bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Therapy-Induced Senescence Enhances the Efficacy of HER2-Targeted Antibody–Drug Conjugates in Breast Cancer
Authors: Duro-Sánchez Santiago , Nadal-Serrano Mercedes , Lalinde-Gutiérrez Marta , Arenas Enrique Javier , Bernadó Morales Cristina , Morancho Beatriz , Escorihuela Marta , Pérez-Ramos Sandra , Escrivá-de-Romaní Santiago , Gandullo-Sánchez Lucía , Pandiella Atanasio , Esteve-Codina Anna , Rodilla Verónica , Dijcks Fred A. , Dokter Wim H.A. , Cortés Javier , Saura Cristina , Arribas Joaquín
Published: October 2022

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADC) are antineoplastic agents recently introduced into the antitumor arsenal. T-DM1, a trastuzumab-based ADC that relies on lysosomal processing to release the payload, is approved for HER2-positive breast cancer. Next-generation ADCs targeting HER2, such as [vic-]trastuzumab duocarmazine (SYD985), bear linkers cleavable by lysosomal proteases and membrane-permeable drugs, mediating a bystander effect by which neighboring antigen-negative cells are eliminated. Many antitumor therapies, like DNA-damaging agents or CDK4/6 inhibitors, can induce senescence, a cellular state characterized by stable cell-cycle arrest. Another hallmark of cellular senescence is the enlargement of the lysosomal compartment. Given the relevance of the lysosome to the mechanism of action of ADCs, we hypothesized that therapies that induce senescence would potentiate the efficacy of HER2-targeting ADCs. Treatment with the DNA-damaging agent doxorubicin and CDK4/6 inhibitor induced lysosomal enlargement and senescence in several breast cancer cell lines. While senescence-inducing drugs did not increase the cytotoxic effect of ADCs on target cells, the bystander effect was enhanced when HER2-negative cells were cocultured with HER2-low cells. Knockdown experiments demonstrated the importance of cathepsin B in the enhanced bystander effect, suggesting that cathepsin B mediates linker cleavage. In breast cancer patient-derived xenografts, a combination treatment of CDK4/6 inhibitor and SYD985 showed improved antitumor effects over either treatment alone. These data support the strategy of combining next-generation ADCs targeting HER2 with senescence-inducing therapies for tumors with heterogenous and low HER2 expression.

Significance:

Combining ADCs against HER2-positive breast cancers with therapies that induce cellular senescence may improve their therapeutic efficacy by facilitating a bystander effect against antigen-negative tumor cells.
Safety, Outcomes, and T-Cell Characteristics in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory MDS or CMML Treated with Atezolizumab in Combination with Guadecitabine
Authors: O'Connell Casey L. , Baer Maria R. , Ørskov Andreas Due , Saini Sunil Kumar , Duong Vu H. , Kropf Patricia , Hansen Jakob Werner , Tsao-Wei Denice , Jang Hyo Sik , Emadi Ashkan , Holmberg-Thyden Staffan , Cowland Jack , Brinker Brett T. , Horwood Kristin , Burgos Ryan , Hostetter Galen , Youngblood Benjamin A. , Hadrup Sine Reker , Issa Jean-Pierre , Jones Peter , Baylin Stephen B. , Siddiqi Imran , Grønbaek Kirsten
Published: October 2022

Purpose:

We hypothesized that resistance to hypomethylating agents (HMA) among patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) would be overcome by combining a programmed death-ligand 1 antibody with an HMA.

Patients and Methods:

We conducted a Phase I/II, multicenter clinical trial for patients with MDS not achieving an International Working Group response after at least 4 cycles of an HMA (“refractory”) or progressing after a response (“relapsed”) with 3+ or higher risk MDS by the revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) and CMML-1 or -2. Phase I consisted of a 3+3 dose-escalation design beginning with guadecitabine at 30 mg/m2 and escalating to 60 mg/m2 Days 1 to 5 with fixed-dose atezolizumab: 840 mg intravenously Days 8 and 22 of a 28-day cycle. Primary endpoints were safety and tolerability; secondary endpoints were overall response rate (ORR) and survival.

Results:

Thirty-three patients, median age 73 (range 54–85), were treated. Thirty patients had MDS and 3 had CMML, with 30% relapsed and 70% refractory. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed in Phase I. There were 3 (9%) deaths in ≤ 30 days. Five patients (16%) came off study for drug-related toxicity. Immune-related adverse events (IRAE) occurred in 12 (36%) patients (4 grade 3, 3 grade 2, and 5 grade1). ORR was 33% [95% confidence interval (CI), 19%–52%] with 2 complete remission (CR), 3 hematologic improvement, 5 marrow CR, and 1 partial remission. Median overall survival was 15.1 (95% CI, 8.5–25.3) months.

Conclusions:

Guadecitabine with atezolizumab has modest efficacy with manageable IRAEs and typical cytopenia-related safety concerns for patients with relapsed or refractory MDS and CMML.
hENT1 Expression Predicts Response to Gemcitabine and Nab-Paclitaxel in Advanced Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Perera Sheron , Jang Gun Ho , Wang Yifan , Kelly Deirdre , Allen Michael , Zhang Amy , Denroche Robert E. , Dodd Anna , Ramotar Stephanie , Hutchinson Shawn , Tehfe Mustapha , Ramjeesingh Ravi , Biagi James , Lam Bernard , Wilson Julie , Fischer Sandra E. , Zogopoulos George , Notta Faiyaz , Gallinger Steven , Grant Robert C. , Knox Jennifer J. , O'Kane Grainne M.
Published: October 2022

Purpose:

Modified FOLFIRINOX (mFFX) and gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel (GnP) remain standard first-line options for patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) was hypothesized to be a biomarker of gemcitabine in the adjuvant setting, with conflicting results. In this study, we explore hENT1 mRNA expression as a predictive biomarker in advanced PDAC.

Experimental Design:

COMPASS was a prospective observational trial of patients with advanced PDAC. A biopsy was required prior to initiating chemotherapy, as determined by treating physician. Biopsies underwent laser capture microdissection prior to whole genome and RNA sequencing. The cut-off thresholds for hENT1 expression were determined using the maximal χ2 statistic.

Results:

253 patients were included in the analyses with a median follow-up of 32 months, with 138 patients receiving mFFX and 92 receiving GnP. In the intention to treat population, median overall survival (OS) was 10.0 months in hENT1high versus 7.9 months in hENT1low (P = 0.02). In patients receiving mFFX, there was no difference in overall response rate (ORR; 35% vs. 28%, P = 0.56) or median OS (10.6 vs. 10.5 months, P = 0.45). However, in patients treated with GnP, the ORR was significantly higher in hENT1high compared with hENT1low tumors (43% vs. 21%, P = 0.038). Median OS in this GnP-treated cohort was 10.6 months in hENT1high versus 6.7 months hENT1low (P < 0.001). In an interaction analysis, hENT1 was predictive of treatment response to GnP (interaction P = 0.002).

Conclusions:

In advanced PDAC, hENT1 mRNA expression predicts ORR and OS in patients receiving GnP.
Tinengotinib (TT-00420), a Novel Spectrum-Selective Small-Molecule Kinase Inhibitor, Is Highly Active Against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Peng Peng , Qiang Xiaoyan , Li Guoyu , Li Lin , Ni Shumao , Yu Qi , Sourd Laura , Marangoni Elisabetta , Hu Chao , Wang Dong , Wu Di , Wu Frank
Published: October 2022

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous cancer lacking actionable targets. Using a phenotypic screen of TNBC cells, we discovered a novel multiple kinase inhibitor tinengotinib (TT-00420) that strongly inhibited Aurora A/B, FGFR1/2/3, VEGFRs, JAK1/2, and CSF1R in biochemical assays. Exposure to tinengotinib specifically inhibited proliferation across all subtypes of TNBC in vitro and in vivo, while leaving luminal breast cancer cells intact. Incubation of HCC1806 with tinengotinib led to dose-dependent downregulation of genes essential for TNBC cell growth and proliferation. Studies revealed that the potential mechanism of action of tinengotinib involved, predominantly, inhibition of Aurora A or B kinase activity, while inhibition of other pathways contributed to suppression of potency and activity. In vitro treatment of TNBC cell lines or in vivo administration in a syngeneic model with tinengotinib resulted in up-regulation of CXCL10 and 11 or diminished tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) infiltration. Tinengotinib represents a novel combinatorial inhibitory mechanism to treat TNBC. The phase I trial of tinengotinib was completed (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03654547).
Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy Targeting Podoplanin-Expressing Cancer Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
Authors: Kato Takuya , Furusawa Aki , Okada Ryuhei , Inagaki Fuyuki , Wakiyama Hiroaki , Furumoto Hideyuki , Fukushima Hiroshi , Okuyama Shuhei , Choyke Peter L. , Kobayashi Hisataka
Published: October 2022

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a new cancer treatment that uses an antibody-IRDye700DX (IR700) conjugate that binds to a target followed by the application of NIR light that results in dramatic changes in solubility of the conjugate leading to rapid cell membrane damage and highly immunogenic cell death. NIR-PIT has been used clinically in treating advanced head and neck cancers using an anti-EGFR antibody-IR700 conjugate and has been conditionally approved for clinical use in Japan. NIR-PIT can be employed using a wide range of targeting antibodies. Podoplanin (PDPN), also known as gp38, is a 38 kDa type-1 transmembrane protein associated with lymphatic vessels. In cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), PDPN expression has been widely reported and correlates with poor outcomes in several cancer types. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of PDPN-targeted NIR-PIT in syngenetic mouse models of cancer. PDPN-targeted NIR-PIT destroyed PDPN-expressing cancer cells and CAFs selectively, suppressing tumor progression and prolonging survival with minimal damage to lymphatic vessels compared with the control group. Interestingly, PDPN-targeted NIR-PIT also exerted a therapeutic effect by targeting CAFs in tumor models which do not express in cancer cells. Furthermore, increased cytotoxic T cells in the tumor bed after PDPN-targeted NIR-PIT were observed, suggesting enhanced host antitumor immunity. Thus, PDPN-targeted NIR-PIT is a promising new cancer therapy strategy for PDPN-expressing cancer cells and CAFs.
Safety of Apixaban Monotherapy for Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation-Related Acute Stroke with Intra-/Extracranial Artery Stenosis
Authors: Koyanagi Masaomi , Hatano Taketo , Uchida Kazutaka , Ogura Takenori , Yamagami Hiroshi , Shibata Masunari , Enomoto Yukiko , Fukawa Norihito , Matsumoto Yasushi , Sakai Nobuyuki , Takeuchi Masataka , Nonaka Tadashi , Shimizu Fuminori , Ezura Masayuki , Ota Takahiro , Ohta Hajime , Morimoto Masafumi , Morimoto Takeshi , Yoshimura Shinichi ,   on behalf of ALVO investigators
Published: October 2022

Introduction: We investigated whether apixaban is safe for the prevention of further adverse events in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients with intra-/extracranial artery stenosis (Stenosis group) compared with acute large vessel occlusion without intra-/extracranial artery stenosis (No stenosis group). We also examined whether combination therapy using apixaban and antiplatelet is safe. Methods: ALVO (Apixaban on clinical outcome of patients with Large Vessel Occlusion [LVO] or stenosis) was a historical and prospective multicenter registry at 38 centers in Japan. Patients with NVAF and acute LVO or stenosis who received apixaban within 14 days after onset were included. We conducted the post hoc analysis using the ALVO dataset. We compared patients with stenosis versus those without stenosis in terms of the primary outcome, which was defined as a composite of all-cause death, major bleeding events, and ischemic events 365 days after onset. Results: Of the 662 patients, 54 (8.2%) patients were classified into the Stenosis group, and 104 patients of the total (16%) reached the primary outcome. The cumulative incidence of primary outcome was not significantly different between the No stenosis and the Stenosis groups (hazard ratio [HR] 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.64–2.4; p = 0.52). Even after adjustment for predictive clinical variates, no significant difference in the primary endpoint between the No stenosis and the Stenosis groups was shown (adjusted HR 1.2, 95% CI: 0.59–2.5; p = 0.60). Fifty patients (7.6%) used an antiplatelet with apixaban. Among the Stenosis group patients, the cumulative incidence of the primary outcome was significantly higher among patients treated with an antiplatelet and apixaban (HR 3.5, 95% CI: 1.0–12; p = 0.048). Conclusion: Apixaban monotherapy appears safe for the prevention of further adverse events in the Stenosis group patients similar to the No stenosis group patients. Concomitant use of an antiplatelet might not be favorable in patients with stenosis.
Orthographic Depth May Influence the Degree of Severity of Maze Learning Performance in Children at Risk for Reading Disorder
Authors: Gabel Lisa A. , Battison Alexandria , Truong Dongnhu T. , Lindström Esther R. , Voss Kelsey , Yu Yih-Choung , Roongruengratanakul Sorawit , Shyntassov Khaknazar , Riebesell Samantha , Toumanios Nicole , Nielsen-Pheiffer Christiana M. , Paniagua Steven , Gruen Jeffrey R.
Published: October 2022

Reading disability (RD), which affects between 5 and 17% of the population worldwide, is the most prevalent form of learning disability, and is associated with underactivation of a universal reading network in children. However, recent research suggests there are differences in learning rates on cognitive predictors of reading performance, as well as differences in activation patterns within the reading neural network, based on orthographic depth (i.e., transparent/shallow vs. deep/opaque orthographies) in children with RD. Recently, we showed that native English-speaking children with RD exhibit impaired performance on a maze learning task that taps into the same neural networks that are activated during reading. In addition, we demonstrated that genetic risk for RD strengthens the relationship between reading impairment and maze learning performance. However, it is unclear whether the results from these studies can be broadly applied to children from other language orthographies. In this study, we examined whether low reading skill was associated with poor maze learning performance in native English-speaking and native German-speaking children, and the influence of genetic risk for RD on cognition and behavior. In addition, we investigated the link between genetic risk and performance on this task in an orthographically diverse sample of children attending an English-speaking international school in Germany. The results from our data suggest that children with low reading skill, or with a genetic risk for reading impairment, exhibit impaired performance on the maze learning task, regardless of orthographic depth. However, these data also suggest that orthographic depth influences the degree of impairment on this task. The maze learning task requires the involvement of various cognitive processes and neural networks that underlie reading, but is not influenced by potential differences in reading experience due to lack of text or oral reporting. As a fully automated tool, it does not require specialized training to administer, and current results suggest it may be a practicable screening tool for early identification of reading impairment across orthographies.
Know thy tools! Limits of popular algorithms used for topic reconstruction
Authors: Held Matthias
Published: October 2022

To reconstruct topics in bibliometric networks, one must use algorithms. Specifically, researchers often apply algorithms from the class of network community detection algorithms (such as the Louvain algorithm) that are general-purpose algorithms not intentionally programmed for a bibliometric task. Each algorithm has specific properties “inscribed,” which distinguish it from the others. It can thus be assumed that different algorithms are more or less suitable for a given bibliometric task. However, the suitability of a specific algorithm when it is applied for topic reconstruction is rarely reflected upon. Why choose this algorithm and not another? In this study, I assess the suitability of four community detection algorithms for topic reconstruction, by first deriving the properties of the phenomenon to be reconstructed—topics—and comparing if these match with the properties of the algorithms. The results suggest that the previous use of these algorithms for bibliometric purposes cannot be justified by their specific suitability for this task.
Stolonochloa, a new Australian genus segregated from Panicum (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae: Boivinellinae) based on phenetic analysis of morphological data
Authors: THOMPSON EDWARD JOHN
Published: October 2022

The genus, Stolonochloa is described and two new combinations Stolonochloa lachnophylla and S. pygmaea are segregated from Panicum s.s.. Differentiating morphological characters for the new genus are compared with other genera of the subtribe Boivinellinae. Phenetic analyses showed Stolonochloa has closest morphological similarity to Entolasia and Ottochloa in the Australian Boivinellinae but differs by characters including inflorescence type, indumentum on the apex of the upper lemma, papillae on the upper floret, and anatomy of the inflorescence culm. Stolonochloa differs from Panicum s.s. by having C3 photosynthetic pathway and several other characters. The consistency of results from multiple cluster analyses was evaluated by comparison with results from analyses of a baseline dataset that consisted of scores for 133 morphological characters and 18 species, representing seven putative Australian genera from subtribe Boivinellinae, and three species of Panicum s.s. The analyses included variations in the composition of the dataset in terms of sample size, subsets of the baseline character set and character format, and the cluster algorithm including ordination and classification, and two association measures.The process used permitted recognition of morphological similarities and differences necessary for descriptions, keys and natural groups as part of alpha and beta taxonomy.
Reinstatement of Aloe longibracteata (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), a maculate aloe from northeastern South Africa
Authors: SMITH GIDEON F. , KLOPPER RONELL R.
Published: October 2022

Aloe longibracteata (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), a South African endemic aloe, which in the past has been regarded as belonging in the synonymy of A. greatheadii var. davyana, is reinstated as an accepted species. It differs from A. davyana var. davyana, which recently has been separated from A. greatheadii, in several reproductive morphological characters, most notably the fewer-branched inflorescences, much longer bracts, and the larger flowers and fruit, as well as the more densely-leaved rosettes. Aloe longibracteata is comprehensively compared to A. davyana var. davyana, illustrated, and a map of its natural geographical distribution range is provided. The typification of the name A. longibracteata is clarified and resolved, inter alia through designating an epitype.
A new species of Mattiastrum (Boraginaceae) from Turkey
Authors: HAMZAOĞLU ERGİN , ÖZBEK FUNDA
Published: October 2022

Some samples belonging to the family Boraginaceae that look interesting due to their erect stem, dense stem leaves, small flowers, and large nutlets have been collected around Tödürge Lake in the Zara district (Sivas, Turkey). As a result of the detailed investigations, it has been determined that these specimens are attributed to the genus Mattiastrum and they are similar to M. cappadocicum with their almost entire nutlets and their anthers attaching to the below part of the corolla fornices. While the new samples and their closely related species M. cappadocicum show similarities with their radially symmetrical, isopolar, 6-heterocolpate, and ectocingulate pollen grains, they differ in pollen size and shape, the length of colpus and pseudocolpus, and exine sculpturing. The Zara specimens are also different from M. cappadocicum by their dense imbricate stem leaves, oblong inflorescence, and completely glabrous, large (9.5–11 mm in diam.) nutlets with entire margins, and we therefore conclude that they belong to a new species. The description, photographs, general ecological preferences, conservation status in the light of current data, and also pollen morphological characteristics of the newly identified species are given.
Chapter 1
Authors: Morano Roberta
Published: October 2022

The first chapter—“Oman, Cornerstone of Arabia”—draws the reader’s attention to the strategic position, both political and historical, of Oman throughout its history. Starting from the most relevant historical and social events that contributed to the development of the linguistic landscape of the Sultanate, the reader is guided through a sociolinguistic analysis of Omani vernaculars. This analysis investigates how specific socio-political circumstances, such as the creation of a new Omani identity after the advent of Sultan Qaboos in the 1970s, partly affected the individual Arabic vernaculars spoken in the northern part of Oman.

The chapter also includes information about bibliographical sources available to date on Omani Arabic, and a detailed description of the methodology used for this study, along with participant and fieldwork site information.
Chapter 2
Authors: Morano Roberta
Published: October 2022

The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of phonological data collected by the author. Here, the reader can start to comprehend Reinhardt’s faults in transcription and analysis, and to observe the first few signs of diachronic linguistic variation occurring in the area. Features such as the behaviour and stress of vowels seem at times to relate this vernacular to the dialects of North Africa, and at other times to neighbouring varieties in the Arabian Peninsula.
Chapter 3
Authors: Morano Roberta
Published: October 2022

The third chapter is devoted to presenting analysis of nominal and verbal morphologies of the al-ʿAwābī district to the reader. Here, the comparison with Reinhardt’s material is exemplified in numerous tables demonstrating patterns for the singular noun and the plural noun, as well as conjugations of the basic and derived forms of the verb.
Conclusion
Authors: Morano Roberta
Published: October 2022

The appendix opens with two sample texts from the various speech recording sessions made by the author during her fieldwork. These two texts represent a monologue and a dialogue and display some of the interesting grammatical features discussed in the book.

To follow the sample texts, the appendix details 14 proverbs collected by the author in Wādī Banī Kharūṣ and al-ʿAwābī with the aim of documenting the local knowledge expressed through popular sayings, as well as creating continuity with Carl Reinhardt’s work. Each proverb is laid out in Arabic script, followed by the transcription and translation, as well as an explanation of the meaning or context of usage. When applicable, the English counterpart is given.

Finally, the appendix includes a traditional song of the Jabal Akhdar region, recited by an old man in Stāl (Wādī Banī Kharūṣ). This song is particularly enlightening because it condenses many of the al-ʿAwābī and Omani-specific traits documented throughout the work.
A Book about People
Authors: de Siqueira Isabel Rocha
Published: October 2022

The first chapter is about negotiating skills and what makes a diplomat, even if an accidental one. It tells of the many ups and downs one has to endure in politics by looking at the origins of the g7+ as a group. The capacity to navigate these turns is often an echo of complex historical processes of reconciliation in a community; it is also intimately connected to experiences of having had to cope with incredibly steep learning curves.

The accidental diplomats in the g7+ achieved quite a lot against the odds, including the approval of the New Deal in 2011. We should perhaps consider the g7+ both in terms of its being ‘a means to an end’ (international recognition) and ‘an end in itself’ (a parallel system). There is considerable ambivalence about its 'transformative capacities’, something that requires a nuanced analysis. As an exercise in practising diplomacy, there is much to be learned from such experiences, which can furnish future endeavours.
How to Find a Voice
Authors: de Siqueira Isabel Rocha
Published: October 2022

This chapter is about the importance of finding your voice, including how to talk about difficulty and failure in a constructive way. It also addresses the problems of making an individual voice heard through layers of bureaucracy, the importance of listening and paying attention when building alliances, and the strategies required to make sure one’s voice is heard.
How to Work with Passion
Authors: de Siqueira Isabel Rocha
Published: October 2022

This chapter is about how to work with passion. This is difficult. Passion helps bring people close, it feeds solidarity, it empowers leadership. But it is also, unfortunately, easily dismissed as a sign of naiveté or a lack of skills. These are real risks, and working with passion requires avoiding these pitfalls.

When the g7+ was established, its overall ambitions were big: the group wanted to achieve important changes on the ground and to fundamentally modify donor behaviour, making cooperation in international development more equal. However, when trying to achieve these goals, passion can’t compensate for preparedness, and personal relationships have their limits. Institutionally, although the close ties of passionate solidarity played an undoubtedly crucial part in what the g7+ has achieved, they are vulnerable to changes in government and to the exhaustion of those involved. That said, although joy, passion and solidarity can’t do everything by themselves, they can still achieve a lot.
How to Decide Where your Pride Fits
Authors: de Siqueira Isabel Rocha
Published: October 2022

The fifth chapter is about pride. The people in this book have experienced past moments that were full of pride, instilled in them from a young age by family and community. Although there are enormous challenges involved in having to learn how to do their jobs, these struggles are also a reason to be proud and confident later in life. This part of the book, however, is also about the ability to put aside pride in order to do things that others might not deign to do, because the prize ahead is a collective one.

What can puncture a hole in people’s pride is to perceive there is no one listening. To have less power in a broader political agenda can be accommodated; being asked to fill in matrices, worry over formulae, planning ahead according to specific headings and priorities, and then finding all these investments of time and resources go unacknowledged seems to breed more dissatisfaction than other kinds of disappointments. In order to respond, one needs a clear sense of where one’s pride fits in the grand scheme of things. This a matter of both strategy and a sense of duty; a responsibility towards collective goals but also towards one’s own personal story.
How to Act Responsibly
Authors: de Siqueira Isabel Rocha
Published: October 2022

This chapter is about responsibility and duty. One thing that all the people in this book have in common is their unrelenting belief in the future, their hope for the next generation and their understanding that they have the responsibility to build a sense of responsibility and duty among younger people. There is no room for pessimism.

Motivations vary but this thread is present in many of the stories recorded here. It is important to consider what difference this might make for organisations like those of the g7+, and how it might be harnessed somehow. For anyone living in a country that has seen its share of crises – not necessarily a g7+ member country – it’s not difficult to relate to the feeling that, whilst there is nothing wrong with wanting to live elsewhere, the fact that some people decide to work in difficult contexts is a vital part of any potential path forward for these countries.
The Way Forward
Authors: de Siqueira Isabel Rocha
Published: October 2022

The challenges people in the g7+ have faced so far are, first and foremost, the challenges of dealing with people and politics. Before joining the g7+, they were already civil servants and professionals who believed in planning and implementing public policy, in the possibility of mobilizing political will for peace and development and, in many cases, in the viability of engaging international partners in more equal dialogues. Being part of the g7+, these beliefs are challenged by many difficulties. Meetings can’t be outcomes; assessments can’t be results; travels can’t become the modus operandi for any truthful collective changes; there can be no template that will solve complex issues; and one needs to impact narratives, frameworks and agendas while making sure there are changes on the ground.

Whatever practices are designed to achieve this, they will be profoundly cultural. How to nurture social bonds capable of propelling positive change will vary from context to context, as the g7+ emphasizes, but it clearly includes a commitment to value one’s culture – which also means cultural diversity – and to make sure this message is passed on to the next generations. Unfortunately, in a field full of templates and frameworks, people and their cultures can be forgotten. This book has attempted to show their importance in a very specific context.
Enhancing the water vapor barrier of eco-friendly, emulsion-coated paper via a bilayer-like structure design
Authors: Ji Xiaoying , Huang Xin , Shi Fengcheng , Geng Zongze , Li Dongliang , Yin Bang Chao , Zhang Junhua
Published: October 2022

To further improve the water vapor barrier of paper packaging materials, eco-friendly, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/glycerol tristearate (GTS) emulsions were prepared as surface coatings. The hydrophilic hydroxyl groups within the PVA chains were consumed through a crosslinking reaction
to improve water resistance. Introducing the hydrophobic GTS phase into the crosslinked matrix led to the formation of a bilayer-like structure, which could be tuned by changing the GTS content and the drying temperature. The microstructural evolution was revealed via scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Ultimately, the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the coated paper was as low as 187 g/m2/24 h, which was 85.74% lower than the base paper. The key objective of this work was to develop an eco-friendly paper coating material with a
good water vapor barrier for packaging applications.
Impacts of Vertical Nonuniform Beam Filling on the Observability of Secondary Ice Production due to Sublimation
Authors: Carlin Jacob T. , Dunnavan Edwin L. , Ryzhkov Alexander V. , Oue Mariko
Published: October 2022

Quasi-vertical profiles (QVPs) of polarimetric radar data have emerged as a powerful tool for studying precipitation microphysics. Various studies have found enhancements in specific differential phase Kdp in regions of suspected secondary ice production (SIP) due to rime splintering. Similar Kdp enhancements have also been found in regions of sublimating snow, another proposed SIP process. This work explores these Kdp signatures for two cases of sublimating snow using nearly collocated S- and Ka-band radars. The presence of the signature was inconsistent between the radars, prompting exploration of alternative causes. Idealized simulations are performed using a radar beam-broadening model to explore the impact of nonuniform beam filling (NBF) on the observed reflectivity Z and Kdp within the sublimation layer. Rather than an intrinsic increase in ice concentration, the observed Kdp enhancements can instead be explained by NBF in the presence of sharp vertical gradients of Z and Kdp within the sublimation zone, which results in a Kdp bias dipole. The severity of the bias is sensitive to the Z gradient and radar beamwidth and elevation angle, which explains its appearance at only one radar. In addition, differences in scanning strategies and range thresholds during QVP processing can constructively enhance these positive Kdp biases by excluding the negative portion of the dipole. These results highlight the need to consider NBF effects in regions not traditionally considered (e.g., in pure snow) due to the increased Kdp fidelity afforded by QVPs and the subsequent ramifications this has on the observability of sublimational SIP.

Significance Statement

Many different processes can cause snowflakes to break apart into numerous tiny pieces, including when they evaporate into dry air. Purported evidence of this phenomenon has been seen in data from some weather radars, but we noticed it was not seen in data from others. In this work we use case studies and models to show that this signature may actually be an artifact from the radar beam becoming too big and there being too much variability of the precipitation within it. While this breakup process may actually be occurring in reality, these results suggest we may have trouble observing it with typical weather radars.
Remote Raman Sensing Using a Single-Grating Monolithic Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer: A Potential Tool for Planetary Exploration
Authors: Kelly Evan M. , Egan Miles J. , Colόn Arelis , Angel S. Michael , Sharma Shiv K.
Published: October 2022

Advances in Raman instrumentation have led to the implementation of a remote dispersive Raman spectrometer on the Perseverance rover on Mars, which is used for remote sensing. For remote applications, dispersive spectrometers suffer from a few setbacks such as relatively larger sizes, low light throughput, limited spectral ranges, relatively low resolutions for small devices, and high sensitivity to misalignment. A spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer (SHRS), which is a fixed grating interferometer, helps overcome some of these problems. Most SHRS devices that have been described use two fixed diffraction gratings, but a variance of the SHRS called the one-grating SHRS (1g-SHRS) replaces one of the gratings with a mirror, which makes it more compact. In a recent paper we described monolithic two-gratings SHRS, and in this paper, we investigate a single-grating monolithic SHRS (1g-mSHRS), which combines the 1g-SHRS with a monolithic setup previously tested at the University of South Carolina. This setup integrates the beamsplitter, grating, and mirror into a single monolithic device. This reduces the number of adjustable components, allows for easier alignment, and reduces the footprint of the device (35 × 35 × 25 mm with a weight of 80 g). This instrument provides a high spectral resolution (∼9 cm−1) and large spectral range (7327 cm−1) while decreasing the sensitivity to alignment with a field of view of 5.61 mm at 3m. We discuss the characteristics of the 1g-mSHRS by measuring the time-resolved remote Raman spectra of a few inorganic salts, organics, and minerals at 3 m. The 1g-mSHRS makes a good candidate for planetary exploration because of its large spectral range, greater sensitivity, competitively higher spectral resolution, low alignment sensitivity, and high light throughput in a compact easily aligned system with no moving parts.
Are Illicit Drugs a Driving Force for Cryptomarket Leadership?
Authors: Hiramoto Naoki , Tsuchiya Yoichi
Published: October 2022

Cryptomarkets, i.e., illicit online marketplaces, have gained considerable attention from the media, law enforcement agencies, and researchers. An increasing number of studies have revealed various aspects of these cryptomarkets; however, whether drugs play a major role for competing cryptomarkets to be the market leader, has not been addressed. Weekly sales and the number of listings for the major products on three leading cryptomarkets (Silk Road 2, Agora, and Evolution) were examined using Granger causality tests and interrupted time series analysis. Not only drugs trading on cryptomarkets played a pivotal role in the growth of each cryptomarket, but also a higher increase in drug supply than in competing marketplaces is crucial to become market leaders. The relative supply of drugs plays a larger role when leading marketplaces disappear. Law enforcement agencies should focus on monitoring marketplaces with a larger increase in drug supplies than on competing marketplaces.
Biopsychosocial Factors Related to Postural Sway During Sit-to-Stand Movement in Children and Adolescents With Down Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Pauletti Oliveira Maria Fernanda , Resende Gâmbaro Lima Camila , Pavão Silvia Letícia , Moreira Pena Gisele , da Silva Bruna Romão , de Campos Ana Carolina , Cicuto Ferreira Rocha Nelci Adriana
Published: October 2022

We investigated factors related to postural sway during sit-to-stand movement in children and adolescents with Down syndrome (DS). Our assessment of participants followed the biopsychosocial model. Body function and structure were represented by muscle strength and postural sway during sit-to-stand movement, which were assessed by manual muscle testing and kinetics analysis, respectively. The Gross Motor Function Measure and Pediatric Balance Scale depicted the activity component. In addition, we included these relevant contextual factors: age, Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment, family income, and maternal schooling. A correlation analysis verified a suspected association between biopsychosocial and postural sway variables. There were significant separated correlations between postural sway in the three phases of the sit-to-stand movement, and age, GMFM-88 dimension D, and muscle strength. Thus, postural control in sit-to-stand movement was related to biopsychosocial factors involving different life aspects of children and adolescents with DS, and these factors should be addressed in rehabilitation therapy intended to improve postural control among these individuals.
High-Priced Textbooks’ Impact on Community College Student Success
Authors: Becker Kristen L. , Safa Rachel , Becker Kyleigh M.
Published: October 2022

Objective:

This research study examined textbook costs and student success rates at one community college in the Southwest United States.

Method:

Descriptive statistics were used in the study to identify the mean textbook costs and student success rates over five semesters. Chi-square tests for independence were used to determine if a statistically significant relationship exists between textbook costs and student success rates based on course level of lower or upper-level courses.

Results:

The chi-square tests of independence found a statistically significant relationship between textbook costs and student success rates in lower and upper-level courses.

Contributions:

Research shows college students often opt not to purchase commercial textbooks due to costs, thus resulting in higher D, F, and W rates. The results of this study support numerous recent research studies on the impact of textbook costs and student success.
Challenges Reported by Candidates for Local Office
Authors: Levine Peter , Abromowitz David
Published: October 2022

A survey of 711 candidates for local offices in the United States, conducted in December 2021, reveals that many were concerned before they began their campaigns about the impact of politics on their work and family, the time demands of campaigning, their ability to raise funds, and their knowledge of the process, among other obstacles. Many candidates who had anticipated each concern found it less onerous than they had expected. Those who were parents, those with full-time jobs, and those who had experienced poverty as children were especially likely to have difficulty meeting work and family obligations while campaigning. Being liberal, being young, having less education, and experiencing poverty in childhood were all associated with concerns about being qualified to run. The study offers additional details about which backgrounds and experiences are associated with specific challenges in local campaigns. The results may inform efforts to recruit and support underrepresented candidates.
Cybersecurity Threats in Local Government: A Sociotechnical Perspective
Authors: Frandell Ashlee , Feeney Mary
Published: October 2022

The use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) by local governments is widespread and meant to improve managerial effectiveness and public engagement. ICTs are commonly used by governments to collaborate and communicate with stakeholders. Yet, the use of ICTs increases local governments exposure to cyberthreats. Cyberthreats are increasing and local governments are often under-resourced and underprepared for them. While many organizations combat cyberthreats with technological solutions, it is well known that social aspects—including manager vigilance and buy-in—are critical in reducing cyber incidents. Thus, governments require both social and technical solutions to cyberthreats. This research takes a sociotechnical perspective to examine the relationships between social (e.g., values and perceptions) and technical factors (e.g., design and capacity) and cyber incidents in local government. We use data from a 2018 national survey of public managers in 500 U.S. cities, data from city government websites, and the U.S. Census. The results indicate that manager buy-in and perceptions interact with technical aspects to explain reported cyber incidents in government. The findings expand our understanding of how social and technical factors are associated with cyberthreats in government, particularly manager.
Osseous variability around the elbow joint
Authors: Kunc Vojtech , Salavova Sarka , Kachlik David
Published: October 2022

There are many osseous variants that occur around the elbow joint such as supracondylar process, supratrochlear foramen, accessory ossicles, and others. Scientific databases were searched for variants around the elbow joint. Elbow radiographs from our center demonstrating some of these findings were included in the study. The aim of the present review was to provide comprehensive information on the terminology, prevalence, history, etiology, and clinical importance of these variants. These anatomical variants are important for radiologists while interpreting radiographs, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging for trauma and orthopedic surgeons during osteosynthesis at the distal humerus, proximal ulna, and radius.
Written in the face? Facial expressions during pleasant and unpleasant chills
Authors: Klepzig Kai , Stender Katharina , Lotze Martin , Hamm Alfons O.
Published: October 2022

Chills are emotional peaks especially in response toward acoustic stimuli. In the present study, we examined facial expressions associated with pleasant and unpleasant chill experiences during music and harsh sounds by measuring electromyographic activity from facial corrugator and zygomatic muscles. A rubber bulb could be pressed by the participants to report chill intensities. During harsh sounds, increased activation of both corrugator and zygomatic muscle was observed. Zygomatic muscle activity was even more pronounced when a chill experience was reported during such sounds. In contrast, pleasant chill experiences during music were associated with slightly increased corrugator activity compared with absent chills. Our data suggest that harsh sounds produce a painful facial expression that is even intensified when a chill experience is reported. Increased corrugator activity during chills toward music might refer to states of being moved. The results are discussed in the light of a proposed role of the chill in regulating social behavior. Our results suggest that recording facial muscle activity can be a valuable method for the examination of pleasant and unpleasant peak emotions induced by acoustic stimuli.
Parenting Attitudes and Abusive Parenting among Incarcerated Mothers in Japan
Authors: Sasaki Ayako , Mochizuki Akemi , Yoshihara Daiki
Published: October 2022

The primary focus of this study was to explore the parenting attitudes that predict abusive parenting among incarcerated mothers in Japan. Data analyzed on 63 incarcerated mothers who had the legal custody of the youngest child revealed that belief in corporal punishment significantly predicted abusive parenting. The data further revealed that the impact of adverse childhood experiences and the parenting style of an intimate partner remained significant in predicting the risk of abusive parenting. These multiple risk factors affecting child abuse perpetration indicate the need to develop a multi-dimensional intervention in prison settings to address those multiple issues.
Distribution, dis-sumption and dis-appointment: The negative geographies of city logistics
Authors: Mutter Samuel
Published: October 2022

Critical approaches to logistics, in dialogue with geography and related disciplines, have exposed the turbulence behind apparently seamless transnational circulations of stuff. As everyday urban life becomes increasingly structured through logistical practices and expectations which imbricate consumption and distribution, now is an appropriate moment to take stock of these dialogues. Reviewing them, the article identifies three spatial assumptions – peripheral geographies, seamless consumption, forward motion – proposing that they express an additive, forward-leaning representation of logistics. In response, it draws upon debates on ‘negativity’ to suggest geographers pay greater attention to logistics’ negative spaces (voids), affects (dis-appointments) and mobilities (reversals).
Thermo-mechanical and degradation properties of naturally derived biocomposites for prosthesis applications: Analysis of the interface pressure and stress distribution on the developed socket
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Bhowmik Sumit , Mahakur Vijay Kumar
Published: October 2022

Nowadays, the reduction of petroleum products has been aggressively studied due to their environmental concerns and for finding alternative synthetic materials for sustainable development. Thus, naturally derived biocomposites have great potential for creating a sustainable economy with reduced environmental pollution. The present study deals in two major parts; first, the fabrication of the knee prosthetic socket from different laminate biocomposites (FFF, KKK, and RRR) and examined their mechanical performance, thermal stability and degradation behaviour. The interface pressure between the developed socket and residual limb has been examined using the F-socket sensor. Second, the output data of experiential tests and measured interface pressure have been used for numerical analysis to examine the equivalent stress, deformation and safety factor of the sockets at different loading conditions (500 N, 700 N and 900 N). The results observed that FFF biocomposites have maximum compressive strength (121.0 6MPa), impact strength (36.86 kJ/m2), and shear strength (28.51 MPa) which is 8.15%, 49.53%, and 58.88% higher than RRR biocomposites and 2.74%, 34.62%, and 39.28% higher compared to KKK biocomposites, respectively. RRR biocomposites recorded higher hardness (68.42) and fatigue endurance stress (82.86 MPa) due to higher brittleness properties. The thermogravimetric analysis and degradation behaviour have been analyzed to examine thermal stability, degradation temperature, and degradation weight loss behaviour of biocomposites. Finally, the stress generation on the developed socket during the gait cycle is much lower than its calculated strength that did not affect the performance of the socket. Therefore, laminated biocomposites can be an alternative biomaterial to plastics and conventional materials due to their lighter weight, higher flexibility, and economical to provide greater comfort to the users for knee prosthesis applications.