bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moral Reasoning in Children with Focal Brain Insults to Frontotemporal Regions
Authors: Chiasson V. , Elkaim L. , Weil A. G. , Crevier L. , Beauchamp M. H.
Published: February 2017

Neuroscientific evidence indicates that human social functioning is supported by a distributed network of frontal and temporal brain regions that undergoes significant development during childhood and adolescence. Clinical studies of individuals with early brain insults (EBI) to frontotemporal regions suggest that such lesions may interfere with the maturation of sociocognitive skills and lead to increased sociobehavioural problems. However, little attention has focussed on the direct assessment of sociocognitive skills, such as moral reasoning, following focal EBI. In the present study, the performance of 15 patients with focal EBI (8–16 years) was compared to that of 15 demographically matched controls on basic neuropsychological measures (IQ and executive functions), sociocognitive tasks (moral reasoning, moral decision-making and empathy) and parent reports of sociobehavioural problems and social adaptive skills. Patients with focal EBI had significantly lower levels of moral reasoning maturity, moral decision-making, and empathy than their matched controls, but did not differ on more general measures of cognition. Their parents also reported increased sociobehavioural problems. These findings suggest that focal EBI to frontotemporal regions can result in reduced sociocognitive capacities, more specifically moral reasoning, and increased vulnerability to sociobehavioural problems.
Legal Power and the Right to Vote: Does the Right to Vote Confer Power?
Authors: Beckman Ludvig
Published: February 2017

It is widely believed that voting rights confer power to individual voters as well as to the collective body of the electorate. This paper evaluates this notion on the basis of two conceptions of political power: the causal view, according to which power equals the ability to exert causal effect, and the legal view, according to which power equals the legal ability to produce legal effect. The proposition defended is that causal conceptions of power are unable to account for the view that voting rights confer power to either individuals or collectives. In particular, the theory according to which the powers conferred by the vote equal the probability of being decisive or “pivotal” in elections does not justify the ascription of power to voters. It does not because the probability of being influential is not a valid interpretation of power as the capacity to mobilize sufficient causal effect to determine an outcome. In addition, causal conceptions of power are unable to recognize the people as the unique owner of political power. The powers exercised by the members of the electorate appear to be just one among several causes that contribute to determine electoral outcomes. In the end, the legal analysis of power proves superior. Power in a democracy is placed with the people as a legal category vested with the legal capacity to revise the legal relationship between individuals and the state.
Current State of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Children’s Hospital Emergency Departments
Authors: Mistry Rakesh D. , Newland Jason G. , Gerber Jeffrey S. , Hersh Adam L. , May Larissa , Perman Sarah M. , Kuppermann Nathan , Dayan Peter S.
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) effectively optimize antibiotic use for inpatients; however, the extent of emergency department (ED) involvement in ASPs has not been described.

OBJECTIVE

To determine current ED involvement in children’s hospital ASPs and to assess beliefs and preferred methods of implementation for ED-based ASPs.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey of 37 children’s hospitals participating in the Sharing Antimicrobial Resistance Practices collaboration was conducted. Surveys were distributed to ASP leaders and ED medical directors at each institution. Items assessed included beliefs regarding ED antibiotic prescribing, ED prescribing resources, ASP methods used in the ED such as clinical decision support and clinical care guidelines, ED participation in ASP activities, and preferred methods for ED-based ASP implementation.

RESULTS

A total of 36 ASP leaders (97.3%) and 32 ED directors (86.5%) responded; the overall response rate was 91.9%. Most ASP leaders (97.8%) and ED directors (93.7%) agreed that creation of ED-based ASPs was necessary. ED resources for antibiotic prescribing were obtained via the Internet or electronic health records (EHRs) for 29 hospitals (81.3%). The main ASP activities for the ED included production of antibiograms (77.8%) and creation of clinical care guidelines for pneumonia (83.3%). The ED was represented on 3 hospital ASP committees (8.3%). No hospital ASPs actively monitored outpatient ED prescribing. Most ASP leaders (77.8%) and ED directors (81.3%) preferred implementation of ED-based ASPs using clinical decision support integrated into the EHR.

CONCLUSIONS

Although ED involvement in ASPs is limited, both ASP and ED leaders believe that ED-based ASPs are necessary. Many children’s hospitals have the capability to implement ED-based ASPs via the preferred method: EHR clinical decision support.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:469–475
Filling the Gondwanan gap: paleobiogeographic implications of new crinoids from the Castillejo and Fombuena formations (Middle and Upper Ordovician, Iberian Chains, Spain)
Authors: Cole Selina R. , Ausich William I. , Colmenar Jorge , Zamora Samuel
Published: February 2017

A diverse crinoid fauna is described from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) Fombuena Formation from the eastern Iberian Chains of Spain. New crinoids include the diplobathrid cameratesFombuenacrinus nodulusn. gen. n. sp.,Goyacrinus gutierrezin. gen. n. sp.,Dalicrinus hammannin. gen. n. sp., andAmbonacrinus decorusn. gen. n. sp.; the monobathrid camerateEopatelliocrinus hispaniensisn. sp.; and the cladidPicassocrinus villasin. gen. n. sp. A new occurrence ofHeviacrinus melendeziGil Cid, Domínguez Alonso, and Silván Pobes, 1996 is also documented from the Castillejo Formation (Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician) from the eastern Iberian Chains of Spain. The Fombuena Formation comprises a Gondwanan crinoid assemblage from a high paleolatitude and has the highest crinoid diversity of any currently known Katian Gondwanan fauna. This assemblage is compared to other Katian age faunas around the globe, and its paleobiogeographic implications are discussed.
Can secondary osteons be used as ontogenetic indicators in sauropods? Extending the histological ontogenetic stages into senescence
Authors: Mitchell Jessica , Sander P. Martin , Stein Koen
Published: February 2017

Sauropod bone histology has provided a great deal of insight into the life history of these enormous animals. However, because of high growth rates, annual growth rings are not common in sauropod long bones, so directly measuring growth rates and determining sexual maturity require alternative measures. Histological ontogenetic stages (HOS) have been established to describe the changes in bone histology through development for basal Macronaria and Diplodocoidea, and subsequently for Titanosauria. Despite this, the current HOS model is not able to discriminate bone tissues in late ontogeny, when sauropods had reached asymptotic size and continued to live into senescence but their long bones became extensively remodeled by secondary osteons and all primary bone was destroyed. Here we establish remodeling stages (RS) to characterize the Haversian bone development through ontogeny in eight sauropod taxa (Apatosaurinae,Giraffatitan brancai,Camarasaurusspp.,Dicraeosaurusspp.,Ampelosaurus atacis,Phuwiangosaurus sirindhornae,Magyarosaurus dacus, andAlamosaurus sanjuanensis) and find significant correlation of RS with corresponding femur length (CFL) for the studied taxa, with the exception ofDicraeosaurusandMagyarosaurus. Remodeling stages are based on the maximum number of observable generations of crosscutting osteons from the innermost, mid-, and outermost part of the cortex. The correlation with CFL indicates that secondary osteons present an ontogenetic signal that could extend the histological ontogenetic stages. Remodeling stages also provide additional insight into the changes in histology through ontogeny for Sauropoda. This method has the potential to be used in other taxa, such as thyreophorans and many ornithischians, that develop Haversian tissue through development.
Oscillating behaviour of laminar separation bubble formed on an aerofoil near stall
Authors: Rinoie K. , Takemura N.
Published: February 2017

Laminar separation bubbles formed on NACA 0012 aerofoil near the onset of a stall were investigated to clarify the behaviour of the laminar separation bubble. Measurements were done at a chord Reynolds number of 1·3 × 105. Mean velocity measurements indicate that the long bubble of about 35% chord length is formed at α = 11·5° after the short bubble burst occurred. However, the instantaneous flow visualisation picture indicates that the flow is strongly oscillating at this angle of attack. The phase averaging technique has been applied to analyse this oscillating behaviour. The results indicate that the flow is oscillating between a small separation-reattachment bubble formed near the leading-edge at about a 10% chord length and a large separated region extending over the aerofoil surface. It is suggested that this small separation-reattachment bubble has a similar flow structure to that of the short bubble formed at a lower angle of attack.
Les Annales et leur contribution à la Criminologie Internationale
Authors: Viano Emilio C.
Published: February 2017

La Société Internationale de Criminologie a marqué en 2013 le 75e anniversaire de sa fondation à Rome, en Italie, en 1938. Depuis la fondation de la Société, la criminologie a connu une croissance exponentielle en tant que discipline académique, domaine de recherche, outil de prise de décisions, et source d'approches, de solutions et d'interventions différentes. Au cours de ces 75 années, la discipline a pu établir son identité, acquérir une certaine autonomie, délimiter son domaine de recherche et d'enquête, fournir la preuve de son utilité, étendre son influence et renforcer son impact. Ceci a été réalisé grâce au travail de nombreux chercheurs, académiciens, et professionnels et surtout grâce à la Société et de sa revue, les Annales.
Medication Use, Substance Use, and Psychological Conditions of Female Inmates in Canadian Federal Prisons
Authors: Plourde Chantal , Dufour Natasha , Brochu Serge , Gendron Annie
Published: February 2017

This study provides data on substance use patterns, including medications, among female inmates in Canadian federal prisons. The participants were interviewed regarding their substance use and their psychological condition before and during incarceration. Their medication cards were also analyzed. The results show that a large proportion (66.9 %) of these incarcerated women reported substance abuse prior to incarceration and exhibited psychological disorders. In prison, if the illicit substance use remained low, most subjects had prescriptions for more than one medication. Furthermore, women with psychotropic medication prescriptions in their file had, on average, prescriptions for two different psychotropic medications. Significant relationships were found between substance misuse before incarceration and illicit substance use or and psychotropic medication use during incarceration. These results support the need to develop integrated services for both addiction and mental health for female offenders during incarceration.
Nutrient intake variability and the number of days needed to estimate usual intake in children aged 13–32 months
Authors: Padilha Luana L. , França Ana Karina T. d. C. , da Conceição Sueli I. O. , Carvalho Wyllyane Rayana C. , Batalha Mônica A. , da Silva Antônio A. M.
Published: February 2017

The number of days of data required to accurately estimate usual nutrient intake of children is not well established. This study aims to calculate the variability and the number of days required to estimate usual nutrient intake in children aged 13–32 months. This cross-sectional study, which is part of the BRISA Project in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, involved 231 children from April 2011 to January 2013. Socio-economic and demographic data were collected using a questionnaire, and 3 non-consecutive days of food consumption were collected using a 24-h dietary recall (24HDR) survey. Intrapersonal and interpersonal variability and variance ratio (VR) were obtained for each nutrient using the Multiple Source Method®program (version 1.0.1). The number of days (d) needed was calculated using the formula proposed by Blacket al. for different correlation coefficients (r) (i.e. 0·7, 0·8 or 0·9). For the vast majority of nutrients, intrapersonal and interpersonal variability values of <1 were observed, with even smaller intrapersonal variabilities, resulting in low VR (<1). More days were needed to estimate intakes of soluble fibre (12), insoluble fibre (11), total fibre (10), vitamin C (9) and PUFA (7), while fewer days were needed for energy, carbohydrate, SFA, Ca, Fe, P and Zn (all had 2 d forr0·9). However, most nutrients required one, two or three 24HDR forr0·7, 0·8 or 0·9.
The Electoral Implications of Coalition Policy Making
Authors: Fortunato David
Published: February 2017

Coalition governance requires parties to come to collective policy decisions while simultaneously competing for votes. This reality has inspired a vibrant literature on coalition policy making, which is focused on legislative organization and behavior, though it is not clear how it affects the electorate. This article addresses this gap in the literature by examining how voters’ perceptions of compromise in coalition policy making affect their vote choices. Analyzing data from six parliamentary democracies where multiparty governance is the norm, it finds that voters punish parties they view as compromising. More specifically, voters are found to discount the policy accomplishments and policy promises of compromising parties, and that this tendency is more pronounced among previous incumbent cabinet supporters and the politically disinterested. These findings have important implications for the study of voting as well as coalition policy making.
A Comparative Study of the Effects of Electoral Institutions on Campaigns
Authors: Sudulich Laura , Trumm Siim
Published: February 2017

A long tradition of studies in political science has unveiled the effects of electoral institutions on party systems and parliamentary representation. Yet their effects on campaign activities remain overlooked. Research in this tradition still lacks a strong comparative element able to explore the nuanced role of electoral institutions in shaping individual-level campaigns during first-order parliamentary elections. This study uses data from a variety of national candidate studies to address this lacuna, and shows that the structure of electoral institutions affects the electoral mobilization efforts put in place by candidates. Candidate-centred electoral systems incentivize more intense and complex mobilization efforts, and shift the campaign focus towards individuals rather than parties. By directly addressing the effects of electoral institutions on campaign behaviour, this study contributes to the wider debate on their role in promoting political engagement and mobilization. These results indicate that electoral institutions affect political competition much more than previously thought.
The Rise and Fall of the First Government-Sponsored Enterprise: The Federal Land Banks, 1916–1932
Authors: Glock Judge
Published: February 2017

While researchers have pointed to numerous methods of expanding state capacity in the Progressive Era, the literature has overlooked the creation of nominally private companies relying on implicit government guarantees, later known as government-sponsored enterprises. This article explains the novelty and structure of the nation's first such enterprises, the Federal Land Banks, and describes how their design embodied several fragilities that contributed to their collapse and bailout in 1932. The article then demonstrates why, despite these problems, the land banks became the model for subsequent enterprises and financial reforms.
A NAHḌA OF CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS? HEALTH SERVICE PROVISION AND THE POLITICS OF AID IN PALESTINE
Authors: Challand Benoît
Published: February 2017

This article discusses the modalities through which religious and secular nongovernmental medical organizations frame their work in relation to their constituencies. It argues that their discourses exemplify a differentiated approach to social work that can be explained in the context of massive aid disbursed to the occupied Palestinian territories. To understand how the political economy of aid impacts the framing of socioreligious movements, this article focuses on a case study of health organizations operating in the Hebron district, where a mixed matrix of charitable organizations, Islamic institutions, and zakat committees work along secular nongovernmental organizations. In the past decade, there seems to have been a revival of charitable organizations, which may shed light on current political victories of the Islamic sector. If Islamic socioreligious movements have been successful in promoting discourses of common good that attract more popular support than secular organizations, it is precisely because such discourses are in open (and sometimes conscious) tension with liberal conceptions such as good governance, strong civil society, and democracy promotion that are relayed generally by secular and professionalized nongovernmental organizations
Debye length and plasma skin depth: two length scales of interest in the creation and diagnosis of laboratory pair plasmas
Authors: Stenson E. V. , Horn-Stanja J. , Stoneking M. R. , Pedersen T. Sunn
Published: February 2017

In traditional electron/ion laboratory plasmas, the system size $L$ is much larger than both the plasma skin depth $l_{s}$ and the Debye length $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{D}$. In current and planned efforts to create electron/positron plasmas in the laboratory, this is not necessarily the case. A low-temperature, low-density system may have $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{D}<L<l_{s}$; a high-density, thermally relativistic system may have $l_{s}<L<\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{D}$. Here we consider the question of what plasma physics phenomena are accessible (and/or diagnostically exploitable) in these different regimes and how this depends on magnetization. While particularly relevant to ongoing pair plasma creation experiments, the transition from single-particle behaviour to collective, ‘plasma’ effects – and how the criterion for that threshold is different for different phenomena – is an important but often neglected topic in electron/ion systems as well.
Morphology study of the otoliths of the parrotfish,Chlorurus sordidus(Forsskål, 1775) andHipposcarus harid(Forsskål, 1775) from the Red Sea coast of Egypt (Family: Scaridae)
Authors: Jawad Laith A. , Hoedemakers Kristiaan , Ibáñez Ana L. , Ahmed Yassin A. , Abu El-Regal Mohamed A. , Mehanna Sahar F.
Published: February 2017

In the present study a comparison of the otolith morphology of two species of parrotfish, family Scaridae, collected from the Red Sea coast of Egypt, is conducted to identify the most appropriate taxonomic characters that separate these species. Ontogenetic changes in the otoliths of the two scarid fishes become evident. In the otoliths ofChlorurus sordidus, the following characters are comparable in small-sized adult fishes: otolith width, otolith depth, mesial surface shape, lateral surface shape, shape of sulcus acusticus, column, rostrum and size of rostrum. The otoliths of young adults (GI)C. sordidusdiffer from the adult ones in 14 out of the 22 characteristics studied. In the otoliths ofHipposcarus harid, the following characters are comparable in small and large fish: otolith width, otolith depth, mesial and lateral surface shapes, shape of sulcus acusticus, rostrum and size of rostrum.
Place reference in story beginnings: A cross-linguistic study of narrative and interactional affordances
Authors: Dingemanse Mark , Rossi Giovanni , Floyd Simeon
Published: February 2017

People often begin stories in conversation by referring to person, time, and place. We study story beginnings in three societies and find place reference is recurrently used to (i) set the stage, foreshadowing the type of story and the kind of response due, and to (ii) make the story cohere, anchoring elements of the developing story. Recipients orient to these interactional affordances of place reference by responding in ways that attend to the relevance of place for the story and by requesting clarification when references are incongruent or noticeably absent. The findings are based on 108 story beginnings in three unrelated languages: Cha'palaa, a Barbacoan language of Ecuador; Northern Italian, a Romance language of Italy; and Siwu, a Kwa language of Ghana. The commonalities suggest we have identified generic affordances of place reference, and that storytelling in conversation offers a robust sequential environment for systematic comparative research. (Storytelling, place, narrative, conversation analysis, interactional linguistics)*
The effect of childhood multilingualism and bilectalism on implicature understanding
Authors: ANTONIOU KYRIAKOS , KATSOS NAPOLEON
Published: February 2017

The present study compares the performance of multilingual children speaking Cypriot Greek, Standard Modern Greek, and English (and sometimes an additional language), bilectal children speakers of Cypriot Greek and Standard Modern Greek, and Standard Modern Greek-speaking monolingual children on a task that measures the comprehension of different types of implicature. Despite lower scores in language ability in the target language, multilingual and bilectal children performed at rates comparable to the monolinguals with implicature. Regression analyses indicated a positive correlation between implicature, language proficiency, and age (but not executive control), albeit language ability did not affect implicature within multilinguals. We suggest an interpretation according to which multilingual, bilectal, and monolingual children maintain a comparable level of implicature understanding, but they do so by relying on different resources. Finally, a principal component analysis on different implicature types revealed a single factor of implicature performance. This outcome has implications for pragmatic theory.
Nimbus-7 SMMR Derived Global Snow Cover Parameters
Authors: Chang A.T.C. , Foster J.L. , Hall D.K.
Published: February 2017

Snow covers about 40 million km2of the land area of the Northern Hemisphere during the winter season. The accumulation and depletion of snow is dynamically coupled with global hydrological and climatological processes. Snow covered area and snow water equivalent are two essential measurements. Snow cover maps are produced routinely by the National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA/NESDIS) and by the US Air Force Global Weather Center (USAFGWC). The snow covered area reported by these two groups sometimes differs by several million km2, Preliminary analysis is performed to evaluate the accuracy of these products.

Microwave radiation penetrating through clouds and snowpacks could provide depth and water equivalent information about snow fields. Based on theoretical calculations, snow covered area and snow water equivalent retrieval algorithms have been developed. Snow cover maps for the Northern Hemisphere have been derived from Nimbus-7 SMMR data for a period of six years (1978–1984). Intercomparisons of SMMR, NOAA/NESDIS and USAFGWC snow maps have been conducted to evaluate and assess the accuracy of SMMR derived snow maps. The total snow covered area derived from SMMR is usually about 10% less than the other two products. This is because passive microwave sensors cannot detect shallow, dry snow which is less than 5 cm in depth. The major geographic regions in which the differences among these three products are the greatest are in central Asia and western China. Future study is required to determine the absolute accuracy of each product.

Preliminary snow water equivalent maps have also been produced. Comparisons are made between retrieved snow water equivalent over large area and available snow depth measurements. The results of the comparisons are good for uniform snow covered areas, such as the Canadian high plains and the Russian steppes. Heavily forested and mountainous areas tend to mask out the microwave snow signatures and thus comparisons with measured water equivalent are poorer in those areas.
Ground Data Inputs To Image Processing for Estimating Terrain Characteristics for Glacio-Hydrological Analysis
Authors: Clark M.J. , Gurnell A.M. , Hancock P.J.
Published: February 2017

Remote-sensing research in glacial and pro-glacial environments raises several methodological problems relating to the handling of ground and satellite radiometric data. An evaluation is undertaken of the use of ground radiometry to elucidate properties of relevant surface types in order to interpret satellite imagery. It identifies the influence that geometric correction and re-sampling have on the radiometric purity of the resulting data set. Methodological problems inherent in deriving catchment terrain characteristics are discussed with reference to currently glacierized and pro-glacial zones of south-western Switzerland.
Seasat Altimeter Observations of an Antarctic “Lake”
Authors: Cudlip W. , McIntyre N.F.
Published: February 2017

The word “lake” in the context of Antarctica has been used to describe both surface features (10–12 km in size) and areas of liquid water on the bedrock beneath the ice sheet (typically a few kilometres in size and at a depth of over 3000 m), There has been however only limited evidence for a relationship between the two phenomena.

This paper reports an analysis of Seasat altimeter observations of an extremely flat area on the surface of the East Antarctic ice sheet, approximately 30 km in extent, centred at 68.6°S 136.0°E and close to the edge of the sub-glacial Astrolabe Basin. It has a regional slope of between zero and 0.01° , and non-random variations in height along track of about ± 1m on the scale of a few kilometres. The average radar backscatter coefficient is 5±2 dB in the region of the Astrolabe Basin, compared to a more usual value of about 10 dB for other areas of the ice sheet. A computer enhanced Landsat image of the region clearly shows the rougher steeper terrain to the North, with the surface in and around the flat area appearing totally smooth and featureless.

NSF/SPRI/TUD radio echo-sounding data from the region, although limited in extent, shows a relatively strong signal (indicative of ice at the pressure melting point) over a large region. The signal under the flat area, however, is particularly strong and smooth, confirming the association between the surface feature and a bedrock lake 3800 m below.
A Digital Radio Echo-Sounding and Navigation Recording System
Authors: Gorman M.R. , Cooper A.P.R.
Published: February 2017

The Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) Mk IV 60 MHz radio echo-sounding (RES) system has proven itself to be a most effective and versatile tool in glaciology. During the last 15 years, it has been used from a variety of platforms, both surface and airborne, and over a range of ice thicknesses from 4000 m to 100 m. However, the photographic recording methods used during this period were felt to be increasingly outdated in the context of modern data handling procedures. Accordingly, in late 1982 the Mk IV system was modified to incorporate fast digitizing of the RES receiver output, with microcomputer-controlled magnetic-tape recording of both the radar data and navigational inputs (Drewry and Liestøl 1985). The new system will be described, along with the improvements in data processing which have resulted from its use.
Characteristics of The Seasonal Sea Ice of East Antarctica and Comparisons with Satellite Observations
Authors: Jacka T.H. , Allison I. , Thwaites R. , Wilson J.C.
Published: February 2017

A cruise to Antarctic waters from late October to mid December 1985 provided the opportunity to study characteristics of the seasonal sea ice from a time close to that of maximum extent through early spring decay. The area covered by the observations extends from the northern ice limit to the Antarctic coast between long. 50 °E and 80 E. Shipboard observations included ice extent, type and thickness, and snow depth. Ice cores were drilled at several sites, providing data on salinity and structure.

The observations verify the highly dynamic and divergent nature of the Antarctic seasonal sea-ice 2one. Floe size and thickness varied greatly at all locations, although generally increasing from north to south. A high percentage of the total ice mass exhibited a frazil crystal structure, indicative of the existence of open water in the vicinity.

The ground based observations are compared with observations from satellite sensors. The remote sensing data include the visual channel imagery from NOAA 6, NOAA 9, and Meteor 11. Comparisons are made with the operational ice charts produced (mainly from satellite data) by the Joint Ice Center, and with the analyses available by facsimile from Molodezhnaya.
Image-Analysis Techniques for Determination of Morphology and Kinematics in Arctic Sea Ice
Authors: Lee Meemong , Yang Wei-Liang
Published: February 2017

The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data have been used to study sea ice with respect to its motion and formation/deformation. With the prospect of the Alaska SAR Facility development in the near future, there is a great need for robust and efficient sea-ice analysis techniques. This paper presents a sea-ice motion analysis technique that can be used for (1) local motion analysis of a selected ice patch and (2) a global ice motion over the entire image area. Though there are several sea-ice motion tracking techniques, they do not provide the required operational speed or robustness. In order to meet the operational speed requirement (over fifty images per day), we have developed a sea-ice motion analysis technique which requires very little human interaction and much simplified computation. The proposed technique uses a subset of easily distinguishable features to predict global motion characteristics and apply template matching over a predicted search area. We applied the developed technique to two pairs of SEASAT SAR images, one pair with a minor motion of “ice pack” and another with a larger and discontinuous motion of “fast ice”. The two major achievements of the new approach are: first, development of a set of computer-aided tools for feature selection and registration and, secondly, implementation of an optimal search strategy for automatic template matching via a motion prediction model.
Seasonal and Regional Variations of Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice as Illustrated with Satellite Passive-Microwave Data For 1974
Authors: Parkinson C.L. , Comiso J.C. , Zwally H.J. , Cavalieri D.J. , Gloersen P. , Campbell W.J.
Published: February 2017

A detailed description of the seasonal cycle of Northern Hemisphere sea ice for 1974 is provided by the passive microwave data from the Nimbus 5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR). Sea ice extent has been mapped and analyzed in eight regions of the Arctic and marginal seas. In the seasonal sea ice areas, the ice concentration is also mapped, whereas in areas of first-year and multiyear ice mixtures, the corresponding mapping is of a parameter representing a combination of ice concentration and multiyear ice fraction. The total monthly ice extent increased from a sharp minimum of 7.6 × 106 km2 in September, when the ice pack was mostly confined to the central Arctic Ocean and portions of the Greenland Sea, Kara Sea, and Canadian Archipelago, to a broad maximum of 14.4 × 106 km2 in March, when the ice cover was nearly complete in the Arctic Ocean, Hudson Bay, Kara Sea, and Canadian Archipelago and was extensive for large portions of the other peripheral seas and bays. In the areas of seasonal sea ice coverage, the average ice concentration was approximately 75% in winter, which is close to the values observed in the Southern Ocean and significantly less than the greater-than-95% concentrations observed in the central Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay, where the ice packs are constrained by land boundaries. Midwinter decreases in ice extent for 1—2 months are noted in the regions of the Greenland Sea and the Kara and Barents Seas.
Remote Sensing of Sea-Ice Growth and Melt-Pool Evolution, Milne Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island, Canada
Authors: Jeffries Martin O. , Sackinger William M. , Serson Harold V.
Published: February 2017

Periodically since 1950, air photographs and SLAR images have been taken of the Arctic ice shelves. The study of air photographs and SLAR images of the outer part of Milne Ice Shelf had three aims: (1) to map losses and ice re-growth at the shelf front, (2) to map the evolution of melt pools on shelf ice and multi-year land-fast sea ice, and (3) to assess the usefulness of air photographs and SLAR for these purposes. For mapping of ice calvings and subsequent sea-ice growth, both air photographs and radar images have been used sucessfully. However, air photographs are better than radar for mapping ice-surface features. The ridge-and-trough systems that characterize the surface of the ice shelf and old sea ice are clearly visible on each type of imagery but, because of their larger scale, air photographs proved to be most useful for a study of melt-pool evolution. The orientation of the melt pools is parallel to the prevailing winds which drive water along the troughs. The drainage system evolves by a process of elongation and coalesence.
Interpretation and Utilization of Areal Snow-Cover Data from Satellites
Authors: Martinec J. , Rango A.
Published: February 2017

Areal snow-cover data provided by remote sensing enable the areal water equivalent at the start of the snow melt season to be evaluated. To this end, the time scale in the graphical representation of the snow coverage curves is replaced by the totalized computed daily melt depths. These refer to the seasonal snow cover at the starting date and disregard subsequent snowfalls.
Large-Scale Patterns of Snow Melt on Arctic Sea Ice Mapped from Meteorological Satellite Imagery
Authors: Scharfen G. , Barry R.G. , Robinson D.A. , Kukla G. , Serreze M.C
Published: February 2017

The seasonal progression of snow melt on the Arctic pack ice is mapped from satellite shortwave imagery (0.4–1.1 micrometers) for four spring/summer seasons (1977, 1979, 1984 and 1985). This provides the first detailed information on the temporal change of the ice surface albedo in summer and of its year-to-year variability. The average surface albedo of the Arctic Basin for the years investigated falls from between 0.75 and 0.80 in early May to between 0.35 and 0.45 in late July and early August. In the central Arctic, where ice concentration remains high and ponding on the ice is limited, the July albedo ranges from 0.50 to 0.60. Overall, melt progresses poleward from the Kara and Barents Seas and from the southern Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, with the melt fronts meeting on the American side of the Pole. There are substantial year-to-year differences in the timing, duration and extent of the melt interval. The progression of melt in May and June of the earliest melt year (1977) was about 3 weeks ahead of the latest year (1979). By late July, the central Arctic was essentially snow free in 1977 and 1979, but more than 50% snow covered in 1984. Although limited in extent, our data base suggests relationships between snow melt and Arctic surface air temperatures in spring, spring cloudiness and the extent of late summer ice.
Interpolation Techniques for the Display of Remotely Sensed Glaciological Data (Abstract)
Authors: Cooper A.P.R.
Published: February 2017

The use of many display techniques for remotely sensed glaciological data requires the reduction of the data to a regularly spaced rectangular grid of values. Most remotely sensed data are not immediately suitable for display, because the area of interest is covered by more than one set of data on mutually incompatible grids (e.g. Landsat, AVHRR), or because the data are available as profiles along widely spaced ground tracks (e.g. radio echo-sounding, satellite altimetry). In addition, data may be sparsely and randomly scattered (e.g. surface elevations from TWERLE balloons).

A variety of techniques is available to reduce data to a specified grid system. These include spatial averaging, interpolation from nearest neighbours, and surface-fitting techniques, notably polynomial fitting and bi-cubic splines. All of these are useful under differing circumstances.
Characteristics of Altimetry Signatures Over Sea Ice (Abstract)
Authors: McIntyre N.F. , Laxon S.W.
Published: February 2017

We report characteristics of Seasat altimetry signatures recorded over Antarctic sea ice. Up to four discrete zones can at times be seen in characteristic sequences in the Weddell and Ross Seas, and elsewhere. They are substantially larger than those reported in the Arctic, covering up to 2500 km at the time of maximum ice extent in 1978. Transitions between them can be abrupt, with marked changes occurring in less than a few kilometres. Some zones were found to persist through the 3 month satellite lifetime; others exhibited intermittent variations. Repeat data coverage has enabled temporal as well as spatial patterns to be investigated.

Interpretation of the geophysical cause of the patterns observed has been limited by available data. Some comparisons may be made with surface measurements of nadir back-scatter on first- and multi-year floes but these account for only a small proportion of the altimetry returns studied. Correlations with the NOAA Navy Ice Charts show significant disparities in the determination of the ice edge which may relate to the sensitivity of the altimeter to the presence of fresh ice or ice in very small quantities. Similar signatures can be found next to small coastal leads at the continental margin, an area known to be important for the growth of new ice.
Acoustic Emission Methods Applied to Avalanche-Formation Studies (Abstract)
Authors: Epifanov V.P. , Kuz’menko V.P.
Published: February 2017

The relationship between the intensity of snow acoustic emission impulses and snow-cover stability is revealed by measuring the physical and mechanical properties of the snow cover in the starting zones of avalanches. This relationship is fundamental to the remote identification of an avalanche-hazard period.

In order to estimate the mechanical properties of a snow layer, a method of applying a rigid penetrometer equipped with a piezoelectric accelerometer is used. The viscosity coefficients of snow under destruction and the specific energy of destruction are determined. The overall effect of the different elements of destruction is assessed using both structural investigations and acoustic methods (acoustic emissions).
Methods of Calculation and Remote-Sensing Measurements for the Spatial Distribution of Glacier Annual Mass Balances (Abstract)
Authors: Konovalov V.G.
Published: February 2017

The areal distribution of glacier annual mass balance b(z) is an important characteristic of the existence of glacierization and its evolution. At present the measured value of annual mass balance at different elevations is only available for a limited number of mountain glaciers of the globe, because of the great amount of labour required for such measurements.

The analysis of long-term mass-balance measurements made at Abramova Glacier, Limmerngletscher, White Glacier, Hintereisferner, and Peyto Glacier has revealed that for each year the spatial distribution of annual mass balance is well described by quadratic equations. The main variable in these equations is altitude (z). The various parameters of these formulae are estimated by the author for mean weighted height of the ablation and accumulation areas, and for the glaciers as a whole. It is found that the parameters of annual mass balance for each glacier can be calculated from formulae which include combinations of the following variables: annual balance at one of the three weighted altitudes, maximum annual snow-line elevation, annual and seasonal amounts of precipitation, and air temperatures at nearby meteorological stations.

Therefore, in order to calculate the distribution of annual mass balance as a function of absolute altitude, it is sufficient to obtain a value for mass balance measured only at a single point on a glacier, and common meteorological observational data. A comparison of actual and calculated values of mass balance has shown good agreement between them.

Considering the successful use of aerial remote-sensing for the measurement of snow depth in mountains by means of special stakes, it is satisfactory to accept this method for the assessment of annual mass balance at the mean weighted altitude of the ablation zone. It is possible to use aerial photo-surveys or stereophotogrammetry to resolve this problem. Then annual mass balance for the whole area of a glacier is calculated by using data from one point together with data from a nearby meteorological station.
An Experiment on Image Transmission to an Icebreaker (Abstract)
Authors: Korhonen O.
Published: February 2017

Finland has such a climate that all its harbours in the Baltic Sea are frozen every winter. Ice may sometimes be more than 1 m thick, as it was in the Bay of Bothnia, the northernmost basin of the Baltic Sea, during the winter of 1985.

The Finnish Institute of Marine Research has used the imagery of the Tiros-N series of satellites successfully in sea-ice mapping for some years. In the Institute daily ice charts have been prepared and sent by facsimile to icebreakers in the Baltic Sea. In 1985, an experiment was conducted to transmit the same imagery to an icebreaker operating in the Bay of Bothnia. Existing telecommunication networks were used. The image data transmitted by NOAA-6 and NOAA-9 satellites were received at Tromsø Telemetry Station in Norway and then transmitted to Espoo in Finland. The data processing consisted of geometric correction, edge enhancement, and drawing the coastline with location symbols. The most interesting area was extracted and transmitted by NMT mobile telephone to the icebreaker.

The almost real-time image transmission turned out to be useful from the point of view of icebreaker operation. The images could be used to identify cracks and narrow leads in the ice. Such very detailed information cannot be included in routine ice charts. The icebreaker can use this information for giving instructions to other ships to find easier routes. This reduces the need for icebreaker assistance. The images can also help the icebreaker to avoid wide heavily ridged areas.

This experiment was at low cost and can be technically developed further. It showed that this kind of assistance for icebreakers is economically profitable for winter navigation.
Spectral Response Patterns of Snow and Ice Surfaces for the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (Abstract)
Authors: Kristensen M. , McIntyre N.F.
Published: February 2017

The high-resolution imagery recorded by systems such as the multi-spectral scanners (MSSs) of the Landsat satellites has revolutionized the study of all types of surface in the polar regions. Visible and near-infra-red imagery has found a wide range of glaciological uses. There is, however, a lack of comparability within and between MSS data which may be a contributary factor to some current problems in interpretation of remotely sensed glaciological data.

With the expected continuity of MSS coverage for the forseeable future, it is highly desirable to extend use of the data beyond the basic mapping and feature identification which has made it such a valuable resource. One of the most obvious developments is to investigate characteristics of the reflecting surfaces and to achieve absolute identification of snow and ice surfaces. Although conversion of digital MSS grey tones to radiances enables direct comparison with other sources, automatic identification requires detailed and extensive knowledge of the spectral and reflecting characteristics of surfaces which are to be monitored. This is often best achieved through ground-based observation.

In order to provide a base line against which corrected radiances from Landsat MSS data can be compared, a spectrally gated photometer has been used to measure albedo at MSS wave bands in a wide range of conditions. The surfaces monitored in several parts of Norway include sea ice, lake ice, snow, firn and glacier ice, permafrost, and reference surfaces. A range of supporting measurements (including grain-size, surface irregularity, density, level, and free-water content) allows accurate characterization of each surface. This enables identification of spectral-response patterns for each surface category and hence the classification of their reflectances as recorded by the MSS. Examples are given of the application of such classifications to imagery of the polar regions.
Remote Sensing of Fast Ice in Lützowholmbukta, East Antarctica, using Satellite NOAA-7, 8 and Aircraft (Abstract)
Authors: Mae S. , Yamanouchi T. , Fujii Y.
Published: February 2017

Lützowholmbukta, East Antarctica, is covered by fast ice except during a short period in April and May, but occasionally the ice cover breaks up and floats out of the bay.

The fast ice was observed every day using NOAA-7, 8 infra-red imagery. The satellite signal was received at Syowa Station, located on Ongul Island. In addition, aerial photographs and video pictures were taken using aircraft every fortnight.

In 1983, before the break-up of the fast ice in April, a distinctive increase of the infra-red radiance (NOAA AVHRR) was observed, even though the aerial observation showed no change. The increase of the radiance was estimated to be 5°C. It was in this area, where the higher infra-red signal was observed, where the fast ice broke up. In December, in the central part of the northern area of the fast ice, the hummock-ice zone formed in a triangular shape. Before the hummock-ice zone floated out, observation of the infra-red radiance showed that the temperature of the ice had decreased by 3°C.
Inter-Relations between the Arctic Sea Ice and the General Circulation of the Atmosphere (Abstract)
Authors: Wendler G. , Jeffries M. , Nagashima Y.
Published: February 2017

Satellite imagery has substantially improved the quality of sea-Ice observation over the last decades. Therefore, for a 25-year period, a statistical study based on the monthly Arctic sea-ice data and the monthly mean 700 mbar maps of the Northern Hemisphere was carried out to establish the relationships between sea-ice conditions and the general circulation of the atmosphere. It was found that sea-ice conditions have two opposing effects on the zonal circulation intensity, depending on the season. Heavier than normal ice in winter causes stronger than normal zonal circulation in the subsequent months, whereas heavier than normal ice in the summer–fall causes weaker zonal circulation in the subsequent months. Analyzing the two sectors, the Atlantic and Pacific ones separately, a negative correlation was found, which means a heavy ice year in the Atlantic Ocean is normally associated with a light one in the Pacific Ocean and vice versa.