bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What the honeybee sees: a review of the recognition system of Apis mellifera
Authors: Horridge Adrian
Published: February 2005

Abstract.  For many years, two opposing theories have dominated our ideas of what honeybees see. The earliest proposal based on training experiments was that bees detected only simple attributes or features, irrespective of the actual pattern. The features demonstrated experimentally before 1940 were the disruption of the pattern (related to spatial frequency), the area of black or colour, the length of edge, and the angle of orientation of a bar or grating. Cues discovered recently are the range, and radial and tangential edges, and symmetry, relative to the fixation point, which is usually the reward hole. This theory could not explain why recognition failed when the pattern was moved. In the second theory, proposed in 1969, the bee detected the retinotopic directions of black or coloured areas, and estimated the areas of overlap and nonoverlap on each test pattern with the corresponding positions in the training pattern. This proposal explained the progressive loss of recognition as a test pattern was moved or reduced in size, but required that the bees saw and remembered the layout of every learned pattern and calculated the mismatch with each test image. Even so, the same measure of the mismatch was given by many test patterns and could not detect a pattern uniquely. Moreover, this theory could not explain the abundant evidence of simple feature detectors. Recent work has shown that bees learn one or more of a limited number of simple cues. A newly discovered cue is the position, mainly in the vertical direction, of the common centre (centroid) of black areas combined together. Significantly, however, the trained bees look for the cues mentioned above only in the range of places where they had occurred during the training. These two observations made possible a synthesis of both theories. There is no experimental evidence that the bees detect or re‐assemble the layout of patterns in space; instead, they look for a cue in the expected place. With an array of detectors of the known cues, together with their directions, this mechanism would enable bees to recognize each familiar place from the coincidences of cues in different directions around the head.
Calling behaviour in the female praying mantis, Hierodula patellifera
Authors: Perez Beatriz
Published: February 2005

Abstract.  Virgin mantis females, Hierodula patellifera (Serville) (Dictyoptera: Mantidae), exhibit a characteristic calling posture. When holding the body below a branch or leaf, the female curls the abdomen ventrally, flexing it away from the wings and exposing its dorsal surface. The curling is accompanied by pumping movements. The average age at which females start adopting this calling posture is 14 days after adult moult, and it is related to their nutritional stage. Once initiated, females exhibit the posture everyday until they mate. After mating, the behaviour is completely suppressed. Males are attracted by virgin females adopting the calling posture but are not attracted to mated females. The characteristics of the posture and the responsive behaviour of the males indicate that this female calling involves the release of sex pheromones.
Thermoregulation behaviour in codling moth larvae
Authors: Kührt Ute , Samietz Jörg , Dorn Silvia
Published: February 2005

Abstract.  The thermoregulation behaviour of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, is investigated in temperature gradient experiments with larvae feeding within apples, and with mature larvae searching for cocooning sites. Feeding larvae appear to prefer the apple hemisphere with a higher temperature (i.e. they build larger cavities in the radiated, warmer part of the fruit). The proportion of larval cavities in the warmer hemisphere is positively related to increasing apple temperature on that side, as well as to the temperature difference between the warm and the cool fruit hemisphere. The mechanism in feeding larvae can be termed as cryptic basking because, during microhabitat selection, the caterpillars exploit temperature differences that are caused explicitly by incident solar radiation. Fifth‐instar larvae in search of cocooning sites show no temperature preference within the large gradient offered (9–29 °C), with no difference between males and females. During larval development, the insect changes its thermoregulation behaviour in response to a possible shift in benefits of an elevated body temperature with respect to environmental conditions. Both the thermoregulation behaviour and such a shift of behavioural response should be respected when simulating body temperatures of the species.
Metabolic rates in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones): the influence of running activity
Authors: Schmitz Anke
Published: February 2005

Abstract.  Metabolic rates of adult Lophopilio palpinalis (Herbst, 1799) (Arachnida, Opiliones, Phalangioidea) and Paranemastoma quadripunctatum (Perty, 1833) (Arachnida, Opiliones, Troguloidea) are measured during rest and activity. Carbon dioxide release during rest is continuous in both species. Mean values at 20 °C are 4.2 µL min−1 g−1 for the males of P. quadripunctatum, 4.1 µL min−1 g−1 for the males of L. palpinalis and 4.7 µL min−1 g−1 for the females of L. palpinalis, thus being significantly higher in the egg‐producing females. In L. palpinalis, respiratory quotient at rest is 0.84. Spontaneous walking activity with speeds of 15–30 cm min−1 raises the metabolic rate by up to three‐fold in both species. Lophopilio palpinalis is made to undertake constant running on a treadmill with speeds of 60, 72 and 96 cm min−1. Enforced activity causes the animals to raise their metabolic rates by up to five‐fold above resting rates. Animals reach a steady state of CO2 release on the treadmill and show a fast t1/2 on‐response, indicating aerobic exercise. The minimum cost of locomotion is determined to be 2.5 × 10−3 J cm−1 g−1, thus fitting the predicted values for terrestrial locomotion.
Imaginal induction of diapause in several ‘adult‐female diapausing’ spider mites
Authors: Saito Yutaka , Ito Katsura , Sakagami Takane
Published: February 2005

Abstract. The possibility of imaginal induction of diapause in adult female spider mites is suggested inStigmaeopsis miscanthi. Here, several spider mites are studied to investigate the generality of this phenomenon. The existence of imaginal induction of reproductive diapause is established inStigmaeopsis longus, two forms ofS. miscanthiandTetranychus kanzawaiadult females. The females that develop under diapause‐averting (long days and 18 °C) conditions are induced to diapause under short‐daylength conditions at 18 °C after moulting to the adult stage. However, the adult females ofTetranychus urticaenever diapause under these conditions.
Effects of Alcohol Septal Ablation for Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy on Doppler Tei Index: A Midterm Follow‐Up
Authors: Veselka Josef , Procházková Šárka , Bolomová‐Homolová Ingrid , Duchoňová Radka , Tesař David
Published: February 2005

Alcohol septal ablation (PTSMA) improves outflow gradient, left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, and symptoms in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Tei index (TI) is a Doppler parameter reflecting both systolic and diastolic LV function. Midterm changes of TI after PTSMA have not been determined up to now. Twenty‐seven consecutive patients (mean age 53 ± 13 years) with symptomatic HOCM underwent PTSMA procedure. Clinical and echocardiographic data were collected at baseline, 6 and 12 months after PTSMA. TI decreased from 0.67 ± 0.11 to 0.55 ± 0.06, isovolumic contractile time (ICT) decreased from 74 ± 20 to 48 ± 11 ms, isovolumic relaxation time decreased from 146 ± 25 to 117 ± 9 ms, and LV ejection time decreased from 330 ± 42 to 298 ± 13 ms. LV remodeling was determined by LV dimension increase from 46 ± 6 to 48 ± 6 mm and basal septum thickness reduction from 22 ± 4 to 15 ± 3 mm. LV ejection fraction decreased from 78 ± 7 to 73 ± 6% and maximal outflow gradient decreased from 69 ± 44 to 15 ± 11 mmHg. All changes were statistically significant (P < 0.01). Symptomatic improvement was characterized by relief of dyspnea (2.5 ± 0.7 versus 1.4 ± 0.6 NYHA class; P < 0.01) and angina pectoris (2.6 ± 0.9 versus 0.7 ± 0.7 CCS class; P < 0.01). PTSMA is an effective method of therapy for HOCM. Shortening of TI suggests the improvement of LV myocardial performance in the midterm follow‐up.
Assessment of Atrial Septal Defect Size with 3D‐Transesophageal Echocardiography: Comparison with Balloon Method
Authors: Abdel‐Massih Tony , Dulac Yves , Taktak Assaad , Aggoun Yacine , Massabuau Pierre , Elbaz Meyer , Carrié Didier , Acar Philippe
Published: February 2005

Background: Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) is an alternative approach to surgery in selected patients. Balloon stretched diameter (BSD) is considered as the standard way of measuring ASD size. Three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D‐TEE) provides views of the ASD allowing its measurement and identifying its spatial relation with neighboring structures. Our aim was to compare the BSD and 3D‐TEE methods to measure the ASD size before transcatheter closure. Methods and Results: Seventy‐six consecutive patients were enrolled for ASD device closure. Three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and balloon sizing were adequately performed in 70 patients before the defect closure. The mean maximal diameter measured by 3D‐TEE was 20 ± 15 mm (range 10–28) while the mean BSD was 22 ± 4.8 mm (range 9–31). When comparing the 3D‐TEE and transcatheter measurements, there was a good correlation between the two methods (y = 3.15 + 0.77x; r = 0.8). The defect as viewed by 3D‐TEE was unique in 54 patients and multiple in 16 patients. In patients with a single defect, the correlation between the two methods was high (y = 1.74 + 0.84x; r = 0.85) while patients with multiple ASDs, the correlation was poor (y = 12.4 + 0.4x; r = 0.45). Transcatheter closure was performed successfully in 86%. The mean size of the Amplatzer device was 23 ± 4.8 mm (range 4–32). The reference to choose the size of the device was the BSD in single defects and the 3D‐TEE maximal diameter in multiple defects. Conclusion: Three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and transcatheter methods are two complementary techniques for the success of transcatheter ASDs closure.
Escherichia Coli Endocarditis of the Aortic Valve with Formation of a Paravalvular Abscess Cavity
Authors: Soma Johannes , Stakkevold Tor I. , Henriksen Arne Z.
Published: February 2005

A 42‐year‐old male with a history of chronic aortic valve disease and urethra stenosis, was admitted with fever, dysuria, and vomiting. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was cultured from blood and urine. Repeated transesophageal echocardiographic studies performed during the early phase of the hospitalization did not exclude the possibility of infective endocarditis. A definite diagnosis was, however, not established until 6 weeks after admission. At that time a large paravalvular aortic abscess cavity had developed and urgent surgery was necessary. A possible explanation for the delayed diagnostic evaluation was the low level of suspicion, as the septicemia was believed to originate from the urinary tract, without involvement of other organs. The possibility of endocarditis due to E. coli should be considered, especially in subjects with underlying cardiac valve disease, despite an alternative source of septicemia and despite the rarity of this condition. Frequent echocardiographic studies are recommended since extensive tissue destruction may occur without any striking symptoms.
Effects of lactulose and polyethylene glycol on colonic transit
Authors: Fritz E. , Hammer H. F. , Lipp R. W. , Högenauer C. , Stauber R. , Hammer J.
Published: February 2005

Background : The effects of lactulose and polyethylene glycol on colonic transit are poorly established.

Aim: To assess the effects of these laxatives on colonic transit in normal subjects.

Methods : Colonic transit (mean residence time, cumulative counts in stool, counts remaining in the proximal or distal colon) was measured scintigraphically in normal subjects on the second and third day of a 3‐day ingestion of 67–134 g/day lactulose, or 59 g/day polyethylene glycol.

Results : At similar stool weight (lactulose: 653 ± 120 g/day; polyethylene glycol: 522 ± 66 g/day), transit was significantly slower during 99 g/day lactulose when compared with 59 g/day polyethylene glycol; this was most pronounced in the distal colon (mean residence time: lactulose – 403 ± 55 min; polyethylene glycol – 160 ± 41.9 min). Short chain fatty acid concentration in 24‐h stool correlated significantly with counts remaining in the distal colon at 12 h(r = 0.79, P = 0.001). Increasing lactulose doses were significantly associated with increasing stool weight (r = 0.79) and shorter mean residence time in the total (r = −0.56) and distal colon (r = −0.64). The sum of faecal carbohydrates plus short chain fatty acids was associated with stool weight (r = 0.95, P < 0.001).

Conclusion : Lactulose accelerates colonic transit. However, compared with polyethylene glycol, transit during lactulose is prolonged.
Ursodeoxycholic acid reduces increased circulating endothelin 2 in primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Dimoulios P. , Kolios G. , Notas G. , Matrella E. , Xidakis C. , Koulentaki M. , Tsagarakis N. , Kouroumalis A. , Kouroumalis E.
Published: February 2005

Background : Endothelins and nitric oxide regulate sinusoidal blood flow and the perfusion of the peribiliary vascular plexus.

Aims : To study the serum and hepatic vein concentration of ET‐1, ET‐2, ET‐3 and nitric oxide in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment.

Methods : Endothelins and nitrites/nitrates were measured in serum and hepatic vein blood in primary biliary cirrhosis and viral cirrhotic patients prior and after ursodeoxycholic acid therapy and in serum in controls. Endothelins were measured with commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays and nitrites/nitrates with a modification of Griess reaction.

Results : The ET‐1 and ET‐3 levels were similar in patients and controls. Primary biliary cirrhosis patients had the highest serum ET‐2 (P < 0.001) compared with other groups. Nitrites/nitrates was increased in primary biliary cirrhosis (P < 0.05) compared with normal. ET‐2 and nitric oxide were similar in all primary biliary cirrhosis stages. Ursodeoxycholic acid significantly decreased ET‐2 in all stages (I and II: P < 0.05 and III and IV: P < 0.01) and increased nitric oxide (P < 0.05) in early primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatic vein ET‐1 and ET‐3 were higher in viral cirrhosis patients, but only in primary biliary cirrhosis a significant difference for ET‐1 and ET‐3 between hepatic and peripheral veins was found.

Conclusions : Increased ET‐2 is an early defect in primary biliary cirrhosis that is significantly reduced by the ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. The possibility of a more generalized endothelial cell dysfunction in primary biliary cirrhosis requires further investigation.
Adalimumab induces apoptosis of human monocytes: a comparative study with infliximab and etanercept
Authors: Shen C. , Assche G. V. , Colpaert S. , Maerten P. , Geboes K. , Rutgeerts P. , Ceuppens J. L.
Published: February 2005

Background : Adalimumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor, was recently introduced for therapy of Crohn's disease.

Aim : Since induction of apoptosis of inflammatory cells is thought to be an important mechanism of action of the antitumour necrosis factor monoclonal antibody infliximab, we studied the induction of apoptosis of activated peripheral blood monocytes by adalimumab.

Method : Apoptosis was analysed at the levels of the cell membrane, mitochondria and DNA by flow cytometry.

Results: We found that both adalimumab and infliximab induced apoptosis in cultured monocytes, while etanercept did not. Apoptosis induction was caspase‐dependent and detectable already after 2 h. The production of interleukin‐10 and interleukin‐12 by monocytes was down‐regulated significantly by adalimumab and infliximab but not by etanercept, while levels of soluble tumour necrosis factor in monocyte cultures were down‐regulated by all three reagents.

Conclusions : These data show that both adalimumab and infliximab affect monocyte cytokine production and induce apoptosis of activated monocytes. Our findings will have to be further correlated to therapeutic efficacy of these antitumour necrosis factor reagents.
Long‐term ursodeoxycholic acid therapy for primary biliary cirrhosis: a follow‐up to 12 years
Authors: Chan C. W. , Gunsar F. , Feudjo M. , Rigamonti C. , Vlachogiannakos J. , Carpenter J. R. , Burroughs A. K.
Published: February 2005

Background : It is uncertain whether ursodeoxycholic acid therapy slows down the progression of primary biliary cirrhosis, according to two meta‐analyses. However, the randomized trials evaluated had only a median of 24 months of follow‐up.

Aim : To evaluate long‐term ursodeoxycholic acid therapy in primary biliary cirrhosis.

Methods : We evaluated 209 consecutive primary biliary cirrhosis patients, 69 compliant with ursodeoxycholic acid and 140 untreated [mean follow‐up 5.79 (s.d. = 4.73) and 4.87 (s.d. = 5.21) years, respectively] with onset of all complications documented. Comparison was made following adjustment for baseline differences according to Cox modelling, Mayo and Royal Free prognostic models.

Results : Bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase concentrations improved with ursodeoxycholic acid (at 36 months, P = 0.007 and 0.018, respectively). Unadjusted Kaplan–Meier analysis showed benefit (P = 0.028), as 44 (31%) untreated and 15 (22%) ursodeoxycholic acid patients died or had liver transplantation. However, there was no difference when adjusted by Cox modelling (P = 0.267), Mayo (P = 0.698) and Royal Free models (P = 0.559). New pruritus or fatigue or other complications were not different, either before or after adjustment for baseline characteristics.

Conclusions : Long‐term ursodeoxycholic acid therapy did not alter disease progression in primary biliary cirrhosis patients despite a significant improvement in serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase consistent with, and similar to, those seen in ursodeoxycholic acid cohorts in randomized trials.
History of xenotransplantation
Authors: Deschamps Jack‐Yves , Roux Françoise A. , Saï Pierre , Gouin Edouard
Published: February 2005

Abstract:  The present historical review reports the clinical experiences of transplantations from animal to human. The first transplantation attempts were made without any knowledge of the species barrier. The pioneers of xenotransplantation realized xenotransfusions as early as the 16th century, then cell and tissue xenotransplantations in the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, xenotransplantation of testicles became the latest craze. At the same time, and later in the 1960s, organ xenotransplantations were attempted, with disappointing results. Mathieu Jaboulay, Serge Voronoff, Keith Reemtsma, James Hardy, Denton Cooley, Thomas Starzl, Christiaan Barnard and Leonard Bailey were among the pionneers of xenotransplantation. Recent trials concerned above all tissue and cell xenotransplantations. Nowadays, with encapsulation, transgenesis, and cloning, great advances have been made for controling xenograft rejection, but ethical questions linked to the risk of infections have become a major pre‐occupation within the scientific community and the general population.
Administration of GAS914 in an orthotopic pig‐to‐baboon heart transplantation model
Authors: Brandl Ulrike , Michel Sebastian , Erhardt Matthias , Brenner Paolo , Bittmann Iris , Rössle Matthias , Baschnegger Heiko , Bauer Andreas , Hammer Claus , Schmoeckel Michael , Reichart Bruno
Published: February 2005

Abstract:  Background:  Long‐term survival of transgenic cardiac xenografts is currently limited by a form of humoral rejection named acute vascular rejection. Preformed and elicited cytotoxic antibodies against Galα(1,3)Gal terminating carbohydrate chains, known as the primary cause of hyperacute rejection, are crucial for this process. We investigated whether GAS914, a soluble, polymeric form of a Galα(1,3)Gal trisaccharide would sufficiently minimize xenograft rejection of hDAF‐transgenic pig hearts orthotopically transplanted into baboons.

Methods:  Orthotopic heart transplantations were performed using hDAF transgenic piglets as donors and four non‐splenectomized baboons as recipients. Baseline immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus, sirolimus, ATG, steroids. In addition two animals received low‐dose GAS914, and two animals high‐dose GAS914. One of these baboons received high dose GAS914 and cyclophosphamide induction therapy. Serum levels of anti‐Galα(1,3)Gal IgM and IgG antibodies, and anti‐pig antibodies were controlled daily by anti‐Galα(1,3)Gal enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay and anti‐pig hemolytic assays. Histomorphological (hematoxylin and eosin, elastic van Gieson) and immunohistochemical (IgM, IgG) evaluations were performed on tissue specimens.

Results:  Following low‐dose GAS914 therapy survival time was 1 and 9 days, respectively. In baboons treated with high dosages of GAS914 a survival of 30 h and 25 days could be obtained. GAS914 caused an immediate and significant reduction of both anti‐Galα(1,3)Gal IgM and IgG antibodies. However, sufficient antibody reduction was independent of dosage and form of application of GAS914. A pre‐transplant GAS914 treatment was not necessary to effectively reduce antibody levels and prevent hyperacute rejection. In the early postoperative period preformed anti‐pig antibodies corresponded predominantly to anti‐Galα(1,3)Gal antibodies making them susceptible to GAS914. Subsequently, while anti‐Galα(1,3)Gal antibodies remained low, anti‐pig antibodies increased despite of GAS914 application. Corresponding to increased anti‐pig antibody titers depositions of IgM and IgG immunoglobulins were detected, which were possibly non‐Galα(1,3)Gal‐specific.

Conclusions:  Following orthotopic transplantation of hDAF‐transgenic pig hearts into baboons, GAS914 is able to maintain a sufficient reduction of Galα(1,3)Gal‐specific cytotoxicity to the graft. GAS914 therefore is able to prevent not only hyperacute rejection, but also acute vascular rejection at its beginning, when serum cytotoxicity to the pig heart appears to be predominantly Galα(1,3)Gal‐specific. A sustained prevention of acute vascular rejection, however, still requires the identification of antibody specificities other than to Galα(1,3)Gal.
Bronchogenic cyst of the stomach masquerading as benign stromal tumor
Authors: Song Sang Yong , Noh Jae Hyung , Lee Soon Jin , Son Hee Jung
Published: February 2005

Gastric bronchogenic cyst is an extremely rare lesion. A 62‐year‐old Korean woman presented with an incidentally found perigastric nodule. An abdominal ultrasonogram and computed tomography showed a 1.5 cm solid, homogeneous, low‐density nodule in the hepatogastric ligament near the gastric lesser curvature. At the time of surgery, a soft 1.7 cm nodule was found in the lesser curvature side just below the gastroesophageal junction, and a gelatinous mass was protruded from the nodule during the resection. Microscopically, the gastric subserosa showed cystic structures lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, seromucinous gland, connective tissue and complete layers of smooth muscle bundles. Neither cartilage nor gastrointestinal epithelium was identified. A mucocele was found near the cyst and foamy cells and faintly bluish mucinous substances were found near the cystic structures. All the mucinous substances were stained by alcian blue at pH 2.5 with varying degrees of staining intensity. The present case is the smallest reported cyst among the gastric bronchogenic cysts, and these lesions are unusually located at the lesser curvature side of the stomach. Although these lesions are very rare, gastric bronchogenic cyst should be included in the differential diagnosis of gastric wall mass.
Autoimmune hepatitis in primary Sjögren's syndrome: Pathological study of the livers and labial salivary glands in 17 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Matsumoto Toshiharu , Morizane Toshio , Aoki Yuuji , Yamasaki Shigetaka , Nakajima Mikako , Enomoto Nobuyuki , Kobayashi Shigeto , Hashimoto Hiroshi
Published: February 2005

Although primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune exocrinopathy, the involvement of liver has been reported. Because no study focusing on autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in pSS has been published, the purpose of the present study was to perform a clinical and histological examination of the liver, focusing on AIH, in 17 pSS patients. The patients had liver enzyme abnormalities without hepatitis virus infection. In all cases, biopsied livers were examined, and in 10 cases biopsied labial salivary glands were also examined histologically. Based on the authors’ diagnostic criteria for AIH in pSS, the liver diseases consisted of AIH (eight cases, 47%), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC; six cases, 35%), non‐specified chronic hepatitis (two cases, 12%) and acute hepatitis (one case, 6%). Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, with predominancy of CD3+ T cells, was noted in both the liver and salivary glands in the patients with AIH. The patients with AIH with severe interface hepatitis had a good response to immunosuppressive therapy. The comparison of liver histology between the PBC with pSS group and the PBC without pSS group showed that the incidence of lymphoid non‐suppurative cholangitis was higher in PBC with pSS. In conclusion, the present study offers new information on the relatively common occurrence, diagnostic criteria and treatment effects of AIH in pSS.
Human papillomavirus infection in Egyptian esophageal carcinoma: Correlation with p53, p21waf, mdm2, C‐erbB2 and impact on survival
Authors: Bahnassy Abeer A. , Zekri Abdel‐Rahman N. , Abdallah Samira , El‐Shehaby Amal M. R. , Sherif Ghada M.
Published: February 2005

The etiological role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in esophageal carcinoma (EC) in relation to p53, mdm2, p21waf, c‐erbB2 and the overall survival (OS) rate was investigated. Tumor and normal tissues from 50 EC were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and InnoLiPA for HPV. Single strand conformation polymorphism/sequencing were used to detect p53 gene mutations. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine p53, mdm2, p21wafand c‐erbB2 expression. Human papillomavirus was detected in 54% of tumors and in 24% of normal tissues. p53, mdm2 and c‐erbB2 overexpression was detected in 68%, 70% and 60% of tumors and in 14%, 16% and 10% of normal samples, whereas loss of p21waf was evident in 64% of tumors. p53 mutations were detected in 20% of cases. Exon 8 and 5 showed the highest mutation rate (40% each), followed by exons 6 and 7 (10% each). There was a significant correlation between HPV and p53, mdm2, c‐erbB2 overexpression. The OS was significantly associated with overexpression of p53 and loss of p21waf. Human papillomavirus infection is frequent in Egyptian EC. Both p53‐dependent and p53‐independent pathways seem to be involved in HPV‐associated EC. mdm2 and c‐erbB2 are possible targets for HPV in the p53‐independent pathway. However, only advanced stage and aberrant expression of p53 and p21waf are independent prognostic markers.
The Impact of Early Institutional Rearing on the Ability to Discriminate Facial Expressions of Emotion: An Event‐Related Potential Study
Authors: Parker Susan W. , Nelson Charles A. ,   The Bucharest Early Intervention Project Core Group
Published: February 2005

Event‐related potentials (ERPs), in response to 4 facial expressions of fear, angry, happy, and sad, were collected from 72 institutionalized children (IG), ages 7 to 32 months, in Bucharest, Romania, and compared with ERPs from 33 children, ages 8 to 32 months, who had never been institutionalized (NIG). The NIG and IG exhibited different patterns of responding in early latency components. Moreover, group differences in amplitude were evident across all components. Such differences may point to the role of early deprivation in disrupting the development of the neural circuitry involved in the recognition of facial expressions.
Gesture as a Window on Children's Beginning Understanding of False Belief
Authors: Carlson Stephanie M. , Wong Antoinette , Lemke Margaret , Cosser Caron
Published: February 2005

Given that gestures may provide access to transitions in cognitive development, preschoolers' performance on standard tasks was compared with their performance on a new gesture false belief task. Experiment 1 confirmed that children (N=45, M age=54 months) responded consistently on two gesture tasks and that there is dramatic improvement on both the gesture false belief task and a standard task from ages 3 to 5. In 2 subsequent experiments focusing on children in transition with respect to understanding false beliefs (Ns=34 and 70, M age=48 months), there was a significant advantage of gesture over standard and novel verbal‐response tasks. Iconic gesture may facilitate reasoning about opaque mental states in children who are rapidly developing concepts of mind.
Infants Can Learn Decontextualized Words Before Their First Birthday
Authors: Schafer Graham
Published: February 2005

Can infants below age 1 year learn words in one context and understand them in another? To investigate this question, two groups of parents trained infants from age 9 months on 8 categories of common objects. A control group received no training. At 12 months, infants in the experimental groups, but not in the control group, showed comprehension of the words in a new context. It appears that infants under 1 year old can learn words in a decontextualized, as distinct from a context‐bound, fashion. Perceptual variability within the to‐be‐learned categories, and the perceptual similarity between training sets and the novel test items, did not appear to affect this learning.
Theory of Mind May Be Contagious, but You Don't Catch It From Your Twin
Authors: Cassidy Kimberly Wright , Fineberg Deborah Shaw , Brown Kimberly , Perkins Alexis
Published: February 2005

The theory‐of‐mind abilities of twins, children with nontwin siblings, and only children were compared to investigate further the link between number and type of siblings and theory‐of‐mind abilities. Three‐ to 5‐year‐old children with nontwin siblings outperformed both only children and twins with no other siblings, twins who also had other siblings outperformed twins who did not, and children with at least 1 opposite‐sex sibling outperformed children with only same‐sex siblings. Twins performed significantly better when asked about the false beliefs of their twins than they did when asked about the false beliefs of their friends. Results are discussed in terms of potential mechanisms that may account for the twin and sibling effects.
Young Children's Beliefs About the Relationship Between Gender and Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Giles Jessica W. , Heyman Gail D.
Published: February 2005

Young children's beliefs about the relationship between gender and aggression were examined across 3 studies (N=121). In Study 1, preschoolers (ages 3 to 5) described relational aggression as the most common form of aggression among girls and physical aggression as the most common form among boys. In Study 2, preschoolers and a comparison group of 7‐ to 8‐year‐olds were likely to infer that relationally aggressive characters are female and physically aggressive characters are male. Study 3 revealed that preschoolers show systematic memory distortions when recalling stories that conflict with these gender schemas. These findings suggest that even before children reach school age, they have organized patterns of beliefs about gender that affect the way they process social information.
Are A‐Not‐B Errors Caused by a Belief About Object Location?
Authors: Ruffman Ted , Slade Lance , Carlos Sandino Juan , Fletcher Amanda
Published: February 2005

Eight‐ to 12‐month‐olds might make A‐not‐B errors, knowing the object is in B but searching at A because of ancillary (attention, inhibitory, or motor memory) deficits, or they might genuinely believe the object is in A (conceptual deficit). This study examined how diligently infants searched for a hidden object they never found. An object was placed in A twice, and then in B. In a different task the object was placed beside A twice, and then in B. Infants made more A‐not‐B errors in the former task, and perseverating infants searched diligently in A rather than in B. Infants seemed to believe the object was in A, suggesting that both a conceptual deficit and ancillary deficits account for A‐not‐B errors.
Single Mothers' Employment Dynamics and Adolescent Well‐Being
Authors: Kalil Ariel , Ziol‐Guest Kathleen M.
Published: February 2005

The links between single mothers' employment patterns and change over time in the well‐being of the mothers' adolescent children were investigated using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Adolescents were ages 14 to 16 at baseline, and they and their mothers were followed for 2 years. Relative to being continuously employed in a good job, findings suggest that adolescents whose mothers lose a job without regaining employment show declines in mastery and self‐esteem, those whose mothers are continuously employed in a bad job show an increased likelihood of grade repetition, and those whose mothers are either persistently unemployed or lose more than one job show an increased likelihood of school dropout. These effects are not explained by concomitant changes in family income.
Behavioral Approach–Inhibition in Toddlers: Prediction From Infancy, Positive and Negative Affective Components, and Relations With Behavior Problems
Authors: Putnam Samuel P. , Stifter Cynthia A.
Published: February 2005

In this study, 126 children were observed at 6 months, 12 months, and 2 years. During infancy, latencies to reach for novel objects were measured. At 2 years, positive and negative affect, and behavioral approach–inhibition to low‐ and high‐intensity situations were coded, and mothers assessed behavior problems. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a 3‐dimension model of positivity, negativity, and behavioral approach–inhibition. Positivity was related to low‐ and high‐intensity behavioral approach–inhibition, whereas negativity was linked only to low‐intensity behavioral approach–inhibition. Shorter 12‐month latencies to reach were predictive of low negativity, high positivity, and behavioral approach at 2 years. Positivity and negativity were correlated with externalizing and internalizing behaviors, respectively. Finally, cluster analysis identified an exuberant group high in externalizing and an inhibited group high in internalizing.
Economic Takeoffs in a Dynamic Process of Globalization*
Authors: Bond Eric W. , Jones Ronald W. , Wang Ping
Published: February 2005

The paper develops a dynamic general‐equilibrium framework to illustrate that trade liberalization may speed up the process of globalization and industrialization by enabling a small open economy to reallocate production factors to modern export sectors where increasing returns to experience are present. The authors emphasize the role of knowledge in service activities related to the export of modern sector goods, which has the form of a public good that can be utilized in exporting of other modern sector goods. As a consequence of this knowledge accumulation, the economy begins to take off and exhibits more rapid rates of wage and output growth. The accumulation of knowledge also shifts comparative advantage in the modern sector to more service‐intensive goods, thus leading to a natural evolution of comparative advantage. These results lend theoretical support to the different development experiences in the 1960s between East Asia and Latin America.
International Labor Union Policy and Growth with Creative Destruction*
Authors: Palokangas Tapio
Published: February 2005

A multi‐economy Schumpeterian growth model is constructed. Economies are interdependent through technology transfer. Households can stay as workers or become researchers at some cost. Workers are employed in production and researchers in R&D. Workers are unionized and union power depends on the government's protection. The main findings are as follows. If international technological dependence increases, then workers’ wages, the growth rate, and the level of welfare fall. The international coordination of labor union policy raises workers’ wages and promotes growth and welfare.
The Role of Human Capital and Population Growth in R&D‐based Models of Economic Growth*
Authors: Strulik Holger
Published: February 2005

Human capital accumulation is introduced in a growth model with R&D‐driven expansion in variety and quality of intermediate goods and knowledge spillovers from both research activities. Economic growth is no longer uniquely tied to population growth as previous growth models without scale effects suggest. The model predicts that economic growth depends positively on the rate of human capital accumulation and positively or negatively on population growth and is therefore supported by empirical evidence to a greater extent than previous models. In particular, long‐run growth is compatible with a stable population.
Taking a Turnpike: A Korean Perspective*
Authors: Hong Wontack
Published: February 2005

Catch‐up is very much like taking interstate turnpikes to travel from a destitute backward state to an advanced state of material affluence in the shortest time. This paper presents an overview of the catch‐up process in Korea, analyzing the process of taking a turnpike. It delineates the advantage of export‐oriented growth strategy and examines the institutionalization of an export‐oriented regime in Korea. It amplifies the nature of Korea's “governed” market policies that bred the seeds of eventual catastrophe in light of the 1997 crisis that has dramatically revealed Korea's Achilles heel. It also addresses the political economy of switching turnpikes, amplifying the necessity of a fundamental institutional restructuring at certain points in the catch‐up process.
Implicit Mercantilism, Oligopoly, and Trade*
Authors: McGuire Martin C. , Ohta Hiroshi
Published: February 2005

The authors propose a new model of trade between developing and advanced economies to capture the effects of important asymmetries in the organizations of their industries. This model demonstrates how the industrial structure of a developing economy can evolve to produce what the authors call “implicit mercantilism.” Free entry plus domestic oligopoly in a developing economy, when combined with competitive behavior in developed countries, generates several distinct stages of mercantilism hitherto unrecognized in the literature. Each stage has its own pattern of interaction with a competitive trading world. As the production costs and techniques of the mercantile society converge to world standards, its citizens will first lose from this progress, only later to gain. Both effects are due to certain relationships between home prices and world prices, newly identified in this paper. The analysis is particularly relevant to the structure of Asian economies, and to policy debates about their reform.
Out‐of‐home Placement of School‐age Children with Disabilities and High Support Needs
Authors: Llewellyn Gwynnyth , McConnell David , Thompson Kirsty , Whybrow Samantha
Published: February 2005

Background  This study explored the relationship between family life variables and out‐of‐home placement tendency for families of school‐age children with disabilities and high support needs.

Method  This study was a prospective cohort study of 81 families with children with disabilities and high support needs aged between 6 and 13 years. There were two waves of data collection 12–18 months apart involving in‐depth interviews with the primary carer.

Results  Out‐of‐home placement tendency was associated with three interrelated family life variables: (i) difficulty balancing the demands of caring and the needs of other family members; (ii) sharing workload and responsibility; and (iii) integrating the child into the everyday world.

Conclusion  Family capacity to continue balancing the demands of caring and the needs of other family members is central to maintaining family‐based placement.
‘Busy Behaviour’ in the ‘Land of the Golden M’: Going Out with Learning Disabled Children in Public Places
Authors: Ryan Sara
Published: February 2005

Background  Research suggests that the inclusion of learning disabled people is contingent, unsatisfactory and incomplete. This paper will take a step back and look at the experiences of mothers of learning disabled children in public places.

Methods  Seventeen women have taken part in the small scale qualitative study which used a combination of single and group interviews to explore their experiences in public places.

Findings  Four areas have been identified as having an impact upon the experiences of the mothers and children in public places: the effects of the childrens' learning impairments, structural constraints, the attitudes of others and the attitudes of the mothers.

Conclusion  The paper will conclude by asking if there is a role for alternative primary communities for learning disabled people and make suggestions for the development of a more ‘learning disabled child‐friendly’ environment.
Families of 30–35‐Year Olds with Down's Syndrome
Authors: Carr Janet
Published: February 2005

Background The families of a population sample of people with Down's syndrome (DS), and of their non‐disabled controls, have been followed since early childhood, and the families have now been seen again as their sons and daughters reached age 30 and 35 years.

Methods A semi‐structured interview schedule was used, including items from the handicaps, behaviour and skills schedule [L. Wing,Acta Psychologica Scandinavica, Suppl. 285 (1980) 241] and from Holmes’ thesis (The Quality of Life of Mentally Handicapped Adults and Their Parents, 1988, PhD Thesis) relating to leisure and social life and experience of services.

Results Most parents, now in their late 60s, reported good health and a satisfactory social life. Mothers’ mean stress scores were slightly higher in the Down's syndrome group than in the controls: possible explanations for this are discussed. Only one factor relating to the offspring with Down's syndrome could be shown to influence stress. Few adverse effects on the siblings were identified.

Conclusions The study is in agreement with others in showing families of older people with Down's syndrome to be well‐adjusted and not unduly stressed.
Emotional well‐being for all: mental health and people with profound and multiple learning disabilities
Authors: Sheehy Kieron , Nind Melanie
Published: February 2005

This article considers the emotional well‐being of people with profound and multiple learning disabilities. It identifies the factors that have particularly affected this group of people: an historical failure to acknowledge their human status; deficit‐based services, a lack of voice and communication barriers. Whilst these factors are of importance to all people with learning disabilities, evidence is presented that those with profound and multiple learning disabilities are the most likely to experience challenges to their mental health and the least likely to receive appropriate support. A strategy for developing our understanding and good practice in the area is suggested. This prioritizes areas for future work and suggests that a collaborative approach is most likely to yield positive outcomes for these individuals.
Residence times and source ages of deep crustal fluids: interpretation of 129I and 36Cl results from the KTB‐VB drill site, Germany
Authors: FEHN U. , SNYDER G. T.
Published: February 2005

We present here 129I/I and 36Cl/Cl ratios, together with halogen concentrations in crustal fluids from the continental deep drill site (KTB‐VB) in Germany, where fluids were collected from 4000 m depth during a pump test carried out in 2002 and 2003. Compared with seawater, the fluids are enriched by factors of 2, 8 and 40 for Cl−, Br and I, respectively, and show little variation over the test period. The 129I/I ratios are between 1700 and 4100 × 10−15; the 36Cl/Cl ratios are below 10 × 10−15. Co‐variation between 129I and 36Cl concentrations in the fluids indicates that anthropogenic components are absent and that the ratios reflect an addition from crustal sources. The results suggest residence times of 10 Ma or more for the fluids in formations with uranium concentrations of 1 ppm. A minimum age of 30 Ma for the iodine source was derived from the correlation between 129I and 36Cl concentrations in the fluids. The results demonstrate that the halogen characteristics of the KTB fluids are very similar to those of other deep crustal fluids and that the combination of 129I and 36Cl systematics allows determination of residence times and source ages of such fluids.
On the geochemistry of gases and noble gas isotopes (including 222Rn) in deep crustal fluids: the 4000 m KTB‐pilot hole fluid production test 2002–03
Authors: LIPPMANN J. , ERZINGER J. , ZIMMER M. , SCHLOEMER S. , EICHINGER L. , FABER E.
Published: February 2005

The concentrations of H2, O2, CO2, and concentrations and isotopic composition of the noble gases (including 222Rn), N2, CH4, and higher hydrocarbons dissolved in 4000 m deep‐seated fluids from a 12‐month fluid production test in the KTB pilot hole were analyzed. This determination of the gas geochemistry during the test in combination with the knowledge of the hydraulic data provides relevant information about the fluid hydraulics of the deep system. All gas concentrations and isotopic signatures, except for 222Rn, showed constancy during the course of the test. This, in combination with large fluid flow rates at a moderate water table drawdown, imply an almost infinite fluid reservoir in 4000 m depth. From the change in 222Rn‐activity as a function of pump rate, the contribution of smaller and wider pores to the overall fluid flow in an aquifer can be deduced. This 222Rn‐activity monitoring proved therefore to be a valuable instrument for the qualitative observation of the scavenging of pore and fracture surfaces, a hydraulic feature invisible to standard hydraulic testing tools. The observance of this scavenging effect is due to (i) the continuous on‐line geochemical monitoring, (ii) the durability of the test, (iii) a change in pump rate during the course of the test, and (iv) due to the short half‐life of 222Rn. The fluids have a 5.9% mantle He component, and a δ21Ne excess of 14%, and a noble gas model age of about (5.5–6.2) ± 2.0 Myr. The mean N2/Ar‐ratio of 516 and δ15N‐data of about +1.5‰ indicates sedimentary or metamorphic origin of N2. The hydrocarbons, amounting to 33 vol.% in the gas phase, are derived from thermal decomposition of marine organic matter of low maturity. But a key question, the identification of the potential source region of the fluids and the migration pathway, is still unidentified.