bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal Comfort in Transition Spaces
Authors: Pitts Adrian
Published: January 2013

Resource depletion and global warming dictate needs to reduce energy consumption, however energy used for the environmental space conditioning of buildings remains substantial; even in well-designed examples. Therefore the ways in which buildings are utilized, and occupant expectations of comfort in building environments should be researched to determine alternative means for optimizing performance. This paper deals with transition spaces (entrance foyers, circulation zones, lift lobbies, stairways and atria) and thermal comfort experiences. It both reviews existing reported research into comfort in such spaces, and introduces new information from a range of studies completed in recent years. It assesses the usefulness and applicability of design standards which exist, but which are primarily concerned with more permanently (rather than transitorily) occupied spaces within buildings. Three main categories of transition space are identified: entrance zones; circulation zones; and zones of longer residence-time such as atria. The analysis indicates that different design standards, or variations on existing standards, should be considered for application in each type of space. The outcomes of this work suggest opportunities to reduce environmental conditioning and therefore energy use in such spaces; spaces which can make up a significant fraction of the overall floor area/volume of workplace buildings.
Is Encephalopathy a Mechanism to Renew Sulfate in Autism?
Authors: Seneff Stephanie , Lauritzen Ann , Davidson Robert , Lentz-Marino Laurie
Published: January 2013

This paper makes two claims: (1) autism can be characterized as a chronic low-grade encephalopathy, associated with excess exposure to nitric oxide, ammonia and glutamate in the central nervous system, which leads to hippocampal pathologies and resulting cognitive impairment, and (2), encephalitis is provoked by a systemic deficiency in sulfate, but associated seizures and fever support sulfate restoration. We argue that impaired synthesis of cholesterol sulfate in the skin and red blood cells, catalyzed by sunlight and nitric oxide synthase enzymes, creates a state of colloidal instability in the blood manifested as a low zeta potential and increased interfacial stress. Encephalitis, while life-threatening, can result in partial renewal of sulfate supply, promoting neuronal survival. Research is cited showing how taurine may not only help protect neurons from hypochlorite exposure, but also provide a source for sulfate renewal. Several environmental factors can synergistically promote the encephalopathy of autism, including the herbicide, glyphosate, aluminum, mercury, lead, nutritional deficiencies in thiamine and zinc, and yeast overgrowth due to excess dietary sugar. Given these facts, dietary and lifestyle changes, including increased sulfur ingestion, organic whole foods, increased sun exposure, and avoidance of toxins such as aluminum, mercury, and lead, may help to alleviate symptoms or, in some instances, to prevent autism altogether.
Expanding the Algorithmic Information Theory Frame for Applications to Earth Observation
Authors: Cerra Daniele , Datcu Mihai
Published: January 2013

Recent years have witnessed an increased interest towards compression-based methods and their applications to remote sensing, as these have a data-driven and parameter-free approach and can be thus succesfully employed in several applications, especially in image information mining. This paper expands the algorithmic information theory frame, on which these methods are based. On the one hand, algorithms originally defined in the pattern matching domain are reformulated, allowing a better understanding of the available compression-based tools for remote sensing applications. On the other hand, the use of existing compression algorithms is proposed to store satellite images with added semantic value.
Regulatory Compliance and Environmental Benefit Analysis of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Wen-Tien
Published: January 2013

The energy conservation achieved by utilizing waste heat in the energy and industrial sectors has became more and more important after the energy crisis in the 1970s because it plays a vital role in the potential energy-efficiency improvement. In this regard, cogeneration (combined heat and power, CHP) systems are thus becoming attractive due to the energy, economic, and environmental policies for pursuing stable electricity supply, sustainable development and environmental pollution mitigation in Taiwan. The objective of this paper is to present an updated analysis of CHP systems in Taiwan during the period from 1990 to 2010. The description in the paper is thus based on an analysis of electricity supply/consumption and its sources from CHP systems during the past two decades, and centered on two important regulations in compliance with CHP systems (i.e., Energy Management Law and Environmental Impact Assessment Act). Based on the total net power generation from CHP systems (i.e., 35,626 GWh) in 2011, it was found that the carbon dioxide reduction benefits were estimated to be around 20,000 Gg.
Understanding Urban Green Space as a Health Resource: A Qualitative Comparison of Visit Motivation and Derived Effects among Park Users in Sheffield, UK
Authors: Irvine Katherine , Warber Sara , Devine-Wright Patrick , Gaston Kevin
Published: January 2013

With increasing interest in the use of urban green space to promote human health, there is a need to understand the extent to which park users conceptualize these places as a resource for health and well-being. This study sought to examine park users’ own reasons for and benefits from green space usage and compare these with concepts and constructs in existing person-environment-health theories and models of health. Conducted in 13 public green spaces in Sheffield, UK, we undertook a qualitative content analysis of 312 park users’ responses to open-ended interview questions and identified a breadth, depth and salience of visit motivators and derived effects. Findings highlight a discrepancy between reasons for visiting and derived effects from the use of urban green space. Motivations emphasized walking, green space qualities, and children. Derived effects highlighted relaxation, positive emotions within the self and towards the place, and spiritual well-being. We generate a taxonomy of motivations and derived effects that could facilitate operationalization within empirical research and articulate a conceptual framework linking motivators to outcomes for investigating green space as a resource for human health and well-being.
Pre-Treatment of Platinum Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells with an MMP-9/MMP-2 Inhibitor Prior to Cisplatin Enhances Cytotoxicity as Determined by High Content Screening
Authors: Laios Alexandros , Mohamed Bashir , Kelly Lynne , Flavin Richard , Finn Stephen , McEvoy Lynda , Gallagher Michael , Martin Cara , Sheils Orla , Ring Martina , Davies Anthony , Lawson Margaret , Gleeson Noreen , D'Arcy Tom , D'Adhemar Charles , Norris Lucy , Langhe Ream , Saadeh Feras , O'Leary John , O'Toole Sharon
Published: January 2013

Platinum resistance is a major cause of treatment failure in ovarian cancer. We previously identified matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) as a potential therapeutic target of chemoresistant disease. A2780cis (cisplatin-resistant) and A2780 (cisplatin-sensitive) ovarian carcinoma cell lines were used. The cytotoxic effect of MMP-9/MMP-2 inhibitor, (2R)-2-[(4-Biphenylsulfonyl) amino]-3 phenylpropionic acid (C21H19NO4S) alone or in combination with cisplatin was determined using high content screening. Protein expression was examined using immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Co-incubation of cisplatin and an MMP-9/MMP-2 inhibitor, (2R)-2-[(4-Biphenylsulfonyl) amino]-3 phenylpropionic acid (C21H19NO4S) resulted in significantly greater cytotoxicity as compared to either treatment alone in a cisplatin resistant MMP-9 overexpressing cell line; A2780cis. In addition, pre-incubating with MMP-9i prior to cisplatin further enhances the cytotoxic effect. No significant difference was observed in MMP-9 protein in tissue but a trend towards increased MMP-9 was observed in recurrent serum. We propose that MMP-9/MMP-2i may be utilized in the treatment of recurrent/chemoresistant ovarian cancers that overexpress MMP-9 mRNA but its role in vivo remains to be evaluated.
Low Oxygen Tension Maintains Multipotency, Whereas Normoxia Increases Differentiation of Mouse Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
Authors: Berniakovich Ina , Giorgio Marco
Published: January 2013

Optimization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) culture conditions is of great importance for their more successful application in regenerative medicine. O2 regulates various aspects of cellular biology and, in vivo, MSC are exposed to different O2 concentrations spanning from very low tension in the bone marrow niche, to higher amounts in wounds. In our present work, we isolated mouse bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and showed that they contained a population meeting requirements for MSC definition. In order to establish the effect of low O2 on cellular properties, we examined BSMC cultured under hypoxic (3% O2) conditions. Our results demonstrate that 3% O2 augmented proliferation of BMSC, as well as the formation of colonies in the colony-forming unit assay (CFU-A), the percentage of quiescent cells, and the expression of stemness markers Rex-1 and Oct-4, thereby suggesting an increase in the stemness of culture when exposed to hypoxia. In contrast, intrinsic differentiation processes were inhibited by 3% O2. Overall yield of differentiation was dependent on the adjustment of O2 tension to the specific stage of BMSC culture. Thus, we established a strategy for efficient BMSC in vitro differentiation using an initial phase of cell propagation at 3% O2, followed by differentiation stage at 21% O2. We also demonstrated that 3% O2 affected BMSC differentiation in p53 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) independent pathways. Our findings can significantly contribute to the obtaining of high-quality MSC for effective cell therapy.
Performance of Cooperative Eigenvalue Spectrum Sensing with a Realistic Receiver Model under Impulsive Noise
Authors: Guimarães Dayan , De Souza Rausley , Barreto André
Published: January 2013

In this paper we present a unified comparison of the performance of four detection techniques for centralized data-fusion cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks under impulsive noise, namely, the eigenvalue-based generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT), the maximum-minimum eigenvalue detection (MMED), the maximum eigenvalue detection (MED), and the energy detection (ED). We consider two system models: an implementation-oriented model that includes the most relevant signal processing tasks realized by a real cognitive radio receiver, and the theoretical model conventionally adopted in the literature. We show that under the implementation-oriented model, GLRT and MMED are quite robust under impulsive noise, whereas the performance of MED and ED is drastically degraded. We also show that performance under the conventional model can be too pessimistic if impulsive noise is present, whereas it can be too optimistic in the absence of this impairment. We also discuss the fact that impulsive noise is not such a severe problem when we take into account the more realistic implementation-oriented model.
Low Stress Mechanical Properties of Plasma-Treated Cotton Fabric Subjected to Zinc Oxide-Anti-Microbial Treatment
Authors: Kan Chi-Wai , Lam Yin-Ling
Published: January 2013

Cotton fabrics are highly popular because of their excellent properties such as regeneration, bio-degradation, softness, affinity to skin and hygroscopic properties. When in contact with the human body, cotton fabrics offer an ideal environment for microbial growth due to their ability to retain oxygen, moisture and warmth, as well as nutrients from spillages and body sweat. Therefore, an anti-microbial coating formulation (Microfresh and Microban together with zinc oxide as catalyst) was developed for cotton fabrics to improve treatment effectiveness. In addition, plasma technology was employed in the study which roughened the surface of the materials, improving the loading of zinc oxides on the surface. In this study, the low stress mechanical properties of plasma pre-treated and/or anti-microbial-treated cotton fabric were studied. The overall results show that the specimens had improved bending properties when zinc oxides were added in the anti-microbial coating recipe. Also, without plasma pre-treatment, anti-microbial-treatment of cotton fabric had a positive effect only on tensile resilience, shear stress at 0.5° and compressional energy, while plasma-treated specimens had better overall tensile properties even after anti-microbial treatment.
A National Observational Study of the Prevalence and Use of Enteral Tube Feeding, Parenteral Nutrition and Intravenous Glucose in Cancer Patients Enrolled in Specialized Palliative Care
Authors: Orrevall Ylva , Tishelman Carol , Permert Johan , Lundström Staffan
Published: January 2013

The use of artificial nutrition remains controversial for cancer patients in palliative care, and its prevalence is largely unknown. We therefore conducted a national study to investigate the prevalence, indications for, and perceived benefit of enteral/parenteral nutrition and intravenous glucose in this patient group. A cross-sectional study was performed within the palliative care research network in Sweden (PANIS), using a web-based survey with 24 questions on demographics, prescribed nutritional treatment, estimated survival and benefit from treatment. Data was received from 32 palliative care units throughout the country, representing 1083 patients with gastrointestinal and gynecological malignancies being the most common diagnoses. Thirteen percent of the patients received enteral/parenteral nutrition or intravenous glucose. Parenteral nutrition (PN) was significantly more common in home care units serving the urban Stockholm region (11%) than in other parts of the country (4%). Weight and appetite loss were the predominant indications for PN, with this treatment deemed beneficial for 75% of the palliative patients. Data show that there was great variation in PN use within the country. PN was predominately initiated when patients had weight and appetite loss but still had oral intake, indicating a use of PN that extends beyond the traditional use for patients with obstruction/semi obstruction.
Food Sources of Energy and Nutrients among Children in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2006
Authors: Keast Debra , Fulgoni Victor , Nicklas Theresa , O'Neil Carol
Published: January 2013

Background: Recent detailed analyses of data on dietary sources of energy and nutrients in US children are lacking. The objective of this study was to identify food sources of energy and 28 nutrients for children in the United States. Methods: Analyses of food sources were conducted using a single 24-h recall collected from children 2 to 18 years old (n = 7332) in the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Sources of nutrients contained in foods were determined using nutrient composition databases. Food grouping included ingredients from disaggregated mixtures. Mean energy and nutrient intakes from the total diet and from each food group were adjusted for the sample design using appropriate weights. Percentages of the total dietary intake that food sources contributed were tabulated by rank order. Results: The two top ranked food/food group sources of energy and nutrients were: energy — milk (7% of energy) and cake/cookies/quick bread/pastry/pie (7%); protein — milk (13.2%) and poultry (12.8%); total carbohydrate — soft drinks/soda (10.5%) and yeast bread/rolls (9.1%); total sugars — soft drinks/soda (19.2%) and yeast breads and rolls (12.7%); added sugars — soft drinks/soda (29.7%) and candy/sugar/sugary foods (18.6%); dietary fiber — fruit (10.4%) and yeast bread/rolls (10.3%); total fat — cheese (9.3%) and crackers/popcorn/pretzels/chips (8.4%); saturated fatty acids — cheese (16.3%) and milk (13.3%); cholesterol — eggs (24.2%) and poultry (13.2%); vitamin D — milk (60.4%) and milk drinks (8.3%); calcium — milk (33.2%) and cheese (19.4%); potassium — milk (18.8%) and fruit juice (8.0%); and sodium — salt (18.5%) and yeast bread and rolls (8.4%). Conclusions: Results suggest that many foods/food groupings consumed by children were energy dense, nutrient poor. Awareness of dietary sources of energy and nutrients can help health professionals design effective strategies to reduce energy consumption and increase the nutrient density of children’s diets.
Cooperative Management of a Traditional Irrigation System in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Finger Robert , Borer Anna
Published: January 2013

Traditional channel irrigation systems in Switzerland are managed on a community basis and have high cultural, touristic and ecological values. However, many irrigation communities disappeared in the last decades. This paper analyzes the factors contributing to the continuation of a still existent irrigation community. Our analysis thus provides insights into how to avoid further losses of these unique agricultural systems and to preserve the associated benefits. Based on hypotheses derived from game theoretical analysis, a survey was conducted in an irrigation community located in the canton of Valais. Our results show that the motivation of community members to remain in the traditional system is not a financial one. In contrast, factors such as long-term perspectives, system knowledge, communication and the institutional setting seem to be the basis for the continuation of the analyzed irrigation community. For policy makers, this example shows that the creation of institutions that enable self-governance, communication and knowledge transfer should be considered in this field of rural and agricultural policy making.
On-Farm Diversity of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) in Sudan: A Potential Genetic Resources Conservation Strategy
Authors: Ezebilo Eugene , Elsafi Mohammed , Garkava-Gustavsson Larisa
Published: January 2013

Although the main goal of traditional farming is to produce food, it can play an important role in conservation of genetic resources. This paper reports a study, which explored the diversity of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars grown by farmers and their preferences for different cultivars. The possibilities of using farms as sites for conserving genetic resources are discussed. The data for the study were collected from personal interviews that involved randomly selected date palm farmers in the Northern State and River Nile State, Sudan. Ordered and binary logit models were used to account for possible factors influencing the diversity of cultivars grown by farmers and preferences for different cultivars, respectively. The results showed that the cultivars grown by the respondents vary widely. On average, the Northern State respondents grew twice the number of cultivars as those in the River Nile State. Of all the date palm cultivars, the Barakawi was the most preferred. The diversity of the cultivars grown by the respondents and their preferences were mainly influenced by factors, such as farm location, drought, uses of date palm, years of farming experience, education, income from date palm and household size. The findings will help in designing a more sustainable date palm breeding program, as well as a genetic resources conservation strategy.
Impact of Pre-Therapy Viral Load on Virological Response to Modern First-Line Haart
Authors: Santoro Maria Mercedes , Armenia Daniele , Alteri Claudia , Flandre Philippe , Calcagno Andrea , Santoro Mario , Gori Caterina , Fabeni Lavinia , Bellagamba Rita , Borghi Vanni , Forbici Federica , Latini Alessandra , Palamara Guido , Libertone Raffaella , Tozzi Valerio , Boumis Evangelo , Tommasi Chiara , Pinnetti Carmela , Ammassari Adriana , Nicastri Emanuele , Buonomini Annarita , Svicher Valentina , Andreoni Massimo , Narciso Pasquale , Mussini Cristina , Antinori Andrea , Ceccherini-Silberstein Francesca , Perri Giovanni Di , Perno Carlo Federico
Published: January 2013

Background

We tested whether pre-HAART viraemia affects the achievement and maintenance of virological success in HIV-1-infected patients starting modern first-line therapies.

Methods

A total of 1,430 patients starting their first HAART (genotype-tailored) in 2008 (median; IQR: 2006–2009) were grouped according to levels of pre-HAART viraemia (≤30,000, 30,001–100,000, 100,001–300,000, 300,001–500,000 and >500,000 copies/ml). The impact of pre-therapy viraemia on the time to virological success (viraemia ≤50 copies/ml) and on the time to virological rebound (first of two consecutive viraemia values >50 copies/ml after virological success) were evaluated by Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression analyses.

Results

Median pre-HAART viraemia was 5.1 log10 copies/ml (IQR 4.5–5.5), and 53% of patients had viraemia >100,000 copies/ml. By week 48, the prevalence of patients reaching virological success was >90% in all pre-HAART viraemia ranges, with the only exception of range >500,000 copies/ml (virological success =83%; P<0.001). Higher pre-HAART viraemia was tightly correlated with longer median time to achieve virological success. Cox multivariable estimates confirmed this result: patients with pre-HAART viraemia >500,000 copies/ml showed the lowest hazard of virological undetectability after adjusting for age, gender, pre-HAART CD4+ T-cell count, transmitted drug resistance, calendar year and third drug administered (adjusted hazard ratio [95% CI]: 0.27 [0.21, 0.35]; P<0.001). Pre-HAART viraemia >500,000 copies/ml was also associated with higher probability of virological rebound compared with patients belonging to lower viraemia strata at weeks 4, 12 and 24 ( P=0.050).

Conclusions

At the time of modern HAART, and even though an average >90% of virological success, high pre-HAART viraemia remains an independent factor associated with delayed and decreased virological success. Patients starting HAART with >500,000 copies/ml represent a significant population that may deserve special attention.
Correlation of Topometric and Tomographic Indices with Visual Acuity in Patients with Keratoconus
Authors: Ramos Isaac C , Lopes Bernardo T , Faria-Correia Fernando , Valbon Bruno de Freitas , Belin Michael Wellington , Ambrósio Renato
Published: January 2013

Purpose

To evaluate the correlations of Pentacam keratometric, topometric (derived from front surface curvature) and tomographic (derived from 3D corneal shape analysis) indices with best corrected visual acuity in patients with keratoconus.

Materials and methods

One eye randomly selected of 123 patients with bilateral keratoconus was retrospectively enrolled. All patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination including subjective refraction, distance best-spectacle corrected visual acuity (DCVA) measurement, and rotating Scheimpflug corneal tomography (Pentacam HR; Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) at the same office visit. The correlations between the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) of DCVA and keratometric indices, topometric indices and tomographic indices were tested with nonparametric Spearman correlation coefficients (?).

Results

The mean LogMAR DCVA was 0.32 (~20/42) ±0.27 [range: −0.10 (20/15) to 1.30 (20/400)]. There were strong correlations between DCVA and many keratometric, topometric and tomographic indices. A strong positive correlation was found between DCVA and BAD-Df (ρ = 0.648, p < 0.001), BAD-Db (ρ = 0.633, p < 0.001), K2 (ρ = 0.643, p < 0.001), Kmax (ρ = 0.608, p < 0.001), TKC (ρ = 0.558, p < 0.001), BAD-D (ρ = 0.577, p < 0.001), ISV (ρ = 0.573, p < 0.001), CKI (ρ = 0.530, p < 0.001), KI (ρ = 0.531, p < 0.001). A strong negative correlation was seen between DCVA and Asph Q front 30° (ρ = −0.521, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

There are significant correlations between visual acuity and Pentacam parameters. Such parameters may be considered for improving staging of the disease, as well as for monitoring progression or treatment as outcome measures. There is a potential for combining parameters to enhance the correlations.

How to cite this article

Lopes BT, Ramos IC, Faria-Correia F, Luz A, de Freitas Valbon B, Belin MW, Ambrósio R Jr. Correlation of Topometric and Tomographic Indices with Visual Acuity in Patients with Keratoconus. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2012;1(3):167-172.
De la culpa al seguro. La Ley de Accidentes de Trabajo, Argentina (1915-1955)
Authors: Ramacciotti Karina Inés
Published: January 2013

Este artículo apunta a rastrear las ideas y las políticas efectivamente implementadas en torno a la Ley de Accidentes de Trabajos entre 1915 a 1955 en Argentina. El derrotero de la sanción e implementación de una ley nos permite revisar los cambios y /o las continuidades que se introdujeron en las discusiones técnicas en torno a los cuidados de la salud laboral de los trabajadores. El trabajo analiza a partir de fuentes institucionales, revistas profesionales y jurisprudencia las relaciones entre las agencias estatales y los profesionales.
Izquierda uruguaya y culturas obreras. Propuestas al ‘aire libre’: pic-nics y paseos campestres en Montevideo, 1920-1950
Authors: Porrini Rodolfo
Published: January 2013

El artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre los vínculos entre las ideas y las prácticas de la izquierda uruguaya (anarquista, socialista y comunista) en el uso del tiempo libre por parte de los trabajadores y como esto genera un mundo cultural propio y en tensión con los de las otras clases. Se focaliza en las actividades al “aire libre” en Montevideo (Uruguay) en el tramo 1920-1950. En este trabajo se mostrará especialmente la importancia asignada a “conquistar los espacios” de la ciudad y explorar las bondades del “verde” de la misma, a través de los paseos campestres, pic-nics y excursiones organizados por estas izquierdas.Palabras clave: izquierdas  - tiempo libre – picnics - Uruguay AbstractThe paper presents the results of a research work on relations between the ideas and the practices of Uruguayan left (anarchist, socialist and communist) in connection with workmen’s use of leisure time and how that use creates a cultural world of their own and in tension with the one of other social classes. The article focuses on “outdoor” activities in Montevideo between 1920 and 1950, showing especially the emphasis put by the left wing movements in “conquering urban spaces” and explore the goodnesses of the “green” of the same, through the walks campestres, pic-nics and excursions organized by these lefts. Key words: left –leisure time – picnics - Uruguay
A persistência do conflito industrial organizado. Greves em Portugal entre 1960 e 2008
Authors: Varela Raquel
Published: January 2013

Neste estudo procurámos fazer um levantamento, até aqui inexistente, das greves em Portugal entre 1960 e 2008, historicizá-las, analisá-las e compreendê-las, procurando contribuir para explicar historicamente, por um lado, a permanência da greve como forma de luta ao longo destes últimos 40 anos, e por outro, tentar explicar os picos grevistas, a partir de uma análise que conjuga simultaneamente factores políticos e crises económicas, no quadro daquilo que se considera ser uma mudança estrutural nas formas de organização e de luta das classes trabalhadoras portuguesas, bem como na cultura operária, a partir da industrialização da década de 60 do século XX. Salientámos as diferenças que existem nas greves sobre distintos regimes políticos (Estado Novo, Período Revolucionário, Regime Democrático).
“Sendo agora, como se fôssemos, uma família”: laços entre companheiros de viagem no navio negreiro Emília, no Rio de Janeiro e através do Mundo Atlântico
Authors: Hawthorne Walter
Published: January 2013

Resumo: Este artigo analisa a vida dos africanos num navio negreiro, o Emília. O navio foi capturado pelafragata inglesa Morgiana em 1821 e levado ao Rio de Janeiro. No Rio, a comissão mista anglo-portuguesacondenou o navio pelo crime de comércio ilícito de escravos. Os africanos do Emília ficaram na condição de“africanos livres” sob a custódia do governo local por um período de quatorze anos. Foram distribuídos entreinstituições públicas e concessionários particulares para servir como “trabalhadores livres”. Na prática suasexperiências de trabalho foram semelhantes às de escravos. Depois de quatorze anos, um grupo dos africanoslivres do Emília voltou à África juntos. O artigo propõe que a identidade mais importante para reforçar asrelações entre os africanos não foi uma identidade étnica, mas sim uma identidade nascida no Emília, umaidentidade de companheiros de viagem. Abstract: This article analyzes the lives of a group of Africans from a slave ship, the Emilia. The ship was seizedby the British frigate Morgiana in 1821 and taken to Rio de Janeiro. There, it was condemned by the British andPortuguese mixed commission court for illegal slave trading. The recaptives from the Emilia became “liberatedAfricans” and remained under the custody of the local government for fourteen years. They were distributedamong public institutions and private hirers to serve as “free laborers”. In practice, their labor experiences wereclose to slavery. After fourteen years, a group of the Africans from the Emilia went back to Africa together. Thearticle claims that rather than an ethnic identity, the most important bond among them was the identity theycreated during the middle passage on board the Emília, a shipmate identity.
The Finance-Growth Nexus Revisited: From Origins to a Modern Theoretical Landscape
Authors: Stolbov Mikhail
Published: January 2013

The paper recounts the history of the finance-growth nexus research from its origins to the yearly 1990s. The contributions are analyzed in connection with the socioeconomic context and advances in economic theory. Many ideas first expressed decades ago are still subject to constant discussions and empirical checks, for example, causality direction between finance and economic growth which appeared on the agenda in the mid-1960s. Data improvement and theoretical advances, namely, breakthroughs in the economic theory of information in conjunction with endogenous growth models and growth regressions, shaped the modern landscape of this research program in the early 1990s.
Investigation of effects of varying model inputs on mercury deposition estimates in the Southwest US
Authors: Myers T. , Atkinson R. D. , Bullock O. R. , Bash J. O.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.7.1 was used to simulate mercury wet and dry deposition for a domain covering the continental United States (US). The simulations used MM5-derived meteorological input fields and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clear Air Mercury Rule (CAMR) emissions inventory. Using sensitivity simulations with different boundary conditions and tracer simulations, this investigation focuses on the contributions of boundary concentrations to deposited mercury in the Southwest (SW) US. Concentrations of oxidized mercury species along the boundaries of the domain, in particular the upper layers of the domain, can make significant contributions to the simulated wet and dry deposition of mercury in the SW US. In order to better understand the contributions of boundary conditions to deposition, inert tracer simulations were conducted to quantify the relative amount of an atmospheric constituent transported across the boundaries of the domain at various altitudes and to quantify the amount that reaches and potentially deposits to the land surface in the SW US. Simulations using alternate sets of boundary concentrations, including estimates from global models (Goddard Earth Observing System-Chem (GEOS-Chem) and the Global/Regional Atmospheric Heavy Metals (GRAHM) model), and alternate meteorological input fields (for different years) are analyzed in this paper. CMAQ dry deposition in the SW US is sensitive to differences in the atmospheric dynamics and atmospheric mercury chemistry parameterizations between the global models used for boundary conditions.
Seasonal velocities of eight major marine-terminating outlet glaciers of the Greenland ice sheet from continuous in situ GPS instruments
Authors: Ahlstrøm A. P. , Andersen S. B. , Andersen M. L. , Machguth H. , Nick F. M. , Joughin I. , Reijmer C. H. , van de Wal R. S. W. , Merryman Boncori J. P. , Box J. E. , Citterio M. , van As D. , Fausto R. S. , Hubbard A.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. We present 17 velocity records derived from in situ stand-alone single-frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers placed on eight marine-terminating ice sheet outlet glaciers in South, West and North Greenland, covering varying parts of the period summer 2009 to summer 2012. Common to all the observed glacier velocity records is a pronounced seasonal variation, with an early melt season maximum. The GPS-derived velocities are compared to velocities derived from radar satellite imagery over six of the glaciers to illustrate the potential of the GPS data for validation purposes. Three different velocity map products are evaluated, based on ALOS/PALSAR data, TerraSAR-X/Tandem-X data and an aggregate winter TerraSAR-X data set. The velocity maps derived from TerraSAR-X/Tandem-X data have a mean difference of 1.5% compared to the mean GPS velocity over the corresponding period, while velocity maps derived from ALOS/PALSAR data have a mean difference of 8.3%. The velocity maps derived from the aggregate winter TerraSAR-X data set have a mean difference of 9.5% to the corresponding GPS velocities. The data are available from the GEUS repository at doi:10.5280/GEUS000001.
The KM3NeT project: status and perspectives
Authors: Margiotta A.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. KM3NeT is an international consortium involving more than 300 scientists from 10 EU countries. Its main objective is the construction of a multi-km3 high-energy neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea that will also host an interdisciplinary observatory for marine sciences. KM3NeT has been included in the roadmap of the European Strategy Forum of Research Infrastructures (ESFRI). Very high energy neutrinos are important messengers to study non-thermal phenomena in the Universe. The pioneering ANTARES, NEMO and NESTOR underwater neutrino telescope projects include the extensive R&D knowledge base behind the KM3NeT project. A Technical Design Report has been published that describes the technological solutions chosen for the detector. The present status of the project is presented.
Impacts of using spectral nudging on regional climate model RCA4 simulations of the Arctic
Authors: Berg P. , Döscher R. , Koenigk T.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. The performance of the Rossby Centre regional climate model RCA4 is investigated for the Arctic CORDEX region, with an emphasis on its suitability to be coupled to a regional ocean and sea-ice model. Large biases in mean sea level pressure (MSLP) are identified, with pronounced too high pressure centred over the North Pole in summer of over 5 hPa, and too low pressure in winter of a similar magnitude. These lead to biases in the surface winds, which will potentially lead to strong sea-ice biases in a future coupled system. The large scale circulation is believed to be the major reason for the biases, and an implementation of spectral nudging is applied to remedy the problems by constraining the large scale components of the driving fields within the interior domain. It is found that the spectral nudging generally corrects for the MSLP and wind biases, while not significantly affecting other variables such as surface radiative components, two metre temperature and precipitation.
Modelo para Apoiar a Gestão da Alocação de Pessoas com Base na Demanda de Conhecimento
Authors: Back Felipe Tiago Eing Engelke , Ensslin Leonardo , Ensslin Sandra Rolim
Published: January 2013

Modelo de Avaliação de Desempenho para apoiar a gestão da alocação de pessoas com base na demanda de conhecimentos, habilidades e aptidões quando do desenvolvimento de seus projetos, tendo como instrumento de intervenção o método Multicritério de Apoio à Decisão Construtivista (MCDA-C). É um estudo de caráter exploratório com abordagem quali-quantitativa. Ao final, permitiu identificar: (i) três grandes dimensões de preocupação do gestor para quem o modelo foi construído; (ii) 80 critérios que representam as preocupações associadas aos valores do Gestor (iii) construir escalas ordinais e cardinais para cada critério com seus níveis de referência e realizar a integração através das taxas de compensação; e para o Ponto de Vista Fundamental – Gestão: (iv) realizar e avaliar o diagnóstico da situação atual da alternativa analisada em 63 pontos, em uma escala cardinal; e (v) apresentar o modelo com proposta de ações de aperfeiçoamento que elevaram sua avaliação para 73.DOI:10.5585/gep.v3i2.63
Students' Exploratory Thinking about a Nonroutine Calculus Task
Authors: Nabb Keith
Published: January 2013

An open-ended calculus problem spurs novelties in student thinking and shows the benefits of timely teacher intervention.
Technology Tips: Using FluidMath to Explore Recursive and Explicit Functions
Authors: Hernandez Maria L. , Ahbel Nils
Published: January 2013

luidMath™ (www.fluiditysoftware.com), a new mathematics software tool for Tablet devices, computers, and interactive whiteboards, can create a dynamic graph or table with a simple gesture and recognize written expressions as the mathematical relationship they intend. The software uses a stylus as its input device. By changing constant values in an equation to parameters, the user can create sliders instantly and see graphs and tables change dynamically. The CAS (Computer Algebra System) functionality allows simplification of algebraic expressions and solution of equations and can perform all the calculations from algebra through calculus. FluidMath uses standard mathematical notation to explore explicitly and implicitly defined functions, parametric functions, polar functions, and recursively defined functions.
Derivation of Multiple Cranial Tissues and Isolation of Lens Epithelium-Like Cells From Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Mengarelli Isabella , Barberi Tiziano
Published: January 2013

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) provide a powerful tool to investigate early events occurring during human embryonic development. In the present study, we induced differentiation of hESCs in conditions that allowed formation of neural and non-neural ectoderm and to a lesser extent mesoderm. These tissues are required for correct specification of the neural plate border, an early embryonic transient structure from which neural crest cells (NCs) and cranial placodes (CPs) originate. Although isolation of CP derivatives from hESCs has not been previously reported, isolation of hESC-derived NC-like cells has been already described. We performed a more detailed analysis of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-purified cell populations using the surface antigens previously used to select hESC-derived NC-like cells, p75 and HNK-1, and uncovered their heterogeneous nature. In addition to the NC component, we identified a neural component within these populations using known surface markers, such as CD15 and FORSE1. We have further exploited this information to facilitate the isolation and purification by FACS of a CP derivative, the lens, from differentiating hESCs. Two surface markers expressed on lens cells, c-Met/HGFR and CD44, were used for positive selection of multiple populations with a simultaneous subtraction of the neural/NC component mediated by p75, HNK-1, and CD15. In particular, the c-Met/HGFR allowed early isolation of proliferative lens epithelium-like cells capable of forming lentoid bodies. Isolation of hESC-derived lens cells represents an important step toward the understanding of human lens development and regeneration and the devising of future therapeutic applications.
Maximize Source Water Protection Strategies
Authors: Nelson Dennis , Chinitz Amy
Published: January 2013

The community of Springfield, Oregon, has a 20‐year history of proactively protecting its drinking water sources. This article discusses recent projects in Springfield that demonstrate how other communities can refine and maximize the effectiveness of source water protection strategies.
Cleaning Technique Maintains Membrane Integrity
Authors: Dees William E. , Paul David H.
Published: January 2013

Conventional pretreatment is frequently inadequate to control membrane fouling, and chemical cleaning can become ineffective over time. This article discusses direct osmosis‐high salinity cleaning as a possible answer.
Estimation of Heterosis, Heterobeltiosis and Potence Ratio Over Environments Among Pre and Post Green Revolution Spring wheat in Pakistan
Authors: Amarah Batool  ,  Ijaz Rasool Noorka  , Muhammad Afzal   , Ali Hassan Syed
Published: January 2013

Globally wheat trade has a major and impacting role in political and economic relationships between nations. Twelve pre-green revolution and post green revolution wheat genotypes viz., Sehr-06, Pasban-90, C-273, Pari-73, SA-42, Fsd-08, Chenab-70, Blue Silver, Lasani-08, Pak-81, Uqab-2000, and Pothowar-73 and their direct and reciprocal crosses were evaluated. The study concluded significant differences and highest values in heterosis, heterobeltiosis and potence ratio were found among genotypes and their cross combinations for pollen viability (Sehr-06 × Blue Silver), flag leaf area (SA-42 × Fsd-08), number of grains per spike (Pak-81× Lasani-08) and grain yield plant-1 (Chenab-70 × Fsd-08). Under changing climatic condition and limited water provision an amalgamation of pre-green revolution and post green revolution may provide a genetic diversity to break the stagnant yield barrier to ensure food security.
Killing wild geese with carbon dioxide or a mixture of carbon dioxide and argon
Authors: Gerritzen MA , Reimert HGM , Lourens A , Bracke MBM , Verhoeven MTW
Published: January 2013

The killing of animals is the subject of societal and political debate. Wild geese are caught and killed on a regular basis for fauna conservation and damage control. Killing geese with carbon dioxide (CO2) is commonly practiced, but not listed in legislation on the protection of flora and fauna, and societal concerns have been raised against this method. In this study, an experiment was carried out killing 30 wild-caught geese using either CO2or a mixture of CO2and argon (Ar). Brain function (EEG) and heart function (ECG) were measured to determine loss of consciousness and onset of death. The stage of unconsciousness was reached on average within one minute in both treatments (56 s for CO2and 50 s for CO2and Ar). States of minimal brain activity and ineffective heart beat were reached more quickly using CO2compared to CO2and Ar (112 versus 178 s for minimal brain activity and 312 versus 394 s for ineffective heart beat for CO2and the mixture of CO2and Ar, respectively). The mixture of carbon dioxide and argon did not significantly reduce time to loss of consciousness or death. Further studies on behaviour and stress physiology are needed to determine conclusively whether CO2alone is a satisfactory agent to kill wild-caught geese as the lower CO2concentration in the CO2-Ar treatment may act as a sedative and reduce the aversiveness of the animals during exposure to lethal gas concentrations.
Public attitudes towards grief in animals
Authors: McGrath N , Walker J , Nilsson D , Phillips C
Published: January 2013

Animals under human management are often separated from conspecifics, which may lead to behaviour indicative of separation distress or grief. For the purposes of this paper, grief is considered as a biological response to separation, indicated by a bi-phasic ‘protest-despair’ behavioural response. It is reasonable to assume that only animals which are able to form complex social bonds can experience grief. Scientific experiments have suggested that some farm and laboratory animals experience distress or grief as a result of maternal separation and social isolation. However, little is known about whether the public believe that animals are capable of grief. Therefore, we surveyed 1,000 members of the public to establish what knowledge they have about grief in animals and to compare this to what we know in science. The survey revealed that 90% of the general public believed that some or all animals can experience grief, with 23% believing that all animals can grieve. They attributed grief more to companion animals and animals with higher level cognitive abilities than to farm animals and animals that may be feared. It is concluded that public belief about grief in animals extends beyond scientific evidence, and that educating people about scientific findings and management practices connected with grief and separation distress may improve the welfare of farm and laboratory animals.
The welfare of laying hens in conventional cages and alternative systems: first steps towards a quantitative comparison
Authors: Freire R , Cowling A
Published: January 2013

Research synthesis, using techniques such as meta-analysis to combine the results of a number of studies, is a particularly useful technique when there are multiple studies with conflicting results, or where there may be conflicting interests, and can serve to extract the maximum information from animal experiments. The effect of conventional cages and alternative housing systems on measures of production, behaviour, physical and physiological condition in laying hens is an important question that would benefit from research synthesis. We found that statistical constraints did not allow the usual methods of meta-analysis, so as a first step towards quantitative comparison, we used a simple vote-counting approach based on the treatment means. We counted the number of papers in which conventional cages or alternative systems had a higher weighted mean for various response variables. Egg production was higher in conventional cages than in alternative systems, though this effect was probably mostly confined to the comparison with multi-level indoor systems. Bones were stronger from hens kept in alternative systems than those kept in conventional cages. We confirmed previous reviews that birds show more comfort behaviour and possibly dustbathing (or vacuum dustbathing) behaviour in alternative systems, but aggressive pecking did not differ between systems. Perhaps surprisingly, mortality, feather pecking and body wounds were not found to differ between systems. The latter findings suggest that the chance of a mortality or cannibalism outbreak may be no greater in alternative systems than in cage systems, but it should be noted that our analysis did not consider the magnitude of the difference in mortality. In conclusion, the meta-comparison undertaken here supports some but contradicts other conclusions reached in qualitative reviews.
Welfare of whales by-caught in fishing gear or struck by vessels
Authors: Moore MJ
Published: January 2013

The goals of this paper are to: define terms relevant to industrially induced, but unintentional, trauma to whales; place the issue in a context of the prevalence of such mortalities in North American east coast waters; examine pertinent case studies; summarise the resultant pathobiology; and from this infer likely welfare concerns.