bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuron-Specific Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase Domain 2 Knockout Reduces Brain Injury After Transient Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Kunze Reiner , Zhou Wei , Veltkamp Roland , Wielockx Ben , Breier Georg , Marti Hugo H.
Published: August 2012

Background and Purpose—

Numerous factors involved in the adaptive response to hypoxia, including erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor are transcriptionally regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). During normoxia, prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins hydroxylate HIF-α subunits, resulting in their degradation. We investigated the effect of neuronal deletion of PHD2, the most abundant isoform in brain, for stroke outcome.

Methods—

We generated neuron-specific
Phd2
knockout mice and subjected animals to systemic hypoxia or transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Infarct volume and cell death were determined by histology. HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and HIF target genes were analyzed by immunoblotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively.

Results—

Neuron-specific ablation of
Phd2
significantly increased protein stability of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in the forebrain and enhanced expression of the neuroprotective HIF target genes erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor as well as glucose transporter and glycolysis-related enzymes under hypoxic and ischemic conditions. Mice with
Phd2
-deficient neurons subjected to transient cerebral ischemia exhibited a strong reduction in infarct size, and cell death of hippocampal CA1 neurons located in the peri-infarct region was dramatically reduced in these mice. Vessel density in forebrain subregions, except for caudate–putamen, was not altered in
Phd2
-deficient animals.

Conclusions—

Our findings denote that the endogenous adaptive response on hypoxic–ischemic insults in the brain is at least partly dependent on the activity of HIFs and identify PHD2 as the key regulator for the protective hypoxia response. The results suggest that specific inhibition of PHD2 may provide a useful therapeutic strategy to protect brain tissue from ischemic injury.
Obesity in Pediatric Specialty Clinics
Authors: Yi-Frazier Joyce P. , Larison Cindy , Neff John M. , Grow H. Mollie Greves , Liu Lenna L.
Published: August 2012

Objectives. ( a) To examine the prevalence of obesity across 31 subspecialties in a tertiary care children’s hospital and ( b) to examine the percentage of obesity-specified diagnosis codes used for obese patient visits. Methods. We analyzed 48 479 youth aged 2 to 18 years in 31 outpatient subspecialty clinics at Seattle Children’s Hospital between 2005 and 2007. Body mass index (BMI) percentiles were determined by age- and gender-adjusted BMI calculated from height/weight obtained at clinic visits. For obese patients, the percentage of diagnoses coded as obesity-specific (278.11, 278.01, 272.02, 783.1) were determined by evaluation of standard diagnostic codes. Results. Twenty-two of the 31 clinics had patient obesity rates greater than 15%. Analysis of International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, codes for obese patient visits as defined by BMI revealed only 2 clinics used obesity-specific codes for >5% of all diagnoses. Conclusions. Given the prevalence of obesity across all subspecialties, more recognition and resources are needed to screen, diagnosis, and provide coordinated services for healthy weight management.
Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Indian Steel Industry Workers
Authors: Singh Lakhwinder Pal , Bhardwaj Arvind , Deepak Kishore Kumar
Published: August 2012

Objective:

The present study focused on exploring the current level of hearing protection and subsequently determined the prevalence of occupational noise-induced hearing loss among casting and forging industry workers.

Background:

The casting and forging industry provides employment to a significant portion of the population.

Method:

The level of hearing protection was assessed through questionnaire survey of 572 workers. Out of these workers, 165 and another control group of 57 participants were assessed by formal audiometry. Audiometric tests were conducted at frequencies of 1.0 KHz to 8.0 KHz. The occurrence of hearing loss was determined on the basis of a hearing threshold level with a low fence of 25 dB. Student’s test and ANOVA were used to compare the various groups; a p value <.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

More than 90% of the workers sampled showed significant hearing loss at medium and high frequencies. The analyses revealed a higher prevalence of significant hearing loss among the forging workers compared with the workers associated with the other activities.

Conclusions:

The workers of the Indian steel industry are highly exposed to occupational noise. The majority of workers are not protected from noise-induced hearing loss. There is a need to provide special ear protectors for workers engaged in forging. A complete hearing protection program, including train-ing, audiometry, job rotation, and the use of hearing protection devices, needs to be introduced.
Automated Video Exposure Assessment of Repetitive Hand Activity Level for a Load Transfer Task
Authors: Chen Chia-Hsiung , Hu Yu Hen , Yen Thomas Y. , Radwin Robert G.
Published: August 2012

Objective:

A new method is described for automatically quantifying repetitive hand activity with the use of digital video processing.

Background:

The hand activity level (HAL) is widely used for evaluating repetitive hand work. Conventional methods involving either a trained observer on- or off-site or manual off-site video analysis are often considered inaccurate, cumbersome, or impractical for routine work assessment.

Method:

A cross-correlation-based template-matching algorithm was programmed to track the motion trajectory of a selected region of interest across successive video frames for a single camera to measure repetition frequency, duty cycle, and HAL. A simple, paced, load transfer task was used to simulate a repetitive industrial activity. A total of 12 participants were videoed performing the task for varying HAL conditions. The automatically predicted HAL was compared with the manually measured HAL with the use of frame-by-frame video analysis.

Results:

Predicted frequency, duty cycle, and HAL were in concert with the manually measured HAL conditions. The linear regression slopes of the automatically predicted values with respect to the manually measured values were 0.98 ( R2 = .79), 1.27 ( R2 = .63), and 1.06 ( R2 = .77) for frequency, duty cycle, and HAL, respectively.

Conclusion:

A proof-of-concept for automatic video-based direct exposure assessment was demonstrated.

Application:

The video assessment method for repetitive motion is promising for automatic, unobtrusive, and objective exposure assessment, which may offer broad availability with the use of a camera-enabled mobile device for helping evaluate, prevent, and control exposure to repetitive motions related to upper-extremity injuries in the workplace.
Trading Communities, the Networked Structure of International Relations, and the Kantian Peace
Authors: Lupu Yonatan , Traag Vincent A.
Published: August 2012

The authors argue that theories regarding the relationship between trade and conflict could benefit greatly from accounting for the networked structure of international trade. Indirect trade relations reduce the probability of conflict by creating (1) opportunity costs of conflict beyond those reflected by direct trade ties and (2) negative externalities for the potential combatants’ trading partners, giving them an incentive to prevent the conflict. Trade flows create groups of states with relatively dense trade ties, which we call trading communities. Within these groups, the interruptions to trade caused by conflict create relatively large costs. As a result, joint members of trading communities are less likely to go to war; however little they directly trade with each other. The authors systematically measure and define trading communities across various levels of aggregation using the network analytic tool of modularity maximization. The authors find significant support for their hypothesis, indicating that interdependence theory can be extended to extra-dyadic relations.
Naming Abilities in Low-Proficiency Second Language Learners
Authors: Borodkin Katy , Faust Miriam
Published: August 2012

Difficulties in second language (L2) learning are often associated with recognizable learning difficulties in native language (L1), such as in dyslexia. However, some individuals have low L2 proficiency but intact L1 reading skills. These L2 learners experience frequent tip-of-the-tongue states while naming in L1, which indicates that they have a weakness in retrieval of phonological codes of words. The authors hypothesized that if naming ability is shared across languages, this difficulty would reemerge in L2 naming, which was tested using the tip-of-the-tongue experimental paradigm. Consistent with this hypothesis, low-proficiency L2 learners ( n = 15) reported more tip-of-the-tongue states, more frequently mispronounced correctly retrieved words, and benefited less from phonological cuing compared to high-proficiency L2 learners ( n = 23). It is notable that low-proficiency L2 learners performed worse than individuals with dyslexia ( n = 16) on some of these measures, despite the same level of L2 proficiency. These results indicate that L2 naming difficulties of low-proficiency L2 learners are a manifestation not merely of their low L2 proficiency but rather of a general weakness in phonological word form retrieval, which is shared across languages. More broadly, the study provides further evidence for the existence of a distinct profile of cognitive weaknesses characteristic of the behavioral phenotype of low-proficiency L2 learners.
Simulation analysis of data processing activities in Compact Muon Solenoid physics
Authors: Dobre Ciprian
Published: August 2012

The scale, complexity and worldwide geographical spread of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) computing and data analysis problems are unprecedented in scientific research. The complexity of processing and accessing this data is increased substantially by the size and global span of the major experiments, combined with the limited wide-area network bandwidth available. This paper discusses the latest generation of the MONARC (MOdels of Networked Analysis at Regional Centers) simulation framework, as a design and modeling tool for large-scale distributed systems applied to high-energy physics experiments. We present a simulation study designed to evaluate the capabilities of the current real-world distributed infrastructures deployed to support existing LHC physics analysis processes and the means by which the experiments band together to meet the technical challenges posed by the storage, access and computing requirements of LHC data analysis. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment, in particular, uses a general-purpose detector to investigate a wide range of physics. We present a simulation study designed to evaluate the capability of its underlying distributed processing infrastructure to support the physics analysis processes. The results, made possible by the MONARC model, demonstrate that the LHC infrastructures are well suited to support the data processes envisioned by the CMS computing model.
Malnutrition May Worsen the Prognosis of Critically Ill Children With Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia
Authors: Leite Heitor Pons , de Lima Lúcio Flávio Peixoto , de Oliveira Iglesias Simone Brasil , Pacheco Juliana Cristina , de Carvalho Werther Brunow
Published: August 2012

Objectives: To determine whether hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia are associated with higher mortality, longer length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and fewer ventilator‐free days in critically ill children while taking into account the clinical severity and nutrition status. Patients and Methods: A prospective observational cohort study was conducted on 221 children admitted to the ICU. Blood glucose levels were analyzed in the first 72 hours. Potential exposure variables for adverse prognosis included hyperglycemia (blood glucose >150 mg/dL), hypoglycemia (blood glucose ≤60 mg/dL), age <1 year, sex, nutrition status, the revised Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM 2), and the Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD). Results: Of the patients, 47.1% were malnourished. Controlling for nutrition status, both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia increased the risk of mortality in the malnourished patients compared with the well‐nourished ones. Adjusting for clinical severity, the odds ratio of mortality was higher in malnourished patients with hyperglycemia (odds ratio [OR], 3.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14–13.94; P = .03), whereas no significant associations were detected in the well‐nourished patients. After controlling for nutrition status, hypoglycemia was associated with longer length of ICU stay (OR, 6.5; 95% CI, 1.30–32.57; P < .01) and fewer ventilator‐free days (OR, 4.11; 95% CI, 1.26–13.40; P < .01) only in the malnourished group of patients. Conclusions: Compared with the well nourished, malnourished patients with hyperglycemia are at a greater risk of mortality, independent of clinical severity. Hypoglycemia was shown to be associated with mortality, longer length of ICU stay, and fewer ventilator‐free days only in malnourished patients.
Retraction of “A Schumpeterian Model of Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Regional Economic Growth”
Authors: Batabyal Amitrajeet A. , Nijkamp Peter
Published: August 2012

The authors provide the first theoretical analysis of a one-sector, discrete-time, Schumpeterian model of growth in a regional economy in which consumers are risk neutral, there is no population growth, monopolistic entrepreneurs produce intermediate goods, and a single consumption good is produced competitively. The authors' analysis generates several new results. In the deterministic model, R&D in time t surely leads to an innovation in time t + 1. In this setting, the authors show that relative to the balanced growth path (BGP) equilibrium, the social planner always allocates more labor to R&D and hence achieves a larger size of innovation and a higher growth rate. Next, in the stochastic model, R&D in time t probabilistically leads to an innovation in time t + 1. In this setting, the authors first define the equilibrium and the steady state BGP allocations. Second, the authors generalize the notion of the steady state and determine the number of unemployed workers. Third, the authors show that the regional economy experiences bursts of unemployment followed by periods of full employment. Finally, the authors show that a decline in the time discount rate increases the average growth rate and the average unemployment.
Private Manners, Public Roles
Authors: Paine Scott C.
Published: August 2012

This essay argues that local public officials need greater awareness of the difference between appropriate private conduct and appropriate public conduct, with implications for ethics in public office and public perceptions of leaders and government. Contrasting private manners with public officials’ obligations in dealing with conflict and with critics, a case is made for adopting different standards for public service. Local public officials, to be effective, must approach their public roles with an appreciation of how different those roles are from their roles in private life.
New Directions in Spatial Planning? Linking Strategic Spatial Planning and Infrastructure Development
Authors: Todes Alison
Published: August 2012

There are growing arguments for linking strategic spatial planning to infrastructure development, particularly within developing countries. This article assesses potentials and challenges of these approaches, focusing particularly on an emerging approach in Johannesburg, South Africa. In Johannesburg, this approach provides more powerful sets of mechanisms than planning has had in the past but is demanding and confronts significant challenges. While linking strategic spatial planning and infrastructure has commonsense appeal, the potential for these approaches is likely to vary contextually, and their role and impact may be more partial than anticipated.
The Intubated Patient With Mediastinal Disease—A Role for Esophageal Access Using the Endobronchial Ultrasound Bronchoscope
Authors: Bhaskar Nutan , Shweihat Yousef R. , Bartter Thaddeus
Published: August 2012

Ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration using the bronchoscope with a dedicated curvilinear probe has emerged as a primary tool for the investigation of mediastinal pathology. Recently, the utility of this scope has been expanded to include access via the esophagus. In this case series, we describe a role for esophageal ultrasound using the endobronchial ultrasound bronchoscope in the diagnostic evaluation of critically ill/intubated patients with mediastinal disease. Esophageal access with the ultrasound bronchoscope allows the pulmonologist to diagnose mediastinal disease in the intubated patient with minimal risk.
Militarized Sexual Violence in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Bartels Susan , Kelly Jocelyn , Scott Jennifer , Leaning Jennifer , Mukwege Denis , Joyce Nina , VanRooyen Michael
Published: August 2012

Eastern DRC has been the site of a protracted conflict in which sexual violence has been a defining feature. The method used was a retrospective registry-based study of sexual violence survivors presenting to Panzi Hospital between 2004 and 2008. This analysis aimed to describe the patterns of sexual violence described by survivors and to analyze perpetrator profiles. As regards results, a total of 4,311 records were analyzed. Perpetrators in this data set were identified as follows: (a) 6% were civilians; (b) 52% were armed combatants; and (c) 42% were simply identified as “assailant(s)” with no further identifying information. Those identified simply as “assailants” perpetrated patterns of sexual violence that were similar to those of armed combatants, suggesting that this group included a large number of armed combatants. Civilian assailants perpetrated a pattern of sexual violence that was distinct from armed combatants. Conclusions are as follows: These data suggest that a high proportion of sexual assaults in South Kivu are perpetrated by armed combatants. Protection of women in South Kivu will require new strategies that take into account the unique nature of sexual violence in DRC. Engaging with local communities, the UN and other aid organizations is necessary to create new context-appropriate protection programs.
The Experiences of Parents Who Report Youth Bullying Victimization to School Officials
Authors: Brown James R. , Aalsma Matthew C. , Ott Mary A.
Published: August 2012

Current research offers a limited understanding of parental experiences when reporting bullying to school officials. This research examines the experiences of middle-school parents as they took steps to protect their bullied youth. The qualitative tradition of interpretive phenomenology was used to provide in-depth analysis of the phenomena. A criterion-based, purposeful sample of 11 parents was interviewed face-to-face with subsequent phone call follow-ups. Interviews were taped, transcribed, and coded. MAX qda software was used for data coding. In analyzing the interviews, paradigm cases, themes, and patterns were identified. Three parent stages were found: discovering, reporting, and living with the aftermath. In the discovery stage, parents reported using advice-giving in hopes of protecting their youth. As parents noticed negative psychosocial symptoms in their youth escalate, they shifted their focus to reporting the bullying to school officials. All but one parent experienced ongoing resistance from school officials in fully engaging the bullying problem. In the aftermath, 10 of the 11 parents were left with two choices: remove their youth from the school or let the victimization continue. One paradigm case illustrates how a school official met parental expectations of protection. This study highlights a parental sense of ambiguity of school officials’ roles and procedures related to school reporting and intervention. The results of this study have implications in the development and use of school-wide bullying protocols and parental advocacy.
A Preliminary Investigation of the Influence of Subjective Norms and Relationship Commitment on Stages of Change in Female Intimate Partner Violence Victims
Authors: Shorey Ryan C. , Tirone Vanessa , Nathanson Alison M. , Handsel Vanessa A. , Rhatigan Deborah L.
Published: August 2012

Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a prevalent and serious problem throughout the world, causing devastating mental and physical health problems for victims. Recent research has begun to focus on factors that may influence women’s decisions to stay or leave their abusive partners, as interventions for batterers has only resulted in minimal success in reducing IPV. Therefore, this study preliminarily examined the influence of women’s perceptions of their social network members’ subjective norms and their relationship commitment on stages of change to end an abusive relationship among a community sample of female IPV victims ( N = 84). Results showed that subjective norms and women’s relationship commitment were associated with women’s stages of change. Relationship commitment did not mediate the relation between subjective norms and stages of change. These findings indicate that a number of factors contribute to women’s stay/leave decision-making process, and close social network members could be included in interventions designed to keep women safe.
Rural Australian Women’s Legal Help Seeking for Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Ragusa Angela T.
Published: August 2012

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a widespread, ongoing, and complex global social problem, whose victims continue to be largely women. Women often prefer to rely on friends and family for IPV help, yet when informal support is unavailable they remain hesitant to contact formal services, particularly legal support for many reasons. This study applies a sociological lens by framing the IPV and legal help-seeking experiences of rural Australian women gained from 36 in-depth face-to-face interviews as socially contextualized interactions. Findings reveal police and court responses reflect broader social inequalities and rurality exacerbates concerns such as anonymity and lack of service. Cultural differences and power imbalances between survivors and formal support providers are manifested to inform future research seeking to improve survivors’ willingness to engage and satisfaction with formal services. Finally, the important role police and the criminal justice system play in de-stigmatizing IPV and legitimating its unacceptability is argued a crucial, yet unrecognized, key to social change.
School Factors as Moderators of the Relationship Between Physical Child Abuse and Pathways of Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Klika J. Bart , Herrenkohl Todd I. , Lee Jungeun Olivia
Published: August 2012

Physical child abuse is a predictor of antisocial behavior in adolescence and adulthood. Few studies have investigated factors that moderate the risk of physical child abuse for later occurring outcomes, including antisocial behavior. This analysis uses data from the Lehigh Longitudinal Study to investigate the prediction of antisocial behavior from physical child abuse and the buffering role of 3 school-related factors (i.e., school commitment, school dropout, and IQ), which are hypothesized to change the course of antisocial behavior from childhood into the adult years. Results show an association between physical child abuse and early antisocial behavior. Early antisocial behavior predicts antisocial behavior in adolescence, and that, in turn, predicts antisocial behavior in adulthood. Child IQ moderated the relationship between child physical abuse and antisocial behavior in childhood. However, no other moderation effects were observed. Limitations and implications for future research and prevention are discussed.
Fathers’ Emotional Awareness and Children’s Empathy and Externalizing Problems
Authors: Maliken Ashley C. , Fainsilber Katz Lynn
Published: August 2012

Emerging evidence suggests that fathers, more so than mothers, socialize emotions in a gender-stereotyped manner. Gender-stereotyped emotion socialization may be particularly pronounced in men perpetrating intimate partner violence (IPV), and may be detrimental to child adjustment, particularly for boys. This study explored the relation between fathers’ socialization of children’s emotions and child adjustment in families where IPV is present. We hypothesized that in families where there is IPV, fathers’ awareness of their children’s sadness and fear will be associated with negative child outcomes. Participants were 74 families recruited for a longitudinal study. Interview and questionnaire measures were used to assess IPV and fathers’ emotional awareness when children were 5 years old. Child adjustment was measured when children were 16 years old. Results suggested that in families where there is IPV, fathers who were more aware of their children’s fear had children who showed lower levels of empathy and higher levels of externalizing problems than children whose fathers were less aware of their fear, specifically for boys. Results are discussed in terms of gender socialization in families where there is IPV.
WalMart and Local Economic Development
Authors: Bonanno Alessandro , Goetz Stephan J.
Published: August 2012

This article reviews the literature that evaluates WalMart’s impacts on local economies. The authors first describe the methods used to account for potential reverse causality of WalMart’s store location decisions, and then they discuss the literature assessing the company’s effect on three aspects of community life: (a) retail (and nonretail) businesses, across large- and small-sized stores and in different business environments; (b) retail workers, wages, and types of jobs; and (c) producer and consumer welfare through the company’s price-decreasing effect and other potential indirect effects. Last, articles focusing on a broad spectrum of local conditions that could be affected by the company, including poverty rates, social capital, food insecurity, policy effectiveness, and obesity are reviewed. For each dimension, evidence is found of both positive and negative effects, suggesting that we are still far from truly understanding the net effect of WalMart on local economies, let alone the overall consequences in the long run.
Meanings of play among children
Authors: Glenn Nicole M , Knight Camilla J , Holt Nicholas L , Spence John C
Published: August 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine meanings of play among children. Thirty-eight students aged 7–9 years from a suburban public school in Western Canada participated in focus groups. Data analysis revealed participants saw almost anything as an opportunity for play and would play almost anywhere with anyone. However, they perceived parents to have somewhat different views regarding play. The children frequently described adults as restricting play opportunities. This study therefore revealed that children had a relatively unrestrained view of play and these findings may be useful for helping to ensure that adults facilitate, rather than hinder, children’s play.
Is Choice-Induced Preference Change Long Lasting?
Authors: Sharot Tali , Fleming Stephen M. , Yu Xiaoyu , Koster Raphael , Dolan Raymond J.
Published: August 2012

The idea that decisions alter preferences has had a considerable influence on the field of psychology and underpins cognitive dissonance theory. Yet it is unknown whether choice-induced changes in preferences are long lasting or are transient manifestations seen in the immediate aftermath of decisions. In the research reported here, we investigated whether these changes in preferences are fleeting or stable. Participants rated vacation destinations before making hypothetical choices between destinations, immediately afterward, and 2.5 to 3 years later. We found that choices altered preferences both immediately after being made and after the delay. These changes could not be accounted for by participants’ preexisting preferences, and they occurred only when participants made the choices themselves. Our findings provide evidence that making a decision can lead to enduring change in preferences.
Inattention Abolishes Binocular Rivalry
Authors: Brascamp Jan W. , Blake Randolph
Published: August 2012

Binocular rivalry refers to the unstable perceptual experience that arises when an observer views a different image with each eye: Each image reaches awareness in turn as the other becomes temporarily invisible. Using a novel experimental paradigm, we provide the first direct, perceptual evidence that binocular rivalry occurs only in the presence of attention. Observers in our experiment withdrew attention from a binocular rivalry stimulus shortly after one of the eyes’ images was forced to visibility. Seconds later, they shifted attention back to the stimulus to report their perception. For all observers, reported perception strongly and significantly deviated from the results that would be expected if binocular rivalry continued during inattention. Strikingly, reports instead exactly matched those obtained when the stimulus was physically removed for seconds rather than left unattended. These results show that disregarding a binocular rivalry stimulus is equivalent to having it removed from view. Thus, inattention abolishes binocular rivalry.
Identifying the Bad Guy in a Lineup Using Confidence Judgments Under Deadline Pressure
Authors: Brewer Neil , Weber Nathan , Wootton David , Lindsay D. Stephen
Published: August 2012

Eyewitness-identification tests often culminate in witnesses not picking the culprit or identifying innocent suspects. We tested a radical alternative to the traditional lineup procedure used in such tests. Rather than making a positive identification, witnesses made confidence judgments under a short deadline about whether each lineup member was the culprit. We compared this deadline procedure with the traditional sequential-lineup procedure in three experiments with retention intervals ranging from 5 min to 1 week. A classification algorithm that identified confidence criteria that optimally discriminated accurate from inaccurate decisions revealed that decision accuracy was 24% to 66% higher under the deadline procedure than under the traditional procedure. Confidence profiles across lineup stimuli were more informative than were identification decisions about the likelihood that an individual witness recognized the culprit or correctly recognized that the culprit was not present. Large differences between the maximum and the next-highest confidence value signaled very high accuracy. Future support for this procedure across varied conditions would highlight a viable alternative to the problematic lineup procedures that have traditionally been used by law enforcement.
Aging and Wisdom
Authors: Grossmann Igor , Karasawa Mayumi , Izumi Satoko , Na Jinkyung , Varnum Michael E. W. , Kitayama Shinobu , Nisbett Richard E.
Published: August 2012

People from different cultures vary in the ways they approach social conflicts, with Japanese being more motivated to maintain interpersonal harmony and avoid conflicts than Americans are. Such cultural differences have developmental consequences for reasoning about social conflict. In the study reported here, we interviewed random samples of Americans from the Midwest United States and Japanese from the larger Tokyo area about their reactions to stories of intergroup and interpersonal conflicts. Responses showed that wisdom (e.g., recognition of multiple perspectives, the limits of personal knowledge, and the importance of compromise) increased with increasing age among Americans, but older age was not associated with wiser responses among Japanese. Younger and middle-aged Japanese showed greater use of wise-reasoning strategies than younger and middle-aged Americans did. This cultural difference was weaker for older participants’ reactions to interpersonal conflicts and was actually reversed for intergroup conflicts. This research has important implications for the study of aging, cultural psychology, and wisdom.
Switching fault-tolerant control of a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle
Authors: Wu Fen , Cai Xuejing
Published: August 2012

In this paper, we will apply a switching fault-tolerant control approach to an air-breathing hypersonic vehicle subject to time-varying actuator and sensor faults. The faults under consideration include loss of effectiveness of the actuators and sensors. Possible fault scenarios are categorized into different fault cases based on the fault type and its location. For each case, a parameter-dependent (or constant gain) fault-tolerant control controller is designed to stabilize the faulty system with an optimal controlled performance. The synthesis condition of each local fault-tolerant control law is formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities. To achieve both local optimal performance and switching stability, Youla parameterization of each individual local fault-tolerant control controller is performed and the result is applied to the closed-loop system. The quadratic stability of a fast switching closed-loop system is guaranteed by a common Lyapunov function. Simulation results based on the non-linear flexible hypersonic vehicle model and fault-tolerant linear-parameter-varying controllers are presented and the reults of these studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed switching fault-tolerant control approach for application to a hypersonic vehicle.
Control design for a hypersonic aircraft using a switched linear parameter-varying system approach
Authors: Lu Qiugang , Zhang Lixian , Shi Peng , Karimi Hamid Reza
Published: August 2012

This paper is concerned with the control problem of an air-breathing hypersonic aircraft using a switched linear-parameter-varying systems approach. The rigid non-linear longitudinal model of a generic hypersonic aircraft is adopted with the aim of verifying the design methodology of the developed controller and switching logic. By linearizing the non-linear model of the hypersonic aircraft at trim points and dividing the velocity range into several parts, a switched linear parameter-varying model for the underlying system is derived. With the aid of multiple Lyapunov-like functions technique, controllers that ensure the tracking of given commands of the closed-loop system are designed under mode-independent and mode-dependent switching logic, respectively. Simulation results for the generic hypersonic aircraft show the effectiveness of the proposed method and the advantages of the mode-dependent switching logic.
Diet and fatty acid pattern among patients with SLE: associations with disease activity, blood lipids and atherosclerosis
Authors: Elkan A-C , Anania C , Gustafsson T , Jogestrand T , Hafström I , Frostegård J
Published: August 2012

Objective: As atherosclerosis is increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) we compared dietary habits in patients with SLE with controls, and in the patients studied associations of diet components, especially fatty acids (FAs), with disease activity, serum lipids and carotid plaque presence. Methods: In all 114 patients with SLE and 122 age- and sex-matched population-based controls answered a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Subcutaneous abdominal fat cell aspiration was analysed as to FA content and plaque occurrence was determined by B-mode ultrasound. Results: The total diet energy intake did not differ between patients and controls. However, the patients with SLE reported a higher intake of carbohydrate, lower fibre intake and lower intake of omega-3 and omega-6, than controls ( p < 0.05). In the patients, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in adipose tissue (AT) correlated negatively with disease activity (SLEDAI), r = −0.36, p = <0.001 and r = −0.33, p = < 0.001, respectively. AT omega-3 was further positively associated with serum apoA1, r = 0.29, p = 0.004, whereas AT omega-6 showed a negative association, r = −0.21, p = 0.040. These FAs also had opposite associations with plaque presence, EPA and were DHA negative, r = −0.32, p = 0.002 and r = −0.33, p = 0.001, respectively, and omega-6 positive, r = 0.22, p = 0.027. The carbohydrate intake was positively correlated to AT omega-6, r = 0.38, p < 0.001, and negatively with serum apoA1, r = −0.27, p = 0.005. Conclusion: The macronutrient dietary pattern is different in SLE as compared with controls. The low intake of omega-3 and high intake of carbohydrate among patients with SLE appear to be associated with worse disease activity, adverse serum lipids and plaque presence.
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome triggered by fulminant disseminated herpes simplex infection in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Catoggio C , Alvarez-Uría A , Fernandez PL , Cervera R , Espinosa G
Published: August 2012

Infections are considered one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and occasionally can trigger a catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). We describe a 22-year-old SLE patient with lupus nephritis under immunosuppressant therapy and asymptomatic carrier of antiphospholipid antibodies, who was admitted with tonsillitis and acute hepatitis, developing multiorgan failure in a few hours. Postmortem examination revealed hepatic necrosis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis and uterine cervicitis caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) together with microthrombosis in lungs and glomerular arterioles, suggesting the diagnosis of fulminant HSV disseminated infection and catastrophic APS.
Pride of the people: Fijian rugby labour migration and collective identity
Authors: Kanemasu Yoko , Molnar Gyozo
Published: August 2012

Rugby is a sport that has given Fiji international recognition. The professionalisation of rugby has led to a growing number of elite players emigrating from Fiji – often temporarily but sometimes permanently – to metropolitan countries, with an estimated 450 athletes currently involved in foreign competitions. Whilst Fijians have a long history of migration to metropolitan societies, the recent global dispersion of rugby players has added new dimensions and complexities. This article intends to shed light upon this migratory phenomenon by exploring what it means for these Fijians to ply their trade in foreign leagues. Based on semi-structured interviews, the article examines the experiences of Fijian players who are currently or have previously been contracted by metropolitan rugby clubs and what these experiences mean to them regarding their sense of collective identity and pride, especially in the context of politico-economic disparities between Fiji and the host countries. In doing so, particular attention is paid to the voices and agency of those athletes who claim rugby migration as a space for counter-hegemonic collective self-expression. The article thus seeks to contribute to our understanding of the dynamics of the relationship between sports labour migration and collective local identification and resistance in an increasingly globalised world.
Continuum thermo-electro-mechanical model for electrostrictive elastomers
Authors: Vertechy Rocco , Berselli Giovanni , Parenti Castelli Vincenzo , Bergamasco Massimo
Published: August 2012

This article presents a finite-deformation fully-coupled thermo-electro-elastic continuum model that is suited for the analysis, design, and control of solid-state transduction devices based on electrostrictive elastomers. In the model, electrostrictive elastomers are considered as isotropic modified-entropic hyperelastic dielectrics that deform in response to a simultaneous combination of electrical, thermal, and mechanical stimuli. The model is thermodynamically consistent and comprises general balance equations, which do not require the postulation of any force or stress tensor of electrical origin, together with phenomenological invariant-based constitutive relations, which necessitate the minimum number of material parameters to be determined via experimental tests only. Comparison with existing theories and experimental results are provided that validate the proposed thermo-electro-elastic model.
Piezoelectric and electromagnetic solutions aimed at realizing an active Gurney flap
Authors: Diodati Gianluca , Ciminello Monica , Concilio Antonio
Published: August 2012

Gurney flaps are small devices whose dimensions are usually percentage units of the airfoil chord. A Gurney flap can change the flow field in the region of the trailing edge by introducing two contra-rotating vortices behind the flap, therein altering Kutta’s condition and circulation. This helps avoiding flow separation and moves stall occurrence to higher angles of attack. Active rotor technologies would, for instance, enable a helicopter to operate at reduced rotor tip speed while preserving flight performance capabilities. This article shows some results carried out on different, original, and feasible solutions, aimed at realizing “smart” Gurney flaps for rotorcraft blades. In particular, piezo patches, piezo stacks, and electromagnet-based solutions were exploited finding that only the last two solutions are able to satisfy specs. The last one (electromagnets) performs better from the viewpoints of implementation, cost (one order of magnitude), weight (less than 100 g with respect to 150 g of piezo stack), and power consumption (5 W with respect to 50 W).
Paper-based photoelectrical devices
Authors: Gimenez Alejandro J , Yáñez-Limón José M , Seminario Jorge M
Published: August 2012

With very simple methods, we fabricate photoelectrical devices using a regular paper as substrate; these sensors are able to detect ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation using different paper additives. The experiment we made to test detection of ultraviolet and visible light consists in irradiating light of different wavelengths over a device made of paper and semiconductor crystals; electrical current of these devices increases importantly when the bandgap energy of the semiconductor crystal is reached. To test the sensitivity to infrared, we use paper devices impregnated with salts and glycerol to increment its electrical conductivity due to the augmentation of ionic current carriers. We observe that the ionic conductivity on paper increases when the paper is irradiated by infrared light from hot objects; this phenomenon might be due to the molecular structure of cellulose that absorbs energy in the infrared part of the spectrum.
Design of hammer mills for optimum performance
Authors: Fenchea Mircea
Published: August 2012

In hammer mills, the grinding process consists of hitting the material by hammers, articulated on a rotor. It is important, however, that the percussions applied to the hammer are not transmitted to the articulation. The position of the hammer articulation should be determined so that the percussion given by the collision with the particles of material is applied in the centre of percussion. Because the conditions of the percussion center are not always accomplished, unbalances depending on the connection percussions appear and produce supplementary perturbations. These effects are estimated by the transmission ratio of the percussion to the articulation. This is checked by measuring the appearance of some amplified vibration levels in conditions of increased transmission ratio of percussion.
Deindustrialization, Professionalization and Racial Inequality in Cape Town
Authors: Crankshaw Owen
Published: August 2012

Scholars argue that persistent racial inequality in Cape Town is caused by deindustrialization, which has led to high unemployment among blacks (Africans, coloreds and Indians) and the polarization of the occupational structure into a class of mostly white, highly paid managers and professionals and a class of mostly black, low-paid service-sector workers. This study shows that deindustrialization has not produced a large class of black low-wage service-sector workers. Instead, it has produced a professionalizing occupational structure alongside high unemployment. Although whites benefited from the growth of the professional and managerial jobs, these occupations have been substantially deracialized. The consequence for the racial geography of Cape Town is that the city is becoming divided into racially mixed middle-class neighborhoods and black working-class neighborhoods characterized by high unemployment.
Citizens in the City-Regions
Authors: Lidström Anders
Published: August 2012

Establishing democratic governance in city-regions would be facilitated if citizens had a political orientation that exceeded the borders of their own municipalities. Using citizen surveys in two Swedish city-regions, the article analyzes the occurrence of different forms of intermunicipal activism and then evaluates explanations for the observed variation. While traditional theories of public participation are shown to have some explanatory power, the integration of citizens into the city-region and their place of residence also turn out to be important. Furthermore, different forms of activism are explained by different patterns of explanations, suggesting that the complexity of the intermunicipal dimension of political participation must be taken into account when developing forms of city-regional governance.
ADHD Rate in Obese Women With Binge Eating and Bulimic Behaviors From a Weight-Loss Clinic
Authors: Nazar Bruno Palazzo , de Sousa Pinna Camilla Moreira , Suwwan Raphael , Duchesne Monica , Freitas Silvia Regina , Sergeant Joseph , Mattos Paulo
Published: August 2012

Objective: Few studies have demonstrated a possible association between ADHD and obesity in adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ADHD in a sample of obese women seeking treatment, and its relations with binge eating and bulimic behaviors. Method: We performed a cross-sectional study in a clinical sample of one hundred fifty-five women, with a mean age of 38.9 (+10.7) years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 39.2 (+5.29). Participants were evaluated with semistructured interviews and completed self-report psychiatric rating scales. Results: The rate of ADHD in the sample was of 28.3%. The presence of ADHD was significantly correlated with more severe binge eating, bulimic behaviors, and depressive symptomatology. Conclusion: Similar to previous studies, a higher than expected rate of ADHD was observed among obese women. ADHD in obese individuals may be a risk factor for greater severity of disordered eating patterns.
Does Comorbid Disruptive Behavior Modify the Effects of Atomoxetine on ADHD Symptoms as Measured by a Continuous Performance Test and a Motion Tracking Device?
Authors: Wehmeier Peter M. , Kipp Laura , Banaschewski Tobias , Dittmann Ralf W. , Schacht Alexander
Published: August 2012

Objective: To compare the reduction of ADHD symptoms under atomoxetine in patients with and without comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct disorder (CD) using a computer-based continuous performance test (cb-CPT) combined with an infrared motion tracking (MT) device. Method: Secondary analysis of a placebo-controlled study in ADHD patients (6-12 years old) treated with atomoxetine (target dose: 1.2 mg/kg per day). Cb-CPT/MT scores were analyzed using ANCOVA (last observation carried forward [LOCF]). Results: The data ( N = 125) suggested a more pronounced atomoxetine effect in the group with comorbid ODD/CD as measured by all cb-CPT/MT parameters except for “normalized variation of reaction time” (nVRT). Conclusion: The results showed that atomoxetine reduced ADHD severity as measured by cb-CPT and MT parameters regardless of whether comorbid ODD/CD was present. The treatment effect of atomoxetine on hyperactivity appears to be more pronounced in the subgroup of patients with comorbid ODD/CD than in the subgroup without this comorbidity.