bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regenerated gratings
Authors: Canning John , Bandyopadhyay Somnath , Stevenson Michael , Biswas Palas , Fenton Jacob , Aslund Mattias
Published: February 2010

Strong regenerated gratings with a maximum grating strength exceeding (40–50) dB are fabricated inside an optical fibre by bulk macro thermal processing ∼ 900°C using a UV-laser seeded Bragg grating. Further annealing between 1000°C and 1100°C leads to a stabilised grating ∼ 18 dB in strength. This suffers no further degradation at 1100°C for the period monitored, over 4 hours. The potential resolution of this process is demonstrated by regenerating two complex profiles. Phase information is retained between seed and regenerated structures. This opens the way for nano-engineering of materials using thermal processing and seed templates.
Sub surface damage measurements based on short coherent interferometry
Authors: Sergeeva M. , Khrenikov K. , Hellmuth T. , Boerret R.
Published: February 2010

During grinding step in manufacturing process of glass lenses it is important to control such parameters as shape and sub-surface damage (SSD) with high accuracy which essentially influences the duration and costs of the subsequent polishing process. Typically used methods suffer from limited resolution and are time consuming. That is why the nondestructive measurement of SSD is a challenge for the metrology of grinded surfaces. In order to detect these damages, the scanning short-coherence interferometer, a method very similar to optical coherence tomography, is setup and tested at Aalen University. The lens under test is mounted on a rotation stage which can be translated in lateral direction. The sensor beam of the interferometer is focused onto the sample and can be moved along the axial direction. Lateral positioning accuracy is 2 µm and lateral resolution is 4 µm. The system is able to measure SSD at several positions on a lens within 10 min inside the optical workshop.
Public Interest and Private Concern: The Role of Family Carers for People Suffering Mental Illness in the Twenty First Century
Authors: Parker Robert , Leggatt Margaret , Crowe Jim
Published: February 2010

Objectives: This paper looks to examine the emerging role of carers as essential components in the management of individuals affected by severe mental illness in the context of modern legal and health policy environments.

Conclusions: Cultural and legal concepts of confidentiality within the doctor–patient relationship are complex. Increasingly, evidence is recognizing the essential role of carers in the quality management of individuals affected by severe mental illness and this emphasis is being further supported by innovative health policy and legislation. A public health definition for the role of carers may be a more appropriate way to consider their role in mental health management strategies.
How to distinguish normal from disordered children with poor language or motor skills
Authors: Dyck Murray , Piek Jan
Published: February 2010

Background & Aims: We tested the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) hypothesis that so‐called specific developmental disorders are marked by a pattern of specific discrepant achievement, and an alternative hypothesis that children with these disorders show a pattern of relatively pervasive low achievement.

Methods & Procedures: Children with a diagnosis of Mixed Receptive Expressive Language Disorder (RELD; n = 21) were compared with children with no previously suspected disorder but low standard language scores (< 80; n = 22) selected from a representative sample, and children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD; n = 20) were compared with children with no previously suspected disorder but low standard motor skills scores (n = 28) selected from a representative sample.

Outcomes & Results: Children with diagnosed disorders were more pervasive underachievers. The RELD group obtained lower scores on measures of verbal comprehension, emotion understanding, theory of mind, working memory and response inhibition; the DCD group obtained lower scores on measures of perceptual organization, verbal comprehension, receptive and expressive language, and visual inspection time.

Conclusions & Implications: We conclude that relatively pervasive underachievement distinguishes disordered from normal low achievers.
The use of facilitative vowel contexts in the treatment of post‐alveolar fronting: a case study
Authors: Stokes Stephanie F. , Griffiths Rebecca
Published: February 2010

Background: School‐aged children with persisting speech sound disorders (SSDs) may show little improvement in speech accuracy following phonological or articulation therapy.

Aims: To determine the effects of establishing consonant production in facilitative vowel contexts for a 7‐year‐old boy (CD) with persisting post‐alveolar fronting. CD had received phonological awareness therapy and traditional articulation therapy as part of a community caseload. However, his post‐alveolar fronting showed resistance to therapy.

Methods & Procedures: CD received individual therapy for nine 45–55‐min sessions. A checklist of quality indicators for single‐subject research was used to explore the likelihood that a community clinic could meet quality indicators. Fifteen test words in each of target, generalization and control sets were measured at five times pre‐, during and post‐therapy. A trend analysis was used to measure the statistical significance of the results and to demonstrate the efficacy of therapy.

Outcomes & Results: Therapy was successful. Gains on treatment and generalization test items were rapid and significantly higher than gains on control test items. Only three of 21 single‐subject research quality indicators were not met in this research.

Conclusions & Implications: Targeting facilitative vowel contexts was successful for this 7‐year‐old boy with persisting post‐alveolar fronting which had been resistant to other therapy techniques. Speech and language therapists are encouraged to ensure that quality indicators for single‐subject interventions are built into regular practice.
Investigating children's ability to reflect on stored phonological representations: the Silent Deletion of Phonemes Task
Authors: Claessen Mary , Leitão Suze , Barrett Nick
Published: February 2010

Background:The development of children's speech, language, and literacy skills is considered to build on a robust and intact speech‐processing system, with normally functioning skills at all levels of input and output processing, as well as storage. There are a range of tasks available that assess input and output processing skills, however there are few tasks described in the literature that require a child to reflect on and analyse the internal structure of their own phonological representations.

Aims:This paper will describe the development of the Silent Deletion of Phonemes (SDOP) task. This task is designed to assess a child's ability to delete and manipulate sounds silently within their own stored representations while minimizing the impact of any output difficulties.

Methods & Procedures:The SDOP task was presented to 69 typically developing mainstream Year 2 children (aged 7;2–8;1 years) as part of a battery of phonological processing skills and literacy measures.

Outcomes & Results:Scores for the population of typically developing Year 2 children were normally distributed and above a basal level but not approaching ceiling. Performance on the SDOP was significantly correlated with other measures of phonological processing but not a measure of non‐verbal ability. It was most highly correlated with the measure of phonological awareness as expected, as both tasks measure awareness of the internal structure of words. However, the SDOP provided more information about the accuracy and specificity of a child's underlying phonological representations. The SDOP explained a significant amount of concurrent variance in both reading and spelling performance beyond the variance accounted for by the predictors that have been used by researchers to date. In combination, the SDOP and rapid‐naming measure accounted for 58.8% of variance in performance on the reading measure and 54.4% of variance in spelling performance.

Conclusions & Implications:The SDOP task appears to be a valid and reliable tool to assess the internal structure of a child's stored phonological representations. Profiling phonological representations allows clinicians to explore children's speech‐processing skills which may be particularly useful with children with complex literacy difficulties.
Measuring verbal and non‐verbal communication in aphasia: reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change of the Scenario Test
Authors: van der Meulen Ineke , van de Sandt‐Koenderman W. Mieke E. , Duivenvoorden Hugo J. , Ribbers Gerard M.
Published: February 2010

Background: This study explores the psychometric qualities of the Scenario Test, a new test to assess daily‐life communication in severe aphasia. The test is innovative in that it: (1) examines the effectiveness of verbal and non‐verbal communication; and (2) assesses patients' communication in an interactive setting, with a supportive communication partner.

Aims: To determine the reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change of the Scenario Test and discuss its clinical value.

Methods & Procedures: The Scenario Test was administered to 122 persons with aphasia after stroke and to 25 non‐aphasic controls. Analyses were performed for the entire group of persons with aphasia, as well as for a subgroup of persons unable to communicate verbally (n = 43). Reliability (internal consistency, test–retest reliability, inter‐judge, and intra‐judge reliability) and validity (internal validity, convergent validity, known‐groups validity) and sensitivity to change were examined using standard psychometric methods.

Outcomes & Results: The Scenario Test showed high levels of reliability. Internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.96; item‐rest correlations = 0.58–0.82) and test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.98) were high. Agreement between judges in total scores was good, as indicated by the high inter‐ and intra‐judge reliability (ICC = 0.86–1.00). Agreement in scores on the individual items was also good (square‐weighted κ values 0.61–0.92). The test demonstrated good levels of validity. A principal component analysis for categorical data identified two dimensions, interpreted as general communication and communicative creativity. Correlations with three other instruments measuring communication in aphasia, that is, Spontaneous Speech interview from the Aachen Aphasia Test (AAT), Amsterdam–Nijmegen Everyday Language Test (ANELT), and Communicative Effectiveness Index (CETI), were moderate to strong (0.50–0.85) suggesting good convergent validity. Group differences were observed between persons with aphasia and non‐aphasic controls, as well as between persons with aphasia unable to use speech to convey information and those able to communicate verbally; this indicates good known‐groups validity. The test was sensitive to changes in performance, measured over a period of 6 months.

Conclusions & Implications: The data support the reliability and validity of the Scenario Test as an instrument for examining daily‐life communication in aphasia. The test focuses on multimodal communication; its psychometric qualities enable future studies on the effect of Alternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC) training in aphasia.
DEMOCRATIC OBJECTIONS TO STRUCTURAL JUDICIAL REVIEW AND THE JUDICIAL ROLE IN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Authors: Stone Adrienne
Published: February 2010

This article revisits my argument that structural judicial review – judicial review of those provisions of a constitution that establish the basic structure of government and divide power between the constituent parts of a federation – is vulnerable to the objection from democracy and defends that claim against arguments made by Jeffrey Goldsworthy and others. First, I deny that the democratic objection to judicial review can, by virtue of its commitment to respect for rights, be wielded only against rights review: on the contrary, I argue, it applies where judges have the power to interpret and enforce constitutional provisions or principles that are uncertain in their scope and which therefore require judges to make evaluative judgments in the face of reasonable disagreement. Structural judicial review routinely involves judges’ making, or reaffirming, choices of just this kind. Second, I deny that federal judicial review is immune from the objection either because it constitutes only a weak form of judicial review or because judicial review is a necessary attendant of federalism: on the contrary, federal judicial review requires judges to choose between contested conceptions of federalism in a manner not susceptible to legislative revision. In addition, I argue, there are institutional structures that would allow for the resolution of federal disputes without begging the question at the heart of federalism. Finally, I deny that judicial review of legislative procedures, of requirements establishing an independent judiciary, or of federal anti-discrimination norms (categories identified by Goldsworthy) create practically significant exceptions to my claim.
STRUCTURAL JUDICIAL REVIEW AND THE OBJECTION FROM DEMOCRACY
Authors: Goldsworthy Jeffrey
Published: February 2010

Judicial review of legislation to ensure its compatibility with vague and abstract principles of political morality is often argued to be incompatible with the democratic right of ordinary citizens to participate on equal terms in public decision making. Adrienne Stone argues that ‘structural’ judicial review, aimed at protecting constitutional structures such as federalism and the separation of powers, is just as vulnerable to this objection as ‘rights’ review, aimed at protecting constitutionally entrenched rights. I argue that some kinds of structural review are distinguishable from rights review and not susceptible to the objection: it does not apply to (a) judicial enforcement of provisions dividing powers within a federation; (b) genuine ‘manner and form’ requirements governing the composition, powers, and procedures of the legislature and its houses, provided that they leave its substantive power to legislate unaffected; (c) a requirement that only independent courts may exercise the judicial power of determining the concrete legal rights and duties of litigants, based on the application of general laws that legislatures have made and remain free to change; or (d) provisions forbidding states or provinces within a federation from discriminating against the residents or commercial enterprises of other states or provinces.
JUDICIAL RESTRAINT IN THE PURSUIT OF JUSTICE
Authors: Kavanagh Aileen
Published: February 2010

This article examines the reasons in favour of judicial restraint in human-rights adjudication. It seeks to address the worry that a strategy of restraint may lead judges to refrain from protecting rights, or, at least, to refrain from protecting them to an optimal degree. Beyond this, it considers the way in which the concern to protect the reputation of the courts can give rise to judicial restraint. Finally, it explores the possibility that complete honesty may not be the best judicial policy when judges come to justify and explain their reasoning. Judges may have to be restrained about expressing their reasons for restraint.
DEFERENCE, DEFIANCE, AND DOCTRINE: DEFINING THE LIMITS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW
Authors: Allan T.R.S.
Published: February 2010

While a court must respect the sphere of decision-making autonomy properly enjoyed by a public authority, a general doctrine of deference is unlikely to furnish a useful means of defining the limits of the court's jurisdiction. The appropriate degree of judicial deference is dependent on all the circumstances: the correct balance between constitutional rights and the general public interest is a feature of the context in which a specific legal issue arises. A doctrine of deference is rendered otiose by application of the ordinary common law grounds of judicial review, whereby the decision of a public authority is subjected to a test of procedural rectitude. The legitimacy of an executive decision is a function of the quality of the process that led to it, in which rights are accorded an importance commensurate with their true weight in all the circumstances. Wednesbury unreasonableness, correctly understood, constitutes a control over process adaptable to context and circumstance.

The rule of law imposes constraints of equality and due process, and in the legislative context the former principle is paramount. Statutes must be interpreted as conforming to constitutional principle, so that basic rights are not unjustifiably curtailed. Legislation should not be held invalid, or defective, when capable of a suitably benign construction, consistent with constitutional standards. What is required is a construction that reconciles legitimate public purposes and established basic rights, according to context; and courts are only rarely justified in abdicating that responsibility.
JUDICIAL REVIEW AT THE MARGINS: LAW, POWER, AND PREROGATIVE
Authors: Poole Thomas
Published: February 2010

This essay on judicial review approaches its subject obliquely. It focuses on a particular site of constitutional abnormality: prerogative power. An analysis of the various iterations, historical and contemporary, between law and prerogative in its specific, rooted setting provides the basis for a more general account of the contemporary nature and role of judicial review, at a time when we appear to be entering a new ‘age of prerogative’ based on the politics of security and fear.
Effective Usage of Harmful Events Data in Transportation Safety Management
Authors: Kar Kohinoor , Khasnabis Snehamay
Published: February 2010

The goal of this study is to examine the effective usage of first harmful event (FHE) and most harmful event (MHE) data in transportation safety management by developing strategies to prevent traffic crashes and to reduce injury severities. FHE and MHE data collected from Michigan, North Carolina, and Idaho were analyzed. The analytic procedure consisted of adjusting the events’ data sets from the three states to create a common forum for comparison and to explore patterns or lack thereof in the information pertaining to different types of events and different states. Overall, the authors found some patterns or trends in the events’ data sets, despite the geographic differences between the three states. Based on these patterns, a set of guidelines for the interpretation of the event data is presented. The authors conclude that FHE data can reveal valuable information on roadway features causing crashes, while MHE data can be useful in the design of countermeasures against fatalities or serious injuries. Thus, proper analysis of FHE and MHE data may lead to more informed decisions on safety management strategies by engineers, enforcement personnel, and policy makers.
National Traffic Safety Index
Authors: Kweon Young-Jun , Kim Kwang Sik
Published: February 2010

The transportation community has begun to recognize the need for comprehensive performance measures for traffic safety. Using a single crash rate inevitably neglects other aspects of traffic safety. This study proposed a traffic safety index combining three dimensions of traffic safety (fatality, injury, and crash) from two perspectives (person and road) and applied the index to project a comprehensive traffic safety picture of South Korea. The proposed index employed the approach used for the human development index of the United Nations, and its confidence interval was estimated on the basis of moving variance. The proposed index and its confidence interval were shown to be useful in evaluating overall safety performance of the entire nation over time. The index can be tied to a macrolevel safety plan or policy in setting a goal, and it is not limited to South Korea but is applicable to any nation or large area as long as valid historical safety data have been maintained.
Applicability of FHWA Crash Prediction Module to Selecting Candidate Locations for Safety Audits of Two-Lane Rural Highways
Authors: Chuo Kaitlin , Saito Mitsuru
Published: February 2010

The Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM) is a suite of software developed by FHWA for monitoring and analyzing two-lane rural highways in the United States. IHSDM consists of six modules: Policy Review, Crash Prediction (CPM), Design Consistency, Traffic Analysis, Intersection Review, and Driver/Vehicle. Of the six modules, CPM was selected for possible use in safety audits of two-lane rural highways. Many departments of transportation (DOTs) often lack the resources to calibrate the model's factors; hence, the module was tested to see if it could be used as is, without model calibration. Three two-lane rural highway sections in Utah were selected for a sample application of CPM to safety audits. The results of this evaluation show that the CPM can produce reasonably reliable crash predictions if appropriate input data, especially alignment data, reflect existing conditions with reasonable accuracy. Using crash records available from the multiyear crash database maintained by the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) and CPM's crash prediction capability, UDOT's traffic and safety engineers can locate hot spots for detailed safety audit and thus improve the safety audit task's focus and effectiveness. The study concludes that CPM could be useful for engineering decision making during safety audits of two-lane rural highways. Interpreting the outputs from CPM, however, requires knowledge and experience in highway design.
Development of a Strategic Hurricane Evacuation–Dynamic Traffic Assignment Model for the Houston, Texas, Region
Authors: Brown Colby , White Wade , van Slyke Chris , Benson Jimmie D.
Published: February 2010

This paper describes a hurricane evacuation model for the Greater Houston, Texas, area whose base case reproduces the widespread congestion and gridlock experienced during the evacuation response to Hurricane Rita in 2005. The project–-a result of the combined efforts of the Houston–Galveston Area Council (H-GAC), the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI), and Citilabs–-incorporated the development of a dynamic traffic assignment model for evaluating the performance of major evacuation routes within the H-GAC region. To minimize model run time while maximizing policy analysis capabilities, a strategic model was developed on the basis of the full H-GAC regional model network and zone system. This strategic model integrates tightly with the regional planning model and can be updated with new information concerning the structure of background demand derived from normal weekday trip tables. Evacuation trip tables were developed by TTI based upon survey data collected shortly after the 2005 event. In the network assignment model, background and evacuation trips are incrementally loaded by using a dynamic, generalized cost framework that can be modified to account for route preference, traveler information, transportation supply dynamics, and congestion feedback over a 72-h model period. Policy analysis tools provided with the model include supply-side controls such as contra-flow lane reversal timing, facility closures, incident response, as well as demand-side controls such as evacuation trip departure scheduling. The model can be applied to comparison of the relative system and evacuation corridor performance of alternative policy scenarios.
Integrating Measures for Business Continuity and Transportation Demand Management to Ensure Regional Emergency Preparedness and Mobility
Authors: Mongioi Frank , McNally Lisa , Thompson Ryan
Published: February 2010

The business community must be prepared for a variety of emergencies ranging from natural disasters to terrorist attacks. Additionally, businesses must be prepared to continue operations even when events interfere with business as usual. For businesses, protection of critical resources is paramount in emergency planning. However, employee mobility during and after an emergency is less often considered, although it is an equally significant aspect of the business continuity. The objective of this paper is to explore how metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), as coordinators of regional transportation decision making, can promote regional business continuity after an emergency. The focus of the study is the role of transportation demand management strategies in supporting employee mobility and business continuity. This paper summarizes the results of a 2008 study commissioned by the Sacramento Area Council of Governments, the MPO for three of California's urbanized areas. The study represents the MPO's first step toward the development of an emergency management and business continuity plan for its six-county region. Based on 20 interviews with government agencies and private companies across the United States, as well as a review of government and industry publications, the paper highlights best practices–-including public–private partnerships, resource-sharing protocols, and technology applications–-for maintaining employee mobility and business continuity following an emergency situation. The study also presents five case studies based on public- and private-sector experiences that highlight lessons learned, and planning and coordination efforts aimed at supporting employee mobility after an emergency.
Rural Preparedness for Traffic Control in Agricultural Emergencies
Authors: Hutton Jessica M. , Graham Jerry L.
Published: February 2010

This paper explores the extent to which rural areas are prepared to handle the traffic control required for a large-scale quarantine related to an agricultural emergency. On the basis of a literature review and interviews with law enforcement, agriculture, transportation, and emergency response officials in several rural counties around the country, the current level of state and local preparedness for an agricultural emergency such as a foreign animal disease is explored. The gaps in such preparedness at both the state and local levels, related primarily to traffic control, are the next focus. Remedial recommendations follow and encompass constraints, such as the limited resources of rural counties and the division of responsibility among federal, state, and local officials. Finally, a set of tools for planning and implementing traffic control in an agricultural emergency is provided for local responders. These tools include a table of roles and responsibilities of stakeholders in each of the three phases of response, a description of three levels of traffic control, a route prioritization scheme, and traffic control diagrams. These tools are taken from A Guide to Traffic Control of Rural Roads in an Agricultural Emergency, which was produced as part of NCHRP Project 20-59(22).
Security and Mobility of Intermodal Freight Networks
Authors: Miller-Hooks Elise , Chen Lichun (Lisa) , Nair Rahul , Mahmassani Hani S.
Published: February 2010

The conceptual framework and design of specific vital components of a simulation–assignment tool for assessing the impact of potential security measures on mobility and demand in an intermodal freight system are proposed. A multimodal freight network simulator is employed within the tool to model terminal delays and consolidation policies at classification yards, intermodal transfer terminals, and ports, as well as train and waterways service networks. The development of this tool is motivated by security and mobility concerns in the critically vital northeastern region of the United States, with a focus on intermodal freight movements in the Washington, D.C.–New York City (DC-NY) freight corridor as a model for the rest of the nation. This tool provides a core analysis capability for security implementation proposals and disaster scenarios in this corridor. It provides a state-of-the-art test bed for analyzing new technologies and potential measures to improve security that may simultaneously improve efficiency and mobility. This paper describes the platform, core components, and key capabilities, as well as modeling techniques, for security implementation evaluation and postdisaster damage assessment within the DC-NY freight corridor.
Field Studies of Operations and Conflicts in Drop-Off–Pick-Up Zones
Authors: Cooner Scott A.
Published: February 2010

Primary schools frequently have queues that can lead to substantial impacts on the local transportation infrastructure. Queuing issues appear to be critical at primary schools, with substantial queues developing at both pick-up and drop-off times at most schools. Operational and design strategies vary substantially between schools, with some schools providing aggressive supervision and multiple queue lanes. This paper documents the field studies conducted at schools in Texas. These studies included examinations of school bus and vehicle ridership, conflicts, and queuing in parent pick-up and drop-off areas at 13 elementary and five middle schools. The studies were generally performed in both mornings and afternoons. The schools examined included sites in both large and small cities in Texas. The studies examined the effects of various operational and design characteristics on queue performance. Researchers documented the design characteristics of the queuing areas (i.e., number of lanes), operational strategies (i.e., presence of school personnel supervising the loading–unloading operation), and ridership (i.e., the number of students loaded into individual vehicles). The research team measured the performance of the queues through studies of the formation and dissipation of the queues at the observed schools and the incidence of conflicts between pedestrians and motor vehicles.
A Social Network Analysis of Hegemonic and other Masculinities
Authors: Lusher Dean , Robins Garry
Published: February 2010

This paper examines Connell's social theory of gender in two secondary schools. Using statistical models for social networks, relations of power, violence, liking and disliking are investigated with regard to students' male dominance attitudes. While one school demonstrates support for local-level hypotheses articulated for Connell's theory, and thus for the conception of hegemonic masculinity as sitting atop a hierarchy of masculinities, another school does not. However, support for the more fundamental notion that gender is relational is found within both contexts. This research represents the first assessment of Connell's theory in local contexts using a quantitative relational methodology. That hypothesised effects are found, even after controlling for many other explanatory factors, demonstrates impressive empirical support for Connell's theory.
Unlocking Men, Unmasking Masculinities: Doing Men's Work in Prison
Authors: Karp David R.
Published: February 2010

While several studies have examined the relationship between hegemonic masculinity and criminality, prior research has not explored correctional interventions that respond to the pernicious effects of hypermasculinity in prison. This article reports the findings of an exploratory, qualitative study of two related men's programs at prisons in Massachusetts and California. The study included participant observation and interviews with program volunteers. The article describes how the programs seek to deconstruct hypermasculinity in the prison setting and help inmates redefine masculinity to produce prosocial outcomes. The programs are offshoots of a large, voluntary organization called the ManKind Project. Drawing on the philosophy of the “mythopoetic men's movement” as well as popular personal growth and therapeutic techniques, the program seeks to offer inmates the opportunity to explore their conceptions of masculinity and redefine them in ways that will serve them both in prison and upon reintegration into society.
Sexual Orientation Change Efforts in Men: A Client Perspective
Authors: Karten Elan Y. , Wade Jay C.
Published: February 2010

This study concerned the psychological and social characteristics of 117 men dissatisfied with their same-sex attraction who had pursued sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE). We specifically examined whether sexual identity, male identity, religiosity, marital status, and gender role conflict associated with affection between men were related to self-reports of change in sexual and psychological functioning after having participated in SOCE. Additionally, we explored what motivated the participants to seek SOCE, and what therapeutic interventions and techniques they found to be most and least helpful. Results showed that being married, feeling disconnected with other men prior to seeking help, and reduced conflict in expressing nonsexual affection toward other men related to goals consistent with SOCE. Intrinsic religiosity and a heterosexual identity were related to reports of not changing one's sexual feelings and behavior. Participants perceived the most helpful sexual orientation change interventions to be a men's weekend/retreat, a psychologist, and a mentoring relationship, and the two most helpful techniques to be understanding better the causes one's homosexuality and one's emotional needs and issues and developing nonsexual relationships with same-sex peers, mentors, family members, and friends.
Synthetic incorporation of Nile Blue into DNA using 2′-deoxyriboside substitutes: Representative comparison of (R)- and (S)-aminopropanediol as an acyclic linker
Authors: Lachmann Daniel , Berndl Sina , Wolfbeis Otto S , Wagenknecht Hans-Achim
Published: February 2010

The Nile Blue chromophore was incorporated into oligonucleotides using “click” chemistry for the postsynthetic modification of oligonucleotides. These were synthesized using DNA building block 3 bearing an alkyne group and reacted with the azide 4. (R)-3-amino-1,2-propanediol was applied as the linker between the phosphodiester bridges. Two sets of DNA duplexes were prepared. One set carried the chromophore in an A-T environment, the second set in a G-C environment. Both were characterized by optical spectroscopy. Sequence-dependent fluorescence quenching was applied as a sensitive tool to compare the stacking interactions with respect to the chirality of the acyclic linker attachment. The results were compared to recent results from duplexes that carried the Nile Blue label in a sequentially and structurally identical context, except for the opposite chirality of the linker ((S)-3-amino-1,2-propandiol). Only minor, negligible differences were observed. Melting temperatures, UV–vis absorption spectra together with fluorescence quenching data indicate that Nile Blue stacks perfectly between the adjacent base pairs regardless of whether it has been attached via an S- or R-configured linker. This result was supported by geometrically optimized DNA models.
Management of Late-life Depression in the Nursing Home
Authors: Urdaneta Carolina Aponte , Thakur Mugdha
Published: February 2010

CME Educational Objectives

1.

Explain the prevalence, diagnosis, and work-up of depression in nursing home patients.

2.

Review available evidence regarding treatment of depression in long-term care settings.

3.

Discuss nonpharmacologic options in the treatment of depression in long-term care settings.
Promising Practices for Faculty in Accelerated Nursing Programs
Authors: Rico Janet Sweeney , Beal Judy , Davies Terry
Published: February 2010

Accelerated nursing programs for college graduates have been graduating RNs since 1971. The question of how best to educate this cohort is a concern and even more of a priority because these students have different learning needs. Anecdotally, faculty know accelerated students tend to be challenging to teach. Administrators of nursing programs also are aware that some faculty prefers teaching this cohort and other faculty does not. This descriptive qualitative study collected data during focus groups using an open-ended interview guide. The focus groups consisted of accelerated second-degree nursing students. Participants identified six themes as best faculty practices: appreciate accelerated students as adult learners, communicate passion for the profession, challenge and motivate, practice while teaching and share their experiences, support accelerated students, and use varied teaching styles.
Cultural Diversity in Nursing Education: Perils, Pitfalls, and Pearls
Authors: Bednarz Hedi , Schim Stephanie , Doorenbos Ardith
Published: February 2010

Increasing diversity in the classroom challenges nursing educators to identify issues that complicate teaching (perils), analyze barriers for themselves and their students (pitfalls), and select new strategies for working with nontraditional students (pearls). This article identifies concerns arising from attitudes and values within nursing and common approaches to diversity education, and then discusses key issues in nursing education that relate to human nature, culture, faculty workload, and student demographics. Finally, some strategies are proposed for increasing the effectiveness of professional preparation with diverse students through a focus on culturally congruent education and development of faculty cultural competence.
Planning a Study Abroad Clinical Experience
Authors: Wright Dolores J.
Published: February 2010

Not only is globalization expanding areas of human activity, it is also influencing the variety of educational offerings in universities. Therefore, globalization must be considered by nurse educators as they reevaluate ways of preparing nursing students to meet the health care needs of populations they currently serve and will care for in the future. Study abroad programs have been encouraged to be part of the college experience in the United States for more than 30 years; however, these programs have been relatively lacking in nursing education. Most of the study abroad programs described in the nursing literature are research-based or first-person accounts of an experience and provide little information about planning a study abroad program. This article describes a study abroad learning experience for senior nursing students and discusses the issues such as student selection, student safety, and available clinical experiences that need to be considered before undertaking such an endeavor.
Constructivism in Cultural Competence Education
Authors: Hunter Jennifer L. , Krantz Steven
Published: February 2010

A graduate course on cultural diversity, based in constructivist theory and structured on the Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services model, was developed and taught through classroom and online methods. The following research questions were explored: 1) Can an educational experience, built on constructivist learning theory tenets, change students' perceptions, attitudes, knowledge, and skills in the area of cultural competence? 2) Does the delivery method, online or traditional classroom, influence the degree of change? The study used a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest control group design using the Inventory for Assessing the Process of Cultural Competence Among Healthcare Professionals Revised. Findings showed significant changes (
p
< 0.001) in cultural competence scores and subscores for all learners with both teaching modalities based on interval scale and in categories of cultural knowledge, skill, desire, and overall competence based on a nominal scale. The untaught construct of cultural desire showed the most significant improvement.
Digital Stories: Incorporating Narrative Pedagogy
Authors: Gazarian Priscilla K.
Published: February 2010

An ever-increasingly complex health care environment requires practitioners who can solve clinical problems from a range of perspectives and synthesize multiple sources of knowledge. Narrative pedagogy was the framework for a digital story assignment for a senior-level synthesis and clinical decision making course. This article describes how the use of digital stories enhanced students' clinical thinking strategies from a narrative pedagogy perspective.
Posterior Polymorphous Dystrophy and Keratoglobus in a Child
Authors: Patel Sangita P. , Sajnani Manoj M. , Pineda Roberto
Published: February 2010

A 13-year-old boy presented with gradually progressive deterioration of vision in both eyes, bilateral photophobia, and regular headaches. Clinical examination, anterior segment findings, and specular microscopy findings were consistent with the diagnosis of posterior polymorphous dystrophy and keratoglobus. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first pediatric case and the second case overall of the simultaneous occurrence of posterior polymorphous dystrophy and keratoglobus.
The Home and Caregiving: Rethinking Space and its Meaning
Authors: Mayes Rachel , Cant Rosemary , Clemson Lindy
Published: February 2010

Occupational therapists are routinely engaged in the homes of their clients with disabilities, providing consultation on the use and modification of space to improve functional independence. The meaning of home space is currently underexplored. This study describes the meaning and use of home space for mothers who are primary caregivers for a child or adolescent with disabilities and high support needs. This article reports data from two empirical studies of mothers of children and adolescents with disabilities. In-depth interviews were conducted with 80 mothers across the two studies. Interview transcripts were analyzed with a grounded theory approach. Access around the home for a family member with disabilities allowed mothers to combine caring with other home management activities. However, preventing access or excluding the family member with a disability from some areas of the home enabled the mothers to resist the medicalization of their homes and create a personal space for themselves. Full access to the home for the child with disabilities was rarely a desirable outcome. Decisions about the home and how it should be modified to improve function become more complex when the needs of family members are taken into account. Meaning ascribed to space within the home is integral to how the space is used and whether a family member with a disability is included or excluded from the space. For occupational therapists, the meaning that clients and their families ascribe to various spaces within the home is as important as the use of space.
Convergent Validity of the Engagement in Meaningful Activities Survey in a College Sample
Authors: Eakman Aaron M.
Published: February 2010

The Engagement in Meaningful Activities Survey (EMAS) (Goldberg, Brintnell, & Goldberg, 2002) demonstrated sufficient psychometric properties in a sample of 122 adults. The EMAS was found to have adequate test—retest (r = .71) and internal consistency (α = .88) reliability; significant positive correlations between the EMAS and the subscales of the Basic Psychological Needs Scale and the Sources of Meaning Profile and negative zero-order correlations were found with short form versions of the Boredom Proneness Scale and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales. Step-wise multiple regression analysis results showed the Sources of Meaning Profile, Boredom Proneness Scale, and Competence subscale of the Basic Psychological Needs scale best predicted the EMAS. These results lend additional construct validity evidence in support of the EMAS as a brief measure of meaningful activity participation.
Depressive Symptoms in Community-Dwelling Elderly Korean Immigrants and Elderly Koreans
Authors: Sin Mo-Kyung , Choe Myoung-Ae , Kim Jeungim , Chae Young-Ran , Jeon Mi-Yang
Published: February 2010

Depression among minority older adults is a prevalent underrecognized medical illness. Changes in cultural norms and social conditions because of immigration have a significant influence on mental health. The purpose of this study was to assess the interrelationships between acculturation, geographical location, gender, and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling elderly Korean immigrants and elderly Koreans. In this cross-sectional study, a convenience sample of 88 elderly Korean immigrants and 295 elderly Koreans was recruited separately from senior centers and senior apartments. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Korean Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form and acculturation with years of living in the United States. Acculturation had no significant relationship with depressive symptoms (
r
= 0.01,
p
= 0.94). Depressive symptoms were highly present in both elderly Korean immigrants and elderly Koreans. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was higher in women. This study provides baseline data for development of culturally specific, community-based intervention programs for better management of mental health of elderly Korean immigrants.
Seville City Hall Chapter Room ceiling decoration
Authors: A. Durán , Robador M. D. , Jiménez de Haro M. C. , Herrera L. K. , Gimena P. , Pérez-Rodríguez J. L.
Published: February 2010

The present article describes a chemical and physical study of the colour, chemical composition and mineral phases of the decorative materials in the Seville City Hall Chapter House ceiling. The findings showed that the inner most layer of material, calcite, was covered with white lead, in turn concealed under a layer of gilded bole. The ceiling underwent re-gilding, also over bole, due in all likelihood to wear on the original gold leaf. In the nineteenth century, the entire ceiling with the exception of the inscriptions was whitewashed with calcite and white lead. Silver was employed on King John I’s sword (coffer 27). Gold leaf was used to adorn the royal attributes: crowns, belts, sceptres, swords and rosary beads. The high reliefs were likewise gilded. The pigments identified on the ceiling adornments included azurite, malachite, vermilion and gas black. A lime and ground dolomite mortar was used throughout.
Prediction of mechanical properties of cement paste at microscale
Authors: Qian Z. , Schlangen E. , Ye G. , Van Breugel K.
Published: February 2010

Prediction of the mechanical properties of cement paste at microscale has been done in this contribution by making use of 3D lattice fracture model.

The microstructure of cement paste is simulated by HYMOSTRUC3D first, which is represented in terms of sphere particles. Then the microstructure is converted into a voxel-based image, and a lattice system is constructed based on the image of the microstructure through ImgLat (Image to Lattice). A virtual uni-axial tensile test is configured and the fracture process is simulated by GLAK (Generalized Lattice Analysis Kernel). The outputs of fracture process simulation are the load-displacement diagram and micro-cracks propagation. The load-displacement diagram reveals the tensile behavior of cement paste at microscale, from which the elastic modulus and tensile strength can be obtained.

A numerical experiment is carried out to show how the model works, and the final results also demonstrate the feasibility of the above modeling procedure.
The role of women in construction research
Authors: Gómez A. , Arrizabalaga E. , Sánchez B.
Published: February 2010

Equal participation of women and men in industrial research is still a major challenge for the European Union. In most European countries, female graduates proportionately outnumber male graduates. However, scientific research and technological development remain male-dominated, especially in industry. Construction is one of the most important industrial sectors in terms of economic growth and employmet, but very little is known about the role of women in construction research and the factors that are hindering a more equal presence of women and men. As result of an extensive field work undertaken at European level, this paper offers a picture of the current situation of women in construction research that shows evidences of important inequalities. This work has allowed the development of recommendations for empowering women in construction research, addressing the opportunities for moving towards gender equality in this field. To invest in human capital for research is seen as an outstanding necessity within construction sector, and both women and men should fully develop their potential.