bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three‐Dimensional Simulation of Volatile Organic Compound Mass Flux from the Vadose Zone to Groundwater
Authors: Oostrom Mart , Truex Michael J. , Tartakovsky Guzel D. , Wietsma Tom W.
Published: August 2010

Low‐permeability layers of the vadose zone containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may persist as source zones for long time periods and may provide contamination to groundwater. At sites with low recharge rates, where vapor migration is the dominant transport process, the impact of vadose zone sources on groundwater may be difficult to assess. Typical assessment methods include one‐dimensional numerical and analytical techniques. The one‐dimensional approaches only consider groundwater coupling options through boundary conditions at the water table and may yield artificially high mass flux results when transport is assumed to occur by gas‐phase diffusion between a source and an interface with a zero concentration boundary condition. Improvements in mass flux assessments for VOCs originating from vadose zone sources may be obtained by coupling vadose zone gas transport and dissolved contaminant transport in the saturated zone and by incorporating the inherent three‐dimensional nature of gas‐phase transport, including the potential of density‐driven advection. This paper describes a series of three‐dimensional simulations using data from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford site, where carbon tetrachloride is present in a low‐permeability zone about 30 m above the groundwater. Results show that, for most cases, only a relatively small amount of the contaminant emanating from the source zone partitions into the groundwater and that density‐driven advection is only important when relatively high source concentrations are considered.
Survey of canteens and food services in Victorian schools
Authors: Maddock Bronwyn , Warren Carol , Worsley Anthony
Published: August 2010

Objective:  To examine the characteristics of food services in Victorian government primary and secondary schools.

Design and methods:  A cross‐sectional postal survey of all high schools and a random sample of one quarter of primary school respondents in Victoria. A ‘School Food Services and Canteen’ questionnaire was administered by mail to the principal of each school.

Subjects:  Respondents included principals, canteen managers and home economics teachers from 150 primary and 208 secondary schools representing response rates of 48% and 67%, respectively.

Main outcome measures:  Responses to closed questions about school canteen operating procedures, staff satisfaction, food policies and desired additional services.

Data analyses:  Frequency and cross‐tabulation analyses and associated χ2‐tests.

Results:  Most schools provided food services at lunchtime and morning recess but one‐third provided food before school. Over 40% outsourced their food services, one‐third utilised volunteer parents, few involved students in canteen operations. Half of the secondary schools had vending machines; one in five had three or more. Secondary school respondents were more dissatisfied with the nutritional quality of the food service, and expressed more interest in additional services than primary respondents. Schools with food policies wanted more service assistance and used volunteer parents, student and paid canteen managers more than schools without policies.

Conclusion:  Most schools want to improve the nutritional quality of their food services, especially via school food policies. There is a major opportunity for professional organisations to advocate for the supply of healthier school foods.
Modified Constipation Assessment Scale is an effective tool to assess bowel function in patients receiving radiotherapy
Authors: Isenring Elisabeth , Bauer Judith , Capra Sandra
Published: August 2010

Objectives:  To determine the reliability and relative construct validity of the Modified Constipation Assessment Scale (MCAS) and use it to assess bowel function in oncology outpatients receiving radiotherapy.

Design:  Validation study using data collected as part of a randomised controlled trial. Relative construct validity was investigated by triangulating the MCAS with bowel function assessed by the quality of life questionnaire, QLQ‐C30, and professional field notes.

Subjects:  Sixty subjects (male : female 51 : 9; mean age 61.9 ± 14 years) receiving at least 20 fractions of radiotherapy to the gastrointestinal or head and neck area.

Setting:  Australian private radiotherapy centre.

Main outcome measure:  Bowel function assessed by the MCAS.

Statistical analyses:  Test–retest reliability was assessed by correlation. Mann–Whitney U‐scores compared differences between the groups and Fisher's exact tests investigated the proportion of subjects experiencing changes in MCAS scores.

Results:  The MCAS proved to be reliable with a mean difference between repeated tests in subjects being less than 1% of the maximum score. For bowel function assessed by the MCAS and the QLQ‐C30, 53% of responses were ranked in the same tertile. Of a total of 60 scores, six were misclassified (one false negative by the MCAS, five false negative by the QLQ‐C30). The MCAS provided more information than the QLQ‐C30 alone for 27 (45%) of the bowel‐function scores.

Conclusion:  The MCAS has acceptable reliability and relative construct validity and is useful in assessing bowel function in patients receiving radiotherapy. Further work should be conducted on the validity and reliability of the MCAS prior to its use in other populations.
Supplement utilisation patterns of older Australians: Results from a randomly selected national sample
Authors: Brownie Sonya , Rolfe Margaret
Published: August 2010

Objective:  The aim of the present study was to measure the prevalence and patterns of dietary and health supplement utilisation of older Australians.

Design:  A self‐administered mail questionnaire.

Subjects and setting:  Almost 2500 Australians aged 65 years and over were randomly selected from the 2000 Australian Electoral Commission roll. All states and territories were proportionally represented in the sample. Responses were obtained from 1263 predominantly independently living Australians aged 65 years and over.

Results:  At the time of the survey, 43% (n = 548) reported the use of some form of supplement: females 52% (n = 324) and males 35% (n = 224). The supplements used most often were vitamin C (26%), multivitamin/mineral preparations (17%), fish oils (17%), vitamin E (16%), calcium (+/– vitamin D) (13%), garlic capsules or oil (11%), vitamin B (single or mixed) (9%), other single vitamins or minerals (7%), zinc (6%) and gingko (5%). The majority of supplements were consumed regularly (daily or every few days) and for an extended period (more than three years). Supplement users appeared to rely on their doctor, newspapers, family or friends and pharmacy staff for information about supplements. The most commonly cited reasons for supplement use were to enhance energy levels, improve stamina and promote feelings of wellness.

Conclusion:  A high proportion of older supplement users reported regular and prolonged patterns of supplement use. Health professionals should explore the motives that maintain this behaviour, evaluate the appropriateness of the type and patterns of supplement use and provide supplement users with information that explains the potential risks associated with commonly used supplements.
Aspiring dietitians study: A pre‐enrolment study of students motivations, awareness and expectations relating to careers in nutrition and dietetics
Authors: Hughes Roger , Desbrow Ben
Published: August 2010

Objective:  To qualitatively explore the attitudes, expectations and career plans of aspiring dietetic students.

Design:  Qualitative study involving open‐ended semi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews.

Subjects:  Sixty‐three student applicants to the Griffith University Master of Nutrition and Dietetics Program over the 2002–2003 period.

Main outcome measures:  Attitudinal data about the motivations, competency expectations and career plans of Nutrition and Dietetic program applicants.

Analysis:  Qualitative content analysis.

Results:  Student applicants had a mix of health science and exercise science undergraduate training backgrounds, were in their early to mid‐20s and were recent graduates. The most common motivations for becoming a dietitian was a long‐term primary interest in nutrition, health and helping people inspired by previous experience with other dietitians, family or personal illnesses and significant others such as mothers and teachers. Approximately 30% of applicants reported being motivated by personal experiences (self or friends) with obesity or eating disorders. High‐level communication and organisational skills and nutrition knowledge were the common competency expectations of dietitians among potential students. Most reported working clinically, running a private practice (particularly in sports nutrition) or in mixed practice settings with autonomy and practice diversity as long‐term career aspirations. There was a generally low level of specific awareness of public health nutrition or food service management practice opportunities in the profession.

Conclusions:  There appears to be a need to further market the diversity of practice in the profession to senior school‐age and undergraduate students so that applicants are more informed of the realities of career opportunities.
Dietary supplements: Prevalence of use in the New Zealand population
Authors: PARNELL Winsome R. , WILSON Noela C. , SMITH Claire
Published: August 2010

Objective:  To determine prevalence of dietary supplement use in New Zealand and to describe types of supplements used.

Design:  Secondary data analysis of two cross‐sectional national surveys.

Subjects:  In total, 3275 children aged 5–14 years, 4636 adults aged 15+ years.

Setting:  Homes throughout New Zealand.

Main outcome measures:  Prevalence data over 24 hours (children and adults) and over previous year (adults only), type of supplements consumed, pattern of dietary supplement use.

Results:  Adults (24.2%) were more likely than children (5.4%) to consume any dietary supplement in the previous 24 hours. Over the previous year 59% of adults had consumed at least one supplement. Adult females were more frequent consumers than males both in the previous year (67.6%, 50.4%) and in the previous 24 hours (30.5%, 17.8%). Multivitamins and minerals were the type most frequently consumed by adults (19.8%) and children (2.1%). Older adults, compared with younger adults, are more likely to consume supplements daily and less likely to consume an individual supplement for a limited time.

Conclusions:  The prevalence of use of dietary supplements of a population differs markedly depending on the duration of the period over which use of a supplement is recalled. In New Zealand adults, prevalence of use was 2.4 times higher recalling some use over the previous year, than when recalling use in the previous 24 hours. Use varied by age for adults and by ethnicity among adults and children.
Nitric oxide and zinc homeostasis in pulmonary endothelium
Authors: Li Huihua , Cao Rong , Wasserloos Karla J. , Bernal Paula , Liu Zhao‐Qian , Pitt Bruce R. , St. Croix Claudette M.
Published: August 2010

We have shown that zinc‐thiolate moieties of the metal binding protein metallothionein (MT) are critical targets for nitric oxide (NO) with resultant increases in intracellular labile zinc. Such an NO‐MT‐Zn signaling pathway appears to participate in important cardiovascular functions associated with biosynthesis of NO including hypoxic vasoconstriction in the lung. Although downstream effector signaling molecules and critical contractile targets remain unclear, current investigations reveal a contributory role for zinc dependent protein kinases and cytoskeletal proteins in mediating hypoxic induced constriction of pulmonary endothelial cells.
Redox signaling in inflammation: interactions of endogenous electrophiles and mitochondria in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Koenitzer Jeffrey R. , Freeman Bruce A.
Published: August 2010

Reactive species derived from oxygen and nitric oxide are produced during inflammation and promote oxidation and nitration of biomolecules, including unsaturated fatty acids. Among the products of these reactions are α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl and nitro derivatives of fatty acids, electrophilic species whose reactivity with nucleophilic amino acids provides a means of posttranslational protein modification and signaling. These electrophilic fatty acids activate cytosolic and nuclear stress–response pathways (through Nrf2/Keap1 and PPARγ, for example). There is also growing evidence that mitochondria generate electrophilic species. This appreciation, when combined with the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in conditions where exogenously delivered electrophiles exhibit therapeutic benefit, suggests that mitochondrial electrophile targets are also important in the resolution and prevention of inflammatory injury. Cardioprotective signaling pathways in particular appear to converge on mitochondria, with nitro‐fatty acids recently shown to protect against cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury in a murine model. Although numerous mitochondrial proteins are subject to modification by electrophiles, defining the targets most relevant to cytoprotection during inflammatory stress remains a clinically relevant goal.
The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and treatment of asthma
Authors: Dozor Allen J.
Published: August 2010

The role of oxidative stress in asthma is gaining increasing scientific attention. The hallmark of asthma is airway inflammation. Oxidative stress may initiate and augment inflammation, and may also result from inflammation. Exposure to tobacco smoke, ozone, diesel exhaust, and a variety of other pollutants generates reactive oxygen species and other oxidative stressors. Some studies suggest that asthmatics have a decreased ability to respond to oxidative stress, while others find upregulated antioxidative function. Oxidative stress may alter the Th1/Th2immune response and result in activation of NF‐kβ, a powerful inducer of pro‐inflammatory genes. Genetic polymorphisms may play an important role in determining susceptibility to oxidative stress. Many therapeutic strategies to decrease oxidative stress in asthma have been suggested. Dietary changes, antioxidant vitamins, other antioxidant drugs, Ayurvedic supplements, and even radon exposure in a hot bathroom have been studied. Minimizing exposure of young children to environmental tobacco smoke remains paramount.
Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in airways and lungs with reference to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Chung K.F. , Marwick J.A.
Published: August 2010

Oxidative stress is an important pathophysiological component of airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which cause significant morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress leads to the activation of transcription factors and signaling pathways, partly through the activation of the innate immune response through toll‐like receptors 2 and 4. Such activation leads to the release of cytokines and chemokines. In addition, adaptive immune responses are initiated through activation of dendritic cells and antigen presentation to T‐helper cells, with direct activation of NKT cells. Corticosteroid insensitivity is a feature of severe asthma and COPD, and oxidative stress is an important factor in its development by inhibition of HDAC‐2 activity and expression through serine hyperphosphorylation. Activation of kinases such as p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase or phospho‐inositol 3‐kinase δ may also be involved through phosphorylation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Antioxidants may prove to be beneficial in inhibiting inflammatory responses and restoring corticosteroid function.
Cigarette smoke–mediated oxidative stress, shear stress, and endothelial dysfunction: role of VEGFR2
Authors: Edirisinghe Indika , Rahman Irfan
Published: August 2010

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 (VEGFR2), a tyrosine kinase receptor, is activated by VEGF and fluid shear stress (FSS), and its downstream signaling is important in regulation of endothelial functions, such as cell migration, endothelium‐dependent relaxation, and angiogenesis. Inhibition of VEGFR2 augments cigarette smoke (CS)‐induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses leading to endothelial dysfunction. CS‐derived reactive oxygen/nitrogen species interact with VEGFR2, causing posttranslational modifications that render VEGFR2 inactive for downstream signaling, resulting in endothelial dysfunction. CS‐mediated oxidants/carbonyl stress decreases SIRT1 levels and causes eNOS acetylation, which has ramifications in endothelial dysfunction. CS also affects endothelial cell survival pathway by disrupting VEGF‐ and FSS‐mediated VEGFR2/PI3‐kinase signaling, leading to decreased Akt phosphorylation and eNOS acetylation. We describe here the mechanisms whereby CS alters VEGF‐ and FSS‐mediated VEGFR2‐eNOS signaling, which may have implications for understanding the pathogenesis of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases.
Acute effects of motor vehicle traffic‐related air pollution exposures on measures of oxidative stress in human airways
Authors: Laumbach Robert J. , Kipen Howard M.
Published: August 2010

Epidemiological studies have linked exposure to traffic‐related air pollutants to increased respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Evidence from human, animal, and in vitro studies supports an important role for oxidative stress in the pathophysiological pathways underlying the adverse health effects of air pollutants. In controlled‐exposure studies of animals and humans, emissions from diesel engines, a major source of traffic‐related air pollutants, cause pulmonary and systemic inflammation that is mediated by redox‐sensitive signaling pathways. Assessment of human responses to traffic‐related air pollution under realistic conditions is challenging due to the complex, dynamic nature of near‐roadway exposure. Noninvasive measurement of biomarkers in breath and breath condensate may be particularly useful for evaluating the role of oxidative stress in acute responses to exposures that occur in vehicles or during near‐roadway activities. Promising biomarkers include nitric oxide in exhaled breath, and nitrite/nitrate, malondialdehyde, and F2‐isoprostanes in exhaled breath condensate.
Sensory Quality of Functional Beverages: Bitterness Perception and Bitter Masking of Olive Leaf Extract Fortified Fruit Smoothies
Authors: Kranz Peter , Braun Nina , Schulze Nadine , Kunz Benno
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Olive leaf extract (OLE) contains high amounts of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. The antioxidant capacity of these polyphenols makes OLE a promising ingredient for functional food. OLE causes very strong bitterness perception and can therefore only be formulated in low concentrations. In this research, bitter detection and recognition thresholds of OLE‐fortified fruit smoothies were determined by a trained sensory panel (n = 11). Masking of the OLE's bitter taste was investigated with addition of sodium cyclamate, sodium chloride, and sucrose by means of a standardized ranking method and a scale test. Detection (5.78 mg/100 g) and recognition thresholds (8.05 mg/100 g) of OLE polyphenols confirmed the low formulation limits when bitterness was not masked by other substances. At higher polyphenol levels of 20 mg/100 g, sodium cyclamate and sucrose were able to reduce bitter taste perception by 39.9% and 24.9%, respectively, whereas sodium chloride could not effectively mask bitterness.

Practical Application:  Development of functional food poses new challenges for the food industry. A major problem in this field is the high bitterness of natural polyphenol‐containing extracts with potential health benefits. This research was conducted to understand the sensory impact of olive leaf extract (OLE), a novel food ingredient with very bitter taste. In product development, the data of this research can be considered for formulation limits and the general sensory quality of OLE‐fortified food and beverages.
The Relationship Between Exercise Motives and Physical Self‐Esteem in Female Exercise Participants: An Application of Self‐Determination Theory1
Authors: Wilson Philip M. , Rodgers Wendy M.
Published: August 2010

This study examined the relationship between exercise motives and physical self‐esteem (PSE) in physically active females using Self‐Determination Theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985, 1995; Ryan & Deci, 2000). Female exercise participants recruited from university‐based exercise classes reported their motives for exercise during Week 2, and their levels of PSE during Week 12, of a 15‐week exercise class. Bivariate correlations indicated that exercise motives displayed a graded pattern of relationships. They also suggested that only autonomous exercise motives were associated with higher PSE. Discriminant function analysis revealed that more autonomous exercise motives correctly classified 83.3% of the high PSE group and 88.9% of the low PSE group. These findings support Ryan and Deci's assertions and suggest that autonomous exercise motives may play an important role in positive PSE in the exercise domain. These findings advance the application of SDT in the exercise domain and further our understanding of PSE development.
The Effect of Weight Loss on Perceptions of Weight Controllability: Implications for Prejudice Against Overweight People
Authors: Blaine Bruce E. , DiBlasi Deanne M. , Connor Jane M.
Published: August 2010

The influence of weight and recent weight loss on perceptions of weight controllability and prejudice against overweight people was investigated. Participants (N= 64) examined bogus health, diet, and fitness information about a female target. The target's weight (121 vs. 161 lb, or 55 vs. 73 kg) and recent weight loss (0 vs. 40 lb, or 0 vs. 18 kg) were manipulated. Perceptions of the controllability of weight, trait ratings of the target, and dislike of overweight people were measured. The results showed that weight loss increases perceptions of the controllability of weight equally in normal and overweight targets. Moreover, overweight targets were disliked more and judged more unattractive than were targets with more healthy weights, and this was particularly true for overweight targets who had recently lost weight. The implications of the results for prejudice against overweight people and the stigma of obesity are discussed.
Effects of Perceived Emotional Intensity on Mock Jurors' Murder/Manslaughter Distinctions
Authors: Spackman Matthew P. , Belcher Jann C. , Hansen Ashley S.
Published: August 2010

Anglo‐American law instructs jurors that defendants' emotions might constitute mitigating circumstances in murder/manslaughter cases. The present study examined which aspects of defendants' emotions mock jurors take into consideration when determining their murder/manslaughter verdicts. Four factors found to be predictive of perceptions of emotional intensity in previous research were shown to be predictive of murder/manslaughter convictions. These factors included whether the defendant had a history of violence with the victim, the particular emotion experienced, whether the defendant dwelt upon the feelings associated with his or her emotion, and whether the defendant intended the actions associated with his or her emotion. These findings are compared with two approaches that the law has taken to evaluate defendants' emotions: objective standards and subjective standards. Ramifications of these findings for jury instructions as well as for the law's conception of emotion are discussed.
Accurate Pain Detection Is Not Enough: Contextual and Attributional Style as Biasing Factors in Patient Evaluations and Treatment Choice1
Authors: Lundquist Linda M. , Higgins N. C. , Prkachin Kenneth M.
Published: August 2010

Ninety‐six adults with a supportive or unsupportive attributional style participated in an experiment that examined the effects of contextual (i.e., coping and medical evidence) information on evaluations of pain severity, the pain sufferer, and treatment choice for shoulder pain patients. Respondents accurately detected a patient's pain level from the videotaped facial displays, but patients who were coping with the pain were evaluated more positively than noncoping pain patients. Furthermore, unsupportive attributional style predicted harsher treatment choices. Thus, accurate detection of pain does not guarantee unbiased reactions toward the pain patient.
Gender Differences in the Factors That Affect Self‐Assessments of Health
Authors: Gonzalez Jeffrey S. , Chapman Gretchen B. , Leventhal Howard
Published: August 2010

We hypothesized that women's self‐assessments of health (SAH) would decrease more than men's when participants considered the functional limitations of illness and non‐health‐related sources of emotional distress. We examined the effects of type of illness, illness‐produced limitations, and distress from illness‐ and nonillness‐related sources on men's and women's SAH. Women's SAH were significantly more responsive than men's to the affective and functionally limiting aspects of illness. This suggests that women include a broader range of illness factors unrelated to mortality when evaluating their own health and explains why men's SAH have been found to be more strongly related to mortality. Contrary to our hypothesis, men's SAH were significantly more responsive than women's to social sources of distress.
Psychosocial Predictors of Cardiac Rehabilitation Patients' Quality of Life1
Authors: Corace Kimberly M. , Endler Norman S.
Published: August 2010

The relationships between health‐related quality of life (QOL) in cardiac rehabilitation patients and coping, optimism, and social support were investigated. Fifty cardiac patients completed questionnaires at the beginning of their cardiac rehabilitation programs (Time 1) and again 3 months later (Time 2). Results showed that (a) palliative and emotional preoccupation coping were negatively related to QOL at Times 1 and 2, (b) social support and optimism were positively related to QOL at Times 1 and 2, (c) coping and QOL remained stable over time, (d) optimism at Time 1 was related to greater mental functioning at Time 2, and (e) coping mediated the relationship between optimism and QOL at Times 1 and 2.
Prediction of Specific Types of Physical Activity Using the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Eves Frank , Hoppéa Roberta , McLaren Lisa
Published: August 2010

Most previous research on physical activity using Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has assessed the generic term exercise rather than the specific behaviors involved in physical activity. TPB variables for six common types of physical activity were obtained from 233 participants. Both affective and instrumental components of attitude were assessed. Except in the case of walking, multiple regression analyses revealed that intentions for each physical activity type were influenced by affective attitude and perceived behavioral control. Behavior, however, was predicted by intentions alone. In comparison with other types of activity, the TPB accounted for modest amounts of variance in both walking intentions and behavior, with attitudes making no contribution to walking intentions. Discussion focuses on the measurement of physical activity and the implications for health promotion of the poor modeling of walking.
The Effect of Demographic Variables on Ethnic Experience
Authors: Thomas KaMala S. , Bardwell Wayne A. , Malcarne Vanessa , Dimsdale Joel E.
Published: August 2010

Research on ethnicity and health has increased recently, but there is still comparatively little known about the nuances of ethnicity and how they might influence health and health behaviors. Using the Scale of Ethnic Experience, this study revealed ethnic differences on perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and mainstream comfort. Within the African American sample, socioeconomic status (SES), age, and gender influenced these factors. However, Caucasian Americans reported less perceived discrimination and ethnic identity than did African Americans regardless of age, gender, or SES. They also perceived more control over their ability to succeed in mainstream society than did African Americans. These findings suggest that ethnicity consists of multiple components, which may be influenced by demographic factors in African Americans. It is possible that each aspect of ethnicity differentially relates to health outcomes.
The influence of Patient Age and Alcohol‐Relevant Laboratory Values on Physicians' Diagnoses of Alcoholism
Authors: Paganelli Allison , LoBello Steven G. , Mehta Sheila , Ray Glen E.
Published: August 2010

This study investigated factors that contribute to physicians' diagnoses and ratings of prognosis when reviewing vignettes of hypothetical cases constructed to reflect alcohol dependence. Forty‐nine medical residents who read the vignettes were asked to list three probable diagnoses and a prognosis. Patient descriptions in the hypothetical vignettes were identical except for age (35 years vs. 70 years) and inclusion of alcohol‐relevant lab values (present vs. absent). Results indicated that the younger patient described in the vignettes was diagnosed with alcoholism more often than was the older patient. The presence of alcohol‐relevant lab values was unrelated to a diagnosis of alcoholism. Prognosis, which was on average rated as fair for most patients, was unrelated to the age of the patient.
Psychosocial Functioning of Carcinoid Cancer Patients: Test of a Stress and Coping Mediated Model1
Authors: Soliday Elizabeth , Garofalo John P. , Smith Suzanne R. , Prostko Rebecca A. , Warner Richard R. P.
Published: August 2010

This study examined a mediated‐effects stress and coping model among cancer patients with carcinoid tumors to identify specific pathways with a view toward determining (a) which coping strategies predict more positive adjustment, (b) which strategies predict less positive adjustment, and (c) whether coping would mediate the effect of optimism on psychosocial outcomes. Coping strategies partially mediated the effects of optimism on the psychological adjustment in cancer patients with carcinoid tumors. Specifically, self‐blame and active coping significantly predicted outcomes of distress. Thirty‐seven percent of the respondents met criteria for elevated depressive symptoms warranting intervention. Generalizability of the mediated‐effects stress and coping model and findings unique to the carcinoid population are discussed.
Exercise and Diet Beliefs of Overweight Women Participating in an Exercise and Diet Program: An Elicitation Study Using the Theory of Planned Behavior1
Authors: Gardner Rebecca Ellis , Hausenblas Heather A.
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the exercise and diet beliefs of overweight women using the theory of planned behavior. Participants were 104 overweight community women and university students who completed a 4‐week exercise and diet program. The most salient exercise beliefs for the participants were (a) increased motivation, structure and accountability, and social support (behavioral beliefs); (b) job or school responsibilities and traveling (control beliefs); and (c) group members and the program trainer (normative beliefs). The most salient diet beliefs were (a) improved eating habits and convenience (behavioral beliefs), (b) lack of control over food preparation and inconvenience (control beliefs), and (c) family and spouse or significant other (normative beliefs). These results are discussed in comparison to beliefs held by different populations and in regard to implications for intervention design.
Tend and Befriend Versus Fight or Flight: Gender Differences in Behavioral Response to Stress Among University Students
Authors: Turton S. , Campbell Carol
Published: August 2010

Taylor et al. (2000) proposed that female behavioral responses to stress are characterized better as “tend and befriend” than “fight or flight.” Q methodology was adopted to investigate different responses to stress. A Q set of 61 statements was sorted by 40 participants (18 male, 22 female) using principal components factor analysis. Four factors were extracted, accounting for 53.5% of the total variance. The 4 factors corresponded with fight, flight, tend, and befriend stress responses. Females were more likely to portray a tend‐and‐befriend response to stress. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to past research that has been conducted with participants, predominantly of a single gender and for future stress research studies.
Can Television Change Anti‐Fat Attitudes and Behavior?1
Authors: Gapinski Kathrine D. , Schwartz Marlene B. , Brownell Kelly D.
Published: August 2010

This work investigated negative attitudes toward overweight people and whether anti‐fat attitudes and behavior could be reduced by media‐based empathy and classical conditioning interventions. Participants were first primed by an empathy‐evoking video of obese persons or a non‐weight‐related control video. Next, they viewed either a video portraying obese persons positively (e.g., as competent) or negatively (e.g., as clumsy). Participants completed outcome measures of implicit and explicit weight‐related attitudes and participated in a covert behavioral task (competence ratings of thin and overweight job applicants). Results confirm strong implicit and explicit anti‐fat bias across conditions, yet participants rated overweight job applicants more highly in most domains while disfavoring overweight candidates on a personal level. Overall, bias persisted despite video interventions, although surprisingly the negative (stereotypic) video was associated with somewhat reduced bias. Relationships among implicit bias, explicit bias, individual‐difference variables, and awareness of obesity as a social problem are explored and discussed.
The Effects of Physical Activity Enjoyment on Sedentary Older Adults' Physical Activity Attitudes and Intentions1
Authors: Ginis Kathleen A. Martin , Jung Mary E. , Brawley Lawrence R. , Latimer Amy E. , Hicks Audrey L. , Shields Chris A. , McCartney Neil
Published: August 2010

This pilot study examined the effects of 2 types of acute physical activity bouts on enjoyment and subsequent change in attitudes and intentions regarding physical activity. Participants were 41 sedentary, older men and women (M age = 75.4 years) randomized to a single bout of walking plus either (a) 2 sets of a resistance‐training circuit performed on weight machines (Weights); or (b) 1 set of the resistance circuit plus 1 set of strength‐based activities of daily living (Weights + ADL). The Weights condition enjoyed their bout more, and enjoyment mediated subsequent changes in attitudes. Both conditions increased their physical activity intentions. However, contrary to the tenets of the theory of planned behavior, increased intentions were not mediated by improved attitudes toward physical activity. These findings suggest that single bouts of activity can differentially affect sedentary older adults' thoughts toward being active in their daily lives.
Physical Exercise in Chinese Older Adults: A Transtheoretical Model1
Authors: Chou, Kee‐Lee , Macfarlane Duncan J. , Chi Iris , Cheng Y. H.
Published: August 2010

Physical exercise has a positive impact on physical and mental health among older adults. This study identifies significant correlates of exercise behavior among Hong Kong Chinese older adults under the transtheoretical model. The data came from a survey of a representative community sample of 425 elderly respondents in Hong Kong. Using multiple regression models, the authors found that perceived benefits of exercise and self‐efficacy for exercise were related significantly to exercise behavior, and their effects on exercise were mediated completely through the stages of changes in exercise. Although perceived barriers to exercise are significantly and negatively associated with exercise behavior, this relationship disappeared in multiple regression analysis after controlling demographic and several health‐related variables. Findings suggest that perceived benefits and self‐efficacy on exercise should be strengthened to motivate older adults to engage in a more active lifestyle.
Guandishan Granitoids of the Paleoproterozoic Lüliang Metamorphic Complex in the Trans‐North China Orogen: SHRIMP Zircon Ages, Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications
Authors: LIU Shuwen , LI Qiugen , LIU Chaohui , LÜ Yongjun , ZHANG Fan
Published: August 2010

The Paleoproterozoic Lüliang Metamorphic Complex (PLMC) is situated in the middle segment of the western margin of the Trans‐North China Orogen (TNCO), North China Craton (NCC). As the most important lithological assemblages in the southern part of the PLMC, Guandishan granitoids consist of early gneissic tonalities, granodiorites and gneissic monzogranites, and younger gneissic to massive monzogranites. Petrochemical features reveal that the early gneissic tonalities and granodiorites belong to the medium‐K calc‐alkaline series; the early gneissic monzogranites are transitional from high‐K calc‐alkaline to the shoshonite series; the younger gneissic to massive monzogranites belong to the high‐k calc‐alkaline series, and all rocks are characterized by right‐declined REE patterns and negative Nb, Ta, Sr, P, and Ti anomalies in the primitive mantle normalized spidergrams. SHRIMP zircon U–Pb isotopic dating reveals that the early gneissic tonalities and granodiorites formed at ∼2.17 Ga, the early gneissic monzogranites at ∼2.06 Ga, and the younger gneissic to massive monzogranites at ∼1.84 Ga. Sm–Nd isotopic data show that the early gneissic tonalities and granodiorites have ɛNd(t) values of +0.48 to –3.19 with Nd‐depleted mantle model ages (TDM) of 2.76–2.47 Ga, and early gneissic monzogranites have ɛNd(t) values of –0.53 to –2.51 with TDM of 2.61–2.43 Ga, and the younger gneissic monzogranites have ɛNd(t) values of –6.41 to –2.78 with a TDM of 2.69–2.52 Ga. These geochemical and isotopic data indicate that the early gneissic tonalities, granodiorites, and monzogranites were derived from the partial melting of metamorphosed basaltic and pelitic rocks, respectively, in a continental arc setting. The younger gneissic to massive monzogranites were derived by partial melting of metamorphosed greywackes within the continental crust. Combined with previously regional data, we suggest that the Paleoproterozoic granitoid magmatism in the Guandishan granitoids of the PLMC may provide the best geological signature for the complete spectrum of Paleoproterozoic geodynamic processes in the Trans‐North China Orogen from oceanic subduction, through collisional orogenesis, to post‐orogenic extension and uplift.
Permian High Ba‐Sr Granitoids: Geochemistry, Age and Tectonic Implications of Erlangshan Pluton, Urad Zhongqi, Inner Mongolia
Authors: LUO Hongling , WU Tairan , ZHAO Lei , HE Yuankai , JIN Xu
Published: August 2010

Erlangshan Pluton from Urad Zhongqi, central Inner Mongolia, is located in the middle segment of the northern margin of the North China Plate. The rocks consist mainly of diorites with gneissic structure. Petrochemical characteristics reveal that the diorites belong to metaluminous, high‐potassium calc‐alkaline series, with chemical signatures of I‐type granites. They are characterized by low SiO2 contents (56.63%–58.53%) and A/CNK (0.90–0.96), high Al2O3 contents (17.30%–17.96%) and Na2O/K2O ratios (1.20–1.70), enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE, e.g., Ba=556–915 ppm, Sr=463–595 ppm), and relative depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE, e.g., Nb, Ta, Ti) in primitive mantle‐normalized spidergram, and right‐declined rare earth element patterns with slightly negative Eu anomalies (δEu=0.72–0.90). They have Sr/Y ratios (20–25) evidently less than Kebu Pluton (49–75) to its east. Sensitive high resolution ion micro‐probe U‐Pb zircon dating of the diorites has yielded an intrusive age of 270±8 Ma. This leads us to conclude that Erlangshan diorites were formed by mixing between the middle or lower crustal‐derived magma and minor mantle‐derived mafic magma, followed by fractional crystallization, which was trigged by crustal extension and fault activity in post‐collisional setting.
Application of 3‐D Geoscience Modeling Technology for the Estimation of Solid Mineral Reserves
Authors: PAN Mao , LI Jun , WANG Zhangang , JIN Jiangjun
Published: August 2010

Applying new approaches, methods, and technologies for the estimation of reserves can effectively improve the efficiency and accuracy of assessments of solid mineral resources. After analyzing the development of 3‐D geoscience modeling technology (3‐D GMT), this paper discusses the application of 3‐D GMT for the estimation of solid mineral reserves, emphatically introducing its workflow and two key technologies, 3‐D orebody surface modeling, and property modeling. Moreover, the paper analyzes the limitations of traditional methods, such as the section method and geological block method, and points out the advantages of 3‐D GMT: building more accurate 3‐D orebody models, expressing the internal inhomogeneous attributes of an orebody, reducing the potential for errors in the estimation of reserves, and implementing dynamic estimations of reserves.
Cambrian Fossil Embryos from Western Hunan, South China
Authors: DONG Xiping
Published: August 2010

The exquisitely preserved fossil embryos of Markuelia recovered from the limestones of the Middle Cambrian Haoqiao Formation and Upper Cambrian Bitiao formation in western Hunan, South China are described and illustrated in detail for the first time. A new species Markuelia elegans sp. nov. is established based mainly on embryos from the Upper Cambrian. A few of animal's resting eggs, which are comparable with those of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, have been also found in the Upper Cambrian of western Hunan. The membrane of one egg from the uppermost Cambrian has been replaced by pyrite and the overgrowth of the pyrite crystals exhibits a unique inorganic pattern termed herein ‘Pseudoembryo’. The taphonomic setting in deeper water with possible strong reducing conditions promoted the excellent preservation for the Markuelia specimens. The study of Markuelia provides not only constraint on the anatomy, affinity, embryonic development and phylogenetic significance of this wormlike animal and but also opens a new window onto the evolution and development of the earliest animals.
Geochronology and Geochemistry of Mafic Dikes from Hainan Island and Tectonic Implications
Authors: Jianjin CAO , Ruizhong HU , Shen LIU , Guiqing XIE
Published: August 2010

In the present study, the major and trace element compositions, as well as Sr, Nd isotopic compositions and K‐Ar age data in mafic dikes from Hainan Island, China, have been analyzed. Whole‐rock K‐Ar dating yielded a magmatic duration of 61–98 Ma for mafic dikes. Mafic dikes have a very high concentration of incompatible elements, for example, Ba, Rb, Sr, K, rare earth elements, and especially light rare earth elements (LREE), and negative anomalies of Nb, Ta, and Ti in the normalized trace element patterns. The initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and εSr(t) of the mafic dikes are 0.70634–0.71193 and +27.7 to +112.2, respectively. In the 87Sr/86Sr versus εNd(t) diagram, the Hainan Island mafic dikes plot between fields for depleted mantle and enriched mantle type 2. All these characteristics show that the mantle (source region) of mafic dikes in this area experienced metasomatism by fluids relatively enriched in LREE and large ion lithophile elements. The genesis of Hainan Island mafic dikes is explained as a result of the mixing of asthenospheric mantle with lithospheric mantle that experienced metasomatism by the subduction of the Pacific Plate. This is different from the Hainan Island Cenozoic basalts mainly derived from depleted asthenospheric mantle, and possibly, minor metasomatised lithospheric mantle. This study suggests that the Mesozoic and Cenozoic lithospheric revolutions in Hainan Island can be divided into three stages: (1) the compression orogenesis stage before 98 Ma. The dominant factor during this stage is the subduction of the ancient Pacific Plate beneath this area. The lithospheric mantle changed into enriched mantle type 2 by metasomatism; (2) the thinning and extension stage during 61–98 Ma. The dominant factor during this stage is that the asthenospheric mantle invaded and corroded the lithospheric mantle; and (3) the large‐scale thinning and extension stage after 61 Ma. The large‐scale asthenospheric upwelling results in the strong erupting of Cenozoic basalts, large‐scale thinning of the lithosphere, the southward translating and counterclockwise rotating of Hainan Island, and the opening of the South China Sea.
Geology, Geochemistry and Minerogenesis of the Shijuligou Zinc–Copper Deposit in Gansu, China
Authors: Wenyuan LI , Jun DENG , Yongbao GAO , Zhouping GUO , Zhaowei ZHANG , Zhongbao SONG
Published: August 2010

The Shijuligou deposit was separated by an arcuate ductile shear zone cross the center of the deposit region, resulting in the difference between the southern and northern ore bodies. The lead (Pb) isotopic data of ores of the Shijuligou copper deposit have averages of 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb in 17.634, 15.444, and 37.312, respectively. It has been shown that ore‐forming metals originated from intrusive and extrusive rocks in the upper part of ophiolites. The sulfur isotopic data of pyrite and chalcopyrite in the northern part change from +7.61‰ to +8.09‰ and +4.95‰ to +8.88‰ in the southern part. Isotopes of δ18O in the Shijuligou copper deposit are between +11.1‰ and +18.6‰, with the calculated δ18OH2O at +0.65‰. It is suggested that the mineralized fluid is a mixture of magma fluid, meteorological water, and seawater through circulating and leaching metals from the volcanic rocks. The zircon uranium‐lead (U–Pb) dating of gabbro is 457.9±1.2 Ma, and the lower crossing age of the discordant and concordia curves of pyroxene spilite of zircon is 454±15 Ma. It is indicated that the Shijuligou deposit formed in a new ocean crust (ophiolite) of the back‐arc basin in the late Ordovician. Mineralization should occur in the intermittence period after strong volcanic activity, and the age should be the late Ordovician. Moreover, the mineralization of ophiolite‐hosted massive sulfide deposits in the ancient orogenic belt of the late Ordovician in the northern Qilian Mountains was controlled by the primary fault/fracture, with the forming of a metallogenic hydrothermal system by a mixture of volcanic magma fluid and seawater, which circularly leached the metallogenic metals from the volcanic rocks, resulting in their accumulation. The ore bodies were transformed with morphology and metallogenic elements. Jasperoid is an important sign for prospecting such deposits. There were many island arcs in the continent of China. This study provides evidence for understanding and exploration of ophiolite‐hosted massive sulfide deposits in western China, especially in the area of northern Qilian Mountains.