bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression patterns of the lysophospholipid receptor genes during mouse early development
Authors: Ohuchi Hideyo , Hamada Aska , Matsuda Hironao , Takagi Akira , Tanaka Masayuki , Aoki Junken , Arai Hiroyuki , Noji Sumihare
Published: October 2008

Lysophospholipids (LPs) such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) are known to mediate various biological responses, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. To better understand the role of these lipids in mammalian early development, we applied whole‐mount in situ hybridization techniques to E8.5 to E12.5 mouse embryos. We determined the expression patterns of the following LP receptor genes, which belong to the G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) family: EDG1 to EDG8 (S1P1 to S1P5 and LPA1 to LPA3), LPA4 (GPR23 /P2Y9), and LPA5 (GPR92). We found that the S1P/LPA receptor genes exhibit overlapping expression patterns in a variety of organ primordia, including the developing brain and cardiovascular system, presomitic mesoderm and somites, branchial arches, and limb buds. These results suggest that multiple receptor systems for LPA/S1P lysophospholipids may be functioning during organogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 237:3280–3294, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attitude control of planar end‐effector and estimation of contact point using parallel mechanism
Authors: Kubo Ryogo , Ohnishi Kouhei
Published: October 2008

Recently, may robots have been utilized in unknown environment, for example, slave robots of teleoperation systems, walking robots and so on. They are called environment‐adaptive robots. It is very important for the environment‐adaptive robots to contact stably and to recognize unknown environment. In this paper, a compliance controller of attitude of a planar end‐effector is proposed to achieve stable contact with unknown environment. The robot utilized in this research has parallel mechanism as a whole, since the planar end‐effector is supported by three arms. With the assumption that only face‐to‐point contact exists between the end‐effector and unknown environment, an estimation method of the contact point without sensors is also proposed. Moreover, excessive stress is not exerted on the robots and the environments by means of the controller we propose, when the contact point is estimated. Our new approach of contact motion can be widely applied to the robots using parallel mechanism. The validity of the proposed method is shown by the numerical and experimental results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(3): 28– 36, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10071
A method of independent component analysis based on radial basis function networks using noise estimation
Authors: Zhang Nuo , Lu Jianming , Yahagi Takashi
Published: October 2008

This paper proposes a robust independent component analysis (ICA) approach for noise reduction. Noise reduction is a difficult problem in ICA model. In general signal processing applications, there is more than one interference signal which may have unknown characteristics. In these situations, traditional linear ICA may lead to poor results. Hence, noise reduction is preferred to be performed with nonlinear adaptive filtering. In this paper, a radial basis function network (RBFN) is employed to transform the observed signals into output space in a nonlinear manner. The weights of RBFN are updated by utilizing a modified fixed‐point algorithm. The proposed method has not only the capacity of recovering the mixed signals, but also reducing noise with unknown characteristics from observed signals. The simulation results and analysis show that the proposed algorithm is suitable for practical unsupervised noise reduction problem. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(3): 45–52, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10073
B7‐H1 up‐regulation impairs myeloid DC and correlates with disease progression in chronic HIV‐1 infection
Authors: Wang Xicheng , Zhang Zheng , Zhang Shuye , Fu Junliang , Yao Jinxia , Jiao Yanmei , Wu Hao , Wang Fu‐Sheng
Published: October 2008

Impaired myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) fail to elicit host antiviral immune responses, leading to disease progression in HIV‐1 infection. However, mechanisms underlying mDC suppression remain elusive. In this study, we found that the T‐cell co‐stimulatory molecule programmed death‐1 ligand‐1 (B7‐H1) is significantly up‐regulated on peripheral mDC in HIV‐1‐infected typical progressors and AIDS patients, but is maintained at a relatively low level in long‐term non‐progressors. Successful immune reconstitution after highly active antiretroviral therapy, indicated by full suppression of HIV‐1 replication and substantial increases of CD4 T‐cell counts, correlated with a decrease in B7‐H1 expression. Importantly, we also found that X4 HIV‐1 isolates directly induced B7‐H1 expression on mDC in vitro, while adding antiviral agents hampered this B7‐H1 up‐regulation. Blockade of B7‐H1 in vitro strongly enhanced mDC‐mediated allostimulatory capacity and IL‐12 production. In contrast, B7‐H1 ligation with soluble programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) reduced mDC maturation and IL‐12 production but increased mDC apoptosis and IL‐10 production. Thus, B7‐H1 up‐regulation may inhibit mDC‐mediated immune response, thereby facilitating viral persistence and disease progression in HIV‐1‐infected patients. This study provides new evidence that B7‐H1 inhibitory signaling may reversely mediate functional impairment of mDC in HIV‐1 infection, which further supports the notion that B7‐H1 blockade represents a novel therapeutic approach to this disease.
Jet impingement onto a tapered hole: Influence of jet velocity and hole wall velocities on heat transfer and skin friction
Authors: Shuja S. Z. , Yilbas B. S. , Khan S. M. A.
Published: October 2008

Jet impingement onto a hole with elevated wall temperature can be associated with the high‐temperature thermal drilling, where the gas jet is used for shielding the hole wall from the high‐temperature oxidation reactions as observed in the case of laser drilling. In laser processing, the molten flow from the hole wall occurs; and in the model study, the hole wall velocity resembling the molten flow should be accounted for. In the present study, gas jet impingement onto tapered hole with elevated temperature is considered and the heat transfer rates as well as skin friction at the hole wall surface are predicted. The velocity of molten flow from the hole wall determined from the previous study is adopted in the simulations and the effect of hole wall velocity on the heat transfer rates and skin friction is also examined. It is found that the Nusselt number and skin friction at the hole wall in the regions of hole inlet and exit attain high values. The influence of hole wall velocity on the Nusselt number and skin friction is found not to be very significant. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MAP fusion method for superresolution of images with locally varying pixel quality
Authors: Kim Kio , Neretti Nicola , Intrator Nathan
Published: October 2008

Superresolution is a procedure that produces a high‐resolution image from a set of low‐resolution images. Many of superresolution techniques are designed for optical cameras, which produce pixel values of well‐defined uncertainty, while there are still various imaging modalities for which the uncertainty of the images is difficult to control. To construct a superresolution image from low‐resolution images with varying uncertainty, one needs to keep track of the uncertainty values in addition to the pixel values. In this paper, we develop a probabilistic approach to superresolution to address the problem of varying uncertainty. As direct computation of the analytic solution for the superresolution problem is difficult, we suggest a novel algorithm for computing the approximate solution. As this algorithm is a noniterative method based on Kalman filter‐like recursion relations, there is a potential for real‐time implementation of the algorithm. To show the efficiency of our method, we apply this algorithm to a video sequence acquired by a forward looking sonar system. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 242–250, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).
Synthesis of new deuterium‐labelled lignanolactones
Authors: Leppälä Eija , Pohjoispää Monika , Koskimies Jorma , Wähälä Kristiina
Published: October 2008

Deuteration of several lignanolactones, using 2H3PO4·BF3/2H2O as the deuteration reagent, is described, affording new stable isotopically pure polydeuterated lignans. All aromatic hydrogens are exchanged, including the less active ones. The order of 1H/2H exchange is studied by comparing calculated electrostatic potential values and experimental observations. Labile deuteriums are exchanged back to hydrogens with methanolic HCl to achieve stable isotopically pure compounds. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell wall fermentation kinetics are impacted more by lignin content and ferulate cross‐linking than by lignin composition
Authors: Grabber John H , Mertens David R , Kim Hoon , Funk Carola , Lu Fachuang , Ralph John
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND: We used a biomimetic model system to ascertain how reductions in ferulate–lignin cross‐linking and shifts in lignin composition influence ruminal cell wall fermentation. Primary walls from maize cell suspensions with normal or reduced feruloylation were artificially lignified with various monolignols previously identified in normal, mutant, and transgenic plants. Cell wall fermentability was determined from gas production during in vitro incubation with rumen microflora and by analysis of non‐fermented polysaccharides.

RESULTS: Hemicellulose fermentation lag time increased by 37%, rate decreased by 37%, and the extent declined by 18% as cell wall lignin content increased from 0.5 to 124 mg g−1. Lignification increased lag time for cellulose fermentation by 12‐fold. Ferulate–lignin cross‐linking accounted for at least one‐half of the inhibitory effect of lignin on cell wall fermentation. Incorporating sinapyl p‐coumarate, a precursor of p‐coumaroylated grass lignin, increased the extent of hemicellulose fermentation by 5%. Polymerizing varying ratios of coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols or incorporating 5‐hydroxyconiferyl alcohol, coniferaldehyde, sinapyl acetate, or dihydroconiferyl alcohol into lignin did not alter the kinetics of cell wall fermentation.

CONCLUSION: The results indicate that selection or engineering of plants for reduced lignification or ferulate–lignin cross‐linking will improve fiber fermentability more than current approaches for shifting lignin composition. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Speciation of metal–EDTA complexes by flow injection analysis with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and ion chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: Chen ZuLiang , Sun Qian , Xi YunFei , Owens Gary
Published: October 2008

Flow injection analysis (FIA) with ESI‐MS and ion chromatography (IC) with inductively coupled plasma‐MS (ICP‐MS) as the complementary technique have been explored for the determination of metal ions as their metal–EDTA complexes. ESI‐MS enabled the identification of metal–EDTA complexes such as [Mn(EDTA)]2–, [Co(EDTA)]2–, [Ni(EDTA)]2–, [Cu(EDTA)]2–, [Zn(EDTA)]2–, [Pb(EDTA)]2–, and [Fe(EDTA)]1– and their MS spectral showed that these metal–EDTA complexes were present in solution. Based on the ESI‐MS, ion chromatographic separation and ICP‐MS detection of these complexes are possible because IC‐ICP‐MS requires stable metal–EDTA complex during the chromatographic separation. The separation of these metal–EDTA complexes was achieved on an anion‐exchange column with a mobile phase containing 30 mM NH4 (HPO4)2 at pH 7.5 within 7 min with ICP‐MS providing element specific detection. The ICP‐MS LODs for the metal–EDTA were in the range of 0.1–0.5 μg/L with the exception of Fe (15 μg/L). The proposed method was a simple procedure for sample processing, using direct injection of sample without removal of sample matrix and was successfully applied to the determination of metal–EDTA complexes in real samples.
Induction period in the low‐temperature thermal oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons: Example of polyethylene
Authors: Richaud Emmanuel , Colin Xavier , Fayolle Bruno , Audouin Ludmila , Verdu Jacques
Published: October 2008

Thermal oxidation of hydrocarbon substrates at low‐to‐moderate temperature, typically T ≤ 150°C, results from a radical chain process initiated by hydroperoxide decomposition and displays an induction period. A reliable model exists to simulate oxidation kinetics, but an incertitude remains on initial steps because they are out of reach of all available analytical methods. This work is aimed to have a kinetic approach of the problem, by comparing various mechanisms, i.e., (A) bimolecular decomposition of initially present hydroperoxides; (B) combined uni‐ and bimolecular decomposition of hydroperoxides; (C) the presence of radicals at the beginning of the exposure; and (D) radicals generation at (low) constant rate from irradiation, for instance by ionizing radiation linked to natural radioactivity or from a direct oxygen–substrate reaction. Scheme A is not realistic at low initial hydroperoxide concentrations. All the other mechanisms generate similar behaviors: the induction time tends toward a constant value almost independent of the nature of initial steps, when the concentration of precursors (initially present hydroperoxides or radicals) or the rate of their initial production (from species other than hydroperoxides) tends toward zero. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 40: 769–777, 2008
Design Criteria for Accurate Measurement of Bimolecular Radical Termination Rate Coefficients via the RAFT‐CLD‐T Method
Authors: Johnston‐Hall Geoffrey , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Monteiro Michael J.
Published: October 2008

The reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer chain length dependent termination (RAFT‐CLD‐T) technique allows a simple experimental approach to obtain chain‐length‐dependent termination rate coefficients as a function of conversion, k(x). This work provides a set of criteria by which accurate k(x) can be obtained using the RAFT‐CLD‐T method. Visualization of three‐dimensional plots varying all kinetic rate parameters and starting concentrations demonstrates that only certain combinations give an accurate extraction of k(x). The current study provides hands‐on guidelines for experimentalists applying the RAFT‐CLD‐T method.

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Treatment of restless legs syndrome: An evidence‐based review and implications for clinical practice
Authors: Trenkwalder Claudia , Hening Wayne A. , Montagna Pasquale , Oertel Wolfgang H. , Allen Richard P. , Walters Arthur S. , Costa Joao , Stiasny‐Kolster Karin , Sampaio Cristina
Published: October 2008

Only in the last three decades, the restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been examined in randomized controlled trials. TheMovementDisorder Society (MDS) commissioned a task force to perform an evidence‐based review of the medical literature on treatment modalities used to manage patients with RLS. The task force performed a search of the published literature using electronic databases. The therapeutic efficacy of each drug was classified as being either efficacious, likely efficacious, investigational, nonefficacious, or lacking sufficient evidence to classify. Implications for clinical practice were generated based on the levels of evidence and particular features of each modality, such as adverse events. All studies were classed according to three levels of evidence. All Level‐I trials were included in the efficacy tables; if no Level‐I trials were available then Level‐II trials were included or, in the absence of Level‐II trials, Level‐III studies or case series were included. Only studies published in print or online before December 31, 2006 were included. All studies published after 1996, which attempted to assess RLS augmentation, were reviewed in a separate section. The following drugs are considered efficacious for the treatment of RLS: levodopa, ropinirole, pramipexole, cabergoline, pergolide, and gabapentin. Drugs considered likely efficacious are rotigotine, bromocriptine, oxycodone, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and clonidine. Drugs that are considered investigational are dihydroergocriptine, lisuride, methadone, tramadol, clonazepam, zolpidem, amantadine, and topiramate. Magnesium, folic acid, and exercise are also considered to be investigational. Sumanirole is nonefficacious. Intravenous iron dextran is likely efficacious for the treatment of RLS secondary to end‐stage renal disease and investigational in RLS subjects with normal renal function. The efficacy of oral iron is considered investigational; however, its efficacy appears to depend on the iron status of subjects. Cabergoline and pergolide (and possibly lisuride) require special monitoring due to fibrotic complications including cardiac valvulopathy. Special monitoring is required for several other medications based on clinical concerns: opioids (including, but not limited to, oxycodone, methadone and tramadol), due to possible addiction and respiratory depression, and some anticonvulsants (particularly, carbamazepine and valproic acid), due to systemic toxicities. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Moving least‐squares approximation with discontinuous derivative basis functions for shell structures with slope discontinuities
Authors: Zhang Zhiqian , Noguchi Hirohisa , Chen Jiun‐Shyan
Published: October 2008

Moving least‐squares approximation with discontinuous derivative basis functions (MLSA‐DBF) is introduced for analysis of shell structures with slope discontinuities. To deal with shells with arbitrary slope discontinuities, the Cartesian coordinate is introduced in the construction of MLSA on the shell surface. The possible causes of singularity in the moment matrix of MLSA on the shell surface with slope discontinuities are identified, and the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse is used to obtain the generalized inverse of the singular moment matrix resulting from linear dependency and insufficient influence nodes in the MLSA. Following the proposed formulations for shear deformable shell structures with slope discontinuities in the Cartesian coordinates, several numerical examples are analyzed to demonstrate the performance, validity, accuracy, and convergence properties of the proposed MLSA‐DBF approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric stem cell division and pathology: insights from Drosophila stem cell systems
Authors: Yamashita Y
Published: October 2008

Adult stem cells maintain many tissues and organs throughout the life of an organism by serving as renewable sources of differentiated cells. While stem cells remain in a relatively undifferentiated state, their daughters can commit to differentiation to acquire distinct cell fates. Therefore, a stem cell's choice between self‐renewal and commitment to differentiation is of critical importance to the maintenance of functional tissues and organs. Many adult stem cells can divide asymmetrically to produce one self‐renewed stem cell and one differentiated daughter, preserving the critical balance between stem cell and differentiated cell populations. Stem cell dysfunction and/or malfunction have been proposed to lead to several human pathologies, including tumourigenesis and tissue degeneration, yet whether a failure of asymmetric division is a primary cause of stem cell‐related pathologies remains largely uninvestigated. Here, I discuss the implications of asymmetric stem cell division in pathology. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical excision of CNS‐draining lymph nodes reduces relapse severity in chronic‐relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: van Zwam Marloes , Huizinga Ruth , Heijmans Nicole , van Meurs Marjan , Wierenga‐Wolf Annet F , Melief Marie‐José , Hintzen Rogier Q , 't Hart Bert A , Amor Sandra , Boven Leonie A , Laman Jon D
Published: October 2008

Despite lack of classical lymphatic vessels in the central nervous system (CNS), cells and antigens do reach the CNS‐draining lymph nodes. These lymph nodes are specialized to mediate mucosal immune tolerance, but can also generate T‐ and B‐cell immunity. Their role in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) therefore remains elusive. We hypothesized that drainage of CNS antigens to the CNS‐draining lymph nodes is vital for the recurrent episodes of CNS inflammation. To test this, we surgically removed the superficial cervical lymph nodes, deep cervical lymph nodes, and the lumbar lymph nodes prior to disease induction in three mouse EAE models, representing acute, chronic, and chronic‐relapsing EAE. Excision of the CNS‐draining lymph nodes in chronic‐relapsing EAE reduced and delayed the relapse burden and EAE pathology within the spinal cord, which suggests initiation of CNS antigen‐specific immune responses within the CNS‐draining lymph nodes. Indeed, superficial cervical lymph nodes from EAE‐affected mice demonstrated proliferation against the immunizing peptide, and the deep cervical lymph nodes, lumbar lymph nodes, and spleen demonstrated additional proliferation against other myelin antigen epitopes. This indicates that intermolecular epitope spreading occurs and that CNS antigen‐specific immune responses are differentially generated within the different CNS‐draining lymphoid organs. Proliferation of splenocytes from lymphadenectomized and sham‐operated mice against the immunizing peptide was similar. These data suggest a role for CNS‐draining lymph nodes in the induction of detrimental immune responses in EAE relapses, and conclusively demonstrate that the tolerance‐inducing capability of cervical lymph nodes is not involved in EAE. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collective dynamics of the ribosomal tunnel revealed by elastic network modeling
Authors: Kurkcuoglu Ozge , Kurkcuoglu Zeynep , Doruker Pemra , Jernigan Robert L.
Published: October 2008

The collective dynamics of the nascent polypeptide exit tunnel are investigated with the computationally efficient elastic network model using normal mode analysis. The calculated normal modes are considered individually and in linear combinations with different coefficients mimicking the phase angles between modes, in order to follow the mechanistic motions of tunnel wall residues. The low frequency fluctuations indicate three distinct regions along the tunnel—the entrance, the neck, and the exit—each having distinctly different domain motions. Generally, the lining of the entrance region moves in the exit direction, with the exit region having significantly larger motions, but in a perpendicular direction, whereas the confined neck region has rotational motions. Especially the universally conserved extensions of ribosomal proteins L4 and L22 located at the narrowest and mechanistically strategic region of tunnel undergo generally anti‐ or non‐correlated motions, which may have an important role in nascent polypeptide gating mechanism. These motions appear to be sufficiently robust so as to be unaffected by the presence of a peptide chain in the tunnel. Proteins 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Light‐driven rotary molecular motors: an ultrafast optical study
Authors: Augulis Ramūnas , Klok Martin , Feringa Ben L. , Loosdrecht Paul H. M. van
Published: October 2008

Molecular rotary motors, though common in nature, were first synthesized rather recently. One of the most promising categories of light‐driven rotary molecular motors which allow for optical control is based on helical overcrowded alkenes. In this category of motors, the rotation of the motor's rotor involves four discrete steps: fast light‐induced cis‐trans isomerisation is followed by a thermally activated step, the same steps are repeated once more to complete the full 360° cycle. Though the rotation rate of the motors is mainly limited by the duration of thermally activated steps, many important factors, such as efficiency and directionality are determined by the light‐induced isomerisation. For the development of ultrafast molecular motors it is crucial to understand the mechanism and dynamics of the optically induced isomerisation steps. In this paper we will review recent time‐resolved optical pump‐probe experiments on chiral molecular motors and discuss the results in terms of potential energy landscapes for the ground and excited states of the motor molecules. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Radiative decay theory: What suppresses exciton superradiance?
Authors: Bamba Motoaki , Ishihara Hajime
Published: October 2008

We have theoretically studied the exciton superradiance which occurs under a phase‐match between the exciton center‐of‐mass motion and the radiation field in a film with thickness over a light wavelength. With continuously increasing the film thickness, the radiative decay rates of excitons are calculated from extreme values of exciton correlation functions renormalizing the excitonphoton interaction in the film with finite thickness.

Due to a consideration of intra‐ and inter‐state retarded interactions, in the simplest system, we have derived the correct suppression thickness of the exciton superradiance. The correctness is verified from the general suppression condition derived from the polariton dispersion relation consisting of complex frequency and wavenumber for finite thickness. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation on stabilities and spectroscopy of C80O2 based on C80 (D5d) using density functional theory
Authors: Ding Yuqi , Gao Peng , Qin Lichao , Teng Qiwen
Published: October 2008

The relative stabilities of the 17 possible isomers for C80O2 based on C80 (D5d) were studied using Becke three parameters plus Lee, Yang, and Parr's (B3LYP) method and 6‐31G (d) basis set in density functional theory. The most stable geometry of C80O2 was predicted to be 23,24,27,28‐C80O2 (A) with annulene‐like structures, where the additive bonds are those between two hexagons (6/6 bonds) near the equatorial belt of C80 (D5d). Electronic spectra of C80O2 isomers were calculated based on the optimized geometries using intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO) calculation. Compared with those of C80 (D5d), the first absorptions in the electronic spectra of C80O2 are blue‐shifted owing to the wide energy gaps. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and nucleus independent chemical shifts of the C80O2 isomers were computed at B3LYP/6‐31G level. The chemical shifts of the bridged carbon atoms in the epoxy structures of C80O2 compared with those of the bridged carbon atoms in the annulene‐like structures are changed upfield. Generally, the isomers with the annulene‐like structures of C80O2 are more aromatic than those with the epoxy structures. The addition of the oxygen atoms near the pole of C80 (D5d) is favorable to improving the aromaticities of C80O2. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
DFT study of the structure and spectral behavior of new pt(II) complexes with 5‐methyl‐5(4‐pyridyl)hydantoin
Authors: Bakalova Adriana , Varbanov Hristo , Stanchev Stancho , Ivanov Darvin , Jensen Frank
Published: October 2008

Platinum complexes are a great interest of study, because of the antitumor activity and the clinical use of some of them in the recent anticancer chemotherapy. In many cases, computational studies can be very useful for predicting the structure and some physicochemical properties of metal complexes. Theoretical calculations can also be used for the rational design of new complexes with optimal ratio: antitumor activity/toxicity. The geometry of three new Pt(II) complexes with general formula cis‐[PtL2X2] (where L is 5‐methyl‐5(4‐pyridyl)hydantoin and X = Cl−, Br−, I−) and of the free organic ligand were optimized using the hybrid DFT method B3LYP with LAN2DZ basis sets. The results were in very good correlation with the data of similar compounds from the literature. The same DFT method was used for the study of their spectral behavior, by reproducing their IR and Raman spectra and comparing them with experimental data. In addition, the distribution of charges by ESP analysis was calculated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Elemental chains
Authors: Springborg Michael , Dong Yi
Published: October 2008

Results of first‐principle density‐functional calculations on isolated, infinite, periodic chains containing only one type of atoms are reported. As examples we consider chains of Se, Al, Ba, Bi, Sb, and Sr. Se represents a material for which chain‐like structures are found naturally, whereas Al prefers structures with high coordinations. Moreover, linear chains have been found in high‐pressure phases of Ba, Bi, Sb, and Sr. For these, the structure of the linear chains is incommensurate with that of the surrounding host. For Se and Al we compare different structures (helical, linear, zigzag, cis, double zigzag, and tetragonal chains), whereas for the other elements we consider only linear chains. Special emphasis is put on structure, relative stability, and band structures. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
On the origin of the trans‐influence in square planar d8‐complexes: A theoretical study
Authors: Mitoraj Mariusz P. , Zhu Hongjuan , Michalak Artur , Ziegler Tom
Published: October 2008

The trans influence of ligands T in trans‐[Ni(Cl)2NH3T]n complexes with T−B(Me), H−, CP−, CH2CH, CN−, HCC−, Cl−, F− for n = −1 and TPF3, PH3, P(CH3)3, CO for n = 0 has been analyzed with the help of the extended transition state (ETS) energy decomposition scheme as well as the natural orbitals for chemical valence (NOCV) method. The TCl2NiNH3 bond is made up of the bonding interaction between the empty σNi acceptor orbital on the [TCl2Ni]n fragment and the σNH3 donor orbital. The σNi orbital is in turn an out‐of‐phase combination between d on the metal and an occupied σT orbital: σNi = d − C1 × σT. It is shown that the trans influence is related to the contribution (C1) to σNi from σT. Thus, the smaller the contribution C1 to σNi the larger the <σNi|σNH3> overlap and the stronger the TCl2NiNH3 bond. The contribution C1 is in turn related to the orbital energy ε(σT) of T. Thus the lower ε(σT) is, the smaller is C1. There is thus an inverse relation between the trans influence of a ligand T and its electronegativity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Application of passive soil gas technology to determine the source and extent of a PCE groundwater plume in an urban environment
Authors: Clarke James N. , Goodwin Deborah F. , O'Neill Harry , Odencrantz Joseph E.
Published: October 2008

In situations where groundwater supplies have been impacted by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as tetrachloroethene (PCE), and the source has not been identified, the costs to identify the source and plume migration patterns may be extremely high. The costs for an investigation increase with the number and depth of borings and the number of samples that are collected and analyzed. An environmental investigator and the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) have successfully utilized passive soil gas (PSG) surveys in Arizona to cost‐effectively investigate VOC impacts to groundwater and identify potential sources of impact. PSG surveys are minimally intrusive, and more samples can be collected for the same cost when compared to active soil gas surveys and conventional soil and groundwater sampling programs. The result is a surficial representation of the contaminant plume and the location of “hot spots,'' which are the potential sources. This provides a better understanding of the nature and extent of the impact and allows for a focused subsurface investigation, which subsequently reduces drilling and sampling costs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rethinking the notion of technology in education: Techno‐epistemology as a feature inherent to human praxis
Authors: Eijck Michiel Van , Claxton Nicholas Xumthoult
Published: October 2008

Educators repeatedly underscore the intimate relationship between science and technology. This is problematic because technology, far from being “applied science,” presupposes a unique epistemology (techno‐epistemology). A focus on the role of science in technology overshadows this unique way of knowing and hence limits technology education and privileges a scientific worldview in education. To appropriately frame the unique epistemology of technology in education, we propose a cognitive framework developed to understand the use and development of tools in human activity, namely, Cultural‐Historical Activity Theory (CHAT). Drawing on a case study of technology that is not rooted in a (Eurocentric) scientific tradition, the SXOLE (Reef Net) fishing technology of theWSÁNEĆ (Saanich) people, we show how technology can be understood as inherent to human praxis, which presupposes a dialectically related and unique epistemology that is incommensurable and irreducible to a scientific worldview. The implications of this framework for science and technology education are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed93:218–232, 2009
Distribution of the enzyme rhodanese in tissues of the cat (Felis catus)
Authors: Shahbazkia Homayon Reza , Aminlari Mahmoud , Tavana Maryam
Published: October 2008

The enzyme rhodanese (EC 2.8.1.1) is an ubiquitous enzyme which is present in all living organisms, from bacteria to man. It is speculated that this enzyme plays a central role in cyanide detoxification. However, its wide tissue distribution suggests this enzyme might perform other functions beside cyanide detoxification. Although the distribution of rhodanese in different tissues of human and domestic animals has been studied, little is known about the pattern of distribution and physiological roles of this enzyme in the cat. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the enzyme levels and compare the distribution of this enzyme in different tissues of the cat. A selection of tissue samples was assayed for rhodanese activity. The protein content of tissue extracts and enzymatic activities were calculated as units per gram tissue and units per milligram protein of the tissue. Results showed that in terms of units per milligram protein of the tissue (specific activity of the enzyme), colon and rectum mucosal layers and testis were the richest sources of the enzyme followed by ovary, mucosal layer of jejunum and liver. With respect to units/gram tissue, liver followed by testis, colon and rectum mucosal layers, ovary and mucosa of jejunum exhibited highest activities. The results of this study will allow one to speculate on the involvement of rhodanese in several biochemical and physiological functions in different tissues and organs of this species.
Thresholds for the formation of satellites in two-dimensional vortices
Authors: TURNER M. R. , GILBERT A. D.
Published: October 2008

This paper examines the evolution of a two-dimensional vortex which initially consists of an axisymmetric monopole vortex with a perturbation of azimuthal wavenumber m = 2 added to it. If the perturbation is weak, then the vortex returns to an axisymmetric state and the non-zero Fourier harmonics generated by the perturbation decay to zero. However, if a finite perturbation threshold is exceeded, then a persistent nonlinear vortex structure is formed. This structure consists of a coherent vortex core with two satellites rotating around it.

The paper considers the formation of these satellites by taking an asymptotic limit in which a compact vortex is surrounded by a weak skirt of vorticity. The resulting equations match the behaviour of a normal mode riding on the vortex with the evolution of fine-scale vorticity in a critical layer inside the skirt. Three estimates of inviscid thresholds for the formation of satellites are computed and compared: two estimates use qualitative diagnostics, the appearance of an inflection point or neutral mode in the mean profile. The other is determined quantitatively by solving the normal mode/critical-layer equations numerically. These calculations are supported by simulations of the full Navier–Stokes equations using a family of profiles based on the tanh function.
Wetting failure and contact line dynamics in a Couette flow
Authors: SBRAGAGLIA M. , SUGIYAMA K. , BIFERALE L.
Published: October 2008

Liquid–liquid wetting failure is investigated in a two-dimensional Couette system with two immiscible fluids of arbitrary viscosity. The problem is solved exactly using a sharp interface treatment of hydrodynamics (lubrication theory) as a function of the control parameters – capillary number, viscosity ratio and separation of scale – i.e. the slip length versus the macroscopic size of the system. The transition at a critical capillary number, from a stationary to a non-stationary interface, is studied while changing the control parameters. Comparisons with similar existing analyses for other geometries, such as the Landau–Levich problem, are also carried out. A numerical method of analysis is also presented, based on diffuse interface models obtained from multiphase extensions of the lattice Boltzmann equation. Sharp interface and diffuse interface models are quantitatively compared, indicating the correct limit of applicability of the diffuse interface models.
On the rate of spatial predictability in near-wall turbulence
Authors: NIKITIN NIKOLAY
Published: October 2008

Spatial evolution of small perturbations introduced into an inlet cross-section of fully developed turbulent flow in a long straight circular pipe is investigated via direct numerical simulation (DNS). The turbulent inflow field is extracted from an auxiliary streamwise-periodic simulation running in parallel with the main spatial simulation. It is shown that mean perturbation amplitude ϵ increases exponentially with distance downstream. The growth rate is found to be constant when normalized by viscous length, ϵ ~ exp(0.0021x+) over the considered Reynolds-number range 140 ≤ Reτ ≤ 320. The universal character of perturbation growth is confirmed by channel-flow simulations.
Protective efficacy of a filarial surface antigen in experimental filariasis
Authors: Mandal N.N. , Bal M.S. , Das M.K. , Beuria M.K.
Published: October 2008

A water-insoluble, detergent-soluble, surface-associated glycoprotein, designated as Dssd1, was found to induce microfilaria clearance inMastomys couchaimplanted withSetaria digitata. Intraperitoneal implantation of adult female worms ofS. digitatainM. couchacould induce microfilaraemia lasting about 165 days in circulation. Immunization ofM. couchawith Dssd1 antigen either before or after implantation of worms resulted in a significant reduction in microfilaria density. Complete clearance of circulating microfilaria was achieved by immunization (before and after implantation) in animals by 95 and 105 days post-implantation, respectively, indicating the efficacy of Dssd1 antigen in the clearance of microfilaraemia in infectedM. coucha.
Early development stages of the red blenny, Parablennius ruber (Teleostei: Blenniidae)
Authors: Villegas-Ríos David , Martínez Alejandro , Palmero Ana María , Azevedo José Manuel N.
Published: October 2008

Little is known about the early development stages of Parablennius ruber. In this paper the following stages are described, and illustrations provided for the first time: middle stage egg, late stage egg, yolk-sac larva and preflexion larva. Recently laid eggs were spherical and orange, attached to the substratum in rock crevices. Eggs measured 1.02 mm in diameter. Newly hatched larva measured 4.65 mm total length and had the mouth closed and the anus open, fully pigmented eyes and a big yolk sac. Pectoral fins were present, rounded and not radially pigmented. Yolk was absorbed in 2–3 days at room temperature. Preflexion larvae had pointed pectoral fins, bigger eyes, well developed lips and strong jaws. Operculae were open. Orange chromatophores began to be noticeable between the eyes.
Impact of a predator in the foraging behaviour ofSolea senegalensis
Authors: Maia Anabela , Vinagre Catarina , Cabral Henrique N.
Published: October 2008

Habitat modelling requires incorporation of both biotic and abiotic information. For juvenile flatfish the factors that most influence growth are water temperature, food abundance and predatory pressure. This study focuses on the impact the predator, the shore crab,Carcinus maenas, has on the foraging activity of sole,Solea senegalensis. The results show that in the presence of both prey (ragworm,Nereis diversicolor) and predator, ≃10% decrease in foraging activity is observed when compared to the sole in the presence of only food. This suggests that when the shore crab is present, Senegalese soles are not only affected by direct predation but sub-optimal foraging is also found. Behaviours most correlated with foraging were crawling and tapping and these activities were also affected by the presence of the predator. This study also provides further support for visual recognition of predators and olfactory prey recognition in the Senegalese sole. Predator–prey encounters shape species behaviours profoundly and have to be looked at from different levels of ecology, behaviour and modelling.
Objectivity: A Kantian Perspective
Authors: Torretti Roberto
Published: October 2008

The subject of this paper is objectivity from Kant's point of view: or better, my own perspective on Kant's perspective on objectivity. More precisely, I want to draw attention to some aspects of the latter, which I believe are too narrow and must be widened before we can benefit from a Kantian approach today.
English stress preservation: the case for ‘fake cyclicity’
Authors: COLLIE SARAH
Published: October 2008

Kiparsky (1979) proposes that the relative prominence contours of feet are preserved under morphological embedding, e.g.sènsátional→sĕnsàtionálity;àntícipate→ăntìcipátion. Kiparsky's opponents point out the existence of exceptions to such relative prominence preservation, e.g.ìnférior→ìnfĕriórity~ĭnfèriórity. In this article, it is shown that relative prominence preservation is a gradient phenomenon, which is probabilistically predicted by word frequency. This observation necessitates the rejection of the phonological cycle as the mechanism for handling relative prominence preservation – the phonological cycle predicts that relative prominence preservation should be consistently successful. In particular, it is proposed, following Bermúdez-Otero & McMahon (2006) and Bermúdez-Otero (in preparation), that the phonological cycle which applies internal to stratum one in models of Lexical Phonology should be rejected, and replaced by the mechanism of ‘fake cyclicity’. Through its resemblance to the dual-route model of lexical access, fake cyclicity can capture the probabilistic nature of relative prominence preservation.
Toward a Progression Theory of the Old High German Consonant Shift
Authors: Davis Garry W.
Published: October 2008

The preference for bimoraic stressed syllables in pre-Old High German necessitated the phonological restructuring of syllables with stressed, short vowels either by early implementation of open syllable lengthening (non-shifting dialects north of the Benrath line) or by triggering an autochthonous phonological shift of+t,+p,+kafter short vowels (shifting dialects). From there, the OHG dialects “progressed” though the rest of the shift in a largely parallel fashion. Asymmetry of the shift of+-pand+-kand geminate+-ppand+-kkwas caused by place bias, however, especially in the Rhenish dialects where tone accents could sometimes delay or block the shift of these segments. The greater susceptibility of the more marked labial and velar affricates (-pf- and −kx-) to weakening limited their later occurrence to dialects outside the Rhineland. The reanalysis of aspirated+t- [th],+p-[ph],+k-[kh] as affricates in initial position was possible only when the corresponding geminate had already shifted, exemplifying both the effects of place bias as well as a kind of phonological reanalysis Blevins (2004) calls “choice.”
Differential graded motives: weight complex, weight filtrations and spectral sequences for realizations; Voevodsky versus Hanamura
Authors: Bondarko M. V.
Published: October 2008

We describe explicitly the Voevodsky's triangulated category of motives $\operatorname{DM}^{\mathrm{eff}}_{\mathrm{gm}}$ (and give a ‘differential graded enhancement’ of it). This enables us to able to verify that DMgm ℚ is (anti)isomorphic to Hanamura's $\mathcal{D}$(k).

We obtain a description of all subcategories (including those of Tate motives) and of all localizations of $\operatorname{DM}^{\mathrm{eff}}_{\mathrm{gm}}$. We construct a conservative weight complex functor $t:\smash{\operatorname{DM}^{\mathrm{eff}}_{\mathrm{gm}}}\to\smash{K^{\mathrm{b}}(\operatorname{Chow}^{\mathrm{eff}})}$; t gives an isomorphism $K_0(\smash{\operatorname{DM}^{\mathrm{eff}}_{\mathrm{gm}}})\to\smash{K_0(\operatorname{Chow}^{\mathrm{eff}})}$. A motif is mixed Tate whenever its weight complex is. Over finite fields the Beilinson–Parshin conjecture holds if and only if tℚ is an equivalence.

For a realization D of $\operatorname{DM}^{\mathrm{eff}}_{\mathrm{gm}}$ we construct a spectral sequence S (the spectral sequence of motivic descent) converging to the cohomology of an arbitrary motif X. S is ‘motivically functorial’; it gives a canonical functorial weight filtration on the cohomology of D(X). For the ‘standard’ realizations this filtration coincides with the usual one (up to a shift of indices). For the motivic cohomology this weight filtration is non-trivial and appears to be quite new.

We define the (rational) length of a motif M; modulo certain ‘standard’ conjectures this length coincides with the maximal length of the weight filtration of the singular cohomology of M.
Rigorous and Phenomenological Equations of State
Authors: Däppen Werner , Mao Dan
Published: October 2008

For solar and stellar modeling, a high-quality equation of state is crucial. But the inverse is also true: the astrophysical data (helioseismic today, asteroseismic tomorrow) put constraints on the physical formalisms, making the Sun and the stars laboratories for plasma physics. One of the main astrophysical benefits from a good equation of state is an improved abundance determination. Recent theoretical progress in the equation of state has involved both rigorous and phenomenological approaches, giving the user a considerable choice.
3D model atmospheres and the solar photospheric oxygen abundance
Authors: Caffau E. , Ludwig H.-G.
Published: October 2008

In recent years the photospheric solar oxygen abundance experienced a significant downward revision. However, a low photospheric abundance is incompatible with the value in the solar interior inferred from helioseismology. For contributing to the dispute whether the solar oxygen abundance is “high” or “low”, we re-derived its photospheric abundance independently of previous analyses. We applied 3D (CO5BOLD) as well as 1D model atmospheres. We considered standard disc-centre and disc-integrated spectral atlases, as well as newly acquired solar intensity spectra at different heliocentric angles. We determined the oxygen abundances from equivalent width and/or line profile fitting of a number of atomic lines. As preliminary result, we find an oxygen abundance in the range 8.73–8.79, encompassing the value obtained by Holweger (2001), and somewhat higher than the value obtained by Asplund et al. (2005).