bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periodismo feminista: prácticas organizativas, dinámicas periodísticas y agenda setting
Authors: Ceballos Cuadrado Antonia , De Frutos García Ruth
Published: July 2024

El avance de la cuarta ola feminista, unido al desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías e internet y el afán de contarmejor la realidad de las profesionales de la información, ha promovido el auge del periodismo feminista en laactualidad. En este contexto, el presente artículo estudia los elementos necesarios para que el periodismo seaconsiderado feminista, a través de las prácticas organizativas que lo distinguen, las dinámicas profesionales que locaracterizan y los contenidos que aborda. Para ello, se muestran los principales resultados de nueve entrevistas enprofundidad realizadas de manera no estructurada a informantes vinculadas tanto con el mundo académico comocon el profesional, elaboradas como parte del proyecto “Periodismo feminista: la importancia de la comunicacióncon perspectiva de género”, financiado por el Plan Propio de la Universidad de Málaga, que cuenta con el apoyode numerosas organizaciones del ámbito profesional. En conclusión, la necesidad de incorporar en la elaboracióny difusión de contenidos informativos una mirada holística e interseccional, que incluya a toda la ciudadanía ypreste atención a las condiciones de trabajo y responsabilidad, tanto dentro del denominado trabajo productivocomo reproductivo, son aspectos fundamentales para la consideración de un periodismo feminista.
Palabras clave:Periodismo feminista, Periodismo, Feminismos, Interseccionalidad, Globalización
Pikara Magazine, un retablo de dudas entre la consolidación y la creación
Authors: Fernández González Mª Ángeles
Published: July 2024

El periodismo feminista no es solo un titular, una temática o una lista de mujeres asesinadas, que, no lo olvidemos, no para de crecer. El periodismo feminista no es solo una columnista, ni una directora, ni una redactora formada. Ni la crónica viral del día. El periodismo feminista es crítico por definición, transgresor por intuición, doloroso por contexto y cuidadoso por decisión. Complejo y autocrítico, molesto hasta para quien lo ejerce. El periodismo feminista quiebra los cánones de la profesión dados por infranqueables. Tratar de romper los moldes del periodismo tradicional, el hegemónico, implica subvertir los contenidos, abrir las miradas y trastocar las formas de hacer. Los debates del periodismo feminista abordan lo que decimos y cómo lo decimos; en ocasiones, también el quién. Como medio feminista, Pikara Magazine nació con la intención de jugar con el periodismo, apostar por el atrevimiento y deshacer ciertos mantras de la profesión.
Editorial
Authors: Cano-Orón Lorena
Published: July 2024

Cumplimos una década. Durante este periodo, siguiendo la norma científica de ensayo-error, hemos evolucionado y adoptado diversas medidas que consideramos han mejorado la calidad, el acceso y la estética de la revista. Todos estos cambios han ido siempre ligados a un esfuerzo personal, voluntario y vocacional, característico de la profesión científica.
Es un orgullo poder seguir manteniendo un sistema de publicación especializado que llegue a los lectores de forma abierta y libre, sin barreras económicas ni para los autores ni para los lectores. Fieles a un modelo de conocimiento libre que defendemos año tras año en Dígitos, hemos logrado lo que se considera una revista diamante. Estas condiciones han sido posibles gracias al apoyo del Departamento de Teoría de los Lenguajes y Ciencias de la Comunicación de la Universitat de València, principal y único responsable de la financiación de este proyecto.
Desde una perspectiva más cuantitativa, Dígitos ha logrado posicionarse entre las 10 revistas españolas especializadas en comunicación con mayor impacto, según las métricas actuales calculadas por Dialnet, situándose en el primer cuartil.
El número que presentamos en esta ocasión especial incluye el monográfico titulado “Compromisos éticos de la comunicación y del periodismo con los feminismos y la sostenibilidad de las vidas”. Este monográfico no solo contribuye a la discusión teórica, sino que también busca mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas con la premisa revolucionaria de poner la vida en el centro. Todo esto, aplicado específicamente al ámbito comunicativo profesional y académico...
Probacja – rozwiązania prawne w niektórych krajach europejskich
Authors: Dobrochna Wójcik
Published: July 2024

The article discusses the legal solutions of probation as well as regulations pertaining to organization of probation services and to functions of probation officers in criminal proceedings of adults and juveniles in some European countries. Discussed has been probation in England, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Lithuania, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden. The introduction focuses on the definition of probation; also, the role of international organizations in promoting probation has been characterized together with the importance of recommendations as to the principles and practice, issued by such organizations, for introduction of probation into criminal justice. Considering the future shape of probation, one might ask to what extent we can use those experiences. We believe that some foreign solutions of probation might be added to the Polish legislation in the course of the Polish probation reform which has been going on for several years now. The following problems should in our opinion be reconsidered and possibly regulated in a manner other than the present one. The major and basic issue is the decision as to probation's position with respect to the criminal justice system. The problem is regulated differently in different countries; decisions as to the Polish solutions should be carefully considered. The Commission for Probation Reform, appointed several years ago, suggested that the probation system remain part of the criminal justice system but acquire the status of an autonomous department, an associate and partner of courts. Related to this is the postulate that the work of probation officers be evaluated as to the merits by a competent superior officer and not by the judge as it is today. Also solved should be the problem of a possible separate regulation of juvenile vs. adult probation (as it is the case in many European countries). In such countries, there is also the trend to remove proceedings in cases of offences from juvenile courts and to deal with them within administrative procedure. As regards the measures applied to juveniles, their execution is more and more often handed over to social services. The system for assisting and educating juveniles who break the legal norms or find it otherwise difficult to become integrated with society thus becomes ever more consistent; the competent services cooperate with one another ever more closely and coordination of their work is improved, which enhances the effectiveness of their efforts. What is important for the proper effects of educational work is cooperation of probation services with local government agencies and local communities. Although the road towards this kind of transformation of probation is difficult in Poland and various obstacles may be encountered, it is nevertheless a worth-while effort to use the experience of other countries and to introduce modern legal solutions that have been tested elsewhere.
Obraz przestępczości nieletnich w Polsce w badaniach kryminologicznych – przed i po transformacji
Authors: Irena Rzeplińska
Published: July 2024

Patterns of offences committed by youth aged 13–16: in contemporary Poland and fifteen years earlier – in the 1980s. The limit is 1989, a year when major social and political changes in Poland begun. What was different and what was similar in offences between these two groups of youth.
O niektórych ogólnych problemach kryminologii i znaczeniu paradygmatu humanistycznego
Authors: Leon Tyszkiewicz
Published: July 2024

The article presents a series of statements concerning criminology: it is a autonomous and multidisciplinary science; it should be separated from the criminal policy and merged with the study of social pathology. The distinction between descriptive and explaining criminology is of certain importance. In the latter, the problem of assumed paradigm is of particular importance. Approximately since l960, in social sciences and in criminology the antinaturalistic paradigm prevails. Its nature is raises controversies. The author thinks that the antinaturalistic paradigm – understood correctly – must be a humanistic paradigm based on the idea of "homo eligens" (a choosing man) and a moderate indeterminism. This point of view has many advantages: among others, it explains poor effects of the research in the etiology of crime and the difficulties in the struggle against crime. Criminology must be developed. That is relatively easy within descriptive criminology but significantly more difficult in explanatory criminology, where the more interesting information must be obtained from the criminal himself.
Polskie Badanie Przestępczości (PBP) 2007-2009: analiza wybranych rezultatów
Authors: Andrzej Siemaszko
Published: July 2024

Polish Crime Study (PBP) carried out between 2007 and 2009 was a joint project of the Police Headquarters and the Institute for Justice. The particular aim of the project, which was carried out in all 16 voivodships of Poland and in the police area of the of the Capital District, was to estimate the level of crime increase and its dark figures, evaluation of police work, and measure of fear of crime - both across the country and in each province. The research was carried out each year in the first half of January of on a random sample of 17 thousand respondents (3 thousands in each province and 3 thousand in the the Warsaw Police Headquarters area) by traditional face to face interview method. Analyzed results include 51 thousand respondents who were surveyed in 2007 - 2009. For the entire sample constructed in this way the measurement error is minimal and is in fact only 0.4% in general and 1.8% for the particular local area tests. It should be emphasised that PBP is the largest victimological study in Poland (surveys of the Institute of Justice in the previous rounds of the ICVS did not usually exceed 5 thousand respondents) and, at the same time, one of the major social surveys in our country.. The questionnaire of Polskie Badanie Przestępczości included questions related to the victimization with the following acts: robbery, assault, burglary, car theft, other theft (pickpocket, mobile phone theft, bicycle theft). The study also included a question concerning the reporting level of abovementioned acts. Much attention was paid to the perception of the police and fear of the crime in the measurement tool (such items were generally modeled on the Polish version of the ICVS questionnaire). The study included a total of 12 positions and 10 measurable questions. Positions related to offenses and their applications were relatively complex and de facto consisted of several questions. PBP results indicate that the intensification of a crime in Poland is still quite considerable. Nearly every fifth inhabitant of our country was a victim of one of the offenses taken into consideration during the analyzed period, almost every eighteenth was a victim of a burglary. Also other thefts (nearly 1,900 cases per 51 thousand respondents), and robberies (nearly 1,500 cases per 51 thousand resondents) happen quite often. The largest (tenfold) diversity in regional reviev concerns the risk of a car theft, white the smallest (2,5 fold) diversity concerns robberies and other theft. Relatively large, (fivefold) differences have also been reported in case of battery. It should be noted that differences in the frequency of the offences taken into consideration voivodship-wise is comparable or even greater than in the individual EU countries taking part in the final round of the ICVS, which is certainly quite a surprise.
Funkcjonowanie oddziałów dla tzw. "więźniów niebezpiecznych" w Polsce
Authors: Zbigniew Lasocik
Published: July 2024

A series of mysterious deaths in prisons made the issue of persecution organs functioning, but first and foremost question the effectiveness of controls within the prison system, returned to the newspapers’ headines. In the large part the debate has been concerned with the safety of persons who may have important information regarding ongoing criminal proceedings. Opinions are divergent, and their authors often refer back to fundamental issues. The most important and arousing the strongest emotions ones among them are as follows: where is the limit of permitted prision isolation, and how should the special units for specific categories of offenders operate? The presented study is the result of research entitled “Wstępna ocena funkcjonowania oddziałów dla więźniów niebezpiecznych” (“Introductory assessment of wards for particularly dangerous criminals”) which I carried out in 2007-2008. In the research, I examined the subject of the borders of the prison isolation, with particular emphasis on the effects of its escalation, for those who are the subjects, and for those who are executors of enhanced isolation alike. The research consisted of 10 case studies carried out on prisoners, who stayed in the special prison units with a very high degree of isolation for the longest time. Their period of stay ranged from 7 to 14 years. Penitentiary records of these individuals and the material gathered during the in-depth interviews were analysed. In addition to the presentation of the data collected during the research also contains an attempt to present a useful analytic scheme to describe and understand the functioning of this segment of the prison system, which is responsible for the isolation and control of the most dangerous criminal offenders and the most recalcitrant prisoners. The unit analysed was, so-called N ward, treated as an element of the prison culture and culture in general. The primary data source is the materials and documents related to the functioning of this segment of the prison system and the awareness of individuals participating in this social phenomenon. The latter is consistent with the assumptions of humanist criminology, in which an individual experience is a key vehicle for knowledge of the culture, and the knowledge should be searched there. The essence of this approach to the study of social phenomena is a recommendation by F. Znaniecki to study it with “the humanistic factor.” The study reconstructed the origins of wards with a high degree of isolation and it systemic rationalisation. The information collected, justify the hypothesis that the system of N wards in Poland was not prepared well enough. Ultimately there are 16 branches and with over more than 400 specially protected places of imprisonment created, despite the considerable cost, only because they were presented to decision-makers as one of the key instruments to combat the organized crime.
Zjawisko prostytucji a prawo karne
Authors: Joanna Derlich-Mielczarek
Published: July 2024

The aim of this article is to analyse the limits of penal reaction to the phenomenon of prostitution. First, various legal systems are reviewed according to the treatment of prostitution. Penal responses to the said social problem such as prohibitionism, reglamentarism (and neore-glamentarism), and abolitionism are discussed. Apart from the positive aspects of legal solutions, the article presents also negative and criminogenic consequences of such solutions (along with description of particular examples). Finally, the article discusses the situation of persons providing sexual services in the view of Polish law. The article presents a conclusion that it is impossible to show the only right method of fight against prostitution. This results not only from the complexity of the said phenomenon but also from the need to refer to particular historical and cultural context of the phenomenon in each case being considered. Nevertheless, an attempt of drawing the boundaries of penal reaction to behaviours related to prostitution is made. In particular, separation of methods of fight with the phenomenon from the moral judgments of the phenomenon is suggested. This enables to free the criminal law from the role of upholder of moral standards which the criminal law is often attributed.
Przestępczosć na warszawskiej Pradze z perspektywy współczesnych teorii ekologicznych w kryminologii
Authors: Magdalena Goldschneider
Published: July 2024

The article presents research constituting an attempt at verification of theories historically originating from the Chicago School of Sociology and the ecological approach within criminology, the supporters of which focus on the criminal offence itself and on its environmental conditions. This group of theories belongs to the environmental criminology. Criminological deliberations on the crime, carried out in the spirit of the contemporary environmental trend, are based on the assumption that the occurrence of a criminal offence is determined by four necessary elements: the legal norm that is breached, the offender, the object of the crime (victim or target) as well as the time and space in which the crime is committed. The object of interest of the environmental criminology is in the first place the space and time dimension of the act, in which the remaining elements meet. The discussed research was based on the rou-tine activity theory, the rational choice perspective and the crime pattern theory. The basic theoretical assumption is that the volume of crime is influenced by the number of crime opportunities. According to the routine activity theory, a crime opportunity occurs at the moment of convergence of a likely offender and a suitable target in the absence of a capable guardian. The first hypothesis assumes that the crime opportunity is a necessary condition for occurrence of a criminal offence, including that related to violence. The second hypothesis was based on the assumption that crime opportunities are not evenly distributed in time and space. We should therefore assume that not every object (person or thing) is a suitable target in the event of a concrete criminal act. Not every environment constitutes scenery conducive to commitment of a given crime. In other words, there are areas with higher concentration of crime. The third hypothesis was related to an assumption of the crime patterns concept relating to the offenders’ daily life patterns. It says that perpetrators search for suitable targets in areas that are well-known to them – in the vicinity of their workplace, school or place of their leisure activities. The offender’s journey to crime covers relatively small distances, avoiding only the area closest to their place of residence (the so-called buffer zone). The spatial and social characteristics were examined in chosen territorial units being three districts of a large city – Warsaw. The research area covered the jurisdiction of the Dis-trict Court for the city of Warsaw Praga-Północ, i.e. the administrative boundary precincts of the following districts: Praga Północ, Białołęka and Targówek. The verification of the afore-mentioned hypotheses took place based on an analysis of court records concerning 694 offenders, convicted in 2006 in criminal procedures of acts belonging to the jurisdiction of the said court.
Jak badać lęk przed przestępczością?
Authors: Paweł Ostaszewski
Published: July 2024

Fear of crime has been researched since late 1960s and is commonly recognized one of the most frequent issue investigated in contemporary criminology. Definition of the fear of crime, its operability by means of particular investigation methods and techniques, and its macro-, meso-, and micro-social conditioning factors are widely discussed in the scientific literature on the subject. This article describes methodological aspects of research on this issue and particular questionnaire questions formulated in such research. The most frequent method used in research on fear of crime is to use particular questionnaire questions asked to respondents on quantitative surveys. There are attempts to use other research methods and techniques such as in-depth and focus interviews or content analysis. Among qualitative research, there are two predominant methods of fear measurement and, what follows, its definition and analysis. The first assumes a single question (e.g. how safe one feels on a lonely evening walk) with closed categories of responses. Choosing a category by the respondent is deemed to be an indicator of fear. The second method assumes that fear of crime is a continuous quantitative variable created by a scale which sums up responses to a series of questions on particular aspects of fear (e.g. fear of various types of crimes). The results obtained by the first method are presented as a percentage of respondents afraid of becoming a victim of crime which percentage is to reflect fear of crime level in a society. A relationship with other variables within to-dimensional analyses (e.g. using cross-tables) and multidimensional (e.g. with the use of logistic regression) are also investigated. Presenting one-dimensional results from the second method of measurement is much less understandable since it relies on an abstract arithmetic mean which is impossible to interpret. At the same time, however, they enable to define the level of fear (and not only the sole fact of its occurrence or lack of occurrence) and to use more precise techniques of two- and multi-dimensional analysis such as comparison of means and linear regression. It is worth to not that precise determination of the number, form and way of asking such questions is subject to constant debate in the literature which has not been decided so far.
Oszustwo asekuracyjne (art. 298 k.k.) w praktyce wymiaru sprawiedliwości
Authors: Konrad Buczkowski
Published: July 2024

The insurance market is the area of business where fraud is attempted most frequently. Most painful to insurers are undue claims filed for damages under insurance contracts. Insurance related crimes are socially accepted, hence not condemned within a community. Despite their considerably harmful social potential, they are not sufficiently prosecuted, which partly stems from the conduct of insurance companies, who – in consideration of their positive image – are not eager to admit that they have fallen victims to fraud. This article presents a broad analysis of statistical data on the crime under Article 298 of the Penal Code and presents results of research on pretrial proceedings and cases concluding with court verdict ruling against the perpetrator of an insurance fraud. An analysis of the statistical data showed a significant decrease (since 2007) in the number of proceedings instigated under Article 298 Penal Code. The reason behind this phe-nomenon may be that this type of acts are classified as crime under Article 286 Penal Code, i.e. 'classic' fraud. Generally speaking, proceedings instigated under Article 298 Penal Code have accounted for a very low percentage of all proceedings over the entire decade – 0.02%. The aim of the criminological research presented in the article was to show the practical side of protecting the insurance market against fraudulent conduct of insured parties; also to attempt to find out if the penal regulation is appropriate, if prosecution under Article 298 Penal Code is correct, and finally, if any changes: be them legislative, to prosecution or penal policies, are necessary to provide effective protection for the insurance industry. In the file research conducted, the key assumption was to cover a possibly largest group of events defined as insurance fraud. In stage 1 of the research, the proceedings included all those conducted between 1995 – 2003 under Article 4 of the Trade Protection Act of 12.10.1994 and under Article 298 Penal Code (the Penal Code, as of the day of its enforce-ment, i.e. 1st Sept. 1998, invalidated the relevant provision of the aforesaid Act). As stage 2, court proceedings conducted in 2008 were examined, i.e. five years after completion of the core stage of the research. The aim of stage 2 analysis was to compare and define changes in insurance fraud prosecution policies and manners in which the fraud was committed. The results show that the prospects for rendering the provisions of Article 298 Penal Code useful in providing a penal framework in the Polish law system for dealing with 'specialised' crimes, aiming at protection of the insurance industry, have proven unrealistic. The regulations concerning the offence in question did not become the main tool for countering undue claims of property insurance, including vehicle insurance.
"Człowiek w akwarium" - postępwanie z więźniami "niebezpiecznymi" w oddziałach o specjalnych zabezpieczeniach
Authors: Maria Niełaczna
Published: July 2024

Research conducted to date shows that prisoners classified as “dangerous” do not include financial offenders, white collar workers, or people convicted for causing death by dangerous driving. Prison authorities reserve this special category for prisoners convicted of crimes involving violence and/or firearms and/or crimes described by the courts in their judgements as “brutal” and indicative of psychopathic and impulsive character traits that render rehabilitation impossible. Prisoners regarded as “dangerous” include those who are unpredictable, “the worst of the worst,” those deemed depraved and impervious to rehabilitation, and those who commit further crimes and engage in risky conduct in defiance of prison rules while incarcerated (escaping, associating with opponents of the penitentiary system, refusing to obey prison guards etc.). Academic literature and reports from prison guard organizations show that super-maximum (supermax) facilities enable inmates described as highly predatory and destructive to prison order and management to be handled. However, the same sources point out the negative side effects of the high economic, legal and moral costs of maintaining these facilities and managing their inmates. Prison populations have always had aggressive and “hard to manage” individuals, but the idea of managing them separately did not occur until the 20th century. Criminological studies provide the criteria for identifying risk and the methodology for assessing it. These have enabled the key concept of “serious threat to social security or to the security of the penal facility” to be understood. This is the only circumstance under which a prisoner should be classified as “dangerous.” There are two aspects of what “serious threat” means. On the one hand, the phrase denotes those factors that depend on the convict and which the convict can control and modify. On the other hand, it denotes those factors that depend entirely on the measures adopted by the prison authorities who implement and shape them. These range from ensuring an appropriate prison environment to employing user-friendly management and control methods. The responsibility for attenuating risks does not rest solely on the prisoners, but also, if not primarily, on the correctional officers and the system they create. That a prisoner is incorrigible is no justification for labelling him “dangerous” and keeping him in isolation and maximum security for the duration of his sentence. The machinery of the state, with all its experts, academic and practical knowledge and a budget to fund it all, has to be more knowing and better equipped than an individual prisoner, who only has unstable emotions and weak self-control mechanisms at his disposal and/or is bent on self–destruction. When the state fails to offer a solution acceptable to all parties that have an interest in the “dangerous” status, then it is weak and will remain so.
Terapia uzależnień od środków odurzających i psychotropowych w warunkach więziennych, w kontekście przeciwdziałania prizonizacji
Authors: Grzegorz Kudlak
Published: July 2024

The many restrictions in force in a closed institution make prisons taxing and oppressive places for their inmates. Imprisonment is associated with a great deal of internal conflict and a deprivation of needs. This increases stress and psychological discomfort. This situation is often beyond the adaptation skills of convicts, prompting them to engage in a set of behavioural patterns known as prisonisation. In the process, prisoners accept norms and values that are specific to prison communities, including deviant attitudes and rituals that stand in opposition to the goals of rehabilitation and express rebellion against the institution of prison. People addicted to narcotics and psychotropic drugs have an additional motivation, viz. the possibility of obtaining drugs, to live the “double life” of prison. Research shows that incorporating specialized addiction treatment into prison programs is conducive to rehabilitation. This raises the question as to whether this therapy could effectively control prisonisation as well. The author’s own survey of prisoners who were treated shows that their hierarchy of values were significantly different six months later. This change can be regarded as developmental and indicative of successful rehabilitation. This could serve as evidence that positive therapeutic results encourage prison inmates to find constructive ways of dealing with imprisonment, reducing stress, reflecting on their conduct and understanding that their time in prison is a consequence of their actions. In this context, addiction therapy in prison may well be an effective means of preventing prisonisation.
Alkohol a poczytalność sprawcy czynu zabronionego - wnioski na podstawie badań aktowych
Authors: Anna Golonka
Published: July 2024

This study presents the issue of alcohol consumption and its possible effect(s) on an offender’s ability to comprehend the significance of his/her actions or to control his/her behaviour. The legislative provision that allows to justify the full responsibility of the offender being in a state of inebriation in the same unit of a legal text like insanity and significantly restricted sanity (Article 31 of Polish Penal Code) indicates that there is a connection between these states. From a psychopathological standpoint, they are obviously connected by the disrupted functioning of the perpetrator’s mental activities. These disturbances, when the offender is under the influence of alcohol, need not result into his full responsibility and, in some, giving to characterize and statistically present cases, can lead to a reduction or even abolition of the soundness of the perpetrator of the offense. These problems were the stimulus to undertake research work, the results of which are also presented in this paper.
Fotelowi detektywi w XXI wieku. Sposoby angażowania społeczeństwa do rozwiązywania spraw kryminalnych oraz korzyści i zagrożenia z tego płynące
Authors: Paweł Waszkiewicz  , Piotr Karasek
Published: July 2024

This is the first article in the criminological literature to describe armchair detectives, i.e. non-professionals who solve criminal cases as a hobby. The phenomenon is mainly discussed in the context of contemporary means of communication, including the internet and social media. While these are increasingly important, this article focuses on more “traditional” types of activity as well. Citing examples from Poland and abroad, the authors come up with their own typology of this highly diversified group. The authors distinguish six ways in which armchair detectives engage in solving detective puzzles: 1) recognizing a person, place or thing; 2) reporting an incident; 3) OSINT; 4) the classic “Oh!”; 5) expert knowledge and skills; 6) and cold cases. The authors also discuss the benefits and threats posed by armchair detectives. These are analyzed from the standpoint of both law enforcement and the common good within the broad meaning of the term. The summary includes a suggestion that the phenomenon be studied under the paradigm of evidence-based policing. Their proposal is to empirically check the extent to which armchair detectives help detect crime and how effective their help is in investigations.
Funkcjonalność i adekwatność środka karnego i obowiązku probacyjnego nakazu opuszczenia lokalu zajmowanego wspólnie z pokrzywdzonym. Czy regulacje prawnokarne odpowiadają potrzebom osób pokrzywdzonych?
Authors: Anna Jaworska-Wieloch  , Olga Sitarz
Published: July 2024

Celem publikacji jest skonfrontowanie poglądów osób pokrzywdzonych przestępstwem znęcania się na temat nakazu opuszczenia lokalu przez sprawcę z obowiązującym stanem prawnym. Uzupełnieniem badań są opinie tzw. ekspertów (osób zajmujących się zawodowo wspieraniem ofiar przemocy domowej). Przeprowadzane rozważania mają doprowadzić do próby odpowiedzenia na pytanie o adekwatność kształtu prawnego nakazu opuszczenia lokalu względem usprawiedliwionych potrzeb pokrzywdzonych.
O wpływie ustawodawstwa karnego na politykę karną
Authors: Krzysztof Krajewski
Published: July 2024

Polityka karna w Polsce od lat uchodzi za niezwykle punitywną, o czym świadczą wysokie wartości, jakie przyjmują współczynniki prizonizacji, poczynając od okresu przed II wojną światową. Rodzi to uzasadnione pytanie o przyczyny takiego stanu rzeczy: czy leżą one po stronie punitywnego ustawodawstwa, tj. prawa zapisanego, czy też po stronie praktyki orzekania kar przez sądy, tj. prawa w działaniu. Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie w świetle dostępnych danych statystycznych wybranych zjawisk w polskiej polityce karnej, pokazujących, że w szeregu wypadków reformy zmierzające do obniżenia poziomu punitywności polskiej polityki karnej dawały rezultaty odwrotne od zamierzonych. Równocześnie wskazać można okresy jednoznacznego obniżenia tej punitywności, które nie były warunkowane jakimikolwiek zmianami ustawodawczymi. Pokazuje to względną niezależność płaszczyzn prawa zapisanego i prawa w działaniu.
Criminology and the criminal justice system in the Russian Federation after socio-political transformation: Kryminologia i wymiar sprawiedliwości w Federacji Rosyjskiej po transformacji społeczno-politycznej
Authors: Yakov Gilinskiy
Published: July 2024

The article discusses the stages of development of Russian criminology. Particular attention is paid to the modern stage, which began with the collapse of the USSR and the formation of the Russian Federation. Some of the most important findings of various studies are described. The article talks about the negative trends of recent times (since the mid-2000s). In addition, a brief critical description of contemporary Russian criminal justice is given.   W artykule omówione zostały etapy rozwoju kryminologii rosyjskiej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem dziejów najnowszych, zapoczątkowanych upadkiem ZSRR i powstaniem Federacji Rosyjskiej. W tekście przywołano wyniki kluczowych badań oraz omówiono występujące w ostatnich latach negatywne trendy w przestępczości (począwszy od połowy pierwszej dekady XXI wieku). Ponadto przedstawiono krótką analizę współczesnego rosyjskiego wymiaru sprawiedliwości.
Crime statistics in Hungary, 1968–2017: What is shaping the trend? Statystyki przestępczości na Węgrzech w latach 1968–2018. Analiza i wyjaśnienie trendów
Authors: József Kó
Published: July 2024

The study examines the development of crime statistics in Hungary. Data on registered crimes have been collected since 1968 using the same methodology. The long-term analysis reveals several trends. The first period, 1968–1989, was characterised by slow growth. The second phase started after the regime change: 1990–2000. There was a very significant increase and strong waves in the data. In the third phase, in the decade following the new millennium, the data appear to have stabilized at around 400,000 cases per year. Starting in 2012, a new trend of dramatic decline has emerged in the crime data. The study examines the evolution and possible causes of these diverse trends. It presents the social and political changes behind the trends. Particular emphasis will be placed on examining the causes of the period of the transformation from communism to liberal democracy and current trends. These are the most exciting stages of Hungarian criminal statistics. The relationship between social change and the evolution of the criminal situation is the basic question. A significant and lasting decrease in the number of registered crimes is a new phenomenon that has not been seen in processes since 1968. The number of registered crimes has decreased significantly in recent years. In analysing the causes behind this decrease, the combined effect of several factors can be detected. The most significant decrease was caused by the amendment of the legal regulations, modifying the legal situation of document abuse and raising the threshold for infringement. In addition, there is a downward trend at the international level. Significant emigration in recent years has also contributed to a reduction in the number of registered crimes.
Forced labour – well-hidden mechanisms of dependence and enslavement: Praca przymusowa – ukryte mechanizmy zależności i zniewolenia
Authors: Zbigniew Lasocik
Published: July 2024

Forced labour is a social phenomenon which is difficult to comprehend and accept due to its exceptional nature. The existing legal definition is not very helpful. This article reflects on a different approach to understanding forced labour and a different operational definition of the phenomenon. The starting point is to look at forced labour from the perspective of social pragmatism and symbolic interactionism by referring to the humanistic coefficient, a concept developed one hundred years ago. Using the experience of Poland in unsuccessful attempts to deal with forced labour, but also referring to global experiences in that field, this article attempts to define the phenomenon in the context of work in general. The key question that arises here is this that if work is a noble and socially visible phenomenon, how is it then that forced labour is almost completely invisible, not only to people, but also to law enforcement? It is suggested in this text that forced labour, burdened with a strong social taboo, is hidden behind a façade of the nobility of labour. At the end of the article, there is a proposal for a new analytical scheme with which the phenomenon can be described in a completely different language than that of criminal justice.   Praca przymusowa jest zjawiskiem społecznym, które ze względu na swój wyjątkowy charakter jest trudne do zrozumienia i zaakceptowania. Istniejąca definicja prawna nie jest szczególnie pomocna. W artykule przedstawione jest inne podejście do rozumienia pracy przymusowej oraz nieco inna, ale operacyjna definicja tego zjawiska. Punktem wyjścia jest spojrzenie na pracę przymusową z perspektywy społecznego pragmatyzmu i symbolicznego interakcjonizmu, odwołujące się do koncepcji współczynnika humanistycznego, wypracowanej sto lat temu. Patrząc na doświadczenia Polski, tzn. nieudane próby radzenia sobie z problemem pracy przymusowej, ale także na podobne doświadczenia w skali globalnej, podejmuję próbę zdefiniowania samego zjawiska – jako takiego, ale także w kontekście pracy w ogóle. Kluczowe pytanie, które się pojawia, brzmi: praca jest zjawiskiem szlachetnym i społecznie widocznym, więc jak to jest, że praca przymusowa jest tak mało widoczna dla ludzi, ale także dla organów ścigania? Stawiam tezę, że praca przymusowa, obciążona silnym społecznym tabu, skrywa się za fasadą pracy, jako zjawiska wyjątkowo godnego i szlachetnego. W końcowej części artykułu pojawia się propozycja nowego schematu analitycznego, który pozwoli opisać  zjawisko pracy przymusowej, zupełnie innym językiem niż język wymiaru sprawiedliwości w sprawach karnych, ale przed wszystkim, jako fenomen społeczny.
‘Let there be order!’: Rising criminal populism in Hungary
Authors: Gönczöl Katalin
Published: July 2024

The article explains the birth and development of criminal populism in Hungary – a serious deficit of a young democracy since 2010. Ten years ago, the governing party Fidesz gained a two-thirds majority in the Parliament and immediately pushed penal policy reforms to the forefront of politics under the slogan ‘Order at last!’ The article describes the growing social and political tensions and the serious conflicts arising from the segregation of peripheries of society as a consequence of penal populism. Particular attention is paid to populist criminal policy regarding juveniles, which predominantly favours disciplinary measures. The scope of criminalised behaviour and punishable persons has been expanded; punishments are doled out and the prison population has increased considerably.
The Injury Mechanism of Achilles Tendon Rupture in Professional Athletes: A Video Analysis Study
Authors: Yüce Ali , Yerli Mustafa , Misir Abdulhamit
Published: July 2024

Background: In professional athletes, Achilles tendon ruptures are devastating injuries, often resulting in season loss or decreased return to sports level. We aimed to perform a comprehensive video analysis to describe the mechanisms of Achilles tendon rupture as well as body posture in professional athletes. We hypothesized that Achilles tendon ruptures in professional athletes develop with a specific injury mechanism and that body posture at the time of injury varies by sport.

Methods: Of 114 identified Achilles tendon ruptures that occurred in professional athletes between 1970 and 2020, 42 with adequate video data were analyzed for injury mechanism, body posture, and player and sport characteristics by three independent reviewers.

Results: Mean ± SD age of the 42 athletes (41 men and 1 woman) was 28.4 ± 4.26 years. Eighteen athletes played basketball (42.9%), 14 football (33.3%), five soccer (11.9%), three baseball (7.1%), and two rugby (4.8%). Thirty-five patients (83.3%) had noncontact injuries. The most frequent months of injury were January (16.7%) and October (14.3%). During Achilles tendon rupture, the ankle was in dorsiflexion, the body was bent forward, the knee and hip were in extension, and the foot was in a neutral position. Most injuries occurred during take-off/acceleration (40.5%) or stop and turn (38.5%) maneuvers.

Conclusions: In professional athletes, the Achilles tendon most often ruptures during take-off/acceleration. The most common position during rupture is the trunk in flexion, the knee and hip in extension, and the ankle in dorsiflexion. This information can guide professional athletes in terms of physical therapy techniques, including neuromuscular training, proprioception, and balance training specific to preventing Achilles tendon rupture.
Does Short Foot Exercise Combined with Breathing Exercise Increase Muscular Activity in Individuals with Pes Planus?
Authors: Şahan Tezel Yıldırım , Soylu Çağlar , Turker Duygu , Atalay Emre Serdar , Demir Pervin , Yıldırım Necmiye Ün
Published: July 2024

Background: Improvements in muscle oxygenation and exercise posture can significantly impact muscle contraction. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of combined breathing and exercise posture (sitting or standing) on the muscle activity of the foot and ankle during short foot exercises (SFE) in individuals with pes planus.

Methods: The study included 15 subjects aged 21.53 ± 1.06 years, diagnosed with pes planus. Short foot exercises were performed with and without breathing exercises (BE) in sitting and standing positions. Surface electromyography was used to measure the activity of the tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL), and abductor hallucis longus (ABDH) muscles during four different SFE. Four-way repeated analyses of variance were used to assess the addition of BE to SFE and muscle activities of the foot and ankle.

Results: Muscle activity in the TA, PL, and ABDH was significantly higher in the SFE with BE than without BE in the standing position than in the sitting position. The SFE performed with BE when standing significantly increased the ABDH and ankle muscle activity compared to without BE.

Conclusions: SFE with BE may represent a new strengthening program for ABDH and PL foot muscles in rehabilitation programs for individuals with pes planus.
Peptidoglycan-tethered and free forms of the Braun lipoprotein are in dynamic equilibrium in Escherichia coli
Authors: Liang Yucheng , Hugonnet Jean-Emmanuel , Rusconi Filippo , Arthur Michel
Published: July 2024

Peptidoglycan (PG) is a giant macromolecule that completely surrounds bacterial cells and prevents lysis in hypo-osmotic environments. This net-like macromolecule is made of glycan strands linked to each other by two types of transpeptidases that form either 4→3 (PBPs) or 3→3 (LDTs) cross-links. Previously, we devised a heavy isotope-based PG full labeling method coupled to mass spectrometry to determine the mode of insertion of new-subunits into the expanding PG network (Atze et al., 2022). We showed that PG polymerization operates according to different modes for the formation of the septum and of the lateral cell walls, as well as for bacterial growth in the presence or absence of β-lactams in engineered strains that can exclusively rely on LDTs for PG cross-linking when drugs are present. Here, we apply our method to the resolution of the kinetics of the reactions leading to the covalent tethering of the Braun lipoprotein (Lpp) to PG and the subsequent hydrolysis of that same covalent link. We find that Lpp and disaccharide-peptide subunits are independently incorporated into the expanding lateral cell walls. Newly synthesized septum PG appears to contain small amounts of tethered Lpp. LDTs did mediate intense shuffling of Lpp between PG stems leading to a dynamic equilibrium between the PG-tethered and free forms of Lpp.
Endosomal-lysosomal organellar assembly (ELYSA) structures coordinate lysosomal degradation systems through mammalian oocyte-to-embryo transition
Authors: Satouh Yuhkoh , Tatebe Takaki , Tanida Isei , Yamaguchi Junji , Uchiyama Yasuo , Sato Ken
Published: July 2024

Mouse oocytes undergo drastic changes in organellar composition and their activities during maturation from the germinal vesicle (GV) to meiosis II (MII) stage. After fertilization, the embryo degrades parts of the maternal components via lysosomal degradation systems, including autophagy and endocytosis, as zygotic gene expression begins during embryogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that endosomal-lysosomal organelles form large spherical assembly structures, termed ELYSAs, in mouse oocytes. ELYSAs are observed in GV oocytes, attaining sizes up to 7–8 μm in diameter in MII oocytes. ELYSAs comprise tubular-vesicular structures containing endosomes and lysosomes along with cytosolic components. Most ELYSAs are also positive for an autophagy regulator, LC3. These characteristics of ELYSA resemble those of ELVA (endolysosomal vesicular assemblies) identified independently. The signals of V1-subunit of vacuolar ATPase tends to be detected on the periphery of ELYSAs in MII oocytes. After fertilization, the localization of the V1-subunit on endosomes and lysosomes increase as ELYSAs gradually disassemble at the 2-cell stage, leading to further acidification of endosomal-lysosomal organelles. These findings suggest that the ELYSA/ELVA maintain endosomal-lysosomal activity in a static state in oocytes for timely activation during early development.