bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Georeferencing Incidents from Locality Descriptions and its Applications: a Case Study from Yosemite National Park Search and Rescue
Authors: Doherty Paul , Guo Qinghua , Liu Yu , Wieczorek John , Doke Jared
Published: November 2011

The Search and Rescue (SAR) of individuals who become lost, injured, or stranded in wilderness presents a unique and worthwhile spatiotemporal challenge to investigate. Once incidents are georeferenced they can be spatially queried and analyzed. However, one major challenge for evaluating SAR in a spatial context is the lack of explicitly spatial data (addresses or coordinates) for historic incidents; they must be georeferenced from textual descriptions. This study implemented two established approaches for georeferencing incidents, the ‘Point‐Radius’ and ‘Shape’ methods. Incorporating uncertainty measurements into a spatial database allows for more appropriate analyses of spatial dependence and the spatial distribution of incidents. From 2005–2010, 1,271 of 1,356 Yosemite Search and Rescue YOSAR incidents (93.7%) could be georeferenced using the Point‐Radius Method, with a mean uncertainty radius = 560 ± 51 m and mean uncertainty area of 3.60 ± 0.840 km2. However, when the Shape Method was applied to six case studies by considering the reference object shape, the uncertainty areas were reduced considerably (by up to 99.5% of the uncertain area generated by the Point‐Radius Method). This is the first spatially‐explicit study of SAR incidents and yields valuable insights into the role of georeferenced data in emergency preparedness.
Geocoding Recommender: An Algorithm to Recommend Optimal Online Geocoding Services for Applications
Authors: Karimi Hassan A. , Sharker Monir H. , Roongpiboonsopit Duangduen
Published: November 2011

Today, many services that can geocode addresses are available to domain scientists and researchers, software developers, and end‐users. For a number of reasons, including quality of reference database and interpolation technique, a given address geocoded by different services does not often result in the same location. Considering that there are many widely available and accessible geocoding services and that each geocoding service may utilize a different reference database and interpolation technique, selecting a suitable geocoding service that meets the requirements of any application or user is a challenging task. This is especially true for online geocoding services which are often used as black boxes and do not provide knowledge about the reference databases and the interpolation techniques they employ. In this article, we present a geocoding recommender algorithm that can recommend optimal online geocoding services by realizing the characteristics (positional accuracy and match rate) of the services and preferences of the user and/or their application. The algorithm is simulated and analyzed using six popular online geocoding services for different address types (agricultural, commercial, industrial, residential) and preferences (match rate, positional accuracy).
Pharmacokinetics of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz among HIV‐infected Ugandans
Authors: Nanzigu S , Eriksen J , Makumbi F , Lanke S , Mahindi M , Kiguba R , Beck O , Ma Q , Morse GD , Gustafsson LL , Waako P
Published: November 2011

Background

Pharmacokinetic variability of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz has been documented, and high variation in trough concentrations or clearance has been found to be a risk for virological failure. Africans population exhibits greater variability in efavirenz concentrations than other ethnic groups, and so a better understanding of the pharmacokinetics of the drug is needed in this population. This study characterized efavirenz pharmacokinetics in HIV‐infected Ugandans.

Methods

Efavirenz plasma concentrations were obtained for 66 HIV‐infected Ugandans initiating efavirenz‐ based regimens, with blood samples collected at eight time‐points over 24 h on day 1 of treatment, and at a further eight time‐points on day 14. Noncompartmental analysis was used to describe the pharmacokinetics of efavirenz.

Results

The mean steady‐state minimum plasma concentration (Cmin) of efavirenz was 2.9 µg/mL, the mean area under the curve (AUC) was 278.5 h µg/mL, and mean efavirenz clearance was 7.4 L/h. Although overall mean clearance did not change over the 2 weeks, 41.9% of participants showed an average 95.8% increase in clearance. On day 14, the maximum concentration (Cmax) of efavirenz was >4 µg/mL in 96.6% of participants, while Cmin was <1 µg/mL in only 4.5%. Overall, 69% of participants experienced adverse central nervous system (CNS) symptoms attributable to efavirenz during the 2‐week period, and 95% of these participants were found to have efavirenz plasma concentrations >4 µg/mL, although only half maintained a high concentration until at least 8 h after dosing.

Conclusion

The findings of this study show that HIV‐infected patients on efavirenz may exhibit autoinduction to various extents, and this needs to be taken into consideration in the clinical management of individual patients. Efavirenz CNS toxicity during the initial phase of treatment may be related to Cmax, regardless of the sampling time.
Executive Stock Options and Manipulated Stock‐Price Performance
Authors: Zheng Liu , Zhou Xianming
Published: November 2011

Previous studies have examined the manipulation of executive stock option awards and exercises, focusing on information timing by managers. In this paper, we investigate managerial manipulation of stock‐price performance motivated by stock options. To distinguish performance manipulation from information timing, we examine stock returns surrounding the departure of retiring CEOs, whose option holdings typically expire shortly after their departure and whose chances to manipulate option awards and exercises are minimized. Consistent with manipulated performance, we find significant abnormal stock returns in the months surrounding CEO departure for those with strong option incentives, which are reversed shortly after CEO departure.
Social rejection by peers: a risk factor for psychological distress
Authors: Beeri Anat , Lev‐Wiesel Rachel
Published: November 2011

Aims:  The study examined the relationship between social rejection by peers, personal resources (potency and perceived social support) and psychological distress among Israeli adolescents.

Methods:  Five hundred and eleven adolescents aged 12–17 (high‐school students from two rural Israeli schools) completed self‐report questionnaires consisting of the following measures: peer rejection (PR; ranged from having been ignored, cursed, assaulted, bullied, to having been physically attacked), posttraumatic symptoms (PTS), social avoidance, depression symptoms, potency and perceived social support.

Results:  Thirty‐five percent of the students reported experiencing some kind of social rejection (SR). One‐way ANOVA and stepwise linear regression tests showed that those who experienced SR had higher levels of depression, PTS symptoms, and social avoidance compared to those who had no such history. In addition, personal resources, potency in particular was found to mediate the distress.

Conclusions:  Findings indicated that adolescents who reported experiencing peer rejection had higher levels of psychological distress. In addition, the lower the personal resources were, the higher the levels of psychological distress. Potency buffered the level of distress resulting from social rejection by peers. Compared to boys, rejected girls had lower potency levels.
SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS PROPERTIES OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION MODELS
Authors: MCDONALD JAMES B. , SORENSEN JEFF , TURLEY PATRICK A.
Published: November 2011

This paper explores the ability of some popular income distributions to model observed skewness and kurtosis. We present the generalized beta type 1 (GB1) and type 2 (GB2) distributions' skewness–kurtosis spaces and clarify and expand on previously known results on other distributions' skewness–kurtosis spaces. Data from the Luxembourg Income Study are used to estimate sample moments and explore the ability of the generalized gamma, Dagum, Singh–Maddala, beta of the first kind, beta of the second kind, GB1, and GB2 distributions to accommodate the skewness and kurtosis values. The GB2 has the flexibility to accurately describe the observed skewness and kurtosis.
The role of sincere amends and perceived partner responsiveness in forgiveness
Authors: PANSERA CAROLINA , LA GUARDIA JENNIFER
Published: November 2011

In a sample of 188 people currently in a romantic relationship, the authors examined the extent to which perceiving a partner as responsive and sincere in making amends relates to participants' forgiveness of a partner after a real‐life hurtful event. Specifically, it was predicted that sincere amends would be associated with greater forgiveness because it conveys that one's partner has understood and validated one's experience of the hurtful event. Results supported this mediational model. Further, exploratory analyses suggested that this meditational model is moderated by event severity and relationship satisfaction. Discussion focuses on understanding how this work might help to inform the dynamic process of forgiveness in couples.
Genetic variability of green citrus aphid populations from Tunisia, assessed by RAPD markers and mitochondrial DNA sequences
Authors: MEZGHANI‐KHEMAKHEM Maha , BOUKTILA Dhia , KHARRAT Imen , MAKNI Mohamed , MAKNI Hanem
Published: November 2011

The green citrus aphidAphis spiraecola(Patch) is one of the major pests of several plant species including economically important crops such as citrus. In this study, we used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences to assess the level and distribution of genetic diversity ofA. spiraecolapopulations reared from Rutaceae and Rosaceae in different regions in Tunisia. RAPD analysis conducted on 141 individuals with 5 primers revealed only 50 polymorphic RAPD markers, indicating a low genetic diversity that might result from the lack of sexual phase for this species in Tunisia. Analysis of molecular variance (amova) showed that the genetic structure was not associated with geographic location or year of collection (P = 0.70 and 0.34, respectively); however, the host‐plant had a significant effect on the partitioning of the total genetic diversity (P < 0.01). Multidimensional scaling analysis indicated that the distribution of genetic variability was significantly influenced by the host‐plant with no evidence of spatial differentiation. Based on 20 barcode sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome‐coxidase subunit I (COI) gene, we revealed the occurrence of two haplotypes in association with the host‐plant. Results reported here suggest the occurrence of a limited gene flow betweenA. spiraecolapopulations from Rosaceae and Rutaceae and, therefore, a possible host‐race status that could be considered in the development of an integrated controlling strategy.
Is parental care behavior in Belostoma species an evolutionary cause for their common sexual size dimorphism pattern?
Authors: IGLESIAS Mónica Sandra , CRESPO Francisco Antonio , VALVERDE Alejandra del Carmen
Published: November 2011

Current evidence suggests that sexual size dimorphism (SSD) reflects the male and female adaptation to their different reproductive roles. Belostoma and Lethocerus species, included in Belostomatidae, present different kinds of paternal care. Females of Belostoma Latreille species lay their eggs on the back of males. Males carry, aerate and protect the clutch until hatching, which is critical for offspring survival. Males of Lethocerus Mayr species exhibit some parental care behavior but do not carry the eggs. The genera are nearly related. We studied and compared the SSD patterns of B. oxyurum (Dufour), B. micantulum (Stål), B. elegans (Mayr), B. bifoveolatum Spinola, B. gestroi Montandon and Lethocerus annulipes (Herrich‐Schäffer) by means of a multivariate approach to distinguish selection targets in different components of size. Morphometric analysis revealed that SSD patterns vary among traits and that the arrangements are similar in Belostoma species, showing a common trend under resembling selective mechanisms. The widespread SSD trend in insects is that all components of body size are biased towards females, generally related to a fecundity advantage, a pattern now also detected in L. annulipes. We found in Belostoma species that the male has relatively longer middle and hind legs. We propose that SSD in hind legs biased towards males is a selective response for paternal care; they denote a brood‐adapted morphology. The middle leg enlargement may be an associated response to maintain effective locomotion.
Late Middle Pleistocene ice‐marginal sedimentation in East Anglia, England
Authors: Gibbard Philip L. , West Richard G. , Boreham Steve , Rolfe Christopher J.
Published: November 2011

Investigation of isolated landforms on the eastern margin of the East Anglian Fenland at Feltwell and Methwold Hythe, Norfolk has demonstrated that they represent glacifluvial delta‐fan and related sediments. Section logging, borehole records and previous descriptions together indicate that the deposits were laid down as an ice‐marginal delta complex and feeder channel into a proglacial lake. The internal structure and form of the delta and related feeder channel have also been determined using ground‐penetrating radar. The sequence indicates deposition at the ice front, together with minor ice‐front movements, a substantial discharge event and repeated solutional collapse of the underlying bedrock. Postdepositional solifluction and cryoturbation also occurred. The glaciomarginal landform complexes form part of a line of delta‐fan and associated accumulations (the ‘Skertchly Line’) deposited at the margin of an ice lobe that entered the Fenland. Here the ice dammed westward‐aligned rivers to form a lake, here called Lake Paterson. These observations reinforce earlier descriptions of a late Middle Pleistocene glaciation of the Fenland termed the ‘Tottenhill glaciation’. Previous research concluded that the glaciation occurred at c. 160 ka, that is, during the late Wolstonian (= late Saalian) Stage (Drenthe Substage, early Marine Isotope Stage 6), a correlation supported by evidence from the North Sea floor. The implications of these conclusions are discussed.
Home Hemodialysis in Australia and New Zealand: How and Why it has been Successful
Authors: Agar John W. M. , Hawley Carmel M. , Kerr Peter G.
Published: November 2011

After early strong support, home hemodialysis (HHD) has all but disappeared as a viable modality in most western countries––except in Australia and New Zealand (ANZ), where a mean 12.9% of all HD (June 2010) is home‐based. The reasons for this unique difference are neither demographic nor geographic; rather, they result from a strong belief held by ANZ nephrologists, nurses, and funding agencies in the clinical outcome and economic benefits of HHD. This “hemodialysis is best at home” approach has permitted ANZ programs to take full advantage of a renewed interest in extended hour and higher frequency dialysis. This article explores the reasons for the success of HHD in this region.
Do Publicly Traded Property–Casualty Insurers Cater to the Stock Market?
Authors: Ma Yu‐Luen , Ren Yayuan
Published: November 2011

Abstract

This article examines the catering theory in the insurance industry. We investigate whether managers of publicly traded insurers pursue a growth strategy catering to the stock market's preference. Two hypotheses are tested in this study: (1) an insurer will devote more efforts to increasing premium growth when the stock market places greater values on growth, and (2) this catering effect will be more pronounced at firms where managers have greater incentives to maximize short‐term stock prices. We find evidence supporting both hypotheses. Our study discovers a new channel through which the stock market and executive compensation affect insurance companies’ business strategies and the insurance market. The implication of the interplay between insurers and the stock market is significant and deserves future research.
The Impact of Scale, Complexity, and Service Quality on the Administrative Costs of Pension Funds: A Cross‐Country Comparison
Authors: Bikker Jacob A. , Steenbeek Onno W. , Torracchi Federico
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Administrative costs per participant appear to vary widely across pension funds in different countries. Using unique data on 90 pension funds over the period 2004–2008, this article examines the impact of scale, the complexity of pension plans, and service quality on the administrative costs of pension funds, and compares those costs across Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, and the United States. We find that, except for Canada, large unused economies of scale exist. Higher service quality and more complex pension plans significantly raise costs. Administrative costs vary significantly across pension fund types, with differences amounting to 100 percent.
Proposed Acceleratory Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticles on Belite Hydration: Preliminary Results
Authors: Lee Bo Yeon , Kurtis Kimberly E.
Published: November 2011

The effect of chemically inert nanoparticles of anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) on hydration rate of belite (β‐C2S) was studied using isothermal calorimetry. The TiO2 was added to β‐C2S paste at 0%, 5%, and 10% by mass. The results indicate that the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles shorten the induction period and accelerate hydration beyond 3 days, showing rate peaks at 40 days of age. The cumulative heat data suggests that TiO2‐containing C2S pastes increase in degree of hydration at 90 days by 47% compared to neat C2S pastes. These results suggest that addition of inert nanoparticles could potentially promote earlier strength gain of C2S in cement, ameliorating a perceived deficiency in cement compositions which could contribute to sustainability in terms of lower CO2 emissions and lower energy use compared to traditional chemistries.
A Novel But Simple “One‐Pot” Synthetic Route for Preparation of (NiFe2O4)x–(BaFe12O19)1−x Composites
Authors: Hazra Subhenjit , Patra Manoj Kumar , Vadera Sampat Raj , Ghosh Narendra Nath
Published: November 2011

A novel “one‐pot” synthetic method has been reported for the preparation of (NiFe2O4)x–(BaFe12O19)1−x composites. The synthesized composites were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering technique, scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The (NiFe2O4)x–(BaFe12O19)1−x composites prepared by this method showed crystallographically two phase behavior, but magnetically a good single phase exchange spring‐coupled behavior with high saturation magnetization as well as high coercivity.
The role of functional traits in species distributions revealed through a hierarchical model
Authors: Pollock Laura J. , Morris William K. , Vesk Peter A.
Published: November 2011

Quantifying how functional traits relate to environmental gradients provides insight into mechanisms governing species distributions. Here, we bring together the fields of species distribution modelling and functional trait ecology with hierarchical modelling by explicitly incorporating traits into a multi‐species distribution model. We combined traits from the leaf‐height‐seed strategy scheme (specific leaf area (SLA), plant height and seed mass) with a distribution model for 20 eucalypt taxa in Victoria, Australia.

The key insight of this approach is how traits modulate species responses to environmental gradients. The strongest link was between SLA and percent rock cover (species with low SLA had positive responses to rockiness, whereas high SLA species responded negatively to rockiness). We found evidence for complex yet potentially important interactions. For instance, the probability of species occurrence increased with rainfall and solar radiation on average yet the response varied depending on species height and SLA. Tall species were predicted to increase with rainfall and solar radiation across the range of SLA values (tall species with low SLA were especially sensitive to rainfall). Short species responded positively to rainfall and solar radiation only if they had low SLA.

This framework readily accounts for interactions between combinations of traits and environmental variables unlike multi‐step approaches. Further application of this concept will contribute to a generalized mechanistic understanding of how traits influence species distributions along environmental gradients, with implications for understanding the response of species to global change.
From diversity indices to community assembly processes: a test with simulated data
Authors: Münkemüller T. , de Bello F. , Meynard C. N. , Gravel D. , Lavergne S. , Mouillot D. , Mouquet N. , Thuiller W.
Published: November 2011

Ecological theory suggests that spatial distribution of biodiversity is strongly driven by community assembly processes. Thus the study of diversity patterns combined with null model testing has become increasingly common to infer assembly processes from observed distributions of diversity indices. However, results in both empirical and simulation studies are inconsistent. The aim of our study is to determine with simulated data which facets of biodiversity, if any, may unravel the processes driving its spatial patterns, and to provide practical considerations about the combination of diversity indices that would produce significant and congruent signals when using null models. The study is based on simulated species’ assemblages that emerge under various landscape structures in a spatially explicit individual‐based model with contrasting, predefined assembly processes. We focus on four assembly processes (species‐sorting, mass effect, neutral dynamics and competition colonization trade‐off) and investigate the emerging species’ distributions with varied diversity indices (alpha, beta and gamma) measured at different spatial scales and for different diversity facets (taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic).

We find that 1) the four assembly processes result in distinct spatial distributions of species under any landscape structure, 2) a broad range of diversity indices allows distinguishing between communities driven by different assembly processes, 3) null models provide congruent results only for a small fraction of diversity indices and 4) only a combination of these diversity indices allows identifying the correct assembly processes.

Our study supports the inference of assembly processes from patterns of diversity only when different types of indices are combined. It highlights the need to combine phylogenetic, functional and taxonomic diversity indices at multiple spatial scales to effectively infer underlying assembly processes from diversity patterns by illustrating how combination of different indices might help disentangling the complex question of coexistence.
Effect of a simulated soccer match on the functional hamstrings‐to‐quadriceps ratio in amateur female players
Authors: Delextrat A. , Baker J. , Cohen D. D. , Clarke N. D.
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a simulated soccer test on the functional hamstrings‐to‐quadriceps ratio (Hecc : Qcon) in female soccer players. Fourteen amateur players (age, 26.1 ± 4.6 years; height, 168 ± 12 cm; body mass, 62.7 ± 5.5 kg; body fat, 23.7 ± 2.2%) performed the modified Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (modified LIST). Isokinetic strength assessments of the hamstrings and quadriceps on the dominant and non‐dominant legs at 120°/s were performed before and immediately after the modified LIST. Hecc : Qcon was calculated as the ratio of the peak eccentric torque of the hamstrings to the peak concentric torque of the quadriceps. A two‐way univariate analysis of variance was used to assess the effect of time and leg dominance on Hecc : Qcon. The main results showed that the modified LIST led to a significant decrease in Hecc : Qcon in the dominant (−14.1%) and non‐dominant legs (−8.0%) (P = 0.02). However, this decrease was not significantly different between dominant and non‐dominant legs (P = 0.42). These results reflect a greater risk of hamstrings tears and ACL sprains at the end of soccer matches.
The effect of splint material and thickness on tooth mobility after extraction and replantation using a human cadaveric model
Authors: Kwan Steven C. , Johnson James D. , Cohenca Nestor
Published: November 2011

Abstract –  Although current guidelines for the treatment of traumatic injuries recommend the use of ‘flexible’ splints, the precise definition of what is considered flexible versus rigid has not been rigorously defined, leaving the clinician with a wide range of options for this critical factor. The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare the effect of eight different splints on tooth mobility after extraction and replantation using a human cadaveric model. Following strict selection criteria including complete root maturation, lack of periodontal disease, normal bone levels, and crown integrity, a maxillary central incisor was atraumatically extracted and splinted with eight different splints. The experimental splints included a 30‐pound test monofilament nylon‐composite splint and six wire‐composite splints made of wires of 0.012′ (0.3 mm), 0.016′ (0.4 mm), or 0.020′ (0.5 mm) diameter stainless steel (SS) or nickel titanium (NT). A direct composite splint represented the most rigid type of splint. These eight splints were applied five times each, and tooth mobility was measured before and after each splint was applied. The average splint effect, defined as the difference between the presplint and the postsplint measurements quantified using the Periotest, was calculated for each splint and compared. No significant differences were found between the nylon‐composite and the wire‐composite splints. There was significantly less tooth mobility with the direct composite splint compared to all other splints. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that nylon and SS or NT wires up to 0.016′ diameter are significantly more flexible than direct composite splints and thus may be better suited for the splinting and management of traumatized teeth.
Intrusive luxation of 60 permanent incisors: a retrospective study of treatment and outcome
Authors: Tsilingaridis Georgios , Malmgren Barbro , Andreasen Jens O. , Malmgren Olle
Published: November 2011

Abstract –  Background/Aim:  Intrusive luxation in the permanent dentition is an uncommon injury but it is considered one of the most severe types of dental trauma because of the risk for damage to the periodontal ligament, pulp and alveolar bone. Management of intrusive luxation in the permanent dentition is controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate pulp survival and periodontal healing in intrusive luxated permanent teeth in relation to treatment alternatives, degree of intrusion and root development.

Material and Method:  The material consisted of 60 intruded permanent teeth in 48 patients (32 boys and 16 girls) aged 6–16 years (mean 9.4, median 9.0). The observation time was 6–130 months (mean 47.8, median 40.0). The analysed treatments were spontaneous re‐eruption (17 teeth), orthodontic extrusion (12 teeth) and surgical reposition (31 teeth). The degree of intrusion was registered as mild (0–3 mm), moderate (4–6 mm) and severe (≥7 mm). Root development was categorized with respect to root formation and development of the apex into four stages; one‐quarter to three‐quarters root formation, full root formation with open apex, full root formation with half‐closed apex and full root formation with apex closed. Ankylosis‐related resorption with pulp necrosis was diagnosed in 20 teeth, ingrowth of bone apically in two teeth, pulp necrosis without ankylosis‐related resorption in 23 teeth and pulp revitalization occurred in 15 teeth.

Results:  Significant correlations to the treatment outcome were root development (P = 0.03) and degree of intrusion (P = 0.03).

Conclusions:  No firm conclusion could be drawn for the difference in outcome between orthodontic extrusion and surgical reposition. To conclude, evaluation of the prognosis for intruded teeth should be based on the stage of root development and degree of intrusion. In teeth with immature root development, no active treatment appears to result in fewer healing complications.
Long‐term outcome in preterm children with human cytomegalovirus infection transmitted via breast milk
Authors: Bevot Andrea , Hamprecht Klaus , Krägeloh‐Mann Ingeborg , Brosch Sibylle , Goelz Rangmar , Vollmer Brigitte
Published: November 2011

Aim: To investigate neurodevelopmental outcome and hearing in preterm children with breast milk transmitted human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection.

Methods: Forty‐one preterm children (born before 32 weeks of gestation or birth weight <1500 g; 20 HCMV positive, 21 HCMV negative) from an original cohort of 44 children were examined at school age. Assessments included neurological examination, assessment of motor [Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M‐ABC)] and cognitive function [Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K‐ABC)], audiological tests and anthropometric measures.

Results: In both groups, irrespective of the presence or absence of a history of HCMV infection, performance in assessments of cognitive and motor function was within the normal range. However, significant differences between the HCMV‐positive and the HCMV‐negative group were found in both motor and cognitive function, with poorer performance in the HCMV‐positive group. There were no significant differences in anthropometric parameters, and all 20 HCMV‐positive children had normal hearing function.

Conclusions: In this study, cognitive and motor function in preterm children with early postnatally acquired HCMV infection transmitted via breast milk was within the normal range. However, the findings suggest that their outcome is poorer than outcome in preterm children without HCMV infection. These findings need to be replicated in larger scale studies.
Calcium‐dependent activator protein for secretion 2 interacts with the class II ARF small GTPases and regulates dense‐core vesicle trafficking
Authors: Sadakata Tetsushi , Sekine Yukiko , Oka Megumi , Itakura Makoto , Takahashi Masami , Furuichi Teiichi
Published: November 2011

The Ca2+‐dependent activator protein for secretion (CAPS) family consists of two members (CAPS1 and CAPS2) and regulates the exocytosis of catecholamine‐containing or neuropeptide‐containing dense‐core vesicles (DCVs) at secretion sites such as nerve terminals. A large fraction of CAPS1, however, is localized in the cell soma, and we have recently shown the possible involvement of somal CAPS1 in DCV trafficking in the trans‐Golgi network. CAPS1 and CAPS2 are differentially expressed in various regions of the mouse brain but exhibit similar expression patterns in other tissues, such as the spleen. Thus, in the present study we analyzed whether CAPS2 displays similar subcellular localization and functional roles in the cell soma as CAPS1. We found that somal CAPS2 is associated with the Golgi membrane, and mediates binding and recruitment of the GDP‐bound form of ARF4 and ARF5 (members of the membrane‐trafficking small GTPase family) to the Golgi membrane. CAPS2 knockdown and overexpression of CAPS2‐binding‐deficient ARF4/ARF5 both induced accumulation of the DCV resident protein chromogranin A around the Golgi apparatus. CAPS2 knockout mice have dilated trans‐Golgi structures when viewed by electron microscopy. These results for CAPS2 strongly support our idea that the CAPS family proteins exert dual roles in DCV trafficking, mediating trafficking at both the secretion site for exocytosis and at the Golgi complex for biogenesis.

Structured digital abstract

CAPS2 physically interacts with Arf5 by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)

CAPS2 and Vamp4 colocalize by fluorescence microscopy (View interaction)

CAPS2 physically interacts with Arf4 by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (View Interaction: 1, 2)

CAPS2 physically interacts with Arf5 by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (View Interaction: 1, 2, 3)

Stx6 and CAPS2 colocalize by fluorescence microscopy (View Interaction: 1, 2)

GM130 and CAPS2 colocalize by fluorescence microscopy (View interaction)

CAPS2 binds to Arf5 by pull down (View interaction)

Arf5 and Stx6 colocalize by fluorescence microscopy (View interaction)
Cytochrome P450s in the synthesis of cholesterol and bile acids – from mouse models to human diseases
Authors: Lorbek Gregor , Lewinska Monika , Rozman Damjana
Published: November 2011

The present review describes the transgenic mouse models that have been designed to evaluate the functions of the cytochrome P450s involved in cholesterol and bile acid synthesis, as well as their link with disease. The knockout of cholesterogenic Cyp51 is embrionally lethal, with symptoms of Antley–Bixler syndrome occurring in mice, whereas the evidence for this association is conflicting in humans. Disruption of Cyp7a1 from classic bile acid synthesis in mice leads to either increased postnatal death or a milder phenotype with elevated serum cholesterol. The latter is similar to the case in humans, where CYP7A1 mutations associate with high plasma low‐density lipoprotein and hepatic cholesterol content, as well as deficient bile acid excretion. Disruption of Cyp8b1 from an alternative bile acid pathway results in the absence of cholic acid and a reduced absorption of dietary lipids; however, the human CYP8B1 polymorphism fails to explain differences in bile acid composition. Unexpectedly, apparently normal Cyp27a1−/− mice still synthesize bile acids that originate from the compensatory pathway. In humans, CYP27A1 mutations cause cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, suggesting that only mice can compensate for the loss of alternative bile acid synthesis. In line with this, Cyp7b1 knockouts are also apparently normal, whereas human CYP7B1 mutations lead to a congenital bile acid synthesis defect in children or spastic paraplegia in adults. Mouse knockouts of the brain‐specific Cyp46a1 have reduced brain cholesterol excretion, whereas, in humans, CYP46A1 polymorphisms associate with cognitive impairment. At present, cytochrome P450 family 39 is poorly characterized. Despite important physiological differences between humans and mice, mouse models prove to be an invaluable tool for understanding the multifactorial facets of cholesterol and bile acid‐related disorders.
After individualism: The unfinished business of New Times
Authors: Gilbert Jeremy
Published: November 2011

While admiring its ambitions, Jeremy Gilbert identifies Marxism Today's embrace of individualism and its naivety about power as its Achilles heel. To prosper now, the left must get beyond both.
The questions to be answered
Authors: Miliband David
Published: November 2011

Seizing Marxism Today's legacy of intellectual idealism and political realism, David Miliband addresses the conditions for a centre‐left resurgence in Britain and across Europe.
Subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): Exploitation of equivalent food resources with different forms of placement
Authors: Toledo Lima Juliana , Costa‐Leonardo Ana Maria
Published: November 2011

Abstract  Coptotermes gestroi and Heterotermes tenuis have been described as important urban pests in Brazil. The establishment of control technologies using baits that consider the social behavior of termites requires a better knowledge of their foraging behavior. Thus, this study analyzed the feeding behavior of these species with three different forms of food placement: food on the surface of a substrate and food either partially or completely buried in the substrate. Experimental arenas were composed of a central chamber connected to three food chambers. Each central chamber contained 550 foragers of C. gestroi or 517 foragers of H. tenuis. Blocks of Pinus elliottii were placed in the different food chambers. After 28 days, the consumption of each wood block and the percentage of foraging individuals recruited for food chambers were verified in relation to the total survival rate obtained for each one of the 20 replicates. Results showed that completely buried food was most consumed for H. tenuis and presented a higher recruitment rate of workers and soldiers for both species. Although the consumption had non‐significant differences for C. gestroi, these termites exhibited a tendency to prefer completely buried food. In these conditions, it can be concluded that the forms of food placement used in the present research influenced the recruitment of individuals for both species. Data also suggests that when the foraging subterranean termites find food resources in the tunneling substrate, they tend to concentrate their efforts on it, a behavior regime that reduces exposure to external environment.
Daytime Sleepiness and Quality of Life in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Bilgic Ayse , Akman Beril , Sezer Siren , Arat Zubeyde , Ozelsancak Ruya , Ozdemir Nurhan
Published: November 2011

We aimed to compare automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) therapy with regard to patients' excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and quality of life (QOL). EDS was assessed with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and QOL with the Medical Outcomes Study 36‐Item Short Form (SF‐36) health survey. We included 59 patients (CAPD/APD, 30/29; male/female, 33/26; age, 45.3 ± 15.8 years; dialysis duration, 42.0 ± 33.6 months). The CAPD and APD groups were similar with respect to factors that affected sleep quality (age, sex, duration of PD), smoking, alcohol intake, socioeconomic status, body mass index, comorbid disease, and various laboratory parameters. Although one patient (3.3%) treated with CAPD and four patients (13.8%) treated with APD experienced EDS, there was no significant differences in ESS scores between the CAPD and APD patients. There was no difference in the SF‐36 total and subscale scores when APD patients were compared with CAPD patients. The independent predictors of ESS were the serum albumin level (β = −2.04, P < 0.01), total SF‐36 score (β = 0.08, P = 0.02), social functioning score (β = −2.47, P = 0.01), and role‐emotional subscale score (β = −1.12, P = 0.05). The incidence of EDS was slightly higher in APD patients, but it did not negatively affect daily activities or QOL.
Down‐Modulation of Toll‐Like Receptor 2 Expression on Granulocytes and Suppression of Interleukin‐8 Production Due To In Vitro Treatment With Cellulose Acetate Beads
Authors: Hidaka Mayumi , Fukuzawa Kenji
Published: November 2011

The Adacolumn, which is filled with cellulose acetate beads (CA beads), has been used as a medical device for inflammatory diseases. The CA beads selectively adsorb granulocytes and monocytes and remove them from the peripheral blood. The anti‐inflammatory effects of the Adacolumn are possibly caused by removal of these cells but also due to the functional changes in the processed cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of CA beads treatment on modulation of the expression of innate immunity receptors such as the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) family and production of an inflammatory cytokine, interleukin‐8 (IL‐8). Changes in the expressions of TLR1, 2, 4 and 6 in peripheral leukocytes exposed to CA beads were examined by flow cytometry. TLR2 expression on the surface of granulocytes exposed to CA beads was decreased, but the amount of intracellular TLR2 was increased, possibly by internalization. These changes were not observed in monocytes or lymphocytes. Peptidoglycan (PGN) treatment produced similar changes in TLR2 on granulocytes. We also measured the amounts of IL‐8 in cultured blood treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and PGN, which are known TLR agonists. PGN‐induced IL‐8 production was lower in CA beads‐treated leukocytes than that in non‐treated leukocytes, but LPS did not induce these changes. Based on these findings, we conclude that the down‐modulation of TLR2 and suppression of IL‐8 production on granulocytes by CA beads, may play an important role in the anti‐inflammatory effects of the Adacolumn.
Regional Citrate Anticoagulation Reduces Polymorphonuclear Cell Degranulation in Critically Ill Patients Treated With Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration
Authors: Tiranathanagul Khajohn , Jearnsujitwimol Onanong , Susantitaphong Paweena , Kijkriengkraikul Narin , Leelahavanichkul Asada , Srisawat Nattachai , Praditpornsilpa Kearkiat , Eiam‐Ong Somchai
Published: November 2011

Citrate which chelates ionized calcium can be used as regional anticoagulation in continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH). This is the first study conducted to examine the potentially additive benefit effect of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) on polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell degranulation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and cytokines production in patients with critically acute kidney injury (AKI) undergoing CVVH treatment. This prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted in 20 critically ill patients with AKI who underwent CVVH. The patients were randomized into regional citrate group (n = 10) and heparin group (n = 10). The pre‐dilution CVVH with polyethersulfone dialyzers were utilized in both groups. The levels of pre‐filter and post‐filter MPO as well as inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines were measured at baseline, 6 h, and 24 h after initiating CVVH. In the heparin group, the post‐filter serum MPO levels were significantly higher than the pre‐filter (median 49.0 vs. 60.5 ng/mL, P < 0.05) at 6 h. There were no significant differences between pre‐ and post‐dialyzer MPO levels in the citrate group. Citrate could significantly decrease systemic pre‐filter serum MPO levels from baseline at 6 h (median 43.5 vs. 17.3 ng/mL, P < 0.01) as well as IL‐8 levels (P < 0.05) whereas heparin provided only significant TNF‐α reduction (P < 0.05). The CVVH circuit survival in the citrate group was longer than the heparin group. In conclusion, citrate, utilized as a regional anticoagulant in CVVH, can reduce both membrane bioincompatibility‐induced and systemic oxidative stress and inflammation, and can prolong CVVH circuit survival time.
Influence of the Assay for Measuring Serum Albumin on Corrected Total Calcium in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Kato Akihiko , Takita Takako , Furuhashi Mitsuyoshi , Fujimoto Taiki , Suzuki Hiroo , Hakamada Masahiro , Maruyama Yukitaka
Published: November 2011

The Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy guideline for secondary hyperparathyroidism recommends the use of albumin‐corrected serum Ca as a therapeutic target in chronic hemodialysis patients; however, the assay used for albumin measurement may affect the corrected Ca level. In this study, we examined the impact of the albumin assay on corrected Ca levels in hemodialysis patients. We measured serum albumin using bromocresol green (BCG) and modified bromocresol purple (BCP) assays, and corrected Ca for albumin using Payne's formula in 422 hemodialysis patients (age 66 ± 13 years; time on hemodialysis 116 ± 111 months). Serum albumin values were 3.7 ± 0.4 (1.4–4.6) g/dL by BCG and 3.3 ± 0.4 (1.0–4.3) g/dL by modified BCP, with the differences between the two assays ranging from 0.0 to 0.6 with a mean of 0.35 ± 0.09 g/dL. Serum C‐reactive protein and globulin values were significantly higher in patients with differences in albumin greater than 0.5 g/dL (P < 0.01). Based on the BCG method, 71 patients (16.8%) were classified with hypocalcemia, 51 (12.1%) with hypercalcemia, and 300 (70.0%) as normocalcemic. In contrast, when using modified BCP, 33 patients (7.9%) were labeled as hypocalcemic, while 92 (21.8%) were hypercalcemic. Depending on the use of either BCG or modified BCP, a discrepancy of classification was observed in 79 patients (18.7%): 41 patients were re‐classified from normocalcemic to hypercalcemic, and 38 patients were re‐classified from hypocalcemic to normocalcemic by selecting the modified BCP assay. These findings suggest that the type of assay used for albumin measurement has an impact on albumin‐corrected Ca levels.
Role of Plasma Exchange in the Thyroid Storm
Authors: Muller Clotilde , Perrin Peggy , Faller Bernadette , Richter Sarah , Chantrel Francois
Published: November 2011

Inadequately treated thyroid storm can lead to death. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a suggested treatment when conventional treatments fail, but its indication is not well codified. We report our experience through three explicit cases. Three elderly patients were admitted to our hospital for cardiac or neurologic symptoms due to thyroid storm. After initiation of conventional therapy, TPE was performed with clinical and biological improvement. The speed of symptom resolution varies depending on the severity. This technique must be carried out by experienced medical staff as many complications can occur; nevertheless, in our patients with severe comorbidities, no complications occurred. The action of TPE mainly results from plasma removal of cytokines, putative antibodies, and thyroid hormones and their bound proteins. TPE has a transitory effect and thus should be associated with other thyroid blockers. When there are threatening symptoms, TPE should be done early, without waiting for the efficiency of conventional treatment, since it is the fastest method known for the improvement of the clinical condition. We also suggest starting TPE in case of neurologic symptoms because of very slow and incomplete regression. The Burch and Wartofsky score seems to be a helpful tool in establishing the diagnosis of thyroid storm and for deciding on when to initiate TPE.
Architects of the State: International Financial Institutions and the Reconstruction of States in East Asia
Authors: Halliday Terence C.
Published: November 2011

For international financial institutions (IFIs), it is a continuing puzzle why the global norms they propagate are enacted either reluctantly or not at all. This article shows that failures of enactment and implementation frequently occur because many IFI-initiated law reforms go far beyond changing the law; they amount to a restructuring of the state itself and the accompanying redistributions of power. This article demonstrates how state restructuring can occur in a technical area of commercial law by reanalyzing the ways global and transnational designs of corporate bankruptcy regimes fared between 1998 and 2006 in three countries variously affected by the Asian financial crisis: China, Indonesia, and South Korea. State restructuring occurred by (1) shifting the boundary between the market and state, (2) shifting power inside the state, and (3) vesting new powers in the state. The article identifies the recursive dynamics through which the changes unfolded and shows how variations in the efficacy of international architects of the state can be attributed to the interplay of four sets of factors: the coherence of global norms, the relative power of global versus state actors, domestic demand and mobilization for restructuring, and the extent of state restructuring that reforms will induce.