bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Portal or pot hole? Exploring how older people use the ‘information superhighway’ for advice relating to problems with a legal dimension
Authors: DENVIR CATRINA , BALMER NIGEL J. , PLEASENCE PASCOE
Published: December 2012

As an increasing number of Government services have moved away from traditional modes of provision to online formats, there has been a corresponding need to ensure greater access to the internet. Although older people (those over 60) are least likely of all age groups to have access to the internet in their homes, the internet holds much potential as an information and advice resource for those older people who may find it difficult to access advice over the telephone or in person. Realising this potential extends beyond issues of physical access; consideration must necessarily be given to issues of internet literacy and the inclination of this cohort to utilise what may be new and unfamiliar technology. This paper examines these matters in the context of the resolution of everyday problems with a legal dimension. Looking first at the use of the internet for information and advice seeking related to such problems, we find that those aged over 60 demonstrate the least use of the internet for problems with a legal dimension. Simultaneously, those aged over 60 are also the group with the lowest level of home access – a particular issue given that for over 60-year-olds, home access is a far stronger determinant of internet use for problems than it is for other age groups. Examining use of the internet for advice seeking over the last decade, findings demonstrate the existence of a general increase in use amongst all age groups over time, albeit with a lower rate of growth amongst those currently over 60. As an indication of future growth, this will have implications for the provision of services. Whilst the ‘young old’ will utilise the internet to a greater degree and will require websites which are tailored to their needs, those individuals at the older end of the age spectrum may best be served by continued access to face-to-face or outreach advice. The implications these findings pose for policy makers in setting priorities in the remit of online service provision are discussed, with results having particular relevance in England and Wales given planned changes to civil legal aid.
XXI. Some Remarks on the ancient Ceremony of the Feast of Fools, and on a sculptured Girdle worn at its Celebration. By Francis Douce, Esq. F.A.S.
Authors: Douce Francis
Published: December 2012

During the early ages of Christianity, when the minds of men were yet under the dominion of their prejudices for the pagan superstitions, it had become necessary on the part of those who held the reins of civil and ecclesiastical government, either to endure the practice of certain ceremonies and amusements to which the common people had been long accustomed, or to substitute others in their stead, which bore at least some resemblance to them. One of the most ancient of the latter kind, and which appears to have been the greatest favourite, was that known by the appellation of theFeast of the Calends. It had arisen out of the Roman Saturnalia, and resembled in a great degree the excesses of a modern carnival. Amidst various other absurdities men ran through the streets disguised as old women, and even as brute animals, whence this ceremony has been sometimes distinguished by the names ofVetula and Cervula.
Satisfaction with the Standard of Living in Reform-Era China
Authors: Han Chunping
Published: December 2012

Popular satisfaction with current standards of living in reform-era China is explored in this article, using survey data from the 2004 China Inequality and Distributive Justice Project. Three major patterns are found: first, people of rural origin, with low levels of education and living in the west region, who are disadvantaged in the inequality hierarchy, report greater satisfaction with current standards of living than do privileged urbanites, the highly educated and residents in the coastal east. Second, inequality-related negative life experiences and social cognitive processes including temporal and social comparisons, material aspirations, and life goal orientations mediate the effects of socioeconomic characteristics. Third, the social sources of satisfaction with current standards of living vary across urban, rural and migrant residents. It is suggested that these patterns have largely stemmed from the unique political economic institutional arrangement and stratification system in China.
Stability and Change in Financial Transfers from Adult Children to Older Parents
Authors: Szinovacz Maximiliane E. , Davey Adam
Published: December 2012

Nous avons cherché à identifier l’ampleur et les facteurs prédictifs de l’évolution longitudinale de l’aide financière aux parents des descendants adultes et des réseaux de transferts pendant une période de deux ans. Les analyses s’appuyent sur les données regroupées de l’Étude de la Santé et de la Retraite (1994–2000), utilisant les familles dans lesquelles les descendants adultes ont au moins un, mais pas plus de quatre frères et sœurs, qui ont fourni un soutien financier aux parents pendant deux ans. Certains changements dans le réseau d’aide surviennent dans environ 40 pour cent de ces familles au cours de la période de deux ans. Quand le changement se produit, il s’agit le plus souvent de la cessation du soutien par un enfant, suivie par l’addition d’un nouvel enfant au réseau, alors que l’échange de soutien aux enfants est relativement rare. Le changement reflète la capacité de la progéniture avant tout à fournir des soins et le fardeau créé par les besoins des parents. Cependant, la taille et la composition du réseau adulte-enfant et du groupe de soutien initial jouaient un rôle important aussi bien. Les résultats soulignent le caractère dynamique et systémique des réseaux financiers intergénérationnels.
Patents, Biopolitics, and Feminisms: Locating Patent Law Struggles over Breast Cancer Genes and theHoodiaPlant
Authors: Foster Laura A.
Published: December 2012

This article suggests three critical inquiries for formulating a feminist analysis of patent law. The first questions how patent law functions as a strategy within neoliberal, biopolitics. The second examines how patent law is structured through biopolitical techniques of governance by examining two conceptions of the public domain I callopen public domainandprotective public domain. The third inquiry, drawing upon feminist science studies, asks how women's reproductive and intellectual labor are valued and devalued in various different ways through new patent law technologies. In addition, two recent patent law are struggles are examined. These include an American Civil Liberties Union case against the patenting of breast cancer gene sequences and Southern African San struggles against patents related to theHoodia gordoniiplant. In conclusion, I argue that patent law functions within gendered and ethno-racialized forms of neoliberal, biopolitics involving the patenting of women's reproductive and intellectual labor within new bioeconomics.
Protecting Traditional Knowledge Holders' Interests and Preventing Misappropriation—Traditional Knowledge Commons and Biocultural Protocols: Necessary but Not Sufficient?
Authors: Srinivas Krishna Ravi
Published: December 2012

The experience of the indigenous communities regarding access and benefit sharing under the national regimes based on provisions of Convention on Biological Diversity and Bonn Guidelines has not been satisfactory. The communities expect that noncommercial values should be respected and misappropriation should be prevented. Some academics and civil society groups have suggested that traditional knowledge commons and biocultural protocols will be useful in ensuring that while noncommercial values are respected, access and benefit sharing takes place on conditions that are acceptable to the communities. This proposal is examined in this context in the larger context of access and benefit sharing under the Convention on Biological Diversity and implementing prior informed consent principles in access and benefit sharing. This article examines knowledge commons, provides examples from constructed commons in different sectors and situates traditional knowledge commons in the context of debates on commons and public domain. The major shortcomings of traditional commons and bicultural protocol are pointed out, and it is suggested that these are significant initiatives that can be combined with the Nagoya Protocol to fulfill the expectations of indigenous communities.
Living Through Distress: A Skills Training Group for Reducing Deliberate Self-Harm
Authors: Booth Richard , Keogh Karen , Doyle Jillian , Owens Tara
Published: December 2012

Background: Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based treatment effective in reducing deliberate self-harm. However, DBT is resource and time intensive, and few services are able to sustain a programme faithful to all aspects. Thus, modified or adapted versions of DBT have been developed, particularly for delivery in inpatient hospital settings. Aims: This study presents a description of the “Living Through Distress” (LTD) Group, which is based on the group skills training component of DBT. Method: Participants (n = 114) were patients of a psychiatric hospital who attended the LTD group. The main inclusion criterion for the LTD group was a history of deliberate self-harm. The outcome measures were frequency of incidents of deliberate self-harm, levels of distress tolerance, and mean numbers of bed days per year. Results: Upon completion of the group, there were significant reductions in participants’ reports of deliberate self-harm and significant increases in their distress tolerance levels, which were maintained at 3-month follow-up. There was also a reduction in participants’ mean number of inpatient days at 1-year and 2-year follow-up. Over 50% of participants had no admissions in the year subsequent to completing the group. Conclusions: As this study was not a randomized controlled trial, results must be interpreted with caution. However, the findings presented here are promising, and suggest that a briefer, less resource intense version of the group skills training component of DBT may be effective in reducing deliberate self-harm.
Simulating cross-language priming with a dynamic computational model of the lexicon
Authors: ZHAO XIAOWEI , LI PING
Published: December 2012

Cross-language priming is a widely used experimental paradigm in psycholinguistics to study how bilinguals’ two languages are represented and organized. Researchers have observed a number of interesting patterns from the priming effects of both translation equivalents and semantically related word pairs across languages. In this study, we implement a self-organizing neural network model, DevLex–II, to simulate these two types of priming effects across Chinese and English. Specifically, our model incorporates a computational mechanism for simulating spreading activation based on the distance between bilingual words in the semantic space. The model also considers additional factors that modulate priming effects, such as the initial activation level of the prime words and the degree to which the target word can be recognized. Our model reveals differences with respect to the priming effects as a function of bilingual type (early versus late L2 learners), directions of priming (L1 to L2 versus L2 to L1), and types of priming (translation versus semantic priming). These simulated differences are compared with empirical findings from previous studies and discussed in the light of interactive and developmental theories of bilingual lexical representation.
Effect of settlement on nutrition and health status of pastoral Gabra women of reproductive age in Kalacha Location, Marsabit County, Kenya
Authors: Adongo Amos Otieno , Shell-Duncan Bettina , Prisca Tuitoek J
Published: December 2012

Objective

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of settlement on the nutrition and health status of pastoral women of reproductive age.

Design

A cross-sectional survey that included a 24 h dietary recall was administered to 224 randomly selected Gabra women. Height and weight were used to compute BMI. Whole capillary blood was used to measure Hb. Additional capillary blood was collected on filter paper and dried blood spots were analysed for transferritin receptor, C-reactive protein and α1-acid glycoprotein. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse population characteristics. The t test and the χ2 test were used to determine population differences. Multiple criteria models were used to determine the prevalence of Fe deficiency, anaemia and inflammation.

Setting

Settled and semi-settled women in Kalacha Location in Marsabit County, Kenya.

Subject

Non-pregnant women aged 15–49 years.

Results

Fe repletion was observed in 43 % of settled and 40 % of semi-settled women. Fe-deficiency erythropoiesis in was found in 18 % of settled and 20 % of semi-settled women, whereas 15 % of settled compared with 25 % of semi-settled women were suffering from Fe-deficiency anaemia. Anaemia due to chronic diseases was more prevalent in semi-settled women than in settled women, and more common than Fe-deficiency anaemia.

Conclusions

Settled women were significantly less anaemic than semi-settled women, but had similarly high levels of chronic energy deficiency. While anaemia and Fe deficiency were more pronounced in semi-settled than settled women, anaemia of chronic disease and chronic infection were highly prevalent in both communities. Policies should be put in place to improve overall nutrition among pastoral women.
Interplanetary origins of moderate (−100 nT < Dst ≤ −50 nT) geomagnetic storms during solar cycle 23 (1996–2008)
Authors: Echer E. , Tsurutani B. T. , Gonzalez W. D.
Published: December 2012

The interplanetary causes of 213 moderate‐intensity (−100 nT < peak Dst ≤ −50 nT) geomagnetic storms that occurred in solar cycle 23 (1996–2008) are identified. Interplanetary drivers such as corotating interaction regions (CIRs), pure high‐speed streams (HSSs), interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) of two types [those with magnetic clouds (MCs) and those without (nonmagnetic cloud or ICME_nc)], sheaths (compressed and/or draped sheath fields), as well as their combined occurrence were identified as causes of the storms. The annual rate of occurrence of moderate storms had two peaks, one near solar maximum and the other in the descending phase, around 3 years later. The highest rate of moderate storm occurrence was found in the declining phase (25 storms year−1). The lowest occurrence rate was 5.7 storms year−1 and occurred at solar minimum. All moderate‐intensity storms were associated with southward interplanetary magnetic fields, indicating that magnetic reconnection was the main mechanism for solar wind energy transfer to the magnetosphere. Most of these storms were associated with CIRs and pure HSSs (47.9%), followed by MCs and noncloud ICMEs (20.6%), pure sheath fields (10.8%), and sheath and ICME combined occurrence (9.9%). In terms of solar cycle dependence, CIRs and HSSs are the dominant drivers in the declining phase and at solar minimum. CIRs and HSSs combined have about the same level of importance as ICMEs plus their sheaths in the rising and maximum solar cycle phases. Thus, CIRs and HSSs are the main driver of moderate storms throughout a solar cycle but with variable contributions from ICMEs, their shocks (sheaths), and combined occurrence within the solar cycle. This result is significantly different than that for intense (Dst ≤ −100 nT) and superintense (Dst ≤ −250 nT) magnetic storms shown in previous studies. For superintense geomagnetic storms, 100% of the events were due to ICME events, while for intense storms, ICMEs, sheaths, and their combination caused almost 80% of the storms. CIRs caused only 13% of the intense storms. The typical interplanetary electric field (Ey) criteria for moderate magnetic storms were identified. It was found that ~80.1% of the storms follow the criterion of Ey ≥ 2 mV m−1 for intervals longer than 2 h. It is concluded that southward directed interplanetary magnetic fields within CIRs/HSSs may be the main energy source for long‐term averaged geomagnetic activity on Earth.
A 3‐D model of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Central and Western US by joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion
Authors: Shen Weisen , Ritzwoller Michael H. , Schulte‐Pelkum Vera
Published: December 2012

Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps from ambient noise and earthquake data are inverted jointly with receiver functions observed at 828 stations from the USArray Transportable Array west of 100°W longitude for data recorded in the years 2005 through 2010 to produce a 3‐D model of shear wave speeds beneath the central and Western US to a depth of 150 km. Eikonal tomography is applied to ambient noise data to produce about 300,000 Rayleigh wave phase speed curves, and Helmholtz tomography is applied to data following 1550 (Ms > 5.0) earthquakes so that Rayleigh wave dispersion maps are constructed from 8 to 80 s period with associated uncertainties across the region. Harmonic stripping generates back‐azimuth independent receiver functions with uncertainty estimates for each of the stations. A nonlinear Bayesian Monte Carlo method is used to estimate a distribution of shear wave speed (Vs) models beneath each station by jointly interpreting surface wave dispersion and receiver functions and their uncertainties. The assimilation of receiver functions improves the vertical resolution of the model by reducing the range of estimated Moho depths, improving the determination of the shear velocity jump across Moho, and improving the resolution of the depth of anomalies in the uppermost mantle. A great variety of geological and tectonic features are revealed in the 3‐D model that form the basis for future detailed local to regional scale analysis and interpretation.
High‐frequency variability of Special Sensor Microwave/Imager derived wind speed and moisture during an intraseasonal oscillation
Authors: Bates John J.
Published: December 2012

Special Sensor Microwave/Imager data are used to examine the day‐to‐day variability of wind speed and precipitable water during the passage of an intraseasonal oscillation. First, SSM/I precipitable water and wind speed algorithms are evaluated for the tropical western Pacific Ocean. The algorithm by Alishouse for retrieving precipitable water vapor retrieves precipitable water values that compare well with island radiosonde observations, but the wind speeds retrieved using the algorithm by Goodberlet et al. compare with buoy wind speeds only marginally. A revised wind speed algorithm, based on regression with buoy wind speeds, is derived for use in this region. During the intraseasonal oscillation, anomalously high values of precipitable water, with maximum amplitude at 10°S, accompany the movement of convection eastward. Anomalously high wind speeds are found to the west of the convection and accompany its movement east. Differences of up to 20% are found along 10°S between the means of daily latent heat flux and U*3 values and the 60‐day mean of these quantities. This implies that high frequency variability must be explicitly accounted for in diagnostics and modeling of air‐sea interaction in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean.
An overview of coupled ocean‐atmosphere models of El Niño and the Southern Oscillation
Authors: McCreary Julian P. , Anderson David L. T.
Published: December 2012

This review summarizes, organizes, and compares coupled ocean‐atmosphere models of El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The models are arranged in a hierarchy of increasing dynamical complexity, and useful categories for this purpose are (1) conceptual and simple models, (2) intermediate models, and (3) coupled general circulation models (GCMs). Conceptual and simple models illustrate three potentially important mechanisms of ocean‐atmospheric interaction in the tropics: the slow propagation of oceanic Rossby waves across the Pacific Ocean; the generation of two equilibrium states (a normal state and an ENSO state) with a trigger that switches the system from one state to the other; and the development of coupled instabilities. Intermediate models develop oscillations in two different ways. In one type, coupled instabilities appear in the western and central ocean, intensify and propagate into the eastern ocean, and eventually dissipate there. In the other, the instabilities are confined to the central and eastern oceans, and oceanic Rossby waves that reflect from the western boundary are involved in the onset and decay of ENSO events. Coupled GCMs have so far had limited success in simulating realistic ENSO events, one reason for this being that even moderate errors in model physics can cause solutions to drift away from realistic climatologies. Nevertheless, ENSO‐like oscillations also occur in coupled GCMs, apparently arising from several types of processes. None of the more complex models have yet been shown to have the ability to generate two equilibrium states.
Wind profiler‐related research in the tropical Pacific
Authors: Gage K. S. , Balsley B. B. , Ecklund W. L. , Carter D. A. , McAfee J. R.
Published: December 2012

This paper is concerned with the application of wind‐profiling Doppler radar technology to tropical atmospheric research. Examples of the use of wind profilers in the tropics are drawn from the Aeronomy Laboratory's wind profilers located on Pohnpei, Micronesia (7°N, 158°E), and Christmas Island (2°N, 157°W). The Pohnpei wind profiler was constructed in 1984 and has been used exclusively to observe vertical motions. The Christmas Island wind profiler has observed horizontal and vertical velocities routinely since 1986. These two wind profilers form part of a planned trans‐Pacific network of wind‐profiling radars that will eventually span the tropical Pacific.
Observations of cloud cluster hierarchies over the tropical western Pacific
Authors: Lau K. M. , Nakazawa T. , Sui C. H.
Published: December 2012

Infrared radiance measurements at cloud top by the Japanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) were used to study the structure and propagation of tropical convective systems over the equatorial western Pacific. Results indicate that tropical convection in this region possesses three fundamental periodicities: 1 day, 2–3 days, and 10–15 days. Cloud clusters within these convective systems interact to produce a hierarchy of collective motions covering all of these three basic time scales. The 10‐ to 15‐day time scale is closely related to the intraseasonal (or 30–60 day) oscillations that propagate from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific along the equator all year round. Large convective complexes known as supercloud clusters (SCC) are found to organize in the 10‐ to 15‐day time scale, especially over the open, warm water of the western/central Pacific (160°E to 180°). The SCCs generally propagate eastward, although occasionally they can also propagate westward. The zonal propagation can occur either continuously or intermittently. In both cases the SCC is found to be made up of several well‐organized cloud clusters, which are generated at 2‐ to 3‐day intervals and propagate in the opposite direction to the SCC. The diurnal variation is most pronounced over the maritime continent, although significant amplitudes are also found over the open ocean. The amplitude of the diurnal cycle is strongly modulated by the 2‐ to 3‐day and 10‐ to 15‐day oscillations. Advanced spectral analysis methods applied to convective indices derived from the radiance data confirm this hierarchical structure in cloud clusters in the tropical western Pacific. In addition to the embedding of well‐organized clusters within a SCC in the spatial domain, there is also a similar embedding by successive longer scales in the time domain. Interactions between the major frequency groups appear also to give rise to intermediate frequency variations. A discussion of the present results in the context of equatorial wave dynamics of the moist tropical atmosphere is also presented.
Rainfall variations in the tropics during 1986–1989, as estimated from observations of cloud‐top temperature
Authors: Janowiak John E. , Arkin Phillip A.
Published: December 2012

Large‐scale shifts in rainfall in the tropics, particularly the western tropical Pacific, were observed during the transition from “warm” (1986–1987) to “cold” (1988–1989) El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions. Differences in the estimated rainfall rate in excess of 20 mm d−1 were observed south of the equator, near the international date line, between the northern winter seasons of 1986–1987 and 1988–1989. The distribution of zonal mean rainfall varied significantly during the study period, as did monthly accumulated rainfall in the global tropics, where the difference between the wettest and driest months for the period January 1986 through May 1989 was 24%. No direct measurements (rain gage, radar) of large‐scale areal‐averaged rainfall are available for the global tropics, hence rainfall estimates, as inferred from satellite observations of cloud‐top temperature, are used in this paper. A qualitative comparison of the behavior of the rainfall estimates during the 1986–1989 period with the expected rainfall anomaly patterns in regions with known rainfall responses to both the low (“warm”) and high (“cold”) Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) phases of ENSO phenomena is presented. The comparison indicates that rainfall variation during 1986–1989 in these regions behaved as expected, for the most part, for both phases of the ENSO cycle. The rainfall patterns are also compared to observed moisture and vertical motion fields in the atmosphere and sea surface temperature (SST) during this period.
On the instability and energy flux of lower hybrid waves in the Venus plasma mantle
Authors: Strangeway R. J. , Crawford G. K.
Published: December 2012

Waves generated near the lower hybrid resonance frequency by the modified two stream instability have been invoked as a possible source of energy flux into the topside ionosphere of Venus. These waves are observed above the ionopause in a region known as the plasma mantle. The plasma within the mantle appears to be a mixture of magnetosheath and ionospheric plasmas. Since the magnetosheath electrons and ions have temperatures of several tens of eV, any instability analysis of the modified two stream instability requires the inclusion of finite electron and ion temperatures. Finite temperature effects are likely to reduce the growth rate of the instability. Furthermore, the lower hybrid waves are only quasi‐electrostatic, and the energy flux of the waves is mainly carried by parallel Poynting flux. The magnetic field in the mantle is draped over the ionopause. Lower hybrid waves therefore cannot transport any significant wave energy to lower altitudes, and so do not act as a source of additional heat to the topside ionosphere.
Spreading center dynamics and melt migration
Authors: Parmentier E. M.
Published: December 2012

Melting of upwelling mantle beneath spreading centers generates the basaltic crust that covers a large fraction of the Earth's surface. Crustal emplacement of mantle melt and faulting associated with lithosphere extension in a narrow, few kilometer wide region along the axis of spreading centers largely defines the structural and morphological fabric of the entire seafloor.

Given this important role in shaping the earth, it is not surprising that spreading centers have been a major focus of earth science research over the past four years. The papers that have appeared even during this short time are too numerous to review completely in this report. Fortunately, following the previous report of Phipps Morgan (1991), several papers (Forsyth, 1992; Solomon and Toomey, 1992) provide a good review of many important aspects of the geophysical characteristics of spreading centers. Consequently this report will focus on recent developments in understanding the mechanisms and processes that shape spreading centers. An extensive (but not exhaustive) bibliography of papers that have appeared in the last four years is included, but not all of these can be discussed in the text.
Subduction dynamics: From the trench to the core‐mantle boundary
Authors: Kincaid Chris
Published: December 2012

Subduction occurs along convergent plate boundaries where one of the colliding lithospheric plates descends into the mantle. Subduction zones are recognized where plates converge at ∼2–15 cm/yr, although well developed trenches and volcanic arcs (e.g. the line of active volcanoes lying parallel to most ocean trenches, such as the Aleutian Islands in the North Pacific) occur when convergence rates are higher, 4–10 cm/yr. This report is meant to provide a brief review on the general topic of subduction dynamics. A recent spin on subduction studies is the growing realization that the need to understand this global Earth process may be argued not only on purely scientific grounds, but also in terms of societal relevance. While subducting slabs of oceanic lithosphere clearly provide the dominant driving force for mantle dynamics and plate tectonics, over half of the Earth's present 40,000 km of subduction zones are associated with continental margins where a large and rapidly increasing percentage of the Earth's population resides. Subductioninduced hazards along active continental margins include those associated with volcanic hazards (Blong, 1984; Tilling, 1989) such as lava flows, pyroclastic flows and ash fallout and tectonic processes, such as faulting, tsunamis and earthquakes. With regards to earthquake hazards, all of the great (magnitude >9) earthquakes in recorded history have occurred at subduction zones, with 50% of all energy released since 1900 being in four events (1964‐Alaska; 1960‐Chile; 1957‐ Aleutians; 1952‐Kamchatka). Subduction zone hazards have significant impact on long time scales, such as contributions to global climate change (Robock, 1991; Simarski, 1992; Johnson, 1993; Bluth et al., 1993) and short time scales such as airline safety (Casadevall, 1992). Moreover, accretionary wedges are important in terms of resource potential and trenches have occasionally been suggested as nuclear waste disposal sites.
Nd and Sr isotopic study of the Bay of Islands Ophiolite Complex and the evolution of the source of midocean ridge basalts
Authors: Jacobsen Stein B. , Wasserburg G. J.
Published: December 2012

Two Sm‐Nd internal isochrons for pyroxene gabbros of the Bay of Islands Ophiolite Complex give well‐defined ages of 508 ± 6 m.y. and 501 ± 13 m.y. with initial 143Nd/144Nd of εNd = +7.7 ∓ 0.1 and εNd = +7.5 ∓ 0.2, respectively. Total rock samples from pillow basalts, sheeted dikes, trondhjemites, hornblende gabbros, pyroxene gabbros, and an orthopyroxenite layer from the harzburgite give initial εNd in the range from +6.5 to +8.1 with an average value of +7.6. The initial 87Sr/86Sr obtained on a pyroxenegabbro is εSr = −19.3 ± 0.3, which is typical of oceanic samples. However, the initial 87Sr/86Sr within the different phases of the complex is found to be highly variable (∼52 ε units) and shows the effect of sea water alteration. The εNd values demonstrate a clear oceanic affinity for the Bay of Islands complex and support earlier interpretations made on the basis of structure and geochemistry. The magnitudes of the initial εNd values (+7.6) are somewhat smaller than for typical present‐day midocean ridge basalts (MORB) (+10). This is most likely due to differential evolution over the past 0.5 aeon of the oceanic mantle relative to the bulk earth. The observed shift is quantitatively what should be expected for a simple single‐stage evolution. For a model with a single differentiation event at time TD to produce the depleted mantle, both Sm‐Nd and Rb‐Sr data for MORB and the Bay of Islands Complex give TD ≈ 1.8 aeons. This age is, however, interpreted as the mean age of the MORB source and does not refer to a unique event. The total time for producing this source by a uniform process would be of the order of 3.6 aeons. The Nd isotopic signature of oceanic crust is clearly present in this Paleozoic ophiolite and suggests that typical high‐εNd reservoirs are sources of oceanic crust through the Phanerozoic. This implies relatively rapid turnover between oceanic crust and mantle sources and a good mixing of oceanic mantle for the past 1.0 aeon, including contributions from recycled continental materials. These data indicate that the major distinction between oceanic basalts and continental basalts observed in recent rocks is also preserved through the Phanerozoic. These isotopic differences clearly imply a long time distinction between the magma sources of these basalt types. It should be possible to apply the distinctive εNd values of oceanic crust and mantle to identify old obducted oceanic segments on continental blocks.
The hydrothermal mounds of the Galapagos Rift: Observations with DSRV Alvin and detailed heat flow studies
Authors: Williams David L. , Green Kenneth , van Andel Tjeerd H. , von Herzen Richard P. , Dymond Jack R. , Crane Kathleen
Published: December 2012

Ranging in height from gentle hills of less than a meter to steep‐sided giants of more than 20 m, the mounds of the Galapagos Rift are spectacular hydrothermal features. Their internal temperatures have been measured at up to 13°C above the bottom water temperature, and total heat flow (conducted plus convected) can be several hundred to several thousand times the normal oceanic values. Fluids, when they discharge from the mound, do so at a very slow rate and at temperatures probably quite near the bottom water temperature. The mounds are principally composed of iron silicates intermixed and incrusted with lesser amounts of manganese oxides. They are generally found in rows, in a uniformly sedimented area above faults or fractures in the crustal rocks which permit fluids to escape from a deep hydrothermal aquifer. The sediment blanket in some way alters the chemistry of the ascending thermal fluids and leads to the development of mounds. The mounds field, covering an area of at least 200 km2 and consisting of thousands of individual mounds, is probably less than 300,000 years old; and many of the mounds may be only a few tens of thousands of years old or less.
Heat transfer measurements in the 1977 Kilauea Lava Flow, Hawaii
Authors: Hardee H. C.
Published: December 2012

The September‐October 1977 eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, produced a river of basaltic lava which flowed for several days. A heat transfer probe containing two heat flux gauges measured the conduction‐dominant heat transfer rates from molten lava into a cold probe inserted in an eddy in the lava river. During a 5‐min test period the primary heat flux gauge indicated transient‐decaying conductiondominant heat fluxes ranging from 200 kW/m2 down to 50 kW/m2. A secondary heat flux gauge verified that convective heat flux rates, due to either natural or forced convection in the eddy, were of the order of 10 kW/m2 or less. Theoretical calculations of the expected conduction‐dominant heat transfer rates between the lava and the probe agree with the experimental data from the primary gauge to within an error of 20% or less. The type of information gained from this field experiment is useful in predicting such diverse things as potential energy extraction rates for heat exchangers in lava or magma as well as the thickness of the solid wall of the natural levee containing a lava flow. Future heat transfer experiments should investigate the low convection heat flux range (below 10 kW/m2) in eddys and the much higher forced‐convection heat flux range in the main channel of lava rivers.
Differential stress determined from deformation‐induced microstructures of the Moine Thrust Zone
Authors: Weathers Maura S. , Bird John M. , Cooper Reid F. , Kohlstedt David L.
Published: December 2012

The dislocation structure, recrystallization, and elongation of quartz grains in tectonites from three localities along the Moine thrust fault have been analyzed by transmission electron and optical microscopy. The dislocation density, 5×108 cm−2, and the grain size after recrystallization, 15 μ, in the basal quartzite unit at the Stack of Glencoul are independent of distance from the fault, to the maximum sampling distance of ∼100 m. The differential stress level determined from the deformation‐induced microstructures is on the order of 100 MPa. The magnitude of the differential stress at the fault decreases by a factor of 2 from Knockan Crag to Loch Eriboll, a distance of 50 km. At the Stack of Glencoul, grains in the basal quartzite are progressively elongated and recrystallized approaching the fault, corresponding to a progressive increase in strain. At 100 m from the fault, the aspect ratio of relict quartz grains is ∼1:1; at 0.01 m it is 85:1. A quantitative estimate of the strain, based on the aspect ratios of the relict quartz grains, as a function of distance from the fault has been used to calculate strain rate and temperature profiles. For a creep activation energy of 0.19 MJ mol−1 the temperature decreases away from the fault with a gradient of 7.5×10−3 °C cm−1. For a differential stress of 100 MPa, a steady state thrust sheet velocity of 11 cm yr−1 would be required to produce this gradient. At 100 m from the fault, 5% of the quartzite is recrystallized from 1‐mm to 15‐μm grains; at 0.01 m it is 100% recrystallized to 15‐μm grains. This small grain size probably favored grain boundary deformation mechanisms over grain matrix mechanisms and thus helped to concentrate the strain at the fault. Systematic changes in the elongation and recrystallization of quartz grains in Lewisian Gneiss and Moine Schist are obscured by the constraints imposed by other mineral phases. The small size of the grains after recrystallization, highly serrated grain boundaries, and large densities of free dislocations suggest that very little static recovery followed the plastic deformation event.
Bulk and shear attenuation in Berea Sandstone: The effects of pore fluids
Authors: Spencer James W.
Published: December 2012

Data are presented that show the effects of pore fluids and differential pressure on the attenuations of ultrasonic compressional and shear waves in Berea sandstone. The data are analyzed in terms of the attenuations in bulk compression and pure shear. Both bulk and shear attenuation are large when the pores contain a mixture of brine and methane gas, but the bulk attenuation is essentially zero when the pores are liquid‐saturated. Analyzing attenuation data in terms of bulk and shear attenuation helps to identify the important loss mechanisms. The same approach can be used to analyze seismic data.
Inversion of seismic velocities for the pore aspect ratio spectrum of a rock
Authors: Cheng Chuen Hon , Toksöz M. Nafi
Published: December 2012

Laboratory measured seismic velocities of various rocks as a function of pressure and saturation are inverted to obtain their spectra of pore shapes. The inversion is based on the theory of closing of the pores as a function of pressure and the velocity changes that result. The rocks are modeled in terms of a matrix and spheroidal pores of different aspect ratios. To obtain the volume concentration of pores of each aspect ratio, two inversion schemes were formulated and examined. The linearized iterative inversion scheme gave a better result. The inversion was applied to both high‐porosity sedimentary rocks and low‐porosity igneous rocks. It worked well for all the rocks considered. The method has the power to resolve different aspect‐ratio cracks. It is predictive, i.e., using the pore aspect ratio spectrum from the inversion of velocity of a rock under one saturation condition, the velocities under a different saturation condition can be predicted via the direct problem. There are significant differences between the pore aspect ratio spectra of different rock types. For the Westerly granite, the pore aspect ratio spectrum obtained from velocity data is comparable to direct SEM observations.
Three‐dimensional crust and upper mantle structure of the northeastern United States
Authors: Taylor Steven R. , Toksöz M. Nafi
Published: December 2012

Teleseismic P wave arrival times recorded by the Northeastern Seismic Network are used to invert for lateral crust and upper mantle structure to depths of 500 km. Three‐dimensional inversion of the travel time data between two ancient orogenic provinces suggests that structures down to possibly 200 km and greater can be correlated with surficial geologic and tectonic features. This has the important implication that major orogenic belts have effects that reach well into the lithosphere which are stable for extended periods of time, perhaps as long as 1 b.y. The crust beneath the Paleozoic Appalachian Province is characterized by slightly greater thicknesses and lower average velocities than that of the Precambrian Grenville Province. The higher average velocities associated with the Grenville Province extend to depths of 200 km and appear to be maximum beneath the Adirondack dome. A relatively low velocity anomaly extending to depths in excess of 200 km and dipping to the northwest shows a spatial correlation with the Bronson Hill‐Boundary Mountains Anticlinorium in central New Hampshire and Maine. These structures occupy the sites of a complex series of island arc sequences last active in Early Devonian time prior to the Acadian orogeny. This low‐velocity region may represent subducted oceanic lithosphere which has undergone post‐orogenic radioactive heating.
Atmospheric effects on Martian Ejecta Emplacement
Authors: Schultz Peter H. , Gault Donald E.
Published: December 2012

Analytical descriptions of crater growth and numerical calculations of aerodynamic drag have been combined to evaluate the possible effects of drag on impact crater ejecta emplacement on Mars. Below a critical particle size, ejecta deposition is severely restricted in range. This critical particle size increases with increasing crater size because ejection velocity at the same relative position within a crater increases with size and because aerodynamic deceleration increases as the square of the velocity. Numerical models of ejecta trajectories in the current Martian atmosphere under hydrostatic equilibrium reveal that craters of 1, 5, 10, and 20 km exhibit critical particle diameters of 0.4–0.8, 2–4, 5–10, and 10–20 cm. Ejecta approaching the critical particle size may impact within a crater radius of the excavation crater rim. Once velocities are reduced sufficiently, ejecta paths can be modified by turbulence and winds, thereby setting up conditions for ejecta flow from the rim region. However, ejecta larger than the critical particle size are relatively undecelerated and form secondary impact craters subsequently modified by the later arriving decelerated ejecta cloud. Consequently, ejecta emplacement will be multiphased, but the importance of this process depends on the distribution of ejecta sizes.
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory April to August, 1931
Authors: Parkinson W. C.
Published: December 2012

(Latitude 30° 19′.1 S.; longitude, 115° 52′.6 or 7h 43m.5 E. of Gr.)

June 1–2, 1931—This disturbance of small to moderate intensity began at 15h28m (Greenwich mean time) on June 1. The commencement was not strictly sudden since it extended over a period of 7 minutes. The period of greatest activity was between 9h and 12h on June 2, when the range of H was about 60γ; conditions gradually became quiet by midnight of the same day.
Tucson Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1940
Authors: White Roland F.
Published: December 2012

July 3–6—A moderate storm began at about the 12h GMT, July 3, and lasted until about 24h, July 6. The storm was without prominent features and both beginning and ending were indefinite.
Alibag Magnetic Observatory January to March, 1942
Authors: Rangaswami M. R.
Published: December 2012

(Latitude 18° 38′.3 N., longitude 72° 52′.3 or 4h 51m.5 E. of Gr.)

February 23–24—A moderate disturbance began with a sudden commencement at 13h 29m GMT, February 23. H reached its maximum at about 13h 33m and began to fall rapidly. The minimum was reached at 16h 40m. The disturbance ended at about 16h, February 24. Ranges: D, 3′.9; H, 171 gammas; Z, 37 gammas.
College Magnetic Observatory January to March, 1948
Authors: Cleven Merril L.
Published: December 2012

(Latitude 64° 51′.9 N., longitude 147° 49′.3 or 9h 51m.3 W. of Gr.)

January 3—A moderate magnetic storm began sharply at 04h 30m GMT January 3. The most severe part of the storm occurred during 14h when D changed about 7¼° in a period of fifteen minutes. The storm gradually died out at about 22h 00m, January 3.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory, January to March, 1948
Authors: Gebhardt Robert E.
Published: December 2012

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)
Tucson Magnetic Observatory, January to March, 1948
Authors: Nelson J. H.
Published: December 2012

(Latitude 32° 14′.8 N., longitude 110° 50′.1 or 7h 23m.3 W. of Gr.)
Alibag Magnetic Observatory, January to March, 1948
Authors: Rao M. P.
Published: December 2012

(Latitude 18° 38′.3 N., longitude 72° 52′.3 or 4h 51m.5 E. of Gr.)
Geophysical Institute of Huancayo, January to March, 1948
Authors: Giesecke Albert A.
Published: December 2012

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S., longitude 76° 20′.4 or 5h 01m.4 W. of Gr.)
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory, January to March, 1948
Authors: Wood F. W.
Published: December 2012

(Latitude 30° 19′.1 S., longitude 115° 52′.6 or 7h 43m.5 E. of Gr.)
Hermanus Magnetic Observatory, January to March, 1948
Authors: van Wijk A. M.
Published: December 2012

(Latitude 34° 25′.2 S., longitude 19° 13′.6 or 1h 16m.9 E. of Gr.)
Letters to editor [Mean magnetic elements for Year 1897 at Observatory Infant D. Luiz (Lisbon)]
Authors: Capello J.
Published: December 2012

Photographic reproductions of plates in Lamont's Handbuch des Erdmagnetismus (1849).—Professor Max Eschenhagen, in charge of the Potsdam Magnetic Observatory, informs the editor that he is in a position to be able to furnish those possessing a copy of Lamont's wellknown work, in which the plates are missing, with photographic reproductions of the same at cost price.

Mean magnetic elements for the year 1897 at Observatory Infant D. Luiz (Lisbon).—The following data have been courteously sent the JOURNAL by the director, Senhor Capello:

urn:x-wiley:02727528:media:tem2138:tem2138-math-0001
Physical properties and band structure of reactive molecular beam epitaxy grown oxygen engineered HfO2±x
Authors: Hildebrandt Erwin , Kurian Jose , Alff Lambert
Published: December 2012

We have conducted a detailed thin film growth structure of oxygen engineered monoclinic HfO2±x grown by reactive molecular beam epitaxy. The oxidation conditions induce a switching between (1¯11) and (002) texture of hafnium oxide. The band gap of oxygen deficient hafnia decreases with increasing amount of oxygen vacancies by more than 1 eV. For high oxygen vacancy concentrations, defect bands form inside the band gap that induce optical transitions and p-type conductivity. The resistivity changes by several orders of magnitude as a function of oxidation conditions. Oxygen vacancies do not give rise to ferromagnetic behavior.
Spin and charge zero-bias conductance peak in a graphene-based Fd junction
Authors: Mojarabian F. , Rashedi G.
Published: December 2012

In the present paper, a study on graphene-based ferromagnetic/d-wave superconductor (Fd) junction using the Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk formalism and Dirac-Bogoliubov De-Gennes equation has been done. The effect of rotation of order parameter on the transport properties of this structure is investigated. This rotation is related to the orientation of high temperature superconductor crystal such as YBaCuO coexisting with a graphene monolayer. As the main result of this paper, we obtain the zero bias conductance peak as a fingerprint of unconventional superconductivity for both of spin conductance and charge conductance. Also, we obtain that the thermal conductance of this Fd junction is a linear function of temperature at the low temperatures. This later case is similar to the Wiedemann-Franz law for metal at small temperatures.