bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Work Profession and Disaster Risk Reduction in Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Sajjad , Ibrar Muhammad , Alam Hamid
Published: June 2020

There is a long history of Social Work, helping the weaker sections of society and those who are affected by disasters - natural or man-made. Historical records reveal that social workers have been part of the disaster relief, recovery and rehabilitation efforts because they are equipped with the required knowledge and skills. The purpose of this study is to get acquaintance about the need and importance of social work profession in disaster risk reduction in Pakistan. In addition, it also identifies the responsibilities of professional social worker in disaster mitigation and management. This study concludes that Pakistan, due to its geographical and climatic conditions is faced with disasters like earthquake, floods, windstorms, avalanches, cyclones, storms, droughts, landslides, tsunamis and epidemics. Therefore, social workers have to play an effective role in pre and post disaster period. The study recommends that social workers should make their theoretical base strong by equipping themselves with up-dated knowledge, skills and use of the new techniques of social work for the rehabilitation of individuals, groups and communities affected by the disasters.
A Study Of Spectators Perception About The Women Objectification In Commercials Of Pakistani Electronic Media
Authors: Afaque Huma , Shah Nasreen Aslam
Published: June 2020

The Western media has conducted extensive research on the objectification of women and has now become an established research field for feminist scholars. However, in Pakistan, the representation of women in television advertising and their objectification has received little attention. This research paper tries to describe the point of view of the spectators in contrast to the women objectification in TVCs. Survey research technique has been applied for the examining the views of 200 respondents of the survey and were classified based on gender. Usually, the advertisers use women as the marketing object to attract the attention of the consumers .The study reveals that women are portrayed as sex object for sexual satisfaction due to male chauvinist society. This study concludes that portrayal of women in advertisements is objectified sexually and uses women as commodity to capture the consumers. Overall evidence of female portrayal as a sex object is found in television commercials in Pakistani media and these commercials do not reflect culture and traditions of Pakistan.
Medicina de Precisión: Aspectos Prácticos para el Cirujano Moderno
Authors: Vaccaro Carlos A. , González Marcos , Peralta Nadia C.
Published: June 2020

.
Cirugía colorrectal en tiempos de COVID-19
Authors: Patrón Uriburu Juan C. , Daneri María Dolores , Cillo Mariano , Patrón Uriburu Nicolás
Published: June 2020

Se trató de redactar una guía para la práctica segura de la especialidad en tiempos de COVID-19. Se realizó una búsqueda de las publicaciones recientes disponibles en Pub-Med y en otros buscadores, se utilizó la experiencia de expertos a través de diferentes conferencias o comunicados de sociedades científicas. Esta pandemia nos ha obligado a aprender de una manera vertiginosa el manejo de una nueva enfermedad, donde especialistas en cirugía comenzamos a hablar de terminología clínica, virológica, entre otras completamente nueva y desconocida para la mayoría de nosotros. Tuvimos que adaptar nuestra práctica habitual a nuevos estándares, cometiendo diferentes errores en el manejo inicial, provocados por la falta de información previa.La guía trata de abarcar los tópicos considerados más relevantes en este momento, como son el manejo del consultorio, recomendaciones de que patologías se recomienda operar y cuáles no. Recomendaciones de tratamientos alternativos al quirúrgico mientras dura la pandemia. Métodos de diagnósticos utilizados para evaluar infección en pacientes que se someterán a una cirugía, etc.Se agregaron links y apéndices para aquellos que deseen ampliar algún tema en particular, esto evita que la guía sea más extensa y pierda su practicidad con la que fue pensada. Esperamos esta guía sirva para facilitar la compresión de esta nueva enfermedad y su manejo para cualquier cirujano que necesite asistir a pacientes con patología colorrectal. Seguramente al finalizar estas líneas habrá nueva evidencia que deberá ser adaptada e incorporada a la presentada actualmente.
Development of Frequency GSM Signal Jammer
Authors: Arowolo Oluwole , Adekunle Adefemi
Published: June 2020

This paper gives an explanation to the concept of mobile Jamming and explores jamming in the two popular mobile networks: Global system for mobile communication (GSM) and digital cellular network (DCS). The designed intelligent jamming system blocks the controller channel only, also it operates only if an active mobile is in the controlled area. The ADS - advance Design System for Agilent software package is used analyzed and simulated the mobile jamming system. The Mobile Detector Phone Jammer successfully jammed all the four operators but the radius of the range did not get as expected in the designed, this project only focuses on blocking the signal transmission between the ranges 935 to 960 MHz when tested and performed well. This can be effectively find its use in School Examination hall and religion worship centers. Keywords—Jammer, Mobile Phone, Network, Signal, Frequency
O Dever de renegociar em tempos de COVID-19 e como lidar com os contratos administrativos
Authors: Josy Monteiro Andrade Daniel
Published: June 2020

A COVID-19 trouxe um cenário de paralização global e diante disso surgem dúvidas a respeito de como devem se manter os contratos privados e administrativos e quais são as soluções do direito para o desequilíbrio contratual superveniente. No direito brasileiro, além da resolução e da revisão dos contratos, tem ganhado força na doutrina o dever de renegociar como alternativa para preservar o contrato e prestigiar a consensualidade, a solidariedade e a cooperação. O que se apresenta nesse estudo são as consequências do dever de renegociar e a sua aplicabilidade nos contratos administrativos.
Criminal compliance, lei anticorrupção e os mecanismos nacionais e internacionais de combate à lavagem de dinheiro e crimes de responsabilidade: políticas e estratégias da administração pública na gestão processual e judicial
Authors: Montolli Carolina
Published: June 2020

O estudo tem por objetivo mapear e analisar, através de levantamento bibliográfico, as atividades de desempenho das instituições estatais e governamentais, bem como as privadas, que estão sujeitas ou envolvidas em crimes de corrupção no Brasil.É fundamental, outrossim, maior celeridade processual, de forma a garantir uma rápida resposta à sociedade, tão indignada e sacrificada pelas consequências advindas do cenário negativo que o País vivencia. Isso traz reflexos no custo social e econômico. Conclui-se, portanto, que o compliance é uma importante ferramenta de cooperação entre a sociedade empresária e o Estado, e sua implantação decorre diretamente da necessidade de integrar as sociedades empresárias no combate à lavagem de dinheiro e à corrupção.
Regeneration of Sub-Saharan Africa’s open market places: a case for Guileless stakeholder participation
Authors: Adinyira Emmanuel , Agyekum Kofi , Baiden Bernard Kofi , Ebohon Obas John , Ampratwum Godslove
Published: June 2020

Sub-Saharan Africa’s urban culture makes open marketplaces an essential part of life in their cities. What goes on in these markets undoubtedly opens them up to threats of adversity, tragedy, and other significant sources of stress. How can these open marketplaces be regenerated into resiliently sustainable places? From a case study of the regeneration redevelopment of the largest open-air market in West Africa i.e. Kumasi Central Market, the need for stakeholder participation in the entire regeneration process is emphasised. The determination of the most important stakeholders during the regeneration of the market is followed by a comparison of the regeneration process regeneration with the literature on urban regeneration, sustainable development, participation, and project management. Lessons learned, and the concerns raised by major stakeholders in the process creates certain project management approaches essential for achieving resilient urban regeneration. Identification of all important stakeholders by the consideration of their attributes of power, legitimacy and urgency and distrustfully engaging all stakeholders is vital to the success of any urban regeneration project.
Improving resilience of cities through smart city drivers
Authors: Oke Ayodeji Emmanuel , O. Aghimien Douglas , I. Akinradewo Opeoluwa , O. Aigbavboa Clinton
Published: June 2020

The embracement of smart city approach as a sustainable system for the management and delivery of infrastructural developments has been on the increase, especially in developed and some developing countries. For this to be successful, cities in these countries, particularly in developing ones like South Africa, needs to be resilient because even though resilience can be achieved by making cities smart, smartness does not bring resilience by default. Thus, this study examines various factors influencing the ability of cities to develop resilience through smart city drivers. A survey of construction professionals involved in the design, planning, development and general management of cities and their infrastructure was carried out with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire. Factors influencing resilience were grouped into five divisions which are climate change, education, food security, public safety and threat to disease, in order of their importance. Findings revealed that the most important of these factors are the development of literacy and technical skills of citizens, regeneration of agricultural land and increased localised food production. The paper further examined the effects of these factors on six smart city drivers and found out that smart economy has the most influence on the resilience of a city. It was concluded that stakeholders concerned with the achievement of resilient smart city must give attention to the major needs of its citizens, and such needs are better produced locally.
Holistic sustainability: advancing interdisciplinary building design through tools and data in Denmark
Authors: Sørensen Nils Lykke , Rasmussen Freja Nygaard , Øien Turid Borgestrand , Frandsen Anne Kathrine
Published: June 2020

Sustainable housing and buildings constitute a fundamental part of the future urban fabric. This study aims at clarifying how different actors employ parameters of sustainability in building design and what enables the holistic perspective of the interrelating social, economic and environmental parameters. Interviews with building developers and designers show that decision support tools are used late in the design process and commonly focused on single parameters of sustainability. The analysis shows how practitioners of the planning and early design phases operate at general levels of geometrical clusters and volumes but must continuously evaluate each project from the perspective of the specifications of end-users and the public, to ensure holistic sustainability. This opposing relationship between need and availability of general and specific data, however, challenges the implementation of holistic sustainability. Advancing the interdisciplinary, holistic building design requires systematic aggregation of data from executed projects of this data into applicable rules-of-thumb. In parallel, future tools for simulation and dialogue must employ a broader scope of sustainability parameters. The conceptual frameworks of data and tools presented in this study can be used as a backdrop for developing sectoral
The impact of urban land-surface on extreme air pollution over central Europe
Authors: Huszar Peter , Karlický Jan , Ďoubalová Jana , Nováková Tereza , Šindelářová Kateřina , Švábik Filip , Belda Michal , Halenka Tomáš , Žák Michal
Published: June 2020

Abstract. This paper deals with the urban land-surface impact (i.e. the urban canopy meteorological forcing; UCMF) on extreme air pollution for selected central European cities for present-day climate conditions (2015–2016) using three regional climate-chemistry models: the regional climate models RegCM and WRF-Chem (its meteorological part), the chemistry transport model CAMx coupled to either RegCM and WRF and the chemical component of WRF-Chem. Most of the studies focused on the change of average conditions or only on a selected winter and summer air pollution episode. Here we extend these studies by focusing on long term extreme air pollution levels by looking at not only the change of average values but also their high (and low) percentile values and we combine the analysis with investigating selected high pollution episodes too. As extreme air pollution is often linked to extreme values of meteorological variables (e.g. low planetary boundary layer height, low winds, high temperatures), the extreme meteorological modifications will be analyzed too. The validation of model results shows reasonable model performance for regional scale temperature and precipitation. Ozone is overestimated by about 10–20 μg m−3, on the other hand, extreme summertime ozone values are underestimated by all models. Modeled nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations are well correlated with observations, but results are marked with a systematic underestimation up to 20 μg m−3. PM2.5 (particles with diameter
Bottom-water deoxygenation at the Peruvian margin during the last deglaciation recorded by benthic foraminifera
Authors: Erdem Zeynep , Schönfeld Joachim , Rathburn Anthony E. , Pérez Maria-Elena , Cardich Jorge , Glock Nicolaas
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Deciphering the dynamics of dissolved oxygen in the mid-depth
ocean during the last deglaciation is essential to understand the influence
of climate change on modern oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). Many paleo-proxy
records from the eastern Pacific Ocean indicate an extension of oxygen-depleted conditions during the deglaciation, but the degree of deoxygenation
has not been quantified to date. The Peruvian OMZ, one of the largest OMZs
in the world, is a key area to monitor such changes in near-bottom-water
oxygenation in relation to changing climatic conditions. Here, we analysed
the potential to use the composition of foraminiferal assemblages from the
Peruvian OMZ as a quantitative redox proxy. A multiple regression analysis
was applied to a joint dataset of living (rose-bengal-stained, fossilizable
calcareous species) benthic foraminiferal distributions from the Peruvian
continental margin. Bottom-water oxygen concentrations ([O2]BW)
during sampling were used as the dependant variable. The correlation was
significant (R2=0.82; p<0.05), indicating that the
foraminiferal assemblages are rather governed by oxygen availability than by
the deposition of particulate organic matter (R2=0.53; p=0.31). We
applied the regression formula to three sediment cores from the northern
part of the Peruvian OMZ between 3 and 8∘ S and 997
and 1250 m water depth, thereby recording oxygenation changes at the lower
boundary of the Peruvian OMZ. Each core displayed a similar trend of
decreasing oxygen levels since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The overall
[O2]BW change from the LGM and the Holocene was constrained to 30 µmol kg−1 at the lower boundary of the OMZ.
Assessing branched tetraether lipids as tracers of soil organic carbon transport through the Carminowe Creek catchment (southwest England)
Authors: Guo Jingjing , Glendell Miriam , Meersmans Jeroen , Kirkels Frédérique , Middelburg Jack J. , Peterse Francien
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Soils represent the largest reservoir of organic carbon
(OC) on land. Upon mobilization, this OC is either returned to the
atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2) or transported and ultimately
locked into (marine) sediments, where it will act as a long-term sink of
atmospheric CO2. These fluxes of soil OC are, however, difficult to
evaluate, mostly due to the lack of a soil-specific tracer. In this study, a
suite of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs), which are
membrane lipids of soil bacteria, is tested as specific tracers for soil OC
from source (soils under arable land, ley, grassland, and woodland) to sink
(Loe Pool sediments) in a small catchment located in southwest
England (i.e. Carminowe Creek draining into Loe Pool). The analysis of
brGDGTs in catchment soils reveals that their distribution is not
significantly different across different land use types (p>0.05) and thus does not allow land-use-specific soil contributions
to Loe Pool sediments to be traced. Furthermore, the significantly higher
contribution of 6-methyl brGDGT isomers in creek sediments (isomerization
ratio (IR) = 0.48±0.10, mean ± standard deviation (SD); p<0.05) compared to that in catchment soils (IR = 0.28±0.11) indicates that the initial soil signal is substantially altered by
brGDGT produced in situ. Similarly, the riverine brGDGT signal appears to be
overwritten by lacustrine brGDGTs in the lake sedimentary record, indicated
by remarkably lower methylation of branched tetraethers (MBT5ME′=0.46±0.02 in creek bed sediments and 0.38±0.01 in lake core
sediments; p<0.05) and a higher degree of cyclization (DC = 0.23±0.02 in creek bed sediments and 0.32±0.08 in lake core
sediments). Thus, in this small catchment, brGDGTs do not allow us to trace
soil OC transport. Nevertheless, the downcore changes in the degree of
cyclization and the abundance of isoprenoid GDGTs produced by methanogens in
the Loe Pool sediment do reflect local environmental conditions over
the past 100 years and have recorded the eutrophication history of the
lake.
The haplo-diplontic life cycle expands niche space of coccolithophores
Authors: de Vries Joost , Monteiro Fanny , Wheeler Glen , Poulton Alex , Godrijan Jelena , Cerino Federica , Malinverno Elisa , Langer Gerald , Brownlee Colin
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Coccolithophores are globally important marine calcifying phytoplankton that utilize a haplo-diplontic life cycle. The haplo-diplontic life cycle allows coccolithophores to divide in both life cycle phases, and has been proposed to allow coccolithophores to expand their niche space. To-date research has however largely overlooked the life cycle of coccolithophores, and has instead focused on the diploid life cycle phase. Through a synthesis of global scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coccolithophore abundance data (n = 2534), we show that the haploid life cycle phase contributes significantly to coccolithophore abundance, constituting ≈18 % of species abundance for which haploid-diploid pairs are defined. Using hypervolumes to quantify the niche space of coccolithophores, we furthermore show that the haploid and diploid life cycle phases inhabit contrasting niches, and that this allows coccolithophores to expand their niche space by ≈17 %. Our results highlight that future coccolithophore research should consider both life cycle stages, as omission of the haploid life cycle phase in current research limits our understanding of coccolithophore ecology.
The Impact of Entrained Air on Wave Dissipation
Authors: Restrepo Juan M. , Ayet Alex , Cavaleri Luigi
Published: June 2020

Abstract. We make a physical-mathematical analysis of the implications that the presence of a large number of tiny bubbles may have on the thin upper layer of the sea. In our oceanographic example the bubbles are due to an intense rain on an otherwise non-stormy surface; if stormy, other processes would take the role. For the direct effect we have analyzed, the implications are estimated non-significant when compared to other processes of the ocean. However, we hint to the possibility that our analysis may be useful in other areas of research or practical application.
Spectral attenuation of ocean waves in pack ice and its application in calibrating viscoelastic wave-in-ice models
Authors: Cheng Sukun , Stopa Justin , Ardhuin Fabrice , Shen Hayley H.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. We investigate a case of ocean waves through a pack ice
cover captured by Sentinel-1A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) on 12 October 2015 in the Beaufort Sea. The study domain is 400 km by 300 km, adjacent to a
marginal ice zone (MIZ). The wave spectra in this domain were reported in a
previous study (Stopa et al., 2018b). In that study, the authors divided the
domain into two regions delineated by the first appearance of leads (FAL)
and reported a clear change of wave attenuation of the total energy between
the two regions. In the present study, we use the same dataset to study the
spectral attenuation in the domain. According to the quality of SAR-retrieved wave spectrum, we focus on a range of wave numbers corresponding to
9–15 s waves from the open-water dispersion relation. We
first determine the apparent attenuation rates of each wave number by pairing
the wave spectra from different locations. These attenuation rates slightly
increase with increasing wave number before the FAL and become lower and more
uniform against wave number in thicker ice after the FAL. The spectral
attenuation due to the ice effect is then extracted from the measured
apparent attenuation and used to calibrate two viscoelastic wave-in-ice
models. For the Wang and Shen (2010b) model, the calibrated equivalent shear
modulus and viscosity of the pack ice are roughly 1 order of magnitude
greater than that in grease and pancake ice reported in Cheng et al. (2017).
These parameters obtained for the extended Fox and Squire model are much
greater, as found in Mosig et al. (2015) using data from the Antarctic MIZ.
This study shows a promising way of using remote-sensing data with large
spatial coverage to conduct model calibration for various types of ice
cover.Highlights. Three key points:
The spatial distribution of wave number and spectral attenuation in pack ice
are analyzed from SAR-retrieved surface wave spectra. The spectral attenuation rate of 9–15 s waves varies around
10−5 m2 s−1, with lower values in thicker semicontinuous ice fields
with leads. The calibrated viscoelastic parameters are greater than those found in
pancake ice.
Organization of convective ascents in a warm conveyor belt
Authors: Blanchard Nicolas , Pantillon Florian , Chaboureau Jean-Pierre , Delanoë Julien
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are warm, moist airstreams of extratropical cyclones leading to widespread clouds and heavy precipitation, where associated diabatic processes can influence midlatitude dynamics. Although WCBs are traditionally seen as continuous slantwise ascents, recent studies have emphasized the presence of embedded convection and the production of mesoscale bands of negative potential vorticity (PV), the impact of which on large-scale dynamics is still debated. Here, detailed cloud and wind measurements obtained with airborne Doppler radar provide unique information on the WCB of the Stalactite cyclone on 2 October 2016 during the North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment. The measurements are complemented by a convection-permitting simulation, enabling online Lagrangian trajectories and 3-D objects clustering. The simulation reproduces well the mesoscale structure of the cyclone shown by satellite infrared observations, while the location of trajectories rising by 150 hPa during a relatively short 12 h window matches the WCB region expected from high clouds. One third of those trajectories, categorized as fast ascents, further reach a 100 hPa (2h)−1 threshold during their ascent and follow the cyclonic flow mainly at lower levels. In agreement with radar observations, convective updrafts are found in the WCB and are characterized by moderate reflectivity values up to 20 dBz and vertical velocities above 0.3 m s−1. Updraft objects and fast ascents consistently show three main types of convection in the WCB: (i) frontal convection along the surface cold front and the western edge of the low-level jet; (ii) banded convection at about 2 km altitude along the eastern edge of the low-level jet; (iii) mid-level convection below the upper-level jet. Mesoscale PV dipoles with strong positive and negative values are located in the vicinity of convective ascents and appear to accelerate both low-level and upper-level jets. Both convective ascents and negative PV organize into structures with coherent shape, location and evolution, thus suggesting a dynamical linkage. The results show that convection embedded in WCBs occurs in a coherent and organized manner rather than as isolated cells.
Historical Changes in CO2 Emissions and Removals from Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Sudan Savannah Ecological Zone of Ghana
Authors: Coulibaly Mah , Bredu Stephen Adu , Diwediga Badabate , Traore Souleymane S. , YAO Noëllie A. , Sanogo Kapoury
Published: June 2020

Assessment of changes in carbon stock from land use and land cover change in necessary for carbon emissions/removals monitoring and enable countries to comply in line with the Good Practice Guidance of IPCC. This study aimed to estimate and map the historical changes in carbon emission and removal from land use and land cover change from 1986 to 2016 in Sudan savannah ecological zone of Ghana. Nested plot design was applied for field measurement, and Random forest algorithm was used to classify images. The zone was stratified into four Districts and each District further stratified into various land use and land cover (LULC) classes. Emission factors were determined for each LULC. Activity data were obtained from the spatial analysis. The overall carbon released from forest degradation and deforestation was found to be 554,684.96 Mg CO2 or 77.19% with 163,956.93 Mg or 31.84% removed. The inter-annual changes exhibited a decrease from 1986 to 1999, 1999 to 2006 and 2006 to 2016 with value being 642,342.79, 545,125.53 and 445,142.17 Mg CO2, respectively. More CO2 was released from forest degradation and in the area where cropland and forest have been converted to shrub/grassland; whereas carbon was removed in the area where shrub/grassland has been converted to cropland and/or forest land. However, more carbon was recorded in cropland compared to forest and shrub/grassland, which explains the difference in emission factor from carbon. Based on this finding reforestation and REDD+ implementation will be an efficient strategy for sustainable development in the Sudan Savannah ecological zone. In addition, farmers should be encouraged to maintain more trees on their farms to compensate for the forest loss.
Identificação de serviços ecossistêmicos em áreas de floresta mediante sensoriamento remoto
Authors: Rosa Josianne Claudia Sales , Souza Barbara Almeida , Sánchez Luis Enrique
Published: June 2020

O conceito de serviços ecossistêmicos tem ganhado espaço em processos de tomada de decisão e na gestão de projetos com potencial de causar significativa degradação ambiental, por explicitar a dependência que a sociedade tem dos benefícios ofertados pelos ecossistemas. Ao mesmo tempo, com o desenvolvimento de novos sensores e avanços tecnológicos, vem crescendo o uso de imagens de satélite como ferramenta do planejamento e gestão ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho é a aplicação do sensoriamento remoto na identificação de ecossistemas, seus serviços e beneficiários para facilitar a aplicação do conceito de serviços ecossistêmicos ao planejamento e gestão ambiental. Mediante aplicação a uma mina de bauxita no Pará, em áreas de floresta amazônica de terra firme, são apresentadas as etapas para aplicação do conceito, desde o mapeamento da cobertura da terra até a identificação de beneficiários. Discute-se que duas técnicas, coleta de dados de campo com as comunidades e mapeamento da área por meio de classificação de imagens, são complementares. Os resultados mostram a aplicabilidade do sensoriamento remoto como ferramenta eficaz em suporte a identificação de serviços ecossistêmicos em contextos de planejamento e gestão ambiental.
Hawthorne’s Dimmesdale and Waliullah’s Majeed Are Not Charlatan: A Comparative Study in the Perspective of Destabilized Socio-Religious Psychology
Authors: Sultana Tanzin
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this paper is to discuss comparatively Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter and Waliullah’s Tree Without Roots to address the social and religious challenges behind the psychology of a man. Dimmesdale and Majeed are not hypocritical. Nathaniel Hawthorne is an important American novelist from the 19th century, while Syed Waliullah is a famous South Asian novelist from the 20th century. Despite being the authors of two different nations, there is a conformity between them in presenting the vulnerability of Dimmesdale and Majeed in their novels. Whether a religious practice or not, a faithful religion is a matter of a set conviction or a force of omnipotence. If a man of any class in an unfixed socio-religious environment finds that he is unable to survive financially or to fulfill his latent propensity, he subtly plays with that fixed belief. In The Scarlet Letter, the Puritan Church minister, Arthur Dimmesdale cannot publicly confess that he is also a co-sinner of Hester’s adultery in Salem. In Tree Without Roots, Majeed knows that the ‘Mazar of Saint Shah Sadeque’ is a lie to the ignorant people of Mahabbatpur. There is also a similarity, however, between Dimmesdale and Majeed. They understand the cruelty of man-made, unsettled social and religious verdicts against a man’s emotional and physical needs. So, despite suffering from inner torment against goodness and evil, they are not willing to reveal their truth of wrongdoing in public action to save their status as well to survive.
Translating Gender in the 1980s: A New Historicist Perspective to Translations of Gladys Yang’s Love Must Not Be Forgotten
Authors: Gu Jiapei
Published: June 2020

The article investigates the translation of Love Must not be Forgotten by British translator Gladys Yang from the perspective of New Historicism, focusing especially on the gender issues in the translation. The research first introduces New Historicism and explores the possibility of combining New Historicism and translation studies together. Then, case studies are conducted. The analysis of the translation, along with the analysis of many other texts, both literary and non-literary, such as newspaper or journal articles, considers three aspects. These are, namely: the translator’s manipulation of the text; the ideas that the translator holds, and how all those texts, or discourses, create the positive representation of China in terms of gender issues in the 1980s. The paper, by using a Foucauldian approach, links translation, gender, and New Historicism together and thus successfully creates an interdisciplinary zone of enquiry. Overall, it can serve as a good example of how New Historicism and translation studies can be combined.
Linguistic Implications of Political Tweets
Authors: Alshahrani Abdulaziz
Published: June 2020

Among the social media, Twitter is widely used by political leaders and the public to express opinions about various political issues. These tweets may influence the course of major political events like elections, Brexit and popularity of certain politicians. This common observation led to the research question of this paper: What are the political implications of Twitter postings? To answer this research question, an exploratory qualitative review of tweets was undertaken. Google Scholar was searched using the topic itself as the search term twice with two different time frames till 2019. The search yielded 41 papers. The papers were listed with brief description. A table categorising the methods used in the papers was useful to derive some conclusions. Generally, Twitter can be used for both positive and negative purposes and it can impact either or both the leader and the people who read them. Certain factors are involved in determining the nature of post and its outcomes. Many theories and methods had been used in the papers. Manual, machine learning and automatic analytical tools have been tested and used widely. None of the methods is perfectly suitable for all types of Twitter analysis. General content textual descriptions, characteristics of the texts, symbols, hidden meanings and presentation methods have been used in the tweets examined by the authors. The potential of negative tweets and hate speeches is quite clear. Absence of internal standard definition of these types of posts stands in the way of effective prevention. Some recommendations have been listed based on the findings of this review. A few limitations of this review have also been listed.
Is L2 Exposure Always a Strong Modulator of L1 Influence? Evidence from Chinese EFL Learners Acquiring English Collocations
Authors: Sun Hanzhong
Published: June 2020

Despite the voluminous body of research investigating the role of L1 influence in acquiring L2 collocations, research that examines the extent to which L2 exposure modulates L1 influence is relatively scant. The present study, therefore, aims to address this under-studied issue. To this end, two types of collocations comprising congruent collocations (i.e., collocations which have literal translation equivalents in learners’ L1) and non-congruent collocations (i.e., collocations that do not have L1 literal translation) were used as materials to elicit the potential role of L1 in acquiring L2 collocations. A blank-filling collocation test and an acceptability judgement collocation test were designed and then administered to three groups of Chinese EFL learners differing in L2 exposure, i.e., years of instructions (freshmen, sophomores and juniors), affording the chance to explore the possible relationship between L1 influence and L2 exposure. The findings indicate that (a) L1 had a robust and persistent impact on acquiring L2 collocations at both reception and production level, regardless of the amount of L2 exposure received; (b) with an increase in L2 exposure, receptive/productive congruent and non-congruent collocational knowledge was developed in parallel (from freshman to sophomore), and then plateaued or even decreased (from sophomore to junior), suggesting that L2 exposure may not always be a strong modulator of L1 influence. Possible reasons and pedagogical implications arising from this study are discussed.
The Variation in Capacity Remunerations Requirements in European Electricity Markets
Authors: Hickey Conor , Bunn Derek , Deane Paul , McInerney Celine , Ó Gallachoir Brian
Published: June 2020

This paper provides the first EU wide analysis of the variation in Capacity Remuneration Requirements throughout Europe which aim to resolve the “missing money” problems in various member states. The findings of this analysis point to an asymmetric investment case for gas-fired peaking power plants throughout the EU. Under the assumptions of the European Commission Reference Scenario, pan-European power optimisation and investment models are specified for 2030. The results show that future investment in gas generators will depend on the availability of capacity payments. Capacity remuneration mechanisms can provide this “missing money,” but we show that capacity remuneration requirements vary considerably across countries. We consider and model the impacts of country specific climate policy targets, sovereign risk, capital allowances, corporate taxes and future gas network tariffs on investor returns and therefore remuneration requirements. In the context of harmonised energy trading, this raises questions of how generation adequacy should be achieved, particularly in the context of higher penetrations of renewables.
Does Global Value Chain Participation Decouple Chinese Development from CO2 Emissions? A Structural Decomposition Analysis
Authors: Wang Hui , Pan Chen , Ang B.W. , Zhou Peng
Published: June 2020

Decoupling economic activities and CO2 emissions is central to achieving the climate goals of China. The country’s participation in global value chains has profound impacts on its economy as well as CO2 emissions. Assessing the impacts is fundamental to identifying strategies to decouple China’s development from emissions. To this end, we adopt the multi-region structural decomposition analysis technique to quantify the global value chain determinants of China’s CO2 emission intensity from both the production and consumption perspectives. It is found that China’s decoupling from emissions in 2007-2012 was driven mainly by global value chains. Nonetheless the decoupling slowed down after the global financial crisis. In particular, the value chains within China played a more important role in greening Chinese economy. Despite the considerable improvement in 2007-2012, global value chains remained the primary obstacle to environmental sustainability of China. More detailed results with policy implications are presented.
Energy Cost Information and Consumer Decisions: Results from a Choice Experiment on Refrigerator Purchases in India
Authors: Jain Manisha , Rao Anand B. , Patwardhan Anand
Published: June 2020

Appliance labels allow consumers to choose products based on their energy use. In most countries, the widely adopted comparative categorical labels give information on energy use in physical units such as kilowatt-hour. Studies on the impact of monetary cost information on labels have reported different results across appliances within studies, and for the same appliances across studies. Recent studies on refrigerators show that monetary information increases the probability of cost-effectiveness analysis and fosters choice of energy-efficient refrigerators but do not estimate the consumer willingness to pay for higher efficiency category. In a discrete choice experiment, we observe choices of a sample of households divided into groups based on whether they get operating cost information on hypothetical choices. We estimate a mixed logit model with correlated random parameters and estimate the magnitude and distribution of consumer willingness to pay for higher energy efficiency category. We find that energy cost information on labels facilitate comparison of refrigerators based on energy-efficiency and leads to a positive willingness to pay for higher levels of energy efficiency. It also increases the share of respondents having a positive willingness to pay for higher efficiency. We conclude that annual energy cost information on refrigerator labels can improve the effectiveness of labelling policy in India.
Poging middels voorwaardelijk opzet
Authors: ter Haar R. (Rob) , Hornman M.J. (Mark)
Published: June 2020

Poging middels voorwaardelijk opzet

Welke rol speelt de aanmerkelijke kans bij de vraag of er sprake is van een strafbare poging? De auteurs betogen dat voor de beantwoording van de vraag of een kans aanmerkelijk is aansluiting moet worden gezocht bij het perspectief van de objectieve derde die, direct voorafgaand aan het moment van handelen, meekijkt over de schouder van de dader en die alleen die feiten en omstandigheden kent die de dader kent. Bepalend is of deze objectieve, in de schoenen van de dader staande, derde op basis van die kennis zou oordelen dat de mogelijkheid dat het voorziene gevolg zal intreden reëel en niet onwaarschijnlijk is.
Begrijpelijk ten laste leggen
Authors: Boksem J. (Jan)
Published: June 2020

Begrijpelijk ten laste leggen

In deze bijdrage blikt de auteur terug op zijn proefschrift (Jan Boksem, Op den grondslag der telastlegging. Beschouwingen naar aanleiding van het Nederlandse grondslagstelsel, (diss. Nijmegen), Nijmegen: Ars Aequi Libri 1996.). De auteur stelt opnieuw de vraag of een leesbare / voor eenieder begrijpelijke tenlastelegging zou kunnen worden ingepast in het Nederlandse grondslagstelsel, zonder dat dit ten koste gaat van de voordelen van dit stelsel. Bij de beantwoording van die vraag worden onder meer de voorstellen die zijn gedaan in het kader van de modernisering van het Wetboek van Strafvordering en recente rechtspraak van de Hoge Raad betrokken.
Tough Sprouting – Impact of Cadmium on Physiological State and Germination Rate of Soybean Seeds
Authors: Chmielowska-Bąk Jagna , Holubek Renata , Frontasyeva Marina , Zinicovscaia Inga , İşidoğru Selin , Deckert Joanna
Published: June 2020

Seed germination is the earliest process in plant development and is crucial for further plant growth and fitness. The process is regulated by various internal and external factors, including soil pollutants such as nonessential metals. In the present study, we examined in detail the impact of short-term imbibition in Cd solutions at several concentrations (5, 10, and 25 mg/L) on germination rate and physiological state of soybean seeds. The results showed that although Cd was readily absorbed by the seeds, the metal had no effect on seeds cell viability, oxidative stress intensity, or germination percentage. In contrast, imbibition in Cd solution led to slight reduction in antioxidant capacity of seeds. Seedlings grown from seeds pretreated with metal showed no differences in growth in relation to the control. Taken together, the results indicate that soybean seeds are relatively tolerant even to high Cd concentration (up to 25 mg/L).
THE PERCEPTION OF THE IMPORTANCE AND PERFORMANCE OF PRIVATE AND PUBLIC FUNCTIONS DELIVERED BY THE FARMING SYSTEM – A CASE STUDY OF THE HORTICULTURE SECTOR IN POLAND
Authors: Krupin Vitaliy , Bańkowska Katarzyna
Published: June 2020

The aim of the article is to present the method and results obtained by the SURE-Farm project in the process of evaluating the Polish horticulture farming system through the prism of the importance and performance of private and public functions delivered by it. Based on the FoPIA-Surefarm method, analysis proceeds with an evaluation of the importance and performance of functions delivered by the farming system. According to the method, four private and four public functions were assessed, while respondents included farmers, state and local authorities, as well as other actors relevant for the development of agriculture. Stakeholder opinions reveal price levels and income as being the most important indicators for the assessment of private functions delivered by the horticulture farming system in Poland, yet assess their performance as lower than average, with a tendency for being poor. Public functions of the farming system, on the contrary, are perceived by stakeholders as less important, yet satisfaction from their delivery is greater compared to private functions.
THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF GROWING SWEET POTATO (IPOMOEA BATATAS L. [LAM.]) IN POLISH SOIL AND CLIMATE CONDITIONS
Authors: Krochmal-Marczak Barbara , Sawicka Barbara , Bienia Bernadetta , Górka Małgorzata , Otekunrin Olutosin  A.
Published: June 2020

The aim of this research was to determine the economic efficiency of sweet potato production in Polish conditions (49°49′ N, 21°50′ E). The study was based on the results of a 3-year (2017–2019) field experiment conducted in slightly acidic brown earth. The experiment used the random subblocks method, in which the main experimental factors were cultivation technologies: A) traditional, with no cover, B) with the use of PP spunbond nonwoven. Secondary factors included 5 cultivars of sweet potato of all earliness classes (Goldstar, Carmen Rubin, Satsumo Imo, Beauregard, White Triumph). Constant organic and mineral fertilization was used, and cultivation was carried out in accordance with normal agricultural practice. The propagating material included rooted cuttings of sweet potato from in vitro propagation, planted with 50 x 75 cm spacing. The economic effect of production was determined by all experimental factors. The profitability of production was increased by the use of PP spunbond nonwoven. The most beneficial economic factors were achieved when growing the Beauregard cultivar, and the least – when growing White Triumph. The largest cost of sweet potato commercial production were sweet potato cuttings, which amounted to 56%, and the smallest – plant protection products – 1% of direct costs per 1 ha of crops. Sweet potato production in Polish soil and climate conditions between 2017–2019 turned out to be cost-effective.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON RURAL FACILITIES AND AGRITOURISM
Authors: Krzyżanowska Krystyna , Wawrzyniak Sławomir
Published: June 2020

The aim of this dissertation was to diagnose the tendency of changes observed in the forms of information and promotion used by agricultural service providers and the sources of information preferred by tourists who rested in rural areas in 2001-2019. Moreover, the point of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of sources of information and promotion on rural facilities used by service providers in agritourism. The empiric studies handled by the author of the article as well as by other researches, data from different institutions and literature formed the basis for this article. A comparative analysis was used to perform the research. It should be noticed that, in every period of the study, the forms of promotion used by agricultural service providers failed to fully meet tourists’ needs and expectations. In 2003, service providers believed in printed materials such as leaflets, pamphlets and catalogues as a form of advertisement and promotion, whereas tourists chose their destination to stay and relax at a rural facility relying on word-of-mouth marketing from friends, family and acquaintances. In 2012 and 2019 both parties pointed out the website as a prime source of information and the recommendations of friends and family in second place. In every empiric period, exchanges, fairs, advertising in catalogues and pamphlets as well as information in press releases, adverts on the radio or commercials in television were more important for service providers than for tourists. In order to meet tourists’ expectations, farmers and village residents should take care of the standard and design of their websites. To gain knowledge and necessary help on that matter, service providers may get in touch with agricultural advisory services or representatives of agritourism associations.
A MULTIDIMENSIONAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEVEL OF SUSTAINABILITY OF THE ENERGY SECTOR OF THE EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES
Authors: Paluch Łukasz , Dacko Mariusz
Published: June 2020

The paper addresses the problem of energy sustainability of European Union countries in terms of renewable energy sources, energy consumption levels as well as energy dependency and energy intensity of the economy. The aim of the study was to identify and assess the key characteristics of the energy sector of EU members states between 2006 and 2016 using taxonomy, which is one of the basic tools in a multi-dimensional comparative analysis. The analysis revealed that, despite common challenges, different member states showed varied levels of the implementation of EU climate and energy targets. In terms of the approach to the production and consumption of primary energy, EU countries can be divided into two groups. In most Western European countries, energy production is mainly based on renewable sources. However, it only meets a small portion of the domestic economy’s needs. In contrast, Central Eastern European countries are characterized by greater concentration on aspects of self-sufficiency and security of own energy systems. In such countries, the share of renewable sources in overall energy generation is smaller.