bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visual localization and quantitative detection method for thermal defects in cable terminals of high-speed trains based on a temperature derivative
Authors: Liu Kai , Jiao Shibo , Nie Guangbo , Gao Bo , Yang Zhixiang , Xin Dongli , Wu Guangning
Published: July 2024

Cable terminal defect detection plays an important role in ensuring the safe and stable operation of high-speed trains. In this paper, a numerical model of the electromagnetic thermal field of overheating defects of cable terminal shielding grids and a method of detecting internal defects of cable terminals—even-order temperature derivative is proposed for quantitative detection of internal defective structures of vehicle-mounted cable terminals. Firstly, a numerical model of the electromagnetic thermal field of cable terminals under the condition of leakage current is constructed, through which the temperature field distribution characteristics of different defective structures are analyzed. Then, the intuitive location of the defective region is obtained by investigating the derivative characteristics of the temperature image, and the depth and intensity of the defects are quantitatively assessed by using the main side peak (MSP) distances and the MSP values extracted from the derivative curves. Finally, the simulation and experimental results achieve the identification of defect structures and the quantitative detection of defect depth and intensity, proving the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method.
Implementation of microcontroller board on a sustainable and degradable PLA/flax composite substrate: a case study
Authors: Géczy Attila , Piffkó Dániel , Berényi Richárd , Dusek Karel , Xavier Pascal , Cuartielles David
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we present a novel polylactic-acid/flax-composite substrate and the implementation of a demonstrator: a microcontroller board based on commercial design. The substrate is developed for printed circuit board (PCB) applications. The pre-preg is biodegradable, reinforced, and flame-retarded. The novel material was developed to counter the increasing amount of e-waste and to improve the sustainability of the microelectronics sector. The motivation was to present a working circuit in commercial complexity that can be implemented on a rigid substrate made of natural, bio-based materials with a structure very similar to the widely used Flame Retardant Class 4 (FR4) substrate at an early technological readiness level (2–3). The circuit design is based on the Arduino Nano open-source microcontroller board design so that the demonstration could be programmable and easy to fit into education, IoT applications, and embedded designs. During the work, the design was optimized at the level of layout. The copper-clad pre-preg was then prepared and processed with subtractive printed wiring technology and through hole plating. The traditional surface mounting methodology was applied for assembly. The resulting yield of PCB production was around 50%. Signal analysis was successful with analogue data acquisition (voltage) and low-frequency (4 kHz) tests, indistinguishable from sample FR4 boards. Eventually, the samples were subjected to highly accelerated stress test (HAST). HAST tests revealed limitations compared to traditional FR4 printed circuit materials. After six cycles, the weight loss was around 30% in the case of PLA/Flax, and as three-point bending tests showed, the possible ultimate strength (25 MPa at a flexural state) was reduced by 80%. Finally, the sustainability aspect was assessed, where we found that ∼95 vol% and ∼90 wt% of the traditional substrate can be substituted, significantly easing the load of waste on the environment.
Ultrafast synthesis and luminescence properties of rare earth orthoniobates RENbO4 (RE = La, Eu, Gd, Yb, Lu)
Authors: Wu Ji’an , Chen Kunfeng , Xue Dongfeng
Published: July 2024

Rare earth orthoniobates (RENbO4) are one kind of important functional materials due to its applications in solid-state phosphors, thermal barrier coatings, and microwave dielectric ceramics. The synthesis of rare earth niobates often needs high reaction temperatures (1300 °C–1700 °C) and long processing times (from hours to tens of hours) in solid-state reactions, which can increase the study time of the relationship between structure and properties. In this work, we used ultrafast high-temperature sintering method to synthesize RENbO4 (RE = La, Eu, Gd, Yb, Lu), and found specific structure and properties in these materials obtained with specific synthetic techniques. Based on the electronegativity scale, the charge transfer energy of lanthanide ions in the YNbO4 crystal was calculated. The rapid synthesis of RENbO4 in a vacuum atmosphere generated more oxygen vacancies, and the structures of [REO8] and [NbO6] were distorted. The shortening of the fluorescence lifetime of LaNbO4 and EuNbO4 was related to the formation of self-trapped excitons facilitated by lattice distortion. The emission peak of LuNbO4 at about 530 nm is attributed to the oxygen vacancy in the niobate group. The reported synthetic methods can provide a fast materials screening route for high melting point inorganic materials.
Resonant solutions of the non-linear Schrödinger equation with periodic potential
*
Authors: Duaibes Arein , Karpeshina Yulia
Published: July 2024

The goal is construction of stationary solutions close to non-trivial combinations of two plane waves at high energies for a periodic non-linear Schrödinger Equation in dimension two. The corresponding isoenergetic surface is described for any sufficiently large energy k
2. It is shown that the isoenergetic surface corresponding to k
2 is essentially different from that for the zero potential even for small potentials. We use a combination of the perturbative results obtained earlier for the linear case and a method of successive approximation.
Imaging light fluence in blood vessels by combining photoacoustic fluctuation imaging and ultrasound power Doppler
Authors: Falco Ivana , Bossy Emmanuel , Arnal Bastien
Published: July 2024

Objectives. Numerous optical biomedical imaging or therapeutic modalities suffer from unknown light fluence distribution at depths. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging, which enables imaging blood vessels at the acoustic resolution, probes the product between the fluence and effective optical absorption that depends on the size or density of blood vessels. In the case of unresolved vessels, fluence and absorption can not be decoupled using PA imaging alone without the use of inverse problems. Thus, we propose combining two modalities that are sensitive to blood vessels to directly image fluence maps within vascularized areas, including in unresolved vessels. Approach. To achieve fluence imaging, the combination of photoacoustic fluctuation (PAFI) and Ultrasound Power Doppler (UPD) images is considered. After exposing a new theoretical expression of the UPD image, we establish a fluence imaging method giving quantitative fluence in blood vessels. Fluence imaging involves resolution compensation with a PSF filter that is compared to alternative simpler corrections. Main results. This method universally applies to arbitrary hematocrit and multi-scale vessel imaging. Using a spherical sparse array, we demonstrate 3D fluence imaging within blood vessels in simulation and experiments which is not possible with PAFI alone. Significance. Overall, we show that combining PAFI and UPD has the potential for real-time light dosimetry or could enhance quantitative inverse problems in PA imaging.
MSRA-Net: multi-channel semantic-aware and residual attention mechanism network for unsupervised 3D image registration
Authors: Ren Xiaozhen , Song Haoyuan , Zhang Zihao , Yang Tiejun
Published: July 2024

Objective. Convolutional neural network (CNN) is developing rapidly in the field of medical image registration, and the proposed U-Net further improves the precision of registration. However, this method may discard certain important information in the process of encoding and decoding steps, consequently leading to a decline in accuracy. To solve this problem, a multi-channel semantic-aware and residual attention mechanism network (MSRA-Net) is proposed in this paper. Approach. Our proposed network achieves efficient information aggregation by cleverly extracting the features of different channels. Firstly, a context-aware module (CAM) is designed to extract valuable contextual information. And the depth-wise separable convolution is employed in the CAM to alleviate the computational burden. Then, a new multi-channel semantic-aware module (MCSAM) is designed for more comprehensive fusion of up-sampling features. Additionally, the residual attention module is introduced in the up-sampling process to extract more semantic information and minimize information loss. Main results. This study utilizes Dice score, average symmetric surface distance and negative Jacobian determinant evaluation metrics to evaluate the influence of registration. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed MSRA-Net has the highest accuracy compared to several state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, our network has demonstrated the highest Dice score across multiple datasets, thereby indicating that the superior generalization capabilities of our model. Significance. The proposed MSRA-Net offers a novel approach to improve medical image registration accuracy, with implications for various clinical applications. Our implementation is available at https://github.com/shy922/MSRA-Net.
An operator-independent quality assurance system for automatically generated structure sets
Authors: Bookbinder Alexander , Bobić Mislav , Sharp Gregory C , Nenoff Lena
Published: July 2024

Objective. This study describes geometry-based and intensity-based tools for quality assurance (QA) of automatically generated structures for online adaptive radiotherapy, and designs an operator-independent traffic light system that identifies erroneous structure sets. Approach. A cohort of eight head and neck (HN) patients with daily CBCTs was selected for test development. Radiotherapy contours were propagated from planning computed tomography (CT) to daily cone beam CT (CBCT) using deformable image registration. These propagated structures were visually verified for acceptability. For each CBCT, several error scenarios were used to generate what were judged unacceptable structures. Ten additional HN patients with daily CBCTs and different error scenarios were selected for validation. A suite of tests based on image intensity, intensity gradient, and structure geometry was developed using acceptable and unacceptable HN planning structures. Combinations of one test applied to one structure, referred to as structure-test combinations, were selected for inclusion in the QA system based on their discriminatory power. A traffic light system was used to aggregate the structure-test combinations, and the system was evaluated on all fractions of the ten validation HN patients. Results. The QA system distinguished between acceptable and unacceptable fractions with high accuracy, labeling 294/324 acceptable fractions as green or yellow and 19/20 unacceptable fractions as yellow or red. Significance. This study demonstrates a system to supplement manual review of radiotherapy planning structures. Automated QA is performed by aggregating results from multiple intensity- and geometry-based tests.
Translating contrast enhanced computed tomography images to liver radioembolization dose distribution for more comprehensively indicating patients
Authors: Mehadji Brahim , Ruvalcaba Carlos A , Hernandez Andrew M , Abdelhafez Yasser G , Goldman Roger , Roncali Emilie
Published: July 2024

Objective. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is commonly used in the pre-treatment evaluation of liver Y-90 radioembolization feasibility. CECT provides detailed imaging of the liver and surrounding structures, allowing healthcare providers to assess the size, location, and characteristics of liver tumors prior to the treatment. Here we propose a method for translating CECT images to an expected dose distribution for tumor(s) and normal liver tissue. Approach. A pre-procedure CECT is used to obtain an iodine arterial-phase distribution by subtracting the non-contrast CT from the late arterial phase. The liver segments surrounding the targeted tumor are selected using Couinaud’s method. The resolution of the resulting images is then degraded to match the resolution of the positron emission tomography (PET) images, which can image the Y-90 activity distribution post-treatment. The resulting images are then used in the same way as PET images to compute doses using the local deposition method. CECT images from three patients were used to test this method retrospectively and were compared with Y-90 PET-based dose distributions through dose volume histograms. Main results. Results show a concordance between predicted and delivered Y-90 dose distributions with less than 10% difference in terms of mean dose, for doses greater than 10% of the 98th percentile (D2%). Significance. CECT-derived predictions of Y-90 radioembolization dose distributions seem promising as a supplementary tool for physicians when assessing treatment feasibility. This dosimetry prediction method could provide a more comprehensive pre-treatment evaluation—offering greater insights than a basic assessment of tumor opacification on CT images.
SiamQuality: a ConvNet-based foundation model for photoplethysmography signals
Authors: Ding Cheng , Guo Zhicheng , Chen Zhaoliang , Lee Randall J , Rudin Cynthia , Hu Xiao
Published: July 2024

Objective. Physiological data are often low quality and thereby compromises the effectiveness of related health monitoring. The primary goal of this study is to develop a robust foundation model that can effectively handle low-quality issue in physiological data. Approach. We introduce SiamQuality, a self-supervised learning approach using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) as the backbone. SiamQuality learns to generate similar representations for both high and low quality photoplethysmography (PPG) signals that originate from similar physiological states. We leveraged a substantial dataset of PPG signals from hospitalized intensive care patients, comprised of over 36 million 30 s PPG pairs. Main results. After pre-training the SiamQuality model, it was fine-tuned and tested on six PPG downstream tasks focusing on cardiovascular monitoring. Notably, in tasks such as respiratory rate estimation and atrial fibrillation detection, the model’s performance exceeded the state-of-the-art by 75% and 5%, respectively. The results highlight the effectiveness of our model across all evaluated tasks, demonstrating significant improvements, especially in applications for heart monitoring on wearable devices. Significance. This study underscores the potential of CNNs as a robust backbone for foundation models tailored to physiological data, emphasizing their capability to maintain performance despite variations in data quality. The success of the SiamQuality model in handling real-world, variable-quality data opens new avenues for the development of more reliable and efficient healthcare monitoring technologies.
EuroPED-NN: uncertainty aware surrogate model
Authors: Panera Alvarez A , Ho A , Järvinen A , Saarelma S , Wiesen S ,   JET Contributors,   the ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: July 2024

This work successfully generates an uncertainty-aware surrogate model of the EuroPED plasma pedestal model using the Bayesian neural network with noise contrastive prior (BNN-NCP) technique. This model is trained using data from the JET-ILW pedestal database and subsequent model evaluations, conforming to EuroPED-NN. The BNN-NCP technique has been proven to be a suitable method for generating uncertainty-aware surrogate models. It matches the output results of a regular neural network while providing confidence estimates for predictions as uncertainties. Additionally, it highlights out-of-distribution regions using surrogate model uncertainties. This provides critical insights into model robustness and reliability. EuroPED-NN has been physically validated, first, analyzing electron density

n
e

(

ψ

pol

=
0.94
)

with respect to increasing plasma current,

I
p

, and second, validating the

Δ
−

β

p
,
ped

relation associated with the EuroPED model. This affirms the robustness of the underlying physics learned by the surrogate model. On top of that, the method was used to develop a EuroPED-like model fed with experimental data, i.e. an uncertainty aware experimental model, which is functional in JET database. Both models have been also tested in ∼50 AUG shots.
Novel identification algorithm for plasma boundary gap based on visible endoscope diagnostic on EAST tokamak
Authors: Hu Jiahui , Hou Jiancheng , Han Xiaofeng , Yang Jianhua , Wang Teng , Liu Jianwen , Yan Ning , Wang Yifeng , Sun Pengjun , Ren Mengfang , Xiao Shumei , Zang Qing
Published: July 2024

The precise plasma boundary gap identification at the midplane is a prerequisite for achieving controlled plasma positioning and holds a significant importance for the stable operation of tokamak devices. This study proposes a plasma boundary gap at the midplane recognition algorithm based on visual endoscopy diagnostic. The model is an end-to-end one that uses a convolutional neural network that does not require manual data labeling. The model performance is improved by experimentally comparing different convolutional layers and input image sizes. The model is validated using a testing dataset comprising 400 plasma discharge moments. The model has average errors of 3.7 and 4 mm for gap-in and -out, respectively, when compared to those obtained by equilibrium fitting. The proposed approach offers a convenient and effective means of obtaining the boundary gap value and is particularly suited for future fusion experimental devices, such as BEST and ITER tokamak.
A review on reprogrammable bistable structures
Authors: Zhang Chao , Yin Xiaofeng , Chen Rongchu , Ju Kaiwen , Hao Yinxuan , Wu Tong , Sun Jian , Yang Huxiao , Xu Yan
Published: July 2024

Bistable structures have attracted attention due to their unique properties and potential applications in soft robotics, logic gates and energy harvesting devices. The bi-stability is always an inherent property if the bistable structures are pre-designed. A reprogrammable bistable structure that does not require re-designing and re-fabricating the prototype is highly desirable. Despite its vast potential and burgeoning interest, the field of reprogrammable bistable structures lacks a cohesive and comprehensive review. Therefore, this paper presents a state-of-the-art review of recent advances in the basic structural forms, key parameters determining bistable characteristics, active regulation mechanisms, and potential applications of reprogrammable bistable structures. It also presents the remaining challenges and suggests possible future research directions in the field of reprogrammable bistable structures. This review will provide valuable insights for researchers and engineers to explore the vast potential of reprogrammable bistable structures.
Acoustic emission monitoring of composite marine propellers in submerged conditions using embedded piezoelectric sensors
Authors: Huijer Arnaud , Kassapoglou Christos , Pahlavan Lotfollah
Published: July 2024

Flexible composite marine propellers can aid the marine industry in reducing carbon emissions and underwater radiated noise pollution. The structural integrity of the blades can be assessed using structural health monitoring. One of these methods is the measurement and analysis of damage-induced acoustic emission signals. This paper experimentally investigates the feasibility of using embedded piezoelectric sensors for the measurement of acoustic emissions throughout a submerged flexible composite marine propeller blade. A full-scale glass-fibre reinforced polymer blade has been manufactured with 24 embedded sensors. While suspended in artificial seawater, acoustic emissions were simulated on the blade. The measurements show that the embedded piezoelectric sensors can measure acoustic emissions while the blade is submerged. Further, the distance from source to sensor over which the acoustic emission is measurable was investigated. For a noise level of 40 dB and a source amplitude of 70 dB between 100 and 250 kHz, an average maximum measurable distance of 124 mm was obtained. For higher frequencies, the distance drops and for lower noise levels the distance increases.
Fiber loop quantum buffer for photonic qubits
Authors: Fook Lee Kim , Gül Gamze , Jim Zhao , Kumar Prem
Published: July 2024

We report a fiber loop quantum buffer based on a low-loss 2 × 2 switch and a unit delay made of a fiber delay line. We characterize the device by using a two-photon polarization entangled state in which one photon of the entangled photon pair is stored and retrieved at a repetition rate up to 78 kHz. The device, which enables integer multiples of a unit delay, can store the qubit state in a unit of fiber delay line up to 5.4 km and the number of loop round-trips up to 3. Furthermore, we configure the device with other active elements to realize integer multiplier and divider of a unit delay of a qubit. The quantum state tomography is performed on the retrieved photon and its entangled photon. We obtain a state fidelity

>

94

%

with a maximum storage time of 52 μs with an insertion loss of 5.56 dB. To further characterize the storing and retrieving processes of the device, we perform entanglement-assisted quantum process tomography on the buffered qubit state. The process fidelity of the device is

>

0.98. Our result implies that the device preserves the superposition and entanglement of a qubit state from a two-photon polarization-entangled state. This is a significant step towards facilitating applications in optical asynchronous transfer mode based quantum networks.
Investigation of conjunctivitis adenovirus spread in human eyes by using bifurcation tool and numerical treatment approach
Authors: Javed Faisal , Ahmad Aqeel , Ali Ali Hasan , Hincal Evren , Amjad Ayesha
Published: July 2024

In order to investigate the dynamics of the system, a mathematical model must be created to comprehend the dynamics of various prevalent diseases worldwide. The purpose of this investigation is to explore the early identification and treatment of conjunctivitis adenovirus by introducing vaccination methods for asymptomatic individuals. A mathematical model is constructed with the aim of strengthening the immune system. The ABC operator is then utilized to convert the model into a fractionally ordered one. The developed system is analyzed with analytical solutions by employing Sumudu transforms, including convergence analysis. The boundedness and uniqueness of the model are investigated using Banach space, which are key properties of such epidemic models. The uniqueness of the system is confirmed to ensure it has a unique solution. The stability of the newly constructed SEVIR system is investigated both qualitatively and statistically, and the system’s flip bifurcation has been verified. The developed system is examined through a Lyapunov function-based local and global stability study. The solution to the system is found using the Atangana-Toufik technique, a sophisticated method for reliable bounded solutions, employing various fractional values. Error analysis has also been conducted for the scheme. Simulations have been carried out to observe the real behavior and effects of the conjunctivitis virus, confirming that individuals with a strong immune response can recover without medication during the acute stage of infection. This helps to understand the real situation regarding the control of conjunctivitis adenovirus after early detection and treatment by introducing vaccination measures due to the strong immune response of the patients. Such investigations are useful for understanding the spread of the disease and for developing control strategies based on the justified outcomes.
Correlation equalities and some upper bounds for the coupling constant implying area decay of Wilson loop for Z
3 lattice gauge theories
Authors: Mota A L , Sá Barreto F C
Published: July 2024

Correlation identities are obtained for a Z
3 lattice gauge theory where the bonds of the plaquettes are decorated by generalized three-state Ising variables. Making use of correlation inequalities, we obtain rigorous bounds to the area decay of the Wilson loop observable in a range of the coupling parameter larger than those obtained from mean field theory considerations.
New measurement of the neutron-induced total cross-sections of natCr in a wide energy range on the Back-n at CSNS*
Authors: Li 李 Baoqian 宝钱 , Xiao 肖 Min 敏 , Chen 陈 Yonghao 永浩 , Xue 薛 Jieming 洁明 , Li 李 Xinxiang 鑫祥 , Yi 易 Han 晗 , Cheng 程 Pinjing 品晶 , Liu 刘 Rong 荣 , Yang 羊 Yiwei 奕伟 , Han 韩 Zijie 子杰 , Zhao 赵 Dajun 大俊 , Wang 王 Haoqiang 豪强 , Zhao 赵 Jirong 继荣 , Luan 栾 Peng 鹏 , Liu 刘 Jing 静 , Liu 刘 Zijun 梓隽 , Chen 陈 Chaomin 朝敏 , Luo 罗 Wen 文 , Zheng 郑 Bo 波 , Feng 冯 Song 松
Published: July 2024

The neutron total cross-section of

Cr plays a crucial role in new nuclear engineering design and fundamental science. A new measurement of the neutron-induced total cross-sections of

Cr was performed using the transmission method on the back-streaming white neutron beamline (Back-n) at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). The neutron energy was determined using the time-of-flight technique. The neutron total cross-sections of

Cr were obtained across a broad energy range (0.3 eV−20 MeV) in one experiment for the first time. The resulting effective total cross-sections were compared with the existing experimental data in different energy ranges, which revealed good agreement with the evaluated libraries. Theoretical calculation of the total cross-section in the energy range of 1.5 to 20 MeV was then conducted using TALYS-1.96 and compared with the present results. The measurement provides a high-quality total cross-section of

Cr, including detailed uncertainty data across a wide energy range, offering a valuable reference for nuclear data re-evaluation and nuclear engineering design.
Evolution of pre-damaged ITER grade plasma facing components under WEST plasma exposure: smoothing and tungsten sources
Authors: Richou M. , Corre Y. , Diez M. , Durif A. , Guillemaut C. , Reilhac P. , Tichit Q. , Tsitrone E. , Dorow-Gerspach D. , Loewenhoff Th. , Wirtz M. , Grosjean A. , Martin C. , Giacometti G. , Aretz A. , Spahn M. , Gaspar J. ,   the WEST Team
Published: July 2024

The evaluation of the impact of plasma-facing units (PFUs) damage on subsequent plasma operation is an important issue for ITER. This is one of the topic addressed by the operation of dedicated PFUs in WEST. From the start of WEST in 2017, few ITER grade divertor PFUs were tested in the lower divertor for short plasma exposure (experimental campaigns C1–C5). A PFU is an assembly of tungsten blocks on CuCrZr tube via pure copper interlayer. Since 2022, WEST operates with a lower divertor fully equipped with ITER grade PFUs (experimental campaign C6–C7) with long duration plasma exposure capabilities. To test the ageing of the ITER-grade PFUs on an accelerated basis, well controlled damage was implemented on purpose with electron beam loading on the plasma facing surface of two different PFUs (pre-damage#1 and #2 featuring different level of damage). Damage tackled in this study is induced by the loading with numerous transient heat loading events to mimic the ELM impact on the ITER grade PFU. This paper presents the damage before and after WEST plasma exposure and shows the tungsten sources and temperature of the block measured during the operation. On damaged area, surface roughening is heterogeneous. With WEST campaigns (C3, C4 and C7) respectively ended in (2018, 2019 and 2023) a global smoothing of the pre-damaged surfaces, in particular those located in the high loaded erosion area, is observed. No evolution of the crack is observed in the electron beam loaded area, while new cracking are observed on non pre-damaged area on the tungsten top surfaces in highly loaded areas (outer strike point) after significant plasma duration and cumulated energy (first observation in C4 and tends to be confirmed with preliminary observations after the C7 campaign). Smoothing is less pronounced after the 2018 campaign, which may be due to the related short plasma duration. The surface smoothing of blocks also depends on their poloidal position. For PFU which has no shaping, toroidal positioning within a block has no influence on the surface smoothing. After 2019 and 2023 campaigns, equivalent relative smoothing is obtained (between 19 and 32%). For the explored plasma conditions, damage has no influence on the maximum brightness of W.
Conceptual design of a modular EC heating system for EU-DEMO
Authors: Bruschi Alessandro , Hogge Jean-Philippe , Jelonnek John , Strauss Dirk , Wu Chuanren , Aiello Gaetano , Avramidis Kostas , Baiocchi Benedetta , Birlan Daniel , Chavan René , Chelis Ioannis , Clement Arnaud , Collaku Aldo , Crisinel Fabien , Difonzo Rosa , Ell Benjamin , Fanale Francesco , Fanelli Pierluigi , Figini Lorenzo , Gajetti Eleonora , Gantenbein Gerd , Garavaglia Saul , Goodman Timothy P. , Illy Stefan , Ioannidis Zisis , Jin Jambo , Latsas George , Marraco Borderas Cinta L. , Marsen Stefan , Moro Alessandro , Noël Marc , Peponis Dimitrios , Pinna Tonio , Platania Paola , Rispoli Natale , Ruess Tobias , Rzesnicki Tomasz , Salvitti Alessandra , Savoldi Laura , Scherer Theo , Schreck Sabine , Simonetto Alessandro , Spaeh Peter , Stanculovic Sebastian , Stange Torsten , Thumm Manfred , Tigelis Ioannis , Tsironis Christos , Wagner Dietmar , Xydou Anastasia
Published: July 2024

The European DEMO (EU-DEMO) reactor studies within EUROfusion aim to develop a fusion power plant concept. The large tokamak device needs an auxiliary heating power which, at the present stage, is provided by the Electron Cyclotron (EC) heating system with up to 130 MW foreseen to reach different regions of plasma for heating, suppression of instabilities and the possibility to support ramp-up and ramp-down phases. The present conceptual design of the system is based on 2 MW coaxial-cavity gyrotron sources, a transmission line (TL) using both circular corrugated waveguides and quasi-optical evacuated multi-beam TLs, and mirror antennas located in the Equatorial Port. In order to create a modular system, the sources are grouped in ‘clusters’, whose powers are combined in the quasi-optical TL, up to the tokamak building, where they are split and routed as single waveguides. In the launcher, they are combined together again on the launching mirrors, to save space for the apertures in the Breeding Blanket. The present EC heating system has a certain flexibility to adapt to changing design guidelines. The development status of the system is presented.
Simulation study of the influence of drifts on the upstream and target heat flux width under different B
T directions
Authors: Guo Jin , Mao Shifeng , Meng Lingyi , Xu Guoliang , Ding Rui , Ye Minyou
Published: July 2024

The heat flux width (λq
) is a key parameter determining the heat load at divertor targets. In recent years, drifts have been found to play a remarkable role in the edge plasma transport, while its influence on λq
has not been well understood. Investigations of the influence of drifts on λq
, systematic simulations using the SOLPS-ITER code are performed in this work. The statistics of the simulation results show that the drift under favorable/unfavorable B
T tends to increase the λq
in the outer/inner side and decrease the λq
in the other side, which is consistent with the experiment observations. At the upstream and the target, the mechanisms of the influence of the drifts on λq
are different. The upstream λq
(λq

,u) is directly affected by the drift-induced convective heat flux, while λq
at the target (λq

,t) is indirectly influenced through heat conduction (in the high-recycling regime) and the sheath (in the detached regime) due to the change of plasma parameters there. Furthermore, the synergetic effect of geometry and drift under favorable B
T leads to an anomalously large λq

,t in the inner side at high density.
Wind turbine real-time data analysis and monitoring and warning system based on Storm
Authors: Zhang Pizhen , Xia Yan , Hou Rongxu , Yang Weiyin
Published: July 2024

This paper introduces a real-time data analysis and monitoring and warning system for wind turbines based on Storm platform. Firstly, the framework and core components of Storm technology are introduced in detail, as well as the related Kafka technology. At the same time, the method of data forecasting is introduced. In state prediction algorithm based on naive Bayes, the basic idea of naive Bayes algorithm is introduced in detail, and the pseudo-code setting meter of the algorithm is given. In addition, the wind turbine condition warning algorithm is designed and implemented. In the chapter of real-time data analysis and early warning system design and implementation for wind turbine, the database is designed, including the design of MySQL database and HBase database, the design and reality of real-time data analysis and visualization system, and the design and reality of wind turbine fault early warning system. Finally, in the chapter of system test and analysis, the system environment and test data set are described, and the prediction algorithm based on naive Bayes is tested and the system is tested.
Particle identification with machine learning from incomplete data in the ALICE experiment
Authors: Karwowska Maja , Graczykowski Łukasz , Deja Kamil , Kasak Miłosz , Janik Małgorzata ,   the ALICE collaboration
Published: July 2024

The ALICE experiment at the LHC measures properties of the strongly interacting matter
formed in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. Such studies require accurate particle
identification (PID). ALICE provides PID information via several detectors for particles with
momentum from about 100 MeV/c up to 20 GeV/c. Traditionally, particles are selected with
rectangular cuts. A much better performance can be achieved with machine learning (ML)
methods. Our solution uses multiple neural networks (NN) serving as binary classifiers. Moreover,
we extended our particle classifier with Feature Set Embedding and attention in order to train on
data with incomplete samples. We also present the integration of the ML project with the ALICE
analysis software, and we discuss domain adaptation, the ML technique needed to transfer the
knowledge between simulated and real experimental data.
Distributing circuits over heterogeneous, modular quantum computing network architectures
Authors: Andres-Martinez Pablo , Forrer Tim , Mills Daniel , Wu Jun-Yi , Henaut Luciana , Yamamoto Kentaro , Murao Mio , Duncan Ross
Published: July 2024

We consider a heterogeneous network of quantum computing modules, sparsely connected via Bell states. Operations across these connections constitute a computational bottleneck and they are likely to add more noise to the computation than operations performed within a module. We introduce several techniques for transforming a given quantum circuit into one implementable on such a network, minimising the number of Bell states required to do so. We extend previous works on circuit distribution to the case of heterogeneous networks. On the one hand, we extend the hypergraph approach of Andres-Martinez and Heunen (2019 Phys. Rev. A 100 032308) to arbitrary network topologies, and we propose the use of Steiner trees to detect and reuse common connections, further reducing the cost of entanglement sharing within the network. On the other hand, we extend the embedding techniques of Wu et al (2023 Quantum
7 1196) to networks with more than two modules. We show that, with careful manipulation of trade-offs, these two new approaches can be combined into a single automated framework. Our proposal is implemented and benchmarked; the results confirm that our contributions make noticeable improvements upon the aforementioned works and complement their weaknesses.
Integer programming using a single atom
Authors: Goswami Kapil , Schmelcher Peter , Mukherjee Rick
Published: July 2024

Integer programming (IP), as the name suggests is an integer-variable-based approach commonly used to formulate real-world optimization problems with constraints. Currently, quantum algorithms reformulate the IP into an unconstrained form through the use of binary variables, which is an indirect and resource-consuming way of solving it. We develop an algorithm that maps and solves an IP problem in its original form to any quantum system possessing a large number of accessible internal degrees of freedom that are controlled with sufficient accuracy. This work leverages the principle of superposition to solve the optimization problem. Using a single Rydberg atom as an example, we associate the integer values to electronic states belonging to different manifolds and implement a selective superposition of different states to solve the full IP problem. The optimal solution is found within a few microseconds for prototypical IP problems with up to eight variables and four constraints. This also includes non-linear IP problems, which are usually harder to solve with classical algorithms when compared to their linear counterparts. Our algorithm for solving IP is benchmarked by a well-known classical algorithm (branch and bound) in terms of the number of steps needed for convergence to the solution. This approach carries the potential to improve the solutions obtained for larger-size problems using hybrid quantum–classical algorithms.
Enhanced rate capability and capacity of LIB full cells achieved through aerosol jet printing
Authors: Rodriguez Rodrigo , Deiner L Jay , Tsao Bang-Hung , Fellner Joseph P
Published: July 2024

Thick lithium-iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes (31 mg cm−2) with rationally engineered pore structure and tortuosity were manufactured with an aerosol jet (AJ) printer. Cathode pore structuring was tuned by controlling the rate at which the printed ink dried. Slow-drying prints yielded smoother cathodes while fast-drying prints resulted in mesoscale structuring with substantial surface roughness. X-ray tomography further revealed that the rapid drying of AJ printed LFP cathodes produced low-tortuosity pore channels which were preserved after calendering. Full cells comprised of AJ print optimized LFP cathodes, with 30 mg cm−2 active material loadings, and capacity-matched, AJ printed lithium titanate anodes were assembled and electrochemically tested. Performance of the AJ printed full cells was compared to tape-cast (TC) full cells. At equivalent electrode loadings, compositions, and thicknesses, the AJ full cells outperformed the TC cells, averaging approximately 14% greater capacity per cycle after 100 cycles at a C/2 rate. Furthermore, at 1C, the AJ printed full cells realized a near two-fold increase in discharge capacity over the TC cells.
Difficulties and approaches in enabling learning-in-memory using crossbar arrays of memristors
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Yang , Wang Ming
Published: July 2024

Crossbar arrays of memristors are promising to accelerate the deep learning algorithm as a non-von-Neumann architecture, where the computation happens at the location of the memory. The computations are parallelly conducted employing the basic physical laws. However, current research works mainly focus on the offline training of deep neural networks, i.e. only the information forwarding is accelerated by the crossbar array. Two other essential operations, i.e. error backpropagation and weight update, are mostly simulated and coordinated by a conventional computer in von Neumann architecture, respectively. Several different in situ learning schemes incorporating error backpropagation and/or weight updates have been proposed and investigated through neuromorphic simulation. Nevertheless, they met the issues of non-ideal synaptic behaviors of the memristors and the complexities of the neural circuits surrounding crossbar arrays. Here we review the difficulties and approaches in implementing the error backpropagation and weight update operations for online training or in-memory learning that are adapted to noisy and non-ideal memristors. We hope this work will be beneficial for the development of open neuromorphic simulation tools for learning-in-memory systems, and eventually for the hardware implementation of such as system.
ETLP: event-based three-factor local plasticity for online learning with neuromorphic hardware
Authors: Quintana Fernando M , Perez-Peña Fernando , Galindo Pedro L , Neftci Emre O , Chicca Elisabetta , Khacef Lyes
Published: July 2024

Neuromorphic perception with event-based sensors, asynchronous hardware, and spiking neurons shows promise for real-time, energy-efficient inference in embedded systems. Brain-inspired computing aims to enable adaptation to changes at the edge with online learning. However, the parallel and distributed architectures of neuromorphic hardware based on co-localized compute and memory imposes locality constraints to the on-chip learning rules. We propose the event-based three-factor local plasticity (ETLP) rule that uses the pre-synaptic spike trace, the post-synaptic membrane voltage and a third factor in the form of projected labels with no error calculation, that also serve as update triggers. ETLP is applied to visual and auditory event-based pattern recognition using feedforward and recurrent spiking neural networks. Compared to back-propagation through time, eProp and DECOLLE, ETLP achieves competitive accuracy with lower computational complexity. We also show that when using local plasticity, threshold adaptation in spiking neurons and a recurrent topology are necessary to learn spatio-temporal patterns with a rich temporal structure. Finally, we provide a proof of concept hardware implementation of ETLP on FPGA to highlight the simplicity of its computational primitives and how they can be mapped into neuromorphic hardware for online learning with real-time interaction and low energy consumption.
Introduction
Authors: Goff Matthew
Published: July 2024

This chapter lays out the scope and structure of the volume—that it will cover the books generally called the Apocrypha, as laid out in the New Oxford Annotated Bible. Each chapter will provide a concise overview of a given book. The sequence of books covered for most of the present volume follows the organization of the Apocrypha in the original edition of the King James Bible (1611). This chapter also discusses the pluriform nature of scripture in antiquity and the history of the term “apocrypha” as a literary category and the adoption of the word by early Protestants. “Apocrypha” was often used to describe books which should not be considered scripture.
Exile? What Exile?
Authors: Goff Matthew
Published: July 2024

This chapter provides an overview of 1 Esdras (also called 3 Ezra), which is the Old Testament in the Eastern Orthodox tradition, but not in the Catholic or Protestant Bible. The book, likely written in the second century bce, offers a version of how Judah established its society after the Babylonian exile. The chapter suggests that 3 Ezra reworks a now lost, older text that must have been similar to the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. 1 Esdras presents post-exilic Judah as restoring an ideal level of piety that was achieved under King Josiah before the exile. The book emphasizes the accomplishments of Zerubbabel and Ezra in a way that erases the historical significance of the exile and the destruction of the temple.
The Death of the Eagle and the Return of the Torah
Authors: Goff Matthew
Published: July 2024

The chapter provides a general overview of 4 Ezra (also called 2 Esdras). The book confronts the trauma of losing the Jerusalem temple, which the Roman Empire destroyed circa 70 ce. In the first part of 4 Ezra, Ezra is distraught and argues with an angel about whether the people of Israel can attain salvation. At the end of the book, Ezra, like Moses, restores the scriptures of Israel. The book stresses Torah observance and imminent eschatology. The former became important in rabbinic Judaism and the latter in Christianity, neither of which existed when 4 Ezra was written, in the forms they do today. 4 Ezra suggests that some Jews in the late first century ce reinvented their traditions in ways that resonate with and differ from what became rabbinic Judaism and Christianity. The chapter also covers the interpretation of 4 Ezra in the early modern period.
All’s Well That Ends Well
Authors: Goff Matthew
Published: July 2024

This chapter offers an overview of the book of Tobit, which is in the Catholic Old Testament and the Protestant Apocrypha. It is an ancient Jewish narrative, a kind of short story, that focuses on one family which was among the northern Israelites exiled to Assyria in the eighth century bce. Tobit is a pious patriarch who loses his sight and wants to die. God instead decides to help him and through a complicated series of events restores his sight. God also frees Sarah from the influence of a demon; she goes on to marry Tobias, Tobit’s son. A key message of the book is providence—that God rewards righteousness in his own way, which is often difficult for humans to discern.
Judith, the Queen of Hearts
Authors: Goff Matthew
Published: July 2024

The chapter is on the book of Judith, which is in the Catholic Old Testament and the Protestant Apocrypha. The book is an ancient Jewish story about a woman named Judith. When the powerful Assyrian army, led by the general Holofernes, threatens Israel, Judith saves the day. She goes to the Assyrian camp dressed in finery, under the false pretense of giving the Assyrians knowledge about how to defeat Israel. Judith tempts their general Holofernes with sexual allure, and when they are alone together in his tent, she chops off his head. The book creatively uses gender tropes to convey that with God the weak can overpower the strong. The chapter also focuses on the reception of the book of Judith, particularly in the early modern period. She serves as a kind of lens with which to gauge how people over the centuries expressed their support for, anxiety over, and hostility toward women with power.
Variations of a Beloved Tale
Authors: Goff Matthew
Published: July 2024

This chapter is on the book of Esther. It is a popular book among Jewish readers because it lays out the origins of Purim, a Jewish holiday. Purim celebrates the story of Esther—that a powerful man, Haman, attempts to exterminate Jews throughout the ancient Persian Empire, but his heinous plot is thwarted by the Jew Mordecai and his cousin Esther, a beautiful woman who becomes the queen. The chapter focuses on the extensive differences between the versions of Esther in the Hebrew Bible and the Greek Septuagint. The Septuagint preserves an expansive retelling of the book. It adds dialogue and makes the role of God more explicit—he is mentioned throughout Septuagint Esther but never in Hebrew Esther.
The Noble Philosophy of Judaism
Authors: Goff Matthew
Published: July 2024

This chapter is on the Wisdom of Solomon, a book of the Catholic Old Testament and the Protestant Apocrypha. The book, written in Greek, is presented as an exhortation by the legendary King Solomon. It offers an extensive depiction of wisdom personified as a woman, not unlike the book of Proverbs, and the composition offers an extensive retelling of the Exodus story. The Wisdom of Solomon also richly incorporates tropes from Hellenistic philosophy, such as the Stoic view that divine reason is a soul or spirit that pervades the cosmos, which is how the composition describes wisdom. The Wisdom of Solomon frames the Jewish religion and its scriptural heritage not as the tradition of a particular people, but rather as a type of moral philosophy that is of benefit to all humankind, able to inculcate a love for wisdom and instill an accurate understanding of the world in all people.