bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamical geochemistry of the mantle
Authors: Davies G. F.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Despite progress in reconciling refractory trace elements and isotopes with the structure and dynamics of the mantle inferred from geophysical constraints and dynamical modelling, mass balances of key elements and observations of noble gases in the mantle have remained enigmatic. This paper reviews arguments that most issues can be resolved if the full implications of the major-element heterogeneity of the mantle are taken into account. A reconciliation of refractory trace elements and their isotopes with the dynamical mantle, proposed and quantified by Hofmann, White and Christensen, has been strengthened by work over the past decade. The apparent age of lead isotopes and the broad refractory-element differences among and between ocean island basalts (OIBs) and mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) can now be quantitatively accounted for with some assurance. It has been proposed recently that noble gases reside in a so-called hybrid pyroxenite assemblage that is the result of melt from fusible pods reacting with surrounding refractory peridotite and refreezing. Hybrid pyroxenite that is off-axis may not remelt and erupt at MORs, so its volatile constituents would recirculate within the mantle. Hybrid pyroxenite is likely to be denser than average mantle, and thus some would tend to settle in the D" zone at the base of the mantle, along with some old subducted oceanic crust. Residence times in D" are longer, so the hybrid pyroxenite there would be less degassed. Plumes would sample both the degassed, enriched old oceanic crust and the gassy, less enriched hybrid pyroxenite and deliver them to OIBs. This model can account quantitatively for the main He, Ne and Ar isotopic observations, and for the poor correlation of unradiogenic gases with refractory-element enrichment in OIBs. The difficulty with mass balances can be traced to the common inference that the MORB source is strongly depleted of incompatible elements, which leaves a deficit of key elements and seems to require a hidden reservoir that is enriched and undegassed. However it has recently been argued that conventional estimates of the MORB source composition fail to take full account of mantle heterogeneity, and in particular focus on an ill-defined "depleted" mantle component while neglecting less common enriched components. Recent estimates have also been tied to the composition of peridotites, but these probably do not reflect the full complement of incompatible elements in the heterogeneous mantle. New estimates that account for enriched mantle components are capable of satisfying mass balance requirements, although some additional uncertainties apply to argon. The result is that the MORB source is depleted by only about a factor of 2, relative to the primitive Earth.
Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Measurement and Diagnostic Capability of Spectral-Domain versus Time-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Kaushik Sushmita , Pandav Surinder Singh , Ichhpujani Parul , Gupta Amod , Gupta Pramod
Published: March 2011

Purpose

To compare retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and diagnostic capability of spectral-domain (Cirrus™) versus time-domain (Stratus®) optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Methods

A total of 123 eyes of 123 subjects including 68 normal, 32 glaucoma suspect, and 23 patients with glaucoma were prospectively recruited for the study. All subjects were scanned by Stratus® and Cirrus™ OCT in the same session. Average and quadrant peripapillary RNFL measurements by both machines were correlated using Spearman correlation coefficient, and agreement between testing methods was analyzed by Bland-Altman plots. The area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) for glaucoma diagnosis was calculated.

Results

Average RNFL thickness were significantly thinner on the Cirrus™ compared to the Stratus® OCT in normal subjects and glaucoma suspects (p<0.001), but thicker on the Cirrus™ OCT in glaucoma patients, though the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.53). There was good correlation between the measurements in all 3 groups. In normal controls, the average, superior, nasal, inferior, and temporal correlations were r=0.668, 0.601, 0.508, 0.620, and 0.660, p<0.001, respectively. In glaucomatous eyes, the corresponding values were r=0.560, p=0.005; r=0.423, p=0.04; r=0.117, p=0.596; r=0.742, p<0.001; r=0.669, p<0.001, respectively. The 95% limits of agreement of average RNFL thickness were −30.2 to 13.8 μm. Area under receiver operating characteristic curves for diagnosing glaucoma were comparable (superior RNFL thickness by Cirrus™ 0.925; average RNFL thickness by Stratus® 0.987). Highest correlated AUCs were for inferior and temporal quadrants.

Conclusions

Retinal nerve fiber layer measurements on the Cirrus™ and Stratus® OCT correlate well but do not have clinically acceptable agreement between their measurements. The instruments may not be used interchangeably.
Direct View on Nanoionic Proton Mobility
Authors: Chan Wing K. , Haverkate Lucas A. , Borghols Wouter J. H. , Wagemaker Marnix , Picken Stephen J. , van Eck Ernst R. H. , Kentgens Arno P. M. , Johnson Mark R. , Kearley Gordon J. , Mulder Fokko M.
Published: March 2011

The field of nanoionics is of great importance for the development of superior materials for devices that rely on the transport of charged ions, like fuel cells, batteries, and sensors. Often nanostructuring leads to enhanced ionic mobilities due to the induced space‐charge effects. Here these large space‐charge effects occurring in composites of the proton‐donating solid acid CsHSO4 and the proton‐accepting TiO2 or SiO2 are studied. CsHSO4 is chosen for this study because it can operate effectively as a fuel‐cell electrolyte at elevated temperature while its low‐temperature conductivity is increased upon nano­structuring. The composites have a negative enthalpy of formation for defects involving the transfer of protons from the acid to the acceptor. Very high defect densities of up to 10% of the available sites are observed by neutron diffraction. The effect on the mobility of the protons is observed directly using quasielastic neutron scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Surprisingly large fractions of up to 25% of the hydrogen ions show orders‐of‐magnitude enhanced mobility in the nanostructured composites of TiO2 or SiO2, both in crystalline CsHSO4 and an amorphous fraction.
Protein‐Enabled Layer‐by‐Layer Syntheses of Aligned, Porous‐Wall, High‐Aspect‐Ratio TiO2 Nanotube Arrays
Authors: Berrigan John D. , Kang Tae‐Sik , Cai Ye , Deneault James R. , Durstock Michael F. , Sandhage Kenneth H.
Published: March 2011

An aqueous, protein‐enabled (biomimetic), layer‐by‐layer titania deposition process is developed, for the first time, to convert aligned‐nanochannel templates into high‐aspect‐ratio, aligned nanotube arrays with thin (34 nm) walls composed of co‐continuous networks of pores and titania nanocrystals (15 nm ave. size). Alumina templates with aligned open nanochannels are exposed in an alternating fashion to aqueous protamine‐bearing and titania precursor‐bearing (Ti(IV) bis‐ammonium‐lactato‐dihydroxide, TiBALDH) solutions. The ability of protamine to bind to alumina and titania, and to induce the formation of a Ti–O‐bearing coating upon exposure to the TiBALDH precursor, enables the layer‐by‐layer deposition of a conformal protamine/Ti–O‐bearing coating on the nanochannel surfaces within the porous alumina template. Subsequent protamine pyrolysis yields coatings composed of co‐continuous networks of pores and titania nanoparticles. Selective dissolution of the underlying alumina template through the porous coating then yields freestanding, aligned, porous‐wall titania nanotube arrays. The interconnected pores within the nanotube walls allow enhanced loading of functional molecules (such as a Ru‐based N719 dye), whereas the interconnected titania nanoparticles enable the high‐aspect‐ratio, aligned nanotube arrays to be used as electrodes (as demonstrated for dye‐sensitized solar cells with power conversion efficiencies of 5.2 ± 0.4%).
Nonbuoyancy density‐driven convective mass and heat transfer: Scaling analysis and solution methodology
Authors: Krantz William B. , Lee Hanyong , Chaudhuri Siladitya Ray , Hwang Sun‐Tak
Published: March 2011

Density change during mass or heat transfer can cause convection in the absence of buoyancy forces. Prior studies have shown that this convection can be significant in the determination of diffusion coefficients and in the casting of polymeric membranes. Including this effect is challenging even for advanced numerical codes. A general methodology for obtaining the mass‐average velocity for unsteady‐state, one‐dimensional, multicomponent mass and/or heat transfer circumvents the problem of numerically solving the coupled continuity equation. Scaling analysis permits assessing the importance of this convection for a generic equation‐of‐state. Numerical predictions for evaporation from a liquid layer for components having density ratios of 1:1 and 0.7:1 indicate that ignoring convection results in errors of 34% and 24% in the evaporation time and final thickness, respectively. This convection also influences the evaporation in the percutaneous application of cosmetics, medications, and insecticides, curing of paints, varnishes, and lacquers, and formation of thin films. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Do rhesus monkeys recognize themselves in mirrors?
Authors: Anderson James R. , Gallup Gordon G.
Published: March 2011

Self‐recognition continues to attract attention because of the evidence of a striking difference between the great apes and humans, on the one hand, and all other primates; the former are capable of self‐recognition, whereas no compelling evidence exists for prosimians, monkeys, or lesser apes. This is in spite of numerous attempts to facilitate mirror self‐recognition in other primates. Although all previous attempts to find self‐recognition in rhesus macaques have failed, a recent article [Rajala et al., PLoS One 9:e12865, 2010] claimed the opposite—that adult male rhesus monkeys did recognize their own image in a mirror. We critically examine this claim, and conclude that the article fails to provide acceptable evidence for self‐recognition in rhesus monkeys. Am. J. Primatol. 73:603–606, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glänzende Aussichten für lumineszierende Siliciumdioxidnanopartikel
Authors: Bonacchi Sara , Genovese Damiano , Juris Riccardo , Montalti Marco , Prodi Luca , Rampazzo Enrico , Zaccheroni Nelsi
Published: March 2011

Siliciumdioxidnanopartikel verfügen über besondere Eigenschaften, z. B. eine geringe Toxizität, und stellen eine vielseitige Plattform für die Nanotechnologie dar. Ein geeignetes Design oder eine geeignete Derivatisierung führen zu selbst unter physiologischen Bedingungen stabilen Kolloiden und ermöglichen verschiedenste Funktionen. Insbesondere bei der Wahl passender Farbstoffe und Synthesestrategien können sehr hell leuchtende Nanosysteme resultieren. So bieten Siliciumdioxidnanopartikel ein einzigartiges Potenzial, und weitere Verbesserungen könnten neue Anwendungen in Bereichen wie medizinischer Diagnose und Therapie, Umwelt‐ und Lebensmittelanalytik sowie Sicherheit bringen. Hier stellen wir Mehrkomponenten‐Nanosysteme auf Siliciumdioxidbasis vor, die zu gerichtetem Energie‐ und Elektronentransfer fähig sind und sich für Funktionen wie Lichtsammeln und Signalverstärkung eignen.
Luminescent Silica Nanoparticles: Extending the Frontiers of Brightness
Authors: Bonacchi Sara , Genovese Damiano , Juris Riccardo , Montalti Marco , Prodi Luca , Rampazzo Enrico , Zaccheroni Nelsi
Published: March 2011

Silica nanoparticles are versatile platforms with many intrinsic features, such as low toxicity. Proper design and derivatization yields particularly stable colloids, even in physiological conditions, and provides them with multiple functions. A suitable choice of dyes and synthetic strategy may, in particular, yield a very bright nanosystem. Silica nanoparticles thus offer unique potential in the nanotechnology arena, and further improvement and optimization could substantially increase their application in fields of high social and economic impact, such as medical diagnostics and therapy, environmental and food analysis, and security. This paper describes silica‐based, multicomponent nanosystems with intrinsic directional energy‐ and electron‐transfer processes, on which highly valued functions like light harvesting and signal amplification are based.
Plantwide oscillations diagnosis—current state and future directions
Authors: Shoukat Choudhury M. A. A.
Published: March 2011

This paper describes the currently available techniques for root‐cause diagnosis of plantwide oscillation and future directions for research in this area. Plantwide oscillation arises mainly for three reasons: (1) tight controller tuning, (2) loop interactions and (3) presence of nonlinear faults such as valve stiction and sensor faults. Plantwide oscillation is detrimental for plant operation because it causes large variability in the control loops resulting in reduced profitability due to inferior quality products, larger rejection rates, reduction in average throughput and increase in energy requirements. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydroxyapatite (n‐HA)/unsaturated poly(ester‐amide) nanocomposites for bone fixation material
Authors: Ai Yong‐Ping , Zeng Ying‐Ying , Xie Shi‐Kun , Tang Fang‐Gen , He De‐Yong , Yi Rong‐Xi , Li Jiu‐Ming , Jiang Fen , Zhou Tai‐Ping
Published: March 2011

A new type of unsaturated poly(ester‐amide) viz maleic anhydride‐phthalic anhydride‐ethylene glycol‐neopentylene glycol‐glycin copolymer was prepared by melt polycondensation. The copolymer was characterized by FT‐IR, gel permeation chromatography, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The molecular structure of crosslinked unsaturated poly(ester‐amide) was determined by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. Hydroxyapatite (n‐HA) was used to boost up the new unsaturated poly (ester‐amide), the flexural properties of n‐HA/unsaturated poly(ester‐amide) nanocomposites with different n‐HA content were measured. Studies of degradation behavior were carried out in simulated body fluid at pH 7.4 and 37°C, the flexural strength changes and cumulative mass loss of n‐HA/ unsaturated poly(ester‐amide) nanocomposites were measured at different degradation times. The n‐HA/unsaturated poly(ester‐amide) nanocomposites was hydrolyzed in 1M NaOH standard solution at room temperature to study the mass loss with different n‐HA contents. All the preliminary results suggested that n‐HA/unsaturated poly(ester‐amide) nanocomposites might be potentially used as a new type of bone fixation material. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Creep behavior of wood flour composites made from linseed oil‐based polyester thermosets
Authors: Mosiewicki Mirna A. , Marcovich Norma E. , Aranguren Mirta I.
Published: March 2011

The creep behavior of new polymers prepared by free radical polymerization of styrene‐crosslinked resins obtained from linseed oil and derived wood flour (WF) composites have been analyzed. Results of short‐time flexural creep tests at different temperatures are reported. The effects of the wood flour content and temperature are discussed. The creep deformation is significantly reduced with the incorporation of wood flour, due to the excellent fiber/matrix interaction. The creep strain was modeled using the creep power law and the Bürgers models. The parameters were determined from the best fitting of the experimental data using a nonlinear optimization method. Although both models gave a good description of the viscoelastic creep of the materials, the Bürgers model was preferred because of its ability to predict recovery. A master curve was built using the time temperature superposition principle, and the time shifts were well fitted using Arrhenius model. There was a good superposition of the short‐term master curve and long‐term data for samples tested at the same time after preparation. A reduction of the creep deformation was observed when the responses of samples tested after 2 and 5 years from preparation were compared, which was attributed to aging derived from the oxidative crosslinking of linseed oil fragments in the network. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Structure‐property and swelling behavior of electron beam irradiated poly(vinyl alcohol)/acrylamide/sodium montmorillonite clay composites
Authors: Abd Alla Saffa G. , Helal Reham H. , Wasfy Ashraf A. F. , El‐Naggar Abdel Wahab M.
Published: March 2011

Composites based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), acrylamide monomer (AM) and sodium montmorillonite clay (MMT) were prepared, in the form of thin films, by solution casting. The PVA/AM/MMT composites films were then exposed to electron beam irradiation to form crosslinked network structure. The structure‐property behavior of PVA/AM/MMT hybrids was demonstrated by x‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, gel content, color intensity, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and swelling behavior in aqueous solutions. The results indicated that the introduction of MMT clay ratio up to 5% decreased the gel content of PVA/AM hydrogels. The color measurements indicated that the introduction of MMT clay ratio up to 5% was shown to affect the color intensity of composite films. It was found that both PVA/AM hydrogels and PVA/AM/MMT composites reached the equilibrium swelling state in water after four hours; however PVA/AM/MMT composites displayed higher swelling than PVA/AM hydrogels. However, the swelling of PVA/AM hydrogels or their composites at the equilibrium state increased with increasing temperature up to 60°C. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Rhodanine‐containing Sorafenib Analogs as Potential Antitumor Agents
Authors: Li Wei , Zhai Xin , Zhong Zheng , Li Guangyue , Pu Yongxiao , Gong Ping
Published: March 2011

A series of rhodanine‐containing sorafenib analogs was designed, synthesized and evaluated for theirin‐vitroantitumor activity against three cancer cell lines (A549, H460 and HT29). Pharmacological data indicated that some of the target compounds possessed marked antiproliferative activity superior to the reference drug sorafenib, especially the most promising compound7r(with the IC50value of 0.8, 1.3 and 2.8 µM against A549, H460 and HT29 cell lines, respectively). The activity was found to strongly depend on the substitution pattern of the rhodanine motif at C‐5″ position. Results suggested that this series of compounds could serve as the bases for the development of novel antitumor agents.
The role of feedback mechanisms in biological network models—A tutorial
Authors: Radde Nicole
Published: March 2011

Feedback circuits are network motifs that are important for the proper regulation of various cellular processes. Moreover, feedback is related to complex dynamic behavior such as bistability, hysteresis or oscillations, which has been investigated, especially in the context of intracellular networks, in recent years. Consequently, it is convenient to analyze the behavior of biological networks in terms of their feedback structure. While single feedback circuits are well‐investigated, a generalization of results to more complex networks is usually not straightforward. On the other hand, various results indicate that network complexity is directly connected to a proper functioning of the cell. Thus, theoretical approaches for the analysis of complex feedback systems are needed in order to understand cellular behavior at a systemic level. This work discusses the role of feedback mechanisms for intracellular regulation processes on different biological examples. We will recapitulate results for single elementary circuits and discuss recent attempts to develop a comprehensive theory that is also applicable for more complex networks of interrelated feedback structures. We will focus mainly on fixed point analysis and discuss concepts for a calculation of those in terms of the underlying graph topology.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Practical Output Regulation of Uncertain Strict‐Feedback Form Systems
Authors: Montaseri Ghazal , Yazdanpanah Mohammad Javad
Published: March 2011

In this paper, an output feedback control is proposed to solve the practical output regulation problem of a class of nonlinear systems. In the first step of the design procedure, two sets of coordinate transformations are used to convert the output regulation problem of the system in the strict‐feedback form into the regulation problem of the transformed system in the uncertain normal form. Then, for the resulting system, a state feedback in the cast of nested sliding mode control is designed. Finally, by using the nonlinear separation principle, the output feedback controller is achieved by substituting the estimated states, resulting from the high‐gain observer, instead of real states. It can be shown that the states of the closed‐loop system are ultimately bounded.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Invited review: Probing the structures of muscle regulatory proteins using small‐angle solution scattering
Authors: Lu Yanling , Jeffries Cy M. , Trewhella Jill
Published: March 2011

Small‐angle X‐ray and neutron scattering with contrast variation have made important contributions in advancing our understanding of muscle regulatory protein structures in the context of the dynamic molecular processes governing muscle action. The contributions of the scattering investigations have depended upon the results of key crystallographic, NMR, and electron microscopy experiments that have provided detailed structural information that has aided in the interpretation of the scattering data. This review will cover the advances made using small‐angle scattering techniques, in combination with the results from these complementary techniques, in probing the structures of troponin and myosin binding protein C. A focus of the troponin work has been to understand the isoform differences between the skeletal and cardiac isoforms of this major calcium receptor in muscle. In the case of myosin binding protein C, significant data are accumulating, indicating that this protein may act to modulate the primary calcium signals from troponin, and interest in its biological role has grown because of linkages between gene mutations in the cardiac isoform and serious heart disease. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 95: 505–516, 2011.
Identification of transcription factors perturbed by the synthesis of high levels of a foreign protein in yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Contador Carolina A. , Andrews Barbara A. , Liao James C. , Asenjo Juan A.
Published: March 2011

For years, micro‐organisms have been used for the industrial production of heterologous proteins. However, the production of foreign proteins causes undesirable problems for the host organism. The analysis of this phenomenon is desirable to improve the production of relevant proteins and so far no analysis of the effects of recombinant protein production on genetic regulation has been reported. In this work, network component analysis (NCA) was used to deduce transcription factor activities (TFAs) in a recombinant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that produces a foreign protein, human superoxide dismutase (SOD) and compared the behavior of this yeast strain to the wild‐type host to see the effect of the expression of the protein at the regulatory level. NCA identified a network of 817 genes regulated by 87 transcription factors (TFs). From the identified TFs, 45 show significant change in their activities at least in one of the three phases of diauxic growth (glucose, ethanol, and early stationary phase). The major effect of the expression of SOD on the activity of the TFs was observed in the early stationary phase with 34 of them perturbed in comparison with 12 on glucose and 20 on ethanol. These TFs cover the main functions of the cell, such as developmental processes, cell cycle, metabolism, and environmental response. Five of them are present in all growth phases: Hal9, Mac1, Oaf3, Stp1, and Urc2. In addition, TFA analysis corroborates the hypothesis that copper plays a key role as a stress factor and suggests that YJL206C, a TF with unknown function, could be related to Ace2, a cell cycle regulator. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Superior thyroid artery origin in Caucasian Greeks: A new classification proposal and review of the literature
Authors: Natsis Konstantinos , Raikos Athanasios , Foundos Ioannis , Noussios George , Lazaridis Nikolaos , Njau Samouel N.
Published: March 2011

Studies on the origin of the superior thyroid artery, define that it could originate either from the external carotid artery, (at the level of common carotid bifurcation), or from the common carotid artery. However, there is a classical anatomic knowledge that the superior thyroid artery is a branch of the external carotid artery. Variability in the anatomy of the superior thyroid artery was studied on 100 carotids. Moreover, a review about the origin of superior thyroid artery between recent and previous cadaveric, autopsy, and angiographic studies, on adults and fetuses, was carried out. The superior thyroid artery originated from the external carotid artery in 39% and at the level of carotid bifurcation and common carotid artery in 61% of cases. The anterior branches of the external carotid artery were separate in 76% of cases, while common trunks between the arteries were found in 24% of the specimens. A new classification proposal on the origin of the superior thyroid artery is also suggested. In this study, the origin of superior thyroid artery is considered at the level of the carotid bifurcation and not from the external carotid artery as stated in many classical anatomy textbooks. This has a great impact on the terminology when referring to the anterior branches of the external carotid artery, which could be termed as anterior branches of the cervical carotid artery. Head and neck surgeons must be familiar with anatomical variations of the superior thyroid artery in order to achieve a better surgical outcome. Clin. Anat. 24:699–705, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: HRTEM, SAED and XRD Investigations of La4O4[AsO4]Br and Pr4O4[AsO4]Br.
Authors: Ben Yahia Hamdi , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Boulahya Khalid , Gonzalez‐Calbet Jose Maria , Poettgen Rainer
Published: March 2011

The new title compounds are synthesized by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of La2O3 or Pr6O11, NH4H2AsO4, and NH4Br using NaBr as a flux (Pt tubes, 900 °C, 72 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Structure‐Composition‐Property Relationships of 6H‐BaTi1‐yCoyO3‐δ (0.1 ≤ y ≤ 0.4).
Authors: Miranda Laura , Boulahya Khalid , Hernando Maria , Sinclair Derek C. , Jimenez‐Villacorta Felix , Varela Aurea , Gonzalez‐Calbet Jose M. , Parras Marina
Published: March 2011

The title solid solutions are prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of BaCO3, TiO2, and Co3O4 (Pt crucible, 1648 K for 2 d (y = 0.1), 1473 K for 3 d (y = 0.2), 1373 K for 3 d (y = 0.3), 1398 K for 6 d (y = 0.4)).
ChemInform Abstract: Electrodes Modified with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Carrying Fe3O4 Beads: High Sensitivity to H2O2.
Authors: Kang Shi‐Zhao , Chen Hong , Mu Jin
Published: March 2011

Indium tin oxide electrodes modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes carrying Fe3O4 beads are characterized by cyclic voltammetry.
ChemInform Abstract: Large‐Scale Synthesis of Ultrathin Hexagonal Tin Disulfide Nanosheets with Highly Reversible Lithium Storage.
Authors: Zhai Chuanxin , Du Ning , Zhang Hui , Yang Deren
Published: March 2011

Ultrathin (<5 nm thickness) hexagonal SnS2 nanosheets are hydrothermally synthesized from solutions of SnCl4 and thioacetamide in water (autoclave, 160 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Iron Oxyselenide Ce2O2FeSe2: Synthesis and Characterization.
Authors: McCabe Emma E. , Free David G. , Evans John S. O.
Published: March 2011

The title compound is prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of CeO2O, Se, and Fe powders using Al powder as an oxygen‐getter in a second crucible (two alumina crucibles in an evacuated quartz tube, 1050 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Hydrogenation of Amides to Alcohols and Amines under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Balaraman Ekambaram , Gnanaprakasam Boopathy , Shimon Linda J. W. , Milstein David
Published: March 2011

Amides can be selectively and directly hydrogenated to alcohols and amines for the first time.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of a Mild Procedure for the Addition of Bisulfite to Electrophilic Olefins.
Authors: Fini Francesco , Nagabelli Murali , Adamo Mauro F. A.
Published: March 2011

The method proceeds at room temperature, affords only a slight excess of bisulfite, is catalyzed by a simple amine, and complemented by an easy purification procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of C1‐Symmetric Chiral Secondary Diamines and Their Applications in the Asymmetric Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Henry (Nitroaldol) Reactions.
Authors: Zhou Yirong , Dong Junfang , Zhang Fanglin , Gong Yuefa
Published: March 2011

A number of new title diamines is prepared and tested as ligands in Henry reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Sodium Tetraarylborates to β,β‐Disubstituted α,β‐Unsaturated Esters.
Authors: Shintani Ryo , Hayashi Tamio
Published: March 2011

The asymmetric rhodium‐catalyzed 1,4‐addition of sodium tetraalkylborates to β,β‐disubstituted α,β‐unsaturated esters creates quaternary carbon stereocenters with high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc Chloride Homogeneous Catalysis in the Tritylation of Hydroxyl‐ and Amide‐Bearing Molecules.
Authors: Maltese Maurizio , Vergari Maria Cecilia , Donzello Maria Pia
Published: March 2011

A novel protocol based on the use of trityl acetate in the presence of catalytic amounts of zinc chloride is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Organocatalytic α‐Sulfenylation of Aldehydes and Ketones with Tetramethylthiuram Disulfide.
Authors: Enders Dieter , Rembiak Andreas , Liebich Jens X.
Published: March 2011

Optimized conditions A) using disulfide (I) as electrophilic sulfenylation reagent are developed for the conversion of acyclic ketones and aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Selective Cobalt‐Mediated [6 + 2] Cycloaddition of Cycloheptatriene and Allenes.
Authors: Clavier Herve , Le Jeune Karel , de Riggi Innocenzo , Tenaglia Alphonse , Buono Gerard
Published: March 2011

Only one regioisomer is obtained with an excellent (E) selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of Benzoins to Benzoic Acids Using Sodium Hydride under Oxygen Atmosphere.
Authors: Kang Sunhae , Joo Cheonik , Kim Sun Min , Han Hogyu , Yang Jung Woon
Published: March 2011

A facile oxidation is achieved in good yields via the corresponding benzils.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of N‐Sulfonylamidines by Copper‐Catalyzed Coupling of Sulfonyl Azides, Terminal Alkynes, and Trialkylamines.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Ahmadian Salome , Ghazanfarpur‐Darjani Majid , Solgi Yazdan
Published: March 2011

The three‐component reaction involves coupling of copper acetylides with azides to give ketimine intermediates which are trapped by trialkylamines to yield the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Enantioselective Intermolecular Hydroacylation: Substrate‐Directed Addition of Salicylaldehydes to Homoallylic Sulfides.
Authors: Coulter Matthew M. , Kou Kevin G. M. , Galligan Baye , Dong Vy M.
Published: March 2011

The regioselectivity is based on the high directing potential of coordinating sulfur atom.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Synthesis of β‐Lactams with Retro‐Amide Side Chain.
Authors: Janikowska Karolina , Pawelska Natalia , Makowiec Slawomir
Published: March 2011

Carbamoylketenes, generated in situ from substrates (I) or (IV) bearing an N‐aryl substituent, react with aldimines to give the title compounds in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Clean Synthesis of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical 3,3‐Di(indolyl)indolin‐2‐ones Using KSF.
Authors: Nikpassand Mohammad , Mamaghani Manouchehr , Tabatabaeian Khalil , Samimi Heshmat Alah
Published: March 2011

Both symmetrical (III) and unsymmetrical (IV) 3,3‐di(indolyl)indolin‐2‐ones are obtained in a simple and convenient procedure using montmorillonite KSF clay as heterogeneous catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Mediated [3 + 2] or [3 + 3] Annulation of 2‐(2‐(Ethynyl)phenoxy)‐1‐arylethanones: Selective Synthesis of Indeno[1,2‐c]chromenes and 5H‐Naphtho[1,2‐c]chromenes.
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Qiang , Lei Yong , Zhou Ming‐Bo , Chen Guo‐Xiang , Song Ren‐Jie , Xie Ye‐Xiang , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: March 2011

Indeno[1,2‐c]chromenes are formed if the substrates bear a terminal aryl group at the alkyne moiety.
ChemInform Abstract: A Practical, One‐Pot Synthesis of Sulfonylated Pyridines.
Authors: Maloney Kevin M. , Kuethe Jeffrey T. , Linn Kathleen
Published: March 2011

Electron‐deficient chloro‐, bromo‐, iodo‐pyridines or a triflate (XIV) are sulfonylated using Bu4NCl as a catalyst in DMA.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Allylation of 3,4‐Dihydroisoquinolines and Its Application to the Synthesis of Isoquinoline Alkaloids.
Authors: Miyazaki Michiko , Ando Nami , Sugai Keita , Seito Yuki , Fukuoka Hiromi , Kanemitsu Takuya , Nagata Kazuhiro , Odanaka Yuki , Nakamura Kazuo T. , Itoh Takashi
Published: March 2011

An improved method allows formation of the 1‐allylated tetrahydroisoquinolines (S)‐ and (R)‐(III) with good enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: [2 + 2 + 2]‐Cocyclotrimerization of 6‐Alkynyl‐7‐benzylpurines with α,ω‐Diynes.
Authors: Opekar Stanislav , Turek Pavel , Pohl Radek , Klepetarova Blanka , Votruba Ivan , Hocek Michal , Kotora Martin
Published: March 2011

In some cases the products (VIII) have to be purified for several times resulting in lower yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A Clean and Expedient Synthesis of Pyrido[1,4]oxazepino Spiropyrrolidines Through One‐Pot, Three‐Component [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction.
Authors: Kathiravan S. , Babu A. R. Suresh , Raghunathan R.
Published: March 2011

A small series of hitherto unknown pyrido[1,4]oxazepine fused spiropyrrolidines (IV) are synthesized through one‐pot, three‐component intermolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of Baylis—Hillman adduct derived benzylidene oxazepines with azomethine ylide.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective anti‐SN2′ Mitsunobu Reaction of α‐Hydroxy‐α‐Alkenylsilanes.
Authors: Higashino Masato , Ikeda Naoko , Shinada Tetsuro , Sakaguchi Kazuhiko , Ohfune Yasufumi
Published: March 2011

The Mitsunobu reaction of optically active α‐hydroxy‐α‐alkenylsilanes is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Green Colored Photochromic 6′‐Arylamino Spiro [2H]Naphth[1,2‐b]oxazines.
Authors: York Mark , Evans Richard A.
Published: March 2011

An improved protocol for the synthesis of reversacol aqua green (IVd) and related photochromic spirooxazines is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of New δ‐Substituted Pentamethine Cyanine Dyes.
Authors: Mehranpour A. M. , Hashemnia S. , Maghamifar R.
Published: March 2011

The incorporation of the additional methyl or benzyl residues into the pyridine ring causes only a minor shifting of the respective visible absorption maxima in comparison to previously known unsubstituted cyanine dyes.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Sterically and Electronically Demanding Linear ω‐Trifluoromethyl Containing Amino Acids via Alkylation of Chiral Equivalents of Nucleophilic Glycine and Alanine.
Authors: Wang Jiang , Lin Daizong , Zhou Shengbin , Ding Xiao , Soloshonok Vadim A. , Liu Hong
Published: March 2011

A simple, efficient, and highly enantioselective method to prepare biologically important title amino acids like (III) and (V) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium(III) Triflate‐Mediated One‐Step Preparation of Glycosyl Halides from Free Sugars.
Authors: Giri Santosh Kumar , Kartha K. P. Ravindranathan
Published: March 2011

The corresponding glycosyl bromides are obtained by using benzoyl bromide.
ChemInform Abstract: Decalpenic Acid, a Novel Small Molecule from Penicillium Verruculosum CR37010, Induces Early Osteoblastic Markers in Pluripotent Mesenchymal Cells
Authors: Sakamoto Shuichi , et al. et al.
Published: March 2011

isolation, structure determination and biological activity of decalpenic acid (I)
ChemInform Abstract: 2754A: A New Inhibitor of VEGFR‐2 Isolated from the Streptomyces sp. 2754
Authors: Jiang Zhong‐ke , Guo Lian‐hong , Zhang Yang , Sun Cheng‐hang , Li Yuan , Wu Jian‐bo , Jiang Rong
Published: March 2011

isolation, physico‐chemical properties, structure and bioactivity of a new member of the nanaomycin group of antibiotics
ChemInform Abstract: Enhancement of Water—Gas Shift Reaction Efficiency: Catalysts and the Catalyst Bed Arrangement
Authors: Baronskaya N. A. , Minyukova T. P. , Khassin A. A. , Yurieva T. M. , Parmon V. N.
Published: March 2011

Review: 179 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metals as Lewis Bases: “Z‐Type” Boron Ligands and Metal‐to‐Boron Dative Bonding
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Dewhurst Rian D.
Published: March 2011

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cellular and Molecular Actions of Methylene Blue in the Nervous System
Authors: Oz Murat , Lorke Dietrich E. , Hasan Mohammed , Petroianu George A.
Published: March 2011

Review: 238 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Synthetic Studies of Nine‐Membered Enediyne Antitumor Antibiotics
Authors: Sato Itaru , Hirama Masahiro
Published: March 2011

Review: ca. 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Axially Chiral Guanidines as Efficient Broensted Base Catalysts for Enantioselective Transformations
Authors: Terada Masahiro
Published: March 2011

Review: ca. 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbohydrate‐Based Lactones: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Xavier Nuno M. , Rauter Amelia P. , Queneau Yves
Published: March 2011

Review: 233 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetics of Charge‐Transfer Reactions at Nanoscopic Electrochemical Interfaces
Authors: Wang Yixian , Velmurugan Jeyavel , Mirkin Michael V.
Published: March 2011

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemically Controlled H‐Bonding
Authors: Smith Diane K.
Published: March 2011

Review: 67 refs.
p16/Ki‐67 dual‐stain cytology in the triage of ASCUS and LSIL Papanicolaou cytology
Authors: Atkins Kristen
Published: March 2011

Cervical cancer screening continues to evolve. We may be back to embracing morphology. See related article, pp. 158‐66, this issue.
Scalable parallel regridding algorithms for block‐structured adaptive mesh refinement
Authors: Luitjens J. , Berzins M.
Published: March 2011

Block‐structured adaptive mesh refinement (BSAMR) is widely used within simulation software because it improves the utilization of computing resources by refining the mesh only where necessary. For BSAMR to scale onto existing petascale and eventually exascale computers all portions of the simulation need to weak scale ideally. Any portions of the simulation that do not will become a bottleneck at larger numbers of cores. The challenge is to design algorithms that will make it possible to avoid these bottlenecks on exascale computers. One step of existing BSAMR algorithms involves determining where to create new patches of refinement. The Berger–Rigoutsos algorithm is commonly used to perform this task. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the performance of two existing parallel implementations of the Berger–Rigoutsos algorithm and develops a new parallel implementation of the Berger–Rigoutsos algorithm and a tiled algorithm that exhibits ideal scalability. The analysis and computational results up to 98 304 cores are used to design performance models which are then used to predict how these algorithms will perform on 100 M cores. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brokering of risk‐aware service level agreements in grids
Authors: Djemame K. , Padgett J. , Gourlay I. , Armstrong D.
Published: March 2011

Service level agreements (SLAs) are facilitators for widening the commercial uptake of Grid technology. They provide explicit statements of expectation and obligation between service consumers and providers. However, without the ability to assess the probability that an SLA might fail, commercial uptake will be restricted, since neither party will be willing to agree. Therefore, risk assessment mechanisms are critical to increase confidence in Grid technology usage within the commercial sector. This paper presents an SLA brokering mechanism with risk assessment support, which evaluates the probability of SLA failure. WS‐Agreement and risk metrics are used to facilitate SLA creation between service consumers and providers within a typical Grid resource usage scenario. An evaluation is conducted to examine risk models, the performance of the broker's implementation as well as a comparison of its capabilities against similar SLA‐based solutions from the literature. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Higher‐order differentiation of network functions using signal flow graphs
Authors: Osowski Stanislaw
Published: March 2011

This paper presents the application of signal flow graphs (SFG) in the calculation of higher‐order derivatives (sensitivities) of the linear circuit functions. The idea of exact differentiation of the circuit functions is based on the adjoint networks, translated into SFG language. Thanks to its application, it is possible to calculate the exact value of any order derivative of circuit function without knowing this function in explicit form. Moreover, these derivatives can be determined on the basis of analysis of only two graphs (circuits): the original and adjoint one. We show that the SFG approach to the sensitivity calculation allows to reduce greatly the complexity of calculations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphatidylethanol in blood (B‐PEth): A marker for alcohol use and abuse
Authors: Isaksson Anders , Walther Lisa , Hansson Therese , Andersson Anders , Alling Christer
Published: March 2011

Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) represents a group of glycerophospholipid homologues where ethanol by phospholipase D has been bound at the position that normally contains an amino‐alcohol. Since the formation of PEth is specifically dependent on ethanol, the diagnostic specificity of PEth as an alcohol biomarker is theoretically 100%. The half‐life of PEth in blood is approximately 4 days. The amount of alcohol consumed correlates to blood concentration of PEth and PEth has been shown to be a more sensitive indicator of alcohol consumption than traditional alcohol markers, such as CDT (carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin), GGT (γ‐glutamyl transferase), and MCV (mean corpuscular volume) or a combination of these. Almost all clinical data so far available are based on a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with limited analytical sensitivity. With the advent of methods with considerably higher analytical sensitivity (e.g. mass spectrometric methods), clinical sensitivity will increase correspondingly. The possibility of determining very low concentrations of PEth by new sensitive analytical techniques may, however, have both ethical and legal consequences that have to be considered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcriptional programming in the immune system: Report on the International Workshop of the Transregio TR52, November 17–20, 2010 in Würzburg, Germany
Authors: Berberich‐Siebelt Friederike , Avots Andris , Serfling Edgar
Published: March 2011

Between November 17–20, 2010, an international workshop was organized by the Transregio TR52 Würzburg/Mainz/Berlin at the Virchow Center of University Würzburg. Introduced by the Virchow Medal Lecture, given by Meinrad Busslinger, more than 25 presentations were delivered by renowned guest scientists and approximately the same number of short lectures by members of the Transregio on Gene Expression in Cells of the Immune System. This report tries to reflect the spirit of the meeting and its scientific highlights.
Homo‐ and Heterometallic Terbium Alkoxides – Synthesis, Characterization and Conversion to Luminescent Oxide Nanostructures
Authors: Hemmer Eva , Huch Volker , Adlung Matthias , Wickleder Claudia , Mathur Sanjay
Published: March 2011

Terbium alkoxides in homometallic ― [Tb3(μ3‐OtBu)2(μ2‐OtBu)3(OtBu)4 (HOtBu)2] (1), [Tb{OC(tBu)3}3(THF)] (2) ― and heterometallic configurations ― [TbAl(μ2‐OiPr)3(OiPr)3(iPrOH)]2 (3), [TbAl3(μ2‐OiPr)6(OiPr)6] (4) ― were synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Decomposition of 1 and 2 under solvothermal conditions produced Tb(OH)3 nanorods, whereby the material formation and crystallization were influenced by the steric profile of the organic ligand, which controlled the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of the precursor molecules. Monophasic terbium aluminate in the perovskite phase (TbAlO3) was obtained by the sol–gel processing of 3. Heterometallic frameworks present in 3 and 4 were, however, unstable under solvothermal conditions and resulted in hydroxide–oxide composites [Tb(OH)3/Al2O3/Al(OH)3]. Compound 4 exhibited sufficient vapour pressure to be used in the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process to grow Tb–O–Al thin films. Crystalline compositions obtained on MgAl2O4 and SiO2 (quartz) substrates were garnet and perovskite phases, and were ascribed to the crystallographic relationship between the substrate and CVD deposits. The optical properties of the powders obtained were studied by photoluminescence spectroscopy.
A CAG repeat polymorphism of KCNN3 predicts SK3 channel function and cognitive performance in schizophrenia
Authors: Grube Sabrina , Gerchen Martin F. , Adamcio Bartosz , Pardo Luis A. , Martin Sabine , Malzahn Dörthe , Papiol Sergi , Begemann Martin , Ribbe Katja , Friedrichs Heidi , Radyushkin Konstantin A , Müller Michael , Benseler Fritz , Riggert Joachim , Falkai Peter , Bickeböller Heike , Nave Klaus‐Armin , Brose Nils , Stühmer Walter , Ehrenreich Hannelore
Published: March 2011

KCNN3, encoding the small conductance calcium‐activated potassium channel SK3, harbours a polymorphic CAG repeat in the amino‐terminal coding region with yet unproven function. Hypothesizing that KCNN3 genotypes do not influence susceptibility to schizophrenia but modify its phenotype, we explored their contribution to specific schizophrenic symptoms. Using the Göttingen Research Association for Schizophrenia (GRAS) data collection of schizophrenic patients (n = 1074), we performed a phenotype‐based genetic association study (PGAS) of KCNN3. We show that long CAG repeats in the schizophrenic sample are specifically associated with better performance in higher cognitive tasks, comprising the capacity to discriminate, select and execute (p < 0.0001). Long repeats reduce SK3 channel function, as we demonstrate by patch‐clamping of transfected HEK293 cells. In contrast, modelling the opposite in mice, i.e. KCNN3 overexpression/channel hyperfunction, leads to selective deficits in higher brain functions comparable to those influenced by SK3 conductance in humans. To conclude, KCNN3 genotypes modify cognitive performance, shown here in a large sample of schizophrenic patients. Reduction of SK3 function may constitute a pharmacological target to improve cognition in schizophrenia and other conditions with cognitive impairment.

→See accompanying Closeup by Anil K Malhotra http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/emmm.201100137