bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intelligence, IQ, And Race
Authors: Montagu Ashley
Published: November 2023

What is “intelligence”? The answer most people would give to that question would be, “What IQ tests measure.” But as we shall see, IQ tests, whatever their proponents may claim, do not measure intelligence. The truth is that no one really knows what the structure of intelligence is, and therefore there cannot be anything even approximating a quantitative measure of intelligence, this abstraction of abstractions, that IQ tests purport to quantify. What is quite clear, except to IQ testers, is that many conditions enter into the making of the capabilities we call intelligence, and that without taking these factors into consideration such tests are quite valueless in providing a measure of “intelligence.”
On Creeping Jensenism
Authors: Brace C Loring , Livingstone Frank B
Published: November 2023

Concern about the meaning of the physical differences between human populations dates back to before the dawn of written history, but it did not really become a major issue until the Renaissance, when the revolution in ocean-going transportation brought large numbers of diverse people physically face to face. The superior technology of the Europeans enabled them to coerce and exploit the peoples encountered, many of whom were forcibly uprooted and relocated as slaves. While one could argue that this was one of the most extraordinary examples of barbarism in the annals of “civilization,” it was justified at the time, not so much on the basis of race, but because the people being enslaved were “heathens.”
Race And IQ: The Genetic Background
Authors: Bodmer W F
Published: November 2023

This essay is a review of the meanings of race and IQ, and the approaches for determining the extent to which IQ is inherited. The first question to consider is “What is race?” and then one must demonstrate how one can study the biological inheritance of mental ability as measured by IQ tests. These two aspects of genetics form the main underlying theme for this essay.
Is Early Intervention Effective? Some Studies Of Early Education In Familial And Extra-Familial Settings
Authors: Bronjenbrenner Urie
Published: November 2023

Does early intervention have any enduring effects? The 196o’s saw the widespread adoption in this country programs of early education aimed at counteracting the effects of poveny on human development. Although some of these programs produced dramatic results during the first few months of operation, the question of long-term impact has remained unaswered for lack of extended follow-up data. Recently, however, research results have become available which shed some light on five questions of considerable scientific and social import:
How Heritability Misleads About Race’
Authors: Block Ned
Published: November 2023

The Bell Curve’s main argument for black genetic inferiority in IQ depends for its persuasive force on conceptual confusions that have been tacitly accepted to some degree even by many of the book’s sharpest critics. The book contains two lines of thought. One, which I will accept for present purposes, is: that IQ tests substantially measure “general intelligence,” that IQ is socially important, and that IQ is sixty percent heritable within whites. (I’ll explain heritability below.) The second main line of thought-which I will be contesting-is theargument for genetic inferiority of American blacks.
Introduction
Authors: Burgess Lauren Cook
Published: November 2023

What transforms the letters of Pvt. Lyons Wakeman from merely interesting reading into a unique and fascinating addition to Civil War literature is who wrote them--for Private Wakeman was not what “he” seemed to be. The five-foot tall soldier’s true identity was that ofa simple young farm girl from central New York state named Sarah Rosetta Wakeman.
August, 1862—June, 1863
Authors: Burgess Lauren Cook
Published: November 2023

By mid-1862, the Civil War had been underway for fourteen months. High battlefield casualties at Shiloh in the spring were a shock to the North, and high hopes for the success of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan’s Peninsular Campaign against Richmond had been crushed. Resounding military success seemed to elude Federal armies, leaving prospects for saving the Union in doubt. It was apparent that if the Rebellion was to be supperssed and the Union saved, more resources must bethrown into the fray.
July. 1863—December. 1863
Authors: Burgess Lauren Cook
Published: November 2023

Over two years of war had passed and the outlook for ultimate defeat o/Southern armies was still dim. Union military victories were few, and each battle seemed more grim and costly than the last. But resolve in the North had hardened. No cost in human life was too dear to reunify the country and to accomplish a new purpose, the freeing of millions of enslaved African Americans. President Lincoln called for 300,000 more volunteers, and when recruiting became more difficult, a draft was imposed in July, 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation, in effect since January, represented a shift in the North’s war aims and made possible a new resource of fighting men. By mid-1863 the War Department was actively involved in recruiting U.S. Colored Troops, who wouldeventuallynumber 178,975. Over two million U.S. soldiers, sailors, and marines would serve by the war’s end.
Introduction: Critical Issues in the Assessment of Delirium
Authors: Portenoy Russell k.
Published: November 2023

Delirium is a prevalent disorder in populations with progressive disease. Although it may occur at any time, the prevalence of delirium rises in the setting of advanced disease and is common in patients near death. As it evolves, delirium may signal a new and serious medical complication, contribute to intercurrent problems (for example, by worsening dehydration), markedly impair the functioning and comfort of the patient, and increase the family’s distress.
Introduction: Anorexia: An Evolving Understanding
Authors: Rruera Eduardo
Published: November 2023

Anorexia is a frequent and devastating symptom in patients with advanced cancer. It occurs more frequently in patients having solid participating tumors than in those having hematological malignancies and in patients with severe depression. During the early 1980s, anorexia was suspected to be one of the main mechanisms for cancer-induced malnutrition. Tumor by-products were considered responsible for anorexia and decreased food intake, which resulted in progressive weight loss. This belief prompted a number of clinical trials of aggressive enteral and parental nutrition in cancer patients. These studies were overwhelmingly disappointing. Aggressive nutrition treatment was found to have no significant impact on survival, response to antineoplastic therapy, or toxicity of antineoplastic treatments, and it had only minimal effects on the overall nutritional status of cancer patients.
Prevalence and Pathophysiology of Cancer Cachexia
Authors: Ma Grace , Alexander H Richard
Published: November 2023

The word “cachexia,” descriptive of emaciative disease states, comes from the Greek words “kakos” meaning bad, and “hexis,” meaning condition. Cancer cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome characterized clinically by progressive, involuntary weight loss, which, if left unchecked, can ultimately lead to death of the host. The precise mechanism by which a cancer-bearing patient develops anorexia leading to body compositional changes associated with a severely malnourished state remains largely unknown. This syndrome represents an array of nutritional abnormalities found in a majority of cancer patients at some point in their illness, and includes the clinical features associated with the progressive growth of a cancer, including abnormalities of carbohydrate, fat, protein, and energy metabolism.
Introduction: Defining the Unit of Care: Who Are We Supporting and How?
Authors: Higginson Irene J
Published: November 2023

At its outset, hospice and palliative care considered the patient and family as the unit of care.1 It took care from beyond the narrow attention of patients isolated from their family situation and considered the needs of those close to them and of professionals. An important aspiration of hospices was to create a family-like atmosphere. But when we talk of family or caregiver, who do we mean? Is it a lay caregiver such as a spouse, daughter, parent, neighbor? Or do we mean a professional caregiver, from one or more of the many professional backgrounds who may be involved? There are also the volunteers, who are trained and supported by professionals and often fall between formal and lay systems of care. The term “caregiver” is generally taken to mean significant-other person(s); these include family, friends, and professional staff and volunteers. But the term can be misleading. Does a caregiver need to be actively giving care to be included in this definition? Clearly not. An important family member or friend may be more severely disabled than the patient-this can occur in instances when a “caregiver” has a chronic health problem. And as our society changes in structure, so, too, do the caregivers, both professional and lay, change. Cartwright has described the increased role of nurses, rather than family doctors, in the care of patients at home. As our society lives to older ages and becomes more mobile, lay care-givers are more commonly sons, daughters, nieces and nephews in their late fifties and sixties. Families are scattered over wide distances. Or the caregiver is a neighbor, friend, or person running supported housing.
Care of the Cancer Patient: Response of Family and Staff
Authors: Loscalzo Matthew J , Zabora James R
Published: November 2023

People with a chronic illness are both encircled by and are connected to interacting systems best conceptualized as three concentric circles. The patient, the family, and the social network form three systems that are simultaneously interdependent with fluid and permeable boundaries. These three systems influence and are influenced by each other. The degree of influence is determined by the current situation and normal drive to maintain, a sense of equilibrium. Threats to the survival of any system cause disequilibrium, and as a result, a reflexive effort is initiated to regain homeostasis and stability.
Pharmacologic Management of Pediatric Cancer Pain
Authors: Collins John J
Published: November 2023

The Report of the Consensus Conference on the Management of Pain in Childhood Cancer1 established guidelines in the United States for the assessment and management of disease-related and treatment-related cancer pain. More recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the global application of the principles of pain management and palliative care for children with cancer. In so doing, WHO established these principles as a required standard of care. The pharmacologic approach to the management of pediatric cancer pain is an important modality of pain control that is often used in conjunction with therapies directed at the control of the underlying cancer (e.g., surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy) and with non-pharmacological approaches to pain management (e.g., relaxation exercises, guided imagery, and hypnotherapy).
Introduction: Bone Pain: Defining the Need for New Approaches
Authors: Pereira Jose
Published: November 2023

Bone is the most common site of tumor metastasis, and bone pain is the most prevalent type of chronic pain reported by patients with metastatic solid tumors. There are numerous therapeutic options for bone pain, including primary treatments and diverse analgesic approaches. Together, these interventions offer the clinician and patient a varied menu from which to select treatments that may optimize comfort and function, and minimize patient burden and cost. Unfortunately, very little is known about the development of pain in association with bone metastases, and the lack of empirical information constrains rational decision making. With limited data, it is difficult to develop therapeutic guidelines for available interventions, and even more difficult to identify the need for new approaches to manage refractory cases. The challenges inherent in this process become clear in highlighting some of the unresolved questions about the phenomenon of bone pain.
Where is the Truth?: Secrets and Lies in the Doctor-Patient Relationship
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline
Published: November 2023

We used to write prescriptions in Latin because we thought the power of the doctor was greater if the patient did not know too much about the medication. When we began translating prescriptions into English in the 1960s, I realized that we were demystifying medicine in a way similar to the way religion was demystified during the Reformation four centuries ago. Until the sixteenth century, religious services were conducted in Latin and the parishioners could not understand much of what was said. So just as the early clergy exercised a great deal of power, physicians today have increased power when they withhold information from their patients.
When Your Child is Sick
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline
Published: November 2023

Sound familiar? Many adults have similar thoughts, but they’re too embarrassed to express them. When you decide to take your child to the pediatrician, you must consider some special issues. The child patient needs to be the focus of the planning as well as the visit. It is hardly ever the child’s idea to go to the doctor and children are outspoken and honest in letting you know that. Listen carefully to your child. Sometimes you will hear fears and misconceptions about the medical visit that you may be able to dispel.
Beethoven
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

The most recent research on this hard-to-pin-down concerto suggests that Beethoven wrote it in 1795 and played it in Vienna on 18 December that year at a concert organized by his teacher, Joseph Haydn, for the primary purpose of presenting three of the symphonies Haydn had composed for his recent visit to London. It is also likely that Beethoven considerably revised the work before its publication by the Viennese firm of T. Mollo & Co. in 1801. The dedication is to Princess Barbara Odescalchi, nee Countess Babette von Keglevics, a gifted amateur who took piano lessons from Beethoven; this Concerto is one of four piano compositions inscribed to her.
Berg
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Berg began work on his Violin Concerto at the end of April 1935; he had it ready in short score by mid-July (that is, with the instrumentation indicated but not fully written out) and in full score on 11 August. After private run-throughs with the pianist Rita Kurzmann in New York (for an audience that included Mischa Elman and Leopold Godowsky) and in Vienna, Louis Krasner, who had commissioned the work, gave the first performance on 19 April 1936 in Barcelona at the opening concert of that year’s International Society for Contemporary Music Festival.
Britten
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Edward Benjamin Britten was born at Lowestoft, Suffolk, England on Saint Cecilia’s Day, 22 November 1913, and died at Aldeburgh Suffolk, on 4 December 1976. On 12 June 1976 he had been created Lord Britten of Aldeburgh in the Queen’s Birthday Honours, the first musician to be elevated to the peerage. Many members of the musical community felt that this distinction was rather devalued when the composer of Jesus Christ Superstar and Phantom of the Opera was similarly made a life peer in the New Year’s Honours of 1997.
Carter
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Carter’s music is difficult but always rewarding to play, and it is very difficult to read (mainly because our notation is designed for music whose flow is more predictable and whose rhythm is not so independent of beat). Because the detail in it is prodigiously abundant as well as fine, it can also be difficult to hear, but my experience has always been that even when one of his works is new to me and I do not follow all (or even most of) the detail, it is overwhelming in its dramatic sweep. Carter is one of the few composers whose music reaches white heat. Demanding and sensuous, pure and theatrical, Carter’s music involves head and heart, passion and fun, the long line and delicious detail, and it provides some of the richest of listening pleasures.
Copland
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

‘Drawing on material he had sketched fairly fully between December 1945 and February 1946, Copland began his Clarinet Concerto, commissioned by Benny Goodman, while on a lecture tour of Latin America in the fall of 1947. He interrupted work on it because a request from Republic Pictures for a score for Lewis Milestone’s The Red Pony was “too good to turn down,” and then wrote Four Piano Blues, finally coming back to the Concerto in August 1948 after his summer teaching stint at Tanglewood. The first performance, on 6 November 1950, was a broadcast by Benny Goodman with Fritz Reiner and the NBC Symphony; the first public concert performance was given on 28 November 1950 by Ralph Mclane, with Eugene Ormandy conducting the Philadelphia Orchestra. The score is dedicated to Goodman.
Korngold
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

At the urging of the great Polish violinist Bronislaw Huberman and drawing on material from his film scores for Anthony Adverse and Another Dawn (both 1936), The Prince and the Pauper (1937), and Juarez (1939), Korngold composed his Violin Concerto in the summer of 1945, completing the orchestration that October. The first performance was given on 15 February 1947 by Jascha Heifetz with Vladimir Golschmann and the Saint Louis Symphony. The work is dedicated to Alma Mahler-Werfel.
Ligeti
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

At the urging of the great Polish violinist Bronislaw Huberman and drawing on material from his film scores for Anthony Adverse and Another Dawn (both 1936), The Prince and the Pauper (1937), and Juarez (1939), Korngold composed his Violin Concerto in the summer of 1945, completing the orchestration that October. The first performance was given on 15 February 1947 by Jascha Heifetz with Vladimir Golschmann and the Saint Louis Symphony. The work is dedicated to Alma Mahler-Werfel.
Martin
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

It is possible to imagine this Concerto as the outcome of a liaison of Stravinsky with Ravel. “I set out to display the musical qualities of the various soloists in the wind and brass groups as well as their virtuosity,” Martin wrote, “and so I made the music brilliant and technically difficult. But I also tried to make the most of the characters of sonority and expression of the seven instruments, which differ so greatly in the manner of producing sound and in their mechanism.” Both the virtuosic element and the conversational manner lead to an engagingly playful, sportive music. This work comes from a time when the writing of concertos particularly interested Martin: the Petite Symphonie concertante for harp, harpsichord, piano, and two string orchestras dates from 1945, the Violin Concerto from 1951, and the Harpsichord Concerto from 1952.
Schuman
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Schuman composed his Violin Concerto on commission from Samuel Dushkin, for whom Stravinsky had written his Violin Concerto and Duo Concertant, and whose “deeply perceptive musical insight” is acknowledged in the original version of the present score. Schuman began the Concerto in the spring of 1946, interrupted it in order to compose Night Journey, a dance score for Martha Graham, and completed it on 13 July 1947. The plan was for Dushkin to give the first performance with Serge Koussevitzky and the Boston Symphony. For reasons not now retrievable, Koussevitzky did not schedule the Concerto in his two remaining Boston seasons; in the event, then, it was not Dushkin who gave the first performance but baac Stern, and with Charles Munch conducting the Boston Symphony.
Sessions
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Sessions began the first movement of his Violin Concerto in 1930 in Rome, continuing the following year at Lutjenberg, a resort on the Baltic Sea, and in Berlin and Hamburg. He wrote the second and third movements over the next two years, for the most part in Berlin, though he finished the third movement in Massachusetts. Sessions wrote the finale in San Francisco in the summer of 1935 and the score is dated “San Francisco, Calif., August 1935”; however, the orchestration was not completed until the fall of that year, in New York. When Sessions began the Violin Concerto, vague plans were made for the first performance to be given in 1931 or 1932 by Max Strub, concertmaster of the Berlin Philharmonic, with Otto Klemperer conducting (Strub also assisted Sessions with violinistic details during his stays in Berlin). The composition, however, took very much longer, and the formal premiere was scheduled for January 1937 with Albert Spalding as soloist and Serge Koussevitzky conducting the Boston Symphony.
From Text to Process Connectionism’s Contribution to the Future of Cognitive Science
Authors: Clark Andy
Published: November 2023

What’s Special About Connectionism?

Connectionist approaches have, in the space of about a decade, transformed the scope and practice of cognitive science. Yet despite this intense activity it is sometimes hard to see what truly fundamental features distinguish the connectionist approach from its rivals. In what follows I try to isolate three such fundamental features. These features together characterize the class of connectionist models of (I claim) greatest philosophical interest. The three features are: I. Superpositional Storage Intrinsic Context-sensitivity Strong Representational Change Superpositional storage and context sensitivity are treated in the first two sections. The next section addresses the question of whether a network can employ only context-sensitive representations and concludes (somewhat surprisingly) that it can. The last section addresses the remaining property of strong representational change.
Different Types of “Times” in GIS
Authors: Frank Andrew U
Published: November 2023

It is generally assumed that different types of time and space are used in geo graphic information systems (GISs), without giving precise definitions. Under standing time and space as types, in the sense often used in the discussion of computer languages, makes precise notions of differences available and relates the notion of type as a model to reality and as an algebra to mathematical theory. Differences are either in the operations applicable to two types or the outcome of the same operations applied to two different types. This can be applied to the notion of types of time, and for each type of time one has to show the applicable operations and their definitions. Different types of time are then recognized by differences in these definitions, which reflect the operations people apply to time facts and the expected outcome according to observations or conventions in different situations. This approach allows us to link models of time to people’s basic experiences.
The Need to Strike First: The Case of Beatrice Bessen
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S
Published: November 2023

I was intrigue by a colleague’s request: Would I please see and evaluate a patient of his, a young woman, even though she was almost immediately leaving the city to return to college. And so I met Beatrice Bessen—an attractive, slender, handsomely dressed young woman. A most interesting person. Not hostile, but deeply rebellious; not iconoclastic, but thoroughly unimpressed by authority; not surly, but beyond being captivated by anyone. I asked her there, in my office, to complete a Psychological Pain Questionnaire. When she handed me the completed form I saw immediately—as the reader can see in Appendix A—that here was a person who really hurt.
The Reagan About-Face
Authors: Powaski Ronald E
Published: November 2023

A number of developments in late 1983 helped break the stalemate in the nuclear arms reduction talks. Perhaps the most important was Ronald Reagan’s increasing concern that his nuclear policies might trigger a nuclear war. Historian Beth Fischer believes that a number of events came together in the fall of 1983 that repeatedly forced Reagan to confront his fears about nuclear annihilation. Reagan’s reaction to these events, she contends, was primarily responsible for the change in his administration’s policy toward the Soviet Union. The first was the KAL 007 disaster in September 1983. lt brought home to Reagan the possibility that human error could produce a nuclear holocaust. “If … the Soviet pilots simply mistook the airliner for a military plane,” he asked, “what kind of imagination did it take to think of a Soviet military man with his finger close to a nuclear button making an even more tragic mistake?”1
Bush and START II
Authors: Powaski Ronald E
Published: November 2023

Passage of the Missile Defense Act was undoubtedly helped by the unsuccessful coup against Gorbachev in August 1991. The coup was attempted by Politburo hard-liners who were particularly upset by Gorbachev’s effort to preserve the Soviet Union by increasing the powers of the republics at the expense of the central government. The new union treaty would have reduced the power (if not eliminated the jobs) of the hard-liners. Shortly before the treaty was scheduled to be signed on August 20, the hard-liners took advantage of Gorbachev’s absence from Moscow and attempted to overthrow him.
The Heirs of Jakobson
Authors: Battistella Edwin L
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we turn to the work of some of Jakobson’s intellectual descendants, linguists working in the broad structuralist tradition who use the opposition between marked and unmarked to inform linguistic or semiotic analysis. In looking at approaches that have drawn on themes from Jakobson’s work on markedness, I hope to develop a clearer picture of markedness and some associated principles that have to do with the assignment and realization of values and to explore how markedness has been extended to other sign domains.
Chomsky on Markedness
Authors: Battistella Edwin L
Published: November 2023

Theories of markedness in the Jakobsonian semantic tradition seem quite different from those of Chomskyan syntax. Yet markedness in generative phonology and in Principles and Parameters syntax share the main theme of Jakobson’s Child Language, Aphasia, and Phonological Universals and Fundamentals of Language, that is, language is treated as manifesting an inherent hierarchy that systematically and predictably unfolds in the course of acquisition. To explore this parallel, I begin by recounting the initial introduction of markedness into generative grammar.
Primitivist Modernism
Authors: Lemke Sieglinde
Published: November 2023

This book offers a bold new account of modernism. By focusing on cubism, primitivist-modernism, jazz, and Josephine Baker’s performance, Lemke demonstrates that black art exerted a crucial if masked presence in both Euro-American high art and popular culture. American and European modernism owe much of their symbolic capital to the black cultural other. Black American artists, for their part, also relied on Euro-American American models. By reappropriating European primitivist-modernism, they invented a sui generis black modernism.
Introduction: Was Modernism Passing?
Authors: Lemke Sieglinde
Published: November 2023

This book is concerned with exploring the formal connections between “white” and “black” cultures in early-twentieth-century art and literature. Instead of juxtaposing white modernism with a “black counter-modernism;’ as Houston Baker does in his important study, Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance, I have sought to trace how both are inextricably interrelated. Nor is this book an attempt to define a pure, black aesthetics, as is Richard J. Powell’s book Blues Aesthetics, Black Culture, and Modernism. Rather than talking about interracial friendships, moments of political cooperation, or an historically ignored black modernism, my focus will be aesthetic collaboration.
Japanese and American Infants’ Responses to Arm Restraint
Authors: Camras Linda A , Oster Harriet , Campos Joseph J , Miyake Kazuo , Bradshaw Donna
Published: November 2023

To a considerable degree, the recent resurgence of interest in emotion within developmental psychology rests on the striking evidence produced almost a quarter of a century ago which demonstrated that certain basic emotions have universally recognized facial expressions (Ekman & Friesen, 1971; Ekman, Sorenson, & Friesen, 1969; Izard, 1971). The data on recognition are often assumed to entail corresponding universality in the production of these prototypic expressions. However, recent research on concept formation (Strauss, 1979) has shown that prototype recognition may be based on abstraction from exemplars that never exactly correspond to the target itself. Furthermore, evidence for the universality of adult facial expressions does not necessarily imply developmental fixity (Oster & Ekman, 1978; Oster, Hegley, & Nagel, in press). Therefore, despite universality in recognition, individual, cultural, and age differences may exist in the spontaneous production of emotional facial expressions. Direct examination of spontaneous facial behavior is necessary both to confirm the universality of adult expressions of emotion and to explicate their origins and development.
Interaction Regulations Used by Schizophrenic and Psychosomatic Patients: Studies on Facial Behavior in Dyadic Interactions
Authors: Steimer-Krause Evelyne , Krause Rainer , Wagner Gunter
Published: November 2023

Hypotheses were elaborated on the basis of the therapeutic experience of one author (R.K.) as well as the clinical psychiatric and experimental empirical findings on the patient groups examined. Our approach was guided by statements found in the psychoanalytic literature on conflicts, defense and forms of transference associated with each group of illnesses, and on the corresponding manifestations of countertransference.
Performance
Authors: Toff Nancy
Published: November 2023

The satisfaction of playing chamber music with friends, and for one’s own pleasure, is undeniable. Ultimately, however, you will want to perform in public, for music is also a spectator (or auditor) activity. The opportunites are many and varied. As a soloist, the first step is to participate in a joint recital. Most music schools and many private teachers hold these regularly. They help students gain confidence and experience in performing for an audience, and they provide experience in playing with accompaniment. They also serve as a reward for a semester or year of hard work, and they enable the participants to judge their progress against that of their peers. For this last reason, larger schools or studios often group students by age or level of ability in order not to discourage or embarrass the less advanced players.
Patterns of Coherence
Authors: Enk Gerrit J Van , Vries Lourens De
Published: November 2023

To facilitate understanding of the texts of chapter 6, some of their major morphosyntactic patterns of coherence are discussed in this chapter.

The texts have as their basic unit single-verb clauses. These are combined into chains of clauses. The clause chains in their tum are connected by devices like tail-head and generic ‘do/be’ verb linkage to form larger stretches of discourse. Although chaining is the dominant type of clause linkage in the texts, there are also other ways to combine clauses, such as subordinate linkage with the connective -kha.
Development of Behavior
Authors: Dilttmann Heinz , Bergmann Hans-Heiner , Englander Wiltraud
Published: November 2023

The main characteristic of behavioral development is change. Changes may be found (a) in the form of a behavioral trait; (b) in the repertoire: new patterns occur, others disappear; (c) in the frequency of a pattern; in the proximate causes that elicit a behavior; and in the functional organization of a behavioral trait. These changes may be affected by genes, the physiological design of the developing bird, and the environment, generally summarized as”differentiation and integration.” Differentiation emphasizes the idea that adult behaviors derive from primitive and crude motor patterns. Integration refers to the development of new central connections between existing preformed parts, such as the coordination of separate motor elements into complex behavior pattern (Coghill 1929; Berridge 1994; Bekoff 1992; Rogers 1995). Few studies have been concerned with information about behavioral differentiation and integration in postnatal development of precocial and altricial birds (Kruijt 1964; Groothuis 1989a, 1994; Dilttmann 1992b; Rogers 1995). It is evident from these studies, however, that differentiation and integration of behaviors can be accompanied by the loss of other behaviors (Thaler 1979; EnggistDilblin 1988; Redondo 1991). Thus, behavioral ontogeny includes progressive and regressive development of behavioral patterns. To give an impression about the contrast between altricial and precocial behavior, we analyze the time of occurrence of a limited number of mainly noncommunicative motor patterns in 13 species distributed broadly across the altricial-precocial spectru_m. This comparison takes into account the fact that maturation plays an important role in the development of motor patterns (Grohmann 1939; Hess 1956; Bentley and Hoy 1970). However, the neuronal maturation of a behavioral trait and its first occurrence in natural performance do not necessarily coincide in time. Smotherman and Robinson (1989) showed that some motor patterns (e.g., facial wiping) are fully developed (hard-wired) in neonatal rats but usually are not performed earlier than the second postnatal week, probably because of a lack of the proper age-specific stimuli.
Whiteboys, nibbonmen, and Molly Maguires
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

Contrary to the nineteenth-century conspiracy theorists, it is highly unlikely that an organization called the “Molly Maguires” was imported directly from Ireland to the United States. Nonetheless, the social structure and cultural practices in the parts of Ireland where the American Mollys originated offer some important clues about the nature of Molly Maguireism in Pennsylvania. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the Irish countryside was infamous for its violence. At the heart of the violence was a mysterious, secret-society tradition that had emerged with the Whiteboy movement of the 1760s. In time, the term Whiteboyism came to be used generically, describing agrarian violence as a whole. So, too, did the term Ribbonism, though there was also a distinct Society of Ribbonmen active in the 1820s and 1830s. The Molly Maguires, who emerged in Ireland in the 1840s, were the last of the long line of rural secret societies that began with the Whiteboys. The American Molly Maguires were a rare transatlantic example of this Irish rural tradition. Without an understanding of Irish rural history, the eventual outbreak of Molly Maguire violence in Pennsylvania makes little sense. A detailed examination is needed, first, of the general pattern of protest and violence in the Irish countryside; and second, of the highly distinctive history and culture of north-central and northwestern Ireland. For it was in this part of Ireland, and the single county of Donegal in particular, that most of the American Molly Maguires originated.
Che World of Anthracite
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

The hard coal district of eastern Pennsylvania was an important industrial center in the nineteenth century. But it was far from the urban paradigm often associated with the industrial revolution. Its cities and towns were separated by long stretches of rural and semirural landscape, much of it mountainous and heavily wooded. Molly Maguireism could never have taken hold in cities like New York or Philadelphia; but the unique geography and topography of the anthracite region were ideally suited to the adaptation to American soil of violent practices derived from the Irish countryside.
The Molly Maguires on Triol
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

The trials of the Molly Maguires began in January 1876 and ended in August 1878. They bordered on a travesty of justice. The trials were conducted under conditions of enormously hostile publicity. The defendants were arrested by private policemen and convicted on the evidence of a detective who was accused of being an agent provocateur. The detective’s evidence was supplemented by a series of informers who turned state’s evidence. Irish Catholics were excluded from the juries as a matter of course. Most of the prosecuting attorneys worked for railroads and mining companies; the star prosecutor at the great showcase trials in Pottsville was none other than Franklin B. Gowen. As one historian has aptly put it: “The Molly Maguire investigation and trials marked one of the most astounding surrenders of sovereignty in American history. A private corporation initiated the investigation through a private detective agency, a private police force arrested the supposed offenders, and coal company attorneys prosecuted-the state provided only the courtroom and hangman.” Some of the men convicted in the Molly Maguire trials were probably innocent of the crimes they were charged with, though there is no way of knowing for certain at this point.Thomas Duffy,James Roarity, and Jack Kehoe, for example, surely ought not to have been convicted as charged.
Block Thursdoy
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

The executions of the Molly Maguires consisted of powerful intimidatory rituals. The heyday of public executions had ended before the Molly Maguires were hanged, but the hangings were public spectacles nonetheless. The Pennsylvania legislature had abolished public executions in 1834 and required that capital punishment be inflicted within the walls or yard of the jail in the county where the criminal was convicted. But the new privacy did not mean that executions ceased to be occasions of ritual and spectacle. “In principle,” as one historian has observed, “private executions were supposed to protect the sensibilities of all citizens, eliminate a scene of public chaos and confusion, and permit the prisoner to die quietly penitent.” In practice, “they became a theatrical event for an assembly of elite men who attended the executions by invitation while the community at large was excluded.” This was certainly the case in the lower anthracite region of Pennsylvania, where a few hundred citizens were granted the privilege of attending the executions of the Molly Maguires, while thousands of their fellow-citizens congregated outside the prison walls. Armed troops and policemen kept guard and ostentatiously paraded the streets of Pottsville and Mauch Chunk. Each of the participants in the rituals of execution had a carefully orchestrated role to play: the condemned men, the Catholic priests, the sheriff and the hangman, the jurors and the doctors, and the privileged observers. Once the hanging was done, the prison gates were thrown open and hundreds of men and women rushed in to inspect the gallows. Moreover, the privatization of hanging in the United States had coincided with the rise of an inexpensive popular press, so these ostensibly private events were portrayed in vivid colors for a wider audience than ever before. In the case of the Molly Maguires, the preparations, procedures, and aftermath of the executions were exhaustively reported in the press and in popular pamphlets and histories, not only in the anthracite region but throughout the United States. Most of this discourse was celebratory and some of it verged on the obscene.
Introduction
Authors: Ehring Douglas
Published: November 2023

Causal judgments are pervasive and apparently ineliminable in the sciences as well as in everyday life. We are almost never free of the task of making causal judgments in our practical lives, and in scientific settings, a high priority is assigned to determining the causal relations that structure our world. Nevertheless, there remains an air of philosophical mystery around this relation. What is the nature of this special tie that concerns us so greatly? What is the nature of the processes that connect causes with their effects? That is the main topic of my study—how causes bring about their effects. Traditionally, an approximate consensus held that causation consisted of a “generalist” component (for example, causal sequences falling under general laws) and a “singularist” component (intrinsic relations that do not depend upon what happens elsewhere or elsewhen). I am interested in the latter component of causation—the singularist tie, if any, that exists between particular causes and their particular effects. Received opinion reduces these singularist connections to certain unremarkable relations, like temporal proximity, and assumes that most of the interesting work is done by the generalist component. In this study, I question this assumption. I argue that cause and effect are locally tied together by more than spatio-temporal relations. In­ deed, the central thesis of this work is that cause and effect are connected by way of a mechanism that is best characterized by reference to qualitative constancy and persistence or, more precisely, the persistence of individual properties or “tropes.”
A Lapful of Apples
Authors: Lankton Larry
Published: November 2023

Horace Greeley, remembering the 1840s, recalled that Lake Superior was not “calculated to attract a ... gourmand.” Food was frequently scarce, sometimes rotten, and often monotonous and boring. Pioneers could not eat a year-round diet of nourishing, varied, and appetizing food. But two or three decades of occupation brought a great deal of change to the Keweenaw diet. In the mid- 184os, a hungry man with a shotgun might walk into the forest, ready to target as food virtually anything that moved; by 1870, he could stroll into a church social and sit down to a dish of strawberries and ice cream.

Local forests, meadows, lakes, and streams continued to offer up food. Gardens and farms cultivated by settlers yielded a modest amount of fruits and vegetables, and some meat and dairy production was undertaken. More and larger supply ships plying the waters of Superior delivered not only a wider array of fresh and preserved foodstuffs to Keweenaw stores but also the cookstoves, kitchenware, and tableware used to prepare and eat meals. Importantly, as more women settled on the Keweenaw, they assumed the lion’s share of the essential task of feeding the population.
Keeping House
Authors: Lankton Larry
Published: November 2023

In the beginning, it was a man’s world. The explorers and geologists were men. The voyageurs were men. Those who cut and burned off the forest and sank the exploratory shafts were men. But where explorations uncovered rich deposits of copper, and where good natural harbors spawned commercial establishments, tent cities and mine camps evolved into communities where men shared the northern frontier with women and children.

When twenty-four-year-old Mary Ann Mulock arrived on the Keweenaw in the early 1850s, she discovered that it was still pretty much a man’s world. The copper industry absolutely depended on the strong arms and backs of vigorous men, and in 1854 men aged twenty-one to forty-five comprised a full 55 percent of the Keweenaw’s total population. That year, adult males out numbered females by a ratio of 3.5 to 1. Right at the mines, women sometimes proved even scarcer. In 1857, men outnumbered women by about 6 to 1 at the Minesota and Rockland mine locations.
Ice Carnivals, Camels, and Sunday Trombones
Authors: Lankton Larry
Published: November 2023

As life and landscape transformed together on the Keweenaw between the early 1840s and early 1870s, settlers enjoyed more security, comfort, and civility. Fewer people coasted along hazardous shores in canoes or other small boats; instead, they booked passage on schooners, side-wheeler steamboats, or propeller ships. Fewer pushed their way through swamps or thickets; instead, they traveled over roads, perhaps even a turnpike or railroad. Fewer were “tanned like Indians,” because frontier society, as it evolved, relocated settlers from the great outdoors to the indoors. And fewer lived like rough-and-tumble vagabonds, packing their possessions from place to place, sleeping on the ground with only a tent overhead; instead, settlers returned night after night to the same shelter and bed.

The harshest of frontier conditions eroded, and the amenities of everyday life multiplied. The days of “indomitable explorers” passed, giving way to the days of more ordinary, less colorful managers, merchants, and working-class men, women, and children. But life on the Keweenaw only became easier; it did not become easy.
East African Ecosystems And Their Conservation
Authors: McClanahan T R , Young T P
Published: November 2023

East Africa is one of the most diverse and interesting tropical area on the planet. It is home not only to the last great megafaunal assemblage, but also to human populations with the highest growth rates. This book draws on the expertise of leading ecologists, each intimately familiar with a particular set of East African ecosystems, to provide the first in-depth and integrated account of the ecology, management, threats, and conservation of these diverse ecosystems. Summarizing the tremendous wealth of scientific research that has come out of East Africa in the last few decades, each chapter analyses a given ecosystem type, taking the reader through the basics of its ecology, its historical use (and misuse) by humans, and its prospects for conservation. Throughout the book, linkages and similarities among ecosystems are emphasized, the historical and contemporary role of humans in shaping these ecosystems is considered, fundamental principles of ecology are considered, and interesting case studies are highlighted. Students and researchers in ecology, conservation biology, and environmental sciences will find this book useful in their work.
The Miombo Woodlands
Authors: Rodgers W A
Published: November 2023

This chapter on the miombo woodlands follows from the previous more generalized chapter on East African savannas. The miombo is, however, much more than a mere variant of the typical East African savanna. Covering some 50% of Tanzania it is the largest single vegetation type in East Africa. It links East Africa floristically and ecologically to south-central Africa. The miombo is distinct in its mixture of climatic and soil characteristics. The unimodal rainfall pattern, and prolonged dry season with severe fires, influence miombo ecology differently from that of savannas with two rainfall peaks per year. In species composition the miombo is largely distinct at the generic level for trees and, therefore, in many aspects of its ecology.
The Quest for Remote Viewing
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

Europe and America were fertile ground for new ideas at the end of the nineteenth century. The great Victorian exhibitions illustrated the wonders of the age. Their illuminated fountains displayed light guiding for all to see; in the halls, visitors saw glass fibers and fabrics. Scientists marveled at the fine quartz fibers Charles Vernon Boys made for his instruments. Innovations in lighting tickled the imaginations of inventors. They sought ways to make moving pictures, and to view events remotely, by sending pictures as well as the sounds they could hear on the telephone. A few realized that arrays of many glass rods or fibers could carry the patterns of light we call images.
99 Percent Perspiration
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

A good idea is not enough to launch a new technology, as the cases of C. W. Hansell, Heinrich Lamm, and Holger Møller Hansen testify. It takes a critical mass of credible evidence to get the idea rolling, careful engineering and a technological infrastructure to make practical devices, and money and marketing savvy to sell them.