bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Exclusion Clause in Canada: Prioritizing Practical Expediency
Authors: Lefebvre Camille , Lafontaine Fannie
Published: November 2021

Applying the Canadian legal framework for refugees in compliance with binding international instruments has entailed significant challenges. In order to fulfil its dual obligations of protecting people under threat of torture and persecution, while denying refugee status to those responsible for such atrocities, Canada relies on the exclusion clause of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees as a practical and expedient solution. This article provides a comprehensive review of the jurisprudence related to Canada’s exclusion system, examining the judicial reasoning of decisions issued by the Immigration and Refugee Board, the Federal Court, the Federal Court of Appeal, and the Supreme Court of Canada. The analysis endorses the position that Canada’s continuing prioritization of security trumps humanitarian aims by an overly broad application of article 1F of the Refugee Convention. The interpretation of Canadian judiciary can lead to the improper application of international law, prompting the need for a reassessment of the Canadian exclusion system 70 years after the adoption of the Refugee Convention.
Correlation of ANA Characteristics with pANCA IFA Interference
Authors: Larkey Nicholas E , Denome Ashley M , Snyder Melissa R
Published: November 2021

Background

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) testing by the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) is important for the diagnosis of autoimmune vasculitis. A common analytical interference for ANCA-IFA is the presence of an antinuclear antibody (ANA), which can cause an apparent perinuclear ANCA (pANCA) result on ethanol-fixed neutrophils. Here, the association of ANA patterns, titers, and concentrations with pANCA interference is investigated.

Methods

Samples positive for ANA by IFA with homogeneous, speckled, dense fine speckled (DFS), and centromere patterns were tested for ANA by enzyme immunoassay (EIA)] and for ANCA by IFA on ethanol-fixed neutrophils. Titers and concentrations were determined for the ANA-IFA and EIA, respectively, and correlated with the frequency of pANCA interpretations.

Results

For ANA-EIA positive samples (≥1.1U), 20.0% led to a pANCA interpretation compared to 5.1% for negative samples (≤1.0U). For samples positive by ANA-IFA, 12.9% resulted in a pANCA interpretation. Interference on pANCA correlated with ANA-IFA titer, with ANA titers ≥1:1280 identified as pANCA positive in 20.9% of samples compared to 9.7% for titers <1:1280. There was also a correlation with ANA pattern, as homogeneous samples were most likely to be called positive for pANCA (31.7%), followed by speckled (8.8%), DFS (6.8%), and centromere (3.6%).

Conclusions

Positivity for ANA by EIA is associated with increased prevalence of pANCA interpretation. Samples positive for ANA by IFA also demonstrated this association, particularly with higher-titer, homogeneous patterns. Laboratories can use this information to determine an optimal workflow for when investigating potential pANCA interferences.
A case of metastatic neuroendocrine disease and cholecystitis: surgical remedy and management of carcinoid crisis
Authors: Whiley Phillip J , Balasooriya Janaka , Wake Rudyard J
Published: November 2021

The report presents a case of a 70-year-old male with a known mesenteric neuroendocrine tumour and metastases to the liver diagnosed with acute cholecystitis. During surgery, the patient developed a carcinoid crisis with mixed distributive and cardiogenic shock involving systemic vasodilation and arrhythmia. During surgical procedures, carcinoid crisis can be precipitated by tumours that secrete a pathological shower of vasoactive mediators. Somatostatin analogues are utilized to control carcinoid syndrome and are routinely used peri-operatively. However, no standard infusion regimen exists. The case raises the suggestion that metastatic liver neuroendocrine disease may confound the diagnosis of cholecystitis, complicates the management of acute surgical presentations and highlights the need for agreement on octreotide therapy for surgical patients with carcinoid tumours.
The impact of coronal mass ejections and flares on the atmosphere of the hot Jupiter HD189733b
Authors: Hazra Gopal , Vidotto Aline A , Carolan Stephen , Villarreal D’Angelo Carolina , Manchester Ward
Published: November 2021

High-energy stellar irradiation can photoevaporate planetary atmospheres, which can be observed in spectroscopic transits of hydrogen lines. For the exoplanet HD189733b, multiple observations in the Ly α line have shown that atmospheric evaporation is variable, going from undetected to enhanced evaporation in a 1.5-yr interval. Coincidentally or not, when HD189733b was observed to be evaporating, a stellar flare had just occurred 8 h prior to the observation. This led to the question of whether this temporal variation in evaporation occurred due to the flare, an unseen associated coronal mass ejection (CME), or even the simultaneous effect of both. In this work, we investigate the impact of flares (radiation), winds, and CMEs (particles) on the atmosphere of HD189733b using three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic simulations that self-consistently include stellar photon heating. We study four cases: first, the quiescent phase including stellar wind; secondly, a flare; thirdly, a CME; and fourthly, a flare that is followed by a CME. Compared to the quiescent case, we find that the flare alone increases the evaporation rate by only 25 per cent, while the CME leads to a factor of 4 increments. We calculate Ly α synthetic transits and find that the flare alone cannot explain the observed high blueshifted velocities seen in the Ly α. The CME, however, leads to an increase in the velocity of escaping atmospheres, enhancing the blueshifted transit depth. While the effects of CMEs show a promising potential, our models are not able to fully explain the blueshifted transit depths, indicating that they might require additional physical mechanisms.
Eclipsing white dwarf binaries in Gaia and the Zwicky Transient Facility
Authors: Keller Pascal M , Breedt Elmé , Hodgkin Simon , Belokurov Vasily , Wild James , García-Soriano Ignacio , Wise Jacob L
Published: November 2021

Gaia provided the largest ever catalogue of white dwarf stars. We use this catalogue, along with the third public data release of the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), to identify new eclipsing white dwarf binaries. Our method exploits light-curve statistics and the box least-squares algorithm to detect periodic light-curve variability. The search revealed 18 new binaries, of which 17 are eclipsing. We use the position in the Gaia H-R diagram to classify these binaries and find that the majority of these white dwarfs have MS companions. We identify one system as a candidate eclipsing white dwarf–brown dwarf binary and a further two as extremely low-mass white dwarf binaries. We also provide identification spectroscopy for 17 of our 18 binaries. Running our search method on mock light curves with real ZTF sampling, we estimate our efficiency of detecting objects with light curves similar to the ones of the newly discovered binaries. Many more binaries are to be found in the ZTF footprint as the data releases grow, so our survey is ongoing.
LeMMINGs – IV. The X-ray properties of a statistically complete sample of the nuclei in active and inactive galaxies from the Palomar sample
Authors: Williams D R A , Pahari M , Baldi R D , McHardy I M , Mathur S , Beswick R J , Beri A , Boorman P , Aalto S , Alberdi A , Argo M K , Dullo B T , Fenech D M , Green D A , Knapen J H , Martí-Vidal I , Moldon J , Mundell C G , Muxlow T W B , Panessa F , Pérez-Torres M , Saikia P , Shankar F , Stevens I R , Uttley P
Published: November 2021

All 280 of the statistically complete Palomar sample of nearby (<120 Mpc) galaxies δ > 20° have been observed at 1.5 GHz as part of the LeMMINGs e-MERLIN legacy survey. Here, we present Chandra X-ray observations of the nuclei of 213 of these galaxies, including a statistically complete sub-set of 113 galaxies in the declination range 40° <δ < 65°. We observed galaxies of all optical spectral types, including ‘active’ galaxies [e.g. low-ionization nuclear emission line regions (LINERs) and Seyferts] and ‘inactive’ galaxies like ${\rm H\, \small {II}}$ galaxies and absorption line galaxies (ALG). The X-ray flux limit of our survey is 1.65 × 10−14 erg s−1 cm−2 (0.3−10 keV). We detect X-ray emission coincident within 2 arcsec of the nucleus in 150/213 galaxies, including 13/14 Seyferts, 68/77 LINERs, 13/22 ALGs and 56/100 ${\rm H\, \small {II}}$ galaxies, but cannot completely rule out contamination from non-AGN processes in sources with nuclear luminosities $\lesssim 10^{39}$ erg s−1. We construct an X-ray Luminosity function (XLF) and find that the local galaxy XLF, when including all active galactic nucleus (AGN) types, can be represented as a single power law of slope −0.54 ± 0.06. The Eddington ratio of the Seyferts is usually 2−4 decades higher than that of the LINERs, ALGs, and ${\rm H\, \small {II}}$ galaxies, which are mostly detected with Eddington ratios $\lesssim 10^{-3}$. Using [${\rm O\, \small {III}}$] line measurements and black hole masses from the literature, we show that LINERs, ${\rm H\, \small {II}}$ galaxies and ALGs follow similar correlations to low luminosities, suggesting that some ‘inactive’ galaxies may harbour AGN.
Serial tellers
Authors: Sayad Cecilia
Published: November 2021

In the 1970s two alleged hauntings received wide coverage in the media. The first was in Amityville, Long Island (New York), and the second in Enfield, a London neighborhood. These cases were narrated in best-selling books, turned into horror films (and, in the case of Enfield, also a TV mini-series), and became the subject of countless documentaries trying to find the truth behind the claims made by the victims. This chapter examines the ways in which these serialized documentaries seek to either confirm or debunk the presence of the supernatural in these cases. Seeing them as an example of the non-indexical documentary, but also of horror, the chapter considers how serialization and repetition compensate for the absence of visible evidence, making these endlessly repeated stories feel at once real and artificial.
Introduction to Critical Care Psychology and Rehabilitation
Authors: Stucky Kirk J. , Jutte Jennifer E.
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides an introduction to critical care psychology and rehabilitation for professionals who are interested in, or who are already providing services in, intensive care environments. The concept of postintensive care syndrome (PICS) and postintensive care syndrome in family members (PICS-F) is introduced and foundational arguments are made to emphasize the benefits of integrating rehabilitative and psychological principles into the continuum of critical care practice for all stakeholders—patients, families, caregivers, staff, institutions, and society at large. Relevant literature is briefly summarized while referring the reader to other chapters in the book that explore specific topics in greater depth.
Getting Ready to Write
Authors: Schwartz Seth J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter covers ways in which writers can place themselves in the “mood” and “mindset” for writing. The chapter addresses the busy lives that many scholars lead and the temptation to forgo writing time in favor of meetings and other tasks. The chapter also introduces the concept of flow and the advantages of putting oneself into a mental state where thoughts can flow freely onto the screen. The concepts of building up to long writing sessions, of starting with shorter sessions, and of maintaining reasonable expectations of oneself, are also introduced. The principles introduced in this chapter may help authors to maximize their writing potential.
Publishing Non-Empirical Papers
Authors: Schwartz Seth J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides guidance on publishing theoretical, literature review, and policy papers. A primary theme of the chapter is that these papers are more difficult to publish than empirical papers because they have is no set structure, and because non-empirical papers do not rely directly on empirical data. Authors are advised to stay extremely close to existing empirical work when proposing a new theory or when reviewing literature. Differences between scoping and integrative reviews, and between theoretical and policy papers, are also outlined. The chapter suggests that authors provide clear justification for why their theory, review, or position is needed and for how it advances the literature. Common reviewer criticisms of non-empirical papers are also provided.
Introduction
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M.
Published: November 2021

The Introduction positions the history of girl and young woman singers in the 1960s in the context of broader histories of vocal training; ideas about voice, respectability, and expressivity; and the models of youthful femininity that were emergent in 1960s Britain. It opens with discussion of vocal discipline in magazines and books produced for young women. This is followed by reflections on the concept of voice as sound and voice as expression, how ideas about the use of voice are tied to gender, and how they have been used by feminist thinkers and scholars in the field of Voice Studies. Then, the introduction provides historical background on vocal pedagogy and histories of accent and vocal discipline in the UK, tying this history to the 1960s and notions of modernity that emerged at the time. It reflects on what voice and freedom of expression signified during the youth and musical movements of the “Swinging Sixties,” and, in particular, on how ideas about voice affected girls and young women in this period. Finally, it provides an overview of the book’s chapters provides an overview of the book’s chapters.
The Last Remaining Virgin in London
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M.
Published: November 2021

Lulu was fourteen when she released her first single, a virtuosic cover of the gospel-inspired “Shout.” This chapter connects Lulu’s use of vocal techniques with Black American origins to public perceptions of her youthfulness and to conversations about her sexuality. Lulu was barely out of childhood when she began her career and her youthful performances of respectability responded to racial anxiety. First, the chapter discusses Lulu’s rise in the Glasgow music scene; then, it examines media representation of Lulu’s virginal persona. This is followed by discussion of her voice in the context of anxiety over race, drawing examples from her performances in the films Gonks Go Beat and To Sir with Love. The chapter then explores Lulu’s efforts to reinvent herself in the late 1960s and closes with a postscript on Lulu’s recent concert performances.
White Men's Law
Authors: Irons Peter
Published: November 2021

White Men’s Law recounts and explores the legal and extralegal means by which systemic White racism has kept Black Americans “in their place” from slavery to police and vigilante killings of Black men and women, from 1619 to the present. The book argues that African Americans have always been held back by systemic racism in all major institutions—especially the legal and educational systems—that hold power over them. Based on a wide range of sources, from the painful words of former slaves to Supreme Court decisions and test scores that reveal how our education system has failed Black children, the book examines the various ways White racists justify and perpetuate their superior position in American society. The book is framed around the lynching of Rubin Stacy in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in 1935. An illiterate Black farmhand, Stacy was accused of assaulting a White woman and was lynched by a deputy sheriff and a mob that fired seventeen bullets into his lifeless body. White Men’s Law poses a critical question: What historical forces preceded and followed this and thousands more lynchings that show the damaging—and often deadly—impact of systemic racism on Black Americans? After recounting struggles over racism from the first shipment of slaves to colonial Virginia until the present, it concludes with a look at efforts by President Joe Biden to “root out systemic racism” in both public and private institutions and the barriers those efforts face from entrenched racism in those institutions.
“Intimate Social Contact with Negro Men”
Authors: Irons Peter
Published: November 2021

This chapter covers the New Deal decade of the 1930s and the Greatest War decade of the 1940s. After the stock market crash in October 1929, the mounting toll of unemployment, industrial near-collapse, and crop failures overwhelmed the feeble recovery efforts of President Herbert Hoover’s administration and brought Franklin D. Roosevelt to the White House with ambitious plans for a New Deal. Black leaders were both hopeful and cautious about the impact of recovery programs. Under the leadership of Mary McCloud Bethune, a noted Black educator and friend of Eleanor Roosevelt, a “Black Cabinet” succeeded in obtaining a fair share of jobs and relief for poor Blacks, but at the price of segregation in Jim Crow states. The chapter also recounts the beginnings of the legal campaign against school segregation, led by Thurgood Marshall, legal director of the NAACP. His first court victories, in Maryland and Missouri, were interrupted by World War II, during which labor leader A. Philip Randolph won protection for Blacks in war industries. But the war’s end unleashed a new wave of attacks on Blacks; the blinding of a Black veteran in uniform, Isaac Woodard, by a White South Carolina sheriff so upset President Harry Truman that he ordered integration of the armed forces. Meanwhile, Marshall won three more graduate and law school cases in Oklahoma and Texas, further undermining the “separate but equal” doctrine of the Plessy case.
“War against the Constitution”
Authors: Irons Peter
Published: November 2021

This chapter recounts the battles outside and within the Supreme Court over the five cases, first argued in 1952, argued again the following year, and decided in May 1954 under the caption Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The chapter draws on transcripts of the lawyers’ oral arguments, notes of justices from the Court’s closed-door conferences to debate and decide cases, and the Court’s unanimous opinion striking down public school segregation. Among the dozen-plus lawyers who argued the five cases, Thurgood Marshall as NAACP general counsel and John W. Davis, former Democratic presidential candidate and U.S. solicitor general, who both argued in the South Carolina case, presented a sharp contrast over the rights of states to impose segregation in public schools. The Court’s closed-door conference after these arguments exposed a rift, with at least one and possibly four justices unwilling to jettison the Plessy “separate but equal” doctrine. Concerned that a split decision would inflame the heated national debate, Justice Felix Frankfurter proposed a second round of arguments a year later; the sudden death in September 1953 of Chief Justice Fred Vinson led President Dwight Eisenhower to name California governor Earl Warren to replace him. Warren used his personal charm and political skills to cajole the Court’s holdouts to join a unanimous decision. However, a third round of arguments on “implementation” of integration allowed Jim Crow schools to proceed with “all deliberate speed” in complying with the Court’s decree, which led to decade-long foot-dragging by southern officials. The chapter concludes with an account of the Little Rock, Arkansas, integration case, Cooper v. Aaron, holding that state officials could not wage “war against the Constitution” by resisting the Court’s orders.
“All Blacks Are Angry”
Authors: Irons Peter
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines the continuing disparities between Whites and Blacks through extensive social science data and studies of the impacts of systemic racism. It first utilizes what demographers call the dissimilarity index to measure housing segregation in major metropolitan areas; cities with heavily Black populations, such as Detroit, have become “hyper-segregated” with almost total “social isolation” of Blacks. The chapter then examines the long-standing academic and political debates over the causes of systemic racism, beginning in 1965 with a government report, The Negro Family: The Case for National Action, by a young Labor Department aide, Daniel Patrick “Pat” Moynihan. He found the main cause of Black poverty and increasing single Black motherhood in the “pathology” of a “matriarchal” Black family structure in which males are neither needed nor welcome. Moynihan’s report spurred an angry rebuttal in a book by psychology professor William Ryan, Blaming the Victim, which found the main cause of Black poverty in the systemic racism of White society and culture. The chapter then looks at social science studies by William Julius Wilson (explaining the “racial invariance” of White and Black crime); psychologist John Dollard (explaining the prevalence of Black-on-Black crime with the “frustration-aggression-displacement” theory); and Black psychiatrists William Grier and Price Cobbs (explaining “Black rage” as rooted in White control of institutions that exclude or discriminate against Blacks). The chapter concludes with a look at the War on Drugs of the 1980s and 1990s and the resulting mass incarceration of Black men.
Reflexive Governance in EU Equality Law
Authors: Lantschner Emma
Published: November 2021

The Covid pandemic has revealed how far we, as a European society, still are from the proclaimed Union of Equality. This book explores how the promise of equal treatment can become a reality and compliance with the EU acquis relating to equality and non-discrimination be improved. It studies enforcement and promotion aspects of the two watershed Directives of 2000, the Racial Equality Directive 2000/43/EC and the Employment Equality Directive 2000/78/EC, through the lens of reflexive governance. This governance approach is proposed as having a great potential in enhancing the likelihood of sustainability (or continuation) of reforms in the current candidate countries and EU Member States through its emphasis on reflexive learning processes and the cooperation between EU institutions, national authorities, and civil society actors. In order to deploy this potential, there is, however, a need for more consistent and transparent monitoring, both with regard to candidate countries as well as old and new Member States, and a reconsideration of the understanding of monitoring as such. It should be seen as helping to deconstruct own-preference formations and as an opportunity to learn from successes and failures in a cooperative and recursive process. To work on these lacunae and improve learning and monitoring processes, this book identifies indicators that are deduced from the comparative review of the implementation practice of the Member States. It is thus a contribution to the existing literature in the fields of Europeanization, governance studies, and the right to equality and non-discrimination.
Reaction to Discrimination by Quasi- and Non-Judicial Mechanisms
Authors: Lantschner Emma
Published: November 2021

Chapter 5 comparatively assesses the implementation of the provision of the RED dealing with the Equality Bodies’ function of providing independent assistance to victims of discrimination in pursuing their complaint. Although the EED does not call for the establishment of such bodies, most countries have extended their mandates to include the discrimination grounds covered by this Directive. After discussing issues related to the structure of these bodies, the chapter focuses on the legal framework and implementation practice concerning the independence of Equality Bodies. It then looks separately at predominantly tribunal-type bodies and predominantly promotion-type bodies. While the former spend the bulk of their time and resources hearing, investigating, and deciding on individual instances of discrimination brought before them, the latter can either engage in mediation or consultation, engage in various ways before courts, or decide (mostly in a legally non-binding form) cases brought before them. Case studies look at the practical implementation in Romania, Bulgaria, and Austria for the former type of body, and in Belgium, Ireland, and Germany for the latter type of body. The findings show that Equality Bodies are suffering from inadequate resources, limited independence, and lack of awareness of their existence and the support they can provide. Nevertheless they have contributed to individual redress, societal change, and legal clarification by litigating cases as far as the CJEU. The chapter closes with indicators derived from the comparative analysis that can be used to monitor the effective implementation of the obligation to establish bodies that independently support victims of discrimination.
Conclusions
Authors: Lantschner Emma
Published: November 2021

The conclusions reflect on the level of reflexivity present in the interplay between the different actors, the value of reflexive governance for the effective enforcement and promotion of equality and non-discrimination law, and the role it can play in preventing backsliding and creating resilience. Different actors have internalized to different degrees the various elements of reflexivity. Some of these elements could not unfold their full potential as their use has only been half-hearted (like the use of benchmarks without the simultaneous use of indicators in monitoring) or processes have been interrupted halfway (like not pursuing monitoring after accession). The conclusions advocate for a shift from an intergovernmental approach to a triangular constellation of equal partnership involving state authorities, EU institutions, and transnational/national societal actors. It underlines the importance of the empowerment and equal participation of local stakeholders. This enhances mutual social learning in the processes of socialization and internalization, and contributes to the prevention of backsliding. They further plead for understanding monitoring as dynamic norm contestation in which the three actors involved critically engage with the norms under consideration. As such, it helps to deconstruct own preference-formations and is a possibility to learn from successes and failures in a cooperative and recursive process. Monitoring understood in this way needs to be permanent and should not only take place in the pre-accession phase but should include all Member States. It concludes that reflexive governance is an approach which well reflects all the above proposed shifts of focus and of understanding.
The Poor and the Fight for Custody, 1926–1936
Authors: Anderson Peter
Published: November 2021

The Madrid court became a battleground for relatives contesting child custody and their personal conflicts became channelled into the state. Mothers used their agency and the courts to win custody in the face of a wider legal system that empowered husbands over wives. Grandparents, and frequently maternal grandparents, also used the courts to overcome paternal rights to guardianship, although daughters-in-law they presented as immoral could also lose custody of their children. Parents themselves could also denounce their own children to ensure they were taken into care. For their part, children could also flee their homes or denounce their parents. Court staff caught up in these conflicts remained loyal to the idea of the dangerous parent and continued to advocate removal or reform through the faith. That said, the use of probation meant that family bonds often survived.
Franco’s Victory
Authors: Anderson Peter
Published: November 2021

Social Catholic groups took firm control of the juvenile courts after General Franco occupied Madrid. They swiftly exercised their moral judgements on families which suffered executions, imprisonment, employment purges, dire living conditions, and the high cost of living. Court staff particularly loathed secular ‘Red’ worker groups and endeavoured to capture the children of these foes of the faith. Mothers forced into prostitution or petty crime, living in overcrowded and poor housing whose lives were marked by hunger and disease, proved especially vulnerable to child removal. They could also fall victim to their husbands serving jail terms for political offences who, from prison, could battle to deprive them of custody. In other cases, families managed to keep bonds alive by visiting children and youngsters petitioned the authorities to be allowed home to help look after their parents.
Repatriation, Family Feuds, and Child Removal
Authors: Anderson Peter
Published: November 2021

In the Spanish Civil War, hundreds of thousands of people fled their homes to other areas in Spain or abroad. By December 1940, around 340,000 adults and children had returned from the country. Many youngsters returned to find their parents or relatives dead, in jail, or deeply impoverished. Accordingly, they became vulnerable to further displacement or removal. Left-wing men returning to Spain also became involved in custody battles, particularly if their wives had been forced to survive by living with other men or had followed a different political path to their husbands. Court staff frequently viewed such women as depraved and removed their children. Grandparents and other relatives became involved in similar struggles. Mothers and girls who transgressed gender norms also proved especially vulnerable to removal. The pain and suffering experienced by removed children and their parents comes across in the archival record.
Beyond Duty
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: November 2021

This is a collection of essays on Kantian moral theory and practical ethics with the aim of developing Kantian ethics and making it accessible and relevant to contemporary problems. With a new emphasis on ideals beyond the strictest requirements of moral duty, the book expands the core aspects of Kantian ethics and offers a broader perspective on familiar moral problems. Some essays explain Kantian concepts, others review work of leading contemporary philosophers, and still others raise challenging ethical questions for more general audiences. Having previously written on finding value in nature, Hill develops an ethical ideal of appreciation of people and their lives, distinguishing this from both respect and beneficence. Hill argues that this has important implications about how we should think about close personal relationships, such as friendships, families, and relationships with people with disabilities. The first part focuses on Kantian moral theory. Topics include the structure of Kant’s argument in the Groundwork, his idea of imperfect duties to oneself, autonomy, and human dignity. Rawls’ constructivism is defended against O’Neill’s objections, and Kantian ethics defended against the charge of utopian thinking. The second part focuses on practical ethics. Topics include the ethics of suicide, philanthropy, conscientious objection, and tragic choices when it seems that every alternative offends against human dignity. An essay on moral education contrasts Kantian and Rawlsian perspectives. Another essay traces the role of self-respect in Rawls’ theory of justice and contrasts a Kantian conception. Two final essays develop and illustrate the ideal of appreciation.
The Groundwork
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: November 2021

This essay notes background in Kant’s first Critique, reviews the aims and arguments of his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals section by section, and calls attention to several remaining questions and controversies. The Preface states the overall aim to identify the supreme principle of morality and to defend its claim to be rationally necessary. Section one uses common moral thought about duty and moral worth to identify the basic principle of a good will. Section two argues from the common idea of duty that this same principle is the supreme moral principle, that its requirements are expressed in several formulations, that this is the only possible Categorical Imperative, and that it presupposes that moral agents have autonomy of the will. The third section argues from a practical standpoint that we must take ourselves to be rational agents with autonomy of the will and therefore subject to the Categorical Imperative.
Duties and Choices in Philanthropic Giving
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: November 2021

Kant held that everyone has a general duty to promote the happiness of others as well as a more stringent duty to help those in distress when one easily can. These are duties of “practical love”: duties to act, not to feel. The general duty does not specify whose happiness to promote or the means and extent of obligatory helping. Several objections from contemporary philosophers are addressed: (1) that Kant’s principle of beneficence as Hill presents it is too “anemic” (David Cummiskey) (2) that Kant requires us to devalue our own happiness (Michael Slote), and (3) that Kant fails to acknowledge that some acts are morally good to do but not required (J. O. Urmson). Then this essay discusses briefly how other moral considerations may affect the application of Kant’s principles to particular cases of philanthropic giving: justice, respect, the kind of help needed, and the motives of the giver.
Two Conceptions of Virtue
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: November 2021

This essay was written for a Stanford conference on philosophy of education on whether virtue can be taught. The general questions considered are: What is virtue? How can social conditions promote it? How can individuals effectively strive for it? The specific focus is on the conceptions of virtue in the works of Immanuel Kant and John Rawls. Kant regarded virtue as a good will that is also strong enough to resist contrary passions, impulses, and inclinations. Childhood training can prepare children for virtue but becoming virtuous requires an empirically inexplicable commitment and effort that is up to each individual. Rawls explains a sense of justice as a civic virtue that he conjectures will develop naturally, according to certain psychological laws, if the basic structure of society is just. Rawls’ reliance on empirical studies addresses questions left mysterious by Kant, but his theory faces problems of its own.
Introduction
Authors: Whittle Ann
Published: November 2021

The introduction sets the scene for the book by outlining the key questions to be investigated. Are we free? Are we morally responsible for what we do? What is it that we deserve? When is it right to blame someone for a morally wrong action? It introduces basic key terms within the debate regarding freedom and moral responsibility, such as ‘determinism’, ‘compatibilism’, and ‘incompatibilism’, and then outlines the structure of argument for the central claim of the book, namely that there is no truth regarding whether or not determinism is compatible with freedom and moral responsibility. There is only a truth relative to some context of utterance.
Dynamics of conversations
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina
Published: November 2021

Chapter 5 analyses the political conversations that Cicero transmitted in direct style from the point of view of conversational analysis, dissecting their dynamics and revealing how they constructed relationships and provided an outlet for self-representation during power struggles. Such conversations allowed the deployment of persuasiveness, tentative questions, sous-entendres, and the circulation of information that written communication could not provide. An analysis of conversational dynamics has revealed that certain elements consistently recur. First, there is the presence of political speculations and predictions about the future. Secondly, we can point to the presence of feelings and impressions, either as a result of the conversation or concerning the other speaker. The chapter argues that such conversations should be considered a constituent part of political culture.
Setting the Scene
Authors: Wallace Helen
Published: November 2021

· Changing rationales for European integration. The initial rationales for integration seem less cogent and less resonant. Are they still at the core of the ‘project’? Which newer rationales need to be taken into account? Because of their cogency? Because of their resonance? · Facing up to both internal and external challenges: a huge agenda across political, economic, societal, and security concerns. · Differing narratives. Growth of Euroscepticism and Eurocriticism, though in differing manifestations. How far do these phenomena reflect transversal European factors? How far are they the product of different country characteristics and cultures? Is there a space to construct a shared European narrative? How does the new ‘Conference on the Future of Europe’ fit into this set of issues? · Diverse needs and aspirations. From 6 to 27(8) members with a variety of features political, economic, and societal—and geographic. Is differentiated integration the way forward or are other approaches needed to strike an accepted balance between the country level and the European level of practice? The old discussion of subsidiarity seems no longer to offer potential solutions. The capability to absorb yet more member states is contested. · Can political, economic, and societal concerns be aligned? Initial successes of the EC were very much tied to clever ways in which these different concerns were taken into the process. Can a successor version of pluri-dimensional integration be achieved based on diffuse reciprocity—cross-temporal and cross-sectoral? Or will the EU shift towards a more fragmented version of specific reciprocity based on sector by sector cost–benefit analyses?
Integrating through Crises
Authors: Pagoulatos George
Published: November 2021

EMU was a brainchild of contrasting parental personalities. Integrationist European ambition joined disparate national pursuits to create an imperfect EMU architecture, though one amenable to correction through crises. When the debt crisis hit the periphery, recessionary national adjustment was supported by insufficient Eurozone-level reforms. The EU opted for incremental crisis management and paid a price in terms of fragmentation. The Eurozone debt crisis bequeathed a contradictory legacy of both raising the visibility of the reform agenda and raising the bar of political difficulty in bringing it about, having divided Europe between (heartless) ‘creditor’ and (reckless) ‘borrower’ countries. By raising the stakes of EU failure, the Covid-19 crisis operated as a reform accelerator. The joint reaction demonstrated that the EU maintained its survival instinct, drawing on the political capital invested in its preservation. The Eurozone’s reform conundrum remains the glaring gap between what is widely admitted as necessary and what is realized as politically feasible. Consecutive reform attempts have been frustrated by country coalitions that resist movement towards further risk sharing (through the fiscal, financial or monetary channel) or deny any further transfer of national autonomy. There are ways out of the EMU straitjacket. One is formally deferring the rules. Another is saying things without doing them. A third strategy is doing things without saying them. The momentous leap of ‘Next Generation EU’ notwithstanding, EMU remains incomplete, even though confidence in its ability to survive has been greatly boosted by its resilience in the face of the two severe, consecutive crises.
Implications of Brexit for the UK and the EU
Authors: Bevington Matthew , Menon Anand
Published: November 2021

Brexit has transformed politics in the United Kingdom. Its impact on the European Union is less clear. The UK’s exit dispelled any illusions that leaving the EU could be anything but complicated and difficult. After over 40 years of membership, the UK had to relearn how the EU functioned, as well as how its own Union operated. On the EU side, the UK’s vote to leave has spurred little self-reflection. EU27 unity became an end in itself, at the expense of more thoughtful reflection about the long-term future relationship. Nevertheless, the UK’s presence outside the EU creates a unique dilemma for the EU: how should it best deal with such a close and large partner? The EU must also understand the role it played in bringing about the UK’s exit if it is to build resilience in future, the driving issues for which—sovereignty, identity, and immigration—have not disappeared along with the UK.
The Return of Global Asymmetries
Authors: Pisani-Ferry Jean
Published: November 2021

`The last three decades have witnessed the reversal of the ‘great divergence’ between the centre and the periphery that characterized the nineteenth century and most of the twentieth. The promise of this ‘great convergence’ was a much more symmetric world where prosperity and power would be much more equally distributed, where nations would abide by a rules-based international order and where effective global institutions would help ensure an adequate provision of global public goods. Economic analysis helped foresee how such a world would function. In contrast to those in vogue in the early post-war decades, the workhorse models for international trade, money, and finance of the late twentieth century all emphasized symmetry in international relations. Countries could be big or small, developed or poor, capital exporters or importers, but the same mechanisms and rules applied to them. It was only a matter of time before they would converge, or possibly trade places. More recent models, however, have started to challenge this benign view. Asymmetries between centre and periphery do matter in the network-based models of trade, investment, and finance that have been developed to account for emerging patterns of interaction. This is even truer of data flows and the networks that structure them. Meanwhile, the centrality of the dominant global currency and the asymmetries that it entails in exchange-rate adjustment are being rediscovered. Today’s world is much more asymmetric than we thought. This change of perspectives has significant implications for international economic relations and for global governance.
The Kantian System of Duties
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: November 2021

Beginning with Kant’s infamous “derivation of duties” problem, the chapter argues that the Groundwork’s categorical imperative (as principle or test) was never intended for duty-generation. By contrast, the two parts of the Metaphysics of Morals set out a system of duties, with priority given to duties of Right. Answerable to innate right, juridical duties secure persons’ moral standing. The institutions of Right create new moral powers that enable persons to obligate others, resolving the moral impossibilities of human life in a state of nature. Examples of self-defense and duties of free communication show how a value that first appears as a juridical duty descends to and is completed by ethical duties, here concerning truthful speech and integrity of the body. The chapter concludes with an argument for the idea of “provisional universal right” that marks a moral standard and source of duties even where legitimate juridical conditions are absent.
Kantian Imperfect Duties
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: November 2021

This chapter explicates Kantian imperfect duties and their source-value in obligatory ends. Imperfect duties add material and psychological resources to make the moral habitat safe and accessible. Using the duty of beneficence, the chapter explains the kind of discretion these duties allow and the demands they make. Beneficence is, in the first instance, a relational duty. Engaging with others’ pursuit of happiness, we act for their ends, not their needs, with an eye towards the health of their agency. Relational beneficence is supplemented by two other duties of assistance: a humanitarian duty directed at strangers that obligates us collectively, and a remedial duty for those responsible to repair the effects of their unjust actions. When combined, the three duties of assistance distribute the demandingness of need in a more humane and morally responsive way, at times with the support of juridical institutions that take on some of the moral labor.
PC Problems
Authors: McCain Kevin , Moretti Luca
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides grounds for thinking that PC is insufficient even as a theory of non-inferential justification. Two primary problems are raised for PC. First, PC needs an account of epistemic defeat. PC includes a “no-defeater” condition. However, it is shown that once one tries to get clear on the nature of defeat and how defeaters work within the framework of PC, it becomes apparent that one needs to appeal to something more than just the comparative strength of various seemings. Second, it is argued that PC falls prey to the problem of reflective awareness. If one reflects on one’s seemings, one’s justification deriving solely from them is destroyed. So, it seems that satisfying some condition other than PC is required for reflective agents to have stable non-inferential justification. It is also shown, however, that an unexpected consequence of the problem of reflective awareness is that PC is not really subject to bootstrapping problems.
Phenomenal Explanationism vs Conservatism
Authors: McCain Kevin , Moretti Luca
Published: November 2021

This chapter situates PE within the context of the broader debate between Epistemic Liberalism (which holds, roughly, that it is reasonable to grant that things are the way they appear to be unless there is reason for doubting it) and Epistemic Conservatism (the view that, roughly, it is not reasonable to grant that things are the way they appear to be unless there is independent reason to think that the appearances are reliable). PE is squarely within the Liberal camp. Therefore, after explaining some of the primary elements of Liberal/Conservative debate in epistemology, two of the primary challenges faced by Liberal views like PE are examined. The first is, again, the problem of bootstrapping, which any theory that allows for immediate justification seems to run into. The second is White’s Bayesian objection to PC (introduced in Chapter 1), according to which Liberalism, and so PE, is flawed because it is incompatible with probabilistic reasoning. It is shown that PE is not troubled by these challenges. The upshot of the chapter is that Liberalism, when exemplified in PE, is victorious over Conservatism.