bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonoccurrence of Negotiation of Meaning in Task‐Based Synchronous Computer‐Mediated Communication
Authors: VAN DER ZWAARD ROSE , BANNINK ANNE
Published: August 2016

This empirical study investigated the occurrence of meaning negotiation in an interactive synchronous computer‐mediated second language (L2) environment. Sixteen dyads (N = 32) consisting of nonnative speakers (NNSs) and native speakers (NSs) of English performed 2 different tasks using videoconferencing and written chat. The data were coded and analyzed both for instances of negotiation of meaning and for instances where the NNSs did not initiate repair despite nonunderstanding. Absences of negotiation of meaning are generally excluded from detailed analysis primarily because it is difficult to establish nonunderstanding unless the participant overtly indicates it. In order to assess the effect of the nonoccurrence of negotiation of meaning on task performance and task completion, this study used 2 tasks: a culturally specific task that almost certainly would result in NNS nonunderstanding and a collaborative decision‐making task that should trigger instances of negotiation of meaning. It was found that, in both tasks, instead of initiating repair sequences, NNS participants frequently did not engage in negotiation of meaning despite nonunderstanding. We conclude that disregarding nonoccurrence of negotiation of meaning in (digital) task‐based language teaching may lead to misrepresenting task performance, task outcome, and task evaluation, and, beyond that, to disregarding evidence that has both empirical and theoretical consequences for the Interaction Hypothesis and, by implication, for second language acquisition.
The Development of L2 Fluency During Study Abroad: A Cross‐Language Study
Authors: DI SILVIO FRANCESCA , DIAO WENHAO , DONOVAN ANNE
Published: August 2016

Examining speech samples from 75 American university students learning 1 of 3 languages (Mandarin, Russian, and Spanish), this article reports on a study of second language (L2) learners’ oral fluency development and its relationship with their gains in holistic proficiency ratings during a semester abroad. In study abroad research, there is a need for large‐scale studies that systematically investigate learners’ L2 development (Kinginger,; Rees & Klapper,). To address this need, the project used a quantitative design involving learners of 3 languages from multiple cohorts and diverse sending and destination institutions. Results from an analysis of 600 speech samples from 150 pretest and posttest Simulated Oral Proficiency Interviews (SOPIs) showed significant increases in speech rate as well as differences between the 3 language groups. The study also investigated the relationship between holistic oral proficiency ratings and fine‐tuned fluency measures and found some limited relationships between them. These findings can provide methodological suggestions for researchers interested in L2 fluency development among study abroad students and implications for foreign language educators and policy makers to promote study abroad and language learning.
Different waves of effector genes with contrasted genomic location are expressed by Leptosphaeria maculans during cotyledon and stem colonization of oilseed rape
Authors: Gervais Julie , Plissonneau Clémence , Linglin Juliette , Meyer Michel , Labadie Karine , Cruaud Corinne , Fudal Isabelle , Rouxel Thierry , Balesdent Marie‐Hélène
Published: August 2016

Leptosphaeria maculans, the causal agent of stem canker disease, colonizes oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in two stages: a short and early colonization stage corresponding to cotyledon or leaf colonization, and a late colonization stage during which the fungus colonizes systemically and symptomlessly the plant during several months before stem canker appears. To date, the determinants of the late colonization stage are poorly understood; L. maculans may either successfully escape plant defences, leading to stem canker development, or the plant may develop an ‘adult‐stage’ resistance reducing canker incidence. To obtain an insight into these determinants, we performed an RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) pilot project comparing fungal gene expression in infected cotyledons and in symptomless or necrotic stems. Despite the low fraction of fungal material in infected stems, sufficient fungal transcripts were detected and a large number of fungal genes were expressed, thus validating the feasibility of the approach. Our analysis showed that all avirulence genes previously identified are under‐expressed during stem colonization compared with cotyledon colonization. A validation RNA‐seq experiment was then performed to investigate the expression of candidate effector genes during systemic colonization. Three hundred and seven ‘late’ effector candidates, under‐expressed in the early colonization stage and over‐expressed in the infected stems, were identified. Finally, our analysis revealed a link between the regulation of expression of effectors and their genomic location: the ‘late’ effector candidates, putatively involved in systemic colonization, are located in gene‐rich genomic regions, whereas the ‘early’ effector genes, over‐expressed in the early colonization stage, are located in gene‐poor regions of the genome.
Variability of the inflorescence morphology of Carex spicata (Cyperaceae) and its implication to taxonomy
Authors: Jagodziński Andrzej M. , Janyszek Magdalena , Janyszek Sławomir , Wrońska‐Pilarek Dorota , Grzelak Mieczysław
Published: August 2016

Plants growing in different kinds of habitats are expected to show high morphological plasticity. Carex spicata Huds. occurs in different plant communities and shows distinct morphological variability of the inflorescences. Field observations carried out in different plant communities permitted us to hypothesize that the morphological variability of C. spicata inflorescences may to some degree be the result of the habitat. The objective of this study was to test that hypothesis for C. spicata by collecting inflorescences and measuring their morphological features from several populations in each of six plant communities: Agropyro‐Urticetum dioiceae, Arrhenatheretum elatioris, Lolio‐Cynosuretum, Lolio‐Plantaginetum, Trifolio‐Agrimonietum, and Stellario‐Deschampsietum. The following inflorescence features were analyzed: length of the lowest spikelet, distance between two lowest spikelets, length of inflorescence, number of spikelets, and length proportion of the lowest spikelet to the distance between the two lowest spikelets. We found that all analyzed morphological characters differed significantly among the plant communities. Furthermore, we found significant differences among populations within the six plant communities. Moreover, C. spicata inflorescences often have morphological features (i.e. a less crowded inflorescence with a relatively large distance between the two lowest spikelets) similar to the closely related species C. muricata L. Thus, the limited diagnostic value of inflorescence crowding, especially in vegetative or early fruiting phases, suggests that the taxonomic importance of this character should be reconsidered.
The effect of pollination mode on seed performance of Gentiana lutea: a laboratory evaluation of seed germinability
Authors: Rossi Martina , Fisogni Alessandro , Galloni Marta
Published: August 2016

Gentiana lutea L. (yellow gentian, Gentianaceae) is a protected orophyte of central and southern Europe, mainly threatened by the uncontrolled collection of its rhizome, used in traditional medicine and for liquor production. The species is self‐compatible, but outcrossing mediated by pollinators is needed to obtain a viable progeny. In this study, we considered five natural populations belonging to the four subspecies of G. lutea. We performed controlled pollinations in the field (self‐ versus cross‐pollination) followed by seed germination tests in laboratory conditions, adding a solution of gibberellic acid, in order to evaluate the seed performance. A cumulative index of inbreeding depression was calculated considering maternal reproductive output as well as seed performance traits. Seed weight and seed germination performance was similar between seeds resulting from naturally pollinated and pollen‐augmented flowers and higher compared to selfed flowers, highlighting a disadvantage of selfing and the importance of cross‐pollen transfer in natural conditions. However, in the small and isolated population of G. lutea subsp. symphyandra on Mt Grande we found a general reduction in seed germination rate, likely due to increased selfing or mating among close relatives as a consequence of a severe bottleneck. We discuss our results with regards to implications for conservation practices.
Stress, sex, and the enteric nervous system
Authors: Million M. , Larauche M.
Published: August 2016

Made up of millions of enteric neurons and glial cells, the enteric nervous system (ENS) is in a key position to modulate the secretomotor function and visceral pain of the gastrointestinal tract. The early life developmental period, through which most of the ENS development occurs, is highly susceptible to microenvironmental perturbation. Over the past decade, accumulating evidence has shown the impact of stress and early life adversity (ELA) on host gastrointestinal pathophysiology. While most of the focus has been on alterations in brain structure and function, limited experimental work in rodents suggest that the enteric nervous system can also be directly affected, as shown by changes in the number, phenotype, and reactivity of enteric nerves. The work of Medland et al. in the current issue of this journal demonstrates that such alterations also occur in pigs, a larger mammalian species with high translational value to human. This work also highlights a sex‐differential susceptibility of the ENS to the effect of ELA, which could contribute to the higher prevalence of GI disorders in women. In this mini‐review, we will discuss the development and composition of the ENS and related gastrointestinal sensory motor and secretory functions. We will then focus on the influence of stress on the enteric nervous system, with a particular emphasis on neurodevelopmental changes. Finally, we will discuss the influence of sex on those parameters.
Love in the Time of Consequentialism
Authors: Maguire Barry
Published: August 2016

There are several powerful motivations for neutral value‐based deontic theories such as Act Consequentialism. Traditionally, such theories have had great difficulty accounting for partiality towards one's personal relationships and projects. This paper presents a neutral value‐based theory that preserves the motivations for Act Consequentialism while vindicating some crucial intuitions about reasons to be partial. There are two central ideas. The first is that when it comes to working out what you ought to do, your friends’ interests, the needs of your family, the significance of your own projects and ideals, etc. have more weight than the interests and needs of strangers. Your friends’ interests are not (thereby) more neutrally valuable than the interests of others. So there is a difference between the value of an outcome and its deontic significance. The second familiar idea is that reasons are modifiable. Reasons of partiality are reasons the weights of which are a function of the value of the relevant outcome modified by facts about the value of caring about the outcome in question. The resulting principle has various further explanatory advantages; in particular, it accounts for project‐ and relationship‐specific permissions and requirements, both at a time and across time.
Repeated nonanesthetic malignant hyperthermia reactions in a child
Authors: Cummings Theresa , Der Tara , Karsli Cengiz
Published: August 2016

A series of life‐threatening nonanesthetic‐related MH reactions in a child was the inspiration for a proactive, novel solution allowing for early prehospital, potentially lifesaving intravenous dantrolene administration. Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential and parent education must be comprehensive and ongoing. This case underlines the importance of considering nonanesthetic MH susceptibility in the child who has a history of unspecified myopathy and who presents with fever and total body stiffness.
Immune‐mediated nephropathies in kidney transplants: recurrent or de novo diseases
Authors: Roberti Isabel , Vyas Shefali
Published: August 2016

IMN contribute to ESRD in 13% children with renal transplant (txp). Recurrent or de novo IMN can cause graft dysfunction and/or failure, but the details regarding incidence, therapy, and outcome remain poorly understood. Retrospective single‐center study of all pediatric kidney txp was carried out since 1998. Clinical presentation, pathology, therapy, and graft outcomes of children with recurrent or de novo IMN were reviewed. IMN was the primary etiology of ESRD in 28 of the 149 txp recipients. Eleven children had biopsy‐proven post‐txp IMN—six were recurrent and five had de novo. Presentation varied with changes in SCr and/or proteinuria. Initial therapy included higher doses of steroids, MMF, and tacrolimus. Outcome was excellent with only one late graft loss. Full remission was achieved in all other patients, but some had re‐recurrence of the IMN. Median follow‐up time was 11.8 years. IMN (recurrent or de novo) occurred in 7.4% (11 of 149) of all kidney txp performed at our center. IMN post‐txp was often seen late post‐txp, usually asymptomatic and noted to have relapsing pattern. Early diagnosis and prompt therapy resulted in excellent long‐term outcome in children diagnosed with post‐txp IMN.
Identification of candidate miRNAs and expression profile of yak oocytes before and after in vitro maturation by high‐throughput sequencing
Authors: Xiong XR , Lan DL , Li J , Zi XD , Li MY
Published: August 2016

Contents

Small RNA represents several unique non‐coding RNA classes that have important function in a wide range of biological processes including development of germ cells and early embryonic, cell differentiation, cell proliferation and apoptosis in diverse organisms. However, little is known about their expression profiles and effects in yak oocytes maturation and early development. To investigate the function of small RNAs in the maturation process of yak oocyte and early development, two small RNA libraries of oocytes were constructed from germinal vesicle stage (GV) and maturation in vitro to metaphase II‐arrested stage (M II) and then sequenced using small RNA high‐throughput sequencing technology. A total of 9,742,592 and 12,168,523 clean reads were obtained from GV and M II oocytes, respectively. In total, 801 and 1,018 known miRNAs were acquired from GV and M II oocytes, and 75 miRNAs were found to be significantly differentially expressed: 47 miRNAs were upregulated and 28 miRNAs were downregulated in the M II oocytes compared to the GV stage. Among the upregulated miRNAs, miR‐342 has the largest fold change (9.25‐fold). Six highly expressed miRNAs (let‐7i, miR‐10b, miR‐10c, miR‐143, miR‐146b and miR‐148) were validated by real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) and consistent with the sequencing results. Furthermore, the expression patterns of two miRNAs and their potential targets were analysed in different developmental stages of oocytes and early embryos. This study provides the first miRNA profile in the mature process of yak oocyte. Seventy‐five miRNAs are expressed differentially in GV and M II oocytes as well as among different development stages of early embryos, suggesting miRNAs involved in regulating oocyte maturation and early development of yak. These results showed specific miRNAs in yak oocytes had dynamic changes during meiosis. Further functional and mechanistic studies on the miRNAs during meiosis may beneficial to understanding the role of miRNAs on meiotic division.
Selection of red deer spermatozoa with different cryoresistance using density gradients
Authors: García‐Álvarez O , Soler AJ , Maulen Z , Maroto‐Morales A , Iniesta‐Cuerda M , Martín‐Maestro A , Fernández‐Santos MR , Garde JJ
Published: August 2016

Contents

The objective of sperm selection media is selecting the best spermatozoa and to remove seminal plasma and diluent for using them in assisted reproductive techniques. It is known that individuals show different cryoresistance in response to the same freezing procedure. Our hypothesis was that the efficacy of selection media could be dissimilar for samples with different sperm quality after thawing. Epididymal sperm samples from mature Iberian red deer were collected and frozen. Males were classified as with high post‐thaw sperm quality when sperm motility (SM) ≥ 70%, or as with low post‐thaw sperm quality when SM ≤ 69%. Samples were centrifuged using the following density gradients (DG): Percoll®, Puresperm® and Bovipure™, and several functional sperm parameters were assessed after sperm selecting and washing. Males classified with high sperm quality had higher post‐thawing values (p > .05) for all parameters evaluated, except for linearity index, than those categorized as low sperm quality. After selection, some sperm characteristics improved (viability, apoptosis and mitochondrial activity) for both groups, showing the males with high sperm quality higher values in all sperm parameters except for kinematic traits and DNA fragmentation index (%DFI), regardless of DG. Bovipure™ yield lower values of sperm motility, viability, apoptosis and mitochondrial activity in relation to Percoll® and Puresperm® considering both quality groups. There was an interaction between the type of DG and sperm quality group for sperm viability (p = .040) and apoptosis (p = .003). Thus, Percoll® selected less live and more apoptotic spermatozoa than Puresperm® and Bovipure™ for males with low sperm quality. In conclusion, the DG are more efficient selecting spermatozoa from samples with high sperm quality, acting differently depending on initial sperm quality.
Dependence Evolution in the Spanish Disabled Population: A Functional data Analysis Approach
Authors: Albarrán-Lozano Irene , Alonso-González Pablo J. , Arribas-Gil Ana
Published: August 2016

In a health context, dependence is defined as a lack of autonomy in performing the basic activities of daily living and requiring care giving or significant help from another person. However, this contingency, if present, changes over one's lifetime. Empirical evidence shows that, once this situation occurs, it is almost impossible to return to the previous state and in most cases increases in intensity. In the paper, the evolution of the intensity of this situation is studied for the Spanish population affected by this contingency. Evolution in dependence can be seen as sparsely observed functional data, where we obtain a curve for each individual that is observed at only those points where changes in his or her condition of dependence occur. We use functional data analysis techniques, such as curve registration, functional data depth and distance-based clustering, to analyse this type of data. This approach proves to be useful in this context because it considers the dynamics of the dependence process and provides more meaningful conclusions than simple pointwise or multivariate analysis. We use the sample statistics obtained to predict the future evolution of dependence. The database analysed originates from the ‘Survey on disability, personal autonomy and dependence situations’ in Spain in 2008. The survey is the largest and most complete survey to be made available in Europe for the study of disability. In addition, the Spanish legislation is one of the most recent in Europe and provides a detailed quantitative scale to assess dependence. In the paper, the scale value according to this legislation has been calculated for each individual included in the survey. Differences between sex, age and the time of first appearance were considered, and a prediction of the future evolution of dependence is obtained.
Human Rights and Sociological Duties
Authors: Roberts Christopher N. J.
Published: August 2016

In recent years, scholars from a range of disciplinary orientations have looked to human rights to address an exceedingly complex, and often tragic, array of social problems. Nevertheless, as Judith Blau () and many others have noted, despite the best efforts of dedicated supporters, people still remain separated from their rights. Why has realizing the promise of rights proven to be so elusive, and what can scholars do to help connect people with their rights?
De Jure vs. De Facto Rights: A Response to “Human Rights: What the United States Might Learn from the Rest of the World and, Yes, from American Sociology”
Authors: Armaline William T. , Glasberg Davita Silfen , Purkayastha Bandana
Published: August 2016

Blau's () argument for a Constitutional Project implies that changes in the U.S. Constitution would ensure fundamental adherence to human rights standards. We disagree with the assumption that legal and institutional instruments are guarantors of human rights practice. Instead, we see rights practices as the function of power struggles that include but go far beyond formal law. Instead, we emphasize an important distinction between de jure human rights instruments and de facto human rights practice, arguing that the focus on de jure instruments and legal discourse misses the significant effect of social movements and direct action that secure rights practice. De jure instruments may codify human rights and enumerate them as important, but they do not carry the authority of enforcement. We argue that the pursuit of human rights must be reframed to include both de jure and de facto human rights terrains. While charitable provisions from generous states can temporarily relieve specific human rights abuses, universal human rights practice requires establishing the fundamental political primacy of the people through the processes of the human rights enterprise.
Computing canonical heights on elliptic curves in quasi-linear time
Authors: Müller J. Steffen , Stoll Michael
Published: August 2016

We introduce an algorithm that can be used to compute the canonical height of a point on an elliptic curve over the rationals in quasi-linear time. As in most previous algorithms, we decompose the difference between the canonical and the naive height into an archimedean and a non-archimedean term. Our main contribution is an algorithm for the computation of the non-archimedean term that requires no integer factorization and runs in quasi-linear time.
Collecting relations for the number field sieve in
Authors: Gaudry Pierrick , Grémy Laurent , Videau Marion
Published: August 2016

In order to assess the security of cryptosystems based on the discrete logarithm problem in non-prime finite fields, as are the torus-based or pairing-based ones, we investigate thoroughly the case in$\mathbb{F}_{p^{6}}$with the number field sieve. We provide new insights, improvements, and comparisons between different methods to select polynomials intended for a sieve in dimension 3 using a special-$\mathfrak{q}$strategy. We also take into account the Galois action to increase the relation productivity of the sieving phase. To validate our results, we ran several experiments and real computations for various polynomial selection methods and field sizes with our publicly available implementation of the sieve in dimension 3, with special-$\mathfrak{q}$and various enumeration strategies.
Effective Hasse principle for the intersection of two quadrics
Authors: Quertier Tony
Published: August 2016

We consider a smooth system of two homogeneous quadratic equations over $\mathbb{Q}$ in $n\geqslant 13$ variables. In this case, the Hasse principle is known to hold, thanks to the work of Mordell in 1959. The only local obstruction is over $\mathbb{R}$. In this paper, we give an explicit algorithm to decide whether a nonzero rational solution exists and, if so, compute one.
JKL-ECM: an implementation of ECM using Hessian curves
Authors: Heer Henriette , McGuire Gary , Robinson Oisín
Published: August 2016

We present JKL-ECM, an implementation of the elliptic curve method of integer factorization which uses certain twisted Hessian curves in a family studied by Jeon, Kim and Lee. This implementation takes advantage of torsion subgroup injection for families of elliptic curves over a quartic number field, in addition to the ‘small parameter’ speedup. We produced thousands of curves with torsion$\mathbb{Z}/6\mathbb{Z}\oplus \mathbb{Z}/6\mathbb{Z}$and small parameters in twisted Hessian form, which admit curve arithmetic that is ‘almost’ as fast as that of twisted Edwards form. This allows JKL-ECM to compete with GMP-ECM for finding large prime factors. Also, JKL-ECM, based on GMP, accepts integers of arbitrary size. We classify the torsion subgroups of Hessian curves over$\mathbb{Q}$and further examine torsion properties of the curves described by Jeon, Kim and Lee. In addition, the high-performance curves with torsion$\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}\oplus \mathbb{Z}/8\mathbb{Z}$of Bernsteinet al. are completely recovered by the$\mathbb{Z}/4\mathbb{Z}\oplus \mathbb{Z}/8\mathbb{Z}$family of Jeon, Kim and Lee, and hundreds more curves are produced besides, all with small parameters and base points.
On error distributions in ring-based LWE
Authors: Castryck Wouter , Iliashenko Ilia , Vercauteren Frederik
Published: August 2016

Since its introduction in 2010 by Lyubashevsky, Peikert and Regev, the ring learning with errors problem (ring-LWE) has become a popular building block for cryptographic primitives, due to its great versatility and its hardness proof consisting of a (quantum) reduction from ideal lattice problems. But, for a given modulus$q$and degree$n$number field$K$, generating ring-LWE samples can be perceived as cumbersome, because the secret keys have to be taken from the reduction mod$q$of a certain fractional ideal${\mathcal{O}}_{K}^{\vee }\subset K$called the codifferent or ‘dual’, rather than from the ring of integers${\mathcal{O}}_{K}$itself. This has led to various non-dual variants of ring-LWE, in which one compensates for the non-duality by scaling up the errors. We give a comparison of these versions, and revisit some unfortunate choices that have been made in the recent literature, one of which is scaling up by${|\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{K}|}^{1/2n}$with$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{K}$the discriminant of$K$. As a main result, we provide, for any$\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}>0$, a family of number fields$K$for which this variant of ring-LWE can be broken easily as soon as the errors are scaled up by${|\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{K}|}^{(1-\unicode[STIX]{x1D700})/n}$.
Tuple lattice sieving
Authors: Bai Shi , Laarhoven Thijs , Stehlé Damien
Published: August 2016

Lattice sieving is asymptotically the fastest approach for solving the shortest vector problem (SVP) on Euclidean lattices. All known sieving algorithms for solving the SVP require space which (heuristically) grows as$2^{0.2075n+o(n)}$, where$n$is the lattice dimension. In high dimensions, the memory requirement becomes a limiting factor for running these algorithms, making them uncompetitive with enumeration algorithms, despite their superior asymptotic time complexity.

We generalize sieving algorithms to solve SVP with less memory. We consider reductions of tuples of vectors rather than pairs of vectors as existing sieve algorithms do. For triples, we estimate that the space requirement scales as$2^{0.1887n+o(n)}$. The naive algorithm for this triple sieve runs in time$2^{0.5661n+o(n)}$. With appropriate filtering of pairs, we reduce the time complexity to$2^{0.4812n+o(n)}$while keeping the same space complexity. We further analyze the effects of using larger tuples for reduction, and conjecture how this provides a continuous trade-off between the memory-intensive sieving and the asymptotically slower enumeration.
Computing theta functions in quasi-linear time in genus two and above
Authors: Labrande Hugo , Thomé Emmanuel
Published: August 2016

We outline an algorithm to compute $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}(z,\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$ in genus two in quasi-linear time, borrowing ideas from the algorithm for theta constants and the one for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}(z,\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$ in genus one. Our implementation shows a large speed-up for precisions as low as a few thousand decimal digits. We also lay out a strategy to generalize this algorithm to genus $g$.
Division algebras and maximal orders for given invariants
Authors: Böckle Gebhard , Gvirtz Damián
Published: August 2016

Brauer classes of a global field can be represented by cyclic algebras. Effective constructions of such algebras and a maximal order therein are given for$\mathbb{F}_{q}(t)$, excluding cases of wild ramification. As part of the construction, we also obtain a new description of subfields of cyclotomic function fields.
Roots of sparse polynomials over a finite field
Authors: Kelley Zander
Published: August 2016

For a$t$-nomial$f(x)=\sum _{i=1}^{t}c_{i}x^{a_{i}}\in \mathbb{F}_{q}[x]$, we show that the number of distinct, nonzero roots of$f$is bounded above by$2(q-1)^{1-\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}}C^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}}$, where$\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}=1/(t-1)$and$C$is the size of the largest coset in$\mathbb{F}_{q}^{\ast }$on which$f$vanishes completely. Additionally, we describe a number-theoretic parameter depending only on$q$and the exponents$a_{i}$which provides a general and easily computable upper bound for $C$. We thus obtain a strict improvement over an earlier bound of Canettiet al. which is related to the uniformity of the Diffie–Hellman distribution. Finally, we conjecture that$t$-nomials over prime fields have only$O(t\log p)$roots in$\mathbb{F}_{p}^{\ast }$when$C=1$.
Explicit isogenies in quadratic time in any characteristic
Authors: De Feo Luca , Hugounenq Cyril , Plût Jérôme , Schost Éric
Published: August 2016

Consider two ordinary elliptic curves$E,E^{\prime }$defined over a finite field$\mathbb{F}_{q}$, and suppose that there exists an isogeny$\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$between$E$and$E^{\prime }$. We propose an algorithm that determines$\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$from the knowledge of$E$,$E^{\prime }$and of its degree$r$, by using the structure of the$\ell$-torsion of the curves (where $\ell$ is a prime different from the characteristic $p$of the base field). Our approach is inspired by a previous algorithm due to Couveignes, which involved computations using the$p$-torsion on the curves. The most refined version of that algorithm, due to De Feo, has a complexity of $\tilde{O} (r^{2})p^{O(1)}$base field operations. On the other hand, the cost of our algorithm is$\tilde{O} (r^{2})\log (q)^{O(1)}$, for a large class of inputs; this makes it an interesting alternative for the medium- and large-characteristic cases.
Two-Dimensional Experimental Investigation on the Effects of a Fowler Flap Gap and Overlap Size on the Wake Flow Field
Authors: Demel David , Ferchichi Mohsen , Allan William D. E. , Dghim Marouen
Published: August 2016

This work details an experimental investigation on the effects of the variation of flap gap and overlap sizes on the flow field in the wake of a wing-section equipped with a trailing edge Fowler flap. The airfoil was based on the NACA 0014-1.10 40/1.051 profile, and the flap was deployed with 40 deg deflection angle. Two-dimensional (2D) particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the flow field in the vicinity of the main wing trailing edge and the flap region were performed for the optimal flap gap and overlap, as well as for flap gap and overlap increases of 2% and 4% chord beyond optimal, at angles of attack of 0 deg, 10 deg, and 12 deg. For all the configurations investigated, the flow over the flap was found to be fully stalled. At zero angle of attack, increasing the flap gap size was found to have minor effects on the flow field but increased flap overlap resulted in misalignment between the main wing boundary layer (BL) flow and the slot flow that forced the flow in the trailing edge region of the main wing to separate. When the angle of attack was increased to near stall conditions (at angle of attack of 12 deg), increasing the flap gap was found to energize and improve the flow in the trailing edge region of the main wing, whereas increased flap overlap further promoted flow separation on the main wing suction surface possibly steering the wing into stall.
Assessment of Flexure Failure Models Using Loads Measured on the Conical Piers of the Confederation Bridge During 1998–2008
Authors: Wong Chee K. , Brown Thomas G. , Susan Robertson J.
Published: August 2016

The Confederation Bridge spans across the Northumberland Strait in Eastern Canada connecting Prince Edward Island to mainland Canada through New Brunswick. Due to the presence of ice during each winter, the bridge piers are subjected to ice loads. A comprehensive permanent monitoring program has been implemented to observe and measure the ice–structure interaction events at two piers since the start of the bridge operations in 1998. This study uses the derived ice loads on one pier, and the associated event attributes for 100 selected events. Flexural failure models are used to determine theoretical loads of the selected interaction events. It is found that the weight of the total ice rubble pile and the physical and mechanical properties of the ice sheet are the dominant parameters affecting the ice load exerted on the conical structure. A semi-empirical correlation is developed to relate the ice load with those parameters for the Confederation Bridge.
Wear Characteristics of Conventional and Squeeze-Film Artificial Hip Joints
Authors: Boedo S. , Coots S. A.
Published: August 2016

This paper investigates the wear characteristics of a novel squeeze-film hip implant design. Key features of the design are elastic elements attached to the cup which provide a mechanical means for ball separation during the swing phase of the gait loading cycle. An Archard-based wear formulation was implemented utilizing the ansys finite element analysis program which relates contact pressure and sliding distance to linear wear depth. It is found that low-modulus elastic elements with bonded high-modulus metal coatings offer significant predicted improvement in linear and volumetric wear rates when compared with conventional implant geometries for gait cycle loading and kinematic conditions found in practice.
Displacement Talbot lithography nanopatterned microsieve array for directional neuronal network formation in brain-on-chip
Authors: Xie Sijia , Schurink Bart , Berenschot Erwin J. W. , Tiggelaar Roald M. , Gardeniers Han J. G. E. , Luttge Regina
Published: August 2016

Commercial microelectrode arrays (MEAs) for in vitro neuroelectrophysiology studies rely on conventional two dimensional (2D) neuronal cultures that are seeded on the planar surface of such MEAs and thus form a random neuronal network. The cells attaching on these types of surfaces grow in 2D and lose their native morphology, which may also influence their neuroelectrical behavior. Besides, a random neuronal network formed on this planar surface in vitro also lacks comparison to the in vivo state of brain tissue. In order to improve the present MEA platform with the above mentioned concerns, in this paper, the authors introduce a three dimensional platform for neuronal cell culturing, where a linear nanoscaffold is patterned on a microsieve array by displacement Talbot lithography (DTL) and reactive ion etching. Good pattern uniformity is achieved by the DTL method on the topographically prepatterned nonflat surface of the microsieve array. Primary cortical cells cultured on the nanopatterned microsieve array show an organized network due to the contact guidance provided by the nanoscaffold, presenting 47% of the total outgrowths aligning with the nanogrooves in the observed view of field. Hence, the authors state that this nanopatterned microsieve array can be further integrated into microsieve-based microelectrode arrays to realize an advanced Brain-on-Chip model that allows us to investigate the neurophysiology of cultured neuronal networks with specifically organized architectures.
Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell–derived human enteroids
Authors: Ettayebi Khalil , Crawford Sue E. , Murakami Kosuke , Broughman James R. , Karandikar Umesh , Tenge Victoria R. , Neill Frederick H. , Blutt Sarah E. , Zeng Xi-Lei , Qu Lin , Kou Baijun , Opekun Antone R. , Burrin Douglas , Graham David Y. , Ramani Sasirekha , Atmar Robert L. , Estes Mary K.
Published: August 2016

The major barrier to research and development of effective interventions for human noroviruses (HuNoVs) has been the lack of a robust and reproducible in vitro cultivation system. HuNoVs are the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. We report the successful cultivation of multiple HuNoV strains in enterocytes in stem cell–derived, nontransformed human intestinal enteroid monolayer cultures. Bile, a critical factor of the intestinal milieu, is required for strain-dependent HuNoV replication. Lack of appropriate histoblood group antigen expression in intestinal cells restricts virus replication, and infectivity is abrogated by inactivation (e.g., irradiation, heating) and serum neutralization. This culture system recapitulates the human intestinal epithelium, permits human host-pathogen studies of previously noncultivatable pathogens, and allows the assessment of methods to prevent and treat HuNoV infections.
Tensions of refugee politics in Europe
Authors: Hansen Randall , Randeria Shalini
Published: August 2016

Electoral, welfare-state, and demographic politics are obstacles to refugees
Molecular architecture of the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
activated spliceosome
Authors: Rauhut Reinhard , Fabrizio Patrizia , Dybkov Olexandr , Hartmuth Klaus , Pena Vladimir , Chari Ashwin , Kumar Vinay , Lee Chung-Tien , Urlaub Henning , Kastner Berthold , Stark Holger , Lührmann Reinhard
Published: August 2016

The activated spliceosome (B
act
) is in a catalytically inactive state and is remodeled into a catalytically active machine by the RNA helicase Prp2, but the mechanism is unclear. Here, we describe a 3D electron cryomicroscopy structure of the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
B
act
complex at 5.8-angstrom resolution. Our model reveals that in B
act
, the catalytic U2/U6 RNA-Prp8 ribonucleoprotein core is already established, and the 5′ splice site (ss) is oriented for step 1 catalysis but occluded by protein. The first-step nucleophile—the branchsite adenosine—is sequestered within the Hsh155 HEAT domain and is held 50 angstroms away from the 5′ss. Our structure suggests that Prp2 adenosine triphosphatase–mediated remodeling leads to conformational changes in Hsh155’s HEAT domain that liberate the first-step reactants for catalysis.
Complete Genome Sequence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT3 Zimbabwe/4/81
Authors: You Su-Hwa , Pyo Hyun Mi , Lee Seo-Yong , Ko Mi-Kyeong , Choi Joo-Hyung , Shin Sung Ho , Lee Kwang-Nyeong , Kim Byounghan , Park Jong-Hyeon
Published: August 2016

The complete genome sequence of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) serotype SAT3 virus ZIM/4/81, which belongs to a topotype 1 (SEZ), is reported here.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Lactobacillus reuteri
Strain CRL 1098, an Interesting Candidate for Functional Food Development
Authors: Torres Andrea C. , Suárez Nadia E. , Font Graciela , Saavedra Lucila , Taranto María Pía
Published: August 2016

We report here the draft genome sequence of
Lactobacillus reuteri
strain CRL 1098. This strain represents an interesting candidate for functional food development because of its proven probiotic properties. The draft genome sequence is composed of 1,969,471 bp assembled into 45 contigs and an average G+C content of 38.8%.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Neisseria weaveri
Strain NCTC13585
Authors: Alexander Sarah , Fazal Mohammed-Abbas , Burnett Edward , Deheer-Graham Ana , Oliver Karen , Holroyd Nancy , Parkhill Julian , Russell Julie E.
Published: August 2016

Neisseria weaveri
is a commensal organism of the canine oral cavity and an occasional opportunistic human pathogen which is associated with dog bite wounds. Here we report the first complete genomic sequence of the
N. weaveri
NCTC13585 (CCUG30381) strain, which was originally isolated from a patient with a canine bite wound.
Multiple Genome Sequences of the Important Beer-Spoiling Species
Lactobacillus backii
Authors: Geissler Andreas J. , Behr Jürgen , Vogel Rudi F.
Published: August 2016

Lactobacillus backii
is an important beer-spoiling species. Five strains isolated from four different breweries were sequenced using single-molecule real-time sequencing. Five complete genomes were generated, which will help to understand niche adaptation to beer and provide the basis for consecutive analyses.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two
Bacillus anthracis
Strains from Etosha National Park, Namibia
Authors: Valseth Karoline , Nesbø Camilla L. , Easterday W. Ryan , Turner Wendy C. , Olsen Jaran S. , Stenseth Nils C. , Haverkamp Thomas H. A.
Published: August 2016

Bacillus anthracis
strains K1 and K2 were isolated from two plains zebra anthrax carcasses in Etosha National Park, Namibia. These are draft genomes obtained by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of isolates collected from culture of blood-soaked soil from each carcass.
Complete Genome Sequences of the Historical
Legionella pneumophila
Strains OLDA and Pontiac
Authors: Mercante Jeffrey W. , Morrison Shatavia S. , Raphael Brian H. , Winchell Jonas M.
Published: August 2016

Here, we report the complete genome sequences of
Legionella pneumophila
serogroup 1 strains OLDA and Pontiac, which predate the 1976 Philadelphia Legionnaires' disease outbreak. Strain OLDA was isolated in 1947 from an apparent sporadic case, and strain Pontiac caused an explosive outbreak at a Michigan health department in 1968.
Draft Genome Sequences of
Pseudoalteromonas telluritireducens
DSM 16098 and
P. spiralis
DSM 16099 Isolated from the Hydrothermal Vents of the Juan de Fuca Ridge
Authors: Zhang Huan , Liu Rui , Wang Mengqiang , Wang Hao , Gao Qiang , Hou Zhanhui , Zhou Zhi , Gao Dahai , Wang Lingling
Published: August 2016

This report describes the draft genome sequences of two strains,
Pseudoalteromonas telluritireducens
DSM 16098 and
P. spiralis
DSM 16099, which were isolated from hydrothermal vents of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The reads generated by an Ion Torrent PGM were assembled into contigs with total sizes of 4.4 Mb and 4.1 Mb for DSM 16098 and DSM 16099, respectively.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Alcanivorax
sp. Strain KX64203 Isolated from Deep-Sea Sediments of Iheya North, Okinawa Trough
Authors: Zhang Huan , Liu Rui , Wang Mengqiang , Wang Hao , Gao Qiang , Hou Zhanhui , Gao Dahai , Wang Lingling
Published: August 2016

This report describes the draft genome sequence of
Alcanivorax
sp. strain KX64203, isolated from deep-sea sediment samples. The reads generated by an Ion Torrent PGM were assembled into contigs, with a total size of 4.76 Mb. The data will improve our understanding of the strain's function in alkane degradation.
Ante-mortem diagnosis of pulmonary tumour thrombotic microangiopathy in a patient with unrecognised extramammary Paget's disease
Authors: Banno Aya , Chiba Keijiro , Kasai Hiroko , Nagami Keiichi
Published: August 2016

Pulmonary tumour thrombotic microangiopathy (PTTM) resulting in fatal pulmonary hypertension is a rare complication of malignancy. Patients with PTTM generally suffer rapid deterioration of hypoxaemia, and a diagnosis is often only made at autopsy. We report a case of extramammary Paget's disease associated with PTTM. An ante-mortem diagnosis was made based on cytology of blood aspirated from a pulmonary artery catheter in a wedged position. Together with a review of the literature, this case highlights the potential diagnostic value of blood cytology in patients with cancer with rapidly progressing pulmonary hypertension.
Safflower (Catharmus tinctoriusL.) oil supplementation in overnourished rats during early neonatal development: effects on heart and liver function in the adult
Authors: Costa Laís Ribeiro , Macêdo Patrícia Cavalcanti , de Melo Janatar Stella Vasconcelos , Freitas Cristiane Moura , Alves Aiany Simoes , Barbosa Humberto de Moura , Lira Eduardo , Fernandes Mariana Pinheiro , Batista-de-Oliveira-Hornsby Manuella , Lagranha Claudia
Published: August 2016

Carthamus tinctorius L. (common name: safflower) is an herb whose extracted oil (safflower oil) has been employed in both alternative and conventional medicine in the treatment of disease. Overnutrition during early postnatal life can increase the lifetime risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Here we investigate the effect of safflower oil supplementation given during a critical early developmental stage on the eventual occurrence of metabolic disease in overnourished rats. Groups of overnourished or adequately nourished rats were randomly assigned into 2 additional groups for supplementation with either safflower oil (SF) or vehicle for 7 to 30 days. Murinometric data and weights were examined. Serum was collected for measurement of glucose, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Heart and liver oxidative status were also measured. Overnutrition for 7–30 days induced a significant increase in body weight and in values for abdominal circumference, thoracic circumference, body length, and body mass index. SF supplementation did not attenuate the effect of overnutrition on any of these parameters. In addition, overnutrition increased levels of glucose, triglycerides, and very low-density lipid compared with normal controls, but SF supplementation had no effect on these parameters. Measures of oxidative status in heart or liver were not influenced by overnutrition. However, oxidative measures were altered by SF supplementation in both of these organs. The present study reveals that nutritional manipulation during early development induces detrimental effects on metabolism in the adult that are not ameliorated by supplemental SF.
Assessment of 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D levels during cholecalciferol supplementation in adults with chronic liver diseases
Authors: Stokes Caroline S. , Volmer Dietrich A.
Published: August 2016

Recently, hepatic immaturity was cited as a possible reason for high levels of the C-3 epimer of 25-hydroxyvitamin (25(OH)D) in premature infants: however what role, if any, the liver plays in controlling epimer concentrations is unknown. This study assesses 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D (3-epi-25(OH)D) levels during the course of cholecalciferol supplementation in adults with chronic liver diseases (CLD). Vitamin D metabolites were analyzed in 65 CLD patients with 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL who received 20 000 IU cholecalciferol/week for 6 months. The primary outcome assessed serum 25(OH)D and 3-epi-25(OH)D in response to supplementation. Corresponding values from 16 CLD patients with sufficient vitamin D levels receiving no supplementation were compared. The epimer was detected in all samples and at lower relative concentrations with lower vitamin D baseline status, i.e., severe vitamin D deficiency (<10 ng/mL) as compared with deficient (10–19.9 ng/mL), insufficient (20–29.9 ng/mL), or sufficient (≥30 ng/mL) vitamin D levels (2.4% vs. 4.8%, 5.2%, 5.8%, respectively; P < 0.001). Similar relative concentrations for 3-epi-25(OH)D, ranging from 4.3%–7.1% (absolute concentrations: 1.1–4.0 ng/mL; all P < 0.001), were obtained in response to cholecalciferol in all supplemented patients, regardless of inadequacy threshold. Epimer levels significantly decreased (P = 0.007) in unsupplemented patients, coinciding with decreasing serum 25(OH)D concentrations over time. No epimer differences between patients with (n = 17) or without (n = 48) cirrhosis were demonstrated. The 3-epi-25(OH)D was present in serum of all patients at comparable levels to those reported by others. Epimer levels increased linearly with increasing 25(OH)D levels after supplementation. However, no effect of cirrhosis on epimer concentrations was observed.