bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internal medicine
Authors: Brogly Nicolas , Alsina Estibaliz
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides 15 practice multiple-choice questions (MCQs) about internal medicine and the associated model answers, alongside references for more in-depth understanding. Some of the most common conditions that anaesthetists are likely to come across with when assessing the patients before their operations or involved in their peri-operative management are included in this chapter.
Applied anatomy
Authors: Hamilton Duncan Lee
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides five examples of structured oral examination questions (SOEs) on applied anatomy along with model answers, and references for further reading to increase your in-depth knowledge and understanding. There is just one applied anatomy question in the Part II oral examination, in SOE 1. The topics covered relate to anatomical areas of direct relevance to anaesthetic practice, so airway and respiratory anatomy, anatomy of the central and peripheral nervous system and cardiac anatomy are of particular importance. The applied anatomy question is never used as the first question in SOE 1, so there is no opportunity to prepare your answer in advance. The examiner will have a list of questions relating to the anatomical area being discussed and the examples here show one possible pathway through those questions. It is important to have a logical approach to any potential anatomical question. You should practise drawing diagrams as these make it easier for each examiner to assess your knowledge of the relevant anatomy and your understanding of how it relates to anaesthetic practice.
Critical incidents
Authors: Cortis Petramay Attard , Zerafa Mario
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides five examples of structured oral examination questions (SOEs) on critical incidents along with model answers and references to help you increase your knowledge and depth of understanding. Critical incident management is considered an essential skill of an anaesthesiologist in any area of their practice. During the EDAIC Part II examination each candidate will invariably be assessed on this topic. The successful candidates have to convince the examiners that they can be relied upon to promptly take control of the situation, try preventing it from worsening while establishing the root cause/s and establish and implement a rescue plan to ensure the patient’s safety. This will not only involve theoretical knowledge recall, but a practical account of what exactly they would do. Where the sceanario is covered by a known Guideline or Algorithm (e.g. ERC Guidelines, ALS) these should be quoted appropriately.
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Authors: Barnard Anna , Kay Simon
Published: February 2023

Mechanical impingement, either at rest or during activity, in the region of the thoracic outlet (bounded by the first rib caudally and the clavicle and scalene muscles anteriorly and posteriorly) may affect the great veins of the arm, its arteries, or most commonly, its nerves. Each produces a distinct pattern or symptoms and poses a different risk to the patient. Sometimes these conditions are mixed. Their treatment is largely surgical and a matter of complex clinical decision-making.
First and second branchial arch anomalies
Authors: Bates Claire , Hodge Trevor , Carter Lachlan M.
Published: February 2023

Anomalies of the structures developing from the first and second branchial arches form the otofacial group of craniofacial anomalies. The most important otofacial anomalies are hemifacial microsomia and Treacher Collins syndrome and involve facial skeleton and auricular hypoplasia. The management of these conditions is complex, requiring augmentation of the skeleton including the mandible as well as reconstruction of the microtia deformity. Other otofacial and holoprosencephalic anomalies are also discussed in this chapter.
Gynaecomastia
Authors: Dickson John , Mercer Nigel
Published: February 2023

Gynaecomastia refers to the benign proliferation of breast tissue occurring in men. It is a common condition that can cause considerable psychological distress for those affected. Underlying pathology is rare but when present can be identified by a systematic history and examination as well as selected investigations. Treatment options include liposuction and excisional techniques with or without skin resection as required.
Psychological consequences of the birth of a child with a congenital hand anomaly
Authors: Bellew Maggie
Published: February 2023

The importance of hands cannot be overestimated, yet their complexity and versatility is something we rarely think about until the condition, function, or appearance of the hand is compromised in some way. This chapter explores the impact of the birth of a child with a congenital hand anomaly, and the bereavement reaction of the parents. It then examines the younger child’s reaction; the initial parental influence on this, the later development of self-consciousness and self-awareness, concerns about social acceptability, and managing interest, teasing, and bullying from others. Next, the particular challenges of adolescence are explored and then on into adulthood. The psychological challenges of a hand anomaly are as varied as the surgical and so psychological input can be invaluable for guiding surgical decisions and timing, supporting surgery, maximizing surgical outcomes, and offering alternative solutions. The problems of surgical decision-making and a solution to this using pre- and postoperative psychological input are explored, and the preferred process in the Leeds Children’s Hand Clinic is described, including long-term support.
Traumatic injury to the child’s hand
Authors: McCombe David
Published: February 2023

The assessment of an injury of the child’s hand can be difficult due to difficulty in obtaining a specific history and lack of cooperation with directed examination. Strategies for dealing with this are presented in this chapter. The management of hand trauma in children again needs to take into account the ability of the child to participate actively in rehabilitation, as well as consideration of the specific challenges of trauma to the growing skeleton and repair of smaller calibre structures. Despite these challenges, outcomes of treatment of hand trauma in children can be rewarding because of the potential to recover more quickly and completely.
Cold-induced injury to the skin and deep tissues
Authors: Hallam Marc-James , Jeevaratnam Johann A. , Imray Christopher H.E. , Cubison Tania
Published: February 2023

Cold injuries can produce complex skin and soft tissue injuries needing the full spectrum of ‘burn care’. Such injuries are often complicated by associated comorbidities, trauma, and hypothermia. In this chapter, the recognition, assessment, and management of frostbite injuries is described, with particular reference to extremity injury and the appropriate plastic surgery management of these patients.
A nearly constant CN/HCN line ratio in nearby galaxies: CN as a new tracer of dense gas
Authors: Wilson Christine D , Bemis Ashley , Ledger Blake , Klimi Osvald
Published: February 2023

We investigate the relationship between CN N = 1 − 0 and HCN J = 1 − 0 emission on scales from 30 to 400 pc using ALMA archival data, for which CN is often observed simultaneously with the CO J = 1 − 0 line. In a sample of nine nearby galaxies ranging from ultra-luminous infrared galaxies to normal spiral galaxies, we measure a remarkably constant CN/HCN line intensity ratio of 0.86 ± 0.07 (standard deviation of 0.20). This relatively constant CN/HCN line ratio is rather unexpected, as models of photon dominated regions have suggested that HCN emission traces shielded regions with high column densities while CN should trace dense gas exposed to high ultraviolet radiation fields. We find that the CN/HCN line ratio shows no significant correlation with molecular gas surface density but shows a mild trend (increase of ∼1.3 per dex) with both star formation rate surface density and star formation efficiency (the inverse of the molecular gas depletion time). Some starburst and active galactic nuclei show small enhancements in their CN/HCN ratio, while other nuclei show no significant difference from their surrounding discs. The nearly constant CN/HCN line ratio implies that CN, like HCN, can be used as a tracer of dense gas mass and dense gas fraction in nearby galaxies.
Planetary nebulae hosting accreting white dwarfs: a possible solution for the mysterious cut-off of planetary nebula luminosity function?
Authors: Souropanis D , Chiotellis A , Boumis P , Jones D , Akras S
Published: February 2023

Many binary companions to the central stars of planetary nebulae (PNe) are found to be inflated, perhaps indicating that accretion onto the central star might occur during the planetary nebula (PN) phase. The discovery of a handful of nova eruptions and supersoft X-ray sources inside PNe supports this hypothesis. In this paper, we investigate the impact that hosting a steadily accreting white dwarf (WD) would have on the properties and evolution of a PN. By pairing the published accreting nuclear-burning WD models with radiation transfer simulations, we extract the time evolution of the emission line spectra and ionization properties of a PN that surrounds a 0.6$\, \rm M_{\odot }$ steadily nuclear-burning WD as a function of the mass accretion rate. We find that accreting WDs are able to form very extended, high excitation, [${\rm O\, \small {\rm III}}$]-bright PNe, which are characterized by high nebular electron temperatures. Their properties remain almost invariant with time and their visibility time can be much longer compared to PNe powered by single WDs. We discuss the implications of our findings in explaining specific characteristics observed in PNe. Finally, we examine how accreting WDs affect the planetary nebula luminosity function (PNLF) by covering WD masses in the range of 0.5–0.8$\, \rm M_{\odot }$ and for various accretion rates within the steady accretion regime. We find that for all but the lowest accretion rates, the [${\rm O\, \small {\rm III}}$] luminosities are almost constant and clustered very close to the PNLF cut-off value. Our results suggest that mass-accreting WDs in interacting binaries might play a role in understanding the invariant cut-off of the PNLF.
Modelling supermassive primordial stars with mesa
Authors: Herrington Nicholas P , Whalen Daniel J , Woods Tyrone E
Published: February 2023

Supermassive stars forming at z ∼ 15–20 are one of the leading contenders for the origin of the first quasars, over 200 of which have now been discovered at z > 6. These stars likely form in pristine, atomically cooled haloes immersed in strong Lyman–Werner ultraviolet backgrounds or in highly supersonic baryon streaming flows. Atomic cooling triggers catastrophic baryon collapse capable of building up stars at rates of up to ∼1 M⊙ yr−1. Here, we examine the evolution of supermassive stars with a much larger and finer grid of accretion rates than in previous studies with the mesa stellar evolution code. We find that their final masses range from 3.5 × 103 to 3.7 × 105 M⊙ at accretion rates of 0.001–1 M⊙ yr−1, respectively. We also find that supermassive star evolution diverges at accretion rates of 0.01–0.02 M⊙ yr−1, above which they evolve as cool red hypergiants along the Hayashi track and collapse via the general relativistic instability during central hydrogen burning, and below which they evolve as hot blue supergiants and collapse at the end of their nuclear burning lifetimes after exiting the main sequence.
The origin and fate of the Gaia phase-space snail
Authors: Tremaine Scott , Frankel Neige , Bovy Jo
Published: February 2023

The Gaia snail is a spiral feature in the distribution of solar-neighbourhood stars in position and velocity normal to the Galactic midplane. The snail probably arises from phase mixing of gravitational disturbances that perturbed the disc in the distant past. The most common hypothesis is that the primary disturbance resulted from a passage of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy close to the solar neighbourhood. In this paper, we investigate the alternative hypothesis that the snail is created by many small disturbances rather than one large one, that is, by Gaussian noise in the gravitational potential, probably due mostly to substructures in the dark-matter halo. We show that this hypothesis naturally reproduces most of the properties of the snail. In particular, it predicts correctly, with no free parameters, that the apparent age of the snail is $\sim 0.5{\rm\ Gyr}$. An important ingredient of this model is that any snail-like feature in the solar neighbourhood, whatever its cause, is erased by scattering from giant molecular clouds or other small-scale structure on a time-scale $\lesssim 1{\rm\ Gyr}$.
Great balls of FIRE II: The evolution and destruction of star clusters across cosmic time in a Milky Way-mass galaxy
Authors: Rodriguez Carl L , Hafen Zachary , Grudić Michael Y , Lamberts Astrid , Sharma Kuldeep , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Wetzel Andrew
Published: February 2023

The current generation of galaxy simulations can resolve individual giant molecular clouds, the progenitors of dense star clusters. But the evolutionary fate of these young massive clusters, and whether they can become the old globular clusters (GCs) observed in many galaxies, is determined by a complex interplay of internal dynamical processes and external galactic effects. We present the first star-by-star N-body models of massive (N ∼ 105–107) star clusters formed in a FIRE-2 MHD simulation of a Milky Way-mass galaxy, with the relevant initial conditions and tidal forces extracted from the cosmological simulation. We select 895 (∼30 per cent) of the YMCs with >6 × 104 M⊙ from Grudić et al. 2022 and integrate them to z = 0 using the cluster Monte Carlo code, CMC. This procedure predicts a MW-like system with 148 GCs, predominantly formed during the early, bursty mode of star formation. Our GCs are younger, less massive, and more core-collapsed than clusters in the Milky Way or M31. This results from the assembly history and age-metallicity relationship of the host galaxy: Younger clusters are preferentially born in stronger tidal fields and initially retain fewer stellar-mass black holes, causing them to lose mass faster and reach core collapse sooner than older GCs. Our results suggest that the masses and core/half-light radii of GCs are shaped not only by internal dynamical processes, but also by the specific evolutionary history of their host galaxies. These results emphasize that N-body studies with realistic stellar physics are crucial to understanding the evolution and present-day properties of GC systems.
Response to: Comment on ‘Orbital precession of the S2 star in scalar–tensor–vector gravity’
Authors: Della Monica Riccardo , de Martino Ivan , de Laurentis Mariafelicia
Published: February 2023

The explicit derivation for the orbital precession of the S2 star in the Galactic Centre in the scalar–tensor–vector gravity is discussed and compared with previous research. The two different predictions are validated by numerically integrating the geodesic equations for a test particle.
The cosmic timeline implied by the JWST high-redshift galaxies
Authors: Melia Fulvio
Published: February 2023

The so-called impossibly early galaxy problem, first identified via the Hubble Space Telescope’s observation of galaxies at redshifts z > 10, appears to have been exacerbated by the more recent JWST discovery of galaxy candidates at even higher redshifts (z ∼ 17) which, however, are yet to be confirmed spectroscopically. These candidates would have emerged only ∼230 Myr after the big bang in the context of Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM), requiring a more rapid star formation in the earliest galaxies than appears to be permitted by simulations adopting the concordance model parameters. This time-compression problem would therefore be inconsistent with the age–redshift relation predicted by ΛCDM. Instead, the sequence of star formation and galaxy assembly would confirm the timeline predicted by the Rh = ct universe, a theoretically advanced version of ΛCDM that incorporates the ‘zero active mass’ condition from general relativity. This model has accounted for many cosmological data better than ΛCDM, and eliminates all of its inconsistencies, including the horizon and initial entropy problems. The latest JWST discoveries at z ≳ 14, if confirmed, would add further support to the idea that the Rh = ct universe is favoured by the observations over the current standard model.
Basolateral secretions of human endometrial epithelial organoids impact stromal cell decidualization
Authors: Fitzgerald Harriet C , Kelleher Andrew M , Ranjit Chaman , Schust Danny J , Spencer Thomas E
Published: February 2023

Uterine glands and, by inference, their secretions impact uterine receptivity, blastocyst implantation, stromal cell decidualization, and placental development. Changes in gland function across the menstrual cycle are primarily governed by the steroid hormones estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) but can also be influenced by extrinsic factors from the stroma. Using a human endometrial epithelial organoid system, transcriptome and proteome analyses identified distinct responses of the organoids to steroid hormones and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Notably, P4 and PGE2 modulated the basolateral secretion of organoid proteins, particularly cystatin C (CST3), serpin family A member 3 (SERPINA3), and stanniocalcin 1 (STC1). CST3, but not SERPINA3 or STC1, attenuated the in vitro stromal decidualization response to steroid hormones and PGE2. These findings provide evidence that uterine gland-derived factors impact stromal cell decidualization, which has implications for pregnancy establishment and fertility in women.
The development of a rapid patient-derived xenograft model to predict chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity/resistance in malignant glial tumors
Authors: Charbonneau Martine , Harper Kelly , Brochu-Gaudreau Karine , Perreault Alexis , Roy Laurent-Olivier , Lucien Fabrice , Tian Shulan , Fortin David , Dubois Claire M
Published: February 2023

Background

High-grade gliomas (HGG) are aggressive brain tumors associated with short median patient survival and limited response to therapies, driving the need to develop tools to improve patient outcomes. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, such as mouse PDX, have emerged as potential Avatar platforms for personalized oncology approaches, but the difficulty for some human grafts to grow successfully and the long time required for mice to develop tumors preclude their use for HGG.

Methods

We used a rapid and efficient ex-ovo chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) culture system to evaluate the efficacy of oncologic drug options for HGG patients.

Results

Implantation of fresh glioma tissue fragments from 59 of 60 patients, that include difficult-to-grow IDH-mutated samples, successfully established CAM tumor xenografts within 7 days, with a tumor take rate of 98.3%. These xenografts faithfully recapitulate the histological and molecular characteristics of the primary tumor, and the ability of individual fragments to form tumors was predictive of poor patient prognosis. Treatment of drug-sensitive or drug-resistant xenografts indicates that the CAM-glioma assay enables testing tumor sensitivity to temozolomide and carboplatin at doses consistent with those administered to patients. In a proof-of-concept study involving 14 HGG patients, we observed a correlation of 100% between the CAM xenograft response to temozolomide or carboplatin and the clinical response of patients.

Conclusion

The CAM-glioma model is a fast and reliable assay that has the potential to serve as a complementary model to drug discovery and a real-time Avatar platform to predict the best treatment for HGG patients.
Learning physical characteristics like animals for legged robots
Authors: Xu Peng , Ding Liang , Li Zhengyang , Yang Huaiguang , Wang Zhikai , Gao Haibo , Zhou Ruyi , Su Yang , Deng Zongquan , Huang Yanlong
Published: February 2023

Physical characteristics of terrains, such as softness and friction, provide essential information for legged robots to avoid non-geometric obstacles, like mires and slippery stones, in the wild. The perception of such characteristics often relies on tactile perception and vision prediction. Although tactile perception is more accurate, it is limited to close-range use; by contrast, establishing a supervised or self-supervised contactless prediction system using computer vision requires adequate labeled data and lacks the ability to adapt to the dynamic environment. In this paper, we simulate the behavior of animals and propose an unsupervised learning framework for legged robots to learn the physical characteristics of terrains, which is the first report to manage it online, incrementally and with the ability to solve cognitive conflicts. The proposed scheme allows robots to interact with the environment and adjust their cognition in real time, therefore endowing robots with the adaptation ability. Indoor and outdoor experiments on a hexapod robot are carried out to show that the robot can extract tactile and visual features of terrains to create cognitive networks independently; an associative layer between visual and tactile features is created during the robot’s exploration; with the layer, the robot can autonomously generate a physical segmentation model of terrains and solve cognitive conflicts in an ever-changing environment, facilitating its safe navigation.
RET Fusion-Positive Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: The Evolving Treatment Landscape
Authors: Novello Silvia , Califano Raffaele , Reinmuth Niels , Tamma Antonella , Puri Tarun
Published: February 2023

The objective of this narrative review is to summarize the efficacy and safety of available therapies for rearranged during transfection (RET) fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including in patients with central nervous system (CNS) metastases. Background information is provided on RET rearrangements in NSCLC and the molecular testing options available as well as an overview of clinical guidelines for molecular testing, which recommend broad molecular testing, including for RET rearrangements. The efficacy and safety of potential treatments for RET fusion-positive NSCLC, including multikinase inhibitors, RET-selective inhibitors, pemetrexed-based therapy, and immunotherapies are reviewed from Phase I/II and `real-world’ studies, alongside an overview of primary and secondary resistance mechanisms. The RET-selective inhibitors, selpercatinib and pralsetinib, are preferred first-line therapy options for patients with RET fusion-positive metastatic NSCLC and are recommended as subsequent therapy if RET inhibitors have not been used in the first-line setting.
The Evidence of Things Not Seen (Through the Things That Are)
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 6 turns to materiality, embodiment, and the “stuff of salvation,” and to the negotiated religious practices developed in an around Mātṛ Dhām Āśram, as much a tīrtha as other sacred spaces in Varanasi. To do this, the author draws on recent work by T. M. Luhrmann, especially her theorization on the cultivation of divine-human relationships that she dubs “spiritual kindling” and “faith framing.” In order to understand the development of the relatively new sacred space that is Mātṛ Dhām Āśram and its perception as being “charged,” the author draws on Robert Orsi’s understanding of abundance, offering what he aims to show is a more precise analytical category, that of “abundant place.” Finally, he explains various indigenized saṅskārs, or sacraments being developed in tandem by bhaktas and Catholic religious to either supplement or supplant life-cycle rituals practiced in local villages.
American Cinematic Intervention
Authors: Fu Po-Shek
Published: February 2023

Drawn from untapped historical sources and the Asia Foundation collection at the Hoover Institution, this chapter reconstructs the brief and yet historically significant efforts of Chang Kuo-sin’s Asia Pictures, which was funded by the US agency to crush Communist influences in Hong Kong’s émigré culture industry. This from-the-bottom-up reconstruction sheds light on the ambivalent history of US covert interventions to enlist the support of the British colony’s Mandarin-language popular cultural figures to compete with Communist China for the hearts and minds of Chinese diaspora in the region.
Bentham's An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
Authors: Sverdlik Steven
Published: February 2023

This book explains and evaluates the main arguments and themes in Bentham’s Introduction (IPML). It’s designed for upper level undergraduate students of philosophy; it would also be useful for grad students and scholars in philosophy and other disciplines. Each chapter of the book is discussed in sequence. Emphasis is placed on Bentham’s original goal of introducing a utilitarian penal code. His causal theory of action, and account of motives and motivation, are analyzed carefully, so as to lay the groundwork for his treatment of the deterrence of potential offenders, and the punishment of convicted offenders. Bentham’s approach to making acts into legal offenses, or “criminalization,” is also treated. His understanding of the principle of utility, theory of intrinsic value, and claims about the measurement of pleasure and pain, and intrinsic value, are fully discussed. Some attention is given to the features of English criminal law in Bentham’s time, and to its practice in contemporary societies.
Bentham’s Chapter V
Authors: Sverdlik Steven
Published: February 2023

Bentham’s conception of pleasure and pain is discussed as well as his elaborate classification of pleasures and pains. It’s emphasized that he thinks that many kinds of pleasures and pains can only be experienced by creatures who have complex concepts, thoughts, and beliefs. Bentham’s distinction between extra-regarding and self-regarding pleasures and pains is important, and is discussed carefully. He asserts that only benevolent and malevolent pleasures and pains are extra-regarding. Bentham’s remarks suggest that he thinks that extra-regarding pleasures and pains are taken in the pleasures and pains of others for their own sake, or noninstrumentally, but he doesn’t explicitly say this.
Bentham’s Chapter VI
Authors: Sverdlik Steven
Published: February 2023

Bentham presents generalizations about how various circumstances affect or are correlated with the amount of pleasure or pain a person receives from a given cause. Some concern her psychological tendencies, or bodily conditions. Others concern her situation in society, or large-scale factors like government and climate. Some of his generalizations are true, others false. The relationship between moral claims, and factual or scientific claims, is explained. The principle of utility and Bentham’s theory of value are compatible with factual assumptions different from the ones he makes about “sensibility,” for example. An explanation is given of the sophisticated distinction Bentham makes between the kinds of information available to a utilitarian “legislator,” and the information available to a judge or “executive magistrate,” who applies those laws to identified individuals.
Bentham’s Chapter VII
Authors: Sverdlik Steven
Published: February 2023

In IPML Bentham presents a causal theory of action. In Chapter VII he begins his account of it in the middle of the causal sequence, with the nature of an action. Some of the important distinctions about actions he makes are explained. Human actions are distinct from physical actions. Bentham implies that a human action performed by a given person is causally initiated by an intention of hers. He also discusses an act’s production of consequences, considering this at an abstract level. The causal concepts he uses are explained, as well as how these would be incorporated into a penal code.
Defining, Measuring, and Counting
Authors: Rank Mark Robert
Published: February 2023

Chapter 2 examines various ways to define and measure poverty. Definitions of poverty can vary, but they all touch on the idea that those in poverty lack the necessities to maintain a minimally adequate life. Several distinctions are discussed with regard to measuring poverty. These include absolute versus relative measures, pretransfer versus posttransfer measures, income versus asset-based measures, earnings versus consumption measures, and yearly versus monthly measures of poverty. The manner in which the official measure is constructed is also discussed, along with a discussion of the overall trends in U.S. poverty and length of poverty spells. The chapter concludes by reviewing the demographic makeup of the poverty population, as well as the geographical distribution of where those in poverty live.
Cumulative Inequality
Authors: Rank Mark Robert
Published: February 2023

Chapter 5 examines the role that cumulative inequality plays in influencing the quantity and quality of human capital individuals acquire. It is argued that social class in particular tends to reproduce itself. The analogy of an altered game of Monopoly is used to illustrate this process. Those growing up with fewer resources and advantages will likely wind up with fewer resources as adults. The process of cumulative inequality results in advantages or disadvantages widening over time. Various stages of the life course are used to illustrate this pattern, including research on the neighborhood that one grows up in, the schools one attends, the type of job and earnings one has, and the quality of one’s health.
Policy Implications
Authors: Rank Mark Robert
Published: February 2023

Chapter 8 uses the structural vulnerability model to help guide what policies and strategies will effectively alleviate poverty. These include increasing access to key public resources such as education, healthcare, and housing; building the assets of lower income households; increasing the number of livable wage jobs as well as providing a robust safety net to protect individuals from falling into poverty; and facilitating organizing efforts aimed at reducing poverty and injustice. It is argued that each of these strategies have the potential to significantly reduce the extent of poverty in the United States. Taken as a whole, they represent a blueprint for addressing poverty in the future.
Athletes and Sport-Related Concussions
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M.
Published: February 2023

This chapter discusses the unique challenges and considerations related to concussion in sport and outlines the guidelines that are used to inform the return-to-play process for athletes with concussion. Participation in contact sports may increase risk of concussion. However, proper use of safety equipment and following safety rules can reduce the likelihood of concussion. Any athlete concerned about the cumulative effects of concussions or exposure to subconcussive forces should seek a comprehensive neurological and neuropsychological evaluation. Evidence of an increasingly prolonged recovery period, or increased symptoms with progressively less impact force, may signal the need for retirement from sport.
Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?
Authors: Jaffee Michael S. , Broshek Donna K. , Svingos Adrian M.
Published: February 2023

Recently there has been a significant increase in public awareness about concussion and its consequences. This has resulted in increased education and training for medical providers, teachers, coaches, and athletes. It has also resulted in more funding for concussion research and more research focused on concussion and how to best manage it. New technology is being developed and tested to help with diagnosis and treatment of concussion. There are advances in the development of event detectors and a variety of biomarkers which may signal that a concussion has occurred. These biomarkers may include specialized proteins detects in blood or spinal fluid, advanced analysis of neuroimaging scans, or measurements of neurophysiology such as brain waves or variation in heart rate. As technology advances, there may be more challenging questions for the future of concussion understanding and management.
Living with Distrust
Authors: Umbres Radu
Published: February 2023

Based on two years of fieldwork in a Northeast Romanian village, this book offers an ethnographic, interdisciplinary interpretation of social interactions in a low-trust society. In Săteni, cooperation with unrelated or unfamiliar partners fails to take off while distrust permeates everyday life and cultural representations. This book argues that the costs of misplaced trust restricted Săteni moral expectations and cooperative practices to family, kinship, and friendship ties. Household autarky and personalized morality offered an optimal strategy against political, ecological, or social unpredictability. Trust appears by social agreement around cultural representations of moral behavior, persists by social interdependence, and collapses when interests misalign. Outside family-centric social relationships lies a struggle for scarce resources of land, money, or prestige, with deception or predation lurking around every corner. Kinship, economy, politics, and rituals are organized around the distinction between the mutualism of trusted partners and perennial competition against the rest of the world. This ethnography analyzes the intersection of ecology, history, traditions, social organization, technology, and evolved human dispositions for communication, cooperation, and conflict that generate a culture of distrust.
The Rules of Rescue
Authors: Pummer Theron
Published: February 2023

This is a book about duties to help others. When does one have to sacrifice life and limb, time and money, to prevent harm to others? When must one save more people rather than fewer? These questions arise in emergencies involving nearby strangers who are drowning or trapped in burning buildings. But they also arise in everyday life, in which one has constant opportunities to give time or money to help distant strangers in need of food, shelter, or medical care. With the resources available, one can provide more help or less. This book argues that it is often wrong to provide less help rather than more, even when the personal sacrifice involved makes it permissible not to help at all. It shows that helping distant strangers by donating or volunteering is morally more like rescuing nearby strangers than most of us realize. The ubiquity of opportunities to help others threatens to make morality extremely demanding, and the book argues that it is only thanks to adequate permissions grounded in considerations of cost and autonomy that one may pursue one’s own plans and projects. It concludes that many are required to provide no less help over their lives than they would have done if they were effective altruists.
Introduction
Authors: Pummer Theron
Published: February 2023

This introduction presents the topic, methodology, and aims of the book. The book is about moral reasons and requirements to help others—whether in nearby rescue cases or in everyday cases of donating time and money to help distant strangers. Contrary to act consequentialism, one is not always required to do whatever available act has the best outcome or helps the most. There are non-consequentialist permissions. Nonetheless, there are moral reasons to engage in effective altruism, sometimes even requirements to do so. The introduction includes a significant discussion of methodology, particularly concerning the role of intuitive claims in ethics and the use of “clean” imagined cases. It also provides a brief overview of the book’s chapters, followed by more detailed chapter summaries.
Requirements to Rescue and Permissions Not to
Authors: Pummer Theron
Published: February 2023

Chapter 1 introduces the book’s basic framework of requiring reasons and permitting reasons. Requiring reasons serve to make acts required. Permitting reasons serve to make acts permissible (without serving to make acts required) by serving to prevent requiring reasons from making acts wrong. An act is required—wrong not to do—when there is most requiring reason overall to do it and no sufficiently strong permitting reason not to do it. The chapter then proceeds to defend two main claims: first, that there are (strong) requiring reasons to rescue strangers from (large) harms and, second, that there are (cost-based and autonomy-based) permitting reasons not to rescue, which can make it permissible not to act in accord with the balance of requiring reasons to rescue. Finally, the chapter discusses the compatibility of these two claims with three competing views of rights to be rescued.
Numbers Count
Authors: Pummer Theron
Published: February 2023

Chapter 2 defends the view that, while there is more requiring reason overall to save A and C than there is to save A and more requiring reason overall to save B and C than there is to save A, there is an individualist permitting reason to save A in the latter “conflict case” but not in the former “no-conflict case.” While the individualist permitting reason to save A’s life does not make it permissible to save A’s life instead of saving B’s life and C’s life, it does make it permissible to save A’s life instead of saving B’s life and C’s finger. The chapter further shows how this view does not imply various counterintuitive claims, such as the “fully aggregative” claim that one is required to save billions of people from very mild pain rather than save one person from very intense agony.
The All or Nothing Problem
Authors: Pummer Theron
Published: February 2023

Chapter 3 defends the claim that it is wrong to save one stranger at great cost to oneself instead of saving two strangers at the same great cost, even when it is permissible to save no one. The chapter first provides a positive explanation of this claim, appealing to the framework of requiring reasons and permitting reasons. It then turns to the “all or nothing problem” that this claim seemingly implies that, if one is not going to save the greater number, one is required to do nothing. The chapter presents four possible solutions to this problem and rejects all but one. According to the solution accepted, while it is (non-conditionally) wrong to save one stranger when one can instead save two strangers at the same cost, it is conditionally permissible to (save one, given that one is not going to save two).
Frequent Rescues
Authors: Pummer Theron
Published: February 2023

Chapter 6 explores a case in which opportunities to rescue nearby strangers arise very frequently. In this case, it seems one is not required to take every individual opportunity to help, even if one is required to take some. The chapter develops a view of requiring reasons and permitting reasons that explains this claim. According to this view, “lifetime” features can amplify (cost-based and autonomy-based) permitting reasons not to save strangers. The chapter then asks whether it can be permissible not to respond to a frequently occurring opportunity to help even when it would be wrong not to respond to an otherwise similar rarely occurring opportunity to help. It argues that, while frequency cannot itself make this kind of moral difference, considerations of cost and autonomy correlated with frequency can. Such considerations can make it permissible to rescue one near stranger rather than two distant strangers.
Must You Be an Effective Altruist?
Authors: Pummer Theron
Published: February 2023

Chapter 8 draws together the book’s main argument: that core claims from Chapters 1–4, about requiring reasons to help the most and permitting reasons not to, carry over to a significant range of real-world cases in which one can help using time and money. It argues that in the real world there is a ubiquity of requiring reasons to help strangers. This isn’t overly demanding, given that there is also a ubiquity of sufficiently strong permitting reasons. The chapter then discusses how to modify the book’s main argument, without the assumption that the time, money, and other resources in one’s possession rightfully belong to one. Finally, the chapter argues that a significant proportion of people are required either to be effective altruists or else to provide no less help over their lives than they would have done if they did the minimum required as effective altruists.
Conclusion
Authors: van Eck Caroline
Published: February 2023

In the last chapter the afterlife of the candelabra and related objects from Piranesi’s Museo in interior design c. 1800 is illustrated. Their influence on interior design in Europe and beyond was enormous; it can be traced from Britain to Russia. One could even, in an essay in cultural epidemiology, map the spread across Europe of these artefacts on the dissemination, through books and prints, of the Vasi, Candelabri e Cippi and Diverse Maniere, and thereby draw a new map of the emergence and spread of the Style Empire based on the dissemination of artefacts and images. By writing the biography of the candelabra and related objects, and reconstructing the context of their rediscovery, restoration, revivals, and adaptations, this book argues that style development can no longer be considered as an autonomous process, determined to a large degree by formal and artistic criteria. Instead the emergence of a style is no longer an artistic question, but an anthropological issue, involving both the presence of particular objects, and a particular set of historical circumstances, but also depending on a wider set of features of the human mind. This book is therefore a contribution towards the development of that new, emerging field, in which anthropology, archaeology, and art history, the three disciplines concerned with the object, work together: the field of artefactual knowledge.
Constructing Criminality in the Work of Derrick Sington
Authors: Stewart Victoria
Published: February 2023

Chapter 2 focuses on the work of Derrick Sington, a hitherto under-discussed writer who is significant not least because his experiences at Belsen fuelled his concern with wider issues of the treatment of prisoners and the appropriateness (or, in his view, inappropriateness) of the death penalty. The 1957 book The Offenders: Society and Atrocious Crime, co-authored with journalist Giles Playfair, included a chapter by Sington arguing that Irma Grese, condemned to death at the Belsen Trial for her actions at Belsen and Auschwitz, should not have been hanged, and suggesting that social pressures could have affected her behaviour. The Offenders was published just as the 1957 Homicide Act introduced the defence of diminished responsibility into English and Welsh law, a measure that from Sington’s abolitionist perspective did not go far enough. In the chapter on Grese, Sington also revisited his earlier account of Belsen and attempted to contextualize his first, visceral response to what he saw there. Sington’s later writing therefore opens up the question of how the aftermath of the war crimes trials intersected with debates in Britain about the potential abolition of capital punishment and judicial and penal reform more generally, as well as reframing both Sington’s testimony at the Belsen Trial and his book Belsen Uncovered (1946).
Holocaust Survivors and Refugees in 1940s Detective Fiction
Authors: Stewart Victoria
Published: February 2023

This chapter shows how attempts at incorporating either pre- or post-war refugees into detective narratives often drew on stereotypes, even when the depiction of these individuals was intended to be broadly sympathetic. A comparison between Mitzi, the self-pitying refugee housekeeper in Agatha Christie’s A Murder Is Announced (1950), and Gerd, a refugee who is a model of forbearance and forgiveness in Ellis Peters’s Fallen into the Pit (1951), is instructive here. In many instances, past events in Nazi Germany are alluded to only in passing, with the name of a camp standing for the crimes committed there, and the crimes themselves not described in any detail. This device relates to the economy with which detective fiction generally tends to draw its protagonists, but it also implies that readers would be expected to have some sense of the events alluded to. These novels tend to centre on the closed communities that are typical of interwar detective fiction: the country house, as in G. D. H. and Margaret Cole’s Toper’s End (1942) and Cyril Hare’s An English Murder (1951); the school, in Gladys Mitchell’s Tom Brown’s Body (1949); and even the train compartment, as in Raymond Postgate’s Somebody at the Door (1943). The presence of refugees and survivors in these communities, and their entanglement with the social disturbance that is concomitant with a crime being committed, provides scope for assessing how new understandings of Britain and its relation to Europe were being broached in popular writing at this period.
Desire and Envy amongst Unequals
Authors: Narayanan Amrita
Published: February 2023

When we control for gender as a form of difference, we often discover we have been reducing other forms of difference. This chapter explains how as sexuality becomes openly democratized, women’s differences in sexual power become more obvious as does envy and competition between women. The chapter showcases the tragic paradox that when the patriarchy is fought against, it brings women closer, but when battles are won in sexuality, the spoils of the victors bring the generations into sharper conflict with each other. Looking closely at two historical epochs: the post-1947 period of Independence and the post-1992 period of Economic Liberalization, the chapter outlines the problem of age-related, within-group differences in women’s sexual power by reading the narratives of older and younger women respondents side by side. It highlights the envy in the mother-daughter relationship and concludes by framing ‘Sexual revolution’ and ‘Feminism’ not as aspirations but as generational conflict about how sex should be done.
Sex and the Measure of Indianness
Authors: Narayanan Amrita
Published: February 2023

This chapter adds a political dimension to the version of middle-class woman that is ‘sold’ in India. It unpacks the sexual metaphors of post-Independence politics to give this dimension depth. In the patriarchal imagination political identity is only granted to women who ‘wear’ their nationalism in their dress, a dress code that coerces women to project desexualized, maternal, and domestic associations—the state-sponsored version of ‘womanly’—in exchange for a place at the political table. Explains how the state-sponsored version of woman—upper-middle-class maternal and intelligent but never sexual—is enforced via policing of women’s dress and behaviour. Describes how individual women mourning patriarchy is complicated because the collective mourning about colonialism is incomplete: the anxieties about signing female bodies as ‘Indian’ reflect a far deeper and less resolvable anxiety of gaining distance from the British colonizer.
Speeding up Sport
Authors: Subramanian Vidya
Published: February 2023

How has technology influenced the game of cricket? What did television and information and communication technologies (ICTs) do to the game that changed it from the sedate five-day test match to the flamboyant IPL? How have spectators of cricket changed because of these technologies? Has cricket been overtaken by the politics of speed? This book explores the many ways in which the sport of cricket went from being a game that was described as a ‘ritualised garden party’ to the marketing behemoth that the Indian Premier League is. It explores the many ways in which technologies interact with the sport of cricket, and have pushed cricket towards becoming the sporting entertainment complex that it is today. The IPL, the book argues, has been assembled principally through ICTs and is therefore essentially produced as a ‘sporting platform’.