bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Book Reviews
Authors: Bala Sruti , Acworth Jami Leigh
Published: July 2014

Wenn die Burka plötzlich fliegt. Einblicke in die Arbeit mit dem Theater der Unterdrückten in Afghanistan. [When the Burqa is Suddenly Bared: Insights from Working with the Theatre of the Oppressed in Afghanistan] by Hjalmar Jorge Joffre-Eichhorn (2013) Stuttgart: Ibidem Verlag, Berliner Schriften zum Theater der Unterdrückten, Vol. 5, 220 pp. ISBN: 9 7838 3820 4727.

Shakespeare Saved My Life: Ten Years in Solitary with the Bard (2013), by Laura Bates (2012) Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, ISBN 1 3978 1402 2731 48, US$14.99
Rotor-Dynamic Characteristic Evaluation of Interior Permanent Magnet Motor using Finite Element Method
Authors: Alam Hilman Syaeful , Irasari Pudji
Published: July 2014

Dynamic characteristics of a critical speed of the rotor components at interior permanent magnet motor were evaluated using one-dimensional (1D) and three-dimensional (3D) finite element methods. Critical speed of the rotor wasinvestigated in the Campbell diagram, which shows the relationship between natural frequency and rotational velocity of the system when the motor is not in operation. The 1D finite element analysis shows that there are two modes which are close to the design frequency of 300 Hz i.e. mode 1 and 2. However the critical rotational velocity in both modes are still far above the maximum velocity design of 6,000 rpm. Validation using 3D finite element analysis demonstrated that all modes were still above the designed frequency and did not find any critical speed below 6,000 rpm. It can be concluded that the critical speed of the rotor of IPM motor is still outside the system resonance region, and can be operated safely.
A Trajectory Generation Method Based on Edge Detection for Auto-Sealant Cartesian Robot
Authors: Maarif Eka Samsul , Pitowarno Endra , Widodo Rusminto Tjatur
Published: July 2014

This paper presents algorithm ingenerating trajectory for sealant process using captured image. Cartesian robot as auto-sealant in manufacturing process has increased productivity, reduces human error and saves time. But, different sealant path in many engine models means not only different trajectory but also different program. Therefore robot with detection ability to generate its own trajectory is needed. This paper describes best lighting technique in capturing image and applies edge detection in trajectory generation as the solution. The algorithm comprises image capturing, Canny edge detection, integral projection in localizing outer most edge, scanning coordinates, and generating vector direction codes. The experiment results show that the best technique is diffuse lighting at 10 Cd. The developed method gives connected point to point trajectory which forms sealant path with a point to next point distance is equal to 90° motor rotation. Directional movement for point to point trajectory is controlled by generated codes which are ready to be sent by serial communication to robot controller as instruction for motors which actuate axes X and Y directions.
Distributed Control System Design for Portable PC Based CNC Machine
Authors: Saputra Roni Permana , Atmaja Tinton Dwi , Prawara Budi
Published: July 2014

The demand on automated machining has been increased and emerges improvement research to achieve many goals such as portability, low cost manufacturability, interoperability, and simplicity in machine usage. These improvements are conducted without ignoring the performance analysis and usability evaluation. This research has designed a distributed control system in purpose to control a portable CNC machine. The design consists of main processing unit, secondary processing unit, motor control, and motor driver. A preliminary simulation has been conducted for performance analysis including linear accuracy and circular accuracy. The results achieved in the simulation provide linear accuracy up to 2 μm with total cost for the whole processing unit is up to 5 million IDR.
The Influence of Injection Timing on Performance Characteristics of Diesel Engine Using Jatropha Biodiesel with and without Partial Hydrogenation
Authors: Fajar Rizqon , Setiapraja Hari
Published: July 2014

Experimental research has been conducted to investigate the effects of blend of hydrogenated and unhydrogenated Jatropha biodiesel with diesel fuel in volume ratio of 30:70 (B30) on combustion characteristics (BSFC, thermal efficiency and smoke emission) of single cylinder diesel engine. In this experiment, engine speed was kept constant at 1,500, 2,500, and 3,500 rpm with maximum engine load at BMEP 5 bar and injection timings were varied. Experimental result showed that at engine speed 1,500 rpm, BSFC of B30 hydrogenated and unhydrogenated Jatropha biodiesel were higher than it of diesel fuel at all injection timings (10° to 18° BTDC). At the same condition, partial hydrogenated Jatropha biodiesel showed higher BSFC than unhydrogenated Jatropha biodiesel. However, the difference in BSFC became smaller for all fuels at engine speed 2,500 rpm and 3,500 rpm at all injection timing. Jatropha biodiesel with and without partial hydrogenation tend to have higher thermal efficiency compared with diesel fuel at all engine speed and injection timing. The best injection timings to operate B30 Jatropha biodiesel with and without hydrogenation were 14°, 18° and 24° BTDC at engine speed 1,500, 2,500, and 3,500 rpm respectively. This conclusion was deduced based on the minimum value of BSFC and the maximum value of thermal efficiency. Smoke emissions for all fuels were in the same level for all conditions.
Experimental Investigation of 2nd Generation Bioethanol Derived from Empty-fruit-bunch (EFB) of Oil-palm on Performance and Exhaust Emission of SI Engine
Authors: Putrasari Yanuandri , Abimanyu Haznan , Praptijanto Achmad , Nur Arifin , Irawan Yan , Simanungkalit Sabar Pangihutan
Published: July 2014

The experimental investigation of 2nd generation bioethanol derived from EFB of oil-palm blended with gasoline for 10, 20, 25% by volume and pure gasoline were conducted on performance and exhaust emission tests of SI engine. A four stroke, four cylinders, programmed fuel injection (PGMFI), 16 valves variable valve timing and electronic lift control (VTEC), single overhead camshaft (SOHC), and 1,497 cm3 SI engine (Honda/L15A) was used in this investigation. Engine performance test was carried out for brake torque, power, and fuel consumption. The exhaust emission was analyzed for carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC). The engine was operated on speed range from1,500 until 4,500 rev/min with 85% throttle opening position. The results showed that the highest brake torque of bioethanol blends achieved by 10% bioethanol content at 3,000 to 4,500 rpm, the brake power was greater than pure gasoline at 3,500 to 4,500 rpm for 10% bioethanol, and bioethanol-gasoline blends of 10 and 20% resulted greater bsfc than pure gasoline at low speed from 1,500 to 3,500 rpm. The trend of CO and HC emissions tended to decrease when the engine speed increased.
Estrategias identitarias de los emigrantes canarios retornados de Venezuela
Authors: Buraschi Daniel
Published: July 2014

Los emigrantes canarios retornados de Venezuelason sujetos que por su trayectoria migratoria se encuentran en unhorizonte cultural en el cual confluyen elementos propios de tresculturas: la cultura canaria que habían abandonado, elementos delhorizonte cultural venezolano en donde han vivido y elementos dela sociedad canaria actual a la cual regresan. En este artículo sepresentan los resultados de una investigación sobre las estrategiasidentitarias llevadas a cabo por los emigrantes retornados de Venezuela residentes en Tenerife con el objetivo de generar una tipología sistemática de las mismas y estudiar las interacciones a través de las cuales estos emigrantes construyen y reconstruyen sus identidades culturales a lo largo de su trayectoria migratoria.En este análisis se ha seguido el esquema metodológico propiode la teoría fundamentada, es decir, una estrategia inductiva deanálisis cualitativo. El resultado final de esta investigación ha sidola identificación y categorización de dos procesos sociales básicosrelacionados con las dinámicas identitarias: las estrategias pragmáticas y las estrategias ontológicas.
Análisis de resoluciones judiciales sobre violencia en la pareja en la población migrante y española en Almería y Murcia (2005-2010)
Authors: Rodríguez Martínez Pilar , Cuenca Piqueras Cristina
Published: July 2014

En este artículo llevamos a cabo una comparaciónde la incidencia de la violencia en la pareja entre poblaciones migrantesy autóctonas, del perfil socio-demográfico de agresores yvíctimas, de los delitos por los que se condena, de las circunstanciasespecíficas de los agresores, los lugares y testigos, que aparecenreflejados en las sentencias judiciales sobre violencia en la parejaentre la población migrante y española en el sureste español (Almeríay Murcia) desde el año 2005 al 2010. La conclusión generaldel estudio es que las resoluciones judiciales reflejan y amplificanla violencia en la pareja que se produce entre las poblaciones migrantesen comparación con la que se produce entre la poblaciónautóctona.
Conocer al vecino, juntar mundos: la comunidad marroquí en Valladolid
Authors: Ares Mateo S.J. Alberto
Published: July 2014

La inmigración es un fenómeno global que incide yse vive de forma especial cuando se produce en comunidades consideradas homogéneas en los elementos identitarios que las definen y que en breve tiempo se convierten en comunidades de acogida interrogadas en sus valores sociales, culturales, religiosos, ideológicos y políticos. Este trabajo presenta la incorporación de la comunidad marroquí a la ciudad de Valladolid, analizando su proceso que va desde el conocimiento de sus lugares de origen y las motivaciones para la salida, a la llegada y las características de la convivencia entre las comunidades autóctona y alóctona, su interacción recíproca, muchas veces presidida por el recelo que genera el mutuo desconocimiento. El resultado de este análisis permite percibir la incidencia de actitudes que pueden suponer una vulneración en el grado de disfrute de derechos humanos.
CONTRIBUIÇÕES GERAIS PARA O TRABALHO PEDAGÓGICO EM SALAS MULTISSERIADAS
Authors: Martins Lígia Márcia , Marsiglia Ana Carolina Galvão
Published: July 2014

Este texto apresenta uma reflexão sobre a organização do trabalho pedagógico em salas multisseriadas de forma a contribuir no enfrentamento de problemas centrais da Educação do Campo e da escola pública em geral. Situamos e problematizamos historicamente a seriação escolar para, em seguida, discutir o reflexo do planejamento de ensino (horizontal e vertical), da grupalização dos alunos (estabelecendo distinções entre grupo e agrupamento) e da necessária grupalização sobre a promoção da aprendizagem. Visamos fornecer elementos que suscitem análises acerca da normatização das salas seriadas, apontando que nelas, tanto quanto em salas multisseriadas, existem possibilidades e limites para a prática pedagógica. Nesse sentido, registramos o convite para que os professores operem na direção da superação dos limites por meio da otimização das possibilidades concretas com as quais se deparam, em especial, naquilo que se refere às salas multisseriadas que são, neste texto, o foco de nossa atenção.http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v25i1.2725
O DESENVOLVIMENTO DA ATENÇÃO COMO OBJETO DE ESTUDO: CONTRIBUIÇÕES DO ENFOQUE HISTÓRICO-CULTURAL
Authors: Leite Hilusca Alves , Souza Marilene Proença Rebello de
Published: July 2014

Buscamos conhecer como o desenvolvimento da função psicológica atenção tem sido compreendido no âmbito científico. Para tal realizamos um estudo bibliográfico nos campos da Saúde, Saúde Mental e da Educação. O levantamento priorizou bases de dados dessas áreas: Medline, Lilacs e SciELO, no período compreendido entre 1990 e 2012. Os resultados encontrados evidenciam um número muito superior de artigos que se propõem a tratar do desenvolvimento da atenção pela sua ausência, constituindo-se em patologia denominada Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção. Mesmo os que se propõem a discutir o desenvolvimento da atenção o fazem, em sua maioria, com a intenção de delimitar períodos para que tal desenvolvimento seja atingido. Os artigos retomam o debate entre as causas para o não aprender, ora consideradas como questões de origem biológica e genética, ora produzida socialmente nas relações escolares. Recorremos à Psicologia Histórico-Cultural para debater os dados encontrados na referida pesquisa.http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v25i1.2729
TDAH E MEDICALIZAÇÃO: CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE OS SENTIDOS E SIGNIFICADOS DOS SINTOMAS APRESENTADOS POR CRIANÇAS DIAGNOSTICADAS
Authors: Schicotti Rosana Vera de Oliveira , Abrão Jorge Luis Ferreira , Gouveia Júnior Sérgio Augusto
Published: July 2014

O presente trabalho é uma reflexão acerca do diagnóstico do Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH), suas relações com o processo de medicalização e os sentidos e significados apreendidos em três casos de crianças diagnosticadas com esse transtorno em uma pesquisa de doutorado cujo objetivo principal foi compreender os significados da sintomatologia do TDAH. Trabalhamos com o modelo de pesquisa qualitativa, fundamentado na psicanálise, e realizamos o psicodiagnóstico de três crianças que foram encaminhadas para atendimento psicológico. A pesquisa constatou que as crianças tiveram poucas experiências de continência e tolerância à frustração. No tocante à dimensão escolar, ficou evidenciado o quanto a escola utiliza a lógica medicalizante para solucionar os problemas encontrados com suas crianças. A variedade das manifestações sintomáticas e das dinâmicas psíquicas apresentadas pelos casos estudados, revelaram as fragilidades e incongruências do referido diagnóstico.http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v25i1.2731
PUXANDO O TAPETE DA MEDICALIZAÇÃO DO ENSINO: UMA OUTRA EDUCAÇÃO É POSSÍVEL
Authors: Souza Beatriz De Paula
Published: July 2014

A partir de um conto ilustrativo, este artigo discute a medicalização do ensino. O recorte escolhido para isto é o modelo de escola hegemônico e os caminhos pelos quais este oferece solo fértil para tal fenômeno. Tendo o materialismo histórico como referencial teórico, este modelo tem sua naturalização desconstruída pelo desvelamento de suas raízes históricas e seus desencontros com o modo de vida e produção contemporâneos. Por fim, experiências educacionais não medicalizantes são apresentadas.http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v25i1.2733
MEDICALIZAÇÃO E PATOLOGIZAÇÃO DA VIDA: SITUAÇÃO DAS INFÂNCIAS NA AMÉRICA LATINA
Authors: Untoiglich Gisela
Published: July 2014

Este trabalho é parte de uma ação conjunta que vimos realizando no Forum Infâncias, da Argentina, no Fórum sobre Medicalização da Educação e da Sociedade, do Brasil e em outras organizações preocupadas com o aumento, nos últimos anos, da patologização e da medicalização da vida, com especial ênfase na infância, posto que consideramos que esta é uma etapa das mais vulneráveis da vida do sujeito. Será apresentado um levantamento em diferentes países da América Latina, com suas diversas leis, decretos e projetos que promovem efeitos patologizantes na vida das pessoas. O artigo apresenta, ainda, um recorte de um caso clínico para exemplificar a problemática em discussão. Entendemos que os problemas de aprendizagem e comportamento, cuja prevalência cresce cada vez mais na infância, devem ser compreendidos como produto de uma sociedade que propicia modos de viver cada vez mais competitivos, produtivistas e direcionados ao consumo, e não como questões individuais, de origem biológica.http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v25i1.2743
ATENÇÃO NÃO NASCE PRONTA: O DESENVOLVIMENTO DA ATENÇÃO VOLUNTÁRIA COMO ALTERNATIVA À MEDICALIZAÇÃO
Authors: Eidt Nadia Mara , Tuleski Silvana Calvo , Franco Adriana de Fátima
Published: July 2014

O artigo apresenta uma contraposição às concepções hegemônicas que sustentam a existência dos transtornos de aprendizagem como o TDAH (Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade), como eminentemente orgânico, bem como ao tratamento medicamentoso. Com base em estudos sobre a periodização do desenvolvimento dos autores da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural, ao analisarmos como se constitui a atenção voluntária, demonstramos que ela depende da mediação de instrumentos e signos desde o nascimento da pessoa. Por fim, destacamos a necessidade de compreender o fenômeno da não aprendizagem a partir das condições concretas de vida e o papel da educação da atenção nesse processo.http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v25i1.2759
Scarcity Polarizes Preferences: The Impact on Choice among Multiple Items in a Product Class
Authors: Zhu Meng , Ratner Rebecca K.
Published: July 2014

This research examines how the salience of scarcity influences choices of individual items from a product class. The authors propose that overall perception of scarcity versus overall perception of abundance increases choice share of the most-preferred item from a product class. They argue that this phenomenon occurs because scarcity induces arousal and the heightened arousal polarizes the evaluations of individual items contained in the choice set. The results from five experiments show that scarcity versus abundance broadens the discrepancy between the liking of the favorite and nonfavorite items and leads to a greater choice share of the favorite item. The findings provide support for the arousal-based explanation, showing that the effect of scarcity salience on choices is mediated by consumers’ reported arousal level and moderated by an experimentally induced arousal state.
When Companies Do Good, Are Their Products Good for You? How Corporate Social Responsibility Creates a Health Halo
Authors: Peloza John , Ye Christine , Montford William J.
Published: July 2014

Research has demonstrated that consumers frequently engage in inference making when evaluating food products. These inferences can be highly inaccurate, leading to unintended, unhealthy consumer choices. Previous research has examined the role of inference making in consumption settings from either an inter- or intra-attribute perspective. The current research highlights extra-attribute inferences, in which consumers use corporate-level information to make inferences about product-level attributes. Across four studies, the authors demonstrate the existence of a health halo resulting from corporate social responsibility activities. When consumers evaluate food products marketed by firms with strong corporate social responsibility reputations, they underestimate the calorie content. Furthermore, the authors show that this calorie underestimation can lead to overconsumption by consumers.
Human inhalation exposure to iron oxide particles
Authors: Lewinski Nastassja , Graczyk Halshka , Riediker Michael
Published: July 2014

In the past decade, many studies have been conducted to determine the health effects induced by exposure to engineered nanomaterials (NMs). Specifically for exposure via inhalation, numerous in vitro and animal in vivo inhalation toxicity studies on several types of NMs have been published. However, these results are not easily extrapolated to judge the effects of inhaling NMs in humans, and few published studies on the human response to inhalation of NMs exist. Given the emergence of more industries utilizing iron oxide nanoparticles as well as more nanomedicine applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), this review presents an overview of the inhalation studies that have been conducted in humans on iron oxides. Both occupational exposure studies on complex iron oxide dusts and fumes, as well as human clinical studies on aerosolized, micron-size iron oxide particles are discussed. Iron oxide particles have not been described to elicit acute inhalation response nor promote lung disease after chronic exposure. The few human clinical studies comparing inhalation of fine and ultrafine metal oxide particles report no acute changes in the health parameters measured. Taken together existing evidence suggests that controlled human exposure to iron oxide nanoparticles, such as SPIONs, could be conducted safely.
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation with Effective Utilization of Polling Interval over WDM/TDM PON
Authors: Ni Cuiping , Gan Chaoqin , Gao Ziyue
Published: July 2014

WDM/TDM (wavelength-division multiplexing/time-division multiplexing) PON (passive optical network) appears to be an attractive solution for the next generation optical access networks. Dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) plays a crucial role in efficiently and fairly allocating the bandwidth among all users in WDM/TDM PON. In this paper, two dynamic bandwidth allocation schemes (DBA1 and DBA2) are proposed to eliminate the idle time of polling cycles (i.e. polling interval), improve bandwidth utilization and make full use of bandwidth resources. The two DBA schemes adjust the time slot of sending request information and make fair scheduling among users to achieve the effective utilization of polling interval in WDM/TDM PON. The simulation and theoretical analyses verify that the proposed schemes outperform the conventional DBA scheme. We also make comparisons between the two schemes in terms of bandwidth utilization and average packet delay to further demonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme of DBA2.
What Happens When Growth Hormone is Discontinued at Completion of Growth? Metabolic Aspects
Authors: Johannsson Gudmundur
Published: July 2014

Continuing growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in patients with childhood-onset GH deficiency (GHD) that persists into adulthood is an emerging issue. The prospective, long-term metabolic consequences of discontinuing GH therapy in adolescent patients with childhood-onset GHD and short stature have only recently been reported. These studies demonstrate that serum concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apolipoprotein В are higher in adolescents in whom severe GHD continues into adulthood. Upon discontinuation of GH therapy, serum concentrations of high-density lipoproteincholesterol have been found to decrease in patients with severe GHD and increase in patients regarded as GH sufficient when retested for GHD. Furthermore, total body fat and truncal fat mass increase after discontinuation of GH in both these patient groups, but more markedly in the patients with severe GHD. In adolescents with severe GHD persisting into adulthood, the discontinuation of GH therapy produces, over a period of 2 years, the accumulation of important cardiovascular risk factors that are associated with GHD in adults. Continuing replacement therapy into adulthood should therefore be considered.
Growth Hormone Deficiency and Peak Bone Mass
Authors: Bouillon Roger , Prodonova Albena
Published: July 2014

In order to define the relationship between growth hormone (GH) and peak bone mass, and the importance of the role played by GH in reaching optimal peak bone mass, several questions, discussed in this article, have first to be answered. Although the answers to some of these questions are already becoming apparent, some await the findings of further research. It is doubtful whether the results of these studies, which by definition should be long-term because of the long lag between the end of linear growth and the attainment of peak bone mass, will soon be available. In the absence of evidence-based medicine one can, however, conclude that longterm GH replacement therapy for GH deficiency in adults has no deleterious effects on bone. Indeed, despite an increase in bone turnover and an increase in remodeling space, bone mineral density and bone mineral content have been shown to increase slowly over time and to the same degree in both controlled and uncontrolled studies.
Evidence-Based Approach to Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy in Adults, with Special Emphasis on Body Composition
Authors: Conceicao Flavia Lucia , Lunde Jorgensen Jens Otto , Vahl Nina , Norrelund Helene , Sandahl Christiansen Jens
Published: July 2014

In the past decade, a large number of controlled clinical trials have reported positive effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in GH-deficient adults. The majority of these studies have been carried out in accordance with the guidelines for Good Clinical Practice. The data thus accumulated offer a solid baseline for practicing evidence-based medicine within this area of endocrinology
Emergence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children: Epidemiological Evidence
Authors: Fagot-Campagna Anne
Published: July 2014

There have been numerous recent reports of case series of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in American Indian, African-American, Hispanic, Asian-American and white children from North America. A similar phenomenon has also been described in several other countries. Prevalence and incidence estimates vary depending on the age and ethnicity of the population, but it is estimated that type 2 DM represents 8-45% of patients with DM currently diagnosed in large US pediatric centers; however, this is likely to be an underestimation and incidence is probably rising. The young patients diagnosed with type 2 DM in the USA were generally overweight, had a strong family history of type 2 DM and often had signs of insulin resistance. The majority belonged to ethnic groups at high risk for type 2 DM. More girls than boys were diagnosed. The few data on follow-up available suggest a high prevalence of microvascular and macrovascular complications among young adults who developed type 2 DM during childhood. Type 2 DM in children has recently been recognized as a potential public health problem in North America. As obesity is currently on the increase in several industrialized or industrializing countries, a similar increase in type 2 DM in children may soon emerge worldwide, and this will require preventative measures.
Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Silverstein Janet H. , Rosenbloom Arlan L.
Published: July 2014

The treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is directed at decreasing insulin resistance and increasing insulin secretion. α-Glucosidase inhibitors slow carbohydrate absorption, resulting in reduced postprandial hyperglycemia; thiazolidinediones increase insulin sensitivity, especially in muscle and adipocytes; metformin decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis; sulfonylureas result in prolonged increases in insulin secretion; and meglitinide causes rapid, short-lived increases in insulin secretion. A survey of 130 pediatric endocrinology practices in the USA and Canada indicated that 48% of children with type 2 DM were treated with insulin and 44% with one or more oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA). Of those treated with OHA, 71% received metformin, 46% sulfonylureas, 9% thiazolidinediones and 4% meglitinide. Similarly, in the three university-based diabetes centers in Florida, 50% of the children with type 2 DM were treated with OHA. Treatment is based on symptoms at presentation. Patients identified on routine testing are often treated with exercise and diet alone. Those who are mildly symptomatic at onset are often started on OHA. Patients with substantial ketosis, ketoacidosis or markedly elevated blood glucose levels are initially treated with insulin, followed by a tapering of the dose and the addition of an OHA after blood glucose control is established and symptoms subside. There are no studies of the efficacy or compliance with treatment for type 2 DM in adolescents. Treatment is currently based on the clinical experience with adults. Controlled clinical trials in children are essential.
Estrogen Treatment and Estrogen Suppression: Metabolic Effects in Adolescence
Authors: Mauras Nelly , Hayes Valerie , O’Brien Kimberly O.
Published: July 2014

The metabolic consequences of reaching full reproductive maturity in humans involve not only growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I, but also the collaborative interaction of the gonadal sex steroids. Estrogen is critical for completing linear growth. It also inhibits bone resorption, decreases plasma lipid levels and serves as an antiatherosclerotic agent. Our studies show that, in low doses, estrogen increases GH production, increases calcium absorption and decreases bone turnover; however, unlike testosterone, estrogen has no effects as a protein-anabolic agent, at least at the whole body level. Studies of selective estrogen suppression, achieved using a potent aromatase inhibitor, show that estrogen is the main regulator of the gonadotropin axis. In boys, selective aromatase blockade may have a role in delaying epiphyseal fusion. Large placebo-controlled trials will be required to study this effect further.
Comparative Mapping Between Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Three Other Salmonids Suggests a Role for Chromosomal Rearrangements in the Retention of Duplicated Regions Following a Whole Genome Duplication Event
Authors: Kodama Miyako , Brieuc Marine S O , Devlin Robert H , Hard Jeffrey J , Naish Kerry A
Published: July 2014

Whole genome duplication has been implicated in evolutionary innovation and rapid diversification. In salmonid fishes, however, whole genome duplication significantly pre-dates major transitions across the family, and re-diploidization has been a gradual process between genomes that have remained essentially collinear. Nevertheless, pairs of duplicated chromosome arms have diverged at different rates from each other, suggesting that the retention of duplicated regions through occasional pairing between homeologous chromosomes may have played an evolutionary role across species pairs. Extensive chromosomal arm rearrangements have been a key mechanism involved in re-dipliodization of the salmonid genome; therefore, we investigated their influence on degree of differentiation between homeologs across salmon species. We derived a linkage map for coho salmon and performed comparative mapping across syntenic arms within the genus Oncorhynchus, and with the genus Salmo, to determine the phylogenetic relationship between chromosome arrangements and the retention of undifferentiated duplicated regions. A 6596.7 cM female coho salmon map, comprising 30 linkage groups with 7415 and 1266 nonduplicated and duplicated loci, respectively, revealed uneven distribution of duplicated loci along and between chromosome arms. These duplicated regions were conserved across syntenic arms across Oncorhynchus species and were identified in metacentric chromosomes likely formed ancestrally to the divergence of Oncorhynchus from Salmo. These findings support previous studies in which observed pairings involved at least one metacentric chromosome. Re-diploidization in salmon may have been prevented or retarded by the formation of metacentric chromosomes after the whole genome duplication event and may explain lineage-specific innovations in salmon species if functional genes are found in these regions.
Position Effect Variegation and Viability Are Both Sensitive to Dosage of Constitutive Heterochromatin inDrosophila
Authors: Berloco Maria , Palumbo Gioacchino , Piacentini Lucia , Pimpinelli Sergio , Fanti Laura
Published: July 2014

The dosage effect of Y-chromosome heterochromatin on suppression of position effect variegation (PEV) has long been well-known in Drosophila. The phenotypic effects of increasing the overall dosage of Y heterochromatin have also been demonstrated; hyperploidy of the Y chromosome produces male sterility and many somatic defects including variegation and abnormal legs and wings. This work addresses whether the suppression of position effect variegation (PEV) is a general feature of the heterochromatin (independent of the chromosome of origin) and whether a hyperdosage of heterochromatin can affect viability. The results show that the suppression of PEV is a general feature of any type of constitutive heterochromatin and that the intensity of suppression depends on its amount instead of some mappable factor on it. We also describe a clear dosage effect of Y heterochromatin on the viability of otherwise wild-type embryos and the modification of that effect by a specific gene mutation. Together, our results indicate that the correct balance between heterochromatin and euchromatin is essential for the normal genome expression and that this balance is genetically controlled.
DNA Helicase HIM-6/BLM Both Promotes MutSγ-Dependent Crossovers and Antagonizes MutSγ-Independent Interhomolog Associations During Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis
Authors: Schvarzstein Mara , Pattabiraman Divya , Libuda Diana E , Ramadugu Ajit , Tam Angela , Martinez-Perez Enrique , Roelens Baptiste , Zawadzki Karl A , Yokoo Rayka , Rosu Simona , Severson Aaron F , Meyer Barbara J , Nabeshima Kentaro , Villeneuve Anne M
Published: July 2014

Meiotic recombination is initiated by the programmed induction of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs), lesions that pose a potential threat to the genome. A subset of the DSBs induced during meiotic prophase become designated to be repaired by a pathway that specifically yields interhomolog crossovers (COs), which mature into chiasmata that temporarily connect the homologs to ensure their proper segregation at meiosis I. The remaining DSBs must be repaired by other mechanisms to restore genomic integrity prior to the meiotic divisions. Here we show that HIM-6, the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of the RecQ family DNA helicase BLM, functions in both of these processes. We show that him-6 mutants are competent to load the MutSγ complex at multiple potential CO sites, to generate intermediates that fulfill the requirements of monitoring mechanisms that enable meiotic progression, and to accomplish and robustly regulate CO designation. However, recombination events at a subset of CO-designated sites fail to mature into COs and chiasmata, indicating a pro-CO role for HIM-6/BLM that manifests itself late in the CO pathway. Moreover, we find that in addition to promoting COs, HIM-6 plays a role in eliminating and/or preventing the formation of persistent MutSγ-independent associations between homologous chromosomes. We propose that HIM-6/BLM enforces biased outcomes of recombination events to ensure that both (a) CO-designated recombination intermediates are reliably resolved as COs and (b) other recombination intermediates reliably mature into noncrossovers in a timely manner.
Microscopic Analysis of Organic Solar Cells by Simultaneous Measurements of ESR and Device Performance
Authors: Marumoto Kazuhiro , Nagamori Tatsuya , Yabusaki Masaki
Published: July 2014

Light-induced electron spin resonance (LESR) study of polymer solar cells has been performed to investigate accumulated hole carriers in these devices under device operation. We analyzed clear correlation between the number of accumulated holes in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) evaluated by LESR and the deterioration of device performance (Voc, Jsc) observed using the same device under simulated solar irradiation. The effects of hole accumulation with deep trapping levels formed in P3HT at the organic interfaces on the performance are examined by considering interfacial electric dipole layers and charge-carrier scattering by accumulated holes.
Effect of Annealing on Microstructure in (Doped and Undoped) Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Films
Authors: Beyer W. , Hilgers W. , Lennartz D. , Maier F.C. , Nickel N.H. , Pennartz F. , Prunici P.
Published: July 2014

Laser heating and annealing of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) films is of interest for improved material properties. Due to the variety of possible laser treatments with regard to wavelength, pulse duration, scan time etc., the definition of laser impact on the material is a challenge which we try to approach by comparing properties of laser and oven treated materials. Here we report on the effect of oven heat treatment (up to TA= 575°C) on microstructure and hydrogen content of hydrogenated amorphous silicon films, as detected by measurements of infrared absorption and of effusion of hydrogen as well as of implanted helium. The latter technique has been found to measure isolated voids (cavities) of the size of silicon divacancies and larger. Undoped as well as phosphorus and boron doped plasma-deposited a-Si:H films of various hydrogen content (< 15 at.%) were investigated, including undoped device grade a-Si:H. The results show little indication for void-related microstructure in the as-deposited and annealed state for material with a concentration of silicon bonded hydrogen below 5 at. %. At higher hydrogen concentration, evidence is found that hydrogen out-diffusion due to annealing causes isolated voids in concentrations up to about 1020 cm-3. A possible mechanism for the annealing induced (micro-)void generation is discussed.
Defect Management of High Efficiency Multijunction, Space and Concentrator Solar Cells
Authors: Yamaguchi Masafumi , Kojima Nobuaki , Ikeda Kazuma , Ohshita Yoshio
Published: July 2014

III-V compound multi-junction solar cells have high efficiency potential of more than 50% due to wide photo response, while limiting efficiencies of single-junction solar cells are 31-32%. In order to realize high efficiency III-V compound multi-junction solar cells, understanding and controlling imperfections (defects) are very important. This paper reviews fundamentals of defects and defect management for III-V compound materials, single-junction, multi-junction, space and concentrator solar cells.
Increased sensitivity in a-SiC pinpin multilayers in the VIS-NIR range under UV light
Authors: Silva V. , Rodrigues I. , Vieira M. A , Louro P. , Vieira M.
Published: July 2014

In this paper we experimentally demonstrate the use of near-ultraviolet steady state illumination to increase the spectral sensitivity of a double a-SiC/Si pi’n/pin photodiode beyond the visible spectrum (400 nm-880 nm). The concept is extended to implement a one by four wavelength division multiplexer with channel separation in the visible/near infrared range. Optoelectronic characterization of the device is presented and shows the feasibility of tailoring the wavelength and bandwidth of a polychromatic mixture. Several monochromatic pulsed lights in the VIS/NIR range, separately or in a polychromatic mixture illuminated the device. Independent tuning of the wavelengths is performed by steady state 390 nm optical bias superimposed from front and back sides. Results show that, front background enhances the light-to-dark sensitivity of the medium, long and infrared wavelength channels, and quench strongly the shorter wavelengths. Back background has the opposite effect; it only enhances the channel magnitude in short wavelength range and strongly reduces it in the long ones. This nonlinearity provides the possibility for selective tuning a specific wavelength. A capacitive optoelectronic model supports the experimental results. A numerical simulation is presented.
Optical Characterization of Si Nanowires: Dependence with Substrate Orientation and Light Polarization
Authors: Badán Juan A. , Marotti Ricardo E. , Dalchiele Enrique A. , Ariosa Daniel , Martín Francisco , Leinen Dietmar , Ramos-Barrado José R.
Published: July 2014

Optical properties of Si nanowire arrays (SiNWs) prepared on p-doped Si(111) and Si(100) substrates are studied. The SiNWs were synthesized by self-assembly electroless metal deposition nanoelectrochemistry in an ionic silver HF solution through selective etching. Total reflectance (Rt) and total diffuse reflectance (Rdt) of SiNWs change drastically in comparison to polished Si. To understand these changes diffuse reflectance (Rd) with polarized incident light was studied. For samples prepared on Si(111), the wavelength integrated Rd (wIRd) shows maxima at certain angle of incidence θ and it does not depend on light polarization. Moreover, Rdt of SiNWs prepared on Si(111) can be modeled as an ensemble of diffuse reflectors. For samples prepared on Si(100) wIRd increases with θ, being greater when the light electric field is parallel to the plane of incidence. Also, Rd spectra show structures due to interference effects. For these reasons SiNWs prepared on Si(100) can be considered as a thin film whose refractive index depends on light polarization.
Exfoliated Clay Nanoplatelets as Gelator and Oxidizing Agent for Ionic Liquid Electrolyte to Enhance Photovoltaic Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Cheng You-Chun , Lee Chia-Hsin , Tsai Chun Kai , Lin King-Fu
Published: July 2014

Exfoliated montmorillonite (exMMT) nanoplatelets are a two-dimensional electrolyte carrying ∼1.78 dissociable monovalent cations per nanometer square. They were fabricated through soap-free emulsion polymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) in the presence of MMT. Because the dissociated exMMTs are anionic, they were not only capable of gelatinizing 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (MPII) ionic liquid-based electrolyte, but also increased the power conversion efficiency of resulting dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) from 6 to 7.77%. Recently, we investigated the ionic conductive mechanism of exMMT-gelled MPII ionic liquid-based electrolyte and found that the exMMTs acted like an oxidizing agent for iodide ions (I-). As exMMTs were mixed with MPII, I-ions readily oxidized to I3-and even to I5-ions by losing the electrons. Consequently, the ionic conductivity was significantly increased due to the fact that I-, I3-, and I5-tended to form redox couples that transported faster by way of the Grothus/exchange reaction process.
Perovskite Based Hybrid Solar Cells with Transparent Carbon Nanotube electrodes
Authors: Mielczarek Kamil , Zakhidov Anvar A.
Published: July 2014

Recently, major advances have been made in electrolytic and solid state DSSCs through the use of perovskite nanocrystals as a sensitizing agent where power conversion efficiencies of over 12% have been realized [1–3]. Moreover the planar DSSC/PV devices with perovskites used as photoactive absorbers sandwiched between selective electron and hole transport layers have demonstrated record performances. Additionally, the uses of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a flexible, transparent, lightweight and robust electrode material have been demonstrated in both DSSC as well as OPV devices. The application of CNTs as a charge collector with perovskite sensitized solid state planar PV and DSSCs is discussed. Performance characteristics of CNTs within perovskite based hybrid OPVs are investigated and the role of CNTs as an efficient charge collector is extended to the inverted geometry.
The Improvement of Dental Composite Properties with Electromagnetically Aligned Nanofiber
Authors: Uyar Tansel , Cokeliler Dilek
Published: July 2014

Because of the aesthetics, handy and low cost features, acrylic resin is the main material in denture fabrication last 40 years. The purpose of this study is to improve mechanical properties of acrylic based dental composites used in dentistry by applying nanofiber approaches. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is commonly used as a base acrylic denture material with benefits of rapid and easy handling but sometime this material can be fractured or cracked in clinical use because of the strength issues that is frequently used in restorative dentistry in recent years. A wide variety of fillers that are used to produce PMMA composites draw the attention in literature. Using PMMA composite resins with electrospun polyvinylalcohol (PVA) nanofiber fillers is our first novelty. Also the producing and using aligned electrospun fibers as a filler is our second novelty of this practice. PVA was selected as composite filler because of biocompatibility and preparing easily also has non-toxic solvent. Electrospinning system is manufactured that allows manipulation of electric field used in the application of alignment in lab scale. Various auxillary electrode systems are used for different patterns of alignment with the manufactured device and electrode systems produce fibers in different range of diameter. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used for physical characterization and determined the range of fiber diameters. After the optimization of concentration step non-woven and aligned fibers are also analyzed. Non-woven fiber has no unique pattern because of the nature of electrospinning but aligned fibers has crossed lines. These produced fibers structured as layer-by-layer form with different features are used in producing PMMA dental composites with different volume ratios. In the last part of the research, PMMA dental composites are produced with aligned and formless fibers that are characterized with three-point bending test. The maximum flexural strength figure shows that fiber load by weight %0.25 and above improves the maximum. The change of flexural strength, elastic modulus values and toughness are obtained and compared with formless and aligned PVA nanofiber included composite specimens. As a result, mechanical properties of PMMA dental composites are improved with using PVA nanofibers as a filler also with the usage of aligned fibers instead of the formless ones the effects of improvement gets better with maximum values as 5.1 MPa (flexural strength), 0.8 GPa (elastic modulus), 170kJ/m3 (toughness).
Phase Transitions in Multiferroic BiFeO3
Authors: Gavriliuk Alexander G. , Struzhkin Viktor , Lyubutin Igor S. , Trojan Ivan A. , Hu Michael Y. , Chow Paul
Published: July 2014

The multiferroic BiFeO3 crystals were studied under high pressures up to 70 GPa created in diamond anvil cells. Electronic, magnetic and structural transformations were found in the region 40-55 GPa. Electronic transition with high-to-low spin crossover of Fe3+ ion, suppression of magnetism and metallization were carefully investigated and documented. All transitions are completely reversible. The proposed theoretical consideration explains some details of the high-pressure magnetic, optical and electronic properties.
Computational Alchemy: The Search for New Superhard Materials
Authors: Teter David M.
Published: July 2014

A central challenge to modern materials science is the rational design and synthesis of new materials possessing exceptional properties. Recent advances in first-principles modeling methods and the availability of increasingly powerful computational resources make this goal increasingly achievable. The strength of these modeling methods lies in their predictive ability. They are able to reproduce the crystal structures and elastic properties of a large class of materials to within 2–3% of experimental values and have predicted a number of phase transitions that have been verified experimentally.

Despite the power of these methods, the process of designing materials from first principles is not usually a straight-forward or simple one. It requires overcoming a number of obstacles, some of them quite formidable. First a calculable figure of merit that correlates well with the desired property must be identified. While this may be straightforward in some cases, in others—such as predicting the ability of a material to isolate radionuclides over million-year time scales—the process of reducing complex properties to a few calculable variables can be rather difficult. Next a promising chemical system and a realistic set of crystal structures must be selected. This is not trivial because predicting the structures that can crystallize in a given system can be exceedingly challenging. However a wide variety of methods are available to aid in the generation of promising structures — comparative crystallography, algorithms based upon the concepts of crystalline nets and close packing, modern alloy theory methods, and simulated annealing strategies being some examples.