bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uptake of the Herbicide Diuron as Visualised by the Fluorescence Imaging Technique
Authors: Lichtenthaler H. K. , Lang M. , Sowinska Malgorzata , Summ P. , Heisel Francine , Miehe J. A.
Published: February 2014

A new fluorescence imaging system for monitoring the uptake of the PSII‐herbicide diuron (OCMU) was tested in tobacco leaves. UV‐laser‐induced (Λexc = 355 nm) fluorescence images were collected for blue fluorescence F440 (Λem = 440 nm), green fluorescence F520 (Λem = 520 nm), red chlorophyll fluorescence F690 (Λem = 690 nm) and for far‐red chlorophyll fluorescence F740 (Λem = 740 nm). Diuron‐treated leaf parts exhibited a higher red and far‐red chlorophyll fluorescence emission (F690 and F740) than untreated leaf halves, whereas the blue and green fluorescence, F440 and F520, remained unaffected. As a consequence, the fluorescence ratios blue/red (F440/F690) and blue/far‐red (F440/F740) significantly decreased in diuron‐treated leaf parts. The time course of diuron uptake into the leaf could be followed by fluorescence images taken 10 and 30 min after diuron application. The novel high resolution fluorescence imaging method supplies information on the herbicide uptake of each point of the leaf area. Its great advantage as compared to the point data fluorescence measurements applied so far is discussed.
Variability of the Low Molecular Weight Globulin, Conglutin δ, Within Lupin Species
Authors: Species Within Lupin , Esnault M. A. , Pichereau V. , Klingler J.
Published: February 2014

Conglutin δ, a 2S globulin, was purified and compared in six species or varieties of lupin seeds. A common pattern is suggested, present in all species, corresponding to a protein which could exist as a monomer or a dimer. The first form contains one subunit, from 11 to 16.2 kDa, according to the species. It possesses a quaternary structure closely related to conglutin δ1 and was previously described in the narrow‐leaved lupin. The second form contains two similar subunits (23 to 26 kDa) and could be the conglutin δ2. These two subunits are associated even when SDS is used and are probably disulfide‐linked subunits. Each subunit is composed of two disulfide‐linked polypeptides. One is acidic with molecular weight from 14 to 17.3 kDa and the second is acidic to neutral, from 2.4 to 4.5 kDa. Three species (L. luteus, L. arboreus and L. pilosus) present a supplementary subunit, with different molecular weight and p than that previously described and which never associates in a dimer form. It has been purified in L. luteus. When native, this protein is oligomeric. The subunit of 12 kDa in this species is composed of a polypeptide of 9 kDa (pl 4.5) disulfide‐linked to one of 3 kDa (pl 6.5). This supplementary protein remains partly associated with the first in the yellow lupin (L. luteus). It probably corresponds to a new protein, different from conglutin δ.
Phototropism and Protein Phosphorylation in Higher Plants: Unilateral Blue Light Irradiation Generates a Directional Gradient of Protein Phosphorylation Across the Oat Coleoptile
Authors: Salomon M. , Zacherl M. , Rüdiger W.
Published: February 2014

Blue light induces the phosphorylation of a 116 kDa oat protein found in plasma membrane preparations from coleoptile tips. We developed a very sensitive in vitro method that allowed us to determine the tissue distribution of protein phosphorylation after applying unilateral and bilateral blue light pulses in vivo. We found that following unilateral in vivo irradiation the degree in phosphorylation of the 116 kDa protein is significantly higher at the irradiated than at the shaded side of the coleoptile tip. This asymmetry can be considered as previously missing criterion that protein phosphorylation represents an early event within the transduction chain for phototropism.
Silicon Storage in Selected Dicotyledons
Authors: Neumann D. , Lichtenberger O. , Schwieger W. , zur Nieden U.
Published: February 2014

Silicon was localized in some dicotyledons (Minuartia verna, Silene cucubalus, Thlaspi coerulescens, Viola calaminaria, Nicotiana tabacum, Pisum sativum) by analytical transmission electron microscopy as apoplastic crystalline inclusions of SiO2 in intercellular spaces of the leaf parenchyma, between cell wall and plasma membrane and inside the vacuoles. Ca‐silicate, and in some plants Sn‐silicate, forms the peripheral parts of the crystalline inclusions. These unstable compounds are converted spontaneously in the plant cells into the more stable SiO2, which forms the central part of all crystalline inclusions. The function of silicon in these plants is discussed.
Activation of Chloroplast Fructose‐1, 6‐Bisphosphatase of Pisum sativum by Mole Mass Change
Authors: Grotjohann N.
Published: February 2014

Separation of extracts, obtained from isolated intact P. sativum chloroplasts, by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) on superose 6, reveals a 1,400 kDa‐FBPase II form at pH 6.0 and a 380 kDa form at pH 7.5. Addition of F1,6P2, Mg++ and ATP cause dissociation of the large form into the smaller one, which leads to an approximate 4‐fold increase in activity. Reversibility of the mole mass change could be shown for the influence of pH and of fructose‐1, 6‐bisphosphate on purified enzyme samples, separated from crude leaf extracts. Compared to thelarge enzyme form, the small form has higher activity and is specific for the substrate fructose‐1, 6‐bisphosphate, while the large form is not. Activation of FBPase II in the light and inactivation in the dark is discussed on the basis of different oligomeric forms of the enzyme caused by changes in the concentration of intermediates and effectors in the chloroplast stroma. The conclusion is drawn that oligomerization of key enzymes might provide an effective mechanism for enzyme activation/inactivation in vivo.
Nuclear Location of a Diadenosine 5′,5′”‐P1,P4Tetraphosphate (Ap4A) Hydrolase in Tomato Cells Grown in Suspension Cultures1
Authors: Hause B. , Feussner K. , Wasternack C.
Published: February 2014

Diadenosine 5′,5′”‐P1,P4‐tetraphosphate (Ap4A) cleaving enzymes are assumed to regulate intracellular levels of Ap4A, a compound known to affect cell proliferation and stress responses. From plants an Ap4A hydrolase was recently purified using tomato cells grown in suspension. It was partially sequenced and a peptide antibody was prepared (Feussner et al., 1996). Using this polyclonal monospecific antibody, an abundant nuclear location of Ap4A hydrolase in 4‐day‐old cells of atomato cell suspension culture is demonstrated here by means of immunocytochemical techniques using FITC (fluorescein‐5‐isothiocyanate) labeled secondary antibodies. The microscopic analysis of the occurrence of Ap4A hydrolase performed for different stages of the cell cycle visualized by parallel DAPI (4,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole) staining revealed that the protein accumulates within nuclei of cells in the interphase, but is absent in the nucleus as well as cytoplasm during all stages of mitosis. This first intracellular localization of an Ap4A degrading enzyme within the nucleus and its pattern of appearance during the cell cycle is discussed in relation to the suggested role of Ap4A in triggering DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.
Seasonal Dynamics of Plant Diversity on lnselbergs in the Ivory Coast (West Africa)
Authors: Porembski S. , Barthlott W.
Published: February 2014

Inselbergs are isolated monolithic outcrops which are characterized by large areas of exposed crystalline rock. Due to harsh edaphic and microclimatic conditions, inselbergs are completely differentiated from their surroundings. Consequently they host a very distinct vegetation which is being investigated on a global scale over a six year period. The seasonal dynamics of Selected plant communities (Afrotrilepis pilosa mat, shallow depression, ephemeral flush vegetation) on granitic inselbergs in the Comoe National Park (NE Ivory Coast) were studied during the rainy period from May to November 1991 by recording all vascular plant species at 12 intervals. For the habitats investigated, the seasonal vegetation dynamics were related to the rainfall pattern. Maximum values both in species diversity and richness were attained in the first third of the rainy period. Drought in August and September caused a decline in species number and diversity in the shallow depression and ephemeral flush vegetation, resulting in mortality of more than 20% of the species. The individual communities studied differed considerably in species diversity and richness. We conclude that ephemeral flush and shallow depression communities are more species rich than the mat community which is dominated by the highly competitive and specialized K‐strategist Afrotrilepis pilosa (a poikilohydric Cyperaceae) due to stochastic climatic perturbations which allow the maintenance of species rich non‐equilibrium assemblages with r‐strategists as major components.
Stand Structure and Regeneration of the Subalpine Hagenia abyssinica Forests of Mt. Kenya
Authors: Lange Sigrun , Bussmann R. W. , Beck E.
Published: February 2014

The uppermost forest belt on Mt. Kenya (Kenya, East Africa), ranges from 2900 to 3400 m a.s.l. and is dominated by the evergreen “Kosso” tree, Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F. Cmel. (Rosaceae). The ecology of this tree, with emphasis on regeneration, was investigated. Twenty‐five phytosociological relevés, representing several types of Hagenia forests were produced, and attributed to various associations of the alliances Hagenio abyssinicae — Hypericion revoluti Bussmann 1994 and Hagenio abyssinicae — Juniperion procerae Bussmann 1994 (Bussmann and Beck 1995a). Biometric data of young and adult Hagenia trees were collected.

Kosso trees of the individual relevés were either of almost equal size, and presumably age, or could be grouped into only two size categories. This uniformity of the Hagenia populations suggests simultaneous regeneration after major disturbance. Charcoal horizons were found in soil profiles at various sites in the Hagenia zone of Mt. Kenya, indicating former burning of these forests. Therefore, fire is thought to be the disturbing factor, which triggers the regeneration of the Hagenia forests.

Germination of Hagenia seeds was investigated under various ecological conditions at Mt. Kenya and in greenhouses. Crucial factors for successful germination were high temperatures and bare soil. Light intensity or potentially allelopathic decomposition compounds, leaching from the abundantly shed leaves, had no significant effect on the germination rates. Fire apparently promotes germination by clearing and heating the prospective seed bed. In areas suffering from a high activity of herbivores, the regeneration capability of Hagenia is greatly decreased or abolished. A fire‐requiring regeneration cycle of the Hagenia forests of Mt. Kenya is concluded from the phytosociological and ecological data.
Phytogeny of some Species of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) Inferred from the atpB/rbcL cpDNA Intergene Region
Authors: Samuel R. , Pinsker W. , Kiehn M.
Published: February 2014

The PCR‐amplified atpB/rbcL spacer region of ten Cyrtandra species and representatives of the genera Didymocarpus, Didissandra, and Monophyllaea was sequenced and used for phylogenetic analyses. In Cyrtandra 83 variable positions were found over a length of 890bp. The data suggest that the Samoan species included in our study originated by at least two independent colonization events, while for the Hawaiian species the situation is not clear yet. With respect to generic relationships, Monophyllaea shows considerable divergence (9.9%) from the remaining taxa and thus is used as outgroup. Didymocarpus is most closely related to Cyrtandra, their genetic divergence (2.2%) being only slightly higher than the average distance within Cyrtandra (1.9%). The promoter regions for the atpB and rbcL genes, which have been described from Rubiaceae, were identified and found to be located at homologous positions. Of the two atpB promoters found in Rubiaceae only the distal one appears functional, the proximal promoter has been eroded by mutations and is disrupted in Didissandra by a 14bp insertion.
Gene Control in Somatic Embryos of Digitalis lanata: Expression of the β‐Glucuronidase Gene Fused to a Plastocyanin Promoter
Authors: Thomar S. , Dumke‐Lehmann Ulrike , Diettrich Beate , Luckner M.
Published: February 2014

Digitalis lanata was transformed by agrobacteria‐mediated gene transfer with a chimeric reporter gene encoding for β‐glucuronidase (CUS) from Escherichia coll under the control of the plastocyanin 3 (Pc3) promoter from Spinada oleracea (Pc3::uidA fusion gene). Transformed cell lines were regenerated to plants via somatic embryos. CUS activity was determined fluorometrically and histochemically. The Pc3::uidA fusion gene was expressed in the late globular and bipolar stages of somatic embryos. Expression started in globular embryos (stage‐1‐globules) in that part of the parenchymatic tissue which later on formed the cotyledons. No GUS activity was detectable in the parenchymatic tissue forming the root pole, in cells of the developing procambium or in epidermal cells. These tissues were free of GUS activity also in bipolar embryos. The parenchymatic cells of the cotyledons and the primary cortex of the hypocotyl of germinating embryos showed GUS activity, in contrast to the epidermal cells and the cells of the central cylinder.
Ginkgo biloba Expresses Calreticulin, the Major Calcium‐Binding Reticuloplasmin in Eukaryotic Cells
Authors: Nardi M. C. , Giacomelli E. , Dainese P. , Fitchette‐Lainé A.‐C. , Faye L. , Baldan B. , Navazio L. , Mariani P.
Published: February 2014

Calreticulin, the main Ca2+ binding protein in the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic cells, was characterized in Ginkgo biloba L. pollen and seeds. Electrophoretic analysis of the partly purified extracts showed the presence of two protein bands of 57 and 50kDa apparent molecular masses, which strongly cross‐reacted with antibodies against plant calreticulins. Amino acid sequence comparison with other plant and animal calreticulins revealed a much higher similarity of the N‐terminus of Ginkgo calreticulins with the homologue from angiosperms rather than with that from mammals. The finding of calreticulin in Ginkgo is indicative of the conservation also in gymnosperms of Ca2+ homeostatic mechanisms, which seem to rely on the same molecular components as all eukaryotic cells.
On the Compartmentation of Triacylglycerol Synthesis in Developing Seeds of Brassica napus
Authors: Aach H. , Heise K.‐P.
Published: February 2014

Compartmentation of storage lipid biosynthesis in developing erucate‐rich rapeseeds during the period of rapid triacylglycerol accumulation has been investigated by labelling acyl residues and the glycerol backbone in endomembrane lipids of isolated embryos with radioactive precursors, either before (“in vivo”) or after (“in vitro”) subcellular fractionation. In contrast to the low light environment within the pod under normal environmental conditions, the photosynthetic and lipid synthesizing capacities of the embryos were significantly stimulated by their illumination in the isolated state. Both ways of demonstrating “de novo” synthesis of triacylglycerols and erucic acid in endomembrane vesicles show their significantly higher accumulation in oil bodies than in microsomal fractions, where membrane lipids predominate. The increased diacylglycerol acylation in erucate‐rich rape embryos appears to be coupled to an alternative elongation mechanism for oleic acid, with another immediate acyl donor than 18:1‐CoA. The present results are interpreted as a spatial separation of triacylglycerol formation, with very long‐chain fatty acids obtained from residual lipid synthesis and fatty acid elongating capacity located on the endoplasmic reticulum.
Concordant Time‐Dependent Patterns of Activities and Enzyme Protein Amounts of V‐PPase and V‐ATPase in induced (Flowering and CAM or Tumour) and Non‐Induced Plant Tissues*
Authors: Fischer‐Schliebs E. , Ratajczak R. , Weber P. , Tavakoli N. , Ullrich C. I. , Lüttge U.
Published: February 2014

There are two H+‐pumping enzymes at the tonoplast membrane of plant vacuoles, the V‐ATPase and the V‐PPase. One attempt to explain the enigma of “two H+ pumps, one membrane” was the suggestion that the V‐PPase has special functions in young developing and growing tissues in utilization of pyrophosphate produced in particularly active metabolism and in pumping of K+ for vacuolization. This should lead to reciprocal expression of both enzymes with time during development. Here we used stimulation of Kalanchoë blossfeldiana Poellnitz cv. Tom Thumb plants by short‐day treatments to induce crassulacean acid metabolism and flowering and of Ricinus communis L. stem tissue by infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58 to induce vigorous growth of tumours, and we compared these stimulated tissues with leaves of non‐stimulated long‐day controls and non‐infected stem tissue, respectively. Activities and protein levels of both enzymes increased (K. blossfeldiana) or remained high (R. communis) in the stimulated tissues and decreased in the non‐stimulated tissues with time. Time‐dependent patterns of the two enzymes were concordant in all of the four cases and not inverse, i.e. two plants with two different conditions each, leading to very different developmental situations.
Arundo donax L. (Poaceae) — a C3 Species with Unusually High Photosynthetic Capacity
Authors: Rossa B. , Tüffers A. V. , Naidoo G. , VON Willert D. J.
Published: February 2014

Gas exchange characteristics, chlorophyll a fluorescence and leaf water potential were investigated in the giant reed, Arundo donax, under natural conditions in an estuarine mangrove swamp in Durban, South Africa. Maximum photosynthetic CO2 uptake ranged between 19.8 and 36.7 μmol m−2 s−1, depending on irradiance, and appeared to be regulated by leaf conductance. There was no saturation of CO2 uptake or electron transport through PSII (ETR) with increasing irradiance up to 2500 μmol photons m−2 s−1. A linear relationship between CO2 uptake, corrected for respiration (A), and ETR has only been reported for C4 species and C3 species when photorespiration is eliminated. From this relationship, it was calculated that 8.5 electrons were transported through PSII for the fixation of one mole of CO2. Predawn leaf water potential was about −0.5 MPa and decreased to −1.5 MPa on a cloudy day and to −2.1 MPa on a clear day. Diurnal change in leaf water potential had little influence on leaf conductance and hence CO2 uptake. The molar water use efficiency (WUE) ranged between 4.1 and 9.3 μmol mmol−1. Percentage photorespiration was between 36 and 39%.
Photosynthetic Capacity and Quantum Requirement of Three Secondary Mutants of Scenedesmus obliquus with Deletions in Carotenoid Biosynthesis*
Authors: Bishop N. I. , Bugla Beate , Senger H.
Published: February 2014

Photosynthetic capacity and quantum requirement of photosynthesis were evaluated in three secondary mutants of Scenedesmus obliquus possessing specific blocks in carotenoid biosynthesis. These were derived from the mutant, C‐2 A', a strain which develops chlorophyll only in the light. All strains were capable of a normal and rapid production of chlorophyll and the development of a functional photosynthetic apparatus when exposed to light. LHC‐II levels in the mutants lacking the β,ε‐carotenoids (strains C‐2 A'‐34,1 and C‐2 A'‐67, 3b) were considerably reduced in fully greened cells but normal in the β,β‐epoxycarotenoid deficient‐only strain (C‐2 A'‐67,1) (Bishop, 1996). The maximum photosynthetic capacity and the quantum efficiency (at λ=682nm) of photosynthesis of cells of C‐2A'‐34,1 and C‐2 A'‐67,1 showed no significant changes when compared to the original parent strain, C‐2 A'. However, the quantum requirement of the strain lacking both types of carotenoids, C‐2 A'‐67,3b, was slightly increased. It is of particular interest that both strains lacking the β,ε‐carotenoids also show a preferential loss of the oligomeric form of the LHC and its associated chlorophylls. The potential requirement of the different carotenoids in maintenance of photosynthetic efficiency in Scenedesmus is discussed.
Variation of Salvia fruticosa Essential Oils on the Island of Crete (Greece)
Authors: Karousou R. , Vokou D. , Kokkini S.
Published: February 2014

The essential oil content and composition of Salvia fruticosa (Greek sage) plants growing wild in 20 localities scattered on the island of Crete are studied. The results of our analyses have shown a noticeable variation in the essential oil content (ranging from 1.1 up to 5.1 %) and the amount of the four main oil components: 1,8‐cineole (22.7 − 64.2% of total oil), α‐thujone (1.0 − 19.2%) β‐thujone (0.9 − 25.6%) and camphor (0.8 − 30.3%). Discriminant analysis revealed that the variation pattern of the essential oil content and the amount of the four main oil components is geographically related, following a W → E direction. Plants grown in Western Crete show a lower essential oil content and their oils are characterised by the predominance of 1,8‐cineole. On the other hand, those collected from Eastern Crete exhibit higher values in essential oil content and their oils, besides 1,8‐cineole, are rich in α‐ and β‐thujone or camphor. Our findings are further discussed in relation to literature data.
Phloem Boron Mobility in Diverse Plant Species
Authors: Brown P. H. , Hu H.
Published: February 2014

Abstract: Recent evidence suggests that the production and translocation of polyols will influence the phloem mobility of B in higher plants. The patterns of B distribution in plants, the procedures used to determine plant B status and the approaches used to manage B fertilization are all fundamentally affected by phloem B mobility. Detailed information on the occurrence of polyols in various species is unavailable and hence the extent of B mobility cannot be adequately predicted. Here, the phloem mobility of B has been tested in a number of plants producing polyols. Two approaches have been used, the B concentration gradient along a shoot and foliar 10B labelling. Results indicate that B exhibits significant phloem mobility in the species that produce polyols, but the extent of B retranslocation varies between species even within genera.
Development and Structure of the Haustorium of the Parasite Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Scrophulariaceae)
Authors: Neumann Ulla , Sallé G. , Weber H. Chr
Published: February 2014

Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Hochst.) Benth. (Scrophulariaceae), a parasite of African cereals, develops secondary haustoria which penetrate the roots of the host plant. Light and electron microscopy have been used to study the structure and development of haustoria in this species, which, until now, have not been well characterized. Haustoria are initiated in the hypodermis of the parasite roots. A meristematic strand is developed between the parasite root stele and the host‐parasite interface. From this strand, cells differentiate into xylem elements after penetration of the host root. Xylem differentiation follows an acropetal pattern. Mature haustoria are characterized by a continuous xylem bridge between water conducting elements of parasite and host. A detailed study of the hostparasite interface revealed the presence of collapsed and compressed host cells at the lateral interface (between parasite cells and host cortex), whereas the central interface between parasite cells and the host stele is almost devoid of host cell remnants. Implications of these observations for the penetration mechanisms are discussed.
A Heat‐Stress Pulse Inactivates a 50 kDa Myelin Basic Protein Kinase in Tomato
Authors: Heider H. , Boscheinen O. , Scharf K.‐D.
Published: February 2014

The involvement of kinases in heat stress signaling in tomato cells was studied by in gel kinase assays using myelin basic protein as substrate, and by in vitro phosphorylation assays in Mono Q fractions of tomato cell lysates.

A kinase with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 50 kDa is rapidly deactivated upon heat stress as judged from in gel kinase assays. Cycloheximide treatment increases kinase activity, but concomitant heat treatment abolishes cycloheximide‐induced activation. Kinase activity from untreated cells was recovered at about 130 and 250 mM NaCl from Mono Q columns.
Development and Function of the Elaiosome in Knautia (Dipsacaceae)
Authors: Mayer Veronika , Svoma Erika
Published: February 2014

The fruits of the genus Knautia differ from those of all other Dipsacaceae by the possession of a white, ± hemispherical basal appendage (elaiosome). In a series of field experiments Sernander (1906) demonstrated that, due to this elaiosome, the fruits of Knautia are dispersed by ants. Sernander (1906) assumed that the elaiosome is built from fused bracts (forming the epicalyx) whereas Bresinsky (1963) interpreted it as part of the perianth.

In the present study the elaiosome development was investigated in four species of all three subgenera of Knautia: subg. Trichera (K. drymeia, K. dipsacifolia), subg. Tricheranthes (K. integrifolia) and subg. Knautia (K. orientalis). A comparison with early stages of the fruit development in other Dipsacaceae (e.g., Lomelosia graminifolia) indicates that the elaiosome is of epicalyx origin. In all species of Knautia the development of the elaiosome begins prior to anthesis and independently of fertilization. The growth of the elaiosome tissue in K. orientalis is mainly caused by periclinal cell divisions in the subepidermal layers of the epicalyx base. In K. dipsacifolia and K. drymeia a meristem around the base of the central bundle, which supplies epicalyx and flower, becomes active and develops cells in cascade‐like rows. The elaiosome cells of ripe fruits are filled with numerous oil droplets. Moreover the central bundle increases by the formation of additional phloem cells.

In addition, other important morphological adaptations to ant dispersal are demonstrated: the hair‐cover of the fruit and strongly lignified horizontal vascular bundles between elaiosome and seed prevent the seed from being eaten; a lignified cramp anchors the elaiosome to the fruit; and thickened and strongly cutinized walls of the epidermis protect the elaiosome during dispersal. In regard to germination, a correlation between the removal of the elaiosome and germination speed and rate was found; fruits with dissected elaiosomes germinate faster and with a higher germination rate than fruits with elaiosomes.
RONNIE SCREWVALA'S SECOND INNINGS
Authors: Peters Georgina
Published: February 2014

The Indian entrepreneur Ronnie Screwvala has cut a colourful and hugely successful swathe through the media world over the last 30 years, from Bollywood to Disney. Now, as he begins his career's second innings, he talks to Georgina Peters.
BACK ON THE SILK ROAD
Authors: Coomber Steve
Published: February 2014

Meng Zhang is the inspiration behind a new fashion brand with its roots in China. Steve Coomber reports
GOODNESS, GREATNESS, MARS
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: February 2014

Family owned, globally successful – what marks Mars out from the corporate crowd? Stuart Crainer talks exclusively to fourth generation family member, Pamela Mars Wright
MOBILISING VALUE: THE TURKCELL WAY
Authors: Dearlove Des , Crainer Stuart
Published: February 2014

Turkcell offers persuasive proof that corporate and national success can be interlinked. Stuart Crainer and Des Dearlove examine how the Turkish communications and technology company is pioneering the practice of sharing value
WORK IN PROGRESS
Authors: Edmans Alex
Published: February 2014

Alex Edmans, Professor of Finance at London Business School, opens up his research agenda to BSR from CSR to David Beckham by way of CEO pay
THE A‐Z OF CAREERS
Authors: Schmidt Waldemar
Published: February 2014

The nature of careers appears constantly changing. Waldemar Schmidt provides a unique take on your career reality
PHARMA PLUS
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: February 2014

In the leadership world, few jobs are as demanding as running a major pharmaceutical company, which requires balancing the long and short term, dealing with regulators and managing world‐leading experts in their felds, while delivering results. Joe Jimenez took up the challenge in 2010 when he became CEO of Novartis. Here, he talks to BSR editor Stuart Crainer
THE BIG IDEA: BALANCED SCORECARDS
Authors: Peters Georgina
Published: February 2014

The balanced scorecard is a strategic management and measurement system that links strategic objectives to comprehensive indicators and focuses management attention on a range of key performance indicators to provide a balanced view. Georgina Peters is your pilot
Can normal narcissism be managed to promote green product purchases? Investigating a counterintuitive proposition
Authors: Naderi Iman , Strutton David
Published: February 2014

Despite the presumed influence of narcissism as a prevalent consumer trait, the psychological construct was only recently linked to consumer theory. “Normal” narcissism is traditionally associated with negative effects on others. But narcissism is examined from a different perspective here. This study investigates how narcissistic traits may influence consumer tendencies to engage in “green” behaviors. Study 1 demonstrates that narcissists do not intrinsically value green behavior or its potential societal benefits. However, four integrated experiments—grounded in costly signaling theory and the realistic accuracy model—demonstrated that situational factors such as product visibility, purchase visibility, relative price, and message detection and utilization could be influential in motivating normal narcissists to act “green.”
Will to live in older people's medical decisions: immediate and delayed effects of aging stereotypes
Authors: Marques Sibila , Lima Maria Luísa , Abrams Dominic , Swift Hannah
Published: February 2014

This research explores the duration of age stereotype priming effects on individuals' will to live when faced with a medical terminal illness decision. Study 1 established the content of the stereotype of the older age group in Portugal. Study 2 tested the effects of priming positive or negative age stereotypes on older and younger individuals' will to live, immediately after priming or after a delay. Results showed significant effects of stereotype valence on older people's will to live. As expected, immediate and delayed will‐to‐live scores were both lower in the negative than in the positive condition. In contrast, among younger people there were no significant effects of stereotype valence. These findings demonstrate the robustness of these types of unconscious influences on older people's fundamental decisions.
Imagine that: examining the influence of sport‐related imagined contact on intergroup anxiety and sexual prejudice across cultures
Authors: Lee Woojun , Cunningham George B.
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine (a) the relationship among sport‐related imagined intergroup contact, intergroup anxiety, and sexual prejudice, and (b) how these relationships varied across cultures. Students enrolled at major public universities in South Korea (n = 100) and the United States (n = 100) participated in an experiment in which they imagined playing basketball and then engaging in a conversation with a gay man or with a friend. They then responded to a post‐experiment questionnaire. South Koreans' intergroup anxiety significantly decreased when they imagined contact with a gay man, but the same was not necessarily the case for Americans. Intergroup anxiety mediated the relationship between imagined contact and sexual prejudice for Americans, but not for Koreans.
Don't leave me: the effect of dependency and emotions in relationship conflict
Authors: Valor‐Segura Inmaculada , Expósito Francisca , Moya Miguel , Kluwer Esther
Published: February 2014

Two studies examined how the effect of dependency and emotions on the dynamics of relationship conflict differs between men and women. In Study 1, 96 women and 67 men were presented with conflict situations that might occur in their relationship; the probability of aggression, anger, and dependency was measured. Results showed that anger mediated the relationship between dependency and the intention to use aggression, in men, but not in women. In Study 2, 95 women and 65 men wrote about a conflict situation that they had experienced with their partner; loyalty, guilt, and dependency were measured. Results showed that dependency predicted loyalty among women, and that this effect was mediated by guilt.
Long‐Term Changes in Heart Rate Variability After Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation: 1‐Year Follow‐Up Study with Irrigation Tip Catheter
Authors: KANG KI‐WOON , KIM TAE HOON , PARK JUNEBOM , UHM JAE SUN , JOUNG BOYOUNG , HWANG CHUN , LEE MOON‐HYUNG , PAK HUI‐NAM
Published: February 2014

HRV After AF Ablation by Irrigation Tip Catheter

Background

Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) changes cardiac autonomic nerve activity. However, the long‐term effect of RFCA has not yet been evaluated when an open irrigation tip catheter (OITC) was used. Therefore, we hypothesized that AF ablation changes heart rate variability (HRV) that would be maintained over 1 year after OITC ablation and be associated with clinical recurrence of AF.

Methods and Results

We analyzed pre‐RFCA HRV (HRVpre), HRV at 3 months (HRV3mo) and 1 year (HRV1yr) after RFCA using 24‐hour Holter monitoring after excluding arrhythmic events in 144 patients (70% male, 57 ± 10 years old, 83% paroxysmal AF) who underwent RFCA with OITC. After RFCA with OITC, the increase in mean heart rate and the reduction in HF or LF/HF were significant at HRV3mo (P < 0.001) and were maintained at HRV1yr (P < 0.001). During 20 ± 8 months of follow‐up, 33 of 144 patients (23%) showed clinical recurrence of AF. Patients in the nonrecurrence group showed significant reductions of rMSSD and HF at HRV3mo and HRV1yr, but patients with clinical recurrence did not. In Cox regression analysis, a reduction in LF/HF (ΔLF/HF) ≥0.26 at HRV3mo was significantly associated with clinical recurrence of AF (hazard ratio 2.52, 95% CI 1.19–5.32, P = 0.015).

Conclusion

In contrast to previous reports about long‐term HRV recovery after AF ablation with a conventional catheter, change in cardiac autonomic nervous activity was maintained for 1 year after RFCA when an OITC was used. A reduction in ΔLF/HF ≥0.26 at HRV3mo was independently associated with clinical recurrence of AF after RFCA.
Size differentiation in Finnish house sparrows follows Bergmann's rule with evidence of local adaptation
Authors: Brommer J. E. , Hanski I. K. , Kekkonen J. , Väisänen R. A.
Published: February 2014

Bergmann's rule predicts that individuals are larger in more poleward populations and that this size gradient has an adaptive basis. Hence, phenotypic divergence in size traits between populations (PST) is expected to exceed the level of divergence by drift alone (FST). We measured 16 skeletal traits, body mass and wing length in 409 male and 296 female house sparrows Passer domesticus sampled in 12 populations throughout Finland, where the species has its northernmost European distributional margin. Morphometric differentiation across populations (PST) was compared with differentiation in 13 microsatellites (FST). We find that twelve traits phenotypically diverged more than FST in both sexes, and an additional two traits diverged in males. The phenotypic divergence exceeded FST in several traits to such a degree that findings were robust also to strong between‐population environmental effects. Divergence was particularly strong in dimensions of the bill, making it a strong candidate for the study of adaptive molecular genetic divergence. Divergent traits increased in size in more northern populations. We conclude that house sparrows show evidence of an adaptive latitudinal size gradient consistent with Bergmann's rule on the modest spatial scale of ca. 600 km.
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Quality of Swiss Chard at Harvest and during Storage as Minimally Processed Produce
Authors: Miceli Alessandro , Miceli Claudia
Published: February 2014

The effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilization (0–50–100–150–200 kg/ha), minimal processing and cold storage (14 days at 4C) on yield and quality of fresh‐cut Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla L.) were evaluated. Increasing the level of nitrogen fertilization over 100 kg N/ha, plants had a higher fresh weight, reduced their dry matter content and resulted taller and leafier. Total and marketable yield increased linearly with increasing nitrogen level. Both nitrate and ascorbic acid content at harvest increased with increasing nitrogen supply. Nitrogen fertilization negatively affected the yield of minimal processing. No effect on appearance and quality loss during cold storage was detected. Reducing nitrogen fertilization could lead to a more environmentally friendly product with no significant loss in yield and quality both for raw plant and fresh‐cut Swiss chard. Minimal processing can improve nutritional quality lowering nitrates and increasing ascorbic acid content in fresh‐cut produce.

Practical Applications

Minimally processed vegetables have gained a lot of interest among consumers as they are easy to use and ready to eat. Leafy vegetables are the most widespread among fresh‐cut produce. In order to increase the yield and the quality of leafy crops, farmers often supply great amounts of nitrogen fertilizers. Overdoses of nitrogen may negatively affect environment and nutritional quality of raw and minimally processed vegetables. This study focused on the assessment of the dose of nitrogen that can be more environmentally friendly and can assure to the industry of minimal processing, the best quality of raw Swiss chard and the retaining of good quality during storage. The reduction of nitrogen fertilization may lead to a reduction in nitrate content of the plants and, if associated to minimal processing, determines an improvement of the nutritional quality of fresh‐cut Swiss chard.
Effect of Whey Protein Concentrate and Buttermilk Powders on Rheological Properties of Dough and Bread Quality
Authors: Madenci A. Büşra , Bilgiçli Nermin
Published: February 2014

Whey protein concentrate powder (WPC) and buttermilk powder (BP) were used in leavened and unleavened flat bread dough at different levels (0, 4 and 8%). The effects of WPC and BP on dough rheology were evaluated with farinogram and extensogram parameters. Some physical, chemical and sensory properties of breads were also studied. Generally, WPC and BP addition improved dough properties in terms of dough stability, resistance to extension and maximum resistance values. Protein content of the flat breads increased up to 14.6% with WPC usage. Significant (P < 0.05) increments were also observed in ash and mineral (Ca, K, Mg and P) contents of the leavened/unleavened flat bread with utilization of 8% WPC or BP. WPC at 8% level gave more yellowness (b*) on leavened flat bread surface compared with other leavened/unleavened flat breads. As a result of sensory analysis, leavened/unleavened flat bread containing BP has achieved higher taste, odor and overall acceptability scores than control and WPC‐containing breads.

Practical Applications

Dairy by‐products are used in the food industry to improve nutritional, functional and sensory properties of different products. WPC and BP as dairy by‐products can be used for improvement of dough rheology. Usage of both dairy by‐products can be recommended for enrichment of leavened/unleavened flat breads in terms of mineral and protein content. Sensory properties of breads can be improved with BP usage in flat bread formulation.
Polypharmacy, Drug–Drug Interactions, and Potentially Inappropriate Medications in Older Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Greene Meredith , Steinman Michael A. , McNicholl Ian R. , Valcour Victor
Published: February 2014

Objectives

To describe the frequency of medication‐related problems in older adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

Design

Retrospective chart review.

Setting

Community.

Participants

HIV‐positive individuals aged 60 and older and age‐ and sex‐matched HIV‐negative individuals.

Measurements

Total number of medications, potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) according to the modified Beers Criteria, anticholinergic drug burden according to the Anticholinergic Risk Scale (ARS), and drug–drug interactions using the Lexi‐Interact online drug interactions database.

Results

Of 89 HIV‐positive participants, most were Caucasian (91%) and male (94%), with a median age of 64 (range 60–82). Common comorbidities included hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and depression. Participants were taking a median of 13 medications (range 2–38), of which only a median of four were antiretrovirals. At least one PIM was prescribed in 46 participants (52%). Sixty‐two (70%) participants had at least one Category D (consider therapy modification) drug–drug interaction, and 10 (11%) had a Category X (avoid combination) interaction. One‐third of these interactions were between two nonantiretroviral medications. Fifteen participants (17%) had an ARS score of 3 or greater. In contrast, HIV‐negative participants were taking a median of six medications, 29% had at least one PIM, and 4% had an ARS score of 3 or greater (P < .05 for each comparison, except P = .07 for anticholinergic burden).

Conclusion

HIV‐positive older adults have a high frequency of medication‐related problems, of which a large portion is due to medications used to treat comorbid diseases. These medication issues were substantially higher than HIV‐negative participants. Attention to the principles of geriatric prescribing is needed as this population ages in order to minimize complications from multiple medication use.
Racial and Ethnic Variation in Pain Following Inpatient Palliative Care Consultations
Authors: Laguna Jeff , Goldstein Rebecca , Braun William , Enguídanos Susan
Published: February 2014

Studies have documented high levels of pain in hospitalized individuals at the end of life, with minorities reporting higher levels of pain than whites. In response, inpatient palliative care (IPC) teams have grown rapidly to improve care of seriously ill individuals. Although research indicates that IPC teams effectively reduce and maintain control of pain, racial and ethnic differences in pain following IPC consultation remain unclear. This study investigated racial and ethnic pain differences after an IPC intervention in 385 seriously ill white, black, and Latino individuals aged 65 and older. Using the 11‐point Numeric Rating Scale for pain, individuals were asked to rate their pain intensity at four points during hospitalization (before IPC consultation, 2 and 24 hours after the consultation, and at hospital discharge). Results indicate that whites (F1.657, 173.998 = 16.528, P < .001), blacks (F1.800, 95.410 = 7.103, P = .002), and Latinos (F1.388, 73.584 = 10.902, P < .001) all experienced significant reductions in pain after the intervention. Adjusted multivariate models testing between‐group racial and ethnic differences revealed that Latinos were 62% more likely than whites to report experiencing pain at hospital discharge (relative risk = 0.38, 95% confidence interval = 0.15–0.97). Regardless of race or ethnicity, IPC effectively reduces and controls pain after consultation. Despite pain decreases, Latinos remain more likely than whites to report pain at follow‐up. Further research is needed to determine the mechanisms in operation and to better understand and address the needs of this population.
A simple alopecia scoring system for use in colony management of laboratory‐housed primates
Authors: Bellanca Rita U. , Lee Grace H. , Vogel Keith , Ahrens Joel , Kroeker Rose , Thom Jinhee P. , Worlein Julie M.
Published: February 2014

Background

Alopecia in captive primates continues to receive attention from animal care personnel and regulatory agencies. However, a method that enables personnel to reliably score alopecia over time and under various conditions has proven difficult to achieve.

Methods

The scoring system developed by the behavioral and veterinary staffs at the Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC) uses the rule of 9s to estimate the percentage of the body affected with alopecia (severity) and how the alopecia presents itself (pattern). Training and scoring can conveniently be managed using photographic images, cage‐side observations, and/or physical examinations.

Results

Personnel with varying degrees of experience were quickly trained with reliability scores ranging from 0.82 to 0.96 for severity and 0.82 to 0.89 for pattern using Cohen's κ.

Conclusions

This system allows for reliable and consistent scoring across species, sex, age, housing condition, seasons, clinical or behavioral treatments, and level of personnel experience.
Rat Cavernous Nerve Reconstruction with CD133+Cells Derived from Human Bone Marrow
Authors: Miyamoto Katsutoshi , Inoue Shogo , Kobayashi Kanao , Kajiwara Mitsuru , Teishima Jun , Matsubara Akio
Published: February 2014

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction remains a major complication after surgery of pelvic organs, especially after radical prostatectomy.

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of endothelial progenitor cells on the regeneration of cavernous nerves in a rat injury model.

Methods

A 2 mm length of the right and left cavernous nerves of 8 week old male nude rats were excised. Alginate gel sponge sheets supplemented with 1 × 104CD133+cells derived from human bone marrow were then placed over the gaps on both sides (CD group). The same experiments were performed on sham operated rats (SH group), rats with only the nerve excision (EX group), and rats with alginate gel sheets placed on the injured nerves (AL group).

Main Outcome Measures

Immunofluorescence staining and molecular evaluation were performed 4 days later. Functional and histological evaluations were performed 12 weeks later.

Results

The intracavernous pressure elicited by electrical stimulation and the neuronal nitric oxide synthase positive area in surrounding tissues of the prostate was significantly greater in the CD group. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that CD133+cells were assimilated as vascular endothelial cells, and the real time polymerase chain reaction showed upregulation of nerve growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in the alginate gel sponge sheets of the CD group.

Conclusions

Transplantation of CD133+cells accelerated the functional and histological recovery in this cavernous nerve injury model, and the recovery mechanism is thought to be angiogenesis and upregulation of growth factors. CD133+cells could be an optional treatment for cavernous nerve injury after prostatectomy in clinical settings.
Photoexcited States of UV Absorbers, Benzophenone Derivatives
Authors: Kumasaka Ryo , Kikuchi Azusa , Yagi Mikio
Published: February 2014

The UV absorption, phosphorescence and phosphorescence‐excitation spectra of benzophenone (BP) derivatives used as organic UV absorbers have been observed in rigid solutions at 77 K. The triplet–triplet absorption spectra have been observed in acetonitrile at room temperature. The BP derivatives studied are 2,2′,4,4′‐tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP‐2), 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxybenzophenone (BP‐3), 2,2′‐dihydroxy‐4,4′‐dimethoxybenzophenone (BP‐6), 5‐chloro‐2‐hydroxybenzophenone (BP‐7) and 2‐hydroxy‐4‐n‐octyloxybenzophenone (BP‐12). The energy levels and lifetimes of the lowest excited triplet (T1) states of these BP derivatives were determined from the first peak of phosphorescence. The time‐resolved near‐IR emission spectrum of singlet oxygen generated by photosensitization with BP‐7 was observed in acetonitrile at room temperature. BP‐2, BP‐3, BP‐6 and BP‐12 show photoinduced phosphorescence enhancement in ethanol at 77 K. The possible mechanism of the observed phosphorescence enhancement is discussed. The T1 states of 2‐hydroxy‐5‐methylbenzophenone, 4‐methoxybenzophenone and 2,4′‐dimethoxybenzophenone have been studied for comparison.