bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plant Bug Control, 1986
Authors: Wipfli Mark S. , Wedberg John L.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied on 17 Jun to a 1-yr-old commercial seed production stand 15 mi south of the Ashland Agricultural Experiment Station in Ashland County, Wis. Trefoil plants were 18-20 inches tall with 70% buds and 30% blooms present during insecticide applications. Treatments were applied to 24- × 50-ft (7.3 × 15.2 m) plots replicated 4 times using a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied with a Cooper and Pegler CP3 Knapsack sprayer delivering 25.3 gal/acre at 20 psi to a 6.0-ft boom equipped with 4 Teejet 8004 flat-fan nozzles. Plant bug densities were estimated 1, 2, 7, and 22 days posttreatment by taking 30 pendulum sweeps/plot with a 15-inch-diam sweep net. Samples were i ilaced in cloth bags, brought back to the laboratory, and placed in the freezer; the insects were later sorted and counted. Sweep count data were analyzed using × + 1 transformation but are presented in the table as actual sweep counts. Most of the plant bugs were in the 4th and 5th instar at spray time, with a few adults beginning to appear.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control in South Dakota, 1986
Authors: Hein G. L. , Ingemansen J. A. , Haas M. J. , Boetel M. A. , Walgenbach D. D.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time soil insecticide trials were conducted at 5 locations in eastern South Dakota. The insecticide histories at these locations were as follows: Brookings and Rutland, no previous insecticides; Milbank, Dyfonate (1985, 1983) and Furadan (1984, 1982); Hurley, Counter (1985, 1982) and Lorsban (1983, 1984); Garretson, Counter (1985), Furadan (1984, 1982), and Dyfonate (1983). The experimental design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 15 m long. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially adapted John Deere 4-row 71 Flexiplanter. The metering units were ground driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. The granules were applied in a 18-cm band in front of the press wheel and incorporated by the press wheel. In-furrow applications were directed immediately behind the double-disk seed furrow openers. Liquid formulations were applied in an 18-cm band over the row immediately after planting. The C02 backpack sprayer used to apply the liquids was equipped with a single LE 1.5 nozzle that delivered 17.5 gal/acre at 15 psi. Five roots/replication were dug from each treatment (17 Jul-5 Aug). Roots were washed and rated for rootworm damage using the Iowa 1-6 rating scale.
Armyworm Control in Corn, 1985
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. , Salvaggio R. , Vinis L. , Grove J.
Published: March 2022

Test plots were established in 2 no-till fields in Maryland. ‘Dekalb XL61’ field corn was planted 20 Apr near Hebron in Wicomico County and Pioneer 3358’ was planted 8 May near Sunnybrook, Baltimore County, Md. At both locations the row spacing was 30 inches and at the time of treatment the corn was in the 4-leaf stage. Pretreatment precounts at the Baltimore County field averaged 2—3 worms/plant. Pretreatment counts at Wicomico County were 0.5 worms/plant. Treatments were applied 28 May at Wicomico County and 3 Jun at Baltimore County. All ;>lots were 4 rows × 25 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design. There were 3 replicates in Wicomico County and 1 in Baltimore County. Sprays were applied by hand held C02 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20.4 gal/acre at 40 psi. Granules were applied by shaker can. On 29 May in Wicomico County and on 5 Jun in Baltimore County, 40 corn plants from the 2 center rows were searched, and the number armyworms found on and around the plants was recorded.
Control of European Corn Borer in Field Corn, 1987
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted in 30-inch rows at the Central Maryland Research and Education Center near Beltsville, Md. Corn was planted on 9 May. Second- and third-instar larvae infested 95% of the corn, which was in the mid-whorl stage. Plots were 4 rows × 15 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were broadcast on 17 Jun with a hand-held C02 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Granules were applied by shaker can on 16 Jun. On 13 and 14 Jul, 10 corn stalks were selected at random from the center 2 rows of each plot, cut open, and the number of borers or borer tunnels was recorded.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1985
Authors: Meinke L. J. , Barnhart M. R. , Brown J. F. , Basil F.
Published: March 2022

Soil insecticide trials at planting time and first cultivation were conducted at Mead, Neb., for corn rootworm control. The test plots were in trap crop during 1984 (no insecticide) and had been used periodically for multiclass insecticide trials for at least 10 yr prior to 1983. The soil type was a silty clay loam. The experimental design for each test was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each replication consisted of single-row treatments that were 35 ft long and 30 inches apart. Planting-time application equipment consisted of modified V-belt seeders mounted on a model 80 John Deere—flex planter. Preweighed amounts of insecticide granules were placed on the V-belts and directed into seed furrow or banded over the row in front of the press wheel. Noble—granular insecticide metering units mounted on a hand-powered bicycle ipplicator were used to apply soil insecticides at first cultivation. Granules were banded directly over the plant whorl and then immediately incorporated by ihe cultivator. Corn was planted 6 May, and first-cultivation treatments were applied 6 Jun. Soil moisture conditions were excellent when insecticides were lpplied. Initial corn rootworm egg hatch was detected 24 May. Stand counts were taken on 30 May and 15 Oct in all plots. Plant evaluations were made on SO May in planting-time tests to determine whether any insecticide treatments adversely affected corn development. Plants were considered abnormal if :hey were stunted or exhibited deformed growth patterns (i.e., buggy whipping). Feeding damage was evaluated (8 to 11 Jul) by digging 5 roots from each ireatment row and rating the damage by means of the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no feeding, to 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts vere taken in October. A plant was recorded as lodged if the angle between the soil surface and the plant stem was ≤67.5 degrees. Data were subjected to in analysis of variance, and an LSD test was used for mean separation where statistical differences occurred
Western Corn Rootworm Control, 1986
Authors: Peters Leroy L.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in Clay County, Neb. The previous year's crop was a trap crop of mixed-maturity corn and pumpkins. The experiment was set up in a split plot design in which the main plots were insecticide treatments and the subplots were application methods. Main plots (4 rows) were randomly placed within each replication (6) and subplots (1 row) were randomly assigned within each main plot. Rows were spaced 30 inches and were 37 ft long. On 23 Apr, planting-time application of granules was made by applying granules from a V-belt seeder mounted on the planter into the granule delivery tube, which directed the granules to just in front of the press wheel through a 7-inch bander. Additional incorporation was accomplished in the raked treatment by dragging a three-tined pitchfork along the row after passage of the planter. On 2 Jun, foliar application of granules was made by applying granules over the top of the plants with a V-belt seeder mounted on a cultivator. Corn rootworm damage was assessed by digging 5 plants per treatment per replication on 14-18 Jul (early tassel stage), washing soil from the roots, and rating each root on a 1-6 (Iowa) scale (1, no damage, to 6, S3 nodes destroyed). The corn was harvested 8-10 Oct.
In-Furrow Systemic Insecticide-Nematicide Test, 1987
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

Counter, Furadan, Lance, Temik, and Di-Syston were compared as infurrow systemics in a test at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La. Terraclor Super-X (TSX) was applied with all in-furrow systemics as a standard fungicide. Orthene 80S seed treatments, 6.4 oz (AI)/acre, were used as controls. Test plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, and were 4 rows (40-inch spacing) × 65 ft. Cotton was planted on 14 May on a commerce silt loam soil, which was fertilized with 60 lb/acre of nitrogen. Test treatments were applied in furrow with a John Deere 7100 planter equipped with granular applicator split boxes. Major pest or secondary pest treatments were initiated in June and maintained on an as-needed treatment basis through August. Treatment efficacy for thrips and cotton aphids was measured by washing insects from 10 seedling cotton plants/plot onto 300-mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm), and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. Collections and observations on these pests were made 3, 9, and 24 Jun. Data on populations are reported as the mean number/25 plants sampled across dates. Stand and skip data were recorded by counting all plants and skips 18 inches or greater on the center 2 rows. Yields were estimated by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot with a mechanical harvester on 10 and 23 Oct.
Efficacy of Sandoz 414 and 415 (Javelin) Against Heliothis Spp. on Cotton, 1987
Authors: Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , Pavloff A. M. , Burris Gene , Ratchford Kevin , Micinski Stephen
Published: March 2022

Early-season field evaluations of the relative efficacy of Sandoz 414 and 415 (Javelin) were conducted at the Red River Research Station near Bossier City, La. ('DPL 20'), and the 2 locations (St. Joseph, 'DPL 20,' and Winnsboro, 'Stoneville 825') of the Northeast Research Station. Plots were 6 rows (Bossier City), 4 rows (Winnsboro), or 8 rows (St. Joseph) × 65 ft and replicated 4 times, except at Winnsboro where 3 replications were used. Cotton was planted on 28 Apr (Winnsboro and St. Joseph) and 5 May (Bossier City) on 40 in rows. Insecticides were applied with high-clearance ground sprayers equipped with CO2 systems for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in either 2.5 gal (Winnsboro and St. Joseph) or 3 gal (Bossier City) of finished spray per acre with X-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart. Treatments were applied on 10 and 17 Jun at Winnsboro, 17 and 25 Jun at St. Joseph, and 18 and 24 Jun at Bossier City. Insect populations and plant damage were monitored 5-7 days following each insecticide application.
Control of Tarnished Plant Bugs in Cotton, 1986
Authors: Langston W. C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted to determine whether Galecron will synergize Bidrin and Azodrin for control of tarnished plant bug (TPB). 'GP 3774' cotton was grown in plots 8 rows wide × 40 ft long using a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Applications were made with a Hi-Boy sprayer at 5 gal/acre on 9 and 16 Jul. Galecron was combined with Bidrin and Azodrin at 3 ratios of the active ingredients: 4:1, 2:1, and 1:1. Comparisons were made with an unsprayed check and Azodrin at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre. Insects were collected with a D-vac sampler from 50 row-ft per plot on 10, 16, 17, and 24 Jul.
Control of Mountain Leafhopper on Cherry, 1987
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F. , Havens D. M.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on 6-yr-old 'Bing' cherry trees in a commercial orchard lear Lodi, Calif. Seven treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of a single tree, and there was one buffer tree in each direction. Treatments were applied with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 200 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre. Treatments were applied on 9 Sep. Control was evaluated by caging 20 laboratory-cultured adult mountain leafhoppers on the foliage for 12 h (7:00 P.M. to 7:00 A.M.) at 2½, 7½, 14½, 21½, and 28½ days after treatment.
Peach, Insecticide Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry , Annan Richard
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to an 18-tree plot (6 rows × 3 trees) with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 3.86 km/h and delivered 935 liters/ha. Dates of application were 22 Apr (petal fall [PF]), 6 May (shuck split [SS]), 15 May (shuck fall [SF]), 29 May (first cover [IC]), 11 Jun (second cover [2C]), 25 Jun (third cover [3C]), 8 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), and 23 Jul (fifth cover [5C]). Sevin 50W was applied to all chemical treatment plots on 6 Aug. Fungicides consisting of Captan or sulfur (1 Asana treatment) + Benlate (last 2 applications) were applied separately to all treatments on the same dates as insecticides. Data were taken from 4 replications in the center of each plot. Treatment effect on ERM and TSSM was determined by sampling 25 leaves from the center of each tree on 3 Aug, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. Control of OFM was evaluated on 4 Aug by counting the damaged terminals/tree. Treatment effectiveness on catfacing insects was determined by examining 400 peaches (100/replication) for injury on 19 Aug.
Apple, Thuringiensin Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry , Annan Richard
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 4 single-tree replications of 33-yr-old trees in a randomized block design. Applications were made with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 3.86 km/h and delivered 935 liters/ha. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Bayleton, Benlate, Bordeaux mixture, Captan, Lannate, Manzate 200, Polyram, Sevin, and Streptomycin. European red mite control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope
Prunus, Peachtree Borer Control, Wayne County, Ohio, 1985
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Prunus cistina growing in 2-gal containers and infested with Synanthedon exitiosa were planted in a research plot at the Ohio State University Agricultural Research and Development Center in early June, prior to moth emergence. These plants were used for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides for reducing establishment of peachtree borer larvae. A COz compression sprayer with a Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle operating at 16 psi was used to spray four 4-plant replicates/treatment arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied 14 Jun under sunny skies at 18�C with a breeze of 8-16 km/h. Each plant received 70 ml of finished spray on its lower trunk and limbs. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 6 Sep by examining the base of each plant for exudate and frass.
Blueberry, Flea Beetle Larval Control, 1987
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. , Collins J. A.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied on 28 May to 23- × 23-ft plots in a crop year lowbush blueberry held at Gray, Maine. There were 3 replications in a randomized complete block design with 10-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre with a C02-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer at 35 psi with 4 flat-spray 800067 teejet nozzles. Plants showed 50-60% fruit set � t treatment. On dates indicated, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then i eleased over the same plot. The weather during this test was warm. Of special note were 94�F maximum temperatures recorded 2 and 3 days after the spray on 28 May.
Blueberry, Cranberry Fruitworm Insecticide Test, 1987
Authors: Howitt A. , Biddinger D. J.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment vas used. Each block consisted of a 50-ft section of row with approximately 12 bushes and each replicate had at least 1 buffer row between it and the next reatment. Insecticides were applied dilute with handgun at 400 gal/acre with the timing based on adult catch with a new experimental pheromone. Application lates were 2, 12, and 25 Jun. Evaluations on 7 Jul consisted of examining 100 randomly sampled berries/block for a total of 400 berries/treatment.
Control of Latania Scale on Kiwifruit, 1987
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Hasey J. K. , Fouche C. F.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted on 7-yr-old ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit in a commercial vineyard near Marysville, Calif. Eight treatments were replicated 6 times using a completely random design. Each replicate consisted of an individual vine. Vines were examined for scale populations before treatments, and only those having high populations were included in the trial. Materials were applied to run-off (400 gal/acre) with a C02-charged backpack sprayer operating at 30 psi. Applications were made on 2 Mar during the delayed dormant period. Control was evaluated by applying double-backed sticky tape around each of the 2 cordons per vine on 16 and 30 Apr, 1 Jun, 1 Jul, 3 Aug, 1 Sep, and 1 Oct. The tapes were removed 7 days later and all scale crawlers were counted. On 15 Oct, 50 fruit/replicate were inspected for the presence of scale.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Pesticide Efficacy Tests in Florida, 1987
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 5 times on 3 × 3 (= 9 tree) plots in a randomized block design in both tests. The center tree only was sampled in each plot. Two unsprayed buffer trees separated plots within and between rows. Sprays were applied in 125 gal of water per acre with an FMC 4000 CP sprayer at 160 psi driven at 1.5 mph on 27-29 Apr (test 1) and 30 April (test 2). Water pH was 7.7 (test 1) and 7.8 (test 2). Twenty leaves or fruit were examined around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on the upper and lower leaf surfaces or on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The 2 leaf or fruit counts were combined and recorded as one observation. Cumulative mite day totals were calculated (Allen, 1976. Environ. Entomol. 5: 1083-88).
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Pesticide Efficacy Tests in Florida, 1986
Authors: Childers C. C.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 6 times on 3 × 3 (= 9 tree) plots in a randomized complete block design in test 1. The center tree only was sampled. In test 2, single tree plots replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design were used. Unsprayed buffer trees separated treatments within and between rows in both tests. Treatments were applied dilute using a handgun at 350 psi from a truck-mounted sprayer on 24-26 Jun (test 1) and on 16-17 Jun (test 2). Ca. 750 gal/acre were applied in test 1 and ca. 232 gal/acre in test 2. Water pH was 7.9 in both tests. Twenty fruit were examined around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The 2 counts per fruit were combined and recorded as one observation.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Pesticide Efficacy Tests, 1987
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. A. , Appelboom T. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to plots of approximately 7 acres each. Two halfacre plots were left untreated. One plot treated following the growers standard practices was also observed. Treatments were applied with an FMC 757 airblast sprayer on 16-17 Jul. The aerial plot was sprayed by a Hiller UH-12E helicopter with Simplex spray systems equipment on 21 Jul. Twenty-five fruit were examined around the canopy of 4 randomly selected trees in each of 4 subplots for a total of 16 trees per treatment. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm2 count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as 1 observation.
Worm Control in Fall Snap Beans, 1987
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Spurt’ snap beans were seeded into a Sassafras sandy loam field on 3 Aug. Plots consisted of a single row 25-ft long and 30-in wide replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one centered over the row calibrated to deliver 52 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied 2 and 11 Sep. All plots were harvested and yields (plot weights) were recorded on 21 Sep and 100 bean pods per plot were randomly selected and examined for European corn borer holes and corn earworm damage.
Control of Slugs in No-Till Beans, 1986
Authors: Goh Kean S. , Specker Donald R.
Published: March 2022

No-till bean plots were located at Cornell Vegetable Farm, Freeville, NY. The field was prepared by mowing of the rye cover crop and spraying over with 1.5 lb (AI)/acre of glyphosate on 16 Jun. Seeds were drilled in with an Allis Chalmers No-till 33 Planter at 90 lb of seeds/acre on 36 inch rows. Fertilizer (13-13-13) was applied at 100 lb/acre at time of planting on 23 Jun. Preemergent herbicides, chloramben and metolachlor at 2.5 lb (AI)/acre and 1.5 lb (AI)/acre, respectively, were applied the next day. The molluscicide treatments were replicated 6 times with each plot consisting of six 20-ft long rows, the outer two rows were untreated buffers. In each plot 3 holes, 4 inches in diam × 6 inches deep, diagonally and evenly spaced, were excavated between rows with a golf-hole digger. Each hole was covered with a 1-ft-square asphalt shingle wrapped with aluminum foil. The reflective surface kept the hole cool and moist and provided an ideal refuge for slugs and served as an efficient sampling method. On 21 Jul field-collected slugs were introduced at 5 slugs per hole because of low numbers of slugs in the plots. Baits were applied on 23 Jul after the slug populations had stabilized and beans were at the 8- to 10-leaf stage. Mesurol® bait was prepared by coating cracked corn with the wettable powder using soft drink as a sticking agent and applied at 20 lb bait/acre. All baits were applied by hand broadcasting evenly over the bean rows. Deadline® was a new meal formulation of metaldehyde. Slug counts were taken by inspecting the refuge holes for live slugs at 1 day pretreatment and at 2, 5, 7, and 14 days posttreatment.
Control of Green Peach and Cabbage Aphids on Cabbage, 1987
Authors: Butler M. D. , Hannon T. A. , Howell D. R.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 17 Dec at the University of Arizona Yuma Valley Agricultural Center onto 40-inch beds with a 10-inch spacing between plants. Plot size was 4 beds by 25 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made on 23 Mar using a C02 backpack sprayer equipped with a 2-nozzle boom with Teejet D2-23 nozzles at 40 psi and at a rate of 10 gal/acre. Efficacy was determined by examining 10 leaf samples per plot from the outer rosette of leaves surrounding the head. Samples were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being few to no aphids and 5 representing a heavy infestation. Both green peach aphids and cabbage aphids were present with no differentiation made between the two. Evaluations were made on 24, 26, and 27 Mar and 1 Apr.
Comparative Efficacy of Several Pyrethroids and Dosages Against Cabbageworm and Cabbage Looper, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele
Published: March 2022

The trial was located in a commercial transplanted cabbage field near Belle Plaine, Minn. Plots were 2 rows, 25 ft long arranged in a randomized complete jlock design, and replicated 3 times. Insecticide applications were made on 26 Jul with a hand-held COa sprayer using 40 psi pressure and 17 gal total material/acre. Temperature at application was 90°F. Numbers of living and dead larvae were counted on 5 plants 24 h posttreatment. Larval counts were oonverted to % control, transformed using ARCSINE, and means were compared.
Cabbage Maggot Control, 1987
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted and treated 24 Jul at our research farm near Geneva, N.Y., in a Lima silt loam soil Seeds (planted at 10/ft) and treatments were applied using hand pushed cone seeders. Germination counts were made 13 Aug. Plots consisted of a singlt row, 20 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block. Insecticide applications were based on a 36-inch row width. Overfurrow application,'- were applied at 50 gal/acre to the soil surface after planting using a COa powered sprayer. Injury ratings were made 20 Oct by pulling 10 roots/plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present.
Cabbage Maggot Control Using Entomophagous Nematodes, 1987
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was transplanted and treated 5 Aug by hand at our research farm near Geneva, N.Y., in a Lima silt loam soil. Plots consisted of a single row, 20 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block. Insecticide applications were based on a 36-inch row width. Nematode treatments consisted of both fresh and dessicated nematodes. Nematodes were counted using standard dilution techniques. Drench applications were applied at 65 gal/acre to the soil surface after planting using a CO2 powered sprayer. Transplant applications were applied at 613 gal/acre (200 ml/plant). Injury ratings were made 20 Oct by pulling 10 roots/plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present.
Effect of Carzol on Fruit Set, Leafhopper Nymphs and Mites, 1989
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 10-yr-old orchard with overtree irrigation. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with subsampling. There were 4 treatments replicated 3 times. Each replicate consisted of plots of 10 adjacent trees. Carzol 92 SP (1.38 lb (AI)/acre), a carbamate insecticide/acaricide, was applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi. Per-acre rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. The spray applications were timed to cover the control window for first generation WALH nymphs. This overlaps with the period for use of carbaryl, a carbamate insecticide frequently used as a fruit thinner. Recommended timing for fruit thinning is when fruits are 8-11 mm in diameter. Dates of applications were as follows: petal fall (6 May); petal fall + 1 wk (12 May); petal fall + 2 weeks (19 May). Mean (n = 20) fruit diameter was 10.6 mm on 12 May, and 15.6 on 19 May. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 randomly selected leaves per tree on 5 trees/replicate (300 leaves/treatment). Percent fruit set was determined by counting blossom clusters on 19 Apr on two tagged limb sections/tree, and counting the resulting fruit on 15 Jun. Mite population densities were determined on 23 Jun and 28 Jul by taking a composite sample of 100 leaves (10/tree) for each replicate. Leaves were brushed with a mite brushing machine onto glass plates and counted under a dissecting microscope.
Melon Aphid Control in South Texas, 1989
Authors: Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

Cantaloupe was direct seeded to plots one bed wide by 330 ft long with 6.6 ft planted to ‘Speltz’ between beds on 1 Mar at the Texas Agr. Res. & Ext. Cntr., Weslaco. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 treatments and 4 replicates. Treatments consisted of the following pesticide and/or oil applications at 7 d intervals from germination through first fruit set: 1) JMS Stylet-Oil at 3 qts/100 gal water; 2) permethrin (0.1 lb [AI]/acre); 3) methamidophos (1.0 lb [AI]/acre); 4) permethrin (0.05 lb [AI]/acre) + methamidophos (0.5 lb [AI]/ acre); 5) permethrin + methamidophos mix as above followed by overspray of JMS Stylet-Oil; and 6) untreated. Three randomly selected vines/plot were surveyed for aphid numbers, at 7 d intervals. Plots were treated and surveyed from 17 Mar through 9 Jun.
Control on Late Season Sweet Corn with Foliar Sprays, 1989
Authors: Bowman James S. , Barry Donald W.
Published: March 2022

The ‘Honeymoon’ sweet corn used in this experiment was hand-planted in rows on 36 inch centers at the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm, Madbury, NH on 5 Jul. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. When the plants reached the 10% silking stage, silk spray applications of 10 insecticide treatments were initiated using a R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 28.8 gal/ acre. The sprays were directed toward the silking zone on each side of the plant on 25 Aug, 29 Aug, 2 Sep, 6 Sep. Evaluations were made at harvest time on 21 Sep by examining 25 ears from each replicate for the presence of larvae or feeding injury.
Insect Pest Control on Lettuce in South Texas, 1988
Authors: Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

Lettuce was direct seeded to plots (40 ft long by 2 beds wide) on 15 Oct at the Texas Agricultural Research & Extension Center, Weslaco, TX. Experimental design was a RCB with 5 treatments and 5 replicates. Applications of insecticides were made on 1 Dec with a tractor mounted boom operated at 60 psi and 30 gal total formulation/acre. Plastic cylindrical cages with muslim cloth tops were placed over 2 plants/plot 4 h after application. Ten BAW larvae (6 d old) were placed in one cage and 10 CL (6 d old) in the second cage in each plot. Plants were surveyed to determine mortality 4 and 7 DAT
Control of Aphids on Salad Crops, 1989
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Koch Timothy A. , Hassel Richard L.
Published: March 2022

The first crop of lettuce was direct-seeded at the Muck Crops Branch, Willard, OH, on 1 Jun. Plots were 3 rows wide (on 16 inch centers), with a different cultivar in each row, 18 ft long, and separated by 4 ft alleys. Each treatment, on each cultivar, was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All plots were treated on 7 Jul with Sevin 80 S, 0.4 lb (AI)/acre, to encourage aphid infestation. Treatments were applied on 22 Jul with a boom sprayer delivering 50 psi and 50 gal/acre. Weather immediately following treatment was hot, with daytime highs near 90°F. At harvest on 28 Jul aphids were counted on 3 plants in each plot by visual inspection of all leaves on each plant. Red lettuce, ‘Red sails’, was direct-seeded at the Muck Crops Branch on 25 Jul for the second trial. Plot arrangement and experimental design were identical to the earlier planting, but no initial application of Sevin was made and only ‘Red sails’ was used. Treatments were applied on 5 Sep, and weather immediately following treatment was moderate. On 8 and 11 Sep, aphids were rated on an approximately logarithmic scale (0 = 0 aphids, 1 = 1 ° 4 aphids, 2 = 5 ° 10 aphids, 3 = 11 - 33 aphids, 4 = 34 ° 100 aphids, 5 = 101 ° 300 aphids, 6 = > 300) on 5 plants in each plot by visual inspection of all leaves on the plant. Analyses of variance were performed on the untransformed counts for the first treatment date, and on the ratings for the second.
Thrips Control in the Texas High Plains, 1987
Authors: Bender David A. , Morrison William P.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted at the Texas A&M Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, Texas. ‘Texas Grano 438’ onions were transplanted 17 Mar into double-row beds (10-inch rows, 40-inch centers). Plots were 20 ft by 4 beds wide and bordered by 1 row of rye. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 12 May and 5 and 22 Jun with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer with 2 TX12 nozzles/row at 20 gal/acre and 50 psi. Efficacy was determined by counts (visual inspection) on 5 plants/plot on 11, 15, 26 May, 3, 8, 16, 21 and 25 Jun. One adult thrips was collected from each of 5 plants/plot on each sample date for species identification.
Onion Thrips Control, 1989
Authors: Henry P. , Grafius E. , Bishop B. , Maier R. , Stehr M. , Mann A.
Published: March 2022

Onions were direct seeded at approximately 15/row ft on 20 Apr at Keilen Farms, Inc., Lansing, MI. Plots were 2 rows wide (6 inch double rows), 30 inch spacing between double rows, 25 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. One double row was left unsprayed between each plot. Treatments were applied with a hand-held COa sprayer, 2 nozzle boom (1 nozzle/row), at 40 psi and 30 gpa. On 1 Jun, malathion (1.25 lb (AI)/acre) was applied by air. Treatments were applied 9, 17, and 25 Aug. On 20 Jul a pre-spray sampling of 10 samples (20 plants/sample) was conducted, leaf bases of the pulled plants were rinsed with 70% ethanol. The rinsate (with thrips) was collected in a cup and returned to the lab. Samples were filtered through a Buchner funnel onto filter paper, and the number of thrips counted under the binocular microscope (120 x). On 3 Aug a second pre-spray sampling of 16 samples (20 plants/sample) was done. On 14, 23 and 31 Aug, 20 plants/plot were randomly selected. Numbers of thrips collected from each plot for all of the post-spray samples were summed to estimate season long impact.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Foliar Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Bishop B. , Grafius E. , Henry P. , Roragen K. , Maier R. , Rattlingourd P.
Published: March 2022

Trials of foliar sprays to Colorado potato beetle were conducted at the Michigan State University Montcalm Potato Research Farm, Entrican, MI. Potatoes were planted on 13 May 1988. Plots were 3 rows wide (34 inch row spacing) by 40 ft long and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications/treatment. Adjacent plots were separated by two untreated rows. Treatments were applied on 17 and 23 Jun, and 1 Jul with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre, 40 psi, with a cluster of 3 nozzles over each row. The middle nozzle directed spray down over the top of the plant, and the other nozzles directed the spray at the sides of the plant. Insects were counted from randomly-selected plants (1/plot prior to treatment, 2/plot for post-spray samples) on 14 Jun (pretreatment count), 21 and 23 Jun, and 7 Jul. Damage ratings both on a per plot and a per plant (2 plants/plot) basis were made on 7 Jul. The center row of each plot was harvested and potatoes sorted by size and weighed on 5 Oct.
Timing of Applications of A Biological Insecticide for Control of Colorado Potato Beetles in Potatoes, 1989
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Superior’ white potatoes were planted on 29 Apr in a Sassafras sandy loam soil. Plots consisted of 3 rows of potatoes, each being 20-ft long and 3-ft wide, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high clearance sprayer with one drop nozzle on each side of the row and one over the center of each row calibrated to deliver 59 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Bacillus thuringiensis (M-One 5.6%) treatments were applied at a rate of 2 qts/acre. Plot A was treated at approximately 33% CPB egg hatch (4 Jun), plot B treated 2 days later (6 Jun), plot C treated 2 days after plot B (8 Jun), plot D treated 2 days after plot C (10 Jun) and plot E was untreated. All plots received a second and third treatment 7 and 14 days, respectively, after their first treatment. Percent plant defoliation caused by Colorado potato beetle was recorded on 16 and 26 Jun. The number of potato hills with at least one stalk in flower was recorded on 20 Jun. Numbers of small CPB larvae (first and second instars) and large (third and fourth instars) larvae/5 hills were recorded on 16 Jun, and numbers of large larvae were again recorded on 26 Jun. Plots were harvested and yields (cwt/ acre) were recorded on 9 Sep. All data were taken from the middle row.
Wireworm Control on Potato, 1989
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B. , Terlemezian Grant
Published: March 2022

Certified B-size potatoes were planted 23 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. Treatments were 2 rows wide and 100 ft long with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with 4 replications. Granular insecticides were applied in furrow with a planter-mounted granular applicator. A non-insecticidal check was planted between every 2 insecticidal treatments. The plots were not sprayed with any foliar insecticide. On 18 Sep, potatoes were harvested, counted and scored for wireworm injury. Control for each treatment was calculated as percent reduction in wireworm damage relative to the adjacent untreated control.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potato in Minnesota, and North Dakota, 1989
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B. , Terlemezian Grant
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 10 May at the University of Minnesota Northwest Agricultural Experimental Station, Crookston and at the Red River Valley Potato Grower’s Association Research Farm, Grand Forks, North Dakota. Plots at the Rosemount Experimental Station were planted 18 May. Plots at Grafton, North Dakota were in a commercial production field. Experimental plots were 15 ft long with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with 4 replications. Insecticidal sprays were applied 3 Jul, at Rosemount and 5 Jul at Crookston with a COa-powered hand sprayer delivering 100 gal of water/acre. CPB populations were very high. Posttreatment evaluations were done at 24 h and 48 h after spraying at Rosemount, and 24 h and 7 d after at the other 3 locations. Evaluations consisted of direct counts of all second- and third-instar larvae on 10 plants/plot.
Control of Pyrethroid Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, 1988
Authors: Noetzel David , Holder Bobby , Holen Carlyle , Preston Duane
Published: March 2022

Certified B-size seed was planted at the Red River Valley Potato Growers Research Farm in Grand Forks, ND on 4 May. Plots were 4 36 inch rows × 30 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block. Two replicates were placed in Monona and two replicates in Norchip. The Temik treatment was applied over the planting ridge on 22 May (pre-emergence) and lightly incorporated. Foliar applications were made on 22 Jun, 3 and 20 Jul and 14 Aug. Counts and estimates were taken on 29 Jun, 20 Jul and 14 Aug. The second row of each plot was harvested and yields of #1 and #2 potatoes recorded separately.
Use of A New Chitin Inhibitor for Resistant Colorado Beetle Management, 1988
Authors: Noetzel David , Holder Bobby , Holen Carlyle , Preston Duane
Published: March 2022

Certified B size potato seed was planted at the Red River Valley Potato Growers Research farm at Grand Forks, ND on 4 May.
Rate Evaluation with M-One Insecticide for Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes, 1989
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 20 Apr at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft long row bordered on one side by 2 untreated rows and on the other side by bare ground. Potatoes were planted with 10-inch plant and 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays wre applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow-cone nozzles per row and delivering 70 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made weekly from 26 May through 23 Jun. Evaluation criteria consisted of visual counts of CPB small (LI and L2) larvae, large (L3 and L4) larvae, and adults on 10 randomly chosen stems/treatment plot. Percent defoliation for each treatment was estimated on 21 Jun, and harvest data was taken from the entire treated row in each treatment plot.
Squash Bug Control on Watermelon, 1989
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Fargo W. S. , Scott W. D.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of several insecticides was investigated in a test with small plots of watermelon grown on a clay laom soil at the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station near Stillwater. Plots were established on 18 May by transplanting seedling plants into plastic mulch. Experimental plots were 30 ft long by 10 ft wide, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. A single insecticide application was made on 11 Aug, using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi through 3 TX-18 hollow-cone nozzles Efficacy of treatments was assessed by randomly selecting 4 areas (1 m2) in each plot and counting squash bug nymphs on all plant parts and the mulch surface within each sample quadrant. Counts were made on 12 Aug (1 DAT), 15 Aug (4 DAT), and 18 Aug (7 DAT). Data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1989
Authors: Flessel John K.
Published: March 2022

A 1-yr-old stand of'WL 316' alfalfa at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, was used for this study. Treatments were applied 17 Jul using a tractor mounted hydraulic sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 32 psi using 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles. Plots were 20 by 40 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Insects samples 1, 3, 7, 11, 16, and 21 DAT were taken with 20 pendulum sweeps with a standard 15-inch sweep net. The alfalfa was 10 inches tall at treatment and 20-28 inches at the completion of the study. The weather was normal with the first precipitation 48 h after application. Precipitation fell on 9 days during the study and totaled 2.07 inches. Cygon at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre was the standard.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1989
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassan , Kinney Karl K. , Steffey Kevin L.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were evaluated on a 3-yr-old stand during the third alfalfa growth period at the University of Illinois Phillips Tract Farm. Plots were 40 by 45 ft with 4 replications of treatments in a raridomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 10 Aug from a tractor-mounted sprayer with a 20-ft boom and equipped with flat fan nozzles (Teejet XR8002) spaced 20 inches apart delivering 20.7 gal/acre at 30 psi. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 10 pendulum sweeps in each plot 4, 7, 11, and 15 DAT. Alfalfa stem length and plant maturity were recorded at harvest. Forage yield was determined from a 3.2 by 45 ft swath taken from each plot on 7 Sep. Subsamples of the strip-harvested hay were used for crude protein determination. Before analysis, data on PLH and minute pirate bugs were transformed by log (x + 0.5). Other counts of beneficial arthropods were transformed by (x + 0.5).
Apple, Evaluation of Insecticidal Soap, 1989
Authors: Hull L. A. , Barrett B. A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of'Golden Delicious' and 2 replicates of'Yorking'. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 6-yr-old and planted to a spacing of 20 × 30 ft. The handgun treatments were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gal/min pump. Approximately 3.4 gal of spray were applied/replicate tree (ca 240 gal/acre). The airblast treatments were applied with Myers Mity Mist Sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre at 2 mph. Dates of application were; 22 May; 6 Jun; 20 Jun; 7 and 25 Jul; and 9 Aug. See tables for dates of acaricide applications and other changes. All plots were oversprayed with Dithane M-45 on a biweekly schedule. Effectiveness on the aphid complex was evaluated by counting the number of aphidinfested leaves/10 top terminals, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf. The effect of the sprays on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 leaves/tree. Effeptiveness of the test chemicals on the European red mite and predatory mite was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of the chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and 1 picked sample 27 Sep. Apple samples averaged 75 apples/tree, 300/treatment. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Use of Labeled Insecticides for Control of Alfalfa Insects in Wisconsin, 1989
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan
Published: March 2022

Experimental Plots measuring 12 m × 15 m were established in a field of ‘Olds 88’ alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Research Station in Columbia County. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, and applied on 24 Jul by using a tractor-mounted compressed air sprayer equipped with 8002 Teejet flat fan nozzles delivering 141 liters of finished spray/ha at 35 PSI. The insecticide impregnated dry fertilizer was prepared by placing the dry fertilizer in plastic bags and slowly spraying the formulated insecticide with a hand mist sprayer onto the fertilizer while mixing periodically to ensure a uniform mixture. This mixture was then applied with a push-type broadcast spreader in a checkerboard pattern to ensure proper coverage. Insect abundance was estimated by taking twenty consecutive pendulum sweeps in each plot with a 38 cm diameter sweep net.
Use of Unlabeled Insecticides for Control of Alfalfa Insects in Wisconsin, 1989
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 12 m × 15 m were established in a field of 'Olds 88' alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Research Station in Columbia County. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, and applied on 24 Jul by using a tractor-mounted compressed air sprayer equipped with 8002 Teejet flat fan nozzles delivering 141 liter of finished spray/ha at 35 PSI. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 20 consecutive pendulum sweeps in each plot with a 38 cm diam sweep net.
Seedcorn Maggot Control, 1989
Authors: Webb D. R. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

A hand-pushed 'V belt seeder was used to plant 100 seeds in each treatment row. A 2-4 inch band of meat and bone meal was placed over each row to increase seed maggot (SM) oviposition. Each plot consisted of single row treatments 15 ft long, 3 ft apart in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Seeds were treated 21-23 Jun and plots planted 3 Jul. Damage counts were made 12 Jul for both beans and corn. Emerged seedlings in each row of the snap bean plot were counted and an avg. % damage was calculated on the number of damaged plants observed. In the corn plot, an avg. % damage was calculated by recording the injury in 25 seed pieces/row after they were dug and washed. Both plots received moderate damage from SM larvae.
Aphid Control in Canola, 1987
Authors: Johnson D. W. , Herbek J. , Murdock L.
Published: March 2022

Plots were located on the Research and Education Center in Princeton, KY. Plots were 9 ft × 15 ft, were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design (except Test 1 which was a latin square). Foliar insecticides were applied to each plot on 8 Dec in 20 gal/acre, using a CO2 powered plot sprayer. Percent infestation measurements were taken 7 d post application.