bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of stereoisomers of chiral drug by mass spectrometry
Authors: Chen Xiaolei , Kang Yu , Zeng Su
Published: February 2018

Chiral molecules are of great importance in the life science since individual enantiomers may differ in biological activity, mechanism, and toxicity, making it necessary to explore efficient chiral analysis methods. Chromatography approaches are often used to differentiate enantiomers while mass spectrometry (MS) was thought to be blind in chiral analysis. With the development of MS technique, it began to play a more and more crucial part in chiral observation. In this review, we will give a detailed introduction of the analysis methods related to MS for chiral drugs, including its mechanism, applications, and future development.
New Analysis Method for Interground Cements
Authors: Unseld Johannes , Wolter Albrecht
Published: February 2018

Erstmals können Zemente mit mehreren Hauptbestandteilen, die durch gemeinsame Vermahlung entstanden sind hinsichtlich ihrer inneren Kornverteilung analysiert und beurteilt werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurden zwei Verfahren entwickelt, um sowohl den laufenden Betrieb mittels Werksmethode als auch die Produktanforderungen mithilfe weiterer unabhängiger Labormethode zu analysieren. Für die Werksmethode ist eine Kombination aus Sichter und XRD‐Rietveld vorgesehen, während als Labormethode ein nasschemischer Trennungsgang kombiniert mit der Lasergranulometrie eingesetzt wird.
ROLE OF SNOW DEPTH IN THE INFLUENCE OF EL NIÑO ON SUMMER CLIMATE ANOMALIES OVER EAST ASIA
Authors: Yan‐Feng WANG , Xu‐Guang SUN , Xiu‐Qun YANG
Published: February 2018

With the datasets of Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) NOAH land surface model, GPCC monthly mean rainfall, and NCAR/NCEP global monthly mean reanalysis from 1948 to 2010, by using methods of filtering, composite and linear regression and correlation, the characteristics of Eurasian snow depth anomalies in El Niño mature winter, its influences on soil moisture after snow melting, and finally on East Asian summer monsoon are investigated, and the main conclusions are as follows: In El Niño mature winter, snow depth in regions of the Iranian Plateau, the northeast of Lake Balkhash and the southern Tibetan Plateau increases remarkably, so are the related snow melting and soil moisture. The above‐mentioned three regions are identified as the key regions for snow depth to store and extend the El Niño signals. In spring, the snow begins to melt, and the soil moisture increases correspondingly, thus the El Niño signals are transmitted from winter snow depth to soil moisture in spring. As a result, sensible heat flux decreases and latent heat flux increases, and the atmospheric circulations are greatly influenced. The anomalous soil moisture in the Iranian plateau is most important for the East Asian summer monsoon in El Niño decaying summer, since it has similar impact pattern on the anomalous summer precipitation as the El Niño composite. The spring and summer soil moisture in both the southern Tibetan plateau and the northeast of Lake Balkhash increase simultaneously, which significantly contribute to the increased precipitation in North China. Therefore, to investigate and predict the East Asian summer monsoon variability by using El Niño signal, the roles of snow depth in storing and modulating El Niño impacts in those key regions should be considered.
SURFACE DEFORMATION AND EARLY WARNING MAGNITUDE OF 2016 KAIKOURA (NEW ZEALAND) EARTHQUAKE FROM HIGH‐RATE GPS OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Chuang SONG , Cai‐Jun XU , Yang‐Mao WEN , Lei YI , Wen XU
Published: February 2018

On 13th November 2016, the Kaikoura region of New Zealand was struck by a major Mw7.8 earthquake. In this study, coseismic deformation field is derived from 1 Hz high‐rate GPS observations based on the GAMIT track solution module, combining with PCA spatial filtering method firstly. Then the 5 s peak displacement of P‐wave (Pd) and the peak ground displacement (PGD) are extracted from the real‐time simulated kinematic displacements of the trackRTr module. Finally, the warning magnitude is calculated from the statistical regression model. Our results indicate that the duration time of the kinematic deformation is up to 2 min. The KAIK and HANM stations, which are closest to the epicenter, have secondary severe deformation. And the deformation amplitude of the north stations of the epicenter is larger than that of the south. The static coseismic deformation field from high‐rate GPS observations shows the characteristics of the focal mechanism of strike‐slip after thrust. In addition, the Pd warning magnitudes from different stations have a significant difference, with the maximum magnitude difference of Mw2.5. Considering the timeliness and reliability of the warning magnitude jointly, the warning magnitude from the four‐station PGD joint warning method of reasonable spatial distribution can reach its initial stability (Mw7.56) at 23 s after the event, while final stability (Mw7.78) at 110 s, which is consistent with the USGS moment tensor magnitude (Mw7.8).
AUTOMATIC ESTIMATION OF STACKING VELOCITY BASED ON SPARSE INVERSION
Authors: Wen‐Jun XU , Jun‐Feng YIN , Hua‐Zhong WANG , Bo FENG
Published: February 2018

Stacking velocity analysis is a routine procedure in seismic data processing, and is also a classical method for initial velocity model building. Usually, stacking velocity analysis is divided into two steps: calculating stacking velocity spectra and picking spectra maximums. Until now, many researchers are trying to improve the stacking velocity spectra by computing a better semblance, considering the AVO effect or improving the anti‐noise ability of algorithm. However, it is seldom discussed on how to calculate the stacking velocity automatically. In this paper, we try to solve this problem by combining the velocity spectra calculation and picking procedure into a model parameter estimation under the framework of sparse inversion. Therefore, it is possible to invert the stacking velocity automatically and shorten the turn‐around time of initial velocity model building and reduce human costs considerably. To solve this problem, first we give the definition of forward problem, which is the prediction model for CMP gather using stacking velocity and t0 time as model parameters. Then, the inverse problem is defined as finding the sparse model parameters with the given CMP gather. Using the sparsity of model parameters as model constraint, we reformulate the conventional stacking velocity analysis problem as a new sparse inverse problem, and present an adaptive matching pursuit (MP) algorithm to solve it. The proposed method is quite promising for automatic initial model building, and can provide a good initial model for subsequent high‐resolution velocity inversion methods. Numerical and field data tests demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
PREDICTION OF THE METHANE SUPPLY AND FORMATION PROCESS OF GAS HYDRATE RESERVOIR AT ODP1247, HYDRATE RIDGE, OFFSHORE OREGON
Authors: Zi‐Han ZHENG , Yun‐Cheng CAO , Duo‐Fu CHEN
Published: February 2018

The formation of gas hydrate reservoir in marine sediments is mainly controlled by methane supply and sedimentary burial. Based on the mass conservation of methane in gas hydrate system, a numerical model of gas hydrate formation was established considering the methane supplied by dissolved methane diffusion, pore water advection, and in situ methanogenesis. A case study of ODP site 1247 at the Hydrate Ridge, offshore Oregon shows that dissolved methane transported by molecular diffusion and pore water advection is the major supply of methane for gas hydrate formation, while in situ methanogenesis contributes little to the gas hydrate reservoir. The gas hydrate reservoir was also evaluated considering the changes of sedimentation rate since 1.67 Ma. Our model results show that the variations of sedimentation rate lead to little change in the size of gas hydrate reservoir at ODP 1247. The calculated hydrate saturation amounts to ∼0%∼3%, which is consistent with the measured values using pressure coring.
TIME‐DAMPING FULL WAVEFORM INVERSION OF MULTI‐DOMINANT‐FREQUENCY WAVEFIELDS
Authors: Sheng‐Chang CHEN , Guo‐Xin CHEN
Published: February 2018

The lack of low‐frequency components and the subsurface strong variations of velocity can lead to severe cycle‐skipping phenomenon, which is a big challenge to full waveform inversion of seismic data. Through the applications of the time‐damping and the time integration for decreasing the dominant‐frequency of seismic wavefield, a time‐damping full waveform inversion of multi‐dominant‐frequency wavefields is proposed. This method can efficiently eliminate the cycle‐skipping phenomenon. Velocity errors from shallow to deep can lead to misfits of travel‐time and their accumulations. The accurate inversion of shallow velocity can efficiently reduce the misfits of travel‐time and cycle‐skipping phenomenon in the inversion of later waveform. Applying the time‐damping approach to seismic data can obtain time‐damped data. The inversion of these time‐damped data with different damping values can produce the results from shallow to deep depth. The cycle‐skipping phenomenon is weak for the wavefields with lower dominant‐frequency compared to higher dominant‐frequency wavefields. The time integration of different orders of the seismic wavefield can produce wavefields with different dominant frequencies. The inversion results of low dominant‐frequency wavefields are used as the starting models for the full waveform inversion of high dominant‐frequency wavefields. Numerical tests using synthetic data lacking low‐frequency components below 4Hz of the 2D salt‐dome model have demonstrated the validity and feasibility of the proposed method. The final results show that the time‐damping full waveform inversion of multi‐dominant‐frequency wavefields has proper flexibility for seismic data lacking low‐frequency components and in case of strong subsurface velocity variations.
TIME‐LAPSE INVERSION OF SELF‐POTENTIAL DATA USING KALMAN FILTER
Authors: Yi‐An CUI , Wen‐Sheng WEI , Xiao‐Xiong ZHU , Jian‐Xin LIU
Published: February 2018

It is very common to use the self‐potential methods in environmental and engineering applications, especially in some monitoring services. However, the monitored data of each time step are always inverted and interpreted independently. That means the valuable correlation information of time‐lapse data is totally ignored. In order to take full advantage of the correlation information, a time‐lapse inversion was proposed to promote the reliability of data interpretation. Based on the Darcy's law and Archie's formulas, a dynamic geoelectric model was built to simulate the transportation of contaminant plume in underground porous medium. Then this dynamic model can be used as a state model for the Kalman filtering. And the corresponding observation model can be obtained from conventional self‐potential forward calculation. Thus, a Kalman filter recursion can be constructed by using the state model and observation model. During the recursion, the information of geoelectric model evolution and observed self‐potential data are fused to achieve a time‐lapse inversion of self‐potential data. The time‐lapse inversion algorithm was tested by both noise added synthetic self‐potential data and laboratory observation data from self‐potential monitoring over a sandbox. The numerical test shows the validity, robustness, and tolerance to noise of the time‐lapse inversion. And the results of physical data test also demonstrate that the time‐lapse inversion can invert real time‐lapse self‐potential data successfully and retrieve the dynamic geoelectric model exactly.
COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVE OBSERVATION AREA OF THE TENSOR CSAMT BY NUMERICAL MODELING
Authors: Zhi‐Xin LIU , Guo‐Qiang XUE , Lin‐Bo ZHANG
Published: February 2018

According to the response formulas of the scalar CSAMT (controlled source audio‐frequency magnetotelluric) method, its programs can be designed in several manners with different sources such as a vertical double dipole source and a three‐dipole source of varied geometries. Through numerical simulation, this study obtains the value distributions of X‐ and Y‐direction components of the resultant electromagnetic (EM) field, which permit to further analyze the effective observational area. The results show that the distribution of crosslike source exhibits scattered weak responses, representing a smaller effective observational zone. Meanwhile, its requirement to the terrain condition of the working site is very harsh, thus cannot work well in mountainous areas with high topographic relief. Based on the principle of the rotating three‐dipole device, we propose a new device composed of multiple dipole sources for the CSAMT which can facilitate integrated measurement of tensors of the EM field. Compared with the cross‐like source, this approach can realize measurement throughout the whole area without weak‐value zones. Moreover, this new device is easy to deploy in various terrains. The results of this study provide a technical basis for further engineering production of tensor measurement.
Understanding Zeolites Catalyzed Methanol‐to‐Olefins Conversion from Theoretical Calculations
Authors: Wang Chuanming , Wang Yangdong , Xie Zaiku
Published: February 2018

Zeolites catalyzed methanol‐to‐olefins (MTO) conversion provides an alternative process to produce light olefins such as ethene and propene from nonpetroleum resources. Despite of successful industrialization of the MTO process, its detailed reaction mechanism is not yet well understood. Here we summarize our work on the hydrocarbon pool reaction mechanism based on theoretical calculations. We proposed that the olefins themselves are likely to be the dominating hydrocarbon pool species, and the distribution of cracking precursors and diffusion constraints affect the selectivity. The similarities between aromatic‐based and olefin‐based cycles are highlighted.
Discovery of Rogaratinib (BAY 1163877): a pan‐FGFR Inhibitor
Authors: Collin Marie‐Pierre , Lobell Mario , Hübsch Walter , Brohm Dirk , Schirok Hartmut , Jautelat Rolf , Lustig Klemens , Bömer Ulf , Vöhringer Verena , Héroult Mélanie , Grünewald Sylvia , Hess‐Stumpp Holger
Published: February 2018

Rogaratinib (BAY 1163877) is a highly potent and selective small‐molecule pan‐fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor (FGFR1–4) for oral application currently being investigated in phase 1 clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. In this publication, we report its discovery by de novo structure‐based design and medicinal chemistry optimization together with its pharmacokinetic profile.
Randomized phase 2 trial of pemetrexed, pemetrexed/bevacizumab, and pemetrexed/carboplatin/bevacizumab in patients with stage IIIB/IV non–small cell lung cancer and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2
Authors: Spigel David R. , Hainsworth John D. , Joseph Mathew J. , Shipley Dianna L. , Hagan M. Kelly , Thompson Dana S. , Burris Howard A. , Greco F. Anthony
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

The best treatment for patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a poor performance status is not well defined. In this phase 2 trial, patients were randomized to receive treatment with either single‐agent pemetrexed or 1 of 2 combination regimens.

METHODS

Patients with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed nonsquamous NSCLC and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 2 were stratified by age and serum albumin level and were randomized (1:1:1) to 1 of 3 regimens: pemetrexed (arm 1), pemetrexed and bevacizumab (arm 2), or pemetrexed, carboplatin, and bevacizumab (arm 3). The response to treatment was assessed every 2 cycles; responding and stable patients continued treatment until progression or unacceptable toxicity.

RESULTS

One hundred seventy‐two patients were randomized, 162 patients began the study treatment, and 146 patients completed 2 cycles and were evaluated for their response. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 2.8 months in arm 1, 4.0 months in arm 2, and 4.8 months in arm 3. The overall response rates were 15% in arm 1, 31% in arm 2, and 44% in arm 3. The overall survival was similar in the 3 treatment arms. All 3 regimens were relatively well tolerated. Patients receiving bevacizumab had an increased incidence of hypertension, proteinuria, and bleeding episodes, but most events were mild or moderate.

CONCLUSIONS

All 3 regimens were feasible for patients with advanced NSCLC and an ECOG performance status of 2. The addition of bevacizumab to pemetrexed increased the overall response rate. The efficacy of pemetrexed/carboplatin/bevacizumab (median PFS, 4.8 months) approached the prespecified study PFS goal of 5 months. Larger studies will be necessary to define the role of bevacizumab in addition to standard pemetrexed and carboplatin in this population. Cancer 2018;124:1982‐91. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Phase 1b study of pasireotide, everolimus, and selective internal radioembolization therapy for unresectable neuroendocrine tumors with hepatic metastases
Authors: Kim Hyun S. , Shaib Walid L. , Zhang Chao , Nagaraju Ganji Purnachandra , Wu Christina , Alese Olatunji B. , Chen Zhengjia , Brutcher Edith , Renfroe Meredith , El‐Rayes Bassel F.
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) metastasize to the liver. Everolimus and selective internal radioembolization (SIRT) are approved treatments. Pasireotide is a somatostatin analogue with an affinity for somatostatin receptors 1, 2, 3, and 5. Everolimus and pasireotide may potentiate SIRT radiosensitization and inhibit rebound angiogenesis. This study evaluated the safety of pasireotide, everolimus, and SIRT.

METHODS

This 3 + 3 phase 1 trial evaluated 3 dose levels of everolimus (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/day), pasireotide (600 μg twice daily), and SIRT (SIR‐Spheres dose on days 9 and 37). Eligibility criteria included well or moderately differentiated NETs, bilobar liver metastases, and progression on long‐acting octreotide. Toxicities and responses were evaluated with the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events and the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (version 1.1). Dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) were defined in the first 28 days. Correlative markers—angiopoietin 1, angiopoietin 2, basic fibroblast growth factor, collagen V, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 1, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 1, interleukin 8, M30, M65, placenta growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2—were assessed. The Norfolk Quality of Life–Neuroendocrine Tumor Questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life (QOL).

RESULTS

Thirteen patients were enrolled; 1 was not evaluable for the primary endpoint. Eleven patients had well‐differentiated tumors. The primary sites included small bowel (4), pancreas (3), lung (2), colon (1), gastric (1), and unknown primary (2) were unknown. Four had liver‐only disease; 12 completed the planned treatment. No DLTs were observed. There was no treatment‐related mortality. The most common toxicity was hyperglycemia. Clinically significant liver toxicity was not observed. One patient had liver progression. QOL improved on treatment. The median progression‐free survival and overall survival were 18.6 and 46.3 months, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The recommended phase 2 dose of everolimus is 10 mg daily in combination with pasireotide and SIRT. The regimen is well tolerated. Preliminary activity appears promising. Cancer 2018;124:1992‐2000. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Well differentiated grade 3 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors compared with related neoplasms: A morphologic study
Authors: Sigel Carlie S. , Krauss Silva Vitor Werneck , Reid Michelle D. , Chhieng David , Basturk Olca , Sigel Keith M. , Daniel Tanisha D. , Klimstra David S. , Tang Laura H.
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms with a Ki‐67 labeling index greater than 20% were reclassified in 2017 by the World Health Organization into well differentiated (WD) and poorly differentiated grade 3 neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). The authors describe the cytologic features of grade 3 WD pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms compared with grade 2 neoplasms and NEC.

METHODS

Fine‐needle aspirates from 65 pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms were reviewed, and their cytomorphologic features were compared across grade 2, WD grade 3, and PD small cell type (PD‐S), large cell type (PD‐L), and type not otherwise specified (PD‐NOS) neoplasms.

RESULTS

The 65 aspirates consisted of 19 grade 2 neoplasms, 32 WD grade 3 neoplasms, and 14 NECs (6 PD‐S, 5 PD‐L, and 3 PD‐NOS). The medians Ki‐67 proliferation index was 11% (range, 3.2%‐17%) in grade 2 neoplasms, 40% (range, 21%‐89%) in WD grade 3 neoplasms, 80% (range, 63%‐95%) in PD‐S neoplasms, 39% (range, 25%‐61%) in PD‐L neoplasms, and 70% (range, 30%‐80%) in PD‐NOS neoplasms. Both grade 2 and WD grade 3 neoplasms were associated with plasmacytoid morphology and smooth nuclear contours, but WD grade 3 neoplasms had significant increases in abundant cytoplasm (72% vs 17%; P = .007), nuclear tangles (75% vs 42%; P = .006), and apoptosis (86% vs 58%; P = .005). Compared with NECs, WD grade 3 neoplasms had increased plasmacytoid morphology (75% vs 7%; P < .001), smooth nuclear contours (94% vs 64%; P = .02), round nuclei (59% vs 21%; P = .01), and less pleomorphism (13% vs 50%; P = .004), molding (9% vs 79%; P < .001), and necrosis (13% vs 43%; P = .003). WD grade 3 neoplasms had less pleomorphism (13% vs 50%; P = .04), less necrosis (13% vs 60%; P = .04), and more plasmacytoid morphology (75% vs 20%; P = .03) than PD‐L.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of cytologic features differs in WD grade 3 pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms compared with grade 2 neoplasms and NECs, and these differences assist in the recognition of this newly classified entity. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;126:326‐35. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Modeling of cytometry data in logarithmic space: When is a bimodal distribution not bimodal?
Authors: Erez Amir , Vogel Robert , Mugler Andrew , Belmonte Andrew , Altan‐Bonnet Grégoire
Published: February 2018

Recent efforts in systems immunology lead researchers to build quantitative models of cell activation and differentiation. One goal is to account for the distributions of proteins from single‐cell measurements by flow cytometry or mass cytometry as readout of biological regulation. In that context, large cell‐to‐cell variability is often observed in biological quantities. We show here that these readouts, viewed in logarithmic scale may result in two easily‐distinguishable modes, while the underlying distribution (in linear scale) is unimodal. We introduce a simple mathematical test to highlight this mismatch. We then dissect the flow of influence of cell‐to‐cell variability proposing a graphical model which motivates higher‐dimensional analysis of the data. Finally we show how acquiring additional biological information can be used to reduce uncertainty introduced by cell‐to‐cell variability, helping to clarify whether the data is uni‐ or bimodal. This communication has cautionary implications for manual and automatic gating strategies, as well as clustering and modeling of single‐cell measurements. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Low childhood subjective social status and telomere length in adulthood: The role of attachment orientations
Authors: Murdock Kyle W. , Seiler Annina , Chirinos Diana A. , Garcini Luz M. , Acebo Sally L. , Cohen Sheldon , Fagundes Christopher P.
Published: February 2018

Low subjective social status (SSS) in childhood places one at greater risk of a number of health problems in adulthood. Theoretical and empirical evidence indicates that exposure to supportive parenting may buffer the negative effects of low childhood SSS on adult health. Given the importance of supportive caregivers and close others for the development of attachment orientations throughout the lifespan, attachment theory may be important for understanding why some individuals are resilient to the negative effects of low childhood SSS on adult health while others are not. We examined if attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance altered the association between childhood subjective social status (SSS) and length of telomeres in white blood cells in adulthood. Shorter telomere length is associated with increased risk of age‐related diseases including cancer, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Participants (N = 128) completed self‐report measures of childhood SSS and attachment orientations, as well as a blood draw. We found that among those with low childhood SSS, low attachment anxiety was associated with longer telomere length in white blood cells in comparison to high attachment anxiety controlling for participant age, sex, race, body mass index, and adult SSS. Among those with high childhood SSS, low attachment anxiety was associated with a slight decrease in telomere length. Attachment avoidance was unrelated to length of telomeres. Such findings provide further evidence for the role that close relationships may have on buffering SSS related health disparities.
Outcome of childhood anorexia nervosa—The results of a five‐ to ten‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Herpertz‐Dahlmann Beate , Dempfle Astrid , Egberts Karin Maria , Kappel Viola , Konrad Kerstin , Vloet Jennifer Anne , Bühren Katharina
Published: February 2018

Objective

Although admissions of children with anorexia nervosa (AN) are increasing, there remains a dearth of up‐to‐date knowledge of the course and outcome of early‐onset AN. The aim of the present study was to investigate the outcomes of patients with AN onset before the age of 14.

Method

Sixty‐eight consecutive former patients who met the DSM‐IV criteria for AN and who had been treated at one of three German university hospitals were asked to participate in a follow‐up study. Body mass index, body height, outcome of the eating disorder (ED), psychiatric morbidity, and health related quality of life (HRQoL) were assessed through a personal examination after an average time span of 7.5 years (range: 4.5–11.5 years) after admission.

Results

One patient had died. Fifty‐two subjects with a mean age of 12.5 (SD 1.0) years at admission and of 20.2 (SD 2.0) years at follow‐up agreed to participate in the follow‐up assessment, aggregating to 77.9% of the original sample. Approximately 41% of the participants had a good outcome, while 35% and 24% had intermediate and poor outcomes, respectively. Twenty‐eight percent of the sample met the DSM‐IV criteria for a current non‐ED psychiatric disorder, and 64% met the criteria for a past non‐ED psychiatric disorder. Mental HRQoL and ED‐specific psychopathology was strongly associated with the outcome of AN. Average body height was below the normal range. A higher weight at admission was the only significant positive indicator of outcome.

Discussion

Childhood AN is a serious disorder with an unfavorable course in many patients and high rates of chronicity and psychiatric comorbidity in young adulthood. Early detection and intervention are urgently needed.
Comparative phylogeography of Aedes mosquitoes and the role of past climatic change for evolution within Africa
Authors: Bennett Kelly Louise , Kaddumukasa Martha , Shija Fortunate , Djouaka Rousseau , Misinzo Gerald , Lutwama Julius , Linton Yvonne Marie , Walton Catherine
Published: February 2018

The study of demographic processes involved in species diversification and evolution ultimately provides explanations for the complex distribution of biodiversity on earth, indicates regions important for the maintenance and generation of biodiversity, and identifies biological units important for conservation or medical consequence. African and forest biota have both received relatively little attention with regard to understanding their diversification, although one possible mechanism is that this has been driven by historical climate change. To investigate this, we implemented a standard population genetics approach along with Approximate Bayesian Computation, using sequence data from two exon‐primed intron‐crossing (EPIC) nuclear loci and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I, to investigate the evolutionary history of five medically important and inherently forest dependent mosquito species of the genus Aedes. By testing different demographic hypotheses, we show that Aedes bromeliae and Aedes lilii fit the same model of lineage diversification, admixture, expansion, and recent population structure previously inferred for Aedes aegypti. In addition, analyses of population structure show that Aedes africanus has undergone lineage diversification and expansion while Aedes hansfordi has been impacted by population expansion within Uganda. This congruence in evolutionary history is likely to relate to historical climate‐driven habitat change within Africa during the late Pleistocene and Holocene epoch. We find differences in the population structure of mosquitoes from Tanzania and Uganda compared to Benin and Uganda which could relate to differences in the historical connectivity of forests across the continent. Our findings emphasize the importance of recent climate change in the evolution of African forest biota.
Nonadditive effects of consumption in an intertidal macroinvertebrate community are independent of food availability but driven by complementarity effects
Authors: van Egmond Emily M. , van Bodegom Peter M. , van Hal Jurgen R. , van Logtestijn Richard S. P. , Berg Matty P. , Aerts Rien
Published: February 2018

Suboptimal environmental conditions are ubiquitous in nature and commonly drive the outcome of biological interactions in community processes. Despite the importance of biological interactions for community processes, knowledge on how species interactions are affected by a limiting resource, for example, low food availability, remains limited. Here, we tested whether variation in food supply causes nonadditive consumption patterns, using the macroinvertebrate community of intertidal sandy beaches as a model system. We quantified isotopically labeled diatom consumption by three macroinvertebrate species (Bathyporeia pilosa, Haustorius arenarius, and Scolelepis squamata) kept in mesocosms in either monoculture or a three‐species community at a range of diatom densities. Our results show that B. pilosa was the most successful competitor in terms of consumption at both high and low diatom density, while H. arenarius and especially S. squamata consumed less in a community than in their respective monocultures. Nonadditive effects on consumption in this macroinvertebrate community were present and larger than mere additive effects, and similar across diatom densities. The underlying species interactions, however, did change with diatom density. Complementarity effects related to niche‐partitioning were the main driver of the net diversity effect on consumption, with a slightly increasing contribution of selection effects related to competition with decreasing diatom density. For the first time, we showed that nonadditive effects of consumption are independent of food availability in a macroinvertebrate community. This suggests that, in communities with functionally different, and thus complementary, species, nonadditive effects can arise even when food availability is low. Hence, at a range of environmental conditions, species interactions hold important potential to alter ecosystem functioning.
Plant sizes mediate mowing‐induced changes in nutrient stoichiometry and allocation of a perennial grass in semi‐arid grassland
Authors: Liu Zhiying , Baoyin Taogetao , Sun Juan , Minggagud Hugjiltu , Li Xiliang
Published: February 2018

While mowing‐induced changes in plant traits and their effects on ecosystem functioning in semi‐arid grassland are well studied, the relations between plant size and nutrient strategies are largely unknown. Mowing may drive the shifts of plant nutrient limitation and allocation. Here, we evaluated the changes in nutrient stoichiometry and allocation with variations in sizes of Leymus chinensis, the dominant plant species in Inner Mongolia grassland, to various mowing frequencies in a 17‐yr controlled experiment. Affected by mowing, the concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and carbon (C) in leaves and stems were significantly increased, negatively correlating with plant sizes. Moreover, we found significant trade‐offs between the concentrations and accumulation of N, P, and C in plant tissues. The N:P ratios of L. chinensis aboveground biomass, linearly correlating with plant size, significantly decreased with increased mowing frequencies. The ratios of C:N and C:P of L. chinensis individuals were positively correlated with plant size, showing an exponential pattern. With increased mowing frequencies, L. chinensis size was correlated with the allocation ratios of leaves to stems of N, P, and C by the tendencies of negative parabola, positive, and negative linear. The results of structure equation modeling showed that the N, P, and C allocations were co‐regulated by biomass allocation and nutrient concentration ratios of leaves to stems. In summary, we found a significant decoupling effect between plant traits and nutrient strategies along mowing frequencies. Our results reveal a mechanism for how long‐term mowing‐induced changes in concentrations, accumulations, ecological stoichiometry, and allocations of key elements are mediated by the variations in plant sizes of perennial rhizome grass.
Naphthalene Diimides Prepared by a Straightforward Method and Their Characterization for Organic Electronics
Authors: Korzec Mateusz , Kotowicz Sonia , Łaba Katarzyna , Łapkowski Mieczysław , Małecki Jan Grzegorz , Smolarek Karolina , Maćkowski Sebastian , Schab‐Balcerzak Ewa
Published: February 2018

A new approach for the synthesis of acetylene‐substituted naphthalene diimides in polar solvents with PdCl2, Et3N, and electrolytic copper powder was developed. This simplified approach allows for high‐throughput synthesis, and the reaction products can be readily separated. DFT studies revealed that the electronic structures of these compounds are mainly determined by the central naphthalene diimide unit and the acetylene groups. The obtained thermally stable and soluble compounds undergo reversible reduction with electron affinities of 4.18 to 4.28 eV. They emit green light with photoluminescence quantum yields of ca. 6 % in chloroform and in the range 3–12 % as thin films. The compounds were applied as emitting layers for both nondoped and doped single‐layer organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) fabricated by solution processing. Under an applied external voltage, they exhibit orange or red electroluminescence.
Enhancement of the conductivity detection signal in capillary electrophoresis systems using neutral cyclodextrins as sweeping agents
Authors: Boublík Milan , Riesová Martina , Dubský Pavel , Gaš Bohuslav
Published: February 2018

Conductivity detection is a universal detection technique often encountered in electrophoretic separation systems, especially in modern chip‐electrophoresis based devices. On the other hand, it is sparsely combined with another contemporary trend of enhancing limits of detection by means of various preconcentration strategies. This can be attributed to the fact that a preconcentration experimental setup usually brings about disturbances in a conductivity baseline. Sweeping with a neutral sweeping agent seems a good candidate for overcoming this problem. A neutral sweeping agent does not hinder the conductivity detection while a charged analyte may preconcentrate on its boundary due to a decrease in its effective mobility. This study investigates such sweeping systems theoretically, by means of computer simulations, and experimentally. A formula is provided for the reliable estimation of the preconcentration factor. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the conductivity signal can significantly benefit from slowing down the analyte and thus the overall signal enhancement can easily overweight amplification caused solely by the sweeping process. The overall enhancement factor can be deduced a priori from the linearized theory of electrophoresis implemented in the PeakMaster freeware. Sweeping by neutral cyclodextrin is demonstrated on an amplification of a conductivity signal of flurbiprofen in a real drug sample. Finally, a possible formation of unexpected system peaks in systems with a neutral sweeping agent is revealed by the computer simulation and confirmed experimentally.
Enrichment of ANME‐2 dominated anaerobic methanotrophy from cold seep sediment in an external ultrafiltration membrane bioreactor
Authors: Bhattarai Susma , Cassarini Chiara , Rene Eldon R. , Kümmel Steffen , Esposito Giovanni , Lens Piet N. L.
Published: February 2018

Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) coupled to sulfate reduction is a microbially mediated unique natural phenomenon with an ecological relevance in the global carbon balance and potential application in biotechnology. This study aimed to enrich an AOM performing microbial community with the main focus on anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) present in sediments from the Ginsburg mud volcano (Gulf of Cadiz), a known site for AOM, in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for 726 days at 22 (± 3)°C and at ambient pressure. The MBR was equipped with a cylindrical external ultrafiltration membrane, fed a defined medium containing artificial seawater and operated at a cross flow velocity of 0.02 m/min. Sulfide production with simultaneous sulfate reduction was in equimolar ratio between days 480 and 585 of MBR operation, whereas methane consumption was in oscillating trend. At the end of the MBR operation (day 726), the enriched biomass was incubated with 13C labeled methane, 13C labeled inorganic carbon was produced and the AOM rate based on 13C‐inorganic carbon was 1.2 μmol/(gdw d). Microbial analysis of the enriched biomass at 400 and 726 days of MBR operation showed that ANME‐2 and Desulfosarcina type sulfate reducing bacteria were enriched in the MBR, which formed closely associated aggregates. The major relevance of this study is the enrichment of an AOM consortium in a MBR system which can assist to explore the ecophysiology of ANME and provides an opportunity to explore the potential application of AOM.
Water Energy Harvesting and Self‐Powered Visible Light Communication Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Wang Jie , Zhang Hulin , Xie Xiaoyu , Gao Min , Yang Weiqing , Lin Yuan
Published: February 2018

Harvesting energy from water is desirable and promising for its universal availability and wide abundance on the earth. Here, we introduce a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with advantages of simple configuration and low cost, which not only can get energy from the water, but also can actively detect the location and velocity of the flowing water according to the electric output of the TENG. Besides, we can adjust the structure of the TENG to harvest wind energy and realize self‐powered rotating state monitoring. Moreover, our desirable TENG can be utilized to construct a self‐powered visible light communication (VLC) system for active monitoring, which can be used for wireless data transmission without an external power source. This work promotes the development of renewable energy harvesting based on TENGs, and has a great potential application in self‐powered wireless monitoring.
Alkali‐activated composites of calcium carbide and black rice husk ash for immobilizing electroplating sludge
Authors: Piyaphanuwat Rungroj , Asavapisit Suwimol
Published: February 2018

This study investigated the use of two waste products, black rice husk ash (BHA) from biomass power plants and calcium carbide residue (CCR) from acetylene gas production as an alkali‐activated binder to solidify and stabilize the heavy metal plating sludge (PS) from electroplating plants. Optimum strength of the alkali‐activated product was obtained using a weight percentage ratio of CCR to BHA of 60:40. CCR‐BHA compacts containing 50 wt % PS developed strength after 3 days, but the addition of 2 wt % Na2SiO3 or 4 wt % Na2CO3 developed strength in all the samples after 1 day. The CCR‐BHA paste containing 50 wt % PS developed a 7‐day strength >0.35 MPa in the sample containing 4 wt % Na2SiO3 and the same strength was developed after 3 days in the sample containing 4 wt % Na2CO3. The Cr concentration of leachate from all the samples was greater than the regulatory limit except for the CCR‐BHA paste containing 50 wt % PS and 4 wt % Na2CO3. After contacted all samples with synthetic acid rain, less corroded surface was observed from sample containing Na2SiO3 and Na2CO3. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1901–1907, 2018
An updated method for estimating landslide‐event magnitude
Authors: Tanyaş Hakan , Allstadt Kate E. , van Westen Cees J.
Published: February 2018

Summary statistics derived from the frequency–area distribution (FAD) of inventories of triggered landslides allows for direct comparison of landslides triggered by one event (e.g. earthquake, rainstorm) with another. Such comparisons are vital to understand links between the landslide‐event and the environmental characteristics of the area affected. This could lead to methods for rapid estimation of landslide‐event magnitude, which in turn could lead to estimates of the total triggered landslide area. Previous studies proposed that the FAD of landslides follows an inverse power‐law, which provides the basis to model the size distribution of landslides and to estimate landslide‐event magnitude (mLS), which quantifies the severity of the event. In this study, we use a much larger collection of earthquake‐induced landslide (EQIL) inventories (n=45) than previous studies to show that size distributions are much more variable than previously assumed. We present an updated model and propose a method for estimating mLS and its uncertainty that better fits the observations and is more reproducible, robust, and consistent than existing methods. We validate our model by computing mLS for all of the inventories in our dataset and comparing that with the total landslide areas of the inventories. We show that our method is able to estimate the total landslide area of the events in this larger inventory dataset more successfully than the existing methods. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
MicroRNA‐365 modulates astrocyte conversion into neuron in adult rat brain after stroke by targeting Pax6
Authors: Mo Jia‐Lin , Liu Qi , Kou Zeng‐Wei , Wu Kun‐Wei , Yang Ping , Chen Xian‐Hua , Sun Feng‐Yan
Published: February 2018

Reactive astrocytes induced by ischemia can transdifferentiate into mature neurons. This neurogenic potential of astrocytes may have therapeutic value for brain injury. Epigenetic modifications are widely known to involve in developmental and adult neurogenesis. PAX6, a neurogenic fate determinant, contributes to the astrocyte‐to‐neuron conversion. However, it is unclear whether microRNAs (miRs) modulate PAX6‐mediated astrocyte‐to‐neuron conversion. In the present study we used bioinformatic approaches to predict miRs potentially targeting Pax6, and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to model cerebral ischemic injury in adult rats. These rats were given striatal injection of glial fibrillary acidic protein targeted enhanced green fluorescence protein lentiviral vectors (Lv‐GFAP‐EGFP) to permit cell fate mapping for tracing astrocytes‐derived neurons. We verified that miR‐365 directly targets to the 3′‐UTR of Pax6 by luciferase assay. We found that miR‐365 expression was significantly increased in the ischemic brain. Intraventricular injection of miR‐365 antagomir effectively increased astrocytic PAX6 expression and the number of new mature neurons derived from astrocytes in the ischemic striatum, and reduced neurological deficits as well as cerebral infarct volume. Conversely, miR‐365 agomir reduced PAX6 expression and neurogenesis, and worsened brain injury. Moreover, exogenous overexpression of PAX6 enhanced the astrocyte‐to‐neuron conversion and abolished the effects of miR‐365. Our results demonstrate that increase of miR‐365 in the ischemic brain inhibits astrocyte‐to‐neuron conversion by targeting Pax6, whereas knockdown of miR‐365 enhances PAX6‐mediated neurogenesis from astrocytes and attenuates neuronal injury in the brain after ischemic stroke. Our findings provide a foundation for developing novel therapeutic strategies for brain injury.
Community violence exposure correlates with smaller gray matter volume and lower IQ in urban adolescents
Authors: Butler Oisin , Yang Xiao‐Fei , Laube Corinna , Kühn Simone , Immordino‐Yang Mary Helen
Published: February 2018

Adolescents’ exposure to community violence is a significant public health issue in urban settings and has been associated with poorer cognitive performance and increased risk for psychiatric illnesses, including PTSD. However, no study to date has investigated the neural correlates of community violence exposure in adolescents. Sixty‐five healthy adolescents (age = 14–18 years; 36 females, 29 males) from moderate‐ to high‐crime neighborhoods in Los Angeles reported their violence exposure, parents’ education level, and free/reduced school lunch status (socio‐economic status, SES), and underwent structural neuroimaging and intelligence testing. Violence exposure negatively correlated with measures of SES, IQ, and gray matter volume. Above and beyond the effect of SES, violence exposure negatively correlated with IQ and with gray matter volume in the left inferior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex, regions involved in high‐level cognitive functions and autonomic modulation, and previously shown to be reduced in PTSD and combat‐exposed military populations. The current results provide first evidence that frontal brain regions involved in cognition and affect appear to be selectively affected by exposure to community violence, even in healthy nondelinquent adolescents who are not the direct victims or perpetrators of violence.
Cardiorespiratory noise correction improves the ASL signal
Authors: Hassanpour Mahlega S. , Luo Qingfei , Simmons W. Kyle , Feinstein Justin S. , Paulus Martin P. , Luh Wen‐Ming , Bodurka Jerzy , Khalsa Sahib S.
Published: February 2018

Cardiorespiratory fluctuations such as changes in heart rate or respiration volume influence the temporal dynamics of cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements during arterial spin labeling (ASL) fMRI. This “physiological noise” can confound estimates of resting state network activity, and it may lower the signal‐to‐noise ratio of ASL during task‐related experiments. In this study we examined several methods for minimizing the contributions of both synchronized and non‐synchronized physiological noise in ASL measures of CBF, by combining the RETROICOR approach with different linear deconvolution models. We evaluated the amount of variance in CBF that could be explained by each method during physiological rest, in both resting state and task performance conditions. To further demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we induced low‐frequency cardiorespiratory deviations via peripheral adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol, and determined how these fluctuations influenced CBF, before and after applying noise correction. By suppressing physiological noise, we observed substantial improvements in the signal‐to‐noise ratio at the individual and group activation levels. Our results suggest that variations in cardiac and respiratory parameters can account for a large proportion of the variance in resting and task‐based CBF, and indicate that regressing out these non‐neuronal signal variations improves the intrinsically low signal‐to‐noise ratio of ASL. This approach may help to better identify and control physiologically driven activations in ASL resting state and task‐based analyses.