bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil Microbial, Chemical and Physical Properties in Continuous Cotton and Integrated Crop–Livestock Systems
Authors: Acosta-Martínez V. , Zobeck T. M. , Allen Vivien
Published: July 2010

Continuous monoculture systems can reduce soil organic matter because of low organic inputs and disturbance from tillage practices. Integrated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cropping and livestock production systems in West Texas may provide more sustainable alternatives to the traditional continuous cotton system and improve soil quality. Our study was conducted on a Pullman soil (Fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustolls) after 5 yr as a complete randomized block design (three replications) that compared continuous cotton and an integrated livestock‐crop system with a perennial warm‐season grass pasture (Bothriochloa bladhii) paddock and two paddocks (two stages) of a rotation (wheat [Triticum aestivum]‐fallow‐rye [Secale cereale]‐cotton). Total N (average: 1.0 g kg−1 soil) remained similar among systems and soil pH was >8.1. Organic C was higher (13.5 g kg−1 soil) in perennial pasture compared with continuous cotton (9.0 g kg−1 soil) at 0 to 5 cm. A similar trend was found for the soil aggregate stability. Soil microbial biomass C (Cmic) was greater in perennial pasture (193 mg kg−1 soil) and the rotation under rye and cotton (237 mg kg−1 soil) compared with continuous cotton (124 mg kg−1 soil) at 0 to 5 cm, and in perennial pasture at 5 to 10 and 10 to 15 cm. Soil microbial biomass N (Nmic) showed similar trends. Soil enzyme activities were greater in perennial pasture and the rotation (under rye and cotton) than under continuous cotton at 0 to 5 cm. The integrated crop‐livestock system had higher protozoa (20:4ω6c = 1.98%) and fungi (18:3ω9c = 1.30%) than continuous cotton (20:4ω6c = 1.09%; 18:3ω9c = 0.76%). These findings suggest positive differences in soil function and sustainability of the integrated crop–livestock system compared with continuous cotton.
Do Soil Surveys and Terrain Analyses Identify Similar Priority Sites for Conservation?
Authors: Tomer M. D. , James D. E.
Published: July 2010

Terrain analyses may help target conservation practices, but soil survey is the traditional basis for conservation planning. This study's objective was to identify correspondence between terrain and soil survey attributes. Iowa's South Fork (78000 ha) and West Nishnabotna (64000 ha) watersheds provided example datasets. Major resource concerns are soil wetness in the South Fork's glacial terrain, and soil erosion in the West Nishnabotna's loess hills. Slope, contributing area, curvature, and wetness (W) and erosion (E) indices, calculated from National Elevation Database (30‐m) data, were each divided into two groups according to highly erodible land (HEL), hydric‐soil, drainage‐class, topsoil‐thickness, clay, and organic matter content attributes from soil survey delineations. All groupings had different means (p < 0.001), but proportions of captured variance ranged from <0.1 to 22%. Critical values of slope and W segregated hydric, drainage, and topsoil‐thickness groups with 66 to 74% accuracy in both watersheds, and slope and E segregated HEL groupings with 71 to 76% accuracy. Finer detail in terrain data appeared realistic in dissected terrain, but artificial in near‐level terrain. The largest 20% of W values were about 80% hydric soils in the South Fork, and the largest 20% of E values were about 80% HEL in the West Nishnabotna. However, similar statements on E and HEL in the South Fork, and W and hydric soils in the West Nishnabotna, applied to few cells (<2%) with <70% accuracy. Therefore, targeting of conservation practices based on 30‐m grid terrain analysis can be consistent with soil survey information, but to a degree that varies by landscape and resource concern.
Effects of Thirty Years of Irrigation on the Genesis and Morphology of Two Semiarid Soils in Kansas
Authors: Presley D. Ricks , Ransom M. D. , Kluitenberg G. J. , Finnell P. R.
Published: July 2010

Widespread adoption of irrigation began to occur in western Kansas in the 1950s. The western third of the state is in the ustic moisture regime, receiving about 400 to 500 mm of precipitation per year. Irrigation adds an additional 300 to 600 mm of water per year and effectively alters the natural climate. The Richfield and Keith soil series were investigated to determine if irrigation has caused changes in soil properties and morphology, affecting the genesis of irrigated soils. For each series, 10 long‐term (28–31 yr) irrigated pedons and 10 adjacent pedons that had never been irrigated were sampled. The pH of the surface horizons of the irrigated Keith and Richfield pedons was 1.0 pH unit higher than the dryland pedons. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was also higher in irrigated pedons. Irrigation did not significantly affect organic C content or the calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE). Irrigated pedons contained significantly higher amounts of total clay and showed an altered clay distribution within the profile. They also exhibited more strongly expressed argillic horizon properties in the field and in thin section than nonirrigated pedons. The data indicate that ≈30 yr of irrigation increased clay illuviation and mineral weathering, altered the surface horizon pH and ESP, and modified the natural genetic processes by increasing the rate of pedogenic activity.
The Soil Management Assessment Framework
Authors: Andrews Susan S. , Karlen Douglas L. , Cambardella Cynthia A.
Published: July 2010

Erosion rates and annual soil loss tolerance (T) values in evaluations of soil management practices have served as focal points for soil quality (SQ) research and assessment programs for decades. Our objective is to enhance and extend current soil assessment efforts by presenting a framework for assessing the impact of soil management practices on soil function. The tool consists of three steps: indicator selection, indicator interpretation, and integration into an index. The tool's framework design allows researchers to continually update and refine the interpretations for many soils, climates, and land use practices. The tool was demonstrated using data from case studies in Georgia, Iowa, California, and the Pacific Northwest (WA, ID, OR). Using an expert system of decision rules as an indicator selection step successfully identified indicators for the minimum data set (MDS) in the case study data sets. In the indicator interpretation step, observed indicator data were transformed into unitless scores based on site‐specific algorithmic relationships to soil function. The scored data resulted in scientifically defensible and statistically different treatment means in the four case studies. The efficacy of the indicator interpretation step was evaluated with stepwise regressions using scored and observed indicators as independent variables and endpoint data as iterative dependent variables. Scored indicators usually had coefficients of determination (R2) that were similar or greater than those of the observed indicator values. In some cases, theR2values for indicators and endpoint regressions were higher when examined for individual treatments rather than the entire data set. This study demonstrates significant progress toward development of a SQ assessment framework for adaptive soil resource management or monitoring that is transferable to a variety of climates, soil types, and soil management systems.
Comparison of Soil Physical Properties under Two Different Water Table Management Regimes
Authors: Baker B. J. , Fausey N. R. , Islam K. R.
Published: July 2010

Soil physical properties are important indicators of the potential for agricultural production. The objective of this research was to examine the difference in soil physical properties 9 yr after the initiation of two water table management (WTM) treatments in Wood County, Ohio. Water table management treatments included both unrestricted subsurface drainage year round (Drainage Treatment) and subirrigation during the crop‐growing season to maintain the water table at 25 cm below the surface with unrestricted subsurface drainage the remainder of the year (Subirrigation Treatment). Soil samples were collected in eight plots, in six depth increments to a 1‐m depth. Soil aggregation and related properties were significantly different in response to WTM treatments and soil depths. The subirrigated treatment had lower aggregate stability at 40 to 50 cm compared with the drainage treatment. The mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of aggregates in the subirrigated treatment were smaller than the drainage treatment at depths of 30 to 75 cm. Percentage of macroaggregates and aggregate ratios were generally lower in the subirrigation treatment than the drainage treatment. Subirrigated soils exhibited relatively lower bulk density with an associated increase in total porosity. The drainage treatment had greater penetration resistance from 30 to 45 cm on readings taken in Spring 2000. Subirrigated soils retained a greater volume of moisture at all matric potentials except −0.00015 and −1.5 MPa. The subirrigated soils are apparently not able to develop large, stable aggregates as seen in the continuously drained soil, perhaps because of the frequent water saturation followed by slaking of soil macroaggregates associated with subirrigation.
The Geochemistry of Phosphorus in Peat Soils of a Semiarid Altered Wetland
Authors: Litaor M. I. , Reichmann O. , Auerswald K. , Haim A. , Shenker M.
Published: July 2010

An understanding of P transformations in altered wetlands has mainly developed from temperate and humid regions with neutral to acidic soils. Little is known regarding downstream water quality impact of P transformations in semiarid wetlands that undergone repeated cycles of drying and rewetting. The P geochemistry was studied using the Hedley fractionation scheme in the altered peat soils of the Hula Valley, Israel. The peat soils were sampled according to the peat depth and redox potential characteristics. The mean total P concentration (Pt) in the surface peat horizons (1190 ± 300 mg kg−1) was significantly higher than in the anaerobic (EH< −220 mV) peat layers (650 ± 260 mg kg−1). The concentrations of P in all fractions except the most labile P were significantly higher in the aerobic (EH= 400 mV) peat layers. The predominant extractable fractions in the surface peat horizons were Ca‐P extracted by 1MHCl (21–60% of Pt), Iron‐P extracted by 0.5MNaOH (11–41% of Pt), and residual P extracted by H2SO4(20–40% of Pt). The source of the Ca in the Ca‐P fraction was mainly from gypsum dissolution following the rewetting cycles. The results clearly showed that the drainage of these wetlands facilitated rapid organic matter (OM) oxidation, release of organically bound metals and P followed by sesquioxides and gypsum precipitation. These geochemical transformations enhanced the Ptconcentration per mass of altered peat soil and changed the P distribution among the different pools. Most of the P is currently associated with Fe oxides and hydroxides and/or coprecipitated with Ca.
Redox Window with Minimum Global Warming Potential Contribution from Rice Soils
Authors: Yu Kewei , Patrick William H.
Published: July 2010

Eight different rice (Oryza sativa L.) soils were incubated using a microcosm technique to study CO2, CH4, and N2O contribution to global warming potential (GWP) at different redox potential (EH) conditions. Cumulative GWP from these three greenhouse gases reached a minimum at a redox “window” of +180 to −150 mV. Within the redox window, CO2 production accounted for 86% of the cumulative GWP, because both N2O and CH4 production were low. When EH was higher than +180 mV, both CO2 and N2O production made a significant contribution to the cumulative GWP, whereas CH4 production was a dominant contributor when EH was lower than −150 mV. During the incubation, each soil exhibited a unique signature of developing such an optimum redox window with a minimum GWP. Multiple regressions showed that initial soil organic matter (OM) and S content might have a significant control (P = 0.02) on the time required for the soils to reach the redox window when the incubation started from aerobic conditions. The results of this integrated study on productions of the three greenhouse gases provide a theoretical base for abating soil GWP loading into the atmosphere by regulating soil EH conditions.
Dissolution Kinetics of Iron‐, Manganese‐, and Copper‐Containing Synthetic Hydroxyapatites
Authors: Sutter B. , Hossner L. R. , Ming D. W.
Published: July 2010

Micronutrient‐substituted synthetic hydroxyapatite (SHA) is being evaluated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Advanced Life Support (ALS) Program for crop production on long‐duration human missions to the International Space Station or for future Lunar or Martian outposts. The stirred‐flow technique was utilized to characterize Ca, P, Fe, Mn, and Cu release characteristics from Fe‐, Mn‐, and Cu‐containing SHA in deionized (DI) water, citric acid, and diethylene‐triamine‐pentaacetic acid (DTPA). Initially, Ca and P release rates decreased rapidly with time and were controlled by a non‐SHA calcium phosphate phase(s) with low Ca/P solution molar ratios (0.91–1.51) relative to solid SHA ratios (1.56–1.64). At later times, Ca/P solution molar ratios (1.47–1.79) were near solid SHA ratios and release rates decreased slowly indicating that SHA controlled Ca and P release. Substituted SHA materials had faster dissolution rates relative to unsubstituted SHA. The initial metal release rate order was Mn ≫ Cu > Fe which followed metal‐oxide/phosphate solubility suggesting that poorly crystalline metal‐oxides/phosphates were dominating metal release. Similar metal release rates for all substituted SHA (approximately 0.01 cmol kg−1 min−1) at the end of the DTPA experiment indicated that SHA dissolution was supplying the metals into solution and that poorly crystalline metal‐oxide/phosphates were not controlling metal release. Results indicate that non‐SHA Ca‐phosphate phases and poorly crystalline metal‐oxide/phosphates will contribute Ca, P, and metals. After these phases have dissolved, substituted SHA will be the source of Ca, P, and metals for plants.
Comparing Bulk Soil Electrical Conductivity Determination Using the DUALEM‐1S and EM38‐DD Electromagnetic Induction Instruments
Authors: Abdu H. , Robinson D.A. , Jones S.B.
Published: July 2010

Earth conductivity instruments based on the principle of electromagnetic induction (EMI) are extensively used for mapping soil salinity and, increasingly, for mapping soil texture. Environmental variables such as temperature can impact sensor response beyond the effect of soil solution electrical conductivity. This study was conducted to compare the bulk soil electrical conductivity (ECa)–depth relationship between the DUALEM‐1S and Geonics EM38‐DD devices and to determine the effect of variable temperature environments on instrument response. The relationship of ECa to the depth below ground was investigated by raising each instrument in increments of 0.15 m up to 1.8 m above ground level. The effect of temperature on both instruments was investigated under two soil salinity levels at two sites. The instruments corresponded reasonably with theoretical models describing the ECa–depth relationships, which are primarily coil‐orientation dependent. Under the effect of variable‐temperature test conditions, both instruments were prone to a higher margin of error (10–40%) at lower ECa readings while the error became less significant (≈5%) at higher ECa (>100 mS m−1). The difference in response of the instruments can be ascribed to the temperature‐dependent change in soil ECa due to a 20°C diurnal temperature variation in addition to instrumental drift caused by temperature effects on the processing circuitry. The EM38‐DD's real‐time display and internal powering are its advantages while the lower priced DUALEM‐1S does not need instrument calibration and can store data internally
Nutrient Enrichment of Wetland Vegetation and Sediments in Subtropical Pastures
Authors: Gathumbi Stanley M. , Bohlen Patrick J. , Graetz Donald A.
Published: July 2010

Land use practices exert a major influence on plant productivity, soil and plant nutrient content, and within‐stand nutrient cycling in wetlands in agricultural landscapes. We examined differences between improved and seminative pastures in plant and soil nutrient characteristics in seasonally flooded wetlands in subtropical grazing land of south central Florida. The wetlands were embedded within either grazed improved pastures with a long‐term history of fertilizer application or seminative pastures with no history of previous fertilizer application. Soil nutrient concentrations decreased with soil depth for both land use types. Total C, N, and P were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the 0‐ to 15‐cm mineral layer compared with the deeper layers (15–30, 30–45 cm) for both improved and seminative pasture wetland soils. Improved pasture wetlands had greater amounts of total P (22.3 kg P ha−1) in the upper 0‐ to 15‐cm soil layer than did the seminative pasture wetlands (15.7 kg P ha−1). Plant and soil (0–15 cm) N/P and C/P ratios were lower in improved pasture wetlands compared with seminative pasture wetlands, suggesting greater P enrichment in improved pasture wetlands. Microbial biomass C and N decreased with soil depth in both pasture types. Soil microbial biomass C/total C ratios decreased with soil depth and were similar for both improved and seminative pasture wetlands. Our results suggest that plant and soil nutrient enrichment and storage in temporary wetlands may be impacted by adjacent land use practices, which potentially leads to the alteration of the structure and functions of these wetland ecosystems.
Triggering of Methane Production in Rice Soils by Root Exudates
Authors: Mitra S. , Aulakh M. S. , Wassmann R. , Olk D. C.
Published: July 2010

Elevated CH4 production in flooded soils during the reproductive growth stages of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) is believed to result from decomposition of root exudates and autolysed root tissue. Little else is known about the factors of late‐season CH4 production. This laboratory study investigates the effects of soil properties and crop management practices on CH4 production from rice root exudates. In two anaerobic incubation experiments of 20‐d duration, CH4 production was measured following addition of root exudates and glucose to Philippine rice soils that were collected from (Exp. I) five farmers' fields and (Exp. II) four field treatments that varied in degree of soil aeration through crop rotation and timing of crop residue incorporation. The conversion of glucose‐C to CH4 was 1.6 to 3.6 times greater than the conversion of root exudate C. In Exp. I, rates of CH4 production differed among the five rice soils. The sole soil property that was correlated with cumulative CH4 production was cation‐exchange capacity (CEC). In Exp. II, however, no soil property was correlated with CH4 production from glucose and root exudates. Instead, CH4 production was greatest in the soils that had been sampled from the better‐aerated field treatments, which opposes the common association of CH4 production with anaerobic conditions. The exact reason for this trend is unknown. One possible explanation is that organic matter in soils of the better‐aerated field treatments provided less chemical stabilization of the amended substances, enabling their faster conversion into CH4 Soil properties alone appear inadequate to explain differences in CH4 production from root exudates; crop management practices appear to play a role.
Soil Genesis and Mineral Transformation Across an Environmental Gradient on Andesitic Lahar
Authors: Rasmussen Craig , Matsuyama Nobuhiko , Dahlgren Randy A. , Southard Randal J. , Brauer Neil
Published: July 2010

Soils derived from andesite are regionally important in the western USA, and expression of andic soil properties may be directly related to climate. The objective of this research was to quantify mineral transformation on andesitic lahar across an environmental gradient on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada of California. We hypothesized that the dominance of short‐range‐order (SRO) materials would increase with increasing elevation as precipitation increased and temperatures decreased. Seven pedons were sampled across an elevation gradient (150–2800 m) having large variations in mean annual soil temperature (3–17°C) and mean annual precipitation (45–150 cm). The soil mineral assemblage was characterized by x‐ray diffraction, selective dissolution, total elemental analysis, and microprobe analysis. Weathering and soil development displayed maxima in the zone just below the permanent winter snowline (∼1590 m), with a sharp decrease at higher elevations. Rainfall‐dominated soils at lower elevations had a clay fraction dominated by kaolin. In the snowfall‐dominated zone, SRO (allophane and imogolite) dominated the clay fraction, except for the soils in the cryic soil temperature regime, where interlayered 2:1 layer silicates dominated. The 2:1 mineral is probably inherited, based on the presence of a chlorite‐like mineral in the andesite parent material. With increasing elevation, soil development followed the order Mollisols → Alfisols → Ultisols → Andisols → Inceptisols. Weathering, mineralogical transformations and soil development are limited by water availability at low elevations, whereas low soil temperature is the major limitation at high elevations.
Event Charts for the Analysis of Adverse Events in Longitudinal Studies: An Example from a Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy Trial
Authors: Dubin Joel A. , O'Malley Stephanie S.
Published: July 2010

Purpose:

To illustrate the use of one particular graphical method, the event chart (Lee et al., 2000), for the
display of adverse events (AE’s), along with other important considerations such as time on treatment/intervention,
severity of AE’s, treatment assignment, gender, etc., in longitudinal studies. These graphs can also include other key
information such as efficacy measures and time-dependent covariates of interest.

Methods:

Emphasizing an application of a dose-ranging smoking cessation trial of naltrexone, we use event charts to
convey a few potentially interesting findings from the complex data from this trial, with particular attention paid to the
analysis of the safety (AE) data from the subset of individuals who dropped out before the end of the treatment phase of
the study

Results:

The event charts conveyed some interesting findings regarding relationships between gender, AE’s and dropout
time, as well as between treatment group, AE’s and dropout time, and between AE burden and dropout time.

Conclusion:

Event charts can be one of the helpful exploratory tools in investigating the pattern of adverse events and
their possible association with covariates and time on treatment/intervention in longitudinal studies. Findings from the
event chart analysis of AE’s could potentially lead to more formal statistical analysis and modeling. Software for
generating these event charts is available in R and S-Plus.
Black Radical Voices and Policy Effectiveness in the U.S. Congress
Authors: Tate Katherine
Published: July 2010

This paper argues that African-American House legislators have become less radical, engaging in less forceful ideological battles with the Democratic Party over its policy leadership. They have become simultaneously more prone to support policy leadership from Democratic presidents as well. This argument is based on a study of floor votes by black legislators on budget resolutions in the Carter and Clinton administrations, as well as an analysis of presidential support and party unity scores from 1977 to 2008 in CQ Almanacs. Since the 1990s, based on a number of factors, black House members are less likely to challenge Democratic presidential and party leadership as radical voices on the political left. This decline in black radicalism, I contend, has implications for the concept of African-American politics as an organized challenge to the racial status of blacks.
Clarifying Blackness in Anglo-Native Fictions: Tom Spanbauer's Cross-Ethnic Borrowings
Authors: Norman Brian
Published: July 2010

Abstract:

Anglo writer Tom Spanbauer's The Man Who Fell in Love with the Moon (1991) and American-Indian author Sherman Alexie's Reservation Blues (1995) illustrate how contemporary multicultural literature uses Jim Crow figures as reference points for sorting intricate social lines among other ethnic groups. Spanbauer also illustrates the related dangers of cross-ethnic pilfering.
Backwasting rate on debris-covered Koxkar glacier, Tuomuer mountain, China
Authors: Han Haidong , Wang Jian , Wei Junfeng , Liu Shiyin
Published: July 2010

A physically based energy-balance model with improved parameterization of solar radiation for a sloped ice surface has been developed to estimate the backwasting rate of an ice cliff in a debris-covered area. The model has been tested against observations between 5 August and 5 September 2008 on 38 ice cliffs in the debris-covered area of Koxkar glacier, Tuomuer mountain, China. We calculated that the energy-balance model gave a good estimate of the backwasting rates, with errors in the range ±1.96 cm d−1and root-mean-square errors of 0.99 cm d−1. Errors arising from setting of surface albedo and turbulent flux parameterization were limited. We found that shortwave radiation is the most important heat source for ice-cliff ablation, contributing about 76% of the total heat available for ice melt, while the sensible heat flux provides nearly 24% of the total heat for ice-cliff wastage. The latent heat flux and net longwave radiation are comparatively small according to the model calculation. The mean backwasting rate of ice cliffs in the debris-covered area of Koxkar glacier is estimated at 7.64 m a−1when the winter ablation is neglected. With this annual backwasting rate and given a mean slope angle of 46.4°, the backwasting of ice cliffs produces about 1.60 × 106m3of meltwater, accounting for about 7.3% of the total melt runoff from the debris-covered area.
Ice growth in a spherical cavity of a porous medium
Authors: Vlahou Ioanna , Worster M. Grae
Published: July 2010

We consider an idealized problem of a sphere of ice growing symmetrically in a spherical cavity within a porous rock in order to identify and quantify different physical mechanisms that can result in fracturing the rock. We show that if the permeability of the rock is very small then high pressures can develop in the cavity as the water inside it expands on freezing. However, given typical permeabilities of most rocks, the pressure is relieved by flow out of the cavity through the rock pores. When ice fills the cavity, there remains a microscopic film of water separating the ice from the rock, owing to disjoining forces, and these forces can stress the rock and have the potential to fracture it. The elastic pressure in the rock depresses the freezing temperature, which can limit the potential for fracturing. This simple example reveals the important interactions between disjoining forces, elasticity and fluid flow in determining the pressure exerted during freezing of water-saturated cavities in rocks.
The influence of the presence and drainage of an ice-marginal lake on the flow of Gornergletscher, Switzerland
Authors: Riesen Patrick , Sugiyama Shin , Funk Martin
Published: July 2010

Gornergletscher, Switzerland, is located adjacent to the marginal lake Gornersee, which periodically drains. We measured glacier ice-flow velocities during two drainage events of the lake, in 2004 and 2006. The common feature of these events was that, during both, Gornersee filled to its maximum level and then overflowed. The events differed in that in 2004 Gornersee rapidly drained via a sudden subglacial connection, whereas in 2006 the lake water continued to overflow and slowly discharged into a nearby moulin. We analysed the changes in ice-flow velocities in the vicinity of Gornersee during the two drainage events, using a three-dimensional ice-flow model which is able to (1) simulate locally variable enhanced basal motion of the ice and (2) account for the load and release of water pressure exerted on the ice margin. We demonstrate that the key features of the observed flow changes can be reproduced adequately in the numerical model by considering these two effects as the main mechanisms. We interpret the 2006 flow changes to be dominated by the release of lake water pressure acting on the ice during the lake drainage. The 2004 ice-flow changes can be explained by enhanced basal motion, and the impact of the lake water pressure provides certain clues to some observations insufficiently explained by enhanced basal motion.
Functionality Pattern Matching as an Efficient Complementary Structure/Reaction Search Tool: an Open-Source Approach
Authors: Haider Norbert
Published: July 2010

An open-source software package for creating and operating web-based structure and/or reaction databases is presented. Besides standard search capabilities (text, structure/substructure/similarity), the system offers a fast additional search option, entirely based on binary pattern matching, which uses automatically assigned functional group descriptors.
The Scale-Adusted Latent Class Model: Application to Museum Visitation
Authors: Burke Paul F. , Burton Christine , Huybers Twan , Islam Towhidul , Louviere Jordan J. , Wise Chelsea
Published: July 2010

Preferences of tourists and visitors are varied in a number of markets, making it difficult for managers to understand how underlying segments might respond to changes in service offerings. Market segments differ in preferences for specific features, as well as how consistently they
make their choices. In this article, we illustrate recent developments in choice modeling that allows for simultaneously modeling feature preferences and consistency of choice. We use the Scale-Adjusted Latent Class Model (SALCM) to better understand choices in the context of a research project
conducted in collaboration with six major Australian museums involving a sample of 3,685 museum visitors. We identify three preference classes of museum-goers that explain preferences for levels of 26 museum attributes: Life Force (two thirds of visitors), Educated Thinkers, and Wealthy At-Homes.
Our results indicate sensitivity to general entry prices, including preference for free entry or entry "by donation." Tours are preferred if smaller, lengthier, and conducted by paid museum staff. Not unexpectedly, the findings suggest that museums should cater for children, with some classes
responding positively to providing supervised child areas. Most visitors prefer museums that are dynamic, offer new experiences, and regularly update permanent displays. However, the three classes identified have different overall experience preferences; for example, Educated Thinkers see
museums as an educational opportunity, but Wealthy At-Homes prefer entertaining experiences. Incentives for return visits and cross-museum promotional offers are valued by the Life Force class, but have little effect on Educated Thinkers. The SALCM approach may be attractive to other areas
of tourism analysis, especially where offerings contain many attributes and potential market segments are difficult to define and understand.
Distance Matters: An Assessment of International Tourism Demand in Spain
Authors: Ordóñez José Manuel , Ordóñez Maria Del Carmen , Torres José Luis
Published: July 2010

This article studies international tourist flows to Spain using data panel techniques. Most standard models only include income and relative cost of living as the main explanatory variables of the international tourism demand. By contrast, we show that geographic distance, interpreted
as a proxy for the cross-sectional variation in travel cost among origin countries, is a very important variable in determining international tourism flows to Spain. The inclusion of this variable dramatically increases the explanatory power of the model and hardly changes the estimated value
of income and price elasticities, which are consistent with those obtained in the literature.
Measurements of Serum Pituitary-Gonadal Hormones and Investigation of Sexual and Reproductive Functions in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Wang Guang-chun , Zheng Jun-hua , Xu Long-gen , Min Zhi-lian , Zhu You-hua , Qi Jun , Duan Qiang-lin
Published: July 2010

Objective. To investigate changes in serum pituitary-gonadal hormones and restoration of sexual and reproductive functions after successful kidney transplantation.Patients and Methods. Serum pituitary-gonadal hormones before and after kidney transplantation were measured in 78 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and in 30 healthy adults. Pre- and postoperative semen specimens of 46 male recipients and 15 male controls were collected and compared. Additional 100 married kidney transplant recipients without children were followed up for 3 years to observe their sexual function and fertility.Results. Serum PRL, LH, and T orE2levels gradually restored to the normal ranges in all kidney transplant recipients, and sperm density, motility, viability, and morphology significantly improved in the male recipients 4 months after successful kidney transplantation (P<.05). Thirty-three male recipients (55.93%) reobtained normal erectile function, and 49 kidney transplant recipients (61.25%) had children within the 3-year follow-up period.Conclusion. Successful kidney transplantation could effectively improve pituitary-gonadal hormone disturbance and sexual and reproductive dysfunctions of ESRD patients.
Tort Reform: An Economic Approach
Authors: Grady Mark F.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Real-Rates and Age-Earnings Models: Comment
Authors: Ciecka James
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Valuation of a Closely Held Firm: Difference in Expert Opinion
Authors: Hubbard Carl M. , Waldron Darryl G.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
An Analysis of Railroad Worklife Tables
Authors: Funderburk Dale R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Relative Accuracy of Net Discounting
Authors: Nelson David M.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Evaluation of Homemaker Services: Replacement Cost, Opportunity Cost or Something Else?
Authors: Romans J. Thomas , Floss Frederick G.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Legislatively Imposed Net Discount Rates: Minnesota's Tort Reform
Authors: Egge Karl A.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Estimating Monetary Loss Due to Personal Injury: Comment
Authors: Tinari Frank D.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Economic Consultant in Forensic Economics
Authors: Riley Stephen T.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
On the Relationship Between Age, Earnings, and the Net Discount Rate
Authors: Lewis W. Cris
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Economists, Vocational Evaluators, and Residual Employability: Pitfalls in the Estimation of Future Income Losses
Authors: Seldon James R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
On The Derivation and Consistent Use of Growth and Discount Rates For Future Earnings
Authors: Albrecht Gary R. , Moorhouse John C.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Hedonic Damages and Personal Injury: A Conceptual Approach
Authors: Berla Edward P. , Brookshire Michael L. , Smith Stan V.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Risk-Adjusted Employer-Paid Benefits in Wrongful Death Cases
Authors: Jennings William , Mercurio Penelope
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Computing Losses in Business Interruption Cases
Authors: Foster Carroll B. , Trout Robert R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Forecasts in Tort Cases: Statistical Evaluation and Revision
Authors: Jarrell Stephen B.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Discounting in Forensic Economics
Authors: Feldman Allan M.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Notes on the Estimation of Extrapolated Benefits in Wrongful Death Litigation
Authors: Phillips G. Michael , Fractor David T.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Plausible Range for the Value of Life––Red Herrings Among the Mackerel
Authors: Miller Ted R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Hedonic Damages in the Courtroom Setting––A Bridge Over Troubled Waters
Authors: Smith Stan V.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Assuming the Can Opener: Hedonic Wage Estimates and the Value of Life
Authors: Dickens William T.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Econometric Basis for Estimates of the Value of Life
Authors: Viscusi W. Kip
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The personal values of tomorrow's workforce: Similarities and differences across sex and nationality
Authors: Lindorff Margaret
Published: July 2010

Previous research has identified that values affect attitudes and behaviour, and value differences may be associated with conflict in organizations. This paper examines potential national and gender differences in values in a group of 345 young people soon to be entering the Australian workforce. Although there were national, and small gender, differences in the importance placed on particular values, the young people in the study were consistent in the relative importance placed on happiness, work success and friendship, and the unimportance of life and work activities that contributed to society. Implications for organizations and suggestions for future research are explored.
Are business academics in Australia experiencing emotional labour? A call for empirical research
Authors: Hatzinikolakis John , Crossman Joanna
Published: July 2010

The concept of ‘emotional labour’ is concerned with occasions when feelings are managed to create publically observable emotions in organizational settings in ways that involve them being ‘sold for a wage’ and therefore taking on an ‘exchange value’ (Hochschild (1983: 7). Drawing on an in-depth literature review, this paper explore grounds for arguing that business academics in Australia are experiencing emotional labor. The authors consider the application of findings concerned with emotional labor in a variety of occupations in relation to the context of university business schools. More specifically, they discuss how two decades of increasing marketisation, commercialisation and service orientated university practices may have contributed to emotional labor in Australian university business schools. The paper draws two conclusions. Firstly, educational managers need to be better informed about the positive and negative implications of emotional labor so that they can develop appropriate strategies, guidelines and workplace environments at the organizational level. Secondly, that a review of the literature suggests that empirical research is warranted in order to address the question posed in the title of the paper.
Electronic collaboration ontology: The case of readiness analysis of electronic marketplace adoption
Authors: Miri-Lavassani Kayvan , Movahedi Bahar , Kumar Vinod
Published: July 2010

This paper introduces the ontology of electronic collaboration (e-collaboration) and applies it for modeling the readiness analysis of e-collaboration through the electronic marketplace (EM). Our search of the literature shows that the publication of papers in the areas of e-collaboration and EM has reached to the third phase of S-shape growth, which indicates that these areas have arrived at a certain level of maturity. However, while most of the e-collaboration studies focus on the application of collaboration technologies, less attention has been paid to the development of frameworks and the models that can describe the concept of the collaboration. Based on the notion of e-collaboration at the organization level, this paper introduces the ontology of e-collaboration. The proposed e-collaboration ontology is further applied to the case of readiness analysis for EM-based collaboration. Following the proposed ontology, the readiness model displays key measures of readiness at the strategy, process, and technology levels. At each level, the measures are segmented into internal and external contexts.
Influence of blinding sequence of radiographs on the reproducibility and sensitivity to change of joint space width measurement in knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Gensburger Déborah , Roux Jean‐Paul , Arlot Monique , Sornay‐Rendu Elisabeth , Ravaud Philippe , Chapurlat Roland
Published: July 2010

Objective

To investigate whether knowledge of the sequence of radiographs impacts inter‐ and intraobserver reproducibility and sensitivity to change for measuring joint space width (JSW) in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

A cohort of 70 postmenopausal women with radiologic knee OA was assessed through the measurement of knee radiographs acquired in the semiflexed posteroanterior view, using a positioning frame and fluoroscopy, at baseline and 48 months later. Paired readings of radiographs were made using landmarks at baseline by 2 independent observers unblinded to sequence and blinded to sequence. Intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility was assessed on JSW measurements at baseline and 4 years later and on the longitudinal difference (joint space narrowing [JSN]), using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland and Altman methods. The sensitivity to change was assessed through standardized response means (SRMs).

Results

For JSW and JSN and with both methods, ICCs were high for the intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility (0.90–0.99 for JSW and 0.77–0.89 for JSN). For the Bland‐Altman method, the mean difference was close to 0, with no bias for both observers and methods. The SRMs ranged from 0.38 to 0.48. All of the results were numerically in favor of measuring with knowledge of time sequence, but without a statistically significant difference between the methods.

Conclusion

Intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility was high with or without blinding of the radiograph sequence. Reading with knowledge of time sequence using baseline landmarks tended to improve sensitivity. Therefore, in longitudinal studies of OA radiographs can be read unblinded to sequence.
Should people who have joint symptoms, but no diagnosis of arthritis from a doctor, be included in surveillance efforts?
Authors: Bolen Julie , Helmick Charles G. , Sacks Jeffrey J. , Gizlice Ziya , Potter Catima
Published: July 2010

Objective

In 2005, 27% of adults reported doctor‐diagnosed arthritis, and 14% reported chronic joint symptoms but no doctor‐diagnosed arthritis (i.e., possible arthritis). We evaluate the value of including persons classified as having possible arthritis in surveillance of arthritis.

Methods

In 2005, Kansas, Oklahoma, North Carolina, and Utah added extra questions to their Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) telephone survey targeted to a subsample of those classified as having possible arthritis.

Results

Persons classified as having possible arthritis (n = 2,884) were younger, more often male, and had less activity limitation than persons with doctor‐diagnosed arthritis. Of those classified as having possible arthritis, half had seen a doctor for their symptoms, 12.5% reported arthritis, and 61.9% gave other causes. Of the half who had not seen a doctor, most reported mild symptoms (64.8%).

Conclusion

Only 6.3% of those classified as having possible arthritis had what we considered to be arthritis. Most who did not see a doctor reported mild symptoms and, therefore, would be unlikely to be amenable to medical and public health interventions for arthritis. Although including possible arthritis would slightly improve the sensitivity of detecting arthritis in the population, it would increase false‐positives that would interfere with targeting state intervention efforts and burden estimates. The ability to add back questions to the BRFSS survey allows for the reintroduction of possible arthritis in case national surveillance indicates it necessary or if studies document an increased rate at which possible arthritis turns into arthritis. Currently, possible arthritis does not need to be included in state arthritis surveillance efforts, and limited question space on surveys is better spent on other arthritis issues.
Nocturnal sleeping habits of the Yunnan snub‐nosed monkey in Xiangguqing, China
Authors: Li Dayong , Ren Baoping , Grueter Cyril C. , Li Baoguo , Li Ming
Published: July 2010

Weather, predation, and social organization are hypothesized to influence sleeping habits of nonhuman primates at night. To investigate how the Yunnan snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) prepares for and behaves during cold nights in their harsh alpine forest habitat (above 3,000 m), we studied the sleeping habits of the 171 one‐male units (OMU) in one group for 12 months at Xiangguqing in the Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China. It took 20.2 min from the time the study group entered a sleeping site until they fell asleep. This duration was consistent over seasons. On average, sleeping time was 11.5 hr per night over the year. Seasonal mean lengths of sleeping time varied significantly, however, and ranged from 10 to 13 hr per night, correlating with night length. Two sleeping styles were distinguishable: solitary sleeping and huddled sleeping. That adult males in OMUs principally slept alone. This is likely to reflect night‐time guarding behavior. Female–juvenile and female–infant dyadic huddles were the most prevalent sleeping unit (42% of all observed data), and the monkeys employed female‐biased huddling during nocturnal sleep. Huddled sleeping group size showed significant seasonal variation, with the largest huddle (eight individuals) occurring in winter. Climate and social organization profoundly influence the nocturnal sleeping habits of R. bieti, while huddling behavior may help shield animals from cold nights and provide additional protection against predators. Am. J. Primatol. 72:1092–1099, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carbon pollution (greenhouse gas) measurement and reporting
Authors: Gunst Andrew
Published: July 2010

The processes of Carbon Reporting and Emissions Trading in countries including the United States and Australia have developed from appearing unlikely in 2007 to the implementation of mandatory data reporting commencing in July 2008 in Australia and January 2010 in the United States. The onus is on emitting corporations to determine whether they must report. The data reported will have financial importance if and when Australia and the United States join Europe in placing a price on Carbon. To date, much of the public discussion in these countries has centred on the financial aspects of a Carbon tax or Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). However, significant challenges exist in identifying and quantifying the emissions which the financial community seeks to trade, and business community understanding of the details of greenhouse emissions is not strong. Greenhouse emission reporting regulations and guidelines in Australia, where the first mandatory reports have been lodged by the 680 largest emitters, are outlined. Industrial examples are used to illustrate the challenges of understanding greenhouse gas emissions and their estimation, and how Chemical Engineering methodologies are useful in overcoming these challenges. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface analysis of aminated polypropylene films as an adhesion promoter to polycarbonate film
Authors: Vazquez‐Rodriguez Sofia , Sánchez‐Valdes Saul , Rodríguez‐GonzáLez Francisco , Castillón‐Barraza Felipe F. , Gonzalez‐Gonzalez Virgilio A. , González‐Cantú María C.
Published: July 2010

The surface composition of aminated polypropylene films (PP‐g‐NH2) and their adhesion to polycarbonate (PC) film were evaluated. The detection of amine groups on PP‐g‐NH2 surfaces was obtained by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Contact angle measurements showed a decreased in the polarity on PP‐g‐NH2 surface The adhesion between laminated films of PP‐g‐NH2 and PC was evaluated by T‐peel test and optical microscopy. PC deposited on the PP‐g‐NH2 surfaces was confirmed by FTIR‐ATR and SEM analysis of delaminated films, which is an indicative of an interaction between reactive sites of each polymer. The adhesion performance between PC and PP was improved by using amine modified polypropylene (PP‐g‐NH2). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011