bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Renal dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases and its consequences
Authors: Deferrari Giacomo , Cipriani Adriano , La Porta Edoardo
Published: September 2020

It is well known that the heart and kidney and their synergy is essential for hemodynamic homeostasis. Since the early XIX century it has been recognized that cardiovascular and renal diseases frequently coexist. In the nephrological field, while it is well accepted that renal diseases favor the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, it is not always realized that cardiovascular diseases induce or aggravate renal dysfunctions, in this way further deteriorating cardiac function and creating a vicious circle. In the same clinical field, the role of venous congestion in the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction is at times overlooked. This review carefully quantifies the prevalence of chronic and acute kidney abnormalities in cardiovascular diseases, mainly heart failure, regardless of ejection fraction, and the consequences of renal abnormalities on both organs, making cardiovascular diseases a major risk factor for kidney diseases. In addition, with regard to pathophysiological aspects, we attempt to substantiate the major role of fluid overload and venous congestion, including renal venous hypertension, in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic renal dysfunction occurring in heart failure. Furthermore, we describe therapeutic principles to counteract the major pathophysiological abnormalities in heart failure complicated by renal dysfunction. Finally, we underline that the mild transient worsening of renal function after decongestive therapy is not usually associated with adverse prognosis. Accordingly, the coexistence of cardiovascular and renal diseases inevitably means mediating between preserving renal function and improving cardiac activity to reach a better outcome.
Seismic Vulnerability Analysis of a Coupled Tank-Piping System by Means of Hybrid Simulation and Acoustic Emission
Authors: Sayginer O. , di Filippo R. , Lecoq A. , Marino A. , Bursi O.S.
Published: September 2020

In order to shed light on the seismic response of complex industrial plants, advanced finite element models should take into account both multicomponents and relevant coupling effects. These models are usually computationally expensive and rely on significant computational resources. Moreover, the relationships between seismic action, system response and relevant damage levels are often characterized by a high level of nonlinearity, which requires a solid background of experimental data. Vulnerability and reliability analyses both depend on the adoption of a significant number of seismic waveforms that are generally not available when seismic risk evaluation is strictly site-specific. In addition, detection of most vulnerable components, i.e., pipe bends and welding points, is an important step to prevent leakage events. In order to handle these issues, a methodology based on a stochastic seismic ground motion model, hybrid simulation and acoustic emission is presented in this paper. The seismic model is able to generate synthetic ground motions coherent with site-specific analysis. In greater detail, the system is composed of a steel slender tank, i.e., the numerical substructure, and a piping network connected through a bolted flange joint, i.e., the physical substructure. Moreover, to monitor the seismic performance of the pipeline and harness the use of sensor technology, acoustic emission sensors are placed through the pipeline. Thus, real-time acoustic emission signals of the system under study are acquired using acoustic emission sensors. Moreover, in addition to seismic events, also a severe monotonic loading is exerted on the physical substructure. As a result, deformation levels of each critical component were investigated; and the processing of acoustic emission signals provided a more in-depth view of the damage of the analysed components.
Prognostic value of screening instrument based on the Dutch national VMS guidelines for older patients in the emergency department
Authors: Snijders B. M. G. , Emmelot-Vonk M. H. , Souwer E. T. D. , Kaasjager H. A. H. , van den Bos F.
Published: September 2020

Purpose

It is important to identify which older patients attending the emergency department are at risk of adverse outcomes to introduce preventive interventions. This study aimed to assess the prognostic value of a shortened screening instrument based on the Dutch national Safety Management System [Veiligheidsmanagementsysteem (VMS)] guidelines for adverse outcomes in older emergency department patients.

Methods

A cohort study was performed including patients aged 70 years or older who visited the emergency department. Adverse outcomes included hospital admission, return emergency department visits within 30 days, and 90-day mortality. The prognostic value of the VMS-score was assessed for these adverse events and, in addition, a prediction model was developed for 90-day mortality.

Results

A high VMS-score was independently associated with an increased risk of hospital admission [OR 2.26 (95% CI 1.32–3.86)] and 90-day mortality [HR 2.48 (95% CI 1.31–4.71)]. The individual VMS-questions regarding history of delirium and help in activities of daily living were associated with these outcomes as well. A prediction model for 90-day mortality was developed and showed satisfactory calibration and good discrimination [AUC 0.80 (95% CI 0.72–0.87)]. A cut-off point that selected 30% of patients at the highest risk yielded a sensitivity of 67.4%, a specificity of 75.3%, a positive predictive value of 28.5%, and a negative predictive value of 94.1%.

Conclusion

The shortened VMS-based screening instrument showed to be of good prognostic value for hospitalization and 90-day mortality. The prediction model for mortality showed promising results and will be further validated and optimized.
On spectral asymptotics and bifurcation for Carrier equations with odd superlinear term
Authors: Zhang Yu , Yan Baoqiang
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we consider the existence of eigenvalues and relative eigenfunctions for Carrier equations and present spectral asymptotics and bifurcation concerning the eigenvalues of some related elliptic linear problem.
The Emotion of Self-Reflexive Anxiety
Authors: TIETJEN RUTH REBECCA
Published: September 2020

In this article, I provide an analysis of the widespread, intellectually fascinating, and existentially challenging phenomenon of self-reflexive anxiety in which we feel threatened by what or who we are (or have been or will become). I focus on those cases in which we take an event or action whose possible occurrence we attribute to ourselves to be expressive or constitutive of our identity. As I argue, depending on the kind of event we are dealing with, our descriptive self-conception, our self-esteem, or our evaluative self-conception are at stake. In all cases, we are confronted with a dialectic between self and other, activity and passivity inherent in our personhood or even in our agency. I demonstrate how my analysis is not only of intrinsic value, but it can also help us in achieving a better understanding of self-reflexive emotions in general and ‘traditional’ self-reflexive emotions like shame in particular.
Value Constitutionalism in the European Union
Authors: Schorkopf Frank
Published: September 2020

European constitutional thinking is still alive and is being shaped by the European Court of Justice into a value constitutionalism. Not only the Treaties, but also constitutional principles derived from EU law, are the common standard of review. Autonomy and constitutionality merge. In the light of this situation the Federal Constitutional Court’s PPSP-judgment with its insistence on limitations of competences and on democratic self-determination appears outdated. However, for the time being, Member States agreed to cooperate in a treaty based political union and do not have a consensus on a “good order” in organized Europe. The Court should abstain from the temptation to operate with values because presumably it would not be able to achieve the substantiation and the creation of a value hierarchy with the necessary acceptance.
Karlsruhe’s Lochner Moment? A Rational Choice Perspective on the German Federal Constitutional Court’s Relationship to the CJEU After the PSPP Decision
Authors: Petersen Niels
Published: September 2020

On May 5, 2020, the German Federal Constitutional Court issued the PSPP decision, sending shock waves through the European Union. This contribution analyzes the consequences of the PSPP decision for the future relationship between the German FCC and the CJEU and for European integration as a whole. The article consists of four parts. First, I will provide some context and model the interaction between domestic and international courts from a rational choice perspective. Second, I will recapitulate some core aspects of the relationship between the German Federal Constitutional Court and the CJEU in particular. I argue that the relationship between both courts had evolved into a strategic equilibrium in which it was costly not to respect the decision of the other party. The third section then looks for reasons why Karlsruhe nevertheless deviated from this equilibrium despite the significant costs involved. The fourth section, finally, considers the way ahead and analyzes what possible consequences for the future relationship between the Federal Constitutional Court and the CJEU.
Effect of temperature and/or sweetness of beverages on body composition in rats
Authors: Ragi M. E. , El-Helou N. , El-Mallah C. , Eid A. , Obeid O. A.
Published: September 2020

Sweetened beverages are mainly consumed cold and various processes are activated in response to external temperature variations. However, the effect of internal temperature variations through the ingestion of cold beverages is far from clear. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of beverage temperature on body composition. Sprague–Dawley rats (5–6-week-old males) had free access to food and beverage for 8 weeks. Energy intake, body weight and body composition were monitored. In Expt 1, two groups of rats (n 9) consumed water at room temperature (NW about 22°C) or cold (CW about 4°C). In Expt 2, rats were offered room-temperature (N) or cold (C) sweetened water (10 % sucrose CSu (n 7) and NSu (n 8); or 0·05 % acesulfame K CAk (n 6) and NAk (n 8)) for 12 h, followed by plain water. Our results show that in Expt 1, CW had higher lean body mass (P < 0·001) and lower body fat gain (P = 0·004) as compared with NW. In Expt 2, body weight (P = 0·013) and fat (P ≤ 0·001) gains were higher in the non-energetic sweetened groups, while lean body mass was not affected by the type of sweeteners or temperature. In conclusion, cold water ingestion improved lean body mass gain and decreased fat gain because of increased energy expenditure, while non-energetic sweetener (acesulfame K) increased body fat gain due to improved energy efficiency. Internal cold exposure failed to increase energy intake in contrast to that of external cold exposure.
Mobile Robotic Sensors for Environmental Monitoring using Gaussian Markov Random Field
Authors: Nguyen Linh , Kodagoda Sarath , Ranasinghe Ravindra , Dissanayake Gamini
Published: September 2020

This paper addresses the issue of monitoring spatial environmental phenomena of interest utilizing information collected by a network of mobile, wireless, and noisy sensors that can take discrete measurements as they navigate through the environment. It is proposed to employ Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) represented on an irregular discrete lattice by using the stochastic partial differential equations method to model the physical spatial field. It then derives a GMRF-based approach to effectively predict the field at unmeasured locations, given available observations, in both centralized and distributed manners. Furthermore, a novel but efficient optimality criterion is then proposed to design centralized and distributed adaptive sampling strategies for the mobile robotic sensors to find the most informative sampling paths in taking future measurements. By taking advantage of conditional independence property in the GMRF, the adaptive sampling optimization problem is proven to be resolved in a deterministic time. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is compared and demonstrated using pre-published data sets with appealing results.
Exploring Chinese college chamber music education: a case study of students’ conceptions
Authors: Feng Chiao-Ting
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the learning situation of Chinese students’ studying chamber music in universities. Therefore, students’ perspectives on learning chamber music were the main focus of this study. The study begins with a comprehensive description by educators of current Chinese college chamber music education and then details students’ cognition of and behaviour towards chamber music education. The survey participants (N= 23) were all music performance majors who had taken chamber music courses in one average-ranked Chinese university. Demographic data regarding students’ chamber music background, actual practical problems in classes, students’ expectations of their chamber music education and the relationship between practice and learning chamber music were collected. The results indicated that students all possessed positive and assertive attitudes towards learning chamber music and believed in the necessity and value of establishing chamber music education in Chinese universities.
Music across the waves: an international comparative examination of the Irish generalist and the American specialist models of music education from the teacher’s perspective
Authors: Gubbins Edmond
Published: September 2020

The structure, implementation and operation of music education at the primary level differs depending on the legislation of the education system within which the school operates. An inquiry-based project was completed over a 10-week period, with the overall aim of gaining an understanding of current teacher practice within music education in both Ireland and the United States. This article examines the Irish generalist and the American specialist models of music education from the teacher’s perspective. The overarching question guiding this research was ‘How is music education realised in Irish and American schools at the primary/elementary level?’. The project sought to investigate the specific challenges of both the generalist and specialist models to ascertain if one educational context might inform the other. Teacher surveys, teacher interviews, curriculum artefacts, expert interviews and contemporary literature around the topic were utilised as data sources to assimilate music educators’ perceived experiences of implementing their respective music curricula. Drawing from the data gathered, coded and quantitively and qualitatively analysed, two contrasting vignette-style stories are presented. A brief discussion follows that compares both models, highlighting some of their relative advantages and drawbacks.
Epidemiology of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in Minnesota, 2016–2017
Authors: Buuck S. , Smith K. , Fowler R. C. , Cebelinski E. , Lappi V. , Boxrud D. , Medus C.
Published: September 2020

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a well-established cause of traveller's diarrhoea and occasional domestic foodborne illness outbreaks in the USA. Although ETEC are not detected by conventional stool culture methods used in clinical laboratories, syndromic culture-independent diagnostic tests (CIDTs) capable of detecting ETEC have become increasingly prevalent in the last decade. This study describes the epidemiology of ETEC infections reported to the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) during 2016–2017. ETEC-positive stool specimens were submitted to MDH to confirm the presence of ETEC DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cases were interviewed to ascertain illness and exposures. Contemporaneous Salmonella cases were used as a comparison group in a case-case comparison analysis of risk factors. Of 222 ETEC-positive specimens received by MDH, 108 (49%) were concordant by PCR. ETEC was the sixth most frequently reported bacterial enteric pathogen among a subset of CIDT-positive specimens. Sixty-nine (64%) laboratory-confirmed cases had an additional pathogen codetected with ETEC, including enteroaggregative E. coli (n = 40) and enteropathogenic E. coli (n = 39). Although travel is a risk factor for ETEC infection, only 43% of cases travelled internationally, providing evidence for ETEC as an underestimated source of domestically acquired enteric illness in the USA.
Continuous-domain assignment flows
Authors: SAVARINO F. , SCHNÖRR C.
Published: September 2020

Assignment flows denote a class of dynamical models for contextual data labelling (classification) on graphs. We derive a novel parametrisation of assignment flows that reveals how the underlying information geometry induces two processes for assignment regularisation and for gradually enforcing unambiguous decisions, respectively, that seamlessly interact when solving for the flow. Our result enables to characterise the dominant part of the assignment flow as a Riemannian gradient flow with respect to the underlying information geometry. We consider a continuous-domain formulation of the corresponding potential and develop a novel algorithm in terms of solving a sequence of linear elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) subject to a simple convex constraint. Our result provides a basis for addressing learning problems by controlling such PDEs in future work.
Trends in the availability of the vulture-toxic drug, diclofenac, and other NSAIDs in South Asia, as revealed by covert pharmacy surveys
Authors: GALLIGAN TOBY H. , MALLORD JOHN W. , PRAKASH VIBHU M. , BHUSAL KRISHNA P. , ALAM A. B. M. SAROWAR , ANTHONY FERGUS M. , DAVE RUCHI , DUBE ALKA , SHASTRI KARTIK , KUMAR YOGESH , PRAKASH NIKITA , RANADE SACHIN , SHRINGARPURE ROHAN , CHAPAGAIN DEVENDRA , CHAUDHARY ISHWARY P. , JOSHI ANKIT B. , PAUDEL KHADANANDA , KABIR TARIK , AHMED SAKIB , AZMIRI KAZI Z. , CUTHBERT RICHARD J. , BOWDEN CHRISTOPHER G. R. , GREEN RHYS E.
Published: September 2020

The catastrophic declines of three species of ‘Critically Endangered’ Gyps vultures in South Asia were caused by unintentional poisoning by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac. Despite a ban on its veterinary use in 2006 (India, Nepal, Pakistan) and 2010 (Bangladesh), residues of diclofenac have continued to be found in cattle carcasses and in dead wild vultures. Another NSAID, meloxicam, has been shown to be safe to vultures. From 2012 to 2018, we undertook covert surveys of pharmacies in India, Nepal and Bangladesh to investigate the availability and prevalence of NSAIDs for the treatment of livestock. The purpose of the study was to establish whether diclofenac continued to be sold for veterinary use, whether the availability of meloxicam had increased and to determine which other veterinary NSAIDs were available. The availability of diclofenac declined in all three countries, virtually disappearing from pharmacies in Nepal and Bangladesh, highlighting the advances made in these two countries to reduce this threat to vultures. In India, diclofenac still accounted for 10–46% of all NSAIDs offered for sale for livestock treatment in 2017, suggesting weak enforcement of existing regulations and a continued high risk to vultures. Availability of meloxicam increased in all countries and was the most common veterinary NSAID in Nepal (89.9% in 2017). Although the most widely available NSAID in India in 2017, meloxicam accounted for only 32% of products offered for sale. In Bangladesh, meloxicam was less commonly available than the vulture-toxic NSAID ketoprofen (28% and 66%, respectively, in 2018), despite the partial government ban on ketoprofen in 2016. Eleven different NSAIDs were recorded, several of which are known or suspected to be toxic to vultures. Conservation priorities should include awareness raising, stricter implementation of current bans, bans on other vulture-toxic veterinary NSAIDs, especially aceclofenac and nimesulide, and safety-testing of other NSAIDs on Gyps vultures to identify safe and toxic drugs.
The Geoglyph as a Medium for Anarchist Ritual
Authors: Wilkinson Darryl
Published: September 2020

Geoglyphs are widely seen as an expression of past sacred landscapes. In this article, I offer a new theoretical approach to geoglyphs, interpreting them as a distinctly anarchic and decentralized medium for ritual activity. When we define geoglyphs as large-scale images, and exclude other phenomena such as earthworks, it is clear that their occurrence is actually quite limited in space and time. Almost all known examples of geoglyphs are located in the Americas, and they are particularly associated with ‘middle-range’ societies, rather than states or empires. Geoglyphs produced by hunter-gatherer communities are also comparatively rare. I regard this pattern as a direct consequence of the anarchist affordances of the geoglyph medium. In agricultural societies where regional integration and incipient centralization were taking place (e.g. the ancient Nasca), geoglyphs provided a decentralizing counterbalance. I therefore theorize the incorporation of geoglyph-based ritual practices as a historically situated process of constitutional reform, whereby ancient peoples consciously sought to redistribute power and authority.
Susceptibility of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) to herbicides in accessions collected from the North Carolina Coastal Plain
Authors: Mahoney Denis J. , Jordan David L. , Roma-Burgos Nilda , Jennings Katherine M. , Leon Ramon G. , Vann Matthew C. , Everman Wesley J. , Cahoon Charles W.
Published: September 2020

Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) populations resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides and glyphosate are fairly common throughout the state of North Carolina (NC). This has led farm managers to rely more heavily on herbicides with other sites of action (SOA) for A. palmeri control, especially protoporphyrinogen oxidase and glutamine synthetase inhibitors. In the fall of 2016, seeds from A. palmeri populations were collected from the NC Coastal Plain, the state’s most prominent agricultural region. In separate experiments, plants with 2 to 4 leaves from the 110 populations were treated with field use rates of glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, fomesafen, mesotrione, or thifensulfuron-methyl. Percent visible control and survival were evaluated 3 wk after treatment. Survival frequencies were highest following glyphosate (99%) or thifensulfuron-methyl (96%) treatment. Known mutations conferring resistance to ALS inhibitors were found in populations surviving thifensulfuron-methyl application (Ala-122-Ser, Pro-197-Ser, Trp-574-Leu, and/or Ser-653-Asn), in addition to a new mutation (Ala-282-Asp) that requires further investigation. Forty-two populations had survivors after mesotrione application, with one population having 17% survival. Four populations survived fomesafen treatment, while none survived glufosinate. Dose–response studies showed an increase in fomesafen needed to kill 50% of two populations (LD50); however, these rates were far below the field use rate (less than 5 g ha−1). In two populations following mesotrione dose–response studies, a 2.4- to 3.3-fold increase was noted, with LD90 values approaching the field use rate (72.8 and 89.8 g ha−1). Screening of the progeny of individuals surviving mesotrione confirmed the presence of resistance alleles, as there were a higher number of survivors at the 1X rate compared with the parent population, confirming resistance to mesotrione. These data suggest A. palmeri resistant to chemistries other than glyphosate and thifensulfuron-methyl are present in NC, which highlights the need for weed management approaches to mitigate the evolution and spread of herbicide-resistant populations.
Versorgung von Hautabszessen auf der Notfallstation
Authors: Eichenberger Susanne
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung. Hautabszesse, welche ein häufiger Grund für eine Konsultation auf der Notfallstation sind, werden in der Regel durch Inzision und Drainage versorgt. Die Diagnose kann häufig klinisch gestellt werden. Ist der klinische Befund allerdings nicht eindeutig, ist eine Bedside-Sonographie zur Bestätigung oder zum Ausschluss der Diagnose indiziert. Sonographisch kann ausserdem das Ausmass des Befundes besser abgeschätzt werden. Bei Abszessen, die weniger als 5 cm durchmessen, kann die Versorgung in Lokal- resp. Regionalanästhesie mit oder ohne begleitende Analgo-Sedation direkt auf der Notfallstation erfolgen. Ausgenommen sind dabei Abszesse an bestimmten Lokalisationen, die in die Hände spezialisierter Chirurgen gehören, sowie ausgedehnte, grosse, multiple Befunde, die besser im Operationssaal versorgt werden. Neben der klassischen Inzision und Drainage wird in Zukunft wohl die bei pädiatrischen Patienten bereits regelmässig angewandte minimalinvasive Loop Drainage Technique eine zunehmende Rolle spielen. Eine postoperative systemische Antibiotikatherapie ist nur unter bestimmten Umständen indiziert.
Gelenkpunktionen in der Notfallstation
Authors: Lehmann Beat , Betsch-Bischof Belinda , Horn Rudolf
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die akute Gelenkschwellung ist ein relativ häufiger Konsultationsgrund auf der Notfallstation. Nach Durchführung der Routineabklärungen (klinische Untersuchung, Labor, evtl. Röntgen), kommt der ätiologischen Klärung der Gelenkschwellung eine bedeutende Rolle zu, wobei besonders die septische Arthritis nicht verpasst werden darf. Entsprechend soll die Indikation zur Gelenkpunktion grosszügig gestellt werden. Während die Punktion bei grösseren und einfach zugänglichen Gelenken (z. B. Knie) landmarkengestützt erfolgen kann, so empfiehlt es sich bei kleineren und / oder schlechter zugänglichen Gelenken (insbesondere Hüfte, Schulter), die Punktion Ultraschall-gestützt durchzuführen. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass im Vergleich zum landmarkengestützten Verfahren die Ultraschall-geführte Punktion schmerzärmer und mit besserem Punktionserfolg durchgeführt werden kann. Laboranalytisch wichtig sind die Bestimmung der Zellzahl inkl. Differenzierung, die Suche nach Kristallen sowie die mikrobiologischen Untersuchungen bestehend aus Gram-Präparat und Kultur. Therapeutisch stehen bei der septischen Arthritis die arthroskopische Spülung und antibiotische Therapie, bei den Kristallarthropathien die lokale Infiltration mit einem Kortikosteroid und / oder die systemische Therapie mit einem nicht-steroidalen Antirheumatikum im Vordergrund. Verschiedene Aspekte der Gelenkpunktion werden in diesem Artikel beleuchtet, inklusive Asepsis, Landmark- und Ultraschall-gestützte Technik der Gelenkpunktion sowie Präanalytik und Interpretation der Punktionsresultate.
Kurzfassung der S2e-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie von exekutiven Dysfunktionen bei neurologischen Erkrankungen“ (AWMF-030/125)
Authors: Müller Sandra Verena , Klein Tilmann , Benke Thomas , Bohlhalter Stephan , Hildebrandt Helmut , Meiling Claudia , Hucke Birthe , Münte Thomas , Penner Iris-Katharina , Schwerdtfeger Karsten , Thöne-Otto Angelika , Wallesch Claus-W.
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung. Exekutive Dysfunktionen treten besonders bei Erkrankungen, die zu einer Schädigung des präfrontalen und/oder orbitofrontalen Kortex oder subkortikaler Strukturen (insbesondere des Nucleus caudatus oder des Thalamus) führen, bzw. bei Schädigungen von Faserverbindungen zwischen relevanten kortikalen und subkortikalen Hirnstrukturen eines exekutiven Funktionsnetzwerks auf. Jede Untersuchung bei Verdacht auf exekutive Dysfunktion sollte mindestens je ein Verfahren zum Arbeitsgedächtnis und Monitoring, zur kognitiven Flüssigkeit und Flexibilität sowie zum planerischen und problemlösenden Denken umfassen. Die Verhaltensbeobachtung des Patienten und die umfassende Befragung der Angehörigen sind bei exekutiven Dysfunktionen zentrale Bestandteile der neuropsychologischen Untersuchung. Sie sind dabei vor allem für die Einschätzung der Auswirkungen möglicher Funktionsstörungen auf die Aktivitäten und die Teilhabe des Patienten von Relevanz. Für die Therapie von exekutiven Dysfunktionen ist eine sorgfältige Diagnostik Voraussetzung, da aufgrund der Verschiedenartigkeit der Symptome die Therapie spezifisch auf das jeweilige Defizit zugeschnitten sein muss. Exekutive Dysfunktionen können sehr vielgestaltig, teilweise sogar scheinbar gegensätzlich sein, daher wird die Art der Intervention durch die spezifischen Symptome bestimmt. Die Durchsicht und Bewertung der Therapiestudien nach den Evidenzkriterien für den Zeitraum von 2007 bis 2017 ergibt folgende Therapieempfehlungen für Patienten mit exekutiven Dysfunktionen:

Kognitiv übende Verfahren allgemein sollen eingesetzt werden (Empfehlungsstärke A).

Training des Arbeitsgedächtnisses soll eingesetzt werden (Empfehlungsstärke A).

Therapieansätze zum planerischen Denken sollen eingesetzt werden (Empfehlungsstärke A).

Kognitive Trainingsansätze mehrerer Funktionsbereiche unter Einschluss der Exekutivfunktionen sollen eingesetzt werden (Empfehlungsstärke A).

Therapieansätze zum Problemlösetraining sollten eingesetzt werden (Empfehlungsstärke B).

Zu den Ansätzen zur Modifikation und Manipulation der Umwelt liegen im aktuellen Suchzeitraum anders als in der Vorgängerleitlinie nur wenige Studien mit geringer Evidenzstärke vor, daher kann für den Untersuchungszeitraum keine Empfehlung ausgesprochen werden (Empfehlung offen).

Pharmakologische Therapieansätze finden zunehmend Beachtung, aufgund ihrer Unterschiedlichkeit kann aktuell keine Empfehlung gegeben werden (Empfehlung offen).
A Complete Isotope (δ15N, δ18O, Δ17O) Investigation of Atmospherically Deposited Nitrate in Glacial‐Hydrologic Systems Across the Third Pole Region
Authors: Lin Mang , Hattori Shohei , Wang Kun , Kang Shichang , Thiemens Mark H. , Yoshida Naohiro
Published: September 2020

The Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau, identified as the Third Pole (TP), is a unique region because of its insertion into global environmental and climatic changes. Deposition of atmospheric nitrate in this region is one of the most important sources of reactive nitrogen to glacial‐hydrologic system and ecosystems. The isotopic composition of atmospherically deposited nitrate preserved in ice bodies plays a central role in delineating environmental and climatic changes, present, and past. Here, we provide an overview of the complete isotopic compositions (δ15N, δ18O, and Δ17O) of nitrate in aerosol, snow, ice, and water samples (n = 46) collected across the Southern, Southeastern, Central, and Northern TP to constrain complex nitrogen cycles of the atmosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, and, potentially, the biosphere. A large variability of snow nitrate isotopic compositions is observed across the TP at different spatial scales (from a single glacier to the entire plateau), likely due to the complex landscape and relevant physical and chemical processes across the TP. Large nitrate Δ17O values are observed in water samples collected from the Mt. Everest region, highlighting the considerable fraction (up to 45%) of atmospheric nitrate to the nitrate load in this Himalayan hydrologic system. Our work reveals the complex chemical, depositional, and postdepositional processes over the TP that are greater than previously thought and identifies further comprehensive investigations, which entail using nitrate isotopic compositions as an identifier for nitrate source apportionment in various ecosystems and understanding past atmospheric and climatic conditions in this region.
Size‐Resolved Mixing States and Sources of Amine‐Containing Particles in the East China Sea
Authors: Liu Zhe , Chen Hui , Li Qing , Sun Jianfeng , Wang Lin , Yang Xin , Xiao Hang , Li Mei , Chen Jianmin
Published: September 2020

Single‐particle aerosol mass spectrometry was employed during a cruise campaign from 3 to 27 June 2017 to investigate the mixing states and sources of amine‐containing particles in the East China Sea. A total of 271,160 particles were successfully identified, and 19,861 of these particles contained amines. Monomethylamine (MMA), trimethylamine (TMA), and diethylamine (DEA) were the most abundant amines. They accounted for 50%, 16%, and 29%, respectively, of the amine‐containing particles. The size distributions (mean ± geometric standard deviation) of the MMA‐, TMA‐, and DEA‐containing particles peaked at 0.58 ± 0.12, 0.56 ± 0.10, and 0.40 ± 0.10 μm, respectively. Using an adaptive resonance theory neural network algorithm, four major clusters of amine‐containing particles were categorized: carbon‐rich particles, K‐rich particles, Na‐rich particles, and metal‐rich particles. The MMA‐containing particles contained abundant elemental carbon‐, K‐, Mn‐, and Fe‐rich particles, which exhibit higher concentrations in land air masses, indicating that the MMA mainly originated from terrestrial anthropogenic sources. The TMA‐containing particles contained abundant organic and elemental carbon‐, EC‐, K‐, and V‐rich particles. High concentrations of TMA‐containing particles were measured near ports, indicating the significant contribution of the ports. The DEA‐containing particles contained abundant organic and elemental carbon‐, K‐, Mn‐, Cu‐, and Na‐rich particles, and high concentrations of DEA‐containing particles were observed in remote marine areas, suggesting that both terrestrial anthropogenic and marine sources are important contributors to DEA‐containing particles.
Probabilistic Flood Loss Models for Companies
Authors: Schoppa Lukas , Sieg Tobias , Vogel Kristin , Zöller Gert , Kreibich Heidi
Published: September 2020

Flood loss modeling is a central component of flood risk analysis. Conventionally, this involves univariable and deterministic stage‐damage functions. Recent advancements in the field promote the use of multivariable and probabilistic loss models, which consider variables beyond inundation depth and account for prediction uncertainty. Although companies contribute significantly to total loss figures, novel modeling approaches for companies are lacking. Scarce data and the heterogeneity among companies impede the development of company flood loss models. We present three multivariable flood loss models for companies from the manufacturing, commercial, financial, and service sector that intrinsically quantify prediction uncertainty. Based on object‐level loss data (n = 1,306), we comparatively evaluate the predictive capacity of Bayesian networks, Bayesian regression, and random forest in relation to deterministic and probabilistic stage‐damage functions, serving as benchmarks. The company loss data stem from four postevent surveys in Germany between 2002 and 2013 and include information on flood intensity, company characteristics, emergency response, private precaution, and resulting loss to building, equipment, and goods and stock. We find that the multivariable probabilistic models successfully identify and reproduce essential relationships of flood damage processes in the data. The assessment of model skill focuses on the precision of the probabilistic predictions and reveals that the candidate models outperform the stage‐damage functions, while differences among the proposed models are negligible. Although the combination of multivariable and probabilistic loss estimation improves predictive accuracy over the entire data set, wide predictive distributions stress the necessity for the quantification of uncertainty.
The curvature of cucumber fruits is associated with spatial variation in auxin accumulation and expression of a YUCCA biosynthesis gene
Authors: Li Shengnan , Wang Chunhua , Zhou Xiuyan , Liu Dong , Liu Chunhong , Luan Jie , Qin Zhiwei , Xin Ming
Published: September 2020

Fruit curving lowers the commercial value of cucumber and leads to significant economic losses. The mechanism driving the abnormal curving of cucumber is largely unknown. Through our previous work, we discovered that 2 days post-anthesis (DPA) was the key time point at which various phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of cucumber fruits are determined. Here, we analyzed the transcriptome of the concave (C1) and convex (C2) sides of curved fruits at 2 DPA by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and functional pathway enrichment analyses and identified auxin as a putative factor influencing fruit curvature. Changes in the curve angle in the fruits and exogenous auxin treatment analyses showed that asymmetric auxin distribution induces fruit curving. Identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to auxin and qPCR validation showed that CsYUC10b had the most significant differential expression when both sides of the curved fruits were compared. Gene functional analysis showed that the transcript levels of CsYUC10b and the auxin concentration were even on both sides of the fruit in CsYUC10b-overexpressing plants, which in turn contributed to an equal rate of growth of both sides of cucumber fruits and resulted in a straight shape of the fruits. Thus, we conclude that CsYUC10b promotes the formation of straight cucumber fruits, with possible applications in the production and breeding of cucumber.
Imaging nodal knots in momentum space through topolectrical circuits
Authors: Lee Ching Hua , Sutrisno Amanda , Hofmann Tobias , Helbig Tobias , Liu Yuhan , Ang Yee Sin , Ang Lay Kee , Zhang Xiao , Greiter Martin , Thomale Ronny
Published: September 2020

Knots are intricate structures that cannot be unambiguously distinguished with any single topological invariant. Momentum space knots, in particular, have been elusive due to their requisite finely tuned long-ranged hoppings. Even if constructed, probing their intricate linkages and topological "drumhead” surface states will be challenging due to the high precision needed. In this work, we overcome these practical and technical challenges with RLC circuits, transcending existing theoretical constructions which necessarily break reciprocity, by pairing nodal knots with their mirror image partners in a fully reciprocal setting. Our nodal knot circuits can be characterized with impedance measurements that resolve their drumhead states and image their 3D nodal structure. Doing so allows for reconstruction of the Seifert surface and hence knot topological invariants like the Alexander polynomial. We illustrate our approach with large-scale simulations of various nodal knots and an experiment which maps out the topological drumhead region of a Hopf-link.
Atomically-precise dopant-controlled single cluster catalysis for electrochemical nitrogen reduction
Authors: Yao Chuanhao , Guo Na , Xi Shibo , Xu Cong-Qiao , Liu Wei , Zhao Xiaoxu , Li Jing , Fang Hanyan , Su Jie , Chen Zhongxin , Yan Huan , Qiu Zhizhan , Lyu Pin , Chen Cheng , Xu Haomin , Peng Xinnan , Li Xinzhe , Liu Bin , Su Chenliang , Pennycook Stephen J. , Sun Cheng-Jun , Li Jun , Zhang Chun , Du Yonghua , Lu Jiong
Published: September 2020

The ability to precisely engineer the doping of sub-nanometer bimetallic clusters offers exciting opportunities for tailoring their catalytic performance with atomic accuracy. However, the fabrication of singly dispersed bimetallic cluster catalysts with atomic-level control of dopants has been a long-standing challenge. Herein, we report a strategy for the controllable synthesis of a precisely doped single cluster catalyst consisting of partially ligand-enveloped Au4Pt2 clusters supported on defective graphene. This creates a bimetal single cluster catalyst (Au4Pt2/G) with exceptional activity for electrochemical nitrogen (N2) reduction. Our mechanistic study reveals that each N2 molecule is activated in the confined region between cluster and graphene. The heteroatom dopant plays an indispensable role in the activation of N2 via an enhanced back donation of electrons to the N2 LUMO. Moreover, besides the heteroatom Pt, the catalytic performance of single cluster catalyst can be further tuned by using Pd in place of Pt as the dopant.
AmpliconReconstructor integrates NGS and optical mapping to resolve the complex structures of focal amplifications
Authors: Luebeck Jens , Coruh Ceyda , Dehkordi Siavash R. , Lange Joshua T. , Turner Kristen M. , Deshpande Viraj , Pai Dave A. , Zhang Chao , Rajkumar Utkrisht , Law Julie A. , Mischel Paul S. , Bafna Vineet
Published: September 2020

Oncogene amplification, a major driver of cancer pathogenicity, is often mediated through focal amplification of genomic segments. Recent results implicate extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) as the primary driver of focal copy number amplification (fCNA) - enabling gene amplification, rapid tumor evolution, and the rewiring of regulatory circuitry. Resolving an fCNA’s structure is a first step in deciphering the mechanisms of its genesis and the fCNA’s subsequent biological consequences. We introduce a computational method, AmpliconReconstructor (AR), for integrating optical mapping (OM) of long DNA fragments (>150 kb) with next-generation sequencing (NGS) to resolve fCNAs at single-nucleotide resolution. AR uses an NGS-derived breakpoint graph alongside OM scaffolds to produce high-fidelity reconstructions. After validating its performance through multiple simulation strategies, AR reconstructed fCNAs in seven cancer cell lines to reveal the complex architecture of ecDNA, a breakage-fusion-bridge and other complex rearrangements. By reconstructing the rearrangement signatures associated with an fCNA’s generative mechanism, AR enables a more thorough understanding of the origins of fCNAs.
Inhibitors of BRAF dimers using an allosteric site
Authors: Cotto-Rios Xiomaris M. , Agianian Bogos , Gitego Nadege , Zacharioudakis Emmanouil , Giricz Orsi , Wu Yang , Zou Yiyu , Verma Amit , Poulikakos Poulikos I. , Gavathiotis Evripidis
Published: September 2020

BRAF kinase, a critical effector of the ERK signaling pathway, is hyperactivated in many cancers. Oncogenic BRAFV600E signals as an active monomer in the absence of active RAS, however, in many tumors BRAF dimers mediate ERK signaling. FDA-approved RAF inhibitors poorly inhibit BRAF dimers, which leads to tumor resistance. We found that Ponatinib, an FDA-approved drug, is an effective inhibitor of BRAF monomers and dimers. Ponatinib binds the BRAF dimer and stabilizes a distinct αC-helix conformation through interaction with a previously unrevealed allosteric site. Using these structural insights, we developed PHI1, a BRAF inhibitor that fully uncovers the allosteric site. PHI1 exhibits discrete cellular selectivity for BRAF dimers, with enhanced inhibition of the second protomer when the first protomer is occupied, comprising a novel class of dimer selective inhibitors. This work shows that Ponatinib and BRAF dimer selective inhibitors will be useful in treating BRAF-dependent tumors.
Serological identification of SARS-CoV-2 infections among children visiting a hospital during the initial Seattle outbreak
Authors: Dingens Adam S. , Crawford Katharine H. D. , Adler Amanda , Steele Sarah L. , Lacombe Kirsten , Eguia Rachel , Amanat Fatima , Walls Alexandra C. , Wolf Caitlin R. , Murphy Michael , Pettie Deleah , Carter Lauren , Qin Xuan , King Neil P. , Veesler David , Krammer Florian , Dickerson Jane A. , Chu Helen Y. , Englund Janet A. , Bloom Jesse D.
Published: September 2020

Children are strikingly underrepresented in COVID-19 case counts. In the United States, children represent 22% of the population but only 1.7% of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases as of April 2, 2020. One possibility is that symptom-based viral testing is less likely to identify infected children, since they often experience milder disease than adults. Here, to better assess the frequency of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection, we serologically screen 1,775 residual samples from Seattle Children’s Hospital collected from 1,076 children seeking medical care during March and April of 2020. Only one child was seropositive in March, but seven were seropositive in April for a period seroprevalence of ≈1%. Most seropositive children (6/8) were not suspected of having had COVID-19. The sera of seropositive children have neutralizing activity, including one that neutralized at a dilution > 1:18,000. Therefore, an increasing number of children seeking medical care were infected by SARS-CoV-2 during the early Seattle outbreak despite few positive viral tests.
An orphan protein of Fusarium graminearum modulates host immunity by mediating proteasomal degradation of TaSnRK1α
Authors: Jiang Cong , Hei Ruonan , Yang Yang , Zhang Shijie , Wang Qinhu , Wang Wei , Zhang Qiang , Yan Min , Zhu Gengrui , Huang Panpan , Liu Huiquan , Xu Jin-Rong
Published: September 2020

Fusarium graminearum is a causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and a deoxynivalenol (DON) producer. In this study, OSP24 is identified as an important virulence factor in systematic characterization of the 50 orphan secreted protein (OSP) genes of F. graminearum. Although dispensable for growth and initial penetration, OSP24 is important for infectious growth in wheat rachis tissues. OSP24 is specifically expressed during pathogenesis and its transient expression suppresses BAX- or INF1-induced cell death. Osp24 is translocated into plant cells and two of its 8 cysteine-residues are required for its function. Wheat SNF1-related kinase TaSnRK1α is identified as an Osp24-interacting protein and shows to be important for FHB resistance in TaSnRK1α-overexpressing or silencing transgenic plants. Osp24 accelerates the degradation of TaSnRK1α by facilitating its association with the ubiquitin-26S proteasome. Interestingly, TaSnRK1α also interacts with TaFROG, an orphan wheat protein induced by DON. TaFROG competes against Osp24 for binding with the same region of TaSnRKα and protects it from degradation. Overexpression of TaFROG stabilizes TaSnRK1α and increases FHB resistance. Taken together, Osp24 functions as a cytoplasmic effector by competing against TaFROG for binding with TaSnRK1α, demonstrating the counteracting roles of orphan proteins of both host and fungal pathogens during their interactions.
Tracking the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia using genomics
Authors: Seemann Torsten , Lane Courtney R. , Sherry Norelle L. , Duchene Sebastian , Gonçalves da Silva Anders , Caly Leon , Sait Michelle , Ballard Susan A. , Horan Kristy , Schultz Mark B. , Hoang Tuyet , Easton Marion , Dougall Sally , Stinear Timothy P. , Druce Julian , Catton Mike , Sutton Brett , van Diemen Annaliese , Alpren Charles , Williamson Deborah A. , Howden Benjamin P.
Published: September 2020

Genomic sequencing has significant potential to inform public health management for SARS-CoV-2. Here we report high-throughput genomics for SARS-CoV-2, sequencing 80% of cases in Victoria, Australia (population 6.24 million) between 6 January and 14 April 2020 (total 1,333 COVID-19 cases). We integrate epidemiological, genomic and phylodynamic data to identify clusters and impact of interventions. The global diversity of SARS-CoV-2 is represented, consistent with multiple importations. Seventy-six distinct genomic clusters were identified, including large clusters associated with social venues, healthcare and cruise ships. Sequencing sequential samples from 98 patients reveals minimal intra-patient SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity. Phylodynamic modelling indicates a significant reduction in the effective viral reproductive number (Re) from 1.63 to 0.48 after implementing travel restrictions and physical distancing. Our data provide a concrete framework for the use of SARS-CoV-2 genomics in public health responses, including its use to rapidly identify SARS-CoV-2 transmission chains, increasingly important as social restrictions ease globally.
Author Correction: Cellular deconvolution of GTEx tissues powers discovery of disease and cell-type associated regulatory variants
Authors: Donovan Margaret K. R. , D’Antonio-Chronowska Agnieszka , D’Antonio Matteo , Frazer Kelly A.
Published: September 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.