bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meaning and Truth-Conditions: From Frege’s Grand Design to Davidson’s
Authors: Wiggins David
Published: April 2022

This chapter is a selective history of the philosophy of language onwards from Frege’s Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (1892), and a defence of the idea propounded there at I.32 and in Wittgenstein’s Tracatus Logico-Philosophicus that to understand a sentence is to know the conditions under which it is true. This claim is distinguished from others which succeeded it—that to understand a statement is to know the method for its verification (Vienna Circle), to know its use (Wittgenstein in the Blue and Brown Books), or to know what belief it is intended to induce in a hearer (H. P. Grice). Not just any true equivalence in the form “s is true if and only if p” will suffice for s’s meaning that p. We need an equivalence that is properly founded in the semantic powers of the components of the sentence s. Such can be given either in Frege’s way or else in Davidson’s way, in reliance upon Davidson’s post-Quinean idea of ‛radical interpretation’. That later approach was refined by John McDowell and Richard Grandy, and several others.
Modes of Grammatical Combination, Adverbs, and the Case of Action-sentences
Authors: Wiggins David
Published: April 2022

Davidson proposed that we should see a sentence such as “Shem kicked Shaun on the shin with a hobnail boot” as having a logico-grammatical form tantamount to this: (17A) “there was an event e that consisted of Shem kicking Shaun e and e was with a hobnail boot and e was on the shin”. But how can an event be with a hobnail boot or on the shin? I argue for a less problematic alternative: namely, with Jennifer Hornsby, to see action-sentences as referring to acts—the act of kicking, say, or kicking with a hobnail boot. On these terms, actions are the doings of acts, doings that may be qualified adverbially. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the claim that “surface structure” can easily mislead us. So often what philosophers want to call “surface structure” represents nothing more than a mistaken reading of the sentence in front of us.
Three Moments in the Theory of Definition or Analysis
Authors: Wiggins David
Published: April 2022

The first moment discussed in this chapter is marked by Frege’s (1894) review of Husserl’s Philosophy of Arithmetic (vol. 1), discussions of the paradox of analysis, and Frege’s division—reaching beyond his distinction of Sinn /sense from Bedeutung /reference—between two conceptions of definition. Six familiar and different ideas of definition are then set out. The second moment is Leibniz’s still serviceable demarcation between the clarity (practical effectiveness) of ideas, and their distinctness, our explicit understanding of the various marks (components) of the concept that the idea relates to. Within Leibniz’s scheme, the pursuit of distinctness leads to a third moment: his demand for adequacy (the enumeration of the marks of a concept, and the marks of these marks … ) and Leibniz’s speculations concerning the limit or terminus of analysis, beyond which there can be no greater or more complete distinctness. These problematic speculations are not entirely alien to the Zeitgeist of our own epoch. But so often our understanding of a concept depends not so much upon the unearthing of constituents as upon grasping the concept’s overall shape, the shape that organizes its constituents.
How to Choose and Design Policy Instruments
Authors: Hassel Anke , Wegrich Kai
Published: April 2022

Policy design—finding the right policy instrument for a given problem—is at the core of policy-making. This chapter not only argues that policy design includes the assessment of costs, benefits, and potentially unintended side-effects of different policy options, but also the consideration of the fit of a new policy to the social, institutional, and policy context to which it will be added. We maintain that policy-makers should critically review whether the programme theory of a particular policy instrument is valid in a given context. The chapter develops a set of guiding questions that policy-makers can use for assessing the fit of a policy instrument to the relevant context. But smart policy design also considers the task’s political aspect, and the chapter points at four ways in which policy choices may affect policy processes in the future and the position of a policy-making organization therein. Again, these four mechanisms can serve as heuristics for policy-makers to take into account when designing policies.
The Mustering of the Delphians (4.19–21)
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: April 2022

At the end of Book 4 the Delphians, encouraged by the tricky priest Calasiris to arrange an expedition in pursuit of Charicleia and her alleged abductor Theagenes, muster for war—an episode that turns out to be inconsequential. This chapter reads the phase as one of a series of Heliodorean experiments with ‘false beginnings’, in the context of a narrative that is itself fundamentally about the question of origins (i.e. the mystery of Charicleia’s birth). The Delphians, crucially, misread the genre of the episode, believing themselves to be at the start of an epic or a history, not a romance, where what the narrative is morally centred around is the desire of the young couple rather than the dominant, normative values of society as a whole. The chapter closes with some reflections on the wider historical context of Heliodorus’ era, in particular the gendering of agency in such abduction cases.
Enter Arsace and Her Entourage!
Authors: Zeitlin Froma I.
Published: April 2022

The scenes at the Persian court invoke braided issues of erotic desire, gender, ethnicity, and class in a dizzying set of complex plots and counterplots. The woman Arsace is the focalizing figure of the entire episode. Occupying dual roles as erotic subject and political regent, both mistress and slave to unbridled passion, she caps the novel’s engagement with gender and power in a new hybridized version of the Phaedra motif, introduced earlier with the intrigue of Demanete, Thisbe, and Cnemon at Athens. Arsace’s passion for Theagenes goes further to stage a contest between Persian and Greek values and engages in a shifting dialogue regarding the two social classes of slave and freeborn. Her ultimate defeat after the melodramatic failures of her resentful enablers (the slaves, Cybele and her son, Achaemenes) puts an end to the dangers of erotic aggression and tyrannical rule as the couple faces new dangers in the journey to Meroe.
Sphragis 1
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter represents the first of this volume’s two attempts at breaking open Heliodorus’ brief, allegedly autobiographical ‘seal’ at the end of the text. Beginning from the ambiguous position of this paratext (is it within or without the text?), it turns to focus on Heliodorus’ relationship with his predecessors in the romance genre. It then considers the author’s self-identification as a ‘Phoenician man’ in the context of similar phrasing in the Odyssey, and as an echo of Achilles Tatius’ Phoenician characters. Next up, the words ‘end’ (peras) and ‘race’ (genos) are considered in connection with the wider text’s thematics. Finally, it considers the implications of reading Heliodorus’ past-tense account of his own authorship of the text as yet another fiction embedded within the text as a whole.
Introduction
Authors: Bates Catherine , Cheney Patrick
Published: April 2022

Chapter 1 presents an ‘Introduction’ to Sixteenth-Century British Poetry, Volume 4 of the fourteen-volume Oxford History of Poetry in English. First, the chapter reviews the five-part structure of the volume—‘Transitions and Contexts’; ‘Practices’; ‘Forms’; ‘Poets’; and ‘Transitions’—doing so by offering a detailed distillation of the arguments of the thirty-three chapters. The chapter then offers a detailed reading of one work that aims to illustrate the literary achievement of sixteenth-century British poetry: Edmund Spenser’s Temple of Venus episode in Book 4, canto 10, of The Faerie Queene. In particular, the episode gathers in, and versifies, the principal topics of sixteenth-century poetry featured in the volume.
Transitions
Authors: Lerer Seth
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the ways in which writers of the early sixteenth century responded to and developed the inheritance of Chaucer’s Middle English lyric voice and vocabulary and, in the process, adapted that material to new Tudor literary and social contexts. Building on recent scholarship about manuscript transmission and early printing, the chapter reassesses the textual condition of a writer such as Thomas Wyatt: read in its manuscript contexts, his verse seems, to our eyes, much more ‘medieval’ than it might be in the modernisations of the printer Richard Tottel. In addition, the chapter examines the inheritance of Ovid’s mythology to illustrate a new, social interpretation of classical literature and its medieval transformation. By looking, too, at lesser-known texts and writers from the early Tudor period (e.g., the anonymous poems, La Conaissance D’Amours and The Fantasy of the Passion of the Fox, and the poetry of the prolific, but now ignored Nicholas Grimald), the chapter seeks to give a nuanced reading of a literary age long thought of as simply dominated by Wyatt and Surrey and courtly taste.
Sonnet
Authors: Stamatakis Chris
Published: April 2022

This chapter considers sixteenth-century sonnets as products of labour and difficulty—the labour of demonstrating poetic inventiveness within formal constraints, and the difficulty of eloquent expression when the resources of the sonnet tradition itself appear already spent. Whether a stand-alone form or embedded in larger gatherings, whether deployed for erotic, religious, commendatory, or topical purposes, the sonnet faces a series of dilemmas. Celebrated for their artful compactness, sonnets seek to cultivate abundance (copia), yet must avoid mere repetition (copy); must resolve the contending priorities of argument and rhyme, sense and sound, visual and acoustic; must resist invention that hardens into convention or into algorithmic, mechanical linkages between the sonnet’s parts; and must negotiate the potentially ossifying tendencies of print (especially in privileging the final couplet in the sonnet’s mise-en-page) while embracing the canonising possibilities of that medium. The history of the sixteenth-century sonnet is the history of these competing pulls.
Pastoral
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: April 2022

The pastoral poetry of the sixteenth century—that is, poetry that presented the shepherd world as a metaphor for the real one—embraced an exceptionally wide range of forms and practices. The model was set by Spenser’s Shepheardes Calendar, which provided templates of different kinds of language, from rustic dialect to the elaborately Latinate; different varieties of prosody, from folksong to a multiplicity of lyric forms; different traditions, from English vernacular to Virgilian, French, or Italian; different fields of allusion, from the Classical or Biblical to the contemporary; different landscapes, from idyllic spring to bitter winter; and different worlds, from Golden Age fantasies to ecclesiastical allegory. The range encouraged the self-presentation of the poet as shepherd-singer and the exploration of a number of key issues in contemporary poetics, including rhetorical decorum and quantitative verse.
Elegy
Authors: Brady Andrea
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the history of the elegy: poems of mourning and of desire, as well as the name for a specific metre. While that metre did not translate well into English, the elegies of Ovid did, and offered sixteenth-century poets an alternative to Petrarchism. Christopher Marlowe’s translations of Ovid foregrounded erotic pleasure, feminisation, and softness. Ovid was also an influence on John Donne, who wrote elegies in both the funerary and erotic vein. Lament, encomium, and references to mortuary ritual were incorporated into the mixed genre of elegy, which was showcased in anthologies produced by the universities and other groups. One such anthology, with an important pastoral poem by Edmund Spenser, was produced at the death of Philip Sidney in 1586. This disparate genre is unified by its exploration of pity and loss, and its efforts to persuade the reader to love, or to be consoled.
Wyatt and Surrey
Authors: Shrank Cathy
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the habitual pairing of Wyatt and Surrey. It examines them as translators (of both classical and vernacular poetry) and as metrical innovators, deploying a range of literary modes and metres, including sonnets, terza rima, poulter’s measure, and—for Surrey—blank verse: experimentation with poetic form which is frequently connected to their imitations and adaptations of non-Anglophone verse. The chapter also highlights differences between them, for example, in the portrayal of women, techniques of rewriting (where frequently Wyatt uses small semantic shifts, altering the tenor of the work, and Surrey larger-scale adaptation), and poetic voice: Surrey deploys personae; Wyatt characteristically intensifies the first person, while producing poems which nonetheless resist autobiographical scrutiny and open up a space between poet and poetic speaker.
Shakespeare
Authors: Callaghan Dympna
Published: April 2022

Francis Meres famously opined that Shakespeare was ‘honey-tongued’, while in the Sonnets the poet tells us that he is ‘tongue-tied’. In the context of these divergent accounts of Shakespeare’s verse expression, this chapter argues that ‘voice’, both the voice of the poet, especially Shakespeare’s distinctively Ovidian poetic persona and that of the other speakers and characters who populate his verse, is central to all of Shakespeare’s poetry. Because the phenomenon of reading poetry in print was relatively new in early modern England, the distinction between the voice, in the literal sense, and the poet’s voice as readers sounded poems out in their own heads, became increasingly significant. Reading was just as much about close listening to the sound communicated by the poem, with its stress on the faculty of internal hearing, as it was about visual apprehension. Attuned to the poet’s voice, the reader, like Bottom in A Midsummer Night’s Dream might aver: ‘I see a voice’ (5.1.190). This chapter, then, considers what early modern readers might have ‘heard’ when they read Shakespeare’s poetry.
The Push and Pull of Political Leaders
Authors: Jungmann Nils , Bieber Ina , Blumenberg Manuela , Glinitzer Konstantin
Published: April 2022

The chapter investigates the influence of changing candidate orientations on the probability to switch votes away from or toward a party between the German federal elections of 2013 and 2017. While both electoral volatility and candidate voting are considered potential consequences of an increasing partisan dealignment in Western democracies, there is still a debate about the link between these two phenomena. Employing data from an inter- and intra-election panel survey, the chapter suggests an influence of changing candidate orientations on vote switching independent of partisan attachments and other determinants of vote switching. An improvement in the evaluation of the candidate of the party a person voted for in 2013 decreased the probability of switching to another party in 2017. Likewise, viewing the candidate of the party a person voted for in 2017 more favorably than his/her predecessor was associated with a higher probability to have switched to this party.
The Development from European Communities to European Union
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter traces the origin of the European Union, which goes back to the European Communities established in 1951 and 1957. The legal provisions that were brought about in the framework of these Communities have been generally referred to as 'Community law'. Prior to this 'Community' integration process and in parallel thereto, European States have engaged in other forms of cooperation. Indeed, the Member States of the European Union have concluded agreements amongst themselves concerning cooperation in areas falling outside the Communities' sphere of operation to which they did not attach the same legal consequences as Community action. In 1992, the link which existed in practice between the two integration paths was institutionalized by packaging them into the European Union, yet without altering the specific legal character of either path. As a result, the distinction remained between Community and non-Community action, whereby only acts of the institutions based on one of the Community Treaties constituted a source of 'Community law'. This distinction largely disappeared with the entry into force on December 1, 2009, of the Lisbon Treaty, which merged both Community and non-Community provisions into one European Union based on the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
Amendment of the Treaties
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter sets out the procedures for amending the Treaties. An amendment to the Treaties enables amending or supplementing provisions to be adopted that have the same legal force as the original Treaty provisions. In this way, the original Treaties were amended and supplemented by the Single European Act and the EU Treaty, the Treaty of Amsterdam, the Treaty of Nice, and the Treaty of Lisbon. Since the last Treaty amendment (the Treaty of Lisbon), the Treaties contain simplified procedures for amending specific provisions alongside the ordinary revision procedure. Article 48(3) TEU provides for an initial phase during which the institutions can reflect on possible Treaty revisions, followed by the convening of a Convention, which will make recommendations as to the revisions, which will, in a third stage, be decided by the 'intergovernmental conference' or IGC. The chapter then considers whether the Treaties subject their amendment not only to procedural, but also to substantive constraints.
Other Institutions and Bodies of the Union
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter addresses the three other institutions of the European Union: the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the European Central Bank (ECB), and the Court of Auditors. The CJEU consists of two independent courts: the Court of Justice and the General Court. It ensures that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed (Article 19(1), first subpara., TEU). Meanwhile, the ECB conducts the monetary policy of the Union together with the national central banks of the Member States which adopted the euro as their currency; together they form the 'Eurosystem' (Article 282(1) TFEU). Finally, the European Court of Auditors examines the accounts of all revenue and expenditure of the Union. The institutional framework of the Union consists of a range of other bodies, offices, and agencies, some of which having legal personality. The political institutions are assisted by advisory committees, such as the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions (Article 13(4) TFEU). Moreover, the European Investment Bank fulfils its tasks as an independent legal person. After discussing the European Ombudsman, who also acts independently (Article 288 TFEU), the chapter presents the other Union bodies, offices, and agencies.
The Procedure for Concluding International Agreements
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the procedure for the conclusion of international agreements. Article 218 TFEU sets out the internal procedure for negotiating and concluding 'agreements between the European Union and third countries or international organizations'. That Treaty provision does not itself confer any power on the Union to act internationally, but applies whenever the Union wishes to conclude an agreement. The Union is empowered to do so where the Treaties expressly so provide, where it is necessary in order to achieve one of the objectives of the Union, where it is provided for in a legally binding Union act, or where it is likely to affect common rules or alter their scope (Article 216 TFEU). This procedure of Article 218 TFEU applies in all fields of Union activity, including the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters. The same procedural requirements apply to amendments of agreements and to additional or implementing protocols concluded together with or on the basis of the agreement itself. In principle, the denunciation of an agreement also comes under Article 218 TFEU.
The Invention of Constitutional Ratification
Authors: Lenowitz Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2022

Chapter 3 explores the first instances of constitutional ratification. Primarily, this involves focusing on the invention of the procedure in 1770s Massachusetts and the Berkshire Constitutionalists, a group of revolutionaries in the Western part of the state who first advocated for ratification and produced what is still its most comprehensive justification. The chapter also discusses the efforts of the New York Mechanick’s union, who led a similar but unsuccessful attempt to utilize ratification in New York during the same period. Both the Massachusetts and New York experience involved a ratification referendum. The remainder of the chapter explores the invention of two other prominent forms of ratification, both of which also took place in Early America: regional ratification conventions used to approve the U.S. Constitution in 1787 and a polity-wide ratification convention used to approve the Georgia Constitution in 1789. Throughout, possible justifications for ratification are drawn out from this history.
Making the Constituent Power Speak
Authors: Lenowitz Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2022

This is the first of three chapters dedicated to investigating the first core justification of ratification, the constituent power justification, which argues that ratification should be implemented because it plays a critical role in ensuring that the constituent power makes the constitution. Constituent power, made famous by Emmanuel Sieyès and Carl Schmitt and recently resurrected by a host of contemporary authors, is both the unique power of the people to create an authoritative constitution and their name when exercising it. This chapter explains the constituent power, its theoretical presuppositions, the central theoretical questions it raises, and how it might justify ratification. Several different constituent power justifications are analyzed, varying depending on how they see constituent power emerging in the constitution-making process. For instance, a multiple moment justification portrays ratification as one of several moments during the constitution-making process when constituent power manifests, whereas a multiple attempts justification sees ratification as one of many procedures that operate together to increase the likelihood that constituent power is exercised. Each of these arguments, the chapter concludes, has fundamental weaknesses, leaving the only plausible constituent power justification to be one in which constituent power is confined to the ratification process. This argument is developed and analyzed in chapters 5 and 6.
Conclusion
Authors: Lenowitz Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2022

The primary conclusion of this book is that despite being common, intuitive, and recommended, ratification lacks a general justification. Until new arguments are invented and tested, ratification should not be part of the best practices of constitution-making. This chapter explains how this conclusion was reached by summarizing how the three core justifications of ratification—those having to do with constituent power, representation, and legitimacy—were built, evaluated, and found wanting. It then reflects upon these findings, discussing what one can and cannot conclude about constitutional ratification’s recommended role, and draws out general lessons and observations that emerged throughout. The chapter concludes by asking and sketching out answers to a new yet related question that constantly surfaced in previous chapters: what content-dependent, ex post reasons are there to use ratification? In other words, what are some general scenarios in which specific constitution-makers might rationally want to use ratification?
Phenotypic Variation in Natural Populations
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon
Published: April 2022

Genetics is the study of the inheritance of differences among individuals. Genomic approaches now make it possible to better understand the genetic basis and adaptive significance of phenotypic differences among individuals. Population-level differences in disease resistance will have important implications for population persistence in the face of emergent infectious diseases. In addition, understanding the genomic basis for that phenotype will be crucial for conservation efforts such as genetically informed breeding for reintroductions, genetic rescue of infected populations, and population restoration following declines. Most phenotypic differences between individuals within populations have both genetic and environmental causes. Raising individuals from different populations in the same environmental conditions can be used to test if there is a genetic component to phenotypic differences among populations. Understanding and maintaining phenotypic differences between individuals within populations and between populations can play a crucial role in conservation.
Genetic Variation in Natural Populations
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon
Published: April 2022

Genetic variation among individuals within populations and among populations can be assessed at the chromosomal, protein, or DNA sequence level. The best tool or approach depends on the question being asked. Variation in the number or structure of chromosomes can result in reproductive incompatibilities and reduced fitness that influences the success of conservation efforts. Differences in amino acid sequence that alter the electrophoretic mobility of proteins, termed allozymes, were widely used to measure genetic variation and population differentiation on a gene-by-gene basis prior to advances in DNA sequencing. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain circular DNA molecules that are usually inherited from one parent and are useful for assessing population history and structure. Most studies of genetic variation now rely on the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)—variations in nucleotides at a single location within the genome—to understand both selectively neutral and adaptive processes.
Random mating populations: Hardy–Weinberg Principle
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon
Published: April 2022

We introduce the Hardy–Weinberg principle, which is the fundamental model of population genetics. The use of mathematical models is essential to understand the effects of Mendelian inheritance and the evolution of allele frequencies in natural populations. The Hardy–Weinberg model assumes random mating, infinite population size, no natural selection, no mutation, and no immigration. There are two primary outcomes of the Hardy–Weinberg model: (1) Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and (2) Hardy–Weinberg proportions. Testing for Hardy–Weinberg proportions in population samples is usually the first step in describing genotypic variation in natural populations. We consider several explanations for why genotypic proportions might not be in Hardy–Weinberg proportions. The Hardy–Weinberg model is useful for estimating allele frequencies in natural populations. We describe two measures for comparing the amount of genetic variation in natural populations: heterozygosity and allelic richness.
Natural Selection
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon
Published: April 2022

Natural selection is the differential contribution of genotypes to the next generation due to differences in survival and reproduction. Understanding the effects of natural selection on allele frequencies involves using a variety of mathematical models along with the fitness of different genotypes. Finesses are not constant. For example, fitness sometimes changes when allele frequencies change. Frequency-dependent selection is a powerful mechanism for maintaining genetic variation in natural populations. Natural selection is less effective in small populations because genetic drift can swamp the effects of differential survival or fertility. Understanding the interaction between natural selection and genetic drift is crucial for the conservation of natural and managed populations.
Climate Change
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon
Published: April 2022

Populations may respond to environmental changes through phenotypic plasticity, adaptation, or migration, or suffer demographic declines if they are unable to respond. Climate change is already causing shifts in species ranges, changes in phenotypes, and altered interspecific interactions. The capacity for a population to adapt to new conditions is a function of the amount of phenotypic variation for traits under selection, fecundity, and the rate of environmental change per generation. Several genomic approaches are available for predicting the extent of maladaptation of populations resulting from climate change based on the mismatch between genotypes and new climates. The conservation of populations that are threatened by rapid climate change may in some cases require management tools including assisted gene flow to facilitate adaptation, and greater connectivity of habitats to facilitate migration.
Keats and the Sleeping Giants
Authors: Stafford Fiona
Published: April 2022

Keats’s 1818 summer trip was inspired and mapped by poetry and formed a crucial stage of his own creative journey. During the tour, the literary giants in his mind—Shakespeare, Burns, Ossian, Dante, Wordsworth—came face to face with those embedded in the rocks and mountains, catalysing Keats’s creative energy as they clashed, and helping to forge a language adequate to his epic ambition. In Scotland he found places that seemed to offer access to older ways of thinking and imagining. His response to natural phenomena as huge, sleeping beings was an intuitive version of an ancient animism, a shared language for expressing extraordinary natural power. The effects of physical exhaustion, a loss of bearings and preoccupation with sleep, are illuminated by the insights of Nan Shepherd’s The Living Mountain, which gives a new dimension to Keats’s idea of ‘negative capability’. The essay argues that memories of the Scottish tour, intensified by the profound feelings surrounding the final illness of Tom Keats, fuse in the creation of Hyperion, Keats’s monumental ‘fragment’.
‘This Beaumont & Fletcher Pair’
Authors: Cox Jeffrey N.
Published: April 2022

Keats’s famous walking tour of the Lake District, Ireland, and particularly Scotland with Charles Armitage Brown created a communal bond that resulted in collective literary activity, including Keats’s one play, Otho the Great. Walking side by side by day and writing across from one another in the evenings, they produced towards the end of the tour a jointly written poem, ‘Stanzas on some Skulls in Beauley Abbey, near Inverness,’ a foretaste of things to come. This essay explores Keats’s and Brown’s joint writing efforts in letters, in ‘Stanzas’ and perhaps in another poem, ‘Love and Folly,’ and in Otho. It places Brown more fully within the ‘Cockney School’ around Leigh Hunt, and it analyses Keats’s and Brown’s collaborations as a different form of communal work than is found elsewhere in the Hunt circle. The essay concludes with a contextualized reading of Otho that places it within romanticism’s attempt to reground tragedy around the collapse of the providential and hierarchical orders that undergird traditional tragedy.
Coda
Authors: Jagger Jasmine
Published: April 2022

This coda considers the relationship between poetry, rhythm, and relief, and conceptualizes poetics as a kind of dance of feeling. It looks at the idea of rhythm as performing a peculiar tenderness in poetry, which allows poets to plumb their own depths. Engaging with literary thinkers such as Roland Barthes, Paul Valéry, Elizabeth Sewell, and Edwin Denby, it explores lightness in poetry as an infectious dance away from a lurking darkness, but argues that, as light needs dark, dark needs light to exist. It concludes by proffering an analogy for affective poetics more generally.
Sampling, Experimental Design, and Statistical Analysis
Authors: Foufopoulos Johannes , Wobeser Gary A. , McCallum Hamish
Published: April 2022

Performing experiments that investigate disease in wildlife populations poses numerous logistic, statistical, and analytical challenges. Efficient study design is therefore very important and typically centers on careful consideration of the “three Rs of sampling and study design.” The first is representativeness; the individuals selected for a study must be representative of the population relevant to the research question. Second, because differences between treatments can only be indicative relative to variation within treatments, replication is needed in order to cover the range of variation in the population of interest. The number of replicates in an experiment depends on the magnitude of the parameter in question, as well as the extent of variation in the response variable. Finally, ensuring randomness through unbiased random sampling of experimental subjects is critical to ensuring representativeness. Several methods of random sampling, including simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic sampling, and cluster sampling are discussed. A final consideration of experimental design explained is statistical power, or a study’s ability to detect a biologically relevant effect or difference. Once an experiment has been designed and conducted, hypothesis testing of the null and alternative hypotheses will help determine whether the patterns observed can be attributed to the infectious agent and how they can be used to guide management decisions.
How fissors works: Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy as a probe of conformational change
Authors: Cina Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2022

The theory and interpretation of femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS or fissors) are explored. This form of vibrational spectroscopy uses an ultrashort, electronically resonant launch pulse and concurrently arriving narrow-band Raman pump and broadband Raman probe pulses. FSRS provides information on relatively slow conformational motion though its anharmonic coupling to higher-frequency vibrations.
A selective kernel-based cycle-consistent generative adversarial network for unpaired low-dose CT denoising
Authors: Tan Chaoqun , Yang Mingming , You Zhisheng , Chen Hu , Zhang Yi
Published: April 2022

Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) denoising is an indispensable procedure in medical imaging field, which not only improve the image quality, but can mitigate the potential hazard to patients caused by routine-doses. Despite the improvement in performance of Cycle-consistent adversarial network (CycleGAN) due to the well-paired CT images shortage, there is still needs for further reducing image noise while retaining detailed features. Inspired by residual encoder-decoder convolutional neural network (RED-CNN) and U-Net, we proposed a novel unsupervised model using CycleGAN for low-dose CT imaging, which injects two-sided network into Selective Kernel Networks (SK-NET) to adaptively select features, and uses patchGAN discriminator to generate CT images with more detailed maintenance, aided by added perceptual loss. Based on patch-based training, the experimental results demonstrated that the proposed SKFCycleGAN outperforms competing methods in both clinical dataset and Mayo dataset. The main advantages of our method lie in noise suppression and edge preservation.
Building an extensible cell wall
Authors: Cosgrove Daniel J
Published: April 2022

This article recounts, from my perspective of four decades in this field, evolving paradigms of primary cell wall structure and the mechanism of surface enlargement of growing cell walls. Updates of the structures, physical interactions, and roles of cellulose, xyloglucan, and pectins are presented. This leads to an example of how a conceptual depiction of wall structure can be translated into an explicit quantitative model based on molecular dynamics methods. Comparison of the model’s mechanical behavior with experimental results provides insights into the molecular basis of complex mechanical behaviors of primary cell wall and uncovers the dominant role of cellulose–cellulose interactions in forming a strong yet extensible network.
The Model of the Observation and Treatment Hospital, and the Debate on ‘Open’ Services in France at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century: The Example of the Esquermes Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Derrien Marie
Published: April 2022

The history of the French mental-hygiene movement has long been confined to the interwar period. It has focused on the role of Dr Édouard Toulouse, regarded as the founder of the country’s first open psychiatric unit. This article seeks to reposition this narrative in the long term by investigating the experiments conducted on the ground at the beginning of the twentieth century and, more particularly, the origin and operation of a little-known establishment, the psychiatric hospital at Esquermes in Lille, in the Nord department of France. Conceived in 1907, opened in 1912 and closed in 1944, this hospital remained on the margins of the mental-hygiene movement and has been largely forgotten by historians. Nevertheless, it marks an important stage in the French debate on so-called open services and, more generally, the reform of the legal regime governing the treatment of the mentally ill.
A U.S. Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Social Work’s Role in Racial Healing
Authors: Androff David
Published: April 2022

A U.S. truth and reconciliation commission (TRC) can advance racial justice by acknowledging the historical trauma tied to the United States’ legacy of slavery and subsequent racism. This truth telling can facilitate a national reckoning with the past and set the stage for social transformation. This article aims to present insights into how such a U.S. TRC might work. It begins by defining TRCs and exploring their theoretical foundation of restorative justice. It connects TRCs to aspects of social work practice, including human rights-based approaches, trauma-informed care, and community practice. Then each of a TRC's core functions is analyzed: truth seeking, reconciliation, education, and engagement. Related topics of healing, accountability, and reparations are also discussed. The article draws from a diverse range of global experiences to emphasize lessons learned. It also highlights where local precedents in the United States have started this work, which can be drawn upon and developed further. The article concludes by noting the limitations of TRCs and calling on social workers to advocate for such a TRC to further racial justice.
The Impact of Psychological Capital on Well-Being of Social Workers: A Mixed-Methods Investigation
Authors: Ho Henry C Y , Chan Ying Chuen
Published: April 2022

Social workers are often faced with long working hours, high job demands, and poor work–life balance, which can have detrimental effects on their well-being. It is therefore important to identify the protective factors that enable social workers to flourish and thrive. Psychological capital (PsyCap) is conceptualized as a higher-order core construct that encompasses hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. This study aims to investigate the impact of PsyCap on social workers’ well-being and explore the underlying mechanisms of this relationship. It expands the literature by adopting a multifaceted model of well-being, accounting for the temporal order of variables, including a qualitative component, and examining the effects of PsyCap in an at-risk occupation. A two-wave prospective survey with a three-month interval was conducted with a sample of 400 full-time social workers in Hong Kong, followed by individual in-depth interviews. The quantitative results showed that PsyCap was positively associated with job satisfaction and positive affect, and negatively associated with negative affect and psychological and physical distress. The qualitative results showed that the components of PsyCap share problem-focused processes with cognitive, conative, and affective functions. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed in relation to the social services industry.
Speeding up spend distribution by charitable foundations in the pandemic context
Authors: Petraske Alana
Published: April 2022

This article considers the international landscape for minimum distributions by charitable foundations. It will consider in particular that the pandemic has exacerbated existing pressures such as growing income inequality and will identify two distinct global approaches: the prescriptive distribution minimum favored by the USA, Canada and Australia, and the principles-based approach favored in the UK and elsewhere. It will look at the rise of language around ‘accelerating’ spend to avoid philanthropic ‘hoarding’ and will consider the role of foundation substitutes such as donor advised funds.
Guernsey foundations—how do they compare
Authors: Brehaut Donna , Kennedy-Smith Gilly
Published: April 2022

Wealthy families and individuals are increasingly in need of flexible and adaptable solutions for managing their wealth. Marking 10 years since the Foundations (Guernsey) Law, 2012 was introduced in Guernsey, Donna Brehaut from Saffery Champness and Gilly Kennedy-Smith from Mourant Law Firm examine the factors that make the Guernsey foundation an advantageous alternative, or complement, to other structuring solutions such as trusts. This article explores the distinctive characteristics of Guernsey foundations in comparison to other jurisdictions, including Jersey, the legal requirements and process for managing such a structure, along with how Guernsey foundations can assist in meeting the objectives of founders, ranging from holding non-standard assets, to succession planning.
Changes in the Lives of Individuals with a Stoma and Their Spouses: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Baykara Zehra Göçmen , Eyikara Evrim , Hin Aysel Ören , Acarlar Hülya , Leventoğlu Sezai
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVE

Individuals with a stoma and their spouses experience various changes with regard to their new life situation. The authors aimed to determine the changes caused by stoma creation in the lives of individuals with a stoma and their spouses.

METHODS

This study was carried out with individuals with a stoma (n = 15) and their spouses (n = 15) in a stoma therapy unit. Semistructured interviews were digitally audio recorded and transcribed. Inductive reasoning was used in the analysis of the qualitative data.

RESULTS

As a result of the data obtained from in-depth interviews, the authors identified three contexts, nine themes, and many subthemes (49 subthemes for individuals with a stoma and 30 subthemes for spouses). Most subthemes were expressed by both the individual with a stoma and his/her partner, showing that the feelings, thoughts, and difficulties experienced were often shared between spouses.

CONCLUSIONS

Ostomies change the lives of individuals and their spouses. These changes have mostly negative biopsychosocial effects. However, after stoma surgery, spouses strengthen their commitment to each other and better understand the value of being healthy.
Reimagining Faculty Development Deployment: A Multipronged, Pragmatic Approach to Improve Engagement
Authors: Dyrbye Liselotte N. , Bergene Angela L. , Leep Hunderfund Andrea N. , Billings Heather A.
Published: April 2022

Problem

Faculty at academic health centers have many competing demands on their time, leading to high work stress, burnout, and limited capacity to meaningfully improve their teaching, evaluation, feedback, and other education-related skills. Faculty development provides a useful mechanism to assist faculty in enhancing their knowledge and skills in these areas, but engaging faculty can be a challenge.

Approach

To promote engagement, the authors developed a multipronged, pragmatic approach to faculty development. They created: (1) brief videos leveraging micro-learning strategies; (2) prepackaged workshops for use during existing faculty meetings; (3) a newsletter to raise awareness of faculty development opportunities; (4) a searchable, web-based catalog to facilitate rapid retrieval of faculty development content; and (5) an academy to acknowledge engagement of individual faculty members, provide certificates, and promote a culture that prioritizes our education mission.

Outcomes

Since they launched the new approach in 2017, they have developed 41 microlearning videos, 15 prepackaged workshops, and 24 issues of the newsletter. Between January 2017 and May 2021, the videos generated more than 150,055 views; the workshops were downloaded 2,850 times; and the issues of the newsletter, emailed bimonthly to 3,500 members of the faculty, had an open rate that increased from 30% in 2017 to 70% in 2021. The Academy of Educational Excellence, which was launched in 2018, grew to more than 490 members. Preliminary feedback suggests faculty and education leaders are highly satisfied with the faculty development resources and approaches to engagement.

Next Steps

Next steps include obtaining more user satisfaction data and evaluating whether education-related knowledge and skills have improved among faculty participants.
Adductor Canal Blocks With Bupivacaine and Magnesium After Same-day Discharge Total Knee Arthroplasty Improve Postoperative Pain Relief and Decrease Opioid Consumption
Authors: Choi Jae W. , Lahori Anna , Merlo John A. , Gill Opinderjit , Ghoddoussi Farhad , Patel Kinjal M. , Desai Ronak G. , Hakim Joffer , Zatkoff Jason , Krishnan Sandeep
Published: April 2022

Objectives:

Adequate pain management is a critical component of facilitating same-day discharge for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Adductor canal blocks (ACB) have been shown to be an effective technique for managing pain after TKA. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of adding magnesium to local anesthetic in ACB on postoperative pain, opioid consumption, nausea, and overall patient satisfaction.

Materials and Methods:

A sample of 119 adults undergoing elective unilateral TKA were included. Patients were randomly assigned to receive ACB with magnesium and bupivacaine (n=56) or with bupivacaine only (n=63). Primary outcomes were total opioid consumption in the first 48 hours after surgery and pain scores. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of nausea in the first 48 hours after surgery and total overall satisfaction.

Results:

Opioid consumption decreased significantly in the Mg group compared with the no-Mg group over the first 24 hours (33.2±3.0 vs. 21.3±2.4, P=0.003), the second 24 hours (35.4±2.7 vs. 27.3±2.3, P=0.026), and the first 48 hours total after surgery (68.6±5.1 vs. 48.6±4.3, P=0.004). Pain scores were reduced in the Mg group (24 h: 5.1±2.3 vs. 3.5±2.0, P=0.000; 48 h: 5.1±1.6 vs. 3.9±1.6, P=0.000). Secondary outcomes showed no difference in the incidence of nausea over the first 48 hours and overall satisfaction.

Conclusion:

The addition of magnesium to local anesthetic in ACB decreases pain scores and opioid consumption, without increasing nausea, when compared with ACB with local anesthetic alone.