bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suggestions for Language Teaching
Authors: Tyre Annemarie B.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Students in smaller high schools should be advised to begin the foreign language of their choice in the junior year to assure continuity of study in college where the same language should be pursued at least for two years more. Thus they would derive real benefit and perhaps allay some of the criticism directed at the futility of foreign language study.
The Selection of High School Texts in the Modern Languages*
Authors: White Emilie Margaret
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Choice is conditioned by cost, objectives, reading content, scaling and method of grammar, vocabulary content and arrangement and physical make‐up. Selection of beginners' text is of paramount importance because of tendency to cut course for many to one year. Democratic method of choice advocated. Much supplementary material advisable.
A Social Approach to the Teaching of Modern Foreign Languages1
Authors: Hendrix W. S. , Monroe R. E.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— In these days every student is interested in approaching the learning of a foreign language in a way which interests him in the country and its people. The social approach provides that introduction.
Non‐College Preparatory Courses in French and German1
Authors: Moehlman Nellie D.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— In the Eastern High School, Detroit, Michigan, there was a demand for non‐college preparatory courses in French and German. By planning and offering simplified, cultural courses in these languages we have met the need of a large group of pupils. The results of the work with these pupils have been very gratifying.
Goldoni and the French Theater
Authors: Young Beatrice
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Goldoni was greatly influenced by several French playwrights, including Molière; he repudiated the unsought title of “the Molière of Italy”; his knowledge of the French people and the French theater led to the success of his comedy written in French.
The Modern Foreign Languages and the Social Sciences in Harmony: A Dialogue
Authors: Richebourg Marguerite , Moehlman Arthur H.
Published: October 2011

This article attempts to indicate some ways in which the Modern Foreign Languages and the Social Sciences may contribute together to the education of children in a rapidly changing world
The Magic of Common Sense
Authors: Brock I. W.
Published: October 2011

Two fundamentally differing views of education account for the bewilderment and question of today. Among other things, a common‐sense appraisal will tell us that theory must yield to certain practical demands, that the primary concern of a language teacher should be language, and that panacean claims should be avoided.
The Preposition “a” Before Place‐Names in Spanish
Authors: Sáenz Hilario
Published: October 2011

This article tends to clarify present and past usage regarding the insertion or omission of the preposition a before place‐names, and offers a correction to the doctrine of our chief grammarians on this point
Some Aspects of Nationalism in Modern Foreign Language Teaching
Authors: Amner F. Dewey
Published: October 2011

Foreign, especially European, governments seek national advantages through subsidies to American education. A suggested corrective. A course for college seniors majoring in foreign languages, to present more fully the various national points of view
Addressed to our Students
Authors: Breazeale Elizabeth
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Too many intelligent children are among the failures and near‐failures in foreign language classes. After long acceptance of this state of affairs as one of the mysteries of education, the writer suddenly realized that the lack on her part had been in not giving the subject proper motivation. If it is motivation which is widely needed, we should take heart, for the remedy is one which is easy to apply. It is only a matter of giving the beginner reasons for the study of a modern language which he can understand and believe, and of arming him with effective arguments against the attacks which are sure to come from elders in his world outside of school. A simple, straightforward sales talk without any Santa Claus promises should help create a wholesome working attitude on the part of all students capable of such an attitude. The one below, which the writer gives to her students in mimeographed form the first week, is offered to other teachers as a suggestion. Although it is for students of French, it could be used with few adaptations for students of other foreign languages.
A List of French Similes
Authors: De Lozier Arthur L.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A list of the usual comparisons is certain to enrich and render more concrete one's use of any language, but such a compilation is especially à propos for so picturesque a language as the French. Being English‐French, the present list is available to all readers of the Journal.
“Cultural Patterns” and the Language Teacher
Authors: MacClintock Lander
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The reading of Dr. Ruth Benedict's Patterns of Culture suggests that the study of different civilizations through foreign languages, may be of the greatest benefit to the student, not only socially but psychologically. It serves as a challenge for his accepted intellectual and moral system.)
Changing Modern Languages To Meet Modern Trends
Authors: Altman Clara
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— An extra‐curricular program has been worked out which reacts not only to train for constructive citizenship, and to develop an international mind, but to stimulate class work so that the foreign language department can contribute to present‐day ideals of education, without sacrificing any disciplinary training in the academic sphere.)
Linguistic Blitz
Authors: Simpson Lurline V.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Language teachers should profit by the increased interest in foreign languages evidenced by reactions to the army courses to reconsider aims and revitalize methods.
Foreign Language Teaching Aims and Methods in the Light of the Army Specialized Training Program*
Authors: Levy Bernard
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A method of language instruction developed at the City College Language A.S.T.P. unit offers two basic features adaptable to civilian language courses: A definite method of teaching conversation on an elementary level and a means of functionalizing the study of grammar.
Language Objectives of the Secondary Schools in the Post‐War Period
Authors: Etmekjian James
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The selection of a language and the particular skill to be emphasized in the case of a given language student in the secondary school should depend upon the student's needs and interests.
The G. I. Looks at the ASTP
Authors: Ryden Einar R.
Published: October 2011

Summary.— Soldier‐students of Swedish, Norwegian and German express their opinions of the ASTP by means of a questionnaire. Their reactions are, on the whole, favorable, but pertinent criticisms and suggestions are offered as well.
A New College Language Course for Beginners
Authors: Scherer George A. C.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The speed at which a student acquires an active knowledge of a foreign language is determined largely by the number of weekly contact hours. Accordingly, the usual two‐year course could be condensed into an effective one‐year course at a great saving of total student learning hours, without increasing instructional costs excessively. This plan would make it possible for two‐year language students to take relatively advanced work in the second year. Majors would gain an extra college year for advanced studies in their field.
Critical Thinking Through Language
Authors: Kragness Sheila I.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Language teachers share with social science teachers an imperative responsibility for developing in their pupils the ability to combat propaganda through critical thinking. Language study, by making the student aware of the relativity of word meanings, helps him to detect perversions of language and of ideas.
Aviation in Inter‐American Education: A Spanish Conversation Unit
Authors: Labastille Ferdinand M.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Inter‐American air transportation is revolutionizing political, military, commercial, social, and cultural relationships in our hemisphere where Spanish, Portuguese, French, and English are spoken. The link between inter‐American air transport development and Latin American language study is apparent to students. The choice of language is dependent upon his particular needs. He accepts wholeheartedly the aural‐oral objective.)
Comments on the Harvard Report*
Authors: Huebener Theodore
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The Harvard Report by its inadequate treatment of the field of foreign languages is inconsistent with its own humanistic ideal of education in a free society.)
An Administrator Looks at Language Study*
Authors: Morrison J. Cayce
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The Second World War brought to the people of the United States opportunities for leadership among the peoples of the world. Obviously, such leadership can be exercised wisely only insofar as we know and understand the aspirations, the hopes, the ideals, and the thoughts of others. In the final analysis, such wisdom is gleaned only through knowledge of language as a working tool. To gain such mastery of the languages of other peoples as will be needed by Americans in the years ahead presents many problems which must be finally answered in terms of experimentation and research.

Looking to the future, we shall be not less interested in the cultural values of language study, but we shall strive to attain those cultural values through teaching languages as an essential instrument in the exercise of our duties as citizens of the world.)
Test of Aural and Oral Aptitude for Foreign Language Study
Authors: Bottke K. G. , Milligan E. E.
Published: October 2011

In the absence of means for testing aural and oral aptitude, there follow suggested ways in which this might be accomplished. At this time such a test could possibly help in selecting the students for the aural‐oral type of training.
Lead Implant Duration Does Not Always Predict Ease of Extraction: Extraction Sheath May Be Required at < 1 Year
Authors: MAYTIN MELANIE , EPSTEIN LAURENCE M. , JOHN ROY M.
Published: October 2011

Introduction:
 Lead implant duration is a predictor of extraction sheath (ES) use in transvenous lead extraction (TLE). Most operators agree that leads with short implant durations can be extracted easily but data regarding defibrillator (implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator [ICD]) leads and newer generation leads with backfilled coils are limited.

Methods and Results:
 We performed a retrospective study of consecutive patients undergoing TLE of leads with implant durations of ≤ 2 years at a single, high‐volume center. Patient and lead characteristics, indications, and ES use were analyzed. Between January 2000 and January 2011, 139 patients underwent TLE meeting inclusion criteria. Mean implant duration was 13.2 ± 6.4 months. The cohort was 67% male with a mean age of 63 years (16–93) and left ventricular ejection fraction of 36 ± 17%. Indications for extraction included infection (51%), lead malfunction (27%), device upgrade (13%), and other indications (venous occlusion, severe chronic pain at site of device or lead, advisory leads, etc., 9%). Extraction was achieved with simple traction alone in 68% of the 239 leads removed. ES assistance with laser or femoral sheaths was employed in 32% of cases. ES use increased significantly with longer implant duration (P = 0.0004). In multivariate analysis, young age, the presence of an ICD, and increasing implant duration were the strongest predictors of the need for ES assistance for successful lead removal. There was no statistically significant difference in ES use between older and newer generation ICD leads (P = 0.68).

Conclusions:
 While leads with short implant durations may be extracted easily, the need for ES assistance is significant and frequently unpredictable even with newer generation ICD leads. Thus, operators should be fully prepared to use all available methods of extraction in every case regardless of implant duration. (PACE 2011; 34:1615–1620)
Comparison of the Efficacy of Two Surgical Alternatives for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Trans‐Apical versus Epicardial Left Ventricular Pacing
Authors: MIHALCZ ATTILA , KASSAI IMRE , KARDOS ATTILA , FOLDESI CSABA , THEUNS DOMINIC , SZILI‐TOROK TAMAS
Published: October 2011

Background: Epicardial pacing lead implantation is the currently preferred surgical alternative for left ventricular (LV) lead placement. For endocardial LV pacing, we developed a fundamentally new surgical method. The trans‐apical lead implantation is a minimally invasive technique that provides access to any LV segments. The aim of this prospective randomized study was to compare the outcome of patients undergoing either trans‐apical endocardial or epicardial LV pacing.

Methods: In group I, 11 end‐stage heart failure (HF) patients (mean age 59.7 ± 7.9 years) underwent trans‐apical LV lead implantation. Epicardial LV leads were implanted in 12 end‐stage HF patients (group II; mean age 62.8 ± 7.3 years). Medical therapy was optimized in all patients. The following parameters were compared during an 18‐month follow‐up period: LV ejection fraction (LVEF), LV end‐diastolic diameter (LVEDD), LV end‐systolic diameter, and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class.

Results: Nine out of 11 patients responded favorably to the treatment in group I (LVEF 39.7 ± 12.5 vs 26.0 ± 7.8%, P < 0.01; LVEDD 70.4 ± 13.6 mm vs 73.7 ± 10.5 mm, P = 0.002; NYHA class 2.2 ± 0.4 vs 3.5 ± 0.4, P < 0.01) and eight out of 12 in group II (LVEF 31.5 ± 11.5 vs 26.4 ± 8.9%, P = < 0.001; NYHA class 2.7 ± 0.4 vs 3.6 ± 0.4, P < 0.05). During the follow‐up period, one patient died in group I and three in group II. There was one intraoperative LV lead dislocation in group I and one early postoperative dislocation in each group. None of the patients developed thromboembolic complications.

Conclusions: Our data suggest that trans‐apical endocardial LV lead implantation is an alternative to epicardial LV pacing. PACE 2012; 35:124–130)
Cryoablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia: A Clinical Review
Authors: DE SISTI ANTONIO , TONET JOELCI
Published: October 2011

Slow‐pathway ablation is the treatment of choice for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). Cryoablation is effective and safe, but its widespread use seems to be limited by a slightly lower long‐term clinical efficacy when compared to radiofrequency (RF) ablation. However, the occurrence of atrioventricular block requiring permanent pacing with RF remains clinically relevant (about 1%). This review summarizes current experiences accumulated during the last decade with cryotechnology in terms of acute and long‐term results for AVNRT and compares it with those of RF ablation. We describe the advantages of cryo compared to RF ablation. Our data suggest that pursuing procedural endpoint up to slow pathway complete ablation may improve long‐term clinical success of cryoablation. We also focus on potential benefit that can be expected by using cryocatheters leading to larger and deeper freeze. For high‐risk ablations, cryoenergy should be used systematically. (PACE 2012; 35:233–240)
When Do Latent Class Models Overstate Accuracy for Diagnostic and Other Classifiers in the Absence of a Gold Standard?
Authors: Spencer Bruce D.
Published: October 2011

Summary Latent class models are increasingly used to assess the accuracy of medical diagnostic tests and other classifications when no gold standard is available and the true state is unknown. When the latent class is treated as the true class, the latent class models provide measures of components of accuracy including specificity and sensitivity and their complements, type I and type II error rates. The error rates according to the latent class model differ from the true error rates, however, and empirical comparisons with a gold standard suggest the true error rates often are larger. We investigate conditions under which the true type I and type II error rates are larger than those provided by the latent class models. Results from Uebersax (1988, Psychological Bulletin 104, 405–416) are extended to accommodate random effects and covariates affecting the responses. The results are important for interpreting the results of latent class analyses. An error decomposition is presented that incorporates an error component from invalidity of the latent class model.
Synthesis and Microstructural Analysis of Homogeneously Dispersed Nickel Nanoparticles in Amorphous Silica
Authors: Ikuhara Yumi H. , Saito Tomohiro , Takahashi Seiji , Sasaki Yukichi , Hirayama Tsukasa
Published: October 2011

Silica containing uniformly dispersed Ni nanoparticles has been synthesized by a precursor solution method, involving heat treatment and reduction stages, and the transformation of the Si–Ni–O precursor into the composite powder has been investigated systematically to determine the formation mechanism of the nanoparticles. During heat treatment, nickel oxide nanoparticles are found to form simultaneously with the Si–O network, as decomposition of the alkoxy ligand and nucleation of NiO nanoparticles, both occur at around 300°C. The formation of ionically bound Si–Oδ−–Niδ+ units plays a key role in anchoring the NiO in the Si–O network and impeding further crystalline growth. Moreover, the formation of the Si–O2−–Ni2+ interactions in the composite of dispersed NiO in SiO retard the reduction of NiO, resulting in a characteristic microstructure consisting of highly dispersed metallic Ni nanoparticles within an Si–O matrix. This nickel–silica composite is expected to show enhanced reversible hydrogen adsorption, making it attractive for use in separation membranes with high hydrogen selectivity.
Differences in the Perceived Effectiveness of Influence Tactics Among Jews and Arabs: The Mediating Role of Cultural Values1
Authors: QIADAN ENAS , TZINER AHARON , WAISMEL‐MANOR RONIT
Published: October 2011

The study investigates differences between Jewish and Arab employees vis‐à‐vis their evaluation of the effectiveness of several influence tactics, and examines whether these differences are mediated by cultural differences. Rational persuasion was the only influence tactic that was evaluated as more effective by Jewish employees, in comparison with Arab employees. In contrast, ingratiation, pressure, and coalition were evaluated as more effective by Arab employees, in comparison with Jewish employees. Regarding cultural values, we found indulgence higher among Jewish employees than among Arabs, whereas uncertainty avoidance was higher among Arab employees. Examination of the mediating processes indicates that even after removing the influence of cultural values, Arab employees still judged these 3 tactics as more effective than did Jewish employees.
Lovers With Happy Feet: The Interdependence of Relationship and Activity Factors for Individuals Dancing With a Romantic Partner
Authors: RICARD NATHALIE C. , BEAUDRY SIMON G. , PELLETIER LUC G.
Published: October 2011

The significance that romantic partners ascribe to joint activities and the impact these activities have on relationship quality were examined in the context of self‐determination theory. Individuals who practice ballroom dancing with a romantic partner were invited to complete measures of motivation and perception of dyadic adjustment for their relationship and when dancing. Results from path analyses suggested direct and indirect effects of relationship motivation on satisfaction when dancing with a partner. Additionally, direct and indirect effects of motivation for dancing with a partner on relationship satisfaction were also found. Overall, this study suggests that couple functioning plays a role in joint activity functioning and satisfaction. Satisfaction in joint activities can also contribute to the overall quality of the relationship.
Cognitive alterations in patients with non‐affective psychotic disorder and their unaffected siblings and parents
Authors: Meijer J. , Simons C. J. P. , Quee P. J. , Verweij K. ,   GROUP Investigators
Published: October 2011

Meijer J, Simons CJP, Quee PJ, Verweij K, GROUP Investigators. Cognitive alterations in patients with non‐affective psychotic disorder and their unaffected siblings and parents.

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to examine a range of cognitive measures as candidate phenotypic liability markers for psychosis in a uniquely large sample of patients with psychosis, their unaffected relatives and control subjects.

Method:  Patients with non‐affective psychosis (n = 1093), their unaffected siblings (n = 1044), parents (n = 911), and controls (n = 587) completed a comprehensive cognitive test battery. Cognitive functioning was compared using tests of verbal learning and memory, attention/vigilance, working memory, processing speed, reasoning and problem solving, acquired knowledge, and social cognition. Age‐ and gender‐adjusted z‐scores were compared between groups using mixed‐model analyses of covariance. Clinically relevant impairment (−1 and −2 SD from control mean) was compared between subject groups.

Results:  Patients performed significantly worse than controls in all cognitive domains (z‐range −0.26 to −1.34). Siblings and parents showed alterations for immediate verbal learning, processing speed, reasoning and problem solving, acquired knowledge, and working memory (z‐range −0.22 to −0.98). Parents showed additional alterations for social cognition. Prevalence of clinically relevant impairment in relatives ranged from 50% (−1 SD criterion) to 10% (−2 SD criterion).

Conclusion:  Cognitive functioning is a candidate intermediate phenotype given significant small to large alterations in patients and intermediate alterations in first‐degree relatives.
Minimally invasive transcrestal sinus floor elevation with graft biomaterials. A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Trombelli Leonardo , Franceschetti Giovanni , Rizzi Alessandro , Minenna Pasquale , Minenna Luigi , Farina Roberto
Published: October 2011

Objectives

The present study was performed to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness and post‐operative morbidity of transcrestal sinus floor elevation (tSFE) performed with a minimally invasive procedure (Smart Lift technique) combined with the additional use of two graft biomaterials.

Methods

Thirty sites in 30 patients were randomly assigned to tSFE in association with either deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) (n = 15) or synthetic hydroxyapatite in a collagen matrix (S‐HA) (n = 15). In both groups, the extent of the sinus lift (SL) and the height of the graft apical to the implant apex (aGH) were assessed on periapical radiographs taken immediately after surgery and at 6 months following surgery. Surgical and post‐surgical complications as well post‐surgical pain and discomfort were also assessed.

Results

The results of the study indicated that (i) immediately post‐surgery, both DBBM and S‐HA resulted in substantial SL and aGH, which were maintained at 6 months, (ii) greater aGH and SL were observed in S‐HA group compared with DBBM group at 6 months post‐surgery and (iii) limited surgical complications and post‐operative pain/discomfort were associated with the use of both graft biomaterials.

Conclusions

The Smart Lift technique in conjunction with the additional use of either S‐HA or DBBM may provide a predictable elevation of the maxillary sinus floor along with limited post‐surgical complications and post‐operative pain/discomfort. SL and aGH were significantly greater at 6 months for S‐HA than DBBM.
Non‐canonical NF‐κB signaling activation and regulation: principles and perspectives
Authors: Razani Bahram , Reichardt Anna Devi , Cheng Genhong
Published: October 2011

Summary:  Nuclear‐factor κB (NF‐κB) transcription factors are activated by a wide variety of stimuli in diverse cell types and control key aspects of immune function and development. Receptor‐mediated activation of NF‐κB appears to occur through two distinct signaling pathways termed as the canonical and non‐canonical NF‐κB pathways. Although much work has demonstrated the physiological importance of non‐canonical NF‐κB signaling to immunity and its involvement in diverse pathologies, such as cancers and autoimmune disease, the architecture and regulation of the pathway is only beginning to be understood. The non‐canonical pathway appears to be activated by a select set of receptors within the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, and we discuss the molecular mechanisms that connect ligation of these receptors to pathway activation. It has become increasingly clear that the key regulatory step of the pathway involves modulation of the post‐translational degradation of NF‐κB‐inducing kinase (NIK), the central activating kinase of non‐canonical NF‐κB signaling. How NIK post‐translational stability is controlled before and after receptor ligation is an important aspect of understanding non‐canonical NF‐κB signaling. Furthermore, how release of NF‐κB dimers downstream of the pathway’s activation is actually connected to its identified physiological and pathological roles is a key remaining question in the field.
The role of core TNF/LIGHT family members in lymph node homeostasis and remodeling
Authors: Zhu Mingzhao , Fu Yang‐Xin
Published: October 2011

Summary:  Lymph nodes (LNs) maintain active homeostasis at steady state. However, in response to changes in the local environment, such as local infection, cancer, vaccination, and autoimmune disease, dramatic remodeling of LN occurs. This remodeling includes changes in size, lymph and blood flow, immune cell trafficking and cellularity, lymphatic and blood vessel growth and activation, as well as microarchitecture. Therefore, inflammatory conditions often lead to enlarged nodes; after local inflammation resolves, LNs actively regress in size and return to steady state. Remodeling of lymphatic vessels (LVs) and blood vessels (BVs) during both the expansion and regression phases are key steps in controlling LN size as well as function. The cells, membrane‐associated molecules, and soluble cytokines that are essential for LV and BV homeostasis as well as dynamic changes in the expansion and regression phases have not been well defined. Understanding the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms behind LN remodeling would help us to better control undesired immune responses (e.g. inflammation and autoimmune diseases) or promote desired responses (e.g. antitumor immunity and vaccination). In this review, we focus on how the closely related tumor necrosis factor (TNF) members: LIGHT (TNFSF14), lymphotoxin‐αβ, and TNF‐α contribute to the remodeling of LNs at various stages of inflammation.
T‐cell intrinsic effects of GITR and 4‐1BB during viral infection and cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Snell Laura M. , Lin Gloria H. Y. , McPherson Ann J. , Moraes Theo J. , Watts Tania H.
Published: October 2011

Summary:  GITR [glucocorticoid inducible tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)‐related protein] and 4‐1BB are costimulatory TNFR family members that are expressed on regulatory and effector T cells as well as on other cells of the immune system. Here we discuss the role of GITR and 4‐1BB on T cells during viral infections and in cancer immunotherapy. Systemic treatment with agonistic anti‐4‐1BB antibody leads to a number of immune system abnormalities, and clinical trials of anti‐4‐1BB have been terminated. However, other modes of 4‐1BB ligation may be less toxic. To date, similar toxicities have not been reported for anti‐GITR treatment of mice, although anti‐GITR antibodies can exacerbate mouse autoimmune models. Intrinsic effects of GITR and 4‐1BB on effector T cells appear to predominate over their effects on other cell types in some models. Despite their similarities in enhancing T‐cell survival, 4‐1BB and GITR are clearly not redundant, and both pathways are required for maximal CD8+ T‐cell responses and mouse survival following severe respiratory influenza infection. GITR uses TNFR‐associated factor (TRAF) 2 and TRAF5, whereas 4‐1BB recruits TRAF1 and TRAF2 to mediate survival signaling in T cells. The differential use of signaling adapters combined with their differential expression may explain the non‐redundant roles of GITR and 4‐1BB in the immune system.
β2 Integrin Adhesion Complexes Maintain the Integrity of HIV‐1 Assembly Compartments in Primary Macrophages
Authors: Pelchen‐Matthews Annegret , Giese Sebastian , Mlčochová Petra , Turner Jane , Marsh Mark
Published: October 2011

In human monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDM), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) assembly takes place primarily on complex intracellular plasma membrane domains connected to the cell surface by closely apposed membrane sheets or narrow channels. Some of the membranes associated with these compartments are decorated by thick (≈30 nm), electron‐dense, cytoplasmic coats. Here we show by immunolabelling of ultrathin cryosections that the β2 integrin CD18, together with the αM and αX integrins (CD11b and CD11c), is clustered at these coated domains, and that the coats themselves contain the cytoskeletal linker proteins talin, vinculin and paxillin that connect the integrin complexes to the actin cytoskeleton. Intracellular plasma membrane‐connected compartments (IPMC) with CD18‐containing focal adhesion‐like coats are also present in uninfected MDM. These compartments become more prominent as the cells mature in tissue culture and their appearance correlates with increased expression of CD18, CD11b/c and paxillin. Depletion of CD18 by RNA interference leads to parallel down‐regulation of CD11b and CD11c, as well as of paxillin, and the disappearance of the adhesion‐like coats. In addition, CD18 knockdown alters the appearance of virus‐containing IPMC in HIV‐infected MDM, indicating that the β2 integrin/focal adhesion‐like coat structures are involved in the organization of these compartments.
Association of interleukin‐10 gene promoter polymorphisms with chronic and aggressive periodontitis
Authors: Jaradat SM , Ababneh KT , Jaradat SA , Abbadi MS , Taha AH , Karasneh JA , Haddad HI
Published: October 2011

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 271–279

Objective:  Interleukin‐10 gene promoter polymorphisms have been associated with interleukin‐10 decreased production, thereby playing a role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. This study aimed to investigate whether interleukin‐10 single nucleotide polymorphisms at positions ‐1087(G/A) and ‐597(C/A) are associated with generalised chronic periodontitis and localised aggressive periodontitis.

Methods:  Genomic DNA samples were isolated from 276 unrelated Jordanian participants. Subjects were categorised into 86 periodontally healthy controls, 105 chronic periodontitis patients and 85 localised aggressive periodontitis patients. Genotype frequencies were calculated, and differences were determined using Pearson chi‐squared test, and odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were included.

Results:  The frequencies of the ‐1087A and ‐597A alleles were significantly more common in chronic periodontitis patients than controls. The A‐positive allele genotypes (GA, AA) at position ‐1087 and A‐positive allele genotypes (CA, AA) at position ‐597 appeared to increase the risk of having chronic periodontitis. No significant differences were observed in the genotype frequencies between localised aggressive periodontitis patients and controls.

Conclusions:  These findings indicate the possible use of interleukin‐10 single nucleotide polymorphisms as genetic markers in chronic periodontitis patients and further emphasise the molecular differences between chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis.
Investigating diversity dependence of tropical forest litter decomposition: experiments and observations from Central Africa
Authors: Peh Kelvin S.‐H. , Sonké Bonaventure , Taedoung Hermann , Séné Oliver , Lloyd Jon , Lewis Simon L.
Published: October 2011

Questions

Mixed litter may decompose at different rates to single‐species litter, leading to differences in ecosystem functioning and decomposition. Studies of the effects of different litter species and combinations are rare in tropical forests and absent from African forests. Therefore we investigated: (1) Are there differences in litter decomposition in two forest types differing in tree diversity; and (2) is litter decomposition diversity‐dependent?

Location

Old‐growth moist evergreen tropical forest Dja Faunal Reserve, southeast Cameroon.

Methods

We calculate decomposition rates (leaf litter fall/leaf litter standing crop) along a tree diversity gradient in two forest types (naturally occurring low‐diversity monodominant and adjacent higher‐diversity mixed forest). Both forests experience the same climate on the same soil type; the former is dominated by a single species,Gilbertiodendron dewevrei(De Wild.) J. Léonard, probably due to lack of a long‐term disturbance and has similar edaphic factors. Decomposition experiments were conducted in both forest types using single and mixed species litter bags of standard high‐quality (bay leaves;Laurus nobilisL.) and low‐quality (G.dewevrei) litter over 9 months.

Results

The estimated decomposition rate in mixed forest was four times faster than in monodominant forest, and not significantly correlated with local quadrat‐scale tree species diversity. The litter bag experiment showed that decomposition of high‐quality leaves was faster than low‐quality leaves (kvalues: 2.0 yr−1vs 0.6 yr−1). Decay rates for each single species litter type were not significantly different in both forest types. However,G. dewevreilitter in mixed bags decomposed faster than in single‐species bags in mixed forest, suggesting an impact of litter mixing on decomposition. In addition, bay litter in mixed bags decomposed faster in mixed than in monodominant forests across the three study sites.

Conclusion

The observed difference in litter decomposition rate between low‐diversity monodominant and adjacent high‐diversity forest is more likely due to dominance of low‐qualityG. dewevreilitter, rather than low‐diversity of the litter itself.
Genetic and Early Life Influences on the Human Retinal Microcirculation
Authors: Hughes Alun D.
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  The retinal fundus offers a rare opportunity to visualize the microcirculation in man using minimally invasive approaches. The purpose of this MiniReview is to summarize recent work on genetic and early life influences on the retinal microcirculation and to suggest how these observations may help inform our understanding of the human microcirculation in health and disease.
Genomic resources for the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens: Transcriptome pyrosequencing and microarray design
Authors: Bass Chris , Hebsgaard Martin Bay , Hughes Joseph
Published: October 2011

Abstract  The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens is a pest of cultivated rice throughout Asia and is controlled using insecticides and/or resistant rice varieties. This species has developed resistance to many classes of insecticide and biotypes have developed that are virulent against formerly resistant rice cultivars. Insects use a suite of detoxification enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, glutathione S‐transferases and carboxyl/cholinesterases to defend themselves against plant secondary metabolites and pesticides. Pyrosequencing on the Roche 454‐FLX platform was used to produce a substantial expressed sequence tag (EST) dataset to complement the existing Sanger sequenced ESTs in GenBank. A total of 78 959 reads were combined with the 37 392 publically available Sanger ESTs; these assembled into 8 911 contigs and 10 620 singletons. Analysis of the distribution of tentative unique genes (TUGs) with the gene ontology for biological processes and molecular functions suggests that the 454 and Sanger EST assembly is broadly representative of the N. lugens transcriptome. The brown planthopper transcriptome was found to contain 31 TUGs encoding P450s, nine encoding glutathione S‐transferases and 26 encoding carboxyl/cholinesterases and many of these are putatively involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics. The Agilent eArray platform was used to construct an oligonucleotide microarray populated with probes for ∼19 000 unigene sequences, including all those known to encode detoxification enzymes. The genomic resources developed in this study will be useful to the community studying this crop pest and will help elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying insecticide resistance and planthopper adaptation to resistant rice cultivars.
Identification of Specific Tethered Inhibitors for Caspase‐5
Authors: Gao Junjun , Wells James A.
Published: October 2011

The development of highly selective small molecule inhibitors for individual caspases, a class of cysteine‐dependent aspartate‐specific proteases, has been challenging due to conservation of the active site. Previously, we discovered an allosteric site at the dimer interface of caspases‐3, ‐7, and ‐1 using disulfide trapping. Here, we show this approach can generate selective tethered ligands and inhibitors for caspase‐5, which is remarkable considering its high sequence similarity to caspase‐1. Among the 62 hits of a screen of ∼15 000 thiol‐containing fragments, a naphthyl–thiazole‐containing molecule was identified that selectively inhibited and labeled the allosteric cysteine in the p10 subunit of caspase‐5, but caused very little inhibition or labeling of caspase‐1. Interestingly, some of allosteric tethered compounds to caspase‐5 did not inhibit its enzymatic activity, suggesting that thiol‐labeling itself is not sufficient to drive inhibition. These studies validate an allosteric site on caspase‐5 and provide a useful starting point to develop selective compounds to probe the role of caspase‐5 separate from caspase‐1 in the innate immune response.
Identification of Novel Inhibitors of Dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase of Leishmania donovani via Ligand‐Based Virtual Screening and Biological Evaluation
Authors: Gangwar Sonali , Baig Mirza S. , Shah Priyanka , Biswas Subhashish , Batra Sanjay , Siddiqi Mohammad I. , Goyal Neena
Published: October 2011

Current treatment of leishmaniasis is based on chemotherapy, which relies on a handful of drugs with serious limitations, such as high cost, toxicity, and lack of efficacy in endemic regions. Therefore, development of new, effective, and affordable anti‐leishmanial drugs is a global health priority. Dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase has been characterized and established as a drug target for antileishmanial drug discovery. We virtually screened a large chemical library of 15 452 compounds against a 3D model of dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase to identify novel inhibitors. The initial virtual screening using a ligand‐based pharmacophore model identified 103 compounds. Forty‐six compounds were shortlisted based on the docking scores and other scoring functions. Further, these compounds were subjected to biological assay, and four of them belonging to two chemical classes were identified as the lead compounds. Identification of these novel and chemically diverse inhibitors should provide leads to be optimized into candidates to treat these protozoan infections.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Eight Cases and Literature Review
Authors: Cognat Emmanuel , Crassard Isabelle , Denier Christian , Vahedi Kouroche , Bousser Marie-Germaine
Published: October 2011

Background

While the association between inflammatory bowel diseases and thromboembolic events has long been evident, cerebral venous thrombosis in this context remains rare and underreported.

Methods

Among 351 consecutive patients with cerebral venous thrombosis collected in two neurology departments between 1997 and 2009, an analysis of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and a review of literature were performed.

Results

Eight patients had inflammatory bowel disease (6/287, 2/64), Crohn's disease in two, and ulcerative colitis in two. The mean age was 30·9 years (18–45). All inflammatory bowel disease-related cerebral venous thrombosis patients had headache, four patients had focal neurological deficits, three had altered consciousness, and two had seizures. Cerebral venous thrombosis occurred between two-months and 17 years after the first inflammatory bowel disease signs. Six patients had other venous prothrombotic risk factors. All patients were treated with heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin. Seven showed a complete recovery (Rankin 0–1) and one a partial recovery (Rankin 2). Compared with the 49 magnetic resonance imaging-confirmed cerebral venous thrombosis patients of the literature, our patients had more frequent associated prothrombotic risk factors. When comparing 57 inflammatory bowel disease-related cerebral venous thrombosis patients with other cerebral venous thrombosis, those with inflammatory bowel disease were younger in age at cerebral venous thrombosis onset, and there was a higher male to female ratio and a lower headache frequency at presentation.

Conclusion

In our cerebral venous thrombosis cohort, inflammatory bowel disease is present in 2·3% of cases. As cerebral venous thrombosis has no specific feature and may reveal inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal signs should be systematically looked for. All physicians caring for inflammatory bowel disease patients must consider cerebral venous thrombosis in cases of unusual headache or focal neurological symptoms. Treatment is based on full anticoagulation and specific inflammatory bowel disease treatment.
Incorporating Variable Source Area Hydrology into a Spatially Distributed Direct Runoff Model1
Authors: Buchanan Brian , Easton Zachary M. , Schneider Rebecca , Walter M. Todd
Published: October 2011

Buchanan, Brian, Zachary M. Easton, Rebecca Schneider, and M. Todd Walter, 2011. Incorporating Variable Source Area Hydrology Into a Spatially Distributed Direct Runoff Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 43‐60. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00594.x

Abstract:  Few hydrologic models simulate both variable source area (VSA) hydrology, and runoff‐routing at high enough spatial resolutions to capture fine‐scale hydrologic pathways connecting VSA to the stream network. This paper describes a geographic information system‐based operational model that simulates the spatio‐temporal dynamics of VSA runoff generation and distributed runoff‐routing, including through complex artificial drainage networks. The model combines the Natural Resource Conservation Service’s Curve Number (CN) equation for estimating storm runoff with the topographic index concept for predicting the locations of VSA and a runoff‐routing algorithm into a new spatially distributed direct hydrograph (SDDH) model (SDDH‐VSA). Using a small agricultural watershed in central New York, SDDH‐VSA results were compared to those from a SDDH model using the traditional land use assumptions for the CN (SDDH‐CN). The SDDH‐VSA model generally agreed better with observed discharge than the SDDH‐CN model (average, Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.69 vs. 0.58, respectively) and resulted in more realistic spatial patterns of runoff‐generating areas. The SDDH approach did not correctly capture the timing of runoff from small storms in dry periods. Despite this type of limitation, SDDH‐VSA extends the applicability of the SDDH technique to VSA conditions, providing a basis for new tools to help identify critical management areas and assess water quality risks due to landscape alterations.
Review of discoid meniscus
Authors: Sun Ye , Jiang Qing
Published: October 2011

Discoid lateral meniscus is an intra‐articular knee disorder that typically presents in children and adolescents. The natural history depends on the type of anomaly and the nature and presence of symptoms. Management of this disorder should be directed toward resolution of the symptoms while preserving meniscal tissue and function. Modern surgical techniques make suturing and preservation of meniscal tissue feasible. In the present article, the clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria and practical management considerations are reviewed.
Meniscal repair with the MaxFire device: a cadaveric study
Authors: Likes Rickland L , Julka Abhishek , Aros Brian C , Pedroza Angela D , Kaeding Christopher C , Jones Grant L , Flanigan David C
Published: October 2011

Objective:  To use a cadaver model to evaluate an all‐inside meniscal repair device (MaxFire).

Methods:  Six fresh‐frozen cadaveric knees (ages 30–84 years) without evidence of prior surgery were used for this study. The knees were rigidly mounted and arthroscopy performed using standard anteromedial and anterolateral portals. Four MaxFire devices were placed into the medial and lateral meniscus according to the technique provided by the manufacturer. The devices were placed in a vertical or horizontal mattress fashion systematically from posterior to anterior. Implants were placed from either the ipsilateral‐ or contralateral‐portal at the discretion of each surgeon. Placement into the medial meniscus was performed with the knee in approximately 10° of flexion and into the lateral meniscus in 45° of flexion.

Results:  In all, 54 MaxFire devices were placed. Twenty‐six devices were used medially, and 28 laterally. Forty‐five (83%) were placed successfully. Of those, 3 (7%) were placed in a “top hat” fashion. The nine failures (17%) were related to final device tensioning. Three of the sutures broke, one suture would not reduce, and three implants pulled out of the meniscus. The devices were successfully removed arthroscopically with a grasper or oscillating shaver. Pulling of implants out of menisci occurred in degenerative knees with degenerative meniscal tissue and did not occur with healthy appearing menisci.

Conclusion:  The MaxFire device is easy to use, has a low risk of complications, and can be inserted expeditiously by arthroscopy.
Modified unilateral transpedicular percutaneous vertebroplasty for treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures
Authors: Yang Xiao‐ming , Wu Tian‐liang , Xu Hong‐guang , Wang Hong , Liu Ping , Wang Ling‐ting , Chen Xue‐wu
Published: October 2011

Objective:  To comparatively assess the clinical outcome of modified unilateral percutaneous vertebroplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.

Methods:  The clinical outcome and incidence of cement extrusion in a consecutive group of 70 patients at our institution between December 2005 and December 2008 was retrospectively reviewed. Thirty‐five patients were randomly distributed to modified percutaneous vertebroplasty (Group A) and 35 to traditional percutaneous vertebroplasty (Group B). A visual analog scale (VAS) was used on the first post‐operative day and 1 year later to assess the severity of pain before and after vertebroplasty. The incidence of cement extrusion on CT scan was also compared between the two groups.

Results:  The treatment was successful in all seventy patients. The incidence of cement extrusion was 14.29% (5/35 patients) in group A, and 37.12% (13/35 patients) in group B, this difference being statistically significant (P < 0.05). No patients had serious complications. Complete pain relief was achieved in 50 patients, and significant relief in the other 20 (20/70 patients). There was no statistically significant difference between Groups A and B.

Conclusion:  Modified percutaneous vertebroplasty enhances the accuracy of cement injection into the center of the vertebral body, increasing the safety of the procedure with no increase in cost. It is a safer and more easily performed technique for treating patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures than traditional percutaneous vertebroplasty.