bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’histoire du malade. Croisement de deux anthropologies
Authors: Labey Pauline
Published: February 2011

L’histoire des malades peut intégrer l’anthropologie de deux manières. Tout d’abord, elle peut utiliser l’anthropologie comme source de méthode et de questionnement. En écrivant une histoire de l’homme malade, l’historien se doit de saisir une situation corporelle individuelle et ses conséquences sociales dans un quotidien. Il interroge donc une société sur son rapport au corps, lorsqu’il est atteint par le mal, et sur son rapport à la norme, lorsqu’on s’en écarte. Ensuite, l’histoire des malades peut porter sur l’anthropologie comme discours, produit dans une période donnée. L’anthropologie est dès lors abordée en tant qu’objet de recherche. En croisant pratique et discours, il est possible de saisir les conséquences individuelles de l’évènement maladie. Pour le Moyen Age central, enjeux spirituels et enjeux institutionnels peuvent s’éclairer, grâce à cette double utilisation de l’anthropologie.
Le personnage du Christ dans les Mystères anglais : une analyse d'après les travaux de Victor Turner
Authors: Silec Tatjana
Published: February 2011

Dans les Mystères de York ou de Towneley, le Christ tient à la fois du fou de cour et du fou sage, ce qui peut sembler paradoxal mais trouve son origine dans la place accordée au fou dans la société médiévale occidentale en général. Le fou dit « sage » était, en raison du mépris dans lequel il tenait sa propre personne physique et son statut social, couvert du même opprobre que son homonyme de cour: tous deux bénéficiaient d'une liberté singulière qu'ils payaient de l'abandon de toute dignité. Les brimades endurées par le Christ dans deux Mystères anglais, Christ Before Herod et The Buffeting1, qui visent, pour les bourreaux, à humilier leur victime en faisant d’elle un bouffon, ont pour objet véritable de rendre évidente la folie d'un tel geste aux yeux des spectateurs, ainsi que le courage du Christ dans une mise en scène qui met en avant les qualités liminales de cette période de la vie du fils de Dieu, lequel est amené à devenir roi au terme de celle-ci. Elles mettent également en évidence le statut véritablement abject du fou professionnel.
L’archéologie médiévale dans et hors l’histoire : retour sur différents usages de la documentation archéologique
Authors: Dupuis Mathias
Published: February 2011

L’émergence de l’anthropologique historique a joué un rôle fondamental dans l’essor institutionnel de l’archéologie médiévale française au cours de la seconde moitié du xxe siècle. Cette nouvelle dimension accordée à la discipline archéologique a eu pour corollaire, sinon pour cause, la volonté de prendre en considération l’ensemble des témoignages matériels du passé. L’archéologie est donc entrée progressivement dans le champ de l’histoire médiévale, en produisant un nouveau type de documents historiques. Parallèlement, l’archéologie médiévale s’est également construite hors de l’histoire, à travers ses échanges avec l’histoire de l’art, les sciences naturelles ainsi que sur la base d’une stricte méthodologie. Le présent article revient sur les contradictions d’une discipline tiraillée entre sa position auxiliaire vis-à-vis de l’histoire et ses tentatives d’émancipation en tant que domaine autonome des sciences humaines. La question des différentes définitions et des différents usages de la « documentation archéologique » fera office de fil conducteur dans cette réflexion.
L’essor des images et l’éclipse du littéraire. Notes sur l’histoire et sur les pratiques de l’« histoire des représentations »
Authors: Brilli Elisa
Published: February 2011

En guise d’introduction à la dernière partie de ce volume, cet article porte sur l’ « histoire des représentations » telle qu’elle a été définie et pratiquée en France dès la fin des années 1980. Après une mise au point historiographique, présentant la définition de cette démarche par les historiens modernistes, il est question de sa reprise par les médiévistes, dans leurs formulations théoriques aussi bien que dans leurs pratiques de recherche. L’attention fort différente consacrée actuellement, d’un côté, aux images matérielles et, de l’autre, aux textes littéraires est à l’origine d’un questionnement sur les spécifités des « représentations » des médiévistes et de quelques propositions pour relancer les études sur la « littérature » médiévale faites par les historiens des représentations.
Retour critique sur l’évolution de l’archéologie médiévale depuis dix ans
Authors: Chapelot Jean
Published: February 2011

L’archéologie médiévale est née en France dans les années 1960 - 1970 juste avant la crise de l’archéologie préventive qui a mobilisé l’attention et la réflexion des archéologues jusqu’aux lois de 2001 et 2003 qui ont réglé pour l’essentiel ce problème. L’archéologie médiévale est désormais pratiquée dans un cadre professionnel assez spécifique par rapport à la situation habituelle des sciences humaines et sociales. Ces dernières années sont apparus divers problèmes qui handicapent le développement de l’archéologie médiévale. Néanmoins, celle - ci affirme de plus en plus son autonomie intellectuelle et produit des résultats importants et originaux. Elle a désormais besoin d’un dispositif d’évaluation et de financement de la recherche.
Questions disputées quomodo Historiam scribere
Authors: Boureau Alain
Published: February 2011

Alain Boureau, ne voulant pas figer dans un texte ce qu’est pour lui l’anthropologie historique, a bien voulu se prêter à un petit jeu qui reprend, sous la forme d’un entretien, une partie des thèmes abordés lors du colloque de 2008. De la « mort de l’anthropologie » comme discipline autonomone à l’exigence actuelle de renouveler le regard critique envers une anthropologie historique qui risque de normalisation, il revient sur les étapes majeures de son parcours d’historien : la définition de l’alter histoire et de l’anthropologie scolastique, la rencontre féconde avec la psychanalyse, le glissement progressif vers l’histoire intellectuelle.
Art, littérature et anthropologie historique. Quelques réflexions historiographiques
Authors: Anheim Etienne
Published: February 2011

L’art et la littérature posent à l’anthropologie historique des questions qui permettent de revenir sur l’historiographie des trente dernières années. En mettant en évidence les tensions entre catégories médiévales et contemporaine, en soulignant les déplacements récents vers la matérialité des documents ou des objets, ou encore en confrontant l’anthropologie à la philosophie à travers l’esthétique, les pratiques artistiques et littéraires dévoilent la dimension réflexive et plurielle des usages de l’anthropologie dans la pratique des historiens. Ce faisant, art et littérature sont révélateurs des déplacements méthodologiques accomplis depuis les années 1970 et montrent dans quelle mesure le « programme de recherche » de l’anthropologie historique a pu évoluer progressivement jusqu'à aujourd’hui.
« Séparer l'Église et l'État : L'augustinisme politique selon Arquillière »
Authors: Dufal Blaise
Published: February 2011

Le concept d'augustinisme politique forgé par Arquillière dans les années 1930 met en jeu une vision particulière de l'histoire de l'Église et de ses rapports avec les pouvoirs temporels. Il a été élaboré par des penseurs néo-thomistes qui cherchaient à présenter une vision ecclésiologique compatible avec l'affirmation d'États-nations laïcs. Désignant une déformation de la pensée de saint Augustin, l'augustinisme politique permet alors de circonscrire ces conceptions théocratiques à des doctrines médiévales considérées comme une exception historiquement contextualisée.
Langages politiques, modèles et métaphores corporelles. Propositions historiographiques
Authors: Briguglia Gianluca
Published: February 2011

Cet exposé analyse quelques positions historiograpiques sur les utilisations des métaphores dans la pensée politique du Moyen-Âge. L’auteur discute, en particulier, la fonction de la métaphore du corps politique et son importance dans les débats historiographiques sur les « langages politiques » et le changement des paradigmes dans l’histoire de la pensée.
The use of IASI data to identify systematic errors in the ECMWF forecasts of temperature in the upper stratosphere
Authors: Masiello G. , Matricardi M. , Serio C.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Since data from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) became available in 2007, a number of papers have appeared in the literature which have reported relatively large discrepancies between IASI spectra and forward calculations in the centre of the CO2 Q-branch at 667 cm−1. In this paper we show that these discrepancies are primarily due to errors in the temperature profiles used in the forward calculations. In particular, we have used forecasts of temperature profiles from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to demonstrate that, for the case study considered in this paper, these profiles are affected by systematic errors of the order of ≈10 K at the level of the stratopause. To derive the magnitude and the spatial location of the systematic errors in the temperature profile, we have carried out forward/inverse calculations for a number of clear-sky, daytime, IASI tropical soundings over the sea. The forward calculations have been performed using atmospheric state vectors which have been obtained either from the direct inversion of the IASI radiances or from space-time co-located profiles derived from radiosonde observations and from the ECMWF model. To rule out any effect due to the accuracy of the forward model, we have performed the forward calculations using two independent models. The sensitivity of the temperature biases to the variability of the CO2 profile and to spectroscopy errors has also been studied.
Evidence for a significant proportion of Secondary Organic Aerosol from isoprene above a maritime tropical forest
Authors: Robinson N. H. , Hamilton J. F. , Allan J. D. , Langford B. , Oram D. E. , Chen Q. , Docherty K. , Farmer D. K. , Jimenez J. L. , Ward M. W. , Hewitt C. N. , Barley M. H. , Jenkin M. E. , Rickard A. R. , Martin S. T. , McFiggans G. , Coe H.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Isoprene is the most abundant non-methane biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC), but the processes governing secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene oxidation are only beginning to become understood and selective quantification of the atmospheric particulate burden remains difficult. Organic aerosol above a tropical rainforest located in Danum Valley, Borneo, Malaysia, a high isoprene emission region, was studied during Summer 2008 using Aerosol Mass Spectrometry and offline detailed characterisation using comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography. Observations indicate that a substantial fraction (up to 15% by mass) of atmospheric sub-micron organic aerosol was observed as methylfuran (MF) after thermal desorption. This observation was associated with the simultaneous measurements of established gas-phase isoprene oxidation products methylvinylketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR). Observations of MF were also made during experimental chamber oxidation of isoprene. Positive matrix factorisation of the AMS organic mass spectral time series produced a robust factor which accounts for an average of 23% (0.18 μg m−3), reaching as much as 53% (0.50 μg m−3) of the total oraganic loading, identified by (and highly correlated with) a strong MF signal. Assuming that this factor is generally representative of isoprene SOA, isoprene derived aerosol plays a significant role in the region. Comparisons with measurements from other studies suggest this type of isoprene SOA plays a role in other isoprene dominated environments, albeit with varying significance.
The impact of soil uptake on the global distribution of molecular hydrogen: chemical transport model simulation
Authors: Yashiro H. , Sudo K. , Yonemura S. , Takigawa M.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. The molecular hydrogen (H2) in the troposphere is highly influenced by the strength of H2 uptake by the terrestrial soil surface. The global distribution of H2 and its uptake by the soil are simulated by using a model called CHemical AGCM for Study of Environment and Radiative forcing (CHASER), which incorporates a 2-layered soil diffusion/uptake process component. The simulated distribution of deposition velocity over land reflects regional climate and has a global average of 3.3 × 10−2 cm s−1. In the region north of 30° N, the amount of soil uptake increases, particularly in the summer. However, the increase in the uptake becomes smaller in the winter season due to snow cover and a reduction in the biological activity at low temperatures. In the temperate and humid regions in the mid- and low-latitudes, the uptake is mostly influenced by the soil air ratio, which controls the gas diffusivity in the soil. In the semi-arid region, water stress and high temperature contribute to the reduction of biological activity, as well as to the seasonal variation in the deposition velocity. The comparison with the observations shows that the model reproduces both the distribution and seasonal variation of H2 relatively well. The global burden and tropospheric lifetime are 150 Tg and 2.0 yr, respectively. The seasonal variation of H2 in the northern high latitude is mainly controlled by the large seasonal change in soil uptake. In the Southern Hemisphere, the seasonal change in the net chemical production and inter-hemispheric transport are the dominant cause of the seasonal cycle. Large biomass burning impacts the magnitude of seasonal variation mainly in the tropics and subtropics. Both observation and model show large inter-annual variation, especially for the period 1997–1998, associated with the large biomass burning in tropics and northern high-latitudes. The soil uptake shows relatively small inter-annual variability compared to the signal from biomass burning. We note that the thickness of biologically inactive layer near the soil surface and the uptake flux in semi-arid region is important for the current and future budget of atmospheric H2.
Free tropospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and ozone at Mount Bachelor: causes of variability and timescale for trend detection
Authors: Fischer E. V. , Jaffe D. A. , Weatherhead E. C.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. We report on the first multi-year springtime measurements of PAN in the free troposphere over the US Pacific Northwest. The measurements were made at the summit of Mount Bachelor (43.979° N, 121.687° W; 2.7 km a.s.l.) by gas chromatography with electron capture detector during spring 2008, 2009, and 2010. This dataset provides an observational estimate of the month-to-month and springtime interannual variability of PAN mixing ratios in this region. Springtime seasonal mean (1 April–20 May) PAN mixing ratios at Mount Bachelor varied from 100 pptv to 152 pptv. The standard deviation of the three seasonal means was 28 pptv, 21% of the springtime mean. We focus on three factors that we expect to drive PAN variability: biomass burning, transport efficiency over the central and eastern Pacific, and transport temperature. There was an early and unusually strong fire source in southeastern Russia in spring 2008 due to early snow melt, and several fire plumes were observed at Mount Bachelor. Colder air mass transport from higher altitudes in April 2009 is consistent with the higher average PAN mixing ratios observed at MBO during this month. A trough located off the US Pacific Northwest coast in April 2010 caused reduced transport from the north in spring 2010 as compared to previous years. It also facilitated more frequent transport to Mount Bachelor during spring 2010 from the southwest and from lower elevations. Zhang et al. (2008) used the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model to show that rising Asian NOx emissions from 2000 to 2006 resulted in a relatively larger positive trend in PAN than O3 over western North America. However the model results only considered monotonic changes in Asian emissions, whereas other factors, such as biomass burning, isoprene emissions or climate change can complicate the atmospheric concentrations. We combined the observed variability in PAN and O3 at Mount Bachelor with a range of possible trends in these species to determine the observational requirements to detect the trends. Though the relative increase in PAN is expected to be nearly four times larger than that of O3, PAN is more variable. If PAN mixing ratios are currently increasing at a rate of 4% per year due to rising Asian emissions, we would detect a trend with 13 yr of measurements at a site like Mount Bachelor. If the corresponding trend in O3 is 1% per year, the trends in O3 and PAN should be detected on approximately the same timescale.
Continuous observations of synoptic-scale dust transport at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (5079 m a.s.l.) in the Himalayas
Authors: Duchi R. , Cristofanelli P. , Marinoni A. , Laj P. , Marcq S. , Villani P. , Sellegri K. , Angelini F. , Calzolari F. , Gobbi G. P. , Verza G. P. , Vuillermoz E. , Sapkota A. , Bonasoni P.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. This study presents two years of continuous observations of physical aerosol properties at the GAW-WMO global station "Nepal Climate Observatory – Pyramid" (NCO-P, 27°57' N, 86°48' E), sited at 5079 m a.s.l. in the high Himalayan Khumbu Valley (Nepal). Measurements of aerosol number size distribution, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and single scattering albedo (SSA) are analysed from March 2006 to February 2008. By studying the temporal variations of coarse (1 μm < Dp ≤ 10 μm) particle number concentration, 53 mineral Dust Transport Events (DTEs) are identified, accounting for 22.2% of the analysed data-set. Such events occurred prevalently during pre-monsoon (for 30.6% of the period) and winter (22.1%) seasons. However, uncommon cases of mineral dust transport are observed even during the monsoon season. The main sources of mineral dust reaching NCO-P are identified in the arid regions not far from the measurement site, i.e. from Tibetan Plateau, and Lot-Thar deserts, which account for 52% of the dust transport days. Moreover, a non-negligible contribution can be attributed to the Arabian Peninsula (17%) and the Indo-Gangetic Plains (16%), as indicated by three dimensional (3-D) back-trajectory analyses performed with LAGRANTO model. The observed DTEs lead to significant enhancements in the coarse aerosol number concentration (+513%) and coarse aerosol mass (+655%), as compared with average values observed in "dust-free" conditions ( 0.05 ± 0.11 cm−3 and 3.4 ± 3.7 μg m−3, respectively). During DTEs, SSA is higher (0.84–0.89) than on "dust-free" days (0.75–0.83), confirming the importance of this class of events as a driver of the radiative features of the regional Himalayan climate. Considering the dust events, a significant seasonal AOD increase (+37.5%) is observed in the post-monsoon, whereas lower increase (less than +11.1%) characterises the pre-monsoon and winter seasons confirming the influence of synoptic-scale mineral dust transports on the aerosol optical properties observed at NCO-P.
Rainfall estimation over the Wadi Dhuliel arid catchment, Jordan from GSMaP_MVK+
Authors: Abushandi E. , Merkel B.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. The GSMaP_MVK+ (Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation) dataset was used to evaluate the precipitation rates over the Wadi Dhuliel arid catchment in Northeast Jordan for the period of January 2003 to March 2008. The scarcity of the ground rain gauge network alone did not adequately show the detailed structure of the rainfall distribution, independent form interpolation techniques used. This study combines GSMaP_MVK+ and ground rain gauges to produce accurate, high-resolution datasets. Three meteorological stations and six rain gauges were used to adjust and compare GSMaP_MVK+ estimates. Comparisons between GSMaP_MVK+ measurements and ground rain gauges records showed distinct regions where they correlate, as well as areas where GSMaP_MVK+ systematically over- and underestimated ground rain gauge records. A multiple linear regression (MLR) model was used to derive the relationship between rainfall and GSMaP_MVK+ in conjunction with temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. The MLR equations were defined for the three meteorological stations. The "best" fit of MLR model for each station was chosen and used to interpolate a multiscale temporal and spatial distribution. Results show that the rainfall distribution over the Wadi Dhuliel is characterized by clear west-east and north-south gradients. Estimates from the monthly MLR model were more reasonable than estimates obtained using daily data. The adjusted GSMaP_MVK+ performed well in capturing the spatial patterns of the rainfall at monthly and annual time scales while daily estimation showed some weakness in light and moderate storms.
Should Unilateral Congenital Corneal Opacities in Peters’ Anomaly be Grafted?
Authors: Basdekidou Chrysanthi , Dureau Pascal , Edelson Catherine , De Laage De Meux Patrice , Caputo Georges
Published: February 2011

Purpose.

To evaluate the surgical outcomes and visual results after penetrating keratoplasty for congenital unilateral corneal opacities in Peters anomaly.

Methods.

This was a retrospective study of 14 children who underwent keratoplasty for a unilateral Peters anomaly between 1999 and 2009. All patients received a topical treatment of cyclosporine and corticosteroids. Suture ablation was performed between the first and second postoperative month and all patients had spectacle correction and amblyopia treatment. Age at time of surgery, posterior segment status evaluated by ultrasonography, axial length, preoperative intraocular pressure, fellow eye status, mean follow-up time, early and late complications, final graft outcome, refraction, and visual acuity upon the last visit were noted.

Results.

Mean age at the time of surgery was 9 months. Posterior segment was normal in all cases. Mean axial length was 18 mm and mean intraocular pressure was 11 mmHg. Mean follow-up was 30 months. Four children had graft rejection episodes, 2 of which responded to medication. Four underwent cataract surgery, one developed pupil deformation requiring a pupilloplasty and 2 cases were complicated by surgical glaucoma. A total of 11 eyes (78.6%) had clear grafts at the end of the follow-up. Mean spherical equivalent was −1.5 D. Visual acuity was measurable in 3 cases and was 20/50 in one case, 20/63 in the second, and 20/2000 in the third. Concerning preverbal children, central, steady, and maintained fixation was found in 8 cases.

Conclusions.

Operating on a unilateral congenital corneal opacity is a challenging decision and should be taken after explaining the need for long-term follow-up to the parents. Useful vision can be achieved and maintained after strict amblyopia therapy. A multidisciplinary ophthalmologic follow-up is necessary.
Growth of the Acetabular Lateral Cartilage in Relation to Congenital and Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. An Histological Study
Authors: Portinaro Nicola M.A. , Porteous Andrew , Parafioriti Antonina , Panou Artemisia , Benson Michael K.D.
Published: February 2011

There are no clear explanations for the spectrum of hip dysplasia nor for the observation that in normal and dysplastic hips, final development may be unpredictable with or without treatment. Immunohistochemical and histological studies of a three month old child's acetabulae were performed. Multiple inclusions were found in the lateral ring epiphysis and in the three flanges of the triradiate cartilage. These inclusions may represent cartilage vessel systems pre-destined to form the secondary centres of ossification. Damage to the primary acetabular growth plates may occur congenitally and help to explain the spectrum of acetabular dysplasia. Damage to one or more of these centres, whether due to instability, displacement or iatrogenic injury, may cause failure of late acetabular development. Hips at risk of damage to the acetabular cartilages should be followed up longer.
Computational Finite Element Model of Cardiac Torsion
Authors: Bagnoli Paola , Malagutti Nicolò , Gastaldi Dario , Marcelli Emanuela , Lui Enrico , Cercenelli Laura , Costantino Maria Laura , Plicchi Gianni , Fumero Roberto
Published: February 2011

Purpose

A novel finite-element model of ventricular torsion for the analysis of the twisting behavior of the left human ventricle was developed, in order to investigate the influence of various biomechanical parameters on cardiac kinematics.

Methods

The ventricle was simulated as a thick-walled ellipsoid composed of nine concentric layers. Arrays of reinforcement bars were embedded in each layer to mimic physiological myocardial anisotropy. The reinforcement bars were activated through an artificial combination of thermal and mechanical effects in order to obtain a contractile behavior which is similar to that of myocardial fibers. The presence of an incompressible fluid inside the ventricular cavity was also simulated and the ventricle was combined with simple lumped-parameter hydraulic circuits reproducing preload and afterload. Changes to a number of cardiac parameters, such as preload, afterload and fiber angle orientation were introduced, in order to study the effects of these changes on cardiac torsion.

Results

The model is able to reproduce a similar torsional behavior to that of a physiological heart. The results of the simulations showed that there was sound correspondence between the model outcomes and available data from the literature. Results confirmed the importance of symmetric transmural patterns for fiber orientation.

Conclusions

This model represents an important step on the path towards unveiling the complexity of cardiac torsion. It proves to be a practical and versatile tool which could assist clinicians and researchers by providing them with easily-accessible, detailed data on cardiac kinematics for future diagnostic and surgical purposes.
First Experience with the Prismaflex Hf 20 Set in Four Infants
Authors: Rödl Siegfried , Marschitz Ingrid , Mache Christoph J. , Koestenberger Martin , Madler Georg , Rehak Thomas , Zobel Gerfried
Published: February 2011

Purpose

Renal replacement therapy (RRT) in infants is challenging due to a lack of widely available technology that is specific to this patient population. We present our initial experience with the newly developed Prismaflex HF2O® disposable set used on the Prismaflex® device in infants with renal failure.

Patients

Four infants, age 5 to 24 months, were enrolled. Overall 120 treatment sessions were performed over 300 patient-days. Treatment monitoring included patient weight change and fluid balance, treatment efficacy, number of interventions, and alarms.

Results

Desired fluid balance according to the prescribed weight loss was achieved in all patients (R2=0.86, p<0.0001). Treatment efficacy was monitored by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine values at the start of RRT (59±17 mg/dL and 5.1±1.1 mg/dL) and their decrease after 4 hours of RRT (23±7 mg/dL and 2.2±0.6 mg/dL). Measured urea and creatinine clearances for the HF20 filter were 23±7 ml/min and 19±4 ml/min, respectively. No complications occurred.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the use of the Prismaflex HF20 set in infants. No adverse events were observed, treatments were well tolerated in all patients, and flow rate adaptability to infants’ needs was good.
Regioselective
C
‐4 Bromination of Oxazoles: 4‐Bromo‐5‐(Thiophen‐2‐yl)Oxazole
Authors: Li Bryan , Buzon Richard A. , Zhang Zhijun
Published: February 2011

5‐(Thiophen‐2‐yl)oxazole

2‐Thiophenecarboxylaldehyde

Tosylmethylisocyanide

4‐Bromo‐5‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)oxazole

Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide

N‐
Bromosuccinimide
Catalytic Enantioselective Borane Reduction of Benzyl Oximes: Preparation of (S)‐1‐Pyridin‐3‐yl‐ethylamine bis Hydrochloride
Authors: Huang Kun , Ortiz‐Marciales Margarita
Published: February 2011

(‐)‐(S)‐1(1,3,2‐Dioxaborolan‐2‐yloxy)3‐methyl‐1,1‐diphenylbutan‐2‐amine

3‐Acetyl pyridine

Hydroxylamine hydrochloride

Sodium hydride

Benzyl bromide

Borane tetrahydrofuran complex solution

(E)‐1‐Pyridin‐3‐yl‐ethanone oxime

(E)‐1‐Pyridin‐3‐yl‐ethanolO‐benzyl oxime

(S)‐1‐Pyridin‐3‐yl‐ethylamine

(S)‐1‐Pyridin‐3‐yl ethylamine hydrochloride
Synthesis of (3‐Chlorobutyl)benzene by the Cobalt‐Catalyzed Hydrochlorination of 4‐Phenyl‐1‐Butene
Authors: Gaspar Boris , Waser Jerome , Carreira Erick M.
Published: February 2011

(3‐Chlorobutyl)benzene

2‐(3,5‐Di‐
tert‐
butyl‐2‐hydroxybenzylidenamino)‐2,2‐diphenyl acetic acid

a,a‐Diphenylglycine

3,5‐Di‐
t
‐butyl‐2‐hydroxybenzaldehdye

Cobalt(II) tetrafluroborate hexahydrate

p
‐Toluenesulfonyl chloride

t
‐Butyl hydroperoxide

Phenylsilane

4‐Phenyl‐1‐butene
Preparation of (

E

)‐(2‐Iodovinyl)Benzene from Benzyl Bromide and Diiodomethane
Authors: Bull James A. , Mousseau James J. , Charette André B.
Published: February 2011

Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide

Benzyl bromide

1,8‐Diazbicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene

(E)‐(2‐Iodovinyl)benzene
A General Method for Copper‐Catalyzed Arylation of Acidic Arene
C
‐
H
Bonds. Preparation of 2‐Chloro‐5‐(3‐Methylphenyl)‐Thiophene
Authors: Alvarado Joseph , Do Hien‐Quang , Daugulis Olafs
Published: February 2011

1‐Iodo‐3‐methylbenzene

2‐Chlorothiophene

Lithium
t
‐butoxide

1,10‐Phenanthroline

Copper(I) iodide

Ttrahydro‐1,3‐dimethyl‐2(1H)‐pyrimidinone

2‐Chloro‐5‐(3‐methylphenyl)‐thiophene
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Ortho
C
‐
H
Bond in an Aromatic with an Arylboronate: 8‐Phenyl‐1‐Tetralone
Authors: Kitazawa Kentaroh , Kochi Takuya , Kakiuchi Fumitoshi
Published: February 2011

Ruthenium, carbonyldihydrotris(triphenylphosphine)

1‐Tetralone

Phenylboronate
Amide Formation by Decarboxylative Condensation of Hydroxylamines and α‐Ketoacids:

N

‐[(1

S

)‐1 Phenylethyl]‐Benzeneacetamide
Authors: Ju Lei , Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: February 2011

Phenylpyruvic acid

Dimethylformamide

(
S
)‐(a‐Methylbenzyl)hydroxylamine oxalate salt

Benzeneacetamide,
N
‐[1
S
)‐1‐phenylethyl]
Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic and Homoallylic Diamination of 4‐Phenyl‐1‐Butene with Di‐

Tert

‐Butyldiaziridinone
Authors: Zhao Baoguo , Du Haifeng , Fu Renzhong , Shi Yian
Published: February 2011

2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidine

Phosphorous trichloride

(
S
)‐H
8
‐BINOL

(
S
)‐1(8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15)‐Octahydro‐3,5‐diox‐4‐phosphacyclohepta[2,1‐a;3,4a′]dinaphthalen4‐yl)‐2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperdine

Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium

Di‐
tert
‐butyldiaziridinone

(4
S
,5
S
)1‐3‐Di‐
tert
‐butyl‐4‐phenyl‐5‐vinylimadazolidin‐2‐one
Nickel‐Catalyzed EnantioselectiveNegishi Cross‐Couplings of Racemic Secondary α‐Bromo Amides with Alkylzinc Reagents: (

S

)‐

N

‐Benzyl‐7‐Cyano‐2‐Ethyl‐

N

‐Phenylheptanamide
Authors: Lou Sha , Fu Gregory C.
Published: February 2011

6‐Bromohexanitrile

Zinc

N
‐Benzyl‐2‐bromo‐
N
‐phenylbutanamide

Nickel(II) chloride, dimethoxyethane adduct

R‐i‐
Pr‐Pybox

(S
)‐
N‐
Benzyl‐7‐cyano‐2‐ethyl‐
N‐
phenylheptanamide
Synthesis of a

N

‐Mesityl Substituted Aminoindanol‐Derived Triazolium Salt
Authors: Struble Justin R. , Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: February 2011

2,4,6‐Trimethylaniline

Hydrogen chloride

Sodium nitrite

Tin(II) chloride dihydrate

Trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate

Hydrogen chloride, dioxane solution

2‐Mesitylhydrazinium chloride

Chlorobenzene

Triethyl orthoformate

(5a
R
,10bS)‐5a,10b‐Dihydro‐2‐(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)‐4
H,
6H
‐
indeno[2,1
b
]‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐
d
]‐1,4‐oxazinium chloride
Genetic Manipulation of Clostridium difficile
Authors: Bouillaut Laurent , McBride Shonna M. , Sorg Joseph A.
Published: February 2011

Clostridium difficile is a Gram‐positive, spore forming, anaerobic, intestinal bacterium and is the most common cause of antibiotic‐associated colitis. For many years this organism was considered genetically intractable, but in the past 10 years, multiple methods have been developed or adapted for genetic manipulation of C. difficile. This unit describes the molecular techniques used for genetic modification of this organism, including methods for gene disruption, complementation, plasmid introduction and integration, and cross‐species conjugations.
Genetic Transformation of Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Hyde Jenny A. , Weening Eric H. , Skare Jon T.
Published: February 2011

The development of robust genetic tools to manipulate Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, now allows investigators to assess the role(s) of individual genes in the context of experimental Lyme borreliosis. This unit is devoted to the description of experimental approaches that are available for the molecular genetic analysis of B. burgdorferi with an emphasis on cultivation, electrotransformation, selection of desired mutants, and genetic complementation of acquired mutants. The intent is to provide a consensus protocol that encapsulates the methodologies currently employed by the B. burgdorferi research community and describe pertinent issues that must be accounted for when working with these pathogenic spirochetal bacteria. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 20:12C.4.1‐12C.4.17. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rat Model of Chronic Leptospirosis
Authors: Bonilla‐Santiago Rubén , Nally Jarlath E.
Published: February 2011

Reservoir hosts of pathogenic Leptospira species, including wild and domestic animal species, persistently excrete leptospires from infected renal tubules via urine into the environment. Reservoir hosts are typically asymptomatic. In contrast to the hamster model of leptospirosis (described in UNIT 12E.2), which emulates the severe form of human leptospirosis, the rat model of chronic leptospirosis emulates the asymptomatic infection observed in reservoir hosts. Rats are the primary reservoir host for pathogenic Leptospira species associated with the severe forms of human leptospirosis.
Nanomaterials‐Based Magnetic Relaxation Switch Biosensors
Authors: Lowery Tom
Published: February 2011

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles

Agglomeration‐Based Sensing

T2Sensitivity ofMRSWParticles

Fundamentals ofT2Relaxation

DetectingT2Relaxation

Theoretical Model forT2and Nanoparticle Size

Kinetics of Magnetic Relaxation Switch Biosensors

Demonstrations of Magnetic Relaxation Switch Biosensors

Detecting Nucleic Acids

Detecting Proteins

Detecting Enzymes

Detecting Viruses

Detecting Small Molecules

Detecting Ions

Detecting Cells

Methods Development

Reagent Synthesis, Preparation, and Characterization

Measurement and Sensitivity Enhancement Methods

Micro‐NMRof Magnetic Relaxation Switch Biosensors

Acknowledgments
Magnetophoretic Biosensing and Separation Using Magnetic Nanomaterials
Authors: Kang Joo H. , Hahn Young Ki , Kim Kyu Sung , Park Je‐Kyun
Published: February 2011

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Theory

Magnetic Properties of a Material

Magnetophoresis

High‐Gradient Magnetic Separation

Magnetophoresis in Microfluidic Devices

Design and Microfabrication Processes

Experimental Set‐Up

Measurement and Analysis

Magnetophoretic Biosensing

Magnetophoretic Sandwich Immunoassay

Highly Sensitive Biosensors UsingHGMS

Disease Diagnosis Using Magnetophoretic Assay Systems

Multiplexed Magnetophoretic Immunoassay

Magnetophoretic Separation

Cell Separation and Analysis

Separation of Nanomaterials

Isomagnetophoresis (IMP)

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Magnetic Nanomaterials asMRIContrast Agents
Authors: Gun'ko Yurii K. , Brougham Dermot F.
Published: February 2011

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Classification of Magnetic Nanomaterials Used forMRIApplications

Magnetic Oxide‐Based Nanoparticles

Magnetic Metal‐ and Alloy‐Based Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents

Rare Earth Metal‐Loaded Nanoparticulate Contrast Agents

Coating and Surface Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles

Surface Modification with Monomeric Stabilizers

Modification Using Polymeric Stabilizers

Modification Using Inorganic Coatings

Vectorization of Magnetic Nanomaterials for Targeted Imaging

Properties and Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticle Suspensions

Characterizing the Suspensions

Nanoparticle Size: Transmission Electron Microscopy

Magnetic Properties: Magnetometry

Hydrodynamic Size: Photon Correlation Spectroscopy

Magnetic Resonance Properties: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Dispersion

NMRRelaxation in the Presence of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles

SPMTheory Applied to Suspensions of Nanoparticle Clusters

General Application of Relaxation Time Measurements

Application of Magnetic Nanomaterials inMRI

Current Clinical Applications

Gastrointestinal Tract and Bowel Imaging

Liver and Spleen Imaging

Lymph Node Imaging

Bone Marrow Imaging

Brain Imaging

Blood Pool Imaging andMRAngiography

Atherosclerosis Imaging

Potential Clinical Applications

Cellular Labeling and Tracking

Molecular Imaging

Summary and Future Outlook

Improved Imaging Methods

Improved Imaging Hardware

Improved Contrast Agents
Magnetic Nanomaterials for
In Vivo
and
In Vitro
Cancer Diagnostics
Authors: Kim Kelly Y.
Published: February 2011

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Physico‐Chemical Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles

Surface Coating for Improved Biocompatibility and Bioavailability

MRI
for
In Vivo
Diagnostics

Principles of
MRI

SPIOs
as
MRI
Contrast Agents

Specific Targeting of Tumors for Imaging

MRI
for the Monitoring of Treatment

Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles in
In Vitro
Diagnostics

Magnetic Nanoparticle‐Based Improvements on Immunoassays

Electrochemical Immunoassays

Immunoassays Using Magnetic Luminescent Nanoparticles (
MLNPs
)

Magnetic Relaxation Switch (
MRSw
) Biosensors for Multi‐Sample Analysis

DNA
Sequence Detection by
B
rownian Relaxation Frequency Measurement

Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells

Aptamers as an Alternative to Antibodies

Conclusions
The Use of Magnetic Particles in Tissue Engineering
Authors: Cartmell Sarah H. , Dobson Jon
Published: February 2011

Magnetic microparticles and nanoparticles have been utilized in a variety of tissues to influence cell seeding, cell growth and mechanotransduction for regenerative medicine strategies. These particles vary in size, surface chemistry, magnetic properties and bulk chemistry. This chapter describes the latest research and findings regarding magnetic particles and their applications in tissue engineering. Tissues have been grown in sheet form, tubular form, and in three‐dimensional (3‐D) porous network dimensions. The construction of multilayered tissues such as cardiomyocyte/vascular networks is described, as well as magnetic force mechanical conditioning bioreactors designed for use with stem cell targeting and bone tissue engineering strategies. The use of magnetic particles for epithelial tissue manipulation, keratinocyte growth, hepatocyte and endothelial cells is also discussed, as are future directions for magnetic particles in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In 2006, Ito and Honda [1] described the potential of their research using magnetic particles to create 3‐D sheets for tissue engineering purposes, based primarily on the group's own findings. In 2008, Dobson briefly reviewed nanomagnetic actuation, outlining the mechanisms of nanomagnetic actuation and highlighting tissue engineering applications, although the main focus of the review was on the techniques and various applications other than tissue engineering. In this chapter, we will update the results obtained since Ito and Honda's first report, and discuss other tissue engineering applications such as mechanotransduction and gene therapy approaches to tissue engineering using magnetic particles.
Approaches to the Biofunctionalization of Spherical and Anisotropic Iron Oxide Nanomaterials
Authors: Thode Christopher J. , Williams Mary Elizabeth
Published: February 2011

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Magnetic Nanoparticle Synthesis

Nanoparticle Functionalization

Surface Adsorption

Ligand Exchange

Silanes and Siloxanes

Monolayer Reactions

Encapsulation

Encapsulation: Silica (SiO2)

Encapsulation: Metallic and Semiconductor Shells

Encapsulation: Polymeric and Carbon Shells

Encapsulation: Carbon Shells

Lipids and Dendrimers

Lipids

Dendrimers

Conclusions
Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Magnetic Force Microscopy
Authors: Agarwal Gunjan
Published: February 2011

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Development ofMFM

Comparison ofMFMto Other Techniques

Invasive Imaging

Noninvasive Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy

Physical Principals ofMFM

Static Mode

Dynamic Mode

Forces Due to Magnetic Interaction

Noise inMFM

Thermal Noise

Magnetic Versus Topographic Signals

MFMCantilevers and Probes

Wire Probes

Thin‐Film‐Coated Si Probes

FIBProbes

CNTProbes

Probe Calibration

Quantitative Calibration of the Magnetic Force Microscope Probe

Calibration Samples

Resolution inMFM

Lateral Resolution

Vertical Resolution

MFMfor Magnetic Nanoparticles

Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles

Superparamagnetic or Paramagnetic Nanoparticles

The Application ofMFMin the Life Sciences

Limitations inMFM

Recent Developments inMFM

Non‐Optical Methods for Cantilever Detection

Application of External Magnetic Fields

Technique Developments forMFM

Summary and Future Perspectives
Cobalt Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Zhang Zhihua , Zhou Tiejun , Lu Meihua , Poh Allen Wei Choong , Piramanayagam Seidikkurippu N.
Published: February 2011

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Characterization of Co Nanoparticles

Shape, Size, and Microstructure

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Magnetic Properties

Morphology

Elemental and Chemical Analysis

Auger Electron Spectroscopy

X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

The Crystal Structure:X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD)

Synthesis of Cobalt‐Based Nanoparticles

Introduction

Stabilization of Nanomaterials

Synthesis of Cobalt Nanomaterials

Physical Methods

Chemical Vapor Deposition

Liquid‐Phase Chemical Precipitation

Summary and Outlook

Magnetic Properties of Co Nanoparticles

Introduction

Finite Size Effects

Size‐Dependent Crystalline Structure

Size‐Dependent Magnetic Domain Structure and the Reversal of Co Nanoparticles

Thermal‐Activation Effect on the Moment and Coercivity

Superparamagnetism in Co Nanoparticle System and its Direct Investigation

Surface Effects of Co Nanoparticles

Moment Enhancement of Surface Atoms

Anisotropy Enhancement of Co Nanoparticles

Exchange Bias Between the Core and the Oxidized Surface in Co Nanoparticles

Summary and Outlook
Biofunctionalization of Polymeric Thin Films and Surfaces
Authors: Schönherr Holger
Published: February 2011

In this chapter, attention is focused on the chemistry and surface engineering involved in the fabrication and modification of advanced functional surfaces and biointerfaces based on polymers. In addition to discussing the sophisticated and optimized surface chemistry that allows the introduction of biologically active species and ligands at surfaces and on structured specimens, the implementation of the important function of reduced or suppressed nonspecific adsorption of proteins receives particular attention. The central concepts are illustrated with selected recent examples of the application of these chemistry and surface‐engineering approaches in areas which include (but are not limited to) advanced biosensors, cellular microenvironments, and surface interaction studies.
Stimuli‐Responsive Polymer Nanocoatings
Authors: Cordeiro Ana L.
Published: February 2011

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Stimuli‐Responsive Polymers

Polymers Responsive to Temperature

Polymers Responsive topH

Dual Responsive/Multiresponsive Polymers

Intelligent Bioconjugates

Responsive Biopolymers

Polymer Films and Interfacial Analysis

Applications

Release Matrices

Cell Sheet Engineering

Biofilm Control

Cell Sorting

Stimuli‐Modulated Membranes

Chromatography

Microfluidics and Laboratory‐on‐a‐Chip

Summary and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Ceramic Nanocoatings and Their Applications in the Life Sciences
Authors: Thian Eng San
Published: February 2011

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Magnetron Sputtering

Physical and Chemical Properties ofSiHACoatings

Biological Properties ofSiHACoatings

In VitroAcellular Testing

In VitroCellular Testing

Future Perspectives

Conclusions
Gold Nanofilms: Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential Biomedical Applications
Authors: Tokonami Shiho , Shiigi Hiroshi , Nagaoka Tsutomu
Published: February 2011

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Preparation of Various AuNPs

Functionalization of AuNPs and their Applications through Aggregation

AuNP Assemblies and Arrays

AuNP Assemblies Structured on Substrates

AuNP Assembly on Biotemplates

AuNP Arrays for Gas Sensing

AuNP Arrays for Biosensing

Conclusions
Free‐Standing Nanostructured Thin Films
Authors: Ichinose Izumi
Published: February 2011

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Roles of Free‐Standing Thin Films

Films as Partitions

Nanoseparation Membranes

Biomembranes

Free‐Standing Thin Films with Bilayer Structures

Supported Lipid Bilayers and “Black Lipid Membranes”

Foam Films and Newton Black Films

Dried Foam Film

Foam Films of Ionic Liquids

Free‐Standing Thin Films Prepared with Solid Surfaces

Free‐Standing Thin Films of Nanoparticles

Nanofibrous Free‐Standing Thin Films

Electrospinning and Filtration Methods

Metal Hydroxide Nanostrands

Nanofibrous Composite Films

Nanoseparation Membranes

Conclusions
Dip‐Pen Nanolithography of Nanostructured Thin Films for the Life Sciences
Authors: Kim Euiseok , Lee Yuan‐Shin , Aggarwal Ravi , Narayan Roger J.
Published: February 2011

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Dip‐Pen Nanolithography

Important Parameters

Applications ofDPN

Direct and Indirect Patterning of Biomaterials UsingDPN

Background

Direct Patterning

Indirect Patterning

Applications ofDPNfor Medical Diagnostics and Drug Development

General Methods of Nano/Micro Bioarray Patterning

Virus Array Generation and Detection Tests

Diagnosis of Allergic Disease

Cancer Detection Using Nano/Micro Protein Arrays

Drug Development

Lab‐on‐a‐Chip Using Microarrays

Summary and Future Directions
Imaging of Thin Films, and Its Application in the Life Sciences
Authors: Mittler Silvia
Published: February 2011

This chapter summarizes the fabrication, patterning, microscopy, and applications of thin films and, notably, their applications in the life sciences. Because the field is enormous, only organic thin films on metal and glass substrates are described. Details of optical microscopy technologies are discussed in detail, based mainly on evanescent technology, while near‐field methods and electron microscopy are referred to only briefly. The applications described incorporate only a small fraction of those used in thin film technology and engineering in the life sciences.
Structural Characterization Techniques of Molecular Aggregates, Polymer, and Nanoparticle Films
Authors: Hasegawa Takeshi
Published: February 2011

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Characterization of Ultrathin Films of Soft Materials

X
‐Ray Diffraction Analysis

Infrared Transmission and Reflection Spectroscopy

Multiple‐Angle Incidence Resolution Spectrometry (
MAIRS
)

Theoretical Background of
MAIRS

Molecular Orientation Analysis in Polymer Thin Films by
IR
‐
MAIRS

Analysis of Metal Thin Films