bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rock Nacional and Revolutionary Politics: The Making of a Youth Culture of Contestation in Argentina, 1966-1976
Authors: Manzano Valeria
Published: January 2014

On March 30, 1973, three weeks after Hctor Cmpora won the first presidential elections in which candidates on a Peronist ticket could run since 1955, rock producer Jorge lvarez, himself a sympathizer of left-wing Peronism, carried out a peculiar celebration. Convinced that Cmpora's triumph had been propelled by young people's zeal—as expressed in their increasing affiliation with the Juventud Peronista (Peronist Youth, or JP), an organization linked to the Montoneros—he convened a rock festival, at which the most prominent bands and singers of what journalists had begun to dub rock nacional went onstage. Among them were La Pesada del Rock- 'n'Roll, the duo Sui Gneris, and Luis Alberto Spinetta with Pescado Rabioso. In spite of the rain, 20,000 people attended the Festival of Liberation, mostly muchachos from every working- and middle-class corner of Buenos Aires, as one journalist depicted them, also noting that while the JP tried to raise chants from the audience, the boys acted as if they were untouched by the political overtones of the festival.
Desbunde and its Discontents: Counterculture and Authoritarian Modernization in Brazil, 1968–1974
Authors: Dunn Christopher
Published: January 2014

“For my generation,” writes Alex Polari, “our option was precisely this: either pirar [flip out], trip out on drugs, or join the armed struggle. Heroism vs. alienation, as we who joined the armed struggle saw it; caretice [conformity] vs. liberation, as they saw it.” Born in 1951, Polari was a teen during the cultural effervescence and political struggle of mid-to-late 1960s Brazil but reached adulthood during a period of severe repression—the so-called sufoco (suffocation)—between late 1968 and 1974, when public protest and left-wing cultural expression were suppressed and censored. Polari opted for the “heroic” option of armed struggle, as he recounted in his memoirs published in 1982 during the abertura, a period of political opening leading up to the restoration of formal democracy in 1985. Yet he also expressed a deep affinity for those who “flipped out” and embraced attitudes and practices associated with the counterculture.
Retrospective: The New Girl
Authors: Mitchell Sally
Published: January 2014

It took a great many years to produce The New Girl , but both the initial idea and the course of its progress grew from the context of a feminist academic's career in the 1970s and 1980s. Teaching women's studies and children's literature courses provided some background, and an invitation to edit Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia absorbed five years of mental energy while the idea took shape. Finally a sabbatical in London in 1989 provided six months of productive research time, followed by other interruptions before the book emerged. This article also corrects one error in the book: L.T. Meade's actual year of birth is 1844.
William Henry Boucher (1837-1906): Illustrator and Judy Cartoonist
Authors: Scully Richard
Published: January 2014

This article examines the life and career of William H. Boucher (sometimes rendered as "Bowcher") and makes a case for his importance to the Victorian illustrated periodical press. Boucher was chief cartoonist at Judy for two decades, making him one of the greatest rivals to John Tenniel. Like Tenniel, he contributed illustrations to numerous important works of fiction and was a particular favourite of Robert Louis Stevenson (illustrating The Black Arrow and Kidnapped for the Young Folks Paper ). Significantly, Boucher also originated the metaphor of "The Empty Chair" in tribute to Charles Dickens, which inspired Sir Luke Fildes's more famous version in the Graphic .
"Not for girls alone, but for anyone who can relish really good literature": L. T. Meade, Atalanta , and the Family Literary Magazine
Authors: Dawson Janis
Published: January 2014

Although Atalanta (1887-98) published contributions by some of the most eminent late Victorian authors, the magazine has received limited consideration in modern critical studies. For the most part, references to Atalanta have focused on girls' magazines and an emerging girls' culture. This essay links the magazine and its editor to the family literary magazine and to the wider social and cultural context of the fin de siècle, showing how Atalanta promoted progressive views of women and showcased women's contributions to literary culture.
Murray's Magazine : The Lessons of Failure
Authors: Richardson Leeanne M.
Published: January 2014

The history of the shilling monthly Murray's Magazine (1887-91) demonstrates how a successful publishing firm contributed to the failure of its own magazine. The letters and agreements between the Murray firm and editor Edward Arnold in the Murray Archive at the National Library of Scotland reveal that the Murray family's sense of tradition motivated their decision to publish Murray's Magazine and that this reliance on tradition effectively sabotaged the magazine's chances of success.
Periodicity, Time Travel, and the Emergence of Science Fiction: H. G. Wells's Temporal Adventures in the Pages of the New Review
Authors: Tattersdill Will
Published: January 2014

The field of periodical studies has highlighted the value of studying novels in their original serialized incarnations. This understanding, however, is seldom applied to science fiction texts, despite the fact that the genre's historical and formal relationship with periodicals is of considerable depth and interest. Periodicals and science fiction have always worked well together, and this article suggests a reason: both have a similar (and central) relationship with time. I turn to one of the most famous early science fiction texts, H. G. Wells's The Time Machine , reading it in its original periodical context to explore its temporal relationship with the magazine.
Journalists at George Eliot's Priory: Busy Editors, Writing Women, and the Founding of Mind
Authors: McCormack Kathleen
Published: January 2014

The unpublished journals of George Henry Lewes challenge the conventional view that gatherings at the Priory were either dull or scandalous. Not only did the Leweses welcome a large number of women guests, provide entertainment by talented singers, and entertain many important Victorians, but they also provided a convenient networking space for editors, authors, and reviewers. Editors Leslie Stephen and James Thomas Knowles used the Priory gatherings to advance their projects, while Mathilda Betham-Edwards demonstrated how a woman author could add to her journalistic credits through contacts formed at the Priory. Finally, a number of regular visitors, including founding editor George Croom Robertson, contributed to the launch of the periodical Mind: A Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy .
A study of art and craft teaching programs according to their function of generating "industrial design education" qualification for teacher candidates
Authors: Yalçın Wells Şehnaz
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the function of art and craft teachers programs, based on opinions of teachers graduated from art and craft teachers undergraduate program, for making the teacher candidates gain the "Industrial Design Education" qualification, which is a part of the Fine Arts classes in primary and secondary schools. The research has been conducted with a qualitative research approach. Participants in the research are 43 teachers graduated from Marmara University Atatürk Education Faculty Art and Craft Teaching undergraduate program. Data has been collected by document analysis techniques and surveys developed by the researcher. The transcripts of the teacher candidates graduated at different years from this program are done by examining the documents. The research has been conducted with a qualitative research approach.  The research showed that teachers evaluate the industrial design education qualification function of the art and craft teachers undergraduate program according to workshop diversity, workshop course hours, and the content of the program. (i)Teachers are generally negative about the branching that develops in time within the structure of the program. (ii)They think it is a must for teacher candidates to participate in several workshops to gain the required professional qualification for their branch. (iii) And teachers affirm the regulation of craft design workshop as industrial workshop. (iv) they also stress the importance of course hours and program content. On the other hand, teachers make several suggestions about developing the program, the purpose of the program, education method and environment, cooperation between academicians and institutions, so that the art and craft undergraduate program can function more effectively.
Thermal Degradation Kinetics of a Linked Polyurethane Acrylate Film
Authors: Chen Jianfu , Zhang Weiying , Li Xiao , Chen Yimin
Published: January 2014

Linked polyurethane-acrylate (LPUA) emulsions with good stability were synthesized by seed swelling emulsion polymerization. We then investigated the thermal degradation process of the LPUA film by means of thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry (TG-DTG) at different heating rates. It was shown that the heating rate had obvious influence on the thermal weight loss of LPUA. Both the starting and ending temperatures of decomposition shifted to a higher temperature with increased heating rate. The most probable kinetic parameters of decomposition were obtained from the Coats-Redfern integral equation and Achar differential equation. It was shown that the optimum mechanism functions of the decomposition reaction were 3D diffusion, spherical symmetry, D4, and deceleration type a–t curve. The thermal decomposition mechanism function of the LPUA film was f (α) = 3/2[(1−α)−1/3 − 1]−1; G (α) = (1 − 2α/3) − (1 − α)2/3.
Intrinsic Fluctuations in Sustained Attention and Distractor Processing
Authors: Esterman Michael , Rosenberg Monica D. , Noonan Sarah K.
Published: January 2014

Although sustaining a moderate level of attention is critical in daily life, evidence suggests that attention is not deployed consistently, but rather fluctuates from moment to moment between optimal and suboptimal states. To better characterize these states in humans, the present study uses a gradual-onset continuous performance task with irrelevant background distractors to explore the relationship among behavioral fluctuations, brain activity, and, in particular, the processing of visual distractors. Using fMRI, we found that reaction time variability, a continuous measure of attentional instability, was positively correlated with activity in task-positive networks and negatively correlated with activity in the task-negative default mode network. We also observed greater processing of distractor images during more stable and less error prone “in the zone” epochs compared with suboptimal “out of the zone” epochs of the task. Overall, the data suggest that optimal states of attention are accomplished with more efficient and potentially less effortful recruitment of task-relevant resources, freeing remaining resources to process task irrelevant features of the environment.
Combination of Engineered Schwann Cell Grafts to Secrete Neurotrophin and Chondroitinase Promotes Axonal Regeneration and Locomotion after Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Kanno Haruo , Pressman Yelena , Moody Alison , Berg Randall , Muir Elizabeth M. , Rogers John H. , Ozawa Hiroshi , Itoi Eiji , Pearse Damien D. , Bunge Mary Bartlett
Published: January 2014

Transplantation of Schwann cells (SCs) is a promising therapeutic strategy for spinal cord repair. SCs introduced into lesions support axon regeneration, but because these axons do not exit the transplant, additional approaches with SCs are needed. Here, we transplanted SCs genetically modified to secrete a bifunctional neurotrophin (D15A) and chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) into a subacute contusion injury in rats. We examined the effects of these modifications on graft volume, SC number, degradation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), astrogliosis, SC myelination of axons, propriospinal and supraspinal axon numbers, locomotor outcome (BBB scoring, CatWalk gait analysis), and mechanical and thermal sensitivity on the hind paws. D15A secreted from transplanted SCs increased graft volume and SC number and myelinated axon number. SCs secreting ChABC significantly decreased CSPGs, led to some egress of SCs from the graft, and increased propriospinal and 5-HT-positive axons in the graft. SCs secreting both D15A and ChABC yielded the best responses: (1) the largest number of SC myelinated axons, (2) more propriospinal axons in the graft and host tissue around and caudal to it, (3) more corticospinal axons closer to the graft and around and caudal to it, (4) more brainstem neurons projecting caudal to the transplant, (5) increased 5-HT-positive axons in the graft and caudal to it, (6) significant improvement in aspects of locomotion, and (7) improvement in mechanical and thermal allodynia. This is the first evidence that the combination of SC transplants engineered to secrete neurotrophin and chondroitinase further improves axonal regeneration and locomotor and sensory function.
What on Earth Is Sustainable?
Authors: Greenberg Miriam
Published: January 2014

This article analyzes prevalent forms of sustainability discourse in California and around the world: eco-oriented sustainabilities, vernacular sustainabilities, justice-oriented sustainabilities, and market-oriented sustainabilities. It sketches the history of these discourses, argues that the meaning of sustainability depends on whose sustainability is being discussed, and lays out a framework for critical sustainability studies.
Collective Fieldwork Interviews in the Classroom Without Walls
Authors: Makagon Daniel
Published: January 2014

This article uses a course that meets from 10 p.m. to 1 a.m. as a context to critically examine collective collaborative fieldwork as an experiential pedagogy that helps students better understand and practice qualitative fieldwork interviews. A collective interviewing experience can provide each student with practice and establish a situation for relatively sustained learning-focused dialogue and debate about interviewing ethics. With this context in mind, I critically examine how interviewing participants in a group scenario can help students understand spurned interview requests, the effects on researcher-participant relationships, and the alteration of temporal and spatial scenes in which interviews take shape as well as teach students about the important nuances of translation during interviews. Taken together, these four issues offer important ways to think about team-based fieldwork projects as an alternative to lone-ethnographer models of research practices that are foregrounded in qualitative research literature and in fieldwork-based courses.
Closed-Loop Automatic Oxygen Control (CLAC) in Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Hallenberger Antonietta , Poets Christian Friedrich , Horn Werner , Seyfang Andreas , Urschitz Michael Siegfried
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

In preterm infants receiving supplemental oxygen, routine manual control (RMC) of the fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) is often difficult and time consuming. We developed a system for closed-loop automatic control (CLAC) of the FIO2 and demonstrated its short-term safety and efficacy in a single-center study. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that this system is more effective than RMC alone in maintaining arterial oxygen saturation within target levels when evaluated over 24 hours under routine conditions and with different target levels.

METHODS:

We performed a multicenter, randomized controlled, crossover clinical trial in 34 preterm infants receiving mechanical ventilation or nasal continuous positive airway pressure and supplemental oxygen. Twenty-four–hour periods with RMC were compared with 24-hour periods of RMC supported by CLAC.

RESULTS:

The median (range) percentage of time with arterial oxygen saturation levels within target range was 61.4 (31.5–99.5) for RMC and 71.2 (44.0–95.4) for CLAC (P < .001). The median (range) number of manual FIO2 adjustments was reduced from 77.0 (0.0–224.0) for RMC to 52.0 (10.0–317.0) for CLAC (P = .007).

CONCLUSIONS:

CLAC may improve oxygen administration to preterm infants receiving mechanical ventilation or nasal continuous positive airway pressure while reducing workload related to RMC.
Tendência secular de crescimento em estatura no município de Florianópolis (SC), Brasil, e sua associação com o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH)
Authors: Pinheiro Andressa Caroline Carneiro , Niederauer Juliana Minuzzi , Vargas Deisi Maria
Published: January 2014

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a tendência secular de crescimento (TSC) em estatura dos recrutas do 63º Batalhão de Infantaria (BI) de Florianópolis (SC) e correlacioná-la com o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH). Estudo transversal e retrospectivo de recrutas com 18 a 20 anos que foram incorporados ao 63º BI de Florianópolis por alistamento militar no período de 1963 a 2007. A amostra foi constituída por 600 inscritos de um total de 3000 recrutas incorporados no período mencionado. De cada década, selecionou-se três anos e destes anos foram selecionadas sistematicamente as primeiras 40 fichas para análise. Constatou-se que em Florianópolis ocorreu acréscimo de 7 cm na estatura dos recrutas nos últimos 47 anos, sendo este incremento mais evidente entre as décadas de 1990 e 2000. As estaturas médias das décadas mostraram correlação forte e positiva com o IDH de Florianópolis. No comparativo das estaturas da capital catarinense e estudos anteriores realizados em Blumenau, encontrou-se para ambas as cidades o mesmo acréscimo de 1,4 cm/década no período entre as décadas de 1960 e 2000. Encontrou-se TSC positiva para Florianópolis, havendo forte correlação com os valores de IDH da cidade entre as décadas de 1960 e 2000.
Padrões de consumo de álcool de usuários de serviços de atenção primária à saúde de um município brasileiro
Authors: Vargas Divane de , Bittencourt Marina Nolli , Barroso Lúcia Pereira
Published: January 2014

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou identificar o padrão de consumo de álcool de usuários de serviços da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) da cidade de Bebedouro (SP), verificando a associação entre os padrões de uso e as variáveis sociodemográficas e comportamentais. Trata-se de um estudo transversal envolvendo 755 sujeitos maiores de 18 anos, atendidos em serviços de APS. Para a investigação dos padrões de uso do álcool utilizou-se o AUDIT. Na análise estatística empregou-se o teste qui-quadrado e a regressão logística binária. Observou-se que 78% dos usuários eram abstinentes ou faziam uso de baixo risco e 22% faziam uso problemático do álcool, dos quais 10% uso de risco, 2% uso nocivo e 10% provável dependência. Os maiores preditores para o uso de risco foram gênero masculino; renda > que 6 salários mínimos e tabagismo; para provável dependência, os maiores preditores foram: sexo masculino, trabalhar no comércio e tabagismo. Parcela significativa dos usuários apresentou padrões problemáticos de uso de álcool, reforçando a necessidade de ações preventivas, pois os serviços de APS são excelentes espaços para combinar oportunidades de rastreamento e utilização de estratégias para redução dos prejuízos relacionados ao uso problemático do álcool.
A dimensão da ética na pesquisa em saúde com ênfase na abordagem qualitativa
Authors: Silva Carlos Roberto de Castro e , Mendes Rosilda , Nakamura Eunice
Published: January 2014

Este artigo trata da dimensão ética na pesquisa em saúde, relacionando-a mais especificamente à abordagem qualitativa, a partir das contribuições das ciências sociais e em particular da etnografia, que pressupõe a construção de uma relação de confiança e respeito entre pesquisador e pesquisado que se configura paulatinamente. Os aspectos éticos permeiam a pesquisa qualitativa desde a escolha do objeto de estudo, as delimitações metodológicas, as análises dos resultados até o compromisso de uma devolutiva das informações obtidas; pressupondo a valorização de uma relação interpessoal em que os diferentes interesses, valores e visões de mundo colocam-se como possibilidade ou não de uma construção conjunta do conhecimento. A escolha de um tema ou objeto de estudo está relacionada a uma trajetória de vida singular, em que a todo o momento o pesquisador deve se perguntar como compatibilizar a constituição da postura ética em relação aos pesquisados com seus desejos, sonhos, curiosidades e expectativas. O artigo tem o intuito de refletir sobre esses impasses vivenciados pelo pesquisador, ressaltando a importância da ética para o seu desenvolvimento pessoal, profissional e sociopolítico, valorizando o desejo pela autonomia do conhecimento, a solidariedade com os grupos sociais e com as pessoas envolvidas na pesquisa. A partir do relato de um processo de pesquisa, pretende-se contribuir para a compreensão de como os aspectos éticos são indissociáveis da pesquisa e do próprio pesquisador, trazendo elementos para a realização de pesquisas qualitativas especialmente no campo da saúde coletiva.
Analysis of periodicity of extinction using the 2012 geological timescale
Authors: Melott Adrian L. , Bambach Richard K.
Published: January 2014

Analysis of two independent data sets with increased taxonomic resolution (genera rather than families) using the revised 2012 timescale reveals that an extinction periodicity first detected by Raup and Sepkoski (1984) for only the post-Paleozoic actually runs through the entire Phanerozoic. Although there is not a local peak of extinction every 27 Myr, an excess of the fraction of genus extinction by interval follows a 27-Myr timing interval and differs from a random distribution at the p ∼ 0.02 level. A 27-Myr periodicity in the spectrum of interval lengths no longer appears, removing the question of a possible artifact arising from it. Using a method originally developed in Bambach (2006) we identify 19 intervals of marked extinction intensity, including mass extinctions, spanning the last 470 Myr (and with another six present in the Cambrian) and find that ten of the 19 lie within ±3 Myr of the maxima in the spacing of the 27-Myr periodicity, which differs from a random distribution at the p = 0.004 level. These 19 intervals of marked extinction intensity also preferentially occur during decreasing diversity phases of a well-known 62-Myr periodicity in diversity (16 of 19, p = 0.002). Both periodicities appear to enhance the likelihood of increased severity of extinction, but the cause of neither periodicity is known. Variation in the strength of the many suggested causes of extinction coupled to the variation in combined effect of the two different periodicities as they shift in and out of phase is surely one of the reasons that definitive comparative study of the causes of major extinction events is so elusive.
Deep-Water Clastic Sediments
Authors: Siemers Charles T. , Tillman Roderick W.
Published: January 2014

The SEPM core workshop on deep-water clastic sediments was organized to provide participants with an opportunity to view cores from a variety of deep water depositional settings and to demonstrate the application of process sedimentology in the interpretation of depositional enviroments from the study of cores and associated subsurface data. The studies assembled for presentation in the workshop have dealt with sedimentary sequences which have been interpreted as having formed by deposition of non-calcareous, clastic sediment in relatively deep water (generally slope basins and greater depths). These studies also have been concerned principally with coarser deep-water sediments (usually fine-grained sandstone or coarser) of such stratigraphic sequences because of their potential as hydrocarbon reservoirs with primary and (or) diagenetically modified inter-granular porosity and permeability. Obviously those coarser parts of such deep-water sequences are anomalous in that they represent transport and deposition by processes that did not operate most of the time in the overall relatively quiet depositional settings. The probable processes of transport and deposition of such anomalous coarse clastic sediment, and overall models for dispersion and accumulation of such sediment, therefore have been considered in some detail in the studies included in the core workshop. However, this is not a course on sedimentary mechanics; it is a course in comparative stratigraphic and sedimentologic analysis.

Six core sequences, which have been the subject of detailed sedimentological study, will be on display during the core Workshop. Two studies pertain to deep-water, Upper Cretaceous sandstones (mainly the Winters Sandstone) of the Sacramento Valley
Upper Cretaceous Deep Water Winters Sandstone, Cities Service Nixon Community No. 1, Solano County, California
Authors: Tillman R. W. , Hughes S. M. , Scott R. M. , Dailey D. H.
Published: January 2014

Continued gas and condensate discoveries in the Late Cretaceous Winters Sandstone of the southern Sacramento Valley provided impetus for detailed paleoenvironmental analyses of that formation. The Winters Sandstone interval, cored in the Cities Service Nixon Community No. 1 well, Solano County, California, was analyzed to ascertain its sedimentary and petrographic characteristics and to determine the depositional environment in which it accumulated.

The Winters Sandstone core extends from 8855 to 8882.4 feet in the Nixon Community No. 1 well and includes strata divisible into three lithologic units. The lower unit, Unit 1 (8862.5 to 8882.4 feet), is a massive-appearing porous (25%) and permeable (150-950 md) sandstone with nongradational upper and lower contacts with shale. X-ray radiographs reveal numerous subhorizon-tal laminations throughout much of what otherwise appears to be a structureless sandstone. Two vertical sequences based on differences in grain size measurements can be distinguished, indicating vertical stacking of genetic subunits within the sandbody. These sedimentary features, developed within a well-defined sandstone unit, correspond to typical B-facies sandstones of the Mutti-Ricci Lucchi submarine fan model. As such, Unit 1 is interpreted to be turbidites deposited in a deep-water setting.

Overlying the sandstone are shale and silty shales divisible into two units. Small diameter burrows of indeterminate origin are abundant, though discernable on polished core surfaces only where highly concentrated. A modest foraminiferal fauna suggestive of slope or deeper depths was also recovered from the shale interval. The middle unit, Unit 2 (8859-5-8862.5 feet), is a horizontally laminated shale with subhorizontally bedded to contorted silty and sandy zones and with small obliquely to vertically oriented sandstone dikes. These sedimentary features suggest deposition from the fine-grained distal end of one or more turbi-dite flows and are typical of the D-facies of the Mutti-Ricci Lucchi submarine fan model.

Unit 3, silty “shale” (8855-8859-5 feet) is generally lacking distinct stratification features, being almost massive in appearance. It’s mode of occurrence presumably was from suspension which, together with its included moderately deep water microfauna, suggests an environment devoid of bottom turbidites, probably at slope depths. Unit 3 is classified as a G-facies deposit of the Mutti-Ricci Lucchi model.
Debris Flows, Turbidites, and Lead-Zinc Sulfides Along a Devonian Submarine Fault Scarp, Jason Prospect, Yukon Territory
Authors: Winn R. D. , Bailes R. J. , Lu K. I.
Published: January 2014

Lead-zinc sulfides were deposited during the Devonian in the locality of the Jason prospect, Yukon Territory. Massive and laminated sulfides are interbedded with clastics of the Canol Formation; galena and sphalerite, among other minerals, precipitated on the sea floor from exhalative fluids along the fault margins of a small graben. The depositional graben center consists of a thick sequence of conglomerates, sandstones, and finer clastics. These were derived from a western source, and were deposited largely by turbidity currents in channel and channel-flanking areas. Conglomerates are massive or graded, and some show faint parallel stratification. Sandstones show Bouma-interval sequences and some grooves and flutes. In contrast, the ore area has a thinner sequence which consists dominantly of sedimentary breccias, pebbly mudstones, and shales. Breccias and pebbly mudstones were deposited from debris flows and show a range of plastic mass-flow structures. Stratigraphic thinning and presence of laterally discontinuous and locally derived mass failure deposits indicate the existence of a penecontemporaneous fault zone. A few conglomerates and sandstones are interbedded with the ore horizon, and these and siltstones and shales were likely deposited from large turbidity currents. Involvement of sediments which had been deposited near the bottom of the graben in later mass failures indicates episodic fault movement during sedimentation. The fault zone appears to have positioned a sub-sea surface, geothermal system which formed metal-depositing fluids. Diamond drilling is underway to determine ore reserves. Core 78-30 shows the range of sedimentary structures and bedding styles of the ore zone.
Adsorption of lead using a novel xanthated carboxymethyl chitosan
Authors: Song Qingping , Wang Chongxia , Zhang Ze , Gao Jiangang
Published: January 2014

Adsorption of Pb(II) was studied using a novel xanthated carboxymethyl chitosan (XCC). The XCC was synthesized using the xanthation reaction of N-carboxymethyl chitosan (NCMC). The chemical structure of XCC was characterized by UV–visible spectra. The effects of initial pH value of the solutions, contact time and adsorption isotherms on adsorption of Pb(II) were investigated. Moreover, the possible adsorption mechanism was identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The experimental results showed XCC experienced a high adsorption capacity. The adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from the Langmuir model was 520.8 mg/g. Thermodynamic studies revealed a spontaneous and exothermic adsorption process. FTIR and XPS studies showed that the carboxyl groups, nitrogen atoms and sulfur atoms participated in the adsorption of Pb(II).
Review of cost versus scale: water and wastewater treatment and reuse processes
Authors: Guo Tianjiao , Englehardt James , Wu Tingting
Published: January 2014

The US National Research Council recently recommended direct potable water reuse (DPR), or potable water reuse without environmental buffer, for consideration to address US water demand. However, conveyance of wastewater and water to and from centralized treatment plants consumes on average four times the energy of treatment in the USA, and centralized DPR would further require upgradient distribution of treated water. Therefore, information on the cost of unit treatment processes potentially useful for DPR versus system capacity was reviewed, converted to constant 2012 US dollars, and synthesized in this work. A logarithmic variant of the Williams Law cost function was found applicable over orders of magnitude of system capacity, for the subject processes: activated sludge, membrane bioreactor, coagulation/flocculation, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, peroxone and granular activated carbon. Results are demonstrated versus 10 DPR case studies. Because economies of scale found for capital equipment are counterbalanced by distribution/collection network costs, further study of the optimal scale of distributed DPR systems is suggested.
Sekonder amenore ile başvuran bir ailevi Akdeniz ateşi olgusu
Authors: Sakallıoğlu Onur , Parıldar Hülya
Published: January 2014

Ailevi Akdeniz ateşi, otozomal resesif geçişli bir hastalık olup ataklar ile seyreder. Türklerde yaklaşık 1000 kişide bir oranda görülebilmektedir. Genelde çocukluk döneminde başlasa da yetişkinlerde de hastalığın başladığı saptanmıştır. Multisistemik bir hastalık olan ailevi Akdeniz ateşinde, üreme sistemi de etkilenebilir. Bu nedenle çocukluk çağı sekonder amenore etkenlerinin değerlendirilmesinde göz önüne alınmalıdır.
The Neolithization of Siberia and the Russian Far East: Major Spatiotemporal Trends (the 2013 State-of-the-Art)
Authors: Kuzmin Yaroslav V
Published: January 2014

The updated chronology of the earliest pottery-containing complexes in Siberia and the Russian Far East is presented herein. The appearance of pottery (i.e. the process of Neolithization) in this vast region of Eurasia is discussed based on a model that represents a simple approximation of calendar ages between key sites as isolines. No clear spatiotemporal patterns for the origin and spread of pottery in northern Asia can be observed because pottery-making (unlike agriculture) could have emerged in different parts of the Old World at various times. Before modeling of pottery dispersal is conducted, careful evaluation of typology and technology of ceramics and stone artifacts should be done, in order to avoid the confusing situation when the results of modeling contradict the basic archaeological information.
Reservoir Effect of Archaeological Samples from Steppe Bronze Age Cultures in Southern Russia
Authors: Shishlina N , Sevastyanov V , Zazovskaya E , van der Plicht J
Published: January 2014

Human and animal bone collagen from different Steppe Bronze Age cultures, including the Yamnaya, East Manych Catacomb, and Lola cultures, show large variations in δ13C and δ15N values. More positive values of δ13C and δ15N are caused by change in diet and/or a more arid climate. Human bones show reservoir effects caused by aquatic diet components. These effects can be quantified by paired dating of human bone and associated terrestrial samples. Previous research showed reservoir corrections for several cultures of the Eurasian steppes Bronze Age, leading to a revision of the local chronologies. Additional investigations showed that some paired dates do not reveal reservoir effects. Recently, our database was extended significantly with new13C,l5N, and14C analyses of the Lola, Krivaya, and Babino cultures. The size of the reservoir offset for the studied cultures is discussed.
Variation in Radiocarbon Age Determinations from the Crystal River Archaeological Site, Florida
Authors: Cherkinsky Alexander , Pluckhahn Thomas J , Thompson Victor D
Published: January 2014

Archaeologists interested in radiocarbon dating shell midden sites express concern regarding the accuracy of shell dates and how such determinations should be interpreted. This article discusses the problem of dating shells from sites in the southeastern United States. New results are presented comparing shell, bone, and soil-charcoal age determinations from the Crystal River site, located along the west-central Gulf Coast of Florida. Crystal River is a large multimound site whose occupants engaged in long-distance exchange throughout eastern North America during the Woodland period (∼1000 BC to AD 1050). In the summer of 2012, test units were excavated in several contexts at the site, including both mounds and occupation areas. Samples were collected for 14C dating, which were then processed at the University of Georgia Center for Applied Isotope Studies. This article focuses on samples from the stratified shell midden, from which it was hoped to construct a local correction for marine shell that could be used to date other contexts. The soil-charcoal and bone collagen from these samples have very similar ages (bone samples ranging from about 100 cal BC to cal AD 530 and soil-charcoal from cal AD 345 to 560); however, the shell samples collected from the same stratigraphic units are significantly older than the terrestrial dates (ranging from 1300 to 390 cal BC). The difference in calibrated ages between organic materials and the shells ranges between 560 to 1140 yr. This phenomenon cannot be explained solely by the marine reservoir effect. It appears that all the shell samples formed in mixed marine (∼50–60%) contexts, as indicated by the stable isotope ratios and the amount of atmospheric carbon remaining in the samples. The age of the shell samples cannot be used to date archaeological events as they are influenced not only by the marine reservoir effect, but also the local hardwater effect, which makes them significantly older.
Radiocarbon Chronology of the Tlatoani Site at Tlayacapan, Morelos, Mexico
Authors: Cherkinsky Alexander , González Quezada Raúl Francisco
Published: January 2014

The archaeological site of Tlatoani at Tlayacapan is located in the Mexican Highlands, in the present-day state of Morelos. The site is an extant settlement located at the top of the Tepoztlan mountain range, and has been occupied since the Late Preclassic period (AD 150–500). At the height of its occupation in the Epiclassic and Early Postclassic periods (AD 600–1150), Tlayacapan was situated on the top of the hill. The radiocarbon investigations reported herein revealed some further distinct findings, although no clear absolute chronology was demonstrated. A dog skull was found inside the oldest foundation stage, and dated between cal AD 646 and 765, the middle of the Epiclassic period. Human remains found in the first grave belonged to three individuals. A male skeleton was dated to AD 1158–1227. Fragments of an incomplete skeleton of a child and an incomplete skeleton of a second male were placed on top of the first male skeleton and were dated in the range AD 1030–1156. A fourth skeleton found nearby in the second grave gave a similar date of AD 1164–1253. These burials were in accordance with the Middle America cosmovisional system, where bodies were buried beneath the household space. It is evident from the 14C dates of the skeletons that the burial sites beneath the household space had been reused by exhuming and reburying skeletons that had been previously buried there. A comparison of dates on fractions of collagen and bioapatite of the same bones was possible. Two of the samples were in good agreement between these fractions, whereas the other three samples are close but just outside the 2σ range.
Wiggle-Match Dating of Tree-Ring Sequences from the Early Iron Age Defensive Settlement Motroninskoe Gorodishche in Mielniki (Central Ukraine)
Authors: Chochorowski Jan , Krąpiec Marek , Skoryj Sergej , Skrypkin Vadim
Published: January 2014

In 2002–2003, excavations were carried out within the early Iron Age fortified settlement of Motroninskoe Gorodishche in Mielniki (central Ukraine, obl. Cherkassy). The excavations revealed relics of a charred wooden structure in the core of the earth rampart, originally forming the outside fortification line of the settlement. Dendrochronological analysis of 20 charred pieces of the oakwood from the rampart demonstrated that they all represented a single construction phase. However, the chronology produced from them spanned only 62 yr, and the attempts of dating against the European oak standards were unsuccessful. For absolute dating, radiocarbon analysis was conducted on nine samples consisting of 4–8 tree rings, relatively dated and coming from selected timbers, of which dendrochronological sequences defined the above chronology. The wiggle-matching method allowed to determine the two most plausible periods tree cutting: 665–630 or 625–520 BC. The construction date of the rampart outlines the beginning of construction of the fortification system of one of the most heavily reinforced strongholds in eastern Europe raised by the local, settled population for defense against the nomadic Scythians invading from the steppe. Taking into account historic data and other dated artifacts, it may be assumed that the first period, 665–630 BC, would be more probable. This conclusion supports the historical process (crucial for eastern Europe) of migration of the Iranian Scythians from inside Asia and settling in areas around the Black Sea.
Use of Monte Carlo simulation to determine pharmacodynamic cutoffs of amoxicillin to establish a breakpoint for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in pigs
Authors: Rey Julien F. , Laffont Céline M. , Croubels Siska , De Backer Patrick , Zemirline Claudine , Bousquet Eric , Guyonnet Jérôme , Ferran Aude A. , Bousquet-Melou Alain , Toutain Pierre-Louis
Published: January 2014

Objective—To determine pharmacodynamic cutoffs with pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic principles and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) for use of amoxicillin in pigs to set interpretive criteria for antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Sample—191 plasma disposition curves of amoxicillin obtained from 21 IV, 104 IM, and 66 PO administrations corresponding to 2,098 plasma concentrations.

Procedures—A population model of amoxicillin disposition in pigs was developed for PO and IM administration. The MCS method was then used to determine, for various dosage regimens, the proportion of pigs achieving plasma amoxicillin concentrations greater than a selection of possible minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.0625 to 4 mg/L for at least 40% of a 24-hour period.

Results—A target attainment rate (TAR) of 90% was never achieved with the breakpoint recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (0.5 mg/L) when the usual recommended dosage (20 mg/kg/d) was used. Only by dividing the orally administered daily dose into 12-hour administration intervals was a TAR > 90% achieved when the total dose was at least 40 mg/kg for a pathogen having an MIC ≤ 0.0625 mg/L. For the IM route, the TAR of 90% could only be achieved for MICs of 0.0625 and 0.125 mg/L with the use of 15 and 30 mg/kg doses, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Population kinetics and MCS are required to determine robust species-specific interpretive criteria (susceptible, intermediate, and resistant classifications) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing breakpoints (taking into account interanimal variability).
Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam administered orally to rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) for 29 days
Authors: Delk Katie W. , Carpenter James W. , KuKanich Butch , Nietfeld Jerome C. , Kohles Micah
Published: January 2014

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics and safety of meloxicam in rabbits when administered orally for 29 days.

Animals—6 healthy rabbits.

Procedures—Meloxicam (1.0 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) was administered to rabbits for 29 days. Blood was collected immediately before (time 0) and 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours after drug administration on days 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam. On day 30, an additional sample was collected 36 hours after treatment. Plasma meloxicam concentrations were quantified with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. Weekly plasma biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate any adverse physiologic effects. Rabbits were euthanatized for necropsy on day 31.

Results—Mean ± SD peak plasma concentrations of meloxicam after administration of doses 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 were 0.67 ± 0.19 μg/mL, 0.81 ± 0.21 μg/mL, 1.00 ± 0.31 μg/mL, 1.00 ± 0.29 μg/mL, and 1.07 ± 0.19 μg/mL, respectively; these concentrations did not differ significantly among doses 8 through 29. Results of plasma biochemical analyses were within reference ranges at all time points evaluated. Gross necropsy and histologic examination of tissues revealed no clinically relevant findings.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Plasma concentrations of meloxicam for rabbits in the present study were similar to those previously reported in rabbits that received 1. 0 mg of meloxicam/kg, PO every 24 hours, for 5 days. Results suggested that a dosage of 1. 0 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours for up to 29 days may be safe for use in healthy rabbits.
Geomorphosite assessment for geotourism purposes
Authors: Kubalíková Lucie
Published: January 2014

The article briefly examines the relationship between geodiversity, geoheritage (represented by geosites and geomorphosites) and geotourism. It is obvious that geosites and geomorphosites represent a fundamental resource for geotourism. As geosites are defined as sites that present particular importance for the comprehension of the Earth history and bear mainly scientific values, geomorphosites concept is wider and includes also added values (e. g. cultural, aesthetic and economic). Therefore, for assessing the importance of the geological and geomorphological sites for geotourism purposes, the concept of geomorphosites is more appropriate. The article presents several assessment methods that represent a significant tool for geoconservation and geotourism purposes. The assessment is carried out from several perspectives with an emphasis on scientific, cultural and economic parameters of the sites. The results of the assessment can serve as a basis for appropriate use of geoheritage, its management and generally for identification of geotourism potential of the geological and geomorphological sites. To find out which method is suitable for geotourism purposes, it is necessary to take into account the definitions and principles of geotourism. Different assessment methods are analysed and discussed. Based on this, the proposal for criteria for geosite and geomorphosite assessment for geotourism purposes is presented.
QUEST QUALITY MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY
Authors: Macsinka Klára
Published: January 2014

The article introduces a method to evaluate and develop quality of sustainable mobility planning in European cities. This tool has been worked out by a European Consortium of experts representing 14 countries in Europe. The author - as the Hungarian member and auditor of the Consortium - participated in the project working as an auditor in four Hungarian cities, leading them through the process of the QUEST-method and helping the cities to develop a systematic way of planning sustainable mobility. In the article the process will be shown, advantages, lessons learned, drawbacks and possible future development of the method will be explained.
Energy efficiency of a new trifocal intraocular lens
Authors: Vega F. , Alba-Bueno F. , Millán M. S.
Published: January 2014

The light distribution among the far, intermediate and near foci of a new trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) is experimentally determined, as a function of the pupil size, from image analysis. The concept of focus energy efficiency is introduced because, in addition to the theoretical diffraction efficiency of the focus, it accounts for other factors that are naturally presented in the human eye such as the level of spherical aberration (SA) upon the IOL, light scattering at the diffractive steps or the depth of focus. The trifocal IOL is tested in-vitro in two eye models: the aberration-free ISO model, and a so called modified-ISO one that uses an artificial cornea with positive spherical SA in instead. The SA upon the IOL is measured with a Hartmann-Shack sensor and compared to the values of theoretical eye models. The results show, for large pupils, a notorious reduction of the energy efficiency of the far and near foci of the trifocal IOL due to two facts: the level of SA upon the IOL is larger than the value the lens is able to compensate for and there is significant light scattering at the diffractive steps. On the other hand, the energy efficiency of the intermediate focus for small pupils is enhanced by the contribution of the extended depth of focus of the near and far foci. Thus, while IOLs manufacturers tend to provide just the theoretical diffraction efficiency of the foci to show which would be the performance of the lens in terms of light distribution among the foci, our results put into evidence that this is better described by using the energy efficiency of the foci.