bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computer- and Video-Based Instruction of Food-Preparation Skills: Acquisition, Generalization, and Maintenance
Authors: Ayres Kevin , Cihak David
Published: June 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a computer-based video instruction (CBVI) program to teach life skills. Three middle school–aged students with intellectual disabilities were taught how to make a sandwich, use a microwave, and set the table with a CBVI software package. A multiple probe across behaviors design was used to evaluate for a functional relation between the software and skill acquisition. All students increased the percentage of steps completed in the correct order after receiving CBVI. During maintenance probes, the performance of all students deteriorated; after a single review session with CBVI, all students regained previous levels of performance, tentatively indicating a role of CBVI as a tool for reviewing previously mastered material. Results are discussed in terms of the use of CBVI for providing students sufficient learning trials on tasks that require the use of consumable products (e.g., food).
Does Venting Promote Survival of Released Fish?
Authors: Wilde Gene R.
Published: June 2010

Fishes captured and brought to the surface by commercial and recreational fishers may suffer a variety of injuries that collectively are referred to as barotrauma. To relieve barotrauma symptoms, particularly those associated with an expanded swim bladder, some anglers deflate, or vent, the swim bladder (or body cavity when the swim bladder has ruptured) of fishes before releasing them. I compiled 17 studies that assessed the potential benefits of venting in 21 fish species and 1 composite group. These studies provided 39 sample estimates that compare survival (N = 18) and recapture rates (N = 21) of vented and unvented fish. I used relative risk to summarize results of individual studies, which allowed me to combine results from experimental and capture-recapture studies. Overall, there was little evidence that venting benefited fish survival. Venting was equally ineffective for freshwater and marine fishes and its efficacy was unaffected based on whether venting was performed by fishery biologists or anglers. The effects of venting did vary with capture depth: venting was slightly beneficial to fish captured from shallow waters, but appeared to be increasingly harmful for fish captured from progressively deeper waters. The available evidence suggests that venting fish should not only be discouraged by fishery management agencies, but given the possibility that venting may adversely affect survival of fish captured from deep water, this practice should be prohibited, rather than required by regulation.
Freshwaters in the Public Eye: Understanding the Role of Images and Media in Aquatic Conservation
Authors: Monroe Jeremy B. , Baxter Colden V. , Olden Julian D. , Angermeier Paul L.
Published: June 2010

Our ability to perceive quality in nature begins, as in art, with the pretty. It expands through successive stages of the beautiful to values as yet uncaptured by language.
The Bait Industry as a Potential Vector for Alien Crayfish Introductions: Problem Recognition by Fisheries Agencies and a Missouri Evaluation
Authors: DiStefano Robert J. , Litvan Mary E. , Horner Paul T.
Published: June 2010

“Bait-bucket introductions” related to the fishing bait industry are the suspected primary cause of alien (non-indigenous) crayfish introductions that have damaged North American aquatic ecosystems. Our 2008 survey of U.S. and Canadian fisheries agencies revealed that 49% of respondents reported aquatic resource problems that were believed to have been caused by bait-bucket introductions of alien crayfishes. Most respondents reported existing regulations designed to address those problems; however, only 4% prohibited the use of live crayfish bait. Our 2002–2007 examination of Missouri bait shops revealed sales of illegal and invasive alien crayfishes by bait shop proprietors who could not identify the species they were selling. Fisheries agencies should consider more effective bait regulations and education to prevent negative impacts to aquatic biodiversity, habitat, and fisheries that can result from alien crayfish introductions.
Maintaining the Competitiveness of the American Fisheries Society Journals: An Assessment Based on Influence and Cost-Effectiveness
Authors: Hewitt David A. , Link Jason S. , Wahl David H. , Cooke Steven J. , Mather Martha E.
Published: June 2010

Recent changes in the landscape of scientific publishing prompted the Publications Overview Committee of the American Fisheries Society (AFS) to review the Society's portfolio of scientific journals. We evaluated journals based on metrics in two categories: (1) citation-based measures of the influence of a journal on the scientific literature, and (2) measures of the cost-effectiveness of a journal (citation rate adjusted for subscription cost). Over the long-term, we found that ecology journals had far stronger citation-based influence than fisheries and aquatic sciences journals, and that journals publishing primarily basic research had stronger influence than journals publishing applied research (including four AFS journals and Fisheries magazine). In evaluating the current status of fisheries and aquatic sciences journals, we found that metrics of influence and cost-effectiveness provided considerably different portrayals of journals relative to their peers. In terms of citation-based influence, we found that the AFS journal Transactions of the American Fisheries Society (TAFS) and Fisheries magazine were competitive with highly regarded peer fisheries journals, but that North American Journal of Aquaculture (NAJA) and Journal of Aquatic Animal Health (JAAH) were less influential than their peers. The citation-based influence of North American Journal of Fisheries Management (NAJFM) was intermediate between TAFS/Fisheries and NAJA/JAAH. For journals like NAJFM and NAJA, we expect that much of the scientific influence on policy and management is not captured by citations in the primary literature, and alternative methods of evaluation may be needed. All of the AFS journals ranked highly with regard to cost-effectiveness because their subscription costs are low, and these rankings are in accordance with membership needs and the strategic mission of AFS to provide broad and timely dissemination of scientific information. We conclude by suggesting ways to increase the influence of AFS journals without compromising their accessibility and affordability, and offer advice about methods and frequency for future journal evaluations.
Estimating Devils Hole Pupfish Lifestage Ratios Using the Delphi Method
Authors: Barrett Paul J.
Published: June 2010

Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis) is one of the rarest and most restricted vertebrates in the world. It exists in a single location in southwest Nevada and in recent years the population has fluctuated between 38 and 95 individuals. To better inform population dynamics models and decision support efforts, the Delphi method was used to iteratively query six experts on lifestage ratios of the species. Expert estimations for egg production changed significantly during the exercise. If experts do not reach consensus for a given parameter, it can be taken as an index of uncertainty and an area requiring more quantitative research. The Delphi method proved to be valuable when decisions must be made in lieu of empirical information but should not be used as a substitute for pursuing those data.
Linking Alaskan Salmon Fisheries Management with Ecosystem-based Escapement Goals: A Review and Prospectus
Authors: Piccolo John J. , Adkison Milo D. , Rue Frank
Published: June 2010

A growing body of literature documents that spawning Pacific salmon have profound effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosytems. This has led to calls for considering ecosystem effects in setting salmon escapement goals; most stocks, however, are still managed using single-species stock-recruit models. Our objective is to ascertain whether current knowledge is adequate for setting ecosystem-based escapement goals, with particular reference to Alaskan fisheries. We review the literature to determine how well the quantitative relationships between salmon and a given ecosystem component (e.g., the growth rate of a given species) have been identified. In most cases, quantitative relationships are not available for a wide enough range of physical and biological conditions to make accurate predictions of the response to a given level of salmon escapement. Thus, fisheries managers might curretly have difficulty in justifying ecosystem-based escapement goals. We discuss the potential costs and benefits of increasing escapement goals as a precautionary approach, and the possibility of managing for key species for which quantitative data do exist. We conclude that developing ecosystem-based escapement goals will require better collaboration between researchers and managers. Even under the best of circumstances, however, it will be a long-term process, and the results are likely to be site-specific.
Addressing the Shortage of Stock Assessment Scientists through Undergraduate Workshops
Authors: Berkson J. , Hudy S. F. , McMullin S. L. , Murphy B. R. , Prager M. H. , Kelly M. J. , Thompson N. B.
Published: June 2010

A recent Congressional report identified a shortage of scientists entering the discipline of stock assessment. The Southeast Fisheries Science Center of NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service and Virginia Tech created the Population Dynamics Recruiting Program (PDRP) to improve the quality of graduate students interested in entering the field. An annual week-long workshop identifies top students nationally with the potential to excel in population dynamics and educates them about the discipline. Program evaluation indicates that between 25% and 33% of workshop participants have subsequently entered graduate school in the field. Sixty-nine percent of those students knew little about the field before the workshop, and 85% reported wanting to pursue population dynamics because of their workshop experience. Continuing and strengthening the PDRP is an important component of a strategy to reduce the shortage of qualified stock assessment scientists.
Abdicating Responsibility: The Deceits of Fisheries Policy
Authors: Bromley Daniel W.
Published: June 2010

The imperiled status of global fish stocks offers clear evidence of the comprehensive failure of national governments to provide coherent management to protect those stocks. The universal policy response to this failure seems to consist of nothing more imaginative than the free gifting to the commercial fishing sector of permanent endowments of income and wealth under the utopian claims associated with individual transferable quotas (ITQs). It now seems that the fishing industry is to be entrusted to become exemplary stewards, to become efficient, to maximize resource rent, to stop racing for fish, and to make society better off. These exultant promises are rendered false by the incoherent models from fisheries economics that are confused about the essential concepts of:
Why Do People Drop Out of Recreational Fishing? A Study of Lapsed Fishers from Queensland, Australia
Authors: Sutton Stephen G. , Dew Kara , Higgs Jim
Published: June 2010

We sought to understand declining recreational fishing participation in Queensland, Australia, by investigating why lapsed fishers ceased fishing and identifying the constraints that prevented them from resuming their fishing participation. The primary reasons for ceasing fishing were lack of time, loss of interest, and poor fishing quality. Most lapsed fishers were able to compensate for loss of fishing activity by increasing participation in other activities; about one-quarter reported a decrease in their overall leisure activity and leisure satisfaction since ceasing fishing. Half of the lapsed fishers surveyed reported an interest in fishing again; however, only 15% believed it was likely they would go fishing in the next 12 months. Most lapsed fishers interested in returning to fishing cited too many commitments, lack of knowledge about fishing regulations, and lack of fishing partners as reasons preventing them from fishing. Demographic characteristics significantly influenced the reasons for ceasing fishing and the perceptions of constraints preventing resumption of fishing activity. Results should help the recreational fishing sector develop strategies to deal with declining recreational fishing participation.
Inhaled Epoprostenol for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Critically Ill Adults
Authors: Buckley Mitchell S. , Feldman Jeremy P.
Published: June 2010

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease without a cure. The primary treatment goal for patients with this disease is improving pulmonary blood flow through vasodilation of the pulmonary arteries. Several drugs are available that ameliorate walk distance and hemodynamics, but their maximum tolerated doses are limited in critically ill patients with PAH because of systemic vasodilation resulting in hypotension. The ideal vasodilator would be cost‐effective, safe, and selective to the pulmonary vasculature; no such agent currently exists. Inhaled nitric oxide selectively reduces pulmonary pressures without systemic hypotension. However, it is expensive, potentially toxic, and requires complex technology for monitoring and administration. Inhaled epoprostenol may be an alternative therapy to minimize systemic hypotension, which often accompanies rapid intravenous titration. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of inhaled epoprostenol in critically ill patients with PAH, we conducted a literature search by using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases (1966‐August 2009) for relevant studies. Case reports and in vitro studies were excluded. Overall, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. The PAH population included patients requiring cardiac surgery, lung or heart transplantation, or nonspecific intensive care. All trials showed that inhaled epoprostenol significantly decreased pulmonary pressures without lowering systemic blood pressure. The duration of therapy in most studies was 10–15 minutes, with one study evaluating its effects up to an average of 45.6 hours. Pulmonary pressures returned to baseline soon after drug discontinuation. Minimal adverse events were reported. Thus, inhaled epoprostenol in various subgroups of critically ill patients was effective in reducing pulmonary pressures. However, the significance of these effects on improving clinical outcomes remains unknown. Further studies are needed to determine the role of inhaled epoprostenol in critically ill patients with PAH.
Drug Repurposing for Drug Development in Stroke
Authors: Fagan Susan C.
Published: June 2010

The development of new treatments for acute stroke has been fraught with costly and spectacularly disappointing failures. Repurposing of drugs already known to be safe provides a lower risk alternative. Investigators are using drug repurposing, in which marketed drugs are exploited for their secondary activity, to pursue agents that have multiple mechanisms of action, including vascular protection. Protecting the ischemic vasculature is likely to promote neuronal recovery and have long‐lasting benefits for patients with stroke. Currently, reperfusion with drugs or devices and acute aspirin therapy are used clinically to reduce disability due to ischemic stroke. In the future, drugs such as statins, angiotensin II receptor blockers, minocycline, and growth factors such as erythropoietin may be used. In fact, vascular protection with the angiotensin II receptor blocker candesartan has already been demonstrated in a clinical trial of acute ischemic stroke.
Repurposing an Old Drug to Improve the Use and Safety of Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Ischemic Stroke: Minocycline
Authors: Hess David C. , Fagan Susan C.
Published: June 2010

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only drug approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Because the drug must be used soon after symptom onset and is associated with intracerebral hemorrhage, tPA remains underutilized. Research has therefore focused on identifying other drugs that can be used concomitantly with tPA to improve the odds of a favorable recovery and to reduce the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Minocycline is a broad‐spectrum antibiotic that has been found to be a neuroprotective agent in preclinical ischemic stroke models. Minocycline inhibits matrix metalloproteinase‐9, a biomarker for intracerebral hemorrhage associated with tPA use. Minocycline is also an antiinflammatory agent and inhibits poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1. Minocycline has been safe and well tolerated in clinical trials. Additional safety and efficacy data are needed, and a phase III trial of minocycline with tPA in patients experiencing acute ischemic stroke is planned.
Perceptions of Audible Nasal Emission in Speakers with Cleft Palate: A Comparative Study of Listener Judgments
Authors: Baylis Adriane L. , Munson Benjamin , Moller Karlind T.
Published: June 2010

Objective

Audible nasal emission is a common speech distortion observed in persons with cleft palate. This study examined the validity and reliability of perceptual judgments of audible nasal emission using interval scaling and magnitude estimation techniques.

Participants

Speech samples were collected from six adolescents with repaired cleft palate, all of whom demonstrated audible nasal emission. A total of 31 adults performed rating tasks in which they judged the severity of audible nasal emission in speech samples.

Measures

Occurrences of audible nasal emission in speech samples were identified using visual and auditory inspection. Using an acoustic modification technique, samples were digitally modified to amplify perceived occurrences of audible nasal emission to create three stimulus conditions. The original recording of the speech samples served as a control condition. The severity of audible nasal emission in the samples was judged by multiple listeners using interval scaling and magnitude estimation without a modulus. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance, regression, and curve-fitting methods.

Results

Magnitude-estimation ratings demonstrated stronger evidence of validity and reliability than interval scaling. A curvilinear relationship was found between the sets of ratings.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that audible nasal emission may be a prothetic or ratio-level perceptual continua. Listeners should consider using magnitude estimation or other ratio-based methods for perceptual judgments of audible nasal emission.
Differences in the electrochemical behavior of ruthenium and iridium oxide in electrocatalytic coatings of activated titanium anodes prepared by the sol-gel procedure
Authors: Panic Vladimir , Dekanski Aleksandar , Miskovic-Stankovic Vesna , Milonjic Slobodan , Nikolic Branislav
Published: June 2010

The electrochemical characteristics of Ti0.6Ir0.4O2/Ti and Ti0.6Ru0.4O2/Ti anodes prepared by the sol-gel procedure from the corresponding oxide sols, obtained by force hydrolysis of the corresponding metal chlorides, were compared. The voltammetric properties in H2SO4 solution indicate that Ti0.6Ir0.4O2/Ti has more pronounced pseudocapacitive characteristics, caused by proton-assisted, solid state surface redox transitions of the oxide. At potentials negative to 0.0 VSCE, this electrode is of poor conductivity and activity, while the voltammetric behavior of the Ti0.6Ru0.4O2/Ti electrode is governed by proton injection/ejection into the oxide structure. The Ti0.6Ir0.4O2/Ti electrode had a higher electrocatalytical activity for oxygen evolution, while the investigated anodes were of similar activity for chlorine evolution. The potential dependence of the impedance characteristics showed that the Ti0.6Ru0.4O2/Ti electrode behaved like a capacitor over a wider potential range than the Ti0.6Ir0.4O2/Ti electrode, with fully-developed pseudocapacitive properties at potentials positive to 0.60 VSCE. However, the impedance characteristics of the Ti0.6Ir0.4O2/Ti electrode changed with increasing potential from resistor-like to capacitor-like behavior.
Homozygous Mutations inNEUROD1Are Responsible for a Novel Syndrome of Permanent Neonatal Diabetes and Neurological Abnormalities
Authors: Rubio-Cabezas Oscar , Minton Jayne A.L. , Kantor Iren , Williams Denise , Ellard Sian , Hattersley Andrew T.
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE

NEUROD1 is expressed in both developing and mature β-cells. Studies in mice suggest that this basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor is critical in the development of endocrine cell lineage. Heterozygous mutations have previously been identified as a rare cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). We aimed to explore the potential contribution of NEUROD1 mutations in patients with permanent neonatal diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We sequenced the NEUROD1 gene in 44 unrelated patients with permanent neonatal diabetes of unknown genetic etiology.

RESULTS

Two homozygous mutations in NEUROD1 (c.427_ 428del and c.364dupG) were identified in two patients. Both mutations introduced a frameshift that would be predicted to generate a truncated protein completely lacking the activating domain. Both patients had permanent diabetes diagnosed in the first 2 months of life with no evidence of exocrine pancreatic dysfunction and a morphologically normal pancreas on abdominal imaging. In addition to diabetes, they had learning difficulties, severe cerebellar hypoplasia, profound sensorineural deafness, and visual impairment due to severe myopia and retinal dystrophy.

CONCLUSIONS

We describe a novel clinical syndrome that results from homozygous loss of function mutations in NEUROD1. It is characterized by permanent neonatal diabetes and a consistent pattern of neurological abnormalities including cerebellar hypoplasia, learning difficulties, sensorineural deafness, and visual impairment. This syndrome highlights the critical role of NEUROD1 in both the development of the endocrine pancreas and the central nervous system in humans.
Atomic layer deposition of HfO2 on graphene from HfCl4 and H2O
Authors: Alles Harry , Aarik Jaan , Aidla Aleks , Fay Aurelien , Kozlova Jekaterina , Niilisk Ahti , Pärs Martti , Rähn Mihkel , Wiesner Maciej , Hakonen Pertti , Sammelselg Väino
Published: June 2010

Atomic layer deposition of HfO2 on unmodified graphene from HfCl4 and H2O was investigated. Surface RMS roughness down to 0.5 nm was obtained for amorphous, 30 nm thick hafnia film grown at 180°C. HfO2 was also deposited in a two-step temperature process where the initial growth of about 1 nm at 170°C was continued up to 10–30 nm at 300°C. This process yielded uniform, monoclinic HfO2 films with RMS roughness of 1.7 nm for 10–12 nm thick films and 2.5 nm for 30 nm thick films. Raman spectroscopy studies revealed that the deposition process caused compressive biaxial strain in graphene, whereas no extra defects were generated. An 11 nm thick HfO2 film deposited onto bilayer graphene reduced the electron mobility by less than 10% at the Dirac point and by 30–40% far away from it.
Effects of low-level La doping and ageing on TlPb-1223 high T
c superconductors
Authors: Cigáň Alexander , Plesch Gustav , Škrátek Martin , Kopčok Michal , Maňka Ján , Jurdák Peter , Koňakovský Anton
Published: June 2010

Bulk samples of the nominal composition of (Tl0.6Pb0.5)(Sr0.8Ba0.2)2Ca2Cu3O8+δ−xLaO1.5 (x = 0–0.1) were prepared by using two-step process and their microstructure, T
c values, and magnetization were studied. The samples consist of the Tl-1223 dominant phase with small Tl-1212 admixture, which increases with a rise of La content. Five years ageing and following oxygen annealing at 450°C and subsequently at 750°C have only a modest effect on T
c values of the studied samples. Low-level La doping (x = 0:04) leads to an increase of T
c values by about 2 K in comparison with undoped samples. Oxygen annealing at 750°C results in an increase in the volume magnetization hysteresis in low applied magnetic fields and rise of critical current density at zero magnetic field and 77 K. This effect is most pronounced for the low La doped sample with x = 0.04. Changes of the induced voltage, U originating in the Meissner effect and of its harmonics in dependence on temperature were measured and used for characterization of the temperature distribution of inter-grain junctions.
Radish plant behaviour under short-term elevated ozone fumigation
Authors: Sakalauskaitė Jurga , Brazaitytė Aušra , Urbonavičiūtė Akvilė , Samuolienė Giedrė , Šabajevienė Gintarė , Sakalauskienė Sandra , Duchovskis Pavelas
Published: June 2010

Effects of short-term ozone (O3) fumigation on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) plants were examined in growth chambers under controlled environment conditions. Plants were exposed to 0 μg/m3 (reference), 80 μg/m3, 160 μg/m3 and 240 μg/m3 O3 concentrations for 7 h per day for five days. Day/night temperature was 21°C/14°C and photoperiod 16 h. Chlorophyll content was evaluated spectrophotometrically. Chromatographic analysis of saccharides was also undertaken. The results showed that elevated O3 inhibited the growth of radish rhizocarps, net assimilation rate and biomass accumulation. O3 induced leaf desiccation, necrosis and premature senescence, but a typical reaction of plants to O3 stress was the rapid regeneration of new leaves. O3 inhibited accumulation of carotenoids more than chlorophylls. The higher photosynthetic pigment content in newly generated radish leaves may be regarded as an adaptation of the photosynthetic system to O3. Leaf saccharide metabolism and incorporation depended on O3 concentration. Rapid regeneration of new leaves and increased content of photosynthetic pigments is the typical reaction of radish plants to O3 stress.
The Role of Veterinary Medicine in an Interdisciplinary Family Health Course
Authors: Waddell Rhondda F. , Isaza Natalie , Murray Gina , Glikes Melissa , Davidson Richard
Published: June 2010

First-year students from five health professions colleges engaged in a team-taught interdisciplinary family health course located in a community-based setting. This descriptive account of their experiences describes the implications of interdisciplinary education for student learning with an emphasis on the health care concerns of the volunteer families and their companion animals that participated in the Interdisciplinary Family Health course. The authors underscore the potential of interdisciplinary course work for the enrichment of the educational process, with collaboration between veterinary and other health professions, including the disciplines of medicine, nursing, nutrition, pharmacy, physical therapy, dental, social work, and the larger community, by providing an emphasis on family health and companion-animal care.
Telephone Communication in Emergency Cases: A Training Program for Veterinary Students
Authors: Cary Julie A. , Farnsworth Kelly D. , Kurtz Suzanne
Published: June 2010

The purpose of this project was to evaluate the incorporation of a telephone communication exercise into the junior surgery laboratory at Washington State University. Subjectively, the communication component seemed to encourage greater student preparedness and participation or ownership of cases in the surgical laboratory. Simulated clients were asked to score students on specific tasks and give any specific feedback. Students evaluated themselves on identical material. Areas of communication most likely to result in disparity of scores between the client's evaluation and the student's self-assessment were related to the patient's aftercare. Student survey results were consistently positive in regard to the value of the telephone communications exercise. Communication training in the veterinary curriculum could benefit from identifying opportunities to further integrate client communication experiences into other courses or laboratory experiences.
Social Interactions Between Veterinary Medical Students and Their Teachers in an Ambulatory Clinic Setting in Finland
Authors: Koskinen Heli I.
Published: June 2010

In this study, the social interactions between students and their teachers in an ambulatory clinic setting were investigated using Bales's 1 interaction process analysis framework. Observational data were collected during five small-group sessions. The observations were quantified, and the behaviors of students and teachers were compared statistically. This study demonstrated that the interaction between students and their teachers was for the most part equal and could be characterized as “positively task oriented.” The study has implications for veterinary educators wishing to use social psychology frameworks to assess the quality of learning in small-group clinical setting.
The Role of Undergraduate Research Experiences in Producing Veterinary Scientists
Authors: Dale Vicki H.M. , Pierce Stephanie E. , May Stephen A.
Published: June 2010

This study retrospectively examined the influence of a science-based, research-oriented degree on the career choices of a group of “early emerger” students who had aspired from an early age to become veterinarians but chose instead to pursue an alternative career in veterinary research. This transformation was in large part because of active participation in research, with supervisors acting as role models and mentors. This finding has important implications for teachers and course designers seeking to influence career decision making in both bioveterinary science and professional veterinary programs.
Xylan sorption kinetics at industrial conditions Part 2. Modeling
Authors: Ribe Espen , Lindblad Margaretha Söderqvist , Dahlman Olof , Theliander Hans
Published: June 2010

A model describing the sorption kinetics for black liquor birch xylan onto unbleached softwood kraft fibers at industrially relevant process conditions has been developed. The experimental results support the suggestion that xylan sorption is a physical process. Our model is based on the assumption that the mass transfer between bulk liquor and fiber surfaces is the rate determining step. The effects of changes in process conditions like temperature, NaOH concentration and ion strength are included in the model. The model fits the experimental data quite well for sorption temperatures between 87 and 127°C. Other mechanisms affect the observed sorption at higher sorption temperatures. Consequently, more data is needed to produce a model for sorption at elevated temperatures. Deviations from the experimental data at temperatures up to 127°C are proposed to be a result of competing mechanisms not accounted for in our model. These can, for instance, be the transportation of xylan from the surface into the cell wall, the degradation of xylan in solution, the removal of substituents from the xylan backbone, or a decrease in NaOH concentration in the solution.
Mass balance of lipophilic extractives around impressafiner in mill and pilot scale
Authors: Tanase Mihaela , Stenius Per , Johansson Lars , Hill Jan , Sandberg Christer
Published: June 2010

Removal of extractives from the pulp furnish is of great importance for the improvement of paper machine efficiency and also for reducing the energy consumption during the thermomechanical pulp refining process. Extractives can exist in many different forms in the process water; as colloidal particles, dissolved or attached to fines and fibres. It is therefore important to know in which form they exist in order to fully understand their behaviour. In this paper, we report on an evaluation of the removal of extractives released from chips of different raw materials pre-treated in an Impressafiner, in pilot and in mill scale. In pilot trial the raw materials used were loblolly pine and white spruce and in the mil scale trial the raw material used was norway spruce. The colloidal stability of extractives present in the pressate water from the Impressafiner and their flocculation behaviour by cationic polymers (CPAM and Poly-DADMAC) under different conditions was also investigated. Calculations of mass balances around an Impressafiner showed that it was possible to remove up to 40% of extractives before the refining process. The reduction in total extractives content was mainly due to released resin acids while fatty acids, triglycerides, steryl esters and sterols to a large extent remained in the wood chips after pre-treatment. The removal of extractives from pine was four times higher than from spruce chips. The results can be explained in terms of the extractive composition in the raw material and the morphological differences in the wood structure.
The effect of various retention aids on retention and formation
Authors: Svedberg Anna , Lindström Tom
Published: June 2010

The interdependency between retention and paper formation was studied using a previously designed R-F (Retention and formation)-machine. The objective of the work was to investigate the retentionformation relationship for different types of retention aid systems. Both single-component cationic polyacrylamides with varying molecular weights and polyacrylamide- based microparticulate retention aids were investigated on the R-F-machine, for a fine paper stock with addition of 25% filler (based on total solids content). Results showed that the retention-formation relationship was not dependent on the retention aid systems used, since all systems provided similar relationships. In terms of the retention performance, significant differences were observed, depending on the choice of microparticle system and molecular weight of the used cationic polyacrylamide.
Fibre orientation measurements near a headbox wall
Authors: Carlsson Allan , Söderberg L. Daniel , Lundell Fredrik
Published: June 2010

Experimental results on the fibre orientation in a laboratory scale headbox are reported. Images containing fibres in approximately 1 mm thick slices parallel to the wall were captured at different wall distances. A steerable filter was used to determine the orientation of bleached and unbeaten birch fibres, suspended in water, at different distances from one of the inclined walls of the headbox contraction. Due to optical limitations only dilute suspensions were studied. It is shown that the fibre orientation distribution varies with the distance from the wall. Sufficiently far upstream in the headbox a more anisotropic distribution is found closer to the wall.
Study on Additional Carrier Sensing for IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Lee Bih-Hwang , Lai Ruei-Lung , Wu Huai-Kuei , Wong Chi-Ming
Published: June 2010

Wireless sensor networks based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard are able to achieve low-power transmissions in the guise of low-rate and short-distance wireless personal area networks (WPANs). The slotted carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is used for contention mechanism. Sensor nodes perform a backoff process as soon as the clear channel assessment (CCA) detects a busy channel. In doing so they may neglect the implicit information of the failed CCA detection and further cause the redundant sensing. The blind backoff process in the slotted CSMA/CA will cause lower channel utilization. This paper proposes an additional carrier sensing (ACS) algorithm based on IEEE 802.15.4 to enhance the carrier sensing mechanism for the original slotted CSMA/CA. An analytical Markov chain model is developed to evaluate the performance of the ACS algorithm. Both analytical and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than IEEE 802.15.4, which in turn significantly improves throughput, average medium access control (MAC) delay and power consumption of CCA detection.
Specificity of Interaction between Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin and Claudin-Family Tight Junction Proteins
Authors: Mitchell Leslie , Koval Michael
Published: June 2010

Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), a major cause of food poisoning, forms physical pores in the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. The ability of CPE to recognize the epithelium is due to the C-terminal binding domain, which binds to a specific motif on the second extracellular loop of tight junction proteins known as claudins. The interaction between claudins and CPE plays a key role in mediating CPE toxicity by facilitating pore formation and by promoting tight junction disassembly. Recently, the ability of CPE to distinguish between specific claudins has been used to develop tools for studying roles for claudins in epithelial barrier function. Moreover, the high affinity of CPE to selected claudins makes CPE a useful platform for targeted drug delivery to tumors expressing these claudins.
Synthesis of the fluorescent amino acid rac-(7-hydroxycoumarin-4-yl)ethylglycine
Authors: Braun Manfred , Dittrich Torsten
Published: June 2010

The hydrochloride of the racemic amino acid (7-hydroxycoumarin-4-yl)ethylglycine, a versatile fluorescent probe in proteins, has been synthesized in five steps from commercially available (7-hydroxycoumarin-4-yl)acetic acid. The key step involves the alkylation of a glycine–enolate equivalent.
Tim-3/Galectin-9 Pathway: Regulation of Th1 Immunity through Promotion of CD11b+Ly-6G+ Myeloid Cells
Authors: Dardalhon Valerie , Anderson Ana C. , Karman Jozsef , Apetoh Lionel , Chandwaskar Rucha , Lee David H. , Cornejo Melanie , Nishi Nozomu , Yamauchi Akira , Quintana Francisco J. , Sobel Raymond A. , Hirashima Mitsuomi , Kuchroo Vijay K.
Published: June 2010

IFN-γ plays a central role in antitumor immunity. T cell Ig and mucin domain (Tim-3) is expressed on IFN-γ–producing Th1 cells; on interaction with its ligand, galectin-9, Th1 immunity is terminated. In this study, we show that transgenic overexpression of Tim-3 on T cells results in an increase in CD11b+Ly-6G+ cells and inhibition of immune responses. Molecular characterization of CD11b+Ly-6G+ cells reveals a phenotype consistent with granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Accordingly, we find that modulation of the Tim-3/galectin-9 (Gal-9) pathway impacts on tumor growth. Similarly, overexpression of Tim-3 ligand, Gal-9, results in an increase in CD11b+Ly-6G+ cells and inhibition of immune responses. Loss of Tim-3 restores normal levels of CD11b+Ly-6G+ cells and normal immune responses in Gal-9 transgenic mice. Our data uncover a novel mechanism by which the Tim-3/Gal-9 pathway regulates immune responses and identifies this pathway as a therapeutic target in diseases where myeloid-derived suppressor cells are disadvantageous.
Distal Regions of the Human IFNG Locus Direct Cell Type-Specific Expression
Authors: Collins Patrick L. , Chang Shaojing , Henderson Melodie , Soutto Mohammed , Davis Georgia M. , McLoed Allyson G. , Townsend Michael J. , Glimcher Laurie H. , Mortlock Douglas P. , Aune Thomas M.
Published: June 2010

Genes, such as IFNG, which are expressed in multiple cell lineages of the immune system, may employ a common set of regulatory elements to direct transcription in multiple cell types or individual regulatory elements to direct expression in individual cell lineages. By employing a bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic system, we demonstrate that IFNG employs unique regulatory elements to achieve lineage-specific transcriptional control. Specifically, a one 1-kb element 30 kb upstream of IFNG activates transcription in T cells and NKT cells but not in NK cells. This distal regulatory element is a Runx3 binding site in Th1 cells and is needed for RNA polymerase II recruitment to IFNG, but it is not absolutely required for histone acetylation of the IFNG locus. These results support a model whereby IFNG uses cis-regulatory elements with cell type-restricted function.
GPR17 Regulates Immune Pulmonary Inflammation Induced by House Dust Mites
Authors: Maekawa Akiko , Xing Wei , Austen K. Frank , Kanaoka Yoshihide
Published: June 2010

Antagonists of the type 1 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor (CysLT1R) are efficacious for bronchoconstriction in humans with bronchial asthma; however, the clinical response to these drugs is heterogeneous. In particular, how CysLT1R expression and function are constitutively regulated in vivo is not known. In this study, we show that a seven-transmembrane receptor, GPR17, negatively regulates the CysLT1R-mediated inflammatory cell accumulation in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung, the levels of IgE and specific IgG1 in serum, and Th2/Th17 cytokine expression in the lung after intranasal sensitization and challenge with the house dust mite (extract of Dermatophagoides farinae [Df]) in mice. Sensitization of naive wild-type recipients with Df-pulsed bone marrow-derived dendritic cells of each genotype or sensitization of each genotype with Df-pulsed wild-type bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and Df challenge revealed markedly increased pulmonary inflammatory and serum IgE responses for GPR17-deficient mice as compared with wild-type mice and reduced responses in the genotypes lacking CysLT1R. These findings reveal a constitutive negative regulation of CysLT1R functions by GPR17 in both the Ag presentation and downstream phases of allergic pulmonary inflammation.
CRT in Patients with Heart Failure: Time Course of Perfusion and Wall Motion Changes
Authors: Gimelli Alessia , Frumento Paolo , Valle Guido , Stanislao Mario , Startari Umberto , Piacenti Marcello , Marzullo Paolo
Published: June 2010

In patients treated with CRT no data relative to the relationship between regional wall motion and perfusion and reverse remodelling of the left ventricle at short and medium term followup were available. To this aim, 36 heart failure patients were studied by G-SPECT before (T0), within 2 months (T1) and 6 months (T2) after CRT. A clinical followup was completed for 36 months. In 30/36 patients there was an improvement of NYHA Class at T1 that persisted at T2. G-SPECT showed significant improvement of perfusion at T1 in 92% of patients without further changes at T2. A reduction of LV volumes, an increase of EF and an improvement of regional wall motion and thickening were observed at T1 versus baseline, with only minor changes at T2. Moreover, baseline extension of perfusion defects was scarcely correlated with improvement after CRT. Finally, end diastolic volume, perfusion defect and diabetes mellitus were independent predictors of survival. The main effects of CRT on regional myocardial perfusion and wall motion are obtained within 2 months. Volume overload modulates recovery of ventricular function independently of reperfusion and, with extension of perfusion abnormalities and diabetes were independent predictors of survival during followup.
Transport analysis of ozone enhancement in Southern Ontario during BAQS-Met
Authors: He H. , Tarasick D. W. , Hocking W. K. , Carey-Smith T. K. , Rochon Y. , Zhang J. , Makar P. A. , Osman M. , Brook J. , Moran M. , Jones D. , Mihele C. , Wei J. C. , Osterman G. , Argall P. S. , McConnell J. , Bourqui M. S.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Twice-daily ozonesondes were launched from Harrow, Ontario (east of Detroit) during the BAQS-Met (Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study) campaign in the summer of 2007. A co-located radar windprofiler measured tropopause height continuously. Simulation results from the dispersion model FLEXPART, using the output of the Environment Canada Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) weather forecast model, indicate the occurrence of stratospheric ozone intrusion events during the BAQS-Met campaign. This interpretation is supported by the ozonesonde observations, one-minute average surface ozone data measured by the chemistry supersite at Harrow, and geostatistical interpolation results of satellite ozone data that were observed from TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer) onboard NASA's Aura satellite and AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) onboard NASA's Aqua satellite. Source-receptor analysis using the GEM-FLEXPART model shows the stratosphere over the Northwest Territories region close to the Beaufort Sea to be the main source of the enhanced ozone at Harrow on 1 July 2007.
Inherent calibration of a novel LED-CE-DOAS instrument to measure iodine oxide, glyoxal, methyl glyoxal, nitrogen dioxide, water vapour and aerosol extinction in open cavity mode
Authors: Thalman R. , Volkamer R.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. The combination of Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (CEAS) with broad-band light sources (e.g. Light-Emitting Diodes, LEDs) lends itself to the application of cavity enhanced Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (CE-DOAS) to perform sensitive and selective point measurements of multiple trace gases and aerosol extinction with a single instrument. In contrast to other broad-band CEAS techniques, CE-DOAS relies only on the measurement of relative intensity changes, i.e. does not require knowledge of the light intensity in the absence of trace gases and aerosols (I0). We have built a prototype LED-CE-DOAS instrument in the blue spectral range (420–490 nm) to measure nitrogen dioxide (NO2), glyoxal (CHOCHO), methyl glyoxal (CH3COCHO), iodine oxide (IO), water vapour (H2O) and oxygen dimers (O4). We demonstrate the first CEAS detection of methyl glyoxal, and the first CE-DOAS detection of CHOCHO and IO. A further innovation consists in the measurement of extinction losses from the cavity, e.g. due to aerosols, at two wavelengths by observing O4 (477 nm) and H2O (443 nm) and measuring the pressure, relative humidity and temperature independently. This approach is demonstrated by experiments where laboratory aerosols of known size and refractive index were generated and their extinction measured. The measured extinctions were then compared to the theoretical extinctions calculated using Mie theory (3–7×10-7 cm-1). Excellent agreement is found from both the O4 and H2O retrievals. This enables the first inherently calibrated CEAS measurement in open cavity mode (mirrors facing the open atmosphere), and eliminates the need for sampling lines to supply air to the cavity, and/or keep the cavity enclosed and aerosol free. Measurements in open cavity mode are demonstrated for CHOCHO, CH3COCHO, NO2, H2O and aerosol extinction at 477 nm and 443 nm. Our prototype LED-CE-DOAS provides a low cost, yet research grade innovative instrument for applications in simulation chambers and in the open atmosphere.
Fiber optic distributed temperature sensing for the determination of the nocturnal atmospheric boundary layer height
Authors: Keller C. A. , Huwald H. , Vollmer M. K. , Wenger A. , Hill M. , Parlange M. B. , Reimann S.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. A new method for measuring air temperature profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer at high spatial and temporal resolution is presented. The measurements are based on Raman scattering distributed temperature sensing (DTS) with a fiber optic cable attached to a tethered balloon. These data were used to estimate the height of the stable nocturnal boundary layer. The experiment was successfully deployed during a two-day campaign in September 2009, providing evidence that DTS is well suited for this atmospheric application. Observed stable temperature profiles exhibit an exponential shape confirming similarity concepts of the temperature inversion close to the surface. The atmospheric mixing height (MH) was estimated to vary between 5 m and 50 m as a result of the nocturnal boundary layer evolution. This value is in good agreement to the MH derived from concurrent Radon-222 (222Rn) measurements and in previous studies.