bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Efficacy of Insecticide on the Management of Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci, Lindemann) in Northwestern Zone of Tigray
Authors: Gebremichael Yohannes , Asgele Kiros , Gebretsadkan Gebremedhin
Published: November 2024

Ethiopia has enormous potential to produce the onions throughout the year both for domestic use and export market. It  is  also the  most  cultivated  and  high market  value  of  vegetable crops  in  Tigray  Northern Ethiopia. However, the productivity of onion is highly constrained such as insect pests, diseases, lack of improved verities, lack of improved management practices etc. The major insect pest of onion is Onion thrips and important pests especially in areas where onions are grown under irrigation. The purpose of this study was to test the insecticide chemicals application and application frequency on the Onion production technologies. Therefore, field experiment was conducted to evaluate the insecticide chemical applications with frequency application in 2017 and 2018 under irrigation conditions. Thirteen treatments were used three different insecticide types namely Karatae 5% EC, Dimethote 40%EC, Profit72%EC with four different spraying frequency and untreated (control) laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The current findings showed that the profitable yield was obtained Karatae 5% EC (1st spray) (14.25 t ha-1) followed by Profit72%EC (4th spray) that is (20.25 t ha-1) and the obtained profit was 128053 &181788 birr per ha with the maximum Marginal Rate of Return of 3025 & 2417% respectively in Tselemti woreda.  In Medebaayzana woreda also, the profitable yield was obtained Karatae 5% EC (1st spray) (25.79 t ha-1) followed by Karatae 5% EC (4st spray) at (27.75 t ha-1) & Dimethote 40% EC (3rd spray) at (25.78 t ha-1) and 231976, 249463 & 231544 birr per ha obtained profit with the maximum Marginal Rate of Return of 2634, 2395 & 2311 % respectively. Therefore, Karatae 5% EC (1st spray) in Tselemti & Medebayzana woreda & Profit72%EC (4th spray) in Tselemti woreda and Dimethote 40% EC (3rd spray) in Medebayzana woreda was profitable preventive Onion Thrips for Onion production in the studies area.
Effect of Level of Sulphur and Phosphorus on Yield and Quality of Soybean Grown in Inceptisol
Authors: Madane Rohini Rajendra , Mahajan Archana Yallappa , Otari Pratima Tanaji
Published: November 2024

The field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2017 at Post Graduate Research Farm, Rajarshee Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj, College of Agriculture Kolhapur, with the view to study the effect of levels of sulphur and phosphorus on yield and quality of soybean grown in inceptisol. The soil of the experimental site was slightly alkaline in reaction, very low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and medium in available potassium and deficient in available sulphur. The field experiment was carried out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications and sixteen treatments comprising four levels of sulphur (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg ha-1) through elemental sulphur and four levels of phosphorus (0, 75, 100, and 125 kg ha-1) through DAP. The result indicated that the significantly highest grain yield (27.20 q ha-1, 25.04 q ha-1 respectively) was recorded by application of sulphur and phosphorus at 60 kg ha-1 (S4) and 100 kg ha-1 (P3) than rest of the sulphur and the phosphorus levels. The application of (S4, P3) at 60 kg ha-1 and 100 kg P ha-1 showed significantly highest straw yield (38.85 q ha-1, 35.50 q ha-1 respectively) than rest of the combination of sulphur and Phosphorus levels. The quality parameter records highest percent of 1000 grain weight, oil content and oil yield were found in 60 kg S along with 100 kg P ha-1 while the lowest seed yield, 1000 grain weight and oil content were found in control. Therefore, application of 60 kg S with 100 kg P appeared as the promising practice for obtaining higher seed yield and better quality of Soybean.
Effect of Application of Chitosan Soil Drenching on Growth and Vigour of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Grafts Cv. Alphonso
Authors: Patil Bhakti , Ghavale SL , Haldankar PM , Thorat SB , Kasture MC
Published: November 2024

An experiment on effect of application of chitosan on growth and vigour of mango grafts cv. Alphonso was conducted at Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Dapoli, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli during the year 2023-24. Seven treatments and 4 replications in Randomized Block Design viz., Tl Control – Soil + FYM (3:1), T2 (Chitosan 0.5 %), T3 (Chitosan 1.0 %), T4 (Chitosan 1.5 %), T5 (Chitosan 2.0 %), T6 (Chitosan 2.5 %), T7 (Chitosan 3.0 %) with the aim to investigate effect of chitosan drenching on growth, vigour and survival of mango grafts cv. Alphonso. The highest survival percentage (99.13 %), height of the grafts (38.10 cm), number of shoots per graft (2.06 nos.), number of leaves per graft (32.13 nos.) leaf area (694.31 cm 2) were recorded in treatment T5 i.e. Chitosan 2.0 %. The maximum stem girth (10.24 mm) found in treatment T7 i.e Chitosan 3.0 %.
Using Soluble CD38 to Overcome Daratumumab Interference in Pretransfusion Compatibility Testing
Authors: PIVETTA Michela , GESSONI Gianluca
Published: November 2024

Background: CD38 is a protein highly expressed on myeloma (MM) cells that has been shown to be an effective target antigen for monoclonal antibody therapies, so treatment with anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies is a first line therapy for patients with MM. Although CD38 is weaker expressed on erythocytes anti-CD38 binds to CD38 on reagent RBCs and cause panreactivity in vitro and subsequent false positive reactions in indirect antiglobulin tests (IAT), antibody detection (screening) tests, antibody identification panels, and anti-human globulin (AHG) crossmatches. These findings suggest that the soluble CD38 method could improve transfusion safety for patients receiving anti-CD38 therapy, particularly in urgent clinical settings This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a new soluble CD38-based method in mitigating Daratumumab interference during pretransfusion compatibility testing."
Methods: We evaluated the Grifols sCD38 method in 20 patients and compared it with the DTT method
Results: In our experience the sCD38 method reduced testing time from 150 to 50 minutes and demonstrated 100% efficacy, compared to 90% with DTT. The sCD38 effectively mitigated the interference caused by anti-CD38 antibodies in 10 (100% efficacy) of patient samples tested while DTT was successful in only 9/10 (90% efficacy); no interference was observed in patients presenting anti erythrocyte antibodies. Moreover, there was no negative influence on DTT sensitive blood group systems such as KEL upon sCD38 treatment.
Conclusions: In our Laboratory, in the year 2023, we processed 129 patients treated with anti-CD38. Therefore the reduction from 150 to 50 minutes in the time needed to perform tests for mitigation of anti-CD38 interference appears to be relevant with a recovery of approximately 210 technical-hours per year. Another highly appreciated operational aspect was the possibility of treating the patient's plasma and perform tests using automatic instruments (Erytra Grifols) available in our laboratory. In the evaluation of this new method, we did not observe failures in the mitigation of anti-CD38 interference. Furthermore, the results obtained in the samples that presented allo or auto antibodies were not affected by the treatment with sCD38. In our experience Grifols sCD38 assay is straightforward and quick to perform ant it is superior to DTT treatment in the mitigation of anti-CD38 antibody interference in MM patients treated with Daratumumab.
Bio-efficacy of Biochar's against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-cucumerinum inciting Root and Stem Rot Disease of Cucumber in In vitro Condition
Authors: Kumar Suresh , Meena N.L. , Rawal Pokhar , Trivedi Amit , Singh Virendra , Panwar N.L. , Singh Karan , Gurjar Hemant , Khangarot Jagmal Singh
Published: November 2024

To assess in vitro evaluation of bio-efficacy different three biochar's viz., Green house waste (GHW), Eucalyptus wood (EW) and Citrus wood (CW) were evaluated at different three concentrations (each @ 1, 2 and 3%) against F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis-cucumerinum causing root and stem rot of cucumber by using poison food technique. Among the three different biochars, Green house waste (GHW) was found most effective by showing minimum mycelial growth of 50.78, 40.10 and 29.88 mm and 43.58, 55.44 and 66.80% per cent growth inhibition at 1, 2 and 3% concentrations, Whereas, Citrus wood (CW) depicted highest mycelial growth 66.26, 55.88, 44.30 mm with 26.38, 37.91 and 50.78% lowest per cent growth inhibition of the pathogen at same above concentrations, respectively.
Leveraging Lévy Flight for Efficient Divisor Identification in Odd Composite Integers
Authors: Wang Xingbo
Published: November 2024

In accordance with the distribution law of composite integers possessing a divisor of the odd semi-prime N = pq with 2 < p < q, and considering the characteristics of Lévy flight (LF), this paper presents an innovative approach that integrates LF with specific local search techniques (LS) to identify a divisor of N. This method exhibits minimal space complexity and, in theory, achieves logarithmic time complexity in optimal scenarios. A comprehensive framework for the approach is outlined, alongside the introduction of a simple-random-walk-blended LF (SRW-blended LF) algorithm. Key issues pertinent to the implementation of the algorithm are thoroughly analyzed and elucidated. Experiments conducted to factorize semi-primes demonstrate that the newly developed approach, implemented using Matlab software, yields highly satisfactory results.
Facial Trauma with Total Maxillectomy and Z-Pillar Rehabilitation: A Case Report
Authors: Barros Adson Diniz , Freitas Amanda Luzia de , Leal Marilia de Oliveira Coelho Dutra , Júnior Wanderley Zanforlin , Harb Aryane de Oliveira , Teixeira Rubens Gonçalves , Jodas Cláudio Roberto Pacheco
Published: November 2024

Aims: Facial trauma is one of the leading causes of mortality that affects young male adults. It has a multifactorial etiology, and the predominant causes are motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) and physical assault. Maxillectomy is a surgical procedure, partial or total removal of the jaw, either due to trauma or pathology (oral cancer). The surgical defect created can cause psychological, functional, and aesthetic disorders for the patient, making rehabilitation essential.
Case Presentation: This case report is about a 45-year-old Caucasian patient who was a victim of facial trauma due to an MVA and underwent three hospital surgeries. Prosthetic rehabilitation was done using conventional implants anchored in zygomatic bones associated with the Z-pillar (Facco Technique). It is a rehabilitative treatment option for total maxillectomy, as it restores aesthetics and function to the patient.
Discussion: Facial trauma represents almost 9% of emergency care in Brazil's hospitals, and among the leading causes are MVAs, as occurred in the present Case Report. Maxillectomy is classified into three types: 1) with preservation of the orbital floor, 2) with loss of orbital support, and 3) with orbital exenteration and ethmoidectomy, as occurred in right side in this Clinical Case Report. The Facco Technique was performed in three stages (conventional implant, intermediate 18-mm-long piece, and 15-mm-long piece). Subsequently, the component's mini pillar was installed.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that conventional implants installed in the zygomatic bone and using the Z-pillar (Facco Technique) were a great option to rehabilitate patients who were victims of a MVAs without a jawbone and reduced their treatment time. It also gave him a new chance to find his way back into society and improved his quality of life.
A Comparative Study on Dentinal Tubule Penetration of Endodontic Irrigants: Confocal Laser Microscopy Insights
Authors: Bala Anju , Jain Rajnish K. , Khetarpal Ambica , Suharwardy Zara , Kumar Sandeep
Published: November 2024

Aim: This In vitro study is aimed to analyse and compare the dentinal penetration depth of three endodontic irrigants using Confocal laser maicroscope.
Study Design: It is a descriptive study.
Methodology:17%EDTA, 17%REDTA and 17% Citric Acid at acidic pH (pH5.5) and distilled water as a control was taken as final root canal irrigants. 60 human permanent single rooted teeth were taken from a pool of extracted teeth, decoronated and mechanically shaped using waveone gold file system and apex was prepared by WaveOne Gold Large (size 0.45, taper 0.07) file and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution. The final rinsing was done with rhodamine B dye conjugated EDTA, REDTA, Citric acid and distilled water. After this, teeth were embedded in epoxy resin and sectioning was done at coronal, middle and apical third level using microtome and thin sections of approx.200μm thickness were prepared. Sections were examined under confocal laser microscope and statistical analysis was done using ANOVA and Post-Hoc Tests.
Results: Study revealed that the citric acid is the best endodontic irrigant having maximum dentinal penetration depth at all three levels.
Angiotensin System Blockers in Experimental NAFLD/MASLD: Is there a Preferential Pathway or Drug?
Authors: Sturzeneker Mario Claudio Soares , Colmenero Flávia Cristina , Parlow Jaqueline Meert , Justus Isabela Hess , Consul Crisangela Cristin , Santos Gabriel dos , Migliorini Maíza Pellissari , Wenglarek Karyn Maria , Silva Thais de Lima da
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), currently known as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is a persistent challenge in medical practice. Its global prevalence has progressively increased, with an estimated 30.1%. NAFLD has been associated with an increased risk of developing systemic hypertension, with an estimated prevalence of hypertension among patients with this liver condition at 39.34%. However, there are no established criteria for selecting antihypertensive medications for the treatment of hypertensive patients with NAFLD.
Aims: To evaluate and compare the effects of the preventive use of olmesartan and ramipril in an animal model of NAFLD. Assess the potential differences and determine if there are specific aspects that may account for these differences. In addition to histological analysis and metabolic variables, evaluate oxidative stress through immunohistochemistry.
Methods: A total of 41 rabbits were distributed into four groups: normal control group (NG) with 9 animals; placebo group (PG) with 10 animals; olmesartan group (OG) with 12 animals; and ramipril group (RG) with 10 animals. The NG received a standard diet without additives, while the OG, PG, and RG were given the standard diet with added cholesterol. The OG and RG were treated with their respective medications from baseline until euthanasia over an 8-week period. Hematoxylin-eosin stained slides were assessed using a scoring system for histological evaluation of NAFLD, and hepatic oxidative stress was evaluated through immunohistochemistry.
Results: There was a significant attenuation of steatosis, lobular inflammation, ballooning, fibrosis, and steatohepatitis, as indicated by the activity score, in both the ramipril group (RG) and olmesartan group (OG) compared to the placebo group (PG). Additionally, hepatic oxidative stress was notably decreased in these treatment groups.
Conclusion: The preventive use of ramipril and olmesartan significantly attenuated the development of fundamental histological changes and hepatic oxidative stress in an animal model of NAFLD. Therefore, it can be inferred that olmesartan and ramipril may add benefit in the treatment of hypertensive patients with NAFLD. However, such findings require substantiation based on clinical studies.
Nutrient Management for Enhancing Growth and Yield of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in Rajasthan, India
Authors: Jagdish  , Jakhar Chandrakanta , Suman Bhagwan , Meena Brijesh Kumar , Jain Neelu , Yadav Indra Raj
Published: November 2024

A field experiment was conducted at experimental farm, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Mewar University Gangrar, Chittorgarh (Rajasthan) during Rabi season of 2023-24 to effect of different nutrient management on growth and yield of mustard variety “NRCHB-506‟ was used in this study. The required quantities of fertilizers as per treatments were applied. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications consisting of ten treatments. The data recorded maximum growth parameters such as plant population (19.65 per m2), plant height (134.85 cm), number of branches per plant (11.95), dry matter accumulation (38.65 g), length of siliqua (4.72 cm), days required for maturity (130.45 days), leaf area index (2.48) and yield parameter such as number of siliqua per plant (265.08), number of seed per siliqua (11.95), seed yield (2120.44 kg/ha), straw yield (5125.12 kg/ha), biological yield (7245.56 kg/ha) recorded with treatment T6-100% RDF + Sulphur (40 kg/ha) + Zinc sulphate (25 kg/ha) + Boron (1 kg/ha) + Azotobacter. Therefore, conclude that application 100% RDF + Sulphur (40 kg/ha) + Zinc sulphate (25 kg/ha) + Boron (1 kg/ha) + Azotobacter superior among all treatments.
Culture-Dependent Characterization of Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria and Fungi from an Artisanal Crude Oil Refining Site
Authors: P.M. Chibuike, , A.O. Nengi-Benwari, , V.K. Robinson,
Published: November 2024

Crude oil refining is a global insert responsible for the production of a wide array of petroleum based products crucial for various sectors including energy, transportation, and manufacturing. However, the artisanal form of crude oil refining, often characterized by its small scale and limited technological infrastructure, has emerged as a major environmental concern in several regions around the world. Illegal refining of crude oil has led to oil spillages which in turn lead to a disruption of the microbial population of the soil. Hence, the aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi from an artisanal crude oil refining site. A total of thirty six (36) soil samples were collected from three (3) artisanal crude oil refining sites at iwofe, ogbogoro and ibaa community all in Rivers State, Nigeria. The samples were collected using soil auger and subjected to standard microbiological procedures such as culturing, isolation and identification. The results revealed significantly elevated levels of heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi in the soil samples, with notable variations (p≤0.05) across the different artisanal crude oil refining sites. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) counts ranged from 3.75x105CFU/g in Iwofe to 2.70x105CFU/g in Ibaa, Total heterotrophic Fungal (THF) counts ranged from 2.80x104CFU/g recorded in Ogbogoro to 1.45x104CFU/g recorded in Iwofe, Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria (HUB) counts ranged from 2.25x103CFU/g in Ibaa to 1.30x103CFU/g in Iwofe and Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi (HUF) counts ranged from 2.50x102CFU/g recorded in Ogbogoro to 1.40x102CFU/g recorded in Ibaa community with significant differences (p≤0.05). Bacteria isolated and characterized from the soil include Enterobacter, Pseudomonas putida, Serratia and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens while fungi include Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Mucor. The microorganisms identified in this study have been reported to play key roles in the utilization of crude oil. Pseudomonas and Bacillus were the most dominant bacterial isolates and their dominance could imply that the soil could support the growth of crops. Thus, while they utilize the hydrocarbons, they also serve as plant-growth promoting microorganisms. Although some of the microorganisms in the present study have been reported to promote the growth of plant, the dumping of crude oil products legal or illegal should be minimized to avoid the extinction of plant-promoting microorganisms.
Pivotal Factors Driving Entrepreneurial Success: A study based in Kerala's MSME Landscape
Authors: Mathew Dr. Paul V , Kushwaha Satyendra
Published: November 2024

This study looks at what makes micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) successful in Kerala. It involved structured interviews with 217 MSMEs that have been registered for at least 5 years. Statistical analyses were done to understand how factors like the owner's demographics, personal traits, entrepreneurial characteristics, environmental factors, and strategic choices influence the success of these enterprises. The study identified five dimensions of success: Economic Success, Marketing Success, Meeting Obligations, Organizational Success, and Psycho-Socio Satisfaction. The research found relationships between these success dimensions and factors like the business's age, location (district), the owner's formal education level, the amount of capital and financial resources available, human capital (employees), employee loyalty, being part of an industrial cluster, innovation, and competitive aggressiveness. Key findings showed that variables like business age, location, education level, capital, financial resources, human capital, employee loyalty, industrial clusters, innovation, and competitive aggressiveness had a significant impact on organizational and marketing success. The study developed a model using key success indicators like net profit, capital growth, and turnover growth. It found complex relationships between innovation, competitive aggressiveness, dynamic business environment, family background, and the different success dimensions. Notably, innovation and competitive aggressiveness positively impacted marketing success, aligning with entrepreneurial orientation theory. Regional factors and financial resources had nuanced connections with organizational and economic success. This research provides valuable insights for aspiring entrepreneurs, developmental agencies, and policymakers, helping them better understand the factors that contribute to the success of MSMEs in Kerala
Fenton Process for Removing Organic Pollutants from Industrial Wastewater
Authors: Baldha Mallesham , Srilatha Dr K.
Published: November 2024

The fenton process is one of the most studied advanced oxidation processes, due to its efficiency, low reaction time and easy application. In the present study, fenton process is used to remove the organic pollutants from industrial wastewater. The process parameters like pH and reaction time were studied using 1:10 ratio of FeSO4 and H2O2 with a 500ml working volume of sample. The most favourable circumstances were determined at a pH level of 7 with a reaction duration of 3 Hours. Finally, chemical oxygen demands (COD) and chlorides, before and after fenton process were measured to ensure the entire destruction of organics during their removal from industrial wastewater. The experimental results shown that the fenton process effectively achieved removal efficiency of 80%
“The Effect of Welding of the Formability Of the Carbon Steel Sheet”
Authors: ALKHUDHER TAREQ H A H , BOUGHAITH NABEEL E S
Published: November 2024

The meaning of the Forming limit diagram “FLD” is considered to be an important tool in determining the forming of sheet metal . there is yield limit curve “FLC” for each sheet that shows its formability , stress limits and yield zones. Sometimes it is necessary to join two or more sheets of different thickness end to end to obtain a single part will be formed later . as in some parts of the body of a car . in this paper , the effect of electric arc welding on the boundary diagram of the forming of the carbon steel was studied . it has been observed the welding affects the formation limit curve , where the main and minor stresses decrease for the steel sheet .
A new Bayesian information criterion for the linear regression model: case of maximum a posteriori estimator
Authors: RABENANTENAINA Théophile , BEMARISIKA Parfait , TOTOHASINA André
Published: November 2024

This article is concerned with the Bayesian selection of linear regression models. In order to achieve this objective, we will successively present the estimators obtained by maximum a posteriori in the two cases of a priori laws of the parameters 𝜷 and 𝝈 𝟐 : cases informative and non-informative one. In the non-informative case, we put forth the use of Jeffreys’ a priori law, which is based on Fisher’s information. In the informative case, we examine the a priori joint distribution of these two parameters, which follow a normal-gamma distribution. We then present some properties of these estimators for both cases. Based on these properties, we propose a new model selection criterion based on the calculation of the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the operational model (approximate) and the true model (unknown)
Online Survey on the Prevalence of Genetic Diseases and Disorders Worldwide.
Authors: Guha Soham , Ghoshal Ankur , Chatterjee Subhanky , Roy Sumana , Ray Priyanka
Published: November 2024

This review explores the occurrence of genetic diseases and disorders using a detailed online survey. It specifically looks at how these conditions vary among different genders, age groups, and geographical areas. The study uses a strong methodology to provide valuable insights into the distribution and impact of genetic conditions within diverse populations. By analyzing data collected from participants around the world, the research uncovers differences, trends, and potential influencing factors. This helps us better understand genetic health disparities and guides targeted interventions and policies. Genetic diseases are a significant public health concern worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages, genders, and geographic locations. These diseases result from alterations in the DNA sequence and can lead to a wide range of health problems, from mild to severe. Understanding the prevalence, distribution, and impact of genetic diseases is essential for developing effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Additionally, factors such as age, gender, and geographic location can influence the occurrence and manifestation of genetic diseases, making it crucial to examine these variables in a global context. This thesis aims to investigate the prevalence of genetic diseases worldwide and analyze how factors such as age, gender, and geographical location affect their distribution. By conducting a comprehensive survey of genetic diseases and demographic characteristics across different populations, this study seeks to provide valuable insights into the epidemiology and public health implications of genetic disorders on a global scale. Through a multidimensional approach, including literature review, data analysis, and statistical modeling, this research aims to contribute to our understanding of genetic disease patterns and inform strategies for prevention, management, and healthcare resource allocation
Stimuli‐Responsive Neuronal Networking via Removable Alginate Masks
Authors: Joo Sunghoon , Song Seuk Young , Nam Yoon Sung , Nam Yoonkey
Published: May 2018

The neuron patterning method has been applied to cultured neuronal networks to achieve better reproducibility and various experimental conditions in brain research. However, as models of dynamic environments, conventional patterned neural networks having an unalterable structure formed by a preprogrammed substrate have limitations, such as replicating the changes in the physical structure of networks in vivo. This study presents a novel culture technique that can control the location of the neuronal cell bodies constituting the network and the connection of the isolated neuronal networks at a desired time point. Alginate hydrogel, which has a cell‐repellent property and is dissolvable by weak chemical treatment, is used as a background masking material for patterning. Axon growth from neural clusters to the background area formed by a microwell‐patterned alginate layer is possible due to removal of the alginate layer, triggering synchronized spontaneous firing of the neuronal clusters. This technique was combined with a microelectrode array system to observe dynamic changes in neuronal activity according to the transformed morphology of the network. Finally, the clustered network structure formed by this technique showed greatly improved spontaneous firing rates and spike amplitudes compared to the network model prepared using an existing uniform structure.
Flatlands in the Holy Land: The Evolution of Layered Materials Research in Israel
Authors: Hod Oded , Urbakh Michael , Naveh Doron , Bar‐Sadan Maya , Ismach Ariel
Published: May 2018

The experimental identification of fullerenes in 1985, carbon nanotubes in 1991, inorganic nanotubes in 1992, and graphene in 2004 are cornerstone events that have marked the beginning of the layered nanostructures era of materials science. Nowadays, the synthesis of such low‐dimensional systems is a routine practice allowing the controlled fabrication of 0‐, 1‐, and 2D layered structures of diverse chemical compositions. These systems possess unique physical properties that stem from their structural anisotropy characterized by strong intralayer covalent bonding and weaker interlayer dispersive interactions. This, in turn, results in promising functionality that attracts the attention of scientists from many disciplines including chemists, physicists, material scientists, engineers, as well as life scientists that are interested in both their basic and applied science aspects. Here, a short review of the contribution of the Israeli scientific community to this effort over the past 3 decades, is provided.
Rational Molecular Design for Efficient Exciton Harvesting, and Deep‐Blue OLED Application
Authors: Yang Jie , Guo Qingxun , Wang Jiaqiang , Ren Zichun , Chen Jingxi , Peng Qian , Ma Dongge , Li Zhen
Published: May 2018

The efficient deep‐blue luminogens with hybrid local and charge transfer (HLCT) excited state have drawn much attention for their potential in the full utilization of excitons with the corresponding excellent electroluminescent (EL) performance. However, almost all luminogens reported so far are phenanthroimidazole derivatives and the simplex molecular structures constrain their further development in a large degree. Here, a new kind of deep‐blue HLCT system based on triphenylbenzene is successfully designed and synthesized. Thanks to the balanced HLCT character, the exciton utilizing efficiencies of Cz‐TPB and CzPh‐TPB can be up to 86% and 85% with the Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.15, 0.09) and (0.15,0.13) in nondoped organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), which are among the highest values for HLCT emitters. Thus, this report might open up a new approach to develop low‐cost, high‐efficiency deep‐blue materials with HLCT character.
Localized All‐Optical Control of Single Semiconductor Quantum Dots through Plasmon Polariton‐Induced Screening
Authors: Seaton Matt , Krasnok Alex , Bracker Allan S. , Alù Andrea , Wu Yanwen
Published: May 2018

Due to their ability to strongly modify the local optical field through the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), plasmonic nanostructures are often used to reshape the emission direction and enhance the radiative decay rate of quantum emitters, such as semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). These features are essential for quantum information processing, nanoscale photonic circuitry, and optoelectronics. However, the modification and enhancement demonstrated thus far have typically led to drastic alterations of the local energy density of the emitters, and hence their intrinsic optical properties, leaving little room for active control. Here, dynamic tuning of the energy states of a single semiconductor QD is demonstrated by optically modifying its local dielectric environment with a nearby plasmonic structure, instead of directly coupling it to the QD. This technique leaves intact the intrinsic optical properties of the QD, while enabling a reversible all‐optical control mechanism that operates below the diffraction limit at low power levels.
Enantioselective Iodine(I/III) Catalysis in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Flores Andrea , Cots Eric , Bergès Julien , Muñiz Kilian
Published: May 2018

Chiral aryliodine(III) reagents have provided an advanced concept for enantioselective synthesis and catalysis. With the advent of chiral iodine(I/III) catalysis, many different structures have been explored in the area. The currently most prominent catalyst design is based on a resorcinol core and the attachment of two lactic side chains bearing ester or amide groups. This enables a privileged modular catalyst synthesis, in which fine‐tuning with respect to the specific reaction requirement is straightforward. The present overview summarizes the structural variation and optimization of such chiral aryliodine catalysts and discusses structural properties of the active iodine(III) catalyst states. The status quo of enantioselective iodine(I/III) oxidation catalysis with respect to intramolecular and intermolecular reaction control is reviewed, and specific aspects of the individual catalytic cycles are discussed.

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Biocatalytic Parallel Interconnected Dynamic Asymmetric Disproportionation of α‐Substituted Aldehydes: Atom‐Efficient Access to Enantiopure (S)‐Profens and Profenols
Authors: Tassano Erika , Faber Kurt , Hall Mélanie
Published: May 2018

The biocatalytic asymmetric disproportionation of aldehydes catalyzed by horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLADH) was assessed in detail on a series of racemic 2‐arylpropanals. Statistical optimization by means of design of experiments (DoE) allowed the identification of critical interdependencies between several reaction parameters and revealed a specific experimental window for reaching an ′optimal compromise′ in the reaction outcome. The biocatalytic system could be applied to a variety of 2‐arylpropanals and granted access in a redox‐neutral manner to enantioenriched (S)‐profens and profenols following a parallel interconnected dynamic asymmetric transformation (PIDAT). The reaction can be performed in aqueous buffer at ambient conditions, does not rely on a sacrificial co‐substrate, and requires only catalytic amounts of cofactor and a single enzyme. The high atom‐efficiency was exemplified by the conversion of 75 mM ofrac‐2‐phenylpropanal with 0.03 mol% of HLADH in the presence of ∼0.013 eq. of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), yielding 28.1 mM of (S)‐2‐phenylpropanol in 96%eeand 26.5 mM of (S)‐2‐phenylpropionic acid in 89%ee, in 73% overall conversion. Isolated yield of 62% was obtained on 100 mg‐scale, with intact enantiopurities.

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CsPbCl3‐Driven Low‐Trap‐Density Perovskite Grain Growth for >20% Solar Cell Efficiency
Authors: Jiang Jiexuan , Jin Zhiwen , Gao Fei , Sun Jie , Wang Qian , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: May 2018

Charge recombination in grain boundaries is a significant loss mechanism for perovskite (PVK) solar cells. Here, a new strategy is demonstrated to effectively passivate trap states at the grain boundaries. By introducing a thin layer of CsPbCl3 coating before the PVK deposition, a passivating layer of PbI2 is formed at the grain boundaries. It is found that at elevated temperature, Cl− ions in the CsPbCl3 may migrate into the PVK via grain boundaries, reacting with MA+ to form volatile MACl and leaving a surface layer of PbI2 at the grain boundary. Further study confirms that there is indeed a small amount of PbI2 distributed throughout the grain boundaries, resulting in increased photoluminescence intensity, increased carrier lifetime, and decreased trap state density. It is also found that the process passivates only grain surfaces, with no observable effect on the morphology of the PVK thin film. Upon optimization, the obtained PVK‐film‐based solar cell delivers a high efficiency of 20.09% with reduced hysteresis and excellent stability.
2D Zn‐Hexamine Coordination Frameworks and Their Derived N‐Rich Porous Carbon Nanosheets for Ultrafast Sodium Storage
Authors: Liu Sitong , Zhou Jisheng , Song Huaihe
Published: May 2018

Metal‐organic coordination frameworks have been widely used as efficient precursors for the preparation of functional carbon‐based materials with various nanostructures. However, to date, the design of 2D carbon nanostructures from single coordination frameworks remains a great challenge. Herein, an efficient strategy for the fabrication of N‐rich porous carbon nanosheets from 2D Zn‐hexamine coordination framework nanosheets is developed. Remarkably, the N‐doping level of carbon nanosheets can attain 16.54 at%. In addition, the thickness of the carbon nanosheets can effectively be tuned by simply adjusting the molar ratio of the starting materials. As a proof‐of‐concept application, the as‐prepared carbon nanosheets as an anode material for sodium‐ion batteries exhibit an ultrafast sodium storage capability of 194 mAh g−1 even at 10 A g−1. As far as it is known, such a high‐rate capability has been rarely achieved in previous studies on carbonaceous anode materials for Na‐ion storage. Moreover, this approach is readily controllable and could be extended to prepare a series of 2D N‐doped carbon‐based nanomaterials on a large scale.
Syndromes associated with holoprosencephaly
Authors: Kruszka Paul , Muenke Maximilian
Published: May 2018

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is partial or complete failure of the forebrain to divide into hemispheres and can be an isolated finding or associated with a syndrome. Most cases of HPE are associated with a syndrome and roughly 40%–60% of fetuses with HPE have trisomy 13 which is the most common etiology of HPE. Other syndromes associated with HPE include additional aneuploidies like trisomy 18 and single gene disorders such as Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome. There are a number of syndromes such as pseudotrisomy 13 which do not have a known molecular etiology; therefore, this review has two parts: syndromes with a molecular diagnosis and syndromes where the etiology is yet to be found. As most HPE is syndromic, this review provides a comprehensive list and description of syndromes associated with HPE that may be used as a differential diagnosis and starting point for evaluating individuals with HPE.
Binding Matter with Antimatter: The Covalent Positron Bond
Authors: Charry Jorge , Varella Márcio T. do N. , Reyes Andrés
Published: May 2018

We report sufficient theoretical evidence of the energy stability of the e+⋅H22− molecule, formed by two H− anions and one positron. Analysis of the electronic and positronic densities of the latter compound undoubtedly points out the formation of a positronic covalent bond between the otherwise repelling hydride anions. The lower limit for the bonding energy of the e+⋅H22− molecule is 74 kJ mol−1 (0.77 eV), accounting for the zero‐point vibrational correction. The formation of a non electronic covalent bond is fundamentally distinct from positron attachment to stable molecules, as the latter process is characterized by a positron affinity, analogous to the electron affinity.
Kohlenstoffnanofaser‐Aerogele: Vergleich von Chemosynthese und Biosynthese
Authors: Wu Zhen‐Yu , Liang Hai‐Wei , Hu Bi‐Cheng , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: May 2018

Kohlenstoff‐Aerogele, die typischerweise mit Sol‐Gel‐Chemie hergestellt werden, bestehend aus einzigartigen dreidimensionalen Netzwerken von nanometergroßen Partikeln und weisen faszinierende physikalische Eigenschaften mit großen Anwendungspotenzialen auf. Um die praktischen Anwendungen voranzubringen, ist es dringend notwendig, effiziente und kostengünstige Verfahren zur Herstellung von hochleistungsfähigen Kohlenstoff‐Aerogelen in großem Maßstab zu entwickeln, und das vorzugsweise auf eine nachhaltige Art und Weise. Im Jahr 2012 wurde über zwei neue Klassen von Aerogelen aus Kohlenstoff‐Nanofasernetzwerken (CNF) berichtet. Sie wurden aus einem aus Biomasse gewonnenen Vorläufer durch Chemosynthese (d. h. templatgesteuerte hydrothermale Karbonisierung von Kohlenhydraten) und Biosynthese (d. h. Verwendung von bakterieller Cellulose als Vorstufe) hergestellt. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen kritischen Überblick über dieses neuartige Gebiet und beschränkt sich dabei auf die Synthesestrategien der Kohlenstoffnanofaser‐Aerogele und ihre hervorragenden physikalischen Eigenschaften. Ebenso besprechen wir das Potenzial für die multifunktionale Anwendungen der beiden neuartigen Kohlenstoff‐Aerogele und ihrer Nanokomposite und zeigen die Herausforderungen und die zukünftigen Möglichkeiten in diesem spannenden Gebiet auf.
Die Chemie des 2‐Phosphaethinolat‐Anions
Authors: Goicoechea Jose M. , Grützmacher Hansjörg
Published: May 2018

Die erste Synthese des 2‐Phosphaethinolat‐Anions, PCO−, gelang sehr wahrscheinlich bereits 1894 bei dem Versuch, durch Umsetzung von NaPH2 mit Kohlenmonoxid Na(CP) herzustellen. Erst 117 Jahre später wurde diese Reaktion wiederholt und entdeckt, dass Na(OCP) und H2 die Produkte dieser Umsetzung sind. Li(OCP) wurde 1992 synthetisiert und vollständig charakterisiert, jedoch erwies sich dieses Salz als zu instabil, um detaillierte Untersuchungen vornehmen zu können. Man benötigt die schwereren Analoga dieses Lithiumsalzes, Na(OCP) und K(OCP), die beachtlich stabil sind und sogar in Wasser gelöst werden können, um die Chemie dieser neuen funktionellen Gruppe vollständig zu erforschen. Wir geben hier einen Überblick über die Chemie des 2‐Phosphaethinolat‐Anions, eines schweren Phosphoranalogons des Cyanat‐Anions, und beschreiben das breite Spektrum an chemischen Transformationen, in denen es bisher eingesetzt wurde. Seine Verwendung als Ligand, als Reagenz in Decarbonylierung‐ und Deoxygenierungsprozessen sowie als Baustein für neuartige Heterocyclen wird berichtet. In den 26 Jahren seit Becker über die Isolierung dieses bemerkenswerten Anions erstmals berichtete, ist es zu einem faszinierenden Reagens für die Synthese einer Vielzahl von – oftmals beispiellosen – Molekülen und Verbindungen geworden.
A Three‐Dimensional Capsule‐like Carbon Nanocage as a Segment Model of Capped Zigzag [12,0] Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Complexation with C70
Authors: Cui Shengsheng , Zhuang Guilin , Lu Dapeng , Huang Qiang , Jia Hongxing , Wang Ya , Yang Shangfeng , Du Pingwu
Published: May 2018

Herein we report the synthesis and photophysical and supramolecular properties of a novel three‐dimensional capsule‐like hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene (HBC)‐containing carbon nanocage, tripodal‐[2]HBC, which is the first synthetic model of capped zigzag [12,0] carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Tripodal‐[2]HBC was synthesized by the palladium‐catalyzed coupling of triboryl hexabenzocoronene and L‐shaped cyclohexane units, followed by nickel‐mediated C−Br/C−Br coupling and subsequent aromatization of the cyclohexane moieties. The physical properties of tripodal‐[2]HBC and its supramolecular host–guest interaction with C70 were further studied by UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Theoretical calculations revealed that the strain energy of tripodal‐[2]HBC was as high as 55.2 kcal mol−1.
Stabilisierung eines Blausäure‐Dimers mit einer Lewis‐Säure
Authors: Bläsing Kevin , Bresien Jonas , Labbow René , Schulz Axel , Villinger Alexander
Published: May 2018

Das hoch labile Dimer vom Cyanwasserstoff, HCN⋅⋅⋅HCN, wurde aus flüssigem HCN durch Adduktbildung mittels einer sterisch anspruchsvollen Lewis‐Säure B(C6F5)3 als HCN⋅⋅⋅HCN‐B(C6F5)3 extrahiert und vollständig charakterisiert. Der Einfluss verschiedener Lösungsmittel (HCN, CH2Cl2 und aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe) auf den Kristallisationsprozess wurde untersucht. Dimerbildung wurde beobachtet, wenn HCN oder CH2Cl2 als Lösungsmittel verwendet wurden, wohingegen der Einsatz von aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen zur Bildung von monomeren Aren⋅⋅⋅HCN‐ B(C6F5)3‐Addukten führte, die über eine η6‐Koordination des aromatischen Ringsystems stabilisiert sind und dadurch den bekannten Halbsandwichkomplexen ähneln.
Preferential Cation Vacancies in Perovskite Hydroxide for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Chen Dawei , Qiao Man , Lu Ying‐Rui , Hao Li , Liu Dongdong , Dong Chung‐Li , Li Yafei , Wang Shuangyin
Published: May 2018

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an ideal model to study the relationship between the activity and the surface properties of catalysts. Defect engineering has been extensively developed to tune the electrocatalytic activity for OER. Compared to the anion vacancies in metal oxides, cation vacancies are more challenging to selectively generate, and the insight into the structure and activity of cation vacancies‐rich catalysts are lacked. Herein, using SnCoFe perovskite hydroxide as a precursor, abundant Sn vacancies on the surface were preferentially produced by Ar plasma. Sn vacancies could be preferentially produced as confirmed by the X‐ray absorption spectra, probably owing to the lower lattice energy and weaker chemical bonds of Sn(OH)4. The Sn vacancies promoted the exposure of active CoFe sites, resulting in an amorphous surface layer, modulated the conductivity, and thus enhanced the OER performance.
Ligand‐Induced Conformational Changes in HSP90 Monitored Time Resolved and Label Free—Towards a Conformational Activity Screening for Drug Discovery
Authors: Güldenhaupt Jörn , Amaral Marta , Kötting Carsten , Schartner Jonas , Musil Djordje , Frech Matthias , Gerwert Klaus
Published: May 2018

Investigation of protein–ligand interactions is crucial during early drug‐discovery processes. ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy can detect label‐free protein–ligand interactions with high spatiotemporal resolution. Here we immobilized, as an example, the heat shock protein HSP90 on an ATR crystal. This protein is an important molecular target for drugs against several diseases including cancer. With our novel approach we investigated a ligand‐induced secondary structural change. Two specific binding modes of 19 drug‐like compounds were analyzed. Different binding modes can lead to different efficacy and specificity of different drugs. In addition, the kobs values of ligand dissociation were obtained. The results were validated by X‐ray crystallography for the structural change and by SPR experiments for the dissociation kinetics, but our method yields all data in a single and simple experiment.
Emerging Carbon‐Nanofiber Aerogels: Chemosynthesis versus Biosynthesis
Authors: Wu Zhen‐Yu , Liang Hai‐Wei , Hu Bi‐Cheng , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: May 2018

Carbon aerogels that are typically prepared using sol–gel chemistry have unique three dimensional networks of interconnected nanometer‐sized particles and thus exhibit many fascinating physical properties and great application potentials in widespread fields. To boost the practical applications, it is necessary to develop efficient and low‐cost methods to produce high‐performance carbon aerogels on a large‐scale, preferably in a sustainable way. In 2012, two new classes of aerogels consisting of carbon‐nanofiber (CNF) networks were prepared from biomass‐derived precursors by chemosynthesis (i.e. template‐directed hydrothermal carbonization of carbohydrate) and biosynthesis (i.e. use of bacterial cellulose as precursor), respectively. This Review gives a critical overview of this emerging and rapidly developing field, focusing on the synthetic strategies of the carbon‐nanofiber aerogels and their outstanding physical properties. We also discuss the multifunctional application potentials of the two sorts of carbon aerogels and their nanocomposites, and highlight the challenges and future opportunities in this field.
Photochemically Driven Reverse Water‐Gas Shift at Ambient Conditions mediated by a Nickel Pincer Complex
Authors: Schneck Felix , Schendzielorz Florian , Hatami Nareh , Finger Markus , Würtele Christian , Schneider Sven
Published: May 2018

The endothermic reverse water‐gas shift reaction (rWGS) for direct CO2 hydrogenation to CO is an attractive approach to carbon utilization. However, direct CO2 hydrogenation with molecular catalysts generally gives formic acid instead of CO as a result of the selectivity of CO2 insertion into M−H bonds. Based on the photochemical inversion of this selectivity, several synthetic pathways are presented for CO selective CO2 reduction with a nickel pincer platform including the first example of a photodriven rWGS cycle at ambient conditions.