bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Converting corn wet‐milling effluent into high‐value fungal biomass in a biofilm reactor
Authors: Jasti Nagapadma , Khanal Samir K. , Pometto Anthony L. , van Leeuwen J. (Hans)
Published: June 2008

Rhizopus microsporus was grown in an attached growth system using corn wet‐milling effluent as a growth medium. This strain was chosen due to its ability to effectively degrade organic matter in corn wet‐milling effluent and for its properties to produce significant levels of protein, chitin and chitosan. Fungal growth and organic removal efficiency were examined under both aseptic and non‐aseptic conditions with and without nutrient supplementation. Plastic composite support (PCS) tubes, composed of 50% (w/w) polypropylene (PP) and 50% (w/w) agricultural products were used as support media. Significantly higher organic removal measured as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biomass yield were observed in the bioreactor with PCS tubes than in two control bioreactors; that is with PP tubes alone and suspended growth (without support media). This confirmed that the PCS support medium with agricultural components enhanced fungal growth and organic removal. The results showed that supplementation of nutrients (e.g., mineral salts) under aseptic conditions enhanced the COD removal from 50% to 55% and observed biomass yield from 0.11 to 0.16 g (dry‐weight)/g CODremoved (i.e., from 0.10 to 0.14 g volatile solids (VS)/g CODremoved approximately). Non‐aseptic operation without nutrient supplementation resulted in an observed biomass yield of 0.32 g volatile suspended solids (VSS)/g CODremoved with no significant improvement in COD removal (∼53%); whereas with nutrient supplementation, the observed biomass yield increased to 0.56 g VSS/g CODremoved and COD removal improved to 85%. The fungal system was able to degrade the organic matter with concomitant production of high‐value fungal biomass. This is the first study that examined the conversion of corn milling waste stream into high value fungal protein. Biotechnol. Bioeng. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scalable Grid‐wide capacity allocation with the SweGrid Accounting System (SGAS)
Authors: Gardfjäll Peter , Elmroth Erik , Johnsson Lennart , Mulmo Olle , Sandholm Thomas
Published: June 2008

The SweGrid Accounting System (SGAS) allocates capacity in collaborative Grid environments by coordinating enforcement of Grid‐wide usage limits as a means to offer usage guarantees and prevent overuse. SGAS employs a credit‐based allocation model where Grid capacity is granted to projects via Grid‐wide quota allowances that can be spent across the Grid resources. The resources collectively enforce these allowances in a soft, real‐time manner. SGAS is built on service‐oriented principles with a strong focus on interoperability and Web services standards. This article covers the SGAS design and implementation, which, besides addressing inherent Grid challenges (scale, security, heterogeneity, decentralization), emphasizes generality and flexibility to produce a customizable system with lightweight integration into different middleware and scheduling system combinations. We focus the discussion around the system design, a flexible allocation model, middleware integration experiences and scalability improvements via a distributed virtual banking system, and finally, an extensive set of testbed experiments. The experiments evaluate the performance of SGAS in terms of response times, request throughput, overall system scalability, and its performance impact on the Globus Toolkit 4 job submission software. We conclude that, for all practical purposes, the quota enforcement overhead incurred by SGAS on job submissions is not a limiting factor for the job‐handling capacity of the job submission software. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Grid Resource Broker workflow engine
Authors: Cafaro M. , Epicoco I. , Mirto M. , Lezzi D. , Aloisio G.
Published: June 2008

Increasingly, complex scientific applications are structured in terms of workflows. These applications are usually computationally and/or data intensive and thus are well suited for execution in grid environments. Distributed, geographically spread computing and storage resources are made available to scientists belonging to virtual organizations sharing resources across multiple administrative domains through established service‐level agreements. Grids provide an unprecedented opportunity for distributed workflow execution; indeed, many applications are well beyond the capabilities of a single computer, and partitioning the overall computation on different components whose execution may benefit from runs on different architectures could provide better performances. In this paper we describe the design and implementation of the Grid Resource Broker (GRB) workflow engine. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are adjunctive markers useful in routine cervical cancer screening? Application of p16INK4a and HPV‐PCR on ThinPrep samples with histological follow‐up
Authors: Schledermann D. , Andersen B. T. , Bisgaard K. , Dohse M. , Ejersbo D. , Hoelund B. , Horal P. , Lindh M. , Ryd W.
Published: June 2008

The objectives of the study were to evaluate 1) the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of p16INK4a as a marker for high‐grade cervical lesions, 2) the results of a real‐time polymerase chain reaction detecting high‐risk human papillomavirus, and 3) the interobserver variability of the p16INK4a interpretation.

A total of 232 ThinPrep samples were stained for p16INK4a, and HPV‐DNA PCR was performed on 107 specimens with inclusion of both benign and abnormal cytology. Histological follow‐up information was collected.

The diagnostic sensitivity of ASC+ with CIN2+ in histology as endpoint was 96% for p16INK4a and 100% for HR‐HPV DNA PCR, and the diagnostic specificity was 41% and 27%, respectively. If p16INK4a had been used for triage of the ASC samples, then 18 patients (42%) could have been spared unnecessary follow‐up procedures compared to six patients (21%) with the HR‐HPV DNA test. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:453–459. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expanding the concept of motivation to change: The content of patients' wish to recover from anorexia nervosa
Authors: Nordbø Ragnfrid H.S. , Gulliksen Kjersti S. , Espeset Ester M.S. , Skårderud Finn , Geller Josie , Holte Arne
Published: June 2008

Objective:

Motivational approaches to anorexia nervosa (AN) have mainly concerned motivational quality and quantity. We investigated the content of patients' wish to recover.

Method:

Eighteen women, aged 18–39, with AN were interviewed in depth using a phenomenological study design. Interviews were tape‐recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using the QSR‐N*Vivo software program.

Results:

Four motivational content areas characterized informants' wishes to recover: “Sense of vitality” (e.g., joy, concentration, spontaneity, energy); “Sense of autonomy” (e.g., choosing to recover, new methods of mastery, self‐determination); “Sense of insight” (e.g., awareness, seeing nuances, limitation of goals, self‐knowledge); and “Negative consequences” (e.g., loss of future, costs to own children, feeling sick or thin, social costs, physical costs).

Conclusion:

Our sample of AN patients' motivation to recover may be described using three dimensions: content, quality, and quantity, and may also include motives with no behavioral intention. Sustained therapeutic success may rest upon the therapist's ability to identify and ally with the patient's motives to recover. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Examining the conceptual model of integrative cognitive‐affective therapy for BN: Two assessment studies
Authors: Wonderlich Stephen A. , Engel Scott G. , Peterson Carol B. , Robinson Michael D. , Crosby Ross D. , Mitchell James E. , Smith Tracey L. , Klein Marjorie H. , Lysne Christianne M. , Crow Scott J. , Strauman Timothy J. , Simonich Heather K.
Published: June 2008

Objective:

Two studies sought to examine predictions of the Integrative Cognitive‐Affective Therapy (ICAT) model, which views bulimic symptoms in terms of inter‐relations between self‐concept discrepancies, negative affect, and self‐directed coping styles. The present results examine assessment‐related predictions of this model.

Method:

Individuals with bulimic symptoms were compared to noneating disorder control participants in two studies involving central constructs of the ICAT model.

Results:

In both studies, bulimic individuals displayed higher levels of self‐discrepancy and negative self‐directed styles, supporting predictions of the model. Also predicted by the model, negative mood states mediated relations between bulimic status and negative self‐directed coping styles in Study 2.

Conclusion:

Assessment‐related predictions of the ICAT model of bulimic symptoms were supported in two studies. These initial results support further tests of the model in longitudinal designs, contrasts of different clinical populations, and treatment‐evaluation studies. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Falsification cueing in collective reasoning: example of the Wason selection task
Authors: Augustinova Maria
Published: June 2008

This paper focuses on the effectiveness of groups, as opposed to individuals, in benefiting from falsification cueing in solving the Wason selection task. Consistent with the idea that groups use information that often individuals fail to use, Experiment 1 showed that groups (but not individuals) that received falsification cueing focused more on cue‐consistent evidence in their reasoning. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that the increment in focus on cue‐consistent evidence is moderated by the distribution of the falsification cue within a group. Finally, Experiment 3 demonstrated that the cue distribution affects collective focus on cue‐consistent evidence through the content of the group discussion, namely through mentioning the cue during the discussion. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The extrinsic affective Simon task as an instrument for indirect assessment of prejudice
Authors: Degner Juliane , Wentura Dirk
Published: June 2008

We report one study that explored the applicability of the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST) as an indirect measure of prejudice. The EAST detected known differences in reactions revealing that a Turkish outgroup was spontaneously evaluated more negatively than the German ingroup. More importantly, EAST effects were meaningfully correlated with measures of explicit prejudice expression. This relation, however, was moderated by participants' motivation to control prejudice expression. In addition, we tested considerations regarding the role of a task‐switch account for the explanation of EAST scores and found that only EAST scores of task‐switch trials were related to explicit prejudice expression. This supports a task‐switch explanation of the EAST. Results indicate that the EAST is suitable for the assessment of interindividual differences in intergroup prejudice. Implications for the indirect assessment of automatic prejudice activation are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Punishment as restoration of group and offender values following a transgression: value consensus through symbolic labelling and offender reform
Authors: Okimoto Tyler G. , Wenzel Michael
Published: June 2008

Justice theory has suggested that transgressions pose a threat to the shared values that underlie broken rules or laws, suggesting that in order to address concerns over the values violated by an offence, perceived consensus regarding those values must be reaffirmed. However, little empirical research has been conducted examining how legal responses can address those value concerns. In the current research we argue that punishments, as a common response to injustice, can reaffirm perceived value consensus through two routes: (1) by symbolically labelling the offence as against group values, thus reinforcing values towards observers and (2) by attempting to reform the offender, thus reinforcing values towards the offender. Consistent with this argument, three empirical studies showed that the public and inclusive nature of punishment helps restore a perceived value consensus as such characteristics facilitate these two processes. Moreover, these characteristics had a positive effect on perceived punishment appropriateness particularly when value concerns were heightened. These findings implicate symbolic labelling and offender reform as two processes by which punishments can restore the perception of value consensus and suggest that these processes are integral to justice restoration through punishment when value consensus is a dominant concern. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symbolic self‐completion in academia: evidence from department web pages and email signature files
Authors: Harmon‐Jones Cindy , Schmeichel Brandon J. , Harmon‐Jones Eddie
Published: June 2008

Symbolic self‐completion theory proposes that individuals use symbols of attainment to define themselves as accomplished in self‐defining areas and to communicate their accomplishments to others. The goal of the present research was to examine whether individual professors and academic departments strive for symbolic self‐completion when communicating through the Internet. We hypothesized that publications, citations, and departmental rankings by the National Research Council (NRC) represent important indicators of attainment for professors, whereas professional titles (i.e., “doctor,” “professor,” or “Ph.D.”) may serve as alternate symbols of attainment. We predicted that a lack of important indicators of attainment would motivate the display of professional titles in web pages and email signature files. In Study 1, academic departments with less prestigious NRC rankings listed more professional titles on their departmental web pages compared to departments with more prestigious rankings. In Studies 2 and 3, professors with lower annual rates of publications and citations displayed more professional titles in their email signatures compared to professors with higher publication and citation rates. These results suggest that self‐completion motives help to shape naturalistic Internet communications. The results further suggest that analyses of Internet communications can provide externally valid tests of theories concerned with motivation and self‐processes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereotypes of singles: are singles what we think?
Authors: Greitemeyer Tobias
Published: June 2008

Four studies examined the accuracy of the single stereotype by comparing perceptions of single and partnered targets with self‐ratings and ratings by others of single and partnered participants. Results revealed that single targets were evaluated more negatively than partnered targets in terms of a wide range of personality characteristics, overall well‐being, and satisfaction with relationships status. These findings were very robust and not qualified by target sex, participant sex, and participant relationship status. In contrast, self‐ratings of single and partnered participants were remarkably similar for all personality characteristics as well as overall well‐being, which was corroborated by ratings of participants by others. However, partnered participants were indeed more satisfied with their relationship status than single participants. When all is considered, the single stereotype is largely inaccurate. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are we on a learning curve or a treadmill? The benefits of participative group goal setting become apparent as tasks become increasingly challenging over time
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , Wegge Jürgen , Postmes Tom
Published: June 2008

A large body of research has pointed to the utility of individual and group goal setting as a performance enhancement strategy. However, group goal setting is more complex than individual goal setting as the group context often strengthens the desire for voice and the possibility of resistance. In line with this idea, we test the prediction that goal‐related performance improvements should be more marked where groups participate in goal setting rather than having goals imposed—particularly as they become increasingly hard to achieve. These ideas are tested in two experiments (Ngroups = 27, 72). Both confirm the capacity for group goal setting to enhance brainstorming performance. More importantly, both studies also show that the benefits of participative goals relative to imposed goals becomes more marked as goals become more difficult over time. In line with social identity and self‐categorization principles, we suggest that this is because increases in participatively set goals appear to provide opportunities for collective self‐actualization and self‐enhancement while increases in imposed goals do not. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An assessment of the EU growth forecasts under asymmetric preferences
Authors: Christodoulakis George A. , Mamatzakis Emmanuel C.
Published: June 2008

EU Commission forecasts are used as a benchmark within the framework of the Stability and Growth Pact, aimed at providing a prudential view of economic outlook, especially for member states in an Excessive Deficit Procedure. Following Elliott et al. (2005), we assess whether there exist asymmetries in the loss preference of the Commission's GDP growth forecasts from 1969 to 2004. Our empirical evidence is robust across information sets and reveals that the loss preferences tend to show some variation in terms of asymmetry across member states. Given certain conditions concerning the time horizon of forecasts and the functional form of the loss preferences, the evidence further reveals that the Commission forecasting exercise could be subject to caveats. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Value of rapid assessment cytology in the surgical management of head and neck tumors in a Nigerian mission hospital
Authors: Mueller Jeffrey S. , Schultenover Stephen , Simpson Jean , Ely Kim , Netterville James
Published: June 2008

Background

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) or touch preparation with rapid assessment is a valuable diagnostic tool with a reported accuracy of diagnosis similar to intraoperative frozen section consultation. The Nigeria Christian Hospital partners with health care professionals from the United States to provide surgical care for rural residents of Aba, Nigeria. Frozen section diagnosis is impractical in this setting because of very limited resources. Therefore, intraoperative rapid assessment FNA or touch preparation to guide surgical management was performed on all mass lesions, and the results were evaluated.

Methods

FNA was performed just before surgery using a 22‐gauge needle attached to a 10‐mL syringe and/or an intraoperative touch preparation was performed on biopsies of lesions that failed to yield cellular aspirates. Smears were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and an immediate diagnosis was rendered. Tissue samples from the same resected/biopsied cases were fixed in 10% formalin and later transported to Vanderbilt University Medical Center Department of Pathology for processing. Cytologic and histologic correlations were then performed.

Results and Conclusions

More than 100 patients underwent surgery for head and/or neck masses during the 2‐week periods between November 2002 and November 2003. Of these patients, 98 had either preoperative FNA and/or intraoperative touch preparation performed. Twenty‐seven patients were male and 71 were female; the ages ranged from 2 months to 70 years. Sites sampled included the following: thyroid (n = 40); facial/jaw area (n = 19); parotid/submandibular gland (n = 13); scalp/skull region (n = 7); cervical lymph nodes (n = 5); neck (n = 5); other (n = 4); supraclavicular lymph nodes (n = 3); and oral cavity (n = 2). On cytologic analysis, there were 79 benign diagnoses, 17 malignant diagnoses, and 2 nondiagnostic samples. A benign versus malignant cytologic diagnosis was accurate in 97 of 98 cases. In conclusion, rapid assessment cytology was invaluable in the surgical treatment of many of the patients. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
TIP30 is associated with progression and metastasis of prostate cancer
Authors: Zhang Hui , Zhang Yifen , Duan Hai Ou , Kirley Sandra D. , Lin Sharron X. , McDougal W. Scott , Xiao Hua , Wu Chin‐Lee
Published: June 2008

Tat‐interacting protein 30 (TIP30), a transcriptional repressor for ERα‐mediated transcription, possesses several characteristics of a tumor suppressor in certain human and mouse cells. It is reported that deletion of TIP30 gene preferentially increases tumorigenesis in the female knockout mice. Here, we analyzed TIP30 gene expression in the databases of several DNA microarray studies of human prostate cancer and show that TIP30 is specifically overexpressed in metastatic prostate cancers. We demonstrate that TIP30 nuclear expression is associated with prostate cancer progression and metastasis by immunohistochemical analysis in primary and metastatic prostate cancers. Consistent with these data, we also show that knockdown of TIP30 expression, through use of a short hairpin RNA‐expressing plasmid, suppresses the cellular growth of PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Ectopic overexpression of TIP30 stimulates metastatic potential of prostate cancer cells in an in vitro invasion assay, whereas knockdown of TIP30 inhibits the prostate cancer cells invasion. Finally, we demonstrate that ectopic overexpression of TIP30 enhances androgen receptor mediated transcription, whereas knockdown of TIP30 results in a decreased transcription activity. These data provide evidence that TIP30 plays a role in prostate cancer progression and that TIP30 overexpression may promote prostate cancer cell growth and metastasis. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An ant colony pairwise alignment based on the dot plots
Authors: Chen Weiyang , Liao Bo , Zhu Wen , Liu Hao , Zeng Qingguang
Published: June 2008

Sequence alignment is one of the most important operations in bioinformatics. In this article, we introduced a new method for pairwise alignment. We associated the process of aligning with the plan by the modified dot plots. The next position will be selected by the number of pheromone and the matching score of the candidates. The presented algorithm can be used to find the best aligning result without calculating the scoring matrix. Superiority of the presented algorithm has been proved in several experiments. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2009
Improving the oxidation resistance of γ‐titanium aluminides by halogen treatment
Authors: Donchev A. , Schütze M.
Published: June 2008

Intermetallic alloys based on TiAl are candidates for several structural high temperature applications but their oxidation resistance is limited to temperatures below 800 °C. In this paper the results of high temperature oxidation and creep tests will be presented and discussed. The treatment with halogens improves the oxidation resistance of these alloys up to 1050 °C. A thin protective Al2O3‐layer is formed after treatment with halogens instead of the mixed TiO2/Al2O3/TiN scale typically grown on these alloys. This alumina layer protects the component under isothermal and thermocyclic conditions. The protective effect is stable up to at least 8760 h. Creep tests of halogen treated materials at high temperatures showed no effect on the creep behaviour. Automotive turbocharger rotors were exposed at 1050 °C in air with and without fluorine‐treatment for demonstration of real parts.
The Role of Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding on Thermal Properties of Maleimide–Isobutene Alternating Copolymers with Polar Groups
Authors: Omayu Akitoshi , Ueno Takako , Matsumoto Akikazu
Published: June 2008

Thermally stable copolymers with an alternating repeating structure, poly(RMI‐alt‐IB)s, were synthesized by radical copolymerization of N‐substituted maleimides containing a polar group with isobutene. The onset temperature of decomposition was higher than 300 °C and the glass‐transition temperature increased by the introduction of hydroxy and carboxy groups. IR spectroscopic analysis revealed the role of intermolecular hydrogen bonding on the thermal stability of the copolymers. It was also revealed that the amount of water absorbed into poly(RMI‐alt‐IB)s with a hydroxymethyl substituent was as high as 270% of the weight of the used polymer, while the introduction of a carboxy group resulted in lower water absorption properties.

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Local well‐posedness and ill‐posedness for the fractal Burgers equation in homogeneous Sobolev spaces
Authors: Xu Xiaojing
Published: June 2008

In this paper, we consider local well‐posedness and ill‐posedness questions for the fractal Burgers equation. First, we obtain the well‐posedness result in the critical Sobolev space. We also present an unconditional uniqueness result. Second, we show the ill‐posedness from the point of view of the Picard iterations in the supercritical space. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete and unambiguous assignments of 1H and 13C chemical shifts of new arylamino derivatives of ortho‐naphthofuranquinones
Authors: da Silva Júnior Eufrânio N. , de Souza Maria Cecília B. V. , Pinto Antônio V. , Pinto Maria do Carmo F. R. , Nogueira Christiane M. , Ferreira Vitor F. , Azeredo Rodrigo B. V.
Published: June 2008

Six new nor‐β‐lapachones have been synthesized from reaction of 3‐bromo‐nor‐β‐lapachone with arylamines. These derivatives have potent anticancer properties against several cell lines. Here, we report complete unambiguous assignments of 1H and 13C chemical shifts of the new compounds. The assignments were made using a combination of one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR techniques (1H, 13C, 1H1H COSY, 1H13C HSQC, and 1H13C HMBC). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of supply contracts with commitments and flexibility
Authors: Bassok Yehuda , Anupindi Ravi
Published: June 2008

In this article we address an important class of supply contracts called the Rolling Horizon Flexibility (RHF) contracts. Under such a contract, at the beginning of the horizon a buyer has to commit requirements for components for each period into the future. Usually, a supplier provides limited flexibility to the buyer to adjust the current order and future commitments in a rolling horizon manner. We present a general model for a buyer's procurement decision under RHF contracts. We propose two heuristics and derive a lower bound. Numerically, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the heuristics for both stationary and non‐stationary demands. We show that the heuristics are easy to compute, and hence, amenable to practical implementation. We also propose two measures for the order process that allow us to (a) evaluate the effectiveness of RHF contracts in restricting the variability in the orders, and (b) measure the accuracy of advance information vis‐a‐vis the actual orders. Numerically we demonstrate that the order process variability decreases significantly as flexibility decreases without a dramatic increase in expected costs. Our numerical studies provide several other managerial insights for the buyer; for example, we provide insights into how much flexibility is sufficient, the value of additional flexibility, the effect of flexibility on customer satisfaction (as measured by fill rate), etc. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2008
AC electric field‐assisted assembly and alignment of cellulose nanocrystals
Authors: Habibi Youssef , Heim Thomas , Douillard Roger
Published: June 2008

In this article, we describe an efficient physical electric‐field‐assisted method to study self‐assembly and orientation of cellulose nanocrystals. When applying an alternating voltage to a cellulose nanocrystals suspension deposited onto a thin gap of coplanar lithographically patterned metallic electrodes, a highly homogeneous orientation of cellulose nanocrystals is obtained. Parameters such as strength and frequency of the applied electric field and cellulose nanocrystals aspect ratios were studied to determine how they affect cellulose nanocrystals assembly and orientation. The prepared films were analyzed by atomic force microscopy, and the results suggest that the alignment of cellulose nanocrystals generated films is greatly influenced by the frequency and the strength of the applied electric field. The orientation of cellulose nanocrystals becomes more homogeneous with increasing electric field higher than 2000 V/cm with a frequency ranging between 104 and 106 Hz. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1430–1436, 2008
Plant response to heavy metal toxicity: Comparative study between the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens (ecotype Ganges) and nonaccumulator plants: Lettuce, radish, and alfalfa
Authors: Benzarti Saoussen , Mohri Shino , Ono Yoshiro
Published: June 2008

Thlaspi caerulescens (alpine pennycress) is one of the best‐known heavy metal (HM) hyperaccumulating plant species. It exhibits the ability to extract and accumulate various HM at extremely high concentrations. In this hydroponic study, the performance of T. caerulescens (ecotype Ganges) to accumulate Cd, Zn, and Cu was compared with that of three nonaccumulator plants: alfalfa (Medicago sativa), radish (Raphanus sativus), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Plants were exposed to the separately dissolved HM salts for 7 days at a wide range of increasing concentrations: 0 (control: 1/5 Hoagland nutrient solution), 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μM. The comparative study combined chemical, physiological, and ecotoxicological assessments. Excessive concentrations of HM (100 and 1000 μM) affected plant growth, photosynthesis, and phytoaccumulation efficiency. Root exudation for all plant species was highly and significantly correlated to HM concentration in exposure solutions and proved its importance to counter effect toxicity. T. caerulescens resisted better the phytotoxic effects of Cd and Zn (at 1000 μM each), and translocated them significantly within tissues (366 and 1290 μg g−1, respectively). At the same HM level, T. caerulescens exhibited lower performances in accumulating Cu when compared with the rest of plant species, mainly alfalfa (298 μg g−1). Root elongation inhibition test confirmed the selective aptitude of T. caerulescens to better cope with Cd and Zn toxicities. MetPLATE bioassay showed greater sensitivity to HM toxicity with much lower EC50 values for β‐galactosidase activity in E. coli. Nevertheless, exaggerated HM concentrations coupled with relatively short exposure time did not allow for an efficient metal phytoextraction thus a significant reduction of ecotoxicity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.
Cottonseed protein food products
Authors: Cater C. M. , Mattil K. F. , Meinke W. W. , Taranto M. V. , Lawhon J. T. , Alford B. B.
Published: June 2008

Abstract and Summary

Upward trending world population and increasing costs for traditional food proteins provide many incentives for utilization of oilseed proteins directly in human diets. Cotton, as one of the world's major oilseed crops, represents a potential source of food protein. Acceptability of oilseed protein products in terms of functional properties in food systems and nutritional value will largely determine the extent of their utilization by the food industry. Liquid cyclone process cottonseed flour, defatted glandless cottonseed flour, storage protein isolates, and cottonseed whey proteins have been evaluated by various functionality tests and in a number of food systems. The cottonseed flours have been subjected to processing by extrusion texturization. Human feeding studies have also been conducted. Results indicate a good potential for use of cottonseed protein products in a variety of food systems.
Peanut protein: A versatile food ingredient
Authors: Ayres J. L. , Davenport B. L.
Published: June 2008

Peanut flour has been evaluated for use in a variety of food products as a replacement for animal source proteins. In breakfast cereals and snack foods, peanut flour blends well with cereal flours to yield products with excellent flavor, texture, and color. Peanut flour can be used to produce textured vegetable protein or can be used directly in ground meats to provide good moisture and fat binding characteristics. In bakery products, peanut flour can be used at levels up to 20% to provide protein supplementation without the astringent flavor of other oilseed flours.
X‐ray study of hydrogenated jojoba wax
Authors: Simpson T. D. , Miwa T. K.
Published: June 2008

Abstract and summary

Crystallographic analysis of hydrogenated jojoba wax ester shows the crystal structure to be monoclinic with orthorhombic perpendicular, 0⊥, chain packing. Cell dimensions are: a=4.99, b=7.44, c=55.2Å, β=90°. A larger secondary unit cell is observed and identified as permitting the hydrocarbon ester chains freedom of rotation. Hydrogenated jojoba was ester is crystallographically similar to polyethylene.
Surface activity of sucrose palmitates
Authors: Fisher G. S. , Zeringue H. J. , Feuge R. O.
Published: June 2008

Abstract and Summary

Interfacial tension data are presented for cotton‐seed oil‐water and paraffin oil‐water systems containing purified sucrose palmitates of different degrees of acylation. Both the monopalmitates and diplamitates effectively reduced interfacial tension. To be effective, the monoesters had to be dissolved in water, the diesters in oil. Although nearly inactive alone, sucrose tripalmitate was active in mixtures with the mono‐and dipalmitates. Efficiencies of the sucrose palmitates were also excellent. In general, mixtures of sucrose palmitates were as effective as the most active component. When dissolved in water, the efficiency of sucrose palmitate mixtures was proportional to the monoester content, but when dissolved in oil mono‐, di‐, and triesters contributed to the efficiency.
Comparison of various methods for the extraction of total lipids, fatty acids, cholesterol, and other sterols from food products
Authors: Hubbard W. D. , Sheppard A. J. , Newkirk D. R. , Prosser A. R. , Osgood T.
Published: June 2008

Abstract and Summary

Seven methods were used to compare the efficiency of total lipid extraction from 13 samples of eight different food products. The methyl esters of fatty acids and the butyrate esters of sterols were prepared and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. On the basis of total lipid recovered and amounts of fatty acids and sterols present, a chloroform: methanol procedure was selected as the most effective method.
Leading a Successful Transition: The Estonian Miracle
Authors: Laar Mart
Published: June 2008

Following the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Estonia regained independence but inherited a heavy economic legacy of poverty and underdevelopment. In spite of the disastrous situation, radical (occasionally unpopular) economic reforms were rapidly undertaken to speed the transition to a market economy in the pursuit of economic stability. This article analyses the main features of the Estonian economy's development encompassing monetary reforms, opening its markets to foreign investors and the introduction of a fresh economic legislation. Decisive and rapid political choices coupled with the establishment of democratically accountable institutions have made this transition a resounding success.
Another Unification of Europe
Authors: Zielonka Jan
Published: June 2008

There have been several efforts to unite Europe over the centuries. Some of them have been attempted through royal marriages and diplomatic manoeuvring, but most of them have been tried through the use of swords and guns. The recent unification of Europe has been accomplished by the export of laws and administrative procedures: the famous, or infamous, acquis communautaire. The end result is impressive: the enormous space comprising 27 EU states is a zone of prosperity, democracy and peace. What lies behind this extraordinary success, and how can the momentum be sustained? This article argues that the prudent application of EU power and the ever-growing synergy of norms between different parts of the continent have been behind Europe's successes. However, enlargement has changed the European Union beyond recognition and it is therefore important for the Union to adjust to that change. The Union should not only endorse more liberal economic policies to stimulate growth and embark on novel foreign policies. It must also re-think the entire system of European governance and invent new ways of securing democratic legitimacy across the ever-larger European space.
Leading a Successful Transition: The Case of Croatia
Authors: Sanader Ivo
Published: June 2008

An example of Croatia's successful transition is the completion of our preparations for NATO membership. Joining the Partnership for Peace programme was an earlier expression of the idea that Croatia belongs to the Euro-Atlantic community. It also marked Croatia's first formal participation in Western security structures. In 2002, Croatia became an official aspirant for NATO membership in the framework of the Membership Action Plan (MAP). After six MAP cycles, Croatia received an invitation to join NATO at the summit held on 2-4 April 2008 in Bucharest.
Molecular cloning of novel Monad binding protein containing tetratricopeptide repeat domains
Authors: Itsuki Yuki , Saeki Makio , Nakahara Hirokazu , Egusa Hiroshi , Irie Yasuyuki , Terao Yutaka , Kawabata Shigetada , Yatani Hirofumi , Kamisaki Yoshinori
Published: June 2008

MINT‐6551090:

Monad (uniprotkb:Q96MX6) physically interacts (MI:0218) with RPAP3 (uniprotkb:Q9H6T3) by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0007)

MINT‐6551101, MINT‐6551118:

Monad (uniprotkb:Q96MX6) physically interacts (MI:0218) with RPAP3 (uniprotkb:Q9H6T3) by pull down (MI:0096)

MINT‐6551132:

RPAP3 (uniprotkb:Q9H6T3) physically interacts (MI:0218) with Monad (uniprotkb:Q96MX6) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)
Picture Archive and Communication System (PACS) in the detection of fish bone: An animal study
Authors: Wang Yung‐Cheng , Huang Yung‐Chien , Chang Hsio‐Yun , Chang Yen‐Liang , Chen Chi‐Jen , Wang Pa‐Chun
Published: June 2008

Objectives

We have developed an animal model to investigate the feasibility of using a digital radiography picture archive and communication system (PACS) to identify fish bones.

Subjects and Methods

Bones from 21 species of freshwater and seawater fish were placed in the upper esophagus of a test pig. Digital radiographic images of the lateral neck were taken (60 kV, 200 mA, and 20 ms, 100 cm in distance). The images were interpreted by three radiologists. The X2 test, Kendall's coefficient of concordance, and the logistic regression model were applied for statistical analyses.

Results

Milkfish had the lowest visibility (33.3%) in PACS. There was a significant variation in the ratings of visibility among three radiologists (P < 0.01, Kendall's coefficient 0.75). Seawater vs freshwater category, bone length, and radiologist were significant factors that affected visibility.

Conclusion

The sensitivity is 0.89. Images from seawater fish with long bones have better visibility. PACS is feasible in diagnosing upper esophagus fish bones, but the physician's knowledge of local varieties of fish prior to image study is equally important.
Airway interventions in children with Pierre Robin Sequence
Authors: Meyer Abby C. , Lidsky Michael E. , Sampson Daniel E. , Lander Timothy A. , Liu Meixia , Sidman James D.
Published: June 2008

Objective

To describe the interventions required for successful airway management in children with Pierre Robin Sequence (PRS).

Study Design

Case series.

Subjects and Methods

The records of both a cleft and craniofacial clinic and a pediatric otolaryngology clinic were searched, and all children with PRS were identified. Data concerning feeding interventions, airway interventions, and comorbid conditions were extracted.

Results

Seventy‐four cases of PRS were identified. Thirty eight of the 74 children required airway intervention other than prone positioning. Fourteen of these 38 were managed nonsurgically with nasopharyngeal airway and/or short‐term endotracheal intubation, whereas the remaining 24 required surgical intervention. Eighteen of the 24 underwent distraction osteogenesis of the mandible, one underwent tracheostomy, and five underwent tracheostomy followed by eventual distraction.

Conclusion

In our series, over 50 percent of children with PRS required an airway intervention. These were both nonsurgical and surgical. As otolaryngologists, we must be prepared for the challenges children with PRS may present and the interventions that may be necessary to successfully manage these difficult airways.
Mill, Political Economy, and Women's Work
Authors: HIRSCHMANN NANCY J.
Published: June 2008

The sexual division of labor and the social and economic value of women's work in the home has been a problem that scholars have struggled with at least since the advent of the “second wave” women's movement, but it has never entered into the primary discourses of political science. This paper argues that John Stuart Mill'sPolitical Economyprovides innovative and useful arguments that address this thorny problem. Productive labor is essential to Mill's conception of property, and property was vital to women's independence in Mill's view. Yet since Mill thought most women would choose the “career” of wife and mother rather than working for wages, then granting that work productive status would provide a radical and inventive foundation for women's equality. Mill, however, is ambiguous about the productive status of domestic labor, and is thereby representative of a crucial failure in political economic thought, as well as in egalitarian liberal thought on gender. But because Mill at the same time develops a conception of production that goes well beyond the narrow limits offered by other prominent political economists, he offers contemporary political scientists and theorists a way to rethink the relationship of reproductive to productive labor, the requirements for gender equality, and the accepted categories of political economy.
Genetic Variation in Political Participation
Authors: FOWLER JAMES H. , BAKER LAURA A. , DAWES CHRISTOPHER T.
Published: June 2008

The decision to vote has puzzled scholars for decades. Theoretical models predict little or no variation in participation in large population elections and empirical models have typically accounted for only a relatively small portion of individual-level variance in turnout behavior. However, these models have not considered the hypothesis that part of the variation in voting behavior can be attributed to genetic effects. Matching public voter turnout records in Los Angeles to a twin registry, we study the heritability of political behavior in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. The results show that a significant proportion of the variation in voting turnout can be accounted for by genes. We also replicate these results with data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and show that they extend to a broad class of acts of political participation. These are the first findings to suggest that humans exhibit genetic variation in their tendency to participate in political activities.
Metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma in the external auditory canal
Authors: Carr S , Anderson C
Published: June 2008

Objectives:

To present a rare case of rectal adenocarcinoma metastasising to the external auditory canal, in a patient in whom computed tomography staging of the abdomen, chest and pelvis was clear for metastatic disease.

Methods:

Case report and review of the literature.

Conclusions:

Metastatic tumours to the external auditory canal are rare, with rectal adenocarcinoma being one of the rarest. However, it is important that the external auditory canal is regarded as a potential site for metastasis, even when computed tomography staging is clear. Metastatic tumour should be included in the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with an ear mass.
Dispersion relations for electromagnetic waves in a dense magnetized plasma
Authors: SHUKLA P. K. , STENFLO L.
Published: June 2008

Dispersion relations for elliptically polarized extraordinary as well as linearly polarized ordinary electromagnetic waves propagating across an external magnetic field in a dense magnetoplasma are derived, taking into account the combined effects of the quantum electrodynamical (QED) field, as well as the quantum forces associated with the Bohm potential and the magnetization energy of the electrons due to the electron-1/2 spin effect. The QED (vacuum polarization) effects, which contribute to the nonlinear electron current density, modify the refractive index. Our results concern the propagation characteristics of perpendicularly propagating high-frequency electromagnetic waves in dense astrophysical objects (e.g. neutron stars and magnetars), as well as the next-generation intense laser–solid density plasma interaction experiments and quantum free-electron laser schemes.
Singular perturbation analysis of the steady-state Poisson–Nernst–Planck system: Applications to ion channels
Authors: SINGER A. , GILLESPIE D. , NORBURY J. , EISENBERG R. S.
Published: June 2008

Ion channels are proteins with a narrow hole down their middle that control a wide range of biological function by controlling the flow of spherical ions from one macroscopic region to another. Ion channels do not change their conformation on the biological time scale once they are open, so they can be described by a combination of Poisson and drift-diffusion (Nernst–Planck) equations called PNP in biophysics. We use singular perturbation techniques to analyse the steady-state PNP system for a channel with a general geometry and a piecewise constant permanent charge profile. We construct an outer solution for the case of a constant permanent charge density in three dimensions that is also a valid solution of the one-dimensional system. The asymptotical current–voltage (I–V) characteristic curve of the device (obtained by the singular perturbation analysis) is shown to be a very good approximation of the numericalI–Vcurve (obtained by solving the system numerically). The physical constraint of non-negative concentrations implies a unique solution, i.e., for each given applied potential there corresponds a unique electric current (relaxing this constraint yields non-physical multiple solutions for sufficiently large voltages).
Sociodemographic determinants of energy, fat and dietary fibre intake in Australian adults
Authors: Evans Ann , Booth Heather , Cashel Karen
Published: June 2008

Objective

To examine the relationship between sociodemographic factors (sex, age, education, occupation and region of birth) and absolute levels of energy, fat and fibre intake in adults at the national level.

Design, setting and subjects

The 1983 National Dietary Survey of Adults (NDSA), covering six Australian capital cities, collected food and nutrient intake data using the 24-hour recall method, from subjects aged 25–64 years (n = 6255).

Results

Interactions of variables occurred, especially for males. The greatest effect on male intake of all three dietary components was a combination of age and education. For females, the main explanatory variable for fat and energy intake was age, but that for fibre was a combination of region of birth and education. Both education (alone or in combination) and region of birth (alone or in combination) had a greater effect than occupation (alone or in combination).

Conclusions

Energy, fat and fibre intakes vary considerably between sociodemographic groups. Such variability must be taken into account in formulating policy and planning decisions and in assessing temporal change.