bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Grain Refinement and Predeformation Impact by Severe Plastic Deformation on Creep in P92 Martensitic Steel
Authors: Sklenicka Vaclav , Kral Petr , Dvorak Jiri , Takizawa Yoichi , Masuda Takahiro , Horita Zenji , Kucharova Kveta , Kvapilova Marie , Svobodova Marie
Published: July 2019

Creep testing is conducted on an advanced martensitic‐ferritic creep‐resistant P92 steel (ASME Grade 92) to evaluate the effects of grain refinement and the predeformation impact after processing by severe plastic deformation (SPD), namely, by high‐pressure torsion and high‐pressure sliding. Constant‐load tensile creep tests are carried out in an argon atmosphere at 600 °C and under an applied stress ranging from 50 to 200 MPa. The results show that under the same creep loading conditions, the ultrafine‐grained (UFG) microstructure states after SPD processing exhibit higher minimum creep rate m and creep fracture plasticity , but significantly shorter creep lives in comparison with the coarse‐grained (as‐received) state of the steel. These distinct differences between the coarse‐grained and UFG states are explained by the different deformation mechanisms that operate; creep behavior in a coarse‐grained state is controlled by the intragranular climb of dislocations, while creep in UFG states can be interpreted as the synergistic action of the dynamic recovery of free dislocations at high‐angle grain boundaries and grain boundary‐mediated deformation processes.
An Efficient Route to Isochromene Derivatives via Cascade Radical Cyclization and Radical‐Radical Coupling
Authors: Yu Kaili , Li Minyan , Deng Guogang , Liu Chunxiang , Wang Jing , Liu Zhengfen , Zhang Hongbin , Yang Xiaodong , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: July 2019

Isochromenes are important pharmacophores present in biologically active molecules and natural products. Their synthesis is generally limited to cyclization of phenyl propargyl ether precursors under transition metal catalyzed conditions. Herein, we present a novel disconnection that rapidly constructs isochromene derivatives through a cascade radical cyclization strategy. Generation of aryl radicals by SET reduction of 2‐iodo benzyl allenyl ethers is followed by radical cyclization to construct the isochromene core with formation of an allylic radical. The allylic radical then undergoes coupling with the azaallyl radical to give products in good to excellent yields. The elaborated 2‐iodo phenyl propargyl ether precursors can be used to construct isochromenes bearing various functional groups.

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Formation of Carbon‐Carbon Double Bonds: Recent Developments via Nitrous Acid Elimination (NAE) from Aliphatic Nitro Compounds
Authors: Ballini Roberto , Palmieri Alessandro
Published: July 2019

Aliphatic nitro compounds having an acidic hydrogen in the β‐position, with respect to the nitro group, are prone to undergo the elimination of nitrous acid, mainly under basic conditions, affording a C=C double bond. Until a few decades ago, the literature reported some examples of the application of this elimination as a strategic step in the synthesis of a variety of important targets. However, mainly in the last two decades, this methodology has been largely developed and applied, thus the aim of this review is to report the most important recent improvements.

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Ferromagnet/Superconductor Hybrid Magnonic Metamaterials
Authors: Golovchanskiy Igor A. , Abramov Nikolay N. , Stolyarov Vasily S. , Dzhumaev Pavel S. , Emelyanova Olga V. , Golubov Alexander A. , Ryazanov Valery V. , Ustinov Alexey V.
Published: July 2019

In this work, a class of metamaterials is proposed on the basis of ferromagnet/superconductor hybridization for applications in magnonics. These metamaterials comprise of a ferromagnetic magnon medium that is coupled inductively to a superconducting periodic microstructure. Spectroscopy of magnetization dynamics in such hybrid evidences formation of areas in the medium with alternating dispersions for spin wave propagation, which is the basic requirement for the development of metamaterials known as magnonic crystals. The spectrum allows for derivation of the impact of the superconducting structure on the dispersion: it takes place due to a diamagnetic response of superconductors on the external and stray magnetic fields. In addition, the spectrum displays a dependence on the superconducting critical state of the structure: the Meissner and the mixed states of a type II superconductor are distinguished. This dependence hints toward nonlinear response of hybrid metamaterials on the magnetic field. Investigation of the spin wave dispersion in hybrid metamaterials shows formation of allowed and forbidden bands for spin wave propagation. The band structures are governed by the geometry of spin wave propagation: in the backward volume geometry the band structure is conventional, while in the surface geometry the band structure is nonreciprocal and is formed by indirect band gaps.
Methyl Trifluoroacetate as a Methylation Reagent for N−H, O−H, and S−H Functionalities under Mild Conditions
Authors: Zheng Xin , Zeng Jiechun , Xiong Mindong , Huang Jiawei , Li Cuiyan , Zhou Rujin , Xiao Duoduo
Published: July 2019

A methylation reagent for compounds bearing N−H, O−H, and S−H functionalities was developed. Methyl trifluoroacetate (MTFA) was commonly considered as trifluoroacetylating reagent or trifluoromethylating reagent. In this work, we report the methylation behavior of MTFA under mild conditions with good functional group tolerance, allowing the transformation of a wide range of substrates, including N,H‐heteroaromatic compounds, phenolic compounds, carboxylic acids, thiophenols, secondary amides and imides, in high yields. This method was preliminarily applied to the chemoselective methylation of bifunctionalized secondary amide.
Synthesis of Functionalized α‐Vinyl Aldehydes from Enaminones
Authors: Chen Jie , Guo Pan , Zhang Jianguo , Rong Jiaxin , Sun Wangbin , Jiang Yaojia , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: July 2019

An efficient RhII‐catalyzed synthesis of functionalized α‐vinyl aldehydes with high E/Z stereoselectivity was developed. The reaction mediates the cyclopropanation of enaminones with vinyl carbenoids that are generated from cyclopropenes in situ to give the aminocyclopropane intermediates. Selective C−C bond cleavage of the cyclopropane intermediates leads to formation of α‐vinyl aldehyde derivatives with high E/Z selectivity. This method proceeds at room temperature under very mild reaction conditions and works with a broad substrate scope.
Organic Semiconducting Pro‐nanostimulants for Near‐Infrared Photoactivatable Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Li Jingchao , Cui Dong , Huang Jiaguo , He Shasha , Yang Zebin , Zhang Yan , Luo Yu , Pu Kanyi
Published: July 2019

In this study, an organic semiconducting pro‐nanostimulant (OSPS) with a near‐infrared (NIR) photoactivatable immunotherapeutic action for synergetic cancer therapy is presented. OSPS comprises a semiconducting polymer nanoparticle (SPN) core and an immunostimulant conjugated through a singlet oxygen (1O2) cleavable linkers. Upon NIR laser irradiation, OSPS generates both heat and 1O2 to exert combinational phototherapy not only to ablate tumors but also to produce tumor‐associated antigens. More importantly, NIR irradiation triggers the cleavage of 1O2‐cleavable linkers, triggering the remote release of the immunostimulants from OSPS to modulate the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Thus, the released tumor‐associated antigens in conjunction with activated immunostimulants induce a synergistic antitumor immune response after OSPS‐mediated phototherapy, resulting in the inhibited growth of both primary/distant tumors and lung metastasis in a mouse xenograft model, which is not observed for sole phototherapy.
Stereochemical Dichotomy in Two Competing Cascade Processes: Total Syntheses of Both Enantiomers of Spiroxin A
Authors: Ando Yoshio , Tanaka Daisuke , Sasaki Ryota , Ohmori Ken , Suzuki Keisuke
Published: July 2019

The first total synthesis of the marine antibiotic spiroxin A has been achieved for both enantiomeric forms. The discovery of two competing cascade processes triggered by two orthogonal stimuli, photo‐irradiation or acid/base treatment, enabled the divergent conversion of a single chiral, nonracemic bis‐quinone into both enantiomers of an advanced intermediate en route to both (−)‐ and (+)‐spiroxin A. The mechanism of the enantiodivergence is discussed.
Preserved in a Shell: High‐Performance Graphene‐Confined Ruthenium Nanoparticles in Acetylene Hydrochlorination
Authors: Kaiser Selina K. , Lin Ronghe , Krumeich Frank , Safonova Olga V. , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier
Published: July 2019

The potential implementation of ruthenium‐based catalysts in polyvinyl chloride production via acetylene hydrochlorination is hindered by their inferior activity and stability compared to gold‐based systems, despite their 4‐fold lower price. Combining in‐depth characterization and kinetic analysis we reveal the superior activity of ruthenium nanoparticles with an optimal size of 1.5 nm hosted on nitrogen‐doped carbon (NC) and identify their deactivation modes: 1) nanoparticle redispersion into inactive single atoms and 2) coke formation at the metal sites. Tuning the density of the NC carrier enables a catalytic encapsulation of the ruthenium nanoparticles into single layer graphene shells at 1073 K that prevent the undesired metal redispersion. Finally, we show that feeding O2 during acetylene hydrochlorination limits coke formation over the nanodesigned ruthenium catalyst, while the graphene layer is preserved, resulting in a stability increase of 20 times, thus rivalling the performance of gold‐based systems.
From modeling to virtual laboratory development of a continuous binary distillation column for engineering education using MATLAB and LabVIEW
Authors: Szávuly Miklós István , Tóos Áron , Barabás Réka , Szilágyi Botond
Published: July 2019

The utilization of computers in all aspects and scales of chemical engineering, from fundamental understanding to solution of large‐scale optimizations, is spreading quickly, hand‐in‐hand with access to data science and information technology. It is straightforward to involve computers and virtual laboratory tools into engineering education. This study presents the development of an interactive virtual laboratory method for a continuous binary distillation process. The three main steps, namely, mathematical modeling, model calibration, and graphical user interface (GUI) development are described and discussed in this paper. The model takes into account the specific needs of the simulator (fast run time) and limitations from the measurement system (calibration considerations). Then, it is validated based on temperature and concentration data from a lab/pilot scale continuous rectification column. The separation of an ethanol–water mixture is considered, the classroom example of distillation, which is, on the other hand, an azeotrope‐forming nonideal mixture. The objective of this paper, beyond the virtual laboratory coding description, is to provide useful guidelines for a user‐friendly and yet realistic simulator development for commonly available experimental devices in chemical engineering education. To fulfill this aim, MATLAB and LabVIEW, two routinely used programming languages by chemical and process engineers, are used.
Living with advanced cancer: Rich Pictures as a means for health care providers to explore the experiences of advanced cancer patients
Authors: Bood Zarah M. , Scherer‐Rath Michael , Sprangers Mirjam A. G. , Timmermans Liesbeth , van Wolde Ellen , Cristancho Sayra M. , Heyning Fenna , Russel Silvia , van Laarhoven Hanneke W. M. , Helmich Esther
Published: July 2019

Background

To provide holistic care to patients with advanced cancer, health care professionals need to gain insight in patients’ experiences across the different domains of health. However, describing such complex experiences verbally may be difficult for patients. The use of a visual tool, such as Rich Pictures (RPs) could be helpful. We explore the use of RPs to gain insight in the experiences of patients with advanced cancer.

Methods

Eighteen patients with advanced cancer were asked to draw a RP expressing how they experienced living with cancer, followed by a semi‐structured interview. Qualitative content analysis, including the examination of all elements in the drawings and their interrelationships, was used to analyze the RPs, which was further informed by the interviews.

Results

The RPs clearly showed what was most important to an individual patient and made relations between elements visible at a glance. Themes identified included: medical aspects, the experience of loss, feelings related to loss, support from others and meaningful activities, and integration of cancer in one's life. The added value of RPs lies in the ability to represent these themes in one single snapshot.

Conclusions

RPs allow for a complementary view on the experiences of advanced cancer patients, as they show and relate different aspects of patients’ lives. A RP can provide health care professionals a visual summary of the experiences of a patient. For patients, telling their story to health care professionals might be facilitated when using RPs.
TYK2 promotes malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor progression through inhibition of cell death
Authors: Qin Wenjing , Godec Abigail , Zhang Xiaochun , Zhu Cuige , Shao Jieya , Tao Yu , Bu Xianzhang , Hirbe Angela C.
Published: July 2019

Background

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are aggressive sarcomas that arise most commonly in the setting of the Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) cancer predisposition syndrome. Despite aggressive multimodality therapy, outcomes are dismal and most patients die within 5 years of diagnosis. Prior genomic studies in our laboratory identified tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) as a frequently mutated gene in MPNST. Herein, we explored the function of TYK2 in MPNST pathogenesis.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry was utilized to examine expression of TYK2 in MPNSTs and other sarcomas. To establish a role for TYK2 in MPNST pathogenesis, murine and human TYK2 knockdown and knockout cells were established using shRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 systems, respectively.

Results

We have demonstrated that TYK2 was highly expressed in the majority of human MPNSTs examined. Additionally, we demonstrated that knockdown of Tyk2/TYK2 in murine and human MPNST cells significantly increased cell death in vitro. These effects were accompanied by a decrease in the levels of activated Stats and Bcl‐2 as well as an increase in the levels of Cleaved Caspase‐3. In addition, Tyk2‐KD cells demonstrated impaired growth in subcutaneous and metastasis models in vivo.

Conclusion

Taken together, these data illustrate the importance of TYK2 in MPNST pathogenesis and suggest that the TYK2 pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for these deadly cancers.
Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Reaction Performance Boosted by N, P Doped Carbon Layer over Manganese Dioxide Nanorod
Authors: Pei Chengang , Ding Ruifu , Yu Xu , Feng Ligang
Published: July 2019

Herein, heteroatoms of N and P doped carbon layer over MnO2 nanorods surface was fabricated by an in situ anile polymerization reaction based on aniline and phytic acid (MnO2@PANI) following thermal annealing. A core‐shell structure with manganese oxide as the core and N, P‐doped carbon layer as the shell was revealed by structure and morphology analysis. Temperature dependence of phase structure and ORR activity was found by a series of physical and electrochemical studies for MnO2@PANI sample obtained at different annealing temperatures. The MnO2@PANI obtained at 800 °C exhibited the best catalytic performance, close to Pt/C for ORR; Specifically, the onset potential and half‐wave potential were 0.92 and 0.76 V respectively, outperforming their counterparts of MnO2 and N, P−C alone. The improved catalytic performance can be attributed to the conductivity improvement and the synergistic effect of the intrinsic activity of manganese oxide and N, P‐doped carbon layer. The current work demonstrated an efficient approach to boost the catalytic performance for ORR catalyzed by manganese oxide.
The Special “Morse Code” between Solvent Polarity and Morphology Flexibility in a POSS–Dendrimer Supramolecular System
Authors: Shan Tianyu , Gao Liang , Tong Xiaoqian , Du Qinqing , An Zhihang , He Huiwen , Lin Jiaping , Chen Si , Wang Xu
Published: July 2019

An amazing phenomenon of the relative magnitude of modulus of two liquid‐crystal (LC) gels is found inverted under/above their phase transition temperature TLC‐iso, which is further proved to be caused by their diverse morphology flexibility. By testing the polarity of two LCs, gelator POSS‐G1‐Boc (POSS=polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) was discovered to self‐assemble into more flexible structures in a relatively low polar LC, whereas more rigid ones are formed in higher polar LC. Hence, a fitting function to connect morphology flexibility with solvent polarity was established, which can even be generalized to a number of common solvents. Experimental observations and coarse‐grained molecular dynamics simulations revealed that solvent polarity mirrors a “Morse code”, with each “code” corresponding to a specific morphology flexibility.
Selective Recognition of Phenazine by 2,6‐Dibutoxylnaphthalene‐Based Tetralactam Macrocycle
Authors: Wang Li‐Li , Tu Yi‐Kuan , Valkonen Arto , Rissanen Kari , Jiang Wei
Published: July 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusion

A 2,6‐dibutoxylnaphthalene‐based tetralactam macrocycle was designed and synthesized. This macrocycle shows highly selective recognition to phenazine – a well‐known secondary metabolite in bacteria and an emerging disinfection byproduct in drinking water. In contrast, the macrocycle shows no binding to the structurally similar dibenzo‐1,4‐dioxin. It was revealed that hydrogen bonding, π‐π and σ‐π interactions are the major driving forces between phenazine and the new tetralactam macrocycle. A perfect complementarity in electrostatic potential surfaces may explain the high selectivity. In addition, the macrocycle shows fluorescent response to phenazine, demonstrating its potential in fluorescent detection of phenazine.
Crosslinking actin networks produces compressive force
Authors: Ma Rui , Berro Julien
Published: July 2019

Actin has been shown to be essential for clathrin‐mediated endocytosis in yeast. However, actin polymerization alone is likely insufficient to produce enough force to deform the membrane against the huge turgor pressure of yeast cells. In this paper, we used Brownian dynamics simulations to demonstrate that crosslinking of a meshwork of nonpolymerizing actin filaments is able to produce compressive forces. We show that the force can be up to several thousand pico‐Newtons if the crosslinker has a high stiffness. The force decays over time as a result of crosslinker turnover, and is a result of converting chemical binding energy into elastic energy.
Methyl Ketones from Municipal Solid Waste Blends by One‐Pot Ionic‐Liquid Pretreatment, Saccharification, and Fermentation
Authors: Yan Jipeng , Liang Ling , He Qian , Li Chenlin , Xu Feng , Sun Jian , Goh Ee‐Been , Konda N. V. S. N. Murthy , Beller Harry R. , Simmons Blake A. , Pray Todd R. , Thompson Vicki S. , Singh Seema , Sun Ning
Published: July 2019

The conversion of municipal solid waste (MSW) and lignocellulosic biomass blends to methyl ketones (MKs) was investigated by using bioderived ionic liquid (bionic liquid)‐based hydrolysates followed by fermentation with an engineered Escherichia coli strain. The hydrolysates were produced by a one‐pot process using six types of MSW–biomass blends, choline‐based bionic liquids, and commercial enzymes. Based on the sugar yields, one blend (corn stover/MSW=95:5, w/w) and two bionic liquids {cholinium lysinate ([Ch][Lys]) and cholinium aspartate ([Ch]2[Asp])} were selected for scale‐up studies. Maximum yields of 82.3 % glucose and 54.4 % xylose were obtained from the selected blend in the scale‐up studies (6 L), which was comparable with 83.6 % glucose and 52.8 % xylose obtained at a smaller scale (0.2 L). Comparable or higher yields of medium‐chain (C11–C17) MKs were achieved by using the MSW–biomass blend‐derived hydrolysates, relative to the sugar controls (glucose and xylose) with similar sugar feeding concentrations. Up to 1145 mg L−1 of MKs was produced by using MSW–biomass‐derived hydrolysates, and the MK titer decreased to 300 mg L−1 when the bionic‐liquid concentration in the hydrolysate increased from 1 to 2 %, indicative of bionic‐liquid inhibition. Technoeconomic analysis was conducted to investigate the economic potential of using the selected MSW–biomass blend as a feedstock to produce MKs.
A Facile Direct Route to N‐(Un)substituted Lactams by Cycloamination of Oxocarboxylic Acids without External Hydrogen
Authors: Li Hu , Wu Hongguo , Zhang Heng , Su Yaqiong , Yang Song , Hensen Emiel J. M.
Published: July 2019

Lactams are privileged in bioactive natural products and pharmaceutical agents and widely featured in functional materials. This study presents a novel versatile approach to the direct synthesis of lactams from oxocarboxylic acids without catalyst or external hydrogen. The method involves the in situ release of formic acid from formamides induced by water to facilitate efficient cycloamination. Water also suppresses the formation of byproducts. This unconventional pathway is elucidated by a combination of model experiments and density functional theory calculations, whereby cyclic imines (5‐methyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2‐pyrrolone and its tautomeric structures) are found to be favorable intermediates toward lactam formation, in contrast to the conventional approach encompassing cascade reductive amination and cyclization. This sustainable and simple protocol is broadly applicable for the efficient production of various N‐unsubstituted and N‐substituted lactams.
Enhanced generation of intraluminal vesicles in neuronal late endosomes in the brain of a Down syndrome mouse model with endosomal dysfunction
Authors: D'Acunzo Pasquale , Hargash Tal , Pawlik Monika , Goulbourne Chris N. , Pérez‐González Rocío , Levy Efrat
Published: July 2019

Down syndrome (DS) is a human genetic disease caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 and characterized by early developmental brain abnormalities. Dysfunctional endosomal pathway in neurons is an early event of DS and Alzheimer's disease. Recently, we have demonstrated that exosome secretion is upregulated in human DS postmortem brains, in the brain of the trisomic mouse model Ts[Rb(12.1716)]2Cje (Ts2) and by DS fibroblasts as compared with disomic controls. High levels of the tetraspanin CD63, a regulator of exosome biogenesis, were observed in DS brains. Partially blocking exosome secretion by DS fibroblasts exacerbated a pre‐existing early endosomal pathology. We thus hypothesized that enhanced CD63 expression induces generation of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) in late endosomes/multivesicular bodies (MVBs), increasing exosome release as an endogenous mechanism to mitigate endosomal abnormalities in DS. Herein, we show a high‐resolution electron microscopy analysis of MVBs in neurons of the frontal cortex of 12‐month‐old Ts2 mice and littermate diploid controls. Our quantitative analysis revealed that Ts2 MVBs are larger, more abundant, and contain a higher number of ILVs per neuron compared to controls. These findings were further corroborated biochemically by Western blot analysis of purified endosomal fractions showing higher levels of ILVs proteins in the same fractions containing endosomal markers in the brain of Ts2 mice compared to controls. These data suggest that upregulation of ILVs production may be a key homeostatic mechanism to alleviate endosomal dysregulation via the endosomal–exosomal pathway.
Characteristics of phytoplankton community and water net primary productivity response to the nutrient status of the Poyang Lake and Gan River, China
Authors: Jia Junjie , Gao Yang , Song Xianwei , Chen Shibo
Published: July 2019

Phytoplankton community characteristics and associative primary productivity, which reflect the ecological and nutritional status of water, are sensitive to environmental change. Particularly, nutrient inputs have a significant effect on phytoplankton growth and development as well as the biogeochemical cycle of watersheds. We investigated the phytoplankton community and nutrient status downstream from the Gan River into Poyang Lake. On a catchment scale, the phytoplankton communities and associative primary productivity from these two water bodies differed. The Poyang Lake phytoplankton community is composed of seven phyla of algae, whereas the Gan River is composed of six, the dominant phyla of phytoplankton being Bacillariophyta and Cryptophyta in Poyang Lake and Gan River, respectively. Phytoplankton abundance and primary productivity were significantly higher in Poyang Lake. Lower nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) concentrations and higher carbon (C) and silicon (Si) concentrations significantly affected the phytoplankton communities and primary productivity distribution in the entire Poyang Lake Basin. In this regard, we found a significant correlation between the phytoplankton community of the Gan River and P and N, whereas N and Si primarily regulated the phytoplankton community structure of Poyang Lake. Moreover, we found a significant correlation between DTN, Si/P, DIC/P, and primary productivity in the Gan River, whereas NH4+ jointly controlled primary productivity in Poyang Lake. Furthermore, the Margalef Richness Index (0.84–2.41) can be indicative of the environmental water quality status; and we determined that the most area of Poyang Lake and Gan River both were P restriction and moderately polluted, whereas the entrance of the Gan River into Poyang Lake was seriously polluted, which confirms that the Gan River is a main and crucial source of Poyang Lake pollution. Nanjishan Nature Reserve was already slightly eutrophic due to the high nutrient content and a large number of algae in the south‐east of Poyang Lake, but the Gan River had good river fluidity, so some areas of the Gan River were oligotrophic.
Using environmental DNA sampling to monitor the invasion of nonnative Esox lucius (northern pike) in the Columbia River basin, USA
Authors: Carim Kellie J. , Caleb Dysthe Joseph , McLellan Holly , Young Michael K. , McKelvey Kevin S. , Schwartz Michael K.
Published: July 2019

Aquatic invasive species are recognized as a global threat to conservation of native species and a cost to society. To develop effective suppression and monitoring programs for invasive species, fisheries managers require accurate, affordable, and efficient tools for invasive species detection. In the U.S. Pacific Northwest, the rapid expansion of invasive Esox lucius (northern pike) poses threats to native species as well as the viability of tribal, sport, and commercial fisheries. To help monitor changes in the distribution of this species, we developed and rigorously field‐tested an environmental DNA (eDNA) assay to detect E. lucius. The assay successfully amplified tissue‐derived DNA of E. lucius from 36 locations east and west of the Continental Divide and did not amplify DNA of over 40 nontarget species. This assay was then used to assist with monitoring the distribution of invasive E. lucius in the upper Columbia River basin in Washington and Idaho. Sixty‐two eDNA samples were collected at 35 locations of known and unknown E. lucius presence. Two samples per site (one on each bank) were collected in larger waterbodies. E. lucius eDNA detections were consistent with previous observations of live fish during angler and gill‐net surveys, confirming the reliability of the eDNA assay. At two of the 35 sites, only one of the paired samples was positive for E. lucius DNA. Varying results between opposite bank samples highlight the need for increased sampling effort when the target species are at low abundance and in large waterbodies. The eDNA assay described in this paper can be used by managers to identify the presence of E. lucius, monitor their expansion in western North America, and guide E. lucius suppression projects.
Diastereoconvergent Synthesis of Chiral Diarylmethyl Sulfones by Direct Sulfonylation of Diarylmethanols Diastereomixtures with Sodium Sulfinates Catalyzed by SnBr2
Authors: Yamamoto Hiroshi , Nakata Kenya
Published: July 2019

A novel synthetic method affording a variety of chiral diarylmethyl sulfones was developed via diastereoconvergent sulfonylation of diarylmethanols diastereomixtures bearing a chiral auxiliary with sodium sulfinates using a SnBr2 catalyst and trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl) under mild reaction conditions. The reaction proceeded in a diastereoconvergent pattern via a diarylmethycation intermediate. The chiral auxiliary induced high diastereoselectivity and improved reactivity.
Peptide Functionalization Through the Generation of Selenocysteine Electrophile
Authors: Arsenyan Pavel , Lapcinska Sindija , Ivanova Anna , Vasiljeva Jelena
Published: July 2019

Herein we report the first example of a strategy for peptide functionalization through the generation of selenocysteine electrophile in 5‐ and 6‐endo‐dig cyclization reactions. This simple approach allows bio‐conjugation of selenocystine‐based peptides. The developed protocol is based on copper(II) bromide mediated reactions of selenocystine with either 2‐propargyl N‐heterocycles through 5‐endo‐dig closure or with 2‐ethynylbiaryls through 6‐endo‐dig closure. It allows construction of indolizinium moiety on selenocysteine residue as well as formation of polyaromatic fragment bonded to selenium in a simple one‐pot process under mild reaction conditions.
Volatile organic compounds of Hanseniaspora uvarum increase strawberry fruit flavor and defense during cold storage
Authors: Wang Luyao , Dou Guoxia , Guo Hongna , Zhang Qiuqing , Qin Xiaojie , Yu Wei , Jiang Chunhao , Xiao Hongmei
Published: July 2019

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of antagonistic yeasts are considered as environmental safe fumigants to promote the resistance and quality of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa). By GC‐MS assays, VOCs of Hanseniaspora uvarum (H. uvarum) fumigated strawberry fruit showed increased contents of methyl caproate (5.8%), methyl octanoate (5.1%), and methyl caprylate (10.9%) in postharvest cold storage. Possible mechanisms of H. uvarum VOCs involved in regulations of the defense‐related enzymes and substances in strawberry were investigated during postharvest storage in low temperature and high humidity (2 ± 1°C, RH 90%–95%). Defense‐related enzymes assays indicated H. uvarum VOCs stimulated the accumulation of CAT, SOD, POD, APX, PPO, and PAL and inhibited biosynthesis of MDA in strawberry fruit under storage condition. Moreover, the expression levels of related key enzyme genes, such as CAT, SOD, APX42, PPO, and PAL6, were consistently increased in strawberry fruit after H. uvarum VOCs fumigation.
Hepatitis B Virus Virions Produced Under Nucleos(t)ide Analogue Treatment Are Mainly Not Infectious Because of Irreversible DNA Chain Termination
Authors: Liu Yongzhen , Liu Hui , Hu Zhanying , Ding Yang , Pan Xiao‐Ben , Zou Jun , Xi Jingyuan , Yu Guangxin , Huang Hongxin , Luo Meng‐Ting , Guo Fang , Liu Shuang , Sheng Qiuju , Jia Jidong , Zheng Yong‐Tang , Wang Jie , Chen Xiangmei , Guo Ju‐Tao , Wei Lai , Lu Fengmin
Published: July 2019

Nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) have been widely used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Because viral DNA polymerase lacks proofreading function (3′ exonuclease activity), theoretically, the incorporated NAs would irreversibly terminate viral DNA synthesis. This study explored the natures of nascent hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and infectivity of progeny virions produced under NA treatment. HBV infectivity was determined by infection of HepG2‐NTCP cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). Biochemical properties of HBV DNA in the progeny virions were investigated by qPCR, northern blotting, or Southern blotting hybridization, sucrose gradient centrifugation, and in vitro endogenous DNA polymerase assay. Progeny HBV virions produced under NA treatment were mainly not infectious to HepG2‐NTCP cells or PHHs. Biochemical analysis revealed that under NA treatment, HBV DNA in nucleaocapsids or virions were predominantly short minus‐strand DNA with irreversible termination. This finding was supported by the observation of first disappearance of relaxed circular DNA and then the proportional decline of HBV‐DNA levels corresponding to the regions of PreC/C, S, and X genes in serial sera of patients receiving NA treatment. Conclusion: HBV virions produced under NA treatment are predominantly replication deficient because the viral genomes are truncated and elongation of DNA chains is irreversibly terminated. Clinically, our results suggest that the viral loads of CHB patients under NA therapy vary with the different regions of genome being detected by qPCR assays. Our findings also imply that NA prevention of perinatal and sexual HBV transmission as well as infection of transplanted livers works not only by reducing viral loads, but also by producing noninfectious virions.
Receptiveness to smoking cessation training among community service organisation staff
Authors: Parnell Ashleigh , Box Emily , Chapman Lorena , Bonevski Billie , Anwar‐McHenry Julia , Pettigrew Simone
Published: July 2019

Issue addressed

Smoking rates among people experiencing disadvantage are significantly higher than for the general population. Community service organisations (CSOs) have been suggested as appropriate settings to address tobacco use among this subgroup. This study aimed to (a) assess CSO staff members’ interest in receiving smoking cessation training, (b) explore the factors associated with interest and (c) identify preferred cessation support information formats.

Methods

An online survey was administered to CSO staff across Australia. Respondents were asked about the main groups targeted by their service, their role in the organisation and their interest in receiving smoking cessation training. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with receptiveness to smoking cessation training.

Results

Of the 242 CSO staff members responding to the survey, 53% were interested in receiving training. Having more frequent contact with clients and working at an organisation supporting people with a mental illness were positively associated with being interested in undertaking training. Online resources were identified as a preferred form of information relating to cessation support provision.

Conclusions

CSO staff who have frequent contact with clients may be receptive to training that would enable them to provide smoking cessation support to people experiencing disadvantage.

So what?

CSOs represent an important setting for smoking cessation interventions given their existing relationship with people who have high smoking rates and the apparent receptiveness of CSO staff to participate in such initiatives.
Numerical modelling to evaluate the nitrogen removal rate in hyporheic zone and its implications for stream management
Authors: Liu Suning , Chui Ting Fong May
Published: July 2019

The hyporheic zone (HZ) plays a vital role in the stream ecosystem. Reactions in the HZ such as denitrification and nitrification have been examined in previous studies. However, no numerical model has yet been developed that can accurately simulate nitrogen concentration changes in the HZ, because the zones for the two reactions can change throughout the reactions. This study proposes a method of evaluating the nitrogen removal rate in the HZ through numerical modelling. First, a basic two‐dimensional numerical model coupling flow conditions with biochemical reactions is proposed to consider both nitrification and denitrification. The zones for different reactions are determined under the assumption that related environmental variables (i.e., the dissolved oxygen) will not change throughout the reactions. Next, to examine changes in environmental variables throughout the reactions, an improved model is proposed, and a method is developed for delineating the boundary between nitrification and denitrification zones and identifying a transition zone where either reaction might take place. However, more information about biochemical reactions in the HZ is required to use the improved model. To overcome this shortcoming, a new model that couples the basic model and genetic programming (GP) is proposed to optimize the simulation results of the basic model and allow for real‐time forecasting. The results show that the basic model obtains acceptable simulation results for nitrate concentration distribution in the HZ. The improved model performs better than the basic model, but the model coupling the basic model with GP performs best. In addition, the function of the HZ in nitrogen removal is examined through a case study of four scenarios, leading to the conclusion that the HZ has a higher nitrogen removal rate when water quality is neither too poor nor too good. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the HZ and can benefit the restoration and management of HZs and streams in the face of the continual degradation caused by human activity.
Nearly magic rectangles
Authors: Chai Feng‐Shun , Singh Rakhi , Stufken John
Published: July 2019

Magic squares have been extremely useful and popular in combinatorics and statistics. One generalization of magic squares is magic rectangles which are useful for designing experiments in statistics. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of magic rectangles restricts the number of rows and columns to be either both odd or both even. In this paper, we generalize magic rectangles to even by odd nearly magic rectangles. We also prove necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a nearly magic rectangle, and construct one for each parameter set for which they exist.
What Do the AMCD Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies Mean in the Context of Black Lives Matter?
Authors: Washington Ahmad R. , Henfield Malik S.
Published: July 2019

In this article, the authors discuss how the legacy of hypersurveillance and egregious anti‐Black vigilante violence and police brutality helped foment the Black Lives Matter movement. The authors consider how the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (Ratts, Singh, Nassar‐McMillan, Butler, & McCullough, 2015) can operate as an ethical professional framework counselor educators can use with counselors‐in‐training to increase their awareness, knowledge, and skills in relation to the state‐sanctioned violence Black people routinely experience.

En este artículo, los autores discuten cómo el legado de hipervigilancia y la violencia brutal ejercida contra personas negras por parte de la policía y patrullas urbanas ayudaron a fomentar el movimiento Black Lives Matter. Los autores consideran cómo las Competencias en Consejería Multicultural y Justicia Social (Singh, Nassar‐McMillan, Butler & McCullough, 2015) pueden funcionar como un marco ético profesional que los educadores de consejeros pueden usar con sus consejeros en formación para aumentar su conciencia, conocimientos, y habilidades en relación con la violencia autorizada por el Estado que sufren con frecuencia las personas negras.
“Get Off My Property”: A Personal Narrative Addressing Violence Against African Americans by Law Enforcement Post–Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Whittaker Tyra Turner
Published: July 2019

Thousands of African American New Orleanians were displaced in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. It appeared that every African American suddenly became a suspect, “fair game” to be hunted, especially by the police. This autoethnography chronicles the author's personal background, experiences, and resulting emotions of her father's encounter with law enforcement post–Hurricane Katrina. Law enforcement–initiated interventions are explored. The article concludes with recommendations for members of the counseling profession and law enforcement.

Miles de personas afroamericanas de Nueva Orleans perdieron sus hogares como consecuencia del huracán Katrina. Y de repente, cada persona afroamericana pareció convertirse en sospechosa, “presa legítima” para la caza, especialmente por parte de la policía. Esta autoetnografía documenta los orígenes personales y experiencias de la autora, así como las emociones resultantes de la interacción de su padre con las fuerzas policiales tras el huracán Katrina. Se exploran las intervenciones iniciadas por las fuerzas policiales. El artículo concluye con una serie de recomendaciones para los profesionales de la consejería y las fuerzas policiales.
An Exploration of Black Teens' Experiences of Their Own Racial Identity Through Photovoice: Implications for Counselors
Authors: Sackett Corrine R. , Dogan Jardin N.
Published: July 2019

Multiculturally competent counselors and researchers are called to understand individuals’ worldviews and experiences (Ratts, Singh, Nassar‐McMillan, Butler, & McCullough, 2016). Therefore, in this study, the authors explored Black teens’ experiences of their own racial identity using a qualitative participatory action research method called photovoice. Eight participants ranging in age from 14 to 17 took part in this study. Three themes emerged from the data: places you don't belong, comfort places, and strengths/concerns. The authors address implications for counselors.

Consejeros e investigadores multiculturalmente competentes están llamados a entender los cosmovisiónes y experiencias de los individuos (Ratts, Singh, Nassar‐McMillan, Butler, & McCullough, 2016). Por lo tanto, en este estudio, los autores exploraron las experiencias de adolescentes negros sobre su propia identidad racial, usando un método cualitativo de investigación‐acción participativa llamado fotovoz. Ocho participantes de edades comprendidas entre los 14 y 17 años tomaron parte en este estudio. De los datos obtenidos surgieron tres temas: lugares a los que no perteneces, lugares de comodidad y fortalezas/preocupaciones. Los autores abordan las implicaciones para consejeros.
An interpersonal perspective of perceived stress: Examining the prosocial coping response patterns of stressed managers
Authors: McCarthy Julie M. , Erdogan Berrin , Bauer Talya N.
Published: July 2019

We adopt an interpersonal perspective and examine the adaptive effects of managers' perceived stress on their behavior towards subordinates. Drawing from the transactional model of stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), we advance a model that highlights the propensity for stressed managers to engage in prosocial coping behaviors towards their employees, which in turn are related to lower levels of turnover and higher levels of job performance. We tested our predictions in a sample of 281 employees and their 53 managers working in a clothing retailer in Turkey. Consistent with predictions, we found positive effects of managers' perceived stress on their prosocial coping behaviors and employee outcomes. Managers' perceived stress was positively related to sharing credit with employees for managers who held positive implicit prototypes about employees. Results also indicated that managers' perceived stress was positively related to sharing knowledge with their subordinates regardless of implicit follower prototypes. Both sharing credit and sharing knowledge, in turn, were related to turnover intentions and actual turnover, and sharing credit was related to job performance. This study extends past work by adopting an interpersonal perspective of stress and demonstrating that managerial stress can have positive effects on employee outcomes via prosocial coping behaviors.
Triggering Creative Self‐Efficacy to Increase Employee Innovation Behavior in the Hospitality Workplace
Authors: Teng Chih‐Ching , Hu Cheng‐Ming , Chang Jung‐Hua
Published: July 2019

This study investigated how creative personality, psychological empowerment, and job stress affect creative self‐efficacy and innovative behavior in hospitality employees. A hypothesized moderating role of knowledge‐sharing role in the relationship between creative self‐efficacy and innovative behavior was also tested. Three hundred and thirty‐nine employees and 89 supervisors employed by International Tourist Hotels in Taiwan participated in the study. A structural equation modeling analysis indicated that creative self‐efficacy significantly mediates the effects of creative personality and psychological empowerment on innovative behavior in the hospitality industry. The positive effect of creative self‐efficacy on innovative behavior was larger in high knowledge‐sharing work environments than in low knowledge‐sharing work environments. Theoretical and practical implications are further discussed.
Measuring Tactical Innovation in Terrorist Attacks
Authors: Logan Michael K. , Ligon Gina S. , Derrick Douglas C.
Published: July 2019

Terrorism provides a unique context for examining innovation, as the generation of novel, effective, and complex ideas are essential for survival in destructive and malevolent groups. Despite this, innovation remains an underdeveloped concept in terrorism research, at least from the creativity scholars. One reason for this is the limited empirical data about this phenomenon, making it unclear which tenets of creativity research hold versus which do not translate in the domain of terrorism. This two‐part study explores this rich domain by examining the dimensions of innovation in a robust sample of terrorist attacks. Findings indicated that three dimensions of innovation (i.e., novelty, relevance, and elegance) emerged from the attack data and that these dimensions were related to different attack characteristics. This article expands our understanding of terrorist innovation by drawing from established theory and methods from creativity research and highlights their manifestations in this understudied domain.
Academic Motivation and Psychological Needs as Predictors of Suicidal Risk
Authors: Lee Jerin , Chang Edward C. , Lucas Abigael G. , Hirsch Jameson K.
Published: July 2019

This study examined academic motivation and basic psychological needs as predictors of suicidal risk (namely, depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors) in a sample of 348 college students. Results from regression analyses indicated that academic motivation was a significant predictor of suicidal risk. The inclusion of basic psychological needs significantly augmented the prediction model. The authors discuss implications for considering academic motivation and basic psychological needs in college counseling on the basis of the results.
Attachment, Communication, and Relationship Functioning Among College Student Veterans and Nonveterans
Authors: Riggs Shelley A. , Carver Kellye S. , Romero Daniel , Morissette Sandra B. , Wilson Jamie , Campbell Robyn , McGuffin James
Published: July 2019

This study examined attachment processes of college student veterans and nonveterans and further examined how veteran status and attachment style directly and indirectly predict relationship functioning. Results indicated that student veterans were more often dismissing in their attachment style but less often preoccupied than nonveteran students. Veteran status moderated the association between attachment style and dyadic consensus. The contributions of attachment and communication processes to overall relationship adjustment differed for student veterans and nonveterans.
Assessing Marijuana Use, Anxiety, and Academic Performance Among College Students
Authors: Wallis Aaron L. , Gretz David P. , Rings Jeffrey A. , Eberle Kiersten M.
Published: July 2019

This article examines the relationship between marijuana use and anxiety symptoms among college students, with a secondary focus on marijuana use and grade point average (GPA). A secondary analysis was conducted on data obtained from the American College Health Association–National College Health Assessment. Results indicated that marijuana use was negatively associated with GPA among students with current anxiety and no formal treatment. The relationships between these variables may be more complex than previously thought.