bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The color consultant: A new professional serving architecture today in France
Authors: Prieto Sonia
Published: June 2007

In the twentieth century, interest in color in architecture in Europe has been expressed in several ways. Two periods can be distinguished, characterized by different perceptions of the issue. First, between the 1920s and the outbreak of the Second World War, architects themselves tackled the question of color, either by adopting some sort of polychromy, or on the contrary by excluding it from the design of their buildings. In the second period, in the 1950s, a new form of coloration emerged, this time at the initiative of certain artist‐painters. This was the most significant step in terms of social, even utilitarian, character (but it should not be confused with another phenomenon linked to the manifestation of color, the mural). the new step was taken above all in France, where some artists preferred to apply their sensibility and experience to constructed space—on a different scale from the traditional scale of the painting. Patient experimental attempts and meticulous research by these few forerunners gave rise to a new profession serving architecture, that of the color consultant. It was with the development of industrial architecture and thanks to the way society was evolving that attention turned to the ambiance of the workplace, and the color consultant could come onto the scene. Previously, other professionals had been active for (or against) color in architecture, and prepared the ground for this specialization. A historical overview, marked by certain events in the 20th century architectural movement, illuminates in this discussion the origins and the need for the new profession. In a more detailed way, the working methods and some realizations of the principal French color consultants are addressed—a presentation that is intended to interest researchers or professionals by providing specific information that, despite its importance, seems to be lacking in specialized publications. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantifying colour appearance. part V. simultaneous contrast
Authors: Luo M. Ronnier , Gao X. W. , Scrivener S. A. R.
Published: June 2007

Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of simultaneous contrast on colour appearance by varying the lightness, colourfulness, and hue of an induction field surrounding a test colour. A total of 814 test/surround combinations were displayed on high‐resolution colour displays. Each was assessed by a panel of five to six observers using a magnitude estimation technique. the results indicate that colours presented on a computer display are affected by simultaneous contrast in a similar way to surface colours. All three colour appearance parameters studied (i.e., lightness, colourfulness, and hue) are affected and these effects are summarized. In general, the results support and add to the findings of the other studies. the Hunt colour appearance model was tested and gave a somewhat poor prediction to this data set. Further modifications are required to improve its performance. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Linearity and additivity of small color differences
Authors: Witt Klaus
Published: June 2007

The functional relation of visual to colorimetric scaling of small color differences is needed for a realistic interpretation of the perceptual magnitude of a measured color difference. Linearity is usually assumed and differences are expressed in threshold units without adjustment. an experimental plan is described that provides for the application of gray‐scale assessment to visual judgments under controlled parameters. Gray scale and test colors were produced from a two‐component acrylic lacquer system. A green color center (CIE green) was chosen for a first test with color differences extending from the center in the directions of hue, saturation/chroma, and lightness in steps ranging from ‐5 to + 5 thresholds. Thirteen observers made 4 judgments of each of 78 color‐difference pairs. the resulting scales were typically linear but increasing less steeply than threshold stepping; however, Fstatistics showed some inhomogeneous effects. Scales along the main color directions tended slightly to subadditivity. the vector model of color difference better predicted the magnitude of diagonal jumps between two color directions than did the city‐block model. Relations to some recent color‐difference formulae were studied and the CIE TCI‐29 formula was found to be a good predictor for this color center. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Colorimetry of durable fluorescent retroreflective materials
Authors: Burns David M. , Johnson Norbert L. , Pavelka Lee A.
Published: June 2007

The development of durable daylight fluorescent retroreflective sheetings has led us to investigate some of the factors that influence color measurement of these materials. the colorimetry of retroreflective materials is particularly sensitive to measurement geometry. the added aspect of fluorescence increases the spectral uncertainties, making appearance measurements even more difficult. the visual properties used to describe fluorescent retroreflective materials should include chromaticity, lightness, peak spectral radiance factor, nighttime color, and color stability on exposure. A number of test methods exist for these measurements; however, practical experience in applying these methods to fluorescent materials shows significant variation in the resulting measured values. Colorimetric measurements on commercial instruments using 45/0 (0/45) geometry, a simulated D65 illuminant, and the CIE 2° standard observer yield results that are inadequate for precise quality control of durable fluorescent retroreflective materials. the uncertainty can be reduced by the use of transfer standards, provided that the standard is similar to the sample in both hue and fluorescent emission. Ultimately, the wide availability of commercial 2‐monochromator spectrocolorimeters will be required. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enhancing the daytime conspicuity of pedestrians through the usage of fluorescent materials
Authors: Lesley Gary
Published: June 2007

The issue of daytime, pedestrian visibility, especially where occupational activities are involved, can be well served by bringing existing and related knowledge on high‐visibility materials together with new product capabilities. Formulated strategically, this information can beneficially serve the personal safety of our society. This particular form of personal safety involves being seen, most critically, by operators of motorized vehicles. Therefore, the issues of visibility, visibility enhancement, and conspicuity are focused upon through the use of high‐visibility materials. High‐visibility materials include but are not limited to retroreflective forms. In daytime and dusk/dawn conditions, fluorescent‐colored products can serve as high‐visibility materials used to effectively generate enhanced conspicuity. the time has now come to more aggressively research what we may intuitively believe and then apply this knowledge. to more fully grasp what is involved, we must take into account the following: 1. a basic understanding of fluorescence, 2. basic human vision and perception, 3. situations calling for enhanced conspicuity, 4. strategies for use, 5. product development, 6. specfications, guidelines and standards, 7. public education, and awareness. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Revision of the chroma and hue scales of a nonlinear color‐appearance model
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu
Published: June 2007

The following questions were raised to chroma and hue scales of the nonlinear color‐appearance model: 1) significant nonuniformities of the chroma scales for different hues, and 2) deviations of hue scale between the model and the Munsell and the NCS schemes. It was suggested that the problems were caused by the use of the coefficient es(0) proposed by Hunt. Instead of es(0), a new coefficient Es(0) was proposed, which corresponds to the chromatic strengths of spectral colors (including colors on the redpurple locus). By using Es(0), the nonlinear color‐appearance model could predict the hue and chroma scales of the Munsell and the NCS schemes quite nicely. the method in the present study is generally applicable for determining hue and chroma perceptions of object colors irrespective of the color‐appearance model used.
Lightness dependency of chroma scales of a nonlinear color‐appearance model and its latest formulation
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu , Sobagaki Hiroaki , Yano Kenjiro Hashimoto Tadashi
Published: June 2007

It has been noticed that the lightness dependency of equal chroma loci of the nonlinear color‐appearance model already reported deviates markedly from that of equal Chroma loci of the Munsell scheme. to solve this problem, the new chroma CN of the model is proposed by applying the correction of lightness LA to the chroma C previously used. the chroma C is now used to predict the saturation of the newly revised model. the introduction of CN improves significantly the agreement of lightness dependency between the model chroma, the Munsell Chroma, and the NCS chromaticness at various lightness levels. the formulation for the revised nonlinear colorappearance model is given in the Appendix.
Depth and orientation through surface transparency
Authors: Gerritsen Léonie E. M. , de Weert Charles M. M. , Wagemans Johan
Published: June 2007

In the research described in this article we have tested the idea that the recovery of depth and orientation of twodimensional patterns is aided by constraints in the physical world. We presented a variant on a bistable Necker cube. the surfaces of the cube were constructed from transparent planes. We examined which color compositions lead to the highest number of correct identifications of orientation. the results can be explained on the assumption that people use constraints present in additive color mixture. When this type of mixture is used, it leads to significantly better responses. the luminance of the mixed color is the largest contributor.
Film thickness and pvc effects on color properties
Authors: Yang Hui
Published: June 2007

Pigment volume concentration (PVC) has very important effects on coating properties. This study explores the PVC effects on the color properties of the coatings. the color of the film is found to change according to the PVC changes even at a constant ratio of colored pigments to white pigments. A comprehensive description and explanation is given from appearance and theory. A detail study in film thickness effects on color properties is also included.
The british building colour standards: Conversion to the notations of munsell, NCS, din, coloroid, colorcurve, and OSA‐UCS
Authors: Hamie A. A. , Wiltshire T. J. , Whitfield T. W. A.
Published: June 2007

This article provides Munsell (aim and actual), NCS (aim and actual), DIN (aim and actual), Coloroid (aim), Colorcurve (aim and actual), and OSA‐UCS (aim and actual) notations for the 237 colour samples that comprise BS5252. These notations were obtained from recent spectrophotometric measurement of the standard, using a new version of the colour notation conversion program initially developed at the University of Teesside. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Cie guidelines for coordinated future work on industrial colour‐difference evaluation
Authors: Witt Klaus
Published: June 2007

Recent results of research work on colour‐difference evaluation are reviewed in reports of two CIE Technical Committees; however, a global solution of the problem is still lacking. Therefore, guidelines for planning new research work are included in those reports. Here, these guidelines are explained and extended to stimulate new studies in a coordinated way, which could improve modeling of colour‐difference evaluations for industrial applications.
Extracting causal graphs from an open provenance data model
Authors: Miles Simon , Groth Paul , Munroe Steve , Jiang Sheng , Assandri Thibaut , Moreau Luc
Published: June 2007

The open provenance architecture approach to the challenge was distinct in several regards. In particular, it allows different components of the challenge workflow to independently record documentation, and for the workflow to be executed in different environments, made possible by an open, well‐defined data model and architecture. Another noticeable feature is that we distinguish between the data recorded about what has occurred, process documentation, and the provenance of a data item, which is all that caused the data item to be as it is. In this view, provenance is obtained as the result of a query over process documentation. This distinction allows us to tailor the system to best address the separate requirements of recording and querying documentation. Other notable features include the explicit recording of causal relationships between both events and data items, an interaction‐based world model, intensional definition of data items in queries rather than relying on explicit naming mechanisms, and styling of documentation to support non‐functional application requirements such as reducing storage costs or ensuring privacy of data. In this paper, we describe how each of these features aid us in answering the challenge's provenance queries. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rarely Decorated Rutile Frameworks Built from Triangular Organic Spacers and Distorted Octahedral Co3 Building Blocks
Authors: Luo Feng , Che Yun‐xia , Zheng Ji‐min
Published: June 2007

Under mild temperatures, the self‐assembly of CoCl2 and H3BTC in a solution of dmso generates a guest‐free metal–organic polymer, namely Co3(BTC)2(μ1‐dmso)2(μ2‐dmso)2(1: dmso = dimethylsulfoxide, H3BTC = 1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylic acid). In 1, the CoII ions show the six‐coordinate octahedral geometry completed by the BTC3– ions and the dmso oxygen atoms; remarkably, the coordinated dmso ligands not only act as terminal ligands to complete the octahedral geometry of the CoII ions, but also play an important role in bridging CoII ions together to give the Co3 secondary building units (SBUs). From a topological viewpoint, this novel polymer is classified to be the decorated (3,6)‐connected rutile net with the (4.62)2(42.610.83) topology, where BTC3– ligands and Co3 SBUs are viewed to be the 3‐ and 6‐connected nodes, respectively. In addition, the magnetic properties of 1 are explored by using a linear trinuclear cobalt mode, thusleading to g = 2.41, J = –34.92 cm–1, TIP = 340 × 10–6 cm3 mol–1,θ = –6 K (a θ parameter was included to take into account intertrinuclear interactions).(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Chirality Transfer through Helical Motifs in Coordination Compounds
Authors: He Cheng , Zhao Yonggang , Guo Dong , Lin Zhihua , Duan Chunying
Published: June 2007

Helicates obtained by self‐assembly have initiated a revolution from classical coordination chemistry to extensive supramolecular concepts. The design of helicates will be described, and the structural features that are necessary for chirality transfer, as well as the extension of chirality from one‐dimensional to three‐dimensional chiral polymers in complicated chiral architectures will also be addressed. Chiralassembly by using achiral components has been given considerable attention in this review paper. The understanding of the essential processes and mechanisms in the chiral assembly on the basis of helicate supramolecular structures is a fundamental study in a variety of disciplines ranging from biology to materials science.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Facile Synthesis and Photoluminescence of Europium Ion Doped LaF3 Nanodisks
Authors: Zhu Ling , Meng Jian , Cao Xueqiang
Published: June 2007

LaF3:Eu3+ (5.0 mol‐% Eu3+) nanodisks with perfect crystallinity were successfully synthesized by a simple method. The synthesis was carried out in an aqueous solution at room temperature without the use of templates or organic additives. The mechanism of formation of the nanodisks was explored, and the fluoride source (KBF4) is believed to play a key role in controlling the morphology of the final product. Furthermore, the size of the disk can be simply moderated by varying the concentration of the initial reactants. The room‐temperature photoluminescence of LaF3:Eu3+ with different morphologies and sizes were also investigated, and the results indicate that the emission intensity of the product is strongly affected by their size, shape, and other factors.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Calixarene‐Based Oxovanadium Complexes as Molecular Models for Catalytically Active Surface Species and Homogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Limberg Christian
Published: June 2007

There are several reasons that make the combination of calixarenes with oxovanadium moieties attractive. Calixarenes are capable of simulating the surfaces of oxide bulk materials and supports, and on the other hand, supported vanadium oxides are an important class of heterogeneous catalysts, whose reactivity is still discussed controversially with respect to the effective mechanisms. Oxovanadium calixarene complexes can thus represent molecular models whose investigation in the homogeneous phase can shed some light into surface processes. This review describes the recent achievements in the synthesis of oxovanadium calixarene, thiacalixarene, and oxacalixarene complexes and the investigation of their reactivity. It has been shown that they represent active catalysts for the oxidation of alcohols and the polymerization/copolymerization of olefins.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis and Reactivity of 16‐Electron Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl–Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Bis(imidazolin‐2‐imine) Ligands
Authors: Petrovic Dejan , Glöge Thomas , Bannenberg Thomas , Hrib Cristian G. , Randoll Sören , Jones Peter G. , Tamm Matthias
Published: June 2007

The 1,2‐bis(imidazolin‐2‐imino)ethane ligands BLMe and BLiPr were prepared, in which the ability of the imidazolium moiety to effectively stabilize a positive charge leads to highly basic ligands with a strong electron‐donating capacity. This feature is illustrated by the isolation of very stable half‐sandwich 16‐electron ruthenium complexes of the type [(η5‐C5Me5)Ru(BLR)]+ (1, R = Me; 2, R = iPr), which even resist coordination of the chloride counterion. Their inertness towards hard, π‐basic ligands does not prevent these complexes from displaying high reactivity towards soft σ‐donor/π‐acceptor ligands such as CO and isocyanides, and the complexes [1·CO]CF3SO3 and [1·CNXy]CF3SO3 (XyNC = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl isocyanide) can be isolated. These complexes exhibit CO and CN stretching vibrations at 1886 and 1991 cm–1, respectively, which reveals the electron richness and strong π‐electron releasing capability of the ruthenium–imine moiety.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Chiral CE of aromatic amino acids by ligand‐exchange with zinc(II)–L‐lysine complex
Authors: Qi Li , Han Yanli , Zuo Min , Chen Yi
Published: June 2007

A novel method of chiral ligand‐exchange CE was developed with either L‐ or D‐lysine (Lys) as a chiral ligand and zinc(II) as a central ion. This type of chiral complexes was explored for the first time to efficiently separate either individual pairs of or mixed aromatic amino acid enantiomers. Using a running buffer of 5 mM ammonium acetate, 100 mM boric acid, 3 mM ZnSO4·7H2O and 6 mM L‐Lys at pH 7.6, unlabeled D,L‐tryptophan, D,L‐phenylalanine, and D,L‐tyrosine were well separated, giving a chiral resolution of up to 7.09. The best separation was obtained at a Lys‐to‐zinc ratio of 2:1, zinc concentration of 2–4 mM and running buffer pH 7.6. The buffer pH was determined to have a strong influence on resolution, while buffer composition and concentration impacted on both the resolution and peak shape. Boric acid with some ammonium acetate was an adoptable buffer system, and some additives like ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid capable of destroying the complex should be avoided. Fine‐tuning of the chiral resolution and elution order was achieved by regulating the ratio of L‐Lys to D‐Lys; i.e. the resolution increased from zero to its highest value as the ratio ascended from 1:0 to 1:infinitive, and L‐isomers eluted before or after D‐isomers in excessive D‐ or L‐Lys, respectively.
Enantioselective analysis of ketamine and its metabolites in equine plasma and urine by CE with multiple isomer sulfated β‐CD
Authors: Theurillat Regula , Knobloch Monika , Schmitz Andrea , Lassahn Paul‐Gerhard , Mevissen Meike , Thormann Wolfgang
Published: June 2007

CE with multiple isomer sulfated β‐CD as the chiral selector was assessed for the simultaneous analysis of the enantiomers of ketamine and metabolites in extracts of equine plasma and urine. Different lots of the commercial chiral selector provided significant changes in enantiomeric ketamine separability, a fact that can be related to the manufacturing variability. A mixture of two lots was found to provide high‐resolution separations and interference‐free detection of the enantiomers of ketamine, norketamine, dehydronorketamine, and an incompletely identified hydroxylated metabolite of norketamine in liquid/liquid extracts of the two body fluids. Ketamine, norketamine, and dehydronorketamine could be unambiguously identified via HPLC fractionation of urinary extracts and using LC‐MS and LC‐MS/MS with 1 mmu mass discrimination. The CE assay was used to characterize the stereoselectivity of the compounds' enantiomers in the samples of five ponies anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and treated with intravenous continuous infusion of racemic ketamine. The concentrations of the ketamine enantiomers in plasma are equal, whereas the urinary amount of R‐ketamine is larger than that of S‐ketamine. Plasma and urine contain higher S‐ than R‐norketamine levels and the mean S‐/R‐enantiomer ratios of dehydronorketamine in plasma and urine are lower than unity and similar.
Restoration of calbindin after fetal hippocampal CA3 cell grafting into the injured hippocampus in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Shetty Ashok K. , Hattiangady Bharathi
Published: June 2007

Degeneration of the CA3 pyramidal and dentate hilar neurons in the adult rat hippocampus after an intracerebroventricular kainic acid (KA) administration, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy, leads to permanent loss of the calcium binding protein calbindin in major fractions of dentate granule cells and CA1 pyramidal neurons. We hypothesize that the enduring loss of calbindin in the dentate gyrus and the CA1 subfield after CA3‐lesion is due to disruption of the hippocampal circuitry leading to hyperexcitability in these regions; therefore, specific cell grafts that are capable of both reconstructing the disrupted circuitry and suppressing hyperexcitability in the injured hippocampus can restore calbindin. We compared the effects of fetal CA3 or CA1 cell grafting into the injured CA3 region of adult rats at 45 days after KA‐induced injury on the hippocampal calbindin. The calbindin immunoreactivity in the dentate granule cells and the CA1 pyramidal neurons of grafted animals was evaluated at 6 months after injury (i.e. at 4.5 months post‐grafting). Compared with the intact hippocampus, the calbindin in “lesion‐only” hippocampus was dramatically reduced at 6 months post‐lesion. However, calbindin expression was restored in the lesioned hippocampus receiving CA3 cell grafts. In contrast, in the lesioned hippocampus receiving CA1 cell grafts, calbindin expression remained less than the intact hippocampus. Thus, specific cell grafting restores the injury‐induced loss of calbindin in the adult hippocampus, likely via restitution of the disrupted circuitry. Since loss of calbindin after hippocampal injury is linked to hyperexcitability, re‐expression of calbindin in both dentate gyrus and CA1 subfield following CA3 cell grafting may suggest that specific cell grafting is efficacious for ameliorating injury‐induced hyperexcitability in the adult hippocampus. However, electrophysiological studies of KA‐lesioned hippocampus receiving CA3 cell grafts are required in future to validate this possibility. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional neuroanatomy of the parahippocampal region in the rat: The perirhinal and postrhinal cortices
Authors: Furtak Sharon C. , Wei Shau‐Ming , Agster Kara L. , Burwell Rebecca D.
Published: June 2007

The parahippocampal region in the rodent brain includes the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices, the presubiculum, and the parasubiculum. In recent years, the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices have been a focus in memory research because they supply highly processed, polymodal sensory information to the hippocampus, both directly and via the entorhinal cortex. Available evidence indicates that these cortices receive different complements of cortical information, which are then forwarded to the hippocampus via parallel pathways.Here we have summarized the cortical, subcortical, and hippocampal connections of the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices in order to provide further insight into the nature of the information that is processed by these regions prior to arriving in the hippocampus. As has been previously described, the cortical afferents of the rodent postrhinal cortex are dominated by structures known to be involved in the processing of visual and spatial information, whereas the cortical afferents of the perirhinal cortex result in remarkable convergence of polymodal sensory information. The two regions are also differentiated by their cortical efferents. The perirhinal cortex projects more strongly to piriform, frontal, and insular regions, whereas the postrhinal cortex projects preferentially to visual and visuospatial regions. The subcortical connections of the two regions provide further evidence that they have different functions. For example, the perirhinal cortex has strong reciprocal connections with the amygdala, which suggest involvement in processing affective stimuli. Subcortical input to the postrhinal cortex is dominated by projections from dorsal thalamic structures, particularly the lateral posterior nucleus. Although the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices are considered to contribute to the episodic memory system, many questions remain about their particular roles. A detailed description of the anatomical connections of the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices will permit the generation of new, anatomically guided, hypotheses about their role in episodic memory and other cognitive processes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of scene context on episodic object recognition: Parahippocampal cortex mediates memory encoding and retrieval success
Authors: Hayes Scott M. , Nadel Lynn , Ryan Lee
Published: June 2007

Previous research has investigated intentional retrieval of contextual information and contextual influences on object identification and word recognition, yet few studies have investigated context effects in episodic memory for objects. To address this issue, unique objects embedded in a visually rich scene or on a white background were presented to participants. At test, objects were presented either in the original scene or on a white background. A series of behavioral studies with young adults demonstrated a context shift decrement (CSD)—decreased recognition performance when context is changed between encoding and retrieval. The CSD was not attenuated by encoding or retrieval manipulations, suggesting that binding of object and context may be automatic. A final experiment explored the neural correlates of the CSD, using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Parahippocampal cortex (PHC) activation (right greater than left) during incidental encoding was associated with subsequent memory of objects in the context shift condition. Greater activity in right PHC was also observed during successful recognition of objects previously presented in a scene. Finally, a subset of regions activated during scene encoding, such as bilateral PHC, was reactivated when the object was presented on a white background at retrieval. Although participants were not required to intentionally retrieve contextual information, the results suggest that PHC may reinstate visual context to mediate successful episodic memory retrieval. The CSD is attributed to automatic and obligatory binding of object and context. The results suggest that PHC is important not only for processing of scene information, but also plays a role in successful episodic memory encoding and retrieval. These findings are consistent with the view that spatial information is stored in the hippocampal complex, one of the central tenets of Multiple Trace Theory. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of the direct perforant path input to the CA1 subregion of the dorsal hippocampus in memory retention and retrieval
Authors: Vago David R. , Bevan Adam , Kesner Raymond P.
Published: June 2007

Subregional analyses of the hippocampus have suggested a selective role for the CA1 subregion in intermediate/long‐term spatial memory and consolidation, but not short‐term acquisition or encoding processes. It remains unclear how the direct cortical projection to CA1 via the perforant path (pp) contributes to these CA1‐dependent processes. It has been suggested that dopamine selectively modulates the pp projection to CA1 while having little to no effect on the Schaffer collateral (SC) projection to CA1. This series of behavioral and electrophysiological experiments takes advantage of this pharmacological dissociation to demonstrate that the direct pp inputs to CA1 are critical in CA1‐dependent intermediate‐term retention and retrieval function. Here we demonstrate that local infusion of the nonselective dopamine agonist, apomorphine (10, 15 μg), into the CA1 subregion of awake animals produces impairments in between‐day retention and retrieval, sparing within‐day encoding of a modified Hebb‐Williams maze and contextual conditioning of fear. In contrast, apomorphine produces no deficits when infused into the CA3 subregion. To complement the behavioral analyses, electrophysiological data was collected. In anesthetized animals, local infusion of the same doses of apomorphine significantly modifies evoked responses in the distal dendrites of CA1 following angular bundle stimulation, but produces no significant effects in the more proximal dendritic layer following stimulation of the SC. These results support a modulatory role for dopamine in the EC‐CA1, but not CA3‐CA1 circuitry, and suggest the possibility of a more fundamental role for EC‐CA1 synaptic transmission in terms of intermediate‐term, but not short‐term spatial memory. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychotherapy in Australia: Clinical psychology and its approach to depression
Authors: Kavanagh David J. , Littlefield Lyn , Dooley Roger , O'Donovan Analise
Published: June 2007

In Australia, clinical psychology training is dominated by cognitive and behavioral treatments (CBTs), although there is exposure to other theoretical orientations. Since 2001, over 20% of general medical practitioners (GPs) have received training in CBT, and psychiatry training increasingly incorporates CBT elements. Psychotherapy by medical practitioners is financially supported by universal health care funding with supplementation by patients and their private health insurance. Federally funded health benefits for up to 12 psychology consultations per year are provided on referral from GPs and psychiatrists, and initial takeup has been very strong. Mrs. A would be a typical patient for such a referral. However, she would not fulfill criteria for priority access from state‐funded mental health services. Mrs. A would probably consult a GP and receive antidepressants, although she may also access a range of other community support programs. Access to and acceptance of psychotherapy would be greater in urban areas, and if she were of Anglo‐Saxon and nonindigenous origin. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 63: 725–733, 2007.
Psychotherapy in Mexico: Practice, training, and regulation
Authors: Sanchez‐Sosa Juan Jose
Published: June 2007

Psychotherapy conducted by psychologists in Mexico has a long history and shows promising developments but offers a relatively limited choice for health care recipients, especially in public facilities. Psychotherapy by psychologists occurs mainly in private practice, although it is spreading to public institutions such as hospitals and outpatient clinics. Most clinical psychologists in Mexico are trained in some type of psychodynamic approach, although the use of cognitive‐behavioral treatments is spreading quickly. The probability that a patient will actually be seen by a psychologist depends mainly on such characteristics of the patient as socioeconomic status, place of residence, and insurance coverage, if any. These and other attributes of psychotherapy in Mexico are illustrated by the probable treatment of Mrs. A. Psychotherapy in Mexico continues to evolve toward both multidisciplinary work and evidence‐based practices. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 63: 765–771, 2007.
Analysis of a clinical case from a Spanish perspective
Authors: Caballo Vicente E. , Irurtia María Jesús
Published: June 2007

In Spain, psychological treatment is offered in both public and private settings. The public Mental Health Units are part of Community Health Centers, where psychiatric and psychological treatments are offered free of charge. However, most professionals offering psychotherapy work in the private sector. In any Spanish city, a great number of private clinical psychologists offer psychotherapy for a variety of clinical disorders and different ages. The case of Mrs. A illustrates many of the key features of psychotherapy in Spain. She would probably be treated in a Health Center. A family physician would evaluate her mental status and establish a pharmacological treatment. If the patient's condition did not improve, the physician would refer her to a specialist in mental health, either a psychiatrist (using pharmacological treatments), in most cases, or in a few cases, a clinical psychologist (using mainly cognitive‐behavioral treatment). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 63: 777–784, 2007.
Social action with youth: Interventions, evaluation, and psychopolitical validity
Authors: Morsillo Julie , Prilleltensky Isaac
Published: June 2007

We describe two interventions designed to encourage community action with youth in a school and a community service setting. The school intervention took place with a Year 10 class, while the community‐based intervention took place with a group of same‐sex attracted youth. Using a participatory action research framework, youth in both settings devised a series of community projects to promote personal, group, and community wellness. Projects included drama presentations addressing homophobia, designing an aboriginal public garden, children's activities in a cultural festival for refugees, a drug‐free underage dance party, a community theatre group, and a student battle of the bands. We evaluated the various community projects using self‐reports, videotapes, and ethnographic data. While goals of personal and group wellness were meaningfully met, wellness at the community level was harder to achieve. Introducing a tool for the evaluation of psychopolitical validity, we examined the degree of both epistemic and transformational validity present in the interventions. Our assessment indicates that (a) psychological changes are easier to achieve than political transformations, (b) epistemic validity is easier to accomplish than transformational validity, and (c) changes at the personal and group levels are easier to achieve than changes at the community level. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 725–740, 2007.
Psychopolitical literacy for wellness and justice
Authors: Prilleltensky Isaac , Fox Dennis R.
Published: June 2007

Wellness and justice have attracted recent attention in psychology. Both within our discipline and within society at large, more needs to be done to elucidate the link between the two while taking into account the role of power and context. We suggest that wellness is achieved by the balanced and synergistic satisfaction of personal, relational, and collective needs, which, in turn, are dependent on how much justice people experience in each domain. We explore how affective, polarized, acquired, situated, and invested cultural distortions misrepresent the two realms as isolated from each other. To help counter these negative outcomes, we propose psychopolitical literacy and psychopolitical validity. The more youth are exposed to these antidotes, the better equipped they will be to resist cultural distortions and enhance both wellness and justice. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 793–805, 2007.
Synergist Immobilization Method for Photo‐Grafting: Factors Affecting Surface Selectivity
Authors: He Dongming , Ulbricht Mathias
Published: June 2007

The surface‐selectivity of photo‐grafting has been used as a crucial parameter to evaluate the ‘grafting‐from’ efficiency of the synergist immobilization method developed in our recent work. The factors that affect surface‐selectivity of photo‐grafting have been further investigated. It was shown that the competition of solvent with the membrane surface towards the generation of starter radicals led to a decrease in the degree of grafting and surface‐selectivity of photo‐grafting. High UV intensity made the functionalization mechanism more complicated, due to the generation of a new type of starter radical at the membrane surface with immobilized synergist in the absence of BP and because it could lead to cross‐linking in the grafted layer. An appropriately low photo‐initiator concentration was also required in order to achieve the ideal surface‐selectivity of photo‐grafting. In addition, this method has been successfully applied to the track‐etched PET membranes. Pore size distributions as well as ethanol and water permeability of the membranes were used to retrieve information about the effective thickness of the grafted polymer layers.

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The method of reduction of order and linearization of the two‐dimensional Ermakov system
Authors: Maharaj A. , Leach P. G. L.
Published: June 2007

We present the general form of the system of second‐order ordinary differential equations invariant under a representation of the Lie algebra sl(2, R) and show that a considerable simplification is achieved using a well‐known Kummer–Liouville transformation. We show that the system can be reduced to a combination of linear second‐order ordinary differential equations and a conservation law. The reduction makes the determination of the complete symmetry group of the standard Ermakov system an easier task than earlier reported (J. Nonlinear Math. Phys. 2005; 12:305–320). The reduced system is equivalent to the reduction of the Kepler problem under a further constraint. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The probabilistic distinct element method
Authors: Moarefvand P. , Verdel T.
Published: June 2007

The distinct element method (DEM) that appeared in the 70s is now widely used in the field of Rock Mechanics to study the stability of fractured rock masses, the field of application it has been dedicated to. Until now, most of the engineers and researchers who have been using this method with a code such as Udec (Itasca Consulting Group), ignore in their model the uncertainties that come with the physical and mechanical properties of the studied rock masses. Nevertheless, because collected data on rock masses are usually very limited in number, and variable as well as imprecise in nature, investigation on such media is suffering from uncertainty. To take into account the uncertainties in data when carrying numerical models with the DEM and to analyse their effects on model results, we have developed a ‘probabilistic distinct element method’ based on the Udec code. This method allows entering most of the necessary physical and mechanical data under a probabilistic form and returns results also expressed in this form. Its main interest is then to provide a range of probable results instead of a non‐guaranteed unique solution. We have implemented this method by using the technique of approximation of the two first statistical moments to build a probabilistic calculation code named Pudec. It takes into consideration rigid or fully deformable block as well as joint mechanical behaviour and does not consider fluid and heat flow calculations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
County‐municipal segregation plan proposed for New Jersey
Authors: Lutz Harley L.
Published: June 2007

The director of the New Jersey study of municipal finances explains the proposal for tax reduction through a rebuilding of local goverment units to reduce overhead and increase efficiency.
Training schools for municipal officials in New York
Authors: Hall Albert H.
Published: June 2007

New York municipaldies have embarked on a comprehensive, six‐year training program.
A city manager loses his job
Authors: Smith Bernard J.
Published: June 2007

The story of an arch that had no keystone‐in which the author points out pitfalls for executives to avoid.
Federal legislation to help defaulting municipalities
Authors: Dunstan E. Fleetwood
Published: June 2007

Analysis of the proposed Sumners law to improve municipal debt adjustment.
Four year trend in tax delinquency
Authors: Bird Frederick L.
Published: June 2007

A study of tax defaults and their remedies in cities of over 50,000 population.
Design for a ward politician
Authors: Salter J. T.
Published: June 2007

A little picture of politics in the rough – and of its elements of human interest which reform tends to disregard.
The strangling net of special rates
Authors: Porter Kirk H.
Published: June 2007

Most special rates should be eliminated if intelligent budgeting is to exist.
Legislative oligarchy handicaps New York governors
Authors: McInnes Russell
Published: June 2007

An analysis of the chief executive's influence upon legislation in the Empire State through the years.
Congressional action helps defaulting cities
Authors: Ham Clifford W.
Published: June 2007

Sumners‐Wilcox bill passed‐aid to national recovery.
The recapture of grand rapids
Authors: Quick Maurice R.
Published: June 2007

A story of citizens in action.
Bringing in taxes through penalties or discounts
Authors: Greenman Edward D.
Published: June 2007

What New York cities are doing to stimulate collection of taxes.
The states' search for money
Authors: Walker Mabel L.
Published: June 2007

Frantic legislators pass hundreds of financial laws during depression.
Nebraska considers a one‐house legislature
Authors: Lancaster Lane W.
Published: June 2007

Issue will go to voters in November.
Uniform accounting for local governments
Authors: Morey Lloyd
Published: June 2007

Need for intelligent and adequate accounts and reporting with steps already taken toward this end outlined by authority.
Will counties merge?
Authors: Askew Thomas
Published: June 2007

A changed community necessitates a new county.
A successful county treasurer's office
Authors: Freiberg Harry A.
Published: June 2007

Up‐to‐date business methods and strict enforcement of laws important factors in Hamilton County's collection of taxes.
Financial crisis of counties in the state of Washington
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: June 2007

Mounting costs and decreasing funds bring serious problems.
An example of rate litigation and its significance
Authors: Gold Nathaniel
Published: June 2007

New York Telephone case proof that long drawn out legal battles get nowhere in the proper settlement of rate disputes.
What a small independent company can do
Authors: Gibson R. A.
Published: June 2007

The Hartford Electric Light Company a pioneer in methods of meeting problems of depression.
Fabrication of buried waveguide microstructure using gas‐assisted micro/nanoimprinting with soft mold
Authors: Weng Y.‐J. , Yang S.‐Y. , Weng Y.‐C. , Wang L. A.
Published: June 2007

Due to the limitations on the choice of wavelengths available for light source, nanograde structures are facing technological bottlenecks and their method of preparation using current lithography and imaging technology is extremely costly. The idea is thus born to develop a nanopressuring and manufacturing technology, in order to further develop a low‐cost and more reliable technology to manufacture nanodevices in full scale. This study combines the characteristics of soft lithography, photo‐resist, and gas‐assisted pressuring, as well as studies the use of gas‐assisted pressuring and soft mold to emboss photo‐resist to manufacture optical waveguide devices, such that the nanopressuring technology may be more mature. Study results show that polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is able to accurately emboss and replicate nanograde buried waveguide structures, by using even pressure gas to achieve full contact with the surface of the substrate thus greatly increasing the effective pressuring area. Also, PDMS soft molds are easier to make with short embossing time to effectively reduce cost. Another advantage of combining gas‐assisted pressuring with PDMS soft molds in the manufacturing process is that PDMS soft molds possess low free energy on the surface and are difficult for resist to adhere. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Workshop report on the extraction of foetal DNA from maternal plasma
Authors: Legler Tobias J. , Liu Zhong , Mavrou Ariadni , Finning Kirstin , Hromadnikova Ilona , Galbiati Silvia , Meaney Cathy , Hultén Maj A. , Crea Francesco , Olsson Martin L. , Maddocks Deborah G. , Huang Dorothy , Fisher Sylvia Armstrong , Sprenger‐Haussels Markus , Soussan Aicha Ait , van der Schoot C. Ellen
Published: June 2007

Objective Cell free foetal DNA (cff DNA) extracted from maternal plasma is now recognized as a potential source for prenatal diagnosis but the methodology is currently not well standardized. To evaluate different manual and automated DNA extraction methods with a view to developing standards, an International Workshop was performed.

Methods Three plasma pools from RhD‐negative pregnant women, a DNA standard, real‐time‐PCR protocol, primers and probes for RHD were sent to 12 laboratories and also to one company (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). In pre‐tests, pool 3 showed a low cff DNA concentration, pool 1 showed a higher concentration and pool 2 an intermediate concentration.

Results The QIAamp DSP Virus Kit, the High Pure PCR Template Preparation Kit, an in‐house protocol using the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit, the CST genomic DNA purification kit, the Magna Pure LC, the MDx, the M48, the EZ1 and an in‐house protocol using magnetic beads for manual and automated extraction were the methods that were able to reliably detect foetal RHD. The best results were obtained with the QIAamp DSP Virus Kit. The QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit showed very comparable results in laboratories that followed the manufacturer's protocol and started with ≥ 500 µL plasma. One participant using the QIAamp DNA Blood Midi Kit failed to detect reliably RHD in pool 3.

Conclusions This workshop initiated a standardization process for extraction of cff DNA in maternal plasma. The highest yield was obtained by the QIAamp DSP Virus Kit, a result that will be evaluated in more detail in future studies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.