bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tel1ATM dictates the replication timing of short yeast telomeres
Authors: Cooley Carol , Davé Anoushka , Garg Mansi , Bianchi Alessandro
Published: August 2014

Telomerase action is temporally linked to DNA replication. Although yeast telomeres are normally late replicating, telomere shortening leads to early firing of subtelomeric DNA replication origins. We show that double‐strand breaks flanked by short telomeric arrays cause origin firing early in S phase at late‐replicating loci and that this effect on origin firing time is dependent on the Tel1ATM checkpoint kinase. The effect of Tel1ATM on telomere replication timing extends to endogenous telomeres and is stronger than that elicited by Rif1 loss. These results establish that Tel1ATM specifies not only the extent but also the timing of telomerase recruitment.
Histone H2B Ubiquitination Promotes the Function of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome inSchizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Elmore Zachary C , Beckley Janel R , Chen Jun-Song , Gould Kathleen L
Published: August 2014

Ubiquitination and deubiquitination of proteins are reciprocal events involved in many cellular processes, including the cell cycle. During mitosis, the metaphase to anaphase transition is regulated by the ubiquitin ligase activity of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Although the E3 ubiquitin ligase function of the APC/C has been well characterized, it is not clear whether deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) play a role in reversing APC/C substrate ubiquitination. Here we performed a genetic screen to determine what DUB, if any, antagonizes the function of the APC/C in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We found that deletion of ubp8, encoding the Spt-Ada-Gcn5-Acetyl transferase (SAGA) complex associated DUB, suppressed temperature-sensitive phenotypes of APC/C mutants cut9-665, lid1-6, cut4-533, and slp1-362. Our analysis revealed that Ubp8 antagonizes APC/C function in a mechanism independent of the spindle assembly checkpoint and proteasome activity. Notably, suppression of APC/C mutants was linked to loss of Ubp8 catalytic activity and required histone H2B ubiquitination. On the basis of these data, we conclude that Ubp8 antagonizes APC/C function indirectly by modulating H2B ubiquitination status.
Association of CCL5 and CCR5 Gene Polymorphisms With Periodontitis in Taiwanese
Authors: Shih Yo‐Seng , Fu Earl , Fu Martin M. , Lin Fu‐Gong , Chiu Hsien‐Chung , Shen E‐Chin , Chiang Cheng‐Yang
Published: August 2014

Background: It has been suggested that genetic factors may predispose individuals to periodontal diseases. The present case‐control study aims to test whether the −403 single nucleotide polymorphism of chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5‐403) and the 32‐bp deletion of CCR5 (CCR5Δ32) polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to chronic and aggressive periodontitis.

Methods: Taiwanese participants (N = 213) were grouped into control group (CG), generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP), or chronic periodontitis (CP) groups. DNA samples were obtained from peripheral blood. CCL5‐403, evaluated by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism, and CCR5Δ32, evaluated by polymerase chain reaction, were compared among the three groups.

Results: There was a significant association between type of periodontitis and having allele A or G in the CCL5‐403 polymorphism. GAgP patients were 3.7 times more likely than CP patients and 2.0 times more likely than CG patients to have allele A, instead of allele G, in CCL5‐403. GAgP patients were 3.1 times more likely than CG patients to have AG versus GG genotype. GAgP patients were also 5.0 and 19.8 times more likely than CP patients to have AG and AA genotypes, respectively, compared to GG. For the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism, no association was found between the type of periodontitis and having different genotype or allele distributions among GAgP, CP, or CG patients.

Conclusion: The single nucleotide polymorphism of CCL5‐403 G substitution by A may play a role in AgP; however, the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism may not.
Gelatinases and Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer Are Associated With Cyclosporin‐A‐Induced Attenuation of Periodontal Degradation in Rats
Authors: Fu Martin Ming‐Jen , Fu Earl , Kuo Po‐Jan , Tu Hsiao‐Pei , Chin Yu‐Tang , Chiang Cheng‐Yang , Chiu Hsien‐Chung
Published: August 2014

Background: The present study aims to examine the inhibitory effect of cyclosporin‐A (CsA) on periodontal breakdown and to further explore the correlations of CsA‐induced attenuation of periodontal bone loss with the expressions of gelatinases (i.e., matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]‐2 and MMP‐9) and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN).

Methods: Forty Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1) control; 2) CsA; 3) ligature (Lig); and 4) ligature plus CsA (Lig + CsA). The CsA group received 10 mg ⋅ Kg−1 ⋅ d−1 CsA for 8 days. The Lig group received silk ligature on selected molars. The Lig + CsA group received silk ligature and CsA treatment. The inhibitory effects of CsA on the ligature‐induced periodontal breakdown was examined with microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) and histometric analyses to analyze the amount of attachment loss, crestal bone loss, connective tissue attachment, and the surface area with inflammatory cell infiltration. The effects of CsA on ligature‐induced expressions of gelatinases and EMMPRIN in gingival tissues were examined with Western blotting and zymography, respectively.

Results: By micro‐CT and histology, the Lig + CsA group had significantly more periodontal breakdown than the control and CsA groups but less periodontal breakdown than the Lig group. Consistent results were found for the expressions of gelatinases and EMMPRIN among the groups demonstrating that the Lig + CsA group had significantly less gingival protein expression of gelatinases and EMMPRIN than the Lig group.

Conclusions: CsA inhibited the expressions of gelatinase MMPs and EMMPRIN and partially prevented the periodontal breakdown in ligature‐induced experimental periodontitis. The CsA‐induced attenuation of periodontal bone loss was strongly correlated positively with the expressions of MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and EMMPRIN in gingiva.
Dentist Supply and Children’s Oral Health in the United States
Authors: Guarnizo-Herreño Carol C. , Wehby George L.
Published: August 2014

Objectives. We evaluated the relationship between dentist supply and children’s oral health and explored heterogeneity by children’s age and urbanicity.

Methods. We obtained data from the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health (> 27 000 children aged 1–10 years; > 23 000 children aged 11–17 years). We estimated the association between state-level dentist supply and multiple measures of children’s oral health using regression analysis adjusting for several child, family, and population-level characteristics.

Results. Dentist supply was significantly related to better oral health outcomes among children aged 1 to 10 years. The odds of decay and bleeding gums were lower by more than 50% (odds ratio [OR] = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.23, 0.95) and 80% (OR = 0.18; 95% CI = 0.05, 0.76), respectively, with an additional dentist per 1000 population. The odds of a worse maternal rating of child’s dental health on a 5-category scale from poor to excellent were lower by about 50% in this age group with an additional dentist per 1000 population (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.29, 0.91). We observed associations only for children in urban settings.

Conclusions. Dentist supply is associated with improved oral health for younger children in urban settings.
Sistema de Objervação Ambiental a Longo Prazo em Águas Profundas (DELOS)
Authors: Walls Anne , Clarke Jim , Bagley Phil
Published: August 2014

As águas profundas representam uma parte significativa da futura exploração e produção de petróleo e gás. Porém, os cientistas afirmaram que o ambiente de águas profundas é menos conhecido do que o lado escuro da lua. Ao mesmo tempo, existe uma crescente pressão das ONG's para adiar a exploração em águas profundas até que se saiba mais sobre os potenciais impactos. Em parceria com a comunidade científica marinha, e através da habilitação em Angola, a BP desenvolveu e instalou pela primeira vez no mundo o Sistema de Observação Ambiental a Longo Prazo em Águas Profundas (DELOS - Deepwater Environmental Long-term Observatory System) ao largo da costa de Angola. Foram instaladas duas estações de monitorização ambiental, uma no Campo Próximo e outra no Campo Distante, 16 kms de distância de qualquer infra-estrutura. Estas plataformas submarinas permanecerão no local durante aproximadamente 25 anos e, pela primeira vez, irão fornecer dados cientificamente viáveis para distinguir entre a mudança antropogénica e natural no fundo marinho. Sem esse entendimento as futuras mudanças no ambiente de águas profundas podem ser incorrectamente atribuídas a operações de Exploração & Petróleo.

Os dados recolhidos serão fundamentais para ajudar a indústria e a comunidade científica a construir uma imagem de longo prazo dos processos do fundo oceânico e ecologia. Em particular, isso permitir-nos-á: ➢Medir e monitorizar as comunidades biológicas de águas profundas➢Monitorizar o ritmo da recuperação de quaisquer impactos imprevistos➢Diferenciar entre as mudanças naturais e antropogénicas e proporcionar uma ligação entre a biodiversidade marinha e as mudanças climáticas

Descreve-se o desenvolvimento do sistema, desde o conceito ao fabrico, instalação e recuperação dos primeiros dados descritos, incluindo uma primeira utilização do Plástico Reforçado com Fibra de Vidro (PRFV) não-corrosivo como principal elemento estrutural para uma instalação submarina em águas profundas. Discute-se igualmente a selecção dos vários módulos de instrumentação e a sua aplicação.
The role of factor XIII-A in the development of inflammatory skin lesions
Authors: Włodarczyk Marcin , Sobolewska Aleksandra , Lesiak Aleksandra , Narbutt Joanna
Published: August 2014

Factor XIII (FXIII) is a unique clotting factor activated in the last stage of the coagulation cascade, with multiple other plasmatic and cellular functions, outside of the traditional homeostasis. Literature data show that FXIII is expressed in skin lesions in the course of various inflammatory skin disorders. Dermis contains a series of macrophages and dendritic cells, which express different phenotypes including FXIII. Increased levels of FXIII-positive cells are present in specific cutaneous inflammatory and fibrotic conditions. The aim of this review is to provide the relationship between FXIII and the development of the inflammatory skin lesions.
Ultrastructural study of Balantidium ctenopharyngodoni Chen, 1955 (Class: Litostomatea) from China with an emphasis on its vestibulum
Authors: Li Ming , Wang Chong , Grim J. , Wang Jianguo , Gong Xiaoning
Published: August 2014

A detailed description of the fine structure of Balantidium ctenopharyngodoni Chen, 1955 with an emphasis on its vestibulum is given in the present paper. As to the vestibular kinetids, special attention is paid to the characters of T1, T2 microtubules and nematodesmata. Serving as the major skeleton to the vestibular cortex, the T1, T2 and Pc microtubules are described herein and their support function is also discussed. Moreover, the well-developed nematodesmata of the vestibular kinetids that form a large basket-like complex are described in detail.
Pentose-phosphate pathway disruption in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Dunn Laura , Fairfield Vanessa , Daham Shanay , Bolaños Juan , Heales Simon
Published: August 2014

Oxidative stress is known to be a key factor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Neuronal redox status is maintained by glucose metabolism via the pentose-phosphate pathway and it is known that disruption of glucose metabolism is damaging to neurons. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that glucose metabolism is altered in PD and dysregulation of the pentose-phosphate pathway in this disease has recently been shown. In this review, we present an overview of the literature regarding neuronal glucose metabolism and PD, and discuss the implications of these findings for PD pathogenesis and possible future therapeutic avenues.
Challenges in research on the neural basis of „chemobrain”
Authors: Kaiser Jochen , Dietrich Jörg
Published: August 2014

Cancer survivors treated with chemotherapy frequently complain about impairment of cognitive functions including attention and memory. While the contribution of factors like psychological distress, anxiety or fatigue to this “chemobrain” syndrome has been discussed, studies in rodents have demonstrated the toxicity of various chemotherapeutic substances to the adult central nervous system. In humans, structural brain imaging has revealed both reduced gray and white matter volume and decreased white matter integrity related to chemotherapeutic treatment. Studies of brain function have found alterations in brain activation patterns during different types of tasks. Nevertheless, further clinical research using prospective designs in larger samples is required to better understand the relationship between chemotherapy and cognitive deficits. Variables that need to be considered more systematically include drug dose, genetic variations, and psychological factors. Assessing both electroencephalographic and hemodynamic responses during tasks at different stages of the processing hierarchy and at different difficulty levels should help in pinpointing the cortical processes affected by chemotherapy.
Injection Molding of Beverage Container Caps Made of a Composite Consisting of Wood Cellulose Fiber and an Ethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer
Authors: Ariño R. , Boldizar A.
Published: August 2014

The influence of processing parameters on injection-molded bottle caps consisting of 20 wt% of cellulose fibers and an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer was studied. The study included three cylinder barrel temperatures and three mold temperatures. For each combination of temperatures, the holding pressure time was varied and the mold sealing time was determined. High density polyethylene caps were also produced as reference material, and injection-molded tensile test bars were also produced in order to assess the tensile mechanical properties. The results showed no major differences in sealing time for the caps containing cellulose fibers, except for the highest melt and mold temperatures where a slightly longer time was observed. The viscosity of the composite material was higher than that of the polymeric matrix. For the highest temperature and high shear rates, the viscosity of the composite material was close to the viscosity of the matrix material. The moisture content of the injection-molded bars was less than 1 %, showing that almost no water was absorbed during the compounding or after several months. The crystallinity decreased when the fibers were included but was not influenced by the mold temperature. Enhanced mechanical properties were obtained by using the fibers compared to the pure ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, both in the tensile test bars and in the caps. The reference high density polyethylene had, however, a higher mechanical performance than the composite.
Faith, Food and Fettle: Is Individual and Neighborhood Religiosity/Spirituality Associated with a Better Diet?
Authors: Tan Min-Min , Chan Carina , Reidpath Daniel
Published: August 2014

Diet is an important contributor to many non-communicable diseases. Religion and spirituality (R/S) has a salutary effect on physical health, and one of the possible links between R/S and positive health outcomes is a better diet. Religious neighborhoods might also play a role in influencing the adoption of a healthier diet. Suggestions for future research in R/S and diet are included.
A Holistic Approach to ZigBee Performance Enhancement for Home Automation Networks
Authors: Betzler August , Gomez Carles , Demirkol Ilker , Paradells Josep
Published: August 2014

Wireless home automation networks are gaining importance for smart homes. In this ambit, ZigBee networks play an important role. The ZigBee specification defines a default set of protocol stack parameters and mechanisms that is further refined by the ZigBee Home Automation application profile. In a holistic approach, we analyze how the network performance is affected with the tuning of parameters and mechanisms across multiple layers of the ZigBee protocol stack and investigate possible performance gains by implementing and testing alternative settings. The evaluations are carried out in a testbed of 57 TelosB motes. The results show that considerable performance improvements can be achieved by using alternative protocol stack configurations. From these results, we derive two improved protocol stack configurations for ZigBee wireless home automation networks that are validated in various network scenarios. In our experiments, these improved configurations yield a relative packet delivery ratio increase of up to 33.6%, a delay decrease of up to 66.6% and an improvement of the energy efficiency for battery powered devices of up to 48.7%, obtainable without incurring any overhead to the network.
Karl Marx and the Paris Commune of 1871
Authors: McGray Robert
Published: August 2014

In 1871, citizens of the war torn arrondissements of Paris, in the face of traumatic political and military turmoil, established a new local form of government. The Paris Commune, as this government became known as in the English world, attracted attention for its alternative political-economic organization. One notable commentator was Karl Marx who, while living in England at the time, commentated on the Commune as a test of the bourgeoning field of critical theory. This paper traces Marx's work on the Commune, specifically in The Civil War in France, to examine how his work on this historical event underpins crucial concepts for critical pedagogy in contemporary adult education. While the trajectory between Marx's writings on the Commune and critical adult education is underrepresented and often unacknowledged, I argue that there is an important connection: The Civil War in France revises Marx's theory of dialectics in such a way that it allows us to understand informal learning as a process for possible critique.
Belfast Soundwalks
Authors: Bass Sarah , Rebelo Pedro
Published: August 2014

This article outlines the ongoing development of a locative smartphone app for iPhone and Android phones entitled The Belfast Soundwalks Project. Drawing upon a method known as soundwalking, the aim of this app is to engage the public in sonic art through the creation of up to ten soundwalks within the city of Belfast. This paper discusses the use of GPS enabled mobile devices in the creation of soundwalks in other cities. The authors identify various strategies for articulating an experience of listening in place as mediated by mobile technologies. The project aims to provide a platform for multiple artists to develop site-specific sound works which highlight the relationship between sound, place and community. The development of the app and the app interface are discussed, as are the methods employed to test and evaluate the project.
An empirical study of desired versus actual compensation practices in determining intrapreneurial behaviour
Authors: Madu Ugochukwu O. , Urban Boris
Published: August 2014

Orientation: Past research recognises that human resources management practices may influence innovative behaviour, particularly as compensation systems can be used as a tool to increase intrapreneurial activity.Research purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between actual versus desired compensation practices and elevated intrapreneurial behaviour. This is in line with research that focuses on how to promote business innovation, rather than merely research whether innovation is desirable for businesses or not.Motivation for the study: Recognising that entrepreneurial actions are the bedrock of intrapreneurial behaviour and that these behaviours may be critical to the long-term vitality of a firm and economy, it is important to facilitate the empirical study of them in an underresearched, emerging market environment. Moreover, compensation such as reward preferences and variable pay schemes remain controversial in terms of their costs versus contributions, and these constructs deserve more empirical research.Research approach, design and method: The study employed a quantitative research design, using a cross-sectional and empirical approach with primary data sources. A structured webbased instrument rendered a sample of 209 respondents from a diverse set of businesses. Canonical correlational analysis was carried out to test the hypotheses.Main findings: The results reveal that a gap exists between an employee’s perception of desired compensation practices and the actual compensation practices. The results further highlight that non-outcome-based measures like pay risk, job risk and expectations of success play a role in determining whether employees decide to be intrapreneurial or not.Practical/managerial implications: Due to the potential impact rewards have on intrapreneurial behaviour, it is necessary to design relevant compensation systems as part of organisational architecture in order to foster intrapreneurship.Contribution: In response to calls to unveil innovation practices in developing countries and in acknowledging a contingency relationship between compensation practices and intrapreneurship, this article is one of the first studies to test the relationship between actual versus desired compensation practices and elevated intrapreneurial behaviour in an emerging market context.
Multifractal analysis of mercury inclusions in quartz by X-ray computed tomography
Authors: Shibata T. , Maruoka T. , Echigo T.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. In order to refine our understanding how fluid inclusions were trapped in the host minerals, we non-destructively observed mercury inclusions (liquid Hg0) in quartz samples using X-ray computed tomography (CT) technique. The X-ray CT apparatus can observe internal structures of the samples and give cross-sectional images from the transmission of the X-rays through the samples. From the cross-sectional images, we obtained three-dimensional spatial distributions of mercury inclusions, and quantitatively analyzed them using fractal and multifractal methods. Although the samples were from different mines, the resultant fractal dimensions were about 1.7 for the samples. The fractal dimensions were also close to those predicted by diffusion-limited aggregation models and percolation theory, which are controlled by the irreversible kinetics. Then, the mercury-bearing fluids were not primary fluid inclusions, but migrated into the pre-existing cracks of quartz crystals by diffusion processes.
Leakage from Sub-national Climate Policy: The Case of California’s Cap-and-Trade Program
Authors: Caron Justin , Rausch Sebastian , Winchester Niven
Published: August 2014

With federal policies to curb carbon emissions stagnating in the U.S., California is taking action alone. Sub-national policies can lead to high rates of emissions leakage to other regions as state-level economies are closely connected, including integration of electricity markets. Using a calibrated general equilibrium model, we estimate that California’s cap-and-trade program without restrictions on imported electricity increases out-of-state emissions by 45% of the domestic reduction. When imported electricity is included in the cap and “resource shuffling” is banned, as set out in California’s legislation, emissions reductions in electricity exporting states partially offset leakage elsewhere and overall leakage is 9%.
Prijs- en waardebepaling van aandelen in besloten vennootschappen in ondernemingsrechtelijke procedures
Authors: van Borssum Waalkes J. , van der Schans E.
Published: August 2014

In de praktijk blijkt de prijs- en waardebepaling van aandelen in besloten vennootschappen in het kader van ondernemingsrechtelijke procedures tussen scheidende aandeelhouders, bij gebreke van statutaire en/of contractuele prijsbepalingsregels, niet zelden een kostbare, tijdrovende aangelegenheid met een onzekere uitkomst, waardoor de rechtszekerheid in het gedrang komt. Aan de hand van een analyse van het huidig wettelijk kader en de rechtspraak omtrent prijs- en waardebepaling van aandelen in ondernemingsrechtelijke procedures doen auteurs een tweetal voorstellen voor aanpassing van de wettelijke regelingen omtrent prijs- en waardebepaling om de gesignaleerde problematiek te mitigeren.
Interview met Kamerlid Ard van der Steur: de wetsvoorstellen bevordering mediation
Authors: Jagtenberg Rob , Verbist Herman
Published: August 2014

MP Ard van der Steur: the bills promoting mediaton

Mr Ard van der Steur MP for the Dutch Liberals (VVD), has introduced three interconnected private member bills to anchor mediation more firmly into the Dutch legal system. This initiative grew out from dissatisfaction over the truly minimal implementation of EU Directive 2008/52 in the Netherlands. For one thing, the bill envisages stricter quality standards and registration requirements. Professional privilege, for instance, will only accrue to those who meet all requirements as Registermediators. Another interesting aspect of the bills concerns the duty for parties to indicate to court in the writ of summons whether mediation has been attempted, and if not, why not. If a legal question arises while a mediation is pending before a Registermediator, the latter may refer that question on behalf of the parties to a cantonal judge electronically, whereas proviso is made for the judge handing down judgment at short notice, in order not to interrupt the flow of mediation more than necessary. These are just some of the innovative aspects of the bills that are being discussed during this interview at the premises of the Dutch parliament.
L’échange : entre l’empirique et l’analytique
Authors: Laflamme Simon
Published: August 2014

Quel rôle joue la notion d’échange dans les sciences humaines? C’est la question à laquelle cet article tente de répondre. Pour y parvenir, il écarte au point de départ les épistémologies qui ne se positionnent pas entre subjectivité et objectivation puis il distingue divers usages qui vont d’un échange plutôt empirique à un autre, plutôt analytique, tous compris à une intersection mobile d’une science productrice de sens et d’une empirie active.
Wind‐modulated buoyancy circulation over the Texas‐Louisiana shelf
Authors: Zhang Zhaoru , Hetland Robert , Zhang Xiaoqian
Published: August 2014

This numerical investigation examines buoyancy‐driven circulation on the Texas‐Louisiana shelf modulated by seasonal winds. In wintertime, with downcoast (in the direction of Kelvin wave propagation) wind forcing, the Mississippi‐Atchafalaya River plume exhibits a bottom‐advected pattern. The plume is fairly wide and the horizontal density gradients span almost across the entire shelf inshore of 50 m. Within the plume, vertical shear of alongshore flow is in thermal wind balance with the cross‐shore density gradient, and the shear causes a slight reversal of alongshore flow near the bottom. An alongshore flow estimated by the thermal wind relation, along with an assumption of zero bottom velocity, generally well agrees with the actual flow near the surface in regions deeper than 20 m. In spring and summer, the thermal‐wind‐balance‐derived flow deviates from the actual alongshore flow, and an Ekman flow driven by strong onshore wind makes the major contribution to the deviation. Besides, the summertime upcoast wind component transforms the plume to a surface‐advected state, resulting in reduced cross‐shore density gradients and increasing the relative importance of wind‐driven, barotropic alongshore flow, which contributes to the remaining deviation.
Chemistry and texture of the rocks at Rocknest, Gale Crater: Evidence for sedimentary origin and diagenetic alteration
Authors: Blaney D. L. , Wiens R. C. , Maurice S. , Clegg S. M. , Anderson R. B. , Kah L. C. , Le Mouélic S. , Ollila A. , Bridges N. , Tokar R. , Berger G. , Bridges J. C. , Cousin A. , Clark B. , Dyar M. D. , King P. L. , Lanza N. , Mangold N. , Meslin P.‐Y. , Newsom H. , Schröder S. , Rowland S. , Johnson J. , Edgar L. , Gasnault O. , Forni O. , Schmidt M. , Goetz W. , Stack K. , Sumner D. , Fisk M. , Madsen M. B.
Published: August 2014

A suite of eight rocks analyzed by the Curiosity Rover while it was stopped at the Rocknest sand ripple shows the greatest chemical divergence of any potentially sedimentary rocks analyzed in the early part of the mission. Relative to average Martian soil and to the stratigraphically lower units encountered as part of the Yellowknife Bay formation, these rocks are significantly depleted in MgO, with a mean of 1.3 wt %, and high in Fe, averaging over 20 wt % FeOT, with values between 15 and 26 wt % FeOT. The variable iron and low magnesium and rock texture make it unlikely that these are igneous rocks. Rock surface textures range from rough to smooth, can be pitted or grooved, and show various degrees of wind erosion. Some rocks display poorly defined layering while others seem to show possible fractures. Narrow vertical voids are present in Rocknest 3, one of the rocks showing the strongest layering. Rocks in the vicinity of Rocknest may have undergone some diagenesis similar to other rocks in the Yellowknife Bay Formation as indicated by the presence of soluble calcium phases. The most reasonable scenario is that fine‐grained sediments, potentially a mixture of feldspar‐rich rocks from Bradbury Rise and normal Martian soil, were lithified together by an iron‐rich cement.
Electrostatic fluctuations in the solar wind: An evidence of the link between Alfvénic and electrostatic scales
Authors: Vecchio A. , Valentini F. , Donato S. , Carbone V. , Briand C. , Bougeret J. , Veltri P.
Published: August 2014

Electrostatic activity in the frequency range of few kHz represents a very common phenomenon observed in the solar wind since first observation from Helios spacecraft. In this paper we present a detailed comparison between electrostatic fluctuations detected by STEREO spacecraft and the results of kinetic numerical simulations. By using a novel approach, made by a combination of two different numerical models, we provide a convincing interpretation of the space observations in terms of the electrostatic branch of the so‐called ion‐bulk waves able to survive against Landau damping even at small values of Te/Tp. The comparison between data and numerical simulations allows to characterize the chain of physical mechanisms, able to efficiently transfer energy from the Alfvénic scales down to scales of the order of the Debye length, through the excitation of the observed electrostatic fluctuations.
Nonlinear interaction of 3‐D kinetic Alfvén wave and fast magnetosonic wave
Authors: Sharma Prachi , Yadav N. , Sharma R. P.
Published: August 2014

The nonlinear interaction of 3‐D kinetic Alfvén wave and fast magnetosonic wave for the intermediate‐β plasma in magnetopause has been considered in the present study. A set of dimensionless equations has been derived taking ponderomotive nonlinearity into account due to kinetic Alfvén wave in the fast magnetosonic wave dynamics. In order to analyze the nonlinear coupling of fast magnetosonic wave and kinetic Alfvén wave and also to study its effect on the turbulent power spectrum, we have numerically solved these coupled equations using pseudo‐spectral method of simulation. The results show the appearance of localized structures of kinetic Alfvén wave, which may be accountable for the heating and acceleration of plasma. The obtained results are consistent with the recent observations by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft in magnetopause.
Light‐modulated TiOx Interlayer Dipole and Contact Activation in Organic Solar Cell Cathodes
Authors: Guerrero Antonio , Chambon Sylvain , Hirsch Lionel , Garcia‐Belmonte Germà
Published: August 2014

Understanding working mechanisms of selective interfacial layers and the underlying energetics of the organic semiconductor/electrode interface is an issue of primary concern for improving organic solar cell technologies. TiO
x
interlayers are used here to tune the selectivity of the cathode contact to electrons by controlled UV‐light activation. The S‐shaped kink observed for deactivated titania interlayers completely disappears after 2 min of UV‐light exposure yielding high fill factor (≈60%) and adequate efficiencies. UV‐light activation of complete cells alters the work function of the oxide that decreases about 650 mV as observed by Kelvin probe measurements. Capacitive techniques reveals a light‐intensity dependent shift in flat‐band voltage of up to 1.2 V under 1 sun illumination (without UV) in the case of deactivated TiO
x
interlayers. An increase in the magnitude of the light‐modulated dipole present at the oxide layer accounts for that voltage shift. Although the sign of the interface dipole would favor the extraction of electrons, the concomitant modification of the band bending in the organic semiconductor hinders an efficient extraction of carriers at positive voltages and originates the S‐shaped characteristics. After contact activation, the dipole strength does not change with the light intensity.
CHARGE‐like presentation, craniosynostosis and mild Mowat–Wilson Syndrome diagnosed by recognition of the distinctive facial gestalt in a cohort of 28 new cases
Authors: Wenger Tara L. , Harr Margaret , Ricciardi Stefania , Bhoj Elizabeth , Santani Avni , Adam Margaret P. , Barnett Sarah S. , Ganetzky Rebecca , McDonald‐McGinn Donna M. , Battaglia Domenica , Bigoni Stefania , Selicorni Angelo , Sorge Giovanni , Monica Matteo Della , Mari Francesca , Andreucci Elena , Romano Silvia , Cocchi Guido , Savasta Salvatore , Malbora Baris , Marangi Giuseppe , Garavelli Livia , Zollino Marcella , Zackai Elaine H.
Published: August 2014

Mowat–Wilson syndrome (MWS) is characterized by moderate to severe intellectual disability and distinctive facial features in association with variable structural congenital anomalies/clinical features including congenital heart disease, Hirschsprung disease, hypospadias, agenesis of the corpus callosum, short stature, epilepsy, and microcephaly. Less common clinical features include ocular anomalies, craniosynostosis, mild intellectual disability, and choanal atresia. These cases may be more difficult to diagnose. In this report, we add 28 MWS patients with molecular confirmation of ZEB2 mutation, including seven with an uncommon presenting feature. Among the “unusual” patients, two patients had clinical features of charge syndrome including choanal atresia, coloboma, cardiac defects, genitourinary anomaly (1/2), and severe intellectual disability; two patients had craniosynostosis; and three patients had mild intellectual disability. Sixteen patients have previously‐unreported mutations in ZEB2. Genotype‐phenotype correlations were suggested in those with mild intellectual disability (two had a novel missense mutation in ZEB2, one with novel splice site mutation). This report increases the number of reported patients with MWS with unusual features, and is the first report of MWS in children previously thought to have CHARGE syndrome. These patients highlight the importance of facial gestalt in the accurate identification of MWS when less common features are present. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
NDST1 missense mutations in autosomal recessive intellectual disability
Authors: Reuter Miriam S. , Musante Luciana , Hu Hao , Diederich Stefan , Sticht Heinrich , Ekici Arif B. , Uebe Steffen , Wienker Thomas F. , Bartsch Oliver , Zechner Ulrich , Oppitz Cornelia , Keleman Krystyna , Jamra Rami Abou , Najmabadi Hossein , Schweiger Susann , Reis André , Kahrizi Kimia
Published: August 2014

NDST1 was recently proposed as a candidate gene for autosomal recessive intellectual disability in two families. It encodes a bifunctional GlcNAc N‐deacetylase/N‐sulfotransferase with important functions in heparan sulfate biosynthesis. In mice, Ndst1 is crucial for embryonic development and homozygous null mutations are perinatally lethal. We now report on two additional unrelated families with homozygous missense NDST1 mutations. All mutations described to date predict the substitution of conserved amino acids in the sulfotransferase domain, and mutation modeling predicts drastic alterations in the local protein conformation. Comparing the four families, we noticed significant overlap in the clinical features, including both demonstrated and apparent intellectual disability, muscular hypotonia, epilepsy, and postnatal growth deficiency. Furthermore, in Drosophila, knockdown of sulfateless, the NDST ortholog, impairs long‐term memory, highlighting its function in cognition. Our data confirm NDST1 mutations as a cause of autosomal recessive intellectual disability with a distinctive phenotype, and support an important function of NDST1 in human development. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
N8− Polynitrogen Stabilized on Multi‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes for Oxygen‐Reduction Reactions at Ambient Conditions
Authors: Wu Zhiyi , Benchafia El Mostafa , Iqbal Zafar , Wang Xianqin
Published: August 2014

Polynitrogen (PN) species (Nn, n from 3 to 8) as highly energetic materials have attracted many theoretical calculations and predictions. N3, N4, N5 or their ions were experimentally detected under high‐pressure and high‐temperature conditions. Herein, a N8− PN stabilized on the positively charged sidewalls of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) has been synthesized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) under ambient conditions. ATR‐FTIR and Raman spectroscopic data assigned on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations support the successful synthesis of a C2h symmetry chain structure of the N8 anion stabilized as MWNT+N8−. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) data show that MWNT+N8− is thermally stable up to 400 °C. Oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR) experiments carried out using MWNT+N8− as the cathodic catalyst shows that it is very active for ORR with an even higher current density than that of a commercial Pt/carbon catalyst.
Komplexe N‐heterocyclischer Carbene mit Molybdän‐Alkylidenen der höchsten Oxidationsstufe: funktionalitätstolerante kationische Katalysatoren für die Olefinmetathese
Authors: Buchmeiser Michael R. , Sen Suman , Unold Jörg , Frey Wolfgang
Published: August 2014

Erstmals wurden Komplexe von Schrocks Molybdän‐Imidobistriflaten mit N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen (NHCs) synthetisiert. Im Unterschied zu den bis dato existierenden Bistriflatkomplexen stellen die neuartigen 16‐Elektronen Komplexe metatheseaktive und gegenüber funktionellen Gruppen tolerante Katalysatoren dar. Die Röntgeneinkristallstrukturen zweier Vertreter dieser neuen Klasse von Schrock‐Katalysatoren werden gezeigt, und ihre Reaktivität wird im Lichte ihrer strukturellen Besonderheiten erläutert. In Gegenwart von Substraten werden kationische Spezies gebildet, die in der Ringschlussmetathese, der ringöffnenden Metathesepolymerisationen (ROMP) sowie in der Cyclopolymerization von α,ω‐Diinen katalytisch aktiv sind. Monomere, die bisher durch die unterschiedlichen Schrock‐Katalysatoren nicht tolerierte funktionelle Gruppen, wie sekundäre Amine, Hydroxy‐ oder Carbonsäurefunktionalitäten beinhalten, können nun verwendet werden.
Harvesting Solar Light with Crystalline Carbon Nitrides for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Bhunia Manas K. , Yamauchi Kazuo , Takanabe Kazuhiro
Published: August 2014

Described herein is the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution using crystalline carbon nitrides (CNs) obtained by supramolecular aggregation followed by ionic melt polycondensation (IMP) using melamine and 2,4,6‐triaminopyrimidine as a dopant. The solid state NMR spectrum of 15N‐enriched CN confirms the triazine as a building unit. Controlling the amount and arrangements of dopants in the CN structure can dramatically enhance the photocatalytic performance for H2 evolution. The polytriazine imide (PTI) exhibits the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 15 % at 400 nm. This method successfully enables a substantial amount of visible light to be harvested for H2 evolution, and provides a promising route for the rational design of a variety of highly active crystalline CN photocatalysts.
Misfolding of Luciferase at the Single‐Molecule Level
Authors: Mashaghi Alireza , Mashaghi Samaneh , Tans Sander J.
Published: August 2014

The folding of complex proteins can be dramatically affected by misfolding transitions. Directly observing misfolding and distinguishing it from aggregation is challenging. Experiments with optical tweezers revealed transitions between the folded states of a single protein in the absence of mechanical tension. Nonfolded chains of the multidomain protein luciferase folded within seconds to different partially folded states, one of which was stable over several minutes and was more resistant to forced unfolding than other partially folded states. Luciferase monomers can thus adopt a stable misfolded state and can do so without interacting with aggregation partners. This result supports the notion that luciferase misfolding is the cause of the low refolding yields and aggregation observed with this protein. This approach could be used to study misfolding transitions in other large proteins, as well as the factors that affect misfolding.
Asymmetric Gold‐Catalyzed Lactonizations in Water at Room Temperature
Authors: Handa Sachin , Lippincott Daniel J. , Aue Donald H. , Lipshutz Bruce H.
Published: August 2014

Asymmetric gold‐catalyzed hydrocarboxylations are reported that show broad substrate scope. The hydrophobic effect associated with in situ‐formed aqueous nanomicelles gives good to excellent ee’s of product lactones. In‐flask product isolation, along with the recycling of the catalyst and the reaction medium, are combined to arrive at an especially environmentally friendly process.
CO2‐blown nanocellular foams
Authors: Costeux Stéphane
Published: August 2014

Polymeric nanocellular foams are broadly defined as having cell size below one micron. However, it is only when cell size reaches 100 nm or less that unique thermal conductivity, dielectric constant, optical, or mechanical properties are expected due to gas confinement in the cells or polymer confinement in the cell walls. Producing such materials with low density by physical foaming with CO2 requires the controlled nucleation and growth of 1015−1016 cells/cm3. This is a formidable challenge that necessitates new foaming strategies. This review provides a description of processes, conditions, and polymer systems that have been employed over the past 15 years to achieve increasingly higher cell densities and expansion ratio, culminating with the recent development of low density nanofoams and of nanostructured polymers in which nucleation can be precisely controlled. Remaining barriers to scale‐up are summarized. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41293.
FTIR analysis of a polycarbonate blend after hygrothermal aging
Authors: Haghighi‐Yazdi Mojtaba , Lee‐Sullivan Pearl
Published: August 2014

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to detect changes or degradation in chain structure of PC/ABS specimens after being exposed to three hygrothermal conditions. The two main absorbance peaks of interest are associated with carbonyl and hydroxyl groups due to the oxidation of butadiene in the ABS component. The changes to these groups were evident in earlier work during thermal aging of this blend but were not found in this hygrothermal study. However, the increase in intensity within the hydroxyl region for two of the conditions was attributed to bulk water diffusion in the material. When viewed together with results published earlier by our research group, the changes driven by bulk moisture diffusion are reversible. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41316.
SMYD Proteins: Key Regulators in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Development and Function
Authors: Du Shao Jun , Tan Xungang , Zhang Jianshe
Published: August 2014

Muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils, one of the most highly ordered macromolecular assemblies in cells. Recent studies demonstrate that members of the Smyd family play critical roles in myofibril assembly of skeletal and cardiac muscle during development. The Smyd family consists of five members including Smyd1, Smyd2, Smyd3, Smyd4, and Smyd5. They share two highly conserved structural and functional domains, namely the SET and MYND domains involved in lysine methylation and protein‐protein interaction, respectively. Smyd1 is specifically expressed in muscle cells under the regulation of myogenic transcriptional factors of the MyoD and Mef2 families and the serum responsive factor. Loss of function studies reveal that Smyd1 is required for cardiomyogenesis and sarcomere assembly in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Smyd2, on another hand, is dispensable for heart development in mice. However, Smyd2 appears to play a role in myofilament organization in both skeletal and cardiac muscles via Hsp90 methylation. A Drosophila Smyd4 homologue is a muscle‐specific transcriptional modulator involved in the development or function of adult muscle. The molecular mechanisms by which Smyd family proteins function in muscle cells are not well understood. It has been suggested that members of the Smyd family may use multiple mechanisms to control muscle development and cell differentiation, including transcriptional regulation, epigenetic regulation via histone methylation, and methylation of proteins other than histones, such as molecular chaperone Hsp90. Anat Rec, 297:1650–1662, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myosin VIIA is a Marker for the Cone Accessory Outer Segment in Zebrafish
Authors: Hodel Corinne , Niklaus Stephanie , Heidemann Martina , Klooster Jan , Kamermans Maarten , Biehlmaier Oliver , Gesemann Matthias , Neuhauss Stephan C.F.
Published: August 2014

The accessory outer segment, a cytoplasmic structure running alongside the photoreceptor outer segment, has been described in teleost fishes, excluding the model organism zebrafish. So far, the function of the accessory outer segment is unknown. Here, we describe the ultrastructure of the zebrafish cone accessory outer segment by electron microscopy. Starting at the connecting cilium, the accessory outer segment runs parallel alongside the cone outer segment (COS). A thin plasma bridge connects the outer segment with the accessory outer segment, whose surface is enlarged by foldings and invaginations. Beside the morphological descriptions, we demonstrate that the Usher protein myosin VIIa (Myo7a) is a specific marker for the zebrafish cone accessory outer segment. Zebrafish cone photoreceptors possess a large and well‐differentiated accessory outer segment, in which the unconventional motor protein Myo7a is highly enriched. The direct cytoplasmic contact with the COS as well as the surface enlargement of the accessory outer segment suggests an important role of this structure in transport and exchange of metabolites between the COS and the surrounding retinal pigment epithelium. In future studies of the outer retina, more attention should be paid to this often neglected structure. Anat Rec, 297:1777–1784, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.