bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A preclinical xenotransplantation animal model to assess human hematopoietic stem cell engraftment
Authors: Angelopoulou Maria K. , Rinder Henry , Wang Chao , Burtness Barbara , Cooper Dennis L. , Krause Diane S.
Published: March 2004

BACKGROUND: Delayed megakaryocytic engraftment occurs in approximately 8 percent of patients undergoing autologous transplantation with PBPCs, and a reliable assay to predict engraftment is not yet available.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The correlation between human cell engraftment in a mouse xenotrans‐ plantation model with the rate of megakaryocytic recovery for individual patients after autologous PBPC transplantation was evaluated. Engraftment into nonobese diabetic (NOD)‐severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) and NOD‐SCID‐β2mnull mice was compared for patients with rapid (11 days) PLT recovery (good engrafters, GEs) versus those with delayed (18 days) PLT engraftment (poor engrafters, PEs). PBPCs (1 × 106 CD34+ cells) were transplanted into sublethally irradiated (300 cGy) mice, and human WBC and human PLT engraftment were analyzed by FACS in the blood weekly. Human WBCs and human CFU‐megakaryocytes (Mks) in the marrow were determined 6 to 7 weeks after transplant.

RESULTS: Six PEs and five GEs were analyzed. Four of six PEs showed no human cell engraftment, whereas five of five GEs showed multilineage human hematopoiesis including the presence of CFU‐Mks. Human WBC engraftment and human CFU‐Mks differed significantly between GEs and PEs (p < 0.01). NOD‐SCID‐β2mnull had significantly higher levels of human engraftment than NOD‐SCID mice (p < 0.05). The two PEs whose PBPCs were capable of engrafting in the mice had underlying liver abnormalities that may have played a role in their delayed engraftment.

CONCLUSIONS: Time to PLT recovery in patients correlates strongly with human PLT and human WBC engraftment and with the number of human CFU‐Mks (p < 0.05) in a xenogeneic transplant model. This model may be useful for future studies to test therapeutic strategies for enhancement of engraftment.
Postdelivery levels of anti‐D IgG prophylaxis in D– mothers depend on maternal body weight
Authors: Woelfer Brigitte , Schuchter Katharina , Janisiw Michael , Hafner Erich , Philipp Karl , Panzer Simon
Published: March 2004

BACKGROUND: Current recommendations for anti‐D prophylaxis for women who deliver a D+ offspring vary from country to country, and the introduction of new reagents require pharmacokinetic studies that show serum levels after the injection. Serum levels of anti‐D may depend on the maternal body mass index (BMI).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Serum concen‐trations of total anti‐D IgG and IgG1‐4 subclasses were determined by flow cytometry in 26 D– women, who had received prophylaxis after delivery of a D+ offspring. Blood samples were drawn on Days 1, 2, 3, and 14 after injection, and the BMI was recorded.

RESULTS: Anti‐D levels increased continuously in all women during the first 3 days. The increase was significantly affected by the BMI if higher than 27 kg per m2 (p < 0.001). The higher the BMI, the less was the increase of serum anti‐D. Mean peak levels 72 hours after injection was 89 ng per mL in lean women, but estimated levels were 28 to 60 percent lower in women with a BMI of 28 to 40 kg per m2. The effect of a BMI higher than 27 kg per m2 on anti‐D was not gradual but progressive. Similarly, the BMI affected serum concentrations of anti‐D subclasses IgG1‐4 (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: The BMI needs consideration for the adjustment of the dosage of anti‐D, provided its bio‐ availability to suppress alloimmunization is reflected by measurable amounts in the serum.
A new strategy for the prevention of IgA anaphylactic transfusion reactions
Authors: Salama Abdulgabar , Temmesfeld Bettina , Hippenstiel Stefan , Kalus Ulrich , Suttorp Norbert , Kiesewetter Holger
Published: March 2004

BACKGROUND:Management of patients with clinically significant anti‐IgA is difficult and unsatisfactory in many aspects.

PATIENTS AND METHOD:A 40‐year‐old man with common variable immunodeficiency had a previous history of anaphylaxis after an intramuscular immuno‐ globulin administration. His serum contained anti‐IgA, and he required immunoglobulins for recurrent infections.

RESULTS:The administration of intravenous immuno‐ globulins (IVIgG) containing less than 0.1 mg per mL IgA led to an anaphylactic reaction after the transfusion of only 2 to 3 mL. The same IVIgG charge was subsequently pretreated with freshly separated autologous plasma and given to the patient on three consecutive days without any reaction (1.25, 10, and 10 g each in 400 mL plasma). Anti‐IgA activity did not increase, and the patient was treated again without complications.

DISCUSSION:Ex vivo pretreatment of IVIgG preparations with autologous plasma appears to be safe and useful in the management of patients with clinically significant anti‐IgA. To achieve a significant IgA blockage, the preparation to be used should not contain large amounts of IgA.

CONCLUSION:The strategy described here appears to be safe and may help prevent anaphylaxis in many instances.
Decreased RBCTs after reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation: predictive value of prior Hb level
Authors: Ivanov V. , Faucher C. , Mohty M. , Bilger K. , Ladaique P. , Sainty D. , Arnoulet C. , Chabannon C. , Vey N. , Camerlo J. , Bouabdallah R. , Maraninchi D. , Bardou V.J. , Blaise D.
Published: March 2004

BACKGROUND: RBCT (RBCT) requirements of stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients are often substantial and may be related to transplant type.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: An analysis was done of RBCT requirements and Hb recovery kinetic in the first 60 days after HLA‐identical sibling allogeneic SCT in a series of 110 consecutive patients treated for various malignant diagnoses. Patients were prepared with either an antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and reduced intensity chemotherapy‐based conditioning (RIC) (n = 64) or a myeloablative conditioning regimens (MAC; n = 46). Patients received marrow (n = 64) or PBPCs (n = 46).

RESULTS: Overall, intensity of conditioning regimen (RIC vs. MAC; p = 0.0005) and graft source (PBPC vs. marrow; p < 0.0001) independently predicted RBCT requirements. Hb recovery was accelerated after RIC when compared to MAC allo‐SCT (p = 0.02). In RIC patients, RBCTs were inversely correlated to Hb level before conditioning (p < 0.0001) and the dose of ATG (p = 0.009). Moreover, Hb level before allo‐SCT significantly influenced Hb recovery kinetic after RIC but had no impact on RBCT requirements and Hb recovery after MAC.

CONCLUSION: Thus, RIC conditioning creates a different pattern of erythropoiesis recovery as compared to a MAC regimen and suggest a need for studies aimed at further reducing RBCT and accelerating Hb recovery.
The effect of universal leukoreduction on postoperative infections and length of hospital stay in elective orthopedic and cardiac surgery
Authors: Llewelyn Charlotte A. , Taylor Rod S. , Todd Audrey A.M. , Stevens Warren , Murphy Mike F. , Williamson Lorna M.
Published: March 2004

BACKGROUND: A before and after study was under‐ taken to investigate the effect of universal leukoreduction (ULR) in the UK on postoperative length of hospital stay (LOS) and infections.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting or total hip and/or knee replacement in 11 hospitals received non‐WBC‐reduced RBCs before implementation of ULR (T1, n = 997) or WBC‐reduced RBCs after implementation of ULR (T2, n = 1098).

RESULTS: Patients in T1 and T2 were comparable except patients in T2 received on average more units of RBCs but had lower discharge Hct levels. Postoperative LOS (T1, 10 ± 8.9 days; T2, 9.6 ± 6.9 days) and the proportion of patients with suspected and proven post‐ operative infections (T1, 21.0%; T2, 20.0%) were unchanged before and after ULR (LOS, hazard ratio 1.01, 95% CI 0.92‐1.10; infections, OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.77‐1.02). Subgroup analysis showed no significant interaction between storage age or dose of blood on responsiveness of primary outcomes to ULR. Secondary outcomes were unchanged overall. Analysis by surgical procedure gave conflicting results with both increased mortality (p = 0.031) and an increased proportion of cardiac patients with proven infections (p = 0.004), whereas the proportion of orthopedic patients with proven infections was reduced (p = 0.002) after ULR.

CONCLUSION: Implementation of ULR had no major impact on postoperative infection or LOS in patients undergoing elective surgical procedures who received transfusion(s). Smaller effects, either detrimental or beneficial of ULR, cannot be excluded.
The factors affecting powder consumption of mould fluxes
Authors: Saraswat Rajil , Fox A. B. , Mills K. C. , Lee P. D. , Deo B.
Published: March 2004

Powder consumption, Qs, is an important process variable in the continuous casting of steel but there is no agreement on the factors affecting Qs. This study seeks to identify those factors which have an effect on Qs. A large database containing powder consumption values and casting conditions, mould flux and steel composition data from a large number of steelworks has been analysed using statistical techniques to identify those factors which have significant effect on powder consumption. The following parameters, in decreasing order, were found to be significant (at the 95% confidence level): casting speed, viscosity, stroke length, oscillation frequency and break temperature.
Activation and removal of silicon in kaolinite by thermochemical process
Authors: Qiu Guanzhou , Jiang Tao , Li Guanghui , Fan Xiaohui , Huang Zhucheng
Published: March 2004

The structural changes and phase transition of kaolinite during thermal treatment were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and solid‐state 29Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance in this paper. It was found that kaolinite experiences solid phase chemical transformation on heating, during which silicon in kaolinite‐layered structure is activated. The thermal treatment of kaolinite at a temperature of above 980°C results in the formation of amorphous SiO2. The recrystallization of mullite occurred when the temperature exceeded 1100°C. Quartz keeps unchanged below 1200°C.

The thermochemical (TC) process provides an avenue for the removal of silicon in kaolinite. The appropriate conditions for kaolinite activation were found to be 1050–1100°C and 90–60 min. The XRD patterns of solid leached residue revealed that amorphous SiO2 could be efficiently removed by alkali leaching. The TC process was applied to desilication of kaolinite type bauxite ores. Above 50% silica total removal and 9–10 A/S ratio of desilication product were obtained at the heat conditions of 1050–1100°C and 90–60 min for an ore sample bearing 19.4% kaolinite and 4.6% quartz and with the 4.4 A/S ratio.
Including an additional systematic environmental effect within a generation in an evaluation model improves accuracy of prediction of breeding values in a closed herd of pigs
Authors: SATOH Masahiro
Published: March 2004

The present study evaluated the advantage of mixed‐model techniques over a selection index under different magnitudes of an additional systematic environmental effect (ASEE) in terms of accuracy of prediction and expected genetic gain. The data attempted to simulate a closed herd in a pig breeding program. The base population (G0) consisted of 10 males and 50 females. Six generations (G0 to G5) were selected by using a selection index of three traits without overlapping. Additional systematic environmental constants with four levels in a generation were assigned from a uniform distribution at different ranges. Breeding values of animals in the last generation (G5) were estimated on the basis of an index of individual phenotype (SI‐U), SI‐U adjusted for ASEE using a least‐squares mean (SI‐A), best linear unbiased prediction using an animal model excluding ASEE (AM‐E), and an animal model including ASEE (AM‐I). Accuracy of prediction and expected genetic gain were larger by the animal model than by the selection index, even if heritability of the traits selected was high and ASEE was set to zero. When ASEE was zero, the accuracy of prediction and expected genetic gain given by SI‐U and AM‐I were similar to those given by SI‐A and AM‐E, respectively. However, the differences in accuracy and expected gain between SI‐U and AI‐A and between AM‐I and AM‐E increased as the range of ASEE increased. It was concluded that selection based on an animal model was more effective than index selection, even if the herd environment was uniform and traits with high heritability were selected, and that it should be always included in an evaluation model, however slight any systematic environmental effect may be in a closed herd.
Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Nepalese domestic dwarf cattle Lulu*
Authors: TAKEDA Kumiko , SATOH Masahiro , NEOPANE Shreeram P. , KUWAR Bahadur S. , JOSHI Hari D. , SHRESTHA Nanda P. , FUJISE Hiroshi , TASAI Mariko , TAGAMI Takahiro , HANADA Hirofumi
Published: March 2004

Dwarf Lulu cattle, the only Bos Taurus type of cattle in Nepal, are raised under severe environments in the mountainous zone of that country. In the present study, the body measurement traits, cytogenetic and molecular genetic characteristics of the Lulu cattle are investigated. Blood samples were collected from 31 animals in four villages (altitudes 2590–3550 m) in the southern part of Mustang. The Lulu cattle had a normal karyotype with 2n = 60, XY or XX. Only one male examined had a large submetacentric X‐chromosome and a small submetacentric taurine type Y‐chromosome. The mitochodrial DNA (mtDNA) genotypes were analyzed by PCR mediated restriction fragment length polymorphisms, displacement (D)‐loop region PCR mediated single strand conformation polymorphisms, and D‐loop region sequences. Many base substitutions were found in the D‐loop region, suggesting that the Lulu cattle originated from at least 10 maternal lines. Three types of mtDNA from these cattle were found, the Bos taurus type (n = 23), the Bos indicus type (n = 6), and the Bos grunniens type (n = 2). In the village at the lowest altitude, four of the five cows were of the Bos indicus type. These results indicated that mtDNA types of the Lulu cattle mostly belong to Bos taurus, but have been hybridized with Bos indicus cattle in lower‐elevation regions in their maternal lineage.
Detection of nucleolar organizer regions on chromosomes by flourescence in situ hybridization with human 28S rRNA gene and cloning of 28S rRNA gene in Sika deer
Authors: KAGEYAMA Shuuhei , FUKUI Emiko , YOSHIZAWA Midori
Published: March 2004

The number and loci of nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) on chromosomes in Sika deer (Cervus nippon centralis) were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization with a human 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene as a probe. Sika deer that live in Nikko National Park and its neighboring areas (Asio and Seta) in Japan were used. All of the analyzed metaphases had three or four NOR at the end of the first and second longest telocentric autosomes. Nucleolar organizer region association, which is associated specifically on parts of NOR between chromosomes, was also observed clearly. A Sika deer 28S rRNA gene was produced by a polymerase chain reaction method. The nucleotide sequence of a Sika deer 28S rRNA gene determined by an automatic sequencer was 97 bp, and showed homogeneity of 88% for the human sequence.
Effects of cyclodextrin‐iodopropane complex on methane production, ruminal fermentation and microbes, digestibility and blood metabolites in steers
Authors: MOHAMMED Nazimuddin , LILA Zeenat Ara , TATSUOKA Noriko , HARA Koji , MIKUNI Katsuhiko , HARA Kozo , KANDA Shuhei , ITABASHI Hisao
Published: March 2004

The effects when adding cyclodextrin‐iodopropane complex (CD‐IP) to a diet, on ruminal fermentation and microbes, digestibility, blood metabolites and methane production, were evaluated using four Holstein steers in a cross‐over design. The steers were fed Sudangrass hay plus concentrate mixture at a ratio 1.5:1, and CD‐IP (1% of dry matter) was given twice daily by mixing with concentrate mixture. Rumen and blood samples were collected at 0, 2, and 5 h after morning dosing. Ruminal pH and numbers of protozoa were unaffected by CD‐IP treatment. Ruminal molar proportion of acetate was decreased (P < 0.05), and propionate was increased (P < 0.01) at 2 h after CD‐IP dosing. Proportion of butyrate was increased (P < 0.05) and ammonia‐N was decreased (P < 0.05) at 2 and 5 h after CD‐IP dosing. Adding CD‐IP had no effect on the feed intake and digestion of nutrients. Plasma glucose was increased and urea‐N was decreased (P < 0.05) at 2 and 5 h after CD‐IP dosing. Methane production was decreased (P < 0.05) by approximately 18% in the treatment steers. Numbers of methanogenic bacteria were decreased (P < 0.05), while total viable counts, cellulolytic, sulfate reducing and acetogenic bacteria were unaffected. The present results are the first to show that CD‐IP can partially inhibit in vivo ruminal methanogenesis without adverse effects on digestion of nutrients.
Effects of concentrate supplementation on blood mineral concentration of growing upgraded Philippine goats
Authors: HAYASHIDA Maki , ORDEN Edgar A. , CRUZ Emilio M. , CRUZ Libertado C. , FUJIHARA Tsutomu
Published: March 2004

A total of 32 4‐month‐old‐upgraded Philippine goats with mean bodyweight of 13.5 kg were used to study the effects of concentrate supplementation on mineral status of growing goats. All animals received a basal diet comprised of different forage species. Twenty of the animals were supplemented with concentrate at a rate of 150–200 g dry matter/day while the remaining 12 animals were not supplemented. Blood sampling and bodyweight measurement were done every 2 weeks during the 5 months of experiment. Forage, concentrate and blood sulfur, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, zinc and selenium concentration were analyzed after wet digestion. Forage mineral contents, except for zinc and selenium, were sufficient for requirements of ruminants. Concentrate mineral contents were much higher than the requirements, but did not exceed the toxic levels. The concentrate supplementation resulted in high (P < 0.05) plasma phosphorus, copper, zinc, whole blood selenium concentrations and bodyweight of growing goats, although some supplemented animals showed plasma zinc concentration below the lower critical level. It was recommended that pellets, glass bolus or capsules that contain deficient minerals, such as zinc and selenium, should be used in the study area.
Reduction of allergic symptoms in NC/Jic Jcl mice fed a diet containing casein phosphopeptide preparation, CPP‐III
Authors: OTANI Hajime , WAKATSUKI Shidue
Published: March 2004

The effect of a commercially available dietary casein phosphopeptide preparation, CPP‐III, consisting mainly of bovine αs2‐casein (1–32) and β‐casein (1–28) on the development of allergic symptoms mediated by IgE antibody was investigated in NC/Jic Jcl mice. No significant difference was observed in the change in mean bodyweight between mice given a diet of a mixture of ovalbumin and CPP‐III (CPP‐III‐added diet) and those given a diet of ovalbumin alone (control diet) as a protein source. Total allergic score of five mice given the CPP‐III‐added diet was less than half that of those given the control diet for 13 weeks. Levels of intestinal total and ovalbumin‐specific immunoglobulin (Ig)A were significantly higher in the CPP‐III‐added diet group than in the control diet group, while the serum ovalbumin‐specific IgE level was significantly smaller in the former. The production of interleukin (IL)‐6 by spleen cells from mice that ingested the CPP‐III‐added diet for 13 weeks was obviously higher than that by spleen cells from mice administered the control diet, while the formation of IL‐4 by spleen cells from the former mice was significantly lower than that by the latter mouse. These results suggest that the oral ingestion of CPP‐III may be beneficial in reducing allergic symptoms mediated by IgE antibody.
Immunohistological study on bovine, swine and ovine skeletal muscle fibers for the localization of fatty acid translocase FAT/CD36
Authors: BANDA Taiko , NEUPANEY Dhanapati , KIM Jin‐bo , ISHIOROSHI Makoto , MARUKAWA Katsuji , CHIBA Hitoshi , ITO Tomoo , SAMEJIMA Kunihiko
Published: March 2004

The present immunohistological study was conducted to investigate the localization of fatty acid translocase CD36 (FAT/CD36) in the skeletal muscle (Biceps femoris) fibers of bovine, swine and ovine. The results showed that CD36 was mainly localized in type I muscle fiber of these animals. In contrast, FAT/CD36 localization in type II fiber was insignificant in the types of muscle in the present experiments, suggesting that type II fiber of bovine, swine and ovine might lack fatty acid translocase FAT/CD36.
Improvement of the gelling properties of meat emulsion gel by the addition of porcine sarcoplasmic proteins
Authors: MIYAGUCHI Yuji , HAYASHI Yuki , NAGAYAMA Kiyomi
Published: March 2004

The effects of porcine sarcoplasmic proteins (SP) on the physicochemical properties of meat emulsion gel were examined. Meat emulsion was prepared from water‐washed pork meat (WWM), corn oil and SP. Whole SP (W‐SP) enhanced the breaking stress of the WWM emulsion gel as well as other animal proteins in the presence of 0.2 mol/L NaCl. The breaking stress of the emulsion with W‐SP increased with an increase in corn oil content. Furthermore, this tendency was more noticeable at a lower NaCl concentration (0.15 mol/L) rather than at 0.45 mol/L NaCl. Ammonium sulfate (AS) treatment fractionated W‐SP into three portions (SP‐f1, SP‐f2 and SP‐f3), which were the precipitates at 0–50% and 50–75% AS saturation and the supernatant at 75% AS saturation, respectively. The fractions SP‐f2 and SP‐f3 increased the gel strength more than W‐SP. In particular, the fraction SP‐f3 increased the gel strength approximately 10‐fold compared to the control. Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed that SP‐f3 had several kinds of proteins and a main protein with a molecular mass of 35 kDa, which corresponded to glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase. These results indicate that the influence of SP should not be ignored when processing of low‐salt meat products and the fraction SP‐f3 has a gel‐enhancing factor for myofibrillar proteins.
Diurnal and oviposition‐related changes in heart rate, body temperature and locomotor activity of laying hens
Authors: KHALIL Ashraf M. , MATSUI Kanji , TAKEDA Ken‐ichi
Published: March 2004

Diurnal and oviposition patterns of heart rate (HR), deep body temperature (BT) and locomotor activity (LA) in conscious and unrestrained Rhode Island Red hens were studied by a radiotelemetry system. Behavioral observations were also made on diurnal changes and during the pre‐ and post‐laying period. Heart rate, BT and LA showed characteristic diurnal changes synchronized with a photoperiod of 15 h light and 9 h dark. In the light period, HR, BT, and LA levels were significantly higher than in the dark period (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the highest levels of these parameters were recorded just after they were fed (08.30 hours), while the lowest level was measured after lights‐off and remained stable throughout the dark period. Behavioral observations indicated that during the light period the hens spent most of their time in very active movement, exhibiting various behavioral patterns. However, in the dark period the hens spent almost all their time resting. The present results suggest that performing various behavioral activities cause heat generated by muscle exertion, which plays a significant role in daily HR, BT, and LA in laying hens. However, during the 60 min before and after oviposition, LA appeared to have increased steadily toward the moment of laying, and then regressed gradually in the post‐laying period to a level significantly lower than in the pre‐laying period (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the pre‐laying behavior of hens indicated extreme restlessness and more activity, whereas the post‐laying period is characterized by less activity and increased relaxation. Consequently, laying behavior has a profound but transitory effect on HR and BT, suggesting that oviposition was probably associated with intense LA.
Engineering Polymers for Triboelectricity Experiments on the Surface of Mars
Authors: Hecht Michael H. , Buehler Martin
Published: March 2004

The surfaces of five test materials—Rulon J, G10, Teflon, Lexan, and Lucite—designated for a soil analysis instrument developed for a Mars Surveyor Program lander, are here examined with XPS as part of their archival characterization. Under the x-ray beam, all five materials displayed charging consistent with their bulk resistivities except for Rulon J, a filled Teflon (the filler appears to also be Teflon, but of a different resistivity). Under the microscope, Rulon-J appeared as particles embedded in a matrix, each covering approximately 50% of the surface. While both materials appeared to have the same chemical composition, their conductivity was mismatched, and the resulting spectra had sets of peaks of comparable heights, but separated by nearly 8 eV. The charging conditions selected (4 eV flood gun) minimized the distortion of the high binding energy peaks, which appeared at nominal energies for the respective transitions. All materials show some evidence of contamination. The presence of a silicon peak in the Lexan sample suggested contamination with silicone, while the Teflon and possibly the Lucite appear to have hydrocarbon contamination.
Poly(Desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine Carbonate Ethyl Ester) Studied by XPS
Authors: Perez-Luna Victor H. , Kohn Joachim , Graham Daniel J. , Ratner Buddy D.
Published: March 2004

Pseudo-poly(amino acids) are synthetic biodegradable polymers made from natural metabolites. The use of natural metabolites for the synthesis of biomedical materials originated from the concern about the possible toxicity of the degradation products of biodegradable materials. Here we present the surface characterization of poly(desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine carbonate ethyl ester), a polymer made from tyrosine (an amino acid) and desaminotyrosine (a natural metabolite occurring in plants). X-ray photoemission spectra of poly(desamino-tyrosyl-tyrosine carbonate ethyl ester) are presented. Low resolution spectra (survey scan), and high resolution spectra (C ls, N 1s, and O ls regions) were collected with a Surface Science Instruments SSX-lOO spectrometer. The composition of this polymer by XPS was in good agreement with the stoichiometry of its repeating unit. This can be seen by examining the experimental O/C and N/C ratios, 0.274 and 0.054, respectively, with the expected values of 0.286 and 0.048. This agreement is also seen from the high resolution C 1s peak fit when comparing the stoichiometric ratios (excluding the shake-up satellite) of C¯Hx:C¯–O/C¯–N:O=C¯–O–C:(O) 2–C¯=O (14:4:1:1:1) with the experimental values of 14:4.03:0.84:0.71:0.82.
Characterization of SiLK I™ Semiconductor Dielectric by XPS
Authors: Hawn David D.
Published: March 2004

This work reports survey, core level, and valence band x-ray photoelectron spectra obtained from the surface of a spin-on low-K semiconductor dielectric material, SiLK™. SiLK™ semiconductor dielectric is a highly crosslinked polyphenylene produced by thermal cure of a low molecular weight aromatic thermosetting polymer. Spectra were acquired from the material applied to a silicon wafer substrate at 0.60 μm thickness. The spectra were acquired with a Kratos AXIS 165 x-ray photoelectron spectrometer, using monochromatic Al Kα x radiation. Survey spectra were obtained at 80 eV pass energy (constant analyzer resolution), and O 1s and C 1s region spectra were obtained at 20 eV pass energy. The valence band was also obtained at 40 eV pass energy. SiLK is a registered Tradename of The Dow Chemical Company.
Study of Sr2FeMoO6 PLD Films by In situ XPS
Authors: Santiso José , Fraxedas Jordi , Figueras Albert
Published: March 2004

A series of Sr2FeMoO6 epitaxial films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at different oxygen pressures. Films prepared at 950 °C substrate temperature and 10−5 mbar oxygen pressure on SrTiO3(100) substrates have shown maximum Fe/Mo order and high saturation magnetization of about 3 Bohr magnetons (at 10 K). However, they show low Curie temperatures Tc of about 200 K, in comparison to the expected 430 K attained for bulk ceramic samples. The reason for those depleted Tc values is believed to be related to the Fe and Mo oxidation state, therefore core-level XPS spectra were recorded in situ for the as-deposited films immediately after deposition and without exposure to atmosphere. Those are, to our knowledge, the first reported in situ XPS spectra on SFMO films. These studies have also shown the presence of different secondary phases of extreme importance for the understanding of their physical properties.
Alkyl Monolayers on Silica Surfaces Prepared from Neat, Heated (Tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)-1-dimethylchlorosilane Analyzed by XPS
Authors: Husseini Ghaleb A. , Sevy Eric T. , Asplund Matthew C. , Peacock Justin , Linford Matthew R.
Published: March 2004

Silane monolayers on silica, prepared from mono-, di-, and trichlorosilanes, are widely used in industry for surface functionalization and modification. However, unlike di- and trichlorosilanes, monochlorosilanes are particularly easy to work with because they can dimerize, but not polymerize, upon reaction with water. Typically, an organic solvent is used when depositing a silane monolayer. Here we show XPS spectra of monolayers of (Tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)-1-dimethylchlorosilane on silicon oxide (silicon wafer) prepared using a rapid, solvent-free approach. Reaction conditions are 60 °C for 10 min using the neat (pure) compound, and no inert atmosphere or special treatment of the compound is required.
As
2
S
3
Surface Chemistry Changes Under Ion Sputtering by XPS
Authors: Seal Sudipta , Richardson Kathleen , Li Wenyan , Scammon Kirk
Published: March 2004

This paper reports our results on XPS studies of the chemical variation of As2S3 glass due to the effect of ion sputtering. The principal core levels are studied by XPS before and after exposure to an Ar+ ion beam.
A Study of Solid CO2/NH3 and NH3/H2O by XPS
Authors: Dillingham T. R. , Cornelison D. M.
Published: March 2004

The investigation of the chemical properties of ices and ice mixtures (the term “ice” as used in this context refers to the solid phase of materials typically thought of as either gases or liquids) have become increasingly important in the areas of atmospheric science, planetary astronomy, and astrophysics. In this study, high quality CO2/NH3 and NH3/H2O films have been grown on a stainless steel cold finger using a continuous flow liquid nitrogen system. The solid (or ice) samples were formed using research grade NH3 and isotopic 13CO2 gases, and ultrapure water. The isotopic gas was used to distinguish it from any background CO2 in the vacuum chamber. The gases were mixed in a stainless steel prechamber with the pressure monitored using an MKS capacitance manometer. The base pressure in the chamber was less than 5 × 10−10 T prior to deposition and upon gas introduction was increased, using a precision leak valve, to approximately 2 × 10−8 T. Films were grown at this pressure for approximately 30 min. Gas purity was monitored using a Balzers Prisma QMS 300 quadrupole mass spectrometer. The nucleated films were characterized using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The reported spectra include survey and high resolution scans of the major photoelectron peaks.
Introduction to Studies of Phosphorus-Oxygen Compounds by XPS
Authors: Sherwood Peter M. A.
Published: March 2004

Phosphorus is an essential element, and phosphorus oxygen compounds (normally in the form of phosphates) are an essential component in the growth of animals and plants. Most phosphates are insoluble in water, and exist in the form of solids such as vegetable and animal tissues, seeds, bones, soils, fossils, and mineral deposits. Phosphates have many important applications as fertilizers, corrosion inhibitors, and adhesion promoters. The XPS spectra of phosphates show similar P 2p spectra, but significant differences in the O 1s region as a result of the different oxygen environments possible in different forms of phosphates. The valence band region is especially valuable in the case of phosphates because the P 2s and P 2p atomic orbitals interact with O 2s and O 2p atomic orbitals to give molecular orbitals in the outer valence band region (at binding energies less than 20 eV) to give a spectrum that is often very characteristic of a particular type of phosphate. This introduction provides a summary of the data to be presented and provides an overview of the interpretation of the data in the core and valence band regions.
Magnesium Phosphate (Mg3(PO4) 2) by XPS
Authors: Felker Daniel L. , Sherwood Peter M. A.
Published: March 2004

The XPS spectra of magnesium phosphate were collected on a VSW HA150 using monochromatic Al Kα x-radiation. The valence band region shows the characteristic features of the orthophosphate ion and is in good agreement with previous data in the literature. The reported regions are as follows: survey, O 1s, C 1s, P 2s, P 2p, Mg 2s, Mg 2p, and valence band.
Iron (II) Phosphate (Fe3(PO4)2 by XPS
Authors: Wang Yuqing , Asunskis Daniel J. , Sherwood Peter M. A.
Published: March 2004

The XPS spectra of ferrous phosphate were collected with a VSW HA150 using monochromatic Al Kα x-radiation. Monochromatic radiation provides a distinct clarity to the rich peak structure in the valence band of ferrous phosphate due to the absence of interfering x-ray satellites from the intense O 2s region. The valence band, survey, and the P 2s, P 2p, Fe 2p, Fe 3p, O 1s, and C 1s core levels are reported.
Iron (III) Phosphate (FePO4) by XPS
Authors: Wang Yuqing , Sherwood Peter M. A.
Published: March 2004

The XPS spectra of ferric phosphate were collected with a VSW HA150 using monochromatic Al Kα x-radiation. Monochromatic radiation provides a distinct clarity to the rich peak structure in the valence band of ferric phosphate due to the absence of interfering x-ray satellites from the intense O 2s region. The valence band, survey, and the P 2s, P 2p, Fe 2p, O 1s, and C 1s core levels are reported.
Zinc Phosphate (Zn3(PO4)2) by XPS
Authors: Felker Daniel L. , Sherwood Peter M. A.
Published: March 2004

The XPS spectra of zinc phosphate were collected on a VSW HA 150 using x-radiation. The valence band is dominated by the intense Zn 3d region but one of the two characteristic, phosphate features can be identified in the region below 20 eV binding energy and is consistent with previous data. The reported regions are as follows: survey, O 1s, C 1s, P 2s, P 2p, Zn 3s, Zn 3p, and valence band.
Vanadyl (V) Orthophosphate Dihydrate (VOPO4⋅2H2O) by XPS
Authors: Asunskis Daniel J. , Sherwood Peter M. A.
Published: March 2004

The XPS spectra of vanadyl orthophosphate dihydrate were collected with a VSW HA150 using monochromatic Al Kα x-radiation. The valence band region is determined by the features of the orthophosphate ion. The valence band region is typical of that of an orthophosphate compound.
Sodium Dihydrogenpyrophosphate Hexahydrate (Na2H2P2O7⋅6H2O) by XPS
Authors: Gaskell Karen J. , Asunskis Amy L. , Sherwood Peter M. A.
Published: March 2004

We report the XPS spectra of sodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate. XPS spectra were collected with a VSW HA150 x-ray photoelectron spectrometer using monochromatic Al Kα x-radiation. Monochromatic radiation provides a distinct clarity to the rich peak structure in the valence band of sodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate due to the absence of interfering x-ray satellites from the intense O 2s region. The features seen in the valence band are unique to the (H2P2O7)2− ion which shows small but significant differences from the (P2O7)4− ion. The valence band, survey, Na 1s, O 1s, C 1s, P 2s, P 2p, and Na 2s levels are reported.
Sodium Tripolyphosphate (Na5P3O10) by XPS
Authors: Gaskell Karen J. , Asunskis Amy L. , Sherwood Peter M. A.
Published: March 2004

We report the XPS spectra of sodium tripolyphosphate. XPS spectra were collected with a VSW HA150 x-ray photoelectron spectrometer using monochromatic Al Kα x-radiation. Monochromatic radiation provides a distinct clarity to the rich peak structure in the valence band of sodium tripolyphosphate due to the absence of interfering x-ray satellites from the intense O 2s region. The features seen in the valence band are unique to the (P3O10)5− ion and therefore provide a means for distinguishing this compound from chemically similar compounds such as other phosphates. The valence band, survey, Na 1s, O 1s, C 1s, P 2s, P 2p, and Na 2s levels are reported.
Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5) by XPS
Authors: Wang Yuqing , Sherwood Peter M. A.
Published: March 2004

The XPS spectra of phosphorus pentoxide were collected with a VSW HA150, which is equipped with a monochromatic Al Kα x-radiation, a 16 channel multichannel detector, and an electrostatic hemispherical analyzer with a radius of 150 mm providing an instrument with exceptional capabilities. Monochromatic radiation provides a distinct clarity to the rich peak structure in the valence band region which shows significant differences from the phosphates. The valence band, survey, and P 2s, P 2p, O 1s, and C 1s core levels are reported.
Nanostructured Cadmium Sulfide Thin Films by XPS
Authors: Barreca Davide , Gasparotto Alberto , Maragno Cinzia , Tondello Eugenio
Published: March 2004

Nanostructured cadmium sulfide thin films were deposited on SiO2 by a cold-wall low-pressure CVD reaction system starting from the single-source precursor Cd(O-iPrXan) 2 [O-iPrXan = S2COCH(CH3) 2]. Deposition experiments were carried out in an inert nitrogen atmosphere in optimized pressure/gas flow conditions. The obtained films were analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for a detailed determination of their microstructure, chemical composition, and surface morphology, while UV-Vis measurements were carried out in order to investigate their optical properties. Irrespective of the preparative conditions, all the films displayed the typical absorption spectrum of CdS, with an energy gap value Eg ≈ 2.5 eV. AFM analyses showed that flat, uniform, and crack-free layers were obtained under all the adopted synthetic conditions. This result is of interest in view of potential applications in optoelectronic devices like solar cells, where a smooth and regular morphology is required. In this work, XPS analyses of a representative CdS thin film deposited at 400 °C are presented. Besides the wide scan spectrum, charge corrected binding energies for the Cd 3d5/2, Cd3d3/2, Cd MNN, S 2p3/2, S2p1/2, O 1s, and C 1s surface photoelectron signals are reported and discussed.
Analysis of Nanocrystalline ZnS Thin Films by XPS
Authors: Barreca Davide , Gasparotto Alberto , Maragno Cinzia , Tondello Eugenio , Spalding Trevor R.
Published: March 2004

Nanocrystalline ZnS thin films were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using Zn(O-iPrXan) 2 [O-iPrXan=S2COCH(CH3) 2] as a single-source precursor compound. The coatings were deposited on silica substrates in N2 atmosphere at temperatures between 200 and 450 °C and subsequently characterized by glancing-incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron (XPS), and x-ray excited auger electron (XE-AES) spectroscopies. This work is dedicated to the XPS and XE-AES characterization of a representative zinc sulfide thin film. Besides the wide scan spectrum, detailed spectra for the Zn 2p3/2, Zn 3p, Zn LMM, S 2p,O 1s, and C 1s regions and related data are presented and discussed. Both the S/Zn atomic ratio and the evaluation of the Auger parameter point out to the formation of stoichiometric zinc sulfide. Moreover, oxygen and carbon contamination were merely limited to the outermost sample layers.
Analysis of 7,13-Bis((8-hydroxy-2-quinolinyl)methyl)-1,4-dimethyl-1,4,7,13-tetraaza-10-thiacyclopentadecane by XPS
Authors: Hoggard Jamin , Carlson Eric D. , Frederickson Scott H. , Monson Chris F. , Gertsch Kevin R. , Bronson R. Todd , Savage Paul B. , Linford Matthew R. , Husseini Ghaleb A.
Published: March 2004

Highly toxic metals abound in the environment as a result of pollution. Macrocyclic ligands have been designed that are selective in binding certain toxic metals. This allows for a sensitive means of detecting these poisonous metals. Here we report the XPS analysis of 7,13-bis((8-hydroxy-2-quinolinyl)methyl)-1,4-dimethyl-1,4,7,13-tetraaza-10-thiacyclopentadecane.
Analysis of 10,16-Diaza-1,4,7,13-tetrathiacyclooctane-9,17-dione by XPS
Authors: Radicic Neil , Becerril-Garcia Hector , Myrer Amber , Cory Erin , Gertsch Kevin R. , Bronson R. Todd , Savage Paul B. , Linford Matthew R. , Husseini Ghaleb A.
Published: March 2004

10,16-Diaza-1,4,7,13-tetrathiacyclooctane-9,17-dione is important for its use as a fluorophoric metal detector. XPS was used to analyze the compound. The compound was mounted on a silicon plate using sticky tape.
Mature Dental Enamel [Calcium Hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4) 6(OH) 2] by XPS
Authors: Nelson Alan E. , Hildebrand Nadja K. S. , Major Paul W.
Published: March 2004

The dental enamel from the buccal surface of a human premolar tooth (maxilla) was analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Mature dental enamel has a crystalline structure containing up to 96 wt% inorganic material, and is principally comprised of calcium hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4) 6(OH) 2, HAP]. The XPS analysis was performed with a Kratos Analytical Axis 165 spectrometer using a monochromatic AlKα source. In addition to a survey spectrum, core level spectra of the Ca 2p, O 1s, P 2p, and C 1s orbitals were collected. The data are consistent with the surface being predominately calcium hydroxyapatite, with trace contaminants (Na, Si, N, S) observed.
Enargite by XPS
Authors: Fantauzzi Marzia , Atzei Davide , Da Pelo Stefania , Elsener Bernhard , Frau Franco , Lattanzi Piero Franco , Rossi Antonella
Published: March 2004

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used for characterizing the enargite surface. Freshly cleaved samples were analyzed at liquid nitrogen temperature. Enargite is a copper arsenic sulfide of formula Cu3AsS4; it is used as a minor ore of copper. Enargite is a potential source of arsenic and may create environmental problems through the release of toxic elements upon oxidation.
Detecting Our Own Solar System from Afar
Authors: LoPresto Michael C. , McKay Rachel
Published: March 2004

As the list1 of extra-solar planets orbiting Sun-like stars continues to grow, more members of multiple-planet systems2 are being discovered. An intriguing way to bring the data and detection methods for extra-solar planets into the classroom is to ask the question, “What would our solar system look like if viewed from afar by an observer using the same detection methods that we do?”
How Many Students Does It Take Before We See the Light?
Authors: Engelhardt Paula V. , Gray Kara E. , Rebello N. Sanjay
Published: March 2004

Prior research suggests that students who cannot light a bulb given a single wire, a bulb, and a battery are not able to reason correctly regarding complete circuits. Our research shows that students believe that the wires from the filament are connected to the base of the bulb at the bottom. The percentage of students with this belief seems to be dependent on the level of the introductory physics course taken (conceptual, algebra, calculus). We have proposed three activities that appear to aid students in developing the correct model of how a light bulb is wired and a definition of complete circuit that classifies a short circuit as a complete circuit but one that is not advantageous.
An Inexpensive Interferometric Setup for Measuring Microscopic Displacements
Authors: Alanís Elvio , Romero Graciela , Martínez Carlos , Álvarez Liliana , Salazar Germán
Published: March 2004

In an interesting article published in an issue of The Physics Teacher, Reichert1 gives some didactic examples about static friction force between a plastic block and a wooden plane on which it rests. To explain the experiments, he uses a simple model based on a microscopic “elastic band” that connects the atoms of both surfaces. Reichert remarks that “the block moves, albeit a microscopic distance,” and that it would be helpful if the student could see these displacements. In another paragraph he states that “measuring it (displacement) requires delicate and expensive optical instruments.” Effectively, a measurement of such small displacements generally requires interferometric devices. At our university, we teach basic physics and we are aware of the difficulties that beginners have grasping the concepts involved in static friction force. At the same time, as our research field is related to optics metrology, we could not ignore Reichert's statement. Could we design an experimental device to measure the microscopic displacement referred to by Reichert, keeping it inexpensive and easy to implement? Incidentally, in the same issue of The Physics Teacher, Sawicki2 gives an excellent example of how, with a few common elements, a simple experiment of interferometric measurement can be put within students' reach. In this paper, we suggest the use of a simple interferometric device, built with very common and inexpensive elements, and describe an experiment on static friction force in which the instrument is applied to measure microscopic displacements.
Versatile Physical Pendulum
Authors: Gluck Paul
Published: March 2004

It makes good sense to extend the range of usefulness of a piece of equipment beyond that intended originally. A commonly available “variable g” physical pendulum1 allows one to vary the angle α of its plane of oscillation to the vertical, so that in the expression for its period, g cos α replaces g. As shown in Fig. 1, the physical pendulum consists of a heavy cylindrical steel bob that can slide up and down a light aluminum rod whose top is attached to a cylindrical pivot resting on ball bearings. The aim of this paper is to describe a sequence of activities in rigid-body dynamics based on a triply modified version of this pendulum, extending over two lab sessions, carried out toward the end of a calculus-based mechanics course. However, the experiment can be analyzed at various levels, whether calculus based or by more elementary means. Figure 1 shows how we bolted a protractor to the top front of the instrument, so that one can measure the initial amplitude θ0 from which the bob is released. This enables one to study the amplitude dependence of the period between 0–90°. In addition, we have turned on the lathe an aluminum bob of identical shape and size. For this much lighter bob, the aluminum rod contributes a significant fraction to the total moment of inertia of the pendulum. Finally, we have improved the pivot's ball bearings, so that when released from 90° the pendulum continues swinging for 20 minutes or more, enabling one to observe the decay of its amplitude over a long time.
The Foley Acoustic Wave Front Slides
Authors: Greenslade Thomas B.
Published: March 2004

In 1912 Arthur L. Foley of Indiana University published an article in Physical Review about his technique for photographing acoustic wave fronts. Subsequently, the Central Scientific Company published a series of glass lantern slides of his illustrations. These have been unavailable for about 60 years. Here I discuss how Foley made his slides and give examples of use to the present-day physics teacher.
Simple Excitation of Standing Waves in Rubber Bands and Membranes
Authors: Cortel Adolf
Published: March 2004

Many methods to excite standing waves in strings, plates, membranes, rods, tubes, and soap bubbles have been described.1 Usually a loudspeaker or a vibrating reed is driven by the amplified output of an audio oscillator. A novel and simple method consists of using a tuning fork or a singing rod to excite transversal standing waves in stretched rubber membranes sprinkled with fine sand.