bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mary Ward in Her Own Writings
Authors: Patricia Harriss Sr.
Published: February 2017

Mary Ward was born in 1585 near Ripon, eldest child of a recusant family. She spent her whole life until the age of 21 in the intimate circle of Yorkshire Catholics, with her parents, her Wright grandparents at Ploughland in Holderness, Mrs. Arthington, née Ingleby, at Harewell Hall in Nidderdale, and finally with the Babthorpes of Babthorpe and Osgodby. Convinced of her religious vocation, but of course unable to pursue it openly in England, she spent some time as a Poor Clare in Saint-Omer in the Spanish Netherlands, first in a Flemish community, then in the English house that she helped to found. She was happy there, but was shown by God that he was calling her to ‘some other thing’. Exactly what it was to be was not yet clear, so she returned to England, spent some time in London working for the Catholic cause, and discovering that there was much for women to do—then returned to Saint-Omer with a small group of friends, other young women in their 20s, to start a school, chiefly for English Catholic girls, and through prayer and penance to find out more clearly what God was asking. Not surprisingly, given her early religious formation in English Catholic households, served by Jesuit missionaries, and her desire to work for her own country, the guidance that came was ‘Take the same of the Society’. She spent the rest of her life trying to establish a congregation for women which would live by the Constitutions of St. Ignatius, be governed by a woman general superior, under the Pope, not under diocesan bishops or a male religious order, and would be unenclosed, free to be sent ‘among the Turks or any other infidels, even to those who live in the region called the Indies, or among any heretics whatsoever, or schismatics, or any of the faithful’. There were always members working in the underground Church in England, and in Mary Ward's own lifetime there were ten schools, in Flanders and Northern France, Italy, Germany and Austria-Hungary. But her long struggle for approbation met with failure—Rome after the Council of Trent, which had insisted on enclosure for all religious women, was not yet ready for Jesuitesses. In 1631 Urban VIII banned her Institute by a Bull of Suppression, imprisoning Mary Ward herself for a time in the Poor Clare convent on the Anger in Munich. She spent the rest of her life doing all she could to continue her work, but when she died in Heworth, outside York, in 1645 and was buried in Osbaldwick churchyard, only a handful of followers remained together, some with her in England, 23 in Rome, a few in Munich, all officially laywomen. It is owing to these women that Mary Ward's Institute has survived to this day.
Catholic Nuns and English Identities. English Protestant Travellers on the English Convents in the Low Countries, 1660–1730
Authors: Corens Liesbeth
Published: February 2017

I took the opportunity, my Lord, this last summer when I was in Flanders to get an exact calculation of all the English seminaries in the Low Countries in order to show Her Majesty by your Lordship the root from whence this great growth proceeds, which sends us such numbers of tourists and gentlemen brought up in an aversion to our civil and religious constitution, and which carries such immense sums out of England, and does more than anything keep up our unhappy divisions amongst us.

(John Macky, 1707)

The English have also here [Aire-sur-la-Lys] a nunnery for ladies, call’d the poor clares; and poor they are indeed! For they have two bare-footed Friars to go about de country every morning to beg provision for them, who never miss in coming into the publick inns, when they hear of the arrival of an Englishman. I went to deliver my charity out of my own hands, which I put into a wheel that turned round, but could not see any of their faces, only the lady that received the bounty, told me that she was a daughter of Lord Widdrington.

(John Macky, 1725)
‘Virgo Becomes Virago’: Women in the Accounts of Seventeenth-Century English Catholic Missionaries
Authors: Lux-Sterritt Laurence
Published: February 2017

In the account of his missionary work, the Jesuit John Gerard (1564–1637) famously explained how, after a few years of penury in ‘Mass equipment’, Catholic houses had become so well equipped that priests were able to set about their work immediately upon their arrival. He recalled that in the last two years of his work (1604–06), he no longer needed to lodge in taverns but always found friendly dwellings to shelter him on his way. Most of these were run by women, whose prominence in the activity of harbouring was pointed out in many documents, including the minutes of the confession given to the Privy Council by the appellant priest Anthony Sherlock, who turned informer after his capture in 1606:

[Sherlock] grew into acquaintance with Lady Stonor near Henley-on-Thames and stayed with her three or four years, often saying mass in her house. Next he moved to Warwicks. and at Brailes and Welsford was with a widow named Margaret Bishop for two or three years. Then to Worcs., where he said Mass once or twice in the house of Lady Windsor and also at Mrs. Heath’s at Alchurch, at Hawkesley with Mr. Middlemore and at Tamworth in Warwicks. with Richard Dolphin two or three years. Then he was with widow Knowles at Ridware, with Mrs. Comberford at Wednesbury, with Mrs. Stanford at Parkington …
The Royal Declaration Against Transubstantiation and the Struggle Against Religious Discrimination in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Fewster Joseph M.
Published: February 2017

Historians have paid little attention to the controversy provoked when Edward VII, in conformity with the Bill of Rights (1689) and Act of Settlement (1701) made the ‘Declaration against Transubstantiation’ which grossly insulted the Roman Catholic faith. Angry protests by Catholics in England were replicated even more strongly throughout the empire and issues of constitutional importance were raised which remain alive to the present day. The records of the lengthy parliamentary debates on this matter between 1901 and 1910 show that despite lingering suspicion of the Roman Catholic Church, and determination that no one professing that faith should ever occupy the throne, most members of both houses regarded Catholics as loyal citizens who should no longer be affronted at the beginning of the sovereign's reign by language born of a bygone age. Even so, to devise a formula which while removing what gave offence could satisfy the diverse interests involved when the religious and political spheres impinged on each other proved extremely difficult. The difficulty was increased because a large proportion of the general public regarded the declaration as a vital safeguard to the Protestant succession to the throne which made politicians hesitant to tamper with what had become ‘woven into the very texture of religious belief and adhesion’ in the country. It is worthwhile, therefore, to examine the various attempts to deal with this ‘thorny and difficult question’, which finally led to a revised declaration being forced in great haste through the House of Commons amid loud protests at what was considered unprecedented procedure.
Shakespeare and the Martyrs
Authors: Milward Peter
Published: February 2017

Whereas Graham Greene, in his well-known Introduction to Fr John Gerard’s Autobiography of a Hunted Priest (1952), expresses surprise that “the martyrs are quite silent” in Shakespeare’s plays, it is precisely the opposite that transpires from a careful reading of them, if only “between the lines”—according to the literal meaning of “intelligence”. The case of Lavinia in Titus Andronicus would have been immediately recognized by an Elizabethan audience with reference to the “lopping” of limbs of those who similarly suffered on what the dramatist elsewhere calls “Love’s Tyburn that hangs up simplicity”. Not a few scenes in such famous plays as Hamlet, Macbeth and The Merchant of Venice that clamour to be cut by an impatient producer have distinctly recusant implications, not least Hamlet’s famous but misunderstood soliloquy, “To be, or not to be,” which evidently refers not to modern existentialists but to Elizabethan recusants, for whom existence had been made intolerable by their cruel persecutors.
Confessionalization and Clan Cohesion: Ireland’s Contribution to Scottish Catholic Renewal in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Spurlock Scott R.
Published: February 2017

The story of the relationship between Ulster and Scotland during the seventeenth century has long been dominated by the flow of people and ideas from Scotland to the north of Ireland. This, however, belies the prominent role that Ireland had in the social and cultural history of the Western Isles and Highlands of Scotland during that century. This paper argues that of even greater importance to the resurgence of Catholicism in the ScottishGaidhealtachdthan a Rome driven Counter-Reformation were the financial support and personnel provided by Ulster Catholics. In the face of aggressive Stuart policies, Catholicism was rejuvenated and became an ideological justification for asserting traditional rights in the face of government sanctioned, Protestant blessed, incursions in the Western Isles. Moreover, in the face of historiography that has argued for the continual disintegration of ClanDonald throughout the seventeenth century, this article explores the ways the clans and their neighbours inspired, funded and facilitated the revival of Catholicism in theGaidhealtachd.
Recusants and the Rosary: A Seventeenth-Century Chapel in Aberdeen
Authors: Insh Fern
Published: February 2017

Provost Skene’s House, Aberdeen, is home to a painted ceiling depicting scenes from the lives of both Christ and the Virgin. This decoration has intrigued scholars and visitors alike for around sixty years since it was renovated and unveiled to the public in the early 1950s. The ceiling, painted in the seventeenth century, has suffered a considerable amount of damage. Unfortunately, half of the original decorative scheme has been lost. In addition to this, panels that do survive have been modified slightly during restoration. This article examines some of the early-modern continental prints used as sources by the original painters in order to determine that they were Scottish, and not travelling artists from the Low Countries. It also reconstructs the majority of the historic layout of the ceiling, by examining pre-restoration photographs of lost details in conjunction with further early-modern print sources. The article will attempt to identify some of the images which have been lost from the ceiling and argue that the original cycle of images depictedThe Mysteries of the Rosary. It will also examine how the painted ceiling, created in the aftermath of the Reformation, survived both the effects of anti-Catholic legislation in Scotland and time. Finally, the relationships between the patron and his local recusant community are discussed in conjunction with the significance of the deliberate inclusion of the IHS monogram within the ceiling’s design.
The Queen's Visit to Oxford in 1566: A Fresh Look at Neglected Manuscript Sources
Authors: Kilroy Gerard
Published: February 2017

The Queen's visit to Oxford in 1566 has been viewed largely through the prism of John Nichols’ The Progresses of Queen Elizabeth. This article returns to the manuscript sources, all of which survive. All make the disputations central; all but one were written by Catholics who subsequently suffered for their faith: Thomas Neale, John Bereblock and Miles Windsor. The Queen's visit clearly represented for Catholics in Oxford the last chance to try to win her favour. This article explores the complex tensions that existed in early Elizabethan Oxford: between the Calvinists who dominated Christ Church and Magdalen, and those still committed to the ‘old religion’. It highlights the continuities with pre-Reformation and Marian Oxford, arguing that Sir Thomas Pope and Sir Thomas White had engaged, with the Owens of Godstow, in a coherent programme to preserve as many of the monastic houses as they could. An exploration of the background of the three main witnesses reveals the presence of a determined Catholic resistance to the Earl of Leicester and his Vice-Chancellor, and the beginnings of alternative centres of learning in an ‘underground’ university of halls, taverns and farms that soon included many of the leading scholars: Thomas Neale, George Etheridge, Edmund Rainolds and John Case. It was while moving along this network that Edmund Campion was captured.
Revisiting Anne Line: Who Was She and Where Did She Come From?
Authors: Dodwell Martin
Published: February 2017

Anne Line ran a safe-house for Catholic priests in London during the 1590s, a time when such activities were a capital offence. She worked closely with two of the most hunted priests in England, the Jesuit superior Henry Garnet and his fellow Jesuit John Gerard, and was arrested and executed in February 1601. Although seemingly little known, it has been suggested that Shakespeare alludes to her in several works implying that the impact of her life and death on her contemporaries may have been underestimated. This fresh look at the documentary evidence seeks to clarify Anne Line's identity and the circumstances of her life up to the exile of her husband in 1586. Findings include; strong support for the suggestion that Anne Line was indeed the ‘Alice Higham’ who married Roger Line in 1583, the likely location of her childhood home near Maldon in Essex, connections to recusant networks through an aunt also called ‘Anne Line’, and evidence, previously overlooked, that Anne Line was closely related to Giles Aleyn, a Puritan landowner whose demands for increased rent from James Burbage for the site of his theatre in Shoreditch led to the founding of The Globe in Southwark.

‘I sent my fellow-prisoner with John Lillie to my house, where Mistress Line, that saintly widow, was in charge’ (John Gerard, Autobiography, p. 137)
St Cuthbert: Durham's Tutelarie Deitie
Authors: Newton Diana
Published: February 2017

The cult of St Cuthbert was central to the regional identity of north-eastern England with its inhabitants termed thehaliwerfolc,or ‘people of the saint’ (Cuthbert). The saint became crucial to the liturgical practices and celebrations of Durham's clerical and secular communities as well as being a guarantor of martial victories; usually against the Scots. However, with the cult of saints an early victim of the Reformation launched by Henry VIII in the 1530s, the outlook for St Cuthbert's legacy became increasingly uncertain. Attachment to the saint's memory became inextricably entwined with Durham's pre-Reformation history as commemoration of the cult, rather than the saint, took on more significance. This article looks at how St Cuthbert's historians and other antiquaries regularly manipulated his legend to satisfy different purposes and circumstances; so that completely different perspectives on Cuthbert and his cult have emerged over the centuries since the Reformation. But, throughout the changing interpretations of St Cuthbert's story his significance in Durham remains unchallenged.
‘His death belongs to them’: an Edwardsean participatory model of atonement
Authors: HILL JONATHAN
Published: February 2017

The Participatory Model of Atonement (PMA) offers an alternative view of Christian salvation, drawing on Pauline theology. It conceives of sin as a contagion which can usually be escaped only by dying. By ‘participating’ in Christ's death, the believer can escape its effects without having to die. This notion of ‘participation’ is obscure. I consider a possible way of clarifying it using metaphysical ideas taken from Jonathan Edwards. ‘Participation’ might involve becoming similar to Christ through the action of the Holy Spirit, to such a degree that a person might be called identical (in some sense) with Christ.
The Stone Age Industries of the Isle of Portland, Dorset, and the Utilization of Portland Chert as Artifact Material in Southern England
Authors: Palmer Susann
Published: February 2017

It is now nearly 20 years since the late W. F. Rankine first drew attention to the use of Portland Chert as prehistoric material (Rankine, 1951). He mapped the distribution of such artifacts in southern England, as known to him. No attempt was made to differentiate between artifacts of different cultural affinities or periods. Also, when he wrote, hardly anything was known of the prehistory of the Isle of Portland, Dorset, and of the immediate neighbourhood where the chert occurs in natural form.

During the past few years rich stone age habitation sites and workfloors have been found on the Island and along the landward shore of the Fleet nearby (Palmer, 1963–1968). Research is continuing in the area. This lends far greater importance to the question of the distribution of Portland Chert artifacts.

The present paper will assess the significance and scope of the distribution of Portland Chert artifacts in relationship to the industries in the Portland area. Investigations in the field and in numerous museums and private collections have greatly lengthened Rankine's original list of Portland Chert artifacts. It is likely that even now numerous specimens in other collections have not been traced, and that the distribution of these artifacts is even wider than suggested by the present list (Appendix A).
Kosipe: A Late Pleistocene Site in the Papuan Highlands
Authors: White J. Peter , Crook Keith A. W. , Ruxton B. P.
Published: February 2017

The presence of an archaeological site on Kosipe Sacre Coeur Mission was first noted in 1960, when axes and waisted blades were found by Father L. Willem during excavations for church foundations. Word of the site was sent to Mr W. Tomasetti, then Assistant District Officer, Department of Native Affairs, Tapini, and he informed White of it. Excavations were made there in June 1964 (White, 1965, 41–3; 1967). In 1966 the site was visited by Crook who collected further carbon and soil samples and in August 1967 White and Ruxton carried out further archaeological and geomorphological investigations. This report covers the entire history of excavations at the site.

Kosipe lies about 135 kilometres north of Port Moresby and 20 kilometres north northwest of the Woitape Sub-District office, Central District, Papua, at 147° 16′ E, 8° 21′ S (fig. 1). The area around Kosipe has not yet been the object of a reconnaissance geological survey. Observations by Crook along the Woitape-Kosipe road, south of Kosipe and on the Kosipe-Tanipai track northwest of Kosipe along the Ivane River indicate that the oldest rocks are slates and other low grade metamorphics of unknown age with steeply dipping foliation. These are overlain, probably sub-horizontally, by several hundred feet of basic volcanics, probably largely basalt. The volcanics are probably of late Tertiary or early Quaternary age; they are strongly dissected and are not obviously related to any centres of extrusion.
Cheshire Cat and Mickey Mouse: analysis, interpretation and the art of the La Tène Iron Age
Authors: Megaw J. V. S.
Published: February 2017

Nearly seventy years ago Wilhelm Worringer first wrote that ‘ultimately all our definitions of art are definitions of classical art’ (Worringer, 1953, 132). Today, the study of Western European art history, old or modern, the products of peasant craft-centres or urban ‘schools’, has in the course of time developed its own methodology and, almost, mystique. In contrast, the study of many branches of prehistoric art in Europe and elsewhere is all too often seen as a mere extension of the skilled but subjective approaches of classical archaeology without considering the suitability of the latter's application. The use of the classical art-historian's intuitive methods built up not just from visual exprience but a detailed background of literary, historical and philosophical studies must in fact be almost entirely denied the student of prehistoric or primitive art. It is perhaps only natural that principles of classical art history should be applied to later European prehistory, though it is often difficult to arrive at a precise definition of these principles. It was Johann Joachim Winckelmann who made the first systematic application of categories of style to the history of art (Gombrich, 1968, 319). Sir John Beazley, the greatest of all modern classical art historians followed in this tradition basing attributions ‘on the grounds of tell-tale traits of individual mannerisms’ (Carpenter, 1963, 115 ff.) a scheme first applied to painting less than a century ago by the Italian physician Giovanni Morelli (Gombrich, 1968, 309 ff.) and followed at the turn of the nineteenth century in the study of Italian painting (Lermolieff, 1892–3). With Beazley it is, however, difficult to follow step by step his methods of work.
Value-Added Activities as a Rural Development Strategy
Authors: Kraybill David S. , Johnson Thomas G.
Published: February 2017

Reverse cannot befall that fine Prosperity,

Whose sources are interior.

Emily Dickinson

At least 22 states have established agricultural value-added programs to provide new employment opportunities in rural areas and to create additional demand for agricultural products (Greene, p. 15). These value-added programs are a subset of a broader range of state-sponsored economic development programs that attempt to alter the rate of regional economic growth by identifying and assisting local entrepreneurs, by establishing institutions for the commercialization of new technologies, and by creating non-traditional sources of business finance.
An Application of Safety-First Probability Limits in a Discrete Stochastic Farm Management Programming Model
Authors: Hatch Upton , Atwood Joseph , Segar James
Published: February 2017

A sequential decision-making model was developed, and data from farm-raised catfish production were used to demonstrate its use. Outcomes of sequences of decisions which satisfied chance constraints on ending cash balances were traced through a specified time period. Discrete choice variables were specified due to the fixed nature of pond facilities. Recourse actions specified were sale of production in excess of endogenously determined transfer levels or purchase of inputs to supplement needs of the next production stage. Production activities cannot be changed during the planning period. Only yield variability was considered due to its impact on relative competitiveness among growth stages. Deviations were calculated from endogenously determined target levels based on goal and probability limits.
Biophysical Simulation in Support of Crop Production Decisions: A Case Study in the Black-lands Region of Texas
Authors: Dillon Carl R. , Mjelde James W. , McCarl Bruce A.
Published: February 2017

Economic feasibility of Texas Blacklands corn production in relation to sorghum, wheat, and cotton is studied. Biophysical simulation generated yield data are integrated with an economic decision model using quadratic programming. Given the various scenarios analyzed, corn is economically feasible for the Blacklands. A crop mix of half corn and half cotton production is selected under risk neutrality with wheat entering if risk aversion is present. Corn and grain sorghum production are highly substitutable. Profit effects attributed to changing corn planting dates are more pronounced than profit changes resulting from altering corn population or maturity class.
Factors Which Contribute to the Financial Performance of Selected Tennessee Dairies
Authors: Haden Kimberly L. , Johnson Larry A.
Published: February 2017

The objective of this study was to identify factors which contributed to the financial performance of 81 selected dairy farms in Tennessee. The study analyzes several measures of financial performance including cash farm income, net farm income, and returns to operator labor and management. Regressions with ten explanatory variables were used to determine factors that explained the variation in the measures of financial performance. Production per cow, number of cows, price received for milk, forage costs, and level of debt use appeared to influence financial performance.
Vegmarc II©: A Computerized Record Keeping System for Vegetable Marketing Cooperatives
Authors: Kazmierczak Tamra Kirkpatrick , Taylor Daniel B.
Published: February 2017

Poor management of the southeastern vegetable marketing cooperatives has been linked to poor record keeping practices. The VEGMARC II© Record Keeping Program is part of a comprehensive multi-agency effort to provide solutions to the problems of south-eastern vegetable marketing cooperatives. This computer program has been refined and expanded during four years of field testing. VEGMARC II© features include pool price calculations, deduction of packing fees, calculation of grower net returns, and the printing of reports, checks, and mailing labels. Eighty percent of cooperatives responding to user surveys indicated the program was meeting the needs of their cooperative.
Impacts of Alternative Farm Policies on Rural Communities
Authors: Bowker J.M. , Richardson James W.
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this study was to describe an LP/IO model for evaluating the economic impacts of alternative farm policies on rural communities and demonstrate its capabilities by analyzing the impacts of three farm policies on a rural community in Texas. Results indicate that in the noncrop sector, two groups of industries are most affected by farm policy. The first group relates to production directly (agricultural services, banking and credit, and nondurable manufacturing) and the second group relates to households (retail trade and services). Farm policies which reduce production but increase net returns cause losses for the first group while benefitting the second group. Both groups are made worse off by farm policies which reduce agricultural production and the value of output.
Consumer Demand for Food Diversity
Authors: Lee Jonq-Ying , Brown Mark G.
Published: February 2017

In this paper, consumer demand for food diversity is measured by the entropy and Simpson indices for budget shares. Results show that consumer demand for food diversity is related to total food expenditures and house-hold size and composition.
Soil Erosion, Intertemporal Profit, and the Soil Conservation Decision
Authors: Pagoulatos Angelos , Debertin David L. , Sjarkowi Fachurrozi
Published: February 2017

This study developed an intertemporal profit function to determine optimal conservation adoption strategies under alternative scenarios with respect to crop prices, relative yields, discount rates, and other assumptions. Special emphasis was placed on determining from the analysis when the switchover from conventional to soil-conserving practices should take place. Technological change was incorporated by allowing crop yields to vary over time. Our analysis thus provides a new, more precise measurement of the cumulative net benefit differential. The optimal period for switchover from conventional to soil-conserving practices was found to vary depending on the assumptions made about corn prices and discount rates. Empirical results were based on an erosion damage function (EDF) for Western Kentucky corn production.
Effects of Alternative Acreage Restriction Provisions on Alabama Cotton Farms
Authors: Mims Anne M. , Duffy Patricia A. , Young George
Published: February 2017

The 1985 Farm Bill departs from recent farm bills in moving toward more restrictive acreage control. The change from a two- to a five-year average in calculating base acreage and enforcement of limited cross-compliance appear to significantly alter crop mix decisions on representative Alabama cotton farms.
The Impact of the Food Security Act of 1985 on U.S. Wheat Exports
Authors: Bailey Kenneth W.
Published: February 2017

A major objective ofthe Food Security Act of 1985 was to make the United States more competitive in world markets. U.S. wheat exports in 1987/88 were 75 percent above their 1985/86 level. This paper analyzes the change in U.S. competitiveness in wheat exports by quantitatively assessing those factors responsible for this export expansion. The results indicate that about half of the increase can be attributed to the provisions ofthe 1985 Act. About 40 percent ofthe increase is due to nonprice factors in the Soviet Union and China—namely production shortfalls and domestic policies—that increased import demand. The rest is due to reduced competitor yields.
Intra- and Inter-State Transferability of Soybean Variety Research
Authors: Henning Steven A. , Eddleman B. R.
Published: February 2017

An example of agricultural research technology transfer and implications for the fiscal coordination and conduct of agricultural research programs is presented. Uniform Soybean Tests conducted in four Southern States are used to estimate the potential for transferability of soybean variety research among homogeneous sub-areas. The results indicate a high degree of transferability among the sub-areas. Coordinated management of soybean variety research could potentially provide more effective expenditure of soybean breeding research investments. Additionally, the concept or research transferability is not limited to soybeans or soybean variety research. Increased coordination of agricultural research investments by individual states may enhance existing benefits.
Effects of Port User Fees on Export Grain Flow Patterns
Authors: Viscencio-Brambilla Hector , Fuller Stephen
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the proposed deep draft port user fee on export grain flow patterns and provide insight into potential marketing system adjustment costs which may result from diverted flows. A multiperiod, network flow model is used to conduct the analysis. Analyses show grain flow patterns to be affected most by a port specific fee which is based on weight. The annual variation in flows generated by imposition of port user charges is generally less than the historical year-to-year variation and, in most cases, the altered port area flows can be accommodated by existing infrastructure.
A Multi-Product Analysis of Energy Demand in Agricultural Subsectors
Authors: Adelaja Adesoji , Hoque Anwarul
Published: February 2017

A multi-product cost function model was used to analyze energy demand in various agricultural subsectors. This approach has advantages over previously used approaches since it reduces aggregation bias, considers technological jointness, and provides various disaggregative measures related to energy input demand. When fitted to West Virginia county level data, labor and miscellaneous inputs in crop and livestock production were found to be substitutes for energy, while capital, machinery, and fertilizer were complementary to energy. Energy demand was inelastic and increases in machinery prices had the largest reduction effect on energy demand. Technological change was found to be capital, machinery, and fertilizer using, but it was labor and energy saving. Analyses indicated that the elasticity of demand for energy inputs with respect to livestock output was significantly larger than the elasticity with respect to crop output.
Effects of Alternative Farm Programs and Levels of Price Variability on Texas Cotton Farms
Authors: Duffy Patricia A. , Richardson James W. , Smith Edward G.
Published: February 2017

This study examines the effects of alternative government farm programs and hypothetical price variability levels on two Texas cotton farms which were simulated stochastically over a 10-year period. Results indicate that a combination of high price variability and participation in government programs stimulates growth and wealth accumulation.
Plant Nutrient Demand Functions for Tennessee with Prices of Jointly Applied Nutrients
Authors: Roberts Roland K.
Published: February 2017

Several studies have estimated plant nutrient demand functions for nitrogen, phosphate, and potash. All included own-price effects but excluded prices of jointly applied nutrients. In this study, nutrient demand functions, which include prices of all three nutrients, are estimated for Tennessee by seemingly unrelated regression. Results suggest that cross-price eflfects are important in determining plant nutrient demand, at least in the case of Tennessee, and that multicollinearity need not be a hindrance in all cases to including cross-price eflfects in plant nutrient demand models.
Forward Contracting Versus Hedging Under Price and Yield Uncertainty
Authors: Miller Stephen E.
Published: February 2017

Although apparently preferred by farmers to direct hedging as a forward pricing mechanism, forward contracting has received little attention in the literature dealing with optimal forward pricing levels. An often-cited reason for producer preference for forward contracting is the absence of basis risks under that forward pricing alternative. This paper presents models of optimal forward contracting and hedging under price and yield uncertainty within a mean-variance framework. The results indicate that basis certainty does not explain preferences for forward contracting.
An Investigation of the Relationship Between Constraint Omission and Risk Aversion in Firm Risk Programming Models
Authors: Musser Wesley N. , McCarl Bruce A. , Smith G. Scott
Published: February 2017

A model with omitted resource constraints is suggested as an alternative to a risk aversion model for explaining economic behavior. This paper uses two standard mathematical programming models to further explore this issue. One model is a standard profit maximization linear programming model and the other is a risk averse quadratic programming model with part of the constraints deleted. Theoretical investigation of these models demonstrates that risk aversion can substitute for omitted resource constraints. A small empirical model is then solved under both formulations. With resource constraints deleted, positive risk aversion is necessary to obtain a similar enterprise organization as under profit maximization with complete constraints. These two solutions are then interpreted with the theoretical optimality conditions.
Systems Design Procedures for Farm Accounting
Authors: Schnitkey Gary D. , Sonka Steven T.
Published: February 2017

This paper presents a conceptual framework, known as systems development, for designing, selecting, and evaluating information systems. Techniques are developed that aid farm managers in choosing an accounting system. Six farmers took part in case studies testing the selection techniques. The participating farmers exhibited great diversity in the preferred design of their accounting systems and the manner in which they desired reports to be presented. This diversity suggests that system selection is an important aspect of implementing an accounting system.
A Microcomputer Package to Teach the Simplex Algorithm
Authors: Beilock Richard , Correal Catherine , Drummond Evan , Pheasant Jim , Wolfe Wayne
Published: February 2017

Basic features of a microcomputer package, BCDP, which is an auto-tutorial designed to teach the Simplex algorithm are described. The package may be used to augment lecture and text materials in introductory linear programming courses or as a review for advanced math programming courses. Preliminary evaluations of the effectiveness of the program to augment classroom instruction are very positive.
A Non-Linear Programming Approach to Floodplain Management With Non-Structural Alternatives
Authors: Kaul Jawahar L. , Willis Cleve E.
Published: February 2017

There is apparently a growing awareness of the role of non-structural measures as an important part of an overall flood damage reduction program. This awareness has come in part with the realization that structural measures often provide a false sense of security to floodplain occupants and can, then, result in increased food damages — contrary to their intended purpose. To be sure, restrictions prohibiting all development in flood prone areas is a polar case (which will eliminate all damages). There are no a priori reasons to believe that all uses should be prohibited from all floodplain areas. Some of these areas can, in fact, be put to economic use by land use management such that benefits derived outweigh costs associated with such development.

The objectives underlying this investigation, then, are (i) to develop a methodology useful to planners at several levels for efficient floodplain management, considering both structural and non-structural measures and (ii) to demonstrate the usefulness of the methodology by applying it to a selected floodplain in the Connecticut River Basin.
Estimating the Relative Rurality of U.S. Counties
Authors: Smith Blair J. , Parvin David W.
Published: February 2017

In context of the phrase “Rural Development”, so much a part of the current vocabulary of social scientists, the term ‘rural’ is often poorly defined and loosely used. Partly because of the great diversity in definitions of rural, both expressed and implied, a coherent and comprehensive rural development literature has not emerged. Obviously, rural development refers to the development of whatever is rural. The aim of this paper is to deal only with the question of what is rural, leaving the matter of what consitutes development to other writers.
Assessment of Risk When Contract Crops are Included Among Other Crop Alternatives
Authors: Kliebenstein James B. , Scott John T.
Published: February 2017

All those who have worked closely with farmers know that uncertainties in farming are great. They stem from many sources — natural forces such as weather, disease, variation in market prices, etc. Some uncertainties, e.g., weather hazards such as hail, can be insured against; others can be reduced by increased wealth. Farmers can also reduce uncertainty through contracting, as these may specify price and quantity.

Most crops grown in the U.S. Central Cornbelt are sold on highly developed public markets with daily prices and offerings. While target prices for soybeans and corn exist, price uncertainty still remains at the time farmers make decisions. Futures markets have long been available. However, few farmers use futures markets to predetermine prices in their crop planning process. One reason for this is that while use of futures markets can remove price risks, biological weather risks remain.
Measuring Impacts on Demand of Agricultural Commodity Promotion
Authors: Raikes Ronald , Vollink William
Published: February 2017

Producer “checkoff” programs have been established for several agricultural commodities. Typically, at least part of the money collected is used to support commodity promotions. But decisions about support of promotions often are made with little information about expected impacts on demand. Studies of selected commodity promotions have provided estimates of promotions' impacts on intercepts of demand functions. But these studies have not provided information about impacts on other demand parameters; viz., the responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in commodity price, prices of competing commodities or consumer income. The purpose of this paper is to suggest and illustrate a research procedure that provides estimates of a promotion's impacts on the demand function's intercept and on responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in price, competing prices and income.
The Household Demand for Major Dairy Products in the Southern Region
Authors: Boehm William T.
Published: February 2017

Changing conditions in market organization and competitive nature of the United States dairy industry are signaling a different pricing system for milk and related products. Market conditions and demand patterns which led to adoption of the present pricing system no longer exist. The reservoir of manufacturing grade milk in Minnesota and Wisconsin is continually being depleted, as producers in that area either leave the business or shift to Grade “A” fluid outlets.

A changing demand for milk and other dairy products has also contributed to the present need for a reconsideration of the milk pricing process. Per capita consumption of beverage milk has stabilized at about 292 pounds per year. There have been, however, substantial increases in the consumption rate for some manufactured products, especially cheese. Ironically, with somewhat stabilized increases in population growth, future expansion for the dairy industry may rest with the potential for increased consumption of those products traditionally serving as “residual claimants”.
Financial Analysis of Solar Energy Applications with Endogenous System Sizing
Authors: Gunter Lewell , Smathers Webb M.
Published: February 2017

This paper is concerned with analysis of economic feasibility of solar energy systems. Methodology for estimating energy output from different sized systems is briefly presented, and this is used to determine technical coefficients for a mixed integer model which optimizes the size of the solar heating unit for a particular use. An empirical example of hot water heating on a Georgia dairy is presented. Cost curves are provided for the dairy example to illustrate the effect of sizing on the economic feasibility of solar heating and to elucidate the structure of the optimal sizing decision.
Management of Intensive Forage-Beef Production Under Yield Uncertainty
Authors: Pope C. Arden , Shumway C. Richard
Published: February 2017

Forage production variability is incorporated into a decision theory framework for a beef producer in East Texas. The results suggest that the least risky, and also the most profitable, approach to intensive forage beef production is to plan for relatively poor weather conditions and low forage production. This results in a more diverse forage system and a smaller herd size than would be found optimal under the assumption of constant average forage production. These results also demonstrate that the assumption of constant average forage production may result in grossly exaggerated estimates of expected net returns.
State-Level Analysis of National Beef Policy: The Use of State Econometric Models
Authors: Roberts Roland K. , Martin William J.
Published: February 2017

Interest has grown in analyzing the impact of national imports of foreign beef on state agricultural sectors. In this study, an interfaced Hawaiian-national model is simulated for a change in national beef imports. Hawaiian and national impacts demonstrate wide variation in both sign and magnitude. Usefulness of state models is emphasized for situations where state impacts of national policies are of interest.
Farm Level Impacts of Reduced Chemical Use on Southern Agriculture
Authors: Richardson James W. , Smith Edward G. , Knutson Ronald D. , Outlaw Joe L.
Published: February 2017

In anticipation of Congressional debates over an expanded environmental title in the 1990 farm bill, several studies on pesticide use and the impacts of reduction were undertaken (e.g., Smith et al., Knutson et al., Osteen and Szmedra, and GRC Economics). Osteen and Szmedra reported that the use of herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides increased steadily from post-World War II to 1982 before decreasing as crop prices declined and acreage reduction programs reduced planted acreage. Heightened concerns and perceptions about the presence of pesticides and nitrates in our food and water supplies have led to calls for the reduction and/or elimination of agricultural chemicals. For example, a National Academy of Science study has concluded and therefore fostered the perception that substantial reductions in chemical use are possible without large impacts on production and/or prices.
Entrepreneurship, Sanctions, and Labor Contracting
Authors: Polopolus Leo C. , Emerson Robert D.
Published: February 2017

Entrepreneurs innovate their individual business organizations not only to deal with production and price risks, but also to cope with the risk of sanctions or penalties imposed by society's laws and regulations. More specifically, labor-intensive agricultural firms, faced with potentially large fines for violation of immigration and labor laws, increasingly modify the organization of their firms by shifting the management of routine seasonal labor jobs to independent farm labor contractors. The use of labor contracting is further intensified because of the effectiveness of labor contractors in the recruitment of illegal aliens.
People Left Behind: Transitions of the Rural Poor
Authors: Molnar Joseph J. , Traxler Greg
Published: February 2017

Compared to their urban counterparts, the rural poor are more likely to be employed, more apt to be members of married-couple families, less likely to be children, less likely to be minority, and more likely to have assets but a negative income. This paper examines poverty rates and factors that affect mobility in and out of poverty among major categories of the rural poor. Particular attention is paid to farm workers and the rural farm population in the South. It endeavors to identify both structural conditions that perpetuate rural poverty and government interventions that ameliorate human suffering and break the cycle of poverty reproduction.
Measuring and Explaining the Decline in U.S. Cotton Productivity Growth
Authors: Cooke Stephen C. , Sundquist W. Burt
Published: February 2017

Tornquist input quantity indices were used to derive total and partial factor productivity measures for U.S. cotton across time, region, and scale. Total factor productivity for U.S. cotton increased .2 percent per year between 1974 and 1982. Partial productivity measures revealed that yield growth was about .6 percent and input use grew about .4 percent per year. Cotton enterprises in Alabama and Mississippi gained and those in the Texas High Plains lost competitive advantage relative to California. In 1982, very large (1750-5900 acres) and large (950-1749 acres) cotton enterprises were 2 percent more productive than medium-size enterprises (570-949 acres).
A County-Level Model of Manufacturing Plant Recruitment with Improved Industrial Site Quality Measurement
Authors: Kriesel Warren , McNamara Kevin T.
Published: February 2017

Empirical analysis of manufacturing plant location requires the use of a single industrial site quality measure. Under hedonic price theory, the price of industrial sites can be explained by their quality characteristics. The estimated site price is included with ten other location factors in an ordered, categorical logit model of plant attraction to Georgia counties. The results inform public decisionmakers of the relative impact of site location factors and how changes in location factors can alter the probability of attracting a manufacturing plant.
The Structure of International Demand for Soybean Products
Authors: Heien Dale , Pick Daniel
Published: February 2017

This study used a new body of quarterly data to estimate multilateral import demand relations for soybeans and soymeal. The countries of origin were the United States, Brazil, and Argentina. The areas of destination were the EEC, Japan, and Eastern Europe. The results indicated that own- and cross-price elasticities were quite large. These demand relations were then inverted and solved for prices to examine the effect on total revenue of increases in supplies from each of the exporting countries. Results showed that, in all cases except one, own-total revenue was inflexible with respect to increase in the own-quantity supplied. These results imply that an increase in exports will be associated with smaller proportional increase in revenue from exports.
A Note on the Factors Affecting Corn Basis Relationships
Authors: Naik Gopal , Leuthold Raymond M.
Published: February 2017

Empirical tests were made of components of the corn basis in the U.S. utilizing a general theory of intertemporal price relationships for storable commodities. These tests showed that the basis consists of a risk premium, a speculative component, and a maturity basis apart from other factors such as storage costs for storable commodities. The results provide insights into factors affecting basis patterns for corn.