bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Histologic and Epidemiologic Bases for Prognostic Considerations in Canine Melanocytic Neoplasia
Authors: Spangler W. L. , Kass P. H.
Published: March 2006

The laboratory records from 384 dogs with a diagnosis of either melanoma or melanocytoma were selected for study. Significant negative determinants of patient survival for melanocytic tumors were: 1) metastasis, 2) mitotic index (MI), 3) nuclear atypia, 4) tumor score, 5) increasing size/volume, 6) the presence of deep inflammation, and/or 7) intralesional necrosis. In addition to these attributes, age was a significant determinant for tumors of the skin. For the feet and lips, 8) age and 9) junction activity negatively impacted survival. Mathematic models were constructed based on these significant determinants to predict the postsurgical outcome of melanocytic neoplasia. Melanocytic oral neoplasms comprised 19% (73/384) of the neoplasms; 92% of these were classified as malignant in the biopsy report, but malignant behavior (i.e., metastasis or recurrence) was observed in only 59% of cases. The prognostic model for oral tumors based on nuclear atypia provided the most accurate (89%) prediction of overall behavior. Melanocytic tumors of the feet and lips were also 19% (73/384) of the total population. Seventy-four percent were reported malignant, whereas only 38% actually demonstrated malignant behavior. The prognostic models based on both MI or nuclear atypia had an overall correct behavioral classification of 81%. Melanocytic tumors in the skin comprised 59% (227/384) of study specimens. Although 39% were reported as malignant, only 12% exhibited malignant behavior. A satisfactory predictive model that employed MI could not be constructed, but one using nuclear atypia gave an overall correct classification in 93.3% of the cases.
Oleic Acid-associated Bronchiolitis Obliterans-organizing Pneumonia in Beagle Dogs
Authors: Li X. , Botts S. , Morton D. , Knickerbocker M. J. , Adler R.
Published: March 2006

Accidental intra-airway exposure of dogs with pure oleic acid produced bronchiolitis obliterans and bronchopneumonia. Pulmonary changes included multifocal to coalescing necrosis of bronchioles and adjacent alveoli, hemorrhage, inflammation, and exudation of fibrin. Hyperplasia of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells and proliferation of loose fibrovascular connective tissue formed polyps or plugs of variable size and shape. Polyps in the airways primarily consisted of fibroblasts with loose or myxoid stroma and were variably covered with attenuated epithelial cells. Some polyps had prominent vasculature, mixed inflammatory cell infiltration, and/or necrosis. Polyps or plugs variably effaced bronchioles and adjacent alveoli. The changes closely resembled human bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia (BOOP). Controlled intra-airway delivery of oleic acid in dogs may be a potential animal model of obstructive pulmonary diseases such as BOOP or bronchiolitis obliterans.
Two Cases of Equine Abortion Caused by Rhodococcus equi
Authors: Szeredi L. , Molnár T. , Glávits R. , Takai S. , Makrai L. , Dénes B. , Piero F. Del
Published: March 2006

Rhodococcus equi was isolated from lung, liver, spleen, and stomach content of two aborted equine fetuses of 7 and 8 months gestation from two different farms. Lesions included diffuse pyogranulomatous pneumonia with numerous Gram-positive coccobacilli within the cytoplasm of macrophages, multinucleated Langhans giant cells and neutrophils, and enhanced extramedullary hematopoiesis with megakaryocytosis within the liver and spleen. Detection of R. equi was made by bacteriology and immunohistochemistry for R. equi and VapA, the virulence factor of R. equi. R. equi and VapA were identified within the lungs of both fetuses, and its distribution correlated with lesions. Fetal lesions were similar to those observed in foals. We speculate that the fetuses contracted infection from the placenta by normal breathing movements or by swallowing of the amniotic fluid contaminated with R. equi.
Gonadectomy-induced Adrenocortical Neoplasia in the Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) and Laboratory Mouse
Authors: Bielinska M. , Kiiveri S. , Parviainen H. , Mannisto S. , Heikinheimo M. , Wilson D. B.
Published: March 2006

Sex steroid-producing adrenocortical adenomas and carcinomas occur frequently in neutered ferrets, but the molecular events underlying tumor development are not well understood. Prepubertal gonadectomy elicits similar tumors in certain inbred or genetically engineered strains of mice, and these mouse models shed light on tumorigenesis in ferrets. in mice and ferrets, the neoplastic adrenocortical cells, which functionally resemble gonadal steroidogenic cells, arise from progenitors in the subcapsular or juxtamedullary region. Tumorigenesis in mice is influenced by the inherent susceptibility of adrenal tissue to gonadectomy-induced hormonal changes. The chronic elevation in circulating luteinizing hormone that follows ovariectomy or orchiectomy is a prerequisite for neoplastic transformation. Gonadectomy alters the plasma or local concentrations of steroid hormones and other factors that affect adrenocortical tumor development, including inhibins, activins, and Müllerian inhibiting substance. GATA-4 immunoreactivity is a hallmark of neoplastic transformation, and this transcription factor might serve to integrate intracellular signals evoked by different hormones. Synergistic interactions among GATA-4, steroidogenic factor-1, and other transcription factors enhance expression of inhibin-α and genes critical for ectopic sex steroid production, such as cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase and aromatase. Cases of human adrenocortical neoplasia have been linked to precocious expression of hormone receptors and to mutations that alter the activity of G-proteins or downstream effectors. Whether such genetic changes contribute to tissue susceptibility to neoplasia in neutered ferrets and mice awaits further study.
Parent—Child Interactions With Anxious Children and With Their Siblings: An Observational Study
Authors: Barrett Paula M. , Fox Tara , Farrell Lara J.
Published: March 2006

In the present study, parent–child interactions with anxious children were compared to parent–child interactions with the anxious children's nonsymptomatic siblings and parent–child interactions with nonclinic children. Participants included 33 anxious children, their parents and siblings, and 14 nonclinic children and their parents. Parent–child interactions were observed during two discussion tasks related to anxiety-provoking or challenging situations. Parent–child interactions were coded for the following variables: control, warmth, reward of coping behaviour and task involvement. Consistent with previous research, parents in the anxious group showed more control, less paternal warmth and less maternal reward of coping behaviour toward their anxious child compared to parents of nonclinic children. Parent–child interactions with the anxious child were similar to parent–child interactions with the nonsymptomatic sibling, with the exception of fathers who exhibited more control toward their anxious child. Parent–sibling interactions, however, also resembled the nonclinic parent–child interactions, with mothers of anxious children showing more control toward their nonsymptomatic child than mothers of nonclinic children. These findings suggest that the relationships of each parent and their anxious child may be influenced by how the parent and child interact with each other. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
Required plastic rotation of RC beams
Authors: do Carmo R. N. F. , Lopes S. M.
Published: March 2006

Linear analysis with moment redistribution has been allowed under codes of concrete structures for a long time. There is, however, still a certain lack of consensus regarding the value of the redistribution coefficients. The calculation of those coefficients ignores the influence of some factors in moment redistribution, and this may lead to designs that exceed the bounds of safety, or, under other circumstances, may result in very conservative designs. This study sets out to analyse the influence of those factors (structure type, load type, concrete strength and beam slenderness) on the value of the redistribution coefficient. The relationship between ä and x/d is determined from the plastic rotation capacity of the critical sections and from the plastic rotation required to obtain a given distribution of moments. The study carried out on the required plastic rotation led to the determination of new relationships between ä and x/d. The proposed equations were compared with MC90 and EC2 equations, and it was concluded that the codes allow larger moment redistribution than was found in this study, especially for the cases in which x/d takes larger values.
Solute Transport Measurement Under Transient Field Conditions Using Time Domain Reflectometry
Authors: Noborio K. , Kachanoski R. G. , Tan C. S.
Published: March 2006

Measurement of transport properties of field soil remains a challenge. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) has been used for rapid and nondestructive measurement of the movement of conservative tracers in controlled laboratory and field experiments. Measuring transport under transient conditions in the laboratory using TDR has also been reported, but obtaining appropriate calibration relationships remains a challenge. We present a method for rapid and nondestructive measurement of field transport of an electrolytic tracer (applied to the soil surface) under transient rainfall and evapotranspiration conditions with net drainage using TDR without any a priori calibrations. The method uses TDR probes in plots with and without a tracer applied. The simultaneous TDR measurements of apparent impedance and dielectric constant in the paired plots were used to calculate the relative solute mass remaining to a given depth (i.e., TDR probe depth) as a function of time during a 270‐d field experiment under natural rainfall and evapotranspiration conditions of net drainage. The measurements give relative solute mass flux that is equivalent to the solute travel time probability density function.
Basin‐Scale Risk Assessment in Rice Paddies: An Example Based on the Axios River Basin in Greece
Authors: Karpouzas Dimitrios G. , Capri Ettore , Papadopoulou‐Mourkidou Euphemia
Published: March 2006

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is cultivated in large river basins in Europe, where high loads of applied herbicides have resulted in the contamination of related surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) systems. Therefore, risk assessment of pesticides used on rice should be performed at the basin scale. This study reports the development and validation of a basin‐scale scenario, representative of rice cultivation in the main rice cultivation area in Greece, the Axios river basin. Soils of the rice‐cultivated region of the basin are characterized as heavy clay, clay loams with poor infiltration. A 2000‐ha rice‐cultivated basin was simulated consisting of rice management blocks (200 ha) associated with drainage canals and a cross‐linked river. This system was conceptualized using a combination of rice water quality (RICEWQ 1.6.2v) and river water quality (RIVWQ 2.02) models. Application of RICEWQ 1.6.2v for a 20‐yr simulation period showed that the 90th percentile of the annual GW predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) for the herbicides propanil (3′,4′‐dichloropropionanilide) and molinate (S‐ethyl perhydroazepine‐1‐carbothioate) were 3.2 fg L−1 and 1.9 pg L−1, respectively, suggesting low risk to GW. Pesticide mass and water releases from simulated paddies were utilized as inputs for canals and river, and the fate of propanil and molinate was simulated with the RIVWQ model. Comparison of the 90th percentile of maximum daily river PECs with the maximum measured concentrations of propanil and molinate in the Axios river in 1994 revealed acceptable agreement in both the magnitude of values and their temporal distribution. In general, the 90th percentiles of the maximum daily PECs of propanil in both canals (1.96 μg L−1) and rivers (1.15 μg L−1) were markedly lower than the corresponding PECs of molinate (6.07 and 0.394 μg L−1, respectively). Increases in the period of paddy closure after application of molinate resulted in reduced SW PECs, suggesting that the selection of water management practices should be done according to pesticide persistence and local agronomic conditions.
Spatial Association among Soil Hydraulic Properties, Soil Texture, and Geoelectrical Resistivity
Authors: Wendroth Ole , Koszinski Sylvia , Pena‐Yewtukhiv Eugenia
Published: March 2006

Spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties causes considerable variations in water and solute flow and transport processes. It remains a difficult task to determine and describe the spatial pattern of soil physical properties for modeling landscape‐scale vadose zone processes. Strategies that involve measurements of relevant variables and appropriate spatial modeling tools need to be identified for this purpose. The objective of this study was to investigate a nested sampling approach for soil hydraulic properties and associated variables, such as soil texture, in a highly variable soil landscape in northeastern Germany dominated by soils derived from glacial till. Additionally, spatially highly resolved and nondestructive measurements of geoelectrical resistivity were examined for their spatial relation to soil physical and transport properties and their applicability in spatial process models of soil hydraulic property coefficients. Two pedotransfer function (PTF) approaches were applied to gain insight into their capacity to estimate the mean and the spatial variation of soil hydraulic property coefficients, although pedotransfer functions are originally not developed for this purpose. State‐space models estimated the spatial process of hydraulic conductivity at a soil water pressure head of −50 cm and the van Genuchten parameter n with relatively narrow confidence bands, whereas for α confidence was larger. Geoelectrical resistivity supported the estimation of the spatial distribution of soil hydraulic property coefficients. Despite the fact that without calibration, pedotransfer variable estimates did not always represent the mean of the respective variable, there was generally little spatial fluctuation reflected. However, considerable horizontal and vertical variability in soil textural properties existed within the investigated landscape. The findings suggest that state‐space models incorporating intermittent observations and spatial autocovariance behavior provide more flexibility in the estimation of the spatial process of hydraulic functional coefficients than regression type functions only.
Incorporation of Auxiliary Information in the Geostatistical Simulation of Soil Nitrate Nitrogen
Authors: Grunwald S. , Goovaerts P. , Bliss C. M. , Comerford N. B. , Lamsal S.
Published: March 2006

In north‐central Florida the potential risk for movement of nitrate into the aquifer is high due to the large extent of well‐drained marine‐derived quartz sand overlying porous limestone material coupled with high precipitation rates. Our objective was to estimate spatio‐seasonal distributions of soil NO3–N across the Santa Fe River Watershed in north‐central Florida. We conducted spatially distributed synoptic and seasonal sampling (September 2003—wet summer/fall season, January 2004—dry winter season, May 2004—dry spring season) of soil NO3–N. Prior distributions of probability for NO3–N were inferred at each location across the watershed using ordered logistic regression. Explanatory variables included environmental spatial datasets such as land use, drainage class, and the Floridian aquifer DRASTIC index. These prior probabilities were then updated using indicator kriging, and multiple realizations of the spatial distribution of soil NO3–N were generated by sequential indicator simulation. Cross‐validation indicated that smaller prediction errors are obtained when secondary information is incorporated in the analysis and when indicator kriging is used instead of ordinary kriging to analyze these datasets characterized by the presence of extreme high values and a nonnegligible number of data below the detection limit. The NO3–N values were lowest in September 2003 as a result of excessive leaching caused by large, intense tropical storms. Overall the NO3–N values in January 2004 were high and could be attributed to fertilization of crops and pastures, low plant uptake, and low microbial transformation during the winter period. Despite seasonal trends reflected by the values of observed and estimated NO3–N, we found areas that showed consistently high soil NO3–N throughout all seasons. Those areas are prime targets to implement best management practices.
Variably Saturated Reactive Transport of Arsenic in Heap‐Leach Facilities
Authors: Decker David L. , Šimůnek Jirka , Tyler Scott W. , Papelis Charalambos , Logsdon Mark J.
Published: March 2006

A variably saturated reactive transport software package, UNSATCHEM, has been modified for the purposes of simulating As oxyanion transport in gold mine heap‐leach facilities. Gold‐ore deposits in the Carlin Trend, located in northeastern Nevada and western Utah, are characterized in part by the occurrence of As‐bearing minerals. The large‐scale mining methodology used on the Carlin Trend includes the use of large‐scale heap‐leach facilities in which an extractive solution is used to dissolve the gold from the ore. This solution also is capable of dissolving other minerals, including those that contain As. While these facilities are generally environmentally benign compared with sulfide waste rock dumps associated with other mining provinces around the world, controlling the flux of As from the heap‐leach facility after mining has ceased is of interest to the mining and regulatory communities. We present three examples that use the As transport capable version of UNSATCHEM to simulate the effect of three commonly applied heap‐leach facility closure methodologies. The results demonstrate the importance of including geochemistry in transport simulations and illustrate the highly nonlinear behavior that is produced from a coupled flow and reactive geochemistry numerical solver.
Effects of Manure Application and Plowing on Transport of Colloids and Phosphorus to Tile Drains
Authors: Schelde Kirsten , de Jonge Lis W. , Kjaergaard Charlotte , Laegdsmand Mette , Rubæk Gitte H.
Published: March 2006

Preferential flow and particle‐facilitated transport may be largely responsible for observed leaching patterns of strongly sorbing contaminants such as phosphorus. A series of field experiments was performed to investigate the effects of slurry application and plowing on the subsurface transport of colloids and P. Two 25‐m2 plots at a structured sandy loam site were irrigated on six occasions during 1 yr. Effluent sampled in tile drains below the plots was analyzed for turbidity and fractions of dissolved (<0.24 μm) and particulate inorganic and organic P. The observed flow conditions indicated macropore flow. The particle concentration in the effluent was initially high, peaking before flow peak, and later gradually decreased with flow rate. The colloid leaching pattern was attributed to an initial depletion of high colloid concentrations in the pore water and an eventual diffusion‐limited release of colloids from immobile intra‐aggregate water to mobile water. Seasonal variability and management practices caused significant variations in the leaching of P forms. After slurry application dissolved P dominated P loss to the drains. At the events in autumn and winter, particle‐facilitated transport of P came to dominate over dissolved P transport, reaching a maximum of 80% of P loss. Results suggested that plowing increases the risk of particle‐facilitated and dissolved P leaching in rainstorms shortly after the inversion of the soil. We observed an almost fourfold increase in the leaching of P per volume of leachate when comparing irrigation experiments before and after plowing. Amounts of P associated with particulate matter in drain water were constant within events, but varying between storms. For Danish structured clay soils, P density in leached particles was found to range between a maximum of 6 mg P g−1 for soils having recently been fertilized and an approximate minimum of 3 mg P g−1 for soils not recently fertilized.
Temporal Stability of Soil Moisture Spatial Pattern and Subsurface Preferential Flow Pathways in the Shale Hills Catchment
Authors: Lin Henry
Published: March 2006

Hydropedologic approaches utilize a strategy of “map first, then design” and “direction first, then velocity” in enhancing the understanding of complex landscape processes. This is illustrated in this study by examples dealing with (i) the mapping of soils and landforms in monitoring and interpreting soil moisture dynamics and (ii) the identification of flow pathways in determining landscape water fluxes. Year‐round monitoring at 77 sites in the Shale Hills Catchment in central Pennsylvania revealed a temporal stability of soil moisture spatial pattern as governed by soil types and landforms, and suggested the significance of subsurface preferential flow in rapid channeling of precipitation to stream discharge. The five soil series identified in the catchment had the following decreasing trend of moisture storage within the upper 1.1‐m solum: Ernest > Blairton ≥ Rushtown ≥ Berks > Weikert. The four landform units showed a decreasing trend of soil moisture storage: Valley > Swale > Hillslope > Hilltop. The 77 monitoring sites exhibited considerable ranking stability throughout the monitoring year at multiple depths, with the subsurface's moisture ranking stability being slightly stronger than that at the surface. A slope‐intercept analysis of linear regression further described the four conditions of temporal stability as related to soil moisture and hydrologic dynamics. Because of more extensively distributed deeper soils and hydrologically active swales, plus favorable subsurface lateral flow pathways and slightly higher cumulative rainfall, the south‐facing slope in this V‐shaped catchment was hydrologically more active than the north‐facing slope in terms of draining more water at a faster rate to the stream. Approximately two‐thirds of the soil horizons measured in the catchment had lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) values 1.5 to 142.5 higher than vertical values. Because of a moderate slope (up to 25–48%), horizontally dipping shale bedrock (11.5–17.1°), and shallow tree rooting systems (branching laterally), subsurface lateral flow was prominent in this humid forested catchment.
Use of simultaneous fluoroscopic and echocardiographic guidance during transarterial coil placement for embolization of patent ductus arteriosus in dogs
Authors: Szatmári Viktor , Stokhof Arnold A.
Published: March 2006

Objective—To evaluate the use of simultaneous fluoroscopic and transthoracic echocardiographic guidance during transarterial coil placement for embolization of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in dogs.

Design—Descriptive report.

Animals—3 dogs with PDA.

Procedure—Each dog was anesthetized, and a femoral artery was exposed for vascular access. By use of an introducer, a catheter was placed in the thoracic portion of the descending aorta with fluoroscopic guidance, and subsequently, a bolus of iodinated radiographic contrast material was injected to outline the ductus. Under fluoroscopic guidance, 1 coil was positioned in the ductus, but not released. Transthoracic echocardiography was used to ensure that 1 loop of the coil was located in the pulmonary artery. When > 1 loop or no loops were detected in the pulmonary artery, the coil was retrieved and repositioned; when 1 loop of the coil was detected in the pulmonary artery, the coil was detached. After catheter removal, the femoral artery was ligated and the wound was closed.

Results—In all 3 dogs, successful embolization of the PDA was achieved. Echocardiography prevented unintentional pulmonary artery embolization in 1 dog and suboptimal coil placement in the other 2 dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In addition to fluoroscopic control, transthoracic echocardiography appears to aid the appropriate positioning of a transarterial coil for treatment of PDA in dogs. Although transesophageal echocardiography would likely provide better images of the ductus, transthoracic echocardiography is a much cheaper, less specialized, and more widely available alternative.
Evaluation of dysmyelopoiesis in cats: 34 cases (1996–2005)
Authors: Weiss Douglas J.
Published: March 2006

Objective—To further classify dysmyelopoiesis as diagnosed by use of a general classification scheme and to determine clinical features and laboratory test results that could be used to differentiate between the various forms of dysmyelopoiesis in cats.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Sample Population—Bone marrow slides from 34 cats.

Procedures—Medical records of cats in which dysmyelopoiesis was diagnosed on the basis of blood and bone marrow analyses from 1996 to 2005 were reviewed. Criteria for inclusion in the study were findings of > 10% dysplastic cells in 1 or more hematologic cell lines in the bone marrow and concurrent cytopenias in the blood. Cats that met these criteria were classified into subcategories of myelodysplastic syndromes or secondary dysmyelopoiesis on the basis of reevaluation of slides.

Results—Of 189 bone marrow slides reviewed, 34 (14.9%) had > 10% dysplastic cells in 1 or more cell lines. Cats were subcategorized as having myelodys-plastic syndrome with excessive numbers of blast cells (n = 13), myelodysplastic syndrome with refractory cytopenias (8), a variant form of myelodysplastic syndrome (1), and secondary dysmyelopoiesis (12). Findings of dysmyelopoiesis and autoagglutination in cats with myelodysplastic syndrome and in those with immune-mediated anemia complicated differentiating between the 2 conditions.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Differentiating cats with myelodysplastic syndromes from cats with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia was difficult because severe anemia and autoagglutination may be concurrent findings in both conditions. Differentiating between myelodysplastic syndrome with excessive numbers of blast cells and myelodysplastic syndrome with refractory cytopenias was useful in predicting clinical outcome.
Arthroscopically assisted arthrodesis of the distal interphalangeal joint with transarticular screws inserted through a dorsal hoof wall approach in a horse
Authors: Busschers Evita , Richardson Dean W.
Published: March 2006

Case Description—A 16-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was examined because of chronic right forelimb lameness.

Clinical Findings—On radiographs of the right front foot, the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint space was narrow, and osteophytes and periarticular bony proliferation indicative of severe osteoarthritis were seen. Arthrodesis of the right DIP joint was recommended to improve the horse's comfort on the limb.

Treatment and Outcome—The horse was anesthetized, and palmar and dorsal arthroscopic approaches were used to remove as much of the articular cartilage as was accessible. Holes were then drilled through the dorsal aspect of the hoof wall, and 3 transarticular, 5.5-mm cortical screws were placed in lag fashion through these holes across the distal phalanx and into the middle phalanx. Defects in the hoof wall were filled with gentamicin-impregnated polymethyl methacrylate plugs and sealed with cyanoacrylate. Eight months after surgery, fusion of the DIP joint was evident radiographically and the horse was sound at a walk.

Clinical Relevance—Transarticular placement of cortical screws through a dorsal hoof wall approach combined with arthroscopically guided cartilage removal can result in fusion of the DIP joint in horses.
Uniform Hexagonal Plates of Vaterite CaCO3 Mesocrystals Formed by Biomimetic Mineralization
Authors: Xu A.‐W. , Antonietti M. , Cölfen H. , Fang Y.‐P.
Published: March 2006

Vaterite mesocrystals with hexagonal morphology and uniform size have been successfully synthesized in the presence of a N‐trimethylammonium derivative of hydroxyethyl cellulose via aggregation‐mediated crystallization using a simple gas‐diffusion method. The uniform hexagonal plates display sharp facets and edges, even though they are formed by the aggregation of nanocrystals. The results demonstrate that each vaterite plate can be explained as consisting of aggregates of nanoparticles that share the same three‐dimensional orientation. A mechanism for the formation of hexagonal vaterite mesocrystals made of primary nanoparticles and hexagonal units is also presented. An understanding of the mesoscale transformation process will be helpful in controlling the aggregation‐driven formation of complex higher‐order structured materials and will provide new insights into biomineralization mechanisms. For example, the spines of sea urchins can be discussed within the framework of the mesocrystal concept. This study could provide an additional tool for designing advanced materials and could be used for the synthesis of more complex crystalline three‐dimensional structures.
Real‐time optimization of a tubular reactor with distributed feed
Authors: Cougnon P. , Dochain D. , Guay M. , Perrier M.
Published: March 2006

An adaptive extremum seeking control scheme for a class of nonlinear distributed parameter systems is presented. It addresses the real‐time optimization of a parallel chemical reaction system in an isothermal tubular reactor with uniform distributed feed described by a set of hyperbolic partial differential equations. Only limited knowledge of the kinetics is assumed. An adaptive learning technique is introduced to design an extremum seeking algorithm that drives the system states to a set point that maximizes the value of an objective function. Lyapunov's stability theorem is used in the design of the extremum seeking controller structure and the development of the parameter learning laws. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Drunken detainees in police custody: is brief intervention by the forensic medical examiner feasible?
Authors: Deehan Ann , Stark Margaret , Marshall E. Jane , Hanrahan Brian , Strang John
Published: March 2006

English ‘Health of the Nation’ targets to reduce the proportion of adults consuming alcohol above the recommended ‘sensible’ guidelines are not being met and alternative methods of reaching the target population need to be explored. This paper examines the feasibility of forensic medical examiners (FMEs) expanding their role to include the routine detection of problem drinking by detainees in police custody. The study identified the considerable extent of contact of the FME with potential problem drinkers. The FMEs in this study are not averse to the detection of alcohol misuse; the majority feel trained to offer advice and to care for the drunken detainee, despite their awareness of the difficulty in getting such detainees to take advice seriously. Ultimately, the police custody suite, like the general hospital, the accident and emergency department or the general practitioner's surgery, offers a setting in which there is great scope for early identification and brief intervention with a ‘Health of the Nation’ target group whom doctors have failed to have an impact on. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Repetitive shoplifting in Stockholm, Sweden: a register study of 1802 cases
Authors: Sarasalo Elina , Bergman Bo , Toth Janos
Published: March 2006

Shoplifting is a major problem for the retail trade in western countries. However, knowledge about shoplifting and the intermediate stages between shoplifting and kleptomania is poor. The aim of the present study was to illuminate repetitive shoplifting, the crimes and the persons behind the crimes, some of whom may be kleptomaniacs. Kleptomania has strong compulsive features. Thus, we decided to base this study on suspects caught shoplifting three times or more in 1993 according to the Stockholm Police Department's register. During the study period 78 females and 299 males had been caught shoplifting three times or more, totalling 1802 occasions. The police register contained information about when and where the crime took place, the value and type of goods, the name, address and age of the suspect and if he or she denied the crime. Males stole more electronic items and the females more clothes, perfume and cosmetics. The value of the stolen items was about the same between the sexes, however. Monday to Thursday, as well as late afternoons were the most common times for being caught. In the majority of cases the shoplifters were unemployed. The shoplifting episodes were further divided into those which took place far from home and those which took place in the vicinity of the shoplifter's home. Housewives and old‐age pensioners shoplifted in the vicinity of their homes more often than others which tends to indicate transportation limitations. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Psychodynamic perspectives on staff response to inpatient misdemeanour
Authors: Crichton John H.M.
Published: March 2006

Psychiatric inpatient misdemeanour, especially violence, is a common problem. The characteristics of such behaviour have been exhaustively examined in the literature, yet, outside specialist journals, there has been little discussion of how psychodynamic theory may help to understand rule‐breaking and improve staff response to it. This paper aims to describe classical psychodynamic theory on the formation and function of the super‐ego and how the countertransference of staff can be linked to parental models of control. There is particular discussion about the management of psychopaths, where rule breaking is a defining characteristic, and the merits of therapeutic community models of care. Finally, the traditional defences used by nursing staff to contain anxiety are discussed. The paper concludes that those traditional defences need to be replaced by systems that allow reflective understanding of patients' challenging behaviour and how staff respond. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Substance misuse and violence: a comparison of special hospital inpatients diagnosed with either schizophrenia or personality disorder
Authors: Corbett Mark , Duggan Conor , Larkin Emmet
Published: March 2006

There is increasing interest in the relationship between schizophrenia, substance misuse and serious violence. We compared the pattern of substance misuse in inpatients with schizophrenia convicted of serious offences with that of a matched group with personality disorder. We also compared those with and without a history of substance misuse in their use of drugs or alcohol at the time of their violent index offence. We matched 75 substance misusing patients with schizophrenia with a group of patients with personality disorder and compared the types of substances misused in both groups. We compared these two groups with a larger sample of inpatients without a history of substance misuse to determine the presence of substance misuse at the time of the index offence. No differences were found between the matched groups in their choice of drugs. Drug abusing male inpatients with a personality disorder were significantly more likely to have consumed alcohol at the time of the violent offence compared with the other groups. Although the reporting of substance misuse was unexpectedly low, our data (a) showed no evidence that patients with schizophrenia preferentially choose to misuse specific types of drugs compared with personality disordered patients and (b) that intoxication with alcohol at the time of the violent offence may be important in male patients with a personality disorder and a history of substance misuse. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The search for the age of ‘onset’ of physical aggression: Rousseau and Bandura revisited
Authors: Tremblay Richard E. , Japel Christa , Perusse Daniel , Mcduff Pierre , Boivin Michel , Zoccolillo Mark , Montplaisir Jacques
Published: March 2006

Background

Studies of aggression often confound physical aggression with verbal aggression, indirect aggression, relational aggression, opposition, competition and other externalizing behaviours. Developmental models of aggression have suggested that onset of physical aggression occurs after the onset of hyperactive, stubborn and oppositional behaviour. Yet little is known about the onset and development of physical aggression before school entry.

Method

The age of onset and frequency of physical aggression was studied in a population sample of 17‐month‐old children.

Results

The 511 maternal reports on 11 physically aggressive behaviours indicated that the rate of cumulative onset of physically aggressive behaviours increased substantially from 12 to 17 months after birth. By 17 months of age, onset of physical aggression was reported for close to 80% of the children. However, the sex of the child and the presence of a sibling appeared to influence age of onset.

Conclusions

These results, and those of other studies of preschool children, suggest that the notion of increased probability of ‘onset’ of physical aggression as children approach adolescence needs to be reconsidered. Most children have had their ‘onset’ of physical aggression by the end of their second year after birth, and most have learned to inhibit physical aggression by school entry. Thus, there may be two main developmental trajectories of physical aggression: childhood limited, and life‐course persistent. This may be an indication that there is a sensitive period for learning to inhibit physically aggressive behaviour. To understand and prevent cases of chronic physical aggression, which appear most at risk of violent criminal behaviour, we need to study the factors which help children learn to inhibit physical aggression during the preschool years. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Intraindividual growth in covert antisocial behaviour: a necessary precursor to chronic juvenile and adult arrests?
Authors: Patterson Gerald R. , Yoerger Karen
Published: March 2006

Background/Methods

In the Oregon Youth Study (OYS) during the interval from Grades 4 to 12, there was significant growth in covert antisocial behaviour. Mothers' ratings collected each year defined intraindividual growth curves for 206 boys living in high‐crime areas. The growth curves were grouped into five categories. The category ‘chronic’ covert growth described boys who initiated the growth early and scored above the mean for five or more points in time. The category was associated with both juvenile (49%) and adult recidivism (41%). Those growth curves categorized as at only 'moderate risk' showed 16% juvenile and 9% adult recidivism.

Results/Conclusions

We hypothesized that the significant correlation between childhood measures of overt antisocial behaviour and adult arrest would be mediated by the level of growth in covert antisocial behaviour. The findings supported a mediational model. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A test of the social development model to predict problem behaviour during the elementary school period
Authors: Catalano Richard F. , Oxford Monica L. , Harachi Tracy W. , Abbott Robert D. , Haggerty Kevin P.
Published: March 2006

Background

This paper presents a test of the social development model which is a general theory of human behaviour that hypothesizes that similar developmental processes lead to either prosocial or antisocial outcomes. The model is a synthesis of social learning, social control and differential association theories. Earlier papers have examined the fit of the model during adolescence, but the model has not been tested in childhood.

Method

This paper examines the fit of a modified version of the model measuring social development constructs in the family in predicting early antisocial behaviour in primary school. The model is tested with data from the Raising Healthy Children project, a longitudinal study of the aetiology of positive and problem behaviour with an experimental intervention nested within the study.

Results

In the first analysis the prosocial path of the SDM was examined; the model fitted well, and explained 25% of the variance in early antisocial behaviour. However, the path between skills and rewards from the family was not significant, and a better fit was obtained when the model included two additional paths from skills to beliefs and skills to antisocial behaviour. In the second analysis the sample was split into two groups, those whose parents modelled problem behaviour and those who did not.

Conclusions

Two differences emerged between the two groups. First, the strength of the path between skills and problem behaviour was significantly stronger for children whose parents modelled problem behaviours. Second, the path between belief in family values and antisocial behaviours was not significant for children whose parents modelled problem behaviour. The implications for theory and practice are discussed. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A typology of offenders: a test of Moffitt's theory among males and females from childhood to age 30
Authors: Kratzer Lynn , Hodgins Sheilagh
Published: March 2006

Background

The present study tests Moffitt's theory regarding age‐related patterns of male offending in a Swedish cohort of 7101 males and 6751 females.

Method

Four groups of offenders were identified: stable early‐starters (ES), adolescence‐limited (AL), adult‐starters (AS), and discontinuous offenders (DO). Information on childhood problems and patterns of offending was prospectively collected.

Results

Consistent with Moffitt's theory, ES offenders committed more crimes and a greater diversity of crimes than other offender groups. Childhood problems and low global scores of intelligence distinguished ES offenders from AL, AS offenders and non‐offenders.

Conclusions

Moffitt's typology of offenders appears to better describe male than female offenders. For example, among females, AS not ES offenders were responsible for the largest proportion of crimes and childhood variables played a role in AL offending. Inconsistent with Moffitt's theory, ES males and females were convicted of more offences than AL offenders during adolescence, and ES males obtained lower scores on numeric and spatial as well as verbal subtests of intelligence. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Social and sexual functioning in schizophrenic men who commit serious sex offences against women
Authors: Smith Alan D. , Taylor Pamela J.
Published: March 2006

Background

Little is known about the social and sexual functioning of men with schizophrenia who commit serious sex offences.

Aims

To examine social and sexual functioning, before and after illness onset, in a national sample of schizophrenic men who have been convicted of a contact sex offence against a woman, two hypotheses are tested. First, that there are no significant differences in social and sexual functioning between white and Afro‐Caribbean men with schizophrenia who have sexually assaulted women. Second, that men who have a history of contact sex offending antedating the onset of schizophrenia are more likely to have poor pre‐onset social and sexual functioning compared with men who begin sex offending after illness onset.

Method

A search of Home Office records was completed for all 84 male restricted hospital order inpatients with schizophrenia, resident in any hospital in England and Wales, during May 1997, with an index conviction for a contact sex offence against a woman.

Results

The group underwent a significant deterioration in social and sexual functioning after the onset of schizophrenia. Afro‐Caribbean men had better pre‐onset social and sexual adjustment compared with white men, but underwent a deterioration to a similar extent after developing schizophrenia. Men who began sex offending before the onset of schizophrenia were more likely to have impairment of pre‐onset social and sexual functioning compared with men who did not offend sexually until after illness onset. However, controlling for other variables, only pre‐onset social isolation remained significantly associated with sex offending before illness onset.

Conclusions

Whilst the findings do not support the first hypothesis they do provide evidence for the second hypothesis. Formulation of treatment programmes for schizophrenic sex offenders requires careful consideration of pre‐onset as well as current social and sexual functioning. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Clozapine treatment of long‐standing schizophrenia and serious violence: a two‐year follow‐up study of the first 50 patients treated with clozapine in Rampton high security hospital
Authors: Dalal Brian , Larkin Emmet , Leese Morven , Taylor Pamela J.
Published: March 2006

Background

There is an increased risk of violence among people with schizophrenia, and this may become serious as evidenced by the small number of people who have been admitted to a special (high security) hospital. Such people have usually been treated extensively elsewhere without success.

Method

A naturalistic study was carried out of 50 special hospital patients started on clozapine and followed up for two years, using a modified HONOS to their clinical record.

Results

Nearly one quarter were unable to sustain clozapine for more than 12 months, for a variety of reasons. As a group they showed significantly less symptom reduction than those who continued. For those on clozapine for a minimum of 12 months continuously, the majority showed symptom reduction. Of the 20 patients who were still violent in the special hospital prior to the trial, symptom reduction was associated with reduction in violence. The rate of discharge for patients who started clozapine but were unable or unwilling to continue it was very low. In contrast, the rate of discharge for patients started on clozapine who continued treatment for at least one year was elevated to a rate similar to that of patients not treated with clozapine.

Conclusions

The results tend to confirm other work which suggests that for people with schizophrenia violence is commonly symptom dependent. They show that a trial of clozapine in such patients is well worth while, as the majority can tolerate it and the majority of those are improved. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Reasons for non‐prescription of clozapine in treatment‐resistant schizophrenia
Authors: Swinton M. , Ahmed A.G.
Published: March 2006

Background

Patients in special hospitals who are suffering from schizophrenia have lengthy admissions and this is primarily as a result of poor response to standard neuroleptics. Clozapine has a specific licence for use in such cases yet a significant proportion of special hospital patients have never been exposed to clozapine.

Method

One third of patients in Ashworth Hospital with schizophrenia or schizoaffective psychosis who had never been prescribed clozapine were assessed using the PANSS and the NOSIE and by interviews.

Results

The main reason for non‐prescription of clozapine was the likelihood of poor compliance.

Conclusion

Measures to increase the compliance of this group of patients could have major benefits. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.