bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison by Means of the Complement-Fixation Test of the Relative Potencies of Chloramphenicol, Aureomycin, and Terramycin in Experimental Q Fever Infections in Embryonated Eggs
Authors: Ormsbee Richard A. , Pickens Edgar G.
Published: January 2023

In the course of screening a series of compounds for anti-rickettsial activity, a procedure was investigated which takes advantage of the complement-fixation test as a means of estimating rickettsial growth in chick embryos.

The anti-rickettsial activity of compounds has previously been assessed in infected chick embryos either by measuring the increase in prolongation of life or by determining the infectiousness of the yolk sacs of treated embryos at various times after treatment or by a combination of these two methods (1–6). The anti-rickettsial effectiveness of compounds has also been estimated in terms of the numbers of organisms observed in stained smears made from infected tissues (7, 8).

These methods have their limitations and defects. A test for antibiotic activity should measure, as directly as possible, the effect of the test substance on the numbers of organisms present at any time following treatment, as compared with the untreated controls.
On the Chromatographic Behavior of the T Coliphages in Paper Strips
Authors: Shepard Charles C.
Published: January 2023

Mixtures of pairs of the various members of the seven coliphages were partially separated chromatographically in paper strips which had been treated with hydrochloric acid. The solvent employed was 0.1% bovine plasma albumin in 0.1 M sodium chloride.

T2 and T4 showed the least adsorption and the greatest movement up the paper strips, whereas T6, T3, and T7 showed the greatest adsorption. T1 and T5 exhibited an intermediate degree of adsorption.
Immunogenic and Chemical Properties of Fractions Prepared from Ten Types of Group A Streptococci
Authors: Smolens Joseph , Warner H. F.
Published: January 2023

Fractions of low toxicity have been prepared from 10 types of group A streptococci. Small amounts of these fractions confer active protection in mice against 100 to 1000 average lethal doses of homologous bacterial challenge. Passive protection in mice is demonstrated by rabbit antiserum to type 3 fraction.

The Dick reaction in 6 out of 10 human beings changed from positive to negative after 3 injections of type 3 fraction totalling 155 mg. Pooled sera of certain individuals after immunization with type 3 fraction, showed passive protection in mice.

Chemical analyses show that the ribonucleic acid appears to be distributed uniformly in both the cytoplasm and in the surface of the streptococcal cell, whereas the desoxyribonucleic acid is present in higher concentration in the surface.
Rh Antigens of Human and Monkey Blood
Authors: Murray John
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Using agglutination and absorption techniques with antisera of human origin it was not possible to detect the presence in rhesus monkey erythrocytes of the Rh antigens C, D, E and c. the Landsteiner group antigens A and B. Absorption tests using salivary gland cells showed complete inhibition of anti-B in every cases, and partial inhibition of anti-D in only two cases out of 31 monkeys. No inhibition of anti-A or anti-C could be demonstrated. It was not concluded that all rhesus monkeys were Group B, but that some B-like substance is contained in their salivary glands. Anti-Rh sera could be prepared in guinea pigs from monkey bloods both individually and bulked. Guinea pig immune sera so prepared reacted identically with known human anti-D sera, after dilution or absorption with Rh negative blood. It was concluded that rhesus monkey blood contains an antigen of D specificity but that the antigen cannot be detected directly, either because it is too deeply situated in the cells to exert an influence, or because for some reason it has no available bonds with which to unite with antiserum. Monkey cells do not contain c substance which is antigenic, although other authors using absorption tests have found its presence in chimpanzee cells. A technique for preparing guinea pig anti-Rh from human Rh antigen is described in the appendix. Guinea pig immune anti-Rh sera prepared from monkey blood and human Rh antigen behaved similarly and contained the following antibodies: Anti-D agglutinating in saline Anti-D agglutinating very strongly in albumin Anti-D sensitising weakly. They also contained three similar antibodies against another antigen shared by monkeys and all humans.
The Effect of Certain Chemical Compounds on the Multiplication of T2 Bacteriophage
Authors: Wooley Jerald G. , Murphy Marie K. , Bond Howard W. , Perrine Theodore D.
Published: January 2023

Bacteriophages offer a comparatively simple means of studying the effect of chemical compounds on the multiplication of viruses. Many substances have been found capable of inhibiting the development of bacteriophages without greatly affecting the multiplication of the host-cells (1–5). Certain metabolic poisons have been shown to inhibit phage multiplication in the absence of cell growth (6), while others do not. 5-Methyltryptophan (7) has been shown to inhibit the multiplication of T2 bacteriophage, but only at levels that interfere with the growth of the host-cells. We have reported (8) that the multiplication of T2 bacteriophage can be inhibited by desoxypyridoxine. The inhibition is reversed by pyridoxine and by glucose-6-phosphate or several other intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism, and by acetic acid or several other short-chain fatty acids.

This report is on the effect of 316 chemical compounds which were selected for testing on the multiplication of T2 Escherichia coli bacteriophage.1
Vaccination Against Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease)
Authors: Sigurdsson Björn
Published: January 2023

A total of 289 lambs, on farms where Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) of sheep was prevalent, were vaccinated over a period of 3 years with one or two injections of heat killed Mycobacterium paratuberculosis suspended in mineral oil. This type of vaccine was known previously to elicit a powerful and protracted immunological response. A total of 266 lambs on the same farms were left unvaccinated as controls.

During the experimental period 16 of the unvaccinated animals, but none of the vaccinated sheep, succumbed to Paratuberculosis.

The experiment was terminated 3½ years after it was started, and the intestines of the remaining sheep were carefully searched for lesions of Paratuberculosis. Such lesions were found in 4 of the vaccinated animals but in 21 of the unvaccinated controls.

Both these differences are statistically highly significant, and it may be concluded that under the conditions of the present experiment the vaccine has provoked a satisfactory resistance to subsequent infection.

This vaccine does not contain living bacilli, and has proven to be safe for field use also in other respects.
Radiosensitive and Radioresistant Phases in the Antibody Response
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Talmage David W. , Maurer Paul H.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The initial antibody response of rabbits to I131 labelled bovine gamma globulin (I*BGG) appears to consist of a brief, radiosensitive phase followed by a radioresistant phase which lasts for the duration of the response. The specific anamnestic response is radioresistant, indicating that the initial contact with the antigen leaves a lasting impression which obviates the radiosensitive phase. The exact nature of the first phase is not apparent. It seems possible, however, that this phase is concerned with a specific adaptation of the gamma globulin synthesizing mechanism to the antigen. If this occurs, the modification of the mechanism is apparently retained even after appreciable amounts of antibody cease to be produced.
Suppression of the Shwartzman Phenomenon by Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Cortisone: Quantitative Aspects
Authors: Marcus Stanley , Donaldson David M.
Published: January 2023

Pretreatment with ACTH or cortisone alters the Shwartzman phenomenon induced by Salmonella aertrycke filtrate. The size and the degree of edema of the inflammatory reaction in hormone-treated animals was decreased and small petechiae appeared within 24 hours following the intradermal injection of the bacterial filtrate. ACTH and cortisone inhibited the Shwartzman phenomenon; the degree of inhibition was proportional to the amount of hormone administered. Both hormones were more effective in inhibiting the Shwartzman phenomenon when hormone treatment was started prior to the intradermal injection of bacterial filtrate than when treatment was started after this injection. Significant inhibition of the various components of the inflammatory reaction was noted. This inhibition varied with the hormones used as well as with the time and dose schedules.
Endotoxin in Pathogenic Fungi
Authors: Salvin S. B.
Published: January 2023

Twenty-one-day-old female Swiss mice could be killed within 48 hours by intraperitoneal injection of a suspension of dead yeast cells of Candida albicans, especially when an adjuvant such as 1 to 2 mg dried tubercle bacilli was added to each dose. This is the second pathogenic fungus shown to produce a toxic effect after introduction into laboratory animals. This toxic effect was produced by all of six isolates of C. albicans, by isolates of six additional species of Candida, and by an isolate of each of nine additional pathogenic genera. Intraperitoneal injection of the living cells of each of the six additional species of Candida with adjuvant produced death in 21-day-old mice. The virulence of a given isolate was not necessarily related to its toxicity. Soluble endotoxin was prepared from the yeast cells of C. albicans and Blastomyces dermatitidis.
Studies on Reactions of Incomplete Rh Antibodies with Enzyme Treated Rh Positive Red Cells
Authors: Zwicker Helen , Giordano Lucille , Hoyt Robert E.
Published: January 2023

Cells which previously have been sensitized by incomplete antibody are susceptible to the action of papain and agglutinate when treated by papain. When sensitized cells are mixed with papain-treated cells clumping occurs which involves both treated and sensitized cells. Optimum clumping is observed when the two types of cell are present in equal amounts. It appears that the clumping is due to the linking of treated cells to untreated (previously sensitized) cells by the antibody. Carboxypeptidase is able to render cells agglutinable by incomplete antibody. This fact supports the idea that enzyme treatment removes interfering substances which, if present, prevent sensitized cells from clumping.
Uptake of Labeled Antigens by the Mitochondria of Mouse Liver
Authors: Flelde Max , Libby Raymond L.
Published: January 2023

Following the intravenous injection of labeled antigens, the ratio of the specific activity of mitochondrial protein to that of whole liver homogenate was determined over periods from 5 minutes to 8 hours for normal and immune mice. The immunized mice yielded mitochondrial to whole liver ratios 10 times greater than the normal animals at the time of maximum ratio. Similar results were obtained with normal and immune rabbits. It is considered that the magnitude of the mitochondrial ratio is a function of many factors, including particle size and circulatory clearance. These are discussed.
Electrophoretic Studies on Hyperimmune Rabbit Sera for Neurotropic Viruses
Authors: De Boer Carl J. , van der Scheer James , Richmond Gilbert , Hazz Edna , Cox Herald R.
Published: January 2023

Hyperimmune rabbit sera against eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis, St. Louis and Japanese B encephalitis and rabies have been fractionated by electrophoresis. Neutralization tests performed on all fractions revealed the antibodies to be present almost exclusively in the gamma globulin. Normal sera and electrophoretically separated fractions thereof appeared to exert some nonspecific masking effect on the virus.
A Study of the Virulence of Meningococci for Man and of Human Susceptibility to Meningococcic Infection
Authors: Heist George D. , Solis-Cohen Solomon , Solis-Cohen Myer
Published: January 2023

Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis presents a number of immunological and epidemiological problems. Chief among these are the rôle of the meningococcus carrier in the dissemination of the infection and the factors that make him a distributor rather than a victim.

Why, in an individual who develops meningitis, do the meningococci invade the deep tissues, and in the carrier confine themselves to the surface of the mucous membrane? Morphologically and culturally the cocci from the two sources are identical; both series are capable of setting up infection in susceptible men and animals; both are agglutinated by polyvalent, antimeningococcic serum.

In searching for an explanation, two phenomena must be considered. One is the virulence of the meningococci for human beings; and the other is the susceptibility of human beings to the attacks of meningococci. It is important to recognize that these are two separate and distinct phenomena—that the distinction is not one of phrasing, only.
The Toxicity of Acids for Leucocytes, as Indicated by the Tropin Reaction
Authors: Evans Alice C.
Published: January 2023

Leucocytes absorb H-ions from weakly acid solutions. If the quantity of H-ions absorbed is great enough, the capacity of the leucocytes for phagocytosis is injured.

In addition to the toxicity of the dissociated H-ions, lactic, acetic and butyric acids have a specific toxicity for leucocytes. The order of toxicity of the tested acids is:

When phagocytic tests are carried out in vitro it is necessary to protect the leucocytes against the influence of acid solutions. This is accomplished by the use of a buffered saline solution.

Some of the sodium citrate on the market is of an acid reaction and therefore is not suitable for use in the preparation of leucocytic suspensions for the tropin test.

The union of the immune body (bacteriotropin) with the streptococcus was not influenced by such variations of H-ion concentration as were studied in these experiments.
A Simple Method for Obtaining Highly Potent Tetanus Toxin
Authors: Koch Walter , Kaplan Deborah
Published: January 2023

A simple method for obtaining a highly potent tetanus toxin is described. The medium used is cheap and simple to prepare, and the toxin obtained, as judged from the number of MLD per mg of nondialyzable nitrogen, is 50% pure.
Antibody Production in Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: Fink Mary Alexander , Quinn Virginia A.
Published: January 2023

Based on tests involving the use of 5 inbred strains of mice, evidence is presented which indicates that there is genetic variation in the ability of the mouse to produce demonstrable circulating antibody to either egg albumin or pneumococcus polysaccharide. From the results obtained by the use of the two chemically definable antigens, it is suggested that the mouse does not form antibody to antigens of different chemical constitution in an identical manner. Intra-abdominal injection of egg albumin incited the production of more antibody than intramuscular injection. The number of injections of polysaccharide—either 1 or 5—had no significant effect on antibody production. The age of the animals had a highly significant effect on antibody production, animals 2 months old producing much less than animals 4 to 5 months old. The sex of the animals had no effect.
In Vitro Action of Mustards on the Infective and Toxic Components of Influenza A (PR8) Virus
Authors: Fong Jacob , Bernal Enrique
Published: January 2023

The 5 × 10−3 M solutions of mustards (except methyl mustard) caused inactivation of influenzal toxin and complete or nearly complete destruction of viral infectivity. The 5 × 10−4 M solutions of chemicals caused either complete or partial suppression of viral toxicity and marked reduction of viral infectivity. Very little effect upon these two viral properties was apparent with 5 × 10−5 M mustards. The intensity of inactivation of viral toxicity by cyclo and sulfur mustard was a function of the concentration of mustard. The destruction of viral infectivity by mustard appeared to be influenced by concentration of virus and/or of extraneous substances associated with virus. Pretreatment of eggs with near lethal doses of cyclo mustard failed to influence the reproduction of active virus. The rate of destruction of viral infectivity by cyclo mustard and of viral infectivity and toxicity by sulfur mustard was a rapid one and appeared to be completed within 30 minutes at room temperature (25 C).
Precision of Potency Assay of Alum-Precipitated Tetanus Toxoid in Mice
Authors: Ipsen Johannes , Brown J. H. , Gerwe E. G. , Greenberg L. , Hendry Jessie L. , Hoeenadel J. , Masucci P. , Newman C. , Taylor Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2023

Six laboratories performed comparative bioassays in mice of the same 5 aluminum-precipitated toxoids sampled from current production of 5 manufacturers.

Four of the toxoids were compared with the fifth toxoid as an arbitrary reference standard. Three doses of each toxoid were injected in groups of 12 mice each. The dose which produced median survival to a defined toxin challenge 14 days after immunization was chosen as the endpoint.

Graded response measurements were obtained by scoring the degree of immunity in the individual mice as indicated by survival time and symptoms at survival.

The intrinsic error of the assay was computed for each laboratory and the observed deviations in relative potencies were found to agree with the expectancy as established by the intrinsic error.

Although the immunizability of the mouse populations varied up to 15 times between the laboratories, inclusion of the reference standard limited the inter-laboratory error of the assay to 60–160%, (95% fiducial limits).

Comparative studies of the same toxoids in humans are being performed.
A Serologically Active Erythrocyte Sensitizing Substance from Typhus Rickettsiae
Authors: Chang Shih-Man , Snyder John C. , Murray Edward S.
Published: January 2023

The serological specificity of the erythrocyte sensitizing substance (ESS) isolated from the typhus rickettsiae has been established. It appears to be a common component of the epidemic and murine typhus rickettsiae. The antibody in typhus antiserum responsible for the agglutination of ESS-treated erythrocytes is different from the antibodies which agglutinate Proteus X19, typhus rickettsiae or fix complement in the presence of specific typhus antigen. The potential usefulness of the test is discussed.
The Origin of Fecal Antibody and Its Relationship to Immunization with Adjuvant
Authors: Koshland Marian Elliott
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

In guinea pigs immunized with egg albumin and adjuvant no complement-fixing antibody was detected in the feces although very appreciable amounts were found in the serum. Because of its poor antigenic properties, it was not possible to use crystalline egg albumin to determine whether the excretion of antibody was limited to those cases in which the antigen has a special association with the tissues of the intestine. However, by using adjuvant in the cholera system where fecal antibody had been observed (1, 2, 3), it was possible to demonstrate that the adjuvant was responsible for the essentially negative fecal titers and that it did not alter the ability of the antibody to diffuse through the intestinal wall.

From these data it is concluded that (a) the adjuvant localizes the antigen so that insufficient amounts reach the sources of fecal antibody to produce a measurable response, (b) fecal and serum antibody do not have a common origin, and (c) fecal antibody is synthesized independently of serum antibody probably in local sites along the intestinal tract.
The Effect of High Intensity Electron Bursts on Antibodies
Authors: Traub Frederick B. , Brasch Arno , Huber Wolfgang , Carleton Helen
Published: January 2023

Antibodies were irradiated with high intensity electron bursts under varying conditions of environment. Differences in radiation sensitivity according to species origin are described. Observed changes could not be correlated with molecular weight, state of purification and the concentration of the antibody in serum. A dose-temperature dependence has been demonstrated and a possible explanation for this phenomenon is discussed. Effect of dilution on the radiation-inactivation of antibodies has been investigated and its significance evaluated. The results are discussed in relation to the target theory of radiation inactivation.
The Molecular Weight of an Antigen-Antibody Complex
Authors: Becker Elmer L.
Published: January 2023

For the first time, so far as is known, the theory of Neurath has been applied experimentally to the determination of the diffusion coefficient of one component of a binary mixture in the presence of the other.

The molecular weight of the saturated human albumin, horse anti-human serum albumin complex has been determined in the presence of antigen. The molecular weight so determined is consistent with previous findings that this antibody has a valence of two.

In both the serum albumin and egg albumin systems the horse-antibody-containing complex has a significantly higher sedimentation constant than the corresponding complex containing rabbit antibody.

The possible relationship of this finding to the distribution of combining sites on the antibody molecule is discussed.
Experimental Hypersensitivity
Authors: Moll Frederic C. , van Zandt Hawn Clinton
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The effect of adrenal activity upon the serological and histological changes of hypersensitivity has been studied. Observations of the effect of ACTH on the histological and serological response following the injection of heterologous serum protein indicated that although there was no alteration in serological pattern there was an inhibition of the histological changes in the glomeruli.

Cortisone inhibited antibody synthesis and the fall of the serum complement levels, and prevented the glomerulitis. Attempts to quantitate this effect by decreasing the amount of cortisone were unsuccessful. Adrenalectomized animals differed from operated controls by a regular complement drop, antibody formation and histological changes. Operative controls responded less regularly. It was speculated that in rabbits ACTH interferes with the production of lesions by alteration of tissue reactivity and cortisone by the inhibition of antibody formation. Adrenalectomy produced a more marked response as measured by complement alteration, histological changes and antibody formation. These results are summarized in Figure 5. A statistical analysis of the complement studies is presented.
An Analysis of the Difference Between a Destructive and a Vaccine Strain of NDV (Newcastle Disease Virus) in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Liu Ch'ien , Bang Frederik B.
Published: January 2023

Three strains of NDV (CG179, B and vaccine), differing from each other in virulence for chickens and chicks, multiplied equally well in the allantoic sac of embryos and attained a maximum titer about 24 hours after allantoic inoculation. This was demonstrated both by repeated sampling of the same embryo and by titering pooled allantoic fluids from different eggs at different intervals. The results of the two methods were identical.

The virulent strain (CG179) multiplied rapidly in all tissues of the embryo and produced an early viremia and a fulminating infection. The embryos died in less than 48 hours.

In contrast, the vaccine strain gained entrance to the blood much later, and multiplied slowly in embryo tissues such as muscle, liver and brain. However the lungs of 16–17 day old embryos were particularly susceptible to this strain of virus. The severe pneumonia was accompanied by an accumulation of a large amount of virus in this tissue.
The Fate of Mumps Antibodies Following Their Passage Through the Placenta
Authors: Florman Alfred L. , Karelitz Samuel
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Analysis of 68 sera from infants under 6 months of age showed that although 31 of 34 newborns had detectable mumps complement fixing (CF) antibodies, the serum from only 1 infant over 44 days of age gave a positive CF reaction. The rate of disappearance of mumps complement fixing (CF) and agglutination-inhibiting (A-I) antibodies was followed in 4 infants, and although there was considerable variation, the average time of disappearance for both antibodies was surprisingly similar—53 and 45 days respectively. Since placenta-passing mumps antibodies as determined in this study disappear from the circulation rather early in life, one must look to other factors to account for the rarity of mumps in infancy.
Studies on the Prevention of Mumps
Authors: Gotlieb Tamar , Bashe Winslow J. , Henle Gertrude , Henle Werner
Published: January 2023

Studies have been reported which led to the development of a reliable and reproducible neutralization test for mumps in the chick embryo, employing serial dilutions of inactivated serum and constant amounts of virus. Slight variations in the concentration of test agent fail to influence significantly the results in that a 1000-fold increase in mumps virus reduces the serum titer by only 10-fold.

Convalescent sera showed a wide variation in neutralizing titers, ranging from 1:8 to greater than 1:2000. Analysis of serial sera from individual patients revealed that maximal levels were ordinarily attained within 3 weeks, and remained at this level for several months before a gradual decline was detected. Subclinical cases exhibited similar titers. Exceptional patients may develop only low levels of neutralizing antibodies.

A comparison of neutralizing, complement-fixing (V and S antigens) and hemagglutination inhibiting titers failed to reveal correlations. The ratios of neutralizing and complement fixing titers varied over a 1000-fold range, those of neutralizing and hemagglutination inhibiting titers over a 40-fold range. These variations were of an order far greater than could be accounted for on technical grounds and the suggestion has been offered that the various technics measure different antibodies.

The fact that one or the other antibody may fail to appear in the serum of convalescents from mumps, offers a practical diagnostic problem which has been discussed.
Interference between Influenza and Equine Encephalitis Viruses in Tissue Culture
Authors: Taylor Carl E.
Published: January 2023

Modern tissue culture methods are suited to investigation of the interference phenomenon and Schlesinger (1) has sought explanation of interference between influenza (Lee strain) and eastern equine encephalitis viruses by studying the heat-stable receptor-like inhibitor of hemagglutination (VHI) by Lee virus. Infection with influenza virus was associated with progressive decrease in the amount of VHI extractable from minced chorio-allantoic membrane of chick embryos in tissue culture. Eastern equine encephalitis virus exerted no detectable effect on the VHI, and multiplied to full titre in tissue which had been depleted of all detectable VHI by enzymatic action. Other studies of virus interference in tissue culture employed strains of influenza (4), yellow fever (5), and certain encephalitis viruses (6).

Although the mechanisms of interference remain obscure the site is probably at the cellular level. Since relatively few cell types are involved, selected factors can be satisfactorily controlled; and observations on the developmental cycle and metabolism of the virus can be quantitated (2, 3).
Serologic Studies on North American Blastomycosis
Authors: Martin Donald S.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A soluble antigen, obtained by sonic vibration of washed yeast-phase cells of Blastomyces dermatitidis, was used to test for complement-fixing antibodies in 165 sera, including 69 samples from patients with proved cases of blastomycosis and 15 from patients with a clinical diagnosis or suspected diagnosis of other fungus infections.

The antigen, although failing to give positive results in 29% of cases of proved blastomycosis, proved to be as satisfactory as the yeast-phase antigens previously employed, and had the distinct advantages of solubility and ease of storage.

The soluble materials from sonic-treated washed yeast-phase cells of Histoplasma capsulatum also gave positive complement fixation tests with sera from patients with proved blastomycosis.

The supernatant fluid from the protein-free saline suspensions of untreated yeast-phase cells was shown to contain an antigen which fixed guinea pig complement with sera from immunized rabbits but not with sera from patients with blastomycosis. This supernatant fluid, and a polysaccharide precipitated from it, were capable of sensitizing sheep's cells, rendering them agglutinable by sera from patients with blastomycosis.

There was no correlation between the titers obtained by the hemagglutination technique and those obtained by the complement fixation tests in sera of patients with blastomycosis, but there was a definite relationship between the titers obtained in both tests and the prognoses of the patients.

The data obtained on a limited number of mice suggested that the injection of small amounts of carbohydrate material, precipitated from the saline extract of the untreated cells, stimulates the development of a limited degree of resistance to heavy challenge doses of living B. dermatitidis.

Skin tests on guinea pigs infected with B. dermatitidis and Histoplasma capsulatum using extracts of untreated cells and treated cells of both fungi indicated that the former substances produced more specific reactions and that the latter antigens were less specific.

The above findings and their implications in the interpretation of the immunologic reactions obtained in blastomycosis and other systemic fungus infections are discussed.
Studies of the Interference Phenomenon in Mustard-Treated Hosts
Authors: Fong Jacob , Louie Robert , Margherita Salvatore S.
Published: January 2023

Injections of 0.1 or 0.2 ml of 0.025 M cyclo mustard into embryonated eggs before introduction of interfering virus resulted in diminution of interference. The effect produced by prior injections of cyclo mustard into the host was of relatively short duration. Diminution of interference resulting from prior injections of mustard into the host was not attributable to destruction of interfering virus. A similar diminution of interference occurred when mustard was injected after interfering virus, but the possibility of destruction of interfering virus was not investigated in this case. Studies of the temporal relationships in diminution of interference indicated that delayed injections of mustard were ineffectual in modification of interference 2 hours after introduction of inactivated virus into the host.
Prenatal and Early Postnatal Survival in the Mouse as Affected by Infection of the Mother with Swine Influenza Virus during Gestation
Authors: Howell William E. , Winters Lawrence M. , Young George A.
Published: January 2023

Pregnant mice were given swine influenza virus intranasally approximately 5, 10 and 15 days after conception to determine what effect the maternal infection would have on the developing young. Effect on fetuses 10 to 15 days along at time of inoculation was negligible. Significantly fewer fetuses developed in mice inoculated approximately five days after conception. Viability of pups whelped was high and no effect on subsequent litters was manifested.
The Role of Enzyme in Reversible Agglutination of Red Cells
Authors: Hoyt Robert E. , Zwicker Helen
Published: January 2023

It is suggested that the reversible agglutination of trypsin-treated red cells is related to trypsin-antitrypsin activity rather than to submerged antigens in the cell and preexisting specific antibody in the homologous serum. If the tendency toward reversible agglutination of trypsin-treated cells is responsible for false positive reactions in grouping and cross-matching, it seems that papain might be a preferable enzyme, since it has been found that papain-treated cells do not show the phenomenon of reversible agglutination.
Studies on the Role of Ca++ and Mg++ in Complement Fixation and Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Levine Lawrence , Osler Abraham G. , Mayer Manfred M.
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that Ca++ as well as Mg++ are essential for immune hemolysis. Mg++ can be replaced with a fair degree of efficiency by Co++ or Ni++. The requirement for Ca++ could not be met by Co++, Mn++, Ni++, Mg++, Cd++, Sr++, Ba++, and Zn++. Evidence is presented showing that immune hemolysis takes place in at least two reaction steps: Step 1, involving C′ fixation requires Ca++; Step 2 is a reaction of an unknown nature, which requires Mg++.
The Transfer of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in the Rat by Means of Parabiosis
Authors: Lipton Murray M. , Freund Jules , Brady Eileen
Published: January 2023

Pregnant guinea pigs were given a subcutaneous injection of CNS tissue in water-in-oil emulsion containing killed mycobacteria. Their offspring delivered at the time of the onset of encephalomyelitis in the mothers had no lesions in the CNS. Rats were given multiple, simultaneous, intracutaneous injections of an encephalitogenic emulsion and 7 or more days later joined in parabiosis with normal rats as recipients. The couples were sacrificed after 7 to 12 days of parabiosis. Twenty pairs were killed 15 days after the injection of the donors and 8 days of parabiosis. Histologic examination of the CNS of the 40 rats revealed encephalomyelitis in 12 donors and 5 recipients. These 5 recipients which had lesions were mates of the positive donors. Control experiments showed that 9 days after active sensitization only 1 of 22 rats had encephalitis. The reasons for the view that passive rather than active sensitization occurred in the parabiotic recipients are discussed.
Virus Neutralizing Antibodies in Pooled Human Serum
Authors: Stanley N. F. , Dorman D. C. , Ponsford Joan
Published: January 2023

The titer of neutralizing antibodies to Coxsackie viruses in pooled human serum and human gamma globulin has been estimated in samples covering a period of twelve years. The construction of antibody titer curves for each infective agent demonstrated marked differences in the behaviour of some of the Coxsackie viruses. It was shown that group A and group B Coxsackie virus antibodies were widespread throughout the Western Pacific Area and present in all sera examined. Antibody to the group of Coxsackie viruses associated with an outbreak of encephalitis in Sydney was confined to the Sydney Metropolitan Area and to some of the Highland natives of New Guinea. It is thought that the nature of the antibody titer curves reflects to some extent the degree of immunity of the adult population of a large city to the infective agent under consideration. The estimation of the herpetic antibody content of pooled human serum was used for comparison.
The Cross Reactions between Albumins of Different Species and Gamma Globulins of Different Species
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Weigle William
Published: January 2023

Reciprocal in vitro cross reactions between various albumins of different species and gamma globulins of different species have been shown using quantitative immunochemical techniques.
The Experimental Chemotherapy of Influenza Viruses
Authors: Takemoto Kenneth K. , Robbins Mary Louise , Smith Paul K.
Published: January 2023

Twelve compounds were found to inhibit the PR8 strain of influenza A virus in embryonated eggs, and six of these also inhibited the Lee strain of influenza B. Four of the inhibitors were virucidal as shown by in vitro tests at concentrations similar to those existing in the allantoic cavity. At high concentrations, only two compounds were without virucidal activity. Three compounds showed inhibitory effects when given by the yolk sac, a route different from that of the virus. The possibility that some of these compounds do not reach the site of viral growth when injected into the yolk sac is suggested.

When tested at various time intervals after the infectious process had started, four compounds were found to be ineffective when given only 1 hour after the virus. The other compounds were effective when given at intervals which ranged from 3 to 12 hours after infection. Polymerised sodium salts of substituted benzoid sulfonic acids, one of the most effective compounds tested, prevented multiplication up to 12 hours after injection of virus.

Thirty-seven naturally occurring substances were tested for ability to reverse the inhibition caused by six of the compounds. Several sudstances were antagonistic to the virus inhibitors. Tryptophane reversed the inhibition caused by minimal concentrations of polymerized sodium salts of substituted benzoid sulfonic acids, but it did not affect higher concentrations. Riboflavin caused reversal of inhibition by Congo red, but only at low concentrations of the drug. Thiamin hydrochloride also reversed the inhibition caused by Congo red, apparently due to a direct combination of the drug with the antagonist, making the drug unavailable for virustatic action.

None of the compounds tested against influenza A infections in mice was found to have any effect in preventing infection.
Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Combined Prophylactics
Authors: Levine Leo , Stone Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

The effects on the potency of tetanus toxoid for mice of adding diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine were investigated.

Diphtheria toxoid in concentrations of 0.3 Lf and 10 Lf per Lf of tetanus toxoid had no significant effect on the potency of tetanus toxoid.

Pertussis vaccine in densities of 100 million and 1,500 million organisms per Lf of tetanus toxoid were potent adjuvants for the latter.

The dose-response curves of 5 variously combined preparations of tetanus toxoid maintained significant parallelism in both their regression portions and in their asymptotic portions.
Growth of Neurotropic Viruses in Extraneural Tissues
Authors: Evans C. A. , Byatt Pamela H. , Chambers Velma C. , Smith Wayne M.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits and dogs were inoculated intratesticularly with two strains of poliomyelitis virus, Hof of type I and Lansing of type II. Tests at 7, 10 and 14 days gave no evidence of multiplication of virus at the site of inoculation. In a second experiment inoculation of testes of cynomolgus monkeys was accomplished by placing virus in an area in which testicular tissue had been minced in situ, to expose cells inside tubules. Tests for virus at 3, 6, 7 and 10 days did not show increase of virus in local tissue.

It is concluded that negative findings in these experiments do not constitute substantial evidence against the concept of extraneural multiplication of poliomyelitis virus in natural infection and that this remains an unsettled problem. The striking contrast between rapid and abundant growth of poliomyelitis virus in suitable testicular tissue cultures and failure of the virus to multiply in injected testes in the present experiments remain unexplained.
Micromethods for the Study of Proteins and Antibodies
Authors: Stavitsky Abram B.
Published: January 2023

The applicability of the hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition methods to the solution of variety of immunological problems has been described. These include the analysis of anti-protein sera of varying specificity from different species, the determination of the heterogeneity of antigens and antibodies, the analysis of proteins in mixtures of proteins, the detection of non-precipitating or poorly avid antibodies, and the analysis of supernatants of antigenantibody mixtures. It was shown that egg albumin was adsorbed about as well as conalbumin to tannic acid-treated red blood cells but that the egg albumin-anti egg albumin system was much less sensitive than the conalbuminanti conalbumin system for the detection of antibody and antigen. The advantages and disadvantages of the great sensitivity of these methods was discussed. The apparent ability of the reactions to detect non-precipitating and poorly avid antitoxins was also considered. Possible explanations of the lack of correlation between hemagglutination titer and unitage of human and guinea pig antitoxins and the good correlation between these figures for rabbit antitoxins were given.
The Inequality of Potential in Influenza Virus for Adaptation to Mice
Authors: Davenport Fred M.
Published: January 2023

A number of lines of Type B influenza virus were initiated in mice with one of a series of decimal dilutions of infected allantoic fluid. The lines were passed at a constant dilution. The yield of virus in the first mouse passage, and the amount of viral multiplication during subsequent transfers of each of these lines, appeared to be approximately the same. The lines became adapted in an order which corresponds closely to that of the dilutions used to start the lines in mice. The probability that this result occurred by chance was calculated to be two in one hundred. These findings indicate that each virus particle in a suspension of an unadapted line of influenza virus does not have an equal potential for adaptation to mice. Considerations have been presented which favor the hypothesis that adaptation results from the selection of mutants which occur during mouse passage. Hence, it may be inferred that virus in unadapted lines have an unequal potential for mutation in mice.
Studies on Chick-Embryo-Adapted Rabies Virus
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Black Jack
Published: January 2023

The Flury strain at its high egg passage levels was found to immunize adult mice injected intracerebrally against challenge with street virus. Parenteral administration of the virus to mice failed to stimulate a uniform immunity response. No major antigenic differences were observed between the low and high egg passages of the virus. A single administration of the latter induced immunity in dogs, calves, monkeys and chimpanzees. Brief comment was made about these findings.
Heterogeneity of Antibodies to the Human Blood Groups in Normal and Immune Sera
Authors: Owen Ray D.
Published: January 2023

The normal antibodies of human sera that are capable of reacting with human B, but not O, red blood cells, are heterogeneous in kind and degree of specificity. These antibody populations are fractionable by absorption with red cells of various animals. Sera from different individuals of group A, for example, contain different relative activities of a β-antibody fraction that will crossreact with opossum red cells and one that will not so cross-react. In certain group O sera, most of the “β antibody” fraction that is not cross-reactive with opossum red cells proves to be absorbable by (and therefore cross-reactive with) human A cells. Inhibition with opossum saliva has effects closely comparable to absorption with opossum red cells. Other fractionations and tests have been performed, using red cells of man, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, cotton rats, Norway rats, chickens, sheep and cattle, singly and in various combinations. In addition to a considerable diversity of normal antibody specificities within particular sera, there are marked differences among the sera of individuals of the same classical blood group, as well as among the different blood groups.

Immune sera produced by injecting rabbits with human red cells also display antibody populations with diverse patterns of specificity and cross-reactions. Antibody fractions from different sources, cross-reactive with A and B (but not O) human cells, are not all alike; they vary in other details of their specificities, and are often subfractionable by absorption with related antigens.

Experimental data upon which the hypothesis of linkage between specific α and β antibodies has been based are reinterpreted in terms of the heterogeneous antibody populations demonstrated in this study.

Fractionation of sera by absorption with animal cells offers promise as a source of reagents for details of antigenic variation in human cells otherwise difficult or impossible to detect. For example, reagents for a pattern of reactivity common to A, B, and certain rare “O” antigens may be obtainable by absorbing selected O sera with particular animal cells. The problem of removing all of the specific α antibodies, but leaving the cross-reactive antibodies, has however not been solved.

Other implications of the observations reported in this paper, relevant to the origins and behavior of the normal antibodies, have been discussed.
Antibody Formation and the Effect of X-Radiation on Circulating Antibody Levels in the Hypophysectomized Rat
Authors: Nagareda C. Susan
Published: January 2023

Qualitative data on the effect of hypophysectomy and X-irradiation on anti-sheep erythrocyte hemolysin titers of rat sera have been presented. Hypophysectomy did not alter the antisheep erythrocyte hemolysin titers of rat sera when animals were injected with antigen 12, 24 and 72 hours, or 6, 15, 24, 42 or 60 days after hypophysectomy. Hypophysectomized rats exposed to a single dose of total body X-radiation of 500 r (41 or 59 days after hypophysectomy) showed a marked inhibition of antibody formation when injected with an intravenous injection of a 0.25% suspension of washed sheep erythrocytes 24 hours after X-ray exposure while animals exposed to the same radiation dose with the spleens shielded by lead were capable of producing antibodies as indicated by the rise in hemolysin titers. The role of the pituitary-adrenal system on antibody formation and release is discussed. It is concluded that in the rat the pituitary is not necessary for the production of anti-sheep hemolysins observed under the conditions of the experiments reported here.
Studies on the Complement Function
Authors: Silverstein Arthur M.
Published: January 2023

Changes in the degree of sensitization of the erythrocytes or of the hemolysis time are shown to affect the activities of several complement solutions to different extents. These peculiarities are attributed to differences in the C component ratios of the solutions. It is suggested that two functional activities are involved in C interactions, one taking part in fixation and the other involved in a subsequent hemolytic attack on the erythrocyte. The apparent anomalies in C activity are attributed to the interactions of these two agents.
Antigenic Relations of Blood Group Antigens as Suggested by Tests with Lectins
Authors: Boyd William C. , Shapleigh Elizabeth
Published: January 2023

An examination of some of the unusual specificities exhibited by certain plant agglutinins (lectins) suggests considerable chemical and antigenic similarities among the A1, A2, B and O (H) blood group substances. These lectins are also capable of acting as specific precipitins, and analysis of precipitates made with specific substances shows that purification by ethanol-water fractionation has produced preparations of which over 30% of the nitrogen is specifically active. Practical application of some of these preparations in the routine diagnosis of subgroups is suggested.