bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Same‐ and Other‐Sex Victimization: Are the Risk Factors Similar?
Authors: Sainio Miia , Veenstra René , Huitsing Gijs , Salmivalli Christina
Published: July 2012

Risk factors for same‐ and other‐sex victimization were examined in a longitudinal data set involving 9‐ to 14‐year‐old students. The findings regarding same‐sex victimization supported the view that bullies select personally and interpersonally vulnerable targets in order to maximize their gains in status while minimizing loss of affection within their same‐sex peer group. Although low self‐esteem was a joint predictor of same‐ and other‐sex victimization, rejection and lack of friends among other‐sex peers failed to predict victimization by other‐sex bullies, and being perceived as popular among other‐sex peers increased the risk. Although the findings suggests that interpersonal risk factors for other‐sex victimization differ from those found for same‐sex victimization, they do not provide strong support for heterosexual interest being the basis for other‐sex target selection, as suggested by some previous literature. As about half of the study participants were involved in the KiVa antibullying program, we had the possibility to examine whether the program effects were similar for same‐ and other‐sex victimization. It turned out that in middle schools the program decreased only same‐sex victimization, whereas in elementary school the decrease was observed regardless of the sex composition of bully–victim dyads. Aggr. Behav. 38:442‐455, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physical workloads of the upper‐extremity among workers of the Colombian flower industry
Authors: Barrero L.H. , Pulido J.A. , Berrio S. , Monroy M. , Quintana L.A. , Ceballos C. , Hoehne‐Hueckstaedt U. , Ellegast R.
Published: July 2012

Background

We report the prevalence of symptoms of common upper‐limb disorders and describe comprehensively mechanical workloads in a sample of workers of the Colombian flower industry.

Methods

One hundred fifty eight workers from eight flower manufacturers were assessed. Assessments included Borg self‐reported exertion and working practices, medical examinations, video‐based observations and kinematic and surface muscular activity assessments of upper‐limb.

Results

Point prevalence of signs and symptoms of CTS, epicondylitis, and De Quervain's disease was 32.9%, 15.2%, and 13.3%, respectively. All tasks are executed on average in wrist extension, ulnar deviation, and high elbow flexion. Average median muscle activity across tasks ranged between 3.6% and 27.3%. Forearm muscles were mainly active.

Conclusions

The occurrence of signs and symptoms of upper‐extremity musculoskeletal disorders was high among the sample. The classification and cutting task showed the highest mechanical demands. Interventions in this working population are required and should be directed to allow for muscular rest on regular basis. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:926–939, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gynecologic and obstetric implications of the joint hypermobility syndrome (a.k.a. Ehlers–Danlos syndrome hypermobility type) in 82 Italian patients
Authors: Castori Marco , Morlino Silvia , Dordoni Chiara , Celletti Claudia , Camerota Filippo , Ritelli Marco , Morrone Aldo , Venturini Marina , Grammatico Paola , Colombi Marina
Published: July 2012

Joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) emerges as likely the most common clinical form of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. Given the striking predominance of affected women, practitioners often face gynecologic and obstetric issues. However, their decisions are still based on personal experience rather than literature due to the lack of a consistent body of evidence. We collected a set of gynecologic and obstetric features in 82 post‐puberal women with JHS attending two Italian centers. Common gynecologic findings were dysmenorrhea (82.9%), meno/metrorrhagias (53.7%), irregular menses (46.3%), and dispareunia/vulvodinia (31.7%). Forty women were nulliparous and 42 had one or more pregnancy for a total of 93 diagnosed conceptions. Of them, 16.1% were spontaneous abortions, 6.5% voluntary interruptions, 10.7% preterm deliveries, and 66.7% deliveries at term. Overall outcome of proceeding pregnancies was good with no stillbirth and fetal/neonatal hypoxic/ischemic event. Non‐operative vaginal delivery was registered in 72.2%, forceps/vacuum use in 5.5% and cesarean in 22.3%. Local/total anesthesia was successfully performed in 17 pregnancies without any problem. Major post‐partum complications included abnormal scar formation after cesarean or episiotomy (46.1%), hemorrhage (19.4%), pelvic prolapses (15.3%), deep venous thrombosis (4.2%), and coccyx dislocation (1.4%). Prolapses were the most clinically relevant complication and associated with episiotomy. Gathered data were discussed for practically oriented considerations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laser Flash Photolysis of HCIO, CIO−, HBrO, and BrO− in Aqueous Solution. Reactions of Cl‐ and Br‐Atoms
Authors: Kläning Ulrik K. , Wolff Thomas
Published: July 2012

Spectra and rate constants of reactions were measured of chlorine and bromine atoms formed by photolysis of aqueous solutions of hypochlorous and hypobromous acids and their salts with light of wavelength 248. 5 and 308 nm. Chlorine and bromine atoms in aqueous solution behave like weak oxygen acids showing the pKa‐values 5.1 and 10.5, respectively. Exchanges of water molecules bound to the halogen atoms are fast processes.
Investigations on the Growth Mechanisms of α‐Cr2O3 on Ni‐Base Alloys with and without Y2O3 Dispersions
Authors: Ramanarayanan T. A. , Petkovic‐Luton R.
Published: July 2012

The growth kinetics of Cr2O3 scales on the Y2O3 dispersion containing Ni‐base alloy MA754 at low oxygen partial pressure have been compared with the corresponding growth rates on Ni‐30Cr and on Ni‐30 Cr‐0.5 Ti alloys in the 1000–1125°C temperature range. In the dispersion containing alloy, the growth kinetics are slower by a factor of 12–14, the Ni‐30 Cr and Ni‐30 Cr‐0. 5 Ti alloys exhibiting similar growth rates. Microstructural evidence does not support mechanisms for growth rate reduction suggested by earlier investigators based on blocking effects of dispersoid particles or dispersoid‐assisted generation of a fine‐grained Cr2O3 scale. Rather, the present evidence supports a model based on yttrium doping. It is shown that in undoped Cr2O3 at low oxygen partial pressures, chromium interstitials are the most probable cationic defects, yttrium doping suppresses the concentration of chromium interstitials.
High Pressure Phase Equilibria andPVT‐Data. of the Water‐Nitrogen System to 673 K and 250 MPa
Authors: Japas Maria L. , Franck E. U.
Published: July 2012

A high pressure autoclave equipped with sapphire windows is described. With water‐nitrogen mixtures of thirteen different concentrations (x) determinations were made of liquid‐gas phase equilibria conditions along “isopleths” between 523 and 673 K and 20 to 270 MPa. Molar volumes of the mixtures were measured at the three‐dimensional (PTx) phase equilibria surface and in the supercritical homogeneous region at 673 K. The critical curve, an envelope of the isopleths, begins at the critical point of water (647 K), has a temperature minimum (639 K) at about 75 MPa and proceeds to 250 MPa at 659 K. Phase equilibria and critical curve data are given. Values for the Henry‐constant to 647 K for mixtures dilute in nitrogen and for the nitrogen solubility from 300 to 600 K and from 10 to 200 MPa are presented. Excess volume,VE, values have been calculated for 673 K from 30 to 250 MPa. AllVEvalues are positive. The maximum is 57 cm3mol−1at 70 mol per cent of H2O at 30 MPa and about 2 cm3mol−1at 40 mol per cent H2O and 250 MPa. Excess Gibbs energy‐values and activity coefficients are presented.
Copper Hexacyanoferrate‐Modified Glassy Carbon: A Novel Type of Potassium‐Selective Electrode
Authors: Engel D. , Grabner E. W.
Published: July 2012

Chemically modified electrodes are prepared by deposition of copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) on glassy carbon. These electrodes are characterized by voltammetric and potentiometric measurements. After suitable conditioning they exhibit nearly Nernstian response to changes in activity of potassium or ammonium ions as well as good selectivity with respect to sodium ions. The kinetics of potassium ion exchange between the CuHCF film and aqueous solutions is studied and the diffusion coefficient of potassium ion in CuHCF is determined.
High Pressure Phase Equilibria andPVT‐Data of the Water‐Oxygen System Including Water‐Air to 673 K and 250 MPa
Authors: Japas Maria L. , Franck E. U.
Published: July 2012

A high pressure autoclave with sapphire windows, auxiliary equipment and means and precautions needed for experiments with high pressure, high temperature oxygen are described. With water‐oxygen mixtures of different mole fractions,x, determinations were made of liquid‐gas phase equilibria conditions along “isopleths” between 500 and 660 K to 250 MPa. Molar volumes of the mixtures were measured at the three‐dimensional (PTx) phase equilibria surface and in the supercritical region at 673 K. The critical curve, an envelope for the isopleths, begins at the critical point of water (647 K), has a temperature minimum (640 K) at about 75 MPa and proceeds to 250 MPa at 663 K. Phase equilibria and critical curve data are given. The H2OO2critical PT curve is very close to the critical curve recently (10) determined for H2ON2. Values for the Henry‐constant from 300 K to 647 K for mixtures dilute in oxygen are presented. The Henry constant at room temperature has only about half the value of the Henry constant for nitrogen in water. At the critical temperature of water (647 K), however, both constants do not differ by more than the uncertainty of the determinations. The excess volume was calculated at 673 K from 30 to 250 MPa. All values are positive. The excess Gibbs energy and activity coefficients are presented. One isopleth for H2O‐air withx(H2O) = 0.80 was measured and molar volume values for this composition at 673 K between 33 and 280 MPa are given.
Defects and Cation Diffusion in Magnetite (VII): Diffusion Controlled Formation of Magnetite During Reactions in the Iron‐Oxygen System
Authors: Backhaus‐Ricoult M. , Dieckmann R.
Published: July 2012

Parabolic rate constants describing the kinetics of the exclusively diffusion controlled growth of magnetite scales during simple reactions in the iron‐oxygen system are derived on basis of preceding studies on the defect structure and on the transport properties of this oxide. Furthermore, experimental results for the formation of magnetite by solid state reaction between the iron oxides wüstite and hematite are reported and compared with calculated data.
Photochemistry of colloidal semiconductors 29. Fractionation of CdS sols of small particles by exclusion chromatography
Authors: Fischer Ch.‐H. , Lilie J. , Weller H. , Katsikas L. , Henglein A.
Published: July 2012

CdS sols stabilized by sodium hexametaphosphate or poly‐phosphate‐15 were fractionated in a column of sephacryl gel and the fractions investigated by electron microscopy and spectrophotometrically. A linear relationship between the logarithm of the particle size and the elution time was observed. The method may be used to prepare sols of narrow size distribution and to analyse unknown samples with respect to the size of the particles. —The thermal growth of very small CdS particles was followed by chromatography. The particles grew rather abruptly from one size distribution to another, which may be explained by growth via particle combination.
Extreme short‐term stable isotope variability revealed by continuous rainwater analysis
Authors: Munksgaard N. C. , Wurster C. M. , Bass A. , Bird M. I.
Published: July 2012

The continuous real‐time analysis, at 30‐s intervals, of precipitation at an Australian tropical location revealed extreme and rapidly changing δ18O and δD values related to variations in moisture source areas, transport paths and precipitation histories. The range of δ18O (−19.6‰ to +2.6‰) and δD (−140‰ to +13‰) values from 5948 measurements of nine rain events over 15 days during an 8‐month period at a single location was comparable with the range measured in 1532 monthly samples from all seven Australian Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation stations from 1962 to 2002. Extreme variations in δ18O (−8.7‰ to −19.6‰) and δD (−54‰ to −140‰) were recorded within a single 4‐h period.

Real‐time stable isotope monitoring of precipitation at a high temporal resolution enables new and powerful tracer applications in climatology, hydrology, ecophysiology and palaeoclimatology. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specificity of Effects of Cognitive Behavior Therapy on Coping, Acceptance, and Distress Tolerance in a Randomized Controlled Trial for Smoking Cessation
Authors: Kapson Heather S. , Leddy Meaghan A. , Haaga David A. F.
Published: July 2012

Objective

Although there is extensive evidence of the efficacy of cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT), it is less certain what potential mechanisms of change are specifically affected by CBT interventions. This study was intended to test the specific effects of CBT on compensatory coping skills, acceptance, and distress tolerance or persistence.

Method

Using data from a randomized controlled trial of 8‐session group CBT and a time‐matched comparison condition for cigarette smokers, we evaluated CBT effects on compensatory coping skills, self‐rated acceptance and behavioral markers of persistence and distress tolerance. Because depression proneness had moderated treatment response in the parent clinical trial (Kapson & Haaga, 2010), we tested not only main effects (CBT vs. comparison condition) but also moderated effects (treatment condition X depression proneness).

Results

CBT significantly improved compensatory coping skills only among the less depression‐prone participants, who were the subset of smokers who did not benefit from CBT in terms of smoking cessation outcomes. There were no specific effects of CBT on acceptance or behavioral persistence.

Conclusions

To the extent that CBT had specific effects on compensatory coping skills, it was for the participants who did not benefit clinically from the intervention. Much more theory‐driven research on multiple candidate change mechanisms is needed to clarify how effective and specific treatments have their effects, for either patients in general or subsets of patients as in moderated effects.
Exploratory factory analysis and predicted probabilities of a Chinese version of Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Score (DVSS) questionnaire
Authors: Chang Shang‐Jen , Chen Tony Hsiu‐Hsi , Su Chia‐Cheng , Yang Stephen Shei‐Dei
Published: July 2012

Aims

To evaluate the reliability, validity, and predicted probabilities of a Chinese version of the Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Score (DVSS) and to explore the latent factors underlying dysfunctional voiding.

Materials and Methods

We enrolled 60 children (38 girls and 22 boys) with a diagnosis of dysfunctional voiding. The Chinese version of the DVSS was completed at the clinics and again 1 week later. We enrolled 235 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy children as the control group. The DVSS consisted of 10 items with each item scores 0–3. The internal consistency and test–retest reliability was assessed with Chronbach's alpha test and intraclass correlation (ICC), respectively. The predictive validity was analyzed using logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Factor analysis was used to classify symptoms into latent factors. The Bayesian method was used to adjust the predicted probabilities of the DVSS.

Results

Mean total scores of the DVSS in the cases and controls were 9.65 ± 3.87 and 4.13 ± 2.60, respectively. The alpha coefficient was 0.448, showing a heterogeneous composition of symptoms. Test–retest reliability was 0.89. The chosen cut‐off point for the total score of DVSS was 6.66, with a sensitivity of 81.67%, and specificity of 82.63%. Factor analysis revealed three latent variables. Using the Bayesian method, the application of the DVSS in areas with different prevalence figures produced significantly different probabilities of dysfunctional voiding.

Conclusions

The Chinese version of the DVSS is reliable with validity. With the same total score, we found significantly different predicted probabilities of dysfunctional voiding. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:1247–1251, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A systematic review of models of care for the follow‐up of childhood cancer survivors
Authors: Heirs Morag , Suekarran Sara , Slack Russell , Light Kate , Gibson Faith , Glaser Adam , Hawkins Mike , Phillips Robert
Published: July 2012

Follow‐up care for survivors of childhood cancer is increasingly seen as a priority service as numbers of survivors increase. Despite this there are few published evaluations of the available options. We conducted a systematic review of published and unpublished literature. Seven uncontrolled studies, and one comparative study of a related intervention, were identified. Observational data suggest that follow‐up care was useful even for patients who did not perceive this as a need. Suitably powered, well‐conducted, controlled trials of adequate duration that directly compare follow‐up models are required to provide robust evidence on the optimal care for these patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 351–356. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On loops in inflation III: time independence of ζ in single clock inflation
Authors: Pimentel Guilherme L. , Senatore Leonardo , Zaldarriaga Matias
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Studying loop corrections to inflationary perturbations, with particular emphasis on infrared factors, is important to understand the consistency of the inflationary theory, its predictivity and to establish the existence of the slow-roll eternal inflation phenomena and its recently found volume bound. In this paper we prove that the ζ correlation function is time-independent at one-loop level in single clock inflation. While many of the one-loop diagrams lead to a time-dependence when considered individually, the time-dependence beautifully cancels out in the overall sum. We identify two subsets of diagrams that cancel separately due to different physical reasons. The first cancellation is related to the change of the background cosmology due to the renormalization of the stress tensor. It results in a cancellation between the non-1PI diagrams and some of the diagrams made with quartic vertices. The second subset of diagrams that cancel is made up of cubic operators, plus the remaining quartic ones. We are able to write the sum of these diagrams as the integral over a specific three-point function between two very short wavelengths and one very long one. We then apply the consistency condition for this three-point function in the squeezed limit to show that the sum of these diagrams cannot give rise to a time dependence. This second cancellation is thus a consequence of the fact that in single clock inflation the attractor nature of the solution implies that a long wavelength ζ perturbation is indistinguishable from a trivial rescaling of the background, and so results in no physical effect on short wavelength modes.
The Transatlantic Market for British Convict Labor
Authors: Grubb Farley
Published: July 2012

Convicts account for at least one-quarter of British migration to mid-eighteenth-century America. Their transportation to and disposal in America was essentially an experiment in privatizing post-trial criminal justice. A model of this trade is developed that yields testable implications regarding the relative distributional moments of convict auction prices, the size of shipper profits, and how convicts were selected for transportation.
Nativism and the End of the Mass Migration of the 1840s and 1850s
Authors: Cohn Raymond L.
Published: July 2012

In 1855 the volume of immigration to the United States dropped precipitously, signaling the end of the first mass migration of Europeans. Although other work blames the decline on an economic depression, the outbreak of the Crimean War, or the improvement of conditions in Europe, this article argues that the rise of nativism was the initiating cause of the decline. This result is important because it affects our view of the factors that have cyclical effects on the volume of immigration.
Those Who Left and Those Who Stayed Behind: Explaining Emigration from the Regions of Spain, 1880–1914
Authors: Sànchez-Alonso Blanca
Published: July 2012

Spain's contribution to the “New Emigration” differed from that of other Southern European countries in that it was oriented to Latin America far more than to the United States, in that it reached massive proportions only after 1900, and in that the various Spanish provinces varied greatly in their emigration rates. Differences in wealth, income, literacy, urbanization, and migratoly tradition best explain these international and interprovincial differences.
Investigating “self-conscious” speech: The performance register in Ocracoke English
Authors: Schilling-Estes Natalie
Published: July 2012

This article examines PERFORMANCE SPEECH in the historically isolated island community of Ocracoke, North Carolina. Over the past several decades islanders have come into increasingly frequent contact with tourists and new residents, who often comment on the island's “quaint” relic dialect. In response, some Ocracokers have developed performance phrases that highlight island features, particularly the pronunciation of/ay/ with a raised/backed nucleus, i.e. [Λ-1]. The analysis of/ay/ in the performance and non-performance speech of a representative Ocracoke speaker yields several important insights for the study of language in its social context. First, performance speech may display more regular patterning than has traditionally been assumed. Second, it lends insight into speaker perception of language features. Finally, the incorporation of performance speech into the variationist-based study of style-shifting offers support for the growing belief that style-shifting may be primarily proactive rather than reactive. (Keywords: Ocracoke, performance speech, style-shifting, stylistic variation, register, self-conscious speech.)
Mesozoic sedimentation and sedimentary rocks in the Inner Hebrides
Authors: Hudson J. D.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

In the Inner Hebrides Mesozoic sediments rest unconformably on much older, harder and more deformed rocks: they are overlain by Tertiary lavas and cut by sub-volcanic intrusions. The Triassic rocks are unfossiliferous conglomerates and sandstones, deposited on alluvial fans and river flood plains in a semiarid climate. Active faults controlled sedimentation. In the early Jurassic the sea transgressed across the region; a basin of net sediment accumulation lay between uplifted regions now represented by the Highlands and the Outer Hebrides. The lower and lower-middle Jurassic is composed of marine shalesandstone alternations comparable to those providing the sources and reservoirs for North Sea oil. Ammonites provide good correlation with the European succession. In the Great Estuarine Group, environments ranged from lagoonal to deltaic to dolomitic mud-flat. Molluscan assemblages can be compared to modern brackish-water faunas. In the upper Jurassic there is a return to marine shales and minor sandstones; ammonites help correlation between Europe and the Boreal province. The lower Cretaceous is absent; thin upper Cretaceous rests disconformably on older rocks. The rocks are not metamorphosed except slightly near the Tertiary plutonic centres. Their softness makes them susceptible to erosion, and, especially where shales are overlain by basalts, extensive landslips occur.
The Paradox of Integration
Authors: ten Teije Irene , Coenders Marcel , Verkuyten Maykel
Published: July 2012

This study, conducted in The Netherlands, examines the “paradox of integration” proposition by focusing on the relationship between educational attainment and immigrants’ attitude toward the native population. We found that educational level is related to this attitude in two opposite ways. On the one hand, better educated immigrants had more voluntary contact with the native population, and more contact was associated with a more positive attitude, partly because of higher perceived acceptance and lower perceived discrimination. On the other hand and independently of contact, better educated immigrants had a less positive attitude toward the native population because of lower perceived acceptance and higher perceived group discrimination. The latter findings support the paradox of integration proposition. The pattern of results was quite similar for four different immigrant groups.
Effects of Rotenone on Columbia Spotted Frogs Rana luteiventris during Field Applications in Lentic Habitats of Southwestern Montana
Authors: Billman Hilary G. , Kruse Carter G. , St-Hilaire Sophie , Koel Todd M. , Arnold Jeffrey L. , Peterson Charles R.
Published: July 2012

Fisheries managers are restoring native populations by removing nonnative fishes worldwide. Increasingly, the piscicide rotenone is used to accomplish this. Fish introductions and removals change the aquatic environment, and it is important to consider the impacts of these actions on nontarget species, including amphibians. Laboratory experiments have shown that rotenone can negatively affect tadpoles. We therefore assessed the effects of rotenone used on two wild amphibian populations. The commercial piscicide formulation CFT Legumine (5% rotenone) was applied at 1 mg/L (50 μg/L rotenone) to a lake containing nonnative trout in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) in 2006 and two fishless wetlands on private lands in southwestern Montana in 2008. Amphibian surveys were conducted immediately prior to and after the rotenone treatments to obtain tadpole population estimates. Follow-up surveys were conducted 1 year posttreatment to estimate tadpole recovery. In YNP, additional surveys were conducted 2 and 3 years postapplication to observe longer-term effects of fish removal and the subsequent introduction of native fish. Within 24 h following application of rotenone, there was 100% mortality in gill-breathing tadpoles, but nongill-breathing metamorphs, juveniles, and adults were apparently unaffected. In the years following, tadpoles repopulated all waters and population levels were similar to, or, in the case of YNP because of concurrent fish removal, higher than pretreatment levels. In YNP, tadpole abundance and distribution decreased after westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi were stocked in the treated lake.

Received October 22, 2011; accepted May 4, 2012
Association between traditional standing vertical jumps and a soccer‐specific vertical jump
Authors: Requena Bernardo , Garcia Inmaculada , Requena Francisco , Bressel Eadric , Saez‐Saez de Villarreal Eduardo , Cronin John
Published: July 2012

The present study aimed to determine the relationships between a soccer‐specific vertical jump (ssVJ) test, that included common elements of a soccer VJ (e.g. run‐up and intention to head), and three traditional VJ tests using elite soccer players. A secondary purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of the VJs used in the analysis. A randomised order and counterbalanced design was used to assess the relationships between these VJs [countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump for height (DJh), drop jump for maximum height and minimum ground contact time (DJh/t) and the ssVJ]. Take‐off velocity, contact time and flight time were the dependent variables of interest and compared between jumps. Intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) were used as measures of inter‐session reliability. All VJ tests were found to have high ICCs (0.89–0.99) and acceptable within‐subject CVs (<7.5%). All the ssVJ dependent variables were not significantly related (r<0.44) with similar variables from the CMJ and DJh tests and only moderately related (r=~0.49) with the DJh/t test variables. In addition, the DJh/t variables were not significantly correlated (r<0.47) with DJh and CMJ test variables. In conclusion, it would seem that the proposed ssVJ test and CMJ or DJh tests assess different leg qualities and thought should be given before using them interchangeably to assess or develop the same performance measures (i.e. velocity at take‐off or jump height).
Hierarchical Bayesian models as formal models of causal reasoning
Authors: Hagmayer York , Mayrhofer Ralf
Published: July 2012

Hierarchical Bayesian models (HBMs) have recently been advocated as formal, computational models of causal induction and reasoning. These models assume that abstract, theoretical causal knowledge and observable data constrain causal model representations of the world. HBMs allow us to model various forms of inferences, including the induction of causal model representations, causal categorisation and the induction of causal laws. It will be shown how HBMs can account for the induction of causal models from limited data by means of abstract causal knowledge. In addition, a Bayesian framework of the induction of causal laws, i.e. causal relations among types of events, will be presented. Respective empirical findings from psychological research with adults and children will be reviewed. Limitations of HBMs will be discussed and it will be shown how simple, heuristic models may describe the cognitive processes underlying causal induction. We will argue that formal computational model like HBMs and cognitive process models are needed to understand people's causal reasoning.
Feeding in palliative care
Authors: Thompson Angela , MacDonald Anita , Holden Chris
Published: July 2012

Children with palliative care needs present changing challenges in nutritional care as their disease progresses. Regular nutritional assessment, taking into account the psychosocial needs of the family, the child’s underlying condition, the stage of disease progression, and treatment and associated complications, as well as the child’s anticipated energy and nutritional requirements, should be undertaken. Where available, a nutritional care team, in conjunction with the child’s specialist team, the family, the child (where appropriate), and the primary care and local palliative care teams, will be involved at various stages. The central aim is to support a good quality of life during the child’s palliative care stages, and therefore the balance of benefit and burden of any planned intervention should be carefully assessed for each child and family in the context of their unique situation. Addressing feeding issues in palliative care thus begins at an early stage, and extends from diagnosis through disease progression to the terminal care stages. It gives the family some measure of control within their child’s devastating situation. The consequent building of trust that the child’s nutritional needs are being managed appropriately, thus giving the child the best chance of a good quality of life, can do much to improve the ability of the child and their family to manage the trauma of the palliative care situation. It should be a high priority to offer the family practical solutions, which are determined by whether the goal is aggressive support or comfort and enjoyment of life. This conveys a tangible message to the child and the family — which underpins the approach to their care — that their individual and unique life, and its quality, are valued and respected. It provides hope, and demonstrates that all those involved in their care are working together, despite the many and changing challenges, to enable the child and their family to have the best quality of life possible within their circumstances, acknowledging that the child is recognized and respected as ‘having a lot of living to do.’
Tetraaquabis[5-(pyridin-4-yl)tetrazolidoN5-oxide-κN2]manganese(II)
Authors: Jing Xiang , Luo Ya
Published: July 2012

The title compound, [Mn(C6H4N5O)2(H2O)4], is isotypic with its Zn, Ni and Cd analogues reported recently. In the crystal, the MnIIcations are coordinated by four O atoms from four aqua ligands and two N atoms from two 5-(pyridin-4-yl)tetrazolide N5-oxide ligands in a distorted octahedral coordination environment. The asymmetric unit consists of one MnIIcation located on a crystallographic twofold axis, and two crystallographically independent water molecules and oneN-donor ligand in general positions. The discrete complex molecules are arranged in alternating rows parallel to [100] and are linked by O—H...N and O—H...O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.
3-Acetyl-1-(3-methylphenyl)thiourea
Authors: Gowda B. Thimme , Foro Sabine , Kumar Sharatha
Published: July 2012

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C10H12N2OS, the conformation of the two N—H bonds areantito each other. The amide C=O and the C=S are are alsoantito each other. The N—H bond adjacent to the benzene ring issynto them-methyl groups. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the side chain [mean plane of atoms C—C(O)N—C—N; maximum deviation 0.029 (2) Å] is 14.30 (7)°. There is an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond generating anS(6) ring motif. In the crystal, the molecules are linkedviaN—H...) hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along [001]. The S atom is disordered and was refined using a split model [occupancy ratio 0.56 (4):0.44 (4)].
2,3,5-Triphenyl-2H-tetrazol-3-ium bromide ethanol monosolvate
Authors: Fun Hoong-Kun , Chia Tze Shyang , Mostafa Gamal A. E. , Hefnawy Mohamed M. , Abdel-Aziz Hatem A.
Published: July 2012

In the title compound, C19H15N4+·Br−·C2H5OH, the tetrazole ring makes dihedral angles of 57.44 (9), 50.92 (9) and 4.65 (8)° with the attached phenyl rings. In the crystal, the cation and the anion are linked to each other by intermolecular C—H...Br hydrogen bonds into an infinite chain along thebaxis. The anion and the ethanol solvent molecule are linked by an O—H...Br hydrogen bond. The crystal studied was an inversion twin with a refined component ratio of 0.632 (5):0.368 (5).
catena-Poly[[(acetato-κ2O,O′)[2-(4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinolin-1-yl)acetato-κO1]copper(II)]-μ-4,4′-bipyridine-κ2N:N′]
Authors: Wang Jun , Dai Chuntao , Nie Jianhua
Published: July 2012

In the title compound, [Cu(C11H8NO3)(CH3COO)(C10H8N2)]n, the CuIIion is six-coordinated by two N atoms from two 4,4′-bipyridine ligands, four O atoms from one acetate ligand, one 2-(4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinolin-1-yl)acetate ligand and one water molecule in a distorted octahedral geometry. The 4,4′-bipyridine ligands interconnect [Cu(C11H8NO3)(CH3COO)] units, giving rise to a chain along [010]. These chains are further linked to each other by O—H...O hydrogen bonds, leading to a two-dimensional supramolecular network parallel to (100).
2,3,6,7-Tetramethoxy-9,10-anthraquinone
Authors: Ohta Akira , Hattori Kazuki , Kawase Takeshi , Kobayashi Takashi , Naito Hiroyoshi , Kitamura Chitoshi
Published: July 2012

Molecules of the title compound, C18H16O6, are almost planar [maximum deviation = 0.096 (4) Å] and reside on crystallographic centres of inversion. They adopt a conformation in which the Cmethyl—O bonds are directed along the molecular short axis [C—C—O—C torsion angles of −175.3 (3) and 178.2 (3)°]. In the crystal, molecules adopt a slipped-parallel arrangement with π–π stacking interactions along theaaxis with an interplanar distance of 3.392 (4) Å. Weak C—H...O interactions link the molecules into sheets parallel to (10\overline{2}).
Diaquabis(4-formylbenzoato-κO1)bis(nicotinamide-κN1)zinc
Authors: Sertçelik Mustafa , Çaylak Delibaş Nagihan , Necefoğlu Hacali , Hökelek Tuncer
Published: July 2012

In the title complex, [Zn(C8H5O3)2(C6H6N2O)2(H2O)2], the ZnIIcation is located on an inversion center and is coordinated by two 4-formylbenzoate (FB) anions, two nicotinamide (NA) ligands and two water molecules. The four O atoms in the equatorial plane around the ZnIIcation form a slightly distorted square-planar arrangement, while the slightly distorted octahedral coordination is completed by the two N atoms of the NA ligands in the axial positions. The dihedral angle between the carboxylate group and the adjacent benzene ring is 24.13 (8)°, while the pyridine ring and the benzene ring are oriented at a dihedral angle of 88.52 (4)°. The coordinating water molecule links with the carboxylate groupviaan O—H...O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds, and a weak C—H...π interaction link the molecules into a two-dimensional network parallel to (010). These networks are linkedviaC—H...O and π–π interactions between inversion-related benzene rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.8483 (7) Å], forming a three-dimensional supramolecular structure.
1-[5-(4-Bromophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone
Authors: Fun Hoong-Kun , Loh Wan-Sin , Sapnakumari M. , Narayana B. , Sarojini B. K.
Published: July 2012

In the title molecule, C17H14BrFN2O, the benzene rings form dihedral angles of 6.58 (6) and 85.31 (6)° with the mean plane of the 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0231 Å). The latter ring is planar with a maximum deviation of 0.032 (1) Å The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 78.75 (6)°. In the crystal, weak C—H...O and C—H...F hydrogen bonds link the molecules into corrugated layers parallel to theabplane.
{4,4′-Dichloro-2,2′-[2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diylbis(nitrilomethanylylidene)]diphenolato}copper(II)
Authors: Kargar Hadi , Kia Reza , Ganji Fatemeh , Mirkhani Valiollah
Published: July 2012

In the title Schiff base complex, [Cu(C19H18Cl2N2O2)], the CuIIion is coordinated in a distorted square-planar environment by two N atoms and two O atoms of the tetradentate ligand. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 36.86 (14)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked into inversion dimers by pairs of weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds. In addition, π–π [centroid–centroid distance = 3.7279 (16) Å] and weak C—H...π interactions are observed.
4-Hydroxymethyl-10-methoxy-17,22-dioxapentacyclo[21.2.2.213,16.13,7.011,30]triaconta-1(25),3,5,7(30),8,10,13,15,23,26,28-undecaene-2,12-dione acetone monosolvate
Authors: Hijikata Daichi , Sasagawa Kosuke , Yoshiwaka Sayaka , Okamoto Akiko , Yonezawa Noriyuki
Published: July 2012

In the title compound, C30H26O6·C3H6O, thesyn-oriented benzoyl groups are nearly parallel to each other; the dihedral angle between their benzene rings is 15.9 (1)°. They form dihedral angles of 72.5 (1) and 84.3 (1)° with the naphthalene system. In the crystal, molecules are linked into a three-dimensional architecture by C—H...O and C—H...π interactions.
2-[(E)-N-(Adamantan-1-yl)carboximidoyl]-6-ethoxyphenol
Authors: Shaheen Muhammad Ashraf , Tahir M. Nawaz , Irfan Rana Muhammad , Iqbal Shahid , Zaneb Mahreen
Published: July 2012

In the title compound, C19H25NO2, the 3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde group is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.029 Å). An intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond generates anS(6) ring. There are no intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
A comparative study on the indexing and ranking of the content objects including the MARCXML and Dublin Core's metadata elements by general search engines
Authors: Mahdi Taheri Sayyed , Hariri Nadjla
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this research was to assess and compare the indexing and ranking of XML‐based content objects containing MARCXML and XML‐based Dublin Core (DCXML) metadata elements by general search engines (Google and Yahoo!), in a comparative analytical study.

Design/methodology/approach

One hundred XML content objects in two groups were analyzed: those with MARCXML elements (50 records) and those with DCXML (50 records) published on two web sites (www.dcmixml.islamicdoc.org and www.marcxml.islamicdoc.org).The web sites were then introduced to the Google and Yahoo! search engines.

Findings

The indexing of metadata records and the difference between their indexing and ranking were examined using descriptive statistics and a non‐parametric Mann‐Whitney U test. The findings show that the visibility of content objects was possible by all their metadata elements. There was no significant difference between two groups' indexing, but a difference was observed in terms of ranking.

Practical implications

The findings of this research can help search engine designers in the optimum use of metadata elements to improve their indexing and ranking process with the aim of increasing availability. The findings can also help web content object providers in the proper and efficient use of metadata systems.

Originality/value

This is the first research to examine the interoperability between XML‐based metadata and web search engines, and compares the MARC format and DCMI in a research approach.
The effects of brand‐cause fit and campaign duration on consumer perception of cause‐related marketing in Japan
Authors: Chéron Emmanuel , Kohlbacher Florian , Kusuma Kaoru
Published: July 2012

Purpose

This study's first objective is to experimentally examine the effect of brand‐cause fit and campaign duration on company and brand image, commercial objectives and buying intention as perceived by Japanese consumers. Second, the study aims to evaluate the moderating role of gender and participation in philanthropic activities on the impact of cause‐related marketing (CrM) programs in Japan.

Design/methodology/approach

An experimental design was used with 196 Japanese subjects completing a survey online.

Findings

A high brand‐cause fit was found to elicit more positive attitudes toward the CrM program than campaign duration. Japanese female respondents were showing more favorable attitudes than men, confirming results in previous research studies conducted in the West. Previous participation in philanthropic activities was also found to increase positive attitudes especially when brand‐cause fit and duration were high.

Research limitations/implications

The experiment relied on fictitious advertising materials. Many respondents were students from the greater Tokyo area. This may make it difficult to generalize findings to a broader population.

Practical implications

Results show that CrM campaigns in Japan are viewed more positively when consumers perceive a good match between the brand and the cause. Japanese marketers targeting women and consumers with philanthropic experience are likely to benefit by supporting matching social causes.

Originality/value

This paper is the first to contribute to better understanding of the impact of CrM in Japan. It does confirm the gender effect previously observed in western countries.
Creating new market for industrial services in nascent fields
Authors: Hu Yansong , McLoughlin Damien
Published: July 2012

Purpose

In recent years, industrial firms have been moving from selling pure products to selling smart services. Yet limited empirical evidence exists about how the new markets for these novel services are created. This paper seeks to extend current theory and create new insights by studying the new services market creation process in nascent industrial fields.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors' research design is a multiple‐case, inductive study that uses in‐depth archival and field data to track closely how five industrial firms created new market for new types of services.

Findings

The authors find that firms adopt a holistic initiative to address the challenges in new services market creation. In particular, they use three interrelated strategies to create a new market: co‐creating with customers, innovating in different ways and exploiting institutional forces.

Research limitations/implications

The study focused only on life science research services. Moreover, in‐depth field interviews were used only in a small number of firms.

Practical implications

To successfully develop a new market for an industrial service innovation, a firm should innovate within and outside the firm, win over customers for adopting, adapting the service innovation and identifying its new uses, and utilize institutional mechanisms to legitimatize, claim and control the emerging market.

Originality/value

This paper's central contribution is a holistic framework of the longitudinal processes by which successful firms develop new services and construct new markets.
Viable service systems and decision making in service management
Authors: Badinelli Ralph , Barile Sergio , Ng Irene , Polese Francesco , Saviano Marialuisa , Di Nauta Primiano
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to highlight how systems thinking contributes to decision making in uncertain contexts that are characteristic of service systems. Based on the assumption that service systems face complex conditions, the paper posits that systems thinking may support the understanding of key issues in service management.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper proposes an interpretation of complexity in the context of service systems, which highlights the perspective change that occurs when a systems approach is adopted. The offered conceptual perspective is then brought to an operational level, in spite of the complexity of the decisions driving a viable system, by modelling a service system as a network of agents, resources, processes and decisions through the use of fuzzy logic. The paper reviews service management research streams, and takes a deeper look at the concepts of service systems and complex service systems. The paper then proceeds to discuss how systems thinking contributes to service management by proposing a systems interpretation of complexity.

Findings

Service management theories and models may be enhanced by integrating prevailing approaches, based on a quantitative and mechanistic view of service systems dynamics, with systems thinking‐based meta‐models that can be used in better understanding service exchanges. The findings of the paper also show how the integration of an engineering approach can be insightful to the understanding of service systems; adopting a Viable Systems Approach (VSA) as a meta‐model can be useful in fully comprehending market behaviour in uncertain conditions.

Originality/value

The originality of this paper lies in exploring the contribution of systems thinking, in particular of the Viable Systems Approach (VSA), to service management and decision making.
Market orientation, innovation and corporate social responsibility practices in Ghana's telecommunication sector
Authors: Abdulai Mahmoud Mohammed , Hinson Robert E.
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The aim of this study is to examine how market orientation, innovation, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) jointly impact business performance.

Design/methodology/approach

This study adopts a quantitative research design. Research evidence was collected via a questionnaire‐based survey of marketing managers and executives of telecommunication companies in Ghana. The hypotheses developed following a review of scholarship on marketing, strategy and corporate citizenship were tested through regression analysis.

Findings

The results indicate that firms' degree of market orientation and CSR have significant impact on innovation, which then influences business performance. Furthermore, market orientation has direct significant effect on CSR, which tends to mediate the influence of market orientation on business performance.

Research limitations/implications

The use of longitudinal research that combines managers' evaluation with a survey of consumers, employees, and other relevant stakeholders is suggested to confirm the results of this study.

Practical implications

This study suggests that innovation and CSR are two key ingredients for transforming market orientation into a successful business strategy. Managers are to note that even “doing good” (a CSR initiative) requires a sense of innovation for it to trigger any significant financial performance for the business.

Originality/value

This study introduces a model in which the relationship between CSR, market orientation, and performance is mediated by innovation. The empirical evidence enhances the existing literature on marketing, corporate citizenship, and strategy.