bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personality and Sexual Adjustment
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: August 2008

In view of the considerable importance attached to sexual adjustment by many psychologists and psychiatrists, it is disappointing that very little work seems in fact to have been done in this field. There are, it is true, surveys of ‘normal’ sexual behaviour, such as those associated with Kinsey, but these are characterized on the whole by the serious limitation of using entirely descriptive statistics; these are useful in a limited sense, but are not very informative. The value of a mean of 2 · 34 for the number of times that members of a given sample indulge in intercourse during the week is doubtful when it is realized that some members of the sample have intercourse once or twice a year, while others have it several times a night; even if one could take the unaided recall of such events very seriously, and even if the rate for a given person were less fluctuating than it probably is, nevertheless when variances are as large as these means have little meaning or relevance. Clearly the important question centres on quite a different problem, namely that of personality traits and other factors giving rise to these very marked individual differences in sexual behaviour and adjustment. Kinsey and his followers have concentrated on the factors of social class and age, perhaps because these are relatively easy to ascertain; it is not so easy to ascertain the psychological factors involved, as many critics of Kinsey's work have pointed out. Nor have psychiatrists, in spite of their professional interest in this field, been more forthcoming; apart from isolated statements about the lower fertility of psychotics, the loss of libido in depression, its excess in manic states, and the widespread sexual troubles of neurotics, little serious and detailed work appears to have been done to relate personality traits, or even descriptive diagnostic labels, to specific types of sexual behaviour. Psychologists have been equally remiss; apart from a few undistinguished and not very meaningful studies reviewed by the writer (Eysenck, 1971) little use has been made of the well-established research methodologies and psychometric tests available to them for use in such a situation.
Psychiatric In-patients and Out-patients in a London Borough
Authors: Mezey Alex G. , Evans Eileen
Published: August 2008

Little has been published about psychiatric out-patient work, and even less about the relationship between in-patient and out-patient psychiatric facilities in service requirements for a given population. The reasons for this are partly general to the whole field of medicine —a preoccupation with severe illness and the hospital bed to which it inevitably leads— and partly particular to psychiatry. The growth of out-patient psychiatric work is relatively recent, and its existence outside teaching hospitals is largely a National Health Service development. With in-patients concentrated in large mental hospitals serving an extensive area, the psychiatrist's connection with any individual general hospital was necessarily limited and the out-patients a small and peripheral part of his work.
Patients in Irish Psychiatric Hospitals in 1963—A Comparison with England and Wales
Authors: Walsh Dermot
Published: August 2008

The Department of Health carried out a complete census of the resident patient population of local authority and private psychiatric hospitals in the Republic of Ireland on 31 March, 1963. This paper analyses the Irish census returns and compares them with those of the similar psychiatric hospital census carried out in England and Wales on 31 December, 1963 (Brooke, 1967).
The Influence of Parental Death Anniversaries upon Suicide Dates
Authors: Bunch J. , Barraclough B.
Published: August 2008

Psychoanalytic literature has a number of references to suicidal acts taking place on the anniversary of the death of a loved person. Anniversaries of significant bereavements have been seen as likely to reactivate a depressive syndrome and as possible precipitants of suicide. Zilboorg (7) suggested that suicides might take their lives on the anniversary of a parent's death as though to expiate the death which they unconsciously perceived as the result of their own wishes. Others have seen the meaning of the suicide's act as a fantasied rebirth or new beginning with a lost love object, and the supposed occurrence of suicides on the anniversary of a death has again been instanced as support (Jackson (3)).
Differences in Usage of Diagnostic Labels amongst Psychiatrists in the British Isles
Authors: Copeland J. R. M. , Cooper J. E. , Kendell R. E. , Gourlay A. J.
Published: August 2008

This paper examines the differences in diagnostic practice and rating behaviour between groups of psychiatrists trained in different centres in the British Isles, using their observations on three video-taped psychiatric interviews. The findings are also briefly compared with similar data obtained in the United States.
Multivariate Statistical Methods and Classification Problems
Authors: Maxwell A. E.
Published: August 2008

Multivariate statistical methods are being used increasingly in an effort to clarify problems in psychiatric classification. Numerous references to their application could be given, but it is sufficient here to mention recent publications by Kiloh and Garside (1963), Carney, Roth and Garside (1965) and by Kendell (1968) which have received especial attention (e.g. Eysenck, 1970), as they are concerned with the longstanding controversy about the classification of depressive illness. But there is some confusion, not least amongst the critics, about the particular roles which different multivariate techniques, notably factor analysis, can play in classification problems, and in this paper an attempt is made to clarify the situation. Almost as a trial of the reader's endurance this attempt necessitates some preliminary discussion of the psychometric concept of a ‘unitary trait’ and of the statistical rules involved in defining it. But after this problem has been disposed of attention is confined to a discussion of the main multivariate techniques in question—factor analysis, discriminant function and canonical variate analysis, and finally cluster analysis. The attitude adopted in the paper is admittedly purist, but when controversy arises, as in the case of the classification of depressive illnesses, it is well to be clear about the precise properties and purposes of the statistical models we employ if confusion is to be avoided.
Assessment of Low Dosage Haloperidol in Anxiety States
Authors: Rogerson Rowland , Butler John K.
Published: August 2008

The trial was a double-blind cross-over study in which patients presenting in general practice with anxiety received haloperidol (Serenace) 0·5 mg. twice daily for two weeks and a placebo of identical appearance for two weeks in random order. Forty-three patients entered the trial. Of these, six failed to attend for follow-up and one proved impossible to assess. A further eight completed the first two-week period of assessment only (5 active drug, 3 placebo) but are included in the analysis. There were equal numbers of men and women, aged 24 to 71 years.
Personality and Family History of Disease
Authors: Segraves Robert Taylor
Published: August 2008

Personality structure has been linked with cancer, heart disease, and duodenal ulceration. Eysenck (1965) hypothesized that the association of personality with these diseases is the result of an association between the genetic factors influencing personality predisposition and disease susceptibility. As briefly discussed by the present author elsewhere (Segraves, 1970), Eysenck's hypothesis seems tenable, since both these personality dimensions and these diseases have been shown to have hereditary components and to be related to bodily habitus in analogous ways.
A Study of Eye-Contact Changes in Depressed and Recovered Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Hinchliffe Mary K. , Lancashire Meredith , Roberts F. J.
Published: August 2008

Eye-contact is a prominent Non-verbal cue in any Dyadic interaction and can be easily observed and measured. Argyle (1969) has postulated a relationship with Intimacy and Distance, Kendon (1967) described its expressive and regulatory function in conversation and Exline et al. (1965 and 1967) have related it to other variables, e.g. sex, dependency and affiliative needs.
Affective Disturbance in Hypothyroidism
Authors: Jain V. K.
Published: August 2008

Since the classic report in 1888 by the Committee on Myxoedema of the Clinical Society of London, there has been a wide interest in the psychiatric aspects of hypothyroidism. Despite many reports which followed, Asher (who in 1949 coined the term ‘myxoedematous madness’) had this to say: ‘Myxoedema is one of the most important, one of the least known and one of the most frequently missed causes of organic psychosis'. Most studies have been clinical descriptions with no correlation of the degree of affective disturbance with the severity of disease process.
Thought Stopping: A Useful Treatment in Phobias of ‘Internal Stimuli’
Authors: Kumar K. , Wilkinson J. C. M.
Published: August 2008

Since Wolpe (1958) developed the idea of psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition, systematic desensitization has emerged as an effective method of treatment in phobic states. There exists, however, a group of phobias which cannot be effectively treated with these techniques. These include fears of death, illness, harming other people, etc., and have been recognized by other authors as a separate group by themselves (Marks et al., 1969; Marks, 1969, 1970): phobias of internal stimuli. The search for a suitable method to treat these cases led us to use the thought stopping procedures described by Wolpe and Lazarus (1966, p. 132). There has been a notable lack of literature concerning this method, although Wolpe refers to J. A. Bain who used this technique in 1928.
Real or Imaginary Hypophallism: A Cause of Inferiority Feelings and Morbid Sexual Jealousy
Authors: Todd John , Mackie J. R. M. , Dewhurst Kenneth
Published: August 2008

Sexual jealousy is both an attitude of mind and an emotional state: the latter resulting from a blending of emotions aroused by an affront to the instincts of mating, self-assertion and acquisition. Sexual jealousy is of particular interest to the psychiatrist, since in its morbid manifestations it destroys marital harmony (Gillard, 1896) and may lead to homicide or suicide (Mowat, 1966). Sexual jealousy may be regarded as a normal reaction but it is abnormal when: (a) the jealous person is haunted by what the ‘man in the street’ would recognize as a groundless conviction that his or her sexual partner has been, or will be, unfaithful; or (b) jealousy engendered by actual infidelity is of such intensity as to render the person dangerously aggressive. Examples of the second category are Ruth Ellis, who shot dead her unfaithful lover; and Pilar Garcia-Compte, who killed her husband after he had refused to break with his mistress.
The Recognition of Psychopathology on the Repertory Grid
Authors: Ryle Anthony , Breen Dana
Published: August 2008

Repertory grid testing (Kelly, 1955; Slater, 1965) of psychiatric patients, using people of significance in the patient's life as elements and eliciting the patient's own constructs has been employed in the clinical setting to demonstrate aspects of psychopathology (Ryle, 1967; Ryle, 1969), to measure change with treatment (Ryle and Lunghi, 1969; Rowe, 1971a) and to assess how far a therapist could predict a patient's responses (Rowe, 1971b). However, no systematic examination has been reported so far into the characteristic features of the construct systems of neurotic as opposed to normal subjects, although some apparent equivalences between grid features and psychological or psychopathological formulations such as identification or splitting have been described. While repertory grid testing remains an essentially ideographic exercise, it is important to identify features characteristic of neurosis if the method is to have more than a descriptive function in the investigation of patients. As a contribution to this we have tested with an identical method a series of students consulting with neurotic problems and a control sample of new students tested on arrival at the University.
Changes in the Perception of Relationships in the Hypomanic State as shown by the Repertory Grid
Authors: Rowe Dorothy
Published: August 2008

Hypomania can be considered as a defence against anxiety, a reaction to the patient's perception of his environment. Perception of the environment in a particular way can ensure the maintenance of a depression (Rowe, 1970). If hypomania is a defence, the cessation of the hypomanic state should mean that the patient then perceives his environment differently.
Psychoneurotic Profiles in Middle Age
Authors: Crisp A. H. , Priest R. G.
Published: August 2008

The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (M.H.Q.) is a brief self-rating inventory that is intended to cover the full clinical range of neurotic illness (Crown and Crisp, 1966). It usually takes about 7–10 minutes to complete, and a few minutes to score. Although many questionnaires attempt to measure general neurotic ill-health, the only other short test that purports to rate patients comprehensively in terms of clinical categories (e.g. anxiety state, neurotic depression, obsessional neurosis, hysteria) is Fould's Symptom-Sign Inventory, which requires verbal administration by the examiner and does not cover psychosomatic and phobic syndromes.
The Windham Case
Authors: Jones Kingsley
Published: August 2008

The Public Enquiry into William Frederick Windham's ‘alleged lunacy’ is well documented and the evidence of 140 witnesses provides a uniquely full history. The case is of interest as a diagnostic problem, a study in mid-nineteenth century psychiatric thinking and methodology, and in the then prevailing attitudes to mental illness. It was a significant event in psychiatric history, as the scale and expense of the trial brought the method of public enquiry into bad repute. Thus the case represented one of the steps away from legal management in psychiatric illness and towards medical management.
Mental Illness in Sibships of Two and Three
Authors: Birtchnell John
Published: August 2008

A conspicuous deficiency of practically all birth order studies is the absence of a general population control group. Instead, a number of statistical methods of estimating the expected number of subjects in each sibling position have been used. These are based upon the assumption that for any given size of sibship there should be equal numbers of subjects in each birth rank. As Price and Hare (1969) have pointed out, there are a number of reasons why such as assumption is incorrect, and therefore why the conclusions based upon it are unreliable. Because, in most studies, only relatively small numbers of patients are available various methods of combining sibships of different sizes are adopted and the sexes of the siblings are ignored. To consider a sibling position irrespective of the size and composition of the sibship in which it occurs is unjustifiable. As birth order effects are relatively slight, large numbers of subjects are required to detect them. Unless a patient sample of several thousand is used the numbers in any sibship size are too small to permit analysis by birth rank. As sibship size is itself a possible variable, and as within each sibship the sexes of the siblings can be distributed in a variety of ways, birth order studies should ideally consider one sibship size at a time and should investigate sibling position by sex of sibling. Unfortunately, in sibships of four or more the numbers of combinations become so great as to render this approach impracticable.
Psychiatric Experience of the Abortion Act (1967)
Authors: Todd Norman A.
Published: August 2008

Public controversy surrounds the workings of the Abortion Act and will no doubt continue to do so, probably until such time as surgical operation is replaced by other methods. Recently the report has been published of the enquiry by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists which emphasises the difficulties involved in interpretation of the Act and the variations encountered in practice. There is a substantial body of psychiatric literature on the subject, e.g., Ekblad, 1955; Arkle, 1957; Kummer, 1963; Sim, 1963; Höök, 1963; Baird, 1967; Clark et al., 1968 and Kenyon, 1969, but results obtained in other countries and in this country some years ago are not necessarily applicable to this country now, since changes in public attitudes are likely to influence them. Little has been published by psychiatrists about their experience with cases since the Act came into operation. The recent follow-up series of Pare and Raven deals with cases seen in the years 1962 to 1968, i.e., mainly before the implementation of the Act.
Phase of the Menstrual Cycle and Self-Referrals to a Suicide Prevention Service
Authors: Wetzel Richard D. , Reich Theodore , McClure James N.
Published: August 2008

A review of studies relating suicide to the menstrual cycle (Wetzel et al., in preparation) showed that an increased proportion of female suicides and attempted suicides probably occur during the luteal (from ovulation to onset of menses) and menstrual phases of the cycle. Mandell and Mandell (1967), in a study of women calling the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center, found an increased number calling in the late luteal and menstrual phase of their cycle. This study assessed the relationship between phase of the cycle at the time of call and self-judged lethality.
Premenstrual Symptoms in Self-Referrals to a Suicide Prevention Service
Authors: Wetzel Richard D. , McClure James N. , Reich Theodore
Published: August 2008

Two studies have been made of the relationship between premenstrual tension and phase of the menstrual cycle at the time of suicide attempt. Tonks et al. (1968) reported a negative relationship. Women without premenstrual symptoms accounted for the premenstrual increase in suicide attempts. Zacco et al. (1960) reported a significant positive relationship, women with the premenstrual syndrome being more likely to attempt premenstrually.
Effects of Chlorpromazine and Trifluoperazine on the Activity of Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Jones Ivor H. , Pikler N.
Published: August 2008

There is a widespread belief among clinicians that trifluoperazine (Tr) is more effective than chlorpromazine (Ch) in activating retarded schizophrenic patients. We examined the effect of these two drugs on the motor activity of three groups of inactive patients: A, very inactive; B, moderately inactive and C, mildly inactive. All these patients were under 60, with at least 10 years duration of illness. We excluded those with subnormality or physical illness and those who had a leucotomy. They were all sufficiently inactive to fall below the mid-point on the Venables scale (Venables, 1957), so that an increase in activity constituted an improvement. The same supervisors and raters were used throughout and attempts were made to maintain the work environment as constant as possible. The raters did not have access to their earlier scores.
Evaluation of a New Tranquillizer—WY 4036—in the Treatment of Anxiety
Authors: Haider Ijaz
Published: August 2008

The use of 1, 4 benzodiazepine drugs in the treatment of anxiety is well known and quite popular. The range of these drugs so far in clinical use includes chlordiazepoxide (Librium), diazepam (Valium), oxazepam (Serenid D) and nitrazepam (Mogadon). All have the advantages that effect is produced rapidly, side effects are of infrequent occurrence, and there is a very high safety factor.
Different Effects of Trifluoperazine when Administered Daytime or Night
Authors: Polvan N. , Akpinar S. , Ahmed M. B. , Itil T. M.
Published: August 2008

The neuroleptics which are very effective in chronic schizophrenia, such as fluphenazine, thiothixene and haloperidol, have both central ‘inhibitory’ and 'stimulatory’ properties (Itil et al., 1969, 1970). When chronically administered in low dosages, these compounds decrease Stage 4 of the sleep process and produce insomnia, while in high dosages they produce deeper sleep stages. Based on these observations and the fact that extrapyramidal symptoms usually do not occur during deep sleep, we hypothesized that high oral doses of trifluoperazine given at night would produce fewer sleep disturbances and extrapyramidal symptoms than the same dosages of this compound administered during the morning.
Modified Leucotomy Assessed Clinically, Physiologically and Psychologically at Six Weeks and Eighteen Months
Authors: Kelly Desmond , Walter C. J. S. , Mitchell-Heggs Nita , Sargant William
Published: August 2008

After more than thirty years the operation of leucotomy still remains a controversial treatment, and its value is questioned by many. This scepticism, and the advent of new surgical techniques, have emphasized the need for careful appraisal of the results of psychosurgery. In a previous prospective study 40 patients were assessed six weeks after modified leucotomy, and 75 per cent of these patients were found to be clinically improved (Kelly, Walter and Sargant, 1966). They were less neurotic on the M.P.I., had lower Taylor Manifest Anxiety scores and rated themselves as less anxious; a good clinical outcome was associated with diminution of physiological arousal as measured by forearm blood flow and heart rate. This group has now been followed-up and reassessed 18 months after operation, and a further group of 38 patients has been examined before, and again six weeks after, leucotomy. The data from the two groups have been combined to determine the immediate outcome for various diagnostic categories, and a multiple regression has been performed to elicit which of the pre-operative factors predict a favourable post-operative result.
Confabulation
Authors: Berlyne N.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatry suffers from the use of terms widely employed, poorly defined and variously interpreted. Delusion is one such term, but has appropriately commanded a good deal of attention (Hüber, 1955, 1964). Confabulation is another, but has not enjoyed the same critical scrutiny.
A Comparison Between 'Samaritan Suicides' and Living Samaritan Clients
Authors: Barraclough B. M. , Shea Marian
Published: August 2008

‘The Samaritans' were founded in 1953 to help ‘the suicidal and despairing’. As with similar lay agencies abroad, their growth in the past ten years has been vigorous; they now have more than 120 branches in the United Kingdom and these branches attracted over 50,000 clients in 1969. The Samaritans' aims have been described in detail by Fox (1968), but their most important aim is still the prevention of suicide. Their success in attracting the suicidal and preventing their subsequent death must therefore be the criteria of their effectiveness.
Psychiatric Illness Among Paternal and Maternal Relatives of Poor Prognosis Schizophrenics
Authors: Mccabe Michael S. , Fowler Richard C. , Cadoret Remi J. , Winokur George
Published: August 2008

In 1966 Slater proposed a computational model for distinguishing polygenic inheritance and the effects of a single dominant gene. For a single dominant gene with diminished penetrance, affected relatives should be found predominantly on either maternal or paternal sides. He further proposed that to support a dominant gene hypothesis the ratio of unilaterally ill pairs to bilaterally ill pairs of relatives should exceed 2:1. ‘Unilateral pairs' means that there have been two or more ill relatives on either paternal or maternal sides; ‘bilateral pairs' that there has been at least one ill relative on each side.
Depressive Typologies and Response to Amitriptyline
Authors: Paykel E. S.
Published: August 2008

The aims of this paper are to report findings from the use of an empirically derived typology to predict response of depressed patients to amitriptyline, and to compare this typological prediction with predictions from two other classifications of depressed patients, one traditional and one newer.
Speed of Function, Thought-Process Disorder and Flattening of Affect
Authors: Draffan Joan
Published: August 2008

Retardation, i.e. abnormal slowness in performing mental and/or motor tasks, is frequently noted as being a prominent feature of schizophrenia. While some writers describe it as being merely one of the several clinical signs and symptoms of schizophrenia, others suggest that retardation has acausativerole, and is a basic disorder underlying antisociability and withdrawal from reality (Babcock, 1933), intellectual deficit (Shapiro and Nelson, 1955), affective flattening (Harris and Metcalfe, 1956), thought-process disorder (e.g. Yates, 1966), and other disorders.
Psychoses in Adult Mental Defectives: II. Schizophrenic and Paranoid Psychoses
Authors: Reid A. H.
Published: August 2008

Kraepelin (1896, 1902) believed that approximately 7 per cent of cases of dementia praecox arose upon the basis of imbecility. He also suggested that ‘certain forms of idiocy with developed mannerisms and stereotypies might be early cases of dementia praecox’, and proposed the term ‘Pfropfschizophrenie’ to denote ‘eine besonders früh entstandene Schizophrenic’ (a schizophrenic psychosis of particularly early onset). Though he later modified his views and agreed that the rhythmic movements seen in some idiots did not in fact signify dementia praecox, he continued to believe that dementia praecox beginning in the first decade could produce 'states of weakness … regarded as imbecility or idiocy’.
Masked Depressions
Authors: Ibor J. J. López
Published: August 2008

When I received the invitation to deliver this year's Maudsley Lecture, I felt that a great honour had been conferred upon me. The series of the Maudsley Lectures provide a succession of pictures and a measure of the level attained by psychiatry, not only in Great Britain but throughout the world in recent times. Maudsley himself was a great master in the realm of clinical psychiatry. In these days psychiatry is menaced by many diverse and varied interpretations that tend towards bringing about its disintegration. Reading Maudsley'sPathology of Mind, and reading these lectures that have been given under his name since their foundation, constitutes an invaluable lesson that enables present-day psychiatrists to understand what their real situation is, and what is the field of action that is open to them as scientists in contemporary society.
Are the Scottish and English Suicide Rates Really Different?
Authors: Barraclough B. M.
Published: August 2008

The official suicide rate for England and Wales has been higher than Scotland's (1) for at least 70 years. Since national differences in official suicide rates are quite frequently cited as an index of differences in social well-being, it is of some importance to know whether these differences are valid or whether they are merely artefacts caused by varying criteria for deciding what evidence is necessary to write 'suicide’ upon the death certificate.
Phobias and Nervous Symptoms in Childhood and Maturity: Persistence and Associations
Authors: Abe K.
Published: August 2008

Most people suffer from so-called ‘nervous symptoms' sometime during life, and their activity is influenced in varying degrees by these symptoms. There are a number of works reporting high prevalence of so-called neurotic symptoms: Rennie and his collaborators studied a sample of the population in the age range 20–59 of the central residential area of New York City and found that 75 per cent manifested significant symptoms of anxiety and that only 11 per cent of the lower class and 29 per cent of the upper class were psychiatrically symptom-free respondents (Rennie, Srole, Opler and Langner, 1957). Leighton found the life-time prevalence (after the age of 18) of psychoneurotic symptoms in a small town (population about 3,000) to be 67 per cent (Leighton, 1956). Winter interviewed 200 apparently healthy workers (mean age 36·6 years, 141 males and 59 females) of various social strata of Berlin, and found only 18 per cent free from so-called neurotic symptoms, i.e. anxiety, phobia, insomnia, headache and other psychosomatic symptoms (Winter, 1959). Agras, Sylvester and Oliveau found the prevalence of fear of storms, enclosures and journeying alone in females of Burlington to be 31 per cent, 14 per cent and 10 per cent respectively, and noted that psychiatrists saw only a small percentage of the phobic population (Agras, Sylvester and Oliveau, 1969). In all of these surveys, the authors noted that the majority of those with symptoms appeared to function well in the society. In Japan, a comparable survey is lacking, but Kasahara and Sakamoto investigated by questionnaire 2,481 students who entered Kyoto University in 1967 and found 24·1 per cent suffering from headache and 18 · 5 per cent from difficulty in falling asleep (Kasahara and Sakamoto, 1970). On 30 August 1970, N.H.K. (Japanese Broadcasting Corporation) invited to the studio 100 males who had graduated in 1945 from a single metropolitan all-male middle school for a programme entided ‘Age Forty’, in which health, economical and social status of this age group was enquired into. Among these, 26 ‘often suffered from palpitation and shortness of breath without significant exertion’, and 34 often awoke in the middle of the night or too early in the morning and could not get back to sleep again.
A Trial of Group Psychotherapy for Neurotics
Authors: Bovill Diana
Published: August 2008

In peripheral hospitals and their crowded outpatient clinics many neurotics are treated, sometimes for a number of years, with sedatives or tranquillizers, a few words of sympathy and encouragement and, often electroplexy. The reasons often given for failure to offer psychotherapy are that it is of doubtful benefit or that it is too time-consuming.
Dermatoglyphics of Negro Schizophrenic Males
Authors: Polednak Anthony P.
Published: August 2008

Dermatoglyphic patterns, especially fingerprints, have long been of interest to researchers in the genetics of schizophrenia, but results of investigations have been inconsistent. Rosner and Steinberg (4) published the first dermatoglyphic study of Negro male schizophrenics, comparing finger and palm prints of 207 patients at Virginia State Hospital with those of 105 healthy Negro males from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness Perinatal Study. This is the second report on the dermatoglyphics of Negro male schizophrenics.
Aldosterone Production Rates in Manic-Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Allsopp M. N. E. , Levell M. J. , Stitch S. R. , Hullin R. P.
Published: August 2008

In 1963 Coppen and Shaw reported that patients with manic-depressive psychosis showed, on clinical recovery, a significant decrease in exchangeable sodium, and in residual sodium (exchangeable minus extracellular sodium), presumed intracellular, per litre of body water. Coppen, Shaw, Malleson and Costain (1966) found a similar type of shift in mania but the deviation from normal was, on average, more extreme. Although low and high sodium diets had no effects on the distribution of sodium in manic-depressive psychotics, the administration of spironolactone resulted in a significant reduction of residual sodium (Coppen, 1970). The possible involvement of aldosterone in these changes led Jenneret al.(1967) to examine aldosterone excretion in a 48-hour cycle patient and Murphy, Goodwin and Bunney (1969) to examine groups of manic and depressed patients. Murphyet al.found lower rates of excretion of aldosterone in depression than in mania, but Jenneret al.found the opposite.
Urinary Excretion of Cyclic Amp and Manic-Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Brown B. L. , Salway J. G. , Albano J. D. M. , Hullin R. P. , Ekins R. P.
Published: August 2008

Recently several communications have been published implicating impaired 3′5′ cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) metabolism as a causal factor in affective disorders (1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11). In particular, the urinary excretion of cyclic AMP in manic patients is reported to be increased compared with that of normal subjects, whereas in depressed patients a decreased excretion has been observed (1, 7, 8, 9). These findings form the basis of a theory explaining the systemic and mental symptoms of affective disorders (1).
Adjustment of Homosexual and Heterosexual Women
Authors: Siegelman Marvin
Published: August 2008

The traditional psychiatric belief that homosexual women are emotionally unstable (3, 10, 21) has been challenged by Armon (1), Freedman (11), and Hopkins (13). The contention that such women are neurotic has typically been voiced by clinicians reporting on their own therapy patients (3, 10, 19). One exception is the recent psychometric investigation by Kenyon (15) who studied a non-clinical group of English homosexual women, and concluded that they were higher in neuroticism than a comparison group of heterosexuals. In contrast to the ‘illness' notion of homosexuality, the authors of three psychometric studies (1, 11, 13) dealing with non-clinical homosexuals and heterosexuals reported that heterosexual women were not better adjusted than homosexuals. The paucity of research in this area is exemplified by the fact that a total of only four studies, noted above, have been found to date by this author. Even the clinical literature, which is replete with case studies and therapeutic discussions concerning male homosexuality, is strikingly sparse in the area of lesbianism (19). The present study was therefore conducted to add to the small body of data we now have on the adjustment of homosexual versus heterosexual women.
Some Differences in the Personal Constructs of Neurotic and Normal Subjects
Authors: Ryle Anthony , Breen Dana
Published: August 2008

The subject completing a repertory grid test records a large number of comparative judgements about himself and people known to him (the elements), using descriptions (constructs) elicited from him. The analysis of this grid provides extensive numerical data requiring interpretation by the tester. In previous work we have reported the use of grids in the investigation of psychiatrically disturbed students (Ryle, 1967, 1969) and have used the grids to predict and assess the effects of psychotherapy (Ryle and Lunghi, 1969). These interpretations of grid data were initially largely subjective and were usually related to clinical formulations based upon a psycho-analytic model. With experience, the assumptions underlying the interpretation of grid data have become more explicit and the time is clearly ripe for these assumptions to be subjected to more rigorous testing.
Psychological Adjustment and Response to Open-Heart Surgery: Some Methodological Considerations
Authors: Henrichs Theodore F. , Waters William F.
Published: August 2008

Psychological factors have long been posited as having a role in determining a person's response to open-heart surgery. As early as 1956 Bolton and Bailey reported a high correlation between a history of psychiatric problems and psychiatric complications following cardiac surgery.
Effect of Shape of Medication in Treatment of Anxiety States
Authors: Hussain M. Z.
Published: August 2008

In the clinical evaluation of drug treatment, medical practitioners have long appreciated the fact that the response does not merely reflect the pharmacological effect of the drug. The manner in which the treatment is presented to the patient by his therapist is important and there is ample proof in the literature of the therapeutic effects of inert substances—the so-called placebo effects (1, 2). In psychiatric practice particularly, the halo effects of such factors are of considerable importance.
A State-Dependent Learning Effect Produced by Amylobarbitone Sodium
Authors: Ley P. , Jain V. K. , Swinson R. P. , Eaves D. , Bradshaw P. W. , Kincey J. A. , Crowder R. , Abbiss S.
Published: August 2008

Learning is said to be state-dependent when a response which is learned in a given internal state shows disproportionate decrement in retention when the internal state of the learner is changed. Research on this phenomenon has a long history. It was first noted by investigators who were concerned with the problem of whether overt responses were necessary for the formation of classically conditioned responses. Curare was used to eliminate the overt response, and it was found that:
Homogamy in Intellectual Abilities: An Abnormal Case
Authors: May A. E. , Childs D.
Published: August 2008

A woman was admitted to a psychiatric hospital. Feeling increasingly depressed she had made a suicidal attempt. Besides somatic complaints, she related friction with her husband. The latter reported her as being inadequate at coping with their children, with general domestic chores or with entertaining his business friends. The woman's full scale I.Q. on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale was found to be 73, in the borderline subnormal range.
Modified Narcosis, ECT and Antidepressant Drugs: A Review of Technique and Immediate Outcome
Authors: Walter C. J. S. , Mitchell-Heggs Nita , Sargant William
Published: August 2008

The renewed use of modified forms of narcosis, generally given together with ECT and antidepressant drugs, arose from a series of observations made during attempts to treat a group of chronically tense patients. These patients, the majority of whom had been diagnosed as ‘chronic tension states', had been referred to the Department of Psychological Medicine at St. Thomas' Hospital for assessment regarding their suitability for modified leucotomy. Birley (1964), in a follow-up study of previous patients with ‘tension states' treated by leucotomy at St. Thomas' Hospital, had found that many developed clear-cut attacks of depression following the operation. This suggested to one of us (W.S.) that such ‘tension states' might have been masked depressive illnesses, in whom the underlying diagnosis had been missed. Consequently it was decided that in the future such patients should be treated with suitably long courses of ECT, together with one or both groups of antidepressant drugs, before any question of recommending leucotomy arose. As a result, a considerable number of these patients were greatly improved and no longer required a leucotomy. Others, however, became more tense and distressed during treatment with ECT and drugs; modified narcosis, therefore, was given in addition, to allow the full course of ECT to be completed. It was then that another of us (C.W.) observed that patients who were treated with combined narcosis, ECT and antidepressants appeared to respond more favourably, and were much less upset by the treatment, than those receiving ECT and antidepressants alone. In a preliminary report published in 1966, Sargant, Walter and Wright described a group of 73 patients with ‘chronic tension states', of whom 67 per cent had improved markedly with further treatment of their underlying depression. It was noted that 15 of the 37 patients treated with ECT and antidepressants alone still required a leucotomy, while in the group treated with modified narcosis in addition to ECT and antidepressants the operation was needed in only 3 of the 36 patients. It appeared, therefore, that the addition of narcosis to drugs and ECT greatly improved the recovery rate.
The Eysenck Personality Inventory Scores in a Group of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Verghese Abraham , Abraham Annamma
Published: August 2008

The Eysenck Personality Inventory (E.P.I.) was developed by Eysenck and Eysenck (1964) to measure two dimensions of personality—extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N). This personality questionnaire has been extensively used in clinical practice and psychosomatic research. In our own department we have been using the E.P.I. as a tool in some psychosomatic investigations, which have been reported in various journals (Verghese, 1970, 1971; Verghese et al. (1971a), (1971b).
The ‘Gaslight Phenomenon’ Reappears
Authors: Smith Charles G. , Sinanan Kenneth
Published: August 2008

In 1969 Barton and Whitehead reported two cases in which there were definite plots to remove an unwanted and restricting relative by securing admission to a mental hospital, and one case of an old lady admitted to a mental hospital following induced faecal incontinence. The old lady was considered a nursing home nuisance and she was given purgatives regularly. Inevitably she had some ‘accidents' and these were used as an excuse for removing her to hospital. They labelled such attempts ‘The Gaslight Phenomenon’, inspired by Patrick Hamilton's play Gaslight which was first produced in London in 1939 and later formed the basis for a film.∗ Their survey of the literature uncovered few recent reports of such manipulations.
Studies in the Classification of Affective Disorders
Authors: Roth Martin , Gurney Clair , Garside R. F. , Kerr T. A.
Published: August 2008

Disorders in which anxiety or depression is the predominant feature constitute a large part of contemporary psychiatric practice. They are also being increasingly recognized as the underlying causes of many conditions in general medicine and family practice for which, even after prolonged investigation, no physical basis can be discovered.
The Assessment and Prediction of Outcome in Affective Disorders
Authors: Kerr T. A. , Roth Martin , Schapira Kurt , Gurney Clair
Published: August 2008

While detailed and systematic studies have been carried out on the course and outcome of manic-depressive psychoses (Kraepelin, 1921; Rennie, 1942; Poort, 1945; Lundquist, 1945; Astrup et al., 1959; Olsen, 1961; Bratfos and Haug, 1968), depressive illnesses (Lewis, 1936; Kay et al, 1969) and anxiety states (Miles et al., 1951; Eitinger, 1955; Greer and Cawley, 1966), there is little information concerning the prognosis of affective disorders as a whole.
Fertility in Obsessional Neurosis
Authors: Hare E. H. , Price J. S. , Slater E. T. O.
Published: August 2008

Obsessional neurosis, inasfar as it comes to the attention of the psychiatrist, is a comparatively rare disorder, comprising not more than about 3 per cent of all cases of neurosis. Its rarity is reflected in the fact that the largest series so far described, that of Pollitt (1957), consisted of only 150 cases, though a limited amount of information has been available from the somewhat larger series of the Bethlem-Maudsley Hospital (Blacker and Gore, 1955) and of the Registrar General (1964).
A Clinical Method for Testing Abnormal in vitro Haemolysis from Catecholamine Metabolites in Schizophrenia
Authors: Hegedus Zoltan L. , Altschule Mark D. , Nayak Ullhas
Published: August 2008

Earlier work from this laboratory showed that rheomelanins (blood soluble melanins) form in normal and schizophrenic blood incubated with the catecholamines, with l-dopa, with adrenochrome and with adrenolutin-monohydrate (Hegedus and Altschule (1–4)). This work also showed that the erythrocytes of many patients with a diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia are abnormally susceptible to the haemolytic effects of the rheomelanins or their precursors, formed in their bloods during incubation with most of these chemicals (Hegedus and Altschule (2, 4)). Erythrocytes of the chronic patients showed especially marked haemolysis during incubation of their oxalated blood with adrenochrome, with adrenolutin-monohydrate and with dopamine. A test for routine use was developed on the basis of this phenomenon, and is reported in this paper. The conditions of this routine test were determined as regards quantity of chemicals, time and temperature of incubation, and rate of shaking during incubation so as to give maximum differences between normal and schizophrenic bloods.
Social Imitation - A Neglected Factor in Psychotherapy?
Authors: Davies Martin H.
Published: August 2008

The treatment of neurotic emotional responses and behaviour patterns has probably generated more controversies and fewer verifiable observations than any other aspect of psychiatric practice. Tentative hypotheses have been all too quick to take root, expanding into comprehensive theoretical systems, and often obscuring the growth of objective information. Lately, however, a more cautious and empirical attitude appears to be gaining ground. For example, Marks (1971) has pointed out that workers in this field increasingly recognize the presence of factors influencing outcome which are not explained or even contradicted by those concepts and strategies which underlie the techniques employed. Psychotherapists of both behaviourist and psychodynamic persuasions are beginning to express an awareness of the limitations and dangers of a too rigid theoretical approach. Such a movement towards uncommitted empiricism seems a healthy trend. This may be furthered by the more careful examination of specific treatment regimes applied to a variety of diagnostically homogeneous groups of patients, an approach which is clearly preferable to sterile arguments about their relative overall effectiveness in the usual heterogeneous collections of neurotic patients with which the literature abounds. In the recently published Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (1971), the editors comment on the frequency with which their contributors criticize the lack of replicated studies and the common failure to describe in adequate detail the specific features of patient, method and therapist. From whatever aspect it is viewed, psychotherapy emerges as a complex personal interaction containing many components, all difficult to quantify and unlikely to combine their effects in an easily predictable way.
Conditioning in Relation to Conceptual Thinking
Authors: Barr R. F. , McConaghy N.
Published: August 2008

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between loose or ‘allusive’ thinking and conditioning performance. The theoretical proposition examined was that looseness of thinking is associated with weak internal inhibition of autonomic responses in classical conditioning.
Negators in Speech and Unconscious Denial: a ‘Refutation’
Authors: Silverman Gerald
Published: August 2008

In a study by Hinchcliffe, Lancashire and Roberts (1971), results of verbal behaviour analysis are described which purport to show objective, quantified evidence of ‘psychological defence mechanisms' in the speech of depressed patients. The method employed was based on earlier work by Weintraub and Aronson (1962, 1964), involving the tape-recording of speech during interviews of both patients and controls. Analysis is made of both temporo-physical events (e.g. speech rate; pausing) and lexical and semantic content. Regarding the latter, particular emphasis was placed on frequency of ‘negators', defined as ‘not, never, nor, nothing’ (Hinchcliffe et al., 1971) and ‘All negatives, e.g. “not“, “no”, “nothing“, “never”.’ (Weintraub and Aronson, 1964). Such ‘negators' are taken to indicate ‘denial’ in the psycho-analytic sense. Hinchcliffe et al. used a group of ten depressed in-patients and a control group of ten surgical in-patients ‘matched for age, sex and socio-economic position’, but sharply demarcated in terms of their scores on the Zung Self-Rating Scale for depression (Zung, 1965). They found a preponderance of ‘negators' in the speech of the depressed group which was statistically highly significant (P < 0·005), comparing well with the findings of Weintraub and Aronson (P < 0 · 01). In a subsequent communication (Silverman, 1971), the present author expressed doubt as to the validity of the inference that ‘negators' do indicate ‘denial’ in depressed patients, and suggested an alternative experiment of which this is a report.
Creatine Phosphokinase Activity in Newly Admitted Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Gosling R. , Kerry R. J. , Orme J. E. , Owen G.
Published: August 2008

Increased serum creatine phosphokinase (C.P.K.) levels have been shown in acutely psychotic patients on admission to hospital (Meltzer, 1968). Little is known about C.P.K. activity in non-psychotic (e.g. neurotic) patients admitted under similar conditions. Psychotic patients have not been compared with non-psychotic patients over a period of time following admission. Examination of a single serum sample for C.P.K. activity in non-psychotic patients at the time of admission has shown no abnormality (Meltzer et al., 1969).