bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil N2O and CH4 emissions from fodder maize production with and without riparian buffer strips of differing vegetation
Authors: Dlamini Jerry C. , Cardenas L. M. , Tesfamariam E. H. , Dunn R. M. , Evans J. , Hawkins J. M. B. , Blackwell M. S. A. , Collins A. L.
Published: April 2022

Purpose

Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are some of the most important greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of the 21st century. Vegetated riparian buffers are primarily implemented for their water quality functions in agroecosystems. Their location in agricultural landscapes allows them to intercept and process pollutants from adjacent agricultural land. They recycle organic matter, which increases soil carbon (C), intercept nitrogen (N)-rich runoff from adjacent croplands, and are seasonally anoxic. Thus processes producing environmentally harmful gases including N2O and CH4 are promoted. Against this context, the study quantified atmospheric losses between a cropland and vegetated riparian buffers that serve it.

Methods

Environmental variables and simultaneous N2O and CH4 emissions were measured for a 6-month period in a replicated plot-scale facility comprising maize (Zea mays L.). A static chamber was used to measure gas emissions. The cropping was served by three vegetated riparian buffers, namely: (i) grass riparian buffer; (ii) willow riparian buffer and; (iii) woodland riparian buffer, which were compared with a no-buffer control.

Results

The no-buffer control generated the largest cumulative N2O emissions of 18.9 kg ha− 1 (95% confidence interval: 0.5–63.6) whilst the maize crop upslope generated the largest cumulative CH4 emissions (5.1 ± 0.88 kg ha− 1). Soil N2O and CH4-based global warming potential (GWP) were lower in the willow (1223.5 ± 362.0 and 134.7 ± 74.0 kg CO2-eq. ha− 1 year− 1, respectively) and woodland (1771.3 ± 800.5 and 3.4 ± 35.9 kg CO2-eq. ha− 1 year− 1, respectively) riparian buffers.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that in maize production and where no riparian buffer vegetation is introduced for water quality purposes (no buffer control), atmospheric CH4 and N2O concerns may result.
Minimal contents, lying, and conventions of language
Authors: Vignolo Massimiliano
Published: April 2022

One recurrent objection against minimalism is that minimal contents have no theoretical role. It has recently been argued that minimal contents serve to draw the distinction between lying and misleading. In Sect. 1 and Sect. 2 I summarise the main argument in support of that claim and contend that it is inconclusive. In Sect. 3 I discuss some cases of lying and some of misleading that raise difficulties for minimalism. In Sect. 4 I make a diagnosis of the failure of minimalism with those cases. In Sect. 5 I strengthen the case against minimal contents by addressing two received says-based definitions of lying. My analysis of the failure of minimalism suggests that the distinction between lying and misleading, at least in some important cases, calls for a kind of utterance content that is grounded on conventions of language.
HIV, pathology and epigenetic age acceleration in different human tissues
Authors: Horvath Steve , Lin David T. S. , Kobor Michael S. , Zoller Joseph A. , Said Jonathan W. , Morgello Susan , Singer Elyse , Yong William H. , Jamieson Beth D. , Levine Andrew J.
Published: April 2022

Epigenetic clocks based on patterns of DNA methylation have great importance in understanding aging and disease; however, there are basic questions to be resolved in their application. It remains unknown whether epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) within an individual shows strong correlation between different primary tissue sites, the extent to which tissue pathology and clinical illness correlate with EAA in the target organ, and if EAA variability across tissues differs according to sex. Considering the outsized role of age-related illness in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV), these questions were pursued in a sample enriched for tissue from HIV-infected individuals. We used a custom methylation array to generate DNA methylation data from 661 samples representing 11 human tissues (adipose, blood, bone marrow, heart, kidney, liver, lung, lymph node, muscle, spleen and pituitary gland) from 133 clinically characterized, deceased individuals, including 75 infected with HIV. We developed a multimorbidity index based on the clinical disease history. Epigenetic age was moderately correlated across tissues. Blood had the greatest number and degree of correlation, most notably with spleen and bone marrow. However, blood did not correlate with epigenetic age of liver. EAA in liver was weakly correlated with EAA in kidney, adipose, lung and bone marrow. Clinically, hypertension was associated with EAA in several tissues, consistent with the multiorgan impacts of this illness. HIV infection was associated with positive age acceleration in kidney and spleen. Male sex was associated with increased epigenetic acceleration in several tissues. Preliminary evidence indicates that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is associated with positive EAA in muscle tissue. Finally, greater multimorbidity was associated with greater EAA across all tissues. Blood alone will often fail to detect EAA in other tissues. While hypertension is associated with increased EAA in several tissues, many pathologies are associated with organ-specific age acceleration.
Quantum prospects for hybrid thin-film lithium niobate on silicon photonics
Authors: Adcock Jeremy C. , Ding Yunhong
Published: April 2022

Photonics is poised to play a unique role in quantum technology for computation, communications and sensing. Meanwhile, integrated photonic circuits—with their intrinsic phase stability and high-performance, nanoscale components—offer a route to scaling. However, each integrated platform has a unique set of advantages and pitfalls, which can limit their power. So far, the most advanced demonstrations of quantum photonic circuitry has been in silicon photonics. However, thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) is emerging as a powerful platform with unique capabilities; advances in fabrication have yielded loss metrics competitive with any integrated photonics platform, while its large second-order nonlinearity provides efficient nonlinear processing and ultra-fast modulation. In this short review, we explore the prospects of dynamic quantum circuits—such as multiplexed photon sources and entanglement generation—on hybrid TFLN on silicon (TFLN/Si) photonics and argue that hybrid TFLN/Si photonics may have the capability to deliver the photonic quantum technology of tomorrow.

Graphical Abstract
Europa in der Arktis: Neue Akzente in der EU-Arktisstrategie
Authors: Paul Michael
Published: April 2022

Die Arktis wird meist mit Klimawandel, Wissenschaftskooperation und Umweltschutz assoziiert, während Sicherheitsfragen selten erwähnt werden. In der neuen EU-Arktisstrategie sind viele Ansätze und Absichten genannt, um auf der Grundlage konstruktiv zusammenwirkender politischer Strategien die Stabilität in der Arktis zu verbessern. Realistisch kann die EU viel zur maritimen Sicherheit und zu einer nachhaltigen Klima- und Ressourcenpolitik beitragen, sie wird aber – und sollte wohl auch – auf absehbare Zeit kein arktischer Sicherheitsakteur werden.
Rethink International Intervention. Afghanistan, Mali, and Now?
Authors: Werther-Pietsch Ursula
Published: April 2022

The recent take-over of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan marks a turn in international crisis and conflict management. The configuration as a double-hatted mission to secure and rebuild on the one hand, and in countering insurgency and terrorism on the other finally failed, an outcome that seems to recur in Mali. International law of transition and whole-of-system approaches remain however hypercritical work on the ground. A successful flexible framework for sustainable conflict transformation and peace processes must absorb lessons of both autocratic realpolitik and a massive trend of bipolarisation of geopolitics.
Growth Mechanism and Kinetics of Siliconizing of AISI D2 Tool Steel
Authors: Najafizadeh Mojtaba , Hosseinzadeh Morteza , Ghasempour-Mouziraji Mehran , Bozorg Mansoor , Perrone Angelo , Cavaliere Pasquale
Published: April 2022

The present paper goes into details of the kinetics of silicide layer growth on AISI D2 during surface siliconizing. Pack cementation was employed in order to siliconize the steel surface. Siliconizing was conducted by using powder mixtures Si 12 wt.% + NH4Cl 0.5 wt.% + Al2O3at 923, 1073 and 1223 K for 2 to 6 h, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations showed that growth mechanisms of the coating comprise many different chemical reactions. The microstructure and silicides precipitation evolution were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The silicides layers thickness falls in the range 32–154 μm. The coatings hardness varied between 750 and 800 HV, being dependent on the process parameters. The kinetics measurement revealed the growth of the FeSi, Fe2Si and FeSi2sub-layers as a function of treatment time and temperature. The results illustrated that the diffusion coefficient (k) increased with the treatment temperature. Activation energy (Q) was calculated as 788.83 kJ.mol−1. The crystal growth rate resistance (K) ranged from 5.2 × 10−9to 3.1 × 10−8cm2.s−1.
Religious/spiritual struggles and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: Does “talking religion” help or hurt?
Authors: Upenieks Laura
Published: April 2022

Background

Research to date has suggested that religion might be a source of comfort and strength in times of crisis brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, but it may also be a form of stress if spiritual struggles are experienced. We posit the discussion of religious and spiritual matters as a potential feature of religious life that may be helpful or harmful for dealing with the impacts of spiritual struggles.

Purpose

This study has two objectives. First, we assess the association between religious/spiritual struggles and both perceptions of psychological distress and self-rated health, affording attention to the prevalence of religious struggles during this time. Second, drawing from social penetration theory, we consider both the potential helpful and harmful role of discussing religion with friends and family members for the well-being of those experiencing various degrees of religious/spiritual struggles.

Methods

Using data from a nationally representative sample of Americans collected in January 2021, nearly a year after the onset of the pandemic (N = 1,711), we conduct a series of OLS and ordinal logistic regression models.

Results

Results suggest that religious/spiritual struggles were somewhat common among Americans during COVID-19 and were associated with greater psychological distress and worse perceived self-rated health during the pandemic. In the context of high R/S struggles, both psychological distress and perceived self-rated health were more favorable when religious and spiritual matters were discussed very frequently, several times a week or more. Unlike for psychological distress, however, we found no evidence that discussion of religious matters in the face of greater R/S struggles exacerbated their ill effect on health. Supplemental analyses showed that these findings are not being driven by religious denominational differences across our focal variables.

Conclusions and implications

Encouraged by discussions of faith with close network confidants, people experiencing R/S struggles might seek help in the form of counseling in both secular and/or religious settings. Exploring potential resilience factors, such as religious discussion, may help inform broader or more local strategies aimed at economic recovery. Our results therefore invite future investigation into the role of religious coping in mitigating the health effects of pandemic hardship.
Herding Scientists
Authors: Whitford Andrew B.
Published: April 2022

When politicians reshape public health agencies, scientists resist changes and, if possible, leave. Those shifts make it harder for agencies to fight future public health threats. This Element focuses on the tension between scientists and managerial control in the policy process, both conceptually and empirically. It centers on a failed attempt to reorganize the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Because many of the gains in longevity and health quality result from the work of public health agencies, public health scientists and practitioners are the frontline producers of public health.
Experimental study on the impact of alternative jet fuel properties and derived cetane number on lean blowout limit
Authors: Zheng L. , Boylu R. , Cronly J. , Ahmed I. , Ubogu E. , Khandelwal B.
Published: April 2022

The impact of alternative aviation jet fuels and their properties on lean blowout (LBO) limits has recently raised several questions in the jet fuel area. There is a need for a detailed investigation of the impact of fuel properties on the LBO limit involving actual engine hardware. This study investigates the impact of a range of alternative aviation jet fuels with notable differences in physical and chemical properties and derived cetane number (DCN) on the LBO limit and their effects on key performance indicators. LBO performance results for ten different alternative fuels using a Rolls-Royce single-can Tay combustor are presented in this study. The study also assesses impact of different equivalence ratios and flow rates on LBO, with the aim of determining the impact of a certain range of operating conditions. The results are further analysed to determine the influence of fuel chemical and physical properties on the LBO limit. Finally, based on results in the above experiments, individual fuel properties are adjusted for subsequent experimental analysis of blended fuels. With this approach, 25 additional fuel blends are evaluated and presented, with an emphasis on varying the DCN. This study provides effective data and results to facilitate future fuel optimisation and reduce the risk of a negative performance of new fuels in gas turbines.
The Nurturing Stance, Moral Responsibility, and the (Implicit) Bias Blind Spot
Authors: BASTON RENÉ
Published: April 2022

Can we hold agents responsible for their implicitly biased behavior? The aim of this text is to show that, from the nurturing stance, holding subjects responsible for their implicitly biased behavior is justified, even though they are not blameworthy. First, I will introduce the nurturing stance as Daphne Brandenburg originally developed it. Second, I will specify what holding somebody responsible from the nurturing stance amounts to. Third, I show how and why holding responsible can help a subject develop an impaired capacity. Fourth, I analyze empirical data about holding prejudiced subjects responsible and highlight that the internal motivation to control prejudiced reactions decreases implicit attitudes’ influences. Furthermore, the data show that in order to be appropriate moral demands have to acknowledge the target's autonomy and competence. In sum, from the nurturing stance, holding implicitly biased subjects responsible is appropriate if they can adequately respond to the moral demands.
‘Extremely Racist’ and ‘Incredibly Sexist’: An Empirical Response to the Charge of Conceptual Inflation
Authors: LIAO SHEN-YI , HANSEN NAT
Published: April 2022

Critics across the political spectrum have worried that ordinary uses of words like ‘racist’, ‘sexist’, and ‘homophobic’ are becoming conceptually inflated, meaning that these expressions are getting used so widely that they lose their nuance and, thereby, their moral force. However, the charge of conceptual inflation as well as responses to it are standardly made without any systematic investigation of how ‘racist’ and other expressions condemning oppression are actually used in ordinary language. Once we examine large linguistic corpora to see how these expressions are actually used, we find that English speakers have a rich linguistic repertoire for qualifying the degree to which and dimensions along which something is racist, sexist, homophobic, and so on. These facts about ordinary usage undermine the charge of conceptual inflation. Without awareness of facts about ordinary usage, theorists risk making linguistic prescriptions that are unnecessary or counterproductive.
The Wave Theory of Time: A Comparison to Competing Tensed Theories
Authors: EFFINGHAM NIKK
Published: April 2022

This paper introduces a new theory in temporal ontology, ‘wave theory’, and argues for its attractions over and above existing tensed theories of time.
Assessment of Knowledge, Emotion, and Attitude Levels of Kindergarten and Elementary School Teachers on the Disaster Management and Pediatric First Aid
Authors: Kaya Afsın Ahmet , Ayker Bereket
Published: April 2022

Objectives:

This study’s aim is to assess the disaster management and pediatric first aid-related knowledge, emotion, and attitude levels of of kindergarten and elementary school teachers, as the professionals that are first to provide interventions in the case of a disaster to children ages 0-8, who are considered to be among the vulnerable groups in the context of a disaster.

Methods:

A total of 119 teachers working in the kindergarten and elementary schools located in the Gümüşhane province of Turkey were included in the study and were asked to fill in a questionnaire that comprises 3 sections. Data collection tools included a sociodemographic questionnaire, teachers’ disaster management knowledge levels, and teachers’ pediatric first-aid knowledge, emotion, and attitude levels.

Results:

Analysis of the scores obtained by the teachers from the questionnaire revealed that the teachers, who participated in the study, had a high level of disaster management knowledge and a moderate-to-high level of pediatric first aid knowledge.

Conclusions:

It is suggested as a result of this study that the disaster risks and injuries or losses of life associated with disasters that may occur at schools may be reduced with disaster management and first-aid interventions.
Antimicrobial stewardship intervention bundle decreases outpatient fluoroquinolone prescribing for urinary tract infections
Authors: Cubillos Ashley L. , Patch Megan E. , Chandler Elisabeth L. , Lynch Leah W. , Gieselman Morris R. , Saunders Mary Beth , Calkins Karen E.
Published: April 2022

An antimicrobial stewardship bundle was implemented in 23 community health system urgent care and primary care clinics to reduce fluoroquinolone prescribing in urinary tract infections. The percentage of urinary tract infection (UTI) visits prescribed a fluoroquinolone subsequently decreased from 17.6% to 3% in urgent care and from 23.8% to 6.8% in primary care.
Mechanisms of the destabilized Mach reflection of inviscid oblique detonation waves before an expansion corner
Authors: Zhang Zijian , Liu Yunfeng , Wen Chihyung
Published: April 2022

The stabilization of oblique detonation waves (ODWs) in an engine combustor is important for the successful applications of oblique detonation engines, and comprehensively understanding the effects of the inviscid reflection of ODWs on their stabilization and the relevant mechanisms is imperative to overall combustor design. In this study, the flow fields of ODW reflections in a space-confined combustor are numerically studied by solving the two-dimensional time-dependent multispecies Euler equations in combination with a detailed hydrogen combustion mechanism. The inviscid Mach reflections of ODWs before an expansion corner are emphasized with different flight Mach numbers, Ma, and different dimensionless reflection locations, ζ ≥ 0 (ζ = 0: the ODW reflects precisely at the expansion corner; ζ > 0: the ODW reflects off the wall before the expansion corner). Two kinds of destabilization phenomena of the inviscid Mach reflection of an ODW induced by different mechanisms are found, namely wave-induced destabilization at large ζ > 0 for moderate (not very low) Ma and inherent destabilization at any ζ > 0 for low Ma. Wave-induced destabilization is attributed to the incompatibility between the pressure ratio across the Mach stem and its relative propagation speed, which is triggered by the action of the secondary reflected shock wave or the transmitted Mach stem on the subsonic zone behind the Mach stem. Inherent destabilization is demonstrated through an in-depth theoretical analysis and is attributed to geometric choking of the flow behind the Mach stem.
Transition induced by wall-normal vibration in flow around a flat plate with roughness
Authors: Huang Wenlin , Wang Zhiheng , Xiao Dandan , Xi Guang , Mao Xuerui
Published: April 2022

The effects of wall-normal vibration on bypass transition in a boundary-layer flow over a flat plate with roughness elements in the form of circular cylinders are investigated using direct numerical simulations (DNS), linear Floquet analyses and dynamic mode decompositions (DMD). The vibration of the plate strengthens the streamwise vorticity, consequently enhancing the velocity streaks and reducing the critical Reynolds number for transition. A map is constructed to identify the coupling effect of the vibration amplitude and Reynolds number on transition. Among all investigated combinations of height and diameter of roughness, the critical Reynolds numbers at different vibration amplitude

$A$

can be unified by a scaling function of

$(1-10A)$

. Two instability modes are identified in the vibration-induced transition process: a wake mode immediately downstream of the roughness, related to the inviscid Kelvin–Helmholtz instability of the wall-normal shear in the wake; and a streak mode, in response to the spanwise shear of the streaky flow, occurring further downstream. The first one results in the generation of central hairpin vortices which then feed the second one. Further development of the streak instability leads to two arrays of hairpin vortices. Results from linear Floquet analyses and DMD further confirm the two modes of instability observed in DNS. A quantitative study suggests that the amplification of vibration-induced disturbance by the base shear dominates the production of streamwise vorticity and subsequently the hairpin vortices.
Development of a mobile application to assess Brazilian schoolchildren's diet: CADE – food consumption at home and at school
Authors: Freitas Jade Veloso , Crispim Sandra Patricia , Araujo Marina Campos
Published: April 2022

The development of technologies for children's dietary assessment shows important potential for reducing the occurrence of inherent errors in traditional methods. The present study aimed to describe the development of a mobile app for the dietary assessment of Brazilian schoolchildren. The mobile app assesses schoolchildren's diet with self-report by their parents or guardians in the home environment, through multiple-pass 24-hour recall coupled with a food propensity questionnaire; and by an adult in the school environment, through a food record. The tool presents a database of food items usually consumed by Brazilian schoolchildren, including modes of preparation, probing foods and types of food quantification such as digital photos of household measurements and food portions. The CADE app (food consumption at home and at school) contains 2125 food items, 9 options for preparation methods and 18 options for probing items. There are 75 options for household measurements, also including 26 digital photos of four types of household measurements and 440 photos of portion sizes of 90 foods from the Brazilian Manual of Child Food Portion Quantification. Some innovative features include an interface to take photos of the child's meals and report seconds and leftover food consumption, besides the possibility of receiving notifications on the mobile device to remember to report the diet. The CADE app can assist the standardisation and automation of dietary data collection from schoolchildren, support food and nutrition data in childhood and promote research in nutritional epidemiology while reducing data collection costs.
Morphological processing of complex and simple pseudo-words in adults and older adults
Authors: Lázaro Miguel , Illera Víctor , García Seila , Ruíz Sánchez de León José María
Published: April 2022

The role of morphemes in lexical recognition has been extensively explored in recent years, although the evidence from older adults is extremely scarce. In this study, we carry out a lexical decision task to assess the interference generated by morphological composition of pseudo-words (i.e., the longer and more error prone decisions on pseudo-words made up of morphemes in comparison to pseudo-words without morphological appearance) in a group of young and older adults (mean = 74 years). The results show the expected effect on both response latencies and error rates for both groups. The effect of imageability is also significant. The specific results for the older adults show an interaction between the morphological effect and cognitive reserve: older adults with higher levels of cognitive reserve are more sensitive to morphological interference than older adults with lower cognitive reserve. The overall results are interpreted based on current models of morphological processing and aging.
IS HAPPINESS U-SHAPED IN AGE EVERYWHERE? A METHODOLOGICAL RECONSIDERATION FOR EUROPE
Authors: Bartram David
Published: April 2022

A recent contribution to research on age and well-being asserts that the impact of age on happiness is ‘u-shaped’ virtually everywhere. I evaluate that finding for European countries, considering whether it is robust to alternative methodological approaches. The analysis excludes control variables that are affected by age (noting that those variables are not antecedents of age) and explores the relationship via models that do not impose a quadratic functional form. The article shows that these alternative approaches do not produce a u-shape ‘everywhere’: u-shapes are evident for some countries, but for others, the pattern is quite different.
What Happens When Soft Power Fails
Authors: Shekhovtsov Anton
Published: April 2022

In the wake of Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea, US president Barack Obama infamously called Putin’s Russia “a regional power […] threatening some of its immediate neighbours, not out of strength but out of weakness. […] The fact that Russia felt it had to go in militarily and lay bare these violations of international law indicate[d] less influence, not more.” Obama’s words reportedly angered Putin, who had long striven to convince the West, and primarily the USA, to treat Russia as a geopolitical equal. Being considered a regional power fundamentally denied equality with superpowers such as the USA.
Private Funds for Ordinary People: Fees, Flows, and Performance
Authors: Riddiough Timothy J. , Wiley Jonathan A.
Published: April 2022

We study private funds available to retail investors of modest wealth. Our sample covers unlisted real estate investment trusts (REITs) for superior cash flow and fee data. Fee structures are skewed toward performance-insensitive components of the compensation contract, particularly front-end loads. The average unlisted REIT underperforms the listed benchmark by 6.5% per year, 5% of which is attributable to fees. Unlisted REITs underperform institutional-grade private equity real estate funds. Fees paid to investment advisors also explain fundraising success, while past performance does not. The underperformance is consistent with the consequences of managerial conflicts of interest, inadequate governance mechanisms, opaque disclosure, and poor investment advice.
Genotyping of Theileria parva populations in vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle in Malawi
Authors: Chatanga Elisha , Ohari Yuma , Muleya Walter , Hayashida Kyoko , Sugimoto Chihiro , Katakura Ken , Nonaka Nariaki , Nakao Ryo
Published: April 2022

Theileria parva is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that causes bovine theileriosis (East Coast Fever; ECF) in central, eastern and southern Africa. In Malawi, ECF is endemic in the northern and central regions where it has negatively affected the development of dairy industry. Despite its endemic status the genetic population structure of T. parva in Malawi is currently unknown. To obtain an understanding of T. parva in Malawi, we performed population genetics analysis of T. parva populations in cattle vaccinated with the Muguga cocktail live vaccine and non-vaccinated cattle using mini- and microsatellite markers covering all the four T. parva chromosomes. The T. parva Muguga strain was included in this study as a reference strain. Linkage disequilibrium was observed when all samples were treated as a single population. There was sub-structuring among the samples as shown by the principal coordinate analysis. Majority of the samples clustered with the T. parva Muguga reference strain suggesting that the isolates in Malawi are closely related to the vaccine component, which support the current use of Muguga cocktail vaccine to control ECF. The clustering of samples from non-endemic southern region with those from endemic central region suggests expansion of the distribution of T. parva in Malawi.
Explaining Out-Group Bias in Weak States
Authors: Charnysh Volha
Published: April 2022

Two dominant explanations for ethnic bias in distributional outcomes are electoral incentives and out-group prejudice. This article proposes a novel and complementary explanation for the phenomenon: variation in legibility across ethnic groups. The author argues that states will allocate fewer resources to groups from which they cannot gather accurate information or collect taxes. The argument is supported by original data on state aid from the 1891/1892 famine in the Russian Empire. Qualitative and quantitative analyses show that districts with a larger Muslim population experienced higher famine mortality and received less generous public assistance. The Muslims, historically ruled via religious intermediaries, were less legible to state officials and generated lower fiscal revenues. State officials could not count on the repayment of food loans or collect tax arrears from Muslim communes, so they were more likely to withhold aid. State relief did not vary with the presence of other minorities that were more legible and generated more revenue.
Fabrication-aware design for furniture with planar pieces
Authors: Yan Wenzhong , Zhao Dawei , Mehta Ankur
Published: April 2022

We propose a computational design tool to enable casual end-users to easily design, fabricate, and assemble flat-pack furniture with guaranteed manufacturability. Using our system, users select parameterized components from a library and constrain their dimensions. Then they abstractly specify connections among components to define the furniture. Once fabrication specifications (e.g., materials) designated, the mechanical implementation of the furniture is automatically handled by leveraging encoded domain expertise. Afterwards, the system outputs three-dimensional models for visualization and mechanical drawings for fabrication. We demonstrate the validity of our approach by designing, fabricating, and assembling a variety of flat-pack (scaled) furniture on demand.
Pronominal demonstratives in homeland and heritage Scandinavian
Authors: Kinn Kari , Larsson Ida
Published: April 2022

This paper discusses pronominal demonstratives (PDs) in homeland and heritage (American) Norwegian and Swedish. We establish a baseline approximating the language of the early emigrants, based on 19th/20th century Norwegian dialect recordings and Swedish texts. Baseline Norwegian had a fully established PD expressing psychological distance (see Johannessen 2008a). In Swedish, however, PDs do not quite behave like (distal) demonstratives: they can combine with a definite determiner or a regular demonstrative, and they do not fully have the pragmatic functions that demonstratives have. We propose that the Swedish PD is a pronoun rather than a demonstrative, without the full set of regular pronominal features, but with logophoric features that activate knowledge shared between the speaker and addressee. Data from AmNo show that PDs are preserved in this heritage language, across several generations. On the assumption that PDs are indexical and that speech act participants are represented in narrow syntax, it comes as no surprise that they are retained (Polinsky 2018:63–65), although this may, on the face of it, appear to be at odds with the Interface Hypothesis (e.g. Sorace & Filiaci 2006, Sorace 2011).
Multimodal Palimpsests: Ideology, (Non-)memory, Affect and the Senses in Cultural Landscapes Construction in Eastern and Central Europe
Authors: Kołodziejczyk Dorota , Huigen Siegfried
Published: April 2022

This article introduces a collection of essays about the construction of a cultural landscape in Eastern and Central Europe. This part of the world has been subjected to violent changes over the past hundred years that have also left their marks on the landscape, especially in the wake of the Second World War and after the fall of the Iron Curtain. It is suggested that the cultural dimension of these changes will be approached as a multimodal palimpsest, where old layers have partially been erased and overwritten by new layers of landscape text, with the old text still being more or less readable to the researcher. In addition, it is emphasized that this process of rewriting is still ongoing, in attempts to inscribe landscapes within ethnocentric frameworks.
Low rate of performance validity failures among individuals with bipolar disorder
Authors: Tart-Zelvin Ariana , Navis Bethany A. , Lamping Elena M. , Langenecker Scott A. , Ryan Kelly A. , McInnis Melvin G. , Marshall David F.
Published: April 2022

Objective:

Assessing performance validity is imperative in both clinical and research contexts as data interpretation presupposes adequate participation from examinees. Performance validity tests (PVTs) are utilized to identify instances in which results cannot be interpreted at face value. This study explored the hit rates for two frequently used PVTs in a research sample of individuals with and without histories of bipolar disorder (BD).

Method:

As part of an ongoing longitudinal study of individuals with BD, we examined the performance of 736 individuals with BD and 255 individuals with no history of mental health disorder on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) and the California Verbal Learning Test forced choice trial (CVLT-FC) at three time points.

Results:

Undiagnosed individuals demonstrated 100% pass rate on PVTs and individuals with BD passed over 98% of the time. A mixed effects model adjusting for relevant demographic variables revealed no significant difference in TOMM scores between the groups, a = .07, SE = .07, p = .31. On the CVLT-FC, no clinically significant differences were observed (ps < .001).

Conclusions:

Perfect PVT scores were obtained by the majority of individuals, with no differences in failure rates between groups. The tests have approximately >98% specificity in BD and 100% specificity among non-diagnosed individuals. Further, nearly 90% of individuals with BD obtained perfect scores on both measures, a trend observed at each time point.
Amino acid dipeptide formation induced by experimental irradiance of a solar flare power
Authors: Mejsnar Jiří A. , Proks Vladimír , Hezký Petr , Černá Marie
Published: April 2022

The experimental study aimed to select the spectrometric results of the solar flare that meet the mathematical conditions for integration, to measure the power of this integrated flux, and to test the integrated power, whether it is able to form a peptide bond between two molecules of selected amino acids on the Earth's surface. Results show that the radiation power of the X17 solar flare scanned by the SOLSTICE and SIM spectrometers aboard the NASA SORCE spacecraft, when used for experimental irradiance of the same parameters, is sufficient to form methionine, alanine, glutamine and proline dipeptides in aqueous solution with pyrophosphate or carbonyl sulphide at laboratory temperature. The experiments, with their successful outcome, provide insight into the biological significance of the narrowband solar flare anchored in the broadband UV solar radiation.
The Effects of Race and the Prosperity Gospel on Politics in the Trump Era
Authors: Gaskins Ben , Jacobs JahAsia
Published: April 2022

The Prosperity Gospel (PG) has gotten an increasing amount of attention recently as a major theological force driving Americans' political attitudes and identity. A number of studies have also examined how the PG affects racial minorities, especially Black Protestants, for whom it works counter to Social Gospel theology that is commonly associated with Black religious leaders and believers. This paper employs a unique data set that shows the prevalence of PG identity and beliefs across racial and religious categories, comparing the political outputs of the confluence of race, theology, and religious identity.
The Politics of Bicameral Agreement: Why and When Do State Lawmakers Go to Conference?
Authors: Emrich Colin
Published: April 2022

The power of conference committees is well documented and studied by scholars of the US Congress. But little is known about politics of bicameral agreement within state legislatures. Leveraging variation across states, I explore the conditions under which legislative leaders prefer formal bicameral conference negotiations to informal talks to reach final legislative agreements. Deploying an original dataset of state legislative decisions between 2005 and 2018, I find that ideologically cohesive majority parties favor the use of conferences, disproportionately relying on them to reconcile bicameral differences on salient measures. Majority parties, however, refrain from going to conference in those assemblies that empower the minority party to select its preferred conferees. The interaction of chamber rules and partisan dynamics thus shapes the contours of legislative agreements in systematic ways across the states.
Advanced Practice – wohin?
Authors: Wolfensberger Peter , Fischer Susan , Laimbacher Sabrina
Published: April 2022

Was ist zu diesem Thema bereits bekannt?

Die psychiatrische Pflege ist im Umbruch und der Versorgungsbedarf wächst. Gleichzeitig ist auch die Psychiatrie vom Fachkräftemangel betroffen, weshalb neue Ansätze erforderlich sind.

Wie wird eine neue Perspektive eingebracht?

Mit der Rolle Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) wird ein im deutschsprachigen Raum neues Rollenprofil initiiert, welches Bestehendes aufnimmt und Neues schafft.

Was sind die Auswirkungen für die Praxis?

Mit der Implementierung von PMHNPs in der psychiatrischen Praxis wird die Pflege in interprofessionellen Teams an Profil gewinnen und sich weiterentwickeln.
A Dual Heterogeneous Domain Model for Upscaling Anomalous Transport With Multi‐Peaks in Heterogeneous Aquifers
Authors: Yin Maosheng , Ma Rui , Zhang Yong , Chen Kewei , Guo Zhilin , Zheng Chunmiao
Published: April 2022

Natural aquifers are often characterized by multiscale heterogeneity and complex flow networks, challenging the reliable simulation and prediction of contaminant transport. Classic stochastic transport models usually assume independent, identically distributed probability density functions when upscaling solute dynamics, but this assumption is not valid for media with multiscale heterogeneity. To address this issue, a dual heterogeneous domain model (DHDM) was proposed to quantify solute transport in heterogeneous aquifers where solute breakthrough curves (BTCs) exhibit multiple peaks and transient tailing behaviors. To efficiently solve the resultant DHDM, a Lagrangian solver was developed by combining the renewal‐reward process (to capture solute dynamics in each domain) and the state transition probability (to capture solute particle transfer between the two heterogeneous domains). The DHDM and its Lagrangian solver were then applied to simulate solute transport in three different aquifer settings (alluvial, fractured, and karst). Analyses showed that in the alluvial aquifer, early arrivals and bi‐peaks of the observed solute BTC might be caused by interconnected preferential flow paths consisting of high conductivity sediments, while the front edge or long tails of local peaks might be a result of small‐scale heterogeneity. Fracture networks and karst conduits also resulted in anomalous transport with multiple peaks, and mass transfer between the preferential flow channels and matrix led to solute retention. All these complex, coexisting anomalous transport characteristics can be simultaneously and accurately captured by the unifying DHDM approach, significantly expanding the capability of nonlocal transport models.
Revealing the nature of optical activity in carbon dots produced from different chiral precursor molecules
Authors: Das Ananya , Kundelev Evgeny V. , Vedernikova Anna A. , Cherevkov Sergei A. , Danilov Denis V. , Koroleva Aleksandra V. , Zhizhin Evgeniy V. , Tsypkin Anton N. , Litvin Aleksandr P. , Baranov Alexander V. , Fedorov Anatoly V. , Ushakova Elena V. , Rogach Andrey L.
Published: April 2022

Carbon dots (CDs) are light-emitting nanoparticles that show great promise for applications in biology and medicine due to the ease of fabrication, biocompatibility, and attractive optical properties. Optical chirality, on the other hand, is an intrinsic feature inherent in many objects in nature, and it can play an important role in the formation of artificial complexes based on CDs that are implemented for enantiomer recognition, site-specific bonding, etc. We employed a one-step hydrothermal synthesis to produce chiral CDs from the commonly used precursors citric acid and ethylenediamine together with a set of different chiral precursors, namely, L-isomers of cysteine, glutathione, phenylglycine, and tryptophan. The resulting CDs consisted of O,N-doped (and also S-doped, in some cases) carbonized cores with surfaces rich in amide and hydroxyl groups; they exhibited high photoluminescence quantum yields reaching 57%, chiral optical signals in the UV and visible spectral regions, and two-photon absorption. Chiral signals of CDs were rather complex and originated from a combination of the chiral precursors attached to the CD surface, hybridization of lower-energy levels of chiral chromophores formed within CDs, and intrinsic chirality of the CD cores. Using DFT analysis, we showed how incorporation of the chiral precursors at the optical centers induced a strong response in their circular dichroism spectra. The optical characteristics of these CDs, which can easily be dispersed in solvents of different polarities, remained stable during pH changes in the environment and after UV exposure for more than 400 min, which opens a wide range of bio-applications.
Outcome of aggressive B-cell lymphoma with TP53 alterations administered with CAR T-cell cocktail alone or in combination with ASCT
Authors: Wei Jia , Xiao Min , Mao Zekai , Wang Na , Cao Yang , Xiao Yi , Meng Fankai , Sun Weimin , Wang Ying , Yang Xingcheng , Chen Liting , Zhang Yicheng , Zhu Haichuan , Zhang Shangkun , Zhang Tongcun , Zhou Jianfeng , Huang Liang
Published: April 2022

TP53gene alteration confers inferior prognosis in refractory/relapse aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (r/r B-NHL). From September 2016 to September 2020, 257 r/r B-NHL patients were assessed for eligibility for two trials in our center, assessing anti-CD19 and anti-CD22 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR19/22) T-cell cocktail treatment alone or in combination with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT).TP53alterations were screened in 123 enrolled patients and confirmed in 60. CAR19/22 T-cell administration resulted in best objective (ORR) and complete (CRR) response rate of 87.1% and 45.2% in patients withTP53alterations, respectively. Following a median follow-up of 16.7 months, median progression-free survival (PFS) was 14.8 months, and 24-month overall survival (OS) was estimated at 56.3%. Comparable ORR, PFS, and OS were determined in individuals with or withoutTP53alterations, and in individuals at different risk levels based on functional stratification ofTP53alterations. CAR19/22 T-cell treatment in combination with ASCT resulted in higher ORR, CRR, PFS, and OS, but reduced occurrence of severe CRS in this patient population, even in individuals showing stable or progressive disease before transplantation. The best ORR and CRR in patients withTP53alterations were 92.9% and 82.1%, respectively. Following a median follow-up of 21.2 months, 24-month PFS and OS rates in patients withTP53alterations were estimated at 77.5% and 89.3%, respectively. In multivariable analysis, this combination strategy predicted improved OS. In conclusion, CAR19/22 T-cell therapy is efficacious in r/r aggressive B-NHL withTP53alterations. Combining CAR-T cell administration with ASCT further improves long-term outcome of these patients.
Borderline personality disorder and the big five: molecular genetic analyses indicate shared genetic architecture with neuroticism and openness
Authors: Streit Fabian , Witt Stephanie H. , Awasthi Swapnil , Foo Jerome C. , Jungkunz Martin , Frank Josef , Colodro-Conde Lucía , Hindley Guy , Smeland Olav B. , Maslahati Tolou , Schwarze Cornelia E. , Dahmen Norbert , Schott Björn H. , Kleindienst Nikolaus , Hartmann Annette , Giegling Ina , Zillich Lea , Sirignano Lea , Poisel Eric , Chen Chi-Hua , Nöthen Markus M. , Mobascher Arian , Rujescu Dan , Lieb Klaus , Roepke Stefan , Schmahl Christian , Bohus Martin , Ripke Stephan , Rietschel Marcella , Andreassen Ole A.
Published: April 2022

Both environmental (e.g. interpersonal traumatization during childhood and adolescence) and genetic factors may contribute to the development of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Twin studies assessing borderline personality symptoms/features in the general population indicate that genetic factors underlying these symptoms/features are shared in part with the personality traits of the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality—the “Big Five”. In the present study, the genetic overlap of BPD with the Big Five -Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism- was assessed. Linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to calculate genetic correlations between a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in central European populations on BPD (N = 2543) and GWAS on the Big Five (N = 76,551–122,886, NeuroticismN = 390,278). Polygenic scores (PGS) were calculated to test the association of the genetic disposition for the personality traits with BPD case-control status. Significant positive genetic correlations of BPD were found with Neuroticism (rg = 0.34,p = 6.3*10−5) and Openness (rg = 0.24,p = 0.036), but not with the other personality traits (all | rg | <0.14, allp > 0.30). A cluster and item-level analysis showed positive genetic correlations of BPD with the Neuroticism clusters “Depressed Affect” and “Worry”, and with a broad range of Neuroticism items (N = 348,219–376,352). PGS analyses confirmed the genetic correlations, and found an independent contribution of the personality traits to BPD risk. The observed associations indicate a partially shared genetic background of BPD and the personality traits Neuroticism and Openness. Larger GWAS of BPD and the “Big Five” are needed to further explore the role of personality traits in the etiology of BPD.