bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El impacto del Internet y las hipermediaciones en los jóvenes de la sociedad actual, las transformaciones y la disrupción tecnológica hasta los metaversos
Authors: Lambert Sarango Yamil Edinson
Published: December 2022

El impacto en el consumo de contenido audiovisual en jóvenes universitarios que usan el Internet en la sociedad Ecuatoriana actual, plantean poder identificar patrones de cómo estos jóvenes están desarrollando competencias y estrategias de aprendizaje con los nuevos medios, cuál es el aporte teórico y explicación desde la sociedad en red, sociedad virtual, las hipermediaciones, las interfaces hasta los metaversos. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar y reflexionar sobre cómo la disrupción tecnológica a través del Internet, las redes sociales y el consumo audiovisual transforma lo social. La metodología usada es de tipo mixta en un único estudio donde primero se hizo una revisión bibliográfica documental y como segundo momento, se realizó una encuesta donde se definió un grupo focal de jóvenes universitarios con estudios en diferentes disciplinas artísticas, la muestra fue de 376 jóvenes de una población de 16.540. Se concluye que los ciudadanos que estén informados y articulados a las nuevas tecnologías son aquellos que serán más capaces de crear, producir conocimiento, información y, en último término, valor en una economía que es de la información y el conocimiento, Los jóvenes entran en contacto con las nuevas tecnologías a edades cada vez más tempranas. La virtualidad en la que se vive es una de las dimensiones fundamentales de la realidad, se vive con Internet y la conexión entre lo virtual y lo presencial, no hay dos sociedades, lo que hay son dos formas de relación y actividad social.
Health Communication in Sonar (Song Information and Reports) Events at Sonora 93.3 FM Radio Bandung
Authors: Agustrijanto Agustrijanto , Lobodally Altobeli
Published: December 2022

The role of radio has undergone significant developments and changes. One example is Radio Sonora 93.3 FM Bandung. Radio Sonora is a radio that dares to raise the theme of health on one of its radio programs. With this theme, Radio Sonora shows concern for the dynamics of public health. On Radio Sonora, health messages were inserted in the show SONAR (Song Information and Reports). Through this event, listeners will get entertainment through songs and health information packaged attractively. SONAR listeners will feel free to listen to the various entertainments and be educated through the health information they convey.  SONAR collaborates with several well-known hospitals in Bandung to make the information presented more convincing and exciting. This study describes how Sonora radio communicates health messages through sonar shows. This research used health communication theory as a basis and was developed through the concept of promoting health programs using radio media. The approach used is qualitative research with a case study method. The subject in this study was Radio Sonora. This research paradigm uses constructivism and descriptive methods. The results of this study show that the SONAR program is carried out with a persuasive approach that emphasizes the character of broadcasting that can persuade broadcast material by combining entertainment with health topics currently popular in the community. The conclusion and benefit of this study are that viewers get better, directed, and direct health knowledge from experts.
Discourse of Women's Body Construction in Advertising and Promotion "Lovely Nia" and "Alitaren"
Authors: Hajidah Fildzahun Nadhilah Kusnadi
Published: December 2022

The emergence of women who are often the subject of visualization of mass media advertisements is largely due to the perception of the low status of women in the institutions adopted by our society. Ads that standardize women's ideal bodies prove how men (especially in ad production) can create women to fit their "sexy or beautiful" fantasies. Advertising as a mass communication system, now tends to become a parameter and implementation that creates gender biases and preserving the construction of the female body. So that it’s considered not excessive regarding David Crystal's statement that advertising is the most colossal cultural product, when viewed from the perspective of ideology, morals and aesthetics. Using Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, this study explores how 'Lovely Nia' discusses the construction of the female body in advertisements and social media promotions 'Lovely Nia' and 'Alitaren' how the concept of patriarchal ideology plays a role in this construction. The findings of this study are to make the concept of beauty an important asset that must be owned and cultivated by women and the discourse on the construction of the female body makes women still positioned as objects, especially when women have become wives. 'Lovely Nia' and 'Alitaren' still apply the malegaze concept in their advertisements and promotions both offline and online. Even though women place themselves as subjects who have full power over their body shape. The absence of men from advertising and social media promotions does not promise the release of women from patriarchal culture.
Modeling innovation and regulation thanks to game theory: Bertrand competition
Authors: Lefebvre Olivier
Published: December 2022

One uses the model which has been already presented in articles by the author: competition through prices (Bertrand competition), the demands being deduced from the consumers ‘utilities. One can highlight three phenomena: “Monopolistic competition”: The products sold are enough differentiated, each firm having its “garden”, its customers it keeps provided its price is not higher than the others’ prices. The criterium “buy and close down” profitable: when to buy and close down is profitable, the incentive to merge is stronger. It is a sign of saturated market. The “non-differentiating innovation”: One can model it. Each utility (u1, u2, u3) becomes (u1 + K, u2 + K, u3 + K), K > 0. One demonstrates, thanks to tractable examples, that non-differentiating innovation can trigger the criterium “buy and close down profitable”. The products are less differentiated than at the start (“monopolistic competition” the “buy and close down” being not profitable). It incites firms to choose disruption.
УРБАНОНИМИЧЕСКИЕ ТРАДИЦИИ РОССИИ И КИТАЯ: ВЗГЛЯД СКВОЗЬ ВЕКА
Authors: Супрун Василий Иванович , Цзятун Вэн
Published: December 2022

В статье рассматриваются урбанонимические традиции славян и китайцев, определяется история терминов для обозначения объектов внутригородского пространства. Город обладает свойствами артефакта, произведения архитектуры или инженерии. Обнаруживается важная роль урбанонимов и урбанотерминов, отражающих языковой вкус эпохи (В.Г. Костомаров), указывающих на состояние национального языка и уровень лингвосознания его носителей. Урбанонимические системы славян и китайцев отражают как общие закономерности образования названий внутригородских объектов, так и этнолингвистическую специфику онимообразования, традиции разных лингвокультур.
ДЕСЯТИЛЕТИЕ ЯЗЫКОВ КОРЕННЫХ НАРОДОВ: ВОПРОСЫ ПРАВОВОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ
Authors: Мухарямов Наиль Мидхатович
Published: December 2022

В статье рассматриваются перспективы проведения объявленного ООН Международного десятилетия языков коренных народов в Российской Федерации и ее регионах в контексте правовой политики. Эта практика нормативного, концептуального и программного оснащения, представляющая более широкое поле действий властных субъектов и общественных сил и отличающаяся более широким набором инструментов по сравнению с процессом законодательства (в формально-юридическом смысле). Правовая политика включает многообразие методов создания официально-документальных предпосылок и подходов применительно к задачам в области социально-коммуникативной консолидации общества в сопряжении с культурно-языковым (этноязыковым) многообразием. В связи с Десятилетием языков коренных народов на этом направлении регулятивной деятельности возникают проблемы, связанные с тем, какие языки в России могут стать своеобразными выгодополучателями планируемых действий. Будут ли это языки коренных малочисленных народов, вошедших в формально закрепленный перечень? Или соответствующие меры могут вовлекать в поле внимания более широкое многообразие миноритарных этноязыковых коллективов вне статуса государственных («титульных») идиомов? Планируемая компания также способна придать новые импульсы для конструирования региональной языковой политики в тех субъектах РФ, которые имеют не республиканский статус.
ЯЗЫКОВОЕ ДОМИНИРОВАНИЕ И КОМПЛЕКС КУЛЬТУРНОЙ НЕПОЛНОЦЕННОСТИ У НОСИТЕЛЕЙ КОМИ ЯЗЫКА (СЛУЧАЙ Г. СЫКТЫВКАРА)
Authors: Юлдашев Игорь Олегович , Вокуев Николай Евгеньевич
Published: December 2022

В статье на материалах интервью с носителями коми языка, проведенных в г. Сыктывкаре, исследуются случаи языковой дискриминации в отношении коми и феномен языкового стеснения. Последнее, с точки зрения авторов, является частью и свидетельством сформировавшегося у некоторых из них комплекса культурной неполноценности. Кроме того, рассказы респондентов показывают, что языковая дискриминация и языковое стеснение связаны не только друг с другом, но и с целым рядом взаимосвязанных и взаимообусловленных представлений — о моноязычии как национальной норме («монолингвальный габитус»), об этнокультурных и языковых иерархиях. Язык и культура коми в этих воображаемых иерархиях занимают более низкую позицию, чем русские язык и культура. Более того, публичное использование коми языка, а также наличие акцента – и тот, и другой часто коннотируются с сельской социализацией – могут активировать ряд негативных стереотипов, сконденсированных в пейоративном этнониме «комяк». Все это не может не оказывать влияния на самоидентификацию носителей коми языка. Основываясь на качественных методах исследования, статья не предполагает оценки масштабов рассматриваемых явлений.
ТАТАРСКИЙ ЯЗЫК В СФЕРЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН ПОСЛЕ 2018 Г. В ЗЕРКАЛЕ ОБЩЕСТВЕННОГО МНЕНИЯ
Authors: Хилханова Эржен Владимировна
Published: December 2022

В статье рассматриваются мнения и оценки положения татарского языка в системе школьного образования Республики Татарстан после принятия поправок в Федеральный закон «Об образовании в Российской Федерации» в 2018 г. Акцент сделан на «этнографический» подход, дающий возможность увидеть интерпретацию фактов и событий «изнутри», глазами самих участников языковых процессов. Материалом статьи послужили данные интервью и социолингвистического онлайн-опроса, проведенного в 2021 г. в Татарстане. Исследование показало широкий спектр реакций жителей республики на изменение статуса татарского языка в системе школьного образования. Негативная оценка дается преимущественно хорошо образованными татарами более старшего возраста, работающими в сферах, связанных с татарским языком, а также коренными татарстанцами вне зависимости от национальности. В институциональном плане «свободный» выбор языка образования и родного языка обнаруживает свою фактическую несвободу, т.к. выбор языков диктуется созданными государством институциональными рамками, практической ценностью и возможностями, даваемыми владением тем или иным языком, неосознанностью делаемого родителями выбора и рядом других факторов. Определенная деинституционализация татарского языка в образовании частично компенсируется усилиями властей РТ.
Does bank competition affect bank risk-taking differently?
Authors: Bayangos Veronica
Published: December 2022

This paper examines the presence of two competing views—“competition-fragility” and “competition-stability”—in analyzing the impact of competition on bank stability. The approach is to first construct measures of bank competition from a unique dataset of balance sheet and income statements for 542 banks operating in the Philippines from March 2010 to December 2020. The paper then estimates the impact of these competition measures on solvency risk or the risk of being unable to absorb losses with the available capital across universal/commercial banks (U/KBs), thrift banks (TBs) and rural/cooperative banks (R/CBs) industries. Using panel quantile regression, the results reveal that, at the industry level, bank competition reduces solvency risk and that it enhances bank stability. Looking at the risk distribution, the study shows the presence of the competition-fragility and competition-stability hypotheses holding simultaneously for U/KBs suggesting that the effect of competition depends crucially on the underlying individual bank risk. Importantly, the results highlight that the relationship between competition and bank risk is sensitive to other bank-specific characteristics and macro-financial factors related to extent of diversification strategy, cost-to-income ratio, deposit growth, capitalization, changes in the physical banking networks, and growth of real Gross Domestic Product.
A review on monkey pox
Authors: V Venkata Prasanna , M Pravallika , B Mounika , V Gopi Krishna , S D Ershad Ali , G Venkata NagaRaju
Published: December 2022

Monkey pox a vesiculo pustular rash illness was initially discover to cause human infection in 1970 through the world health organization (WHO) -sponsered efforts of the commission to certify small pox eradication In western Africa and the congo basin . the virus has been discovered to cause a non human primate rash illness in 1958 and was thus named monkey pox the causative agents of small pox and monkey pox disease both are species of orthopox virus,monkey pox when it effects human as an epizootic produces a similar clinical picture to that of ordinary human smallpox since 1970 extensive epidemiology, virology,ecology, and public health research has enable better characterization of monkey pox virus and the associated human disease .we conducted a sysmatic review of peer-reviewed and grey literacture on how monkey pox epidimology has evolved, with particular  emphasis on the number of confirmed, probable ,  and possible cases,age at presentation and geographical spread. The number of human monkey pox cases has been on the rise since the 1970s ,with the most dramatic increases occurring in the DRC . The median age at presentation has increased from 4 1970s) to 21 years ( 2010-2019).There was an overall case fatality rate of 8.7% with a significant difference between clades -central African  10.6% ( 95% CI: 8.4%-13.3% ) VS WestAfrican 3.6% ( 95% CI:1.7%-6.8% ) .your review shows an escalation of monkey pox cases, especially in the highly endemic DRC , a spread to other  countries, and  a growing median age from young children to young adults . These findings may be related to the cessation of small pox vaccination , which  provided some cross -protection against monkeypox , leading to increased human -to -human transmission. increased  surveillance and detection of monkeypox cases are essential tools for understanding the continousily changing  epidemiology of this resurging disease.
The use of improvised negative pressure therapy to manage wounds in difficult situations at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso: a case series
Authors: Ilori Oluwatosin , Akanmu Akinlawon , Ajibola Oluwaseun
Published: December 2022

Background
Creating an airtight seal is vital in making a Negative pressure wound therapy setup functional and effective but in some conditions, this may be difficult to achieve.
Case presentation
We present the methods of use of improvised negative pressure therapy in the difficult settings of external fixation and complete scotch cast with a window for wound dressing in two patients managed at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso. The simple use of opsite initially over the foam dressing and reinforcing it with cling film and subsequently wrapping strips of opsite around the pin sites and the potential leak sites as described in this report is very effective and with lower cost when compared with other methods.
Conclusion
The use of cling film and opsite only in maintaining an airtight seal in difficult settings of negative pressure wound therapy is simple and cost-effective with good wound outcomes.
The role of spirituality and religiosity in psychoactive substance use among adolescents in a Nigerian Hospital
Authors: FALADE JOSHUA , Mustapha Adekunle Fatai , Oyebanji Adedayo Hakeem , Falade Olusola Olawumi
Published: December 2022

Objective: Adolescence is a transition period where drug experimentation is common. Spirituality and religiosity have been recognized by literature as having a possible role in stabilizing good physical and mental health. To compare the religiosity and spirituality among adolescents abusing a psychoactive substance and those not abusing psychoactive substances in a Nigerian hospital
Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted among adolescent patients admitted to the drug rehabilitation unit and adolescents attending the General Outpatient Department of the ABUAD Multisystem Hospital, Ado-Ekiti. The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale and Centrality of Religiosity Scale were used
Results: The prevalence of high religiosity and spirituality among the respondents was 57.9% and 56.1%. The prevalence of high religiosity and spirituality among respondents not abusing psychoactive substances was 62.9% and 62.6% respectively, while the level of high spirituality and religiosity among respondents abusing psychoactive substances was 53.0% and 49.1% respectively. A significant proportion of the respondents who had a low level of religiosity (55.9%) abused psychoactive substances than respondents who do not abuse psychoactive substances (45.7%) (X2=7.694 p=0.006). Similarly, more proportion of respondents who had a low level of spirituality (57.4%) abused psychoactive substances than respondents who do not abuse psychoactive substances (44.2%). The observation is statistically significant (X2=11.1, p<0.001). In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the spirituality and religiosity scores among the respondents (r =0.50, p<0.001) 
Conclusion: Psychoactive drug use among the respondent was associated with both low religiosity and spirituality. Therefore, religious activities should be encouraged among adolescents.
Temperature Effects on Optimal Performance of PV Module
Authors: Ale Thomas Olabode , Rotipin Kehinde , Makanju Tolulope David
Published: December 2022

The commonly used renewable energy source (RES) is solar energy. However, the production of this energy from PV modules has a lot of challenges and still needs technological improvement. This research investigates the effects of temperature on Photovoltaic (PV) module optimal performance. An experimental setup of a Monocrystalline (MC) module was used and data on the temperature and other parameters were measured using appropriate measuring tools. The relationship between module temperature and other parameters was evaluated using Pearson product correlation. The findings of this study showed that the temperature is significant for the Monocrystalline PV module to operate at its optimal. Also, the finding revealed that there is a weak correlation between the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the panel and the temperature, however, the PV module temperature has a strong and positive correlation with other parameters namely; solar irradiance, short circuit current (SCC), output power and conversion efficiency (CE) with a correlation coefficient (CC) of 0.94, 0.93, 0.92 and 0.93 respectively. The conversion efficiency of the PV module increases when its temperature is within the maximum operating temperature and tends to decrease when the temperature is beyond the design operating temperature of the module. This implies that temperature is also a key parameter to consider when designing a PV module system for optimal performance. This research recommends that temperature should be considered in the design of PV modules to power any equipment or machines for better performance.
ASESMEN DIAGNOSTIK MAKRO PERSIAPAN PENERAPAN KURIKULUM MERDEKA MTsN 28 JAKARTA
Authors: Suryadi Asip , Husna Siti
Published: December 2022

This study examines the diagnostic assessment results of reading, writing and mathematics prerequisite skills of 192 grade VII MTsN 28 Jakarta students. The assessment measures reading and writing in Arabic and Latin, and application level of mathematics for the needs of implementing the Kurikulum Merdeka. The assessment was carried out on the 11th of July 2022 using online questions and written tests in reading, writing and mathematics in the level of elementary school curriculum. The results of the assessment are processed with descriptive statistics and interpreted into certain qualitative level of competencies. In addition, the results are interpreted form the perspective of AKM (minimum competency assessment), the Indonesia national assessment system. The results shows that 7% of students are not fluent in reading Arabic, 17% are not fluent in writing Arabic, 44% had low level in reading comprehension, and 10% Latin writing of the students are still difficult to read. Likewise in basic mathematics application, 42% of students are still in low level. In terms of AKM perspective as a whole, the literacy and numeracy levels have not yet reached the minimum competence. The results of the assessment have two implications. Firstly, the madrasah should organize a preliminary learning to help the students master prerequisite skills. Secondly in terms of AKM, madrasah should carry out curriculum engineering to improve the quality of literacy and numeracy-based learning.
Modern Deniz Harbi'nde Yeni Bir Paradigma: A2/AD Yaklaşımı
Authors: MERCAN Evren
Published: December 2022

Deniz Harp Tarihi boyunca hasımlar harekât sahasında birbirlerinin serbestçe manevra icrasını önlemeye dönük tedbirler almıştırlar. Geçmişteki erişimi engelleme girişimleri hem dost kuvvetleri himaye etmek hem de düşmanın sahada avantajlı mevkiler elde etmesinin önüne set çekmek için kullanılmıştır. Günümüzde küresel boyuttaki güç aktarım kabiliyetiyle ABD Donanması hava, uzay ve deniz üstünlüğünü sürdürmek için çatışma alanına güvenle konuşlanmaya bağımlı hâle gelmiştir. Bununla birlikte, Çin, Rusya ve hatta İran ABD'nin Baltık, Karadeniz, Basra Körfezi ve Batı Pasifik'e güç aktarımını sekteye uğratmak için tasarlanmış güçlü bir erişimi engelleme ve bölgeden men etme (A2 / AD) kapasitesine sahip bölgesel bir güç olarak ortaya çıktılar. Bu makalede dünyada ABD'nin güç aktarım kapasitesine karşı geliştirilen A2/AD Konsepti’nin içeriğine ışık tutmanın yanında tarihsel arka planıyla birlikte günümüzdeki örnekleri üzerinden analiz edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Türkiye'de Okul Öncesi Dönemde Cinsiyetin Matematik Becerisi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Meta Analiz Çalışması
Authors: KESİCİOGLU Oguz Serdar
Published: December 2022

Araştırmada sistematik sentezleme yöntemlerinden biri olan meta analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Meta-analiz kelime anlamı açısından incelendiğinde, analizlerin toplanması ya da üst analiz anlamına gelmektedir. Ayrıca meta-analiz farklı çalışmalardan elde edilen sonuçların birleştirilerek genel bir sonuç elde edilmesi anlamına geldiği gibi bir çalışmaya ait sonuçların tekrar analiz edilmesi anlamına da gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada çocukların eğitim süreçlerinin başlangıç noktası olan okul öncesi dönemde matematik becerilerinin cinsiyete göre farklılık gösterip göstermediği ortaya koyma amaçlanmıştır. Meta analize dahil edilecek çalışmaların belirlenmesinde 2005-2021 yılları arasında Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu Ulusal Tez Merkezi, Google Scholar ve Ulakbim’deki tez ve makaleler taranmıştır. Bu araştırmada, meta-analize dahil olan çalışmalarda raporlanan matematik becerisine ilişkin farklılıkların örnekleme hatasından farklı olduğu varsayılarak rastgele etkiler modeli kullanılmıştır. Rastgele etkiler modeline göre ortalama etki büyüklüğü 0,41 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu sonuç bize Türkiye’de okul öncesi dönemde çocukların matematik becerilerinin cinsiyete göre farklılaşmadığını göstermektedir.
Pandangan Gereja Advent Terhadap Rekreasi Dari Sudut Pandang Lukas 21: 34 Dan Tulisan Roh Nubuat
Authors: Wahyu Dadan , Sinaga Janes , Arlinta Chandra Yane , Sinambela Juita Lusiana
Published: December 2022

Banyak orang Kristen secara umum dalam mengadakan rekreasi itu dengan diisi oleh hiburan atau kepelesiran yang merujuk kepada suasana yang sangat bertolak belakang dari maksud dan tujuan rekreasi itu sendiri untuk memberikan kesegaran dan kebugaran untuk kembali beraktivitas dengan lebih produktif. Banyak hiburan yang populer saat ini, bahkan bagi mereka yang mengaku Kristen, cenderung memiliki tujuan yang sama dengan para penyembah berhala kuno. Tujuan Penelitian adalah agar setiap orang dapat memahami dasar dan standar rekreasi yang baik dan benar, memahami makna rekreasi yang benar dan baik, agar dapat menerapkan makna rekreasi yang benar dalam zaman ini. Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Rekreasi yang benar adalah yang menghasilkan kebugaran dan tenaga baru bukan menghamburkan uang dengan hiburan-hiburan yang menjenuhkan dan membosankan. Tujuan rekreasi adalah untuk menyegarkan kembali kekuatan tubuh dan pikiran.
Paraganglioma in the spinal cord histologically mimicking ependymoma – a case report
Authors: Stefanova Nadezhda , Enchev Yavor , Dzhenkov Deyan , Hachmeryan Antoniya
Published: December 2022

Paraganglioma is a tumour lesion of neuroectodermal origin that occurs at various places in the human body, but is rarely observed in the spinal cord. Usually, it presents in the lumbar region (cauda equine and filum terminal) as a slow-growing painless tumour mass that causes local compression.

We present a 53-year-old man with chronic low back pain, difficulty in walking, and impotence. The magnetic resonance study showed a tumour lesion suspicious for ependymoma. Surgical excision was performed and the result from the intraoperative frozen section was also ependymoma due to the presence of pseudorosettes structures. After the surgery, a thorough histological examination of the specimen revealed an encapsulated formation composed of ovoid and spindle-shaped cells with eosinophilic to light cytoplasm, with rounded nuclei with finely dispersed chromatin. An arrangement of cells in the form of pseudorosettes – ependymoma-like features was found in a large area of the tumour. Immunohistochemically, it was proved that the tumour was paraganglioma, not ependymoma.

Paraganglioma is a rare tumour in the spinal cord and it should be distinguished from other tumours normally observed in this area like ependymomas by using immunohistochemical stains.
First records of aneuretine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Aneuretinae) in late Eocene Rovno amber (Ukraine)
Authors: Radchenko Alexander , Khomych Mykola
Published: December 2022

Aneuretinae is an enigmatic ant subfamily with poorly defined morphological boundaries. Aneuretus simoni Emery, 1893, found only in Sri Lanka, is a “living fossil”, the only known extant species of Aneuretinae. In the distant past, however, Aneuretinae was more diverse and widespread, including eight extinct genera spread across North America, Europe, and the Russian Far East. Here, we report two fossil Aneuretinae species, Protaneuretus succineus Wheeler, 1915 and Paraneuretus tornquisti Wheeler, 1915, found in late Eocene (Priabonian, 37.8–33.9 Ma) Rovno amber (Ukraine), providing distinguishing morphological features and measurements. These species, the first recorded Aneuretinae in Rovno amber, were originally described from Baltic amber of similar Priabonian age. These new records raise the number of reported ants in Rovno amber to 77 species from 39 genera and 9 subfamilies, and indicate that in the late Eocene Aneuretinae were distributed both on the northern and southern coasts of the Paratethys. Fossil evidence suggests that Aneuretinae originated in the Northern Hemisphere and only entered India and Sri Lanka after the Indian subcontinent collided with Asia ~59 Ma. Why Aneuretinae survived to the present only in Sri Lanka remains a mystery.
New observations on two umbraculid molluscs: Tylodina perversa (Umbraculida: Tylodinidae) and Umbraculum umbraculum (Umbraculida, Umbraculidae) along the central‑eastern coast of Sicily
Authors: Lombardo Andrea , Marletta Giuliana
Published: December 2022

The present note aims to provide detailed information on the biology and ecology of two marine heterobranch species belonging to the order Umbraculida: Umbraculum umbraculum and Tylodina perversa. The observations were carried out through scuba dives from 2017 to May 2022 in 5 sites located along the central-eastern coast of Sicily. For each species, information on the morphology, abundance, bathymetric range, substrates and habitats, seasonality, and further remarks were here provided. Through this research, it was noted that along the central-eastern coast of Sicily, T. perversa has never been found on sponges of the genus Aplysina, its prey so far documented, but always on algal substrates. Regarding U. umbraculum, it was observed that it counts among the sponges of its diet also the poriferan C. crambe. Moreover, through this study, it was documented for the first time the breeding activity of U. umbraculum, never reported in detail.
Procas (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) – a new genus for the Romanian entomofauna
Authors: Olariu Tudor-Sebastian , Pintilioaie Alexandru-Mihai
Published: December 2022

Procas picipes steveni Krynicki, 1832 is recorded for the first time in Romania. Data on ecology and its distribution in Europe are discussed.
Preliminary investigations of the main Flavescence dorée vector Scaphoideus titanus and its first record in Kosovo
Authors: Gjinovci Gazmend , Xhemali Bekri , Bresilla Betim , Shahini Shpend , Morina Nesim , Bajrami Tasim
Published: December 2022

Scaphoideus titanus Ball is a major pest of grapevine in Europe, being the main vector of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDp). The North American grapevine leafhopper was identified in neighboring countries, however, the FDp vector was not recorded and there is no available data on its presence in Kosovo. In 2021, initial investigations were conducted and field surveys were carried out in the region of Rahovec in order to evaluate the presence of S. titanus in Kosovarian vineyards. The survey was established in seventeen vineyards in different locations and grapevine varieties. In the middle of June, in each vineyard chosen for investigation were settled yellow sticky traps for surveying and sampling of leafhoppers. All plantations were subjected to fungicide treatment and no insecticide treatment was applied for S. titanus. The captures on the yellow sticky traps indicated that the North American grapevine leafhopper was present in Kosovo. Its population was different in investigated vineyards. Of the seventeen vineyards monitored, in twelve of them was captured the FDp vector, two sticky traps were damaged, and in three vineyards was not captured any specimen of Scaphoideus titanus. An average, of two up to forty-nine specimens of S. titanus per trap were collected over the surveyed period from the beginning of June until the end of September 2021. These results show only the distribution of S. titanus in the surveyed area. Furthermore, the presence of the North American grapevine leafhopper in Kosovo is an alert for urgent phytosanitary control of the quarantine phytoplasma Flavescence dorée (FD).
Human Sensitization
Authors: Cooke Robert A. , Veer Albert Vander
Published: December 2022

Part I. I. Introduction. The data contained in this paper are collected from the histories of 621 cases of human protein sensitization observed during the past five years and summarized in the protocol herewith published.

We were stimulated to this work as the result of a personal experience of one of us in the fall of 1910 with the realities and the possibilities of the protein reaction in sensitized individuals,—both its immediate dangers as well as its ultimate beneficial effect.

While not all of the histories cover all of the points discussed throughout the paper, extreme care has been used in eliciting them and only definite and positive facts are included. Any error, therefore, and errors undoubtedly do exist, is due rather to a lack of knowledge on the part of the patient and would appear on the negative rather than on the positive side in our statistics.
Anti-Protein Plaque-Forming Cells Detected with High Efficiency by the Use of Red Cells Coupled to Bovine Serum Globulin through Bis-diazo-benzidine
Authors: Kapp Judith A. , Ingraham J. S.
Published: December 2022

It has been known for many years that sheep red cells coupled to proteins through diazotized benzidine can be hemolyzed by anti-protein sera (1). However, early attempts to use protein-coupled cells in the hemolytic plaque assay to detect cells producing anti-protein antibodies were unsuccessful (2). The first successful experiments were done with red cells coupled to protein by means of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino propyl) carbodiimide HCl (ECDI) (3, 4), but this method has drawbacks in that ECDI is an expensive reagent, and large amounts of protein are required to obtain coupled cells with useful sensitivity.

We have now re-investigated the use of benzidine and have found that we can obtain sheep red cells coupled with bovine γ globulin (BGG-SRBC) which are more efficient in detecting anti-BGG plaque-forming cells (PFC) than were any of the preparations we obtained after detailed investigation of the ECDI technique (5).
Inhibition of Natural Cytotoxic Rabbit Antibody by Human IgM: Production of Nontoxic Rabbit Serum for Use As Complement Source
Authors: Herberman Ronald B.
Published: December 2022

A simple method for the production of nontoxic rabbit serum has been developed. Small amounts of human IgM completely inhibited the cytotoxic activity of the natural serum antibody in normal rabbit serum reactive with human cells. IgM from both normal human sera and from the sera of patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia had similar inhibitory activity. Macroglobulins from mouse and rabbit sera were inactive. The human IgM did not interfere with complement activity or with the activity of cytotoxic antibodies from other species.
Measurement of Rubella Antibody by Hemagglutination Inhibition
Authors: Liebhaber Harvey
Published: December 2022

A method employing dextran sulfate and CaCl2 (DS-C) for removing nonspecific inhibitors of rubella virus hemagglutinin from test sera has been described. Sera treated by this method were shown to be free of detectable inhibitor. No quantitative changes in IgG, IgA and IgM could be detected, nor was any qualitative change in IgG observed as a result of DS-C treatment. The hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) test employing DS-C treated sera was shown to be a true measure of actual rubella antibody content, and 100% of the HAI titers determined on 47 paired sera were identical or equivalent (±1 dilution).

Kaolin by comparison was shown to be an unreliable means of specifically removing non-immunoglobulin inhibitors. Kaolin failed to remove inhibitors completely from many sera, and it sometimes removed specific antibody from others.

A modified heparin-MnCl2 procedure was found to give erratic and unreliable results. The basis for these undesirable characteristics of the heparin-MnCl2 method was explored and an improved heparin-MnCl2 procedure was tried. This procedure gives reproducible and reliable results, but has the disadvantage that it fails to remove all traces of inhibitor from some sera, thus giving rise to false positive tests.
Biosynthesis and Assembly of Immunoglobulin in Rabbit Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Moav Boaz , Harris T. N.
Published: December 2022

Antibody or γ globulin molecules synthesized within the cell or added to cell homogenates were found to be adsorbed and strongly bound to the ribosomes when these were subsequently extracted. Comparison of these proteins with others indicated that the extent of this binding could be affected by the pK of the protein. Measurements of the binding of γ globulin and light chains to ribosomes indicated that γ globulin has about 150 times as many binding sites/ribosome at saturation.

After a short pulse of 14C-amino acids, radioactive nascent peptides were removed from ribosomes by puromycin in a cell-free system. These peptides were largely of low moleculare wight, and adsorption on specific immunoadsorbents indicated the presence of heavy chain material but not of light chain determinants. These results suggest that assembly of rabbit IgG occurs between complete chains, and not by a combination of a complete light chain and a nascent heavy chain.
The Use of an Immunofluorescence Technique for the Determination of Antibodies to Cytomegalovirus Strains in Human Sera
Authors: Chiang Wen-Tsuo , Wentworth Berttina B. , Alexander E. Russell
Published: December 2022

An immunofluorescence technique was used to investigate antigenic heterogeneity among cytomegalovirus (CMV) strains. Twelve strains of human CMV were examined by titration with their homologous human sera. The strains were selected to reflect a range of geographic origin, site and year of recovery, age and clinical disease of the host. Antigens from CMV strains AD 169 and Davis, a simian CMV strain, herpes simplex and varicella-zoster (VZ) viruses were included. On the basis of this initial study, the human CMV strains studied appeared to fall into three groups. Two strains recovered in Taiwan formed one distinct group. Other strains from Taiwan, however, were not found to give the same reaction pattern, so the difference did not appear to be due strictly to geographic origin. UW-1 and UW-2 strains from neonatal infections and another Seattle strain from a case of recurrent parotitis constituted a second group. The remaining strains fell into an intermediate group, distinct from the Taiwan strains. No similar differentiation was found in complement-fixation (CF) tests with the same sera and antigens.

Human CMV strains did not appear to cross-react in the immunofluorescence test with other members of the herpesvirus group, including the CMV strain of simian origin. The specificity of this technique warrants its use as a diagnostic tool for virus identification, since most of the human CMV strains employed as antigens detected antibody in any of the sera tested. Although the CF test appeared to be species-specific for cytomegaloviruses, and hence may have the most general utility for antibody detection, the greater sensitivity of the fluorescent antibody (FA) technique warrants its use for detecting small amounts of antibody when the correct antigen can be ascertained.
Immune Response of Mice to Nucleic Acids: Strain-Dependent Differences in Magnitude and Class of Antibody Production
Authors: Stollar B. David , Fuchs Sara , Mozes Edna
Published: December 2022

Several inbred mouse strains were immunized with denatured DNA-methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) complexes. The response of SJL/J mice was stronger over a period of 53 days (including 3 injections) than that of DBA/2, AKR/Cu, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice.

In a kinetic study of serum antibody levels, the early (10-day) responses of SJL/J and DBA/2 mice were similar, but the strength of SJL/J sera continued to rise while that of DBA/2 animals fell. After a boost at day 21, the SJL/J mice produced much higher antibody titers than did DBA/2 animals. In parallel assays for direct plaque-forming cells, DBA/2 animals yielded higher number of plaques at day 10, but similar values for both strains were derived at later times, including after the booster injection. Analysis by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration showed that the lower-responding DBA/2 animals produced only 19S antibody, while SJL/J mice produced both 19S and large amounts of 7S antibody.

A reversed pattern was observed after immunization with poly(A)·poly(U) or poly(I)·poly(C). In this case, DBA/2 mice responded more strongly than did SJL/J mice in production of antibodies to the double-helical polyribonucleotides.
Development of Primary γM, γG, and γA Anti-TNP Plaque-Forming Cell Responses in Vitro
Authors: Bluestein Harry G. , Pierce Carl W.
Published: December 2022

Trinitrophenylated bacteriophage φX174 (TNP-φX) is a potent in vitro immunogen capable of stimulating specific anti-TNP plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses in cultures of mouse spleen cells. Under optimal conditions, 10 × 106 spleen cells and 3 × 109 TNP-φX particles in 1 ml of culture medium, TNP-specific PFC responses representing the major mouse immunoglobulin classes, γM, γ1, γ2, and γA were detected. A study of kinetics of appearance of these immunoglobulin class-specific PFC revealed that an increase in γM PFC was detected within 24 hr of initiation of the cultures; the maximum γM PFC responses were on days 4 and 5. γ1 and γ2 PFC were not detectable until day 3 of culture and reached maxima on days 5 and 6. The anti-TNP PFC response to TNP-φX was almost completely suppressed by the addition of 100 µg TNP guinea pig albumin; the addition of free φX at a 10-fold excess over the TNP-φX immunogen suppressed the anti-TNP response about 70%.
Studies on Rabbit Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Sell Stewart , Lowe Jennifer A. , Gell P. G. H.
Published: December 2022

Rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes that have been stimulated in vitro to transform into blast cells by antiimmunoglobulin allotypic sera and then blocked by addition of serum containing the allotype with which the stimulating antiserum reacts may be restimulated by subsequent removal of the blocking serum and readdition of the stimulating antiserum. The extent of stimulation produced by stimulation-block-restimulation is the same as that produced by the continuous presence of the antiallotypic serum (continuous stimulation). However, if unstimulated cultures are incubated in vitro in neutral serum before stimulation with antiallotypic serum (delayed stimulation), the extent of stimulation is less than that produced by continuous stimulation or by stimulation-block-restimulation. Prestimulation of double homozygous lymphocytes with antiserum to one allotypic specificity activates the cells to respond to delayed restimulation with antiserum to the other allotypic specificity (mixed allotypic sequential stimulation, MASS). This MASS activation is not observed in cultures of mixtures of lymphocytes with antiallotypic sera to specificities contributed by different donors. These results indicate that continued contact of the transforming cells with the stimulating agent (signal maintenance) is required to consummate the transformation process and that cultures that are stimulated and blocked may be restimulated by a second specific signal.
Complement: Optimal Reaction Conditions for Guinea Pig C4
Authors: Linscott William D.
Published: December 2022

The efficiency of reactions involving C4 was markedly affected by antibody class, antibody concentration, temperature, ionic strength, SAC1 multiplicity, and SA:SAC1 ratio; C1-binding affinity was an important factor. Invariably, IgG-sensitized cells showed more lysis with a given amount of C4 than cells treated with IgM when other conditions were equal. Optimal reaction times and temperatures for C4 were as follows: a) for IgG-sensitized cells, 1 hr at 0°C if there are 1000 SAC1/cell, 2 hr or more at 0°C for 100 or fewer SAC1/cell; b) for high concentrations of IgM, the same conditions apply as for IgG; for lower concentrations (100 IgM/cell or less, same amount of C1), optimal conditions will vary depending on other factors (1). The above are for limiting amounts of C4. For higher concentrations of C4, times can be shortened somewhat, but the temperatures should not be altered. A further important consideration is that with IgM Ab, a 30 to 40 min preincubation of the EAC1 at 0°C before adding the C4 at 0°C markedly improves EAC14 reactivity in most cases (1). The optimal ionic strength for the above reactions is about 0.035 to 0.04.

With IgM antibody, very firmly bound C1 seemed to have a reduced effectiveness in the C4 reaction, as shown by lower lysis for heavily sensitized cells, and by reduced lysis at high vs low SA:SAC1 ratios, at 30°C. This was never the case with IgG.

C4 markedly increased the affinity with which C1 was bound to IgM-sensitized cells; half or more of the C1 could be bound so firmly that it failed to transfer at µ = 0.15. This effect was not seen with IgG antibody at the concentrations used, probably because smaller amounts of C4 were involved.

C1-binding affinity did not appear to affect the absolute or relative hemolytic efficiencies of rat or guinea pig EDTA-C with either class of antibody.
Lymphocyte Receptor Movement Induced by Sheep Erythrocyte Binding
Authors: Ashman Robert F.
Published: December 2022

When lymphocytes are exposed to reagents such as anti-immunoglobulin which cross-link cell surface determinants, those determinants may be drawn toward one pole of the cell into a “cap” (see References 2, 3).

Sheep erythrocytes bound to mouse spleen rosette-forming cells induce receptor redistribution similar to that produced by anti-immunoglobulin in two respects: 1) the kinetics and proportion of cells participating are highly temperature-dependent, and 2) the movements require active metabolism, but not protein synthesis. Erythrocyte-induced capping is slower than anti-immunoglobulin-induced capping and involves a smaller proportion of binding cells. By immunofluorescence the surface immunoglobulin is usually seen to move with the erythrocytes, but in about half the cases, the clearing of immunoglobulin is incomplete. Anti-immunoglobulin accelerates erythrocyte-induced capping, but fails to involve a larger proportion of cells unless a second order of cross-linking is introduced.
Immunoglobulin Response in Experimental Infection with Cell-Free and Cell-Associated Marek's Disease Virus
Authors: Jakowski R. M. , Fredrickson T. N. , Luginbuhl R. E.
Published: December 2022

The immunosuppressive effect of Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV) on humoral antibody development was evaluated before the time of overt neoplasia. One-day-old line 7 chickens were tested for passively acquired MD agar gel precipitating (AGP) antibody and infected intra-abdominally with cell-free or cell-associated MDV. Infected chickens were subsequently inoculated with a sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) suspension and the humoral response to this antigen was evaluated by following SRBC hemagglutination titer.

Immunosuppression of IgG anti-SRBC antibody was found in chickens infected with cell-associated MDV virus regardless of whether maternal MD-AGP antibody was present. No significant suppression was found in similar chickens infected with cell-free MDV. IgM anti-SRBC antibody was unaltered in all of the infected groups receiving cell-free or cell-associated MDV. At termination of the experimental period (40 days postinoculation MDV), MD-AGP antibody was found in all infected groups. The incidence of this antibody was lowest in birds negative for maternal MD-AGP antibody and infected with cell-associated MDV, reflecting the severe suppression of anti-SRBC antibody encountered in this same group during the experimental period.

On the basis of these findings, humoral immunosuppression in MD appears to be a phenomenon associated with high doses of cell-associated virus. The effect primarily involves IgG antibody while IgM antibody appears to remain unaltered.
Isolation of Intermediates and Sequential Analysis of the Properdin System: The Role of Factor B
Authors: Brade Volker , Lee Gerald , Nicholson Anne , Mayer Manfred M.
Published: December 2022

On incubation with guinea pig serum zymosan (Z) combines with several factors (X) to form an intermediate complex (ZX), which is capable of inactivating purified C components C3 or C5 by cleavage. ZX formation increases with time of incubation and then declines due to a decay process. The Tmax times at 17°C, 27°C, and 37°C are 4 min, 2 min, and 1 min, respectively, for C3 cleavage by ZX. For C5 cleavage Tmax at 27°C and 37°C is 5 min and 2 min, respectively. ZX generation with C4-deficient guinea pig serum is slower than in normal guinea pig serum, which suggests that the classical pathway may accelerate the generation of ZX.

On reaction of Z with guinea pig serum, factor B activity is consumed. This is due, at least in part, to uptake of factor B by Z, as demonstrated by the fact that antibody to factor B inhibits C3 and C5 cleavage by ZX.