bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Socio-Economic Consequences of the War in Ukraine: the National, Regional, and Global Dimensions
Authors: Shubalyi Oleksandr , Gordiichuk Antonina
Published: October 2022

The main purpose of the article is to present the main socio-economic consequences of the war in Ukraine from the standpoint of its negative impact on the economy and society on the national (Ukraine), regional (Europe) and global (the world) scale. In this context, the paper presents and compares forecasts of socio-economic development of Ukraine, which were formulated before the war with forecasts taking into account the war, as well as analyzes of disturbances in the socio-economic development of the world, region and state resulting from the war in Ukraine. The conclusions formulated by the authors were developed on the basis of the consequences of the first three months of the war. When a full-scale war was started by Russia on February 24, 2022, the most pessimistic scenarios not only for the economy of Ukraine, Europe and Central Asia but also the world economy in general for the next 3–5 years unfolded. According to various estimates of Ukrainian and international financial institutions, the decline in Ukraine’s real GDP in 2022 could reach 30%–45%, provided that the hostilities do not spread to other regions of Ukraine, and that the country receives continued support from its allies. Any significant changes leading to an improvement or deterioration in the situation will require a verification of the information provided. Nonetheless, regardless of the all the possible scenarios, the war in Ukraine will have the greatest catastrophic socio-economic consequences for Ukraine, Europe, and the world compared to the consequences of all the previous world crises. Therefore, the response of the world community to all the challenges caused by the war in Ukraine must also be adequate, timely and systematic, laying the foundations for the formation of the future world system of financial, food, energy and military security of mankind.
PHARMACEUTICO ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SINDHURADYA TAILA
Authors: Kulkarni Dr Santosh
Published: October 2022

Background: Sindhuradya taila is a preparation mentioned in Kushta chikitsadhikara by Chakradatta as well as Bhaishajya Ratnavali. It is specifically claimed to be effective in Pama in the form of external application. Sindhuradya taila is a unique formulation with only two ingredients namely Sindhoora and Jeeraka. Aims & Objectives: In present study an attempt was taken to assess the quality of sindhuradyaTaila Study Setting: ACRL SJGAMC&H Koppal, It includes Organoleptic parameters (colour, smell, appearance, taste) and physico chemical parameters (specific gravity, saponification value, peroxide value, acid value and iodine value), TLC. Results: Results showed that all parameters were in Normal range, TLC study revealed that presence of Steriods with Rf value 0.439, 0.666, Terpenoids with Rf value 0.344, Flavonoids with Rf value 0.128, Alkaloids with Rf value 0.788, 0.901. Conclusion: The present study reveals the Sindhuradya taila has meet all the quality control standards
Prominent problems and thoughts of "paddy soil-terrain machine system" based on disturbed saturated paddy soil conditions in South China
Authors: Zhang Guozhong , Wang Hongchang , Du Jun , Ding Kaiquan , Liu Wanru , Tang Nanrui , Zhou Yong
Published: October 2022

There is a large number of paddy fields in South China. During rice sowing and transplanting, agronomy requires the topsoil to be soft, viscous, muddy, mixed with water and disturbed-saturated mud, after soaking, tilling and rotary harrowing. At this time, the soil has a high fluidity, high adhesion and low shear strength. Thus, it would be productive to research the contact relationship between the soil contacting parts and the soil surface, so as to improve the operational efficiency of the tillage and planting machinery of paddy field in this soil condition. For this purpose, the disturbed-saturated soil formation process is described, the coupling mechanism between soil-engaging components and such soil conditions is clarified and the current state and prospects of research on soil-tool interactions under paddy field conditions is analyzed. This paper is expected to serve as a useful reference for future work in studying the surface characteristic parameters of soil contacting parts; the coupling correlation mechanism of "contact-rheologyresistance" among the structural shape, motional parameters and the disturbed paddy field soil, creating favorable conditions at the soil-tool contact interface for drag force reduction in the paddy field soil, the design and the optimization of paddy field equipment in South China, and the research on the technology of reducing viscosity and drag force of paddy field machinery.
Energy Consumption Analysis of Door Opening with a Mobile Manipulator in the Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Ma Changyou , Yan Binbin , Xiong Xu , Gao Haibo , Ding Liang
Published: October 2022

The problem of rescue is necessary for the mobile manipulator in Nuclear power plants (NPPs), however, the research on energy consumption is of great importance to the mobile manipulator in the process of rescue. In this paper, we focus on the energy consumption of nuclear power plant rescue robot about the task of door-opening, and present a method of path planning of the door opening. The energy consumption model is derived to evaluate the performances of modular manipulators. Extensive door-opening capture experiments have been carried out. The compares of the manipulator summation energy consumption of the different holding positions of knob radius rk, and the energy consumption of each joint in the same path planning are studied. Experimental results show that the minimum summation of manipulator energy consumption is the end-effector grasps the position of door knob, which is the value of rk (40mm), and the third joint of the average energy consumption is the maximal in the same path planning.
An Improved Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Method Base on LeGO-LOAM and Motion Compensation
Authors: Li Mengyang , Wang Xinsheng , Wang Xiyue , Liu Shuang
Published: October 2022

With the rapid development of mobile robot, the premise of all decisions and planning is to perceive the surrounding environment, especially in complex environments such as wild and mountainous areas. The mainstream Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithm Lightweight and Ground-Optimized Lidar Odometry and Mapping (LeGO-LOAM) can be well adapted to this complex environment, but it does not take into account the motion compensation of the point cloud, which leads to a decrease in perception accuracy. LeGO-LOAM adopts the way of feature point and feature point matching for posture estimation. Due to the vertical launch angle of every scanning laser radar being fixed, the radar motion will lead to distortion between the matching feature points, which can cause incorrect pose estimation. Therefore, based on LeGO-LOAM, this paper proposes a motion compensation algorithm (LeGO-LOAM-MC). Compared with the current mainstream of laser slam algorithm LeGO-LOAM, the result shows LeGO-LOAM-MC has a smoother mapping effect, smaller path drift, the maximum error is reduced by 29.1%, the mean error is reduced by 31.0%, the median error is reduced by 31.3%, the standard deviation is reduced by 37.0%, the root mean square error is reduced by 32.1%, and the sum of squares due to error is reduced by 53.9%. The experimental results show the superior performance of the proposed algorithm.
Design and Simulation Analysis of Intelligent Suspension for Manned Lunar Rover
Authors: Li Tao , Zhang Chongfeng , Wang Weijun , Shi Junwei
Published: October 2022

The frames of many commercial vehicles are composed of rectangular tubular steel and are a significant portion of the gross vehicle weight. The introduction of a composite frame would potentially reduce weight and increase structural properties. We compare a baseline frame section to new composite sections injected with two different types of foam: a polyurethane and aluminum foam. The objective was to increase the overall strength and stiffness, while leaving the overall weight of the frame unchanged or reduced by reducing the plate thickness of the tubular steel. Sections of rectangular tubular steel are tested individually with and without the inclusion of aluminum and closed cell polyurethane foam. The potential advantages include light weighting vehicles, increasing strength and durability, improving ride through a more ridged/stiffer un-sprung mass, and the ability to make quick structural repairs of a compromised vehicle frame. The study revealed that injecting of polyurethane foam produced increase in strength while the aluminum foam did not increase the strength.
Benchmarking of Compression Testing Devices in Snow
Authors: Shenvi Mohit , Sandu Corina , Untaroiu Costin
Published: October 2022

Traction testing of tires for 'severe snow use' certification is performed according to ASTM F1805 in the Unites States and Canada. The ASTM standard provides guidelines for the preparation and compaction of the snow required for the testing and its evaluation using the CTI (Compliance Testing Incorporated) penetrometer. However, the CTI penetrometer provides a measure of the degree of compactness of the snow. From a computational perspective, this information in itself is not sufficient for modeling and/or validation of a snow model for virtual snow traction testing, which is important in the design stage of tires. This work attempts to compare the relative compression testing performance of three devices, namely a CTI penetrometer (rounded cone tip impactor), a standard Clegg Hammer (flat surface impactor), and an in-house developed device inspired by the Russian Snow Penetrometer (cone tip impactor). The approach used here includes a comparison of the available direct and indirect outputs of all the devices and a statistical analysis of these. The observed differences may be due to differences in the mass and drop height between the devices. The findings of this work provide a baseline for further research into the optimal mass and drop height for the evaluation of compacted snow properties. From a modeling perspective, the values generated using the Clegg impact hammer could be useful. However, it tends to underestimate the elastic modulus, when its results are compared to the laboratory technique, and to overestimate the ram resistance when compared to the in-house device. Further improvements to the in-house device may improve its ability to measure the snow properties most relevant to the modeling of snow.
Field Validation of Egress Process for Planetary Rover
Authors: Dang Zhaolong , Zhang Jirong , Chen Baichao
Published: October 2022

After the planetary spacecraft landed on the surface, the rovers carried on the spacecraft will be powered up and arrived to the planetary surface after complex self-testing procedures. In order to validation of these procedures, the test conditions should be built in the proving ground. The technical systems of field validation for egress process of planetary rover are shown in this paper. Firstly, the Chinese rover egress procedures are described. The typical procedures include several steps such as the unlocked the fixed mechanisms of the rover body, powered up the rover through the lander, unlocked the rover typical mechanism (mast, manipulator), communicated with the earth or relay orbiter, etc. After the rover performance were reviewed, the rover can be controlled and walked to the planetary surface. Secondly, the field validation systems are given including such as the low gravity system, the integrated testing system, the rover model with its assistant equipment, the simulated lander, etc. Thirdly, the conditions of field tests are described including the slope of terrain surface, the obstacle distribution, the position of simulated lander, etc. The test results of Chinese lunar and Martian rover were shown. Finally, the egress process of Chinese rovers on Moon and Mars are described. The technical systems of field validation wear built firstly for Chinese lunar rover Chang’e-3 Yutu and improved for Chinese Martian rover Zhurong. The technical systems work well and can be used for the development of planetary rover in the future.
Soil Compaction Monitoring Technique Using Deep Learning
Authors: Teramoto Shota , Kobayashi Taizo
Published: October 2022

It is commonly known that the dynamic behavior of a vibratory drum of a soil compaction machine changes with soil stiffness. Although real-time monitoring techniques of compaction quality by measuring the acceleration of the vibratory drum have already been put into practice use, their applicability depends on the soil type and condition. In this study, to extend the range of applicability and improve accuracy, we propose a deep learning-based technique that allows the regression estimation of soil stiffness from the acceleration responses of a vibration drum. To collect a large amount of noise-free training data, the acceleration responses of a vibratory drum were simulated by numerically solving the equations of the motion mass-spring-damper system. We also conducted a field experiment to verify the proposed technique. The experimental results show that the estimated values of soil stiffness correlate with the measured values, with the correlation coefficient of approximately 0.79. Thus, the proposed method has potential as a new real-time monitoring technique for soil compaction quality.
Evaluación del modelo meteorológico WRF para la validación del modelo AERMOD
Authors: Mendoza-Lara O.O. , Arévalo-Mendoza V. , Villareal-Esquivel C.G. , Pérez-Castillo A. , Morales-González A.
Published: October 2022

En el presente trabajo se evalúa la sensibilidad de la base de datos meteorológicos generadas por el sistema de modelización meteorológico WRF, extrayendo los valores representativos para un sitio empleando el modelo MMIF. La estación meteorológica seleccionada de referencia (Villa de las Flores) es administrada por el Sistema de Monitoreo Atmosférico de la Ciudad de México, y está ubicada en el municipio de Coacalco. Para determinar la sensibilidad se analizó cualitativamente el comportamiento de los datos en una serie de tiempo a diferentes escalas, mientras que el análisis cuantitativo se efectuó utilizando los siguientes estadísticos: el error cuadrático medio (RMSE), el error absoluto medio normalizado (NMAE) (NMB), el sesgo (BIAS), coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r) y el índice de ajuste (IOA). Se evaluó la temperatura, la humedad relativa, la velocidad y dirección del viento, dando como resultado que las tres primeras variables tienen un índice bueno de concordancia. No obstante, hubo diferencias cualitativas, pero no significativas en la dirección de viento, se infiere que puede ser producto de la escala utilizada en la modelización en el WRF.
Creep Indentation Test and Lab-Based Simulation on Pierre II Shale
Authors: Xie Xiyang , Edvardsen Laura , Ringstad Cathrine , Cerasi Pierre
Published: October 2022

Can we find proper lab testing sources rather than coring samples? We rest our hope on drilling cuttings. The cutting sample might be too small to be tested in Laboratory, but the indentation test looks like a promising solution. In this study, the indentation tests are implemented on Pierre II shale and the corresponding numerical simulation is performed. In the indentation test, an alloyed indenter presses on the surface of a shale sample with the loading, holding, and unloading stage. Simulation with FLAC3D is then implemented to fit the lab results well. Then a series of parametric analyses show how the constitutive parameters affect the testing curve. From the simulation results, we have illustrated that an indentation test is an option on cutting samples. This study provides a workflow to analyze the mechanical behavior of small rock samples with the indentation test experimentally and numerically.

1. INTRODUCTION

In petroleum engineering, coring samples, as first-hand sources, are direct sources providing formation mechanical information. On the other hand, the cost and the time consumption restrict coring operation. Can we find other sources instead of coring samples? Drilling cuttings might be the answer. Cuttings are the formation rock as well but in small size. The cutting sample could be too small to be tested, for example, not suitable for the triaxial compressive test. The indentation test draws our attention since it requires a small indenter-rock-contacting surface, which means the testing samples can be small too. In this study, the indentation tests are implemented on Pierre II shale and the corresponding numerical simulation is performed.

In this study, an indenter (sphere-shaped, 1-mm-diameter) presses on the surface of a shale sample with a certain depth of indentation (the loading stage). Two scenarios can be chosen at the maximum depth: i. the indenter is retrieved back immediately (unloading stage), or ii. the indenter is fixed at the position for a duration (holding stage). The curve of force-depth is obtained from the unloading stage, which is used to explain the elastic behavior of the sample. The force-time curve is obtained from the holding stage, which is used to analyze the creep behavior (viscoelasticity) of the sample. The loading stage can be used to analyze the elastoplastic behavior.
A New Model for Risk Assessment of Fault Slip Induced by Hydraulic Fracturing of Shale Gas in the Sichuan Basin
Authors: Hui Zhang , Jun Li , Xiaojun Zhang
Published: October 2022

The current research generally believes that fault slip in the hydraulic fracturing process is the main cause of casing deformation. Therefore, accurate risk assessment of fault slip is an important way to prevent casing deformation. However, there are few studies on the prediction of fault slip probability caused by hydraulic fracturing. The existing calculation formulas are considered in relatively simply factors. Based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, this paper further considered the influence of local in-situ stress changes and seepage pathways, and established a new slip risk assessment model suitable for arbitrarily distributed faults. The model could predict the accurate probability of fault slip through deterministic parameters, and calculate the probability cumulative curve of fault slip through random sampling by the Monte Carlo method. The verification results of an example showed that the model had certain feasibility and accuracy.

1. INTRODUCTION

According to statistics, as of April 2021, there were more than 74 wells in the Weirong block of Sinopec, of which 32.4% had been deformed (24/74). As of December 2018, more than 377 shale gas wells were fractured in national shale gas demonstration bases such as Changning-Weiyuan, Zhaotong, and the casing deformation rate was 35.3% (133/377). We run multi-finger imaging caliper tool and lead mold to observe the casing deformation. The amount of deformation is relatively large, usually 1~3 cm, and the most serious one exceeds 5 cm. The lead impression is worn out on one side, which is in line with the characteristics of casing shear deformation.

At present, it is generally believed that the fault slip during hydraulic fracturing is the main cause of casing deformation, and a large number of studies have been carried out with the faults near the wellbore as the core. Chen et al. (2017) first argued that faults were the internal cause of casing deformation, and hydraulic fracturing was the external cause. To further verify this view, field tests, laboratory tests and finite element simulations have been carried out (Li, 2017; Liu, 2017; Jalali et al., 2016)., and it was confirmed that the shear deformation of casing downhole was closely related to fault slip. Theoretical research on fault slip has been adequate, but how to assess the risk of fault slip and prevent casing deformation in advance is the ultimate goal of all research. Regrettably, there are few studies in this area at present. And the existing software is only suitable for injection wells, which do not meet the calculation conditions of large displacement, high pump pressure and multi-stage fracturing of shale gas horizontal wells (Walsh et al., 2016).
Numerical Analyses of the Granite Fragmentation in Rotary-Percussive Drilling with the Consideration of Pre-Existing Cracks
Authors: Ji Zhaosheng
Published: October 2022

Rotary-percussive drilling technique is an efficient rock-breaking method and can be applied in geothermal drilling. The rock’s fragmentation mechanism was investigated using the distinct element method with the consideration of pre-existing cracks. We developed a cutter-rock interaction model to simulate the rotary-percussive drilling. In this model, a discrete fracture network (DFN) was used to reflect the rock’s complex behavior. Bonded Block Model (BBM) was used to simulate cracks initiation that can merge and propagate to fracture the rock. As a dynamic problem, the rock’s damping effect was introduced into our model by fitting it to the laboratory tests. Results represented the rock’s fragmentation process under the cutter indentation and the coupling of impact load and lateral movement well. The pre-existing cracks can significantly enhance the drilling speed, which demonstrates the significance of considering the rock’s non-continuous nature. Raising dynamic impact load is good for improving the penetration results in our study. For the back rake angle, 50° is the best choice in the evaluated range. But the cutter with the back rake angle of 20° obtains the highest fragmentation volume and lowest specific energy under the coupling of impact load and lateral velocity. This paper’s research is of great significance to guide the application of rotary-percussive drilling and reduce the cost of developing geothermal resources.

1. INTRODUCTION

The geothermal resource is increasingly valued as a clean, secure, alternative energy (Liu et al., 2011; Tester et al., 2007; York, 2012; Zhang et al., 2018). Its development requires drilling a lot of wells deep into the target formations, which accounts for 30% to 50% of the cost of the hydrothermal geothermal electricity project and more than half of the total cost of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) (Glowka, 1997; Yost et al., 2015). It is necessary to develop an efficient drilling method to reduce the time and cost (Miyazaki et al., 2019). Rotary-percussive drilling (RPD) is an efficient method of making holes in hard rocks and is well-suited for geothermal drilling (Finger and Blankenship, 2010; Lundberg and Okrouhlik, 2006). It can provide economic benefits for reducing drilling time and drilling cost by combing rotary drilling and percussive drilling (Patil and Teodoriu, 2013; Peng et al., 2018; Zhong, 2016). In this drilling method, the impactor and upper string’s impact load is imposed on the conventional rotary bit to penetrate and crush the rock (Chiang and Elias, 2008). A sound understanding of bit-rock interaction and rock fragmentation mechanisms under the impact load and rotary movement is essential to design down-hole tools, such as drill bit and impactor, and optimize the drilling parameters.
An Open-Access Well Integrity Tool to Study Legacy Wells Re-Purposed for CO2 Injection
Authors: Joulin C. , Lagarde F. , Le Goff T.-H.
Published: October 2022

This work presents a well integrity tool based on an analytical model describing the thermo-poroelastic behaviour of wells in the so-called drained conditions and plane-strain conditions. The analytical model takes into account the pore pressure, uniform temperatures changes across the well and the cement’s initial state of stress. The well integrity tool estimates the potential for debonding, tensile and shear fracturing of the rock and the cement sheath using computed stress profiles and the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The tool is suited to study vertical well sections consisting of a single casing and cement sheath inside a porous or non-porous rock formation. The tool is built within a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to make it as accessible, portable and flexible as possible. Furthermore, this work also presents an integrity analysis of a characteristic gas production well re-purposed for CO2 injection. This investigation covers the construction of the well, reservoir depletion, CO2 injection and long-term storage conditions. This demonstrates the type of data necessary for the tool to function, the different results and outputs that may be expected and the type of conclusions that may be drawn from them. This work is part of wider efforts by TotalEnergies to drive the development of safe CO2 storage technology and in particular to progress the understanding of well integrity loss mechanisms.

1 INTRODUCTION

Storing CO2 in depleted oil & gas fields (DOGF) can help meet climate targets by enabling faster and cheaper deployment of geological carbon storage projects in comparison to saline aquifer storage. Indeed, in the case of DOGF large investments have already been made and can be capitalised on. This includes data acquisitions campaigns, reservoir characterisation studies, and construction of exploration, production and monitoring wells. According to the International Energy Agency’s Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme and the Zero Emissions Platform IEAGHG and ZEP (2011), the total costs associated with CO2 storage could be cut by half when using depleted reservoirs instead of saline aquifers. Furthermore, if the existing legacy wells which are already present in depleted reservoirs can be repurposed for the injection of CO2, additional cost-reductions could be achieved and the deployment of carbon storage projects accelerated.
High-Temperature Resistant, Low-Concentration Polyacrylamide Gel System
Authors: Li Bojun , Yao Erdong
Published: October 2022

After tertiary oil recovery in old oilfields, problems such as high-water output and low recovery efficiency have generally appeared, which is urgently need to be solved by water blocking and profile control measures. However, the current water blocking gel has low strength and poor-temperature resistance and cannot meet the site requirements, and the organic concentration of most polyacrylamide hydrogels is 0.6 wt% ~ 3.0 wt%, which further increases the economic cost of oil exploitation. In this work, organic zirconium is used to cross-link anionic polyacrylamide with large molecular weight and low concentration to form gel. It can not only meet the strength requirements of the water blocking gel, but also reduce the amount of polyacrylamide and save costs. The gel formation quality, the temperature resistance of the gel and the blocking effect were evaluated experimentally. The cross-linking mechanism of the gels was analysed by SEM observation of the microscopic morphology. This paper selects the best formula of organic zirconium cross-linked polyacrylamide, which can meet the requirements of the strength and temperature resistance of the water-blocking gel even at low polymer concentrations, and provides a reference for water-blocking to improve oil recovery.

1. INTERDUCTION

As crude oil reservoirs have strong non-homogeneous characteristics, and most oil fields have entered the high water content development period, polymer gel water blocking technology is gradually becoming one of the effective measures to improve the recovery of crude oil can effectively solve the common problems of high water content and low recovery efficiency after three oil recovery in old oil fields (Yang, H. et al, 2012). At present, it is widely recognized that polyacrylamide and other polymers are cross-linked to form a gel system to seal the high-permeability layer, thereby expanding the swept area of injected water, improving mobility ratio, and enhancing oil recovery (Jia, H. et al, 2011; Zhu, D. et al, 2017).
Fracture Detection of Lab-Scale Energetic Stimulation
Authors: Robey R. E. , Pope J. S. , Vorobiev O. Y. , Torres S. M. , Hargather M. J. , Kimberley J. , Mann D.
Published: October 2022

Stimulation of lab-scale boreholes was studied using small explosives for improving the development of fracture networks in engineered rock surrogates. The experimental series examines the confluence of initial stress states, orientation of induced discontinuities, and their interaction with source generated fracture growth. Density and stress response to the energetic was measured using high-speed schlieren imaging through the transparent polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) sample. Outer surfaces were instrumented with an acoustic emissions array to detect 3D location of fracture evolution between wellbores. Prior to testing, the experiments were simulated to predict the generation of a shock-induced fracture network between single and multiple wellbores in a variety of stress states. The quantification of wave arrivals, fracture growth, and development of the fracture network in transparent PMMA material is used as further validation against computational models. Understanding the conditions under which fractures propagate in the multivariate environment with small energetics results in improved modeling capability of larger scale wellbores and sources. The present work is part of a broader effort to improve the accuracy of computational models necessary to predict formation interconnectivity established with energetics in low permeability reservoirs typical of enhanced geothermal systems.

1. INTRODUCTION

Acoustic emission (AE) sensing has become a pertinent technology to observe flaws in a variety of media. Investigators can use arrays of omni-directional probes to observe energy radiating in the form of compression waves released from fracture tips, voids or features as they are distorted under load. Patterns in radiated energy may be correlated to spatial-temporal formation of microfractures. This method has been applied to the field of geomechanics where fractures grow due to an induced stress state, or when energy is radiated from an existing feature such as a slip plane. In this study, stress was induced for the purposes of studying lab-scale stimulation of geothermal wellbores using energetic sources so that computational models could be further informed by the acoustic emissions of fractures driven by energetics.
Hydraulic Fractures in Reservoirs Bounded by Layers of Other Rocks
Authors: Roshankhah S. , McLennan J.
Published: October 2022

This study investigates the characteristics of hydraulic fractures (HFs) formed in low permeability reservoirs that are bounded by salt layers. Three layered systems are modeled, where the thickness of the bounding salt layers differs with respect to the thickness of the shale layer (same thickness, thinner salt, and thicker salt). The width and total height of the models are the same. The interface properties match the properties of the weaker material, which is the salt. Both the shale and salt zones are modeled as homogeneous and impermeable materials, and water injection is modeled in the center of the middle shale layer. An additional model of hydraulic fracturing in the middle of a homogeneous and isotropic shale is included. All models are subjected to the maximum (major) principal stress in the vertical direction and the minimum (minor) principal stress in the horizontal direction with fixed boundary conditions. The hybrid finite-discrete element modeling technique is used for these analyses. Results show that the contrast between the mechanical properties and thickness of layers influence the state of stress in the layers. Specifically, the orientation of the major and minor principal stresses switch in the target shale layer. This leads to creation of inclined HFs in the bounded shale as opposed to vertical HFs that would form in a thick shale layer under normal anisotropic stress conditions. The thicker are the bounding salt layers, the more horizontally inclined the HFs are in the shale. These analyses inform us that the design of hydraulic stimulations is influenced by the properties and thickness contract between the reservoir and bounding layers.

1. INTRODUCTION

Unconventional fossil energy reservoirs usually comprise relatively thin layers of shale or mudstone (consider a thickness of about 10 m) bounded by other lithologies such as sandstone, salt, or limestone. It is well known that deformational characteristics and type, intensity, and height of fractures in multi-lithological layered formations are controlled by the contrast in the mechanical properties and thickness of the layers, type of the interfaces, and the in-situ confining stress (Narr and Suppe, 1991; Gross et al., 1995; Rijken and Cooke, 2001; Lorenz, et al., 2002; Underwood et al., 2003; Laubach, et al., 2009; Ferrill, et al., 2014; McGinnis, et al., 2017).
A Novel Method for Real-Time Identification of Formation Lithology Based on Machine Learning
Authors: Yao Xuezhe , Song Xianzhi , Han Liang , Wang Zheng , Zhang Rui , Liu Wei , Fu Jiasheng , Zhu Shuo , Zhu Zhaopeng
Published: October 2022

Real-time identification of formation lithology is of great significance to optimization of drilling rate and directional drilling. However, the experimental observation method and the statistical analysis method require researchers with rich experience and professional knowledge, and the identification efficiency is low and the cost is high. The goal of this study is to employ machine learning for identifying lithology from only the real-time drilling parameters without any downhole measurements. First, the real-time drilling data were cleaned, and then the correlation between each drilling parameter and formation lithology was analyzed by correlation analysis algorithm, and 13 drilling parameters were selected as model inputs. And then random forest (RF) and XGBoost algorithms are used to develop lithology identification models respectively. The results show that the XGBoost model has the best result in identifying formation lithology, with an accuracy of 79.21%. Finally, feature importance analysis shown that MWI, MWO and MFI have important effects on model performance. This study has important implications for improving the probability of drilling into reservoirs and reducing drilling costs.

1. INTRODUCTION

Lithology identification is an important basic problem in the fields of geology, oil and gas exploitation, resource exploration, geotechnical engineering, etc (Xu et al., 2021). In drilling engineering, accurate and timely determination of the formation lithology at the positive bit is one of the most important factors to ensure safe and efficient drilling (Al-AbdulJabbar et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2017; Shan et al., 2015). The classical lithology identification methods mainly include two kinds, one is the experimental observation method, through the direct observation of rock specimens or rock cast thin slices, the rocks can be classified according to their mineral composition, color, etc (Guojun et al., 2010; Hu et al., 2010). The other is the statistical analysis method, the logging cross-section chart is drawn by measuring the logging response characteristics of pure rocks, and then the rock type is roughly determined according to the actual logging values (Teama et al., 2016; Zhou et al., 2016). The above two traditional lithology identification methods require researchers with rich experience and professional knowledge, and the identification efficiency is low and the cost is high. Therefore, a fast and accurate method for lithology identification is urgently needed.
Supervised Classification of Motor-Rehabilitation Body Movements with RGB Cameras and Pose Tracking Data
Authors: Rodrigues Luis Guilherme Silva , Dias Diego Roberto Colombo , De Paiva Guimarães Marcelo , Brandão Alexandre Fonseca , Rocha Leonardo C. , Iope Rogério Luiz , Brega José Remo Ferreira
Published: October 2022

The technological evolution allowed the use of a single camera for precise and effective body tracking, reducing the cost and increasing the accessibility of applications in places where depth cameras and wearable sensors are not available. This paper describes and implements a supervised machine learning process consisting of a mobile application used as a motion capture device which also transforms the data into an input for a machine learning model that classifies upper and lower limbs movements (24 types of human movements). The user performs movements in front of the camera, and the trained model classifies them. We designed the system to work in a motor-rehabilitation context to assist the professional while the patient does physical exercises. The implementation can summarize the movements made during the rehabilitation sessions by counting the repetitions and classifying them when done completely or reached a specific range of motion.
Combating Antimalarial Drug Resistance: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
Authors: Uzondu Samuel , Echezona Adaeze , Nwagwu Chinekwu , Onugwu Adaeze , Ugorji Lydia , Agbo Chinazom , Kenechukwu Franklin , Ogbonna John , Akpa Paul , Nnamani Petra , Momoh Audu , Attama Anthony
Published: October 2022

This chapter X-rayed antimalarial drug resistance (ADR) by plasmodium species with a particular focus on P. falciparum, which is the most deadly species of the malaria parasite responsible for over 90% of the global malaria burden domiciled in Sub-Saharan Africa. The introduction intently looked at malaria therapeutics across the decades and the development of drug resistance by the parasite. With the malaria parasite (P. falciparum) as the focal point, the mechanisms by which they develop resistance to antimalarial drugs was looked at, including factors affecting drug resistance development. Armed with this knowledge, the chapter also highlighted the therapeutic interventions taken against this hydra-headed monster together with their limitations and recent advances towards addressing those limitations or opening new frontiers for research exploration. Future perspectives that will provide research strategy and direction as possible tools for combating drug resistance development by the malaria parasite were also discussed.
Structural Diversity in Substituted Pyridinium Halocuprates(II)
Authors: R. Bond Marcus
Published: October 2022

The flexible coordination sphere of the Jahn-Teller active Cu(II) ion provides access to a full spectrum of coordination geometries from 4-coordinate (tetrahedral or square planar) to 6-coordinate elongated octahedral. This is further enhanced in anionic halide complexes by the ability of the halide ligand to bridge between Cu(II) centers to generate extended oligomeric or polymeric complexes. Coordination geometry and extended structure of the anionic complex is very sensitive to the nature of the organic counterion. This is especially true for planar substituted pyridinium cations in which minor changes in the nature or position of the substituted group can generate completely different halocuprate(II) structures. Early work focused on reducing ligand-ligand repulsion through strong hydrogen bonding with the organic cation in order to manipulate the Cu(II) coordination sphere. However, many unique structures have been found in which quaternary pyridinium cations were employed-including the remarkable thermochromic compound (1,2,6-trimethylpyridinium)2CuCl4- in which strong hydrogen bonding is absent. More recently aminopyridinium cations, which further increase structural diversity not only through the possibility of having mono- or di-protonated cations but also the ability of monoprotonated cations to coordinate to the Cu(II) center through the amino group, have been investigated.
Ribozymes as Therapeutic Agents against Infectious Diseases
Authors: Chi Wong Bao , Shahid Umama , Siew Tan Hock
Published: October 2022

Ribozymes, also known as RNA enzymes, are catalytic RNA molecules capable of cleaving specific RNA sequences, leading to decreased expression of targeted genes. Recent studies suggest their role in cancer therapeutics, genetic diseases and retroviral infections. This book chapter will focus on ribozymes acting as therapeutic agents against infectious diseases caused by viral and bacterial pathogens. Firstly, we will introduce a brief history of ribozymes and a general overview of ribozymes and their characteristics. Next, different types of ribozymes will be explored regarding their targets and mechanisms of action. After that, ribozymes specific to viral and bacterial infections will be explored. We will briefly discuss the current status of ribozymes as therapeutic agents. Finally, the roadblock and challenges ribozymes face before being developed into therapeutic agents—such as their delivery and efficacy issues—will be discussed.
Emulsion Stabilization with Lignosulfonates
Authors: Ruwoldt Jost
Published: October 2022

Lignosulfonates are biobased surfactants and specialty chemicals. Due to their amphiphilic nature, they can be utilized in many technical applications, such as plasticizers, dispersants, stabilizers, and agrochemical formulations. Here, their ability to stabilize emulsions plays an important role. This chapter hence explains the fundamentals of emulsion stabilization with lignosulfonates. First, basic concepts are introduced along with the production and chemical make-up of lignosulfonates. Second, the interfacial activity is discussed. Parameters that affect interfacial activity and emulsion stabilization efficiency of lignosulfonates are furthermore treated. Such parameters may include salinity, pH, the presence of cosolvents and cosurfactants. Third, the underlying mechanisms of emulsion stabilization are outlined. The goal of this chapter is to introduce the reader to important fundamentals, and to draw the link between basic research and industrial practice.
Application of Conservation and Veterinary Tools in the Management of Stray Wildlife in Zambia
Authors: Chama Lackson , Simuchimba Grant , Luaba Kampinda , Syampungani Stephen , Katampi Jackson , Phiri Darius , Mubemba Benjamin
Published: October 2022

In recent years, Zambia has seen an increase in the incidences of conflicts involving stray wild animals with humans. Notable among these animals include the African elephants, buffalo and lion. Consequently, this triggers a response from law enforcement units of both government and the department of national parks to control the animals. Regrettably, most of their responses have involved the shooting down of these animals, rather than taking advantage of conservation and veterinary tools to relocate the animals back into protected areas, and this raises concerns about the welfare of these animals. Therefore, this chapter will bring to light some of the locally available tools that could be used to control stray wildlife in order to contribute towards both conservation and reducing human-wildlife conflicts in Zambia.
Presepsin as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Sepsis
Authors: Stankovic Sanja
Published: October 2022

Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening condition with organ failure, caused by an inadequate response of the host to the infection. It is a public health and economic problem worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis of sepsis and timely inclusion of appropriate therapy are important for the outcome of the treatment of patients with sepsis. Sepsis biomarkers may provide information to achieve an early diagnosis, and predict prognosis and therapeutic response. Today, the literature lists more than 250 different biomarkers related to sepsis. However, stronger clinical evidence of clinical usefulness has emerged only for a few biomarkers from many published studies and meta-analyses. Among them, presepsin (sCD14-ST) appears to be one of the most promising biomarkers of sepsis in daily clinical practice. This chapter highlights the utility of presepsin as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of sepsis both in adult and pediatric patients.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas: From Morphology to Genomic Profiling
Authors: Insuasti-Beltran Giovanni , D. Hsi Eric
Published: October 2022

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the western world. The classification of these lymphomas has been and continues to be one of the most challenging aspects of this entity. DLBCLs are clinically and morphologically very heterogeneous diseases presenting a barrier to successfully developing adequate classification systems with significant clinical, prognostic and therapeutic relevance. Recent gene expression profiling and next-generation sequencing advances have improved our understanding of the disease. This review will present an up-to-date overview of traditional and modern classification systems in DLBLC, emphasizing newly proposed subgroups based on integrating gene expression profiling and sequencing data.
Plea of Necessity: Legal Key to Protection against Unattributable Cyber Operations
Authors: Spáčil Jakub
Published: October 2022

Cyber operations represent one of the main security threats today. The number of cyber operations attacking critical infrastructure is increasing year by year and states are looking for means to defend against this threat. However, the origin of hostile cyber operations is often located in the territory of another state, and attacked states must therefore grapple with the question of international law in their search for an effective defence mechanism. If states wish to defend themselves actively, the sovereignty of another state may be infringed, and such an infringement must be justified by an instrument of international law. These instruments of international law are retorsion, countermeasures, self-defence and plea of necessity. Application of plea of necessity, unlike the other alternatives mentioned, is not premised on the attributability of the cyber operation to the state, and it is precisely the attribution of cyber operation that poses one of the main problems of taking legal defensive measures. The article is divided into two parts. The first part is devoted to the relationship between retorsion, countermeasures, self-defence and plea of necessity. The second part discusses the conditions for the application of plea of necessity in the cyber context. The text takes into account the available state practice, in particular the national positions on the application of plea of necessity in the cyber context published in the last three years.
NOMA cooperative relaying systems over Rician-Shadowed fading channels
Authors: Panić Stefan , Khotnenok Sergei
Published: October 2022

Non-orthogonal multiple Access (NOMA) is an efficient 5G technology that enables network spectral efficiency increase and network access latency. In order to additionally improve the reliability of transmission and increase the achievable rate of NOMA system, combined utilization of NOMA and cooperative relay transmission (CRS) could appear as effective remedy. In this work, we will carry out performance analysis of NOMA based CRS over Rician-Shadowed fading channels. The closed-form expression for the exact average achievable rate is presented in the form of Meijer G functions infinite-series. Numerical results are presented in order to manifest the credibility of the presented method.