bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proinflammatory Adaptive Cytokine and Shed Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Levels Are Elevated Preceding Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Flare
Authors: Munroe Melissa E. , Vista Evan S. , Guthridge Joel M. , Thompson Linda F. , Merrill Joan T. , James Judith A.
Published: February 2014

Objective

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifaceted disease characterized by immune dysregulation and unpredictable disease activity. This study sought to evaluate the changes in plasma concentrations of soluble mediators that precede clinically defined disease flares.

Methods

Fifty‐two different soluble mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and soluble receptors, were examined using validated multiplex bead‐based or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays in plasma from 28 European American patients with SLE who developed disease flare 6 or 12 weeks after a baseline assessment (preflare), 28 matched SLE patients without impending flare (nonflare), and 28 matched healthy controls. In a subset of 13 SLE patients, mediators within samples obtained preceding disease flare were compared with those within samples from the same individual obtained during a clinically stable period without flare.

Results

Compared to SLE patients with clinically stable disease, SLE patients with impending flare had significant alterations (P ≤ 0.01) in the levels of 27 soluble mediators at baseline; specifically, the levels of proinflammatory mediators, including Th1‐, Th2‐, and Th17‐type cytokines, were significantly higher several weeks before clinical flare. Baseline levels of regulatory cytokines, including interleukin‐10 and transforming growth factor β, were higher in nonflare SLE patients, whereas baseline levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type I (TNFRI), TNFRII, Fas, FasL, and CD40L were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.002) in preflare SLE patients. The normalized and weighted combined soluble mediator score was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.0002) in preflare samples from SLE patients compared to samples from the same patients obtained during periods of stable disease.

Conclusion

The levels of proinflammatory adaptive cytokines and shed TNF receptors are elevated prior to disease flare, while the levels of regulatory mediators are elevated during periods of stable disease. Alterations in the balance between inflammatory and regulatory mediators may help identify patients at risk of disease flare and help decipher the pathogenic mechanisms of SLE.
Open‐Loop Functional Observer and State Feedback for Linear Systems Using Multirate Output Sampling
Authors: Satyanarayana Neeli , Janardhanan S
Published: February 2014

In this paper, the problem of estimating a linear functional of the state vector is considered in order to implement a feedback control law for discrete‐time linear multivariable systems. The proposed method is based on multirate sampling of the plant output. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the functional observer, and propose a functional observer with the minimal number of output samples. In this work, the control law is implemented using the output samples, thus this methodology is more practical than state based techniques. A numerical example is considered to illustrate the procedure and highlight the advantages of the proposed method.
Enhanced reproducibility of the human gel‐based tear proteome maps in the presence of di‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) disulfide
Authors: Saraygord‐Afshari Neda , Naderi‐Manesh Hossein , Naderi Mostafa
Published: February 2014

Patterns obtained in two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) in the previously published articles suggest a varying number of proteins. To seek the cause of this variation, we investigated the effect of reduction power on the overall tear proteome maps. To this end, the buffers of two reducing agents, dithiothreitol (DTT) at nine different concentrations and di‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) disulfide (HED), were examined. The assay showed that HED clearly improved 2‐DE resolution, increased the number of detectable protein spots, and offered well‐resolved chain regions in comparison with those treated with DTT. Furthermore, this study introduced increasing the reduction power as a remedy to increase the reproducibility of two‐dimensional human tear proteome maps. In addition, the results of our assessment showed that improved reduction efficiency was accompanied by increased procedure reproducibility from 42% to 89%.
A chimeric protein encompassing hepatitis C virus epitopes is able to elicit both humoral and cell‐mediated immune responses in mice
Authors: Aguilar‐Noriega Daylen , Alvarez‐Lajonchere Liz , Brown Emma , Santana Felix Leonardo , Dubuisson Jean , Wychowski Czeslaw , Guerra Ivis , Martínez‐Donato Gillian , Pérez Angel , Amador‐Cañizares Yalena , Dueñas‐Carrera Santiago
Published: February 2014

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide health problem. Vaccines against this pathogen are not available and advances in this field are limited because of the high genetic variability of the virus, inaccessibility of animal models, and incomplete definition of immunological correlates of protection. In the present work, a chimeric protein, Eq1, encompassing HCV amino acid regions from structural antigens, was generated. Eq1 was expressed in GC‐366 bacterial cells. After cell disruption, Eq1 was purified from the insoluble fraction by sequential steps of differential solubilization and metal chelating affinity chromatography. Eq1 was specifically recognized by anti‐HCV positive human sera. Moreover, immunization of BALB/c mice with different doses of Eq1 formulated either in Alum or Freund's incomplete adjuvant elicited both humoral‐ and cellular‐specific immune responses. Doses of 20 µg of Eq1 induced the strongest cell‐mediated immune responses and only the formulation of this dose in Alum elicited a neutralizing antibody response against heterologous cell culture HCV. All these data together indicate that Eq1 is immunogenic in mice and might be an interesting component of vaccine candidates against HCV infection.
Quantification of facial skeletal shape variation in fibroblast growth factor receptor‐related craniosynostosis syndromes
Authors: Heuzé Yann , Martínez‐Abadías Neus , Stella Jennifer M. , Arnaud Eric , Collet Corinne , García Fructuoso Gemma , Alamar Mariana , Lo Lun‐Jou , Boyadjiev Simeon A. , Di Rocco Federico , Richtsmeier Joan T.
Published: February 2014

Background

fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) ‐related craniosynostosis syndromes are caused by many different mutations within FGFR‐1, 2, 3, and certain FGFR mutations are associated with more than one clinical syndrome. These syndromes share coronal craniosynostosis and characteristic facial skeletal features, although Apert syndrome (AS) is characterized by a more dysmorphic facial skeleton relative to Crouzon (CS), Muenke (MS), or Pfeiffer syndromes.

Methods

Here we perform a detailed three‐dimensional evaluation of facial skeletal shape in a retrospective sample of cases clinically and/or genetically diagnosed as AS, CS, MS, and Pfeiffer syndrome to quantify variation in facial dysmorphology, precisely identify specific facial features pertaining to these four syndromes, and further elucidate what knowledge of the causative FGFR mutation brings to our understanding of these syndromes.

Results

Our results confirm a strong correspondence between genotype and facial phenotype for AS and MS with severity of facial dysmorphology diminishing from Apert FGFR2S252W to Apert FGFR2P253R to MS. We show that AS facial shape variation is increased relative to CS, although CS has been shown to be caused by numerous distinct mutations within FGFRs and reduced dosage in ERF.

Conclusion

Our quantitative analysis of facial phenotypes demonstrate subtle variation within and among craniosynostosis syndromes that might, with further research, provide information about the impact of the mutation on facial skeletal and nonskeletal development. We suggest that precise studies of the phenotypic consequences of genetic mutations at many levels of analysis should accompany next‐generation genetic research and that these approaches should proceed cooperatively. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:250–259, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Significant RF‐EMF and thermal levels observed in a computational model of a person with a tibial plate for grounded 40 MHz exposure
Authors: McIntosh Robert L. , Iskra Steve , Anderson Vitas
Published: February 2014

Using numerical modeling, a worst‐case scenario is considered when a person with a metallic implant is exposed to a radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF). An adult male standing on a conductive ground plane was exposed to a 40 MHz vertically polarized plane wave field, close to whole‐body resonance where maximal induced current flows are expected in the legs. A metal plate (50–300 mm long) was attached to the tibia in the left leg. The findings from this study re‐emphasize the need to ensure compliance with limb current reference levels for exposures near whole‐body resonance, and not just rely on compliance with ambient electric (E) and magnetic (H) field reference levels. Moreover, we emphasize this recommendation for someone with a tibial plate, as failure to comply may result in significant tissue damage (increases in the localized temperature of 5–10 °C were suggested by the modeling for an incident E‐field of 61.4 V/m root mean square (rms)). It was determined that the occupational reference level for limb current (100 mA rms), as stipulated in the 1998 guidelines of the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), is satisfied if the plane wave incident E‐field levels are no more than 29.8 V/m rms without an implant and 23.4 V/m rms for the model with a 300 mm implant. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:284–295, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk‐stratified patients with resectable soft tissue sarcoma benefit from epirubicin‐based adjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Schenone Aaron D. , Luo Jingqin , Montgomery Luke , Morgensztern Daniel , Adkins Douglas R. , Van Tine Brian A.
Published: February 2014

As adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) for soft tissue sarcomas is controversial, we performed a retrospective analysis of patients seen at Washington University in St. Louis to evaluate whether it benefited our patient population. Patients were risk‐assessed using the Memorial Sloan Kettering Predictive Nomogram (MSKPN). We defined high‐risk patients by a MSKPN 4‐year postoperative probability of sarcoma‐specific death of ≥0.3 and investigated if they benefited from AC. Retrospective review was performed on patients seen between 15 February 1996 and 6 February 2010. A propensity score method in the logistic regression framework was used to model the likelihood of receiving AC. To make causal inference on the effect of AC on survival outcomes, a propensity score inverse probability of treatment weighting approach was applied to survival analysis. Overall, 135 high‐grade patients were assessed, 33 were treated with Ifosfamide/Epirubicin (I/Epi) and 102 were non AC patients. The stratified MSKPN risk was not significantly associated with any survival endpoint in the whole cohort, but trended for overall survival (OS) when evaluated against non AC patients. After adjustment for MSKPN risk and other variables, patients not receiving chemotherapy had significantly worse OS, recurrent free survival, and disease‐specific survival (DSS) with adjusted hazard ratios of 4.18 (95% CI: 2.22–7.90), 8.96 (95% CI: 3.85–20.83), and 5.42 (95% CI: 2.09–14.06), respectively. In retrospective analyses, risk‐stratified patients with soft tissue sarcoma benefited from I/Epi‐based AC. Randomized I/Epi versus I/Doxorubicin clinical trials may determine the optimal adjuvant treatment.
From mechanical stimulation to biological pathways in the regulation of stem cell fate
Authors: Shah Nirali , Morsi Yosry , Manasseh Richard
Published: February 2014

Mechanical stimuli are important in directing the fate of stem cells; the effects of mechanical stimuli reported in recent research are reviewed here. Stem cells normally undergo two fundamental processes: proliferation, in which their numbers multiply, and differentiation, in which they transform into the specialized cells needed by the adult organism. Mechanical stimuli are well known to affect both processes of proliferation and differentiation, although the complete pathways relating specific mechanical stimuli to stem cell fate remain to be elucidated. We identified two broad classes of research findings and organized them according to the type of mechanical stress (compressive, tensile or shear) of the stimulus. Firstly, mechanical stress of any type activates stretch‐activated channels (SACs) on the cell membrane. Activation of SACs leads to cytoskeletal remodelling and to the expression of genes that regulate the basic growth, survival or apoptosis of the cells and thus regulates proliferation. Secondly, mechanical stress on cells that are physically attached to an extracellular matrix (ECM) initiates remodelling of cell membrane structures called integrins. This second process is highly dependent on the type of mechanical stress applied and result into various biological responses. A further process, the Wnt pathway, is also implicated: crosstalk between the integrin and Wnt pathways regulates the switch from proliferation to differentiation and finally regulates the type of differentiation. Therefore, the stem cell differentiation process involves different signalling molecules and their pathways and most likely depends upon the applied mechanical stimulation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dry Polymerization of 3′,5′‐Cyclic GMP to Long Strands of RNA
Authors: Morasch Matthias , Mast Christof B. , Langer Johannes K. , Schilcher Pierre , Braun Dieter
Published: February 2014

Recent progress in the synthesis of nucleotides from prebiotically plausible precursors has opened up new ways to explain the origin of genetic matter. Mechanisms for the polymerization of nucleotides without the help of catalysts are, however, rare. Complementary to the experiments done by Costanzo et al., we found that drying 3′,5′‐cyclic GMP leads to poly‐G RNA strands with lengths of up to 40 nucleotides. We also show that the polymerization to long RNA strands is considerably more efficient under dry conditions than for cGMP polymerization in water. The length depends on the incubation time of dry nucleotides at temperatures of 40–80 °C. No enzymes or other catalysts are needed for successful polymerization.
Towards a complete identification of orthogonal variation in multiple regression from a PLS1 modeling point of view: including OPLS by a change of orthogonal basis
Authors: Indahl Ulf G.
Published: February 2014

It is well known that the predictions of the single response orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) and the single response partial least squares regression (PLS1) regression are identical in the single‐response case. The present paper presents an approach to identification of the complete y‐orthogonal structure by starting from the viewpoint of standard PLS1 regression. Three alternative non‐deflating OPLS algorithms and a modified principal component analysis (PCA)‐driven method (including MATLAB code) is presented. The first algorithm implements a postprocessing routine of the standard PLS1 solution where QR factorization applied to a shifted version of the non‐orthogonal scores is the key to express the OPLS solution. The second algorithm finds the OPLS model directly by an iterative procedure. By a rigorous mathematical argument, we explain that orthogonal filtering is a ‘built‐in’ property of the traditional PLS1 regression coefficients. Consequently, the capabilities of OPLS with respect to improving the predictions (also for new samples) compared with PLS1 are non‐existing. The PCA‐driven method is based on the fact that truncating off one dimension from the row subspace of X results in a matrix Xorth with y‐orthogonal columns and a rank of one less than the rank of X. The desired truncation corresponds exactly to the first X deflation step of Martens non‐orthogonal PLS algorithm. The significant y‐orthogonal structure of X found by PCA of Xorth is split into two fundamental parts: one part that is significantly contributing to correct the first PLS score toward y and one part that is not. The third and final OPLS algorithm presented is a modification of Martens non‐orthogonal algorithm into an efficient dual PLS1–OPLS algorithm. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Synthesis of N‐Aryl‐1,2‐dihydropyridines by [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Imines with Alkynes through T‐Shaped 14‐Electron Aza‐Nickelacycle Key Intermediates
Authors: Hoshimoto Yoichi , Ohata Tomoya , Ohashi Masato , Ogoshi Sensuke
Published: February 2014

Despite there being a straightforward approach for the synthesis of 1,2‐dihydropyridines, the transition‐metal‐catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction of imines with alkynes has been achieved only with imines containing an N‐sulfonyl or ‐pyridyl group. Considering the importance of 1,2‐dihydropyridines as useful intermediates in the preparation of a wide range of valuable organic molecules, it would be very worthwhile to provide novel strategies to expand the scope of imines. Herein we report a successful expansion of the scope of imines in nickel‐catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions with alkynes. In the presence of a nickel(0)/PCy3 catalyst, a reaction with N‐benzylidene‐P,P‐diphenylphosphinic amide was developed. Moreover, an application of N‐aryl imines to the reaction was also achieved by adopting N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands. The isolation of an (η2‐N‐aryl imine)nickel(0) complex containing a 14‐electron nickel(0) center and a T‐shaped 14‐electron five‐membered aza‐nickelacycle is shown. These would be considered as key intermediates of the reaction. The structure of these complexes was unambiguously determined by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray analyses.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild Hydrothermal Synthesis, Isomorphous Substitution, Crystal Structure Characterization and Magnetic Properties of BaMP2O7 (M: Mn, Cu).
Authors: Lopes Armandina M. L. , Oliveira Goncalo N. P. , Ferdov Stanislav
Published: February 2014

The title compounds and Ba(Mn0.66Cu0.34)P2O7 are hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous mixtures of BaCl2, MnCl2 and/or CuCl2, and NaH2(PO4) (autoclave, 230 °C, 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Recyclable Self‐Supported Chiral Catalysts for the Enantioselective α‐Hydrazination of β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Torres Maria , Maisse‐Francois Aline , Bellemin‐Laponnaz Stephane
Published: February 2014

Yields of the products are determined by NMR analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Fructose‐6‐phosphate Aldolases as Versatile Biocatalysts for Nitrocyclitol Syntheses.
Authors: Bres Flora Camps , Guerard‐Helaine Christine , Fernandes Carlos , Castillo Jose A. , Lemaire Marielle
Published: February 2014

The efficient and stereoselective synthesis of the title compounds can be realized via a biocatalyzed aldol reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Rearrangements of Chiral Amides: A Traceless Asymmetric α‐Allylation.
Authors: Peng Bo , Geerdink Danny , Maulide Nuno
Published: February 2014

The intermediate chiral iminium ethers, generated in situ via Claisen rearrangement of chiral amides, are directly converted into enantioenriched α‐allyl carboxylic acids or aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Amino‐ and Amido‐Substituted Acetophenones.
Authors: Watson Andrew J. A. , Fairbanks Antony J.
Published: February 2014

The use of 1,4‐dibutanediol as an irreversible reducing agent is crucial to improve the conversions in the title reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric syn‐Aldol Reaction of α‐Hydroxy Ketones with Tertiary Amine Catalysts.
Authors: Bas Sebastian , Wozniak Lukasz , Cygan Judyta , Mlynarski Jacek
Published: February 2014

The title reaction extends the scope of organocatalytic processes to aromatic α‐hydroxy ketones, which have been hitherto unreactive towards enamine catalysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclic Guanidines via Pd‐Catalyzed Alkene Carboamination.
Authors: Zavesky Blane P. , Babij Nicholas R. , Fritz Jonathan A. , Wolfe John P.
Published: February 2014

An efficient access to a variety of cyclic guanidines in only two steps from readily available allylic amines is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Amine‐Bridged Bis(phenol) Ligands for Efficient Pd‐Catalyzed Aqueous C—C Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Zhou Zhonggao , Liu Minyan , Wu Xiaoli , Yu Hongwei , Xu Guohai , Xie Yongrong
Published: February 2014

A highly efficient protocol for the Pd‐catalyzed homocoupling of arylboronic acids (I) as well as Suzuki—Miyaura reactions in aqueous media is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Effective Binuclear Pd(II) Complexes for Suzuki Reactions in Water.
Authors: Hanhan Murat Emre , Cetinkaya Cemil , Shaver Michael P.
Published: February 2014

A series of new ionic binuclear Pd(II) complexes supported by water‐soluble bis(α‐diimine) ligands are prepared and applied as catalyst in the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Acylation of Ketoximes and Aldoximes from the Alcohol Oxidation Level Through C—H Bond Activation.
Authors: Sharma Satyasheel , Kim Minyoung , Park Jihye , Kim Mirim , Kwak Jong Hwan , Jung Young Hoon , Oh Joa Sub , Lee Youngil , Kim In Su
Published: February 2014

The title reaction represents a catalytic alternative to classical Friedel‐Crafts acylation and proceeds with excellent levels of regio‐ and chemoselectivity and high functional group tolerance.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of 2‐Amino‐1,4‐naphthoquinones Using Silica‐Supported Perchloric Acid (HClO4—SiO2) as a Mild, Recyclable and Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst.
Authors: Sharma Upendra , Katoch Deepali , Sood Swati , Kumar Neeraj , Singh Bikram , Thakur Archana , Gulati Arvind
Published: February 2014

Silica‐supported perchloric acid is found to be an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 2‐amino‐1,4‐naphthoquinones (III) (19 examples) via conjugate addition of primary and secondary amines to 1,4‐naphthoquinone under ultrasonication.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Method for the Heck—Catellani Reaction of Aryl Halides.
Authors: Wu Xiaojin , Zhou Jianrong
Published: February 2014

An improved method for the synthesis of Catellani—Heck isomers from various aryl halides such as (II), including ones without ortho‐substituents and bicyclic olefins is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of Biphenyl‐Type Firefly Luciferin Analogues with a New, Near‐Infrared Light‐Emitting Bioluminophore.
Authors: Miura Chihiro , Kiyama Masahiro , Iwano Satoshi , Ito Kazuto , Obata Rika , Hirano Takashi , Maki Shojiro , Niwa Haruki
Published: February 2014

The firefly luciferin analog (IIIa) shows high bioluminescence activity with a maximum at 675 nm.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Assembly of 5‐Halo‐1,2,3‐triazoles via Aerobic Oxidative Halogenation.
Authors: Li Lingjun , Hao Guoliang , Zhu Anlian , Liu Sangui , Zhang Guisheng
Published: February 2014

The method applies a green and inexpensive oxidant (oxygen) and a non‐oxidative additive and can be applied to a wide range of substrates, including sugars.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Expansion Reaction of Isatins with Ethyl Diazoacetate Catalyzed by Dirhodium(II)/DBU Metal‐Organic System: En Route to Viridication Alkaloids.
Authors: Paterna Roberta , Andre Vania , Duarte M. Teresa , Veiros Luis F. , Candeias Nuno R. , Gois Pedro M. P.
Published: February 2014

A sequential process for the Eistert ring expansion of isatins with ethyl diazoacetate is developed consisting of a DBU‐promoted addition of the diazoester to the isatin 3‐carboxy group followed by Rh(II)‐catalyzed diazo decomposition of the isatin diazo intermediate.
ChemInform Abstract: Cesium Carbonate Mediated Borylation of Aryl Iodides with Diboron in Methanol.
Authors: Zhang Jieming , Wu Hai‐Hong , Zhang Junliang
Published: February 2014

A transition‐metal free borylation of aryl iodides is readily achieved with diboranes (II) and (V) in the presence of cesium carbonate to give arylboronic ethers in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A Practical Synthetic Approach to Chiral (α‐Chloroalkyl)boronic Esters via Iridium‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Chloro‐Substituted Alkenyl Boronates.
Authors: Roseblade Stephen J. , Casas‐Arce Eva , Nettekoven Ulrike , Gazic Smilovic Ivana , Zanotti‐Gerosa Antonio , Casar Zdenko
Published: February 2014

The use of a chiral iridium P,N‐complex as catalyst allows the synthesis of (α‐chloroalkyl)boronic esters with up to 94% ee accompanied by small amounts of dechlorination products.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of the Basic Skeleton of Ophiobolin A (I) and Variecolin (II)
Authors: Li Ke , Wang Cheng , Yin Gang , Gao Shuanhu
Published: February 2014

involving a tandem ring closing metathesis reaction of dienynes as key step
ChemInform Abstract: Structure—Activity Relationships of Lanostane‐Type Triterpenoids from Ganoderma lingzhi as α‐Glucosidase Inhibitors.
Authors: Fatmawati Sri , Kondo Ryuichiro , Shimizu Kuniyoshi
Published: February 2014

Compound (I) is found to posses the strongest α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity among nineteen lanostane‐type triterpenoids evaluated.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Methoxymethyl Ketones via Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Kasal Alexander , Budesinsky Milos
Published: February 2014

The hydroxymethylation of steroid systems bearing enolizable keto functions is described (9 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: NaBH3CN and Other Systems as Substitutes of Tin and Silicon Hydrides in the Light or Heat‐Initiated Reduction of Halosugars: A Tunable Access to Either 2‐Deoxy Sugar or 1,5‐Anhydro‐itols.
Authors: Bruyere Isabelle , Toth Zoltan , Benyahia Hamida , Xue Jia Lu , Praly Jean‐Pierre
Published: February 2014

The access to the title compounds depends on the leak or the presence of thiophenol.
ChemInform Abstract: Dual Catalysis Becomes Diastereodivergent
Authors: Oliveira Maria Teresa , Luparia Marco , Audisio Davide , Maulide Nuno
Published: February 2014

Review: 15 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Complexity and Diversity from Aromatics. The Chemistry of Spiro[cyclohexa‐2,4‐dienone‐6,2′‐oxiranes] and Their Congeners: Cycloaddition and Beyond
Authors: Singh Vishwakarma
Published: February 2014

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bi‐Functional Fluoroalkylation Reagents: An Introduction to Halo‐Substituted 3‐Oxa‐perfluoroalkanesulfonyl Fluorides
Authors: Zhang Cheng‐Pan , Chen Qing‐Yun , Guo Yong , Xiao Ji‐Chang
Published: February 2014

Review: synthesis, reactivity, and applications; <100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Development of Broensted Acid‐Promoted Synthesis of Quinoline, Isoquinoline and Carboline Derivatives
Authors: Majumdar K. C. , Ponra Sudipta
Published: February 2014

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxadiazoles as Privileged Motifs for Promising Anticancer Leads: Recent Advances and Future Prospects
Authors: Khan Imtiaz , Ibrar Aliya , Abbas Naeem
Published: February 2014

Review: 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multifunctional Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a Universal Platform for Drug Delivery
Authors: Argyo Christian , Weiss Veronika , Braeuchle Christoph , Bein Thomas
Published: February 2014

Review: 245 refs.
Anion Effect on the Binary and Ternary Phase Diagrams of Chiral Medetomidine Salts and Conglomerate Crystal Formation
Authors: Choobdari Ebrahim , Fakhraian Hossein , Peyrovi Mohammad Hassan
Published: February 2014

The binary phase diagrams of hydrogen halides salts of medetomidine (Med.HX, X:Br,I) and hydrogen oxalate salt of medetomidine (Med.Ox) were determined based on thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) and their crystal structure behavior was confirmed by comparison of the X‐ray diffractometry and FT‐IR spectroscopy of the racemate and pure enantiomer. All hydrogen halide salts presented racemic compound behavior. Heat of fusion of halides salt of (rac)‐medetomidine decreased with ionic radius increase. Eutectic points for Med.HCl (previously reported), Med.HBr, and Med.HI rest were unchanged approximately. The solubility of different enantiomeric mixtures of Med.HBr and Med.HI were measured at 10, 20, and 30°C in 2‐propanol showing a solubility increase with ionic radius. A binary phase diagram of Med.Ox shows a racemic conglomerate behavior. The solubility of enantiomeric mixtures of Med.Ox were measured at 10, 20, 30, and 40°C. The ternary phase diagram of Med.Ox in ethanol conforms to a conglomerate crystal forming system, favoring its enantiomeric purification by preferential crystallization. Chirality 26:183–188, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ramucirumab in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: The beginning or the end?
Authors: Pal Sumanta K. , Figlin Robert A.
Published: February 2014

The current editorial focuses on a phase 2 study evaluating ramucirumab in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) who have received prior sunitinib and/or sorafenib therapy. The potential for further development is discussed in the context of the rapidly changing landscape of therapy for mRCC.
Patient and Therapist Perspectives on Alliance Development: Therapists' Practice Experiences as Predictors
Authors: Nissen‐Lie Helene A. , Havik Odd E. , Høglend Per A. , Rønnestad Michael Helge , Monsen Jon T.
Published: February 2014

Research has shown that the therapist's contribution to the alliance is more important for the outcome than the patient's contribution (e.g., Baldwin, Wampold, & Imel, 2007); however, knowledge is lacking about which therapist characteristics are relevant for alliance building and development. The objective of this study was to explore the development of the working alliance (using the Working Alliance Inventory), rated by both patients and therapists as a function of therapist in‐session experiences. The therapist experiences were gathered by means of the Development of Psychotherapists Common Core Questionnaire (Orlinsky & Rønnestad, 2005). Data from the Norwegian Multisite Study of the Process and Outcome of Psychotherapy (Havik et al., 1995) were used. Multilevel growth curve analyses of alliance scores from Sessions 3, 12, 20 and 40 showed that the therapist factors predicted working alliance levels or growths differently, depending on whether the alliance was rated by patients or by therapists. For example, it emerged that therapists' negative reactions to patients and their in‐session anxiety affected patient‐rated alliance but not therapist‐rated alliance, whereas therapist experiences of flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) during sessions impacted only the therapist‐rated alliance. The patterns observed in this study imply that therapists should be particularly aware that their negative experiences of therapy are noticed by, and seem to influence, their clients when they evaluate the working alliance through the course of treatment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

The findings of this study suggest that the working alliance is influenced by therapists' self‐reported practice experiences, which presumably are communicated through the therapists' in‐session behaviours.

The study found a notable divergence between practice experiences that influenced the therapists and those that influenced the patients when evaluating the working alliance.

Specifically, practitioners' self‐reported difficulties in practice, such as their negative reactions to patients and their in‐session anxiety, affected patient‐rated alliance but not therapist‐rated alliance, whereas therapist experiences of ‘flow’ during sessions impacted only the therapist‐rated alliance.

Practitioners should note that patient alliance ratings were more likely to be influenced by therapists' negative practice experiences than by positive ones.

The divergence in the patient and therapist viewpoints has potential implications for therapist training and supervision and everyday self‐reflection.
Propylene from Renewable Resources: Catalytic Conversion of Glycerol into Propylene
Authors: Yu Lei , Yuan Jing , Zhang Qi , Liu Yong‐Mei , He He‐Yong , Fan Kang‐Nian , Cao Yong
Published: February 2014

Propylene, one of the most demanded commodity chemicals, is obtained overwhelmingly from fossil resources. In view of the diminishing fossil resources and the ongoing climate change, the identification of new efficient and alternative routes for the large‐scale production of propylene from biorenewable resources has become essential. Herein, a new selective route for the synthesis of propylene from bio‐derived glycerol is demonstrated. The route consists of the formation of 1‐propanol (a versatile bulk chemical) as intermediate through hydrogenolysis of glycerol at a high selectivity. A subsequent dehydration produces propylene.
Temperature‐ and Humidity‐Controlled SAXS Analysis of Proton‐Conductive Ionomer Membranes for Fuel Cells
Authors: Mochizuki Takashi , Kakinuma Katsuyoshi , Uchida Makoto , Deki Shigehito , Watanabe Masahiro , Miyatake Kenji
Published: February 2014

We report herein temperature‐ and humidity‐controlled small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) analyses of proton‐conductive ionomer membranes. The morphological changes of perfluorosulfonic acid polymers (Nafion and Aquivion) and sulfonated aromatic block copolymers (SPE‐bl‐1 and SPK‐bl‐1) were investigated and compared under conditions relevant to fuel cell operation. For the perfluorinated ionomer membranes, water molecules were preferentially incorporated into ionic clusters, resulting in phase separation and formation of ion channels. In contrast, for the aromatic ionomer membranes, wetting led to randomization of the ionic clusters. The results describe the differences in the proton‐conducting behavior between the fluorinated and nonfluorinated ionomer membranes, and their dependence on the humidity.
Improved IPSec tunnel establishment for 3GPP–WLAN interworking
Authors: Samoui S. , El Bouabidi I. , Obaidat M. S. , Zarai F. , Hsiao K. F. , Kamoun L.
Published: February 2014

Interworking between wireless local area network (WLAN) and the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) is facing more and more problems linked to security threats. Securing this interworking is a major challenge because of the vastly different architectures used within each network. Therefore, security is one of the major technical concerns in wireless networks that include measures such as authentication and encryption. Among the major challenges in the interworking security is the securing of the network layer. The goal of this article is twofold. First, we propose a new scheme to secure 3GPP LTE–WLAN interworking by the establishment of an improved IP Security tunnel between them. The proposed solution combines the Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) with the Host Identity Protocol (HIP) to set up a security association based on two parameters, which are location and identity. Our novel scheme, which is called HIP_IKEv2, guarantees better security properties than each protocol used alone. Second, we benefit from Mobile Internet Key Exchange protocol (MOBIKE) in case of mobility events (handover). And we extend HIP_IKEv2 to HIP_MOBIKEv2 protocol in order to reduce the authentication signaling traffic. The proposed solution reinforces authentication, eliminates man‐in‐the‐middle attack, reduces denial‐of‐service attack, assures the integrity of messages, and secures against reply attack. Finally, our proposed solution has been modeled and verified using the Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications and the Security Protocol Animator, which has proved its security when an intruder is present. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
General and food‐specific inhibitory deficits in binge eating disorder
Authors: Svaldi Jennifer , Naumann Eva , Trentowska Monika , Schmitz Florian
Published: February 2014

Objective

To investigate behavioral inhibition in individuals with binge eating disorder (BED) compared with overweight and obese individuals without BED (No‐BED).

Method

Participants with BED (n = 31) and the weight‐matched No‐BED group (n = 29) completed an inhibitory control task (stop‐signal task, SST) with food and neutral stimuli.

Results

The BED group needed more time to stop an ongoing response, as indicated by increased stop signal reaction time (SSRT) relative to the No‐BED group. Additionally, compared with the No‐BED group, the BED group displayed more difficulty inhibiting responses elicited by food stimuli. The deficits in behavioral response inhibition were also found to be related to the severity of reported symptoms.

Discussion

There is a general deficit in late stage behavioral inhibition in BED, and this may be particularly pronounced in the context of food stimuli. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:534–542)
Psychometric properties of the eating disorder belief questionnaire
Authors: Bergin Jacqueline , Wade Tracey D.
Published: February 2014

Objective

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the psychometric properties of the eating disorder belief questionnaire (EDBQ).

Method

The EDBQ was administered to clinical patients with bulimia nervosa (n = 44) and nonclinical female university students (n = 298). Six types of psychometric testing were conducted: internal consistency, test–retest reliability, convergent validity, ability to discriminate between clinical and nonclinical groups, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis.

Results

Psychometric testing generally supported the utility of the EDBQ with good internal consistency, 4‐ to 6‐week test–retest reliability, convergent validity, and ability to discriminate between groups. The a priori structure of the EDBQ was shown to provide a good fit to the observed data.

Discussion

The results suggest that the EDBQ is a reliable and valid measure that may assist researchers and clinicians aiming to assess eating disorder cognitions in populations with bulimic symptoms. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:640–646)
Biologic interactions determining geographic range size: a one species response to phylogenetic community structure
Authors: Herrera‐Alsina Leonel , Villegas‐Patraca Rafael
Published: February 2014

Range size variation in closely related species suggests different responses to biotic and abiotic heterogeneity across large geographic regions. Species turnover generates a wide spectrum of species assemblages, resulting in different competition intensities among taxa, creating restrictions as important as environmental constraints. We chose to adopt the widely used phylogenetic relatedness (NRI) measurement to define a metric that depicts competition strength (via phylogenetic similarity), which one focal species confronts in its environment. This new approach (NRIfocal) measures the potential of the community structure effect over performance of a single species. We chose two ecologically similar Peucaea sparrows, which co‐occur and have highly dissimilar range size to test whether the population response to competition intensity is different between species. We analyzed the correlation between both Peucaea species population sizes and NRIfocal using data from point counts. Results indicated that the widespread species population size was not associated with NRIfocal, whereas the population of restricted‐sized species exhibited a negative relationship with competition intensity. Consequently, a species' sensitivity to competition might be a limiting factor to range expansion, which provides new insights into geographic range analysis and community ecology.
Prognosis and response to therapy of first inpatient and outpatient heart failure event in a heart failure clinical trial: MADIT‐CRT
Authors: Skali Hicham , Dwyer Edward M. , Goldstein Robert , Haigney Mark , Krone Ronald , Kukin Marrick , Lichstein Edgar , McNitt Scott , Moss Arthur J. , Pfeffer Marc A. , Solomon Scott D.
Published: February 2014

Aims

Hospitalization for worsening heart failure (HF) is known to increase mortality and morbidity risk and has been frequently used as an endpoint in randomized clinical trials. Whether outpatient management of HF exacerbation carries similar prognostic and therapeutic information is less well known, but could be important for the design of trials that use HF hospitalization as an endpoint.

Methods and results

MADIT‐CRT randomized patients with mild HF symptoms to resynchronization therapy vs. control with an average follow‐up of 3.3 years and a total of 191 deaths. HF events were centrally adjudicated for receiving i.v. decongestive therapy in an outpatient setting, or an augmented HF regimen during a hospital stay. Patients were compared according to whether their first HF was an out‐ or inpatient event. The first primary event was non‐fatal outpatient HF, non‐fatal inpatient HF, and death in 52, 331, and 78 patients, respectively. Patients with inpatient HF tended to be older and more likely to have HF of ischaemic aetiology than subjects who developed outpatient HF events. The risk of death following either type of non‐fatal HF events was extremely high [hazard ratio (HR) 12.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 9.1–16.9 for inpatient HF; HR 10.7, 95% CI 6.1–18.7 for outpatient HF] compared with subjects without non‐fatal HF events. Allocation to CRT‐D was associated with significant reduction in both types of HF.

Conclusion

Outpatient management of worsening HF portends a high risk of death, similar to inpatient HF events, and may be equally sensitive to the effects of therapy. These findings suggest that outpatient HF events should be considered in publicly reported outcomes measures and future HF clinical trials.

Trial Registration

NCT01294449.
A unique DNA methylation signature defines a population of IFN‐γ/IL‐4 double‐positive T cells during helminth infection
Authors: Deaton Aimée M. , Cook Peter C. , De Sousa Dina , Phythian‐Adams Alexander T. , Bird Adrian , MacDonald Andrew S.
Published: February 2014

Th1 and Th2 cell fates are traditionally viewed as mutually exclusive, but recent work suggests that these lineages may be more plastic than previously thought. When isolating splenic CD4+ T cells from mice infected with the parasitic helminth Schistosoma mansoni, we observed a defined population of IFN‐γ/IL‐4 double‐positive cells. These IFN‐γ+IL‐4+ cells showed differences in DNA methylation at the Ifng and Il4 loci when compared with IFN‐γ+IL‐4− (Th1) and IFN‐γ−IL‐4+ (Th2) cells, demonstrating that they represent a distinct effector cell population. IFN‐γ+IL‐4+ cells also displayed a discrete DNA methylation pattern at a CpG island within the body of the Gata3 gene, which encodes the master regulator of Th2 identity. DNA methylation at this region correlated with decreased Gata3 levels, suggesting a possible role in controlling Gata3 expression. These data provide important insight into the molecular mechanisms behind the co‐existence of Th1 and Th2 characteristics.
Evaluation of [12C/11C]Carbon Monoxide Binding to Copper(I) Tris(pyrazolyl)borate Complexes
Authors: Kealey Steven , White Andrew J. P. , Gee Antony D. , Long Nicholas J.
Published: February 2014

The copper(I) coordination chemistry of tris(3‐R‐5‐R′‐pyrazolyl)borate ligands (TpR,R′) bearing substituent groups attached to the pyrazole rings has been investigated under nitrogen and carbon monoxide atmospheres [1 (TpPh,SMe) R = Ph, R′ = SCH3; 2 (TpPy) R = 2‐pyridyl, R′ = H; 3 (TpPhos,Me) R = 2‐(diphenylphosphinyl)phenyl, R′ = CH3]. The reactivity is strongly dependent on the coordinating potential of the substituent groups; in the absence of CO, 1 formed an insoluble complex [Cu(TpPh,SMe)]n (1b), 2 formed a multinuclear species [Cu(TpPy)]n (2a; tetrameric in solution, dimeric in the solid state) and 3 formed a discrete complex [Cu(TpPhos,Me)] (3a). Under a CO atmosphere, 1 displayed irreversible CO binding to form the complex [Cu(TpPh,SMe)CO] (1c), 2 showed reversible CO binding between 2a and the mononuclear species [Cu(TpPy)CO] (2b), and 3 did not bind to CO, but instead formed 3a. The reactivity of the copper complexes of 1 and 2 with [11C]carbon monoxide has been examined in the radiochemistry laboratory to investigate the reversibility of 11CO binding. The solid‐state structures of [Tl(TpPh,SMe)] (1a), 1c and 2a were elucidated by X‐ray crystallography.
Conformational Regulation of Substituted Azepanes through Mono‐, Di‐, and Trifluorination
Authors: Patel Alpesh Ramanlal , Hunter Luke , Bhadbhade Mohan M. , Liu Fei
Published: February 2014

Substituted azepanes have flexible ring structures and this conformational diversity is important for their bioactivity. We have shown that a single fluorine atom, when installed diastereoselectively on a model azepane ring, can bias its ring to one major conformation. Here the conformational effects of mono‐, di‐, and trifluorination, as well as hydroxylation, on substituted azepanes have been investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and computational modeling in chloroform. Fluorine substitution was found to be more effective than hydroxyl group substitution in reducing conformational disorder; however, multiple fluorinations may not lead to additive conformational control and can result in complex conformational outcomes.
Subclinical cognitive decline in middle‐age is associated with reduced task‐induced deactivation of the brain's default mode network
Authors: Hansen Naja Liv , Lauritzen Martin , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Osler Merete , Avlund Kirsten , Fagerlund Birgitte , Rostrup Egill
Published: February 2014

Cognitive abilities decline with age, but with considerable individual variation. The neurobiological correlate of this variation is not well described. Functional brain imaging studies have demonstrated reduced task‐induced deactivation (TID) of the brain's default mode network (DMN) in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases involving cognitive symptoms, in conditions with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease, and even in advanced but healthy aging. Here, we investigated brain activation and deactivation during a visual‐motor task in 185 clinically healthy males from a Danish birth cohort, whose cognitive function was assessed in youth and midlife. Using each individual as his own control, we defined a group with a large degree of cognitive decline, and a control group. When correcting for effects of total cerebral blood flow and hemoglobin level, we found reduced TID in the posterior region of the DMN in the cognitive decline group compared to the control group. Furthermore, increased visual activation response was found in the cognitive decline group, indicating that the TID reduction was not exclusively due to overall impaired vascular reactivity. These results suggest a neurobiological basis for subclinical cognitive decline in late midlife, which includes TID alterations similar to the pattern seen in patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment. Hence, TID reduction might be suggested as an early marker for subtle cognitive decline in aging. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4488–4498, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.