bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Across the Red Sea to the Paradise Regained: Easter Vigil and Baptism in Prudentius, Cathemerinon 5
Authors: Castelnuovo Elena
Published: October 2021

Easter themes and motifs constitute a secondary level of meaning of the fifth poem in Prudentius’ Cathemerinon, namely the “hymn for the lighting of the lamps”. This is the result of a comparison between this evening hymn and the proclamations that were sung during the Easter vigil throughout the West from the fourth century onwards. The parallels found include light, the crossing of the Red Sea, Christ’s descent into hell, as well as the close relationship between the Exodus and baptism, which was commonly celebrated during the paschal night. That kind of scenario better explains the presence of the Paradise scene that follows the Exodus narrative in Cathemerinon 5: the Eden regained as is depicted by Prudentius, with references to the enclosed garden in the Song of Songs, appears to stand for the Church community to which the newly baptised had finally access.
“Sisters in Peace”: Analyzing the Cooperation between the United Nations and the European Union in Peace Mediation
Authors: Bergmann Julian
Published: October 2021

This article examines UN–EU cooperation over peace mediation. It compares their conceptual approaches to peace mediation and the evolution of their institutional capacities, demonstrating that the EU has learned from the UN, while actively supporting the strengthening of UN mediation capacity. The most important difference concerns the embeddedness of mediation in a broader foreign policy agenda in the case of the EU compared to the UN. The article also examines models of EU–UN cooperation in mediation practice. Drawing on an overview of cases of UN–EU cooperation, the article develops a typology of the constellations through which the two organizations have engaged with and supported each other. A case study on the Geneva International Discussions on South Ossetia and Abkhazia investigates the effectiveness of this coordination. The findings point to a high degree of effectiveness, although this has not yet translated into tangible mediation outcomes.
A Legal Appraisal of the Interplay between the Obligations to Publish/Deposit Charts and Lists of Geographical Coordinates and Unilateral Maritime Claims
Authors: Ioannides Nicholas A.
Published: October 2021

According to Articles 16, 75 and 84 of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), States Parties are under a triple obligation to draw, publish and deposit with the UN Secretary-General charts and/or lists of geographical coordinates of points concerning straight baselines, the outer limits of their maritime zones and delimited maritime boundaries. Interestingly, several States Parties have chosen to advance their maritime claims through the exercise of these duties. The expression of claims through these obligations prior to the reaching of maritime boundary delimitation could be accepted, if the claims are in compliance with the LOSC and the submission is merely of a declaratory nature seeking to ‘formalise’ a State Party’s claims, with the caveat that such assertions are subject to the designation of a definitive boundary, given that there is no such thing as ‘unilateral’ delimitation in international law.
New Scientific Information Can Help to Inform the Evaluation of EU Deep-sea Fisheries Regulations
Authors: Turner Phillip J , Gianni Matthew , Kenchington Ellen , Valanko Sebastian , Johnson David E
Published: October 2021

The European Union’s deep-sea fisheries regulations (Regulation (EU) No. 2016/2336) established obligations to manage deep-sea fisheries and to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs). The European Commission is scheduled to complete a review of the regulations in 2021, providing an opportunity for new scientific information to be incorporated into the implementation of the regulations. Here, we summarise research outputs from the EU-funded Horizon 2020 ATLAS Project and explain their relevance to the regulation of deep-sea fisheries in EU waters. ATLAS research has increased our understanding of the distribution of VMEs and their importance in terms of ecosystem functioning. ATLAS research has also highlighted the utility of molecular techniques to understand fish population structure and the potential for habitat suitability models to help incorporate climate change into decision-making. Building on these scientific advances, we provide recommendations to help increase the effectiveness of management measures to conserve deep-sea fish stocks and protect VMEs.
The Geographical Reach of International Humanitarian Law in Transnational Armed Conflict
Authors: Winter Elliot
Published: October 2021

Non-international armed conflict between States and organised armed groups is a reality of warfare. Since the emergence of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, this form of conflict has been regulated by international humanitarian law. However, a subset of this category known as ‘transnational armed conflict’ has seen aggressive proliferation over recent decades as groups such as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria have taken advantage of the internet and other technologies to expand their reach beyond national frontiers and strike States around the world. This phenomenon has left the geographical extent of international humanitarian law – which has historically relied on State boundaries to determine its ambit – unclear. This article examines the main options for delimiting the geographical reach of the regime in transnational armed conflict. It considers approaches based on international boundaries; ‘hot battlefields’; ‘global application’ and ‘territorial control’ before ultimately concluding that a method based on ‘military presence’ would be the most suitable standard.
The Indeterminacy of Precedent: Negotiating the Admissibility of Victim Participant Testimony before the International Criminal Court
Authors: D’hondt Sigurd , Pérez-León-Acevedo Juan Pablo , Barrett Elena
Published: October 2021

The icc represents a legal laboratory that is still consolidating itself, with multiple unclarities in evidence and procedural law requiring resolution through jurisprudence. Our paper draws on interaction analysis to unpack this process, focusing on the jurisprudential construction of ‘dual status’ victim participant testimony. To elucidate how this evidentiary/procedural element is locally negotiated, we examine an excerpt from the Ongwen hearing transcripts, in which the defense objects against the testimony by a dual status witness called by the victim participants’ legal representative. The analysis traces how the defense counsel’s objection is anchored in a trajectory of prior decisions, and demonstrates that the implementation of the criteria drawn from these decisions is mediated by deep-rooted common-sense assumptions about the ‘ownership’ of testimony. These unspoken assumptions open up a discursive space in which trial actors can discuss the interactional quality of testimony, which adds an element of contingency to the final decision.
Treaty-Based Regulation and Evidence-Extradition Agreements as Critical Tools in the Fight against International Criminal Wrongdoing
Authors: Martin Courtney
Published: October 2021

Draft Article 7 of the UN Draft Convention regarding Crimes Against Humanity provides the terra firma for States to establish and exercise a range of jurisdictional bases, including universal jurisdiction, to be reinforced by State-to-State agreements regarding evidence-extradition for the benefit of downstream truth and justice seeking projects. Legal analysis demonstrates there persists an insistence on treaty regulation and clearly particularised laws at local and international levels to successfully pursue international criminal accountability. Draft Article 7 will give credence to universal jurisdiction, complement the International Criminal Court’s workings and counter its temporal limitations, and negate politically-motivated invocation of the doctrine. A case study involving Australian extradition proceedings highlights how evidence can be obtained efficiently on the basis of a pre-existing bilateral agreement between culturally distinct States. Formal arrangements regarding evidence-exchange will espouse a greater willingness by States to cooperate across borders and will strengthen universality by taking some of the guess-work out of its exercise.
The Fairness of International Justice
Authors: Meernik James , King Kimi
Published: October 2021

There is an ever-expanding system of international criminal justice in which the concern for fairness is equally as powerful as it is in domestic criminal justice systems, but considerably more fraught with political baggage. The goal of our paper is to develop a model of individual evaluations of fairness of an international court and subject our current understandings of fairness to a challenging test by focusing on those with a tremendous stake in the outcomes of trials—the witnesses. We develop a model that emphasizes three core elements of individual judgments regarding fairness: (1) the identity of the individual—those relatively fixed characteristics that individuals use to explain who they are; (2) the individual encounter with international justice; and (3) general, or more objective indicators of Tribunal effectiveness. We then derive specific hypothesis from these expectations. We utilize data from a unique survey of 300 individuals who testified at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (icty). We find that identity, personal efficacy and to a lesser extent, the perceived appropriateness of punishment for the guilty affect perceptions of fairness.
Intent, Responsibility, and the Treatment of Migrant Communities
Authors: Fyfe Shannon
Published: October 2021

At the U.S.–Mexico border, migrants have faced cruel treatment in the form of policies aimed at deterrence, as well as facilities lacking the capacity to treat migrants with dignity if they are apprehended by the Department of Homeland Security. In this paper, I use moral responsibility and atrocity crime frameworks to interrogate the responsibility of the individuals and collectives that are either bystanders to, or directly responsible for, the conditions of these migrants. In constructing frameworks for accountability, I argue that we must acknowledge the wrongdoing of past collectives, individuals, and bystanders in order to ensure a sharp change in future policies, and that moral responsibility allows us to do so more effectively.
Multiple Attribution of Conduct in EU Security Missions
Authors: Carli Eugenio
Published: October 2021

The paper explores the question of multiple attribution of conduct in the framework of EU security missions. Considering the lack of special rules of the EU on attribution of conduct in the course of Common Security and Defence Policy missions, normative references can be found in the 2011 Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations, in particular Article 7 establishing the concept of effective control exercised by the organization over the conduct, as well as in the 2001 Articles on the Responsibility of States, with regard to participating states and conduct of their organs. Several circumstances can be assumed where multiple attribution of conduct applies in such a scenario. This in turn would guarantee a higher degree of accountability and legal certainty, but it is first necessary for jurisprudence to move more decisively in this direction.
The Legal Regime of the Kuwait–Saudi Divided Zone: Clash or Integration Between Sovereignty and Cooperation?
Authors: Almuhana Sharefah A.
Published: October 2021

This article intends to explain the legal regime of the Kuwaiti–Saudi Divided Zone, also called the Neutral Zone, in accordance with the Kuwait–Saudi Arabia Agreement to Partition the Neutral Zone signed in 1965, the Treaty Between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia Concerning the Submerged Area Adjacent to the Divided Zone signed in 2000, the Treaty Supplements to the Agreement to Partition and Treaty Concerning the Submerged Area signed in 2019, and the 2019 Memo of Understanding. Additionally, this article addresses the concerns raised by many Kuwaiti scholars, writers, and policymakers regarding the legitimacy and constitutionality of the divided zone system. Moreover, this article emphasizes the importance of the agreed-upon regime based on the principles of sovereignty and cooperation for advancing the interests of both parties at present and in the future. Finally, this article aims to shed light on some potential issues of conflict.
Towards International Mechanisms for Resolving Investment Disputes in Qatar
Authors: Yaacoub Salim
Published: October 2021

In addition to possessing one of the largest proven gas reserves worldwide, Qatar benefits from a strategic location between the East and West, forming an attractive destination for foreign direct investments. Law No. 1/2019 regulating non-Qatari capital investments provides investors with greater political and social stability along with a full range of benefits. The most significant among these benefits is the freedom offered by the legislator to resolve any dispute by choosing any type of settlement dispute. Hence, Article 16 of Law No. 1/2019 states that ‘unless it is a labour dispute, the non-Qatari Investor may agree to settle any dispute between them and others through arbitration or any other means of settling disputes in accordance with the law’. This article will discuss and analyse the other means of dispute settlement mechanism compatible with Qatar, especially when online dispute resolution has become more significant in the era of COVID-19.
The Rights of Religious Minorities in Iraq: The Case of the Forced Conversion of Minors
Authors: Al-Dabbagh Harith
Published: October 2021

Religion raises many legal questions in confessional systems where a minor child is usually assigned the parents’ religion ex officio. In Iraq, as in many Middle Eastern countries, the conversion to Islam of one of the parents results in the conversion of their minor children. For decades, the Iraqi Court of Cassation has granted children the right to choose their religion upon reaching majority. From the early 21st century, the case law of the Court of Cassation has evolved towards denying children this right of option (iḫtiyār). The child is therefore deprived of his/her right to choose and must remain Muslim. In this article, the author criticizes this reversal of jurisprudence and deplores its dire consequences on social peace. After analyzing the teachings of Islamic law and the texts of positive Iraqi law, he concludes that the new trend of the Court of Cassation is ill-founded and flawed.
The Persistence of Igbo Worldview in the Sabbath Church Healing Liturgy and Praxis
Authors: Gbule Ndidi Justice , Nwaka Chigozie Samuel
Published: October 2021

Healing and wholeness are common motifs in religion; even as there exist different conceptions of personhood, as well as ways and means of restoring a person to wholeness and wellbeing. This paper focuses on the influence of Igbo traditional worldviews and healing liturgies in the Sabbath Church in Nigeria. Utilizing a qualitative methodology, oral interviews, and participant observation, the paper examines the extent to which Igbo healing praxis has been incorporated into the healing liturgy and practices of the Sabbath Church. Using Our Lord’s Sabbath Mission, an AIC in Nigeria, as a case study, how has the Sabbath Church valorized Igbo traditional symbols and religious categories in mediating healing? The insight resulting from this study is of great importance, particularly now that the demography of Christianity has shifted to the Global South.
The Fable of the Beetle in Contemporary Aramaic and Kurmanji
Authors: Häberl C.G. , Loesov S.
Published: October 2021

The fable of an insect and a mouse (or some other animal), who marry and embark on a life together, only to end in tragedy, is widely disseminated from the Mediterranean region to India. One version involving a beetle (Ṭuroyo keze, Kurmanji kêz) circulates throughout Anatolia and Iraq. The following Ṭuroyo and Kurmanji version was recorded during the 2020 summer field season of the Russian expedition to Ṭur Abdin in the village of Dērqube from a speaker of the Bequsyone dialect. She relates the narrative portions of the fable in Ṭuroyo, but switches to Kurmanji for its versified portions. In addition to the text and a translation, this study includes an interlinear glossing. It also discusses the motifs of the fable according to the standard classification scheme, as well as its relationship to other attested versions collected in various languages including Arabic, Kurmanji, and Turkish.
Emperors, Patriarchs, Metropolitans, Deacons and Monks: Individuals and Groups in the Byzantine Church (6th–11th Centuries)
Authors: Krausmüller Dirk
Published: October 2021

This article traces the history of the Byzantine Church from the sixth to the early twelfth century. It seeks to show how the development of the institution was shaped through the interactions of groups and individuals. Particular attention is paid to the permanent synod, the deacons of St Sophia and the monks of the capital.
The Standing of Indirectly Injured States in the Litigation of Community Interests before the ICJ
Authors: Longobardo Marco
Published: October 2021

This article explores the legal challenges related to the standing of indirectly injured states before the International Court of Justice in relation to violations of obligations erga omnes and erga omnes partes. After an examination of the emergence of these kinds of obligations, the article addresses the evolution of the approach of the Court in relation to the issue of standing, in light of the works of the International Law Commission on state responsibility. Especially after the 2012 Belgium v. Senegal case, the Court does not hesitate to recognise the standing of indirectly injured states. Yet, some aspects related to standing – such as the requirement of a special interests and the coordination between the reaction of the directly injured state and the indirectly injured ones – are still imprecise. The Court should take the opportunity to elaborate on these issues in the merits phase of The Gambia v. Myanmar case.
A Women’s Empowerment Campaign in Egypt: Is It Really Empowering?
Authors: Shata Aya , Seelig Michelle I.
Published: October 2021

The last few years have seen many movements aimed at empowering women worldwide. The question of what it means to be empowered and how to empower others needs to be studied further. Using ‘Taa Marbuta,’ a women’s empowerment campaign in Egypt, this paper attempts to understand the process of empowerment from the campaign/content creators’ perspective, including levels of empowerment and forms of power, and factors that influence a campaign success or failure. In-depth interviews with the campaign makers were conducted, as well as a textual analysis of the campaign messages. The analysis shows that the campaign exhibited three forms of power: power from, power to, and power over, and created a sense of belonging among advocates. Organizational empowerment was strongly apparent, followed by individual empowerment, but with minimal community empowerment. The context, leadership, political will, variety of communication channels, and collaborations among community organizers were success factors, while stereotypes and focus on awareness-raising instead of actions acted as barriers.
Portraying Friendship by the Book
Authors: Gibson Richard Hughes
Published: October 2021

This article responds to the philosopher Alexander Nehamas’ argument that “no gesture, look, or bodily disposition, no attitude, feeling, or emotion, no action and no situation is associated with friendship firmly enough to make its representation a matter for the eye.” The article proposes a “humanist exception” to Nehamas’ general rule. Building on Lorna Hutson’s argument that humanism “textualized” friendship, I contend that in the early modern period scholars and artists associated with humanism were engaged in the development of a set of recognizable signs of friendship connected to the distinctive humanist culture of the book and associated activities of reading, writing, and circulating texts. The article offers a case study of Quentin Metsys’ diptych of Erasmus and Pieter Gillis (1517) and then applies the lessons gleaned from that work to a picture that Nehamas cites as evidence of his claim, Jacopo Pontormo’s Two Men with a Passage from Cicero’s “On Friendship” (ca. 1522). Both pictures, I contend, not only depict friendship but also promote humanist ideals of friendship to the viewer.
Future Selves and Present Moral Philosophers
Authors: Lohmar Jakob
Published: October 2021

Moral expertise requires a level of reliability in moral matters that is significantly higher than that of the average person. The author argues that this requirement of epistemic superiority in moral matters is sometimes fulfilled by our future selves and generally fulfilled by present moral philosophers. Our future selves are more reliable in answering moral questions than we are, when they have been prepared to answer those questions by various epistemic activities. But if our future selves are our epistemic superiors in such cases, moral philosophers are epistemic superiors in moral matters more generally since their epistemic advantages are even more significant. The author concludes by arguing that moral philosophers plausibly even qualify as moral experts.
Clowns, politique et histoire
Authors: Hoffert Yannick
Published: October 2021

Au rebours de l’ idée abstraite de la pièce longtemps dominante en France, la mise en scène de Godot dirigée par Jean Lambert-wild, Lorenzo Malaguerra et Marcel Bozonnet mobilise des références contextualisées très nettes : migrants africains qui nourrissent des espoirs d’ Europe, Shoah, univers clownesques. Ces références n’ apparaissent pas comme des clés de lecture obligatoire et définitives. Elles s’ inscrivent dans un jeu de sens qui laisse place à la fois à la littéralité et à l’ universalité. Par la place donnée aux contextes explicites, la mise en scène s’ inscrit donc au rebours des options beckettiennes ; par le souci de préserver les espaces de circulation du sens, elle rejoint l’ esprit des dynamiques scéniques mises en place par l’ auteur.
“To Have Done Again”
Authors: O’Neill Shane
Published: October 2021

This essay is a genetic manuscript study of Beckett’s self-translation process. This study will examine how Beckett preserved the still-life attributes of Still in self-translation, and how he maintained the tension between motion and stillness in his translation of Pour finir encore. In Still, readers realise that the figure is not entirely still because of the rise and fall of its chest and the slow movement of its hand. Neither can Beckett impose stillness upon his world in Pour finir encore. By examining manuscripts, patterns of translation will emerge, giving readers a better understanding of the creative processes of self-translation.
Phylogenetic biogeography of Leptohyphes (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae)
Authors: Molineri Carlos , Ascuntar-Osnas Oscar , Zúñiga María del Carmen , Ramos Blanca Cecilia
Published: October 2021

Leptohyphes Eaton is one of the most species-rich American genera in Ephemeroptera, with 45 valid species distributed from south-central USA to Patagonia. Most species are distributed in central and northern Andes. Nymphs are frequent and abundant in mountain streams. We present a parsimony-based morphological phylogeny for the genus. Specific geographic records were studied using Hovenkamp’s protocol (barrier biogeography). Leptohyphes was recovered as a monophyletic group. The most ancient disjunction found in Leptohyphes separated Tepui-area from the rest of the Americas. Other interesting vicariant events were found, including the separation of eastern Atlantic mountains (Mata Atlantica) from the Andes; oriental and occidental slopes of the Andes; northern from central Andes; and northern Andes from Central and North America. An ancient tropical South American origin for the genus is supported, with a more recent diversification due to Andean orogeny. Clades and terminals reaching North America include few independent events of more recent range expansions.
Defining the “Tribal Advantage” in Kuwaiti Politics
Authors: Freer Courtney , Leber Andrew
Published: October 2021

Contemporary electoral discourses in Kuwait stress a “tribal advantage” that boosts the representation of tribe-affiliated Kuwaitis in the National Assembly and undermines the character of Kuwaiti democracy. We draw on survey data, elite interviews, and election returns to assess the validity of these claims. Kuwaiti responses in a survey of political attitudes cast doubt on the hypothesis that members of tribes are likelier to view voting as a quid-pro-quo exchange for government services. Election returns suggest a slight over-representation of tribe-affiliated Kuwaitis writ large, but as a result of the interaction of larger post-2006 electoral districts with tribal electoral coordination rather than as a result of government design. Additionally, electoral returns offer evidence of growing tribal coordination intended to ensure representation within the National Assembly, albeit one disrupted by changes in electoral laws. We conclude by highlighting the possibility of electoral appeals that build on, rather than restrict themselves to, ascriptive identities.
Negotiating an Unequal Partnership: The Korean Children’s Choir 1954 U.S. Tour and Syngman Rhee’s Diplomacy
Authors: Park Hye-jung
Published: October 2021

Most studies of U.S. cultural diplomacy focus on the ways that the United States has leveraged cultural events to achieve its own political ends. The present article takes a slightly different approach in its analysis of the 1954 Korean Children’s Choir (kcc) tour of the United States. Using copious documentary sources and interviews the author has conducted with former child choristers, it traces how Republic of Korea (rok) President Syngman Rhee used this high-profile cultural event to create a new opening to advance his goals in his complicated diplomatic relations with the United States. At the close of the Korean War, the rok was a war-ravaged nation with little power in dealing with its patron superpower. Deploying personal connections and propaganda skills that he had cultivated during decades of living in exile in the United States, Rhee orchestrated the kcc’s tour of the United States, and the visit helped Rhee gain new footing in negotiating the rok’s unequal partnership with the United States. This detailed socio-historical and musicological account shows how both President Rhee and the choristers were active and effective agents in striving to put the rok front and center in the imaginations of Americans and impress upon them its cultural gravitas and strategic importance.
Icebreaking Cooperation: Resuming the Repatriation of U.S. Servicemen’s Remains from North Korea, 1985–1990
Authors: Zhaokun Liu
Published: October 2021

Unrelenting animosity continues to define the relationship between the United States and North Korea, but in the mid-1980s, P’yŏngyang began to seek non-confrontational measures to fulfill one of its major diplomatic objectives—opening a channel of direct negotiation with Washington. The bodies of U.S. soldiers who had perished or gone missing in North Korea in 1950 during the Korean War became bargaining chips for the North Koreans. This article analyzes the political stakes of these remains for the two countries. It traces the meetings between Congressman Gillespie V. Montgomery and North Korean officials in 1989 and 1990, which led to the first return of U.S. soldiers’ remains since October 1954. North Korea’s insistence on delivering the remains to Montgomery, rather than the Korean War Military Armistice Commission, was an attempt to force the United States to acknowledge its legitimacy. Unable to abandon the bodies, U.S. officials offered limited concessions, while endeavoring to maintain the status quo in Korea. The 1990 remains repatriation revealed the possibility of cooperation between the two countries.
The functions of the dative in the Jewish Arabic dialect of Baghdad
Authors: Bar Moshe Assaf
Published: October 2021

Like in Classical Arabic and other modern Arabic dialects, the preposition l- marks the dative also in the Jewish Arabic dialect of Baghdad (JB). Under the scope of the syntactic category of dative, one finds different semantic roles like recipients, benefactives, possessors, experiencers, and others. Moreover, some datives operate on the pragmatic rather than the semantic level of the clause. This paper defines and exemplifies seven different dative roles in JB based on their interpretive properties and accounts for their distinctive syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic features.
Taking Care Against the Computer
Authors: McKenzie Simon , Massingham Eve
Published: October 2021

The obligations of international humanitarian law are not limited to the attacker; the defender is also required to take steps to protect civilians from harm. The requirement to take precautions against the effects of attack requires the defender to minimize the risk that civilians and civilian objects will be harmed by enemy military operations. At its most basic, it obliges defenders to locate military installations away from civilians. Furthermore, where appropriate, the status of objects should be clearly marked. It is – somewhat counterintuitively – about making it easier for the attacker to select lawful targets by making visible the distinction between civilian objects and military objectives.

The increasing importance of digital infrastructure to modern life may make complying with these precautionary obligations more complicated. Maintaining separation between military and civilian networks is challenging as both operate using at least some of the same infrastructure, relying on the same cables, systems, and electromagnetic spectrum. In addition, the speed at which operations against digital infrastructure can occur increases the difficulty of complying with the obligation – particularly if such operations involve a degree of automation or the use of artificial intelligence (ai).

This paper sets out the source and extent of the obligation to take precautions against hostile military operations and considers how they might apply to digital infrastructure. As well as clarifying the extent of the obligation, it applies the obligation to take precautions against hostile military operations to digital infrastructure, giving examples of where systems designers are taking these obligations into account, and other examples of where they must.
Konvergenz von Lebenszeit und Weltzeit
Authors: van de Löcht Joana
Published: October 2021

In the context of this article, the work of Quirinus Kuhlmann (1651–1689) is interpreted as an attempt to project one’s own life onto the history of the world and salvation in the sense of Hans Blumenberg’s essay “Lebenszeit und Weltzeit” (1986). As particularly rich sources of information on Kuhlmann’s biography and his interpretative practice of relating historical events to his own life, the paratexts – preface, motto, commentary, letters, prose introductions, and title copy – are at the centre of the study. These paratextual elements are an integral part of a self-fashioning of authorship that aims to elevate Kuhlmann as the “Son of Jesus” to a central figure in chiliastic and eschatological expectations of the near future.
Utopie und Lebenszeit in der Aufklärung
Authors: Bach Oliver
Published: October 2021

The aim of this article is to outline how Hans Blumenberg’s conception of lifetime and world time (Lebenszeit und Weltzeit, 1986) can help to elucidate a substantial problem of utopian literature and its development from the 16th to the 18th century: utopias always try to illustrate the ways by which the single members of a political community harmonise with the community as a whole. The congruence of private good and common good, private interest and common interest, private will and general will is a main task of 17th and 18th century political philosophy. Blumenberg’s book, however, allows us to focus on the existential dimension of this harmonisation: under which circumstances may the single members become so wise and virtuous within their lifetimes that they always know about and comply with the common good? 18th century utopias seem to find answers to this question in theories of moral sense, common sense and aesthetic education.
Establishing Contact: Slavonic Influence on Romanian Morphology?
Authors: Maiden Martin
Published: October 2021

It is not disputed that Slavonic languages have influenced the inflexional morphology of Romanian and its closely related Daco-Romance varieties. For example, Romanian vocatives in -o, Istro-Romanian perfective verb-roots, and probably the Megleno-Romanian first and second person singular endings -um and -iʃ, are all attributable to Slavonic. These cases generally involve loans of ‘morpheme’-like entities, phonological strings associated with a particular grammatical meaning. However, it has recently been suggested (e.g., by Elson, 2017) that certain Romanian paradigmatic patterns of root allomorphy in the verb, notably those involving the effects of palatalization, are influenced by Slavonic models. Some of these patterns appear to be of a qualitatively different kind from run-of-the-mill ‘morphemic’ loans, in that they are autonomously morphological, and cannot be associated within any coherent grammatical meaning. The borrowing of such purely morphological patterns under conditions of language contact has not hitherto been attested in the literature on language contact, and the evidence for such cases in Romanian deserves careful scrutiny. Unfortunately, the arguments provided for these putative borrowings can be shown to be rest on seriously flawed assumptions. Examination of those arguments serves to focus our attention on the kind of criteria that need generally to be met if the effects of language contact in morphology (or any other domain) are to be plausibly demonstrated. In particular, I shall emphasize the need for appeals to language contact carefully to exploit the full range of available comparative evidence, and to establish rigorous criteria to exclude the possibility that apparent contact effects are explicable by factors internal to the history of the recipient language.
Convergence by Shared Ancestry in Romance
Authors: Widmer Paul , Dedio Stefan , Sonnenhauser Barbara
Published: October 2021

In many cases of apparent contact-induced change the contribution of genealogical correlation in the language sample and its interaction with processes such as matter and pattern replication are difficult to specify. In order to get a better sense of the relevance of shared ancestry, we quantify the change in similarity since the late Middle Ages in a sample of Romance and Germanic languages with data from a selected grammatical domain (expression of reflexivity). We compare their dynamics to patterns of change of similarity in two contact zones in Europe, namely the British Isles (Dedio et al., 2019) and the Balkans. Concerning the genealogical signal, the results indicate a maintenance and gain of similarity in Romance as opposed to a loss of similarity in Germanic. This hints at the importance of the inherited states, the time since the split from the common ancestor, and subsequent developments. We presume that these factors are likely to be at the origin of the maintenance and increase in similarity observed for the sampled Romance varieties. While this result cannot be generalized beyond the specific case study presented here, the basic approach will contribute to a better understanding of how contact, genealogy and culture interact in shaping the dynamics of linguistic similarity.
Stampa e nazionalismo in Egitto a cavallo tra Ottocento e Novecento
Authors: Salvati Lorenzo P.
Published: October 2021

The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Egypt saw new concepts of community emerge to replace the extant, traditional forms of identity based on local loyalties. This paper will explore the role played by language and journalism in this re-imagining of identity, and its use by the elite in shaping perceptions of the Egyptian people, nation and language. A fundamental element of this process was the development in the use of the term ummah in the discourse of many thinkers of the Nahḍah, from its meaning signifying the global community of Muslim believers, into a symbol of the modern nation-state, a re-interpretation which I discuss drawing, notably, on the unpublished writings of the journalist Aḥmad Luṭfī al-Sayyid. This perspective enables an exploration both of the competition between traditionalist values and the secular, multicultural model of early Egyptian nationalism, and of the multifarious colonial influences on the pro-Europe anelite in this struggle for a vision of Egypt’s future.
Gas chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry detection of leaf extracts of Symplocos racemosa Roxb.
Authors: Kar Dattatreya , Barik Hiramanjari , Kuanar Ananya , Mukhi Sangeeta , Pattnaik Pratap K. , Bhuyan Ruchi , Panda Manoj Kumar
Published: October 2021

Symplocos racemosa Roxb., belonging to the family Symplocaceae, is an important medicinal plant. Chemometric profile of chloroform, methanol and ethanol leaf extracts of S. racemosa were performed by hyphenated gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique. Chemometric profile of leaf extracts revealed the presence of 57 phyto-chemotypes, among them, Erucylamide (15.94%), Vitamin E (8.26%), 10-Heneicosene (8.97%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (5.21%), 1-Heneicosyl formate (5.11%), Tetracosanol (5.36%), 2,4-Hexanedione, 5,5-dimethyl- (11.94%), Linoleic acid (19.30%), Dibutyl phthalate (8.8%) and (Z)-9-Octadecenamide (19.33%) were found to be present in major amount. Eventually, in the present study we have found phenol, alcohol, ketone, alkane and ester as the major group of phytochemotypes in the different leaf extracts of S. racemosa. All these compounds identified by GC/MS analysis were further investigated for their biological activities and it was found that they possess a diverse range of positive pharmacological actions. In future, isolation of individual phyto-chemotypes and subjecting them to biological activity will definitely prove fruitful results in designing a novel drug.
Comparative wood anatomy of 15 Malagasy Diospyros species (Ebenaceae)
Authors: Sandratriniaina Ninah Andrianasolo , Ramanantsialonina Ravo Nantenaina , Rakouth Bakolimalala , Lowry Porter P. , Wiemann Michael C. , Hermanson John C. , Ravaomanalina Bako Harisoa
Published: October 2021

Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae) is an important source of ebony, a precious wood used for several economically important timber products. Species are overexploited in many regions, including Madagascar, for both the national and international trade, but little is known about their wood anatomy, despite its importance for forensic identification. Wood anatomy has a major role to play in ensuring the sustainable and equitable utilization of Diospyros species that are not threatened by extinction, and in law enforcement to protect threatened species from illegal logging. This study aims to identify, describe, and test the usefulness of anatomical features to support a taxonomic revision of the genus in Madagascar and to enrich databases for wood identification. Ninety-nine wood specimens were collected from the various bio-geographical regions of Madagascar, representing 15 endemic species (twelve previously described and three new) of large trees (reaching DBH ⩾ 20 cm and/or height ⩾ 20 m) were investigated. Standard methods for wood anatomical studies were used. Statistical analysis of the data using Factorial Analysis on Mixed Data was performed for 14 wood anatomical characters. Detailed descriptions and comparisons of the wood anatomy of the 15 species are provided, along with a wood identification key. Analyses showed that all the characters are highly significant () in the separation of the species studies.
Cedroxylon shakhtnaense (Blokhina 2010) Dolezych, Mantzouka et L.Kunzmann comb. nov.; A fossil Abies wood from the late early Miocene Mastixioideae flora of Wiesa (east Germany)
Authors: Dolezych Martina , Mantzouka Dimitra , Kunzmann Lutz
Published: October 2021

We describe the first evidence of fossil Abies wood from the late early Miocene fossil plant assemblage of Wiesa in east Germany. The comparatively well-preserved piece of xylitic wood was recovered in the kaolin quarry at Hasenberg hill in Wiesa. The Wiesa assemblage is characterized as being allochthonous and partly parautochthonous mass deposits of diaspores, leaves, and wood. The latter component is rather incompletely studied so far. The described fossil is characterized by high rays, mostly uniseriate bordered pits, generally thick and pitted horizontal and tangential ray cell walls, but also partly smooth horizontal ray cell walls, absence of ray tracheids, the occurrence of traumatic resin canals, and rare occurrence of axial parenchyma of two types. This type of fossil wood has been described as Abietoxylon shakhtnaense Blokhina from the Oligo-Miocene of Sakhalin, Russia. Due to nomenclatural issues of Abietoxylon a recombination to Cedroxylon Kraus emend. Gothan is proposed following common practice for affiliation of abietoid fossil wood of Cenozoic age. Cedroxylon shakhtnaense comb. nov. shares anatomical characteristics with the wood of extant Abies Mill., in particular with sections Abies and Grandis, and is most closely related to section Grandis. The properly preserved fossil wood from Wiesa provides the opportunity of applying qualitative and quantitative analyses for testing and discussing its placement in relationship to intra-tree variability and ontogenetic aspects. The first evidence of fossil wood of Abies from Wiesa confirms again the presence of the genus in mid-latitude subtropical zonal vegetation during the beginning of the Miocene Climatic Optimum.
Infodemics and Deadly Racist Viruses: covid-19 Response in the Chinese-Filipino Community
Authors: See Teresita Ang
Published: October 2021

In the last decade, the Philippines has experienced an escalation of anti-Chinese sentiment due to many factors, founded and unfounded. The growing presence of illegal immigrants and crimes associated with them; an increase in the number of Chinese workers, who are perceived as competing with Filipino workers; an increase in Chinese businesses, especially in retail, some operating without permits; the continuing dispute between China and the Philippines over the islands in the West Philippine Sea; President Rodrigo Duterte’s China pivot policy and what has been deemed as favoring China to the detriment of the Philippines. This confluence of events has served to worsen the image of China.

The covid-19 pandemic and the way the government responded to it worsened the sinophobia directed at anyone considered “Chinese,” including Filipinos of Chinese ancestry. This paper explores the racism vented against the Chinese and how the local Chinese-Filipino community has responded with positive action to help mitigate the anti-Chinese wave.
Chinese Capital as a Cultural Object: Self-Identification and Filipino-Chinese Discourses on Sinicization, Brokerage, and Distinction
Authors: Camba Alvin Jason , Lung Shirley
Published: October 2021

Our article analyzes how Chinese capital inflows in the Philippines shape the self-identification of Filipino Chinese. Through a discursive analysis of five Filipino Chinese social media groups, which comprise at least 25,000 members, we argue that comment writers in Filipino Chinese groups readily interpreted Chinese capital in the Philippines, particularly in relation to the South China Sea disputes, Rodrigo Duterte’s rapprochement with China, Xi Jinping’s Philippine visit, and the rise of online gambling, through the prism of culture-based idioms. We find three contradictory discourses. First, there is a discourse of Sinicization that defines Filipino Chinese through a singular definition of Chineseness. Second, a discourse of brokerage has emerged, wherein Filipino Chinese positionality is represented by a synthesis of Chinese, Filipino, and Western identities. Finally, a discourse of distinction has also grown, framing Filipino Chinese as different from the mainland Chinese and the Filipinos.
From Human Smuggling to State Capture: Furthering Neoliberal Governance in North Africa
Authors: Capasso Matteo
Published: October 2021

When examining the issue of human smuggling and its facilitating practises, mainstream ir analyses emphasize its criminal and illegal aspects. Such securocratic interpretations, largely mirroring EU concerns over migration, have managed to crowd-out alternative explanations of this phenomenon, detaching it from issues of capital and class. Drawing on fieldwork and secondary sources, this paper argues that people’s involvement in the facilitation of human smuggling in Tunisia has emerged because of the increasing precariousness of labor and life. Precarity, however, is not the result of weak and failing institutions; rather it should be understood in relation to the subordinate integration of Tunisia into the global neoliberal economy. In such a context, the EU’s insistence on policies based on border security and free-trade agreements securitises the lives of the poor to serve wealthy regional and European elites, thus furthering neoliberal governance in North Africa.
The Collective Organization of Delivery Workers in Brazil during the covid-19 Pandemic: A View Based on Social Media
Authors: Strecker Helena , Sampaio Ana Luiza , Buriticá Juan , Aroso Laura , Rubin Karina , Christo Cirlene , Masson Letícia
Published: October 2021

This essay presents the results of a study on the work organization of food-delivery workers that use digital platforms in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The covid-19 pandemic exacerbated and increased the visibility of the precarious work conditions experienced by these workers, who have organized collectively throughout Brazil to demand better conditions. Based on the field of workers’ health and sociological analyses of work’s uberization, the study used a qualitative methodology with a data survey in online social networks and news coverage during the pandemic, complementing research-intervention strategies involving dialogues with delivery workers before the pandemic. The results feature the delivery app workers’ collective mobilization and the trend in their identification as a professional category in the midst of contradictions and complexities of this process, which became emblematic with the two national strikes held in July 2020.
Framings of Religion, Conflict and Peace
Authors: Fernando Jude Lal
Published: October 2021

The dominant discourse on the interplay of religion, conflict, and peace is constructed on a Western liberal peace agenda which marginalises many voices for just peace. In analysing the role of Christianity in conflict and peace in Asia, the authors of this issue have adopted a critically self-reflective methodology by listening to the deep yearnings of the afflicted ones in conflict zones in West Asia, South Asia, South East Asia and East Asia. These seven articles critique not only exclusionary politics and religious identities, but also identify alternative theological practices for just peace while contributing to the public debate on the role of religion in both conflict and peace.