bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel soil erosion apparatus for high-velocity surface erosion and fissure-containing soil-structure interfaces
Authors: Chen Chenghao , Huang Wenbin , Chen Shengshui
Published: March 2024

Soil erosion is a natural geomorphological process, consisting of soil particle transport in the presence of water runoff. Despite its inherency, intensive human activity as well as acute climate change has led to an acceleration of soil erosion, and this becomes a major threat to environment and sustainability. In recent years, a rapid increase of rainfall frequency at the global scale enhances the production of surface runoff, thus yielding an active surface flow with higher velocity. Wetting-dry cycle induced by climate shifts also contributes to a vast distribution of fissure-containing surfaces, especially on soil-structure interfaces. Erosion triggered in this position can be detrimental, as the structure may lose its resilience against flood and earthquake, or even fails to maintain its gravitational stability. We herein introduce a novel laboratory-scale apparatus designed to investigate the surface erosion under high flow velocity, as well as the erosion of soil-structure interfaces featuring fissures. Our apparatus comprises three modules: a water circulation system, a testing chamber, and a set of data acquisition module. The testing chamber accommodates specimens measuring up to 24×80×80 mm with adjustable fissure widths. Monitoring module of particle removal and transport is emphasized in our study. With the reliable performance regarding repeatability tests using clayey soil, we found that the size of fissure significantly impacts the soil loss process, while its effect on the overall degree of erosion is minor. At different flow velocity intervals, similar successive steps, which involve alteration of single particle detachment and particle aggregate removal were witnessed at the soil surface. This was further validated by images captured by high speed camera and particle removal collection results. We believe that despite the simple framework of test apparatus, it is of great potential to further explore the surface erosion mechanism and the fissure development between soil-structure interfaces.
Radiative fluxes estimation for the Broadband Radiometer (BBR) on EarthCARE: The BMA-FLX product
Authors: Velazquez Blazquez Almudena , Domenech Carlos , Baudrez Edward , Clerbaux Nicolas , Salas Molar Carla
Published: March 2024

The Broad-Band Radiometer (BBR) instrument on the EarthCARE satellite will provide accurate outgoing solar and thermal radiances at the Top of the Atmosphere (TOA) obtained in an along track configuration at three fixed viewing directions (nadir, fore and aft).The operational BMA-FLX product on top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes, is based on a radiance-to-flux conversion algorithm mainly fed by the unfiltered broad-band radiances, obtained in the BM-RAD product, auxiliary data from EarthCARE L2 cloud products and modelled geophysical databases. The conversion algorithm models the angular distribution of the reflected solar radiation and thermal radiation emitted by the Earth-Atmosphere system, and returns geometry independent flux estimates to be used for the radiative closure assessment of the Mission.Different methodologies are employed for the solar and thermal BBR ADMs. Models for SW radiances are created for different scene types and constructed from Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) data using a feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) technique. The LW angular models are derived through multiple regressions on brightness temperatures and brightness temperature differences of the multispectral imager (MSI) 10.8 µm and 12 µm channels, and corresponding LW fluxes obtained by using a large database of LibRadtran and SBDART radiative transfer simulations.Both retrieval algorithms exploit the multi-viewing capability of the BBR by applying the radiance to flux conversion algorithms to each of the BBR views, which have been previously collocated at a reference level in order to minimize parallax effects. The reference height where the three BBR measurements are co-registered corresponds to the height where most reflection or emission takes place and depends on the spectral regime. LW observations are co-registered at the cloud top height while SW reference height is instead selected by minimizing the flux differences between nadir, fore and aft fluxes. The derived fluxes from the collocated views are then combined into a single flux value at the selected reference level.Verification of the algorithms has been carried out using the 3 test scenes developed by the EarthCARE team using the Environment Canada and Climate Change’s Global Environmental Multiscale model (GEM). The BBR solar and thermal flux retrieval algorithms have been successfully employed to retrieve radiative fluxes over the 3 test scenes. Comparisons with the true fluxes from the GEM model provide RMSE < 5 W/m² for the LW fluxes and < 15 W/m² for the SW fluxes.
Contrail formation in mid-latitudes: Estimating the climate effect of contrails with climate change functions in EMAC using a Lagrangian approach.
Authors: Peter Patrick , Matthes Sigrun , Frömming Christine , Grewe Volker
Published: March 2024

Aviation has long been linked to environmental problems, including pollution, noise, and climate change. Although CO2 emissions are the primary focus of public discussion, non-CO2 emissions from aviation, such as contrails, nitrogen oxides, or cloud cover caused by aviation, can have comparable impacts on the climate. Previous studies have investigated the impact of different weather conditions on aviation and identified regions that are sensitive to climate change. They have also created data products, such as 4-dimensional climate change functions (CCFs), which enable air traffic management (ATM) to plan for climate-optimized trajectories. However, these functions were only derived for specific regions, seasons, and weather situations [1,2].The presented research focuses on developing methods to determine the sensitivity of the atmosphere to aviation emissions in relation to climate effects. This is necessary to describe spatially and temporally dependent distributions, which are required to determine climate-optimized aircraft trajectories. While previous studies have focused on characterizing the North Atlantic Flight Corridor region [2], this study aims to extend the geographic scope by performing Lagrangian simulations for the extratropical regions of the northern hemisphere. The modular global climate model EMAC was used in this study to investigate contrail evolution on Lagrangian trajectories. The study analyzed the effects of contrails on the temporal evolution of key contrail formation parameters along these trajectories, as well as their effects on radiation in terms of the radiative forcing concept. With this comprehensive model, we can investigate the physical processes that determine the effects of contrails on climate and study their spatial and temporal variations.The project leading to this study was funded by the European SESAR programme under Grant Agreement No. 101114785 (CONCERTO). High performance supercomputing resources were used from the German CARA Cluster in Dresden and the DKRZ Cluster in Hamburg.References:  [1] Matthes, S., Lührs, B., Dahlmann, K., Grewe, V., Linke, F., Yin, F., Klingaman, E. and Shine, K. P.: Climate-Optimized Trajectories and Robust Mitigation Potential: Flying ATM4E, Aerospace 7(11), 156, 2020.[2]  Frömming, C., Grewe, V., Brinkop, S., Jöckel, P., Haslerud, A. S., Rosanka, S., van Manen, J., and Matthes, S.: Influence of weather situation on non-CO2 aviation climate effects: the REACT4C climate change functions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9151–9172, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9151-2021, 2021.
Monitoring the mining deformations by Time Series InSAR Integrating DT and SDFPT
Authors: Ma Deying , Yu Bing
Published: March 2024

High-intensity mining leads to severe ground deformation and secondary geological disasters in coal mines. Persistent Scatters Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (PSInSAR) has strong deformation monitoring capability, but cannot detect enough target points in the mining core and surrounding low-coherence areas. This paper attempts to combine Distributed Target (DT) and Slowly-decorrelating Filtered Phase Target (SDFPT) to improve the density and coverage of deformation monitoring points in mining areas. The Fast Statistically Homogenous Pixel Selection (FaSHPS) and the amplitude dispersion index method were used to select DT and SDFPT candidate points, respectively. Then phase optimization and stability analysis were carried out for the two types of points, and the qualified DT and SDFPT were screened out.  Both kinds of points were then fused, and three-dimensional phase unwrapping was performed. The phase time series were recovered. The spatiotemporal filtering was performed, and the deformation time series and the annual average deformation rate of the fused point set were finally obtained. The 60-scenario Sentinel-1 images covering the Buertai Coal Mine acquired from April 2018 to April 2020 were selected for deformation monitoring. The results show that the density and coverage of deformation points are significantly improved after the fusion of DT and SDFPT, and the maximum deformation level that can be monitored is also increased. There are 5 deformation funnels in the experimental area, and the maximum cumulative deformation reaches -309.76 mm. The influence range of deformation and the difference between time series deformation in different years are highly correlated to mining activities in mining areas.
An interlinked research data infrastructure for time-series data from the Helmholtz Research Field Earth & Environment
Authors: Lorenz Christof , Louisot Benjamin , Barthlott Sabine , Ertl Benjamin , Baldewein Linda , Kleeberg Ulrike , Ryan Marie , Brinckmann Nils , Hanisch Marc , Koppe Roland , Adolf Marc , Faber Claas , Lehmann Andreas , Schäfer David , Kunkel Ralf , Loup Ulrich , Sorg Jürgen , van der Schaaf Hylke
Published: March 2024

Time-series data are crucial sources of reference information in all environmental sciences. And beyond typical research applications, the consistent and timely publication of such data is increasingly important for monitoring and issuing warnings, especially in times of growing frequencies of climatic extreme events. In this context, the seven Centres from the Helmholtz Research Field Earth and Environment (E&E) operate some of the largest environmental measurement-infrastructures worldwide. These infrastructures range from terrestrial observation systems in the TERENO observatories and ship-borne sensors to airborne and space-based systems, such as those integrated into the IAGOS infrastructures.In order to streamline and standardize the usage of the huge amount of data from these infrastructures, the seven Centres have jointly initiated the STAMPLATE project. This initiantive aims to adopt the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) SensorThings API (STA) as a consistent and modern interface tailored for time-series data. We evaluate STA for representative use-cases from environmental sciences and enhance the core data model with additional crucial metadata such as data quality, data provenance and extended sensor metadata. After centre-wide implementation, the standardized STA interface also serves community-based tools, e.g., for data visualization, data access, quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC), or the management of monitoring systems. By connecting the different STA endpoints of the participating research Centres, we establish an interlinked research data infrastructure (RDI) and a digital ecosystem around the OGC SensorThings API tailored towards environmental time-series data.In this presentation, we want to show the status of the project and give an overview of the current data inventory as well as linked tools and services. We will further demonstrate the practical application of our STA-based framework with simple and representative showcases. With our contribution, we want to promote STA for similar applications and communities beyond our research field. Ultimately, our goal is to provide an important building block towards fostering a more open, FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable), and harmonized research data landscape in the field of environmental sciences.
Contaminants of emerging concern in urban aquifers: Do they limit the use of groundwater?
Authors: Jurado Anna , Nikolenko Olha , Saéz Carmen , Teixidó Marc , Pujades Estanislao
Published: March 2024

Water resources are affected by climate change, especially in the south of Europe, where droughts will be more frequent, intense and long. Hence, research into alternative sources of freshwater, such as urban groundwater (UGW) is essential.  Urban aquifers are a potential solution to obtain freshwater, but they are frequently polluted by contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Therefore, there is a need to ascertain whether CECs are a water management challenge as they might limit the use of groundwater as safe drinking water.To answer this question, it is required to assess the human health-risk effects of CECs in the groundwater and to understand their subsurface behaviour at a field-scale. This research compiles data about the presence of CECs in the aquifers of the Barcelona city and its metropolitan area, evaluates health risk effects of measured CECs in the groundwater and presents approaches implemented to identify and quantify the coupled hydro-thermo-chemical processes that govern the fate of these substances in the subsurface.Based on detected concentration in urban groundwater, there are some CECs that might be harmful to humans such as 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole and the pharmaceuticals azithromycin valsartan, valsartan acid, lamotrigine, venlafaxine and lidocaine, which show very high to intermediate health risk effects. The number of harmful CECs and the level of their hazard increase from the groups of adults and teens to those of 4 – 8 and 1 – 2 years old children. Thus, some CECs can limit the use of groundwater in Barcelona as potential drinking water source. Finally, knowledge gaps in understanding how to integrate these processes into urban water resources management plans are highlighted, which will help to define groundwater potential uses and to assure protection of the human health
Microbiome of Saharan dust aerosols
Authors: Violaki Kalliopi , Panagiotopoulos Christos , Rossi Pierre , Abboud Ernest , Kanakidou Maria , Nenes Athanasios
Published: March 2024

Airborne biological material, or bioaerosol, plays an important role in the Earth system and therefore have an impact on the atmosphere, the biosphere and the hydrological cycle as well as on public health. Bioaerosols consist of viruses, bacteria, mold, pollen, plant fibers and fragments that range from tens of nanometers to a few hundred micrometers in size. Terrestrial ecosystems are the major sources of the atmospheric bioaerosols with urban environments and areas with agricultural and industrial activity being particularly important. Desert dust contains high concentrations of bioaerosol mainly composed of soil microorganisms and plant detritus. This dust may be further enriched with fungal spores, bacteria, viruses, and pollen that accumulate as dust plumes are transported over terrestrial and aquatic environment through the adhesion of microbe-laden fine aquatic sprays to dust particles. The relative importance of bioaerosol sources in the atmosphere varies with altitude, season, location and meteorological factors.In this study, Saharan dust aerosols (n=19) were sampled from East Mediterranean (Crete, Greece) using a high-volume TSPs sampler (TISCH). Dust atmospheric particles were collected on precombusted (450 °C for 5 h) 20 × 25 cm quartz filters (Pall, 2500QAT-UP). The sampling resolution was 48 h, at a flow rate of 85 m3 h−1. We established a reliable analytical protocol for extracting DNA from these Saharan dust particles. Together with biological quantification and identification, chemical analysis was performed, including metals, major ions, phospholipids and sugars.Results show that the number of Eucaryotic DNA copies were 30 times higher than the bacterial copies during the dust events. The bacterial community composition in the collected dust aerosol as the most abundant Phyla were Proteobacteria (37%) followed by Actinobacteria (22%) and Firmicutes (13%). Furthermore, we analyzed five (n=5) intense dust events using magic angle spinning solid-state 31P-NMR. The results show that the typical functional groups in P speciation, were orthophosphate and monophosphate esters which sharing the same chemical shift (H3PO4 and RH2-PO4), phosphate diesters (R1R2 HPO4) and pyrophosphate (H4P2O7). No phosphonates were detected (C-P bond) in dust samples. Monophosphate esters and diesters are mainly found in nucleotides and their derivatives (e.g., DNA, RNA, AMP, ADP and ATP) but also in phospholipids, and as such, they constitute the majority of atmospheric organic-P. These organic-P compounds have C-O-P bonds and are easily hydrolyzed in the marine environment by alkaline phosphatase enzyme, providing an important source of P in the aquatic ecosystems when Saharan dust is deposited.
Utilizing crop water stress index for efficient irrigation scheduling of wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.)
Authors: Workneh Aschalew Cherie , Prasad K.S. Hari , Ojha Chandra Shekhar Prasad
Published: March 2024

The study aimed to assess the viability of utilizing canopy temperature-based crop water stress index (CWSI) for scheduling of irrigation in wheat crop (Triticum Aestivum L.). Field experiments were carried out for 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 cropping periods at irrigation laboratory of Civil Engineering Department at Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India. The experimental field was divided into six plots, each subjected to different irrigation treatments based on the depletion of total available soil water (ASW) within the crop's root zone. These irrigation treatments maintained varying levels of water depletion in the soil (WDS) of TASW, encompassing 10%, 25%, 35% and 50%, as well as fully irrigated (non-stressed) and extremely dry (fully stressed) conditions. To establish a baseline, multiple regression analysis between meteorological variable and crop parameters were conducted.  The CWSI was subsequently calculated for various levels of WDS of ASW using an empirical method. It was found that the irrigation treatment corresponding to 50% WDS, with a mean CWSI of 0.36, resulted in optimal yield and maximum water use efficiency. The findings of the study suggest that the established CWSI value can effectively identify stress levels and serve as a valuable tool for scheduling irrigation in wheat crop.
Development characteristics and controlling factors of deep dolomite reservoirs of Lower Ordovician in Tazhong area, Tarim Basin
Authors: Li Xinle , Xu Qilu
Published: March 2024

With the advancement of exploration theory and technology, deep and ultra-deep carbonate rocks have gradually become an important new field for the development of oil and gas resources. High-quality carbonate reservoirs have become the focus of attention for oil and gas exploration and research in deep and ultra-deep fields. The Tarim Basin is the largest intracontinental oil and gas basin in China. The thick carbonate strata developed in the Lower Paleozoic are the main layers for oil and gas exploration, and the Ordovician carbonate strata are the main oil and gas producing layers. The predecessors have studied the tectonic evolution, sedimentary background and rock types of the Ordovician in the Tarim Basin. Combined with the analysis of the sedimentary thickness, lithology distribution and seismic profile structure of the Early Ordovician, it is believed that the Lower Ordovician sedimentary period inherited the Cambrian sedimentary pattern and transformed it into a gentle slope sedimentary background with a 'uplift-sag 'pattern, with obvious differentiation. Under the sedimentary background of the gentle slope of the Penglaiba Formation, the three paleo-uplifts of southwestern, northern and central Tarim are inherited geomorphological highs, and the inner gentle slope tidal flat facies is developed. The thickness of the stratum is obviously thinner, and it is mainly developed to represent the tidal flat environment. The periclinal part around the paleo-uplift is the middle gentle slope, which is characterized by dolomite and limestone interbeds. The proportion of granular rocks is high, which is a favorable development area for granular beaches. In this study, the deep drilling cores of the Lower Ordovician Penglaiba Formation in the central Tarim Basin were taken as the key research object, and the lithofacies, reservoir characteristics and dominant reservoir control factors of dolomite reservoirs were systematically analyzed by using macro-micro, qualitative-quantitative reservoir petrology analysis methods. Through research, it is clear that the rock types of the Lower Ordovician Penglaiba Formation in the central Tarim Basin are mainly crystalline dolomite and ( residual ) granular dolomite, and also contain a small amount of limestone, siliceous rocks and transitional rocks. There are various types of reservoir space, mainly including non-fabric selective dissolution pores, intercrystalline pores and various fractures. Combined with previous studies on the genesis and diagenetic evolution of the Lower Ordovician dolomite in the Tarim Basin, it is considered that the development of high-quality dolomite reservoirs in the Lower Ordovician Penglaiba Formation in the central part of Tarim Basin is controlled by many factors. It is the result of a combination of favorable sedimentary facies belts, short-term sea-level changes, exposure and dissolution, early dolomitization, and late tectonic hydrothermal adjustment and transformation.
Biological amendments reduce soil N2O and CH4 emissions from slurry application under field conditions.
Authors: Pariyar Priya , Harty Mary , Necpalova Magdalena
Published: March 2024

Managed grasslands influence global warming by the exchange of the greenhouse gases (GHG) like carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). Application of animal waste, such as slurry, rich in inorganic nitrogen (N), may escalate soil processes and thus soil GHG emissions, particularly in organic systems that rely on input of animal manures without chemical inputs.The objective of this study was to evaluate GHG mitigation potential of biological amendments that might be relevant to organic systems and their effects on soil N and N leaching over a 2-month period. To achieve this a plot-scale field experiment on a grassland site in Rosemount (Dublin, Ireland) was conducted over a period from May to July 2023. Closed static chamber technique was used to measure soil emissions of N2O, CH4 and CO2 with an increased sampling frequency after the slurry application. The dynamics of soil ammonium, nitrate and dissolved organic N were evaluated weekly in soil surface samples from 0-15 cm and in a 10-day interval in the leachate collected at a 50 cm depth. The grass yield was assessed twice during the course of the experiment. The plots were equally irrigated to stimulate soil processes during the dry periods. The treatments assigned to the plots in a randomised complete block design with 5 replicates included control (CON), cattle slurry (SLU) and slurry mixed with biochar (BIO; added at 2 kg/m2), neem oil high with slurry (NEEM H; added at 100% of N applied) and neem oil low with slurry (NEEM L; added at 20% of N applied). The slurry was applied at 50 kg N ha-1 to all plots apart from CON.The application of neem oil at both levels of input consistently reduced soil N2O and CH4 daily emissions (p
Erosion rate estimation across a large-scale domain from surface analyses, thermochronology and cosmogenic nuclide concentrations: A case study from Germany.
Authors: Bernard Thomas , Glotzbach Christoph , Neely Alexander , Peifer Daniel , Beer Alexander , Schaller Mirjam , Shi Yanqing , Ehlers Todd A.
Published: March 2024

Topography and relief reflect the long-term competition between tectonics and surface processes linked to climate. The integration of tectonics, climate and surface processes in numerical modelling have the potential to quantify landscape evolution over large periods of time. Analytical methods such as 1) low-temperature thermochronology sensible to long timescale (i.e. ~Myrs) and 2) cosmogenic nuclide concentrations sensible to shorter time scales (i.e., ~Kyrs) allow the calibration of such models. Analyses of a catchment’s topography combined with the previous analytical data can, therefore, be used to reconstruct the continuous uplift or erosion history of this specific landscape. However, reconstruction at larger spatial scale where numerous catchments are involved remains challenging. Difficulties arise from different base-levels, tectonics and climate settings that control the different catchments forming the vast landscape.            In this study, we reconstruct the erosion rate of Germany. The numerical model solves river erosion, hillslope diffusion and 1D heat transfer to predict river profiles, cosmogenic nuclide concentrations and low-temperature thermochronological ages. The model algorithm utilizes the efficient inverse modelling scheme “Simulation-Based Inference”. Simulations of the inverse modelling use neural networks to learn the observed data in order to predict high-dimensional unknown parameters such as uplift and erodibility. River profiles extracted from a DEM are combined with pre-existing and new low-temperature thermochronological data as well as cosmogenic nuclide concentrations across entire Germany. We perform individual inverse modelling of the different types of datasets for the main catchments in Germany in order to estimate erosive parameters. Initial results suggest highly variable uplift and erodibility between the different catchments. Hence, further analyses have to be performed in order to combine the different results over a large-scale domain.
Nature based solutions integration in the flood risk management policy documents: the Republic of Moldova case.
Authors: Dilan Vitalie , Capatina Lucia
Published: March 2024

The Republic of Moldova is prone to different kinds of natural hazards including drought, floods, severe weather, earthquakes, and landslides. Heavy rains result in frequent floods, to which a great part of the country's settled areas is exposed. The most recent severe floods occurred in 2010. Climate variability and change is likely to increase the frequency and intensity of natural disasters. A large proportion of the flood risk in Moldova occurs on the floodplains of the two main rivers (the Prut and the Nistru). There are systems of flood defence dykes on these rivers and on some of the tributaries. These provide flood protection but there is a concern about their condition. In order to promote measures to increase natural water retention by conserving and improving the water storage capacity of soils and ecosystems, recently, a list of non-structural measures with natural - based solutions (NBS) approach were included in some policy documents. The most important policy documents are Flood risk management plans and Management plans, approved by Government decisions: GD 562/2020 – for flood risk management plans, and respectively, GD 814/2017 for Management Plan for Nistru river basin district, Ist cycle and GD 444/2022 for Management Plan for Danube – Prut and Black Sea river basin district, IInd cycle. These strategic documents are developed at the river basin district level; the territory of the Republic of Moldova consists of 2 river basin districts – Nistru and Danube – Prut and Black Sea. In this paper in deep analysis of NBS measures from different policy documents is provided. 
Active fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing to assess the geothermal potential and groundwater flow over the traditional territory of the Lù'àn Män Ku Dän, Yukon
Authors: Raymond Jasmin , Chapman Fiona , Klepikova Maria , Bour Olivier , Soucy Laroche Renaud
Published: March 2024

The traditional territory of the Lù'àn Män Ku Dän (Kluane Lake People) is found along the Saint Elias Mountains in Yukon. It hosts the Burwash Landing community, home of the Kluane First Nation, which is one of eleven self-governing First Nations operating in tripartite with Yukon Government and Canada. Burwash Landing is primarily dependent on diesel for space heating and power generation. Cutting-edge technologies were deployed in the scope of geothermal resource assessment to evaluate the thermal state and properties of the subsurface. Active distributed temperature sensing was conducted with a composite heating and fiber-optic cable installed in the water column of two existing wells with the objective of quantifying the geothermal potential and groundwater flow along available wellbores. Heat injection tests were made in the 220 and 385 m deep wells located on the south and north side of the Denali fault, near a probable releasing bend that is favorable to permeability. Melting glacier water infiltrates in mountains and groundwater flows toward Kluane Lake, which is hypothesized to be a major groundwater discharge zone. The shallower well is at an altitude of 925 masl and intercepted 40 m of quaternary deposits before hitting fractured bedrock while the deeper well is at the valley bottom near the lake (altitude of 795 masl) and entirely drilled in quaternary deposits. Passive temperature monitoring was initially made and revealed a geothermal gradient of 34 ⁰C km-1 and 47 ⁰C km-1 in the shallow south side and deep north side wells. Heat was injected during active tests for 2 and 3 days and thermal recovery was monitored for 6 and 8 days, respectively. Temperature was measured every 25 cm at 4-minute intervals. The infinite line source equation and the superposition principle were used to analyze data and calculate a thermal conductivity profile. Nearly continuous ground thermal properties and temperature profiles were combined to assess the Earth natural heat flux, considering paleoclimate and topographic corrections. Analysis indicated a heat flux above 90 mW m‑2, thought to be favorable for geothermal resource development. Peclet number analysis was undertaken to infer horizontal groundwater flow in permeable horizons. Results are being used to develop a regional groundwater flow and heat transfer model to evaluate temperature at kilometer depth and assess the communities’ geothermal potential. This presentation will illustrate how active temperature sensing can be deployed to reduce geothermal exploration risks, acknowledging Kluane First Nation that allowed us to better understand groundwater flow in this magnificent territory.  
Advances and prospects in hydrological (error) modelling
Authors: Albert Carlo
Published: March 2024

In recent years, Machine Learning (ML) models have led to a substantial improvement in hydrological predictions. It appears these models can distill information from catchment properties that is relevant for the relationship between meteorological drivers and streamflow, which has so far eluded hydrologists.In the first part of this talk, I shall demonstrate some of our attempts towards understanding these improvements. Utilising Autoencoders and intrinsic dimension estimators, we have shown that the wealth of available catchment properties can effectively be summarised into merely three features, insofar as they are relevant for streamflow prediction. Hybrid models, which combine the flexibility of ML models with mechanistic mass-balance models, are equally adept at predicting as pure ML models but come with only a few interpretable interior states. Combining these findings will, hopefully, bring us closer to understanding what these ML models seem to have 'grasped'.In the second part of the talk, I will address the issue of uncertainty quantification. I contend that error modelling should not be attempted on the residuals. Rather, we should model the errors where they originate, i.e., on the inputs, model states, and/or parameters. Such stochastic models are more adept at expressing the intricate distributions exhibited by real data. However, they come at the cost of a very large number of unobserved latent variables and thus pose a high-dimensional inference problem. This is particularly pertinent when our models include ML components. Fortunately, advances in inference algorithms and parallel computing infrastructure continue to extend the limits on the number of variables that can be inferred within a reasonable timeframe. I will present a straightforward example of a stochastic hydrological model with input uncertainty, where Hamiltonian Monte Carlo enables a comprehensive Bayesian inference of model parameters and the actual rain time-series simultaneously.
Extreme and compounding events in Pakistan
Authors: imran aamir
Published: March 2024

Globally, climate change is a vital issue which exacerbates many severe consequences and causes the increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Extreme climatic events, such as flash flooding, heatwaves, and droughts, pose severe impacts on societies and ecosystems, due to their large spatial coverage and high intensity. These extreme climatic events often occur simultaneously or sequentially as so-called compound events (CEs), causing high economic and societal losses as compared to the losses due to individual climatic extreme events. In the last two decades, Pakistan was ranked among the top ten countries which are most vulnerable to climate change and disasters, such as intense flooding, extreme heat, and droughts, among others. This paper presents case studies of extreme and compounding events in the last two decades with severe devastating impacts on people, infrastructure, and ecosystems. Specifically, two worst-case studies have been focused such as a flood in 2010 followed by a drought and a flood in 2022 followed by the heatwave. The post-disaster analysis shows that major part of the country was severely affected by these two CEs as a result of damaging the standing crops, destroying land, and causing displacement of millions of people along with losses and damages in fatalities and monetary terms. Therefore, this study is very vital for decision-making authorities to perceive the expected risk for human life, environment, and infrastructure in the future. So that pre and post-disaster mitigation policies and strategies could be formulated at local and national levels. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for CE adaptation in Pakistan. Key recommendations are provided to mitigate the impacts of future CEs.
The ETM2 in the Tethys Realm: Extreme Planktic Foraminiferal Dwarfism
Authors: D’Onofrio Roberta , Barrett Ruby , Schmidt Daniela N. , Fornaciari Eliana , Giusberti Luca , Frijia Gianluca , Adatte Thierry , Sabatino Nadia , Monsuru Adebowale , Brombin Valentina , Luciani Valeria
Published: March 2024

Pronounced warming in the geological record negatively impacts ecosystems. To show the impact on different parts of the marine calcareous plankton, we present an integrated record, from two Tethyan sections, Madeago and Terche (northeastern Italy), of the planktic foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossils response to the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 hyperthermal (ETM2, ~54 Ma). The main result of our study is the striking planktic foraminiferal dwarfism (up to ~40% decrease in test-size compared to pre-event values) recorded at the ETM2 impacting both surface and deeper dwelling species. To a lesser extent, calcareous nannofossils exhibited a size reduction as documented by an increase of ‘small placoliths’. Causes to explain the dwarfism can be manifold. Enhanced metabolic rate in response to warming requires more food to support growth, thus a strategy to optimize resource uptake is to enlarge surface area/volume ratio by reducing the cell mass and therefore the test-size. Deoxygenation is not likely a driver as the dwarfing occurred in both mixed layer than deeper dwelling taxa, which oxygen limitation typically limited to the thermocline.  Our foraminiferal size data from Site 1263 (Atlantic Ocean) and Site 1209 (Pacific Ocean) highlight that the pronounced dwarfism is restricted to the Tethyan area. We record local increase in productivity in our sections not observed in the open ocean sites. This could have limited the growth of symbiont bearing taxa, as in modern ocean the size of symbiont bearing taxa decreases towards to shore due to increases in productivity reducing light availability. Reduced symbiosis though cannot be the only factors as it cannot explain the dwarfing of the deep-dweller taxa in our Tethyan sections. The warming at our site is similar to open ocean sections and cannot explain this different response. Therefore, we hypothesise that local drivers could have acted additively to warming such as the input of biolimiting/toxic metals from the volcanic emissions of the Veneto Volcanic Province, which was active during the ETM2. We find the smallest size in close temporal association with peaks in magmatic derived Hg/Th-Hg/Rb recorded just before and at the ETM2 which cannot be brought into our sections through weathering. The lack of dwarfisms associated with Hg peak above the ETM2 at Terche, when warming would have ended, suggests that the volcanic input by itself was not sufficient to cause dwarfism. We speculate that volcanism could have acted synergistically causing the uniqueness of dwarfism in the global context of warming. The size reduction lasted several thousand years thus implying long term impacts of such additive drivers.
Coevolution in the critical zone: the key role of fast hydrologic processes
Authors: Saco Patricia , Quijano Baron Juan , Rodriguez Jose , Moreno de las Heras Mariano , Azadi Samira
Published: March 2024

Feedback effects between hydrology, vegetation and erosion processes are pervasive across landscapes. These tight interactions lead to the coevolution of landscape patterns that modulate landform shape and regulate many other critical zone processes. We study these feedbacks and interactions using simulations from landform evolution models that account for the effect (and feedbacks) of spatially and temporally varying hydrologic pathways and vegetation over landscapes displaying a variety of vegetation patterns. We first present results from a landscape evolution modelling framework, that accounts for a comprehensive representation of hydrology and vegetation, including the effect of various vegetation pools on erosion processes. The model includes interacting modules for hydrology, dynamic vegetation, biomass pools partition, and landform evolution. Our simulations indicate that each of the biomass pools provides a specific erosion protection mechanism at a different time of the year. As rainfall events and the resulting vegetation growth and protection are asynchronous, the maximum values of erosion are associated with runoff at the beginning of the rainy season when vegetation protection is not as its maximum. These results show how rapid hydrological processes affecting vegetation have long term implications for landform development. Results for a Eucalyptus savanna landscape study site in the Northern Territory (Australia) showed that models that do not account for the vegetation dynamics can result in prediction errors of up to 80%.  We also present simulations of the coevolution of landforms and vegetation patterns in selected sites with patchy Acacia Aneura (Mulga) vegetation.  These sites display a sparse vegetation cover and strong patterns of surface water redistribution, with runoff sources located in the bare areas and sinks in the vegetation patches. This effect triggers high spatial variability of erosion/deposition rates that affects the evolving topography and induces feedbacks that shape the dynamic vegetation patterns. We run simulations using rainfall, vegetation and erosion data, and vegetation parameters previously calibrated for Mulga sites in the Northern territory. We further investigate the effect of alterations in hydrologic connectivity induced by climate change and/or anthropogenic activities, which affect water and sediment redistribution and can be linked to loss of resources leading to degradation. We find that an increase in hydrologic connectivity can trigger changes in vegetation patterns inducing feedbacks with landforms leading to degraded states. These transitions display non-linear behaviour and, in some cases, can lead to thresholds with an abrupt reduction in productivity. Critical implications for management and restoration are discussed.  
Artificial Intelligence Detects Volcanic Fingerprints in Historical Climate Records
Authors: Meuer Johannes , Timmreck Claudia , Fang Shih-Wei , Kadow Christopher
Published: March 2024

Deciphering past climate variations, especially distinguishing between externally forced and inherent changes, is a major challenge. While proxy data from tree rings or ice cores can validate the occurrence of significant volcanic eruptions, linking the resulting temperature patterns to specific events or their geographic sources proves difficult. In this study, we present a neural network classifier capable of identifying the presence and hemispheric location of volcanic events. Trained on summer temperature anomalies from numerical climate simulations influenced by volcanoes, our classifier shows excellent accuracy over different magnitudes and locations of volcanic activity (hit rate >92%). The shift towards using an ensemble of observational (re-)analyses successfully detects volcanic eruptions in recent decades, showing a strong correlation between the neural network predictions and the observed aerosol optical depth field. Furthermore, our analysis uncovers traces of volcanic eruptions in 19th century climate data, identifying major events such as Tambora (1815) and Krakatau (1883), as well as smaller eruptions, thereby highlighting relevant climate signals. In addition, we identify a signature indicative of a northern extratropical eruption in 1809, establishing a link with the previously unidentified event of that year, despite continuing uncertainty about its exact location. 
Flood Risk Management and Health Consequences: a case-study of the 2021 floods in Germany
Authors: Sairam Nivedita , Jaramillo Sanchez Domenica Michelle , Kreibich Heidi
Published: March 2024

Owing to changing climate and growing urban cities, the frequency and intensity of extreme flood events are rising. Often, the impacts of flooding on the economic front is the focus of science and policy. On the other hand, floods adversely affect the health and well-being of exposed populations which are difficult to quantify through conventional risk assessment frameworks.
There is currently a lack of a comprehensive understanding of the Flood–Human-health system. In specific, understanding and quantification of the drivers and feedback-effects leading to health-related consequences is crucial for developing inclusive flood risk management strategies.
Focusing on the 2021 flooding in Germany, we aim to identify and elucidate the drivers and processes that led to health consequences with a focus on aspects of flood risk management – mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Our study employs data-driven approaches, utilizing a substantial sample of empirical household surveys on flood characteristics, consequences and risk management aspects. The presentation of key findings will shed light on the pathways leading to consequences on human health, encompassing elements of risk management
Study on water/rock effect of CO2 mineralization sequestration system development
Authors: Yang Wen-Ta , Kao Li Cheng , Liou Sofia Ya Hsuan
Published: March 2024

Currently, Taiwan is actively spearheading the development of technologies associated with achieving net-zero emissions. The government has set ambitious targets aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and steering toward a more sustainable, low-carbon economy. But suffers from high urbanization and densely populated, the CO2 sequestration site is still needing careful evaluation. Whether geological sequestration storage or mineralization sequestration, the lab work for feasibility assessment is an indispensable key step before pilot. In this work we build up a tandem reaction system which the autoclave can be used to high-pressure and well-temperature controlled. Continuously flux CO2 gas to maintain system pressure for simulate carbon dioxide perfusion. A long-term water/rock reactions were performed in different minerals or water bodies. The mass flow controller (MFC) was set up to control the flow rate, while a pressure sensor and a pressure gauge were set up inside the autoclave for on-line and real-time pressure measurements during the experiment. The results were carried out by Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for evaluating CO2 mineralization sequestration possibility. Most importantly, this work is a very limited research case for realistic water/rock reaction parameter experiment in Taiwan. We looking forward this contribution to be representative study for further core-flooding experiment.
Surface Controls of Freshwater Export through Denmark Strait 
Authors: Boland Emma , Kostov Yavor , Jones Dani
Published: March 2024

Denmark Strait is a key route for the export of freshwater from the Arctic. Understanding the controls on the amount of freshwater entering the Subpolar North Atlantic is key for understanding the implications of rapid changes in the region, such as recent observed freshening of the Arctic Ocean. We present the results of an adjoint modelling study, which uses the ECCOv4 ocean state estimate to produce a reconstruction of the freshwater transport at Denmark Strait from 1992 to 2017. The reconstruction is formed of contributions from surface fluxes of buoyancy and momentum. We investigate the relative importance of these different contributions on different spatial and temporal scales. We find that surface wind stress at up to 2 years lag dominates variability. We also find a seasonally varying pattern in the dominant lags, with winter fluxes showing peak correlations with contributions from lags of up to 4 years, whereas spring fluxes showing a peak correlations on the scale of weeks.