bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Expression of Vector Data in the Hexagonal Discrete Global Grid System
Authors: Tong X. C. , Ben J. , Liu Y. Y. , Zhang Y. S.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) is a new type of global spatial data model and is the extension of the plane grid on a sphere. The hexagon is usually used in the construction of DGGS for its advantageous geometric structure. The paper principally focuses on the issue of modeling and expression of vector data in the hexagon DGGS. The precision of vector data is the basis of data recording and data expression, and data with different precision fall into the grid cells of corresponding sizes, making the gridding data themselves contain the precision and scale information. The present method of data recording is reserved, as far as possible, in the data recording process, and only the geometric information of vectors is substituted by the one-dimension coding of grids. This approach is more simple and effective than the digital coordinate recording method. The gridding expression of vector data differs from the traditional technique, mainly due to the subdivision of the durative space by grids as well as the obedience of the subdivision special rules, among which the point expression should activate the corresponding grid cells in the light of the point coordinates. Linear expression should activate the corresponding grid cells of every coordinate as well as the connected grids between every two node cells, and area expression should express both the boundary and internal regions by virtue of grid cells. For spherical expression, vector data have to solve the cell filling problem, but also the extension from planum to sphere. This paper puts forward a reasonable sphere extension approach, in which the vector data expression on the spherical grids was accomplished by the dismantling of vector data on different extended areas and the multi-times transformation. Besides, the algorithm in connection with the vector data was verified through experiments for its effect and efficiency. Moreover, the distance and direction of vector data on the grids would change in the mapping process from planum to sphere girds, leading to an inaccurate spherical gridding expression. So, the effects on the rectilinear direction in grids of the hexagon from the planum-sphere mapping process was investigated, and accuracy control of the spherical expression was processed to make sure that the drawing error of the spherical grids for vector data should be limited within one cell.
Hyperbolicity in temperature and flow fields during the formation of a Loop Current ring
Authors: Sulman M. H. M. , Huntley H. S. , Lipphardt B. L. , Jacobs G. , Hogan P. , Kirwan A. D.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Loop Current rings (LCRs) are among the largest mesoscale eddies in the world ocean. They arise when bulges formed by the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico close off. The LCR formation process may take several weeks, and there may be several separations and reattachments before final separation occurs. It is well established that this period is characterized by a persistent saddle point in the sea surface height field, as seen in both model and satellite data. We present here a detailed study of this saddle region during the formation of Eddy Franklin in 2010, over multiple days and at several depths. Using a data-assimilating Gulf of Mexico implementation of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM), we compare the vertical structure of the currents and temperature fields on 5 and 10 June 2010. Finite-time Lyapunov exponents (FTLE) are computed from the surface down to 200 m to estimate the location of relevant transport barriers. Several new features of the saddle region associated with LCR formation are revealed: the ridges in the FTLE fields are shown to be excellent surrogates for the manifolds delineating the material flow structures with only slight degradation at depth. The intersection of the ridges representing stable and unstable manifolds drops nearly vertically through the water column at both times; remarkably, the material boundary shapes are maintained even as they are advected. Moreover, velocity stagnation points and saddle points in the temperature field are consistently found near the intersections at all depths, and their geographic positions are also nearly constant with depth.
From satellite altimetry to Argo and operational oceanography: three revolutions in oceanography
Authors: Le Traon P. Y.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The launch of the French/US mission Topex/Poseidon (T/P) (CNES/NASA) in August 1992 was the start of a revolution in oceanography. For the first time, a very precise altimeter system optimized for large-scale sea level and ocean circulation observations was flying. T/P alone could not observe the mesoscale circulation. In the 1990s, the ESA satellites ERS-1/2 were flying simultaneously with T/P. Together with my CLS colleagues, we demonstrated that we could use T/P as a reference mission for ERS-1/2 and bring the ERS-1/2 data to an accuracy level comparable to T/P. Near-real-time high-resolution global sea level anomaly maps were then derived. These maps have been operationally produced as part of the SSALTO/DUACS system for the last 15 yr. They are now widely used by the oceanographic community and have contributed to a much better understanding and recognition of the role and importance of mesoscale dynamics. Altimetry needs to be complemented with global in situ observations. At the end of the 90s, a major international initiative was launched to develop Argo, the global array of profiling floats. This has been an outstanding success. Argo floats now provide the most important in situ observations to monitor and understand the role of the ocean on the earth climate and for operational oceanography. This is a second revolution in oceanography. The unique capability of satellite altimetry to observe the global ocean in near-real-time at high resolution and the development of Argo were essential for the development of global operational oceanography, the third revolution in oceanography. The Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) was instrumental in the development of the required capabilities. This paper provides an historical perspective on the development of these three revolutions in oceanography which are very much interlinked. This is not an exhaustive review and I will mainly focus on the contributions we made together with many colleagues and friends.
Limitations of using a thermal imager for snow pit temperatures
Authors: Schirmer M. , Jamieson B.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Driven by temperature gradients, kinetic snow metamorphism is important for avalanche formation. Even when gradients appear to be insufficient for kinetic metamorphism, based on temperatures measured 10 cm apart, faceting close to a~crust can still be observed. Recent studies that visualized small scale (< 10 cm) thermal structures in a profile of snow layers with an infrared (IR) camera produced interesting results. The studies found melt-freeze crusts to be warmer or cooler than the surrounding snow depending on the large scale gradient direction. However, an important assumption within the studies was that a thermal photo of a freshly exposed snow pit was similar enough to the internal temperature of the snow. In this study, we tested this assumption by recording thermal videos during the exposure of the snow pit wall. In the first minute, the results showed increasing gradients with time, both at melt-freeze crusts and at artificial surface structures such as shovel scours. Cutting through a crust with a cutting blade or a shovel produced small concavities (holes) even when the objective was to cut a planar surface. Our findings suggest there is a surface structure dependency of the thermal image, which is only observed at times with large temperature differences between air and snow. We were able to reproduce the hot-crust/cold-crust phenomenon and relate it entirely to surface structure in a temperature-controlled cold laboratory. Concave areas cooled or warmed slower compared with convex areas (bumps) when applying temperature differences between snow and air. This can be explained by increased radiative transfer or convection by air at convex areas. Thermal videos suggest that such processes influence the snow temperature within seconds. Our findings show the limitations of the use of a thermal camera for measuring pit-wall temperatures, particularly in scenarios where large gradients exist between air and snow and the interaction of snow pit and atmospheric temperatures are enhanced. At crusts or other heterogeneities, we were unable to create a sufficiently homogenous snow pit surface and non-internal gradients appeared at the exposed surface. The immediate adjustment of snow pit temperature as it reacts with the atmosphere complicates the capture of the internal thermal structure of a snowpack even with thermal videos. Instead, the shown structural dependency of the IR signal may be used to detect structural changes of snow caused by kinetic metamorphism. The IR signal can also be used to measure near surface temperatures in a homogenous new snow layer.
2013: I Materiali di Sutura in Urologia
Authors: Fiori Cristian , Amparore Daniele , Checcucci Enrico , Aimar Roberta , Scarpa Roberto Mario , Porpiglia Francesco
Published: October 2013

Since ancient times, sutures have been a fundamental part of the surgeon's practice. Beside the vegetable and animal origin materials, in the last decades different refined synthetic materials have been introduced in the clinical practice. More recently, different devices, such as staplers and tissue sealers have been developed. Thus, more than ever, urologists are faced with a multitude of suture materials, and research of safe, effective materials and devices seems to be continuously growing. The introduction and widespread diffusion of laparoscopic and robotic surgery has further boosted this research. Given there is no single material that is ideal for all situations, the surgeon must choose the best material for each particular case.

The aim of this non-systematic review is to summarize the more innovative suture materials and devices and to describe the different surgical methods to utilize them both in general and in urologic surgery.
Seminoma I Stadio: Strategie a Confronto
Authors: Tana Silvia , Avuzzi Barbara
Published: October 2013

Testicular cancer is an infrequent disease, accounting for 1% to 2% of all malignant neoplasms in men. However, it represents the most common solid malignancy among men between 15 and 35 years old.

The standard initial treatment for stage I seminoma is radical inguinal orchiectomy. Since the mid-20th century, the traditional treatment after surgery had consisted in external photon beam radiotherapy directed to the para-aortic and pelvic lymph nodes. Patients receiving radiotherapy achieve cause-specific survival rates approaching 100%, with virtually no relapses within the radiation portal.

At the moment, the options for the management of stage I seminoma consist of surveillance, adjuvant radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy usually done with carboplatin. Patients should be informed of all treatment options and of potential benefits and side effects of each choice.

Significant treatment-related morbidities following radiotherapy have been reported. Acute toxicities are generally mild and self-timing, but patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy alone had a significantly increased risk of second primary malignances (SPMs) and gonadal toxicity.

The Medical Research Council (MRC) TE10 and TE18 randomized trials have investigated the reduction of the treatment volume and total dose to decrease the risk of radiation-related side effects.

The MRC TE19 randomized trial compared radiotherapy and a single course of carboplatin AUC7. The preliminary results, reported in 2005, and also the updated results, reported in 2008 and 2011, confirm the non inferiority of single-dose carboplatin.
Alzheimer’s Disease Detection in Brain Magnetic Resonance Images
Using Multiscale Fractal Analysis
Authors: Lahmiri Salim , Boukadoum Mounir
Published: October 2013

We present a new automated system for the detection of brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The MRI is analyzed by means of multiscale analysis (MSA) to obtain its fractals at six different scales. The extracted fractals are used as features to differentiate healthy brain MRI from those of AD by a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The result of classifying 93 brain MRIs consisting of 51 images of healthy brains and 42 of brains affected by AD, using leave-one-out cross-validation method, yielded classification accuracy, 100% sensitivity, and specificity. These results and a processing time of 5.64 seconds indicate that the proposed approach may be an efficient diagnostic aid for radiologists in the screening for AD.
Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Established in Physiological-Glucose Media Express the HighKM Glut2 Glucose Transporter Expressed by Normal Embryos
Authors: Jung Jin Hyuk , Wang Xiao Dan , Loeken Mary R.
Published: October 2013

Glut2 is one of the facilitative glucose transporters expressed by preimplantation and early postimplantation embryos. Glut2 is important for survival before embryonic day 10.5. The Glut2 KM (∼16 mmol/liter) is significantly higher than physiologic glucose concentrations (∼5.5 mmol/liter), suggesting that Glut2 normally performs some essential function other than glucose transport. Nevertheless, Glut2 efficiently transports glucose when extracellular glucose concentrations are above the Glut2 KM. Media containing 25 mmol/liter glucose are widely used to establish and propagate embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Glut2-mediated glucose uptake by embryos induces oxidative stress and can cause embryo cell death. Here we tested the hypothesis that low-glucose embryonic stem cells (LG-ESCs) isolated in physiological-glucose (5.5 mmol/liter) media express a functional Glut2 glucose transporter. LG-ESCs were compared with conventional D3 ESCs that had been cultured only in high-glucose media. LG-ESCs expressed Glut2 mRNA and protein at much higher levels than D3 ESCs, and 2-deoxyglucose transport by LG-ESCs, but not D3 ESCs, exhibited high Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Glucose at 25 mmol/liter induced oxidative stress in LG-ESCs and inhibited expression of Pax3, an embryo gene that is inhibited by hyperglycemia, in neuronal precursors derived from LG-ESCs. These effects were not observed in D3 ESCs. These findings demonstrate that ESCs isolated in physiological-glucose media retain a functional Glut2 transporter that is expressed by embryos. These cells are better suited to the study of metabolic regulation characteristic of the early embryo and may be advantageous for therapeutic applications.
From Isomorphism to Cannibalism: The Evolution of Haroldo de Campos’s Translation Concepts
Authors: Cisneros Odile
Published: October 2013

This essay charts the evolution of the translation concepts developed by the Brazilian poet Haroldo de Campos from his early concrete phase in the 1950s to what could be termed a postcolonial turn in the 1980s. I argue that the early concept of “transcreation” emerged from the practice of concrete poetry with its isomorphic mirroring of form and content. Stemming from the difficulty of translating concrete poetry and similar isomorphic texts, de Campos suggests a form of translation where a correspondence between the form and content of the original is also sought in the target text. Moving away from primarily formal concerns, in later developments, de Campos lays emphasis on a translation concept that puts forth a critical view of the original through the metaphor of the cannibal, who both reveres and devours the enemy, literally incorporating its energies into his body. This later concept of translation as cannibalism can be read within the larger arena of postcolonial translation. Although De Campos’s concepts were mainly developed independently from the mainstream currents of translation theory, they may be understood in relation to more recent discussions by Lefevere, Bassnett, and Trivedi, among others.
Representations are Misrepresentations: The Case of Cover Designs of Banana Yoshimoto’s Kitchen
Authors: Furukawa Hiroko
Published: October 2013

Megan Backus’s English translation of Kitchen is notable for being both a critical and commercial success. Critics have praised its readability but noted that its translation strategy is foreignizing. Although its cover designs have not been discussed in relation to domestication and foreignization, the strategies are worthy of mention, because they have huge implications for the symbolic representation of marginalized cultures and dominant counterparts.

The American publisher Grove Press uses a foreignizing strategy which succeeds in producing an intelligible image of the Oriental novel which at the same time appeals to readers, and the design accelerated the popularity of this novella in the US. In contrast, the first UK edition uses a photograph of a weeping geisha, even though the main character is a young Americanized Japanese woman. Most importantly, there are no geishas anywhere in this story. The cover may seem foreignizing at first glance, but is in fact, obviously domesticating. This design fits the stereotyped mould of what Westerners regard as “a typical Japanese image,” completely unrelated to the content. This paper investigates how Kitchen has been represented in Western countries, with a focus on the cover designs of the translations.
Medicare Advantage Plan and Health System Vertical Integration, 2011-2020
Authors: Bejarano Geronimo , Ryan Andrew , Trivedi Amal , Offiaeli Kendra , Meyers David J.
Published: July 2024

This cross-sectional study compares the beneficiary and plan characteristics and trends in enrollment, premiums, star ratings, and benefits of nonintegrated, non–legacy-integrated, and legacy-integrated Medicare Advantage plans between 2011 and 2020.
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of the Nasal Mucosa
Authors: Narayanan Ajay , Rosado Flavia , Vaughn Andrew , Ryan Matthew
Published: July 2024

This case report describes a female patient in her early 40s with left-sided cervical lymphadenopathy, facial swelling, nasal congestion, and a left nasal mass.
Optimal strategy of data tampering attacks for FIR system identification with average entropy and binary‐valued observations
Authors: Bai Zhongwei , Liu Yan , Wang Yinghui , Guo Jin
Published: July 2024

In the era of digitalization boom, cyber‐physical system (CPS) has been widely used in several fields. However, malicious data tampering in communication networks may lead to degradation of the state estimation performance, which may affect the control decision and cause significant losses. In this paper, for the identification of finite impluse response (FIR) systems with binary‐valued observations under data tampering attack, an optimal attack strategy based on the average entropy is designed from the perspective of the attacker. In the case of unknown parameters, the regression matrix is used to give the estimation method of the system parameters, the algorithmic flow of the data tampering attack for the implementation of the on‐line attack is designed. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm and the reliability of the conclusions is verified through the examples.
Efficient parameter estimation for second order plus dead time systems in process plant control
Authors: Pal Mahua , Banerjee Kumardeb , Dam Bivas
Published: July 2024

Designing a controller for a process plant typically modeled as a first or second‐order system with dead time involves an efficient and accurate estimation of its parameters. Since many process plants are characterized as second‐order plus dead time (SOPDT) overdamped or critically damped systems, this study presents a straightforward parameter estimation method using transient response data from a step input at three specific time instants. Two‐time domain performance indices (PIs), (= for system dead time = 0 and for system dead time ≠ 0; , and are respectively the times at which the response reaches 5%, 10% and 90% of the steady‐state response) and (reciprocal of rise time ) are proposed in this work. Correlations are established between these PIs and the parameters of the SOPDT system. The first correlation establishes that is a function of the damping ratio only and is independent of the undamped natural frequency which means that the evaluation of from the time response data is sufficient to estimate . The second correlation establishes that for a given , is a function of . Thus the evaluation of from the time response data and an estimate of from the first correlation is sufficient to estimate . The proposed algorithm estimates the parameters of the canonical transfer function of the plant by these correlations from the three specific time instants, as mentioned above, of the step response of the plant. Comparisons with four methods existing in the literature reveal that the method is also effective with higher order systems that may be approximated by SOPDT dynamics, and robust even with measurement noise, making it useful for implementing control strategies, not only in process plants but also in other systems having similar time responses.
Next‐Generation Wound Care: Aptamer‐Conjugated Polydiacetylene/Polyurethane Nanofibrous Biosensors for Selective In Situ Colorimetric Detection of Pseudomonas
Authors: Currie Sarah , Cortes de la Torre Alan Jesus , Kumar Ayush , Logsetty Sarvesh , Liu Song
Published: July 2024

Biosensors for wound dressings can enable point‐of‐care monitoring of wound bed health by exhibiting a color change visible to the naked eye, to alert healthcare providers of the presence of pathogenic bacteria. Here, a polydiacetylene‐based electrospun nanofibrous wound dressing for the detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is reported. Using conventional blend electrospinning, two diacetylene monomers—10,12‐pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) and 10,12‐tricosadiynoic acid (TCDA)—are separately electrospun alongside polyurethane as a supporting matrix polymer. The differences in side‐chain length impact the sensitivity of the nanofibers in detecting P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, two DNA aptamers are conjugated to the polydiacetylenes to achieve targeted detection of P. aeruginosa. The aptamer‐modified dressings show improved sensitivity of detection toward eight strains of P. aeruginosa compared to the unmodified membranes. Furthermore, the aptamer‐modified membranes do not respond to non‐target bacteria methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli within 3 h of direct contact. Reducing the chain‐length of the diacetylene monomer by substituting PCDA with TCDA boosts the colorimetric response by a factor of >2x compared to the aptamer‐modified PCDA membranes, at the cost of reduced specificity. The aptamer‐conjugated polydiacetylene membranes show promise for application in point‐of‐care wound dressings for improved specificity of detection of bacterial infections.
Liberating Lithium Ions from Polymer Matrix via Harnessing Ion‐Dipole Interaction Toward Stable Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhang Dashan , Luo Zicheng , Xu Hongfei , Guo Yu , Chen Hao , Ye Yuxuan , An Junwei , Hui Jia , Shi Yongzheng , Yang Shubin , Li Bin
Published: July 2024

Although polymer electrolytes have shown great potential in solid‐state lithium metal batteries (LMBs), the polymer chain segments anchor the movement of lithium ions (Li+), which induces the low ionic conductivity of the electrolytes and limits their application. Herein, a strategy of harnessing ion‐dipole interactions is proposed to liberate lithium ions from polymer chains. The adiponitrile (ADN) molecular dipole with strong bond dipole moment (C≡N, 11.8 × 10−30 C m) is introduced into the polyvinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP) polymer matrix, achieving an electrolyte with high ionic conductivity of 5.1 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C. It is demonstrated that the strong ion‐dipole interaction between C≡N and Li+ weakens the ion‐dipole interaction of F···…Li+, facilitating Li+ dissociation and liberating Li+ from polymer chains. Moreover, a hybrid and unsaturated solvation structure is formed with the ADN molecular dipole, PVDF‐HFP polymer chain, and TFSI− anion, corresponding to the solvent‐separated ion pair (SSIP) solvation structure. Thus, the obtained electrolyte realizes high ionic conductivity and lithium‐ion transference number (0.74). Consequently, the assembled lithium symmetric cell delivers stable Li stripping/plating reversibility over 900 h. Additionally, the Li|LiFePO4 full cells exhibit long‐term cycling stability at 0.5 C over 300 cycles with a capacity retention of 96.4% and ultralong cycling of 1000 cycles at a high rate (5 C).
Photo‐Clickable Triazine‐Trione Thermosets as Promising 3D Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Johansen Åshild , Lin Jinjian , Yamada Shuntaro , Mohamed‐Ahmed Samih , Yassin Mohammed A. , Gjerde Cecilie , Hutchinson Daniel J. , Mustafa Kamal , Malkoch Michael
Published: July 2024

There is an overwhelming demand for new scaffolding materials for tissue engineering (TE) purposes. Polymeric scaffolds have been explored as TE materials; however, their high glass transition state (Tg) limits their applicability. In this study, a novel materials platform for fabricating TE scaffolds is proposed based on solvent‐free two‐component heterocyclic triazine‐trione (TATO) formulations, which cure at room temperature via thiol‐ene/yne photochemistry. Three ester‐containing thermosets, TATO‐1, TATO‐2, and TATO‐3, are used for the fabrication of TE scaffolds including rigid discs, elastic films, microporous sponges, and 3D printed objects. After 14 days’ incubation the materials covered a wide range of properties, from the soft TATO‐2 having a compression modulus of 19.3 MPa and a Tg of 30.4 °C to the hard TATO‐3 having a compression modulus of 411 MPa and a Tg of 62.5 °C. All materials exhibit micro‐ and nano‐surface morphologies suited for bone tissue engineering, and in vitro studies found them all to be cytocompatible, supporting fast cell proliferation while minimizing cell apoptosis and necrosis. Moreover, bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells on the surface of the materials are successfully differentiated into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and neuronal cells, underlining the broad potential for the biofabrication of TATO materials for TE clinical applications.
A Biocompatible Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Framework (HOF) as Sonosensitizer and Artificial Enzyme for In‐Depth Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Ya Junlin , Zhang Haochen , Qin Geng , Huang Congcong , Zhao Chuanqi , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: July 2024

Current phototherapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibit restricted clinical outcomes due to the limited physical penetration and comprised brain microenvironment of noninvasive nanomedicine. Herein, a hydrogen‐bonded organic framework (HOF) based sonosensitizer is designed and synthesized. Mn‐TCPP, a planar molecule where Mn2+ ion is chelated in the core with a large p‐conjugated system and 4 carboxylate acid groups, has been successfully used as building blocks to construct an ultrasound‐sensitive HOF (USI‐MHOF), which can go deep in the brain of AD animal models. The both in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that USI‐MHOF can generate singlet oxygen (1O2) and oxidize β‐amyloid (Aβ) to inhibit aggregation, consequently attenuating Aβ neurotoxicity. More intriguingly, USI‐MHOF exhibits catalase (CAT)‐ and superoxide dismutase (SOD)‐like activities, mitigating neuron oxidative stress and reprograming the brain microenvironment. For better crossing the blood‐brain barrier (BBB), the peptide KLVFFAED (KD8) has been covalently grafted to USI‐MHOF for improving BBB permeability and Aβ selectivity. Further, in vivo experiments demonstrate a significant reduction of the craniocerebral Aβ plaques and improvement of the cognition deficits in triple‐transgenic AD (3×Tg‐AD) mice models following deep‐penetration ultrasound treatment. The work provides the first example of an ultrasound‐responsive biocompatible HOF as non‐invasive nanomedicine for in‐depth treatment of AD.
Deuterated Multiple‐Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter and Their Application in Vacuum‐Deposited Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wang Cangyu , Song Xiaoge , Li Wansi , Tang Xiongkai , Ng Maggie , Chen Season Si , Tang Wai Kit , Chen Wen‐Cheng , Huo Yanping , Tang Man‐Chung
Published: July 2024

Multiple‐resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) emitters have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their remarkable properties, such as high luminescent quantum yield, robustness, and their compliance with the Broadcast Television 2020 standard for the new generation of ultrahigh‐definition. Despite these advancements, the operational lifetimes of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) relying on MR‐TADF emitters still fall short for practical application. It is believed that the enhancement of the intrinsic molecular stability of tBu‐DABNA, a fundamental backbone of MR‐TADF emitters, holds great promise to be a universal strategy for all MR‐TADF emitters improving the operational lifetimes of OLEDs. Herein, the design and synthesis of targeted deuteration are reported on donor and/or backbone of MR‐TADF emitters, where the structure‐property relationship between intrinsic molecular stability upon isotopic effect and device operational stability are examined. The isotopic analogs show a gradual increase in the device operational stability and achieve long‐lifetime LT80 (80% of the initial luminance of 1000 cd m−2) of 24.3 h for TADF‐sensitized fluorescence OLED, representing a sevenfold enhancement when compared with the undeuterated counterpart. This strategic deuteration approach underlines the importance of structural modification on materials toward device operational stability.
Axially Growing Carbon Quantum Ribbon with 2D Stacking Control for High‐Stability Solar Cell
Authors: Shi Yuxin , Gong Yongshuai , Zhang Yang , Li Yunchao , Li Xiaohong , Tan Zhan'ao , Fan Louzhen
Published: July 2024

Although power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells (SCs) continues to improve, they are still far from practical application because of their complex synthesis process, high cost and inferior operational stability. Carbon quantum dots with high material stability and remarkable photoluminescence are successfully used in light‐emitting diodes. A good light emitter should also be an efficient SC according to the photon balance in Shockley–Quieisser formulation, in which all excitons are ultimately separated. However, the finite quantum‐sized sp2 domain leads to tight exciton bonding, and highly delocalized electron clouds in irregular molecular stacks form disordered charge transfer, resulting in severe energy loss. Herein, an axially growing carbon quantum ribbon (AG‐CQR) with a wide optical absorption range of 440–850 nm is reported. Structural and computational studies reveal that AG‐CQRs (aspect ratio ≈2:1) with carbonyl groups at both ends regulate energy level and efficiently separate excitons. The stacking‐controlled two‐dimensional AG‐CQR film further directionally transfers electrons and holes, particularly in AB stacking mode. Using this film as active layer alone, the SCs yield a maximum PCE of 1.22%, impressive long‐term operational stability of 380 h, and repeatability. This study opens the door for the development of new‐generation carbon‐nanomaterial‐based SCs for practical applications.
Tailored Design of Mesoporous Nanospheres with High Entropic Alloy Sites for Efficient Redox Electrocatalysis
Authors: Nandan Ravi , Nara Hiroki , Nam Ho Ngoc , Phung Quan Manh , Ngo Quynh Phuong , Na Jongbeom , Henzie Joel , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: July 2024

High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) are a versatile material with unique properties, tailored for various applications. They enable pH‐sensitive electrocatalytic transformations like hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and hydrogen oxidation reactions (HOR) in alkaline media. Mesoporous nanostructures with high surface area are preferred for these electrochemical reactions, but designing mesoporous HEA sis challenging. To overcome this challenge, a low‐temperature triblock copolymer‐assisted wet‐chemical approach is developed to produce mesoporous HEA nanospheres composed of PtPdRuMoNi systems with sufficient entropic mixing. Owing to active sites with inherent entropic effect, mesoporous features, and increased accessibility, optimized HEA nanospheres promote strong HER/HOR performance in alkaline medium. At 30 mV nominal overpotential, it exhibits a mass activity of ≈167 (HER) and 151 A gPt−1 (HOR), far exceeding commercial Pt‐C electrocatalysts (34 and 48 A gPt−1) and many recently reported various alloys. The Mott‐Schottky analysis reveals HEA nanospheres inherit high charge carrier density, positive flat band potential, and smaller charge transfer barrier, resulting in better activity and faster kinetics. This micelle‐assisted synthetic enable the exploration of the compositional and configurational spaces of HEAs at relatively low temperature, while simultaneously facilitating the introduction of mesoporous nanostructures for a wide range of catalytic applications.
A Review: Application of Doped Hydrogenated Nanocrystalline Silicon Oxide in High Efficiency Solar Cell Devices
Authors: Qiu Depeng , Lambertz Andreas , Duan Weiyuan , Mazzarella Luana , Wagner Philipp , Morales‐Vilches Anna Belen , Yang Guangtao , Procel Paul , Isabella Olindo , Stannowski Bernd , Ding Kaining
Published: July 2024

Due to the unique microstructure of hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon oxide (nc‐SiOx:H), the optoelectronic properties of this material can be tuned over a wide range, which makes it adaptable to different solar cell applications. In this work, the authors review the material properties of nc‐SiOx:H and the versatility of its applications in different types of solar cells. The review starts by introducing the growth principle of doped nc‐SiOx:H layers, the effect of oxygen content on the material properties, and the relationship between optoelectronic properties and its microstructure. A theoretical analysis of charge carrier transport mechanisms in silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells with wide band gap layers is then presented. Afterwards, the authors focus on the recent developments in the implementation of nc‐SiOx:H and hydrogenated amorphous silicon oxide (a‐SiOx:H) films for SHJ, passivating contacts, and perovskite/silicon tandem devices.
Dual‐Gradient Engineering of Conductive and Hierarchically Potassiophilic Network for Highly Stable Potassium Metal Anode
Authors: Zhang Dongting , Liu Maocheng , Shi Wenjie , Qiu Yuping , Hu Yuxia , Yuan Zizhou , Xue Hongtao , Kong Lingbin , Zhao Kun , Ren Junqiang , Liu Bao
Published: July 2024

Potassium (K) metal anodes are the most competitive candidates for low‐cost and high‐energy density rechargeable batteries. However, uncontrolled K dendrite growth strictly impedes the practical application of K metal anodes. Herein, a potassiophilic and conductive dual‐gradient free‐standing host (named TS‐PKS) composed of the bottom layer with Ti3CN and F doped SnO2 (F‐SnO2) and the top layer with perfluorinated sulfonic acid K (PFSA‐K) and ordered mesoporous silica (SBA15) is constructed to achieve dendrite‐free K deposition. The potassiophilicity and conductivity of the TS‐PKS host increase along with the depth direction to generate a bottom‐up dual‐gradient of K+ affinity and electroconductivity. Such bottom‐up dual‐gradient of K+ affinity and electroconductivity can synergistically manipulate uniform K metal deposition following the bottom‐up manner, preventing the notorious K dendrite growth. As a result, the TS‐PKS@K symmetric cell can stably cycle over 2800 h at 0.5 mA cm−2/0.5 mAh cm−2. Meanwhile, the TS‐PKS@K//PTCDA full battery also exhibits an initial specific capacity of 118.3 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 500 mA g−1 and maintains up to 81.1 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles. This novel dual‐gradient strategy design offers a straightforward approach to effectively manipulate K metal deposition manner for achieving dendrite‐free K metal anodes.
Fine‐Tuned Pretrained Transformer for Amharic News Headline Generation
Authors: Degu Mizanu Zelalem , Meshesha Million
Published: July 2024

Amharic is one of the under‐resourced languages, making news headline generation particularly challenging due to the scarcity of high‐quality linguistic datasets necessary for training effective natural language processing models. In this study, we fine‐tuned the small check point of the T5v1.1 model (t5‐small) to perform Amharic news headline generation with an Amharic dataset that is comprised of over 70k news articles along with their headline. Fine‐tuning the model involves dataset collection from Amharic news websites, text cleaning, news article size optimization using the TF‐IDF algorithm, and tokenization. In addition, a tokenizer model is developed using the byte pair encoding (BPE) algorithm prior to feeding the dataset for feature extraction and summarization. Metrics including Rouge‐L, BLEU, and Meteor were used to evaluate the performance of the model and a score of 0.5, 0.24, and 0.71, respectively, was achieved on the test partition of the dataset that contains 7230 instances. The results were good relative to result of the t5 model without fine‐tuning, which are 0.1, 0.03, and 0.14, respectively. A postprocessing technique using a rule‐based approach was used for further improving summaries generated by the model. The addition of the postprocessing helped the system to achieve Rouge‐L, BLEU, and Meteor scores of 0.72, 0.52, and 0.81, respectively. The result value is relatively better than the result achieved by the nonfine‐tuned T5v1.1 model and the result of previous studies report on abstractive‐based text summarization for Amharic language, which had a 0.27 Rouge‐L score. This contributes a valuable insight for practical application and further improvement of the model in the future by increasing the article length, using more training data, using machine learning–based adaptive postprocessing techniques, and fine‐tuning other available pretrained models for text summarization.
Challenges and Applications of Supramolecular Metalate Chemistry
Authors: O'Connell‐Danes Joseph G. , Ngwenya Bryne T. , Morrison Carole A. , Love Jason B.
Published: July 2024

While the supramolecular chemistry of simple anions is ubiquitous, the targeting and exploitation of their metal‐containing relatives, the metalates, is less well understood. This mini review highlights the latest advances in this emergent area by discussing the supramolecular chemistry of metalates thematically, with a focus on the exploitation of metalates in a diversity of applications, including medical imaging and therapy, environmental remediation, molecular magnetism, catalysis, perovskite materials, and metal separations. The unifying features of these systems are identified with a view to allow the supramolecular chemist to target the unique material properties of the metalates, even in areas that are currently relatively immature.
Controlled Protein‐Membrane Interactions Modulate Self‐Organization of Min Protein Patterns
Authors: Hasani Mergime , Esch Katharina , Zieske Katja
Published: July 2024

Self‐organizing protein patterns are crucial for living systems, governing important cellular processes such as polarization and division. While the field of protein self‐organization has reached a point where basic pattern‐forming mechanisms can be reconstituted in vitro using purified proteins, understanding how cells can dynamically switch and modulate these patterns, especially when transiently needed, remains an interesting frontier. Here, we demonstrate the efficient regulation of self‐organizing protein patterns through the modulation of simple biophysical membrane parameters. Our investigation focuses on the impact of membrane affinity changes on Min protein patterns at lipid membranes composed of Escherichia coli lipids or minimal lipid compositions, and we present three major results. First, we observed the emergence of a diverse array of pattern phenotypes, ranging from waves over flower‐shaped patterns to snowflake‐like structures. Second, we demonstrated the dependency of these patterns on the density of protein‐membrane linkers. Finally, we demonstrate that the shape of snowflake‐like patterns is fine‐tuned by membrane charge. Our results demonstrate the significant influence of membrane linkage as a straightforward biophysical parameter governing protein pattern formation. Our research points towards a simple yet intriguing mechanism by which cells can adeptly tune and switch protein patterns on the mesoscale.
Regulating Anode‐Electrolyte Interphasial Reactions by Zwitterionic Binder Chemistry in Lithium‐Ion Batteries with High‐Nickel Layered Oxide Cathodes and Silicon‐Graphite Anodes
Authors: Jin Biyu , Dolocan Andrei , Liu Chen , Cui Zehao , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: July 2024

The practical application of silicon (Si)‐based anodes faces challenges due to severe structural and interphasial degradations. These challenges are exacerbated in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) employing Si‐based anodes with high‐nickel layered oxide cathodes, as significant transition‐metal crossover catalyzes serious parasitic side reactions, leading to faster cell failure. While enhancing the mechanical properties of polymer binders has been acknowledged as an effective means of improving solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) stability on Si‐based anodes, an in‐depth understanding of how the binder chemistry influences the SEI is lacking. Herein, a zwitterionic binder with an ability to manipulate the chemical composition and spatial distribution of the SEI layer is designed for Si‐based anodes. It is evidenced that the electrically charged microenvironment created by the zwitterionic species alters the solvation environment on the Si‐based anode, featuring rich anions and weakened Li+‐solvent interactions. Such a binder‐regulated solvation environment induces a thin, uniform, robust SEI on Si‐based anodes, which is found to be the key to withstanding transition‐metal deposition and minimizing their detrimental impact on catalyzing electrolyte decomposition and devitalizing bulk Si. As a result, albeit possessing comparable mechanical properties to those of commercial binders, the zwitterionic binder enables superior cycling performances in high‐energy‐density LIBs under demanding operating conditions.
Constrained Catalytic Itinerary of a Retaining 3,6‐Anhydro‐D‐Galactosidase, a Key Enzyme in Red Algal Cell Wall Degradation
Authors: Wallace Michael D. , Cuxart Irene , Roret Thomas , Guée Laura , Debowski Aleksandra W. , Czjzek Mirjam , Rovira Carme , Stubbs Keith A. , Ficko‐Blean Elizabeth
Published: July 2024

The marine Bacteroidota Zobellia galactanivorans has a polysaccharide utilization locus dedicated to the catabolism of the red algal cell wall galactan carrageenan and its unique and industrially important α‐3,6‐anhydro‐D‐galactose (ADG) monosaccharide. Here we present the first analysis of the specific molecular interactions that the exo‐(α‐1,3)‐3,6‐anhydro‐D‐galactosidase ZgGH129 uses to cope with the strict steric restrictions imposed by its bicyclic ADG substrate — which is ring flipped relative to D‐galactose. Crystallographic snapshots of key catalytic states obtained with the natural substrate and novel chemical tools designed to mimic species along the reaction coordinate, together with quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) metadynamics methods and kinetic studies, demonstrate a retaining mechanism where the second step is rate limiting. The conformational landscape of the constrained 3,6‐anhydro‐D‐galactopyranose ring proceeds through enzyme glycosylation B1,4→[E4]≠→E4/1C4 and deglycosylation E4/1C4→[E4]≠→B1,4 itineraries limited to the Southern Hemisphere of the Cremer–Pople sphere. These results demonstrate the conformational changes throughout catalysis in a non‐standard, sterically restrained, bicyclic monosaccharide, and provide a molecular framework for mechanism‐based inhibitor design for anhydro‐type carbohydrate‐processing enzymes and for future applications involving carrageenan degradation. In addition, our study provides a rare example of distinct niche‐based conformational itineraries within the same carbohydrate‐active enzyme family.
Conformational Locking Induced Enantioselective Diarylcarbene Insertion into B−H and O−H Bonds Using a Cationic Rh(I)/Diene Catalyst
Authors: Xu Weici , Yamakawa Takeshi , Huang Meiling , Tian Peilin , Jiang Zhigen , Xu Ming‐Hua
Published: July 2024

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed enantioselective transformations of aryl/aryl carbene are inherently challenging due to the difficulty in distinguishing between two arene rings in the reaction process thus remain largely less explored. The few successful examples reported so far, without exception, have all been catalyzed by Rh(II)‐complexes. Herein, we describe our successful development of a novel cationic Rh(I)/chiral diene catalytic system capable of efficient enantioselective B−H and O−H insertions with diaryl diazomethanes, allowing the access to a broad range of gem‐diarylmethine boranes and gem‐diarylmethine ethers in good yields with high enantioselectivities. Notably, previously unattainable asymmetric diarylcarbene insertion into the O−H bond was achieved for the first time. A remarkable feature of this newly designed Rh(I)/diene catalyst bearing two ortho‐amidophenyl substitutents is that it can distinguish between two arene rings of the diaryl carbene through a stereochemically selective control of π–π stacking interactions. DFT calculations indicate that the rotation‐restricted conformation of Rh(I)/diene complex played an important role in the highly enantioselective carbene transformations. This work provides an interesting and unprecedented stereocontrol mode in diaryl metal carbene transformations.
Water soluble redox‐active polyurethanes as efficient corrosive inhibitors for mild steel
Authors: Prasad Paradhakshina Ermiya , Dhore Nikhil , Arukula Ravi , Rao Chepuri R. K.
Published: July 2024

There is a necessity for an eco‐friendly inhibitor technology to safeguard mild steel from corrosion. Redox‐active Oligoanilines, namely diamine‐capped trimer (DCTA) and tetramer (DCTAni) have been synthesized and incorporated into the polyurethane backbone derived from polyethylene glycols (PEG, Mw = 2050, 4000) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI). The four water‐soluble polyurethanes, resulting from PEG, TDI, and DCTA/DCTAni, were denoted as IH‐1, IH‐2, IH‐3, and IH‐4. The corresponding redox‐active polyurethanes were rationally characterized using FTIR, and UV–visible spectroscopies. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to investigate the surface morphology. The electrochemical properties of these inhibitors were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV). All the inhibitors were studied for their corrosion inhibition efficiency using Tafel potentiodynamic polarization analysis and weight loss methods. These demonstrated high efficacy at a low concentration of 200–300 ppm. The absorptivity of polymers on the mild steel were confirmed by Langmuir adsorption isotherms with a well‐fitting (R2 = 99.9%). The SEM analysis showed the adsorption capacity of inhibitors as protective layers for the mild steel panels. Overall, this work paves the way for innovative ideas for producing more water‐soluble and electrochemically active polymer additives as excellent corrosive inhibitors for mild steel surfaces.