bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equivalencia débil y fuerte de la constitución y la dependencia
Authors: Longa Martínez Víctor Manuel
Published: April 2016

In this article I argue against Matthews (1981) claim about the impossibility of deriving dependencies from constitution. Based on his claim, Matthews defends that there is no strong equivalence between the corresponding theoretical frames. Contrary to that opinion, I start defending the evident connection between weak and strong equivalencies, and weak and strong generative capacities, and I point out the error that drives Matthews to his wrong hypothesis: he correctly defines the notions of weak and strong equivalence, but he applies the latter imperfectly. If strong equivalence consists not only in the generation of sequences, but also in the attribution of an structural description to each sequence, such descriptions give a knowledge of dependencial properties (at least, the most important ones) mechanically, with the only exception of the descriptions referred to sentences. Summing up, I do not explicitly affirm the existence of a strong equivalence between constitutional and derivational frameworks, but I demonstrate that in order to deny such an equivalence arguments other than those of Matthews' are required.
Aproximación a la estructura de las secuencias de apertura y cierre en las conversaciones telefónicas en español
Authors: Ávila Muñoz Antonio Manuel
Published: April 2016

With this work we intend to contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms that rule conversation. These mechanisms have generally proved not to be either simple or even easy to approach. The presence of conversation in our daily life makes it a basic way of communication, despite its intricate structure, often conditioned by the close social interaction among the participants. The understanding of such a structure requires the study of the patterns that the speaker is able to produce and the listener to understand. This study proposes a sociolinguistic revision as far as oral speech is concerned by means of the study of a specific type of oral interaction: telephone conversations.
La pasiva con "se" agentiva en los textos jurídico-administrativos: su incidencia pragmática
Authors: Ricós Vidal Amparo
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this article is the analysis of the function that the agentive passive with se has in Spanish legal texts, specially its textual and discursive significance. First of all, the author proves that this construction, considered ungrammatical in current works, is present in Castilian texts since the origins of the language, though never in a high frequency. Nowadays this form is characteristic of the legal language. After analysing the factors that can determinate its presence in juridical texts, the author concludes that the use of this form is recquired by all the traits of this kind of language. The reflexive passive, agentive or not, is typical of a formal and learned level; it permits word order change and points up an element offering it an objective use, if the topicalizated element is the direct object, or a subjective one, when the special word order emphasizes the speaker's point of view. The need for alluding the interlocutors of the communicative situation, for avoiding any kind of ambiguity and for showing all the possibles facts, makes the passive with se express the agent of the action, without diminishing its first significance: emphasize the process of the verb.
Las metáforas de un día en los medios de comunicación españoles
Authors: Ruiz Gurillo Leonor
Published: April 2016

This paper takes up the Idealized Cognitive Models (ICM, Lakoff, 1987) used in mass media about the breaking of ETA'S truce: PEACE IS A WAY, TERRORISM IS A ILLNES, etc. The article starts by describing the metaphoric and metonimic aspects of ICM'S. The rest of the article reviews some of the aspects of the comprehension of metaphors: cognitive acquisition, implicatures and inferences.
Sobre los límites de la gramática en los diccionarios: (una ojeada a la evolución de las indicaciones gramaticales en los diccionarios monolingües del español)
Authors: Azorín Fernández Dolores , Martínez Linares María Antonia
Published: April 2016

In this paper we have dealt with the evolution of the treatment that –from the initial editions of DRAE to our present days- monolingual dictionaries of Spanish have given to transitive verbs that accept pronominal constructions. With this study we intend not only to value how Lexicography can benefit from grammatical developments, but also to show how necessary is to fix a limit in the amount of grammatical information included in a dictionary, which sometimes is very useful for researchers but not for users.
La ironía y la cortesía: una aproximación desde sus efectos
Authors: Alvarado Ortega María Belén
Published: April 2016

Este artículo presenta un análisis de la ironía verbal en relación con la cortesía. El objetivo fundamental es demostrar que la cortesía puede estar presente en un enunciado irónico y se puede utilizar como estrategia para producir ironía. Proponemos una clasificación según los efectos de la ironía, basada en el análisis de ejemplos reales.
Aproximación empírica a la interacción de verbos y esquemas construccionales, ejemplificada con los verbos de percepción
Authors: García-Miguel Gallego José María
Published: April 2016

Para el estudio de la interacción entre léxico verbal y sintaxis se propone una aproximación basada en Corpus, utilizando los datos provisionales del proyecto ADESSE. El examen de los datos muestra la alta flexibilidad sintáctica de cualquier verbo, pero también cómo cada verbo o cada clase semántica de verbos tiende a organizarse siguiendo un conjunto más o menos limitado de patrones sintácticos más frecuentes. Tomando como ejemplo las principales variaciones construccionales de los verbos de percepción del español, se muestra cómo los esquemas sintácticos más frecuentes con los verbos de percepción representan asociaciones semánticamente coherentes entre el significado del verbo y el significado del esquema, cómo los esquemas alternantes proporcionan conceptualizaciones alternativas de situaciones similares, y cómo los verbos más frecuentes con un esquema sintáctico sirven de modelo o punto de atracción para la producción o interpretación de construcciones similares con otros verbos.
Ditransitividad morfológica: tipología y definición de las construcciones aplicativas
Authors: Conti Jiménez Carmen
Published: April 2016

Este artículo se centra en el estudio tipológico de las propiedades semánticas y sintácticas de los aplicativos benefactivos. Los aplicativos son afijos verbales que permiten codificar un argumento no subcategorizado por el verbo base como un argumento central del predicado. En este trabajo, pretendo demostrar que la aplicación no implica la transitivización del verbo o el aumento de su valencia, sino una regla de reescritura del Paciente. Con el fin de alcanzar una definición general de la aplicación, distinguiré entre dos tipos de aplicativos: los que modifican la valencia semántica del verbo base, por un lado, y los que tan sólo modifican la valencia sintáctica, por otro. En esta clasificación, seguiré algunas de las propuestas desarrolladas en Van Valin y LaPolla (1997) y Van Valin (2005), tales como los conceptos de transitividad semántica y sintáctica y la jerarquía de selección del Paciente.
Unidades fraseológicas en las hablas castellanas
Authors: González Pérez María Nieves
Published: April 2016

El objetivo principal de esta investigación es analizar los ejemplos de unidades fraseológicas que hallemos en cuatro horas de entrevistas reales en español. El estudio de estas unidades siempre ha interesado en las investigaciones lingüísticas, a pesar de que se trata de un campo que se ha desarrollado principalmente en los úlitmos años. Nuestro estudio se centra en buscar ejemplos de fraseologismos en ocho entrevistas orales a hablantes de lengua castellana; en clasificar estos ejemplos en distintos tipos, dependiendo de su estructura, y en añadir, por último, algunos comentarios sobre las características semánticas de estas unidades fraseológicas. Este análisis nos proporciona una gran cantidad de ejemplos procedentes de conversaciones que pudiéramos considerar "espontáneas". Un análisis más en profundidad de estos ejemplos nos muestra que el número de proverbios es insignificante frente al número de locuciones verbales y colocaciones, aunque bien es cierto que el uso de fraseologismos es bastante escaso si se compara con el uso de verbos simples. Este hecho prueba el limitado uso de las unidades fraseológicas en la lengua oral, en contra de la idea que se venía manteniendo en los estudios tradicionales en cuanto a la frecuencia de las unidades fraseológicas en el nivel oral.
Patrones formales e interpretación: el funcionamiento de más en español
Authors: Brucart Marraco Josep Maria
Published: April 2016

Se estudia el funcionamiento sintáctico del operador aditivo más en español, tanto en su variante simétrica (dos más dos) como en la asimétrica (dos días más; más de dos días) y se propone un análisis unitario que derive este último valor de la proyección de ciertas categorías funcionales que permiten establecer una relación asimétrica entre los dos argumentos seleccionados por dicho operador. Se propone tratar las construcciones de más asimétrico como vectoriales y se argumenta a favor de incluir en este mismo grupo las comparativas de desigualdad. Si la propuesta es correcta, la idea de comparación que se asocia a tales construcciones sería una noción cognitiva derivada de un patrón formal más simple, de naturaleza vectorial (aditiva en el caso de más y sustractiva en el de menos).
El uso figurado en algunos casos de unidades plurilexemáticas: colocaciones y compuestos sintagmáticos
Authors: Muñoz Núñez María Dolores
Published: April 2016

En este artículo se revisan algunas ideas que se han repetido con frecuencia en la bibliografía sobre colocaciones, sobre todo, las de que en una colocación se pueden distinguir dos elementos, colocativo y base, entre los que existe una direccionalidad, y que la base selecciona a veces del colocativo un uso figurado, con lo que se establece un mayor grado de cohesión entre ellos. No obstante, a partir de algunas estructuras sintagmáticas, vamos a analizar especialmente la incidencia en ellas del uso figurado y a proponer algunas pautas para distinguir entre colocaciones y compuestos sintagmáticos.
Interest rate, liquidity and stock market performance in Ghana
Authors: Boachie Micheal Kofi , Osei Mensah Isaac , Opoku Frimpong Albert , Ruzima Martin
Published: April 2016

In this study, we examined the effect of interest rate and liquidity growth on stock market performance in Ghana using monthly data from the Ghana Stock Exchange and Bank of Ghana for the period 2010:12 to 2013:11. After employing robust linear regression (M-Estimation), there is a compelling evidence that performance of the Ghanaian stock market is highly influenced by liquidity growth, exchange rate and inflation; and that interest rate effect is insignificant though positive on the stock market index for the period under study.
Inoceramid stratigraphy and depositional architecture of the Campanian and Maastrichtian of the Miechów Synclinorium (southern Poland)
Authors: Jurkowska Agata
Published: April 2016

Dynamic evolution of the Campanian and Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) of the Miechow Synclinorium is presented. Through chronostratigraphic analysis, the geometry of the Campanian and Maastrichtian of the area is interpreted, while microfacies analysis allowed determination of some of the paleoenvironmental parameters (rate of sedimentation, bottom condition and terrigenous input). The chronostratigraphy is based on inoceramid biostratigraphy. Nine inoceramid zones are recognized: Sphenoceramus patootensiformis, Sphaeroceramus sarumensis-Cataceramus dariensis and ‘Inoceramus’ azerbaydjanensis-‘Inoceramus’ vorhelmensis, ‘Inoceramus’ tenuilineatus, Sphaeroceramus pertenuiformis, ‘Inoceramus’ inkermanensis and ‘Inoceramus’ costaecus- ‘Inoceramus’ redbirdensis (Campanian); Endocostea typica and Trochoceramus radiosus (Maastrichtian). Five unconformities (isochronous in the study area) represented by horizons of slower sedimentation rate, were recognized. They correlate with eustatic sea-level changes, well recorded in European successions (Jarvis et al. 2002, 2006; Niebuhr et al. 2011). Unconformity horizons allow six alloformations to be distinguished. The thickness of particular chronostratigraphic units within the Campanian and Lower Maastrichtian increases progressively toward the axis of the Danish-Polish Trough, which indicates that the inversion of the trough could not have started before the Late Maastrichtian.
Key factors contributing to accident severity rate in construction industry in Iran: a regression modelling approach / Primjena regresijskog modela u analizi ključnih čimbenika koji pridonose težini nesreća u građevinskoj industriji u Iranu
Authors: Soltanzadeh Ahmad , Mohammadfam Iraj , Moghimbeigi Abbas , Ghiasvand Reza
Published: April 2016

Construction industry involves the highest risk of occupational accidents and bodily injuries, which range from mild to very severe. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify the factors associated with accident severity rate (ASR) in the largest Iranian construction companies based on data about 500 occupational accidents recorded from 2009 to 2013. We also gathered data on safety and health risk management and training systems. Data were analysed using Pearson’s chi-squared coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Median ASR (and the interquartile range) was 107.50 (57.24- 381.25). Fourteen of the 24 studied factors stood out as most affecting construction accident severity (p<0.05). These findings can be applied in the design and implementation of a comprehensive safety and health risk management system to reduce ASR.
Natural radionuclide uptake by mosses in eastern Serbia in 2008-2013 / Prirodni radionuklidi u mahovinama iz istočne Srbije u razdoblju 2008.-2013
Authors: Čučulović Ana Č , Sabovljević Marko , Čučulović Rodoljub Č , Veselinović Dragan
Published: April 2016

The results of the study on natural radionuclide content in 102 samples of the moss species randomly collected in 2008- 2013 at 30 locations of eastern Serbia are presented in the paper. The activity concentration values of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 7Be determined by gamma spectrometry were within the intervals: 238U (1.1−50) Bq kg-1, 226Ra (1.1−41) Bq kg-1, 232Th (1.4−28) Bq kg-1, 40K (64−484) Bq kg-1 and 7Be (88−227) Bq kg-1, not standing out of the average data reported for this region. The distribution of the obtained data for 226Ra, 232Th, and 238U activity concentration in the analysed mosses has shown values up to 10 Bq kg-1 with frequencies 47.1 %, 54.9 % and 48.0 %, respectively. The obtained activity concentration values of primordial 40K and cosmogenic radionuclide 7Be were up to 500 Bq kg-1 and about 90 % of all the results for 7Be uptake by mosses were in the 200-250 Bq kg-1 concentration range.
Mechanism of acute endosulfan intoxication-induced neurotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats / Mehanizam akutne neurotoksičnosti u Sprague-Dawley štakora izazvane trovanjem endosulfanom
Authors: Jang Tae-chang , Jang Jung-hee , Lee Kyung-won
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying oxidative and inflammatory neuronal cell death induced by endosulfan, a pesticide belonging to the chemical family of organochlorines. The cortical and hippocampal tissues derived from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats treated with endosulfan exhibited increased intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damages to cellular macromolecules such as depletion of glutathione, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation. Conversely, the expression of antioxidant enzymes including γ-glutamylcysteine ligase (GCL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was markedly reduced in the brain tissues exposed to endosulfan. Moreover, during endosulfan-induced neuronal cell death, mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was elevated, which seemed to be mediated by the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) by phosphorylation of p65 subunit. These results suggest a new molecular mechanism underlying the endosulfan-induced acute neurotoxicity via induction of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory responses.
Evaluation the effects of led photo-activated disinfection on periodontal clinical parameters in patients with chronic periodontitis
Authors: Martu-Maria Alexandra , Ursarescu Irina-Georgeta , Solomon Sorina , Foia Liliana
Published: April 2016

The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of LED-PAD and tolonium chloride on periodontal clinical parameters in chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on patients with chronic periodontitis, divided in 2 groups (study group and control group of patients who, besides the conventional therapy measures, also received PAD therapy). The periodontal clinical parameters were registered at baseline and after 3 months. Results and Discussions: The post-therapy evaluation revealed significantly improved results of periodontal clinical parameters in the study group, when compared to the control group. Our results support the literature studies conducted on chronic periodontitis patients but without any systemic diseases. Conclusion: The PAD disinfection determined a significant improvement for the periodontal clinical parameters in patients with periodontal disease.
Adsorption of Cu (II) and Zn (II) from Water by Jatropha curcas L. as Biosorbent
Authors: Nacke Herbert , Gonçalves Affonso Celso , Campagnolo Marcelo Angelo , Coelho Gustavo Ferreira , Schwantes Daniel , dos Santos Marcelo Gonçalves , Briesch Dionir Luiz , Zimmermann Juliano
Published: April 2016

The objective of this work was to evaluate the removal of Cu2+ and Zn2+ in water by means of the adsorption process using three biosorbents derived from jatropha biomass (bark, endosperm and endosperm + seed coat). The experiments were performed in batch and evaluated the effect of solution pH, adsorbent mass, contact time, different initial concentrations of the metals Cu2+ and Zn2+, and the temperature of the solution during the adsorptive process. By kinetics, the adsorption isotherms and thermodynamics the mechanisms that control the adsorptive process were evaluated. The optimal conditions for the realization of the adsorptive process for both metals were: solution pH of 5.0 and 8 g L-1 of adsorbent mass per volume of solution, with a contact time between adsorbent and adsorbate of 60 min. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacities for the bark, endosperm and endosperm + seed coat of Jatropha were, respectively, for Cu2+ 11.541, 20.475 and 22.910 mg g-1, and for Zn2+ 14.852; 15.888 and 14.674 mg g-1, with the predominance of chemisorption in monolayer. The three biosorbents derived from the biomass of Jatropha have potential for the remediation of water contaminated with Cu2+ and Zn2+.
An Analysis of the Effects of the Economic Policy in Serbia by the Mundell-Fleming Model
Authors: Grubišić Zoran , Kamenković Sandra
Published: April 2016

The global economic crisis has affected the whole world, including Serbia. Countries with different degrees of development reacted with different measures of economic policy, both monetary as well as fiscal. Economic authorities in Serbia have encountered certain limiting factors in the selection of measures, first of all taking into account the unfinished transition process. This paper will examine whether the applied monetary and fiscal policy in Serbia is adequate according to the position which Serbia occupies by the Mundell-Fleming model, as well as to identify the starting position for future economic policy measures.
Smiling synchronicity and gaze patterns in dyadic humorous conversations
Authors: Gironzetti Elisa , Pickering Lucy , Huang Meichan , Zhang Ying , Menjo Shigehito , Attardo Salvatore
Published: April 2016

This present article is part of a larger study on speaker-hearer allocation of attentional resources in face-to-face interactions. The goal of the paper is twofold: first, we present results concerning the degree of correlation, in computer-mediated conversation, between speaker’s timing and intensity of smiling when humor is either present or absent in the conversation. The results were obtained from the analysis of five dyadic interactions between English speakers that were video and audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed to establish a baseline of synchronicity of smiling among participants. From the study it emerged that conversational partners engaged in humorous conversations not only reciprocate each other’s smiling, but also match each other’s smiling intensity. Our data led to the identification of different smiling and non-smiling synchronic behaviors that point to the existence of a synchronous multimodal relationship between humorous events and smiling intensity for conversational partners. Second, in the last part of the paper, we argue for the need of a multimodal conversational corpus in humor studies and present the corpus that is being collected, annotated, and analyzed at Texas A&M University–Commerce. The corpus consists of humorous interactions among dyads of native speakers of English, Spanish, and Chinese for which video, audio, and eye-tracking data have been recorded. As part of this section of the paper, we also present some preliminary results based on the analysis of one English conversation, and some exploratory analysis of Chinese data, that show that greater attention is paid to facial areas involved in smiling when humor is present. This study sheds light on the role of smiling as a discourse marker (Attardo, S., L. Pickering, F. Lomotey & S. Menjo. 2013. Multimodality in Conversational Humor.
Rôle de la coutume dans la formation du droit malikite
Authors: Hentati Nejmeddine
Published: April 2016

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Association between circulating CCL2 levels and modifiable behaviors in overweight and obese adolescents: a cross-sectional pilot study
Authors: Bodo Mackenzie J. , Jimenez Elizabeth Yakes , Conn Carole , Dye Alyssa , Pomo Page , Kolkmeyer Deborah , Orlando Robert , Kong Alberta S.
Published: April 2016

We evaluated the relationship between an early inflammatory biomarker, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and other clinical biomarkers and lifestyle behaviors, in overweight/obese adolescents at high risk of developing cardiometabolic derangements.

We collected anthropometric measurements, clinical biomarkers, and three 24-h dietary recalls from 21 vocational high school students (91% male), 14–19 years, with body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m

Mean BMI was 33.2 kg/m

CCL2 was positively associated with pro-inflammatory biomarkers and negatively associated with some anti-inflammatory dietary factors.
Enhanced Cooperation in an Enlarged EU
Authors: Ahrens Joachim , Ohr Renate , Zeddies Götz
Published: April 2016

Die jüngsten Erweiterungen der EU auf 27 Mitgliedsstaaten haben den europäischen Integrationsprozess in ein neues Stadium geführt. In einer Gemeinschaft von 27 zunehmend heterogenen Mitgliedsländern wird es immer schwieriger, gemeinsame Entscheidungen zu treffen, wodurch dem Prozess einer weiteren Vertiefung der Integration Grenzen gesetzt werden. Die Europäische Union hat auf diese Entwicklung mit der Einführung des Instruments der sog. „verstärkten Zusammenarbeit“ reagiert. Diese Option ermöglicht eine verstärkte Kooperation einer Untergruppe der gesamten Gemeinschaft (Club im Club), falls nicht alle Mitgliedsländer sich an dem Projekt beteiligen wollen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wurden verschiedene Politikbereiche beispielhaft herausgegriffen, um mit Hilfe der Clusteranalyse Ländergruppen mit relativ homogenen Präferenzen voneinander abzugrenzen, um herauszufinden, von welchen Ländern und mit welchen Zielen möglicherweise eine verstärkte Zusammenarbeit innerhalb der EU ausgehen könnte. Es zeigt sich dabei, dass gegebenenfalls von Politikfeld zu Politikfeld jeweils unterschiedliche Ländergruppen die Integration vorantreiben würden.
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen regionaler Kaufkraftvergleiche
Authors: Lippe Peter Michael von der , Breuer Claus Christian
Published: April 2016

The Bavarian Ministry of Economics published a comparison between price and income levels of various municipalities of Bavaria based on the current monthly statistics of consumer prices. This widely disseminated official publication gained much attention and served to plead a cause in the German constitutional court. It then turned out that it was highly objectionable from a methodological point of view. The present paper not only collates the shortcomings of the ministerial publication it also presents alternative statistical results and some considerations about the methodological requirements and the feasibility of estimating valid regional purchasing power parities.
Von der Finanzkrise zur Schuldenkrise
Authors: Wittmann Walter
Published: April 2016

This paper reviews the main developments leading to the actual financial and debt crisis. It starts with the expansionary monetary policy experiment in the US in 2002, which led to a bubble in stock markets and real estate markets. When the bubble burst, the latter provoked the subprime crisis. Banks holding subprime assets made substantial losses. Especially investment banks relying on refinancing in the capital market got in trouble. When Lehman Brothers failed the interbank markets collapsed and it was only due to the collective action of central banks and government that the financial system could be stabilized. The government involvement raised the public debt in many countries to unsustainable heights transforming the financial crisis into a public debt crisis. In Europe the weaker Euro member countries, burdened with both high public debt and high foreign debt, experienced steeply rising risk premia. In order to avoid a default of a member country as well as a default of their own banks, the stronger Euro countries made available guaranties, which will, in the longer run, diminish their own credit rating. The paper concludes with the skeptical note, that both the banking crisis and the public debt debt crisis may be with us for a long time to come.
German Unification: Lessons for Korea?
Authors: Blum Ulrich
Published: April 2016

We analyze the similarities and differences in terms of the demographic, social, political and economic situation of the two Germanies and the two Koreas before unification. Based on the German experience, we inquire whether there is room for economic policy unification strategies. An important issue is the degree of international openness which, under “stone-age” type conditions, is much lower in North Korea than it ever was in East Germany. This may create additional adjustment costs, especially if institutions change.

We go on by showing how transition and integration interact in a potential unification process based on the World Bank Revised Minimum Standard Model (RMSM) and the Salter-Swan-Meade model. In doing so, we relate the macro and external impacts on an open economy to its micro-sectoral structural dynamics. Theoretical findings and evidence from Germany suggest that limits to accelerating unification from an economic perspective are important factors to take into account.

We then consider unification as an “investment” and track down the (by-and-large immediate to medium-term) costs and the (by-and-large long-term) benefits of retooling a retarded communist economy. We conclude that, from a South-Korean perspective, Korean unification will become much more expensive than German unification. This may pose severe political and strategic problems.
Der Nutzen der Mesoökonomie für ökonomische Paradigmenbildung am Beispiel der Agrarökonomie
Authors: Mann Stefan
Published: April 2016

In order to check the potentials of mesoeconomic research, the example of agricultural economics serves as a case in point to look for advances which contributed to progress in general economic science. In the literature of economic history, the pioneer work by J. H. v. Thünen catches the eye, while T. W. Schultz is a classic Agricultural Economist who won the Nobel Prize. A special section is devoted to mathematical progress within Agricultural Economics and the role of agricultural economists in welfare economics. It is concluded that a high added value can be generated through restricting empirical analyses to a particular sector.
Sustained release of OIC-A006 from PLGA microspheres to induce osteogenesis of composite PLGA/β-TCP scaffolds
Authors: Lin Liulan , Dong Yangyang , Zhou Qi
Published: April 2016

In this article, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres containing the drug OIC-A006 were prepared by ice bath extraction and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/ β-tricalcium phosphate (PLGA/β-TCP) scaffolds were prepared by freeze-drying. Three kinds of scaffold were prepared by adding no drug, direct loading the drug, and loading with drug microspheres. The mechanical strength, degradation, and microstructure of the scaffolds were analyzed. The drug delivery properties of the scaffolds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was found that PLGA/β-TCP scaffolds with PLGA microspheres that contained the drug OIC-A006 exhibited a biphasic drug release pattern. Sustained release of the drug OIC-A006 was beneficial to cell adhesion and proliferation. Experiments on rats showed that composite PLGA/β-TCP scaffolds with PLGA microspheres containing the drug OIC-A006 produced good bone formation and bone induction.
Cannabis as a Possible Treatment for Spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis / Kanabis Kao Moguci Tretman U Lecenju Spasticnosti Kod Multiple Skleroze
Authors: Vesic Katarina , Dejanovic Slavica Djukic , Borovcanin Milica , Samardzic Janko , Toncev Gordana
Published: April 2016

The therapeutic potential of cannabis has been known for centuries. Cannabinoids express their effects through two types of receptors, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2). Present studies indicate that cannabis-based drugs can make a positive impact in the treatment of different diseases. For many years, multiple sclerosis patients have self-medicated with illegal street cannabis to alleviate spasticity, a common and debilitating symptom that impairs quality of life.

Nabiximols is the cannabis-based medicine approved in many countries as an add-on therapy for symptom improvement in patients with spasticity who have not responded adequately to other medications. Adverse events such as dizziness, diarrhoea, fatigue, nausea, headache and somnolence occur quite frequently with nabiximols, but they are generally of mild-to-moderate intensity and their incidence can be markedly reduced by gradual uptitration. The prerequisite for the therapeutic use of cannabis in Serbia arerequires legal clarification for the use of the drug in a clinical environment
Band Structure Characteristics of Nacreous Composite Materials with Various Defects
Authors: Yin J. , Zhang S. , Zhang H.W. , Chen B.S.
Published: April 2016

Nacreous composite materials have excellent mechanical properties, such as high strength, high toughness, and wide phononic band gap. In order to research band structure characteristics of nacreous composite materials with various defects, supercell models with the Brick-and-Mortar microstructure are considered. An efficient multi-level substructure algorithm is employed to discuss the band structure. Furthermore, two common systems with point and line defects and varied material parameters are discussed. In addition, band structures concerning straight and deflected crack defects are calculated by changing the shear modulus of the mortar. Finally, the sensitivity of band structures to the random material distribution is presented by considering different volume ratios of the brick. The results reveal that the first band gap of a nacreous composite material is insensitive to defects under certain conditions. It will be of great value to the design and synthesis of new nacreous composite materials for better dynamic properties.
Numerical Solution for the Effect of Suction or Injection on Flow of Nanofluids Past a Stretching Sheet
Authors: Abd Elazem Nader Y.
Published: April 2016

The flow of nanofluids past a stretching sheet has attracted much attention owing to its wide applications in industry and engineering. Numerical solution has been discussed in this article for studying the effect of suction (or injection) on flow of nanofluids past a stretching sheet. The numerical results carried out using Chebyshev collocation method (ChCM). Useful results for temperature profile, concentration profile, reduced Nusselt number, and reduced Sherwood number are discussed in tabular and graphical forms. It was also demonstrated that both temperature and concentration profiles decrease by an increase from injection to suction. Moreover, the numerical results show that the temperature profiles decrease at high values of Prandtl number Pr. Finally, the present results showed that the reduced Nusselt number is a decreasing function, whereas the reduced Sherwood number is an increasing function at fixed values of Prandtl number Pr, Lewis number Le and suction (or injection) parameter s for variation of Brownian motion parameter Nb, and thermophoresis parameter Nt.
Acute Cardiopulmonary and Metabolic Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols Using 60 s of Work and 60 s Recovery
Authors: Rozenek Ralph , Salassi James W. , Pinto Nicole M. , Fleming John D.
Published: April 2016

Rozenek, R, Salassi III, JW, Pinto, NM, and Fleming, JD. Acute cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses to high-intensity interval training protocols using 60 s of work and 60 s recovery. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3014–3023, 2016—Low-volume, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) consisting of 60 s work and 60 s recovery (60 s/60 s) repeated for 10 times has previously been found to produce beneficial cardiopulmonary, cellular, and metabolic adaptations in healthy and at-risk populations. There is currently relatively little information pertaining to the acute changes that take place during individual training sessions. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute physiological responses to 60 s/60 s × 10 HIIT protocols using several combinations of work and recovery intensities. Eleven healthy adults (mean age ± SD = 26.0 ± 5.3 years) performed 4 HIIT trials on separate days at varying percentages of peak power output that consisted of the following work/recovery intensities: (a) 80% PPO/0% PPO (80/0); (b) 80% PPO/50% PPO (80/50); (c) 100% PPO/0% PPO (100/0); and (d) 100% PPO/50% PPO (100/50). Compared with the other protocols, 100/50 produced higher (p ≤ 0.05) peak, average, and nadir %V̇o
2peak. Other than the nadir values resulting from the 80/0 trial, all trials produced average, peak, and nadir %V̇o
2peak and %HRpeak values that were within exercise intensity ranges (≈45–90% V̇o
2max; ≈65–90% HRmax) recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine for improvement of cardiopulmonary function. Similar average HR and peak HR, RPE, blood lactate, and %V̇o
2peak values were produced by 80/50 and 100/0 protocols. However, the average %V̇o
2peak was significantly higher (∼9.3% absolute) in 80/50. It appeared that use of the 80/0, 80/50, and 100/0 protocols would be appropriate for individuals who are at the low to moderate end of the cardiopulmonary fitness spectrum.
Core Muscle Activation During Unstable Bicep Curl Using a Water-Filled Instability Training Tube
Authors: Glass Stephen C. , Blanchette Taylor W. , Karwan Lauren A. , Pearson Spencer S. , O'Neil Allison P. , Karlik Dustin A.
Published: April 2016

Glass, SC, Blanchette, TW, Karwan, LA, Pearson, SS, O'Neil, AP, and Karlik, DA. Core muscle activation during unstable bicep curl using a water-filled instability training tube. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3212–3219, 2016—The purpose of this study was to assess compensatory muscle activation created during a bicep curl using a water-filled, unstable lifting tube. Ten men (age = 21 ± 1.6 years, height = 180.0 ± 3.3 cm, mass = 87.4 ± 15.0 kg) and 10 women (age = 19.6 ± 1.3 years, height = 161.4 ± 12.0 cm, mass = 61.2 ± 7.4 kg) completed bicep curls using an 11.4-kg tube partially filled with water during a 50% open-valve, 100% open, and control setting. Subjects completed 8 repetitions within each condition with integrated electromyographic signal (converted to percent maximal voluntary contraction) of the bicep, deltoid, rectus abdominus, and paraspinal muscles measured. Compensatory activation was determined using the natural log of coefficient of variation across concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) contractions. There were no differences between gender for any condition. Significant variability was seen across treatments for paraspinal muscles for CON and ECC at 50% (CON LnCV = 3.13 ± 0.56%, ECC LnCV = 3.34 ± 0.58%) and 100% (CON = 3.24 ± 0.34%, ECC = 3.46 ± 0.35%) compared with control (CON = 2.59 ± 0.47%, ECC = 2.80 ± 0.61%). Deltoid variability was greater at the 100% open setting (CON = 3.51 ± 0.53%, ECC = 3.56 ± 0.36%) compared with control (CON = 2.98 ± 0.35%, ECC = 2.97 ± 0.45%). The abdominal CON 100% showed variability (3.02 ± 0.47%) compared with control (2.65 ± 0.43%). Bicep activation remained unvaried. Compensatory activation of postural muscles contribute to postural stability. This device may be a useful tool for neuromuscular training leading to improved stability and control.
Risk Factors for Injury Among Japanese Collegiate Players of American Football Based on Performance Test Results
Authors: Iguchi Junta , Watanabe Yuya , Kimura Misaka , Fujisawa Yoshihiko , Hojo Tatsuya , Yuasa Yasuhiro , Higashi Shinsuke , Kuzuhara Kenji
Published: April 2016

Iguchi, J, Watanabe, Y, Kimura, M, Fujisawa, Y, Hojo, T, Yuasa, Y, Higashi, S, and Kuzuhara, K. Risk factors for injury among Japanese collegiate players of American football based on performance test results. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3405–3411, 2016—The purpose of this study was to identify how risk factors for injury during American football are related to players' physical strength as determined using typical performance tests. One hundred 53 Japanese collegiate players of American football were recruited for this study. Eight potential risk factors were evaluated: position (skill vs. lineman), body mass index, back squat one-repetition maximum, vertical jump height, power, height, body weight, and previous injury. Using multivariate Cox regression, we examined how these factors were associated with knee sprain, ankle sprain, and hamstring strain. We recorded 63 injuries (17 knee sprains, 23 ankle sprains, and 23 hamstring strains). Players with higher power were at significantly greater risk for knee sprains (p = 0.04), those with low power had a significantly higher incidence of ankle sprain (p = 0.01), and vertical jump height was a significant predictor of hamstring strain (p = 0.02). We identified several independent predictors of injuries associated with American football. Our findings may contribute to the development of effective screening tests and prevention exercises.
Does Carbohydrate Intake During Endurance Running Improve Performance? A Critical Review
Authors: Wilson Patrick B.
Published: April 2016

Wilson, PB. Does carbohydrate intake during endurance running improve performance? A critical review. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3539–3559, 2016—Previous review articles assessing the effects of carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise have not focused on running. Given the popularity of distance running and the widespread use of carbohydrate supplements, this article reviewed the evidence for carbohydrate ingestion during endurance running. The criteria for inclusion were (a) experimental studies reported in English language including a performance task, (b) moderate-to-high intensity exercise >60 minutes (intermittent excluded), and (c) carbohydrate ingestion (mouth rinsing excluded). Thirty studies were identified with 76 women and 505 men. Thirteen of the 17 studies comparing a carbohydrate beverage(s) with water or a placebo found a between-condition performance benefit with carbohydrate, although heterogeneity in protocols precludes clear generalizations about the expected effect sizes. Additional evidence suggests that (a) performance benefits are most likely to occur during events >2 hours, although several studies showed benefits for tasks lasting 90–120 minutes; (b) consuming carbohydrate beverages above ad libitum levels increases gastrointestinal discomfort without improving performance; (c) carbohydrate gels do not influence performance for events lasting 16–21 km; and (d) multiple saccharides may benefit events >2 hours if intake is ≥1.3 g·min−1 Given that most participants were fasted young men, inferences regarding women, adolescents, older runners, and those competing in fed conditions are hampered. Future studies should address these limitations to further elucidate the role of carbohydrate ingestion during endurance running.
Does Intrasession Concurrent Strength and Aerobic Training Order Influence Training-Induced Explosive Strength and V̇o 2max in Prepubescent Children?
Authors: Alves Ana R. , Marta Carlos C. , Neiva Henrique P. , Izquierdo Mikel , Marques Mário C.
Published: April 2016

Alves, AR, Marta, C, Neiva, HP, Izquierdo, M, and Marques, MC. Does intrasession concurrent strength and aerobic training order influence training-induced explosive strength and V̇o
2max in prepubescent children?. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3267–3277, 2016—The aim of this study was to analyze the interference of strength and aerobic training order over an 8-week period on explosive skills and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o
2max) in prepubescent children. One hundred twenty-eight prepubescent children aged 10–11 years (10.9 ± 0.5 years) were randomly selected and assigned to 1 of the 3 groups: intrasession concurrent aerobic before (GAS: n = 39) or after strength training (GSA: n = 45) or control group (GC: n = 44; no training program). The GC maintained their baseline level performance, and training-induced differences were found in the experimental groups. Increases were found in the 1-kg and 3-kg medicine ball throws: GAS: +3%, +5.5%, p ≤ 0.05, p < 0.001; GSA: +5.7%, +8.7%, p < 0.001, respectively; in the counter movement jump height and standing long jump length: GAS: +6.5%, +3.4%, p ≤ 0.05; GSA: +7%, +4.5%, p < 0.001, respectively; in the 20-m shuttle-run time: GAS: +2.3%; GSA: +4.6%, p < 0.001; and, in the V̇o
2max: GAS: +7.3%, p < 0.001; GSA: +3.8%, p < 0.001 from pretraining to post-training. All programs were effective, but GSA produced better results than GAS for muscle strength variables, and GAS produced better results than GSA for aerobic capacity variables. The present study explored an unknown issue and added useful information to the literature in this area. These training methods should be taken into consideration to optimize explosive strength and cardiorespiratory fitness training in school-based programs and sports club programs.
Effects of High-Velocity Resistance Training on Athletic Performance in Prepuberal Male Soccer Athletes
Authors: Negra Yassine , Chaabene Helmi , Hammami Mehréz , Hachana Younés , Granacher Urs
Published: April 2016

Negra, Y, Chaabene, H, Hammami, M, Hachana, Y, and Granacher, U. Effects of high-velocity resistance training on athletic performance in prepuberal male soccer athletes. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3290–3297, 2016—The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a 12-week in-season low-to-moderate load high-velocity resistance training (HVRT) in addition to soccer training as compared with soccer training only on proxies of athletic performance in prepubertal soccer players. Twenty-four male soccer players performed 2 different protocols: (a) regular soccer training with 5 sessions per week (n = 11; age = 12.7 ± 0.3 years) and (b) regular soccer training with 3 sessions per week and HVRT with 2 sessions per week (n = 13; age = 12.8 ± 0.2 years). The outcome measures included tests for the assessment of muscle strength (e.g., 1 repetition maximum [1RM] half-squat tests), jump ability (e.g., countermovement jump, squat jump [SJ], standing long jump [SLJ], and multiple 5-bound tests [MB5s]), linear speed (e.g., 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-m sprint tests), and change of direction (e.g., T-test and Illinois change of direction test). Results revealed significant group × test interactions for the SJ test (p ≤ 0.05, d = 0.59) and the SLJ test (p < 0.01, d = 0.83). Post hoc tests illustrated significant pre-post changes in the HVRT group (SJ: ∆22%, p < 0.001, d = 1.26; SLJ: ∆15%, p < 0.001, d = 1.30) but not in the control group. In addition, tendencies toward significant interaction effects were found for the 1RM half-squat (p = 0.08, d = 0.54) and the 10-m sprint test (p = 0.06, d = 0.57). Significant pre-post changes were found for both parameters in the HVRT group only (1RM: ∆25%, p < 0.001, d = 1.23; 10-m sprint: ∆7%, p < 0.0001, d = 1.47). In summary, in-season low-to-moderate load HVRT conducted in combination with regular soccer training is a safe and feasible intervention that has positive effects on maximal strength, vertical and horizontal jump and sprint performance as compared with soccer training only.
Influence of Cognitive Interferences and Self-Talk Functions on Performance During Competition in Elite Female Field Hockey Players
Authors: Pérez-Encinas Cristina , Fernández-Campos Francisco J. , Rodas Gil , Barrios Carlos
Published: April 2016

Pérez-Encinas, C, Fernández-Campos, FJ, Rodas, G, and Barrios, C. Influence of cognitive interferences and self-talk functions on performance during competition in elite female field hockey players. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3339–3346, 2016—Cognitive interferences in the form of distracting thoughts and self-talk functions may play an important role in athletes' performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the types of interfering thoughts and the concomitant use of self-talk functions occurring in a sample of elite female field hockey players. The variation in these interferences in relation to athletes' performance level in competition was also investigated. Thirty-two female players of the first and the Under-21 National Team completed the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport and the Self-Talk Questionnaire after an international competition. The trainer rated the players' performance during competition in 3 different categories according to his expectancies based on the athletes' conditioning: Low (n = 6), Normal (n = 15), and High Performance (n = 11). Those players classified as low performing had increased the occurrence of irrelevant thoughts as compared with other groups. These athletes also showed the highest scores on the thoughts of escape subscale. Athletes with high performance during tournaments exhibited the lowest scores on all subscales, especially in thoughts of escape. The S-TQ subscales showed no differences among the 3 performance groups. Under-21 players had higher scores on the occurrence of performance worries and thoughts of escape subscales than first national team players. Interfering thoughts are common in female field hockey players during world-class competitions. The occurrence of irrelevant thoughts and thoughts of escape was related to players exhibiting low performance. The use of self-talk functions was relatively low in these athletes and could explain the enhanced occurrence of interfering thoughts.