bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Moricizine on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Warfarin in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Benedek Irma H. , King Shang‐Ying P. , Powell Richard J. , Agra Allison M. , Schary William L. , Pieniaszek Henry J.
Published: June 2007

Moricizine HCl, a new orally active antiarrhythmic agent, induces its own hepatic metabolism and consequently may interfere with the metabolism of warfarin, a drug used commonly by cardiac patients that also is subject to extensive hepatic metabolism. Both drugs are also highly protein bound in plasma. To assess the possibility of an interaction, single‐dose sodium warfarin (25 mg oral Coumadin, Du Pont Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE) pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and plasma protein binding were examined in 12 healthy mate volunteers 14 days before and 14 days after starting chronic oral moricizine HCl administration (250 mg every 8 hours). The terminal elimination rate constant of warfarin was increased by about 10% when measured in the presence of chronic moricizine administration. However, oral plasma clearance, apparent volume of distribution, maximum peak plasma concentration, time to reach peak concentration, and protein binding were unaffected. More importantly, there was no evidence of a pharmacodynamic interaction based on the prothrombin time profile. It was concluded that no clinically significant interaction occurs under these conditions.
Inverse Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics of Total and Protein Unbound Drug (Oxaprozin): Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Implications
Authors: Karim Aziz
Published: June 2007

The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug oxaprozin is extensively bound to plasma proteins in a concentration‐dependent manner. This study demonstrates for the first time the inverse nonlinear pharmacokinetics of total and unbound oxaprozin and presents clinical implications of this phenomenon. A total of 71 healthy volunteers participated in single‐ and multiple‐dose studies. In study I, 0.6‐, 1.2‐, and 1.8‐gm doses of oxaprozin were given on an empty stomach in a randomized, crossover trial (n = 35). In studies II and III, 1.2‐ and 1.8‐gm doses, respectively, were given once a day for 8 days (n = 12 and 24, respectively). Serial blood samples for total and unbound drug assays were taken over a 240‐hour period in study I and for a 24‐hour period on days 1, 5, and 8 in studies II and III. After administration of 1.2 gm once daily, steady‐state conditions were established by day 5. Actual average steady‐state plasma concentrations (Cavg) were lower than those predicted from the single‐dose study based on linear kinetics for the total drug, but higher for the unbound drug. Nonlinear changes in Vd/F were also noted with multiple‐dose administration: Vd/F increased by 47% for total drug but decreased by 61% for unbound drug relative to single‐dose values. Half‐lives after single‐dose administration for total and unbound drug determined from 24 to 240 hours and from 24 to 72 hours, respectively, were dose independent for total drug, but dose dependent for unbound drug. Half‐lives after multiple‐dose administration measured from 24 to 48 hours in study II decreased further. In conclusion, oxaprozin clearance for the total drug was increased while that of the unbound drug was decreased after repetitive dosing. This inverse pharmacokinetic behavior has been attributed to the two noncompensatory kinetic effects: concentration‐dependent protein binding and saturable metabolism of oxaprozin.
Pharmacokinetics of a 7‐Day 17β‐Estradiol Transdermal Delivery System: Effect of Application Site and Repeated Applications on Serum Concentrations of Estradiol and Estrone
Authors: Boyd Rebecca A. , Yang Bing‐Bing , Abel Robert B. , Eldon Michael A. , Sedman Allen J. , Forgue S. Thomas
Published: June 2007

FemPatch (Parke‐Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner‐Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI), a new 7‐day 17β‐estradiol transdermal delivery system (TDS), has been developed for treatment of menopausal vasomotor symptoms. This two‐period crossover study was conducted to determine the effects of TDS application site (buttocks versus abdomen) and early TDS replacement on estradiol and estrone concentrations, and to quantify intersubject and intrasubject pharmacokinetic variability. Eighteen healthy, postmenopausal female volunteers received a single 7‐day TDS application to the abdomen and repeated TDS applications to the buttocks (regular replacement on days 7 and 14, intentional early replacement on day 17, and removal on day 21). Serial serum samples were assayed for estradiol and estrone by validated radioimmunoassay methods. The 7‐day TDS delivers estradiol at a constant, near zero‐order rate for the duration of application, independent of application site. Mean serum estradiol concentrations were higher after application to the buttocks than after application to the abdomen (19 and 15 pg/mL above baseline, respectively), making the buttocks the preferred site for TDS application. Mean serum concentration of estradiol was slightly higher (23 pg/mL above baseline) for the treatment week with early TDS replacement due to the transient increase in concentration over the first 24 hours after replacement. Parallel but smaller increases in concentrations of estrone were observed. Serum estradiol and estrone concentrations are reproducible within an individual from application to application (coefficient of variation, 25%). Variability between individuals was higher (coefficient of variation, 40–50%).
Metabolic Profiles of Minimally Absorbed Orlistat in Obese/Overweight Volunteers
Authors: Zhi Jianguo , Melia Angela T. , Funk Christoph , Viger‐Chougnet Antoinette , Hopfgartner Gerard , Lausecker Berthold , Wang Ka , Fulton Jeffrey S. , Gabriel Lana , Mulligan Thomas E.
Published: June 2007

To determine the metabolic profile of minimally absorbed orlistat in obese/overweight patients, an open‐label, single‐dose study was performed in eight obese/overweight volunteers between 23 and 68 years of age. Each subject received a single oral dose of 360 mg orlistat containing approximately 400 μCi of 14C‐labeled orlistat. Serial blood samples were collected at specified times over 10 hours after administration of orlistat for determination of total radioactivity, unchanged orlistat, and major metabolites in the plasma. Urine samples were collected over 24 hours and analyzed to evaluate the urinary recovery of total radioactivity and the profile of orlistat metabolites in the urine. In addition, all fecal samples were collected and analyzed for total radioactivity. Urinary and fecal recovery of the administered dose of total radioactivity were 1.13 ± 0.50% (24‐hour data only) and 96.4 ± 18.1% (n = 7), respectively. Maximum observed concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax (tmax) values of plasma total radioactivity were 150 ± 51 ng·eq/mL and 6.8 ± 1.5 hrs, respectively. All these parameters obtained in obese/overweight subjects were similar to those reported previously in healthy subjects. On the basis of the area under the concentration‐time curve from 0 to 10 hours (AUC0–10), two major metabolites comprise a total of ∼42% of the total radioactivity in plasma. The primary metabolite (M1) has a short half‐life (∼2 hours), whereas the secondary metabolite (M3) disappeared at a slower rate. No strikingly apparent difference in the urinary metabolic profile was observed between two gender groups. It is concluded that the disposition of orlistat appears to be similar between normal and obese/overweight subjects. Of the minimal fraction of the dose that was absorbed systemically, the presence of two major metabolites accounts for ∼42%.
Pharmacokinetics of Tamsulosin Hydrochloride in Patients with Renal Impairment: Effects of α1‐Acid Glycoprotein
Authors: Koiso Kenkichi , Akaza Hideyuki , Kikuchi Koji , Aoyagi Kazumasa , Ohba Shoji , Miyazaki Mitsuhiro , Ito Mitsue , Sueyoshi Toshiyuki , Matsushima Hiroshi , Kamimura Hidetaka , Watanabe Takashi , Higuchi Saburo
Published: June 2007

The pharmacokinetics of tamsulosin hydrochloride in patients with renal impairment were compared with those in healthy volunteers, and the factors that influenced plasma levels of tamsulosin were elucidated. A single oral dose of 0.2 mg of tamsulosin was given and blood and urine samples were obtained for 36 hours after administration. Unbound plasma concentration of tamsulosin was measured by a combination of equilibrium dialysis and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods to examine the effect of protein binding on the pharmacokinetics of tamsulosin. Mean values for maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration—time curve (AUC) of total drug (Cmax,t and AUC1 in patients with renal impairment were 73% and 211% greater, respectively, than those in healthy volunteers. Mean Cmax and AUC of unbound drug (Cmax,u and AUCu), however, were almost the same in the two groups. A high correlation was found between α1‐acid glycoprotein (α1‐AGP) concentration and AUCt, but no correlation was found between α1‐AGP concentration and AUCu,0–36 or between creatinine clearance (ClCR) and AUCu,0–36. These results show that in patients with renal impairment, the pharmacokinetics of tamsulosin are affected by the change in protein binding that is associated with alteration of plasma α1‐AGP concentration, but are not largely affected by the decrease in the renal excretion. Although total tamsulosin levels increased as plasma protein binding increased, unbound tamsulosin levels (which are directly associated with the pharmacologic effects) remained unchanged in these patients.
Lack of Pharmacokinetic Interaction after Administration of Lansoprazole or Omeprazole with Prednisone
Authors: Cavanaugh John H. , Karol Michael D.
Published: June 2007

In a recently reported case, administration of omeprazole, a “proton pump” inhibitor, was temporally associated with the clinical relapse of pemphigus in a 44‐year‐old woman whose condition had been stabilized with a fixed dose of prednisone, suggesting the possibility of a drug interaction. This placebo‐controlled, randomized, double‐blind, three‐period crossover study was conducted to evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone after a single dose of prednisone given during multi‐dose administration of lansoprazole or omeprazole. Lansoprazole (30 mg), omeprazole (40 mg), or placebo was administered once daily under fasted conditions for 7 days to healthy male volunteers. On the seventh day, a single dose of prednisone (40 mg) was administered concomitantly with the study medication, and plasma prednisolone concentrations were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography for 24 hours thereafter. Two weeks separated the first doses of each study period. Eighteen volunteers entered the study; pharmacokinetic data were evaluable for 15 participants. Safety data were evaluable for 16 participants in the lansoprazole/prednisone group; 17 in the omeprazole/prednisone group; and 17 in the placebo/prednisone group. The pharmacokinetic parameters for prednisolone, including the maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), time to maximum plasma concentration (tmax), terminal‐phase half‐life (t1/2), and area under the concentration—time curve, were comparable for the three regimens. Adverse events (AEs) rated as possibly or probably drug related were reported by 50%, 24%, and 47% for subjects in the lansoprazole, omeprazole, and placebo treatment groups, respectively. Headache was the most common drug‐related AE. No serious AEs were reported, and no subject withdrew from the study because of an AE. Concomitant administration of lansoprazole or omeprazole does not affect the absorption, biotransformation, or disposition of a single dose of prednisone. All three treatment regimens were well tolerated.
Optimization of Methods and Models in Clinical Pharmacology
Authors: Gerloff Joachim
Published: June 2007

Utilization of methods and models undoubtedly has its merits in the evaluation and interpretation of data in clinical pharmacology, but it is a process that ought to follow rigorous scientific rules and thoughts. For a discussion about optimization—a word concerning the quality of a procedure—the meaning and extent of the terms, methods, and models are defined, and different types of models are identified. In drug development, many steps can be improved, some within the pharmaceutical companies, some in the interaction with other organizations. This situation requires good organization and scientific sincerity. Some of the pitfalls encountered in daily work are described.
Usefulness, Usability, and Quality Criteria for Noninvasive Methods in Cardiovascular Clinical Pharmacology
Authors: de Mey Christian , Erb Katharina A.
Published: June 2007

Validation of study methods is a prerequisite for their usability. Empirical quality criteria based on test‐theoretical principles are useful for this purpose. These criteria are discussed for several noninvasive methods used in cardiovascular clinical pharmacology: electrocardiography, systolic time intervals, blood pressure, and estimates of stroke volume. Several of these methods are highly reliable and sensitive to drug effects. However, they are inherently low in validity because they are based on oversimplified algorithms and yield estimates rather than measurements of function and changes therein. These estimates are method‐specific and are likely to be subject to method* subject* effect interaction. Highlighting these constraints and the limitations of these methods need not preclude their useful contribution to the early evaluation of drug action in humans.
Methods for Assessing the Effects of Drugs on Gastrointestinal Function in Patients and Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Smith Jeffrey T. L.
Published: June 2007

The gastrointestinal tract is a complex organ with many functions. Many diseases affect the way in which the gastrointestinal tract performs these functions. The pharmaceutical industry and academia are putting great effort into the development of treatments for these diseases. As a consequence, there is increasing pressure on the clinical pharmacologist and gastroenterologist to develop methods to measure the effects of drugs on the gastrointestinal tract. This article reviews the methods currently available to assess gastrointestinal function; in particular it focuses on motility and sensitivity.
Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation as a Surrogate Marker
Authors: Narjes H. , Müller T. H. , Weisenberger H. , Guth B. , Brickl R.
Published: June 2007

Using acetylsalicylic acid—dipyridamole, a combined thromboxane receptor antagonist—thromboxane synthase inhibitor, and a fibrinogen receptor antagonist as examples, this article discusses the predictive value of several methods that may be employed in the evaluation of antiaggregatory effects and their suitability as surrogate markers for the planning of patient studies. Platelet aggregation in various ex vivo tests and the effects of drugs on these tests were investigated using platelet aggregation in plateletrich plasma and in whole blood, and in thrombus formation on a thrombogenic surface. Drug‐induced inhibition of platelet aggregation is based on the modulation of metabolic processes or interactions at the membrane—receptor level. These effects must be assessed by methods adapted specifically to each mode of action, for example, mediator synthesis inhibition (cyclooxygenase), thromboxane receptor antagonism—thromboxane synthase inhibition, or fibrinogen receptor blockade. Thus a combination of both general and specific methods adapted to the respective mode of action of the test substance can serve as surrogate markers of drug efficacy for the efficient planning of clinical trials.
Pharmacokinetics of Famotidine in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Maish William A. , McCubbin Michael M. , Letzig Lynda G. , Farrar Henry C. , Kearns Gregory L.
Published: June 2007

Famotidine pharmacokinetics were studied in 13 patients with severe cystic fibrosis (CF) ranging from 10 to 47 years of age and 25 to 72 kg in weight. Patients were randomized to first receive famotidine either 20 mg intravenously or 40 mg orally. Twelve patients were crossed over to the alternate treatment. Repeated blood samples were obtained over 12 hours after intravenous and oral administration and urine was collected over 24 hours for quantitation of famotidine by means of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A compartment model‐dependent approach was used to characterize the disposition of famotidine. From the intravenous data, the mean ± standard deviation elimination half‐life (t1/2) was 2.11 ± 0.75 hours, the total clearance (Cl) was 0.79 ± 0.41 L/kg/hr, the renal clearance was 0.57 ± 0.26 L/kg/hr, the fraction eliminated unchanged in the urine was 83% ± 16%, and the apparent volume of distribution (Vdss) was 1.33 ± 0.53 L/kg. The bioavailability determined from comparison of intravenous and oral area under the curve data was 71% ± 27%. Results of this study support an initial famotidine dose of 20 mg intravenously or 40 mg orally every 12 hours in patients with CF who are older than 9 years of age.
Effects of Rifabutin and Rifampicin on the Pharmacokinetics of Ethinylestradiol and Norethindrone
Authors: LeBel Marc , Masson Eric , Guilbert Edith , Colborn Dave , Paquet Francois , Allard Sylvie , Vallée François , Narang Prem K.
Published: June 2007

This open‐label, randomized, three‐way crossover study of 28 healthy premenopausal women was conducted to compare the impact of concomitant rifabutin and rifampicin on the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the oral contraceptives ethinylestradiol and norethindrone (Ortho‐Novum 1/35; Ortho Pharmaceutical, Raritan, NJ). Each participant received oral contraceptives daily for 21 days for the first control cycle, then was randomized to one of two sequences to receive oral contraceptives with concomitant rifampicin and rifabutin at equal doses of 300 mg/day for 10 days. Ethinylestradiol, norethindrone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone, rifampicin, and rifabutin (and metabolite) were measured in plasma over the same time frames in all three cycles. Safety was assessed from before the beginning to the end of each cycle. Twenty‐two subjects completed all three cycles. Compared with the control cycle, rifabutin and rifampicin significantly altered the disposition of the oral contraceptive. Area under the concentration—time curve from 0 to 24 hours (AUC0–24) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of ethinylestradiol decreased by 64% and 42%, respectively, after coadministration with rifampicin and by 35% and 20%, respectively, after coadministration with rifabutin. The AUC0–24 of norethindrone decreased by 60% and 20% after coadministration with rifampicin and rifabutin, respectively. Unlike progesterone levels, FSH and LH levels increased during coadministration with rifampicin and rifabutin. The incidence of spotting was significantly higher after coadministration with rifampicin (36.4%) and rifabutin (21.7%) than during the control cycle (3.7%). Although both rifampicin and rifabutin affected the pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and norethindrone, the magnitude of this effect was more pronounced with rifampicin. Likewise, the fact that the highest incidence of spotting occurred with rifampicin was consistent with higher metabolic induction by rifampicin. Despite the fact that there was no change in progesterone levels, it is recommended that patients be advised to use additional contraceptive methods while receiving rifabutin or rifampicin with oral contraceptives to prevent inadvertent pregnancy.
Institutional Expenditure Patterns and the Facilitation of Mission
Authors: Thompson Michael D. , Riggs Robert O.
Published: June 2007

The authors examine the relationship between institutional spending patterns and performance funding standards at the 14 public community colleges in Tennessee, the first state to implement performance funding standards for its community colleges. Performance standard scores and data on expenditures by category were analyzed to determine the percent of revenue spent by function in relationship to individual and aggregated performance standard scores for the colleges. The analyses revealed a relationship between expenditure categories and performance standard scores, with higher scoring colleges spending a greater portion of funds on academic support and instruction than lower scoring colleges.
Editors' Choice: Technology Refresh—A multi-college Approach
Authors: Spiwak Rand
Published: June 2007

The author describes a cooperative purchasing effort initiated by Florida community colleges and extended to all the state's postsecondary institutions that has resulted in some $33 million in savings on computer technology purchases for participating institutions. This report describes how the resulting Technology Refresh Program has assured the continual upgrading and maintenance of computers purchased by the institutions and provided faculty, staff, and students with the opportunity to join the cooperative program for personal computer purchases.
Informal Student-Faculty Intraction: Its Relationship to Eductional Gains in Science and Mathematics Among Community College Students
Authors: Thompson Michael D.
Published: June 2007

The central purpose of this study was to examine the connection between informal student-faculty interaction, the perceived quality of effort asserted in science courses, and perceived educational gains in science and mathematics-based courses for community college students within the context of Pace's (1979) concept of social and academic involvement. Pace's "quality of effort" concept of social and academic involvement assumes that the effects of college on students' differential patterns of growth and development can be assessed through the efforts students expend in utilizing the resources provided by higher education institutions. A path analytic model is proposed for the present study operationalizing constructs developed from previous research on the positive influences of informal student-faculty interaction on students' academic achievement in science and mathematics. This examination tested the hypothesized model's applicability in the study of the disparity between men and women persisting in science- and mathematics-based majors.
Editor's Choice: An Open Memo to Community College Faculty and Administrators
Authors: Kelly-Kleese Christine
Published: June 2007

To maintain a strong presence with higher education, the community college should consider itself a discourse community, a concept that borrows from "speech community." Understanding this concept is helpful in conceptualizing the nature of the community college in general, in increasing perceptions of community college communicative competence, and in moving its professionals into positions of legitimate power within the larger higher education discourse community.
A Lesson from the British Polytechnics for American Community Colleges
Authors: Ward Cynthia V. L.
Published: June 2007

Even though the antecedents of American higher education can be traced to the ancient universities of England, the American system has moved beyond the original model. Community colleges, although a unique American invention, can still learn from what is happening in modem-day Britain. The conversion of the British polytechnics into universities is parallel to the move by some community colleges to offer a workforce bachelor's degree. Based on the British experience, community colleges would do well to remain within their well-defined, universally understood parameters, rather than becoming hybrid institutions.
Redefining the Community College Transfer Mission
Authors: Townsend Barbara K.
Published: June 2007

Current patterns of student tranfer from and to the community college need to be considered in examining the community college transfer mission. These patterns demonstrate that two sets of students--those who begin their postsecondary education by enrolling at community colleges and those who begin at four-year colleges--take community college courses in their desire to attain the baccalaureate. When these transfer patterns are examined for their effect upon baccalaureate attainment, it can be demonstrated that they help both sets of students save on college costs, and they speed up time-to-degree for four-year students. The effect upon the quality of education attained is less clear. Given the reality of these transfer patterns, the community college transfer mission needs to be redefined as facilitating baccalaureate degree attainment for college students in general, not just for students who begin their undergraduate education in the two-year college.
ERIC Review: Integrating Academic and Occoprionl Instrrvction
Authors: Prentice Carolyn M.
Published: June 2007

”New vocationalism,” the concept of integrating occupational and academic courses in order to enrich both liberal arts and vocational programs, attracted a great deal of attention during the 1990s. However, a number of barriers, such as faculty resisitance and a lack of institutional resources, have prevented widespread implementation. This article describes several case studies and pilot projects underway at community colleges and discusses the obstacles to implementation as well as proven strategies.
Identification and Assessment of Community College Peer Institution Selection Systems
Authors: Hurley Rodney G.
Published: June 2007

This paper identifies and assess the current status of community college peer institution selection systems. Five questions were posited: What are the impetuses for conducting institutional comparative analysis? Who has developed community college institutional peer groups? What constitutes a peer group; are there different types? How is a peer group determined; what are the methods used and variables included? To what extent are institutional peer groups present in community college settings? This research found that a limited body of research exists in the study of community college peer institution selection systems. Additional research is suggested for identifying unique community college variables and for determining the role of classification systems to further describe community college diversity.
Using Survey and Focus Group Research to Learn About Parents' Roles in the Community College Choice Process
Authors: Bers Trudy H. , Galowich Pamela M.
Published: June 2007

Parents of the high school class of 2000 students who attended their local community college in fall 2000 responded to a mailed survey and participated in a focus group discussion. The study examined parents' expectations from the college, role in their sons' or daughers' college choice, and observations following their children's first year. Survey findings revealed parents had high academic goals for their children but overestimated academic abilities; they engaged in a variety of college search and choice activities. Focus group research enriched survey findings: Parents expected substantial communication directly from the college about their children's course choices and academic progress. Implications for practice and the value of using multiple research approaches are discussed.
The Managerial Roles of Public Community College Chief Academic Officers
Authors: Anderson Philip , Murray John P. , Olivarez Arturo
Published: June 2007

Utilizing a managerial role survey based on Mintzberg's taxonomy, this study sets out to answer two important questions regarding the duties of the community college Chief Academic Officer: 1) What managerial roles do CAOs at community colleges perform and which roles do they emphasize? 2) Are there differences in the roles CAOs emphasize because of environmental characteristics, because of personal characteristics, or because of situational characteristics? The answers to these questions create a benchmark for managerial roles of CAOs at community colleges.
Change in Community Colleges Through Strategic Alliances: A Case Study
Authors: Eddy Pamela L.
Published: June 2007

Strategic alliances are becoming more prevelant as a means to address external pressures facing community colleges. This research presents findings of the formation of a consortium of five two-year technical colleges to counter the threat of closure. While the colleges were successful in averting shutting down, the planned change attempted through the alliance failed.
Sustaining Innovation in Technological Education
Authors: Lawrenz Frances , Keiser Nanette , Lavoie Bethann
Published: June 2007

This study used a Web-based survey followed by site visits to examine sustainability of technological innovation in community colleges. It found innovation sustained by sharing power with collaborative partners, designing flexible programs that respond to the changing job market rewarding professional development, and using program data for marketing.
Editor's Choice: The Worklife of Student Service Professionals at Rural Community Colleges
Authors: Hirt Joan B. , Esteban Ron , McGuire Lisa
Published: June 2007

The literature on community colleges focuses extensively on students, faculty members and the top leadership. Noticeably absent are studies about administrators such as those who provide services for students. The researchers looked at the elements of administrative worklife at two rural community colleges. Findings reveal patterns in the nature of work, rewards, and relationships that these professionals encounter.
The Influence of the Rural Community College Initiative on Increasing Civic Capacity in Distressed Rural Communities
Authors: Jensen Jane McEldowney
Published: June 2007

This article discusses the influence of the Rural Community College Initiative (RCCI) on the development of civic capacity in distressed rural communities. RCCI was a demonstration project funded by the Ford Foundation to explore the ways that rural community colleges can act as catalysts for economic and educational opportunity in persistently poor regions. Among other factors, a qualitative assessment of the project conducted by the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) concluded that, although economic and educational progress was hard to measure, there was clear evidence of increased energy for community development. RCCI was distinctive from other community-based initiatives in that it included a nationwide network of institutions and used third-party intervention to facilitate the development of collaboration between college and community rather than relying on the resources of the college alone. Examples from Appalachian colleges participating in the initiative illustrate that this process of intervention and networking resulted in increased confidence in civic involvement by both college staff and community members.
Epistemic Beliefs of Teachers in Technology-Rich Community College Technical Education Programs
Authors: Dirkx John M. , Kielbaso Gloria , Smith Regina O.
Published: June 2007

Dramatic changes in the nature of work and its organization emphasize the need for workers to address complex and ill-structured problems and to produce knowledge useful in the workplace. Integrated use of computer-based technologies in education-for-work and workplace learning programs can address this need. Such potential, however, depends on the epistemic beliefs of teachers and trainers, as well as institutional and socio-cultural factors. The purpose of this study was to develop a better understanding of the epistemic beliefs of teachers in such programs. Our findings indicate that the teachers observed use technology largely to transmit content to their students and to control the overall delivery and pace of that transmission process. The constructivist promise inherent in computer technology was largely unrealized in the pedagogical and curricular practices observed.
Ediror's Choice: An Assessment of the Association of California Community College Administrators Mentor Program
Authors: Valeau Edward J. , Boggs George R.
Published: June 2007

Since 1988, the Association of California Community College Administrators (ACCCA) has sponsored a statewide mentor program intended to prepare junior-level administrators for senior positions and to create a more diverse pool from which future college leaders can be drawn. This article is an initial report of this program. As the report describes, the mentor program has contributed to the career advancement of proteg6s. It has also promoted the personal growth of both mentors and proteges. The report concludes with recommendations to strengthen the program, better measure its effectiveness, and encourage replication in other states.
UCLA Community College Review: Academic Literacy for English Language Learners
Authors: Curry Maty Jane
Published: June 2007

This study provides background information about English Language Learners (ELLs) and gives an overview of issues related to academic literacy. The article then considers how the institutional structures of the community college (e.g., testing, staffing, and the departmental location of English and writing courses) affect ELLs. This article argues that community colleges can support ELLs in attaining academic literacy by implementing strategies and programs such as learning communities and linking disciplinary content with ESOL and writing courses.
Defining College Readiness from the Inside Out: First-Generation College Student Perspectives
Authors: Byrd Kathleen L. , Macdonald Ginger
Published: June 2007

This study provides understanding of college readiness from the perspectives of older first-generation college students who transferred from community colleges. Results indicate that life experiences contribute to academic skills, time management, goal focus, and self-advocacy. Research is recommended to improve nontraditional student advising and placement, community college-to-university transfer, and college reading instruction.
Editor's Choice: A Community College Leadership Academy: Developing Leaders For Massachusetts
Authors: Crosson Patricia H. , Douglas Kate , O'Meara Kerry Ann , Sperling Charmian
Published: June 2007

Planned retirements and demographic trends suggest a crisis for community college leadership in the near future. This article describes a recently initiated program to develop current and future leaders in Massachusetts through a year-long Community College Leadership Academy. The article describes the model for the Academy, including the purposes, structures, Fellows, curriculum, expectations, and evaluation, and the article presents the lessons learned during the first year.
Colorado's Voucher Legislation and The Consequences for Community Colleges
Authors: Harbour Clifford P. , Davies Timothy Gray , Lewis Chance W.
Published: June 2007

In this article, the authors examine the new voucher program used to subsidize undergraduate education at Colorado community colleges and four-year institutions. The authors explain the voucher program and discuss the fiscal and policy conditions that led to its adoption. This baseline account of the voucher program and the underlying conditions leading to its enactment provides a foundation for further community college research concerning open access, the comprehensive mission, student participation, and organizational culture.
A Review of the Literature Related to Economic Development and Community Colleges
Authors: Katsinas Stephen G.
Published: June 2007

The community college, at its best, can be a center for problem-solving in adult illiteracy or the education of the disabled. It can be a center for leadership training, too. It can also be the place where education and business leaders meet to talk about the problems of displaced workers. It can bring together agencies to strengthen services for minorities, working women, single parent heads of households, and unwed teenage parents. It can coordinate efforts to provide day care, transportation, and financial aid. The community college can take the lead in long-range planning for community development. And it can serve as the focal point for improving the quality of life in the inner city.

We are convinced that, as we move toward the year 2000, strengthening connections beyond the college-with schools, industry, business, social agencies, and policy groups-will become a key strategy in the building of community. (Boyer & Peltason, 1988, p. 41)
Changing the Channel: Community Colleges in the Information Age
Authors: Langhorst Scott A.
Published: June 2007

Communication and learning skills, along with technological literacy, are becoming curricular objectives rather than hoped for by-products of a higher education experience. The author discusses the slow reponse of colleges and universities to these changing social expectations and articulates some particular opportunities and challenges for community colleges. Those challenges are defined as aspects of mission (including lifelong learning) and purpose (comprehensiveness and access). The author illustrates these considerations with a sample reformulated mission statement and discusses the need for community college leaders to contemplate a revamped curriculum suitable for the information age that is based on general education.
In over Our Heads: Applying Kegan's Theory of Development to Community College Students
Authors: Tinberg Howard , Weisberger Ronald
Published: June 2007

Kegan's constructive-develomental theory builds on the work of Piaget, Erickson, Kohlberg, and Perry to conceptualize the process of human development from infancy through adulthood. Kegan emphasizes the period of adolescence onward, encompassing the ages of community college students. The authors outline the basic concepts of Kegan's theory, particularly as it applies to education. Based on their teaching experiences, they illustrate how Kegan's theory can be used by instructors to understand the dynamics of the community college classroom using entries from student journals. The illustration provided can be used by instructors to explore their own expectations when they make assignments and to begin understanding how students develop during a semester.
Underprepared Community College Students: Implications of Attitudinal and Experiential Differences
Authors: Grimes Sue K. , David Kelly C.
Published: June 2007

Data from a freshman survey instrument (CIRP) completed by the 1992 entering cohort of 500 freshmen at a Florida community college and three-year outcomes data from the college's database were analyzed to define differences in college-ready and underprepared students classified according to a computerized placement test. Based on chi square analysis of categorical variables and multivariate ANOVAs for each cluster of related interview questions, the authors describe significant differences between underprepared and college-ready students and discuss their findings in relationship to the literature on at-risk student groups and psychological theories.
Convergent and Divergent Social Cues
Authors: Collins W. Andrew , Zimmermann Stephen A.
Published: June 2007

A study was conducted to assess the impact of consistently negative cues versus mixed negative and positive cues about a televised aggressor's motives and the consequences to him on children's subsequent behavior. Second and sixth graders viewed one of two edited versions of an aggressive television program: (1) convergent, in which scenes relevant to motives and consequences were clearly negative; and (2) divergent, in which the aggressor sometimes seemed negative, but sometimes positive. There were also nonaggressive control programs at each age. Some random subgroups of children were tested on an indication of willingness to hurt or help a (fictitious) other child, while other random subgroups responded to a paper-and-pencil instrument employing both aggressive and nonaggressive response alternatives to hypothetical situations. As expected, divergent-condition viewers were significantly more aggressive than convergent-condition children. This was true for both second and sixth graders, despite an expectation that sixth graders would be better able to ignore the interference of duplicitous positive cues in the divergent version. Results are discussed in terms of differences in viewers' cognitive representations of the observed aggression.
Decline and Fall At the White House
Authors: McLeod Jack M. , Brown Jane D. , Becker Lee B. , Ziemke Dean A.
Published: June 2007

To isolate the long-range effects of Watergate media exposure per se, regression analysis was used to control for the pre-Watergate levels of political effect variables and usual levels of communication behavior. Data were obtained from a longitudinal study of younger and older voters measured during the political campaigns of 1972 and 1974 and in the midst of the Senate Watergate (Ervin Committee) hearings in 1973. The results show little effect of the amount of attention to the broadcast hearings. In contrast, the reading of the accounts of these early hearings in the print media had substantial impact In addition, print exposure and discussion of the Senate hearings had more effect on the young voters, while usual levels of public affairs newspaper reading and the motivations for using the media appear to have had greater consequences for the older voters.
Agenda-Setting With Local and National Issues
Authors: Palmgreen Philip , Clarke Peter
Published: June 2007

Three factors lead to the hypothesis that agenda-setting should be weaker at the local political level compared to the national level: (1) the more directly observable nature of local political problems, (2) the nature and strength of local interpersonal political communication networks, and (3) the relatively heavier media coverage of national political issues. This hypothesis was supported with data from respondents assigned at random to either local or national issue conditions and from a content analysis of television and newspaper coverage in Toledo, Ohio, of local and national issues. Contrary to the findings of certain previous studies, network television was found to exercise a stronger agenda-setting influence than newspapers at the national level. Newspapers, on the other hand, were the dominant agenda-setter at the local level. The relative agenda-setting influences of television versus newspapers are consistent with other data from this study concerning the relative strengths of the various media as sources of issue information.
First-Time Exposure To Television
Authors: Caron Andre H.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of first time exposure to television on Inuit (Eskimo) children's (8-13-year-old) cultural "images" of their own and other cultural groups. A pretest and posttest design was used. The specific series chosen for the experiment were both pro-social in nature, with one portraying cultural groups from a number of different countries (the "Big Blue Marble" series) and the second portraying various aspects of the traditional Inuit way of life (the "Tuktu" series). Findings revealed that television may bring about some changes in children's images of familiar and unfamiliar cultural groups.
The Gatekeepers
Authors: Dimmick John W.
Published: June 2007

Extant evidence from media organizations is reviewed which is relevant to a theory of organizations as political coalitions. The behavior of organizations in such diverse fields as daily newspapers, network television, and the radio/recording industry fits the political coalition pattern with one important exception: mass media organizations are unable to arrange a negotiated environment especially at their output boundaries and hence, must find ways to cope with the uncertainty.
Reflection-Impulsivity in Predelinquent Preadolescents in a Residential Facility
Authors: Glenwick David S. , Croft Roxanne G.F. , Barocas Ralph , Black Harvey K.
Published: June 2007

Thirty institutionalized "predelinquent" preadolescents and 30 public school nondelinquent preadolescents were compared on Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF) of cognitive impulsivity. Contrary to predictions, the former group was more reflective than the nondelinquents on both the latency and error dimensions of the MFF. Possible interpretations of the results are offered, as are suggestions for research on the impact of environmental factors on cognitive style.
Tm and Rehabilitation
Authors: Rahav Giora
Published: June 2007

The Abrams and Siegel ( 1978) evaluation of the Transcendental Meditation program at Folsom prison has been criticized harshly by Allen (1979). Abrams and Siegel's answer to Allen failed to address some of the issues. In a secondary analysis of their data, it is shown that the experimental group indeed fared better than the control groups, although the treatment explains only a small proportion of the variance. The unsolved issues concern mostly (1) the adequacy of the control group and (2) the adequacy of the underlying theory.
Rape as Viewed By Judges, Prosecutors, and Police Officers
Authors: Feldman-Summers Shirley , Palmer Gayle C.
Published: June 2007

Beliefs about rape held by judges, prosecutors, and police officers were compared with beliefs held by social service personnel. Significant differences were found between social service personnel and members of the criminal justice system in terms of beliefs about (a) causes of rape; (b) ways to reduce the frequency of rape; and (c) the likelihood that any rape complaint is true or false. The groups did not differ in their beliefs about victim characteristics and circumstances associated with "true" and "false" rape reports. These results may account for attributions of responsibility and blame for the rape, and the conflict between social service personnel and members of the criminal justice system in the area of rape.
Correctional Classification and the Prediction of Institutional Adjustment
Authors: Holland Terrill R. , Holt Norman
Published: June 2007

Each of 293 minimum security prisoners was rated by classification of staff members according to the likelihood of serious disciplinary infractions and escapes from custody. Follow-up data were then obtained, and the predictive validity of these ratings was compared with that of selected information extracted from the files of inmates. In predicting outcomes, only escape ratings were statistically significant, and neither escape nor disciplinary ratings contributed significant criterion variance when combined with objective variables. The findings were discussed in terms of the need for both increased predictive accuracy and explicit consideration of the welfare of inmates when making correctional classification decisions.
Group Involvement in Delinquent Acts
Authors: Aultman Madeline G.
Published: June 2007

This article focuses on the nature of group delinquency by examining the proportion of delinquency committed in groups and by exploring the size and sexual content of the groups in which delinquency is carried out. The data for the study were collected in the juvenile court in Montgomery County, Maryland. There are 225 cases in the sample. The sample was selected randomly. The notion of delinquency as group behavior is well supported by the finding that 63% of all offenses in this sample showed group involvement rather than individual behavior in the commission of delinquency. The data show that violent offenses are more likely committed by youths acting alone than in groups. Non-violent offenses are more likely committed in groups. Of female delinquencies, 57% were committed in groups, a proportion only slightly less than the proportion of male delinquencies committed in groups. Delinquencies of both males and females are more likely to involve groups of only two or three youths rather than larger group behavior. The main difference found between male and female delinquent group behavior is that females seem less likely than males to participate in groups which include more than two or three youths. It is suggested that additional information concerning the sexual structure of the group and the properties of group dynamics should be accumulated to describe the delinquent group of the 1970s and 1980s.