bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Generating of Attention, 1976–1989
Authors: Foot Rosemary
Published: October 2003

Over the 1976–1989 period of the Chinese leadership's exposure to the human rights regime, it received decidedly mixed signals about the levels of compliance required, suggesting certain trends but no clear conclusions about the strength of the obligations that would be incurred through participation. First, governments would often treat with leniency or understanding certain states with human rights records that deserved close scrutiny, such as China; second, the power of various subnational and transnational groups to generate global attention to human rights abuses inside China was growing, indicating to the Chinese government that its international political environment in this issue area was capable of undergoing significant change. Moreover, the forms of domestic unrest in China towards the end of the 1980s, together with the nature of the internal debate about the future of its political system, demonstrated the indivisibility of the external and internal spheres and that actors in both domains could work together to promote similar objectives. Thus, at this point, Beijing had discovered that, while greater global involvement could bring rich rewards, it could also reduce a government's ability to maintain control over both domestic and external realms. Information about the abuse of human rights in China became available in a halting fashion over this period from 1976 to 1989, and the global response was inconsistent, with the dominant reaction among governments being to offer understanding and suggest caution. This was based on various factors: strategic interest, the potentially promising socio‐economic changes inside China, Beijing's more cooperative stance in a number of major policy arenas, the fact that the external behaviour and public statements of the Chinese authorities themselves evinced a willingness to explore the area of human rights, and Beijing's participation in human rights bodies and signature of some of the international conventions. The different sections of the chapter are: Catalysts in the Mid to Late 1970s; Explaining Government Passivity; Washington's Leading Role: US Bureaucratic Rivalry and Institutional Constraint, 1979–1987; The Sharpening of Attention: 1987–1989; China's Response; and Conclusion.
Tiananmen and Its Aftermath, June 1989–November 1991
Authors: Foot Rosemary
Published: October 2003

Looks at the June 1989—November 1991 period of human rights history in China, following the government's authorization of the use of deadly force against peaceful demonstrators in Tiananmen Square on 4 June 1989, which accomplished in one stroke what unrest in Tibet, earlier student demonstrations, the arrests of political activists, and reports of torture had failed to achieve: global attention became sharply focused on human rights violations in China. The steady growth of activism in this issue area and the multiplication of information channels (including, as in this case, live television broadcasts), guaranteed such attention, where once such abuses probably would have gone unrecorded. In the early weeks and months of this human rights crisis, Western and Japanese governmental responses were reasonably well coordinated, aided by the unequivocal nature of the evidence of abuse. Multilateral sanctions of both a symbolic and material kind were imposed on China. This propelled the Chinese leadership along a path that began with denial, and the countering of the human rights norm with that of state sovereignty and non‐interference, but from early 1990, it resulted in some tactical concessions. Later still, China's behaviour indicated some softening of its strict definition of state sovereignty. However, despite this initial coordinated set of responses, mainly among major democratic states, there were several signs that multilateral accord would prove difficult to sustain; more significantly, the Gulf crisis of 1990–1991 provided Beijing with crucial diplomatic leverage, and many of the UN sanctions that had been imposed melted away, although the events of Tiananmen still ensured the regular attention of NGOs and of the UN human rights regime. The different sections of the chapter are: Early International Responses; The Shifting of Priorities; The Impact of the Gulf War; The Fate of the Human Rights Regime; The Evolution in China's Response; and Conclusion.
Betting on the Long Term, 1998–1999
Authors: Foot Rosemary
Published: October 2003

All governments involved in the human rights struggle in China could claim certain policy successes by 1998: for the democracies, there was the release of a few Chinese dissidents, a visit to China by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, some reinforcement of the language of universality of rights and China's signature of the ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights), and the starting or restarting of dialogues. On Beijing's part, its efforts to publicize the new legal codes and punish those who failed to observe the legal changes demonstrated a willingness to tackle the problems associated with implementation, and it could reassure the more nationalist elements among its domestic public that UN condemnation would now cease, and that it would be engaged in mutual exchanges on human rights with its international counterparts. The Chinese leadership also appeared to have had some success in convincing various international actors of the need to correct the supposed imbalance in attention on civil and political rights, to one that focused more on the right to development and economic, social, and cultural rights. The fragility of this process was demonstrated far sooner than any had predicted, however, with a distinct chill in the Chinese political climate emerging by the end of 1998. Many Chinese, mostly academics, continued to publish and debate various aspects of the law and human rights and use international standards as a basis for their arguments, but more organized challenges were swiftly clamped down upon, especially 10 years after Tiananmen that encouraged reflection on the Party's record. These repressive acts exposed the shallowness of the roots of the new legal codes, the narrow limits of political tolerance, and the relative lack of importance that the state attached to human rights protection when Party control was at stake. They also uncovered the weaknesses in the bilateral dialogue route. Yet any concrete moves to respond directly to the political oppression via a condemnatory resolution at the UN Commission provoked a Chinese threat to break off the bilateral dialogues, and indeed China did break off its dialogue with the USA, partly as a result of Washington's decision to co‐sponsor (with Poland only) a resolution at the 1999 meeting of the UN Commission and more overtly as a consequence of the accidental NATO bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade. The overall cooling in relations with the USA for a large part of 1999 occurred as a result of this UN resolution, the failure to resolve the WTO entry issue, and the bypassing of the UN Security Council as a result of China's known disapproval of international intervention in Kosovo. NATO bombing of the province at the time of President Jiang Zemin's tour of Europe, together with the Belgrade embassy incident in May, led to a resurgence of Chinese rhetoric against the hegemonic USA interfering in the internal affairs of sovereign states on the specious grounds of a norm of humanitarian intervention.
Conclusion: Rights Beyond Borders?
Authors: Foot Rosemary
Published: October 2003

The book has sought to demonstrate via an examination of individual, state, institutional, and advocacy network behaviour that the human rights issue has become a dominant feature of the international system, and that the attention of these actors to human rights abuses inside states has led to the erosion of the traditional, Westphalian concept of state sovereignty, and a movement towards individual (rather than state) sovereignty. The consequences of the interaction between these global actors and China over the matter of its human rights record are summarized in this concluding chapter. The three main sections of the chapter look at the process of China's enmeshment in the human rights regime and in the discourse on rights, constraints on internalization in China, and China's own impact on the human rights regime.
Information Cost and Economic Organization
Authors: Casson Mark
Published: October 2003

Continuous volatility in the economic environment creates a continuous need for new information. Information is costly to obtain, and so must be searched out using an efficient procedure. The characteristics of efficient procedures—their sequential nature, and the priority given to information on major sources of volatility—are explained.
Business Networks
Authors: Casson Mark
Published: October 2003

Information may be unreliable or deliberately misleading. The economy needs both law and society to ensure the quality of information. The quality of much of the information used by entrepreneurs is ensured by business networks, where moral suasion and reputation effects guarantee a degree of mutual trust.
Imitation and Instability
Authors: Casson Mark
Published: October 2003

Some people have better information than others. Information can sometimes be inferred by observing the actions of other people who are believed to be better informed. On the other hand, people who know that they have a reputation for being well‐informed are aware that they can manipulate the beliefs of other people. This analysis is applied to innovation, imitation, and stock‐market bubbles.
Industrial Districts
Authors: Casson Mark
Published: October 2003

Applies the schematic representation of information systems to two major industrial districts: Prato, Italy, and Merthyr Tydfil, South Wales. It highlights the way that regional business activity is integrated into the wider economy through external information flow.
The Historical Significance of Information Costs
Authors: Casson Mark
Published: October 2003

Examines some of the long‐term changes in economic institutions that have been driven by changes in information costs. The costs of recording, storing, retrieving, and communicating information have all changed significantly over time, though at different rates over different periods. The switch from custom to contract, the rise and decline of bureaucracy, and other significant changes can all be explained in these terms.
Impartiality in Moral and Political Philosophy
Authors: Mendus Susan
Published: October 2003

The dispute between impartialists and partialists dominates much modern moral and political philosophy. This book is an attempt to investigate what is at stake between impartialists and their opponents, and to suggest a possible reconciliation. It begins by noting that, in political philosophy, impartiality is normally taken to reflect a belief in the equality of all human beings. However, in a world characterized by plural and competing conceptions of the good, not everyone accepts that all human beings are equal. Belief in equality is part of a comprehensive, and contested, conception of the good. Therefore, if liberal impartiality is to gain support, it must provide an alternative foundation: one which can demonstrate the priority of justice, but which does not depend upon acceptance of a particular conception of the good. I suggest that this foundation is to be found in a form of impartialism that gives centrality to the partial concerns we have for particular others. The fact that we care for particular others can provide a justification for impartialism and can also explain its motivational force.
Impartiality in Political Philosophy
Authors: Mendus Susan
Published: October 2003

Impartialist political philosophy must show how and why the priority of impartial justice can be reconciled with a belief in the permanence of pluralism. Although the argument from epistemological abstinence explains the permanence of pluralism, it cannot explain why justice should have motivational priority. It delivers only, and at most, a modus vivendi defence of toleration. The way to attain a defence that is more than a modus vivendi is to ground political impartialism in moral impartialism.
Impartiality and Congruence
Authors: Mendus Susan
Published: October 2003

Argues that a form of impartialism that is grounded in the partial concerns we have for others can be shown to be congruent with the good of the agent, and that such congruence does not imply commitment to a specific comprehensive conception of the good. If correct, this argument has important consequences for liberalism at the political level. It suggests that the defence of stability, which Rawls advocates in A Theory of Justice need not depend upon commitment to a comprehensive, and Kantian, conception of the good. Justice can be shown to have moral priority, while at the same time acknowledging the permanence of pluralism about the good.
Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies
Authors: Esping-Andersen Gosta
Published: October 2003

The Golden Age of post‐war capitalism has been eclipsed, and with it seemingly also the possibility of harmonizing equality and welfare with efficiency and jobs. Most analyses believe that the emerging post‐industrial society is overdetermined by massive, convergent forces, such as tertiarization, new technologies, or globalization, all conspiring to make welfare states unsustainable in the future. This book takes a second, more sociological and institutional look at the driving forces of economic transformation. What stands out as a result is that there is post‐industrial diversity rather than convergence. Macroscopic, global trends are undoubtedly powerful, yet their influence is easily rivalled by domestic institutional traditions, by the kind of welfare regime that, some generations ago, was put in place. It is, however, especially the family economy that holds the key as to what kind of post‐industrial model will emerge, and to how evolving trade‐offs will be managed. Twentieth‐century economic analysis depended on a set of sociological assumptions that now are invalid. Hence, to grasp better what drives today's economy, it is necessary to begin with its social foundations. After an Introduction, the book is arranged in three parts: I, Varieties of Welfare Capitalism (four chapters); II, The New Political Economy (two chapters); and III, Welfare Capitalism Recast? (two chapters).
Introduction
Authors: Esping‐Andersen Gøsta
Published: October 2003

Starts by discussing the perennial welfare state crisis, making the point that the contemporary crisis differs notably from its forebears. Rigidity is an endogenous symptom of the crisis, and the various symptoms include demographic ageing, and the growing risks of poverty and social exclusion (which spring from the malfunctioning of the labour market and the family). The aim of the book is to come to terms with the new political economy—the post‐industrial economy—that is emerging. To do this it pursues a set of interlinked arguments: the so‐called welfare state crisis, in which debate has been too focused on the state, when it should be on the interaction between the component parts of contemporary welfare regimes such as labour markets, the family, and the welfare state itself; the fact that the real crisis of contemporary welfare regimes lies in the disjuncture between the existing institutional construction and exogenous change; and the fact that the emerging risks of post‐industrial society come primarily from the revolution that is unfolding in both labour markets and households. Four phenomena form the unifying theme of the book: equality, risks, jobs, and the new political economy. Risks and jobs are dealt with in separate chapters; the introduction discusses equality and the new political economy.
Social Risks and Welfare States
Authors: Esping‐Andersen Gøsta
Published: October 2003

This chapter and the previous one revisit the political economy within which post‐war welfare regimes emerged, matured, and, now appear crisis‐ridden. Here, an analysis is made of social risks and welfare states. The post‐war welfare state was premised upon assumptions about family structure and labour market behaviour that, today, are largely invalid. Risks that in the 1950s or 1960s were assumed away are now becoming dominant, and vice versa. The post‐war welfare state being the child of the 1930s Depression and the ‘workers question’, was moulded on a society in which the prototypical client was a male production worker, who is now rather hard to find. A first step towards an understanding of the contemporary welfare state crisis must begin with: (a) a diagnosis of the changing distribution and intensity of social risks, and (b) a comprehensive examination of how risks are pooled and distributed between state, market, and family. The different sections of the chapter are: The State in the Welfare Nexus—the misunderstood family, and the welfare triad of state, market, and family; The Foundations of Welfare Regimes: Risk Management—family and market ‘failures’; and The distribution of risks and models of solidarity—class risks, life‐course risks, intergenerational risks, de‐commodification, and familialism and de‐familialism.
The Household Economy
Authors: Esping‐Andersen Gøsta
Published: October 2003

Revisits welfare regimes through the analytical lens of the family, first making the point that modernization theory should not have been taken at face value, since even if history has, in general, eroded the role of households in welfare production, this is perhaps less salient than specific international variations (some nations are characterized by their advanced level of de‐ familialization of welfare responsibilities, others for their sustained adherence to familialism). In other words, some societies may have brought the idealized Parsonian family into being; others reproduce many of the features of the ‘pre‐industrial’ household. Most welfare state theory provides little help in understanding such variation, and the real problem begins with the association of the nuclear family with industrialism, for it is simply wrong to assume that it lost its welfare functions with the advent of welfare states. The second point addresses the prevailing, often feminist, arguments that models of welfare regimes that have been specified via a political economy perspective fail to hold up when subject to a gendered analysis. Alternative gendered typologies do, in fact, often contradict political economy typologies, but the contradiction may be spurious because different phenomena are being explained and compared. The objective of this chapter is not to debate gender theories, but to understand the position of the (changing) family in the overall infrastructure of welfare production and consumption: what happens to our political economy models of welfare regimes when we insert the family; what are the effects of family change on welfare states and, ultimately, on post‐industrial change? However, since household‐welfare production is largely—but far from exclusively—based on women's unpaid labour, gender differences in the family‐welfare nexus clearly must be addressed. The three sections of the chapter are: Households and Welfare Production; The Family and Comparative Welfare Regimes; and Familialism and the Low‐Fertility Equilibrium.
Managing Divergent Employment Dilemmas
Authors: Esping‐Andersen Gøsta
Published: October 2003

The macroscopic changes to post‐industrial employment that were examined in the previous chapter are unlikely to affect all nations similarly. Job loss through de‐industrialization, e.g., will be more massive where existing industries are uncompetitive (as in Britain or Spain) and less devastating elsewhere—perhaps because firms are more adaptable (as in much of Danish, Italian, or German industry), but possibly also because wage costs decline (as in the US). De‐industrialization may or may not cause heavy unemployment, depending on skill and production structure, and also on how labour markets are managed; most of Europe has,e.g., transformed mass lay‐offs into early retirement. Similar root causes of post‐industrial employment will, therefore, have radically divergent outcomes—there is no such thing as one post‐industrial model because the institutional make‐up of nations differs, and so also does their choice of how to manage change. The different sections of this chapter are: Industrial Relations; Labour Market Regulation; The Dilemmas of Flexibilization; The Welfare State and the Reservation Wage; Wage Regulation; Employment Protection; The Regulatory Infrastructure and the Management of Industrial Decline; Managing the Equality—Jobs Trade‐Off; The Hump‐Shaped Curve—a quadratic measure of labour market rigidities; and National Idiosyncrasies and Welfare Regimes.
Recasting Welfare Regimes for a Postindustrial Era
Authors: Esping‐Andersen Gøsta
Published: October 2003

The introduction to this chapter discusses the question of why nations respond so differently to a set of social risks that are similar over various countries, and analyses three typical homines: Homo liberalisimus, Homo familias, and Homo socialdemocraticus. When the instincts of these ideal typical homines are combined, moral conflicts result, although a sufficient mass manages to profile itself in collective expression and sways society towards its preferred welfare regime. Old risks may fade and new ones emerge, but the response of a welfare regime will be, more likely than not, normatively path dependent. It is argued that since core institutional traits appear to be so unyielding to change, it is unlikely that the contemporary welfare state crisis will produce revolutionary change: there may be a blueprint for an ideal post‐industrial regime, but unless it is compatible with existing welfare regime practice, it may not be practicable. The author argues that, nonetheless, optimizing welfare in a post‐industrial setting will require radical departures, and these are discussed under the following headings: What is to be Optimized; Rival Reform Strategies; The Market Strategy; A Third Way?; and Equality with Inequality?
Primary and Secondary Qualities
Authors: Mackie J. L.
Published: October 2003

Mackie examines the distinction between primary and secondary qualities. It is argued that Locke's distinction supports the claim that he held a representative theory of perception. Mackie discussed Locke's arguments for the distinction. The relation of Locke's account to Molyneaux's problem is considered. Mackie critically compares his reformulation of the primary/secondary distinction with that of Jonathan Bennett.
Personal Identity
Authors: Mackie J. L.
Published: October 2003

Mackie attempts to revise Locke's theory of the identity of persons. Locke's equation of personal identity with the unity of consciousness is set out. Mackie examines various objections to Locke's theory and his use of puzzle cases is highlighted. Recent theories of personal identity, such as Parfit's, are critically discussed. Mackie suggests that the equation of personal identity with the continuity of neurophysiological structure would resolve some of the difficulties associated with an account of personal identity.
Truth
Authors: Horwich Paul
Published: October 2003

This book presents a deflationary perspective called ‘minimalism’—a reaction against the traditional and widespread idea that the property of truth has some sort of underlying nature and that our problem as philosophers is to say what that nature is, to analyse truth either conceptually or substantively, to specify, at least roughly, the conditions necessary and sufficient for something to be true. In contrast, minimalism makes three correlated claims. First, the function of our concept of truth is merely to permit the formulation of certain generalizations (e.g. we are able to say ‘Every instance of “p→p” is true’, but without such a concept it is unclear how one might articulate the logical law whose instances are ‘dogs bark → dogs bark’, ‘Killing is wrong → killing is wrong’, etc.). Second, the meaning of the word ‘true’ derives, not from any explicit definition of the familiar kind, but rather from the fact that we are disposed to infer ‘It is true that ‘p’ from ‘p’, and vice versa. Third, such a mundane logical notion cannot play the fundamental role in philosophical theorizing to which it is often assigned within debates surrounding the nature of meaning, vagueness, normativity, reality, etc. Thus minimalism has ramifications throughout the subject. The book begins by articulating these claims and proceeds to refine and defend them in the course of responding to 39 potential objections (which are set out in the Contents).
Value and Nature
Authors: Griffin James
Published: October 2003

Can value judgements be ‘correct’ or ‘true’ and, if so, in what sense? This chapter argues for the proposal in the preceding chapter that any plausible account of how we identify prudential values is more complex than is indicated by a simple reductive naturalist model, the Humean model or certain forms of intuitionist model. The chapter argues that the most plausible account will give a role to both recognition and reaction, but without the sharp separation between them or the priority to one of them that the Humean model makes central. It develops an error theory for judgements about human interests and for a kind of realism about these interests and events of their being met or not met.
Agents
Authors: Griffin James
Published: October 2003

Once moral norms are of concern, action is too; once action is of concern, the nature of agents is too. This chapter investigates the limits of human motivation and of human understanding, and how, if at all, these limits constrain the content of moral norms. It decides how we should understand the principle (obviously correct on some interpretation of it) that ‘ought’ implies ‘can’.
Some Complex Moral Ideas
Authors: Griffin James
Published: October 2003

Turns to more complex moral norms than the ‘simple’ ones discussed in Ch. 5: e.g. the prohibition ‘Don’t deliberately kill the innocent’ and the injunction ‘save more people's lives rather than fewer’. Some morality consists ultimately of various independent moral norms; or is there some system behind this variety? The chapter expresses doubts about three major systematic traditions in ethics: utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. It ends with the proposal of a less systematic alternative, one that takes seriously the limits of human motivation and knowledge, along with the demand that ethics be effective in society, and constrains the content of moral norms and the extent of the system.
How Can We Improve Our Ethical Beliefs?
Authors: Griffin James
Published: October 2003

This concluding chapter returns to our opening methodological question: how can we improve our ethical beliefs? It sets out a procedure: the identification of beliefs of high reliability (e.g. certain beliefs about basic human interests, certain basic moral beliefs, and certain factual beliefs). These beliefs of high reliability can come together to form a single, rather rough picture of forms of a good life for the likes of us living, as we do, in large societies in modern conditions. It was this picture, and not the foundationalist form of coherentist programmes, that began in the previous chapter to eliminate possible accounts of moral norms—for instance, familiar forms of utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics.
Goods and Processes
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

This chapter discusses the theoretical rationale behind the book and presents an overview of its three parts. Part I introduces a method called ‘neo-Austrian’, based on the ‘Austrian theory of capital’ — the theory of B öhm-Bawerk that was subsequently elaborated by Wicksell and Hayek. The neo-Austrian theory differs from the old Austrian theory in one essential respect. Like Böhm-Bawerk (or Hayek), the general productive process is composed of a number of separable elementary processes. The separability is essential, and it is of course not wholly realistic. It is a leaving-out of one kind of complication, in the hope that by doing so we shall be able to see the rest of the problem more clearly. Part II, by contrast, launches out from the Steady State, and examines the paths along which the model can adjust itself to new conditions. Part III discusses some controversial issues on which the book may be found to throw some light.
The Process and Its Profiles
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

This chapter begins with a discussion of the productive process, which is defined as a scheme by which a flow of inputs is converted into a flow of outputs. It then examines the viability of time-shapes, considering the conditions that must be satisfied by the time-profile of a process in order that it should be viable. The chapter presents a Fundamental Theorem and argues that if capitalization is performed at the rate of interest which belongs to the process, the forward measures of capital are the same. But if a process with yield that is greater than the market rate of interest is considered — and if the discounting (and accumulating) at the market rate of interest is performed — the value of capital, measured forward, will be greater than the backward (or cost) measure, at every stage of the process.
Social Accounting
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

This chapter constructs a model of an economy in terms of its productive processes. It presents the Social Accounting Equation, and argues that it should be viewed as a definition of profits. It draws a clear distinction between the ‘ideal’ social accounting system, such as it is natural to use in theory, and the practical system which inevitably stands proxy for it in applied economics. The former is based upon a forward-looking valuation of capital; the latter upon a backward-looking valuation. The former is self-consistent, automatically; the latter is not automatically self-consistent.
The Standard Case and the Simple Profile
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

This chapter examines an economy which is in a steady state, and traces out the path which will be followed when the steady state is subjected to some kind of disturbance. This problem is considered as one of ‘Traverse’. The chapter then discusses the Standard Case.
The Full Employment Path
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

This chapter analyzes the full employment path. It begins from a steady state under an old technique, and supposes that at time 0 a new and more profitable technique is introduced. It keeps all the Standard assumptions. Each technique has a Simple Profile; the durations of the constructional period and of the utilizational period are the same in the two techniques. But whereas in the last chapter the wage was fixed and employment variable, in this chapter the wage may be variable but employment is constrained to move as it did in the old steady state. There is full employment of a labour supply which increases at this given growth rate.
The Measurement of Capital—Value and Volume
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

This chapter begins by reviewing discussions in the preceding chapters. It then considers what can be done towards relaxing those basic assumptions which have been used for so long — the single homogeneous final product,called Good, and the one original factor, called Labour. These are familiar assumptions, common to many forms of growth theory; but they are very strong assumptions, and should surely at some stage be called in question.
The Accumulation of Capital
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

The idea of a capital aggregate was not really used in Part II of this book. This chapter looks at what would happen if capital aggregates were used; or at least to examine what would have happened to the aggregates in the course of the Traverse. This is an exercise that can be performed on the model, taking it quite strictly, with all its assumptions intact. Since the path of the economy was fully determined by the book's previous analysis, no difference can be made to the earlier results by this re-statement. These are merely be placed in a different way, so as to make them more comparable with the results reached by others.
Methods of Dynamic Economics
Authors: Hicks J. R.
Published: October 2003

Capital and Growth by John Hicks was published in 1965 and rapidly established itself as a landmark in economic theory. This book takes earlier work and examines it critically for its present-day value. The theme, now more clearly identified, is a comparative study of the economics of change, and brings in many of Hicks's subsequent developments and refinements — in particular a ‘neo-Austrian’ theory of capital which he developed in Capital and Time (1973). A new chapter on Keynes's methods has been added. This book presents a complete classification of the family of models appropriate for analysing dynamic economics.
Method, Dynamics, and Statics
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

This chapter defines the terms methods and models. A method is a family or class of models. A model is a piece of theory, a theoretical construction, which is intended to be applied to a certain range of facts. Models may thus be classified according the facts to which they are intended to refer; so there are models of international trade, of labour relations, of the money market, and so on. But a class of models, when the grouping was of this character, would not at all conveniently be called a method. The definition of ‘economic dynamics’ must follow from the definition of ‘economic statics’: when we have defined one, we have defined the other. A static condition is one in which certain key variables (the quantities of commodities that are produced and consumed, and the prices at which they are exchanged) are unchanging. A dynamic condition is then, by inevitable opposition, one in which they are changing; and dynamic theory is the analysis of the processes by which they change.
The Method of Marshall
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

This chapter discusses the method of Marshall. Marshall knew that static method (hitherto the only method of economic theory) led, when carried right through, to the stationary state, and no further. The theory of a stationary state seemed to him to be of little interest; if it was worthwhile to elaborate it at all, that was chiefly in order that it should not be mistaken for something else. What then was to be done? There was, he thought, no alternative to statics. If a complete static theory led nowhere, we must make do with an incomplete static theory. That, in short, is the method of Marshall. There is no question that it is a powerful method; for many problems of economics it is as good a method as we are likely to get. It is not at all a dynamic method; it is a resuscitation of statics. It was a special method which would only work in special cases. It would only work so long as the things that had been put into the ‘pound’ would stay there.
The Temporary Equilibrium Method
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

This chapter considers the dynamic method developed by Erik Lindahl in 1929–30. It was worked out at just the same time as Keynes's Treatise; but it was (at least initially) quite independent of the Treatise, nor did Keynes know anything appreciable about it until after he had written the General Theory.
Stochastic Trend and Overview of Part I
Authors: Hatanaka Michio
Published: October 2003

The emergence of stochastic trend has enriched the framework of analysis to investigate economic time series. This chapter explains the meaning of stochastic trend, considers whether it can be derived from existing economic theories, and illustrates its impact on empirical studies of empirical theories. It then presents a brief overview of the chapters included in Part I of this two-part volume.
Trend Stationarity vs. Difference Stationarity
Authors: Hatanaka Michio
Published: October 2003

This chapter introduces difference stationarity (DS) and trend stationarity (TS) as two non-nested, separate hypotheses. TS is represented as an MA unit-root in Δxt, and as a limit of a sequence of the DS models. The DS is represented as a limit of a sequence of TS models. Data relevant to the discrimination between the DS and TS are explained.
Unit‐Root Asymptotic Theories (I)
Authors: Hatanaka Michio
Published: October 2003

This chapter introduces extended asymptotic theories on the unit root developed in Fuller (1976), Dickey and Fuller (1979), Phillips (1987), and Phillips and Perron (1988) among others. The theories are explained in two steps. The first deals with the elementary but fundamental case where Δxt is i.i.d with zero mean. The second step is given in Chapter 6. It explains more advanced aspects including the case where Δxt is an ARMA.
Unit‐Root Asymptotic Theories (II)
Authors: Hatanaka Michio
Published: October 2003

This chapter brings together three unrelated topics of asymptotic theories. It presents a mathematical analysis of tests on the case where {Δxt} is i.i.d., possibly with a non-zero mean. It explains the mathematics used for the case where {Δxt} is serially correlated. The asymptotic theory of the MA unit-root test is then discussed.
Regression Approach to the Test for Difference Stationarity (II)
Authors: Hatanaka Michio
Published: October 2003

This chapter reintroduces a non-zero mean for Δxt, and tests for difference stationarity against trend stationarity with serially correlated Δxt and possible presence of a linear trend in xt. It considers the cases where Δxt is an AR and Δxt is an MA or an ARMA. Applications of the method are discussed.
Inference on Dynamic Econometric Models
Authors: Hatanaka Michio
Published: October 2003

Inference theories in the Chapter 13 are applied to dynamic econometric models. Among these are the Hendry model and a class of general models that includes the linear, quadratic model in Kennan (1979). The error-correction model in Chapter 12 is also modified to illustrate the inference method presented.
Maximum‐Likelihood Inference Theory of Co‐Integrated VAR
Authors: Hatanaka Michio
Published: October 2003

This chapter examines inference procedures for the co-integration developed by Johansen (1988, 1991a, 1992b, 1992c, 1994) based on maximum-likelihood analysis of the VAR error-correction representation. It discusses the determination of co-integration rank from data, and hypothesis testing on the co-integration space. It criticises a misleading practice of listing the estimates of co-integrating vectors, and presents a condition for weak exogeneity. It reviews empirical applications of the maximum-likelihood analysis of VAR.
Introduction
Authors: Johansen Søren
Published: October 2003

Contains an overview of the monograph and discusses the statistical methodology of building and analysing statistical models and their likelihood function with the purpose of deriving estimators and tests. The vector autoregressive model is used because it allows a flexible statistical description of the data. It makes it possible to embed interesting economic hypotheses as parametric restrictions and hence allow them to be tested against data.
The Vector Autoregressive Model
Authors: Johansen Søren
Published: October 2003

Deals with the classical statistical analysis of the unrestricted vector autoregressive model. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for stationarity and a representation for the stationary solution. We derive the ordinary least squares estimators as maximum likelihood estimator and find the asymptotic properties of the estimators for stationary processes to compare them with the results for non‐stationary processes. Finally, we give a brief description of some misspecification tests for the unrestricted model and analyse two real‐life examples.
The I(1) Models and Their Interpretation
Authors: Johansen Søren
Published: October 2003

We define the basic reduced form error correction model for I(1)variables where cointegration is modelled in terms of a reduced rank hypothesis on the impact matrix. This defines the cointegrating vectors and adjustment coefficients. A discussion of linear hypotheses on the cointegrating relations and the identification problem is given. We also discuss hypotheses on the adjustment coefficients and discuss the hypothesis of Granger non‐causality. The deterministic terms give rise to a number of models describing different properties of the process.
The Asymptotic Distribution of the Test for Cointegrating Rank
Authors: Johansen Søren
Published: October 2003

The asymptotic distribution of the likelihood ratio test for cointegrating rank is given. The limit distribution depends on the model for the deterministic terms, and we give the different formulae that can be obtained for a constant and a linear term in the equation under various restrictions. The limit distribution is a multivariate version of the Dickey–Fuller test, which is tabulated by simulation.
Asymptotic Properties of the Estimators
Authors: Johansen Søren
Published: October 2003

The asymptotic properties of the estimators for adjustment coefficients and cointegrating relations are derived under the assumption that they have been estimated unrestrictedly. We show that the asymptotic distribution of the estimator for the cointegrating relations is mixed Gaussian, and also give the distribution under identifying restrictions.
The Laissez‐Faire Revolution and Smithian Economics
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano
Published: October 2003

The contribution of the Physiocratic School and the Italian School (Milan and Naples) is analysed. This is followed by a thorough investigation of Smithian's theoretical system, at both the philosophical level and the economic one. The Smithian orthodoxy is compared to the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham.
Socialist Economic Thought and Marx
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano
Published: October 2003

A novel interpretation of the emergence of Marxian theoretical system, starting from the forerunners of socialist thought. The problem of the transformation of values into production prices is analysed in the light of modern economic theory. The laws of movement of the capitalist economy according to Marx are critically examined.
The Construction of Neoclassical Orthodoxy
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano
Published: October 2003

Traces the rapid diffusion of the neoclassical paradigm in Europe and the USA. In particular, considers the birth of the ‘national schools’ during la belle époque: the Marshallian School in England; the Swedish; the Austrian; the American; the Italian—each characterized by some peculiar elements of specificity.
Contemporary Economic Theory: I
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano
Published: October 2003

The first of three chapters dedicated to the post‐war period. Compares and contrasts the ‘neoclassical synthesis’ and the monetarist counter‐revolution. Shows the rational expectation revolution as an offspring of Friedman's approach. Considers the non‐Walrasian equilibrium theory and analyses the research programme of microfoundations of macroeconomics in some detail. Finally, assesses the post‐Keynesian and new Keynesian approaches.
Contemporary Economic Theory: II
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano
Published: October 2003

Considers the neo‐Walrasian approach to general economic equilibrium. The conquest of the existence theorem is compared with the defeat on the grounds of uniqueness and stability. Examines the developments in the new welfare economics in the light of Arrow's impossibility theorem and Sen's critique of utilitarianism. Concludes with the controversy on marginalism in the theory of firm.
Contemporary Economic Theory: III
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano
Published: October 2003

Deals with three specific areas of research developed in the last quarter of a century. The first one is the emergence of the ‘new political economy’ programme: public choice; neo‐institutionalism; the neo‐Austrian school; and the game‐theory approach to economics. The second area covers the neo‐Ricardian paradigm: Sraffa's economics. Finally, the chapter surveys the programme known as radical political economy, both in the USA and in Europe.
The Contracting Organization
Authors: Domberger Simon
Published: October 2003

Among the questions tackled by Simon Domberger in this book are the following: When should organizations contract out services traditionally produced in‐house? Is outsourcing another ephemeral management fad, or is it an efficient and effective means of delivering services and of adding value? What are the characteristics of strategically sound contracting decisions? And how can organizations prosper from the outsourcing revolution? The book is based on over a decade of research and consulting experience, and its conclusions have many practical implications. It develops an analytical decision‐making framework for the assessment of contracting options, and has relevance in both the private and public sectors. It contains many illustrations and over 30 international case studies; over 50 companies and public sector organizations are discussed, including Microsoft, BP, Marks & Spencer and Samsung. The book is divided into four parts. Part I begins by considering the ‘make or buy’ decision, and this is followed by a discussion of the shifting boundaries of organizations, which revisits some of the critical issues underlying the theory of the firm. Part II examines in detail the benefits and costs of contracting. Part III examines the strategic aspects of contracting, involving the implementation of actual policies. Part IV looks at structural change associated with contracting, at the level of both individual sectors and the whole economy. Each chapter has a guide to further reading at its end.
Control and Flexibility
Authors: Domberger Simon
Published: October 2003

This chapter, the previous two, and the next one consider the alternative means through which a contracting strategy is devised and implemented. In Ch. 7, the design of contracts and performance management systems are discussed, with particular attention paid to obtaining adequate measures of control whilst maintaining flexibility. The important question of risk, and its allocation between the contracting parties are also considered. The different parts of the chapter are the following: Control; Controlling outcomes; Monitoring performance; Controlling risks; Allocating risks in contracts; Flexibility in contracts; and Which contract––classical or relational?
Public Sector Contracting
Authors: Domberger Simon
Published: October 2003

This chapter and the following two look at the structural changes that have resulted from the economy‐wide application of contracting out. The public sector is, perhaps, the one that has been most profoundly affected by it, and about which controversy concerning the appropriate scope of private and public production continues to smoulder. Chapter 9 considers the issues relevant to public sector contracting, including the potential benefits and problems. The emphasis is on application, and the identification of the limits to contracting activity. The different parts of the chapter are as follows: The role of contracting in public sector reform; Potential benefits of public sector contracting; Problems of public sector contracting; Private–public sector competition––a level playing field? and The limits to public sector contracting.
Conclusions
Authors: Domberger Simon
Published: October 2003

This concluding chapter contains some lessons from experience and conclusions regarding what is already known about contracting out, and how much more still needs to be found out. Four ‘lessons’ from the contracting theory and experiences discussed in the book are worth noting: first, one of the most powerful effects of the switch from in‐house production to external supply is the change in incentives; second, there is a link that is not always clearly visible between the way that contractual arrangements are implemented and the benefits that are subsequently derived; third, contracts are relationships, and as such are governed by the factors that affect all relationships; and last, contractual relationships can be thought of as lying along a spectrum that runs from spot transactions at one end to vertical integration at the other.