bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Working Family: Helping Women Balance the Roles of Wife, Mother, and Career Woman
Authors: Stoltz‐Loike Marian
Published: December 2011

This article reviews research literature of the past 15 years to assess the impact of four factors on women's career continuity: (a) husband's attitude toward his wife's paid employment, (b) financial considerations, (c) household responsibilities, and (d) wife's personality variables. Particular issues relevant to career counselors are highlighted throughout this review and a variety of career related strategies are presented that can be used to assist clients in achieving this balance. As the number of women in the labor force continues to increase, women's ability to effectively balance family and career concerns will be essential to successful and continuous employment.
The Relationship Between Attitudinal and Behavioral Aspects of Career Maturity
Authors: Fouad Nadya A. , Keeley Timothy J.
Published: December 2011

The construct of career maturity has played a prominent role in career development theory. To have practical significance, however, career counselors should know that career maturity is linked to actual career‐related behaviors. Toward this end, the current study investigated whether a meaningful relationship existed between an attitudinal measure of career maturity and a measure of career maturity reflecting job performance‐related behavioral competencies in a sample of minority youth. Only modest relationships were found between several career maturity attitudes and the behavioral measures. Results are discussed and implications for career counselors working with minority adolescents are provided.
A Career Development Program for Inner‐City Black Youth
Authors: D'Andrea Michael , Daniels Judy
Published: December 2011

This article describes an innovative project designed to more effectively meet the career development needs of inner‐city Black youth. The model for this project includes a multi‐service approach that integrates many traditional vocational development services and community counseling strategies within a culturally sensitive program.
Method Madness
Authors: Larsen Susan B.
Published: December 2011

I caution you not to expect a cookbook solution to your difficulty. I cannot tell you what to do in ten easy steps. Precious few successful career searches are conducted in so mechanical a fashion. You must decide the best sequence of events for yourself. —Howard Figler, The Complete Job Search Handbook
Role Conflict and Career Advancement Among African American Women in Nontraditional Professions
Authors: Burlew A. Kathleen , Johnson J. Lemar
Published: December 2011

To investigate differences in the career experiences of Black women in traditional and nontraditional professions, a sample of Black professional women in traditional (e.g., social work, teaching, counseling) and nontraditional (e.g., law, medicine, engineering) professions were mailed a questionnaire asking about career experiences, family life, and other personal characteristics. Marriage was reported to be more of a career barrier for nontraditionals than traditionals. Nontraditionals also reported more career‐related marital discord than did traditionals. Nontraditionals were more likely to report barriers to career success such as racial and gender discrimination, limited opportunities to develop political clout, and colleagues' doubts about their competence. Nontraditionals also reported less peer support than did traditionals.
Accuracy of the College Majors Finder for Three Majors
Authors: Miller Mark J. , Newell Nancy P. , Springer Thomas P. , Wells Don
Published: December 2011

The Self‐Directed Search was administered to 68 university seniors who were majoring in Chemistry/Chemical Engineering, Elementary Education, and Office Administration. Their resulting three‐letter summary codes were compared with three‐letter college major codes obtained from the College Majors Finder. A high degree of agreement between the two sets of codes was found for each of the three majors. Effective methods for matching people to jobs have held the interest and occupied much time for career counselors and vocational theorists since the inception of the trait‐factor approach to career counseling. More recently, Holland (1985a) broadened and clarified matching procedures through the development of his typological theory of vocational choice. Just as personality types and occupational environments have been organized using Holland's framework to foster an understanding of occupational choice, Holland's theory can also be used to explain other types of choices, such as choice of a college major.
Mapping the Nomological Network of Career Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Niles Spencer G. , Sowa Claudia J.
Published: December 2011

This article examined the degree to which personality hardiness (control, commitment, and challenge), career beliefs (status, preference, motivation, and flexibility), self‐efficacy (general and social), and occupational choice status related to career self‐efficacy among a sample of 181 college juniors and seniors. Results from an intercorrelation matrix and regression analysis indicated that motivation, self‐efficacy, occupational choice status, and commitment correlated significantly to career self‐efficacy. Applications of these findings to career counseling are discussed.
Counseling Uses of Career Self‐Efficacy Theory
Authors: Betz Nancy E.
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the use of career self‐efficacy theory in counseling individuals having low career‐related self‐efficacy.
Use of the Repertory Grid in Career Counseling
Authors: Brook Judith A.
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the application of repertory grid technique to career counseling. The clients supplied and rated jobs, work or nonwork roles, on a series of individually selected personal constructs, elicited by noting similarities and differences between elements. Results obtained allowed clients to explore personal meanings attributed to the jobs or roles by examining the relationships between elements and constructs. The flexible, comprehensive, and highly individualized nature of repertory grid technique makes it possible for the counselor to enter more readily into the client's frame of reference and assists the client to make sense of past and present experiences as a basis for future career planning and decision making.
The Social Influence of Two Computer‐Assisted Career Guidance Systems: DISCOVER and SIGI
Authors: Sampson James P. , Peterson Gary W. , Reardon Robert C. , Lenz Janet G. , Shahnasarian Michael , Ryan‐Jones Rebecca E.
Published: December 2011

Perceptions of expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness of computer‐assisted guidance systems, as measured by an adapted version of the Counselor Rating Form (CRF), were compared for 107 college students in two treatment conditions (DISCOVER and SIGI) and a computer imaging control condition. Findings showed that students in the DISCOVER and SIGI conditions had more positive perceptions of the attractiveness of systems than those in the computer imaging group. In a review of related studies using the CRF in actual counseling, students seemed to attribute comparable levels of expertness to the computer, but not so with attractiveness or trustworthiness. Implications of these findings for the optimal use of CACG systems and for research are discussed.
Work and Family Issues After Injury: Do Female and Male Client Perspectives Differ?
Authors: Brintnell E. Sharon , Madill Helen M. , Montgomerie T. Craig , Stewin Leonard L.
Published: December 2011

Role demands weigh differently on men and women and the balance of role demands shifts when adult family members sustain injuries that compromise their physical capacity. Clients with orthopaedic and soft tissue injuries (N = 53) who were settling insurance claims or currently in litigation were assessed using the Life Roles Inventory (Values and Salience Scales), a Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (structured interview), and measurements of physical capacity, perceived exertion, and functional ability. Findings from this exploratory study suggest that although commitment to the major life roles does not change following injury, levels of participation and role value for working and home/family roles do change. The disruption of social networks is likely related to the working role for women in professional and skilled occupations. Financial concerns, strain in personal relationships, level of independence in self care, and pain on activity significantly affect performance and satisfaction.
Counseling to Promote Retirement Adjustment
Authors: Jensen‐Scott Rhonda L.
Published: December 2011

Older adults, who represent an increasing proportion of the population, face a major challenge in the adjustment to retirement. Nearly one third of older adults experience difficulty in making this adjustment (Atchley, 1975). Atehley's (1975) theory of adjustment to retirement and relevant empirical data are examined. It is argued that reactions to retirement are diverse and multifaceted. Specific counseling interventions and barriers to counseling older adults are suggested.
Career Development in the Commonwealth of Independent States
Authors: Skorikov Vladimir , Vondracek Fred W.
Published: December 2011

The dramatic changes that have occurred in the former Soviet Union as part of its transformation from a communist command economy to a free‐market economy are having a profound impact on the lives of its people. These changes are particularly important in the area of work and careers because these contrasting economic systems assign different meanings and valuations to these domains. Although the institutional and structural changes that are needed to make this transformation successful have been addressed extensively, the changes that are required in the career attitudes, values, and overall conduct of individuals have received little attention. This article applies a developmental‐contextual approach to the analysis of changes that have occurred in the former Soviet Union and how they may affect individual career development.
A Counseling Plan for Randall
Authors: Levinson Edward M.
Published: December 2011

The “Case of Randall” illustrates many common issues that underlie the provision of career counseling to individuals with brain injury. Often, brain‐injured individuals experience a diminished capacity to perform work‐related functions, and require anywhere from 6 months to 5 years of rehabilitation before they are ready for job placement. As Kay, Ezrachi, and Cavallo (1986) have noted, the rate of return to work among brain‐injured individuals is between 25% and 75%. Hence, the length of rehabilitation time required by Randall is not unusual. As is true with Randall, many individuals who have suffered brain injury have difficulty adjusting to changes in their cognitive and physical functioning. Frequently, these individuals experience anger and frustration, and have difficulty accepting and understanding their newfound limitations.
A Multi‐Trait, Multi‐Method Analysis of Three Career Development Measures
Authors: Luzzo Darrell Anthony
Published: December 2011

Campbell and Fiske's (1959) multi‐trait, multi‐method analysis was applied to three popular measures of career development. College students completed the Attitude Scale of the Career Maturity Inventory (Crites, 1978a), the Vocational Preference Inventory (Holland, 1978), and the Decision‐Making Scale of the Career Development Inventory (Super, Thompson, Lindeman, Jordaan, & Myers, 1981). Participants also took part in a structured interview to assess their career development. The table of multi‐trait, multi‐method correlation coefficients for the three measures of career development supported their construct validity. Implications and ideas for future research are discussed.
Annual Review: Practice and Research in Career Counseling and Development, 1993
Authors: Salomone Paul R.
Published: December 2011

This is not a boring, sterile review. Neither is it exhaustive, unbiased, or genteel. My aspiration was to write an interesting, informative, and forthright article that would encourage career counselors to continue their education by reading the original books and articles discussed herein. The praise I expressed is genuine, as is the criticism. My intent was to explain what I found useful, thoughtful, helpful—or not. My hope is that those who read this review will appreciate my viewpoints. I do not expect everyone, however, to subscribe to my positions for, surely, controversy and eclecticism may hone the critical and creative thinking necessary to move career counseling and development forward into the next millennium.
The Inseparability of “Career” and “Personal” Counseling
Authors: Betz Nancy E. , Corning Alexandra F.
Published: December 2011

In this article it is argued that “career” and “personal” counseling should not be viewed as different types of counseling because: (a) the holistic philosophy of counseling emphasizes helping “whole” persons whose lives contain many important and meaningful roles; (b) recent research on the implications of gender and race for career development further demonstrates the inseparability of our career and “personal” lives; and (c) there are numerous commonalities in the “career” and “personal” counseling process.
Integrating Career and Personal Counseling
Authors: Krumboltz John D.
Published: December 2011

Career and personal counseling are inextricably intertwined. Career problems have a strong emotional component. Career indecision and procrastination may be better interpreted as zeteophobia, the fear of career exploration. Trait and factor theory pictures career counseling as unrealistically simplistic and leads neophytes to view it as boring. Training all counselors to integrate career and personal counseling would lead to better service for clients.
Career Counseling Is a Personal Matter
Authors: Davidson Sherwin Lee , Gilbert Lucia Albino
Published: December 2011

In this article we argue that career counseling with adults is the exploration of personal identity and meaning, both of which are fundamental to an individual's survival, well‐being, and family life‐style.
“Career or Noncareer?” That Is the Issue: Case Examples
Authors: Tolsma Robert
Published: December 2011

Case examples are presented demonstrating the interconnection between career and noncareer issues. Comprehensive and intensive personal exploration is needed to uncover the relatedness of seemingly disparate areas of clients' lives. When comprehensive person‐oriented career counseling is done there is recognition and integration of career and life‐style dynamics.
Integrating Sexual Orientation in Career Counseling: Acting to End a Form of the Personal‐Career Dichotomy
Authors: Croteau James M. , Thiel M. J.
Published: December 2011

Ignoring sexual orientation in career counseling practice is presented as a specific case of failing to integrate an aspect of the personal dimension into career counseling. Three case examples illustrate specific actions that career counselors must take to integrate this important aspect of the personal dimension into career counseling. The actions suggested involve three general areas: (a) signaling lesbian and gay affirmation in career counseling practice, (b) enhancing the development of a positive gay or lesbian identity in the context of career development work, and (c) recognizing and integrating the reality of anti‐gay stigma in career counseling.
Career Counseling Practicum: Transformations in Conceptualizing Career Issues
Authors: Warnke Melanie A. , Kim Jinsook , Koeltzow‐Milster Debbie , Terrell Sherri , Dauser Patricia J. , Dial Stella , Howie John , Thiel M. J.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe how their participation in a doctoral‐level career counseling practicum has influenced their perceptions of the relationship between career and personal counseling, attitudes toward career services, and career interventions skills.
Understanding Career Plateauing: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Tan Carol S. , Salomone Paul R.
Published: December 2011

The pyramidal shape of most organizations dictates that virtually all careers will level out before an employee reaches the top of the institution, agency, or corporation. How to maintain or enhance worker productivity and job satisfaction when an employee remains at a career level that discourages one's aspirations are concerns for career counselors, their clients, and organizational executives. This article defines career plateauing, explains types and sources of plateauing, and suggests counseling interventions that can help individuals to recognize and adjust to plateauing. In addition, we recommend proactive measures that will perpetuate the work motivation of effectively‐performing plateaued workers as well as remediate the work behavior of the ineffective, plateaued worker. One of life's maxims is that all careers reach a level after which no higher achievement can be expected. From night watchguard to chief executive officer, each person's career has its apex. Thus, career plateauing is inevitable for all who strive and struggle in the work world (Bardwick, 1986). The point in time when an individual will experience, if not recognize, career plateauing is difficult to predict as is the extent to which that person can influence the timing or impact of this phenomenon.
The Relationship Between Self‐Efficacy Beliefs and Inventoried Vocational Interests
Authors: Lenox Richard A. , Subich Linda Mezydlo
Published: December 2011

It has generally been assumed that a linear relationship exists between vocational interests and self‐efficacy. Bandura (1986) suggested, however, that persons require some amount of reasonable challenge in activities to sustain their interest, and that the relationship of interest to self‐efficacy thus may be curvilinear. This research extended and remedied previous literature and tested explicitly Bandura's concept of a threshold. Results suggest general support for a linear relationship between interest and self‐efficacy (rs are .62–.68), although curvilinear self‐efficacy terms contributed significantly to two of three regression equations. Contrary to predictions, plots suggest interest may be stable at lower levels of self‐efficacy and may increase linearly at higher levels.
Client Expectations About Counseling and Involvement During Career Counseling
Authors: Tinsley Howard E. A. , Tokar David M. , Helwig Susan E.
Published: December 2011

A within‐counselor design was used in which the authors analyzed audio recordings of career counseling interviews with clients who had relatively positive and relatively negative expectations about counseling. Both of the clients who had relatively positive expectations about counseling were rated significantly higher on a global measure of level of involvement.
A 20‐Year Retrospective of The Career Development Quarterly
Authors: Buboltz Walter C. , Savickas Mark L.
Published: December 2011

A review of The Career Development Quarterly was conducted for a 20‐year period (Volumes 23 through 42). A total of 791 articles were classified into the 14 substantive areas of career research and practice devised by Fitzgerald and Rounds (1989). Author institutional affiliation, geographic location, and leading contributors were also computed. Two principle areas of research activity and publication were evident (life‐span perspectives on career development, and career development interventions), which accounted for 51.2% of the articles examined. Overall, Quarterly content has remained stable and no clearly definable trends across the years were apparent in any given topic.
The Thematic‐Extrapolation Method: Incorporating Career Patterns into Career Counseling
Authors: Jepsen David A.
Published: December 2011

One of Donald Super's most important contributions of career counseling was the career model, the idea that one person's sequence of work positions constitutes a whole and unique career. In 1954, he advocated a method for predicting career patterns called the Thematic‐Extrapolation Method (TEM). TEM is described and summarized in three identifiable steps. Recent writings from developmental, psychodynamic, and narrative approaches to career counseling suggest innovative revisions and elaborations on the original method. A modified TEM remains a promising, but largely untried, career counseling technique.
Role Salience and Multiple Roles: A Gender Perspective
Authors: Cook Ellen Piel
Published: December 2011

This article describes Super's construct of role salience, and recent literature on gender issues in multiple roles that supports the wisdom of his basic ideas. Gender influences how individuals perceive various roles, role priorities and involvements over time, and role juggling during adulthood. Whether or not men and women report key roles as similarly salient; how they define, enact, and manage these roles may differ substantially. Personal variations in life careers remind counselors to explore clients' own life meanings as expressed in roles.
Youth Apprenticeship “American Style” and Career Development
Authors: Hoyt Kenneth B.
Published: December 2011

As America's occupational society moves from a low skills to a high wages nature, the popularity of both work‐based learning in general and youth apprenticeship in particular is growing rapidly. Both counseling and counselors in educational settings are currently being downplayed, and job mentors are being played up by leaders in the youth apprenticeship movement. The need to counsel persons regarding a variety of forms of postsecondary education is growing rapidly. The counseling profession should become actively involved in meeting this need with respect to all forms of work‐based learning. The challenges are especially great with respect to youth apprenticeship programs.
The Appreciation of Career Literature in Adolescents
Authors: Billups Arland , Peterson Gary W.
Published: December 2011

With adolescents, the appreciation of career literature was predicted to relate to their reading skill and cognitive development as well as their need for career information. Forty 11th‐grade and forty 12th‐grade students at a university school read two passages from each of three domains of career literature: short stories, formal literature, and popular literature. The results indicated that both reading skill and cognitive development were related to the extent to which adolescents appreciated three passages in which career information was presented in the form of short stories and personal accounts. Reported need for information to make career choices did not relate to the appreciation of any of the six passages. Implications for theory and practice in the use of career literature are discussed.
The Berufsbildertest: Vocational Pictures
Authors: Achtnich Martin , Filho Jos Ferreira
Published: December 2011

The Berufsbildertest (Vocational Pictures Technique) is described and its usefulness in career counseling is explained, along with a description of two examples of its use in career assessment.
Constructivist Counseling for Career Indecision
Authors: Savickas Mark L.
Published: December 2011

Twentieth‐century vocational guidance has been an objective enterprise in which counselors have studied and treated career indecision by abstracting and objectifying it. This article describes how the logical positivist perspective on indecision as an objective phenomenon has evolved over the course of this century. Then, the article explains how constructivist counselors view indecision as clients' subjective attempts to give meaning to crisis points in their lives. This view permits a conceptualization of career counseling as a process of articulating a client's life theme. The article concludes with a case study that illustrates a life‐theme approach to counseling for career indecision.
Understanding Midlife Career Renewal: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Bejian Donna V. , Salomone Paul R.
Published: December 2011

The thesis of this article is that sufficient and convincing research evidence has accumulated to indicate that a sixth stage of career development—career renewal—occurs for many people between the end of the establishment stage and the beginning of the maintenance stage. This article explains why a renewal stage was overlooked in the 1940s and 1950s, clarifies the meaning of renewal as it applies to career development, compares the transitions of men and women in their early 40s, and offers suggestions for the counseling of clients who are dealing with the task of career renewal.
Common Themes in Midlife Career Transitions
Authors: Engels Dennis W.
Published: December 2011

This discussion of unsolicited but tightly linked articles looks at general and specific themes related to career transitions for adults. A global overview is followed by summaries of each article and a conclusion section. Overall, the articles have much to offer theorists, researchers, and career counselors.
Annual Review: Vocational Behavior and Career Development—1994
Authors: Walsh W. Bruce , Srsic Colby
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the literature in the areas of theoretical contributions to career development, vocational assessment, individual differences, and career counseling written in 1994. It also reviews relevant career books that appeared on the scene. Areas covered in the review as noted above for the most part are consistent with other reviews and represent the contemporary research thrusts in the field.
The Benefits of Congruence
Authors: Meir Elchanan I. , Melamed Shmuel , Dinur Chani
Published: December 2011

This study examined the relation between 3 aspects of congruence (vocational, leisure, and skill utilization) and 6 well‐being (or strain) measures (occupational satisfaction, work satisfaction, anxiety, burnout, somatic complaints and self‐esteem). The study was conducted among 120 participants (lawyers, psychologists, and physicians). Findings were that (a) correlations among the congruence aspects ranged between .24 and .36, (b) all correlations between each of the congruence aspects and each of the well‐being measures were in the expected direction, and (c) all 3 congruence aspects showed an additive effect on all well‐being measures. Thus, supportive evidence for the benefits of congruence in its broader meaning was found.
Developmental Transitions of Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual‐Affirmative, Heterosexual Career Counselors
Authors: Gelberg Susan , Chojnacki Joseph T.
Published: December 2011

This article proposes parallels between gay, lesbian, and bisexual identity development and the professional development of gay/lesbian/bisexual‐affirmative, heterosexual career counselors. This perspective gives a developmental framework for understanding the changing feelings, thoughts, behaviors, and actions that accompany the professional, personal, and political growth of heterosexual career counselors who are seeking to become affirmative to career and life planning issues associated with sexual orientation.
Medcamp's Effect on Junior High School Students' Medical Career Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Speight Joan D. , Rosenthal Kenneth S. , Jones Bonnie J. , Gastenveld Paula M.
Published: December 2011

Medcamp, a 3‐day problem‐based career intervention for students entering the 9th grade, implemented each of the 4 antecedents for self‐efficacy. Ten boys and 35 girls participated in Medcamp; of these, 35 completed and returned the Medical Career Self‐Efficacy Scales (developed by the authors for their study) both at the beginning and at the end of the program. Three scales measured specific self‐efficacy (tasks students had performed during Medcamp), related self‐efficacy (other tasks students would complete by the second year of medical school), and general self‐efficacy (included lifestyle variables and study habits). Results demonstrated significant increases in self‐efficacy on all 3 scales.
Functional Vocational Cognition: Dimensions of Real‐World Accuracy
Authors: Walls Richard T. , Fullmer Steven L. , Dowler Denetta L.
Published: December 2011

Which dimensions (time, opportunity, money, physical, mental, prestige) are most accurately judged across various occupations? Which occupations (e.g., secretary, nurse, truck driver) are most accurately judged across the various dimensions? Students in a rehabilitation program (n = 60) were reasonably accurate on all dimensions except opportunity. They had more accurate information on some occupations (e.g., nurse) than on others (e.g., mechanic). Functional cognition is discussed in terms of prior interest or real‐world contact with these vocational dimensions and occupations.
Career and Lifestyle Expectations of Rural Eighth‐Grade Students: A Second Look
Authors: Post Phyllis , Williams Margaret , Brubaker Lenna
Published: December 2011

Gender differences in rural eighth‐grade students' curricular, career, and lifestyle expectations were examined. Girls expect to take more math classes in high school, select careers that require a college education, and plan to go to college more frequently than do boys. Boys and girls do not differ in their interest in various careers, although girls prefer occupations that involve people, whereas boys prefer occupations that involve things. Girls plan to work for as many years of their lives as do boys; however, girls are more likely to expect to work part‐time, whereas boys expect to work full‐time. Counseling implications are offered.
Career Service Needs of College Students With Disabilities
Authors: Friehe Mary , Aune Betty , Leuenberger Jan
Published: December 2011

Students with disabilities at 2 midwestern universities were surveyed as to their use of campus career‐related services, their behavior regarding disability disclosure and accommodations, and their knowledge of ADA (Americans With Disabilities Act, 1990) employment‐related guidelines. The results indicate that most students with disabilities do not use existing career development and employment services on campus. Students frequently disclose their disability to a prospective employer; however, students are less likely to request accommodations on the job. These trends may be explained in part by the student's limited knowledge of their employment rights under the ADA.
Three Decades of Interest Inventory Results: A Case Study
Authors: Zytowski Donald G.
Published: December 2011

This article analyzes selected results of 4 Kuder Occupational Interest Surveys (KOIS; Kuder & Zytowski, 1991) administered over a 30‐year span, in the light of the author's career as a counseling psychologist. Certain consistencies and changes are observed, leading to a conclusion supporting the “thematic” interpretation of interest inventory results rationalizing aspects of the author's occupational and avocational career.
Continuity of Career: The Vocational Script in Counseling Older Workers
Authors: Simon Joan , Osipow Samuel H.
Published: December 2011

In this article, the authors propose that counseling can assist people who are in their late 40s and early 50s and who are about to enter retirement or are in retirement to become aware of their perceptions of their vocational roles. It can do so through encouraged reflection on, reminiscence about, and definition of the various aspects of their work roles, how those roles became formed, and how those roles played out in the context of their family and social relationships and across various contexts. Through such counseling, these older adults can develop “vocational scripts”—adaptive views of the self at work that enhance personal perceptions of productivity and agency. Selected theoretical bases for the vocational script concept are summarized. Three distinct counseling phases and methods are described.
Career Interventions for At‐Risk Populations: Incorporating Social Cognitive Influences
Authors: Chartrand Judy M. , Rose Melissa L.
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the career development and the career counseling needs of populations who have limited access to educational and occupational opportunities. The article reviews some of the limitations of current theories and interventions and offers recommendations for applying social cognitive career theory (SCCT; Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994) to populations that are at risk for experiencing employment and career barriers. To illustrate one application of SCCT, a career intervention program for adult female offenders is presented.
A Social Cognitive Framework for Career Choice Counseling
Authors: Brown Steven D. , Lent Robert W.
Published: December 2011

This article extends social cognitive career theory by suggesting how several of its major hypotheses can be applied to counseling persons with career choice difficulties. Several theory‐derived counseling strategies are described that can be used to assist clients in developing a broad array of career options, analyzing and overcoming barriers to career choice, and counteracting choice‐limiting self‐efficacy beliefs. Each strategy is illustrated with a case example. Future research needs related to the counseling model are discussed.
Perspectives on Ecological Context, Social Policy, and Career Guidance
Authors: Herr Edwin L.
Published: December 2011

Individual behavior, career guidance theory and practice, and public policy are interdependent, and they are interactive with the characteristics of the ecological context. Each of these constructs is examined.
Toward a Policy for Lifelong Career Development: A Transatlantic Perspective
Authors: Watts A. G.
Published: December 2011

A revolution in the structures of work is taking place in most advanced industrialized countries. This article suggests that giving new meanings to the concept of “career” is one of the keys to economic success and social harmony in the new postindustrial society. It argues that a number of new social ligatures are needed to make the new concept of career accessible to all. One of these ligatures is lifelong access to career counseling. This article outlines a strategy developed in the United Kingdom for achieving such access and analyzes its cautious application of market and quasi‐market principles to career counseling provision.
Synthesis and Antithesis: Perspectives From Herr, Bloch, and Watts
Authors: Harris‐Bowlsbey JoAnn
Published: December 2011

The rapid changes that are occurring in the national and global context in which people forge their personal careers dictate changes in the profession of career counseling. These changes are to 2 specific types. The first involves the reexamination and adjustment of the theory, assumptions, and practice that undergird professional career counseling to include more fully the impact of external forces on individual career development. The second needed thrust is the proactive development of public policy, legislation, and funding designed to provide high‐quality career planning services to the nation's citizens across the life span.
Career Counseling, Science, and Policy: Revitalizing Our Paradigms and Roles
Authors: Lent Robert W.
Published: December 2011

Herr (1996), Bloch (1996), and Watts (1996) highlight important shifts that are occurring in the structure of work, in social policy related to career services, and in the ecological context of guidance. Such shifts may have far‐reaching implications for the science and practice of career development, particularly for counselors' roles in assisting individuals and organizations with issues of work preparation and transition. This article revisits some of the authors' key assumptions and observations, offering additional suggestions for ensuring that career theory, research, practice, and policy remain responsive to the changing social–political–economic context.
Super's Life‐Span, Life‐Space Approach and Its Outlook for Refinement
Authors: Herr Edwin L.
Published: December 2011

The major elements of Super's life‐span, life‐space approach, their origins, and their evolution are briefly described. Five categories of possible future refinements in Super's approach are suggested.
Parental Behaviors and Adolescents' Career Exploration
Authors: Kracke Bärbel
Published: December 2011

This study examines the influence of parental education and behaviors on adolescents' career exploration. The participants were 236 9th‐grade students in German middle‐track schools. The results indicated that parental authoritativeness, openness to adolescents' issues, and concern with promoting career exploration significantly related to the career exploration by their children, independent of parental educational background and adolescent gender.
The Role of Work in Adolescent Development
Authors: Blustein David L.
Published: December 2011

This commentary discusses the articles in the special section, “Adolescent Career Development in Social Context.” Initially, common and integrative themes are identified and explicated based on the diverse perspectives of the work role in adolescence that were evident in these five articles. In addition, the theoretical frameworks provided by life‐span, career development relational perspectives are discussed as possible means of integrating some of the findings presented by the authors of these articles. This article concludes with an observation on how the findings reported in the special section can inform career development scholarship and practice in the next millennium.
E. K. Strong's Legacy and Beyond: 70 Years of the Strong Interest Inventory
Authors: Donnay David A. C.
Published: December 2011

On the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the Strong Interest Inventory (1927–1997), this article reviews the history of this landmark inventory and the legacy of E. K. Strong, Jr.; specifically, his development of the inventorying method and use of criterion‐related scale development. The recent trend of content‐related scale development is also reviewed. Recent innovations in the Strong and future directions for predicting career behavior are discussed. Overall, the early empirical work conducted by Strong created a sound foundation for predicting vocational behavior and for later innovations in career assessment.
Examination of Interest Inventories Based on Roe's Classification
Authors: Meir Elchanan I. , Rubin Amir , Temple Richard , Osipow Samuel H.
Published: December 2011

This article describes the adaptation of two interest inventories translated into English, based on Roe's (1956) classification of occupations. In an analysis based on the responses of 181 participants, the items followed the 6 rules for interest inventory items formulated by Meir and Gati (1981). The Cronbach alpha reliability of the 8 field scores in the 2 inventories ranged between .73 and .91. A Smallest Space Analysis (SSA) on 8 field scores on the Ramak, 8 field scores on the Courses and 6 personality type scores on Holland's (1973) Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) supported the construct validity of the inventories.
Using the Adult Career Concerns Inventory to Measure Task Involvement
Authors: Niles Spencer G. , Lewis Daniel M. , Hartung Paul J.
Published: December 2011

The Adult Career Concerns Inventory (ACCI) uses an attitudinal item‐response scale to measure the planning attitudes dimension of career adaptability. This study examined the psychometric properties of the ACCI when used with a behavioral item‐response scale. Results supported the hypothesized unidimensionality of the ACCI‐B Exploration subscales, which related as expected to vocational identity, need for occupational information, career choice certainty, and career indecision. Using a behavioral ACCI item‐response scale, in addition to an attitudinal one, may provide counselors with important information when working with client's making an initial career choice.
Parent Involved Career Exploration
Authors: AMUNDSON NORMAN E. , PENNER KURT
Published: December 2011

Recent career studies have highlighted the role of parents as active agents in the career development of their children. This article illustrates a career exploration approach for youth that involves parents as direct observers in the career counselling process. Included is a description of the Parent Involved Career Exploration (PICE) counseling method as well as some comments based on an initial case study evaluation.
Evaluating Factors Associated With the Career Maturity of High School Students
Authors: POWELL DARRELL F. , LUZZO DARRELL ANTHONY
Published: December 2011

This study evaluated the career maturity and career decision‐making attributional style of high school students in an ethnically diverse, southeastern urban school system. Participants provided information about sex, age, current class standing, ethnic background, type of diploma sought, career goal, and grade point average and completed the Assessment of Attributions for Career Decision Making (Luzzo & Jenkins‐Smith, 1998) and the revised Career Maturity Inventory (Crites & Savickas, 1995). Results indicated a significant, positive relationship between career maturity and an optimistic attributional style. Young men perceived more control over their career decision making than did young women. Suggestions for counselors are discussed.
Attitudes of Managers Who Are More or Less Career Plateaued
Authors: ALLEN TAMMY D. , POTEET MARK L. , RUSSELL JOYCE E. A.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated demographic and attitudinal differences across managers classified as nonplateaued, content plateaued, hierarchically plateaued, or both content and hierarchically plateaued. The results revealed significant demographic differences across the 4 groups on a variety of variables. Managers who were classified as both hierarchically and job content plateaued tended to report less favorable job attitudes than managers who were plateaued for one reason only or managers who were nonplateaued. Managers who were only job content plateaued tended to report less favorable job attitudes than managers who were only hierarchically plateaued.
Creative Labors: The Lives and Careers of Women Artists
Authors: Brooks Geraldine S. , Daniluk Judith C.
Published: December 2011

A qualitative study investigated the meaning and experience of career for 8 women between the ages of 40 and 65 years who identified themselves as artists and whose primary career pursuits were in the visual, performing, or literary arts. The question that guided this phenomenological investigation was: What is the meaning and experience of career as it is lived by women artists? Three in‐depth interviews were conducted with each participant over 2 years. Detailed analysis of the interview transcripts identified 9 common themes in the lives and career development of these women artists. The implications of the findings for career theory, counseling practice, and research are discussed.
Ellenore Flood's Kuder Occupational Interest Survey and Career Search Schedule
Authors: Zytowski Donald G.
Published: December 2011

The Kuder Occupational Interest Survey and Career Search Schedule are interpreted for a client (given the pseudonym Ellenore Flood) in the form of a letter addressed to her. Comments on technique, the author's reasoning, and suggestions for further interventions are interpolated throughout.
Career Decidedness Types: A Literature Review
Authors: Gordon Virginia N.
Published: December 2011

Twenty years of research on multiple subtypes of career undecided and decided students was examined to determine if any similarities exist across the types identified in these studies. Some common characteristics of students at various levels of decidedness seemed evident in the 15 studies reviewed. This article organizes the results of these studies based on level of decision status and the descriptions of characteristics or traits ascribed to the students in various types. Counseling implications are offered for each type.
Career Maturity Determinants: Individual Development, Social Context, and Historical Time
Authors: Schmitt‐Rodermund Eva , Silbereisen Rainer K.
Published: December 2011

Two samples of 16‐ to 19‐year‐old adolescents from different contexts were compared. Whereas young East Germans had experienced an educational system that offered relatively little choice, West Germans had experienced more leeway. In 1991, youth from East Germany reported more career maturity than did same‐aged adolescents from the West. Different variables predicted career maturity in the 2 groups. Whereas person‐related variables predicted career maturity in both groups, family and peer contexts were relevant only among the West German youth. In 1996, when differences in social context had greatly diminished, these differences had disappeared. Results confirm the usefulness of a cross‐cultural and contextual approach to career development.
The Adaptive Success Identity Plan (ASIP): A Career Intervention for College Students
Authors: Solberg V. Scott , Gusavac Nance , Hamann Tammy , Felch Jill , Johnson John , Lamborn Sue , Torres José
Published: December 2011

The Adaptive Success Identity Plan (ASIP) uses the construct of success identity as the core of a career intervention program. Three empirical studies (N > 2,000) explored the success identity construct and its application in a structured career intervention. Study 1 provided reliability and validity evidence of the measures. Study 2 indicated that programming efforts targeting family involvement, self‐efficacy, and stress and time management should enhance a number of college outcomes. Study 3 found that students who received the ASIP intervention were more likely to use the success identity construct in defining their role in college success.
Career, Culture, and Compromise: Career Development Experiences of Latinas Working in Higher Education
Authors: Hernández Thomas J. , Morales Nestor Enrique
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this exploratory ethnographic research project was to investigate the career development experiences of Latinas employed in counseling and faculty positions in higher education. The research reveals strong images of an inhospitable and nonsupportive place to work and suggests that Latina women are inhibited from achieving the same levels of success as men or other women in higher education. Implications for career development practitioners are provided.
Developing Effective Mentoring Relationships: Strategies From the Mentor's Viewpoint
Authors: Allen Tammy D. , Poteet Mark L.
Published: December 2011

Mentoring is being increasingly used by companies as a means of fostering employee learning and development. Limited research exists from the perspective of the mentor on these relationships. This article presents the results of a qualitative study that investigated the characteristics that the ideal mentor should possess and ways that both mentors and protégés can make mentoring relationships most effective. Findings from the study are used to frame suggestions for future research and practice.
Annual Review: Practice and Research in Career Counseling and Development—1998
Authors: Young Richard A. , Chen Charles P.
Published: December 2011

The article reviews the practice and research literature in career counseling and development in 1998. The literature is presented and discussed under the following topical headings: contexts and populations, career processes, transitions, career assessment, and career counseling, services and programs.
Evaluating Differences in College Students' Career Decision Making on the Basis of Disability Status
Authors: Luzzo Darrell Anthony , Hitchings William E. , Retish Paul , Shoemaker Andrew
Published: December 2011

College students with and without disabilities (N = 121) completed measures of career decision‐making self‐efficacy (N. E. Betz, K. Klein, & K. M. Taylor, 1996) and career decision‐making attributional style (D. A. Luzzo & A. Jenkins‐Smith, 1998). Students with disabilities reported significantly lower levels of career decision‐making self‐efficacy and exhibited more of a pessimistic attributional style for career decision making than did their peers without disabilities. Results are discussed in the context of developing effective career counseling interventions for college students with disabilities.