bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of ceric ammonium sulphate and two dyes, methyl orange and indigo carmine, in the determination of lansoprazole in pharmaceuticals
Authors: Basavaiah Kanakapura , Ramakrishna Veeraiah , Kumar Urdigere
Published: June 2007

Use of ceric ammonium sulphate and two dyes, methyl orange and indigo carmine, in the determination of lansoprazole in pharmaceuticals

Two spectrophotometric methods are proposed for the assay of lansoprazole (LPZ) in bulk drug and in dosage forms using ceric ammonium sulphate (CAS) and two dyes, methyl orange and indigo carmine, as reagents. The methods involve addition of a known excess of CAS to LPZ in acid medium, followed by determination of residual CAS by reacting with a fixed amount of either methyl orange, measuring the absorbance at 520 nm (method A), or indigo carmine, measuring the absorbance at 610 nm (method B). In both methods, the amount of CAS reacted corresponds to the amount of LPZ and the measured absorbance was found to increase linearly with the concentration of LPZ, which is corroborated by the correlation coefficients of 0.9979 and 0.9954 for methods A and B, respectively. The systems obey Beer's law for 0.5-7.0 μg mL-1and 0.25-3.0 μg mL-1for methods A and B, respectively. The apparent molar absorptivities were calculated to be 3.0 x 104and 4.4 x 104L mol-1cm-1for methods A and B, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated to be 0.08 and 0.25 μg mL-1for method A, and 0.09 and 0.27 μg mLs-1for method B, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy of the methods were evaluated according to the current ICH guidelines. Both methods were of comparable accuracy (er≤ 2 %). Also, both methods are equally precise as shown by the relative standard deviation values < 1.5%. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical adjuvants. The accuracy of the methods was further ascertained by performing recovery studies using the standard addition method. The methods were successfully applied to the assay of LPZ in capsule preparations and the results were statistically compared with those of the literature UV-spectrophotometric method by applying Student'st-test andF-test.
Scarf versus Chevron Osteotomy in Hallux Valgus: A Randomized Controlled Trial in 96 Patients
Authors: Deenik A.R. , Pilot P. , Brandt S.E. , van Mameren H. , van Geesink R.G.T. , van Draijer W.F.
Published: June 2007

Background: The degree of correction of hallux valgus deformity using a distal chevron osteotomy is reported as limited. The scarf osteotomy is reported to correct large intermetatarsal angles (IMA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate if one technique gave greater correction of the IMA and hallux valgus angle (HVA) than the other. Methods: After informed consent, 96 feet in 83 patients were randomized into two treatment groups (49 scarf and 47 chevron osteotomies). The results were evaluated using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Hallux Valgus Scale and radiographic HVA and IMA measurements. Results: At 27 (range 23–31) months followup both groups improved. The AOFAS score in the chevron group improved from 48 to 89 points and in the scarf group from 47 to 91 points. In the chevron group the HVA corrected from 30 to 17 degrees, and in the scarf group the HVA corrected from 29 to 18 degrees. In both groups, the IMA was corrected from 13 to 10 degrees. The differences were not statistically significant. Three patients in the chevron group developed a partial metatarsal head necrosis. In the scarf group, four patients developed grade 1 complex regional pain syndrome compared to one patient in the chevron group. Conclusions: No differences of statistical significance could be measured between the two groups with respect to the AOFAS score, HVA, and IMA. Although both groups showed good to excellent results, we favor the chevron osteotomy because the procedure is technically less demanding.
Results of Endoscopic Plantar Fascia Release
Authors: Bazaz Rajesh , Ferkel Richard D.
Published: June 2007

Background: Conservative treatment for plantar fasciitis usually provides improvement, but some patients progress to surgery. Open release is most commonly performed but is associated with prolonged recovery and complications. Endoscopic plantar fascia release (EPFR) has become popular recently. We present our results. Methods: Twenty patients (23 feet) had EPFR. Sixteen patients (19 feet) were available for followup after at least 1 year. Ten were women and 6 were men, with an average age of 44.7 (range 28 to 70) years. The average followup was 47 months. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale and Maryland Foot Score were used for evaluation. Gender, obesity, severity, length of preoperative symptoms, and workers compensation (WC) status were studied. Results: The average AOFAS and Maryland scores improved postoperatively (66 to 88, p < 0.05; 62 to 83, p < 0.05, respectively). Women improved 25 (AOFAS) and 23 points (Maryland) points. Men improved 16 (AOFAS) and 17 points (Maryland) points. Obese patients improved 38 and 28 points, respectively. Normal weight patients improved 16 and 19 points, respectively. Postoperative scores for patients with high preoperative severity improved from 58 to 81 (AOFAS) and from 52 to 73 (Maryland). Patients with moderate preoperative severity achieved scores from 72 to 93 and from 70 to 91. Patients who had symptoms longer than 2 years before EPFR had lower postoperative scores. Non-WC patients improved 25 (AOFAS) and 24 (Maryland) points. WC patients improved 18 and 16 points, respectively. Conclusions: EPFR provides significantly improved patient outcomes. Patients with more severe symptoms before EPFR and those with symptoms for longer than 2 years had worse results. Obesity had no negative effect on outcome. WC patients had inferior results compared to non-WC patients. Women achieved better results than men. This finding may be biased because most WC patients were men.
Walking and Running Plantar Pressure Analysis before and after Resection of Tarsal Coalition
Authors: Hetsroni Iftach , Ayalon Moshe , Mann Gideon , Meyer Ganit , Nyska Meir
Published: June 2007

Background: Conservative treatment failure in symptomatic tarsal coalition usually mandates bar resection as a preferred operative alternative. The outcome of this procedure generally has been assessed by clinical measures. The purpose of our study was to evaluate whether plantar pressure distribution is normalized after bar resection. Methods: This study compared three groups: nine candidates for resection of tarsal coalition, nine patients between 2 and 4 years after bar resection (not the same patients who were candidates for resection), and nine control subjects. The ankle and hindfoot were evaluated according to the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale. Mean plantar pressure and mean normalized impulses were calculated during walking and running. Results: Significantly higher AOFAS scores were demonstrated in the postoperative group compared with the preoperative group ( p < 0.01). Medial midfoot pressures demonstrated the most consistent differences between groups. Preoperative feet had significantly higher medial midfoot pressures compared with the control group both during walking and running. Feet that had resection did not demonstrate significantly higher medial midfoot pressures during walking compared with the control group. However, during running, this segment's pressures were significantly higher both in preoperative ( p = 0.000) and in postoperative ( p = 0.023) feet compared with the control group. Heel segments revealed decreased pressures laterally both in preoperative feet and in postoperative feet compared with the control group. Conclusions: Running demonstrates that normal plantar pressures are not recreated after resection of tarsal coalition. However, close to normal walking pressure distribution is consistent with the favorable clinical outcome observed in most patients after bar resection. Clinical Relevance: Regaining full recreational activity after resection of a tarsal coalition, i.e. running, may have implications on abnormal foot loading and torque, thus promoting degenerative changes in the subtalar and adjacent joints.
Avulsion Fractures of the Fifth Metatarsal Base: A Prospective Outcome Study
Authors: Egol Kenneth , Walsh Michael , Rosenblatt Katherine , Capla Edward , Koval Kenneth J.
Published: June 2007

Background: This prospective study was done to evaluate functional outcomes after acute avulsion fractures of the fifth metatarsal base. Methods: Fifty-two patients who sustained an avulsion fracture of the fifth metatarsal base and presented to the outpatient clinic of our hospital system were treated according to a standardized protocol. A total of 49 patients (50 fractures) were available for 1-year followup. There were eight men and 41 women with an average age of 41.9 (range 17 to 81) years. The lower extremity was placed in a hard-soled shoe, and patients were allowed to bear weight as tolerated. Baseline data collection consisted of demographic information, and radiographic, and functional evaluation. Patients were seen at regularly scheduled visits for 6 months and then contacted at 1 year to obtain followup information. A Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) questionnaire was obtained at 6 months and 1 year. Analyses were performed to determine differences in outcome based on demographics and injury information. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: An average of 22 days were lost from work, with 23 patients (46.9%) taking up to 10 days, 18 (36.7%) taking 10 days or longer off work, and eight patients (16.4%) losing no days of work. Based on self-reports, 10 patients (20.4%) had returned to pre-injury functional status by 3 months, 42 patients (85.7%) by 6 months, and all 49 patients by 1 year. At six and 12 months, no differences in SFMA were found based on gender, fracture type, or amount of fracture displacement. Conclusions: Fracture of the fifth metatarsal base often is a source of lost work productivity. Although patients can be expected to return to their preinjury level of function, recovery may take 6 months or longer.
Two Distinctive Subungual Pathologies: Subungual Exostosis and Subungual Osteochondroma
Authors: Lee Sang Ki , Jung Moon Sang , Lee Young Ho , Gong Hyun Sik , Kim Jae Kwang , Baek Goo Hyun
Published: June 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to present features that differentiate subungual exostosis from subungual osteochondroma. Methods: We treated 11 patients for subungual masses. All were confirmed by radiographic and histologic evaluations to be subungual exostosis or subungual osteochondroma. The study patients comprised eight female and three male patients with a mean age at presentation of 18.7 years (range 1.5 to 70.9). In the five patients with subungual exostosis, three (60%) had a toe lesion, and two (40%) had a finger lesion. In the six patients with subungual osteochondroma, four (67%) had a toe lesion, and two (33%) had finger lesions. We analyzed the clinical features, including trauma history, the existence of infection before surgery, tumor recurrence, and postoperative nail deformity. Results: In all patients, the lesions presented as an exophytic tumor of the nail apparatus, beneath the nail plate, which varied in size from 0.6 × 0.4 cm to 1.2 × 0.9 cm. Excision of these masses produced useful toes or fingers without pain, a tender scar, or nail deformity. Although nails were deformed preoperatively, they grew back without ridges or cracks within 3 to 5 months postoperatively. There were no recurrences based on clinical and radiographic evaluations, and both tumor types showed characteristic radiographic and histologic differences. Conclusions: Subungual exostosis and subungual osteochondroma are benign but have distinct osseous pathologies. We concluded that subungual exostosis is clinically, developmentally, radiographically, and histologically distinct from subungual osteochondroma.
Comparison of Two Intramedullary Nails for Tibiotalocalcaneal Fusion: Anatomic and Radiographic Considerations
Authors: Mückley Thomas , Ullm Sebastian , Petrovitch Alexander , Klos Kajetan , Beimel Claudia , Fröber Rosemarie , Hofmann Gunther O.
Published: June 2007

Background: Retrograde intramedullary nailing is an established procedure for tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis. This study was conducted to see whether, and if so to what extent, nail design modifications would influence the risk to anatomic structures and the bony coverage of the nail base. Methods: Six pairs of thawed fresh-frozen cadaver legs received two different intramedullary nails (N1: straight nail, lateral-medial tip locking; N2: valgus-curved nail, medial-lateral tip locking) under simulated operative conditions. The specimens were dissected; distances between the at-risk structures and the hardware were measured. The hindfoot axis and the volume of the intracalcaneal nail portion were determined with CT. Results: At the plantar entry site, N2 was significantly farther from the flexor hallucis longus tendon ( p = 0.047), the medial plantar artery ( p = 0.026), and the lateral plantar nerve ( p = 0.026) than N1. The lateral-medial calcaneal locking screw of N1 damaged significantly more often the peroneus brevis tendon ( p = 0.03) than N2. The proximal tip-locking screw, N2, was significantly farther from the anterior tibial artery ( p = 0.075) and the deep ( p = 0.047) and superficial peroneal nerves ( p = 0.009) than N1; N1 was significantly farther from the great saphenous vein ( p = 0.075) than N2. The distal tip-locking screw, N1. damaged significantly more often the extensor digitorum longus ( p = 0.007), the anterior tibial artery( p = 0.04), and the deep and superficial peroneal nerves ( p = 0.03) than N2. CT did not show any significant changes in the hindfoot axis with either device; intracalcaneal nail volumes were similar. Conclusions: A curved nail can increase the distance to at-risk plantar structures. Medial-lateral nail-tip locking appears to have less risk to neurovascular structures. Clinical Relevance: Safer retrograde intramedullary nailing for tibiotalocalcaneal fusion requires knowledge of the structures at risk and appropriate operative technique.
Risk to Neurovascular Structures Using Posterolateral Percutaneous Ankle Screw Placement: A Cadaver Study
Authors: Keeling John J. , Schon Lew C.
Published: June 2007

Background: Over the past 20 years, ankle arthrodesis with use of screw augmentation has become a popular technique to gain fusion of the arthritic ankle. The objective of this cadaver study was to identify the risks to local neurovascular structures using standard operative practices for percutaneous guide pin placement. Methods: Nine fresh frozen cadaver limbs were used. A guide pin from the Synthes (Paoli, PA) 7.3-mm cannulated set was placed percutaneously into the distal posterolateral leg with the ankle held in neutral position. A layered dissection was then performed from the skin to tibia. Neurovascular injury and distance of the guide pin from the sural and tibial nerves were noted. Results: The guide pin did not touch the sural or tibial nerves in any specimens. With this technique, the mean distance of the pin from the sural nerve and tibial nerve at the closest point was 0.9 mm and 6.5 mm, respectively. Conclusions: In placement of a percutaneous screw, care should be taken to start the posterolateral guide pin placement more lateral or closer to the fibula at this level in the leg to avoid injury to the sural nerve. Additionally, the tibial nerve is potentially an at risk structure if percutaneous pin insertion crosses medial to the coronal plane midline. Clinical relevance: The use of percutaneous screw placement is safe and effective with minimal risk to local neurovascular structures if standard operative technique is followed.
Influence of the Abductor Hallucis Muscle on the Medial Arch of the Foot: A Kinematic and Anatomical Cadaver Study
Authors: Wong Yue Shuen
Published: June 2007

Background: Most studies of degenerative flatfoot have focused on the posterior tibial muscle, an extrinsic muscle of the foot. However, there is evidence that the intrinsic muscles, in particular the abductor hallucis (ABH), are active during late stance and toe-off phases of gait. The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinematic effect of a simulated contraction of the abductor hallucis muscle on a cadaver lower limb specimen. Methods: Eight below-knee cadaver specimens were prepared. The abductor hallucis muscle was exposed and the entire muscle-tendon unit excised. A suture secured to the calcaneal origin of the muscle and tendon was passed through a pulley at the ABH sesamoid attachment. The specimen was mounted on an experimental rig in a ‘standing’ position. Motions in the first metatarsal, tibia, and calcaneus were tracked using the ‘Flock of Birds’ motion analysis system (Ascension Technology, Burlington, VT). Muscle contraction was simulated by applying tension on the suture. Results: All eight specimens showed an origin from the posteromedial calcaneus and an insertion at the tibial sesamoid. All specimens also demonstrated a fascial sling in the hindfoot, lifting the abductor hallucis muscle to give it an inverted ‘V’ shaped configuration. Simulated contraction of the abductor hallucis muscle caused flexion and supination of the first metatarsal, inversion of the calcaneus, and external rotation of the tibia, consistent with elevation of the arch. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: The abductor hallucis muscle acts as a dynamic elevator of the arch. Understanding this mechanism may change the way we understand and treat pes planus, posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, hallux valgus, and Charcot neuroarthropathy.
Templated Synthesis of Porous Capsules with a Controllable Surface Morphology and their Application as Gas Sensors
Authors: Choi W. S. , Koo H. Y. , Zhongbin Z. , Li Y. , Kim D.‐Y.
Published: June 2007

Porous capsules composed of hematite, silica, and hematite–silica composites are prepared by a templated synthesis method. Polyelectrolyte multilayer‐coated particles (PEMPs) are used to synthesize goethite nanocrystals and the resulting goethite‐nanocrystal‐embedded PEMPs (PEMP–goethite) are then used as templates to form porous capsules. The surface morphology and surface area of the porous capsules can be controlled by the size of the PEMP–goethite template, which is determined by the extent of growth of the goethite nanocrystals. By controlling the surface morphology and area, it is also possible to tune the sensitivity of the hematite capsules for use as gas‐sensing materials. This surfactant‐free approach is also used to synthesize silica and silica‐based composite capsules with a controllable porous shell thickness. This straightforward approach can also be extended to the synthesis of other porous capsules or particles with a controllable surface morphology.
The next frontier is anticipation: Thinking ahead about conflict to help clients find constructive ways to engage issues in advance
Authors: Honeyman Christopher , Macfarlane Julie , Mayer Bernard , Schneider Andrea , Seul Jeff
Published: June 2007

Assuming a comfort level by lawyers and companies with conflict resolution processes, five top conflict resolution authorities have joined together to discuss the next step. They believe that sophisticated ADR practice will be characterized by anticipatory dispute prevention
Follow‐up: ADR domains sell in pre‐auction deal
Authors: Bleemer Russ
Published: June 2007

Follow‐ups on April items: Two primary ADR domains each sold for six‐figure sums, though the ADR provider/listings company that they previously supported is still on the market. And two more U.S. Supreme Court justices include testimony before a Congressional committee on ADR luring judges away from the bench to support their calls for higher pay
Title indexes as alerting services in the chemical and life sciences
Authors: Bottle Robert T.
Published: June 2007

The principles underlying alerting services are discussed. General alerting services (as distinct from SDI systems) need to transfer to their users a large quantity of current but mainly irrelevant information as speedily as possible. As title indexes are the easiest to prepare, and are therefore common, the user needs to know how much significant information is not discernible from a documents title. This is estimated to be 20–25% but can vary with subject and type of information sought. If a search of, say, Chemical Titles is made, ignoring synonyms but allowing for all syntactical variants, only about one third of the significant information will be recovered. Synonyms and other nomenclature problems are discussed. Delay times and time of use are the two most important factors in evaluating an alerting service and are reviewed for some typical services.
A step towards library automation
Authors: Fischer Stephen B.
Published: June 2007

This article is a report on an experimental project in library automation at the United States Military Academy. A series of programs were written in FORTRAN for the GE‐225 computer to produce listings of periodical holdings. The results of the project and the conclusions drawn are briefly discussed.
A reference collection scheme for a specialized information center based on the “cooperating specialist”
Authors: Eggins H. O. W. , Willsher M. J. D.
Published: June 2007

The problems facing the Biodeterioration Information Centre in locating published material in a newly emerging, interdisciplinary subject are outlined, together with the various ways in which reasonably comprehensive coverage might be achieved. The method of reference collection finally adopted relies on the cooperation of specialist workers in biodeterioration–“cooperating specialists”–and the method of operation of the scheme is described. The scheme is still in an early stage of development, but results suggest that its successful operation is possible, providing that the activities of the cooperating specialists are well monitored by the Centre. There are certain other advantages for a specialized information center in maintaining a close link with a body of experts in the field.
An information analysis center effectiveness chrestomathy
Authors: Wooster Harold
Published: June 2007

Chrestomathy, n. A selection of passages, esp. with notes, etc., to be used in acquiring a language.
An exercise in computer file management
Authors: Climenson W. Douglas
Published: June 2007

This paper and the five following summarize the material presented at a session on file management systems at the ASIS Annual Meeting in October 1969. The term file management refers to computer systems that address the full range of processing activities associated with files, not only retrieval, but also file formatting, updating, and maintenance. To provide a common basis for reporting recent work in this area, an exercise in computer processing of document reference material was defined and distributed to those interested in participating. The exercise consisted of file building, updating, and correction processes, as well as a variety of sample inquiries and reports. Seventy articles on data processing were used as the data base.
Application of CAPRI to the ASIS file management exercise
Authors: Bloom P. W.
Published: June 2007

The CAPRI file management system was designed to handle document references as well as more regular data such as that found in administrative or fact files. The ASIS file problem exercised several significant features of this system, including a powerful input processor, definition control, and its file maintenance and retrieval‐output modules.
Application of IBM TEXT‐PAC to the ASIS file management exercise
Authors: Lindsley Thomas F.
Published: June 2007

TEXT‐PAC is used to support the activities of the IBM Technical Information Retrieval Center. The data for the exercise was already part of the data base at the Center. The differences in processing such material in an operating environment and that called for in the exercise are discussed, along with capabilities of TEXT‐PAC demonstrated by the exercise.
A highly associative document retrieval system
Authors: Cagan Carl
Published: June 2007

This paper describes a document retrieval system implemented with a subset of the medical literature. With the exception of the development of a negative dictionary, all system operations are completely automatic. Introduced are methods for computation of term‐term association factors, indexing, assignment of term‐document relevance values, and computations for recall and relevance. High weights are provided for low‐frequency terms, and retrieval is performed directly from highly connected term‐document files without elaboration. Recall and relevance are based on quantitative internal system computations, and results are compared with user evaluations.
Cardiovascular serial literature: Characteristics, productive journals, and abstracting/indexing coverage
Authors: Frick Barbara F. , Ginski John M.
Published: June 2007

Two groups of journals were identified as potential sources for cardiovascular (c–v) information. The first group consists of 78 c–v specialty journals, identified as cardiovascular from the title. These 78 emanate from 24 countries, with about one‐half of the specialty journals being published by 28 national and international societies. The second group of journals is composed of those journals used by grantees of the National Heart Institute (NHI) to publish their findings.

In fiscal 1967, 5,860 papers, appearing in 789 journals, were reported to NHI. Taking the grantees of NHI as being representative of U.S. c–v researchers, it was found that the specialty journals were not the most quantitatively fertile sources of c–v information–only about 14% of American c–v papers were published there. The remaining 86% of the literature was widely dispersed throughout 766 nonspecialty c–v journals.

The extent of bibliographic control by the major indexing and abstracting services was found to be more extensive for the top‐ranking journals in the NHI sample than for the group of c–v specialty journals.
On deriving design equations for information retrieval systems
Authors: Cooper William S.
Published: June 2007

In recent research on document retrieval systems, considerable attention has been devoted to the problem of defining appropriate performance measures, but very little has been done to derive design equations that make use of them. Design equations show the relationships that obtain between retrieval performance and the design characteristics of the system under analysis. Because design equations, when and if they become available, will be the keystones of retrieval system theory, the question of how they can be derived is an important one. In this paper, the question is investigated in three case studies corresponding to three different types of retrieval systems. A design equation is derived for each of the three system types, the equation in each case showing the relationship between expected search length, used as a performance measure, and certain system characteristics having to do with the distribution of index terms over the document collection and the number of errors in the search requests.
The royal society catalogue as an index to nineteenth century American science
Authors: Elliott Clark A.
Published: June 2007

The Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific Papers is investigated in terms of its coverage of American science journals and American scientists. The journals indexed by the Catalogue are compared to other standard lists of journals from the nineteenth century. A list of scientists with three or more articles in American journals indexed in the Catalogue is compared to standard lists of scientists based on other criteria.

The Catalogue is found to be, in most cases, an excellent index to the contents of American periodical literature, but for complete coverage some supplementary work would be necessary. The study also concludes that, if the number of articles written is not considered, the Royal Society index can be used to compile a near‐universal list of American “scientists.” This leads to the conclusion that in the period 1800 to 1863 (the years covered by this study), journal article writing of some variety and extent already characterized a man of science.
Epineurial compartments and their role in intraneural ganglion cyst propagation: An experimental study
Authors: Spinner Robert J. , Wang Huan , Carmichael Stephen W. , Amrami Kimberly K. , Scheithauer Bernd W.
Published: June 2007

New patterns of intraneural ganglion cyst formation are emerging that have not previously been explained in current pathoanatomic terms. We believe there are three important elements underlying the appearance of these cysts: (a) an articular branch of the nerve that connects to a nearby synovial joint; (b) ejected synovial fluid following the path of least resistance along tissue planes; and (c) the additional effects of pressure and pressure fluxes. The dynamic nature of cyst formation has become clearly apparent to us in our clinical, operative and pathologic practice, but the precise mechanism underlying the process has not been critically studied. To test our hypothesis that a fibular (peroneal) or tibial intraneural cyst derived from the superior tibiofibular joint could ascend proximally into the sciatic nerve, expand within it and descend into terminal branches of this major nerve, we designed a series of simple, qualitative laboratory experiments in two cadavers (four specimens, six experiments). Injecting dye into the outer or “epifascicular” epineurium of the fibular and the tibial nerves we observed its ascent, cross over and descent patterns in three of three specimens as well as its cross over after an outer epineurial sciatic injection. In contrast, injecting dye into the inner or “interfascicular” epineurium led to its ascent within the tibial nerve and its division within the sciatic nerve in one specimen and lack of cross over in a sciatic nerve injection. Histologic cross‐sections of the nerves at varying levels demonstrated a tract of disruption within the outer epineurium of the nerve injected and the nerve(s) into which the dye, after cross over, descended. Those specimens injected in the inner epineurium demonstrated dye within this tract but without disruption of or dye intrusion into the outer epineurium. In no case did the dye pass through the perineurial layers. Coupled with our observations in previous detailed studies, these anatomic findings provide proof of concept that sciatic cross over occurs due to the filling of its common epineurial sheath; furthermore, these findings, support the unifying articular theory, even in cases wherein patterns of intraneural ganglion cyst formation are unusual. Additional work is needed to be done to correlate these anatomic findings with magnetic resonance imaging and surgical pathology. Clin. Anat. 20:826–833, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyacetylenverbindungen, LXXXVI: Über rote natürliche Schwefelacetylenverbindungen
Authors: Bohlmann Ferdinand , Kleine Käthe‐Marie
Published: June 2007

Mehrere Arten aus dem Tribus Heliantheae und Helenieae enthalten relativ unpolare Polyine, deren Struktur aufgeklärt wird. Bemerkenswert ist die leichte Überführung in bereits bekannte Thiophenverbindungen. Biogenetische Beziehungen werden diskutiert.
Reaktionen mit Phosphinalkylenen, XI. Eine neue Möglichkeit zur Synthese des Phenanthrens und seiner Derivate
Authors: Bestmann Hans Jürgen , Häberlein Harald , Eisele Wolfgunde
Published: June 2007

2.2′‐Bis‐brommethyl‐biphenyl (1) bildet mit 1 Mol Triphenylphosphin das Monophosphoniumsalz 2, das mit Natriumalkoholat in das Ylid 3 übergeführt werden kann. 3 schließt durch intramolekulare C‐Alkylierung den Ring zum Phosphoniumsalz 4, aus dem mit weiterer Base das Ylid 5 entsteht. Aus 5 lassen sich Phenanthren und seine verschiedenartigsten 9(10)‐substituierten Derivate darstellen. Analog wurden 4.5‐Dimethyl‐phenanthren und 2.7‐Dinitro‐phenanthren synthetisiert. Die Methode eignet sich zum spezifischen Einbau von Wasserstoffisotopen in 9(10)‐Stellung des Phenanthrens.
α‐Hydroxy‐β‐keto‐sulfone — Isomere hypothetischer „Sulfonyl‐reduktone”︁
Authors: Schank Kurt
Published: June 2007

Es wurden erstmals α‐Hydroxy‐β‐keto‐sulfone — Isomere theoretisch eventuell zu erwartender „Sulfonyl‐reduktone”︁ — durch Addition von Sulfinsäuren an beliebig substituierte Glyoxale R′COCHO hergestellt.
Umsetzung cyclischer Carbonate mit symmetrisch diarylsubstituierten Harnstoffen und Thioharnstoffen
Authors: Gulbins Erich , Hamann Karl
Published: June 2007

Cyclische Carbonate von 1.2‐Glykolen bzw. Epoxide reagieren mit diarylsubstituierten Harnstoffen und Thioharnstoffen zu Oxazolidonen‐(2) und Imidazolidonen‐(2).
Polyacetylenverbindungen, XCI. Struktur und Synthese eines C18‐Ketoacetats aus Cosmos sulphureus Cav.
Authors: Bohlmann Ferdinand , Kleine Käthe‐Marie , Bornowski Hans
Published: June 2007

Aus den oberirdischen Teilen von Cosmos sulphureus Cav. wird ein C18‐Ketoacetat (5) isoliert, in seiner Struktur geklärt und synthetisch dargestellt. Die mögliche Bedeutung als biogenetische Schlüsselsubstanz wird diskutiert.
Redox‐Spaltung von Sulfonamiden, 6. Über die Sulfonylierung von 3(5)‐Amino‐pyrazol
Authors: Dorn Helmut , Hilgetag Günter , Zubek Alfred
Published: June 2007

Abgesehen von Tautomeren lassen sich von 3(5)‐Amino‐pyrazol zehn Typen von N‐Sulfonyl‐Derivaten ableiten. Vier davon wurden, ausgehend von 3(5)‐Amino‐pyrazol (3) oder von 3‐Imino‐pyrazolidin, synthetisiert und strukturell festgelegt. Die Lage der SO2‐Banden in den IR‐Spektren der Bis‐sulfonyl‐Derivate von 3 wird diskutiert.
Über o‐Chinone und 1.2‐Diketone, VIII. Über das Bis‐biphenylen‐dichlor‐diacetyl
Authors: Schönberg Alexander , Praefcke Klaus
Published: June 2007

Diazofluoren (1) reagiert z. T. sehr heftig mit organischen Säurechloriden. Im Gegensatz zu Oxalylchlorid, das mit 1 das als farblos beschriebene Bis‐biphenylen‐dichlor‐diacetyl (2) liefert, führen andere Dicarbonsäure‐dichloride 1 stets in den Graebeschen Kohlenwasserstoff 3 über. Phenylmagnesiumbromid entchlort 2 zum gelben Bis‐biphenylen‐diacetyl (4). Farbe sowie UV‐, IR‐, NMR‐ und Massenspektren von 2 und 4 werden diskutiert.
Studien über den Mechanismus chemischer Reaktionen, XXIII. Hydrierungen von Nitrilen unter Verwendung von Terpenen als Wasserstoffdonatoren
Authors: Kindler Karl , Lührs Klaus
Published: June 2007

Mit Terpenen als H‐Donatoren konnte die Cyangruppe katalytisch (Pd/Kohle) zur Methylgruppe hydriert werden. Bei analogen Hydrierungen von veresterten Mandelsäurenitrilen entstanden Äthylbenzole; hier wurde zusätzlich der Acyloxyrest durch Wasserstoff ersetzt.
Äthinierungsreaktionen, XXIII. Reaktionen am 11H‐Dibenzo[c.f][1.2]diazepinon‐(11)
Authors: Ried Walter , Piesch Steffen
Published: June 2007

11H‐Dibenzo[c.f] [1.2]diazepinon‐(11) (1) läßt sich in 11‐Stellung äthinieren. Als Nebenprodukt entsteht Acridon. Das Äthinol lagert sich nach Meyer‐Schuster zum ungesättigten Aldehyd um. Ketene addieren sich an die Azobrücke von 1 zu Vierringaddukten. 1 wird zur Hydrazoverbindung hydriert und diese mit Malonylchlorid zu einer azulenähnlichen Verbindung umgesetzt.
Eine neue Synthese des Pentaphens
Authors: Franck Heinz‐Gerhard , Zander Maximilian
Published: June 2007

Pentaphen (7) wird in einem 6‐stufigen Verfahren aus o‐Benzyl‐benzoesäure (1) dargestellt.
Cyclodien‐Insektizide, II. Synthese und Struktur von Heptachlor‐methano‐tetrahydroindanen
Authors: Büchel Karl Heinz , Ginsberg Alfred Eduard , Fischer Rolf
Published: June 2007

Durch katalytische Druck‐Addition von HCl an Chlorden erhält man α‐, β‐ und γ‐Dihydroheptachlor, deren Konfiguration durch unabhängige Synthesen und NMR‐Spektren bewiesen wird. Durch Variation der Bedingungen können die Anteile der Isomeren beeinflußt werden, so daß man z. B. die Synthese nahezu einheitlich zum β‐Isomeren leiten kann. Das β‐Isomere ist ein Insektizid mit sehr niedriger Warmblüter‐Toxizität. Die biologischen Eigenschaften der 3 Isomeren werden verglichen.
Zur Struktur der „Sesquihalogenide der Blausäure”︁
Authors: Allenstein Eckhard , Schmidt Armin , Beyl Volker
Published: June 2007

IR‐Spektren der Sesquihalogenide der Blausäure mit der Zusammensetzung 2 HCN · 3 HCl, 2 HCN · 2 HCl · HBr und 2 HCN · 3 HBr, der 1 : 1‐Addukte aus dem Sesquichlorid der Blausäure und Antimon(V)‐chlorid bzw. Aluminiumchlorid sowie IR‐Spektren volldeuterierter Derivate einiger dieser Verbindungen wurden aufgenommen. Von den bisher diskutierten Strukturannahmen der Sesquihalogenide der Blausäure ließen sich durch Analyse des Bereichs 1300–3800/cm der IR‐Spektren die Strukturen 1, 3 und 4 ausschließen, während sich weitgehende Übereinstimmung mit der Struktur 2 ergab. Die Isolierung von N‐Formyl‐formamidinium‐bromid und Dimethylsulfid‐dibromid bei der Umsetzung des Sesquibromids der Blausäure mit Dimethylsulfoxid bestätigt die Struktur 2 auch auf chemischem Wege. Bei Aminolyse des N‐Formyl‐formamidinium‐bromids mit Ammoniak bzw. Dimethylamin bildete sich Formamidinium‐bromid und Formamid bzw. Dimethylformamid. Außerdem wurde versucht, den Verlauf der Hydrolyse des Sesquichlorids der Blausäure zu klären.
Zur Synthese substituierter Pyridone durch Dehydrierung
Authors: Müller Eberhard , Haller Rolf , Merz Kurt Walther
Published: June 2007

Beide desmotropen Formen von Piperidon‐(4)‐dicarbonsäureestern werden mit Chrom(VI)‐oxid oder mit Cer(IV)‐sulfat zu entsprechend substituierten Pyridonen‐(4) dehydriert. Bei ihren N‐Alkyl‐Derivaten tritt als Nebenreaktion N‐Desalkylierung ein. Die Struktur der Pyridone wird IR‐spektroskopisch untersucht.
Additionen an die Dreifachbindung, V. Der sterische Verlauf von Additionen an die Dreifachbindung
Authors: Winterfeldt Ekkehard , Preuss Heinz
Published: June 2007

Der sterische Verlauf der Addition von Aminen und Alkoholen an die Dreifachbindung unter den verschiedenen Bedingungen wird untersucht, wobei sich zeigt, daß sekundäre Amine stereospezifisch cis‐Additionsprodukte liefern.
Darstellung von Tetrakis‐[N‐alkyl‐anilino]‐äthylenen
Authors: Hagedorn Ilse , Lichtel Karl Edgar
Published: June 2007

N‐Methyl‐ und N‐Äthyl‐anilin reagieren mit Orthoameisensäure‐estern zu Tetrakis‐[N‐alkyl‐anilino]‐äthylenen. Diese sind sauerstoff‐stabil, aber äußerst hydrolyseempfindlich gegenüber Säuren.
Stabile Schwefel‐Ylide
Authors: Gompper Rudolf , Euchner Hans
Published: June 2007

Durch Umsetzung von Barbitursäuren, 2‐Hydroxy‐naphthochinon‐(1.4) und Methylen‐bis‐phenylsulfon mit Dialkylsulfoxyden in Gegenwart von Acetanhydrid entstehen stabile Schwefel‐Ylide.
Synthese und Struktur von Chinoxalin‐glucosiden
Authors: Reisser Fritz , Pfleiderer Wolfgang
Published: June 2007

2‐Oxo‐dihydrochinoxaline reagieren sowohl nach der Fischer‐Helferich‐ als auch nach der Quecksilbersalz‐Methode unter selektiver O‐Substitution in hohen Ausbeuten zu 2‐Glucosyloxy‐chinoxalinen. Sterische Faktoren, insbesondere die Anwesenheit des peri‐ständigen H‐Atoms, werden für das Ausbleiben einer N‐Glykosidierung verantwortlich gemacht. Aus denselben Gründen blieb auch die Anwendung der Hilbert‐Johnson‐Reaktion sowie ihre Modifizierung nach Birkofer in der Chinoxalinreihe ohne Erfolg.
Zur Hydrierung des 1.2‐Oxazin‐Ringsystems
Authors: Klamann Dieter , Weyerstahl Peter , Fligge Manfred , Ulm Klaus
Published: June 2007

Die katalytische Hydrierung von 3.6‐Dihydro‐1.2‐oxazinen oder von 4.5‐Dimethyl‐6H‐1.2‐oxazin liefert in einer Stufe 4‐Amino‐butanol‐(1) bzw. dessen Derivate. Die sauren Salze einiger Dicarbonsäuren mit 4‐Amino‐butanol‐(1) sind zur Gewinnung von Polykondensaten des Polyesteramid‐Typs geeignet.
Über das tetratertiäre Phosphin Tetrakis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)‐methan
Authors: Ellermann Jochen , Dorn Karlheinz
Published: June 2007

Pentaerythrittetrabromid reagiert mit Natriumdiphenylphosphid in flüssigem Ammoniak zu Tetrakis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)‐methan:

Darstellung, Eigenschaften und IR‐Spektrum der Verbindung werden beschrieben.
Darstellung und thermische Stabilität von 1‐Chlor‐2.2‐diaryl‐vinyllithium‐Verbindungen
Authors: Köbrich Gert , Trapp Horst
Published: June 2007

Metallierungsgeschwindigkeiten der kernsubstituierten Diarylhalogenäthylene 1 und Stabilität der resultierenden Lithiumorganyle 2 wachsen in der Reihe CH3O < CH3 < H < Cl und ortho < para. Die mechanistischen Konsequenzen für die Fritsch‐Buttenberg‐Wiechell‐Umlagerung werden diskutiert. Bei dem o‐Methoxyderivat 2c konkurriert mit der Umlagerung die Cyclisierung zu einem Benzofuranderivat, welche als elektrophile Reaktion des metallierten Kohlenstoffes angesehen wird.
Zur Synthese von Halogenolefinen durch Wittig‐Reaktion und mittels Dichlormethyllithium
Authors: Köbrich Gert , Trapp Horst , Flory Klaus , Drischel Walter
Published: June 2007

Einige Chlorolefine werden durch Chlormethylenierung nach Wittig dargestellt. Entsprechende Bromolefinierungen sind mit dem Phosphoran 16 möglich, welches aus dem zugehörigen Phosphoniumsalz und Lithiumpiperidid entsteht, während mit Butyllithium oder Phenyllithium vorwiegend Halogen‐Metall‐Austausch zum halogenfreien Phosphoran 13 eintritt. Durch Addition von Dichlormethyllithium, dessen Darstellung beschrieben wird, an Carbonylverbindungen sind 1.1‐Dichlor‐olefine bequem erhältlich. Ihr Halogen‐Metall‐Austausch mit n‐Butyllithium in Tetrahydrofuran eröffnet einen weiteren Zugang zu α‐Chlor‐vinyllithium‐Verbindungen.
Hydrogenolyse von Diaza‐spiroalkanen
Authors: Korte Friedhelm , Bocz Alexius Kiskéri , Büchel Karl Heinz
Published: June 2007

Die Hydrogenolyse der 1.6‐Diaza‐spiro[4.4]nonane bzw. 1.7‐Diaza‐spiro[5.5]undecane führt zu Alkylamino‐pyrrolidinen bzw. ‐piperidinen. Unter energischen Bedingungen können, besonders aus den N.N′‐Diaryl‐diazaspiranen, α.ω‐Bis‐arylamino‐alkane erhalten werden.
Über die SiN‐Bindung, XXII. Die Darstellung von N.N‐Bis‐trimethylsilyl‐aminen
Authors: Hils Jutta , Hagen Volker , Ludwig Hilmar , Rühlmann Klaus
Published: June 2007

Sterisch wenig gehinderte prim. Amine, Alkylendiamine, Aminoalkohole und Aminosäuren reagieren mit Trimethylsilyl‐diäthylamin in Gegenwart von wenig (NH4)2SO4 zu den entsprechenden N.N‐Bis‐trimethylsilyl‐Derivaten, die sich mit Ausnahme des Aminosäure‐Derivates durch bemerkenswerte Hydrolysebeständigkeit auszeichnen.
α‐Eliminierungen bei alkalimetallorganischen Verbindungen, VI. Synthese von 1‐Chlor‐1‐phenylmercapto‐cyclopropanen
Authors: Schöllkopf Ulrich , Woerner Frank Peter , Wiskott Erik
Published: June 2007

Die Umsetzung von Dichlormethyl‐phenylsulfid mit Kalium‐tert.‐butylat in Gegenwart von Olefinen liefert 1‐Chlor‐1‐phenylmercapto‐cyclopropane. Chlor‐phenylmercapto‐carben wird als Zwischenstufe diskutiert. — Ein Hydrolyse‐Versuch am 1‐Chlor‐1‐phenylmercapto‐2.2‐dimethyl‐cyclopropan macht wahrscheinlich, daß das Chloratom ohne Ringöffnung nucleophil austauschbar ist.
1‐Amino‐tetrazol
Authors: Hagedorn Ilse , Winkelmann Hans‐Dieter
Published: June 2007

1‐Amino‐tetrazol (3) entsteht praktisch quantitativ durch hydrolytische Spaltung von 1‐Benzylidenamino‐tetrazol (2), das aus Benzaldehyd‐[2‐äthoxymethylen‐hydrazon] (1) und Natriumazid in Eisessig leicht zugänglich ist. Auf die gleiche einfache Weise wie 2 läßt sich auch, von N‐Phenyl‐formimidsäure‐äthylester ausgehend, 1‐Phenyl‐tetrazol (13) darstellen.
Hydroxylamin‐Derivate, XXVI. Über Acetale mit N‐Hydroxy‐dialkylaminen
Authors: Zinner Gerwalt , Kliegel Wolfgang
Published: June 2007

N‐Hydroxy‐dialkylamine lassen sich mit Aldehyden in O‐Halbacetale überführen; eine Bildung symmetrischer O.O‐Acetale ist erschwert, jedoch entstehen mit Aminen bzw. Hydrazinen gemischte O.N‐Acetale, die durch Acylchloride zu N‐Acyloxy‐dialkylaminen und α‐chlorierten Aminen bzw. Hydrazinen aufgespalten werden. Ein entsprechendes Verhalten, einschließlich der Bildung stabiler Dihydro‐5‐bora‐1.3.4‐dioxazole aus den Halbacetalen und Diphenylborinsäure zeigen auch die als N‐Hydroxy‐imine aufzufassenden Oxime.
1.2β‐Methylen‐steroide
Authors: Wiechert Rudolf , Engelfried Otto , Kerb Ulrich , Laurent Henry , Müller Hans , Schulz Gerhard
Published: June 2007

1.2β‐Methylen‐3‐ketone der Steroidreihe wurden aus Δ1‐3β‐Hydroxy‐Verbindungen durch Methylenierung mit Bis(jodmethyl)‐zink‐zinkjodid und anschließende Oxydation sowie aus Δ1‐3‐Keto‐AB‐cis‐steroiden mittels Dimethylmethylensulfoniumoxid und Basen hergestellt. Die 1.2β‐Stellung der Methylengruppe wurde durch chemische Reaktionen sichergestellt. Verätherungen, Acetalisierungen, Dehydrierungen, Doppelbindungsisomerisierungen und Reduktionen werden teilweise durch den Cyclopropanring entscheidend beeinflußt.
Darstellung und Eigenschaften einiger Phosphorverbindungen mit tert.‐Butylgruppen
Authors: Hoffmann Hellmut , Schellenbeck Peter
Published: June 2007

Einfache Verfahren zur Darstellung von Di‐tert.‐butylphosphin, tert.‐Butyl‐phenyl‐phosphin und tert.‐Butyl‐phenyl‐phosphinoxyd werden beschrieben. Das Reaktionsverhalten dieser Verbindungen sowie der aus den sekundären Phosphinen durch Alkylierung erhaltenen tertiären Phosphine mit einer oder zwei tert.‐Butylgruppen wird untersucht. Bei der Umsetzung von Methyl‐tert.‐butyl‐phenyl‐phosphin oder Triphenylphosphin mit Tritylchlorid erhält man p‐Benzhydrylphenyl‐phosphoniumsalze.
Die Synthese sekundärer Carbonsäuren nach der Ameisensäure‐Methode
Authors: Haaf Wolfgang
Published: June 2007

Die Umsetzung unverzweigter Olefine oder Alkohole nach der Ameisensäure‐Methode verlief bisher wegen der niedrigen Kohlenoxid‐Konzentration von ca. 10−3 Mol/l fast ausschließlich unter Umlagerung zu tertiären Carbonsäuren. Durch Verringerung der Rührintensität läßt sich eine Übersättigung mit ca. 10−1 Mol CO/l erreichen. Bei dieser um zwei Zehnerpotenzen höheren CO‐Konzentration führt die Ameisensäure‐Methode bei unverzweigten Olefinen oder Alkoholen zur bevorzugten Bildung sekundärer Carbonsäuren.
Aminoalkohole, XXII. Über die Reaktionen acyclischer 1.2‐Aminoalkohole mit Oxalsäureestern
Authors: Drefahl Günther , Hartmann Manfred , Skurk Axel
Published: June 2007

Die diastereomeren 2‐Methylamino‐1.2‐diphenyl‐äthanole werden mit Oxalsäure‐diäthylester zu DL‐cis‐ und DL‐trans‐5.6‐Diphenyl‐4‐methyl‐morpholin‐dionen‐(2.3) umgesetzt. Das dazu unterschiedliche Verhalten von DL‐Norephedrin, DL‐Nor‐pseudo‐ephedrin und der epimeren DL‐2‐Amino‐1.2‐diphenyl‐äthanole sowie ihre Umsetzung zu substituierten Oxamidsäureestern und 5.6‐disubstituierten Morpholin‐dionen‐(2.3) wird beschrieben.
Potentielle Cytostatica, 7. N‐Nitroso‐1‐methylamino‐1‐desoxy‐zuckeralkohole
Authors: Dorn Helmut , Bacigalupo Giovanni , Wand Horst
Published: June 2007

1‐Methylamino‐1‐desoxy‐zuckeralkohole werden nitrosiert und Beziehungen zwischen der Konfiguration der gebildeten Nitrosamine und der Richtung ihrer optischen Drehung diskutiert.
Über α‐Halogenäther, XXIV. Anwendung der Kováts‐Indices zur gaschromatographischen Untersuchung der Ätherchlorierung
Authors: Rusche Jochen , Janák Jaroslav , Kratochvil Milan , Jonas Jaroslav , Gross Hans
Published: June 2007

Für eine Reihe von Acetalen, Halogenacetalen und α‐Halogenäthern wurden die Kováts‐Indices bestimmt und hieraus die Inkremente für einige Substituenten in α‐ und in β‐Stellung zur Alkoxygruppe errechnet. – Die erhaltenen Daten wurden zur gaschromatographischen Identifizierung einiger Acetale und zur Untersuchung der Ätherchlorierung verwendet. Die hier erzielten Ergebnisse lassen sich durch Annahme eines temperaturabhängigen Gleichgewichts zwischen α‐Chlor‐diäthyläther und Äthylvinyläther am besten deuten.
Über α‐Halogenäther, XXVI. Chlorierung von Tetrahydropyran
Authors: Kratochvil Milan , Jonas Jaroslav , Bartes Oldřich , Gross Hans
Published: June 2007

Tetrahydropyran gibt bei Tieftemperaturchlorierung je nach eingesetzter Menge Chlor entweder 2‐Chlor‐tetrahydropyran oder ein Gemisch isomerer Dichlor‐tetrahydropyrane, die gaschromatographisch und präparativ als die 2.3‐ und die 2.6‐Dichlorverbindung erkannt wurden. – Darstellung und Reaktionen von 6‐Chlor‐2‐isobutyloxy‐tetrahydropyran werden beschrieben.