bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fictions of Emergence Foucault/Genealogy /Nietzsche
Authors: Smith Adam T.
Published: March 2007

Michel Foucault's genealogies, due to their reliance on Nietzschean accounts of the violent origins of human culture, present a problematic description of the emergence of patterns of resistance and domination. By creating a parallel fiction of emergence that replaces Nietzschean originary violence with Richard Dawkins's account of the centrality of cultural transmission in human survival we can release emergence from the unitary Foucauldian drama. It is then possible to reconstruct Foucault's genealogies, anchoring the will to knowledge in an active agent dedicated to the transgression of sociocultural limits.
Pearce's "African Philosophy and the Sociological Thesis" a Response
Authors: Keita L.D.
Published: March 2007

Carole Pearce's argument against African philosophy is founded on a set of factual flaws and the fallacious assumption that African philosophy is equivalent to ethnophilosophy, which she defines as a form of intellectual apartheid founded on irrational belief systems. I argue that African philosophy is in no way qualitatively different from, say, French or Chinese philosophy, and that ethnophilosophy is merely one aspect of it But ethnophilosophy could play the important role of critically evaluating African ethnic belief systems and the interpretation of such by Western anthropologists. In general, African philoso phy is nothing more than the philosophical research (of whatever order) carried out by African philosophers in the context of African research paradigms.
In Defense of Bacon
Authors: Soble Alan
Published: March 2007

Feminist science critics, in particular Sandra Harding, Carolyn Merchant, and Evelyn Fox Keller, claim that misogynous sexual metaphors played an important role in the rise of modern science. The writings of Francis Bacon have been singled out as an especially egregious instance of the use of misogynous metaphors in scientific philosophy. This paper offers a defense of Bacon.
Economic Models and Historical Explanation
Authors: Rappaport Steven
Published: March 2007

In investigating their models, economists do not appear to engage much in the activities many philosophers take to be essential to scientific understanding of the world, activities such as testing hypotheses and establishing laws. How, then, can economic models explain anything about the real world? Borrowing from William Dray, an explanation of what something really is, as opposed to an explanation of why something happens, is the subsumption of the explanandum under a suitable concept. One way economic models explain real-world phenomena is by providing explanations-what of such phenomena. In this way, economic models can afford explanations of the world without necessarily involving the activities philosophers take to be integral to scientific understanding of the world, for explanations-what do not necessarily involve the activities in question.
Social Intentions
Authors: Swindler J.K.
Published: March 2007

The literature on collective action largely ignores the constraints that moral principle places on action-prompting intentions. Here I suggest that neither individualism nor holism can account for the generality of intentional contents demanded by universalizability principles, respect for persons, or proactive altruism. Utilitarian and communitarian ethics are criticized for nominalism with respect to social intentions. The failure of individualism and holism as grounds for moral theory is confirmed by comparing Tuomela's reductivist analysis of we-intentions with Gilbert's analysis of social facts. Tuomela's account founders over intentions to cooperate, and Gilbert's cannot accommodate legitimate authority, vicarious agency, or group structure.
Decision Making Under Great Uncertainty
Authors: Ove Hansson Sven
Published: March 2007

This article is an attempt at a systematic account of decision making under greater uncertainty than what traditional, mathematically oriented decision theory can cope with. Four components of great uncertainty are distinguished: (1) the identity of the options is not well determined (uncertainty of demarcation) ; (2) the consequences of at least some option are unknown (uncertainty of consequences); (3) it is not clear whether information obtained from others, such as experts, can be relied on (uncertainty of reliance); and (4) the values relevant for the decision are not determined with sufficient precision (uncertainty of values). Some possible strategy types are proposed for each of these components. Decisions related to environmental issues are used to illustrate the proposals.
Blindspot of a Liberal Popper and the Problem of Community
Authors: Eidlin Fred
Published: March 2007

Popper's critique of the philosophical doctrines underlying totalitarian ideology is powerful. Yet, having the regimes of Hitler and Stalin in full view before him, he did not give full and balanced consideration to the range of effects these doctrines can have within actually existing ideologies and regimes. The ideas he correlates with totalitarianism can and do exist in benign forms or tempered by other ideas and by institutions. Moreover, the struggle with totalitarianism is only partly a struggle of philosophical ideas. Political argument and rhetoric appeal to feeling as well as intellect. This tends to be a blindspot of liberalism that often weakens it in the competition with its adversaries.
Situational Analysis beyond Neoclassical Economists
Authors: Boland Lawrence A.
Published: March 2007

Until quite recently, some economic methodologists (particularly, those who began their careers in the late 1970s) were of the opinion that Karl Popper was misguided about economics. Some others claimed that Popper said little about economics. Yet, many economics students who began their appreciation of Popper after reading his Open Society and Its Enemies have quickly realized how easy that book is to understand because it is a generalization of neoclassical economics in terms of both methodological individualism and situational analysis. While today it might be easy to complain that basing one's understanding of Popper on neoclassical economics leads to a narrow and useless appreciation of Popper, this too is misleading. The problem is not neoclassical economics but neoclassical economists. After all, Popper himself thought the best way to teach economists about his views concerning methodology was to emphasize that his views can easily be understood as a generalization of neoclassical economics.
Sampling Distributions of Segregation Indexes
Authors: RANSOM MICHAEL R.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the sampling distributions of popular indexes of segregation: the dissimilarity index and the Gini index. Although applications of segregation indexes are common in the social sciences, researchers have usually failed to recognize their stochastic nature. This study addresses that failure by deriving the exact sampling distribution of two popular indexes of segregation and developing a convenient asymptotic test for hypotheses about changes in segregation. Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed test has appropriate significance levels. An example applies the methods developed in this article to test whether segregation of men and women across college majors decreased during the 1980s. The analysis finds that gender segregation has decreased, and that the decrease is statistically significant.
Nonparametric Analysis of Adolescent Deviant Behavior
Authors: DU YUNLING , AKRITAS MICHAEL G. , ARNOLD STEVEN F. , OSGOOD D. WAYNE
Published: March 2007

The impact of certain personal characteristics on marijuana use while controlling for routine activities in everyday life is analyzed. The assumptions underlying several logistic regression models, as well as the parametric analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model, are violated in this example. More critical from the practical point of view is the fact that the covariate is measured on an ordinal (noninterval) scale, implying that the results from such analyses depend on the chosen scale. The analysis of main effects and interactions while accounting for the presence of the covariate using this nonparametric model is compared with similar analyses using the parametric ANCOVA and logistic regression models. The formal analysis is supplemented by new exploratory data analysis plots. Significance tests for certain ordered and other patterned alternatives are proposed and evaluated via simulations. Results are compared with those using logistic regression models treating the levels of the factors as ordinal.
Explained Variance in Logistic Regression
Authors: DeMARIS ALFRED
Published: March 2007

R² is widely relied on in linear regression to index a model's discriminatory power. Many counterparts have been proposed for use in logistic regression, but no single measure is consistently used. Two potential criterion values are relevant: the explained variance in the latent scale underlying the binary indicator of event occurrence and the explained risk of the event itself. In this study, Monte Carlo methods were used to examine the performance, with respect to fixed theoretical levels of explained variance and explained risk, of eight R² analogues. The McKelvey-Zavoina measure appears to be best at estimating explained variance and either the sample-estimated explained risk or the ordinary least squares R² to be best at indexing explained risk. Other measures appear to be poor choices, primarily because asymptotic trends suggest they may be inconsistent estimators of the relevant criterion.
Characterizing The Class Organization Of Labor Market Opportunity
Authors: Clogg Clifford C.
Published: March 2007

An underlying mechanism which divides the American labor force into classes is characterized by latent structure methods. Four dichotomous indicators of labor market rewards-measures of the forms of underemployment—are used to infer both the class structure (e.g., the number of classes) and the labor market opportunity characteristic to each class. Several models are developed which demonstrate the plausibility of a dualistic class structure. A "latent marginal class" consisting of 20% to 25% of the labor force is shown to have a very high risk to underemployment, while a complementary "latent nonmarginal class" is shown to have very low risk to underemployment. The across-time change m observed underemployment is decomposed into parts, due to the contribution from each latent labor force class.
Obtaining Respondent Cooperation in Family Panel Studies
Authors: THORNTON ARLAND , FREEDMAN DEBORAH S. , CAMBURN DONALD
Published: March 2007

Problems of maintaining respondent rapport in surveys are exacerbated when respondents are asked to participate repeatedly over time or when several members of a family are interviewed. This article details the techniques used to maintain respondent rapport in a longitudinal study involving six interviews over eighteen years, which, after being expanded to include a second family member, still included 85% of the original respondents. The article describes techniques designed to assist and motivate the interviewers to do an effective job and those utilized to make the interviewing process pleasant and rewarding for the respondents.
Methods of Presenting Scientific Evidence in Court
Authors: CHESLER MARK A. , KALMUSS DEBRA S. , SANDERS JOSEPH
Published: March 2007

This article presents and analyzes lawyers' and scientists' views of the advisability of using alternatives to the party witness format (e.g., scientific panels) in school desegregation cases. Scientists' and attorneys' desires to control the presentation of evidence and courtroom interaction is one factor explaining their preference for panels or party witness formats. In addition, control is seen as a means of influencing several other issues: selection of an appropriate form of dispute settlement in this litigation; management of potential bias in social science scholarship and testimony; and determination of the proper role of expert witnesses. These issues are investigated with a sample of lawyers and scholars who tried and testified in 17 school desegregation cases across the nation.
Jurors' Use of Judges' Instructions
Authors: HOLSTEIN JAMES A.
Published: March 2007

Findings from studies of jurors' use of judges' instructions have been equivocal. This article examines conceptual and methodological features of these studies that may have contributed to their inconsistent results. Past research has focused exclusively on jurors' cognitive “rule-following” and consequently may have neglected to consider social dimensions of “rule-use.” Many studies have failed to include a group deliberation; these studies generally report that jurors are not responsive to judges' instructions. This article suggests that group deliberation may provide the occasion for jurors' use of judges' instructions as instrumental resources for accounting and persuasive purposes in the production of a group verdict. Conversational data from transcribed mock deliberations is presented to support this contention and the research implications for this model of instrumental rule-use are discussed.
Uniqueness does not Imply Identification
Authors: BOLLEN KENNETH A. , JÖRESKOG KARL G.
Published: March 2007

Many authors suggest that conditions originally presented by Howe (1955) and later by Jöreskog (1979) are sufficient to identify confirmatory factor analysis models. In this note we show that these are sufficient conditions for unique factor loadings under rotation but they are not sufficient for model identification. This is demonstrated with an extended example.
The Competing Risks Model
Authors: HACHEN DAVID S.
Published: March 2007

Social scientists are often interested in modeling processes with multiple types of events. One frequently used model—the competing risk model—provides a method for analyzing the rates of different event types. This article addresses two important issues concerning the competing risks model. First, under what conditions is this model appropriate? Second, how should one interpret estimated parameters? Guidelines for answering these questions are provided by (1) contrasting the competing risks model to an alternative model in which one analyzes separately the overall hazard rate and conditional probabilities and (2) showing how different interpretations of estimated parameters are related to the issue of dependencies among the competing risks. An empirical analysis of the rates of within and between employer job shifts illustrates the issues involved in employing the competing risks model.
Latent Class Analysis of Anxiety and Depression
Authors: EATON WILLIAM W. , McCUTCHEON ALLAN , DRYMAN AMY , SORENSON ANN
Published: March 2007

This article applies the technique of Latent Class Analysis to data on 41 symptoms of anxiety and depression from the Baltimore and Durham sites of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. An exploratory analysis on the Baltimore data fit three latent classes, which were then replicated on the Durham data. An analysis of Dysphoria and eight symptom groups related to depression revealed a close fit between the DSM-III configuration of Major Depressive Disorder and one of three latent classes.
Thinking with Mahatma Gandhi
Authors: Pantham Thomas
Published: March 2007

Gandhi's case against the West looks... infinitely stronger than it looked, to us Westerners, thirty years ago.

G. D. H. cole
Postmetaphysics and Democracy
Authors: DALLMAYR FRED
Published: March 2007

Nicht mehr für Ohren...: Klang

Rilke
Liberal Versus Civic, Republican, Democratic, and other Vocational Educations
Authors: FLATHMAN RICHARD E.
Published: March 2007

Certainly, it is beneficial when the roles of man and citizen coincide as far as possible; but this only occurs when the role of citizen presupposes so few special qualities that the man may be himself without any sacrifice....

Education is only to develop a man's faculties, without regard to giving human nature any special civic character.¹
Ruth, the Model Emigrée
Authors: HONIG BONNIE
Published: March 2007

And we Americans are the peculiar, chosen people—the Israelites of our time.

Herman Melville
Totalitarianism as a Problem for the Modern Conception of Politics
Authors: HALBERSTAM MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

By the fourth decade of the twentieth century... the earthly paradise had been discredited at exactly the moment when it became realizable.

George Orwell

The subterranean stream of Western history has finally come to the surface and usurped the dignity of our tradition.

Hannah Arendt
Fear and Misperception of Los Angeles Urban Space
Authors: MATEI SORIN , BALL-ROKEACH SANDRA J. , QIU JACK LINCHUAN
Published: March 2007

Imagining urban space as being comfortable or fearful is studied as an effect of people's connections to their residential area communication infrastructure. Geographic Information System (GIS) modeling and spatial-statistical methods are used to process 215 mental maps obtained from respondents to a multilingual survey of seven ethnically marked residential communities of Los Angeles. Spatial-statistical analyses reveal that fear perceptions of Los Angeles urban space are not associated with commonly expected causes of fear, such as high crime victimization likelihood. The main source of discomfort seems to be presence of non-White and non-Asian populations. Respondents more strongly connected to television and interpersonal communication channels are relatively more fearful of these populations than those less strongly connected. Theoretical, methodological, and community-building policy implications are discussed.
Survivors' Information Seeking Following a Reduction in Workforce
Authors: CASEY MARY K. , MILLER VERNON D. , JOHNSON JOHN R.
Published: March 2007

Although research on downsizing emphasizes surviving employees' reactions to organizational change, little attention is given to survivors' attempts to meet their information needs. This study of a national insurance company examines employees' information-seeking behaviors prior to and following a permanent reduction in force (RIF). Results indicate that an RIF (a) increases survivors' information deprivation and job insecurity and (b) is associated with the increased use of certain information-seeking strategies and the decreased use of others. In addition, survivors' need for feedback differentially affects their information-seeking efforts. The implications of the research findings and directions for future research are discussed.
“KNOWLEDGE GAP” PHENOMENA
Authors: LOVRICH NICHOLAS P. , PIERCE JOHN C.
Published: March 2007

This article examines two rival explanations for knowledge gaps. One explanation relates to transsituational attributes that is, socioeconomic characteristics) while the second focuses upon situation-specific characteristics that is, policy-relevant personal motivations). Four measures of knowledge levels are employed—technical term familiarity, problem articulation, self-assessed level of informedness, and the ability to define key policy concepts. This study uses three SES measures (education, income, and occupational status) and five motivational measures (types of use of water, involvement in water politics, water policy satisfaction, water policy priority, and extremity of environmental attitudes). The results show that situation-specific factors are the more important influences on knowledge levels, casting doubt on theories suggesting that lower SES persons may be permanently relegated to a public affairs knowledge deficit.
INSTITUTIONAL SOURCES OF INTELLECTUAL POVERTY IN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH
Authors: PETERS JOHN DURHAM
Published: March 2007

Why has the field of communication failed to define itself, its intellectual focus, and its mission in a coherent way? This essay explores reasons for this failure, focusing especially on the institutional use of the field's central terms and concepts. Incoherence has been the price of institutional success. What defines communication's unique identity as a field is also what maintains its conceptual confusions. The field is compared to a nation-state. The essay places the field's emergence in the context of the history of the social sciences in order to help illuminate its current crises and to explore how we might find new ways of conceiving the field's intellectual task.
Fantasies and Exposure to Sexually Explicit Magazines
Authors: MALAMUTH NEIL M. , McILWRAITH ROBERT D.
Published: March 2007

We assessed whether a relationship exists between the degree of men's exposure to Playboy and Penthouse magazines and the frequency of their sexual and hostile-aggressive fantasies. No significant relationships were found between frequency of readership of Playboy and either sexual or aggressive fantasies. This finding supported the contention by Playboy's publisher that consumers are not attracted to the magazine primarily for sexual fantasizing. Penthouse readership was best predicted by the interaction of sexual and hostile fantasies: For those with low-hostile fantasies, there was not a significant relationship between sexual fantasies and Penthouse exposure, whereas for those with high-hostile fantasies, there was a strong association between exposure to this magazine and sexual fantasizing (r = .51, p <.0001). These results did not change when statistical controls were used for possible confounding with other media and fantasies. Although these findings were largely predicted on the basis of an expressive model, which asserts that consumers' exposure to sexual media is an expression of their conscious fantasies, some of the data may also be explained by other models. The need for better theoretical models to guide further research is emphasized.
Effects of Information Processing Objectives on Judgments of Deception Following Perjury
Authors: deTURCK MARK A. , TEXTER LYNNE A. , HARSZLAK JANET J.
Published: March 2007

Reeder (Reeder, 1985; Reeder & Brewer, 1979) posited a schematic model of dispositional attributions to explain negativity effects in social cognition. However, in Reeder's schematic model of dispositional attributions, it is assumed that social perceivers' processing objective is to form an impression of a social actor. Based on Reeder and Brewer's hierarchical schema, it was predicted that mock jurors processing testimony under impression-set conditions would rate a witness to be more deceptive if the witness testified truthfully before lying than when the witness was caught lying first before telling the truth. Under memory-set conditions, based on the availability heuristic, mock jurors were predicted to rate the witness to be more deceptive when the witness lied first before telling the truth compared to when the witness told the truth first before lying. To test the hypothesis, subjects played the roles of mock jurors and watched a videotape of a witness presenting testimony during a trial. The witness was caught perjuring him- or herself by the attorney either on the first response to the attorney's queries or on the fourth response. Results confirmed the hypothesis. When subjects processed the attorney-witness interaction under impression-set objectives, subjects formed stronger judgments of the witness's deceptiveness when he or she lied on the first answer; the pattern was reversed under memory-set conditions.
Mapping Authors in Intellectual Space
Authors: McCAIN KATHERINE W.
Published: March 2007

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) and clustering analysis of the co-citation patterns of 58 authors are used to explore the intellectual organization of population genetics and related specialties. In two dimensions, author clusters are arranged along a horizontal continuum reflecting a range of research specializations from highly molecular-oriented research to that focusing on the analysis of organisms interacting with each other and their environment. The vertical dimension separates theoretical (formal) approaches from research that is primarily experimental or observational in nature. Author placement and cluster assignment may also reflect institutional affiliations and national research efforts. Co-cited author mapping, with the author as the unit of analysis, is likely to complement studies of informal communication networks.
Hidden Agendas in Marriage
Authors: KROKOFF LOWELL J.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the affective and longitudinal dimensions of hidden agendas that are revealed by couples' (N = 52) discussions of troublesome problems in the laboratory. Hidden agendas represent the interpersonal dimension of the spouse's insecurities, namely, those unexplored feelings of insecurity about the partner's love or respect. The results advance our understanding of hidden agendas in two major ways. The first shows that the affects of disgust and contempt are at the core of both love and respect agendas, although a somewhat different pattern is found in husbands and wives. For wives, hidden agendas are found in those who are fearful of being criticized and put down by a contemptuous husband. For husbands, hidden agendas (especially respect) are found in those who are disgusted with a contemptuous wife who does not back down, even when the husband gets nasty. The above relationships are independent of the marital satisfaction dimension, so the coders do not seem to be tapping a dimension of dissatisfaction or unhappiness per se. The second major result addresses the predictive validity of the hidden agendas. Although these agendas are not related to how satisfied the spouses are at initial assessment, the wife's (more than husband's) agendas are directly predictive of how negatively they argue at home and (especially wife love agendas) of how little the wife's marital satisfaction improves as time goes by. The above results speak to the wisdom of exploring interpersonal dimensions of certain insecurities in marriage that have been traditionally conceptualized as intrapersonal phenomena.
Communication and Understanding Revisited
Authors: SILLARS ALAN L. , WEISBERG JUDITH , BURGGRAF CYNTHIA S. , ZIETLOW PAUL H.
Published: March 2007

This research considered how intersubjective understanding in marriage is affected by the ambiguity and coding difficulties associated with particular perceptions. Thirty-seven married couples completed questionnaires and a discussion task concerning companionate and instrumental issues in their marriage. Recall of the partner's comments was also assessed following the discussion task. Understanding of the spouse was greater with respect to instrumental versus companionate attitudes. Further, recall accuracy was related to understanding of instrumental attitudes but not to understanding of companionate attitudes. The results suggest that understanding is lower and recall of the partner's disclosures has less effect on understanding when the referent is more abstract and relational (i.e., on companionate vs. instrumental issues). The research also provided evidence that marital satisfaction affects recall of communication. Recall of negative and confrontive messages was marginally related to marital dissatisfaction, suggesting that dissatisfied spouses were more attentive to the negative comments of their partner.
The Influence of Effort, Experience, and Persistence on the Elements of Bargaining Plans
Authors: ROLOFF MICHAEL E. , JORDAN JERRY M.
Published: March 2007

Scholars recognize that planning is essential to effective negotiation. Yet the components of negotiation plans and their antecedents have not been thoroughly studied. The authors report an experiment that manipulated predictors of three elements of plans: tactics, interactive planning, and plan revision. They found that bargainers assigned high profit goals put forth more effort during planning and were better able to translate the integrative potential in a situation into a logrolling tactic that traded concessions on low-priority issues for those on higher priority items. Also, general bargaining experience increased the planned use of logrolling but only when integrative potential was present in the negotiation context. Bargaining experience specific to the context increased the likelihood of interactive planning but only when a negotiator played a familiar role. When bargainers created backup plans, they employed the same tactics used in initial plans with one exception, they were more likely to include coercive tactics in their backup plans.
Confidence in Beliefs About Social Groups as an Outcome of Message Exposure and Its Role in Belief Change Persistence
Authors: SLATER MICHAEL D. , ROUNER DONNA
Published: March 2007

The role of confidence in beliefs as an outcome of message exposure and as a factor in the process of belief change has important theoretical implications for theories of media effects and theories of belief change. Using as stimuli messages portraying women of two different cultural backgrounds, this experiment identifies some effects of source expertise and message discrepancy on confidence in beliefs over three posttests (immediate, 10-14 days, and 6 weeks). Messages that were discrepant with existing beliefs had a greater impact on confidence in beliefs than did nondiscrepant messages; more expert sources also slightly increased confidence in beliefs. The direction of the effect of discrepancy (an increase) was opposite to that predicted. Path analyses suggest that the effects of confidence in beliefs on persistence of belief change in this study are largely indirect; the authors suggest that effects of message exposure on confidence and the effects of confidence on belief change persistence may depend on whether the beliefs addressed in the message are central or peripheral.
The Reconstruction of the Global Media Marketplace
Authors: CARVETH ROD
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the changing role of the U.S. media in the global media marketplace. Where once U.S. firms held international competitive advantage in the media industry, a number of developments—economic recession, global media mergers and acquisitions, legal and cultural import barriers in the European Community and Japan, and strategic miscalculations by U.S. media firms—have helped erode that competitive advantage. This article argues that for the United States to reclaim its dominance in the contemporary global media marketplace, firms need to adopt cooperative business strategies, such as the formation of joint alliances. Examples of successful alliances are reviewed.
Another View of Group Polarizing: The “Reasons for” One-Sided Oral Argumentation
Authors: PAVITT CHARLES
Published: March 2007

A synthesis based on persuasive arguments theory but including a revised social comparison component is proposed to account for group polarization. According to the proposal, group members choose between risky and cautious alternatives based on the proportion of known arguments supportive of each but argue exclusively for their chosen alternative during group discussion. This implies that the proportion of risky versus cautious arguments in discussion will be more extreme than the proportion in participants' lists of arguments on both sides of the issue, but no more extreme than the proportion in participants' lists of the “reasons for” their chosen alternative. Research results generally supported this implication.
Measuring “Mature Coping” Skills among Adult and Juvenile Offenders
Authors: SODERSTROM IRINA R. , CASTELLANO THOMAS C. , FIGARO HEATHER R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties (i.e., reliability and validity) of a battery of scales and subscales used to measure Robert Johnson's mature coping construct. The battery of instruments includes a Program Attitudes Scale, a Coping Strategies Inventory, a Social Problem Solving Inventory, a Self-Esteem Inventory, a Depression Scale, and an Anti-Social Attitudes Scale. Statistical results demonstrating the factorial validity, internal consistency reliability, and the construct validity of each scale are presented. Furthermore, descriptive statistics for these scales are reported for the adult and juvenile boot camp samples at focus in this study.
Sex and Occupational Socialization among Prison Guards
Authors: CROUCH BEN M. , ALPERT GEOFFREY P.
Published: March 2007

The degree and direction of attitudinal change among prison guards across their careers is a question relevant to both prison theory and policy. This study reports how punitive and aggressive attitudes of male and female prison guards changed over the first critical six months on the job. Male guards became more, and female guards became less, punitive and aggressive. Explanations for these divergent trends are presented.
Penile Responses to Nonsexual Violence among Rapists
Authors: QUINSEY VERNON L. , CHAPLIN TERRY C.
Published: March 2007

The penile circumference responses of 44 rapists to audiotaped narratives describing neutral heterosocial interactions, consenting sex, rape, and nonsexual violence towards women were related to ratings of the amount of physical damage to the rape victims as described in the offenders' police reports. A ratio formed for each rapist by dividing the average penile response to nonsexual violence narratives by the average response to consenting sex was significantly related to whether or not the rapists had seriously injured their victims.
Attitudes of Abused Women toward Male and Female Police Officers
Authors: KENNEDY DANIEL B. , HOMANT ROBERT J.
Published: March 2007

A total of 103 women from three Detroit-area shelter homes were interviewed about their perceptions of the police response to family violence. Ninety women reported that they had had contact with police officers as the result of a family disturbance. Seventy percent of the women reported that the police had been at least a little helpful in their cases. There were significant differences in attitudes toward policewomen and policemen. There was strong evidence that those who had had contact with policewomen viewed them differently than did women whose only contact had been with policemen. In general, contact with policewomen resulted in a more favorable evaluation of them. However, while policewomen were more able to calm a situation than the subjects had anticipated, they did not automatically take the woman's side in an argument between cohabitants.
Trends in Serious Juvenile Crime
Authors: LAUB JOHN H.
Published: March 2007

Throughout the past decade, serious juvenile crime has been the focus of considerable attention by legislators, law enforcement personnel, academic criminologists, media, and the public. Despite this attention, however, misunderstanding, misperception, and confusion still exist and, in some instances, seem to dominate both research and public policy. Utilizing National Crime Survey (NCS) victimization data as an alternative to official and self-report data, this analysis focuses on the patterns of juvenile offending in serious personal crimes from 1973 to 1980. The NCS data do not support the contention that serious juvenile crime has risen dramatically over the last 8 years. Moreover, the types of personal crimes committed by juveniles has not changed substantially over the 1973 to 1980 period. To the extent that recent legislation calling for more severe handling of juvenile offenders is based on substantial upswings in juvenile crime in recent years or changes in the types of crimes committed by juveniles, NCS data cannot provide support for such policy changes.
The Differentiation of Francophone Rapists and Nonrapists Using Penile Circumferential Measures
Authors: EARLS CHRISTOPHER M. , PROULX JEAN
Published: March 2007

A group of ten French-speaking rapists and ten French-speaking nonrapists were exposed to four classes of audiotaped stimuli: mutually consenting, rape, aggressive, and sexually neutral episodes. Penile circumference changes were recorded during stimulus presentation. Although rapists and nonrapists did not respond differentially to mutually consenting stimulus episodes, the two groups were distinguished by their responses to rape episodes. The discrimination was even more marked when the results were individually analyzed using the rape index. Thus we were able to replicate, in French, the differentiation between rapists and non-rapists using penile measures.
Behavior and Adaptation in Long-Term Prison Inmates
Authors: ZAMBLE EDWARD
Published: March 2007

A comprehensive set of measures of behavior, emotional states, and cognitions was gathered longitudinally for a sample of long-term prison inmates across more than 7 years from the beginning of their terms. Over time they became more involved in work and other structured activities, and less involved in casual socializing with other inmates, but their rates of contact with people on the outside were maintained. These changes were accompanied by evidence of improved adaptation, including considerable decreases over time in dysphoric emotional states, and also decreases in stress-related medical problems and the number of disciplinary incidents. Although these beneficial effects cannot easily be interpreted as the effects of long-term imprisonment, the entire pattern of results provides strong evidence against expectations of widespread or generalized deleterious effects.
Effects of Constructing Identi-Kit Composites on Photospread Identification Performance
Authors: YU CAROLINE J. , GEISELMAN R. EDWARD
Published: March 2007

Previous research has found some forms of post-event activity, such as working with a sketch artist or viewing mugshots, to negatively affect the subsequent identification performance of an eyewitness. The present experiment examined potential carryover effects of forming an Identi-kit composite and writing a verbal description on the identification of an assailant from a photoarray. Both interventions were compared to a no-treatment (control) condition. Forming an Identi-kit composite increased witness sensitivity, causing subjects to be less likely to select any photo. In contrast, writing a description increased the likelihood that subjects identified the photo of the assailant. Neither intervention affected the likelihood of misidentification. Alternative theoretical explanations for the results and implications for field procedures are explored.
A Typology of Juvenile Offenders Based on the Judgments of Juvenile Court Professionals
Authors: DICATALDO FRANK , GRISSO THOMAS
Published: March 2007

This study sought to determine whether a cluster analysis of juvenile offender cases, based on the judgments of juvenile court professionals, would produce a typology similar to Quay's. The data consisted of juvenile court professionals' descriptions of 1,423 juvenile cases on 93 variables. A cluster analytic method and statistical stopping rules created three well-separated clusters of juvenile offenders, differing on demographic and offense variables. A number of hypotheses are offered for research aimed at better understanding how juvenile court professionals process case information and classify juvenile offenders.
Research on Children's Suggestibility
Authors: WARREN AMYE R. , McGOUGH LUCY S.
Published: March 2007

The authors review research on children's suggestibility as it applies to the investigative sexual abuse interview. They focus on identifying the optimal conditions for securing an account of a child's remembered experience that will be equally or more reliable than that of an adult. The discussion is divided into four major sections, corresponding to the questions of how, when, where, and by whom a child witness should be interviewed to diminish potential distortions and enhance the trustworthiness of the child's remembered account.
Skills Building and Social Support Enhancement to Reduce HIV Risk among Women in Jail
Authors: EL-BASSEL NABILA , IVANOFF ANDRÉ , SCHILLING ROBERT F. , BORNE DEBRA , GILBERT LOUISA
Published: March 2007

Despite the scope of the HIV/AIDS epidemic among female offenders, little is known about the risk behaviors of these women and even less about ways in which to reduce HIV/AIDS among this population. This article describes the development of an eight-session group cognitive-behavioral and social support enhancement intervention that aims to reduce HIV risk among drug-using female offenders. The intervention is based on social-cognitive theory and informed by other skills-training approaches with demonstrated efficacy at reducing HIV risk. Both current and former offenders were involved in the development of this intervention. Help-seeking and social support skills are unique to this intervention, as is an eight-session booster conducted after release from jail to enhance transfer of skills to the community.
The Relationship Between Unconscious Defensive Process and Conscious Cognitive Style in Psychopaths
Authors: HELFGOTT JACQUELINE B.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between unconscious defensive process and conscious cognitive style in psychopaths was empirically investigated using cognitive, behavioral, and psychodynamic measures. In the study, 39 prison inmates diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder and 18 college students were classified as primary psychopaths, secondary psychopaths, or nonpsychopaths by means of the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised. Unconscious process was elicited through presentation of a film segment of a violent rape scene and measured using a defense checklist based on Kernberg's model of borderline personality organization. Cognitive style was measured using a cognitive checklist based on Yochelson and Samenow's criminal personality model. Checklist scores were compared across the three groups. The results suggest that unconscious defensive process can be inferred from conscious cognitive style in primary psychopaths. Implications of the findings for understanding and assessing psychopathy are discussed.
Doing What Simple Simon Says?
Authors: REED MARK D. , ROSE DINA R.
Published: March 2007

From within a social learning framework, the authors test the relative contributions of socialization, group pressure, social selection, and rationalization processes in explaining the relationships between peer-group associations, attitudes, and serious theft. Estimating a nonrecursive model, the authors argue that serious theft is as likely to affect delinquent associations and attitudes as associations and attitudes are to affect serious theft. The authors use panel data over three time periods from the National Youth Survey (NYS) to estimate simultaneously the influences of each social process over time. In addition, the authors estimate a measurement model to correct for the potential biasing effects of correlated measurement error. Estimation of the nonrecursive model reveals that the socialization effects of peers are negligible and insignificant. The group pressure effects are of relatively equal importance in comparison to the social selection effects. However, the group pressure effects are substantially smaller in magnitude compared to those commonly reported in recursive studies.
Mandatory Arrest and Prosecution Policies for Domestic Violence
Authors: MILLS LINDA G.
Published: March 2007

New laws and policies in domestic violence cases, such as mandatory arrest and no-drop prosecution, have been implemented despite empirical evidence that arrest and prosecution may not in fact deter future violence. This critical literature review suggests a shift in the direction of future domestic violence research, contending that victim empowerment is a critical missing variable in previous studies designed to assess recidivism. A method is presented for incorporating and, hence, assessing such factors as both court and personal empowerment in future studies. Until empowerment theories are tested further, jurisdictions should be flexible, mandating law enforcement and prosecutors to provide tailored services, services that discern which interventions are most likely to ensure this battered woman's safety.
Minority Groups in Public Bureaucracies
Authors: Thompson Frank J.
Published: March 2007

Do minority civil servants actively represent the minority community more than white officials do ? Many observers express doubts. Clearly, there are formidable barriers to nonwhite civil servants acting as representatives of their racial groups. Nonetheless, existing evidence suggests that nonwhite officials do serve in this capacity under certain circumstances. A major task for students of public administration is to specify what these circumstances are. The author notes several societal and job related factors which increase prospects that minority officials will actively represent their racial communities.
Barriers to Organizational Democracy in Public Administration
Authors: Smith Michael P.
Published: March 2007

This essay explores the forms that organizational democracy might take in public administration and argues that organizational democracy need not be incompatible with principles of representative democracy. Democratizing work life in public organizations is viewed as a way to develop members' interpersonal skills, decrease buck-passing, increase job satisfaction, productivity, and public-bureaucratic contacts, recruit talented leadership, and engender more creative solutions to pubiic problems. Barriers to work democratization in public bureaucracy derive from the prevailing political arrangements; the needs, habits, and interests of organizational elites; the folkways and organizational ideologies found in public bureaucracies; the bureaucratic socialization and reward system; and the competitive impact of alternative "change models." Despite these obstacles, potential opportunities for structural change that may be unique to public as against large-scale private organizations are discernible, suggesting that a change strategy fostering organizational democracy by accretion or encroaching control has some likelihood of long-run success.
The Politics of Budget Execution
Authors: Hale George E. , Douglass Scott R.
Published: March 2007

Until recently, political scientists focused on the approval of budget requests and ignored budget execution. This study counters the budgeting literature's almost single-minded concentration on legislative action. Existing studies which touch on budget execution in state and local governments are reviewed and five major techniques of budgetary adjustment are identified: (1) conservative special fund revenue estimates, (2) accounting legerdemain, (3) transfers, (4) reprogramming, and (5) juggling of special funds. The study concludes that additional research on budget execution is necessary before developing more effective theories about the "steering" of governmental institutions.
Decision Under Uncertainty
Authors: Marks Barry A.
Published: March 2007

Despite the success of the scientific study of management in expanding the domain of rational decision making, administrators, especially upper-level administrators, must range beyond the rational. The arts in general and literature in particular can illuminate the administrator's vision, because the esthetic dimension of decision making includes the rational but encompasses other aspects of the decision process as well. This article, based on a literary critic's analysis of Ernest Hemingway's story, "Hills Like White Elephants," offers the concept of "the narrative sense" for the purpose of exploring such decision elements as the relationships between empirical and value questions. It considers the role in the decision process of unspoken thoughts. The article uses the idea of "the narrative sense," finally, to examine the very nature of a decision, and suggests that the ability to recognize when a decision has in fact been made is a key administrative skill.