bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nature of Learning the Constructivist Learning Model in Teaching
Authors: Hadi Darb Qusay , Abbood Dr. Ali Mohan
Published: December 2021

The current research includes the constructivist learning model, in which the two researchers discussed what this model is in teaching. In their current research, the researchers dealt with its inception, the cognitive foundations of the constructivist learning model, the main foundations upon which the constructivist learning model is based, its objectives, advantages, and the problems encountering its use in Teaching, and its stages when teaching the subject’s teachers in its steps, and then the researchers review a model for a teaching plan according to the constructivist learning model, and the researchers will present the important conclusions from this model, as well as some recommendations and references that were employed in this research.
Balancing Risk and Profitability of Securities Companies – A Case Study in Vietnam
Authors: Hai Tran Van , Hung Pham Huy , Ha Vu Thuy
Published: December 2021

The goal of creating, forming, and developing businesses in general and securities companies in particular, whose ultimate goal is profit, high and stable profitability is the goal of any company. However, due to their specific business lines, securities companies are affected by risks such as market risk (which is the value corresponding to the level of loss that may occur when the market price of assets currently owned and expected to be owned under the underwriting commitment fluctuates in an adverse direction); Payment risk (is the value corresponding to the level of loss that may occur when the counterparty is unable to make payment on time or deliver assets on time as committed; operational risk (is the value corresponding to the level of losses that may occur due to technical errors, system and business process errors, human errors in the operation process, due to lack of business capital arising from expenses and losses from investment activities, due to other objective reasons). The problem is how the securities company can balance the safety goal, limit the possible risks and at the same time still increase the ability of the enterprise profitability. In practice, there are many methods to measure risk, but one of the most widely accepted methods of predicting risk and bankruptcy today is Z-score of the US economist's - Edward I. Altman – a lecturer of New York University faculty member set. In the US, about 95% of bankruptcies are forecast from the Z-score one year before the closing date, but this rate drops to just 74% for 2-year forecasts. From the initial Z-index forecast, Professor Edward I. Altman has developed it into Z' and Z'' to be applicable to each type and industry of the business. The Z'' coefficient is similar to the S&P credit rating.
Physical Efficiency Tests: Information for Teachers and Sports Coaches
Authors: Oviedo Ángel Chávez , Navarro Enaidy Reynosa , González Yordangel Martínez , Rivera Laritza Columbie
Published: December 2021

The purpose of the research was to determine the physical and gestural state of students between eight and nine years of age in a Peruvian educational institution, as well as to provide Physical Education teachers with useful scales to evaluate what concerns physical abilities. and motor skills by age, from simple but validated tests, called Physical Efficiency Tests. It is a descriptive cross-sectional investigation. For this, the physical capacities resistance, strength, speed and flexibility were measured; managing to measure up to two capacities per session, also bringing together capacities that are directly proportional, such as resistance with flexibility and strength with speed. Population: 100% of the students participating in the study (95) distributed in 54 girls and 41 boys. For data collection, Microsoft Excel and SPSS v.25 were used. Conclusions: The results show that Peruvian Physical Education teachers do not have the necessary tools to know how much they can increase or decrease the internal and external loads of physical activity on their students. A deterioration in the conditional capacities and motor skills of the evaluated population is observed. Participating students are at levels of physical efficiency below expectations, especially those who are in the third and fourth levels.
Design of Individual Educational Trajectories for Preschool Children as a Factor in their Social and Personality Development
Authors: Bystray Elena Borisovna , Artemenko Boris Alexandrovich , Isaichkina Albina Ramazanovna , Kolosova Irina Viktorovna , Evtushenko Irina Nikolaevna , Vlasenko Olga Nikolaevna
Published: December 2021

The article reports the results of introducing individual educational trajectories for preschool children into the educational process of preschool education organizations as a factor of children’s social and personality development. In conjunction with collective forms of work, these trajectories allow expanding the range of children’s ideas about different emotional states promoting feelings of empathy and sympathy. The introduction of individual educational trajectories explicated in trajectory maps of social and personality development contributes to improved communicability with peers and adults and reduces conflict in this process. The number of conflict situations in children’s communication with others is lowered. The introduction of individual educational trajectories promotes the development of each child’s readiness for independent goal-setting, action planning, and communication with children and adults. Children learn to evaluate the actions of peers and adults establishing themselves as social subjects and accounting for the social norms and regulations adopted in society, i.e. the norms of the human community.
Risks in the Education System in the District Centers of Russian Regions
Authors: Levchenko Natalya Valeryevna
Published: December 2021

The article analyzes the risks faced by educational institutions in Russian regions. The study reveals the state of education in the regions of the Russian Federation and changes that have taken place in the educational processes according to adopted innovations. The features of the educational process in educational institutions of Russian cities are shown. The empirical basis of the study includes in-depth interviews conducted in ten Russian regions with headmasters and teachers of district schools, teachers of additional education, representatives of cultural and recreational institutions, and representatives of district administrations. Teachers' attitude towards the risks that arise in the education system has been analyzed.
Statistical Analysis on the Effects of Lockdown and Its Impact on Childhood Education During Covid-19
Authors: Hepsiba D. , Anand L.D. Vijay , Isaac J. Samson
Published: December 2021

The spread of Coronavirus in faster pace has made the World Health Organization to declare the outpour as Pandemic. Due to the drastic increase in the number of cases reported, it is clear that lockdown is most helpful to stop the spread of the disease. Our research focusses on the protective measures to be taken to safeguard against the coronavirus, positive and negative impacts of lockdown in the education of children and its management measures. All the data for our study are taken from the websites of WHO, Centers of Disease Control & Prevention, US Food & Drug Administration, National Air Quality Index of India, NASA and ISRO. The research was made on the Air Quality Index of Ashok Vihar, Delhi on the normal day and during the lockdown day, through this study its clearly evident that there was an enormous reduction in environmental pollution. Even though the government officials and the health care professionals are taking much pain to save people from this virus it is the duty of every citizen to follow the instructions in fighting against this dreadful coronavirus.
Knowledge Economy Skills and their Relationship to Mathematical Culture among Secondary School Mathematics Teachers
Authors: Qaeed Noor Saeed , Faris Ilham Jabbar
Published: December 2021

The aim of the current research is to study the relationship between the skills of knowledge economy and mathematical culture for male and female mathematics teachers for the secondary stage. The knowledge economy consists of (34) items, and a measure of mathematical culture of (23) items. Appropriate statistical analyzes were conducted and the psychometric properties of the observation card and scale were verified, and by adopting the appropriate statistical tools to analyze the results, I came up with the following: 1. Mathematics teachers do not have knowledge economy skills. 2. Mathematics teachers have a mathematical culture. 3. There is a positive correlation between the skills of knowledge economy and mathematical culture among male and female mathematics teachers in the research sample.
The Role of Affirmative Action in Treating Psychiatric Diseases through Risale-i Nur: Anxiousness Self as A Model
Authors: Samarh Samer Najeh
Published: December 2021

This article discusses the role of affirmative action in protecting from anxious self, and its effective contribution to treating its negative effects on building human civilization through Risale-i Nur by Imam Badi Al-Zaman Al-Nursi. Three main issues are discussed in this study: the causes of anxiousness self, the concrete effects of anxiousness self on individuals and society and the values of affirmative action that are used in treating the anxiousness self and its negative impacts. The causes of anxiousness self and its effects on individuals and society were extracted by using the inductive approach of Risale-i Nur. But the descriptive method was used to extract the effective values of affirmative action to protect from it and treat its effects. The study confirms that concentrating and completing work are among the affirmative action basics regardless of the results. It also draws attention to the importance of the media to reduce the penetration of anxiousness self among society members. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of collective actions, whether they are religious or non-religious, to treat the anxious self and reduce its impacts.
The Effect of Education on Anxiety and Social Adjustment of Parents with Children with Corona Referred to Ali Asghar Hospital
Authors: Jafarnejad Shabahang , Ebrahimi Hamidreza Khoshnezhad
Published: December 2021

Covid19 may cause experiences of psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression, stress in families and children. The psychological impact of the coronavirus in all patients should be considered in addition to physical symptoms. Method: In the training intervention group, 4*45 min sessions per week, was conducted by telephone and online. Items such as how the disease occurs, the factors that cause its symptoms and complications, treatment of the disease, the need for treatment of the disease, lifestyle changes, the need for preventive activities such as masking, use of alcohol spray, quarantine, avoid touching contaminated surfaces and avoid losing with friends and relatives and follow proper nutrition tips, advise to calm and stress caused by corona, should be receptive and listened and managed. Support the child. Provide a suitable environment during quarantine. Ask for help from support centers if needed. Have a flexible but regular daily schedule to teach your child to keep a safe distance. Have family coordination at home. Results: According to the obtained results, we found that the distribution of Beck anxiety scores in the pre-examination, post- examination and follow-up stages is normal and the p- value is greater than 0.05 (p 0.00.05). It can be concluded that corona education to parents has been significantly effective in reducing their mean anxiety. scores in the post-examination stage is greater than the significance level (p 0.0 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the difference between the mean adjustment scores at different times is different according to the studied variables. Conclusion: The results of the present research demonstrated that after training anxiety and adjustment in the two groups, information support of patients' families will help them to better adapt in the face of stressful situations. Thus, educating the patients and their family increases the level of information and reduces the anxiety of the patient and the family and reduces the problems facing of the disease. Although families experience high stressors from the corona, but providing the necessary training for parents and increase supports may be necessary to be successful.
Teaching Practices that Develop Positive Attitudes towards Mathematics among Joint First Year Students at the Saudi Electronic University
Authors: Al-Khatib Dr. Khaled Mohammed
Published: December 2021

This study seeks to identify attitudes towards mathematics and teaching practices that develop positive attitudes towards mathematics among students of the joint first year at the Saudi Electronic University, from the students’ perspective. The validity and reliability of the instruments were confirmed. The scale of attitudes toward mathematics was applied to (489) In addition to that, (202) were interviewed to identify the teaching practices that develop positive attitudes towards mathematics. The study has found that the attitudes of joint first year students towards mathematics was neutral. It also found that all teaching practices included in the interview had a high approval rate by the students. The study recommendations highlighted the importance of professional development for teachers to master these teaching practices and encourage them to utilize them in their teaching.
Relationship between Parenting Style and Substance Use Adolescents in Denpasar City
Authors: Leni Ni Made , Aryani Luh Nyoman Alit , Sri Wahyuni Anak Ayu , Ariani Ni Ketut Putri , Lesmana Cokorda Bagus Jaya , Ardani Gusti Ayu Indah
Published: December 2021

Background: Adolescent is a transition period from childhood to adulthood, seeking self-identity, anti-social behavior, violence and substance use. Parenting style is one of the risk factors determining substance use behavior among adolescents to prevent and overcome this behavior's consequences. This study aims to determine the relationship between parenting style toward substance use among adolescents in Denpasar. Methods: This research is an analytic observational study with a case-control study design. This research sample is adolescent drug users aged 12-25 years who live with their parents aged 0-17 years. The study was carried out in/at the Class IIA Kerobokan Denpasar Prison from August 2020 to September 2020. The data sources are primary data that taken from the PSQ (Parenting Style Questionnaire) and WHO-ASSIST questionnaires. The independent variable is the parenting style, while the dependent variable is the level of substance use. The data were/are analyzed using the chi-square/Fisher exact test with p-value of <0.05 is considered as significant. Result: The results show that there is a significant relationship between unexpected parenting style according to parents/guardians and drug abuse among adolescents (r = 0.34; p <0.05) and that increased the risk of moderate-heavy drug use among adolescents (OR = 5.93; 95% CI = 1.362-25.788; p = 0.011). Conclusions: Unexpected parenting style is associated to/with higher levels of substance use due to guilt, abusive parenting, neglect, which lead to negative self-esteem in children, emotional submission, insecurity and a lack of self-control in children.
Applying STEAM Teaching Method to Primary Schools to Improve the Quality of Teaching and Learning for Children
Authors: Hoi Huynh Tan
Published: December 2021

Unlike the traditional educational model with the way teachers lecture, students take notes making students feel boring and not very effective. STEAM education is a modern educational model that focuses on practice for students to discover and learn on their own. Therefore, it will inspire learning to students, sparking creativity and passion in children. Originating in the US, STEAM education has been interested in and researched for many years, in countries around the world. In the context of the industrial revolution 4.0, jobs and occupations in society related to STEAM education fields tend to increase. The overall goal of STEAM education is not only to create understanding of STEAM and the qualities of 21st century citizens, but also to develop human resources in STEAM fields such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Researching on STEAM education has been, and is being, interested by many educators, the research trend in this field will continue to be developed in the future not only in the world but also in the Vietnam. This article addresses the pros and cons of STEAM education, and was completed with support from survey results conducted at some International Primary School, Ho Chi Minh City. The article uses quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis as well as some results from previous studies, in order to clarify the issue of educating children to access scientific knowledge easily. The results show that we need to widely apply this method not only in primary schools but also in all primary schools in Vietnam in order to improve the quality of teaching, and to train human resources for 4.0 industries.
Impact of Systemic Teaching on Achievement and Literacy of Physics of the Fourth Scientific Grade Students
Authors: Nabhan Dr. Muslim Mohammed Jasim Al
Published: December 2021

The research aimed to verify the impact of systemic model on achievement of physics and physical literacy of the fourth scientific grade students, the researcher used the experimental design of the two equivalent groups, the research community was the fourth scientific students in the public day schools in the General Directorate of Diwaniyah Education for the academic year (2017 - 2018). The researcher is randomly, including Division B to represent the experimental group consisting of (30) students and Division C represents the control group made up of (29) students, the two groups were equal in variables: time age, intelligence, grades of the first course test, and the measure of physical literacy, the researcher prepared two tools, namely the achievement test (40 items) and the physical literacy test (30 items), and their validity and reliability were confirmed. The results showed the superiority of the students of the experimental group that studied the systemic model over the students of the control group that studied the traditional method in both the achievement test and the physical literacy, and in light of this the researcher recommended the use of the systemic teaching and suggested conducting other studies of stages and subjects.
The Professional Competence of Special Education Teachers
Authors: Al-Hussein Nagham Abdel Reda Abd , Al Shammari Karrar Ali Jadoua Obaid
Published: December 2021

The current research sheds the light on: 1- Professional competence of special education teachers. 2- The differences in the professional competence of special education teachers according to the variable: gender (males - females) To achieve the aims of this research, the researchers followed the fundamental steps according to which the process of building educational and psychological standards goes, so the professional competence scale that consists of (45) items was built in its final form. After completing the construction of the research tool, the application was applied to a sample as members of the educational staff (teachers) of special education classes in government schools in Babylon Governorate in its various districts for the academic year (2020-2021). Statistical data were processed using the statistical package (SPSS) and the research reached the following results: 1- Watching artworks in a visual scene. 2- There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) in occupational according to the gender variable. The research concluded with proposals in the Mediterranean.
Effects of an Early Childhood Training Program on Vulnerable Children’s Outcomes: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Saavedra R. Quiroz , Bigras N. , Lehrer J. , Brunson L. , Dion J.
Published: December 2021

This exploratory study assessed the effect of an innovative early childhood training approach on the development of children attending an early childhood education and care drop-in centre called Halte-garderie du Coeur offered by a general and vocational college. The direct beneficiaries of the services were children aged four months to five years, who had either experienced maltreatment or were from recently immigrated refugee families. This article presents a mixed methods exploratory and comparative evaluation study based on multiple data sources, including standardized developmental scales measuring child development, data from structured questionnaires with parents and program staff, and interviews with parents and staff. Participants included two cohorts of children and their parents, involving a total of 25 children, 16 parents, and four professionals. The results show that a significant proportion of children attending Halte-garderie du Coeur made gains in their emotional, affective, and social development between the start and end of each of two 12-week sessions. The effects seen in children were consistent with those set out in the program theory. To explain these results, we hypothesize that the training program helped students to develop specific skills that allowed them to positively influence children’s development particularly for children from vulnerable families.
The Effect of the SAMR Model on Acquiring Teaching Skills for Students of Colleges of Education in the Subject of Teaching Applications
Authors: Radhi Ruaa Ibrahem , Abdulsalam Sabri Dr. Dawood
Published: December 2021

This research aims to identify the impact of the model (SAMR) in acquiring teaching skills among students of the colleges of education in the subject of teaching applications. The research sample consisted of (50) students selected from the department of educational and psychological sciences in the College of Education Ibn Rushd For the academic year (2020-2021). This was then divided in a simple random fashion into two groups: the first group (experimental group) included (25) students trained in scientific education lessons according to the teaching program prepared for it while the second group (control group) included (25) students. The researchers conducted the process of balance between the two groups in a number of variables to achieve a goal and choose its hypotheses. After collecting, analysing and processing data statistically using the statistical package (SPSS) and performing t-test on two independent samples and the equation of the ETA box to measure the size of the effect, we obtained the following results: There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.5) between the average grades of students of the experimental group and the control group in acquiring teaching skills for the experimental group. In light of the findings, the researchers reached several conclusions and presented several recommendations and suggested several future studies.
Mythologisms in Novel Interpretations
Authors: Doniyarova Shoira Khursanovna
Published: December 2021

This article discusses mythologisms in Roman interpretations. Attempts were also made to show the philosophical essence of the mythological interpretations in Ulugbek Hamdam’s novel “Isyon va Itoat” (Rebellion and obedience), to analyze the work with a complex structure, symbolic logic.
Culturally Responsive Madurese Language Learning
Authors: Faizi Ahmad , Saryono Djoko , Hasanah Muakibatul , sanah Nurcha
Published: December 2021

Learning efficiency highly relies on the implemented learning approach. The Madurese language (BM) learning is a social situation that stores cultural diversity reflected from students’ background. Meanwhile, culturally responsive learning facilitates effective learning that accommodates students’ cultural differences. This study investigates students’ knowledge and cultural experiences in a classroom, primarily those related to Probolinggo society’s local culture, using descriptive qualitative approach. The data were obtained through observation and interview with some Madurese language teachers. The data, in the form of excerpts, were analyzed using direct interpretation technique. The findings are associated with social, moral, and art cultural knowledge and experience related to local culture during the Madurese language learning. Various differences have been observed between students who are speaking Madurese and other languages. Their distinctive knowledge and experiences induce different opinion, behavior, and attitude, along with perspective toward art, in the class. Integrating students’ local culture related experiences present learning independence.
Conformal MoS2/Silicon Nanowire Array Heterojunction with Enhanced Light Trapping and Effective Interface Passivation for Ultraweak Infrared Light Detection
Authors: Mao Jie , Zhang Bingchang , Shi Yihao , Wu Xiaofeng , He Yuanyuan , Wu Di , Jie Jiansheng , Lee Chun‐Sing , Zhang Xiaohong
Published: December 2021

2D layered materials have attracted considerable attention for fabricating IR photodetectors. However, performance, especially for weak signal detection, of these IR photodetectors is often limited by the low absorbance of the very thin active materials as well as unsuppressed dark currents. Herein, a photodetector with high sensitivity for ultraweak IR signals based on a conformal MoS2/silicon nanowire array heterojunction with an ultrathin Al2O3 interfacial passivation layer is reported. The conformal light‐trapping nanoarray structure can greatly enhance broadband IR absorption, while the Al2O3 layer can suppress interface carrier recombination effectively and thus lower reverse dark current. The photodetectors exhibit broadband photoresponse ranging from 300 to 1600 nm, low noise current of 0.11 pA Hz−1/2, large responsivity up to 0.61 A W−1 at zero bias voltage, and high specific detectivity of 1011–1012 Jones. Significantly, the devices are capable of detecting ultraweak IR signals (e.g., 100 pW at 808 nm and 3 nW at 1310/1550 nm) with high on–off ratios without applying any external bias. This work proposes a new strategy to enhance light absorption of 2D materials and construct high‐quality junction based on them, which is promising for low‐cost and high‐performance optoelectronic devices.
Transparent Refractory Aerogels for Efficient Spectral Control in High‐Temperature Solar Power Generation
Authors: Berquist Zachary J. , Gayle Andrew J. , Dasgupta Neil P. , Lenert Andrej
Published: December 2021

Although spectrally selective materials play a key role in existing and emerging solar thermal technologies, temperature‐related degradation currently limits their use to below 700 °C in vacuum and even lower temperatures in air. Here a solar‐transparent refractory aerogel that offers stable performance up to 800 °C in air is demonstrated, which is significantly greater than its silica counterpart. This improved stability is attributed to the formation of a refractory aluminum silicate phase, which is synthesized using a conformal single cycle of atomic layer deposition within the high‐aspect‐ratio pores of silica aerogels. Based on direct heat loss measurements, the transparent refractory aerogel achieves a receiver efficiency of 75% at 100 suns and an absorber temperature of 700 °C, which is a 5% improvement over the state of the art. Transparent refractory aerogels may find widespread applicability in solar thermal technologies by enabling the use of lower‐cost optical focusing systems and eliminating the need for highly evacuated receivers. In particular, a shift to higher operating temperatures while maintaining a high receiver efficiency can enable the use of advanced supercritical CO2 power cycles and ultimately translate to an ≈10% (absolute) improvement in solar‐to‐electrical conversion efficiency relative to existing linear concentrating systems.
Ion‐Accumulation‐Induced Charge Tunneling for High Gain Factor in P–I–N‐Structured Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 X‐Ray Detector
Authors: Jia Shanshan , Xiao Yingrui , Hu Mingxin , He Xilai , Bu Nuo , Li Nan , Liu Yucheng , Zhang Yunxia , Cui Jian , Ren Xiaodong , Zhao Kui , Liu Ming , Wang Shubo , Yuan Ningyi , Ding Jianning , Yang Zhou , Liu Shengzhong(Frank)
Published: December 2021

Lead halide perovskite‐based X‐ray detectors show very promising sensitivity and low detection limit, which can be used for next‐generation, room‐temperature radiation detections. It is interesting to find that the diode‐structured X‐ray detector shows very high photocurrent gain under small reversed bias voltage, which is unusual and should be investigated and understood for better device design. In this regard, a lead halide perovskite‐based X‐ray detector with the p–i–n structure is fabricated and studied. The p–i–n structured device shows abnormal and excellent photoconductor properties with high photocurrent gain factor under reverse bias. Further device simulation reveals that the ion migration and accumulation in the perovskite material are responsible for the large band‐bending at the interface, which may induce charge tunneling to reduce the contact resistance and causes the reverse‐biased device to work as a photoconductor rather than a photodiode. This finding provides a new approach to the understanding and design of high‐performance X‐ray detectors utilizing ionic semiconductors like lead halide perovskites.
Understanding the Role of Commercial Separators and Their Reactivity toward LiPF6 on the Failure Mechanism of High‐Voltage NCM523 || Graphite Lithium Ion Cells
Authors: Klein Sven , Wrogemann Jens Matthies , van Wickeren Stefan , Harte Patrick , Bärmann Peer , Heidrich Bastian , Hesper Jakob , Borzutzki Kristina , Nowak Sascha , Börner Markus , Winter Martin , Kasnatscheew Johannes , Placke Tobias
Published: December 2021

NCM523 || graphite lithium ion cells operated at 4.5 V are prone to an early “rollover” failure, due to electrode cross‐talk, that is, transition metal (TM = Mn, Ni, and Co) dissolution from NCM523 and deposition at graphite, subsequent formation of Li metal dendrites, and, in the worst case, generation of (micro‐)short‐circuits by dendrites growing to the cathode. Here, the impact of different separators on the high‐voltage performance of NCM523 || graphite cells is elucidated focusing on the separators’ structural properties (e.g., membrane vs fiber) and their reactivity toward LiPF6 (e.g., ceramic‐coated separators). First, the separator architecture has a major impact on cycle life. Fiber‐structured separators can prevent the “rollover” failure by a more homogeneous deposition of TMs and formation of Li metal dendrites, thus, hindering penetration of dendrites to the cathode. In contrast, porous membrane‐structured separators cannot prevent the cell failure due to inhomogeneous TM deposits/Li metal dendrites. Second, it is demonstrated that different types of ceramic‐coated separators (Boehmite (γ‐AlO(OH)) vs α‐Al2O3) exhibit different reactivities toward LiPF6. While α‐Al2O3 shows a minor reactivity toward LiPF6, the γ‐AlO(OH) coating leads to in situ formation of the beneficial difluorophosphate anion in high amounts due the high reactivity toward LiPF6 decomposition, which significantly improves cycle life.
Machine‐Learning‐Enabled Vectorial Opto‐Magnetization Orientation
Authors: Yan Weichao , Nie Zhongquan , Zeng Xunwen , Dai Guohong , Cai Mengqiang , Shen Yun , Deng Xiaohua
Published: December 2021

Manipulation of light‐induced magnetization has become a fundamentally hot topic with a potentially high impact for atom trapping, confocal and magnetic resonance microscopy, and data storage. The control of the magnetization orientation mainly relies on the direct methods composed of amplitude, phase, and polarization modulations of the incident light under the tight focusing condition, leaving the achievement of arbitrary desirable 3D magnetization orientation complicated, inflexible, and inefficient. Here, a facile approach called machine learning inverse design to achieve expected vectorial opto‐magnetization orientation is proposed. This pathway is time‐efficient and accurate to produce the demanded incident beam for arbitrary prescribed 3D magnetization orientation. It is highlighted that the machine learning method is not only applied for magnetization orientations, but also widely used in the control of magnetization structures.
A Reconstructed Cu2P2O7 Catalyst for Selective CO2 Electroreduction to Multicarbon Products
Authors: Sang Jiaqi , Wei Pengfei , Liu Tianfu , Lv Houfu , Ni Xingming , Gao Dunfeng , Zhang Jiangwei , Li Hefei , Zang Yipeng , Yang Fan , Liu Zhi , Wang Guoxiong , Bao Xinhe
Published: December 2021

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) over Cu‐based catalysts shows great potential for converting CO2 into multicarbon (C2+) fuels and chemicals. Herein, we introduce an A2M2O7 structure into a Cu‐based catalyst through a solid‐state reaction synthesis method. The Cu2P2O7 catalyst is electrochemically reduced to metallic Cu with a significant structure evolution from grain aggregates to highly porous structure under CO2RR conditions. The reconstructed Cu2P2O7 catalyst achieves a Faradaic efficiency of 73.6 % for C2+ products at an applied current density of 350 mA cm−2, remarkably higher than the CuO counterparts. The reconstructed Cu2P2O7 catalyst has a high electrochemically active surface area, abundant defects, and low‐coordinated sites. In situ Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations reveal that CO adsorption with bridge and atop configurations is largely improved on Cu with defects and low‐coordinated sites, which decreased the energy barrier of the C−C coupling reaction for C2+ products.
Preparation of a novel melamine foam structure and properties
Authors: Yan Chao , Luo Ye‐Jun , Zhang Wen‐Ge , Zhu Zi‐Fan , Li Pei‐Ying , Li Nian , Chen Yu‐Fang , Jin Tao
Published: December 2021

Melamine foam is widely used in daily life and building materials due to its superior flame retardancy properties, thermal insulating effects, smoke suppressive ability, low toxicity, and sound absorption properties. To increase the practicality of melamine foam, most research has focused on extending resin storage duration and preparing low‐toxic, high‐strength foam. In this study, allyl glycidyl ether was used to modify melamine resin, and the modified resin was able to demonstrate a longer storage duration as compared to the conventional resins, and the storage time for the modified resin has exceeded 90 days, and a low free formaldehyde content (0.05 ppm). Furthermore, the as‐prepared foam exhibited excellent flame retardancy properties (limiting oxygen index [LOI] = 38.5%, it could easily pass the UL‐94‐0 grade), low‐volume water absorption (0.94%), and lower thermal conductivity (0.0225 W·m−1·K−1). Concurrently, the foam prepared based on the optimal conditions possessed a high compressive strength of 5.08 MPa, which was ca. 17.5 times higher than that of the conventional melamine foam. Thus, it is expected that this melamine resin modification approach can provide a new approach for the preparation of high‐performing foams.
Evaluation of the Correlation between Porphyrin Accumulation in Cancer Cells and Functional Porphyrin Positions of the Phenyl Group
Authors: Tojo Toshifumi , Niiuchi Ayano , Kondo Takeshi , Yuasa Makoto
Published: December 2021

Porphyrin selectively shows tumour accumulation and has attracted attention as a carrier molecule for drug delivery systems (DDS). Porphyrin has two functional sites termed the meso‐ and β‐positions. In previous work, meso‐porphyrin derivatives with an alkyl group were found to exhibit greater accumulation in human breast cancer cells (MCF‐7). To identify the correlation between porphyrin accumulation and functional porphyrin positions of other functional groups, the accumulation of porphyrin derivatives with a phenyl group was investigated. The β‐porphyrin derivative with a phenyl group showed higher accumulation in MCF‐7 cells and greater affinity for albumin than the meso‐porphyrin derivative. The results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the β‐porphyrin derivative with a phenyl group had higher planarity across the total structure than the meso‐porphyrin derivative. It was concluded that the greater planarity of the β‐porphyrin derivative with a phenyl group might lead to superior MCF‐7 cell accumulation.
Halogen‐Bonded Co‐Crystals Containing Mono‐ and Dinuclear Metal‐Organic Units: Three‐Component One‐Pot Mechanosynthesis, Structural Analysis and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Lisac Katarina , Cepić Sara , Herak Mirta , Cinčić Dominik
Published: December 2021

We provide a systematic investigation of three‐component one‐pot mechanochemical reactions which combine the formation of coordination bonds and halogen bonds to obtain crystal structures based on halogen‐bonded metal‐organic units. Grinding CuCl2 ⋅ 2H2O or CuCl2, 2‐benzoylpyridine (bzpy) and perfluorinated iodobenzenes as halogen bond donors in different stoichiometric ratios has shown that one‐pot mechanosynthesis is a useful approach in the preparation of halogen‐bonded co‐crystals containing mononuclear or dinuclear copper(II) complexes as halogen bond acceptors. This study has yielded a series of seven new co‐crystals: five co‐crystals containing the mononuclear complex [CuCl2(bzpy)2] and two co‐crystals containing the dinuclear complex [Cu2Cl4(bzpy)2]. All solid products were also obtained by crystallization from the solution. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed that the co‐crystals display different crystal packing governed by Cu−Cl⋯I halogen bonds. Magnetization measurements revealed that all co‐crystals are paramagnetic in the entire measured temperature range.
Acceleration by Double Activation Catalysis and its Negation with Rising Temperature in Hydrolysis of Cellobiose with Phthalic and Hydrochloric Acids
Authors: Tarabanko Nikolay , Golubkov Viktor A. , Sychev Valentin V. , Tarabanko Valery E. , Taran Oxana P.
Published: December 2021

Double activation catalysis was experimentally observed in hydrolysis of cellobiose catalyzed simultaneously with phthalic and hydrochloric acids, confirming earlier theoretical prediction known from literature. Both acids can catalyze the reaction individually, and contribution of the double‐activation pathway to the total reaction rate declines as temperature increases. In fact, above a certain temperature, the hydrolysis rate in presence of both acids becomes lower than the sum of the rates for the two acids acting individually. A kinetic model is proposed to explain this transition between double‐activated catalysis and inhibition. The trend of declining contribution of cooperative catalytic pathway with rising temperature is theorized to be generally applicable for any reaction with a pathway involving simultaneous action of two catalysts when either of them can individually catalyze the reaction.
Features of Inflammatory Heart Reactions Following mRNA COVID‐19 Vaccination at a Global Level
Authors: Chouchana Laurent , Blet Alice , Al‐Khalaf Mohammad , Kafil Tahir S. , Nair Girish , Robblee James , Drici Milou‐Daniel , Valnet‐Rabier Marie‐Blanche , Micallef Joëlle , Salvo Francesco , Treluyer Jean‐Marc , Liu Peter P.
Published: December 2021

Myocarditis and pericarditis may constitute adverse reactions of mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccines. This study aimed to document these reactions and to assess the association with patient sex and age. This is as an observational retrospective study using a case–non‐case design (also called disproportionality study) on inflammatory heart reactions reported with mRNA COVID‐19 vaccines within the World Health Organization (WHO) global safety database (VigiBase), up to June 30, 2021. Results are expressed using reporting odds ratios (RORs) and their 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Of 716,576 reports related to mRNA COVID‐19 vaccines, 2,277 were cases of inflammatory heart reactions, including 1241 (55%) myocarditis and 851 (37%) pericarditis. The main age group was 18–29 years (704, 31%), and mostly male patients (1,555, 68%). Pericarditis onset was delayed compared with myocarditis with a median time to onset of 8 (3–21) vs. 3 (2–6) days, respectively (P = 0.001). Regarding myocarditis, an important disproportionate reporting was observed in adolescents (ROR, 22.3, 95% CI 19.2–25.9) and in 18–29 years old (ROR, 6.6, 95% CI 5.9–7.5) compared with older patients, as well as in male patients (ROR, 9.4, 95% CI 8.3–10.6). Reporting rate of myocarditis was increased in young adults and adolescents. Inflammatory heart reactions may rarely occur shortly following mRNA COVID‐19 vaccination. Although an important disproportionate reporting of myocarditis was observed among adolescents and young adults, particularly in male patients, reporting rates support a very rare risk, that does not seem to compromise the largely positive benefit‐risk balance of these vaccines. Furthermore, this study confirmed the value of disproportionality analyses for estimation of relative risks among subgroups of patients.
Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development for Rare Diseases in Neurology: Contributions and Opportunities
Authors: Abuasal Bilal , Ahmed Mariam A. , Patel Priyank , Albusaysi Salwa , Sabarinath Sreedharan , Uppoor Ramana , Mehta Mehul
Published: December 2021

Several challenges are associated with rare disease drug development in neurology. In this article, we summarize the US Food and Drug Administration’s experience with clinical drug development for rare neurological diseases and discuss clinical pharmacology’s critical contributions to drug development for rare diseases. We used publicly available information to identify and screen drug products approved for rare neurological indications between 1983 and 2019. We highlighted cases in which clinical pharmacology contributed to the evidence of drug efficacy, dose selection for pivotal clinical trials, dose optimization based on intrinsic and extrinsic factors, pharmacokinetic bridging for formulations, and efficacy bridging across different racial groups. Fifty‐one approved drug products were identified since the introduction of the Orphan Drug Act in 1983. Interestingly, the number of approvals in the last few years increased significantly, probably due to advances in genomic research and targeted drug modalities. Evaluation of dose selection in patient populations showed that in 52% of cases, the sponsors did not evaluate efficacy for more than one or two dose levels throughout the development program. Clinical pharmacology studies to evaluate the effect of intrinsic or extrinsic factors were adequately characterized in most of the applications. With the expansion of model informed drug development applications, (e.g., quantitative systems pharmacology and deep learning neural network models), the role and impact of clinical pharmacology is expected to grow exponentially in the next decade and enhance the development of novel treatment modalities for neurological rare diseases.
External Magnetic Field Driven, Ambidextrous Circularly Polarized Electroluminescence from Organic Light Emitting Diodes Containing Racemic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes
Authors: Hara Kengo , Morimoto Ami , Matsudaira Kana , Suzuki Satoko , Yagi Shigeyuki , Fujiki Michiya , Imai Yoshitane
Published: December 2021

This work reports the development of external magnetic field (EMF) driven, ambidextrous, circularly polarized electroluminescence (CPEL) devices, by embedding racemic mixtures of phosphorescent organoiridium(III) emitters in the active emitting layer. Homoleptic tris‐cyclometalated Ir(III)(ppy)3 and heteroleptic bis‐cyclometalated Ir(III)(ppy)2(acac) (ppy=2‐phenylpyridinate, acac=acetylacetonate) were used as the representative organoiridium(III) compounds. Chiroptical inversion of CPEL was influenced by the ligand environment in the Ir(III) complexes (homoleptic or heteroleptic), as well as the Faraday geometry.
Biological inspired self‐organized secure autonomous routing protocol and secured data assured routing in WSN: Hybrid EHO and MBO approach
Authors: Niranjana G. , Poongodai A. , Soujanya K. L. S.
Published: December 2021

Nowadays, the telecommunication system has attained remarkable growth, especially wireless sensor network (WSN) based on the development of various electronic devices. WSN signals are not so much solid. Here, the routers are utilized to work appropriately. Wireless networks have low expenses and are simple to install. But the major challenge concerns with providing secure data transmission via the wireless network, because the data are attacked by the hackers and also the parts of information can be stolen during transmission. In this manuscript, a biological inspired self‐organized secure autonomous routing protocol (BIOSARP) and secured data assured routing (SDAR) in WSN by means of combined elephant herding optimization (EHO) and migrating birds optimization (MBO) approach is proposed to the dynamic security of data via WSN. The BIOSARP by means of Clan updating operator in EHO so as to locate the optimal route and SDAR is advanced by updating the trust level to locate a trustworthy neighbour by means of path discovery approach of MBO algorithm. The proposed approach is executed in network simulator 2 (NS‐2) software. The experimental outcomes are analyzed using some performance evaluating metrics like delivery ratio (DR), energy consumption (EC), packet overhead (PO), and accuracy. Finally, the experimental outcomes demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms other conventional approaches like BIOSARP‐SRTLD and BIOSARP by providing better packet DR, EC, PO, and accuracy.
Low prevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 specific antibodies among endoscopists and their assistants in a university hospital in Tochigi prefecture–A single‐center study
Authors: Miura Kouichi , Maeda Hiroshi , Arai Naoshi , Sekiya Mariko , Miyano Akihiro , Watanabe Masako , Sunada Keijiro , Hagiwara Koichi , Morisawa Yuji , Yamada Toshiyuki , Sata Naohiro , Lefor Alan Kawarai , Kodama Tatsuhiko , Nagai Ryozo , Yamamoto Hironori
Published: December 2021

Objectives

Gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures have a risk to transmit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) through aerosols. Little information is available on the seroprevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies among healthcare workers (HCWs) in endoscopy units. Thus, the seroprevalence was examined in HCWs who do and do not participate in gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Methods

A total of 382 HCWs at Jichi Medical University Hospital were enrolled in this study through March 2021. Among 382 HCWs, 63 are in the endoscopy unit. Serum antibody levels against SARS‐CoV‐2 were determined by immunochromatography, chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA), electric CLIA (ECLIA), and chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). HCWs in the endoscopy unit underwent testing up to three times. We defined antibody‐positive as when at least one test was positive.

Results

The seroprevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies in 63 HCWs in the endoscopy unit was 0%–1.9%, 0%–1.7%, and 0%–1.7% during the first (Ap–May 2020), second (Jun–Nov 2020), and third intervals (Dec 2020–Mar 2021), respectively. This seroprevalence was comparable to that of other HCWs not involved with gastrointestinal endoscopy. Two HCWs in the endoscopy unit were positive for antibodies: one was ECLIA‐positive and the another was CMIA‐positive. The ECLIA‐positive HCW was PCR negative and converted to negative for the second and third tests. Another HCW was CMIA‐positive at all three evaluations and the titers were unchanged. No HCWs in the endoscopy unit contracted a SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.

Conclusions

The seroprevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies was low among HCWs in the endoscopy unit through March 2021 (UMIN000039997).