bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Midwives' Evaluation of a Neonatal Resuscitation in High- and Low-Resource Settings
Authors: Cavallin Francesco , Calgaro Serena , Borellini Martina , Magnani Margherita , Beltramini Greta , Seni Amir Hussein Abubacar , Cebola Bonifacio Rodriguez , Tambo Ana Nicolau , Putoto Giovanni , Trevisanuto Daniele
Published: March 2021

Aim: To assess midwives' evaluation of a real-life neonatal resuscitation and their opinion on importance of resuscitation interventions.

Methods: Multicenter, multi-country study.

Setting: Beira Central Hospital (Mozambique) and Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova (Italy).

Subjects: Sixteen Mozambican midwives and 18 Italian midwives.

Interventions: Midwives' assessment was evaluated by using a predefined score, which graded each resuscitation intervention (0–2 points) and summed to a total score for each step (initial steps, bag-mask ventilation, and chest compressions). All scores were compared with referral scores given by two expert neonatologists.

Results: Both Mozambican and Italian midwives overestimated their performance regarding of initial steps taken during resuscitation, chest compressions, high-oxygen concentrations (p < 0.01), and underestimated the importance of stimulation (p < 0.05). Mozambicans overestimated suctioning (p < 0.001). Participants agreed with experts about the importance of equipment preparation, using a warmer, drying the newborn, removing wet linen and heart rate assessment.

Conclusion: Mozambican and Italian midwives overestimated the performance of a real-life neonatal resuscitation, with heterogeneous evaluation of the importance of several aspects of neonatal resuscitation. These findings may be useful for identifying educational goals.
Olfactory Dysfunction in Frontline Health Care Professionals During COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil
Authors: Sbrana Mariana Ferreira , Fornazieri Marco Aurélio , Bruni-Cardoso Alexandre , Avelino-Silva Vivian I. , Schechtman Deborah , Voegels Richard Louis , Malnic Bettina , Glezer Isaias , de Rezende Pinna Fabio
Published: March 2021

Upper respiratory viral infections can decrease the sense of smell either by inflammatory restriction of nasal airflow that carries the odorant molecules or through interference in olfactory sensory neuron function. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), worldwide reports of severe smell loss (anosmia/hyposmia) revealed a different type of olfactory dysfunction associated with respiratory virus infection. Since self-reported perception of smell is subjective and SARS-CoV-2 exposure is variable in the general population, we aimed to study a population that would be more homogeneously exposed to the virus. Here, we investigated the prevalence of olfactory loss in frontline health professionals diagnosed with COVID-19 in Brazil, one of the major epicenters of the disease. We also analyzed the rate of olfactory function recovery and the particular characteristics of olfactory deficit in this population. A widely disclosed cross-sectional online survey directed to health care workers was developed by a group of researchers to collect data concerning demographic information, general symptoms, otolaryngological symptoms, comorbidities, and COVID-19 test results. Of the 1,376 health professionals who completed the questionnaire, 795 (57.8%) were working directly with COVID-19 patients, either in intensive care units, emergency rooms, wards, outpatient clinics, or other areas. Five-hundred forty-one (39.3%) participants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, and 509 (37%) were not tested. Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19-positive subjects was 83.9% (454 of 541) compared to 12.9% (42 of 326) of those who tested negative and to 14.9% (76 of 509) of those not tested. Olfactory dysfunction incidence was higher in those working in wards, emergency rooms, and intensive care units compared to professionals in outpatient clinics. In general, remission from olfactory symptoms was frequent by the time of responses. Taste disturbances were present in 74.1% of infected participants and were significantly associated with hyposmia. In conclusion, olfactory dysfunction is highly correlated with exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in health care professionals, and remission rates up to 2 weeks are high.
The Role of Calcium/Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases Signal Pathway in Pollen Tube Growth
Authors: Yang Hao , You Chen , Yang Shaoyu , Zhang Yuping , Yang Fan , Li Xue , Chen Ning , Luo Yanmin , Hu Xiuli
Published: March 2021

Pollen tube (PT) growth as a key step for successful fertilization is essential for angiosperm survival and especially vital for grain yield in cereals. The process of PT growth is regulated by many complex and delicate signaling pathways. Among them, the calcium/calcium-dependent protein kinases (Ca2+/CPKs) signal pathway has become one research focus, as Ca2+ ion is a well-known essential signal molecule for PT growth, which can be instantly sensed and transduced by CPKs to control myriad biological processes. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the Ca2+/CPKs signal pathway governing PT growth. We also discuss how this pathway regulates PT growth and how reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cyclic nucleotide are integrated by Ca2+ signaling networks.
The Aesthetic Self. The Importance of Aesthetic Taste in Music and Art for Our Perceived Identity
Authors: Fingerhut Joerg , Gomez-Lavin Javier , Winklmayr Claudia , Prinz Jesse J.
Published: March 2021

To what extent do aesthetic taste and our interest in the arts constitute who we are? In this paper, we present a series of empirical findings that suggest anAesthetic Self Effectsupporting the claim that our aesthetic engagements are a central component of our identity. Counterfactual changes in aesthetic preferences, for example, moving from liking classical music to liking pop, are perceived as altering us as a person. The Aesthetic Self Effect is as strong as the impact of moral changes, such as altering political partisanship or religious orientation, and significantly stronger than for other categories of taste, such as food preferences (Study 1). Using a multidimensional scaling technique to map perceived aesthetic similarities among musical genres, we determined that aesthetic distances between genres correlate highly with the perceived difference in identity (Study 2). Further studies generalize the Aesthetic Self Effect beyond the musical domain: general changes in visual art preferences, for example from more traditional to abstract art, also elicited a strong Self Effect (Study 3). Exploring the breadth of this effect we also found anAnaesthetic Self Effect.That is, hypothetical changes from aesthetic indifference to caring about music, art, or beauty are judged to have a significant impact on identity. This effect on identity is stronger for aesthetic fields compared to leisure activities, such as hiking or playing video games (Study 4). Across our studies, the Anaesthetic Self Effect turns out to be stronger than the Aesthetic Self Effect. Taken together, we found evidence for a link between aesthetics and identity: we are aesthetic selves. When our tastes in music and the arts or our aesthetic interests change we take these to be transformative changes.
Peer Relatedness, School Satisfaction, and Life Satisfaction in Early Adolescence: A Non-recursive Model
Authors: Gempp René , González-Carrasco Mònica
Published: March 2021

Cumulative evidence suggests that, for children and adolescents, peer relatedness is an essential component of their overall sense of belonging, and correlates with subjective well-being and school-based well-being. However, it remains unclear what the underlying mechanism explaining these relationships is. Therefore, this study examines whether there is a reciprocal effect between school satisfaction and overall life satisfaction (Hypothesis 1), and whether the effect of peer relatedness on life satisfaction is mediated by school satisfaction (Hypothesis 2). A non-recursive model with instrumental variables was tested with econometric and structural equation modeling methodologies, using a cross-sectional sample ofn= 5,619 Chilean early adolescents (49.2% girls), aged 10, 11, and 12 (46.13, 44.99, and 8.88% respectively). Results were highly consistent across methods and supported the hypotheses. First, the findings confirmed a significant reciprocal influence between school satisfaction and overall life satisfaction, with a greater impact from school to life satisfaction. Second, the effect of peer relatedness on overall life satisfaction was fully mediated by school satisfaction. The study further suggests the importance of considering reciprocal effects among domain-specific satisfaction and overall life satisfaction and illustrates the application of non-recursive models for this purpose.
The Interplay of Goalkeepers and Penalty Takers Affects Their Chances of Success
Authors: Noël Benjamin , van der Kamp John , Klatt Stefanie
Published: March 2021

Research in penalty kicking has primarily focused on spatial decision making, while temporal decision making has largely been neglected, even though it is as critical for success. Temporal decision making concerns goalkeepers choosing when to initiate their jump to the ball during the penalty taker's run-up (i.e., jump early or wait long), and penalty takers deciding where to kick the ball, either prior to the run-up or after the goalkeeper has committed to one side. We analyzed penalty takers' and goalkeepers' behavior during penalty shoot-outs at FIFA World Cups and UEFA European Championships to scrutinize if temporal aspects of decision making have an impact on penalty kick success. Results indicate that the likelihood of a penalty kick being scored depends on the combination of penalty takers' and goalkeepers' temporal decision-making strategies. Hence, moving early more often seems fruitful for goalkeepers, while penalty takers should consider varying penalty kick strategy between attempts.
Antimicrobial Peptides and How to Find Them
Authors: Spellerberg Barbara , Ständker Ludger , Groß Rüdiger , Münch Jan
Published: March 2021

Bacteria and viruses may enter our bodies through mucous membranes of the airways or the gut. To prevent infections, one defense mechanism of our immune system is antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Most AMPs are composed of 10–50 amino acids and insert into bacterial cell membranes to destroy the cell. Some AMPs are also active against viruses and fungi. AMPs can be generated by chopping up bigger proteins like hemoglobin. The hemoglobin fragments can inactivate bacteria and viruses, while the whole hemoglobin protein cannot. To identify new AMPs, peptide libraries consisting of thousands of different peptides can be generated from human body fluids and organs. These libraries are tested for antibacterial or antiviral activity and can be further purified to identify the responsible peptide. This method may lead to the development of new antimicrobial substances with a potential for treating infections.
Employment Status and Health Literacy in Denmark: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Svendsen Ida W. , Damgaard Maria B. , Bak Carsten K. , Bøggild Henrik , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Svendsen Majbritt T. , Berg-Beckhoff Gabriele
Published: March 2021

Objectives:Examining whether specific population groups who are not working and those who have an employment have the same health literacy level.

Methods:Data were retrieved from a nationally representative cross-sectional study of the Danish population conducted with the health literacy questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16) in 2016 and 2017. Socio-demographic characteristics were drawn from national registers. Odds ratio for the association between employment status and health literacy was estimated from logistic regression models, adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics. Probability weights were used to adjust for differences in responses.

Results:Logistic regression analyses showed that receiving unemployment benefits, social assistance, employment and support allowance, retirement pension and sickness benefit were significantly associated with having inadequate health literacy compared to being employed in any industry. The highest odds ratio for inadequate health literacy was present for receiving unemployment benefit OR = 1.78 (95% CI: 1.23–2.56).

Conclusion:Population groups not working and receiving economic public support have higher odds of inadequate health literacy competencies compared to those active in the labor force, considering age and socioeconomic factors. The result contributes to understanding health disparities in connection to occupational situation.
Early-Life Exposure to the Chinese Great Famine and Later Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Wang Zhenghe , Dong Yanhui , Xu Rongbin , Wang Xijie , Li Yanhui , Zou Zhiyong
Published: March 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between early life famine exposure and adulthood cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk.

Methods: A total of 5,504 subjects were selected using their birthdate from national baseline data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey to analyze the association between famine exposure in early life and CVDs risk in adulthood. CVDs was defined based on the self-reported doctor’s diagnosis.

Results: The prevalence of CVDs in the unexposed group, fetal-exposed, infant-exposed, and preschool-exposed groups was 15.0%, 18.0%, 21.0%, and 18.3%, respectively. Compared with the unexposed group, fetal-exposed, infant-exposed and preschool-exposed groups had higher CVDs risk in adulthood (p < 0.05). Compared with the age-matched control group, infancy exposed to famine had a significantly higher adulthood CVDs risk (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.01; p = 0.006). The association seems to be stronger among population with higher education level (Pinteraction = 0.043). Sensitivity analysis revealed consistent association between early-life famine exposure and adult CVDs risk.

Conclusion: Early life exposed to the China great famine may elevate the risk of CVDs in adulthood.
Core–Shell Droplet Generation Device Using a Flexural Bolt-Clamped Langevin-Type Ultrasonic Transducer
Authors: Omori Kentaro , Fujimoto Nozomu , Kanda Takefumi , Wakimoto Shuichi , Seno Norihisa
Published: March 2021

Droplets with a core–shell structure formed from two immiscible liquids are used in various industrial field owing to their useful physical and chemical characteristics. Efficient generation of uniform core–shell droplets plays an important role in terms of productivity. In this study, monodisperse core-shell droplets were efficiently generated using a flexural bolt-clamped Langevin-type transducer and two micropore plates. Water and silicone oil were used as core and shell phases, respectively, to form core–shell droplets in air. When the applied pressure of the core phase, the applied pressure of the shell phase, and the vibration velocity in the micropore were 200 kPa, 150 kPa, and 8.2 mm/s, respectively, the average diameter and coefficient of variation of the droplets were 207.7 μm and 1.6%, respectively. A production rate of 29,000 core–shell droplets per second was achieved. This result shows that the developed device is effective for generating monodisperse core–shell droplets.
Background Pressure Effects on the Performance of a 20 kW Magnetically Shielded Hall Thruster Operating in Various Configurations
Authors: Piragino Antonio , Faraji Farbod , Reza Maryam , Ferrato Eugenio , Piraino Annalisa , Andreussi Tommaso
Published: March 2021

The paper reports the characterization results of a 20 kW-class magnetically shielded Hall thruster in three different configurations and operating with a centrally mounted cathode. The characterization was carried out at two different pumping speeds in SITAEL’s IV10 vacuum chamber, resulting in two different background pressure levels for each tested operating point. A linear behavior of discharge current and thrust values versus the anode mass flow rate was noticed for both pumping speeds levels and for all the three configurations. In addition, the thrust and discharge current values were always found to be lower at lower background pressure levels. From the performance levels, a preliminary estimate of the ingested mass flow rates was performed, and the values were then compared to a recently developed background flow model. The results suggested that, for this thruster and in the tested operating regimes, the change in performance due to background pressure could be ascribed not only to the ingestion of external mass flow coming from the chamber but also to other physical processes caused by the flux of residual background neutrals.
Halotolerant Endophytic Bacterium Serratia rubidaea ED1 Enhances Phosphate Solubilization and Promotes Seed Germination
Authors: Mahdi Ismail , Hafidi Mohamed , Allaoui Abdelmounaaim , Biskri Latefa
Published: March 2021

Quinoa is renowned for its nutritional value and ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions such as salinity. In the present work, we isolated 34 phosphate solubilizing endophytic bacteria associated with the roots of quinoa plants. Based on phosphate solubilization efficiency and biochemical characterization, we selected one isolate named ED1. Ribotyping using partial 16S RNA gene analysis revealed that the selected isolate shares 99.7% identity with Serratia rubidaea. Plant growth promoting (PGP) studies showed that the ED1 strain solubilized complexed forms of phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2). Zinc release from ZnO, Zn3(PO4)2, or ZnCO3 revealed the efficient ZnO solubilization by the ED1 strain. Except for proteases, the strain ED1 produced siderophores, cellulase, ammonia and exhibited oligonitrophilic features. Indole acetic acid (IAA) production was detected with and without the L-tryptophan precursor. Next, we demonstrated that the ED1 strain tolerated 1.5 M NaCl final concentration and exhibited intrinsic resistance to seven antibiotics frequently prescribed for medical use. Moreover, we found that ED1 strain withstood 2 mg/L of Cadmium and 1 mg/L of either Nickel or Copper. Furthermore, we observed that S. rubidaea ED1 stimulated quinoa seeds germination and seedlings growth under salt stress conditions. Lastly, we discuss the advantages versus disadvantages of applying the S. rubidaea ED1 strain as a beneficial agent for salty and/or heavy metals contaminated soils.
Combining Ability and Gene Action for Yield Characteristics in Novel Aromatic Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Hybrid Rice under Water-Stress Conditions
Authors: El-Mowafi Hamdi F. , AlKahtani Muneera D. F. , Abdallah Rizk M. , Reda Amr M. , Attia Kotb A. , El-Hity Mahmoud A. , El-Dabaawy Hend E. , Husnain Latifa Al , Al-Ateeq Talal K. , EL-Esawi Mohamed A.
Published: March 2021

Hybrid rice parental lines with better combining abilities provide an efficient tool to increase rice production. In the current study, twenty hybrid combinations were generated from five aromatic cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines and four restorer lines (three of them aromatic) using a line × tester mating design. The hybrids and their parental lines were evaluated under two water regimes: normal irrigation and water-stress. Ten yield-component traits were studied over a period of 2 years, and the significant differences between the parents and hybrids are reported in this investigation. Overall, all yield component traits were significantly affected by the water deficit and were governed by both additive and non-additive gene actions. More specifically, the grain yield (GY) was mainly controlled by non-additive gene action under both normal and water-stress conditions. The contribution of the additive variance (σ2 A) was more prominent in the genetic components of traits as compared to the dominance variance (σ2 D). The aromatic parental line CMS IR58025A and the restorer line PR2 were recorded as the best combiners for the GY and good combiners for many other characteristics under both growth conditions. The cross combinations Pusa12A/IR25571-31R and Pusa12A/Giza-Basmati-201 revealed significantly positive specific combining ability (SCA) effects for the GY under both normal and water-stress conditions. The inconsistent correlation between the general combining ability (GCA) and SCA manifested complex interactions among the positive and negative alleles of the genes controlling the yield traits. Generally, the findings of this investigation demonstrated the importance of the GCA and SCA for understanding the genetic components and gene actions of the yield characteristics in new aromatic hybrid rice parental lines. Therefore, we recommend considering these findings in the selection of elite parents for developing superior aromatic hybrid rice varieties under water-stress conditions.
Feeding of Phytobiotics and Exogenous Protease in Broilers: Comparative Effect on Nutrient Digestibility, Bone Strength and Gut Morphology
Authors: Hafeez Abdul , Iqbal Shahid , Sikandar Arbab , Din Salahud , Khan Imad , Ashraf Saima , Khan Rifat Ullah , Tufarelli Vincenzo , Laudadio Vito
Published: March 2021

In this feeding trial, a total of 500 Cobb-500 broiler (day-old) chickens were randomly assigned to a control dietary treatment (basal diet only) or supplemented with crushed seeds of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), black cumin (Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch) and ajwain (Carum copticum L.) (at 10 mg/kg each) and exogenous protease (30,000 IU/kg), respectively, in order to assess the effect of the diets on nutrient digestibility, bone strength and gut morphology. The results indicated that the digestibility coefficients of crude protein, crude fat, nitrogen-free extract, calcium and phosphorous were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in protease-treated birds compared to the control. The tibia bone weight was improved (p = 0.03) in Carum copticum, Coriandrum sativum and protease-supplemented birds. Bone length increased (p < 0.05) in protease and Carum copticum fed broilers, while the robusticity index decreased (p < 0.05) in all treatments. Villus length and width decreased (p < 0.05) in Carum copticum and Bunium persicum fed broilers. From findings, it was demonstrated that exogenous protease shows comparatively better results in improving bone quality, ileal digestibility and villus morphology in broilers.
Assessing the Effects of Digestates and Combinations of Digestates and Fertilizer on Yield and Nutrient Use of Brassica juncea (Kai Choy)
Authors: Jamison Jacqueline , Khanal Samir Kumar , Nguyen Nhu H. , Deenik Jonathan L.
Published: March 2021

Anaerobic digestion of organic wastes produces solid residues known as digestates, which have potential as a fertilizer and soil amendment. The majority of research on digestate focuses on their fertilizer value. However, there is a lack of information about additional effects they may have on plant growth, both positive and negative. Understanding the effects of digestate on plant growth is essential to optimizing their use in agriculture and helping close the loop of material and energy balances. This greenhouse study evaluated the effects of two different digestates, a food waste digestate (FWD) and a lignocellulosic biomass digestate (LBD); a liquid fertilizer; and various combinations of fertilizer and digestates on plant growth, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of Brassica juncea (kai choy) plants. It also evaluated potential negative attributes of the digestates, including salinity and possible biohazards. Combinations of LBD and fertilizer performed as well or slightly better than the fertilizer control for most parameters, including aboveground biomass and root length. These same combinations had significantly higher nitrogen use efficiency than the fertilizer control. Inhibitory effects were observed in 100% LBD treatments, likely due to the high electrical conductivity of the media from digestate application. Based on this research, LBD could partially replace mineral fertilizers for kai choy at up to 50% of the target nitrogen rate and may lead to increased plant growth beyond mineral fertilizers. FWD could replace up to 100% of the target nitrogen application, without causing significant negative effects on plant growth. Increasing the use of digestates in agriculture will provide additional incentives for the anaerobic digestion process, as it produces two valuable products: biogas for energy and digestate for fertilizer.
Effect of Interleukin-7 on In Vitro Maturation of Porcine Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes and Subsequent Developmental Potential after Parthenogenetic Activation
Authors: Oh Dongjin , Lee Joohyeong , Kim Eunhye , Hwang Seon-Ung , Yoon Junchul-David , Cai Lian , Kim Mirae , Kim Gahye , Choi Hyerin , Hyun Sang-Hwan
Published: March 2021

Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a cytokine essential for cell development, proliferation and survival. However, its role in oocyte maturation is largely unknown. To investigate the effects of IL-7 on the in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes, we analyzed nuclear maturation, intracellular glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and subsequent embryonic developmental competence after parthenogenetic activation (PA) under several concentrations of IL-7. After IVM, IL-7 treated groups showed significantly higher nuclear maturation and significantly decreased intracellular ROS levels compared with the control group. All IL-7 treatment groups exhibited significantly increased intracellular GSH levels compared with the control group. All oocytes matured with IL-7 treatment during IVM exhibited significantly higher cleavage and blastocyst formation rates after PA than the non-treatment group. Furthermore, significantly higher mRNA expression levels of developmental-related genes (PCNA, Filia, and NPM2) and antioxidant-related genes (GSR and PRDX1) were observed in the IL-7-supplemented oocytes than in the control group. IL-7-supplemented cumulus cells showed significantly higher mRNA expression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2L1 and mitochondria-related genes (TFAM and NOX4), and lower transcript levels of the apoptosis related-gene, Caspase3, than the control group. Collectively, the present study suggests that IL-7 supplementation during porcine IVM improves oocyte maturation and the developmental potential of porcine embryos after PA.
The Fecal Bacterial Microbiota in Horses with Equine Recurrent Uveitis
Authors: Martin de Bustamante Michelle , Gomez Diego , MacNicol Jennifer , Hamor Ralph , Plummer Caryn
Published: March 2021

The objective of this study was to describe and compare the fecal bacterial microbiota of horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) and healthy horses using next-generation sequencing techniques. Fecal samples were collected from 15 client-owned horses previously diagnosed with ERU on complete ophthalmic examination. For each fecal sample obtained from a horse with ERU, a sample was collected from an environmentally matched healthy control with no evidence of ocular disease. The Illumina MiSeq sequencer was used for high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The relative abundance of predominant taxa, and alpha and beta diversity indices were calculated and compared between groups. The phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Proteobacteria predominated in both ERU and control horses, accounting for greater than 60% of sequences. Based on linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), no taxa were found to be enriched in either group. No significant differences were observed in alpha and beta diversity indices between groups (p > 0.05 for all tests). Equine recurrent uveitis is not associated with alteration of the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota when compared with healthy controls.
Single-Chamber Cardiac Pacemaker Implantation in a Donkey with Complete AV Block: A Long-Term Follow-Up
Authors: Sedlinská Markéta , Kabeš Radovan , Novák Miroslav , Kološ Filip , Melková Pavlína
Published: March 2021

A five-month-old African jenny was presented with a history of exercise intolerance and syncopal episodes. Severe bradycardic arrhythmia due to a high-grade second-degree atrioventricular (AV) block with progression to complete AV block was diagnosed. The jenny underwent a transvenous single-chamber pacemaker implantation. The implantation procedure was performed in a lateral recumbency and the ventricular lead was inserted through the jugular vein. Positioning of the lead was guided by echocardiography. The pacemaker was programmed to VVI mode with a minimal ventricular rate of 40 pulses per minute, a pulse amplitude of 2.4 V, a pulse width of 0.5 ms and sensing amplitude of 2.5 mV. Short-term complications associated with the procedure included lead dislodgement and pacemaker pocket infection. The long-term outcome was satisfactory; the jenny showed improvement in heart function and quality of life after pacemaker implantation. The pulse generator replacement was performed twice (at nine-year intervals) and the intervention was always associated with a local inflammatory reaction around the pacing device. Cardiac examination 18 years after pacemaker implantation revealed no morphological changes in the heart; the electrode lead was still in the correct position and successful pacing and sensing of the ventricle were obtained. Regular follow-up checks are important to evaluate pacemaker function.
Changes in Saliva Analytes in Dairy Cows during Peripartum: A Pilot Study
Authors: Contreras-Aguilar María D. , Vallejo-Mateo Pedro J. , Lamy Elsa , Escribano Damián , Cerón Jose J. , Tecles Fernando , Rubio Camila P.
Published: March 2021

This pilot study aimed to study the possible changes in a profile of 26 salivary analytes in thirteen healthy dairy cows along their peripartum period. Analytes associated with the stress (salivary cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase, butyrylcholinesterase, and total esterase), inflammation (adenosine deaminase), oxidative status (total antioxidant capacity and the advanced oxidation protein products), and general metabolism (creatine kinase, γ-glutamyl transferase, urea, triglycerides, glucose, and lactate) varied along the sampling times. A positive correlation between the white blood cells counts, and the lipase, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, advanced oxidation protein products, and lactate levels in saliva were observed at the delivery. A linear association between selected salivary analytes at different sampling times and the milk yield after calving was observed. In conclusion, in our experimental conditions, it was observed that the peripartum period in dairy cows can induce changes in salivary analytes. Some of them were associated with inflammatory status and the capacity of milk production after calving.
Utilizing Immunocytokines for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Runbeck Erin , Crescioli Silvia , Karagiannis Sophia N. , Papa Sophie
Published: March 2021

Cytokine therapy for cancer has indicated efficacy in certain diseases but is generally accompanied by severe toxicity. The field of antibody–cytokine fusion proteins (immunocytokines) arose to target these effector molecules to the tumor environment in order to expand the therapeutic window of cytokine therapy. Pre-clinical evidence has shown the increased efficacy and decreased toxicity of various immunocytokines when compared to their cognate unconjugated cytokine. These anti-tumor properties are markedly enhanced when combined with other treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and checkpoint inhibitor antibodies. Clinical trials that have continued to explore the potential of these biologics for cancer therapy have been conducted. This review covers the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence for the application of immunocytokines in immuno-oncology.
The Governance and Implementation of the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance in Tanzania: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Frumence Gasto , Mboera Leonard E. G. , Sindato Calvin , Katale Bugwesa Z. , Kimera Sharadhuli , Metta Emmy , Durrance-Bagale Anna , Jung Anne-Sophie , Mshana Stephen E. , Clark Taane G. , Rweyemamu Mark , Legido-Quigley Helena , Matee Mecky I. N.
Published: March 2021

Tanzania launched its first National Action Plan (NAP) on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in 2017 to reduce the burden of AMR in the country and contribute to the global response. We aimed to analyze the implementation of the NAP on AMR in Tanzania using the governance framework. In-depth interviews were conducted with human and animal health practitioners and national-level policy actors. We adapted Chua’s AMR governance framework to analyze the development and implementation of the NAP in Tanzania. Implementation of the NAP has realized several achievements, including: (i) the establishment of a functioning Multi-Sectoral Coordinating Committee for coordinating the implementation of AMR activities; (ii) existence of governance structure; (iii) establishment of human and animal surveillance sites; (iv) creation of AMR awareness in the community and (v) availability of guidelines at the health facility level to ensure AMR stewardship. However, some dimensions of the governance areas, including reporting and feedback mechanisms, accountability, transparency and sustainability of AMR plans, are not effectively implemented. Addressing these challenges should involve strengthening the collaboration of the different sectors involved at different NAP implementation levels by careful planning and coordination, and provision of adequate resources to ensure sustainability.
Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of Local Doxycycline and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy during Supportive Periodontal Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Cosgarea Raluca , Eick Sigrun , Batori-Andronescu Ionela , Jepsen Søren , Arweiler Nicole B. , Rößler Ralf , Conrad Torsten , Ramseier Christoph A. , Sculean Anton
Published: March 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological effects of subgingival instrumentation (SI) alone or combined with either local drug delivery (LDD) or photodynamic therapy (PDT) in persistent/recurrent pockets in patients enrolled in supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). A total of 105 patients enrolled in SPT were randomly treated as follows: group A (n = 35): SI +PDT and 7 days later 2nd PDT; group B (n = 35): SI+LDD; group C (n = 35): SI (control). Prior intervention, at 3 and 6 months after therapy, probing pocket depths, clinical attachment level, number of treated sites with bleeding on probing (n BOP), full mouth plaque and bleeding scores (gingival bleeding index, %BOP) were recorded. At the same time points, 8 periodontopathogens were quantitatively determined. All three treatments resulted in statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) of all clinical parameters without statistically significant intergroup differences (p > 0.05). Several bacterial species were reduced in both test groups, with statistically significantly higher reductions for LDD compared to PDT and the control group. In conclusion, the present data indicate that: (a) In periodontal patients enrolled in SPT, treatment of persistent/recurrent pockets with SI alone or combined with either PDT or LDD may lead to comparable clinical improvements and (b) the adjunctive use of LDD appears to provide better microbiological improvements for some periodontal pathogens than SI alone or combined with PDT.
Effects of Cardiovascular, Resistance and Combined Exercise Training on Cardiovascular, Performance and Blood Redox Parameters in Coronary Artery Disease Patients: An 8-Month Training-Detraining Randomized Intervention
Authors: Tofas Tryfonas , Fatouros Ioannis G. , Draganidis Dimitrios , Deli Chariklia K. , Chatzinikolaou Athanasios , Tziortzis Charalambos , Panayiotou George , Koutedakis Yiannis , Jamurtas Athanasios Z.
Published: March 2021

It is well-documented that chronic/regular exercise improves the cardiovascular function, decreases oxidative stress and enhances the antioxidant capacity in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the chronic effects of different types of training and detraining on cardiovascular function and the levels of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in these patients. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the effects of cardiovascular, resistance and combined exercise training followed by a three-month detraining period, on cardiovascular function, physical performance and blood redox status parameters in CAD patients. Sixty coronary artery disease patients were randomly assigned to either a cardiovascular training (CVT, N = 15), resistance training (RT, N = 11), combined cardiovascular and resistance training (CT, N = 16) or a control (C, N = 15) group. The training groups participated in an 8-month supervised training program (training three days/week) followed by a 3-month detraining period, while the control group participated only in measurements. Body composition, blood pressure, performance-related variables (aerobic capacity (VO2max), muscle strength, flexibility) and blood redox status-related parameters (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), catalase activity (CAT), protein carbonyls (PC)) were assessed at the beginning of the study, after 4 and 8 months of training as well as following 1, 2 and 3 months of detraining (DT). CVT induced the most remarkable and pronounced alterations in blood pressure (~9% reduction in systolic blood pressure and ~5% in diastolic blood pressure) and redox status since it had a positive effect on all redox-related variables (ranging from 16 to 137%). RT and CT training affected positively some of the assessed (TAC, CAT and PC) redox-related variables. Performance-related variables retained the positive response of the training, whereas most of the redox status parameters, for all training groups, restored near to the pre-exercise values at the end of the DT period. These results indicate that exercise training has a significant effect on redox status of CAD. Three months of detraining is enough to abolish the exercise-induced beneficial effects on redox status, indicating that for a better antioxidant status, exercise must be a lifetime commitment.
Antioxidant Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Authors: Dziąbowska-Grabias Katarzyna , Sztanke Małgorzata , Zając Przemysław , Celejewski Michał , Kurek Katarzyna , Szkutnicki Stanisław , Korga Patryk , Bulikowski Włodzimierz , Sztanke Krzysztof
Published: March 2021

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a group of chronic, incurable diseases of the digestive tract, the etiology of which remains unclear to this day. IBD result in significant repercussions on the quality of patients’ life. There is a continuous increase in the incidence and prevalence of IBD worldwide, and it is becoming a significant public health burden. Pharmaceuticals commonly used in IBD management, for example, mesalamine, sulfasalazine, corticosteroids, and others, expose patients to diverse, potentially detrimental side effects and frequently do not provide sufficient disease control. The chronic inflammation underlies the etiology of IBD and closely associates with oxidative/nitrosative stress and a vast generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Relative to this, several substances with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are now intensively researched as possible adjunctive or independent treatment options in IBD. Representatives of several different groups, including natural and chemical compounds will be characterized in this dissertation.
Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species by Mitochondria
Authors: Hernansanz-Agustín Pablo , Enríquez José Antonio
Published: March 2021

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are series of chemical products originated from one or several electron reductions of oxygen. ROS are involved in physiology and disease and can also be both cause and consequence of many biological scenarios. Mitochondria are the main source of ROS in the cell and, particularly, the enzymes in the electron transport chain are the major contributors to this phenomenon. Here, we comprehensively review the modes by which ROS are produced by mitochondria at a molecular level of detail, discuss recent advances in the field involving signalling and disease, and the involvement of supercomplexes in these mechanisms. Given the importance of mitochondrial ROS, we also provide a schematic guide aimed to help in deciphering the mechanisms involved in their production in a variety of physiological and pathological settings.
Impact of Emerging Technologies on Virgin Olive Oil Processing, Consumer Acceptance, and the Valorization of Olive Mill Wastes
Authors: Pérez Maria , López-Yerena Anallely , Lozano-Castellón Julián , Olmo-Cunillera Alexandra , Lamuela-Raventós Rosa M. , Martin-Belloso Olga , Vallverdú-Queralt Anna
Published: March 2021

There is a growing consumer preference for high quality extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) with health-promoting and sensory properties that are associated with a higher content of phenolic and volatile compounds. To meet this demand, several novel and emerging technologies are being under study to be applied in EVOO production. This review provides an update of the effect of emerging technologies (pulsed electric fields, high pressure, ultrasound, and microwave treatment), compared to traditional EVOO extraction, on yield, quality, and/or content of some minor compounds and bioactive components, including phenolic compounds, tocopherols, chlorophyll, and carotenoids. In addition, the consumer acceptability of EVOO is discussed. Finally, the application of these emerging technologies in the valorization of olive mill wastes, whose generation is of concern due to its environmental impact, is also addressed.
Grape Seeds Proanthocyanidins: Advanced Technological Preparation and Analytical Characterization
Authors: Morazzoni Paolo , Vanzani Paola , Santinello Sandro , Gucciardi Antonina , Zennaro Lucio , Miotto Giovanni , Ursini Fulvio
Published: March 2021

A “green” solvent-free industrial process (patent pending) is here described for a grape seed extract (GSE) preparation (Ecovitis™) obtained from selected seeds of Veneto region wineries, in the northeast of Italy, by water and selective tangential flow filtration at different porosity. Since a comprehensive, non-ambiguous characterization of GSE is still a difficult task, we resorted to using an integrated combination of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and electrospray ionization high resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS). By calibration of retention time and spectroscopic quantification of catechin as chromophore, we succeeded in quantifying GPC polymers up to traces at n = 30. The MS analysis carried out by the ESI-HRMS method by direct-infusion allows the detection of more than 70 species, at different polymerization and galloylation, up to n = 13. This sensitivity took advantage of the nanoscale shotgun approach, although paying the limit of missed separation of stereoisomers. GPC and MS approaches were remarkably well cross-validated by overlapping results. This simple integrated analytical approach has been used for quality control of the production of Ecovitis™. The emerging feature of Ecovitis™ vs. a popular benchmark in the market, produced by a different technology, is the much lower content of species at low n and the corresponding increase of species at high n.
Pharmacological Targeting of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Osteoarthritis
Authors: Sanada Yohei , Tan Sho Joseph Ozaki , Adachi Nobuo , Miyaki Shigeru
Published: March 2021

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common aging-associated disease that clinically manifests as joint pain, mobility limitations, and compromised quality of life. Today, OA treatment is limited to pain management and joint arthroplasty at the later stages of disease progression. OA pathogenesis is predominantly mediated by oxidative damage to joint cartilage extracellular matrix and local cells such as chondrocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and synovial fibroblasts. Under normal conditions, cells prevent the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under oxidatively stressful conditions through their adaptive cytoprotective mechanisms. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an iron-dependent cytoprotective enzyme that functions as the inducible form of HO. HO-1 and its metabolites carbon monoxide and biliverdin contribute towards the maintenance of redox homeostasis. HO-1 expression is primarily regulated at the transcriptional level through transcriptional factor nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2), specificity protein 1 (Sp1), transcriptional repressor BTB-and-CNC homology 1 (Bach1), and epigenetic regulation. Several studies report that HO-1 expression can be regulated using various antioxidative factors and chemical compounds, suggesting therapeutic implications in OA pathogenesis as well as in the wider context of joint disease. Here, we review the protective role of HO-1 in OA with a focus on the regulatory mechanisms that mediate HO-1 activity.
Deep and Meaningful E-Learning with Social Virtual Reality Environments in Higher Education: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Mystakidis Stylianos , Berki Eleni , Valtanen Juri-Petri
Published: March 2021

Deep and meaningful learning (DML) in distant education should be an essential outcome of quality education. In this literature review, we focus on e-learning effectiveness along with the factors and conditions leading to DML when using social virtual reality environments (SVREs) in distance mode higher education (HE). Hence, a systematic literature review was conducted summarizing the findings from thirty-three empirical studies in HE between 2004 (appearance of VR) and 2019 (before coronavirus appearance). We searched for the cognitive, social, and affective aspects of DML in a research framework and studied their weight in SVREs. The findings suggest that the use of SVREs can provide authentic, simulated, cognitively challenging experiences in engaging, motivating environments for open-ended social and collaborative interactions and intentional, personalized learning. Furthermore, the findings indicate that educators and SVRE designers need to place more emphasis on the socio-cultural semiotics and emotional aspects of e-learning and ethical issues such as privacy and security. The mediating factors for DML in SVREs were accumulated and classified in the resultant Blended Model for Deep and Meaningful e-learning in SVREs. Improvement recommendations include meaningful contexts, purposeful activation, learner agency, intrinsic emotional engagement, holistic social integration, and meticulous user obstacle removal.
A Novel Method in Predicting Hypertension Using Facial Images
Authors: Ang Lin , Yim Mi Hong , Do Jun-Hyeong , Lee Sanghun
Published: March 2021

Hypertension has been a crucial public health challenge among adults. This study aimed to develop a novel method for non-contact prediction of hypertension using facial characteristics such as facial features and facial color. The data of 1099 subjects (376 men and 723 women) analyzed in this study were obtained from the Korean Constitutional Multicenter Study of Korean medicine Data Center (KDC) at the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM). Facial images were collected and facial variables were extracted using image processing techniques. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) were performed to compare and identify the facial characteristic variables between the hypertension group and normal group. We found that the most distinct facial feature differences between hypertension patients and normal individuals were facial shape and nose shape for men in addition to eye shape and nose shape for women. In terms of facial colors, cheek color in men, as well as forehead and nose color in women, were the most distinct facial colors between the hypertension groups and normal individuals. Looking at the AUC value, the prediction power for women is better than men. In conclusion, we managed to explore and identify the facial characteristics variables related to hypertension. This study may provide new evidence in the validity of predicting hypertension using facial characteristics.