bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The estimation of food intake, and its seasonal variation, in the Hartebeest
Authors: PRICE M. R. STANLEY
Published: April 2008

This paper describes a method of estimating the food intake of a grazing species, Coke's hartebeest, using material from thirty‐two freshly killed animals, taken in different seasons. The literature suggests that the retention time of particles in the cow's rumen is dependent on their specific gravity. The proportions of the leaf, sheath and stem of grasses in the hartebeest's rumen were assessed and their specific gravities measured. Their characteristic retention times, used in conjunction with the weight of rumen contents, allowed calculation of the daily intake of each hartebeest.

The use of specific gravity is justified by the relationships between the specific gravity and proximate composition of the grass samples. The intakes showed a three fold range, with the lowest mean value of 26.1 ±4.7 g/kg.W*73. day in the dry season. A reduced intake of low quality feeds is consistent with published theories on the factors regulating the intakes of roughages by ruminants.

The hartebeest's changing intake is paralleled by other changes in its digestive tract, notably the concentrations of nitrogen in the rumen and faeces. A regression predicting the hartebeest's intake from the faecal nitrogen concentration is developed.

Intake is shown to depend upon the water content of the diet, through its effect on specific gravity and hence retention time. The water content is determined by the effective rainfall over the previous 3 months.

The limitations of the method, particularly in the measurement of specific gravity, are discussed. A number of reported intakes by cattle and sheep, with the result of a feeding trial with one hartebeest, are presented to show that the estimated intakes may be close to their actual values.
Feeding and drinking habits of the black rhinoceros in Masai Mara Game Reserve
Authors: MUKINYA JOHN G.
Published: April 2008

Feeding and drinking habits of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis L.) population in Masai Mara Game Reserve, Kenya, were studied from May 1971 to August 1972. A total of 108 rhinoceros were recorded in the study area. Feeding rhinoceros were followed behind their feeding tracks until they stopped feeding (or changed to another activity) and the plants which they selected were identified. A technique was used which provided an indication of the relative importance of certain plants in the diet during May to September 1971 (wet‐semi‐dry), October 1971 to February 1972 (dry) and February to May 1972 (wet‐semi‐dry). A total of 240 h were spent actually watching feeding rhinoceros in thirteen distribution areas. During this period rhinoceros were observed eating seventy plant species from thirty botanical families. In all distribution areas rhinoceros were very selective for herbs and shrubs, and showed a marked preference for Solanum incanum, Dichrostachys cinerea and Acacia species. Rhinoceros were also observed to visit salt licks which contained sodium, magnesium, potassium and calcium.

Two feeding peaks, one in morning and the other in the afternoon were recorded. Black rhinoceros drink water mainly at night. They spend most of the night time near the watering places for they were mostly located in the mornings walking to the feeding grounds.
Histology of the frontal sac in three species of Leaf‐nosed bats (Hipposideridae)
Authors: MAINOYA J. R. , HOWELL K. M.
Published: April 2008

Histological studies were made of the median frontal sac from both male and female specimens of Hipposideros commersoni, H. ruber, and Triaenops persicus. In H. commersoni this organ which is more prominent in the male than in the female, con tained tri‐lobed sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles and modestly enlarged simple saccular apocrine glands. On the other hand this structure in H. ruber con sisted entirely of a coiled‐lobule type of apocrine gland. The female had only a rudi mentary gland without any sac. The complex frontal gland in T. persicus consisted of (1) a superficial haired layer containing sebaceous glands and saccular apocrine glands, (2) a deeper‐lying enormously convoluted peculiar type of apocrine gland which was more active in males than females. The sexual dimorphism expressed in both the development and activity of the frontal gland in these Hipposiderid bats suggests possible important roles in the mediation of behavioural and physiological responses related to reproduction.

Des analyses histologiques ont CtC effectuees sur la poche médiofrontale du mile et de la femelle de l'Hipposideros commersoni, de 1'H. ruber et du Triaenops persicus. Chez 1'H. commersoni cet organe, plus développé chez le mâle que chez la femelle, contenait trois glandes sébacées trilobCes en association avec des follicules capillaires et avec des glandes apocrines sacciformes quelque peu dilatées. Chez le H. ruber d'autre part, cette structure consistait uniquement en une glande apocrine en spirale et lobulée. La femelle ne possédait qu'une glande rudimentaire dépourvue de poche. Chez le T. persicus, la glande frontale, complexe, comportait: (1) une couche capillaire super‐ficielle contenant des glandes sCbactes et des glandes apocrines sacciformes, (2) à un niveau plus profond, un type particulier de glande apocrine fortement convolutée, plus dans active chez le mile que chez la femelle. Ce dimorphisme sexuel qui se reflète tant dans le dCveloppement que dans I'activité de la glande frontale chez les Hipposiderid semblerait ainsi influer de faGon non négligeable sur le comportement et l'activité physiologique liés à la reproduction.
Field observations on the African giant rat Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse in southern Nigeria
Authors: AJAYI S. S.
Published: April 2008

The African giant rat Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse is found in a wide variety of habitats in Ibadan district. These include an abandoned farm in a degraded deciduous forest, a zoological garden complex, Agodi; and a forest plantation of teak (Tectona grandis L.F.), human habitation and derived Guinea savanna. They located their burrows in the most heavily shaded parts of the habitats. Burrows were found mostly inside deserted termite mounds and amongst roots of trees probably to provide insulation from heat. They are nocturnal, omnivorous rodents, feeding on a wide variety of root crops, fruits, molluscs and insects. Fruits of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) or their remains were found in all burrows. Information on habitat preferences, food habits, as well as that obtained from the dimensions and design of burrows which are reported in this paper later provided a basis for the design of cages and husbandry techniques for a programme of domestication of this rodent, which is currently being carried out at University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Preliminary observations on the daytime activity patterns of lesser kudu in Tsavo National Park, Kenya*
Authors: MITCHELL A. W.
Published: April 2008

Free‐ranging lesser kudu were observed during the day in Tsavo (East) National Park for periods of up to 12 h and records of activity patterns were obtained.

Data grouped into the percentage of animals engaged in feeding, resting, and other activities in each time class show a changing pattern of behaviour through the day. The presence of a biphasic resting rhythm is demonstrated, the initiation and duration of which are variable. Feeding generally predominated in the early morning and late afternoon.

Rumination took place during resting periods which were also used for the avoidance of excessive heat stress. Possible factors controlling the phasing of the behaviour seen are discussed.
Oesophageal fistulation of topi and wildebeest*
Authors: USENIK E. A. , KREULENZ D. A. , DUNCANS P.
Published: April 2008

Oesophageal fistulas were surgically made in three wildebeest and two topi using a lateral, mid‐cervical approach through a sterno‐mastoideus splitting incision. Two different types of plugs were used to maintain the fistulas closed. Various complications which responded to individual care and treatment are described.
Comparison of analysis of stomach contents and faecal samples from zebra
Authors: OWAGA MARY L. A.
Published: April 2008

Stomach contents and faecal samples from the same individuals were collected and analysed from eighteen plains zebra in Kajiado district, Kenya. They were analysed microscopically using the point frame method (Chamrad & Box, 1964). The composition of the diets is expressed in terms of ‘parts’ (leaves, sheaths, and stems), while ten grass species which featured prominently in the diet are discussed. The results were tested statistically and regressions were drawn for leaf, sheath and stem proportions in stomach contents and faecal samples.

The frequency of leaves appearing in the stomach was found to be consistently higher than that of the faeces while the reverse was the case for sheaths and stems. Out of about sixty species of grasses and five of sedges, the ten most important ones in stomach samples were also the most important species in faecal samples, although some appeared in different orders. All species which had a frequency of at least 3% in the stomach contents were identifiable in the faecal samples.
Live and carcass weights of giant rat Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse and domestic rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus L
Authors: Ajayi S. S.
Published: April 2008

This paper presents a record of the live and carcass weights of the African giant rat Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse and the domestic rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus L. Male and female giant rats have an average killing out percentage of 51.4% (n= 10, S.D. ± 3.8) and 516% (n = 7, S.D. ± 3.47) respectively. The difference between the killing‐out percentages of both sexes was not statistically significant at 5% probability level. There was also no significant difference at 5% probability level between the killing‐out percentages of giant rats and domestic rabbit. Very low fat content was observed in the carcasses of wild giant rats.
Buffalo movements and accessibility to a community of hunters in Zambia
Authors: MARKS STUART A.
Published: April 2008

This paper describes the strategies for hunting and use of cape buffalo by hunters in the central Luangwa Valley of Zambia. Reduced in numbers by a severe epizootic at the close of the nineteenth century, buffalo have only become plentiful within the last 15 years. Currently this species comprises 39% of hunter kills. Hunters recognize three groupings of buffalo each with its own behaviour and movements. Conditional probability statements, based upon buffalo movements on a 60‐km2 area and information on buffalo‐hunter interactions observed for 3 consecutive months during 1973, indicate that the likelihood of hunters on a given day killing a buffalo is nine chances in one hundred. Given this daily probability value, these hunters are estimated to kill thirty‐three buffalo yearly. Subsistence hunters, whose weapon is primarily the muzzle‐loading gun, take mainly bulls, while others, who use modern rifles and shotguns and often market their kills, take cows in addition to bulls.

Cette étude décrit la perception et les stratagèmes employés pour chaser le buffle du Cap par des chasseurs de la Vallée Luangwa au centre de la Zambie. Le nombre des buffles était réduit par une maladie épizootique sévkre à la fin du XIXe siècle et ce nombre ne s'augmente que depuis quinze ans. Maintenant cette espèce comprend 39% de gibier tué par ces chasseurs. 11s reconnaissent trois groupes de buffle, chacun avec ses propres déplacements et façons d'agir. Les rapports de probabilité conditionnelle basés sur les deplacements des buffles dans une région de 60 km2 et sur les faits observés des rencontres entre buffle et chasseur dans une période de trois mois de suite en 1973 indiquent que la probabilité qu'un chasseur tue un buffle estneuf sur cent. Etant donné cette valeur de probabilité quotidienne, on calcule que ces chasseurs tuent 33 buffles par an. Les chasseurs pour qui le buffle est un moyen de subsistance et qui emploient principalement un fusil qui se charge à la bouche prennent le plus souvent des mâles tandis que les autres chasseurs qui emploient des fusils de chasse modernes et qui vendent quelquefois leur prise prennent des femelles ainsi que des mâles.
A survey of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in Kenyan birds of prey
Authors: FRANK LAURENCE G. , JACKSON RODNEY M. , COOPER JOHN E. , FRENCH M. C.
Published: April 2008

Pectoral muscle samples from forty‐five individuals representing eighteen species of resident Kenyan raptors of different trophic levels were analysed for the presence of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues. Most raptors from agricultural areas contained residues of DDT metabolites, and many contained dieldrin as well; raptors from non‐agricultural areas did not contain detectable levels of any organochlorines. While levels were generally low compared to those reported in populations of temperate latitude birds of prey which have shown decreases in reproductive success attributable to organochlorine pollutants, falcons and accipiters from highly agriculturalized areas such as Nairobi contain residue levels equivalent to those found to affect the reproduction of other raptorial species. It is also suggested that chlorinated hydrocarbon kinetics may not be the same in the tropics as in northern latitudes insofar as terrestrial ecosystems seem to show higher levels than aquatic systems. A permanent programme to monitor organochlorine residues in East African wildlife is recommended.

Des echantillons de muscles pectoraux de 45 individux représentant 18 espèces de rapaces du Kenya, des différents niveaux trophiques, ont été analysés pour detecter la présence de résidus d'hydrocarbones‐chlorés. Des résidus de metabolites de DDT autant que le dieldrin ont été trouvés dans la plupart des rapaces des régions agricoles; par contre les rapaces des régions non‐agricoles, ne contenaient pas de niveaux détectables d'organochlorures. Les niveaux sont généralement bas comparés à ceux observés chez les oiseaux de proie des latitudes tempérées; ces populations ont montré recul, dans leur reproduction que I'on peut attribuer aux polluants organo‐chlorés. Toute fois les faucons et les accipitires des régions fortement agricoles comme celle de Nairobi contiennent des niveaux residuels comparables à ceux que l'on a trouvé affectant la reproduction d'autres espices de rapaces. C'est aussi suggéré que la cinétique des hydrocarbones‐chlorés n'est pas nécessairement la méme dans les tropiques que dans les latitudes plus nordiques. Les ecosystémes terrestres semblent indiquer des niveaux résiduels plus élevés que les ecosystémes marines. Un programme permanent pour évaluer les résidus organochlorés des oiseaux sauvages des pays de 1'Est Africain est recommandé.
Aberrations in the coat colour patterns of black and white Colobus monkeys
Authors: HULL DAVID B.
Published: April 2008

The coat colour pattern of the Black and White Colobus has served for almost two centuries as the primary means of classifying the genus. Observations on aberrations in the coat colour pattern, particularly of the ‘white’Colobus of Mt. Kenya, suggest a simple hypothesis explaining the development of the coat colour in terms of dorsal and ventral fields, which have been blocked in these aberrant individuals. The basic differences in the species patterns within the genus Colobus may be viewed as the result of differing degrees of extension of these fields. The evident rarity of aberrations in coat colour underlines the uniqueness of the Mt. Kenya populations containing these ‘white’ individuals.

La couleur de la robe de Colobus a servi de moyen principal pour classifier ce genre. Les remarques sur les anomalies dans la couleur de la robe, particulièrement les colobes ‘blancs’ du Mt. Kenya, suggèrent une hypothése qui explique le développement de la couleur de la robe sous form des champs dorsal et ventral, qui sont bloqués chez ces individus ‘blancs’. Les différences de base parmi les espèces du genre Colobus peuvent être envisagées comme le résultat de degrés différents de l'extension de ces champs. La rareté de ces anomalies dans la robe de Cofubus souligne le charactère unique de la population du Mt. Kenya qui contient ces individus ‘blancs’.
Geese and Red‐knobbed Coot on the Kafue Flats in Zambia, 1970–1974
Authors: DOUTHWAITE R. J.
Published: April 2008

The occurrence, chronology of breeding and wing‐moult, and feeding habits of the Pigmy Goose Nettapus auritus, Knob‐billed Goose Sarkidiornis melanotos, Spur‐winged Goose Plectropterus gambensis, Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca and Red‐knobbed Coot Fulica cristata on the Kafue Flats in Zambia are described based on observations made between October 1970 and January 1974 at Lochinvar National Park and, from the air, over the central section of the Flats.

The Pigmy Goose, Knob‐billed Goose, Egyptian Goose and Red‐knobbed Coot fed largely by grazing. They were most abundant between March and June, occurring in greatest numbers at Lochinvar. Egyptian Geese occasionally nested on the flood‐plain at Lochinvar between August and January, but there was no proof of the other species nesting there. Many Pigmy Geese and male Knob‐billed Geese moulted on the lagoon at Lochinvar between March and June; small numbers of Egyptian Geese and Red‐knobbed Coot also moulted in the Park, the former between February and May, the latter in June and July.

The Spur‐winged Goose fed mostly by grazing and grubbing. Numbers on the Flats were greatest between June and November when 60,000–90,000 moved downriver as the floods subsided. Many bred between January and March in the fringing zone and moulted on the floodplain between May and July.

A hydroelectric scheme, completed in 1975, may benefit the Pigmy Goose and Red‐knobbed Coot but harm the Spur‐winged Goose.
Observations on the biology and nutritive value of the African giant snail Archachatina marginata
Authors: AJAYI S. S. , TEWET O. O. , MORIARTY C. , AWESU M. O.
Published: April 2008

Food habits, growth rate, reproductive performance, carcass characteristics and nutritive value of the giant snail were investigated in the field and with captive snails.

Food consumed included fresh plant material, livestock faeces and dead animals. Clutch sizes varied from six to twelve and incubation periods from 30 to 45 days. Weight gains of young snails of average weight 20 g fed on diets of single plant species ranged from 18% on Talinum triangulare leaves to 200% on pawpaw fruit. Best growth was shown on leaves of cassava and cocoyam, grain chaff of maize and fruit of pawpaw.

Dressing‐out percentage of snails of 200 g weight was 37.8%. Nutrient composition of the edible portion compared closely with that of domestic livestock. Nitrogen‐free extractive content was high at 5% and fat low at 1.3%. Mineral analysis revealed a high iron content of 12.2 mg/100 g in the edible carcass.

The experiments showed that the snail could thrive in captivity on a variety of locally produced feeds, many of them rejected as waste products. It shows great promise as a domestic animal capable of being reared with negligible capital outlay.
Distribution of burrows of the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) in relation to soil characteristics
Authors: AJAYI S. S. , TEWE O. O.
Published: April 2008

A study was made of soil characteristics in giant rat habitat in order to examine the possibility that the location of their burrows is related to soil texture and minerals. Physical and mineral analysis of soils from giant rat burrows have been carried out. Significant chemical differences were observed between soils from occupied or vacated burrows and from locations without burrows. Striking differences in correlation coefficients of different minerals (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and manganese) were observed in vacated and occupied burrows. The implication of these findings are discussed in relation to present knowledge of the animal's nutritional requirements.
Feeding ecology and its influence on social organization in Brown hyenas (Hyaena brunnea, Thunberg) of the Central Kalahari Desert
Authors: OWENS MARK J. , OWENS DELIA D.
Published: April 2008

(1) Observations are presented on the diet, feeding habits, hunting and foraging behaviour of Brown hyaenas of the Central Kalahari.

(2) The remains of kills left by other predators are the single most important food item in the Brown hyaena's diet. The diet also consists of small scavenged items, small prey such as rodents which the hyaena itself kills, and wild fruits.

(3) Brown hyaenas hunt and scavenge small items solitarily, but congregate for communal scavenging of the large kills left by other predators.

(4) Individual hyaenas are not territorial and there is great overlap in home ranges. They use common pathways and frequently meet to socialize while foraging.

(5) Resident adults form a group with a social hierarchy maintained through neck‐biting, muzzle‐wrestling, chasing, and other social interactions. Subadult hyaenas often leave the group when approximately 22 months old.

(6) Brown hyaenas have a complex system of communication including visual displays, social interactions, vocalizations, and extensive pasting. These are described.

(7) Since carrion is an important source of food, Brown hyaenas have developed distinct relationships with other predators and these are described.

(8) In conclusion, the Brown hyaena exhibits a highly flexible social system, foraging and hunting small items solitarily and congregating for the common utilization of a large carcass. The social organization is therefore influenced by the feeding ecology.
Behavioural changes in the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) under domestication
Authors: AJAYI S. S. , TEWE O. O. , FATUROTI E. O.
Published: April 2008

A gradient of behavioural patterns was observed among the wild and the first four generations of the African giant rat. Escape reactions and agonistic behaviour were completely lost as from the second generation. Wild rats were easily tamed and those born in captivity were very social. However, being a burrowing rodent, preferring a cool environment in nature, they had a low tolerance to heat. Cannibalism was an important management problem which persisted to the fourth generation resulting in the mortality of 40% of the newly born. From the fifth generation onwards, rats became completely tame and docile. Cannibalism was reduced to less than 10% of the newly born at the fifteenth generation. At this stage, for all practical purposes the giant rat can be regarded as a domestic animal.
A diagnosis of coccidiosis in captive bush fowl (Francolinus bicalcaratus) and identification of the causative coccidia
Authors: ADENE D. F. , AKANDE D.
Published: April 2008

Following the observation of enteritis in captive bush fowls (Francolinus bicalcaratus) undergoing experimental domestication, a diagnosis of coccidiosis was established on pathological, parasitological and therapeutic criteria. Oocysts isolated from the ceaca of the dead fowls when sporulated under laboratory conditions produced four sporocysts in contrast to the three other known genera of coccidia in avian hosts. The morphology and the site of recovery of the oocysts and pattern of lesions in the intestines of the hosts were similar to those of Eimeria necatrix infection in domestic fowls. These observations are of considerable economic importance to the husbandry and ecology of bush fowls which are being considered as potential source of animal protein and are undergoing trial domestication under intensive management.

Au cours de l'observation d'une entérite chez des Francolins de brousse (Fran‐colinus bicalcaratus) en captivité, dans le cadre d'une domestication expérimentale, une diagnose de coccidiose fut établie sur base de critèxes pathologiques, parasito‐logiques et thérapeutiques. Sporulant dans des conditions de laboratoire, les oocystes isolés des coecums de Francolins morts produisirent quatre sporocystes, contraire‐ment aux trois autres genres de coccidies connus chez les hôtes aviens. La morpho‐logie et les endroits où I'on a retrouvé les oocystes, ainsi que le modèle des lésions dans les intestins des hôtes sont similaires à ceux de l'infection par Eimeria necatrix chez la volaille domestique. Ces observations sont d'une importance économique considérable pour I'exploitation et l'écologie des Francolins de brousse, qu sont en passe d'être considérés comme source potentielle de protéines animales et qui sont soumis à des essais de domestication préliminaires à une gestion intensive.
Daytime activity patterns of gerenuk and giraffe in Tsavo National Park, Kenya
Authors: LEUTHOLD BARBARA M. , LEUTHOLD WALTER
Published: April 2008

Individual daytime activity patterns of gerenuks (Litocranius walleri) and giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) varied considerably, being influenced by such factors as the social environment, reproductive status, predators, and weather conditions. In male gerenuks and female giraffes, relative feeding time per day was inversely correlated with ambient temperature at 14.00 hours; the same relationship applied to mean distance moved per hour by female giraffes. Gerenuks commonly lay down during rain; this probably serves to reduce heat loss. Most individual daily activity patterns showed some degree of alternation between feeding and ruminating, which is probably characteristic of ruminants generally. In the pooled data, this is evident qualitatively in gerenuks, particularly males, but it is difficult to substantiate quantitatively. In both species, females spent more time feeding than males in the daytime.

L'activité diurne de plusieurs gérénuks (gazelles girafes) et girafes variait individuelle‐ment et entre différents jours, sous I'influence de divers facteurs tels que l'environne‐ment social, la condition reproductive, la présence de prédateurs, et le temps. Les m5les du gérénuk et les femelles de la girafe manifestaient une corrélation inverse entre la température à 14.00 heures et la durée relative du broutement diurne. Une relation correspondante s'appliquait à la distance moyenne couverte par heure par des girafes femelles. Les gérénuks se couchaient souvent pendant des chutes de pluie, ce qui réduit probablement les pertes de chaleur. En général, broutement et rumination alternaient en phases assez prononcées pendant un jour; ceci est probablement caractéristique des ruminants, une conséquence de leur mode d'alimentation. Cette alternation se manifeste bien dans les résultats qualitatifs, mais elle est difficile à confirmer quantitativement. Chez les deux espèces les femelles passaient plus de temps en broutant que les mâes durant la journée.
Savanna burning in Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria
Authors: AFOLAYAN T. A.
Published: April 2008

A study of the effects of burning and grazing regimes on savanna structure and bio‐mass was conducted in three vegetation types from August 1972 to April 1976 in the Borgu section of Kainji Lake National Park. The six treatments carried out annually in each vegetation type are: (a) early burning with grazing; (b) early burning without grazing; (c) late burning with grazing; (d) late burning without grazing; (e) Are excluded with grazing; (f) both fire and grazing excluded. The results obtained from this study indicated that both burning and grazing treatments had highly significant effects on the habitats (P<0.001). It was also shown that late burning destroyed tree seedlings and young trees, while early burning encouraged their growth. Maximum grass production was under late burning treatment in the three vegetation types while the lowest was in complete protection from Are. Early burning showed intermediate results. Early burning was recommended for narrow strips along the game‐viewing tracks to improve visibility, concentrate animals for game viewing and promote a new flush of grass which is more palatable than the old coarse grass. Occasional late burning, say at 3–year intervals was recommended for the woody areas of the Park to promote better visibility.

Une téude des effets du feu et du broutage sur la structure et la biomasse de la savane a été menée dans trois types de végétation, depuis août 1972 jusqu'avril 1976, dans la Section de Borgu au Parc National du Lac Kainji. Les six traitements pratiqés annuel‐lement dans chaque type de végétation sont: (a) feu précoce avec broutage; (b) feu précoce sans broutage; (c) feu tardif avec broutage; (d) feutardif sans broutage; (e) absence de feu avec broutage; (f) absence de feu et de broutage. Les résultats obtenus par cette étude indiquent que les traitements de feu et de broutage ont tous deux des effets hautement significatifs sur les habitats (P<0.001). II a aussi été montré que le feu tardif détruisait les semences et les jeunes arbres, alors que le feu prtcoce favorisait leur croissance. Une production maximale d'herbe correspond a une pratique de feu tardif dans les trois types de végétation, et une production minimale à une protection totale contre le feu. L'incendie précoce entraine des résultats intermédiaires. Ce dernier est recommandé en bandes étroites pour augmenter la visibilité le long des pistes d'observation, concentrer les animaux pour voir le gibier, et provoquer la repousse d'une herbe plus appétissante que la vieille herbe rêche. Des incendies tardifs occasionnels, par exemple tous les 3 ans, est recommandé dans les parties boisées du Parc pour ménager une bonne visibilité.
A histological study on the ovary of the African cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus)
Authors: ODUOR‐OKELO DOMINIC
Published: April 2008

The cane rat, Thryonomys swinderianus is a relatively large rodent weighing between 2.5 and 3.5 kg. It lives in marshy areas along river banks. The histology of the ovaries was studied during pregnancy and non‐pregnancy. The ovaries are charac terized by numerous preovulatory follicles and considerable amounts of well‐vascularized interstitial gland tissue. During pregnancy the ovaries have many corpora lutea and there is extensive luteinization of atretic follicles and interstitial gland tissue. The number of corpora lutea in the two ovaries always exceeded the number of conceptuses carried to term.

L'Aulacode, Thryonomus swinderianus, est un assez gros rongeur pesant de 2,5 à 3,5 kg qui vit dans les régions marécageuses le long des berges de rivière. L'histologie des ovaires fut étudiée chez la femelle gestante et non gestante. Les ovaires sont carac‐tkrisks par de nombreux follicules préovulatoires et une quantité considérable de tissu glandulaire intersticiel tres vascularisé. Durant la grossesse, les ovaires ont de nombreux corpora lutea et il y a une lutéinisation extensive des follicules atrétiques et du tissu glandulaire intersticiel. Le nombre de corpora lutea dans les deux oviares ont toujours excédé le nombre des eufs portés à terme.
Histological aspects of the preorbital and interdigital glands of the red duiker (Cephalophus natalensis)
Authors: AINOYA J. R. M.
Published: April 2008

In the red duiker Cephalophus natalensis, the preorbital and interdigital glands are well developed. The preorbital gland consists of tubular apocrine and alveolar sebaceous gland components. The latter is highly branched and produces pigmented secretion. The apocrine glands appear be to more developed than the sebaceous glands. The main glandular complex is surmounted by skin containing non‐specialized sebaceous glands in association with hair follicles.

The interdigital glands in this animal are sac‐like invaginations of the interdigital cleft. These glands consist predominantly of coiled tubular apocrine glands which are equally developed in both fore and hindfeet.

Secretions from the preorbital and interdigital glands may play an important role in the behaviour of duikers.

Les glandes préorbitales et interdigitales chez 12 Céphalophe du Natal, Cepharlophus natalensis, sont bien developpées' La glande préorbitale comprend les composants d'une glande tubulaire apocrine et d'une glande alvéolaire sébacée. Cette dernière est largement ramifiée et produit une sécrétion pigmentée. Les glandes apocrines semblent plus développées que les glandes sébacées. Le complexe glandulaire principal est re‐couvert de peau contenant des glandes sébacées non spécialisées en association avec des follicules pileux.

Les glandes interdigitales de cet animal sont des invaginations en forme de sac de la fente interdigitale. Elles consistent principalement en des glandes tubulaires apocrines repliées qui sont aussi développées dans les pattes antérieures que postérieures.

Les sécrétions des glandes préorbitales et interdigitaIes peuvent jouer un rô1, important dans le comportement des Céphalophes.
Burrow structure and fossorial ecology of the springhare Pedetes capensis in Botswana
Authors: BUTYNSKI THOMAS M. , MATTINGLY ROSANNA
Published: April 2008

The fossorial ecology of the springhare was studied in the Republic of Botswana (August 1971‐August 1974). Springhare burrows were located on well‐drained sandy soils and were generally associated with an abundant short‐grass food resource and flat open terrain. The composition of grasses in the vicinity of the burrows differed markedly from that of the surrounding areas as a result of springhare activities.

Digging behaviour is discussed. Excavation of burrows occurred during all times of the year, but was most frequent during the wet season. The overall pattern of three excavated burrows was circular with most entrances on the periphery of the system; mean depth = 78 cm, mean length = 42.1 m, greatest depth =122 cm, tunnel height = 17–25 cm, tunnel width = 10–23 cm, and mean number of entrances = 9.3. Both temporary and permanent earthen plugs were formed within the burrows. No chambers, side‐pockets, blind tunnels, food or nesting materials were found in the burrows. Two types of entrances, ‘mound’ and ‘clean’ holes, were present.

Springhares are not colonial. One springhare, or at most a mother with its one young, was associated with each burrow.

L'écologie souterraine du lièvre sauteur fut étudiée en République du Botswana (août 1974). Les terriers des lièvres sauteurs sont situés dans des sols sablonneux bien drainés, et sont généralement associés aved d'abondantes resources alimentaires en courtes graminées et avec un terrain plat et dégagé. La composition des graminées au voisinage des terriers, qui différe nettement de celle des zones environnantes, est le résultant des activités du lièvre sauteur. Le comportement de creusage est discuté. L'excavation de terriers se produit tout au long de l'année mais est plus fréquente durant la saison des pluies. La structure en plan de trois terriers dégagés est circulaire, avec la plupart des entrées sur la périphérie du réseau (profondeur moyenne: 78 cm, longueur moyenne: 42.1 m, profondeur maximale: 122 cm, hauteur de galerie:

17–25 cm, largeur de galerie: 10–23 cm, nombre moyen d'entréees: 9.3). Des bouchons de terre temporaires et permanents sont édifiés à l'intérieur du terrier. Aucune chamber poche latérale, cul‐de‐sac, nourriture ou matériaux de nidification n'a été trouvé. Deux types d'entrés sont notés: des trow ‘en remblai’ et des trous ‘nets’. Les lièvres sauteurs ne sont pas coloniaux; un individu, ou tout au plus une mère avec son unique jeune occupe un seul terrier.
Diurnal trends and relationship to forage quality of ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration, pH and osmolarity in wildebeest on dry range in Tanzania*
Authors: KREULEN D. A. , HOPPE P. P.
Published: April 2008

One tamed wildebeest cow with a rumen fistula provided rumen fluid samples at four times of the day during 2 weeks, whilst grazing dry natural rangeland. The VFA level showed a peak after the early morning grazing period and then kept declining until the last sample was taken at 16.00 hours. However, the minimum was recorded at 13.00 hours on days when water was offered at 11.00 hours. The osmolarity behaved similarly, but changes in the pH were non‐significant. The mean daytime VFA level was 101meq/1. Literature has been reviewed to show that this variable is a useful index to forage quality. Data on the energy and protein content of the diet and on digestible organic matter intake are therefore presented to aid future comparisons. The range of VFA concentrations found (65–194 meq/l) is not different from other ungulates. It is also intimated that wildebeest and sheep derive the same amount of VFA (0.85 mol) from 100 g digestible organic matter.

Un gnou apprivoisé et muni d'un fistule permettais le prélèvement du jus du rumen quatre fois par jour pendant deux semaines, lorsqu'il broutait l'herbe naturelle sèche. La concentration en acides gras volatiles (AGV) était élevée dans le bon matin et diminuait après jusqu'à 13h00 ou 16h00. L'osmolarité changeait d'un mode similaire, mais la mesure du pH variait trés peu. La concentration moyenne en AGV était 101 meq/l. De la littérature a été résumée, indiquant que cette mesure est très utile pour évaluer la qualité de la nourriture. A cet égard, nous avons présenté des données sur le contenu en énergie et protéines du fourrage et sur la quantité de matière organique digestible ingérée. Les résultats ont été comparés avec ceux des autres ruminants sauvages et domestiques. II apparaît qu'ils sont semblables.
The vegetation of the Simanjiro Plains, Northern Tanzania
Authors: KAHURANANGA J.
Published: April 2008

In a general ecological study of the Simanjiro Plains, northern Tanzania carried out from 1970 to 1972, the vegetation was studied as part of the habitat of large herbivores using this area. The main vegetation types are short Digitaria macroblephara and Panicum coloratum grassland covering 51%, Acacia tortillis and Commiphora schimperi woodland occupying 26%; the Acacia stuhlmannii and A. drepanolobium bushland occupying 13% and the Pennisetum mezianum and Acacia stuhlmannii (seasonally water‐logged) bushed grassland occupying 10%. Low grass cover (46%) and widespread occurrence of unpalatable or even poisonous species is an indication of overgrazing. For a full list see the appendix.

Dans le cadre de I'étude écologique des plaines de Simanjiro (Nord Tanzanie), réalisée de 1970 à 1972, le végétation a étéétudiée en tant que composante de l'habitat des grands herbivores de la zone. Les principaux types de végétation sont une prairie àDigitaria macroblephara et Panicum coloratum qui couvre 51 % de la surface d'étude; une savane boiste àAcacia tortilis et Commiphora schimperi pour 26%; une savane arbustive àAcacia stuhlmannii et A. drepanolobium pour 13%, et la prairie emboissonée et temporairement engorgée àPennisetum mezianum et Acacia stuhlmannii pour 10%. Un couvert herbacé faible (46%) et l'existence frtéuente d'espéces refusées par les animaux ou même toxiques sont des preuves de surpâturage. Une liste de plantes usuelles collectées au cours de l'étude est fournie en annexe.
The conservation status of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis, L.) in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania
Authors: MAKACHA S. , MOLLEL C. L. , RWEZAURA J.
Published: April 2008

A study on the conservation status of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis, L.) in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania was undertaken in order to investigate recent allegations that this species is fast disappearing in the area. Comparison of census data on rhinos were made from 1958 to 1978 during which time there has been a notable steady decline in the mean population density mainly due to increased poaching pressure. Other factors that may have caused this fall are discussed. Urgent management measures to conserve the rhino population in the Ngorongoro Crater and the surrounding areas are recommended.

Une étude sur I'état de la conservation des rhinocéros (Diceros bicornis, L.) dans le Cratére du Ngorongoro (Tanzanie) fut entreprise dans le but de vérifier de récentes affirmations concernant la disparition rapide de cette espéce dans la région. La comparaison de données de recensements de rhinos entre 1958 et 1978 fut faite; on constate durant cette période un manifeste et régulier déclin de la densité de population moyenne, attribuée principalement a I'augmentation de la pression de braconnage. D'autres facteurs ayant pu causer ce déclin sont discutés. Des mesures urgentes d'intervention pur conserver la population de rhinos dans le cratére du Ngorongoro et les régions périphériques sont recommandées.
The fine structure of the placenta of the zebra Equus burchellii, Gray
Authors: KAYANJA F. I. B.
Published: April 2008

The fine structure of the epitheliochorial placenta of the zebra is described. There are ultrastructural differences between the attached and free maternal epithelium. Some maternal epithelial cells contain considerable quantities of agranular endoplasmic reticulum. The association between the maternal epithelium and cells of the trophoblast is villous. Crystalline inclusions are described in some trophoblast cells.

La structure fine du placenta épithéliochorial du zébre est décrite. On constate des différences entres les ultrastructures de l'épithélium attaché et de l'épithélium libre de la mère. Certaines cellules épithéliales maternelles contiennent des quantités considérables de réticulum endoplasmique agranulaire. L'association entre I'épithélium maternal et les cellules du trophoblaste est de type villeux. Des inclusions cristallines dans certaines cellules trophoblastiques sont décrites.
Primary productivity and herbage utilization by herbivores in Kaputei Plains, Kenya
Authors: OWAGA MARYL. A.
Published: April 2008

Primary production studies were done on the Kaputei rangeland, in Kenya, between February and November 1973. Wire exclosures were erected in five different sub‐areas within the main study area and clipping was done in plots in the exclosures. Productivity rates ranged from about 3,546 kg/ha per year to 4,881 kg/ha per year. About 7.5% of the production was used in grazing by a large number of herbivores. Trampling by all kinds of animals in the area played an important role in herbage utilization, as did herbivorous invertebrates and human factors.

Des études de production primaire furent réalisées dans la région de Kaputei au Kenya entre février et novembre 1973. Des clôtures métalliques furent dressées dans cinq sous‐secteurs à I'intérieur de la zone principale d'étude et des tontes furent faites par endroits dans ces enclos. Les taux de productivité vont d'enrivon 3.546 kg/ha/an à 4.881 kg/ha/an. Prs de 73% de la production est pâturée par un grand nombre d'herbivores. Le piétinement par toutes les espèces d'animaux de la zone joue un rôle important dans l'utilisation de I'herbage de même que les invertébrés herbivores et les facteurs humains.
Habitat exploitation by the bushbuck in Rwenzori National Park
Authors: OKIRIA R.
Published: April 2008

The bushbuck is a selective feeder, eating a wide range of plant species. In this study thirty‐five plants eaten by bushbuck were identified. These included three grass species, five shrub plants and twenty‐seven herbs. The shrubs Erythrococcus bongensis and Capparis tomentosa were favoured in all seasons, although herbs were preferred to shrubs in the wet season. The average percentage of crude protein and phosphorus content in plants was slightly higher in the wet season than in the dry season.

Le guib harnaché est un consommateur sélectif, mangeant un large éventail d'espéces végétales. Au cours de cette étude, trente‐cinq espèces consommées par le guib harnaché furent identifiées parmi lesquelles trois espèces de grandes graminées, cinq espèces d'arbustes et vingt‐sept espèces d'herbages. Les arbustes Erythrococcus bongensis et Capparis tomentosa composent le régime préféré en toute saison, bien que les herbages soient préférés aux arbustes durant la saison des pluies. Le pourcentage moyen du contenu brut en protéines et en phosphore est 1égèrement plus élevé en saison des pluies qu'en saison èhe.
Food selection by the Grant's gazelle
Authors: SPINAGE C. A. , RYAN CHRISTINE , SHEDD MARY
Published: April 2008

The rumen contents were collected from fifty‐one female Grant's gazelles and eighteen males, sampling of the females taking place at an average of four per month during a 1‐year period. The rumen samples were analysed for their browse to graze ratio, as shown by the dicotyledon to monocotyledon ratio, the primary objective being to determine whether the degree of pregnancy with its inferred changing nutritional demands, influenced this ratio. Other factors investigated were rainfall as related to grass availability, age of the individuals and sex. The results suggested the species to be primarily a browser, taking an average of 65.8% browse and 34.3% graze. The most significant factor affecting browse to graze intake appeared to be rainfall as related to grassland flushes. No other significant influences were detected.

On a récolté les contenus du rumen de cinquante et une femelles et dix‐huit mâles de gazelle de Grant, et I'échantillonnage des femelles eut lieu en moyenne yuatre fois par mois durant une période d'un an. Les échantillons furent analysés pour établir le rapport dicotylédones/monocotylédones de leur régime; l'objectif de base étant de déterminer si le stade de gestation, qui entraîne un changement des besoins alimentaires, influence ce rapport. Les autres facteurs examinés furent les pluies, qui régissent la présence des graminées, 1'âge des individus et le sexe. Les résultats suggèrent que l'espèke est d'abord un brouteur de feuilles, mangeant une moyenne de 65.8% de feuilles et 34.3% d'herbe. Le facteur le plus significatif régissant la consommation de feuilles ou d'herbe semble être les chutes de pluie donc la pousse des pâturages. Aucune autre influence significative ne fut détectée.
The decline in elephant numbers in Rwenzori and Kabalega Falls National Parks, Uganda
Authors: ELTRINGHAM S. K. , MALPAS R. C.
Published: April 2008

The present work was initiated to determine the status of the elephant in Uganda following reports of overpopulation in the national parks. Aerial counts were carried out each September from 1973 to 1976 in Rwenzori National Park and in Kabalega Falls National Park, including the contiguous game reserves to the south.

The results showed a significant decline in elephant numbers between 1973 and 1976. By 1976 the populations in Rwenzori and Kabalega had fallen to about 26% and 17% respectively of the 1973 level. The decline is attributed to a massive increase in poaching within the parks. These findings necessitate a completely new assessment of the elephant problem in Uganda and published recommendations to cull are obviously no longer relevant.

La présente étude a été entreprise pour déterminer la situation de I'éléphant en Ouganda en fonction des rapports de surpopulation dans les parcs nationaux. Des mois de septembre entre 1973 et 1976 au Parc National du Rwenzori et au Parc National de Kabalega Falls, y compris les réserves de chasse contigües au sud.

Les résultats montrent une diminution significative du nombre d'éléphants entre ces deux années. En 1976, les populations au Rwenzori et au Kabalega sont tombées respectivement à 26 et 17% des effectifs de 1973. Le déclin est attribuéà une augmentation massive du braconnage à l'intérieur des parcs. Ces découvertes nécessitent une approche entiérement nouvelle du problème des éléphants en Ouganda et les publications antérieures recommandant un prélèvement ne sont manifestement plus appropriées.