bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Total ankle replacement along with subtalar joint arthrodesis: In‐vitro and in‐silico biomechanical investigations
Authors: Taghizadeh Yousef , Chitsazan Ahmad , Pezeshki Saeid , Taghizadeh Hadi , Rouhi Gholamreza
Published: July 2021

Total ankle replacement (TAR) and subtalar joint (STJ) fusion, are popular treatments for ankle osteoarthritis (OA). Short endurance limits the former, and movement disability comes with the latter. It is hypothesized here that fusion of the STJ can improve the longevity of the TAR prosthesis. In this study, a fresh human cadaver's ankle joint underwent TAR surgery, and strain patterns in the vicinity of prosthesis were recorded after the application of axial compressive load on tibia, resembling stance phase of the gait. Then, STJ of the same sample fused (FTAR), and a similar test procedure was pursued. The obtained strains in the FTAR were smaller than those of the TAR (p < .01). Finite element models of the tested samples were also made, and validated by experimental strains. The validated FE models were then employed to find stress distribution on the tibial plateau and prosthesis compartments. FTAR demonstrated more regular stress profiles in bone‐prosthesis interface. Also, maximum von Mises stress in the talar component of the FTAR is approximately half of that in the TAR (8 and 15 MPa, respectively). Based on the results of this study, having a more symmetric load distribution on the prosthesis after STJ fusion, longevity of the TAR may likely increase.
An inverse technique to identify participant‐specific bone adaptation from serial CT measurements
Authors: Kemp Tannis D. , Besler Bryce A. , Boyd Steven K.
Published: July 2021

Simulated bone adaptation is framed as an interface evolution problem. The interface is extracted from a high‐resolution computed tomography (CT) image of trabecular bone microarchitecture and modified by the level set equation. A model and its parameters determine the bone adaptation rate and thus the bone structure at any future time. This study develops an inverse problem and solver to identify model parameters from multiple high‐resolution CT images of bone within the level set framework. We demonstrate the technique on a model of advection and mean curvature flow, termed curvature‐driven adaptation. The inverse solver uses two CT scans to estimate model parameters, which map the bone surface from one image to the next. The solver was tested with synthetic images of bone changing according to the curvature‐driven model with known model parameters. The algorithm recovered known model parameters excellently (R2 > .99, p < .001). A grid search indicated that the estimated model parameters were insensitive to hyper‐parameter selection for learning rate 1e−5 5e−5 and gradient scaling factor 5e−5 5e−4. Finally, we tested the algorithm's sensitivity to salt‐and‐pepper noise of probability , where .0 .9. Model parameter accuracy did not change for < .7, corresponding to Dice coefficients greater than .7. The inverse problem estimates bone adaptation parameters from multiple CT images of changing bone microarchitecture. In the future, this technique could be used to determine participant‐specific bone adaptation parameters in vivo, validate bone adaptation models, and predict bone health.
A robust multiclass 3D object recognition based on modern YOLO deep learning algorithms
Authors: Francies Mariam L. , Ata Mohamed M. , Mohamed Mohamed A.
Published: July 2021

A multiclass 3D object recognition has perceived a numerous evolution with respect to both accuracy and speed. This study introduces the implementation of modern YOLO algorithms (YOLOv3, YOLOv4, and YOLOv5) for multiclass 3D object detection and recognition. All YOLO algorithms have been tested according to a very large scaled dataset (Pascal VOC dataset). Performance evaluation has targeted the calculation of the following metrics; mAP (mean average precision), recall, F1‐score, IOU (intersection over union), and the running time. Experimental results demonstrate that the YOLOv3 has targeted mAP of 77%, IOU of 0.41 and the total running time was almost 8 h. Moreover, in YOLOv4, it has targeted mAP of 55%, IOU of 0.035 and the total running time nearly 7 h. In addition, YOLOv5 has established the mAP of 48%, IOU of 0.045, and the total running time was about 3 h. Finally, a modified version of YOLOv5 has been proposed in the state‐of‐the‐art of optimizing its hyperparameters and layering system. Accordingly, the mAP scored about 55% with 3 h running time. The final conclusions of this study have demonstrated that YOLOv3 has scored the highest recognition accuracy, however, the proposed modified YOLOv5 has scored the least processing time.
Digging up the dirt on “clean” dietary labels: Public health considerations and opportunities for increased Federal oversight
Authors: Negowetti Nicole , Ambwani Suman , Karr Stefani , Rodgers Rachel F. , Austin S. Bryn
Published: July 2021

Background

“Clean” dietary labels are often viewed by consumers as referencing products that are minimally processed, without additives, preservatives, artificial colors, or ingredients, but may also be interpreted as vegan, gluten‐free, dairy‐free, “real,” or “natural.” Although the “clean” diet trend continues to grow in popularity, there is a lack of consensus regarding the definition and use of this terminology with a corresponding lack of regulation for such labels in the United States.

Method

This multidisciplinary scoping review examines the public health implications of the “clean” label trend and the legal and policy landscape for regulation. We report on findings from case law and legal research generated through the Westlaw database and from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) enforcement actions and website documents to discuss options for federal‐ and state‐level intervention to mitigate harm.

Results

One feasible avenue for change is for the FDA to provide industry guidance, disseminate public statements to debunk myths, and enforce labeling statutes to police deceptive “clean” labeling claims. We also suggest consumer‐protection litigation and state‐level litigation via attorneys general as alternative actions to combat the abundant misinformation associated with “clean” diets and labels.

Discussion

Although the FDA has taken some enforcement actions, these efforts are insufficient given the proliferation of “clean” label products in the marketplace and the potential for adverse impacts on public health including increased risk for disordered eating. The current unregulated, undefined landscape for “clean” dietary labels thus requires urgent action by federal authorities and state attorneys general.
Synthesis of HeavyN‐Heterocyclic Tetrylenes: Influence of Ligand Sterics on Structure
Authors: Schwamm Ryan J. , von Randow Clara A. , Mouchfiq Ahmed , Evans Matthew J. , Coles Martyn P. , Robin Fulton J.
Published: July 2021

The synthesis and structural characterisation of [(NONR)M] (NON=O(SiMe2NR)2]2−; R=tBu, Ph, 2,6‐Me2C6H3(Dmp), 2,6‐iPr2C6H3(Dipp); M=Ge, Sn, Pb) is described. Germanium complexes [(NONPh)Ge], [(NONDmp)Ge] and [(NONDipp)Ge] are monomeric. Tin complexes [(NONPh)Sn]2, [(NONDmp)Sn]2and [(NONtBu)Sn]2are dimeric in the solid‐state, with [(NONPh)Sn]2forming a link through bridging N‐atoms, [(NONDmp)Sn]2linked through Sn⋅⋅⋅Ar contacts and [(NONtBu)Sn]2forming the first distannene bearing two amido ligands. In contrast, [(NONDipp)Sn] is monomeric in the solid‐state. The lead complexes [(NONPh)Pb]2and [(NONDmp)Pb]2are isostructual with their tin analogues while [(NONtBu)Pb] is monomeric in the solid‐state. Solution phase NMR spectroscopic data suggest that all [(NONR)M] compounds are monomeric in solution. Structural parameters, including buried volume (%Vbur) are discussed.
Design and optimization of a novel wind‐powered liquefied air energy storage system integrated with a supercritical carbon dioxide cycle
Authors: Sadeghi Shayan , Javani Nader , Ghandehariun Samane , Ahmadi Pouria
Published: July 2021

In this paper, a novel liquefied air energy storage (LAES) system driven by wind energy and natural gas, integrated with a two‐stage supercritical carbon dioxide cycle is proposed and investigated. Three different sensible thermal energy storage (TES) systems are considered in this study to store the heat produced in the compressions stage and use it later to improve the performance. The proposed system is analyzed in terms of energy, exergy, exergo‐economic, and environmental impacts. A detailed economical and technical investigation is carried out to determine system hotspots, exergy destruction rates, and the performance of the system and subsystems. Finally, by considering ten design variables, the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm‐II (NSGA‐II) is employed to evaluate the optimal design solutions for double objective functions, including cost per unit of exergy and overall system exergy efficiency. Results indicate that for a 50 MW of discharging power, 80.75 MW of charging electricity and 1.22 kg/s of fuel are required. Additionally, the product cost per unit of exergy and the levelized costs are calculated as 32.02 $/GJ and 0.133 $/kWh, respectively. The results of the optimization study also show that for the optimal Pareto solution, the energy efficiency would be 52.2% while the exergy efficiency is 45.26%.
Public–private partnership model for intensive maize production in China: A synergistic strategy for food security and ecosystem economic budget
Authors: Wang Xingbang , Zhang Wushuai , Lakshmanan Prakash , Qian Chunrong , Ge Xuanliang , Hao Yubo , Wang Junhe , Liu Yutao , Yang Huiying , Zhang Zhongdong , Guo Zhengyu , Gong Shuai , Fan Tinglu , Zhang Jianjun , Dong Guohao , Shen Dongfeng , Wang Yuhong , Cheng Weidong , Lv Juzhi , Wang Xiuquan , Lu Tingqi , Yin Chaojing , Yang Huan , Luo Jinlin , Qiao Yuan , Yao Zhi , Chen Xinping
Published: July 2021

Small farms are the mainstay of maize production in China. Its productivity is relatively low despite large farm inputs and the associated environmental footprints. Here, we studied public–private partnership (PPP) model for sustainable intensification of maize production to achieve co‐benefits of food security and environmental sustainability. The PPP model enabled the development of an effective partnership by bringing complementary skills, knowledge, proprietary products and technologies, and resources of public research community and private enterprises to create a new, operational maize farming system in China. We conducted on‐farm research with farmer participation in four major maize‐growing regions spanning temperate to sub‐tropical zones in China for 2 years. The PPP model achieved 78.7% of maize yield potential compared with 61.8% realized in smallholder farm (SHF) (11.0 Mg ha−1 vs. 8.6 Mg ha−1). Overall, environmental externalities of PPP were up to 32.7% lower than that of SHF, depending on the region studied. PPP significantly reduced reactive nitrogen losses by 31.3%–35.5% compared with SHF in both years. There was no significant difference between PPP and SHF for greenhouse gas emission in 2018, but it was significantly lower in PPP (19%) compared to SHF in 2019. Similarly, PPP significantly reduced soil acidification potential (by 10.1%–42.2%) and eutrophication of waterbodies (21.5%) in comparison to SHF. Overall, the net ecosystem economic budget increased 277 USD ha−1 with PPP. The PPP model provides new insights into improving food security and ecosystem and economic budget. As a logical progression to our research, future work should focus on (a) the reasons for the persistence of inter‐regional yield gap in PPP model and (b) to gain a better understanding of socioeconomic drivers critical for successful PPP in different maize‐growing regions.
Spatiotemporal changes in the state of food security across mainland China during 1990–2015: A multi‐scale analysis
Authors: Qiao Jianmin , Cao Qian , Zhang Zhengtao , Cao Zhi , Liu Haimeng
Published: July 2021

Food security is closely related to individual livelihood and social stability, and assessing the state of food security is essential for making agricultural policies. Nonetheless multi‐scale assessment of national food security state with explicit consideration of availability and access remains to be resolved. In this study, a spatially explicit crop model was used to simulate the production of major crops in China (i.e., wheat, maize, rice, and soybeans). Food production (as simulated by the crop model) and GDP per capita relative to the global average were then used to develop food security indicators to evaluate China's food security levels on grid, provincial, and economic zone scales. The Getis–Ord method was further applied to analyze the spatial aggregation of food security and food insecurity provinces. Results show that food security situation improved in mainland China during 1990–2015, attributed largely to the enhanced purchasing power. On the grid scale, changes in food security state went through two stages: Before 2000, the regions in the eastern part of the Hu Line were food security, while the regions in the western part were food insecurity; after 2000, the state of food security greatly improved from insecurity to security in Northwest China, and the areas of the highest security level considerably increased in eastern China. On the provincial scale, food security state in most provinces improved or almost unchanged over time. Exception was found in coastal provinces, with food security state was greatly affected by urbanization. Food security hot spots were primarily detected in central China, while cold spots were detected in Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Tibet. On the economic zone scale, food security areas in the eastern part decreased during 1990–2010 but increased thereafter, while food security areas in the other three economic zones increased from 1990 to 2015. To ensure food security, China should maintain the arable land areas, improve the quality of farmlands, mobilize farming enthusiasm, and advance agricultural marketization.
Thermal stability of natural pigments produced by Monascus purpureus in submerged fermentation
Authors: Abdollahi Fatemeh , Jahadi Mahshid , Ghavami Mehrdad
Published: July 2021

The major aim of the current study was to assess thermal stability of red pigments produced by Monascus purpureus ATCC 16362/PTCC 5303 in submerged fermentation. Natural pigments were produced by Monascus purpureus using stirred tank bioreactor. Stability of Monascus purpureus pigments was assessed under various temperature (50.2–97.8°C), salt (0%–2.5%), and pH (4.3–7.7) values. Thermal degradation constant and half‐life value of the red Monascus purpureus pigments were analyzed using response surface methodology followed by a first‐order kinetic reaction. Results of this study showed that pH, temperature, and salt content could affect red color stability of Monascus purpureus. The pigment showed various stabilities in various thermal conditions (temperature, salt, and pH). At high temperatures, degradation constant of the red pigments increased with decreasing pH, revealing that the Monascus red pigment was destroyed at lower pH values and salt could affect stability of the red pigments at lower temperatures.
Graph‐theoretical analysis ofEEGfunctional connectivity during balance perturbation in traumatic brain injury: A pilot study
Authors: Shenoy Handiru Vikram , Alivar Alaleh , Hoxha Armand , Saleh Soha , Suviseshamuthu Easter S. , Yue Guang H. , Allexandre Didier
Published: July 2021

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in balance impairment, increasing the risk of falls, and the chances of further injuries. However, the underlying neural mechanisms of postural control after TBI are not well understood. To this end, we conducted a pilot study to explore the neural mechanisms of unpredictable balance perturbations in 17 chronic TBI participants and 15 matched healthy controls (HC) using the EEG, MRI, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data. As quantitative measures of the functional integration and segregation of the brain networks during the postural task, we computed the global graph‐theoretic network measures (global efficiency and modularity) of brain functional connectivity derived from source‐space EEG in different frequency bands. We observed that the TBI group showed a lower balance performance as measured by the center of pressure displacement during the task, and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). They also showed reduced brain activation and connectivity during the balance task. Furthermore, the decrease in brain network segregation in alpha‐band from baseline to task was smaller in TBI than HC. The DTI findings revealed widespread structural damage. In terms of the neural correlates, we observed a distinct role played by different frequency bands: theta‐band modularity during the task was negatively correlated with the BBS in the TBI group; lower beta‐band network connectivity was associated with the reduction in white matter structural integrity. Our future studies will focus on how postural training will modulate the functional brain networks in TBI.
Toward the heat convection enhancement of nanofluids flowing in a 3D microchannel affected by a nonuniform magnetic field
Authors: Zitouni Kamel , Aidaoui Lakhdar , Lasbet Yahia , Tayebi Tahar
Published: July 2021

In the present investigation, the behavior of laminar convective flow and heat transfer in a three‐dimensional horizontal square duct using different water‐based nanofluids (Fe3O4/water, and carbon nanotubes/water) is numerically investigated. The channel is subjected to a periodic partial or full magnetic field. The outer surface is subjected to a constant heat flux density. The problem is numerically solved via the finite volume method with a second‐order precision. The numerical simulations covered a range of the Reynolds number 50 ≤ Re ≤ 400, Hartmann number 0 ≤ Ha ≤ 50, and concentration of nanoparticles 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.02 for different modes of the magnetic field application and direction. Examination of the hydrodynamic and thermal behavior shows significant heat transfer performances obtained when applying transversal and partial periodic magnetic fields simultaneously. More precisely, it is found that the favorable protocol improved the heat transfer rate by 85% in the duct flowing by the Ferrofluid at Ha = 50. Furthermore, findings illustrate that the overall heat transfer rate presented in terms of the mean Nusselt number and the highest compromise (heat transfer augmentation‐pressure losses diminution) are obtained in the case of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for all taken values of Reynolds and Hartmann numbers, whatever the manner and direction of the applied magnetic field.
Low‐dose aspirin improves blood perfusion of endometrium of unexplained recurrent biochemical pregnancy loss
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxin , Guo Feng , Wang Qiaohong , Bai Wenxin , Zhao Aimin
Published: July 2021

Objective

To assess the differences in Doppler parameters of endometrial receptivity in unexplained recurrent biochemical pregnancy loss (URBPL) and the therapeutic effect of low‐dose aspirin (LDA).

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted at Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai, PR China, from January 2017 to January 2019. Doppler parameters of endometrium and uterus were recorded as the evaluation of the endometrial receptivity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was managed to predict the risk of URBPL. Ultrasonography tests were repeated after 2 months of treatment with LDA.

Results

Biochemical pregnancies did not correlate with maternal age. The resistance of endometrial perfusion (pulsatility index, resistive index, and systolic‐to‐diastolic ratio) was significantly higher in URBPLs (P < 0.001) and had predictive values (0.739, 0.779, and 0.760, respectively). Endometrial thickness and impedance to uterine blood flow showed no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). After treatment with LDA, patients with URBPL improved the blood perfusion of endometrium significantly (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

There was no relation between BPL and maternal age. Patients with URBPL had inappropriate endometrial blood velocity. Doppler indices are capable of predicting the risk of URBPL. LDA exerts the therapeutic effect on improving blood perfusion of endometrium in URBPL.
N1‐methyladenosine profiling of long non‐coding RNA in colorectal cancer
Authors: Shi Liuhong , Chen Wenwen , Zhang Zizhen , Chen Jingyu , Xue Meng
Published: July 2021

N1‐methyladenosine (m1A), is a unique methyl group that confers post‐transcriptional modification of gene expression, and plays important roles in various human diseases. However, the abundance of this modification and its effects on long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in human colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. In this study, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing was performed in three pairs of human CRC and nontumorous tissues to identify m1A peaks and its correlation with differential alterations of lncRNA expression in CRC. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment pathway analyses were applied to predict the potential roles of m1A on gene expression. We found that CRC and adjacent tissues had a noticeable difference in m1A distribution. Notably, HGGAGRA and WGGANGA were recognized as the most significantly enriched motifs, respectively. Co‐analysis of methylation and RNA sequencing demonstrated downregulated lncRNAs along with m1A modification in CRC. GO and KEGG pathway analyses revealed that the unique distribution of m1A sites in lncRNAs had a significant correlation with CRC signaling pathways. In conclusion, our results delineated the distribution pattern of m1A methylation on lncRNAs, and provided potential roles of this modification in different pathways and tumor progression of CRC.
Microwave‐assisted synthesis of hybrid PABA‐1,3,5‐triazine derivatives as an antimalarial agent
Authors: Kashyap Ankita , Choudhury Ayesha A. K. , Saha Ashmita , Adhikari Nayana , Ghosh Surajit K. , Shakya Anshul , Patgiri Saurav J. , Bhattacharyya Dibya R. , Singh Udaya P. , Bhat Hans R.
Published: July 2021

The present manuscript deals with the development of novel p‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA) associated 1,3,5‐triazine derivatives as antimalarial agents. The molecules were developed via microwave‐assisted synthesis and structures of compounds were ascertained via numerous analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized compounds were also subjected to ADMET analysis. In a docking analysis, the title compounds showed high and diverse binding affinities towards wild (−162.45 to −369.38 kcal/mol) and quadruple mutant (−165.36 to −209.47 kcal/mol) Pf‐DHFR‐TS via interacting with Phe58, Arg59, Ser111, Ile112, Phe116. The in vitro antimalarial activity suggested that compounds 4e, 4b, and 4h showed IC50 ranging from 4.18 to 8.66 μg/ml against the chloroquine‐sensitive (3D7) strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Moreover, compounds 4g, 4b, 4e, and 4c showed IC50 ranging from 8.12 to 12.09 μg/ml against chloroquine‐resistant (Dd2) strain. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the development of hybrid PABA substituted 1,3,5‐triazines as a novel class of Pf‐DHFR inhibitor for antimalarial drug discovery.
Posthatching ultrastructural development of the oropharyngeal cavity roof in five age‐stages of Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Abumandour Mohamed , Shukry Mustafa , Lashen Samah , Kassab Mohammed , Kandyle Ramadan , Gewaily Mahmoud , El‐Mansi Ahmed , El Askary Ahmad , Hamoda Hazem , Farrag Foad
Published: July 2021

Recent literature has demonstrated only adult avian palate, albeit there has been only limited focus on the postnatal development of the avian oropharyngeal cavity roof. Hence, the current investigation was designed to obtain the full ultrastructure postnatal description of the oropharyngeal roof during the five developmental age‐stages of Coturnix coturnix by employing assessments using gross morphometric analysis and stero and scanning electron microscopy. The elongated triangular oropharyngeal roof has a spoonful rounded beak tip. The palate region is subdivided into the rostral ridged area and the choanal area. The palate has eight longitudinal palatine ridges (seven nonpapillated and one papillated median) and four transverse papillary rows (one slightly oblique row and three transverse papillary crests). The median palatine ridge continuous caudally and is then divided into three ridges: one median and two paramedian ridges (forming the lateral boundaries of the choanal field). The choanal field had three regions (rostral, middle, and caudal). The finger‐like projection papillary region has five papillae. The choanal cleft has two unequal parts (rostral and caudal). The rostral nonpapillated short choanal part is subdivided by transverse papillary row into rostral narrow straight and caudal diamond portions. The caudal wide papillated choanal part is further divided by a second transverse crest into rostral long (encircled by interdigitated papillae) and caudal short wider part (not encircled by interdigitated papillae). The infundibular cleft is not bordered by any papillae, while the pharyngeal region has numerous papillae and openings of the salivary glands. Moreover, the morphometric analysis revealed a higher value with increasing age for all dimensions. Our findings indicated a higher degree of functional adaptation between the five developmental age stages of quail. Our observations suggest that adaptations such as these may increase the efficiency of food prehension with increasing age.
Evaluating bony predictors of bite force across the order Carnivora
Authors: Dickinson Edwin , Davis Jillian S. , Deutsch Ashley R. , Patel Dhuru , Nijhawan Akash , Patel Meet , Blume Abby , Gannon Jordan L. , Turcotte Cassandra M. , Walker Christopher S. , Hartstone‐Rose Adam
Published: July 2021

In carnivorans, bite force is a critical and ecologically informative variable that has been correlated with multiple morphological, behavioral, and environmental attributes. Whereas in vivo measures of biting performance are difficult to obtain in many taxa—and impossible in extinct species—numerous osteological proxies exist for estimating masticatory muscle size and force. These proxies include both volumetric approximations of muscle dimensions and direct measurements of muscular attachment sites. In this study, we compare three cranial osteological techniques for estimating muscle size (including 2D‐photographic and 3D‐surface data approaches) against dissection‐derived muscle weights and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) within the jaw adductor musculature of 40 carnivoran taxa spanning eight families, four orders of magnitude in body size, and the full dietary spectrum of the order. Our results indicate that 3D‐approaches provide more accurate estimates of muscle size than do surfaces measured from 2D‐lateral photographs. However, estimates of a muscle's maximum cross‐sectional area are more closely correlated with muscle mass and PCSA than any estimates derived from muscle attachment areas. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for muscle thickness in osteological estimations of the masticatory musculature; as muscles become volumetrically larger, their larger cross‐sectional area does not appear to be associated with a proportional increase in the attachment site area. Though volumetric approaches approximate muscle dimensions well across the order as a whole, caution should be exercised when applying any single method as a predictor across diverse phylogenies.
Improved intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of astaxanthin using poly (ethylene glycol)‐graft‐chitosan nanoparticles: preparation, in vitro evaluation, and pharmacokinetics in rats
Authors: Zhu Yuan , Gu Zhengqing , Liao Youwu , Li Shuang , Xue Yuanyuan , Firempong Michael Adu , Xu Ying , Yu Jiangnan , Smyth Hugh DC , Xu Ximing
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

Astaxanthin (ASTA) is a kind of food‐derived active ingredient (FDAI) with antioxidant and antidiabetic functions. It is nontoxic but its poor solubility and low bioavailability hinder its application in the food industry. In this study, a novel carrier, polyethylene glycol‐grafted chitosan (PEG‐g‐CS) was applied to enhance the bioavailability of astaxanthin. It encapsulated astaxanthin completely by solvent evaporation to manufacture astaxanthin using poly (ethylene glycol)‐graft‐chitosan nanoparticles (ASTA‐PEG‐g‐CS) nanoparticles to improve absorption.

RESULTS

The ASTA‐PEG‐g‐CS nanoparticles were spherical, with a particle size below 200 nm and a ζ potential of about −26 mV. Polyethylene glycol‐grafted chitosan can encapsulate astaxanthin well, and the encapsulated astaxanthin was released rapidly – in 15 min in an in vitro release study. In a rat single‐pass intestinal perfusion study, a low concentration of ASTA‐PEG‐g‐CS nanoparticle (0.2 μg mL−1) was better absorbed in the intestine. In particular, the jejunum could absorb most astaxanthin without a change in the concentration. An in vivo release study also demonstrated that ASTA‐PEG‐g‐CS nanoparticles enhanced oral bioavailability significantly.

CONCLUSION

This novel carrier, PEG‐g‐CS, provided a simple way to encapsulate food, which improved the bioavailability of hydrophobic ingredients. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Influence of protein extraction and texturization on odor‐active compounds of pea proteins
Authors: Ebert Sandra , Michel Wiebke , Nedele Ann‐Kathrin , Baune Marie‐Christin , Terjung Nino , Zhang Yanyan , Gibis Monika , Weiss Jochen
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

The use of plant proteins as food ingredients might be limited due to the presence of foreign or ‘off’ flavors, which may evolve during extraction and subsequent processing. In this study, the influence of dry (TVP) and wet (WTP) texturization on characteristic volatile compounds of two different pea protein isolates was assessed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry‐olfactometry (GC–MS‐O) after direct immersion stir bar sorptive extraction (DI‐SBSE).

RESULTS

Twenty‐four odor‐active compounds were found, with a prevalence of carbonyls from fat oxidation. Nine of these compounds which are also known as major (off‐) flavor contributors in peas were distinctively impacted in all texturates: hexanal, nonanal, 2‐undecanone, (E)‐2‐octenal, (E, Z)‐3,5‐octadiene‐2‐one, (E, E)‐2,4‐decadienal, 2‐pentyl‐furan, 2‐pentyl‐pyridine, and γ‐nonalactone. For example, hexanal, a characteristic green odorant, was reduced by up to sixfold by wet texturization, from 3.29 ± 1.05% (Pea Protein I) to 0.52 ± 0.02% (Pea WTP I). Furthermore, (E,Z)‐3,5‐Octadiene‐2‐one and (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal were decreased by 1.5‐ and 1.8‐fold when Pea Protein I and Pea TVP I were compared.

CONCLUSION

An overall reduction in fat oxidation products and of green and fatty odor‐active compounds was observed. The results represent a first insight into the process‐related modulation of pea protein (off‐) flavors to broaden the applicability of pea proteins as food ingredients.
Heat treatment improves the sensory properties of the ultrafiltration by‐product of honeybush (Cyclopia genistoides) extract
Authors: Miller Neil , Petrus Alicia , Moelich Erika Ilette , Muller Magdalena , de Beer Dalene , van der Rijst Marieta , Joubert Elizabeth
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

Ultrafiltration of green honeybush (Cyclopia genistoides) extract results in a by‐product (retentate). Application of further separation processes for recovery of polyphenols would entail creation of additional waste. Repurposing the retentate as a food flavour ingredient provides an alternative valorization approach.

RESULTS

The retentate, suspended in water (270 g L−1), was heat‐treated at 80 °C for 2, 4, 8 and 16 h, and at 90 °C for 2, 4, 6 and 8 h to change its sensory profile. The heat‐treated retentate, diluted to beverage strength (2.15 g L−1), had prominent ‘grape/Muscat‐like’ and ‘marmalade/citrus’ aroma and flavour notes. Overall, heating for ≤ 4 h increased the intensities of positive flavour and aroma notes, while reducing those of ‘green/grass’, ‘hay’ and bitterness, whereafter further heating only had a slight effect on the aroma profile at 80 °C (P < 0.05), but not at 90 °C (P ≥ 0.05). The heat treatments, 80 °C/4 h and 90 °C/4 h, were subsequently applied to different batches of retentate (n = 10) to accommodate the effect of natural product variation. Heating at 90 °C produced higher intensities of positive aroma attributes (P < 0.05), but was more detrimental to the phenolic stability, compared to 80 °C.

CONCLUSION

After heat treatment, the phenolic content of C. genistoides retentate, reconstituted to beverage strength, still fell within the range of a typical 'fermented' (oxidized) honeybush leaf tea infusion. The change in phenolic composition will not diminish the benefit of an improved sensory profile for the retentate by‐product through heating. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
The influence of historical nostalgia on a heritage destination's brand authenticity, brand attachment, and brand equity
Authors: Chen Xiaohua , You Eun Sue , Lee Timothy J. , Li Xiubai
Published: July 2021

This article aims to examine an integrative model of historical nostalgia, brand authenticity, brand attachment, and brand equity based on the case of the Shaolin Temple, a heritage destination in China. The discussion is based on 470 responses collected from visitors to the historical place. The results demonstrate the positive mediating effect of brand authenticity and brand attachment on historical nostalgia and destination brand equity. This study contributes to the literature constructing the brand equity of heritage tourism destination by investigating the positive role of historical nostalgia. It helps heritage tourism stakeholders implement policies on brand authenticity and brand attachment.
Predictors of Aspiration Pneumonia and Mortality in Patients with Dysphagia
Authors: Nativ‐Zeltzer Nogah , Nachalon Yuval , Kaufman Matthew W. , Seeni Indulaxmi C. , Bastea Silvia , Aulakh Sukhkaran S. , Makkiyah Sara , Wilson Machelle D. , Evangelista Lisa , Kuhn Maggie A. , Sahin Mustafa , Belafsky Peter C.
Published: July 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

To identify risk factors for pneumonia incidence in patients with dysphagia undergoing a videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) in an outpatient tertiary‐care center.

Study Design

Historical cohort study.

Methods

All individuals undergoing a VFSS between 10/02/13 and 07/30/15 were identified and followed historically for 2 years. Demographic information, medical history, and fluoroscopic data were collected. The 2‐year incidence of pneumonia was obtained from the medical records and telephone interview. The incidence of pneumonia and death were calculated and risk factors for pneumonia and mortality were ascertained.

Results

689 patients were followed for 2 years. The mean age (±standard deviation) of the cohort was 65 (±15.5) years. 49% (338/689) were female. The most common causes of dysphagia were cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction (270/689), head and neck cancer (175/689), and neurodegenerative disease (56/689). The incidence of pneumonia was 22% (153/689). The incidence of death was 11%. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder [COPD] (odds ratio [OR] = 2.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33–4.19), hypertension (OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.23–2.73), tracheotomy status (OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.09–7.99), and vallecular residue (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.24–2.85) were all significantly associated with an elevated risk of pneumonia. Kidney disease (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.02–9.9), COPD (OR = 3.27, 95% CI: 1.65–6.49), vallecular residue (OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.35–4.1), male gender (OR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.25–3.92), and low body mass index (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.06–1.19) were independent adjusted risk factors for death.

Conclusions

The incidence of aspiration pneumonia (22%) and death (11%) within 2‐years of a VFSS was high. The greatest adjusted risk factors for incident pneumonia were tracheotomy (OR = 3.0), COPD (OR = 2.4) and vallecular residue (OR = 1.9). The greatest adjusted risk factors for death were COPD (OR = 3.3), vallecular residue (OR = 2.3), and male gender (OR = 2.2).

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 132:1172–1176, 2022
Report on the effectiveness of vegetative barriers to regulate simulated fluxes of runoff and sediment in open agricultural landscapes (Flanders, Belgium)
Authors: Frankl Amaury , De Boever Maarten , Bodyn Jonas , Buysens Saskia , Rosseel Liesbet , Deprez Sarah , Bielders Charles , Dégre Aurore , Stokes Alexia
Published: July 2021

Vegetative barriers are increasingly used to reduce sediment export from cropland and thus mitigate negative off‐site consequences of soil erosion. Here, we report and discuss the effectiveness of vegetative barriers implemented in Flanders (Belgium) to buffer the flows of water and sediment. The three types of vegetative barriers studied are made of straw bales, wood chips or bales of coconut‐ fibre. Based on three simulated runoff experiments performed in the field, we calculated the hydraulic roughness and sediment deposition ratio. Our experiments showed that the barriers made of coconut‐fibre bales performed markedly better than those of straw bales or wood chips (Manning's n values of 1.355, 1.049 and 2.231 s m‐1/3 and a sediment deposition ratio of 19%, 38% and 64% for barriers made of straw bales, wood chips and coconut‐fibre bales, respectively, during the first experiment). These values increased during subsequent experiments demonstrating the effect of sediment accumulating inside the structures. Especially for coconut‐fibre bales, this accumulation increases the risk of runoff bypassing or overtopping the barriers. The barriers mainly retained sand and, to a lesser extent, silt and clay. As vegetative barriers have to be renewed every few years because of the decomposition of organic material, barriers made of locally available materials are more sustainable as a nature‐based solution to erosion. We conclude that although the vegetative barriers made of coconut‐fibre bales are superior in their regulation of flows of runoff and sediment, barriers made of locally sourced materials are more sustainable.
Further investigation on bifurcation and their control of fractional‐order bidirectional associative memory neural networks involving four neurons and multiple delays
Authors: Xu Changjin , Zhang Wei , Aouiti Chaouki , Liu Zixin , Liao Maoxin , Li Peiluan
Published: July 2021

This work principally probes into the stability, the existence, and control of Hopf bifurcation of new established fractional‐order delayed bidirectional associative memory (BAM) neural networks with four neurons. Firstly, based on the earlier study, we set up a class of new fractional‐order multiple delayed BAM neural networks with four neurons. Secondly, applying an appropriate variable transformation, we get a new equivalent fractional‐order single delayed BAM neural networks with four neurons. With the aid of the stability theory and bifurcation knowledge of fractional‐order differential dynamical systems, a novel sufficient criterion to guarantee the stability and the appearance of Hopf bifurcation of the addressed fractional‐order delayed BAM neural networks is set up. Thirdly, designing a suitable time‐delayed feedback controller, the stability region and the time of appearance of Hopf bifurcation for the involved neural networks have been adjusted. Finally, two simulation examples are presented to illustrate the rationality of the mathematical derivation results. The study vindicates that the time delay has great effect on the stability, bifurcation, and its control for involved network models. The obtained fruits of this work can be effectively applied to control and design neural networks. Also, some research ideas will play a key role in studying the related fractional‐order dynamical models in actual world.
Assessment of the global noise algorithm for automatic noise measurement in head CT examinations
Authors: Ahmad Moiz , Tan Dominique , Marisetty Sujay
Published: July 2021

Purpose

The global noise (GN) algorithm has been previously introduced as a method for automatic noise measurement in clinical CT images. The accuracy of the GN algorithm has been assessed in abdomen CT examinations, but not in any other body part until now. This work assesses the GN algorithm accuracy in automatic noise measurement in head CT examinations.

Methods

A publicly available image dataset of 99 head CT examinations was used to evaluate the accuracy of the GN algorithm in comparison to reference noise values. Reference noise values were acquired using a manual noise measurement procedure. The procedure used a consistent instruction protocol and multiple observers to mitigate the influence of intra‐ and interobserver variation, resulting in precise reference values. Optimal GN algorithm parameter values were determined. The GN algorithm accuracy and the corresponding statistical confidence interval were determined. The GN measurements were compared across the six different scan protocols used in this dataset. The correlation of GN to patient head size was also assessed using a linear regression model, and the CT scanner's X‐ray beam quality was inferred from the model fit parameters.

Results

Across all head CT examinations in the dataset, the range of reference noise was 2.9–10.2 HU. A precision of ±0.33 HU was achieved in the reference noise measurements. After optimization, the GN algorithm had a RMS error 0.34 HU corresponding to a percent RMS error of 6.6%. The GN algorithm had a bias of +3.9%. Statistically significant differences in GN were detected in 11 out of the 15 different pairs of scan protocols. The GN measurements were correlated with head size with a statistically significant regression slope parameter (p < 10‒7). The CT scanner X‐ray beam quality estimated from the slope parameter was 3.5 cm water HVL (2.8–4.8 cm 95% CI).

Conclusion

The GN algorithm was validated for application in head CT examinations. The GN algorithm was accurate in comparison to reference manual measurement, with errors comparable to interobserver variation in manual measurement. The GN algorithm can detect noise differences in examinations performed on different scanner models or using different scan protocols. The trend in GN across patients of different head sizes closely follows that predicted by a physical model of X‐ray attenuation.
Clinical Benefit of Ripretinib Dose Escalation After Disease Progression in Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: An Analysis of the INVICTUS Study
Authors: Zalcberg John R. , Heinrich Michael C. , George Suzanne , Bauer Sebastian , Schöffski Patrick , Serrano César , Gelderblom Hans , Jones Robin L. , Attia Steven , D'Amato Gina , Chi Ping , Reichardt Peter , Somaiah Neeta , Meade Julie , Reichert Vienna , Shi Kelvin , Sherman Matthew L. , Ruiz-Soto Rodrigo , Mehren Margaret von , Blay Jean-Yves
Published: July 2021

Background

Ripretinib 150 mg once daily (QD) is indicated for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) as at least fourth-line therapy. In INVICTUS, ripretinib intrapatient dose escalation (IPDE) to 150 mg b.i.d. was allowed after progressive disease (PD) on 150 mg QD by blinded independent central review using modified RECIST 1.1. We report the efficacy and safety of ripretinib IPDE to 150 mg b.i.d. after PD among patients randomized to ripretinib 150 mg QD in the INVICTUS study.

Materials and Methods

Tumor imaging was performed every 28-day cycle for the first four cycles in the ripretinib 150 mg QD period and then every other cycle, including the 150 mg b.i.d. period. Among the ripretinib IPDE patients, progression-free survival (PFS)1 was the time from randomization until PD; PFS2 was the time from the first dose of ripretinib 150 mg b.i.d. to PD or death.

Results

Among 43 ripretinib IPDE patients, median PFS1 was 4.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7–6.4) and median PFS2 was 3.7 months (95% CI, 3.1–5.3). Median overall survival was 18.4 months (95% CI, 14.5–not estimable). Ripretinib 150 mg b.i.d. (median duration of treatment 3.7 months) was well tolerated with new or worsening grade 3–4 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) of anemia in six (14%) and abdominal pain in three (7%) patients. Ripretinib 150 mg b.i.d. was discontinued because of TEAEs in seven (16%) patients.

Conclusion

Ripretinib 150 mg b.i.d. after PD on 150 mg QD may provide additional clinically meaningful benefit with an acceptable safety profile in patients with at least fourth-line GISTs.

Implications for Practice

Of the 85 patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor having received at least three prior anticancer therapies randomized to ripretinib 150 mg once daily (QD) in the phase III INVICTUS study, 43 underwent ripretinib intrapatient dose escalation (IPDE) to 150 mg b.i.d. after progressive disease (PD). Median progression-free survival was 4.6 months before and 3.7 months after ripretinib IPDE. The safety profile of ripretinib 150 mg b.i.d. was acceptable. These findings indicate ripretinib IPDE to 150 mg b.i.d. may provide additional clinical benefit in patients with PD on ripretinib 150 mg QD, for whom limited treatment options exist.
Discovery of zeylenone from Uvaria grandiflora as a potential botanical fungicide
Authors: He Jianguo , Dou Menglan , Xie Jia , Hou Shuai , Liu Qifeng , Hu Zhan , Zhang Beijing , Zheng Shuai , Yin Fengman , Zhang Meng , Xie Changping , Lu Dadong , Ding Xiaofan , Zhu Chaohua , Sun Ranfeng
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

Botanical pesticides play an important role in organic agricultural practices and are widely used in integrated pest management (IPM). Uvaria grandiflora was mainly reported as traditional medicines and possessed antibacterial, antioxidant, and antiprotozoal activities. Therefore, important biological activities of U. grandiflora may suggest that they have the potential to be used as botanical pesticides.

RESULTS

The extract of U. grandiflora exhibited broad‐spectrum inhibitory activity toward phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes, particularly against Colletotrichum musae and Phytophthora capsici, and its secondary metabolite zeylenone also displayed strong antifungal and anti‐oomycete activities against phytopathogens. Particularly, half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of zeylenone against Phytophthora capsici and C. musae were 6.98 and 3.37 μg mL−1, showing better inhibitory effects than those of commercial fungicides (azoxystrobin and osthole). Additionally, the pot experiments showed that the extract of U. grandiflora could effectively control Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Phytophthora infestans, Phytophthora capsici and Podosphaera xanthii. In the field experiment, 5% microemulsion of U. grandiflora extract exhibited 79.72% efficacy against cucumber powdery mildew at 87.5 g ha−1 on the 14th day after two sprayings, which was better than that of 21.5% trifloxystrobin and 21.5% fluopyram SC at 200.9 g ha−1. Surprisingly, 5% microemulsion of U. grandiflora extract could promote cucumber growth significantly. Furthermore, the action mechanism analysis indicated that zeylenone may damage the cytoderm and affect energy metabolism of Phytophthora capsici.

CONCLUSION

It is the first time that the extract of U. grandiflora and zeylenone have been discovered leading to broad application prospects in the development as botanical fungicides. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.