bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A REPLY TO NIKKI R. KEDDIE
Authors: Schayegh Cyrus
Published: July 2010

I thank Professor Nikki R. Keddie for her constructive critique and am using this opportunity to clarify a few points. First, let me reiterate that I do not consider statist approaches to be “wrong,” but “one-sided,” and that I am not calling for their disposal but for “trying out new sources and perspectives then fusing them with state-centered perspectives into a broader panorama of Pahlavi Iran” (pp. 38–39). I see neither “sins” nor “an ongoing struggle between ‘statists’ and ‘antistatists.’” Such language would undercut a productive debate now and disregard the fact that in the long run—as some excesses of the cultural turn in the 1980s and many historians' subsequent search for new historiographic syntheses demonstrate—the pendulum always swings back.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF SALAFIYYA: RECONSIDERING SALAFISM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CONCEPTUAL HISTORY
Authors: Lauzière Henri
Published: July 2010

Scholars have long struggled with various and even conflicting historical narratives and definitions of Salafism (al-salafiyya), but a closer look at the history of the concept itself—rather than of the ideas for which it stands—goes a long way toward explaining the perennial confusion that has typified this religious orientation. This article examines the production of knowledge about Salafism as a conceptual construct and a typological category. It argues that although Salafi epithets have existed since the medieval period, they did not start referring to a religious concept known as salafiyya until the 1920s. By the same token, the widely accepted idea that salafiyya referred to an Islamic modernist movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries is a historical fiction that originates with Louis Massignon. The history of Cairo's Salafiyya Press and Bookstore, however, sheds important light on the process by which the construction of Salafism took place.
Breaking of shoaling internal solitary waves
Authors: AGHSAEE PAYAM , BOEGMAN LEON , LAMB KEVIN G.
Published: July 2010

The breaking of fully nonlinear internal solitary waves of depression shoaling upon a uniformly sloping boundary in a smoothed two-layer density field was investigated using high-resolution two-dimensional simulations. Our simulations were limited to narrow-crested waves, which are more common than broad-crested waves in geophysical flows. The simulations were performed for a wide range of boundary slopes S ∈ [0.01, 0.3] and wave slopes extending the parameter range to weaker slopes than considered in previous laboratory and numerical studies. Over steep slopes (S ≥ 0.1), three distinct breaking processes were observed: surging, plunging and collapsing breakers which are associated with reflection, convective instability and boundary-layer separation, respectively. Over mild slopes (S ≤ 0.05), nonlinearity varies gradually and the wave fissions into a train of waves of elevation as it passes through the turning point where solitary waves reverse polarity. The dynamics of each breaker type were investigated and the predominance of a particular mechanism was associated with a relative developmental time scale. The breaking location was modelled as a function of wave amplitude (a), characteristic wave length and the isopycnal length along the slope. The breaker type was characterized in wave slope (Sw = a/Lw, where Lw is a measure of half of the wavelength) versus S space, and the reflection coefficient (R), modelled as a function of the internal Iribarren number, was in agreement with other studies. The effects of grid resolution and wave Reynolds number (Rew) on R, boundary-layer separation and the evolution of global instability were studied. High Reynolds numbers (Rew ~ 104) were found to trigger a global instability, which modifies the breaking process relative to the lower Rew case, but not necessarily the breaking location, and results in a ~ 10 % increase in R, relative to the Rew ~ 103 case.
A computational investigation of the instability of the detached shear layers in the wake of a circular cylinder
Authors: RAI MAN MOHAN
Published: July 2010

Cylinder wakes have been studied extensively over several decades to better understand the basic flow phenomena encountered in such flows. The physics of the very near wake of the cylinder is perhaps the most challenging of them all. This region comprises the two detached shear layers, the recirculation region and wake flow. A study of the instability of the detached shear layers is important because these shear layers have a considerable impact on the dynamics of the very near wake. It has been observed experimentally that during certain periods of time that are randomly distributed, the measured fluctuating velocity component near the shear layers shows considerable amplification and it subsequently returns to its normal level (intermittency). Here, direct numerical simulations are used to accomplish a number of objectives such as confirming the presence of intermittency (computationally) and shedding light on processes that contribute significantly to intermittency and shear-layer transition/breakdown. Velocity time traces together with corresponding instantaneous vorticity contours are used in deciphering the fundamental processes underlying intermittency and shear-layer transition. The computed velocity spectra at three locations along the shear layer are provided. The computed shear-layer frequency agrees well with a power-law fit to experimental data.
Searching for Poverty-aware Social Work: Discourse Analysis of Job Descriptions
Authors: KRUMER-NEVO MICHAL , WEISS-GAL IDIT , LEVIN LIA
Published: July 2010

This article aims to enrich the current limited body of knowledge regarding social work professional discourse. More specifically, it seeks to examine the extent and ways in which the social work intra-profession discourse, as it is manifested in formal job descriptions of social workers in Israel, reflects the commitment to working with people living in poverty and to confronting poverty. We provide a brief review of the concept of professional discourse and the role of formal job descriptions in this discourse in general, and in Israel in particular. ‘Poverty-aware social work’ is then conceptualised. Against this background, we analysed 75 job descriptions in order to ascertain whether, and in what ways, references to poverty appear in defining client populations, in directions for assessing their situation, and in defining the goals and methods of professional intervention. The research findings reflect a textual silence in relation to poverty issues in job descriptions. The analysis of poverty-related sub-topics in these documents suggests that job descriptions offer, and simultaneously reproduce a conservative and a-political perspective on poverty and on social work practice with people living in poverty.
Ten years of adaptive community-governed conservation: evaluating biodiversity protection and poverty alleviation in a West African hippopotamus reserve
Authors: SHEPPARD DONNA J. , MOEHRENSCHLAGER AXEL , MCPHERSON JANA M. , MASON JOHN J.
Published: July 2010

Community-based natural resource management has been accused of failing on social, economic or ecological grounds. Balanced assessments are rare, however, particularly in West Africa. This paper examines the first 10 years of Ghana's Wechiau Community Hippo Sanctuary using an evaluation framework that considers socioeconomic and ecological outcomes, as well as resilience mechanisms. Building upon traditional taboos against the killing of hippopotami, this initiative has attempted to conserve an imperilled large mammal, protect biodiversity and alleviate abject poverty amidst a bush meat crisis and complex ethnic diversity. Findings show that the Sanctuary has improved local livelihoods by spurring economic diversification and infrastructure development rates 2–8 times higher than in surrounding communities. Simultaneously, threats to biodiversity have subsided, hippopotamus numbers have remained stable and the Sanctuary's riparian habitats now harbour more bird species than comparable areas nearby. Improved social capital, true empowerment, an equitable distribution of benefits, ecological awareness among children and support for the Sanctuary, even amongst community members who were disadvantaged by its creation, speak to good long-term prospects. Risks remain, some of which are beyond the community's control, but evidence of socioecological resilience suggests that capacity exists to buffer risks and foster sustainability. Lessons learnt at Wechiau translate into recommendations for the planning, implementation and evaluation of future community-based conservation initiatives, including greater interdisciplinary integration and the use of adaptive co-management approaches.
Developing Culturally Sensitive Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis for Ethnic Minority Patients by Exploration and Incorporation of Service Users' and Health Professionals' Views and Opinions
Authors: Rathod Shanaya , Kingdon David , Phiri Peter , Gobbi Mary
Published: July 2010

Background: Studies of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for schizophrenia demonstrate that African-Caribbean and Black African patients have higher dropout rates and poor outcomes from treatment. Aim: The main aim of the study was to produce a culturally sensitive adaption of an existing CBT manual for therapists working with patients with psychosis from specified ethinic minority communities (African-Caribbean, Black-African/Black British, and South Asian Muslims). This will be based on gaining meaningful understanding of the way members (lay and service users) of these minority communities typically view psychosis, its origin and management including their cultural influences, values and attitudes. Method: This two-centre (Hampshire and West London) qualitative study consisted of individual semi-structured interviews with patients with schizophrenia (n = 15); focus groups with lay members from selected ethnic communities (n = 52); focus groups or semi-structured interviews with CBT therapists (n = 22); and mental health practitioners who work with patients from the ethnic communities (n = 25). Data were analyzed thematically using evolving themes and content analysis. NVivo 8 was used to manage and explore data. Results: There was consensus from the respondent groups that CBT would be an acceptable treatment if culturally adapted. This would incorporate culturally-based patient health beliefs, attributions concerning psychosis, attention to help seeking pathways, and technical adjustments. Conclusion: While individualization of therapy is generally accepted as a principle, in practice therapists require an understanding of patient-related factors that are culturally bound and influence the way the patient perceives or responds to therapy. The findings of this study have practical implications for therapists and mental health practitioners using CBT with people with psychosis from BME communities.
Environmental Kuznets curves, carbon emissions, and public choice
Authors: LIPFORD JODY W. , YANDLE BRUCE
Published: July 2010

Concern about global climate change has elicited responses from governments around the world. These responses began with the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and have continued with other negotiations, including the 2009 Copenhagen Summit. These negotiations raised important questions about whether countries will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and, if so, how the burden of emissions reductions will be shared. To investigate these questions, we utilize environmental Kuznets curves for carbon emissions for the G8 plus five main developing countries. Our findings raise doubts about the feasibility of reducing global carbon emissions and shed light on the different positions taken by countries on the distribution of emissions reductions.
Molecular imaging agents: impact on diagnosis and therapeutics in oncology
Authors: Seaman Marc E. , Contino Gianmarco , Bardeesy Nabeel , Kelly Kimberly A.
Published: July 2010

Imaging has become a crucial tool in oncology throughout the course of disease detection and management, and is an integral part of clinical trials. Anatomical and functional imaging led the way, providing valuable information used in the diagnosis of disease, including data regarding the size and location of the tumour and on physiological processes such as blood flow and perfusion. As understanding of cancer pathogenesis has advanced through the identification of genetic, biochemical and cellular alterations in evolving tumours, emphasis has been put on developing methods to detect and serially monitor such alterations. This class of approaches is referred to as molecular imaging. Molecular imaging offers the potential for increasingly sensitive and specific visualisation and quantification of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. These approaches have become established as essential tools for cancer research, early cancer detection and staging, and monitoring and predicting response to targeted therapies. Here, we discuss recent advances in the development of molecular imaging agents and their implementation in basic cancer research as well as in more rationalised approaches to cancer care.
Henry Ford's Dance Revival and Fiddle Contests: Myth and Reality
Authors: GIFFORD PAUL M.
Published: July 2010

Henry Ford's interest in reviving the dances of his youth and publicizing old fiddlers was a major media phenomenon of the 1920s. The claims of one fiddler became the source of the often repeated, but erroneous, assertion that Ford sponsored a national fiddlers' contest, which in turn has become a part of country music lore. This article, based mostly on archival sources and newspapers, attempts to describe the particular musical and dance traditions that interested Ford, his personal activities and ambitions in this area, his motivations, and the larger popular interest in the subject itself.
Carbon sources and sinks from an Ensemble Kalman Filter ocean data assimilation
Authors: Gerber M. , Joos F.
Published: July 2010

We quantify contemporary and preindustrial net air‐sea CO2 fluxes by an Ensemble Kalman Filter assimilation of interior ocean observations and compare results with published estimates in the light of sensitivity to model transport and input data reconstructions. Four different published reconstructions of anthropogenic carbon and the ΔCgasex tracer are assimilated into different versions of the Bern3D ocean model. The two tracers represent the components of dissolved inorganic carbon due to the anthropogenic perturbation and the air‐sea gas exchange of preindustrial CO2. Contemporary air‐sea fluxes for broad latitudinal bands are consistent with those from earlier ocean inversions and the observed air‐sea CO2 partial pressure differences. We infer modest meridional transport rates of up to 0.5 GtC yr−1 for the preindustrial and the contemporary ocean and a small carbon transport across the equator. The anthropogenic perturbation offsets the preindustrial net sea‐to‐air flux yielding a weak contemporary carbon sink in the Southern Ocean (south of 44°S) of 0.15 ± 0.25 GtC yr−1. Preindustrial Southern Ocean outgassing varies by almost a factor of 2 among the four ΔCgasex reconstructions. Large differences in regional fluxes are found between an earlier ocean inversion using Green's function and this study for the same model and input data calculation. Systematic differences in assimilated and optimized ΔCgasex fields are large in both inversions, and the contemporary, anthropogenic, and preindustrial air‐sea CO2 flux in the high‐latitude and midlatitude Southern Hemisphere remains uncertain.
Prediction of Sea of Japan (East Sea) acidification over the past 40 years using a multiparameter regression model
Authors: Kim Tae‐Wook , Lee Kitack , Feely Richard A. , Sabine Christopher L. , Chen Chen‐Tung Arthur , Jeong Hae Jin , Kim Kwang Young
Published: July 2010

A multiparameter linear regression model (MLR) of aragonite saturation state (ΩARG) as a function of temperature, pressure and O2 concentration in the upper 1,000 m of the Sea of Japan (East Sea) was derived with an uncertainty of ±0.020 (1σ). The ΩARG data (n = 1,482) used to derive the basin‐wide ΩARG prediction model were collected during a field survey in 1999 and were corrected for anthropogenic CO2. Some biases were resolved by addition of a pressure and O2 concentration interaction term to the proposed model. Correlation between the two predictor terms, caused by addition of this term, was minimized by centering the data for the three variables (thus subtracting the mean from each individual data point). Validation of the model against data sets obtained in 1992 and 2007 yielded correlation coefficients of 0.995 ± 0.013 for 1992 (n = 64, p ≪ 0.001) and 0.995 ± 0.009 for 2007 (n = 137, p ≪ 0.001) and root mean square errors of ±0.064 for 1992 and ±0.050 for 2007. The strong correlation between measurements and predictions suggests that the model can be used to estimate the distribution of ΩARG in the Sea of Japan (East Sea) (including dynamic coastal waters) on varying time scales when basic hydrographic data on temperature, pressure and O2 concentration are available. Application of the model to past measurements for the Sea of Japan (East Sea) indicated that interdecadal variability (2σ from the mean) in ΩARG corrected for anthropogenic CO2 was generally high (0.1–0.7) in the upper water layer (<200 m depth), and decreased (0.05–0.2) with depth for waters deeper than 500 m. The interdecadal variability is largely controlled by variations in the degree of water column ventilation. Superimposed on this natural variability, the input of CO2 derived from fossil fuels has markedly acidified the upper water layers during the anthropocene and thereby moved the aragonite saturation horizon upward by 50–250 m. The impact of CO2 derived from fossil fuels on upper ocean acidification will increase in the future. The present study indicates that, in combination with other easily measurable parameters, a multifunctional model can be a powerful tool for predicting the temporal evolution of ΩARG in the ocean, including coastal waters that are highly likely to be susceptible to ocean acidification in the future.
Relation between continental strike‐slip earthquake segmentation and thickness of the crust
Authors: Klinger Yann
Published: July 2010

High‐resolution maps of large continental strike‐slip earthquake surface ruptures show that they are formed of fault segments. These segments are bounded by fault bends, step overs, or combinations of the two. The lowest limit in size for such segments may not be relevant in the understanding of earthquake mechanics, as it pertains to the granular properties of fault zones. The maximum limit in segment length, however, is important as it is directly relates to the maximum extent of seismic rupture. To measure the length of the segments, a new quantitative method based on piecewise linear fitting is developed and is used to automatically retrieve segments from earthquake rupture maps. Next, this approach is tested against a set of ten continental strike‐slip earthquake ruptures derived from similar, high quality maps. The test suggests that segments have a maximum length of ∼18 km, independent of regional tectonic setting. Slip‐inversions for earthquakes, based on seismological and/or geodetic data, most often are not unique and can show some variability even for one particular event. Some basic characteristics, however, such as total moment release or general source geometry, seem to persist that are relevant to earthquake mechanics. Measurements of the maximum horizontal extent of individual slip‐patches derived from seismic source inversion for strike‐slip ruptures show that their strike dimension does not increase infinitely with magnitude, but instead reaches a maximum value of ∼25 km. These two independent lines of observations, complemented by earlier data and analog experiments, suggest that it is the thickness of the seismogenic crust that controls the structural scaling of the length of seismic segments, and that it is independent of the ultimate size of individual earthquakes.
Structure of the upper mantle and transition zone beneath Southeast Asia from traveltime tomography
Authors: Li Chang , van der Hilst Robert D.
Published: July 2010

Tomographic images of the mantle beneath East Asia were obtained from the inversion of traveltime data from global and regional seismograph networks and from temporary arrays on and around the Tibetan plateau. Our results are consistent with previous studies but the unprecedented resolution of mantle heterogeneity provides new insight into the large‐scale tectonic framework of the continental India‐Asia collision in the western part of the study region and subduction of the oceanic lithosphere in the east. In the realm of continental collision, west of ∼100°E, a relatively slow P‐wave speed characterizes the upper mantle beneath much of the Tibetan plateau but the wave speed is high beneath cratonic India, the southern and western part of the Tibetan plateau, Hindu‐Kush, and the Tian Shan. In the subduction realm, east of ∼110°E, the main structures are (i) pronounced low‐wave‐speed anomalies at a depth of between 100 and 400 km beneath Asia's southeastern seaboard and the back‐arc regions of ongoing subduction; (ii) narrow, fast anomalies in the upper mantle beneath major subduction zones; and (iii) widespread fast anomalies at a depth of 500–700 km beneath the Sea of Japan, the northern part of the Philippine Sea plate, and southeastern China. If the latter anomalies represent stagnant slabs, their fragmented nature and large lateral extent suggest that they are produced by different episodes of subduction beneath western Pacific island arcs, along the old SE margin of Asia, or during the Mesozoic collision of cratonic units in Southeast Asia. Attribution to ancient subduction systems implies that slab fragments can reside in the transition zone for (at least) several tens of millions of years. Shallow, slow anomalies beneath the Red River fault region connect to deep anomalies beneath the South China fold belt and South China Sea, suggesting a causal relationship between the evolution of the continental lithosphere of SW China and deeper mantle processes. Between the collision and the subduction realms, tomography reveals high‐wave‐speed continental roots beneath the western part of the North China craton (Ordos block) and the South China, or Yangtze, craton (Sichuan Basin) to a depth of ∼300 km.
Effects of the crater on eruption column dynamics
Authors: Koyaguchi Takehiro , Suzuki Yujiro J. , Kozono Tomofumi
Published: July 2010

During explosive eruptions, a mixture of pyroclasts and volcanic gas forms a buoyant eruption column or a pyroclastic flow. We systematically investigate how the condition that separates these two eruption styles (column collapse condition) depends on crater shape and magma chamber conditions by integrating the theoretical models for conduit flow, flow inside a crater, and eruption column dynamics. The results show that previous model predictions of column collapse condition based on the relationship between magma discharge rate () and water content (nf) strongly depend on crater shape (depth D and opening angle θ). When a crater is present, the decompression and/or compression of gas‐pyroclast mixture inside and just above the crater result in two distinct types of column collapse: collapse with increasing (HM‐side collapse) and that with decreasing (LM‐side collapse). HM‐side collapse is caused by an increase in conduit radius during the waxing stage of an eruption. LM‐side collapse is associated with a decrease in magma chamber pressure during the waning stage. The value of for HM‐side collapse varies by two orders of magnitude depending on crater shape for fixed nf. This estimate also depends on assumed models for decompression into the atmosphere. The value of for LM‐side collapse is <106 kg s−1 for a shallow crater with a small opening angle, whereas it can be >108 kg s−1 when D tan θ > 102 m. These results are consistent with the field observations from the St. Helens 1980 and Pinatubo 1991 eruptions.
Analysis of airborne LiDAR surveys to quantify the characteristic morphologies of northern forested wetlands
Authors: Richardson Murray C. , Mitchell Carl P. J. , Branfireun Brian A. , Kolka Randall K.
Published: July 2010

A new technique for quantifying the geomorphic form of northern forested wetlands from airborne LiDAR surveys is introduced, demonstrating the unprecedented ability to characterize the geomorphic form of northern forested wetlands using high‐resolution digital topography. Two quantitative indices are presented, including the lagg width index (LWI) which objectively quantifies the lagg width, and the lateral slope index (LSI) which is a proxy measurement for the dome shape or convexity of the wetland ground surface. For 14 forested wetlands in central Ontario, Canada, northwestern Ontario, Canada, and northern Minnesota, United States, these indices were systematically correlated to metrics of topographic setting computed from LiDAR digital elevation models. In particular, these indices were strongly correlated with a Peatland Topographic Index (PTI, r2 = 0.58 and r2 = 0.64, respectively, p < = 0.001) describing the relative influence of upslope contributing area on the hydrology and biogeochemistry of individual wetlands. The relationship between PTI and the LWI and LSI indices was interpreted as geomorphic evolution in response to the spatially varying influence of upslope runoff on subsurface hydrochemistry. Spatial patterns of near‐surface pore water chemistry were consistent with this interpretation. Specifically, at four wetland sites sampled extensively for pore water chemistry, the mean and variance of near‐surface pore water methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were higher within the zone of enhanced upland‐wetland interactions, as inferred from the LiDAR‐derived LWI estimates. Use of LiDAR surveys to measure subtle topographic gradients within wetlands may therefore help quantify the influence of upland‐wetland interactions on biogeochemical cycling and export in northern forested landscapes.
A stochastic daily weather generator for skewed data
Authors: Flecher C. , Naveau P. , Allard D. , Brisson N.
Published: July 2010

To simulate multivariate daily time series (minimum and maximum temperatures, global radiation, wind speed, and precipitation intensity), we propose a weather state approach with a multivariate closed skew‐normal generator, WACS‐Gen, that is able to accurately reproduce the statistical properties of these five variables. Our weather generator construction takes advantage of two elements. We first extend the classical wet and dry days dichotomy used in most past weather generators to the definition of multiple weather states using clustering techniques. The transitions among weather states are modeled by a first‐order Markov chain. Second, the vector of our five daily variables of interest is sampled, conditionally on these weather states, from a closed skew‐normal distribution. This class of distribution allows us to handle nonsymmetric behaviors. Our method is applied to the 20 years of daily weather measurements from Colmar, France. This example illustrates the advantages of our approach, especially improving the simulation of radiation and wind distributions.
Role of microtopography in rainfall‐runoff partitioning: An analysis using idealized geometry
Authors: Thompson Sally E. , Katul Gabriel G. , Porporato Amilcare
Published: July 2010

Microtopography, consisting of small‐scale excursions in the elevation of the land surface on millimeter to centimeter scales, is ubiquitous on hillslopes, but its effects are rarely incorporated into hydrological analyses of rainfall‐runoff partitioning. To progress toward a hydrological theory that accounts for microtopography, two research questions are considered: (1) Does microtopography change the partitioning of rainfall into runoff and infiltration compared to a background case that lacks these small‐scale excursions? and (2) how do soil, mean slope, storm properties, and microtopographic geometric attributes influence this partitioning? To address these questions, a simplified one‐dimensional hillslope with uniform sinusoidal microtopography is considered, and several rainfall‐runoff scenarios are examined with a numerical model. The results indicate that for a range of realistic conditions, microtopography increases the proportion of rainfall infiltrating by 20–200% relative to an equivalent “background state” in which microtopography is absent. Additional theoretical development addressing issues of connectivity and improved representations of flow hydraulics over microtopographic surfaces are needed to refine these estimates and extend them to less idealized conditions. If confirmed, the results suggest that microtopography may have a significant impact on streamflow generation, plant water availability and the co‐evolution of geomorphic, hydrological and ecological systems, with important implications for land management, especially in arid ecosystems.
Quantifying the relative importance of lake emissions in the carbon budget of a subarctic catchment
Authors: Karlsson Jan , Christensen Torben R. , Crill Patrick , Förster Johannes , Hammarlund Dan , Jackowicz‐Korczynski Marcin , Kokfelt Ulla , Roehm Charlotte , Rosén Peter
Published: July 2010

Climate change and thawing of permafrost will likely result in increased decomposition of terrestrial organic carbon and subsequent carbon emissions to the atmosphere from terrestrial and aquatic systems. The quantitative importance of mineralization of terrestrial organic carbon in lakes in relation to terrestrial carbon fluxes is poorly understood and a serious drawback for the understanding of carbon budgets. We studied a subarctic lake in an area of discontinuous permafrost to assess the quantitative importance of lake carbon emission for the catchment carbon balance. Estimates of net ecosystem production and stable carbon‐isotope composition of dissolved organic carbon in the lake water suggest substantial input and respiration of terrestrial organic carbon in the lake. The lake was a net source of CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere at ice breakup in spring and during the whole ice‐free period. The carbon emission from the lake was similar in magnitude to the terrestrial net release of carbon to the atmosphere. The results indicate that lakes are important sources of catchment carbon emission, potentially increasing the positive feedback from permafrost thawing on global warming.
The Role of Vocal Practice in Constructing Phonological Working Memory
Authors: Keren-Portnoy Tamar , Vihman Marilyn M. , DePaolis Rory A. , Whitaker Chris J. , Williams Nicola M.
Published: July 2010

Purpose

In this study, the authors looked for effects of vocal practice on phonological working memory.

Method

A longitudinal design was used, combining both naturalistic observations and a nonword repetition test. Fifteen 26-month-olds (12 of whom were followed from age 11 months) were administered a nonword test including real words, “standard” nonwords (identical for all children), and nonwords based on individual children’s production inventory (inandoutwords).

Results

A strong relationship was found between (a) length of experience with consonant production and (b) nonword repetition and between (a) differential experience with specific consonants through production and (b) performance on theinversusoutwords.

Conclusions

Performance depended on familiarity with words or their subunits and was strongest for real words, weaker forinwords, and weakest foroutwords. The results demonstrate the important role of speech production in the construction of phonological working memory.
Comprehension of Inferences in Discourse Processing by Adolescents With and Without Language Impairment
Authors: Karasinski Courtney , Ellis Weismer Susan
Published: July 2010

Purpose

This study investigated inference construction within spoken narratives in adolescents with varying cognitive and language abilities, using W. Kintsch’s (1988) construction-integration model as a framework. The role of working memory in inference construction was examined along with language and nonverbal cognition.

Method

Participants were 527 eighth-grade students in 4 diagnostic groups: normal language (NL), low cognitive (LC), specific language impairment (SLI), and nonspecific language impariment (NLI). Participants answered premise and inference questions based on adjacent and distant information.

Results

Distant inferences were significantly more difficult than were adjacent inferences. When controlling for premise accuracy, the NL group performed significantly better than each of the other groups on distant inferences. The LC group demonstrated significantly higher accuracy on distant inferences than did the NLI group. Regression analyses revealed that performance on a verbal working memory measure predicted unique variance in distant inference accuracy beyond that accounted for by measures of language and nonverbal cognition.

Conclusions

Understanding implicit information, particularly when linking distant information, is difficult for adolescents who are deficient in language comprehension, verbal working memory skills, and/or general world knowledge.
Radicular cyst associated with a primary molar following pulp therapy: a case report
Authors: Takiguchi M. , Fujiwara T. , Sobue S. , Ooshima T.
Published: July 2010

A radicular cyst arising from the primary second molar and causing displacement of the permanent successor to the lower border of the mandible, with accompanying buccal expansion, was examined clinically and radiographically. Extraction of the primary molar and extirpation of the cyst led to uneventful healing. The primary molar had received pulp treatment with therapeutic agents approximately 1·5 years prior to the patient’s first visit. The relationship between pulp treatment and rapid growth of the radicular cyst is discussed.
Marginal seal of sealant and compomer materials with and without enameloplasty
Authors: Salama F. S. , Al‐Hammad N. S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Objectives. This in vitro study evaluated the quality of marginal seal and fissure penetration of a resin‐sealant (Concise) and a compomer restorative material (F2000) with and without enameloplasty.

Sample and design. Thirty extracted sound human permanent third molar teeth were divided into six groups of five and used in this in vitro study.

Methods. Occlusal surfaces of the teeth in different groups were either left intact or prepared using a #582 S diamond bur. Teeth were then restored with Concise and F2000 restorative materials using combinations of different surface treatments. Teeth were prepared for microleakage, then immersed in 5% methylene blue for 4 h, and subsequently sectioned into four bucco‐lingual sections. Sections (20 per group) were examined using a stereomicroscope. The following parameters were evaluated: marginal leakage, marginal gap, voids and filling defects, as well as enamel fissure penetration.

Results. Kruskal–Wallis one‐way anova showed statistically significant differences between the groups for marginal leakage (P < 0·0001), marginal gap (P < 0·001), and enamel fissure penetration (P < 0·001). No statistically significant differences between the groups for voids and filling defects were detected. Non‐parametric Tukey’s multiple range test showed that microleakage of sealant with acid etch and tooth preparation and compomer with acid etch, bonding agent and tooth preparation were statistically significantly less than that of compomer with bonding agent and no tooth preparation (P < 0·0001) and compomer with bonding agent and tooth preparation (P < 0·01).

Conclusions. Microleakage is similar when sealant with acid etching, and compomer with acid etching and bonding agent, are used with and without enameloplasty. Marginal gap is more evident in the compomer group with bonding agent and without enameloplasty. Enamel fissure penetration is better when enameloplasty and acid etching are used.
Validation of a Facial Image Scale to assess child dental anxiety
Authors: Buchanan H. , Niven N.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Objective. To examine the validity of a scale that uses faces as an indicator of children’s dental anxiety.

Setting. Department of Child Dental Health waiting room, Newcastle Dental Hospital.

Subjects and methods. 100 children (aged 3–18 years) completed the Facial Image Scale (FIS) and the Venham Picture Test (VPT) in the dental hospital waiting room.

Results. A strong correlation (0·7) was found between the two scales, indicating good validity for the FIS. Findings also showed that a small, but significant, number of children are anxious in the dental context.

Conclusion. The findings suggest that the FIS is a valid means of assessing child dental anxiety status in a clinical context.
Interaction between sotalol and an antacid preparation
Authors: Läer S. , Neumann J. , Scholz H.
Published: July 2010

Aims The aim of the study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between sotalol and antacids, and its pharmacodynamic relevance.

Methods In a randomized cross‐over design with three treatment groups, six healthy volunteers received orally either 160 mg of sotalol alone (phase 1), or 160 mg sotalol plus 20 ml of a suspension of an antacid (MAH; magnesium hydroxide (1200 mg) and aluminium oxide (1800 mg)) (phase 2) or 160 mg sotalol plus the antacid given 2 h after sotalol administration (phase 3). Heart rate and plasma sotalol concentrations were measured before and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after sotalol administration. Urinary sotalol excretion was measured for 24 h after sotalol application.

Results Cmax of sotalol decreased from 1.22±0.22 mg l−1 (phase 1) to 0.89±0.29 mg l−1 (phase 2) and increased again to 1.27±0.18 mg l−1 in phase 3. A similar significant change was noted in AUC (15.6±2.75 mg l−1 , 12.3±3.04 mg h l−1 and 15.0±2.06 mg l−1 ) and in the amount of cumulative urinary excretion (79.2±11.1 mg, 72.1±11.2 mg and 80.6±7.9 mg), respectively. tmax and elimination half‐life (t1/2,z) of sotalol remained unchanged in the presence of MAH. After combined administration with MAH, the area under the heart rate curve of sotalol was reduced between 0 and 4 h when compared across treatments.

Conclusions Combined administration of sotalol and MAH decreased the serum sotalol levels. The interaction can be avoided by a two hour interval between application of these drugs.
Dopamine natriuresis in salt‐repleted, water‐loaded humans: a dose‐response study
Authors: Olsen Niels Vidiendal , Olsen Michael Hecht , Bonde Jan , Kanstrup Inge‐Lis , Plum Inger , Strandgaard Svend , Leyssac Paul P.
Published: July 2010

Aims
 The purpose of the present study was to define the dose‐response relationship between exogenous dopamine and systemic haemodynamics, renal haemodynamics, and renal excretory function at infusion rates in the range 0 to 12.5 μg kg−1 min−1 in normal volunteers.

Methods
 While undergoing water diuresis, eight subjects were infused with 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7.5, 10 or 12.5 μg of dopamine kg−1 min−1 over 2 h in a randomized and double‐blind fashion. On each study day, renal clearance studies were performed during a 1 h baseline period and subsequently during the second 1 h infusion period. Lithium clearance (CLLi ) was used to estimate proximal tubular outflow.

Results
 Cardiac output increased with the four highest doses. Mean arterial pressure followed a biphasic pattern with a decrease during the two lowest doses and a dose‐dependent increase from the 7.5 μg kg−1 min−1 dose onwards. Effective renal plasma flow increased with all doses of dopamine, but peaked with the 3 μg kg−1 min−1 infusion rate [
from 617 (585–649) ml min−1 with placebo to 915 (824–1006) ml min−1 (means with 95% CI, P<0.001)]. None of the doses changed glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Sodium clearance (CLNa ) and CLLi were elevated with the four lowest doses but increased further from 7.5 μg kg−1 min−1 onwards. Compared with placebo, the percentage increase in CLNa with increasing dose was 77 (5–159), 93 (13–172), 107 (24–190), 121 (60–181), 253 (65–441), 284 (74–494), and 212 (111–312) %, respectively. There were only small, inconsistent decreases in absolute proximal reabsorption rate (APR=GFR‐CLLi ). Fractional distal reabsorption of sodium (FDRNa=(CLLi‐CLNa )/CLLi ) decreased with all doses, reaching its nadir with 7.5 μg kg−1 min−1 [from 95.9 (94.6–97.2) % with placebo to 91.5 (90.0–93.0) % (P<0.01)] whereafter a flat dose‐response curve was observed.

Conclusions
 In conclusion, the renal vasodilating effect of dopamine was maximal with 3 μg kg−1 min−1. The dose‐dependent attenuation seen with higher doses is consistent with an increased α‐adrenergic stimulation opposing the effect on dopaminergic receptors. The present CLLi studies confirm that dopamine increases proximal tubular outflow. The results suggest that the natriuretic effect of depressor doses of dopamine was primarily caused by attenuation of the increase in distal sodium reabsorption normally seen after an increase in proximal tubular outflow. Pressor doses further increased sodium excretion, indicating the presence of pressure natriuresis at these high doses.
Abstracts from other journals
Authors: Fleming Paddy
Published: July 2010

Abstracts are presented as originally published or with only minor modifications
Effects of Ageing and Long‐Term Hormone Replacement on Cholinergic Neurones in the Medial Septum and Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis of Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Gibbs R. B.
Published: July 2010

Ovariectomized aged rats, some of which received long‐term hormone replacement with oestrogen or oestrogen plus progesterone, were evaluated for the number and size of basal forebrain cholinergic neurones, as well as relative levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and trkA mRNA, in order to determine whether effects on basal forebrain cholinergic cell survival and function correspond with differences in cognitive performance previously described. The results show that ageing combined with long‐term loss of ovarian function produced substantial reductions in the levels of ChAT and trkA mRNA in the medial septum and nucleus basalis magnocellularis, relative to much younger ovariectomized controls. In contrast, no significant effects on the number or size of the cholinergic cells were detected, indicating that loss of ovarian function does not cause a loss of cholinergic neurones with age. Long‐term hormone replacement had no apparent effect on the number of ChAT‐positive neurones detected, and did not prevent the reductions in ChAT and trkA mRNA associated with ovariectomy and ageing. Collectively, the data suggest that ageing combined with long‐term loss of ovarian function has a severe negative impact on basal forebrain cholinergic function, but not on cholinergic cell survival per se.
Influence of Serotonin on the Development and Migration of Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone Neurones in Rat Foetuses
Authors: Pronina T. , Ugrumov M. , Adamskaya E. , Kuznetsova T. , Shishkina I. , Babichev V. , Calas A. , Tramu G. , Mailly P. , Makarenko I.
Published: July 2010

This study used a pharmacological approach to evaluate the consequences of the metabolic perturbations of neurotransmitters on brain development. Pregnant rats received p‐chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), an inhibitor of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) synthesis, or saline (control) from the 11th day of gestation once or daily up to the 15th, 17th and 20th day, followed by processing of the forebrain and/or nasal cranium of foetal males and females for high‐performance liquid chromatography of monoamines, radioimmunoassay of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) and quantitative and semiquantitative immunocytochemistry for GnRH. The pCPA treatment resulted in a 50–70% depletion of 5‐HT in the nasal crania and forebrains at any studied age. Radioimmunoassay showed no change in GnRH content in 5‐HT deficient foetuses at E16 compared to controls, being higher in both cases in the rostral forebrain than in the hypothalamus. In controls at E21, the GnRH content in the hypothalamus exceeded that in the rostral forebrain, whereas in the 5‐HT deficient group the opposite was found. These data suggest that 5‐HT provided a stimulating effect on GnRH neurone migration, and this was confirmed by quantification of GnRH‐immunoreactive neurones in the forebrain along the trajectory of their migration. At E18 and E21, the fractions of GnRH neurones in the rostral part of the trajectory in pCPA‐treated foetuses were greater than those in control foetuses but the opposite was true for the caudal part of the trajectory. Moreover, 5‐HT appeared to control the proliferation of the precursor cells of GnRH neurones and their differentiation, as derived from the observations of the increased number of GnRH neurones in the forebrain of foetuses of both sexes, as well as the region‐specific decreased neuronal size and content of GnRH in 5‐HT‐deficient females. Thus, 5‐HT appears to contribute to the regulation of the origin, differentiation and migration of GnRH neurones.
Serotonin Stimulates Hypothalamic mRNA Expression and Local Release of Neurohypophysial Peptides
Authors: Jørgensen H. , Kjær A. , Knigge U. , Møller M. , Warberg J.
Published: July 2010

The neurotransmitter serotonin (5‐HT) stimulates the secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin, and 5‐HT is involved in the mediation of the vasopressin and oxytocin response to stress. In male Wistar rats, we investigated the 5‐HT receptors involved in the 5‐HT‐induced increase of mRNA expression of vasopressin and oxytocin in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON). The 5‐HT precursor, 5‐hydroxytryptophan, injected in combination with the 5‐HT reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, increased oxytocin mRNA expression in the PVN, and the concentration of vasopressin and oxytocin in plasma, whereas mRNA in the SON was not affected. Intracerebroventricular infusion of 5‐HT agonists selective for the 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT1B, 5‐HT2Aand 5‐HT2Creceptor increased oxytocin mRNA in the SON and PVN. Infusion of agonists selective for the 5‐HT2A + 2Creceptor increased vasopressin mRNA in the PVN, whereas none of the 5‐HT agonists affected vasopressin mRNA in the SON. All the 5‐HT agonists infused increased peripheral oxytocin concentration and vasopressin was increased by stimulation of the 5‐HT2A, 5‐HT2Cand 5‐HT3receptor. Intracerebroventricular infusion of 100 nmol 5‐HT increased the extracellular hypothalamic concentration of vasopressin as measured by microdialysis in the PVN. To evaluate the involvement of hypothalamic‐pituitary system in the 5‐hydroxytryptophan and fluoxetine‐induced vasopressin secretion, rats were immunoneutralized with a specific anti‐corticotropin‐releasing hormone antiserum. This treatment reduced plasma vasopressin and oxytocin responses. We conclude that stimulation with 5‐hydroxytryptophan or 5‐HT agonists increases mRNA expression of oxytocin in the PVN and the SON via stimulation of at least 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT1B, 5‐HT2Aand 5‐HT2Creceptors. Vasopressin mRNA in the PVN was increased only via the 5‐HT2receptor, whereas vasopressin mRNA in the SON does not seem to be affected by 5‐HT stimulation. Corticotropin‐releasing hormone appears to be partly involved in the mediation of 5‐HT induced vasopressin and oxytocin secretion.