bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Freshwater Hydrobiid, cf. the Squat Duskysnail, Lyogyrus granum (Mollusca), Widespread in the Hampton Marsh, New Brunswick
Authors: McAlpine Donald F. , Maillet Rachel H. , Albert Andrew J. , Crossman Laura M. , Smith Rebecca R. , Martel André L.
Published: January 2017

In Canada, the Squat Duskysnail, Lyogyrus granum, is an apparently rare freshwater hydrobiid. We document putative L. granum to be widespread throughout the Hampton Marsh, New Brunswick, with densities sometimes exceeding 150 snails/m2 on substrates ranging from vegetated organic detritus over mud, to sparsely-vegetated cobble/sand lakeshore. That our identification of L. granum from Hampton Marsh remains tentative, in spite of large samples, emphasizes the need for detailed taxonomic study of any putative L. granum populations in Canada. Such study will be necessary before the true conservation status can be determined for this and any related taxa, as yet unrecognized in Canadian material.
Translocation and Recovery Efforts for the Telkwa Caribou, Rangifer tarandus caribou, Herd in Westcentral British Columbia, 1997-2005
Authors: Stronen Astrid Vik , Paquet Paul , Herrero Stephen , Sharpe Seán , Waters Nigel
Published: January 2017

During 1997–1999, 32 Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) were translocated from the Sustut Herd to the Telkwa Mountains in westcentral British Columbia to augment recovery of the Telkwa Caribou Herd. The animals were fitted with radiocollars and located during 1997–2000 to determine selection of habitat features and terrain variables. Six Caribou calves were also collared to determine causes and timing of calf mortality during summer 1999. Defining available habitat for newly translocated animals is often arbitrary and subjective, and we based the analyses on ranks for habitat use and availability as this is less sensitive to the inclusion or exclusion of a questionable resource. This method represents some loss of information but provides indications of the relative importance of various habitat types without classifying any as avoided. High elevation habitat (> 1700 masl) on moderate slopes (16 – 45°) received the highest ranks, as did “warm” (136 – 315°) aspects and forests > 250 years old. Three calves died shortly after birth. One calf appeared to have been killed by predation, likely by a Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and one calf was abandoned by the cow. Cause of death for the third calf is unknown. To assess habitat use associated with calving we compared summer locations with data obtained throughout the rest of 1999 for eight cows with calves and eight without calves. We found significant difference in use of elevation during calving time, when cows with calves remained at high elevations and barren cows generally descended to lower elevation habitat. Surveys conducted in 2005, five years after the completion of the initial study, produced a count of approximately 90 Caribou. This suggests that in the short term, the translocation was successful in re-establishing a self-sustaining Caribou population in the Telkwa Mountains.
Northern Long-eared Bat, Myotis septentrionalis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), on Prince Edward Island: First Records of Occurrence and Over-Wintering
Authors: Brown Jennifer A. , McAlpine Donald F. , Curley Rosemary
Published: January 2017

First occurrence of the Northern Long-eared Bat, Myotis septentrionalis, on Prince Edward Island is reported. A mixed-species hibernaculum of M. septentrionalis and the Little Brown Bat, M. lucifugus, is also described from southeastern Prince Edward Island. This is the first record of bats over-wintering in the province and the first time either species has been reported making use of a building as a hibernaculum.
Correlation Between Age Estimates for Elk, Cervus Elaphus, Using Tooth Wear/Eruption Patterns and Counts of Annuli in Tooth Cementum
Authors: Rosatte Rick , Silver Andrew , Gibson Mark , Chisholm Bruce , Cool Norm
Published: January 2017

Two different techniques, (1) tooth wear, tooth eruption patterns and other attributes and (2) counting annuli and seasonal growth zones in the cementum of incisor teeth, were used to estimate the age of Elk, Cervus elaphus, that were relocated from Alberta to Ontario, Canada. Age estimates for Elk ranged from 2 to 20 years, and a significant relationship was found between the ages acquired by the two methods. Critical to acquiring accurate age estimates for Elk were staff with extensive skill with respect to the aging technique utilized.
Depredation of Common Eider, Somateria mollissima, Nests on a Central Beaufort Sea Barrier Island: A Case Where No One Wins
Authors: Reed John A. , Lacroix Deborah L. , Flint Paul L.
Published: January 2017

Along the central Beaufort Sea, Pacific Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima v-nigra) nest on unvegetated, barrier islands; often near nesting Glaucous Gulls (Larus hyperboreus). Nest-site choice likely reflects a strategy of predator avoidance: nesting on islands to avoid mammalian predators and near territorial gulls to avoid other avian predators. We observed a nesting colony of Common Eiders from first nest initiation through nesting termination on Egg Island near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska (2002 – 2003). Resident gulls depredated many eider nests, mostly during initiation. All nests failed when an Arctic Fox (Alopex lagopus) visited the island and flushed hens from their nests, exposing the eggs to depredation by the fox and gulls (resident and non-resident). Common Eiders actively defended nests from gulls, but not from foxes. Likely all three species (i.e., eiders, gulls, and foxes) ultimately achieved negligible benefit from their nest-site selection or predatory activity: (a) island nesting provided no safety from mammalian predators for eiders or gulls, (b) for Common Eiders, nesting near gulls increased egg loss, (c) for Glaucous Gulls, nesting near colonial eiders may have reduced nest success by attracting the fox, and (d) for Arctic Foxes, the depredation was of questionable value, as most eggs were cached and probably not recoverable (due to damage from fall storms). Thus, the predator-prey interactions we observed appear to be a case where little or no fitness advantage was realized by any of the species involved.
A River Otter's, Lontra canadensis, Capture of a Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus, in British Columbia's Gulf Island Waters
Authors: Price Michael H. H. , Aries Clare E.
Published: January 2017

Direct and apparent predation events by River Otters (Lontra canadensis) on birds have been recorded on marine islands and freshwater lakes. We add to this the first known observation of a River Otter capturing a marine bird on the ocean.
Winter Occurrences of Ivory Gulls, Pagophila eburnea, in Inland Labrador
Authors: Chubbs Tony E. , Phillips Frank R.
Published: January 2017

Ivory Gulls were observed during winter on three occasions up to 325 km inland from open coastal water, feeding on Caribou carcasses in inland Labrador. Other recent observations in central Labrador are also noted.
The Punctual Bufflehead, Bucephala albeola: Autumn Arrivals in Shoal Harbour Sanctuary, Vancouver Island, in Relation to Freeze-up
Authors: Finley James K.
Published: January 2017

Buffleheads are punctual in their return to wintering grounds on the Pacific coast. First arrivals appeared in Shoal Harbour Migratory Bird Sanctuary, southeastern Vancouver Island, on the 288th day of the year on average (± S.D. 2.3; n = 10), that is, 15 October. This vanguard preceded the first peak influx by about 15–20 days, and a second influx by about 24–26 days. First arrivals usually appeared by mid-morning, and included singles (females on two occasions) and small flocks of up to eight. First arrivals may represent a photoperiodic threshold, whereas subsequent peak influxes represent climatic thresholds associated with freeze-up. The phenology of Bufflehead autumn migrations is a good proxy indicator of the advance of the zero degree isotherm, and thus of climatic variability. The timing of their autumn migrations does not appear to have changed in the last half of the twentieth century, consistent with evidence that freeze-up has not advanced. Monitoring of their migrations, in conjunction with shore-based observations of freeze-up, would validate one-dimensional thermodynamic models of freeze-up, and provide a more ecologically meaningful index of climate change, at minimal cost.
Biologie et situation de la Lamproie du Nord, Ichthyomyzon fossor, au Québec
Authors: Fortin Christian , Ouellet Martin , Cartier Isabelle , Banville Daniel , Renaud Claude B.
Published: January 2017

La Lamproie du Nord est une espèce propre à l’Amérique du Nord et elle ne se rencontre, au Québec, que dans l’extrême sud de la province. Cette lamproie a été observée dans le fleuve Saint-Laurent ainsi que dans 11 de ses tributaires. Elle aurait disparu de la rivière Yamaska où elle avait été recensée entre 1946 et 1959. Poisson non parasite, sa taille au stade adulte ne dépasse habituellement pas 160 mm. Les larves, appelées ammocètes, et les adultes ne se retrouvent qu’en eau douce. Les cours d’eau utilisés sont généralement des ruisseaux et des rivières à fond graveleux ou sablonneux. La Lamproie du Nord requiert deux habitats distincts, soit un pour les adultes reproducteurs et un autre, le long du même cours d’eau, pour le développement des ammocètes. La détérioration de l’habitat et la pollution des eaux représentent les principales menaces à la survie des lamproies. La faible fécondité et la mobilité réduite de la Lamproie du Nord font en sorte que cette espèce est peu adaptable aux modifications de son environnement.The Northern Brook Lamprey is endemic to North America. In Quebec, it is restricted to the southernmost part of the province. This lamprey is known from the St. Lawrence River as well as in 11 of its tributaries. It appears to have been extirpated from the Yamaska River where it was collected between 1946 and 1959. It is a nonparasitic fish and its adult size does not usually exceed 160 mm. Larvae, called ammocoetes, and adults are found only in fresh water. Watercourses where it occurs are generally streams and rivers with gravel or sandy bottoms. The Northern Brook Lamprey requires two types of habitats during its life cycle, one for spawning adults and one, along the same watercourse, for the developing ammocoete. Habitat degradation and water pollution are the major threats to the survival of lampreys. The low fecundity and low dispersal abilities of the Northern Brook Lamprey make this species poorly adapted to withstand changes in its environment.
Seasonal Variation in Sex Ratios Provides Developmental Advantages in White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus
Authors: Saalfeld Sarah T. , Ditchkoff Stephen S. , Ozoga John J. , Mitchell Michael S.
Published: January 2017

Since Trivers and Willard first proposed their hypothesis concerning the adaptive advantages of producing a particular offspring sex in relation to maternal condition in 1973, it has been at the forefront of scientific research concerning sex ratios with most subsequent studies focusing on maternal condition as a key contributor to variations in sex ratios. Another factor that could greatly influence sex ratios, although has been only infrequently examined in mammalian species, is birth date. We investigated how birth date influenced offspring sex ratios in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Since date of birth can greatly influence an individual’s fitness and reproductive success, we suggest that birth date may be an alternative strategy in determining offspring sex ratios. Since it has been shown that the lifetime reproductive fitness of a mother can be increased by producing a particular sex during a particular time, we hypothesized that more male offspring should be born earlier in the season due to their increased reproductive potential from being born at this time. Offspring born earlier will have a head start in development and therefore have greater potential for increased body size and dominance later in life, traits that greatly influence male reproductive success. In this study, we found that maternal condition did not affect offspring sex ratio in a captive population of White-tailed Deer in Michigan; however, birth date did. We found that more males tended to be born during the second and fourth birthing periods, while more females were born during the first, third and fifth periods. In addition, we found that males born earlier in the season had greater mass the following spring than those born later, a trend that was not as dramatic in females. These results lend moderate support to our hypothesis that in White-tailed Deer offspring sex will tend to vary according to timing of birth and relative reproductive advantages gained by a particular sex being born at that time.
Attempt to Cross-Foster Gray Wolf, Canis lupus, Pups into Another Wolf Pack
Authors: Schultz Ronald N. , Wydeven Adrian P. , Winn Linda S. , Buller Sheri A.
Published: January 2017

We attempted to cross-foster four 18-19 week-old Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) pups into another Wolf pack 182 km from their natal pack territory. The pup introduction was the result of depredation control on a farm in northwestern Wisconsin. Three pups died within 14 days of release. A fourth pup survived along the edge of the new pack territory over winter, dispersed in the spring, joined or formed a new pack and was captured on a depredation complaint four years later.
Lesser Snow Geese, Chen caerulescens caerulescens, and Ross's Geese, Chen rossii, of Jenny Lind Island, Nunavut
Authors: Kerbes Richard H. , Meeres Katherine M. , Hines James E. , Kay David G.
Published: January 2017

We surveyed the Lesser Snow (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) and Ross’s geese (Chen rossii) of Jenny Lind Island, Nunavut, using aerial photography in June 1988, 1998, and 2006, and a visual helicopter transect survey in July 1990. The estimated number of nesting geese was 39 154 ± SE 2238 in 1988, 19 253 ± 2323 in 1998, and 21 572 ± 1898 in 2006. In 1988 an estimated 2.7% of the nesting geese were Ross’s. The July 1990 population of adult-plumaged birds was 25 020 ± 3114. The estimated percentage blue morph among Snow and Ross’s geese was 19.0% in 1988, 25.1% in 1989, 23.0% in 1990 and 21.1% in 2006. Estimated pre-fledged Snow Goose productivity was 47% young in 1989 and 46% in 1990. Combined numbers of Snow and Ross’s geese on Jenny Lind Island grew over 250 fold, from 210 adults in 1962-1966 to 54 100 adults in 1985. Numbers subsequently declined, to 42 200 in 1988, 25 000 in 1990, 20 300 in 1998, and 26 400 in 2006. Population decline between 1985 and 1990 was consistent with anecdotal reports by others that die-offs of Snow Geese occurred in 1984, 1985 and 1989, and with our August 1989 fieldwork which found evidence of habitat degradation and malnourishment of young geese. In spite of limited food resources on Jenny Lind Island, the colony continued to exist in 2006 at near its 1990 and 1998 levels. Further studies there could provide insights for management of the overabundant mid-continent Snow Goose population and its arctic habitats.
Nocturnal Behavior of the Common Loon, Gavia immer
Authors: Paruk James D.
Published: January 2017

Very little is known about nocturnal activity of Common Loons (Gavia immer). Knowledge of both diurnal and nocturnal behavior is needed to gain a complete understanding of their ecology. I used night vision light intensifiers to observe nocturnal behaviors of Common Loons. Results were consistent with the hypothesis that, as visual predators, loons would not forage at night and also that they would spend the majority of their time resting (92%). Loons, however, were just as active locomoting (patrolling) during the night as they were during the day. This suggests daily energy budgets need to be reexamined to incorporate this overlooked aspect of loon behavior. Lastly, loons on large lakes with multiple loon territories spent more time locomoting than loons on lakes that had just a single pair.
Canada Lynx, Lynx canadensis, Use of the Chignecto Isthmus and the Possibility of Gene Flow between Populations in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
Authors: MacKinnon Colin M. , Kennedy Andrew C.
Published: January 2017

An observation of tracks made by Canada Lynx on the Chignecto Isthmus supports assumed use of this area between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia as a potential wildlife corridor. Use of the isthmus by lynx may facilitate gene flow between otherwise geographically separate populations in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
Rumen Papillae Morphology of Mule Deer, Odocoileus hemionus, and White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, from East-central Alberta
Authors: Kuzyk Gerald W. , Hudson Robert J.
Published: January 2017

Using hunter-harvested deer in the fall of 2003, we compared ruminal papillae density, length, width, surface enlargement factor (SEF) and reticular cell diameter between sympatric Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and White-tailed Deer (O. virginianus), and between age-gender classes within each species. There was no difference in papillae morphology or reticular cell diameter between Mule Deer and White-tailed does or bucks or between any age-gender comparisons within species. Female Mule Deer fawns had larger reticular cell diameters than White-tailed Deer fawns, and male Mule Deer fawns had higher papillae density and larger reticular cell diameters than male White-tailed Deer fawns. Papillae widths of male White-tailed Deer fawns were greater than those of male Mule Deer fawns. Comparisons of papillae morphology between Mule Deer and White-tailed Deer sampled during late fall suggests adults of these species may respond similarly to forage quality, but species differences may be evident in fawns.
Errata: 121(1) pg 96 and 122(1) pg 40
Authors: Cook Francis R.
Published: January 2017

Errata The Canadian Field-Naturalist 121(1): 96In “A tribute to Neal Philip Perry Simon 1973-2006”First paragraph, seventh line, “where he resided since 1988Should read “where he resided since 1998”Errata The Canadian Field-Naturalist 122(1): 40In “Repeatability of foraging tactics in young trout, Salvelinus fontanalis”The “present address” given for Peter A. Biros as the University of Alberta is in error as he will be remaining in Australia in order to accept an Australian Research Council Award for 5-6 years of dedicated research time.
A Survey of Lichens and Bryophytes in White Spruce, Picea glauca, Tree Islands on a Calcareous Beach Ridge in Northeastern Manitoba
Authors: Piercey-Normore Michele D.
Published: January 2017

Studies on the diversity of lichens and bryophytes in northern ecosystems have focused on open tundra and boreal forests. Krummholz tree islands have received little attention. This study examined species’ diversity of lichens and bryophytes among islands of White Spruce trees in northern Manitoba. Thirty-three species were found in the tree islands with 11 additional species forming the understorey layer. The trees were dominated by epiphytic lichens and the understorey was dominated by pleurocarpous mosses. The most common lichens were widespread species. Rare lichens in the study area included Protopannaria pezizoides and Alectoria nigricans growing in the shaded interior of the tree islands. The age and density of the tree islands may produce habitat conditions different from those in mature White Spruce boreal forests. Comparative studies between White Spruce krummholz and other White Spruce stands are needed.
Winter Predation by River Otter, Lontra canadensis, on Tautog, Tautoga onitis, at Western Arm Jeddore Harbour, Halifax County, Nova Scotia, Canada, with a Review of Evidence for Resident Relict Populations of the Tautog in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
Authors: Gilhen John , Aaboe Kim
Published: January 2017

We report winter predation by River Otter, Lontra canadensis, on Tautog, Tautoga onitis, a southern marine fish, at Western Arm Jeddore Harbour, Halifax County, Nova Scotia (44°46'N, 63°03'W), on 17 February 2008. We also discuss the distribution of Tautog in the western Atlantic Ocean, review Canadian records, and provide evidence that resident relict populations of this fish exist in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
Diurnal Above-ground Movement in Hairy-tailed Moles, Parascalops breweri
Authors: Fraser Erin E. , Miller Johnston F.
Published: January 2017

We report the first record of Hairy-tailed Moles (Parascalops breweri) moving above ground during the day and suggest that the four individuals observed were young-of-the-year dispersing from their natal territories. Extreme drought conditions may also have driven these animals to move above ground.
A Range Extension of the Atlantic Silverside, Menidia menidia, to Coastal Waters of Southwestern Newfoundland
Authors: Sargent Philip S. , Methven D. A. , Hooper Robert G. , McKenzie Cynthia H.
Published: January 2017

Previous literature documents Atlantic Silverside, Menidia menidia, as occurring from the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence to northeastern Florida. Beach seining in St. George’s Bay, Newfoundland, revealed the presence of this species in coastal waters of southwestern Newfoundland. This is the first documented report of M. menidia in Newfoundland waters. This report extends the range of this species north of the Laurentian Channel, a significant biogeographic barrier to small coastal fishes. All M. menidia collected were young-of-the-year, less than 90 mm SL (Standard Length). These fish may be representative of a larger relict population originating from the Mid-Hypsithermal Interval (7000 years ago) that spawn in St. George’s Bay and migrate offshore for winter. Alternatively, these M. menidia may be survivors of a more southern spawning population carried northward by ocean currents.
Dynamics of Peripheral Populations of Great Basin Pocket Mice, Perognathus parvus, and Western Harvest Mice, Reithrodontomys megalotis, in Southern British Columbia
Authors: Sullivan Thomas P. , Sullivan Druscilla S.
Published: January 2017

The Great Basin Pocket Mouse (Perognathus parvus) and Western Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis) are two peripheral species occurring in the southern Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canada. Both species are listed as vulnerable to extirpation because of habitat loss, primarily due to conversion of natural habitat to agricultural uses and suburban expansion. Population dynamics of these two species were studied in three habitat types: old field, sagebrush, and pine forest. The Great Basin Pocket Mouse occurred at densities ranging from 12 to 28/ha in sagebrush habitats and at 2-8/ha in old fields and Ponderosa Pine forest. The Western Harvest Mouse occurred at variable densities up to 10/ha in old fields and up to 5/ha in sagebrush habitats. Mean number of lactating females for Great Basin Pocket Mice ranged from 4-8 in sagebrush, 1-5 in old fields and pine forests combined. Mean juvenile survival to adulthood ranged from 3.28 young Great Basin Pocket Mice per pregnant female in sagebrush, 4.67 in old field, and 1.82 in pine forest habitats. Mean juvenile survival to adulthood of Western Harvest Mice ranged from 1.46-1.72 young per female in old field and sagebrush habitats. Conservation of habitat features (high biomass and structural diversity of grasses and forbs) in linear habitats has the potential to maintain populations of Western Harvest Mice. The Great Basin Pocket Mouse needs features of sagebrush and old field habitats that need to be conserved as natural non-linear components in mosaics of natural and anthropogenic habitats. Both species could act as “indicators” of habitat integrity for a wide range of other vertebrate, invertebrate, and plant species in the Okanagan Valley.
Multi-scale Cover Selection by White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in an Agro-forested Landscape
Authors: Hiller Tim L. , Campa Henry , Winterstein Scott R.
Published: January 2017

Resource selection studies are commonly conducted at a single spatial scale, but this likely does not fully or accurately assess the hierarchical selection process used by animals. We used a multi-spatial scale approach to quantify White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) cover selection in south-central Michigan during 2004–2006 by varying definitions of use and availability and ranking the relative importance of cover types under each study design. The number of cover types assigned as selected (proportional use > proportional availability) decreased from coarse (landscape level) to fine (within home range) scales, although at finer scales, selection seemed to be more consistent. Although the relative importance changed substantially across spatial scales, two cover types (conifers, upland deciduous forests) were consistently ranked as the two most important, providing strong evidence of their value to deer in the study area. Testing for resource selection patterns using a multi-spatial scale approach would provide additional insight into the ecology and behavior of a particular species.
The Distribution of the Plains Spadefoot, Spea bombifrons, in Relation to Soil Type in Southwestern Manitoba
Authors: Preston William B.
Published: January 2017

The distribution of the Plains Spadefoot, Spea bombifrons, in southwestern Manitoba appears to be determined by soil type. Preference is shown for coarse textured to moderately textured soils, followed by medium textured soils. Drainage appeared to be less important in regard to distribution.
Complete Albinism in a Northern Red-backed Vole, Myodes rutilus, in Alaska
Authors: Whitman Jackson S.
Published: January 2017

During a study of small mammal abundance and species composition in interior Alaska, I collected a Northern Red-backed Vole (Myodes rutilus) showing complete albinism. This report documents that extremely rare occurrence, with notes on habitat and morphometrics.
Dragonflies (Odonata) Emerging from Brackish Pools in Saltmarshes of Gaspé, Quebec
Authors: Catling Paul M.
Published: January 2017

Enallagma hageni, Lestes disjunctus, Sympetrum costiferum, Sympetrum danae, Sympetrum internum, and Sympetrum obtrusum were observed emerging from brackish pools with an overall salinity range of 6.0-17.3 ppt in three saltmarshes in Gaspé, Quebec. Lestes congener, Libellula quadrimaculata, and species of Sympetrum were prominent among the larvae in these pools.
The Ecology of Red Foxes, Vulpes vulpes, in Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario: Disease Management Implications
Authors: Rosatte Rick , Allan Mike
Published: January 2017

During 1989-1992, 33 Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were fitted with radio-collars in metropolitan Toronto to study their behaviour which would provide data to assist with the design of a rabies control strategy for urban areas of Ontario. Annual home range size for adult foxes (avg = 325 ha, SD = 207) was significantly larger than that of juvenile foxes (avg = 165 ha, SD = 176), but we could not detect any seasonal differences in home range size for foxes. Mean (SD) nightly ranges were 38.3 ha (48.3) in spring, 97.4 ha (115.4) in summer, 26.8 ha (28.5) in fall, and 16.3 ha (13.6) in winter. Movements by foxes during the period from June to November averaged 3.5 km (2.89). Eleven of the foxes were known to have dispersed (? 3 km from their home range), but we could not detect a mean direction of dispersal. Thirty-six percent (4/11) of the foxes dispersed in December and 18% (2/11) dispersed in August, with the remainder dispersing between February and November. Average dispersal distance was 19.3 km (15.6), and a significant negative correlation was detected between initial home range size and dispersal distance of foxes. Mortality of radio-collared foxes was caused by collisions with automobiles, predation, and shooting. Foxes made extensive use of ravines and other greenbelt areas, such as parks and golf courses. Residential areas were also used by some foxes. Knowledge of the habitats frequented by foxes as well as their movement potential assisted researchers in determining where vaccine baits should be placed for the control of rabies in Red Foxes in metropolitan Toronto.
Wolf, Canis lupus, Avoidance Behaviour of American Elk, Cervus elaphus, in Jasper National Park, Alberta
Authors: Dekker Dick , Slatter Greg
Published: January 2017

An American Elk calf (Cervus elaphus) that was captured near human habitation in Jasper National Park, Alberta, was fitted with a radio-collar and released 40 km away in the park's main valley of the Athabasca River. The calf joined a local herd of elk, and its radio signal revealed that the elk, in two months' time, travelled eight times back and forth between the herd's traditional semi-open winter range at Devona and a largely wooded area at Rocky River >3 km away. Each time, on their trans-valley route the elk crossed a busy highway, a railway, and a partly frozen river. Sightings of elk and Wolves (Canis lupus) were inversely correlated on 97 days of observation at Devona. We conclude that the elk's migrations were prompted by their urge to avoid and flee from Wolves, which were common at both locations.
Vascular Plant Diversity in Burned and Unburned Alvar Woodland: More Evidence of the Importance of Disturbance to Biodiversity and Conservation
Authors: Catling Paul
Published: January 2017

Vascular plant biodiversity was compared in an unburned semi-open alvar woodland dominated by conifers and an equivalent woodland that had burned nine years previously and had developed into a long-lasting successional shrubland. The comparison, based on 30 quadrats 1 m2 at each of two sites, revealed less than 25% similarity in the vegetation cover of the two sites. The successional alvar shrubland that developed following fire had twice as many species and more regionally rare species than the corresponding woodland site. The shrubland also had higher values for various biodiversity measures that take heterogeneity and evenness into account. These data provide additional evidence for the importance of fire and disturbance in the creation of successional habitat upon which biodiversity depends. A cautious use of fire in management of alvars is supported.
Standing-Over in Captive Coywolves, Canis latrans × lycaon
Authors: Way Jonathan G.
Published: January 2017

I documented standing-over behavior in a captive Coywolf (Canis latrans × lycaon, Eastern Coyote) pack from April 2002 to October 2003. Standing-over involves an individual positioning its inguinal area over a recumbent (i.e., lying) individual's head. While all five Coywolves in my study pack performed standing-over, the dominant female was responsible for the vast majority. Thus, standing-over appears to be primarily female-oriented, as has previously been reported for Wolves, Canis lupus, and may involve two functions: (1) to advertise the reproductive state of the animal doing the standing-over and (2) to assert dominance via a low-intensity agonistic interaction.
Apparent Continuing Expansion in the Range of the Gray Treefrog, Hyla versicolor, in New Brunswick
Authors: McAlpine Donald F. , Pratt Joseph D. H. , Terhune John H.
Published: January 2017

Recent observations of the Gray Treefrog, Hyla versicolor, in the Maritimes suggest that this species may be expanding its range and abundance, perhaps partly in response to human activities. However, during the breeding season the species characteristically calls in very small choruses in the region and may be present but not call, or call for very short periods. This has made it difficult to determine distribution and to make an assessment of unconfirmed historic records that suggest presence beyond the current range more than 50 years ago. The inadvertent introduction of frogs may also be playing a role in the apparent recent range expansion of this species.
Recent Range Expansion of Ruffed Grouse, Bonasa umbellus, in Labrador
Authors: Chubbs Tony E. , Phillips Frank R.
Published: January 2017

The recent distribution of Ruffed Grouse, Bonasa umbellus, has not been documented in Labrador. Here we provide new records, extending northward the known contiguous distribution by 100 to 150 km, and identify three new, possibly discrete, populations.
Aerial Surveys Do Not Reliably Survey Boreal-nesting Shorebirds
Authors: Elliott Kyle H. , Smith Paul A. , Johnston Victoria H.
Published: January 2017

Aerial surveys have been used as a method for surveying boreal-nesting shorebirds, which breed in difficult-to-access terrain; however, the fraction of breeding birds observed from the air is unknown. We investigated rates of detection by conducting simultaneous air and ground surveys for shorebirds at three sites in the boreal forest of the Northwest Territories, Canada, in 2007. Helicopter surveys included both pond-based surveys where the helicopter flew around the perimeter of each wetland and transect-based surveys where observers recorded birds seen on line transects. Ground surveys involved intensive observation, territory mapping and nest searching in 5 km2 of plots over a period of 5-6 weeks. Shorebird densities observed from the helicopter were highest near large bodies of water. No shorebirds were observed over closed forest despite breeding densities on ground surveys being highest in closed forest. Detection rates were very low, varied among species and aerial survey types, and were inconsistent over time. Ground-based observations showed that the shorebirds often did not flush in response to the helicopter passing overhead. Owing to poor rates of detection, we conclude that helicopter surveys are not an appropriate method for surveying breeding shorebirds in boreal habitats, but may have some utility for monitoring birds' use of stop-over locations.
Successful Re-establishment of a Native Savannah Flora and Fauna on the Site of a Former Pine Plantation at Constance Bay, Ottawa, Ontario
Authors: Catling P. M. , Kostiuk B.
Published: January 2017

To determine the extent of successful restoration of native savanna vegetation at The Sandhills, an unusual and biodiversity-rich habitat in the Ottawa Valley, we gathered information from quadrats along transects so as to compare a restored clearing with the surrounding plantation. We provide an indication of success with respect to amount of effort and provide an example of some considerations and procedures for estimating success. With a minimum effort of tree cutting and bulldozing, removal of pine duff and litter, that is estimated to have required five people over a period of less than two weeks, a hectare was successfully restored to pre-settlement savannah vegetation. Apart from a limited seeding effort following the removal of planted trees, the re-establishment of native vegetation proceeded naturally, and it was likely aided by dispersal of seed from adjacent remnant vegetation along paths and firebreaks in the vicinity. Biodiversity, based on number of species and various indices, was substantially greater in the restored clearing than in the adjacent Red Pine platation. The semi-open Jack Pine plantation accommodated species of both shaded and open habitats and diversity approached that of the clearing. However, some species such as blueberry were in poor condition in the plantation, generally not producing flowers or fruit. In addition the non-dominant vegetation was much less of the cover. In the restored area there were more regionally rare species and much greater development of flowering herbaceous species and shrubs. Orthopteran insects, a useful indicator group of plant feeding species, had much higher diversity and abundance in the restored area. Savannah and natural sand barren that have been largely destroyed by plantation forestry can be restored successfully and inexpensively, and there is thus no reason why such restorations should not include large areas and be implemented widely. Among the tools for evaluating success are historical descriptions and various measures of biodiversity and vegetation condition.
Mineral Lick Visitation by Mountain Goats, Oreamnos americanus
Authors: Rice Clifford G.
Published: January 2017

Many species, including Mountain Goats (Oreamnos americanus), are known to visit mineral licks, but the extent and duration of use are poorly understood because most studies consist of observations at licks. I studied the movements to, from, and near mineral licks of 11 mountain goats in Washington wearing Global Positioning System (GPS) collars for a total of 169 goat-months of tracking and evaluated chemical composition of six mineral licks compared with reference soil samples. I recorded 101 mineral lick visits to 13 mineral licks. Each GPS fix was classified as moving toward a mineral lick, in the vicinity of a lick, on an excursion from a lick, moving away from a lick, or not associated with lick use. Depending on annual movement patterns associated with lick use, each Mountain Goat was classified as a Migrant (single lick visit of long duration, n = 3 Mountain Goats), Sojourner (few visits of short duration, n = 2), Commuter (many visits of short duration, n = 5), or Resident (lick within normal range of movements, n = 1). Most mineral lick visits took place 01 June-15 August with peak visitation about 14 June-29 July. Migrants typically stayed in the vicinity of licks about a month (but as long as 51 days) whereas other mountain goats visited licks for 0.1-8 days (median = 1 day). Migrants also tended to take longer and move farther than other Mountain Goats when on movements to and from licks. Most Mountain Goats moved toward mineral licks faster (km/hr) than they moved away from licks. All licks had higher concentrations of sodium than reference samples (1.5-27 times as high), although concentrations of calcium, potassium, and sulphate tended to be higher as well, whereas magnesium was not. Mineral lick visitation has costs (energetics of travel, reduced forage, and predation risk). Depending on the importance of these costs, mountain goats evidently use various strategies for exploiting mineral licks as exemplified by the movement types (migrant, sojourner, commuter, or resident). Notably, most of the Mountain Goats in this study crossed national forest, county and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife region boundaries to another to visit mineral licks. Thus, coordination among administrative units is needed in management of Mountain Goats and mineral licks they use.
Predation of a Barren-ground Caribou, Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus, by a Single Gray Wolf, Canis lupus, in Northern Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Kiss Brian W. , Johnstone Scott K. , Berger Robert P.
Published: January 2017

A single Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) was observed successfully trapping and predating a Barren-ground Caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) in a small section of open water.
Some Observations on the Pollination of Round-Leaf Orchid, Galearis (Amerorchis) rotundifolia, Near Jasper, Alberta
Authors: Catling Paul M. , Kostiuk Brenda
Published: January 2017

On June 16 and 17, 2010, data were collected on pollination in a population of Galearis rotundifolia at the confluence of the Maligne and Athabasca Rivers north of Jasper, Alberta. The primary pollinator was the bee Osmia proxima and this species was also the most frequent visitor. While most flies were visitors, four species, Eriozona (Megasyrphus) laxus, Eristalis (Eoseristalis) hirta, Eristalis (Eoseristalis) rupium, and Eupeodes (Lapposyrphus) lapponicus also served as pollinators. It is estimated that 25-44% or more of flowers were pollinated in the previous year, a relatively high percentage that supports the "advertisement model" for evolution of food deception in orchids. The pollinating bee or fly lands on the lip and probes the spur which is approximately the same length or longer than the tongue. In the process of pushing into the flower and backing out, the sticky contents of a bursicle are either discharged by the backward movement of a flap or by forward pressure. Either of these actions may release adhesive fluid which fixes the viscidia onto the front of the insect's head. The gradual bending forward of the caudicles reduces likelihood of pollination of consecutively visited flowers with pollen from those recently visited flowers on the same plant (geitonogamous pollination) and thus promotes outcrossing. Erratum included.
Two Amelanistic Eastern Red-backed Salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) from Eastern Canada
Authors: Moore Jean-David , Gilhen John
Published: January 2017

Three colour morphs of the Eastern Red-backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus, are known in eastern Canada: red-backed, lead-backed, and erythristic. Anomalies, including two albino and four leucistic individuals, are also known from eastern Canada. We report the first salamander individuals exhibiting amelanism, which is a lack of black skin pigment, but with black eyes, one from Quebec and one from Nova Scotia, Canada.
Additional Data and Perspectives on Interspecific Aggression in the Common Loon, Gavia immer
Authors: Morton Martin L. , Pereyra Maria E.
Published: January 2017

We witnessed the killing of a female Redhead (Aythya Americana) by a male Common Loon (Gavia immer). The wound was delivered into the abdomen from below, and death occurred because of a torn, hemorrhaging liver. This same Common Loon also threatened a female Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris) with ducklings. We hypothesize that interspecific aggression by loons might be energetically costly but is sometimes adaptive because it deters predators.
The Warty Dory, Allocyttus verrucosus, New to the Fish Fauna of Canada
Authors: Morris Corey J. , Coad Brian W. , Fisher Gary
Published: January 2017

In April 2010, a Warty Dory, Allocyttus verrucosus (Gilchrist, 1906), was captured during commercial fishing activities in the Labrador Sea. This is the first record for Canada and the northwest Atlantic Ocean.
Records of Melanistic American Red Squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) from Nova Scotia
Authors: Huynh Howard M. , Burke Bernard L. , McAlpine Donald F.
Published: January 2017

Though melanism has been observed in several species of North American sciurids, the occurrence of this phenotype is relatively rare in American Red Squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). We provide the first detailed accounts of melanistic Red Squirrels observed in Nova Scotia, Canada.
Wolf, Canis lupus, Pup Mortality: Interspecific Predation or Non-Parental Infanticide?
Authors: Latham A. David M. , Boutin Stan
Published: January 2017

A breeding male Gray Wolf, Canis lupus, equipped with a GPS collar was documented going to the den site of another Gray Wolf pack. This trip was coincident with an attack on the den of the other pack and the occurrence of a dead and partially consumed Gray Wolf pup at the same location. We present two possible explanations - interspecific predation and non-parental infanticide - to account for this observation. Because the Gray Wolf with the GPS collar and his mate were first-time breeders and were attempting to establish a territory space of their own, we speculate that, based on the available evidence, this observation most likely represents a case of non-parental infanticide that fits the predictions of the resource competition hypothesis.
Alpine Plant Range Extensions for Northern British Columbia, Including Two Species New to the Province
Authors: Marr Kendrick L. , Hebda Richard J. , MacKenzie William H.
Published: January 2017

Between 2002 and 2011, we collected vascular plants from alpine areas of northern British Columbia (B.C.). We have found one species that has not previously been collected in the province: Phippsia algida. Collections of an additional three species represent significant range extensions of species already known to occur in the province: Aphragmus eschscholtzianus, Papaver alboroseum, and Montia bostockii. Our collections of Delphinium brachycentrum initially appeared to be the first records for the province; however, examination of herbarium specimens at the Royal British Columbia Museum herbarium indicated that this species had been collected prior to our field work but had been misidentified. We indicate the distribution of this species in B.C. for the first time, and we present a corrected distribution map for Tephroseris yukonensis that includes our own collections.
Additions to the Vascular Flora of Ontario, Canada, from the Sutton Ridges, Hudson Bay Lowland Ecoregion
Authors: Oldham Michael J. , Brinker Samuel R.
Published: January 2017

Field studies in the Hudson Bay Lowland ecoregion of northern Ontario during 2010 resulted in the discovery of four native vascular plant species not previously confirmed from the province: Arctic Bellflower (Campanula uniflora; Campanulaceae), Lapland Diapensia (Diapensia lapponica; Diapensiaceae), Alpine Azalea (Kalmia procumbens; Ericaceae), and Alpine Brook Saxifrage (Saxifraga rivularis; Saxifragaceae). These four species are widespread arctic plants occurring in both North America and Eurasia and were found on the Sutton Ridges, a Precambrian bedrock inlier surrounded by the extensive wetlands of the Hudson Bay Lowland.
Long-term Survival and Reproduction in a North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis) with an Intraperitoneal Radio-Transmitter
Authors: Bohrman Jennifer A. , Stevens Sadie S. , Serfass Thomas L.
Published: January 2017

Intraperitoneal implantation of radio-transmitters is a useful method of monitoring free-ranging aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals; however, some researchers are concerned about the physiological effects of such implants. Few studies have investigated the long-term consequences of intraperitoneal implants on survival or reproductive performance. An adult female North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis) surgically equipped with an intraperitoneal radio-transmitter and released in northwestern Pennsylvania in June 1990 as part of a reintroduction project was killed in March 1999. The North American River Otter was estimated to be 10 years old and was pregnant with two fetuses at the time of her death. Our observation suggests that wild North American River Otters surgically equipped with intraperitoneal radio-transmitters can live long after implantation of the radio-transmitter and continue to reproduce successfully.
Bees and Butterflies in Burned and Unburned Alvar Woodland: Evidence for the Importance of Postfire Succession to Insect Pollinator Diversity in an Imperiled Ecosystem
Authors: Taylor Alana N. , Catling Paul M.
Published: January 2017

The apparent importance of successional habitat to pollinating insects, specifically bees (Hymenoptera) and butterflies (Lepidoptera) was quantified in an alvar landscape in the Ottawa valley through a comparison of burned and unburned alvar woodland. The two adjacent habitats on the same successional gradient were sampled by sweeping with additional data from pitfall traps for bees and by direct observation with close focus binoculars and occasional verification through capture with a net for butterflies. The sampling was done during 11 visits in 2008 beginning 16 May and ending 13 September. Both bee and butterfly diversity were higher in the post-fire burned alvar woodland compared to the adjacent unburned woodland based on species richness, number of individuals and Brillouin’s Biodiversity Index which takes evenness and heterogeneity into account. No bees were captured in the unburned area, but 34 species and 201 individuals were captured in the burned site. The most abundant bee species was Augochlora aurata. Lepidoptera were represented in the burned site by 35 species and 408 individuals compared to 15 species and 21 individuals in the unburned woodland. The most common butterfly species in the burned woodland was Callophrys polios. The higher diversity of pollinators in the burned site was correlated with both higher vascular plant diversity and much higher cover and frequency values for insect-pollinated plants providing nectar and pollen including flowering shrubs such as Amelanchier alnifolia var. compacta, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Prunus virginiana. The burned site also provided more cover of larval food plants for butterflies and apparently more nesting sites for bees. We suggest that a decrease in fire frequency and in the availability of open successional habitats are contributing factors in the decline of pollinators, and that endangered ecosystems where fire has been a natural phenomenon may require fire or fire-simulated management to sustain their biodiversity.