bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Caries in Children from South-Western Nigeria
Authors: Folayan Morenike , Sowole Ayomide , Kola-Jebutu Aderonke
Published: April 2015

Objective: The objective of this study was to understand the relationship between relevant socio-economic,biological and behavioral indicators and dental caries experience of Nigerian children.

Method: A cross sectional study design was utilized. The study population consisted of children who visited two Child Dental Health Clinics in South Western Nigeria. Information collected include demographic data,feeding practices, dietary habit, use of medications and daily frequency of tooth brushing. The number of decayed, filled and missing teeth (dmft/DMFT) was noted for children with caries. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was carried to select the best predictor for the presence of caries and for high caries levels (a dmft/DMFT greater than 3).

Results: The only predictor for caries was age with the possibility of having caries being 0.89 (11% reduced odds) for every year increase in age (95% CI 0.82 to 0.97) p=0.008. However, the predictor for a high caries level was age and gender; the odds of having a dmft/DMFT equal to or higher than 3 was 0.80 (20% reduced odds) for every year increase in age (95% CI 0.72 to 0.88) p<0.001 and 0.57 (43% reduced odds) for every female child (95% CI 0.33 to 0.98) p=0.04 compared to a male child.

Conclusion: Children from this study population who consumed sugar once a day are at risk of developing caries. Also, male children whose daily consumption of sugar was equal to or greater than three times daily,were at risk for having a dmft/DMFT higher than 3.
Drooling of Saliva and its Effect on the Oral Health Status of Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Hegde Amitha , Shetty Y Rajmohan , Pani Sharat Chandra
Published: April 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of drooling in individuals with cerebral palsy and assess the effect these factors have on these individuals oral health. Materials: A total of 113 individuals with cerebral palsy between the age of 5 and 18 years were examined. The incidence and severity of drooling were determined using the index given by Blasco et al and the oral heath was recorded using a modified WHO performa. The data was then subjected to statistical analysis. Results: While drooling may not predispose the individual to dental caries individuals with drooling have a poorer oral hygiene score than those without. Conclusions: There is no significant difference in the Dental caries status, Orthodontic findings or the debris component of the Oral Hygiene Index of individuals who drool saliva and those who do not.
The Relationship of Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescensand Prevotella melaninogenica in the Supragingival Plaque of Children, Caries and Oral Malodor
Authors: Tanaka Shoji , Yoshida Mikako , Murakami Yukio , Ogiwara Takako , Shoji Masao , Kobayashi Satoko , Watanabe Sigeru , Machino Mamoru , Fujisawa Seiichiro
Published: April 2015

Purpose: A relationship between the distribution of periodontal bacteria species and malodor in children has not been sufficiently investigated. The present study was undertaken to determine the presence of 3 periodontopathic bacteria (Prevotella spp. P. intermedia, P. nigrescens, P. melaninogenica) in the supragingival plaques of 3 to 16-year-old children with different oral health conditions and oral malodor. Methods: The number of decayed and filled primary teeth (df) and Decayed, Missing and Filled permanent teeth (DMF),Papillary Marginal and Attached gingivitis (PMA) index, Oral Hygiene Index (OHI), and oral malodor of each subject were determined prior to the collection of supragingival plaques. Three periodontopathic bacteria(P. intermedia, P. nigrescens, P. melaninogenica ) in supragingival plaques were detected by using an immunoslot blot assay with monoclonal antibodies specific for each microorganism. Findings: The frequencies of periodontopathic bacteria in children with and without caries were not significantly different from each other. Positivity for P. intermedia, but not for P. nigrescens or P. melaninogenica was correlated with oral malodor. Oral malodor was also correlated with the debris index, a component of OHI.

The group with the higher OHI showed a higher prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria. For the 3 periodontopathic bacteria in the subjects tested, plaques positive for any of them were not age related. However,the frequencies of all 3 periodontopathic bacteria were the highest in the 3-6-year olds. Conclusion: The supragingival plaques in children can harbor 3 species of periodontopathic bacteria, P. intermedia,P. nigrescens, and P. melaninogenica.
Roughness of Human Enamel Surface Submitted to Different Prophylaxis Methods
Authors: Castanho Gisela Muassab , Arana-Chavez Victor , Fava Marcelo
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate alterations in the surface roughness and micromorphology of human enamel submitted to three prophylaxis methods. Sixty-nine caries-free molars with exposed labial surfaces were divided into three groups. Group I was treated with a rotary instrument set at a low speed, rubber cup and a mixture of water and pumice; group II with a rotary instrument set at a low speed, rubber cup and prophylaxis paste Herjos-F (Vigodent S/A Indústria e Comércio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil); and group III with sodium bicarbonate spray Profi II Ceramic (Dabi Atlante Indústrias Médico Odontológicas Ltda, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil). All procedures were performed by the same operator for 10 s, and samples were rinsed and stored in distilled water. Pre and post-treatment surface evaluation was completed using a surface profilometer (Perthometer S8P, Marh, Perthen, Germany) in 54 samples. In addition, the other samples were coated with gold and examined in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of this study were statistically analyzed with the paired t-test (Student), the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Dunn (5%) test. The sodium bicarbonate spray led to significantly rougher surfaces than the pumice paste. The use of prophylaxis paste showed no statistically significant difference when compared with the other methods. Based on SEM analysis, the sodium bicarbonate spray presented an irregular surface with granular material and erosions. Based on this study, it can be concluded that there was an increased enamel surface roughness when teeth were treated with sodium bicarbonate spray when compared with teeth treated with pumice paste.
Eruption Chronology of Primary Teeth in Nigerian Children
Authors: Oziegbe Elizabeth Obhioneh , Adekoya-Sofowora Comfort , Esan Temitope Ayodeji , Owotade Foluso John
Published: April 2015

The eruption chronology of the primary dentition has been studied in some populations, however; only few studies from Nigeria and other African countries have been reported. OBJECTIVE: To determine the appropriate reference standard for eruption of primary teeth in Nigerian children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross sectional study consisting of 1,013 clinically healthy babies, infants and preschool children between the ages of 4 to 36 months from the community health centers immunization clinics in Ife Central and Ife East Local Government Areas.RESULTS: Boys erupted primary teeth earlier than girls in both arches except the first molars. However, girls had a shorter duration of eruption (from the first tooth to erupt to the last tooth to erupt) when compared to boys. In addition, boys had a systematic tendency for earlier eruption on the left side.CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, a baseline data for eruption of primary teeth among Nigerian children has been established. Nigerian children experienced an earlier eruption of primary teeth when compared to their Arabian and American counterparts and a later eruption when compared to children from Iceland.
Enamel Deproteinization and Its Effect on Acid Etching: An in vitro Study
Authors: Espinosa Roberto , Valencia Roberto , Uribe Mario , Ceja Israel , Saadia Marc
Published: April 2015

Purpose: The goal of this in vitro study was to identify the topographical features of the enamel surface deproteinized and etched with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) compared to phosphoric acid alone. Materials and method: Ten extracted lower first and second permanent molars were polished with pumice and water, and then divided into 4 equal buccal sections having similar physical and chemical properties. The enamel surfaces of each group were subjected to the following treatments: Group A: Acid Etching with H3PO4 37% for 15 seconds. Group AH1: Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) 5.25% for 30 seconds followed by Acid Etching with H3PO4 37% for 15 seconds. Group AH2 ; Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) 5.25% for 60 seconds followed by Acid Etching with H3PO4 37% for 15 seconds. Results showed that group AH2 etching technique reached an area of 76.6 mm2 of the total surface, with a 71.8 mm2 (94.47%), type 1 and 2 etching pattern, followed by group AH1 with 55.9 mm2 out of 75.12 mm2 (74.1%), and finally group A with only 36.8 mm2 (48.83%) out of an area of 72.7 mm2. A significant statistical difference (P <0 .05) existed between all groups, leading to the conclusion that enamel deproteinization with 5.25% NaOCl for 1 minute before H3PO4, etching increases the enamel conditioning surface as well as the quality of the etching pattern.
Treatment Classification of Class III Malocclusion
Authors: Kanas Robert , Carapezza Leonard , Kanas Scott
Published: April 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify Class III malocclusions within a pediatric practice that lend themselves to a more favorable treatment outcome at an earlier age (before 10 years) rather than initiating treatment at later adolescent growth stages and also to identify the degree of difficulty of the treatment of the Class III malocclusion.

Methods: Review of the current dental literature pertaining to the different clinical types of Class III malocclusions and their respective treatment protocols was performed. Various classification systems were studied and compared. A new treatment classification system of Class III malocclusions utilizing three dentoalveolar and three skeletal components combined with cephalometric information derived from commonly used cephalometric analyses was developed.

Results: Class III treatment types were conclusively identified: 1.) Early orthodontics only, 2.) Early combined orthodontics and orthopedics, 3.) Combined orthodontics and orthognathic surgery.

Conclusions: The conclusion supports Edward H. Angle's finding: "In studying a case of malocclusion, give no thought to the methods of treatment or appliances until the case shall have been classified and all peculiarities and variations from the normal type, occlusion and facial lines have been thoroughly comprehended. Then the requirements and proper plan of treatment becomes apparent."
Characteristics, Clinical Features and Treatment of Supernumerary Teeth
Authors: Yassin Othman , Hamori Eman
Published: April 2015

Aims: To determine the characteristics, clinical features and treatment of supernumerary teeth in a general district hospital in the North of Jordan.

Design: This retrospective study was conducted at Prince Rashid Al-Hassan Hospital in Irbid. The medical records of 139 patients who were diagnosed to have supernumerary teeth during the period April 1993 –June 2007 were reviewed. Clinical data on the location, number, eruption status, stages of development, and the types of supernumerary teeth were recorded, along with information on demographics, treatment, associated systemic syndromes, effects on adjacent teeth, and treatment. Results: The male to female ratio was 2.2:1. Of the 186 supernumerary teeth investigated (65.0%) were conical, (23.7%) supplemental, (10.8%)tuberculate and (0.5%) odontoma. Two-thirds of the supernumeraries were erupted. Of this sample (21.6%)patients had multiple supernumerary teeth. The most frequent location was at the premaxilla level. The most common effect on adjacent teeth was delayed eruption (23.1%). Simple and surgical extractions of supernumerary teeth were done for (81.7%) of the cases and orthodontic treatment was needed in (74.1%) of patients. Conclusion: Supernumerary teeth are an uncommon dental entity. An early diagnosis prevents or reduces the risk of complications and when combined with an earlier removal has a better prognosis.
Overlap of the Primary Dentition in Children
Authors: Saitoh Issei , Hayasaki Haruaki , Inada Emi , Maruyama Tomoaki , Takemoto Yoshihiko , Yamasaki Youichi
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of the present study was to estimate the amount of overlap in children with the primary dentition. Study design: The sample consisted of 20 Japanese boys between 3 and 5 years of age (mean age:4years 10 months). Landmarks on their maxillary and mandibular dental models were digitized using a three-dimensional mechanical digitizer in a single coordinate system. Multilevel statistical models created best-fit polynomial curves to determine overbite, overjet and buccal height of all primary teeth and describe the dental arch forms. Results: No significant side differences were detected. The primary canine showed the largest overbite (1.87 mm) and buccal height (9.07 mm). The primary second molar exhibited the largest ovejet (2.76 mm). Buccal height was the least variable measurement. Conclusion: Occlusal relationships of the primary dentition were evaluated in 3-dimensions, establishing overlap variables for clinical diagnosis and treatment planning.
Biofilm Formation by Candida Species on Silicone Surfaces and Latex Pacifier Nipples: An in vitro Study
Authors: Silveira Luiz Cezar da , Charone Senda , Maia Lucianne Cople , Araújo Soares Rosangela Maria de , Portela Maristela Barbosa
Published: April 2015

The present study assessed the growth and development of biofilm formation by isolates of C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis on silicone and latex pacifier nipples. The silicone and latex surfaces were evaluated by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The plastic component of the nipple also seems to be an important factor regarding the biofilm formation by Candida spp. The biofilm growth was measured using the MTT reduction reaction. C. albicans was found to have a slightly greater capacity of forming biofilm compared to the other Candida species. Analysis of the pattern of biofilm development by C. albicans,C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis on latex and silicon pacifier shields showed an increased biofilm formation regarding the latter substrate. Silicone was shown to be more resistant to fungal colonization, particularly in the case of C. parapsilosis, despite the lack of any statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). In addition, silicone has a smoother surface compared to latex, whose surface was found to be rugose and irregular
The Influence of an Oral Health Education Program Provided in a Community Dental Clinic on the Prevalence of Caries Among 12-14 Year-Old Children
Authors: Moskovitz Moti , Abud Wassim , Ram Diana
Published: April 2015

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of an oral health education program when given in a public dental clinic, by assessing caries and restorations.

Methods: This was done by assessing changes in caries prevalence in the mouth of children aged 12 to 14 year- old. Data was obtained from files of patients treated in the Dental Volunteers for Israel (DVI) clinic in Jerusalem. Children must prove understanding and also application of what they learned in the educational program in order to receive restorative dental treatment.

Results: 280 children were included in the intervention group. The control group constituted 173 children who had never had any restorative treatment in the DVI clinic. The extent of caries surfaces differed greatly between the intervention and the control groups. 35.2% of the control group, and as many as 64% of the intervention group had low caries (DMFS< 3). The situation is reversed when comparing the difference in the restored teeth surfaces between the two groups- 56.6% of the control group had no restorations and 66.2% of the children in the intervention group had treated teeth. DMFS scores reveal fewer differences between the two groups. The mean carious surface was 1.8 times greater in the control group, and the restored surfaces were 2.1 times greater for the intervention children. Nevertheless when comparing DMFS means between control and intervention groups t-test result shows no statistical significant difference for the slightly lower DMFS levels in the intervention group.

Conclusions: This study shows that even a comprehensive preventive program given by professional personnel,followed by free dental treatment, is not enough to improve dental health status for children from a lower socioeconomic class. Still, a consideration of the ethical responsibility of the profession to educate children about oral diseases and their prevention should be carried out, irrespective of the implementation of the knowledge.
Medical Diagnoses of Pediatric Dental Patients Treated under General Anesthesia: A 19 Year Review
Authors: Roberts Michael , Milano Michael , Lee Jessica
Published: April 2015

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the records of pediatric dental patients treated under general anesthesia to determine if there had been any significant change in preoperative diagnoses between 1990-99 and 2000-08. Study Design: The records of 3298 pediatric dental patients treated in the operating room under general anesthesia at the University of North Carolina (UNC) Children's Hospital were examined and medical diagnoses recorded. The number of cases treated by calendar year was obtained. Results:The results of this study did not find any significant differences in percentage frequency of medical diagnoses between the years of 1990-99 and 2000-08. There has been a steady increase in the number of cases treated under general anesthesia over the period of the study. Conclusions: 1. Dental care under general anesthesia remains an important treatment option. 2. The medical diagnoses of children provided dental treatment under general anesthesia has not changed significantly over the past nineteen years at the UNC Children's Hospital. 3. The demand to provide dental care for children under general anesthesia has continued to increase.
Oculodentodigital Dysplasia: Disease Spectrum in an Eight-year-old Boy, His Parents and a Sibling
Authors: Aminabadi Naser Asl , Ganji Azin Taghizadeh , Vafaei Ali , Pourkazemi Maryam , Oskouei Sina Ghertasi
Published: April 2015

Oculodentodigital dysplasia is an extremely rare autosomal dominant pleiotropic disorder, caused by mutations in the Connexin 43 gene (GJA1). Described here is a previously undiagnosed case of an 8-year-old boy with enamel and dentin hypoplasia and typical faces. In this presentation, many typical clinical and radiographical features of this condition are present. The characteristic features include a typical face, premature loss of primary teeth and odontodysplasia of permanent teeth, clinodactyly, ocular signs,and CNS involvement. To our knowledge, the case that we report here is the first case with mamelon-shaped tip of the tongue and enlarged midpalatal raphe.
Oral Health Status of Children with Congenital Heart Disease and the Awareness, Attitude and Knowledge of their Parents
Authors: Rai Kavita , S Supriya , Hegde Amitha
Published: April 2015

The oral health status of children with congenital heart diseases and the parental awareness on maintaining good oral health and attitude towards preventive dental health measures were evaluated. A total of 170 children between the age group of 1-16yrs belonging to both genders, with the history of congenital heart disease from Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram and Narayana Hrudayalaya Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore were examined. Oral lesions and caries experience were recorded using modified WHO oral health assessment form. Oral hygiene of the children with congenital heart disease was found to be poor with tongue coating (50.6%), plaque (41.8%), calculus(35.3%), and caries (42.4%). Parental awareness on the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene, preventive dentistry, medicinal decay and its systemic effects has been found to be very poor. Dentistry should give priority to patients whose general health may be put at risk by poor dental health. Closer cooperation between Pediatrician, Pediatric Cardiologists and Pediatric Dentists could help improve dental care for these children.
Relationship between Body Mass Index, Caries Experience and Dietary Preferences in Children
Authors: Sharma Akhilesh , Hegde Amitha
Published: April 2015

Dental caries and childhood obesity epidemics are multifactorial complex disease and children's dietary pattern is a common underlying etiologic factor in their causation. Materials: Five hundred children belonging to the age group of 8-12 years of both sexes were studied. In all of them BMI, dietary preferences to sweet and fatty food snacks and caries experience was determined. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using prevalence test, ANOVA test and chi-square test. Results: We found that children with obesity and overweight had increased prevalence of dental caries in both primary and permanent dentition compared to normal weight children, which was statistically significant. In addition obese and overweight children had frequent preference to sweet and fatty food snacks compared to children with normal weight.
Hereditary Osteodystrophy with Multiple Hormone Resistance—A Case Report
Authors: Velez Ines , Bond Melanie , Ellen Steven , Ede-Nichols Diane , Larumbe Jose , Oramas Victor , Arnold Daniel
Published: April 2015

Hereditary Osteodystrophy, also called pseudohypoparathyroidism, Type 1A (PHP), is a very rare condition composed of a heterogeneous group of autosomal dominant disorders with the common feature of organ resistance to multiple hormones. These patients produce the right amount of hormones but there is resistance to its effect. PHP is difficult to diagnose and the lack of diagnosis may have serious implications for the patient. We report a case of PHP, diagnosed by the dentist, due to the dental and jaw manifestations.
Two-Year Clinical Evaluation of Three Restorative Materials in Primary Molars
Authors: Daou Maha , Tavernier Bruno , Meyer Jean-Marc
Published: April 2015

A variety of alternatives to amalgam are now available for use in Class I and Class II restorations in primary teeth, including glass ionomer cements, compomers and resin modified glass ionomer cements(RMGIC). Objectives: This study evaluated the two-year clinical performance of three restorative dental materials: A resin modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji IILC), a compomer (Dyract AP) and a high viscosity glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX), in primary molars of pediatric patients with high caries risk activity and compared these results to those reported for amalgam restorations. Study design: One hundred and forty nine Class I and Class II cavities in 45 patients aged 6 to 8 years were restored with compomer, glass ionomer cements and amalgam. Restorations were evaluated according to modified Ryge criteria by two examiners at baseline, and after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of oral function. The data was submitted to statistical analysis (binomial and hyper geometric tests, p<0.05). Results: Two-year recall rate was 62.42%. Class I performed better than class II restorations. The difference in marginal discoloration between compomer and amalgam restorations was statistically significant (p=0.014). No other significant differences were found between GIC, compomer and amalgam restorations. The clinical performance of the three restorative materials compared to amalgam in Class I and Class II cavities at two-year recall was acceptable.Conclusions: The results, even in a population with high caries risk activity, suggest that these materials are suitable alternatives to amalgam in Class I and Class II restorations in primary teeth.
Rapp-Hodgkin Syndrome: Clinical and Dental Findings
Authors: Tosun Gul , Elbay Ulku
Published: April 2015

Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome is a rare form of ectodermal dysplasia involving the hair, eyes, sweat glands, nails,teeth and palate. This syndrome is characterized by stiff, sparse hair with the appearance of steel wool,sparse eyebrows and lashes, cleft palate, absence of lacrimal punctae, epiphora, a decreased number of sweat glands, and dystrophic nails. Cleft palate, hypodontia, abnormal tooth shape, multiple caries, delayed eruption of teeth are the main oral manifestations. In this paper we describe the clinical and dental findings of this syndrome in a 7 year old girl referred to the dental clinic because of severe tooth ache. The dental treatment included root canal treatment, composite restorations, extractions and removable prostheses. This paper highlights features of Rapp-Hodgkin Syndrome and its dental rehabilitation.
Risk Indicators for Signs and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Dysfunction in Children
Authors: Pereira Luciano José , Costa Rodrigo Campos , França Julieta Petruceli , Pereira Stela Márcia , Castelo Paula Midori
Published: April 2015

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the risk indicators for signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) in children between 4 and 12 years of age. Study Design: One hundred six patients were assessed for the following variables:(1) signs and symptoms of TMD (deviation when opening mouth, joint noises, limitation of movement, pain in the mandible or during movement), (2) dentition and occlusal abnormalities, and 3) habits (pacifier sucking, nonnutritive sucking, finger sucking, nail biting, and teeth grinding (bruxing). Multivariate logistic regression was performed with the level of significance set at P < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of at least one sign or symptom of TMD in the present sample was 12.26%(n = 13). Only bruxing (P = 0.01, odds ratio 6.08, CI 1.51–24.51) and posterior crossbite (P = 0.03, odds ratio 5.74, CI, 1.18–27.85) achieved statistical significance in the multivariate regression model and were considered risk indicators for signs and symptoms of TMD. Conclusions: Children with bruxing or clenching habits and those with posterior crossbite have a greater likelihood of developing signs and symptoms of TMD.
Caries Experience and Oral Hygiene Status of Children Suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Chandra Prakash , Anandakrishna Latha , Ray Prayas
Published: April 2015

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the caries experience and oral hygiene status of children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and was compared with that of non-ADHD children. Study design: A total of 80 children, including 40 ADHD and 40 non-ADHD children were included in the study. A visual dental examination for dental caries was performed and oral hygiene status of these children was determined. The parent/ guardian completed a questionnaire concerning the child's behavior followed by questionnaire to the child regarding oral hygiene practices and food habits. Results:Student-t test and chi-square test showed that children with ADHD had significantly higher defs score, mean plaque score in compared to that of non-ADHD children. Statistical significant differences were also found out in relation with frequency of tooth brushing and consumption of sugary food among the children suffering from ADHD. Conclusion: Caries prevalence in the primary dentition is increased in the children suffering from ADHD due to poor oral hygiene and increased consumption of sugary foods.
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate—A Review
Authors: Rao Arathi , Rao Ashwini , Shenoy Ramya
Published: April 2015

Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is a new material with numerous exciting clinical applications. MTA promises to be one of the most versatile materials of this century in the field of dentistry. Some of the appreciable properties of MTA include its good physical properties and its ability to stimulate tissue regeneration as well as good pulp response. In this article the availability, composition, manipulation, setting reaction,properties and clinical applications of MTA in pediatric practice has been reviewed.
Direct Pulp Capping in Primary Molars with Enamel Matrix Derivative: Report of a Case
Authors: Garrocho-Rangel Arturo , Flores Hector , Silva-Herzog Daniel , Rosales-Ibañez Raul , Pozos-Guillen Amaury
Published: April 2015

Enamel Matrix Derivative (EMD) is a rich amelogenin and amelin biomaterial that has been demonstrated to induce a reparative process similar to normal odontogenesis when placed in contact with pulp tissue. However, its effects in pulp capping on primary teeth has not been previously reported. The aim of the present case report is to present the favorable clinical and radiographic findings of a primary molar treated with direct pulp capping (DPC) and using EMD as capping material in a 6-year-old girl. Results: After 12 months, there was no sign or symptom indicative of treatment failure, such as pain, gingival swelling, sinus tract, sensitivity to percussion or palpation, abnormal mobility, widening of periodontal space, internal or external root resorption, or supporting bone or furcal area radiolucencies.
Definition of At-Risk Occlusal Surfaces of Permanent Molars—A Descriptive Study
Authors: Muller-Bolla M , Courson F , Droz D , Lupi-Pégurier L , Velly AM
Published: April 2015

The objective of this descriptive study was to define the at-risk occlusal surface to guide the practitioner in the decision of whether to seal or not. Method: All dentists affiliated with the French Society of Pediatric Odontology (SFOP) and general practitioners (GP) registered in postgraduate courses in three French dental schools answered the same questionnaire illustrating four occlusal surfaces of permanent molars. It was focused on obtaining an optimal definition of an at-risk occlusal surface. The corresponding four molars were later sectioned to check the answers. Univariate logistic regression analyses and multivariate logistic regression models were tested to identify the factors associated with the at-risk occlusal surface. Results:Eighty-six SFOP dentists and 136 GP filled in the form. Multivariate logistic regression models stratified by type of practice demonstrated that stained fissures (p=0.001) were only associated with at-risk occlusal surface among GP and the morphology of primary fissure (p=0.001) when considering SFOP dentists alone. The multivariate analyses demonstrated that stained fissures, and primary and secondary fissures were linked to the perception of an at-risk occlusal surface. Conclusion: An at-risk occlusal surface has narrow and deep primary fissures. Numerous secondary fissures could increase the risk. The coloration of fissures should not be used in the definition because it depends on tooth integrity.
Microleakage of Different Temporary Filling Materials in Primary Teeth
Authors: Odabas Mesut Enes , Tulunoglu Ozlem , Ozalp Serife Ozdemir , Bodur Haluk
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the sealing properties of IRM, Coltosol, Cavit G, Adhesor and Clip, which used as temporary filling material in coronal access openings in extracted human primary teeth. Study Design: Standardized access cavities of 2×2 mm were prepared in the eighty-four, caries-free human primary anterior teeth. The teeth were divided randomly into five groups of 16 teeth each. Temporary restorative materials Group A: IRM (Dentsply), Group B: Coltosol (Coltone), Group C: Cavit G (3M),Group D: Adhesor (Spofa Dental) and Group E: Clip (Voco) were applied according to the manufacturer's directions. The specimens were immersed silver nitrate and placed in film developer under fluorescent for 24 hours. The sectioned specimens were evaluated under a digital microscope at x 20 magnifications and blindly scored for microleakage. Results: Clip presented the least microleakage value whereas; Adhesor and IRM presented the higher microleakage values. There were statistically significant differences between Clip and the others groups, while there were no statistically significant differences in microleakage between IRM,Adhesor, Coltosol and Cavit G. However, the leakage scores of Clip and Cavit G were congruent (p= 0.454).Conclusion: Amongst the five materials, Clip exhibited a better sealing ability.
Defining Subphenotypes for Tooth Agenesis: Does Side Matter?
Authors: de Castro Costa Marcelo , Calvano Küchler Erika , Garcia Filho Paulo Ferreira , Modesto Adriana , Vieira Alexandre Rezende
Published: April 2015

Objectives: The etiology of tooth agenesis is still poorly understood. The identification of sub-populations with specific types of hypodontia (subphenotypes) would allow testing the specific hypothesis that certain genetic factors contribute to the specific subphenotype. The aim of this work was assessing a large cohort to verify if preferential tooth agenesis subphenotypes could be identified. Method: Panoramic radiographs of 1052 cases were examined and 1034 were used in this study. The presence of tooth agenesis was assessed in the study population. Results: The frequency of tooth agenesis in the studied population was 3.77%. While bilateral cases did not differ in the frequency of agenesis by arch (p = 0.8), unilateral cases presented more commonly agenesis on the mandibular arch (p = 0.03). This result was clearly driven by the frequency of second premolar agenesis, which was the most common absent tooth in the studied population. Unilateral lower second premolar agenesis was found more often than bilateral agenesis (p = 0.047). Conclusions:Our findings that unilateral lower second premolar agenesis is more common than bilateral agenesis, with a trend for unilateral agenesis being more common on the right side may suggest specific genetic factors may be differentially expressed depending on the side.
Autotransplantation of an Intruded Lateral Incisor Replacing an Avulsed Central Incisor—A Case Report
Authors: Bolgül Behiye Sezgin , Ağaçkıran Engin , Çelenk Sema , Ayna Buket
Published: April 2015

Oral injuries cause aesthetic, psychological, social, and therapeutic problems and also affect a large number of people, causing irreparable dental loss not only at the accident time but also during post-treatment. Missing permanent teeth by trauma in children is a particular challenge, especially in the anterior region of the maxilla. In the past few decades, tooth transplantation has been successfully researched for the treatment of anterior tooth loss in young individuals. Objective: The present case describes transplantation of an excessive intrusive maxillary left lateral incisor into the socket of avulsed maxillary left central incisor.Study design: The lateral incisor tooth was extracted and placed into the socket of avulsed tooth. Splinting was maintained for 2 weeks. After the root canal treatment, the crown of the lateral incisor tooth was reshaped with composite resin in central tooth form and performed an interim prosthesis both preventing movement of the canine tooth into the space of the transplanted lateral incisor tooth and providing aesthetic.Conclusion: The treatment provided is considered to be an interim solution for space maintenance, with time the child patient may reach an age that allows alternative, more definitive treatment as implant.
Dental Treatment under General Anesthesia in Healthy and Medically Compromised/Developmentally Disabled Children: A Comparative Study
Authors: Loyola-Rodriguez Juan Pablo , Zavala-Alonso Veronica , Gonzalez-Alvarez Cinthya , Juarez-Lopez Lilia , Patiño-Marin Nuria , Gonzalez Cesar
Published: April 2015

Aim: To compare the type, number of procedures and working time of dental treatment provided under dental general anesthesia (DGA) in healthy and medically compromised/developmentally disabled children(MCDD children). Design: This cross-sectional prospective study involved 80 children divided into two groups of 40 children each. Group 1 consisted of healthy and Group 2 consisted of MCDD children. Results:Healthy children needed more working time than MCDD children, the means being 161±7.9 and 84±5.7 minutes, respectively (P= 0.0001). Operative dentistry and endodontic treatments showed a significant statistical difference (P= 0.0001). The means of procedures were 17±5.0 for healthy children and 11±4.8 for MCDD children (P= 0.0001). Conclusions: Healthy children needed more extensive dental treatment than MCDD children under DGA. The information from this sample of Mexican children could be used as reference for determining trends both within a facility as well as in comparing facilities in cross-population studies.
Effect of Sodium Fluoride Mouth Rinse on Elastic Properties of Elastomeric Chains
Authors: Ramazanzadeh Barat Ali , Jahanbin Arezoo , Hasanzadeh Nadia , Eslami Neda
Published: April 2015

Objective: This study evaluated Sodium Fluoride mouth rinse effects on elastic properties of different elastomeric chains. Study design: In this in vitro experiment, two orthodontic chains were tested. In the first group, they were stored in artificial saliva for the entire duration, and in the second group they were immersed daily in 0.05% NaF mouth rinse for 1 minute, artificial saliva–NaF mixture for 30 minutes, and then in artificial saliva for the rest of the day. Specimens were tested at baseline, 1 hour, 24 hours, 1, 2 and 3 weeks and then the displacement of specimens to obtain 150g and 300g, also the applied force after stretching them to 100% of their original length were evaluated. Results: In contrast to force degradation,chains of both companies required more displacement to achieve both forces in the saliva- NaF mixture than saliva itself; however, the difference was only significant for the 300g force (P = 0.020). American Orthodontics chains required more displacement than Dentaurum chains to obtain both forces, also they had more load relaxation (P<0.001). Conclusions: Daily use of NaF mouth rinse does not affect force degradation and the displacement of both chains to achieve conventional orthodontic forces, but for higher force levels the displacement increase is statistically significant.
Bilateral Bimaxillary Bi-Rooted Primary Canines: Report of a Case
Authors: Dhanpal Prashanth , King Nigel
Published: April 2015

Bilateral bi-rooted primary canines are a rare dental anomaly and the occurrence with a syndrome is even rarer. This dental anomaly has mostly occurred in African populations. This article reports a case of bi-rooted primary canines bilaterally located in both jaws of a 15-year-old Chinese boy who also suffered from cleidocranial dysostosis (CCD).
A Comparative Study of Children's Pain Reactions and Perceptions to AMSA Injection using CCLAD versus Traditional Injections
Authors: Feda May , Amoudi Najlaa Al , Sharaf Aly , Hanno Azza , Farsi Najat , Masoud Ibrahim , Almushyt Abdullah
Published: April 2015

Pain control is an important part of dentistry, particularly in pediatric dentistry. Recently, a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system (CCLAD) has been developed to reduce pain related to the local anesthetic injection. In conjunction with this technology, a new approach to the anterior and middle superior alveolar nerves (AMSA) has been induced. Studies evaluating the CCLAD in pediatric dentistry showed variable results regarding its use in pediatric dentistry. Further evaluation of this technique is needed to provide sound scientific evidence on the use of the CCLAD at this specific injection site in children. Aim:To assess children's pain reactions and pain perceptions of the AMSA injection using the CCLAD compared to the traditional buccal/palatal injections. Materials and methods: Children's pain reactions and perceptions to both techniques were measured in a group of 40 children who received both anesthetic techniques alternatively on two visits. The pain reactions were scored using the SEM scale, whereas the pain perception was evaluated by the Eland color scale. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 10.0.Results: The AMSA injection delivered with the CCLAD had significantly lower mean pain reaction scores compared to traditional buccal and palatal injections. The prolonged injection time required for delivering the CCLAD injection had no negative impact on the children. The children's pain perception scores when using the CCLAD were also significantly lower compared to the traditional injection. Conclusion: The AMSA injection delivered with the CCLAD was found to be a promising device, and had significantly lower pain reaction and perception scores compared to the traditional buccal and palatal injections.
Primary Oral Myiasis Due to Chrysomya bezziana Treated with Ivermectin. A Case Report
Authors: Sharma Akhilesh , Hedge Amitha
Published: April 2015

Primary oral myiasis due to Chrysomya bezziana is a rare condition caused by invasion of tissues by larvae of the flies. A case of Oral myiasis is presented in a 12 year old boy with neuro-degenerative disease with seizures. Intra orally, a soft tissue pocket in the left buccal mucosa and a pocket under the palatal mucosa was seen containing maggots. Extra orally indurated erythematous swelling was present near the commisure of the mouth. Predisposing factors identified in the present case were mouth breathing, incompetent lips, low socioeconomic condition, malnutrition, and inability of the child to perform daily activities due to his neurodegenerative disease. Treatment consisted of manual removal of maggots following irrigation and application of turpentine oil along with a single dose Ivermectin 3 mg that was given systemically. Complete healing of the lesion was observed within 10 days without any recurrence for a follow up period of 1 year. Medical personnel taking care of old / debilitated / unconscious patients need to bear in mind the possibility of Chrysomya bezziana infestation in them.
Mineral Content Removal after Papacarie Application in Primary Teeth: A Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Bittencourt ST , Pereira JR , Rosa AW , Oliveira KS , Ghizoni JS , Oliveira MT
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to quantify the mineral content removed from primary teeth after using a chemomechanical system, called Papacarie®. Materials: Twenty human primary extracted molars were divided into two groups of 10 specimens each. Group A presented sound molars and Group B decayed molars on the occlusal or occlusal-proximal surface. In Group A, cavities in enamel and dentin with high speed drills were made before treatment. All teeth were treated with Papacárie® following the manufacturer's instructions. Each cavity was filled in with the product, allowing curing for 45 seconds, and then removed with the noncutting edge of the curette. The collected material was sent for laboratory analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique. Medians for each group were calculated through the application of Mann-Whitney and a statistically significant difference (p <0005) was observed. To verify the quantity of calcium removed from sound tissue, the median of calcium in group A (0.08% Ca) was compared with that of the gold standard (0.04% Ca), which showed a close correlation of values between them. Results indicate that the amount of calcium removed with Papacárie® affects only the carious component of teeth. This goes in accordance with the principles of cavity preparation and follows the current philosophy of preventive dentistry.
Cariogenicity and Acidogenicity of Human Milk, Plain and Sweetened Bovine Milk: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Prabhakar A , Kurthukoti Ameet , Gupta Pranjali
Published: April 2015

The objective of the present study was to determine the acidogenicity and cariogenicity of human breast milk and plain and sweetened packaged bovine milk.

Study Design: First all milk specimens were inoculated with a cariogenic strain of Streptococcus mutans(SM). The culture pH and number of colony forming units (cfus) was assessed. Second, the buffer capacity of all milk specimens was evaluated by mixing with acid. Finally, enamel windows were created on extracted primary maxillary incisors and colonized with SM. Enamel demineralization and caries progression were assessed visually, histologically, and radiographically at the end of twelve weeks. Results: Plain and sweetened packaged bovine milk (BM) supported greater bacterial growth and caused more fermentation than human breast milk (HBM). The buffer capacity values for plain and sweetened bovine milk were highest;HBM, however, had poor buffering capacity. The progression of the carious lesions into the dentin was most severe for the sweetened bovine milk. Conclusions: HBM and plain bovine milk are relatively cariogenic in an in vitro caries model in the absence of saliva. However, supplementation with sugar exponentially enhances the cariogenic potential of the natural milk.
Total Antioxidant Capacity of Saliva in Children with HIV
Authors: Padmanabhan Vivek , Rai Kavita , Hegde Amitha , Shetty Sucheta
Published: April 2015

Several recent reports have indicated high levels of reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative stress, in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. Oxidative stress may lead to enhanced HIV replication in infected cells and may also aggravate the immunodeficiency by reduction of cellular immunity and possibly by increased programmed cell death of lymphocytes. Saliva can constitute a first line of defense against free radical mediated oxidative stress. The use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid has become somewhat of a translational research success story. Technologies are now available enabling saliva to be used to diagnose disease and predict disease progression.

Purpose: The antioxidant capacity of saliva was investigated in 68 children who were divided into two groups. 34 children who were investigated were diagnosed as having HIV infection and the other group consisted of children who reported to the department and served as healthy controls. Total antioxidant capacity of saliva was evaluated by spectrophotometric assay.

Conclusions: The results indicated that the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of saliva decreased in children with HIV infection. TAC was seen to increase with the age of the children.
Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome Manifesting as Gingival Overgrowth and Teeth Agenesis
Authors: Ozdemir Hakan , Marakoglu Ismail , Akyol Melih , Goze O Fahrettin , Gursoy Ulvi Kahraman
Published: April 2015

Objective: Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome (KTS) is characterized by triad of venous varicosity, naevus flammeus,and soft/hard tissue hypertrophy. Manifestations of the syndrome in the head and neck region are rare,but in some cases hemangioma of the lips, tongue, and gums, open bite and cross bite, and early tooth eruption are associated with the disease. Study design: We report a 12-year-old KTS patient with gingival hyperplasia,congenital missing teeth, and increased mucosal vascularization as oral manifestations. Results and conclusion: All manifestations of the KTS were observed on the same side of the head, except bilateral missing teeth. Histological examination showed several vascular enlargements in enlarged gingiva. It is suggested that oral manifestations of the syndrome are generally related to the severity of the disease, but they do not always present in the same pattern.