bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
En kritik av det kosmopolitiska förnuftet? Om relevansen av Kants kosmopolitism på 2000-talet
Authors: Lettevall Rebecka
Published: April 2016

Cosmopolitanism is a value-loaded concept that seems to become popular in intervals. The latest cosmopolitan period started after the end of the Cold War and the breakdown of the Soviet Union and concentrated mostly on aspects such as “a new world order”, and often with reference to Kant. It might be questioned if the cosmopolitan period still exists. Here it is suggested that a historical understanding of cosmopolitanism together with experience from later social and political experiences might give a new perspective on the difficulties of creating a better world in a Kantian sense, including cosmopolitan education. Considering its history and taking concern of experience Kant’s cosmopolitanism still is relevant, not least in its broader sense.
Graphic Contaminations: Cosmopolitics of the ‘I’ in American Born Chinese and Persepolis
Authors: Schumann Claudia
Published: April 2016

The article explores the demands that the conflictual dimension of globalization poses for a cosmopolitan education. Such an emphasis seems necessary in times where the populations who undertake inter- and intra-national border crossings are increasingly those who are forced to: those trying to escape unbearable poverty, atrocious wars, the disenfranchised and victims of racist, sexist or religious persecution. Reflecting on the experiences articulated in the two graphic novels, Persepolis and American Born Chinese, the dimension of the globalizing world and its impact and demands on its future world citizens which comes to the fore is one that highlights the necessity for learning how to take a critical and political stance rather than the search for how education can facilitate a smooth adaptation to a new mobile order. Stanley Cavell’s examination of the relationship between autobiography, philosophy, and the founding of a self-reliant voice will be reconsidered in light of its contribution to re-thinking the meaning of a cosmopolitan education between critical self-appropriation and developing a transformative political vision of a new societal order.
Utfordringar i å vere eit forskande kroppssubjekt
Authors: Sæther Torhild Godø Godø
Published: April 2016

Maurice Merleau-Ponty claims that we as body-subjects have an immediate sensational understanding of the world. A body that perceives and experience the world before any thought and word can render it. The words we use describing sensations are interpretations of sense-experiences, and will never render the total bodily understanding of the world. This article gives a brief insight of what an understanding of Merleau-Ponty’s body-subject implies for the researcher in body-phenomenological studies of toddlers
Validation and Comparison of Different Statistical Models for the Prediction of Water Main Pipe Breaks in a Municipal Network in Québec, Canada
Authors: Duchesne Sophie , Toumbou Babacar , Villeneuve Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2016

In this study, three models for the simulation of the number of breaks in a water main network are presented and compared: linear regression, the Weibull-Exponential-Exponential (WEE), and the Weibull-Exponential-Exponential-Exponential (WEEE) models. These models were calibrated using a database of recorded breaks in a real water main network of a municipality in the province of Québec, for the observation period 1976 to 1996, with the least squares and the maximum likelihood methods. The ability of these models to predict breaks over time was then evaluated by comparing the predicted number of breaks for the years 1997 to 2007 with the observed breaks in the network over the same time period. Results show that if the period of observation is short (around 20 years), calibration of the WEE and WEEE models with the maximum likelihood method leads to estimates that are closer to the observations than when these models are calibrated with the least squares method. When the observation period is longer (around 30 years), the predictions obtained with the models calibrated using the maximum likelihood or the least squares methods are similar. However, the use of the maximum likelihood method for calibration is only possible when data for the occurrence of each break for each pipe of the network are available (a pipe being a homogeneous network segment between two adjacent street junctions). If this is not the case, a trend line will be sufficient to predict the number of breaks over time, though this type of curve does not allow to account for pipe replacement scenarios. If the only information available is the total number of breaks on the network each year, then the impact of replacement scenarios could be simulated with the WEE and WEEE models calibrated using the least squares method.
Adoucissement des eaux souterraines de la région orientale du Sahara septentrional algérien : cas de la région de Biskra
Authors: Bouchahm Nora , Hecini Linda , Kherifi Wahida
Published: April 2016

Dans la ville de Biskra, l’alimentation en eau potable des habitants et l’irrigation des cultures reposent sur l’exploitation des eaux souterraines des aquifères du Sahara Septentrional. L’un des enjeux majeurs pour la durabilité de l’utilisation de cette ressource est la qualité des eaux de certains aquifères (Phréatique et Miopliocène). Ces dernières sont fortement minéralisées (entre 2 et 3 g∙L‑1de sel dissous). Leur faciès chimique dominant est le sulfaté-chloruré avec un excès de chlorures, supérieur à la norme de l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) de 250 mg∙L‑1. Afin de remédier à ce problème de salinité et dans le but de développer une technique d’adoucissement fiable et économiquement soutenable, nous avons dans ce travail expérimenté deux procédés d’adoucissement partiel, la coagulation-floculation au sulfate d’aluminium d’une part et la précipitation à la chaux éteinte Ca(OH)2d’autre part. Les principaux résultats confirment que l’élimination des ions chlorures est plus ou moins faible, pour les deux procédés testés et sont respectivement de 29,7 % et de 19,1 %. Nous avons également mis en évidence que le traitement des eaux à la chaux éteinte était plus efficace, les ions sulfates étant réduits à 73,3 %. Toutefois, ce procédé a augmenté le pH des eaux traitées, ce qui a nécessité en aval un ajustement de ce dernier. De même, la concentration en ions bicarbonates a diminué d'environ 85 % car l'emploi de la chaux agit non seulement sur les chlorures et les sulfates associés aux ions calcium et magnésium, mais aussi sur les bicarbonates. Ces essais ont également permis de justifier le choix de la méthode la plus adaptée techniquement et économiquement pour l’adoucissement des eaux de la région d’étude.
Remaking a European, Post-catastrophic Atmosphere in 2000s China: Jia Zhangke’s Still Life, Iconology and Ruins
Authors: Ramos Monteiro Lúcia
Published: April 2016

Jia Zhangke’sStill Life(Sānxiá hǎorén, 2006) was shot in Fengjie, shortly before its flooding brought about by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam, the world’s largest hydropower station in terms of capacity. The film remakes the post-apocalyptic atmosphere found in European films made after the Second World War. From a web of cinephilic, intermedial and intertextual references, which inscribesStill Lifein a local and global history of art and of film, this text compares the way Jia films his characters in a disappearing Fengjie with sequences from Roberto Rossellini’sGermany Year Zero(Germania anno zero, 1948) and Michelangelo Antonioni’sRed Desert(Il deserto rosso, 1964). While remaking the composition of ruins framing Edmund, in the first case, and in the second, a complex relation between background and figure in a deserted industrial landscape,Still Lifecreates a strange temporality, combining the imminence of a future catastrophe with the memory of past ones.
Direito litúrgico: um serviço à “lex amoris”
Authors: Costa Valeriano Dos Santos
Published: April 2016

O direito litúrgico tem pouca expressão nos atuais manuais de teologia litúrgica. Porém, no primeiro milênio a dimensão jurídica era constitutiva da liturgia, tanto quanto as outras dimensões do culto cristão. Embora não sistematizado, o direito litúrgico era o critério com que se buscava o que é justo na celebração do mistério pascal. No segundo milênio, o ius canonicum foi superdimensionado, gerando um controle que comprimiu o espírito da liturgia. Após o Concílio Vaticano II, o direito canônico adquiriu um caráter essencialmente pastoral, e o direito litúrgico precisa retomar seu espaço, enquanto lex gratiae e lex amoris. Porém, depende da superação de um conflito que ainda está na memória. É preciso buscar uma visão unitária do culto, na qual a autonomia da ciência litúrgica e a presença de elementos cerimoniais, teológicos e normativos convivam de forma integrada.
Análise crítico-conceitual de mística comparada: João da Cruz e o “Diário Místico” de uma religiosa brasileira do séc. XVIII
Authors: Barreira Marcelo Martins
Published: April 2016

O artigo propõe uma mística comparativa por uma análise critico-conceitual da perspectiva mística de Jacinta de S. José e João da Cruz. Há uma similitude temática entre esses dois autores. Numa primeira seção, a partir do ponto de vista de João da Cruz, o texto visa apontar o caráter obediencial do viés biográfico de Jacinta, ainda que haja um tom hagiográfico. A segunda seção, a mais importante, reflete sobre a ação contemplativa nas potências da alma e, por fim, uma análise do “Diário Místico”, caracterizado pelo aspecto afetivo da intimidade divina.
O embrião humano e a inviolabilidade do direito à vida no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro
Authors: Mayer Elizabeth , Vilas Boas Reis Émilien
Published: April 2016

O presente artigo visa levantar as discussões acerca do embrião humano, principalmente aquele criado no ambiente artificial in vitro. A questão foi objeto de julgamento no Supremo Tribunal Federal, através da ADI 3510, e girava em torno da constitucionalidade do art. 5º da Lei 11.105/2005 − Biossegurança − que destinava às pesquisas científicas embriões congelados in vitro não utilizados nos procedimentos de reprodução assistida. O cerne da polêmica era se esses embriões constituem ou não uma vida e se devem possuir tratamento digno, conforme prescrevem os princípios constitucionais e fundamentais do direito à vida e à dignidade da pessoa humana. Duas correntes surgiram: a que conferia ao embrião in vitro o status de vida e, assim sendo, gozaria da proteção constitucional; outra que conferia ao embrião o status de “não vida”, pois somente no útero feminino poderia se tornar uma vida. Esta última corrente justificava-se nos avanços das pesquisas científicas com células tronco embrionárias e na promessa de cura de doenças, reflexo do paradigma científico atual onde a razão instrumental a tudo manipula e transforma em objeto, incluindo o próprio homem. Serão analisados os argumentos do Ministro Carlos Alberto Menezes de Direito, em voto vencido, que reconheceu no embrião in vitro a condição “de” ou “a caminho” da vida, digno, portanto, de ser protegido. Menezes defendeu a inconstitucionalidade do dispositivo impugnado e propôs limites para conter o avanço das ciências quando estas solapam questões éticas como o valor da vida e a dignidade da pessoa humana. Ao final, será mostrado que os argumentos da classe científica utilizados no julgamento, combatidos ponto a ponto por Menezes de Direito, eram omissos e falaciosos, levando a resultados desastrosos. Se faz necessário retomar a discussão na sociedade para que questões que lidam com a vida, a dignidade e o futuro da espécie humana não sejam sepultadas pelo manto da imutabilidade das decisões dos nossos tribunais.
A Evangelium Vitae e Evangelii Gaudium: novos tempos
Authors: Quelho Tavares Cássia
Published: April 2016

Vinte anos da Carta Encíclica Evangelium Vitae (EV): A Igreja vive um momento muito especial, de diálogo, reflexão e profetismo. Os temas relacionados à ética da vida ou “bioéticos” começam a ser mais bem discutidos. Este artigo apresenta alguns parágrafos da EV que estão mais centrados nas questões voltadas relacionadas à vida do ser humano nos dias atuais. João Paulo II, ao escrever sobre o valor e a inviolabilidade da vida humana, apresentou o Senhor, como o Evangelho da Vida e da Alegria. De forma recorrente insistiu sobre o valor da vida humana acima de qualquer interesse e princí- pio bioético que contrariasse o bem e a solidariedade. Denunciou estruturas desumanizantes, chamando-as de construtoras de “cultura de morte”, referindo-se às inúmeras formas de violação da pessoa impostas pela cultura contemporânea. Neste período celebrativo dos 20 anos, com uma sociedade que está em sofrimento, marcada por fortes mudanças, surge uma voz profética, o Papa Francisco com a Encíclica Evangelii Gaudium (EG) convidando-nos mais uma vez para refletirmos sobre a “dignidade da pessoa humana” e a responsabilidade que precisa ser assumida em todos os aspectos pela comunidade cristã. O Papa Francisco refere-se às novas formas de pobreza e fragilidade e chama à atenção para iniciativas que ressignifiquem da vida humana. A partir do olhar atento para esses dois importantes documentos refletiremos sobre a Bioética, Dignidade e Direitos Humanos; uma Educação para uma Cultura de Vida e com o Evangelho da Vida e da Alegria.
Pós-humanismo e o humanum: tensão e caminhos possíveis
Authors: Gonçalves Paulo Sérgio Lopes , Von Zuben Newton Aquiles
Published: April 2016

Objetiva-se neste artigo analisar filosoficamente as tensões causadas pelos pós-humanismo, em que se manifesta intensa e densamente a tecnociência como uma antropotécnica para compreender o homem, apontando perspectiva que levam a caminhos distintos para tornar o humanum digno de seu ser em sua cultura, simbologia e linguagem. Justifica-se este objetivo na necessidade apontada pela carta encíclica Evangelium Vitae de se pensar a vida, a partir da tensão entre o pós-humanismo presente na tecnociência e a visão filosófica referente à essência do homem. Para atingir este objetivo, apresentar-se-á a tensão fundamental referente ao homem, causada pela antropotécnica. Em seguida, serão discutidas as características do homem pós-humano ou propriamente a antropotécnica. Por fim, serão apresentadas três perspectivas que apontam o modo de refletir sobre a tecnociência ou o estado do pós-humanismo, a saber: a articulação entre antropologia ontoteológica e antropotécnica, a metafísica do ser e a ontologia hermenêutica. Espera-se que a exposição apresente a possibilidade do pluralismo, a superação de todo tipo de dogmatismo e, principalmente, a necessidade de que toda reflexão sobre este assunto seja meditada esperançosa de que contribui para a emergência do novum do humanum.
Imagens de Deus na Evangelium Vitae: o diálogo inter-religioso a favor da vida
Authors: Panasiewicz Roberlei
Published: April 2016

Variadas são as imagens de Deus que perpassam as narrativas sagradas, o simbolismo cultural e, especificamente, o imaginário religioso das pessoas. Carregam consigo dimensões positivas e negativas, que aprisionam e que libertam. A encíclica Evangelium Vitae, ao discutir o valor e a inviolabilidade da vida humana, também lida com estas imagens. Critica a ‘cultura da morte’ e estimula a ‘cultura da vida’ propondo a promoção desta como condição para construção da paz. Utilizando a pesquisa teórica, este artigo tem por objetivo compreender as imagens de Deus que a encíclica enfatiza e verificar se elas favorecem o diálogo inter-religioso em prol do cuidado com a vida humana. Diálogo este percebido como possibilidade de aprofundamento e de fortalecimento da própria identidade que, na abertura e na alteridade, favorece e estimula transformações coletivas
Nitride-MBE system for in situ synchrotron X-ray measurements
Authors: Sasaki Takuo , Ishikawa Fumitaro , Yamaguchi Tomohiro , Takahasi Masamitu
Published: April 2016

A molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) chamber dedicated to nitride growth was developed at the synchrotron radiation facility SPring-8. This chamber has two beryllium windows for incident and outgoing X-rays, and is directly connected to an X-ray diffractometer, enabling in situ synchrotron X-ray measurements during the nitride growth. Experimental results on initial growth dynamics in GaN/SiC, AlN/SiC, and InN/GaN heteroepitaxy were presented. We achieved high-speed and high-sensitivity reciprocal space mapping with a thickness resolution of atomic-layer scale. This in situ measurement using the high-brilliance synchrotron light source will be useful for evaluating structural variations in the initial growth stage of nitride semiconductors.
High-photosensitivity AlGaN-based UV heterostructure-field-effect-transistor-type photosensors
Authors: Yoshikawa Akira , Yamamoto Yuma , Murase Takuya , Iwaya Motoaki , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu
Published: April 2016

We report the development of high-performance AlGaN/AlN heterostructure-field-effect-transistor-type (HFET) photosensors with a p-type GaN optical gate and detection wavelengths that are restricted to 220–280 nm. These photosensors employ a two-dimensional electron gas induced at the hetero-interface between Al0.6Ga0.4N and Al0.5Ga0.5N as a highly conductive channel. In addition, a p-type GaN optical gate is employed to deplete a channel. Consequently, we obtained a high photosensitivity of over 4 × 103 A/W and an externally low dark current density of approximately 5 × 10−10 A/mm at a source–drain voltage of 3 V. We also determined that the detection range of light wavelength in these HFET photosensors can be controlled by controlling the AlN molar fraction in the AlGaN channel layer. The results are very promising for the development of completely solar-blind high-performance photosensors with high photosensitivity.
Over 1 W record-peak-power operation of a 338 nm AlGaN multiple-quantum-well laser diode on a GaN substrate
Authors: Taketomi Hiroyuki , Aoki Yuta , Takagi Yasufumi , Sugiyama Atsushi , Kuwabara Masakazu , Yoshida Harumasa
Published: April 2016

We have demonstrated the high-peak-power operation of an AlGaN-based ultraviolet laser diode (UV-LD) with a lasing wavelength of 338.6 nm. The UV-LD structure was fabricated on a bulk GaN(0001) substrate. The broad-area and vertical conductive structure of the UV-LD, whose ridge width and cavity length were 50 and 600 µm, respectively, was employed. The threshold current density and differential external quantum efficiency were estimated to be 38.9 kA/cm2 and 8.5%, respectively. The characteristic temperature of threshold current was estimated to be 119 K, and the temperature dependence of lasing wavelength was obtained to be 0.033 nm K−1. A peak power of over 1 W has been achieved in 338.6 nm under pulsed operation at room temperature, which is the highest peak power ever obtained for AlGaN-based UV-LDs.
Atom probe tomography of compositional fluctuation in GaInN layers
Authors: Kanitani Yuya , Tanaka Shinji , Tomiya Shigetaka , Ohkubo Tadakatsu , Hono Kazuhiro
Published: April 2016

Thin Ga1−

x
In
x
N layers with various indium compositions x

were examined by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. Although nanoscale compositional fluctuation was observed in all Ga1−

x
In
x
N layers, no appreciable phase separation was observed. Since Ga1−

x
In
x
N layers were coherently grown on underlying GaN layers, it is considered that the elastic strain constrains phase separation in the Ga1−

x
In
x
N layers and that compositional fluctuations develop in order to minimize the local strain energy. The measured period of compositional fluctuations ranged from 3.4 to 4.9 nm and decreased with growth temperature (T
growth). This tendency is suggested to be dominated by the surface migration length of the adatom during the crystal growth.
Identification ofSalmonellafor public health surveillance using whole genome sequencing
Authors: Ashton Philip M. , Nair Satheesh , Peters Tansy M. , Bale Janet A. , Powell David G. , Painset Anaïs , Tewolde Rediat , Schaefer Ulf , Jenkins Claire , Dallman Timothy J. , de Pinna Elizabeth M. , Grant Kathie A. ,   Salmonella Whole Genome Sequencing Implementation Group
Published: April 2016

In April 2015, Public Health England implemented whole genome sequencing (WGS) as a routine typing tool for public health surveillance ofSalmonella, adopting a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach as a replacement for traditional serotyping. The WGS derived sequence type (ST) was compared to the phenotypic serotype for 6,887 isolates ofS. entericasubspecies I, and of these, 6,616 (96%) were concordant. Of the 4% (n= 271) of isolates of subspecies I exhibiting a mismatch, 119 were due to a process error in the laboratory, 26 were likely caused by the serotype designation in the MLST database being incorrect and 126 occurred when two different serovars belonged to the same ST. The population structure ofS. entericasubspecies II–IV differs markedly from that of subspecies I and, based on current data, defining the serovar from the clonal complex may be less appropriate for the classification of this group. Novel sequence types that were not present in the MLST database were identified in 8.6% of the total number of samples tested (includingS. entericasubspecies I–IV andS. bongori) and these 654 isolates belonged to 326 novel STs. ForS. entericasubspecies I, WGS MLST derived serotyping is a high throughput, accurate, robust, reliable typing method, well suited to routine public health surveillance. The combined output of ST and serovar supports the maintenance of traditional serovar nomenclature while providing additional insight on the true phylogenetic relationship between isolates.
A Comprehensive Comparison of Educational Growth within Four Different Developing Countries between 1990 and 2012
Authors: Shakiba Masoud , Ebrahim Nader Ale , Danaee Mahmoud , Bakhtiyari Kaveh , Sundararajan Elankovan
Published: April 2016

Educational growth is a fundamental infrastructure factor required to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, evaluation and measurement of educational growth is essential for establishing a development road map. Because of this, there are many organizations and databases that work to capture academic trends and provide the general view of institute achievements. Web of Science and Scopus are the two most popular and scientific. In this paper, we define the important effective factors in educational growth and discuss them; we then compare these defined factors across four different developing countries: Brazil, Iran, Malaysia, and Turkey. As well as the comparisons, this paper uses the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient method to analyze the factors and the strong or weak relationship between the factors are discussed.  Keywords: Educational growth; Developing countries; Publication; Impact factor; Web of Science; Scopus.
Injection of lightning‐produced NOx, water vapor, wildfire emissions, and stratospheric air to the UT/LS as observed from DC3 measurements
Authors: Huntrieser H. , Lichtenstern M. , Scheibe M. , Aufmhoff H. , Schlager H. , Pucik T. , Minikin A. , Weinzierl B. , Heimerl K. , Pollack I. B. , Peischl J. , Ryerson T. B. , Weinheimer A. J. , Honomichl S. , Ridley B. A. , Biggerstaff M. I. , Betten D. P. , Hair J. W. , Butler C. F. , Schwartz M. J. , Barth M. C.
Published: April 2016

During the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) experiment in summer 2012, airborne measurements were performed in the anvil inflow/outflow of thunderstorms over the Central U.S. by three research aircraft. A general overview of Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (DLR)‐Falcon in situ measurements (CO, O3, SO2, CH4, NO, NOx, and black carbon) is presented. In addition, a joint flight on 29 May 2012 in a convective line of isolated supercell storms over Oklahoma is described based on Falcon, National Science Foundation/National Center for Atmospheric Research Gulfstream‐V (NSF/NCAR‐GV), and NASA‐DC8 trace species in situ and lidar measurements. During DC3 some of the largest and most destructive wildfires in New Mexico and Colorado state's history were burning, which strongly influenced air quality in the DC3 thunderstorm inflow and outflow region. Lofted biomass burning (BB) plumes were frequently observed in the mid‐ and upper troposphere (UT) in the vicinity of deep convection. The impact of lightning‐produced NOx (LNOx) and BB emissions was analyzed on the basis of mean vertical profiles and tracer‐tracer correlations (CO‐NOx and O3‐NO). On a regular basis DC3 thunderstorms penetrated the tropopause and injected large amounts of LNOx into the lower stratosphere (LS). Inside convection, low O3 air (~80 nmol mol−1) from the lower troposphere was rapidly transported to the UT/LS region. Simultaneously, O3‐rich stratospheric air masses (~100–200 nmol mol−1) were present around and below the thunderstorm outflow and enhanced UT‐O3 mixing ratios significantly. A 10 year global climatology of H2O data from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder confirmed that the Central U.S. is a preferred region for convective injection into the LS.
Measurements of hydroxyl and hydroperoxy radicals during CalNex‐LA: Model comparisons and radical budgets
Authors: Griffith S. M. , Hansen R. F. , Dusanter S. , Michoud V. , Gilman J. B. , Kuster W. C. , Veres P. R. , Graus M. , de Gouw J. A. , Roberts J. , Young C. , Washenfelder R. , Brown S. S. , Thalman R. , Waxman E. , Volkamer R. , Tsai C. , Stutz J. , Flynn J. H. , Grossberg N. , Lefer B. , Alvarez S. L. , Rappenglueck B. , Mielke L. H. , Osthoff H. D. , Stevens P. S.
Published: April 2016

Measurements of hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxy (HO2*) radical concentrations were made at the Pasadena ground site during the CalNex‐LA 2010 campaign using the laser‐induced fluorescence‐fluorescence assay by gas expansion technique. The measured concentrations of OH and HO2* exhibited a distinct weekend effect, with higher radical concentrations observed on the weekends corresponding to lower levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The radical measurements were compared to results from a zero‐dimensional model using the Regional Atmospheric Chemical Mechanism‐2 constrained by NOx and other measured trace gases. The chemical model overpredicted measured OH concentrations during the weekends by a factor of approximately 1.4 ± 0.3 (1σ), but the agreement was better during the weekdays (ratio of 1.0 ± 0.2). Model predicted HO2* concentrations underpredicted by a factor of 1.3 ± 0.2 on the weekends, while measured weekday concentrations were underpredicted by a factor of 3.0 ± 0.5. However, increasing the modeled OH reactivity to match the measured total OH reactivity improved the overall agreement for both OH and HO2* on all days. A radical budget analysis suggests that photolysis of carbonyls and formaldehyde together accounted for approximately 40% of radical initiation with photolysis of nitrous acid accounting for 30% at the measurement height and ozone photolysis contributing less than 20%. An analysis of the ozone production sensitivity reveals that during the week, ozone production was limited by volatile organic compounds throughout the day during the campaign but NOx limited during the afternoon on the weekends.
Aerodynamic roughness of glacial ice surfaces derived from high‐resolution topographic data
Authors: Smith Mark W. , Quincey Duncan J. , Dixon Timothy , Bingham Robert G. , Carrivick Jonathan L. , Irvine‐Fynn Tristram D. L. , Rippin David M.
Published: April 2016

This paper presents new methods of estimating the aerodynamic roughness (z0) of glacier ice directly from three‐dimensional point clouds and digital elevation models (DEMs), examines temporal variability of z0, and presents the first fully distributed map of z0 estimates across the ablation zone of an Arctic glacier. The aerodynamic roughness of glacier ice surfaces is an important component of energy balance models and meltwater runoff estimates through its influence on turbulent fluxes of latent and sensible heat. In a warming climate these fluxes are predicted to become more significant in contributing to overall melt volumes. Ice z0 is commonly estimated from measurements of ice surface microtopography, typically from topographic profiles taken perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction. Recent advances in surveying permit rapid acquisition of high‐resolution topographic data allowing revision of assumptions underlying conventional z0 measurement. Using Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry with Multi‐View Stereo (MVS) to survey ice surfaces with millimeter‐scale accuracy, z0 variation over 3 orders of magnitude was observed. Different surface types demonstrated different temporal trajectories in z0 through 3 days of intense melt. A glacier‐scale 2 m resolution DEM was obtained through terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and subgrid roughness was significantly related to plot‐scale z0. Thus, we show for the first time that glacier‐scale TLS or SfM‐MVS surveys can characterize z0 variability over a glacier surface potentially leading to distributed representations of z0 in surface energy balance models.
Estimating methane gas production in peat soils of the Florida Everglades using hydrogeophysical methods
Authors: Wright William , Comas Xavier
Published: April 2016

The spatial and temporal variability in production and release of greenhouse gases (such as methane) in peat soils remains uncertain, particularly for low‐latitude peatlands like the Everglades. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a hydrogeophysical tool that has been successfully used in the last decade to noninvasively investigate carbon dynamics in peat soils; however, application in subtropical systems is almost non‐existent. This study is based on four field sites in the Florida Everglades, where changes in gas content within the soil are monitored using time‐lapse GPR measurements and gas releases are monitored using gas traps. A weekly methane gas production rate is estimated using a mass balance approach, considering gas content estimated from GPR, gas release from gas traps and incorporating rates of diffusion, and methanotrophic consumption from previous studies. Resulting production rates range between 0.02 and 0.47 g CH4 m−2 d−1, falling within the range reported in literature. This study shows the potential of combining GPR with gas traps to monitor gas dynamics in peat soils of the Everglades and estimate methane gas production. We also show the enhanced ability of certain peat soils to store gas when compared to others, suggesting that physical properties control biogenic gas storage in the Everglades peat soils. Better understanding biogenic methane gas dynamics in peat soils has implications regarding the role of wetlands in the global carbon cycle, particularly under a climate change scenario.
Mass Spectrometry of Organoaluminum Derivatives
Authors: Stoddard Rhonda L. , Collins Scott , McIndoe J. Scott
Published: April 2016

Mass spectrometry has been applied to the characterization of organoaluminum compounds in work that dates back to the introduction of the first commercial instruments. As new ionization methods and associated instrumentation were developed, they have been applied to more difficult analyses so as to characterize the compounds of increasingly higher molecular weight, low volatility and ionic organoaluminum compounds. In thifs chapter, practical advice for performing these analyses, and choice of ionization method(s) to be applied is provided, as well as a representative survey of the various mass spectrometric techniques that have been applied to analysis of organoaluminum compounds.
The Chemistry of Bis‐Aluminated Compounds
Authors: Matsubara Seijiro
Published: April 2016

In this chapter, representative examples of bis‐aluminated compound chemistry will be shown. The compounds can be classified roughly into two categories: The preparations and reactions of
gem
‐dialuminated compounds will be discussed first, followed by those of aluminacycles. They have been expected to work as a dianion equivalent in organic syntheses, and have actually shown specific molecular transformations taking advantage of their capabilities. Although they possess a dianionic character, they have reasonable stability. As useful reactions of
gem
‐dialuminated compounds, alkylidenation of carbonyl compounds and subsequential reactions with electrophiles will be shown. In addition, preparation of cyclic compounds via an insertion reaction of electrophiles into aluminacyles will be discussed.
Advances in the Analytical Chemistry of Metal Phenolates
Authors: Zabicky Jacob
Published: April 2016

The chapter is an update of a previously published one[1]#1401, covering the literature up to the autumn of 2014 and following the same guidelines for the selection of analytical methods, namely: A section dealing with detection and determination of specific metal phenolates, a section dealing with conversion of the metal cation analytes into complexes with phenolic ligands before end analysis and a section presenting the use of certain metal phenolates as analytical aids and tools. For the sake of a more complete coverage, formation of anion–metal phenolate and molecule–metal phenolate complexes were also considered. In addition, a section is dedicated to the analytical aspects of ammonium phenolates, especially quaternary ammonium phenolates.
Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Metal Ynolates
Authors: Shindo Mitsuru , Matsumoto Kenji
Published: April 2016

The synthesis and reactions of metal ynolates, including a historical survey, have been described elsewhere in the Patai Series. Metal ynolates are good carbon nucleophiles in both tautomeric forms, as an electron‐rich alkyne or as a ketene anion, leading to substituted ketenes. The generated ketene intermediates can act as strong electrophiles: for example, they can be easily converted into metal enolates by the reaction with other carbon nucleophiles. This sequence may serve chemists as inspiration for the development of various unique one‐pot successive reactions, such as [2 + 2] cycloaddition‐Dieckmann condensation, giving multisubstituted carbocycles. The previous review has helped organic chemists to understand the potential utilities and properties as useful reactive species, and, moreover, prompted them to attempt new reactions or synthetic strategies. In this chapter, recent advances in metal ynolate chemistry from 2007 to 2014 are described, especially, synthetic applications leading to bioactive natural products. Heteroatom analogs of metal ynolates are also briefly discussed.
Recent Advances in Nonelectrochemical Analytical Methods Involving Metal Enolates
Authors: Zabicky Jacob
Published: April 2016

The chapter is an update of one published in 2009, covering the literature up to the autumn of 2014. Due to space limitations assigned to chapters in this book, the review of analytical methods was divided into two parts, the companion of this chapter dealing with electrochemical methods of analysis and the present one dealing with all the rest, especially spectrophotometric and optical methods. The same guidelines as in the older chapter were followed for the selection of analytical methods, namely: A section dealing with detection and determination of specific metal enolates, a section dealing with conversion of metal cation analytes into complexes with enolic ligands before end analysis and a section presenting the use of certain metal enolates as analytical aids and tools.
On The Latest Three‐Stage Development of Nanomedicines based on Upconversion Nanoparticles
Authors: Fan Wenpei , Bu Wenbo , Shi Jianlin
Published: April 2016

Following the “detect‐to‐treat” strategy, by biological engineering, the emerging upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have become one of the most promising inorganic nanomedicines, and their biomedical applications have gradually shifted from multimodal tumor imaging to highly efficient cancer therapy. The past few years have witnessed a three‐stage development of UCNP‐based nanomedicines. On one hand, UCNPs can optimize each clinical treatment tool (chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), radiotherapy (RT)) by controlled drug delivery/release, near‐infrared (NIR)‐excited deep PDT, and radiosensitization, respectively, all of which contribute greatly to the optimized treatment efficacy along with minimized side effects. On the other hand, several individual treatments can be “smartly” integrated into a single UCNP‐based nanotheranostic system for multimodal synergetic therapy, which can further improve the overall therapeutic effectiveness. Especially, UCNPs provide more‐effective strategies for overcoming tumor hypoxia, thus leading to an ideal treatment efficacy for complete eradication of solid tumors. Finally, the critical issues regarding the future development of UCNPs are discussed to promote the clinic‐translational applications of UCNP‐based nanomedicines, as well as realization of our “one drug fits all” dream.
Visible Light‐Initiated C(sp3)Br/C(sp3)H Functionalization of α‐Carbonyl Alkyl Bromides through Hydride Radical Shift
Authors: Li Yang , Liu Bang , Song Ren‐Jie , Wang Qiu‐An , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: April 2016

A new visible light‐initiated 1,5‐hydride radical shift strategy has been developed to enable the one‐step functionalization of both a C(sp3)Br bond and a C(sp3)H bond adjacent to the same carbon atom. This visible light photoredox catalysis offers a mild and straightforward access to diverse five‐membered carbocyclic ring‐fused polycyclic hydrocarbons with high turnover numbers (TONs; up to 4.93×103) and broad substrate scope.

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Light‐Driven Highly Selective Conversion of CO2 to Formate by Electrosynthesized Enzyme/Cofactor Thin Film Electrode
Authors: Lee Soo Youn , Lim Sung Yul , Seo Daye , Lee Jin‐Young , Chung Taek Dong
Published: April 2016

The highly selective electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) is reported to formate (HCOO‐) at a compactly integrated bioelectrode. The enzymatic biocatalytic cathode is fabricated by single‐step electropolymerization of a multifunctional polydopamine film in which enzyme/cofactor couples are uniquely embedded. Interestingly, this thin biohybrid system of nanoscale thickness assures unprecedentedly prolonged catalytic enzyme stability for about two weeks. Mimicking the natural photosynthesis, combination with the photoanode utilizing the water oxidation, steadily produces formate at a faradaic efficiency of 99.18 ± 6.77% with little degradation at least for 1 d under 1 sun illumination and no external bias.
Agribusiness: An International Journal's First 30 Volumes
Authors: Van Fleet David D. , Woolverton Michael W. , Beierlein James G. , Cotterill Ronald W.
Published: April 2016

Agribusiness: An International Journal, now a well‐recognized journal in the discipline, completed its 30th year of publication in 2014. This article examines three decades of publication statistics to provide an understanding of its development and a brief look at its possible future. Thus, this is a bibliographic history of Agribusiness and a brief case study of organizational evolution.
Relationship of blood monocytes with chronic lymphocytic leukemia aggressiveness and outcomes: a multi‐institutional study
Authors: Friedman Daphne R. , Sibley Alexander B. , Owzar Kouros , Chaffee Kari G. , Slager Susan , Kay Neil E. , Hanson Curtis A. , Ding Wei , Shanafelt Tait D. , Weinberg J. Brice , Wilcox Ryan A.
Published: April 2016

Monocyte‐derived cells, constituents of the cancer microenvironment, support chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cell survival in vitro via direct cell‐cell interaction and secreted factors. We hypothesized that circulating absolute monocyte count (AMC) reflects the monocyte‐derived cells in the microenvironment, and that higher AMC is associated with increased CLL cell survival in vivo and thus inferior CLL patient outcomes. We assessed the extent to which AMC at diagnosis of CLL is correlated with clinical outcomes, and whether this information adds to currently used prognostic markers. We evaluated AMC, clinically used prognostic markers, and time to event data from 1,168 CLL patients followed at the Mayo Clinic, the Duke University Medical Center, and the Durham VA Medical Center. Elevated AMC was significantly associated with inferior clinical outcomes, including time to first therapy (TTT) and overall survival (OS). AMC combined with established clinical and molecular prognostic markers significantly improved risk‐stratification of CLL patients for TTT. As an elevated AMC at diagnosis is associated with accelerated disease progression, and monocyte‐derived cells in the CLL microenvironment promote CLL cell survival and proliferation, these findings suggest that monocytes and monocyte‐derived cells are rational therapeutic targets in CLL. Am. J. Hematol. 91:687–691, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Libraries of Triazine Dendrimers and Orthogonal Staining Methods for Tracking Reactions on Resin
Authors: Huang Adela Y.‐T. , Patra Subrata , Chen Hui‐Ting , Kao Chai‐Lin , Simanek Eric E.
Published: April 2016

Reaction tracking is important in solid‐phase synthesis, especially for the preparation of dendrimers. In this study, a pair of orthogonal staining methods involving ninhydrin and Alizarin R was used to monitor the presence of alkyl amines or aryl chlorides, respectively, for tracking a reaction's progress. This staining method was applied to the solid‐phase dendrimer synthesis of a small library of triazine dendrimers that varied in generation from 1 to 3 and with specific ratios of surface groups. Starting with a Rink amide resin, iterative reactions of cyanuric chloride and a linking diamine, aminomethylpiperidine, provided the desired materials. Peripheral dichlorotriazines could be reacted selectively with two different amine nucleophiles to yield a multifunctional surface in a total yield of 81–87 %. The whole preparation process could be accomplished within one week, which dramatically improved the preparation efficiency.
Rituximab versus fingolimod after natalizumab in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Alping Peter , Frisell Thomas , Novakova Lenka , Islam‐Jakobsson Protik , Salzer Jonatan , Björck Anna , Axelsson Markus , Malmeström Clas , Fink Katharina , Lycke Jan , Svenningsson Anders , Piehl Fredrik
Published: April 2016

Objective

Many JC virus antibody‐positive relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients who are stable on natalizumab switch to other therapies to avoid progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

Methods

We compared outcomes for all RRMS patients switching from natalizumab due to JC virus antibody positivity at 3 Swedish multiple sclerosis centers with different preferential use of rituximab and fingolimod (Stockholm, n = 156, fingolimod 51%; Gothenburg, n = 64, fingolimod 88%; Umeå, n = 36, fingolimod 19%), yielding a total cohort of N = 256 (fingolimod 55%).

Results

Within 1.5 years of cessation of natalizumab, 1.8% (rituximab) and 17.6% (fingolimod) of patients experienced a clinical relapse (hazard ratio for rituximab = 0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02–0.43). The hazard ratio (favoring rituximab) for adverse events (5.3% vs 21.1%) and treatment discontinuation (1.8% vs 28.2%) were 0.25 (95% CI = 0.10–0.59) and 0.07 (95% CI = 0.02–0.30), respectively. Furthermore, contrast‐enhancing lesions were found in 1.4% (rituximab) versus 24.2% (fingolimod) of magnetic resonance imaging examinations (odds ratio = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.00–0.22). Differences remained when adjusting for possible confounders (age, sex, disability status, time on natalizumab, washout time, follow‐up time, and study center).

Interpretation

Our findings suggest an improved effectiveness and tolerability of rituximab compared with fingolimod in stable RRMS patients who switch from natalizumab due to JC virus antibody positivity. Although residual confounding factors cannot be ruled out, the shared reason for switching from natalizumab and the preferential use of either rituximab or fingolimod in 2 of the centers mitigates these concerns. Ann Neurol 2016;79:950–958
BEC Dynamics in a Double‐Well with Interferometric Feedback
Authors: Tomilin V. A. , Il'ichov L. V.
Published: April 2016

The feedback control scheme for a Bose‐Einstein condensate (BEC) in a double‐well trapping potential located in one arm of Mach‐Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is investigated. The off‐resonant light beam performs the phase probing in one of the wells, thus creating information about the number of atoms in this well. The parameters of the trapping potential are controlled via a feedback loop based on the measured output of the MZI. The problem is analyzed in the framework of master equations for hybrid quantum‐classical systems. Significant modifications of the stationary distribution of atoms over the wells are predicted. These distributions can effectively be controlled by the tunable phase shift in the other arm of the MZI.
Mechanically Induced Catalytic Amplification Reaction for Readout of Receptor‐Mediated Cellular Forces
Authors: Ma Victor Pui‐Yan , Liu Yang , Yehl Kevin , Galior Kornelia , Zhang Yun , Salaita Khalid
Published: April 2016

Mechanics play a fundamental role in cell biology, but detecting piconewton (pN) forces is challenging because of a lack of accessible and high throughput assays. A mechanically induced catalytic amplification reaction (MCR) for readout of receptor‐mediated forces in cells is described. Mechanically labile DNA duplexes presenting ligands are surface immobilized such that specific receptor forces denature the duplex and thus expose a blocked primer. Amplification of primers is achieved using an isothermal polymerization reaction and quantified by fluorescence readout. As a proof of concept, the assay was used to test the activity of a mechanomodulatory drug and integrin adhesion receptor antibodies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a catalytic reaction triggered in response to molecular piconewton forces. The MCR may transform the field of mechanobiology by providing a new facile tool to detect receptor specific mechanics with the convenience of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
The Dynamic Organic/Inorganic Interface of Colloidal PbS Quantum Dots
Authors: Grisorio Roberto , Debellis Doriana , Suranna Gian Paolo , Gigli Giuseppe , Giansante Carlo
Published: April 2016

Colloidal quantum dots are composed of nanometer‐sized crystallites of inorganic semiconductor materials bearing organic molecules at their surface. The organic/inorganic interface markedly affects forms and functions of the quantum dots, therefore its description and control are important for effective application. Herein we demonstrate that archetypal colloidal PbS quantum dots adapt their interface to the surroundings, thus existing in solution phase as equilibrium mixtures with their (metal‐)organic ligand and inorganic core components. The interfacial equilibria are dictated by solvent polarity and concentration, show striking size dependence (leading to more stable ligand/core adducts for larger quantum dots), and selectively involve nanocrystal facets. This notion of ligand/core dynamic equilibrium may open novel synthetic paths and refined nanocrystal surface‐chemistry strategies.