bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parental Supervision and Delinquency
Authors: Fischer Donald G.
Published: September 2011

A review of the literature suggests that parental supervision over their children is a significant variable in controlling the amount of delinquent behaviour; high supervision is associated with low delinquency. The relationship remains when variables such as mother's affection, parental conflict, parental aggression, mother's self-confidence, father's deviance, father's absence, father's occupation are controlled. And it appears to be effective under extremely adverse conditions such as poverty and authoritarian and repressive methods of child rearing. Training packages providing basic information about processes of child development and emphasizing positive techniques of child management, with parental supervision as an essential ingredient, need to be further developed and evaluated as a means of reducing delinquency.
Color Priming Affects Stroop Interference
Authors: McClain Lucinda
Published: September 2011

The effect of prior word and/or color activation on subsequent color naming was examined in a discrete-trials Stroop task. Both word and color primes increased color-word interference, and the magnitude of the priming effect increased as the number of priming dimensions increased. The maximal interference usually produced by incongruent Stroop stimuli was reduced when such stimuli were preceded by primes which activated both word and color dimensions. The results were discussed in terms of models which attribute color-word interference to the relative speed of word reading and color naming.
An Examiner-Induced Visual Vigilance Apparatus
Authors: Giacalone William R.
Published: September 2011

A film/record instrument is described that could measure attending behavior, distractibiliry, hyperkinetic movement, and selected aspects of visual perception by recording the subject's response to significant visual stimuli.
Speech Anxiety as a Multiplicative Function of Size of Audience and Social Desirability
Authors: Beatty Michael J. , Payne Steven K.
Published: September 2011

Social impact theory, especially the constructs of importance and number of people present, have been useful in explaining the magnitude of speech anxiety experienced by speakers. In the present study, Crowne and Marlowe's social desirability construct was evaluated as an operational definition of importance. A multiple regression analysis indicated that speech anxiety is best explained by a multiplicative rather than a simple linear model, using size of audience and social desirability as independent variables for 50 speakers.
Intelligence and Earliest Memory
Authors: Rule Warren R. , Jarrell George R.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between intelligence and memory has been investigated mostly from the perspective of relatively short-term memory. This study focused on the relationship between intelligence and the longest term memory, the individual's reported earliest recollection. Age of earliest memory and three measures of intelligence were obtained from 66 university students. Significant relationships were found for two of the three measures of intelligence. Possible interpretations and related findings are discussed.
Locus of Control among Children in Various Educational Environments
Authors: Martin Sue , Cowles Milly
Published: September 2011

The Stephens-Delys Reinforcement Contingency Interview was administered to 78 subjects, 6 yr., 6 mo. to 7 yr., 6 mo., who were enrolled in “traditional” or “open” educational programs. Scores were categorized by sex, race, economic level, and educational program, and treated by analysis of variance. Scores of boys were somewhat more internal than scores of girls and significant was the interaction of sex, economic level, and educational program. Boys in the average to above average economic level enrolled in the traditional educational program had significantly more internal scores.
Effects of Creative and Noncreative Problem-Solving on Anxiety
Authors: Riedel H. P. R. , Taylor I. A. , Melnyk W. T.
Published: September 2011

This study has investigated whether the type of problem in creative performance increases anxiety more than the type of problem in noncreative performance. Subjects were 9 male and 48 female undergraduate students in psychology, selected from a voluntary pool and assigned (3 males, 16 females) nonsystematically to either a divergent creative problem-solving condition, a convergent noncreative problem-solving condition, or a control condition involving a neutral problem-solving condition. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered to each group before and after the experimental conditions. It was hypothesized: (a) that divergent creative problem-solving would increase state anxiety significantly more than both the convergent noncreative problem-solving task and the neutral problem-solving task and (b) that trait anxiety would not be significantly affected by any of the conditions. Only the latter hypothesis was confirmed. Divergent creative problem-solving did not significantly increase state anxiety, perhaps because the employed subjects were students and may have felt more comfortable with divergent problems than the average population.
Gender Differences as a Factor in Teachers' Perceptions of Students: A Comment
Authors: Miller Arden , Asher William
Published: September 2011

A recent article by Prawat and Jarvis (1980) reported a lack of support for the hypothesis that teachers' perceptions of students are sex-biased. However, a closer inspection shows the interpretation of multiple regression analysis was not supported by the zero-order correlations. More satisfactory interpretations are considered.
Normal Listeners and the Goldman-Fristoe-Woodcock Test of Selective Attention
Authors: Carlin Margaret F. , Saniga Richard D.
Published: September 2011

50 college women with normal hearing sensitivity were tested to analyze their performance across the three conditions of the Goldman-Fristoe-Woodcock Selective Attention Test. These data were then compared to those in the manual. Subjects' performance differed significantly among the three conditions. The present group's performance was also significantly better than the norm group's performance.
Principles of Encoding Mnemonics
Authors: Dickel Michael J.
Published: September 2011

The phonetic system, phonemic recoding, and imaginal recoding are three encoding mnemonics used to encode digital information into a more easily remembered form. The techniques share the basic principles of recoding, meaningfulness, and organization. The effectiveness of any one technique depends on the utilization of the basic principles. Even though evidence does not support the utility of the phonetic system, this technique appeared to be the most proficient because it has greater potential to generate unique and highly meaningful verbal units. More importantly, the phonetic system has the capacity to organize the newly recoded information in a more integrated manner in memory than either the phonemic or imaginal recoding techniques. This organization of memory provides the possible cues necessary to retrieve the recoded information.
Perceived Bodily Correlates of Emotion in Relation to a Two-Dimensional Model of Affect Space
Authors: Whissell Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

100 subjects provided ratings of the “degree to which they would show” 41 bodily reactions (such as “tears,” “tense muscles,” and “a feeling of coldness”) in association with one of 20 emotions. Means of 5 subjects' ratings of each emotion were the dependent variables in 41 2 × 2 analyses of variance, with scaled Pleasantness (high or low) and scaled Arousal (high or low) as the independent variables. Significant main effects were associated with 24 reactions for Pleasantness and 6 reactions for Arousal. For 5 reactions, the Pleasantness × Arousal interaction was significant. A systematic (though not necessarily exclusive) relationship between affective dimensions and reported bodily reactions is inferred.
Differences in Eye-Hand Motor Coordination of Video-Game Users and Non-Users
Authors: Griffith Jerry L. , Voloschin Patricia , Gibb Gerald D. , Bailey James R.
Published: September 2011

The recent proliferation of electronic video games has caused an outcry from those who question the merits of the games, while others maintain the games improve eye-hand coordination. At present, no empirical data are available to indicate whether there are differences in eye-hand coordination between video game users and non-users. Comparing 31 video game users and 31 non-users showed users have significantly better eye-hand motor coordination on a pursuit rotor. However, no relationship was found between an individual's eye-hand motor coordination and the amount of time spent weekly playing video games or the length of experience with video games.
Evidence Bearing on the Generalizability of Laboratory Findings Relating to High-Altitude Mountaineering
Authors: Milne Derek , Gray Duncan
Published: September 2011

An evaluation of the psychological effects of high-altitude mountaineering was conducted on three subjects before, during, and after their ascent of a 25,600-ft. mountain. The assessment incorporated a battery of cognitive tests within a single-subject design, and the results indicated the absence of an effect. This is contrary to laboratory findings on the stressors involved in mountaineering, such as hypoxia. These have generally been reported as significantly influencing cognitive functioning.
Room Evaluation, Moods, and Personality
Authors: Espe Hartmut , Schulz Wolfgang
Published: September 2011

The evaluation of rooms is one of the most important but rarely investigated questions in architectural psychology. This study looked into relationships between room size, relatively constant personality factors, present moods, demographic variables, and room evaluation. The present mood of a subject was closely related to the evaluation of rooms, both real and ideal. The more balanced the mood, the more positive the judgment. Personality factors, demographic variables, and room size showed little or no relation to the evaluation of rooms. The results clarified the highly emotional nature of room evaluation.
Effects of Varying Force Production in Practice Schedules of Children Learning a Discrete Motor Task
Authors: Pease Dale G. , Rupnow Allan A.
Published: September 2011

The variability of practice prediction from Schmidt's Schema Theory involving transfer and retention was tested when manipulating only the performance parameter of over-all force. Children ( n = 120) of two age groups performed a 15-in. (38.1 cm.) arm movement on a linear slide modified to allow manipulating the force required to move the car on the slide. No significant differences between the variable group and the constant practice group were found for either the 10 transfer or 5 retention trials. Mean absolute errors were ordered in favor of the constant practice group for both transfer and retention. For the first transfer trial a significant difference was found; constant practice groups performed better. This finding is contrary to predictions of schema theory as well as evidence from children as subjects.
Learning and Generalization of Piagetian Tasks by Mentally Retarded Students
Authors: O'Hare Michael , Hogan John D.
Published: September 2011

70 mentally retarded students, successfully taught to conserve number and substance in the Piagetian sense, resisted attempts at extinction but were unable to generalize to other conservation tasks.
Rhythmicity and Motor Skill
Authors: Liemohn Wendell
Published: September 2011

Noting lack of synchrony in the movement of retarded and learning disabled children led to the development of four tests requiring subjects to tap their hands in concert with a metronome. In this study the scores that 175 of these children made on the rhythmic tests were factor analyzed to obtain factor scoring coefficients; the latter were then used alone and with age in the regression analyses to predict performance on two fine and eight gross motor tasks. The proportions of total variance accounted for by the independent variables ranged from (a) .09 to .31 when the rhythmic factor-scoring coefficients were used alone and (b) .15 to .36 when age was included with the rhythmic factor-scoring coefficients.
Hand Test Personality Correlates of Aging in Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Panek Paul E. , Spencer W. Boyd
Published: September 2011

To investigate the relation of aging and personality in the institutionalized mentally retarded the projective Hand Test was administered to 103 mentally retarded adults, ranging in age from 18 to 73 yr. ( M age = 40.10 yr., SD = 15.80), residing in a midwestern facility for mentally retarded persons. Partial correlation coefficients, with Stanford-Binet IQ as the controlled variable, were computed between age and the 23 Hand Test scoring variables. Results indicated the personality characteristics of aging mentally retarded persons appeared to mirror those for “normal” adults. Implications of results were discussed.
Semantic Generalization Investigated Using Second-Order Conditioned Visual Afterimages
Authors: Davies Peter , Bennett Spencer , Davies G. L.
Published: September 2011

A series of experiments is reported during which three subjects were initially classically conditioned to produce visual percepts to a sound only, second-order conditioned to transfer that response to an animal name, and finally taught a “foreign language”. The results suggest that semantic generalization occurs whether the semantic relationships are formed either before or after the conditioned response is established.
Relationship of Hostility and White Space Responses on the Rorschach
Authors: Martin John D. , Pfaadt Nancy Kay , Kinster Judith G. Ma
Published: September 2011

The present study was conducted to assess the relationship between hostility and white space responses on the Rorschach. The Rorschach was administered individually to 80 volunteer students on the university campus. 71 subjects were undergraduates and 9 were graduates. The mean age for the group was 24 yr. Among the males, 19 were white and 4 were non-white; among the females, 49 were white and 8 were non-white. Level of hostility was determined by Elizur's scoring of content and by adding all the weights for each subject's protocol. Percent was obtained for each subject by dividing the total of such responses by R or total number of responses. A significant correlation of .20 was obtained between level of hostility and white space responses. A correlation of .46 between total responses and white space responses was also significant. Gender and level of hostility correlated —.33. A multiple regression analysis gave an r of .51 for the combination of gender and total responses and level of hostility.
Luminance Level and Onset Sequence of a Pre- and Post-Exposure Adapting Field Affects Recognition of Masked and Unmasked Stimuli
Authors: Saccuzzo Dennis P. , Langford Richard A. , Braff David L.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the luminance level of a pre-/post-exposure field and onset sequence of a post-exposure field on briefly exposed visual stimuli for 13 male and 13 female undergraduate college students. Results showed that identification of a briefly exposed informational test stimulus as well as masking effects (the minimum interval between an informational test stimulus and non-informational backward visual noise mask) were both influenced by the luminance of the pre-exposure field and onset sequence of the post-exposure field.
Verbal Factors in Visual Recognition Memory of Poor Readers
Authors: Gerber Marilen J. P. , White Donna Romano
Published: September 2011

This study examined the role of verbal factors in visual learning and recognition of 36 good and 36 poor readers of normal intelligence. These second and third grade boys studied 3 sets of paired-associates in which pictorial stimuli were paired with letters, geometric designs, or abstract shapes. Recognition memory was assessed. Verbal factors measured were knowledge of names of letters and shapes, latency to label production, and verbal mediational strategies. Poor readers did not differ from good readers on any of the measures of verbal processing. Letters, geometric designs, and abstract shapes differed from one another on latency to production of labels or verbal codability. Poor readers performed significantly more poorly than good readers on the recognition task regardless of the codability of the stimuli. These findings are consistent with a perceptual deficit view of visual recognition problems of young boys who are poor readers.
Two Forms of the Stroop Test
Authors: Taylor Ann , Clive P. B.
Published: September 2011

16 subjects performed a conventional chart-form and a card-sorting form of the Stroop color-word interference test. Interference scores on the two forms were positively and significantly correlated, while neither word reading nor color naming scores showed a significant correlation. It is suggested that the ‘Stroop effect’ has some, but limited, generality and that forms not requiring verbal response may be more useful than the traditional chart version in providing a general measure of interference proneness.
Pictorial Misrepresentation of Spatial Relations of the Face by Certain Chronic Alcoholic Men: An Interpretation Implicating Spatial Aspects of Memory
Authors: Pontius Anneliese A.
Published: September 2011

Specific deficit in the pictorial (and implied mental) representation of subtle spatial relations of the upper part of the pattern of the human face is demonstrated in 22% of 344 chronic alcoholic skid row men as against 12% of 406 controls, based on protocols for a novel Draw-A-Person-With-The-Face-In-Frontal-View Test This drawing was previously shown to be sensitive to the detection of ability to represent visually subtle yet elementary spatial relations. A speculative interpretation of the present data and of mnemonic techniques described in the literature suggests that accurate mental representation of these spatial relations may be required particularly during the encoding phase of memory processes which appears to be especially inefficient for those with chronic alcoholism. Aside from the brain systems of the frontal and occipital-parietal lobes, the hippocampal mediation of elementary spatial relations particularly may be implicated.
Personal Myth: A Preliminary Statement
Authors: Swartz Paul
Published: September 2011

Personal myth is the individual aesthetic resolution of our experience of being present in the world in both a particulate and transcendent way. Beginning early, personal myth develops as the core of our individual psychological nature and the foundation of our personal view of reality. The evolution of transcendent encounter into a continuous present experience fixes the pattern of the duality of our existence and initiates the personal mythmaking process. Myth bridges the particulate and transcendent realms by combining selected sets of transcendent properties into idealized particulate images. The act retains the archetypal values appropriate to the parent transcendent encounters. These values supply the story the myth tells. Personal myth operates in the particulate realm to condition the way we transact the world's business. In the transcendent realm it enhances the symbolic value of events to make them available as media of self-instruction.
Notes on a Relationship between Piagetian Childhood Thought Development and Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices
Authors: Sigmon Scott B.
Published: September 2011

Conceptual relationships between Piaget's theory of cognitive developmental stages and Raven's ideas in the construction of his Colored Progressive Matrices Scale are noted. The intellectual interconnections provide a certain compatibility which allows for a practical, paper-and-pencil measurement. Hence, a method is described (based upon earlier factor analytic work) whereby a child's level of sophistication along the Piagetian thought continuum can easily be related to levels on Raven's Matrices.
Effect of Meditation Training on Aspects of Coronary-Prone Behavior
Authors: Muskatel Nadine , Woolfolk Robert L. , Carrington Patricia , Lehrer Paul M. , Cann Barbara S. Mc
Published: September 2011

52 undergraduates who had volunteered to receive meditation training were placed into either high or low time-urgency groups based on their scores on Factor S of the Jenkins Activity Survey. Subjects then either received training in Clinically Standardized Meditation followed by 3½-wk. of practice or waited for training during that period. Analyses of scores on a time-estimation task and of self-reported hostility during an enforced waiting task indicated that meditation significantly altered subjects' perceptions of the passage of time and reduced impatience and hostility resulting from enforced waiting.
Motoric Change Subsequent to Therapeutic Intervention in Infants and Young Children Who Have Cerebral Palsy: Annotated Listing of Group Studies
Authors: Hourcade Jack J. , Parette Howard P.
Published: September 2011

This annotated listing is of group reports pertaining to therapeutic strategies utilized with infants and young children who have cerebral palsy. The studies are organized by type of design used.
Effects of Response Probability on Advanced Programming of Movements
Authors: Wood Carol A. , Reeve T. Gilmour
Published: September 2011

Previous studies using the precuing paradigm to determine the advanced programming of movements have required subjects to perform in conditions with high probability of movement. This study determined how two levels of response probability affected the advanced programming of movements. Eight subjects participated in four consecutive days of testing under both high (100%) probability and low (50%) probability of executing movement. A precue paradigm was employed for each probability. Subjects received advance directional information (movement right or left) in the precued conditions and no advanced information in the noncued conditions. Test trials were performed utilizing the precue paradigm to determine the degree to which information would be preprogrammed when the probability of executing a response varied. Analysis indicated that subjects utilized advanced information in both conditions. When performing under high probability, individuals benefitted more from the precue than when performing under low probability.
Multiple-Phoneme-Misarticulating Children's Perception and Production of Voice Onset Time
Authors: Hoffman Paul R. , Daniloff Raymond G. , Alfonso Peter J. , Schuckers Gordon H.
Published: September 2011

6 language-impaired misarticulating and 6 normal kindergarten children produced and perceived differences in word-initial stop consonant voicing. Individuals' productive and perceptual phonemic boundaries were similar. No statistically reliable differences were noted between the groups' mean productive or perceptual boundaries. Individual exceptions suggest that some misarticulating, language-impaired children may be inordinately challenged by synthetic speech stimuli or may pass through a developmental stage in which perceptual ability outstrips productive ability.
Effects of Skill Level and Sensory Information on Golf Putting
Authors: Wannebo Matthew , Reeve T. Gilmour
Published: September 2011

To determine the role of sensory information in golf putting 22 subjects were classified as either high or low in skill. Subjects from both groups putted from two distances (5 and 15 ft.) under three different conditions: relevant visual cues (look at ball), no visual cues (blindfolded), and irrelevant visual cues (look at offset marker). The 2 × 2 × 3 analysis of variance with radial error as the dependent variable indicated significant main effects for each factor but no significant interactions. Relevant visual cues provided greater accuracy than did no visual cues or irrelevant visual cues.
Comparative Study of Static, Dynamic, and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching Techniques on Flexibility
Authors: Lucas Ranna C. , Koslow Robert
Published: September 2011

63 college women served as subjects in this 7-wk. study examining the effects of static, dynamic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitating stretching techniques on the flexibility of the hamstring-gastrocnemius muscles. Subjects were assigned to one of the 3 treatment groups and received treatment 3 days a week. A pretest, a midtest (after 11 treatment days), and a posttest (after 21 treatment days) were administered. Analysis of group and test effects was accomplished by using a 3 × 3 factorial design with the group factor nested and the test factor crossed. Post hoc analysis indicated that all scores significantly improved from pretest to posttest. The findings indicated all 3 methods of flexibility training produced significant improvements when pretest and posttest mean scores were compared.
Effects of Concentration and Temperature on Gustatory Persistence
Authors: Calviño Amalia Mirta
Published: September 2011

The effects of concentration and temperature on the perceived persistence of citric acid, sodium chloride, sucrose, and urea were determined. The results obtained by a modified magnitude-estimation procedure suggest that power functions of the form P = K · Cn related the perceived persistence ( P in seconds) to the concentration ( C in % W/V) at each temperature and for each taste compound. Furthermore, the relative persistence ( K) and the slope of the functions of persistence ( n) showed changes when the temperature of taste stimuli varied.
Students' Perception of Stress in a Baccalaureate-MD Degree Program
Authors: Arnold Louise , Jensen Teresa Brill
Published: September 2011

The quality of student life in combined baccalaureate-M.D. degree programs has rarely been investigated although these programs address widely recognized problems in medical education. Through the use of an environmental stress inventory, 183 students' perceptions of the learning environment of a combined-degree program were examined. Students in that program rated few situations in their environment as stressful. Yet, they were significantly concerned about information overload and attendant time problems, just as their peers in 4-yr. schools were. Unlike their 4-yr. counterparts, however, they did not see relations with other students and faculty as problematic. Their scores on the inventory were best predicted at each year level by a combination of personal characteristics, notably living arrangements, sex, and to a lesser extent, introversion.
Effects of the Capon Perceptual-Motor Program on Motor Ability, Self-Concept, and Academic Readiness
Authors: Moore Jane B. , Guy Linda M. , Reeve T. Gilmour
Published: September 2011

The present study determined the benefits of participating in the Capon Perceptual-motor Program. 85 kindergarten children were tested on perceptual-motor abilities, self-concept, and academic readiness. Children were assigned to a group who completed the Capon program or one who spent the same amount of time in free-play. Following completion of the perceptual-motor program, children were retested on the same items. Each dependent variable was analyzed in a 2 × 2 (groups × tests) analysis of variance. Results indicated significant improvement in the motor ability tests but no differences in self-concept and academic readiness from both programs.
Differences in Visual Sensitivity among Mindfulness Meditators and Non-Meditators
Authors: Brown Daniel , Forte Michael , Dysart Michael
Published: September 2011

Tachistoscopic presentation of light flashes was used to test for differences in visual sensitivity among 3 groups of practitioners of Buddhist mindfulness meditation and non-meditator-controls. Meditation practitioners were able to detect light flashes of shorter duration than the non-meditators. There were no differences among the meditator groups. There were no differences among the groups in ability to discriminate between closely spaced successive light flashes. The lower detection threshold for single light flashes for the meditators may reflect an enduring increase in sensitivity, perhaps the long-term effects of the practice of mindfulness meditation on certain perceptual habit patterns. The lack of significant differences in the discrimination of successive light flashes probably reflects the resistance of other perceptual habit patterns to modification. The results support the statements found in Buddhist texts on meditation concerning the changes in perception encountered during the practice of mindfulness.
The Target Test: A Brief Laterality Measure of Speed and Accuracy
Authors: Borod Joan C. , Koff Elissa , Caron Herbert S.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a performance measure of lateral dominance, the Target Tests, which provides separate assessments of manual speed and accuracy within a relatively simple paper-and-pencil format. The Target Tests were administered to 111 normal adults, and scores were examined with respect to handedness, familial left-handedness, and sex. The tests significantly differentiated between right- and left-handers. Target scores were substantially correlated with the Harris Tests of Lateral Dominance, suggesting adequate reliability and validity. The means, standard deviations, and ranges for the preferred and nonpreferred hands for both handedness groups were nearly identical. The Target Tests provide a convenient instrument for assessing motoric lateralization of speed and accuracy in clinical and research settings.
Interactive Effects of Mnemonic Aids and Instructions for Use on Recall by Fifth Grade Readers
Authors: Leighbody Glenn , Alsum Duane , Tsao Yao-Chung , Evans Cathy
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to examine interactive effects on recall of memory aids and special instructions in their use. While combined mnemonics facilitated recall, the performance of individuals instructed to use a single memory aid was directly influenced by their reading skills.
Marijuana Effects on Visual Imagery in a Paired-Associate Task
Authors: Block Robert I. , Wittenborn J. R.
Published: September 2011

Marijuana effects on visual imagery, examined using a paired-associate learning task, differed from expectations based on previous subjective reports that marijuana enhances visual imagery. Subjects (48 men, mean age 22.4 yr.) were assigned to four groups (12 subjects per group) differing in (a) whether or not they received specific instructions to use imagery to facilitate learning and (b) whether they received marijuana or placebo. Imagery instructions improved recall, but marijuana did not influence the amount of this improvement. After the memory tests, subjects instructed to use imagery described their images. Marijuana decreased the rated vividness of these imagery descriptions.
Men's and Women's Perceptions of Values and Subsequent Feelings of Understanding or Misunderstanding
Authors: Linder Fredric , Bauer David
Published: September 2011

The study concerned perception of values among men and women. Analysis of ranks for 50 men and 80 women indicated that women felt misunderstood by men on 12 of the 18 values while men felt misunderstood by women on 10 of the values reported.
Cutaneous Temporal Resolution Values for “Sophisticated” and “Naive” Subjects
Authors: Fucci Donald , Petrosino Linda
Published: September 2011

Temporal resolution values for the tactile sensory modality were obtained for two loci, the tongue and the thenar eminence of the right hand, using a two-pulse mechanical stimulus. Two groups of 11 females each, participated in this study. One group was “sophisticated” in terms of educational background and training in experimental procedure. The other group was “naive” in terms of educational background and training in experimental procedure. Analysis showed that both the tongue and hand responded similarly to the fusion task but that there was a significant difference in fusion thresholds for both structures between the sophisticated and the naive groups. The sophisticated subjects showed more acute fusion thresholds for both the tongue and thenar eminence.
Disablement and Eye Contact
Authors: Edelmann Robert J. , Done Bente , Easterbrook Judy , Evans John , Foster Tony , Green Maralyn
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effect of height level and wheelchair presence on eye contact and interaction. Presence of a wheelchair increased eye contact to a standing colleague, possibly due to the wheelchair-confined individuals' perceived dependence on others.
Neonatal Responsiveness as a Function of Maternal Contact and Obstetrical Drugs
Authors: Hill Suzanne D. , Smith Janet McHugh
Published: September 2011

This work was designed to study changes in neonatal behavior during the first two days of life. Infants in Part I were from middle-class backgrounds. Half of these infants had unrestricted maternal contact during the first two days of life, the other half had contact with their mothers only at feeding time. Infants in Part II were from low socioeconomic backgrounds. They were cared for entirely by the nursery staff during the first two days of life, so that differences in maternal style did not affect their behavior. Half of these babies were born to mothers who received 50 mg meperidine during labor, half to mothers who received no meperidine. This work provided evidence for the sensitivity of the neonate during the first two days of life. Both those infants who received unrestricted maternal contact and those whose mothers had received no obstetrical drugs exhibited more behavioral change than those who received low maternal contact or whose mothers had received meperidine during labor. High maternal contact and absence of obstetrical drugs also resulted in increased sensitivity to some environmental stimuli.
An Impairment Index of Brain Functions in Children
Authors: Reitan Ralph M.
Published: September 2011

An impairment index of brain functions in children, based on the 1979 Rules System by Selz and Reitan, was developed to summarize the performance on the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery for older children comparing groups of 25 normal, learning-disabled, and brain-damaged children aged 9 through 14 yr. Analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between all pairs of groups. A cut-off Impairment Index between .17 and .18 correctly differentiated 78% of the brain-damaged and control subjects. The findings suggested that the Impairment Index for Children may be a valid and objective indicator of brain functions in older children, although cross-validation is necessary.
Body Boundaries and Field Dependence of Adolescent Girls
Authors: Del Miglio Carlamaria
Published: September 2011

For 77 adolescent girls (expected by Fisher and Cleveland to form concepts of body as highly differentiated from the environment) estimate of the correlation between body boundaries and Witkin's field dependence was calculated using scores from the Group Embedded Figures test and the Draw-a-Person test (to assess field-independence) and the Rorschach test (Barrier score, to assess body boundaries). Dividing subjects on the basis of scores above and below the median Barrier score of 4, significant correlations were found between Barrier score/Group Embedded Figures test and Barrier score/Draw-a-Person score for High Barrier subjects. No significant correlation was found for subjects with low Barrier scores. Field-independent subjects also had more definite body boundaries. One may then translate body boundaries into terms of field dependence.
A Possible Proximity Effect on Human Grip Strength
Authors: Radin Dean I.
Published: September 2011

A double-blind experiment with 58 adults tested the hypothesis that proximity to sugar reduces human grip strength. An analysis of variance supported the hypothesis.
Aging, Dementia and Gibson Spiral Maze Performance: A Brief Note
Authors: Gilleard C. J.
Published: September 2011

A comparison between normal and dementing subjects' performance on the Gibson Spiral Maze was carried out between two age groups (60—70 and 70—89 yr.). Analysis indicated that a differential pattern of impairment existed between early and late onset dementias ( ns = 54 and 75), the latter characterized by poor accuracy, the former by abnormal slowing, when compared with their normal peers.
Empirical Estimates of the Validity of Four Measures of Change
Authors: Williams Richard H. , Zimmerman Donald W. , Rich Janet M. , Larry James
Published: September 2011

The measurement of change has received considerable attention in the literature of psychology and education, with special consideration being given to the psychometric properties of simple gain scores and related measures. Three alternatives to the simple gain score are the residual difference, the base-free measure of change, and the Lord/McNemar estimate of true gain. Estimates of the criterion-oriented validity of these four measures were obtained from two empirical studies, and changes attributable to a course of instruction in mathematics were moderately correlated with external criteria, with values ranging from .30 to .54. Psychometric theory was used to derive a guideline useful in predicting the rank order of the validity coefficients. The coefficients obtained from the studies were highly consistent with the theoretical predictions.
Multiple-Choicing the Maze Test
Authors: Nevo Baruch , Arronson Haim , Israeli Sarrit
Published: September 2011

Individually administered Maze Tests became part of the psychologists' armamentarium many years ago. Since their administration and scoring were extremely time-consuming, their use remained limited. In this paper a new (group) maze test of the multiple-choice type is described. The major steps in its development are summarized; data concerning its reliability and concurrent validity are provided.
Effect of Erotica on Young Men's Aesthetic Perception of Their Female Sexual Partners
Authors: Weaver James B. , Masland Jonathan L. , Zillmann Dolf
Published: September 2011

Male undergraduates were exposed to (a) nature scenes or (b) beautiful versus (c) unattractive females in sexually enticing situations. Thereafter, they assessed their girl friends' sexual appeal and evaluated their satisfaction with their mates. On pictorial measures of bodily appeal profiles of flat through hypervoluptuous breast and buttock, preexposure to beautiful females tended to suppress mates' appeal, while preexposure to unattractive females tended to enhance it. After exposure to beautiful females, mates' aesthetic value fell significantly below assessments made after exposure to unattractive females; this value assumed an intermediate position after control exposure. Changes in mates' aesthetic appeal did not correspond with changes in satisfaction with mates, however.
Prediction of Intelligence with the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
Authors: Van Nieuwkerk Renee , Galbraith Gary G. , Bierley Calvin
Published: September 2011

Correlations between scores on the Intellectual Processes Subscale of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery and IQs from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were studied in a group of 81 men and women who covered a broad age range and were free of psychiatric or neurological impairments. The correlations were compared to those reported in other studies based upon hospitalized patients. Regression formulas developed in this study were also compared to regression formulas based on responses of hospitalized patients. The ability of previous regression formulas to predict the IQs of the present subjects was examined. The comparative accuracy of multiple regression formulas, using optimum combinations of Luria-Nebraska subscales, and univariate regression formulas, using only the Intellectual Processes subscale, in the prediction of IQs indicated that the Luria-Nebraska Intellectual Processes subscale works differently for hospitalized patients than unimpaired subjects. The accuracy of univariate and multivariate regression formulas was not appreciably different.
Improving the Concurrent Validity of the Bender-Gestalt Test
Authors: Mc Cann R. , Plunkett R. P.
Published: September 2011

30 individuals diagnosed as showing Korsakoff's psychosis, 30 as paranoid schizophrenics and 30 as normal controls, each had the Bender-Gestalt test administered by four different methods. All four showed good concurrent validity. The so-called perfect method which requires the individual to compare his drawings on the standard administration with the Bender-Gestalt test cards and to redraw the design eliminating errors, showed some potential for improving the predictive validity of the Bender-Gestalt test.
Rorschach Space Response and Aggression
Authors: Carlson Roy W. , Drehmer David E.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the construct validity of the Rorschach space response by factor analyzing the stress-coping reactions to highly stressful conditions. Self-report reactions to stress of 173 medical students measured on the Habits of Nervous Tension showed that space responding loaded highest on a factor identified as “anger affect” and secondarily loaded negatively on a factor identified as “regressive withdrawal.” Findings were consistent with earlier results for space response on validity.
Relationship of Mothers' and Ten-Year-Old Sons' Perceptions of Maternal Childrearing Practices
Authors: Nevius John
Published: September 2011

Congruence regarding perceptions of childrearing style was assessed through interviews with both lower and middle socioeconomic status mother and son dyads. The data for the comparisons indicated only slight agreement on childrearing between mothers and their sons.
Field Dependency: Cognitive Style or Perceptual Skill?
Authors: Shade Barbara J.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine which information-processing elements are embodied in the Group Embedded Figures Tests as well as other representative measures of cognitive style. An alpha factoring method indicated the presence of two major factors. It was concluded that field-dependency primarily represents individual variation in perceptual preference patterns rather than the traditionally defined behavioral styles.
Relationship between Set and Functional Fixedness: A Replication
Authors: Mc Kelvie Stuart J.
Published: September 2011

46 students were administered the Luchins' water-jar problems, measuring susceptibility to set and inability to overcome set, and the Maier two-string task, in which choice of solution object reflected functional fixedness. 18 subjects showed functional fixedness and 28 did not. 15 of each group were susceptible to set, and 13 of the former but only 5 of the latter were unable to overcome it. These data confirm previous work in demonstrating a strong association between functional fixedness and inability to overcome set and suggest that it may also be mildly related to susceptibility to set.
Age Differences in Self-Reported Anxiety and Psychomotor Performance
Authors: Erber Joan T.
Published: September 2011

10 young and 10 older adults completed a self-report questionnaire on Debilitative and Facilitative Anxiety both prior to and following 10 psychomotor coding trials. Older adults were higher on Facilitative Anxiety at both times. These scores were negatively correlated with coding task performance for the total group but not for the individual age groups. There was no age effect for Debilitative Anxiety, although it was lower at Time 2, particularly for older adults. Debilitative Anxiety was not correlated with psychomotor performance. These results do not support the hypothesis that the psychomotor performance of older adults is differentially negatively affected by anxiety.
Organization in Children's Recall of Information about Movement
Authors: Canabal-Torres María Y. , Christina Robert W. , Lundegren Herberta M.
Published: September 2011

Children's recall of five randomly presented movement distances was studied as a function of three organization groups. The group given subjective organization was free to recall the movements in any order. The group given experimenter-presented order had to recall the movements from shortest to longest. The forced-random group was required to recall the movements in the same order in which they were randomly presented. 60 boys and girls, 7 to 8 and 11 to 12 yr. old, volunteered. No appreciable difference in mean absolute error was found between the first two groups, but they did recall the movement distances with less error than the forced-random group. It was concluded that the organization of movement information is important for effective recall by children, but subjective organization was not superior to an organization imposed by the experimenter.
Trait Tenseness and Intensity of Language in Counterattitudinal Encoding
Authors: Plax Timothy G. , Kearney Patricia , Beatty Michael J.
Published: September 2011

The present study assessed the relationship between a tension trait and intensity of language in counterattitudinal encoding. A positive but negligible correlation coefficient of .13 was obtained. This finding suggested that predispositions which indicate a generalized tenseness are only minimally related to the intensity of language in the counterattitudinal encoding of messages.
Recall of Endogenous and Exogenous Material: A Pilot Study
Authors: Cicogna Piercarla , Battaglia Daniela , Cavallero Corrado
Published: September 2011

Two reports of the same REM dream, which were collected 5 hr. apart in waking condition, were compared to two film reports, collected under the same conditions. Differences in the addition of content elements and associative sentences between first and second reports of the dream and film materials were analyzed. Keeping the physiological condition constant during the interval between the two reports, the integration of content elements and associative sentences was significantly greater for dream reports than for film reports.
Relationship between Speed and Accuracy in an over-Arm Throw
Authors: Indermill Catherine , Husak William S.
Published: September 2011

Principles of force and variability of force suggest that generating maximal forces will result in greater spatial accuracy. 18 right-handed males performed an over-arm throwing task at 50, 75, and 100% of maximum velocity while attempting to hit an archery target. A one-way analysis of variance of velocity with repeated measures on the target showed that the 75% condition was significantly more accurate than either of the other two. The principles may not be generalizable to tasks involving muscular coordination; it seems Fitts' Law may be more applicable.
High-Speed Sequential Vocal Response Production
Authors: Wiegersma S.
Published: September 2011

Studies of the effect of production rate on response bias in randomization tasks have led to contradictory results. While Teraoka (1963) reported an effect of production rate on repetition avoidance, Wagenaar (1970) did not find such an effect. This study was designed to show that the difference between the findings of Teraoka and Wagenaar reflected a difference in the range of production rates used in both studies and to study response bias in high-speed conditions. Three measures of response bias, the zero-order frequency effect, stereotyped orders, and repetitions, increase when production rate is greater than two responses per second. Even with a production rate of four or five responses per second, however, performance is not completely stereotyped or perseverative. This can be explained by assuming high-speed comparison processes which operate in a parallel fashion and simultaneously with response-execution processes.
Residual Effect of Delayed Auditory Feedback on Normal Speaking Rate and Fluency
Authors: Ham Richard , Fucci Donald , Cantrell James , Harris Daniel
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to investigate possible residual effects of delayed auditory feedback on paragraph readings performed by normal speaking college students. No residual effect was shown under any of the experimental conditions employed.