bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: The Muslims of America
Authors: Haddad Yvonne Yazbeck
Published: November 2023

The conference on the Muslims of America grew out of a desire to expand the scope of scholarly investigation of the growing Muslim community in the United States, heighten public awareness of the Muslim presence, and provide better understanding of the ways in which Muslims experience the United States and adapt to their institutions, as they become increasingly an indigenous part of America.
Perspectives of American Churches on Islam and the Muslim Community in North America: An Analysis of Some Official and Unofficial Statements
Authors: Haines Byron L
Published: November 2023

The Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the oil crisis of 1973–1974, and Khomeini’s Iran are situations that awakened the American people to the reality and importance of the Arab world and the religion of Islam. The perception of this reality has been enhanced by reports of events in our media, a force still shaping and informing the attitudes and opinions that most American people have about Arabs, Muslims, and Islam. The American Christian church and its members are no exception to this continuing process of attitude formation. However, there are portents of change in the stances of the American churches toward Islam, the Muslim world, and the American Muslim community. The aim of this chapter is to explore the nature of those changes and to suggest their impact on the kinds of relationships that develop between the American churches and the Muslim community in America.
Convergence and Divergence in an Emergent Community: A Study of Challenges Facing U.S. Muslims
Authors: Nyang Sulayman S
Published: November 2023

The history of Islam in the United States is not only a story of immigrants searching for economic opportunities in a strange land. It is also the experience of conversion by a small but growing body of indigenous men and women in American society who discover a new way of life and a new belief system that fills a void in their spiritual lives. Islam has also received support from students visiting the United States since the 1930s. But if the main difference among the immigrants has been their sectarian interpretations of the Qur’an and of the life and example of the Prophet Muhammad, the perennial and significant question of race has continued to serve as a wedge between the followers of the Nation of Islam and other heterodox groups, and the orthodox Muslims.
The Ethics of (Mis)representation
Authors: Gross Larry
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1980 I was present at the East Coast session of the White House Conference on Families held in Baltimore. My role was that of “resource person” to provide factual information ( certainly not opinions) to the Task Force on Media as they prepared resolutions for presentation to the Plenary of the Conference. Among many interesting things I observed, one in particular stood out. There were two clearly opposed poles of opinion and belief represented in the Task Force, yet they were in agreement on the fundamental point: they didn’t like the way television (other media were barely considered) represented social issues like The Family and sexual behavior.
Mortal Pages: Wordsworth and the Reform of Copyright
Authors: Eilenberg Susan
Published: November 2023

The acts and objects of literary acquisition, dispossession, borrowing, and theft on which we have thus far concentrated our attention are not the sort of thing that would much interest a tax collector or a policeman. In worldly terms, the values at issue have ranged between the exiguous and the imaginary. Even when, as in the “Poems on the Naming of Places,” tangible objects have been involved that would be capable in other contexts of being bought and sold, they have been implicated in an economics essentially literary, self-referential: their value has been measurable in texts, tropes, and figures but not, except metaphorically, in money or labor or market goods. But these economic figures have all along, as we have noted, demonstrated a tendency to realize their own economic implications-to enact their own fictions and so create facts of material significance. This tendency, particularly strong in Wordsworth’s poetry, laid the basis for literary-political action late in that poet’s career.
Civilization or Extinction?
Authors: Maddox Lucy
Published: November 2023

When the U.S. House of Representatives began its debates on the issue of the forced removal of the Cherokee Indians from the state of Georgia in 1831, Edward Everett of Massachusetts reminded his colleagues in the House of the crucial importance of the matter for the country as a whole: “I cannot disguise my impression, that it is the greatest question which ever came before Congress, short of the question of peace and war. It concerns not an individual, but entire communities of men, whose fate is wholly in our hands. . . . 7,1 In that same year, when Chief Justice Marshall denied the Cherokees’ request that the Supreme Court adjudicate their claims, he included in his written opinion a similar acknowledgment of the uniqueness of the issues that the removal question raised: “If courts were permitted to indulge their sympathies, a case better calculated to excite them can scarcely be imagined. . . . The condition of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any other two people in existence.”2 The sense of crisis that the removal question produced was not limited to the Congress and the courts; the fate of the Cherokees, and of other Indians east of the Mississippi, was the subject of intense debate in newspapers and magazines of every political persuasion.
Buddhism and Mental Health: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Groth-Marna! Gary
Published: November 2023

Buddhism is a group of beliefs and practices for attaining enlightenment. All assumptions, conceptions, and implications related to mental health can center on this one basic orientation. Indeed, the Buddha himself continually tried to keep his teaching simple, concise, and straightforward; when asked why he was different from other people, his reply was simply “I’m awake.” However, the different Buddhist understandings of mental activity can become highly complex and varied. Should this complexity become overwhelming, the student can create clarity by coming back to the basic goal of what it means to seek enlightenment.
The Samnyāsa Upanisads
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The UpaniĀsads form the concluding sections of the several Vedic collections handed down in the ancient Vedic schools and are therefore called Vedānta, which literally means the end of the Veda. The UpaniĀsads, however, came to be viewed in many traditions not merely as the last books of the Vedas but also as the most important. The very term Vedānta was understood to mean not just the end but also the summit and crown of the Veda.
European Courts and Human Rights
Authors: Kuhnhardt Ludger
Published: November 2023

Using the perspective of political science, not of law, to explore the idea of European courts and human rights in the context of Europe as a political concept and reality, we will trace the historical roots of the human rights issue as embedded in the process toward the integration of Europe, begun after World War II. This chapter deals with the impact of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Justice on the protection of human rights in Europe. A comparison of these two court systems in the perspective of their respective political framework, background, and intentions will allow us to analyze the possibilities and limits of these diverging human rights approaches launched by the Council of Europe and by the European Community.
Constitutionalism: A Timely Revival
Authors: Faundez Julio
Published: November 2023

The ACLS project on Comparative Constitutionalism has undoubtedly fulfilled the objectives it set out to achieve, that is, to stimulate research, to broaden the scope of constitutionalism, and to provide some practical guidelines based on a wide range of experiences throughout the world. But the contribution made by this project goes beyond these objectives. It has helped to revive and redefine a concept that is potentially capable of providing scholars, public figures, and citizens from different parts of the world and from different intellectual traditions with a common framework to analyze and discuss issues that, for ideological reasons, have hitherto been regarded as beyond the scope of rational debate. Here I will attempt to explore ways in which a revived and updated concept of constitutionalism could provide a new and more fruitful point of departure for both research and policy analysis.
The Crisis of Constitutionalism: South Asian Perspectives
Authors: Tiruchelvam Neelan
Published: November 2023

The South Asian context for their problems of political stability and of insti tution building is one of extraordinary geographical, political, and socioeconomic diversity. South, in the Arabian Sea, lies an archipelago consisting of sparsely populated coral islands, the Maldives, with a one party republican form of government. On the northern border with China are two land-locked semi feudal states, Bhutan and Nepal; Bhutan remains a monarchy and Nepal underwent a dramatic political transition to establish a multiparty state headed by a constitutional monarch. Pakistan in the northwest and Bangladesh in the southeast grew out of a bloody partition and a subsequent civil war; in both countries democratically constituted governments have replaced authoritarian military regimes. In the center of the region is India, a federal polity with a long tradition of representative institutions grounded on a strong industrial and technological base. Sri Lanka, off the southeastern tip of India, is an island republic besieged by an insurgency, escalating violence, and the militarization of civil society. Massive economic and demographic pressures further compound their political and institutional problems. The region accounts for a mere 2% of the global income, but must support 22% of the global population. Almost half the population of the region is believed to live below the poverty line without basic needs. The population of the region increases at a rate of 25 million per year, five times the population increase of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries.
Poland: Igniting the Revolution
Authors: Weigel George
Published: November 2023

Men have been digging salt out of the earth at Wieliczka, a village 8 miles southeast of Kraków, from the Neolithic period (about 3500 B.C.) onward. Commercial mining has been underway con tinually in the Wieliczka pits since A.D. 1290; revenues from the mine underwrote one-third of medieval King Kazimierz the Great’s royal expenditures.
Sacralizing the Feminine: Food Preparation as a Religious Activity
Authors: Sered Susan Starr
Published: November 2023

Within a system that defines male as normative, women frequently deviate from the norm. Within a system that is sexually segregated and in which the male world is defined as the official world, the content of the women ‘s world needs to be examined by a different set of tools. The question that seems interesting to me as an anthropologist studying Jewish women is not whether a women ‘s brand of Judaism exists (because I think that in this book I have demon strated that it does), but how the two religious systems (the male and female, the great and little, the halachic and extra-halachic) interact.
Introductory note to Gödel *1939b and *1940a
Authors: Solovay Robert M
Published: November 2023

Godel’s Nachlass contains notes for four different lectures on the con sistency of the continuum hypothesis. The editors have selected two of these for publication here, because they shed light on Godel’s motiva tions or present novel approaches to this topic, while the lectures not chosen cover substantially the same ground as the published work that appears in these Works, Volume II, pages 26-101.
Introductory note to *193?
Authors: Davis Martin
Published: November 2023

This article is taken from handwritten notes in English, evidently for a lecture, found in the Nachlass in a spiral notebook. Although the date of the piece is not known, some conjectures about this will be discussed later. The lecture was carefully thought out, with blackboard material laid out on facing pages (here incorporated in text between horizontal brackets); nevertheless in some ways it was still a rough draft. For ex ample, there is some ambiguity about whether the “integers” referred to were to be understood as meaning the positive integers or whether 0 was to be included as well.
Introduction
Authors: Abel Richard L
Published: November 2023

Nearly 800,000 American lawyers constitute the largest legal profession in the world, both in absolute numbers and in proportion to population. They are also the wealthiest, particularly at the upper extreme but also on average. They may be the most politically powerful, dominating legislatures and executives, both national and state, more strongly than in any other country. Even culturally they are among the most prominent, ranging from mythic figures like Abraham Lincoln to the morally more ambiguous but perhaps even better known characters in the mass media, such as the television serial L.A. Law.
Theories of the Professions
Authors: Abel Richard L
Published: November 2023

This book seeks to describe and understand American lawyers using the analytic framework of the sociology of professions, a subdivision of the sociology of occupations. I have chosen that framework in the belief that the organization of a profession helps to illuminate its role in society. There is little debate about the importance of the subject: both official spokespersons for the profession and external critics agree that lawyers significantly influence political, economic, social, and cultural life. But anyone wishing to understand lawyers still must choose which questions to ask.
Restrictive Practices: Controlling Production by Producers
Authors: Abel Richard L
Published: November 2023

Chapter 3 narrated the legal profession’s growing influence over the number of lawyers. But control over the production of producers is only part of the professional project of market control; control over production by producers is equally important. These two elements are necessarily sequential: it makes no economic sense to impose restrictive practices on members of one’s profession while the number of producers is unregulated. Restrictive practices also presuppose that the profession enjoys extensive powers of self-regulation-ideally through an integrated bar, but otherwise through a state supreme court and legislature that are responsive to practitioners.
Reproducing the Profession
Authors: Abel Richard L
Published: November 2023

The extensive differentiation within the legal profession requires a mechanism for allocating law graduates to roles and socializing them within those roles. The law school has performed both functions ever since it emerged as gatekeeper to the profession at the beginning of this century. In recent years, it has grown in importance as a device for distributiong an ever more diverse student body among increasingly varied careers, with dramatically different rewards. At the same time, these first jobs have acquired greater influence as informal apprenticeships socializing novices into particular professional subcultures.
The Future of the Legal Profession
Authors: Abel Richard L
Published: November 2023

In this concluding chapter I want to do three things: recapitulate what we know about the formation of the American legal profession during the last hundred years, use that knowledge to test and refine the theories of professionalism presented in Chapter 2, and speculate about the future of American lawyers. There is sharp theoretical disagreement over the conditions under which an occupation becomes and remains a profession. Weberians argue that occupations consciously pursue social closure in order to enhance both their earning power and their collective status. Structural functionalists reply that entry barriers are merely the necessary and sufficient conditions for ensuring the quality of professional services.
A Presence of Absence
Authors: Ramsey Bennett
Published: November 2023

Here is the first thing of which I retain a clear remembrance. I was alone, and already a prey to permanent visual trouble, when I was suddenly seized with a visual trouble infinitely more prounounced. Objects grew small and receded to infinite distances-men and things together. I was myself immeasurably far away. I looked about me with terror and astonishment; the world was escaping from me ... I remarked at the same time that my voice was extremely far away from me, that it sounded no longer as if mine. I struck the ground with my foot, and perceived its resistance; but this resistance seemed illusory-not that the soil was soft, but that the weight of my body was reduced to almost nothing. I had the feeling of being without weight. In addition to being so distant, objects appeared to me flat.
Reweaving the Self
Authors: Ramsey Bennett
Published: November 2023

It is written: In the beginning was the Word. Here I am struck at once. Who will help me on? I am unable to grant the word such merit, I must translate it differently If I am truly illumined by the spirit. It is written: In the beginning was the Mind. But why should my pen scour So quickly ahead? Consider the first line well. Is it the Mind that effects and creates all things? It should read: In the beginning was the Power. Yet, even as I am changing what I have writ, Something warns me not to abide by it. The spirit prompts me, I see in a flash what I need, And write: In the beginning was the Deed! Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust The house of fiction has in short not one window, but a million, a number of possible windows not to be reckoned, rather; every one of which has been pierced, or is still pierceable, in its vast front, by the need of the individual vision and by the pressure of the individual will. These apertures, of dissimilar shape and size, hang so, all together, over the human scene that we might have expected of them a greater sameness of report than we find. They are but windows at the best, mere holes in a dead wall, disconnected, perched aloft; they are not hinged doors opening straight upon life.
Returning to Experience
Authors: Ramsey Bennett
Published: November 2023

It is not how things are in the world that is mystical, but that it exists. There are, indeed, things that cannot be put into words. They make themselves manifest. They are what is mystical. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus It might seem odd to leave James in midstream of his Varieties, five lectures still to be delivered, and no conclusions clearly drawn. Mysticism, a summary review of the characteristics of the religious life, a word about the relationship between the religious investigations and the worlds of philosophical and theological construction: all of these remained in the balance after the evaluation of saintliness.1 The twice-born individual, to be sure, had been vindicated; if religion could be of good to human life, it would be by orienting people back within the contingency of things rather than by offering them a means of escape or-and this amounted to the same thing-affirming their assertion of control. But there were other points that needed to be addressed before James could call his work complete, questions about the nature of the experience at the heart of the religious life and, more generally, about the implications of the world of religious experience for the world of life experience. The lectures on the value of saintliness thus formed a natural stopping place in James’s thought; what James said afterward had a different focus and orientation. Gone, for the most part, beyond this point were the evaluative descriptions and typological surveys; the analysis rested less and less on personal and biographical testimonies and explanations.
Advice to an Oiford Man
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

Not surprisingly, more letters survive addressed to S.W’s son John than to any other correspondent. His success as evangelist and organizer of “the people called Methodists” ensured that his literary remains would be privileged, closely followed by those of his family. Beyond this obvious observation, however, lie several other explanations for the large quantity of Susanna’s correspondence with John. First, like his brother Samuel, he adopted the habit of transcribing incoming letters into a notebook, giving us access to many that have otherwise disappeared. Second was his editorial ability, coupled with the insight that the preparation and distribution of appropriate literature would enhance Methodism’s success. In his published Journal and in his Arminian Magazine he was as likely to include letters from his mother as extracts from the lives of saints or any other improving literature. Third, though the point is debatable, there is some indication that Susanna meant to pay special attention to the education of this son. Without denying the pedagogical energy she invested in her other children, her keen attention to John’s formation does seem borne out in the correspondence that follows.
A Continuing Cure of Souls
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

Susanna maintained her regular correspondence with her son John, whose career was continuing apace. A year later (14 February 1727) he took his master of arts degree, and in August of the same year a leave of absence-to become his father’s curate with a special charge for the parish of Wroot. Apart from the brief visit for his ordination as priest (22 September 1728), he did not return to Oxford for good until the fall of 1729.
“Think Much and Speak Little” First Surviving Entries
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

On the initial title page of her most substantial journal notebook (a page now nearly obscured by notes in a later hand), Susanna Wesley has written hurriedly and upside down: “S. W 1709”; and at the top, right side up, an epigraph: “Think much and speak little.” More than a maxim with a general appeal to the meditative sensibility (and in accord with reigning views of female modesty), this sentence also catches something of the special predicament a thoughtful woman like Susanna Wesley found herself in-and something of the promise that a devotional journal might provide to such a woman.
“To Feel a Vital Joy Overspread and Cheer the Heart”
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

This chapter brings together 38 diary entries that survive either as manuscript fragments torn from one of the existing notebooks (or some other one, now lost) or as transcriptions in two nineteenth-century publications. The existing manuscript fragments are located, respectively, in archival collections in Baltimore and Manchester, and the transcriptions are recorded in Adam Clarke’s Memoirs of the Wesley Family and in the short-lived English periodical, the Wesley Banner.
A Religious Coriference between Mother and Emilia
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

This final piece ofcatechetical work, dated 1711/12, may be regarded as the last installment on the “little manual” of divinity destroyed in the rectory fire of early 1709 but still very much alive in Susanna Wesley’s mind as late as May 1711. Her earlier intention, revealed in a letter to her son Samuel, had been to include details on both natural and revealed religion; her later plan, as sketched in the 1711 journal entry, speaks of explaining “the principles of revealed religion” and dis coursing on the “being and attributes of God.” Though written as a dialogue be tween herself (“M” for Mother) and her eldest daughter (“E” for Emilia, at the time a young woman of 19), it is, as the epigraph indicates, intended for the edification of all her children. Nevertheless, it is worth underlining the seriousness with which fairly sophisticated theological teaching is set in the context of a mother-daughter interchange.
Rhetorics Of Free Competition, 1980-1992: Free Market Imagery, Corporate Control, And The Problem Of Equality
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R
Published: November 2023

By 1980, the Supreme Court had turned away from the Warren era’s ethic of substantive equality. Yet, no clear position on equality had replaced that ethic. Perhaps the most striking example of the resulting quandary was the Court’s Bakke (1978) decision.1 On the one hand, the University of California’s affirmative action program to set aside a number of positions for minority candidates in the medical school’s entering class was outlawed as racial discrimination. On the other, it was permissible for admissions committees to take race and other characteristics into account. Similar quandaries about equality also emerged in the Court’s First Amendment speech jurisprudence, producing sharp-angled changes in the treatment of corporate and commercial speech.
Television Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Jankowski Gene F , Fuchs David C
Published: November 2023

In recent years, the media has been awash in exuberant tales of the arrival of the information superhighway, when television will explode with exciting possibilities, offering some 500 channels as well as a marriage of TV and computer that will provide, on command, access to the latest movies, magazines, newspapers, books, sports events, stock exchange figures, your bank account, and much, much more. And the major TV networks, pundits add, will be doomed to extinction by this revolution in cable, computers, and fiber optics. But in Television Today and Tomorrow, Gene Jankowski--former President and Chairman of the CBS Broadcast Group--and David Fuchs--also a former top executive at CBS--tell a different story. They predict a bumpy road ahead for the information superhighway, and the major networks, they say, are abundantly healthy and will remain so well into the next century. The information superhighway, Jankowski and Fuchs admit, will dramatically increase the distribution channels, but it will have little impact on the amount of programming created--and this may spell disaster. The authors show how the networks began as a way to provide programs to local stations (who could not afford to produce their own), who in turn provided the distribution that gave networks access to mass audiences and ultimately large advertising dollars. They then offer us an inside look at television production--showing us, for instance, a veteran scriptwriter putting together a breakfast table scene for "Cloud Nine"--to underscore how much effort goes into producing just two minutes of primetime programming. They reveal that the present 20 channels require some 20,000 hours of programming each year, which is more than all the Broadway plays produced in this century, and they conclude that without a dramatic increase in programming (which won't happen if only because of the very finite supply of talent), the superhighway will be jammed bumper-to-bumper with reruns, old movies, and inexpensive programming aimed at tightly focused audiences ("narrowcasting" as opposed to "broadcasting"). This is hardly the bonanza the pundits have promised. The authors point out that the media blitz about the new technology has hardly focused on programming, or on funding, or on what needs these 500 channels will fill. The major networks, on the other hand, will remain the only means of reaching the whole country, and the only channels that offer a full schedule of current, live, and original programs, free of charge. And thus they will continue to attract most of the audience of TV viewers. The real loser in the cable revolution, the authors contend, is PBS, whose role as an alternative to network TV has been usurped by cable stations such as The Discovery Channel and Nickelodeon. This is a brass tacks look at television with an eye on the bottom line by two men who boast over sixty years of experience in the medium. If you want to understand television in America, where it came from and where it is going, you will need to read this book.
Introduction
Authors: Hawley John Stratton
Published: November 2023

The idea of sati has long been a central feature in the Western image of India. Suttee, as Westerners have often spelled the word, describes the ritual according to which a Hindu wife follows her husband to his death by ascending his pyre with him or ascending one of her own shortly afterward. Yet words can be deceiving, particularly when they travel from one language to another. For many Hindus, sati is not a woman’s deed but the woman herself. More of that in a moment—and throughout this book. For now, let us return to the Western idea of sati: sati the practice.
Melville and Repose
Authors: Bryant John
Published: November 2023

Bryant’s book is a strong and significant argument for the centrality of humour in Melville’s novels. The purpose of Melville and Repose is dual: to ground the uses of humour in Melville in sensitive readings of contemporaneous European and American writings, and to offer a definitive account of humour as the shaping force of Melville’s narrative voice for the duration of his literary career. Bryant argues that Melville fused a “rhetoric of geniality” adopted from the British with a “rhetoric of deceit” borrowed from the American tall tale in order to create his own amiably cosmopolitan “rhetoric of aesthetic repose.” Thorough research, an engaging style, and full, scholarly readings of the oeuvre combine to make this book a welcome addition to the libraries of Melville scholars and enthusiasts.
America’s Repose
Authors: Bryant John
Published: November 2023

These words conclude Melville’s opening to a letter to Hawthorne. The letter itself is an expansive ramble that begins with farming, ends with Goethe, and in between touches upon democracy, aristocracy, literary fortune (“Dollars damn me”), head, heart, and intellectual “unfolding.” Melville’s jaunty but obsessive tone--”I feel cheerfully disposed, and therefore I write a little bluely” (Letters, 128)—echoes Ishmael, and understandably so; Moby-Dick was near completion. Shandyean in its pronouncements and tentative reversals, the heft of the letter obliged Melville to invert the postal custom of that day and pay the freight himself. At issue in these lines is Melville’s reversal of Shaftesbury’s familiar comic test for truth. Melville’s good-natured humor makes a political point even as it suggests the failure of the amiable mode to survive amid the hurly-burly of democratic politics. The amiable undoing of amiability strikes to the heart of America’s comic debate.
The Anxieties of Humor
Authors: Bryant John
Published: November 2023

Melville’s first book is really three. Or rather, one must read Typee with triple vision. Typee is unique in the Melville canon, first because it is one of the few texts for which extensive manuscripts exist. Second, it is the only Melville book to go through several significant editions during the author’s life, so that the changes from one edition to the next provide a fascinating record of Melville’s writing process. And third, one such edition, the heavily expurgated ‘‘ American Revised,’’ affords a special glimpse at Melville’s anxious interaction with his earliest audience. Typee is as much an event as it is a text. In stressing the creative phases of this event, a trifocal reading of Typee reveals the anxieties of that creation. Melville had seen “strange and romantic” sights during his four years at sea; he had witnessed political horrors; he had exposed himself to liberated sexual practices—aboard ship, in port, on the islands—that few could reconcile with Victoria’s world. He had become an enthusiast for other worlds. And he had messages: Primitive life was not savage but amiable; imperialists were forcing islanders to commit savageries that allowed Westemers to call them savage and rationalize their extermination; missionaries were destroying Eden in the name of God. Just as he was coming to see what it was he wanted to say, Melville was also rushing to make his mark in the literary world. He had appalling messages, but a public to please. He added chapters at his British editor’s insistence; he sacrificed others for America. Melville was also learning his craft: how to dramatize, how to transform experience into art, how to transcribe another culture, how to translate himself for readers. To gain a fuller sense of the triple “event” of Typee—its inchoate ideologies, emerging aesthetics, and experimental rhetoric—we must know the way Melville created it, from manuscript to first edition to revised. Reading Typee three ways illuminates how an American forged ideology out of real and aesthetic experiences in the midst of the literary marketplace.
Typee in Manuscript
Authors: Bryant John
Published: November 2023

The Typee fragment, a working draft manuscript covering Chapters 12-14, is thirty sheets of long blue paper crammed with words on both sides. To casual readers, the scribbled revisions are chaos; to scholars, they are the verbal equivalent of a fugue. If writing is a fluid process of composition destined never to be completed and prematurely frozen into print, then this manuscript of Melville’s is sweet music indeed. In places we find the flowing melody of unimpeded thought rushing to be set confidently into words; elsewhere is the staccato of false starts, erasures, fresh starts, and cancellations. There are shifts in language and voice, and modulations of humor and insight. In piecing together Melville’s revisions, we see the the many Prufrockian decisions and indecisions of word choice he entertained, from which we may infer the rhetorical strategies he developed to control himself and readers. Reading Melville in manuscript is a chance to retrieve moments of growth; it is our closest link to his creative process and rhetoric.1
Tommo’s Rhetoric of Deceit
Authors: Bryant John
Published: November 2023

Typee is an amiable novel with an amiable voice but a most unamiable end. Hobbling down to the shore, Tommo is permitted to search for Toby, who he thinks may have returned with a group of sailors to rescue him. Two reckless acts seem out of character. Taking a bolt of cloth from a boat, he tosses the material to Fayaway as if to pay for services rendered, saying with frantic self-righteousness, “Here, woman, cover yourself.’’ Next, he makes a sudden dash for freedom. This sparks a ferocious mêlée, turning the shore (that marginal territory emblematic of Melville’s balanced repose) into a battle scene. Pursued beyond the breakers, Tommo shows no reluctance to commit an act of “horror” (T, 252) by pitching a boathook at the warrior Mow-Mow, who sinks in agony. In an instant, Tommo has resumed the hypocrisies of the West: the violent reaction against the “other,” the shame of sexual freedom, the betrayal of a brother. Tommo’s amiable Eden dissolves like a dream, the stuff for more tranquil future reflections.’
Mark Twain and the Art of the Tall Tale
Authors: Wonham Henry B
Published: November 2023

Mark Twain and the Art of the Tall Tale is a study of a peculiarly American comic strategy and its role in Mark Twain’s fiction. Henry Wonham examines how Mark Twain used the oral genre of the tall tale to experiment with narrative structure throughout his career. Wonham argues that in his major fiction Twain manipulated conventional approaches to reading and writing by engaging his audience in a series of rhetorical games, whose rules he adapted from the conventions of tall tale performance and response. The book offers a history of the tall tale in American oral and written language, and shows how Twain’s appropriation of the genre developed from the early works such as The Innocents Abroad through Tom Sawyer, Huck Finn, and Pudd’nhead Wilson.
Sanctity in the Cloister: Walter Daniel’s Vita Sandi Aelredi and Rhetoric
Authors: Heffernan Thomas J
Published: November 2023

Aelred, the saintly abbot of Rievaulx, died at approximately ten-thirty P.M. on the twelfth of January 1167, the day before the ides of January on the feast of St. Hilarius (d. 368), bishop of Poitiers, and within the solemnity of the feast of the Epiphany. His biographer, Walter Daniel, tells us that his death was not unexpected; that year’s exceptionally bitter Northumbrian winter had sapped much of the elderly man’s remaining vitality.1 Aelred’s fellow Cistercians knew that his death signaled a great passing. They believed the moment of his death was of major historical significance. Aelred was, after all, the acknowledged leader of the first generation of English Cistercians. He had met St. Bernard during his journey to the Roman Curia in 1142. Moreover, it was the great abbot of Clairvaux himself who had insisted that, although only the novice master at Rievaulx, Aelred must write what was to become his famous analysis of the Cistercian religious life, the Speculum Caritatis.2 Lastly, Aelred’s monastic brethren knew that his reputation for sanctity was well deserved. Not only did they weep, then, for the passing of a beloved monastic companion, but they wept for the loss of a great spiritual teacher, and, perhaps most importantly, they wept because they believed that they were present at the passing
Introduction
Authors: Lucey Michael
Published: November 2023

In the early 1920s Andre Gide, by then in his fifties and one of the most well established literary figures in France, began publishing writings that insisted on his homosexuality. (Earlier writings such as Elmmoraliste [1902] or Les Caves du Vatican [1914] had hinted at this aspect of his life but stopped well short of the explicitness he aimed at in the 1920s and thereafter.) In addition, throughout the 1920s and 1930s Gide increasingly advocated a variety of left-wing causes, declaring his allegiance to communism in the early 19.’30s and visiting the Soviet Union in 19.’36. Gide’s sexuality continually troubles discussions of his work, even when those discussions consciously avoid mentioning it. If, for many commentators, Gide’s explicitly political interests of the 1920s and 1930s-in anticolonialist struggles, feminism, communism, and the Soviet Union-represent a decline in his “literary” interest or value, for many others his sexuality lessens not only his “literary” value but his political reliability as well. These kinds of judgments are, as we will see, sometimes explicit, sometimes discreetly implied. The alliance of politics, sexuality, and literature in Gide’s case almost inevitably has a discomfiting effect. That effect is the subject of this book.
Gribouille En Afrique: Gide’s Voyage Au Congo
Authors: Lucey Michael
Published: November 2023

Martin du Gard is responsible for checking the proofs and takes care of most of the duties attendant on the novel’s publication, which took place while Gide was away. The first time Martin du Gard sees Gide after his return from Africa roughly a year later, Gide seems changed and nervous. In his journal Martin du Gard remarks on Gide’s “unhealthy and unaccustomed feverishness”: But then Martin du Gard revises himself and decides that this behavior is merely some sort of frenzied cover, some overcompensation for the difficulties of readjusting to Parisian life, a symptom of the difficulties of the last exhausting stages of Gide’s African voyage. This revision comes as Gide begins suddenly to talk of his current project, a report on the present situation in French colonial Africa. In the course of this oration, Gide calls Martin du Gard’s attention to an official report from 1902 that he has been reading. The report tells of an African tribe oppressed by the French and of the taxation, forced labor, and other miseries imposed on them. At a certain point, reading from the report, Gide becomes so emotional that he can no longer continue: Martin du Gard is astonished by what he deems the excessive and atypical nature of Gide’s response to the facts of the report (twenty-four years old after all). In order to explain the changes in his friend, the oddness of his behavior, his queer tears, Martin du Gard tells how he later learned the details of the final stages of Gide’s voyage, details that might explain how Gide ended up in such a nervous state. Suffering from dysentery, with his traveling companion suffering from fever, Gide was obliged near the end of his voyage to backtrack to a medical post they had already passed.
Americans Learn to Play and Religion Learns to Let Them
Authors: Moore R Laurence
Published: November 2023

The truth is, the need of amusement is much less than people commonly apprehend, and, where it is not necessary, it must be sinful.

Reverend John Witherspoon, 1757

Let our readers, one and all, remember that we are sent into the world, not for sport and amusement, but for labor; not to enjoy and please ourselves, but to serve and glorify God and be useful to our fellow men. That is the great object and end of life.

Religious leaders played innovative roles during the consolidation of America’s market economy in the first half of the nineteenth century, especially in shaping the culture industry. The transformation of many cultural activities into commodity transactions meant that to improve themselves, to learn who they were, and especially to entertain themselves, Americans were given a large number of shopping options with respect to products and services.1 Religion was itself rapidly taking on aspects of a commodity. It developed marketing strategies, ways of advertising itself, and distribution networks. Methodist circuit riders by themselves invented forms of religious proselytizing that could be adapted to the selling of virtually any product. They were not alone in their innovative cleverness, not in a land of fierce denominational competition. Religious entrepreneurs made aggressive use of technological changes in the media that were later copied by businessmen and politicians. Religion’s systematic and expansive complicity in mechanisms of market exchange is surely the most important aspect of the particular kind of secularization that has characterized the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Chautauqua and Its Protective Canopy: Religion, Entertainment, and Small-Town Protestants
Authors: Moore R Laurence
Published: November 2023

How many beautiful values can be made to live for all mankind by gaily marching children, by youths contending in athletic games, by maidens winding round the Maypole, by lively music quickening and dissolving the quaint formations of the folk dances, by free families released to wander with romping children through the parks or over the green of the countryside?
The Invisible God
Authors: Finney Paul Corby
Published: November 2023

This is a study of early Christian (first three centuries C. E.) attitudes toward art. The traditional view is that the early Christians produced no art because they were opposed in principle to visual images. When Christian art finally does appear, it has been considered a popular development and a decline from earlier, more austere spiritual values. Corby Finney here refutes these traditional understandings, through a close examination of the archaeological and literary evidence in its cultural and social context. He finds that it was primarily the Christian belief in the invisibility of God that inhibited the production of images, rather than opposition to images as such. A contributory factor, he believes was the relative invisibility of the Christians themselves within Roman society. Christina art “came out” chiefly when the Christian acquired a legal status and the capacity to own property and to build (and hence to decorate) places of worship. Before this, says Finney, very little differentiated the Christians from society at large, and certainly not outward signs. When they did use decorated material objects (seals and lamps) they drew on symbols already in use. Offering an important corrective to prevailing views about early Christianity, this study will be of great importance not only to scholars and students of Christian theology and history, but to art historians as well.
Religion and the Symbolics of Power: Message and Significance
Authors: Edwards Douglas R
Published: November 2023

Religious symbols permeated the Roman world. Visual displays and rhetorical flourishes on public and private monuments, coins and in literary texts provide ample testimony for the ways local elites in the Greek East acquired or consolidated power during imperial Roman rule. Local elites and their affiliates had at their disposal many religious symbols (the “symbolics of power”) to mediate the intersection between religion, society, and politics. Studies that have examined that intersection-most notably on the imperial cult of Asia Minor, the power of images in the Age of Augustus, and the images associated with Roman arches in Rome-illustrate how invisible but real “webs of power” bound rulers and ruled in networks of visual and verbal discourse.
The Power Game: Setting the Stage
Authors: Edwards Douglas R
Published: November 2023

Between Augustus and Hadrian, something changed in the Greek East. A century and a half of imperial rule had altered both the nature of Roman rule and the manner in which those in the Greek East responded to it. Imperial power still revolved around the emperor, a power based on decades of precedents. Senators and equestrians from Italy continued to play important roles in the maintenance of the empire. Yet, the faces and families who ruled had changed substantially. The senatorial and equestrian classes had huge turnovers each generation: up to 75 percent for senatorial families and even more for equestrian families.
Broadcasting News from Nowhere R. B. C:unninghame Graham and the Geography of Politics in the 1890s
Authors: Gogwilt Chris
Published: November 2023

Karl Marx, in one of his less famous writings arguing against a utopian project of emigration to America, concluded: “I cry out to the communists in every country: Brothers, stay at the battlefront of Europe. Work and struggle here, because only Europe has all the elements to set up communal wealth. This type of community will be established here, or nowhere!’ This imperative against utopia marks the general cultural predicament producing that problem of the geography of politics in the 1890s which I explore in this essay: the theoretical and practical limit, implied in Marx’s rhetorical appeal, to realizing a new globalism of social and political relations. In order to reflect on how the “battlefronts” of revolutionary struggle were drawn in the 1890s, I consider, in counterpoint to that imperative “here, or nowhere;’ the oddly representative example of R. B. Cunninghame Graham and the distinctive form of his own geography of politics as revealed in his sketch artistry.
What Hath God Wrought? Religious Melancholy in the Second Great Awakening
Authors: Rubin Julius H
Published: November 2023

This chapter will explore the case of Benjamin Noyes, a Yale College undergraduate enthralled by the promises and antimonies of evangelical religion in an age of wondrous visitation by the Holy Spirit—an age of revivals. Noyes’s life and untimely death need to be viewed against the wider context of how evangelicals were enjoined to fashion a life and personality consistent with evangelical values.