bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflow ageing influences and wettability effects of immersion tin final finishes with lead‐free solder
Authors: Hetschel Thomas , Wolter Klaus‐Jürgen , Phillipp Fritz
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the oxidation behaviour of an immersion tin final finish after multiple reflow ageing under air and nitrogen atmospheres and to study their influence on the wetting behaviour with lead‐free solder. To design a model that describes the degradation of wetting behaviour after reflow‐cycling of the immersion tin final finish.

Design/methodology/approach

A special printed circuit boards (PCB) demonstrator was created to investigate the immersion tin final finish with surface analysis methods and wetting tests. The PCB samples were aged by multiple reflow‐cycling under air and nitrogen atmospheres. The tin oxide formation behaviour of immersion tin was characterised using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and SERA analysis.

Findings

The native oxide layer of the investigated immersion tin final finishes was approximately 7 nm on average. The TEM and XPS investigations indicated an amorphous structure of SnO and SnO2. The solder spread test showed significantly different results for PCBs in “as received” condition compared to those after one and two times reflow ageing under a nitrogen solder atmosphere. The analysis methods revealed a slight increase in the tin oxide layer thickness and small areas with semi‐crystalline structure. Reflow ageing under an ambient solder atmosphere induced considerably thicker oxide layers, which could be observed by a yellow discoloration of the surface.

Research limitations/implications

Measures to improve the wetting behaviour can be derived from the described model (i.e. use of higher tin layer thickness or protective films to reduce the tin oxidation).

Originality/value

A functional model for the solderability process of lead‐free solder on immersion tin PCB final finishes was derived and verified. By this, interactions between the state of the final finish and the solder can be described and potential solderability failures can be predicted.
Putting the public in the public domain
Authors: Sheppard Tamara
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to attempt to highlight the imminent corrosion of the public domain brought about by the pervasive lack of recognition within the public at large regarding what the public domain is, what it stands for, and what it is meant to accomplish.

Design/methodology/approach

Utilizing the diverse theories of proponents of the public domain, this analysis proposes a re‐conceptualization of the public domain which acknowledges its significance to the creative process itself, and subsequently stresses the importance of public awareness and participation to its continuing survival.

Findings

While remarking on the efficacy of a number of digitization ventures in the promotion of the public domain, it is concluded that mere awareness of the plight of the public domain is not enough. What the public domain desperately needs to subsist is the presence of an active citizenry that is dedicated to preserving its interests. Moreover, the public library is emphasized as the ideal vehicle with which to elucidate the public and secure their involvement in a campaign to safeguard an endangered public domain.

Originality/value

This paper expounds on the necessity of bringing the public and the public domain together so that both are empowered to dispel the restrictions that have arisen from an excessive copyright protectionist regime and so that both are enabled to defend themselves from any further encroachments on their ability to progress and mature within their own cultural bounds.
Does universal access mean equitable access?
Authors: Klimaszewski Cheryl , Nyce James M.
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the findings from a field study in Viscri, a village in Transylvania, Romania, to investigate the current state of information and communication technology (ICT) development in the village.

Design/methodology/approach

Researchers interviewed villagers in May 2007. Ethnographic methods were used to collect data and to assess villagers' information needs. The information landscape in Viscri is presented and analyzed in local and national contexts. The national policies shaping Romania's emerging information society are discussed and literature on the impact of ICT development at the community level is also reviewed.

Findings

Romania's ICT policy goal of universal access needs to be better targeted. In Viscri, few adults showed interest in learning about or using computers. However, villagers understood that a good education that included computer education was necessary to assure better economic futures for their children. In light of the demographics, social conditions and cultural beliefs in Viscri, the most appropriate access point for ICT initiatives there should be programs aimed at school‐aged children.

Research limitations/implications

The paper describes and discusses the information needs of one village. Further field investigation at the community level is necessary to discern the relevance of the findings to other villages both in Romania and elsewhere.

Practical implications

Further research, especially in the most underserved communities, will help to identify ways in which the information society and related policies can be more equitably implemented in Romania. What is learned in Romania can have implications for ICT development policy elsewhere.

Originality/value

The paper assesses critically the rhetoric of universal access. If universal access is going to remain an ICT policy goal, more research is needed at the community level in order to ensure that policy emphasis on access for all actually translates into equitable, meaningful ICT access for underserved communities.
Professional education, development and training in a Web 2.0 environment
Authors: Broady‐Preston Judith
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore concepts of professional education, development and training within the context of a changing information landscape

Design/methodology/approach

The paper analyses selected literature, including governmental and professional body reports, focusing particularly on the implications of these for the contemporary and future education, training and development of the information profession. Key issues addressed are the impact of the government skills agenda and the increasing use of competency based frameworks.

Findings

Evidence suggests that the information profession is undergoing a period of profound change in relation to its qualifications base. The paper concludes that many of the previously enshrined shibboleths of professional education, training and development are undergoing a fundamental re‐examination. Barriers relating to qualification levels, to professional practice and to career development, are being circumvented or demolished. In a volatile climate of rapid change, continuing professional development (CPD) is necessary if professionals wish to keep abreast of new skills and knowledge.

Originality/value

The paper identifies and discusses the current drivers for change in relation to the skills, competencies, education, training, and development, for the information profession, including issues in relation to defining “professionalism”. As a contribution to contemporary debate on these issues, the paper should be of use to policy makers, practitioners, researchers and students.
Digital discovery: strategies and solutions
Authors: Kallenborn Reiner , Becker Carolin
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the 29th IATUL Conference on “Digital discovery: strategies and solutions” held in Auckland, New Zealand in April 2008.

Design/methodology/approach

The article gives an outline of the issues, content, keynote speakers, social networking and location of this conference.

Findings

The IATUL meeting presented a wide range of cutting‐edge topics defining the future roles of librarians in a globalised information society. Participants gained insights into the workings and visions of librarians around the globe, had the opportunity to share experiences and best practice and to find new inspiration and encouragement for their own daily work. The conference included areas such as policies for the information society, digitalization strategies, open access initiatives, e‐research developments, library support for e‐science, library customer orientation, Web 2.0 applications for libraries, learning experiences of the Net generation, information literacy as well as data and knowledge management.

Originality/value

The paper provides a conference report of value to library and information professionals, in particular to library directors and senior managers, regarding the development of a modern dynamic infrastructure for digital information and communication and the role of libraries therein.
Tough economic times for US libraries
Authors: Topper Elisa F.
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact that the recession has had on US libraries.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is an overview of the literature.

Findings

The recession has had an impact not only on libraries but also related fields such as publishing.

Originality/value

The paper makes libraries aware that planning is essential in order to survive in the recession.
American Library Association Conference 2008
Authors: Ashcroft Linda
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a flavour of the content of the American Library Association Annual Conference held in Anaheim in June 2008.

Design/methodology/approach

This is an outline description of the issues, content, networking, speakers and participants of this conference.

Findings

This major conference covered many topical issues and themes, latest trends and research, and leading edge technology applicable to librarians and information professionals internationally. It facilitated many networking opportunities.

Originality/value

This paper is a conference report of value to librarians and information professionals as the variety of themes apply to the various aspects of library and information work.
Symmetrization of asymmetrical nonlinear three‐phase load supplied from non‐ideal sinusoidal voltage source
Authors: Dębowski Krzysztof , Pasko Marian
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to deal with the problem of symmetrization of asymmetrical three‐phase delta connected nonlinear load. In the model of the three‐phase sinusoidal voltage source have also been included inner impedances. The purpose is to obtain symmetrical line currents of the voltage source, to minimize RMS values of currents and to minimize higher harmonics generated by nonlinear loads.

Design/methodology/approach

This symmetrization of the system is realized by means of a symmetrizing system, which is composed of LC one‐ports. In order to solve the problem the symmetrical component theory is applied. The structure of symmetrizing system is consisted of two components: parameters determined for the basic harmonic and the filter for elimination of the higher harmonics generated by nonlinear loads.

Findings

After symmetrization line currents of the source will be symmetrical with lower RMS values than before symmetrization, and the source will generate the greater active power than beforehand.

Research limitations/implications

This approach can be used for inertialess (non‐reactive) elements in systems, where currents are periodical.

Practical implications

The results of symmetrization can be useful for high‐power systems where LC one‐ports can be used, e.g. for arc furnaces.

Originality/value

Application of presented methods makes possible to improve the working point of the system, i.e. voltage source can generate greater active power than before symmetrization and line currents can be symmetrical.
Broken rotor bar impact on sensorless control of induction machine
Authors: Kołodziejek Piotr , Bogalecka Elżbieta
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is analysis of the sensorless control system of induction machine with broken rotor for diagnostic purposes. Increasing popularity of sensorless controlled variable speed drives requires research in area of reliability, range of stable operation, fault symptoms and application of diagnosis methods.

Design/methodology/approach

T transformation used for conversion of instantaneous rotor currents electrical circuit representation to space vector components is investigated to apply with closed‐loop modeling algorithm. Evaluation of the algorithm is based on analysis of asymmetry influence to the orthogonal and zero components of space vector representation. Multiscalar model of the machine and selected structures of state observers are used for sensorless control system synthesis. Proposed method of frequency characteristics calculation is used for state observers analysis in open‐loop operation.

Findings

New algorithm of applying the T transformation allows for closed‐loop and sensorless control system simulation with asymmetric machine due to broken rotor. Compensating effect of the closed‐loop control system with speed measurements and diagnosis information in control system variables are identified. Proposed frequency analysis of state observers is presented and applied. Variables with amplified characteristic frequency components related to rotor asymmetry are compared for selected structures of state observers and with closed‐loop and open‐loop operation. Method of improving the sensorless system stability is proposed.

Practical implications

In closed‐loop and sensorless control system rotor fault can be diagnosed by using PI output controllers variables. Compensating effect of mechanical variables sets limitation to specified diagnosis methods. Rotor asymmetry affects sensorless control system stability depending on estimator structure.

Originality/value

This paper concentrates upon sensorless control system operation with machine asymmetry and indicates rotor fault symptoms.
Application of MLP and RBF neural networks in the control structure of the drive system with elastic joint
Authors: Orlowska‐Kowalska Teresa , Kaminski Marcin
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to obtain an estimation of not measured mechanical state variables of the drive system with elastic coupling between the driven motor and a load machine, using neural networks (NN) of different type for the sensorless drive system.

Design/methodology/approach

The load‐side speed and the torsional torque are estimated using multi‐layer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) networks. The special forms of input vectors for neural state estimators were proposed and tested in open‐ and closed‐loop control structure. The estimation quality as well as sensitivity of neural estimators to the changes of the inertia moment of the load machine were evaluated and compared.

Findings

It is shown that an application of RBF‐based neural estimators can give better accuracy of the load speed and torsional torque estimation, especially for the proper choice of the input vector of NN, also in the case of a big change of the load machine time constant.

Research limitations/implications

The investigation and comparison is based on simulation tests and looked mainly at the quality of state variable estimation while the realisation cost in parallel processing devices (FPGA) still need to be addressed.

Practical implications

The proposed neural state variable estimators of two‐mass system can be practically implemented in the control structure of two‐mass drive with additional feedbacks from load machine speed and torsional torque, which results in the successive vibration damping.

Originality/value

The application of RBF neural state estimators for two‐mass drive and their comparison with commonly used MLP‐based estimators, as well as testing of both type of NN in the closed‐loop control structure with additional feedbacks based on state variables estimated by neural estimators.
Numerical modeling of 3‐D comb drive electrostatic accelerometers structure (method of levitation force reduction)
Authors: Wiak Sławomir , Smółka Krzysztof
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the numerical modelling of 3D structure of micro‐electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers. The general idea being discussed is the method of levitation force reduction, as the main source of incorrect mathematical model of comb drive structure.

Design/methodology/approach

Accelerometers design is a highly interdisciplinary area and, therefore, different methods and tools have to be exploited. Dynamic accelerometer behaviour modelling has been performed by use of a new object‐oriented model (NOOM), based on complex computer field and mechanical models.

Findings

The paper describes methods of levitation force reduction in electrostatic comb drive structures based on electrostatic structural models and finite elements method.

Research limitations/implications

In the present work, the authors limit themselves to the electrostatic energy domains.

Practical implications

Both, mechanical and electric models of accelerometers give the input data for defining the object‐oriented model, based on Matlab‐Simulink platform, fulfilling the general demand of dynamic behaviour simulation of comb drive structure. The proposed by authors methodology could give valuable contribution to MEMS design methodology.

Originality/value

A new methodology has been successfully applied to calculation of levitation force in different geometries of comb drive. This methodology could be useful for multidisciplinary MEMS systems.
Modelling dynamic hysteresis loops in steel sheets
Authors: Chwastek Krzysztof , Szczygłowski Jan , Wilczyński Wiesław
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The aim of the paper is to present a simple approach to modelling minor hysteresis loops in grain‐oriented steel sheets under quasi‐static and dynamic conditions. The hysteresis phenomenon is described with a recently developed hybrid model, which combines ideas inherent in the product Preisach model and the Jiles‐Atherton description. The dynamic effects due to eddy currents are taken into account in the description using a lagged response with respect to the input.

Design/methodology/approach

It is assumed that some model parameters might be dependent on the level of relative magnetization within the material. Their dependencies could be given as power laws. The values of scaling coefficients in power laws are determined.

Findings

A satisfactory agreement of experimental and modelled quasi‐static and dynamic hysteresis loops is obtained.

Research limitations/implications

The present study provides a starting point for further verification of the approach for other classes of soft magnetic materials, which could be described with the developed model. At present, the approach to model minor loops by the update of model parameters is verified for the B‐sine excitation case.

Practical implications

The “branch‐and‐bound” optimization algorithm is a useful tool for recovery of the values of both model parameters and scaling coefficients as well.

Originality/value

The recently developed hybrid description of hysteresis phenomenon can be successfully extended to take into account symmetric minor loops. The developed approach could be a framework to develop a comprehensive description of magnetization phenomena in the future.
Numerical modelling of non‐linear coupled thermo‐electric problems
Authors: Golosnoy Igor O. , Sykulski Jan K.
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to access performance of existing computational techniques to model strongly non‐linear coupled thermo‐electric problems.

Design/methodology/approach

A thermistor is studied as an example of a strongly non‐linear diffusion problem. The temperature field and the current flow in the device are mutually coupled via ohmic heating and very rapid variations of electric conductivity with temperature and applied electric field, which makes the problem an ideal test case for the computational techniques. The finite volume fully coupled and fractional steps (splitting) approaches on a fixed computational grid are compared with a fully coupled front‐fixing method. The algorithms' input parameters are verified by comparison with published experiments.

Findings

It was found that fully coupled methods are more effective for non‐linear diffusion problems. The front fixing provides additional improvements in terms of accuracy and computational cost.

Originality/value

This paper for the first time compares in detail advantages and implementation complications of each method being applied to the coupled thermo‐electric problems. Particular attention is paid to conservation properties of the algorithms and accurate solutions in the transition region with rapid changes in material properties.
TESTCASE: a benchmark problem for coupled field‐circuit simulations
Authors: van der Giet M. , Lange E. , Hameyer K.
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present an experimental setup for the verification of coupled electromagnetic field‐circuit simulation, called TESTCASE. By means of simple and well‐defined geometries, the comparison of different coupling approaches among each other and with measurements should be possible.

Design/methodology/approach

The physical setup consists of a C‐core in conjunction with a reluctance rotor. The TESTCASE is designed to work in static operation and with motion induced voltage.

Findings

Simulation results using different approaches as well as measurement results are presented. Practical issues in measurement and simulation are discussed. It was found that particular care has to be taken concerning the modeling of the air around the TESTCASE structure.

Originality/value

With the proposed approach, it is possible to evaluate the coupled field circuit problem on a defined and well‐known geometry. Simulation results can be compared to measurements.
Phenomena of additional cogging torque components influenced by stator lamination stacking methods in PM motors
Authors: Gašparin Lovrenc , Černigoj Andrej , Fišer Rastko
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to estimate and evaluate how cogging torque in permanent magnet (PM) motor designs is sensitive to the number of applied interlocks in stator back‐iron, which is a standard method for stator lamination stacking.

Design/methodology/approach

The PM motors exhibit inherent cogging torque, which creates torque ripple and prevents smooth rotation of the rotor resulting in undesirable vibration and noise. While cogging torque minimization is necessary to improve PM motor performance, several FEM models have been developed to study and present data demonstrating sensitivity of the cogging torque to the applied interlocks. A procedure that would predict and evaluate cogging torque components relative to chosen number and positions of interlocks was proposed.

Findings

On the basis of theoretical considerations, which were verified by numerous performed simulations using different FEM models, it was found out and proved that interlocks in the stator back‐iron cause the phenomenon of additional cogging torque harmonic components (AHC). Taking into account presented theoretical aspects motor designers can predict, which AHC will comprise the cogging torque. Each motor design has its own optimal value of interlocks, therefore a precise study should be performed during the design process.

Practical implications

By utilizing presented method and considering recommendations, advanced designers of PM motors will have a reliable tool for predicting the order and the level of AHC in total cogging torque due to the stator lamination stacking methods.

Originality/value

The paper presents theoretical aspects and analytical equations of AHC of PM motors. So far, the authors dealing with the cogging torque of the PM motors did not take into account the influence of the stator lamination stacking method on the level of torque oscillations. The new contribution is also the study of the sensitivity of different motor designs to the number and position of interlocks, which enables the minimization of the AHC in order to fulfil stringent market demands for low‐cogging torque level.
Comparison of a simple and a detailed model of magnetic hysteresis with measurements on electrical steel
Authors: Tavakoli Hanif , Bormann Dierk , Ribbenfjärd David , Engdahl Göran
Published: May 2009

Purpose

For efficient magnetic field calculations in electrical machines, the hysteresis and losses in laminated electrical steel must be modeled in a simple and reliable way. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and discuss the potential of a simple complex‐permeability model.

Design/methodology/approach

A frequency dependent complex‐permeability model as well as a more detailed model (describing hysteresis, classical eddy current effects, and excess losses separately) are compared to single‐sheet measurements on laminated electrical steel. It is discussed under which circumstances the simple complex‐μ model is an adequate substitute for the more detailed model.

Findings

A satisfactory agreement of the simple complex‐μ model was found with both detailed model and measurements, improving with increasing frequencies. This is true not only for the effective permeability function, but holds also for the detailed H‐B characteristics (hysteresis).

Originality/value

It is demonstrated that the complex‐μ model is a reliable and convenient starting point for the estimation of flux distribution and losses in complicated magnetic core geometries.
The influence of magnetic hysteresis on magnetorheological fluid clutch operation
Authors: Jędryczka Cezary , Sujka Piotr , Szeląg Wojciech
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to elaborate upon the mathematical model of coupled electromagnetic, fluid dynamic and motion phenomena that will allow for investigation of the magnetic hysteresis influence on the axial symmetry magnetorheological fluid (MRF) clutch operation.

Design/methodology/approach

To solve the partial differential equations describing magnetic vector and fluid velocity potential distributions in axial symmetry MRF electromechanical transducers the finite‐element methods have been applied. To solve model equations in the time domain, the time stepping method have been adopted. To introduce magnetic hysteresis phenomenon to presented approach the Jiles‐Atherton model have been applied. The physical properties of MRFs have been modeled by means of the Bingham model. Owing to high nonlinearity of the considered problem to solve obtained matrix equations systems the iterative Newton‐Raphson combined with the block over relaxation method have been applied.

Findings

The proposed model of coupled phenomena and the elaborated algorithm for solving the nonlinear model equations can be successfully applied in the analysis of transients in the MRF transducers taking fluid dynamics and magnetic hysteresis into account. Comparison of the measured and calculated clutch characteristics proves the model accuracy. Moreover, it has been shown that the residual magnetic flux density of the ferromagnetic core has significant impact on both to yield stresses forming in MRFs as well as the torque in disengagement clutch operation.

Originality/value

Development of the method for analysis of transients electromagnetic and fluid flow phenomena in MRF transducers taking magnetic hysteresis, electric circuits and motion into account. The presented approach is universal and can be successfully applied in other types of MRF electromechanical transducers such as clutch, brakes, rotary and linear dampers.
Modelling of a car starter with permanent magnet commutator motor
Authors: Ciurys M. , Dudzikowski I. , Gierak D.
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a developed modelling method of a car starter with permanent magnet commutator motor.

Design/methodology/approach

Mathematical model, algorithm and computational program of electrical and mechanical quantities transients in the system: battery – car starter with permanent magnet commutator motor and planetary gear – combustion engine were developed. Circuit‐field method was applied. Magnetic quantities determined using time‐stepped finite‐element method (with the help of Maxwell software) were used as the parameters of mathematical model equations in circuital part. Program was developed in the Matlab environment.

Findings

The developed mathematical model, the algorithm and the program enable the computations of transients of electrical and mechanical quantities at different ambient temperature, by different swept capacity of the combustion engine as well as by different battery capacity and different charge ratio.

Research limitations/implications

The analysis was carried out on an example of four‐cylinder combustion engine. However, the developed modelling method can be used for analysis of different combustion engines start‐up.

Practical implications

The proposed modelling method is useful for analysis of car starters at the stage of design.

Originality/value

The originality of the work consist in the fact that in the developed model variation of the car starter load torque as well as the variations of the entire mechanical system moment of inertia were taken into account.
Spectral‐element method for high‐speed rotating cylinders
Authors: De Gersem Herbert
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to offer a fast and reliable discretisation scheme for computing the electromagnetic fields inside a ferromagnetic cylinder, accounting for motional eddy currents under high velocities and accounting for the severe ferromagnetic saturation of the rotor surface.

Design/methodology/approach

A nonlinear spectral‐element (SE) formulation is developed and compared to existing analytical and finite‐element approaches.

Findings

The proposed SE method results in a higher accuracy, allows for smaller models, avoids upwinding and needs less computation time. Disadvantages are the dense system matrix and the bad condition number.

Research limitations/implications

The SE approach is only developed and tested for 2D models with a single cylindrical domain.

Practical implications

The results of the paper may improve the design and optimisation of solid‐rotor induction machines and magnetic bearings.

Originality/value

The paper offers an appropriate solution for a computational problem, which already has been encountered by a large community of researchers and engineers dealing with high‐speed rotating devices.
Accurate minor loops calculation with a modified Jiles‐Atherton hysteresis model
Authors: Leite Jean V. , Benabou Abdelkader , Sadowski Nelson
Published: May 2009

Purpose

Although the original Jiles‐Atherton (J‐A) hysteresis model is able to represent a wide range of major hysteresis loops, in particular those of soft magnetic materials, it can produces non‐physical minor loops with its classical equations. The purpose of this paper is to show a modification in the J‐A hysteresis model in order to improve the minor and inner loops representation. The proposed technique allows the J‐A model representing non‐centred minor loops with accuracy as well as improving the symmetric inner loops representation.

Design/methodology/approach

Only the irreversible magnetization component is slightly modified keeping unchanged the other model equations and the model simplicity. The high‐variation rate of the irreversible magnetization, which causes the non‐physical behaviour of minor loops, is limited by introducing a new physical parameter linked to the losses. Contrarily to other modifications of the original model found in the literature, the previously knowledge of the magnetic field waveform is not needed in this case.

Findings

The modified hysteresis model is validated by comparison with experimental results. A good agreement is observed between calculations and measurements. The modified model retains the low‐computational effort and numerical simplicity of the original one.

Originality/value

This paper shows that a classical scalar hysteresis model can be suitably used to take into account the minor loops behaviour and be included in a finite element code. The methodology is useful for the design and analysis of electromagnetic devices under distorted flux patterns.
Analysis of the force ripples of a current loaded PMLSM
Authors: Remy Ghislain , Gomand Julien , Tounzi Abdelmounaïm , Barre Pierre‐Jean
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the force ripples of an open slot permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM). A calculation procedure using 2D finite elements method (2D‐FEM) is then evaluated with experimentations.

Design/methodology/approach

First, the studied PMLSM and its main features are introduced. Then, the 2D‐FEM model used to study the motor is presented. The methods used to calculate the force and the meshing procedures are also highlighted. The calculated no‐load force is compared to measurements. Lastly, the validated model is used to study the influence of the current magnitude on the force ripples at load.

Findings

In addition to the no‐load case, the influence of the current magnitude on these forces is presented.

Originality/value

The paper is orientated with a sound industrial background. For that reason, the impact of the current saturation on the thrust generation is presented via the evolution of the thrust coefficient, which is the force to the RMS currents ratio.
Electromagnetic modelling of short circuited coreplates
Authors: Roger Jean‐Yves , Vrignaud Emmanuel , Henneron Thomas , Benabou Abdelkader , Ducreux Jean‐Pierre
Published: May 2009

Purpose

Coreplates in large generators may suffer from local short circuits. An accurate analysis is required to avoid these failures and detect them when occurring. The purpose of this paper is to develop a lamination stack model compliant with interlamination default analysis.

Design/methodology/approach

An electromagnetic model should account for the eddy‐current in the lamination stack. To avoid the modelling of the insulation between the steel sheets, the authors propose to introduce a condition on the fields applied between each sheet. In the case of electric fault between several sheets, the conducting domain, i.e. the sheets, is not simply connected. Then, T‐Ω formulation must be adapted to solve such problem.

Findings

The model allows to account for thin plates, insulating layers and electrical faults in electromagnetic modeling of core plates. This study leads to a first evaluation of eddy current losses in steel laminations with defaults.

Research limitations/implications

The present study does not take into account thermal effects. The next step will consist in a magneto‐thermal computation. Thus, an electromagnetic finite element software must be coupled with a thermal one. An other improvement will rely on the study of actual situation in order to evaluate the accuracy of industrial sensors and to compare with measurements.

Originality/value

The paper develops a lamination stack model compliant with interlamination default analysis. As far as the authors know, this is the first study on 3D electromagnetic modeling.
Amorphous modular transformers and their 3D magnetic fields calculation with FEM
Authors: Zakrzewski K. , Tomczuk B. , Koteras D.
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the calculation of magnetic field distribution in the modular amorphous transformers under short‐circuit state including the flux by the voltage supplying. The magnetically asymmetrical transformer (amorphous asymmetrical transformer – AAT) has been compared also with the symmetrical one (amorphous symmetrical transformer – AST).

Design/methodology/approach

3D field problems were analyzed with total ψ and reduced ϕ potentials within the finite element method (FEM). The calculated fluxes have been verified experimentally.

Findings

The field method which includes voltage excitation is helpful for flux density (B) calculation and winding reactances determination, as well. Calculations and tests yield similar flux distributions in both AST and AAT constructions. One should emphasize that AAT is better for manufacturing and repairing.

Research limitations/implications

Owing to very thin (80 μm) amorphous ribbon, the solid core has been assumed for computer simulations.

Originality/value

Employment of a field method for calculation of the innovative three‐phase amorphous modular transformers. New construction of amorphous transformer, i.e. AAT, has been manufactured at Opole University of Technology.
IM'ing overload: Libraryh3lp to the rescue
Authors: Theiss‐White Danielle , Dale Jenny , Erin Fritch Melia , Bonella Laura , Coleman Jason
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe the new virtual reference system Libraryh3lp, developed to assist librarians with managing multiple instant messaging (IM) patrons at one time.

Design/methodology/approach

A summary of the main features of the Libraryh3lp system, including setup and reports; and a discussion of how to provide staff training.

Findings

This paper provides an overview of the Libraryh3lp virtual reference platform including what it does, how it works, and its benefits for reference managers.

Originality/value

This paper is useful for information management professionals who are looking for a low‐cost, reliable alternative to current IM software systems.
Promoting collaboration: the physical arrangement of library computers
Authors: Folkestad James E. , Banning James
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this conceptual paper is to highlight the increasing need for libraries to support collaborative learning and to review possible physical arrangements of computer laboratories that are supportive of collaborative learning.

Design/methodology/approach

A review of the literature was conducted to look at the interface of the concepts of collaborative learning and physical arrangements of computer laboratories.

Findings

The review of the literature surfaced four suggested physical arrangements of computers for collaborative work; kidney‐shaped tables, trapezoid tables and half‐circle tables, and Center for Science, Mathematics and Technology Education sociopetal workstations. After reviewing these arrangements, the paper suggest an additional arrangement with increased potential for face to face collaboration; full‐circle with recessed monitors.

Originality/value

As new libraries are built and others renovated, these five physical arrangements provide for ways that computer laboratories can be designed to meeting the increasing need for user collaboration.
Accounting and the moral economy of illness in Victorian England: the Newcastle Infirmary
Authors: Holden Andy , Funnell Warwick , Oldroyd David
Published: May 2009

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the Victorian attitude to the poor by focussing on the health care provided at a large provincial hospital, the Newcastle Infirmary.

Design/methodology/approach

The archives of the Newcastle Infirmary are reviewed alongside the local trade directories. These primary sources are examined in conjunction with the writings of contemporary social theorists on poverty.

Findings

At a time when poverty was seen as a sin, an act against God, it would be easy to assume that the Victorians faced no moral dilemma in dismissing the poor, particularly what were seen as the “undeserving poor”, out of hand. Yet, the paper observes how accounting was used both to persuade the wealthier citizens to contribute funds and to enable the hospital to exercise compassion in treating paupers despite this being prohibited under the hospital's rules. Such a policy conflicted with the dominant utilitarian view of society, which emphasised the twin pillars of economic expediency and self‐help.

Research limitations/implications

More case studies are needed of other hospitals to ascertain how typical the Newcastle Infirmary was of the voluntary hospital sector as a whole.

Originality/value

Although many histories of British hospitals exist and some have examined how accounting was used to manage within these institutions, the concern has not been with accounting as a moral practice.
Stakeholder perspectives on a financial sector legitimation process
Authors: O'Sullivan Niamh , O'Dwyer Brendan
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present an in‐depth, context rich, and stakeholder‐focused perspective on the legitimation dynamics surrounding the initiation and evolution of one of the key financial sector environmental and social responsibility initiatives in recent years, the Equator Principles.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws on a combination of in‐depth interviews with non‐governmental organization (NGO) leaders, extensive documentary analysis and participant observation in order to understand and explain, from an NGO perspective, the use of the Equator Principles as a central element in an attempt to legitimise financial institutions' project finance activities. Key aspects of legitimacy theory are used to theoretically frame the analysis.

Findings

The paper reveals and analyses the process through which campaigning NGOs conferred a nominal level of legitimacy on financial institutions' project finance activities. It proceeds to unveil how and why this attained legitimacy unravelled. A perceived lack of accountability at an institutional, organisational and individual project level is identified as a central reason for this reduction in legitimacy.

Research limitations/implications

The paper primarily focuses on one side of the story of the dynamics of the legitimation process underpinning the evolution of the Equator Principles until 2006. Future research could focus on obtaining and theorising financial institution perspectives on the Equator Principles' development, implementation, and progression as well as analysing developments beyond 2006.

Originality/value

The paper advances our understanding of the dynamics of legitimation processes. These dynamics are studied from the perspective of a key “relevant public” thereby prioritising perceptions that are largely absent from corporate social accountability research seeking to empirically inform legitimacy theory.
Initiating sustainable development reporting: evidence from New Zealand
Authors: Bebbington Jan , Higgins Colin , Frame Bob
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to document organizations' self descriptions of why they initiated sustainable development (SD) reporting and explore these explanations using an institutional theory framework.

Design/methodology/approach

Constructs organizational narratives from semi‐structured in‐depth interviews with reporting champions who participated in an SD reporting workshop series. The narratives are analysed using institutional theory to explore how regulatory, normative and cognitive institutions combine with organizational dynamics to influence SD reporting activity.

Findings

For these particular organizations, choosing to engage in reporting appears not to be a rational choice. Rather reporting is initiated because it has come to be an accepted part of pursuing a differentiation strategy, it offers some contribution to existing business challenges, and organizations value the rewards it offers. This rationale constitutes a cognitive mechanism within institutional theory.

Originality/value

The paper provides useful information on initiating sustainable development reporting based on organizations' self descriptions.
Currency options trading practices and the construction and governance of operational risk
Authors: Mahama Habib , Yu Ming Chen
Published: May 2009

Purpose

Recent failures and scandals in the banking and financial services industry have served as catalysts for anxiety about operational risk. In particular, the Basel II accord emphasises the need to develop methodologies for assessing and managing this category of risk. However, operational risk is said to be an elusive and problematic concept. This paper aims to examine how certain events in the banking and financial services industry become enframed and constructed as operational risk and how such risk is managed.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws on the sociology of risk literature to analyse how an “unauthorised trading” event (and associated losses) that occurred in the currency options trading desk of the National Australia Bank (NAB) was enframed and constructed as operational risk. Data are gathered through metadiscourse analysis of textual materials relating to this event.

Findings

The analysis reveals the social and institutional mechanisms underlying the construction of risk and the contested nature of risk knowledge. In particular, it highlights the significant role of media discourse in articulating risk claims and dominating public discourse about risk. It also highlights the moral character of the concept of risk and how the moralising of risk discourse leads to the creation of particular forms of subjectivities and the operationalisation of certain risk management rationalities in NAB.

Originality/value

The paper will be helpful in improving researchers' and practitioners' understanding of how, in a given field of possibilities, particular events become constructed as operational risk.
A question of economics
Authors: Oakman B.N.
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on unconsidered ethical implications of an allegedly strictly commercial decision.

Design/methodology/approach

Fictional poem.

Findings

Meditation on how we may ignore an ethical issue if profit is enhanced by so doing.

Research limitations/implications

Stimulate thought on the implications of unconstrained profit maximisation.

Originality/value

An individual comment and a questioning of deception as a tool of profit maximisation.
E‐mail infatuation
Authors: Parker Lee
Published: May 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a satirical critique on the dominant role of e‐mail communications in business and professional life.

Design/methodology/approach

Poetic exposition.

Findings

Takes the reader through a declining list of positive e‐mail attributes which metamorphose into increasingly dysfunctional attributes and personally stressful experiences. Highlights the addictive appeal and tensions in e‐mail usage.

Research limitations/implications

Raising awareness and pointing to issues regarding the commonly experienced advantages and disadvantages of the electronic business age.

Originality/value

Opens up the dysfunctional personal and working consequences of e‐mail communications in the world of work.