bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Belowground nitrogen partitioning in experimental grassland plant communities of varying species richness
Authors: von Felten Stefanie , Hector Andrew , Buchmann Nina , Niklaus Pascal A. , Schmid Bernhard , Scherer-Lorenzen Michael
Published: May 2009

Partitioning of soil nitrogen (N) by niche separation among species may be an important mechanism explaining species coexistence and positive biodiversity–productivity relationships in terrestrial plant communities. However, there is little experimental evidence for such partitioning, in particular, as assessed across a gradient of species richness. In experimental communities of one, three, and six temperate grassland species in the field, we tested whether increasing species richness (1) decreases niche breadths of individual species, (2) decreases niche overlap among species, and (3) increases niche breadth of whole communities. Six N sources consisting of three different chemical forms of 15N‐labeled N (15NO3−, 15NH4+, 13C2‐15N‐glycine) injected at two soil depths (3 and 12 cm) were applied to each community. The chemical form and the soil depth of N characterize the niches for which niche breadth (Levins' B) and overlap (proportional similarity) were measured. After 48 hours, aboveground plant material was harvested to measure 15N enrichment. As expected, niche breadth of single species and niche overlap among species decreased with increased species richness, but community niche breadth did not increase. The decrease in niche breadth and niche overlap mostly occurred among subordinate species or pairs of subordinate and dominant species, rather than among dominant species. Species in the six‐species mixtures mostly preferred NO3− from shallow soil. This may be partly explained by the presence of legumes in all six‐species mixtures which allowed “N sparing” (i.e., increased availability of soil N since legumes rely more on atmospheric N2 than on soil N). Niche separation with respect to N uptake from different chemical forms and soil depths did not contribute much to facilitating the coexistence of dominant species, nor do our results suggest it as a major driver of positive diversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. However, partitioning of N may be important for the persistence of subordinate species.
Contamination of surface, ground, and drinking water from pharmaceutical production
Authors: Fick Jerker , Söderström Hanna , Lindberg Richard H. , Phan Chau , Tysklind Mats , Larsson D. G. Joakim
Published: May 2009

Low levels of pharmaceuticals are detected in surface, ground, and drinking water worldwide. Usage and incorrect disposal have been considered the major environmental sources of these microcontaminants. Recent publications, however, suggest that wastewater from drug production can potentially be a source of much higher concentrations in certain locations. The present study investigated the environmental fate of active pharmaceutical ingredients in a major production area for the global bulk drug market. Water samples were taken from a common effluent treatment plant near Hyderabad, India, which receives process water from approximately 90 bulk drug manufacturers. Surface water was analyzed from the recipient stream and from two lakes that are not contaminated by the treatment plant. Water samples were also taken from wells in six nearby villages. The samples were analyzed for the presence of 12 pharmaceuticals with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. All wells were determined to be contaminated with drugs. Ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, cetirizine, terbinafine, and citalopram were detected at more than 1 μg/L in several wells. Very high concentrations of ciprofloxacin (14 mg/L) and cetirizine (2.1 mg/L) were found in the effluent of the treatment plant, together with high concentrations of seven additional pharmaceuticals. Very high concentrations of ciprofloxacin (up to 6.5 mg/L), cetirizine (up to 1.2 mg/L), norfloxacin (up to 0.52 mg/L), and enoxacin (up to 0.16 mg/L) were also detected in the two lakes, which clearly shows that the investigated area has additional environmental sources of insufficiently treated industrial waste. Thus, insufficient wastewater management in one of the world's largest centers for bulk drug production leads to unprecedented drug contamination of surface, ground, and drinking water. This raises serious concerns regarding the development of antibiotic resistance, and it creates a major challenge for producers and regulatory agencies to improve the situation.
Covariation Assessments with Costly Information Collection in Audit Planning: An Experimental Study
Authors: Ganguly Ananda R. , Hammersley Jacqueline S.
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY: In this paper we report the results of two experiments that investigate auditing covariation-estimate revisions when there are countervailing incentives for effectiveness and efficiency. Covariation estimates assess the degree of association between a “Clue” that auditors might observe, and its potentially associated “Condition.” We find that when participants choose which information to obtain from a contingency table (i.e., Cell Choice), they obtain too few cells of information in predictable patterns. Second, we find that when covariation estimation biases occur, they do so more due to this insufficient information collection rather than improper processing of collected information. Third, when participants collect information randomly and cannot choose particular cells (i.e., Sample-Size Choice), covariation estimation biases are significantly reduced. Finally, when participants are sensitized to the importance of all four cells of information, they collect more cells in subsequent Cell Choice, resulting in covariation estimate revisions that are more normative than those of non-sensitized participants. Overall, this evidence implies that when auditors estimate the association between an unfamiliar Clue-Condition pair, their estimates are more biased when they choose specific cells of information than when they choose sample size. Sensitization can reduce this bias and, therefore, could be important to auditor training and the design of decision aids.
The Value of Assurance on Voluntary Nonfinancial Disclosure: An Experimental Evaluation
Authors: Coram Paul J. , Monroe Gary S. , Woodliff David R.
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY: This study examines whether assurance on the voluntary provision of nonfinancial performance indicators affects the stock price estimates of a group of sophisticated financial report users. We conducted an experiment where participants were provided with a case study containing excerpts from a hypothetical company's annual report. Nonfinancial performance and assurance were manipulated in a 2 (positive and negative nonfinancial performance indicators) ×2 (assurance and no assurance) +1 (control condition) between-subjects design. After reading the case materials, the participants indicated whether they believed the company's stock price would increase or decrease based on the information provided. As expected, we found that the nonfinancial performance indicators had a significant effect on stock price estimates. In addition, consistent with attribution theory, an assurance report on the voluntarily disclosed nonfinancial performance indicators only had a significant effect on stock price estimates when the nonfinancial performance indicators were positive, suggesting that the value of assurance is context-specific. Our research contributes to the discussion on the value of expanded assurance services and also on the value of enhanced corporate disclosure.
Audit Fees for Initial Audit Engagements Before and After SOX
Authors: Huang Hua-Wei , Raghunandan K. , Rama Dasaratha
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY: Legislators, regulators, and the media have expressed concerns that auditors “lowball” the fees for initial-year audits and that such fee discounts can lead to reduced audit quality. We hypothesize that initial-year audit fee discounts will be less likely in the post-SOX period than in the pre-SOX period. Using both fee-levels and fee-changes models, we find that Big 4 clients receive initial-year audit fee discounts of about 24 percent in 2001; this finding is consistent with results from many prior studies that have examined various periods prior to SOX. However, we find that in 2005–2006 Big 4 clients pay an initial-year audit fee premium of around 16 percent. We also document that the Big 4 are much less likely to serve as a successor, following an auditor change, in 2005–2006 than in 2001. Overall, the findings suggest that concerns about initial-year audit fee discounts are not supported by empirical evidence in the post-SOX period. The results also suggest that the Big 4 have become more conservative in the post-SOX period with respect to client acceptance and pricing decisions.
Financial Restatements and Shareholder Ratifications of the Auditor
Authors: Liu Li-Lin , Raghunandan K. , Rama Dasaratha
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY: Regulators and legislators have focused significant attention on financial statement restatements in recent years, and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and financial statement users view restatements as audit failures. The SEC (2000, 2003a) suggests that shareholder voting on auditor ratification will be impacted by perceptions of audit quality. In this paper we examine shareholder voting on auditor ratifications in 2005 or 2006 following restatement announcements by SEC registrants. We find that shareholders are more likely to vote against auditor ratification after a restatement when compared with votes at (1) firms without restatements or (2) restating firms in the preceding period. Overall, the results provide empirical support to the SEC's assertion that shareholder voting on auditor ratification will be related to perceptions of audit quality, and also support recent actions by shareholder activists to require all firms to submit the selection of the auditor for a ratification vote by shareholders.
Auditor Disaffiliation Program in China and Auditor Independence
Authors: Gul Ferdinand A. , Sami Heibatollah , Zhou Haiyan
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY: This study examines whether the disaffiliation program introduced by the Chinese government improved auditor independence and whether auditor quality affects this relationship. Auditor independence is measured in terms of the likelihood of receiving a qualified report and the level of earnings management (measured by noncore operating income). The results show that the likelihood of receiving qualified audit opinions for listed companies significantly increased, and noncore operating earnings significantly decreased, after auditors were disaffiliated. However, companies audited by auditors without any affiliation also showed an increase in the likelihood of receiving qualified opinions and a decrease in noncore operating earnings, possibly because of the increased surveillance by the regulatory bodies that accompanied the act of disaffiliation. The results also show that the association between the disaffiliation program and the likelihood of receiving qualified audit opinions is stronger for small auditors than for large auditors, possibly because of the initial lower audit quality of small auditors. Auditor size, however, did not significantly affect the association between the disaffiliation program and noncore operating earnings.
Do Client-Prepared Internal Control Documentation and Business Process Flowcharts Help or Hinder an Auditor's Ability to Identify Missing Controls?
Authors: Bierstaker James Lloyd , Hunton James E. , Thibodeau Jay C.
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY: The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which client-prepared internal control documentation and business process flowcharts affect auditors' ability to detect missing internal controls. A total of 395 experienced auditors participated in a two (internal control matrix: blank or client-prepared) by two (business process flowchart: absent or present) between-participants experiment. The research findings indicate that auditors who were supplied with a blank internal control matrix and a business process flowchart identified significantly more missing controls relative to the three other treatment conditions, among which there were no differences in the number of identified missing controls. The results indicate that when auditors are evaluating the effectiveness of a client's internal control system for a significant business process, they should be provided with a flowchart of the business process under examination and complete their internal control design evaluation before reading client-prepared internal control documentation.
Instructional Case: Estimating Learning-Curve Functions for Managerial Planning, Control, and Decision-Making
Authors: Stout David E. , Juras Paul E.
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT: Elora Electronics, Limited (EEL), a fictitious company, manufactures sophisticated, high-tech electronic equipment. Though successful in the past, the company has seen a decline in the number of bids it has won. Management is especially concerned about the bids the company recently lost on one of its main products, a sophisticated radar system. Most of the contracts for EEL, including those for the radar system, are bid on a “cost-plus” basis. Up to this point, divisional managers have used a simple average of recent actual costs to estimate costs for contract-bidding purposes. Such a procedure was deemed useful for cost-control purposes because actual costs have consistently been below budgeted costs. However, given the changed competitive environment in which EEL now finds itself, these managers are now wondering whether the contract-bidding process can be made more successful through the use of a more sophisticated approach to cost estimation.

For purposes of completing this case, assume that you were recently hired by EEL as a management accountant for the Radar Unit. For your first assignment you have been asked to use Excel (or other software, such as SPSS) to analyze and model the direct labor-hour (DLH) consumption associated with the production of radar units. (The production of these units requires a significant amount of highly skilled labor.) You have a set of historical observations to which you've been asked to fit both linear and nonlinear functions (in the form of learning curves); these observations relate to the last 14 radar units produced by EEL. Among other tasks, you will need to generate and interpret for management the statistical output associated with the model-fitting task and to recommend to the company a particular model for cost-estimation purposes. There is an expectation that the model you recommend will be used by EEL for contract-bidding purposes. To prepare adequately for your cost-analysis project, you will need to complete two “refresher” tutorials presented as appendices to the case.
If You Need Love, Get a Puppy: A Case Study on Professional Skepticism and Auditor Independence
Authors: Braun Robert L. , Stallworth H. Lynn
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this teaching case is to expand students' understanding of the concepts of professional skepticism and independence. The case is based on an actual incident and illustrates the exercise of professional skepticism by a staff auditor who finds himself in the uncomfortable situation of accusing a friend of fraud. The case demonstrates the difficult personal and professional choices that auditors must sometimes make. In analyzing the case, students consider auditor independence rules, as well as the concepts of independence in appearance and independence in mental attitude. Students are asked to identify the types of audit evidence and internal controls needed to detect and prevent the fraud, and to consider the appropriate audit response to an adverse situation.
Chinese Firms' Use of Management Accounting and Controls: Facilitators, Impediments, and Performance Effects
Authors: Duh Rong-Ruey , Xiao Jason Zezhong , Chow Chee W.
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT: This study explores the current use and performance effects of management accounting and controls (MACs) by Chinese firms, as well as some potential facilitators and impediments. Data on 219 listed Chinese firms are obtained from a survey, supplemented by the firms' publicly available financial reports. On average, the sample firms have at least moderate use of 12 specific MAC techniques, including ones that are of relatively recent vintage (e.g., economic value-based performance measures). However, there is substantial variation across firms in the use of each technique. The extent of MAC usage is positively associated with firm attributes (e.g., activism of corporate governance participants, management support), as well as characteristics of the environment (e.g., competition). There also is a positive association between usage of some MACs and firm performance.
The Development of Accounting Quality of IAS and IFRS over Time: The Case of Germany
Authors: Paananen Mari , Lin Henghsiu
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT: We examine the characteristics of accounting amounts using a sample of German companies reporting under International Accounting Standards (IAS) during 2000–2002 (IAS period), and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) during 2003–2004 (IFRSvoluntary period) and 2005–2006 (IFRSmandatory period). We find a decrease in accounting quality after the mandatory EU adoption in 2005. Our findings on earnings smoothing and timely loss recognition corroborates largely our findings related to value relevance of accounting information. Our results indicate that accounting quality has not improved but worsened over time. Further analysis shows that this development is less likely to be driven by new adopters of IFRS but is driven by the changes of the standards. Contrary to the intention with the adoption of the European adoption of IFRS, this makes it harder for investors to base their decisions on the IFRS financial reporting.
Revaluating Face: A Note on Differences in Private Information Sharing Between Two Communitarian Societies
Authors: Schulz Axel K.-D. , Salter Stephen B. , Lopez Juan Claudio , Lewis Philip A.
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT: This study closes the circle on a series of studies which have examined cross-cultural differences in the likelihood of sharing information in a situation where an error has been made. Building on the work of Chow et al. (1999), Chow et al. (2000), Salter and Schulz (2005), and Salter et al. (2008) it seeks to control for collectivism and test the effect of face by using nations that are quite similar in terms of collectivism, but at opposite ends of the face dimension. It finds that Chinese managers are less willing to share negative information when the supervisor is present than Chilean managers. Once the supervisor is removed there is no significant difference in the information sharing pattern of these two cultures. We attribute the results to the effect of “face” in the Chinese culture, which suppresses information sharing willingness in Chinese managers when the supervisor is present and is not a facet of the Chilean culture.
New Drugs in Development for the Treatment of Diabetes
Authors: Levien Terri L. , Baker Danial E.
Published: May 2009

In Brief

A variety of new agents are in development for the treatment of type 1 or type 2 diabetes. In addition to new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 analogs, thiazolidinediones, glinides, and new insulin formulations, there are also unique peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, selective sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and several other unique agents now in development.
Broad Considerations Concerning Electrochemical Electrodes in Primarily Fluid Environments
Authors: Jesudason Christopher G.
Published: May 2009

This review is variously a presentation, reflection, synthesis and report with reference to more recent developments of an article – in a journal which has ceased publication – entitled “Some Electrode Theorems with Experimental Corroboration, Inclusive of the Ag/AgCl System” Internet Journal of Chemistry, (http://www.ijc.com), Special Issues: Vol. 2 Article 24 (1999). The results from new lemmas relating charge densities and capacitance in a metallic electrode in equilibrium with an ionic solution are used to explain the data and observed effects due to Esin, Markov, Grahame, Lang and Kohn. Size effects that vary the measured e.m.f. of electrodes due to changes in the electronic chemical potential are demonstrated in experiment and theory implying the need for standardization of electrodes with respect to geometry and size. The widely used Stern modification of the Gouy-Chapman theory is shown to be mostly inapplicable for many of the problems where it is employed. Practical consequences of the current development include the possibility of determining the elusive single-ion activity coefficients of solution ions directly from the expression given by a simplified capacitance theorem, the potential of zero charge and the determination of single ion concentrations of active species in the electrode reactions from cell e.m.f. measurements.
Nucleic Acid-based Detection of Bacterial Pathogens Using Integrated Microfluidic Platform Systems
Authors: Lui Clarissa , Cady Nathaniel  C. , Batt Carl  A.
Published: May 2009

The advent of nucleic acid-based pathogen detection methods offers increased sensitivity and specificity over traditional microbiological techniques, driving the development of portable, integrated biosensors. The miniaturization and automation of integrated detection systems presents a significant advantage for rapid, portable field-based testing. In this review, we highlight current developments and directions in nucleic acid-based micro total analysis systems for the detection of bacterial pathogens. Recent progress in the miniaturization of microfluidic processing steps for cell capture, DNA extraction and purification, polymerase chain reaction, and product detection are detailed. Discussions include strategies and challenges for implementation of an integrated portable platform.
L'expérience de Philippe Buonarroti. Les structures agraires de la Corse, au début de la Révolution française.
Authors: Defranceschi Jean
Published: May 2009

It is generally unknown that, during his stay in Corsica, at the beginning of the French Revolution, Buonarroti led the « Vente des Biens Nationaux » and studied by that way the mechanism of the communal régime.

Each community's land was then divided in three distinct parts :

— the common territory (circolo) which each inhabitant could bring into cultivation for himself without securing him a right to the land which remained the commonweal

— the arable land (presa) belonging to several villages which was periodically partioned between all their inhabitants

— the waste land and the woods (foresto) belonging to several villages as well

Therefore, the influence of Corsica on the intellectual formation of the theoretician of the « Conjuration des Egaux » is under estimated. Because considering things from Corsica, « babouvism » is called « paolism ». Jean Defranceschl
Les Idéologues avant et après Thermidor
Authors: Schlieben-Lange Brigitte , Knapstein Franz
Published: May 2009

In the first part of their study, the authors underline the confusion often made between Ideologues and Girondins during the period up to Thermidor. They come to a definition of that current through the study of the men who can be considered part of it and of the various attitudes adopted by them from Federalism to the Terror. The second part analyses the interpretations of the revolution made by the Ideologues and the lessons they drew from it in order to develop a teaching which was to make it possible to avoid the mistakes of period of the Terror.
Le théâtre de l'an II (culture et société sous la Révolution)
Authors: Bianchi Serge
Published: May 2009

An overview which presents a study of two hundred militant plays of the Year II. The author chooses significant examples (such as the plays about the retaking of Toulon or the case of Rouen) to demonstrate the original traits of this repertory which was less affected by censorship than has been thought and which emphasized certain themes : the martyrs of liberty, the classical references, the revolution of mores and, of course for a time, dechristianization. A novel relationship grew up between the « citizen actors » and militant audiences which turned the theater into one of the areas of political confrontation until the spring of Year II when the Robespierrist authorities carefully kept track of Hebertism in art and even suppressed it.
Un futur au passé. La Révolution dans les Mémoires des Conventionnels
Authors: Luzzatto Sergio
Published: May 2009

This study makes the most of the Convention members' memoirs and particularly those of the Montagnard deputies and of the regicides who had time during their exile in Brussels to meditate on the Revolution they had just lived through and the part they had played. However varied their attitudes and their ways of living History were, their collective discourse has a real unity in the manner they handle common themes : the weight of circumstance, domestic and foreign war, violence, the Terror, the Girondin - Montagnard struggle, religious policies and the posteriori judgments of Robespierre. These old men relive their personal history, before and during the Revolution and meditate on the failure of the experiment in which they were directly involved, but they continue to have faith in certain essential values which underlie the way they justify themselves.
Les Francs-maçons et la Révolution (autour de la "Machine" de Cochin)
Authors: Porset Charles
Published: May 2009

The author first underlines the importance of the heritage of the myth of a masonic plot which was forged during the revolutionary era mainly by Abbé Barruel and he analyzes the originality of Augustin Cochin's contribution in his works about the « Sociétés de pensée » : using the ideas of Ostrogorsky's works, Cochin substitued for the « plot » emptied of its intentional contents, the theme of the « machine », invented to manipulate opinion by creating a consensus and experimented within the « sociétés de pensée » used as a laboratory. The author evokes the debate of the time : its favorable reception by the clerical right-wing and the counter arguments developed by Aulard, Mathiez and then Egret based on an analysis of the real events. Moreover, Cochin provided arguments for a whole conservative tradition and even for the extreme right-wing during the first half of the twentieth century.
Le Directoire avait-il une politique religieuse ?
Authors: Suratteau Jean-René
Published: May 2009

Jean-René Suratteau, Did the « Directoire » have religious policy ?

An established scholar of the period, the author reopens the case concerning the religious policy of the Revolution after Thermidor and investigates the first separation of Church and State and the attitude thanks to which tented to alternate repression and a certain toleration encouraging a renewal of Catholic religious practice. He follows the misadventures of a constitutional church, restored with difficulty and marginalized, describes the rather unsuccessful attempt at setting up a civic religion and concludes that the Directoire hardly had any clear policy and even less a stedfast one ; it was doubtless impossible to establish a coherent policy within such a short period.
De la Liberté à l'Union dans l'iconographie des drapeaux des districts parisiens
Authors: Liris Élisabeth
Published: May 2009

Elisabeth Liris, From Liberty to Union in the Iconography of the Flags of the Parisian Districts.

Set up in 1788, the sixty Parisian districts each had its own flag in the early days of the Revolution, at the time the National Guard was being organized. Vieilh de Varenne, one of the victors of the Bastille published a "curious" description of them "accompanied by plates" which furnish the necessary material for an analysis of the symbolism established by these banners, each of which is different. One finds representations of victorious Liberty, of violence brought under control, of the desire for union and reconciliation. There are references to the royal person, and to the allegory of Paris : the monarchical or religious elements are mixed with the new emblems of liberty in the framework of this period between July and October 1989 and the search for a reborn unanimity.
La cocarde directoriale : dérives d'un symbole révolutionnaire
Authors: Devocelle Jean-Marc
Published: May 2009

Jean-Marc Devocelle : La cocarde directoriale, dérives d'un symbole révolutionnaire.

Cette étude est principalement fondée sur le débat qui s'est instauré en frimaire an VII aux Cinq Cents, comme dans l'opinion publique pour se poursuivre jusqu'en floréal, sur le problème du port de la cocarde. Elle rappelle les étapes de l'aventure de cet emblème national depuis le début de la Révolution, et, à partir des interventions et rapports de l'an II analyse ce que représente désormais cet enjeu politique, à travers des opinions contradictoires : cocarde, d'obligatoire devenue le signe récognitif des vrais républicains, à l'exclusion des étrangers et des femmes, cocarde signe d'intégration à la vie civique pour les jeunes, cocarde symbole d'égalité... ou cocarde des militaires dont l'influence va croissante.
La représentation de la République française à travers les gravures satiriques et la presse quotidienne anglaise
Authors: Dupuy P. , Bourgeois C.
Published: May 2009

Pascal Dupuy and Caroline Bourgeois : The Representation of the French Republic in English Satirical Prints (1792-1799) and the English Daily Press (1792-1793).

The theme of the republic is very much present in the English press and in the abundant production of satirical prints during the political debate of the early 1790s in Great Britain. The radicals and the opposition were accused of fomenting hostility to the English Crown. The French Revolution exacerbated the political war being waged in print and through satirical representations and it contributed new images to its repertory : the sans-culotte, the guillotine, the povery and violence which reigned in France and, in counterpoint, British prosperity. The authors analyze many of the characteristic prints by Gillray and his contemporaries and study the impact of this propaganda compaign on the long-term development of English stereotyped images and clichés.
L'influence des cahiers modèles en 1789, l'expérience du Gard
Authors: Allen Edward A.
Published: May 2009

Edward A. Allen, The Influence of Models for the Cahiers of 1789.

The well-known phenomenon of the circulation of set forms for the drawing up of the cahiers de doléances at the end of winter 1789 is studied here in a specific case study of the Gard department.

Half the communities expressed or borrowed grievances, a third did so within networks grouping three to twenty communes. These networks were structured in various ways : in one case a town or a community would be guided the others ; in another, smaller groups were formed within larger ones. Assemblies preparing the official regional ones were called by "patriot" leaders as early as December 1788 and drew up lists of grievances. Pamphlets illustrated them. It has been possible to demonstrate the personal part played by persons presiding over several community assemblies.

The patriot's local enemies such as the Bishop of Uzès began to worry about the organisation of their adversaries, but not the Royal officers who had already received orders not to intervene.
Histoire et polémique, le massacre de Machecoul
Authors: Martin Jean-Claude
Published: May 2009

Jean-Clément Martin, History and Polemics : the Machecoul Massacres.

The Machecoul Massacres, that is, in March and April 1793, the execution or lynching of at least one hundred and fifty people considered as "blues" by the peasants, who had taken over this small town of the Loire Atlantique department, forms, in the Republicans' memory, the counterpart of the Lues Massacre engraved in the counterrevolutionary memory.

This careful study describes the economic, social, political and cultural conditions of this small region during the first years of the Revolution. It confirms the classic studies on the causes of "the Vendée", except that the situation was probably even worse in Machecoul and the surrounding parishes because of the close geographical intermixing of "patriots" and "non-patriots". They were literally neighbours. If the sociology of the victims holds few surprises (civil officiers, members of the local petite and moyenne bourgeoisie, Constitutional priests), that of the persecutors isn't very different. The activists were also merchants and local worthies; they had been opposing the new order of things since 1789 and in an atmosphere of religious division, they had galvanized rural discontent at the time of the drawing of lots.

Henceforth the Republican legend pointed to the Machecoul butchers as the very epitome of savage peasantry.
Aux origines culturelles d'un engagement politique : les notes de lecture d'Antonelle
Authors: Serna Pierre
Published: May 2009

Pierre Serna, Aux origines culturelles d'un engagement politique : les notes de lecture d'Antonelle.

Le chevalier d'Antonelle — sous la Révolution maire d'Arles, député à la Législative, membre du tribunal révolutionnaire, participant à la Conjuration des Égaux — a laissé plusieurs centaines de feuillets suscités par des lectures effectuées en solitaire entre 1782 et 1789. L'étude quantitative et reflexive de ces documents permet de pénétrer à l'intérieur de l'univers culturel du personnage. Il découvre tardivement les auteurs classiques des Lumières de Locke à Mably, est un matérialiste sensualiste. Elle permet aussi de connaître une personnalité complexe, inquiète, pessimiste, masochiste. Antonelle est convaincu que l'homme n'est pas naturellement libre, et tire paradoxalement de cette conviction sa volonté d'agir sur le plan politique social : l'homme ne peut que résister aux conditions politiques et sociales qui le façonnent. La pratique révolutionnaire d'Antonelle sera fille de cette culture des Lumières.
Les déportés guadeloupéens et haïtiens en Corse
Authors: Arzalier Francis
Published: May 2009

Francis Arzalier, / deportati délia Guadalupa e di Haïti in Corsica.

Parecchie centinaia di abitanti délie Antille furono deportati in Corsica dopo la riconquista délia Guadalupa, sotto il Consolato, e dopo la spedizione di Leclerc ad Haïti. L'ergastolo corso faceva parte dei progetti di valorizzazione dell'isola dopo che Choiseul Pebbe acquista. I deportati lavorarono in condizioni durissime (quasi tutti morirono) per costruire strade e porti. Alcuni tornarono ad Haïti quando la Restaura- zione riconobbe Pindipendenza dello stato nero.
Les conduites politiques en l'an II. Compte rendu et récit de vie révolutionnaires
Authors: Garnier Sylvie
Published: May 2009

Sylvie Garnier, Les conduites politiques en l'an IL Comptes rendus et récits de vie révolutionnaires.

Par le décret du 8 ventôse an II, le Comité de sûreté générale fut investi du pouvoir d'entendre les patriotes détenus faire le récit de leur conduite depuis mai 1789.

L'historien dispose ainsi d'un vaste corpus d'autobiographies révolutionnaires. S. G. distingue deux registres de discours : l'un est descriptif, l'autre cherche à établir une complicité avec les auditeurs. Celui qui parle et ceux qui écoutent sont censés être également patriotes, adhérer aux mêmes principes du droit naturel, aux mêmes objectifs de régénération et de fondation d'un ordre nouveau.
Recherches sur les prénoms révolutionnaires à Paris
Authors: Bange Raphaël
Published: May 2009

Raphaël Bange, Ricerche sui nomi rivoluzionari a Parigi nell'anno II.

L'autore studia 3900 atti di nascite soprawenute a Parigi nell'anno II, che sono stati ricostruiti dopo l'incendio del 1871. In 549 casi sono stati dati nomi rivoluzionari, ma sette volte su dieci si trattava di fanciulli abbandonati. Riguardava i ragazzi tre volte più délie ragazze. Nella maggior parte dei casi i nomi non furono partigiani ma si riferirono alla storia o alla natura. Furono spesso collegati ad un secondo nome cristiano. Quando il nome fu dato dai genitori, il fenomeno più o meno denso riflette la sociologia délie sezioni parigine : tassi alti nelle sezioni « sanculotte », tassi debolissimi nelle sezioni « borghesi ». Si nota tuttavia una propensione minore a dare un nome rivoluzionario al rampollo quando non si sa firmare il proprio nome : i ceti medi, e particolarmente gli artigiani, parteciparono volentieri al movimento.
Les courtiers locaux du politique - 1789-1792.
Authors: Boutier Jean
Published: May 2009

Jean Boutier, Les courtiers locaux du politique. 1789-1792.

Jean Boutier considère que l'implantation d'une société politique dans un village pendant les premières années de la Révolution peut être expliquée par le jeu des rivalités politiques locales antérieures. Les initiateurs de ces sociétés auraient traduit le discours politique national dans l'idiome local et vice- ver sa.
Les débats sur le droit d'association et de réunion sous le Directoire
Authors: Peyrard Christine
Published: May 2009

Christine Peyrard, Dibattito sul diritto d'associazone e di riunione sotto il Direttorio.

Nel Messidoro dell'anno V, poi nel Pratile e nel Termidoro dell'anno VII, le assemblée del Direttorio dibatterono di tre questioni in rapporto con il diritto di asso- ciazione e di riunione : la rivendicazione della libertà d'associazione e di riunione è fondata in diritto ? Si puô assomigliare questa libertà a quella della stampa ? E compa- tibile con il regime rappresentativo ?

La Sinistra è tentata di rispondere con un si aile tre questioni ma il proprio ideale d' indivisibilità le fa temere che la libertà d'associazione conduca alia formazione di partiti. La Destra è tentata di rispondere con un no ma ammette che le riunioni politiche contribuiscano a formare l'opinione.
Un bicentenaire en cache un autre. Repenser la Terreur ?
Authors: Martin Jean-Clément
Published: May 2009

Jean-Clément Martin, Un bicentenaire en cache un autre : repenser la Terreur.

J.-C. M. propose d'analyser au sens propre du mot la Terreur : quand commence- t-elle ? Comment fut-elle appliquée, au-delà du discours, par les pouvoirs locaux ? Ne faut-il pas distinguer une Terreur parisienne et des Terreurs provinciales ?

J.-C. M. invite à réfléchir sur la complexité de la Contre-Révolution, justification de la Terreur ; sur les conséquences du vide constitutionnel après le 10 août, sur la force de l'imaginaire dans les mentalités révolutionnaires.
La mission Maignet
Authors: Guilhaumou Jacques , Lapied Martine
Published: May 2009

Jacques Guilhaumou, Martine Lapied, La missione Maignet.

Maignet fu rappresentante in missione nelle Bouches-du-Rhône e nella Valchiusa durante l'inverno dell'anno II.

Ci manifestò un vero interesse per l'osservazione delle realtà locali e per la communicazione, al servizio di una politica d'epurazione dei vecchi quadri amministrativi e militanti, e di una politica repressiva. Istitui cosi ad Orange una commissione popolare che passò per un tribunale rivoluzionario. Poi Bédoin nella Valchiusa, esercitò un terrore locale molto pesante.

Maignet gettò le fondamenta di una politica culturale ambiziosa. Per lui, l'arte, dalla rappresentazione del « Sublime » davanti allo sguardo entusiastica del cittadino, deve trascinare quello verso la communità politica.
La presse départementale en l'an II
Authors: Wauters Éric
Published: May 2009

Éric Wauters, La stampa dipartimentale nell'anno II.

Lo studio verte su tre insiemi regionali : l'Est, il Sud-Ovest, la Normandia. Sul piano quantitativo (numéro di titoli, tiratura), l'anno II costitui un pianerottolo appena superiore ai livelli della seconda meta del 1792 e dell'anno III, eppure i due momenti più difficili per la stampa dipartimentale. Sul contenuto, la stampa dipartimentale formô meno l'opinione pubblica che ne rifletesse la parte più attiva di quest'opinione, quella dell' « elite » politica. Quando quest' ultima era pressappoco unita, usciva un giornale, allorché le divisioni interne furono nocive alla stampa.
Dans la Normandie entre Seine et Orne confrères et citoyens
Authors: Bée Michel
Published: May 2009

Michel Bée, In Normandia, tra Senna ed Orne, confratelli e cittadini.

Sotto l'Antico Regime, l'esperienza della socievolezza si fece spesso attraverso le confraternité. Queste vissero in modo ostile il periodo della Rivoluzione : in Normandia le società popolari non incontrarono il favore delle communità rurali ; nella città, all'ora della scristianizzazione combatterono le confraternità. Tuttavia molte confraternite continuarono di fatto a funzionare corne se fossero servizi comunali et d'assistenza ; molti confratelli furono presenti nelle nuove istituzioni.
Une architecture républicaine, l'orangerie du Jardin des Plantes de Montpellier
Authors: Verdier Thierry
Published: May 2009

Thierry Verdier, Un'architettura repubblicana, I'aranciera del Giardino Botanico di Montepellier.

Dal 1802 fino al 1806, fu costruita nel Giardino Botanico di Monpellier, una serra calda, del tutto simile alle aranciere dei palazzi reali ed aristocratici del Settecento. L'architetto ne era Claude de la Gardette, non molto tempo fa architetto repubblicano e bravo Montagnardo. Da quest'esempio, raranciera diventava un luogo pubblico di volgarizzazione scientifica offerto alla nazione, un edificio il cui significato era rivoluzionato.
Terreur à Clamecy. Quelques réflexions
Authors: Bossut Nicole
Published: May 2009

Nicole Bossut. Terreur à Clamecy : quelques réflexions.

En l'an II dans la Nièvre, le jacobinisme fut à la fois très minoritaire et ardent. Son action témoigne d'une imbrication sincère entre déchristianisation, lutte politique contre les modérés et lutte sociale contre les riches. Dans cette conjoncture, Lefiot représentant en mission de nivôse à germinal eut la tâche particulièrement délicate, dans laquelle il échoua finalement, de ramener les Jacobins de Clamecy dans la voie de l'unité des « républicains sincères » et de l'isolement des seuls «contre-révolutionnaires actifs ».
Les limites de la déchristianisation de l'an II éclairées par le retour au culte de l'an III : l'exemple du district de Compiègne
Authors: Bernet Jacques
Published: May 2009

Jacques Bernet, Les limites de la déchristianisation de l'an II éclairées par le retour au culte de Van III : l'exemple du district de Compiègne.

Très majoritairement «constitutionnel» en 1791, donnant l'apparence d'une précoce et complète déchristianisation en l'an II, le district de Compiègne (Oise) connut un irrésistible et massif retour catholique en l'an III. Il s'agit d'un mouvement populaire et spontané, surtout dans les campagnes, parti du fond des villages pendant l'hiver et achevant de gagner la ville au cours de l'été 1795. Favorisé par la crise économique et sociale de l'an III, risquant de détourner maints citoyens de la République, ce phénomène irréversible consacrait l'échec d'une « défanatisation » superficielle, imposée de l'extérieur à la majorité de la population en 1793-1794.
Aspects du débat sur l'Égalité durant le Triennio républicain
Authors: Guerci Luciano
Published: May 2009

Luciano Guerci, Aspetti del dibattito sull'eguaglianza ml Triennio repubblicano.

Se tra il 1796 e il 1799 tutti i repubblicani italiani si trovarono d'accordo circa Pabolizione dei privilegi legati alia nascita e circa l'eguaglianza dei cittadini di fronte alla legge, divisioni e constrasti si manifestarono circa l'eguaglianza dei beni. Ci furono infatti coloro che, pur rifiutando ciò che veniva chiamata « eguaglianza di fatto » (o « eguaglianza economica »), si dichiararono favorevoli a prowedimenti che attenuassero la « mostruosa ineguaglianza » nelle ricchesse. Forte fu l'opposizione a un simile atteggiamento, che all'intenso stesso del fronte repubblicano fu condamnato da molti come pericolo e sowersivo. I Sostenitori di una più equie ripartizione dei beni si limitarono spesso a indicare una meta da raggiungere sensa formulare programmi precisi, ma occorre sottolineare che le loro critiche alla situazione esistente non mancavano di lucidità ni efficacia.
La vente des biens nationaux : L'impact social de l'événement dans le temps court du processus révolutionnaire
Authors: Jollet Anne
Published: May 2009

Anne Jollet, La vendita di beni nazionali: prende la misura dell'impatto sociale dell'evento nel breve tempo delprocesso rivoluzionario.

La vendita di beni nazionali è stata oggetto di numerose ricerche a partire dall'inizio del secolo, tutte tese a cercare di misurare l'impatto dell'evento in termini di trasferimento di porzioni territoriali. In questo caso si tratta invece di riportare l'attenzione al livello degli attori, per valutare l'implicazione degli abitanti nelle varie forme possibili, valutare il grado di partecipazione agli acquisti, partecipazione socialmente aperta nell a regione viticola d'Amboise (Indre-et-Loire), sebbene, in tale regione, le acquisizioni fossero prevalentemente un fatto legato alla borghesia. Inoltre si tratta di andare più a fondo sulla comprensione delle implicazioni socio-politiche del fenomeno attraverso un'analisi che pone quest'ultimo a confronto con una sorta di norma sociale venuta a costituirsi attraverso pratiche anteriori, in particolare quelle del mercato ordinario. Tale analisi permette infine di affrontare la questione del « poco » e del « molto » prendendo in considerazione la partecipazione a queste pratiche da parte dei diversi attori.
Participation et sociologie électorales dans les Landes en 1790
Authors: Edelstein Melvin
Published: May 2009

Melvin Edelstein, Electoral Participation and Sociology in the Landes department in 1790.

Taking the example of a department far-removed from the capital, the author reviews the elections of August 1790. Far from being dominated by an active militant minority, voter participation reveals a keen interest in politics, with 61 % of active citizens present at primary assemblies. So too, the sociology of the voters and of those elected highlights the presence of a wide variety of strata from local society, especially large minorities of fanners. This prompts the author to compare his research findings with the conventional historiography and with other departments which have served as case studies.
La Révolution française et l'Allemagne : du paradigme comparatiste à la recherche des transferts culturels
Authors: Middell Matthias
Published: May 2009

Matthias Middell, La Révolution française et l'Allemagne : du paradigme comparatiste à la recherche des transferts culturels.

Der Artikel beschreibt die Entwicklung der deutschsprachigen Historiographie, die in den letzten 15 Jahren den Übergang von einem impliziten Vergleich, der den Sonderweg Deutschlands betonte, zur Erweiterung des klassischen Komparatismus der Sozialgeschichte im Verfahren der Kulturtransferforschung erlebt hat. Vorgestellt werden vor allem neuere Untersuchungen zur Wahrnehmung der Franzôsischen Revolution in der « Deutschen Übersetzungsbibliothek » und zur Mediengeschichte.
Antiquité et Révolution française dans la pensée et les lettres allemandes à la fin du XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Calvié Lucien
Published: May 2009

Lucien Calvié, Antiquité et Révolution française dans la pensée et les lettres allemandes à la fin du XVIIIe siècle.

Al final del siglo XVIII, el discurso germano sobre la Antiguedad es también un discurso sobre la Revolución : demasiado debil para « hablar germano », es decir para constituir un Estado national, la burguesfa germana « habla antiguo » por medio de escritores como Schiller o Hölderlin. A la afirmación, a la vez revolucionaria y de raiz antigua, de un lazo de consubstancialidad entre la belleza, la felicidad y la libertad, el primer romanticismo (Novalis) opone la reactivación, hablando con propiedad reaccionaria, de una referencia germánica y medieval.