bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New individualized aflibercept treatment protocol for branch retinal vein occlusion with macular edema
Authors: Noma Hidetaka , Yasuda Kanako , Narimatsu Akitomo , Asakage Masaki , Shimura Masahiko
Published: January 2023

We evaluated the long-term (24-month) efficacy of a novel individualized treatment protocol with 2 mg aflibercept for treatment-naive BRVO with macular edema. Each patient received an initial aflibercept injection and was then examined every 2 weeks until recurrence of edema. At recurrence, each patient received a second injection of aflibercept. The period of efficacy was defined as the time between the first and second injections. Subsequently, each patient was examined and re-injected with aflibercept at their personalized treatment interval, which was defined as 1 week shorter than the period of efficacy. Thirty-seven eyes of 48 patients showed recurrence after the initial injection. The mean period of efficacy was 92.5 ± 40.8 days, and the mean number of visits before recurrence, 7.6 ± 2.9. The mean 24-month best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was significantly better than the mean baseline BCVA but significantly worse than the best BCVA during the period of efficacy. The mean gain of BCVA at 24 months was 0.07 ± 0.18 logMAR. The mean 24-month central macular thickness (CMT) was significantly lower than the mean baseline CMT but showed no difference from the mean best CMT (p = 0.060). The mean total number of visits during the 24 months was 15.8 ± 3.4. We conclude that the individualized treatment protocol that was based on the period of efficacy in treatment-naïve BRVO eyes with macular edema achieved satisfactory long-term visual outcome.
Runoff prediction of lower Yellow River based on CEEMDAN–LSSVM–GM(1,1) model
Authors: Guo Shaolei , Wen Yihao , Zhang Xianqi , Chen Haiyang
Published: January 2023

Accurate medium and long-term runoff forecasts play a vital role in guiding the rational exploitation of water resources and improving the overall efficiency of water resources use. Machine learning is becoming a common trend in time series forecasting research. Least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) and grey model (GM(1,1)) have received much attention in predicting rainfall and runoff in the last two years. “Decomposition-forecasting” has become one of the most important methods for forecasting time series data. Complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) decomposition method has powerful advantages in dealing with nonlinear data. Least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) has strong nonlinear fitting ability and good robustness. Gray model (GM(1,1)) can solve the problems of little historical data and low serial integrity and reliability. Based on their respective advantages, a combined CEEMDAN–LSSVM–GM(1,1) model was developed and applied to the runoff prediction of the lower Yellow River. To verify the reliability of the model, the prediction results were compared with the single LSSVM model, the CEEMDAN–LSSVM model and the CEEMDAN–support vector machines (SVM)–GM(1,1). The results show that the combined CEEMDAN–LSSVM–GM(1,1) model has a high accuracy and the prediction results are better than other models, which provides an effective prediction method for regional medium and long-term runoff prediction and has good application prospects.
Machine learning enabled orthogonal camera goniometry for accurate and robust contact angle measurements
Authors: Kabir Hossein , Garg Nishant
Published: January 2023

Characterization of surface wettability plays an integral role in physical, chemical, and biological processes. However, the conventional fitting algorithms are not suitable for accurate estimation of wetting properties, especially on hydrophilic surfaces, due to optical distortions triggered by changes in the focal length of the moving drops. Therefore, here we present an original setup coupled with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for estimation of Contact Angle (CA). The developed algorithm is trained on 3375 ground truth images (at different front-lit illuminations), less sensitive to the edges of the drops, and retains its stability for images that are synthetically blurred with higher Gaussian Blurring (GB) values (GB: 0–22) if compared to existing goniometers (GB: 0–12). Besides, the proposed technique can precisely analyze drops of various colors and chemistries on different surfaces. Finally, our automated orthogonal camera goniometer has a significantly lower average standard deviation (6.7° vs. 14.6°) and coefficient of variation (14.9 vs. 29.2%) than the existing techniques and enables wettability assessment of non-spherical drops on heterogeneous surfaces.
Pulse distortion caused by waveguide inhomogeneity in nonlinear optical wavelength converters
Authors: Paygan Danial , Izadi Mohammad Amin , Mousavi S. Faezeh , Nouroozi Rahman
Published: January 2023

Low-noise integrated all-optical wavelength converters that can be operated in short pulse regime are essential tools to overcome contention resolution in a modern communication network, based on wavelength division multiplexing. Any imperfect functionality in such devices causes non-ideal optical power transfer to the converted data pulses. All imperfections during the preparation and operation of the wavelength converters can be addressed to the waveguide inhomogeneity which distorts data pulses to be converted. This paper reports different waveguide inhomogeneity effects on the pulse distortion while using periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide as wavelength converters. Three types of $$\chi ^{(2)}$$

χ

(
2
)

-based nonlinear optical processes, including second harmonic generation, difference frequency generation, and cascaded second harmonic generation/difference frequency generation are numerically studied to show that any constant, linear, and quadratic waveguide inhomogeneity causes short pulse (down to 1 ns) distortion in such wavelength converters. In addition, it is shown that the reconstruction of $$\textrm{sech}^2$$

sech
2

-shaped generated pulses is possible, when suitable upside-down quadratic variations of obtained inhomogeneity are deliberately induced in the waveguide. Notably, for pulsed second harmonic generation, the generated pulse can be compressed using an upside-down quadratic phase mismatch.
Apparent diameter and cell density of yeast strains with different ploidy
Authors: Fukuda Nobuo
Published: January 2023

Optical density at 600 nm (OD600) measurements are routinely and quickly taken to estimate cell density in cultivation and to track cell growth. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the microorganisms most used in industry, and the OD600 values are frequently adopted as the indicator of yeast cell density, according to the Beer–Lambert law. Because the OD600 value is based on turbidity measurement, the Beer–Lambert law can be applied only for microbial cultivation with low cell densities. The proportionality constants strongly depend on several parameters such as cell size. Typically, yeast strains are categorized into haploids and diploids. It is well known that cell size of diploid yeasts is larger than haploid cells. Additionally, polyploid (especially triploid and tetraploid) yeast cells are also employed in several human-activities such as bread-making and lager-brewing. As a matter of fact, there is almost no attention paid to the difference in the proportionality constants depending on the yeast ploidy. This study presents information for cell size of haploid, diploid, triploid, and tetraploid yeasts with isogenic background, and describes their proportionality constants (k) corresponding to the molar extinction coefficient (ε) in the Beer–Lambert law. Importantly, it was found that the constants are inversely proportional to apparent cell diameters estimated by flow cytometric analysis. Although each cell property highly depends on genetic and environmental factors, a set of results obtained from yeast strains with different ploidy in the current study would serve as a major reference source for researchers and technical experts.
Direct lysis of 3D cell cultures for RT-qPCR gene expression quantification
Authors: Gysens Fien , Ostyn Lisa , Goeteyn Ellen , Blondeel Eva , Nuyttens Justine , De Wever Olivier , de Bony Eric , Crabbé Aurélie , Mestdagh Pieter
Published: January 2023

In vitro cell culture experiments are widely used to study cellular behavior in most biological research fields. Except for suspension cells, most human cell types are cultured as adherent monolayers on a plastic surface. While technically convenient, monolayer cultures can suffer from limitations in terms of physiological relevance, as their resemblance to complex in vivo tissue structures is limited. To address these limitations, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems have gained increased interest as they mimic key structural and functional properties of their in vivo tissue counterparts. Nevertheless, protocols established on monolayer cell cultures may require adjustments if they are to be applied to 3D cell cultures. As gene expression quantification is an essential part of many in vitro experiments, we evaluated and optimized a direct cell lysis, reverse transcription and qPCR protocol applicable for 3D cell cultures. The newly developed protocol wherein gene expression is determined directly from crude cell lysates showed improved cell lysis compared to the standard protocol, accurate gene expression quantification, hereby avoiding time-consuming cell harvesting and RNA extraction.
Determination of trace amount of iron cations using electrochemical methods at N, S doped GQD modified electrode
Authors: Kalhori S. , Ahour F. , Aurang P.
Published: January 2023

In this work, nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene quantum dot-modified glassy carbon electrodes (N, S-GQD/GCE) were used for the recognition of iron cations in aqueous solutions. The dissolved cations are detected based on the faradaic reduction or oxidation current of Fe(III) and Fe(II) obtained at the N, S-GQD/GCE surface. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), and hydrodynamic amperometry are used as suitable electrochemical techniques for studying electrochemical behavior and determination of Fe cations. Based on the obtained results, it is concluded that the presence of free electrons in the structure of N, S-GQD could facilitate electron transfer reaction between Fe(III) and electrode surface which with increased surface area results in increased sensitivity and lower limit of detection. By performing suitable experiments, the best condition for preparing the modified electrode and determining Fe(III) was selected. Under optimized conditions, the amperometric response is linear from 1 to 100 nM of Fe(III) with a detection limit of 0.23 nM. The validity of the method and applicability of the sensor is successfully tested by the determination of Fe(III) in drug and water real samples. This sensor opened a new platform based on doped nanoparticles for highly sensitive and selective detection of analytes.
Artificial intelligence reveals features associated with breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy responses from multi-stain histopathologic images
Authors: Huang Zhi , Shao Wei , Han Zhi , Alkashash Ahmad Mahmoud , De la Sancha Carlo , Parwani Anil V. , Nitta Hiroaki , Hou Yanjun , Wang Tongxin , Salama Paul , Rizkalla Maher , Zhang Jie , Huang Kun , Li Zaibo
Published: January 2023

Advances in computational algorithms and tools have made the prediction of cancer patient outcomes using computational pathology feasible. However, predicting clinical outcomes from pre-treatment histopathologic images remains a challenging task, limited by the poor understanding of tumor immune micro-environments. In this study, an automatic, accurate, comprehensive, interpretable, and reproducible whole slide image (WSI) feature extraction pipeline known as, IMage-based Pathological REgistration and Segmentation Statistics (IMPRESS), is described. We used both H&E and multiplex IHC (PD-L1, CD8+, and CD163+) images, investigated whether artificial intelligence (AI)-based algorithms using automatic feature extraction methods can predict neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) outcomes in HER2-positive (HER2+) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Features are derived from tumor immune micro-environment and clinical data and used to train machine learning models to accurately predict the response to NAC in breast cancer patients (HER2+ AUC = 0.8975; TNBC AUC = 0.7674). The results demonstrate that this method outperforms the results trained from features that were manually generated by pathologists. The developed image features and algorithms were further externally validated by independent cohorts, yielding encouraging results, especially for the HER2+ subtype.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Authors: Gabbott Paul , Mann Tim
Published: January 2023

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is probably the most popular of the thermal analysis techniques if judged by the number of instruments sold and in use. This is a result of its wide range of application areas and also the fact that measurements are quick to make. DSC heats or cools a material in a controlled manner and measures the flow of energy into or out of the material whilst it does so. This reveals all of the transitions that occur within the material over the temperature range observed, together with the temperatures at which they occur. The most obvious transitions recorded are melting or re-crystallisation, but many smaller, much more sensitive events are also revealed, such as the glass transition (Tg). If appropriate methods are applied then the heat capacity (CP) of a material can be obtained and reported. This chapter considers the theory of DSC instruments, gives aspects of good experimental practice and reviews briefly the main areas of application.
Thermomechanical, Dynamic Mechanical and Dielectric Methods
Authors: Duncan John C. , Price Duncan M.
Published: January 2023

Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is the study of the relationship between a sample's dimensions and its temperature whilst it is subject to a constant (or negligible) mechanical stress. Thus the thermal expansion of a specimen may be measured and softening temperatures determined. In a similar way, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) monitors the stiffness and mechanical damping properties of a material, both as a function of temperature but also as a function of rate of change of deformation. These properties are sensitive to molecular mobility and permit the study of physical processes such as melting, crystallisation or the glass transition as well as chemical processes such as the curing of thermosets. In an analogous fashion, the thermal response of a material exposed to a static or alternating electric field may be examined by measuring thermally stimulated currents or its dielectric properties respectively.
Mephedrone and New Psychoactive Substances
Authors: Elliott Simon
Published: January 2023

In the context of use and misuse of drugs and forensic toxicology, new psychoactive substances have arguably had more impact on toxicology than anything in the last five decades. This chapter describes the background to these substances, along with the analytical considerations. Whilst many may be detectable during routine analysis using modern techniques, the large number of possible substances presents a challenge to the analytical toxicologist, particularly as some are unstable and occur at very low concentrations in biological fluid. Common classes of new psychoactive substances based around certain chemical frameworks are discussed, with particular emphasis on dose, formulation, route of administration, effects and toxicity/safety. These include amphetamines (phenylethylamines), piperazines, tryptamines, cathinones, aminoindanes and synthetic cannabinoids. Toxicologically, the various types of new psychoactive substances can be summarised as being stimulant, hallucinogenic or sedative in nature, with some overlap in action. The typical signs and symptoms with such actions can be used to identify potential cases, especially in the absence of scene evidence, no specific drug history or no immediate indication of new psychoactive drug use. Even if there is some initial evidence, due to the wide range of possible new psychoactive substances and various factors involved, the investigation of these cases is a challenging aspect of forensic toxicology. For example, it should not be assumed that a particular brand or product is associated with a particular substance. Ideally any actual seized products should be analysed to determine the true contents and prospective substances to aid analytical strategies. These issues are also risks to users and the ingestion by whatever route of an unexpected substance may have adverse dose outcomes. The chapter outlines the various issues and considerations associated with the investigation of new psychoactive substances in casework.
Novel Psychoactives in New Zealand
Authors: Coward Samantha J. , Hamnett Hilary J.
Published: January 2023

In recent years, New Zealand has taken a unique approach to dealing with novel psychoactives with the introduction of the Psychoactive Substances Act 2013. In this chapter we review the main psychoactives available in NZ, including legal and illegal party pills, cathinones, kava, and NBOMe compounds, and examine their toxicological impact using data from forensic toxicology casework and exposures recorded by the NZ National Poisons Centre. Our data show benzylpiperazine has been the main toxicologically relevant new psychoactive in NZ, with most cases and exposures being recorded between 2004 and 2009. Since then, synthetic cannabinoids have had a large presence in NZ, with exposures peaking in 2013–2014. Other novel psychoactives, such as cathinones and kava, have had minimal impact. The most recent psychoactives to emerge in NZ are the NBOMe hallucinogens. Some of the psychoactives that are popular in Europe have not yet been encountered in forensic toxicology casework in NZ.
Current Issues in Human Sport Drug Testing: Clenbuterol, Erythropoietin and Xenon
Authors: Kicman A. T. , Cowan D. A. , Gavrilović I.
Published: January 2023

Of topical interest are three physicochemically distinct substances included in the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list, the β-adrenergic receptor agonist clenbuterol (277 Da), the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin EPO (30 400 Da) and the gas xenon (131 Da). Clenbuterol is also prohibited as a named substance by WADA under “anabolic agents”, but adverse findings may result too from athletes innocently eating clenbuterol-tainted meat. Under WADA rules, the principle of strict liability applies and, because there is no cut-off concentration for urinary clenbuterol, investigations are always required to ascertain the source, no matter how small the finding. The history concerning clenbuterol and anti-doping is described, as it is germane to understanding how the present position arose concerning its control. Administration of EPO is prohibited, as athletes who administer this hormone can benefit from increased oxygen carrying capacity, particularly useful in endurance sports. Various approaches are used to detect EPO doping and are reviewed in this text, but the effectiveness of low dose rHuEPO administration, its short half-life (4–12 h) and the relatively long residence time of red blood cells (more than 100 days) produced by the rHuEPO administration justifies further research to provide more sensitive analytical methodologies. The mechanism of xenon's pharmacological activity is reviewed following the publicity surrounding its reported use by Russian athletes. The hypothesis that xenon inhalation raises the EPO level in the human needs to be tested, to help support the inclusion by WADA of xenon under “erythropoiesis-stimulating agents”.
Alcohol Technical Defences in Road Traffic Casework
Authors: Scott-Ham Mike
Published: January 2023

Laws relating to alcohol considerations in road traffic casework are discussed along with various scientific principles. Pre-analytical considerations are highlighted as important issues. Guidelines concerning fundamental knowledge, such as alcohol elimination rates, blood to breath ratios and use of the so-called Widmark formula are presented. Calculations useful to such cases are discussed and suggestions for their implementation made. A format for the presentation of the data in a logical sequence in forensic reports, along with other important background information for such cases, is suggested along with some possible scientific defences and observations.
Use of Reference Materials in Toxicology
Authors: Button Jennifer
Published: January 2023

In commerce and society, numerous measurement comparisons are performed daily, and the need for standardisation of these measurements is ubiquitous in everyday life. Many important decisions are based on the results of chemical quantitative analysis, not least of all in clinical and forensic toxicology: prognosis, dose adjustments, loss of driving licence, employment or child custody, assigned cause of death or a criminal conviction. As technology advances and analytical instruments become more sensitive, the requirement for higher quality reference materials increases. After all, a result will only ever be as good as the measurement and in turn the point of reference.
Substandard and Counterfeit Medicines
Authors: Aljohani Badr
Published: January 2023

Counterfeit and substandard medicines are a global problem affecting both developed and developing countries. Governments and the health authorities are focusing on the spread of counterfeit medicines, as it is a threat to patients and funds criminal activities. Counterfeit medicines are fake, while substandard medicines are true medicines that do not meet the requirements for quality, safety and efficacy of the branded drug. Both counterfeit and substandard drugs can be life threatening and have caused deaths. Thus, it is important to have simple and rapid methodology for detecting counterfeit and substandard medicines. In this study, a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method used to detect impurities in lisinopril, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify ciclosporin active ingredients, and ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for detecting impurities in both ciclosporin and azithromycin are discussed. A total of 44 lisinopril, 9 ciclosporin and 19 azithromycin products were obtained from hospitals and pharmacies from different countries. In vitro dissolution testing was used to identify differences between products. It was performed to the USP guidelines with sampling at intervals up to 120 min. The samples were quantified by CE, HPLC and UHPLC-MS for lisinopril, ciclosporin and azithromycin, respectively. Impurities were detected in all lisinopril tablets, ranging from 4% to 27%. For ciclosporin, all capsules met the USP requirements, rupturing within 15 min. Two ciclosporin generic products showed less than the minimum percentage of labelled amount, <80%. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (p<0.0001) of the mean percentage content between brand and generic products. Investigations were carried out to detect impurities in ciclosporin capsules using LC-MS. Concentrations of inactive ingredients such as sorbitol were variable between capsules. One from South America, manufactured in central Asia, showed contamination with a plant product (zizyphine A). The synthetic intermediate (delcorine) was found to be more than 1000-fold higher in the generic product compared to reference capsules (p<0.001). Based on the results we conclude that some of the ciclosporin preparations did not contain the exact mass labelled. Both ciclosporin and lisinopril preparations contained significant impurities. These results have important implications, especially with ciclosporin, which has a narrow therapeutic window. Switching among and between branded and generic ciclosporin may lead to irreversible kidney damage or acute rejection.
The Crime Scene
Authors: Butler Mark
Published: January 2023

Many specialists and agencies attend crime scenes, however it is the Crime Scene Investigator (CSI_ who is the cornerstone at these incidents. This chapter includes updates to the history and current training these professionals go through. An explanation is presented on the ISO accreditation each UK police force has been required to obtain, along with changes this has had on forensic practices. This is coupled with new DNA technologies that have emerged to provide real-time intelligence opportunities for the investigation, leading to a debate on the equality of this forensic provision. A discussion of the Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences’ new Pre-Employment Assessment of Competence (PEAC) programme is also offered, as well as guidance for those seeking quality in this area. These inclusions are against a comprehensive backdrop covering the traditional proficiencies of the CSI set alongside the softer skills that are often overlooked in textbooks. Vignette scenarios are used to demonstrate the cognitive demands placed on the examiner and the need to establish protocols, in what can often be a highly dynamic environment.
Fire Investigation
Authors: Halliday David
Published: January 2023

Fires pose a risk to both life and property, and even small fires can have unintended and serious consequences, so determining the cause of a fire can be very important for either forensic or fire safety reasons. Forensic fire investigations are carried out to determine whether a fire was deliberately started and to recover evidence that might be relevant to a criminal or civil enquiry or a prosecution. Agencies other than those providing forensic services may also investigate the cause of fires as part of fire prevention or fire safety activities, and as part of a first response to many fire-related incidents. This chapter covers basic combustion theory and then describes the processes involved in fire scene investigations and laboratory examinations from the perspective of a forensic fire investigator.
Firearms
Authors: Mastaglio Mark , Shaw Angela
Published: January 2023

An overview of the basics of forensic firearms examination and firearms chemistry is presented. Firearms and ammunition nomenclature, design and manufacture are detailed in relation to the work of the firearms forensic scientist whose work at the scene, post-mortem examination and in the laboratory is explained. Particular attention is paid to the study of gunshot residue, and its analysis, composition, persistence and evidential value are discussed.
Identifying the Individual
Authors: Bleay Stephen , Charlton David , Reedman Clive
Published: January 2023

It is critical in any investigation that any individual who has committed a crime can be positively identified. Identification can be achieved through the DNA analysis of body fluids as described in Chapter 16 or, as explored here in this chapter, using various features of the body and the impressions left by them, as they can also provide a means of identification and individualisation, both for crime investigation and for biometric purposes. The principal feature used in this way is a fingerprint, and the majority of the chapter focuses on the way in which fingermarks are deposited, visualised, and photographed in order to provide an image for comparison with fingerprints held on a database. A description is also given of the approach used by examiners when conducting a fingermark comparison in criminal identification, in particular focusing on the recent attention that has been given to the potential for contextual and cognitive biases to influence decision making. Finally, an overview is given of the concept of a biometric system and the way in which biometrics such as fingerprints are enrolled into databases. The way in which biometrics could impact on criminal investigations in future is also discussed.
The Courts and Expert Evidence
Authors: Priston Ann
Published: January 2023

For any person, whether expert or lay, giving evidence in a criminal trial can be an intimidating experience. Apart from an extensive knowledge of their own specialty, its procedures and techniques, the forensic scientist should be able to present their findings in a manner that is fair and comprehensible in both written and oral form to the variety of recipients of the report. Even a scant understanding and awareness of the people and procedures in the court room will help the witness to deliver a better presentation. This chapter will introduce the reader to the different offences, the courts where they are dealt with, and the people who deal with them. It will discuss the way findings should be presented in written form so as to comply with the demands of the criminal justice system, as well clarifying some aspects of court procedure, specifically in relation to forensic scientists giving expert evidence. It is entirely appropriate that this final chapter concentrates on the system used in the English courts, and the part played by the expert witness within that system. As most attendance by scientists is to the Crown Court, its place within the legal system is emphasised.
Review of Electrostrictive Materials
Authors: Shahinpoor Mohsen
Published: January 2023

Chapter 4 reviews the characteristics of electrostrictive materials. Electrostriction is defined as the electromechanical coupling in all electrical-nonconductors (dielectric materials). Under the application of an electric field, these materials show deformation, strain, and stress. Generally speaking, all electrostrictive materials exhibit second-order nonlinear coupling between the elastic strains or stresses and the dielectric terms such that the strain tensor is given by a nonlinear product of the vectors of the electric fields. For a single uniaxial strain (deformation), the induced strain (deformation) is directly proportional to the square of the applied electric field (voltage). Electrostrictive materials in the form of polymers have been the subject of much interest and research in recent years, and much of the focus has been on actuator configurations and how to enhance electromechanical activities. When an electric field is applied to a dielectric material, the differential elements and domains of the material are polarized and opposite sides of these domains become differently charged and attract each other, reducing the materials thickness in the direction of the applied field (and increasing thickness in the orthogonal directions due to the Poisson's ratio). The resulting strain tensor Sij (i, j=1, 2 3) is proportional to the product of the polarization vectors, Pk. For simple one-dimensional domains, the strain is proportional to the square of the applied electric field.
Review of Magnetostrictive (MSMs) and Giant Magnetostrictive Materials (GMSs)
Authors: Shahinpoor Mohsen
Published: January 2023

Chapter 6 reviews magnetostriction as a property of ferromagnetic materials that causes them to change their shape when subjected to a magnetic field. The effect was first identified in 1842 by James Joule when observing a sample of nickel. This is known as the Joule effect. At a fundamental level, the change in dimensions results from the interactive coupling between an applied magnetic field and the magnetization and magnetic moments of the material's domains or magnetic dipoles. This chapter discusses the basic mechanisms of internal magnetic domains aligning in a magnetic field in magnetostrictive materials under no stress, as well as the same effect, but with the material initially under some stress. Magnetostriction causes mechanical deformation (length or volume change) in nearly all ferromagnetic materials when they are placed in a magnetic field. In the applied magnetic field (H) the domains move or rotate, so that the magnetic poles align, causing a dimensional change (d).
Review of Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) Materials
Authors: Shahinpoor Mohsen
Published: January 2023

Chapter 7 reviews giant magnetoresistive (GMR) materials. Magnetoresistance is defined as the property of a material to change its electrical conductivity or its inverse electrical resistance when an external magnetic field is applied to it. In 1851, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), discovered that when pieces of iron or nickel are placed within an external magnetic field the electrical resistance increases when the current is in the same direction as the magnetic force which is aligned with the magnetic N–S vector and decreases when the current is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic force. He noted that the magnitude of changes in conductivity or resistivity was greater in nickel than iron. This magnetoresistance effect is referred to as anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR). Lord Kelvin was unable to reduce the electrical resistance of any metal by more than about 5%. This effect is commonly called the ordinary magnetoresistance (OMR) effect to differentiate it from the more recent discoveries of giant magnetoresistance (GMR), colossal magnetoresistance (CMR), tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) and extraordinary magnetoresistance (EMR). Giant magnetoresistive materials generally possess alternating layers of ferromagnetic and non-magnetic but conductive layers such as iron–chromium and cobalt–copper.
Where Is Colour?
Authors: Mazzoni Giuliana
Published: January 2023

You might expect a book about light to start with some physical description of electromagnetic waves and how their properties relate to the colours that we see. Well we will get to that later, but we're going to start somewhere else entirely; the place where colour actually exists—in your mind … And we're going to explore that place with some near future science fiction about a gene therapy that could soon be available to treat colour blindness (or more accurately colour deficiency).
Can We See Beyond the Rainbow?
Authors: McGregor Juliette E.
Published: January 2023

In this chapter we explore whether it is possible to see colour beyond the wavelength range we usually consider as ‘visible’. We discover that many animals can see ultraviolet light and consider how this colour appears to them. We learn that we all have X-ray ‘vision’ but that it isn't a terribly useful superpower and discover an even more surprising visual ability that most people are totally unaware they have—the ability to perceive the polarization state of light with the naked eye.
Analysis and Optimisation of Continuous Processes
Authors: Holmes Nicholas , Bourne Richard A.
Published: January 2023

Recent advances in continuous reactors have resulted in their increased use in the synthesis of high-value organic compounds in compound discovery and process development. Facile integration of on-line analysis can be used to not only monitor reaction progress and obtain reaction kinetics, but also to optimise by using automated reactors combined with evolutionary feedback algorithms.
Hydrodynamic Cavitation Processing
Authors: Michel Jr. Frederick C. , Kozyuk Oleg
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the principles of hydrodynamic cavitation processes with special reference to particle size, homogenization, emulsification and its use as a tool to control the properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients. A wide range of applications are given which includes corn ethanol production, anaerobic digestion processes and biodiesel production using controlled flow cavitation.
Solar Photochemical Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals: Historical Background, Modern Solar Technologies, Recent Applications and Future Challenges
Authors: Mumtaz Saira , Sattler Christian , Oelgemöller Michael
Published: January 2023

Sunlight can be used effectively to drive photochemical transformations in a sustainable fashion. Historically, photochemistry has been a solar research area and experiments were routinely conducted on the roof tops of chemical institutes following the ‘flask in the sun’ approach. Once powerful and reliable artificial light sources were developed, photochemistry moved inside and became a successful, but somehow neglected research area. Due to the high energy demands of technical lamps, industrial applications of photochemistry remained limited to the synthesis of certain fine chemicals. To overcome these energy needs, sunlight has recently been rediscovered as a ‘free’ energy and light source. Modern solar concentrators enable an acceleration of photochemical processes and an up-scaling to technical production. After a brief introduction to the history and present challenges of photochemistry, this chapter summarizes the most important solar reactor types and provides examples of their adaptation in preparative solar syntheses. These highlights clearly demonstrate that the solar manufacturing of fine chemicals is technically feasible and environmentally sustainable. It is hoped that further research into this truly enlightening technology will lead to industrial applications in the foreseeable future.
Fermentations and Sustainable Technologies: From Free Enzymes to Whole Cells, from Fine Chemicals to Bulk Commodities
Authors: Domínguez de María Pablo
Published: January 2023

The so-called white biotechnology (i.e. the use of enzymes, resting cells and growing organisms as biocatalysts) has emerged in past decades as a powerful alternative to perform environmentally friendly syntheses with high selectivity and efficiency. This chapter provides an introductory overview of the important aspects related to the use of different biocatalysts in organic synthesis, ranging from key aspects of molecular biology such as gene cloning and overexpression in heterologous hosts, together with their genetic improvements of desired enzymes, to the different parameters that need to be assessed for a successful industrial biotransformation. Included in the chapter are interesting examples of using free enzymes, resting (non-growing) whole cells and fermentations (living cells), emphasizing in each case which are the important aspects for process development. Rather than being a comprehensive review of industrial biocatalytic processes, the selected examples are used to showcase how industrial biotransformations are built for real applications.
Ocean Resources for the Production of Renewable Chemicals and Materials
Authors: Kerton Francesca M.
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the use of ocean- or marine-sourced biomass for the production of renewable materials and chemicals. Algae and waste from the fisheries can be used to provide a range of chemicals including biopolymers (carbohydrates), pigments, proteins (and amino acids), lipids and minerals. This chapter highlights the use of algae to produce phycocolloids (carrageenans, agarose and alginates), waste crustacean shells to produce chitin, chitosan and related small molecules, and waste mollusc shells to produce biorenewable calcium carbonate. In many cases, green chemistry and engineering approaches are employed. Examples include the use of catalysts (both chemical and bio-catalysts) and the use of alternative solvents (water, supercritical fluids and ionic liquids). Furthermore, consideration of the overall sustainability of current fishing and aquaculture practices is encouraged and the use of by-products for adding commercial viability to this sector of the economy is outlined.
Liquid–Liquid Extraction
Authors: Tallon Stephen , Moreno Teresa
Published: January 2023

Liquid–liquid extraction is an effective contacting method for mass transfer operations in a wide range of industrial processing operations. Evaluated using green chemistry criteria there is potential to reduce the environmental impact and energy cost of current and emerging manufacturing processes through selection of solvent systems that are non-toxic and are efficient and selective at fractionating target compounds. This chapter describes the key elements of liquid–liquid extraction processes and the criteria against which they should be evaluated. Current trends in process design and solvent selection are described, including the use of novel supercritical, ionic liquid and two-phase aqueous solvents. Examples are given of research in the extraction of organic compounds from microbiological systems which exemplify many green chemistry drivers towards low energy use, low environmental impact, and products that do not contain hazardous or undesirable artefacts of processing.
The phytase RipBL1 enables the assignment of a specific inositol phosphate isomer as a structural component of human kidney stones
Authors: Liu Guizhen , Riemer Esther , Schneider Robin , Cabuzu Daniela , Bonny Olivier , Wagner Carsten A. , Qiu Danye , Saiardi Adolfo , Strauss Annett , Lahaye Thomas , Schaaf Gabriel , Knoll Thomas , Jessen Jan P. , Jessen Henning J.
Published: January 2023

Kidney stones and patient urine contain inositol 1,2,3-trisphosphate as demonstrated by capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry with an internal heavy isotope reference.
Organic photoredox catalyzed dealkylation/acylation of tertiary amines to access amides
Authors: Liu Chen , Chen Han-Nan , Xiao Teng-Fei , Hu Xiu-Qin , Xu Peng-Fei , Xu Guo-Qiang
Published: January 2023

A novel C–N bond activation strategy was established by developing new organic photoredox catalyst (Cz-NI-Ph), which provides a concise approach for the synthesis of amides from tertiary amines.
A dendrite-free and anticaustic Zn anode enabled by high current-induced reconstruction of the electrical double layer
Authors: Cui Yang-feng , Cao Ren-fei , Du Jia-yi , Zhuang Zhen-bang , Xie Zi-long , Wang Qing-shuang , Bao Di , Liu Wan-qiang , Zhu Yun-hai , Huang Gang
Published: January 2023

The densely textured and corrosion-resistant Zn anode was achieved by reconstructing the EDL structureviahigh current density, enabling durable battery performance.
Anion–π interaction inside the polyanionic Mo132O372 cage with hydrophobic inner space
Authors: Murata Chinatsu , Shin Jaesob , Konishi Katsuaki
Published: January 2023

Anion–π interactions can occur, even with mono-substituted benzenes whose electron deficiency is not so high, inside the polyanionic cage of [Mo132O372(OAc)30]42−.
Electrochemical and fluorescence sensing performance of four new coordination polymers tuned by different metal ions and dicarboxylic acids
Authors: Wang Xiuli , Wang Yue , Xu Na , Ma Jianxin , Liu Guocheng
Published: January 2023

Four new ZnII, CdII, CoII, and NiII coordination polymers (CPs) were successfully prepared from a bis-pyridyl–bis-amide and various dicarboxylate mixed ligands, which show good electrochemical and fluorescence sensing performance.
Strong anharmonicity and high thermoelectric performance of cubic thallium-based fluoride perovskites TlXF3 (X = Hg, Sn, Pb)
Authors: Song Xuhao , Zhao Yinchang , Wang Xichang , Ni Jun , Meng Sheng , Dai Zhenhong
Published: January 2023

First-principles calculations are performed to investigate the thermoelectric properties in thallium-based fluoride perovskites TlXF3 (X = Hg, Sn, Pb) by considering anharmonic renormalization of the phonon energy and exact electron relaxation times.
Modeling of minimal systems based on ATP-Zn coordination for chemically fueled self-assembly
Authors: Rossi Emma , Ferrarini Alberta , Sulpizi Marialore
Published: January 2023

Binding of ATP to Zn complexes can trigger self-assembly of transient supramolecular structures. Here, we use well-tempered metadynamics simulations to elucidate the structure and energetics of binding.
Charged species redistribution at electrochemical interfaces: a model system of the zirconium oxide/water interface
Authors: Yang Jing , Youssef Mostafa , Yildiz Bilge
Published: January 2023

We establish a solid/water interface model which treats ionic defects in solids and ions in water uniformly, allowing one to study the space charge layer and the electric double layer profiles under doping and pH effects.
Remarkably improved photocatalytic selective oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde with O2over metal-free delaminated g-C3N4nanosheets: synergistic effect of enhanced textural properties and charge carrier separation
Authors: Ghalta Rajat , Srivastava Rajendra
Published: January 2023

A significant enhancement in the selective photocatalytic oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde with O2is demonstratedviaa simple, thermal exfoliation of urea-derived g-C3N4nanosheets using an artificial light source or sunlight.
The Maillard reaction end product Nε-carboxymethyllysine is metabolized in humans and the urinary levels of the microbial metabolites are associated with individual diet
Authors: Tagliamonte Silvia , Troise Antonio Dario , Ferracane Rosalia , Vitaglione Paola
Published: January 2023

Gut microbial metabolites of dietary Maillard reaction end product Nε-carboxymethyllysine are excreted in urine from healthy subjects and the concentrations are associated with some aspects of the individual habitual diet.
Photoinduced, metal- and photosensitizer-free decarboxylative C–H (amino)alkylation of heteroarenes in a sustainable solvent
Authors: Xu Jun , Liang Chenfeng , Shen Jiabin , Chen Qing , Li Wanmei , Zhang Pengfei
Published: January 2023

This study describes a green and sustainable photoinduced strategy for decarboxylative C–H (amino)alkylation of heteroarenes with carboxylic acids under metal- and photosensitizer-free conditions.
Large area roll-to-roll printed semiconducting carbon nanotube thin films for flexible carbon-based electronics
Authors: Li Jiaqi , Li Min , Chen Zhaofeng , Shao Shuangshuang , Gu Weibing , Gu Ying , Fang Yuxiao , Zhao Jianwen
Published: January 2023

A universal roll-to-roll printing approach was developed to achieve large area semiconducting carbon nanotube thin films on flexible substrates, and printed flexible carbon-based electronics exhibited good electrical properties.
Controllable and facile synthesis of poly(2-oxazoline)s using trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate as the initiator
Authors: Zhou Min , Ji Zhemin , Xiao Ximian , Liu Longqiang , Cui Ruxin , Luo Zhengjie , Cong Zihao , Liu Runhui
Published: January 2023

Controllable and facile 2-oxazolines polymerization was demonstrated using TMSOTf as the initiator, which will contribute to the functional study and application of poly(2-oxazoline)s with diversified structures.
Exfoliating layered zeolite MFI into unilamellar nanosheets in solution as precursors for the synthesis of hierarchical nanocomposites and oriented films
Authors: Roth Wieslaw J. , Sasaki Takayoshi , Wolski Karol , Gil Barbara , Zapotoczny Szczepan , Čejka Jiří , Kubů Martin , Mazur Michal , Ebina Yasuo , Sakai Nobuyuki , Tang Dai-Ming , Ma Renzhi
Published: January 2023

The separation of layered MFI into unilamellar nanosheets in solution confirms the general validity of soft-chemical exfoliation for zeolites and allows top-down production of films with potential applications in separation and catalysis.
Generation and nature of water-tolerant Lewis acid sites in InxSn10−xOy/Al2O3 catalysts as active centers for the green synthesis of methyl lactate from glucose
Authors: Zhao Zhenxiang , Yang Jun , Xu Ningkun , Nan Tian , Wu Pingping , Wang Chunzheng , Wang Xiaohua , Bai Peng , Yan Zifeng , Mintova Svetlana
Published: January 2023

The improvement of methyl lactate yield was achieved by constructing water-tolerant Lewis acid sites, which were generated by reducing hydroxyl groups and increasing coordinatively unsaturated sites.
Tera-hertz (THz) catalysis on MXene for enhanced selectivity from CO2 to CO
Authors: Wang Ziao , Xu Yao , Feng Tao , Lei Chaojun , Zhao Yu , Zhu Xi
Published: January 2023

Applying Natural Language Processing (NLP) to journals about catalytic reaction, we found a gap between photocatalysts and thermal catalysts, where Tera-Hertz (THz) catalysis is located; therefore, we have investigated THz catalysis in this work.
Emerging applications of acylsilanes in organic synthesis and beyond
Authors: Zhao Qingbin , Geng Qiuhua , Li Yongli , Li Jiawei , Liu Zhenxing
Published: January 2023

The last two years have witnessed unprecedentedly wide applications of acylsilanes in many fields well beyond pure organic synthesis. This highlight covers selected representative examples and focuses on their possible applications in the future.