , Hong Se Hwa , Chang Min-Seok , Lee Seok Jeong , Yong Suk Joong , Lee Won-Yeon , Kim Sang-Ha , Lee Ji-Ho
Published: June 2023

Studies have shown increased nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM) incidence with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use in patients with chronic respiratory diseases; however, this association in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains insufficiently studied. Using a nationwide population-based database of the Korean National Health Insurance Service, newly diagnosed COPD patients (2005–2018) treated with inhaled bronchodilators were selected. An NTM case was defined by the presence of the first diagnostic code following inhaled bronchodilator use. Results indicated that ICS users did not have an increased risk of NTM disease compared to non-ICS users (hazard ratio (HR), 1.121; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.950–1.323; p = 0.176). However, in a subgroup analysis, the highest quartile of the cumulative ICS dose was associated with the development of NTM (1.200, 0.950–1.323, p = 0.050). Medium (1.229, 1.008–1.499, p = 0.041) and high daily doses of ICS (1.637, 1.241–2.160, p < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of NTM disease. There was no difference in the risk of NTM according to ICS type. ICS use may increase the risk of developing NTM disease in patients with COPD. Physicians should weigh the potential benefits and risks of ICS, especially when using high doses and prolonged durations.
Profiles of Elderly Patients with Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome in Martinique: A Single-Center Study
Authors: Agossou Moustapha , Simo-Tabué Nadine , Dufeal Marion , Awanou Bérénice , Provost Mathilde , Smith Ketty , Badaran Elena , Zouzou Adel , Ahouansou Nelly , Tabué-Teguo Maturin , Dramé Moustapha
Published: June 2023

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a form of chronic respiratory insufficiency related to obesity that affects young and old people. Age appears to be associated with poorer response to treatment by nighttime ventilation. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of elderly subjects (>65 years) with OHS compared to younger patients, with a view to adapting therapy in older individuals. We conducted a retrospective study comparing socio-demographic, clinical, functional characteristics as well as treatment and outcomes between young (<65 years) and older (65 years and older) individuals with OHS at the University Hospital of Martinique. We included 143 patients (114 women), of whom 82 were 65 years or older (57%). Charlson index was higher in the older group. Patients in ≥65 years group were less frequently obese, but more frequently had diabetes mellitus, cardiac arrythmia and arterial hypertension compared to younger patients. There was no difference in the circumstances of diagnosis or arterial blood gas at diagnosis. At follow up, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) was higher in ≥65 years group. Despite comparable NIV settings, apart from lower expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) with higher apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), patients in the ≥65-year-old group remained more frequently hypercapnic. In conclusion, over half (57%) of patients with OHS in our cohort were aged over 65 years. Older patients developed OHS at lower BMI levels than their younger counterparts, and more frequently, had comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension and cardiac arrhythmia. Increased Charlson index, lower BMI and female sex were independent factors associated with OHS in the elderly.
Interdependence between the BRICS Stock Markets and the Oil Price since the Onset of Financial and Economic Crises
Authors: Bouslama Narjess
Published: June 2023

In this paper, we use a copula to examine the relationship and dynamic dependence structure between the crude oil market and the BRICS countries’ stock indices expressed through financial crises, from the 2008 global financial crisis to COVID-19, based on daily data. We characterize the long-term relationship as well as the short-term dynamics and represent the interdependence between them. We also study the short-run conditional links through the considered variables under the effects of long-run interactions and the asymmetric volatility spillover relationship. In addition, we establish that the volatility transmission is stubborn and that the impact of the crises and our empirical findings prove that there is fractional co-integration between crude oil and financial markets. We notice that there are lengthy correlations between the variables, as we detect significant bidirectional causal links. In particular, we see positive short-run links and use an optimal copula coefficient to measure the risk spillovers between oil markets and financial markets that represent the dependence structure. For robustness purposes, based on a sliding-window analysis, we complement our investigation with VaR analysis.
Harmonizing Population, Grain, and Land: Unlocking Sustainable Land Resource Management in the Farming–Pastoral Ecotone
Authors: Wang Suizi , Fan Jiangwen , Zhang Haiyan , Zhang Yaxian , Fang Huajun
Published: June 2023

As an important means of production and habitation, land is the core natural resource for people’s life and production. However, the escalating demand for land resources, along with population growth, has created a pressing challenge at the intersection of land, population, and grain. In this study, we used a combination of temporal and spatial perspectives, along with spatial analysis methods, to analyze the supply and demand of land resources in the Northeast Farming–Pastoral Ecotone (NFPE) based on the population–grain relationship. The results show that the carrying capacity of land resources in this region increased gradually and the number of people it can carry increased from 34.23 million (2000) to 127.96 million (2018). From 2000 to 2018, the land resource carrying index (LRCI) was greater than 1.125, showing a state of surplus in grain, and the LRCI increased by 0.23 per year. Most areas in this region are in a state of grain surplus, with 13 counties showing a population and grain balance, and 2 counties being overpopulated. However, the increasing trend of land resource carrying capacity of the overpopulated areas and the balanced population–grain areas are notable. The carrying capacity of land resources in the NFPE generally exhibits a positive trend with a surplus of grain; however, there are spatial variations. Areas in the south and northeast demonstrate lower change trends, while the north and southeast exhibit higher change trends. This research provides critical insights into the dynamic interplay between land, population, and grain, enabling informed decision making for sustainable development in the NFPE and offering valuable lessons for similar regions globally.
Can Agricultural Productive Services Inhibit Carbon Emissions? Evidence from China
Authors: Bai Ziming , Wang Tianyi , Xu Jiabin , Li Cuixia
Published: June 2023

Reducing agricultural carbon emissions (ACE) is important for the sustainable development of agriculture. Agricultural productive services (APS), a novel form of agricultural technology extension, offer new avenues for promoting sustainable and green agriculture. The present study aims to explore the impact of APS on ACE. In line with the aim of the study, the Kernel density, Moran’s I index, spatial Durbin model, and threshold regression model are employed. The findings reveal that APS demonstrate a significant inhibitory effect on ACE, reducing ACE not only within the region itself but also exerting a negative spatial spillover effect on other regions. Furthermore, a non-linear relationship between APS and ACE is observed, characterized by an inverted U-shaped curve with the arable land operating area serving as the threshold. Therefore, to fully harness the inhibitory effect of APS on ACE and to promote environmentally friendly and sustainable agricultural development, policymakers should vigorously develop APS, strengthen regional cooperation, and promote land transfer. Our research can help in understanding the impact of APS on ACE and to promote sustainable agricultural development.
Effects of Habitat Heterogeneity and Topographic Variation on Insect Pest Risks in Alpine Regions
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhang Fei-Xue , Li Lan-Ping , Wang Chun-Jing , Wan Ji-Zhong
Published: June 2023

Insect pests pose a significant threat to alpine ecosystems, especially under rapid environmental change conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the effects of environmental factors on insect pest risks and provide methods for pest management in alpine regions. Habitat heterogeneity and topographic variation are the indicators of insect pest risks. However, few studies have explored the effects of habitat heterogeneity and topographic variation on insect pest risks in alpine regions. We used species distribution modeling (i.e., maxent modeling) to project the distributions of insect pests in this alpine region based on occurrence records. Then, we delineated the high-risk areas for insect pests based on the species distributions under a conceptual risk framework using Zonation software for different ecoregional types. We determined the alpine conifer and mixed forests of the Nujiang Langcang Gorge, the conifer forests of the Qilian Mountains, and the shrublands and meadows of Southeast Tibet as the key areas requiring monitoring for insect pests in Qinghai province based on the scoring of insect pest risk rank with >0.7. Habitat heterogeneity and topographic variation could be developed as indicators of risk exposure to insect pests in alpine regions. Our study suggests that the prevention and control of insect pests should be conducted in areas with high habitat heterogeneity and topographic roughness in alpine regions. We provided new insights into the application of species distribution modeling based on habitat heterogeneity and topographic variation. The results of our study indicate that habitat heterogeneity and topographic variation should be considered for improving pest management effectiveness in alpine regions.
Smart Land Use Planning: New Theories, New Tools and New Practice
Authors: Cui Xufeng , Li Fei , de Vries Walter Timo
Published: June 2023

Currently, the world has entered the fourth technological revolution era characterized by intelligence (the era of Industry 4 [...]
Protection of Farms from Wolf Predation: A Field Approach
Authors: Guadagno Elena , Gallizia Andrea , Galosi Livio , Quagliardi Martina , Angorini Alessio , Trenta Francesca , Ferretti Matteo , Pennacchioni Giampaolo , Roncarati Alessandra , Morandi Federico
Published: June 2023

The livestock sector is facing serious challenges in combatting the increasing predation of domestic livestock. In this scenario, wild carnivores, especially wolves, represent key predators. To allow the coexistence of wild and domestic animals, defense methodologies consisting of multiple integrated antipredator strategies must be tested and implemented based on the geographical management context of each farm. This study investigated the potential of a novel antipredator method (PAN, Project Farmers-Nature in Italian) in protecting livestock (goats and horses) from wolves on a farm located in the Sibillini Mountains National Park, over a three-month period (June–September 2022). The PAN field approach involved two phases: (1) interviews with farmers and inspections of how the farm and pasture are structured and (2) monitoring predator abundance using camera traps and transects in order to understand the wildlife habits. Information on predator movement around the grazing area was shared with the farmer, who was actively involved in implementing strategies to protect livestock. The stable presence of one pair of wolves was confirmed in the grazing area, placing grazing livestock at risk. The farmer was advised to strengthen the existing antipredator strategy (herd protection dogs) by introducing two trained Maremma-Abruzzese sheepdog puppies to protect his animals. The implemented actions demonstrate how professional experts can serve as a strategic intermediary between livestock and wildlife conservation in the management of the current conflicts.
Salicylic Acid and Pyraclostrobin Can Mitigate Salinity Stress and Improve Anti-Oxidative Enzyme Activities, Photosynthesis, and Soybean Production under Saline–Alkali Regions
Authors: Ren Honglei , Wang Xueyang , Zhang Fengyi , Zhao Kezhen , Liu Xiulin , Yuan Rongqiang , Zhou Changjun , Yu Jidong , Du Jidao , Zhang Bixian , Wang Jiajun
Published: June 2023

Soybean is a widespread crop in semi-arid regions of China, where soil salinity often increases and has a significant harmful impact on production, which will be a huge challenge in the coming years. Salicylic acid (SA) and pyraclostrobin are strobilurin-based bactericides (PBF). Under rainfall-harvesting conditions in covered ridges, the exogenous application of SA and PBF can improve the growth performance of soybeans, thereby reducing the adverse effects of soil salinity. The objectives of this research are to evaluate the potential effects of SA and PBF on soybean growth in two different regions, Harbin and Daqing. A two-year study was performed with the following four treatments: HCK: Harbin location with control; SA1+PBF1: salicylic acid (5 mL L−1) with pyraclostrobin (3 mL L−1); SA2+PBF2: salicylic acid (10 mL L−1) with pyraclostrobin (6 mL L−1); DCK: Daqing location with control. The results showed that in the Harbin region, SA2+PBF2 treatment reduced the evapotranspiration (ET) rate, increased soil water storage (SWS) during branching and flowering stages, and achieved a maximum photosynthesis rate. Moreover, this improvement is due to the reduction of MDA and oxidative damage in soybean at various growth stages. At different growth stages, the treatment of Harbin soybean with SA2+PBF2 significantly increased the activity of CAT, POD, SOD, and SP, while the content of MDA, H2O2, and O2− also decreased significantly. In the treatment of SA2+PBF2 in Harbin, the scavenging ability of free H2O2 and O2− was higher, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes was better. This was due to a worse level of lipid-peroxidation which successfully protected the photosynthesis mechanism and considerably increased water use efficiency (WUE) (46.3%) and grain yield (57.5%). Therefore, using plastic mulch with SA2+PBF2 treatment can be an effective water-saving management strategy, improving anti-oxidant enzyme activities, photosynthesis, and soybean production.
The Construction of Chinese Metropolitan Area from the Perspective of Politics of Scale: A Case Study of Nanjing Metropolitan Area, China
Authors: Yu Jie , Zhao Wei , Zhu Junjun
Published: June 2023

The spatial political logic of the construction of Chinese metropolitan areas (CMAs) is unique and complex, involving the interaction of power, spatial production, and the construction of political rationality between multiple scales. Taking the representative Nanjing metropolitan area as an example, we use the “material–organizational–discursive” analytical framework of politics of scale theory to analyze the construction logic of CMAs. This study finds the following: (1) In general, the CMA is a high-quality spatial construction resulting from multi-city negotiation, inter-provincial collaboration, and central–territory linkage, and has generally undergone a process of increasing the power of subjects, nested power relations, frequent scale interactions, and complex interest games; among them, planning is not only a scale tool for competing for power, but also an important representation of the results of multiple power games. (2) In terms of the construction of material space, both the delineation of boundaries and the cross-border connection of infrastructure represent rational thinking and stand as two-way choices of the two power subjects in the MA based on the maintenance and expansion of their own spatial development rights. (3) In terms of organizational space construction, CMAs mainly adopt flexible means, with bilateral and multilateral cooperation at the horizontal level, while there is a certain power inequality at the vertical level. (4) In the construction of discursive space, CMAs have experienced increasing construction significance, escalating scale subjects, and overlapping discourse narratives, and the contrast of power relations has also changed. The contribution of this paper is an expansion of the analytical framework of politics of scale based on the division of spatial dimensions, which provides a new perspective for understanding the construction of CMAs, and also helps us to picture Chinese city–regionalism.
A Decision-Support Tool to Augment Global Mountain Protection and Conservation, including a Case Study from Western Himalaya
Authors: Jacobs Peter , Carbutt Clinton , Beever Erik A. , Foggin J. Marc , Martin Madeline , Orchard Shane , Sayre Roger
Published: June 2023

Mountains are remarkable storehouses of global biodiversity that provide a broad range of ecosystem services underpinning billions of livelihoods. The world’s network of protected areas includes many iconic mountain landscapes. However, only ca. 19% of mountain areas globally are protected (excluding Antarctica); many mountain areas are inadequately (<30% of their total terrestrial area) or completely unprotected. To support the UN Convention on Biological Diversity’s Global Biodiversity Framework goal of protecting at least 30% of the world’s lands by 2030, we have developed a strategic decision-support tool for identifying and prioritizing which candidate mountain areas most urgently require protection. To test its efficacy, we applied the tool to the Western Himalaya Case Study Area (WHCSA). The six-step algorithm harnesses multiple datasets including mountain Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), World Terrestrial Ecosystems, Biodiversity Hotspots, and Red List species and ecosystems. It also makes use of other key attributes including opportunities for disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation, developing mountain tourism, maintaining elevational gradients and natural ecological corridors, and conserving flagship species. This method resulted in nine categories of potential action—four categories for follow-up action (ranked by order of importance and priority), and five categories requiring no further immediate action (either because countries are inadequately equipped to respond to protection deficits or because their KBAs are deemed adequately protected). An area-based analysis of the WHCSA identified 33 mountain KBAs regarded as inadequately protected, which included 29 inadequately protected World Mountain Ecosystems. All 33 inadequately protected KBAs in the WHCSA are Category A1: first-priority mountain KBAs (located in the Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot in developing countries), requiring the most urgent attention for protection and conservation. Priorities for action can be fine-filtered by regional teams with sufficient local knowledge and country-specific values to finalize lists of priority mountain areas for protection. This rapid assessment tool ensures a repeatable, unbiased, and scientifically credible method for allocating resources and priorities to safeguard the world’s most biodiverse mountain areas facing myriad threats in the Anthropocene.
Assessing Trade-Offs between Agricultural Productivity and Ecosystem Functions: A Review of Science-Based Tools?
Authors: Sanou Josias , Tengberg Anna , Bazié Hugues Roméo , Mingasson David , Ostwald Madelene
Published: June 2023

Global population growth, especially in developing countries, will most likely require an increase in agricultural production, but the sustainability of this production cannot be achieved without the preservation of ecosystem functions. Therefore, farmers need to know about, and deal with, the trade-offs between agricultural productivity and ecosystem functions and services. This review aims to assess practical science-based tools that can be used to make decisions for sustainable agricultural production. We reviewed 184 articles and divided them into categories depending on whether they describe tools, practices, ecosystem services, models, or other topics. Although many studies were global in scope, the approach to analyzing and assessing trade-offs appears to vary geographically. The review showed that trade-offs between agricultural productivity and ecosystem functions are most commonly studied in Europe and Asia, while few studies have been conducted in sub-Saharan Africa. Most tools in the review addressed only one or a bundle of ecosystem services, related to water, biodiversity, or climate regulation, and were designed for different types of land use and ecosystems and applicable at different scales. More practical tools for trade-off analysis have mainly been developed and applied by development organizations with support from science. Closer collaboration between practitioners, development organizations, and scientists is suggested to foster co-development of tools useful for identifying sustainable strategies for closing the yield gap, increasing productivity and for balancing ecosystem services, building on the Sustainable Development Goal’s framework and its targets for agricultural productivity and ecosystem services for trade-off analysis. We recommend the development and fine-tuning of the identified tools to specific contexts and landscapes through innovation platforms bringing together farmers, extension workers, scientists, and local decision-makers.
Creaky Voice in Chilean Spanish: A Tool for Organizing Discourse and Invoking Alignment
Authors: Bolyanatz Mariška
Published: June 2023

This study relies on an interactional, conversational–analytic approach to elucidate what meanings Chilean Spanish speakers convey via creaky voice quality in informal conversations. Highly creaky utterances produced by 18 speakers were derived from a larger corpus of sociolinguistic interview speech from Santiago, Chile, and examined via an interactional approach that accounted for how creaky voice figured in the process of meaning-making and meaning negotiations throughout the conversation. Results indicate that approximately 40% of highly creaky utterances were used to organize the speaker’s discourse, signaling the end of turns, hedges or uncertainty, and a change in communicative purpose, while the majority of the highly creaky utterances were used to invoke alignment with the listener via ensuring that their messages or stances were understood and potentially endorsed. This study offers evidence from a non-English language for creaky voice as a tool for both discursive organization and interactional alignment.
Utilization of Instrumentation in Swallowing Assessment of Surgical Patients during COVID-19
Authors: Warner Heather , Coutinho Jennifer M. , Young Nwanmegha
Published: June 2023

The aim of this study is to describe a measured return to instrumental dysphagia assessments for our vulnerable surgical patient population, such that best practice patterns could be resumed and our staff kept safe from transmission of COVID-19. A retrospective medical record review provided data on clinical practice patterns of swallowing assessment in an at-risk surgical patient population. Outcomes of this study support protocols that allow clinicians to safely resume the use of instrumental assessment and return to best practice in dysphagia assessment for our surgical patient population.
Platelet Glycoprotein-Ib (GPIb) May Serve as a Bridge between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Atherosclerosis, Making It a Potential Target for Antiplatelet Agents in T2DM Patients
Authors: Amalia Muttia , Puteri Meidi Utami , Saputri Fadlina Chany , Sauriasari Rani , Widyantoro Bambang
Published: June 2023

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a persistent metabolic condition that contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Numerous studies have provided evidence that individuals with T2DM are at a greater risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, typically two to four times more likely than those without T2DM, mainly due to an increased risk of atherosclerosis. The rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque leading to pathological thrombosis is commonly recognized as a significant factor in advancing cardiovascular diseases caused by TD2M, with platelets inducing the impact of plaque rupture in established atherosclerosis and predisposing to the primary expansion of atherosclerosis. Studies suggest that individuals with T2DM have platelets that display higher baseline activation and reactivity than those without the condition. The expression enhancement of several platelet receptors is known to regulate platelet activation signaling, including platelet glycoprotein-Ib (GPIb). Furthermore, the high expression of platelet GP1b has been reported to increase the risk of platelet adhesion, platelet-leucocyte interaction, and thrombo-inflammatory pathology. However, the study exploring the role of GP1b in promoting platelet activation-induced cardiovascular diseases in T2DM patients is still limited. Therefore, we summarize the important findings regarding pathophysiological continuity between T2DM, platelet GPIb, and atherosclerosis and highlight the potential therapy targeting GPIb as a novel antiplatelet agent for preventing further cardiovascular incidents in TD2M patients.
Changing Epidemiology and Functional Outcomes of Inpatient Rehabilitation in Asian Traumatic Brain Injury Cases before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Chua Karen Sui Geok , Kwan Hui Xuan , Teo Wee Shen , Cao Ruo Xi , Heng Choon Pooh , Ratha Krishnan Rathi
Published: June 2023

Background: This study aimed to compare acute injury and rehabilitation characteristics for traumatic brain injury (TBI) inpatients during the pre and post COVID-19 pandemic periods. Methods: A retrospective study of TBI inpatients between 1 April 2018 and 31 December 2019 (pre COVID-19 period), and 1 July 2020 and 31 March 2022 (post COVID-19 period) was performed to compare demographics, premorbid comorbidity, TBI characteristics, rehabilitation complications, admission and discharge functional independence measure (FIM®), length of stay and discharge status. Results: A total of 187 data sets were analyzed (82 pre COVID-19 and 105 post COVID-19). Post COVID-19 TBI inpatients were older by 11 years (pre COVID-19 mean 55 years vs. post COVID-19 mean 66 years, and p < 0.001), with 23% higher female inpatients (pre COVID-19 13.4% vs. post COVID-19 36.2%, and p < 0.001) and 25% higher presence of comorbidities (pre COVID-19 52.4% vs. post COVID-19 77.1%, and p < 0.001). In the post COVID-19 group, total discharge FIM (Td-FIM) was significantly lower by ~12 points (pre COVID-19 94.5 vs. post COVID-19 82, and p = 0.011), Td-FIM ≥ 91 was lower by ~18% (pre COVID-19 53.7% vs. post COVID-19 36.2%, and p = 0.017), and the need for caregivers increased by ~17% (pre COVID-19 68% vs. post COVID-19 85.4%, and p = 0.006) Conclusions: Our findings signal a demographic shift towards older, frailer TBI with lower functional independence levels post COVID-19.
Surgery in the Next Space Missions
Authors: Pantalone Desiree
Published: June 2023

In the coming years, missions to the Moon and Mars shall be the new goals of space flight. The complexity of these missions due to the great distance from Earth and the unforeseen obstacles to settle on another planet have given rise to great concerns for crew health and survival. The need for advanced crew autonomy and a different approach to surgical emergency require new protocols and devices to help future crew medical officers and other crew members in a task of unprecedented difficulty. Hence, the increasing variety of schedules, devices, and protocols being developed. A serious health problem, such as an emerging surgical disease or severe trauma, can jeopardize the mission and survival of the entire crew. Many other difficulties are present in deep-space missions or settlements on other planets, such as communication and supply, also medical, delays, and shortage, and the presence of radiation. Progress in advanced technologies as well as the evolution of robotic surgery and the use of artificial intelligence are other topics of this review. In this particular area of research, even if we are still very far from an “intelligent robot”, this evolution must be evaluated in the light of legislative and ethical considerations. This topic was presented at the annual meeting of the American College of Surgeons—Italy Chapter in 2021.
Allopolyploidy: An Underestimated Driver in Juniperus Evolution
Authors: Farhat Perla , Siljak-Yakovlev Sonja , Takvorian Najat , Bou Dagher Kharrat Magda , Robert Thierry
Published: June 2023

Allopolyploidy is considered as a principal driver that shaped angiosperms’ evolution in terms of diversification and speciation. Despite the unexpected high frequency of polyploidy that was recently discovered in the coniferous genus Juniperus, little is known about the origin of these polyploid taxa. Here, we conducted the first study devoted to deciphering the origin of the only hexaploid taxon in Juniperus along with four of its closely related tetraploid taxa using AFLP markers with four primers combinations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 10 studied species belong to 2 major clusters. J. foetidissima appeared to be more related to J. thurifera, J. sabina, and J. chinensis. The Bayesian clustering analysis showing a slight variation in genetic admixture between the studied populations of J. foetidissima, suggesting an allopolyploid origin of this species involving J. thurifera and J. sabina lineages, although a purely autopolyploidy origin of both J. thurifera and J. foetidissima cannot be ruled out. The admixed genetic pattern revealed for J. seravschanica showed that the tetraploid cytotypes of this species originated from allopolyploidy, whereas no clear evidence of hybridization in the origin of the tetraploid J. thurifera and J. chinensis was detected. This study provides first insights into the polyploidy origin of the Sabina section and highlights the potential implication of allopolyploidy in the evolution of the genus Juniperus. Further analyses are needed for a more in-depth understanding of the evolutionary scenarios that produced the observed genetic patterns.
Boletus edulis Extract—A New Modulator of Dysbiotic Microbiota
Authors: Avram Ionela , Pelinescu Diana , Gatea Florentina , Ionescu Robertina , Barcan Alexandru , Rosca Razvan , Zanfirescu Anca , Vamanu Emanuel
Published: June 2023

The regular administration of antibiotics is a public concern due to the prejudices of large population groups and the high frequency with which antimicrobial products are prescribed. The current study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of a new extract from Boletus edulis (BEE) on the human microbiota. One of the disadvantages of this extensive use is the disruption of the human microbiota, leading to potential negative health consequences. The in vitro evaluation of BEE consisted in determining its cytotoxicity, influence on the concentration of four types of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, TNFα), and capacity to modulate the human microbiota after administering antibiotics. The latter was assessed by microbiome analysis and the evaluation of short-chain fatty acid synthesis (SCFAs). Simultaneously, the content of total polyphenols, the antioxidant capacity, and the compositional analysis of the extract (individual polyphenols composition) were determined. The results showed that BEE modulates the microbial pattern and reduces inflammatory progression. The data demonstrated antioxidant properties correlated with the increase in synthesizing some biomarkers, such as SCFAs, which mitigated antibiotic-induced dysbiosis without using probiotic products.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Weight and Glycemic Control of Obesity as Well as the Associated Metabolic Diseases: Meta-Analysis and Comprehensive Assessment
Authors: Hu Diangeng , Zhao Jianxin , Zhang Hao , Wang Gang , Gu Zhennan
Published: June 2023

Objectives: An analysis of the weight and blood glucose management associated with fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as well as metabolic diseases associated with FMT was conducted by the authors in order to provide clinical recommendations regarding the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for papers that were published between the creation of the database and October 2022. We reviewed research that investigated how FMT affected weight and glycemic management in cases of obesity and metabolic conditions that are related to obesity. Studies that were published more than once, lacked the entire text, included insufficient information, or were impossible to extract data from were excluded. Additionally, case reports, reviews, and systematic reviews were excluded from the analysis. In order to analyze the data, STATA 15.1 was used. Outcomes: When we combined all of our findings, we discovered that pooled outcomes showed that weight levels (WMD equals −4.77, 95%CI: −7.40~−2.14), BMI levels (WMD equals −1.59, 95%CI: −2.21~−0.97), HOMA-IR (WMD equals −0.79, 95%CI: −1.57~−0.00), and HbA1c (WMD equals −0.65, 95%CI: −0.75~−0.55) after FMT treatment were significantly lower than before treatment. However, FMT treatment may have no effect on glucose and insulin levels in obese patients at fasting and related metabolic diseases. Additionally, subgroup analysis outcomes found that FMT significantly reduced fasting blood glucose in people with diabetes. Conclusions: As a weight loss and glycemic control therapy, FMT helps to prevent and treat metabolic problems linked to obesity, and is a viable alternative to bariatric surgery for patients who do not wish to undergo the procedure.
A Study of the Susceptibility of Laboratory Animals to the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus
Authors: Pivova Elena Yurievna , Vlasov Mikhail Evgenievich , Sevskikh Timofey Aleksandrovich , Povolyaeva Olga Sergeevna , Zhivoderov Sergey Petrovich
Published: June 2023

This article presents the results of a study on the susceptibility of laboratory animals to the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). Mice weighing 15–20 g, hamsters weighing 40–60 g, guinea pigs weighing 600–1200 g, and rabbits weighing 2.5–3 kg were used in this study. Nodules were observed on the skin of rabbits and hamsters at the sites of inoculation. The virus was isolated from the affected skin areas in cell culture and examined using real-time PCR, indicating its tropism for animal skin. The production of anticapripoxvirus antibodies was detected using the neutralization reaction, starting from 10 days after infection in mice, 27 days in rabbits, and 14 days in hamsters. Some laboratory animals exhibited multiple skin nodules. This indicates that these animal species may play a role in maintaining the epizootic process.