bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulating Islam
Authors: Spiegel Avi Max
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the question of how an authoritarian Arab state enables or encumbers Islamist mobilization. It elucidates a different model of state action—different in both content and form: in what policies are pursued and in how they are implemented. The chapter suggests that the Moroccan state under King Mohammed VI has not simply elevated one Islamist group at the expense of the other, but rather, it has aimed to impede and impel distinct forms of activism within groups—in this case, attempting to draw new divides between religious and political modes of activism. These are policies that can be understood not simply by the old theory of divide and conquer, but by one more aptly conceptualized as selective suppression.
Suits and Djellabas
Authors: Spiegel Avi Max
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that young Islamists' constructions of authority are complex and multilayered. They have personalized religious authority by circulating it away from a single reading of a single figure, even one as supposedly central as their “guide.” They have re-appropriated and reconfigured the organization Yassine once established and the scope and the range of the guide's substantive reach. They have even re-appropriated Yassine's memory. From spiritual guide to secular politician, the roles assigned to the head of their organization are constructed to fit their own desires, and, in so doing, they preserve and embrace individual choice, making room for multiple voices within their movement.
Strategizing the Sacred
Authors: Spiegel Avi Max
Published: November 2017

This chapter suggests that the representations of religion in young Islamists' lives are not the product of prevarication, but rather of personalization. Religious authority has become circulated to such an extent that it has come to mean multiple things to multiple members. In the midst of this diversification, political party members increasingly appropriate the authority to interpret and represent what “Islam” means or should mean to others. None of these myriad representations constitutes “lies.” Instead, these words and constructions represent and reflect members' own strategic desires for themselves. The chapter shows how the haraka represents for some a site for religious study, a place of Qurʾanic learning unfettered by politics. For others, it is a place to make contacts and to get ahead: an instrumental, not ideological, site. For still others, it serves as a strategic site, a place to try out new ideas, and even as a convenient scapegoat. And, yet, for others, it is completely ignored; it simply has no place in their lives as party members.
Rough Country
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

Tracing the intersection of religion, race, and power in Texas from Reconstruction through the rise of the Religious Right and the failed presidential bid of Governor Rick Perry, this book illuminates American history since the Civil War in new ways, demonstrating that Texas's story is also America's. In particular, the book shows how distinctions between “us” and “them” are perpetuated and why they are so often shaped by religion and politics. Early settlers called Texas a rough country. Surviving there necessitated defining evil, fighting it, and building institutions in the hope of advancing civilization. Religion played a decisive role. Today, more evangelical Protestants live in Texas than in any other state. They have influenced every presidential election for fifty years, mobilized powerful efforts against abortion and same-sex marriage, and been a driving force in the Tea Party movement. And religion has always been complicated by race and ethnicity. The book tells the stories of ordinary men and women who struggled with the conditions they faced, conformed to the customs they knew, and on occasion emerged as powerful national leaders. We see the lasting imprint of slavery, public executions, Jim Crow segregation, and resentment against the federal government. We also observe courageous efforts to care for the sick, combat lynching, provide for the poor, welcome new immigrants, and uphold liberty of conscience.
A Load Too Heavy
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how a state that was once favorable to the federal welfare system became so antagonistic to big government a half century later. It argues that although Texas benefited from and supported the New Deal, it did so with considerable misgiving. One of the principal reasons for this resistance was religion, especially religion that emphasized individual self-sufficiency and was with relatively few exceptions staunchly in favor of a clear separation of church and state. That meant concern not only about government intrusion into the affairs of religion but also about it staying out of the lives of religious people. Besides religious organizations themselves, strong private charity agencies existed as well. The religious and charitable organizations were unable to deal with the social needs that increased so dramatically during the Depression, but they played a strong hand in stating how social welfare should be understood. Those inclinations were to surface again with strong political implications at the end of the twentieth century.
In a Compassionate Way
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the political changes that led to clear lines being drawn separating liberals and conservatives on and Democrats and Republicans in Texas. The critical factor in the complex relations among politics, religion, and race from the late 1980s through the 1990s was the Republican Party's quest to establish itself not only as a party of the rich or as one that could win occasionally with a candidate as popular as Ronald Reagan, but also as a party capable of securing votes from a large share of middle- and lower-income voters. The most important aspect of this strategy had little to do with religion, focusing instead on policies of fiscal conservatism that included reducing social services and avoiding tax increases while maintaining a strong defense budget. With little hope of attracting black voters, Republican strategists appealed to white voters by emphasizing issues of interest to religious conservatives and by arguing for voluntary services administered by churches. If they were going to be the party of no tax increases and sharp cutbacks on social services, they could at least soften the charge of being heartless by promoting compassion.
An Independent Lot
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses Texas politics and religion in the twenty-first century. Republicans could count on winning in nearly any national election and in an increasing number of local elections. The contests were less between Republicans and Democrats than between moderate and conservative Republicans. The state's largest Protestant denomination was still Southern Baptist, but its members remained divided between moderates and conservatives, and local autonomy increasingly meant pastors of mega-sized congregations influencing both the denomination and local communities. Denominational identities were less important than informal alliances among the leaders of conservative evangelical congregations who regarded themselves as the true adherents of biblical doctrine, on the one hand, and similar networks among progressive faith communities that emphasized inclusivity, on the other hand.
Regime Change, Resistance, and Reconstruction
Authors: Mattingly David J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the theme of power in relation to a still expansionist Rome in the first century AD. It concerns a specific example of the way in which imperial policy was enacted through the use of client kings in advance of directly controlled territory. The larger purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the flagrant way in which Rome devised policy (and reinvented history) to suit its own interests. Loyal and trusted imperial clients in Britain found themselves suddenly personae non gratae at the accession of a new emperor, with the established alliances cynically sacrificed for what was seen as easily attainable military kudos.
Metals and Metalla
Authors: Mattingly David J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a single case study of a Roman imperial mining operation (metalla) as an example of the potential environmental and human consequences of large-scale Roman metal production. As such, it stands for many instances of Rome's exploitation of the key natural resources of provincial territories. Tacitus, for instance, was explicit in describing the mineral resources of Britain as the “spoils of victory.” However, it is shown that the consequences of Rome's pursuit of economic gain carried a high human and environmental cost. It draws on the results of the Wadi Faynan landscape survey (1996–2000), an interdisciplinary and diachronic investigation of evidence of environmental and climatic change, settlement pattern, and human activity.
Sacred Encounters
Authors: Reich Adam D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the role played by chaplains at HolyCare Hospital's Department of Mission Integration and Spiritual Care. The Department of Mission Integration and Spiritual Care was responsible for maintaining the “emotional and spiritual well-being” of patients as well as for elevating the spiritual dimensions of the hospital as a whole. In the face of market pressures, Amanda Roberts, a chaplain at HolyCare Hospital, admitted that “it can feel as though the spirit or the heart of the place is getting dried out.” The market jeopardized those parts of hospital care that, in her mind, were most central to healing. The chapter considers how HolyCare Hospital wrestled with the relationship between the market for care and the meaning of care. It shows that the Catholic values at HolyCare Hospital had economic value, and that the hospital's marketing strategy merged seamlessly with its religious identity.
Partnership
Authors: Reich Adam D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how GroupCare Hospital expressed its commitment to reducing uncertainty in health care not only in the way that it managed its doctors but also in the partnerships it worked to establish among different constituencies within the organization. Thoughout GroupCare, the language of partnership abounded—patients “partnered” with the organization, physicians “partnered” with one another, and nurses and ancillary workers “partnered” with doctors and managers. The logic—at least according to administrators—was that the mitigation of status distinctions allowed the organization to evolve into a “culture of continuous improvement.” The chapter also considers the limits of rationalization at GroupCare as well as the labor-management partnership at the hospital. Finally, it explains how GroupCare used the language and practices of “partnership” as a strategy for securing a compliant workforce, noting that there was a certain egalitarianism among different constituencies within the organization.
Conclusion
Authors: Reich Adam D.
Published: November 2017

This book has examined the commodification of hospital care in the United States. It has looked at PubliCare Hospital, HolyCare Hospital, and GroupCare Hospital to highlight the contradictions between the mission of hospital care and the market for it. If PubliCare is reminiscent of the hospital's past, and HolyCare is indicative of health care's present, then GroupCare seems to anticipate health care's future. This concluding chapter considers some of the changes in the U.S. health care market and cites the impact of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA, 2010). For example, the law imposes important new regulations on the insurance industry and promotes and incentivizes “evidence-based” medicine. The chapter argues that while PPACA certainly changes the market for hospital care, it does not resolve the market's contradictions. It also reflects on future prospects for hospitals and hospital care.
Chow groups of large coniveau complete intersections
Authors: Voisin Claire
Published: November 2017

This chapter first describes how to compute the Hodge coniveau of complete intersections. It then explains a strategy to attack the generalized Hodge conjecture for complete intersections of coniveau 2. The guiding idea is that although the powerful method of the decomposition of the diagonal suggests that computing Chow groups of small dimension is the right way to solve the generalized Hodge conjecture, it might be better to invert the logic and try to compute the geometric coniveau directly. And indeed, this chapter culminates with the proof of the fact that for very general complete intersections, the generalized Hodge conjecture implies the generalized Bloch conjecture.
Two Hundred Years after Once Upon a Time: The Legacy of the Brothers Grimm and Their Tales in Germany
Authors: Zipes Jack
Published: November 2017

This chapter sets the discussion of the legacy of the Grimms' tales in the German sociocultural context of the last twenty-five years. It begins by discussing some of the more recent popular manifestations of their stories. The chapter focuses mainly on literature, including picture books and filmic adaptations, though given the large amount of material available, it will only feature a selection of this literature. Following the discussion of popular manifestations, the chapter turns to the concept or notion of a Grimm legacy and concludes with an analysis of scholarly studies that, in contrast to popular culture, have grounded the legacy of the Grimms in substantial ways that would have gratified the Grimms.
Rhythm
Authors: Levine Caroline
Published: November 2017

This chapter makes a threefold argument for paying a richer and more detailed attention to rhythms, both social and aesthetic. It starts with the importance of attending to the temporal forms that structure historicist literary and cultural studies scholarship. It argues that the heterogeneity and endurance of social rhythms invites a new kind of sociocultural analysis, asking us to reimagine the social landscape as characterized by contending rhythms that extend forward and backward in time. The second part of the chapter asks how we might put this kind of analysis to use. It focuses on one example from the late 1920s, when avant-garde artists managed to alter US law by cannily recognizing the work of multiple social rhythms. It makes the case that despite their power to coerce and organize, rhythms, like bounded wholes, can be put to strategic ends and have the potential to work with and against other forms to surprisingly transformative political effect. Finally, the chapter asks how a new approach to rhythm might help us to rethink the relations between literary forms and social arrangements.
The Eighteenth Century
Authors: Jefferson Ann
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the characteristics of genius as set forth during the eighteenth century, when the modern idea of genius first took root and when the secular values of the Enlightenment took hold of the notion in order to celebrate human achievement, advance intellectual and artistic innovation, and support the emergence of new disciplines and genres. The century is characterized above all by a huge appetite for knowledge, and it is in this context that genius began to take its modern form. It became the object of new enquiry, but was also regarded as its privileged source. The chapter takes a look at certain defining characteristics of genius in this century and expounds on them.
Individual versus Collective Genius
Authors: Jefferson Ann
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses some views on individual and collective genius. Chateaubriand and Mme de Staël each construct a view of collective genius that relates to individual genius in relatively complex ways. But as time goes on, and especially when it takes the form of encomium rather than analysis, such relations are apt to lose all complexity: the individual is either a microcosmic replica of the national macrocosm, or else finds himself at odds with a national or social whole that rejects the creative contributions he seeks to offer to its glory and for which he is denied recognition. This chapter first considers the concept of the “genius of mankind” where human genius is a reflection and a revelation of the divine, before turning to the figure of “le poète malheureux” (“the unhappy poet”).
Julia Kristeva and Female Genius
Authors: Jefferson Ann
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to Julia Kristeva's discussion of female genius. It presents Kristeva's three biographical studies of Hannah Arendt (1999), Melanie Klein (2000), and Colette (2002), published under the collective title Le Génie feminine. Her perspective is predominantly psychoanalytic as she approaches her subject with a certain boldness as she treats female genius as a given rather than defensively pleading the cause. Hence, collectively, the trilogy offers a psychoanalytically grounded account of gender and femininity as part of its reflection on genius. Genius takes a new, explicitly gendered form here and it does so thanks to the mix of literary criticism, feminist theory, and psychoanalysis that is characteristic of the later years of “French theory.”
Methodology in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy
Authors: Soames Scott
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the methodology that guided logico-linguistic analysis from Gottlob Frege’s 1879 Begriffsschrift to Rudolf Carnap’s 1934 The Logical Syntax of Language. In the first four decades of this period, culminating with Bertrand Russell’s 1918–19 lectures on The Philosophy of Logical Atomism, analysis was viewed as an increasingly powerful tool employed in the service of solving traditional philosophical problems. The logicist reduction of arithmetic to what was taken to be logic was the driving force, providing the exemplar of philosophical analysis and the model for extending it beyond the philosophy of mathematics. The methodology is indicated by the role played by A2 in answering Frege’s guiding philosophical questions Q1 and Q2.
For Want of Cognitively Defined Propositions
Authors: Soames Scott
Published: November 2017

This chapter chronicles the troubled history of propositions in the thought of Bertrand Russell, Wittgenstein, Peter Strawson, and John Langshaw “J. L.” Austin. After noting the central role of propositions and propositional functions in Russell’s philosophical logic, it explains how and why his early Platonistic conception of propositions was defeated by the so-called problem of “the unity of the proposition.” It then shows how, by reversing one of his key explanatory priorities, the cognitive conception of propositions sketched in Chapter 3 can be used to solve the unity problem and to reinstate a conception of propositions capable of playing the role required of them in his philosophical logic. It argues that the tractarian theory of propositions suffers from three difficulties common to today’s “language of thought” theories of cognition. It concludes with a discussion of the rejection of propositions by ordinary-language philosophers who repudiated the idea that understanding expressions is, at bottom, knowing certain semantic facts about them.
What Is the Frege/Russell Analysis of Quantification?
Authors: Soames Scott
Published: November 2017

This chapter develops a puzzle for the Frege–Russell analysis of quantification, widely seen as a fundamental advance in semantics and philosophical logic. Abstracting away from details idiosyncratic to each, the key idea is that quantifiers express higher-level properties that are predicated of lower-level properties. The two philosophers express these properties of properties analysis slightly differently. Whereas Russell talks of properties of propositional functions (which are functions from objects to structured propositions), Frege speaks of senses that present higher-level concepts that are predicated of lower-level concepts. Since the issues raised are neutral between these different frameworks, the discussion is confined to property talk.
Ontology, Analyticity, and Meaning
Authors: Soames Scott
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the dispute between Quine and Carnap about how to understand ontological commitment and what ontology to adopt. The central dispute is over Carnap’s acceptance of abstract objects, including numbers, properties, and propositions, which Quine characterizes in “On What There Is” (1948) as a form of Platonism. Carnap vigorously disagrees, responding in “Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology” (1950, 1956). For him, commitments to these things are unproblematic consequences of accepting an optimal theoretical framework for doing science. Philosophers haven’t seen this because, he believes, they have approached ontology in an unscientific way.
Two Versions of Millianism
Authors: Soames Scott
Published: November 2017

This chapter offers a systematic assessment of Kit Fine’s Semantic Relationism (2007), in which he presents a “relational” version of Millianism (about names and related expressions). It compares this version of Millianism with the standard nonrelational version. It focuses on their different responses to two aspects of Frege’s puzzle—one involving the cognitive, assertive, and conversational contents of uses of nonhyperintensional sentences; the other involving the propositions expressed by attitude ascriptions. Regarding the first aspect of the puzzle, the chapter argues that the two versions of Millianism give comparable and largely correct results. Regarding the second, it shows that relational Millianism faces counterexamples that are easily handled by nonrelational Millianism, when both are combined with a reasonable semantics for attitude verbs.
Identities in Play
Authors: Cornfield Daniel B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the contemporary generation of enterprising artists in Nashville. Presently in their late teens, twenties, and thirties, this generation has been mentored to become enterprising artists by the earlier transformative generation discussed in the previous chapter. This new generation enters the musician community of enterprising artists that had been forged by the transformative generation. The contemporary generation harbors the same strategic and risk orientations as that of the transformative generation: a strategic orientation toward the pursuit of artistic freedom and a direct engagement with music consumers; and a personal risk orientation of “indie-DIY” self-determination and continuous self-instruction in a widening portfolio of artistic and support skills, as well as close attention to collegial interpersonal relations with immediate collaborators.
Artist Advocates
Authors: Cornfield Daniel B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at how a new generation of Nashville arts trade unionists is reinventing arts trade unionism for the contemporary generation of enterprising artists. With the advent of recorded music, corporate major labels, and mass distribution through radio airplay by the early 1950s, the chapter shows how Nashville AFM Local 257 had been transformed into a union representing both live and recording musicians and artists by a generation of arts trade union leaders who act as “corporate-era arts union activists.” Throughout the corporate era, Local 257 has developed and enforced master contracts with corporate signatories that apply especially to the major-label recording industry. The new generation of arts trade union leaders—the “entrepreneurial-era union activists”—are endeavoring to revitalize arts trade unionism as the Nashville music scene transitions from the corporate era of major labels into an era of indie entrepreneurial music production and distribution.
Hangzhou Lectures on Eigenfunctions of the Laplacian (AM-188)
Authors: Sogge Christopher D.
Published: November 2017

Based on lectures given at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China, and Johns Hopkins University, this book introduces eigenfunctions on Riemannian manifolds. The book gives a proof of the sharp Weyl formula for the distribution of eigenvalues of Laplace–Beltrami operators, as well as an improved version of the Weyl formula, the Duistermaat-Guillemin theorem under natural assumptions on the geodesic flow. The book shows that there is quantum ergodicity of eigenfunctions if the geodesic flow is ergodic. It begins with a treatment of the Hadamard parametrix before proving the first main result, the sharp Weyl formula. The book avoids the use of Tauberian estimates and instead relies on sup-norm estimates for eigenfunctions. It also gives a rapid introduction to the stationary phase and the basics of the theory of pseudodifferential operators and microlocal analysis. These are used to prove the Duistermaat-Guillemin theorem. Turning to the related topic of quantum ergodicity, the book demonstrates that if the long-term geodesic flow is uniformly distributed, most eigenfunctions exhibit a similar behavior, in the sense that their mass becomes equidistributed as their frequencies go to infinity.
Improved spectral asymptotics and periodic geodesics
Authors: Sogge Christopher D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter proves an improved Weyl formula under the assumption that the set of periodic geodesics for (M,g) has measure zero. It then shows trace estimates associated with shrinking spectral bands, details and proves a lemma, and gives a related generalization of the Weyl formula from Chapter 3 that involves pseudodifferential operators. The chapter then proves its main result by using a version of the Duistermaat-Guillemin theorem, which allows the use of the Hadamard parametrix and the arguments from Chapter 3. To conclude, the chapter shows that one can improve the sup-norm estimates from Chapter 3 if one assumes a condition on the geodesic flow that is similar to a hypothesis laid out in the Duistermaat-Guillemin theorem.
Classical and quantum ergodicity
Authors: Sogge Christopher D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter proves results involving the quantum ergodicity of certain high-frequency eigenfunctions. Ergodic theory originally arose in the work of physicists studying statistical mechanics at the end of the nineteenth century. The word ergodic has as its roots two Greek words: ergon, meaning work or energy, and hodos, meaning path or way. Even though ergodic theory's initial development was motivated by physical problems, it has become an important branch of pure mathematics that studies dynamical systems possessing an invariant measure. Thus, this chapter first presents some of the basic limit theorems that are key to the classical theory. It then turns to quantum ergodicity.
The Bounds of Reason
Authors: Gintis Herbert
Published: November 2017

Game theory is central to understanding human behavior and relevant to all of the behavioral sciences—from biology and economics, to anthropology and political science. However, as this book demonstrates, game theory alone cannot fully explain human behavior and should instead complement other key concepts championed by the behavioral disciplines. The book shows that just as game theory without broader social theory is merely technical bravado, so social theory without game theory is a hindered enterprise. The book is a combination of a text book on game theory and a plea to use behavioral game theory as a unifying tool in all behavioral sciences. This edition has been thoroughly revised and updated. Reinvigorating game theory, the book offers innovative thinking for the behavioral sciences.
Game Theory and Human Behavior
Authors: Gintis Herbert
Published: November 2017

Game theory is multiplayer decision theory where the choices of each player affect the payoffs to other players, and the players take this into account in their choice behavior. This chapter addresses the contribution of game theory to the design of experiments aimed at understanding the behavior of individuals engaged in strategic interaction. This is referred to as behavioral game theory. The chapter goes on to discusses charter virtues, defined as ethically desirable behavioral regularities that individuals value for their own sake, while having the property of facilitating cooperation and enhancing social efficiency. It presents two studies that illustrate the situational nature of preferences and the desire to conform to social norms. It then deals with the dark side of altruistic cooperation and norms of cooperation.
Extensive Form Rationalizability
Authors: Gintis Herbert
Published: November 2017

The extensive form of a game is informationally richer than the normal form since players gather information that allows them to update their subjective priors as the game progresses. For this reason, the study of rationalizability in extensive form games is more complex than the corresponding study in normal form games. There are two ways to use the added information to eliminate strategies that would not be chosen by a rational agent: backward induction and forward induction. The latter is relatively exotic (although more defensible). Backward induction, by far the most popular technique, employs the iterated elimination of weakly dominated strategies, arriving at the subgame perfect Nash equilibria—the equilibria that remain Nash equilibria in all subgames. An extensive form game is considered generic if it has a unique subgame perfect Nash equilibrium. This chapter develops the tools of modal logic and presents Robert Aumann's famous proof that common knowledge of rationality (CKR) implies backward induction. It concludes that Aumann is perfectly correct, and the real culprit is CKR itself. CKR is in fact self-contradictory when applied to extensive form games.
“Person … is a forensic term”
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that John Locke is using the word “person” as a “forensic” term. Udo Thiel notes the sense in which “person” is a property term, a term for a moral quality, in Locke's text. J. L. Mackie suggests that Locke's theory “is...hardly a theory of personal identity at all, but might be better described as a theory of action appropriation.” This is exactly what Locke says himself. In effect, the thing-and-property-blending use of “person” compresses our ordinary notion of a person into the much more specific notion of a person's moral identity, while at the same time insisting on maintaining the idea that the resulting thing is indeed a thing, a person. The chapter explains why “person” “is a forensic term, appropriating actions and their merit.”
Consciousness Is Not Memory
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that consciousness—Lockean consciousness—is not the same as memory, contrary to what many have assumed. It explains how the primary and paradigm case of consciousness involves no memory at all: it's the consciousness one has of one's own experience and action in the present, the consciousness that's “inseparable from thinking” (that is, experience), “essential to it,” essentially constitutive of it. One can be fully conscious in this fundamental way and have no memory at all, or only a few seconds' worth. Consciousness of past actions and experiences, which involves memory, is just one special case of consciousness. The chapter also considers Marya Schechtman's claim that John Locke uses the word “memory” many times in his discussion of personal identity, but “when he tells us what personal identity consists in, he always talks about extension of consciousness and never about memory connections.”
“But next …”: Personal Identity without Substantial Continuity
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the notion that personal identity or sameness of subject of experience across time doesn't require sameness of substance or substantial composition across time, any more than the diachronic continuity of an individual animal life requires sameness of substance or substantial composition. It begins with a discussion of materialism, one of John Locke's principal ideas in his discussion of personal identity, and especially the idea that one's whole psychological being—one's character, personality, memory, and so on—is wholly located in one's brain. It then considers Locke's claim that materialists can—must—allow full transmission of personal identity across complete change of substance, along with his attempt to block an argument from the taken-for-granted or nonnegotiable fact of personal responsibility on the Day of Judgment to the immateriality of thinking substance.
“A fatal error of theirs”
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines John Locke's argument that consciousness is a sufficient condition of personal identity—that “consciousness [alone] makes personal identity.” What Locke's statement means is that unjust [P]-transfers are impossible—in which case one can't need to appeal to God to stop them. It seems that Locke's theory of personal identity rules out the possibility that there could be “fatal errors” of this sort. If so, he is inconsistent in thinking that such a fatal error is even possible (conceivable). The chapter considers [C]-transfer as a transfer of consciousness of an action from one entity to another, an entity which we may assume to be a person, and Locke's theory of personal identity taken independently of the injustice claim as the radical theory. It also evaluates Locke's assumption, made throughout his discussion of personal identity, about the diachronically continuous existence of a human subject of experience.
A Transatlantic Network
Authors: Stedman Jones Daniel
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores how a transatlantic network of sympathetic businessmen and fundraisers, journalists and politicians, policy experts and academics grew and spread neoliberal ideas between the 1940s and the 1970s. These individuals were successful at promoting ideas through a new type of political organization, the think tank. The first wave of neoliberal think tanks were set up in the 1940s and 1950s and included the American Enterprise Institute and the Foundation for Economic Education in the United States, and the Institute of Economic Affairs in Great Britain. A second wave of neoliberal think tanks were established in the 1970s, including the Centre for Policy Studies and the Adam Smith Institute in Great Britain, and the Heritage Foundation and the Cato Institute in the United States.
Neoliberalism Applied?
Authors: Stedman Jones Daniel
Published: November 2017

This chapter illustrates a slow transformation in affordable housing and urban policy between the 1960s and the 1990s in both the United States and Great Britain. Housing and urban policy for low- and moderate-income groups was one of the few social policy areas where the administrations of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan had a positive program to counter what they saw as a culture of dependency created by the welfare state. The problem of how to help disadvantaged people and poor communities was to be addressed through incentives, deregulation, and the creation and stimulation of opportunities in the private market. However, the majority of capable individuals and families would prosper instead as the forces of competition and private enterprise were unleashed in poorer areas.
Strangers No More
Authors: Alba Richard , Foner Nancy
Published: November 2017

This book compares immigrant integration across key Western countries. Focusing on low-status newcomers and their children, it examines how they are making their way in four critical European countries—France, Germany, Great Britain, and the Netherlands—and, across the Atlantic, in the United States and Canada. This comparison reveals their progress and the barriers they face in an array of institutions—from labor markets and neighborhoods to educational and political systems—and considers the controversial questions of religion, race, identity, and intermarriage. The book sheds new light on questions at the heart of concerns about immigration. They analyze why immigrant religion is a more significant divide in Western Europe than in the United States, where race is a more severe obstacle. They look at why, despite fears in Europe about the rise of immigrant ghettoes, residential segregation is much less of a problem for immigrant minorities there than in the United States. They explore why everywhere, growing economic inequality and the proliferation of precarious, low-wage jobs pose dilemmas for the second generation. They also evaluate perspectives often proposed to explain the success of immigrant integration in certain countries, including nationally specific models, the political economy, and the histories of Canada and the United States as settler societies. This book delves into issues of pivotal importance for the present and future of Western societies, where immigrants and their children form ever-larger shares of the population.
Immigrant Religion
Authors: Alba Richard , Foner Nancy
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes how immigrant religion generally has become a more significant social divide, a greater challenge to integration, and a more common source of conflict with mainstream institutions and practices in Western Europe than in the United States. There are three main reasons for this. Of paramount importance are basic demographic facts. The religious backgrounds of immigrants in Western Europe and the United States are different, mostly Christian in the United States as compared to Western Europe, where a large proportion is Muslim. Muslims of immigrant origin in Western Europe also have a lower socioeconomic profile than those in the United States. Moreover, Western European native majorities have more trouble recognizing claims based on religion because they are more secular than religiously involved Americans.
Entering the Precincts of Power
Authors: Alba Richard , Foner Nancy
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the political integration of immigrant groups. Entry into the inner precincts of power is a paramount indicator of the overall inclusion of newcomer groups. Indeed, the ability of politicians from immigrant backgrounds to be elected to office is the gold standard for political inclusion, bringing rewards of societal power and a voice in political decisions. The chapter then provides data on the success of immigrant-origin groups in winning positions in local, regional, and national legislatures in the six countries of this book's study; probes the factors that explain the differences in electoral representation; and considers whether, and to what degree, convergences in national laws and policies have reduced the importance of national differences in political integration and may continue to do so in the future.
Conclusions
Authors: Berghahn Volker R.
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter summarizes the major points of the preceding chapters. For the period up to World War I, it became clear that the elites of the United States, and its businessmen on the East and West coasts in particular, saw their country as a highly dynamic and modern industrial and financial power. Based on the idea of a competitive capitalism, American big business, in the wake of the great merger wave of the late nineteenth century and congressional legislation that had banned the formation of cartels and monopolies, developed in the direction of an oligopolistic market organization. These developments shaped corporate attitudes and practices toward the domestic and international economy from 1900 onward. No less important, the emergence of the United States as a major industrial power stirred Britain and Germany into responses to the American challenge.
The Democratic Impulse
Authors: Sniderman Paul M. , Petersen Michael Bang , Slothuus Rune , Stubager Rune
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents the broader lessons learned from the present analysis, covering the categorization paradox, covenant paradox, and inclusive tolerance. It considers the reasons for the divergence between the authors' (relatively) optimistic picture of democratic citizenship and the decidedly pessimistic one of previous research. It discusses how the grounds for optimism about liberal democracy are also grounds for pessimism; and how the moral covenant undergirding the welfare state that promotes equal treatment for younger immigrants also legitimizes discrimination against older ones. It also identifies the requirements of inclusive tolerance. Accordingly, for a person to qualify as inclusively tolerant, they must treat minorities as members of a common community in spite of having immediately available as well as salient a socially acceptable reason to treat them differently and worse.
Hegesias’s Pessimism
Authors: Lampe Kurt
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the enigma of Hegesias' pessimism. It criticizes the interpretation of Wallace Matson, according to whom Hegesias' pessimism is the result of his “ruthless deduction” of the consequences of basic Cyrenaic principles. Pessimism is therefore a “gloomy” corner into which Hegesias finds himself coerced by reasoning. After refuting Matson's interpretation of the evidence, the chapter develops an alternative, beginning by emphasizing the thematic importance of indifference throughout the Hegesiac evidence. Comparison with Pyrrho shows how an attitude of indifference can be valued by Hegesias' philosophical contemporaries. In fact it has heroic or semi-divine resonances, which leads to a theory that several other aspects of Hegesiac ethics lend themselves to analysis as a sort of philosophical heroism.
The Age of the Democratic Revolution
Authors: Palmer R. R. , Armitage David
Published: November 2017

For the Western world, the period from 1760 to 1800 was the great revolutionary era in which the outlines of the modern democratic state came into being. Here for the first time in one volume is the author's account of this incendiary age. The book argues that the American, French, and Polish revolutions—and the movements for political change in Britain, Ireland, Holland, and elsewhere—were manifestations of similar political ideas, needs, and conflicts. The book traces the clash between an older form of society, marked by legalized social rank and hereditary or self-perpetuating elites, and a new form of society that placed a greater value on social mobility and legal equality. Featuring a new foreword, the book introduces a new generation of readers to this enduring work of political history.
A Clash with Democracy: Geneva and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses a movement of modern democratic type in Geneva in 1768, which made a positive impression on institutions of government. In the roles played by upper, middle, and lower classes, in the conflict between political and economic demands, and in the interplay between revolutionary and counterrevolutionary pressures, this “revolution” at Geneva prefigured or symbolized the greater revolution that was to come in France. It was, moreover, a revolution precipitated by the presence in the neighborhood of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. It was here that the Social Contract produced its first explosion. Near at hand, at the same time, lived another worthy of more than local repute, namely Voltaire. The embroilment of Rousseau and Voltaire in the politics of Geneva meant the blowing of two antithetical views of the world into a teapot tempest; or, rather, the agitations at Geneva, which in themselves were significant enough, were brought to the level of world history by the involvement of these two difficult geniuses.
The British Parliament Between King and People
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins the treatment of the English-speaking world, involving the structure of Parliament, the British constitution, and the American Revolution. Of all the constituted bodies of Europe, largely aristocratic in composition, which in some countries came into conflict with kings in the decade before 1775, the most famous and the most powerful was the Parliament of Great Britain, whose misfortune it was to be challenged from both sides at once. Or, at least, the most ardent devotees of the Houses of Parliament found Parliamentary independence being undermined by the King, in the person of George III, while at the same time a growing number of dissatisfied persons, in America, in Ireland, and in England itself, expressed increasing doubts on the independence of Parliament, invoking a higher authority which they called the People.
Democrats and Aristocrats—Dutch, Belgian, and Swiss
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter details events in the Netherlands and Belgium. In both countries, constituted bodies—in this case town councils and estate-assemblies—determining their own membership within a closed system, claimed to represent the country and to rule in their own right. Both asserted their powers and liberties against a “prince”—the Prince of Orange in the case of the Dutch, the Austrian Emperor in that of the Belgians—and both, after 1780, found a new popular party fighting at their side. The new party, which was neither exactly popular nor yet a party in a more modern sense, at first felt no difference of purpose from its allies. As the controversies developed, however, the new party began to brand its allies, or erstwhile allies, as “aristocrats,” and to favor an actual reconstitution of the old constituted bodies, so that these bodies would become representative in a new kind of way, either by actual choice at the hands of voters outside their own ranks, or through a broadening of membership to reflect wider segments of the population.
The Lessons of Poland
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a compressed account of the Four Years' Diet of 1788–1792 and its background. Poland is first exhibited as a land of aristocracy triumphant. The question is then asked whether the Polish Revolution of 1791 was a revolution at all, and if so in what sense; and what observers in other countries—such as Burke in England, the revolutionaries in France, and the rulers of Prussia and Russia—thought that they learned from it. Jean-Jacques Rousseau drew lessons from Poland in 1771. With the country dissolving in civil war, subverted by Russia, and sinking into the First Partition, the author of the Social Contract, at the request of certain Polish patriots, offered his diagnosis of their situation. For Rousseau, the trouble with Poland was that it had no consistance, no staying power to resist pressure and infiltration from outside. What it needed was character, a character of its own, resting on the collective consciousness or will of its people.
The Issues and the Adversaries
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

In April 1792, France had declared war on the “King of Hungary and Bohemia,” that is the House of Austria or Hapsburg, which, since it possessed most of Belgium, was the most important of the powers that adjoined the French frontiers. By the following summer the French were also at war with the kingdoms of Prussia and Sardinia, and by 1793 with Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, and the Bourbon Monarchy of Spain. Despite occasional appearances, or stated war aims, the war that began in April 1792 became an ideological conflict between new and old—between “democratic” and “aristocratic” forms of society in the sense explained in the preceding volume. This chapter focuses on this complex story and nations involved. It begins with a tale of two cities, involving ceremonial events in Frankfurt and Paris on July 14, 1792. It was, of course, Bastille Day, but it was also the date of the imperial coronation of Francis II, a young man of twenty-four who proved to be the last Holy Roman Emperor.