bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sedimentary system evolution and sandbody development characteristics of Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in the central Sichuan Basin
Authors: Liang Weiyu , Qiu Longwei , Yang Yongqiang
Published: March 2024

In order to clarify the sedimentary system evolution and sandbody development characteristics of Shaximiao Formation, this paper takes the Shaximiao Formation in the central Sichuan Basin as the research object to systematically study the sedimentary microfacies and sandbody genetic types of Shaximiao Formation by using core data, thin section analysis, logging and seismic data comprehensively. And the following research results are obtained.First, due to the gradual uplifting of the Daba Mountain and the Micang Mountain on the northeast, the Sichuan Basin was a NE-SW trending foreland basin during the sedimentation of Shaximiao Formation, the topography in the basin was wide and gentle and the ancient water system was mainly in the NE-SW direction, so the sedimentary pattern of Shaximiao Formation in the central Sichuan Basin is under the joint control of the Daba Mountain on the north and the provenance on the south.Second, glauconite minerals are common in the sandstone of the central Sichuan Basin, indicating that the depocenter of Shaximiao Formation is located in the center of the basin. Shaximiao Formation is characterized by frequent alternation of dry and wet climate, shallow and turbulent lake basin and wide and gentle terrain, and has the sedimentary background to form shallow water deltas.Third, the shallow water deltas developed in the first Member of Shahejie Formation under the condition of semi-arid climate are mostly in the shape of lobate, with a wide distribution of sedimentary facies. In the plane, they are presented as a complex of multiple lobates, sandbodies are overlapped and developed continuously, single-phase channel sandbodies are wide and river mouth bars are common.Fourth, branched distributary channel-type shallow water deltas are mainly developed in the second Member of Shahejie Formation under the condition of arid climate, and they are mostly in the shape of bird’s foot or branch. Sandbodies are distributed in strips along channels, which are narrow and cut each other. River mouth bars are only distributed at the channel end, with a small single scale.In conclusion, this paper systematically analyzes the evolution and distribution laws of sedimentary facies of Shaximiao Formation in the central Sichuan Basin and summarizes the sedimentary characteristics and sandbody development models of Shaximiao Formation.
Exploring CME - Solar Wind Interaction in Heliosphere using SWASTi framework
Authors: Mayank Prateek , Vaidya Bhargav , Mishra Wageesh , Chakrabarty Dibyendu
Published: March 2024

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are key to solar eruptions and geomagnetic storms, heavily influenced by their interaction with solar wind streams. Accurately predicting CME trajectories and impacts hinges on understanding how they evolve within ambient solar wind. Despite numerous qualitative studies, a detailed quantitative analysis of these interactions, crucial for predicting CME behavior, remains elusive, primarily due to the challenges in isolating CMEs from the solar wind.In the initial segment of the presentation, I'll introduce a newly developed MHD model, SWASTi, offering fresh insights into CME-SW interaction through simulation. Developed on the PLUTO code framework, SWASTi integrates a modified WSA relation for setting initial solar wind conditions and features two CME modules: a basic non-magnetized cone CME and an advanced flux rope CME. I'll also discuss a passive scalar tracing approach, developed for isolating CME structures in the heliosphere and analyzing their interactions with stream interaction regions.Following this, I'll delve into an in-depth analysis of CME interactions with variable ambient solar wind and the resulting effects on their evolution. Our approach involves two distinct setups: the 'real case', utilizing the standard SWASTi-CME flux rope model, and the 'synthetic case', a controlled scenario with uniform solar wind speed to examine CME behavior without SIR interference. The synthetic case, acting as a benchmark, allows us to measure the impact of solar wind variability on CME characteristics, contrasting it with findings from the real case.To conclude, the presentation will highlight our research's key outcomes, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative dimensions. These include examining the deformation of the CME front, and the evolution of thermal, kinetic, and magnetic pressures. Additionally, I will discuss the dynamic nature and implications of the drag force exerted on CMEs. We observed that the volume of CME follows a non-fractal power-law expansion over time, eventually reaching a balanced state.
Using specularity content to evaluate eight geothermal heat flow maps of Totten Glacier
Authors: Zhao Liyun , Huang Yan , Wolovick Michael , Ma Liliang , Moore John
Published: March 2024

Geothermal heat flow (GHF) is the dominant factor affecting the basal thermal regime of ice sheet dynamics. But it is poorly defined for the Antarctic ice sheet. We compare basal thermal state of the Totten Glacier catchment as simulated by eight different GHF datasets. We use a basal energy and water flow model coupled with a 3D full-Stokes ice dynamics model to estimate the basal temperature, basal friction heat and basal melting rate. In addition to the location of subglacial lakes, we use specularity content of the airborne radar returns as a two-sided constraint to discriminate between local wet or dry basal conditions and compare them with the basal state simulations with different GHF. Two medium magnitude GHF distribution maps derived from seismic modelling rank well at simulating both cold and warm bed regions, the GHFs from Shen et al. (2020) and Shapiro and Ritzwoller (2004). The best-fit simulated result shows that most of the inland bed area is frozen. Only the central inland subglacial canyon, co-located with high specularity content, reaches pressure-melting point consistently in all the eight GHFs. Modelled basal melting rates in the slow-flowing region are generally 0-5 mm yr-1 but with local maxima of 10 mm yr-1 at the central inland subglacial canyon. The fast-flowing grounded glaciers close to Totten ice shelf are lubricating their bases with melt water at rates of 10-400 mm yr-1.
Development of Watershed Simulator and Its Application in China
Authors: Xia Jun , Liu Junguo , She Dunxian , Shi Liangsheng , Zeng Sidong , Zou Lei , Zhang Yanjun , Hu Chen
Published: March 2024

The river basin is a fundamental natural unit interlinked with water, soil, air, ecology, and society, serving as a water management system for local communities. The River Basin Simulator (RBS) operates as a simulation system driven by datasets and hydrological knowledge, utilizing the technology of a digital twin basin. This paper addresses the initiative of WG1.14, specifically the Development & Application of River Basin Simulators, under Theme 1 of the HELPING program for IAHS, encompassing the goals and work plan of WG1.14. The development and applications of RBS in China, including the Yangtze River Simulator and its practical applications, are presented.Through RBS development, it can play a pivotal role in supporting the integration of natural hydrology with socio-hydrology, thereby fostering sustainable development. The initiative of WG1.14 has the potential to promote the development of tools for the digital twin basin, building a bridge from Change (Panta Rhei) to Solution (HELPING). This includes understanding hydrological processes, utilizing advanced hydrological models, and the practical application of socio-hydrology insights, supporting Theme 1 of HELPING with global and local interaction.
Large but overlooked carbon fluxes (CO2 and CH4) from excavated soils by urban development: Magnitudes, causes and possible mitigation strategies
Authors: Bae Jeehwan , Jeong Minseop , Yoo Gayoung
Published: March 2024

Globally, excavated soils are the biggest construction wastes and are simultaneously the largest carbon repositories in terrestrial ecosystems. As urbanization continues to drive underground development, handling excavated soils has gained growing importance. The reuse or transfer of excavated soils has direct and long-term effects on regional and cross-border soil carbon dynamics. Soil carbon fluxes, the second largest in terrestrial ecosystems, play a crucial role in regulating the global carbon cycle. However, quantifying carbon fluxes in excavated soils and technologies to mitigate these overlooked carbon emissions have yet to emerge in the construction sector. In our study, we quantified annual soil carbon fluxes (CO2 and CH4) at varying soil capping depths (0, 20, and 40 cm) following the reclamation of excavated soils. Additionally, we investigated the impact of biochar, a commonly utilized agricultural amendment, on soil carbon fluxes. Our findings revealed that implementing a 40 cm soil capping depth led to a substantial 20.52% reduction in CO2 flux (from 11.46 to 8.87 tonC ha-1 yr-1) and a substantial 79.58% decrease in CH4 flux (from 0.219 to 0.045 tonC ha-1 yr-1). Furthermore, the incorporation of biochar resulted in a significant reduction in annual CH4 flux, with reductions of up to 28.62% (from 0.219 to 0.157 tonC ha-1 yr-1), while no significant differences were observed in annual soil CO2 flux. In summary, our study offers essential insights into the impact of excavated soils on regional carbon cycles and proposes viable strategies for mitigating excessive soil carbon emissions within the construction sector.Keywords: urban soils, excavated soils, soil CO2 flux, soil CH4 flux, soil capping, biochar
Pc 4 Cavity mode wave frequency variation associated with inward motion of the magnetopause during interplanetary shock compression
Authors: Zhang Dianjun , Liu Wenlong , Zhang Zhao , Li Xinlin , Sarris Theodore , Goldstein Jerry , Dmitry Rezvov
Published: March 2024

A cavity mode wave, referring to a trapped or radially standing fast mode wave between different magnetospheric boundaries, has been developed in theory and reported in observation studies. In this study, we present an interplanetary shock (IPS)-induced cavity mode wave event observed outside the plasmasphere on 31 August 2017 with multispacecraft measurements. The phase delay of 90 degrees between the azimuthal electric field and compressional magnetic field indicates that the fast-mode wave triggered by the IPS is a standing wave, presumably radially trapped in the cavity between the magnetopause and plasmapause. Taking advantage of the location of VAP-B spacecraft right outside the plasmapause and the AARI ground-based high-latitude array mapped in the noon sector, it is suggested that the observed compressional wave associates to cavity mode with its inner boundary at the plasmapause and its outer boundary at the magnetopause. The peak frequency of the wavelet spectrum of the compressional magnetic field increases from 10.5 to 12.5 mHz, which is consistent with the theoretically calculated cavity eigenfrequencies before and after the IPS. We also provide the first evidence that the peak frequency of the cavity mode increases due to the inward motion of the magnetopause during IPS compression.
The Current Tension Electric Field in the Generalized Ohm's Law
Authors: Luo Lei , Xu Xiaojun , Song Liangjin , Zhou Meng , Zhou Zilu , Man Hengyan , Wang Xing , Zhang Yu , He Peishan , Yi Siqi , Li Hui
Published: March 2024

Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental physical process which allows for the explosive release of magnetic energy into thermal and kinetic energy. It underlies many dynamics phenomena in the universe, including solar eruptions, geomagnetic substorms and tokamak disruptions. In collisionless plasma, the generalized Ohm's law (GOL) introduces collisionless effects which break the frozen-in constraint and enable reconnection to occur. The term, $-(m_e/e)[(\bm{J}/en)\cdot \nabla](\bm{J}/en)$, which is one of the electron inertia terms of GOL, is referred to as the current tension electric field ($\bm{E}_{CT}$) by us due to its mathematical resemblance to magnetic tension. In many classic textbooks and review papers, $\bm{E}_{CT}$ is considered as a small quantity and thus is ignored. In this study, we present solid evidence from both theoretical studies and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations to demonstrate that $\bm{E}_{CT}$ dominates the electron inertia terms and plays important roles in providing reconnection electric field and energy dissipation in reconnection. Therefore, it should not be ignored. Based on our results, many classic textbooks in which $\bm{E}_{CT}$ has been ignored must be modified.
Global Ecosystem Restoration and Carbon Neutrality Programme
Authors: Zhang Ruiyang , Niu Shuli , Kutsch Werner L. , Yu Guirui
Published: March 2024

Currently, 25% of global terrestrial ecosystems are degraded, expected to rise by 75% by 2050, threatening 3.2 billion people worldwide. The United Nations launched “UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration” to promote restoration efforts from 2021-2030. Additionally, achieving carbon neutrality has become an international consensus to combat climate change and protect the human living environment. However, there is a lack of existing international scientific programs for ecological restoration and carbon neutrality, coupled with insufficient long-term observations and experimental data, particularly in developing countries facing ecosystem degradation and management challenges. Therefore, it is crucial to integrate global efforts and establish monitoring and assessment systems for global ecological restoration and carbon neutralization. In this talk, we will introduce the Global Ecosystem Restoration and Carbon Neutrality (Global-ERCaN) program, which aims to promote global ecosystem restoration and carbon neutrality through monitoring and assessing the restoration process, exploring changes in carbon sinks and related processes, and summarizing sustainable ecosystem management models. Global-ERCaN plans to establish international cooperation for 1) sharing carbon neutral research methods and technologies, 2) assessing the role of ecological restoration in carbon neutrality, 3) proposing management and policy options for sustainable development of degraded ecosystems, ultimately accelerating carbon neutrality goals.
Innovative financing strategies for the resilience of cultural landscapes. A literature and practice review
Authors: Salpina Dana , Casartelli Veronica , Marengo Angelica , Monteleone Letizia
Published: March 2024

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) coastal risks are projected to increase by at least one order of magnitude over the 21st century due to committed sea level rise, impacting cultural and natural heritage in coastal areas. Amidst the urgency of climate change adaptation and mitigation, which often exceeds available public budgets, there is a growing recognition of the vital role played by innovative financing strategies and business models .The existing body of knowledge on resilience financing for cultural heritage and landscapes is somewhat fragmented and primarily focuses on the conservation or reuse of the built heritage. Few studies addressed the financial strategies for productive cultural landscapes. Unlike conventional cultural heritage categories such as historical monuments, archaeological artefacts, and museum collections, productive cultural landscapes are dynamic socio-ecological systems. Consequently, their resilience demands a holistic approach that addresses not only the physical dimension but also ensures the continuity of underlying activities, such as agriculture, forestry, and fishery.As part of the  “RescueMe” project – focused on equitable resilience solutions to strengthen the link between cultural landscapes and communities – this study aims to consolidate fragmented knowledge. It seeks to provide an initial state-of-the-art overview of existing financing strategies, with a specific focus on productive cultural landscapes, such as agricultural landscapes. Based on a systematic review of existing literature, databases, and drawing insights from prior projects, this study presents a thorough review of innovative financial strategies. This encompasses economic, financial, and business models that have the potential to leverage regenerative capital investments in landscape resilience.The study reveals dominant themes and categories of financing strategies for the resilience of productive cultural landscapes. The selected innovative financial strategies will be gathered in the RescueME resilience meta-repository, to offer an integrated searchable database of solutions, elaborated jointly with the researchers from the Università di Bologna and the Conexiones improbables, with the consultation of partners representing resilience landscape laboratories (R- labscapes) of the project.The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and cultural institutions seeking to develop strategies for scaling up investments. This contribution is instrumental in navigating the complex landscape of innovative financing, providing actionable knowledge for sustainable and effective decision-making. The information available in the meta-repository will be accessible for reuse to a wide-range of stakeholders, including policymakers, researchers and practitioners.
Evaluation of Oil Source Rocks Using Temperature-dependent Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Yen-Yu , Chang Ying-Ju
Published: March 2024

Kerogen is typically categorized in three types: type I is associated with lacustrine, type II associated with marine, and type III associated with terrestrial sources, respectively. The Kerogen type is a crucial factor affecting oil-generative properties as it significantly influences the initiation and potential for hydrocarbon generation in source rocks. Geoscientists traditionally use Rock-Eval pyrolysis to determine kerogen types, maturity, and pyrolysis reaction temperature (Tmax), and calculate hydrocarbon potential, essential factors in assessing oil reserves and understanding the oil window. Such method, however, has insufficient resolution and is time-consuming. In this study, we employ a temperature-dependent infrared (IR) spectroscopy method to precisely determine kerogen type, maturity, and Tmax. Specifically, our IR spectroscopy is combined with a numerical analysis model developed for the analysis of various organic matter samples. Through measurements of the IR spectra of samples at different temperatures (Heating-FTIR), we determine the maximum sedimentary burial temperature and the pyrolysis Tmax of kerogen. By applying the conversion formula by Shibaoka & Bennett (1977), (R0)a=Ra+btI*exp(cTm), we derive a virtual vitrinite reflectance, which is strongly correlated with our IR spectroscopy results, with insights into the maturation. This Heating-FTIR technique is a valuable tool for petroleum geology, facilitating the assessment of oil potential and maturity. Future refinement of the numerical model and improvement of the instrumentation are required to apply this technique to broader fields, such as sedimentary temperature for ancient geothermal gradient with better understanding of the sedimentary history.
Climate and environmental changes during the past 1,500 years in Altai, Western Siberia, Russia: elemental geochemistry from four lake cores
Authors: Li Hong-Chun , Kuzina Dilyara , Frolova Larisa , Shen Tzu-Tsen , Misra Satabdi , Nigamatzyanova Gulnara , Yusupova Anastasiya , Nigmatullin Niyaz , Strakhovenko Vera , Nurgaliev Danis
Published: March 2024

Gravity cores of four lakes along a NE to SW transect in Altai Mountains, from Shira Lake to Manzherok Lake, to Beloye Lake and Kolyvanskoye Lake, have been precisely dated by 210Pb, 137Cs and AMS 14C methods. High-resolution measurements of TOC and TON by EA, and 0.5N HCl leaching (AL) and Aqua Regia dissolved (AR) elemental concentrations by ICPOES reveal lake productivity, salinity, pH, redox condition and surface runoff under climate change and human impact over the past 1500 years. All of the lake sediments contain high sedimentary organic matter (average TOC >5%). However, 14C dating on the TOC as well as aquatic plants show old carbon influence (OCI). In order to obtain correct chronology of the cores, it is necessary to make high-resolution 14C dating. Using the least OCI 14C ages and combing 210Pb/137Cs dating results, a reliable chronology of the sediment core can be established. The AL fraction reflects mainly changes in lake chemistry, whereas the AR fraction represents chiefly variations in terrigenous input. The AL Ca and Sr are indicators of lake salinity, alkalinity and pH, whereas the AL Mo, Fe and Al are indicators of redox condition of the lake. TOC% and C/N are proxies for lake productivity and exogenous/endogenous TOC ratio. The AL Zn and Pb concentrations shows human impact. Based on the four lake records, the climatic conditions during the past 1500 years can be identified: warm and wet during 1500~1100 cal yr BP; warm and wet during 1100~900 cal yr BP (Medieval Warm Period -- MWP); fast sedimentation rate due to strong surface runoff during 900~700 cal yr BP; cooling and drying climates during 700~500 cal yr BP; very slow sedimentation due to longer frozen surface under cold climates during 500~50 cal yr BP (Little Ice Age -- LIA).  Since AD1900, the lakes were started to resume lake productivity under warming climate with the smaller lake first, being Manzherok (0.4 km2) in AD1900, Beloye (2.97 km2) in AD1920, Kolyvanskoye (4.5 km2) in AD1940, and Shira (39 km2) in AD1950.This study is supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) (grant No.22-47-08001) to Kazan Federal University (KFU).
Simplified parameterization of GCR/SEP-produced 10Be using CCM SOCOL-AERv2-BE
Authors: Golubenko Kseniia , Rozanov Eugene , Kovaltsov Gennady , Baroni Mélanie , Sukhodolov Timofei , Usoskin Ilya
Published: March 2024

A simple parameterization of cosmogenic 10Be is presented based on the specialized SOCOL-AERv2-BE chemistry-climate model coupled with the CRAC:10Be isotope production model. The model includes all the relevant atmospheric processes and allows computing the isotope concentration at any given location and time. The full model was verified by 10Be isotope measurements in five Antarctic and Greenland ice cores for the period 1980 – 2007. The model reasonably well reproduces the average concentration and solar-cycle dependency for most observational sites but does not perfectly catch the interannual variability at sites with complex orography likely due to the too-rough model grid. This implies that the model correctly reproduces the large-scale atmospheric dynamics but effectively averages out synoptic-scale variability.  A parameterization of the full-model results is agreed with the full model within 20% in polar regions. This parameterization allows the user to make a quick estimate of near-ground 10Be concentrations based only on production rates without heavy calculations.
Asymmetric Influences of ENSO Phases on the Predictability of North Pacific Sea Surface Temperature
Authors: Hou Zhaolu , Li Jianping , Diao Yina
Published: March 2024

The North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) exerts profound climatic influence. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) significantly impacts North Pacific SST, yet the influence from ENSO’s distinct phases on SST predictability remains unclear. Overcoming model limitations, this study assesses SST predictability under diverse ENSO phases using reanalysis. Quantifying predictability limits (PL), results unveil asymmetry: El Niño PL at 5.5 months, La Niña at 8.4 months, and Neutral at 5.9 months. This asymmetry mirrors contemporary multimodal prediction skills. Error growth dynamics reveal La Niña's robust signal strength with slow error growth rate, contrasting El Niño's weaker signal and faster error growth. Neutral exhibits intermediate signal strength and elevated error growth. Physically, predictability signal strength aligns with SST variability, whereas error growth rate correlates with atmospheric-ocean heating anomalies. La Niña, inducing positive heating anomalies, minimizes atmospheric noise impact, resulting in lower error growth. The results are beneficial for improving North Pacific SST predictions.
Impact of tides and eddies on ocean energy spectra in submesoscale resolving simulations of the South Atlantic
Authors: Epke Moritz , Brüggemann Nils
Published: March 2024

Comprehending how submesoscale dynamics and their potential interplay with tides affect climate models is challenging due to their small scales and high computational demands. To address this challenge, our approach integrates modelling and observational methods. In this study, we investigate the impact of internal tides, eddies and submesoscale currents on the frequency energy spectrum of the ocean. To this end, we apply a novel simulation with telescopic grid refinement to achieve a horizontal resolution finer than 600 m over large regions of the South Atlantic. This refined resolution allows us to accurately capture submesoscale turbulence and a relatively large part of the internal wave spectrum under realistic atmospheric conditions. By comparing simulations with and without tides, we find that without tidal forcing there is significantly less energy at the high frequency end of the spectrum. Validation with mooring and Pressure Inverted Echo Sounder data sets deployed over a two year period in the Walvis Ridge region indicates that the simulation with tides is more accurate in terms of high frequency energy levels. Using an eddy tracking algorithm allows us to differentiate energy spectra within the Agulhas rings from a ring-absent background state. Within these eddies, we observe a substantial shift towards higher power spectral densities of approximately one order of magnitude across both small and large scales.
India-wide Extreme Rainfall Driven Flood Hazard Forecasting
Authors: Chakraborty Ankan , Ghosh Subimal , Karmakar Subhankar
Published: March 2024

In recent decades, the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events has increased worldwide as a result of climate change. It is necessary to set up early warning systems to enable effective disaster prevention in flood-prone areas. Despite efforts to develop modern forecasting systems for extreme precipitation, there are still problems such as low hit rates, high false alarms and spatio-temporal distortions. In particular, the crucial aspect of forecasting rainfall risk at the national level for India has not been addressed in the existing literature. In this study, an attempt is made to predict the flood hazards caused by extreme rainfall by estimating the probability of occurrence of an extreme rainfall event based on the predicted rainfall values with a certain lead time. The hazard model is based on the conditional probability of historical observed and predicted rainfall data. In applying the method in India, reliable data sources are used, including observed gridded precipitation data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and forecast precipitation from the Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) Reforecast Version 2 for the period from 1985 to 2018 (34 years). Extreme precipitation days are identified as those that exceed the 95th percentile value for a given grid. Hazard assessments are carried out at grid level for lead times of 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 days. The resulting hazard maps are consistent with the observed rainfall patterns confirmed by the recent rainfall-induced floods in India. This model gives stakeholders the ability to identify regions that are at risk in the near future (weeks). This facilitates proactive evacuation and mitigation planning prior to the occurrence of extreme rainfall events.
Response Characteristics of Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon Isotope Composition to Atmospheric Temperature and Seismic Activity in Spring Water Hydrogeochemistry
Authors: Zhou Zhihua , Ren Xiao , Zhong Jun , Feng Xiaobo
Published: March 2024

Springs offer insight into the sources and mechanisms of groundwater recharge and can be used to characterize fluid migration during earthquakes. However, few reports provide sufficient annual hydrochemical and isotopic data to compare the variation characteristics and mechanisms with both atmospheric temperature and seismic effects. As such, it is critical to obtain time series observations of stable isptopes (δ2H, δ18O and δ13CDIC) to understand the complex interactions between hydrological processes, cycle, and relationship with earthquakes. In this study, we used continuous δ2H, δ18O, δ13CDIC, and major ion data from four springs over 1 year to understand the groundwater origin, recharge sources, circulation characteristics, and coupling relationships with atmospheric temperature and earthquakes. We found that (1) the four springs are likely recharged by deep circulation of meteoric water from Bogda Mountain in the east, as well as long-distance runoff recharge from the Turpan Basin to the south. (2) atmospheric temperatures above and below 0 °C can cause significant changes in ion concentrations and water circulation depth, resulting in the mixing of fresh and old water in the aquifer, it can cause changes in δ13CDIC but it doesn’t work in δ2H and δ18O. (3) Earthquakes of magnitude ≥ 4.8 within a 66 km epicentral distance can alter fault zone characteristics (e.g., permeability) and aggravate water–rock reactions, resulting in significant changes in δ2H, δ18O, and hydrochemical ion concentrations, accompanied by limited changes in δ13CDIC. (4) Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes are the most sensitive precursory seismic indicators. The results of this study offer a reference for the establishment of long-term hydrochemical and isotopic monitoring, with the potential for use in earthquake forecasting.This work is financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42373067) and by the Science for Earthquake Resilience (grant number XH23048C).
Soil GHGs Emission response to Landuse Change in Tropics, Southwest China
Authors: Zhou Wenjun , Zhang YIping , Sha Liqing , Song Qinghai , Gao Jingo , Zheng Xunhua , Zhang Junhui , Xi Dan , Fang Yunting
Published: March 2024

To explore the response of soil greenhouse gas emissions(GHGs) from tropical forest to landuse change in Yunnan, Southwest China, we have conducted a series of studies based on the GHGs monitoring platform established since 2003 in tropical rainforest (TRF) and rubber plantation(RP). The research results indicate that 1) TRF transplanted to RP did not change the annual soil CO2 emissions (TRF, 359 ±91 and RP 352 ±41 mg CO2 m-2 h -1) but decreased soil CH4 uptake significantly (TRF, -0.11 ± -0.18 mg CH4 m -2 h -1; RP, -0.020 ± -0.087 mg CH4 m-2 h-1). (2) The most important influence on soil CO2 and CH4 emissions in the RP was the leaf area index and soil water content, respectively, whereas the soil water content, soil temperature, and dead fine roots were the most important factors in the TRF. Variations in the soil CO2 and CH4 caused by landuse transition were individually explained by soil temperature and fine root growth and decomposition, respectively. (3)  The N2O emissions from the fertilized and unfertilized plots in RP were 4.0 and 2.5 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively; Annual N2O emissions from the control and no litter input treatments were 0.48 and 0.32 kg N2O–N ha-1 year in TRF, respectively.(4) When entire land area in Xishuangbanna is considered, N2O emissions from fertilized rubber plantations offset 17.1% of the tropical rainforest’s carbon sink. The results show that if tropical rainforests are converted to fertilized rubber plantations, regional N2O emissions may enhance local climate warming. (5) And further, land use change alter the structure and sources of soil organic matter, which in turn feedback to the microbial processes involved in soil greenhouse gas production and alter the mechanisms of soil greenhouse gas emissions.(6) The 15N isotope tracing experiment used isotope tracing technology to distinguish the microbial process of N2O production in tropical rainforest soil, proving that the microbial process of N2O production in tropical rainforest soil during the dry season is a nitrification process; In the future, we will use 13C,14C and 15N isotope and qPCR to study the microbiological mechanisms of land use change on soil greenhouse gas production in the context of climate change, providing scientific basis for quantifying the underground processes of soil greenhouse gas production; Provide mechanism support for accurately estimating soil greenhouse gas emissions to achieve the dual carbon goals in the context of climate change.
Towards exact free oscillation spectra through generalised normal mode coupling
Authors: Myhill Alex , Al-Attar David
Published: March 2024

Long period free oscillation spectra provide one of the main constraints on large-scale lateral structures within the Earth’s mantle. These observations are particularly noteworthy for their direct sensitivity to density variations, which gives them the potential to resolve long-standing questions relating to the nature of the two Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces. However, due to both computational expediency and incomplete theory, there are inaccuracies within existing codes for forward modelling of free oscillation spectra. This has limited the ability of previous studies to reliably infer Earth structure using such observations.This poster outlines work on a new open-source code for modelling free oscillation spectra within laterally heterogeneous Earth models. We apply a generalised normal mode coupling method that overcomes various limitations with the traditional mode coupling approach. We account fully for the non-linear dependence of the matrix elements on density and boundary topography, and exactly solve the equations of motion. Computational costs have been minimised by using high-performance libraries, and efficient numerical linear algebra, in addition to parallelisation. Our code is also suitable for calculation of sensitivity kernels using the adjoint method. Benchmarks against current codes as well as performance benchmarks are shown to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our new method.
Unraveling the Dynamic Weakening Mechanism of Earthquake-Triggered Landslides through Vibration-Induced Frictional Sliding Instability Experiments on Granular Materials
Authors: Luo Hui , Hu Wei , Zhou Li
Published: March 2024

Purpose:Strong earthquakes with greater magnitudes and longer durations can trigger numerous landslides. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the triggering process, such as seismic waves providing additional driving force, which increases the shear stress on the sliding plane. Earthquakes may also increase pore pressure, which reduces the effective normal stress on the sliding plane. However, the mechanisms that apply to both wet and dry conditions are not fully understood. Herein, we purposed to study the seismic response and triggering mechanisms through vibration experiments on granular materials.Methods:We used a ring shear apparatus to study the mechanical behavior of granular materials under cyclic loading. 0.2-0.4 mm glass spheres (SiO2) were placed in a ring shear box, and constant normal stress and constant shear stress were applied. Then, sinusoidal cyclic shear stress with different numbers of cycles were applied respectively. The frequency of cyclic loading was 1 Hz. We used dynamic triaxial-bender tests to monitor the evolution of the shear modulus of samples under cyclic loading. The confining pressure was 300 kPa and deviatoric stress was 380 kPa, and sinusoidal cyclic dynamic loads with amplitudes of 45 kPa, a frequency of 1 Hz and a cycle number of 200 were applied. All of the experiments were under dry conditions (room humidity).Results:The dynamic ring shear experiments show that the co-vibration and post-vibration shear displacements increased with an increase in the number of cycles, and the instability of granular materials can be triggered by a larger number of cycles while the shear stress returned to the initial value after the vibration ended. The stepwise increase curves of co-vibration shear displacement show platform segments and upward segments, the platform segments corresponded to trough segments of cyclic shear stress, and the upward segments to crest segments of cyclic shear stress. The shear displacement value of each upward segment increased with the increase in the number of vibration cycles (Fig. 1). The dynamic triaxial-bender test result shows that the specimen shear modulus decreased with the increase of the number of vibration cycles, while the density decreased slightly and the axial strain increased, roughly follow a logarithmic law during vibration (Fig. 2).Conclusions:Our dynamic ring shear experimental observations suggested that it is easier to trigger landslides with longer durations of vibration, and the triggering is closely related to the weakening of shear resistance. The results suggest that the reduction of shear modulus is an important mechanism for triggering failure of earthquake-triggered landslides. We infer that the earthquake-induced decrease in shear modulus was caused by structure changes, particle rearrangement, and slipping at the scale of micro-asperities.
Enhancing Climate-Resilient Aquaculture in Yunlin County, Taiwan: A Comparative Analysis of Aquavoltaic Systems and Conventional Methods
Authors: Chen Chu-Han , Lee Meng-Hsin , Lin Hang-Yeh , Chang Fi-John
Published: March 2024

The escalating frequency of climate-related disasters underscores the imperative need for robust adaptive strategies to mitigate the impacts of extreme weather events. Crafting effective adaptive solutions, however, presents a formidable challenge. This research investigates the potential of aquavoltaic systems to enhance adaptive capacity and promote low-carbon production in fishing villages grappling with climate change. Focused on clam farming in Yunlin County, Taiwan, our study builds innovative Water-Energy-Food-Land-Climate (W-E-F-L-C) Nexus models using system dynamics (SD) techniques to compare the synergistic benefits and resource utilization efficiency between aquavoltaic systems and conventional aquacultural methods. This study meticulously catalogues factors from SD models and incorporates them into a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) to scrutinize the environmental impacts of both aquavoltaic and conventional systems. Carbon emission data is rigorously calculated by LCA, revealing the carbon emissions flow resulting from interactions between these factors.Additionally, this study conducts a scenario analysis to gain insight into how aquavoltaic and conventional aquacultural systems respond to key influencing factors such as temperature and rainfall. Our findings underscore that elevated temperatures and intensified rainfall significantly impact conventional clam farming compared to the aquavoltaic system. Aquavoltaics emerges as a robust and viable mechanism for aquaculture in the face of capricious weather conditions. Particularly noteworthy is the effectiveness of solar panels in intercepting and diverting rainwater during heavy rainfall in summer, reducing the risk of diluting pond water and thereby stabilize water quality. The shading effect induced by photovoltaic installations also contributes to moderating water temperatures, especially under direct sunlight. By synergizing physical mechanisms with advanced simulation techniques, this study propels toward a more efficient and resilient paradigm in aquaculture. Aquavoltaics demonstrate promising potential for sustainable and low-carbon production as well as promoting the resilience of fishing villages. This study not only illuminates the intricate dynamics of climate-resilient aquaculture but also stands as a milestone for the development of sustainable aquaculture practices.
Straight-moving tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific trigger the wave trains over the North Pacific during winter
Authors: Ma Shuaiqiong , Pang Bo , Lu Riyu , Zhou Xingyan
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the large-scale circulation anomalies induced by straight-moving tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP) during winter. Corresponding to the straight-moving TCs, a quasi-stationary wave train is excited as alternative geopotential height anomalies in the upper troposphere stretching from East Asia to the North Pacific. Specifically, the anomalous anticyclones are initially formed over East Asia to the north of TCs and then lead to the subsequent anomalies in the downstream areas. Further analysis reveals that the upper-level anticyclonic anomalies are excited by negative Rossby wave sources, which are mainly attributed to the poleward vorticity advection by anomalous divergence relevant to TCs. In addition, the diagnosis indicates that the generation of wave source is caused by the product of the TC-induced divergent flows and the prominent meridional vorticity gradient in association with East Asian upper-tropospheric westerly jet. The above processes differ from the recurving TCs in summer and autumn, which undergo extratropical transition when they move northward into the mid latitude. These findings imply that the tropical disturbances over the WNP, such as straight-moving TCs, can remotely affect weather over the extratropics, and thus have implications for improving the weather forecast over the extratropics through improving tropical disturbance forecast. 
Consistent inter-model spread of extratropical westerly jet meridional positions in CMIP6 models between the northern and southern hemispheres in boreal winter
Authors: Tang Li , Lu Riyu , Lin Zhongda
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the inter-model spread of extratropical westerly jets between 52 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) models in boreal winter. The results show that there is a substantial spread in latitude of upper-tropospheric westerly jet between models, characterized by large inter-model standard deviations to the poleward and equatorward of jet axis, although the multi-model ensemble mean (MME) of the models performs well in simulating meridional position of westerly jets. Furthermore, we detect the consistency of inter-model jet position spread between the northern and southern hemispheres, based on the inter-model empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition and correlation of regional-averaged zonal winds. Specifically, the models that simulate the westerly jets poleward/equatorward than MME position in one hemisphere tend to also simulate the jets poleward/equatorward in the other hemisphere. Accordingly, we define a global jet spread index to depict the concurrence of jet shift in the two hemispheres. The results of regression analyses based on this index indicate that the models positioning the jets poleward than MME tend to simulate a wider Hadley Cell, a poleward-shifted Ferrel Cell in the southern hemisphere, and a wider intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Finally, the inter-model spread of ITCZ width is mainly determined by the spread of convective precipitations between the models, implying that different convection parameterization schemes may play a crucial role in inducing the inter-model spread of extratropical westerly jets and the concurrence of meridional jet shift in the two hemispheres.
A workflow for the Climate Digital Twin
Authors: Gaya-Àvila Aina , Arriola i Meikle Leo , Roura Adserias Francesc , De Paula Kinoshita Bruno , Beltrán Mora Daniel , Ahmed Rohan , Andrés-Martínez Miguel , Castrillo Miguel
Published: March 2024

The escalating intricacy of climate models and the demand for high-resolution temporal and spatial data need the development of advanced workflows to effectively manage the complexities associated with a Climate Digital Twin. The designed workflow, tailored to meet these challenges, is model-agnostic, allowing for simulations across various models, such as IFS-NEMO, IFS-FESOM, and ICON. Notably, its adaptability extends to diverse High-Performance Computing environments, facilitated by the containerization of data consumers. A user-friendly configuration structure is implemented, providing scientists with a simplified interface that conceals the inherent complexity of the model during simulations. Additionally, the workflow includes immediate and continuous data processing, promoting scalability in temporal and spatial resolution. This approach ensures the efficient handling of intricate climate models, meeting the demands for high-resolution temporal and spatial data, while enhancing user accessibility and adaptability across different computational environments. Furthermore, the workflow, which uses Autosubmit as the workflow manager, ensures the traceability and reproducibility of the experiments, allowing for the tracking of processes and ensuring the ability to reproduce results accurately. Finally, the workflow allows for the aggregation of tasks into larger jobs, reducing queue times on shared machines and optimizing resource usage.
Soil zymography: a decade in microbial hotspot imaging and future challenges
Authors: Bilyera Nataliya , Kuzyakov Yakov
Published: March 2024

Soil zymography represents a non-invasive methodology facilitating the in situ visualization and localization of potential enzyme activities in soil. Due to universality and simplicity of zymography method, it has been widely used to visualize the hidden microbial and root life in soil, which is a very heterogeneous and “dark” environment.Following the pioneering use of fluorogenic substrates for enzyme activity visualization in soil, a significant methodological advancement occurred within the subsequent decade. Our primary focus is to highlight the progress in the last 10 years, with respect to the spectrum of enzyme activity imaging, zymography resolution, standardization and hotspot identification. Specifically, we emphasize the integration of zymography with the visualization of soil acidification, root exudation, pore distribution, nutrient and water movements. Although the majority of applications so far have centered on enzyme activities in the rhizosphere to reveal plant-soil-microbial interactions, we present the case studies to identify soil heterogeneity and microbial activity also in biopores, detritusphere and other hotspots.We present not only the advancements made but also the current possibilities, challenges, and the potential directions of soil zymography. This technique finds applications across natural and agricultural ecosystems, both in field settings and laboratory studies, capable of scaling from the entire root system (dm) down to microbial communities (μm).In the decade ahead, the future of enzyme research, particularly zymography imaging, will continue to broaden the scope of microbial studies and hotspot localization. This expansion will involve integrating with disciplines such as (bio)chemical, physico-chemical, microbial cell imaging, and isotope applications, facilitating a deeper understanding of soil processes and microbial interactions.