bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desulfobotulus gen. nov.
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.bo' tu.lus
. L pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; M.L. masc. n.
botulus
sausage; M.L. masc. n.
Desulfobotulus
a sausage‐shaped sulfate reducer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfobacteraceae / Desulfobotulus

Vibrio‐shaped cells, 1.5 × 3–5.5 μm
. Occur singly or in pairs. Sigmoid or spirilloid cells sometimes occur. Spore formation is not observed. Gram negative. The type species is motile. Strict anaerobe with a respiratory type of metabolism.
Chemoorganotrophic
, using butyrate, 2‐methylbutyrate, higher fatty acids up to 18 carbon atoms, lactate, and pyruvate as electron donors and as carbon sources;

carbon sources are incompletely oxidized to acetate as an end product. Sulfate and sulfite serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Thiosulfate, sulfur, fumarate, and nitrate are not used as terminal electron acceptors. Growth in the absence of an external electron acceptor is only possible with pyruvate

. Optimal temperature, 34°C. Anoxic medium, with sulfide as a reductant, is necessary for growth. Vitamins are not required. Cells contain cytochromes of the
b
‐ and
c
‐type. Storage granules of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate occur.
Desulfobotulus
species are widespread in freshwater mud, but might occur in brackish or marine sediments as well.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 53.

Type species
:
Desulfobotulus sapovorans
comb. nov
. (
Desulfovibrio sapovorans
Widdel 1981, 382.)
Desulfofrigus
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.fri' gus
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. neut. n.
frigus
cold; M.L. neut. n.
Desulfofrigus
sulfate reducer living in the cold.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfobacteraceae / Desulfofrigus

Cells are large, straight or slightly curved rods, 0.8–2.1 × 3.2–6.1 µm. Motile cells may be observed in old cultures. Cells stain Gram negative and do not form spores. Strict anaerobe with a respiratory and fermentative type of metabolism.
Chemoorganotroph
, using fatty acids, other carboxylic acids including amino acids, and alcohols as electron donors and also as carbon sources. No growth on fructose and glucose.

Organic substrates completely oxidized to CO
2
or incompletely oxidized to acetate. Sulfate serves as terminal electron acceptor and is reduced to sulfide

. Ferric citrate may also serve as electron acceptor. The type strain can also use thiosulfate and sulfite as electron acceptor. Elemental sulfur, Fe (III)‐oxohydroxide, nitrate, and nitrite are not used as electron acceptors. Fermentative growth on pyruvate, malate, or other carbon substrates is possible. Sulfur and thiosulfate are not disproportionated. Only the type species is obligately psychrophilic. The temperature optimal for growth is 10–18°C, but growth still occurs at −1.8°C. Thermophilic species are not known. The optimal pH for growth is between 7.0 and 7.5.
Desulfofrigus
species require sodium chloride and magnesium chloride, and optimal growth occurs at marine salt concentrations. Media containing a reductant are necessary for growth. Occur in permanently cold marine sediments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 52–53.

Type species
:
Desulfofrigus oceanense
Knoblauch, Sahm and Jørgensen 1999, 1640.
Desulfohalobium
Authors: Ollivier Bernard , Patel Bharat K.C. , Garcia Jean‐Louis
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.hal.o' bium
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; Gr. n.
hals
the sea, salt; Gr. n.
bios
life; M.L. adj.
halobius
living on salt; M.L. masc. n.
Desulfohalobium
a sulfate‐reducing, salt‐requiring, rod‐shaped bacterium.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfohalobiaceae / Desulfohalobium

Rod‐shaped cells
, 0.7–0.9 × 1–3 µm, with rounded ends. Occur singly or in pairs when H
2
is the energy source. Longer cells, up to 20 µm in length, occur in lactate‐containing medium. Motile by one or rarely two polar flagella. Spores are not observed. Gram negative.

Anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism with sulfate or other oxidized sulfur compounds serving as terminal electron acceptors and being reduced to H
2
S. The cells contain desulforubidin

. Desulfoviridin is absent. Chemoorganotrophic, using simple organic compounds as carbon sources and as electron donors for anaerobic respiration.

These compounds are incompletely oxidized to acetate and CO
2
. Moderately halophilic

with NaCl and MgCl
2
required for growth. Vitamins, which can be replaced by yeast extract or bio‐Trypcase and acetate, act as carbon sources when cells are grown on H
2
. The optimal temperature range for growth is 37–40°C. Isolated from sediments of a hypersaline lake.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 57.

Type species
:
Desulfohalobium retbaense
Ollivier, Hatchikian, Prensier, Guezennec and Garcia 1991, 78.
Desulfuromonas
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fu.ro.mo' nas
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; Gr. n.
monas
a unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.
Desulfuromonas
a monad that reduces sulfur.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Desulfuromonales / Desulfuromonaceae / Desulfuromonas

Straight or slightly curved rods and elongated ovoid rods, 0.4–0.9 × 1.0–4.0 μm in length
. Special resting forms such as spores are not known to occur. Gram negative.
Motile, generally by means of a single flagellum located at a lateral or subpolar position
; cells exhibit a characteristic propeller‐like movement. Some strains have polar flagella. Strictly anaerobic.

Possess mainly a respiratory type of metabolism with elemental sulfur serving as the terminal electron acceptor, and being reduced to H
2
S

(dissimilatory sulfur reduction).
L
‐Malate or fumarate may be fermented, giving succinate as the main product in the presence or absence of acetate. Betaine may be fermented to acetate, CO
2
, and trimethylamine. Optimal growth temperature, 30°C. Colonies on anaerobic agar media are translucent to opaque and either
peach‐colored or pink
. Chemoorganotrophic, using acetate and other simple organic compounds as carbon sources (usually together with CO
2
) and electron donors;

acetate and other substrates are completely oxidized to CO
2

via the citric acid cycle as indicated by 2‐oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity. Occur regularly in anoxic sediments of salt lakes and in marine or brackish habitats; have also been enriched from freshwater sediments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 54–62.

Type species
:
Desulfuromonas acetoxidans
Pfennig and Biebl 1977, 306.
Desulfobacca
Authors: Stams Alfons J.M. , Oude Elferink Stefanie J.W.H.
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.bac' ca
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; M.L. pref.
Desulfo
desulfuricating, used to characterize a dissimilatory sulfate‐reducing procaryote; L. fem. n.
baca, bacca
berry, especially olive; M.L. fem. n.
Desulfobacca
a sulfate‐reducing olive‐shaped bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Syntrophobacterales / Syntrophaceae / Desulfobacca

Oval to rod‐shaped cells, 1.3
×
1.9–2.2 μm, occurring singly or in pairs. Nonmotile
. Gram negative. Endospores not formed.

Anaerobic, with respiratory type of metabolism. Sulfate and inorganic sulfur compounds including sulfite and thiosulfate, but not S
0
, act as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Acetate is used as the sole electron donor and carbon source and is oxidized to CO
2
via the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway

. Optimal pH, 7.5–7.7. Optimal temperature, 37°C. Belongs to the class
Deltaproteobacteria
. Isolated from sludge from an anaerobic sludge bed reactor fed with acetate and sulfate.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 51.

Type species
:
Desulfobacca acetoxidans
Oude Elferink, Akkermans‐van Vliet, Bogte and Stams 1999, 349.
Syntrophus
Authors: Kuever Jan , Schink Bernhard
Published: August 2015

Syn
'
tro.phus
. Gr. masc. n.
syntrophos
foster brother; N.L. masc. n.
Syntrophus
one living syntrophically with another so that each produces a nutrient required by the other.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Syntrophobacterales / Syntrophaceae / Syntrophus

Cells are rod shaped with rounded ends, 0.5–0.8
×
1.0–2.0 μm
. Occur singly and in pairs. Gram negative. Endospores not formed. The type species is motile by means of monotrichous polar flagella in the early stage of growth, other species show no motility.

Strictly anaerobic and chemoorganotrophic. Possesses a fermentative type of metabolism. Crotonate is fermented by all species, whereas aromatic compounds such as gentisate, hydroquinone, and cinnamate are only fermented by some species. Some substrates, such as benzoate or fatty acids, are oxidized in the presence of H
2

/
formate‐utilizing methanogenic or sulfate‐reducing partner bacteria. Some species can grow on some substrates in the presence of crotonate as electron acceptor. Substrate oxidation is incomplete and leads to acetate. Sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, sulfur, and nitrate are not used as electron acceptors
. Cells contain cytochromes and menaquinones. Optimal growth temperature, 28–37°C. Occur in anoxic freshwater sediment or sludge from anaerobic wastewater treatment facilities.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 43–53.

Type species
:
Syntrophus buswellii
Mountfort, Brulla, Krumholz and Bryant 1984, 216.
Salinivibrio
Authors: Ventosa Antonio
Published: August 2015

Sa.li.ni.vib' ri.o
. L. adj.
salinus
saline; L. v.
vibrio
move rapidly to and from, vibrate; M.L. masc. n.
Salinivibrio
saline organism which vibrates.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / “Vibrionales” / Vibrionaceae / Salinivibrio

Gram‐negative curved rods
(0.5–06 × 1.0–3.2 µm). Cells occur singly, in pairs, or occasionally united by S shapes or spirals.
Motile by one polar flagellum
. Spores are not formed.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 49.4–50.5.

Type species
:
Salinivibrio costicola
(Smith 1938) Mellado, Moore, Nieto and Ventosa 1996, 820 emend. Huang, Garcia, Patel, Cayol, Baresi and Mah 2000, 620 (
Vibrio costicola
Smith 1938, 29.)
Vibrio
Authors: Farmer J.J. , Michael Janda J. , Brenner Frances W. , Cameron Daniel N. , Birkhead Karen M.
Published: August 2015

Vib' ri.o. L. v.vibriomove rapidly back and forth, vibrate; M.L. masc. n.Vibriothe vibrating, darting organism.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / “Vibrionales” / Vibrionaceae / Vibrio

Small, straight, slightly curved, curved, or comma‐shaped rods, 0.5–0.8 × 1.4–2.6 µm. Involution forms often occur in old cultures and are formed under adverse growth conditions. Do not form endospores or microcysts. Gram negative. In liquid media, motile by monotrichous or multitrichouspolar flagella enclosed in a sheathcontinuous with the outer membrane of the cell wall.On solid media, some species synthesize numerous lateral flagellawith a wavelength shorter than that of the sheathed polar flagellum.Facultative anaerobescapable of bothfermentative and respiratory metabolism. Molecular oxygen is a universal electron acceptor. Most do not denitrify or fix molecular nitrogen. All are chemoorganotrophs; most are able togrow in a mineral medium containingD‐glucose as the sole carbon source and NH+as the sole nitrogen source. A few strains have organic growth factor requirements.Na4+stimulates growth of all species and is an absolute requirement for most; the minimal concentration necessary for optimal growth ranges from 5 to 700 mM (0.029–4.1%). Most species grow well in media containing a seawater base.All fermentD‐glucose producing acid but rarely gas;several species produce acetoin and acetyl methyl carbinol(positive Voges–Proskauer test). Most ferment and utilizeD‐fructose, maltose, and glycerol; areoxidase positive and reduce nitrate to nitrite. Several grow at 4°C; all grow at 20°C; most grow at 30°C; many grow at 35–37°C.A few species are bioluminescent, as are a few strains of normally nonluminescent species.Primarily aquatic; species distribution is usually dependent on Na+and nutrient content of the water as well as its temperature. Very common in marine and estuarine environments and on the surfaces and in the intestinal contents of marine animals. Species with a low Na+requirement are also found in freshwater habitats. Twelve species occur in human clinical specimens;11 of these are apparently pathogenic for humans, causing diarrhea or extraintestinal infections. Several species cause diseases of other vertebrates and invertebrates.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 38–51.

Type species:Vibrio choleraePacini 1854, 411.
Acidithiobacillus
Authors: Kelly Donovan P. , Wood Ann P.
Published: August 2015

A.ci.di.thi.o.ba.cil' lus
. L. adj.
acidus
sour; Gr. n.
thios
sulfur; L. n.
bacillus
a small rod; M.L. masc. n.
Thiobacillus
small acid‐loving sulfur rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Acidithiobacillales / Acidithiobacillaceae / Acidithiobacillus

Obligately acidophilic, aerobic, Gram‐negative rods, 0.4 × 2.0 µm, motile by one or more flagella. Optimum growth below pH 4.0, using reduced sulfur compounds to support autotrophic growth. Some species oxidize ferrous iron or use natural and synthetic metal sulfides for energy generation; some species oxidize hydrogen. Optimum temperature 30–35°C for mesophilic species and 45°C for moderately thermophilic species. Contain ubiquinone Q‐8. Member of the
Gammaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 52–64.

Type species
:
Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans
(Waksman and Joffe 1922) Kelly and Wood 2000, 513 (
Thiobacillus thiooxidans
Waksman and Joffe 1922, 239.)
Thermithiobacillus
Authors: Wood Ann P. , Kelly Donovan P.
Published: August 2015

Therm.i.thi.o.ba.cil' lus
. L. n.
thermae
warm baths; Gr. n.
thios
sulfur; L. n.
bacillus
a small rod; L. masc. n.
Thermithiobacillus
warmth‐loving sulfur rodlet.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Acidithiobacillales / Thermithiobacillaceae / Thermithiobacillus

Gram‐negative, nonsporeforming rods, 0.5 × 1–2 µm. Obligate aerobes, moderately thermophilic and obligately chemolithoautotrophic on reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (thiosulfate, polythionates, sulfur, and sulfide, but not thiocyanate); unable to oxidize ferrous iron. Contain ubiquinone Q‐8. Other general characteristics are those of
Thiobacillus
. Member of the
Gammaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66–67.

Type species
:
Thermithiobacillus tepidarius
(Wood and Kelly 1985) Kelly and Wood 2000, 515 (
Thiobacillus lepidarius
Wood and Kelly 1985, 436.)
Anaerobiospirillum
Authors: Malnick Henry
Published: August 2015

An.ae.ro.bi.o.spi.ril' lum
. Gr. prefix
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air; Gr. n.
bios
life; M.L. dim. neut. n.
spirillum
a small spiral; M.L. neut. n.
Anaerobiospirillum
anaerobic small spiral.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Aeromonadales / Succinivibrionaceae / Anaerobiospirillum

Helical rods 0.6–0.8 × 3–15 μm
, usually occurring singly. Some cells are up to 32 µm in length.
Motile by bipolar tufts of flagella
. Do not form endospores. Gram negative.
Anaerobic, having a strictly fermentative type of metabolism
. Catalase negative or weakly positive. Oxidase negative. Do not hydrolyze esculin, gelatin, hippurate, or urea. Do not reduce nitrate. Lipase activity does not occur. Indole is not produced and meat is not digested.
Ferment carbohydrates; produce succinic and acetic acids from glucose
. May also produce traces of lactic and formic acids. Optimal temperature 37–44°C.
Isolated from feces of dogs and cats. Pathogenic for humans, causing septicemia and/or diarrhea
. Belongs to the class
Gammaproteobacteria
, order
Aeromonadales
, and family
Succinivibrionaceae
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 39–44.

Type species
:
Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens
Davis, Cleven, Brown and Balish 1976, 503.
Succinivibrio
Authors: Bryant Marvin P.
Published: August 2015

Suc.ci.ni.vib’ ri.o.
M.L. n.
acidum succinicum
succinic acid; M.L. masc. n.
vibrio
that which vibrates, a generic name; M.L. masc. n.
Succinivibrio
the succinic acid vibrio.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Aeromonadales / Succinivibrionaceae / Succinivibrio

Curved rods, 0.4–0.6 × 1.0–7.0 μm, with pointed ends. The cells are helically twisted
with less than one coil to three or more coils per cell. The cells may become straight or only slightly curved after maintenance on artificial media. Gram negative.
Possess a progressive vibrating type of motility by means of a single polar flagellum
. Strictly anaerobic. Chemoorganotrophic, having a fermentative type of metabolism with carbohydrates being the main fermentable substrates.
The major products of glucose fermentation are succinate, acetate, formate, and sometimes lactate
. Butyrate and H
2
are not formed. A large net uptake of CO
2
may occur. Occur in the rumen of cattle and sheep.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: unknown.

Type species
:
Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens
Bryant and Small 1956, 22.
Glaciecola
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: August 2015

Gla.ci.e' co.la
. L. fem. n.
glacies
ice; L. gen. n.
incola
an inhabitant; M.L. fem. n.
Glaciecola
inhabitant of ice.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Alteromonadales / Alteromonadaceae / Glaciecola

Slender rod‐shaped cells, 0.2–0.4 × 1.0–5.0 μm. May be slightly curved, curved, or spiral
. Gram negative.
Motile
. Nonsporeforming.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the only known terminal electron acceptor. Chemoheterotrophic.
Psychrophilic
, growing best at temperatures well below room temperature. In liquid media, the maximal growth temperature for most strains is at about 25–26°C; on agar media, no growth occurs above 20°C.
Seawater is required for growth. Oxidase and catalase positive
. Major fatty acids are hexadecaenoic acid (C
16:1 ω7c
), hexadecanoic acid (C
16:0
), and octadecaenoic acid (C
18:1 ω7c
). Belongs to the
Gammaproteobacteria
. Habitat: Antarctic sea‐ice diatom assemblages.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 40–46.

Type species
:
Glaciecola punicea
Bowman, McCammon, Brown and McMeekin 1 9 9 8b, 1220.
Chromatium
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Chro.ma' ti.um
. Gr. n.
chroma
color; M.L. neut. n.
Chromatium
one which is colored.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Chromatium

Cells are
straight or slightly curved rods
, more than 3 µm wide, single or in pairs, multiply by binary fission.
Motile
by a polar tuft of multitrichous flagella that can be seen in the light microscope, Gram negative, belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
, and contain
internal photosynthetic membranes of vesicular type
in which the photosynthetic pigments bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids are located.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 48.0–50.0.

Type species
:
Chromatium okenii
(Ehrenberg 1838) Perty 1852,174 (
Monas okenii
Ehrenberg 1838, 15.)
Halochromatium
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F. , Caumette Pierre
Published: August 2015

Ha' lo.chro.ma' ti.um
. Gr. gen. n.
halos
of the salt;
Chromatium
a genus name; M.L. neut. n.
Halochromatium
the
Chromatium
of the salt.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Halochromatium

Cells straight to slightly curved rods
, single or in pairs, multiply by binary fission.
Motile by polar flagella
, Gram negative, belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
, and contain internal
photosynthetic membranes of vesicular type
with bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids as photosynthetic pigments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 64.6–66.3.

Type species
:
Halochromatium salexigens
(Caumette, Baulaigue and Matheron 1988) Imhoff, Süling and Petri 1998b, 1140 (
Chromatium salexigens
Caumette, Baulaigue and Matheron 1988, 291.)
Pfennigia
Authors: Tindall Brian J.
Published: August 2015

Pfen.nig' ia
. M.L.
ia
ending; M.L. fem. n.
Pfennigia
named after Norbert Pfennig, in recognition of his contribution to the biology and taxonomy of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Pfennigia

Oval to spherical cells, 1.9–3.8 × 2.0–4.5 μm
. May form large aggregates (up to 40 cells). Gas vacuoles occur in the central part of the cytoplasm. The intracytoplasmic membrane system is of the vesicular type.
Nonmotile
. Gram negative.
Photolithotrophic under anaerobic conditions in the light
; chemoautotrophic under microaerobic conditions in the dark.

Hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate, and S
0
serve as electron donors. Globules of S
0
appear in cells during oxidation of sulfide or thiosulfate to sulfate. Major photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll
a
and the carotenoid okenone

. Isolated from the chemocline of freshwater lakes.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 63.4–64.1.

Type species
:
Pfennigia purpurea
(Eichler and Pfennig 1988) Tindall 1999, 1308 (
Amoebobacter purpureus
Eichler and Pfennig 1988, 399.)
Thiorhodovibrio
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F. , Overmann Jörg
Published: August 2015

Thi' o.rho.do.vi' brio
. Gr. n.
thios
sulfur; Gr. n.
rhodon
the rose; L. v.
vibrio
vibrate; M.L. masc. n.
vibrio
that which vibrates;
Thiorhodovibrio
rose vibrio with sulfur.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Thiorhodovibrio

Individual
cells vibrioid to spirilloid, motile by a single polar flagellum
, multiply by binary fission. Gram negative, belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
, and contain
internal membranes of vesicular type
with bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids as photosynthetic pigments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 61–63.

Type species
:
Thiorhodovibrio winogradskyi
Overmann, Fischer and Pfennig 1993, 188 (Effective publication: Overmann, Fischer and Pfennig 1992, 334.)
Halorhodospira
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Ha' lo.rho' do.spi' ra
. Gr. gen. n.
halos
of the salt; Gr. n.
rhodon
the rose; Gr. n.
spira
the spiral; M.L. fem. n.
Halorhodospira
the spiral rose from salt lakes.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Ectothiorhodospiraceae / Halorhodospira

Cells spirals or rods, 0.5–1.2 µm in diameter, motile by means of bipolar flagella, multiply by binary fission.
Gram negative and belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
.
Internal photosynthetic membranes appear as lamellar stacks
that are continuous with the cytoplasmic membrane.

Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll
a
or
b
and carotenoids

.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 50.5–69.7.

Type species
:
Halorhodospira halophila
(Raymond and Sistrom 1969) Imhoff and Süling 1997, 915 (Effective publication: Imhoff and Süling 1996, 110) (
Ectothiorhodospira halophila
Raymond and Sistrom 1969, 125.)
Halothiobacillus
Authors: Kelly Donovan P. , Wood Ann P.
Published: August 2015

Hal.o.thi.o.ba.cil' lus
. Gr. n.
hals
sea, salt; Gr. n.
thios
sulfur; L. n.
bacillus
a small rod; L. masc. n.
Thiobacillus
salt‐loving sulfur rodlet.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Halothiobacillaceae / Halothiobacillus

Obligately chemolithoautotrophic Gram‐negative rods, 0.3–0.6 × 1.0–2.5 µm, occurring singly or in pairs. Energy for growth is obtained from the oxidation of reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (thiosulfate, tetrathionate, trithionate, sulfur, and sulfide, but not thiocyanate); unable to oxidize ferrous iron. Tolerant of high concentrations of solutes (e.g., 4 M NaCl; 0.25 M sodium thiosulfate), with some strains showing moderate halophily with a requirement for NaCl (optima 0.4–1.0 M NaCl). Optimum temperature for growth 30–42°C and optimum pH 6.5–8.0. During growth on reduced sulfur compounds, pH is changed from neutrality to pH 2.5–3.0. Contain ubiquinone Q‐8. Member of the
Gammaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 56–67.

Type species
:
Halothiobacillus neapolitanus
(Parker 1957) Kelly and Wood 2000, 515 (
Thiobacillus neapolitanus
Parker 1957, 86.)
Arsenophonus
Authors: Werren John H.
Published: August 2015

Ar.se.no.pho' nus
. Gr. n.
arsen
a male; Gr. suff.
phonus
slayer; N.L. masc. n.
Arsenophonus
male‐killer.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Arsenophonus

Cells are Gram‐negative, nonmotile, nonsporeforming, nonflagellated, long to highly filamentous rods, which divide by septation.
The bacteria infect insect tissues
. The type species can be cultivated on cell‐free media. Colonies are mucoid, gray‐white, round, and convex with entire edges. Enzymatically digested proteins best serve as nitrogen sources. Does not utilize KNO
3
, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, complete defined amino acid mixtures, or acid‐hydrolyzed peptones as nitrogen sources. Sugars sucrose, fructose, and
D
‐glucose are utilized as primary carbon sources. Weak growth occurs with maltose, trehalose, cellobiose, and
D
‐xylose. Acid is produced with
D
‐glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Growth is negative with
L
‐arabinose, glycerol, dulcitol, lactose,
D
‐mannitol, raffinose, and
i
‐inositol. Positive for catalase and gelatin liquefaction; negative for Voges–Proskauer, methyl red, nitrate reduction, indole, oxidase, hydrogen sulfide, o‐nitrophenyl‐β‐
D
‐galactopyranoside, lysine and ornithine decarboxylase, urease, and arginine dehydrolase. Cells grow at pH 6.2–8.7 (optimum pH range 7.4–8.0), and a temperature range of 15–35°C (30°C optimum).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 39.5.

Type species
:
Arsenophonus nasoniae
Gherna Werren, Weisburg, Cote, Woese, Mandelco and Brenner 1991, 564.
Hafnia
Authors: Sakazaki Riichi
Published: August 2015

Haf' ni.a
. L. fem. n.
Hafnia
the old name for Copenhagen.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Hafnia

Straight rods
, ~1.0 × 2.0–5.0 µm, conforming to the general definition of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
. Not encapsulated. Gram negative.
Motile by peritrichous flagella at 30°C
, but nonmotile strains may occur. Facultatively anaerobic. Oxidase negative. Catalase positive.
The majority of strains utilize citrate as a sole carbon source at 30°C
after 3–4 d of incubation. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite. H
2
S is not produced in the butt of Kligler iron agar. Gelatinase, lipase, and deoxyribonuclease are not produced. Alginate is not utilized. Pectate is not decomposed. Phenylalanine deaminase is not produced.
Lysine and ornithine decarboxylase tests are positive
, but the arginine dihydrolase test is negative.
D
‐Glucose is fermented with the production of acid and gas.

Acid is not produced from
D
‐sorbitol, raffinose, melibiose

,

d

‐
adonitol
,

d

‐

arabitol, and
myo
‐inositol

. The methyl red test is usually positive at 35°C and negative at 22°C. Acetylmethylcarbinol is usually produced from
D
‐glucose at 22–28°C but may not be produced at 35°C. Occur in the feces of humans and a wide range of animals including birds; also occur in sewage, soil, water, and dairy products. A member of the
Gammaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 48–49.

Type species
:
Hafnia alvei
Møller 1954, 272.
Kluyvera
Authors: Farmer J.J.
Published: August 2015

Kluy' ve.ra
. M.L. fem. n.
Kluyvera
named by Asai et al. (1956) to honor the Dutch microbiologist A.J. Kluyver, who made many contributions to microbial physiology and taxonomy.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Kluyvera

Small rod‐shaped cells, 0.5–0.7 × 2–3 µm, conforming to the general definition of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
. Gram negative. Motile, with peritrichous flagella. Contains the enterobacterial common antigen. Facultatively anaerobic. Catalase positive (weak). Oxidase negative. Nonpigmented. Ferment, rather than oxidize,
D
‐glucose and other carbohydrates. Reduce nitrate to nitrite.
Positive for indole production, methyl red, citrate utilization
(
Simmons
),
ornithine decarboxylase, motility at 36°C, growth in the presence of cyanide
(
KCN test
),

malonate utilization, and esculin hydrolysis. Ferment
D
‐glucose, lactose, sucrose

,

d

‐
mannitol, salicin
,

l

‐
arabinose, raffinose
,

l

‐
rhamnose, maltose
,

d

‐
xylose, trehalose, cellobiose
, α‐
methyl
‐

d

‐
glucoside, melibiose, mucate
,

d

‐

mannose, and
D
‐galactose. Produce visible gas during fermentation. Produce large amounts of

α‐

ketoglutaric acid during the fermentation of
D
‐glucose

. Negative for Voges–Proskauer, H
2
S production (TSI), urea hydrolysis, phenylalanine deaminase, arginine dihydrolase, gelatin hydrolysis (22°C), lipase (corn oil), DNase, and the fermentation of dulcitol, adonitol,
myo
‐inositol, erythritol, and
D
‐arabitol. Susceptible to colistin, sulfadiazine, gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol (disk diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar);
resistant to carbenicillin; penicillin, ampicillin, and cephalothin
; variable susceptibility to nalidixic acid and streptomycin.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 55.1–56.6.

Type species
:
Kluyvera ascorbata
Farmer, Fanning, Huntley‐Carter, Holmes, Hickman, Richard and Brenner 1981b, 382 (Effective publication: Farmer, Fanning, Huntley‐Carter, Holmes, Hickman, Richard and Brenner 1981a, 927.)
Morganella
Authors: Janda J. Michael , Abbott Sharon L.
Published: August 2015

Mor.ga.nel'; la. M.L. dim. ending ‐ella;M.L. fem. n.Morganellanamed after H. de R. Morgan, who first studied the organism.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Morganella

Straight rods, 0.6–0.7 × 1.0–1.7 µm. Gram negative. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Facultatively anaerobic.Oxidative deamination of various amino acids includingL‐phenylalanine andL‐tryptophan(Singer and Volcani, 1955).Urease positive. Indole positive(Penner, 1984). Relatively few carbohydrates fermented.Ornithine decarboxylase positive. Acid produced fromD‐mannose but notD‐xylose. Gelatin not degraded. The genusMorganellapresently resides in the classGammaproteobacteriain the familyEnterobacteriaceae, based upon DNA hybridization data and not rDNA sequencing (Stackebrandt et al., 1988). 16S rDNA sequence data are presently unavailable.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 50 (Falkow et al., 1962).

Type species:Morganella morganii(Winslow, Kliger and Rothberg 1919) Fulton 1943, 81 (Bacillus morgani(sic) Winslow, Kliger and Rothberg 1919, 481;Proteus morganii(Winslow, Kliger and Rothberg 1919) Yale 1939b, 435.)
Pragia
Authors: Schindler Jiri
Published: August 2015

Pra' gi.a
. L. fem. n.
Pragia
of Prague, the city in which strains of the genus were identified.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Pragia

Gram‐negative, oxidase‐negative, catalase‐positive, peritrichously flagellated rods conforming to the definition of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
. Facultatively anaerobic. Colonies approximately 0.5 mm in diameter are formed on nutrient, Endo, and MacConkey agars. Colonies formed on desoxycholate‐citrate agar have a black center. Nonhemolytic on sheep blood agar. A
Shigella
‐like odor is produced on nutrient agar. A pigsty‐like odor is produced on Endo agar overlaid with a sloping surface of agar. Growth at 4°C,
but not at 42°C
. Optimal growth is obtained at temperatures between 22 and 37°C. Fermentative, forms acid without gas from
D
‐glucose and
D
‐galactose. Motile, reduces nitrates to nitrite,
utilizes citrate, produces hydrogen sulfide, and oxidizes gluconate
. The majority of strains is positive for the methyl red test and delayed positive for acid production from glycerol and
myo
‐inositol. Negative reactions in tests for indole production, Voges–Proskauer test, phenylalanine deaminase, lysine and ornithine decarboxylases, arginine dihydrolase, urease, deoxyribonuclease, malonate, ONPG, growth in KCN, and acid production from
L
‐arabinose, cellobiose, dulcitol, lactose, maltose,
D
‐mannitol,
D
‐mannose, melibiose, raffinose,
L
‐rhamnose,
D
‐sorbitol,
D
‐sorbose, starch, sucrose, and trehalose. Additional biochemical reactions are given in Table 1 of the chapter on
Enterobacteriaceae
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 46–47.

Type species
:
Pragia fontium
Aldová, Hausner, Brenner Kocmoud, Schindler, Potužníková, and Petráš 1988a, 187.
Serratia
Authors: Grimont Francine , Grimont Patrick A.D.
Published: August 2015

Ser.ra' ti.a. M.L. fem. n.Serratianamed after Serafino Serrati, an Italian physicist.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Serratia

Straight rods, 0.5–0.8 × 0.9–2.0 µm in length, with rounded ends. Conform to the general definition of the familyEnterobacteriaceae. Gram negative, generallymotile, by means of peritrichous flagella.Facultatively anaerobic. Nitrate and chlorate are reduced anaerobically. Growth factors are generally not required. Colonies on nutrient agar are most often opaque, somewhat iridescent, and eitherwhite, pink, or red in color. Almost all strains can grow at temperatures between 10 and 36°C, at pH 5–9, and in the presence of 0–4% (w/v) NaCl. The catalase reaction is strongly positive.d‐Glucose is fermentedthrough the Embden–Meyerhof pathway. The major glucose entry route involves a phosphoenolpyruvate‐dependent phosphotransferase system with both enzyme IIGlc(glucose permease) and enzyme IIMan(mannose permease). Glucose is also oxidized to gluconate in the presence of pyrroloquinoline quinone.Gluconate is oxidized to 2‐ketogluconate. Acetoin is produced from pyruvateby all species exceptS. fonticola. Fructose,D‐galactose, maltose,D‐mannitol,D‐mannose, ribose, and trehalose are fermented and utilized as sole carbon sources.L‐fucose is fermented and utilized as sole carbon source by all species exceptS. fonticola.L‐sorbose is not fermented or utilized as sole carbon source. All species butS. fonticolafail to ferment or utilize dulcitol and tagatose.N‐acetylglucosamine,D‐alanine,L‐alanine, citrate,D‐galacturonate,D‐glucosamine,D‐glucuronate, 2‐ketogluconate,L‐proline, putrescine,L‐serine are utilized as sole carbon sources by most strains. Caprate, caproate,caprylate, and tyrosine areutilizedas sole carbon sources by all species exceptS. fonticola. 5‐Aminovalerate, butyrate,m‐coumarate, ethanolamine and tryptamine are not utilized as sole carbon sources. All species exceptS. fonticolafail to utilize 3‐phenylpropionate. All species exceptS. entomophilafail to utilize itaconate. Phenylalanine, histidine, and tryptophan deaminases and thiosulfate reductase (H2S from thiosulfate) are not produced.o‐Nitrophenyl‐β‐d‐galactopyranoside(ONPG) ishydrolyzed by most strains. Esculin is hydrolyzed by most strains exceptS. proteamaculanssubsp.quinovora.Extracellular enzymesof all species exceptS. fonticolahydrolyze DNA, lipids(tributyrin, corn oil)and proteins(gelatin, casein), but not starch (in four days), polygalacturonic acid, or pectin. Tween‐80 is hydrolyzed by all species exceptS. odorifera. The organismsoccur in the natural environment(soil, water, plant surfaces) oras opportunistic human pathogens.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 52–60.

Type species:Serratia marcescensBizio 1823, 288.
Tatumella
Authors: Farmer J.J.
Published: August 2015

Ta.tum.el' la
. M.L. dim. neut. ‐
ella
ending; M.L. fem. n.
Tatumella
named to honor Harvey Tatum, an American bacteriologist who made many contributions to our understanding of the classification and identification of fermentative and nonfermentative bacteria of medical importance.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Tatumella

Small rod‐shaped cells 0.6–0.8 × 0.9–3 μm
, conforming to the general definition of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
. Contains the enterobacterial common antigen. Gram negative.
Nonmotile at 36°C; over half the strains are motile by means of polar, subpolar, or lateral flagella when grown at 25°C
. Facultatively anaerobic. Catalase positive (weak and slow). Oxidase negative. Nonpigmented.
Stock cultures often die within a few weeks on laboratory media. Biochemically more active at 25°C than at 36°C
. Ferment, rather than oxidize,
D
‐glucose; without the formation of visible gas. Reduce nitrate to nitrite.
Very inactive biochemically; positive tests only for Voges—Proskauer
(
Coblentz method
),

phenylalanine deaminase, and fermentation of sucrose, trehalose, and
D
‐mannose. Negative for most tests

: indole production, methyl red, Voges—Proskauer (O'Meara method), citrate utilization (Simmons), H
2
S production (TSI), urea hydrolysis, lysine decarboxylase, arginine dihydrolase, ornithine decarboxylase, growth in the presence of cyanide (KCN test), malonate utilization, esculin hydrolysis, ONPG, gelatin hydrolysis (22°C), lipase (corn oil), DNase, gas production during fermentation, and the fermentation of lactose,
D
‐mannitol, dulcitol, adonitol,
myo
‐inositol,
D
‐sorbitol,
L
‐arabinose, raffinose,
L
‐rhamnose, maltose,
D
‐xylose, cellobiose, α‐methyl‐
D
‐glucoside, erythritol,
D
‐arabitol, glycerol, and mucate. Have very large zones of inhibition around antibiotics; susceptible to colistin, nalidixic acid, sulfadiazine, gentamicin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, carbenicillin, ampicillin, and cephalothin (disk diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar).
Large zone of inhibition around a penicillin G (10 U) disk, in contrast to most other
Enterobacteriaceae
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 53–54.

Type species
:
Tatumella ptyseos
Hollis, Hickman and Fanning 1982, 267 (Effective publication: Hollis, Hickman, Fanning, Farmer, Weaver and Brenner 1981, 86.)
Methylococcus
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: August 2015

Me.thy.lo.coc' cus
. Fr. n.
méthyle
the methyl radical; Gr. n.
coccus
a grain, berry; M.L. n.
Methylococcus
methyl coccus.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / Methylococcus

Cells appear as
cocci or rods
, 0.8–1.5 × 1.0–1.5 µm. Usually occur singly or in pairs. Form a polysaccharide‐containing
cyst‐like resting stage
that is desiccation sensitive. Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules present.
Gram negative
. If motile, cells are propelled by single polar flagellum. Catalase and oxidase positive.
Strictly aerobic respiratory metabolism
with oxygen as the electron acceptor.
Obligate utilizers of methane and methanol for carbon and energy
. Contain a
partially functional Benson–Calvin cycle
(phosphoribulokinase and ribulose‐1,5‐diphosphate carboxylase activity present); however, incorporation of CO
2
for cellular carbon occurs only in the presence of methane.
Fix atmospheric nitrogen
via an oxygen‐sensitive nitrogenase.
Thermotolerant or moderately thermophilic
with optimal growth between 40–60°C. Major fatty acids include

C
16:0
and C
16:1 ω7c
. 18‐Methyleneubiquinone‐8

(MQ‐8) is the predominant lipoquinone. Isolated from sediments of freshwater lakes and rivers, wetland muds, activated sludge, and wastewater. Belongs to the
Gammaproteobacteria
as part of the Order
Methylococcales
, Family
Methylococcaceae
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 59–65 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Methylococcus capsulatus
Foster and Davis 1966, 1929.
Methylosarcina
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Me.thyl.o.sar.ci' na
. N.L. neut. n.
methylum
the methyl group; L. fem. n.
sarcina
pack, bundle; N.L. fem. n.
Methylosarcina
methane‐utilizing bundle of cells.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / Methylosarcina

Gram‐negative strictly aerobic short, coccoid, or fusiform rods. Form aggregates
in slime layer or capsule. Catalase positive; oxidase negative.
Form cysts. Only carbon sources methane and methanol
. Major fatty acids include C
16:0
, C
16:1 ω8c
, C
16:1 ω7c
, C
16:1 ω5t
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 54.

Type species
:
Methylosarcina fibrata
Wise, McArthur and Shimkets 2001, 620.
Methylosphaera
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: August 2015

Me.thy.lo.sphae' ra
. Fr. n.
méthyle
the methyl radical; Gr. n.
spaira
sphere; M.L. n.
Methylosphaera
methyl sphere.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / Methylosphaera

Cells are spherical
, 1.5–2.0 µm in diameter. Occur singly or in pairs. Cysts or other differentiated
resting stages are not formed. Gas vesicles present
. Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules present.
Gram negative. Nonmotile. Nonpigmented. Strictly aerobic respiratory metabolism
, with oxygen as the electron acceptor.
Obligate utilizer of methane and methanol for carbon and energy
. Carbon–carbon bonded compounds are not utilized. Oxidase and catalase positive. The
ribulose monophosphate pathway
is used to fix formaldehyde for cell carbon. Key enzyme activity of the serine transhydroxymethylase pathway is absent. Nitrate, ammonium salts, and
L
‐glutamine are used as nitrogen sources. Nitrate is reduced to nitrate.
Fix atmospheric nitrogen
. Ribulose‐1,5‐diphosphate carboxylase activity is not present.
Psychrophilic
, growing at −2–20°C with an optimal temperature range of 10–15°C.
No growth occurs on solid agar media. Seawater salts are required for optimal growth
. Major fatty acids include
C

16
:
0

,
C

16
:
1
ω
8c

,
C

16
:
1
ω
7c

,
and C

16
:
1
ω
6c

. Habitat: Isolated from hypolimnetic and benthic zones of an Antarctic meromictic lake of marine salinity. Belongs to the
Gammaproteobacteria
as part of the Order
Methylococcales
, Family
Methylococcaceae
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 43–46 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Methylosphaera hansonii
Bowman, McCammon and Skerratt 1998d, 327 (Effective publication: Bowman, McCammon and Skerratt 1997c, 1457.)
Halomonas
Authors: Vreeland Russell H.
Published: August 2015

Ha.lo.mo' nas
. Gr. n.
hals, halos
salt of the sea; Gr. n.
monas
a unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.
Halomonas
salt(‐tolerant) monad.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Halomonadaceae / Halomonas

Straight or curved rod shaped cells, generally 0.6–0.8 × 1.6–1.9 µm
. One species (
H
.
halodenitrificans
) presents coccoid cells. Species may form elongated, flexuous filaments under certain conditions. Endospores are not formed.
Gram negative. Rod shaped species are motile
by lateral, polar, or peritrichous flagella. Colonies are white or yellow, turning light brown with age.
Possess a mainly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor
. Some species are also capable of anaerobic growth in the presence of nitrate. Some species have been reported to grow under anaerobic conditions in the absence of nitrate if supplied with glucose (but not other carbohydrates or amino acids). Nitrate is reduced to nitrite; nitrogen gas is not formed. All species tested are catalase positive; 17 of the 21 known species are also oxidase positive. Chemoorganotrophic. Carbohydrates, amino acids, polyols, and hydrocarbons can serve as sole carbon sources in mineral media. Ammonium sulfate can serve as a sole nitrogen source.
Intracellular granules are not produced. Halotolerant
(also described as slight to moderate halophiles),
able to grow in NaCl concentrations ranging from 0.1–32.5
% (
w/v
). The major respiratory quinone is ubiquinone 9. The major fatty acids are C
16:1
, C
17:0 cyc
, C
16:0
, C
18:1
, and C
19:0 cyc
. In addition to having the signature sequences found in the
Halomonadaceae, Halomonas
species contain the following four signature bases (by
E
.
coli
numbering): C at position 1424, U at position 1439, A at position 1462, and C at position 1464.
Isolated from saline environments around the world
, including solar salt facilities, intertidal estuaries, the open ocean, and hypersaline lakes (Dead Sea, Israel; Organic Lake, Antarctica).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 52–68.

Type species
:
Halomonas elongata
Vreeland, Litchfield, Martin and Elliot 1980, 495.
Marinomonas
Authors: Sanchez‐Amat Antonio , Solano Francisco
Published: August 2015

Ma.ri.no.mo' nas
. L. adj.
marinus
pertaining to the sea; Gr. n.
monas
a unit, monad; M.L.
Marinomonas
sea monad.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Oceanospirillaceae / Marinomonas

Gram‐negative, straight or curved rods
. Motile by means of polar flagella at one or both poles.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism.
Oxidase positive or negative. Na
+
is required for growth. Do not accumulate poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate
. Do not require organic growth factors.
Do not produce extracellular amylase. Utilize acetate but not butyrate or valerate
. Utilize glutamate, sorbitol, and malate. Commonly isolated from seawater.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 45–50.

Type species
:
Marinomonas communis
(Baumann, Baumann, Mandel and Allen 1972) Van Landschoot and De Ley 1984, 91 (Effective publication: Van Landschoot and De Ley 1983, 3071) (
Alteromonas communis
Baumann, Baumann, Mandel and Allen 1972, 420.)
Marinospirillum
Authors: Satomi Masataka , Kimura Bon , Fujii Tateo
Published: August 2015

Ma.ri.no.spi.ril' lum
. L. adj.
marinus
of the sea; Gr. n.
spira
a spiral; M.L. dim. neut. n.
spirillum
a small spiral;
Marinospirillum
a small spiral from the sea.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Oceanospirillaceae / Marinospirillum

Helical cells. Motile by bipolar tufts of flagella. Thin‐walled coccoid bodies are formed in aging cultures
. Endospores are not formed. Aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.

Na
+
is required for growth

. Chemoheterotrophic.
Accumulate poly
‐β‐
hydroxybutyrate. Oxidase positive. Carbohydrates are neither oxidized nor fermented
. The major isoprenoid quinone type is Q‐8. Belongs to the class
Gammaproteobacteria
. One species has been isolated from putrid infusions of marine mussels; another has been isolated from kusaya gravy.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 42–45.

Type species
:
Marinospirillum minutulum
(Watanabe 1959) Satomi, Kimura, Hayashi, Shouzen, Okuzumi and Fujii 1998, 1346 (
Oceanospirillum minutulum
(Watanabe 1959) Hylemon, Wells, Krieg and Jannasch 1973, 373; “
Spirillum minutulum
” Watanabe 1959, 83.)
Mannheimia
Authors: Mutters Reinier , Angen Øystein , Bisgaard Magne
Published: August 2015

Mann.hei' mi.a
. L. n. fem.
Mannheimia
named in tribute to the German microbiologist Walter Mannheim.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / Mannheimia

Gram‐negative, nonmotile rods or coccobacilli
. Cell diameters of ~0.5 × 1.2 µm are similar to those of
Pasteurella
species.
Some species exhibit bipolar staining
. Endospores are not formed. Growth is mesophilic and facultatively anaerobic or microaerophilic. Neither X nor V factor is required for growth. Glucose is fermented without gas production.
Oxidase reaction is normally positive
, but may be variable.
Alkaline phosphatase test is positive
and
nitrate is reduced
. Simmon's citrate, arginine dihydrolase, and Voges–Proskauer tests are negative, and there is no fermentation of
D
‐adonitol or
L
‐sorbose. All strains ferment
D
‐mannitol. Urease reaction is negative. Trehalose and
D
‐mannose are not fermented. Cultural characteristics are typical of those of the family
Pasteurellaceae
. A zone of β‐
hemolysis is commonly observed
, depending on media, type of blood, and pH.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 39.2–43.9.

Type species
:
Mannheimia haemolytica
(Newsom and Cross 1932) Angen, Mutters, Caugant, Olsen and Bisgaard 1999a, 82 (
Pasteurella haemolytica
Newsom and Cross 1932, 715.)