bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P
reparedness and
E
mergency
R
esponse
R
esearch
C
enter (
PERRC
)
N
etwork
Authors: Emadi Zhila
Published: July 2011

The recently established Preparedness and Emergency Response Research centers (PERRCs) network is constituted by nine schools of public health in the United States and their consortium partners. Each PERRC has been awarded a five‐year grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in order to enable it to undertake research that seeks to improve the nation's public health system to prepare for and respond to catastrophic events brought about by nature, accident, or deliberate human action. This entry provides information on each PERRC, including their consortium members, and research project titles.
P
ublic
H
ealth
E
mergency
M
edical
C
ountermeasures
E
nterprise and
P
roject
B
ioshield
Authors: Miller Jacqueline E.
Published: July 2011

The Project BioShield Act and the Pandemic All‐Hazards Preparedness Act (PAHPA) provide the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) with broad authority for the procurement, development, and use of countermeasures against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) agents. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMCE) is an interagency effort designed to meet the needs of the United States in these areas. They have developed a Strategy and Implementation Plan to carry out their recommendations.
Centers of Excellence
Authors: Allen Heather
Published: July 2011

Centers of Excellence are the institutional collaborations designated by either the National Institutes of Health or Department of Homeland Security as key national research centers. These Centers are charged with performing research intended to bolster preparedness to national security threats.
RockyMountainSpottedFever (RickettsiaRickettsii)
Authors: Eremeeva Marina E. , Dasch Gregory A.
Published: July 2011

AlthoughRickettsia rickettsiiis the most pathogenic member of the genusRickettsiaand a U.S. category B Select Agent, it is often excluded from lists of potential bioweapon agents. We briefly review the taxonomy and properties ofR. rickettsiiand the disease it causes, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, its transmission and epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment, and the challenges it poses for prevention and control.
Select Agent Rules
Authors: Berger Kavita
Published: July 2011

The Select Agent Program was created to prevent unauthorized individuals from accessing certain biological agents and toxins that might pose threats to public health and safety. The initial program emphasized the importance of not restricting legitimate research with these pathogens and toxins. Nearly all select agents are human, animal, or plant pathogens and some have been weaponized in the past by national BW programs. Since 2002 and continuing to today, the U.S. government has been placing greater restrictions on access to select agents, which potentially could hinder defensive research and development. Included in this entry are the major statues, regulations, programs, and reports that are relevant to the creation and evolution of the Select Agent Program.
SyntheticBiology
Authors: Fernandez Jose A.
Published: July 2011

While no universal definition of synthetic biology exists, the term is most commonly used to describe the application of engineering principals to the study of biological systems. The engineering or re‐engineering of biological systems, including the development of novel organisms, imbues this nascent, cross‐disciplinary field with the potential for both promise and peril.
N
ational
I
nstitute of
A
llergy and
I
nfectious
D
iseases
Authors: Glowinski Irene B. , Bernstein Jessica B. , Kurilla Michael G.
Published: July 2011

The security of the United States depends in part on the nation's ability to develop countermeasures against biological threat agents that occur naturally, as well as those that may be deliberately introduced. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, is an integral component of Federal efforts to fill the pipeline of products—vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics—that are effective against these microbes, ensuring that the fruits of basic research are rapidly translated into products. Applying a broad‐spectrum approach that addresses multiple pathogens and toxins will provide significant benefits to public health well beyond the biodefense arena.
U
nit 731
Authors: Jung Sion
Published: July 2011

Unit 731 (1936‐1945) was a biological and chemical weapons research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that used live human subjects for experiments. The Unit conducted field tests of the bioweapons developed from human research on Chinese civilians, which resulted in many civilian casualties, and also planned to attack the United States with the bioweapons.
U
nited
S
tates
D
epartment of
S
tate's
B
iosecurity
E
ngagement
P
rogram: Bio Threat Reduction Through International Partnerships
Authors: Rao Jason E.
Published: July 2011

The rise of transnational terrorist networks, emerging infectious diseases and rapid growth of bioscience capacities around the globe have dramatically changed the landscape of biological threats to the United States, and the world. To meet these threats, the next generation of Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program, the Biosecurity Engagement Program (BEP), was launched to extend the spirit of Nunn‐Lugar partnership toward combating emerging biological threats. BEP provides a model for global expansion of CTR efforts, where public health, science diplomacy and sustainability are the building blocks to meeting our national security objectives in the 21
st
century.
Crisis Management
Authors: Dembek Zygmunt F. , Cieslak Theodore J.
Published: July 2011

Crisis management of a bioterrorism event is that portion of incident response that includes immediate and coordinated actions to resolve a public health disaster. Crisis management involves a coordinated municipal, county, state and federal response that integrates public health authorities and resources at all levels with law enforcement and first responders through Unified Command system that relies on incident command system (ICS) principles. A bioterrorism event would activate a state's Emergency Operations Center (EOC) to coordinate the statewide response, and enable communications with federal, state and local resources. Public health and hospital response are an integral part of crisis management for any disaster event that may produce physical and psychological casualties.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Authors: Vandegrift Serina N.
Published: July 2011

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States Department of Justice is one of the United States' principal investigative and law enforcement agencies. Its assigned missions and responsibilities in counterintelligence and counterterrorism makes it a member of the U.S. intelligence community. Its number one priority is to protect the Nation from terrorist attacks. The FBI is the lead agency for assessing and investigating weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threats and incidents, coordinating investigations among agencies, and managing the law enforcement and investigative response to an incident. The FBI's capabilities to combat the threat of WMD include: the FBI Laboratory Division with increasing forensic capabilities and its extensive network of Federal and State laboratories for analysis of WMD materials; the WMD Directorate within the National Security Branch, which coordinates all FBI responses to WMD threats; the FBI's Directorate of Intelligence, whose intelligence analysts within the WMD Directorate collect, analyze, and disseminate intelligence related to the WMD threat; and the FBI's partnerships with domestic and international law enforcement and intelligence agencies. The FBI plays a critical role in the U.S.'s prevention and response to biodefense, a critical component of WMD.
Food Safety
Authors: Kennedy Shaun
Published: July 2011

One of the barriers to catastrophic bioterrorism is effective delivery of the threat agent to the target population without the potential for early detection that would enable the deployment of effective mitigation strategies. The food system thus represents an unusual vulnerability as many of the supply chains are already optimized to rapidly deliver precise amounts of other materials and thus have the potential to effectively deliver weaponized threat agents.
Diagnostics for near‐surface wind convergence/divergence response to the Gulf Stream in a regional atmospheric model
Authors: Takatama Kohei , Minobe Shoshiro , Inatsu Masaru , Small R. Justin
Published: July 2011

This study proposes a novel diagnostics for near‐surface wind responses to oceanic fronts. By separating two roles of wind stress, i.e. downward momentum input and the surface friction, the diagnostics can express near‐surface winds as a sum of terms relating to pressure adjustment, downward momentum mixing, and horizontal advection. The diagnostics are applied to the climatological wind convergence/divergence over the Gulf Stream obtained from a regional atmospheric model. It is found that the pressure adjustment plays a primary role and is mainly responsible for the convergence, while the downward momentum mixing is a secondary contributing factor to the divergence. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Impact assessment at the bioenergy‐water nexus
Authors: Fingerman Kevin R. , Berndes Göran , Orr Stuart , Richter Brian D. , Vugteveen Pim
Published: July 2011

Bioenergy expansion can significantly impact water resources in the region in which it occurs. Investment, policy, and resource management decisions related to bioenergy should therefore take this critical consideration into account. Water resource impacts can defy easy quantification because water consumption varies spatially and temporally, different water sources are not necessarily commensurable, and impact depends on the state of the resource base that is drawn upon. This perspective offers an assessment framework that operators and policy‐makers can use in evaluating projects to avoid or mitigate detrimental effects. We adapt water footprint (WF) and life cycle assessment (LCA) techniques to the bioenergy context, describing comprehensive life cycle inventory (LCI) approaches that account for blue and green water use as well as for pollution effects, varying sources, coproduct allocation, and spatial heterogeneity. Impact assessment requires that characterization (weighting) factors be derived so that consumption values can be summed and compared across resources and locations. We recommend that characterization draw on metrics of water stress, accounting for environmental flow requirements, climatic variability, and non‐linearity of water stress effects. Finally, we describe some location‐specific impacts of concern that may not be revealed through common analytical approaches and may warrant closer consideration. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Integration of energy and water consumption factors for biomass conversion pathways
Authors: Singh Shikhar , Kumar Amit , Ali Babkir
Published: July 2011

Water consumption is one of the critical factors for bioenergy production. In this study, six biofuel and six biopower production pathways are integrated with their water requirement to develop a new factor combining water consumption and energy efficiency for each pathway. This integrated factor is defined as water requirement for 1 MJ of net energy value (NEV) of biofuel or biopower. Agriculture‐residue‐based ethanol production pathways consume 51.2–63.6 liters of water per MJ of NEV. These pathways are both water and energy efficient. The biopower production pathways based on agriculture residues consume 27.2–50.6 liters of water per MJ of NEV. Although a switchgrass‐based ethanol production pathway is the most energy efficient, this pathway consumes an average of 130 liters of water per MJ of NEV due to poor water efficiency. Corn‐to‐ethanol and wheat‐to‐ethanol pathways are neither energy efficient nor water efficient and consume an average of 178 liters and 325 liters of water per MJ NEV, respectively. A rapeseed‐to‐biodiesel pathway is less energy intensive and lies between corn‐ and wheat‐grain‐based ethanol pathways and consumes an average of 211 liters of water per MJ of NEV. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Jatropha production on wastelands in India: opportunities and trade‐offs for soil and water management at the watershed scale
Authors: Garg Kaushal K. , Karlberg Louise , Wani Suhas P. , Berndes Göran
Published: July 2011

Biofuel production from feedstocks grown on wastelands is considered a means of addressing concerns about climate change and improving energy security while at the same time providing an additional source of income for the land users. The establishment of biomass plantations on wastelands is likely to affect local livelihoods and can affect surrounding ecosystems by influencing hydrologic flows and processes such as erosion. We present an assessment of Jatropha plantation establishment on wastelands, using the ArcSWAT modeling tool. The assessment was made for a wasteland located in the Velchal watershed, Andhra Pradesh, India, which recently was converted to a biofuel plantation with Jatropha. The previous land use, in this case grazing, could continue in the Jatropha plantations. Several desirable effects occurred as a result of the land‐use conversion: non‐productive soil evaporation was reduced as a larger share of the rainfall was channeled to productive plant transpiration and groundwater recharge, and at the same time a more stable (less erosive) runoff resulted in reduced soil erosion and improved downstream water conditions. A win‐win situation between improved land productivity and soil carbon content was observed for the Jatropha plantations. On the other hand, the results indicate that at the sub‐basin scale, reductions in runoff generation as a result of large‐scale conversion of wastelands to Jatropha cropping may pose problems to downstream water users and ecosystems. From a livelihoods perspective, Jatropha production was generally positive, creating a complementary source of income to the farmers, thus strengthening the resilience of the local community. In the future, the potential gain from Jatropha cropping is expected to increase as cropping systems improve and growing biofuel markets result in better conditions for biofuel producers. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
How bioenergy related water impacts are considered by certification schemes
Authors: Fehrenbach Horst
Published: July 2011

The application of certification schemes can be a way to manage water‐related concerns on a project level. Many certification schemes for sustainable bioenergy production have identified water as a core issue, and have developed related criteria and indicators. Ambitious schemes cover excessive water consumption, water scarcity and protection of water quality. Horst Fehrenbach evaluates a number of certification systems and how far the water issue is captured by criteria and indicators. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The impact of biofuel feedstock production on water resources: a developing country perspective
Authors: Jewitt Graham , Kunz Richard
Published: July 2011

Worldwide, the demand for energy has grown rapidly over the past decade, resulting in oil prices peaking during 2008 and again in 2011. Utilizing the potential for the production of fuels from alternative sources has been a priority for many countries, particularly the developed countries of Europe and America. The production of ethanol and diesel from vegetable biomass and oils, (i.e. biofuels) has been promoted as an environmentally friendly alternative to oil‐based fuels. However, many have warned against the rush to plant large areas of land for bioenergy production, warning against, inter alia, potential consequences for loss of food production, questions about the sustainability of many initiatives and, very importantly, queries about the water use of bioenergy production, from the crop growth to the final synthesis of the liquid fuel and the inputs required. Many analyses of biofuel feedstock production potential are undertaken at macro levels, based on average conditions. However, the reality is that in many developing countries, particularly those of Africa, consideration of biofuel production and its sustainability requires specific consideration of the high natural variability of climatic and other factors governing its production and impact.

In this paper, perspectives on the water resources aspects of large‐scale biofuel feedstock production in sub‐Saharan Africa are provided and the approach taken by South Africa in this regard is described. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The bioenergy and water nexus
Authors: Otto Martina , Berndes Göran , Fritsche Uwe
Published: July 2011

Bioenergy development may increase the pressure on water, but also provides opportunities to improve water productivity and increase access to water. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Biofuels and water: another opportunity to ‘do biofuels right’
Authors: Dale Bruce E.
Published: July 2011

Progress toward a more sustainable world will require choices between higher and lower priority uses of resources. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Fluorescence spectroscopic studies on the interaction of Gemini surfactant 14‐6‐14 with bovine serum albumin
Authors: Hu Mengyao , Wang Xue , Wang Hui , Chai Yan , He Yu , Song Gongwu
Published: July 2011

The interaction of the cationic Gemini surfactant hexamethylene‐1,3‐bis (tetradecyldimethylammonium bromide) (14‐6‐14) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been investigated by fluorescence quenching spectra and three‐dimensional (3D) fluorescence spectra. The Stern–Volmer quenching constants KSV and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters ΔH, ΔG and ΔS have been estimated by the fluorescence quenching method. The results indicated that hydrophobic forces were the predominant intermolecular forces between BSA and the surfactant. Competitive experiments and the number of binding sites calculation show that 14‐6‐14 can be inserted in site‐II (in subdomain IIIA) of BSA. The effect of 14‐6‐14 on the conformation of BSA was evaluated by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and 3D fluorescence spectral methods. The results show that the conformation of BSA was changed dramatically in the presence of 14‐6‐14, by binding to the Trp and Try residues of BSA. The investigation provides interaction between BSA and 14‐6‐14 as a model for molecular design and industrial research. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of caffeine and taurine on simulated laparoscopy performed following sleep deprivation
Authors: Aggarwal R , Mishra A , Crochet P , Sirimanna P , Darzi A
Published: July 2011

Background

Sleep deprivation affects surgical performance and has the potential to endanger patient safety. Pharmacological stimulants may counter this consequence of long working hours. This study aimed to investigate whether commonly available stimulants can counter the effects of fatigue on technical and neurocognitive skill.

Methods

This was a single-blind crossover study of surgical novices trained to proficiency on the Minimally Invasive Surgical Trainer—Virtual Reality laparoscopic simulator. Participants were acutely sleep-deprived three times each, followed by administration of either placebo, 150 mg caffeine, or 150 mg caffeine combined with 2 g taurine before simulated laparoscopy. Outcome measures were: laparoscopic psychomotor skill, cognitive performance and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (range 1–7). Rested baselines were gathered following completion of test sessions.

Results

Baseline performance was recorded for 18 participants in the rested state. Sleep-deprived participants receiving the placebo took longer (median 41 versus 35 s; P = 0·016), were less economical with movement (3·25 versus 2·95 m; P = 0·016) and made more errors (66 versus 59; P = 0·021) on the laparoscopic task compared with the rested state. Caffeine restored psychomotor skills to baseline for time taken (37 versus 35 s; P = 0·101), although the number of errors remained significantly greater than in the rested state (63 versus 59; P = 0·046). Sleep-deprived subjects receiving placebo had slower reaction times (377 versus 299 ms; P = 0·008) and a higher score on the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (6 versus 2 points; P = 0·001) than rested surgeons. Negative effects of sleep deprivation on reaction time were reversed when caffeine (307 ms versus 299 ms in rested state; P = 0·214) or caffeine plus taurine (326 versus 299 ms; P = 0·110) was administered. Subjective sleepiness was also improved, but not to baseline levels.

Conclusion

Sleep deprivation affects laparoscopic psychomotor skills, reaction time and subjective measures of sleepiness in novice surgical subjects. Caffeine and taurine restore simulated laparoscopic performance to rested levels, but do not reduce errors.
Mental Illness, Criminal Risk Factors and Parole Release Decisions
Authors: Matejkowski Jason , Draine Jeffrey , Solomon Phyllis , Salzer Mark S.
Published: July 2011

Research has not examined whether higher rates of parole denial among inmates with mental illness (MI) are the result of the increased presence of criminal risk factors among this population. Employing a representative sample of inmates with (n = 219) and without (n = 184) MI receiving parole release decisions in 2007, this study tested whether the central eight risk factors for recidivism considered in parole release decisions intervened in the relationship between MI and parole release. MI was associated with possession of a substance use disorder, antisocial personality disorder and violent charges while incarcerated; however, these factors were not related to release decisions. MI was found to have neither a direct nor an indirect effect on release decisions. While results indicate that release decisions appear, to some extent, to be evidence‐based, they also suggest considerable discretion is being implemented by parole board members in release decisions above and beyond consideration of criminal risk factors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Public Health Approach to Child Maltreatment Surveillance: Evidence from a Data Linkage Project in the United States
Authors: Putnam‐Hornstein Emily , Webster Daniel , Needell Barbara , Magruder Joseph
Published: July 2011

Historically, data concerning children reported for abuse or neglect in the US have been compiled by child protective service agencies and analysed independently from other sources of information. Yet these data suffer from the notable limitations of being both narrow in scope (i.e. containing a limited set of variables) and narrow in coverage (i.e. capturing data for only those children who are reported). In order to extend an understanding of children reported for maltreatment, the California Department of Social Services, in partnership with the University of California at Berkeley, is pursuing a ‘public health’ oriented approach to the surveillance of child maltreatment through linkages between child protective service records and population‐based sources of data. As an example of the information that can be generated through linked records, this article reports results from child‐level matches completed between the state's child protective service records and vital birth records. The cumulative percentage of children reported for abuse or neglect before the age of five is examined based on maternal and child characteristics at birth. This is followed by a discussion of record linkages as a means of furthering a public health approach to child maltreatment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘Data suffer from the notable limitations of being both narrow in scope and narrow in coverage’

‘This article reports results from child‐level matches completed between the state's child protective service records and vital birth records’
Investing to Protect Our Children: Using Economics to Derive an Evidence‐based Strategy
Authors: Segal Leonie , Dalziel Kim
Published: July 2011

Child abuse and neglect are global problems that affect over 25 per cent of children and have serious health, social and economic consequences. Government and other agencies are heavily committed to the provision of services to address the consequences of abuse and neglect. In a climate of scarce resources, there is increasing interest in developing cost‐effective strategies to prevent child maltreatment. Economic evaluation in the context of formal ‘priority setting’ can contribute to the development of an efficient child protection strategy and at the same time develop the arguments to support an increased investment in the prevention of child maltreatment. Key challenges arise from incompleteness of the evidence base of effective interventions and the considerable complexity of the cross‐portfolio effects. The latter has resulted in the widespread failure to capture the full range of impacts, most notably intergenerational effects, quality of life and mortality. This means the benefits of investing in effective preventive strategies to address child maltreatment will be underestimated and too few resources allocated to this important task. Adoption of the proposed priority‐setting framework and translation into action are likely to reduce child maltreatment and associated harms for children at risk now and in the future. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘There is increasing interest in developing cost‐effective strategies to prevent child maltreatment’
Key regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis are increased in kidneys of growth hormone receptor knockout (GHRKO) mice
Authors: Gesing Adam , Bartke Andrzej , Wang Feiya , Karbownik‐Lewinska Malgorzata , Masternak Michal M.
Published: July 2011

The growth hormone receptor knockout (GHRKO) mice are remarkably long‐lived and highly insulin sensitive. Alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis are associated with aging and various metabolic derangements. We have previously demonstrated increased gene expression of key regulators of mitochondriogenesis in kidneys, hearts and skeletal muscles of GHRKO mice. The aim of the present study was to quantify the protein levels of the following regulators of mitochondriogenesis: peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ co‐activator 1α (PGC‐1α), AMP‐activated protein kinase α (AMPKα), phospho‐AMPKα (p‐AMPKα), sirtuin‐3 (SIRT‐3), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), phospho‐eNOS (p‐eNOS), nuclear respiratory factor‐1 (NRF‐1) and mitofusin‐2 (MFN‐2) in skeletal muscles and kidneys of GHRKOs in comparison to normal mice. We also were interested in the effects of calorie restriction (CR) and visceral fat removal (VFR) on these parameters. Both CR and VFR improve insulin sensitivity and can extend life span. Results: The renal levels of PGC‐1α, AMPKα, p‐AMPKα, SIRT‐3, eNOS, p‐eNOS and MFN‐2 were increased in GHRKOs. In the GHRKO skeletal muscles, only MFN‐2 was increased. Levels of the examined proteins were not affected by CR (except for PGC‐1α and p‐eNOS in skeletal muscles) or VFR. Conclusion: GHRKO mice have increased renal protein levels of key regulators of mitochondriogenesis, and this may contribute to increased longevity of these knockouts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between mental disorders and different types of crime
Authors: Vinkers David J. , de Beurs Edwin , Barendregt Marko , Rinne Thomas , Hoek Hans W.
Published: July 2011

Background

Previous studies of relationships between mental disorder and crime have tended to group the mental disorders, the crimes or both, leaving uncertainty about a more specific mental disorder: crime relationships.

Objective

To examine the relationship between types of mental disorder and types of crime in pre‐trial defendants.

Method

Data were extracted from 21,424 pre‐trial forensic psychiatric reports made between 2000 and 2006 in the Netherlands. We compared the prevalence of axis I disorders, personality disorders, intellectual functioning and substance abuse in defendants charged with a range of crimes (homicide, attempted/threatened homicide, assault, battery, rape, sexual crimes, arson and/or property crimes) using chi‐square tests. Relationships with diminished accountability, reflecting a direct relationship with underlying mental disorder, were calculated using multivariate regression models, adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity and history of judicial contact.

Results

Arson had the strongest relationship with mental disorders in our sample, then assaults, then homicidal attempts or threats. Sexual and property crimes had the weakest relationship with diminished or absent accountability. Diminished accountability had the strongest relationship with psychotic disorders, followed by organic psychosyndromes and developmental disorders, whereas other axis I disorders, personality disorders or an IQ score of <85 points were only moderately related. These relationships varied little according to the type of crime, although tended to be weaker for defendants in property crimes. Cannabis and hard drugs were significantly associated with decreased accountability only in respect of arson.

Discussion

Mental disorders are related to all types of crimes but especially to arson, battery and homicidal attempts or threats, with a court finding of diminished accountability providing some validation for perceived links between the disorder and crime in this study.

Implications for practice

Psychiatric assessment is likely to be the most useful for defendants under charges of arson, assault or attempted homicide, as these groups are most likely to suffer from a psychiatric disorder related to the alleged offence.

Psychotic, organic and some developmental disorders appear to have the strongest relationship with diminished accountability.

Findings with respect to illicit drug use are likely to have more varied implications between jurisdictions but, in the Netherlands, may sometimes be accepted as diminishing accountability in defendants of arson.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Fabrication and Properties of p‐Type K Doped Zn1‐xMgxO Thin Film.
Authors: Ye Z. Z. , et al. et al.
Published: July 2011

The title films are prepared by pulsed laser deposition.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Photocatalytic Properties of a New Heteropolyoxoniobate Compound: K10[Nb2O2(H2O)2] [SiNb12O40]·12H2O.
Authors: Zhang Zhenyu , Lin Qipu , Kurunthu Dharmalingam , Wu Tao , Zuo Fan , Zheng Shou‐Tian , Bardeen Christopher J. , Bu Xianhui , Feng Pingyun
Published: July 2011

The title compound is hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of KOH, Nb2O5, Si(OEt)4, and ZrOCl2 in H2O (autoclave, 220 °C, 24 h, 70% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Hexadecacobalt(II)‐Containing Polyoxometalate‐Based Single‐Molecule Magnet.
Authors: Ibrahim Masooma , Lan Yanhua , Bassil Bassem S. , Xiang Yixian , Suchopar Andreas , Powell Annie K. , Kortz Ulrich
Published: July 2011

The new title compound (V) crystallizes in the cubic space group Fd$\bar 3$ with Z = 8 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Combustion Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Crystalline Single Phase Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles.
Authors: Prabhakaran T. , Hemalatha J.
Published: July 2011

Highly crystalline NiFe2O4 spinel nanoparticles are synthesized by combustion of an aqueous HNO3 solution of Ni(NO3)2 and Fe(NO3)2 using DL‐alanine as fuel (80 °C) followed by annealing at 500 and 800 °C for 2 h each.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphoramidite Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of 3,4‐Substituted Pyrrolidines.
Authors: Gonzalez Ana Z. , Benitez Diego , Tkatchouk Ekaterina , Goddard William A. III , Toste F. Dean
Published: July 2011

The utility of the method is demonstrated by the formal synthesis of (‐)‐isocynometrine (XVI) via pyrrolidine (XIVa).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reaction of Phthaloyl Peroxide Derivatives, Potential Organocatalysts for the Stereospecific Dihydroxylation of Alkenes.
Authors: Yuan Changxia , Axelrod Abram , Varela Michael , Danysh Laura , Siegel Dionicio
Published: July 2011

The novel dichloro‐substituted peroxide (IV) displays improved stability comparable to the parent phthaloyl peroxide (IIa) while possessing higher reactivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Zwitterionic Iridium Complexes with P,N‐Ligands as Catalysts for the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Alkenes.
Authors: Franzke Axel , Pfaltz Andreas
Published: July 2011

A variety of imidazoline‐, or oxazoline‐based chiral iridium—P,N ligand complexes, e.g. IPOXA, IPOXB, is prepared and studied as catalyst in the hydrogenation of various olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Acylhydrazine‐ and Acylhydrazone‐Type Ligands to Promote CuI‐Catalyzed C—N Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Bromides with N‐Heterocycles.
Authors: Li Liuyi , Zhu Lei , Chen Dagui , Hu Xuelei , Wang Ruihu
Published: July 2011

Benzoic acid N′‐phenylhydrazide displays the best activity among ten ligands tested in the title Ullmann reaction of bromoacetophenone (I) with imidazole.
ChemInform Abstract: Glucosamine‐Based Primary Amines as Organocatalysts for the Asymmetric Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Agarwal Jyoti , Peddinti Rama Krishna
Published: July 2011

A number of glycosamines is prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Synthetic Routes to Ruthenium—Indenylidene Olefin Metathesis Catalysts.
Authors: Urbina‐Blanco Cesar A. , Manzini Simone , Perez Gomes Jessica , Doppiu Angelino , Nolan Steven P.
Published: July 2011

A novel procedure is elaborated for the preparation of a ruthenium complex, which is successfully applied as a catalyst in ring‐closing metathesis and cross‐metathesis reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Primary Amines from Secondary and Tertiary Amines: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Amination Using Ammonia.
Authors: Baehn Sebastian , Imm Sebastian , Neubert Lorenz , Zhang Min , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias
Published: July 2011

The title reaction is also applicable to unsymmetrical secondary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Decarboxylation of Dialkyl Carbonates to Dialkyl Ethers over Alkali Metal‐Exchanged Faujasites.
Authors: Selva Maurizio , Fabris Massimo , Perosa Alvise
Published: July 2011

Dimethyl‐ or diethyl carbonate subjected to the title reaction afford the corresponding dialkylether in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A Boron‐Based Synthesis of the Natural Product (+)‐trans‐Dihydrolycoricidine.
Authors: Poe Sarah L. , Morken James P.
Published: July 2011

The route to the title cytotoxic compound (V) is based on a platinum‐catalyzed diastereoselective diboration of cyclohexadiene (IIIa) followed by oxidative work‐up with H2O2 and NaOH to afford the corresponding 1,4‐diol (IVa).
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Protocol for Enhanced (E)‐Selectivity in Julia—Kocienski Reaction.
Authors: Pospisil Jiri
Published: July 2011

Novel reaction conditions A) are developed for the highly selective olefination and are efficient in the case of simple aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Mg(ClO4)2, and Efficient Catalyst for Synthesis of β‐Amino Alcohols by Ring Opening of Epoxides with Amines under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Jafari Abbas Ali , Moradgholi Moradgholi
Published: July 2011

The title synthesis is highly regioselective by using a commercially available and inexpensive catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid and Selective Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones with Novel Vanadium Polyoxometalate under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Dewan Anindita , Sarma Tridib , Bora Utpal , Kakati Dilip K.
Published: July 2011

In combination with TosOH, the new reagent efficiently oxidizes the alcohol substrates in a very short reaction time.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Preparation of α‐Bromo‐α‐fluoro‐β‐hydroxyesters Building Blocks from Aldehydes, Ketones and Lactones.
Authors: Zoute Ludivine , Lemonnier Gerald , Nguyen Tanh Mai , Quirion Jean‐Charles , Jubault Philippe
Published: July 2011

A one‐step method is developed to prepare the target molecules starting from carbonyl compounds and dibromofluoroacetate.
ChemInform Abstract: Dual Catalysis in Highly Enantioselective Multicomponent Reaction with Water: An Efficient Approach to Chiral β‐Amino‐α‐hydroxy Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Qian Yu , Jing Changcheng , Shi Taoda , Ji Jingjing , Tang Min , Zhou Jing , Zhai Changwei , Hu Wenhao
Published: July 2011

Imines, diazo compounds, and water undergo a rhodium/chiral Broensted acid catalyzed reaction to give the title compounds with good threo‐selectivity and up to 97% enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium/NHC‐Catalyzed Oxidative Esterification of Aldehydes with Phenols.
Authors: Zhang Manli , Zhang Shouhui , Zhang Guoying , Chen Fan , Cheng Jiang
Published: July 2011

A broad spectrum of aromatic aldehydes and phenols can be used in the presence of air as a clean oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Reaction of Thiols with α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds—Remarkable Influence of the C‐2 Hydrogen and the Anion.
Authors: Sarkar Anirban , Roy Sudipta Raha , Chakraborti Asit K.
Published: July 2011

An investigation of the catalytic ability of different ionic liquids with regard to their potential to activate thiols (II) and enone (I) via cooperative hydrogen bonds and charge‐charge interactions is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Toward a Practical and Waste‐Free Synthesis of Thioureas in Water.
Authors: Aziz Najmedin , Khajeh‐Amiri Alireza , Ghafuri Hossein , Bolourtchian Mohammad
Published: July 2011

A variety of aliphatic and aromatic thiourea derivatives is prepared easily from the amines, anilines and CS2.
ChemInform Abstract: Difunctionalization of Arenes and Heteroarenes by Directed Metallation and Sulfoxide—Magnesium Exchange.
Authors: Melzig Laurin , Rauhut Christian B. , Naredi‐Rainer Nikolaus , Knochel Paul
Published: July 2011

Highly functionalized 1,2,4‐trisubstituted arenes and difunctionalized heteroarenes (furans, thiophenes, benzofurans and pyridines) are prepared in a two‐step sequence using the sulfoxide moiety.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid and Efficient Protic Ionic Liquid‐Mediated Pinacol Rearrangements under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Henderson Luke C. , Byrne Nolene
Published: July 2011

The use of the protic ionic liquid Et3N·H2SO4 as a mediator for pinacol rearrangements employing either di‐ or triphenyl glycols is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzannulation for the Regiodefined Synthesis of 2‐Alkyl/Aryl‐1‐naphthols: Total Synthesis of Arnottin I.
Authors: Mal Dipakranjan , Jana Amit Kumar , Mitra Prithiba , Ghosh Ketaki
Published: July 2011

Li‐mediated treatment of phthalides with α‐alkyl/arylacrylates provides a new, regiodefined approach to 2‐substituted 1‐naphthols.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihalofurans via Electrophilic Iodocyclization.
Authors: Yang Fan , Jin Tienan , Bao Ming , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: July 2011

Reaction of hydroxyalkynones (I) with iodine or IBr in methanol furnishes the corresponding dihalogenated furan derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: meso‐Diacylated Calix[4]pyrrole: Structural Diversities and Enhanced Binding Towards Dihydrogenphosphate Ion.
Authors: Mahanta Sanjeev P. , Kumar B. Sathish , Panda Pradeepta K.
Published: July 2011

A simple two‐step procedure to the cis (V) and trans‐isomers (VI) of diacylated calix[4]pyrrole is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Promoted Tandem Reactions for the Synthesis of Bicyclic γ‐Lactams.
Authors: McGonagle Fiona I. , Brown Lindsay , Cooke Andrew , Sutherland Andrew
Published: July 2011

The improved four‐step process involves the conversion of dienols into the corresponding allylic trichloracetimidates followed by Overman rearrangement, ring closing metathesis and Kharasch cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Novel Benzofuran‐2‐yl(4,5‐dihydro‐3,5‐substituted diphenylpyrazol‐1‐yl)methanones and Studies on the Antiproliferative Effects and Reversal of Multidrug Resistance of Human MDR1‐Gene Transfected Mouse Lymphoma Cells in vitro.
Authors: Shah Anamik , et al. et al.
Published: July 2011

Novel highly functionalized pyrazolines (III) are prepared using a microwave‐assisted reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyfluoroalkylation and Alkenylation of 1‐Benzyl‐1H‐indazol‐3‐ol.
Authors: Sokolenko T. M. , Yagupolskii L. M.
Published: July 2011

Only reactions proceeding with participation of difluorocarbene lead to a mixture of N‐ and O‐ alkylation products.
ChemInform Abstract: A Protocol to 2‐Aminobenzimidazoles via Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Addition and Cyclization of o‐Haloanilines and Carbodiimides.
Authors: Wang Fei , Cai Shangjun , Liao Qian , Xi Chanjuan
Published: July 2011

An efficient and widely applicable method to prepare biologically important title compounds is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: MK‐10 Clay‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐(2′,5′‐Disubstituted‐1′H‐indol‐3′‐yl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazoles under Conventional and Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Biradar J. S. , Sharanbasappa B.
Published: July 2011

The condensation of 2,5‐disubstituted 3‐cyanoacetyl indoles with orthophenylenediamines to give title compounds of type (III) is performed under various reaction conditions (conventional heating or under microwave irradiation under solventless conditions, with DMF, or with DMF on MK‐10 clay).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐R‐6,7,8,9,10,11‐Hexahydro‐5H‐5,9:7,11‐dimethano[1,2,4]triazolo [4,3‐a]azocines
Authors: Knyazeva E. A. , Skomorohov M. Yu. , Klimochkin Yu. N.
Published: July 2011

[via reaction of azatricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]undec‐4‐ene (I) with acid hydrazides at room temperature].
ChemInform Abstract: Cellulose Sulfuric Acid: Novel and Efficient Biodegradable and Recyclable Acid Catalyst for the Solid‐State Synthesis of Thiadiazolo Benzimidazoles.
Authors: Kuarm B. Suresh , Madhav J. Venu , Rajitha B. , Reddy Y. Thirupathi , Reddy P. Narsimha , Crooks Peter A.
Published: July 2011

The catalyst can be easily recycled and reused without significant loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Calcium Channel Antagonist Activity of New Symmetrical and Asymmetrical 4‐[2‐Chloro‐2‐(4‐chloro‐6‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐2H‐pyran‐3‐yl)vinyl]‐substituted 1,4‐Dihydropyridines.
Authors: Shahrisa A. , Zirak M. , Mehdipour A. R. , Miri R.
Published: July 2011

A variety of new symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted title dihydropyridines (V) and (IV), resp., are synthesized via modified Hantzsch reactions and evaluated for their calcium channel blocking activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Assisted Synthesis, Chemiluminescent and Theoretical Studies of Bromoalkyl Esters of Acridine‐9‐carboxylic Acid.
Authors: Samai Subhasis , Nandi Ganesh C. , Singh Pallavi , Gupta A. , Singh M. S.
Published: July 2011

Previously unknown acridine‐9‐carboxylates are synthesized by esterification of acid (I) under microwave irradiation and phase‐transfer catalysis conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Aza‐Nazarov Cyclization Cascades.
Authors: Sai Kiran Kumar Solingapuram , O'Connor Matthew J. , Klumpp Douglas A.
Published: July 2011

Benzamides tethered with ω‐acetal containing alkyl groups or enamides undergo triflic acid promoted cyclization to yield ring‐fused isoindolinones.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Synthesis of Dihydropyridines Catalyzed by L‐Proline.
Authors: Zare Leila , Nikpassand Mohammad
Published: July 2011

The convenient procedure allows the preparation of various target compounds of type (III) within a short time and in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Heterocyclic Ketene Aminals: Construction of Imidazo(pyrido)[1,2‐a]pyridines and Imidazo(pyrido)[3,2,1‐ij][1,8]naphthyridines via DABCO‐Catalyzed Tandem Annulations.
Authors: Li Ming , Zhou Zhong‐Min , Wen Li‐Rong , Qiu Zhong‐Xuan
Published: July 2011

A novel, facile, and widely applicable method is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Naphthalenemonoimides and N‐Desymmetrized Naphthalenediimides.
Authors: Tambara Koujiro , Ponnuswamy Nandhini , Hennrich Gunther , Pantos G. Dan
Published: July 2011

A straightforward method to prepare title imides and diimides is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Polycyclic N‐Heterocyclic Compounds. Part 68. Reactions of 3‐(2‐Bromoethyl)quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one and 3‐(2‐Bromoethyl)‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydroquinazolin‐4(3H)‐one with Primary Alkylamines via a Dimroth‐Type Rearrangement.
Authors: Okuda Kensuke , Ohtomo Hiromi , Tagata Tsuyoshi , Hirota Takashi , Sasaki Kenji
Published: July 2011

The reaction of quinazolinone or tetrahydroquinazolinone derivatives of type (II) with alkylamines gives 3‐alkyl‐4‐alkylimino compounds of type (IV) via a Dimroth‐type rearrangement or normal substitution products of type (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Sieves Catalyzed Synthesis of Phenazine 5,10‐Dioxides under Solvent‐Free Conditions Using Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Takeuchi Saeka , Saito Hiroaki , Miyairi Shinichi , Takabatake Tohru
Published: July 2011

Molecular sieves 4A functions not only as a dehydration agent, but also as a catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]‐ and Pyrido[2,3‐b]‐1,5‐benzodiazepines.
Authors: Khodairy A.
Published: July 2011

The title compounds are synthesized in hope to get compounds with better biological activity for medicinal applications.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorous Benzaldehyde‐Based Synthesis of Biaryl‐Substituted Oxazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes.
Authors: Ding Shan , Le‐Nguyen Minhgiao , Xu Tao , Zhang Wei
Published: July 2011

The preparation of title compounds (IX) is achieved by a three‐step synthesis including multicomponent reaction to form tetrahydroquinolines (V), followed by cycloaddition with coumarin (VI) to afford oxazabicycles (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt(II) Chloride Accelerated One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of α‐Aminophosphonates at Room Temperature.
Authors: Karimi‐Jaberi Zahed , Zare Hassan , Amiri Mohammad , Sadeghi Naghmeh
Published: July 2011

The convenient method produces the desired analogues of natural amino acids within a short time with good to excellent yields and many functional groups are tolerated.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and “Green” Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Haloalkylphosphonates via the Michaelis—Arbuzov Reaction.
Authors: Jansa Petr , Holy Antonin , Dracinsky Martin , Baszczynski Ondrej , Cesnek Michal , Janeba Zlatko
Published: July 2011

The selective formation of the target haloalkylphosphonates (III), (V), (VII), and (IX) in the title reaction is achieved by the accurate control of the reaction temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Michael Addition of Diethyl Malonate with Ferrocenyl Substituted Chalcones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Shen Zhi‐Liang , Gu Da‐Gong , Yang Jin‐Ming , Ji Shun‐Jun
Published: July 2011

The microwave‐assisted Michael addition of diethyl malonate (II) to ferrocenyl‐substituted chalcones (I) under solvent‐free conditions is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Fascioquinols A—F: Bioactive Meroterpenes from a Deep‐Water Southern Australian Marine Sponge, Fasciospongia sp.
Authors: Zhang Hua , Khalil Zeinab G. , Capon Robert J.
Published: July 2011

The isolation and structure elucidation of fascioquinols A (Ia), E (III) and F (IV) as well as some hydrolysis/cyclization products, e.g. fascioquinols B (Ib) and C (II), is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Toward a Stereoselective Synthesis of Tetrahydroxy Long Chain Base (LCB) and the Synthesis of Analogues of Mannostatin A.
Authors: Raghavan Sadagopan , Rathore Kailash , Sridhar B.
Published: July 2011

Aldehyde (VI), a possible intermediate in the synthesis of LCB (VII), is prepared via a diastereoselective reduction of ketone (I), a subsequent bromohydrin formation, and a Pummerer reaction of sulfoxide (IV) as key steps.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,3‐Unsaturated Allyl Glycosides as Glycosyl Donors for Selective α‐Glycosylation.
Authors: Kumar Brijesh , Aga Mushtaq A. , Rouf Abdul , Shah Bhahwal A. , Taneja Subhash C.
Published: July 2011

In the presence of NBS and Zn(OTf)2, the glycosides (I) and (VI) undergo facile and stereospecific α‐glycosylation with a wide range of alcohols.