bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
МУЛЬТИМОДАЛЬНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ МІСЬКОГО ДОРОЖНЬОГО ТРАФІКУ ДЛЯ ПЕРСОНАЛОЄМКИХ МАСШТАБНИХ ПОДІЙ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ЧАСУ
Authors:   National Transport University, Кузьмінець Микола , Дубовенко Юрій ,   National Transport University
Published: December 2022

In the current conditions, an important issue is the modeling of urban optimization road traffic for personnel-intensive large-scale wartime events. Geoinformation technologies, which combine visualization and intellectual analysis of spatially distributed data, are increasingly used in planning, reconstruction and monitoring of the state of road management. Taking into account the above-mentioned prerequisites, we consider it expedient to investigate, on the basis of world experience, the best alternatives for optimizing the methods of traffic intensity management in a closed compact area with predetermined routes of the main traffic in the city. At the same time, taking into account the cyclical nature of the movement of vehicles under normal conditions and the possibility of its regulation with the help of automated dispatching of the network of traffic lights ("green wave"), we will narrow down the task. Therefore, we will analyze only abnormally high manifestations of traffic, which occur, as a rule, only during the occurrence of extreme events for the city infrastructure with the participation of large masses of people. Such mega-events include religious, cultural and sports events of a global level, public riots and some other events that dramatically disrupt the established practice of using the public road network. It should be noted that such measures often lead to an artificial limitation of the bandwidth of this network for one reason or another, which should be taken into account in the further analysis of possible scenarios. Therefore, the aim of the work is to determine the basic factors for the optimization of traffic in order to distribute large masses of people in given locations and to develop a suitable algorithm for energy- and time-saving traffic management.
ФОРМУВАННЯ МАРКЕТИНГОВОЇ СТРАТЕГІЇ ВИХОДУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ СФЕРИ ПОСЛУГ З ПІСЛЯ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ КРИЗИ
Authors:   National Transport University, Артемчук Валентина , Литвишко Лілія ,   National Transport University
Published: December 2022

Taking into account the critical state of Ukraine caused by the state of war and the occupation of the Russian Federation, the article examines the current state of activity of enterprises in the service sector. The political and economic crisis had a significant impact on the service sector. Organizational changes took place in it, the entire sector was directed to provide everything necessary for the civilian population and the defense forces of Ukraine. It has been established that these political and economic changes caused the modification and transformation of the service sector. The study of the scientific space led to the conclusions that the issues of the development of enterprises in the service sector received quite a lot of attention from scientists, but their activities in the modern crisis state of war were not revealed. Therefore, the methods of strategic analysis are applied in the article, namely: SWOT-analysis and PEST-analysis of macro-environmental factors were carried out. The SWOT analysis showed that commercial risks, which reflect the positive and negative aspects of the activities of enterprises in the service sector, are currently playing a greater role. But the main risks in the conditions of war can be defined as risks of three levels, which significantly affect the situation of enterprises in the service sector. It is important to note that the current economic and political situation contributes to the financial success of the service sector, the growth of its profits and the increase of loading capacities. Precisely, the invasion of the Russian Federation turned the service sector into one of the supporting components of the armed forces of Ukraine and the civilian population. In order to form a strategic direction and choose a marketing strategy for the further development of enterprises in the service sector in the post-war period, it became necessary to conduct an additional study using the SPACE-analysis method. It was this scientific approach that provided the basis for determining the main strategy for exiting enterprises from the post-war crisis. It has been established that service sector enterprises are currently in a state of saturation or reduction in demand for services; the current business exceeds the cash flow needs that can be invested in other innovative services. Therefore, it is recommended that enterprises in the service sector use the specific development strategy presented in the article in modern conditions and in the future for a gradual exit from the post-war crisis.
Pandemia COVID 19 agravada por la infoxicación digital, valoración en la población del distrito Tumbes Perú
Authors: Preciado Chávez María Fernanda , La Rosa Feijoo Oscar Calixto , Mena Farfán Karl Vladimir , Mogollón Medina José Martín
Published: December 2022

Millones de personas hacen uso del in- ternet para la búsqueda de aspectos relacionados a las ciencias y la salud, en plataformas que dan acceso a gran cantidad de información. Esta diver- sidad de canales de comunicación ha contribuido a la difusión de mensajes generados por fuentes no autorizadas, además de creencias, comentarios u opiniones del colectivo. Este exceso de información, denominado infoxica- ción, lleva al individuo a un estado de fatiga que le imposibilita procesar la in- formación, desencadenando ansiedad y estrés. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la existencia de infoxi- cación digital asociada a la pandemia del Covid 19. Se pone en evidencia un ciclo de emociones negativas que per- judican la salud mental de los usuarios, que además influye en la reducción de comportamientos responsables, como el distanciamiento social, requerido para afrontar la crisis sanitaria que la pandemia impone.
Nivel de autoeficacia materna en adolescentes de la región noreste de Guanajuato, México
Authors: Ramírez Robles Marisol , Herrera Paredes José Manuel , Moreno González María Mercedes
Published: December 2022

Objetivo: Describir y analizar el nivel de la Autoeficacia Materna en Adolescentes de un hospital de segundo nivel en el estado de Guanajuato, en México. Método: Fue aplicado a madres adolescentes que asistieron a un Hospital Materno en el estado de Guanajuato, se empleó la escala Autoeficacia Parental Materna Percibida (α=0.98) que consta de 20 ítems de tipo Likert y cuatro subescalas, así como una cédula de identificación semiestructurada para los datos sociodemográficos, esta última, validada por expertos. Se tuvieron en cuenta las consideraciones éticas. Resultados principales: El 72.7% de las madres adolescentes presentaron un nivel de autoeficacia baja, caracterizándose por falta de habilidad y poca experiencia en los cuidados maternos.  Conclusión general: La autoeficacia materna en adolescentes es baja, dadas las características propias del desarrollo en esta etapa, aunado a la maternidad, algunas madres se enfrentan al nacimiento de un prematuro, que en la mayoría de los casos llega a ser hospitalizado, repercutiendo una vez más en la autoeficacia. Para enfermería, las madres adolescentes presentan un reto para el cuidado, por lo tanto, se identifica la necesidad de describir este fenómeno para poder crear intervenciones educativas basadas en la Autoeficacia materna en adolescentes.
Analyses on selected techniques for crime detecting among Pupils of Police Model Primary School, Wudil Kano
Authors:   Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Nigeria Police Academy, Wudil-Kano, Nigeria., Chukwuedozie Nwachukwu Francis
Published: December 2022

Crime is an epidemic, and there is a need to spot crime doers. The research aimed to analyze systemic technical approaches to nipping crime in the bud. Police Primary School was employed. Recruitment was 100 pupils. They were five classes in all, and each classroom had 20 pupils. The pupils stayed in their classrooms. The research is in two phases: Phase 1 is voice recognition, and phase 2 is the truth serum approach. Phase 1 was to test the ability of students to recognize each other through a voice from spoken words between close associates. Each class was allocated twenty seconds for the ear witness voice recognition. The pupils in each class block utter sounds (speak), one after the other, and the other class block keenly listens to their voices for identification. In phase 2, pupils receive items as an enticement for the truth. This item is mind-altering, and the crime's identity is known. The research analyzed information obtained from the pupils after inducement to ascertain the doer of the crime. In phase 1, pupils in the same classrooms' voice recognition scored above 70%, while pupils in different classrooms scored above 60% in all the classrooms demonstrated. Only Classrooms B and D were non-significant from other classrooms (P>0.05) in the same classrooms, while non-significant differences in the different classroom settings were observed. Pase-2 revealed above 60% of the crime doers. Only two classrooms were not significant. The most frequent crime is noise making. The divulging of information on crime doers was comparable in all. Keywords: Crimes, Pupils, voice recognition, truth serum, classrooms and Police Model School.
A Study of the Grouping of Meningococcus Strains
Authors: Olmstead Miriam P. , DuBois Phoebe L. , Neal Josephine B. , Schweitzer Rose
Published: December 2022

In the spring of 1911, the members of the meningitis department started to investigate the possible grouping of strains of the meningococcus, being led thereto by Torrey's (1) success in demonstrating the division of strains of gonococcus into groups. The desirability of some definite knowledge on this point is obvious. Not only is it of academic interest, but in the preparation of anti-meningitis serum, it is of the utmost importance that, if the strains differ in their serological reactions and may be classified thus, as many groups as possible should be represented. Also in view of the large number of strains that may be collected, it is a great saving of time and media, if the multiplication of similar strains may be avoided without lessening the therapeutic value of the serum.

Three methods at once suggested themselves—agglutination, opsonic tests, and complement fixation. The agglutination method proved unsatisfactory.
Antibodies of Different Specificities in Normal Rabbit Sera
Authors: Haimovich Joseph , Tarrab Rebeca , Sulica Andrei , Sela Michael
Published: December 2022

Low levels of so-called “natural” antibodies have been reported in many studies (for review, see Boyden (1)). Recently, antibodies to defined haptens, such as the 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) (2, 3), the 4-hydroxy-5-nitrophenylacetyl (4) and the penicilloyl (5) groups have been found in normal humans, mice and rabbits.

In the course of experiments making use of the detection of antibodies by means of chemically modified bacteriophages (4–7), we have tested the sera of 28 normal rabbits for their capacity to inactivate immunospecifically modified bacteriophages of different specificities. The bacteriophage preparations used included DNP-T4 (3), penicilloyl-T4 (5), lysozyme-T4 (8), insulin-T4 (8), and the unmodified bacteriophage T4 itself.

The results obtained with sera pooled from the bleedings of 28 normal rabbits are given in Table I. The pooled rabbit sera, tested at fivefold dilution, inactivated almost completely DNP-T4, and decreased significantly the number of viable penicilloyl-T4, whereas no significant inactivation of insulin-T4, lysozyme-T4 and the unmodified T4 was observed.
Structural and Antigenic Relationships Between Avian Immunoglobulins
Authors: Leslie Gerrie A. , Benedict Albert A.
Published: December 2022

Hydrolysis with papain of chicken IgG (C-IgG), pheasant IgG (P-IgG) and quail IgG (Q-IgG) produced fragments with sedimentation coefficients of 3.5S. Approximately 40% to 50% of the IgG was converted to dialyzable peptides.

Digestion of C-IgG pseudoglobulin preparations with 1% pepsin at pH 4.5 for 18 hr, in the absence of a reducing agent, produced Fab′ (3.4S) fragments. Digestion of C-IgG with pepsin at pH 5.0 produced a small amount of 5.4S fragments, Fab′ and undigested IgG. Chicken pseudoglobulin and euglobulin IgG appeared to have different susceptibilities to digestion with pepsin. Digestion of P-IgG with 1% pepsin, at pH 4.5, resulted in 5.4S fragments and undigested IgG, whereas digestion with 2% pepsin yielded mainly 5.4S and a small amount of Fab′. The F(ab')2 fragment contained no Fc determinants, but compared to papain-produced Fab it had additional antigenic determinants. Digestion of Q-IgG with 1% pepsin, pH 4.5, produced about 60% Fab′ and 40% 5.4S fragments. With respect to the kinds of fragments formed, Q-IgG was intermediate between C-IgG and P-IgG. Large amounts of dialyzable peptides were formed from the three immunoglobulins by peptic digestion.
Hemagglutinin Antibody Response of Normal and Aleutian Disease-Affected Mink to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin
Authors: Lodmell D. L. , Hadlow W. J. , Munoz J. J. , Whitford H. W.
Published: December 2022

After injection of Aleutian disease (AD) virus into mink homozygous for the Aleutian gene, the amount of serum γ globulin steadily increased and the amount of serum albumin decreased early in the disease and remained relatively stationary thereafter. Alterations in the α and β globulin concentrations were inconsistent.

AD virus suppressed the primary antibody response of normal mink inoculated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). This suppression began at about the time the serum γ globulin levels of mink inoculated with AD virus started to increase and was consistent, whether KLH was injected before or concomitantly with AD virus.

When the primary injection of KLH was given before or concomitantly with AD virus, an excellent anamnestic response occurred in AD-affected mink.

Antibody responses to KLH in mink affected with AD at the time of primary stimulation were extremely poor. The mink most severely affected at the time that they were inoculated with KLH gave the poorest primary and anamnestic responses.
Canine Immunoglobulins
Authors: Reynolds Herbert Y. , Johnson John S.
Published: December 2022

Canine intestinal secretions from the jejunum, terminal ileum, and proximal colon contain qualitatively the same immunoglobulins as do the serum and colostrum. Secretory IgA is present in the fecal extracts in four to eight times the concentration found in serum. A procedure for minimizing the bacterial and enzymatic proteolysis of the immuno-proteins is outlined. A combination of DEAE and Sephadex chromatography permitted separation of the major immunoglobulin classes, particularly secretory IgA. The purified secretory IgA was examined for antigenic similarities to IgA in serum and other canine secretions, and its sedimentation and electrophoretic behavior were defined. The isolated IgA retained biologic activity.
Response of NZB and NZB/NZW Spleen Cells to Mitogenic Agents
Authors: Leventhal Brigid G. , Talal Norman
Published: December 2022

The in vitro response of pooled splenic lymphocytes from NZB, B/W, and C3H mice was studied to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), allogeneic cells and calf thymus DNA. There was no response to DNA by any of the three strains. Relative to C3H, the NZB cells were hyporeactive both to PHA and to allogeneic cells. The B/W mice were hyporesponsive to PHA and in three of eight experiments showed no response at all. However, they showed a consistent and vigorous response to C3H cells. This differential and disproportionate response to mitogens has been seen previously in humans with thymic dysplasia and in thymectomized animals. These studies showing a depressed in vitro response of lymphocytes lend support to the concept that New Zealand mice may have a relatively hypofunctioning thymus.
Release of Vasoactive Amines from Rabbit Platelets Induced by Antiplatelet Antibody in the Presence and Absence of Complement
Authors: Henson Peter M.
Published: December 2022

Two actions of heterologous antiplatelet antibody on rabbit platelets have been described. The release of vasoactive amines from platelets by antibody in the absence of complement required an active energy-requiring participation on the part of the platelet and did not result in cytolysis. Antibody with at least two combining sites was needed, but no loss of activity occurred if the Fc piece was removed. In contrast, antibody in the presence of rabbit complement caused cytolysis and loss of internal constituents including cytoplasmic and lysosomal enzymes.
Cellular Requirements for Development of Primary Anti-Hapten Antibody Responses in Vitro
Authors: Bluestein Harry G. , Pierce Carl W.
Published: December 2022

The cellular requirements for the development of primary trinitrophenyl (TNP)-specific plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to TNP-φX in cultures of spleen cells from normal mice and from mice immunized 7 days earlier with φX were compared. Significant enhancement of the primary anti-TNP PFC responses of both the γG and γM immunoglobulin classes was demonstrated in cultures of φX-primed spleen cells stimulated with TNP-φX at a concentration suboptimal for normal spleen cells. After separation of normal and φX-primed spleen cells into macrophage and lymphoid cell populations on the basis of the ability of macrophages to adhere to plastic, it was demonstrated that primary TNP-specific PFC responses of normal spleen cells were strictly dependent on the presence of the macrophages, while the responses of φX-primed spleen cells were much less dependent on their presence.

The depletion of ϑ-bearing cells from cultures of normal spleen cells by treatment with anti-ϑ serum and complement minimized primary TNP-specific PFC responses to TNP-φX. Depletion of the ϑ-bearing cells from cultures of spleen cells from φX-primed mice reduced primary TNP-specific PFC responses only 10% to 50%, while the primary anti-horse red cell PFC responses in the same cell preparations were reduced over 90%.
The Formation of Amyloid-Like Fibrils in Vitro from Bence Jones Proteins of the VλI Subclass
Authors: Linke R. P. , Tischendorf F. W. , Zucker-Franklin D. , Franklin E. C.
Published: December 2022

Sixty-one λ-Bence Jones proteins (BJP) including all known Vλ subclasses were digested with pepsin. Forty-six formed a precipitate but only nine of these disclosed some of the characteristics of amyloid as revealed by congo red binding, green polarization birefringence, dichroism and fibrillar structures in the electron microscope. Eight of nine amyloid-forming BJP belonged to the VλI subclass. Thirteen other BJP of the same subclass did not form amyloid under the conditions employed. The ability to form amyloid was unrelated to the constant region Oz marker.
Relationship of C3 and Factor a of the Properdin System
Authors: Goodkofsky Ira , Stewart Arthur H. , Lepow Irwin H.
Published: December 2022

Early investigations of the properdin system by Pillemer and coworkers demonstrated a requirement for a hydrazine-sensitive component (factor A) for preferential inactivation of terminal components of C by zymosan. The relationship of factor A to C3 and C4, C components known to be hydrazine sensitive, was therefore investigated. The loss of C3 and C4 hemolytic activity in normal human serum incubated at 37°C for 60 min with various concentrations of hydrazine showed strikingly similar patterns, 6 × 10-4 M hydrazine being required in each case for 50% inactivation. Similarly, factor A activity declined in direct proportion to the loss of C3 and C4 activity. Restoration of factor A activity in serum rendered deficient in factor A by treatment with hydrazine could be demonstrated with several preparations of purified C3 and was proportional to the amount of hemolytically active C3 added to the serum with restored factor A.
Experimental Trypanosomal Glomerulonephritis: Evidence for Selective Renal Deposits Containing Reactants of the Alternate C Pathway
Authors: Ward P. A. , Nagle R. , Minta J. O. , Lepow I. H.
Published: December 2022

Three rhesus monkeys infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense developed a sustained parasitemia, hypocomplementemia, and glomerulonephritis. In each of the three cases glomerulonephritis was characterized by mild proliferative and exudative changes. Immunofluorescent studies on renal glomeruli were done with antibody to human γG, γM, γA, C3, C4, and properdin. For each antibody a strong cross-reaction developed with the heterologous (monkey) serum protein. Two nephritic animals showed no deposits of Ig in glomeruli while a third had faint deposits of γM. All three animals showed heavy deposits of properdin and C3, in a granular pattern, but no evidence of C4. Glomerular deposits appeared during the period of hypocomplementemia which developed after approximately 8 days of infection. Non-infected animals (two) failed to show evidence for glomerular deposits of any of the proteins. These findings suggest that the glomerulonephritis of experimental trypanosomiasis is related to selective deposits of reactant proteins of the alternate C pathway (properdin system).
Isolation and Characterization of a New and Highly Active form of C5a Anaphylatoxin from Epsilon-Aminocaproic Acid-Containing Porcine Serum
Authors: Vallota Enrique H. , Hugli Tony E. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J.
Published: December 2022

The capacity of epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) to inhibit serum carboxypeptidase B has been utilized to permit generation of active C3a and C5a anaphylatoxin (AT) in human serum. In the absence of EACA both AT are formed but subsequently inactivated. In porcine serum complement activation liberates C3a and C5a AT, but C5a escapes total inactivation by serum carboxypeptidase. The inactivated porcine C3a (C3ai) has been isolated and shown to resemble closely human C3a in m.w. and amino acid composition. The use of EACA during generation of porcine AT resulted in the formation of biologically active C3a and C5a. Porcine C5a isolated from EACA-containing serum was obtained in greater yield and with considerably more specific activity than C5a generated in the absence of EACA. A full contraction of the guinea pig ileum was produced with 3 × 10-10 M porcine C5a when it was derived from EACA serum, and with 1.5 × 10-9 M when it was isolated from serum not containing EACA.
Effect of Carcinogens on Biosynthesis
Authors: Colten Harvey R.
Published: December 2022

Administration of a water soluble carcinogen, diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to guinea pigs results in a selective decrease in serum concentration of C4 (Zarco, Borsos, and Rapp, unpublished). Based on this observation and in an attempt to define the factors that regulate biosynthesis, several chemical carcinogens were tested for their ability to affect synthesis of C4 and C2.

Peritoneal macrophages isolated from guinea pigs that were fed DEN for 9 weeks synthesized C4 at a rate 20% of normal; the appearance of the cells and their capacity to synthesize C2 and total protein were unaffected. After 16 to 19 weeks of DEN feeding, chemotaxis, and other membrane dependent functions (glass adherence, “spreading”) of the macrophages were depressed. Histologic examination of the liver at 19 weeks revealed that these changes in macrophage function preceded the appearance of frank tumor. Incubation of normal peritoneal cells in the presence of DEN had no effect on their morphology or functions, suggesting the possibility that DEN is converted in vivo but not in vitro to an inhibitor of macrophage function.
Massive C Activation: The Interactions of C and the Extrinsic Blood Coagulation System in the Production of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Authors: Brown D. L. , Lachmann P. J.
Published: December 2022

When rabbits are given single large doses (5 mg) of bacterial endotoxin they rapidly develop a shocklike state characterized by profound thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). This effect is seen to a greatly reduced extent in C6-deficient rabbits and cannot be produced at all in cobra venom treated rabbits.

The mechanisms involved have been investigated. It has been shown that the following events occur: There is C3 fixation on the endotoxin followed by immune adherence of platelets to the fixed C3. The adherence alone allows a slow activation of platelet factor 3 (PF3) which may activate the extrinsic coagulation system and produce DIC. In normal animals, however, there is far more intense PF3 activation which appears to be due to the “reactive lysis” of the platelets. This is a rapid and efficient method of producing DIC.

A strain of dogs deficient in clotting factor VII is resistant to endotoxin shock in a way similar to the C6-deficient rabbits.
The Role of C in Allergen-Reagin Mediated Histamine Release Reactions
Authors: Malley A. , Baecher L. , Porter G. , Burger D.
Published: December 2022

Preliminary studies demonstrated that either a C3 inactivator isolated from human serum or a monospecific antihuman C3 serum gave a linear dose-dependent inhibition of allergenreagin-induced histamine release reactions from monkey lung tissue (MLT) passively sensitized with human reagin. These observations suggested that the role of C in allergic reactions should be re-examined with respect to the recently described alternate pathway of C action.

The results of these studies demonstrated that 1) C3, 5, 6, 8, 9, C3 proactivator (C3PA), and properdin are bound to MLT, and 2) monospecific antisera directed against the above components show a dose-dependent inhibition of allergen-reagin induced histamine release from MLT. Specificity of the above antisera to inhibit allergen-reagin induced histamine release was seen by the failure to demonstrate inhibition with the following reagents: 1) anti-C4, 2) anti-BSA, and 3) anti-rhesus lung tissue sera. The question of desensitization of MLT explaining the inhibition of the observed reactions was evaluated by three different approaches.
Activation of the Alternate Pathway of C by Human Histocompatibility (HL-A) Antibodies
Authors: Ferrone S. , Cooper N. R. , Pellegrino M. A. , Reisfeld R. A.
Published: December 2022

The ability of cultured human lymphoid cells sensitized with human histocompatibility (HL-A) antibodies to activate the classical and alternate pathways of C has been investigated. Some HL-A antibodies have been found to activate only the alternate pathway, since heating of the human C source for 30 min at 50°C completely eliminated lymphocytotoxicity. Cytolytic potential and the ability to bind radiolabeled C3, C6, C8, and C9 present in the heated sera were fully restored on addition of highly purified C3 proactivator (C3PA) to the heated sera. Treatment of the human C source with EGTA (10 mM) to chelate calcium and inhibit the classical pathway or the use of C2 deficient C did not significantly reduce the ability of the C source in conjunction with the alloantisera to mediate cytolysis. Finally, lysis did not occur when C3PA depleted serum was used as the C source; cytolytic activity, however, was restored on addition of C3PA to the depleted C.
Depletion of Early C Components During a Systemic Graft-vs-Host Reaction in Rats
Authors: Ballow M. , Day N. K. , Good R. A.
Published: December 2022

In immunodeficiency patients undergoing severe graft-vs-host (GVH) disease after bone marrow transplantation, a fall in the early C components was observed. To investigate this further, we induced a systemic GVH disease in (LxBN) F1 hybrid rats (70 g) by giving them a 200 × 106 or 400 × 106 Lewis spleen cell suspension i.v. Clinical GVH disease was present on day 5 and most of the animals died by 2 weeks of infection. Six of eight rats in the experimental group had a fall in the levels of serum C2 and C4 concomitant with the onset of the GVH reaction. C1 was variable in that only three of eight had diminished levels. One of six control rats had a significant fall in early C components. In a subsequent experiment (F344xBN)F1 hybrid rats (60 g) were injected i.v. with a 400 × 106 F344 spleen cell suspension or 200 × 106 F344 Ficoll/Hypaque (F/H) separated lymphocytes.
Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) and “Familial” Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in Identical Twin Boys
Authors: Kohler Peter F.
Published: December 2022

Identical twin boys with solar sensitivity, discoid LE, positive antinuclear antibody and increased antibody to denatured DNA have been followed for 4 years. SLE was diagnosed in their mother at age 22 during her pregnancy with the twins. Seven years later she died with SLE coronary vasculitis. At ages 4 and 8, discoid LE was diagnosed in the twins and at age 13, they were evaluated in Denver. Both had low total C and markedly reduced C4. Metabolic studies with radioiodinated C4 demonstrated a marked hypercatabolism combined with decreased synthesis. Concentrations of C1̄ inhibitor (C1̄ INH) were subsequently found to be less than 20% of normal (Table I). Their father and maternal grandparents have normal component and C1̄ INH levels. The C4 and C1̄ INH abnormalities have persisted in serial studies of the twins. Neither has had cutaneous or oral-pharyngeal angioedema.
Quantitative Studies of the Conversion of C3PA (GBG) to C3A (GGG)
Authors: Lambert Paul H. , Perrin L. , Cerottini J. C.
Published: December 2022

Quantitative methods were set up to measure the conversion of C3PA or GBG to C3A or GGG. The results were compared to those of hemolytic tests by using glutathion-treated red cells. The kinetics of C3PA conversion induced in serum either spontaneously by addition of magnesium, or by various natural activators, was studied. Particular interest was given to the activation of C3PA by immune complexes. It was found that some small complexes formed in large antigen excess can activate the C3A system. Similar results were obtained with complexes formed of IgA immunoglobulins and DNP-substituted antigens. The C3-converting activity of some “nephritic factors” isolated from sera of membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis patients seems to be related to a similar activation process of the alternate pathway. (Work supported by Swiss National Research Foundation (Grant 3.617.71) and the Annette Kade Foundation.)
Lack of Correlation Between Antigen Content and Lytic Susceptibility of Tumor Cells
Authors: Ohanian S. H. , Borsos T. , Rapp H. J.
Published: December 2022

The Forssman antigen content of two diethylnitrosamine-induced guinea pig hepatomas, L1 and L10, normal guinea pig liver cells and SRBC was compared by absorption of hemolytically active IgM antibody. Analysis of the absorption curves indicated all cells absorbed similar amounts of hemolytic activity.

Lysis of the tumor cells was studied with IgM anti-Forssman antibody, rabbit anti-tumor antibody and C (human, rabbit and guinea pig). L1 cells sensitized with Forssman antibody or specific anti-tumor antibody were lysable by all C sources tested. Human C was more efficient in lysing L1 than rabbit or guinea pig. Although L10 cells sensitized with a similar number of C1-fixing Forssman antibody molecules were not lysable by any of the C sources, efficient lysis with human C occurred when the cells were sensitized with a specific anti-L10 antiserum.

These experiments indicate that the observed variation in sensitivity to antibody-C mediated lysis of these tumor cells cannot be explained on the basis of insufficient C-fixing antibody on the cell surface or by differences in antigen concentration.
Two C Receptors on Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Okada H. , Nishioka K.
Published: December 2022

Some cultured lymphoid cell lines from Burkitt lymphoma such as Daudi cells do not fix EA(IgM)C43 which were prepared with guinea pig C although the cells fix EA(IgM)Cm which were prepared with mouse C. For the analysis of mouse serum factors, EA(IgM)C42 were reacted with a dilution of test sample at 37°C for 15 min in the presence of EDTA. After the incubation, human erythrocytes (HuE) or Daudi cells (Dc) were added to the reaction mixture to examine the adherence reactivity to those indicator cells. The activities to convert EA(IgM)C42 into being reactive to HuE and to Dc were designated as H-activity and D-activity, respectively. After DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, H- and D-activities of mouse plasma were separated on a CM-cellulose column. Although almost 100% of H-activity was recovered, the recovery of D-activity at the last column was less than 20%. But retitration of D-activity in the presence of a fraction of H-activity showed that D-activity also recovered at about 100%.
Enhancement of Chemotactic Responsiveness in Vitro by C1 INH and Heparin
Authors: Smith C. Wayne , Hollers J. , Bing D. H. , Mernitz J. L.
Published: December 2022

Employing a modification of the Boyden technique for studying neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro, we investigated the effect of C1 inhibitor (C1 INH) and heparin on leukotaxis of human neutrophils. Leukocytes of normal adults were obtained from heparin anticoagulated plasma, and were washed in Hanks' solution (HBSS). The compartments of the chemotaxis chambers were separated by Millipore filters of 3 µ pore size. When C1 INH (7 units/ml) was added to the cell compartment of chemotaxis chambers containing 1 × 106 neutrophils suspended in HBSS and 10% heparinized human plasma, there was a 3-fold enhancement (p < 0.001) in leukotactic response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated human plasma as compared to chambers without C1 INH. Subsequent experiments revealed the following results: 1) The enhancement of chemotaxis occurred also in response to zymosan and antigen-antibody-activated human plasma or serum; 2) no enhancement or increase in random motility occurred in the absence of a chemotactic stimulus; 3) enhancement could be completely prevented by prior exposure of the medium to a monospecific anti-C1 INH immunoadsorbent; 4) maximum enhancement occurred with 7 units of C1 INH while 4 units produced no effect; 5) the effect of C1 INH was reversible; 6) increasing levels of chemotactic stimulant increased the magnitude of enhancement.
Quantitation of C3 and C4 in Patients with Severe Infections or Trauma with and Without Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Authors: Spath P. , Kunz F. , Kroesen G. , Gabl F. , Holzknecht F. , Braunsteiner H.
Published: December 2022

Evidence exists that C is involved in the coagulation process (Zimmerman et al., J. Exp. Med., No. 6, 1971). It has been reported that C3 (β1C/β1A) is significantly depressed in most patients with DIC (Tomar et al., Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh., 3: 27, 1972). In the present study C3 and C4 were quantitated by single radial immunodiffusion in the plasma of patients suffering mostly from severe septic and traumatic conditions with and without shock. Examinations including detailed coagulation studies were performed on 30 selected patients and 14 showed characteristic signs of DIC. C3 was markedly diminished in 13, C4 in 9 of the 14 DIC patients. In patients with septicemia but without DIC, a larger variation of results was found. In this group, depressions of C3 were observed in 6, and of C4 in 3 of 10 cases and seemed to occur more frequently when the condition was complicated by shock.
The C System in Hepatitis Patients with or Without Immunosuppressive Therapy
Authors: Torisu M. , Sonozaki H. , Yoshida T. , Naito H. , Hozaki H. , Sato M. , Tsuji T. , Kosaka K. , Starzl T. E.
Published: December 2022

Orthotopic transplantation of the human liver has shown that the liver is a source of C4, C3, and C5 in man. It is therefore of interest to study the complement system in patients with hepatitis. Such studies may also provide information about the immune response to such antigens as hepatitis associated antigen (HAA); this response is thought to underlie some of the hepatic damage in this disease. Patients without immunosuppressive therapy showed consistent reduction in CH50, C4, and C3; in increasing order of reduction they are chronic persistent hepatitis (20 cases), chronic aggressive hepatitis (18 cases), fulminant hepatitis (5 cases), and liver cirrhosis (30 cases). In acute hepatitis (50 cases) these titers showed significant increases which correlated with disease activity as reflected by serum enzyme (SGOT) levels. In chronic hepatitis, similar changes were associated with SGOT activity, but these were superimposed on a baseline which fell with time below normal levels.
Immune Response of the Human Respiratory Tract
Authors: Waldman R. H. , Jurgensen P. F. , Olsen G. N. , Ganguly R. , Johnson J. E.
Published: December 2022

Immunoglobulin levels and antibody titers were determined in bronchoalveolar (BA) lavage fluids, nasal washings, and sera from volunteers immunized with a commercial inactivated influenza virus vaccine by aerosol or subcutaneously. The IgG:IgA ratio of BA secretions was 2.5:1, thus being intermediate between the ratio in sera and nasal washings. Little albumin was found in the BA fluids. BA antibody was best stimulated by local (aerosol) immunization, was found in the IgG, as well as IgA class of immunglobulins and was locally produced.
Antigen-T Lymphocyte Interactions: Inhibition by Cytochalasin B
Authors: Henney Christopher S. , Bubbers J. Eric
Published: December 2022

The adsorption of cytologically active C57BL/6 T lymphocytes onto homologous DBA/2 embryonic fibroblast monolayers has been studied in the presence of a number of drugs. The adsorption of cytolytic effector cells onto monolayers was unaffected by prostaglandin E1 or by colchicine, both of which are potent inhibitors of lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. On the other hand, the specific adsorption of lymphocytes onto the monolayers was markedly inhibited by cytochalasin B. These findings reinforce the concept that T cell-mediated cytolysis proceeds in discrete steps which are inhibitable at different levels. Further, in view of the known effects of cytochalasin B, these studies suggest that membrane modulation is required for T lymphocyte-antigen interactions.
Lymphocyte Transformation in Human Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria
Authors: Wyler David J. , Oppenheim Joost J.
Published: December 2022

Lymphocytes from fifteen patients who had been infected with Plasmodium falciparum from 1 month to 15 years previously underwent significant in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in response to malaria antigen. Since 11 of these patients lacked demonstrable antimalarial antibodies, this indicator of cell-mediated rather than humoral immunity provides a more sensitive indicator of prior exposure to malaria. In contrast, lymphocytes from normal control subjects failed to undergo transformation to low concentrations of antigens. Only at higher concentrations of antigen were lymphocytes of control subjects also transformed, but to a significantly smaller degree than those of the patients. Since the antigen preparation consists of a heterogeneous mixture of materials, this presumably represents a nonspecific response to some components in the antigen preparation. These results suggest that thymus-derived lymphocytes are important in host response to human malaria.
Recovery from Anti-Ig Induced Immunosuppression: Implications for a Model of Ig-Secreting Cell Development
Authors: Manning Dean D.
Published: December 2022

Data are presented on Ig levels in anti-Ig-treated BALB/c, congenitally athymic (nude) and littermate mice bled at intervals both during and after suppressive treatment. The patterns of suppression and recovery indicate that anti-µ antiserum is a powerful, but dose dependent, panspecific suppressor of humoral immunoglobulins, capable of permanent suppression of IgM in all mice but often allowing slow, partial recovery of other Ig classes. Anti-α and anti-γ antisera are class-specific in their suppressive effect, but are of high efficacy and lasting effect only in the immunologically defective nude mouse. It is particularly noteworthy that anti-γ antiserum has no effect on IgA levels, even in nude mice.

From these data, a model for the development of Ig-producing cells has been developed. This model postulates that the precursors of cells producing all classes of Ig bear IgM receptors, but that these IgM-bearing cells represent early stages of four separate cell lines differentiating toward the production of IgM, IgG1, IgG2, and IgA, respectively. During this differentiation process, each line replaces, or at least supplements, these early IgM receptors with either IgM, IgG1, IgG2, or IgA receptors. Each of the resulting four cell lines is capable of producing a single class or subclass of antibody upon antigenic stimulation. It is further postulated that the panspecific suppressive effect of anti-µ treatment is achieved by arrest of this differentiation process, whereas the class-specific suppression resulting from anti-γ or anti-α treatment is due to blocking of IgG or IgA receptors acquired during differentiation.
Mode of Action of Human C9: Adsorption of Multiple C9 Molecules to Cell-Bound C8
Authors: Kolb William P. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J.
Published: December 2022

The following experimental observations were made: 1) The C9 hemolytic dose response curve is sigmoidal; 2) C9 binding to EAC1-8 at low C9 input shows a definite time lag; 3) binding of three to six C9 molecules is required for the formation of a functional lesion (63% lysis); 4) C9 binding is relatively insensitive to temperatures from 0° to 43°C, whereas hemolysis of EAC1-9 is highly temperature sensitive; 5) C9 binding is independent of pH between 6.0 and 8.5 and of ionic strength over the range µ = 0.05 to µ = 0.15; and 6) the removal of C9 hemolytic activity from the fluid phase by serial adsorption with EAC1-8 is fully accounted for by the physical uptake of C9 molecules to EAC1-8. The results indicate that expression of C9 hemolytic activity requires physical binding of C9, that binding is achieved by adsorption through a cooperative process, and that binding of more than one molecule of human C9 is necessary for the formation of one functional membrane lesion. The manifestation of functional lesions is dependent on temperature allowing membrane fluidity.
Immunochemistry of the Hepatitis B Virus: 125I HB Ag Ligand
Authors: Chisari Francis V. , Gerin John L. , Edgington Thomas S.
Published: December 2022

Immunochemical studies of the Hepatitis B virus and its gene products require labeled virus or derivative gene products of high antigenic and structural integrity. Such ligands can be provided by 125I Hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag). Techniques for the iodination of microgram quantities of 22 nm HB Ag particles with either immobilized lactoperoxidase or chloramine-T are described. Specific activities of 2 to 10.0 µCi/µg can be achieved. The labeled products of both methods compare favorably with unlabeled antigen in terms of sedimentation velocity and density; however, the solid-phase lactoperoxidase method produces an 125I HB Ag ligand of superior antigenic integrity. 125I HB Ag prepared by lactoperoxidase has an in vivo clearance rate (T½) of 23 hr as compared to 19 hr for chloramine-T-labeled 125I HB Ag. Competitive inhibition radioimmunoassays, with 125I HB Ag, are influenced by the antigenic integrity of the ligand and only with the lactoperoxidase product can concentrations as low as 10 ng/ml (3 × 10-12 M) of purified unlabeled 22 nm HB Ag particles be detected. Deterioration of trichloroacetic acid precipitability and immunoprecipitability of 125I HB Ag is observed over a period of weeks, which imposes a requirement for fresh 125I HB Ag if maximum antigenic integrity of the ligand, sensitivity, and immunochemical precision are to be achieved.
Effects of Antigen Density and Non-Complement Fixing Antibody on Cytolysis by Alloantisera
Authors: Basch Ross S.
Published: December 2022

Murine alloantisera were prepared against a variety of isoantigens including H2.25, TL, and LyA2. These antisera were cytotoxic for thymocytes and tumor cells. Anti-TL antisera obtained early in the immunization yielded titration curves in which antibody killed more than 90% of the target cells and which gave sharp end points and relatively high titers. Antisera obtained later during immunization frequently gave distinct “prozones”, failed to destroy all of the target cells, and gave less well defined end points. An immunoglobulin fraction presumably containing non-complement-fixing (NCF) antibody was purified from this late antiserum. This fraction was capable of reducing the cytotoxic efficiency ofthe early antisera. These effects were also duplicated when early antisera were tested against cells whose antigenic content had been reduced on a genetic basis. Such cells were markedly less susceptible to cytolysis than were cells with a full antigenic content. This resistance could in part be abrogated by an increased antibody and/or increased complement concentration. It was concluded that susceptibility to cytotoxic antibody is strongly influenced by antigen density and that NCF antibodies exert their effects on cytotoxin determinations by reducing the effective concentration of antigen on the target cell.
Isolation of Mouse Thymus-Derived Lymphocyte Specific Surface Antigens
Authors: Sauser D. , Anckers C. , Bron C.
Published: December 2022

Mouse T lymphocyte-specific xenoantigens (MTLA) and alloantigen O have been isolated by Sephadex chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of SDS-stabilized mouse thymocyte membranes. The MTLA xenoantigen and the alloantigen activities, as tested by micro-complement fixation and inhibition of lymphocytotoxicity are detected on a protein of an apparent molecular weight between 35 and 40,000 daltons. A 120-fold enrichment of the xenoantigen and 60-fold of the alloantigen has been obtained. Immunization of AKR mice with purified material produced anti-θ alloantiserum. By immunization of rabbits with 50 µg to 100 µg of purified protein, potent antisera have been obtained which are specific for mouse T cells and do not require any absorption procedure.
The Capping of Surface Immunoglobulin on Mouse Myeloma Cells
Authors: Preud'Homme Jean-Louis , Scharff Matthew D.
Published: December 2022

Immunoglobulin determinants have been found on the surface of mouse plasmacytoma cells producing molecules of various classes and types (1–4). In some cases the surface immunoglobulins have been shown to share the antibody activity of the immunoglobulin secreted by these cells (5, 6). However, it is not completely clear whether the immunoglobulin determinants detected on the surface of the myeloma cell are comparable to surface immunoglobulins found on the surface of B lymphocytes or are molecules in the act of being secreted. In studies on the P3 (MOPC 21) mouse myeloma cells, Knopf (7) has shown that surface immunoglobulin determinants turn over much more slowly than secreted immunoglobulin. However it has been difficult to demonstrate efficient capping of plasma cells in general, and of mouse myeloma cells in particular. In order to examine this further, we have studied the surface immunofluorescence of two established mouse plasmacytoma cell lines and shown that capping does occur if the secreted immunoglobulin is first removed from the cell.