bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heating Structures of the TRMM Field Campaigns
Authors: Schumacher Courtney , Zhang Minghua H. , Ciesielski Paul E.
Published: August 2007

Heating profiles calculated from sounding networks and other observations during three Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) field campaigns [the Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX), TRMM Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA), and South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX)] show distinct geographical differences between oceanic, continental, and monsoon regimes. Differing cloud types (both precipitating and nonprecipitating) play an important role in determining the total diabatic heating profile. Variations in the vertical structure of the apparent heat source, Q1, can be related to the diurnal cycle, large-scale forcings such as atmospheric waves, and rain thresholds at each location. For example, TRMM-LBA, which occurred in the Brazilian Amazon, had mostly deep convection during the day while KWAJEX, which occurred in the western portion of the Pacific intertropical convergence zone, had more shallow and moderately deep daytime convection. Therefore, the afternoon height of maximum heating was more bottom heavy (i.e., heating below 600 hPa) during KWAJEX compared to TRMM-LBA. More organized convective systems with extensive stratiform rain areas and upper-level cloud decks tended to occur in the early and late morning hours during TRMM-LBA and KWAJEX, respectively, thereby causing Q1 profiles to be top heavy (i.e., maxima from 600 to 400 hPa) at those times. SCSMEX, which occurred in the South China Sea during the monsoon season, had top-heavy daytime and nighttime heating profiles suggesting that mesoscale convective systems occurred throughout the diurnal cycle, although more precipitation and upper-level cloud in the afternoon caused the daytime heating maximum to be larger. A tendency toward bottom- and top-heavy heating profile variations is also associated with the different cloud types that occurred before and after the passage of easterly wave troughs during KWAJEX, the easterly and westerly regimes during TRMM-LBA, and the monsoon onset and postonset active periods during SCSMEX. Rain thresholds based on heavy, moderate, and light/no-rain amounts can further differentiate top-heavy heating, bottom-heavy heating, and tropospheric cooling. These budget studies suggest that model calculations and satellite retrievals of Q1 must account for a large number of factors in order to accurately determine the vertical structure of diabatic heating associated with tropical cloud systems.
Wave Activity on the Tropical Easterly Jet
Authors: Nicholson S. E. , Barcilon A. I. , Challa M. , Baum J.
Published: August 2007

This article examines the question of the existence of waves on the tropical easterly jet (TEJ) over West Africa. The TEJ is a well-known feature of the Asian monsoon and waves on the jet have been implicated in various weather phenomena. Its role in West African meteorology has received little attention. A model simulation of wet and dry years over West Africa predicted wave development on the TEJ. NCEP reanalysis data confirmed the existence of these waves, using case studies in the dry year 1983 and the wet year 1950. Both the simulated and observed waves are of planetary scale, with a period of 5–6 days. Potential vorticity (PV) theory suggests that they develop via interactions between the surface and the TEJ. Overall, the results suggest that interactions between the TEJ and African easterly jet play an important role in the development of wave disturbances over West Africa.
Anisotropies and Universality of Buoyancy-Dominated Turbulent Fluctuations: A Large-Eddy Simulation Study
Authors: Antonelli Marta , Lanotte Alessandra , Mazzino Andrea
Published: August 2007

Turbulent fluctuations of both velocity and temperature fields, issuing from high-resolution large-eddy simulations, have been analyzed in convective boundary layers. The numerically simulated flows are strongly anisotropic at large scales: this is due both to the action of buoyancy and to the imposed geostrophic wind. Their relative weight is varied so that one experiment’s results are much more convective than the other. To properly disentangle anisotropic properties, the authors exploit both standard statistical indicators, like skewness coefficients, and the three-dimensional rotational group decomposition SO(3). Two main conclusions can be drawn. First, despite the strong anisotropies at large scales, isotropy is statistically recovered at scales much smaller than the large ones. Second, relevant statistical indicators of turbulence such as the scaling exponents, of both velocity and temperature fields, are remarkably close for the two experiments. Implications of these findings for the problem of subgrid-scale modeling are discussed.
Momentum Flux Spectrum of Convectively Forced Internal Gravity Waves and Its Application to Gravity Wave Drag Parameterization. Part II: Impacts in a GCM (WACCM)
Authors: Song In-Sun , Chun Hye-Yeong , Garcia Rolando R. , Boville Byron A.
Published: August 2007

Impacts of a spectral parameterization of gravity wave drag (GWD) induced by cumulus convection (GWDC) in the NCAR Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM1b) are investigated. In the spectral GWDC parameterization, reference wave momentum flux spectrum is launched at cloud top and analytically calculated based on the physical properties of convection and the large-scale flow. The cloud-top wave momentum flux is strong mainly in the Tropics and midlatitude storm-track regions, and exhibits anisotropy and spatiotemporal variability. The anisotropy and variability are determined by the distributions and variations of convective activities, the moving speed of convection, and horizontal wind and stability in convection regions. Zonal-mean zonal GWDC has a maximum of 13–27 (37–50) m s−1 day−1 in the mesosphere in January (July). Impacts of GWDC on zonal wind appear mainly in the low to midlatitudes of the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. In these regions, biases of zonal wind with respect to observation are reduced more than 50% through the GWDC process. In contrast to zonal wind, impacts of GWDC on temperature occur mainly in the mid- to high latitudes. Through the analysis of forcing terms in the zonal wind and temperature equations, it is found that impacts of GWDC result from interaction among wave forcing terms (resolved wave forcing, parameterized background GWD, and GWDC) and meridional circulations induced by the wave forcing terms. With regard to tropical variability, when GWDC is included, the model produces the stratospheric semiannual oscillation with more realistic amplitude and structure and stronger interannual variabilities in the lower stratosphere. These enhanced variabilities are caused by resolved wave forcing and meridional circulations.
Cliff–Ramp Patterns and Kelvin–Helmholtz Billows in Stably Stratified Shear Flow in the Upper Troposphere: Analysis of Aircraft Measurements
Authors: Wroblewski Donald E. , Coté Owen R. , Hacker Jorg M. , Dobosy Ron J.
Published: August 2007

Cliff–ramp patterns (CR) are a common feature of scalar turbulence, characterized by a sharp temperature increase (cliff) followed by a more gradual temperature decrease (ramp). Aircraft measurements obtained from NOAA best aircraft turbulence probes (BAT) were used to characterize and compare CR patterns observed under stably stratified conditions in the upper troposphere, a region for which there are few such studies. Experimental data were analyzed for three locations, one over Wales and two over southern Australia, the latter in correspondence with the Southern Hemisphere winter subtropical jet stream. Comparison of observed CR patterns with published direct numerical simulations (DNS) revealed that they were likely signatures of Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) billows, with the ramps associated with the well-mixed billows and the cliffs marking the highly stretched braids. Strong correlation between potential temperature and horizontal velocity supported the KH link, though expected correlations with vertical velocity were not observed. The temperature fronts associated with the cliffs were oriented in a direction approximately normal to the mean wind direction. Locally high values of temperature structure constant near these fronts were associated with steep temperature gradients across the fronts; this may be misleading in the context of electromagnetic propagation, suggesting a false positive indication of high levels of small-scale turbulence that would not correspond to scintillation effects. Billow aspect ratios, braid angles, and length scales were estimated from the data and comparisons with published DNS provided a means for assessing the stage of evolution of the KH billows and the initial Richardson number of the layer.
Simulating the Seasonal Cycle of the Northern Hemisphere Storm Tracks Using Idealized Nonlinear Storm-Track Models
Authors: Chang Edmund K. M. , Zurita-Gotor Pablo
Published: August 2007

In this study, an idealized nonlinear model is used to investigate whether dry dynamical factors alone are sufficient for explaining the observed seasonal modulation of the Northern Hemisphere storm tracks during the cool season. By construction, the model does an excellent job simulating the seasonal evolution of the climatological stationary waves. Yet even under this realistic mean flow, the seasonal modulation in storm-track amplitude predicted by the model is deficient over both ocean basins. The model exhibits a stronger sensitivity to the mean flow baroclinicity than observed, producing too-large midwinter eddy amplitudes compared to fall and spring. This is the case not only over the Pacific, where the observed midwinter minimum is barely apparent in the model simulations, but also over the Atlantic, where the October/April eddy amplitudes are also too weak when the January amplitude is tuned to be about right.

The nonlinear model generally produces stronger eddy amplitude with stronger baroclinicity, even in the presence of concomitant stronger deformation due to the enhanced stationary wave. The same was found to be the case in a simpler quasigeostrophic model, in which the eddy amplitude nearly always increases with baroclinicity, and deformation only limits the maximum eddy amplitude when the baroclinicity is unrealistically weak. Overall, these results suggest that it is unlikely that dry dynamical effects alone, such as deformation, can fully explain the observed Pacific midwinter minimum in eddy amplitude.

It is argued that one should take into account the seasonal evolution of the impacts of diabatic heating on baroclinic wave development in order to fully explain the seasonal cycle of the storm tracks. A set of highly idealized experiments that attempts to represent some of the impacts of moist heating is presented in an appendix to suggest that deficiencies in the model-simulated seasonal cycle of both storm tracks may be corrected when these effects, together with observed seasonal changes in mean flow structure, are taken into account.
The Occurrence of “Irregular” Ice Particles in Stratiform Clouds
Authors: Stoelinga Mark T. , Locatelli John D. , Woods Christopher P.
Published: August 2007

Recent studies that have classified ice particles from airborne imaging probe data have concluded that the vast majority of ice particles in stratiform precipitation systems are of an “irregular shape.” This conclusion stands in contrast to the findings from microscope observations of snow particles at the ground during the Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment from November to December 2001 in the Oregon Cascade Mountains (IMPROVE-2), which show that most snow crystals (either single crystals or the component crystals of snow aggregates) are readily identified as regular types within established crystal classification systems. This apparent contradiction is rectified by examining the definition of the term irregular as applied to ice particles and by considering limitations of different methods for observing ice particles. It is concluded that the finding of the airborne probe-based studies is a consequence of both limitations of the observing technology and an overly broad definition of irregular shape that is not consistent with the more restrictive definition established in well-known snow crystal classification schemes. When detailed microscope analysis of snow crystals is performed at the ground, and all regular types are included in the classification, the vast majority of snow crystals are of an identifiable regular type, rather than an irregular type.

The classification of the vast majority of particles as irregular implies that there is little hope to describe the important properties of these particles (such as their scattering properties, fall speeds, and temperature and humidity conditions in which they grew), when in fact, many of these particles are of known types with known properties. Instead of using the term irregular, classification studies should use a term that focuses on the limitation of the observation method as being the defining characteristic of the category, such as “unidentified” or “undetermined.”
Transient Mountain Waves and Their Interaction with Large Scales
Authors: Chen Chih-Chieh , Hakim Gregory J. , Durran Dale R.
Published: August 2007

The impact of transient mountain waves on a large-scale flow is examined through idealized numerical simulations of the passage of a time-evolving synoptic-scale jet over an isolated 3D mountain. Both the global momentum budget and the spatial flow response are examined to illustrate the impact of transient mountain waves on the large-scale flow. Additionally, aspects of the spatial response are quantified by potential vorticity inversion.

Nearly linear cases exhibit a weak loss of domain-averaged absolute momentum despite the absence of wave breaking. This transient effect occurs because, over the time period of the large-scale flow, the momentum flux through the top boundary does not balance the surface pressure drag. Moreover, an adiabatic spatial redistribution of momentum is observed in these cases, which results in an increase (decrease) of zonally averaged zonal momentum south (north) of the mountain.

For highly nonlinear cases, the zonally averaged momentum field shows a region of flow deceleration downstream of the mountain, flanked by broader regions of weak flow acceleration. Cancellation between the accelerating and decelerating regions results in weak fluctuations in the volume-averaged zonal momentum, suggesting that the mountain-induced circulations are primarily redistributing momentum. Potential vorticity anomalies develop in a region of wave breaking near the mountain, and induce local regions of flow acceleration and deceleration that alter the large-scale flow.

A “perfect” conventional gravity wave–drag parameterization is implemented on a coarser domain not having a mountain, forced by the momentum flux distribution from the fully nonlinear simulation. This parameterization scheme produces a much weaker spatial response in the momentum field and it fails to produce enough flow deceleration near the 20 m s−1 jet. These results suggest that the potential vorticity sources attributable to the gravity wave–drag parameterization have a controlling effect on the longtime downstream influence of the mountain.
Intraseasonal Variability of the Zonal-Mean Tropical Tropopause Height
Authors: Son Seok-Woo , Lee Sukyoung
Published: August 2007

Intraseasonal variability of the zonal-mean tropical tropopause height is shown to be modulated by localized tropical convection. Most of this convective activity is identified as being part of the Madden–Julian oscillation. While the convection is highly localized over the Pacific warm pool, a large-scale circulation response to the convective heating rapidly warms most of the tropical troposphere and cools most of the lowest few kilometers of the tropical stratosphere. These changes in temperature fields raise the tropical tropopause at most longitudes within 10 days of the convective heating maximum.
Dynamics of the Stationary Anomalies Associated with the Interannual Variability of the Midwinter Pacific Storm Track—The Roles of Tropical Heating and Remote Eddy Forcing
Authors: Chang Edmund K. M. , Guo Yanjuan
Published: August 2007

The leading mode of interannual variability of the midwinter Pacific storm track is such that the storm track is weaker during the winters when the Pacific jet is strong, and stronger when the jet is weak. In this paper, experiments are conducted using a stationary wave model as well as an idealized global circulation model to explore the roles of anomalous tropical heating and eddy fluxes in forcing the observed Pacific jet anomalies.

It is found that enhanced tropical heating over the region 60°E to the date line, 25°S to 25°N, acts to force a stronger and narrower Pacific jet. On average, tropical heating may account for about one-third of the strong jet anomaly, but there is significant year-to-year variability. Moreover, tropical heating does not appear to contribute to the weak jet anomaly. Much of the Pacific jet anomalies are forced by anomalous eddy fluxes. By examining the regional contributions from the Pacific, the Atlantic, and Asia, it is found that local eddy feedback over the Pacific only acts to force part of the stationary anomaly, while much of the signal is forced by remote eddy forcings from the Atlantic and Asia. Since significant parts of the jet anomalies are forced by anomalous tropical heating and remote eddy fluxes, it is concluded that the observed Pacific jet/storm-track variability is not a pure local wave–mean flow interaction mode internal to the Pacific basin.

Both stationary wave model diagnostics and idealized global circulation model experiments suggest that stronger eddy activity over the Atlantic may force a weaker Pacific jet and stronger Pacific eddies. On the other hand, changes in eddy activity over the Pacific may also act to force changes in the Atlantic storm track. There are also indications that tropical heating anomalies may force a simultaneous weakening of both storm tracks. These possibilities may be some of the factors behind the observed significant correlation between the Pacific and Atlantic storm tracks and should be further explored in more realistic GCM experiments.
The Week of Prayer for Christian Unity: Its History and Concerns for the Future
Authors: Thiessen Gesa E.
Published: August 2007

This article considers critically the role of the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity in the current wintry climate of ecumenism. Its history, theological basis, the relevance of spiritual ecumenism and the current praxis of the Week are examined in the context of present ecumenical issues.
Analysis and Control of Heat Transfer in an Industrial Composite Mold in RTM Polyester Automotive Process
Authors: Sobotka Vincent , Delaunay Didier
Published: August 2007

A composite mold was developed to manufacture pieces by the resin transfer molding process. This mold can be instrumented with different sensors which allows us to obtain great amounts of information during realistic conditions of production. The main features of the mold, as well as the used metrology, are detailed. The results of different experiments and the influence of temperature on the molding are presented. The experimental heat fluxes are compared to the predictions of a kinetic model. A thermal optimization of the curing cycle is proposed.
Progressive Damage Modeling of an Adhesively Bonded Composite Single Lap Joint Under Flexural Loads at the Mesoscale Level
Authors: Gul Apalak Z. , Kemal Apalak M. , Serdar Genc M.
Published: August 2007

This study investigates initiation and propagation of damage zones in the composite plates of an adhesively bonded single lap joint under flexural loads at the mesoscale level based on Tsai—Wu and Hashin failure criteria. The damage zones were evaluated in the unidirectional composite plates with ply lay-ups [0]10, [15]10, ... , [90]10. The mechanical properties of each failed ply of the upper and lower plates were modified based on a set of material degradation rules. Due to stress concentrations along the free edges of the adhesive layer and in the corresponding zones of the lower and upper plates, the peak stresses appeared along the left free edge of the upper plate—adhesive interface. Both failure criteria showed that the damage initiated in the first ply of the upper plate interface to the adhesive layer and propagated through this ply along this adhesive free edge, and then expanded through the neighboring plies in a similar failure mechanism. Hashin failure criterion predicted that the matrix and delamination failure modes were dominant in the upper plate, and higher first ply-failure loads and joint failure loads decreased significantly with increased ply fibre angle for the Tsai—Wu failure criterion. The SEM photographs of the adhesive fracture surfaces due to three- and four-point bending tests showed that the local failure initiated inside the adhesive fillet and propagated along the upper plate—adhesive interface. In addition, the interfacial adhesive failure and the partial damage in the first ply of the upper plate appeared for the ply lay-ups between [0]10 and [30]10 whereas the upper plates with larger fiber angles failed through the matrix of the upper plate in the fiber direction and a triangular adhesive bonding region, which decreases with increasing fiber angle. The interfacial adhesive failure is more apparent along the left free edge of the upper plate—adhesive interface whereas the damage propagation is observed through both the adhesive layer and all plies from the interface to the top of the upper plate. Both failure criteria could predict reasonably the initiation and propagation of the damage zones in the composite plates of the adhesive joints, whereas the first ply failure and joint failure loads were underestimated since the non-linear adhesive model, non-linear matrix shear behavior, and geometrical non-linearity were not taken into account in the present analysis.
Successful treatment of refractory neuroSjogren with Rituximab
Authors: Yamout B. , El-Hajj T. , Barada W. , Uthman I.
Published: August 2007

We report a 47-year-old female with Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and severe weakness in her lower extremities refractory to cyclophosphamide therapy, who was treated with the monoclonal anti CD-20 antibody rituximab at a weekly dose of 375 mg/m2 for four consecutive weeks. Patient responded within few days of the first dose and her motor power in the lower extremities started to improve gradually along with progressive resolution of the paresthesias and dysesthesias. The improvement was sustained and progressive and eight months after the last dose, she was able to walk for 60 meters without aid or rest. Rituximab may be considered as an effective and promising novel therapy in SS patients with neurological involvement. Lupus (2007) 16, 521—523.
Risk factors for amenorrhea in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE): a Brazilian multicentre cohort study
Authors: Silva C.A.A. , Hilário M.O. , Febrônio M.V. , Oliveira S.K. , Terreri M.T. , Sacchetti S.B. , Sztajnbok F.R. , Marini R. , Quintero M.V. , Bica B.E. , Pereira R.M. , Bonfá E. , Ferriani V.P. , Robazzi T.C. , Magalhães C.S.
Published: August 2007

We evaluated the prevalence and clinical associations of amenorrhea in 298 female juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) patients (ACR criteria) followed in 12 Brazilian Paediatric Rheumatology centres. Amenorrhea was observed in 35 patients (11.7%) with a mean duration of 7.2 ± 3.6 months. The hormones were performed in 32/35 patients and none of them had FSH and LH levels above and estradiol below the normal range according to pubertal changes. JSLE patients with amenorrhea were younger (15.04 ± 2.5 versus 17.8 ± 3.1 years; P = 0.001), and had a shorter period of time between menarche and current age (3.4 ± 2.9 versus 6.7 ± 5.4 years; P = 0.001). Interestingly, the frequency, cumulative dose, number of pulses and duration of intravenous cyclophosphamide treatment were alike in patients with and without amenorrhea ( P > 0.05). In contrast, patients with amenorrhea had significantly higher SLEDAI ( P = 0.01) and SLICC/ACR-DI ( P = 0.024) scores compared to those without this condition. Independent risk factors identified by multivariate analysis were higher SLEDAI (OR = 1.059; CI = 1.004—1.116; P = 0.034) and SLICC/ACR-DI (OR = 2.125; IC = 1.373—3.291; P = 0.001) scores. Our data suggest that in spite of immunosuppressive therapy, JSLE patients have an adequate ovarian follicular reserve and amenorrhea is particularly associated with disease activity and damage. Lupus (2007) 16, 531—536.
Skin disease is prevented but nephritis is accelerated by multiple pregnancies in autoimmune MRL/LPR mice
Authors: Kökény G. , Godó M. , Nagy E. , Kardos M. , Kotsch K. , Casalis P. , Bodor C. , Rosivall L. , Volk H-D. , Zenclussen A.C. , Hamar P.
Published: August 2007

The role of pregnancy in the progression of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is still poorly understood. We analysed the effect of repeated pregnancies in MRL/lpr mice, a murine model of SLE. Seven-week old female mice were used: multiparous mice underwent three consecutive pregnancies (M); age-matched virgin mice served as controls (V). Animals were harvested at 20 weeks of age. Skin lesions were characterized by hair loss and scabs in the dorsum of the neck. Virgin skins showed thickened dermis, fibrosis and mononuclear cell infiltrates, which were practically absent in M. This was accompanied by higher IFN-γ and lower IL-10 mRNA expression levels in V compared to M skin. Plasma IFN-γ protein levels were also upregulated in V versus M. However, survival and kidney function were dramatically reduced and accompanied by hypertension after multiple pregnancies. Kidney histology also showed markedly increased renal lesions in M. In contrast to plasma and skin levels, both IL-10 and IFN-γ mRNA were lower in the kidneys of V versus M mice. Concluding our findings, the pathomechanisms of lupus kidney and skin disease may be regulated differently at the organ level during pregnancy. Both IFN-γ and IL-10 may be important regulatory cytokines at the local level. Lupus (2007) 16, 465—477.
Intravascular lymphoma in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report
Authors: Sánchez-Cano D. , Callejas-Rubio JL , Vilanova-Mateu A. , Gómez-Morales M. , Ortego-Centeno N.
Published: August 2007

Intravascular lymphoma IVL is a rare and aggressive disorder characterized by proliferation of large lymphoid cells (most commonly B-cells) within the lumen of small vessels of nearly every organ. Obliteration of vessels leads to the different clinical signs, being cutaneous lesions and neurological signs the most frequent presentations, whereas lymph node and reticuloendothelial system involvement is typically absent.1—4 No association with SLE has been described up to the present. We report a case of IVL in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) involving skin, central nervous system (CNS) and bone marrow. Lupus (2007) 16, 525—528.
Activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 in diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis
Authors: Martinez-Lostao L. , Ordi-Ros J. , Balada E. , Segarra-Medrano A. , Majó-Masferrer J. , Labrador-Horrillo M. , Vilardell-Tarrés M.
Published: August 2007

Difuse proliferative lupus nephritis (DPLN) is the most common and severe form of lupus nephritis. A predominance of IFN-γ-producing T cells in both peripheral and renal tissues of patients with DPLN has been identified which suggests an important role for cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of this complication in SLE. The biological effects of IFN-γ rely mainly on the activity of the transcription factor called signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1. To assess the IFN-γ/STAT-1 pathway in DPLN, we examined the expression of STAT-1 in renal biopsies from 15 DPLN patients by immunohistochemical staining with an anti-STAT-1 antibody. The expression of STAT-1 in renal tissues was correlated with several clinical and laboratory findings in these DNPN patients.

STAT-1 was activated in the tubular cells in all DPLN patients. Seven of 15 DPLN biopsies (46.7%) showed positive cells in glomeruli. Five of these seven DPLN biopsies (71.4%) with positive glomerular cells showed a serum creatinine >1.5 mg/mL at the time the biopsy was carried out whereas only one of eight DPLN biopsy specimens (12.5%) without positive glomerular cells, showed a serum creatinine >1.5 mg/mL ( P = 0.041). Moreover, the percentage of DPLN patients with a worse renal outcome in those who showed expression of STAT-1 in glomerulari were higher in comparison to those without STAT-1 expression ( P = 0.041).

Our results show that STAT-1 is activated in DPLN suggesting that biological effects of IFN-γ in renal tissues depend, at least in part, on the activation of STAT-1. Lupus (2007) 16, 483—488.
Measurement of natural (CD4+CD25high) and inducible (CD4+IL-10+) regulatory T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Barath S. , Aleksza M. , Tarr T. , Sipka S. , Szegedi G. , Kiss E.
Published: August 2007

Abnormalities of regulatory T cells may play an important role in the loss of self-tolerance, which is a major characteristic of lupus. The objective of this study was to determine the ratio and the number of natural CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ and inducible CD4+IL-10+ regulatory T cells in lupus patients and to search correlation with disease activity. Seventy-two Hungarian lupus patients were enrolled in the study. Fourty-one age- and sex matched healthy donors served as controls. Flow cytometry was used for the quantification of CD4+CD25high Foxp3+ (nTreg) and CD4+IL-10+ (iTreg) cells. The ratio (3.06 ± 1.45%) and the number (0.019 ± 0.012 × 109/L) of nTreg cells decreased in lupus significantly ( P < 0.001 in both) as compared to normal controls (4.26 ± 1.01% and 0.039 ± 0.017 × 109/L). The ratio of iTreg cells were significantly higher in patients than in controls (20.92 ± 14.02% versus 15.49 ± 11.65%, P < 0.03), but the number of these cell type did not differ in significant manner (0.314 ± 0.236 × 109/L versus 0.259 ± 0.183 × 109/L). The 19 active patients were characterised by significantly higher disease activity index (SLEDAI 8.63 ± 2.95 versus 1.74 ± 1.68, P < 0.001) and anti-DNA concentration (117.85 ± 145.89 versus 37.36 ± 68.85 IU/mL, P = 0.001) as compered to the 52 inactive patients. Furthermore, active patients required higher dose of methylprednisolon than inactive ones (14.8 ± 10.6 versus 4.8 ± 3.4 mg/day, P < 0.001). However, we did not find statistical significant difference in the number and ratio of the examined cell populations regarding to disease activity. Altered ratio and number of both natural and inducible regulatory T cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of lupus. There are small but appreciable difference in the number of regulatory T cells between inactive patients and healthy controls. It suggests that immunoregulatory deficiencies are present in the inactive stage of the disease also. Lupus (2007) 16, 489—496.
Raynaud's phenomenon is correlated with elevated systolic pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Kasparian A. , Floros A. , Gialafos E. , Kanakis M. , Tassiopoulos S. , Kafasi N. , Vaiopoulos G.
Published: August 2007

In patients with Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Raynaud phenomenon (RP) is frequently present and associated with pulmonary hypertension (PHT). Elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) is an indicator of PHT and can be estimated noninvasively. We attempt to explore the significance of RP in SLE and to correlate it with clinical and serological parameters of the disease.

The study population consisted of 34 patients (age, sex and disease duration matched) who fulfilled the revised SLE criteria of the American College of Rheumatology, and were categorized into two groups: Group 1 had patients having SLE and RP (2 males/15 females, mean age 45 ± 18 years) and group 2 had patients with SLE but without RP (3 males/14 females, mean age 40 ± 14 years. Detailed cardiac ultrasound was performed including measurement of PASP, while clinical and serological features of both groups were collected and correlated. Significant differences were shown in the presence of arterial hypertension ( P < 0.05), arthralgias ( P < 0.005), arthritis ( P < 0.05), myalgias ( P < 0.05), alopecia ( P < 0.05) and PASP ( P < 0.0001). No difference was observed among the cardiac ultrasound indices and the ejection fraction between the two groups. PASP was significantly correlated with RP, while no correlation was observed regarding the disease duration.

In patients with SLE, the presence of RP was associated with elevation in PASP. Further investigation is needed to clarify the significance of this relation. Lupus (2007) 16, 505—508.
Evaluative stance and counterfactuals in language and literature
Authors: Riddle Harding Jennifer
Published: August 2007

This article argues that speakers often express attitudes not only toward events that have happened, but also toward counterfactual events; speakers communicate these attitudes by expressing an evaluative stance toward counterfactual scenarios. By analyzing examples from a variety of discourse situations, from conversation to canonical literature, the author demonstrates that counterfactuals and evaluations function jointly to produce rhetorical effects. The options for expressing evaluative stance are described in detail, as are the four configurations of focal scenario and evaluative stance that may arise in discourse. By considering the connection between evaluative stance and emotion, the author explains the rhetorical connection between counterfactuals and feelings of relief and regret. With this theoretical and methodological framework established, the article then moves to consider the role of counterfactuals and evaluative stance in literature. In literature, different speakers, including characters and narrators, may imagine and describe counterfactuals, which are scenarios not realized in the story and which are regarded as unrealized by the speaker who introduces them. These narrative speakers, as well as the implied author, may also adopt an evaluative stance toward counterfactuals that are introduced. Readers must juggle these contending representations and evaluations. Because counterfactual scenarios are often depictions of foreclosed possibilities, lost opportunities, and near misses linked to strong feelings of relief and regret, they are evocative elements of narrative that reward readers for their mental work with an enhanced appreciation for characters and textual themes. Counterfactuals also encourage readers to take a participatory role in the process of judgment.
Women write the rights of woman: the sexual politics of the personal pronoun in the 1790s
Authors: Hodson Jane
Published: August 2007

This article investigates patterns of personal pronoun usage in four texts written by women about women's rights during the 1790s: Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), Mary Hays' An Appeal to the Men of Great Britain (1798), Mary Robinson's Letter to the Women of England (1799) and Mary Anne Radcliffe's The Female Advocate (1799). I begin by showing that at the time these texts were written there was a widespread assumption that both writers and readers of political pamphlets were, by default, male. As such, I argue, writing to women as a woman was distinctly problematic, not least because these default assumptions meant that even apparently gender-neutral pronouns such as I, we and you were in fact covertly gendered. I use the textual analysis programme WordSmith to identify the personal pronouns in my four texts, and discuss my results both quantitatively and qualitatively. I find that while one of my texts does little to disturb gender expectations through its deployment of personal pronouns, the other three all use personal pronouns that disrupt eighteenth century expectations about default male authorship and readership.
Systematically Retrieving Research: A Case Study Evaluating Seven Databases
Authors: Taylor Brian , Wylie Emma , Dempster Martin , Donnelly Michael
Published: August 2007

Objective: Developing the scientific underpinnings of social welfare requires effective and efficient methods of retrieving relevant items from the increasing volume of research. Method: We compared seven databases by running the nearest equivalent search on each. The search topic was chosen for relevance to social work practice with older people. Results: Highest sensitivity was achieved by Medline (52%), Social Sciences Citation Index (46%) and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) (30%). Highest precision was achieved by AgeInfo (76%), PsycInfo (51%) and Social Services Abstracts (41%). Each database retrieved unique relevant articles. Conclusions: Comprehensive searching requires the development of information management skills. The social work profession would benefit from having a dedicated international database with the capability and facilities of major databases such as Medline, CINAHL, and PsycInfo.
Leading Change by Managing Paradoxes
Authors: Reeves Terrie , Duncan W. Jack , Ginter Peter M.
Published: August 2007

Leadership is about influencing behavior. Influencing people to change customary ways of behaving is a great leadership challenge. Leadership theories emphasize the role of the leader as an agent or initiator of change. A number of attempts have been made to understand organizational change. Often, these attempts have sought a rational model with predictive value, or, at the least, some explicative value.

In this paper we propose an argument which leads to the use of previously developed axes along which organizations may change. We propose that these axes form the basis of a space and that the organization can be represented as a point in this multidimensional space. The dynamics of organizational change can then be modeled as time-dependent movement in this space. In organizations, these dynamics will resemble those of simple, irreversible, dynamic physical systems. In more complex systems, the dynamics will become extremely dependent on initial conditions and hence are "chaotic" in nature.
Recognition: A Powerful, but often Overlooked, Leadership Tool to Improve Employee Performance
Authors: Luthans Kyle
Published: August 2007

A key dimension for effective leadership involves reinforcing and motivating others to encourage superior performance. Financial and non-financial rewards can be utilized for this purpose. This paper explores the background on the nature and importance of employee recognition as an effective leadership tool and reports the results of a survey examining the value of recognition to all levels of employees in a large, nonprofit institution. These employees indicated they value highly personalized recognition for a job well done as a critical dimension of their reward system. These findings provide further evidence that employee recognition should be given more attention by leaders as they attempt to meet the retention and productivity challenges facing today's organizations.
Taoist Leadership Ethics
Authors: Johnson Craig
Published: August 2007

This essay addresses ethical issues raised by the growing popularity of Taoist leadership concepts. Western leaders seeking the benefits of Taoism should first consider its assumptions and how these presuppositions impact ethical decision-making. In philosophical Taoism, principles revealed in creation, not laws or moral codes, guide ethical choices. Ideal leaders exert minimal influence and model their behavior after such metaphors as the uncarved block, the clay pot, the child, the valley, and water. Ethical implications of Taoist leadership include: 1) nature as the ultimate ethical standard; 2) evil as blindness and a belief in the goodness of natural humankind; 3) a focus on being rather than doing; 4) multiple ways of understanding and the importance of multiple perspectives; 5) an emphasis on soft tactics and service; and 6) the spiritual dimension of the leader-follower relationship.

Taoism addresses many of the ethical shortcomings of dominant Western culture but those who would follow Taoist teaching may need to abandon their belief in the traditional distinction between right and wrong, moral absolutes, the importance of moral reasoning, deism, punishment of evildoers, and active influence. At the very least, leaders need to recognize that Taoism is an integrated philosophical system with its own set of assumptions about the origins of the universe, human nature, ways of understanding, and spirituality.
Leader as Artist
Authors: Cadenhead Kenneth , Fischer George
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary The metaphor of leader as artist is developed, with the suggestion that the use of the metaphor is instructive as similarities in leadership behavior and the way artists go about their work are examined. Examples from a corporation and foundation are provided to reinforce the metaphor. While the kinds of thought processes and actions discussed are in most cases not a part of conscious planning of the artist or leader — they are more intuitive and spontaneous — the comparison can be useful when the work of the two is analyzed. Finally, common threads that support the metaphor are provided
Leadership in Self-Managing Organizations: Orpheus and a Date Plantation
Authors: Banai Moshe , Nirenberg John , Menachem Moshe
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary Self-managing teams have become a widespread and well-accepted practice that presages an evolution toward fully self-managing organizations. This will have a profound impact on our understanding of leadership and the leader's role in organizations. This article looks at two cases where self-management is not just a matter of team behavior but of organizational behavior with a focus on how leadership is practiced and how it is different from conventional organizations. Lessons learned and its appropriateness to firm governance, generally, are discussed.
Formal vs. Informal Leading: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Pielstick C. Dean
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary Though we recognize informal leadership and its role in small groups, little research has been done on informal leading in organizations. This exploratory national study set out to determine whether there is a difference between formal leaders, those in a position of leadership, and informal leaders, those not in a formal position of leadership but recognized as leaders nevertheless. Six areas of interest consisting of 161 variables were investigated using an instrument based on an earlier meta-ethnographic study of leadership (Pielstick, 1996, 1998). The six areas were: shared vision, communication, relationships, community, guidance, and character. All six areas showed significant differences between formal and informal leaders with informal leaders scoring higher in each area. Of the 161 variables, 87 (54%) showed a significant difference between formal and informal leaders. All but four of these showed higher scores for informal leaders.
The Nexus Between Academic Deans and Corporate CEOs: An Opportunity in the Making
Authors: Wolverton Mimi , Poch Susan
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary There is a belief in the academy that colleges are not businesses and academic deans are not corporate CEO's. This may be true, but when we take a close look at deans and CEO's, their work environments and their profiles, we see distinct similarities. In this article, we address the question: Is there an opportunity for them to learn from each other?
Organizational Performance: The Future Focus of Leadership Development Programs
Authors: Collins Doris B.
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary This article analyzes 54 studies on leadership development research from 1984 — 2000 and determines the extent to which the intended outcomes of those leadership development programs focus on organizational performance, taking Burke and Day's (1986) meta-analysis as its starting point. Burke and Day's analysis, commonly regarded as the principle empirical support for the evaluation of the effectiveness of managerial training, found mixed results on the effectiveness of programs with only 2 out of 70 studies having organizational performance as the explicit outcome. This research confirms that from a sample of available studies organizations have begun to take a more systemic approach to leadership development, as 16 of the studies analyzed focus on organizational performance as the outcome of the leadership development experience. However, results on evaluations of effectiveness of the leadership development programs continue to be mixed.
Perceptions of Transformational Leadership among Asian Americans and Caucasian Americans: A Level of Analysis Perspective
Authors: Jung Dong I. , Yammarino Francis J.
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary This study asserted a theoretical framework of transformational leadership and its effects on several process and outcome variables among Asian Americans and Caucasian Americans from a levels of analysis perspective. Nomological relationships among the constructs of interest also were tested. Results indicated that effects of transformational leadership were positive, but generally stronger among Asian Americans than among Caucasian Americans. Results from Within and Between Analysis indicated that variation in perceptions of transformational leadership and other measured variables in the two ethnic groups was mainly due to individual differences. Based on these results, we offer several theoretical and practical implications.
Self-Efficacy and Leadership Effectiveness: Applying Social Cognitive Theory to Leadership
Authors: McCormick Michael J.
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary One of the most frequently reported findings in the leadership literature is the relationship between a leader's self-confidence and successful leadership. Yet, absent from the literature is a theoretical explanation for this long recognized association. A new leadership approach is proposed based on Bandura's (1986) social cognitive theory that posits leadership self-efficacy as the key cognitive variable regulating leader functioning in a dynamic environment. The full model considers leader cognitions in addition to leader behaviors and the situation resulting in a broader view of the leadership process. Implications and propositions for leadership research are discussed.
The Rise and Fall of the T. Eaton Company of Canada: Lasting Lessons on Leadership and Strategy
Authors: Poulin Bryan J. , Hackman Michael Z.
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary The success of individual firms in similar industries varies greatly. Two factors appear to be central to explanations of such firm-level differences in performance-leadership and strategy. Much can be learned about leadership and strategy by studying rich case examples of success and failure. This article profiles one such example, the T. Eaton Company of Canada. Eaton's was founded in 1869 and rose to prominence as Canada's greatest retail store. Some 130 years later Eaton's was reduced to bankruptcy leaving Canada bereft of an icon. The lessons in leadership and strategy that contributed to Eaton's stunning early success and eventual demise are outlined.