bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selection and Plan Switching Behavior
Authors: Tchernis Rusty , Normand Sharon-Lise T. , Pakes Juliana , Gaccione Peter , Newhouse Joseph P.
Published: July 2014

A majority of employees can choose among health insurance plans of varying generosity. They may switch plans if prices, information, or their health status change. This paper analyzes switching behavior presumptively caused by changes in health status. We show that people who move to a less generous plan have lower medical spending prior to the switch than the average for the generous plan in which they started, while those who move to a more generous plan appear to anticipate higher spending, which they delay until after the switch. This transfer of costs from a less to a more generous plan increases the burden of adverse selection. Our data suggest that switching may be more important to the level of premiums than previously documented.
Financial Incentives and Gaming in Alcohol Treatment
Authors: Lu Mingshan , Ma Ching-To Albert
Published: July 2014

This study looks at the effect of performance-based contracting (PBC) on administrative information misreports in substance abuse treatment in Maine. For about 700 alcohol abuse treatment episodes in the period 1990–1995, we constructed clinician report gaming indicators from two data sets: the Maine Addiction Treatment System (MATS) and medical record abstracts. Gaming, in this study, refers to differences in MATS reports and the medical records for an episode. Under PBC, which was implemented in 1992, a provider's financial reward was positively related to treatment outcomes measured by some reports from MATS. We found that the introduction of PBC increased gaming. The data supported the hypotheses that clinicians overstated patient severity at the beginning of treatment episodes, and understated severity at the end.
The Costs and Effectiveness of Different Benefit Designs for Treating Tobacco Dependence: Results from a Randomized Trial
Authors: Halpin Helen Ann , McMenamin Sara B. , Rideout Jeffrey , Boyce-Smith Gifford
Published: July 2014

This research estimated the costs and effectiveness of three different benefit designs for treating tobacco dependence: drugs only (nicotine replacement therapy patch, nasal spray, inhaler, and Zyban); drugs and counseling (drugs and proactive telephone counseling); and drugs if counseling (drugs conditional on enrollment in counseling). A sample of 393 adult smokers enrolled in a California preferred provider organization was randomly assigned to one of three study groups. After eight months, there were no significant increases in quit attempts or quit rates in the groups with covered drugs and counseling compared to the group with drug coverage only. Therefore, costs rose with no increase in quit rates when proactive telephone counseling was added to coverage of pharmacotherapy, regardless of benefit design.
Tort Law and Medical Malpractice Insurance Premiums
Authors: Kilgore Meredith L. , Morrisey Michael A. , Nelson Leonard J.
Published: July 2014

This paper estimated the effects of tort law and insurer investment returns on physician malpractice insurance premiums. Data were collected on tort law from 1991 through 2004, and multivariate regression models, including fixed effects for state and year, were used to estimate the effect of changes in tort law on medical malpractice premiums. The premium consequences of national policy changes were simulated. The analysis found that the introduction of a new damage cap lowered malpractice premiums for internal medicine, general surgery, and obstetrics/gynecology by 17.3%, 20.7%, and 25.5%, respectively. Lowering damage caps by $100,000 reduced premiums by 4%. Statutes of repose also resulted in lower premiums. No other tort law changes had the effect of lowering premiums. Simulation results indicate that a national cap of $250,000 on awards for noneconomic damages in all states would imply premium savings of $16.9 billion. Extending a $250,000 cap to all states that do not currently have them would save $1.4 billion annually, or about 8% of the total. A negative effect on malpractice premiums was found for the Dow Jones industrial average, but not for bond prices; effects of the Nasdaq index were not significant for internal medicine, but were marginally significant for surgery and obstetrics premiums.
Clumps in stellar winds
Authors: Vink J. S.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. We discuss the origin and quantification of wind clumping and mass–loss rates (Ṁ), particularly in close proximity to the Eddington (Γ) limit, relevant for very massive stars (VMS). We present evidence that clumping may not be the result of the line-deshadowing instability (LDI), but that clumps are already present in the stellar photosphere.
Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi: Decision on the Admissibility of the Case Against Abdullah Al-Senussi (INT’L CRIM. CT.)
Authors: Augustínyová Gabriela
Published: July 2014

On October 11, 2013, Pre-Trial Chamber I of the International Criminal Court (Court) rendered the “Decision on the admissibility of the case against Abdullah Al-Senussi” in the case of Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi. In this important decision, the Pre-Trial Chamber, for the first time in the history of the Court, found a case inadmissible and decided that Libya may proceed with domestic proceedings against Mr. Al-Senussi.
O Selo Postal como Meio de Divulgação Científica
Authors: SALCEDO Diego
Published: July 2014

Considera como pressupostos que o conhecimento científico constitui, cada vez mais, a concepção de ser-no-mundo, tanto do indivíduo quanto das coletividades, e que as imagens científicas têm sido utilizadas como um recurso discursivo que informa, comunica e interpela ambos, modifica seus mundos e têm profícuo papel na construção das realidades sociais. Revela, pois, algumas características da divulgação científica feita por meio de selos postais. Identifica nas emissões comemorativas brasileiras do século XX, 2.354 selos postais. A partir de uma proposta de categorização dos elementos verbovisuais, seleciona 104 selos, divididos em quatro categorias. Utiliza um selo de cada categoria para realizar uma leitura interpretativa. Conclui que os selos postais participam, assim como outros meios de comunicação, na divulgação da ciência.
Narrativa Seriada e Questões Étnico-Raciais: Telenovela como Recurso Comunicativo de Visibilidade da Etnicidade Negra
Authors: GRIJÓ Wesley Pereira
Published: July 2014

Partindo do contexto étnico-racial brasileiro e da produção de narrativa seriada no país, aborda-se a possibilidade da telenovela brasileira como “recurso comunicativo” e “ação pedagógica” (LOPES, 2009). O objeto empírico do estudo é a telenovela “Lado a Lado” (Rede Globo, 2012), com a intenção de identificar possíveis avanços na representação dos negros a partir do atual contexto da ficção seriada brasileira.
Por uma Perspectiva Culturalista nos Estudos de Comunicação
Authors: SOUZA Humberto Da Cunha Alves de
Published: July 2014

Bauman explora, na obra A cultura no mundo líquido moderno, como o conceito de cultura assumiu diferentes “missões” desde sua interpretação mais original a serviço das elites culturais, até estar a serviço da sedução na sociedade de consumo – período que o autor chama de modernidade líquida. É preciso lembrar que esse período é tratado por outros autores como pós-modernidade, modernidade tardia, hipermodernidade; metáforas que, como justificou o próprio Bauman, não é seu objetivo debater. O que chama atenção é a linguagem complexa do autor, característica que se identifica na leitura de outras obras. Exige-se, portanto, profunda atenção do leitor; bem como seu conhecimento prévio de que Bauman é um estudioso cuidadoso da “sociedade de consumo”, conceito muito presente em suas obras.
A Ciência da Comunicação e a Comunicação da Ciência: Um Dossiê de Interfaces
Authors: DEL VECCHIO DE LIMA Myrian , LOOSE Eloisa Belling
Published: July 2014

Como pesquisadoras que têm incluídos no rol de suas reflexões e investigações a grande questão das interfaces entre Comunicação e Ciência, partilhamos, com inúmeros estudiosos da área, o pressuposto de que os meios de comunicação desempenham função fundamental na democratização do saber ao popularizar a ciência. Não apenas tais meios são essenciais, mas todas as formas de comunicação que divulguem, de maneira objetiva, clara, motivadora, atraente e competente, princípios e valores, métodos e técnicas, novidades e características, políticas e reflexões sobre o fazer científico e seus produtos.
A Comunicação Científica sob a Ótica de Isaac Epstein
Authors: LOOSE Eloisa Beling , DEL VECCHIO DE LIMA Myrian
Published: July 2014

Sempre interessado por Matemática e Filosofia, o engenheiro civil Isaac Epstein acabou tornando-se uma das referências na área de Comunicação Científica no Brasil. Dedicado à compreensão das difíceis relações entre cientistas e divulgadores e à forma mais pertinente de comunicar o conhecimento da ciência, publicou diversos artigos, capítulos e livros, contribuiu para a formação acadêmica de muitos pesquisadores nessa área e continua ativo, preparando cursos rápidos de extensão e ministrando palestras sobre o tema. Nesta entrevista, Epstein fala sobre seu percurso intelectual, os caminhos da divulgação científica no País e as perspectivas na área para o futuro.
Ossifying Fibromyxoid Tumor of the Breast Mimicking Fibroadenoma: A Case Report and Differential Diagnoses
Authors: Asirvatham Jaya Ruth , Shah Anand , Carreon Chrystalle Katte , Bhuiya Tawfiqul A. , Kahn Leonard B. , Kostroff Karen , Morgenstern Nora J.
Published: July 2014

An 80-year-old woman presented with a palpable mass in the right breast. Mammographic findings were consistent with calcified fibroadenoma. An ultrasound was performed that showed a solid nodule with peripheral calcification. A core biopsy was obtained that revealed a spindle cell proliferation with a shell of mature bone. The histologic features, in combination with immunohistochemical studies, were those of an ossifying fibromyxoid tumor. Complete excision of the specimen further confirmed the diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of ossifying fibromyxoid tumor occurring in the breast. We review the current literature on ossifying fibromyxoid tumor and discuss the differential diagnoses when confronted with bland spindle cells on a core biopsy of the breast.
Clinical Consequences of Specimen Rejection: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes Analysis of 78 Clinical Laboratories
Authors: Karcher Donald S. , Lehman Christopher M.
Published: July 2014

Context.—Clinical laboratory specimens may be rejected as unsuitable for analysis for a variety of reasons and specimen rejection may have significant clinical consequences.

Objective.—To quantify the clinical consequences of specimen rejection and determine the impact of laboratories' policies and practices on these consequences.

Design.—Participants prospectively reviewed consecutive blood and urine specimens submitted to the chemistry and/or hematology laboratories to identify rejected specimens. For each rejected specimen, the patient's age, specimen type, testing priority, rejection reason, time from specimen receipt to receipt of recollected/relabeled specimen, recollection method, and test result time were recorded. Specimen/test abandonment was determined by failure to recollect or relabel a rejected specimen. Each laboratory's policy regarding relabeling of incorrectly labeled specimens was recorded, along with how many relabeled specimens were subsequently discovered to be mislabeled.

Results.—Specimen rejection led to a (1) high rate of specimen recollection, (2) delay in result availability (median of 65 minutes), and (3) high rate of specimen/test abandonment. Longer test result delay was associated with higher hospital bed size; and higher test abandonment rate, with failure of the laboratory to request specimen recollection. Relabeling of incorrectly labeled specimens was found to be of little benefit and was associated with a substantial percentage of subsequently mislabeled specimens.

Conclusion.—Specimen rejection has significant clinical consequences, including patient discomfort, significant delay in result availability, and high rate of specimen/test abandonment. Allowing routine relabeling of incorrectly labeled specimens is a dangerous practice, with little measureable benefit and with an increased risk to patient safety.
Histologic Grade Remains a Prognostic Factor for Breast Cancer Regardless of the Number of Positive Lymph Nodes and Tumor Size: A Study of 161 708 Cases of Breast Cancer From the SEER Program
Authors: Schwartz Arnold M. , Henson Donald Earl , Chen Dechang , Rajamarthandan Sivasankari
Published: July 2014

Context.—The appropriate staging of breast cancers includes an evaluation of tumor size and nodal status. Histologic grade in breast cancer, though important and assessed for all tumors, is not integrated within tumor staging.

Objective.—To determine whether the histologic grade remains a prognostic factor for breast cancer regardless of tumor size and the number of involved axillary lymph nodes.

Design.—By using a new clustering algorithm, the 10-year survival for every combination of T, N, and the histologic grade was determined for cases of breast cancer obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute. There were 36 combinations of TN, defined according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, and grade.

Results.—For each combination of T and N, a categorical increase in the histologic grade was associated with a progressive decrease in 10-year survival regardless of the number of involved axillary lymph nodes or size of the primary tumor. Absolute survival differences between high and low grade persisted despite larger tumor sizes and greater nodal involvement, though trends were apparent with increasing breast cancer stage. Statistical significance depended on the number of cases for each combination.

Conclusions.—Histologic grade continues to be of prognostic importance for overall survival despite tumor size and nodal status. Furthermore, these results seem to indicate that the assignment of the histologic grade has been consistent among pathologists when evaluated in a large data set of patients with breast cancer. The incorporation of histologic grade in TNM staging for breast cancer provides important prognostic information.
Performance Evaluation of Samsung LABGEOHC10 Hematology Analyzer
Authors: Park Il Joong , Ahn Sunhyun , Kim Young In , Kang Seon Joo , Cho Sung Ran
Published: July 2014

Context.—The Samsung LABGEOHC10 Hematology Analyzer (LABGEOHC10) is a recently developed automated hematology analyzer that uses impedance technologies. The analyzer provides 18 parameters including 3-part differential at a maximum rate of 80 samples per hour.

Objective.—To evaluate the performance of the LABGEOHC10.

Design.—We evaluated precision, linearity, carryover, and relationship for complete blood cell count parameters between the LABGEOHC10 and the LH780 (Beckman Coulter Inc) in a university hospital in Korea according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Sample stability and differences due to the anticoagulant used (K2EDTA versus K3EDTA) were also evaluated.

Results.—The LABGEOHC10 showed linearity over a wide range and minimal carryover (<1%) for white blood cell, hemoglobin, red blood cell, and platelet parameters. Correlation between the LABGEOHC10 and the LH780 was good for all complete blood cell count parameters (R > 0.92) except for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. The bias estimated was acceptable for all parameters investigated except for monocyte count. Most parameters were stable until 24 hours both at room temperature and at 4°C. The difference by anticoagulant type was statistically insignificant for all parameters except for a few red cell parameters.

Conclusions.—The accurate results achievable and simplicity of operation make the unit recommendable for small to medium-sized laboratories.
Gone Fishing: Science, Proportions, and Probability
Authors: Cochran Jill A.
Published: July 2014

An outdoor context can reel in two important mathematical ideas and catch students' misconceptions in the process.
Pirate Problems to Plunder
Authors: Linder Sandra M.
Published: July 2014

Math by the Month is a regular department of the journal. It features collections of short activities focused on a monthly theme. These articles aim for an inquiry or problem-solving orientation that includes at least four activities each for grade bands K–2, 3–4, and 5–6.
Dynamic in Vivo Subtalar Joint Kinematics Measured Using a Skin Marker–Based Protocol
Authors: Birch Ivan , Deschamps Kevin
Published: July 2014

Background

The subtalar joint allows complex motion of the foot relative to the leg, the analysis of which has presented a major challenge for researchers. The considerable interpatient variation in structure and function of the subtalar joint highlights the importance of developing a protocol to assess the kinematics in individuals rather than developing an overarching description of function. The use of skin-mounted markers is, therefore, preferable, allowing the noninvasive collection of data. We sought to assess the face validity of a skin-mounted marker–based protocol to measure the in vivo kinematics of the subtalar joint.

Methods

Thirty participants were recruited using minimal exclusion criteria. A previously tested skin-mounted marker placement protocol was used in conjunction with two CODA MPX 30 sensors to capture data during walking. The data produced were compared with those from previous studies that used bone-mounted markers.

Results

The results in all three planes represented feasible outcomes compared with those of previous studies, the data falling within the ranges published. Patterns of movement demonstrated are similar to, although not the same as, those shown by previous investigations.

Conclusions

This study did not produce patterns of movement that exactly matched those of previous investigations. The results were, however, within the ranges previously published, and the patterns of movement shown were feasible. The results suggest the face validity of the method as a means of assessing the in vivo kinematics of the subtalar joint during the stance phase of gait.
Engaging Faculty in Scholarly Communication Change: A Learning Community Approach
Authors: Bazeley Jennifer W , Waller Jen , Resnis Eric
Published: July 2014

INTRODUCTION As the landscape of scholarly communication and open access continues to shift, it remains important for academic librarians to continue educating campus stakeholders about these issues, as well as to create faculty advocates on campus. DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM Three librarians at Miami University created a Faculty Learning Community (FLC) on Scholarly Communication to accomplish this. The FLC, composed of faculty, graduate students, staff, and librarians, met throughout the academic year to read and discuss topics such as open access, journal economics, predatory publishing, alternative metrics (altmetrics), open data, open peer review, etc. NEXT STEPS The members of the FLC provided positive evaluations about the community and the topics about which they learned, leading the co-facilitators to run the FLC for a second year. The library’s Scholarly Communication Committee is creating and implementing a scholarly communication website utilizing the structure and content identified by the 2012-2013 FLC.
All That Glisters: Investigating Collective Funding Mechanisms for Gold Open Access in Humanities Disciplines
Authors: Eve Martin Paul
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND This article sets out the economic problems faced by the humanities disciplines in the transition to gold open access and outlines the bases for investigations of collective funding models. Beginning with a series of four problems, it then details the key players in this field and their various approaches to collective “procurement” mechanisms. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT The Open Library of Humanities seeks to instigate a collective funding model for an open access megajournal and multijournal system that should enable for a phased transition to a gold open access model that does not require author-facing article processing charges. Libraries who participate then have a governance stake in the platform. NEXT STEPS The project is currently working towards sustainability and launch. Authors’ pledged papers are being called in and libraries are signing up to the model.
Identification of Core Journals and Analysis of Collaboration Networks Among Researchers in Ibero America
Authors: Rogel-Salazar Jesús , Rogel-Salazar Rosario
Published: July 2014

INTRODUCTION In this paper we survey scientific production published in Ibero American journals in four subject areas: Medicine, Education, Administration & Finance, and Psychology. The aim of the paper is to provide a view of the available state-of-the-art of Ibero American publications in Open Access journals compiled in well-respected repositories such as Redalyc. METHODS The scholarly Open Access production in Ibero America was analysed using data from Redalyc during the period between 2005 and 2007 for the four areas mentioned above, using data and metadata such as author affiliation and subject area. RESULTS The data analysis carried out in this paper identifies those journals that compose the core and first Bradford zone for the subject area in question. These journals are therefore those that condense the majority of relevant articles for a researcher in that particular field. The application of network analysis allows us to map the collaboration networks, per country, of researchers publishing in Ibero America. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION The analysis presented here reflects the status of journals in the areas in question reflecting the information held in the repository’s database. The authors conclude that a careful revision and improvement of the requirements that editors and journals require of their authors is of paramount importance for emerging online electronic libraries such as Redalyc.
A Current Snapshot of Institutional Repositories: Growth Rate, Disciplinary Content and Faculty Contributions
Authors: Dubinsky Ellen
Published: July 2014

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to examine current institutional repository (IR) content in order to assess the growth and breadth of content as it reflects faculty participation, and to identify successful strategies for increasing that participation. Previous studies have shown that faculty-initiated submissions to IRs, no matter the platform, are uncommon. Repository managers employ a variety of methods to solicit and facilitate faculty participation, including a variety of print marketing tools, presentations, and one-on-one consultations. METHODS This mixed method study examined faculty content in IRs through both a quantitative analysis of repository content and growth rate and a qualitative survey of repository administrators. Repositories using the Digital Commons repository platform, hosted by Berkeley Electronic Press, were examined in the fall and winter of 2013-2014 to assess the disciplinary scope of faculty content (n=107) and to measure the growth rate of IR content (n=203). Repository administrators at 205 institutions were surveyed to investigate what methods they used to facilitate faculty participation and their perceptions about the effectiveness of these methods. RESULTS Mean and median growth rates of IRs have increased since measured in 2007, with variance depending upon size and type of academic institution and age of the IR. Disciplinary content in IRs is unevenly distributed, with the Sciences predominantly represented. IR administrators remain actively involved in the submission process and in the promotion of their IRs. Personal contact with individuals or groups of faculty is the most used and successful interaction method. CONCLUSION Though IR growth rate has increased, the growth is not consistent across all IRs and does not yet pose a challenge to traditional models of scholarly publication. The rising amount of faculty content in IRs indicates faculty are increasingly willing to participate in the IR movement. However, faculty involvement may be more passive than active.
The Article is Not Enough: Introducing the JLSC Data Sharing Policy
Authors: Board JLSC Editorial
Published: July 2014

As data publication and data citation emerge as best practices in scholarly communication, the JLSC editorial board has considered its own position regarding a data publishing policy, and has explored the elements of such a policy most appropriate for our community at this time. Our view is that the scholarly record is strongest when the data underlying any report of research findings are accessible at the time of publication and into the future to enable other investigators to reproduce the research and to build on it through additional studies. Additionally, we recognize that data publication and citation are important practices to ensure data providers receive credit for their valuable research contributions. Finally, we understand the importance of making all publiclyfunded research data openly available so that society may fully benefit from its investments in the creation of these knowledge assets. For this combination of reasons, JLSC shall introduce a data policy effective August 1, 2014 that will be subject to revision in order to reflect ongoing developments in practices and infrastructure in this area.
Attribution of snowmelt onset in Northern Canada
Authors: Mioduszewski J. R. , Rennermalm A. K. , Robinson D. A. , Mote T. L.
Published: July 2014

In the region of Earth most sensitive to climate change, spring snowmelt serves as a measurable indicator of climate change and plays a strong role in the feedbacks that amplify Arctic warming. We characterize the melt season and attribute melt onset in a region of northern Canada during the spring snowmelt season from 2003 to 2011. Melt onset dates are obtained from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System retrievals. Energy balance and meteorological fields are obtained from NASA's Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications product. Analysis of three distinct subregions demonstrates that typical values of energy balance terms vary across the region and have different roles in melt attribution. Melt is controlled more by advective energy farther southwest where melt onset begins sooner, compared to higher levels of radiative energy over the tundra. This study demonstrates that a relatively small region can exhibit large differences in controls on spring snowmelt both within the region and interannually, and these differences can be understood in the context of factors ranging from the large‐scale synoptic pattern to land cover and the local energy balance. Being able to attribute melt onset to those drivers that are changing as the high latitudes warm as opposed to those that do not (i.e., insolation) allows better long‐term prediction of melt season dynamics and the climatological processes influenced by snow cover and its feedbacks.
Improved regional water management utilizing climate forecasts: An interbasin transfer model with a risk management framework
Authors: Li Weihua , Sankarasubramanian A. , Ranjithan R. S. , Brill E. D.
Published: July 2014

Regional water supply systems undergo surplus and deficit conditions due to differences in inflow characteristics as well as due to their seasonal demand patterns. This study proposes a framework for regional water management by proposing an interbasin transfer (IBT) model that uses climate‐information‐based inflow forecast for minimizing the deviations from the end‐of‐season target storage across the participating pools. Using the ensemble streamflow forecast, the IBT water allocation model was applied for two reservoir systems in the North Carolina Triangle Area. Results show that interbasin transfers initiated by the ensemble streamflow forecast could potentially improve the overall water supply reliability as the demand continues to grow in the Triangle Area. To further understand the utility of climate forecasts in facilitating IBT under different spatial correlation structures between inflows and between the initial storages of the two systems, a synthetic experiment was designed to evaluate the framework under inflow forecast having different skills. Findings from the synthetic study can be summarized as follows: (a) inflow forecasts combined with the proposed IBT optimization model provide improved allocation in comparison to the allocations obtained under the no‐transfer scenario as well as under transfers obtained with climatology; (b) spatial correlations between inflows and between initial storages among participating reservoirs could also influence the potential benefits that could be achieved through IBT; (c) IBT is particularly beneficial for systems that experience low correlations between inflows or between initial storages or on both attributes of the regional water supply system. Thus, if both infrastructure and permitting structures exist for promoting interbasin transfers, season‐ahead inflow forecasts could provide added benefits in forecasting surplus/deficit conditions among the participating pools in the regional water supply system.
The pattern of anthropogenic signal emergence in Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance
Authors: Fyke Jeremy G. , Vizcaíno Miren , Lipscomb William H.
Published: July 2014

Surface mass balance (SMB) trends influence observed Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) mass loss, but the component of these trends related to anthropogenic forcing is unclear. Here we study the simulated spatial pattern of emergence of an anthropogenically derived GrIS SMB signal between 1850 and 2100 using the Community Earth System Model. We find emergence timing heterogeneity, with a bimodal structure reflecting interior snowfall increases against a background of low SMB variability, and peripheral surface melting increases against a backdrop of high SMB variability. We also find a nonemerging intermediate region. We conclude that (1) a bimodal pattern of GrIS SMB change will unambiguously reflect the impact of anthropogenic forcing; (2) present‐day peripheral and interior SMB trends likely have an underlying anthropogenically forced component; (3) local emergence occurs well before emergence of a spatially integrated signal; and (4) the GrIS summit region may be an ideal location for monitoring regional/global climate change.
Precursors to the shear failure of rock discontinuities
Authors: Hedayat Ahmadreza , Pyrak‐Nolte Laura J. , Bobet Antonio
Published: July 2014

Active geophysical monitoring of potential failure along mechanical discontinuities in rock requires identification of precursory signatures to failure in geophysical signals. Active ultrasonic monitoring of shear failure along frictional discontinuities was performed to determine the signatures of potential failure. An instrumented direct shear apparatus was used to apply a constant shearing rate to a discontinuity that was held under a constant normal stress. Transmitted and reflected compressional and shear waves were recorded during the shearing process. Ultrasonic precursors were identified as distinct maxima in the amplitude of transmitted shear waves as well as minima in the amplitude of reflected shear waves that occurred well before the peak shear strength of a frictional discontinuity. The precursors are linked to changes in the local shear specific stiffness along the discontinuity, while the discontinuity's macroscopic shear strength continues to increase prior to failure.
Frictional melting of clayey gouge during seismic fault slip: Experimental observation and implications
Authors: Han Raehee , Hirose Takehiro , Jeong Gi Young , Ando Jun‐ichi , Mukoyoshi Hideki
Published: July 2014

Clayey gouges are common in fault slip zones at shallow depths. Thus, the fault zone processes and frictional behaviors of the gouges are critical to understanding seismic slip at these depths. We conducted rotary shear tests on clayey gouge (~41 wt % clay minerals) at a seismic slip rate of 1.3 m/s. Here we report that the gouge was melted at 5 MPa of normal stress and room humidity conditions. The initial local melting was followed by melt layer formation. Clay minerals (e.g., smectite and illite) and plagioclase were melted and quenched to glass with numerous vesicles. Both flash heating and bulk temperature increases appear to be responsible for the melting. This observation of clayey gouge melting is comparable to that of natural faults (e.g., Chelungpu fault, Taiwan). Due to heterogeneous fault zone properties (e.g., permeability), frictional melting may be one of the important processes in clayey slip zones at shallow depths.
Internal tide radiation from the Luzon Strait
Authors: Zhao Zhongxiang
Published: July 2014

The M2, K1, and O1 internal tides originating in the Luzon Strait are investigated using the sea surface height measurements by multiple satellites ERS‐2, Envisat, TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason‐1/2, and Geosat Follow‐On. A plane wave fit method is used to resolve multiple internal tides in arbitrary horizontal directions. The Luzon Strait is an energetic internal tide generation site, and radiates internal tides both westward into the South China Sea (SCS) and eastward into the western Pacific (WP). In the SCS, the K1 and O1 internal tides propagate over 1600 km, reaching the Vietnam coast; in the WP, they propagate over 2500 km and arrive to the Mariana Ridge and Guam. The K1 and O1 internal tides refract toward the Equator during propagation. The M2 internal tides in the SCS bifurcate into two beams. The northwestward beam is coincident with the frequent occurrence of internal solitary waves in this region, implying their causative relation. The phase speeds inferred from the altimetric along‐beam propagation agree with the theoretical values. Due to the influence of the Earth's rotation, the K1 and O1 phase speeds decrease remarkably from high to low latitudes. For the diurnal internal tides, the eastward radiation is about 50% greater than the westward radiation. For M2, the westward radiation is about two times the eastward radiation. The altimetric energy fluxes are about 50% of those in numerical model simulations.
A multidecadal simulation of Atlantic tropical cyclones using a variable‐resolution global atmospheric general circulation model
Authors: Zarzycki Colin M. , Jablonowski Christiane
Published: July 2014

Using a variable‐resolution option within the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Department of Energy Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) Spectral Element (SE) global model, a refined nest at 0.25° (∼28 km) horizontal resolution located over the North Atlantic is embedded within a global 1° (∼111 km) grid. The grid is designed such that fine grid cells are located where tropical cyclones (TCs) are observed to occur during the Atlantic TC season (June–November). Two simulations are compared, one with refinement and one control case with no refinement (globally uniform 1° grid). Both simulations are integrated for 23 years using Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Protocols. TCs are tracked using an objective detection algorithm. The variable‐resolution simulation produces significantly more TCs than the unrefined simulation. Storms that do form in the refined nest are much more intense, with multiple storms strengthening to Saffir‐Simpson category 3 intensity or higher. Both count and spatial distribution of TC genesis and tracks in the variable‐resolution simulation are well matched to observations and represent significant improvements over the unrefined simulation. Some degree of interannual skill is noted, with the variable‐resolution grid able to reproduce the observed connection between Atlantic TCs and the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It is shown that Genesis Potential Index (GPI) is well matched between the refined and unrefined simulations, implying that the introduction of variable‐resolution does not affect the synoptic environment. Potential “upscale” effects are noted in the variable‐resolution simulation, suggesting stronger TCs in refined nests may play a role in meridional transport of momentum, heat, and moisture.
Impact of ambient conditions on evaporation from porous media
Authors: Ben Neriah Asaf , Assouline Shmuel , Shavit Uri , Weisbrod Noam
Published: July 2014

The complexity of soil evaporation, depending on the atmospheric conditions, emphasizes the importance of its quantification under potential changes in ambient air temperature, Ta, and relative humidity, RH. Mass loss, soil matric tension, and meteorological measurements, carried out in a climate‐controlled laboratory, were used to study the effect of ambient conditions on the drying rates of a porous medium. A set of evaporation experiments from initially saturated sand columns were carried out under constant Ta of 6, 15, 25, and 35°C and related RH (0.66, 0.83, 1.08, and 1.41 kPa, respectively). The results show that the expected increase of the stage 1 (S1) evaporation rate with Ta but also revealed an exponential‐like reduction in the duration of S1, which decreased from 29 to 2.3 days (at Ta of 6 and 35°C, respectively). The evaporation rate, e(t), was equal to the potential evaporation, ep(t), under Ta = 6°C, while it was always smaller than ep(t) under higher Ta. The cumulative evaporation during S1 was higher under Ta = 6°C than under the higher temperatures. Evaporation rates during S2 were practically unaffected by ambient conditions. The results were analyzed using a mass transfer formulation linking e(t) with the vapor pressure deficit through a resistance coefficient r. It was shown that rS1 (the resistance during S1) is constant, indicating that the application of such an approach is straightforward during S1. However, for evaporation from a free water surface and S2, the resistances, rBL and rS2, were temperature‐dependent, introducing some complexity for these cases.
Design of impulsive adaptive observers for improvement of persistency of excitation
Authors: Efimov Denis , Fradkov Alexander
Published: July 2014

The development of adaptive observer techniques for nonlinear systems in the output canonical form is proposed applying additional impulsive feedback in the observer equations. The stability of new impulsive adaptive observer is investigated. It is shown that under some conditions, the proposed impulsive feedback can improve the rate of the observer convergence or relax the requirement on persistency of excitation, which is usually introduced to ensure convergence of the parameter estimates. The proposed feasibility conditions include positivity of dwell time (boundedness of impulse frequency) and solvability of some Lyapunov‐like matrix inequalities. The results are illustrated by simulation for three examples (including a single link flexible joint robot example). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved CO2 Capture from Flue Gas by Basic Sites, Charge Gradients, and Missing Linker Defects on Nickel Face Cubic Centered MOFs
Authors: López‐Maya Elena , Montoro Carmen , Colombo Valentina , Barea Elisa , Navarro Jorge A. R.
Published: July 2014

The adsorptive properties of the isoreticular series [Ni8(OH)4(H2O)2(BDP_X)6] (H2BDP_X = 1,4‐bis(pyrazol‐4‐yl)benzene‐4‐X with X = H (1), OH (2), NH2 (3)) can be enhanced by postsynthetic treatment with an excess of KOH in ethanol. In the case of X = H, NH2, this treatment leads to partial removal of the organic linkers, deprotonation of coordinated water molecules and introduction of extraframework cations, giving rise to materials of K[Ni8(OH)5(EtO)‐(H2O)2(BDP_X)5.5] (1@KOH, 3@KOH) formulation, in which the original framework topology is maintained. By contrast, the same treatment with KOH in the [Ni8(OH)4(H2O)2(BDP_OH)6] (2) system, enclosing the more acidic phenol residues, leads to a new material containing a larger fraction of missing linker defects and extra‐framework cations as well as phenolate residues, giving rise to the material K3[Ni8(OH)3(EtO)(H2O)6(BDP_O)5] (2@KOH), which also conserves the original face cubic centered (fcu) topology. It is noteworthy that the introduction of missing linker defects leads to a higher accessible pore volume with a concomitant increased adsorption capacity. Moreover, the creation of coordinatively unsaturated metal centers, charge gradients, and phenolate nucleophilic sites in 2@KOH gives rise to a boosting of CO2 capture features with increased adsorption heat and adsorption capacity, as proven by the measurement of pulse gas chromatography and breakthrough curve measurements of simulated flue gas.
Gold‐Catalyzed Carbocyclization of Phenols with a Terminal Alkyne via an Intramolecular ipso‐Friedel–Crafts Alkenylation
Authors: Nemoto Tetsuhiro , Matsuo Nobuaki , Hamada Yasumasa
Published: July 2014

We have developed a novel synthetic method to furnish spiro[4.5]cyclohexadienones using an gold‐catalyzed carbocyclization of phenols with a terminal alkyne via an intramolecular ipso‐Friedel–Crafts alkenylation. Using 2–5 mol% of gold catalyst, 1 equiv. of methanesulfonic acid, and 1 equiv. of 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylpyridine, a variety of spiro[4.5]cyclohexadienone derivatives with an exo‐cyclic olefin unit was obtained in good to excellent yields. The divergent synthesis of dihydronaphthalene derivatives was also examined based on the newly developed gold catalysis.

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The physiological mechanism for sensing nasal airflow: A literature review
Authors: Sozansky Jeanie , Houser Steven M.
Published: July 2014

Background

Nasal obstruction is a common otolaryngologic complaint, yet the mechanism of sensing airflow is not commonly understood. The objective of this work was to review current knowledge on the physiological mechanism for sensing nasal airflow.

Methods

Current literature pertaining to nasal sensation to airflow was retrieved using PubMed and Google Scholar searches.

Results

The primary physiological mechanism that produces the sensation of ample nasal airflow is activation of trigeminal cool thermoreceptors, specifically transient receptor potential melastatin family member 8 (TRPM8), by nasal mucosal cooling. The dynamic change in temperature is ultimately sensed. Nasal mucosal cooling is a result of conductive heat loss, driven by temperature gradient, and evaporative heat loss, driven by humidity gradient. The perception of ample nasal airflow is dependent on the overall nasal surface area stimulated by mucosal cooling, which is mainly governed by air flow patterns. Cool thermoreceptors in the nasal mucosa are connected to the respiratory centers and consequently can alter respiration patterns. Mechanoreceptors do not seem to play a role in sensing nasal airflow. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling could be a valuable objective tool in evaluating patients with nasal congestion.

Conclusion

Understanding the physiological mechanism of how the nose senses airflow can aid in diagnosing the cause behind patient symptoms, which allows physicians to provide better treatment options for patients. ©2014 ARSAAOA, LLC.
The visual system in eyelid myoclonia with absences
Authors: Vaudano Anna Elisabetta , Ruggieri Andrea , Tondelli Manuela , Avanzini Pietro , Benuzzi Francesca , Gessaroli Giuliana , Cantalupo Gaetano , Mastrangelo Massimo , Vignoli Aglaia , Bonaventura Carlo Di , Canevini Maria Paola , Bernardina Bernardo Dalla , Nichelli Paolo Frigio , Meletti Stefano
Published: July 2014

Objective

To investigate the functional and structural brain correlates of eyelid myoclonus and absence seizures triggered by eye closure (eye closure sensitivity [ECS]).

Methods

Fifteen patients with eyelid myoclonus with absences (EMA, Jeavons syndrome), 14 patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) without ECS, and 16 healthy controls (HC) underwent an electroencephalography (EEG)‐correlated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and voxel brain morphometry (VBM) protocol. The functional study consisted of 30‐second epochs of eyes‐open and eyes‐closed conditions. The following EEG events were marked and the relative fMRI maps obtained: (1) eye closure times, (2) spontaneous blinking, and (3) spontaneous and eye closure–triggered spike and wave discharges (SWD; for EMA and IGE). Within‐group and between‐groups comparisons were performed for fMRI and VBM data as appropriate.

Results

In EMA compared to HC and IGE we found: (1) higher blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) signal related to the eye closure over the visual cortex, the posterior thalamus, and the network implicated in the motor control of eye closure, saccades, and eye pursuit movements; and (2) increments in the gray matter concentration at the visual cortex and thalamic pulvinar, whereas decrements were observed at the bilateral frontal eye field area. No BOLD differences were detected when comparing SWD in EMA and IGE.

Interpretation

Results demonstrated altered anatomo‐functional properties of the visual system in EMA. These abnormalities involve a circuit encompassing the occipital cortex and the cortical/subcortical systems physiologically involved in the motor control of eye closure and eye movements. Our work supports EMA as an epileptic condition with distinctive features and provides a contribution to its classification among epileptic syndromes. Ann Neurol 2014;76:412–427
Die katalytische asymmetrische Torgov‐Cyclisierung: eine kurze Totalsynthese von (+)‐Estron
Authors: Prévost Sébastien , Dupré Nathalie , Leutzsch Markus , Wang Qinggang , Wakchaure Vijay , List Benjamin
Published: July 2014

Eine asymmetrische Torgov‐Cyclisierung wurde entwickelt, die durch ein neuartiges, stark Brønsted‐acides Dinitrodisulfonimid katalysiert wird. Die Reaktion liefert das Torgov‐Dien und diverse Analoga in ausgezeichneten Ausbeuten und mit exzellenten Enantioselektivitäten und wurde in einer sehr kurzen Synthese von (+)‐Estron angewendet.
The Chemistry and Biology of Theta Defensins
Authors: Conibear Anne C. , Craik David J.
Published: July 2014

Cyclic peptides are found in a diverse range of organisms and are characterized by their stability and role in defense. Why is only one class of cyclic peptides found in mammals? Possibly we have not looked hard enough for them, or the technologies needed to identify them are not fully developed. We also do not yet understand their intriguing biosynthesis from two separate gene products. Addressing these challenges will require the application of chemical tools and insights from other classes of cyclic peptides. Herein, we highlight recent developments in the characterization of theta defensins and describe the important role that chemistry has played in delineating their modes of action. Furthermore, we emphasize the potential of theta defensins as antimicrobial agents and scaffolds for peptide drug design.
A design of composite hollow fiber membranes with tunable performance and reinforced mechanical strength
Authors: Zhang Rui‐Xin , Liu Tianyin , Braeken Leen , Liu Zaihao , Wang Xiao‐Lin , Van der Bruggen Bart
Published: July 2014

A new design of hollow fiber membranes with high mechanical strength, great surface area per volume ratio and tunable filtration performance is presented. This newly developed hollow fiber membrane was produced by an intensified production process, in which the processes of thermally induced phase separation (TIPS), non‐solvent induced phase separation (NIPS), and interfacial polymerization (IP) were combined. PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride) hollow fiber membranes (produced by TIPS) were used as support substrates. Afterwards, PES (polyethersulfone) (made by NIPS) and PA (polyamide) layers (manufactured by IP) were coated one by one. The pure water permeability, molecular weight cut off (MWCO), salt rejection, tensile stress together with surface and cross‐sectional morphology indicate that the properties of the hollow fiber membranes can be easily adjusted from microfiltration‐like to nanofiltration‐like membranes only by varying the presence of the IP step and the concentration in the PES layer in the production system. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41247.