bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Analytic Atmospheric T(τ) Relation for Stellar Models
Authors: Ball Warrick H.
Published: January 2021

Stellar models often use relations between the temperature T and optical depth τ to evaluate the structure of their optically thin outer layers. We fit a novel analytic function to the Hopf function q(τ) of a radiation-coupled hydrodynamics simulation of near-surface convection with solar parameters by Trampedach et al. The fit is accurate to within 0.82% for the solar simulation and to within 13% for all the simulations that are not on either the low-temperature or low-gravity edges of the grid of simulations.
A new vine snake (Reptilia, Colubridae, Oxybelis) from Peru and redescription of O. acuminatus
Authors: Jadin Robert C. , Jowers Michael J. , Orlofske Sarah A. , Duellman William E. , Blair Christopher , Murphy John C.
Published: January 2021

The Brown Vine Snake,Oxybelis aeneus, was until recently considered a single species, distributed from southern Arizona through the Neotropics into southeastern Brazil. However, newly conducted research restructured the species with a substantial taxonomic revision, recognizing five additional taxa (i.e.O. koehleri,O. microphthalmus,O. potosiensis,O. rutherfordi,O. vittatus) in this species complex. This revision focused on populations in North America, Central America, and northern South America while neglecting the southern portion of its distribution. Here, we examine the taxonomic history of the complex and use it along with specimen data to resurrectO. acuminatusfrom southeastern Brazil. Finally, we describe a new species from the Peruvian Amazon based on morphological characters. This work increases the species diversity of theO. aeneuscomplex to eight, and we expect further increases in biodiversity discoveries with continued exploration of the New World vine snakes.
Le scandale financier comme projet de recherche
Authors: Mazbouri Malik , Giddey Thibaud , Baubeau Patrice
Published: January 2021

Comme tout autre type de scandale, le scandale financier est un objet hybride, qui pose à la recherche des problèmes de repérage et de définition. Son histoire n’est pas à confondre avec celle de la corruption ou des transgressions, ni avec celle des crises et des krachs. Injustement boudé, à de rares exceptions près, par la profession historienne, le scandale financier permet pourtant d’interroger le régime des valeurs et des normes légales ou morales qui gouvernent une société ainsi que les formes de mobilisations et de contre-mobilisations auxquelles donnent (ou non) lieu la mise en cause publique d’acteurs issus du monde de l’économie et de la finance. Exposant au regard collusions inavouables et collisions inattendues, il est toutefois plus qu’un simple révélateur des relations entre l’argent et le pouvoir : sa dynamique même se nourrit des transformations qu’il est capable ou incapable d’impulser dans le fonctionnement usuel des différents univers sociaux qu’il met en tension. C’est à cet objet riche et pluridimensionnel, enjeu d’investissements stratégiques et sémantiques toujours intéressés, que sont consacrées les contributions réunies dans le présent numéro d’ Entreprises et Histoire . Celui-ci veut être à la fois un hommage aux travaux pionniers parus sur la question et un appel à renouveler les recherches sur cette thématique qui intéresse aussi bien l’histoire économique et financière que l’histoire sociale, politique et culturelle.
Fake news and talking up the market: the case of the Compagnie universelle du canal interocéanique de Panama in 1888
Authors: Ortiz-Serrano Miguel , Forero-Laverde Germán
Published: January 2021

En décembre 1888, la Compagnie de Panama fait faillite après une année mouvementée. Quelques années plus tard, une enquête officielle permet de découvrir un vaste réseau de corruption impliquant d’éminents hommes politiques et journalistes. En raison de difficultés structurelles de financement, la société avait émis de nouveaux titres le 26 juin 1888, afin d’obtenir des liquidités. Pour s’assurer une participation massive à cette émission de titres, elle a soudoyé plusieurs journaux pour publier de fausses informations valorisantes au sujet de sa santé et de ses perspectives financières. À l’aide de données sur la couverture moyenne et la position des médias concernant la Compagnie, nous nous demanderons si la campagne de presse massive menée pour soutenir l’émission du 26 juin a eu un impact sur le comportement des investisseurs. Nos conclusions indiquent que les investisseurs ont réagi de manière contre-intuitive et ont vendu leurs actifs à mesure que la société bénéficiait d’un traitement médiatique de plus en plus positif. Ces résultats ouvrent un champ à de futures recherches sur les activités de délits d’initié et sur la quantité d’informations entre les mains des investisseurs à la Bourse de Paris.
Au prisme du scandale : crise, faillites bancaires et régulation financière dans la France de l’entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Baubeau Patrice , Riva Angelo
Published: January 2021

Dans cet article, nous montrons que les scandales financiers sont un facteur explicatif clé du « retard » français dans l’adoption d’une réglementation bancaire. Les scandales financiers, dont la presse s’est emparée, ont attiré l’attention de l’opinion et des pouvoirs publics sur la protection de l’épargne investie en titres, plutôt que sur celle déposée sur des comptes bancaires. Or ces scandales ont provoqué des faillites retentissantes pour les intermédiaires financiers engagés dans l’émission et le placement de titres, plutôt que dans des activités de collecte de dépôts et d’octroi de crédits réalisées par les banques à réseaux. La forte diminution des dépôts et des crédits au sein de ces dernières n’a en revanche pas soulevé de grands débats : d’une part, l’absence de statistiques publiques consolidées a caché l’ampleur du phénomène ; d’autre part, cette diminution des dépôts n’a pas résulté des pertes des déposants, mais d’une fuite des dépôts vers la sécurité représentée par les caisses d’épargne. Ainsi, lors des débats sur les faillites et difficultés financières, les enjeux principaux furent les pertes subies par les épargnants acquéreurs de titres de placement et les lacunes dans la réglementation des sociétés par actions. Même en cas de faillite d’une banque à réseaux, les débats portèrent sur le comportement imprudent d’administrateurs aventureux, au détriment et à l’insu de leurs actionnaires et déposants. Des lois de 1930 aux décrets de 1935, le Parlement et les gouvernements ont ainsi tâché, plutôt que de réguler l’activité bancaire, de protéger l’épargne et de réformer les sociétés par actions, afin de rétablir la confiance, de restaurer la prospérité et de défendre le Franc.
Le Crédit lyonnais, un quart de siècle de scandale financier en France (1994-2020)
Authors: de Blic Damien
Published: January 2021

Le scandale du Crédit lyonnais qui nourrit régulièrement l’actualité politique et financière française depuis son éclatement en 1994 se présente comme une énigme. D’un côté, il est dénoncé comme un scandale majeur sans équivalent dans l’histoire financière ; de l’autre, il ne suscite que de faibles mobilisations et ses dénonciateurs peinent à en identifier les responsabilités. L’article propose de comprendre ce paradoxe en abordant l’événement du point de vue de la sociologie pragmatique attentive aux normes et aux motifs d’indignation partagés au sein d’un groupe social ou national et sur lesquels s’appuient les dénonciations publiques. Cette perspective permet d’éclairer le scandale en l’inscrivant dans une séquence longue où il intervient entre une période initiale (jusqu’au milieu des années 1980), où une dénonciation de « l’argent » garantit généralement en France une écoute favorable dans différents secteurs de la société, et une période postérieure (à partir du début des années 2000), où les banques et le secteur financier se retrouvent au cœur de la critique sociale. Entre les deux, au moment où intervient le scandale Crédit lyonnais, la critique de la banque et de la finance n’offre que des ressources politiques limitées dans une conjoncture politique spécifique. Alors même que les événements et le contexte de dérégulation dans lesquels sont nées les actions à l’origine du scandale du Crédit lyonnais présentent une forte ressemblance tant avec ceux précédant la crise de 2008 (contournement des règles prudentielles, tentative incontrôlée de constitution d’une banque universelle, dimension transnationale) que dans les tentatives de solution à la crise (argument du « Too Big To Fail », recapitalisations par l’État, séparation d’une banque saine d’une « bad bank »), les dénonciations formulées dans les années 1990 s’en tiennent à un appel aux vertus du marché contre l’interventionnisme étatique. Ce paysage normatif se trouve bouleversé au début des années 2000 sous l’effet des mobilisations transnationales ciblant les méfaits d’un capitalisme désormais désigné comme « financier », et s’en prenant plus généralement aux effets sociaux de la financiarisation, tout particulièrement après la crise des subprimes.
La concurrence dans le secteur social et médico-social : un levier pour le progrès ou un pas risqué vers une société dominée par le marché ?
Authors: Noguès Henry
Published: January 2021

Les associations du secteur social et médico-social se trouvent de plus en plus plongées dans un contexte nouveau marqué par une mise en concurrence croissante. Cette évolution résulte d’un ensemble de facteurs qui ont influencé l’histoire de l’action sanitaire et sociale. Celle-ci s’est accélérée avec la conversion de l’appareil d’État au nouveau management public inspiré par l’idéologie néolibérale. Si cette introduction de la concurrence est parfois considérée comme une source de progrès, on montre que les spécificités des activités du secteur social et médico-social s’écartent sur de nombreux points des conditions nécessaires pour l’existence de marchés efficients. Plus généralement, l’extension sans limites de l’espace marchand soulève des réserves fortes et peut légitimement inquiéter. La définition démocratique de zones où il vaut mieux que le marché soit tenu à l’écart est un enjeu politique. Le secteur social devrait en faire partie.
Le droit de la concurrence s’applique-t-il aux interventions sociales et médico-sociales ?
Authors: Laroque Michel
Published: January 2021

Les interventions sociales et médico-sociales sont bien soumises aux principes du droit européen et français de la concurrence, du fait de leur reconnaissance généralement comme services d’intérêt économique général ( sieg ) plutôt que comme services d’intérêt non économique général. La portée de ce droit à leur égard reste toutefois encore limitée, compte tenu des dérogations multiples qu’il prévoit, notamment en faveur des sieg . Mais les évolutions en cours (nouveau management public, concentrations, offensives des organismes lucratifs) exigent de la part des organismes sociaux et médico-sociaux qu’ils connaissent ce droit pour conforter leurs financements publics, garantir et promouvoir leur travail social, souvent méconnu des administrations et des juges. Au nom de la concurrence, ces derniers risquent, sinon, de condamner les financements, la coopération et les partenariats indispensables à une action sanitaire et sociale adaptée aux besoins des bénéficiaires.
La marchandisation du secteur social : fausses évidences mais vraie doxa du travail social
Authors: Hardy Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2021

L’ordre cognitif dominant dans le secteur social a désigné un ennemi : la marchandisation. Cette doxa fait fi des faits. Aussi, la force évocatrice des mots remplace la réflexion rationnelle et derrière un discours prétendument de vérité, c’est un discours produisant un effet de vérité. Comme dans tous les secteurs marchands ou non, le secteur social est une arène où des intérêts sociaux, inégalement mobilisés et puissants, luttent pour accroître leurs gains matériels, mais aussi défendre et élargir leur territoire professionnel et leur place dans la hiérarchie des groupes socioprofessionnels concurrents. Si l’isomorphisme entrepreneurial a remplacé l’isomorphisme administratif, le secteur social reste sous hégémonie corporatiste. Le contrôle bureaucratique n’a pas été remplacé par un marché libre. La réelle concurrence dans les intérêts est étouffée par la fausse homologie d’intérêts entre usagers et professionnels.
La concurrence et les activités sociales et médico-sociales : d’une concurrence inavouée mais prolixe en réalisations à une concurrence organisée mais très clairsemée
Authors: Causse David
Published: January 2021

La concurrence dans le secteur social et médico-social n’a pas bonne réputation, comme les appels à projets mis en place par la loi dite hpst . Mais la concurrence informelle entre opérateurs qui l’a précédée est sans doute bien moins favorable à la qualité, à la performance et à l’innovation que les procédures formalisées d’appels à projets et d’appels à manifestation d’intérêt mises en place depuis. D’autre part, le besoin de parcours de soins et d’accompagnement gradués et fluides conduira de plus en plus à une hybridation, avec des partenariats entre opérateurs par ailleurs concurrents, conjuguant alors compétition et coopération : la coopétition.
L’apport des EHPAD privés commerciaux
Authors: Mercereau François
Published: January 2021

Les ehpad privés commerciaux représentent 22 % des 600 000 lits d’ ehpad en France. Ils accueillent une population un peu plus lourde que la moyenne du secteur. Leur coût d’hébergement est plus élevé de 18 € en moyenne par jour que celui des ehpad associatifs. Cette différence s’explique principalement par les impôts et le coût de l’immobilier. Leur apport a été d’élargir l’offre à une partie solvable de la population sans faire appel aux aides publiques à l’investissement.
Les impulsions concurrentielles dans l’insertion par l’activité économique
Authors: Gianfaldoni Patrick , Lerouvillois Philippe , Dupuis Olivier
Published: January 2021

L’insertion par l’activité économique ( iae ) est un secteur professionnel composé d’acteurs publics et privés, ayant pour finalité l’inclusion socio-économique par le travail et pour l’emploi. Le secteur a connu ces dernières années une évolution notable des politiques publiques dédiées. D’une part, des dispositifs de contractualisation incitative se sont affirmés en matière d’efficience d’insertion. D’autre part, le développement de quasi-marchés est censé consolider le modèle économique des structures opérationnelles de l’ iae , désormais considérées comme des entreprises sociales inclusives ( esi ). Cette nouvelle régulation publique hybride, quasi hiérarchique et quasi marchande, a participé grandement à la formation d’un environnement concurrentiel. L’objet de notre contribution est de cerner les déterminants institutionnels des dynamiques concurrentielles et de se pencher sur les formes concurrentielles complexes. Il s’agit ainsi de mettre en exergue les concurrences internes au secteur ainsi que les concurrences entre esi et entreprises hors iae , avant de se centrer sur l’intensification concurrentielle et les partenariats concurrentiels.
Concurrence et petite enfance
Authors: Négrier Émilie
Published: January 2021

Le secteur de l’accueil des jeunes enfants est particulièrement concurrentiel. Le nombre de places créées par des prestataires privés du secteur marchand représente 18 % des berceaux et 80 % des nouvelles places ouvertes entre 2012 et 2018. Bien que très encadré et soutenu par l’État, l’accès aux modes d’accueil est assez inégal selon les territoires. À partir de l’expérience de l’ udaf Paris, cet article met en évidence les compétences que doivent développer les associations et prestataires privés pour répondre aux enjeux actuels et à venir de ce système d’accueil : enjeux d’innovation, de gestion et de professionnalisation.
Fast convex optimization via inertial dynamics combining viscous and Hessian-driven damping with time rescaling
Authors: Attouch Hedy , Balhag Aïcha , Chbani Zaki , Riahi Hassan
Published: January 2021

In a Hilbert setting, we develop fast methods for convex unconstrained optimization. We rely on the asymptotic behavior of an inertial system combining geometric damping with temporal scaling. The convex function to minimize enters the dynamic via its gradient. The dynamic includes three coefficients varying with time, one is a viscous damping coefficient, the second is attached to the Hessian-driven damping, the third is a time scaling coefficient. We study the convergence rate of the values under general conditions involving the damping and the time scale coefficients. The obtained results are based on a new Lyapunov analysis and they encompass known results on the subject. We pay particular attention to the case of an asymptotically vanishing viscous damping, which is directly related to the accelerated gradient method of Nesterov. The Hessian-driven damping significantly reduces the oscillatory aspects. We obtain an exponential rate of convergence of values without assuming the strong convexity of the objective function. The temporal discretization of these dynamics opens the gate to a large class of inertial optimization algorithms.
Classification and simulation of chaotic behaviour of the solutions of a mixed nonlinear Schrödinger system
Authors: Chteoui Riadh , Aljohani Abdulrahman F. , Mabrouk Anouar Ben
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we study a couple of NLS equations characterized by mixed cubic and super-linear sub-cubic power laws. Classification as well as existence and uniqueness of the steady state solutions have been investigated. Numerical simulations have been also provided illustrating graphically the theoretical results. Such simulations showed that possible chaotic behaviour seems to occur and needs more investigations.
Društvene inovacije kao važan element europskih razvojnih strategija
Authors: Franc Sanja
Published: January 2021

SOCIAL INNOVATION AS AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES EU member states are undergoing the process of economic and demographic transformation with significant influence on society and economy. In order to respond to the existing and future challenges, it is necessary to adapt development strategies and policies, as well as to focus on concepts such as innovation, social change, equality and sustainable development. In the new development strategy, EU will focus on creating a society that will function as a competitive, secure and energy-efficient system. Scientists, economic policy makers, nongovernmental organisations and entrepreneurs are showing an increasing interest in the field of social innovation, striving to address a series of contemporary challenges. The aim of this paper is to study the role and ways of fostering social innovations in the European Union. The contribution of this paper is reflected in the systematic review of the importance of social innovation and the measures used to foster them, while pointing out the existing obstacles and needs and recommendations for further development of social innovation in the context of global challenges that the EU is facing. The results of the research indicate the growing importance of social innovation in modern EU policies that actively promote the quintuple helix approach, recognizing sustainable development and innovation as key development priorities during the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Recommendations for further development of social innovation in the EU include the need to coordinate various EU instruments in this area, encourage investment in innovative education, training and employment programs in this area, increase awareness of social innovation, encourage networking and dissemination of information and create an enabling environment for their development. Also, the paper highlights the shortcomings in the field of measuring social innovation, as well as the need to address this challenge, in order to improve the understanding of their role, but also a more efficient allocation of incentives to them. Key words: social innovation, European Union, strategic framework, development strategies.
Smart Approaches for Optimizing Learning and Assessments in Online University Courses
Authors: Awofeso Niyi
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses findings from two initiatives for optimizing the quality of learning and assessments in online university courses at Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University: (1) use of mandatory assessment policy of self-paced classes to promote learner engagement and (2) achievement of learning outcomes and fairness of assessments using question and answer discussion forum platform compared with the more commonly used general discussion forum platform. With regards to the first initiative, the author undertook a case study of a policy of mandating assessment of engagement with self-paced classes at HBMSU between 2016 and 2017. Also, the author discusses findings from operational research to address the following questions: (1) How appropriate is the Q&A variant of online discussion forums in facilitating both cooperative and collaborative learning? (2) How may course facilitators equitably grade online learning individual and collaborative learning activities using Q&A discussion forums?
On the Importance of Written Communication Skills and Student Awareness
Authors: Schneider Jennifer
Published: January 2021

Students often experience significant challenges in adopting discipline-specific terminology and conforming to related writing expectations that are embedded in course materials, assignments, and discussions. Further, although written communication skills are desired by employers and broadly recognized as critical to business success, students commonly underestimate the essential role of these skills in their careers. Additional research was needed in terms of what types of resources might improve both student writing and related awareness regarding the value of written communication skills. This chapter summarizes a study that examined an intervention in the form of a supplemental (in-course), self-paced, instructional unit designed to address the above-described challenge.
Evaluation of Pleurotus as Fluid Loss Control Agent in Synthetic Base Mud for Oil and Gas Drilling Operations
Authors: Igwilo Kevin Chinwuba , Uwaezuoke Nnaemeka , Okoro Emeka Emmanuel , Nwachukwu Veronica Chika , Okoli Nnanna
Published: January 2021

Pleurotus as a fluid loss control additive in synthetic based mud for oil and gas operations was conducted in the laboratory in accordance with API standards using high temperature-high pressure filter press. The effectiveness and compatibility of Pleurotus to synthetic based mud was also evaluated. Its rheological properties were also carried out. Sodium Asphalt Sulfonate was used as a control sample. Synthetic base mud was formulated and the concentrations of 2ppb, 4ppb, 6ppb and 8ppb of Pleurotus were used in four mud formulations with the same materials and in equal concentrations. 4.6ml, 4.0ml, 3.5ml and 3.1ml of fluid loss volumes were obtained respectively. 1mm thick filter cake, with increase in electrical stability was observed. From the laboratory measurement, the optimum effective concentration of Pleurotus to be applied as a fluid loss control agent for fresh non-aqueous mud for field operation is 2ppb which gave the fluid loss volume less than 5ml. The result was compared with the field standard of less than or equal to 5ml fluid loss volume. These results were comparable with control sample and field standard. Also, the thin impermeable filter cake obtained reflects one of the qualities of a good fluid loss control agent. It also showed that Pleurotus contribute very minimal effect on the rheological properties of the synthetic base mud. Improved electrical stability which is the function of emulsion stability confirmed the compatibility property of Pleurotus as fluid loss control additive in the synthetic based mud. The volume of the filtrate improved in geometric progression with the concentrations of the additive applied which summarizes the characteristics of a good fluid loss control agent.
Enhancement of ESD performances of Silicon Capacitors for RFID solutions
Authors: Jacqueline Sébastien , Bunel Catherine , Lengignon Laurent
Published: January 2021

Radio-Frequency IDentification devices such as smart cards and RFID tags are based on the presence of a resonant tuned LC circuit associated to the RFID Integrated Circuit (IC). The use of discrete capacitor, external to the IC gives greater flexibility and design freedom. In the race of miniaturization, manufacturers of RFID devices always require smaller electronic components. To save space and in the same time improve performances, capacitors are exposed to height and volume constraints. In the same time, the capacitor has to withstand ESD stresses that can occur during the assembly of the device and during operation.

Murata has developed a unique thin capacitor technology in silicon. This paper reports the development of a range of low profile capacitors with enhanced ESD performances. The manufacturing process optimization and the design adjustments will be presented here.

The process was optimized by taking into account the main electrical parameters: leakage current, breakdown voltage, capacitance density, capacitance accuracy, Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) and Self-Resonant Frequency (SRF). The dielectric stack was defined in order to integrate up to 330pF in 0402 case. The process architecture, based on accurate planar capacitor with thick dielectric will be discussed. With this architecture there is no constraint to reach low thickness, such as 100μm or even lower.

The ESD threshold of each Silicon Capacitor was investigated with design variations associated to Human Body Model measurements. A Single Project Wafer (SPW) was founded with 36 different capacitor designs. Design modulations specifically addressed the orientation and position of the contacts openings. Special care was taken to maximize the width of the contact holes and metal tracks. A mosaic approach, constructed out of a massive network of parallelized elementary cells was also implemented, so that the charges of the ESD pulse do not concentrate at the same place, leading to electrical failure. Examples of defects due to ESD stress will be shown with failure analysis cross-sections and ways to enhance the ESD threshold by design will be illustrated.
Wireless Sensor Platform for Nanosensor Interface Electronics
Authors: Kim Bruce , Gupta Anurag , Spryn Mitchell
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we describe a low-cost modular sensing system that can be used to interface with nanosensors. We used nanosensors to detect CO2 gas. In addition, the system can be easily modified to incorporate multiple analog and digital sensors, decreasing the amount of effort needed to integrate multiple sensors.
Acceleration Factors and Life Predictions
Authors: Chris South P.E.
Published: January 2021

Acceleration factors (AF) are key to designing an effective accelerated life test (ALT). They represent the ratio of the time in field to the time in test for a particular event to occur (typically a failure event related to a specific failure mechanism). Time to failure for a device generally correlates with the amount of stress applied (the higher the stress, the quicker the device will fail), and failure models exist to mathematically define that correlation for various failure mechanisms. This allows for use of a higher stress in test than in the field, thereby providing an acceleration factor that shortens the time in test to demonstrate a failure-free time period.

ALT can take the form of qualitative or quantitative testing. The latter is used to determine the life characteristics of the device with some reliability and confidence level. Usage rate acceleration and higher stress acceleration can be used. It is important to consider the design limits of the device based on its specification and material properties, and limit the stress levels in test so as not to induce failure mechanisms that the device would not otherwise have experienced in the field.

ALT results are used to make life predictions for the device tested. With no failures, the test results demonstrate the required reliability and confidence level metrics for the failure mechanism of interest. With several failures, a reliability software tool can be used with the appropriate analysis method, rank method, and confidence bounds method chosen in order to extrapolate to an expected life in test. The equivalent field life is based on multiplying the expected life in test by the AF. If the field stress and/or test stress are not constant, there are multiple acceleration factors to utilize. As a result, an equivalent acceleration factor needs to be calculated and used as the AF when predicting equivalent field life.
Simulation and Experimental study on IMS (Injection Molded Solder) bumping with expanded resist patterning for reinforcement of fine-pitch capability
Authors: Miyazawa Risa , Nakamura Eiji , Marushima Chinami , Aoki Toyohiro , Hisada Takashi
Published: January 2021

Injection Molded Solder (IMS) process has been developed as one of the advanced micro-bumps forming techniques. This paper presents a novel IMS process utilizing a double-layer resist patterning with expanded opening for the reduction of required injection pressure. It consists of upper resist layer with larger opening diameter than lower resist opening. With this configuration, necessary injection pressure is adjusted to upper resist size, while lower layer determines the position and the size of fabricated bump. Furthermore, two different types of resist opening shape, an isolated opening and connected opening are proposed and evaluated in this study from both simulation and experimental perspective. For simulation, CFD analysis is performed to demonstrate the behavior of liquid molten solder flow and its bump forming process. It is revealed that solder bump was successfully formed in accordance with theoretical bump size in both designs. However, the result indicates that insufficient non-wetting property of resist material could lead solder bridging between adjacent bumps in connected design. Experiment is also conducted using the novel resist structure with the dimension correlated to the simulation model which has lower resist diameter of 10 μm, upper resist diameter of 15 μm, and the pitch of 20 μm. IMS is operated and it is confirmed that the uniform bumps can be favorably formed without any defects.
Methods to Reduce the Hierarchy of Interconnections in Electronic System
Authors: Hu Dyi-Chung , Ho James
Published: January 2021

In the era of AI, 5G, big data, and autonomous driving, those applications all require a high bandwidth low latency data computing. Traditional electronic packaging structures are classified into many levels and each level are connected by solders or cables. These many levels of structures cause system performance degradation. Hence structure solutions of 2.5D, 2.1D, 2.3D and 2.0D with multi-chip packaging are needed for high performance computing system. Currently 2.5D is the HPC standard structure, however the cost and size limitation of 2.5D drive users to seek alternative solutions. The structure of 2.0D, 2.1D and 2.3D offer less solder and TXVs are emerging as contenders to fill the requirement of large substrate size and fine line requirements in the future. Among them 2.0D structure shows great potential. Three 2.0D test vehicles have been built to evaluate fine pitch assembly, reliability and structure enhancement. The results show 2.0D structure has great potential to be a HPC solution of the near future.
Electrical Performance and Robustness of Ultrathin High-Density Carbon Nanofiber Capacitors on Silicon, Alumina and Glass Substrate Materials
Authors: Andersson R. , Bylund M. , Desmaris V. , Kabir S. , Krause S. , Marknäs V. , Passalacqua E. , Saleem A.M.
Published: January 2021

We demonstrate the feasibility of implementing carbon nano fiber based metal-insulator-metal (CNFMIM) capacitors on different substrates such as glass, alumina and silicon for use as integrated or discrete passive components on chips or interposers. The effects of biasing voltage and high operating temperatures on the performance of the devices are also investigated. Capacitance densities of 300 nF/mm2 are demonstrated on all substrates at a device thickness of only 5 μm. The manufactured capacitors feature ESR values at or below 100 mΩ, ESL below 15 pH and show little change in capacitance density when subjected to biasing voltage below breakdown and temperatures up to 150°C, making them a promising candidate for both integrated and discrete miniaturized electronic components for future technology.
The effect of Cu target pad roughness on the growth mode and void formation in electroless Cu films
Authors: Bernhard Tobias , Zarwell Sebastian , Steinhäuser Edith , Kempa Stefan , Brüning Frank
Published: January 2021

The effect of the Cu-target pad roughness on the growth mode of electroless Cu from two different Cu baths was investigated. Bath A having a cyanide based-, and bath B a non-cyanide based stabilizer system. Both baths are commonly used in the PCB-industry. In case of bath B two growth modes are observed for an average roughness higher than Ra=300 nm of the target pad. One mode is a copying of the subjacent Cu-substrate morphology, while the other mode forms spherical grains (Cu-nodules) mostly at the exposed sites of the substrate crystals. These Cu-nodules have typically a radius comparable to the plated electroless Cu thickness and contain a high density of nano voids at the base of these features. The related void formation seems relevant to weaken the overall Cu/Cu/Cu-interconnection in the blind micro via. Interestingly, the tendency to form nodules with increasing Cu-base roughness is widely suppressed for the cyanide based bath A, where the deposit is nodule free up to a target pad roughness of Ra=1000 nm.
Two-Layer Solder Resist Film with Low Young’s Modulus for High Reliability
Authors: Chou YingHsuan , Okamoto Daichi , Miyabe Hidekazu
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we reveal the development of a novel two-layer Solder Resist (SR) film with low young’s modulus which consists of low young’s modulus layer that possesses excellent adhesion to substrate and thermal resistance layer which is composed of resins with high thermal resistance and great toughness. This novel two-layer SR film exhibits superior resolution and crack resistance. Furthermore, the amount of warpage is extremely low. In general, the material with low young’s modulus and high elongation is caused from weak cross-link density, resulting in poor thermal resistance and delamination which occurs when mounting at high temperature. Herein, we can inhibit delamination successfully by this new two-layer structure film with superior thermal resistance.

The Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) of conventional SR for FC-BGA is 35 ppm, and modulus is 4.5 GPa, whereas, this advanced two-layer SR film exhibits CTE of 66 ppm, and modulus of 2.3 GPa.

In order to compare the crack resistance between conventional SR and newly developed two-layer SR film, the film was laminated on BGA substrate (substrate size is 50 mm × 50 mm), patterned by photolithography and cured, and then, 25 mm × 25 mm chip was mounted on a BGA substrate by flip-chip bonder. Conducting thermal cycle test (TCT) and observing the number of cracks after 1000 cycles of TCT. The crack occurrence frequency of the conventional SR is 65 %, whereas that of the new two-layer SR film is 4 %. We proved clearly that high CTE and low young’s modulus demonstrate overwhelmingly high crack resistance. Besides, high resolution of this newly developed two-layer film enabled the formation of SR opening (SRO) as small as 40 μm. From the above results, the newly developed two-layer SR film with low young’s modulus is beneficial for the next generation high-density package, especially for the outermost layer of FC-BGA packages and interposers that require higher reliability.
Coronavirus syndrome: COVID-19 psychotrauma
Authors: Soloveva Nadezhda V , Makarova Ekaterina V , Kichuk Irina V
Published: January 2021

The authors propose term “coronavirus syndrome” for the mental disorder that is a psychical response to the global problem of COVID-19 pandemic. This syndrome will affect up to 10% of the population and we could already observe acute stress reactions to the spread of the infection and changes in people’s ordinary lifestyle. However, the most severe response will be seen later, in this case the catastrophe is similar to the clinical picture of post-traumatic stress disorder. The problem is that coronavirus syndrome will affect the working capacity of population at the period, when economical recovery is essential. The risk groups are health caregivers who worked in COVID departments; patients recovered from a severe form of the disease; people who have lost their loved ones; and those who have suffered significant financial losses or lost their jobs. Adequate prophylaxis of coronavirus syndrome especially in high-risk groups are important for maintaining global mental health and economy.
Effectiveness and cardiovascular safety of delamanid-containing regimens in adults with multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: A nationwide cohort study from Belarus, 2016-18
Authors: Auchynka Vera , Kumar Ajay M.V. , Hurevich Hennadz , Sereda Yuliia , Solodovnikova Varvara , Katovich Dzmitry , Setkina Svetlana , Yedilbayev Askar , Skrahin Aliaksandr , Skrahina Alena
Published: January 2021

To address the sub-optimal treatment outcomes among patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), the National TB Programme in Belarus started using new drugs such as bedaquiline and delamanid in 2015-16. In this study, we assessed cardiovascular safety and effectiveness (culture conversion, treatment outcomes and post-treatment recurrence) of delamanid-containing regimens among adults (>18 years) with MDR-TB or XDR-TB from June 2016 to February 2018. This was a nationwide cohort study involving analysis of routinely collected programme data from the national and six regional TB hospitals. Cardiovascular adverse events (AEs) were classified as serious or not, based on international guidelines. We conducted Cox proportional hazards regression and calculated adjusted hazards ratio(aHR) and 95% confidence intervals(CI) to evaluate factors associated with AEs and unsuccessful treatment outcomes (death, failure and lost-to-follow-up). Of 125 patients enrolled (35, 28% females; mean age 43 years), 85(68%) had XDR-TB. All the patients received delamanid and 20 patients received both delamanid and bedaquiline. Cardiovascular AEs (177 episodes in total), were observed in the majority (73%) of patients but were mild and managed easily. The most common cardiovascular AEs were QTcF prolongation (64/177, 36%) and other electrocardiography (ECG) abnormalities (40/177, 23%). There were two instances of serious AEs leading to death, both of which were not related to delamanid. In multivariable analysis, male sex (aHR 0.72; 95% CI 0.51-0.99), and baseline ECG abnormalities (aHR 1.68; 95% CI 1.19-2.36) were associated with cardiovascular AEs. Median time to culture conversion was 1.1 months (interquartile range: 1.0-2.1). Culture conversion was observed in 115 (92%) patients at six months of treatment and 110 (88%) completed the treatment successfully. Loss to follow-up, failure and death were observed in 6%, 4% and 2% patients respectively. Among those assessed at 12 months post-treatment (n=33), recurrence was seen in one patient. The only factor associated with unsuccessful treatment outcomes in multivariable analysis was baseline Hepatitis C co-infection (aHR 3.61; 95% CI 1.09-11.95). In conclusion, treatment using delamanid-containing regimens was effective and had a favourable safety profile. We hope our findings inform the development of national clinical guidelines and scale-up of new drugs in other countries.
Factors associated with unfavourable treatment outcomes in people with HIV-associated tuberculosis in Armenia, 2015 to 2019
Authors: Gevorgyan Lilit , Grigoryan Ruzanna , Dumchev Kostyantyn , Akopyan Kristina , Khachatryan Anush , Kabasakalyan Eduard , Grigoryan Trdat , Safaryan Marina , Avagyan Vardan , Hasanova Sayohat , Matteelli Alberto
Published: January 2021

To evaluate factors associated with tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes in human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated (HIV) TB patients in Armenia, we conducted a nation-wide cohort study using routine programmatic data of all HIV-associated TB patients receiving TB treatment with first- or second-line drugs from 2015 to 2019. Data were obtained from the TB and HIV electronic databases. We analysed occurrence of the combined unfavourable outcome (failure, lost to follow-up, death and not evaluated) and death separately, and factors associated with both outcomes using Cox regression. There were 320 HIV-associated TB patients who contributed a total of 351 episodes of TB treatment. An unfavourable TB treatment outcome was registered in 155 (44.2%) episodes, including 85 (24.2%) due to death, 38 (10.8%) lost to follow up, 13 (3.7%) failure and 19 (5.4%) not evaluated. Multivariable analysis showed that receipt of Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) [ART start before TB treatment: adjusted hazard ratio (aHR)=0.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.2-0.5, aHR=, 95% CI:, 95% CI:, 95% CI:TB meningitis (aHR=4.4, 95% CI: 1.6-11.9) increased the risk. The risk of death was affected by the same factors as above in addition to the low BMI (aHR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.3-4.5) and drug resistance (aHR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.0-5.4). In the subsample of episodes receiving ART, history of interruption of ART during TB treatment increased the risk of unfavourable outcome (aHR=2.1 95% CI: 1.2-3.9), while ART start during TB treatment was associated with lower risk of both unfavourable outcome (within first 8 weeks: aHR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9; after 8 weeks: aHR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-1.0) and death (within first 8 weeks: aHR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1-0.4; after 8 weeks: aHR: 0.1, 95% CI: 0.01-0.3). The rates of unfavourable TB treatment outcomes, and death in particular, among HIV-associated TB patients in Armenia are high. Our findings emphasize the protective effect of ART and the importance of proper management of cases complicated by drug resistance or meningitis.
Childhood interstitial lung disease
Authors: Wu Markus , Sharma Priya Girish , Rajderkar Dhanashree Abhijit
Published: January 2021

Childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) consists of a large, heterogeneous group of individually rare disorders. chILD demonstrates major differences in disease etiology, natural history, and management when compared with the adult group. It occurs primarily secondary to an underlying developmental or genetic abnormality affecting the growth and maturity of the pediatric lung. They present with different clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features. In this pictorial review article, we will divide chILD into those more prevalent in infancy and those not specific to infancy. We will use a case based approach to discuss relevant imaging findings including modalities such as radiograph and computed tomography in a wide variety of pathologies.
Evaluation of Use and Outcomes of Heparins in Acute Deep Venous Thrombosis Treatment at Khartoum State Hospitals
Authors: Abdalla Mohammed Tajeldin , Hassan Abelwahab , Yousef Bashir Alsiddig
Published: January 2021

Background:

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) considered a common emergent condition with life-threatening complications that require rapid intervention with an effective antithrombotic drug regimen; for that, this study was conducted. The current study aimed to evaluate the use and outcomes of heparins in treating acute DVT at selected hospitals in Khartoum state.

Methods:

A descriptive retrospective, hospital-based study was conducted in different hospitals at Khartoum state from July 2016 to July 2017. The sample size was 147 participants. Data were collected using a well-designed data collection form and analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.

Results:

A total of 147 DVT patients were included, most of them (77.6%) were females, and 49.8% of them were old and aged more than 60 years. The patients with a past medical history of major surgery were represented 27.9%. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) were the most prescribed drugs (74.1%), of which enoxaparin at a dose of 6000 IU twice per day is the most frequently prescribed in 32% of the patients. LMWHs were shown to achieve their therapeutic goal of activated partial thromboplastin time earlier compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH). Enoxaparin 6000 IU twice daily was the most suitable regimen, since it achieved its therapeutic goal within 3 days and maintained it for up to 5 days. 86.1% of the patients were discharged to their homes, whereas 12.9% were dead, and the percentage of death increased with advanced age.

Conclusions:

Past medical history of major surgery and advanced age were the major risk factors of DVT. LMWHs are the most frequently used drugs and were more effective than UFH, and enoxaparin 6000 IU twice per day was the most suitable regimen as a fixed dose for adults.
Merger remedies: key recent developments in the CMA's practice
Authors:   Partner, Herbert Smith Freehills LLP, Brussels, Vowden Daniel , Meaney Patrick ,   Associate, Herbert Smith Freehills LLP, London
Published: January 2021

The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA), in common with other competition authorities, strongly favours structural remedies (i.e. business or asset disposals) as the most effective means to restore competition eliminated by a merger. Behavioural remedies (i.e., measures that seek to regulate the ongoing behaviour of the merger parties) are not generally favoured by the CMA. In considering the effectiveness of proposed remedies, the recent judgment in Ecolab v. CMA demonstrates that the CMA is afforded a wide margin of appreciation. That same margin of discretion was notably exercised by the CMA in the Bauer Media Group Inquiry where, contrary to conventional practice, it accepted a complex behavioural remedy in preference to structural alternatives. This article explores these two cases in greater detail and identifies some key factors that inform the CMA's conduct in relation to merger remedies.
Loss of potential competition through a minority stake? Takeaways from Amazon/Deliveroo
Authors:   Director, European Competition Practice, Charles River Associates, London, Akgün Uğur , Latham Oliver ,   Vice-President, European Competition Practice, Charles River Associates, London
Published: January 2021

On 4 August 2020, after a Phase 2 investigation, the Competition and Markets Authority cleared Amazon's proposed minority investment in Deliveroo. The CMA's original concern had been that the investment could damage competition by discouraging Amazon from re-entering restaurant food delivery in the UK and altering its competitive incentives in respect of online delivery of ‘convenience’ groceries. However, the CMA concluded that whilst it was likely that, absent the transaction, Amazon would have re-entered, it was not sufficiently likely that the transaction would have had a material impact on Amazon's incentives to re-enter or its approach following re-entry. Therefore, the transaction would not have resulted in a substantial reduction in potential competition. This article provides some background on the case and analyses the competitive effect of minority shareholdings between potential (as opposed to existing) competitors and discusses some broader factors in the assessment of potential competition concerns.