bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Expressive Power of Multiple Heads in CHR
Authors: Di Giusto Cinzia , Gabbrielli Maurizio , Meo Maria Chiara
Published: January 2012

Constraint Handling Rules (CHR) is a committed-choice declarative language that has been originally designed for writing constraint solvers and is nowadays a general purpose language. CHR programs consist of multiheaded guarded rules which allow to rewrite constraints into simpler ones until a solved form is reached. Many empirical evidences suggest that multiple heads augment the expressive power of the language, however no formal result in this direction has been proved, so far.

In the first part of this article we analyze the Turing completeness of CHR with respect to the underlying constraint theory. We prove that if the constraint theory is powerful enough then restricting to single head rules does not affect the Turing completeness of the language. On the other hand, differently from the case of the multiheaded language, the single head CHR language is not Turing powerful when the underlying signature (for the constraint theory) does not contain function symbols.

In the second part we prove that, no matter which constraint theory is considered, under some reasonable assumptions it is not possible to encode the CHR language (with multi-headed rules) into a single headed language while preserving the semantics of the programs. We also show that, under some stronger assumptions, considering an increasing number of atoms in the head of a rule augments the expressive power of the language.

These results provide a formal proof for the claim that multiple heads augment the expressive power of the CHR language.
The Complexity of Proving the Discrete Jordan Curve Theorem
Authors: Nguyen Phuong , Cook Stephen
Published: January 2012

The Jordan curve theorem (JCT) states that a simple closed curve divides the plane into exactly two connected regions. We formalize and prove the theorem in the context of grid graphs, under different input settings, in theories of bounded arithmetic that correspond to small complexity classes. The theory
V
0
(2) (corresponding to
AC
0
(2)) proves that any set of edges that form disjoint cycles divides the grid into at least two regions. The theory
V
0
(corresponding to
AC
0
) proves that any sequence of edges that form a simple closed curve divides the grid into exactly two regions. As a consequence, the Hex tautologies and the st-connectivity tautologies have polynomial size
AC
0
(2)-
Frege
-proofs, which improves results of Buss which only apply to the stronger proof system
TC
0
-
Frege
.
A Survey of Automatic Query Expansion in Information Retrieval
Authors: Carpineto Claudio , Romano Giovanni
Published: January 2012

The relative ineffectiveness of information retrieval systems is largely caused by the inaccuracy with which a query formed by a few keywords models the actual user information need. One well known method to overcome this limitation is automatic query expansion (AQE), whereby the user’s original query is augmented by new features with a similar meaning. AQE has a long history in the information retrieval community but it is only in the last years that it has reached a level of scientific and experimental maturity, especially in laboratory settings such as TREC. This survey presents a unified view of a large number of recent approaches to AQE that leverage various data sources and employ very different principles and techniques. The following questions are addressed. Why is query expansion so important to improve search effectiveness? What are the main steps involved in the design and implementation of an AQE component? What approaches to AQE are available and how do they compare? Which issues must still be resolved before AQE becomes a standard component of large operational information retrieval systems (e.g., search engines)?
Discovering multirelational structure in social media streams
Authors: Lin Yu-Ru , Sundaram Hari , De Choudhury Munmun , Kelliher Aisling
Published: January 2012

In this article, we present a novel algorithm to discover multirelational structures from social media streams. A media item such as a photograph exists as part of a meaningful interrelationship among several attributes, including time, visual content, users, and actions. Discovery of such relational structures enables us to understand the semantics of human activity and has applications in content organization, recommendation algorithms, and exploratory social network analysis.

We are proposing a novel nonnegative matrix factorization framework to characterize relational structures of group photo streams. The factorization incorporates image content features and contextual information. The idea is to consider a cluster as having similar relational patterns; each cluster consists of photos relating to similar content or context. Relations represent different aspects of the photo stream data, including visual content, associated tags, photo owners, and post times. The extracted structures minimize the mutual information of the predicted joint distribution. We also introduce a relational modularity function to determine the structure cost penalty, and hence determine the number of clusters. Extensive experiments on a large Flickr dataset suggest that our approach is able to extract meaningful relational patterns from group photo streams. We evaluate the utility of the discovered structures through a tag prediction task and through a user study. Our results show that our method based on relational structures, outperforms baseline methods, including feature and tag frequency based techniques, by 35%--420%. We have conducted a qualitative user study to evaluate the benefits of our framework in exploring group photo streams. The study indicates that users found the extracted clustering results clearly represent major themes in a group; the clustering results not only reflect how users describe the group data but often lead the users to discover the evolution of the group activity.
Vulnerabilities and countermeasures in context-aware social rating services
Authors: Feng Qinyuan , Liu Ling , Dai Yafei
Published: January 2012

Social trust and recommendation services are the most popular social rating systems today for service providers to learn about the social opinion or popularity of a product, item, or service, such as a book on Amazon, a seller on eBay, a story on Digg or a movie on Netflix. Such social rating systems are very convenient and offer alternative learning environments for decision makers, but they open the door for attackers to manipulate the social rating systems by selfishly promoting or maliciously demoting certain items. Although a fair amount of effort has been made to understand various risks and possible defense mechanisms to counter such attacks, most of the existing work to date has been devoted to studying specific types of attacks and their countermeasures. In this article, we argue that vulnerabilities in social rating systems and their countermeasures should be examined and analyzed in a systematic manner. We first give an overview of the common vulnerabilities and attacks observed in some popular social rating services. Next, we describe three types of attack strategies in two types of social rating systems, including a comprehensive theoretical analysis of their attack effectiveness and attack costs. Three context-aware countermeasures are then presented: (i) hiding user-item relationships, (ii) using confidence weight to distinguish popular and unpopular items, and (iii) incorporating time windows in trust establishment. We also provide an in-depth discussion on how these countermeasures can be used effectively to improve the robustness and trustworthiness of the social rating services.
Context-sensitive user interfaces for semantic services
Authors: Sherchan Wanita , Nepal Surya , Bouguettaya Athman , Chen Shiping
Published: January 2012

Service-centric solutions usually require rich context to fully deliver and better reflect on the underlying applications. We present a novel use of context in the form of
customized user interface services
with the concept of
User Interface as a Service
(UIaaS). UIaaS takes user profiles as input to generate context-aware interface services. Such interface services can be used as context to augment semantic services with contextual information leading to UIaaS as a Context (UIaaSaaC). The added serendipitous benefit of the proposed concept is that the composition of a customized user interface with the requested service is performed by the service composition engine, as is the case with any other services. We use a special-purpose language (called User Interface Description Language (UIDL)) to model and realize user interfaces as services. We use a real-life e-government application, human services delivery for the citizens, as a proof-of-concept. We also present a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed approach using a functional evaluation and a nonfunctional evaluation consisting of an end user usability test and expert usability reviews.
A study of practical deduplication
Authors: Meyer Dutch T. , Bolosky William J.
Published: January 2012

We collected file system content data from 857 desktop computers at Microsoft over a span of 4 weeks. We analyzed the data to determine the relative efficacy of data deduplication, particularly considering whole-file versus block-level elimination of redundancy. We found that whole-file deduplication achieves about three quarters of the space savings of the most aggressive block-level deduplication for storage of live file systems, and 87% of the savings for backup images. We also studied file fragmentation, finding that it is not prevalent, and updated prior file system metadata studies, finding that the distribution of file sizes continues to skew toward very large unstructured files.
Software for exact integration of polynomials over polyhedra
Authors: De Loera J. A. , Dutra B. , Köppe M. , Moreinis S. , Pinto G. , Wu J.
Published: January 2012

We are interested in quickly computing the exact value of integrals of polynomial functions over domains that are decomposable into convex polyhedra (e.g., a tetrahedral or cubical mesh decomposition of space). We describe a software implementation, part of the software LattE, and provide benchmark computations.
Defect polytopes and counter-examples with polymake
Authors: Joswig Michael , Paffenholz Andreas
Published: January 2012

It is demonstrated how the software system polymake can be used for computations in toric geometry. More precisely, counter-examples to conjectures related to A-determinants and defect polytopes are constructed.
Ways to implement computer algebra compactly
Authors: Stoutemyer David R.
Published: January 2012

Computer algebra had to be implemented compactly to fit on early personal computers and hand-held calculators. Compact implementation is still important for portable hand-held devices. Also, compact implementation increases comprehensibility while decreasing development and maintenance time and cost, regardless of the platform. This article describes several ways to achieve compact implementations, including:

Exploit evaluation followed by interpolation to avoid implementing a parser, such as in PicoMath™.

Use contiguous storage as an expression stack to avoid garbage collection and pointerspace overhead, such as in Calculus Demontm and TI-Math-Engine.

Use various techniques for saving code space for linked-storage representation of expressions and functions, such as in muMathtm and Derive®

.
Synthesis and Characterization of Bis(4-methylbenzylammonium) Tetrachloridocadmate(II)
Authors: Kefi R. , Zeller M. , Lefebvre F. , Ben Nasr C.
Published: January 2012

The crystal structure of the new inorganic-organic hybrid compound [4-CH3C6H4CH2NH3]2[CdCl4] has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with lattice parameters a=10.721(2), b=33.986(6), c=5.326(1) Å, β=97.222(1)°, V=1940.8(7) Å3, and Z=4. The framework of the title compound is built upon layers parallel to (010) made up from corner-sharing CdCl6 octahedra. 4-Methylbenzylammonium cations are situated between the layers and connect them via an N–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonding network. The Cd atom is located on an inversion centre, and the coordination environment is described as distorted octahedral. Solid state 13C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy is in agreement with the X-ray structure. DFT calculations allow the attribution of the carbon peaks to the independent crystallographic sites. Thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy were also used to characterize the complex.
Rough Multisets and Information Multisystems
Authors: Girish K. P. , Jacob John Sunil
Published: January 2012

Rough set theory uses the concept of upper and lower approximations to encapsulate inherent inconsistency in real-world objects. Information multisystems are represented using multisets instead of crisp sets. This paper begins with an overview of recent works on multisets and rough sets. Rough multiset is introduced in terms of lower and upper approximations and explores related properties. The paper concludes with an example of certain types of information multisystems.
Pathways to Prevention for Children of Depressed Mothers: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations for Practice
Authors: Rishel Carrie W.
Published: January 2012

Maternal depression is one of the most well-documented risk factors for child and adolescent depression, but little work has focused on how to reduce this risk. Although a few interventions have been developed and tested, implementing targeted prevention efforts with depressed mothers and their children is not common practice. The increased risk of depression for children of depressed mothers is so clear, however, professionals can no longer “sit on the sidelines” without initiating specific prevention efforts with this population. To do so requires a paradigm shift—moving from a focus on individual treatment to a prevention approach that engages the entire family as the unit of care. The purpose of this paper is to draw on existing literature to highlight potential “pathways to prevention” for children of depressed mothers. Recommendations for initiating these pathways based on family lifecycle stage, point of contact, and service setting are presented and discussed.
Optimal Antenna Selection Designs for Coupled MIMO Systems
Authors: Taluja Pawandeep S. , Hughes Brian L.
Published: January 2012

We consider the impact of antenna mutual coupling on receive antenna selection systems. Prior work on selection with mutual coupling has not considered the effects of the inactive (i.e., unselected) antenna terminations and spatial noise correlation. In this work, we show that the presence of inactive antennas can profoundly alter system performance when the antennas are strongly coupled. We also propose a new antenna selection technique that seeks to exploit coupling to improve performance. Simulations suggest that the new technique can significantly outperform traditional selection when coupling is present.
A Practical Guide to the Massive Black Hole Cosmic History
Authors: Sesana A.
Published: January 2012

I review our current understanding of massive black hole (MBH) formation and evolution along the cosmic history. After a brief introductory overview of the relevance of MBHs in the hierarchical structure formation paradigm, I discuss the main viable channels for seed BH formation at high redshift and for their subsequent mass growth and spin evolution. The emerging hierarchical picture, where MBHs grow through merger triggered accretion episodes, acquiring their mass while shining as quasars, is overall robust, but too simplistic to explain the diversity observed in MBH phenomenology. I briefly discuss which future observations will help to shed light on the MBH cosmic history in the near future, paying particular attention to the upcoming gravitational wave window.
The Prevalence of Urogenital Infections in Pregnant Women Experiencing Preterm and Full-Term Labor
Authors: Giraldo Paulo César , Araújo Edilson D. , Junior José Eleutério , Amaral Rose Luce Gomes do , Passos Mauro R. L. , Gonçalves Ana Katherine
Published: January 2012

Urogenital infections are extremely prevalent during pregnancy and are an important cause of premature labor. However, the prevalence of urogenital infections during childbirth is not well known.Objective. Identify urogenital infections present at the beginning of labor in both full-term and preterm pregnancies.Study Design. Ninety-four women were admitted to the inpatient maternity clinic of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). In total, 49 women in preterm labor and 45 women in full-term labor were included in the study, and samples of urinary, vaginal, and perianal material were collected for microbiological analysis.Results. The prevalences of general infections in the preterm labor group and the full-term labor group were 49.0% and 53.3% (P=0.8300), respectively. Urogenital infections in the preterm and full-term labor groups included urinary tract infection in 36.7% and 22.2% of women, vaginal candidiasis in 20.4% and 28.9% of women, bacterial vaginosis in 34.7% and 28.9% of women, and group B streptococcus in 6.1% and 15.6% of women, respectively.Conclusions. Urogenital infections were prevalent in women in preterm labor and full-term labor; however, significant differences between the groups were not observed.
Proportion of Parents Agreeing to Delay Fetal Karyotyping until the Third Trimester of Pregnancy in Cases with an Indication
Authors: Toutain Jérôme , Lemaire-Coustel Marie-Anne , Begorre Marianne , Montaubin Orianne , Soler Gwendoline , Taine Laurence , Horovitz Jacques , Saura Robert
Published: January 2012

Objective: To assess the extent to which couples who could benefit from fetal karyotyping during the first or second trimester would agree to delay the examination until the third trimester. Methods: In this prospective monocentric study, the same physician suggested to some couples to delay fetal karyotyping until the third trimester. Results: 458 couples participated in this study. 230 couples (230/458 = 50.2%) refused to delay the examination until the third trimester of pregnancy (group 1). For these patients, four chromosomal abnormalities led to the termination of pregnancy. Fifty-six couples (56/458 = 12.2%) who initially agreed to delay the fetal karyotyping later changed their minds (group 2). 104 couples (104/458 = 22.7%) agreed to delay the examination (group 3). For these patients, one trisomy 21 was diagnosed and led to the subsequent termination of the pregnancy at 33 weeks of amenorrhea. Sixty-eight couples (68/458 = 14.8%) refused any form of invasive prenatal diagnosis (group 4). There was no difference in the rate of preterm premature rupture of membranes, pregnancy term, premature birth rate and birth weight between the four groups. Conclusions: Our study reports that about a quarter of couples did indeed agree to delay fetal karyotype assessment until the third trimester of pregnancy.
Interaction between VEGF Receptor-2 Gene Polymorphisms and Dietary Patterns on Blood Glucose and Lipid Levels in Chinese Malaysian Adults
Authors: Yap Roseline Wai Kuan , Shidoji Yoshihiro , Hon Wei Min , Masaki Motofumi
Published: January 2012

Background/Aims: The prevalence of lifestyle-related chronic diseases is increasing and gene-diet interaction studies are limited among the Malaysian population. This study was conducted to evaluate the association and interaction effects of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2(VEGFR2) gene polymorphisms and dietary patterns on anthropometric and biochemical risk factors of chronic diseases in 179 Chinese Malaysian adults. Methods: Genotyping of rs1870377 and rs2071559 was performed by real-time PCR using TaqMan probes. Dietary patterns were constructed from the food frequency questionnaire using factor analysis. Anthropometric measurements: body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure and biomarkers: blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lipids were obtained. Results: Two dietary patterns: ‘Balanced diet’ and ‘Meat, rice and noodles diet’ (MRND) were extracted. MRND was associated with higher BMI, blood pressure, blood glucose and lipids, while T alleles in both rs1870377 and rs2071559 were associated with higher blood lipids (p < 0.05). The interaction of MRND and rs1870377 had a borderline effect on blood HbA1c after adjusting for confounders (p = 0.057). Conclusions: A dietary pattern of MRND and VEGFR2 gene polymorphisms were both associated with increased health risks of lifestyle-related chronic diseases particularly blood glucose and lipid levels in Chinese Malaysian adults.
Do Additional Cores from MRI Cancer-Suspicious Lesions to Systematic 12-Core Transrectal Prostate Biopsy Give Better Cancer Detection?
Authors: Shigemura Katsumi , Motoyama Shin , Yamashita Masuo
Published: January 2012

Background: The comparison of systematic prostate biopsies (PBx) with PBx including additional cores based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of lesions suspicious for prostate cancer (PCa) has been controversial. This study focuses on additional cores based on MRI findings for better cancer detection. Methods: Data were collected from 491 men who underwent transrectal ultrasound-guided PBx: a 12-core PBx (group 1: 395 cases) and a 12-core PBx plus 1–3 additional cores based on MRI (group 2: 96 cases). Comparison of two groups revealed how the additional cores taken with MRI findings affected PCa detection. Results: Group 1 had 205 cases (51.9%) and group 2 had 55 cases (57.3%) of PCa detected. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.3444). Only 1 of the 55 patients (1.82%) in group 2 had cancer only in the additional cores based on MRI. In other words, only 1/96 (1.04%) patients was diagnosed with PCa only by the additional core PBx. Conclusions: We suggest that systematic 12-core PBx (sextant peripheral zone + 4 transitional zone + 2 far lateral peripheral zone) can be considered an excellent tool for PCa detection and there may be no need for additional cores based on MRI findings for PCa detection.
Oxidative Stress Promotes Hypertension and Albuminuria During the Autoimmune Disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Mathis Keisa W. , Venegas-Pont Marcia , Masterson C. Warren , Stewart Nicholas J. , Wasson Katie L. , Ryan Michael J.
Published: January 2012

Several lines of evidence suggest that essential hypertension originates from an autoimmune-mediated mechanism. One consequence of chronic immune activation is the generation of oxygen-derived free radicals, resulting in oxidative stress. Renal oxidative stress has direct prohypertensive actions on renal microvascular and tubular function. Whether oxidative stress contributes to the prevalent hypertension associated with autoimmune disease is not clear. We showed previously that female NZBWF1 mice, an established model of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), develop hypertension associated with renal oxidative stress. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress contributes to autoimmune-mediated hypertension by treating SLE and control (NZW/LacJ) mice with tempol (2.0 mmol/L) and apocynin (1.5 mmol/L) in the drinking water for 4 weeks. Although the treatment did not alter SLE disease activity (assessed by plasma double-stranded DNA autoantibodies), blood pressure and renal injury (urinary albumin) were reduced in the treated SLE mice. Tempol plus apocynin–treated SLE mice had reduced expression of nitrosylated proteins in the renal cortex, as well as reduced urinary and renal cortical hydrogen peroxide, suggesting that treatment reduced renal markers of oxidative stress. These data suggest that renal oxidative stress plays an important mechanistic role in the development of autoimmune-mediated hypertension.
The NOAA Products Validation System (NPROVS)
Authors: Reale Tony , Sun Bomin , Tilley Franklin H. , Pettey Michael
Published: January 2012

The following report summarizes the NOAA Products Validation System (NPROVS), operated at the NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR). NPROVS provides centralized collocation and intercomparison of multiple suites of satellite-derived atmospheric sounding products, global operational radiosonde and dropsonde observations, and numerical weather prediction (NWP) data. The report addresses the screening and processing of radiosonde and dropsonde data, the method of collocating to the respective satellite product data, and perceived characteristic differences among the respective satellite products. The analysis of characteristic tendencies among the satellite products underscores the need for absolute consistency when compiling validation datasets of respective satellite, ground target, and NWP observations in order to minimize the varying degrees of inherent differences among these systems.

The access and collocation of sonde and satellite observations occur on a daily basis with the routine archiving of all collocated data at STAR. The minimum requirement for retaining a given sonde is that the collective temperature and moisture profiles extend vertically at least 5 km without a gap. Retained reports are further processed including analysis to identify suspicious observations, temperature and moisture profile features, and impacts when applying sampling constraints. The collocation approach is optimized for each satellite system to select a single “closest” sounding from each satellite that lies within 6 h and 250 km of a given sonde. The NPROVS analytical and graphical interface provides a dual troubleshooting function to assure the integrity of collocations and validation function for intercomparing the satellite products. Results indicate notable differences in the perceived characteristic of the products systems with seasonal tendencies.
Sexuality, power and the sociology of the internet
Authors: Brickell Chris
Published: January 2012

The internet is an increasingly important enabler and mediator of sexual relations in society. It has begun to transform older modes of knowing, experiencing and organizing sexuality. In light of an emerging social science literature, this article considers internet-mediated sexuality and its consequences for theorizing power. It looks at three ideal-typical strands of power in relation to sexuality: the constitutive, the regulatory and the unequal. It considers empirically based discussions alongside broader theoretical concerns: Foucauldian work on discourse and subjectivity, an Althusserian account of interpellation, the symbolic interactionist focus on the presentation of self and feminist analyses of inequality. On the internet, the article suggests, the overlaps between different forms of sexual power are often complex and multi-directional.
Visual rationalities: Towards a sociology of images
Authors: Burri Regula Valérie
Published: January 2012

Images are ubiquitous in (post)modern societies. Nevertheless, there is a lack of conceptual frameworks which relate sociological theory to a thinking about ‘the visual.’ Sociological theory has widely neglected to reflect on images and ‘the visual’ and to explore the role of images in constituting and reproducing ‘the social’. This article argues for a sociology of images. It aims to develop a conceptual tool to analyse images from a practice perspective. Following a theory of practice approach and referring to works in the sociology of science, it suggests the concept of ‘visual logic’ to analyse images sociologically. The article claims that social practice is intertwined with a visual logic. To investigate images from a sociological perspective, the article argues, implies to analyse the visual logic that shapes, and is constituted by, social practices. Taking medical images as an example and drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, the article shows how this concept serves as an analytical tool to explore the social role of images. Physicians and medical researchers use images both because of their visual and non-visual dimensions. The article thus concludes by pointing to a multitude of visual logics – or, in their empirical form, ‘visual rationalities’ – that become evident when observing image practices ethnographically.
Mental Disorder and Offending in Prison
Authors: Felson Richard B. , Silver Eric , Remster Brianna
Published: January 2012

This research uses specific diagnoses and symptoms of mental disorder (MDO) to predict whether inmates offend in prison. Social psychological theories of aggression are used to make predictions about what types of MDO affect whether inmates commit violent and nonviolent infractions. The analysis was based on a survey of a nationally representative sample of more than 16,000 inmates from state and federal facilities. The evidence suggests that psychosis and major depression have strong effects on infractions involving aggression, whereas the effects of anxiety disorders are weaker and inconsistent. Psychosis and depression are also associated with nonaggressive offenses, suggesting that they have disinhibitory effects on misconduct generally. Analyses of the effects of symptoms suggest that paranoid thinking is the best predictor of offending, particularly, offending that involves aggression. In general, the evidence suggests that both cognitive and emotional aspects of MDO lead to prison offenses.
Is giftedness truly a gift?
Authors: Davidson Janet E.
Published: January 2012

This article examines whether giftedness is actually a gift for those who receive it. The following attributes of a true gift are described as: (1) an understanding of what the gift is and who owns it; (2) realizing that it needs maintenance; (3) knowing what to do with the gift; (4) the giver expects nothing in return; and (5) the receiver appreciates having the gift. Next, each attribute is related to empirical and theoretical work on giftedness. Finally, based on a synthesis of the previous sections, the question of whether giftedness really is a gift is answered and recommendations are made.
A Forensic Investigation Into the Etiology of Bat Mortality at a Wind Farm: Barotrauma or Traumatic Injury?
Authors: Rollins K. E. , Meyerholz D. K. , Johnson G. D. , Capparella A. P. , Loew S. S.
Published: January 2012

Migrating bats have increased mortality near moving turbine blades at wind farms. The authors evaluated competing hypotheses of barotrauma and traumatic injury to determine the cause. They first examined the utility of lungs from salvaged bat carcasses for histopathologic diagnosis of barotrauma and studied laboratory mice as a model system. Postmortem time, environmental temperature, and freezing of carcasses all affected the development of vascular congestion, hemorrhage, and edema. These common tissue artifacts mimicked the diagnostic criteria of pulmonary barotrauma; therefore, lung tissues from salvaged bats should not be used for barotrauma diagnosis. The authors next compared wind farm (WF) bats to building collision (BC) bats collected near downtown Chicago buildings. WF bats had an increased incidence in fracture cases and specific bone fractures and had more external lacerations than BC bats. WF bats had additional features of traumatic injury, including diaphragmatic hernia, subcutaneous hemorrhage, and bone marrow emboli. In summary, 73% (190 of 262) of WF bats had lesions consistent with traumatic injury. The authors then examined for ruptured tympana, a sensitive marker of barotrauma in humans. BC bats had only 1 case (2%, 1 of 42), but this was attributed to concurrent cranial fractures, whereas WF bats had a 20% (16 of 81) incidence. When cases with concurrent traumatic injury were excluded, this yielded a small fraction (6%, 5 of 81) of WF bats with lesions possibly consistent with barotrauma etiology. Forensic pathology examination of the data strongly suggests that traumatic injury is the major cause of bat mortality at wind farms and, at best, barotrauma is a minor etiology.
Cerebral perfusion changes in migraineurs: a voxelwise comparison of interictal dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI measurements
Authors: Arkink Enrico B , Bleeker Egbert JW , Schmitz Nicole , Schoonman Guus G , Wu Ona , Ferrari Michel D , van Buchem Mark A , van Osch Matthias JP , Kruit Mark C
Published: January 2012

Introduction: The increased risk of cerebro- and cardiovascular disease in migraineurs may be the consequence of a systemic condition affecting whole body vasculature. At cerebrovascular level, this may be reflected by interictal global or regional cerebral perfusion abnormalities. Whether focal perfusion changes occur during interictal migraine has not been convincingly demonstrated.

Methods: We measured brain perfusion with dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging (DSC-MRI) in 29 interictal female migraineurs (12 migraine with aura (MA), 17 migraine without aura (MO)), and 16 female controls. Perfusion maps were compared between these groups with a voxelwise (p < 0.001, uncorrected, minimum cluster size 20 voxels) and a region-of-interest approach.

Results: In whole brain voxelwise analyses interictal hyperperfusion was observed in the left medial frontal gyrus in migraineurs and in the inferior and middle temporal gyrus in MO patients, in comparison with controls. Hypoperfusion was seen in the postcentral gyrus and in the inferior temporal gyrus in MA patients and in the inferior frontal gyrus in MO patients. Additional focal sites of hyperperfusion were noted in subgroups based on attack frequency and disease history. Region-of-interest analyses of the pons, hypothalamus, occipital lobe, and cerebellum did not show interictal perfusion differences between migraineurs and controls.

Conclusions: We conclude that interictal migraine is characterized by discrete areas of hyper- and hypoperfusion unspecific for migraine pathophysiology and not explaining the increased vulnerability of particular brain regions for cerebrovascular damage.
Broken Hearts and Broken Bones
Authors: Eisenberger Naomi I.
Published: January 2012

Although it is common to describe experiences of social rejection or loss with words typically reserved for physical pain, the idea that these social experiences might actually be experienced as painful seems more far-fetched. However, accumulating evidence demonstrates that social pain—the painful feelings following social rejection or loss—may rely on pain-related neural circuitry. Here, I summarize a program of research that has explored whether social pain relies on pain-related neural regions, as well as some of the expected consequences of a physical–social pain overlap. I also discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of social pain.
Patients’ Perceptions of Their Illness
Authors: Petrie Keith J. , Weinman John
Published: January 2012

A patient constructs a cognitive representation of his or her illness that guides behavior aimed at managing that illness. Patients’ models of their illness share a common structure made up of beliefs about the cause of an illness, the symptoms that are part of the condition, the consequences of the illness for the patient’s life, how the illness is controlled or cured, and how long the illness will last. Illness perceptions can be measured using questionnaires and also assessed in patients’ drawings, which readily show how an illness is visualized. Illness perceptions change rapidly in response to diagnostic results and have been associated with emotional distress, recovery, and disability, as well as with treatment-related behavior such as adherence. Interventions based around changing inaccurate or unhelpful perceptions of illness are an important emerging area of health psychology.
Where are the female athletes in Sports Illustrated? A content analysis of covers (2000–2011)
Authors: Weber Jonetta D , Carini Robert M
Published: January 2012

We content analyzed more than 11 years of Sports Illustrated (SI) covers (2000–2011) to assess how often females were portrayed, the sports represented, and the manner of their portrayal. Despite females’ increased participation in sport since the enactment of Title IX and calls for greater media coverage of female athletes, women appeared on just 4.9 percent of covers. The percentage of covers did not change significantly over the span and were comparable to levels reported for the 1980s by other researchers. Indeed, women were depicted on a higher percentage of covers from 1954–1965 than from 2000–2011. Beyond the limited number of covers, women’s participation in sport was often minimized by sharing covers with male counterparts, featuring anonymous women not related directly to sports participation, sexually objectifying female athletes, and promoting women in more socially acceptable gender-neutral or feminine sports.
Rheology and microstructural evolution in pressure-driven flow of a magnetorheological fluid with strong particle–wall interactions
Authors: Ocalan Murat , McKinley Gareth H.
Published: January 2012

The interaction between magnetorheological (MR) fluid particles and the walls of the device that retain the field-responsive fluid is critical as this interaction provides the means for coupling the physical device to the field-controllable properties of the fluid. This interaction is often enhanced in actuators by the use of ferromagnetic walls that generate an attractive force on the particles in the field-on state. In this article, the aggregation dynamics of MR fluid particles and the evolution of the microstructure in pressure-driven flow through ferromagnetic channels are studied using custom-fabricated microfluidic devices with ferromagnetic sidewalls. The aggregation of the particles and the time-dependent evolution in the microstructure is studied in rectilinear, expansion and contraction channel geometries. These observations help identify methods for improving MR actuator design and performance.
How to Build a Low-Cost Eye-Tracking System
Authors: Pavlas Davin , Lum Heather , Salas Eduardo
Published: January 2012

Eye tracking, previously the purview of well-funded laboratories, is now available to any individual who wishes to study gaze patterns. Advances in eye-tracking technology have made it possible for those with meager budgets but an abundance of motivation to engage in studies that examine participants’ eye movements and fixations. This article presents a how-to guide for creating low-cost eye-tracking solutions and includes discussion of optical hardware, tracking software, and data analysis programs. The wider availability of eye-tracking technology ensures that the broader scientific community has access to techniques that can inform design and enhance research.
Adaptive calibration method for camera distortion
Authors: Huang Chiung-Wei , Chou Chang-Min , Lin Ting-Wei , Chang Cheng-Yuan
Published: January 2012

Distortion is a major problem when using charge-coupled device cameras. This study developed a novel adaptive calibration method for minimizing camera distortion. The proposed method improves the calibration of the camera when solving the problems of radial distortion, decentering distortion and prism distortion. Tracking results are also enhanced. Additionally, the proposed method does not require complex mathematical equations to calibrate the camera, so the camera can be calibrated in real-time. Simulation and experimental comparisons with conventional methods confirm the good performance of the proposed method.
Using Logistic Regression Modeling to Predict Sexual Recidivism
Authors: Duwe Grant , Freske Pamela J.
Published: January 2012

This study presents the results from efforts to revise the Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool–Revised (MnSOST-R), one of the most widely used sex offender risk-assessment tools. The updated instrument, the MnSOST-3, contains nine individual items, six of which are new. The population for this study consisted of the cross-validation sample for the MnSOST-R ( N = 220) and a contemporary sample of 2,315 sex offenders released from Minnesota prisons between 2003 and 2006. To score and select items for the MnSOST-3, we used predicted probabilities generated from a multiple logistic regression model. We used bootstrap resampling to not only refine our selection of predictors but also internally validate the model. The results indicate the MnSOST-3 has a relatively high level of predictive discrimination, as evidenced by an apparent AUC of .821 and an optimism-corrected AUC of .796. The findings show the MnSOST-3 is well calibrated with actual recidivism rates for all but the highest risk offenders. Although estimating a penalized maximum likelihood model did not improve the overall calibration, the results suggest the MnSOST-3 may still be useful in helping identify high-risk offenders whose sexual recidivism risk exceeds 50%. Results from an interrater reliability assessment indicate the instrument, which is scored in a Microsoft Excel application, has an adequate degree of consistency across raters (ICC = .83 for both consistency and absolute agreement).
Comorbidity and Phenomenology of Bipolar Disorder in Children With ADHD
Authors: Serrano Eduardo , Ezpeleta Lourdes , Castro-Fornieles Josefina
Published: January 2012

Objective: To assess the comorbidity of bipolar disorder (BPD) in children with ADHD and to study the psychopathological profile of ADHD children with and without mania. Method: A total of 100 children with ADHD were assessed with a semistructured diagnostic interview and questionnaires of mania, ADHD, and general psychopathology. Results: 8% of children met criteria for BPD and 6% for BPD–not specified. ADHD children with bipolar spectrum disorder had greater comorbidity with disruptive behavior disorders and scored higher on the Young Mania Rating Scales and on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Scales of rule-breaking behavior, externalizing problems, and total problems; however, significance on the CBCL Scales was lost when controlling for disruptive behavior disorders. Conclusion: BPD is frequently associated with ADHD; it has important implications for prognosis and choice of treatment. Differences on the CBCL Scales could be explained by the comorbidity with disruptive behavior disorders rather than by a specific manic profile.
Sensory Processing Sensitivity
Authors: Aron Elaine N. , Aron Arthur , Jagiellowicz Jadzia
Published: January 2012

This article reviews the literature on sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) in light of growing evidence from evolutionary biology that many personality differences in nonhuman species involve being more or less responsive, reactive, flexible, or sensitive to the environment. After briefly defining SPS, it first discusses how biologists studying animal personality have conceptualized this general environmental sensitivity. Second, it reviews relevant previous human personality/temperament work, focusing on crossover interactions (where a trait generates positive or negative outcomes depending on the environment), and traits relevant to specific hypothesized aspects of SPS: inhibition of behavior, sensitivity to stimuli, depth of processing, and emotional/physiological reactivity. Third, it reviews support for the overall SPS model, focusing on development of the Highly Sensitive Person (HSP) Scale as a measure of SPS then on neuroimaging and genetic studies using the scale, all of which bears on the extent to which SPS in humans corresponds to biological responsivity.
Factors associated with emotional and behavioral outcomes in adolescents with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Till C , Udler E , Ghassemi R , Narayanan S , Arnold DL , Banwell BL
Published: January 2012

Background:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) onset during adolescence has the potential to disrupt a key period of psychosocial maturation. Objective: We aimed to examine the prevalence and risk factors associated with emotional and behavioral outcomes in adolescents with MS.

Methods:

The Behavioral Assessment System for Children-2nd Edition (BASC-2) was completed by 31 adolescents with MS (mean age = 16.1 years), 31 age-matched controls, and parents of all participants. BASC-2 outcomes were compared between groups. Base rates were examined for scores falling at least one or two standard deviations below norm. Associations between BASC-2 outcomes and features of disease severity and IQ were examined.

Results:

Youth with MS were reported by their parents to have more symptoms of depression and somatization and lower adaptive skills compared with reports by parents of controls. On the self-report, patients endorsed more problems of inattention/hyperactivity and lower self-reliance relative to controls. Behavioral concerns and reduced adaptive functioning in the MS group were associated with fatigue, poor relations with parents, and perceived social stress. Psychosocial outcomes did not associate with number of relapses, Expanded Disability Status Scale score, disease duration, brain lesion volume or IQ.

Conclusion:

Youth with MS are at risk of difficulties in behavioral and emotional health. Relations with parents emerged as a key factor influencing the emotional well-being of youth with MS, suggesting an important role for family-centered care in this population.
The bad homosexual: Genet’s perverse homo-politics
Authors: Stephens Elizabeth
Published: January 2012

Although widely recognized as pivotal texts in the history of homosexual literature, Genet’s novels occupied a largely negative position within gay criticism of the 1990s, by which they were seen to reproduce heterocentric, even homophobic assumptions about same-sex desire. This article argues that Genet’s contentious decision to articulate homoerotic desire within the space of a heteronormative language is one necessitated by the structural constraints of language itself. Metafictively drawing attention to the absence of a language in which to communicate homoerotic desire, Genet represents his narrators and characters as locked in a closet of heteronormative language. His strategic response to this silencing is to appropriate and recontextualize heterocentric and homophobic discourses in ways that problematize their assumed heteronormativity. In contrast to the gay critical focus on whether Genet himself has internalized heteronormative assumptions about his sexuality and subjectivity, Genet’s texts remind us that the question is not simply an individualized one of what the author him/herself thinks, but rather how s/he might articulate expressions of desire within a language that seems designed to erase such expressions of difference.
Writing queer performance: Hubert Fichte's inimitable Imitations
Authors: Gillett Robert
Published: January 2012

This article seeks to make a case for regarding the German author Hubert Fichte, who died in 1986 at the tragically early age of 50, as a proto-queer author at least on a par with Jean Genet. It does so by subjecting to minute analysis a seminal passage from Fichte's third novel, and radiating out from there to show how, especially in his characteristic invocations of camp, drag, ritual and imitation, he interrogates the very notion of ‘identity’ in a way which not only anticipates some of the most celebrated insights of queer theory, but also puts them into inimitable (writerly) practice.