bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plotting the course of an African clawed frog invasion in Western France
Authors: Fouquet Antoine , Measey G. John
Published: February 2006

The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, is an invasive species with considerable impact in mediterranean climates, similar to its native South African Cape. A population has been established in western France since the early 1980s with a single, known, original release point. This study attempts to determine the limits of the invasion by trapping in 169 ponds in 2001 and 2002. Subsequent trapping of 192 ponds in 2003 and 2004 was undertaken in order to chart the progress of invasion, and to test the hypothesis that ponds were mostly colonised using rivers and streams as corridors. Of ponds without X. laevis in 2001/2002, 36% were found to have been colonised by 2003/2004. The findings clearly show that, while lotic corridors are used by this principally aquatic species, most ponds are colonised through overland migration. The consequences of this finding for invasions in France and other European countries are briefly discussed.
Influence of antibiotic on feed conversion efficiency of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.)
Authors: Rahmathulla  , Nayak Padmanav , Vindya  , Himantharaj  , Rajan
Published: February 2006

The influence of oral intake of an antibiotic (Norfloxacin®) through mulberry leaf at two concentrations (50 and 100 ppm) on the feed conversion efficiency parameters of silkworm hybrids, viz. bivoltine (CSR2 × CSR4) and crossbreed (BL67 × CSR106), was studied. Feed consumption data showed that the food consumption of antibiotic-treated batches was on par with the control. However, nutritional indices parameters such as digesta, approximate digestibility and reference ratio were significantly higher in the antibiotic-treated batches. Similarly, the nutritional efficiency parameters such as efficiency of ingested food into larvae, cocoon and shell were significantly higher in the antibiotic treated batches. The ingesta required to produce one gram of larva, cocoon and shell were significantly lower in treated batches. Most of the feed conversion efficiency parameters related to digesta, such as efficiency of digested food into larvae, cocoon and shell were not significantly different between the control and the treated batches. The results indicated that higher assimilation and conversion of food was observed in silkworm treated with antibiotic.
Spermatogenesis in two Iberian Podarcis lizards: relationships with male traits
Authors: Carretero Miguel , Ribeiro Raquel , Barbosa Diana , Sá-Sousa Paulo , Harris D. James
Published: February 2006

The spermatogenic cycles of Podarcis bocagei and P. carbonelli, two lacertids previously considered conspecific, were analysed in northwest Portugal. Monthly sampling was carried out at three sites: a zone of strict syntopy and two sites of allopatry for both species, all of them geographically close and harbouring similar habitats. The maritime Atlantic climate, which allows males to remain active most of the year, plays a determinant role on the variation of the mixed-type cycle, typical of lacertids in temperate regions. Comparison with other populations and species indicates that climate modifies the pattern of spermatogenesis by restricting the beginning (but not the end) of the activity period. Results also corroborate previous studies that report an agreement between the variations in the gonads observed at both microscopic and macroscopic scales in the reproductive period. Peaks for spermatozoa were delayed in sympatry but competition cannot be directly concluded. Furthermore, relationships between the number of spermatozoa and body size suggest sperm competition and possibly a reproductive interaction between the species.
3-PG Productivity Modeling of Regenerating Amazon Forests: Climate Sensitivity and Comparison with MODIS-Derived NPP
Authors: White Joseph D. , Scott Neal A. , Hirsch Adam I. , Running Steven W.
Published: February 2006

Potential forest growth predicted by the Physiological Principles in Predicting Growth (3-PG) model was compared for forest and deforested areas in the Legal Amazon to assess potential differing regeneration associated with climate. Historical deforestation and regeneration have occurred in environmentally marginal areas that influence regional carbon sequestration estimates. Effects of El Niño–induced drought further reduce simulated production by decreasing soil water availability in areas with shallow soils and high transpiration potential. The model was calibrated through comparison of literature biomass and with satellite-based estimates. Net primary productivity (NPP) for mature Amazonian forests from the 3-PG model was positively correlated (r 2 = 0.77) with a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived algorithm, though with some bias. Annual total NPP for the study area using a 1961–90 average climatology was 4.6 Pg C yr−1, which decreased to 4.2 Pg C yr−1 when simulated with climate from the severe 1997/98 El Niño event. From a regional analysis, results showed that biomass accumulation is almost entirely controlled by the availability of soil water. Also, areas currently forested in the eastern Amazon are more sensitive to extreme El Niño–induced drought than southern areas with the greatest deforestation extent.
Forest Understory Fire in the Brazilian Amazon in ENSO and Non-ENSO Years: Area Burned and Committed Carbon Emissions
Authors: Alencar Ane , Nepstad Daniel , Diaz Mariadel Carmen Vera
Published: February 2006

Understory fires, which burn the floor of standing forests, are one of the most important types of forest impoverishment in the Amazon, especially during the severe droughts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes. However, the authors are aware of no estimates of the areal extent of these fires for the Brazilian Amazon and, hence, of their contribution to Amazon carbon fluxes to the atmosphere. In this paper, the area of forest understory fires for the Brazilian Amazon region is calculated during an El Niño (1998) and a non–El Niño (1995) year based on forest fire scars mapped with satellite images for three locations in eastern and southern Amazonia, where deforestation is concentrated. The three study sites represented a gradient of both forest types and dry season severity. The burning scar maps were used to determine how the percentage of forest that burned varied with distance from agricultural clearings. These spatial functions were then applied to similar forest/climate combinations outside of the study sites to derive an initial estimate for the Brazilian Amazon. Ninety-one percent of the forest area that burned in the study sites was within the first kilometer of a clearing for the non-ENSO year and within the first four kilometers for the ENSO year. The area of forest burned by understory forest fire during the severe drought (ENSO) year (3.9 × 106 ha) was 13 times greater than the area burned during the average rainfall year (0.2 × 106 ha), and twice the area of annual deforestation. Dense forest was, proportionally, the forest type most affected by understory fires during the El Niño year, while understory fires were concentrated in transitional forests during the year of average rainfall. The estimate here of aboveground tree biomass killed by fire ranged from 0.049 to 0.329 Pg during the ENSO and from 0.003 to 0.021 Pg during the non-ENSO year.
The Employment Discontinuity of Married Women in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Chin-fen
Published: February 2006

This article studies the determination of married women’s employment discontinuity in Taiwan. Many studies have demonstrated that a high proportion of married women leave their jobs because of marriage, pregnancy, or childbirth (MPB). This article suggests the concept of labour market segmentation be brought back into the study of women’s employment stability. Using nationwide sampling data from the 2001 Taiwan Social Change Survey, the article analyses how job status and sociocultural factors affect women’s various decisions to quit their job. By using multinomial logistic analysis of over 900 married women, the author discovers that job status of both wives and husbands, husbands’ ethnic background and gender-role attitudes have significant impacts on women’s reasons to quit. Labour market segmentation by gender significantly affects the employment stability of married women. The results indicate a complex decision-making process when married women struggle to hold onto their jobs in this East Asian society.
The Son Also Acts as Major Caregiver to Elderly Parents
Authors: Kwok Hong-kin
Published: February 2006

This article investigates the care support pattern of the middle-aged sandwich generation towards their elderly parents. Unlike most western reports, Hong Kong adult sons reveal an active participation in the actual behaviour of care of their elderly parents, especially in financial and emotional support - not much less than their female sibling counterparts. This article further compares the perception of care responsibility from the receiver’s vs the giver’s perspective. The results show consistent findings between values towards elderly care and actual care behaviours received from the parents’ side, in which the sons are expected and are acting as the major caregiver, much more so than the daughters. However, inconsistent results are found regarding the major responsibility towards various family members between the two generations. Adult children tend to take their own children (or the third generation) as the top priority of their family responsibilities, while elderly parents come in second and their own spouse comes third. The pattern of elderly support in Hong Kong is argued to be a product of patriarchal norms within a changing gendered societal context. The author contends that the pattern can be explained by the interaction of blood relations with a gendered division of labour.
Benang, This “Most Local of Histories”: Annexing Colonial Records into a World without End
Authors: Slater Lisa
Published: February 2006

This article examines Kim Scott’s novel Benang as a counter-history and an ethics of speech, which participates in a regeneration of Nyoongar cultural knowledge. Scott appropriates colonial records into his textual topography to expose the ideology behind their neat genocidal script. However, he suggests that although the fight against oppression is paramount, to strengthen Nyoongar culture one must not only attend to the pain of history, but also nourish that which has revitalized, and continues to revitalize, one’s community. Scott’s textual strategy reveals that his counter-history is not dictated by Western logic. Rather he gains his authority from a (continuing) world that is beyond colonial reason. Scott has composed Benang both to question the adequacy of the novel, and the English language, to represent Indigeneity, and to propose a style of writing that generates new speaking positions for Indigenous people.
J.M. Coetzee’s Life & Times of Michael K and the Thin Theory of the Good
Authors: Dragunoiu Dana
Published: February 2006

As elsewhere in J.M. Coetzee’s fiction, Michael K’s body is a central repository of signification. His life-threatening thinness operates as a supple metaphor for the novel’s ambivalent relationship with liberal doctrine. As a marker of the staggering cost of K’s commitment to self-determination, it highlights the suffering that attends a liberal prioritization of freedom over welfare. Yet in spite of its unflinching acknowledgement of liberalism’s limitations, the novel anchors its deepest moral convictions in Kantian and Rawlsian liberal doctrine. Coetzee’s quarrel with communitarianism and qualified endorsement of liberal values are traced back to the complicity he sees between communitarian discourse and the theoretical underpinnings of apartheid. Life & Times of Michael K exposes the alliance between communitarian and consequentialist ethical principles, and reveals the ways in which these principles abet oppression and exploitation by prioritizing the maximization of good outcomes over the claims of freedom.
Pharmacokinetics of Aprepitant After Single and Multiple Oral Doses in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Majumdar Anup K. , Howard Laura , Goldberg Michael R. , Hickey Lisa , Constanzer Marvin , Rothenberg Paul L. , Crumley Tami M. , Panebianco Deborah , Bradstreet Thomas E. , Bergman Arthur J. , Waldman Scott A. , Greenberg Howard E. , Butler Kathleen , Knops A. , De Lepeleire Inge , Michiels Nicole , Petty Kevin J.
Published: February 2006

Aprepitant is the first NK1 receptor antagonist approved for use with corticosteroids and 5HT3 receptor antagonists to prevent chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). The effective dose to prevent CINV is a 125‐mg capsule on day 1 followed by an 80‐mg capsule on days 2 and 3. Study 1 evaluated the bioavailability of the capsules and estimated the effect of food. The mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) bioavailabilities of 125‐mg and 80‐mg final market composition (FMC) capsules, as assessed by simultaneous administration of stable isotope‐labeled intravenous (IV) aprepitant (2 mg) and FMC capsules, were 0.59 (0.53, 0.65) and 0.67 (0.62, 0.73), respectively. The geometric mean (90% CI) area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) ratios (fed/fasted) were 1.2 (1.10, 1.30) and 1.09 (1.00, 1.18) for the 125‐mg and 80‐mg capsule, respectively, demonstrating that aprepitant can be administered independently of food. Study 2 defined the pharmacokinetics of aprepitant administered following the 3‐day regimen recommended to prevent CINV (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg). Consistent daily plasma exposures of aprepitant were obtained following this regimen, which was generally well tolerated.
Use of Omeprazole as a CYP3A Probe Drug: Effect of Sex and Menstrual Cycle Phase on CYP3A Activity in Healthy Caucasian Adults
Authors: Zhang Yanhua , Kim Myong‐Jin , Bertino Joseph S. , Nafziger Anne N. , Sellers Edward M.
Published: February 2006

To determine the effects of sex and menstrual cycle phase on CYP3A activity and to characterize the intraindividual variability of CYP3A, 24 Caucasian adults were given a single dose of omeprazole every 14th day for 3 months (men) or during the mid–follicular and mid–luteal phases over 3 full menstrual cycles (women). The 2‐hour plasma metabolic ratio (MR) (omeprazole/omeprazole sulphone) was used as a measure of CYP3A activity. Overall mean MRs for men (2.4 ± 1.2) and women (2.3 ± 0.93) were not significantly different. In women, no difference in mean omeprazole MR was observed between the mid–follicular phase (2.2 ± 0.85) and mid–luteal phase (2.4 ± 1.0). When all data in the mid–luteal phase were stratified into 3 groups based on the progesterone concentrations (>50 nM [A], 20–50 nM [B], and <20 nM [C]), the MR of group A was significantly lower than that of B and C. The MRs of women during the mid–luteal phase were weakly correlated with progesterone concentrations (r = −0.35; P = .03). Individual coefficients of variation (CV%) in MR ranged from 8.7% to 60.2%, with a median 30.0%. No sex or menstrual cycle differences in CYP3A activity as measured by the probe drug omeprazole were seen. Higher CYP3A activity in women may be associated with higher endogenous progesterone concentrations.
Interaction of Single‐Dose Ezetimibe and Steady‐State Cyclosporine in Renal Transplant Patients
Authors: Bergman Arthur J. , Burke Joanne , Larson Patrick , Johnson‐Levonas Amy O. , Reyderman Larisa , Statkevich Paul , Maxwell Stephen E. , Kosoglou Teddy , Murphy Gail , Gottesdiener Keith , Robson Richard , Paolini John F.
Published: February 2006

This open‐label, single‐period study evaluated the single‐dose pharmacokinetics of ezetimibe (EZE) 10 mg in the setting of steady‐state cyclosporine (CyA) dosing in renal transplant patients. A single 10‐mg dose of EZE was coadministered with the morning dose of CyA (75–150 mg twice a day). Total EZE (sum of unconjugated, parent EZE and EZE‐glucuronide; EZE‐total) AUC0‐last and Cmax were compared to values derived from a prespecified database of healthy volunteers. Geometric mean ratios (90% CIs) for (EZE + CyA)/EZE alone for EZE‐total AUC(0‐last) and Cmax were 3.41 (2.55, 4.56) and 3.91 (3.13, 4.89), respectively. Compared to healthy controls, EZE‐total AUC(0‐last) was 3.4‐fold higher in transplant patients receiving CyA; similar exposure levels were seen in a prior multiple‐dose study in which EZE 50 mg was administered to healthy volunteers without dose‐related toxicity. Because the long‐term safety implications of both higher EZE exposures and undetermined effect on CyA are not yet understood, the clinical significance of this interaction is unknown.
Children and Natural Disasters
Authors: Evans Linda , Oehler-Stinnett Judy
Published: February 2006

Worldwide children are impacted by natural disasters, including hurricanes, floods, tornadoes, earthquakes, wildfires, landslides and sandstorms, winter and severe storms, heat waves, volcanoes and tsunamis. School psychologists should understand natural disaster effects, such as economic loss, relocation and health concerns and mental health issues. While most children are able to cope, a significant minority develops severe symptoms and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). School psychologists should gain trauma mental health training through the American Psychological Association, the National Association of School Psychologists, and the International School Psychology Association. They can also be involved in school and community prevention, mitigation and educational programming. This article presents an overview for school psychologists of the literature on children in natural disasters.
The Effects of Temperament and Perceived Maternal Rejection on Childhood Anxiety and Behaviour Problems
Authors: Yazdkhasti Fariba , Harizuka Susumu
Published: February 2006

In order to examine the effects of children's temperament and its interaction with children's perceptions of their mother's acceptance and rejection in relation to self-reported anxiety and teacher-reported school behaviour problems, 160 children, aged 8 to 11 years, were evaluated by teachers, mothers and themselves. Findings showed that children's perceptions of rejection are a greater predictor of anxiety and are also related to more emotional/behavioural control problems among high than low activity arousal children regardless of whether or not children perceive their mothers as rejective. Attentional intensity is also a part of this picture; the combination of high activity arousal and low attentional intensivity related to greater anxiety and was also related to more interpersonal relationship problems among children regardless of whether or not children perceive their mothers as rejective. Further, rejection was linked to greater interpersonal relationship problems among low emotionality arousal than high emotionality arousal children. In contrast, in predicting interpersonal relationships, high emotional arousal was found to be related to more problems than was low emotional arousal when children's perception of mothers was acceptive.
The Costs of Pursuing Accreditation for Methadone Treatment Sites
Authors: Zarkin Gary A. , Dunlap Laura J. , Homsi Ghada
Published: February 2006

The use of accreditation has been widespread among medical care providers, but accreditation is relatively new to the drug abuse treatment field. This study presents estimates of the costs of pursuing accreditation for methadone treatment sites. Data are from 102 methadone treatment sites that underwent accreditation as part of the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment's evaluation of the Opioid Treatment Program Accreditation Project. The analysis represents the most comprehensive analysis of the costs of pursuing accreditation by a health care provider. Importantly, it is the first analysis of the costs of pursuing accreditation by drug treatment providers. Policy makers and drug treatment providers can use this analysis to plan the labor requirements and costs of future accreditation initiatives.
Interviewer as Instrument
Authors: Brown Joel H.
Published: February 2006

This methodological study examines an original data collection model designed to incorporate human factors and enhance data richness in qualitative and evaluation research. Evidence supporting this model is drawn from in-depth youth and adult interviews in one of the largest policy/ programevaluations undertaken in the United States, the Drug, Alcohol, and Tobacco Education evaluation (77 districts, 118 schools). When applying the explicit observation technique (EOT)—the strategic and nonjudgmental disclosure of nonverbal human factor cues by the interviewer to the respondent during interview—data revealed the observation disclosure pattern. Here, respondents linked perceptions with policy or program implementation or effectiveness evidence. Although more research is needed, it is concluded that the EOT yields richer data when compared with traditional semistructured interviews and, thus, holds promise to enhance qualitative and evaluation research methods. Validity and reliability as well as qualitative and evaluation research considerations are discussed.
Between Risk and Opportunity
Authors: Schuck Andreas R.T. , de Vreese Claes H.
Published: February 2006

This multi-methodological study examined the news framing of the 2004 European Union enlargement in terms of risk and opportunity and the effect both frames had on public support for the enlargement. A content analysis showed that EU enlargement was portrayed as a controversial issue, but with an overall balanced tone of coverage. Risk and opportunity framing played an equally prominent role in the news. An experiment examined the impact of both frames on support for EU enlargement. Participants in the opportunity frame condition showed significantly higher levels of support compared to participants in the risk condition. This framing effect was moderated by political knowledge. Individuals with low levels of political knowledge were more affected by the news frames and more susceptible to risk framing.
A History of Aboriginal Futures
Authors: Ginsburg Faye , Myers Fred
Published: February 2006

This article addresses the paradox of the persistence, growth, and increasing circulation of work in indigenous media and acrylic painting in Aboriginal Australia, despite the alarming political turn against gains made by indigenous Australians over the last decade, not only by right-wing politicians but intellectuals as well. Indigenous people in settler nation-states have faced a range of dilemmas in imagining their futures. In Australia, debates about the significance of an indigenous presence and history continue to rage. This article reviews the range of policies extended toward Australia’s Aboriginal people (ranging from pastoral care in the face of expected dying out to assimilation to self-determination and beyond), the cultural and political projects through which Aboriginal urban activists and remote communities have attempted to construct their futures, and a consideration of the media through which these futures are imagined.
Turning Modes of Production Inside Out
Authors: Graeber David
Published: February 2006

Marxist theory has by now largely abandoned the (seriously flawed) notion of the ‘mode of production’, but doing so has only encouraged a trend to abandon much of what was radical about it and naturalize capitalist categories. This article argues a better conceived notion of a mode of production - one that recognizes the primacy of human production, and hence a more sophisticated notion of materialism - might still have something to show us: notably, that capitalism, or at least industrial capitalism, has far more in common with, and is historically more closely linked with, chattel slavery than most of us had ever imagined.
Transcendence, Power and Regeneration in Tamang Shamanic Practice
Authors: Holmberg David
Published: February 2006

This article analyzes (1) the production of magical or symbolic power and (2) symbolic processes of transcendence in the rituals of Tamang shamans of highland Nepal, rituals that seek to transform the afflicted from abject subjects to active agents. In convergence with Terence Turner’s theoretical contributions to the study of ritual, this article argues that magical power produced by Tamang shamans in curative soundings as well as collective pilgrimages is a form of ‘alienated consciousness’ made possible through ritual processes of symbolic transcendence. I argue that shamans or bombo, through their transcendent moves, deconstruct orders produced elsewhere in socio-ritual life and, in the process, expose the constructedness or arbitrariness of those orders, laying the groundwork for transformation of afflicted subjects from abject to agential states both individually and collectively.
Autonomy and Relatedness
Authors: Fajans Jane
Published: February 2006

This article proposes a new way of examining emotions in a series of hierarchical contexts. Autonomy and relatedness form a set of emotional stances and behavioral interactions. Relatedness is often associated with emotional fields such as caring, nurture and love, whereas autonomy is not usually classified as an emotion. This article examines them as parts of a dialectical and hierarchical pattern of interaction. Autonomy and relatedness can be viewed as social sentiments which work as manifestations of individual behavior, the structure of relations between individuals, cultural patterns between sets of individuals, such as age and gender groups, and finally as qualities which characterize whole societies or communities in their relations with others. By looking at emotions as part of a dynamic set of processes, the article examines how action creates both individual and cultural expectations and practices. The article uses Turner’s concepts of dialectics and hierarchy to examine social and cultural values and activities.
Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis of a Thermoplastic Composite Disc under Linear Temperature Distribution
Authors: Sayman Onur , Pekbey Yeliz , Sayman Sumeyra
Published: February 2006

In the present study, an elastic-plastic stress analysis is carried out on a composite thermoplastic disc reinforced by steel fibers, curvilinearly. Radial and tangential stresses are obtained under a liner temperature distribution. The magnitude of the tangential stress component for elastic and elastic-plastic cases is higher than that of the radial stress component. The tangential stress component is compressive and tensile on the inner and outer surfaces, respectively and is the highest on the inner surface. The elastic-plastic solution is performed for the plastic region expanded around the inner surface by an analytical formulation and a numerical solution. The solution is also carried out by the finite element method (ANSYS solution). These two solutions give very similar results. The intensities of the residual stress component of the tangential stress and plastic flow are the highest at the inner surface.
Mathematical Model to Predict the Surface Roughness on the Machining of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
Authors: Palanikumar K. , Karunamoorthy L. , Manoharan N.
Published: February 2006

Glass fiber reinforced polymer composite materials are finding increased applications in many different engineering fields. Accordingly, the need for accurate machining of composites has increased enormously. In the present work, a mathematical model has been developed to predict the surface roughness of machined glass fiber reinforced plymer (GFRP) work piece using regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) in order to study the main and interaction effects of machining parameters, viz., cutting speed, work piece fiber orientation angle, depth of cut, and feed rate. The adequacy of the developed model is verified by calculating the correlation coefficient. This model can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness of the machined GFRP components.
Investigation on Weldline Strength of Short-glass-fiber Reinforced Polycarbonate Manufactured through Push-Pull-processing Technique
Authors: Patcharaphun S. , Zhang B. , Mennig G.
Published: February 2006

Push-pull-processing (PPP) is a live in-mold manipulation method of co-injection molding used for enhancing the orientation of the polymer molecules and reinforcing fillers. This technique implements an alternating shear field induced by a coordinated action of two injection units to create multiple oriented layers across the thickness of molding during the packing phase. In this investigation, the PPP is employed to enhance the weldline strength of short-glass-fiber reinforced polycarbonate (SFRPC) with respect to the fiber orientation in the weldline areas. The effects of glass-fiber concentration and processing parameters including the number of push-pull strokes and the holding pressure differences between both of the injection units have been studied. In addition the degradation of the fiber length caused by the oscillation is also investigated.
On the way to a scientia sexualis: ‘On the relation of the sexual system to the psyche in general and to cretinism in particular’ (1826) by Joseph Häussler
Authors: Gutmann Philipp
Published: February 2006

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, several works were published by physicians trying to explain, in an increasingly systematic manner, the emergence of psychic derangements with sexual disorders. A contribution to this development was provided by Joseph Häussler with his monograph ‘On the relation of the sexual system to the psyche in general and to cretinism in particular’ (1826). Häussler was interested in whether the sexual system was the cause of psychic disturbance. He accused some sexual behaviours and exercises (e.g., onanism and unsatisfied sexual instinct) of being causes, but, nonetheless, accepted that morphological deviations of the sexual organs could also evoke mental diseases. Furthermore Häussler attempted to determine if stimulation of the sexual system could cure psychic illnesses. Finally, he dealt with sexual conditions in the mentally ill. A complete chapter was devoted to cretins and their sexuality.
‘Good Babies’ or ‘Goodness of Fit?’ Normalizing and Pluralizing Dimensions of Contemporary Temperament Discourse
Authors: Kirschner Suzanne R.
Published: February 2006

This paper explores contemporary discourse on temperamental differences in children in terms of how it embodies a central tension in modern liberal democratic society. This is the tension between normalization (the delineation of forms of behavior and experience that are deemed undesirable, in order to bring normative ideals of personhood into sharper focus), on the one hand, and a commitment to pluralism and the inclusion of diverse modes of experience and being on the other. Through examination of recent texts written for parents and professionals, it is argued that while contemporary North American temperament writings and practices evince normalizing elements, they also contain genuinely ironic and contextualizing features which challenge or attenuate the trend towards an increasing pathologization of various species of personality and behavioral ‘difference’.
To Believe or Not to Believe in Verbal Reports: The Denial of First-Person Authority and the Blind Spot of Universalist Cross-cultural Studies
Authors: Cornejo Carlos
Published: February 2006

In his paper, David Matsumoto (2005) offers a critical approach to the adequacy of verbal reports as representations of culture, arguing that they represent a cultural ideology (what he calls ‘consensual culture’ or a ‘consensual cultural worldview’) rather than a culture's actual complexity (‘cultural ways’ or ‘actual cultural behaviors’). I agree with the author that we make mistakes when describing our own culture. But the fact that we may sometimes err does not necessarily mean that we always do. The problem with such a view is that the denial of the epistemic value of verbal reports also invalidates the capacities of the scientist as a member of the culture, unless we consider the scientist to exist outside her/his culture. This is the classical objectivist approach in science and, furthermore, the assumption tacitly accepted by cross-cultural studies.
Subtle transformations
Authors: Johnston Jay , Barcan Ruth
Published: February 2006

This article is an examination of an ancient but widespread model of the body known as the subtle body. Subtle body is a term used to describe a model of embodied subjectivity in which matter and consciousness are not understood as ontologically distinct but as varieties of ‘energy’ resonating at different densities. The subtle body model figures the self as multiple, extensive and radically intersubjective. We argue that this model has much to offer cultural studies but that in order for it to be considered, cultural studies will have to overcome its traditional scepticism, if not outright hostility, to spiritual/religious thought. The article grounds its argument in a study of some alternative health practices, arguing that they represent a popular body practice hitherto neglected by cultural studies.
The Development of Consumption Culture and the Individualization of Female Identity
Authors: Delhaye Christine
Published: February 2006

This article investigates how the arena of fashion, as an example of consumption culture, has been an important locus of female individualization. Individualization is defined in a Foucauldian manner as the process by which human beings are channelled into individuals. From the mid-19th century onwards, the subject of ‘individualization’ has been a central theme in sociological, historical and anthropological thought. It is striking how, even now, leading commentators are addressing the issue in gender-blind terms. Feminist scholars have therefore criticized the mainstream debate about individualization, arguing that women have been excluded from the western development of individualization. This article will sustain the point of view that while women have been banned from ‘masculine’ processes of individualization, they have at the same time been involved in many ‘other’ - often trivialized - developments of individualization. Modern phenomena such as consumption culture and fashion are examined as important arenas of female individualization. The argument is supported by an analysis of Dutch fashion magazines at the turn of the 19th century (1880-1920). The analysis highlights how the editorials taught women to conceive of themselves as ‘modern’ individuals free to choose and be aware of themselves as unique and self-determining persons.
The Social Sources of Authenticity in Global Handicraft Markets
Authors: Wherry Frederick F.
Published: February 2006

What happens to authenticity in the age of global markets? Rather than enforce such sharp dichotomies as ‘authentic/inauthentic’ (object) or ‘exploited/not-exploited’ (artisan), this article recognizes that the notion of authenticity evolves and gains strength through a process of differentiation that largely relies on the social situations that the artisans, the sellers and the buyers inhabit. This article documents how the Thai artisans of the Hang Dong district have diversified their notions of authenticity in producing and marketing their ethnic and tourist arts. Handicraft artisans and entrepreneurs sometimes create multiple meanings of authenticity to accommodate, modify, and at times resist, the effects of globalization on local culture and local economic life. These different understandings of authenticity initially direct the course of production and exchange; but new, sometimes unexpected, understandings emerge in the course of action. The four social sources of authenticity are reactive identity, reluctant engagement, complicit appropriation, and transcendental values. Each source has a different effect on how much local control artisans exert in production and exchange and how long traditional motifs and production processes endure in the commercial market for crafts.
Muscles, Motorcycles and Tattoos
Authors: Halnon Karen Bettez , Cohen Saundra
Published: February 2006

Elaborating on previous work on Poor Chic, this article opens new empirical terrain for gentrification theory by demonstrating how gentrification processes are applicable to ‘symbolic neighborhoods’ in popular culture. Challenging postmodernist-spirited lifestyle consumption theory that asserts the breakdown of stratification systems through consumer habits, the article delineates how three important ‘symbolic neighborhoods of lower class masculinity’ - muscles, motorcycles, and tattoos - have been transformed from lower- to middle-class distinction. Framing these recent changes as investment, invasion, transformation and displacement, the article illustrates how apparent tolerance and fluidity among consumer lifestyles is less reflective of the obliteration of stratification systems than a new strategic means of reconstructing them. Particular attention is focused on Bourdieu’s multi-faceted conceptualization of ‘cultural capital’ and the victorious application of ‘aesthetic disposition’.
“I Missed the Bus”
Authors: Garrison Arthur H.
Published: February 2006

Data from a 3-year truancy reduction program operating in Wilmington, Delaware, are analyzed to assess the association of truancy and reasons for truancy with school grade transition points from elementary to middle school and from middle school to high school. Data showed that there was a 95% increase in the number of truants between fifth and sixth grade and a 76% increase in the number of truants between eighth and ninth grade. There was an 87% increase in truancy among youth between 10 and 11 years old and 68% increase in truancy among youth 13 and 14 years old. The study includes analysis of truancy by various demographic variables and makes policy suggestions on how truancy can be reduced by focusing on the two key school transition points, the fifth and eighth grades.
Properties Predictor for HDPE/LDPE/LLDPE Blends for Shrink Film Applications
Authors: Torres Agustín , Colls Nelson , Méndez Facundo
Published: February 2006

A technique that involves design of experiments was developed to generate a set of equations that predicts processing, mechanical and shrink properties of HDPE/LDPE/LLDPE blends. The results are presented in an easy-to-use spreadsheet that can be used even in pocket computers.
An Overview of Starch-Based Plastic Blends from Reactive Extrusion
Authors: Kalambur Sathya , Rizvi Syed S. H.
Published: February 2006

The North American market for biodegradable plastics in 2005 was estimated to be around 60 million pounds (27 kt). Starch-based polymer blends were expected to account for 30 million pounds (14 kt) with significantly lower growth rates than other biodegradable polymers such as polyesters. The main hurdle in the growth of starch-based products is the thermodynamic immiscibility and non-wetting of starch with other polymers which leads to serious deterioration of mechanical properties at >25–30 wt% starch. Higher amounts of starch in the blends entail adding suitable functional groups on starch and other polymers in the blend to make them more compatible. The primary challenge is to develop fast reaction chemistries that can be transformed into viable processes and integrated into existing process lines with economically viable formulations. This article briefly reviews some of the most promising chemistries available for the reactive extrusion of starch-based polymer blends (biodegradable/non-biodegradable).
New Ultrathermic Films for Greenhouse Covers
Authors: Espí E. , Salmerón A. , Fontecha A. , García-Alonso Y. , Real A. I.
Published: February 2006

Thermic greenhouse covers are plastic films that block infrared (7–14 mm) radiation to reduce the risk of frost when the greenhouse is not heated and to reduce the energy consumption when a heating system is used. The standard mineral fillers (calcined kaolin), which have been normally used to increase the IR opacity of LDPE and other greenhouse films, accelerate the photodegradation of the film as well as moderately increase the haze and diminish the light transmission. In this work, we present a new family of mineral fillers that do not accelerate photodegradation, do not lower the light transmission, and give low or high haze, depending on what is required. With these mineral fillers, the optical properties can be optimized and the IR effectiveness can be reached, thus giving a new generation of ultrathermic films (UT). Using them as greenhouse covers, heat energy savings between 5% and 10% can be achieved.
Using prescribing health and population data to describe the health of a locality: the development and evaluation of a locality health profile
Authors: Steinke Douglas , Burney Susan , Bennie Marion , Hudson Steve
Published: February 2006

Objective

To develop and evaluate a pharmaco-epidemiological and public health profile that will aid in the determination and evaluation of the health and pharmaceutical needs of a local population with the National Health Service (NHS).

Method

Two local health areas (known as local health care co-operatives (LHCCs)) in NHS Lothian with diverse population characteristics had health profiles formally developed using prescribing, hospitalisation and other public health data. The integrated report was able to highlight morbidity issues in each LHCC that could be acted on by either LHCC management or local pharmacy groups. A steering committee and focus groups were used in the design and evaluation process. An evaluation survey of participants including LHCC management, community and LHCC pharmacists and other healthcare professionals was conducted with the main outcome measure being the relative utility of the health profile.

Key findings

Participants evaluating the health profiles found them informative and useful in decision making and planning for the locality. Participants anticipated using prescribing data to fill information gaps in other datasets and/or provide a primary care perspective to health in the locality.

Conclusions

Health profiles were developed from prescribing health and population data that were shown to be meaningful and useful to local health authority management and other healthcare professionals. The health profiles contained information that could be used to inform decisions or identify areas where further investigation may be required to find out why a particular anomaly is occurring. In Scotland, the focus of a new community pharmacy contract is on the dual elements of chronic disease management and public health contributions, through prevention of disease and/or limitation of disease impact. There is an urgent need to develop tools that help to inform professional interventions involving pharmacists, and thereby improvements to multidisciplinary co-operation. This study suggests a means of describing the population characteristics for informing a network of community pharmacists about public health priorities within their LHCC.
N-tert-Butyl-N-chlorocyanamide: A Mild and Efficient Chlorinating Agent for the Synthesis of Dialkyl/Diaryl Chlorophosphates
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Kaushik Mahabir Parshad
Published: February 2006

An efficient reagent for the synthesis of dialkyl/diaryl chlorophosphates has been developed. N-tert-Butyl-N-chlorocyanamide acts as a chlorinating agent both in polar as well in non-polar medium and the transformation of dialkyl/diaryl phosphites to the dialkyl/diaryl chlorophosphates takes place rapidly under mild conditions in quantitative yields.
Novel Aggregation of Bis(thiolato)-type Cobalt(III) Octahedra Assisted by Silver(I) Ions: Structural Interconversion by Counter Anions
Authors: Konno Takumi , Aridomi Takashi , Hattori Masashi , Hirotsu Masakazu
Published: February 2006

The reaction of [Ni{Co(aet)2(en)}2]4+ (aet = 2-aminoethanethiolate) with AgI in the presence of ClO4− and NO3− anions gave a S-bridged CoIII4AgI4 octanuclear and a (CoIII2AgI3)n polymeric complexes, respectively, which are interconvertible with each other by changing the counter anions.
Implementing Alcohol Screening and Intervention in a Family Medicine Residency Clinic
Authors: Seale J. Paul , Shellenberger Sylvia , Tillery Wanda Kaye , Boltri John , Barton Barbara , McCauley Megan , Vogel Robert
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of simultaneous systems interventions and clinician training on management of hazardous and harmful drinking in a residency clinic. Systems interventions included forming a multi-disciplinary implementation team, training registration clerks to distribute health risk questionnaires using the AUDIT-C alcohol screen, and training nurses to score the AUDIT-C and administer the AUDIT to screen-positive patients. Clinicians were trained to perform brochure-based interventions on screen-positive patients. Research staff provided compliance feedback. Over 12 months, 8.0% (241/3014) of patients screened positive and 3.8% (115/3014) received brief interventions. For screen-positive patients, comparisons with baseline measurements found increased rates of alcohol assessment (50% vs. 0%, p <.0001) and intervention (48.1% vs. 9.4%, p <.0001). Clinicians intervened more often when prompted with completed AUDITs (72% vs. 23%, p <.0001). Program modifications resulted in progressive increases in numbers of patients screened. This model shows promise for use in other residency programs.
Admissibility in Criminal Proceedings of Third Party and Real Evidence Obtained by Methods Prohibited by UNCAT
Authors: Pattenden Rosemary
Published: February 2006

This article is about the admissibility in criminal proceedings of evidence which is directly or indirectly the product of torture or ill-treatment of a third party who is not available to give oral evidence. The focus is the consistency between public international law, particularly the little-studied Article 15 of the United Nations Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment and Punishment (UNCAT), and English domestic law in the immediate aftermath of the Court of Appeal's decision in A v Secretary of State for the Home Department (No. 2).
The Significance of Culture in Criminal Procedure Reform: Why the Revised Disclosure Scheme Cannot Work
Authors: Quirk Hannah
Published: February 2006

Disclosure of unused material is essential to a fair trial, and nondisclosure has been a potent cause of miscarriages of justice. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, however, recent legislation addressing this issue has prioritised the alleged problems that disclosure causes to the prosecution, rather than its demonstrable importance as a safeguard against wrongful convictions. Despite amendment by the Criminal Justice Act 2003, it is argued that the controversial disclosure provisions of the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 cannot be made to work. This is a consequence of three fundamental defects in the statutory scheme: lack of consideration of the working cultures and practices of the key protagonists; the resulting inappropriate allocation of responsibilities; and insufficient recognition of the limited sanctions for disclosure failures that can be imposed fairly upon defendants under the current system. It has long been recognised that the effectiveness of due process reforms may be limited by police culture and the inadequate delivery of defence legal services. Drawing on new empirical data, this article suggests that it is equally important to consider the interplay between crime control legislation and occupational cultures. Legislative changes may otherwise reinforce poor practice and provoke injustice.
Legal Advice and Pre-Trial Silence—Unreasonable Developments
Authors: Cooper Simon
Published: February 2006

This article examines recent case law concerning the drawing of adverse inferences, pursuant to s. 34 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, from a suspect's failure to mention during pre-trial interview facts that he subsequently relies on in court. The cases reveal that even a defendant who genuinely accepts and follows legal advice to remain silent cannot be confident that adverse inferences are precluded. It is argued that more careful thought needs to be given to what constitutes a genuine reliance on legal advice. Suspects who do genuinely rely on bona fide legal advice should not have adverse inferences drawn against them.