bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF MIDDLE SCHOOL BULLYING AND VICTIMIZATION ON ADJUSTMENT THROUGH HIGH SCHOOL: GROWTH MODELING OF ACHIEVEMENT, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, AND DISCIPLINARY TRAJECTORIES
Authors: Feldman Marissa A. , Ojanen Tiina , Gesten Ellis L. , Smith‐Schrandt Heather , Brannick Michael , Totura Christine M. Wienke , Alexander Lizette , Scanga David , Brown Ken
Published: October 2014

The current 5‐year longitudinal study examined the effects of middle school bullying and victimization on adolescent academic achievement, disciplinary referrals, and school attendance through high school (N = 2030; 1016 both boys and girls). Greater engagement in bullying behaviors was concurrently associated with lower achievement and school attendance for girls and higher levels of disciplinary problems, and, for girls, predicted increases in disciplinary referrals through high school. Victimization was unrelated to school adjustment difficulties when controlling for bullying. Moreover, academic achievement was longitudinally associated with disciplinary referrals and school attendance. These findings outline concurrent school adjustment difficulties associated with engagement in bullying behavior, the longer‐term behavioral ramifications for girls, and the relations of behavioral and academic development from middle school to high school.
CULTURAL AND ETHNIC BIAS IN TEACHER RATINGS OF BEHAVIOR: A CRITERION‐FOCUSED REVIEW
Authors: Mason Benjamin A. , Gunersel Adalet Baris , Ney Emilie A.
Published: October 2014

Behavior rating scales are indirect measures of emotional and social functioning used for assessment purposes. Rater bias is systematic error that may compromise the validity of behavior rating scale scores. Teacher bias in ratings of behavior has been investigated in multiple studies, but not yet assessed in a research synthesis that focuses on the role of ethnicity and culture. Teacher bias in ratings of student behavior was investigated through a comprehensive literature review that only included studies with a defensible criterion of true behavior against which to compare rating scores. A final total of 13 studies of teacher bias suggested mixed evidence for bias due to student ethnicity and strong evidence of bias due to teacher culture, particularly when positive stereotypes were violated. Limitations and future directions of research are discussed.
Ubiquitin‐binding domains: Mechanisms of ubiquitin recognition and use as tools to investigate ubiquitin‐modified proteomes
Authors: Scott Daniel , Oldham Neil J. , Strachan Jo , Searle Mark S. , Layfield Robert
Published: October 2014

Ubiquitin‐binding domains (UBDs) are modular units found within ubiquitin‐binding proteins that mediate the non‐covalent recognition of (poly)ubiquitin modifications. A variety of mechanisms are employed in vivo to achieve polyubiquitin linkage and chain length selectivity by UBDs, the structural basis of which have in some instances been determined. Here, we review current knowledge related to ubiquitin recognition mechanisms at the molecular level and explore how such information has been exploited in the design and application of UBDs in isolation or artificially arranged in tandem as tools to investigate ubiquitin‐modified proteomes. Specifically, we focus on the use of UBDs to directly purify or detect (poly)ubiquitin‐modified proteins and more broadly for the targeted manipulation of ubiquitin‐mediated processes, highlighting insights into ubiquitin signalling that have been provided.
Respiratory morbidity in children with profound intellectual and multiple disability
Authors: Proesmans M. , Vreys M. , Huenaerts E. , Haest E. , Coremans S. , Vermeulen F. , Feys H.
Published: October 2014

Background

‘Profound intellectual and multiple disability’ (PIMD) is defined as a profound cognitive disability with severe sensory and motor impairments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the respiratory morbidity in children with PIMD and investigate possible risk factors.

Methods

In 10 specialized facilities for daily care of patients with PIMD, children underwent a standardized clinical assessement evaluating respiratory and motor function. Additional medical information was obtained.

Results

One hundred and twenty seven children aged 2–21 years were tested (median age 12 years; IQR 8–16). 72% had epilepsy, 42% were gastrostomy fed. The median number of lower airway infection per years was four (IQR 1–4). While 68% of patient had no hospital admissions for respiratory disease, 12% of patients were admitted three times or more. Chronic antibiotic therapy was prescribed to nine patients (7%), and 19 patients (15%) were chronically treated with mucolytics, inhaled corticosteroids and/or bronchodilators. Chest physiotherapy was given daily to 26 patients (22%).

Gastroesophageal reflux, swallowing problem and aspiration increased the risk for hospital admissions. Additionally risk factors were the severity of disability, axial hypotonia, presence of epilepsy, scoliosis, limited shoulder movement, paradoxical breathing and absence of a spontaneous cough reflex.

Conclusion

The overall respiratory morbidity in our sample of children with PIMD was lower than anticipated. While a subgroup of children are prone to recurrent severe airway problems, the majority of children did not experience severe airway infections.Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:1033–1038.© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
T‐duality and non‐geometric solutions from double geometry
Authors: Cederwall M.
Published: October 2014

Although the introduction of generalised and extended geometry has been motivated mainly by the appearance of dualities upon reductions on tori, it has until now been unclear how (all) the duality transformations arise from first principles in extended geometry. A proposal for solving this problem is given in the framework of double field theory. It is based on a clearly defined extension of the definition of gauge symmetry by isometries of an underlying pseudo‐Riemannian manifold. The ensuing relation between transformations of coordinates and fields, which is now derived from first principles, differs from earlier proposals.
Protective effect of tadalafil on the functional and structural changes of the rat ventral prostate caused by chronic pelvic ischemia
Authors: Zarifpour Mona , Nomiya Masanori , Sawada Norifumi , Andersson Karl‐Erik
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

The etiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), a common among aged men, is not fully understood, however, in addition to androgens and aging, chronic ischemia has been proposed to contribute. Using an established rat model, we investigated whether chronic ischemia alters the structural and functional properties of the ventral rat prostate, and whether phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor (tadalafil) may have a protective action.

METHODS

Adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into control, arterial endothelial injury (AI), and AI with tadalafil treatment (AI‐tadalafil) groups. AI and AI‐tadalafil groups underwent endothelial injury of the iliac arteries and received a 2% cholesterol diet following AI. AI‐tadalafil rats were treated with tadalafil (2 mg/kg/day) orally for 8 weeks after AI. The control group received a regular diet. After 8 weeks, animals were sacrificed, and pharmacological and morphological studies on prostate tissues were performed.

RESULTS

Iliac arteries from AI rats displayed neo‐intimal formation and luminal occlusion, an effect that was not prevented by tadalafil treatment. In the AI group, there was an obvious epithelial atrophy and a statistically significant increase in collagen fibers compared with the controls. Immunohistochemically, there was an up‐regulation of smooth muscle α‐actin (SMA). Contractile responses of prostate strips to KCl, electrical field stimulation (EFS), and phenylephrine (PE) were significantly higher after AI than in controls. Chronic treatment with tadalafil prevented the increase in contractile responses in ischemic tissue, and decreased the collagen deposition compared with the AI group.

CONCLUSIONS

In this rat model, chronic pelvic ischemia caused distinct functional and morphological changes in the prostate. Prostatic tissue from ischemic animals showed an increased contractile response to electrical and pharmacological stimulation, an increase in SMA, and an increased deposition of collagen. All these changes could be prevented by treatment with the PDE5 inhibitor, tadalafil, suggesting an involvement of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Prostate 75:233–241, 2015. © 2014 The Authors. The Prostate Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synergistic co‐targeting of prostate‐specific membrane antigen and androgen receptor in prostate cancer
Authors: Murga Jose D. , Moorji Sameer M. , Han Amy Q. , Magargal Wells W. , DiPippo Vincent A. , Olson William C.
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging class of cancer therapies that have demonstrated favorable activity both as single agents and as components of combination regimens. Phase 2 testing of an ADC targeting prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in advanced prostate cancer has shown antitumor activity. The present study examined PSMA ADC used in combination with potent antiandrogens (enzalutamide and abiraterone) and other compounds.

METHODS

Antiproliferative activity and expression of PSMA, prostate‐specific antigen and androgen receptor were evaluated in the prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and C4‐2. Cells were tested for susceptibility to antiandrogens or other inhibitors, used alone and in combination with PSMA ADC. Potential drug synergy or antagonism was evaluated using the Bliss independence method.

RESULTS

Enzalutamide and abiraterone demonstrated robust, statistically significant synergy when combined with PSMA ADC. Largely additive activity was observed between the antiandrogens and the individual components of the ADC (free drug and unmodified antibody). Rapamycin also synergized with PSMA ADC in certain settings. Synergy was linked in part to upregulation of PSMA expression. In androgen‐dependent LNCaP cells, enzalutamide and abiraterone each inhibited proliferation, upregulated PSMA expression, and synergized with PSMA ADC. In androgen‐independent C4‐2 cells, enzalutamide and abiraterone showed no measurable antiproliferative activity on their own but increased PSMA expression and synergized with PSMA ADC nonetheless. PSMA expression increased progressively over 3 weeks with enzalutamide and returned to baseline levels 1 week after enzalutamide removal.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings support exploration of clinical treatment regimens that combine potent antiandrogens and PSMA‐targeted therapies for prostate cancer. Prostate 75:242–254, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developing effective fumigation protocols to manage strongly phosphine‐resistant Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae)
Authors: Kaur Ramandeep , Nayak Manoj K
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

The emergence of high levels of resistance in Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) in recent years threatens the sustainability of phosphine, a key fumigant used worldwide to disinfest stored grain. We aimed at developing robust fumigation protocols that could be used in a range of practical situations to control this resistant pest.

RESULTS

Values of the lethal time to kill 99.9% (LT99.9, in days) of mixed‐age populations, containing all life stages, of a susceptible and a strongly resistant C. ferrugineus population were established at three phosphine concentrations (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg L−1) and three temperatures (25, 30 and 35 °C). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that phosphine concentration and temperature both contributed significantly to the LT99.9 of a population (P < 0.003, R2 = 0.92), with concentration being the dominant variable, accounting for 75.9% of the variation. Across all concentrations, LT99.9 of the strongly resistant C. ferrugineus population was longest at the lowest temperature and shortest at the highest temperature. For example, 1.0 mg L−1 of phosphine is required for 20, 15 and 15 days, 1.5 mg L−1 for 12, 11 and 9 days and 2.0 mg L−1 for 10, 7 and 6 days at 25, 30 and 35 °C, respectively, to achieve 99.9% mortality of the strongly resistant C. ferrugineus population. We also observed that phosphine concentration is inversely proportional to fumigation period in regard to the population extinction of this pest.

CONCLUSION

The fumigation protocols developed in this study will be used in recommending changes to the currently registered rates of phosphine in Australia towards management of strongly resistant C. ferrugineus populations, and can be repeated in any country where this type of resistance appears. © 2014 Commonwealth of Australia. Pest Management Science © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical reaction analyses based on orbitals and orbital energies
Authors: Tsuneda Takao
Published: October 2014

Reaction analysis theories based on molecular orbitals and orbital energies are reviewed based on their histories, formulations, and availabilities. Frontier orbital theory has played a leading role in orbital‐based reaction analyses through the medium of conceptual density functional theory (DFT) called by the name of the Fukui function. Orbital‐based reaction analyses raise the stakes from the experimental viewpoint. However, molecular orbitals are too insensitive to be used in quantitative discussions as symbolized by the fact that several main reactivity indices have recently been questioned. Orbital energies are better suited to quantitative reaction analyses because these are very sensitive to the quality of electron correlation that is included. As orbital energies have recently been accurately reproduced by long‐range corrected DFT, orbital energy‐based theories have also become possible. Although, the Fukui function is not appropriate as an orbital energy‐based reactivity index, the initial orbital energy gap gradient on the intrinsic reaction coordinate may provide a hint to construct theories for orbital energy‐based reaction analysis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with fluorous derivatization method for selective analysis of sialyl oligosaccharides
Authors: Sakaguchi Yohei , Hayama Tadashi , Yoshida Hideyuki , Itoyama Miki , Todoroki Kenichiro , Yamaguchi Masatoshi , Nohta Hitoshi
Published: October 2014

RATIONALE

A separation‐oriented derivatization method using a specific fluorous affinity between perfluoroalkyl‐containing compounds was applied to selective liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) analysis of sialyl oligosaccharides. The perfluoroalkyl‐labeled sialyl oligosaccharides could be selectively retained on an LC column with the perfluoroalkyl‐modified stationary phase and effectively distinguished from non‐derivatized species.

METHODS

Sialyl oligosaccharides (3′‐sialyllactose, 6′‐sialyllactose, sialyllacto‐N‐tetraose a, sialyllacto‐N‐tetraose b, sialyllacto‐N‐tetraose c, and disialyllacto‐N‐tetraose) were derivatized with 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,11‐heptadecafluoroundecylamine via amidation in the presence of 4‐(4,6‐dimethoxy‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl)‐4‐methylmorpholinium chloride (condensation reagent). The obtained derivatives were directly injected onto the fluorous LC column without any pretreatments and then detected by positive electrospray ionization MS/MS.

RESULTS

The method enabled accurate determination of the sialyl oligosaccharides in biological samples such as human urine and human milk, because there was no interference with matrix‐induced effects during LC/MS/MS analysis. The limits of detection of the examined sialyl oligosaccharides, defined as signal‐to‐noise (S/N) = 3, were in the range 0.033–0.13 nM. Accuracy in the range 95.6–108% was achieved, and the precision (relative standard deviation) was within 9.4%.

CONCLUSIONS

This method enabled highly selective and sensitive analysis of sialyl oligosaccharides, enabling accurate measurement of even their trace amounts in biological matrices. The proposed method may prove to be a powerful tool for the analysis of various sialyl oligosaccharides. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐assembly and intra‐cluster reactions of erbium and ytterbium bis(2‐ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinates in the gas phase
Authors: Indelicato Serena , Bongiorno David , Turco Liveri Vincenzo , Mele Andrea , Panzeri Walter , Castiglione Francesca , Ceraulo Leopoldo
Published: October 2014

RATIONALE

The study of surfactant organization in vacuum allows surfactant–surfactant interaction to be unveiled in the absence of surrounding solvent molecules. Knowledge on their chemical‐physical properties may also lead to the definition of more efficient gas‐phase carriers, air‐cleaning agents and nanoreactors. In addition, the presence of lanthanide‐group ions adds unique photochemical properties to surfactants.

METHODS

The structural features, stability and fragmentation patterns of charged aggregates formed by lanthanide‐functionalized surfactants, ytterbium and erbium bis(2‐ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate ((AOT)3Yb and (AOT)3Er), have been investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) and energy‐resolved mass spectrometry (ER‐MS).

RESULTS

The experimental data indicate that the self‐assembling of (AOT)3Yb and (AOT)3Er in the gas phase leads to the formation of a wide range of singly charged aggregates differing in their aggregation number, relative abundance and stability. In addition to specific effects on aggregate organization due to the presence of lanthanide ions, ER‐MS experiments show rearrangements and in‐cage reactions activated by collision, eventually including alkyl chain intra‐cluster migration.

CONCLUSIONS

Analysis of the experimental findings suggests that the observed chemical transformations occur within an organized supramolecular assembly rather than in a random association of components. The fragmentation pathways leading to the neutral loss of a fragment of nominal mass 534 Da, assigned as C28H54O7S, from some positively charged aggregates has been rationalized. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric analysis of rat cerebrospinal fluid proteins following exposure to the neurotoxicant carbonyl sulfide
Authors: Lardinois O. , Kirby P. J. , Morgan D. L. , Sills R. C. , Tomer K. B. , Deterding L. J.
Published: October 2014

RATIONALE

Using a proteomic‐based approach we have investigated possible altered expression of a range of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) proteins following exposure to the neurotoxicant carbonyl sulfide (COS). CSF is ideal for the investigation of markers of brain injury or disease since it is secreted from several central nervous system structures and changes in the CSF composition may reflect brain insult and many pathological processes.

METHODS

Animals were placed in exposure chambers and were exposed to 0 ppm or 500 ppm COS for 1, 2 or 3 days, 6 h per day. After the last inhalation exposure, 50–70 μL CSF sample was obtained by lumbar puncture. CSF samples were analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) on either a Premier quadrupole time‐of‐flight (QTOF) or an Agilent 6340 ion trap and by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)‐MS on a 4800 MALDI‐TOF/TOF analyzer.

RESULTS

The dynamic range of abundance of the identified proteins spanned over more than three orders of magnitude. The four most abundant proteins identified (albumin, cystatin C, serotransferrin, transthyretin) are major proteins that are present in both CSF and blood at high levels but the fifth most abundant protein identified (prostaglandin H2D isomerase) is the second most abundant protein in human CSF and is secreted and synthesized in the rat central nervous system. No significant differences were observed between COS‐treated CSF samples and the control CSF samples because of blood contamination.

CONCLUSIONS

Quantitative MS protein analyses of rat CSF is limited by the low sample volumes that can practicably be obtained from rats and the low protein concentrations in rat CSF. Results of this work suggest a clear need for CSF collection that would minimize blood contamination. Published in 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Evaluating nonpolar surface area and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry response: an application for site occupancy measurements for enzyme intermediates in polyketide biosynthesis
Authors: Randall Shan M. , Koryakina Irina , Williams Gavin J. , Muddiman David C.
Published: October 2014

RATIONALE

Site occupancy measurements using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) are reported throughout the literature. However, site occupancy quantification suffers from ionization bias between modified and unmodified peptides containing the active site. In this study, we explore the MS signal as a function of nonpolar surface area (NPSA) in order to better understand this bias in electrospray response. The correlation between hydrophobicity and LC/MS response was evaluated and applied to study enzyme intermediates in polyketide synthases.

METHODS

Site occupancy methods were developed to study acyltransferase activity. To further evaluate these methods, several standard peptides containing one cysteine residue were modified with alkylation reagents of increasing hydrophobicity to study the MS signal as a function of NPSA.

RESULTS

A consistent trend in MS response was observed which is dependent on the NPSA of the analyte. An optimal NPSA zone was observed for the peptides studied.

CONCLUSIONS

Nonpolar surface area can be used as metric to determine relative LC/MS response for peptides and evaluate site occupancy measurements. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A robust automated markerless registration framework for neurosurgery navigation
Authors: Jiang Long , Zhang Shaoting , Yang Jie , Zhuang Xiahai , Zhang Lixia , Gu Lixu
Published: October 2014

Background

The registration of a pre‐operative image with the intra‐operative patient is a crucial aspect for the success of navigation in neurosurgery.

Methods

First, the intra‐operative face is reconstructed, using a structured light technique, while the pre‐operative face is segmented from head CT/MRI images. In order to perform neurosurgery navigation, a markerless surface registration method is designed by aligning the intra‐operative face to the pre‐operative face. We propose an efficient and robust registration approach based on the scale invariant feature transform (SIFT), and compare it with iterative closest point (ICP) and coherent point drift (CPD) through a new evaluation standard.

Results

Our registration method was validated by studies of 10 volunteers and one synthetic model. The average symmetrical surface distances (ASDs) for ICP, CPD and our registration method were 2.24 ± 0.53, 2.18 ± 0.41 and 2.30 ± 0.69 mm, respectively. The average running times of ICP, CPD and our registration method were 343.46, 3847.56 and 0.58 s, respectively.

Conclusion

Our system can quickly reconstruct the intra‐operative face, and then efficiently and accurately align it to the pre‐operative image, meeting the registration requirements in neurosurgery navigation. It avoids a tedious set‐up process for surgeons. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light and Atmosphere Affect the Quasi‐equilibrium States of Graphite Oxide and Graphene Oxide Powders
Authors: Chua Chun Kiang , Pumera Martin
Published: October 2014

Graphite oxide (GiO) and graphene oxide (GeO) possess wide applicability in technological devices. The exact chemical compositions, structures, and properties of these materials remain vague to the graphene community despite being heavily researched. As metastable materials, the properties of GiO and GeO are easily manipulated under various conditions of temperature, light, and atmosphere. Although these aspects are important considerations for long‐term storage of the materials, they are not well understood. In this experimental work, investigations are performed to determine how light and atmosphere contribute to the characteristics of GiO and GeO powders. The study shows that, at room‐temperature, the quasi‐equilibrium states of both materials, in specific the O/C ratios, vary according to the storage conditions. Drastic disparities between GiO and GeO are observed. GiO kept away from light and GeO kept under inert atmosphere maintain relatively high O/C ratios. As the metastable states of the materials are governed by the diffusion of oxygen functionalities, the presence of epoxide groups diminishes while negligible changes occur to the sp2 lattice size. This experimental work lays out fundamental aspects that govern the stability of frequently mass‐produced GiO and GeO powders under different environments, with major implications on their optimal storage conditions.
Exploiting the European Union trusted service status list for certificate validation in STORK: design, implementation, and lessons learnt
Authors: Berbecaru Diana , Lioy Antonio
Published: October 2014

Since December 2009, the European Union Trusted Service Status Lists (TSLs) have been specified and adopted across European Union countries in order to enable the verification of digital signatures with legal values. This paper deals with the exploitation of TSLs in real digital services, other than electronic signatures, that is for certificate validation service. In particular, we used such lists in the service provided by the pan‐European Secure identTities acRoss boRders linKed identity management infrastructure in order to validate X.509 public key certificates. In addition, we propose an XML data structure to be used in conjunction with a TSL, in the form of a Trust Service Association (TrSA) file, to hold trust relationships between different services in a TSL. The TrSA file in conjunction with the TSLs may be used directly by the service providers or users to validate certificates. For the generation of the TSLs, we propose also a tool for automatic generation of the TSLs, named TSLGenerator. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging inclusion complex formation in starch granules using confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: Manca Marianna , Woortman Albert J. J. , Loos Katja , Loi Maria A.
Published: October 2014

The tendency of amylose to form inclusion complexes with guest molecules has been an object of wide interest due to its fundamental role in food processing. Here we investigated the features of starch granules from several botanical sources using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and uncovered the interactions between amylose and fluorescent lipophilic molecules below gelatinization temperature. In natural starch granules, we reveal complexation of lipophilic molecules labeled with fluorescein with amylose located at the periphery of the granules, appearing as a bright well‐defined luminescent rim. This phenomenon is occurring below the gelatinization point for very low concentration of aliphatic chains. Control experiments performed with the fluorescein dye show staining of the whole granule, evidencing non‐specific interactions. Similarly, experiments performed with waxy granules show a broader luminescent rim when interacting with the lipid‐dye molecules.
Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Ameliorate Cigarette Smoke-Induced Murine Myelosuppression via Secretion of TSG-6
Authors: Xie Jie , Broxmeyer Hal E. , Feng Dongni , Schweitzer Kelly S. , Yi Ru , Cook Todd G. , Chitteti Brahmananda R. , Barwinska Daria , Traktuev Dmitry O. , Van Demark Mary J. , Justice Matthew J. , Ou Xuan , Srour Edward F. , Prockop Darwin J. , Petrache Irina , March Keith L.
Published: October 2014

Objective: Bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC/HPC) are critical to homeostasis and tissue repair. The aims of this study were to delineate the myelotoxicity of cigarette smoking (CS) in a murine model, to explore human adipose-derived stem cells (hASC) as a novel approach to mitigate this toxicity, and to identify key mediating factors for ASC activities. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were exposed to CS with or without i.v. injection of regular or siRNA-transfected hASC. For in vitro experiments, cigarette smoke extract was used to mimic the toxicity of CS exposure. Analysis of bone marrow HPC was performed both by flow cytometry and colony-forming unit assays. Results: In this study, we demonstrate that as few as 3 days of CS exposure results in marked cycling arrest and diminished clonogenic capacity of HPC, followed by depletion of phenotypically defined HSC/HPC. Intravenous injection of hASC substantially ameliorated both acute and chronic CS-induced myelosuppression. This effect was specifically dependent on the anti-inflammatory factor TSG-6, which is induced from xenografted hASC, primarily located in the lung and capable of responding to host inflammatory signals. Gene expression analysis within bone marrow HSC/HPC revealed several specific signaling molecules altered by CS and normalized by hASC. Conclusion: Our results suggest that systemic administration of hASC or TSG-6 may be novel approaches to reverse CS-induced myelosuppression. Stem Cells  2015;33:468–478
An efficient tree‐structured vector quantization using dynamic triangular inequality elimination
Authors: Chu Chao‐Ping , Yeh Cheng‐Yu , Hwang Shaw‐Hwa
Published: October 2014

As applied to a vector quantization (VQ) codebook search, a combined version of a dynamic triangular inequality elimination (DTIE) and a tree‐structured VQ (TSVQ) algorithm, designated as the DTIE–TSVQ approach, is presented in this letter as an efficient way to reach the aim of search performance improvement by successive updating of the search scope and reduced search load through the DTIE algorithm. In this manner, this proposal features the combined advantages of a TIE and a TSVQ algorithm such that 100% search accuracy is rendered together with a remarkable reduction in computational load. At the end of this work, this proposal is validated as a superior algorithm over TIE and conventional TSVQ algorithms by a high computational load saving up to 97.45% when dealing with line spectral frequency (LSF) quantization in a G.729 speech codec and image VQ encodings. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Syntheses and Characterization of Silver Phenylphosphonates and Phenylarsonates, AgxH4–x(O3PPh)2 (x = 1–4) and AgxH4–x(O3AsPh)2 (x = 2, 4)
Authors: Padalwar Nitin Balkrushna , Akkisetty Bhaskar , Vidyasagar Kanamaluru
Published: October 2014

Six phenylphosphonates and phenylarsonates of silver, Ag(HO3PPh)(H2O3PPh) (1), Ag2(HO3PPh)2 (2), Ag3(O3PPh)(HO3PPh) (3), Ag4(O3PPh)2 (4), Ag2(HO3AsPh)2 (5), and Ag4(O3AsPh)2 (6) were isolated and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The 1:2 silver phenylphosphonate, Ag(HO3PPh)(H2O3PPh) (1) has ladder‐type structural framework of known isostructural ammonium phenylphosphonate, whereas the remaining five compounds have layered structures. The silver ions are four‐coordinated in compounds 1–5 and both three‐ and four‐coordinated in compound 6. The two silver phenylarsonates are not isostructural with their phenylphosphonate analogues. Polycrystalline samples of compounds 2, 4, 5 and 6 are synthesized and characterized by powder XRD, thermogravimetric and spectroscopic techniques.
Chemical Reactions followed by in situ Neutron Powder Diffraction
Authors: Hansen Thomas C. , Kohlmann Holger
Published: October 2014

In situ neutron powder diffraction is a very convenient tool for the investigation of chemical reactions, whenever crystalline solids are involved. It may give insight into reaction pathways, thus allowing for strategic synthesis planning, revealing particular intermediate steps and quantifying the reaction kinetics. Although the method is rather straightforward, one is bound to a small number of available neutron sources and the few sufficiently high intensity powder diffractometers there, most of which are briefly described herein. The high penetration depth of thermal neutrons allows for a large range of complex sample environments; however neutron absorption and parasitic scattering have to be carefully considered in the construction of dedicated in situ equipment. Some specific types of sample environment, specially designed for in situ neutron powder diffraction will be discussed such as electrochemical cells, autoclaves for the study of solvothermal reactions, and gas‐solid reaction cells. Several examples from inorganic chemistry are being presented, ranging from metal hydrides, nitrides, oxides, and halides, to intermetallic compounds or metal organic frameworks, many of them of importance in applications, e.g. in lithium ion batteries, as magnetic or hard materials, high strength alloys, hydrogen storage, ferroelectric or superconducting materials, or as solid catalysts. In situ neutron powder diffraction often paves the way to a better reaction control in chemical synthesis, to the discovery of metastable compounds or gives insight into technologically relevant processes. These successful applications in inorganic chemistry demonstrate the usefulness of the method of in situ neutron powder diffraction and may encourage the reader to consider neutron diffraction in the repertoire of analytic tools.
Posterosuperior Lesion has a High Risk of Lateral and Central Nodal Metastasis in Solitary Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Lee Dong Jin , Lee Kyu Ho , Kim Jin Hwan , Kwon Kee Hwan , Yoon Dae Young , Rho Young Soo
Published: October 2014

Background

Preoperative nodal assessment of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is very important because 60 to 70 % of all disease recurrence in the neck can occur in the lymph nodes. This study explored the association between ultrasonographic intrathyroidal location and the nodal metastasis pattern in solitary PTC.

Methods

Data from 218 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with or without neck dissection for previously untreated PTC between 2006 and 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Only patient data for which both preoperative ultrasound findings and postoperative pathologic reports were available were included. Multifocal cases, cases with extrathyroidal extension, and distant metastasis were excluded. The association between nodal metastasis pattern and clinical or pathologic features of solitary PTCs was analyzed, as was the association between ultrasonographic intrathyroidal location and central or lateral nodal metastasis in solitary PTC.

Results

Mass size larger than 2 cm (p < 0.001, Odds ratio (OR) 4.117) and central nodal metastasis (p < 0.001, OR 3.984) were related with lateral neck metastasis in multivariate analysis. Male sex (p = 0.001, OR 3.012) and capsular invasion (p < 0.001, OR 4.720) were related with central neck metastasis in multivariate analysis. When analyzing ultrasonographic location of intrathyroidal solitary lesion, posterosuperiorly located lesion was strongly associated with both lateral and central neck metastasis. (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively).

Conclusions

Posterosuperior location of intrathyroidal solitary PTC has a high risk of lateral and central nodal metastasis when compared to other locations. For such patients, careful preoperative evaluation of nodal status should be done.
Ceramic Liner Fracture and Impingement in Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Steinhoff Amy , Hakim Victor , Walker Richard H. , Colwell Clifford W. , Copp Steven N.
Published: October 2014

Background

Ceramic-on-ceramic bearing surfaces were developed to provide an alternate to metal-on-polyethylene to decrease wear-induced osteolysis in total hip arthroplasty patients. In an effort to decrease the risk of ceramic acetabular component fracture or damage during implantation, a raised metal rim was added.

Questions/Purposes

How many fractures or impingements have occurred in our population of patients with ceramic liners with raised rims?

Methods

With IRB-approved consent, a case series was reviewed from a single center registry and 4 of 169 patients were identified who had revision hip surgery with the ceramic liner with a raised metal rim: one for ceramic liner fracture and three for metallosis, pain, and squeaking. Implant alignment and operative findings were reviewed.

Results

One ceramic liner fracture and three cases of metallosis from impingement of the femoral neck on the posterior elevated metal rim of the acetabular liner were observed at revision. The femoral neck in each patient had a divot that corresponded to a divot in the posterosuperior liner rim. Three of the four patients had audible squeaking or clicking prior to revision. A total of 3% of patients in this series had clinically significant impingement with this implant type.

Conclusion

Acoustic phenomenon in a ceramic on ceramic bearing surface should be investigated with a cross-table lateral radiograph to evaluate component position. If symptomatic impingement is demonstrated, revision should be considered to avoid failure from metallosis or fracture.
Direct Polymerization of Vernonia Oil through Cationic Means
Authors: Biswas Atanu , Cheng H. N. , Klasson K. Thomas , Liu Zengshe , Berfield Janet , Ayorinde F. O.
Published: October 2014

Vernonia oil is obtained by extraction from Vernonia galamensis seeds. It is a triglyceride containing 70–80 % vernolic acid (12,13‐epoxy‐9‐decenoic acid). With approximately three epoxy groups per molecule, vernonia oil is a good raw material for new product development and many derivatives have been reported. In this work we report for the first time direct polymerization of vernonia oil through cationic means. The reaction entails the use of fluorosulfonic acid as a catalyst and 25–35 °C. Depending on the level of acid catalyst used, the products can range from a viscous oil to a completely insoluble resin. These products have been characterized by NMR and FT‐IR. The polymer may perhaps find applications as a thickener in lubricants and oil‐based commercial formulations.
Positional‐Species Composition of Triacylglycerols from the Arils of Mature Euonymus Fruits
Authors: Sidorov Roman A. , Pchelkin Vasily P. , Zhukov Anatoly V. , Vereshchagin Andrei G. , Tsydendambaev Vladimir D.
Published: October 2014

Positional‐species composition (PSC) of 1,2,3‐triacyl‐sn‐glycerols (TAG) from the arils of mature fruits of 13 species of Euonymus L. genus was established. The residues of six major fatty acids (FA), palmitic, stearic, hexadecenoic (H), octadecenoic (O), linoleic (L), and linolenic, were present in the TAG. PSC of TAG was determined by their partial lipase hydrolysis. By using hierarchical cluster and principal component analyses, it was definitely demonstrated that separate taxonomic units forming this genus were significantly distinguished as regards PSC of TAG. In particular, the Euonymus subgenus greatly exceeded the Kalonymus subgenus in both total content of L in TAG and in the rate of its incorporation into their mid‐position, while TAG of Kalonymus were marked by a prevalence of O‐TAG and sn‐2‐O isomers. Thus, these subgenera were significantly distinct in the rate of incorporation of O and L residues in the sn‐2 position of TAG molecules. Meanwhile, the TAG from the Euonymus section species were marked by an enhanced concentration of H and the incorporation of H in UUU TAG was much more active than in other TAG types. As for positional‐type composition of TAG, saturated FA were always virtually absent in the sn‐2 position of Euonymus aril TAG.
FERM domain‐containing protein FRMD5 regulates cell motility via binding to integrin β5 subunit and ROCK1
Authors: Hu Jinxia , Niu Miaomiao , Li Xueying , Lu Danyu , Cui Jia , Xu Weizhi , Li Gang , Zhan Jun , Zhang Hongquan
Published: October 2014

FRMD5 is a novel FERM domain‐containing protein depicted in tumor progression. However, the mechanisms underlying FRMD5 inhibition of cell migration is largely unknown. Here, we show that FRMD5 regulates cell migration by interacting with integrin β5 cytoplasmic tail and ROCK1 in human lung cancer cells. FRMD5 promotes cell–matrix adhesion and cell spreading on vitronectin, and thus inhibits cell migration. Furthermore, FRMD5 interacts with ROCK1 and inhibits its activation that leads to the inhibition of myosin light chain phosphorylation and the actin stress fiber formation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the putative tumor suppressive protein FRMD5 regulates tumor cell motility via a dual pathway involving FRMD5 binding to integrin β5 tail and to ROCK1.
Next‐generation clinical trials: Novel strategies to address the challenge of tumor molecular heterogeneity
Authors: Catenacci Daniel V.T.
Published: October 2014

The promise of ‘personalized cancer care’ with therapies toward specific molecular aberrations has potential to improve outcomes. However, there is recognized heterogeneity within any given tumor‐type from patient to patient (inter‐patient heterogeneity), and within an individual (intra‐patient heterogeneity) as demonstrated by molecular evolution through space (primary tumor to metastasis) and time (after therapy). These issues have become hurdles to advancing cancer treatment outcomes with novel molecularly targeted agents. Classic trial design paradigms are challenged by heterogeneity, as they are unable to test targeted therapeutics against low frequency genomic ‘oncogenic driver’ aberrations with adequate power. Usual accrual difficulties to clinical trials are exacerbated by low frequencies of any given molecular driver. To address these challenges, there is need for innovative clinical trial designs and strategies implementing novel diagnostic biomarker technologies to account for inter‐patient molecular diversity and scarce tissue for analysis. Importantly, there is also need for pre‐defined treatment priority algorithms given numerous aberrations commonly observed within any one individual sample. Access to multiple available therapeutic agents simultaneously is crucial. Finally intra‐patient heterogeneity through time may be addressed by serial biomarker assessment at the time of tumor progression. This report discusses various ‘next‐generation’ biomarker‐driven trial designs and their potentials and limitations to tackle these recognized molecular heterogeneity challenges. Regulatory hurdles, with respect to drug and companion diagnostic development and approval, are considered. Focus is on the ‘Expansion Platform Design Types I and II’, the latter demonstrated with a first example, ‘PANGEA: Personalized Anti‐Neoplastics for Gastro‐Esophageal Adenocarcinoma’. Applying integral medium‐throughput genomic and proteomic assays along with a practical biomarker assessment and treatment algorithm, ‘PANGEA’ attempts to address the problem of heterogeneity towards successful implementation of molecularly targeted therapies.
Three-dimensional instabilities of a stratified cylinder wake
Authors: Bosco M. , Meunier P.
Published: October 2014

This paper describes experimentally, numerically and theoretically how the three-dimensional instabilities of a cylinder wake are modified by the presence of a linear density stratification. The first part is focused on the case of a cylinder with a small tilt angle between the cylinder’s axis and the vertical. The classical mode A well-known for a homogeneous fluid is still present. It is more unstable for moderate stratifications but it is stabilized by a strong stratification. The second part treats the case of a moderate tilt angle. For moderate stratifications, a new unstable mode appears, mode S, characterized by undulated layers of strong density gradients and axial flow. These structures correspond to Kelvin–Helmholtz billows created by the strong shear present in the critical layer of each tilted von Kármán vortex. The last two parts deal with the case of a strongly tilted cylinder. For a weak stratification, an instability (mode RT) appears far from the cylinder, due to the overturning of the isopycnals by the von Kármán vortices. For a strong stratification, a short wavelength unstable mode (mode L) appears, even in the absence of von Kármán vortices. It is probably due to the strong shear created by the lee waves upstream of a secondary recirculation bubble. A map of the four different unstable modes is established in terms of the three parameters of the study: the Reynolds number, the Froude number (characterizing the stratification) and the tilt angle.
Study on high-Weber-number droplet collision by a parallel, adaptive interface-tracking method
Authors: Kuan Chih-Kuang , Pan Kuo-Long , Shyy Wei
Published: October 2014

We have established a parallel, adaptive interface-tracking framework in order to conduct, based on the framework, direct simulation of binary head-on droplet collision in the high-Weber-number regime (from 200 to 1500) that exhibits complex topological changes and substantial length scale variations. The overall algorithms include a combined Eulerian and Lagrangian solver to track moving interfaces, conservative Lagrangian mesh modification and reconstruction, cell-based unstructured adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) in the Eulerian solver, and associated Eulerian and Lagrangian domain partitions to minimize communication overhead. Based on the combined computational and experimental efforts, we have resolved for the first time the free-surface instabilities of the colliding droplets at such high Weber number. We detail the characteristics of coalescence, stretch, end pinching, fingering, free-surface movement and drop breakup. The Taylor–Culick rim is present soon after the collision. Furthermore, we observe two types of longitudinal instabilities on the rim, namely, the Rayleigh–Taylor (RT)-type instability in the initial deceleration phase of the circular sheet right after droplet coalescence, and later the Rayleigh–Plateau (RP) instabilities. As the Taylor–Culick rim disintegrates in the retraction phase, fingering effect is profound and resulting in wider droplet size distribution.
Dynamics of fluid flow over a circular flexible plate
Authors: Hua Ru-Nan , Zhu Luoding , Lu Xi-Yun
Published: October 2014

The dynamics of viscous fluid flow over a circular flexible plate are studied numerically by an immersed boundary–lattice Boltzmann method for the fluid flow and a finite-element method for the plate motion. When the plate is clamped at its centre and placed in a uniform flow, it deforms by the flow-induced forces exerted on its surface. A series of distinct deformation modes of the plate are found in terms of the azimuthal fold number from axial symmetry to multifold deformation patterns. The developing process of deformation modes is analysed and both steady and unsteady states of the fluid–structure system are identified. The drag reduction due to the plate deformation and the elastic potential energy of the flexible plate are investigated. Theoretical analysis is performed to elucidate the deformation characteristics. The results obtained in this study provide physical insight into the understanding of the mechanisms on the dynamics of the fluid–structure system.