bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepcidin inhibition improves iron homeostasis in ferrous sulfate and LPS treatment model in mice
Authors: Patel Vishal , Joharapurkar Amit , Kshirsagar Samadhan , Patel Maulik , Patel Hiren , Savsani Hardikkumar , Jain Mukul
Published: July 2021

Background Hepcidin, a liver-derived peptide, regulates the absorption, distribution, and circulation of iron in the body. Inflammation or iron overload stimulates hepcidin release, which causes the accumulation of iron in tissues. The inadequate levels of iron in circulation impair erythropoiesis. Inhibition of hepcidin may increase iron in circulation and improve efficient erythropoiesis. Activin-like kinase (ALK) inhibitors decrease hepcidin.

Methods In this work, we have investigated an ALK inhibitor LDN193189 for its efficacy in iron homeostasis. The effect of LDN193189 treatment was assessed in C57BL6/J mice, in which hepcidin was induced by either ferrous sulfate or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection.

Results After two hours of treatment, ferrous sulfate increased serum and liver iron, serum hepcidin, and liver hepcidin expression. On the other hand, LPS reduced serum iron in a dose-related manner after six hours of treatment. LDN193189 treatment increased serum iron, decreased spleen and liver iron, decreased serum hepcidin and liver hepcidin expression in ferrous sulfate-treated mice, and increased serum iron in LPS-induced hypoferremia. We observed that ferrous sulfate caused a significantly higher increase in liver iron, serum hepcidin, and liver hepcidin than turpentine oil or LPS in mice. Iron dextran (intraperitoneal or intravenous) increased serum iron, but LDN193189 did not show hyperferremia with iron dextran stimulus.

Conclusion Ferrous sulfate-induced hyperferremia can be a valuable and rapid screening model for assessing the efficacy of hepcidin inhibitors.
Antimicrobial Resistance and Predictors of Adverse Outcomes in Neonates with Bacterial Meningitis: A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital of Northern India
Authors: Lal Sandeep N. , Maria Arti , Bandyopadhyay Tapas
Published: July 2021

This study aimed to determine antimicrobial resistance pattern and predictors of adverse outcome in neonatal meningitis. A retrospective study by analyzing case files of 134 cases of neonatal meningitis. We noted an alarming degree of multidrug resistance (MDR) among both gram-negative (Klebsiella
spp., 50%; Escherichia coli, 100%; and and Acinetobacter
spp., 50%), as well as positive (Enterococcus, 100%) isolates in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture. The incidence rate of adverse outcome (i.e., mortality and abnormal neurological examination at discharge) was 8.2 and 17.2%, respectively. On univariate analysis, delayed seeking of medical care, bulging anterior fontanelle, vomiting, positive sepsis screen, shock during hospital course, ventriculitis, diversion procedures for raised intracranial pressure, central line placement, low CSF sugar, and failed hearing screening test at discharge were associated with increased risk of adverse outcome. Further, delayed seeking of medical care, shock during hospital course, positive sepsis screen, thrombocytopenia, and MDR infections were independently found to be associated with adverse outcomes. An alarming degree of antimicrobial resistance among the CSF isolates necessitates the need to understand the pathogenesis of resistance and curtail the irrational prescription of antibiotics in neonatal meningitis. Further, delayed seeking of medical care, shock during hospital course, positive sepsis screen, thrombocytopenia, and MRD infection may have prognostic value in neonatal meningitis
Arthroscopic Anatomy of the TFCC with Relevance to Function and Pathology
Authors: Herzberg Guillaume , Burnier Marion , Nakamura Toshiyatsu
Published: July 2021

Introduction The authors present a new comprehensive arthroscopic anatomical description of the fibrocartilage complex “TFCC” which is related to the current TFCC functional and pathological knowledge.

Methods Our description of the TFCC is based on an arthroscopic view from the 3-4 portal as observed in more than 100 wrist arthroscopies in fresh cadavers and more than 1000 diagnostic and/or therapeutic wrist arthroscopies.

Results TFCC is considered as a 3-D-3-part box-like structure (Reins, Wall and Disc). The first TFCC component (“R”) corresponds to 2 strong radio-ulnar ligamentous Reins, one dorsal (DRUL) and one palmar (PRUL). This “V-shaped” RUL reins diverge from the fovea and ulnar styloid to the volar and dorsal edges of the sigmoid notch. It is a main stabilizer of the DRUJ. The second TFCC component (“W”) is a continuous, radially concave Peripheral Capsular Wall attached and perpendicular to the RUL reins. It surrounds the ulnar aspect of the ulno-carpal interval while attaching to the RUL reins proximally and to the medial carpus distally. Along with the radiocarpal ligaments, the TFCC peripheral capsular wall contributes to the stability of the carpus with respect to the radius-ulna entity. This is especially true for the thick volar TFCC capsular wall. The third TFCC component (“D”) is the disc proper which is a static and dynamic shock absorber intercalated between the ulnar head and the medial proximal row in the coronal/sagittal planes and between the two strands of the RUL in the axial plane. Its pathology is influenced and related to the ulnar variance.

Discussion This new arthroscopic description of the TFCC provides a comprehensive anatomical, functional ant pathological background for TFCC disorders analysis and treatment. Currently known disorders are included as “R 1,2,3,4”, “W 1, 2, 3, 4”, and “D 1, 2”. Combined TFCC disorders and further new pathology descriptions may be included in this open classification.
Familial Hypomagnesemia with Hypercalciuria, Nephrocalcinosis, and Bilateral Chorioretinal Atrophy in a Patient with Homozygous p.G75S Variant in CLDN19
Authors: Rahmani Nasim , Talebi Saeed , Hooman Nakysa , Karamzade Arezou
Published: July 2021

Introduction Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC) is a rare disorder caused by perturbation in renal reabsorption of magnesium and calcium. Biallelic pathogenic variants either in gene CLDN16 or CLDN19 are responsible for molecular defects. Most patients with CLDN19 variants have been associated with ocular involvements (FHHNCOI).

Patient and Methods We had a pediatric patient with hypercalciuric hypomagnesemia and bilateral chorioretinal atrophy. Metabolic profiling and radiology examinations were performed, in addition to whole exome sequencing (WES) used for detection of the causative variant.

Results Analysis of WES revealed a homozygous c.223G > A (p.G75S) variant in CLDN19. MutationTaster and Combined Annotation-Dependent Depletion support its deleterious effect and SHERLOC's criteria put it in pathogenic category. This variant is previously reported in compound heterozygous state with other known pathogenic variant. As far as we know, it is the first report of this variant in homozygous state.

Conclusion The variant found in our patient is pathogenic and compatible with FHHNCOI characteristics. WES is an advantageous tool in molecular diagnosis and finding genetic pathology of this disease. In line with other reports, ocular abnormalities are variable in patients with CLDN19 mutations, and chronic kidney disease and retinal damages must be considered in this group.
Explaining the density of post-communist interest group populations—resources, constituencies, and regime change
Authors: Labanino Rafael , Dobbins Michael , Horváthová Brigitte
Published: July 2021

The article tests the energy–stability–area (ESA) model of interest group population density on a sample of different 2018 Czech, Hungarian, Polish and Slovenian energy, higher education and health care interest organisation populations. The unique context of recent simultaneous political, economic and in the cases of Czechia and Slovenia, national transitions present a hard test for population ecology theory. Besides the area (constituency size) and energy (resources, issue certainty) terms, the article brings the stability term back into the center of analysis. The stability term, that is, the effect of a profound change or shock to the polity is operationalised as Communist-era population densities. As all three policy domains are heavily state controlled and tightly regulated, the effect of neocorporatist interest intermediation is also tested. The article finds strong support for the energy and neocorporatism hypotheses and provides evidence for the effect of communist-era organisational population density on post-transition densities: The size of 2018 organisational populations is found to be dependent on pre-transition densities. The relationship is, however, not linear but curvilinear. Nevertheless, the analysis indicates that the effect of pre-transition population size is moderated by other environmental level factors.
Large-scale quantitative evidence of media impact on public opinion toward China
Authors: Huang Junming , Cook Gavin G. , Xie Yu
Published: July 2021

Do mass media influence people’s opinions of other countries? Using BERT, a deep neural network-based natural language processing model, this study analyzes a large corpus of 267,907 China-related articles published by The New York Times since 1970. The output from The New York Times is then compared to a longitudinal data set constructed from 101 cross-sectional surveys of the American public’s views on China, revealing that the reporting of The New York Times on China in one year explains 54% of the variance in American public opinion on China in the next. This result confirms hypothesized links between media and public opinion and helps shed light on how mass media can influence the public opinion of foreign countries.
The structure of CO2 and CH4 at the interface of a poly(urethane urea) oligomer model from the microscopic point of view
Authors: Assis Silva Flavia Cristina , da Costa Lourenço Tuanan , van der Spoel David , Aparicio Santiago , Azevedo dos Reis Rodrigo , Costa Luciano T.
Published: July 2021

The world desperately needs new technologies and solutions for gas capture and separation. To make this possible, molecular modeling is applied here to investigate the structural, thermodynamic, and dynamical properties of a model for the poly(urethane urea) (PUU) oligomer model to selectively capture CO2 in the presence of CH4. In this work, we applied a well-known approach to derive atomic partial charges for atoms in a polymer chain based on self-consistent sampling using quantum chemistry and stochastic dynamics. The interactions of the gases with the PUU model were studied in a pure gas based system as well as in a gas mixture. A detailed structure characterization revealed high interaction of CO2 molecules with the hard segments of the PUU. Therefore, the structural and energy properties explain the reasons for the greater CO2 sorption than CH4. We find that the CO2 sorption is higher than the CH4 with a selectivity of 7.5 at 298 K for the gas mixture. We characterized the Gibbs dividing surface for each system, and the CO2 is confined for a long time at the gas–oligomer model interface. The simulated oligomer model showed performance above the 2008 Robeson’s upper bound and may be a potential material for CO2/CH4 separation. Further computational and experimental studies are needed to evaluate the material.
On dispersion managed nonlinear Schrödinger equations with lumped amplification
Authors: Choi Mi-Ran , Kang Younghoon , Lee Young-Ran
Published: July 2021

We show the global well-posedness of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with periodically varying coefficients and a small parameter ɛ > 0, which is used in optical-fiber communications. We also prove that the solutions converge to the solution for the Gabitov–Turitsyn or averaged equation as ɛ tends to zero.
Design and validation of microfluidic parameters of a microfluidic chip using fluid dynamics
Authors: Ahmed Feroz , Yoshida Yuichi , Wang Jin , Sakai Kenji , Kiwa Toshihiko
Published: July 2021

The internal fluidic parameters of microfluidic channels must be analyzed to solve fundamental microfluidic problems, including microscale transport problems involving thermal analysis, chemical reactivity, velocity, pressure drop, etc., for developing good-quality chemical and biological products. Therefore, the characterization and optimization of the interaction of chemical and biological solutions through microfluidic channels are vital for fluid flow design and engineering for quality assurance in microfluidic platforms. As the internal structures and kinetics of microfluidic channels are becoming increasingly complex, experiments involving optimal fluidic and transport designs are challenging to perform with high accuracy. However, highly integrated simulation tools can guide researchers without specialized computational fluid backgrounds to design numerical prototypes of highly integrated devices. In this study, a microfluidic chip with two inlet wells and one outlet well was fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane following which simulations were performed using an ANSYS Fluent tool influenced by computational fluid dynamics at a nearly identical scale. The pressure drop and velocity profiles of the interaction of two pH buffer solutions (pH 4 and 10) through the designed microfluidic chip were qualitatively estimated from experimental data analysis and validated with the simulation results obtained from the CFD-influenced ANSYS Fluent tool.
Constructing light with high precision using source coherence
Authors: Li Peng , Yin Yu , Zhu Shijun , Wang Qinghua , Li Zhenhua , Cai Yangjian
Published: July 2021

The ability to engineer the distribution of light with high precision is the key to many applications in optics, ranging from microscopy and material manipulation to optical metrology and telecommunication. Instead of traditional manipulation of light based on using diffractive optical elements such as binary phase or amplitude masks, we demonstrate a promising approach in which a light beam with custom coherence has the capacity of forming specified intensity distribution without additional optical elements. By devising a nontrivial cosine pseudo-Schell-model correlated source, we show theoretically that a controllable donut-shaped beam has almost no vortex phase dependence. Interestingly, a remarkable anomalous self-focusing phenomenon is experimentally observed during propagation, which is irrespective of the phase and the coherence parameter. In particular, tunable intensity distributions with high precision (e.g., Gaussian beam, flat-topped beam, and donut beams) are derived only by simple control of the coherence parameter. The result presents a bright prospect for manipulating light using source coherence and promotes a wide range of applications.
Phase shifter based on voltage-controlled magnetic domain walls
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Zhang Chen , Sun Chonglei , Xu Xiao , Du Liuge , Tao Jifang , Zhao Jia
Published: July 2021

A controllable phase shifter is an essential part of spin-wave (SW) logic devices. Magnetic domain walls (DWs) as magnonic waveguides have been used to study SW propagation in ultrathin ferromagnetic films. In this study, we present a channel for SW propagation that relies on magnetic DWs as natural waveguides and realize phase manipulation by voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) at a lower excitation frequency with micromagnetic simulations. The system model is a double-layer magnetic film structure, containing two oppositely magnetized domains and an upper layer (Co20Fe60B20) coupled with the lower layer ([Co/Pd]) through exchange interaction. The pinning structure can effectively maintain the state of the waveguide during later operation without an additional magnetic field. By numerical micromagnetic simulation, we can clearly see that the exchange-dominated isotropic magnetostatic forward volume like SWs are confined in the Bloch-type DW. The phase accumulation by a propagating SW depends on the accumulated phase wave vector (k) and the distance traveled. Therefore, SWs accumulate more phase through DW waveguides covered by electrodes with different lengths. The phase of the SW is shifted after the SW passes through the voltage region, compared with the waveguide where a voltage is unapplied. As a result, the established phase shifter shows a phase difference of 2π by applying a voltage (E = 1 V/nm), and the length of the applied electrode is about 644 nm.
Nationwide evidence that education disrupts the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage
Authors: Andersen Signe Hald , Richmond-Rakerd Leah S. , Moffitt Terrie E. , Caspi Avshalom
Published: July 2021

Significance

We leveraged a three-generation approach in 2.1 million Danes to measure the transmission and disruption of multiple health and social disadvantages: poor physical health, poor mental health, social welfare dependency, criminal offending, and protective services involvement. Health and social disadvantages clustered within a small segment of families: Adults who relied disproportionately on multiple, different health and social services tended to have parents who relied disproportionately on multiple, different health and social services and tended to have children who appeared in protective services records. Education disrupted these statistical associations between and within generations and between and within families. If associations are causal, investing in young people’s education potential could interrupt the multigenerational cycle of disadvantage and reduce health and social inequalities.
Epidemic mitigation by statistical inference from contact tracing data
Authors: Baker Antoine , Biazzo Indaco , Braunstein Alfredo , Catania Giovanni , Dall’Asta Luca , Ingrosso Alessandro , Krzakala Florent , Mazza Fabio , Mézard Marc , Muntoni Anna Paola , Refinetti Maria , Sarao Mannelli Stefano , Zdeborová Lenka
Published: July 2021

Significance

Contact tracing mobile applications are clear candidates for enabling us to slow down an epidemic and keep society running while holding the health risks down. Currently used mobile applications aim to notify individuals who were recently in significant contact with an individual who tested COVID-19 positive. In our work, we aim to quantify the epidemiological gain one would obtain if, additionally, individuals who were recently in contact could exchange messages of information. With such a message-passing addition, the risk of contracting COVID-19 could be estimated with much better accuracy than simple contact tracing. We conclude that probabilistic risk estimation is capable of enhancing performance of digital contact tracing and should be considered in the mobile tracing applications.
Elite party cues increase vaccination intentions among Republicans
Authors: Pink Sophia L. , Chu James , Druckman James N. , Rand David G. , Willer Robb
Published: July 2021

Overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic requires motivating the vast majority of Americans to get vaccinated. However, vaccination rates have become politically polarized, and a substantial proportion of Republicans have remained vaccine hesitant for months. Here, we explore how endorsements by party elites affect Republicans’ COVID-19 vaccination intentions and attitudes. In a preregistered survey experiment (
n
= 1,480), we varied whether self-identified Republicans saw endorsements of the vaccine from prominent Republicans (including video of a speech by former President Donald Trump), from the Democratic Party (including video of a speech by President Joseph Biden), or a neutral control condition including no endorsements. Unvaccinated Republicans who were exposed to the Republican elite endorsement reported 7.0% higher vaccination intentions than those who viewed the Democratic elite endorsement and 5.7% higher than those in the neutral control condition. These effects were statistically mediated by participants’ reports of how much they thought Republican politicians would want them to get vaccinated. We also found evidence of backlash effects against Democratic elites: Republicans who viewed the Democratic elite endorsement reported they would be significantly less likely to encourage others to vaccinate and had more negative attitudes toward the vaccine, compared with those who viewed the Republican elite endorsement or the neutral control. These results demonstrate the relative advantage of cues from Republican elites—and the risks of messaging from Democrats currently in power—for promoting vaccination among the largest vaccine-hesitant subgroup in the United States.
Puccinia penicillariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia penicillariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on
Solanum anoplocadium, S. melongena, S. torvum, S. xanthocarpum
. Urediospores and teleutospores on
Beckeropsis uniseta, Cenchrus pennisetiformis, Chloridion cameronii, Pennisetum cenchroides, P. clandestinum, P. purpureum, P. squamulata, P. stramineum, P. typhoides
and
Setaria glauca
[Setaria pumila]
. DISEASE: Leaf rust of millet. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (U.S.A. - Georgia); Africa (A - E. Sudan, Belgian Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Nigeria, Nyasaland, Northern & Southern Rhodesia, Senegal, Tanganyika, Chad, Uganda, South Africa, Sierra Leone); India (Madras) and Pakistan. (CMI Map 225).
Puccinia menthae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia menthae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of
Blephila, Bystropogon, Calamintha, Clinopodium, Cunila, Hedeoma, Hyssopus, Lycopus, Melissa, Mentha, Micromeria, Monarda, Monardella, Nepeta, Ocimum, Origanum, Pycnanthemum, Satureja, Thymus
and
Ziziphora
. DISEASE: Mint rust is associated with two distinct symptoms: systemically infected swollen shoots with elongated chlorotic internodes bearing malformed chlorotic leaves; and localized lesions on leaves following the development of uredia and telia, which when abundant cause necrosis of large areas and premature defoliation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Chiefly North Temperate but occurs almost everywhere mint is grown (CMI Map 211). TRANSMISSION: Probably by wind and contaminated rhizomes. For details of spore germination and infection see 9: 558 and 15: 527. There is some doubt as to whether P.
menthae
is truly systemic: some authors have reported mycelium in the rhizome tissues (Ogilvie and Hickman, 17: 6) but others have failed to do so. The ease with which the rhizomes can be cleared of the disease suggests that reinfection of the young stems probably takes place every year afresh from spores adhering to the rhizomes and mixed in the soil.
Purccinia erianthi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Purccinia erianthi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Erianthus rufipilis, Saccharum officinarum
and
S. spontaneum
. DISEASE: Leaf rust of sugarcane. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: China and India.
Xanthomonas albilineans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas albilineans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Saccharum officinarum
. Orian reports various hosts by inoculation including
Zea mays, Coix lachryma-jobi, Paspalum
spp. etc. (22: 226). DISEASE: Leaf scald. A vascular disease with two distinct phases, acute and chronic (31: 144). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: St. Lucia, Martinique, British Guiana, Surinam, Brazil, Hawaii, Mauritius, Madagascar, Reunion, Formosa, Ceylon, Indo-China, Japan, Java, Philippine Islands, Fiji, Australia (New South Wales, Queensland). (CMI Map 33). TRANSMISSION: Primarily on infected cuttings, secondary by contaminated knives or other harvesting instruments (see also 31: 144, for spread by rats, and beetles. etc.).
Gibberella fujikuroi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gibberella fujikuroi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On several hosts of economic importance in the
Gramineae
; also on a very wide range of hosts represented by the following families:
Amarantaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Betulaceae, Bromeliaceae, Buxaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Coniferae, Cruciferae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Iridaceae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Marantaceae, Moraceae, Musaceae, Palmae, Polemoniaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae
(14: 708; 31: 515; 36: 501; 40: 89 and Herb. IMI). DISEASES: Causing seedling bright, food rot, stunting and hypertrophy of shoots ('bakanae') of rice; associated with seed rot, seedling blight, ear rot, root and stalk rot of maize and sorghum; stem rot and top rot ('pokkah boeng') of sugar-cane (also reported on sorghum); seedling blight, root rot and pink boll of cotton and seedling blight of wheat. Also recorded causing wilt in
Crotalaria
and decay to fruit of banana, pineapple and tomato. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in both humid and sub-humid temperate zones and extending into sub-topical and tropical zones in Africa, Asia, Australasia & Oceania, Europe, Central America & West Indies, and North & South America (CMI Map 102, Ed.3). TRANSMISSION: Both seed and soil-borne (13: 262) as well as by air-borne spores produced on over-wintered plant debris where the pathogen may retain its viability for over two years (12: 532).
Gibberella xylarioides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gibberella xylarioides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Coffea canephora
and
C. liberica
. DISEASE: Tracheomycosis of coffee. The pathogen invades the vascular tissues causing a rapid wilt and death of the tree after a slow incubation period. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The Congo, Central African Republic and the Ivory Coast. TRANSMISSION: Conidia and ascospores dispersed by rain, wind and human traffic, as well as by contact between bushes (35: 182 et
sassim
).
Fusarium solani
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium solani
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of hosts distributed among 66 families. DISEASE: A facultative parasite associated with wounds and other localized infections on hosts weakened by unfavourable conditions or by injuries from nematodes or infection by viruses or other fungi such as species of
Phytophthora, Botryosphaeria, Macrophomina, Pyrenochaeta, Rhizoctonia
and
Fusarium
. Causing damping-off of seedlings of many plants, including the cultivated mushroom (
Agaricus
); associated with a foot-rot of peas and other legumes, strawberry and sesame; a root rot of bean, red clover and other legumes, onion, cucumber, and citrus and a wilt of chill); a bark canker of swamp tupelo, yellow poplar and maple; and storage rot of apple, potato, kola and yam. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide in soil. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, increasing in incidence in cultivated soil and becoming dominant in partially sterilised soil (30: 365; 42: 298; 29: 55a). A soil inhabitant [see Stover (1962: 82) for comments on this species], viable in soil at depth of 40 cm, and persisting in the absence of the host for at least five years in naturally infected field soil as chlamylospores [Nash (1963); see also 38: 4; 39: 590]. May be spread to peas by rain splash in soil particles following injury from sand storms (33: 63). Also spread in irrigation water (34: 508; 37: 76).
Phytophthora syringae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora syringae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Syringa vulgaris, Castanea saliva, Cereus martianus, C. tetracanthus, Citrus
spp.,
Foeniculum vulgare, Malus pumila, Prunus armeniaca, P. cerasus, P. persica, Pyrus communis
and
Pyrus
sp. Also pathogenic to the following hosts on inoculation;
Aesculus hippocastanum, Alnus glutinosa, Chionanthus virginica, Corylus avellana, Crataegus oxyacantha, Jasminum nudiflorum, Ligustrum vulgare, Prunus domestica
and
Quercus
spp. DISEASE: Causing twig blight and wilt of lilac. Also on apple and pear and other woody
Rosaceae
causing fruit rot and collar rot; on sweet chestnut and beech causing root rot; on citrus causing fruit brown rot and twig and blossom blight; on fennel causing a leaf blight, and on cacti causing stem rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, Great Britain, France, Greece, Germany, Holland, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Sicily, Sweden, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); Asia (? India) and New Zealand. (CMI Map 174) TRANSMISSION: Soil borne, common in orchard soils and persisting in arable land for as long as 15 years after orchards have been ploughed up (42: 75), but not present in soils under cultivation for as long as 138 years (38: 213). Pathogenicity to lilac was unimpaired after storage for 2 years in bog soil (1: 399). Disseminated by water (6: 668) and in irrigation canals and reservoirs supplying citrus groves in California during winter and spring (39: 24).
Xanthomonas phaseoli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas phaseoli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Phaseolus vulgaris
and other species of
Phaseolus
and
Lablab niger
[Lablab purpureus]
. DISEASE: Common blight. A disease affecting leaves, stems, seed and pods, mainly confined to the parenchyma but which may invade the vascular system and cause a wilt. Symptoms are very similar to halo blight and the two diseases often occur together. An association with common bean mosaic virus is also found. The leaf symptoms are enhanced synergistically in mixed infections (38: 437; 24: 47), but after serial passage the virus becomes dominant. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: As with
Pseudomonas phascolicola
, the pathogen is probably found in most countries where beans are grown (CMI Map 441, 1965). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is seed-borne and is harboured beneath the seed coat where it may remain viable for several years. Dissemination in the field is by wind-driven rain, insects, infected plant debris or wind blown soil (37: 128). The pathogen enters through the stomata or wounds Overhead sprinkler irrigation may be a means of spread, but not furrow irrigation (34: 339). Unlike the halo blight pathogen,
X. phaseoli
can overwinter on infected stems and leaves, and be perpetuated on hosts other than species of
Phaseolus
. Soaking bean seeds in suspensions of the root nodule bacterium for inoculation purposes may inadvertently result in a great increase in infection where the original incidence was slight.
Xanthomonas pruni
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas pruni
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Prunus amygdalus, P. armeniaca, P. avium, P. cerasus, P. davidiana, P. domestica, P. japonica, P. mume, P. persica, P. salicina
and other species of
Prunus
(30: 48; Elliott, 31: 105, p. 114). DISEASE: Bacterial leaf spot on leaves, twigs and fruit of plum, peach, apricot and cherry; black spot of plum and peach; bacterial shot-hole of leaves. Previously referred to in earlier literature as bacterial canker of stone fruits, name now reserved for the disease caused by
Pseudomonas morsprunorum
and
P. syringae
. Shot-hole on the leaves of trees infected by
X. pruni
differs from that of fungal origin by the presence of bacterial ooze and in the shape of the leaf perforations which are generally irregular or elongated instead of round (35: 530). Atypical symptoms have been reported on peach leaves (19: 292). Symptoms on cherry fruit differ from those on peach and plum (14: 178). Branch cankers on peach are shallow and do not become perennial as on plum. On peach they were not observed to girdle the stem (10: 224). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Southern Rhodesia, South Africa); Asia (China, India, Japan, Korea, U.S.S.R.): Australasia (Australia, New Zealand), Europe (Cyprus, Italy, Romania); North America (Bermuda, Canada, U.S.A.): South America (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay). In the U.S.A. the disease occurs on stone fruits in at least 26 States (30: 48; CMI Map 340, Ed. 2, 1964). TRANSMISSION:
Xanthomonas pruni
is disseminated by wind and rain (29: 218). The pathogen enters leaves through the stomata, and fruit infection appears to follow that of the leaves, probably as a result of leaf drop during rainy spells (7: 76). Primary leaf infection on peach originates in twigs with spring cankers (Thornberry & Anderson, 1933) or terminal die-back in which the pathogen overwinters (39: 600). Summer cankers on peach are only important under certain conditions for initiating spring infection (34: 732, 379), but on plum and apricot they play a more permanent role since the infection originating in the current season's twigs continues to develop in them during the following spring (Anderson, 1956). Overwintering on plum buds and fallen leaves has also been reported (41: 608). Species of
Cicada
may damage the bark of plum in New Zealand and thus provide points of entry (32: 322). The chief means of transmission of the pathogen in New Zealand is in budwood and root-stocks (42: 202).
Puccinia allii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Watenton J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia allii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Allium ampeloprasum, A. ascalonicum, A. cepa, A. chinense, A. fistulosum, A. porrum, A. sativum, A
.
schoenoprasum, A. tuberosum, A. ursinum
and many other species of
Allium
. DISEASE: Rust on leaves and stems of chives, garlic, Japanese bunching or Welsh onion, leek, onion, rakkyo and shallot. Leaves may be killed in severe infections. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North and South America (CMI Map 400, 1963 and Herb. IMI). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen may overwinter in the uredio stage on wild plants in America. There is also a record of interception in the United States on garlic imported from Israel (37: 760). Records of seed transmission on leek and garlic have been made (11: 255; 30: 401) but this is thought to be of minor importance (Noble
et al.
, 1958).
Puccinia asparagi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia asparagi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Asparagus officinalis
(cult.), also on a few other species, including
A. maritimus, A. plumosus
and
A. scaber
; slight infections can be obtained on
Allium cepa
(see CMI Descript. 52). DISEASE: Asparagus rust. Causing lesions on asparagus stems, either oval yellowish spots (aecia and pycnia) or blister-like pustules (uredia and telia), and producing premature desiccation with subsequent weakening of roots and crowns which reduces the yield of edible shoots in the following season. May also attack onion, shallot and chives. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Occurs in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe and North America wherever asparagus is grown (CMI Map 216, Ed. 2, 1950). TRANSMISSION: Spore dissemination mainly by wind with rain contributing to spread on individual plants (33: 333). Also believed to be transmitted in shipments of contaminated plants or packing material and soil accompanying roots (Arthur 1929). Volunteer and wild plants may serve as sources of infection (32: 58).
Uromyces viciae-fabae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Uromyces viciae-fabae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Lathyrus, Lens, Orobus, Pisum
and
Vicia
species. DISEASE: Rust on leaves and stems of broad-bean, pea, vetch and lentil, causing partial defoliation of susceptible varieties. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide (CMI Map 200, Ed. 2, 1964). TRANSMISSION: Recorded seed-borne on broad-bean (11: 222) and in infected plant debris mixed with seed of
Lens culinaris
in India by Prasada & Verma (1948), who found infection disseminated chiefly by aecidiospores at temperatures below 25°C. At Delhi, aecidiospores and urediospores die after harvest but the teleutospores resist high temperatures and remain viable for 2 yr. when stored at 3-18°C, germinating in January to initiate fresh outbreaks of infection. Studies by Kispatic (1949) in Yugoslavia suggested that aecidiospores probably remain viable in Mediterranean climates, though unable to survive severe winters experienced in Northern regions. The uredio mycelium was found very resistant to both heat and sunlight and survived the winter in leaves and stems of autumn-sown broad-bean, producing new spores as an early source of infection in spring. Urediospores showed 30% germination after 5 months storage at 1°C.
Microsporum audouinii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Microsporum audouinii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a pathogen of man. Also recorded on the dog, gibbon, guineapig and monkey. Most strains are not pathogenic for experimental animals. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). Infected hairs usually fluoresce bright green under Wood's light and are surrounded by an ectothrix sheath of small spores in a mosaic arrangement. In man, the scalp (tinea capitis) and less frequently the glabrous skin (tinea corporis) may be infected. Children are most susceptible, and in adults infection is usually confined to the glabrous skin, although a few scalp infections have been reported. Rothman
et al.
(RMVM 1, 614) noted that fatty acids from adult hair fat inhibited
M. audouinii in vitro
and suggested that this was the reason for lower incidence of infection in adults, but Kligman & Grinsberg (RMVM 1, 1800) found that adult sebum was not more fungistatic than that of children. Scalp lesions are usually circular, scaling areas of alopecia and, in contrast to
M. cants
infections, there is generally very little inflammatory reaction. Skin lesions are usually circulate scaling areas with clearing centres. Kligman (RMVM 1, 2510; 2, 2484) studied the pathogenesis of tinea capitis due to
M. audouinii
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, Chad Republic, Cameroons, Congo, Egypt, French West Africa, Guinea Republic, Madagascar, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Tunisia); Asia (India, Java, Palestine, Persia, Turkey), Australasia & Oceania (Australia (New South Wales, Western Australia), New Zealand), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia), North America (Canada, U.S.A.), Central America and West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Venezuela).
Microsporum distortum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Microsporum distortum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded on man, monkey, dog and horse. Some human infections have been in children with a history of contact with cats with skin lesions but these animals were not examined by culture. Rats, guineapigs, rabbits and cats have been experimentally infected. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis tinea). Similar to
M. canis
infections. Infected hairs fluoresce pale to bright green under Wood's light and are encrusted with ectothrix sheaths of small spores in a mosaic arrangement. In man, the scalp (tinea capitis) and glabrous skin (tinea corporis) may be infected. Most reported infections have been in children under 7 years old. Scalp lesions have been reported only in children, and usually consist of scaling patches of alopecia, with some erythema at the margin. Skin lesions are usually small, circular, with erythematous borders and dry, scaling centres. In animals scaling patches of alopecia are the usual symptom. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia (New South Wales), New Zealand (apparently restricted to Otago), U.S.A. (Iowa, Ga). All cases reported from U.S.A. have been in pet monkeys probably recently imported from Central America, and in humans and dogs which had been in contact with the monkeys.
Nannizzia fulva
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nannizzia fulva
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded only from man (but see NOTES). Guinea-pigs have been experimentally infected. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea).
Nannizzia fulva
is present in the soil and apparently only rarely pathogenic. The scalp (tinea capitis) and glabrous skin (tinea corporis) may be infected. Skin lesions are inflammatory. The only proved case of scalp infection is that recorded by Uriburu (1909); according to Sabouraud (
Les Teignes
, 1910, p. 241) in this case there was a light inflammatory reaction and infected hairs were indistinguishable from those in
M. audouinii
infections. In experimental inoculations of guineapigs (Rdzanek, pers. comm.)
N. fulva
was slightly less virulent than
N. gypsea
and
N. incurvata
, the reaction varying from negative to strongly inflammatory. A few ectothrix hyphae breaking up into arthrospores were seen on some hairs, and infected hairs did not fluoresce under Wood's light. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Tanzania), Europe (Great Britain, Hungary, Yugoslavia), South America (Argentina). Probably world-wide in distribution in the soil, but there may be local limiting factors (e.g., in Great Britain it has been recorded only for Bristol, Somerset, and Wiltshire).
Nannizzia gypsea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nannizzia gypsea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded only from man (but see NOTES). Guinea-pigs have been experimentally infected. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea).
Nannizzia gypsea
is apparently widespread in soil and only rarely pathogenic. The scalp (tinea capitis) and glabrous skin (tinea corporis) may be infected. Skin lesions are inflammatory, but details of only two scalp infections are known. In both the lesions were inflammatory; in one favus-like crusts were also found and in the other hair invasion was of the large-spored ectothrix type. In experimental inoculations of guineapigs (Rdzanek, pers. comm.)
N. gypsea
was slightly more virulent than
N. incurvata
and
N. fulva
, the reaction varying from negative to strongly inflammatory, a few ectothrix hyphae breaking up into arthrospores were seen on some hairs, and infected hairs did not fluoresce under Wood's light. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan), Australasia and Oceania (Australia (New South Wales), New Zealand, Raratonga, Cook Island), Europe (France, Great Britain, Italy); North America (Tenn.). Probably of world-wide distribution in the soil.
Sphacelotheca cruenta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ainsworth G. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sphacelotheca cruenta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sorghum bicolor (S. vulgare
) (sorghum),
S. sudanense
(Sudan grass),
S. halepense
(lohnson grass), and other
Sorghum
spp., and (in India, fide Chona & Munjal; 31: 400)
Saccharum officinarum
(sugarcane). DISEASE: Loose smut of sorghum. In addition to the grain being replaced by smut spores the plants are markedly stunted and their forage value reduced while infected heads are looser, bushier and darker green than healthy ones due to hypertrophy of the glumes; for further details see Tarr, 1962. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Europe, N., C. and S. America; see CMI Map 408, 1965. TRANSMISSION: Infection of the seedlings occurs from seed contaminated with spores (Noble
et al, An annotated list of seed-borne diseases
, 1958, p. 66). Spores remain viable for four years in the laboratory but as they germinate readily in water soil transmission is unimportant. Spread within the crop by floral infection by air-borne spores has been observed.
Tilletia barclayana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ainsworth G. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Tilletia barclayana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Oryza sativa
(rice) and species of
Brachiaria, Digitaria, Eriochloa, Panicunr
and
Pennisetum
. DISEASE: Rice smut (black smut, kernel smut, bunt of rice). A disease of variable incidence but at times responsible for economically important losses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Sierra Leone), Asia (widespread in India and the Far East), N. (Mexico), C. (Trinidad) and S. (British Guiana, Venezuela, British Honduras) America, Pacific (Fiji, Norfolk lsl.); see CMI Map 75, 1945 (as N.
horrida
). TRANSMISSION: Infection occurs via the opening flowers and the disease is seed borne (Noble
et al., An annotated list of seed-borne diseases
, 1958, p. 54). It can survive for several years in soil or seed (40: 465).
Tolyposporium ehrenbergii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ainsworth G. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Tolyposporium ehrenbergii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sorghum bicolor
(
S. vulgare
) (sorghum) and other
Sorghum
spp. DISEASE: Long smut of sorghum. Losses are usually slight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (widespread), Asia (China, India, Iraq, Israel, Pakistan, Turkey, U.S.S.R.); see CMI Map 377, 1960. TRANSMISSION: Floral infection is believed to occur and the infection is transmitted by seed (Noble
et al., An annotated list of seed-borne diseases
, 1958, p. 66) and soil. See Tarr (1962, p. 250) for a discussion.