bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Speaking up for Plato’S Interlocutors: A Discussion of J. Beversulis Cross-examining Socrates
Authors: Gill Christopher
Published: November 2023

This is a book with a mission. The title tells it <1!!. Beversluis ’s case is that, throughout the early Platonic dialogues, Socrates argues in a way that is systematically unfair to his interlocutors. Rather than acknowledging this fact, Platonic scholars, especially in recent Anglo-American scholarship, have condoned this maltreatment, belittling the interlocutors and finding excuses for Socrates. Beversluis aims to put the record straight. Ile restates the interlocutors’ positions, showing that they have credible and substantive points to make. He examines Socrates’ arguments and brings out the way that they fail to acknowledge, or to engage with, the interlocutors’ real positions. Instead, Socrates uses his logical expertise to win the argument anJ dear the ground for this own ideas. Socrates’ claims to urnkrtakc a shared search with his respon<l<“nts and to help them to care for their souls are shown up as specious m the light of his actual practice.
From Causation to Explanation and Back
Authors: Cartwright Nancy
Published: November 2023

The dominant topics in general philosophy of science during the second half of the twentieth century were surely the nature of scientific theory, realism, and explanation. The discussion of the nature of theory today is still very much in the same terms as that of fifty years ago although the central paradigm has changed. The standard view, to which I will return below, used to be that a theory is a deductive system formulated in a formal language. Nowadays it is probably the “semantic view” that dominates: theory is a set of models and any language will do for describing exactly what the models are like.3
Science, Knowledge, and Animal Minds
Authors: Jamieson Dale
Published: November 2023

David Hume is remembered by many philosophers as the great sceptic who called into question causality, necessity, and even the existence of the self. It is striking, then, that Hume writes that “no truth appears to me more evident, than that beasts are endow’d with thought and reason as well as men”. He goes on to ascribe to animals such idea-mediated indirect passions as pride and love as well as such direct passions as desire, contentment, and fear. Hume also attributes anger, grief, and courage to animals and writes that “‘Tis evident, that sympathy, or the communication of passions, takes place among animals, no less than among men”. Since Hume writes that the object of love must be a person and that animals can love their conspecifics, he goes so far as to imply that animals are persons.
The Evidence of our Senses
Authors: Hyman John
Published: November 2023

The modern causal theory of perception-the theory defended by Grice and Strawson-differs from the classical theory advanced by Descartes and Locke in two ways. First, the modern theory is an exercise in conceptual analysis. Secondly, it is a version of what is sometimes called direct realism. I shall comment on these points in turn.
In Defence of Folk Psychology
Authors: Jackson Frank , Pettit Philip
Published: November 2023

It turned out that there was no phlogiston, no caloric fluid, and no luminiferous ether. Might it turn out that there are no beliefs and desires? Patricia and Paul Churchland say yes.1 We say no. In section 1 we give our positive argument for the existence of beliefs and desires, and in part two we offer a diagnosis of what has misled the Churchlands into holding that it might very well turn out that there are no beliefs and desires.
Rules over Words
Authors: Yang Charles D
Published: November 2023

The acquisition of English past tense has generated much interest and controversy in cognitive science, often pitched as a clash between generative linguistics and connectionism (Rumelhart & McClelland 1986), or even between rationalism and empiricism (Pinker 1999). This is irregular: the problem of past tense, particularly in English, notorious for its impoverished phonology, is a marginal problem in linguistics, and placing it at the center of attention does no justice to the intricacy of the study of language; see e.g. Halle (2000), Yang (2000), and Embick & Marantz (in press). Yet this is not to say the problem of English past tense is trivial or uninteresting. As we shall see, despite the enthusiasm and efforts on both sides of the debate, there remain many important patterns in the published sources still unknown and unexplained. We show that the variational learning model, instantiated here as competition among phonological rules (rather than grammars/parameters, as in the case of syntactic acquisition), provides a new understanding of how phonology is organized and learned.
The Dynamics of Language Change
Authors: Yang Charles D
Published: November 2023

Language is not a random object, but is governed by UG principles and constraints that are ultimately grounded in human biology. If our (linguistic) ancestors had brains like ours, then UG, as we understand it through our languages, would have governed their languages as well. And if UG defines the intrinsic space of language variations—past, present, and future—then the historical process of language change cannot step out of these boundaries. Thus, UG must be placed at a central position in the explanation of language change.
Il perfetto indoeuropeo tra endomorfismo ed esomorfismo
Authors: Giovine Paolo Di
Published: November 2023

Nel campo degli studi di linguistica storica si sono raggiunti importanti risultati per quanto riguarda la ricostruzione morfologica in riferimento alla fase indoeuropea preistorica da un lato, e alla storia dei diversi gruppi linguistici dall’altro. In questo senso, l’illustrazione di categorie flessionali come il presente (nelle sue diverse forme atematiche e tematiche, dal presente radicale a quelli con infissi e suffssi), l’aoristo (radicale, sigmatico, raddoppiato), il causativo, il perfetto, ecc., ha consentito di tracciare un quadro organico, pur se in vari punti controverso, della morfologia verbale indoeuropea comune; contributi di analogo interesse sono venuti nel campo della morfologia nominale.
Names in -e and -e-u in Mycenaean Greek
Authors: Killenp John
Published: November 2023

It is clear that Mycenaean Greek, like its later Classical counterpart, contains a large number of compound personal names in -ē:s: a-pi-me-de, /Amphimēdēs/, e-u-me-ne, /E(h)umenēs/ ,etc. Many more of the ē s names in Mycenaean, however, are more or less certainly of non-Greek origin: names in -ederived from the pre-Hellenic language(s) of Crete and the Greek mainland which have been assimilated into Greek declensional patterns by being treated as s-stems.
Two Mycenaean Problems
Authors: ßner Torsten Mei
Published: November 2023

One of the remarkable features of Mycenaean is the fact that on a number of occasions identical lexical items or comparable morphological formations are found in two different written forms. Often these can be explained on the basis of our knowledge of the writing system, such as the alternation between ke-se-ne-wi-jo, ke-se-ni-wi-jo, and ke-se-nu-wi-jo, all rendering/ksenwijos/, showing varying syllabification and the use of a ‘dead’ vowel respectively. re-ke-(e)-to-ro-te-ri-jo
Indo-European *(s)merin Greek and Celtic
Authors: Schrijver Peter
Published: November 2023

These facts have long been recognized. The archaic perfect morphology has persuaded Indo-Europeanists that the origins of this verb must be sought in Proto-Indo-European (thus recently LIV2 570). Support comes from an accompanying set of ablauting nominal forms, such as:
Die hispanische Heerschau des Silius Italicus
Authors: Untermann Jürgen
Published: November 2023

Die Nachahmung des Schi•skatalogs im zweiten Gesang von Homers Ilias ist wie kaum eine andere Passage der homerischen Gedichte zur Pflichtu• bung in spa•teren epischen Werken geworden: sie gab deren Verfassern, wie seinerzeit Homer selbst, die Gelegenheit zum einen die Akteure der bevorstehenden Ereignisse vorzustellen, zum anderen, ihre eigenen prosopographischen und geographischen Kenntnisse in ein gutes Licht zu ru• cken, und damit werden alle diese Exkurse zu beachtenswerten Quellen fu• r die jeweils beschriebene geschichtliche Phase und fu• r die Personenund Ortsnamen, die darin angeblich oder wirklich eine Bedeutung gehabt haben.
Relational Grammar
Authors: Farrell Patrick
Published: November 2023

Relational Grammar (RG) (Perlmutter 1983, Perlmutter and Rosen 1984, Blake 1990, Postal and Joseph 1990) is a theory of syntax that is built on the idea that grammatical relations such as subject, direct object, and indirect object are primitive (i.e. basic and indefinable) concepts in terms of which clause structure in all languages is organized. Its use of multiple levels of clause structure, whereby an NP with the patient role, for example, can be the direct object at an initial or “ logical” level and the subject at the final level, make it well-suited to describing the voice and relational-alternation constructions that are so pivotal to an understanding of the syntactic phenomena in most languages, as discussed in Section 2.2, as well as such ubiquitous phenomena as raising to subject, possessor raising, causativization, noun incorporation, quantifier float, and control of adverbial phrases and complement clauses, which are generally constrained in terms of relational categories such as subject and direct object. Coupled with its general userfriendliness, that is its relative lack of obscure and complex formalism, its cross-linguistic adaptability has made it particularly popular among fieldworkers, who have produced accessible and theoretically-informed descriptive work of enduring interest on a wide array of typologically and genetically diverse languages.
Realization and mental causation
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney
Published: November 2023

The problem of mental causation is at the heart of the mind-body problem. And for physicalist or materialist views of mind, the key to solving the problem of mental causation is getting a satisfactory understanding of how the mental is realized in the physical. Recent discussions of physicalism have focused on the notion of supervenience; but I think that the focus should instead be on the notion of realization. Supervenience comes in a variety of forms - and the form we need to understand, in order to understand mental causation, is that in which the properties in the supervenience base can be said to realize the properties that supervene on them. Any physicalist theory, whether or not it is a functionalist theory, needs to maintain that the mental is realized in the physical, and so needs an account of realization. But my main focus will be on the realization of functional properties.
Introduction
Authors: Hudson Richard
Published: November 2023

Word Grammar (henceforward: WG) is a theory of language which touches on almost all aspects of synchronic linguistics and unifies them all through a single very general claim (Hudson 1984: 1): (1) The Network Postulate: Language is a conceptual network. This claim is not unique to WG and could even be described as a commonplace of modern linguistics. After all, we all see ourselves as successors to the early structuralists who saw language as ‘a system of interdependent terms in which the value of each term results solely from the simultaneous presence of the others’ (Saussure 1959). Any system of interconnected entities is a network under the normal everyday meaning of this word, so the structuralist legacy can be interpreted as the view of language as a network—a view that every modern linguist would surely accept, at least in contrast with the idea that a language is merely a collection of otherwise disconnected units. However, I suggest below that the network idea is actually quite controversial when taken seriously.
Morphology
Authors: Hudson Richard
Published: November 2023

WG treats morphology, like the rest of language, as a network, so morphological patterns are represented as a network of relations among words, morphs, and sounds or letters. (A number of other morph-like units will be introduced later, but we can ignore them for the time being.) The network approach is relatively uncontroversial in morphology, and indeed WG morphology is quite similar to the theory called ‘network morphology’ in which the network basis is explicit (Brown, Corbett, Fraser, Hippisley, and Timberlake 1996; Corbett and Fraser 1993). There has recently been a high profile debate about whether we process regular morphology in the same way as irregular morphology (Pinker 1998), but both sides of the debate agree that we store at least irregularly inflected forms as a network which we exploit by spreading activation. Admittedly the networks in question are generally assumed to be distributed connectionist networks rather than WG-style symbolic networks, but even so this debate shows how easily morphological relations can be visualized as a network. Perhaps the most distinctive characteristic of the WG approach is that it is embedded in a general theory which encompasses the whole of language. Other theories of morphology are typically limited to morphology and are neutral as to the organization of other parts of language such as syntax or the lexicon.
Malaysia and Brunei
Authors: Omar Asmah Haji
Published: November 2023

The two Muslim nations of Malaysia and Brunei have many similarities in their demographic, linguistic, and socio-cultural traits and have undergone processes of change and development in the course of their history of civilization which appear to be related to or a reflection of one another. With this background, they appeared to have a similar ethos in their fight for nationalism and independence from British rule, and thence in their effort towards building a modern nation-state.
Quantum Entanglements Selected Papers
Authors: Clifton Rob
Published: November 2023

Rob Clifton was one of the most brilliant and productive researchers in the foundations and philosophy of quantum theory; he died tragically at the age of 38. Jeremy Butterfield and Hans Halvorson present fourteen of his finest papers, all of which combine exciting philosophical discussion with rigorous mathematical results. Many of these papers break wholly new ground, either conceptually or technically. Others resolve a vague controversy into a precise technical problem, which is then solved; still others solve an open problem that had been in the air for some time. All of them show scientific and philosophical creativity of a high order, genuinely among the very best work in the field. The papers are grouped into four parts. First come four papers about the modal interpretation of quantum mechanics. Part II comprises three papers on the foundations of algebraic quantum field theory, with an emphasis on entanglement and nonlocality.
Content for Cognitive Science
Authors: Neander Karen
Published: November 2023

I see some newspaper blown by the wind as a cat slinking, and thus I represent the newspaper as a cat . Three things are involved: (i) a representation, presumably some neural event, (ii) its target, in this case the newspaper, and (iii) the content of the representation, cat slinking . In this case, the representation misrepresents its target because there is a mismatch between its target and its content. A philosophical theory of mental content is principally concerned with the relation between items of the first and third kind. Such a theory tries to answer the question: in virtue of what does a mental representation have the content it has?¹ An obvious desideratum for such a theory of content is that it gets the contents of representations right.
Serial Verb Constructions in Toqabaqita
Authors: Lichtenberk Frantisek
Published: November 2023

Toqabaqita is an Oceanic language spoken by aproximately 12,000 people on the island of Malaita in the Solomon Islands. The basic constituent structures of Toqabaqita intransitive and transitive clauses are shown in (1). The nature of the verb complex (V-complex) will be discussed later.
Relativism, Pragmatism, and the Practice of Science
Authors: Fine Arthur
Published: November 2023

But science in the making, science as an end to be pursued, is as subjective and psychologically conditioned as any other branch of human endeavor— so much so that the question, What is the purpose and meaning of science? receives quite different answers at different times and from different sorts of people. (Einstein 1934: 112) Relativism is worrisome. Many regard it as a bad thing; a virus set to infect your whole way of thinking if your ideas seem to leave even a small opening for it. Others profess to believe that relativism is quite a good thing. Since no one knows exactly what relativism is, both camps could be right. Here I examine some non-idiotic forms of relativism whose ‘dangers’, I argue, amount to no more than an anti-foundationalism familiar from the pragmatic tradition. Seen pragmatically, relativism turns out to be robust with respect to standard anti-relativist arguments. Seen pragmatically, it might also help soothe the anxiety over nihilism or irrationality (or general chaos) that it triggers in some. For, as I suggest, pragmatic forms of relativism offer an appropriate setting for understanding good scientiﬁc practice.
Pragmatism, Quasi-realism, and the Global Challenge
Authors: Macarthur David , Price Huw
Published: November 2023

William James said that sometimes detailed philosophical argument is irrelevant. Once a current of thought is really under way, trying to oppose it with argument is like planting a stick in a river to try to alter its course: ‘‘round your obstacle flows the water and ‘gets there just the same’”. He thought pragmatism was such a river. There is a contemporary river that sometimes calls itself pragmatism, although other titles are probably better. At any rate it is the denial of differences, the celebration of the seamless web of language, the soothing away of distinctions, whether of primary versus secondary, fact versus value, description versus expression, or of any other significant kind. What is left is a smooth, undifferentiated view of language, sometimes a nuanced kind of anthropomorphism or ‘‘internal’’ realism, sometimes the view that no view is possible: minimalism, deflationism, quietism. Wittgenstein is often admired as a high priest of the movement. Planting a stick in this water is probably futile, but having done it before I shall do it again, and— who knows?— enough sticks may make a dam, and the waters of error may subside. (Blackburn 1998 b: 157)
Quasi-Realism is Fictionalism
Authors: Lewis David
Published: November 2023

Suppose that Simon Blackburn’s quasi-realist program (1984, ch. 6, 1988) has succeeded perfectly on its own terms-something I think not unlikely. The quasi-realist has offered a special semantics for sentential expressions of moral attitudes; he has thereby earned the right to echo everything the moral realist says; and he has chosen to exercise that right. He even echoes all the realist says about moral psychology and metaethics, since those opinions are entangled with the realist’s moralizing. Now he challenges us (1993b): wherefore am I a quasi-realist rather than a queasy realist? Once my agreement with the realist is exceptionless, why doesn’t that prove that I’m a realist too?1 It’s clear enough that the special quasi-realist semantics of assertibility conditions differs from the standard realist truth-conditional semantics.
Sudan: Majorities, Minorities, and Language Interactions
Authors: James Wendy
Published: November 2023

It is commonly taken for granted in today’s writing and discussion about the Sudan that it consists of very different northern and southern parts – fierce desert in the north and shady pasture in the south, occupied by ‘ethnic’ Arabs on the one hand and ‘Black Africans’ on the other, Islam in the north and a variety of Christian denominations and African traditional religions in the south. But we should treat these oppositions with great care; they are not primordial facts of geography and ethnology. The concept of north and south as territories, as against relative positioning along the Nile corridor, has always been a matter of contested political definition by the powers that be. The north/south opposition in much of today’s discourse about the Sudan, and indeed within it, is a product of very recent political history, including some decades of civil war. In considering aspects of language and language use in the Sudan, however, and especially in noting how language issues have become caught up in politics, we can find a different approach and escape the stereotypes with profit.
Aristotle on Eudaimonia in Nicomachean Ethics 1
Authors: Cleemput Geert van
Published: November 2023

In Aristotelian scholarship there is the vexed question of what eudaimonia, happiness or human flourishing, means for Aristotle. In the intellectualist interpretation of eudaimonia contemplation plays a dominant role, whereas ‘inclusivism’ is attractive to its adherents because it seems to offer an alternative to the allegedly unpalatable consequences of the intellectualist interpretation.
Direction of Fit and Motivational Cognitivism
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio
Published: November 2023

The idea of direction of fit has been found appealing by many philosophers. The idea goes back to Anscombe’s famous example of the different aims of two agents: a man who is doing his shopping guided by a shopping list, and a detective compiling a list of the man’s groceries as he buys them. I can’t resist adding myself to the legion of writers who quote the passage from Intention in which she points out an important difference between the two directions of fit:

If the list and things that the man actually buys do not agree, and if this and this alone constitutes a mistake, then the mistake is not in the list but in the man’s performance ... whereas if the detective’s record and what the man actually buys do not agree, then the mistake is in the record.

In both cases of mistake, there’s a lack of fit between the world (in particular, what’s in the shopping cart), and the agent’s mental states (represented by what they have written in their respective lists).
Modality
Authors: Portner Paul
Published: November 2023

This is a book about semantic theories of modality. Its main goal is to explain and evaluate important contemporary theories within linguistics and to discuss a wide range of linguistic phenomena from the perspective of these theories. The introduction describes the variety of grammatical phenomena associated with modality, explaining why modal verbs, adjectives, and adverbs represent the core phenomena. Chapters are then devoted to the possible worlds semantics for modality developed in modal logic; current theories of modal semantics within linguistics; and the most important empirical areas of research. The author concludes by discussing the relation between modality and other topics, especially tense, aspect, mood, and discourse meaning. Paul Portner’s accessible guide to this key area of current research will be welcomed by students of linguistics at graduate level and above, as well as by researchers in philosophy, computational science, and related fields.
Nestling condition
Authors: Grubb Thomas C
Published: November 2023

I have separated the material in this chapter on the nutritional condition of nestlings from that in the next chapter on prolonged brood-care because they have somewhat divergent theoretical underpinnings. Nevertheless, they can be viewed as a continuum from the day of hatching until the day that juveniles become fully independent of their parents. In their study of the growth of nestling tree swallows, John McCarty and David Winkler (1999) measured the developing length of a primary feather on the bird, so their results do not use the methods of ptilochronology in a strict sense. However, a portion of their findings is germane to the question raised by Murphy and King (1991) about time lag between a nutritional shortfall and retarded feather growth, and so has been included in this account.
Prolonged brood-care
Authors: Grubb Thomas C
Published: November 2023

Cooperative breeding in birds occurs when more birds than just two breeding adults participate in an attempt at reproduction (Stacey and Koenig 1990). In most cases, such cooperative groups consist of a breeding pair and a variable number of “helpers.” Almost always, the helpers are the breeding pairs’ offspring from former years that have remained in their natal territory rather than dispersing to find a mate and territory of their own. Although many studies have dealt with breeding season aspects of this social phenomenon, Jan Ekman has taken another tack by focusing on the non-breeding season (Ekman and Rosander 1992; Ekman et al. 1994). Ekman’s position is that before we consider events during the breeding season, we should think about the mechanisms permitting or encouraging offspring to reside with their parents through the preceding non-breeding season, a time of limited resources. If such offspring were forced by their parents to leave their natal site, young-of-the-year birds would not be available to act as helpers the following spring.
School-aged children who can’t sleep
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

The possible causes of sleeplessness at this age tend to be different from those in younger children, although there may be overlap to some extent.

Emotional factors may play a prominent role, but other possibilities of a more physical nature should also be considered.

Fact:This is not usually the case if the nightmares are infrequent, but psychological help is needed if there is a strong suggestion that your child cannot sleep because he is persistently distressed in this or other ways.
Parasomnias that occur at various times of the night
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Some of the strange or troublesome behaviours related to sleep are not as tied to particular stages of sleep as other parasomnias. Their significance and the advice or treatment they require varies.
Unusual behaviour at night associated with medical conditions
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Although not usually the case, there are some parasomnias that result from an underlying medical condition; these need to be distinguished from other parasomnias.

Treatment consists of attention to the underlying condition.

The distinction between medically based and other parasomnias can often be made by knowing the exact nature of the episodes, but in some instances special investigations are required.
The Minimalist Roots
Authors: Boeckx Cedric
Published: November 2023

In his masterful treatment of the structure of evolutionary theory from Darwin to the present, Stephen Jay Gould (2002: ch. 1) argues that a theory of range and power needs both history and essence. Gould was really talking about productive and comprehensive programs. In this chapter, I address the historical source, the context of emergence of minimalism, leaving a discussion of its essential features to the next chapter.
The Minimalist Seduction
Authors: Boeckx Cedric
Published: November 2023

Language is no different from other objects in nature. There are many ways of studying it. Some see it in the words of Travis (1981: 1): ‘weird and wonderful, the storehouse of unimaginable complexities and surprises, to be discerned very closely.’ Others try to determine how fairly simple laws may give rise to such apparent complexity. Both approaches, and the countless possibilities in between, are legitimate and worth pursuing. But in systems like the language faculty, which appears so complex, the search for simplicity is not often the first one that comes to mind, even in the minds of welltrained scientists. This is why each little corner of simplicity has to be patiently investigated, cultivated, and cherished. It is to be treated as precious because it may open the door to greater simplicity.
Introduction: mental health nursing past, present, and future
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda
Published: November 2023

Mental health problems and disorders account for 13% of the burden of disease across the world, and in high income countries the estimate increases to 23%, with such problems and disorders being the most common cause of disability and premature death (World Health Organization [WHO] 2004). Since the publication of Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope (WHO 2001a), there have been concerted efforts internationally to promote mental health, reduce the burden of mental health problems, and increase the social inclusion (see Chapter 9) of people living with such problems (WHO 2001b). In the UK, since the 1999 National Service Framework (NSF) for Mental Health (Department of Health [DH] 1999) and other NSFs (DH 2001, DH/Department for Education and Skills 2004), mental health has become one of the government’s national health priorities (DH 2004b, 2006d). Within UK NHS mental health services, mental health nurses (MHNs) make up the largest proportion of the professional work- force, making them pivotal to the delivery of the NSF. Mental health nursing takes place in an increasingly wide variety of prac- tice contexts, and rapid developments in mental health and social care policy, research, and service delivery within the past ten years have impacted significantly upon the work of MHNs. There has been an increased emphasis on partnership working with service users and carers (NHS Executive 2000). The patient choice agenda is now central to service and care delivery (Care Services Improvement Partnership/National Institute of Mental Health in England 2005), and new roles, new ways of working, and new types of service have prolifer- ated (DH 2003a–c, 2005b). Staffing challenges within mental health services, together with further opportunities to extend nursing roles, raise important issues as to the most effective use of the resource of MHNs (DH 2006a, Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health [SCMH] 2005).
Values-based mental health nursing practice
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda
Published: November 2023

Everybody’s values are different. Life experiences shape our personal values, which in turn often provide a driving force (or motivation) for our behaviour. Despite this, it can be difficult to explain your values to others. By creating opportunities to explore and identify your values, you can help to clarify them. This is as true for mental health service users and carers as it is for all those seeking to provide mental health care.
Evidence-based mental health nursing practice
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with the second category of Best Practice Competencies and Capabilities for Pre-registration Mental Health Nurses in England (Department of Health 2006), that of improving outcomes for service users. This requires students at the point of registration to demonstrate their understanding of the principles of research and their application to the evidence base for practice, and to show that they can assess, plan, implement, and evaluate evidence- based care under supervision.
Interpersonal communication – Heron’s Six Category Intervention Analysis
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with the second category of Best Practice Competencies and Capabilities for Pre-registration Mental Health Nurses in England (Department of Health [DH] 2006), that of improving outcomes for service users. This requires students at the point of registration to demonstrate a range of effective and appropriate communication and engage- ment skills with individuals who have mental health problems, their carers, and the key people involved in their care.
Behavioural activation
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda
Published: November 2023

This chapter will describe the skill known as behavioural activation (BA). BA is one of the most effective psychothera- peutic techniques for patients experiencing depression and is relatively simple to apply. It forms a major part of recent devel- opments in low-intensity psychological treatment such as guided self-help and other therapeutic work involving only brief contact between mental health workers and patients, as well as being used as a more traditional high-intensity psy- chological treatment, in which therapists and patients work together for longer and have more numerous sessions. It has shown to be equally as effective as both cognitive therapy and antidepressants (Dimidjian et al. 2006). Competence in applying BA will equip any nurse with a highly effective and acceptable psychological technique to assist people with depression.
Working with people with substance misuse problems
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda
Published: November 2023

Substance misuse is a growing and serious public health problem that continues to affect individuals, communities, and families. Apart from the immediate effects of substance use on health and social functioning, there are important short- and long-term psychological and psychiatric issues, physical health problems, and criminality associated with continued use. Looking back at the training and preparation of mental health nurses over the past 20 years, substance misuse has often occupied either an ‘elective’ or ‘specialist placement’ role, and the volume of curriculum teaching on the subject has generally been low. However, there is a growing recognition that patients with substance misuse problems frequently use all parts of the health and social care services, not least the mental health services, which are often charged with provid- ing ‘treatment’ for both patients with substance misuse prob- lems, and those with substance misuse and mental health problems (commonly known as dual diagnosis or co-mor- bidity). Mental health nurses working across the range of hospital-based, community, or specialist mental health serv- ices—be they for working age adults, older people, forensic patients, or children and adolescents—will inevitably work with patients who misuse drugs or alcohol.
Interagency and interprofessional working
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda
Published: November 2023

Mental health nurses never work alone. In hospitals and in the community, nurses practise alongside psychiatrists, social workers, occupational therapists, clinical psychologists, general medical practitioners (GPs), and others. Recently in the UK new groups have appeared in the workforce. These include graduate primary care and support, time, and recovery workers. Different practitioners often work for different employing agencies. In the UK many staff (including most nurses) work in the National Health Service (NHS), whereas others (including many social workers) are employed by local authorities. Contributions to care are also made by staff located in a variety of other statutory and non-statutory agencies (such as criminal justice, housing, and user-led organizations).
Amphibians (Lissamphibia)
Authors: Cannatellaa David C , Vieitesb David R , Zhangb Peng , Wakeb Marvalee H , Wakeb David B
Published: November 2023

Lissamphibia, a subclass of Amphibia, includes all living representatives, which form three clades, frogs (Salientia), salamanders (Caudata), and caecilians (Gymnophiona), each readily recognizable based on their highly distinctive body plans (Fig. 1). Frogs generally have large mouths and bulging eyes, but short vertebral columns and no tail. thesesquat creatures have powerful hind limbs for jumping. They are the most speciose clade with about 5700 species. Most of the 576 species of living salamanders are more typical-looking tetrapods, with a tail and four legs. Some aquatic or fossorial species have reduced limbs and girdles and elongated trunks. Living caecilians are elongate, limbless, tail-less or nearly so, and have grooved rings encircling the body. A distinctive tentacle anterior to and below the typically inconspicuous eye is used for chemoreception. Although the majority of the 176 species are fossorial, one lineage has invaded aquatic habitats.
Toward a Phase-Based Analysis of Postverbal Sentential Complements in German∗
Authors: Inaba Jiro
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I will discuss the postverbal of sentential complements in German. Specifically I will try to give an answer to the question of why sentential complements appear to the right of the verb (cf. (1)), although German is a verb-final language and other arguments (and adjuncts) accordingly show up to the left (cf. (2)):
Moral Disagreement and Moral Expertise
Authors: McGrath Sarah
Published: November 2023

The phenomenon of persistent ethical disagreement is often cited in connection with the question of whether there is any ‘‘absolute’’ morality, or whether, instead, morality is in some sense merely ‘‘a matter of personal opinion’’. Citing disagreement, many people who hold strong views about controversial issues such as the permissibility of abortion, eating meat, or the death penalty deny that these views are anything more than ‘‘personal beliefs’’. But while there might be inconsistencies lurking in this position, it is not obviously at fault for according the facts about disagreement some epistemic weight.
Theism and the Scope of Contingency
Authors: O’Connor Timothy
Published: November 2023

According to classical theism, contingent beings find the ultimate explanation for their existence in a maximally perfect, necessary being who transcends the natural world and wills its acts in accordance with reasons. I contend that if this thesis is true, it is likely that contingent reality is vastly greater than what current scientific theory or even speculation fancies. After considering the implications of this contention for the extent of divine freedom, I go on to discuss its relevance to the problem of evil as an obstacle to rational theistic belief.
Is There Just One Hierarchy of Prosodic Categories?
Authors: Rischel Jørgen
Published: November 2023

This paper is a reaction to some claims made in recent metrical theory. I limit myself here to certain ideas about language stratification and prosodic categories which are expressed by Elisabeth Selkirk in papers such as ‘The Role of Prosodic Categories in English Word Stress’ (1980) and above all ‘On Prosodic Structure and Its Relation to Syntactic Structure’ (1978, 1980).
Asymmetric Vowel Harmony in Greenlandic Fringe Dialects
Authors: Rischel Jørgen
Published: November 2023

To a very first approximation, vowel harmony (henceforth: VH) may be defined as some kind of principled agreement, with regard to phonetic quality, among the vowels of consecutive syllables. In languages with VH it may be the case that consecutive syllables agree more or less (under conditions to be specified) with regard to the labial articulation and/or frontness–backness and/or degree of openness of their vowels (under this provisional definition ‘umlaut’ is included in the category of VH, of course).
Between simplification and complexification: non-standard varieties of English around the world
Authors: Szmrecsanyi Benedikt , Kortmann Bernd
Published: November 2023

This contribution is an empirical study of morphosyntactic complexity variance in more than four dozen varieties of English, based on four different complexity notions and combining two different data sources.1 Our point of departure is previous research (e.g. Szmrecsanyi and Kortmann forthcoming) according to which varieties of English – be they native L1 vernaculars, non-native L2 varieties, or English-based pidgins and creoles (P/Cs) – can be thought of as varying along two underlying dimensions of morphosyntactic variance. Crucially, Szmrecsanyi and Kortmann (forthcoming) demonstrate that variety type (L1, L2, or P/C) and not, for example, geographical distance or proximity, is the best predictor of a given variety’s location relative to these two dimensions.
Universals in language or cognition? Evidence from English language acquisition and from Pirahã
Authors: Stapert Eug ÉNie
Published: November 2023

One of the most intriguing issues every linguist sooner or later has to deal with is the relation between language and cognition. Are we to draw a clear distinction between the two, as is done by supporters of an autonomous language faculty, or is language just part of our general cognitive system? This question has gained particular relevance in the current discussion on language complexity and its connection to language universals. Most people agree that human languages have certain properties in common, which distinguish language from other communication systems. However, depending on one’s view on the above question, these possible universals are seen either as part of the syntactic component in a language faculty or as part of general cognitive structures.
The economics of shared decision-making
Authors: Kristiansen Ivar Sønbø , Gyrd-Hansen Dorte
Published: November 2023

The Nobel Prize laureate Paul Samuelson stated that ‘economics is the study of how people and society choose to employ scarce resources that could have alternative uses in order to produce various commodities and to distribute them for consumption, now or in the future, among various persons and groups in society’ (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 1985). The basic principle in economics is that society should be organized in a way such that overall welfare is maximized and that this is ensured if and only if we consume and produce those goods that provide us with the highest levels of utility. It can be proved that the production of goods and services is most efficient if it is left to a market with so-called perfect competition. The assumptions of perfect competition, however, are very strict and partly unrealistic, and the competitive market does not result in an optimal distribution of goods and services. Economics is about maximization and distribution of welfare where societal welfare is the sum of (possibly weighted) individuals’ utilities. To the extent that distribution of utility across individuals is important, the utility gains of some individuals may be weighted higher or lower than others.
Decision-making, power, and the doctor–patient relationship
Authors: Murtagh Madeleine J
Published: November 2023

There are many stories that could be told about how power in the doctor–patient relationship has been conceptualized. Perspectives on what has come to be seen as a crucial relationship in health care have emerged over the past half century or so from diverse disciplines (not least medical, sociological, psychological, anthropological) and epistemologies (positivist, realist, Marxist, feminist, post-structuralist, amongst others), though the importance of this relationship in shaping and defining medical practice is evident from the late 19th century. Moreover, within these perspectives, there have been shifts and schisms (albeit not linear and not total) over time. Marxist feminists of 1970s and 1980s and post-structural feminists of 1990s and 2000s, for example, produced very different accounts of the doctor–patient relationship. Indeed, even the term ‘doctor–patient relationship’ has transmogrified to include ‘client–professional’, ‘consumer–clinician’, and ‘patient–professional’ ‘relationships’, ‘encounters’, and ‘interactions’ with each permutation aligning to particular theoretical perspectives or to the context in which patients and doctors communicate and make decisions. However, I will use doctor–patient relationship as the common term throughout this chapter.
Decision aids and shared decision-making in menorrhagia
Authors: Protheroe Joanne
Published: November 2023

Menorrhagia or heavy menstrual bleeding is a common problem for women. In the United Kingdom, over 5% of women aged 30–49 consult their general practitioner each year with this complaint and 12% of all referrals to gynaecology outpatient departments are to investigate and treat menorrhagia (Prentice, 1999; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 1998). Historically, menorrhagia has been defined as menstrual blood loss of greater than 80 ml per period, but reality the presentation is a woman complaining that her periods are heavier than usual. The definition of menorrhagia as menstrual blood loss of over 80 ml per cycle was taken from Scandinavian population studies of menstrual blood loss, and guidelines for treatment have previously been based on this (Hallberg et al., 1966). However, it is widely accepted that as well as it being impractical to measure menstrual blood loss outside research studies, there is no correlation between women’s subjective assessment of their blood loss as heavy, and their actual blood loss, which is often less than 80 ml (Higham, 1999; O’Flynn and Britten, 2000).
From leaflets to edutainment: The evolution of PSA decision support tools
Authors: Evans Rhodri
Published: November 2023

Decision support technologies (DSTs) have changed radically over the last 10 years. Coinciding with the web and multimedia revolution, developers have, over this period, employed the latest methods to produce DSTs of increasing sophistication. On the one hand this has allowed more information to be presented in different ways, with increasingly complex decision-making functionalities. On the other hand, however, developers have aimed to increase the usability and utility of these interventions. The extent to which these two, not necessarily opposing, aims have been achieved will be explored in this chapter. Specifically, I will consider a field of clinical medicine, prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing, where the uncertainty and controversy surrounding the test is a fertile ground for the evolution of DSTs.
Understanding factors that retard the normalization of decision-support technologies
Authors: May Carl , Légaré France , Wiejden, Trudy van der , Elwyn Glyn
Published: November 2023

Shared decision-making over treatment and management of a wide range of conditions can be supported by decision-support technologies (DSTs) that help patients and doctors to work together to interpret high-quality clinical evidence and apply it to the specific circumstances of individuals. There are now a large number of DSTs, and although clinical trials and systematic reviews show that they can be useful and effective in practice (O’Connor et al., 2004), it also clear that they are not being widely adopted by health care professionals (Edwards et al., 2003; Blank et al., 2006). Reviews suggest that a ‘many barriers and facilitators’ argument is used to explain this (Holmes-Rovner et al., 2001; Gravel et al., 2006), focusing on mainly structural features of the clinical encounter. Such factors draw attention to individualized problems of employing DSTs, and it is increasingly recognized that the successful adoption of interventions depends also on more complex interactions than one of overcoming barriers (Checkland et al., 2007). We argue that an atheoretical ‘many barriers’ and facilitators’ explanation is insufficient and that a different paradigm is necessary. If we wish to understand why DSTs seem not to be used by professionals, even when they are widely available, then it is how they fit in the work – and the workspaces – of clinical organizations that matters.
Prioritizing Ecosystems, Species, and Sites for Restoration
Authors: Noss Reed , Nielsen Scott , Vance-Borland Ken
Published: November 2023

Ecological restoration is ‘the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed’ (SERI 2004), and is often interpreted as guiding an ecosystem back to an historic reference condition (Egan and Howell 2001) or, somewhat more equivocally, to an historic trajectory of change. From the perspective of biodiversity conservation, restoration ideally will result in an assemblage of species that is well adapted to current and anticipated future site conditions; is diverse (in terms of composition, structure, and function); contains viable populations of species of conservation concern; provides ecosystem services; and is resilient under current and potential future conditions.