bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unequal Income
Authors: Scanlon T. M.
Published: November 2017

Some of the objections to inequality discussed in previous chapters apply to the recent increase in inequality in the United States and other developed countries. But this does not account for the sense that this inequality is unfair, and hence objectionable in itself. An institution is unfair if it produces significant differences in income and wealth for which no sufficient reason can be given. As argued in Chapters 7 and 8, inequalities cannot be justified on grounds of desert or non-institutional property rights. Justifiable inequalities are ones that either could not be eliminated without infringing important personal liberties of the kinds discussed in Chapter 7, or are required in order for the economic system to function in a way that benefits all. This requirement is weaker than Rawls’s Difference Principle, but its repeated application leads to something close to Rawls’s view.
Power
Authors: Eekelaar John
Published: November 2017

This chapter establishes the book’s intention to critique the exercise of power of family practices against the values of an open society. As a background to understanding modern forms of family governance, it outlines the ‘welfarism’ thesis which maintains that family governance has moved from an era of instrumentalism, through a welfarist phase, to an era of scepticism about institutional structures, and claims for individual empowerment where rights claims have attempted to re-align the sources of power over people’s personal lives. The fragmentation of family forms suggests it may be better to see family law as the law relating to the personal lives of individuals, rather than related to specific social forms, and therefore be more appropriately termed ‘personal’ law.
Rights
Authors: Eekelaar John
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the concept of rights, which it proposes are best seen as a complex amalgam comprising a claim of entitlement to an end-state necessary to protect an interest which has sufficient weight to activate action to achieve it. A distinction is drawn between a strong and weak sense of rights. Examples are given of how rights claims have been used through political and judicial processes to limit or redistribute power. Particular attention is given to the nature of human rights and children’s rights, and their place in personal law. The role of judicially protected rights within democracies is defended.
Para-Narratives of Return
Authors: Alden Maureen
Published: November 2017

The returns of the other heroes preface the adventures of Odysseus’ apologos, which reflect on his desire to escape from the Phaeacian court. To achieve nostos requires restraint of the heart. Odysseus must escape the potential detainer, Nausicaa, and her island paradise, as he escaped the detainer, Calypso, and her (remarkably similar) island paradise. Of the heroines he saw in Hades, Tyro’s fate rebukes Alcinous’ lax supervision of Nausicaa, and Chloris evokes the story of her much-wooed daughter, Pero (won by an unnamed seer who escaped rustic cowherds): Pero is analogous to Penelope. Odysseus tells the Phaeacians about the Trojan War dead, then describes Minos presiding over a Hades in which the indefinite postponement of Tantalus’ gratification parallels the repeated postponement of Odysseus’ return: Odysseus’ narrative effort, like Sisyphus’ rock-rolling, seems interminable, but like Heracles, the hero performs the labours required of him.
Para-Narratives for Telemachus
Authors: Alden Maureen
Published: November 2017

The poet’s design for Odysseus’ revenge on the suitors is projected in Athene/Mentes’ story (A1) of him standing fully armed at the outermost doors of the Taphian palace on a journey to fetch poison for his arrows. A story from Helen (B1) explores the possibility of confiding the rescue plan to the heroine after being recognized by her in hostile territory and receiving a bath. However, Menelaus’ account (B2) of Helen’s treachery towards the soldiers in the Wooden Horse by mimicry of their wives shows that the heroine may not keep the secret until the plan has been executed. (Penelope cannot therefore be a helper, or Eurycleia.) Menelaus repeats the framing lines of A1 in a wish (A2) that Odysseus would deal with the suitors as he did with Philomeleides, whom he threw in a wrestling bout: the motif is played out in Odysseus’ wrestling match with Irus.
Paradigms for Odysseus
Authors: Alden Maureen
Published: November 2017

The poem compares Odysseus with Heracles through shared epithets and exploits (including catabasis and archery), but the Heracles paradigm is discredited by Heracles’ murder of his guest-friend Iphitus. The vignette of Odysseus’ naming by his grandfather, Autolycus, identifies the source of the hero’s ancestral cunning and motivates his visit as a young man to Parnassus, where he kills a boar when hunting with his uncles, thereby effecting his initiation into adulthood. The boar hunt test is the pattern for the bow contest: Odysseus corresponds in each to the marginalized initiation candidate. The lightly armed Odysseus who, like Apollo, kills young men with his arrows gives way in the fight with the suitors to a heavily armed hoplite figure whose divine model is Apollo Delphinios, who at the new moon of the new year presides over the ἀπέλλα‎ (assembly) where young men make the transition into the community of adult men.
The First Person
Authors: Alden Maureen
Published: November 2017

The lies told by Odysseus in Ithaca feature a realistic itinerary via Crete, Egypt, and Thesprotia, and probably preserve earlier traditions of his return which have given place to the fantastic tales presented as truth in the apologos. Lies to the suitors are told in the persona of a metanast beggar, adopting a moral tone in which raiding and ἀτάσθαλα‎ are punished, just as the suitors will be punished for raiding the house of Odysseus. The lies, which are a way of testing loyalty and moral quality, are designed to appeal to their addressee: thus the dupe of the ‘cloak’ story is the Aetolian Thoas, to please Eumaeus, who was duped by an Aetolian. The earlier appeal to Nausicaa for pity and food is supported by lavish compliments and an impressive tale of a visit to Delos (to fetch the Oinotropoi, who were to provision the Greek army at Troy).
Introduction
Authors: Hamera Judith
Published: November 2017

The introduction establishes Michael Jackson and the city of Detroit as exemplary figures of US deindustrialization: distinct cases demonstrating the racialization of structural economic change. It uses “the deindustrial” to designate the transitional period from the mid-1980s to the present, when the United States increasingly shifted from a manufacturing to a financialized economy. This chapter defines deindustrialization and the deindustrial, argues for performance as a useful critical tool for examining structural economic change, and asserts that both race and images of African Americans have been central to the ways shifts in modes of production have been figured in the United States since the dawn of the industrial age. “Figural economy” describes the ways these images circulate; the formulation is defined here. The introduction concludes by introducing two tropes through which the deindustrial is figured—the beleaguered deindustrialized subject and the ruin—then summarizes the chapters that follow.
Up from the Ashes
Authors: Hamera Judith
Published: November 2017

Chapter 4 examines Detroit as US capitalism’s putative post-industrial phoenix between 2011 and 2016: both a blank slate and an emerging comeback story. The chapter analyzes key national and local figurations of Detroit’s widely touted arts- and artist-led renaissance that kunst-wash the structural inequities and racialized austerity imperatives of some current redevelopment initiatives. Two Detroit installations, Tyree Guyton’s Heidelberg Project and Mike Kelley’s Mobile Homestead, challenge these kunst-washed figurations. Both works draw their potency from their status as homes in a period when homes in the city were facing threats of tax foreclosure, water shutoffs, new versions of redlining, and proposed civic abandonment. Each work is discussed in detail using Bertolt Brecht’s concept of the gest. Both installations stage core elements of the deindustrial; both challenge audiences to confront the racialization, selective debility and selective prosperity, melancholy, and uncanniness of deindustriality itself.
Coda
Authors: Hamera Judith
Published: November 2017

The coda to Unfinished Business begins with the election of Donald Trump as US president, presenting this as a bookend to the election of Ronald Reagan nearly four decades earlier. Racialized and racist responses to the deindustrial are as central to the Trump phenomenon as they were to the so-called Reagan Democrats. Yet Trumpist nostalgia for industrial labor ignores or misremembers these jobs’ debilitating dimensions, as stated in the 1972 federal report “Work in America.” The coda notes that Michael Jackson’s legacy as an exemplary entrepreneur has been successfully redeployed by a new generation of African American artists, and addresses the continued gestic potential of the Heidelberg Project in the wake of Tyree Guyton’s decision to remove parts of it. It concludes by asserting that, until myths of white supremacy are confronted and dismantled, no systemic attempt to redress the predations of the deindustrial can be successful.
Rational Inference
Authors: Golan Amos
Published: November 2017

In this chapter I present arguments for the use of info-metrics as a fundamental framework for rational inference. The chapter consists of two interdependent parts. In the first I provide the framework for rational inference, which involves the use of a specific decision function to achieve the desired inference. In the second part I summarize four sets of axioms to justify the decision function argued for in the first part. All axioms lead to the same decision function: the entropy function of Boltzmann, Gibbs, and Shannon. In this chapter I emphasize underdetermined problems and problems of insufficient information, but I also discuss inference based on information resulting from repeated independent experiments. The same entropy function is identified in each case, as well as the desired decision function.
Info-Metrics and Statistical Inference
Authors: Golan Amos
Published: November 2017

This chapter is the first of a two-chapter sequence looking into the relationship between info-metrics and the more familiar statistical methods of inference, with an emphasis on information-theoretic methods. In this chapter I concentrate on discrete models. The relationship between info-metrics and information-theoretic statistical methods is established via duality theory, which provides a way for specifying all inferential methods as constrained optimization models. Since the objective here is to compare different approaches and philosophies, the analysis and examples are kept simple. A main result is that, for discrete problems, the maximum-likelihood approach is a special case of the info-metrics framework. To show this, I reconstruct the likelihood model as a constrained optimization problem. The relevant diagnostics and statistics are developed and discussed. I conclude the chapter with a detailed summary of the benefits of info-metrics for inference of discrete problems. Two detailed case studies are provided.
Introduction
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: November 2017

This introduction lays the groundwork for the book’s larger argument, namely, that study of film music’s collaborative production process changes our appreciation of the music itself. Although this book joins a larger conversation about filmmakers who exert creative control over the music in their films, this is the first book-length study to consider a producer’s relation to film music. Therefore, the introduction contextualizes the work of producers more generally and the four major phases of Selznick’s career. In particular, this chapter shows that Selznick’s commitment to film music is inseparable from his broader interest in the woman’s film, the prestige film, and middlebrow culture.
Selznick beyond Hollywood
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: November 2017

Selznick’s co-productions with elite European filmmakers contrast noticeably with his Hollywood work. The Third Man’s hyper-stylized cinematography and solo zither score by Anton Karas resemble no other Selznick film, partly because Selznick’s role was much reduced. But with subsequent European co-productions the producer sought to reinsert himself into the music. This chapter traces these battles as they unfolded on the soundtrack, with Selznick reasserting his creative voice through re-edited versions distributed only in the United States. Most striking is the case of Stazione Termini, which Selznick released as Indiscretion of an American Wife. With Alessandro Cicognini’s score re-edited by Audray Granville, music in the new version does different work from its cinematic sibling. In his final productions, including Mario Nascimbene’s music for A Farewell to Arms, Selznick’s use of music to structure narrative and develop commercial appeal re-emerges as one of the producer’s greatest priorities.
Introduction
Authors: Preston Katherine K.
Published: November 2017

In this country, the English opera has entered the arena in good earnest, and we are inclined to think that eventually, the Italian opera will have to yield to the pressure of the English. (1872)

The principal duty is to bring Americans nearer the understanding of matters of art, to make them feel art; and we only can reach that point through operatic performances in a language they can speak themselves and can understand. (1880)...
The Renaissance of English-Language Opera in America
Authors: Preston Katherine K.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the two most important English-language troupes active during the late 1860s and early 1870s. Caroline Richings, known as a “manageress” or “directress,” performed before, during, and after the Civil War. Her success shows conclusively that Americans of the immediate postwar period were still interested in English-language opera, even though most music critics believed that this style of performance was old-fashioned and passé. Many believed that Richings created the English-language-opera renaissance in America. The Scottish soprano Euphrosyne Parepa arrived in America in 1865 as part of an itinerant concert troupe and subsequently sang in Italian-language opera companies. Richings’s success and popularity inspired her, and she organized her own English-language troupe, which quickly eclipsed that of her competitor. The success of these two prime donne—especially in the face of skepticism about Americans’ interest in vernacular opera—illuminates the operatic tastes of American audiences in the immediate postwar period.
Foreign-Language Opera Is Exclusive; Vernacular Is “For the People”
Authors: Preston Katherine K.
Published: November 2017

This chapter commences with the Panic of 1873 and its profound impact on operatic production in 1870s America. The failure of Italian- and German-language troupes facilitated the triumph of grand opera in the vernacular—especially the company of Louise Kellogg, which enjoyed extraordinary success during the worst years of the Long Deprecession. Comic opera (including operetta, light opera, and opera bouffe) was important during the period, as were the activities of several pivotal performer/managers (Emily Soldene, Sallie Holman, Alice Oates). Italian- and German-language activity during the late 1870s–1880s and the generally unsettled operatic times of the mid-1880s are covered. During this period German-language opera and its associated principle of cultural uplift first challenged and ultimately replaced Italian-language opera (temporarily) in the American foreign-language market. The chapter ends with the explosion of vernacular-opera activity in the 1880s and the enthusiasm of Americans for all types of opera performed in English.
Effie Ober and the Boston Ideal Opera Company, 1879–1885
Authors: Preston Katherine K.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the Boston Ideal Opera Company, a comic opera troupe. Its founder, Effie Hinckley Ober, was not a performer, but a businesswoman who owned one of the first musical management firms in the country. Her success in a male-dominated business provides valuable insight into how an ambitious and enterprising woman could navigate a distinctly competitive, virile world in the post-Civil War American social landscape. This chapter covers the Boston Ideals only during the Ober period (1879–1885) and illustrates techniques of management, a hitherto unknown relationship between opera production and the emergence of lyceum bureaus, and performance practice. The company mounted both operettas (Gilbert and Sullivan) and some of the standard works that had been performed by English-language troupes for decades; after Ober’s retirement it continued until 1904 under a new name (the Bostonians) and new management.
The American Opera Company
Authors: Preston Katherine K.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the philanthropist Jeannette Thurber, who founded the American (National) Opera Company (1885) to encourage high-caliber performances of continental operas translated into English. Her company was heavily subsidized by New York society and supported by establishment music critics. But both Thurber and her musical director Theodore Thomas misunderstood the American opera audience, and mounted serious works designed for cultural uplift, to the neglect of Italian and French operas that were popular among the general public. Society members were not interested in English-language opera because it was not sufficiently exclusive; middle-class operagoers were repelled both by the trappings of elitism and the expensive tickets. A close reinterpretation of the company’s failure reveals much about American operatic taste; it is also important in the context of this book because scholars have blamed the company’s spectacular demise on a general lack of support for English-language opera.
Epilogue
Authors: Preston Katherine K.
Published: November 2017

It amuses me nowadays to read of the discussion about opera in English, as if there had never been any such thing. In my time there was just as much opera in English as there was anything else. It was extremely successful. If you have voices you can sing opera in English as well as you can in any other language....
Income and the Importance of Substitution
Authors: Davis George C. , Serrano Elena L.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 4 extends the analysis of Chapter 3 to allow for substitution possibilities between foods. It evaluates the possible changes in food consumption induced by a change in income relative to a nutrient or food recommendation level, allowing for substitution possibilities between foods. The framework is used to derive the Engle curve, which shows the relationship between income and food consumption. The chapter closes with some of the main empirical findings relating income to food choices and nutrition.
Convenience and Time
Authors: Davis George C. , Serrano Elena L.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 6 incorporates a time constraint into the analysis presented in Chapter 5. It demonstrates how some individuals may be “time poor but money rich” but others may be “time rich but money poor”. The chapter shows how the money price and time price of a good can be brought together to create what economists call the “full price” of a good. The chapter explains how this extension affects the demand curve and demand function from Chapter 5. To make the discussion policy relevant, the possible change in food consumption induced by a change in money price or time price is evaluated relative to a nutrient or food recommendation level. The chapter closes with some of the main empirical findings relating time to food choices and nutrition.
Demand and Supply
Authors: Davis George C. , Serrano Elena L.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 14 introduces the ideas of consumer and producer sovereignty and addresses the questions: Who determines the prices and quantities of food in our food system? Consumers? Producers? Both? The chapter demonstrates that market prices and quantities occur where consumers and producers come together in the market as represented by the market supply and demand curves. The chapter shows how changes in demand and supply will affect prices and quantities in the market. Using the demand and supply framework, the chapter analyzes the expected impact of a proposed tax on sugar sweetened beverages to decrease caloric intake. The chapter ends with a demonstration and discussion of the effects of multiple changes in demand or supply on the market equilibrium prices and quantities.
Horizontally and Vertically Related Competitive Markets
Authors: Davis George C. , Serrano Elena L.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 15 demonstrates how markets may be interrelated. The chapter defines horizontally and vertically related markets and provides the steps to follow in analyzing those markets. The chapter demonstrates and discuss the implications a horizontally related market analysis would have for measuring the effect of a sugar sweetened beverage tax as has been found in the literature. The chapter then works through a hypothetical example of an increase in supply in an input market (the upstream market) and how this affects the output market (the downstream market) that is vertically related to the input market. This analysis is discussed in the context of research on the effects of US farm policy on corn prices and therefore the effects on downstream food markets and ultimately the contribution such policies make toward the obesity epidemic.
Right to Parental Care
Authors: Bajpai Asha
Published: November 2017

Custody refers to the physical care and control of a minor whereas guardianship is a wider term and includes rights and duties with respect to the care and control of minor’s person and property, and includes the right to make decisions relating to the minor. The present legal regime relating to guardianship and custody of children is discussed, including the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956, the personal and matrimonial laws, and relevant provisions in the Family Courts Act and Protection of Women against Domestic Violence Act, 2005. The emerging concepts of shared parenting, joint custody, and the interparental child removal or abduction of child is included. There is review and analysis of some major reported judicial decisions. A comparative survey of international laws and trends has been done. Suggestions for law reform in the best interest of the child have been given.
Making Child Rights a Reality
Authors: Bajpai Asha
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter provides legal strategies for empowerment of children and realization of child rights in practice. The chapter states the paradigm shift towards approached relating to children from welfare to rights. It enumerates the major concerns and obstacles in realizing the rights of the child in India. It provides recommendations for legislative reform in support of children in laws relating to child labour child abuse, child marriages, juvenile justice, child trafficking food security surrogacy, cyber-crimes, child witnesses, and victims. It suggests representation of children in courts, providing legal aid services to children. It suggests harmonization of laws and the working together approach for a child friendly justice for good governance and full enjoyment of child rights.
Models of Finance and Corporate Governance and their Implications
Authors: Menz Georg
Published: November 2017

Access to credit is crucial for companies to thrive. Governments in statist systems of political economy historically regulated and manipulated this function with a view to promoting sectoral and regional development, but also curtailing development not favoured politically. By contrast, in more market-oriented political sectors, governments refrained from using finance as a tool and often adopted a more laissez-faire approach in letting the finance sector grow organically, even if this included slightly problematic developments. Over the course of the past thirty years, these boundaries have become more blurred. The financial sector has extended its reach, escaped from regulatory confines, and thus identified new domains of activities. This development democratizes access to finance. However, many analysts point to excessively easy access as one of the root causes of the 2008 global financial crisis.
Welfare State Models
Authors: Menz Georg
Published: November 2017

The different models of welfare states are explored, drawing on the seminal work of Esping-Andersen. Next, we examine the challenges to welfare state systems arising from demographic change, new family formation patterns, immigration, and new trends in employment. Governments also struggle with the rising financial liabilities arising from pensions and healthcare. All of this has inspired liberalizing reforms across the OECD. To the political left, the European Union offered an unfulfilled opportunity for market reregulation. Reform measures in this domain are difficult to implement and often assume a piecemeal character. Yet demographic change in particular will force policymakers’ hands in years to come.
Constructing the State
Authors: Rau Jochen
Published: November 2017

The limited data available about a macroscopic system may come in various forms: sharp constraints, expectation values, or control parameters. While these data impose constraints on the state, they do not specify it uniquely; a further principle—the maximum entropy principle—must be invoked to construct it. This chapter discusses basic notions of information theory and why entropy may be regarded as a measure of ignorance. It shows how the state—called a Gibbs state—is constructed using the maximum entropy principle, and elucidates its generic properties, which are conveniently summarized in a thermodynamic square. The chapter further discusses the second law and how it is linked to the reproducibility of macroscopic processes. It introduces the concepts of equilibrium and temperature, as well as pressure and chemical potential. Finally, this chapter considers statistical fluctuations of the energy and of other observables in case these are given as expectation values.
Simple Systems
Authors: Rau Jochen
Published: November 2017

Even though the general framework of statistical mechanics is ultimately targeted at the description of macroscopic systems, it is illustrative to apply it first to some simple systems: a harmonic oscillator, a rotor, and a spin in a magnetic field. These applications serve to illustrate how a key function associated with the Gibbs state, the so-called partition function, is calculated in practice, how the entropy function is obtained via a Legendre transformation, and how such systems behave in the limits of high and low temperatures. After discussing these simple systems, this chapter considers a first example where multiple constituents are assembled into a macroscopic system: a basic model of a paramagnetic salt. It also investigates the size of energy fluctuations and how—in the case of the paramagnet—these fluctuations scale with the number of constituents.
Reconstituting the International, 1918–1923
Authors: Imlay Talbot C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the post-war efforts of European socialists to reconstitute the Socialist International. Initial efforts to cooperate culminated in an international socialist conference in Berne in February 1919 at which socialists from the two wartime camps met for the first time. In the end, however, it would take four years to reconstitute the International with the creation of the Labour and Socialist International (LSI) in 1923. That it took so long to do so is a testimony to the impact of the Great War and to the Bolshevik revolution. Together, these two seismic events compelled socialists to reconsider the meaning and purpose of socialism. The search for answers sparked prolonged debates between and within the major parties, profoundly reconfiguring the pre-war world of European socialism. One prominent stake in this lengthy process, moreover, was the nature of socialist internationalism—both its content and its functioning.
An Overview of Intellectual Property Rights and Systems
Authors: Pila Justine
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the nature, aims, and values of intellectual property (IP) rights and systems. It traces the emergence of statutory IP laws in Europe from the 15th century as means of facilitating and rewarding the introduction to the public of certain intangible expressive and informational objects of social value, and the different IP philosophies that they reflect. It then considers the IP rights and systems of European and UK law today, and their vesting of temporary exclusive rights in respect of different categories of ‘intellectual creation’, broadly conceived. The EU is presented as seeking, through its recognition and protection of IP rights, to build on the traditions of its Member States in a manner that is consistent with both its international commitments and its particular economic and social values and aims. The result of this objective is considered, along with certain distinctions of importance to IP rights and systems.
Introduction
Authors: Tyler Amanda L.
Published: November 2017

The Introduction begins by exploring modern examples sanctioning the concept of the citizen enemy combatant, such as the War on Terror cases of José Padilla and Yaser Hamdi. It then suggests that the roots of this concept may be found in the World War II detention of Japanese Americans, including over 70,000 U.S. citizens. The Introduction continues by arguing that this modern conception of the citizen enemy combatant is impossible to reconcile with the historic understanding of the Suspension Clause and the habeas privilege that trace their origins to English legal tradition, an understanding that remained consistent well through Reconstruction. The Introduction concludes with an overview of the book.
The Making of the Privilege
Authors: Tyler Amanda L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the origins and importance of the English Habeas Corpus Act of 1679. In the century leading up to the Act, royal command commonly sufficed as cause for detention or, at the least, precluded judicial inquiry into detention. But the privilege associated with the Act limited dramatically the causes for which the executive could legally detain persons who could claim the protection of domestic law. Specifically, the Act required that one be charged criminally and proceeded against in due course, even in times of war, and it rejected outright the proposition that the royal command, standing alone, would suffice as lawful cause to detain. Accordingly, the Act was part of the ongoing struggle between Parliament and the Crown that dominated the better part of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This chapter chronicles the decades in which the seeds of the association of habeas corpus with individual liberty were sown.
Enshrining a Constitutional Privilege
Authors: Tyler Amanda L.
Published: November 2017

The U.S. Constitution that emerged from the Constitutional Convention in 1787 created a stronger central government than had existed under the Articles of Confederation and for the first time established national courts. It also included the Suspension Clause, which provided: “The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.” As explored in this chapter, a wealth of evidence from the Founding period demonstrates that in the Suspension Clause, the Founding generation sought to constitutionalize the protections associated with the seventh section of the English Habeas Corpus Act and import the English suspension model, while also severely limiting the circumstances when the suspension power could be invoked.
Conclusion
Authors: Tyler Amanda L.
Published: November 2017

The book concludes by arguing that the current state of American habeas jurisprudence should trouble anyone who cares about the Constitution. As the chapters of the book reveal, the War on Terror Supreme Court decision in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld and the World War II internment of Japanese Americans stand entirely at odds with everything the Founding generation sought to achieve with the Suspension Clause. Specifically, the origins and long-standing interpretation of the Suspension Clause understood it to prohibit the government, in the absence of a valid suspension, from detaining persons who can claim the protection of domestic law outside the criminal process, even in wartime.
Discipline
Authors: Miller Peggy J. , Cho Grace E.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 6, “Discipline,” describes how discipline was practiced in Centerville families, and includes illustrative vignettes from recorded observations. Discipline was a delicate matter within the social imaginary of childrearing and self-esteem because negative feedback was construed as damaging children’s self-esteem if not handled adroitly. Although parents believed that discipline was important, they did not want to be too harsh or discipline in the wrong way. They sometimes cast children’s misdeeds as preferences or self-expression, thereby sidestepping the need for discipline. And when parents resorted to punishment, they often used humor, endearments, or expressions of love to soften their criticism and mitigate the psychological impact on the child. The most negative messages directed at the focal children came from their siblings. This chapter also describes variability across families; parents often drew on their own personal experiences and considered their child’s individual temperament when disciplining. Stressful life conditions posed additional challenges.
Eric Prewitt and His Family
Authors: Miller Peggy J. , Cho Grace E.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 9, “Eric Prewitt and His Family,” describes the older child in a working-class European American family. Mrs. Prewitt, who was divorced, was raising Eric and his younger brother on her own, with very little social support from her family but with help from her church and other local institutions. During the study, she graduated from community college, the first in her family to do so. Eric was a prodigiously curious child who loved music. He was fascinated by vehicles and computers and learned to read early. Although his preschool teachers were impressed by his advanced computer and literacy skills, they (and Eric’s mother) were concerned about his shyness, which they took to be a sign of low self-esteem. Eric was shy in the classroom, but not in the gym, where he was the very picture of exuberance. At his teachers’ urging, Eric began to see a therapist.
Charisse Jackson and Her Family
Authors: Miller Peggy J. , Cho Grace E.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 10, “Charisse Jackson and Her Family,” describes a working-class African American family with two daughters. Mrs. Jackson quit her full-time, minimum-wage job in preparation for the birth of Charisse’s sister, who was born during the study. Charisse loved to do arts and crafts projects at home and at the public library, and she was proud of the number of words she could read. Mr. and Mrs. Jackson were touched by their daughter’s spontaneous acts of empathy. Charisse had an assertive personality; she knew her own mind and could hold her own in playful banter with her mother and her friends. Her “can-do” attitude convinced her parents that she had high self-esteem, but her Head Start teachers thought she was too quiet, and her kindergarten teacher told her parents that she needed to work on overcoming her shyness and improving her self-esteem.
Formation of the young compact cluster GM 24 triggered by a cloud–cloud collision
Authors: Fukui Yasuo , Kohno Mikito , Yokoyama Keiko , Nishimura Atsushi , Torii Kazufumi , Hattori Yusuke , Sano Hidetoshi , Ohama Akio , Yamamoto Hiroaki , Tachihara Kengo
Published: November 2017

High-mass star formation is an important step which controls galactic evolution. GM 24 is a heavily obscured star cluster including a single O9 star with more than ∼100 lower-mass stars within a 0.3 pc radius toward (l, b) ∼ (${350{{^{\circ}_{.}}}5}$, ${0{{^{\circ}_{.}}}96}$), close to the Galactic mini-starburst NGC 6334. We found two velocity components associated with the cluster by new observations of 12CO J =2–1 emission, whereas the cloud was previously considered to be single. We found that the distribution of the two components of 5 $\rm {km}\:$s−1 separation shows complementary distribution; the two fit well with each other if a relative displacement of 3 pc is applied along the Galactic plane. A position–velocity diagram of the GM 24 cloud is explained by a model based on numerical simulations of two colliding clouds, where an intermediate velocity component created by the collision is taken into account. We estimate the collision time scale to be ∼Myr in projection of a relative motion tilted to the line of sight by 45°. The results lend further support for cloud–cloud collision as an important mechanism of high-mass star formation in the Carina–Sagittarius Arm.
Genetic Diversity and Virulence of Wheat and Barley Strains of Xanthomonas translucens from the Upper Midwestern United States
Authors: Curland Rebecca D. , Gao Liangliang , Bull Carolee T. , Vinatzer Boris A. , Dill-Macky Ruth , Van Eck Leon , Ishimaru Carol A.
Published: November 2017

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) of wheat and barley, caused by Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa and X. translucens pv. translucens, has been of growing concern in small grains production in the Upper Midwestern United States. To optimize disease resistance breeding, a greater awareness is needed of the pathovars and genetic diversity within the pathogens causing BLS in the region. Multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) and analysis (MLSA) of four common housekeeping genes (rpoD, dnaK, fyuA, and gyrB) was used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 82 strains of X. translucens isolated between 2006 and 2013 from wheat, barley, rye, and intermediate wheatgrass. In addition, in planta disease assays were conducted on 75 strains to measure relative virulence in wheat and barley. All strains were determined by MLSA to be related to X. translucens pv. undulosa and X. translucens pv. translucens. Clustering of strains based on Bayesian, network, and minimum spanning trees correlated with relative virulence levels in inoculated wheat and barley. Thus, phylogeny based on rpoD, dnaK, fyuA, and gyrB correlated with host of isolation and was an effective means for predicting virulence of strains belonging to X. translucens pv. translucens and X. translucens pv. undulosa.
Intrauterine Device Use and Cervical Cancer Risk
Authors: Cortessis Victoria K. , Barrett Malcolm , Brown Wade Niquelle , Enebish Temuulen , Perrigo Judith L. , Tobin Jessica , Zhong Charlie , Zink Jennifer , Isiaka Vanessa , Muderspach Laila I. , Natavio Melissa , McKean-Cowdin Roberta
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE:

To estimate the association between use of an intrauterine device (IUD) and risk of cervical cancer by subjecting existing data to critical review, quantitative synthesis, and interpretation.

DATA SOURCES:

We searched PubMed, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and catalogs of scientific meetings and abstracts, theses, and dissertations queried from inception through July 2016.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:

Examination of abstracts from 225 reports identified 34 studies with individual-level measures of use of an IUD and incident cervical cancer. By critically assessing the full text of these reports, independent reviewers identified 17 studies conducted without recognized sources of systematic error, of which 16 could be harmonized for meta-analysis.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:

Point and interval estimates of the association between use of an IUD and incident cervical cancer were extracted from original reports into a structured database along with key features of study design and implementation. A random-effects meta-analysis was implemented to quantitatively synthesize extracted estimates and assess likely influence of publication bias, residual confounding, heterogeneity of true effect size, and human papillomavirus prevalence and cervical cancer incidence in source populations. Women who used an IUD experienced less cervical cancer (summary odds ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.53–0.77). Neither confounding by recognized risk factors nor publication bias seems a plausible explanation for the apparent protective effect, which may be stronger in populations with higher cervical cancer incidence.

CONCLUSION:

Invasive cervical cancer may be approximately one third less frequent in women who have used an IUD. This possible noncontraceptive benefit could be most beneficial in populations with severely limited access to screening and concomitantly high cervical cancer incidence.
Cost of Care for the Initial Management of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Bercow Alexandra S. , Chen Ling , Chatterjee Sudeshna , Tergas Ana I. , Hou June Y. , Burke William M. , Ananth Cande V. , Neugut Alfred I. , Hershman Dawn L. , Wright Jason D.
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE:

To examine the cost of care during the first year after a diagnosis of ovarian cancer, estimate the sources of cost, and explore the out-of-pocket costs.

METHODS:

We performed a retrospective cohort study of women with ovarian cancer diagnosed from 2009 to 2012 who underwent both surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy using the Truven Health MarketScan database. This database is comprised of patients covered by commercial insurance sponsored by more than 100 employers in the United States. Medical expenditures, including physician reimbursement, for a 12-month period beginning on the date of surgery were estimated. All payments were examined, including out-of-pocket costs for patients. Payments were divided into expenditures for inpatient care, outpatient care (including chemotherapy), and outpatient drug costs. The 12-month treatment period was divided into three phases: surgery to 30 days (operative period), 1–6 months (adjuvant therapy), and 6–12 months after surgery. The primary outcome was the overall cost of care within the first year of diagnosis of ovarian cancer; secondary outcomes included assessment of factors associated with cost.

RESULTS:

A total of 26,548 women with ovarian cancer who underwent surgery were identified. After exclusion of patients with incomplete insurance enrollment or coverage, those who did not undergo chemotherapy, and those with capitated plans, our cohort consisted of 5,031 women. The median total medical expenditures per patient during the first year after the index procedure were $93,632 (interquartile range $62,319–140,140). Inpatient services accounted for $30,708 (interquartile range $20,102–51,107; 37.8%) in expenditures, outpatient services $52,700 (interquartile range $31,210–83,206; 58.3%), and outpatient drug costs $1,814 (interquartile range $603–4,402; 3.8%). The median out-of-pocket expense was $2,988 (interquartile range $1,649–5,088). This included $1,509 (interquartile range $705–2,878) for outpatient services, $589 (interquartile range $3–1,715) for inpatient services, and $351 (interquartile range $149–656) for outpatient drug costs.

CONCLUSION:

The average cost of care for women with ovarian cancer in the first year after surgery is approximately $100,000. Patients bear approximately 3% of these costs in the form of out-of-pocket expenses.
Interpregnancy Interval After Pregnancy Loss and Risk of Repeat Miscarriage
Authors: Sundermann Alexandra C. , Hartmann Katherine E. , Jones Sarah H. , Torstenson Eric S. , Velez Edwards Digna R.
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE:

To assess whether interpregnancy interval length after a pregnancy loss is associated with risk of repeat miscarriage.

METHODS:

This analysis includes pregnant women participating in the Right From the Start (2000–2012) community-based prospective cohort study whose most recent pregnancy before enrollment ended in miscarriage. Interpregnancy interval was defined as the time between a prior miscarriage and the last menstrual period of the study pregnancy. Miscarriage was defined as pregnancy loss before 20 weeks of gestation. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate crude and adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs for the association between different interpregnancy interval lengths and miscarriage in the study pregnancy. Adjusted models included maternal age, race, parity, body mass index, and education.

RESULTS:

Among the 514 study participants who reported miscarriage as their most recent pregnancy outcome, 15.7% had a repeat miscarriage in the study pregnancy (n=81). Median maternal age was 30 years (interquartile range 27–34) and 55.6% of participants had at least one previous livebirth (n=286). When compared with women with interpregnancy intervals of 6–18 months (n=136), women with intervals of less than 3 months (n=124) had the lowest risk of repeat miscarriage (7.3% compared with 22.1%; adjusted hazard ratio 0.33, 95% CI 0.16–0.71). Neither maternal race nor parity modified the association. Attempting to conceive immediately was not associated with increased risk of miscarriage in the next pregnancy.

CONCLUSION:

An interpregnancy interval after pregnancy loss of less than 3 months is associated with the lowest risk of subsequent miscarriage. This implies counseling women to delay conception to reduce risk of miscarriage may not be warranted.
Long-term Results for Expectant Management of Ultrasonographically Diagnosed Benign Ovarian Teratomas
Authors: Pascual M. Angela , Graupera Betlem , Pedrero Cristina , Rodriguez Ignacio , Ajossa Silvia , Guerriero Stefano , Alcázar Juan Luis
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE:

To assess the natural history of ultrasonographically diagnosed benign ovarian teratomas in asymptomatic women.

METHODS:

We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study of 408 women (mean age 36.6 years, range 14–81 years) diagnosed as having an ovarian teratoma by transvaginal ultrasonography (except eight who only had a transabdominal study done) between January 2003 and December 2013 at a single tertiary care institution. Six hundred thirteen women were diagnosed with ovarian teratoma of whom 205 were promptly treated surgically, leaving 408 patients followed conservatively with follow-up scans at 3 and 6 months from diagnosis and then yearly. The ultrasonographic diagnosis of a benign ovarian teratoma required at least one of the following features: a cystic mass with mixed echogenicity, thick band-like echoes, a fat–fluid level, or echogenic tubercle with posterior shadowing. Clinical, ultrasonographic, and histologic data (in case of surgery) were retrieved for analysis.

RESULTS:

During follow-up, 130 of 408 (31.8%) women underwent surgery. The main reason for surgery was the physician's recommendation according to our protocol (n=115). One patient had adnexal torsion. Most surgeries (112/130 [86.2%]) were performed within the first 5 years after diagnosis. The remainder (278/408) is still being followed (median time 45.6 months, range 6–147 months). The vast majority of these lesions had no change and women remain asymptomatic. Histologic diagnosis of tumors removed surgically revealed a benign ovarian teratoma in 103 of 130 (79.2%) of the women. There were two borderline tumors, four endometriomas, three fibromas, seven serous cysts, two mucinous cysts, two stroma ovarii, seven other benign, and no case of malignant tumor.

CONCLUSION:

Our results demonstrate that expectant management might be a reasonable option for managing asymptomatic women who receive a ultrasonographic diagnosis of a benign ovarian teratoma. The risk of undergoing surgery for this lesion decreases significantly after 5 years to follow-up. With careful observation, the risk of missing a diagnosis of malignancy is low.