bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Depression and Stress after Release from a Tobacco-Free Prison in the United States
Authors: Van den Berg Jacob , Roberts Mary , Bock Beth , Martin Rosemarie , Stein L.A.R. , Parker Donna , McGovern Arthur , Shuford Sarah , Clarke Jennifer
Published: January 2016

Prior research has found high levels of depression and stress among persons who are incarcerated in the United States (U.S.). However, little is known about changes in depression and stress levels among inmates post-incarceration. The aim of this study was to examine changes in levels of depression and stress during and after incarceration in a tobacco-free facility. Questionnaires that included valid and reliable measures of depression and stress were completed by 208 male and female inmates approximately eight weeks before and three weeks after release from a northeastern U.S. prison. Although most inmates improved after prison, 30.8% had a worsening in levels of depression between baseline and the three-week follow-up. In addition, 29.8% had a worsening in levels of stress after release than during incarceration. While it is not surprising that the majority of inmates reported lower levels of depression and stress post-incarceration, a sizable minority had an increase in symptoms, suggesting that environmental stressors may be worse in the community than in prison for some inmates. Further research is needed to address depression and stress levels during and after incarceration in order for inmates to have a healthier transition back into the community and to prevent repeat incarcerations.
Cigarette Smoking and Electronic Cigarettes Use: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wang Meng , Wang Jian-Wei , Cao Shuang-Shuang , Wang Hui-Qin , Hu Ru-Ying
Published: January 2016

Increasing evidence indicates that cigarette smoking is a strong predictor of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) use, particularly in adolescents, yet the effects has not be systematically reviewed and quantified. Relevant studies were retrieved by searching three databases up to June 2015. The meta-analysis results were presented as pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated by a random-effects model. Current smokers were more likely to use e-cigarette currently (OR: 14.89, 95% CI: 7.70–28.78) and the probability was greater in adolescents than in adults (39.13 vs. 7.51). The probability of ever e-cigarettes use was significantly increased in smokers (OR: 14.67, 95% CI: 11.04–19.49). Compared with ever smokers and adults, the probabilities were much greater in current smokers (16.10 vs. 9.47) and adolescents (15.19 vs. 14.30), respectively. Cigarette smoking increases the probability of e-cigarettes use, especially in current smokers and adolescents.
An Extended Semi-Supervised Regression Approach with Co-Training and Geographical Weighted Regression: A Case Study of Housing Prices in Beijing
Authors: Yang Yi , Liu Jiping , Xu Shenghua , Zhao Yangyang
Published: January 2016

This paper proposes an extended semi-supervised regression approach to enhance the prediction accuracy of housing prices within the geographical information science field. The method, referred to as co-training geographical weighted regression (COGWR), aims to fully utilize the positive aspects of both the geographical weighted regression (GWR) method and the semi-supervised learning paradigm. Housing prices in Beijing are assessed to validate the feasibility of the proposed model. The COGWR model demonstrated a better goodness-of-fit than the GWR when housing price data were limited because a COGWR is able to effectively absorb no-price data with explanatory variables into its learning by considering spatial variations and nonstationarity that may introduce significant biases into housing prices. This result demonstrates that a semisupervised geographic weighted regression may be effectively used to predict housing prices.
Obesity and Its Potential Effects on Antidepressant Treatment Outcomes in Patients with Depressive Disorders: A Literature Review
Authors: Woo Young , Seo Hye-Jin , McIntyre Roger , Bahk Won-Myong
Published: January 2016

Accumulating evidence regarding clinical, neurobiological, genetic, and environmental factors suggests a bidirectional link between obesity and depressive disorders. Although a few studies have investigated the link between obesity/excess body weight and the response to antidepressants in depressive disorders, the effect of weight on treatment response remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarized recent data regarding the relationship between the response to antidepressants and obesity/excess body weight in clinical studies of patients with depressive disorders. Although several studies indicated an association between obesity/excess body weight and poor antidepressant responses, it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions due to the variability of subject composition and methodological differences among studies. Especially, differences in sex, age and menopausal status, depressive symptom subtypes, and antidepressants administered may have caused inconsistencies in the results among studies. The relationship between obesity/excess body weight and antidepressant responses should be investigated further in high-powered studies addressing the differential effects on subject characteristics and treatment. Moreover, future research should focus on the roles of mediating factors, such as inflammatory markers and neurocognitive performance, which may alter the antidepressant treatment outcome in patients with comorbid obesity and depressive disorder.
Insights into Mechanisms of Chronic Neurodegeneration
Authors: Diack Abigail , Alibhai James , Barron Rona , Bradford Barry , Piccardo Pedro , Manson Jean
Published: January 2016

Chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and prion diseases are characterised by the accumulation of abnormal conformers of a host encoded protein in the central nervous system. The process leading to neurodegeneration is still poorly defined and thus development of early intervention strategies is challenging. Unique amongst these diseases are Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases, which have the ability to transmit between individuals. The infectious nature of these diseases has permitted in vivo and in vitro modelling of the time course of the disease process in a highly reproducible manner, thus early events can be defined. Recent evidence has demonstrated that the cell-to-cell spread of protein aggregates by a “prion-like mechanism” is common among the protein misfolding diseases. Thus, the TSE models may provide insights into disease mechanisms and testable hypotheses for disease intervention, applicable to a number of these chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
Reversible Human TGF-β Signal Shifting between Tumor Suppression and Fibro-Carcinogenesis: Implications of Smad Phospho-Isoforms for Hepatic Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions
Authors: Yoshida Katsunori , Murata Miki , Yamaguchi Takashi , Matsuzaki Koichi , Okazaki Kazuichi
Published: January 2016

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) are observed during both physiological liver wound healing and the pathological fibrotic/carcinogenic (fibro-carcinogenetic) process. TGF-β and pro-inflammatory cytokine are considered to be the major factors accelerating liver fibrosis and promoting liver carcinogenesis. Smads, consisting of intermediate linker regions connecting Mad homology domains, act as the intracellular mediators of the TGF-β signal transduction pathway. As the TGF-β receptors, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase, differentially phosphorylate Smad2/3, we have generated numerous antibodies against linker (L) and C-terminal (C) phosphorylation sites in Smad2/3 and identified four types of phosphorylated forms: cytostatic COOH-terminally-phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad3C), mitogenic pSmad3L (Ser-213) signaling, fibrogenic pSmad2L (Ser-245/250/255)/C signaling and migratory pSmad2/3L (Thr-220/179)/C signaling. After acute liver injury, TGF-β upregulates pSmad3C signaling and terminates pSmad3L (Ser-213)-mediated hepatocyte proliferation. TGF-β and pro-inflammatory cytokines cooperatively enhance collagen synthesis by upregulating pSmad2L (Thr-220)/C and pSmad3L (Thr-179)/C pathways in activated hepatic stellate cells. During chronic liver injuries, hepatocytes persistently affected by TGF-β and pro-inflammatory cytokines eventually become pre-neoplastic hepatocytes. Both myofibroblasts and pre-neoplastic hepatocyte exhibit the same carcinogenic (mitogenic) pSmad3L (Ser-213) and fibrogenic pSmad2L (Ser-245/250/255)/C signaling, with acquisition of fibro-carcinogenic properties and increasing risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Firstly, we review phospho-Smad-isoform signalings in epithelial and mesenchymal cells in physiological and pathological conditions and then consider Smad linker phosphorylation as a potential target for pathological EMT during human fibro-carcinogenesis, because human Smad phospho-isoform signals can reverse from fibro-carcinogenesis to tumor-suppression in a process of MET after therapy.
9-(4-Hydroxybutyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-3,4,5,6,7,9-hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione
Authors: Navarro Camilo , Sierra Cesar , Ochoa-Puentes Cristian
Published: January 2016

The title compound 9-(4-hydroxybutyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-3,4,5,6,7,9-hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione was synthesized in 72% yield through a simple, convenient and environmentally friendly one-pot reaction between dimedone and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran in aqueous citric acid. Additionally, a plausible reaction mechanism for the formation of the target xanthene is proposed.
Preliminary Investigation of the Process Capabilities of Hydroforging
Authors: Alzahrani Bandar , Ngaile Gracious
Published: January 2016

Hydroforging is a hybrid forming operation whereby a thick tube is formed to a desired geometry by combining forging and hydroforming principles. Through this process hollow structures with high strength-to-weight ratio can be produced for applications in power transmission systems and other structural components that demands high strength-to-weight ratio. In this process, a thick tube is deformed by pressurized fluid contained within the tube using a multi-purpose punch assembly, which is also used to feed tube material into the die cavity. Fluid pressure inside the thick tube is developed by volume change governed by the movement of the punch assembly. In contrast to the conventional tube hydroforming (THF), the hydroforging process presented in this study does not require external supply of pressurized fluid to the deforming tube. To investigate the capability of hydroforging process, an experimental setup was developed and used to hydroforge various geometries. These geometries included hollow flanged vessels, hexagonal flanged parts, and hollow bevel and spur gears.
Cyanobacterial Metabolite Calothrixins: Recent Advances in Synthesis and Biological Evaluation
Authors: Xu Su , Nijampatnam Bhavitavya , Dutta Shilpa , Velu Sadanandan
Published: January 2016

The marine environment is host to unparalleled biological and chemical diversity, making it an attractive resource for the discovery of new therapeutics for a plethora of diseases. Compounds that are extracted from cyanobacteria are of special interest due to their unique structural scaffolds and capacity to produce potent pharmaceutical and biotechnological traits. Calothrixins A and B are two cyanobacterial metabolites with a structural assembly of quinoline, quinone, and indole pharmacophores. This review surveys recent advances in the synthesis and evaluation of the biological activities of calothrixins. Due to the low isolation yields from the marine source and the promise this scaffold holds for anticancer and antimicrobial drugs, organic and medicinal chemists around the world have embarked on developing efficient synthetic routes to produce calothrixins. Since the first review appeared in 2009, 11 novel syntheses of calothrixins have been published in the efforts to develop methods that contain fewer steps and higher-yielding reactions. Calothrixins have shown their potential as topoisomerase I poisons for their cytotoxicity in cancer. They have also been observed to target various aspects of RNA synthesis in bacteria. Further investigation into the exact mechanism for their bioactivity is still required for many of its analogs.
Application of Pre-Column Labeling Liquid Chromatography for Canine Plasma-Free Amino Acid Analysis
Authors: Azuma Kazuo , Hirao Yoshiko , Hayakawa Yoshihiro , Murahata Yusuke , Osaki Tomohiro , Tsuka Takeshi , Imagawa Tomohiro , Okamoto Yoshiharu , Ito Norihiko
Published: January 2016

Plasma-free amino acid (PFAA) levels are a useful metric for diagnosing cancer and providing a prognosis. However, the use of analysis of PFAA levels has been limited in the veterinary medicine field. We addressed the application of liquid chromatography (LC) using a pre-column labeling technique for analysis of canine PFAA levels. This method significantly shortened the analysis time relative to conventional methods. No diurnal fluctuations were detected at 9:00 AM in most PFAA levels, and food intake increased the levels of some PFAAs, including valine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and proline. These results indicate that LC with pre-column labeling is useful for measuring canine PFAA levels, for which time of day and interval after food intake must be taken into consideration.
High Milk-Clotting Activity Expressed by the Newly Isolated Paenibacillus spp. Strain BD3526
Authors: Hang Feng , Liu Peiyi , Wang Qinbo , Han Jin , Wu Zhengjun , Gao Caixia , Liu Zhenmin , Zhang Hao , Chen Wei
Published: January 2016

Paenibacillus spp. BD3526, a bacterium exhibiting a protein hydrolysis circle surrounded with an obvious precipitation zone on skim milk agar, was isolated from raw yak (Bos grunniens) milk collected in Tibet, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA and whole genome sequence comparison indicated the isolate belong to the genus Paenibacillus. The strain BD3526 demonstrated strong ability to produce protease with milk clotting activity (MCA) in wheat bran broth. The protease with MCA was predominantly accumulated during the late-exponential phase of growth. The proteolytic activity (PA) of the BD3526 protease was 1.33-fold higher than that of the commercial R. miehei coagulant. A maximum MCA (6470 ± 281 SU mL−1) of the strain BD3526 was reached under optimal cultivation conditions. The protease with MCA was precipitated from the cultivated supernatant of wheat bran broth with ammonium sulfate and purified by anion-exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of the protease with MCA was determined as 35 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and gelatin zymography. The cleavage site of the BD3526 protease with MCA in κ-casein was located at the Met106–Ala107 bond, as determined by mass spectrometry analysis.
Antibacterial Activity and Antibiotic-Enhancing Effects of Honeybee Venom against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Han Sang , Kim Joung , Hong In , Woo Soon , Kim Se , Jang He , Pak Sok
Published: January 2016

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), along with other antibiotic resistant bacteria, has become a significant social and clinical problem. There is thus an urgent need to develop naturally bioactive compounds as alternatives to the few antibiotics that remain effective. Here we assessed the in vitro activities of bee venom (BV), alone or in combination with ampicillin, penicillin, gentamicin or vancomycin, on growth of MRSA strains. The antimicrobial activity of BV against MRSA strains was investigated using minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) and a time-kill assay. Expression of atl which encodes murein hydrolase, a peptidoglycan-degrading enzyme involved in cell separation, was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The MICs of BV were 0.085 µg/mL and 0.11 µg/mL against MRSA CCARM 3366 and MRSA CCARM 3708, respectively. The MBC of BV against MRSA 3366 was 0.106 µg/mL and that against MRSA 3708 was 0.14 µg/mL. The bactericidal activity of BV corresponded to a decrease of at least 3 log CFU/g cells. The combination of BV with ampicillin or penicillin yielded an inhibitory concentration index ranging from 0.631 to 1.002, indicating a partial and indifferent synergistic effect. Compared to ampicillin or penicillin, both MRSA strains were more susceptible to the combination of BV with gentamicin or vancomycin. The expression of atl gene was increased in MRSA 3366 treated with BV. These results suggest that BV exhibited antibacterial activity and antibiotic-enhancing effects against MRSA strains. The atl gene was increased in MRSA exposed to BV, suggesting that cell division was interrupted. BV warrants further investigation as a natural antimicrobial agent and synergist of antibiotic activity.
Effect of Folic Acid, Betaine, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12 on Homocysteine and Dimethylglycine Levels in Middle-Aged Men Drinking White Wine
Authors: Rajdl Daniel , Racek Jaroslav , Trefil Ladislav , Stehlik Pavel , Dobra Jana , Babuska Vaclav
Published: January 2016

Moderate regular consumption of alcoholic beverages is believed to protect against atherosclerosis but can also increase homocysteine or dimethylglycine, which are putative risk factors for atherosclerosis. We aimed (1) to investigate the effect of alcohol consumption on vitamins and several metabolites involved in one-carbon metabolism; and (2) to find the most effective way of decreasing homocysteine during moderate alcohol consumption. Methods: Male volunteers (n = 117) were randomly divided into five groups: the wine-only group (control, 375 mL of white wine daily for one month) and four groups combining wine consumption with one of the supplemented substances (folic acid, betaine, and vitamins B12 or B6). Significant lowering of homocysteine concentration after the drinking period was found in subjects with concurrent folate and betaine supplementation. Vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 supplementation did not lead to a statistically significant change in homocysteine. According to a multiple linear regression model, the homocysteine change in the wine-only group was mainly determined by the interaction between the higher baseline homocysteine concentration and the change in dimethylglycine levels. Folate and betaine can attenuate possible adverse effects of moderate alcohol consumption. Dimethylglycine should be interpreted together with data on alcohol consumption and homocysteine concentration.
Comparison of Two Independent Mapping Exercises in the Primeiras and Segundas Archipelago, Mozambique
Authors: Teixeira Luisa , Hedley John , Shapiro Aurélie , Barker Kathryn
Published: January 2016

Production of coral reef habitat maps from high spatial resolution multispectral imagery is common practice and benefits from standardized accuracy assessment methods and many informative studies on the merits of different processing algorithms. However, few studies consider the full production workflow, including factors such as operator influence, visual interpretation and a-priori knowledge. An end-user might justifiably ask: Given the same imagery and field data, how consistent would two independent production efforts be? This paper is a post-study analysis of a project in which two teams of researchers independently produced maps of six coral reef systems of the archipelago of the Primeiras and Segundas Environmental Protected Area (PSEPA), Mozambique. Both teams used the same imagery and field data, but applied different approaches—pixel based vs. object based image analysis—and used independently developed classification schemes. The results offer a unique perspective on the map production process. Both efforts resulted in similar merged classes accuracies, averaging at 63% and 64%, but the maps were distinct in terms of scale of spatial patterns, classification disparities, and in other aspects where the mapping process is reliant on visual interpretation. Despite the difficulty in aligning the classification schemes clear patterns of correspondence and discrepancy were identified. The maps were consistent with respect to geomorphological level mapping (17 out of 30 paired comparisons at more than 75% agreement), and also agreed in the extent of coral containing areas within a difference of 16% across the archipelago. However, more detailed benthic habitat level classes were inconsistent. Mapping of deep benthic cover was the most subjective result and dependent on operator visual interpretation, yet this was one of the results of highest interest for the PSEPA management since it revealed a continuity of benthos between the islands and the impression of a proto-barrier reef.
A Multi-Sensor Approach for Volcanic Ash Cloud Retrieval and Eruption Characterization: The 23 November 2013 Etna Lava Fountain
Authors: Corradini Stefano , Montopoli Mario , Guerrieri Lorenzo , Ricci Matteo , Scollo Simona , Merucci Luca , Marzano Frank , Pugnaghi Sergio , Prestifilippo Michele , Ventress Lucy , Grainger Roy , Carboni Elisa , Vulpiani Gianfranco , Coltelli Mauro
Published: January 2016

Volcanic activity is observed worldwide with a variety of ground and space-based remote sensing instruments, each with advantages and drawbacks. No single system can give a comprehensive description of eruptive activity, and so, a multi-sensor approach is required. This work integrates infrared and microwave volcanic ash retrievals obtained from the geostationary Meteosat Second Generation (MSG)-Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI), the polar-orbiting Aqua-MODIS and ground-based weather radar. The expected outcomes are improvements in satellite volcanic ash cloud retrieval (altitude, mass, aerosol optical depth and effective radius), the generation of new satellite products (ash concentration and particle number density in the thermal infrared) and better characterization of volcanic eruptions (plume altitude, total ash mass erupted and particle number density from thermal infrared to microwave). This approach is the core of the multi-platform volcanic ash cloud estimation procedure being developed within the European FP7-APhoRISM project. The Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy) volcano lava fountaining event of 23 November 2013 was considered as a test case. The results of the integration show the presence of two volcanic cloud layers at different altitudes. The improvement of the volcanic ash cloud altitude leads to a mean difference between the SEVIRI ash mass estimations, before and after the integration, of about the 30%. Moreover, the percentage of the airborne “fine” ash retrieved from the satellite is estimated to be about 1%–2% of the total ash emitted during the eruption. Finally, all of the estimated parameters (volcanic ash cloud altitude, thickness and total mass) were also validated with ground-based visible camera measurements, HYSPLIT forward trajectories, Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite data and tephra deposits.
Validation of Reef-Scale Thermal Stress Satellite Products for Coral Bleaching Monitoring
Authors: Heron Scott , Johnston Lyza , Liu Gang , Geiger Erick , Maynard Jeffrey , De La Cour Jacqueline , Johnson Steven , Okano Ryan , Benavente David , Burgess Timothy , Iguel John , Perez Denise , Skirving William , Strong Alan , Tirak Kyle , Eakin C.
Published: January 2016

Satellite monitoring of thermal stress on coral reefs has become an essential component of reef management practice around the world. A recent development by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Coral Reef Watch (NOAA CRW) program provides daily global monitoring at 5 km resolution—at or near the scale of most coral reefs. In this paper, we introduce two new monitoring products in the CRW Decision Support System for coral reef management: Regional Virtual Stations, a regional synthesis of thermal stress conditions, and Seven-day Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Trend, describing recent changes in temperature at each location. We describe how these products provided information in support of management activities prior to, during and after the 2014 thermal stress event in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). Using in situ survey data from this event, we undertake the first quantitative comparison between 5 km satellite monitoring products and coral bleaching observations. Analysis of coral community characteristics, historical temperature conditions and thermal stress revealed a strong influence of coral biodiversity in the patterns of observed bleaching. This resulted in a model based on thermal stress and generic richness that explained 97% of the variance in observed bleaching. These findings illustrate the importance of using local benthic characteristics to interpret the level of impact from thermal stress exposure. In an era of continuing climate change, accurate monitoring of thermal stress and prediction of coral bleaching are essential for stakeholders to direct resources to the most effective management actions to conserve coral reefs.
Steady State Response Analysis of a Tubular Piezoelectric Print Head
Authors: Chang Jiaqing , Liu Yaxin , Huang Bo
Published: January 2016

In recent years, inkjet technology has played an important role in industrial materials printing and various sensors fabrication, but the mechanisms of the inkjet print head should be researched more elaborately. The steady state deformation analysis of a tubular piezoelectric print head, which can be classified as a plane strain problem because the radii of the tubes are considerably smaller than the lengths, is discussed in this paper. The geometric structure and the boundary conditions are all axisymmetric, so a one-dimensional mathematical model is constructed. By solving the model, the deformation field and stress field, as well as the electric potential distribution of the piezoelectric tube and glass tube, are obtained. The results show that the deformations are on the nanometer scale, the hoop stress is larger than the radial stress on the whole, and the potential is not linearly distributed along the radial direction. An experiment is designed to validate these computations. A discussion of the effect of the tubes’ thicknesses on the system deformation status is provided.
A Compact Fiber Inclinometer Using a Thin-Core Fiber with Incorporated an Air-Gap Microcavity Fiber Interferometer
Authors: Li Jiacheng , Qiao Xueguang , Rong Qiangzhou , Sun An
Published: January 2016

A compact fiber-optic inclinometer is proposed and experimentally demonstrated based on a Fabry-Perot interference (FFPI). The sensing head consists of a short segment of thin-core fiber (TCF) following with a piece of hollow-core fiber (HCF). High-order cladding modes have been excited because of core diameter mismatch. A clear interference spectrum has been obtained as the consequence of interference among the reflected core modes and cladding modes. Fringe contrast of the interference spectrum is highly sensitive to fiber bending with direction independence, and good linearity has been observed during the bending range from 1° to 3° with a sensitivity of 2.71 dB/deg.
Transition towards Circular Economy in the Food System
Authors: Jurgilevich Alexandra , Birge Traci , Kentala-Lehtonen Johanna , Korhonen-Kurki Kaisa , Pietikäinen Janna , Saikku Laura , Schösler Hanna
Published: January 2016

Growing population and increased demand for food, inefficient resource use and food distribution, environmental impacts, and high rates of food wasted at all stages of the food system are all calling for transition towards more sustainable practices. In this article we apply the concept of circular economy to the case of a sustainable food system. Furthermore, we explore the transition towards a circular food system through the lens of socio-technical transition theory towards sustainability. We discuss challenges and potential solutions for the production stage (focusing on nutrient flow), the consumption stage (focusing on meat consumption), and food waste and surplus management and prevention.
Les processus de l'urbanisation dans la région Midi-Pyrénées. Méthodologie et directions de recherche
Authors: Kayser Bernard
Published: January 2016

Les méthodes et même les orientations des recherches touchant à la croissance numérique des citadins sont, du fait des insuffisances de la documentation statistique, mal fixées. Dans une région où l'urbanisation est rapide, il est donc utile de préciser, à propos de données partielles mais originales, les hypothèses de travail susceptibles de guider les analyses sur des voies fécondes. L'examen des destinations de l'exode rural, de la formation de la population des villes et en particulier de celle de Toulouse, des modalités dé l'exode urbain, conduit à des conclusions convergentes : la mobilité et la turbulence s'accroissent, tandis que les flux migratoires intègrent de plus en plus étroitement l'espace régional à l'espace national.
L'aménagement de l'espace toulousain
Authors: Béringuier Ch.
Published: January 2016

Grande ville d'un demi-million d'habitants, Toulouse, capitale régionale indiscutable, est pour l'instant une métropole d équilibre contestable. La structuration de l'espace toulousain est fondée sur le désir plus ou moins rationnel d'équilibrer les deux rives de la Garonne. Cette politique suppose la mise en place de plusieurs pôles d'urbanisation (le centre actuel, le Complexe scientifique Rangueil-Lespinet et Le Mirail) qu'un anneau autoroutier devra relier. Les équipements urbains présentent un retard tant quantitatif que qualificatif. Le Ve Plan contribuera d'autant moins à le combler qu'il est fondé sur des prévisions démographiques trop modestes.
Les migrations alternantes vers Toulouse en 1954 et 1962
Authors: Coppolani Jean
Published: January 2016

L'examen des recensements de 1954 et 1962 fait apparaître trois faits principaux : la saturation, dès 1964, de la fonction dortoir dans les communes immédiatement limitrophes de Toulouse ; l'accentuation de cette fonction en 1954 et 1962 dans une zone située à 20-30 km de la ville, principalement dans les bourgs sans industrie ; la stabilité de la limite extérieure de la zone où s'effectuent ces migrations.
Un essai d'évaluation du mouvement de la population de Toulouse, 1962-1966
Authors: Kayser Bernard , Portevin Jacques
Published: January 2016

Estimation du bilan démographique de Toulouse depuis 1962, en fonction des analyses du mouvement naturel et des migrations, d'après des documents puisés à diverses sources.
Adaptation et modernisation agricole dans une commune du Bas-Ségala : Saint-Just-sur-Viaur (Aveyron)
Authors: Calmès Roger
Published: January 2016

Le Bas-Ségala connaît depuis 1950 une révolution agricole importante et l'étude de la commune de Saint-Just-sur-Viaur (Aveyron) en fournit un bon exemple. L'accélération de l'exode rural a provoqué des transformations considérables (mécanisation, simplification des systèmes de culture) qui à leur tour ont entraîné un changement des méthodes de travail et une spécialisation des cultures en fonction du marché. Les conséquences les plus directes ont été : la disparition des petites exploitations et l'apparition d'un mouvement foncier. De traditionnelle qu'elle était, l'agriculture est devenue spéculative. Mais cette modernisation ne se fait pas au même rythme dans tous les secteurs.
Le tremblement de terre d'Arette
Authors: Piolle Xavier
Published: January 2016

Etude du tremblement de terre d'Arette (Basses-Pyrénées) survenu le 13 août 1967 et de ses conséquences. Carte isosismique d'après le dépouillement de plus de deux mille questionnaires envoyés dans les Pyrénées centrales et occidentales et l'Aquitaine méridionale. L'ambiance d'un village lors d'une grande catastrophe est restituée grâce à des enquêtes directes. Le phénomène, très circonscrit dans ses manifestations les plus notables, semble peu perturber l'organisation et la vie de la communauté villageoise malgré les lourdes charges financières imposées par la reconstruction. Mais il a eu pour effet d'accélérer certaines évolutions en cours qui laissent pressentir des bouleversements plus profonds.
Le Parc National des Pyrénées Occidentales
Authors: Chadefaud Michel , Dalla-Rosa Gilbert
Published: January 2016

Le Parc National des Pyrénées Occidentales s'étend de la Neste d'Aure au pic d'Anie. Enveloppé par une vaste « zone périphérique », il permet d'entreprendre dans les Pyrénées Centrales une politique d'aménagement régional. La réussite dépendra de l'amélioration de l'infrastructure routière (une transpyrénéenne est-ouest dite « route des Pyrénées » recoupera quatre transversales franco-espagnoles). On accédera ainsi aisément aux « sites de premier plan » et aux « Portes du Parc », véritables villages-centres touristiques d'où partiront des sentiers balisés vers les « sites pour les randonneurs et les sportifs ». Ainsi seront conjointement développés le tourisme et l'élevage. L'exode agricole devrait s'en trouver freiné. L'originalité de la faune et de la flore pyrénéenne sera préservée. Il existe un danger : la spéculation foncière.
Les passages frontaliers en Cerdagne et Haute-Ariège
Authors: Fornier Emile
Published: January 2016

L'étude des passages aux postes frontaliers de Cerdagne et Haute-Ariège révèle un accroissement important du trafic depuis 1958. On peut distinguer des relations permanentes (frontaliers espagnols venant travailler tous les jours en Cerdagne française) et saisonnières. Bourg- Madame et le Pas de la Casa apparaissent comme de véritables créations frontalières, aux points de passage du tourisme international. Cependant l'affluence, bien que largement supérieure à celle des autres postes pyrénéens de l'intérieur, ne saurait être comparée à celles du Perthus et surtout d'Hendaye-Béhobie.
Les travailleurs frontaliers sur la Côte basque française
Authors: Laborde Pierre
Published: January 2016

Plus de 3 000 Espagnols qui résident dans les communes du Guipúzcoa et du Nord-Ouest de la Navarre, les plus proches de la frontière, la franchissent chaque jour, à Hendaye et à Béhobie, pour travailler sur la Côte basque française, principalement comme manœuvres ou ouvriers du bâtiment. Ces migrations alternantes, à court rayon, masquent des déplacements de plus grande amplitude puisque, en fait, un quart seulement des migrants est originaire des deux provinces frontalières ; les autres viennent de toute l'Espagne, en particulier des provinces de la Meseta occidentale.
La transhumance hivernale du bétail du Haut-Ossau
Authors: Hourcade Bernard
Published: January 2016

La transhumance hivernale est encore très vivace dans le Haut- Ossau. Elle concerne les 3/4 des 10000 ovins du canton de Laruns (aucun bovin depuis l'abandon complet du Pont-Long en 1958). 45% des troupeaux vont dans les Basses-Pyrénées (Lasseube, Ogeu), les autres dans l'Est du Gers (Riscle) et la Gironde (Entre-deux-Mers). Ce mouvement des troupeaux décline surtout en raison de la diminution du cheptel ovin de la vallée. Par son ampleur (87% des bergers), sa durée (4 à 6 mois), ses difficultés techniques (rareté des pacages gratuits, commercialisation des produits, investissements presque impossibles) et ses problèmes sociaux (exil du berger), la transhumance hivernale est un facteur essentiel du déclin de la vie pastorale du Haut-Ossau. Actuellement, cette solution est pourtant la plus économique pour nourrir le bétail en hiver et donc mettre en valeur l'espace montagnard. Au lieu de' combattre ce système ancestral, ne peut-on pas chercher à mieux l'organiser en liaison avec l'économie pastorale du Piémont pyrénéen dont les troupeaux sont nombreux en été dans les montagnes de l'Ossau ?
Les industries aérospatiales dans le sud-ouest de la France : industries de pointe et développement régional
Authors: Jalabert Guy
Published: January 2016

Quel facteur de développement représentent des industries de pointe fixées par des décisions d'État dans une région déprimée industriellement ? Décentralisées, mais dépendantes des finances gouvernementales et des marchés internationaux, plusieurs fois restructurées et soumises à une conjoncture économique indécise, les activités aérospatiales du Sud-Ouest, dispersées géographiquement, apparaissent juxtaposées à l'économie régionale et ne forment pas un complexe. Si elles constituent localement des centres d'activité responsables de la croissance de l'emploi et du développement urbain, leur faible rôle industriel moteur contribue plus à soumettre ces centres à des décisions extérieures qu'à favoriser des processus d'intégration régionale.
Bègles, vieille banlieue industrielle de l'agglomération bordelaise
Authors: Vaugrenard Alain
Published: January 2016

Parmi les communes de la proche banlieue bordelaise, Bègles est celle dont la stagnation démographique est la plus nette : 21 885 habitants en 1931, 27 380 habitants en 1968. Située dans le secteur d'influence de la gare Saint-Jean, Bègles connut une industrialisation précoce et compte encore plus de 70 entreprises industrielles employant 4000 personnes ; sa population active est composée aux trois quarts d ouvriers et d'employés, dont près de 5 000 travaillent à Bordeaux même. Après des mutations nombreuses, l'industrie reste très diversifiée. La sècherie de morue, trop artisanale, décline ; à proximité du fleuve, le paysage industriel est dominé par la papeterie-caisserie du groupe Saint-Gobain (600 ouvriers), escortée d'entreprises de chaudronnerie, verrerie... De part et d'autre de la voie Bordeaux- Sète se situe un groupe compact d'entreprises métallurgiques et chimiques de moyenne importance, prolongé à l'Ouest par des implantations d'industries alimentaires. Le développement tardif des ensembles modernes d'habitations confirme le rôle de banlieue-dortoir sans améliorer nettement la structure urbaine.
La stagnation de la population portugaise (1960- 1970)
Authors: Poinard Michel
Published: January 2016

Population stagnation in Portugal (1960-1970). The data given by the 1970 Population Census underestimate the total population of the country but show nevertheless that emigration balances the natural growth. During the 1960-70 period population density increased around the coastal urban districts whereas internal regions suffered large population losses.
Le nord du Causse du Larzac : une renaissance rurale menacée
Authors: Pilleboue Jean , Péchoux Pierre-Yves , Roux Michel
Published: January 2016

Le Causse du Larzac, traditionnellement considéré comme déshérité, est actuellement le théâtre d'une renaissance rurale. L'émergence, consécutive à un exode rural accentué, d'un type d'exploitations familiales relativement vastes, gérées de façon dynamique par de jeunes entrepreneurs, fréquemment unies en GAEC, a permis la modernisation et l'intensification rapides d'une économie qui utilise conjointement des terres labourables discontinues et de vastes parcours et qui produit essentiellement du lait de brebis destiné aux fromageries de Roquefort. L'extension du camp militaire existant compromettrait cette renaissance et, en perturbant la circulation dans le sud du Massif Central, paraît contredire les nécessités d'un aménagement régional cohérent.
La consommation du gaz naturel dans le Sud-Ouest
Authors: Di Méo Guy
Published: January 2016

Dans le Sud-Ouest, la totalité de la consommation industrielle et 80 % de la consommation domestique du gaz naturel sont le fait des métropoles régionales et des centres urbains épars du piémont pyrénéen. 60 % du gaz de Lacq étant distribués hors du Sud-Ouest, l'industrialisation régionale fondée sur cette ressource a été considérablement freinée. Le complexe industriel de Lacq, la prospérité des azotiers aquitains, témoignent seuls d'une mise en valeur locale du gaz-matière première. Malgré ces limites, l'épuisement du gisement, envisagé pour la fin du siècle, pose le problème de l'avenir économique des industries qui l'utilisent.
Marché de l'emploi et mouvements migratoires dans une petite ville mono-industrielle du Sud-Ouest : Graulhet
Authors: Marconis Robert
Published: January 2016

La croissance démographique de la petite ville de Graulhet s'accompagne d'importants mouvements migratoires. L'étude détaillée du marché de l'emploi de la mono-industrie locale des cuirs et peaux permet de comprendre l'attraction démographique de la ville et le fort exode urbain qu'elle alimente. Ce dynamisme démographique masque en fait une situation économique précaire.
Gaillac ou le réveil de la petite ville
Authors: Kayser Bernard
Published: January 2016

Gaillac (11000 hab.) paraît être une petite ville très représentative. Sa croissance est le résultat d'un afflux démographique avec ses conséquences : équipement en services et construction de logements ; mais aussi de l'essor de quelques activités limitées : agriculture spécialisée, industries nouvelles. Mais quel cadre de vie donne-t-elle à ses habitants : celui d'une collectivité réelle ou d'une simple concentration de l'habitat ?
La mise en valeur agricole des landes du Pont Long au nord de Pau
Authors: Loubergé Jean
Published: January 2016

Les landes du Pont Long, appartenant aux éleveurs de la vallée d'Ossau qui les utilisaient comme pâturage d'hiver et ne disposant que de sols difficiles, ne furent que tardivement utilisées par l'agriculture. Mais on y assiste depuis quinze ans à une véritable colonisation agricole par le maïs surtout, sans que la densité de la population y augmente autant que la production végétale.
Les difficultés économiques de l'Espagne atlantique
Authors: Ferrer Manuel , Precedo Ledo Andrès
Published: January 2016

Les tentatives de décentralisation industrielle, aussi bien que les efforts d'aménagement des zones urbaines et industrielles, se heurtent dans le Pays Basque aux insuffisances du réseau de communication. Les provinces de Vizcaya, Guipúzcoa et Alava, celle de Navarre aussi sont mal commodément reliées aux provinces voisines par lesquelles elles s'ouvrent sur les pays de l'Ebre et la Castille. On retrouve ces problèmes dans les Asturies et en Galice. Mais le principal problème des Asturies, signalé par des conflits du travail très fréquents, est celui de la restructuration d'un appareil industriel développe à partir du bassin houiller et de la sidérurgie. En Galice, au contraire, l'industrie tient encore peu de place et bien qu'on y voie officiellement le moteur du développement, les créations d'emplois industriels restent peu nombreuses. Dans toute l'Espagne atlantique les difficultés s'inscrivent sur un fond marqué par l'exode rural.
Supramolecular polymer assembly in aqueous solution arising from cyclodextrin host–guest complexation
Authors: Wang Jie , Qiu Zhiqiang , Wang Yiming , Li Li , Guo Xuhong , Pham Duc-Truc , Lincoln Stephen F , Prud’homme Robert K
Published: January 2016

The employment of cyclodextrin host–guest complexation to construct supramolecular assemblies with an emphasis on polymer networks is reviewed. The main driving force for this supramolecular assembly is host–guest complexation between cyclodextrin hosts and guest groups either of which may be discrete molecular species or substituents on a polymer backbone. The effects of such complexation on properties at the molecular and macroscopic levels are discussed. It is shown that cyclodextrin complexation may be used to design functional polymer materials with tailorable properties, especially for photo-, pH-, thermo- and redox-responsiveness and self-healing.
A QUICK TEST ON ROTATION PERIOD CLUSTERING FOR THE SMALL MEMBERS OF THE KORONIS FAMILY
Authors: Chang Chan-Kao , Lin Hsing-Wen , Ip Wing-Huen
Published: January 2016

Rotation period clustering in prograde/retrograde rotators might be the preliminary indication of the Slivan state in the Koronis family as a result of the Yarkovsky–O’Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack effect. We follow the general scenario of dispersion in the semimajor axis of the asteroid family members to separate prograde and retrograde rotators in the Koronis family. From the available rotation periods obtained from PTF/iPTF, we were unable to find the rotation period clustering of objects with H ≳ 12 mag in the Koronis family. This could be the result of the intermittent collisional process of small asteroids (D ≲ 20 km) which leads to astray Yarkovsky drifting. Measurement of the pole orientations of our sample will verify our preliminary result and validate our method.
THE GINI COEFFICIENT AS A TOOL FOR IMAGE FAMILY IDENITIFICATION IN STRONG LENSING SYSTEMS WITH MULTIPLE IMAGES
Authors: Florian Michael K. , Gladders Michael D. , Li Nan , Sharon Keren
Published: January 2016

The sample of cosmological strong lensing systems has been steadily growing in recent years and with the advent of the next generation of space-based survey telescopes, the sample will reach into the thousands. The accuracy of strong lens models relies on robust identification of multiple image families of lensed galaxies. For the most massive lenses, often more than one background galaxy is magnified and multiply imaged, and even in the cases of only a single lensed source, identification of counter images is not always robust. Recently, we have shown that the Gini coefficient in space-telescope-quality imaging is a measurement of galaxy morphology that is relatively well-preserved by strong gravitational lensing. Here, we investigate its usefulness as a diagnostic for the purposes of image family identification and show that it can remove some of the degeneracies encountered when using color as the sole diagnostic, and can do so without the need for additional observations since whenever a color is available, two Gini coefficients are as well.
SPECTRAL ANISOTROPY OF ELSÄSSER VARIABLES IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL WAVE-VECTOR SPACE AS OBSERVED IN THE FAST SOLAR WIND TURBULENCE
Authors: Yan Limei , He Jiansen , Zhang Lei , Tu Chuanyi , Marsch Eckart , Chen Christopher H. K. , Wang Xin , Wang Linghua , Wicks Robert T.
Published: January 2016

Intensive studies have been conducted to understand the anisotropy of solar wind turbulence. However, the anisotropy of Elsässer variables (

) in 2D wave-vector space has yet to be investigated. Here we first verify the transformation based on the projection-slice theorem between the power spectral density

and the spatial correlation function

Based on the application of the transformation to the magnetic field and the particle measurements from the WIND spacecraft, we investigate the spectral anisotropy of Elsässer variables (

), and the distribution of residual energy

Alfvén ratio

, and Elsässer ratio

in the

space. The spectra

of

,

, and

(the larger of

) show a similar pattern that

is mainly distributed along a ridge inclined toward the k
⊥ axis. This is probably the signature of the oblique Alfvénic fluctuations propagating outwardly. Unlike those of

,

, and

the spectrum

of

is distributed mainly along the k
⊥ axis. Close to the k
⊥ axis,

becomes larger while

becomes smaller, suggesting that the dominance of magnetic energy over kinetic energy becomes more significant at small k
∥.

is larger at small k
∥, implying that

of

is more concentrated along the k
⊥ direction as compared to that of

The residual energy condensate at small k
∥ is consistent with simulation results in which

is spontaneously generated by Alfvén wave interaction.