bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No Longer a 'Last Resort': The End of Corporal Punishment in the Schools of Toronto
Authors: Axelrod Paul
Published: March 2013

In 1971, following a protracted and tumultuous debate, the Toronto Board of Education formally abolished the use of corporal punishment in its schools – the first Ontario board to do so. Corporal punishment continued to be employed elsewhere in Ontario and throughout Canada well into the 1980s, and the use of physical discipline was prohibited in all Canadian schools only in 2004, following a ruling of the Supreme Court of Canada. Why did educators and legislators defend corporal punishment for so long, and why did the tide turn in the last part of the twentieth century? Concentrating on legal and political dynamics, this article explores the ways in which the Toronto Board of Education grappled with the issue of corporal punishment in the three decades before its abolition. It seeks to situate the story of Toronto's approach to school discipline on the broader social landscape on which the battle over corporal punishment was conducted. It concludes that the particular configuration of the Toronto Board of Education following trustee elections in 1969 strongly affected the shape and outcome of the corporal punishment debate. En 1971, après un long débat tumultueux, le Conseil scolaire de Toronto a officiellement aboli l'utilisation du châtiment corporel dans ses écoles, le premier conseil scolaire à prendre une telle décision. Le châtiment corporel est demeuré employé ailleurs en Ontario et au Canada jusqu'au milieu des années 1980. La correction physique n'a été interdite dans l'ensemble des écoles canadiennes qu'en 2004, à la suite d'une décision de la Cour suprême du Canada. Pourquoi les éducateurs et les législateurs ont-ils voulu conserver le châtiment corporel durant si longtemps, et pourquoi le vent a-t-il tourné au cours de la dernière partie du XX e siècle? Le présent article est axé sur la dynamique légale et politique et examine comment le Conseil scolaire de Toronto s'est accommodé de cet épineux problème du châtiment corporel au cours des trois décennies qui ont précédé son abolition. L'auteur cherche à situer l'histoire de la méthode torontoise envers la discipline scolaire dans un contexte historique plus vaste où s'est déroulé la lutte ayant trait au châtiment corporel. Il en vient à la conclusion que la configuration particulière du Conseil scolaire de Toronto après l'élection des fiduciaires en 1969 a eu une importante influence sur la forme et le résultat du débat sur le châtiment corporel.
Les sanglots longs de la violence de l'automne : French Diplomacy Reacts to the October Crisis
Authors: Meren David
Published: March 2013

Employing information gathered chiefly from the archives of France's Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (MAE), this article examines official French perceptions of the October Crisis, and how these were influenced by evolving attitudes in Paris regarding Quebec and Canada. It is argued that French official perceptions of the October Crisis were shaped foremost by a belief that arose in the 1960s among elements in the French political class that Quebec was evolving toward some form of international sovereignty. The October Crisis, thus, was perceived in French circles as a manifestation of Quebec's larger political evolution; Ottawa's hard-line response was seen as misguided and ultimately exacerbating the crisis, and as consistent with federalist resistance to Quebec épanouissement. These French perceptions were reinforced by the invocation of the War Measures Act. The result was a rather ambiguous response from Paris that condemned FLQ actions out of a general opposition to political violence, but that was tempered by a concern that the reaction of Canadian and Quebec authorities, notably the former, not be permitted to interfere with the French view of the Québécois interest. À partir d'informations recueillies principalement aux archives du ministére français des Affaires étrangères (MAE), cette étude examine les perceptions françaises officielles concernant la Crise d'octobre, et la manière dont ces perceptions ont été influencées par l'attitude qu'a adoptée Paris à l'égard du Québec et du Canada. Cet article soutient que les perceptions françaises officielles concernant la Crise d'octobre ont avant tout été influencées par une conviction, parmi certains membres de la classe politique française dans les années 60, que le Québec s'acheminait vers une forme de souveraineté internationale. Ainsi, dans les milieux français, la Crise d'octobre a été perçue comme une manifestation de l'évolution politique générale du Québec; la réaction intransigeante d'Ottawa a été perçue comme une erreur qui avait contribué à l'aggravation de la crise et qui illustrait l'opposition fédéraliste à l'épanouissement du Québec. Ces perceptions n'ont été que renforcées par le décret de la Loi des mesures de guerre. Il en a résulté une réponse plutôt équivoque de la France, qui a condamné les actes du FLQ par opposition à toute violence politique, mais dont la condamnation a été tempérée du fait qu'elle ne voulait pas que la réaction des autorités québécoises et, surtout, canadiennes contrarie les intérêts québécois tels que les concevaient les Français.
“If two ride a horse, one must ride in front”: Married Women’s Nationality and the Law in Canada 1880–1950
Authors: Girard Philip
Published: March 2013

Canada’s Naturalization Act 1881 followed Britain’s lead in requiring a woman’s nationality to conform to that of her husband. Analysis of the interwar campaign to change the law sheds light on the link between the status of women and dominion autonomy; the continuing reluctance to admit immigrant women to the full privileges of citizenship; the role of national women’s organizations in maintaining Canada’s future as a white settler nation; and the emergence of new ways of justifying and maintaining male legal privilege at a time when ideas about gender and marital equality were gaining some traction. By 1946, when Canada’s Citizenship Act declared citizenship to be independent of marriage, and Canadian citizenship to be independent of British subject status, the emancipation of married women from their husbands’ nationality tracked the disengagement of Canada from the British Empire.

La loi canadienne de 1881 sur la naturalisation a suivi l’exemple britannique en exigeant que la nationalité d’une femme se conforme à celle de son mari. L’analyse de la campagne menée dans l’entre-deux-guerres pour changer la loi met en lumière plusieurs choses : le lien entre le statut de la femme et l’autonomie du dominion, la réticence persistante à donner aux femmes immigrantes les pleins privilèges de la citoyenneté, l’action des organisations féminines nationales pour assurer l’avenir du Canada en tant que nation de colonisation de race blanche, et l’émergence de nouvelles façons de justifier et de maintenir la supériorité légale du sexe masculin alors même que l’idée d’égalité sexuelle et maritale prenait son élan. En 1946, quand la Loi sur la citoyenneté canadienne a séparé la citoyenneté du mariage et la citoyenneté canadienne du statut de sujet britannique, l’émancipation des femmes mariées par rapport à la nationalité de leur mari a fait écho au désengagement du Canada par rapport à l’Empire britannique.
Unanticipated Outcomes: Lessons from Canadian Automotive FDI Attraction in the 1980s
Authors: Mordue Greigory
Published: March 2013

In the 1980s, the Canadian automotive manufacturing industry grew from three significant players to eight, growth that was facilitated by public policy schemes that were bold, calculating, and provocative. The decision to introduce direct incentives was pivotal, generating anxiety at both the federal and provincial levels. However, the evolution of a series of additional policy tools, each holding tangible value, proved just as important. These included waiving Auto Pact liabilities, the introduction of targeted duty remission plans, adjustments to Voluntary Export Restraints, and manipulations of the Foreign Investment Review Agency. These elements were under the management of Canada's federal government, making it a far more active participant in automotive foreign direct investment (FDI) attraction than its US equivalent. While some observers believe that the approach that public policy-makers brought to automotive FDI attraction during the period this article explores might hold lessons for present day practitioners, the reality is that the evolution of global governance structures precludes access to many of the tools that were deployed with such effect in the 1980s. Despite the subsequent changes, the relevance of coherent, well-timed industrial policy endures.
Péréquation et comportement stratégique des provinces bénéficiaires : un contre-exemple intrigant
Authors: Bernard Jean-Thomas , Soufiene Ben Mabrouk
Published: March 2013

Les travaux de Boadway et Hayashi (2001) et de Smart (2007) tendent à confirmer l’hypothèse selon laquelle des provinces bénéficiaires de paiements de péréquation adopteraient des comportements stratégiques en réduisant leur capacité fiscale pour accroître les montants reçus. Dans ce texte, nous analysons l’impact qu’une nouvelle redevance hydroélectrique payée par Hydro-Québec au Trésor québécois a sur les sommes reçues par cette province en péréquation ; pour ce faire, nous considérons les formules de péréquation appliquées avant 2004 et depuis 2007. Cette redevance, qui génère environ 600 millions de dollars par année, réduit les paiements de péréquation du Québec d’un peu plus de 100 millions de dollars selon l’une ou l’autre formule. En vertu de la formule actuelle de péréquation, le Québec perd 38 ¢ en droits de péréquation pour chaque dollar additionnel reçu en revenu de ressources naturelles. La nouvelle redevance hydroélectrique et la hausse du taux de dividende appliquées à sa société d’État ont permis au gouvernement québécois de profiter d’un transfert de 1,15 milliard ; par contre il perd 437 millions de dollars en paiements de péréquation. Il s’agit d’un contre-exemple important concernant le comportement stratégique d’une province bénéficiaire de la péréquation.
A Decade Later: Assessing Successes and Challenges in Manitoba’s Provincial Immigrant Nominee Program
Authors: Lewis Nathaniel M.
Published: March 2013

During the past decade, Manitoba’s Provincial Nominee Program (MPNP) has increased immigration to the province and dispersed immigrants more widely within Manitoba. At the same time, the rapid growth of the program and the decentralized way in which it has been implemented have contributed to some challenges. This ten-year analysis of the MPNP finds that many places in Manitoba are experiencing settlement service gaps, and that immigrants and communities are taking on much of the burden for MPNP application and settlement. In addition, the analysis demonstrates that the fragmented way in which the MPNP has been marketed and implemented (i.e., by relying on particular employers, consultants, and ethnocultural organizations) has resulted in a sort of ethnocultural inequality where certain groups are ushered into the province—often to perform particular occupations—while others are bypassed.
Cohort and Period Perspectives on Gender, Education, and Earnings in Canada
Authors: Ornstein Michael
Published: March 2013

Analysis of the 1971–2001 Canadian Censuses shows that both cohort- and period-based analyses contribute to understanding change. Cohort models reveal substantial reshaping of the age trajectories of the earnings of fulltime full-year workers. The earnings of young men declined substantially, men’s earnings increased more rapidly with age, the age of peak earnings increased, and earnings declined less after their peak. Women’s earnings, nearly unrelated to age in 1970, came to resemble the age trajectory of men. Earnings trajectories are also a function of education, immigration, and racialization. The period models reveal a substantial shock between 1970 and 1980 that dramatically increased the earnings of women and lowered the university premium at all ages. These results do not support the argument that skill-biased technological change (SBTC) reshaped the earnings.
Life Course as a Policy Lens: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: McDaniel Susan , Bernard Paul
Published: March 2013

This set of research studies on the life course as a policy lens springs from research and discussions over more than a year and a half among academic researchers and policy analysts. The six empirical studies in this special issue all rely on the life-course perspective to extend the reach of the perspective into areas with policy relevance that have not been examined previously with a life-course lens. The studies examine aboriginal health, social participation, housing instability and evictions, earnings trajectories, and late-life transitions. Key conclusions overall from the project are that (1) Canada may have an early lead in conceptual thinking on life course as a policy lens, giving us the momentum to push this advantage further; (2) the life-course perspective focuses less on individual trajectories and more on the ongoing interactions of individuals with social structures, particularly structures of inequality and life-course scripts; (3) the conceptualization of the life course as a tale of path dependency, gravity, and shocks focuses attention on social circumstances rather than on individual choices; (4) a life-course perspective for policy-makers is more realistic, more attuned to the reality experienced by social actors, and social actors accordingly recognize themselves in policies; and (5) the life-course perspective offers the possibility of making social actors, researchers, and policy-makers work more in tandem.
Through Roots and Routes: On the Road 's Portrayal of an Outsider's Journey into the Meaning of America
Authors: Skinazi Karen E.H.
Published: March 2013

Jack Kerouac believed that his French Canadian roots held the key to his knowledge, despite the fact that he became known as the "principal avatar" of a generation of American youth. In his bestselling autobiographical novel, On the Road , Kerouac splits his ethnic (French) and national (American) sides into two figures, Sal and Dean, to demonstrate the deficits and benefits of both parts of a hyphenated identity. Italian Sal sees himself as the eternal outsider, whereas Dean is America itself. Yet Sal uses his outsider qualities to connect with other outsiders whose "roots" are beyond the limits of nationhood. And Dean, despite the seemingly endless freedom of his "routes" across the country, is stuck in old tropes of Americanness that do not afford him new possibilities. Together, they create a vision of America that is full of its own grandeur, while refusing to be insular. Jack Kerouac était persuadé que ses racines canadiennes-françaises étaient à la base de ses connaissances, malgré le fait qu'il ait été reconnu comme le «principal avatar» d'une génération de jeunes Américains. Dans son roman autobiographique On the Road , un succès de librairie, Kerouac illustre son côté ethnique (français) et son côté national (américain) en deux personnages, Sal et Dean, afin de démontrer les avantages et les désavantages des deux parties d'origines différentes. L'Italien Sal se voit comme l'éternel étranger, tandis que Dean représente l'Amérique même. Malgré cela, Sal emploie sa marginalité pour établir des liens avec d'autres étrangers dont les «racines» vont au-delà de l'esprit national, et Dean, malgré l'apparente liberté sans fin de ses « routes » d'un bout à l'autre du pays, est figé dans les signes d'un système fermé d'américanité qui ne lui offre aucune nouvelle possibilité. Ensemble, ses personnages créent une vision d'une Amérique imbue de sa propre grandeur tout en refusant de demeurer discrète et isolée.
Neo-liberalism and the Western: HBO's Deadwood as National Allegory
Authors: Worden Daniel
Published: March 2013

The western usually seems to be a nostalgic genre with a conservative political message. However, one of the most prominent westerns of recent years, HBO's Deadwood television series, offers a sustained and complex meditation on life within a world ordered entirely around the marketplace. Using the work of theorists Wendy Brown, Michel Foucault, David Harvey, and Fredric Jameson, I argue that Deadwood allegorizes life within neo-liberalism, and in so doing, the television show dramatizes how neo-liberal affects and desires differ from more traditional liberal notions of the individual in society. In a town built outside of the United States, the characters in Deadwood struggle to form a society that both operates according to the free market, yet protects each individual's right to pursue her own self-interest. Deadwood represents a violent past that is both a vision of our neo-liberal present and a possible future. Le western semble habituellement un genre nostalgique qui présente un message politique conservateur. Toutefois, l'un des westerns les plus en vue des récentes années, la série télévisée Deadwood de HBO, offre une méditation soutenue et complexe de la vie dans un monde articulé entièrement autour d'un marché. Me fondant sur le travail des théoriciens Wendy Brown, Michel Foucault, David Harvey, et Fredric Jameson, je fais valoir que Deadwood est une allégorie de la vie dans le contexte du néolibéralisme et, ce faisant, l'émission télévisée dramatise la façon dont les affects et les désirs s'écartent des notions libérales plus traditionnelles d'une personne dans la société. Dans une ville établie à l'extérieur des tats-unis, les personnages de Deadwood se débattent pour former une société qui fonctionne conformément au marché libre et qui protège en même temps le droit de chaque personne à poursuivre son propre intérêt. Deadwood représente un passé violent qui est à la fois une vision de notre présent néolibéral et de l'avenir possible.
Wars for Oil: Moby-Dick , Orientalism, and Cold-War Criticism
Authors: Leroux Jean-François
Published: March 2013

Beginning with Edward Said's reflections on the media fall-out post 9/11, the ideological representations of which he likens to the mythical drama enacted in Moby-Dick , the article goes on to revisit the consensus achieved in Cold-War criticism of the novel in light of our awareness of the cultural construction of recent events. Specifically, the article questions the dichotomizing of the novel in terms of East and West and the critical casting of Fedallah and Ahab as scapegoats for collective guilt, drawing on the work of René Girard on the subject. In this way, it confirms the analogical justness of Said's evocation of Moby-Dick in relation to America's "collective imagination" of its relationship to the Near East and argues the book's power to re-orient and subvert that very representation by revealing both its mythical core and the collective acts of violence it seeks to conceal or sanction. À l'instar d'Edward Said et de ses réflexions sur la retombée dans les médias des attentats du 11 septembre, les représentations idéologiques duquel compare au drame mythique jouée dans Moby-Dick , l'article revient sur le consensus de la critique de la guerre froide relativement au notre sensibilisation à la construction culturelle des récents événements. Plus particulièrement, l'article s'interroge sur la dichotomisation du roman en termes d'Est et d'Ouest et l'assignation par la critique à Fedallah et Achab du rôle de bouc émissaire pour la culpabilité collective en s'inspirant de l'œuvre de René Girard sur le sujet. Il justifie ainsi l'analogie de l'évocation de Said de Moby-Dick par rapport à « l'imagination collective » des États-Unis dans leur relation avec le Proche-Orient et démontre le pouvoir du livre à réorienter et à renverser cette même représentation en révélant à la fois son noyau mythique et les gestes collectifs de violence qu'il cherche à masquer ou à sanctionner.
Future Interior: Subjective (A)voidance in John Updike's "Rabbit" Novels
Authors: Jarraway David R.
Published: March 2013

In Rabbit Is Rich (1981), John Updike's use of Wallace Stevens's "Rabbit as King of the Ghosts" crystallizes what American literature in a (post-)Freudian age is particularly prone: ego is no longer master in his own house. Lacan's observation, therefore, that "[w]hat is realized in my history is not the past definite of what it was … but the future anterior of what I am in the process of becoming" will serve as a theoretical frame within which to critique the suspect future "interior" of "Rabbit" Angstrom throughout Updike's novel quartet.
L'Identité franco-américaine: tendances actuelles dans le sud de la Nouvelle-Angleterre
Authors: Fox Cynthia Austin , Fortin Geneviève M , Martin Véronique , Stelling Louis
Published: March 2013

Le terme « franco-américain » s'emploie pour désigner les immigrants canadiens arrivés au nord-est des é tats-Unis pendant une période s'étalant de 1840 à 1930. Catholiques et francophones, ils y ont établi des communautés resserrées et un réseau d'institutions religieuses, scolaires et sociales afin de maintenir leur religion, leur langue, et leur mode de vie traditionnel. Cependant, l'évolution rapide qu'a connue ce groupe depuis les soixante derniéres années a déclenché un débat sur sa définition : comment les Franco-Américains se caractérisent-ils actuellement ? Partagent-ils encore une identité commune ? La présente étude cherche à contribuer à la discussion en se servant de témoignages oraux provenant d'entretiens sociolinguistiques réalisés auprés de 130 habitants de quatre villes : Woonsocket (Rhode Island), Southbridge et Gardner (Massachussetts) et Bristol (Connecticut). Deux analyses quantitatives de ces données nous permettent d'obtenir une vue d'ensemble de la question identitaire. Puis, nous nous penchons sur les particularités de chaque communauté dans une série d'analyses qualitatives. La synthése de ces différentes analyses nous permet de constater que les quatre communautés connaissent un processus d'assimilation dont le rythme et les caractéristiques différent considérablement d'une communauté à l'autre. Même si un grand nombre d'entre-eux utilisent toujours l'étiquette francoame ´ricaine pour se décrire, les Franco-Américains se limitent désormais à une conception identitaire qui évolue au sein de leur propre communauté sans référence à une culture supra-communautaire. The term ''Franco-American'' has traditionally been used to identify francophone Canadian immigrants who settled in the northeastern United States between 1840 and 1930. This group established close-knit communities and a network of religious, educational, and social institutions that would allow them to maintain their Catholic faith, their French language, and their traditional way of life over several generations. In the past sixty years, however, the group has experienced rapid change. Researchers debate how Franco-Americans are now to be characterized as a group and, indeed, whether they continue to share a common identity. This study contributes to the discussion through the examination of data gathered during socio-linguistic interviews with 130 Franco-Americans living in four cities : Woonsocket, Rhode Island; Gardner and Southbridge, Massachusetts; and Bristol, Connecticut. A series of quantitative and qualitative analyses of this material leads us to conclude that all of the communities are undergoing assimilation, the rhythm and manner of which differs considerably from one community to another. Although many individuals still use the term ''Franco-American'' to describe themselves, the meaning of the term is evolving. Group identity may be strong at the level of the individual community but does not appear to exist supra-regionally.
''Jesus, My Pal'': Reading and Religion in Middlebrow America
Authors: Smith Erin A. (Erin Ann)
Published: March 2013

Bruce Barton was an advertising executive and the author of a best-selling life of Christ, The Man Nobody Knows (1925). Although they were immensely popular, Barton's books are dismissed by scholars today as theologically empty justifications for consumer capitalism. Through an analysis of letters from readers, this essay argues that Barton's work was part of the ''lived religion'' of ordinary Christians, whatever its intellectual or theological failings. First, it filled a vacuum in advice in modern America. Second, it finessed the impersonal scale of urban life by presenting Jesus as a friend. Third, it rendered irrelevant deeply felt contradictions in Protestant America between religion and science, fundamentalism and modernism. I demonstrate a gap between intellectuals and ordinary readers that has implications for our own scholarly practices. Bruce Barton était cadre dans une agence de publicité et est l'auteur d'un best-seller sur la vie du Christ, The Man Nobody Knows (« L'homme que personne ne connaît ») (1925). Bien qu'extrêmement populaires auprès du grand public, les oeuvres de Barton sont ignorées des chercheurs, pour qui elles sont vides de sens théologique et ne constituent que de vaines justifications au capitalisme et á la consommation. Grâce á l'analyse de lettres des lecteurs, cet essai se propose de montrer que l'oeuvre de Barton, quelles que soient ses failles intellectuelles ou théologiques, s'inscrit dans le cadre de la « religion vécue » des Chrétiens ordinaires. D'abord, elle comble un vide de conseils moraux en Amérique moderne. Ensuite, elle humanise certains aspects impersonnels de la vie urbaine en présentant Jésus-Christ comme une sorte d'ami. Enfin, elle neutralise les contradictions, qui marquaient profondément l'Amérique protestante, entre la religion et les sciences, entre le fondamentalisme et le modernisme. L'étude montre qu'il y a une grande différence entre les intellectuels et les lecteurs ordinaires, et que cette différence peut avoir des implications pour nos pratiques de recherche universitaire.
Caste Confusion and Census Enumeration in Colonial India, 1871–1921
Authors: Walby Kevin , Haan Michael
Published: March 2013

Les recensements coloniaux de l’Inde étaient de colossales tentatives visant à dénombrer les castes en fonction d’une taxonomie hybride amalgamant les connaissances locales aux préconceptions et aux idées fausses venues d’Europe. À partir de 1871, les administrateurs de la colonie résolurent de catégoriser et de compter les castes indiennes, mais ils éprouvèrent de nombreuses difficultés à les classifier, à les dénombrer et à compiler les données à leur sujet. Durant les années 1890, on commença à faire le recensement administratif de l’Inde coloniale en empruntant des outils anthropométriques et ethnologiques à l’anthropologie « scientifique ». L’introduction de ces mesures dans le bulletin de recensement et leur emploi durant le dénombrement donnèrent à la notion de caste une connotation biologique et raciale. Pourtant, cette vision biologique de la caste ne s’est jamais véritablement imposée et fut contestée par les administrateurs coloniaux et les activistes politiques indiens qui ne croyaient pas à l’anthropométrie. En exposant en détail les complications de recenser l’Inde coloniale, les auteurs montrent que les problèmes épistémologiques entourant la façon d’envisager et de dénombrer les castes étaient la règle plutôt que l’exception.
An Experiment in Modern Vaudeville: Archiving the Wretched Refuse in John Howard Lawson’s Processional
Authors: Jerving Ryan
Published: March 2013

John Howard Lawson’s Processional: A Jazz Symphony of American Life (1925) was an experiment in putting mass cultural forms to leftist avant-garde uses. But as the play negotiates the conflict between two basic principles for organizing mass culture’s stock materials – between vaudeville and the symphony – it stages a basic tension between an item-level approach to collecting “acts” and a collection-level imposition of structure on atomized parts. Lawson’s play staggers between an impulse to present a found poem of American popular, national, and industrial culture, warts and all, and an impulse to submit that culture to the kind of focused critique that could extricate the play from the vaudeville logic of the commodity fetish. This unstable but productive archival détente would give way in Processional ’s afterlife, when its vaudeville excesses, particularly its representation of stereotyped ethnic difference within the national collection, proved subject to a history of reappraisal and de-accessioning.
The Function of Decorum at the Present Time: Manners, Moral Language, and Modernity in "an Oscar Wilde Play"
Authors: Mackie Gregory
Published: March 2013

In the distinctive, epigrammatic idiom of his society comedies, where dialogue is shaped by the formulae of conventional instructional maxims about what one should and shouldn't do, Oscar Wilde inverts and aestheticizes the assumed ethical basis of a code of conduct that relies on the language of decorum. His drama suggestively articulates a considerable degree of slippage between manners, on the one hand, and morals, on the other. This essay argues, in fact, that Wildean aphoristic speech playfully rewrites late-Victorian etiquette literature, exploiting the ironic distance between moral assumptions and a more formulaic reality.
Revolution and the End of History: Caryl Churchill’s Mad Forest
Authors: Adiseshiah Siân
Published: March 2013

Caryl Churchill’s Mad Forest , written and performed very soon after the Romanian revolution in 1990 and performed both in London and Bucharest, is a dynamic, inter-cultural play that represents a variety of perspectives on the revolutionary events, as well as oscillating between English and Romanian cultural and language coordinates. It has a peculiar topicality in its detailed and specific uses of different aspects of the revolutionary narrative, its sketches of family life before and after the revolution, and its inclusion of the revolution as reported in quasi-documentary-style testimony. The perspective in this article is one that places the play within a framework that thinks through Mad Forest ’s relationship to the triumphant, neo-liberalist heralding of “the end of history,” most famously argued by Francis Fukuyama in his 1989 article of that name. This discourse gained further confidence from the collapse of Eastern Europe, a collapse that was viewed by proponents of the end-of-history argument as signalling the permanent disintegration of communism and a victory for capitalism. However, Mad Forest is considered here as a play that reflects multiple perspectives on the revolutionary period and, while declining to provide political solutions as such, simultaneously refuses to accede to the implications of the end-of-history argument.
The Modernist "Microphone Play": Listening in the Dark to the BBC
Authors: Frattarola Angela
Published: March 2013

This essay surveys BBC radio drama from the 1920s to the 1940s to show how these plays exhibit many traits we commonly associate with modernist literature. Because radio drama appealed to the ear alone and often used multiple studios, mixing narrative, music, and sound effects, it embraced certain modernist formal devices such as stream of consciousness, fragmentation, linguistic experimentation, as well as mythic paradigms. While drama is often under-represented in surveys of modernist literature, I argue that radio drama can help to fill this void.
"Some Exceptions" and the "Normal Thing": Reconsidering Waiting for Godot 's Theatrical Form through Its Prison Performances
Authors: Koshal Erin
Published: March 2013

Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot has long been read as a timeless and existential allegory portraying human fallibilities with which all viewers can identify. Building on recent scholarship that challenges such interpretations, this article demonstrates the particular manner in which Beckett's theatrical form, by turning around the relationship between the exception and the norm, articulates and responds to a modern form of incarceration. The article argues that Waiting for Godot explores the exceptional logic of detention by manipulating the relationship between spectators and performers in the theatre. An analysis of the play's prison performances further illuminates its performative dimensions and deepens an understanding of how it grapples with modern forms of detention. The final pages outline the implications of this reading for Beckett's larger oeuvre and argue that his "carceral theatricality" marks a significant development in modern drama.
Ghosts from an Imperfect Place: Philip Ridley's Nostalgia
Authors: Urban Ken
Published: March 2013

Philip Ridley's three major works from the 1990s serve as powerful reminders of nostalgia's origin as a physical affliction caused by an acute longing for home and the past. The recurrence of nostalgia in his The Pitchfork Disney (1991) and The Fastest Clock in the Universe (1992) reflects larger, ongoing debates about nostalgia in British culture, from Thatcher's call for a return to Victorian values to the rise of Tony Blair's New Labour party and its championing of Cool Britannia, which looked back to 1960s Swinging London. Yet, in his final play of the decade, Ghosts from a Perfect Place (1994), Ridley suggests that nostalgia can be transformed from a purely retrospective gesture into a prospective one.
Drama is the Cure for Gossip: Television’s Turn to Theatricality in a Time of Media Transition
Authors: De Kosnik Abigail
Published: March 2013

This article examines a number of currently airing television dramas and comedies ( Gossip Girl , Mad Men , In Treatment , and Glee ) that depict theatricality – live performance – as a means by which characters achieve self-realization and authenticity. Television today may be interested in presenting theatricality as what Michel Foucault calls a “technology of the self” as a way to distinguish TV from the Internet. The Internet is largely comprised of gossip, and social media demand that all of us carefully safeguard our online reputations, lest we fall victim to unfounded rumours posted by anonymous users. Contemporary television narratives offer the fantasy of “easy identity,” as characters spontaneously discover their “real selves” by engaging in theatrical performances and clearly communicate who they “really are” to others, with only positive results. Television thus uses theatricality as a means of establishing its ongoing appeal in an Internet era.
Staging the "New Irish": Interculturalism and the Future of the Post-Celtic Tiger Irish Theatre
Authors: McIvor Charlotte
Published: March 2013

In this article, I argue that the work of minority-ethnic artists reframes the parameters of Irish national belonging and tests the limits of "interculturalism" as official discourse in the post-Celtic Tiger nation. I engage with the search for new critical paradigms to illuminate how emergent discourses of Irish interculturalism assist in understanding and locating the work of minority-ethnic theatre artists in a critical discourse that has had difficulty accommodating their presence. To this end, I examine two recent new productions of J.M. Synge's Playboy of the Western World (by Pan Pan Theatre and by Bisi Adigun and Roddy Doyle at the Abbey Theatre) that directly engage the Irish theatre canon as a site of entry into Irish national belonging for minority-ethnic communities. I then juxtapose these Playboys with new works by Romanian and Irish-Indian playwrights Gianina Cărbunariu and Ursula Rani Sarma that stretch the limits of what can be understood as "Irish" drama. The contingent and overlapping networks of these artists' influences, journeys, and obstacles map the multiple possibilities of Irish theatrical interculturalisms that are already in motion as well as gesturing towards the challenges faced by the post-Celtic Tiger Irish theatre to come.
To Witness Mimesis: The Politics, Ethics, and Aesthetics of Testimonial Theatre in Through the Wire
Authors: Wake Caroline
Published: March 2013

This paper examines an Australian “verbatim play” about asylum seekers, Through the Wire , in order to consider the relationship between realism and witnessing in the theatre. It argues that verbatim or testimonial theatre is better understood as a form of realism than as a form of documentary theatre, as is usually the case. Current scholarship in both theatre and trauma studies criticizes realist approaches principally on ethical grounds, without necessarily accounting for a play’s political effects. Through an analysis of Through the Wire ’s production and reception, I suggest that, while testimonial theatre may be ethically problematic, it can also be politically efficacious, precisely because of its realist aesthetics.
Selling Faith: Marketing Christian Popular Culture to Christian and Non-Christian Audiences
Authors: Brown Charles
Published: March 2013

Scholars of Christian popular culture generally focus upon the messages communicated by the objects produced, or the way objects reinforce an evangelical collective identity. This paper focuses on the members of the Christian popular culture industry rather than the objects produced. Specifically, I explore how industry members address the tension that occurs when industry members must decide whether to target their marketing efforts toward fellow Christians, or toward those outside the subculture in an attempt to evangelize non-Christians. Data are comprised of interviews with employees at Christian record labels, publishing houses, and so on along with secondary sources devoted to the industry.
Music Sacred and Profane: Exploring the Use of Popular Music in Evangelical Worship Services
Authors: Vega April
Published: March 2013

This paper focuses on the use of what I call popular-secular music in contemporary American evangelical church worship services. I explore why some of these American churches are using mainstream music in their worship service that is not identified with Christian religious culture and/or has no overt religious references. Evangelical congregations often employ popular-secular music to find and proclaim their identity as Christian communities. Given the role of music in identifying social location and preserving identity, it is curious that some congregations opt to adopt popular music and secular lyrics. The following research and interviews show that the ways in which the evangelical congregations are using music demonstrates their particular understandings of the line between the sacred world and the secular world—as well as how they negotiate the boundary between sacred and secular music.
Authority 3.0: Friend or Foe to Scholars?
Authors: Jensen Michael
Published: March 2013

This essay first appeared in The Chronicle of Higher Education on 15 June 2007 and is reprinted, with minor changes, by permission.
Taking Clio's Pulse . . .: or, Examining Characteristics of Monographic Publications Reviewed by American Historical Review
Authors: Buchanan Anne L. , Hérubel Jean-Pierre V.M.
Published: March 2013

Examining trends in research publications can yield an appreciation of where a discipline is moving and of its core intellectual orientations, specific and general subject interests, and disciplinary contours. This discussion considers the major contours of academic history publication as reviewed by the flagship generalist journal American Historical Review (AHR) . The AHR 's topical indexes for the years 2000-2009 were used to gather essential data from which salient disciplinary features could be examined in order to situate academic history's scholarly preoccupations. Various constellations of specialization, focused emphases, and general contours of intellectual activity emerged.
If 'The Body Keeps the Score': Mapping the Dissociated Body in Trauma Narrative, Intervention, and Theory
Authors: Crawford Allison
Published: March 2013

Psychotherapy, a central social space for remembering, has from its inception centred upon the healing and integrative power of putting experience into words and narrative forms of expression. However, those who have experienced traumatic events often lack a coherent memory for or understanding about the trauma they have undergone; they may be haunted by inchoate bodily sensations and 'memories' that have not been fully integrated and cannot be put into language. Such splits in experience - between body and mind - can provide a means to understand the way we conceptualize memory, consciousness, and body-mind. This paper describes an intervention that seeks to help people to make the experiences of the body more intelligible.
'A local habitation and a name': Britten Adapts Shakespeare
Authors: Larson Katherine R. , Wiliford Lawrence
Published: March 2013

Benjamin Britten was acutely sensitive to the significance of place in his operas - a feature that lies at the heart of his adaptation of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream . This essay argues that the revision choices preserved in the libretto, coupled with Britten's musical setting, reveal a determination to blur the boundaries between forest and Athens to an even greater degree than Shakespeare does. Unlike Shakespeare, Britten situates the bulk of the opera's action in the woods, foregrounding the play's dreamlike qualities while also drawing attention to the composer's fascination with the threshold between dreams and reality. In examining the impact that the 'local conditions' of the woods have on Britten's interpretation of A Midsummer Night's Dream , this essay focuses in particular on the transformation of Shakespeare's 'rude mechanicals' into Britten's 'rustics.' Bottom and his fellow actors, who together bridge the gap between the human and the supernatural, exemplify the extent to which the textual changes and the rich soundscapes of Britten's opera reframe the characters and realms of Shakespeare's famous comedy.
'Great Chords': Politics and Romance in Tolstoy's War and Peace
Authors: Romney Paul
Published: March 2013

A national epic and Bildungsroman , Tolstoy's realist masterpiece also incorporates a quest romance, which flirts with fantasy by allusions to volshebnoye tsarstvo ('fairyland'). This romance projects a social ideal that reflects Tolstoy's thorough-going alienation from modernity. The article uses Northrop Frye's ideas to disclose the hidden romance and reveals its political significance by comparing Tolstoy's story to Walter Scott's Waverley and J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings . Politics and romance are strange bedfellows, but each lends itself to spatial representation. The article shows how Tolstoy uses spatial imagery to infuse his quest romance with political meaning and discusses the neglect by English-speaking critics of romance and politics alike, which it relates to a disagreement between Percy Lubbock and E.M. Forster over the relative importance of time and space as dimensions of Tolstoy's narrative.
William Blake’s Milton/A Poem and the Miltonic Matrix of 1791–1810
Authors: Paley Morton D.
Published: March 2013

From the time when ‘Milton lovd me in childhood & shewd me his face,’ William Blake felt a special relationship with John Milton. He would therefore have felt a great interest in the extraordinary spate of publishing and pictorial activity (sometimes both together) that occurred in the last decade of the eighteenth century and the early years of the nineteenth. He was, indeed, mentioned as a participant in two major Milton projects planned during this period, but neither materialized. His own Milton/A Poem , completed c. 1811, addresses two major subjects of previous discussion: Milton’s political commitment and his relations with the women in his life. Characteristically, Blake does not adopt any prior positions, but renders his own views, which are different from any of them.
Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System Reduces the Rise in Serum Aldosterone in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients with Preserved Left Ventricular Function: Observations from the AVANT GARDE-TIMI 43 Trial
Authors: Udell Jacob A , Morrow David A , Braunwald Eugene , Swedberg Karl , Bode Christoph , Rifai Nader , Brunel Patrick C , Prescott Margaret F , Ren Fang , Hoffman Elaine B , Scirica Benjamin M
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUND

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) activates neurohormonal pathways, including elevations in circulating aldosterone, with deleterious cardiovascular effects. We aimed to determine if early, more complete renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition (RAASI) in post-ACS patients without ventricular dysfunction or heart failure would result in a graded reduction in aldosterone concentrations.

METHODS

We performed serial measurement of serum aldosterone within the Aliskiren and Valsartan to Reduce NT-proBNP via Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System Blockade (AVANT GARDE)–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 43 trial, a randomized double-blind, placebo controlled trial of RAASI by valsartan, aliskiren, or both in post-ACS patients with preserved ventricular function but increased natriuretic peptides. Aldosterone was measured at randomization and week 8.

RESULTS

Median aldosterone concentrations were comparable across treatment arms at baseline (9.26 ng/dL; interquartile range 7.12–12.76; n = 1073). In the placebo group, there was a significant increase in aldosterone over 8 weeks (19.7% rise, 2.20 (0.36) ng/dL, P < 0.0001) that was significantly reduced across active RAASI therapies (1.36 (0.39) ng/dL with aliskiren; 1.02 (0.37) ng/dL with valsartan; and 0.85 (0.37) ng/dL with combination therapy, P trend = 0.008). Compared to placebo, RAASI monotherapy resulted in a pooled relative absolute aldosterone change of −1.01 (0.45) ng/dL (P = 0.026 vs placebo), and combination therapy resulted in a relative absolute aldosterone change of −1.35 (0.52) ng/dL (P = 0.01 vs placebo). No significant difference in aldosterone concentrations was achieved between dual vs single RAASI (P = 0.47).

CONCLUSIONS

In ACS patients with preserved ventricular function but increased natriuretic peptides, serum aldosterone rises over time and is blunted by more complete RAASI. The clinical implications and role for RAASI in this population warrant further investigation.
CONFERENCE REVIEWS
Authors: Ashmore Nicola , Vaccari Alessandra
Published: March 2013

CULTURES OF CURATING: CURATORIAL PRACTICES AND THE PRODUCTION OF MEANING 1650–2000 The Museums and Galleries History Group Conference, organized by Kate Hill, University of Lincoln, UK, 12–13 July 2012

DIANA VREELAND AFTER DIANA VREELAND Exhibition curated by Judith Clark
and Maria Luisa Frisa, Palazzo Fortuny, Venice, 10 March–25 June 2012
Antecedents and Consequences of an Eco-Friendly Export Marketing Strategy: The Moderating Role of Foreign Public Concern and Competitive Intensity
Authors: Leonidou Leonidas C. , Katsikeas Constantine S. , Fotiadis Thomas A. , Christodoulides Paul
Published: March 2013

Despite growing concerns about environmental issues worldwide, research on the subject in the context of international marketing is virtually absent. The current study sheds light on the green aspects of exporting, using data collected from 216 exporting manufacturers. Drawing on the resource-based view and industrial organization theories, the authors show that certain organizational resources (i.e., financial, physical, and experiential) and capabilities (i.e., shared vision, cross-functional coordination, and technology sensing/response) are conducive to the deployment of an eco-friendly export marketing strategy (comprising product, price, distribution, and promotional elements). Such a strategy is more evident for exporters of industrial (vs. consumer) goods as well as for firms that sell to developed (vs. developing) countries. The results also suggest that the adoption of a green export marketing strategy has a positive effect on the firm's export performance. In addition, the authors find that the strength of the link between eco-friendly export marketing strategy and export performance is positively moderated by foreign market environmental public concern and competitive intensity.