bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biodiversity offsetting can relocate nature away from people: An empirical case study in Western Australia
Authors: Kalliolevo Hanna , Gordon Ascelin , Sharma Roshan , Bull Joseph W. , Bekessy Sarah A.
Published: August 2021

Regular contact with nature provides multiple health benefits for people, but biodiversity is declining fast in an urbanizing world. Biodiversity offsets are implemented to compensate for the negative residual impacts of economic development projects on biodiversity, but the impacts on people who stand to lose biodiversity from their local environment are rarely considered. Offsetting typically involves creating, restoring or protecting biodiversity values at a specified site that can be located some distance away from the development site. In this article, we explore whether any relocation of nature is occurring due to development and offsets in Western Australia (WA); a jurisdiction with one of the world's few spatially referenced and comprehensive public offset registers. We analyzed data from 158 projects within the WA Environmental Offsets Register. We compared the location of development sites within 50 km (the urban and peri urban zone) and 500 km (~one day's drive) of the central business district (CBD) of Perth with the associated offset sites. The development and offset process together can be considered to contribute to a loss of urban nature as the offset sites tended to be further away from urban areas than the associated development sites. The offset sites were also located in significantly lower population density areas. However, offsets increased the publicly accessible land area by changing land ownership and creating amenity benefit by improving nature values on public land. Nevertheless, it is unclear to what extent relocation of nature further from people is balanced by increased public access to nature. In order to maintain nature connectedness, ecosystem service delivery and environmental justice in cities, we argue offset policies should require spatial proximity between impact and offset sites.
Industrial Policy and Monopoly Capitalism in Nigeria: Lessons from the Dangote Business Conglomerate
Authors: Itaman Richard , Wolf Christina
Published: August 2021

Taking the example of the Dangote business conglomerate, this article investigates why pockets of efficiency have formed in the Nigerian manufacturing sector and why, at the same time, structural transformation has remained limited across the economy as a whole. The authors argue that expansion of markets (in this case domestic) can discipline learning. Yet emerging monopoly capitalism carries within it the seeds of fragile accumulation to the extent that price‐setting power, tax evasion and control over wages undermine the growth of purchasing power. In the context of expanding markets, Dangote's monopoly position and growing profits followed from productive investment, but these profits were not passed down at the same rate into wages. What is more, difficulties in taxing the conglomerate have undercut the resources available to the state for pro‐poor redistribution.
Therapeutic options to reduce intravesical recurrence in newly diagnosed Ta high‐grade bladder cancer according to risk stratification: A multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Shindo Tetsuya , Hashimoto Kohei , Tanaka Toshiaki , Taguchi Keisuke , Takahashi Atsushi , Itoh Naoki , Okada Manabu , Hotta Hiroshi , Kunishima Yasuharu , Hirose Takaoki , Matsukawa Masanori , Tachiki Hitoshi , Kato Ryuichi , Hinotsu Shiro , Masumori Naoya
Published: August 2021

Objectives

To evaluate the risk factors for intravesical recurrence in patients with newly diagnosed Ta high‐grade non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer and the optimal management to reduce the risk of recurrence.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated Ta high‐grade bladder cancer in patients who were newly diagnosed by transurethral resection from January 2007 through October 2018. Using multivariate analyses, we evaluated the risk factors and therapeutic options affecting intravesical recurrence and stratified the patients according to the risk numbers.

Results

We included 390 patients and the median follow‐up period was 31 months after the initial transurethral resection. According to multivariate analysis, having a previous history of upper urinary tract carcinoma, and multiple and sessile tumors were risk factors for intravesical recurrence (P = 0.001, P = 0.02 and P = 0.01, respectively). Risk groups were stratified according to these risk factors into favorable, intermediate and poor. In the entire cohort, induction and immediate intravesical instillation therapy were treatment options to reduce intravesical recurrence (P < 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). Analyses in each risk group showed that a second transurethral resection was the only therapeutic option to reduce intravesical recurrence in the favorable group (P = 0.048), whereas induction intravesical instillation therapy was effective in the intermediate and poor risk groups (P = 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively), as was immediate intravesical instillation for the poor risk group (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Sessile, multiple tumors and a history of upper urinary tract carcinoma are risk factors for intravesical recurrence in Ta high‐grade bladder cancer patients.
Insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular function and bone health in women with early stage breast cancer before and after cancer treatment
Authors: Burt Morton G. , Mangelsdorf Brenda L. , Drake Sophie M. , Swan Monique , Padman Sunita , Vatandoust Sina , Koczwara Bogda
Published: August 2021

Background

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in breast cancer survivors, but the underlying cause is not fully characterised.

Aims

To determine whether insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular risk markers and body composition were perturbed in women treated with chemotherapy for early stage breast cancer and whether perturbations occurred before or after cancer treatment.

Methods

Sixteen women with breast cancer and 17 control subjects were studied. Twelve breast cancer patients returned for a second visit following cancer treatment comprising chemotherapy (n = 2), or chemotherapy and radiotherapy (n = 10). The Matsuda index to estimate insulin sensitivity, fasting lipids, pulse wave velocity (PWV), reactive hyperaemia index (RHI) and body composition by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry were measured.

Results

There were no significant differences in age (53 ± 9 vs 54 ± 11 years; P = 0.82) or body mass index (28 ± 7 vs 28 ± 6; P = 0.97) between patients with breast cancer and controls. Patients with breast cancer had higher triglycerides than controls (1.2 ± 0.1 vs 0.8 ± 0.1 mmol/L; P = 0.03), but there were no significant differences in the Matsuda index, PWV and RHI. Following cancer treatment, there was a lower Matsuda index (6.3 ± 1.2 vs 5.2 ± 1.0; P = 0.01), but this was not associated with a significant change in vascular function. Bone mass fell by 3% from 2.27 ± 0.11 to 2.20 ± 0.10 kg after cancer treatment (P = 0.03).

Conclusions

Patients with breast cancer had higher triglycerides before treatment and a reduction in insulin sensitivity and bone mass following cancer treatment. Future larger and longer‐term studies should characterise the effect of reduced insulin sensitivity on rates of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer outcomes and fracture.

Trial Registration

ACTRN12614001055695.
Utility of the iPad NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in a clinical trial of older adults
Authors: Parsey Carolyn M. , Bagger Justina E. , Trittschuh Emily H. , Hanson Angela J.
Published: August 2021

Background

To demonstrate feasibility and utility of the iPad version of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB‐CB) in a clinical trial of older adults.

Methods

Fifty‐one adults, aged 55 and older without dementia were tested twice on NIHTB‐CB and more traditional paper‐and‐pencil neuropsychological measures after meal ingestion, with approximately a 4‐week interval. We also compared performances at Time 1 and Time 2 for significant change. We also extracted the response times and errors for available NIHTB‐CB subtests to determine subtle changes in performance.

Results

Over the interval, improvement in fluid cognitive measures was noted at Time 2 (t = −3.07, p = 0.004), whereas crystallized measures were unchanged. Tests of fluid cognition negatively correlated with age, particularly for the second visit. Analysis of the average speed per item showed that, for two of the tests, speed increased at Time 2. Traditional neuropsychological tests correlated with many of the NIHTB‐CB measures. Response times for all five timed tests decreased at Time 2, although only statistically significant for Picture Sequence and Picture Vocabulary.

Conclusions

The iPad version of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery appears to be an adequate measure to assess cognitive functioning in a clinical trial of older adults. Psychometric analyses suggest stability in measures of crystallized functioning, whereas measures of fluid abilities revealed improvements over the short time frame of the study. Response times and errors for individual tests revealed intriguing relationships that should be further evaluated to determine the utility in clinical sample analysis, as this could aid identification of subtle cognitive change over short periods. Additional studies with larger sample sizes will be helpful to understanding the reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of the NIHTB‐CB sub‐scores in older adults. In addition, further evaluations with clinical populations, including individuals with cognitive impairment, are warranted.
Longitudinal Cognitive Profiles by Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in American Older Adults With Subjective Cognitive Decline
Authors: Ahn Sangwoo , Mathiason Michelle A. , Yu Fang
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The objective of this study was to determine how anxiety and/or depressive symptoms differentially affect specific cognitive domains over time in persons with subjective cognitive decline (SCD).

Design

A longitudinal, observational study was conducted using data from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center‐Uniform Data Set. Mean follow‐up was 4.1 ± 2.4 years.

Methods

Using information from a total of 1401 participants (age 74.0 ± 8.2 years), linear mixed‐effects regression models were used to assess longitudinal changes in global cognition, episodic memory, attention, language, and executive function by baseline psychological (anxiety [A] and/or depressive [D]) symptoms in individuals with SCD. Reference was the group having no symptoms (A−/D−).

Findings

The A+/D− group was not associated with any cognitive changes. The A−/D+ group was associated with a greater decline in episodic memory and executive function. The A+/D+ group had a greater decline in attention. Changes in global cognition and language were not predicted by any psychological symptoms.

Conclusions

Depressive symptoms predicted lower episodic memory and executive function.

Clinical Relevance

Nurses need to pay attention to depressive symptoms in older adults with SCD because managing depressive symptoms may help protect against cognitive decline more typical of early Alzheimer’s dementia.
Monetary Policy Spillovers through Invoicing Currencies
Authors: ZHANG TONY
Published: August 2021

This paper explores the role of trade invoicing currencies in the international spillover of monetary policy. Using high‐frequency measures of Federal Reserve monetary policy shocks, I show that exchange rates, interest rates, and equity returns in countries with a larger share of dollar‐invoiced imports systematically respond more to U.S. monetary policy. I document similar transmission effects from European Central Bank (ECB) monetary policy shocks to countries with euro‐invoiced imports. I rationalize these findings within a New Keynesian framework. As a result of these spillovers, domestic monetary policy should be less effective in countries with traded goods invoiced in foreign currencies.
Study on the effect and mechanism of NFKBIA on cervical cancer progress in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Chen Mengyue , Liang Xiaolong , Liang Zhiqing , Zhao Limei
Published: August 2021

Aim

NFKBIA is frequently encountered. However, its expression and relevance of the proliferation, invasion, and migration in human cervical cancer (CC) remain unclear. The role and novel mechanism of NFKBIA in CC progression were investigated in this study.

Methods

We analyzed the expression of NFKBIA in CC and adjacent normal tissues and explored the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HeLa cells by treating with either wild‐type NFKBIA plasmid or NFKBIA siRNA. Effect of NFKBIA on the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the β‐catenin‐mediated transcription of target genes were evaluated subsequently.

Results

NFKBIA expression was lower in CC tissues than that of adjacent tissues. An obvious dysregulation of NFKBIA overexpression was revealed in CC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, which differed from the effect of knockdown NFKBIA. NFKBIA overexpression facilitated the expression of both phosphorylated β‐catenin and E‐cadherin protein. It inhibited the expression of vimentin, TWIST, as well as downstream targets of β‐catenin including c‐MYC, TCF‐4 and MMP14. Conversely, NFKBIA silencing elevated the expression of c‐MYC, TCF‐4, and MMP14, and promoted the EMT in HeLa cells. Both endogenous and exogenous NFKBIA interacted with β‐catenin. Moreover, β‐catenin overexpression stemmed effects of NFKBIA on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HeLa cells. By overexpressing NFKBIA in vivo, the volume and size of tumors were notably decreased, while no obvious alteration was found in mice body weight.

Conclusion

By inhibiting β‐catenin‐mediated transcription, NFKBIA functioning as a tumor suppressor might be introduced as a novel anti‐metastatic agent for the treatment of targeted CC.
Clinical effects and safety of ferric carboxymaltose in pregnancy: An Indian real‐life experience
Authors: Gupte Sanjay A. , Venkataraman Gayatri , Shah Aarti S. , Mudholkar Aparna S. , Jangam Shweta M.
Published: August 2021

Background

There is limited clinical evidence of ferric carboxymaltose injection (FCM) usage in Indian pregnant women. We assessed the efficacy and safety of FCM in Indian pregnant women with moderate‐to‐severe anemia.

Methods

Single‐center, retrospective, observational data collection was conducted at a tertiary care research institute. Data of pregnant women with anemia who received FCM in their second and third trimester was retrieved and analyzed for hematological parameters at baseline and at 4 ± 2 weeks. Neonatal outcomes were also assessed. Adverse events and other safety parameters were noted.

Results

Data of 271 patients was retrieved and analyzed for safety and data for 168 patients analyzed for efficacy. A significant increase in hemoglobin was noted with FCM in 4 weeks (1.25 g/dL; p < 0.001). Patients with severe anemia reported an increase in hemoglobin of 4.23 g/dL (p = 0.01). Patients receiving FCM in the second trimester noted a significant increase in hemoglobin of 1.74 g/dL (p < 0.001). A significant increase in hemoglobin was noted as early as 20 days (p < 0.001) and also in patients receiving FCM after 34 weeks (p = 0.002). No adverse fetal or neonatal outcomes were observed. Adverse events noted in 4% of patients with itching and rash being most common. Continuous monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation for 40 min during and after FCM administration reported no deterioration or negative safety signal.

Conclusion

FCM corrects anemia in all subsets of Indian pregnant women and supports evidence of efficacy and safety. Continuous monitoring of vital parameters during FCM infusions supports its excellent safety.
Early marriage and health among women at midlife: Evidence from India
Authors: Vikram Kriti
Published: August 2021

Objective

This article links stress and cumulative disadvantage associated with early marriages with lower self‐rated health, greater functional limitations, and chronic diseases among middle‐aged women in India.

Background

Early marriage has been a defining feature of the marital landscape in India, but the literature is myopic in its assessment of the implications of early marriage by focusing primarily on the reproductive and sexual health outcomes of young women.

Methods

The study used the 2005 and the 2012 waves of the nationally representative India Human Development Survey (IHDS). It utilized a sample of 36,283 currently married women from the second wave and 16,474 women from the panel data. Propensity score matching was used to account for selection into early marriages.

Results

Early marriage was found to be associated with worse self‐rated health, a higher likelihood of having functional limitations and chronic diseases among middle‐aged Indian women. Moreover, it led to the deterioration of health over the two IHDS waves, as indicated by the development of chronic diseases, functional limitations, and the worsening of self‐rated health in midlife.

Conclusion

Early marriage predisposes women to chronic stress resulting in poorer health outcomes in midlife. Therefore, early marriage may set women on a path of lifelong health disadvantage.

Implications

The findings underscore the importance of examining the link between early marriage and women's health outcomes in later life in other contexts.
Work beyond the age of 50. What role for mental versus physical health?
Authors: Vandenberghe Vincent
Published: August 2021

This paper contributes to the literature on old employment barriers by exploring empirically the relative importance of mental versus physical health in determining work. It combines regression and variance decomposition analyses to quantify the respective role of mental and physical health. The data used are from SHARE and inform in great detail on the health but also work status (employment and hours) of individuals aged 50+, interviewed between 2004 and 2017 in 21 European countries. The main result of the paper is that of the rather limited role of mental health – in comparison with physical health – in accounting for older individuals’ work. The paper also shows that health (physical or mental) is much better at predicting old people's propensity to be in employment than the number of hours they work. Finally, the paper reveals that, in comparison with women, men's work appears to be more driven by their health status.
Balance between bacterial extracellular matrix production and intramacrophage proliferation by a Salmonella‐specific SPI‐2‐encoded transcription factor
Authors: Echarren María Laura , Figueroa Nicolás R. , Vitor‐Horen Luisina , Pucciarelli M. Graciela , García‐del Portillo Francisco , Soncini Fernando C.
Published: August 2021

Biosynthesis and secretion of a complex extracellular matrix (EM) is a hallmark of Salmonella biofilm formation, impacting on its relationship with both the environment and the host. Cellulose is a major component of Salmonella EM. It is considered an anti‐virulence factor because it interferes with Salmonella proliferation inside macrophages and virulence in mice. Its synthesis is stimulated by CsgD, the master regulator of biofilm formation in enterobacteria, which in turn is under the control of MlrA, a MerR‐like transcription factor. In this work, we identified a SPI‐2‐encoded Salmonella‐specific transcription factor homolog to MlrA, MlrB, that represses transcription of its downstream gene, orf319, and of csgD inside host cells. MlrB is induced in laboratory media mimicking intracellular conditions and inside macrophages, and it is required for intramacrophage proliferation. An increased csgD expression is observed in the absence of MlrB inside host cells. Interestingly, inactivation of the CsgD‐controlled cellulose synthase‐coding gene restored intramacrophage proliferation to rates comparable to wild‐type bacteria in the absence of MlrB. These data indicate that MlrB represses CsgD expression inside host cells and suggest that this repression lowers the activation of the cellulose synthase. Our findings provide a novel link between biofilm formation and Salmonella virulence.
Effect of high altitude on human postprandial 13C‐octanoate metabolism, intermediary metabolites, gastrointestinal peptides, and visceral perception
Authors: Strunz Patrick‐Pascal , Vuille‐dit‐Bille Raphael N. , R. Fox Mark , Geier Andreas , Maggiorini Marco , Gassmann Max , Fruehauf Heiko , Lutz Thomas A. , Goetze Oliver
Published: August 2021

Objective

At high altitude (HA), acute mountain sickness (AMS) is accompanied by neurologic and upper gastrointestinal symptoms (UGS). The primary aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that delayed gastric emptying (GE), assessed by 13C‐octanoate breath testing (OBT), causes UGS in AMS. The secondary aim was to assess post‐gastric mechanisms of OBT, which could confound results under these conditions, by determination of intermediary metabolites, gastrointestinal peptides, and basal metabolic rate.

Methods

A prospective trial was performed in 25 healthy participants (15 male) at 4559 m (HA) and at 490 m (Zurich). GE was assessed by OBT (428 kcal solid meal) and UGS by visual analogue scales (VAS). Blood sampling of metabolites (glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), beta‐hydroxyl butyrate (BHB), L‐lactate) and gastrointestinal peptides (insulin, amylin, PYY, etc.) was performed as well as blood gas analysis and spirometry. Statistical analysis: variance analyses, bivariate correlation, and multilinear regression analysis.

Results

After 24 h under hypoxic conditions at HA, participants developed AMS (p < 0.001). 13CO2 exhalation kinetics increased (p < 0.05) resulting in reduced estimates of gastric half‐emptying times (p < 0.01). However, median resting respiratory quotients and plasma profiles of TG indicated that augmented beta‐oxidation was the main predictor of accelerated 13CO2‐generation under these conditions.

Conclusion

Quantification of 13C‐octanoate oxidation by a breath test is sensitive to variation in metabolic (liver) function under hypoxic conditions. 13C‐breath testing using short‐chain fatty acids is not reliable for measurement of gastric function at HA and should be considered critically in other severe hypoxic conditions, like sepsis or chronic lung disease.
Presence of widespread pain predicts comorbidities and treatment response in temporomandibular disorders patients
Authors: Jo Jung Hwan , Son Chunghwan , Chung Jin Woo , Park Ji Woon
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Investigate the presence of widespread pain in a well‐defined TMD group and analyze its interrelationship with various comorbidities. Also, longitudinally seek the difference in treatment response according to the presence of widespread pain.

Subjects and Methods

The observational study involved 45 female TMD patients in their 20s. Patients were grouped into localized and widespread pain groups based on the widespread pain index (WPI ≥ 4). Clinical characteristics and levels of comorbidities were analyzed through physical examination and validated questionnaires. Differences between the groups and the power of pre‐treatment WPI in predicting pre‐treatment comorbidities and post‐treatment pain level improvement were statistically analyzed.

Results

Patients with widespread pain showed higher somatization and anxiety levels. SF‐36 scores were significantly lower and more patients complained of gastrointestinal symptoms. Conventional treatment significantly reduced pain intensity in both groups but less in the widespread pain group. WPI showed significant chances to predict patients showing improvement in pain levels with treatment with a cutoff value of 4. WPI was also effective in differentiating patients that showed a higher level of somatization.

Conclusion

Widespread pain index could be effectively applied in differentiating those with a higher level of psychological distress and predicting TMD treatment response with further investigations into its reliability.
Gavage‐administered lactoferrin promotes palatal expansion stability in a dose‐dependent manner
Authors: Xiao Xiaoyue , Cheng Ye , Huang Li , Liu Ruojing , Zou Shujuan , Chen Jianwei
Published: August 2021

Objective

To investigate the effects of different lactoferrin concentrations on mid‐palatal suture bone remodeling during palatal expansion and relapse in rats.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐two 5‐week‐old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: EO (expansion only), E+LF1 (expansion plus 10 mg/kg/day daily LF), E+LF2 (expansion plus 100 mg/kg/day daily LF), and E+LF3 (expansion plus 1 g/kg/day daily LF). Thereafter, micro‐computed tomography and micro‐morphology of the mid‐palatal suture were analyzed on day 7 and day 14, respectively.

Results

The arch widths were increased in all the four groups after expansion, and there was no significant difference among them on day 7. After relapse, however, the arch width in the E+LF3 group was significantly larger compared with EO group. In E+LF3 group and E+LF2 group, new bone formation and osteoblast number were enhanced with up‐regulated expression of osteocalcin and collagen type I, while the expression of cathepsin K‐positive cells was downregulated in E+LF3 group.

Conclusion

Lactoferrin gavage administration might increase the stability of palatal expansion and reduce relapse in a concentration‐dependent manner by enhancing bone formation and inhibiting resorption. LF administration may be promising for optimizing the maxillary expansion outcome.
Expression of reproductive‐related genes and changes in oocyte maturation of goldfish broodstock (Carassius auratus) following injection of different exogenous kisspeptins
Authors: Valipour AbdolMajid , Heidari Behrooz , Vaziri Hamidreza , Asghari S. Mohsen
Published: August 2021

Kisspeptin, upstream of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis, play an essential role in the reproductive process. In the present study, the effect of different types of kisspeptin, including goldfish (Carassius auratus) kiss1 kisspeptin (Kiss1), human kisspeptin (Hkiss) and their combination (Kiss1+H) on the reproductive‐related genes (kiss1, Kissr and Cyp19) of adult female goldfish was investigated in comparison with Ovaprim (a synthetic GnRH hormone). Kiss1 and Hkiss were synthesized using a solid‐phase synthesis approach. Peptides were injected at a dose of 100 μg/kg body weight. The brain and ovarian tissues of samples were separated for histological studies 24 hr post‐injection. The expression of the kiss1, Kissr and Cyp19 genes was measured by RT‐PCR. The results showed a significant increase in expression of the reproductive‐related genes. Histological analysis revealed higher number of mature oocytes in kisspeptin treated groups compare to other ones. In conclusion, Hkiss and Kiss1+H are the most effective peptides in oocyte maturation and expression of reproductive‐related genes. In addition, it seems that kisspeptins in other domestic animals can be used to stimulate the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐gonadal axis.
Exchange rate, industrial linkage, and firm employment
Authors: Liu Yalin
Published: August 2021

This study examines how exchange rate shocks impact firm‐level employment through five transmission channels, namely, the traditional import competition, export revenue, import cost channels, and the innovative upstream and downstream propagation channels. The upstream (downstream) propagation is defined as an indirect channel of the exchange rate shocks that transmits from downstream (upstream) firms via production chains. Augmenting the model of Campa and Goldberg (2001) by incorporating input–output linkage, I develop a theoretical framework to identify the mechanisms of exchange rate effects on firm‐level employment. Using Chinese firm‐level data and the industrial input–output table, this study yields empirical results that confirm the theory robustly. Specifically, the appreciation of exchange rates has large and significantly negative and positive impacts on firms’ employment through the upstream and downstream propagation channels, respectively.
Access to oral health care services for individuals with rare genetic diseases affecting skeletal development
Authors: Debossan Suélen Alves Teixeira , Deps Tahyná Duda , Prado Heloisa Vieira , de Abreu Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães , Borges‐Oliveira Ana Cristina
Published: August 2021

Objective

To identify factors associated with oral health care services for individuals with and without rare genetic diseases.

Materials and Method

A cross‐sectional study was undertaken, with 140 individuals paired by sex and age (70 with rare genetic diseases and 70 without), aged between 3 and 27 years, and their parents. The sample was selected from two reference hospitals for patients with rare genetic diseases in southeastern Brazil. The parents completed a questionnaire on individual aspects and their child's medical/dental history. Participants who did and did not suffer from rare genetic diseases were examined for dental caries, malocclusion, dental anomalies, and oral hygiene. The theoretical model Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG) was used to identify possible confounding variables in the association between rare diseases and access to dental care. Descriptive analyses and non‐matched and matched logistic regression models (p < 0.05) were carried out.

Results

The chance of individuals without rare genetic disease having access to oral health care service was 5.32 times higher (95% CI 2.35–12.01) than those with such conditions. Individuals who had not suffered upper respiratory tract infections had a 3.16 times greater chance of being in the group with access to oral health care service (95% CI 1.45–6.90).

Conclusion

Individuals with no rare genetic diseases and no history of upper respiratory tract infections had a greater chance of belonging to the group of individuals with access to a dental service. Individuals with rare genetic diseases have less access to oral health care.
Estratégias competitivas para empresas de rochas ornamentais na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Margueron Claudio , Mello Edson Farias
Published: August 2021

The strategy to accelerate the development of mining-beneficiationtechnology-competitivity management of dimension stone companies involves various analysis and alternative methodologies. In this project the Life-Cycle Matrix methodology was used with its main external (industry maturity) and internal (overall measure of the competitive position of a business) factors to analyze in detail the block cutting (sawing) sector of the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro and the competitive position of the main companies that are active in the sector. Special attention was given to the dimension stone plates production process, describing the main methods used to beneficiate blocks and to undertake secondary beneficiation. A Case Study was used as the data base for the adoption and selection of strategies for the block cutting companies located in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. The following block sawing companies were described with special attention to their infra-structure, organization, installed production capacity, granite plates production lines, critical success factors, technology, inputs, vertical integration, sales, market share, and products quality: Thor, Brasilstone, Rio Segran, Gutimpex, Cavaliere, Belmonte, Real Brasil and Marcovaldi. The objective of identifying future possible main strategic thrusts-action programs-functional strategies and action plans to accelerate the development of the dimension stone companies in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro was achieved. A Strategy Diagnostic Study also was undertaken and will be of great value for the companies and entrepreneurs that are already active in the sector and for the new national and foreign companies and new investors that may have interest to invest in this sector in short and medium time periods.
Engagement, Sustainability and Diversity: examining recent heritage policy in Norway
Authors: Oldham Mark
Published: August 2021

This article discusses recent Norwegian heritage policy and examines the three key terms of the most recent white paper – participation, sustainability and diversity – in light of the Norwegian government's key societal challenge of democratisation.
High-Temperature Ignition Kinetics of Gas Turbine Lubricating Oils
Authors: Cooper Sean P. , Petersen Eric L.
Published: August 2021

Lubricant ignition is a highly undesirable event in any mechanical system, and surprisingly minimal work has been conducted to investigate the auto-ignition properties of gas turbine lubricants. To this end, using a recently established spray injection scheme in a shock tube, two gas turbine lubricants (Mobil DTE 732 and Lubricant A from Cooper et al. 2021, “Auto-Ignition of Gas Turbine Lubricating Oils in a Shock Tube Using Spray Injection,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 143(5), p. 051008) were subjected to high-temperature, post-reflected-shock conditions, and OH* chemiluminescence was monitored at the sidewall location of the shock tube to measure ignition delay time (τign). A combination of an extended shock-tube driver and driver-gas tailoring were utilized to observe ignition between 1183 K and 1385 K at near-atmospheric pressures. A clear, two-stage-ignition process was observed for all tests with Mobil DTE 732, and both first and second stage τign are compared. Second stage ignition was found to be more indicative of lubricant ignition and was used to compare τign values with lubricant A. Both lubricants exhibit three ignition regimes: a high-temperature, Arrhenius-like regime (>1275 K); an intermediate, negative-temperature-coefficient-like regime (1230 –1275 K); and a low-temperature ignition regime (<1230 K). Similar τign behavior in the high-temperature regime was seen for both lubricants, and a regression analysis using τign data from both lubricants in this region produced the Arrhenius expression τign(μs) = 4.4 × 10−14 exp(96.7(kcal/mol)/RT). While lubricant A was found to be less reactive in the intermediate-temperature regime, Mobil DTE 732 was less reactive in the low-temperature regime. As the low-temperature regime is more relevant to gas turbine conditions, Mobil DTE 732 is considered more desirable for system implementation. Chemical kinetic modeling was also performed using n-hexadecane models (a lubricant surrogate suggested in the literature). The current models are unable to reproduce the three regimes observed and predict activation energies much lower than those observed in the high-temperature regime, suggesting n-hexadecane is a poor surrogate for lubricant ignition. Additionally, experiments were conducted with Jet-A for temperatures between 1145 and 1419 K around 1 atm. Good agreement is seen with both literature data and model predictions, anchoring the experiment with previously established τign measurement methods and calculations. A linear regression analysis of the Jet-A data produced the Arrhenius expression: τign(μs) = 6.39 × 10−5exp(41.4(kcal/mol)/RT).
A Stochastic Model for Nanoparticle Deposits Growth
Authors: Suman Alessio , Vulpio Alessandro , Casari Nicola , Pinelli Michele
Published: August 2021

Natural events and human activities are responsible for the generation and transport of large amounts of microsized particles, which could contaminate several engineering devices like solar panels, wind turbines, and aero-engines. In industrial processes, systems as heat exchangers, fans, and dust collectors are continuously affected by nanoparticles' interaction. For several applications, the adhesion of such nanoparticles is detrimental, generating safety and performance issues. Particle-to-particle and particle-to-surface interactions are well known, even if a general explanation of nanoparticle deposit growth is still unknown. In this paper, an interpretation of deposit growth due to nanoparticle deposition can predict particle adhesion, and layer accretion is proposed. A statistical model and a set of coefficients are used to generalize nanoparticle deposits' growth by an S-shaped function. In particular, the nanoparticle deposits grow analogously to a typical autonomous population settlement in a virgin area following statistical rule, which includes the initial growth, the successive stable condition (development), and catastrophic events able to destroy the layer. This approach generalizes nanoparticle adhesion/deposition behavior, overpassing the constraints reported in common deposition models, mainly focused on the mechanical aspect of the nanoparticle impact event. The catastrophic events, such as layer detachment, are modeled with a Poisson's distribution, related to material characteristics and impact conditions. This innovative approach, analogies, and coefficients applied to common engineering applications may be the starting point for improving the prediction capability of nanoparticle deposition.
Distinctions between single and twin impinging jet dynamics
Authors: Stahl Spencer L. , Prasad Chitrarth , Gaitonde Datta V.
Published: August 2021

Impinging jets are characterized by an acoustic feedback resonance capable of generating intense tones. This investigation examines changes in single impinging jet (SIJ) dynamics when another jet is added alongside to form a dual impinging jet (DIJ) arrangement of interest in vertical takeoff and landing applications. The emphasis is on the hydrodynamic and acoustic coupling in the region between the jets, which affects aircraft surface loading. Well-resolved large eddy simulations of SIJ and DIJ are employed with under-expanded Mach 1.27 jets; the nozzle exits are placed 4 diameters from the ground plane and, for the DIJ, separated 4.3 diameters from each other to mimic ongoing experiments. Three different SIJ feedback harmonics of the fundamental frequency are identified using two-point space-time correlations. Using spectral proper orthogonal decomposition, these tones are classified as either asymmetric or axisymmetric modes in the SIJ. Each individual jet in the DIJ configuration also exhibits these nominal tones. However, differences are observed on the inboard sides between the jets, where coupling effects engender an azimuthally localized Kelvin–Helmholtz instability and impingement mechanism. The global coupling between the two jets manifests as counter-rotating helical modes, which reinforce the lowest of the three identified SIJ impinging tones.
Temporal integration of monaural and dichotic frequency modulation
Authors: Palandrani Katherine N. , Hoover Eric C. , Stavropoulos Trevor , Seitz Aaron R. , Isarangura Sittiprapa , Gallun Frederick J. , Eddins David A.
Published: August 2021

Frequency modulation (FM) detection at low modulation frequencies is commonly used as an index of temporal fine-structure processing. The present study evaluated the rate of improvement in monaural and dichotic FM across a range of test parameters. In experiment I, dichotic and monaural FM detection was measured as a function of duration and modulator starting phase. Dichotic FM thresholds were lower than monaural FM thresholds and the modulator starting phase had no effect on detection. Experiment II measured monaural FM detection for signals that differed in modulation rate and duration such that the improvement with duration in seconds (carrier) or cycles (modulator) was compared. Monaural FM detection improved monotonically with the number of modulation cycles, suggesting that the modulator is extracted prior to detection. Experiment III measured dichotic FM detection for shorter signal durations to test the hypothesis that dichotic FM relies primarily on the signal onset. The rate of improvement decreased as duration increased, which is consistent with the use of primarily onset cues for the detection of dichotic FM. These results establish that improvement with duration occurs as a function of the modulation cycles at a rate consistent with the independent-samples model for monaural FM, but later cycles contribute less to detection in dichotic FM.
Commercialization, Governance Problems, and the Future of European Football—Or Why the European Super League Is Not a Solution to the Challenges Facing Football
Authors: Wagner Ulrik , Storm Rasmus K. , Cortsen Kenneth
Published: August 2021

Recently, 12 European football clubs launched the idea of creating the European Super League. After massive protests from fans, the Union of European Football Associations, politicians, coaches, and players, the initiative was stopped. In this commentary, the authors reflect on some of the problems facing football and argue that the creation of a European Super League is not a solution to the challenges. However, European football does face problems that require actions, and thus the authors provide some suggestions to progress.
Changes in Device-Measured Physical Activity Patterns in U.K. Adults Related to the First COVID-19 Lockdown
Authors: Kingsnorth Andrew P. , Patience Mhairi , Moltchanova Elena , Esliger Dale W. , Paine Nicola J. , Hobbs Matthew
Published: August 2021

The response to COVID-19 resulted in behavioral restrictions to tackle the spread of infection. Initial data indicates that step counts were impacted by lockdown restrictions; however, there is little evidence regarding changes of light and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) behavioral intensities. In this study, participants were asked to provide longitudinal wearable data from Fitbit devices over a period of 30 weeks, from December 2019 to June 2020. Self-assessed key worker status was captured, along with wearable estimates of steps, light activity, and MVPA. Bayesian change point analyses of data from 97 individuals found that there was a sharp decrease of 1,473 steps (95% credible interval [CI] [−2,218, −709]) and light activity minutes (41.9; 95% CI [−54.3, −29.3]), but an increase in MVPA minutes (11.7; 95% CI [2.9, 19.4]) in the mean weekly totals for nonkey workers. For the key workers, the total number of steps (207; 95% CI [−788, 1,456]) and MVPA minutes increased (20.5; 95% CI [12.6, 28.3]) but light activity decreased by an average of 46.9 min (95% CI [−61.2, −31.8]). Interestingly, the change in steps was commensurate with that observed during Christmas (1,458; 95% CI [−2,286, −554]) for nonkey workers and behavioral changes occurred at different time points and rates depending on key worker status. Results indicate that there were clear behavioral modifications before and during the initial COVID-19 lockdown period, and future research should assess whether any behavioral modifications were sustained over time.
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Chimeras Expressing the Oropouche Virus Glycoproteins Elicit Protective Immune Responses in Mice
Authors: Stubbs Sarah Hulsey , Cornejo Pontelli Marjorie , Mishra Nischay , Zhou Changhong , de Paula Souza Juliano , Mendes Viana Rosa Maria , Lipkin W. Ian , Knipe David M. , Arruda Eurico , Whelan Sean P. J.
Published: August 2021

Oropouche virus (OROV), an orthobunyavirus found in Central and South America, is an emerging public health challenge that causes debilitating febrile illness. OROV is transmitted by arthropods, and increasing mobilization has the potential to significantly increase the spread of OROV globally.
vhp Is a Fibrinogen-Binding Protein Related to vWbp in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Thomas Sheila , Arora Srishtee , Liu Wen , Churion Kelly , Wu You , Höök Magnus
Published: August 2021

The life-threatening diseases caused by multidrug-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
strains are a worldwide medical problem due to treatment limitations and the lack of an effective vaccine. The ability of
S. aureus
to coat itself with a protective fibrinogen (Fg)/fibrin shield allows the organism to survive in blood and to disseminate and cause invasive diseases.
SAMase of Bacteriophage T3 Inactivates Escherichia coli’s Methionine
S
-Adenosyltransferase by Forming Heteropolymers
Authors: Simon-Baram Hadas , Kleiner Daniel , Shmulevich Fannia , Zarivach Raz , Zalk Ran , Tang Huayuan , Ding Feng , Bershtein Shimon
Published: August 2021

Self-assembly of enzymes into filamentous structures in response to specific metabolic cues has recently emerged as a widespread strategy of metabolic regulation. In many instances, filamentation of metabolic enzymes occurs in response to starvation and leads to functional inactivation.
A Multiphase Multiobjective Dynamic Genome-Scale Model Shows Different Redox Balancing among Yeast Species of the
Saccharomyces
Genus in Fermentation
Authors: Henriques David , Minebois Romain , Mendoza Sebastián N. , Macías Laura G. , Pérez-Torrado Roberto , Barrio Eladio , Teusink Bas , Querol Amparo , Balsa-Canto Eva
Published: August 2021

Nonconventional yeast species hold the promise to provide novel metabolic routes to produce industrially relevant compounds and tolerate specific stressors, such as cold temperatures. This work validated the first multiphase multiobjective genome-scale dynamic model to describe carbon and nitrogen metabolism throughout batch fermentation.
Catching SARS-CoV-2 by Sequence Hybridization: a Comparative Analysis
Authors: Rehn Alexandra , Braun Peter , Knüpfer Mandy , Wölfel Roman , Antwerpen Markus H. , Walter Mathias C.
Published: August 2021

Sequencing the genomes of the circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains is the only way to monitor the viral spread and evolution of the virus. Two different approaches, namely, tiling multiplex PCR and sequence hybridization by bait capture, are commonly used to fulfill this task.
Variation in Microbial Exposure at the Human-Animal Interface and the Implications for Microbiome-Mediated Health Outcome
Authors: Kuthyar Sahana , Reese Aspen T.
Published: August 2021

The human gut microbiome varies between populations, largely reflecting ecological differences. One ecological variable that is rarely considered but may contribute substantially to microbiome variation is the multifaceted nature of human-animal interfaces.
Identification and Differentiation of Pseudomonas Species in Field Samples Using an
rpoD
Amplicon Sequencing Methodology
Authors: Lauritsen Jonas Greve , Hansen Morten Lindqvist , Bech Pernille Kjersgaard , Jelsbak Lars , Gram Lone , Strube Mikael Lenz
Published: August 2021

A high-throughput sequencing-based method for profiling of
Pseudomonas
species in soil microbiomes was developed and identified more species than 16S rRNA gene sequencing or cultivation.
Pseudomonas
species are used as biocontrol organisms and plant growth-promoting agents, and the method will allow tracing of specific species of
Pseudomonas
as well as enable screening of environmental samples for further isolation and exploitation.
Nitrogen Metabolism of an Anoxygenic Filamentous Phototrophic Bacterium Oscillocholris trichoides Strain DG-6
Authors: Ivanovsky R. N. , Lebedeva N. V. , Keppen O. I. , Tourova T. P.
Published: August 2021

Abstract—

The possible nitrogen sources for Osc. trichoides DG6, a typical strain of the Oscillochloridaceae family, are ammonium, N2, glutamate, asparagine, glycine, and glutamine. The assimilation of molecular nitrogen occurs with the participation of nitrogenase, the structural gene of which, nifH, is located in the gene cluster which also includes the genes of the nifD and nifK nitrogenase subunits and the auxiliary nifB gene. Considering that nifHBDK clusters have been also annotated in the genomes of other members of the Oscillochloridaceae family, including uncultured and candidate taxa, it can be assumed that the ability to fix nitrogen is a property immanent for this entire family. The pathways for assimilating ammonium in the cells grown using different nitrogen sources may differ. Osc. trichoides DG6 growing in a medium containing ammonium assimilated it with the participation of glutamate dehydrogenase, which is determined by a single gene. The expression product of this gene has dual functionality and can be used to implement the reaction with both NAD and NADP. With the growth of Osc. trichoides DG6 on a medium with glutamate as the only nitrogen source all the enzymes necessary for the implementation of the GS‑GOGAT pathway were found in the cells. However, for the glutamine synthetase reaction, ammonium, which was absent in the growth medium, was required. The source of ammonium may be glutamate metabolized through glutamate dehydrogenase.