bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Framework: Development of Interactive Reading Malay Language Learning System (I-ReaMaLLS)
Authors: Ismail Nurulisma , Che Mohd Yusoff Rasimah , Jiman Mohamad Umar
Published: February 2018

Reading is very important to access knowledge. Reading skills starts during preschool level no matter of the types of languages. At present, there are many preschool children who are still unable to recognize letters or even words. This leads to the difficulties in reading. Therefore, there is a need of intervention in reading to overcome such problems. Thus, technologies were adapted in enhancing learning skills, especially in learning to read among the preschool children. Phonological is one of the factors to be considered to ensure a smooth of transition into reading. Phonological concept enables the first learner to easily learn reading such to learn reading Malay language. The medium of learning to read Malay language can be assisted via the supportive of multimedia technology to enhance the preschool children learning. Thus, an interactive system is proposed via a development of interactive reading Malay language learning system, which is called as I-ReaMaLLS. As a part of the development of I-ReaMaLLS, this paper focus on the development of conceptual framework in developing interactive reading Malay language learning system (I-ReaMaLLS). I-ReaMaLLS is voice based system that facilitates the preschool learner in learning reading Malay language. The conceptual framework of developing I-ReaMaLLS is conceptualized based on the initial study conducted via methods of literature review and observation with the preschool children, aged 5 – 6 years. As the result of the initial study, research objectives have been affirmed that finally contributes to the design of conceptual framework for the development of I-ReaMaLLS.
MANET Routing Protocols Evaluation: AODV, DSR and DSDV Perspective
Authors: AL-Dhief Fahad Taha , Sabri Naseer , Salim M.S. , Fouad S. , Aljunid S. A.
Published: February 2018

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a set of mobile nodes that communicate with each other to configure an immediate network without utilizing any of infrastructure, the centralized access point or centralized administration in multiple hop manner. There are a lot of routing protocols have been proposed in MANET which are different from each other in the performance and the mechanism. Therefore, the performance study of those protocols in different scenarios is needed. This paper presents the performance comparison between Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc on demand distance Vector Routing (AODV) as reactive routing protocols and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) as a proactive routing protocol to precisely determine which protocol is more effective. Network Simulator (NS) version 2.35 has used to simulate and evaluate the performance of these protocols in terms of the packet delivery ratio, average throughput, average end-to-end delay, and packet loss ratio with respect to the variable number of nodes.
Brain Tumour Detection using Fine-Tuning Mechanism for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Al-Tamimi Mohammed S.H. , Ghazali Nur Hafizah , Mahrom Norfadila , Ghazali Nurulhuda , Sulong Ghazali
Published: February 2018

In this paper, new brain tumour detection method is discovered whereby the normal slices are disassembled from the abnormal ones. Three main phases are deployed including the extraction of the cerebral tissue, the detection of abnormal block and the mechanism of fine-tuning and finally the detection of abnormal slice according to the detected abnormal blocks. Through experimental tests, progress made by the suggested means is assessed and verified. As a result, in terms of qualitative assessment, it is found that the performance of proposed method is satisfactory and may contribute to the development of reliable MRI brain tumour diagnosis and treatments.
The Reduction of Directed Cyclic Graph for Task Assignment Problem
Authors: Ariffin W.N.M.
Published: February 2018

In this paper, a directed cyclic graph (DCG) is proposed as the task graph. It is undesirable and impossible to complete the task according to the constraints if the cycle exists. Therefore, an effort should be done in order to eliminate the cycle to obtain a directed acyclic graph (DAG), so that the minimum amount of time required for the entire task can be found. The technique of reducing the complexity of the directed cyclic graph to a directed acyclic graph by reversing the orientation of the path is the main contribution of this study. The algorithm was coded using Java programming and consistently produced good assignment and task schedule.
Optimization parameters for Mycobacteria confluentis biodegradation of PAHs
Authors: Ibrahim Muna , Makky Essam A. , Azmi Nina S. , Ismail Jamil
Published: February 2018

In this study, the effect of process parameters (incubation period, temperature, initial pH-value, concentration of PAHs in the medium, and bacterial inoculum size) on the biodegradation of PAHs using Mycobacteria confluentis was studied using One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT) method. From the results of the study, it was observed that the studied parameters had significant effects on the degradation process. The capability of Mycobacteria confluentis on the degradation of PAHs was found to be maximum when the initial pH of the PAH was 7, temperature 40 °, PAH concentration of 50 μL, bacterial concentration of 7.5 mL, and incubated for 3 to 5 days. This condition gave a PAH degradation percentage of 40 to 50 %, showing a similarity to most previous studies where the maximum percentage of degradation has been around 40 to 50 %. This study, therefore, concludes that Mycobacteria confluentis is a good PAHs degrader which can be of significant important in the management of oil polluted fields and environments.
Venous Thromboembolism and Route of Delivery – Review of the Literature
Authors: Evangelista Matheus Schimidt , Slompo Karina , Timi Jorge Rufino Ribas
Published: February 2018

Venous thromboembolism events are important causes of maternal death during pregnancy and the postpartum period worldwide. A review of the literature with the objective of evaluating venous thromboembolism events in the puerperium according to the route of delivery was performed through a bibliographic survey in the Medline, LILACS and Scielo databases. We observed that patients submitted to cesarean sections present a significantly higher risk of developing venous thromboembolism when compared with those who undergo spontaneous vaginal delivery. The pathophysiological bases for this difference were explored and described in this review, as well as the indications of prophylaxis and treatment. Doctors and health professionals must be continuously vigilant regarding this condition, since it is associated with high morbidity and mortality.
Anatomical and Radiological Considerations When Colonic Perforation Leads to Subcutaneous Emphysema, Pneumothoraces, Pneumomediastinum, and Mediastinal Shift
Authors: Abdalla Sala , Gill Rupinder , Yusuf Gibran , Scarpinata Rosaria
Published: February 2018

While colonoscopy is generally regarded as a safe procedure, colonic perforation can occur and the risk of this is higher when interventional procedures are undertaken. The presentation may be acute or delayed depending on the extent of the perforation. Extracolonic gas following colonic perforation can migrate to several body compartments that are embryologically related and it has previously been reported in the thorax, mediastinum, neck, scrotum, and lower limbs. This review discusses in detail the anatomical pathways that led to a rare case of widespread subcutaneous emphysema, bilateral pneumothoraces, pneumomediastinum, and mediastinal shift from colonic perforation during a diagnostic colonoscopy. This is further supported by a description of the radiological images.
Cardiovascular Associations with Abnormal Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neonates with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Undergoing Therapeutic Hypothermia and Rewarming
Authors: More Kiran , Sakhuja Pankaj , Giesinger Regan , Ting Joseph , Keyzers Matthew , Sheth Jesal , Lapointe Anie , Jain Amish , Moore Aideen , Miller Steven , McNamara Patrick
Published: February 2018

Objective This article compares hemodynamic characteristics of neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) receiving therapeutic hypothermia (TH) with normal versus abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods Serial echocardiography (echo) was performed within 24 hours, after 48 to 72 hours of cooling, within 24 hours of normothermia, and after starting feeds. Pulmonary hemodynamics, cardiac output, and ventricular function were evaluated. All neonates underwent brain MRI (day 4–5), per clinical standard of care. Clinical cardiovascular and echocardiography characteristics were compared between patients with normal versus abnormal MRI. Cardiovascular changes during TH and after rewarming were identified.

Results Twenty neonates at median gestation and birth weight of 40 weeks (interquartile range [IQR]: 39, 41) and 3,410 g (IQR: 2,885, 4,093), respectively, were enrolled. Increased median left ventricular output (LVO) (106–159 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001) and reduced isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) (48–42 ms, p < 0.001) were seen after rewarming. Echocardiography evidence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) was identified in five neonates. Eight neonates (40%) had brain injury identified on MRI (watershed [n = 4], basal ganglia [n = 4]); this subgroup were more likely to have echo evidence of PH at 24 hours.

Conclusion Longitudinal changes in cardiac output were noted in neonates with HIE during TH and rewarming. Echocardiography evidence of PH, however, was associated with abnormal MRI brain. The prognostic relevance of these physiologic changes requires more comprehensive delineation.
Modified Multivisceral Transplantation with Native Spleen Removal in Rats
Authors: Stringa Pablo , Arreola Nidia , Moreno Ane , Largo Carlota , Rumbo Martín , Hernandez Francisco
Published: February 2018

Background Modified multivisceral transplantation (MMVTx) refers to the use of a graft that includes all abdominal organs except the liver. The use of this type of transplant in children and adults expanded over the last years with good results. However, long-term survival in experimental models has not been reported. Our aim is to describe in detail some technical modifications of MMVTx to obtain long-term survival.

Materials and Methods Syngeneic (Lewis–Lewis) heterotopic MMVTx was performed in 16 male rats (180–250 g). All procedures were performed under isoflurane anesthesia. The graft consisted of stomach, duodenopancreatic axis, spleen, and small bowel. The vascular pedicle consisted of a conduit of aorta, including the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and the portal vein (PV). The engraftment was performed by end-to-side anastomosis to the infra-renal cava vein and aorta. After reperfusion, the graft was accommodated in the right side of the abdomen, and a terminal ileostomy performed. The native spleen was removed.

Results Donor and recipient time was 39 ± 4.4 minutes and 69 ± 7 minutes, respectively; venous and arterial anastomosis time was 14 ± 1 minutes and 12.3 ± 1 minutes, respectively. Total ischemia time was 77.2 ± 7.9 minutes. Survival was 75% (12/16), six were sacrificed after 2 hours, and six were kept alive for long-term evaluation (more than 1 week).

Conclusion Long-term survival is reported after heterotopic MMVTx in rats. The heterotopic MMVTx with native spleen removal would potentially improve the existent models for transplant research. The usefulness of this model warrants further confirmation in allogeneic experiments.
Schwangerschaft nach Adipositas- und metabolischer Chirurgie – spezielle Risiken und mögliche Komplikationen
Authors: Stroh Christine , Groten Tanja , Schleussner Eckehardt , Manger Thomas
Published: February 2018

Die zunehmende Prävalenz der morbiden Adipositas geht auch in Deutschland mit einer deutlichen Zunahme von adipositas- und metabolisch-chirurgischen Eingriffen einher. Die Adipositas ist häufig mit Fertilitätsstörungen assoziiert. Mit einer Häufigkeit von 6 – 10% stellt das polyzystische Ovarsyndrom (PCOS) eine häufige Ursache der Infertilität dar. Die damit assoziierten metabolischen und kardiovaskulären Folgen bedeuten ein erhebliches Gesundheitsproblem. Metabolisch-chirurgische Eingriffe können die Fertilität dieser Frauen deutlich verbessern. Aufgrund der Effektivität der metabolischen Chirurgie hinsichtlich der Gewichtsreduktion, der Rückbildung der Komorbiditäten sowie der Lebensqualität und der Fertilität im Vergleich mit konservativen Verfahren hat die Bedeutung der Adipositaschirurgie erheblich zugenommen. Metabolische Defizite können Folge diverser restriktiver, kombinierter und malabsorptiver Operationsmethoden sein. Ihre Prophylaxe bei Schwangerschaft nach bariatrischer Operation erfordert eine intensive und interdisziplinäre Versorgung der Schwangeren. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Problematik der nutritiven Mangelzustände und deren Prophylaxe in Zusammenhang mit einer Gravidität darzustellen.
Perceptually Regulated Exercise Test Allows Determination of V˙O2max and Ventilatory Threshold But Not Respiratory Compensation Point In Trained Runners
Authors: Truong Perrine , Millet Gregoire , Gojanovic Boris
Published: February 2018

This study aimed to investigate the differences in maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and submaximal thresholds between a standard graded exercise test (GXT) and a perceptually regulated graded exercise test (PRGXT) in trained runners. Eleven well-trained middle- to long-distance runners performed both tests in a randomized order. PRGXT used incremental “clamps” of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) over 10×1-min stages on an automated treadmill equipped with a sonar sensor allowing them to change their running speed instantly and in a natural way. GXT used fixed 1 km.h−1 increment every minute. Ventilatory threshold (VT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) were determined using ventilatory equivalents. No differences were found in V̇O2max (68.0 (5.3) vs. 69.5 (5.9) ml·min−1·kg−1, p=0.243), minute ventilation (V̇E) (159.4 (35.0) vs. 162.4 (33.7) l·min−1, p=0.175), heart rate (HR) (188.4 (6.9) vs. 190.7 (5.2) bpm, p=0.254) and speed (21.0 (1.7) vs. 21.1 (2.3) km·h-1, p=0.761) between GXT and PRGXT. At VT, there were no significant differences between GXT and PRGXT for any outcome variables. For 8 of 11 subjects, it was not possible to determine RCP from ventilatory equivalent in PRGXT. GXT appears more relevant for a comprehensive gas analysis in trained runners.
Minimalinvasive Leistenhernienchirurgie – TEP ambulant
Authors: Steger Ulrich , Bisping Markus , Urban Jennifer , Vowinkel Thorsten , Wiesmann Aloys , Ryll Jonathan
Published: February 2018

Hintergrund In Anbetracht der lang andauernden Diskussion um ambulante viszeralchirurgische Operationen haben wir die minimalinvasive Leistenhernienversorgung im ambulanten Sektor etabliert. Dies wird nicht nur von den Krankenkassen zunehmend gefordert und von internationalen Leitlinien gestützt, sondern ist auch auf die erhöhte Nachfrage von Patienten zurückzuführen.

Material und Methode Es erfolgte eine monozentrische retrospektive Auswertung der ambulant durchgeführten minimalinvasiven Leistenhernienoperationen (total extraperitoneale Patchplastik [TEP] + einseitig) aus dem Zeitraum 2013 bis 2015. Dabei wurden Komplikationen, postoperative Schmerzen, stationäre Wiederaufnahmerate und Rezidivrate erfasst. Die Patienten wurden zusätzlich telefonisch über ihre Zufriedenheit mit dem ambulanten Vorgehen befragt.

Ergebnisse In o. g. Zeitraum wurde bei 164 Patienten mit einseitiger Leistenhernie eine TEP im ambulanten Setting geplant und schließlich bei 152 Patienten durchgeführt. Die restlichen 12 Patienten wurden aufgrund von Kreislaufstörungen, Nachblutung oder Schmerzen direkt stationär über- oder noch am gleichen Tag aufgenommen. 102 Patienten konnten telefonisch befragt werden. Neun ambulante Patienten entwickelten postoperativ ein Hämatom, 1 Patient ein Rezidiv innerhalb von 12 Monaten, 2 weitere im Follow-up-Zeitraum und keiner einen behandlungsbedürftigen Infekt. 88 Patienten waren sehr zufrieden und 82 würden sich wieder bei einer Leistenhernie ambulant operieren lassen.

Schlussfolgerung Die einseitige minimalinvasive Leistenhernienversorgung lässt sich bei geringem präoperativem Risikoprofil ambulant unkompliziert durchführen und trifft auf breite Akzeptanz und Zufriedenheit bei den Patienten. Der horrende Erlösunterschied zwischen ambulanter und stationärer Leistenhernienversorgung in Deutschland erschwert aber nach wie vor die flächendeckende Umsetzung des ambulanten Vorgehens.
Die Meningismus-Tests
Authors: Herzog Michael , Sengebusch Jürgen
Published: February 2018

Zu den Meningismus-Tests gehören der Brudzinski-, Kernig und der Lasègue-Test sowie die Tests auf das Kniekuss- und das Dreifuß-Phänomen. Bei Meningismus muss der Patient in die Notaufnahme.
Vom Verdacht bis zur Meldung
Authors: Bierbach Elvira
Published: February 2018

Der § 24 IfSG bestimmt, welche Krankheiten der Heilpraktiker nicht behandeln darf. Darunter fallen unter anderem sexuell übertragbare Erkrankungen. Den Verdacht auf namentlich meldepflichtige Erkrankungen gemäß § 6 Abs. 1 IfSG muss der Heilpraktiker binnen 24 Stunden dem zuständigen Gesundheitsamt melden. A und O bei jedem Verdacht ist situationsangepasstes Handeln: von Erster Hilfe und Aufklärung über Hygiene und Meldung bis zur Dokumentation.
On genus-two solutions for the ILW equation
Authors: Tutiya Y.
Published: February 2018

The existence of theta function solutions of genus two for the intermediate long-wave equation is established. A numerical example is also presented. The method basically goes along with Krichever’s construction of theta function solutions for soliton equations, such as the Kronecker product equation. This idea leads us to a question whether a Riemann surface exists which allows a peculiar abelian integral of the third kind. The answer is affirmative at least for genus-two curves.
Properties of field functionals and characterization of local functionals
Authors: Brouder Christian , Dang Nguyen Viet , Laurent-Gengoux Camille , Rejzner Kasia
Published: February 2018

Functionals (i.e., functions of functions) are widely used in quantum field theory and solid-state physics. In this paper, functionals are given a rigorous mathematical framework and their main properties are described. The choice of the proper space of test functions (smooth functions) and of the relevant concept of differential (Bastiani differential) are discussed. The relation between the multiple derivatives of a functional and the corresponding distributions is described in detail. It is proved that, in a neighborhood of every test function, the support of a smooth functional is uniformly compactly supported and the order of the corresponding distribution is uniformly bounded. Relying on a recent work by Dabrowski, several spaces of functionals are furnished with a complete and nuclear topology. In view of physical applications, it is shown that most formal manipulations can be given a rigorous meaning. A new concept of local functionals is proposed and two characterizations of them are given: the first one uses the additivity (or Hammerstein) property, the second one is a variant of Peetre’s theorem. Finally, the first step of a cohomological approach to quantum field theory is carried out by proving a global Poincaré lemma and defining multi-vector fields and graded functionals within our framework.
Steady state sedimentation of ultrasoft colloids
Authors: Singh Sunil P. , Gompper Gerhard , Winkler Roland G.
Published: February 2018

The structural and dynamical properties of ultra-soft colloids—star polymers—exposed to a uniform external force field are analyzed by applying the multiparticle collision dynamics technique, a hybrid coarse-grain mesoscale simulation approach, which captures thermal fluctuations and long-range hydrodynamic interactions. In the weak-field limit, the structure of the star polymer is nearly unchanged; however, in an intermediate regime, the radius of gyration decreases, in particular transverse to the sedimentation direction. In the limit of a strong field, the radius of gyration increases with field strength. Correspondingly, the sedimentation coefficient increases with increasing field strength, passes through a maximum, and decreases again at high field strengths. The maximum value depends on the functionality of the star polymer. High field strengths lead to symmetry breaking with trailing, strongly stretched polymer arms and a compact star-polymer body. In the weak-field-linear response regime, the sedimentation coefficient follows the scaling relation of a star polymer in terms of functionality and arm length.
Two-dimensional simulations of multi-hollow VHF SiH4/H2 plasma
Authors: Su Li-Wen , Chen Weiting , Uchino Kiichiro , Kawai Yoshinobu
Published: February 2018

A triode multi-hollow VHF SiH4/H2 plasma (60 MHz) was examined at a pressure of 20 Pa by two-dimensional simulations using the fluid model. In this study, we considered the effect of the rate constant of reaction, SiH3 + SiH3→SiH2 + SiH4, on the plasma characteristics. A typical VHF plasma of a high-electron density with a low-electron temperature was obtained between two discharge electrodes. Spatial profiles of SiH3+, SiH2+, SiH3- and SiH3 densities were similar to that of the electron density while the electron temperature had a maximum value near the two discharge electrodes. It was found that the SiH3 radical density did not decrease rapidly near the substrate and the electron temperature was lower than 1 eV, suggesting that the triode multi-hollow plasma source can provide high quality amorphous silicon with a high deposition rate.
A new theoretical technique to study the temperature variation of electrical conductivity as applied to α-quaterthiophene (α-4T) thin films
Authors: Sasidharan V. , Nair Divya K. , Joseph C. M. , Menon C. S. , Shreekrishna Kumar K.
Published: February 2018

α-4T thin films of various thicknesses are prepared by thermal evaporation method. The electrical conductivity (σ) of as deposited α-4T thin films of thicknesses 50 nm, 100 nm and 200 nm have been measured using Hall measurement system (HMS). Using the measured values of conductivity and energy gap, the constant σ0 has been estimated for thin films of various thicknesses. Thus, the electrical conductivity of the thin films of 50 nm, 100 nm and 200 nm have been estimated for various temperatures (T). Ln (σ) vs. 1000/T plots for thin films of various thicknesses have been drawn. The conductivity is found to decrease with increase in thickness of the thin film, as it changes from 50 nm to 200 nm.
Lattice defects of ZnO and hybrids with GO: Characterization, EPR and optoelectronic properties
Authors: Ahmed Gulzar , Hanif Muddasir , Mahmood Khalid , Yao Rihui , Ning Honglong , jiao Dongling , Wu Mingmei , Khan Javid , Liu Zhongwu
Published: February 2018

We have prepared and combined ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) with different graphene oxide (GO) contents (10%, 20% and 30%) via microwave processing. The procedure provided well-dispersed ZnO-NPs between and onto the rGO layers (GZCs). The annealing temperature and graphene oxide contents affected the UV-Vis absorption, PL emission, defect-states of the ZnO, EPR signals, photo-electrochemical response and charge transfer properties. The HRTEM microscopy images of the GZCs showed interpenetrating structures and clearly visible vacancy defects. The results indicated that the defect sites (Zn interstitials, oxygen vacancy, ionized zinc vacancy and oxygen interstitials) significantly decreased after hybridization with GO. The photo-conversion efficiency of the GZC-10% (η = 13.1 x 10-3%), is 13 times higher than the ZnO-NPs (η = 1.02 x 10-3%) illustrating higher exciton production and separation efficiency of the GZCs under photo-excitation. The GZC-10% has lower (8-15 Ω) charge transfer resistance (Rct) compared to all the GZCs under same experimental conditions, therefore an important reason of better performance of the GZC 10%. The EPR spectra showed presence of radicals in all the samples with GZC 10% most intense signal among the different GZCs.
A conservative scheme for electromagnetic simulation of magnetized plasmas with kinetic electrons
Authors: Bao J. , Lin Z. , Lu Z. X.
Published: February 2018

A conservative scheme has been formulated and verified for gyrokinetic particle simulations of electromagnetic waves and instabilities in magnetized plasmas. An electron continuity equation derived from the drift kinetic equation is used to time advance the electron density perturbation by using the perturbed mechanical flow calculated from the parallel vector potential, and the parallel vector potential is solved by using the perturbed canonical flow from the perturbed distribution function. In gyrokinetic particle simulations using this new scheme, the shear Alfvén wave dispersion relation in the shearless slab and continuum damping in the sheared cylinder have been recovered. The new scheme overcomes the stringent requirement in the conventional perturbative simulation method that perpendicular grid size needs to be as small as electron collisionless skin depth even for the long wavelength Alfvén waves. The new scheme also avoids the problem in the conventional method that an unphysically large parallel electric field arises due to the inconsistency between electrostatic potential calculated from the perturbed density and vector potential calculated from the perturbed canonical flow. Finally, the gyrokinetic particle simulations of the Alfvén waves in sheared cylinder have superior numerical properties compared with the fluid simulations, which suffer from numerical difficulties associated with singular mode structures.
Impact of ultrafast demagnetization process on magnetization reversal in L1 FePt revealed using double laser pulse excitation
Authors: Shi J. Y. , Tang M. , Zhang Z. , Ma L. , Sun L. , Zhou C. , Hu X. F. , Zheng Z. , Shen L. Q. , Zhou S. M. , Wu Y. Z. , Chen L. Y. , Zhao H. B.
Published: February 2018

Ultrafast laser induced magnetization reversal in L10 FePt films with high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy was investigated using single- and double-pulse excitations. Single-pulse excitation beyond 10 mJ cm−2 caused magnetization (M) reversal at the applied fields much smaller than the static coercivity of the films. For double-pulse excitation, both coercivity reduction and reversal percentage showed a rapid and large decrease with the increasing time interval (Δt) of the two pulses in the range of 0–2 ps. In this Δt range, the maximum demagnetization (ΔMp) was also strongly attenuated, whereas the integrated demagnetization signals over more than 10 ps, corresponding to the average lattice heat effect, showed little change. These results indicate that laser induced M reversal in FePt films critically relies on ΔMp. Because ΔMp is determined by spin temperature, which is higher than lattice temperature, utilizing an ultrafast laser instead of a continuous-wave laser in laser-assisted M reversal may reduce the overall deposited energy and increase the speed of recording. The effective control of M reversal by slightly tuning the time delay of two laser pulses may also be useful for ultrafast spin manipulation.
Dissociation kinetics of excited ions: PEPICO measurements of Os3(CO)12 — The 7-35 eV single ionization binding energy region
Authors: Schalk Oliver , Josefsson Ida , Geng Ting , Richter Robert , Sa’adeh Hanan , Thomas Richard D. , Mucke Melanie
Published: February 2018

In this article, we study the photoinduced dissociation pathways of a metallocarbonyl, Os3(CO)12, in particular the consecutive loss of CO groups. To do so, we performed photoelectron-photoion coincidence (PEPICO) measurements in the single ionization binding energy region from 7 to 35 eV using 45-eV photons. Zero-energy ion appearance energies for the dissociation steps were extracted by modeling the PEPICO data using the statistical adiabatic channel model. Upon ionization to the excited ionic states above 13 eV binding energy, non-statistical behavior was observed and assigned to prompt CO loss. Double ionization was found to be dominated by the knockout process with an onset of 20.9 ± 0.4 eV. The oscillator strength is significantly larger for energies above 26.6 ± 0.4 eV, corresponding to one electron being ejected from the Os3 center and one from the CO ligands. The cross section for double ionization was found to increase linearly up to 35 eV ionization energy, at which 40% of the generated ions are doubly charged.
Creation and annealing of metastable defect states in CH3NH3PbI3 at low temperatures
Authors: Lang F. , Shargaieva O. , Brus V. V. , Rappich J. , Nickel N. H.
Published: February 2018

Methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3), an organic-inorganic perovskite widely used for optoelectronic applications, is known to dissociate under illumination with light at photon energies around 2.7 eV and higher. Here, we show that photo-induced dissociation is not limited to ambient temperatures but can be observed even at 5 K. The photo-induced dissociation of N–H bonds results in the formation of metastable states. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements reveal the formation of defect states that are located 100 meV within the bandgap. This is accompanied by a quenching of the band-to-band PL by one order of magnitude. Defect generation is reversible and annealing at 30 K recovers the band-to-band PL, while the light-induced defect states disappear concurrently.
Diagnostic utility of telomere length testing in a hospital-based setting
Authors: Alder Jonathan K. , Hanumanthu Vidya Sagar , Strong Margaret A. , DeZern Amy E. , Stanley Susan E. , Takemoto Clifford M. , Danilova Ludmila , Applegate Carolyn D. , Bolton Stephen G. , Mohr David W. , Brodsky Robert A. , Casella James F. , Greider Carol W. , Jackson J. Brooks , Armanios Mary
Published: February 2018

Significance

This study defines clinical indications for using telomere length (TL) measurement as a diagnostic tool in a hospital setting. It shows that, in contrast to other methods, TL measurement by flow cytometry and FISH (flowFISH) can be standardized, and has reproducible and definable upper and lower normal boundaries. In telomerase mutation carriers and carriers of other mutant telomere maintenance genes, TL had prognostic value, correlating with the age of onset of short telomere syndrome phenotypes, as well as the predominant complication. In a prospective study, TL results were actionable in one-fourth of cases with idiopathic bone marrow failure affecting the stem cell donor choice and/or treatment regimen. The data show that, for targeted clinical indications, and in a hospital setting, TL measurement by flowFISH informs patient care decisions.
T
reg
cells limit IFN-γ production to control macrophage accrual and phenotype during skeletal muscle regeneration
Authors: Panduro Marisella , Benoist Christophe , Mathis Diane
Published: February 2018

Significance

Skeletal muscle relies on its regenerative capacity to recover after acute injury. Immune-system cells, notably macrophages and regulatory T cells, play critical roles during muscle regeneration. This study addressed the impact of regulatory T cells on macrophages during muscle repair. In a mouse model of acute injury, regulatory T cells controlled the composition and phenotype of muscle macrophages during muscle repair by limiting production of the inflammatory cytokine, interferon-γ, produced by natural killer and effector T cells. Thus, we uncovered an interferon-γ–centered regulatory loop that can be further explored as a gateway to improved muscle therapies.
Relationships between Early Alcohol Experiences, Drinker Self-Schema, and Drinking and Smoking in College Students
Authors: Lee Chia-Kuei , Corte Colleen , Stein Karen F.
Published: February 2018

Background: Drinking and smoking commonly co-occur in undergraduate students. Although an identity as a drinker is a known predictor of alcohol use and alcohol problems, and early evidence suggests that it also predicts smoking, the role of these behaviors in the development of an identity as a drinker is unknown. In this study, the authors conceptualized a drinker identity as an enduring memory structure referred to as a self-schema and conducted a preliminary investigation of the relationships between early drinking experiences, drinker self-schema, and alcohol and tobacco use in undergraduate students. Methods: Three-hundred thirty undergraduates who reported current alcohol and tobacco use were recruited for an online survey study. Frequency of alcohol and tobacco use in the past 30 days, drinker self-schema, and early experiences with alcohol were measured. Results: Structural equation modeling showed that parental alcohol problems were associated with early onset of drinking. Early onset of drinking and high school friends’ drinking were associated with more alcohol use and alcohol-related problems in high school. Alcohol problems during high school were associated with high drinker self-schema scores, which were associated with high frequency of alcohol and tobacco use during college. The indirect effects through the drinker self-schema were significant. Conclusions: Although cross-sectional, this preliminary examination supports theoretical predictions that early alcohol experiences may contribute to development of the drinker self-schema, which, as expected, was positively associated with alcohol and tobacco use in college. Longitudinal studies that track the unfolding of drinking behavior and the contextual factors that are associated with it in the development of the drinker self-schema are essential to confirming the theoretical model. If supported, implications for intervention at different developmental stages to prevent early onset of drinking, limit adolescent alcohol use, and modify the development of a drinker self-schema may mitigate undergraduate drinking and smoking.
‘It's not a Muslim ban!’ Indirect speech acts and the securitisation of Islam in the United States post-9/11
Authors: Eroukhmanoff Clara
Published: February 2018

According to the Copenhagen School, a political issue is prioritised, or ‘securitised’, when an audience accepts a speech act with a particular security grammar pointing to the dangerous nature of the threat and calling for extraordinary security measures. This article probes the opposite: what if not saying ‘security’ and instead saying ‘friend’ also contributes to the securitisation? I explore this logic with the ways in which Islam has been securitised in the United States from the Bush administration to the beginning of the Trump administration and offer an analysis of what this article calls the ‘indirect securitisation of Islam.’ Drawing on the philosophy of language of John Searle, an indirect securitisation is one that is successful through indirect securitising speech acts, that is, utterances that comprise two illocutions, one direct and one indirect, with the latter being the ‘real’ request of the utterance. Using covert forms of speech such as indirect speech acts enables elite speakers to ‘deny plausibility’ and claim they are not securitising (or ‘the least racist person’ as Trump claims), thereby ‘saving face.’ Indirect securitising speech acts are therefore an important strategic tool in elite actors’ securitising playbook. The article seeks to make sense of a climate of American politics that seem ungoverned by conventional rules of speech by offering a timely study of how political leaders can ‘have their cake and eat it too’ in matters of national security.
Comprehensive analysis of Helicobacter pylori infection-associated diseases based on miRNA-mRNA interaction network
Authors: Yang Jue , Song Hui , Cao Kun , Song Jialei , Zhou Jianjiang
Published: February 2018

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection remains a cause of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of H. pylori and its interaction with host will contribute to developing novel prophylactical and therapeutical strategies. Here, we first determined microRNA (miRNA) levels in H. pylori-infected patients with gastritis, duodenal ulcer, gastric cancer or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma using miRNA data sets. Thirty-four differentially expressed miRNAs were identified and functional enrichment analysis of those miRNA target genes revealed that H. pylori infection were strongly associated with pathway in cancer and regulation of mRNA synthesis. Using disease connectivity analysis of 28 hub genes, we found that H. pylori may increase the risk of many extragastric diseases (e.g. cardiovascular disease, hemic and lymphatic diseases and nervous system disease). Altogether, our integrated analysis provided a new method to predict pathogen–human disease connectivity based on miRNA-mRNA interaction network and indicated anti-H. pylori therapy as an effective means of human diseases prevention.
Investigating diet patterns of highly mobile marine predators using stomach contents, stable isotope, and fatty acid analyses
Authors: Young Talia , Pincin Jennifer , Neubauer Philipp , Ortega-García Sofía , Jensen Olaf P
Published: February 2018

Determining what animals eat is simultaneously challenging and yet also critical for ecologists, fisheries scientists, and resource managers. The tools of trophic ecology have expanded considerably in the last half century in pursuit of this goal. In this study, we combined stomach contents, stable isotope, and fatty acid analyses to investigate trophic patterns in three species of highly mobile, pelagic predators: striped marlin (Kajikia audax), blue marlin (Makaira nigricans), and common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus). We were particularly interested in examining individual diet specialization among these species. We compared the short-term stomach contents with long-term diet proportions estimated from stable isotope ratios and fatty acid profiles using a Bayesian mixing model. Our results indicate that all three species feed on a mix of prey types. This work furthermore suggests that individuals of all three predator species demonstrate generalist feeding habits, with minimal differences in long-term (weeks, months) diet estimates between individuals with different short-term (hours, days) stomach contents. This novel, three-part analytical approach can elucidate complex and otherwise elusive trophic dynamics.
Mindfulness and mindlessness and ALS
Authors: Pagnini Francesco , Phillips Deborah , Volpato Eleonora , Banfi Paolo , Langer Ellen
Published: February 2018

Mindfulness and mindlessness are two relevant psychological constructs for the field of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). When mindful, people are more open, flexible, and aware, and this attitude results in a higher psychological well-being. A mindful attitude is a source of psychological resilience for people with ALS and their caregivers. Conversely, a mindless view about the illness, reducing the whole person’s identify to the diagnosis, represents a threat to their quality of life. Furthermore, preliminary findings seem to suggest that mindfulness is associated with a slower course of the disease. In this chapter we discuss the impact that mindfulness can exert on both the quality and the quantity of life.
Investigating the psychology of assistive device use in ALS: Suggestions for improving adherence and engagement
Authors: Graham Christopher D.
Published: February 2018

In ALS, assistive devices—such as wheelchairs, augmentative, and alternative communication devices (AAC) and environmental controls—are often used to compensate for the functional impairments caused by the condition. These devices may help maintain meaningful functioning and help preserve quality of life. Yet adherence to and uptake of such devices is sub-optimal. Drawing on the literature from ALS and other diseases, this chapters explores the psychosocial challenges of assistive device use, and factors that might affect usage—cognitive impairment and mood, threats to identity, social context, illness adjustment/acceptance, and the desire to maintain control over one’s health care. Methods that clinicians can use to intervene to improve non-adherence are then suggested—bio-psychosocial assessment (formulation) informed by cognitive and mood screens, voice-banking for appropriate accents in AAC devices, increasing illness acceptance via counselling, or acceptance and commitment therapy, and empathetic clinician-facilitated discussions with patient-significant other dyads and families.
End of life: Wishes, values and symptoms, and their impact on quality of life and well-being
Authors: Oliver David
Published: February 2018

The holistic assessment of the patient with ALS and their family will help to maximize the care as the disease progresses and the end of life approaches. This includes consideration of advance care planning, so that the person’s wishes are known if they lose capacity or communication late in the disease course. Discussion of ventilatory support, either by non-invasive ventilation or tracheostomy ventilation, is particularly important so that decisions are not made in a crisis situation. Although ventilatory support may improve quality of life (QoL) and length of survival, there may be increased dependency and continued disease progression. The recognition of the later stages of disease progression can allow further discussion and anticipation and preparation for end of life care—for patient, family, and professions—so that QoL is maximized until death.
ALS caregiver quality of life and psychological implications
Authors: Shipley Peggy Z.
Published: February 2018

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) impacts greatly not only those who have the disease, but also family caregivers who provide the majority of care for their loved ones throughout the ALS disease trajectory. In the provision of this care, these family caregivers frequently experience significant threats to their own physical and mental health, and thus to their quality of life. The burden of caregiving can be high, distress is not uncommon, and support is needed to best address these issues. Despite the physical and emotional challenges faced by family caregivers, limited research has been directed at this caregiving phenomenon. The more health care providers understand the key elements of the ALS caregiving experience, the better equipped they will be to recognize the caregivers as not only co-providers of care, but as potential recipients of care to meet the unique physical and mental challenges of this caregiving population.
Principles of clinical examination in children
Authors: Jandial Sharmila , Foster Helen
Published: February 2018

The clinical examination of children and adolescents is an essential component of assessment, facilitates appropriate interpretation of investigations and is integral to the process of making a diagnosis. The clinical assessment of children and young people differs from that of adults, requiring greater reliance on physical examination as the history may be vague and illocalized and requires knowledge of normal musculoskeletal development, normal motor milestones and different patterns of clinical presentations across the ages. The interpretation of clinical findings needs to be in the context of the whole child and the clinical presentation. The degree of expertise required in clinical skills varies with the clinical practice of the examiner and ranges from the basic screening assessment to a more detailed examination of joints, muscles and anatomical regions. The evidence base for clinical assessment in children and young people is accruing and undoubtedly, competent clinical skills requires learning to be embedded in core child health teaching and assessment starting at medical school and reinforced in postgraduate training.
Polyarticular disease
Authors: Adebajo Ade , Dunkley Lisa
Published: February 2018

Polyarticular disease is a commonly encountered musculoskeletal problem which regularly confronts clinicians as a diagnostic dilemma. Polyarticular disease is a musculoskeletal presentation in which more than four joints are affected by the disease. The classical rheumatological condition which presents as polyarticular disease is rheumatoid arthritis, although even this condition can very occasionally present with a mono- or oligoarticular onset. Polyarticular disease includes a wide range of musculoskeletal conditions including such disorders as polyarticular gout, the seronegative spondyloarthropathies, rheumatic fever, and systemic lupus erythematosus. This chapter emphasizes how through a careful history, thorough clinical examination and appropriate investigations, a definitive diagnosis can be made in a patient presenting clinically with polyarticular disease. General management principles for patients with polyarticular disease are also provided.
Neuroendocrine system
Authors: Straub Rainer H.
Published: February 2018

Endocrine abnormalities are very common in patients with chronic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (CARDs) due to the systemic involvement of the central nervous system and endocrine glands. In recent years, the response of the endocrine (and also neuronal) system to peripheral inflammation has been linked to overall energy regulation of the diseased body and bioenergetics of immune cells. In CARDs, hormonal and neuronal pathways are outstandingly important in partitioning energy-rich fuels from muscle, brain, and fat tissue to the activated immune system. Neuroendocrine regulation of fuel allocation has been positively selected as an adaptive programme for transient serious, albeit non-life-threatening, inflammatory episodes. In CARDs, mistakenly, the adaptive programmes are used again but for a much longer time leading to systemic disease sequelae with endocrine (and also neuronal) abnormalities. The major endocrine alterations are depicted in the following list: mild activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system, inadequate secretion of ACTH and cortisol relative to inflammation, loss of androgens, inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and fertility problems, high serum levels of oestrogens relative to androgens, fat deposits adjacent to inflamed tissue, increase of serum prolactin, and hyperinsulinaemia (and the metabolic syndrome). Neuroendocrine abnormalities are demonstrated using this framework that can explain many CARD-related endocrine disturbances. This chapter gives an overview on pathophysiology of neuroendocrine alterations in the context of energy regulation.
Design of clinical trials in rheumatology
Authors: Strand Vibeke , Sokolove Jeremy , Chu Alvina D.
Published: February 2018

Development of new therapies for rheumatic diseases requires a series of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) progressing from phase 1, ’first-in-human’ to generate initial safety, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data; to phase 2, proof of concept for efficacy with safety and PK/PD data; and phase 3, designed to demonstrate definitive efficacy and safety to support regulatory approval. Important aspects of RCT designs include sample size estimations, treatment allocation, rescue, blinding, and statistical analyses of prespecified endpoints to preserve trial integrity. Over the past 15 years, significant progress has been made in the design of RCTs in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Similarly, development and validation of composite outcome measures in psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, gout, and osteoarthritis have furthered trial design and treatment approvals. RCTs in systemic lupus erythematosus and other multisystem, heterogeneous diseases pose more challenges. Trial design will continue to evolve as promising therapies are introduced into the clinic.