bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploration of agricultural residue ash as a solid green heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production
Authors: Oloyede Christopher Tunji , Jekayinfa Simeon Olatayo , Alade Abass Olanrewaju , Ogunkunle Oyetola , Otung Nsikak‐Abasi Ubohon , Laseinde Opeyeolu Timothy
Published: November 2022

Biodiesel is an economical and nonpolluting green fuel produced from the transesterification of oil and alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. Transesterification of vegetable oils with conventional (homogeneous) catalysts for biodiesel production is considered to have a promising future but they are nonrenewable and hazardous. The major setback is the increase in cost of production. High production cost, in terms of feedstock oil and catalyst acquisition is one of the major challenges facing the global commercialization and acceptance of biodiesel. Heterogeneous solid catalysts are currently replacing homogeneous catalysts because of their ability to overcome hurdles associated with homogeneous catalysts. This study discussed the development and feasibility of calcined ash from agricultural residues as a solid green heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production without chemical degradation. Solid‐calcined ash based catalysts are being developed primarily via calcination at suitable temperatures and have been used as catalysts without mixing with carrier compounds. The various agricultural residues used and the corresponding biodiesel yields were also discussed. The study also looked at some agricultural residues that could be targeted for high catalytic output. It was found that high biodiesel yields (80%–98%) were achieved with most of the crude oil raw materials used. The catalyst could be reused at least five (5) times. From the discussed literature, it was found that the current state of biodiesel production can be improved by using heterogeneous base catalysts made from agricultural residue calcined ash.
An algorithm to improve the performance of convolutional neural networks for TSC tasks
Authors: Liu Qing , Liu Bing , Du Yamin
Published: November 2022

The convolutional neural network (CNN) is an important network model for processing time series classification tasks. However, there can be a lot of noise in the data itself. The clarity of spatial feature expression of time‐series samples and the freeness and balance of data samples both have a big effect on how well CNNs can handle time series classification (TSC) tasks. This paper proposes a multi‐pose marking learning algorithm (MPML), which optimizes the spatial representation of data samples through multiple graphical representations of time series data and then solves the problems of freeness and heterogeneity of data samples through labeling and preferential learning of poorly trained sample data. The algorithm improves the model's robustness to noise by improving the spatial expression sentiment of the time series and the labeling learning of the feature data, thereby improving the convolutional neural network's performance to perform the TSC task. We show how well the algorithm works by testing it on 46 datasets from the UCR Time Series Classification Archive and comparing the results.
Desulfurization of H2S‐rich biogas using water scrubbing: Performance in pilot scale scrubber and scale‐up estimation for the concentrated latex factory
Authors: Manmeen Ajchareeya , Kongjan Prawit , Rattanaya Thiwa , Cheirsilp Benjamas , Raybut Nattapol , Jariyaboon Rattana
Published: November 2022

A high about 3% H2S concentration in the biogas produced from concentrated latex process wastewater needs to be removed before further utilization. Water scrubbing is appropriate for the latex factory having plenty of recycled water available. Effects of liquid to gas (L/G) ratios at 0.5–4.0 on H2S removal were tested at 0.06 m3/h biogas flow rate using a pilot scale scrubber. The experimental results were then simulated to validate the scale‐up for the factory, using the process simulation software Aspen HYSYS (HYSYS, Hyprotech and Systems). The highest 99.71% H2S removal was obtained by using L/G ratio 4.0. Interestingly, using L/G ratio 1.0 provided 96.01% H2S removal, which is slightly lower than on using L/G ratio 4.0, but is more practically appropriate for the real volumes of recycled water and biogas generated from the factory. The experimental data agree with the simulations well. The packed column diameter and height were estimated as 0.5 and 3 m for 40 m3/h biogas. Key characteristics of the scrubber effluent were analyzed for further discharge management. The scrubber effluent qualified for direct discharge to the post‐treatment ponds. This work shows that using recycled water for desulfurization of the H2S‐rich biogas is feasible at atmospheric pressure operation.
Optimal design and development of renewable based multi‐energy system for village sustainability: A case study simulation
Authors: Pushpabala V. , Rajan C. Christober Asir
Published: November 2022

The primary objective of this article is the design and development of the optimal hybrid renewable energy (HRE) system for rural communities through village‐owned resources. The optimal performance and economic analysis is carried out with a suitable multi‐energy generation configuration model simulation. Based on the simulation outcomes the feasibility report of the proposed HRE system is to be considered for the investor's decision‐making process. The complete analysis has been planned with three important phases such as pre assessment stage, simulation and optimization stage, and evaluation stages. This real conducted case study has expressed many interesting facts about the integration of renewable resources toward meeting the rural energy requirements with economical and smooth manners. The proposed configuration is capable to generate net annual energy of 89,822 kWh/year with CoE (cost of energy) of Rs. 8.102. In addition, the proposed HRE system is reducing the CO2 impact on the environment by nearly 3.5% with an excess energy capacity of 6688 kWh/year.
Removing Co(II) and Mn(II) ions effectively from aqueous solutions by means of chemically non‐processed Mardin stone waste: Equivalent, kinetic, and thermodynamic investigations
Authors: Canpolat Mutlu
Published: November 2022

Mardin stone waste (MSW) was used to explore the removal of cobalt (II) and manganese (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Kinetic data collected at various temperatures were applied to different kinetic equations. Different adsorption isotherm models were evaluated to better understand the adsorption process. Energy dispersion spectroscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) were used to analyze the surface characteristics of MSW. Results indicated that the Langmuir isotherm model, which accounts for chemical absorption and potential irreversibility of the process, may be used with the isotherm data. The adsorption of Co2+ and Mn2+ ions yielded kinetic data that was best characterized as pseudo‐second‐order with the greatest regression coefficient. While the adsorption capacity of the Co2+ ion was determined to be 7.34, 7.75, and 8.19 mg g−1 at 298, 308, and 318 K, respectively, the adsorption capacity of Mn2+ was calculated to be 8.20, 8.42, and 8.78 mg g−1 under the same circumstances. The adsorption of Co2+ and Mn2+ ions by means of MSW was natural and exothermic according to thermodynamic analyses.
Digital economy, new‐type urbanization, and carbon emissions: Evidence from China
Authors: Lu Yu , Chen Xiaoping
Published: November 2022

China has been a major carbon dioxide emitter. According to the World Energy Statistics Yearbook 2021 published by British Petroleum (BP), China's total carbon emissions in 2020 were 9.899 billion tons, accounting for 30.7% of the world's total emissions and ranking first in the world. Promoting digital economy construction, new‐type urbanization construction and carbon emissions reduction is the focus of the Chinese government. Based on the decoupling model and threshold regression model, this article empirically tests the impact of digital economy and new‐type urbanization on carbon emissions by panel data from 2013–2019 in 30 provinces of China. The results show that there are 23 provinces of China having a better decoupling relationship between digital economy and carbon emissions reduction, and 20 provinces of China having a better decoupling relationship between new‐type urbanization and carbon emissions reduction. In the threshold regression models with energy intensity as the threshold variable, the digital economy has a significant threshold characteristic with a negative non‐linear effect on per capita carbon emissions. The new‐type urbanization also had a significant threshold characteristic with a two‐way non‐linear effect on per capita carbon emissions, but the negative effect is not significant. This means that, during the sample period, the improvement of China's digital economy level can effectively promote carbon emissions reduction. However, the improvement of the new‐type urbanization level curbs carbon emissions reduction.
Reducing salt intake with umami: A secondary analysis of data in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Nakamura Haruyo , Kawashima Takayuki , Yamasaki Lisa , Lwin Kaung Suu , Eguchi Akifumi , Hayabuchi Hitomi , Tanoe Yuta , Tanaka Shiori , Yoneoka Daisuke , Ghaznavi Cyrus , Uneyama Hisayuki , Shibuya Kenji , Nomura Shuhei
Published: November 2022

Reducing sodium content in foods is an important public health measure to reduce salt intake and decrease the incidence of noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. This study quantified the amount of salt intake that could potentially be reduced by using umami substances, including glutamate, inosinate, and guanylate, without compromising taste, for adults in the United Kingdom (UK). We used data comprised of 1834 adults aged 20 years and over from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS RP) 2016/2017–2018/2019. Four hypothetical scenarios in which the market share of low‐sodium foods accounts for 0%, 30%, 60%, or 90% of consumed products were considered in the analyses. Per capita daily salt intake corresponding to the NDNS RP food groups was calculated for each scenario, and the salt intake was aggregated by gender and age groups. Replacing salt with umami substances could help UK adults reduce daily salt intake by 9.09%–18.59% (9.21%–18.43% for women; 8.83%–19.43% for men), which is equivalent to 0.45–0.92 g/day of salt reduction (0.41–0.82 g/day for women; 0.50–1.10 g/day for men). The use of umami substances may serve as one method for the UK government to encourage salt intake reduction, particularly in the context of food product reformulation, as 80% of salt consumed in the country comes from processed foods. Empirical studies with sensory evaluation should be conducted to confirm consumer tolerance. The food industry should also be engaged in conversations regarding the addition of umami to food products in the United Kingdom.
Effects of cushion box and closed let‐down ladder usage on impact damage to corn kernel during handling
Authors: Shahbazi Reza , Shahbazi Feizollah
Published: November 2022

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the cushion box and closed let‐down ladder usage in minimizing mechanical damage to corn kernels during free fall. Kernels from a single lot of cultivar KSC 705 were evaluated for percentage of breakage using three drop methods (free fall, with cushion box, and with closed let‐down ladder) at five different moisture contents (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%), and three drop heights (5, 10, and 15 m). The results showed that the drop methods had a significant effect on the breakage sensibility of kernels. Sample kernels dropped without a ladder (free fall) had a significantly higher average percentage breakage of 13.80%. In the use of the cushion box, the average kernel breakage was calculated to be 11.41%, which was decreased by about 17% more than the free fall. Sample kernels dropped with the closed let‐down ladder had a lower average breakage of 7.26%, which showed that the closed let‐down ladder significantly helped to reduce mechanical damage to corn kernels by about 47% comparing free fall and by about 37% than the use of the cushion box. The amounts of kernel damage increased significantly with increasing drop height and decreasing moisture content, but the use of the cushion box and closed let‐down ladder systems somewhat reduced the adverse effect of the above factors. To minimize mechanical damage to kernels as they fall into the bin, a grain let‐down ladder should be installed in the bin so that it can receive kernels from the filling spout with minimum damage. Empirical models were developed for the dependency of damage to corn kernels due to the impact caused by free fall on the drop height and moisture content at different drop methods.
Isolation, identification, and biochemical characterization of five Lacticaseibacillus strains from Oggtt: A traditional fermented and dried buttermilk
Authors: Hassan Ashwak A.‐M. , Sakr Sally S. , Ali Asmahan A. , Mohamed Ahmed Isam A. , Elkashef Hany
Published: November 2022

This study investigates the isolation and characterization of the main lactic acid bacteria responsible for fermentation of Oggtt, a dried fermented buttermilk. Five isolates with Gram‐positive staining and negative catalase and oxidase activity were identified using phenotypic and genotypic methods, and their antagonistic, exopolysaccharides and organic acid production, proteolytic activity, and antioxidant capacity were assessed. The isolates are classified as Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Ogt_1, Lacticaseibacillus casei Ogt_2, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Ogt_3, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Ogt_4, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Ogt_5. All strains possessed high antagonistic activity against Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. All strains produced high levels of lactic acid (11177.3–15404.9 μg/ml), tartaric acid (2197.8–4058.5 μg/ml), and exopolysaccharides(20.86–239.9 mg/L) and possessed high proteolytic and antioxidant activity at variable manners. Overall, this study indicates the isolation of important Lacticaseibacillus strains from Oggtt, which could be used as starter cultures for developing functional foods.
The biological effect of a beef‐derived Latilactobacillus sakei on beef steaks during chilled storage
Authors: Yang Huixuan , Luo Xin , Zhu Lixian , Liang Rongrong , Mao Yanwei , Yang Xiaoyin , Niu Lebao , Zhang Yimin , Dong Pengcheng
Published: November 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate the biological inhibiting effect of a beef‐derived Latilactobacillus sakei (RS‐25) on the spoilage of beef steaks in overwrapped packaging during the 12 days of storage at 4°C. Beef quality as well as microbial indicators were determined at different intervals during the storage after the inoculation of RS‐25 at the 6 log CFU/g, and the high‐throughput sequencing was applied to investigate the changes of microbial community structure during the storage. The inoculation of RS‐25 on beef had no effect (p > .05) on pH, TBARS, and TVB‐N during storage indicating the weak effect of such strain on the eat quality. Furthermore, the rise of L* and the delayed decline of a* and b* reveal the protection effect of RS‐25 on the meat color. RS‐25 reduced the re‐contaminated Salmonella typhimurium by 1.16 log CFU/g (p < .01), and the growth of Brochothrix thermosphacta was also inhibited but no inhibition was found on the Pseudomonas spp. at the first 6 days of storage. The inhibiting effect of RS‐25 was covered by the rapid growth of other microorganism during the following 6 days of storage. Consistent with the microbial counts results, high‐throughput sequencing analysis confirmed that the inoculated L. sakei RS‐25 was dominant at first 6 days, and then replaced by Pseudomonas spp. The findings obtained from the current study may provide basic information for the further application of bioprotective bacteria in preservation of beef steaks in the overwrapped packaging.
Digitale Lehre in der Geotechnik: Aktueller Stand und weitere Entwicklungen
Authors: Kluge Katharina , Kirsch Ansgar , Budach Christoph
Published: November 2022

Digitale Lehrmaterialien werden seit mehreren Jahren in den Hochschulen eingesetzt und eröffnen ganz neue Wege zur Vermittlung des Lehrstoffs. Die Erstellung dieser Lehrmaterialien kann allerdings je nach Art und Qualität sehr zeitintensiv sein und für Lehrende einen großen Mehraufwand bedeuten. Im Rahmen eines Kooperationsprojekts zur Erstellung von Lehrvideos für geotechnische Feld‐ und Laborversuche haben die Autoren dieses Beitrags allerdings die Erfahrung gemacht, dass das gemeinsame, hochschulübergreifende Erstellen von Lehrmaterialien viele Vorteile mit sich bringt. Dadurch inspiriert, führten die Autoren dieses Berichts eine Umfrage unter den deutschsprachigen Geotechnik‐Lehrstühlen der (Technischen) Universitäten und (Fach‐)Hochschulen durch. Nach drei Semestern, in denen Lehrveranstaltungen an den Hochschulen aufgrund der Corona‐Pandemie überwiegend digital durchgeführt werden mussten, war es ein Ziel dieser Umfrage, den Bestand und den Einsatz digitaler Lehrmaterialien im Fachgebiet Geotechnik zu erheben. Ein weiteres Ziel war die Initiierung eines Netzwerks, in dem sich Geotechnik‐Professorinnen und ‐Professoren zu Lehrthemen austauschen können und gemeinsam (digitale) Lehrmaterialien erstellen und nutzen. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt das gemeinsame Lehrprojekt der Autoren vor, präsentiert die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Umfrage und berichtet über die ersten Aktivitäten des neuen Netzwerks.
Empirical comparison of routinely collected electronic health record data for head and neck cancer‐specific survival in machine‐learnt prognostic models
Authors: Kotevski Damian P. , Smee Robert I. , Vajdic Claire M. , Field Matthew
Published: November 2022

Background

Knowledge of the prognostic factors and performance of machine learning predictive models for 2‐year cancer‐specific survival (CSS) is limited in the head and neck cancer (HNC) population.

Methods

Data from our facilities' oncology information system (OIS) collected for routine practice (OIS dataset, n = 430 patients) and research purposes (research dataset, n = 529 patients) were extracted on adults diagnosed between 2000 and 2017 with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Results

Machine learning demonstrated excellent performance (area under the curve, AUC) in the whole cohort (AUC = 0.97, research dataset), larynx cohort (AUC = 0.98, both datasets), and oropharynx cohort (AUC = 0.99, both datasets). Tumor site and T classification were identified as predictors of 2‐year CSS in both datasets. Hypothyroidism and fitness for operation were further identified in the research dataset.

Conclusions

Datasets extracted from an OIS for routine clinical practice and research purposes demonstrated high utility for informing 2‐year head and neck CSS.
Neural mechanisms behind semantic congruity of construction safety signs: An EEG investigation on construction workers
Authors: Wu Jinchun , Du Xiaoxi , Tong Mu , Guo Qi , Shao Junkai , Chabebe Annette , Xue Chengqi
Published: November 2022

Accurate comprehension of safety signs plays a critical part in warning construction workers of potential work hazards. However, existing studies have rarely investigated construction workers' comprehension of safety signs at construction sites. Moreover, existing evaluation methods are generally based on subjective behavior tests, questionnaires, and interviews. Therefore, this study examined the effects of semantic congruity on the comprehension of safety signs, including two sign types (prohibition vs. warning signs) and two conditions (semantic congruence vs. incongruence), combining event‐related potentials and time‐frequency analysis measurements. Adopting the S1‐S2 paradigm, electroencephalogram data were recorded when participants decided whether S1 and S2 were semantically congruent or not. Results showed that the semantically incongruent safety sign‐word pairs elicited larger N400 amplitudes and increased theta (3–8 Hz) power in 300–420 ms. The amplitude of N400 in the semantically incongruent condition of the warning sign‐word pairs was more negative than that for the prohibition sign‐word pairs, while there were no significant differences between the prohibition and warning sign‐word pairs in the semantically congruent condition. A greater late positive potential (LPP) (550–750 ms) was also elicited in the semantically incongruent safety sign‐word pairs, which was different from previous studies that observed larger LPP in congruent conditions. These results suggest complicated cognitive mechanisms of safety sign comprehension in construction workers. This study extends safety sign comprehension research by using electrophysiological approaches and provides useful indicators for researchers or safety engineers to measure the semantic congruity of proposed sign designs.
Predicting mortality in penetrating cardiac trauma in developing countries through a new classification: Validation of the Bogotá classification
Authors: Pulido Jean A. , Reyes Mariana , Enríquez Jessica , Padilla Laura , Pérez Carlos , Cabrera‐Vargas Luis F. , Lozada‐Martinez Ivan D. , Pedraza Mauricio , Narvaez‐Rojas Alexis R.
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Penetrating chest trauma (PCT) represents 10% of worldwide mortality, with developing countries counting as some of the most affected by high mortality rates due to cardiac trauma. Colombia is considered one of the most violent countries due to the high mortality rate associated with war and crime, hence the validation of an own classification for penetrating cardiac injuries (PCI) is mandatory.

Methods

Retrospective cross‐sectional study which included adult patients with PCIs at a level 4 trauma center in Colombia, between January 2018 and April 2020. We used our own system (Bogotá Classification) and compared it with traditional systems (e.g., Ivatury's, OIS‐AAST), by analyzing the mechanism of injury (MOI), the hemodynamic status of the patient at admission, the inpatient management, the individual outcomes, and some demographic variables. Bivariate statistical analysis, spearman correlation, and logistic regression were performed.

Results

Four hundred and ninety‐nine patients were included. Bivariate analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between mortality and hemodynamic state, MOI, its location and degree of lesion, cardiac/vessel injury, cardiac tamponade, time between injury and medical care, fluid reanimation, as well as the Ivatury's classification and the new classification (p < 0.005). The adequate correlation between Ivatury's and Bogotá classification supports the latter's clinical utility for patients presenting with PCI. Likewise, logistic regression showed a statistically significant association among mortality rates (p < 0.005).

Conclusions

The Bogotá classification showed similar performance to the Ivatury's classification, correlating most strongly with mortality. This scale could be replicated in countries with similar social and economic contexts.
MHD flow in a rotating vertical cone through a porous medium
Authors: Jeevitha S. , Chitra M. , Rushi Kumar B.
Published: November 2022

In the context of advancements in both heat and mass transfer, the current study intends to analyze the impacts of thermal radiation, Soret, and Dufour on the magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow through a vertical spinning cone in porous media. The Dufour effect is the energy flux due to the mass concentration gradient with a reciprocal phenomenon, the Soret effect. Energy expression considers the physical aspects of heat generation and absorption. It is expected that the tangential, circumferential, and normal directions will all have velocity components in flow through a porous media. The governing equations are nonlinear partial differential equations that are rearranged into ordinary differential equations via similarity transformation, and then they are numerically solved using the Runge–Kutta method along with a proper shooting strategy. Graphs are used to examine the impacts of many parameters on flow characteristic velocity, temperature, and concentration, including magnetic parameters, porous parameters, Dufour and Soret parameters, chemical reaction parameters, and more. The numerical findings of the gradient of velocity, the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, and the surface drag force are tabulated and compared with the current result and the one from the literature. The findings are found to be in good agreement. Circumferential and normal velocities are improved visually for greater values of the porosity parameter, but the tangential velocity behavior of the magnetic parameter exhibits the reverse behavior. In addition, the Dufour parameter and chemical reaction both exhibit diminishing behavior when the Soret parameter increases.
Effects of monetary policy credibility and the open economy trilemma on monetary policy efficiency
Authors: Montes Gabriel Caldas , da Silva Rodrigues Júnior Irineu , Bastos Júlio Cesar Albuquerque , Batista Linican Monteiro
Published: November 2022

This study investigates the effects of monetary policy credibility and the open economy trilemma on monetary policy efficiency in developing countries. Based on a sample of 28 developing countries, the findings reveal that monetary policy credibility increases monetary policy efficiency. The results also show that central banks in developing countries have more efficient monetary policies when they choose a policy arrangement contrary to the ‘middle‐ground convergence’; but, to the extent they accumulate international reserves, it allows them to move to a middle‐ground strategy. Regarding the trilemma, the estimates suggest when monetary policy is independent, monetary policy is more efficient. Furthermore, when financial openness and exchange rate stability are deepened, central banks become less efficient in conducting monetary policy. However, when countries hold higher levels of international reserves, the positive effect of monetary autonomy on monetary policy efficiency decreases and the negative effect of financial liberalisation on monetary policy efficiency decreases.
Irrigation scheduling of pressurized irrigation networks for minimizing energy consumption
Authors: Pang Yiyuan , Li Hong , Tang Pan , Chen Chao
Published: November 2022

Although pressurized irrigation systems can increase water use efficiency, the energy requirements of these irrigation systems are much higher than those of gravity‐fed systems in water transport and distribution. To reduce irrigation energy consumption, this research introduces two factors influencing energy consumption: branch pipe assigned queue and branch pipe assigned times. The traditional single water distribution and sequential queue are optimized as multiple water distributions and stochastic queues. Combined with traditional motor frequency optimization, eight scheduling scenarios are established based on these three optimization factors and compared with the original scenario. Next, this study optimizes the discharge of all hydrants for each scenario using a genetic algorithm with the same framework and operational process. Predictions and experiments in a case study in eastern China indicated that only optimizing the branch pipe assigned queue or times cannot significantly reduce energy consumption, while an energy‐savings rate of 8% can be achieved by simultaneously optimizing the branch pipe assigned queue and times. In addition, the energy savings rate of only optimizing the motor operating frequency is 11%. However, an energy‐saving rate of 19% can be obtained by combining branch pipe‐assigned times optimization with motor frequency optimization.
Vaping additives cannabinoid oil and vitamin E acetate adhere to and damage the human airway epithelium
Authors: Reidel Boris , Abdelwahab Sabri , Wrennall Joe Alexander , Clapp Phillip W. , Beers Jessica L. , Jackson Klarissa D. , Tarran Robert , Kesimer Mehmet
Published: November 2022

E‐cigarette, or vaping product use‐associated lung injury (EVALI), is a severe respiratory disorder that caused a sudden outbreak of hospitalized young people in 2019. Using cannabis oil containing vaping products, including vitamin E acetate contaminants, was found to be strongly associated with EVALI. However, the underlying tissue impacts of the condition are still largely unknown. Here, we focused on the vehicle cannabinoid oil (CBD oil) and contaminant vitamin E acetate (VEA) effects on airway epithelial cells. Primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cultures were exposed to e‐liquid aerosols that contained CBD oil and VEA in combination or the common e‐liquid components PG/VG with and without nicotine. Cell viability analysis indicated dramatically increased cell death counts after 3 days of CBD exposure, and this effect was even higher after CBD + VEA exposure. Microscopic examination of the cultures revealed cannabinoid and VEA depositions on the epithelial surfaces and cannabinoid accumulation in exposed cells, followed by cell death. These observations were supported by proteomic analysis of the cell secretions that exhibited increases in known markers of airway epithelial toxicity, such as xenobiotic enzymes, factors related to oxidative stress response, and cell death indicators. Overall, our study provides insights into the association between cannabinoid oil and vitamin E acetate vaping and lung injury. Collectively, our results suggest that the adherent accumulation of CBD oil on airway surfaces and the cellular uptake of both CBD oil‐ and VEA‐containing condensates cause elevated metabolic stress, leading to increased cell death rates in human airway epithelial cultures.
The role of promoters in Cu/Acid‐MMT catalysts for production of hydrogen via steam reforming of dimethyl ether
Authors: Hong‐Xu Luo , Yong‐Hua Zhao , Qi‐Jian Zhang , Huan Wang , Xiao‐Qian Feng , Jia‐Kang Zhang
Published: November 2022

Background

The steam reforming of dimethyl ether (DME) is one of the promising technologies for high‐efficiency hydrogen production. The key issue for the steam reforming of DME is the development of catalysts with higher performance. In this study, a series of X‐Cu/Acid‐MMT (X = Co, Ni, Zr, Ce) catalysts were prepared via the impregnation method using Acid‐MMT obtained by montmorillonite activated with nitric acid (20 wt%) at 80 °C for 12 h as the support and metallic nitrate as precursor. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, H2‐TPR, XPS, N2O titration and N2 adsorption–desorption at low temperature.

Results

The introduction of promoter X could reduce the interaction between Cu and the support, and more CuO was reduced to Cu0; meanwhile, it was beneficial for improving the dispersion of Cu. This would enhance the reaction rate of steam reforming of DME. Therefore, the introduction of promoter X significantly increased DME conversion, especially Ni‐Cu/Acid‐MMT presented the maximum DME conversion. However, Ni‐Cu/Acid‐MMT exhibited low H2 yield, high selectivity of CO and CH4 due to reverse water gas shift reaction and methanation reaction. Co‐Cu/Acid‐MMT catalyst presented the maximum H2 yield, high conversion of DME, relatively low selectivity of CH4 and better stability.

Conclusions

The introduction of promoters to Cu/Acid‐MMT catalyst improved the catalyst performance for the steam reforming of DME. Among these catalysts, Co‐Cu/Acid‐MMT exhibited remarkable catalytic performance, which is expected to be a potential catalyst for steam reforming of DME. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Impact of arterial stiffness on echocardiographic myocardial work indices in patients with isolated bicuspid aortic valve
Authors: Toprak Cüneyt , Çakır Hakan , Karagöz Ali , Isgandarov Khagani , Biyikli Kadir , Tuncer Şeref Berk , Kargın Ramazan
Published: November 2022

Objective

Data related to the existence of left ventricular (LV) abnormalities in normal functional bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) disease is scarce. In addition, the impact of afterload and the involved mechanisms are unclear. In this work, we study the relationship between LV function assessed with myocardial work index (MWI) and arterial stiffness in a cohort of normal functioning BAV patients.

Methods

In this study, we included a total of 38 consecutive patients with isolated BAV and 44 age‐ and gender‐matched control subjects with tricuspid aortic valve. All participants underwent transthoracic echocardiography to assess conventional parameters and global longitudinal strain (GLS). In addition, MWI was measured by the noninvasive LV pressure‐strain cycle method. Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) and wave reflection were evaluated by applanation tonometry.

Results

The mean aortic PWV was significantly higher in BAV patients (6.4 ± 0.80, 7.02 ± 0.1.2, p = .01, respectively). LV‐MWI related parameters such as global work efficiency (GWE) (96.261.69 and 97.051.27, p = .02) and global wasted work (GWW) (78.232.1 and 61.824.4, p = .01) were found significantly different between the BAV and control groups. However, global working index and global constructive working were not different between groups (1969 ± 259 and 2014 ± 278, p = .45; 2299 ± 290 and 2359 ± 345, p = .39, respectively). Multivariable ordinary least squares regression analysis revealed that BAV (ß = 8.4; 95% CI: 1.5–15.3; p = .04) and PVW (ß = 5.6; 95% CI: 0.7–10.5; p = .01) were significant predictors of GWV.

Conclusion

GWW is increased and GWE is decreased in patients with BAV compared with controls, and these changes are related to arterial stiffness. The relationship between aortic PWV and GWW may help to explain the exact mechanism of subclinical myocardial dysfunction in patients with isolated BAV.
Integrated versus nonintegrated peripheral intravenous catheter in hospitalized adults (OPTIMUM): A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Rickard Claire M. , Larsen Emily , Walker Rachel M. , Mihala Gabor , Byrnes Joshua , Saiyed Masnoon , Cooke Marie , Finucane Julie , Carr Peter J. , Marsh Nicole
Published: November 2022

Background

One‐third of peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) fail from inflammatory or infectious complications, causing substantial treatment interruption and replacement procedures.

Objectives

We aimed to compare complications between integrated PIVCs (inbuilt extension sets, wings, and flattened bases) and traditional nonintegrated PIVCs.

Designs, Settings and Participants

A centrally randomized, controlled, superiority trial (with allocation concealment until study entry) was conducted in three Australian hospitals. Medical–surgical patients (one PIVC each) requiring intravenous therapy for >24 h were studied.

Main Outcome Measures

The primary outcome was device failure (composite: occlusion, infiltration, phlebitis, dislodgement, local, or bloodstream infection). Infection endpoints were assessor‐masked. The secondary outcomes were: failure type, first‐time insertion success, tip colonization, insertion pain, dwell time, mortality, costs, health‐related quality of life, clinician, and patient satisfaction.

Results

Out of 1759 patients randomized (integrated PIVC, n = 881; nonintegrated PIVC, n = 878), 1710 (97%) received a PIVC and were in the modified intention‐to‐treat analysis (2269 PIVC‐days integrated; 2073 PIVC‐days nonintegrated). Device failure incidence was 35% (145 per 1000 device‐days) nonintegrated, and 33% (124 per 1000 device‐days) integrated PIVCs.

Intervention

Integrated PIVCs had a significantly lower failure risk (adjusted [sex, infection, setting, site, gauge] hazard ratio [HR]: 0.82 [95% confidence interval, CI: 0.69–0.96], p = .015). The per‐protocol analysis was consistent (adjusted HR: 0.80 [95% CI: 0.68–0.95], p = .010). Integrated PIVCs had significantly longer dwell (top quartile ≥ 95 vs. ≥84 h). Mean per‐patient costs were not statistically different.

Conclusions

PIVC failure is common and complex. Significant risk factors include sex, infection at baseline, care setting, insertion site, catheter gauge, and catheter type. Integrated PIVCs can significantly reduce the burden of PIVC failure on patients and the health system.
Morphology of the urogenital papilla of the male marine teleost Black Rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii (Hilgendorf, 1880), and its role in internal fertilization
Authors: Wang Tao , Wang Xueying , Zhao Ning , Liu Qinghua , Song Zongcheng , Li Jun
Published: November 2022

There are few detailed descriptions of the morphology of the male external genitalia, the urogenital papilla (UGP), of the Black Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii Hilgendorf, 1880). The purpose of this study was to evaluate this organ histologically and to determine the time of development of the UGP in Black Rockfish. Twelve adult males, three adult females and around 500 juveniles were used in the experiment. The juveniles were divided into normal developmental and androgen groups. The androgen group was exposed to methyltestosterone (100 μg/L) for 2 h daily for 38 days. Samples (N = 10 per sampling) were randomly selected for analysis every 5 days from 30 to 116 days after birth. Parameters assessed included the type of epithelium, composition of connective tissue, muscular tissue, and the timing of UGP development. Differences in these parameters between normal developmental and androgen groups were evaluated. The results indicated that the UGP of the adult fish contains the sperm duct and ureter, which have the function of transporting sperm and urine, respectively. The androgen‐treated juvenile fish developed the UGP earlier than the normal development group. This study provides a reference for understanding the external genitalia of other viviparous fishes by studying the UGP of the male Black Rockfish.
A Dual‐Channel Deep Learning Approach for Lung Cavity Estimation From Hyperpolarized Gas and Proton MRI
Authors: Astley Joshua R. , Biancardi Alberto M. , Marshall Helen , Hughes Paul J. C. , Collier Guilhem J. , Smith Laurie J. , Eaden James A. , Hughes Rod , Wild Jim M. , Tahir Bilal A.
Published: November 2022

Background

Hyperpolarized gas MRI can quantify regional lung ventilation via biomarkers, including the ventilation defect percentage (VDP). VDP is computed from segmentations derived from spatially co‐registered functional hyperpolarized gas and structural proton (1H)‐MRI. Although acquired at similar lung inflation levels, they are frequently misaligned, requiring a lung cavity estimation (LCE). Recently, single‐channel, mono‐modal deep learning (DL)‐based methods have shown promise for pulmonary image segmentation problems. Multichannel, multimodal approaches may outperform single‐channel alternatives.

Purpose

We hypothesized that a DL‐based dual‐channel approach, leveraging both 1H‐MRI and Xenon‐129‐MRI (129Xe‐MRI), can generate LCEs more accurately than single‐channel alternatives.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

A total of 480 corresponding 1H‐MRI and 129Xe‐MRI scans from 26 healthy participants (median age [range]: 11 [8–71]; 50% females) and 289 patients with pulmonary pathologies (median age [range]: 47 [6–83]; 51% females) were split into training (422 scans [88%]; 257 participants [82%]) and testing (58 scans [12%]; 58 participants [18%]) sets.

Field Strength/Sequence

1.5‐T, three‐dimensional (3D) spoiled gradient‐recalled 1H‐MRI and 3D steady‐state free‐precession 129Xe‐MRI.

Assessment

We developed a multimodal DL approach, integrating 129Xe‐MRI and 1H‐MRI, in a dual‐channel convolutional neural network. We compared this approach to single‐channel alternatives using manually edited LCEs as a benchmark. We further assessed a fully automatic DL‐based framework to calculate VDPs and compared it to manually generated VDPs.

Statistical Tests

Friedman tests with post hoc Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons compared single‐channel and dual‐channel DL approaches using Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), average boundary Hausdorff distance (average HD), and relative error (XOR) metrics. Bland–Altman analysis and paired t‐tests compared manual and DL‐generated VDPs. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The dual‐channel approach significantly outperformed single‐channel approaches, achieving a median (range) DSC, average HD, and XOR of 0.967 (0.867–0.978), 1.68 mm (37.0–0.778), and 0.066 (0.246–0.045), respectively. DL‐generated VDPs were statistically indistinguishable from manually generated VDPs (P = 0.710).

Data Conclusion

Our dual‐channel approach generated LCEs, which could be integrated with ventilated lung segmentations to produce biomarkers such as the VDP without manual intervention.

Evidence Level

4.

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1.
Investigation of macrophage polarization in herniated nucleus pulposus of patients with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation
Authors: Li Xiao‐Chuan , Luo Shao‐Jian , Wu Fan , Mu Qing‐Chun , Yang Jun‐Hui , Jiang Cheng , Wang Wei , Zhou Tian‐Li , Qin Tan‐Dan , Tan Rong‐Xiong , Jian‐Li  , Huang Chun‐Ming , Wang Mao‐Sheng , Bai Xiao‐Chun
Published: November 2022

Macrophage infiltration and polarization during lumbar intervertebral disc herniation (LDH) have attracted increased attention but their role remains unclear. To explore macrophage polarization in herniated nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue of patients with LDH and investigate the association between cell frequency and different clinical characteristics or symptoms, we conducted a retrospective study by analyzing NP tissue samples from 79 patients. Clinical features and symptoms, using the visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI), were collected. The macrophage markers CD68, CCR7, CD163, and CD206; pro‐inflammatory cytokine TNF‐α; and anti‐inflammatory factor IL‐4 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The frequency of polarized macrophages and positivity rate of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines showed significant differences in some of clinical characteristics. Specifically, higher CCR7+ and TNF‐α + proportions were identified in the high‐intensity zone (HIZ) and the type of extrusion and sequestration NP tissue than in non‐HIZ and protrude NP tissue. Higher CD206+ and IL‐4+ proportion were detected in Modic changes. However, no differences in gender, age, smoking status, Pfirrmann grade, analgesic use, leg pain duration, and segments were found between groups. CD68+, CCR7+, and CD206+ cell proportions, and TNF‐α and IL‐4 showed positive associations with VAS scores preoperation. Associations between ODI and the macrophages markers were weak/insignificant. Our results indicated that macrophage polarization or macrophage‐like cells contribute to LDH pathological features. Macrophage populations displaying significant associations with VAS score reflected continuous M1/M2 transition contributing to pain during LDH. These findings may contribute to enhanced/personalized pharmacological interventions for patients with LDH considering pain heterogeneity.
Spent culture supernatant of Streptococcus gordonii mitigates inflammation of human periodontal cells and inhibits proliferation of pathogenic oral microbes
Authors: Shu Yi , Upara Chawin , Ding Qiong , Zhu Min , Zeng Erliang , Banas Jeffrey A. , Hong Liu
Published: November 2022

Background

The oral commensal bacterial species Streptococcus gordonii has been reported to regulate the inflammation of oral epithelial cells stimulated by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. This study investigated the activities of S. gordonii metabolites in S. gordonii spent culture supernatants (Sg‐SCS) on periodontal‐related bacterial growth and periodontitis‐associated inflammatory cytokines.

Methods

Sg‐SCS was collected from S. gordonii cultures grown in Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium and added to the growth media of representative health‐ and disease‐related oral species: S. gordonii, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, P. gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. The Sg‐SCS was also tested for its ability to regulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines by human macrophages, epithelial cells, and gingival fibroblasts upon stimulation with P. gingivalis‐derived lipopolysaccharide (Pg‐LPS).

Results

Sg‐SCS significantly reduced transcript and protein levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, 6, and 8 induced by Pg‐LPS stimulation in multiple types of periodontal cells. mRNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses indicated that Sg‐SCS significantly affects 10 inflammatory pathways. Additionally, Sg‐SCS exhibited suppression of the growth of periodontal disease‐related bacteria, including T. denticola and P. gingivalis, along with the primary plaque‐colonizing species S. oralis. At a low concentration, Sg‐SCS also inhibits P. gingivalis adhesion.

Conclusions

These results strongly suggest that S. gordonii‐derived SCS contains metabolites that have anti‐inflammatory properties and an ability to inhibit periodontitis‐associated pathogenic bacteria. Further investigation will be needed to identify the individual metabolites within the Sg‐SCS to develop a novel metabolite‐based approach to treating and preventing periodontitis.
Adhesion energy, spreading coefficient and interfacial tension as an efficient tool for assessing biocide performance
Authors: Nguyen Duy , Balasubramanian Ramakrishnan , Richardson Alex
Published: November 2022

It is estimated that microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) contributes to 20%–50% of the total cost of corrosion. Biocides are often used to counter MIC. Normally, the choice of a biocide is based on planktonic kill studies as well as cost of the treatment chemicals. Sessile kill studies have significant advantages over planktonic studies but usually take 8 weeks to complete. Furthermore, both sessile kill and planktonic studies only provide phenomenological results and therefore do not explain the mechanisms. To bridge this gap, we have calculated spreading coefficient and work of adhesion from contact angle measurements as a tool for assessing the performance of a biocide. This novel method provides insights into how biocides interact with a biofilm on a surface and is quicker than sessile kill study. Based on surface energy calculations, we have identified parameters that will aide in the prediction of biofilm removal and prevention. For example, surfactants with a positive spreading coefficient on a substrate and having a stronger affinity for the substrate than the biofilm (i.e., a lower interfacial tension) are effective in biofilm prevention. On the other hand, surfactants with a low interfacial tension with a substrate are effective in biofilm removal. Given the diversity of surfaces to which bacteria attach (carbon steel, near wellbore, membrane, etc.), this rapid technique is a good prediction tool for the effectiveness of a biocide application. This paper will provide an overview of the technique and discuss some examples of surfactants that can be used for biofilm removal and prevention.