bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning Rates oflqCoefficient Regularization Learning with Gaussian Kernel
Authors: Lin Shaobo , Zeng Jinshan , Fang Jian , Xu Zongben
Published: July 2014

Regularization is a well-recognized powerful strategy to improve the performance of a learning machine and lqregularization schemes with [Formula: see text] are central in use. It is known that different q leads to different properties of the deduced estimators, say, l2regularization leads to a smooth estimator, while l1regularization leads to a sparse estimator. Then how the generalization capability of lqregularization learning varies with q is worthy of investigation. In this letter, we study this problem in the framework of statistical learning theory. Our main results show that implementing lqcoefficient regularization schemes in the sample-dependent hypothesis space associated with a gaussian kernel can attain the same almost optimal learning rates for all [Formula: see text]. That is, the upper and lower bounds of learning rates for lqregularization learning are asymptotically identical for all [Formula: see text]. Our finding tentatively reveals that in some modeling contexts, the choice of q might not have a strong impact on the generalization capability. From this perspective, q can be arbitrarily specified, or specified merely by other nongeneralization criteria like smoothness, computational complexity or sparsity.
Nonparametric Estimation of Küllback-Leibler Divergence
Authors: Zhang Zhiyi , Grabchak Michael
Published: July 2014

In this letter, we introduce an estimator of Küllback-Leibler divergence based on two independent samples. We show that on any finite alphabet, this estimator has an exponentially decaying bias and that it is consistent and asymptotically normal. To explain the importance of this estimator, we provide a thorough analysis of the more standard plug-in estimator. We show that it is consistent and asymptotically normal, but with an infinite bias. Moreover, if we modify the plug-in estimator to remove the rare events that cause the bias to become infinite, the bias still decays at a rate no faster than [Formula: see text]. Further, we extend our results to estimating the symmetrized Küllback-Leibler divergence. We conclude by providing simulation results, which show that the asymptotic properties of these estimators hold even for relatively small sample sizes.
Extended Robust Support Vector Machine Based on Financial Risk Minimization
Authors: Takeda Akiko , Fujiwara Shuhei , Kanamori Takafumi
Published: July 2014

Financial risk measures have been used recently in machine learning. For example, [Formula: see text]-support vector machine ([Formula: see text]-SVM) minimizes the conditional value at risk (CVaR) of margin distribution. The measure is popular in finance because of the subadditivity property, but it is very sensitive to a few outliers in the tail of the distribution. We propose a new classification method, extended robust SVM (ER-SVM), which minimizes an intermediate risk measure between the CVaR and value at risk (VaR) by expecting that the resulting model becomes less sensitive than [Formula: see text]-SVM to outliers. We can regard ER-SVM as an extension of robust SVM, which uses a truncated hinge loss. Numerical experiments imply the ER-SVM’s possibility of achieving a better prediction performance with proper parameter setting.
Osh in Flames
Authors: McGlinchey Eric
Published: July 2014

Summers in southern Kyrgyzstan can be deadly. In June 1990 hundreds of ethnic Kyrgyz from outlying villages clashed with ethnic Uzbeks living in Osh, Uzgen and Jalalabad. In June 2010 the sons of these 1990 rioters clashed in a renewed wave of ethnic riots in Osh, Jalalabad and Bazar-Korgan. This paper investigates the 1990 and 2010 riots and asks if these two conflicts, in addition to sharing similar protagonists, share similar causes. I find that, while one can identify proximate causes of these riots, more distant processes, namely the titular indigenization of Osh during the Brezhnev period, engendered a demographic shift permissive of ethnic conflict.
The Russia Company in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Wagner Michael
Published: July 2014

Although there has been a revival of historiographical interest in eighteenth-century British trading companies, the Russia Company continues to be misunderstood and unappreciated. Far from being a relic of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Russia Company was one of the outstanding success stories of eighteenth-century British commerce. By the middle of the century, the imports of the Russia Company into Britain rivalled those of the East India Company. Furthermore, the Russia Company worked closely with the British government to further Britain’s strategic interests in the volatile Baltic region. Part of the reason for the lack of appreciation of the eighteenth-century Russia Company is that the organization of the company and the political influence of its key managers are not well understood. This article describes the organization of the Russia Company, discusses its overall economic and political significance in the eighteenth century, and illuminates its operations using the experience of some leading company members.
Thai lɛ́ɛw: Between Tense and Aspect
Authors: Thiengburanathum Prang
Published: July 2014

This paper proposes that Thai lɛ́ɛw displays both aspect and tense properties. It expresses not only the internal composition of an event (event transition: event → EVENT), but also the temporal relation between the topic time (TT) and the time of situation (T-SIT). That is to say, the temporal relation between TT and T-SIT imparts a full interpretation to the meaning of lɛ́ɛw. The interaction between T-SIT and TT allows various possible aspectual interpretations such as inchoative, completive, perfective, and perfect. 

Cet article propose une nouvelle analyse du marqueur lɛɛ́w en thai. Nous montrons  que lɛɛ́w possède des propriétés aspectuelles et temporelles. Ce marqueur indique à la fois la composition interne d’un événement (une transition entre deux événements: event → EVENT) et la relation temporelle entre le temps de l’assertion (TT) et le temps de la situation (T-SIT). Autrement dit, la relation entre le TT et le T-SIT permet d'expliquer complètement le sens de lɛɛ́w. L’interaction entre le T-SIT et le TT s’ouvre à différentes interprétations possibles, y compris les aspects inchoatif, complétif, perfectif et parfait.
Taxonomic revision of Cumbre Evans, 1955 (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Moncini), with the description of two new species
Authors: DOLIBAINA DIEGO RODRIGO , MIELKE OLAF HERMANN HENDRIK , CASAGRANDE MIRNA MARTINS
Published: July 2014

The genus Cumbre Evans, 1955 (Hesperiidae: Heperiinae: Moncini) and its respective species are revised. Two new species are described, Cumbre haywardi sp. nov. from Peru and Argentina (type locality) and Cumbre lamasi sp. nov. from Ecuador and Peru (type locality). A lectotype for Phanis cumbre Schaus, 1902 is designated. The examination of the Phanes triumviralis Hayward, 1939 and Phanes belli Hayward, 1939 holotypes indicates that these taxa are new synonyms (n. syn.) of Poanes meridionalis Hayward, 1934, which is a valid species (stat. rev.).
New species and records of linyphiid spiders from Laos (Araneae, Linyphiidae)
Authors: TANASEVITCH ANDREI V.
Published: July 2014

Recent linyphiid collections from Laos as well as some additional specimens from Thailand and West Malaysia are examined. Six species and two genera are described as new to science: Bathyphantes paracymbialis n. sp., Nematogmus asiaticus n. sp., Theoa hamata n. sp.; Asiagone n. gen. is erected for Asiagone signifera n. sp. (type species) and A. perforata n. sp.; Laogone n. gen. is established for Laogone cephala n. sp. The following new synonyms are proposed: Gorbothorax Tanasevitch, 1998 n. syn. = Nasoona Locket, 1982; Paranasoona Heimer, 1984 n. syn. and Millplophrys Platnick, 1998 n. syn. = Atypena Simon, 1894; Gorbothorax ungibbus Tanasevitch, 1998 n. syn. = Oedothorax asocialis Wunderlich, 1974; Hylyphantes birmanicus (Thorell, 1895) n. syn. = H. graminicola (Sundevall, 1830). The following new combinations are proposed: Atypena cirrifrons (Heimer, 1984) n. comb. ex from Paranasoona; A. pallida (Millidge, 1995) and A. crocatoa (Millidge, 1995) both n. comb. ex Millplophrys; Nasoona asocialis (Wunderlich, 1974) n. comb. ex Oedothorax Bertkau, 1883; N. asocialis (Wunderlich, 1974), N. comata (Tanasevitch, 1998), N. conica (Tanasevitch, 1998), N. setifera (Tanasevitch, 1998) and N. wunderlichi (Brignoli, 1983), all n. comb. ex Gorbothorax. Eight linyphiid species are newly recorded from Laos: A. cirrifrons (Heimer, 1984), Bathyphantes floralis Tu & Li, 2006, Hylyphantes graminicola (Sundevall, 1830), Nasoona asocialis, N. crucifera (Thorell, 1895), Nasoonaria sinensis Wunderlich & Song, 1995, Neriene birmanica (Thorell, 1887), and N. oxycera Tu & Li, 2006. The linyphiid spider fauna of Laos currently contains 15 species and is unusually highly specific. All species, except the Palearctic H. graminicola, are probably represented by Southeastern Asian or Oriental autochthons.
Two new species of Pachyseius Berlese (Acari: Pachylaelapidae) from Turkey, with a key to the world species
Authors: ÖZBEK HASAN HÜSEYİN , HALLIDAY BRUCE
Published: July 2014

The genus Pachyseius Berlese, 1910 (Acari: Pachylaelapidae) is reported from Turkey for the first time. Pachyseius siranensis sp. nov. and Pachyseius masani sp. nov. are described from females collected from litter and moss in north-eastern Turkey. A world-wide key to the species of Pachyseius is provided. The number of setae on the ventri-anal shield appears to be variable within some species in this genus. Some species of Pachyseius show reductions in chaetotaxy on tarsi III and IV.
Three new species of free-living marine nematodes from East China Sea
Authors: CHEN YUZHEN , GUO YUQING
Published: July 2014

Three new species of free-living marine nematodes from intertidal sands in Xiamen, Fujian province are described and illustrated. Bathylaimus denticulatus sp. n. can be distinguished by a relatively small buccal cavity with its second part armed with two distinct teeth, short 2–3 μm labial and 12–16 μm cephalic setae and amphids of 0.8–0.9 turns. Oncholaimus minor sp. n. is characterized by its relatively small body size and the sexual dimorphism in tail shape. Oncholaimus xiamenense sp. n. is identified by pronounced sexual dimorphism in tail shape, the location of postcloacal tubercle (3/4 of the distance from cloaca to tip of tail), the location of female ovary as well as the demanian system (on the right side of the intestine), the number of circumanal genital setae (12). The types are deposited in the Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen.
Laboratory Measurements of Contact Freezing by Dust and Bacteria at Temperatures of Mixed-Phase Clouds
Authors: Niehaus Joseph , Becker Jennifer G. , Kostinski Alexander , Cantrell Will
Published: July 2014

Laboratory measurements of freezing by aerosol particles in contact mode are presented. The fraction of particles catalyzing freezing is quantified for three mineral dusts and three strains of bacteria. This is the most comprehensive such dataset to date for temperatures greater than −20°C, relevant for warm, mixed-phase clouds. For Arizona Test Dust, feldspar, or rhyolitic ash, more than 103 particles are required to initiate a freezing event at −20°C in the contact mode. At −15°C, more than 105 particles are required. An ice-negative strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens is an order of magnitude more effective than the mineral dusts at every temperature tested. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first measurement of contact-mode freezing by an ice-negative bacterium. An ice-positive strain of Pseudomonas syringae reaches its maximum nucleating efficiency, E = 0.1, 12°C higher than does Pseudomonas fluorescens. This is consistent with the behavior of ice-negative and ice-positive bacteria in the immersion mode, as discovered 40 years ago. Surprisingly, cells of the ice-positive strain Pseudomonas syringae CC94 that do not express the ice nucleation active gene showed no contact-freezing activity, whereas the cells of the ice-negative strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens showed significant activity.
A Note on the Influence of Spatially Varying Diffusivities on the Evolution of Buoyancy with a Nonlinear Equation of State
Authors: Hieronymus Magnus
Published: July 2014

The oceanic buoyancy sinks from thermobaricity and cabbeling are quantified using hydrography and parameterized diffusive fluxes of heat and salt. A novelty in this study is that the effect of spatially varying diffusivities is considered and quantified. The spatial distribution as well as averages from different ocean basins of the cabbeling and thermobaricity sinks are shown and discussed. The contributions from isoneutral and dianeutral diffusion to the cabbeling and thermobaricity sinks are calculated separately, and their relative importance is seen to vary in the different ocean basins.
Foaming behaviors of polyetherimide/ polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride blends in the microcellular injection molding process
Authors: Liu Tao , Chen Zhenglun , Lei Yajie , Wang Xianzhong , Luo Shikai
Published: July 2014

In this study, foaming behaviors of polyetherimide (PEI)/polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PPMA) blends with different fractions of PPMA are investigated by the microcellular injection molding (Mucell) using N2 as the blowing gas. The results indicate that the addition of PPMA can obtain more the interface in blends than PP. Meanwhile, the microcellular PEI/PPMA foams achieve higher void fraction and cell density than that of PEI/PP and neat PEI matrix, and then the cell diameter also significantly decreases from 30 µm to less 10 µm. The excellent cell properties can be attributed to interfacial effect of binary blends. The binary interface decreases the nucleation energy barrier and forms sufficient paths which improve diffusibility of blowing gas, so the microcellular PEI/PPMA foams obtain more nucleating points and paths of supporting cell growth.
Chronic Periodontitis Genome-wide Association Studies
Authors: Rhodin K. , Divaris K. , North K.E. , Barros S.P. , Moss K. , Beck J.D. , Offenbacher S.
Published: July 2014

Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of chronic periodontitis (CP) offer rich data sources for the investigation of candidate genes, functional elements, and pathways. We used GWAS data of CP ( n = 4,504) and periodontal pathogen colonization ( n = 1,020) from a cohort of adult Americans of European descent participating in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study and employed a MAGENTA approach ( i.e., meta-analysis gene set enrichment of variant associations) to obtain gene-centric and gene set association results corrected for gene size, number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and local linkage disequilibrium characteristics based on the human genome build 18 (National Center for Biotechnology Information build 36). We used the Gene Ontology, Ingenuity, KEGG, Panther, Reactome, and Biocarta databases for gene set enrichment analyses. Six genes showed evidence of statistically significant association: 4 with severe CP ( NIN, p = 1.6 × 10−7; ABHD12B, p = 3.6 × 10−7; WHAMM, p = 1.7 × 10−6; AP3B2, p = 2.2 × 10−6) and 2 with high periodontal pathogen colonization (red complex– KCNK1, p = 3.4 × 10−7; Porphyromonas gingivalis–DAB2IP, p = 1.0 × 10−6). Top-ranked genes for moderate CP were HGD ( p = 1.4 × 10−5), ZNF675 ( p = 1.5 × 10−5), TNFRSF10C ( p = 2.0 × 10−5), and EMR1 ( p = 2.0 × 10−5). Loci containing NIN, EMR1, KCNK1, and DAB2IP had showed suggestive evidence of association in the earlier single-nucleotide polymorphism–based analyses, whereas WHAMM and AP2B2 emerged as novel candidates. The top gene sets included severe CP (“endoplasmic reticulum membrane,” “cytochrome P450,” “microsome,” and “oxidation reduction”) and moderate CP (“regulation of gene expression,” “zinc ion binding,” “BMP signaling pathway,” and “ruffle”). Gene-centric analyses offer a promising avenue for efficient interrogation of large-scale GWAS data. These results highlight genes in previously identified loci and new candidate genes and pathways possibly associated with CP, which will need to be validated via replication and mechanistic studies.
Pressure and volume controlled mechanical ventilation in anaesthetized pregnant sheep
Authors: Davis J , Musk GC
Published: July 2014

Optimal mechanical ventilation of the pregnant ewe during anaesthesia is of vital importance for maintaining fetal viability. This study aimed to compare peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), oxygenation and cardiovascular parameters with pressure-control (PCV) or volume-control (VCV) mechanical ventilation of anaesthetized pregnant sheep. Twenty ewes at 110 days gestation underwent general anaesthesia in dorsal recumbency for fetal surgery in a research setting. All the sheep were mechanically ventilated; one group with PCV ( n = 10) and another with VCV ( n = 10) to maintain normocapnia. PIP, direct arterial blood pressure, heart rate, arterial pH and arterial oxygen tension were recorded. PIP was lower in the PCV group ( P < 0.001). Arterial oxygen tension was higher in the PCV group ( P = 0.013). Mean and diastolic pressures were lower in the PCV group ( P = 0.029 and P = 0.047, respectively). Both VCV and PCV provide adequate oxygenation of pregnant sheep anaesthetized in dorsal recumbency, though PCV may provide superior oxygenation at a lower PIP.
Back to the Future
Authors: Sovacool Benjamin K. , Ramana M. V.
Published: July 2014

In this article, we argue that scientists and technologists associated with the nuclear industry are building support for small modular reactors (SMRs) by advancing five rhetorical visions imbued with elements of fantasy that cater to various social expectations. The five visions are as follows: a vision of risk-free energy would eliminate catastrophic accidents and meltdowns. A vision of indigenous self-energization would see SMRs empowering remote communities and developing economies. A vision of water security would see SMR-powered desalination plants satisfying the world’s water needs. A vision of environmental nirvana would see SMRs providing waste-free and carbon-free electricity to preserve the earth’s biosphere. A vision of space exploration would see SMRs assisting in the colonization of the moon, Mars, and possibly other worlds. These visions help create a symbolic convergence among promoters, serving to attract political and financial support, and erasing previous nuclear failures from public discourse. Moreover, underlying these visions is a technological utopian ideal world where SMRs would generate plentiful energy of multiple kinds (electricity and heat), offering the necessary means for a life of comfort for all people by meeting various needs (lighting, temperature control, drinking water, and provision of scarce minerals) and without any environmental externalities or cause for concern about accidents.
Daily interpersonal coping strategies
Authors: Birditt Kira S. , Nevitt Michael R. , Almeida David M.
Published: July 2014

An important pathway by which relationships influence health may involve how people cope with interpersonal tensions. This study examined whether same day and previous day avoidance and engagement in arguments are differentially associated with self-reported well-being (emotional and physical) and diurnal cortisol patterns. Participants from Wave 2 of the National Study of Daily Experiences ( N = 1,512; aged 33–84, 57% women) completed daily phone interviews for eight consecutive days and provided useable saliva samples that were assayed for cortisol for four of those days at specific times: waking, 30 min after waking, before lunch, and at bedtime. Multilevel models revealed same day arguments were associated with lower well-being (higher negative affect and lower positive affect) than same day avoidance or no tension. In contrast, previous day avoidance was associated with lower next day well-being (higher negative affect and more physical symptoms) and higher next day cortisol than having no interpersonal tension the previous day. Arguments have greater same day consequences for well-being, whereas avoided arguments have greater next day consequences, which may indicate delayed effects of avoidance.
Veno-active drugs for chronic venous disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-design trial
Authors: Belczak Sergio Q , Sincos Igor R , Campos Walter , Beserra Julio , Nering Gilberto , Aun Ricardo
Published: July 2014

Introduction:

Our current understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic venous disease (CVD) suggests that veno-active drugs (VAD) can provide effective symptom relief. Few studies have conducted head-to-head comparisons of VAD and placebo while also assessing objective measures (such as water plethysmography findings and tibiotarsal joint range of motion) and patient-reported quality of life outcomes.

Objectives:

To compare the effects of different VAD on limb volume reduction, tibiotarsal range of motion, and quality of life.

Methods:

136 patients with CVD (CEAP grades 2–5) were randomly allocated into four groups to receive micronized diosmin + hesperidin, aminaphthone, coumarin + troxerutin, or placebo (starch). Patients were administered a questionnaire consisting of a quality of life (QoL) measure designed specifically for persons with CVD, and underwent tibiotarsal joint angle measurement and water plethysmography of the lower extremity before and 30 days after pharmacological intervention. Assessors were blind to the treatment groups.

Results:

Nine patients dropped out of the trial. Data collected from the 127 remaining patients was considered for statistical analysis. There were no differences in tibiotarsal joint range of motion. Volume reductions ≥100 mL were more frequent in the diosmin + hesperidin group than in any other group. QoL scores were best in the aminaphthone group, and between-group differences were found on individual analysis of questionnaire items.

Conclusions:

Use of VAD was associated with significant improvements in QoL as compared with placebo. VAD may be effective for providing symptom relief in patients with CVD.
The postcolonial politics of dignity: From the 1956 Suez nationalization to the 2011 Revolution in Egypt
Authors: El Bernoussi Zaynab
Published: July 2014

This article is a study on dignity and the politics of dignity in postcolonial Egypt, and focuses on the historicity and socioeconomic background of two events: the 1956 Suez Canal Crisis during the rise of post-independence nationalism and the 2011 Egyptian Revolution during the Arab Spring. This study reviews the importance of the concept of dignity in philosophy and the social sciences, specifically pertaining to the development and postcolonial need for dignity and recognition, which the author terms ‘dignition.’ The central question here is how the conception of dignity has evolved between the two events and what the implications are for the consequent understanding of dignity.
Measuring Family HRQoL Spillover Effects Using Direct Health Utility Assessment
Authors: Prosser Lisa A. , Lamarand Kara , Gebremariam Acham , Wittenberg Eve
Published: July 2014

Background. Applications of cost-effectiveness analysis do not typically incorporate effects on caregiver quality of life despite increasing evidence that these effects are measurable. Methods. Using a national sample of US adults, we conducted 2 cross-sectional surveys during December 2011 and January 2012. One version asked respondents to value their own experience as the family member of a person with a chronic illness (experienced sample), and the other version asked respondents to value hypothetical scenarios describing the experience of having a family member with a chronic illness (community sample). Conditions included Alzheimer’s disease/dementia, arthritis, cancer, and depression. Using standard gamble questions, respondents were asked to value the spillover effects of a family member’s illness. We used regression analysis to evaluate the disutility (loss in health-related quality of life) of having a family member with a chronic illness by condition and relationship type, controlling for the respondent’s own conditions and sociodemographic characteristics. Results. For the experienced sample ( n = 1389), regression analyses suggested that greater spillover was associated with certain conditions (arthritis, depression) compared with other conditions (Alzheimer’s disease, cancer). For the community sample ( n = 1205), regression analyses indicated that lower spillover was associated with condition (cancer) but not the type of relationship with the ill family member (parent, child, spouse). Conclusions. The effects of illness extend beyond the individual patient to include effects on caregivers of patients, parents of ill children, spouses, and other close family and household members. Cost-effectiveness analyses should consider the inclusion of health-related quality of life spillover effects in addition to caregiving time costs incurred by family members of ill individuals.
Does the Femoral Cam Lesion Regrow After Osteoplasty for Femoroacetabular Impingement?
Authors: Gupta Asheesh , Redmond John M. , Stake Christine E. , Finch Nathan A. , Dunne Kevin F. , Domb Benjamin G.
Published: July 2014

Background:

There are currently no studies that have examined the recurrence of the cam lesion after femoral neck osteoplasty for femoroacetabular impingement. Although patient-reported outcome (PRO) scores at midterm follow-up have shown continued success, the maintenance of a normalized alpha angle has not been shown radiographically.

Purpose:

To assess the radiographic recurrence of cam deformity at 2-year follow-up after adequate decompression during the index hip arthroscopic procedure and correlate the findings with PRO scores. The hypothesis was that there would be no recurrence or regrowth of the cam deformity at the 2-year postoperative time point after adequate cam decompression during hip arthroscopic surgery.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Between March 2009 and January 2011, data were prospectively collected on all patients undergoing hip arthroscopic surgery with femoral neck osteoplasty. Minimum follow-up was 2 years, with radiographic images for review.

Results:

A total of 47 patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the participants at the start of the study was 37.18 years (range, 31.70-47.43 years). There were 28 men (59.57%) and 19 women (40.43%). The mean follow-up duration was 28.32 months (range, 24-41 months). The mean preoperative alpha angle (Dunn view) was 70° (range, 60°-97°), compared with 42.79° (range, 32°-50°) at 2 weeks postoperatively ( P < .0001). The mean 2-year alpha angle was 42.72° (range, 32°-54°), which was not significantly different compared with the mean 2-week alpha angle ( P = .93). Additionally, the mean femoral offset measurement was 3.7 mm (range, 0-9.9 mm) preoperatively and 7.8 mm (range, 0.3-13.9 mm) 2 weeks postoperatively ( P < .0001). The mean 2-year postoperative femoral offset measurement was 8.0 mm (range, 2.4-12.8 mm), which was not significantly different compared with the mean 2-week femoral offset measurement ( P = .63). All PRO scores were significantly improved at 3 months compared with preoperative scores and, except for visual analog scale score, continued to show improvement at 2-year follow-up.

Conclusion:

There was no recurrence of cam deformity at 2 years after femoral neck osteoplasty for femoroacetabular impingement. PRO scores were improved at the 3-month and 2-year postoperative time points.
A study on the effect of cure time–temperature and fiber shape of short fibers on impact resistance of polyester calcite composites
Authors: Özdemir Zafer , Türkbaş Osman Selim
Published: July 2014

The applications of fiber reinforced composites have grown rapidly and are now widely used in industries. In recent years, a new class of short fiber composites in which the ends of the short fibers were enlarged, have been studied. Because of their length, these short fibers are referred to as short fibers. The fabrication cost of short fiber composite is considerably lower compared to that of continuous fiber composite and that short fiber composite is more feasible from a mass production point of view when compared to continuous fiber composite. Short fiber composites are finding an increased use in commercial applications. The study consists of two main experimental parts. For this purpose, non-reinforced (no fiber) specimens and three different shaped short steel fiber reinforced polyester calcite composite specimens were cured at different curing conditions i.e. 40℃, 80℃, and 120℃ for 4, 8, and 12 h separately. They were then tested according to the impact test procedure to obtain the effects of the end shapes on the mechanical properties due to the impact load. It was generally concluded that as long as the curing temperature and time increases, the impact strength increases.
Math Anxiety, Math Self-Concept, and Math Self-Efficacy in Adult Learners Compared to Traditional Undergraduate Students
Authors: Jameson Molly M. , Fusco Brooke R.
Published: July 2014

Adult learners comprise a significant portion of current undergraduate populations, and projections indicate steady or growing numbers of adult learners in the future. Previous research has suggested that adult learners possess lower self-confidence than and face barriers not experienced by traditional undergraduate students. These constructs have not been explored specifically within mathematics, however, which was the purpose of the current study. Using data collected from 226 undergraduate students (60 traditional students, 166 adult learners), the current research found that adult learners self-report lower levels of math self-efficacy and higher levels of math anxiety than their traditional peers. Implications for adult education are suggested.
Increased Incidence of juvenile onset systemic lupus erythematosus in children with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Wei C-C , Lin C-L , Tsai J-D , Shen T-C , Sung F-C
Published: July 2014

Herein, we investigated the risk of juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) in children with atopic dermatitis (AD). From 2000 to 2007, 192,357 children with newly diagnosed AD and 769,428 matched non-AD controls were identified. By the end of 2008, incidences and hazard ratios (HRs) of JSLE were measured. JSLE incidence in the AD cohort was 2.90-fold greater than that in the non-AD cohort (3.25 vs. 1.12 per 100,000 person-years), with a Cox model-measured adjusted HR of 2.92 (95% CI: 1.85–4.60); the risk of JSLE was greater for older children and girls. The AD-to-non-AD cohort HR was 6.6 (95% CI: 2.88–13.1) for children aged >12 years compared with 1.81 (95% CI: 0.98–3.32) for children aged ≤12 years. The HR of JSLE in AD children increased from 1.55 (95% CI: 0.88–2.76) for those with ≤3 clinical visits to 66.3 (95% CI: 33.1–132.8) for those with >6 visits ( p < 0.0001, by trend test). The risk of developing SLE in the AD cohort was the highest within five years after AD diagnosis (HR: 4.02; 95% CI: 2.83–7.08). Children with AD are at a high risk of developing JSLE during their growth period.
Presumed primary intraocular chondrosarcoma in cats
Authors: Beckwith-Cohen Billie , Teixeira Leandro B. C. , Dubielzig Richard R.
Published: July 2014

Following unilateral enucleation, 4 Domestic Shorthair cats with an average age of 12.5 years (range: 9–16 years) were histologically diagnosed with a presumed primary intraocular chondrosarcoma at the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (Madison, Wisconsin). Medical records and follow-up were available for 3 of the 4 cats. Clinically, only 1 eye was affected in each cat; a mass lesion was noted in 2 cats, and a neoplasm was suspected in the other 2 cats. Grossly, 3 tumors presented as coalescing, poorly demarcated, white, friable masses filling the vitreous and intraocular chambers; 1 tumor presented as a solitary, well-demarcated, tan mass involving the iris and ciliary body. Histologically, all 4 neoplasms were composed of haphazardly arranged plump neoplastic spindle cells surrounded by irregular islands and thick trabeculae of abundant, variably basophilic, and Alcian blue–positive chondromatous matrix. None of the cats presented histologically or clinically with signs suggestive of feline posttraumatic ocular sarcoma. Two cats are still alive and healthy 6 months and 3 years following enucleation. One cat died 6 months following enucleation; however, this cat suffered from poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and the cause of death is undetermined. No other tumors or skeletal lesions were identified that could suggest a metastatic tumor to the eye. The origin of primary intraocular chondrosarcoma is unclear, but is presumed to be ocular multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. Four cases of intraocular chondrosarcoma in cats not associated with the posttraumatic sarcoma complex of intraocular tumors are described.
Standardization of Health Care Provider Competencies for Intrathecal Access Procedures
Authors: McLaughlin Colleen A. , Hockenberry Marilyn J. , Kurtzberg Joanne , Hueckel Rémi , Martin Paul L. , Docherty Sharron L.
Published: July 2014

Introduction: This quality improvement (QI) project addresses a method for experienced health care providers to maintain skill-based competence for intrathecal access procedures. Methods: A prospective QI design using intrathecal access simulation to assess, educate, and evaluate skill competency. Simulation was used as a strategy to promote patient safety and standardize practice patterns. Pretest and posttest methodology using paired t tests were performed to assess anxiety, confidence, and knowledge. Results: Fourteen pediatric providers participated in this QI project. There was a statistically significant improvement in confidence measuring intracranial pressure (ICP; t = −2.92, P = .013), performance-related overall anxiety ( t = −2.132, P = .05) and administering intrathecal chemotherapy ( t = −2.144, P = .053). Fifty percent of participants missed a medication error demonstrating confirmation bias. Conclusion: This simulation strategy resulted in improved confidence in measuring ICP, performance-related overall anxiety, and confidence in administering chemotherapy. Confirmation bias occurred during simulation testing for a medication error. We propose this method for maintaining clinical competencies in health care providers and introducing new skills to existing practices.
Psychometric Properties of the Oncology Module of the KINDL Scale
Authors: Ergin Dilek , Eser Erhan , Kantar Mehmet , Ekti Genç Rabia
Published: July 2014

Purpose. The objective of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Oncology module of the generic KINDL scale (having 24 items with 6 domains). Methods. The psychometric properties of the KINDL Oncology module were evaluated from the aspect of internal consistency, reliability, and construct validity on an inpatient sample of 103 Turkish children (mean age 10.0 ± 4.01 years) who had various oncological disorders. Results. The KINDL Oncology module (24 items) showed acceptable α coefficients ranging from .57 (physical well-being) to .87 (treatment) for each domain. In confirmatory factor analysis of the original 4-domain structure, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation was found as .086, and Comparative Fit Index was .87. Good known groups results supported the construct validity of the instrument. Correlations between the domains of the mother KINDL and the domains of its oncology module were significantly high, indicating a satisfactory convergent validity. Conclusion. The Turkish version of the KINDL Oncology module showed good reliability and questionable validity in this study. However, further research on other language versions of the module is needed for its global use.
Methodology for evaluating self-healing agent of structural ceramics
Authors: Yoshioka Shunsuke , Nakao Wataru
Published: July 2014

Simple methodology for evaluating availability of self-healing agent has been established from the investigation on the relationship between oxidation behavior of self-healing agent and self-healing phenomena. The consistency of the established methodology was discussed by comparison in the lower bound of the available temperature range ( TH-low) of mullite/TiSi2 composite. From thermo-gravity and differential temperature analysis, the available temperature range for 10-h healing ([Formula: see text]) was estimated to be 563°C. On the other hand, the value of the lower bound of the available temperature range for 10-h healing ([Formula: see text]) was experimentally determined to be 600°C from strength recovery tests. These values showed a good consistency. Also, the data on 1-h healing of mullite/TiSi2 and the reference data on alumina/SiC self-healing ceramics exhibited good consistency. Therefore, the proposed methodology is sufficient for evaluating the advanced healing agent.
Controversies in the Management of Advanced Melanoma
Authors: Jarkowski Anthony , Norris LeAnn , Trinh Van Anh
Published: July 2014

Objective: To examine the current controversies and discuss consensus recommendations regarding treatment sequencing and the role of BRAF inhibitor at disease progression. Data Source: An English-language literature search of MEDLINE/PubMed (1966-May 2014), using the keywords advanced melanoma, ipilimumab, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, dabrafenib, vemurafenib, BRAF inhibitor, trametinib, MEK inhibitor, and treatment sequencing was conducted. Data were also obtained from package inserts, meeting abstracts, and clinical registries. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All relevant published articles and abstracts on ipilimumab, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and trametinib were reviewed. Clinical trial registries and meeting abstracts were used for ongoing studies. Data Synthesis: The availability of new agents has made therapy selection more complex. Immunotherapy supporters reason that immunotherapy offers the best chance for long-term benefit and does not compromise the antitumor activity of subsequent BRAF inhibitors. Targeted therapy advocates rely on the high probability and rapid onset of response to BRAF inhibitors. Currently, there is insufficient evidence regarding the role of BRAF inhibitor at disease progression. Conclusions: Therapy should be individualized based on patient- and disease-specific factors. Immunotherapy represents the best option for durable remission; however, targeted therapy is more appropriate for patients who are symptomatic or have rapidly growing tumors. The novel therapies have also demonstrated meaningful intracranial activity; thus, the presence of brain metastases should be taken into consideration in selecting therapy. Limited data exist about the continuation of BRAF inhibitors after therapeutic failure. Active research is ongoing to define the best option for patients with BRAF inhibitor refractory disease.
Correction of Moderate to Severe Hallux Valgus With Isometric First Metatarsal Double Osteotomy
Authors: Siekmann Werner , Watson Troy S. , Roggelin Matthias
Published: July 2014

Background:

The operative treatment for the moderate to severe bunion continues to present challenges. The indications for a single, double, or triple first ray osteotomy remain controversial. In addition, it is not clear whether an opening wedge osteotomy leads to clinically relevant arthritis at the first metatarsophalangeal joint. However, it is this theoretical concern that has led the authors to develop an isometric correction of the first ray.

Methods:

Thirty-two patients underwent operative correction of hallux valgus with a double osteotomy of the first metatarsal using an opening wedge proximally and a closing wedge distally. The mean follow-up period was 59.3 months with a range of 55 to 65 months.

Results:

The 1-2 intermetatarsal angle preoperatively was a mean of 18.9 degrees (range 17-23), correcting postoperatively to a mean angle of 8.6 degrees (range 5-12), for an average correction of 10.4 degrees (range 6-16). The postoperative AOFAS scores were 39.4 out of 40 points for pain, 42.4 out of 45 points for function, and 15 points for alignment. The total score was excellent with 94.2 out of 100 possible points. Radiographic union occurred in all cases. There was one case of painful edema of the foot and two cases of early avascular necrosis (AVN) diagnosed by residual pain at the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint and transient osteopenia of the metatarsal head on radiographs. No late sequelae associated with AVN such as arthritis or metatarsal head collapse were noted with long-term follow-up. These healed within months without specific treatment.

Conclusion:

A double osteotomy of the first metatarsal with a nonlocking, low-profile plate was an effective procedure for correcting severe hallux valgus that carried a low complication rate and high patient satisfaction. It has clear advantages over isolated opening wedge procedures, including potentially better correction especially in those bunions associated with an increased distal metatarsal articular angle.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, retrospective case series.
Evaluation of discretization and integration methods for the analysis of finite hydrodynamic bearings with surface texturing
Authors: Woloszynski Tomasz , Podsiadlo Pawel , Stachowiak Gwidon W
Published: July 2014

Efficient numerical methods are essential in the analysis of finite hydrodynamic bearings with surface texturing. This is especially evident in optimization and parametric studies where the discretization and integration methods are used to solve the governing two-dimensional Reynolds equation multiple times. Performance comparison studies of the methods are thus required to select the method that is most suitable for a particular bearing geometry. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive and systematic comparison of typical implementations of the finite difference, finite volume, finite element and spectral element discretization methods together with the Newton–Cotes formula and Gauss quadratures for hydrodynamic bearings governed by the two-dimensional Reynolds equation. The methods were evaluated by comparing the approximation errors in the calculation of the maximum pressure, load capacity, coefficient of friction, and minimum film thickness for parallel and convergent bearings textured with elliptical grooves or trapezoidal dimples. The number of degrees of freedom required by the methods to achieve the error cut-off values of 5%, 1% and 0.1% were calculated. Our results demonstrate that the spectral element method uses up to 72 times fewer degrees of freedom than the other methods for the same cut-off values. Also, our study revealed that the shape of the groove/dimple and the bearing convergence ratio can have a significant effect on the approximation errors of the numerical methods used. Specifically, for piecewise-linear texture features (e.g. trapezoidal dimples) and positive convergence ratio it is easier, for the methods, to accurately approximate the solution. In such cases, the finite volume and finite element methods are reasonable choices and provide a good trade-off between the ease of implementation and approximation errors. The worse performance was observed for the finite difference and thus this method is not recommended when the computational efficiency and the accuracy of results are of importance.
An investigation of the relationship between wear and contact force for abradable materials
Authors: Fois N , Watson M , Stringer J , Marshall MB
Published: July 2014

Abradable linings are frequently used on the inside of aero-engine casings. During the operation of engine, the rotating blades may strike the lining of the casing. The wear mechanisms present during these incursions have been re-produced on a scaled test rig platform. Previously, characterisation of the wear has been performed using a stroboscopic imaging technique in order to identify the different wear mechanisms at the incursion conditions investigated. In the present study, a dynamometer has been included in the test arrangement allowing the measurement of the contact force. This approach has then been combined with sectioning of the abradable test samples, in order to investigate the material response to the different incursion conditions. The wear results, the cutting force and material structure post-incursion show a high degree of correlation. At low incursion rates, significant consolidation and solidification of abradable material was observed, whilst at the same time adhesive transfer to the blade was recorded along with a low tangential to normal force ratio. At high incursion rates, little solidification and consolidation was observed, together with negligible adhesion and a higher tangential force, suggesting a cutting mechanism. Transitions in material behaviour, wear mechanism, and force ratio were observed at the same incursion condition, further highlighting the link between the different experimental measurements.
Investigation of the importance of tertiary contamination, temperature and human behaviour on PCB concentrations in indoor air
Authors: Kolarik Barbara , Frederiksen Marie , Meyer Harald W. , Ebbehøj Niels E. , Gunnarsen Lars B.
Published: July 2014

High concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can still be measured in indoor air in many buildings built or renovated within the period from approximately 1950 until the late seventies. The increasing evidence of the importance of indoor exposure to PCBs has led to the initiation of remediation actions in many countries. Understandably, primary sources with original PCB content have been the main focus of the actions. However, removal of primary sources alone has shown to be insufficient in decreasing the high indoor PCB concentrations in contaminated buildings. The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of tertiary PCB sources to indoor air concentrations and identify predictors of PCB air concentrations in contaminated buildings. In this study, 24 PCB congeners were measured in the indoor air of 83 contaminated apartments as well as in sealants sampled in a random subset of 20 apartments. The sealants were identified to be the primary source containing the original PCBs. For total PCBs, the median air concentration was 859 ng/m3 and the median concentration in contaminated sealants was 16.5% by weight. Analyses performed in the present study indicate that the influence of tertiary sources on indoor air concentrations may be substantial and that removal of tertiary sources may be needed when performing PCB remediation in buildings.
Role of Polymeric Biomaterials as Wound Healing Agents
Authors: Agrawal Priyanka , Soni Sandeep , Mittal Gaurav , Bhatnagar Aseem
Published: July 2014

In uncontrolled hemorrhage, the main cause of death on the battlefield and in accidents, half of the deaths are caused by severe blood loss. Polymeric biomaterials have great potential in the control of severe hemorrhage from trauma, which is the second leading cause of death in the civilian community following central nervous system injuries. The intent of this article is to provide a review on currently available biopolymers used as wound dressing agents and to describe their best use as it relates to the condition and type of the wound (acute, chronic, superficial, and full thickness) and the phases of the wound healing process. These biopolymers are beneficial in tissue engineering as scaffolds, hydrogels, and films. Different types of wound dressings based on biopolymers are available in the market, with various physical, chemical, and biological properties. The use of biopolymers as a hemostatic agent depends on its biocompatibility, biodegradability, nonimmunogenicity, and optimal mechanical property. This review summarizes different biopolymers, their physiological characters, and their use as wound healing agents along with biomedical applications.