bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘From a Good Scheme to a Better’: The Itinerancy of Jeremy Bentham, 1769–1789
Authors: BURNS JAMES
Published: November 2012

Bentham was convinced throughout his adult life that law reform in both theory and practice was his vocation. As a deliberately briefless barrister he set out in the early 1770s to establish jurisprudence on the principle of utility. From the first, however, he was repeatedly diverted from this central task. Confronted by the authority of Blackstone, he wrote, without completing, his Comment on the Commentaries, and turned within that context to the specific theme of his Fragment on Government (1776). In the later 1770s he took up the subject of punishment as his principal theme (dealing with an immediate problem in his 1778 View of the Hard-Labour Bill). His Theory of Punishment was projected as his contribution to the siècle des lumières, in which he would stand beside Hume, Helvétius, Voltaire and d'Alembert. That contribution, however, took yet another form when he decided in 1779 to enter (though he did not in the end carry out his intention) the Berne competition for a penal code. For the next ten years he wrestled with the text and eventual destination of his ‘Code’ – still incomplete when the French Revolution took Bentham's attention elsewhere.
An experiment in banking the poor: the Irish Mont-de-Piété, c. 1830–1850
Authors: McLaughlin Eoin
Published: November 2012

Continental pawnbroking institutions, Monts-de-Piété, were introduced in Ireland in the 1830s and 1840s but did not establish a permanent status. Irish social reformers believed that a Mont-de-Piété system would reduce the cost of borrowing for the poor and also fund a social welfare network, thus negating the need for an Irish Poor Law. This article explores the introduction of the Mont-de-Piété charitable pawnbroker in Ireland and outlines some reasons for its failure. It uses the market incumbents, private pawnbrokers, as a base group in a comparative study and asks why the Monts-de-Piété were the unsuccessful ones of the two. The article finds that the public nature and monopoly status of Monts-de-Piété on the Continent realised economies of scale and gave preferential interest rates on capital, as well as enabling the Mont-de-Piété loan book to be cross-subsidised. These conditions were not replicated in Ireland, hence the failure of the Monts-de-Piété there.
Primary idiopathic chylopericardium: a case report
Authors: Tan Jian X. , Fu Yalin , Chen Jie
Published: November 2012

Primary idiopathic chylopericardium is a rare disease, particularly in children. We report the case of a 5-year-old male child who presented with cough and dyspnoea. Bulging of the chest wall and distant heart sounds suggested the diagnosis of a pericardial effusion, which was confirmed on a chest computed tomography. Pericardial drainage confirmed the diagnosis of a chylopericardium. After the failure of continuous catheter drainage, surgical ligation of the thoracic duct and the creation of a pericardial window were performed under thoracoscopy.
Nutritional deficiency and arsenical manifestations: a perspective study in an arsenic-endemic region of West Bengal, India
Authors: Deb Debasree , Biswas Anirban , Ghose Aloke , Das Arabinda , Majumdar Kunal K , Guha Mazumder Debendra N
Published: November 2012

Objective

To assess whether nutritional deficiency increases susceptibility to arsenic-related health effects.

Design

Assessment of nutrition was based on a 24 h recall method of all dietary constituents.

Setting

Epidemiological cross-sectional study was conducted in an arsenic-endemic area of West Bengal with groundwater arsenic contamination.

Subjects

The study was composed of two groups – Group 1 (cases,n108) exhibiting skin lesions and Group 2 (exposed controls,n100) not exhibiting skin lesions – age- and sex-matched and having similar arsenic exposure through drinking water and arsenic levels in urine and hair.

Results

Both groups belonged to low socio-economic strata (Group 1 significantly poorer,P< 0·01) and had low BMI (prevalence of BMI < 18·5 kg/m2: in 38 % in Group 1 and 27 % in Group 2). Energy intake was below the Recommended Daily Allowance (set by the Indian Council of Medical Research) in males and females in both groups. Increased risk of arsenical skin lesions was found for those in the lowest quintile of protein intake (v. highest quintile: OR = 4·60, 95 % CI 1·36, 15·50 in males; OR = 5·62, 95 % CI 1·19, 34·57 in females). Significantly lower intakes of energy, protein, thiamin, niacin, Mg, Zn and choline were observed in both males and females of Group 1 compared with Group 2. Significantly lower intakes of carbohydrate, riboflavin, niacin and Cu were also observed in female cases with skin lesions compared with non-cases.

Conclusions

Deficiencies of Zn, Mg and Cu, in addition to protein, B vitamins and choline, are found to be associated with arsenical skin lesions in West Bengal.
Barriers to avoiding fast-food consumption in an environment supportive of unhealthy eating
Authors: Thornton Lukar E , Jeffery Robert W , Crawford David A
Published: November 2012

Objective

To investigate factors (ability, motivation and the environment) that act as barriers to limiting fast-food consumption in women who live in an environment that is supportive of poor eating habits.

Design

Cross-sectional study using self-reports of individual-level data and objectively measured environmental data. Multilevel logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with frequency of fast-food consumption.

Setting

Socio-economically disadvantaged areas in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia.

Subjects

Women (n932) from thirty-two socio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods living within 3 km of six or more fast-food restaurants. Women were randomly sampled in 2007–2008 as part of baseline data collection for the Resilience for Eating and Activity Despite Inequality (READI) study.

Results

Consuming low amounts of fast food was less likely in women with lower perceived ability to shop for and cook healthy foods, lower frequency of family dining, lower family support for healthy eating, more women acquaintances who eat fast food regularly and who lived further from the nearest supermarket. When modelled with the other significant factors, a lower perceived shopping ability, mid levels of family support and living further from the nearest supermarket remained significant. Among those who did not perceive fruits and vegetables to be of high quality, less frequent fast-food consumption was further reduced for those with the lowest confidence in their shopping ability.

Conclusions

Interventions designed to improve women's ability and opportunities to shop for healthy foods may be of value in making those who live in high-risk environments better able to eat healthily.
Characteristics of consumers using ‘better for you’ front-of-pack food labelling schemes – an example from the Australian Heart Foundation Tick
Authors: Williams Susan L , Mummery Kerry W
Published: November 2012

Objective

The Heart Foundation Tick aims to help consumers make healthier food choices and overcome confusion in understanding food labels. Little is known about what factors differentiate frequent from infrequent users and the effectiveness of this scheme in helping Australians make healthier food choices.

Design

A cross-sectional survey was used to explore use of the Tick and associations with a range of individual characteristics.

Setting

A national panel of Australians, living in each state and territory, completed an online survey (n1446).

Subjects

Adult men (41 %) and women participated in the study.

Results

Most trusted the Heart Foundation (79 %), and used the Tick at least occasionally (19 % regularly, 21 % often, 35 % occasionally, 24 % never). A majority was classified as overweight/obese (60 %), 3·5 % were diagnosed with CHD, 5·2 % with diabetes and 23 % with hypertension. Many did not meet recommendations for the consumption of red meat (30 %), processed meat (23 %), vegetables (78 %), fruit (43 %) and fast foods (47 %). Female frequent users tended to have hypertension, be married/de facto, older than 45 years, rural dwellers, and limit their intake of fast foods. Male frequent users tended to have hypertension, meet recommendations for fruit, vegetables and processed meats, but not have a tertiary education.

Conclusions

The Heart Foundation Tick is a highly trusted, highly recognizable food labelling scheme and helpful to consumers who are motivated to make healthier food choices. More inter-sector collaboration is required to incorporate these schemes into public health campaigns to help consumers make healthier food choices.
Identification of gaps in pearl millet germplasm from East and Southern Africa conserved at the ICRISAT genebank
Authors: Upadhyaya H. D. , Reddy K. N. , Irshad Ahmed M. , Gowda C. L. L.
Published: November 2012

The International Crops Research Institute for the semi-Arid Tropics Genebank at Patancheru, India holds the world's largest collection of 22,211 pearl millet germplasm accessions from 50 countries including 4488 landraces from 16 East and Southern African (ESA) countries. Gap analysis using FloraMap software and 3750 georeferenced pearl millet germplasm accessions from ESA countries revealed 34 districts located in 18 provinces of four East African countries and 76 districts located in 34 provinces of seven Southern African countries as geographical gaps. Analysis of characterization data using DIVA-GIS software showed 11 districts of seven provinces in Sudan and Uganda and 58 districts of 20 provinces of seven countries in Southern Africa as gaps in diversity for important morphoagronomic traits. The following districts were identified as gaps common to geographic area and diversity for some or the other traits: Amuria district in Soroti province of Uganda; Mpwapwa in Dodoma province of Tanzania; Mahalapye in Centre province and Kgatleng in Kgatleng province of Botswana; Lalomo in Southern province of Zambia; and Motoko, Mudzi and Wedza in the province of Mashonaland East; Makoni in Manikaland; Gutu and Chivi in Masvingo; Gwanda and Bulalimamangwe in Metabeland south; Hwange and Nkayi in Metabeland north; and Kwe Kwe in Midlands of Zimbabwe. For a successful germplasm collection mission to fill the gaps identified, planning should be made in advance of collaboration and consultation with National Agricultural Systems, local government officials and extension officers. It is suggested to collect the complete passport data including georeference information while collecting the germplasm.
Behavioural/emotional problems in Brazilian children: findings from parents' reports on the Child Behavior Checklist
Authors: Rocha M. M. , Rescorla L. A. , Emerich D. R. , Silvares E. F. M. , Borsa J. C. , Araújo L. G. S. , Bertolla M. H. S. M. , Oliveira M. S. , Perez N. C. S. , Freitas P. M. , Assis S. G.
Published: November 2012

Background.

To compare Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) findings for a large Brazilian general population sample with those for US children considering: (a) mean problem item ratings; (b) fit of the US-derived CBCL 8-syndrome model; (c) scale internal consistency measured by Cronbach's alphas; (d) effects of society, age, gender on CBCL problem scores; and (e) ability to discriminate referred from non-referred children.

Methods.

Parents of 1228 non-referred 6-to-11-year-olds from three different regions of Brazil and 247 referred 6-to-11-year-olds from one clinic rated their children's behavioural and emotional problems using the CBCL/6–18.

Results.

Results for mean item ratings and scale internal consistencies were very similar to those found in the US and in Uruguay. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that Brazilian data showed the best fit to the US 8-syndrome model of all countries studied to date. Gender patterns were comparable to those reported in other societies, but mean problem scores for non-referred Brazilian children were higher than those for US children. Therefore, the CBCL discriminated less well between non-referred and referred children in Brazil than in the US.

Conclusions.

Overall, our findings replicated those reported in international comparisons of CBCL scores for 31 societies, thereby providing support for the multicultural robustness of the CBCL in Brazil.
Large interannual variations in nonmethane volatile organic compound emissions based on measurements of carbon monoxide
Authors: Park Keyhong , Emmons Louisa K. , Wang Zhihui , Mak John E.
Published: November 2012

We present source estimates of atmospheric carbon monoxide from nonmethane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) oxidation during a period of 8 years (1997–2004) using a Bayesian inversion analysis. The optimized global NMVOC‐derived CO source strength indicates a change of a factor of 2 between the 1997–1998 strong El Niño and subsequent La Niña conditions. For comparison, the average 8 year interannual variability (IAV) is 18%. The variation of NMVOC‐derived CO is closely correlated with the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) and surface temperature. A time‐lagged correlation analysis between ONI and NMVOC‐derived CO inventory indicated El Niño/Southern Oscillation leads the Northern Hemisphere (NH) NMVOC‐derived CO production by about 3 months earlier than the Southern Hemisphere's (SH). The SH NMVOC‐derived CO was positively correlated with the lagged‐ONI (r = 0.57), while the temperature change barely influenced SH NMVOC‐derived CO (r = 0.01). In the NH, temperature was more robustly correlated with NMVOC‐derived CO (r = 0.58) than the lagged‐ONI (r = 0.35). In particular, the extra‐tropical temperature showed a strong correlation (r = 0.90) with the NH NMVOC‐derived CO and suggested its primary role in controlling the interannual variability of the NH NMVOC‐derived CO.
The impact of coastal phytoplankton blooms on ocean‐atmosphere thermal energy exchange: Evidence from a two‐way coupled numerical modeling system
Authors: Jolliff Jason K. , Smith Travis A. , Barron Charlie N. , deRada Sergio , Anderson Stephanie C. , Gould Richard W. , Arnone Robert A.
Published: November 2012

A set of sensitivity experiments are performed with a two‐way coupled and nested ocean‐atmosphere forecasting system in order to deconvolve how dense phytoplankton stocks in a coastal embayment may impact thermal energy exchange processes. Monterey Bay simulations parameterizing solar shortwave transparency in the surface ocean as an invariant oligotrophic oceanic water type estimate consistently colder sea surface temperature (SST) than simulations utilizing more realistic, spatially varying shortwave attenuation terms based on satellite estimates of surface algal pigment concentration. These SST differences lead to an ∼88% increase in the cumulative turbulent thermal energy transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere over the three month simulation period. The result is a warmer simulated atmospheric boundary layer with respective local air temperature differences approaching ∼2°C. This study suggests that the retention of shortwave solar flux by ocean flora may directly impact even short‐term forecasts of coastal meteorological variables.
Enceladus auroral hiss observations: Implications for electron beam locations
Authors: Leisner J. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Gurnett D. A.
Published: November 2012

The Cassini spacecraft has made 20 close flybys of the icy moon Enceladus between its arrival at Saturn in 2004 and 2012. Of those 20, strong whistler mode emissions (often called auroral hiss) were clearly observed on seven encounters. The propagation paths of these emissions are determined by the background magnetic field, which allows their source regions to be studied using simple ray‐tracing codes. In this paper, we trace the auroral hiss observations from Cassini's trajectories to possible source locations near Enceladus. We find that all of the detected emissions could be generated by field‐aligned electron beams in one of two regions around the moon: upstream of the Saturnward terminator and downstream of the anti‐Saturnward terminator. These results suggest that electron beam acceleration near the solid body is a quasi‐time‐stationary feature of the plasma interaction and that the auroral hiss generated by these beams may be used to remotely study plasma processes in regions separated from the spacecraft.
Dissipation regimes for short wind waves
Authors: Caulliez Guillemette
Published: November 2012

The dissipation processes affecting short wind waves of centimeter and decimeter scales are investigated experimentally in laboratory. The processes include damping due to molecular viscosity, generation of capillary waves, microbreaking, and breaking. The observations were made in a large wind wave tank for a wide range of fetches and winds, using a laser sheet and a high‐resolution video camera. The work aims at constructing a comprehensive picture of dissipative processes in the short wind wave field, to find for which scales particular dissipative mechanism may become important. Four distinct regimes have been identified. For capillary‐gravity wave fields, i.e., for dominant waves with scales below 4 cm, viscous damping is found to be the main dissipation mechanism. The gravity‐capillary wave fields with dominant wavelength less than 10 cm usually exhibit a train of capillary ripples at the crest wavefront, but no wave breaking. For such waves, the main dissipation process is molecular viscosity occurring through nonlinear energy cascade toward high‐frequency motions. Microscale breaking takes place for waves longer than 10 cm and manifests itself in a very localized surface disruption on the forward face of the crest. Such events generate turbulent motions in water and thus enhance wave dissipation. Plunging breaking, characterized by formation of a crest bulge, a microjet hitting the water surface and a splash‐up, occurs for short gravity waves of wavelength exceeding 20 cm. Macroscale spilling breaking is also observed for longer waves at high winds. In both cases, the direct momentum transfer from breaking waves to the water flow contributes significantly to wave damping.
Gravity constraints on the subsurface structure of the Marius Hills: The magmatic plumbing of the largest lunar volcanic dome complex
Authors: Kiefer Walter S.
Published: November 2012

The Marius Hills, the Moon's largest volcanic dome field, has more than 250 basaltic domes and cones in an area 200 × 250 km across. It is a major free‐air gravity anomaly, 236 mGal in the north and 150 mGal in the south. In the northern half of the structure, the topography can only explain about half of the gravity anomaly, and in the south, there is virtually no topographic relief associated with the gravity anomaly. High‐density material must be present at depth, most likely as mare basalt intruded into the underlying porous feldspathic highland crust. The gravity anomaly is modeled using two spherical caps. The northern cap is 160–180 km in diameter and at least 3.0 km thick. The southern cap is 100–140 km in diameter and at least 6.2 km thick. The intruded basalt may have served as the magma chambers that fed the overlying surface volcanism. Magma crystallization within these chambers provided a source of crystal‐rich, high viscosity lava that fed the volcanic domes. The volume of intruded basalt is 1.6 × 104 km3. The total volcanic volume, including both intruded and extruded material, is 2.6 × 104 km3, indicating that the Marius Hills is a major volcanic center. Intrusion of hot magma may cause thermal annealing of the porous feldspathic host rock, significantly reducing the host rock porosity. This would allow a large volume of magma to be intruded into the crust with little change in overall crustal volume.
High spatial and temporal resolution sampling of Martian gas abundances from CRISM spectra
Authors: Toigo Anthony D. , Smith Michael D. , Seelos Frank P. , Murchie Scott L.
Published: November 2012

The Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft has been collecting spectra in the visible to near‐infrared wavelength range for over 5 years (approximately 3 Martian years). Observations consist of image cubes, with two main selections of spectral sampling (74 and 545 spectral channels) and two main selections of spatial sampling (approximately 20 and 200  m/pixel). Retrievals of gas abundances, specifically CO2, H2O, and CO, are performed from spectra collected in all observation modes. The retrievals are efficiently performed using a look‐up table, where the strength of gas absorption features are precalculated for an N‐dimensional discrete grid of known input parameters (season, location, environment, viewing geometry, etc.) and the one unknown parameter to be retrieved (gas abundance). A reverse interpolation in the look‐up table is used to match the observed strength of the gas absorption to the gas abundance. This algorithm is extremely fast compared to traditional radiative transfer computations that seek to recursively fit calculated results to an observed spectral feature, and can therefore be applied on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis to the tens of thousands of Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars images, to examine cross‐scene structure as well as to produce climatological averages.
Using ARTEMIS pickup ion observations to place constraints on the lunar atmosphere
Authors: Halekas J. S. , Poppe A. R. , Delory G. T. , Sarantos M. , McFadden J. P.
Published: November 2012

We present a method for deriving constraints on the structure and composition of the lunar atmosphere by using pickup ion measurements from ARTEMIS, mapping observed fluxes from the spacecraft location to derive production rates at the source region, and fitting to a parameterized neutral atmosphere model. We apply this technique to ~12 min of high‐resolution burst data collected by ARTEMIS P2 above the sunlit lunar surface, in the dawnside terrestrial magnetosheath. During this time period, ARTEMIS observed multiple velocity components, requiring the presence of multiple species and/or source regions. We use species at or near masses 12, 16, 24, 28, and 40 to derive a best‐fit model that proves consistent with most known abundances and limits on neutral densities as well as predictions thereof. However, we find indications of large neutral abundances at mass ~16, exceeding optical limits on oxygen by a factor of ~20, possibly indicating either “seeding” of the Moon by terrestrial oxygen during its magnetotail passage or significant contributions by OH or CH4. We also derive new upper limits on the abundance of OH and Al in the atmosphere.
Retention and transport of nutrients in a mature agricultural impoundment
Authors: Powers S. M. , Julian J. P. , Doyle M. W. , Stanley E. H.
Published: November 2012

Small impoundments intended for irrigation, livestock watering, and hydropower are numerous in agricultural regions of the world. Many of these artificial water bodies are well positioned to intercept fertilizer runoff and pollutants but could be vulnerable to long‐term sedimentation, management intervention, or failure. We examined solute retention in a mature, sediment‐filled, run‐of‐river impoundment created by a small, >100 year old dam in agricultural Wisconsin, United States. To do so, we measured instantaneous net fluxes of inorganic and organic solutes through the system, which contained wetlands. The impoundment was a persistent net sink for sulfate and, during the warm season only, a net sink for nitrate, ammonium, and soluble reactive phosphorus. There was also a negative relationship between nitrate and sulfate retention, suggestive of nitrate‐stimulated sulfate production. Impoundment hydraulics were then altered by a management manipulation (dam removal) that caused mean water travel time to decrease by approximately 40%. Following manipulation, autoregressive modeling of solute time series indicated a decrease in mean net retention of nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, and soluble reactive phosphorus. There was also a decrease in the variability (coefficient of variation) of instantaneous net exports of dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved organic phosphorus. These biogeochemical changes were consistent with predictions based on hydraulics (reduced water travel time), with the exception of ammonium release immediately following reservoir dewatering. Our results emphasize the biogeochemical importance of reservoir‐wetland ecosystems, which are expanding with impoundment sedimentation but are threatened by infrastructure aging. We suggest that reservoir wetlands be considered in the management of dams and surface water pollution.
The biochemistry of love: an oxytocin hypothesis
Authors: Carter C Sue , Porges Stephen W
Published: November 2012

The old saying that ‘love heals’ has some truth to it. The intricate dance between two neuropeptides both regulates our ability to love and influences our health and well‐being.
microRNA‐independent recruitment of Argonaute 1 to nanos mRNA through the Smaug RNA‐binding protein
Authors: Pinder Benjamin D , Smibert Craig A
Published: November 2012

Argonaute (Ago) proteins are typically recruited to target messenger RNAs via an associated small RNA such as a microRNA (miRNA). Here, we describe a new mechanism of Ago recruitment through the Drosophila Smaug RNA‐binding protein. We show that Smaug interacts with the Ago1 protein, and that Ago1 interacts with and is required for the translational repression of the Smaug target, nanos mRNA. The Ago1/nanos mRNA interaction does not require a miRNA, but it does require Smaug. Taken together, our data suggest a model whereby Smaug directly recruits Ago1 to nanos mRNA in a miRNA‐independent manner, thereby repressing translation.
X-ray imaging crystal spectroscopy for use in plasma transport research
Authors: Reinke M. L. , Podpaly Y. A. , Bitter M. , Hutchinson I. H. , Rice J. E. , Delgado-Aparicio L. , Gao C. , Greenwald M. , Hill K. , Howard N. T. , Hubbard A. , Hughes J. W. , Pablant N. , White A. E. , Wolfe S. M.
Published: November 2012

This research describes advancements in the spectral analysis and error propagation techniques associated with x-ray imaging crystal spectroscopy (XICS) that have enabled this diagnostic to be used to accurately constrain particle, momentum, and heat transport studies in a tokamak for the first time. Doppler tomography techniques have been extended to include propagation of statistical uncertainty due to photon noise, the effect of non-uniform instrumental broadening as well as flux surface variations in impurity density. These methods have been deployed as a suite of modeling and analysis tools, written in interactive data language (IDL) and designed for general use on tokamaks. Its application to the Alcator C-Mod XICS is discussed, along with novel spectral and spatial calibration techniques. Example ion temperature and radial electric field profiles from recent I-mode plasmas are shown, and the impact of poloidally asymmetric impurity density and natural line broadening is discussed in the context of the planned ITER x-ray crystal spectrometer.
Convective Raman amplification of light pulses causing kinetic inflation in inertial fusion plasmas
Authors: Ellis I. N. , Strozzi D. J. , Winjum B. J. , Tsung F. S. , Grismayer T. , Mori W. B. , Fahlen J. E. , Williams E. A.
Published: November 2012

We perform 1D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations using OSIRIS, which model a short-duration (∼500ω0−1 FWHM) scattered light seed pulse in the presence of a constant counter-propagating pump laser with an intensity far below the absolute instability threshold. The seed undergoes linear convective Raman amplification and dominates over fluctuations due to particle discreteness. Our simulation results are in good agreement with results from a coupled-mode solver when we take into account special relativity and the use of finite size PIC simulation particles. We present linear gain spectra including both effects. Extending the PIC simulations past when the seed exits the simulation domain reveals bursts of large-amplitude scattering in many cases, which does not occur in simulations without the seed pulse. These bursts can have amplitudes several times greater than the amplified seed pulse, and we demonstrate that this large-amplitude scattering is the result of kinetic inflation by examining trapped particle orbits. This large-amplitude scattering is caused by the seed modifying the distribution function earlier in the simulation. We perform some simulations with longer duration seeds, which lead to parts of the seeds undergoing kinetic inflation and reaching amplitudes several times more than the steady-state linear theory results. Simulations with continuous seeds demonstrate that the onset of inflation depends on seed wavelength and incident intensity, and we observe oscillations in the reflectivity at a frequency equal to the difference between the seed frequency and the frequency at which the inflationary stimulated Raman scattering grows.
Towards an efficient multiscale modeling of low-dimensional reactive systems: Study of numerical closure procedures
Authors: Mazzi Giacomo , De Decker Yannick , Samaey Giovanni
Published: November 2012

We study a numerical closure approach for systems of chemically reacting systems on lattices with low-dimensional support, for which a mean-field approximation is insufficiently accurate because of lateral interaction on the lattice. We introduce a hierarchy of macroscopic state variables, taking particle clusters into account, whose time evolution is obtained via microscopic (kinetic Monte Carlo) simulation. The macroscopic state variables are chosen such that they can be straightforwardly conserved during reconstruction of a microscopic configuration (the so-called lifting step). We present and compare the effects of different alternatives to initialize the remaining degrees of freedom. We illustrate the strong interplay between the number of macroscopic state variables and the specifics of the lifting and that, for a given lifting operator, accuracy of the macroscopic dynamics does not necessarily improve monotonically when adding macroscopic state variables.
Design, realization, and characteristics of a transition edge bolometer for sub-millimeter wave astronomy
Authors: May Torsten , Zakosarenko Vyatcheslav , Kreysa Ernst , Esch Walter , Anders Solveig , Gemuend Hans-Peter , Heinz Erik , Meyer Hans-Georg
Published: November 2012

The large array bolometer camera is scheduled to succeed its semiconducting predecessor at the Atacama pathfinder experiment. It shall be an array of 300 transition edge sensors operated at a temperature of about 0.25 K, provided by a 3He evaporation cooler and a pulse tube refrigerator. The instrument will be read out by a superconducting quantum interference device time domain multiplexer. The design and realization of a suitable detector for this instrument is described. Based on sensitivity demands derived from the background limit, the thermal and electrical designs for a spider-web bolometer are deduced. The theoretical predictions are compared to experimental results. The pixel design yields a background-limited performance for background loads corresponding to blackbody sources between 77 K and 300 K and a partially effective anti-aliasing filter for the intended multiplexed readout.
Graviton propagator in a general invariant gauge on de Sitter
Authors: Mora P. J. , Tsamis N. C. , Woodard R. P.
Published: November 2012

We construct the graviton propagator on de Sitter background in the one parameter family of exact, de Sitter invariant gauges. Our result takes the form of a universal spin two part and a gauge dependent spin zero part. Scalar equations are derived for the structure functions of each part. There is no de Sitter invariant solution for either structure function, although the de Sitter breaking contribution to the spin zero part may drop out for certain choices of the gauge parameter. Our results imply that de Sitter breaking is universal for the graviton propagator, and hence that there is an error in the contrary results derived by analytic continuation of average gauge fixing techniques.
Spreading speeds for one-dimensional monostable reaction-diffusion equations
Authors: Berestycki Henri , Nadin Grégoire
Published: November 2012

We establish in this article spreading properties for the solutions of equations of the type ∂tu − a(x)∂xxu − q(x)∂xu = f(x, u), where a, q, f are only assumed to be uniformly continuous and bounded in x, the nonlinearity f is of monostable Kolmogorov, Petrovsky, and Piskunov type between two steady states 0 and 1 and the initial datum is compactly supported. Using homogenization techniques, we construct two speeds \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\underline{w}\le \overline{w}$\end{document}w̲≤w¯ such that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\lim _{t\rightarrow +\infty }\sup _{0\le x\le wt} |u(t,x)-1| = 0$\end{document}limt→+∞sup0≤x≤wt|u(t,x)−1|=0 for all \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$w\in (0,\underline{w})$\end{document}w∈(0,w̲) and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\lim _{t\rightarrow +\infty } \sup _{x \ge wt} |u(t,x)| =0$\end{document}limt→+∞supx≥wt|u(t,x)|=0 for all \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$w>\overline{w}$\end{document}w>w¯. These speeds are characterized in terms of two new notions of generalized principal eigenvalues for linear elliptic operators in unbounded domains. In particular, we derive the exact spreading speed when the coefficients are random stationary ergodic, almost periodic or asymptotically almost periodic (where \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\overline{w}=\underline{w}$\end{document}w¯=w̲).
Towards converging non-adiabatic direct dynamics calculations using frozen-width variational Gaussian product basis functions
Authors: Mendive-Tapia David , Lasorne Benjamin , Worth Graham A. , Robb Michael A. , Bearpark Michael J.
Published: November 2012

In this article, we investigate the convergence of quantum dynamics calculations with coupled variationally optimized Gaussian product basis functions, describing wavepacket motion on regions of molecular potential energy surfaces calculated on the fly. As a benchmark system, we model the radiationless decay of fulvene from its first electronic excited state through an extended S1/S0 conical intersection seam and monitor two associated properties: the spatial extent to which the conical intersection seam is sampled and the timescale and stepwise nature of the population transfer. We suggest that the fully variational description reviewed here (direct dynamics-variational multi-configuration Gaussian) provides a way to balance accuracy against computational cost for molecules of comparable sizes by choosing the number of coupled Gaussian product basis functions and a middle way forward between grid based and trajectory surface hopping approaches to non-adiabatic molecular quantum dynamics calculations.
Ill-posedness for subcritical hyperdissipative Navier-Stokes equations in the largest critical spaces
Authors: Cheskidov A. , Shvydkoy R.
Published: November 2012

We study the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with a fractional Laplacian and prove the existence of discontinuous Leray-Hopf solutions in the largest critical space with arbitrarily small initial data.
A Vlasov equation with Dirac potential used in fusion plasmas
Authors: Bardos Claude , Nouri Anne
Published: November 2012

Well-posedness of the Cauchy problem is analyzed for a singular Vlasov equation governing the evolution of the ionic distribution function of a quasineutral fusion plasma. The Penrose criterium is adapted to the linearized problem around a time and space homogeneous distribution function showing (due to the singularity) more drastic differences between stable and unstable situations. This pathology appears on the full nonlinear problem, well-posed locally in time with analytic initial data, but generally ill-posed in the Hadamard sense. Eventually with a very different class of solutions, mono-kinetic, which constrains the structure of the density distribution, the problem becomes locally in time well-posed.
Erase/restorable asymmetric magnetization reversal in polycrystalline ferromagnetic films
Authors: Li S. P. , Kulkarni Santosh , Roy Saibal
Published: November 2012

Asymmetric hysteresis loops are generally found in exchange-coupled ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic layers or composite. Once the film is deposited the magnetization reversal behaviour becomes certain due to the fixed anisotropy of the film. We report an asymmetric magnetization reversal, which is erase/restorable in polycrystalline soft magnetic film. When the film is pre-saturated at a high field in the induced uniaxial easy direction, the asymmetric hysteresis loops with one branch governed by “coherent rotation” and another branch with kink induced by mixed reversal mechanism of “coherent rotation” and “rotation/180°-domain-wall-motion/rotation” are obtained. If the film is presaturated in the induced hard axis, the kink disappears and “normal” hysteresis behaviour is observed instead. Such asymmetric magnetization curve can be restored if the film is pre-saturated in the easy axis again. The observed phenomenon is originated from an embedded second magnetically hard phase which tunes the anisotropy in the film.
Development of an improved sawdust gasifier stove for industrial applications
Authors: Bhanap Indraneel J. , Deshmukh Ramchandrada D.
Published: November 2012

For decades and even today (though comparatively less), many people from rural India continue to use traditional cook stoves to satisfy their daily cooking needs [S. Kohli, in “New Initiative for Development and Deployment of Improved Cookstoves: Recommended Action Plan,” Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, The Energy & Resources Institute, New Delhi, May 2010, p. 2]. These cook stoves run on solid fuels, which include biomass fuels such as fire wood, agricultural waste, charcoal, and cow dung [E. Duflo, in “Up in Smoke: The Influence of Household Behavior on the Long-Run Impact of Improved Cooking Stoves,” April 2012, p. 2]. While they achieve their purpose of cooking the food, they also release copious amounts of carbon monoxide and various other poisonous gases. Since these people often tend to cook their food indoors, they tend to inhale these gases, which lead to various respiratory diseases and complexities. This term is defined as “indoor air pollution (IAP)” and is one of the major problems that continue to plague the rural population in developing countries around the world [E. Duflo, in “Up in Smoke: The Influence of Household Behavior on the Long-Run Impact of Improved Cooking Stoves,” April 2012, p. 3], which continue to use the traditional cook stove. Therefore, it has become necessary to develop technologies (more specifically cook stoves), so that they continue to use these sources of fuel before ensuring that they produce minimal indoor air pollution. Appropriate Rural Technology Institute (ARTI) is a non-governmental organization (NGO) located in Phaltan, Maharashtra, India, which develops various cook stoves that run on various sources of biomass, which are not only significantly more powerful and efficient than the traditional stoves but also produce lower levels of CO than their traditional counterparts. It trains rural entrepreneurs on how to use it who distribute these cook stoves to the rural population. The stove, on which this paper is based, is the “Vivek” stove developed by ARTI. It is a portable, cylindrical gasifier stove designed for the rural people to carry it wherever they go and to cook a meal for a family of four. ARTI, however, also planned to develop a sawdust gasifier stove that can be utilized in small-scale industrial processes. The current “Vivek” stove is inadequate for such applications that require a long and stable power output, while maintaining low emissions. For this purpose, different design configurations of the sawdust gasifier stove were tested and evaluated. This paper aims to analyze the results of each of the stove design configurations and how each of the stoves performed and to select the most ideal design among them for developing an industrial sawdust gasifier stove, which also serves as the groundwork for the stove to be further optimized.
Genetic algorithms applied to reconstructing coded imaging of neutrons and analysis of residual watermark
Authors: Zhang Tiankui , Hu Huasi , Jia Qinggang , Zhang Fengna , Chen Da , Li Zhenghong , Wu Yuelei , Liu Zhihua , Hu Guang , Guo Wei
Published: November 2012

Monte-Carlo simulation of neutron coded imaging based on encoding aperture for Z-pinch of large field-of-view with 5 mm radius has been investigated, and then the coded image has been obtained. Reconstruction method of source image based on genetic algorithms (GA) has been established. “Residual watermark,” which emerges unavoidably in reconstructed image, while the peak normalization is employed in GA fitness calculation because of its statistical fluctuation amplification, has been discovered and studied. Residual watermark is primarily related to the shape and other parameters of the encoding aperture cross section. The properties and essential causes of the residual watermark were analyzed, while the identification on equivalent radius of aperture was provided. By using the equivalent radius, the reconstruction can also be accomplished without knowing the point spread function (PSF) of actual aperture. The reconstruction result is close to that by using PSF of the actual aperture.
Compact diffraction grating laser wavemeter with sub-picometer accuracy and picowatt sensitivity using a webcam imaging sensor
Authors: White James D. , Scholten Robert E.
Published: November 2012

We describe a compact laser wavelength measuring instrument based on a small diffraction grating and a consumer-grade webcam. With just 1 pW of optical power, the instrument achieves absolute accuracy of 0.7  pm, sufficient to resolve individual hyperfine transitions of the rubidium absorption spectrum. Unlike interferometric wavemeters, the instrument clearly reveals multimode laser operation, making it particularly suitable for use with external cavity diode lasers and atom cooling and trapping experiments.
A low noise, nonmagnetic fluorescence detector for precision measurements
Authors: Zhu Kunyan , Solmeyer Neal , Weiss David S.
Published: November 2012

We have built a fluorescence imaging system with a nonmagnetic front end photodiode array (PDA) located inside a magnetically shielded science region. The PDA is connected by a bundle of 2 m long mini-coaxial cables to a set of external bootstrapped amplifiers with 107 Ω trans-impedance and a peak light-equivalent spectral noise density of 2.0 pW/√Hz in a 150 kHz bandwidth. The detector is being used for a cold atom electron electric dipole moment search experiment.
An acoustic resonance measurement cell for liquid property determinations up to 250 °C
Authors: Sturtevant Blake T. , Pantea Cristian , Sinha Dipen N.
Published: November 2012

This paper reports on the development of a compact, rugged, and portable measurement cell design for the determination of liquid sound speed at temperatures up to 250 °C and pressures up to 3000 psi. Although a significant amount of work exists in the literature on the characterization of fluids, primarily pure water, over a wide range of pressures and temperatures, the availability of experimentally determined sound speed in water between 100 °C and 250 °C is very limited. The need to measure sound speed in liquids up to 250 °C is of both fundamental interest, as in the case of basic equations of state, and applied interest, such as for characterizing geothermal or petroleum downhole environments. The measurement cell reported here represents an advancement in the established room temperature swept frequency acoustic interferometry measurement for liquid sound speed determinations. The paper details the selection of materials suitable for high temperature operation and the construction of the measurement apparatus. Representative sound speeds as a function of temperature and pressure are presented and are shown to be in very good agreement with an internationally accepted standard for water sound speed.
Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy of cubes over the full range of Poisson's ratio
Authors: Li Dong , Dong Liang , Lakes Roderic S.
Published: November 2012

Methods are developed for study of isotropic cubes via resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. To that end, mode structure maps are determined for freely vibrating isotropic cubes via finite element method over the full range of Poisson's ratio ν (−1 to +0.5). The fundamental torsional mode has the lowest frequency provided ν is between about −0.31 and +0.5. Experimental measurements for the mode structures of materials with Poisson's ratio +0.33, +0.3, +0.15, −0.15, and −0.72 are performed using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy and interpreted. Methods are developed to identify pertinent modes. The experimental results match well with the analysis with the exception of some splitting of some modes because of slight material anisotropy. The effects of slight imperfection of specimen shape on the first 10 modes are analyzed for various Poisson's ratios.
Large effects of pressure induced inelastic channels on interface thermal conductance
Authors: Chalopin Yann , Mingo Natalio , Diao Jiankuai , Srivastava Deepak , Volz Sebastian
Published: November 2012

A large effect of pressure on the thermal conductance of silicon/carbon nanotube junctions is shown to result from induced anharmonicity at the interface. Through atomistic simulations, we demonstrate the opening of pressure induced inelastic phonon channels, which are responsible for a several fold increase of the thermal conductance.
Tunneling conductance and magnetoresistance in topological insulator Fi/I/Fi/d-wave superconductor junctions
Authors: Vali R. , Vali Mehran
Published: November 2012

We investigate the tunneling conductance and tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) in topological insulator ferromagnetic insulator/insulator/ferromagnetic insulator/d-wave superconductor (Fi/I/Fi/d-wave SC) junction, by applying the Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk approach. We find that the multiple scatterings in the middle ferromagnetic layer cause the conductance to exhibit an oscillatory behavior as a function of barrier strength even in the case where there is a large Fermi surface mismatch between ferromagnetic and superconductor regions. We find also that the conductance in antiparallel magnetization configuration can be larger than that in the parallel one, depending on the value of barrier strength. This, together with the magnetically induced phase shift of the antiparallel conductance relative to the parallel conductance, leads to a huge negative tunneling magnetoresistance.
Development of the isotropic site-site potential for exchange repulsion energy and combination with the isotropic site-site potential for electrostatic part
Authors: Yokogawa D.
Published: November 2012

We extended the previously reported isotropic site-site potential for the exchange part [D. Yokogawa, Chem. Phys. Lett. 515, 179 (2011)]10.1016/j.cplett.2011.08.094 and combined it with isotropic site-site potential for the electrostatic part. To treat complex systems, such as excited-state molecules and metal complexes, multi-configuration self-consistent field method was employed. The method was applied to the calculation of intermolecular interactions between \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\rm H_2O$\end{document}H2O and aromatic compounds, namely, p-nitoroaniline, imidazolium cation, and cyclopentadienyl anion. The potential thus obtained was combined with the extended reference interaction site model and the three-dimensional reference interaction site model for the calculation of the solvation structure. The present method gave reasonable intermolecular interactions and solvation structures at ground and excited states.