bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence of an association between the scavenger receptor class B member 2 gene and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Michelakakis Helen , Xiromerisiou Georgia , Dardiotis Efthimios , Bozi Maria , Vassilatis Demetrios , Kountra Persa‐Maria , Patramani Gianna , Moraitou Marina , Papadimitriou Dimitra , Stamboulis Eleftherios , Stefanis Leonidas , Zintzaras Elias , Hadjigeorgiou Georgios M.
Published: January 2012

Lysosomal protein 2 (LIMP2), the product of the scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2) gene, is a ubiquitously expressed transmembrane protein that is the mannose‐6‐phosphate–independent receptor for glucocerebrosidase (β‐GCase); a deficiency in this protein causes Gaucher disease. Several studies have shown a link between mutations in the β‐GCase gene and diseases characterized clinically by Parkinsonism and by the presence of Lewy body–related pathology. We hypothesized that genetic variants in the SCARB2 gene could be risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). A candidate‐gene study of 347 Greek patients with sporadic PD and 329 healthy controls was conducted to investigate the association between 5 polymorphisms in the SCARB2 gene (rs6824953, rs6825004, rs4241591, rs9991821, and rs17234715) and the development of PD. The single‐locus analysis for the 5 polymorphisms revealed an association only for the rs6825004 polymorphism: the generalized odds ratio (ORG) was 0.68 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51–0.90), and the OR for the allelic test was OR = 0.71 (95% CI, 0.56–0.90). Haplotype analysis showed an association for the GCGGT haplotype (P < .01). Our study supports a genetic contribution of the SCARB2 locus to PD; future studies in larger cohorts are necessary to verify this finding. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Sexual Health in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Experiences, Needs and Communication with Health Care Professionals
Authors: Josefsson Kristina Areskoug , Gard Gunvor
Published: January 2012

Pain, fatigue and decreased joint mobility caused by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) often decrease sexual health in RA patients. Regular physiotherapy interventions in patients with RA are often aimed at improving those factors. The aim of the present study was to explore the experiences and views of patients concerning the impact of RA on their sexual health, the possible impact of physiotherapy interventions, and communication in clinical situations. A self‐administered questionnaire was sent to patients with RA at two rehabilitation clinics in Sweden. The questionnaire included questions concerning the impact of RA on intimate relationships and sexual function, as well as experiences of physiotherapy and sexual health communication with health professionals. The questionnaire was answered by 63 patients. The majority of the patients thought that pain, stiffness, fatigue and physical capacity were related to sexual health. Communication between health professionals and patients about sexual health was less common, even if the desire for communication about sexual health was higher in this study than in other studies. The authors concluded that physiotherapists need to be aware that pain, fatigue, decreased joint mobility and physical capacity can affect sexual health and that physiotherapy can make a difference in sexual health in patients with RA. The impact of RA on sexual health is rarely discussed by health professionals and RA patients, and needs greater attention. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rectangles algorithm for generating normal variates
Authors: Zhang Rui , Leemis Lawrence M.
Published: December 2011

We propose an algorithm for generating normal random variates that is based on the acceptance–rejection method and uses a piecewise majorizing function. The piecewise function has 2048 equal‐area pieces, 2046 of which are constant, and the two extreme pieces are curves that majorize the tails. The proposed algorithm has not only good performance from correlation induction perspective, but also works well from a speed perspective. It is faster than the inversion method by Odeh and Evans and most other methods. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2011
Examining charitable donation process in South India: role of gender
Authors: Ranganathan Sampath Kumar , Sen Sandipan
Published: January 2012

With increasing financial clout, females are potentially poised as a greater source of charitable giving in the West. However, debate exists in the marketing literature about gender‐based differences in charitable donations. The purpose of this study is to research whether gender‐based segmentation is effective for charities in cultures in which high gender inequality exists. Hence, India, an emerging economy with high gender inequality, was chosen as the study setting. Following an extensive literature review, we identified gender, trust, attitude towards the ad, and feelings from the ad as key predictors of charitable donation intentions. A study model was developed and tested using regression analysis. It was found that the predictor variables have significant impact on intentions to donate. Hence, this study posits that gender could potentially be an effective segmentation variable for charities that are targeting potential donors in South India. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New calix[4]arenedimethacrylate derivatives for dental composites
Authors: Tabatabai Monir , Garska Bernd , Fischer Urs , Moszner Norbert , Utterodt Andreas , Ritter Helmut
Published: January 2012

Calix[4]arenes were double alkylated with various alkylhalogenides and the residual OH functions were subsequently dimethacrylated with methacryloyl chloride. The successful synthesis of polymerizable calixarenes was proved using 1H NMR spectroscopy, matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry. The polymerization behaviour was confirmed by copolymerization with methacrylic acid methyl ester. Furthermore, the flexural strength, the flexural modulus of elasticity, the exothermic course of the photo‐curing reaction and the polymerization shrinkage of experimental dental filling composites containing the modified calixarenes were evaluated. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Interface between Oxide Coatings and Plasma‐damaged Polymers and Its Effects on Coating Adhesion and Structure
Authors: Yun Jungheum , Bae Tae‐Sung , Lee Sunghun , Lee Seunghun , Rha Jongjoo , Lee Gun‐Hwan
Published: January 2012

The chemical and morphological features of the interface between plasma‐treated polymer substrates and oxide coatings are investigated to clarify the influence of the interfacial features on the adhesive and cohesive properties in the polymer–oxide system. It is found that one‐dimensional polymer protrusions and polymer–oxide composite structures develop sequentially in the early growth stages of silicon oxide films on both acrylate hard coat and bare polyethylene terephthalate surfaces exposed to strong plasma‐ion irradiation. These interfacial nanostructures cause a dramatic decrease in the wettability of the polymers with silicon oxide films, thus leading to a weak boundary layer, which results in adhesion failures at the polymer–oxide interface.

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Microarray analysis of global gene regulation in the Cry1Ab‐resistant and Cry1Ab‐susceptible strains of Diatraea saccharalis
Authors: Guo Zibiao , Cheng Zhu Yu , Huang Fangneng , Luttrell Randall , Leonard Rogers
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Extensive adoption of transgenic Bt corn in recent years for stalk borer control has increased risk of resistance evolution in the target pest populations. A Bt‐resistant strain of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, was approximately 100‐fold more tolerant to Cry1Ab toxin than the susceptible counterpart. To gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Bt resistance, the Cry1Ab‐susceptible (Cry1Ab‐SS) and Cry1Ab‐resistant (Cry1Ab‐RR) strains of D. saccharalis were subjected to a microarray analysis.

RESULTS: Results showed that the expression levels of many genes were significantly different between the Cry1Ab‐RR and Cry1Ab‐SS strains. Microarray analysis of 7145 cDNAs revealed 384 differentially expressed genes. A total of 273 genes were significantly upregulated 2–51.6‐fold, and 111 genes were significantly downregulated 2–22.6‐fold in the Cry1Ab‐RR strain. The upregulation of three potential resistance‐related genes, coding for a glutathione S‐transferase (GST), a chymotrypsin‐like protease (CHY) and a lipase (LP), was confirmed using real‐time PCR, indicating a reproducibility of the microarray data. Ontology analysis revealed that more than twice the number of metabolic‐related genes were upregulated compared with downregulated genes with the same biological function. Up to 35.2% of the upregulated genes in the resistant strain were associated with catalytic activity, while only 9.5% of the downregulated genes were related to the same catalytic molecular function.

CONCLUSION: The large portion of metabolic‐ or catalytic‐related genes with significant upregulations indicated a potential large increase in metabolic or catalytic activities in the Cry1Ab‐RR strain. This cDNA microarray gene expression data could be used to characterize and identify new genes that may be associated with Bt resistance in D. saccharalis. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of a piperonyl butoxide/tau‐fluvalinate mixture on pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus) and honey bees (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Moores Graham D , Wȩgorek Pawel , Zamojska Joanna , Field Linda , Philippou Despina
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Previous work has characterised pyrethroid resistance in pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) as principally an oxidative mechanism. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) can synergise this resistance in the field, but its effects on the honey bee are thought to be unacceptable.

RESULTS: A field trial in Poland was conducted to show that a mixture of PBO and tau‐fluvalinate at the registered rate gave increased and longer‐lasting control of resistant pollen beetle. Four days after spraying with tau‐fluvalinate, only 20% of pollen beetles were controlled, compared with 70% if the tau‐fluvalinate/PBO mixture was used. No detriment to honey bee health was observed using the same mixture.

CONCLUSIONS: PBO, if used in conjunction with a pyrethroid of relatively low bee toxicity, can successfully overcome pyrethroid resistance in pollen beetle without incurring an increased loss of honey bees, even if they are present at the time of spraying. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Sensors using AlGaN/GaN based high electron mobility transistor for environmental and bio‐applications
Authors: Ren Fan , Pearton Stephen J.
Published: January 2012

A promising sensing technology utilizing AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) has been developed to analyze a wide variety of environmental and biological gases and liquids. The conducting 2DEG channel of GaN/AlGaN HEMTs is very close to the surface and extremely sensitive to adsorption of analytes. Examples of detecting carbon dioxide, mercury ions, an endocrine disrupter biomarker (vitellogenin), and botulinum toxin are discussed in this paper. Detection limits of 10‐7M, 5 µg/ml and 167 nM for mercury ions, vitellogein and lactic acid, respectively, were achieved (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pharmacokinetic Comparison of a Generic Coenzyme Q10 Solubilizate and a Formulation with Soybean Phytosterols
Authors: Young Joanna M. , Molyneux Sarah L. , Florkowski Christopher M. , Frampton Christopher M. , George Peter M. , Scott Russell S.
Published: January 2012

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is essential for all cells, and deficiency has been implicated in cardiovascular disease. Plant phytosterols inhibit cholesterol absorption, and may thereby also reduce cardiovascular risk. This study compared the relative bioavailability of CoQ10 solubilized in low‐dose soybean phytosterols (SterolQ10) with a generic CoQ10 solubilizate. In a randomized, cross‐over design, 36 healthy males received a single 100 mg dose of CoQ10, as SterolQ10 or generic CoQ10, with a two‐week washout between treatments. Plasma CoQ10 was analysed at baseline, and at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h after supplement ingestion. Subjects were then administered either 100 mg/day of generic CoQ10 or SterolQ10 for 4 weeks. Fasting plasma CoQ10 levels were measured at baseline and following supplementation. The two preparations were bioequivalent in regard to the area under the curve (AUC0–10h) and maximum increase in concentration (Cmax), with geometric mean ratios of 0.89 (CI 0.81–0.98) and 0.88 (CI 0.80–0.96), respectively. Four‐weeks of CoQ10 resulted in a comparable twofold increase in CoQ10 levels for both formulations (p < 0.001), which was similar between preparations (p = 0.74). The combined CoQ10 and phytosterol formulation, SterolQ10, showed bioequivalence to the generic CoQ10 following a single CoQ10 dose, and demonstrated comparable bioavailability following multiple dose administration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotopic labelling of peptides in tissues enhances mass spectrometric profiling
Authors: Santos Hugo M. , Kouvonen Petri , Capelo Jose L. , Corthals Garry L.
Published: January 2012

RATIONALE

There is a need in imaging mass spectrometry to use the acquired isotope distribution to unequivocally determine the identity of a peptide ion. A way of achieving unambiguous differentiation of ions from protonated peptides from other [M + H]+ ions in a tissue would be via the direct on‐tissue incorporation of 18O into peptides.

METHODS

Tissues were first digested with trypsin for 3 h at 37 °C in a humidified chamber. For the 18O‐labelling of digested peptides 1 μL of H218O/50 mM ammonium acetate (at pH 6.75) was added to the array of tryptic spots and incubated at room temperature for 20 min. α‐Cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid was used as a matrix modifier. The mass spectral analysis of tissue sections was carried out using a matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation tandem time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF‐TOF) instrument.

RESULTS

On‐tissue incorporation of 18O into peptides cannot be carried out during the digestion step inside a humidified chamber. After tissue digestion for 3 h at 37 °C in an humidified chamber, 18O labelling was carried out for 20 min at room temperature (no humidified chamber). No trypsin was needed to enhance the labelling.

CONCLUSIONS

For first time the feasibility of 18O‐labelling of peptides in situ for tissues has been demonstrated. The method decouples protein digestion from peptide labelling and is performed in sequential steps. Furthermore, we observed that 18O incorporation produces characteristic isotopic peptide distributions, thus making facile distinguishing peptides from other tissue molecular components that ionise in the MALDI ion source. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of tiagabine degradation products using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Hubert‐Roux Marie , Skiba Mohamed , Sughir Abdussalam , Lahiani‐Skiba Malika , Olivier‐Chanu Fabienne , Levacher Vincent , Lange Catherine M.
Published: January 2012

RATIONALE

Tiagabine hydrochloride monohydrate drug substance (TGB) is an antiepileptic agent effective in the treatment of seizure disorders. The stability of TGB was studied and its degradation products were identified for the first time.

METHODS

TGB was heated in the presence of H2O2. Degradation products were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MSn) and high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HR‐MS).

RESULTS

This study showed that TGB was degraded by oxidative pathways involving attack of oxygen at different centers but mainly at the double bond of the molecule. The oxidative cascade reactions initiated by the epoxidation of the double bond of tiagabine led to dihydroxy, ketohydroxy and ketone derivatives as well as bisthiophene ketone.

CONCLUSIONS

Nine degradation products of TGB were identified. Some diagnostic MS/MS product ions, characteristic of the piperidine or thiophene moiety, were highlighted. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Random Latin square graphs
Authors: Christofides Demetres , Markstrom Klas
Published: December 2011

In this paper we introduce new models of random graphs, arising from Latin squares which include random Cayley graphs as a special case. We investigate some properties of these graphs including their clique, independence and chromatic numbers, their expansion properties as well as their connectivity and Hamiltonicity. The results obtained are compared with other models of random graphs and several similarities and differences are pointed out. For many properties our results for the general case are as strong as the known results for random Cayley graphs and sometimes improve the previously best results for the Cayley case. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2011
Hitting time results for Maker‐Breaker games
Authors: Ben‐Shimon Sonny , Ferber Asaf , Hefetz Dan , Krivelevich Michael
Published: December 2011

We study Maker‐Breaker games played on the edge set of a random graph. Specifically, we analyze the moment a typical random graph process first becomes a Maker's win in a game in which Maker's goal is to build a graph which admits some monotone increasing property
\documentclass{article} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \begin{align*}\mathcal{P}\end{align*} \end{document}. We focus on three natural target properties for Maker's graph, namely being k ‐vertex‐connected, admitting a perfect matching, and being Hamiltonian. We prove the following optimal hitting time results: with high probability Maker wins the k ‐vertex connectivity game exactly at the time the random graph process first reaches minimum degree 2k; with high probability Maker wins the perfect matching game exactly at the time the random graph process first reaches minimum degree 2; with high probability Maker wins the Hamiltonicity game exactly at the time the random graph process first reaches minimum degree 4. The latter two statements settle conjectures of Stojaković and Szabó. We also prove generalizations of the latter two results; these generalizations partially strengthen some known results in the theory of random graphs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2011
Mixed polymer sample evaluation using gentle secondary ion mass spectrometry and multivariate curve resolution
Authors: Aoyagi Satoka , Mihara Ichiro , Kudo Masahiro
Published: January 2012

The investigation of fragment ions from macromolecules is crucial for the interpretation of time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) data, although it is often difficult because fragmentation mechanisms in secondary ion mass spectrometry have not been clarified. In this study, multivariate curve resolution (MCR) was applied to extract a pure component spectrum, and gentle SIMS (G‐SIMS) was applied to the investigation of fragment ions from polymers. Several types of polyethylene glycol were diluted in toluene solutions, and then thin films of them were formed on Si wafers using a spin coater. The samples were measured with TOF‐SIMS using Mn+, Bi+, and Bi3+ and then the TOF‐SIMS spectra data were analyzed with G‐SIMS and MCR. As a result, relationships between fragment ions were clarified using G‐SIMS, and a pure sample spectrum of each polyethylene glycol sample was extracted by MCR. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective evaluation of the IOTA logistic regression model LR2 for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer
Authors: Nunes N. , Yazbek J. , Ambler G. , Hoo W. , Naftalin J. , Jurkovic D.
Published: January 2012

Objectives

To assess the accuracy of the IOTA logistic regression model LR2 for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer.

Methods

This was a prospective single‐center study of women with an ultrasound diagnosis of an adnexal tumor. They were all examined by a single Level‐II ultrasound operator, who had received training in the systematic examination of ovarian tumors in accordance with the IOTA guidelines. In all women the likelihood of the adnexal lesion being malignant was calculated using the IOTA LR2 model. All women underwent surgery within 120 days of ultrasound examination and the ultrasound findings were compared with operative findings and the final histological diagnosis.

Results

One hundred and twenty‐four women were included in the final analysis. The mean age was 53.2 (range, 20–91) years and 61/124 (49.2%) women were postmenopausal. 66/124 (53.2%) women had malignant lesions on postoperative histological examination. The IOTA LR2 model had a sensitivity of 97.0% (95% CI, 89.5–99.6%) and a specificity of 69.0% (95% CI, 55.5–80.5%). The area under the receiver–operating characteristics curve was 0.93 (SE, 0.022; 95% CI, 0.89–0.97), which was not significantly different from 0.92 (SE, 0.018) reported in the original study (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

When evaluated prospectively, the accuracy of the IOTA LR2 model was similar to that reported in the original study. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mosaic plots
Authors: Theus Martin
Published: January 2012

Mosaic plots are a recursive generalization of barcharts to visualize multivariate categorical data. Mosaic plots were first introduced by Hartigan and Kleiner and are the de‐facto standard for advanced visualizations of categorical data.

This review explains the general construction and the successful application of mosaic plots. Recent implementations of mosaic plots offer various generalizations which can effectively cope with almost any kind of categorical data. Besides plotting expected values of a proposed model, these variations include the doubledecker plot, the empty bin display and fluctuation diagrams. Within an interactive graphical analysis tool, subgroups reflecting a certain property can easily be linked into mosaic plots to effectively visualize the relationship between this property and the categorical variables in the plot. Mosaic plots are most powerful when investigating associations between categorical variables, conditioned by other categorical variables. This is illustrated along with an explanation of how Simpson's Paradox for categorical data can be explained using mosaic plots. WIREs Comput Stat 2012, 4:191–198. doi: 10.1002/wics.1192

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Statistical Graphics and Visualization
Crystal Structure and Dimorphism of Silicon Tetraisocyanate Si(NCO)4
Authors: Schmidt Carsten Ludwig , Jansen Martin
Published: January 2012

Silicon tetraisocyanate Si(NCO)4 was obtained by reacting SiCl4 and AgNCO in boiling toluene. The colourless liquid was analyzed by Raman and NMR spectroscopy. Structural studies on solid Si(NCO)4 (melting point: +26 °C) have revealed it to exist in two polymorphic modifications. According to the results of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, at T = –173 °C, α‐Si(NCO)4 exhibits triclinic symmetry (P$\bar{1}$; a = 10.05(5), b = 10.50(2), c = 14.32(1) Å, α = 91.62(1)°, β = 92, 32(1)°, γ = 99.68(1)°; V = 1488.56(3) Å3; Z = 8). Above T = –33 °C, a monoclinic phase evolves, β‐Si(NCO)4 (P21/c; a = 10.78(3), b = 7.11(1), c = 10.27(5) Å, β = 99, 06(9)°; V = 777.39(1) Å3; Z = 4). The charge distribution was studied for both polymorphs. In the solid state, Si(NCO)4 is a tetrahedral molecule with the Si–N=C=O linkages bent at the nitrogen atoms.
Orchomenos
Authors: Schliemann Heinrich
Published: January 2012

In the winter of 1880–1881, the wealthy German businessman and self-taught archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann (1822–1890) embarked on a new project, to excavate the 'Treasury of Minyas' at Orchomenos. He was accompanied by his wife and by the distinguished Oxford Assyriologist A. H. Sayce. This book, published in 1881, begins with a vivid description of the journey from Athens to Orchomenos, through gorges and swamps, and across mountain passes. Schliemann mentions earlier attempts to excavate the 'treasury' (actually a Mycenaean beehive tomb), the difficulty of the terrain, and how he engaged over 100 local people to assist in the removal of earth and stones from a large area. He lists pottery, artefacts and stone implements, and gives detailed measurements of walls, towers and gates. The book includes drawings of sculpted decorations including rosettes and spirals, and the texts of classical Greek inscriptions found at Orchomenos and at nearby Copae.
FiWi Access Networks
Authors: Maier Martin , Ghazisaidi Navid
Published: January 2012

The evolution of broadband access networks toward bimodal fiber-wireless (FiWi) access networks, described in this book, may be viewed as the endgame of broadband access. After discussing the economic impact of broadband access and current worldwide deployment statistics, all the major legacy wireline and wireless broadband access technologies are reviewed. State-of-the-art GPON and EPON fiber access networks are described, including their migration to next-generation systems such as OCDMA and OFDMA PONs. The latest developments of wireless access networks are covered, including VHT WLAN, Gigabit WiMAX, LTE and WMN. The advantages of FiWi access networks are demonstrated by applying powerful network coding, heterogeneous optical and wireless protection, hierarchical frame aggregation, hybrid routing and QoS continuity techniques across the optical-wireless interface. The book is an essential reference for anyone working on optical fiber access networks, wireless access networks or converged FiWi systems.
Interest-Group Politics in France
Authors: Wilson Frank L.
Published: January 2012

This book represents a comprehensive examination of interest-group politics in France. Rather than the narrow case studies usually employed to study group politics, the book focuses on the overall pattern of interaction between interest groups and government. Drawing upon extensive interviews with French interest-group leaders and politicians, Wilson examines the structures and methods of group politics, the perspectives and attitudes of group leaders, and the place of interest groups in the broader pattern of French politics. He concludes that neither of the two major conceptualizations of interest-group/government relations is adequate to explain group politics in France. He suggests that the French state is much more powerful than recognized by these or other models of interest-group politics. Political influence is difficult for groups to develop and, once achieved, is fleeting. Consequently, groups engage in a wide range of activities, some of which are pluralist, others corporatist, and still others simply protest. Wilson concludes with some guidelines in the search for a middle-range theory of democratic interest-group politics.
Banking and Industrialization in Austria-Hungary
Authors: Rudolph Richard L.
Published: January 2012

Although Austria-Hungary was one of the largest and most important states in Europe until 1914, the rich literature on economic history has almost completely neglected this area. Professor Rudolph's book serves two main purposes. It is an extensive descriptive and analytical study of the process of industrialization in the Austrian half of the monarchy. It also carefully examines the role of banks in the industrialization of the area. The fundamental question at the heart of the study is the extent to which the banks actually did facilitate or hinder the process of industrialization. The book should be of major import to students of economic history, economic development, and east and central European history.
Security and Game Theory
Authors: Tambe Milind
Published: January 2012

Global threats of terrorism, drug-smuggling and other crimes have led to a significant increase in research on game theory for security. Game theory provides a sound mathematical approach to deploy limited security resources to maximize their effectiveness. A typical approach is to randomize security schedules to avoid predictability, with the randomization using artificial intelligence techniques to take into account the importance of different targets and potential adversary reactions. This book distills the forefront of this research to provide the first and only study of long-term deployed applications of game theory for security for key organizations such as the Los Angeles International Airport police and the US Federal Air Marshals Service. The author and his research group draw from their extensive experience working with security officials to intelligently allocate limited security resources to protect targets, outlining the applications of these algorithms in research and the real world.
Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire
Authors: Levy-Rubin Milka
Published: January 2012

The Muslim conquest of the East in the seventh century entailed the subjugation of Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians and others. Although much has been written about the status of non-Muslims in the Islamic empire, no previous works have examined how the rules applying to minorities were formulated. Milka Levy-Rubin's remarkable book traces the emergence of these regulations from the first surrender agreements in the immediate aftermath of conquest to the formation of the canonic document called the Pact of 'Umar, which was formalized under the early 'Abbasids, in the first half of the ninth century. The study reveals that the conquered peoples themselves played a major role in the creation of these policies and that they were based on long-standing traditions, customs and institutions from earlier pre-Islamic cultures that originated in the worlds of both the conquerors and the conquered. In its connections to Roman, Byzantine and Sasanian traditions, the book will appeal to historians of Europe as well as Arabia and Persia.
Understanding Moral Obligation
Authors: Stern Robert
Published: January 2012

In many histories of modern ethics, Kant is supposed to have ushered in an anti-realist or constructivist turn by holding that unless we ourselves 'author' or lay down moral norms and values for ourselves, our autonomy as agents will be threatened. In this book, Robert Stern challenges the cogency of this 'argument from autonomy', and claims that Kant never subscribed to it. Rather, it is not value realism but the apparent obligatoriness of morality that really poses a challenge to our autonomy: how can this be accounted for without taking away our freedom? The debate the book focuses on therefore concerns whether this obligatoriness should be located in ourselves (Kant), in others (Hegel) or in God (Kierkegaard). Stern traces the historical dialectic that drove the development of these respective theories, and clearly and sympathetically considers their merits and disadvantages; he concludes by arguing that the choice between them remains open.
Discoveries in Australia
Authors: Stokes John Lort
Published: January 2012

John Lort Stokes (1812–85) was a naval officer on board H.M.S. Beagle - the same ship that had carried naturalist Charles Darwin around the world in 1831–6. Stokes served on that expedition and on the following commission, which was a survey of Australia in which the crew was charged with discovering more about the largely unknown land mass. The expedition set off in 1837 and Stokes did not return to England until 1843 - after 18 years of service on the Beagle - when he began work on this two-volume account of the voyage, which was published in 1846. This work provides a detailed narrative of the journey, including interaction with indigenous peoples and observations about the natural world in Australia, making it an important source about the early years of the European colony. Volume 1 covers Stokes' time exploring north-west Australia and includes illustrations of plants, insects, and reptiles.
A Historical and Descriptive Narrative of Twenty Years' Residence in South America
Authors: Stevenson W. B.
Published: January 2012

In 1804 when W. B. Stevenson (fl. 1803–25) arrived on the small island of Mocha, just off the coast of South America, he stepped onto a continent on the brink of mass revolution. Over the next twenty years, he had an extraordinary range of experiences: as a traveller, a Spanish government official, a prisoner, and as secretary to an ex-Royal Navy admiral turned revolutionary. In this three-volume work, published in 1825, Stevenson gives a dramatic, fascinating account of the life and culture of South America as it began to break free from Spanish colonial rule. Volume 1 focuses on Stevenson's arrival in 1804, his initial impressions, and travels in Chile, Colombia and Peru. It describes food and drink, society and culture, administration and climate. It also covers his imprisonment in Lima by the Spanish authorities.
Wavy regime of a power-law film flow
Authors: Ruyer-Quil C. , Chakraborty S. , Dandapat B. S.
Published: January 2012

We consider a power-law fluid flowing down an inclined plane under the action of gravity. The divergence of the viscosity at zero strain rate is taken care of by introducing a Newtonian plateau at small strain rate. Two-equation models are formulated within the framework of lubrication theory in terms of the exact mass balance and an averaged momentum equation, which form a set of evolution equations for the film thickness$h$, a local velocity amplitude or the flow rate$q$. The models account for the streamwise diffusion of momentum. Comparisons with Orr–Sommerfeld stability analysis and with direct numerical simulation (DNS) show convincing agreement in both linear and nonlinear regimes. The influence of shear-thinning or shear-thickening on the primary instability is shown to be non-trivial. A destabilization of the base flow close to threshold is promoted by the shear-thinning effect, whereas, further from threshold, it tends to stabilize the base flow when the viscous damping of short waves becomes dominant. A reverse situation is observed in the case of shear-thickening fluids. Shear-thinning accelerates solitary waves and promotes a subcritical onset of travelling waves at larger wavenumber than the linear cut-off wavenumber. A conditional stability of the base flow is thus observed. This phenomenon results from a reduction of the effective viscosity at the free surface. When compared with DNS, simulations of the temporal response of the film based on weighted residual models satisfactorily capture the conditional stability of the film.
Granular and fluid washboards
Authors: Hewitt I. J. , Balmforth N. J. , McElwaine J. N.
Published: January 2012

We investigate the dynamics of an object towed over the surface of an initially flat, deformable layer. Using a combination of simple laboratory experiments and a theoretical model, we demonstrate that an inclined plate, pivoted so as to move up and down, may be towed steadily over a substrate at low speed, but become unstable to vertical oscillations above a threshold speed. That threshold depends upon the weight of the plate and the physical properties of the substrate, but arises whether the substrate is a viscous fluid, a viscoplastic fluid, or a granular medium. For the latter two materials, the unstable oscillations imprint a permanent rippled pattern on the layer, suggesting that the phenomenon of the ‘washboard road’ can arise from the passage of a single vehicle (i.e. the absolute instability of a flat bed). We argue that the mechanism behind the instability originates from the mound of material that is pushed forward ahead of the object: the extent of the mound determines the resultant force, whereas its growth is controlled by the object’s height relative to the undisturbed surface, allowing for an unstable coupling between the vertical motion and the substrate deformation.
GENERALIZED HIGHER DERIVATIONS
Authors: COJUHARI E. P. , GARDNER B. J.
Published: January 2012

A type of generalized higher derivation consisting of a collection of self-mappings of a ring associated with a monoid, and here called a D-structure, is studied. Such structures were previously used to define various kinds of ‘skew’ or ‘twisted’ monoid rings. We show how certain gradings by monoids define D-structures. The monoid ring defined by such a structure corresponding to a group-grading is the variant of the group ring introduced by Năstăsescu, while in the case of a cyclic group of order two, the form of the D-structure itself yields some gradability criteria of Bakhturin and Parmenter. A partial description is obtained of the D-structures associated with infinite cyclic monoids.
POLAR DECOMPOSITION OF THE k-FOLD PRODUCT OF LEBESGUE MEASURE ON ℝn
Authors: MOGHADASI S. REZA
Published: January 2012

The Blaschke–Petkantschin formula is a geometric measure decomposition of the q-fold product of Lebesgue measure on ℝn. Here we discuss another decomposition called polar decomposition by considering ℝn×⋯×ℝn as ℳn×k and using its polar decomposition. This is a generalisation of the Blaschke–Petkantschin formula and may be useful when one needs to integrate a function g:ℝn×⋯×ℝn→ℝ with rotational symmetry, that is, for each orthogonal transformation O,g(O(x1),…,O(xk))=g(x1,…xk). As an application we compute the moments of a Gaussian determinant.
Epigenetic modulation ofBRCA1andBRCA2gene expression by equol in breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Bosviel Rémy , Durif Julie , Déchelotte Pierre , Bignon Yves-Jean , Bernard-Gallon Dominique
Published: January 2012

S-Equol is a metabolite resulting from the conversion of daidzein, a soya phyto-oestrogen, by the gut microflora. The potential protective effects of equol in breast cancer are still under debate. Consequently, we investigated the effects of equol on DNA methylation of breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA1andBRCA2) and oncosuppressors in breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and in a dystrophic breast cell line (MCF-10a) following exposure toS-equol (2 μm) for 3 weeks. We demonstrated by quantitative analysis of methylated alleles a significant decrease in the methylation of the cytosine phosphate guanine (CpG) islands in the promoters ofBRCA1andBRCA2after theS-equol treatment in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells and a trend in MCF-10a cells. We also showed thatS-equol increases BRCA1 and BRCA2 protein expression in the nuclei and the cytoplasm in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10a cell lines by immunohistochemistry. The increase in BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins was also found after Western blotting in the studied cell lines. In summary, we demonstrated the demethylating effect ofS-equol on the CpG islands inside the promoters ofBRCA1andBRCA2genes, resulting in an increase in the level of expressed oncosuppressors in breast cancer cell lines.
Dietary l-arginine supplementation improves the intestinal development through increasing mucosal Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin signals in intra-uterine growth retarded piglets
Authors: Wang Yuanxiao , Zhang Lili , Zhou Genlai , Liao Zhiyong , Ahmad Hussain , Liu Wenbin , Wang Tian
Published: January 2012

Intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) impairs postnatal growth and development of the small intestine (SI) in neonatal pigs and infants. l-Arginine (Arg), a critical amino acid involved in promoting growth and metabolism in young mammals, is more deficient in IUGR fetuses. However, little is known whether dietary Arg supplementation would accelerate the impaired development of the SI induced by IUGR in piglets. In the present study, a total of six litters of newborn piglets were used. In each litter, one normal and two IUGR littermates were obtained. Piglets were fed milk-based diets supplemented with 0 (Normal), 0 (IUGR) and 0·60% Arg (IUGR+Arg) from 7 to 14 d of age, respectively. Compared with Normal piglets at 14 d of age, IUGR decreased (P < 0·05) the growth performance, entire SI weight, and villus height in the jejunum and ileum. IUGR piglets had lower (P < 0·05) mucosal concentrations of Arg, insulin, insulin growth factor 1, as well as phosphorylated Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p70 S6 kinase but higher (P < 0·05) enterocyte apoptosis index (AI). After Arg treatment in IUGR piglets, the growth performance, weight of entire SI and mucosa, and villus height in the jejunum and ileum were increased (P < 0·05). Diet supplemented with Arg also increased (P < 0·05) the levels of Arg, insulin, phosphorylated Akt and mTOR in SI mucosa of IUGR piglets, and decreased (P < 0·05) the AI and caspase-3 activity. In conclusion, Arg has a beneficiary effect in improving the impaired SI development in IUGR piglets via regulating cell apoptosis and activating Akt and mTOR signals in SI mucosa.
Bureaucratic Discretion and the Regulatory Burden: Business Environments under Alternative Regulatory Regimes
Authors: Duvanova Dinissa
Published: January 2012

While theoretical arguments distinguish regulatory policies from the institutional mechanisms of their implementation, empirical accounts often conflate the official regulatory policies of the government with the unofficial regulatory burden emanating from corruption and red tape. Building on the literature that emphasizes a separate and non-trivial effect of regulatory enforcement, this article identifies bureaucratic discretion as an important institutional factor that conditions the effects of regulatory policy on the business environment. An analysis of cross-sectional data covering 119 economies demonstrates that, under high levels of bureaucratic discretion, state regulatory involvement has no effect on the business environment. Low levels of bureaucratic discretion, however, accentuate the link between light regulatory burden and a business-friendly economic environment.
A Thorn in the Side of Social History: Jacques Rancière andLes Révoltes logiques
Authors: Suter Mischa
Published: January 2012

The article explores the intersection of history and politics in the works of French philosopher Jacques Rancière, by focusing on the collectively edited journalLes Révoltes logiques(1975–1985). It argues that the historiographic project ofLes Révoltes logiquestook up specific forms of counter-knowledge that were embedded in radical left-wing politics of their day. It further traces both the engagement with historiography and the role of history in Rancière's later work after the dissolution of the journal. Its conclusion looks at certain shared interests between some of Rancière's themes and some recent writing of social history.
Recognition of the Togolese Red Cross Society
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2012

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition, on September 7, 1961, of the Togolese Red Cross Society by the International Committee of the Red Cross.
A note on surface waves generated by shear-flow instability
Authors: MILES JOHN
Published: January 2012

Morland, Saffman & Yuen's (1991) study of the stability of a semi-infinite, concave
shear flow bounded above by a capillary–gravity wave, for which they obtained
numerical solutions of Rayleigh's equation, is revisited. A variational formulation is
used to construct an analytical description of the unstable modes for the exponential velocity profile
U = U0 exp(y/d), −∞ < y [les ] 0.
The assumption of slow waves ([mid ]c[mid ] [Lt ] U0) yields an approximation
that agrees with the numerical results of Morland et al. The assumption of short waves
(kd [Gt ] 1) yields Shrira's (1993) asymptotic approximation.
Ideal fluid flow past obstacles in an arbitrary channel: comparison of numerical and experimental results
Authors: WEBER R. , HUREAU J.
Published: January 2012

This paper analyses a numerical model of a flow around an obstacle bounded in
a channel with arbitrary walls. The model is based on the usual two-dimensional
model of ideal incompressible weightless fluid. It is validated here by comparison
with analytical findings and experimental data, which consisted of the velocity field
determined by particle image velocimetry (PIV). Despite the simplicity of our wake
model, the numerical data are usually in good agreement with the analytical and
experimental data.
Phagocyte-specific S100 proteins in the local response to theEchinococcus granulosuslarva
Authors: BASIKA TATIANA , MUÑOZ NATALIA , CASARAVILLA CECILIA , IRIGOÍN FLORENCIA , BATTHYÁNY CARLOS , BONILLA MARIANA , SALINAS GUSTAVO , PACHECO JOSÉ PEDRO , ROTH JOHANESS , DURÁN ROSARIO , DÍAZ ALVARO
Published: January 2012

Infection by larvalEchinococcus granulosusis usually characterized by tight inflammatory control. However, various degrees of chronic granulomatous inflammation are also observed, reaching a high point in infection of cattle by the most prevalent parasite strain worldwide, which is not well adapted to this host species. In this context, epithelioid and multinucleated giant macrophages surround the parasite, and the secreted products of these cells often associate with the larval wall. The phagocyte-specific S100 proteins, S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12, are important non-conventionally secreted amplifiers of inflammatory responses. We have analysed by proteomics and immunohistochemistry the presence of these proteins at theE. granulosuslarva-host interface. We found that, in the context of inflammatory control as observed in human infections, the S100 proteins are not abundant, but S100A9 and S100A8 can be expressed by eosinophils distal to the parasite. In the granulomatous inflammation context as observed in cattle infections, we found that S100A12 is one of the most abundant host-derived, parasite-associated proteins, while S100A9 and S100A8 are not present at similarly high levels. As expected, S100A12 derives mostly from the epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells. S100A12, as well as cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinase-9, also expressed byE. granulosus-elicited epithelioid cells, are connected to the Th17 arm of immunity, which may therefore be involved in this granulomatous response.
Immunological characterization ofNeospora caninumcyclophilin
Authors: KAMEYAMA KYOHKO , NISHIMURA MAKI , PUNSANTSOGVOO MYAGMARSUREN , IBRAHIM HANY M. , XUAN XUENAN , FURUOKA HIDEFUMI , NISHIKAWA YOSHIFUMI
Published: January 2012

Neospora caninumis an intracellular parasite that poses a unique ability to infect a variety of cell types by causing host cell migration. Although previous studies demonstrated that parasite-derived proteins could trigger host cell migration, the related molecules have yet to be determined. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship betweenNeospora-derived molecules and host cell migration using recombinant protein ofN. caninumcyclophilin (NcCyp). Indirect fluorescent antibody test revealed that NcCyp was expressed in the tachyzoite cytosol. Furthermore, NcCyp release from extracellular parasites was detected by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a time-dependent manner. Recombinant NcCyp caused the cysteine–cysteine chemokine receptor 5-dependent migration of murine and bovine cells. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry indicated that NcCyp was consistently detected in tachyzoites distributed within or around the brain lesions. In conclusion,N. caninum-derived cyclophilin appears to contribute to host cell migration, thereby maintaining parasite/host interactions.
Jesus' return as lottery puzzle: a reply to Donald Smith
Authors: TURNER P. ROGER
Published: January 2012

In his recent article, ‘Lottery puzzles and Jesus' return’, Donald Smith says that Christians should accept a very robust scepticism about the future because a Christian ought to think that the probability of Jesus' return happening at any future moment is inscrutable to her. But I think that Smith's argument lacks the power rationally to persuade Christians who are antecedently uncommitted as to whether or not we can or do have any substantive knowledge about the future. Moreover, I think that Christians who are so antecedently uncommitted have available objections they can reasonably press against Smith's arguments. In the article, I attempt to bring out these objections.