bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of excitonic emission in diamond
Authors: Okushi Hideyo , Watanabe Hideyuki , Kanno Shokichi
Published: August 2005

The Editor's Choice [1] is a theoretical study of the excitonic emission properties in diamond, in particular with regard to possible Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC). The cover picture shows a simple phase diagram for electron–hole pairs in dependence on their density and temperature. It is predicted that exciton BEC does occur for highly excited exciton densities, e.g. on the order of 1018–1019 cm–3, at low temperatures.

The first author, Hideyo Okushi, started to study homoepitaxial CVD diamond films for electronic devices in 1995, now at AIST. Since 2001, he has been the leader of the CREST project “Ultraviolet nanodevices using high‐density exciton in diamond”.

This issue contains papers presented at SBDD X. This year saw the 10th anniversary of the series of International Workshops on Surface and Bulk Defects in CVD Diamond Films, which are traditionally held in Diepenbeek‐Hasselt, Belgium.
Preface: phys. stat. sol. (a) 202/11
Authors: Bergonzo Philippe , Nesládek Miloš
Published: August 2005

The present issue of physica status solidi (a) contains a collection of 31 papers presented at the 10th International Workshop on Surface and Bulk Defects in CVD Diamond Films held in Diepenbeek‐Hasselt, Belgium, 23–25 February 2005. The 10th anniversary of the meeting proved the success of the concept, which originated in 1996 with the idea of bringing together scientists who are active and innovative in the field of electronic and optical properties of thin film diamond. This year the programme contained 9 invited oral talks, 14 contributed oral talks and 34 posters. 103 Participants from 14 countries (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Poland, Slovak Republic, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA) took part in the meeting. The meeting was traditionally directed towards topics ranging from defects and their characterization as well as electrical transport in CVD diamond towards modern diamond thin film devices including bio‐sensing applications. Also, diamond homoepitaxial and heteroepitaxial growth, doping, hydrogen induced surface conductivity and several other topics including defects in boron nitride materials were addressed. Intense and lively discussions were as usual part of this meeting to which the hospitality of the city of Hasselt contributed greatly.

The workshop would have not been possible without the support of many people and institutions. We also acknowledge the financial support of the Scientific Research Community of the F.W.O.‐Vlaanderen (Belgium) and the University of Hasselt. We also thank the editorial staff of physica status solidi, most notably Stefan Hildebrandt, for their excellent and patient work. Finally, we would like to thank Ken Haenen, whose skills for the successful organization are gratefully acknowledged.

August 2005
The role and function of quality assurance officers in Ontario hospitals
Authors: Rondeau Kent V. , Birdi Nareshwar
Published: August 2005

This article examines the role and job function of quality assurance officers in hospitals in Ontario, Canada. Results from a mail questionnaire suggest that hospital quality assurance professionals in our sample are much more likely to be female, at mid‐career, and to have advanced graduate degrees, although most lack professional certification and formal training in quality management. Although the job duties of hospital quality assurance professionals are broad and varied, many report being engaged in traditional quality assurance managerial activities including hospital accreditation efforts, risk management assessment, and patient satisfaction measurement. Coordinating quality assurance activities, performance reporting, and leading the Total Quality Management (TQM)/Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) initiative remain central functions associated with their work efforts. Nevertheless, limited formal training in the principles and methods of quality management and improvement may be placing significant constraints on their effectiveness. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A journey along the 21 CFR Part 11 Life Cycle
Authors: Siconolfi Richard M.
Published: August 2005

The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Guidance to Industry on 21 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 11 attempts to explain how industry can develop work processes that allow flexibility with this regulation without compromising compliance. However, to take advantage of this flexibility, our company needed to clearly understand the impact this guidance could have on our current work processes. We focused our attention on two specific areas: (1) developing and deploying a risk assessment and management process, and (2) revising our Part 11 Life Cycle for computerized systems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Illness‐related complaints in women with chronic widespread pain: importance of a contextual approach
Authors: Andersson Sven Ingmar , Hovelius Birgitta
Published: August 2005

The study, comprising 125 sick‐listed women aged 25–64 (m = 46.9 years) with widespread chronic pain, aimed at evaluating biopsychosocial problems as perceived by these women, studying such problems within a contextual framework, relating the findings to sociodemographic and medical data. Musculoskeletal complaints, fatigue, inability to work, sleep disturbances and uncertainty about the future were the problems, other than pain, most frequently reported. The women's written accounts of their musculoskeletal or somatic problems reflected being troubled by their unpaid household work and duties. Their psychological symptoms and social problems generally concerned paid work, unemployment or being on sick leave. The women's biomedical orientation appeared to be a function of their extended pharmaceutical and surgical treatment and their efforts to be recognized, particularly by insurance authorities, as clearly having a somatic disease. The study indicates the importance of a situational approach to gaining an understanding of illnesses in women with widespread pain. It is argued that, in a society accepting only medical grounds for sicklisting, physicians and other health care workers serve to reinforce a biomedical perspective in women suffering from biomedically ‘unexplained’ somatic symtoms, tending to result in medicalization, surgery and heavy use of pharmaceutical drugs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A cost‐based approach to vertical handover policies between WiFi and GPRS
Authors: Calvagna Andrea , Di Modica Giuseppe
Published: August 2005

To implement seamless mobility inside an integrated, multiple (e.g., GPRS/WiFi) access system, a vertical handover policy has to be devised. This is usually done at the mobile terminal, allowing it to be customized from an end‐user's perspective, in order to fit individual needs/preferences. We propose a new approach in taking vertical handover decisions, which are not anymore exclusively based on the knowledge of the available access networks' characteristics but also on higher level parameters which fall in the transport and application layers. To this extent, in this paper a model has been realized and simulations have been run in order to evaluate the impact of the vertical handover and its frequency on a set of typical user's network applications/services. We also take into account the user preferences in terms of cost and quality of service. We believe this approach reflects the optimal settings from the user's point of view with regard to his running services and applications. Our aim is to understand how to define a metric to be used in order to devise a solution which should try to balance the overall cost of vertical handovers with the actual benefits they bring to actual user's networking needs. This way, each mobile user could autonomously apply the handover decision policy, which is more convenient to his specific needs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mobile peer‐to‐peer approach for multimedia content sharing using 3G/WLAN dual mode channels
Authors: Kang Seung‐Seok , Mutka Matt W.
Published: August 2005

This paper provides a scheme to reduce the cost to distribute multimedia content to a set of nearby mobile peers, which we call chums. One peer, called the proxy, downloads multimedia content via a telecommunication link, and distributes it (which we call chumcast) to the ad hoc network formed from the set of nearby peers. Each peer in the ad hoc network takes turns serving as a proxy. Every peer is associated with a server that resides in the internet. The server for the proxy, called the active server, manages peer information, schedules the next proxy, selects a set of rebroadcasting peers, and detects partitioning of the ad hoc network. With support from the servers in the internet, peers receive benefits of reduced telecommunication bandwidth, computation power, as well as several security features. Simulation results show that 80% of the telecommunication cost is saved with as few as six peers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions between intelligent multimodal terminals and a network management system in a B3G context
Authors: Skianis C. , Kormentzas G. , Kontovasilis K.
Published: August 2005

This work addresses aspects relevant to the optimal joint exploitation of heterogeneous wireless networks in an ‘all‐IP’ integrated infrastructure, frequently called ‘Beyond 3G Systems’ (B3G) or composite radio networks. After briefly reviewing general architectural aspects pertaining to such systems, the paper focuses to the management functionality possessed by B3G systems and highlights the benefits that stem from sharing intelligence among the hybrid network (through a network management system) and the multimodal wireless terminals. In particular, the paper discusses an appropriate signaling protocol for the exchange of information between management modules at the network and the wireless terminal, investigates associated performance aspects and correlates the relevant findings with measurement results obtained from experiments over a prototype B3G network testbed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integration of authentication and mobility management in third generation and WLAN data networks
Authors: Wang Wenye , Liang Wei , Agarwal Avesh K.
Published: August 2005

The successful deployment of wireless local area networks (WLAN) for high speed data transmission and cellular systems for wide coverage and global roaming has emerged to be a complementary platform for wireless data communications. In order to fully exploit potentials in 3G/WLAN integration, authentication of roaming users crossing different networks, must be coupled with mobility management, which is a challenging, yet not resolved issue. The focus of this paper is on state‐of‐art solutions to Wi‐Fi and cellular networks based on IP infrastructure. Moreover, we introduce a new authentication architecture for fast authentication during inter‐networking handoff and large‐scale heterogeneous networks. We show that the new architecture can reduce authentication latency significantly and be adaptive to user mobility and traffic. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive bandwidth provisioning in an integrated 3G and WLAN environment
Authors: Choi Yong‐Hoon , Park Jaesung , Kim Beomjoon
Published: August 2005

In this paper, we propose a practical bandwidth reprovisioning scheme in an integrated third generation (3G) andwireless local area network(WLAN) environment. We investigate how to increase available bandwidth for conversational class while keeping the packet loss probability of background class below a threshold. The proposed scheme is implemented as a simple network management protocol (SNMP) compliant management information base (MIB) and deployed atpacket data serving node(PDSN) equipment. The experiments conducted on1x evolution for data and voice(1xEV‐DV) testbed show that the proposed scheme increases the bandwidth of the conversational class and guarantee adequate service quality of the background class. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Gβ(KlSte4p) subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein has a positive and essential role in the induction of mating in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis
Authors: Kawasaki Laura , Saviñón‐Tejeda Alma L. , Ongay‐Larios Laura , Ramírez Jorge , Coria Roberto
Published: August 2005

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the Gβγ dimer of the heterotrimeric G protein transduces a pheromone signal from serpentine receptor to a MAP kinase cascade that activates the mating response pathway. Haploid cells lacking the Gβ subunit do not respond to sexual pheromone, leading to sterility. In this work we demonstrate that the β‐subunit of Kluyveromyces lactis, encoded by the KlSTE4 gene, is a component of the G protein, and that its disruption gives rise to sterile cells. However, unlike Ste4p in S. cerevisiae, its overexpression does not induce growth arrest or promote mating. It has been shown that in K. lactis, the Gα subunit has a positive role in the mating process, hence the resulting double GαΔ GβΔ mutant was viable and sterile. Here we show that the overproduction of Gβ subunit fails to rescue GαΔ mutant from sterility and that expression of a constitutive active allele of Gα enhances transcription of the KlSTE4 gene. The mating pathway triggered by the Gβ‐subunit requires a functional KlSte12p transcription factor. Gβ has a 10‐fold higher association rate with the Gα1 subunit involved in pheromone response than with Gα2, the protein involved in cAMP regulation in K. lactis. Additionally, the Gβ‐subunit from K. lactis is able to interact with the Gα‐subunit from S. cerevisiae but fails to restore the mating deficiency of Scste4Δ mutant. The data presented indicate that the mating pathway of K. lactis is positively and cooperatively regulated by both the Gα and the Gβ subunits. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ESU1 gene, which is responsible for enhancement of termination suppression, corresponds to the 3′‐terminal half of GAL11
Authors: Ono Bun‐ichiro , Futase Tetsuro , Honda Waka , Yoshida Ryohma , Nakano Kiyohiro , Yamamoto Takayuki , Nakajima Erina , Noskov Vladimir N. , Negishi Kazuo , Chen Buxin , Chernoff Yury O.
Published: August 2005

A DNA fragment enhancing efficiency of [PSI+]‐dependent termination suppressor, sup111, was isolated from a genomic library of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its function was attributed to an ORF of 1272 bp. This ORF, designated ESU1 (enhancer of termination suppression), corresponded to the 3′‐terminal portion of GAL11. Contrasting to ESU1, GAL11 lowered the suppression efficiency of [PSI+] sup111. ESU1 possesses a TATA‐like sequence of its own and three ATG codons following it within a distance of about 70 bp and all in the same reading frame as GAL11. A 52.7 kDa protein corresponding in size to the predicted Esu1 protein is detected by western blot analysis using anti‐Gal11 antiserum. We therefore conclude that ESU1 is the gene that encodes a polypeptide corresponding to the C‐terminal 424 amino acids of Gal11. It was further found that ESU1 increases the level of GAL11 mRNA and probably also of its own mRNA. Moreover, ESU1 increased the cellular level of mRNA transcribed from the leu2‐1UAA mutant gene, while GAL11 did not. Based on these findings, we propose the following scheme for the events taking place in the [PSI+] sup111 cell that is transformed with an ESU1‐bearing plasmid: (a) ESU1 stimulates transcription of leu2‐1; (b) leu2‐1 mRNA is not effectively degraded because of the possession of sup111, which belongs to the upf group; (c) [PSI+] causes increased mis‐termination due to depletion of eRF3; (d) functional Leu2 product is made using leu2‐1 mRNA; and (d) suppression of leu2‐1 is eventually accomplished. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paclitaxel‐induced microtubule stabilization causes mitotic block and apoptotic‐like cell death in a paclitaxel‐sensitive strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Foland Travis B. , Dentler William L. , Suprenant Kathy A. , Gupta Mohan L. , Himes Richard H.
Published: August 2005

Wild‐type Saccharomyces cerevisiae tubulin does not bind the anti‐mitotic microtubule stabilizing agent paclitaxel. Previously, we introduced mutations into the S. cerevisiae gene for β‐tubulin that imparted paclitaxel binding to the protein, but the mutant strain was not sensitive to paclitaxel and other microtubule‐stabilizing agents, due to the multiple ABC transporters in the membranes of budding yeast. Here, we introduced the mutated β‐tubulin gene into a S. cerevisiae strain with diminished transporter activity and developed the first paclitaxel‐sensitive budding yeast strain. In the presence of paclitaxel, cytoplasmic microtubules were stable to cold depolymerization. Paclitaxel‐treated cells showed evidence of a mitotic block, with an increase in large‐budded cells and cells with a 2N DNA content and DNA fragmentation, identified by FACS analysis and the TUNEL assay. In the presence of paclitaxel, the number of dead cells in cultures increased three‐fold and cells containing reactive oxygen species were present. We conclude that paclitaxel blocks mitosis in this strain, leading to an apoptotic‐like cell death. This strain will also be useful in further studies of the effect of microtubule dynamics on various cellular processes in S. cerevisiae. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tyl6, a novel Ty3/gypsy‐like retrotransposon in the genome of the dimorphic fungus Yarrowia lipolytica
Authors: Kovalchuk Andriy , Senam Senam , Mauersberger Stephan , Barth Gerold
Published: August 2005

The novel LTR retrotransposon Tyl6 was detected in the genome of the dimorphic fungus Yarrowia lipolytica. Sequence analysis revealed that this element is related to the well‐known Ty3 element of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and, especially, to the recently described Tse3 retrotransposon of Saccharomyces exiguus and to the del1‐like plant retrotransposons. Tyl6 is 5108 bp long, is flanked by two identical long terminal repeats (LTR), each of 276 bp, and its ORFs are separated by a −1 frameshift. Both ORFs are intact and deduced translation products display a significant similarity with those of previously described Ty3/gypsy retrotransposons. Distribution of Tyl6 among Y. lipolytica strains of different origins was also analysed. A single copy of the novel retrotransposon is present in some commonly used laboratory strains, which are derivatives of the wild‐type isolate YB423‐12, whereas other strains of independent origin are devoid of Ty16. No solo LTR of Tyl6 was detected in the analysed strains. The complete sequence of Tyl6 was submitted to the EMBL nucleotide sequence database under Accession No. AJ746250. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and Testing of the Dutch Heart Failure Knowledge Scale
Authors: van der Wal Martje H.L. , Jaarsma Tiny , Moser Debra K. , van Veldhuisen Dirk J.
Published: August 2005

Background: Heart failure (HF) knowledge as well as compliance are considered to be underlying mechanisms of the effects of HF management programs. However, there are no valid and reliable measurement instruments available which measures knowledge of HF patients.

Aim: To develop a reliable and valid instrument, which measures the knowledge, patients have on their disease and the HF-related health care regimen.

Methods: The HF knowledge scale was developed in 3 phases; (1) concept analysis and first construction, (2) revision of items and (3) testing for validity and reliability.

Results: The Dutch HF knowledge scale is a 15-item, self-administered questionnaire that covers items concerning HF knowledge in general, knowledge on HF treatment (including diet and fluid restriction) and HF symptoms and symptom recognition.

Face validity as well as content and construct validity was tested in HF patients in 19 hospitals in the Netherlands. The scale was able to differentiate between HF patients with high and low level of HF knowledge. Cronbach's α of the knowledge scale in this population ( n = 902) was .62.

Conclusion: The instrument is a valid and reliable scale that can be used in research to gain insight in the effect of education and counselling of HF patients. After additional testing, the instrument seems to be a valid and reliable scale to be used in clinical practice to measure HF knowledge.
Amniotic fluid index measurements in normal pregnancy after 28 gestational weeks
Authors: Hinh N.D. , Ladinsky J.L.
Published: August 2005

Objective: The purpose of this study is to establish a normative scale of amniotic fluid index (AFI) or four‐quadrant amniotic fluid index throughout gestation in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies, and to identify the lower and upper limits for each gestational week. Method: A prospective longitudinal study was used. One hundred seventeen uncomplicated singleton pregnancies were examined every 4 weeks between 28 and 42 week's gestation. The uterine cavity was divided into four quadrants. With the use of linear‐array, real‐time B‐scanning, the vertical diameter of the largest pocket in each quadrant was measured. The amniotic fluid index is the sum of these four quadrants. Results: The amniotic fluid index observations from regression equation curve were stratified in week‐specific normative curves. The variation between mean AFI of the total population and the means of the preterm was significantly greater than term pregnancies (P < .05). The AFI 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 90% 95% and 97.5% limits about the 50th (124 mm) were 68, 81, 90, 135, 144 and 145 mm, respectively, in term gestation. The 5th and 95th percentile serves as lower and upper limits of normal, respectively for 28–42 weeks gestation. Conclusions: Gestational age‐specific values of AFI were established, determining the significant trends of changes in the amniotic fluid volume with gestation. The normogram may have a clinical benefit to accurate, reliable and semiquantitative diagnosis of oligohydramnios and polyhydramnios.
Digital Anaesthesia: Comparison of the Efficacy and Pain Associated with Three Digital Nerve Block Techniques
Authors: HUNG V. S. , BODAVULA V. K. R. , DUBIN N. H.
Published: August 2005

There are three commonly used methods of digital block anaesthesia: viz. subcutaneous, metacarpal and transthecal. A randomized, single-blinded study on 50 healthy volunteers was performed to determine time to onset, pain level and preference. Volunteers each received all three blocks, serving as their own controls. Time to onset was significantly longer ( P<0.001) for the metacarpal block than for the subcutaneous or transthecal blocks. There was no significant difference in average pain level between the methods, as measured on a scale from 1 to 10. Volunteers chose the subcutaneous block (43%) as their first choice over the metacarpal block (33%) or the transthecal block (25%). The transthecal block had prolonged discomfort lasting 24 to 72 hours after injection in 20 subjects (40%). These findings suggest that subcutaneous block is effective and preferred by healthy volunteers for digital anaesthesia.
A Longitudinal Study of Predictors of Research-Defined Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Industrial Workers: Findings at 17 Years
Authors: NATHAN P. A. , ISTVAN J. A. , MEADOWS K. D.
Published: August 2005

In 1984, we initiated a prospective study of factors associated with research-defined carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in 471 industrial workers. Medical history, lifestyle factors and job tasks were assessed by questionnaire and CTS case status was based on both symptoms and electrophysiologic findings. Participants were re-examined in 1989, 1994 to 1995 and 2001 to 2002. This study reports both baseline and aggregated risk factors associated with increased risk of CTS by 2001 to 2002 for 166 participants successfully re-examined after 17 years. In analyses of baseline risk factors, fewer repetitive tasks at work, female gender and greater relative weight were associated with any occurrence of CTS during follow-up. In analyses of aggregate risk factor scores through 1994 to 1995, only greater relative weight and female gender were associated with CTS in 2001 to 2002. Although obesity and gender are consistent predictors of CTS, workplace demands appear to bear an uncertain relationship to CTS. These findings are also discussed in relation to the possible differences between research-defined CTS and medically referred CTS.
New Government, New Language? The Third Way Discourse in Taiwan
Authors: LEE YU-KANG
Published: August 2005

The Third Way started as an Anglo-American ideological and political venture. It was soon followed by major European leaders, among other worldwide government heads of state, who sought to emulate the result of a high command of electoral support and a resolution to the consequences of globalisation. Despite criticism by academics and commentators for having lack of content and substance, the Third Way appeared to be rather successful in recruiting allies, especially among Western democracies. Unlike other nations in East Asia, Taiwan is involved with this arguably prominent political project of the 21st century.

The New Middle Way is not only the political idea that seemingly pushed Chen Shui-bian into office, but also appears to be the ideological foundation of his governance. This paper focuses on the political language of Chen in order to analyse and comprehend the implications of the New Taiwan Middle Way. One way to understand Chen's New Middle Way is to look into the language of the DPP, particularly of Chen. To get behind the rhetoric and decode the factual meanings of the discourse, a wide range of political speeches and texts are examined. By examining the New Taiwan Middle Way, we not only gain a different perspective on Chen's bid for the presidency, but also capture valuable insights into his governing approach.

The paper argues that the effect of the New Taiwan Middle Way before the presidential election was to achieve the political objective of Chen Shui-bian. Though the DPP did not hold the majority of the seats in the Legislative Yuan prior to the December 2001 election, the New Middle Way may have served as symbolic means to an end to resolve the deadlock within the legislature. In these ways, the significance of the New Middle Way for Taiwan is to be concluded.
Chinese Religion in English Guise: The History of an Illusion
Authors: BARRETT T. H.
Published: August 2005

The purpose of the following remarks is to trace the way in which, for over a century from the time of the first Opium War to that of the emergence of the study of Chinese religions as a separate specialization in the 1970s, the English-language world sustained a description of religion in China that was at very considerable variance with the facts. The narrative is not designed to be definitive—the choice of materials drawn upon is restricted, and somewhat arbitrary—but I trust that it ranges widely enough to explain just how this faulty analysis not only came into being but also managed to survive for so long. More detailed studies of aspects of the problem are already under way, and will doubtless appear in due course, but an overview at this point may even so be helpful. It may indeed even be helpful in the wake of the appearance of one such extremely detailed and valuable study, Norman Girardot's weighty volume on the towering figure of James Legge (1815–1897). For while it is now possible to read an excellent study of Legge's views in the context of his own times—and no one interested in the topic treated here should ignore Girardot's research—a glance at the even broader context of the overall history of sinology in relation to Chinese religion suggests that Legge's views by and large fall into the more extended pattern outlined here. For rather than explore the outlook of any particular individual, the aim here is to illustrate, and to some preliminary degree explain, the persistence of a particular paradigm in the understanding of Chinese religion.
Chinese and Filipino Seafarers: A Race to the Top or the Bottom?
Authors: ZHAO MINGHUA , AMANTE MARAGTAS S.V.
Published: August 2005

All countries with significant coastlines and groups of islands inevitably produce seafarers at some time or other in the course of their economic development, and the two countries which are the subject of this paper are no exceptions. Chinese ships and seafarers were famously exploring the Indian Ocean more than a century before the arrival of the Portuguese and once the Spanish Pacific empire was established in the sixteenth century, the ships linking Mexico to Manila were mainly crewed by Filipinos. And it need hardly be said that Chinese and Filipinos have both been employed by foreign ship-owners throughout the twentieth century. What is unquestionably new is the magnitude of Filipino seafarers' employment in the world's merchant ships and the extraordinary growth of China as a nation with a major stake in the shipping industry, both as ship-owner and as a source of seafarers.
A meta-analysis of negative symptoms in dual diagnosis schizophrenia
Authors: POTVIN STÉPHANE , SEPEHRY AMIR ALI , STIP EMMANUEL
Published: August 2005

Background. According to the self-medication hypothesis, schizophrenia patients would abuse psychoactive substances to get a relief from their negative symptoms. Studies testing the self-medication hypothesis in dual diagnosis (DD) schizophrenia have not been conclusive, with some studies showing that DD patients experience fewer negative symptoms, whereas other studies have failed to detect such differences. One potential confounding factor for this discrepancy lies in the diverse scales used to evaluate the negative symptoms. A systematic quantitative review of the literature using computerized search engines has been undertaken.

Method. Studies were retained in the analysis if: (i) they assessed negative symptoms using the SANS; (ii) groups of schizophrenia patients were divided according to substance use disorders (alcohol, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, heroin and phencyclidine).

Results. Attainable published studies were screened. According to our inclusion criteria, 18 possible studies emerged. Data from 11 studies were available for mathematical analysis. A moderate effect size (total n=1135, 451 DD, 684 single diagnosis, adjusted Hedges' g=–0·470, p=0·00001) was obtained, within a random-effect model, suggesting that DD patients experience fewer negative symptoms. Groups did not differ in age, sex, and positive/general psychopathology.

Conclusions. Using narrow criteria (e.g. SANS), the results of this meta-analysis show that schizophrenia patients with a substance use disorder experience fewer negative symptoms than abstinent schizophrenia patients. As such, these results suggest either that substance abuse relieves the negative symptoms of schizophrenia or that the patients with fewer negative symptoms would be more prone to substance use disorders.
German archaeology and National Socialism. Some historiographical remarks
Authors: Eickhoff Martijn
Published: August 2005

This paper reconsiders German reflection on National Socialist pre- and protohistoric archaeology from 1933 onwards. It tries to do so by means of a case study of the academic contacts between the Dutch prehistorian A.E. van Giffen (1884–1973) and his German colleague H. Reinerth (1900–90). The approach adopted here differs from traditional historiographical writing on National Socialist archaeology in two respects. First, in its analysis of the academic exchange between the two scholars, the case study seeks to bridge the classical caesura between a pre- and post-war period. Second, contemporary and historical studies of National Socialist archaeology and archival sources, as well as interviews, have been incorporated in the research alongside the usual publications of the scholars involved. It is argued that with the approach taken here we may arrive at a more nuanced understanding of the different ways archaeologists have reacted to National Socialism over the past seven decades.
Reassessing the roles of Roman coinage
Authors: Haselgrove Colin
Published: August 2005

In the first third of his paper, Joris Aarts offers an elegant and stimulating review of the ideas that have underpinned our interpretation of coinage and exchange in the Roman world for the past 30 years. In the central section, he outlines a possible alternative approach to analysing Roman coinage, drawing on research in economic anthropology and on the role of money in the Greek world. The final part of the paper discusses ways in which this cultural-economic perspective might be applied, primarily using evidence from northern Gaul.
Communities and the empire. The power of contextual analysis
Authors: Aarts Joris
Published: August 2005

It is a new and exciting experience for me to read the critical comments on my article by people who are so well informed about the topics I discussed. I am very grateful to Colin Haselgrove, Mahir Şaul and Walter Scheidel for their willingness and time to critically read my article and provide a basis for further discussion.
Statistical Time to Event Analysis in the Social Sciences: Modeling Hazard Rate and Duration in Finance
Authors: Núñez-Antón Vicente , Orbe Jesus
Published: August 2005

Abstract. The relevance of statistical time to event analysis in the social sciences has proved to be of great importance in the last few years, especially in applications related to labor-market analysis, employment and/or unemployment issues, duration of strikes, and survival of new firms, and in financial applications related to the time a company spends in a given status, for example, bankruptcy. We review some of the techniques that have proved to be adequate for analyzing this type of data and the conditions they require for their proper use. In addition, we extend these techniques in order to be able to analyze specific and more complex situations by using a more general and flexible model. All of these techniques and their extensions are illustrated with an example that studies the duration of firms under bankruptcy in the United States.
About the Connection Between Knowledge Structures and Latent Class Models
Authors: Schrepp Martin
Published: August 2005

This paper tries to establish a connection between knowledge structures and latent class models. We will show that knowledge structures can be interpreted as a special type of constrained latent class model. Latent class models offer a well-founded theoretical framework to investigate the connection of a given latent class model to observed data. If we establish a connection between latent class models and knowledge structures, we can also use this framework in knowledge structure theory. We will show that the connection to latent class models offers us a possibility to construct a knowledge structure by exploratory data analysis from observed response patterns. Other possible applications are the empirical comparison of hypothetical knowledge structures and the statistical test of a given knowledge structure.
Precise evaluation of atmospheric loading effects on Earth's time‐variable gravity field
Authors: Boy Jean‐Paul , Chao Benjamin F.
Published: August 2005

New space gravity missions will provide gravity measurements with unprecedented accuracy and high spatial resolution. To reveal the oceanic and hydrologic signals in monthly time‐variable gravity field from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite (Tapley et al., 2004) entails the removal of the atmospheric contribution, which in turn requires a precise knowledge of the atmospheric mass redistribution. We reconstruct the three‐dimensional (3‐D) variations of air‐density from vertical profiles of pressure, temperature, and specific humidity provided by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) atmospheric model of a realistic topography. We compare our results with those from the classical thin layer (2‐D) approximation and show that the differences between the complete 3‐D and the 2‐D computations are often nonnegligible in the presence of the expected GRACE sensitivity up to harmonic degrees of 15–20, corresponding to wavelengths of 2000–2500 km. For actual computation, we recommend the use of the sigma level atmospheric data with special attention to the latitude and altitude dependence of the Earth's gravity. We also examine and conclude the importance of the differences with previous study which assumed a constant surface gravity acceleration without a latitudinal dependence.
Multifractal modeling of magnetic storms via symbolic dynamics analysis
Authors: Wanliss J. A. , Anh V. V. , Yu Z.‐G. , Watson S.
Published: August 2005

Large‐scale fluctuations of the H component magnetic field at Earth's equator during the period from 1981 to 2002 were examined using multifractal tools. We computed, analyzed, and modeled a measure representation of the Dst data. This representation can be viewed as a probability measure that characterizes the Dst series. The measure representation in fact gives the probabilities of specific strings of events in the complete Dst time series. The raw time series clearly shows intermittency and non‐Gaussianity, which are reflective of large magnetic storms. The relevance of the multifractal analysis is that it suggests physical processes that may lead to this kind of data. The evidence we have found suggests that the ring current is always out of equilibrium and may undergo state changes via multiplicative cascades. We attempted to model the process using recurrent iterated function systems (RIFS). The RIFS model, in particular, provided an excellent fit to the Dst measure representation. Because of these results it can be concluded that multifractal RIFS models for the description of space weather will certainly play a greater role in the future.
Fracture trace length and number distributions from fracture mapping
Authors: Riley Michael S.
Published: August 2005

Statistical distributions of fracture trace length and density determined from two‐dimensional fracture mapping generally provide biased estimates of the underlying distributions due in part to edge effects of the finite window of observation (censoring) and the protocol adopted for recording short traces (lower truncation limit). Although methods for estimating the parameters of an assumed underlying distribution exist, validation of the inferred models by forward prediction of the observed length distribution is rarely undertaken since mathematical formulations of the required distributions are not reported in the literature. This paper presents formulae that can be used simply to obtain these distributions, with results for rectangular windows given as a specific example. Formulae relating the observed and underlying fracture density are also given. The formulae are presented for underlying trace lengths that can be characterized by exponential, lognormal, or finite range power law distributions. Results for the semi‐infinite range power law can also be obtained simply. The formulae are based upon the assumption that fracture locations can be adequately described by a uniform Poisson process, although the methodology is described more generally. The distributions of uncensored, singly censored and doubly censored trace lengths are also derived. The effects of the window of observation and the lower truncation limit for the frequently assumed semi‐infinite range power law are outlined.
Effect of sea ice rheology in numerical investigations of climate
Authors: Zhang Jinlun , Rothrock D. A.
Published: August 2005

Plastic sea ice rheologies that employ teardrop and parabolic lens yield curves and allow varying biaxial tensile stresses have been developed. These rheologies, together with the previously developed ellipse and Mohr‐Coulomb‐ellipse rheologies, are implemented in a thickness and enthalpy distribution sea ice model to examine the rheological effect in numerical investigations of arctic climate. The teardrop, lens, and ellipse rheologies obey a normal flow rule and result in a two‐peak shear stress distribution. The first peak is at the zero shear stress; the second is near 16,000 N m−1 for the ellipse and two lens rheologies and near 30,000 N m−1 for the two teardrop rheologies. The location of the second peak depends on the fatness of the yield curve and the amount of biaxial tensile stress allowed. In contrast, the Mohr‐Coulomb‐ellipse rheology, based on Coulombic friction failure, does not tend to create the second peak. The incorporation of biaxial tensile stress tends to increase ice thickness in most of the Arctic. A fatter yield curve tends to increase the frequency of large shear stresses. An increased frequency of large shear stresses, in conjunction with the inclusion of biaxial tensile stress, tends to reduce ice speed and ice export, to enhance ice ridging in the Arctic interior, and to reduce ice ridging in the coastal areas, which has a significant impact on arctic spatial ice mass distribution and the total ice budget. The teardrop rheologies reduce spatial bias of modeled ice draft against submarine observations more than others. By changing ice motion, deformation, and thickness the choice of plastic rheology also considerably affects the simulated surface energy exchanges, particularly in the Arctic marginal seas.
Particle habit in tropical ice clouds during CRYSTAL‐FACE: Comparison of two remote sensing techniques with in situ observations
Authors: Chepfer H. , Noel V. , Minnis P. , Baumgardner D. , Nguyen L. , Raga G. , McGill M. J. , Yang P.
Published: August 2005

Ice crystal shapes in tropical ice clouds are estimated with two different remote sensing methods and compared with measurements from an in situ cloud aerosol spectrometer (CAS) during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL‐FACE) campaign conducted in Florida during July 2002. The remote sensing techniques use dual‐satellite reflectances and lidar linear depolarization rates. The ice crystal shape is derived from CAS measurements of forward and backscattered light from individual particles in the size range from 1 to 45 μm. The remote sensing and in situ retrievals are based on ice crystal optical models, which incorporate the scattering phase functions integrated over the collection angles used by the CAS, the view angles from dual‐satellites retrievals, and the complete scattering matrix for lidar. Owing to the space and time collocation constraint between in situ and remote sensing techniques, data from only 1 day are used to evaluate the dual‐satellite technique (11 July) and from 3 days for the lidar (23, 26, and 29 July). Data from 23 and 29 July are also used to compare the two remote sensing techniques. In total, 40 shape retrievals were obtained for 20 different cloud areas, allowing paired comparisons of the methods. The results show consistent particle shapes for half of the cloud areas studied. The discrepancies for the other cases can be explained by insufficient spatial‐temporal collocations of the data or limitations of the CAS that constrain its range to particles <45 μm, whereas the remote sensing techniques are influenced by particles outside the size range of the CAS.
A nonparametric nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model for downscaling of multisite daily rainfall occurrences
Authors: Mehrotra R. , Sharma Ashish
Published: August 2005

A K‐nearest‐neighbor (KNN)‐based nonparametric nonhomogenous hidden Markov model is developed and applied for spatial downscaling of multistation daily rainfall occurrences using four atmospheric circulations variables (mean sea level pressure (MSLP), east‐west gradient of MSLP, north‐south gradient of geopotential height at 700 hPa, and total precipitable water content) over a network of 30 rain gauge stations near Sydney, Australia. The proposed model generates rainfall occurrence conditional to a continuous weather state and the average rainfall occurrence over the previous day. The current day weather state is defined conditional to the previous day weather state and selected atmospheric variables. For each day a weather state is specified on the basis of the spatial rainfall occurrence distribution over the study region. The spatial rainfall distribution is represented on the basis of the wetness fraction for the region and its location from a fixed origin. The relative influence of each predictor variable on the conditional probability density function is ascertained by including an influence weight in the distance calculation. The influence weights are optimized by maximizing the likelihood score in leave‐one‐out cross validation. Rainfall occurrences at stations are estimated in a leave‐6‐years‐out cross validation using the optimized influence weights. Results from the proposed model are compared with the weather state–based parametric nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model (NHMM) and a standard KNN model. Results of the study show that introduction of a weather state in KNN simplifies the representation of spatial rainfall distribution structure, while conditioning on the atmospheric variables and previous day weather state helps represent the temporal structure of the rainfall process over the study region. The continuous weather states adopted in the proposed model are more successful in capturing the day‐to‐day rainfall characteristics in comparison to discrete state NHMM. The grouping of continuous weather states into a few discrete categories is shown to correspond to the dominant synoptic‐scale features of rainfall distribution.
Simulation of Vatnajökull ice cap dynamics
Authors: Marshall S. J. , Björnsson H. , Flowers G. E. , Clarke G. K. C.
Published: August 2005

We apply a coupled model of ice sheet dynamics and subglacial hydrology to investigate the dynamics and future evolution of the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland. In this paper we describe a new theoretical approach to introducing longitudinal stress coupling in the ice dynamics solution, and we analyze our ability to simulate the main features of Vatnajökull, with and without longitudinal stress effects. Equilibrium ice cap configurations exist for Vatnajökull but under a narrow range of climatic boundary conditions. Equilibrium reconstructions have an average ice thickness greater than what is observed at Vatnajökull, consistent with our inability to capture surge dynamics in Vatnajökull's outlet glaciers. Hydrological regulation of basal flow, longitudinal stress coupling, and a simple parameterization of the subglacial heat flux from Vatnajökull's geothermal cauldrons all help to reduce average ice thickness in the equilibrium reconstructions, but cases that reproduce the present‐day ice volume have an ice cap area that is 5–10% less than the actual ice cap. Present‐day reconstructions that adopt a realistic climate spin‐up for the period 1600–1990 provide improved fits to the modern‐day ice cap geometry. This indicates that climatic disequilibrium also plays a significant role in dictating Vatnajökull's morphology. Simulations for the period 1600–2300 illustrate that air temperature is the dominant control on Vatnajökull's volume and area. Longitudinal stress coupling and hydrological coupling both increase Vatnajökull's sensitivity to future warming.)