bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Girard's Use of Mimetic Theory Girard and Theology – By Michael Kirwan
Authors: Avery‐Wall Vanessa
Published: June 2010

With the advent of Rene Girard's Violence and the Sacred, mimetic theory has become relevant as a vehicle for looking at religion and its origins. In later works, Girard uses mimetic theory specifically as an interpretive principle for scripture, and in doing so, arrives at a theology that provides for the existence of a sacred free of violence and violent agency. How, though, does Girard's theory correlate with other theological paradigms? Where does Girard fit in? And is Girard's theory able to further the possibilities of theological discourse? These are the aims of Kirwan's book, which provides an excellent overview of various branches of theology, the prevailing paradigms in each area, and how Girard might be located within those frames. Kirwan also gives ample space to the criticisms that have been voiced concerning Girard and his theory. Overall, this book is a convincing exposition of the versatility of mimetic theory, and how it may indeed contribute across the wide spectrum theological thought.
The frequency‐dependence of the nicotine‐induced inhibition of dopamine is controlled by the α7 nicotinic receptor
Authors: Seipel Andrew T. , Yakel Jerrel L.
Published: June 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1659–1666.

Voltammetric analyses show that low (100–500 nM) doses of nicotine regulate striatal dopamine by inhibiting release evoked by a single stimulation to a greater extent than release evoked by high frequency stimulations. This frequency‐dependent inhibition is because of nicotine desensitizing heteromeric β2 subunit‐containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes. Surprisingly, a high dose of nicotine (2 μM; capable of interacting with additional nAChR subtypes) produced an inhibition of dopamine evoked by high frequency stimulation, an effect that was not seen with the low dose of nicotine or the β2 antagonist, dihydro‐β‐erythroidine hydrobromide. This inhibition was replicated by application of α7 nAChR antagonists methyllcaconitine citrate or α‐bungarotoxin in conjunction with the low dose of nicotine or dihydro‐β‐erythroidine hydrobromide. Blocking α7 receptor function alone produced a modest increase in dopamine evoked by single pulse stimulation while not affecting dopamine evoked by high frequency stimulation. The antagonist results were mimicked using selective α7 agonists PHA 543613 and PNU 282987. The frequency dependence of the low dose nicotine inhibition therefore requires functional α7 nAChRs, and may arise from differing levels of endogenous acetylcholine evoked by the stimulation.
The multicopper oxidase from the archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum shows nitrous oxide reductase activity
Authors: Fernandes André T. , Damas João M. , Todorovic Smilja , Huber Robert , Baratto M. Camilla , Pogni Rebecca , Soares Cláudio M. , Martins Lígia O.
Published: June 2010

The multicopper oxidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum (McoP) was overproduced in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The enzyme consists of a single 49.6 kDa subunit, and the combined results of UV–visible, CD, EPR and resonance Raman spectroscopies showed the characteristic features of the multicopper oxidases. Analysis of the McoP sequence allowed its structure to be derived by comparative modeling methods. This model provided a criterion for designing meaningful site‐directed mutants of the enzyme. McoP is a hyperthermoactive and thermostable enzyme with an optimum reaction temperature of 85 °C, a half‐life of inactivation of ∼ 6 h at 80 °C, and temperature values at the midpoint from 97 to 112 °C. McoP is an efficient metallo‐oxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of cuprous and ferrous ions with turnover rate constants of 356 and 128 min−1, respectively, at 40 °C. It is noteworthy that McoP follows a ping‐pong mechanism, with three‐fold higher catalytic efficiency when using nitrous oxide as electron acceptor than when using dioxygen, the typical oxidizing substrate of multicopper oxidases. This finding led us to propose that McoP represents a novel archaeal nitrous oxide reductase that is most probably involved in the final step of the denitrification pathway of P. aerophilum.
The Legal Failure to Prevent Subclinical Developmental Toxicity
Authors: Cranor Carl
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Legal systems appear to function poorly to identify and prevent subclinical developmental toxic effects in children that can lead to long‐term harm. In the USA, the vast majority of substances enter commerce without any legally required testing (under so‐called ‘post‐market’ laws). In 1984, less than 20% of all substances had been subject to pre‐market testing and there has been little change since. Once substances are suspected of contributing to harm, an administration agency has the burden to show risks or harms and their causes, an increasingly difficult demonstration. Post‐market laws tend to produce no data prior to exposures and any protections result after some harm may have occurred. Pre‐market screening laws such as the US Toxic Substances Control Act provide little data or protection. Pre‐market testing and approval laws, analogous to US drug and pesticide laws, offer better approaches for identifying and eliminating toxicants before they result in harm, but do not apply to many products and rarely include concerns for developmental toxicity. The Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals legislation in the European Union has greater promise for the identification of new or existing toxicants. However, the potential for serious, subtle subclinical developmental effects provides reasons to pursue a more precautionary approach to identifying potential toxicants and forestalling harms. This paper sketches a more robust precautionary law and a more substantial departure from existing laws that would treat chemical invasions as trespasses. The scientific community can assist legal efforts by credibly publicizing the seriousness of subclinical developmental effects.
Effects of testosterone on Type 2 diabetes and components of the metabolic syndrome
Authors: JONES T. Hugh
Published: June 2010

Observations from clinical studies suggest that low serum levels of testosterone in men are often associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic compromise. Indeed, the clinical symptoms of late‐onset hypogonadism are markedly similar to those of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome, and may share a similar pathophysiology. Observational and experimental data suggest that testosterone treatment improves a number of hallmark features of T2DM and metabolic syndrome, namely insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and sexual dysfunction. Consequently, clinical studies have been undertaken to assess the impact of testosterone‐replacement therapy in this patient group. The present article reviews the observational clinical data suggesting an association between low serum testosterone and metabolic impairment, the clinical data relating to the effects of testosterone treatment on components of the metabolic syndrome, and the randomized clinical trails that have formally investigated whether testosterone‐replacement therapy provides clinical benefit to hypogonadal men with T2DM and/or metabolic syndrome.
Application of single nucleotide polymorphisms to non‐model species: a technical review
Authors: GARVIN M. R. , SAITOH K. , GHARRETT A. J.
Published: June 2010

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have gained wide use in humans and model species and are becoming the marker of choice for applications in other species. Technology that was developed for work in model species may provide useful tools for SNP discovery and genotyping in non‐model organisms. However, SNP discovery can be expensive, labour intensive, and introduce ascertainment bias. In addition, the most efficient approaches to SNP discovery will depend on the research questions that the markers are to resolve as well as the focal species. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of several past and recent technologies for SNP discovery and genotyping and summarize a variety of SNP discovery and genotyping studies in ecology and evolution.
Multistage etching process for microscopically smooth tellurite glass surfaces in optical fibers
Authors: Zhang Aidong , Lin Aoxiang , Wang Jau-Sheng , Toulouse Jean
Published: June 2010

Bulk samples of tellurite glass with composition 75TeO2–20ZnO–5Na2O (TZN) were fabricated by melting and quenching techniques. In order to improve the surface quality of optical fiber preform made with this tellurite glass, the authors developed a multistage etching process. The relationship between successive etching treatments and roughness of the TZN glass surface was probed by using an atomic force microscope. The results demonstrate that this multistage etching method effectively improves this tellurite glass surface smoothness to a level comparable with that of a reference silica glass slide, and the corresponding chemical micromechanisms and fundamentals are discussed and confirmed by atomic force microscopy, potentially contributing to the development of multicomponent soft glass fibers and devices.
The balloon anchor technique: a novel technique for distal access through a giant aneurysm
Authors: Snyder Kenneth V , Natarajan Sabareesh K , Hauck Erik F , Mocco J , Siddiqui Adnan H , Hopkins L Nelson , Levy Elad I
Published: June 2010

A novel technique is reported that helps the operator in achieving reliable access to the distal parent vessel with a microcatheter for stent assisted aneurysm coiling. Distal parent vessel access was obtained by allowing the microwire to follow the local hemodynamics into a giant internal carotid artery aneurysm and around its dome. Various traditional methods were tried before attempting the balloon anchor. In this technique, an over-the-wire balloon was inflated in the distal vessel followed by gentle retraction of the balloon catheter and microwire allowed only a wire bridge across the aneurysm neck, thereby allowing the stent catheter to be brought up in a standard fashion. This technique may facilitate the use of new stent technologies for the treatment of aneurysms that would otherwise be untreatable with endovascular therapies.
Vascular reconstruction of a fusiform basilar aneurysm with the Silk embolization system
Authors: Pumar J M , Garcia-Dorrego R , Nieto A , Vazquez-Herrero F , Blanco-Ulla M , Vazquez-Martin A
Published: June 2010

We present the case of a 47-year-old man with a fusiform aneurysm of the basilar cerebral artery, who was successfully treated with the placement of a novel flow diverter system (Silk stent).
The fine structure and selected histochemistry of ungerminated basidiospores ofAgrocybe acericola
Authors: Ruch Donald G. , Nurtjahja Kiki
Published: June 2010

The basidiospore wall of Agrocybe acericola is composed of two distinct layers that are continuous around the spores. At the germ pore, the outer wall is very thin and the inner wall becomes thicker. The plasma membrane is appressed to the inner wall and lacks distinct invaginations. The protoplasm is densely packed with ribosomes. Spores contain very little lipid distributed at each end. Mitochondria are well defined and distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Spores are binucleate, with the two nuclei lying on a line nearly perpendicular to the long axis of the cell. Various sizes of single membrane-bound vacuoles are widely distributed in the cytoplasm. These vacuoles were shown to contain acid phosphatase, indicating lysosomal activity. Microbody-like organelles are observed, which are probably glyoxysomes, since assays of malate synthase, a marker enzyme of the glyoxylate cycle, are positive. Keywords: Agrocybe, spore wall ultrastructure, basidiospore ultrastructure, glyoxylate cycle, malate synthase, acid phosphatase.
Induction of sexual reproduction in Sclerotium rolfsii, Ustilago cynodontis, and Cintractia limitata by Cyperus rotundus rhizomes
Authors: Singh U. P. , Prithiviraj B. , Khiste S. , Dalai S. , Singh Amitabh
Published: June 2010

Cyperus rotundus rhizomes induced sexual states in three fungi belonging to different genera, viz. Sclerotium rolfsii, Ustilago cynodontis, and Cintractia limitata. Rhizome meal and methanolic extract induced the formation of the sexual state in S. rolfsii while aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus was most effective in inducing sexual reproduction in U. cynodontis and Cintractia limitata. Keywords: Cyperus rotundus, fungi, rhizomes, sexual reproduction.
PSEUDO-HERMITIAN INTERACTIONS IN DIRAC THEORY: EXAMPLES
Authors: MANDAl BHABANI PRASAD , GUPTA SAURABH
Published: June 2010

We consider a couple of examples to study the pseudo-Hermitian interaction in relativistic quantum mechanics. Rasbha interaction, commonly used to study the spin Hall effect, is considered with imaginary coupling. The corresponding Dirac Hamiltonian is shown to be parity pseudo-Hermitian. In the other example we consider parity pseudo-Hermitian scalar interaction with arbitrary parameter in Dirac theory. In both cases we show that the energy spectrum is real and all the other features of nonrelativistic pseudo-Hermitian formulation are present. Using the spectral method, the positive definite metric operator (η) has been calculated explicitly for both the models to ensure positive definite norms for the state vectors.
ABEL–JACOBI MAPS FOR HYPERSURFACES AND NONCOMMUTATIVE CALABI–YAU'S
Authors: KUZNETSOV A. , MANIVEL L. , MARKUSHEVICH D.
Published: June 2010

It is well known that the Fano scheme of lines on a cubic 4-fold is a symplectic variety. We generalize this fact by constructing a closed (2n - 4)-form on the Fano scheme of lines on a (2n - 2)-dimensional hypersurface Yn of degree n. We provide several definitions of this form — via the Abel–Jacobi map, via Hochschild homology, and via the linkage class — and compute it explicitly for n = 4. In the special case of a Pfaffian hypersurface Yn we show that the Fano scheme is birational to a certain moduli space of sheaves of a (2n - 4)-dimensional Calabi–Yau variety X arising naturally in the context of homological projective duality, and that the constructed form is induced by the holomorphic volume form on X. This remains true for a general non-Pfaffian hypersurface but the dual Calabi–Yau becomes noncommutative.
A MOLECULAR RECOGNITION MODEL FOR ENANTIOSELECTIVITY AND AUTOINDUCTION IN CYANOHYDRIN FORMATION CATALYZED BY CYCLO[(S)-HIS-(S)-PHE]
Authors: WANG JIAHAI
Published: June 2010

A molecular recognition mechanism based on dimeric model for cyclic dipeptide Cyclo[(S)-His-(S)-Phe] (abridged CHP) catalyzed autoinduction is proposed according to the inference of previous experimental findings, which is supported by theoretical calculation with Oniom(B3LYP/3-21G*:AM1) method. The most unstable CHP dimer whose intermolecular hydrogen bonds are immensely lessened by two intramolecular hydrogen bonds is defined as the highest active component (IIa) existing in solid among the three possible dimers (Ia, IIa, and IIb). The carbonyl group of benzaldehyde coordinates to CHP dimer (IIa) by a hydrogen bond with Phe–NαH rather than His–NαH and HCN interacted with the imidazole moiety of His residue to form cyanide ion. In view of the theoretical calculation and experimental results, the structures of the nine-ring complexes derived from interaction between catalytic active dimer CHP(IIa) and cyanohydrins were postulated to explain the enantioselective autoinduction: The structure of no nitrile involved six-ring complex derived from interaction between catalytic active dimer CHP(IIa) and cyanohydrins were postulated to explain the elimination of enantioselective autoinduction.
PERISTALTIC TRANSPORT OF A JEFFREY FLUID UNDER THE EFFECT OF SLIP IN AN INCLINED ASYMMETRIC CHANNEL
Authors: SRINIVAS S. , MUTHURAJ R.
Published: June 2010

Peristaltic flow of a Jeffrey fluid in an inclined asymmetric channel is undertaken when the no-slip condition at the channel wall is no longer valid. The considered fluid is incompressible and electrically conducting. The flow is investigated in a waveframe of reference moving with the velocity of the wave. The analytic solution has been derived for the stream function under long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions. The effect of slip and non-Newtonian parameter on the axial velocity and shear stress are discussed in detail. The salient features of pumping and trapping are discussed with particular focus on the effect of slip and non-Newtonian parameters.
MICRO-SLIP INDUCED DAMPING IN PLANAR CONTACT UNDER CONSTANT AND UNIFORM NORMAL STRESS
Authors: PEYRET N. , DION J.-L. , CHEVALLIER G. , ARGOUL P.
Published: June 2010

The friction between interfaces at bolted joints plays a major role in the damping of structures. This paper deals with the energy losses caused by micro-slips in the joints. The aim of this study is to define in an analytical way these energy dissipation mechanisms which we examine through the analysis of a new benchmark: the flexural vibration of a clamped-clamped beam with original positioning of the interfaces. The joints exhibit the behavior of an interface under constant and uniform normal stress. The stress and strain values are computed at the joints under the assumption of quasi-static motion. This model allows us to understand the evolution of the slip and stick regions along the joint interfaces during the loading process. The expressions of the strain and stress fields during each phase of the loading process are derived. These lead to the quantification of the dissipated energy within the interface. Using this formula, a nonlinear loss factor can then be computed. In the final part of the paper, the dynamic response of the beam is calculated using this nonlinear loss factor.
INFLUENCES OFSiO2NANOPARTICLES ON CAVITATION INITIATION, FROM LOW FREQUENCY ACCELERATION ANALYSIS VIEWPOINT
Authors: JAZI A. MASJEDIAN , RAHIMZADEH H.
Published: June 2010

Cavitation is a common phenomenon in fluid systems. Cavitation includes bubbles formation and collapse due to propellants which reduce local pressure or increase local temperature. Cavitation leads harmful effects, i.e., noise and vibration, erosion, flow rate loss, and efficiency loss. In other hand, nanotechnology is spreading rapidly in different fields especially fluid systems. Some of the nanoparticles are used to increase heat transfer rate, bubble absorption, drug delivery, and so on. This kind of additive can affects cavitation occurrence. In this study, we assess influences of SiO2nanoparticle on cavitation initiation in a globe style valve by low frequency acceleration analysis. The study shows SiO2nanoparticles accelerate cavitation occurrence and in someway, force cavitation nature to relatively get away from low frequency collapsing toward high frequency one.
CRITERIA FOR PRODUCING YARNS FROM VERTICALLY ALIGNED CARBON NANOTUBES
Authors: LEE IL HA , HAN GANG HEE , CHAE SEUNG JIN , BAE JUNG JUN , KIM EUN SUNG , KIM SOO MIN , KIM TAE HYUNG , JEONG HAE-KYUNG , HEE LEE YOUNG
Published: June 2010

Critical yarning conditions from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) using a chemical vapor deposition have been investigated. VACNTs with a diameter of around 15 nm have been synthesized with a length up to 3.7 mm. The yarning was realized exclusively in a limited range of the CNT lengths of about 170–1500 μm. Although CNTs became long for longer growth times, some of the CNTs were plucked out from the bottom substrate during growth so that the CNT density decreased at later stages of growth, prohibiting continuous yarning by the suppression of interconnection between CNTs at the bottom part of VACNTs.
DIRECT TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT USING POINT PROBING FOR DOPING AREA IDENTIFICATION OF NANODEVICE IN TEM
Authors: PARK SEONGYONG , KIM MOON J. , LOURIE OLEG
Published: June 2010

A novel approach in two-dimensional point probe electrical measurement in TEM is proposed to identify electrical properties at specific positions. This approach calls for a sharp W probe to be driven by piezo-motors in order to make contact with TEM samples and then proceeding I–V measurements are taken and then scanned with constant bias. The doping type and p–n junction interface can be identified by rectifying I–V data obtained. By applying this method to a transistor device with a 200 nm gate length, we could qualitatively distinguish the doping area from the substrate. Mapping results with scanning probe revealed a presence of a dopant spreading region 60 nm wide at the junction interface.
Calculation of the Percentage in High Sulfur Clinker
Authors: Horkoss Sayed , Lteif Roger , Rizk Toufic
Published: June 2010

The aim of this paper is to clarify the influence of the clinker on the amount of . The calculation of the cement phases percentages is based on the research work, Calculation of the Compounds in Portland Cement, published by Bogue in 1929 .The usage of high sulphur fuels, industrial wastes, and tires changes completely the working condition of Bogue because the assumed phase compositions may change. The results prove that increasing the amount of in the low alkali clinker decreases the percentages of due to the high incorporation of alumina in the clinker phases mainly and . The correlation is linear till the clinker reaches the 2%. Over that the influence of the clinker became undetectable. A new calculation method for the determination of the in the high sulphur and low alkali clinker was proposed.
Landscape-Level and Fine-Scale Genetic Structure of the Neotropical TreeProtium spruceanum(Burseraceae)
Authors: de Almeida Vieira Fábio , Fajardo Cristiane Gouvêa , de Souza Anderson Marcos , de Carvalho Dulcinéia
Published: June 2010

Knowledge of genetic structure at different scales and correlation with the current landscape is fundamental for evaluating the importance of evolutionary processes and identifying conservation units. Here, we used allozyme loci to examine the spatial genetic structure (SGS) of 230 individuals ofProtium spruceanum, a native canopy-emergent in five fragments of Brazilian Atlantic forest (1 to 11.8 ha), and four ecological corridors (460 to 1 000 m length). Wright's statistic and Mantel tests revealed little evidence of significant genetic structure at the landscape-scale (; , ). At fine-scale SGS, low levels of relatedness within fragments and corridors (, ) were observed. Differences in the levels and distribution of the SGS at both spatial scales are discussed in relation to biological and conservation strategies of corridors and forest fragments.
Fresh and Composted Paper Sludges Sustain Soil Productivity
Authors: N'Dayegamiye Adrien , Drapeau Anne , Nduwamungu Cargèle
Published: June 2010

In this 5-yr study, application frequency of fresh (FDS) and composted (CDS) paper sludges was evaluated on soil properties and silage corn (Zea maysL.) and barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) yields and N uptake by comparing one application (2000) with repeated applications (2000, 2001, 2002). Treatments consisted of a control with neither amendment nor N fertilizer, a recommended N rate for corn (160 kg N ha−1) and barley (90 kg N ha−1), and FDS and CDS at a rate of 40 Mg ha−1on wet basis with or without reduced N fertilizer (120 kg N ha−1) on corn. Compared to the control, the FDS or CDS applications significantly increased the proportions of soil larger macroaggregates (>2 mm) and the mean-weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates, regardless their application frequency. Single or three yrs additions of FDS or CDS produced, on average, an increase of 25 to 31% of the soil C and N contents compared to the control and the recommended N fertilizer treatment (160 kg N ha−1). In the first year of their application, the FDS or CDS with or without supplemental N fertilizer (120 kg N ha−1) reduced silage corn and N uptake, compared to the control probably due to N immobilization. However, silage corn yields were increased in the following years with one application or with repeated application of FDS or CDS. Results show that benefits on soil properties and crop yields of single application of FDS and CDS were similar to those of the triple applications and were still noticeable a few years following the last application.
Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder Presenting as Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
Authors: Beltran Himisha , Robinson Brian D. , Tagawa Scott T.
Published: June 2010

We report an unusual case of a 78-year-old Caucasian female, who presented with peritoneal carcinomatosis and hypercalcemia, and was found to have a rapidly progressive primary squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Squamous cell bladder carcinoma is a rare malignancy in the United States, accounting for just 1–3% of bladder tumors. Interestingly our patient lacked the established risk factors, including exposure to the parasiteSchistosoma haematobium, recurrent urinary tract infections, bladder calculi, radiation exposure, chronic indwelling catheter, neurogenic bladder, or tobacco abuse. Although hypercalcemia has been rarely described, an initial presentation of peritioneal carcinomatosis has not been previously reported.
Cognitive Sparing during the Administration of Whole Brain Radiotherapy and Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation: Current Concepts and Approaches
Authors: Marsh James C. , Gielda Benjamin T. , Herskovic Arnold M. , Abrams Ross A.
Published: June 2010

Whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) for the palliation of metastases, or as prophylaxis to prevent intracranial metastases, can be associated with subacute and late decline in memory and other cognitive functions. Moreover, these changes are often increased in both frequency and severity when cranial irradiation is combined with the use of systemic or intrathecal chemotherapy. Approaches to preventing or reducing this toxicity include the use of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) instead of WBRT; dose reduction for PCI; exclusion of the limbic circuit, hippocampal formation, and/or neural stem cell regions of the brain during radiotherapy; avoidance of intrathecal and/or systemic chemotherapy during radiotherapy; the use of high-dose, systemic chemotherapy in lieu of WBRT. This review discusses these concepts in detail as well as providing both neuroanatomic and radiobiologic background relevant to these issues.
Potential of Dried Blood Self-Sampling for CyclosporineC2Monitoring in Transplant Outpatients
Authors: Leichtle Alexander Benedikt , Ceglarek Uta , Witzigmann Helmut , Gäbel Gábor , Thiery Joachim , Fiedler Georg Martin
Published: June 2010

Background. Close therapeutic drug monitoring of Cyclosporine (CsA) in transplant outpatients is a favourable procedure to maintain the long-term blood drug levels within their respective narrow therapeutic ranges. Compared to basal levels (C0), CsA peak levels (C2) are more predictive for transplant rejection. However, the application ofC2levels is hampered by the precise time of blood sampling and the need of qualified personnel. Therefore, we evaluated a newC2self-obtained blood sampling in transplant outpatients using dried capillary and venous blood samples and compared the CsA levels, stability, and clinical practicability of the different procedures.Methods. 55 solid organ transplant recipients were instructed to use single-handed sampling of each 50μL capillary blood and dried blood spots by finger prick using standard finger prick devices. We used standardized EDTA-coated capillary blood collection systems and standardized filter paper WS 903. CsA was determined by LC-MS/MS. The patients and technicians also answered a questionnaire on the procedure and sample quality.Results. TheC0andC2levels from capillary blood collection systems (C0[ng/mL]:114.5±44.5;C2:578.2±222.2) and capillary dried blood (C0[ng/mL]:175.4±137.7;C2:743.1±368.1) significantly(P<.01)correlated with the drug levels of the venous blood samples (C0[ng/mL]:97.8±37.4;C2:511.2±201.5). The correlation atC0wasρcap.-ven.= 0.749, andρdried blood-ven= 0.432; atC2:  ρcap.-ven.= 0.861 andρdried blood-ven= 0.711. The patients preferred the dried blood sampling because of the more simple and less painful procedure. Additionally, the sample quality of self-obtained dried blood spots for LC-MS/MS analytics was superior to the respective capillary blood samples.Conclusions.C2self-obtained dried blood sampling can easily be performed by transplant outpatients and is therefore suitable and cost-effective for close therapeutic drug monitoring.
Failed Switching off in the MIBI-Parathyroid Scintigraphy in a Dialyzed Patient with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Responsive to Cinacalcet Therapy
Authors: Bolasco Piergiorgio , Serra Alessandra , Loi Maurizio , Galfré Andrea , Piga Mario
Published: June 2010

The aims of your case report is to show the predictivity ofTc99m-sestamibi (MIBI) scintigraphy and doppler ultrasound imaging on secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in a patient responsive to calcimimetic treatment. Moreover, it has been reported that calcimimetic has great potential in reducing the volume of the parathyroid gland. On the other hand, the MIBI scintigraphy is considered a crucial diagnostic procedure to monitor the response to therapy in terms of turnover and cellular metabolism; whereas, ultrasound to monitor the volume variation in response to treatment. It is described the case of a 73-year-old man on hemodialysis from 1995 for ESRD. Within 2 years the patient gradually developed SHPT with progressively increased iPTH up to 1,000 ρg/ml. The ultrasound, highlighted the presence of two parathyroid hyperplasia, confirmed by scintigraphy, showing focal increase uptake of sestamibi in the same anatomical areas. As a result of the patient's refusal to perform a parathyroidectomy, cinacalcet, was administered (65 mg overage daily dose). After a year of treatment, there was a striking decrease of iPTH (from 1300 to 57 ρg/ml, −95%); but, on the contrary to expectations, this positive metabolic outcome, was not followed by parathyroid changes in ultrasound and scintigraphic findings.
On an Integral‐Type Operator Acting between Bloch‐Type Spaces on the Unit Ball
Authors: Stević Stevo , Ueki Sei-Ichiro
Published: June 2010

Let 𝔹 denote the open unit ball of ℂn. For a holomorphic self‐map φ of 𝔹 and a holomorphic function g in 𝔹 with g(0) = 0, we define the following integral‐type operator: , z ∈ 𝔹. Here ℜf denotes the radial derivative of a holomorphic function f in 𝔹. We study the boundedness and compactness of the operator between Bloch‐type spaces ℬω and ℬμ, where ω is a normal weight function and μ is a weight function. Also we consider the operator between the little Bloch‐type spaces ℬω,0 and ℬμ,0.
Children's Use of Electronic Games: Choices of Game Mode and Challenge Levels
Authors: Sit Cindy H. P. , Lam Jessica W. K. , McKenzie Thomas L.
Published: June 2010

Introduction. Interactive electronic games are popular and are believed to contribute to physical activity accrual. The purpose of this study was to examine children's electronic game use during conditions in which they had free access to selecting interactive and seated screen-based versions of electronic games and during the interactive versions had free choice in making adjustments to the activity intensity.Methods. We systematically observed 60 Hong Kong primary school children during two 60-minute game sessions while simultaneously recording their game mode choices and physical activity levels using SOFIT (System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time).Results. When given free choice, children spent more than half of their available time participating in interactive versions of games. These versions of games provided significantly more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and greater energy expenditure than the computer screen versions. Children with the opportunity to modify intensity levels spent more time playing the interactive versions and accrued more physical activity.Conclusions. The tenets of behavioral choice theory were supported. Access to new-generation interactive games, particularly those with modifiable intensity levels, may facilitate children's participation in physical activity.
Global Behavior of the Difference Equation xn+1 = (p + xn−1)/(qxn + xn−1)
Authors: Sun Taixiang , Xi Hongjian , Wu Hui , Han Caihong
Published: June 2010

We study the following difference equation xn+1 = (p + xn−1)/(qxn + xn−1), n = 0,1, …, where p, q ∈ (0, +∞) and the initial conditions x−1, x0 ∈ (0, +∞). We show that every positive solution of the above equation either converges to a finite limit or to a two cycle, which confirms that the Conjecture 6.10.4 proposed by Kulenović and Ladas (2002) is true.
Chemotherapy-Induced Oesophageal Stricture in a Child with Osteosarcoma: A Case Report
Authors: Ishimaru Daichi , Ohno Takatoshi , Maeda Masato , Nishimoto Yutaka , Shimizu Katsuji
Published: June 2010

Treatment with a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is known to be associated with oesophageal stricture in both children and adults with malignancies. However, oesophageal stricture resulting from chemotherapy alone is a rare complication, with few reports on it. We experienced a rare paediatric case of oesophageal stricture caused by chemotherapy for osteosarcoma of the left distal femur. After completion of the chemotherapy course, the patient showed dysphagia caused by the oesophageal stricture and underwent balloon dilatation for the oesophageal stricture. After balloon dilatation, he was able to ingest solid foods, and the oesophagus was normal without any strictures at the last follow-up (20 months after ballooning). Therefore, oesophageal stricture should be considered as a complication of treatment with chemotherapy alone in children with malignancies.
Application of Ozone and Oxygen to Reduce Chemical Oxygen Demand and Hydrogen Sulfide from a Recovered Paper Processing Plant
Authors: Terry Patricia A.
Published: June 2010

A pilot study was performed at the Fox River Fiber recovered paper processing company in DePere, Wisconsin, to determine the extent to which injection of oxygen and ozone could reduce the high chemical oxygen demand, COD, in the effluent and the effectiveness of the ozone/oxygen stream in suppressing production of hydrogen sulfide gas in downstream sewage lines. Adaptive Ozone Solutions, LLC, supplied the oxygen/ozone generation and injection system. Samples were analyzed both before and after oxygen/ozone injection. Hydrogen sulfide gas was continuously monitored at sewer stations downstream of Fox River Fiber. Results showed that with a very short contact time, effluent COD was reduced by over 15%. A simple kinetic model predicts that a contact time of fewer than 30 minutes could reduce COD by as much as 60%. In addition, downstream hydrogen sulfide gas production in the sewage mains was also better controlled, such that costly Bioxide applications could be reduced.
Zinc Binding Properties of Engineered RING Finger Domain of Arkadia E3 Ubiquitin Ligase
Authors: Chasapis Christos T. , Loutsidou Ariadni K. , Orkoula Malvina G. , Spyroulias Georgios A.
Published: June 2010

Human Arkadia is a nuclear protein consisted of 989 amino acid residues, with a characteristic RING domain in its C‐terminus. The RING domain harbours the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity needed by Arkadia to ubiquitinate its substrates such as negative regulators of TGF‐β signaling. The RING finger domain of Arkadia is a RING‐H2 type and its structure and stability is strongly dependent on the presence of two bound Zn(II) ions attached to the protein frame through a defined Cys3‐His2‐Cys3 motif. In the present paper we transform the RING‐H2 type of Arkadia finger domain to nonnative RING sequence, substituting the zinc‐binding residues Cys955 or His960 to Arginine, through site‐directed mutagenesis. The recombinant expression, in Escherichia coli, of the mutants C955R and H960R reveal significant lower yield in respect with the native polypeptide of Arkadia RING‐H2 finger domain. In particular, only the C955R mutant exhibits expression yield sufficient for recombinant protein isolation and preliminary studies. Atomic absorption measurements and preliminary NMR data analysis reveal that the C955R point mutation in the RING Finger domain of Arkadia diminishes dramatically the zinc binding affinity, leading to the breakdown of the global structural integrity of the RING construct.
State-of-the-Art Management of Complications of Myeloma and Its Treatment
Authors: Hartley-Brown Monique A. , Sullivan Daniel M. , Baz Rachid
Published: June 2010

Multiple myeloma is an incurable disease, although patient survival has increased with the availability of novel agents. Both multiple myeloma and its therapies often affect the renal, immune, skeletal, hematologic, and nervous systems. The resulting organ dysfunctions often impair the quality of life of affected patients, complicate and limit subsequent therapies, and may result in significant mortality. Research on the treatment of complications of multiple myeloma has been limited; hence, preventative and management strategies for patients with these complications are heterogeneous and often based on anecdotal experience. In this paper, we review the effects of myeloma and the novel therapies on organ systems and suggest management strategies.
Molecular Characterization of Heterologous HIV-1gp120 Gene Expression Disruption inMycobacterium bovisBCG Host Strain: A Critical Issue for Engineering Mycobacterial Based-Vaccine Vectors
Authors: Joseph Joan , Fernández-Lloris Raquel , Pezzat Elías , Saubi Narcís , Cardona Pere-Joan , Mothe Beatriz , Gatell Josep Maria
Published: June 2010

Mycobacterium bovisBacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as a live vector of recombinant bacterial vaccine is a promising system to be used. In this study, we evaluate the disrupted expression of heterologous HIV-1gp120 gene in BCG Pasteur host strain using replicative vectors pMV261 and pJH222. pJH222 carries a lysine complementing gene in BCG lysine auxotrophs. The HIV-1 gp120 gene expression was regulated by BCG hsp60 promoter (in plasmid pMV261) andMycobacteriaspp.α-antigen promoter (in plasmid pJH222). Among 14 rBCG:HIV-1gp120 (pMV261) colonies screened, 12 showed a partial deletion and two showed a complete deletion. However, deletion was not observed in all 10 rBCG:HIV-1gp120 (pJH222) colonies screened. In this study, we demonstrated thatE. coli/Mycobacterial expression vectors bearing a weak promoter and lysine complementing gene in a recombinant lysine auxotroph of BCG could prevent genetic rearrangements and disruption of HIV 1gp120 gene expression, a key issue for engineering Mycobacterial based vaccine vectors.
Declarative Terrain Modeling for Military Training Games
Authors: Smelik Ruben M. , Tutenel Tim , de Kraker Klaas Jan , Bidarra Rafael
Published: June 2010

Military training instructors increasingly often employ computer games to train soldiers in all sorts of skills and tactics. One of the difficulties instructors face when using games as a training tool is the creation of suitable content, including scenarios, entities, and corresponding terrain models. Terrain plays a key role in many military training games, as for example, in our case game Tactical Air Defense. However, current manual terrain editors are both too complex and too time-consuming to be useful for instructors; automatic terrain generation methods show a lot of potential, but still lack user control and intuitive editing capabilities. We present a novel way for instructors to model terrain for their training games: instead of constructing a terrain model using complex modeling tools, instructors can declare the required properties of their terrain using an advanced sketching interface. Our framework integrates terrain generation methods and manages dependencies between terrain features in order to automatically create a complete 3D terrain model that matches the sketch. With our framework, instructors can easily design a large variety of terrain models that meet their training requirements.
The Collagen V Homotrimer[α1(V)]3Production Is Unexpectedly Favored over the Heterotrimer[α1(V)]2α2(V)in Recombinant Expression Systems
Authors: Roulet Muriel , Välkkilä Merja , Chanut-Delalande Hélène , Hämäläinen Eija-Riitta , Kessler Efrat , Ala-Kokko Leena , Männikkö Minna , Bonod-Bidaud Christelle , Ruggiero Florence
Published: June 2010

Collagen V, a fibrillar collagen with important functions in tissues, assembles into distinct chain associations. The most abundant and ubiquitous molecular form is the heterotrimer[α1(V)]2α2(V). In the attempt to produce high levels of recombinant collagen V heterotrimer for biomedical device uses, and to identify key factors that drive heterotrimeric chain association, several cell expression systems (yeast, insect, and mammalian cells) have been assayed by cotransfecting the human proα1(V) and proα2(V) chain cDNAs. Suprisingly, in all recombinant expression systems, the formation of[α1(V)]3homotrimers was considerably favored over the heterotrimer. In addition, pepsin-sensitive proα2(V) chains were found in HEK-293 cell media indicating that these cells lack quality control proteins preventing collagen monomer secretion. Additional transfection withHsp47cDNA, encoding the collagen-specific chaperone Hsp47, did not increase heterotrimer production. Double immunofluorescence with antibodies against collagen Vα-chains showed that, contrary to fibroblasts, collagen Vα-chains did not colocalized intracellularly in transfected cells. Monensin treatment had no effect on the heterotrimer production. The heterotrimer production seems to require specific machinery proteins, which are not endogenously expressed in the expression systems. The different constructs and transfected cells we have generated represent useful tools to further investigate the mechanisms of collagen trimer assembly.
Cultured Human Airway Epithelial Cells (Calu-3): A Model of Human Respiratory Function, Structure, and Inflammatory Responses
Authors: Zhu Yan , Chidekel Aaron , Shaffer Thomas H.
Published: June 2010

This article reviews the application of the human airway Calu-3 cell line as a respiratory model for studying the effects of gas concentrations, exposure time, biophysical stress, and biological agents on human airway epithelial cells. Calu-3 cells are grown to confluence at an air-liquid interface on permeable supports. To model human respiratory conditions and treatment modalities, monolayers are placed in an environmental chamber, and exposed to specific levels of oxygen or other therapeutic modalities such as positive pressure and medications to assess the effect of interventions on inflammatory mediators, immunologic proteins, and antibacterial outcomes. Monolayer integrity and permeability and cell histology and viability also measure cellular response to therapeutic interventions. Calu-3 cells exposed to graded oxygen concentrations demonstrate cell dysfunction and inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Modeling positive airway pressure reveals that pressure may exert a greater injurious effect and cytokine response than oxygen. In experiments with pharmacological agents, Lucinactant is protective of Calu-3 cells compared with Beractant and control, and perfluorocarbons also protect against hyperoxia-induced airway epithelial cell injury. The Calu-3 cell preparation is a sensitive and efficient preclinical model to study human respiratory processes and diseases related to oxygen- and ventilator-induced lung injury.
Severe Ventral Erosion of Penis Caused by Indwelling Urethral Catheter and Inflation of Foley Balloon in Urethra—Need to Create List of “Never Events in Spinal Cord Injury” in order to Prevent These Complications from Happening in Paraplegic and Tetraplegic Patients
Authors: Vaidyanathan Subramanian , Soni Bakul M. , Hughes Peter L. , Singh Gurpreet , Oo Tun
Published: June 2010

Never Events are serious, largely preventable patient safety incidents that should not occur if the available preventative measures have been implemented. We propose that a list of “Never Events” is created for spinal cord injury patients in order to improve the quality of care. To begin with, following two preventable complications related to management of neuropathic bladder may be included in this list of “Never Events.” (i) Severe ventral erosion of glans penis and penile shaft caused by indwelling urethral catheter; (ii) incorrect placement of a Foley catheter leading to inflation of Foley balloon in urethra. If a Never Event occurs, health professionals should report the incident through hospital risk management system to National Patient Safety Agency's Reporting and Learning System, communicate with the patient, family, and their carer as soon as possible about the incident, undertake a comprehensive root cause analysis of what went wrong, how, and why, and implement the changes that have been identified and agreed following the root cause analysis.
On String Integrability: A Journey through the Two‐Dimensional Hidden Symmetries in the AdS/CFT Dualities
Authors: Puletti Valentina Giangreco Marotta
Published: June 2010

One of the main
topics in the modern String Theory are the
AdS/CFT dualities. Proving such conjectures is
extremely difficult since the gauge and string
theory perturbative regimes do not
overlap. In this perspective, the discovery of infinitely many conserved charges, that is, the integrability,
in the planar AdS/CFT has allowed us to reach immense progresses in understanding
and confirming the duality. We review the fundamental concepts and properties of integrability
in two‐dimensional σ‐models and in the AdS/CFT context. The first part is focused on the
AdS5/CFT4 duality, especially the classical and quantum integrability of the type IIB superstring
on AdS5 × S5 which is discussed in both pure spinor and Green‐Schwarz formulations. The
second part is dedicated to the AdS4/CFT3 duality with particular attention to the type IIA
superstring on AdS4 × ℂP3 and its integrability. This review is based on the author′s PhD
thesis discussed at Uppsala University the 21st September 2009.
Evaluation of a Subunit H5 Vaccine and an Inactivated H5N2 Avian Influenza Marker Vaccine in Ducks Challenged with Vietnamese H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus
Authors: Chua Tze-Hoong , Leung Connie Y. H. , Fang H. E. , Chow Chun-Kin , Ma Siu-Kit , Sia Sin-Fun , Ng Iris H. Y. , Fenwick Stanley G. , James Cassandra M. , Chua Sin Bin , Chew Siang Thai , Kwang Jimmy , Peiris J. S. M. , Ellis Trevor M.
Published: June 2010

The protective efficacy of a subunit avian influenza virus H5 vaccine based on recombinant baculovirus expressed H5 haemagglutinin antigen and an inactivated H5N2 avian influenza vaccine combined with a marker antigen (tetanus toxoid) was compared with commercially available inactivated H5N2 avian influenza vaccine in young ducks. Antibody responses, morbidity, mortality, and virus shedding were evaluated after challenge with a Vietnamese clade 1 H5N1 HPAI virus [A/VN/1203/04 (H5N1)] that was known to cause a high mortality rate in ducks. All three vaccines, administered with water-in-oil adjuvant, provided significant protection and dramatically reduced the duration and titer of virus shedding in the vaccinated challenged ducks compared with unvaccinated controls. The H5 subunit vaccine was shown to provide equivalent protection to the other two vaccines despite the H5 antibody responses in subunit vaccinated ducks being significantly lower prior to challenge. Ducks vaccinated with the H5N2 marker vaccine consistently produced antitetanus toxoid antibody. The two novel vaccines have attributes that would enhance H5N1 avian influenza surveillance and control by vaccination in small scale and village poultry systems.