bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediagnostic Glycoprotein Acetyl Levels and Incident and Recurrent Flare Risk Accounting for Serum Urate Levels: A Population‐Based, Prospective Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis
Authors: Joshi Amit D. , McCormick Natalie , Yokose Chio , Yu Bing , Tin Adrienne , Terkeltaub Robert , Merriman Tony R. , Eliassen A. Heather , Curhan Gary C. , Raffield Laura M. , Choi Hyon K.
Published: April 2023

Objective

To prospectively investigate population‐based metabolomics for incident gout and reproduce the findings for recurrent flares, accounting for serum urate.

Methods

We conducted a prediagnostic metabolome‐wide analysis among 105,615 UK Biobank participants with nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomic profiling data (168 total metabolites) from baseline blood samples collected 2006–2010 in those without history of gout. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) for incident gout, adjusted for gout risk factors, excluding and including serum urate levels, overall and according to fasting duration before sample collection. Potential causal effects were tested with 2‐sample Mendelian randomization. Poisson regression was used to calculate rate ratios (RRs) for the association with recurrent flares among incident gout cases.

Results

Correcting for multiple testing, 88 metabolites were associated with risk of incident gout (N = 1,303 cases) before serum urate adjustment, including glutamine and glycine (inversely), and lipids, branched‐chain amino acids, and most prominently, glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA; P = 9.17 × 10−32). Only GlycA remained associated with incident gout following urate adjustment (HR 1.52 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.22–1.88] between extreme quintiles); the HR increased progressively with fasting duration before sample collection, reaching 4.01 (95% CI 1.36–11.82) for ≥8 hours of fasting. Corresponding HRs per SD change in GlycA levels were 1.10 (95% CI 1.04–1.17) overall and 1.54 (95% CI 1.21–1.96) for ≥8 hours of fasting. GlycA levels were also associated with recurrent gout flares among incident gout cases (RR 1.90 [95% CI 1.27–2.85] between extreme quintiles) with larger associations with fasting. Mendelian randomization corroborated a potential causal role for GlycA on gout risk.

Conclusion

This prospective, population‐based study implicates GlycA, a stable long‐term biomarker reflecting neutrophil overactivity, in incident and recurrent gout flares (central manifestation from neutrophilic synovitis) beyond serum urate.

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Reliability inference with extended sequential order statistics
Authors: Pesch Tim , Polpo Adriano , Cripps Edward , Cramer Erhard
Published: April 2023

In this article, we will address the complexity of non‐identical components in multi‐component systems. Most technical systems can be described as such since either component types or component functions within the system vary amongst components. While most reliability related work resorts to the assumption of homogeneous components, we aim to address the often more realistic assumption of heterogeneous components extending the model of Extended Sequential Order Statistics by two inferential methods. Firstly, the derivation of Maximum Likelihood Estimates including a simulation study demonstrating their good performance for large enough sample size. Secondly, we introduce a likelihood ratio test to test whether components can be assumed identical accompanied by a power study. Both methods are powerful tools in reliability contexts. The former increases our understanding of component behaviour, especially upon failure of other components. This knowledge empowers system operators to make better decisions regarding maintenance schedules and failure time prediction. The latter supports operators in their quest of identifying component equivalence. Therefore, both methods can be used to achieve meaningful results in real life applications.
Hypothesis: Drainage of the peripheral tissue edema by the hyperbaric oxygen therapy because of hyperoxygenation that constricts arterioles and alters the downstream capillary fluid traffic in affected tissues
Authors: Kurbel Sven , Ćurković Vid , Kovačić Borna
Published: April 2023

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy still lacks proper interpretations of its many actions. This hypothesis is based on reports of temporarily elevated peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) during HBO sessions. Besides that, during HBO sessions, hyperoxygenated tissues can reduce their perfusion so much that CO2 can accumulate in them. Tissue perfusion depends on vascular innervation and on the balance between systemic constrictors and local dilators. During an HBO session, increased tissue oxygen levels suppress dilatory mechanisms. Tissue hyperoxygenation increases PVR, suggesting that the HBO action on an edematous tissue may be caused by an oxygen‐induced disbalance among Starling capillary forces. The presented hypothesis is that oxygen‐caused arteriolar constriction reduces the hydrostatic pressure in downstream capillaries. Thus, more tissue fluid is absorbed in vascular capillaries, under the condition that the plasma colloid osmotic pressure remains unaltered during the HBO session. Among several known mechanisms behind the HBO actions, the vasoconstriction has been listed as a therapeutic modality for the reduction of the tissue edema, for a crush injury, for burns (in an acute phase), and for the compartment syndrome. The Bell's palsy is among often listed indications for the HBO treatment, although evidence is poor and reports of randomized trials are scarce.
Recovery process of vertical perception and activities of daily living in stroke patients: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Sawa Kota , Amimoto Kazu , Ishigami Keisuke , Miyamoto Takuya , Ishii Chika , Suzuki Rikuya , Tamura Miko , Morizane Akira , Komatsu Chikashi , Miyagami Mitsusuke
Published: April 2023

Introduction

Clarifications regarding the recovery process of the subjective postural vertical (SPV) and activities of daily living in stroke patients are required to help clinicians determine treatment plans. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the characteristics of the longitudinal recovery process of SPV and activities of daily living after stroke.

Methods

Overall, 109 patients with stroke were enrolled. Clinical assessments included the SPV and total functional independence measure (FIM), initially and after 1 month. The mean and standard deviation of SPV indicated the directional and variability errors, respectively. Participants were categorized as follows: nondeviation group comprised directional and variability errors within the standard values, deviation of variability errors group comprised directional errors within the standard value and variability errors greater than the standard value, and deviation of both directional and variability errors group comprised directional and variability errors greater than the standard values. In addition, a two‐way analysis of variance was performed for initial pre‐ and post‐SPV, and pre‐ and posttotal FIM scores (p < .05).

Results

The deviation of variability errors group, and deviation of both directional and variability errors group, had larger SPV variability errors than did the nondeviation group. Furthermore, the deviation of variability errors group showed a significant improvement in variability errors after 1 month. There was a correlation between the initial SPV with eyes opened variability error and total FIM after 1 month in Pusher patients with unilateral spatial neglect in the deviation of both directional and variability errors group.

Conclusions

SPV with eyes opened variability errors and initial FIM score may influence the independence of activities of daily living after 1 month in the recovery of patients with stroke with Pusher and unilateral spatial neglect.
Hofmeister Series: From Aqueous Solution of Biomolecules to Single Cells and Nanovesicles
Authors: He Xiulan , Ewing Andrew G.
Published: April 2023

Hofmeister effects play a critical role in numerous physicochemical and biological phenomena, including the solubility and/or accumulation of proteins, the activities of enzymes, ion transport in biochannels, the structure of lipid bilayers, and the dynamics of vesicle opening and exocytosis. This minireview focuses on how ionic specificity affects the physicochemical properties of biomolecules to regulate cellular exocytosis, vesicular content, and nanovesicle opening. We summarize recent progress in further understanding Hofmeister effects on biomacromolecules and their applications in biological systems. These important steps have increased our understanding of the Hofmeister effects on cellular exocytosis, vesicular content, and nanovesicle opening. Increasing evidence is firmly establishing that the ions along the Hofmeister series play an important role in living organisms that has often been ignored.
Phase Separation in cGAS‐STING Signaling: Cytosolic DNA Sensing and Regulatory Functions
Authors: Liu Caixia , Yang Jingyi , Zheng Jiaxin , Fu Jianmian , Wang Weisi , Duan Liping , Qian Xuhong , Yang Yangyang
Published: April 2023

Phase separation is a crucial biophysical process that governs cellular signaling and function. This process allows biomolecules to separate and form membraneless compartments in response to both extra‐ and intra‐cellular stimuli. Recently, the identification of phase separation in different immune signaling pathways, including the cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase (cGAS)‐stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway, has shed light on its tight association with pathological processes such as viral infections, cancers, and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we present the phase separation in cGAS‐STING signaling, along with its related cellular regulatory functions. Furthermore, we discuss the introduction of therapeutics targeting cGAS‐STING signaling, which plays a pivotal role in cancer progression.
Three‐Dimensional Nickel Cobalt Phosphide Nanocrosses with Well‐Defined Axial Arms for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Su Keying , Yu Zehan , Li Mengmeng , Yang Shan , Liang Yujia , Tang Yawen , Qiu Xiaoyu
Published: April 2023

Concave nanostructure with highly branched architecture and abundant step atoms is one kind of desirable materials for energy conversion devices. However, current synthetic strategies for non‐noble metal‐based NiCoP concave nanostructure still remain challenging. Herein, we demonstrate a site‐selective chemical etching and subsequent phosphorating strategy to fabricate highly branched NiCoP concave nanocrosses (HB‐NiCoP CNCs). The HB‐NiCoP CNCs are consisted of six axial arms in three‐dimensional space and each protruding arm is equipped with high‐density atomic steps, ledges and kinks. As an electrocatalyst towards oxygen evolution reaction, the HB‐NiCoP CNCs exhibit remarkably enhanced activity and stability, with small overpotential of 289 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2, surpassing the NiCoP nanocages and commercial RuO2. The superior OER performance of HB‐NiCoP CNCs is originated from the highly branched concave structure, the synergistic effect between bimetal Ni and Co atoms, as well as the electronic structure modulation from P.
Reactivity of a Strictly T‐Shaped Phosphine Ligated by an Acridane Derived NNN Pincer Ligand
Authors: King Aaron J. , Abbenseth Josh , Goicoechea Jose M.
Published: April 2023

The steric tuning of a tridentate acridane‐derived NNN pincer ligand allows for the isolation of a strictly T‐shaped phosphine that exhibits ambiphilic reactivity. Well‐defined phosphorus‐centered reactivity towards nucleophiles and electrophiles is reported, contrasting with prior reports on this class of compounds. Reactions towards oxidants are also described. The latter result in the two‐electron oxidation of the phosphorus atom from +III to +V and are accompanied by a strong geometric distortion of the NNN pincer ligand. By contrast, cooperative activation of E−H (HCl, HBcat, HOMe) bonds proceeds with retention of the phosphorus redox state. When using H2O as a substrate, the reaction results in the full disassembly of H2O to its constituent atoms, highlighting the potential of this platform for small molecule activation reactions.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Alkenes with Acylhydrosilanes
Authors: Lind Florian , Studer Armido
Published: April 2023

Acylsilanes are an important class of organosilicon compounds that have gained increased attention recently. Their various reaction modes in particularly their ability to generate carbenes under thermal or photochemical conditions render them valuable reagents in organic synthesis. In this communication, an unprecedented route towards acylsilanes is reported by introducing the acylsilane moiety directly in a single step through alkene hydrosilylation. In this context, acylhydrosilanes representing a novel class of acylsilanes are introduced and applied as silylation reagents in rhodium catalyzed alkene hydrosilylations to access a great variety of acylsilanes. These reactions occur in good to excellent yields under mild conditions and show high functional group tolerance and atom economy.
Is it time for bone marrow sparing radiation therapy to be standard of care in cervical cancer?
Authors: Ayala‐Peacock Diandra N. , Chino Junzo P.
Published: April 2023

Evaluating a recent prospective trial of active bone marrow sparing defined by 99mTc‐single‐photon emission computed tomography imaging in the landscape of the existing literature.
Intestinal Metabolism of Diclofenac by Polymorphic UGT2B17 Correlates with its Highly Variable Pharmacokinetics and Safety across Populations
Authors: Ahire Deepak , Heyward Scott , Prasad Bhagwat
Published: April 2023

Although the United States and Europe have shifted to the prescription use of oral diclofenac due to several serious incidences of cardiotoxicity, it is one of the most commonly used over‐the‐counter (OTC) pain medicines in major parts of the world. We elucidated the quantitative and tissue‐specific contribution of uridine diphosphate‐glucuronosyltransferases 17 (UGT2B17) in diclofenac metabolism and pharmacokinetics (PK). UGT2B17 is one of most deleted genes in humans with the gene deletion frequency ranging from ~ 20% in White population to 90% in Japanese population. The human intestinal and liver microsomes isolated from the high‐UGT2B17 expressing individuals showed 21‐ and 4‐fold greater rate of diclofenac glucuronide (DG) formation than in the null‐UGT2B17 carriers, respectively. The greater contribution of intestinal UGT2B17 was confirmed by a strong correlation (R = 0.78, P < 0.001) between UGT2B17 abundance and DG formation in individual intestinal microsomes (n = 14). However, because UGT2B17 is a minor UGT isoform in the liver, DG formation rate correlated better with the expression of UGT2B7. The proteomics‐informed physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model explains the reported higher exposure of diclofenac in women consistent with ~ 3‐fold lower expression of UGT2B17. Similarly, our in silico predictions also corroborate with the reported higher exposure and lower standard clinical dose of diclofenac in Japanese population. Therefore, variable UGT2B17 mediated metabolism of oral diclofenac is a cause of concern, especially in the developing countries where it is still used as an OTC drug. The ontogeny data of UGTs in human hepatocytes can be utilized in developing PBPK models for predicting PK in the pediatric population.
MHD Effect on the Thermocapillary Silicon Melt Flow in Various Annular Enclosures
Authors: Mahfoud Brahim , Azzoug Mohammed Oubelkacem
Published: April 2023

To simulate thermocapillary magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) convection in different shallow annular enclosures filled with silicon melt, a 3D numerical approach using an implicit finite volume formulation is used. Radiation is emitted upward from the annular enclosure's free top surface, the bottom one heated vertically and is subjected to an external magnetic field. The steady and unsteady thermocapillary MHD flow in four annular enclosures (R = 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8) field is studied. The effects of varying the annular gaps, R, on the hydrothermal wave number and azimuthal pattern are obtained. The effects of the magnetic field on azimuthal velocity, temperature disturbances, and the transition from oscillatory to steady flow are also depicted. The results reveal that: hydrothermal waves m = 4, m = 6 and m = 8 are observed in steady flow for R = 0.7, R = 0.6 and R = 0.5, respectively. Oscillatory flows dominated by a hydrothermal wave m = 3 are found also when R = 0.8. The azimuthal velocity and temperature fluctuations at the free surface decrease as the magnitude of the magnetic field (Ha) increases, and the oscillatory flow would turn steady when Ha exceeds a critical value.
Ti3C2‐modified g‐C3N4/MoSe2S‐Scheme Heterojunction with Full‐Spectrum Response for CO2Photoreduction to CO and CH4
Authors: Chen Xin , Pan Wei‐guo , Hong Long‐fei , Hu Xing , Wang Juan , Bi Zhe‐xu , Guo Rui‐tang
Published: April 2023

Energy shortage and global warming caused by the extensive use of fossil fuels are urgent problems to be solved at present. Photoreduction of CO2is considered to be a feasible solution. The ternary composite catalyst g‐C3N4/Ti3C2/MoSe2was synthesized by hydrothermal method, and its physical and chemical properties were studied by an array of characterization and tests. In addition, the photocatalytic performance of this series of catalysts under full spectrum irradiation was also tested. It is found that the CTM‐5 sample has the best photocatalytic activity, and the yields of CO and CH4are 29.87 and 17.94 μmol g−1 h−1, respectively. This can be ascribed to the favorable optical absorption performance of the composite catalyst in the full spectrum and the establishment of S‐scheme charge transfer channel. The formation of heterojunctions can effectively promote charge transfer. The addition of Ti3C2materials provides plentiful active sites for CO2reaction, and its superior electrical conductivity is also favorable for the migration of photogenerated electrons.
Significance of FNAC, BRAF mutation, and intraoperative frozen section in surgical decision‐making of thyroid nodules
Authors: Zhu Zhaohui , Su Chang , Chen Guang , Wan Fang , Jin Meishan , Duan Xiumei , Wang Yongxiang , Wang Guimin
Published: April 2023

Background

A preoperative method is desired to discriminate benign from malignant thyroid nodules. This retrospective study evaluated the diagnostic performance of BRAF (B‐Raf proto‐oncogene) mutation (BRAFV600E) positivity and fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) relative to intraoperative frozen section pathology.

Methods

Patients underwent preoperative FNAC of thyroid nodules. Cytology specimens were classified according to the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC), and analyzed for BRAFV600E using an amplification‐refractory mutation system (ARMS). Thyroid tissue was surgically removed and frozen sections processed for histology. The sensitivities and specificities of each analysis were compared, alone and in combination.

Results

Among 346 patients, 333/358 FNACs (93%) showed malignant nodules; 322 (93%) patients received a pathological diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The sensitivity and specificity of BSRTC VI for malignancy was the highest among the BSRTC categories. Compared with FNAC, the BRAFV600E analysis had significantly higher sensitivity and specificity. The diagnostic efficacy of frozen section pathology was significantly higher than that of either BSRTC category or BRAFV600E analysis alone. Combining methods variably improved diagnostic performance. BRAFV600E was not associated with capsule infiltration, neurovascular infiltration, mono‐ or multifocal PTC, lymph node metastasis, or clinical stage.

Conclusion

The diagnostic performance of preoperative BRAFV600E determination was better than that of the BSRTC‐FNAC category; combining both improved sensitivity and specificity. Patients with positive malignancy scores from both should be recommended for surgery; those with negative scores require close monitoring. Surgical treatment should include comprehensive intraoperative frozen section assessment. BRAF mutations cannot indicate aggressive treatment.
Diagnostic significance of GATA 3, TTF‐1, PTH, chromogranin expressions in parathyroid fine needle aspirations via immuonocytochemical method
Authors: Erdogan‐Durmus Senay , Ramazanoglu Sultan Rana , Barut Hamit Yucel
Published: April 2023

Background

Additional studies may be needed when evaluating parathyroid fine needle aspirates (FNA) due to cytomorphologic similarities. The liquid‐based cytology (LBC) is an effective cytology method which provides additional slides for ancillary techniques. We aimed to examine the immunocytochemical (ICC) GATA 3, TTF‐1, which chromogranin and PTH expressions and to determine their diagnostic importance in parathyroid FNAs which were prepared via LBC technique.

Methods

In total, 45 parathyroid FNA cases were examined in our laboratory for 12‐month period. Thirty five cases without cell blocks were included in the study. Ten cases were excluded from study (five cases were nondiagnostic, five cases had cell blocks). For main LBC cytology slides SurePath pap test kit was used. For ICC study 4 PAP‐stained LBC slides were obtained from each case's residual material. The slides were then stained with GATA 3, TTF‐1, PTH and chromogranin.

Results

Of 35 cases, 8 were male and 27 were female. The mean age of the cases was 52.25 ± 11.44 (range 27–72). The mean diameter of the lesions was 18.54 ± 7.66 mm (range 6–32 mm).The most used antibody was TTF‐1 (in all 35 cases). The positivity rates were 84.8%, 83.9% and 81.8% for GATA 3, PTH and chromogranin, respectively. TTF‐1 was completely negative in 100% of cases. All patients had high PTH washout values (29 patients, PTH washout value was >5000 pg/mL). In 30 cases, histopathologic follow‐up was available. The cyto‐histological correlation was 100%. Based on the PTH washout values for cases without resection, the diagnostic accuracy of FNA was determined as 100% in detecting the parathyroid origin. Among the antibodies, the most specific and sensitive antibody was TTF‐1 (100%). The sensitivity values of the antibodies indicating parathyroid origin for GATA3, PTH and chromogranin were 86.67%, 83.33% and 81.82%, respectively.

Conclusion

The addition of ICC studies applied to LBC slides is also very helpful in diagnosis, especially in FNAs with limited material such as parathyroid. GATA3 is a more reliable ICC marker determining parathyroid origin. In differentiation from thyroid origin, the addition of TTF‐1 to the ICC panel increases the diagnostic accuracy to 96.67%. Although PTH and chromogranin have lower sensitivity, they are still reliable markers to detect parathyroid origin.
Postweaning cafeteria diet induces a short‐term metabolic disfunction and a differential vulnerability to develop anxiety‐like and depressive‐like behaviors in male but not female rats
Authors: Mota‐Ramírez Luz D. , Escobar Carolina
Published: April 2023

Children and adolescents are high consumers of Western diets (rich in fat and sugars), which is a risk factor for overweight and obesity. Moreover, the presence of anxiety and depression among this population has increased significantly. This study explores in young postweaning rats the association between Western diet consumption and the development of metabolic and behavioral disturbances. At postnatal day (PN) 24, Wistar rats of both sexes were weaned and assigned to a control or cafeteria diet (CAF) group. After short‐term exposure, a group of rats was euthanized at PN31 to obtain abdominal fat pads and blood samples. Another group of rats was tested in the open‐field test, splash test, anhedonia test, and social play across 11 days (PN32–42). The CAF groups exhibited a significantly high level of body fat, serum glucose, triglycerides, leptin, and HOMA index when compared to the control groups. Only CAF males exhibited anxiety‐like and depression‐like behavior. Present results indicate that postweaning short‐term exposure to a CAF diet has immediate detrimental effects on metabolism in both sexes. However, only CAF males showed mood disturbances. This study provides evidence that a CAF diet exerts immediate effects on behavior and metabolism in the postweaning period and that sexes present differential vulnerability.
A call for autism‐led research exploring definitions of recovery in Autistic individuals with an eating disorder
Authors: Nimbley Emy , Maloney Ellen , Duffy Fiona
Published: April 2023

Research Gap

It is now established that definitions of recovery in eating disorders (EDs) should be informed by the lived/living experience of individuals and consider a broad range of physical, behavioral, and psychological factors. Autism is a common co‐occurring condition in EDs reflecting unique needs and experiences; however, very little research to date has explored definitions of recovery from EDs in Autistic populations. The current article will briefly review what we know about autism and EDs, before addressing how we can apply and extend what we know about broader ED recovery research to the unique needs of Autistic individuals with ED.

Suggested Approach

We propose that future studies are urgently required exploring definitions and conceptualizations of recovery in Autistic individuals with EDs, rooted in autism‐led, participatory research approaches and incorporating physical, behavioral, and psychological factors.

Discussion

Benefits and possible obstacles of implementing the proposed approach are discussed, before the authors outline specific suggestions for participatory designs and targets for future studies. Multidimensional and mixed method approaches to ED recovery will work toward integrating clinically measurable outcomes with lived/living experience perspectives.

Public Significance

EDs are common in Autistic individuals, however, very little is known about definitions of ED recovery in this population. Cross‐disciplinary, research‐driven definitions involving lived/living experience at all stages of the research process will generate meaningful and translational research.
Long‐lived Triplet Excited State of Perylenemonoimide (PMI) in a Diimine Pt(II) Bis‐acetylide Complex: Preparation and Study of the Photophysical Property with Transient Spectra
Authors: Ye Kaiyue , Wang Peili , Li Minjie , Hou Yuqi , Zhao Jianzhang , Wan Yan
Published: April 2023

We prepared a N^N Pt(II) bisacetylide complex that has strong absorption of visible light (molar absorption coefficients ϵ=6.7×104 M−1 cm−1 at 570 nm), and the singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) is up to 78 %. Femtosecond transient absorption spectra show the intersystem crossing (ISC) of the complex takes 81.8 ps, nanosecond transient absorption spectra show the triplet excited state lifetime is 7.6 μs. Density functional theory (DFT) computation demonstrated that the S1 and T1 states are mainly localized on the perylenemonoimide (PMI) ligands, although the involvement of the Pt(II) centre is noticeable. The complex was used as triplet photosensitizer to generate delayed fluorescence with perylenebisimide (PBI) as the triplet state energy acceptor and emitter, via the intermolecular triplet‐triplet energy transfer (TTET) and triplet‐triplet annihilation (TTA), the delayed fluorescence lifetime is up to 52.5 μs under the experimental conditions.
Ultimate and Primary Biodegradation of a Range of Nonpolymeric and Polymeric Surfactants in Seawater
Authors: Brakstad Odd G. , Sarno Antonio , Geerts Roy , Dawick James , Machado Abel , Hopp Philipp
Published: April 2023

Surfactants are chemicals commonly used in a wide range of domestic and industrial products. In the present study, ultimate biodegradation of 18 surfactants representing different classes (including several polymeric alcohol ethoxylates [AEs]) was determined in seawater at 20 °C by a Closed Bottle test method. After 28 days of incubation, 12 surfactants reached 60% biodegradation and were considered to be readily biodegradable in seawater. The results for the six additional surfactants indicated that the 60% pass level may be reached by extended incubation time, or that reduced biodegradation could be associated with toxicity of the chemicals. All these six surfactants were biodegraded >20% after 28 days, indicative of primary biodegradation in seawater. Polymeric ethoxylates with high numbers of ethylene oxide (EO) groups (40–50 EO groups) were more slowly biodegraded than polyethoxylates with 4 to 23 EO groups. Biodegradation experiments of the AE C12 EO9 (3 to 18 EO groups) in a carousel system at 20 °C with natural seawater and a surfactant concentration of 500 µg/L showed rapid primary biodegradation by targeted analyses of the AE, with >99% primary biodegradation after 2 days of incubation. The surfactant depletion coincided with temporary formation of polyethylene glycols, suggesting that central fission is an important degradation step in seawater. A primary biodegradation experiment in the carousel system with C12 EO9 was conducted in the presence of suspended particulate materials (SPMs; marine phytoplankton and clay particles), showing that the presence of SPMs did not hamper the primary biodegradation of the surfactant. Separation of fractions in 20-µm steel filters indicated some particle association of the surfactant. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1472–1484. © 2023 SETAC
American strangle options with arbitrary strikes
Authors: Zaevski Tsvetelin S.
Published: April 2023

The so‐called American strangle options are examined in this paper. Their main characteristic is the combined put and call feature. The holder has the right to exercise prematurely choosing the option's style—put or call. We abandon the traditional assumption that the put strike is below the call one considering arbitrary values. We also assume that the put and call weights are different. The equations for the early exercise boundaries are derived in the perpetual case. After that we approximate numerically these boundaries for the finite maturity options maximizing the option holder's utility. On the basis of them we apply a Crank–Nicolson finite difference method to the corresponding Black–Scholes‐style partial differential equation to obtain the fair option price.
Formalizing the Representativeness of Verification Models using Morphisms
Authors: Wach Paul , Beling Peter , Salado Alejandro
Published: April 2023

With the increasing complexity that is being introduced to engineered systems, the literature suggests that verification may benefit from theoretical foundations. In practice and in teaching of system engineering (SE), we typically define a verification model (simulation, test article, etc.) under the assumption that the model is a valid representation of the system design. Is this assumption always true? In this article, we explore the use of system theoretic morphisms to mathematically characterize the validity of representativeness between verification models and corresponding system design.
Exploring the Test and Evaluation Space using Model Based Conceptual Design (MBCD) Techniques
Authors: Flanigan David , Robinson Kevin
Published: April 2023

During the initial concept development phase, systems engineers focus on defining the problem space and system functions to explore candidate concepts that may address the systems engineers' problems. Model‐based conceptual design (MBCD) techniques may be used to assist the customer and other stakeholders develop a greater understanding of the system concept, as well as identifying areas in the system that are affected by changes in requirements. This approach has generally been documented for describing the system concept in the early stages in the lifecycle, without significant focus on the test and evaluation (T&E) space that would be needed to evaluate these concepts, or identifying where the T&E space would be affected with a change in requirements. Our hypothesis is that decision makers would equally gain insight into the T&E considerations as well as system space considerations using MBCD techniques. An approach is offered to extend the previously published MBCD methodology to better consider the T&E space.
Modifications to therapeutic plasma exchange to achieve rapid exchange on cardiopulmonary bypass prior to pediatric cardiac transplant
Authors: Davies Emily , Khan Sairah , Mo Yunchuan D. , Jacquot Cyril , Dham Niti , Sinha Pranava , Webb Jennifer
Published: April 2023

Background

Cardiac transplants increasingly occur following placement of ventricular assist devices (VADs). A strong association exists between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sensitization and VAD placement; however, desensitization protocols that utilize therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) are fraught with technical challenges and are at increased risk of adverse events. In response to increased VAD utilization in our pre‐transplant population, we developed a new institutional standard for TPE in the operating room.

Methods

Through a multidisciplinary effort, we developed an institutional protocol for intraoperative TPE immediately prior to cardiac transplantation after cannulation onto cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). All procedures used the standard TPE protocol on the Terumo Optia (Terumo BCT, Lakewood, CO, USA), but incorporated multiple modifications to limit patients' bypass times, and to coordinate with the surgical teams. These modifications included deliberate misidentification of replacement fluid and maximization of the citrate infusion rate.

Results

These adjustments allowed the machine to run at maximal inlet speeds, minimizing duration of TPE. To date, 11 patients have been treated with this protocol. All survived their cardiac transplantation operation. Hypocalcemia and hypotension were noted; however, none of these adverse events appeared to have clinical impact. Technical complications included unexpected fibrin deposition in the TPE circuit and air in the inlet line due to surgical manipulation of the CPB cannula. No thromboembolic complications occurred in any patient.

Conclusion

We feel that this procedure can be rapidly and safely performed in HLA sensitized pediatric patients on CPB to limit the risk of antibody mediated rejection of their heart transplant.
Does diversity in supervisory boards affect profitability and corporate social responsibility?
Authors: Taufik Muhammad , Oh Jessie Fircayanthi
Published: April 2023

This study analyses how individuals who bring diversity to the membership of supervisory boards (IDSBs) affect profitability and corporate social responsibility (CSR) by looking at their human capital, tokenistic leadership potential, and tendencies. IDSBs are females, younger people, those with PhDs, accounting experts, and foreign members. Their effect will be interpreted by utilizing resource dependence theory and tokenism theory. Additionally, their counterparts, namely board members who are male, older, who do not have PhDs, are not accounting experts, and are local nationals, were also examined. Indonesian corporations from 2017 to 2020 were analyzed using panel data. The proportion and number of IDSBs were classified as token leaders. Despite their rarity, female supervisory board members increased profitability. CSR was, however, negatively affected by women, accounting experts, and foreigners serving on supervisory boards due to their role as tokenistic leaders. Additionally, supervisory board members who are younger, have PhDs, and are accounting experts contributed to a drop in profitability. Surprisingly, supervisory board members who are younger (older) and have PhDs (non‐PhDs) did not yield empirical evidence regarding CSR, so it is beyond the scope of the perspective on tokenism. Finally, foreign board members increased profitability but this is limited to firm value.
Arginase 1 expression is increased during hepatic stellate cell activation and facilitates collagen synthesis
Authors: Zhang Mengfan , Wu Zongmei , Salas Sandra Serna , Aguilar Magnolia Martinez , Trillos‐Almanza Maria C. , Buist‐Homan Manon , Moshage Han
Published: April 2023

Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) is a key event in the initiation of liver fibrosis. Activated HSCs proliferate and secrete excessive amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM), disturbing liver architecture and function, leading to fibrosis and eventually cirrhosis. Collagen is the most abundant constituent of ECM and proline is the most abundant amino acid of collagen. Arginine is the precursor in the biosynthetic pathway of proline. Arginine is the exclusive substrate of both nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and arginase. NOS is an M1 (proinflammatory) marker of macrophage polarization whereas arginase‐1 (Arg1) is an M2 (profibrogenic) marker of macrophage polarization. Differential expression of NOS and Arg1 has not been studied in HSCs yet. To identify the expression profile of arginine catabolic enzymes during HSC activation and to investigate their role in HSC activation, primary rat HSCs were cultured‐activated for 7 days and expression of iNOS and Arg1 were investigated. Nor‐NOHA was used as a specific and reversible arginase inhibitor. During HSC activation, iNOS expression decreased whereas Arg1 expression increased. Inhibition of Arg1 in activated HSCs efficiently inhibited collagen production but not cell proliferation. HSC activation is accompanied by a switch of arginine catabolism from iNOS to Arg1. Inhibition of Arg1 decreases collagen synthesis. Therefore, we conclude that Arg1 can be a therapeutic target for the inhibition of liver fibrogenesis.
Comparison of a single‐use pH test strip and a glass electrode for potentiometric titration
Authors: Wang Hsing‐Ting , Kuo Fang‐Ci , Lin Xin‐Yuan , Tsai Hwei‐yan
Published: April 2023

The potentiometric titration of a carbonate mixture or an acetate solution is a common experiment in analytical laboratories. Typically, a glass electrode combined with a calomel or Ag/AgCl reference electrode is used to locate the equivalence points in neutralization titrations. The dissociation constants of weak acids and bases can be calculated from the pH at the half‐neutralization point. Recently, a new commercial product for measuring pH has been developed. This novel acid–base detection strip is a single‐use sensor that requires neither storage in a preservation liquid nor calibration prior to use. This study examined its suitability for the continuous monitoring of pH changes in potentiometric titrations of carbonate mixtures, acetate solutions, or ammonia solutions. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of solutions tested using a glass electrode and a pH test strip. The pKa, pKb, and pH values determined using the two systems differed by less than 5%. The results confirmed that the pH strips are suitable for continuously monitoring pH changes during neutralization titrations. However, the strips can only be used once.
A green co‐treatment to accelerate the hydrolysis of sludge during anaerobic fermentation using free nitrous acid and sodium citrate
Authors: Zhou Wu‐yang , Fang Qian , Ding Wen‐xue , Xiao Zi‐long , Luo Fan , Ping Qi‐qi , Wang Guang‐hua , Zhang Rui‐jian
Published: April 2023

Background

Anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge to produce short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) is one of the means of sludge resource utilization. However, the protective effect of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structure contained in sludge flocs can lead to a slow hydrolysis process, which inhibits the production of SCFAs.

Results

In this study, a new step‐by‐step pretreatment method for breaking sludge flocs was adopted. The cationic complexing agent sodium citrate (C6H5Na3O7) was used first to break the cationic bridging structure of EPS, and then the strong oxidizing property of free nitrous acid (HNO2) was used to break the cell structure. The results showed that the C6H5Na3O7dose of 0.10 g g−1total suspended solids (TSS) was able to disintegrate EPS, and the optimal dose and pretreatment time of HNO2under these conditions were 2.504 mg L−1and 24 h, respectively, when the highest soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) content of 1700 ± 25 mg L−1was reached. SCFA production in the group of 0.10 g g−1TSS with 2.504 mg L−1HNO2co‐pretreatment reached 1827 ± 40 mg COD L−1at 8 days of fermentation.

Conclusion

The presence of C6H5Na3O7accelerated the degradation rate of HNO2during fermentation, and the pH fluctuation of the system was lower compared to the HNO2pretreatment alone. Moreover, the synergistic pretreatment significantly changed the bacterial community structure within the system andPetrimonas(47.62%), belonging to the hydrogen and acetic acid‐producing bacteria, was enriched, which promoted organic matter degradation and SCFA production. These findings will contribute to optimization of the sludge treatment process. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Antibiotic clinical decision support for pneumonia in the ED: A randomized trial
Authors: Williams Derek J. , Martin Judith M. , Nian Hui , Weitkamp Asli O. , Slagle Jason , Turer Robert W. , Suresh Srinivasan , Johnson Jakobi , Stassun Justine , Just Shari L. , Reale Carrie , Beebe Russ , Arnold Donald H. , Antoon James W. , Rixe Nancy S. , Sartori Laura F. , Freundlich Robert E. , Ampofo Krow , Pavia Andrew T. , Smith Joshua C. , Weinger Matthew B. , Zhu Yuwei , Grijalva Carlos G.
Published: April 2023

Background

Electronic health record‐based clinical decision support (CDS) is a promising antibiotic stewardship strategy. Few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of antibiotic CDS in the pediatric emergency department (ED).

Objective

To compare the effectiveness of antibiotic CDS vs. usual care for promoting guideline‐concordant antibiotic prescribing for pneumonia in the pediatric ED.

Design

Pragmatic randomized clinical trial.

Setting and Participants

Encounters for children (6 months‐18 years) with pneumonia presenting to two tertiary care children s hospital EDs in the United States.

Intervention

CDS or usual care was randomly assigned during 4‐week periods within each site. The CDS intervention provided antibiotic recommendations tailored to each encounter and in accordance with national guidelines.

Main Outcome and Measures

The primary outcome was exclusive guideline‐concordant antibiotic prescribing within the first 24 h of care. Safety outcomes included time to first antibiotic order, encounter length of stay, delayed intensive care, and 3‐ and 7‐day revisits.

Results

1027 encounters were included, encompassing 478 randomized to usual care and 549 to CDS. Exclusive guideline‐concordant prescribing did not differ at 24 h (CDS, 51.7% vs. usual care, 53.3%; odds ratio [OR] 0.94 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73, 1.20]). In pre‐specified stratified analyses, CDS was associated with guideline‐concordant prescribing among encounters discharged from the ED (74.9% vs. 66.0%; OR 1.53 [95% CI: 1.01, 2.33]), but not among hospitalized encounters. Mean time to first antibiotic was shorter in the CDS group (3.0 vs 3.4 h; p = .024). There were no differences in safety outcomes.

Conclusions

Effectiveness of ED‐based antibiotic CDS was greatest among those discharged from the ED. Longitudinal interventions designed to target both ED and inpatient clinicians and to address common implementation challenges may enhance the effectiveness of CDS as a stewardship tool.
Prognostic and predictive factors in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma: A long‐term study from a large tertiary care urban center
Authors: Gonzalez Marcos R. , Clunk Marilee J. , Bedi Angad D. S. , Werenski Joseph O. , Lang Julian H. , Karczewski Daniel , Sodhi Alisha , Lozano‐Calderon Santiago A.
Published: April 2023

Background and Objectives

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is an aggressive type of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) with high rates of metastatic disease and local recurrence. We sought to identify risk factors for local recurrence, metastasis, and overall death, and assess their impact on overall survival (OS), local recurrence‐free survival (LRFS), and metastasis‐free survival (MFS).

Methods

A total of 386 cases of UPS treated at our institution from 1980 to 2020 were included. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identifying risk factors for death, local recurrence, and/or metastasis. Using the Kaplan–Meier method, we assessed OS, LRFS, and MFS.

Results

Sixty‐six (17%) and 121 (30%) patients with UPS developed local recurrence or metastasis, respectively. Lymph node (LN) involvement was present in 13.5% of patients. The most affected organ in patients with metastatic disease was the lungs (76.9%). Age ≥ 60 (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.42) and size ≥7 cm (HR = 1.52) were some of the significant risk factors for overall death. LN involvement was an important risk factor for both LR (HR = 2.79) and distant metastasis (HR = 5.73).

Conclusions

UPS displays high rates of metastatic disease and local recurrence. Using a tumor size cutoff value of 7 cm yields superior prognostic value than the standard STS T‐score thresholds. Lymphovascular invasion is an important risk factor for the development of metastasis.
TACE for HCC: A critical review of the 2021 CIRSE recommendations with presentation of a technique for a degradable starch microsphere—TACE
Authors: Fobbe Franz , Boese‐Landgraf Joachim
Published: April 2023

There is no consensus on which substances and which method should be used for transarterial chemoembolization. A publication commissioned by CIRSE 2021 attempted to formulate recommendations. However, only the spectrum of currently implemented procedures is outlined but no recommendation was made. In this article, therefore, basic considerations regarding the technique of chemoembolization are presented, and the authors discuss fundamental considerations about the embolic materials used, the cytostatic drugs and their dosage, as well as about pain therapy during treatment. Then, a technique is presented which used degradable starch microspheres as an embolic agent. This technique enables multiple treatments over a longer period. However, this proposal is not only evidence‐based but also eminence‐based. What we need are controlled studies that systematically compare different treatment techniques in a sufficient number of patients. This will hopefully help to find the best method for individual patients. Until then, the technique proposed by the authors can be applied.
Reversed distal laterodigital adipofascial flap for nail‐bed reconstruction
Authors: Delle Femmine Pietro F. , Bruno Edoardo , Tosi Daniele , Musumarra Gaetano , Amadei Federico , Ribuffo Diego , Del Bene Massimo
Published: April 2023

Background

Lesions of the distal phalanges of the fingers frequently involve the nail bed. There are few therapeutic options for nail‐bed reconstruction and they often lead to painful scars and onychodystrophy. We present our experience with the distal adipofascial laterodigital reverse flap.

Methods

Fifteen patients (average age 46.33 years, range 28–73) with tumors or traumatic injuries (crush injuries, nail avulsion, and partial fingertip amputations) of the nail bed, underwent digital reconstruction through the distal adipofascial laterodigital reverse flap from June 2018 to August 2019. The size of the fingertip defect covered with the flap was ranged between 1.1 × 1.1 and 1.6 × 1.2 cm (average size 1.4 × 1.2 cm). The flap was harvested enrolling subcutaneous tissue from the lateral aspect of the middle and distal phalanx from the less damaged side.

Results

The average size of the harvested flaps was 1.3 × 1.2 cm (range 1.1 × 1.0 to 1.4 × 1.1 cm). All adipofascial flaps survived entirely and the nail bed healed in all patients, with an average healing time of 21 days and a subsequent regrowth of the nail. The follow up ranged from 6 to 12 months, with a mean of 7 months.

Conclusions

The distal reverse adipofascial flap provides a very versatile and reliable coverage of the distal finger and its nail bed. It is a rapid and reproducible surgical procedure with poor morbidity for the donor site.

Level of Evidence

IV.