bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mycobacterium leprae: ASPECTOS DA RESISTÊNCIA AOS FÁRMACOS NA POLIQUIMIOTERAPIA
Authors: Duo Filho Valter Batista , Belotti Naiara Cristina Ule , Paschoal Vânia Del Arco , Nardi Susilene Maria Tonelli , Pedro Heloisa da Silveira Paro
Published: March 2021

Introdução: O diagnóstico da hanseníase possui números significativos que causam preocupação à saúde pública. Os casos de resistência medicamentosa nessa doença se iniciaram em meados dos anos 60 e diante do problema, a Organização Mundial da Saúde instituiu em 1981 a poliquimioterapia, associação dos antibióticos rifampicina, dapsona e clofazimina, tratamento atual de escolha. A resistência aos fármacos na hanseníase é reportada pela literatura, desvelando um obstáculo à sua eliminação. Apresentamos nessa revisão os principais aspectos da resistência medicamentosa no tratamento para hanseníase e seus impactos. Metodologia: Revisão sistemática sobre os aspectos da resistência medicamentosa utilizando a pesquisa exploratória como metodologia de abordagem. Foram pesquisados os termos resistência medicamentosa, hanseníase, recidiva, alterações genéticas e os operadores booleanos “and” e “or” na busca. Resultados e discussão: A dificuldade de tomar a medicação corretamente foi um dos principais fatores que acarretaram resistência do bacilo Mycobacterium leprae aos fármacos. Homens de países norte e sul-americanos e asiáticos foram os mais atingidos por episódios de resistência. A resistência medicamentosa é uma das principais causas de recidivas em hanseníase. O principal fármaco causador de resistência medicamentosa descrito nos trabalhos foi a dapsona (46,6%) e a maioria das alterações genéticas encontradas estão no gene rpoB; 23,2% dos registros relatados foram de resistência secundária aos fármacos e, também, sete casos de resistência múltipla a esses medicamentos. Conclusão: Os principais aspectos da resistência medicamentosa na hanseníase são os equívocos ao ingerir os medicamentos e as alterações genéticas na bactéria. Os impactos causados estão na dificuldade de refazer o tratamento, a possibilidade de nova transmissão e o aparecimento de sintomas mais graves.
NÍVEL DE APTIDÃO FÍSICA DE ESCOLARES DA REDE PÚBLICA E PRIVADA DA REGIÃO DE LEME-SP
Authors: Da Costa Eduardo Aleixo , De Faria Valquíria Alves , Gallo Igor Santoro , Terossi Maria Beatriz , De Oliveira Thiago Pires , Brigatto Felipe Alves , Tavares Junior Antonio Carlos
Published: March 2021

A aptidão física se relaciona com marcadores de saúde na infância. O objetivo do presente estudo é mensurar os níveis de aptidão física de escolares, de 10 anos, de acordo com as classificações da base de dados do Projeto Esporte Brasil, 2016 e comparar os resultados das avaliações entre os escolares da rede pública e privada. Participaram desse estudo cento e vinte e seis escolares das cidades de Leme e Pirassununga. Foram determinados o Índice de Massa Corporal e Razão Cintura-Estatura dos indivíduos, que também foram avaliados quanto a aptidão cardiorrespiratória, flexibilidade, resistência muscular abdominal, potência de membros superiores, potência  de membros inferiores, agilidade e velocidade. Concluímos que os estudantes da rede pública de ensino apresentaram nível de aptidão física superior em detrimento aos estudantes da rede particular e que os estudantes do sexo masculino da rede privada obtiveram resultados considerados abaixo dos níveis saudáveis para a faixa etária.
Pretrial procedure for disputes settlement associated with challenging transactions of the debtor within the framework of the case of insolvency (bankruptcy)
Authors: Kalinkina Viktoriya Viktorovna
Published: March 2021

The object this research is the social relations developed in terms of the mandatory pretrial of disputes settlement associated with challenging transactions of the debtor. Subject of this research is the set of legal norms regulating the relations in the area of challenging transactions of the debtor, as well as the law enforcement practice. The research is carried out through the prism of consideration of such problem as the absence in the current legislation of the Russian Federation of the norm that establishes compliance with the pretrial procedure for dispute settlement associated with challenging transactions of the debtor. Special attention is given to analysis of the norms of the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, Federal Law No. 127-FZ of 10.26.2002 “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)” and the law enforcement practice. The goal of this work consists in articulation of the problem, substantiation of the need for legislative regulation in the indicated field, as well as development of proposals on improvement of the Bankruptcy Act. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the field of this research has not yet acted as an independent subject of scientific understanding. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that this topic has not previously become a subject of a separate scientific research, as well as in systemic and comparative legal approach, analysis and criticism of legal sources. The conclusion is made on the need for legislative consolidation of the mandatory pretrial disputes settlement associated with challenging transactions of the debtor. The acquired may be valuable in further formulation of the proposals on improvement of legislation and law enforcement practice within the science of Russian law.
Theoretical approaches towards the category “digital environment of trust”
Authors: Kuznetsov Vladimir Ivanovich , Kabytov Pavel Petrovich
Published: March 2021

This article examines the concept of “digital environment of trust”. Elucidation of content of this concept is substantiated by the need to understand the task set in the National Project “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation” aimed at building the digital environment of trust from the perspective of the science of information law. Achievement of the required effectiveness of the project is virtually impossible in the conditions of ambiguity of the applied conceptual-terminological apparatus. The concepts and related terms “electronic”, “digital”, “information”, as well as their derivatives in the science of information law did not received due theoretical reflection, which resulted in their incoherent application. The goal of this work is to form an appropriate scientific representation of the content and essence of the concept of “digital environment of trust”, as well as the possibility of granting it the status of the category of information law. The author explores several methodological approaches towards elucidation of content of the concept of “digital environment of trust”. Taking into consideration the views developed in legal science regarding the content and meaning of legal categories that comprise the categorical apparatus of scientific knowledge of legal phenomena, the concept of “digital environment of trust”, in a broad sense, implies the combination of information resources in digital form; the interaction with such and (or)  their use ensure for legal subjects information security, consistency and unambiguity of the rules and conditions of such interaction, as well as guarantee due diligence and equality of the participants of information exchange. It is demonstrated that the concept of “digital environment” and its derivatives, which are associated with the initial stage of development of new technical means of information exchange and conditioned by it, reflect just the technical and technological fundamental principles of emergence of the modern information law. Therefore, the concept of “digital environment of trust” cannot be addressed as a “basic” scientific category of information law, i.e. overarching, fundamental concept that determines the future scientific research of information relations.
The symbolism of urban space: socio-cognitive approach (based on the material of Yakutsk)
Authors: Pestereva Kiunnei Aidaarovna , Khokholova Irena Semenovna , Kysylbaikova Marina Il'inichna , Vasilyeva Alina Petrovna
Published: March 2021

This article is dedicated to the currently relevant direction in the humanities – the study of city monuments as the tools of commemoration that contribute to the formation of historical and cultural memory in the society. The author classifies the monuments and art objects of Yakutsk by designation, as well as presents the survey results of the citizens on perception of the city’s symbolic space of the city. An overview and analysis of the monuments of Yakutsk demonstrated that they reflect history of the city and the republic, as well as contribute to the formation of sustainable representation of the citizens on the historical events. The most remarkable component in the formation of collective memory and historical identity remains the Memorials of Military Glory. This article reviews an example of the memorial complex “Victory Square” as the major memorial site in the city. It is substantiated by the fact that due to the government’s policy of emphasizing and reconsideration of the role of the Soviet people in victory in the Great Patriotic War, the monument retains its functionality and reminds on the tough years of war experienced by the people. The acquired results indicate that the residents are familiar with the history of their city and support the strengthening of commemorative functions assigned to the monuments. The research is carried out within the framework of project No. 20-011-31324 under the Russian Foundation for Basic Research “The Symbolic Space of Northern Cities of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) in the context of Sociopolitical Processes”.
Oblicze demograficzne Opola na początku XXI wieku
Authors: Zagórowska Agata
Published: March 2021

Opole jako stolica regionu, który w przeszłości zmieniał przynależność państwową i zasięg terytorialny, co skutkowało wielokrotnymi przesunięciami granic wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych oraz ulegał przemianom kulturowo-cywilizacyjnym, współcześnie doświadcza gwałtownych przeobrażeń społecznych. Jednym z głównych jego problemów jest niekorzystny przebieg procesów demograficznych na przełomie XX i XXI w., m.in. depopulacja. Aktualny obraz demograficzny miasta ukształtowało wiele czynników występujących w przeszłości, a zwłaszcza po zakończeniu II wojny światowej, których skutki miasto nadal odczuwa. Celem artykułu było ukazanie depopulacji wraz z towarzyszącymi jej negatywnymi zjawiskami i procesami, identyfikacja jej przyczyn i implikacji poprzez analizę potencjału demograficznego, a tym samym wykazanie, że jego dalszy rozwój jest silnie zdeterminowany demograficznie, a brak odpowiednich działań w zakresie wyhamowania niekorzystnych przeobrażeń w liczbie i strukturze ludności oraz łagodzenia ich skutków może doprowadzić do zmiany statusu Opola zarówno jako miasta dużego, jak i miasta wojewódzkiego. Artykuł stanowi studium przypadku. Perspektywa demograficzna opracowania przesądziła o doborze źródeł i literatury.
Logistyka miasta jako podstawa kształtowania zachowań komunikacyjnych
Authors: Kauf Sabina
Published: March 2021

Stały wzrost wykorzystania indywidualnych środków komunikacji miejskiej potęguje zjawisko kongestii i obniżenie jakości życia w mieście. Dążenie do ograniczenia negatywnych skutków podróży indywidualnych wymaga nie tylko zastosowania zmian organizacyjno-prawnych, ale przede wszystkim zachowań komunikacyjnych mieszkańców. W artykule zaprezentowano podstawowe etapy zmian zachowań mobilnościowych oraz instrumenty wspierające te zmiany.
Wyścigi konne jako element systemu miejskiego – wybrane elementy
Authors: Wincewicz-Bosy Marta
Published: March 2021

Wyścigi konne stanowią jeden z podstawowych elementów biznesu końskiego. Ich realizacja wymaga stworzenia odpowiedniej infrastruktury (toru wyścigowego) najczęściej w  obrębie miasta. Aby wyścigi konne mogły realizować swoje zadania gospodarcze i zootechniczne, konieczne jest współdziałanie ich zarządców z władzami lokalnymi, zwłaszcza w obszarze systemu komunikacyjnego miasta i odpowiedniej lokalizacji hipodromu. Współpraca tych podmiotów może przynieść obopólne korzyści w postaci rozwoju tego typu działalności i działalności pokrewnych oraz przychodów realizowanych dzięki zakładom zawieranym na wyścigach konnych.
SPATIAL PLANNING AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL URBAN TOWNS – VISIONS OF THE 21ST CENTURY
Authors: STRZYŻ Małgorzata , ŚMIGIELSKA Maria
Published: March 2021

Today, spatial planning is playing a more and more significant role in forming spatial development at the local level (municipality, town/city). It is closely connected with numerous documents underlying the implementation of the sustainable policy in the sphere of local development. The article presents an analysis of relevant planning documents at the national level, especially, at the level of the Podlaskie, Świętokrzyskie and Opolskie Voivodeships (provinces). Based on the analysis of spatial functioning in the range of small cities (towns) located in two provinces in the so-called Poland B (Eastern Poland) and one province in the so-called Poland A, the initial recognition of the impact of small urban centres on theregional development was made at different levels. The current economic system rooted in the premises of the innovative development of regions requires conducting detailed studies in the field of investigating its internal structure and external dependencies. As a complex, dynamic mechanism, generating an increase in the quality of life corresponding to the human resources, it also requires an appropriate management remaining in harmony with modern, strategic and spatial economy. The article selectively determines the problems appearing in the economic system of a region and indicates the need to solve the most essential development problems, e.g. those arising due to the obligatory introduction of social and economic scientific descriptions as the fundamental documents for the needs of creating sustainable development of the small-town landscape.
Powiązania funkcjonalne dużego miasta i aglomeracji z otoczeniem regionalnym w kontekście dostępności przestrzennej (przykład Szczecina)
Authors: Chądzyńska Elżbieta
Published: March 2021

Rozwój współczesnych regionów jest wielorako uwarunkowany. Wiąże się on w  znacznej mierze (zwłaszcza w krajach postsocjalistycznych) z procesem globalizacji gospodarki oraz metropolizacji. Ogólnie przyjmuje się, że istnieje wyraźny związek między poziomem rozwoju gospodarczego a jakością infrastruktury transportowej i działalnością transportową niezależnie od skali. W wyniku procesów związanych z metropolizacją kształtuje się nowy typ relacji między dużymi, prężnie rozwijającymi się ośrodkami miejskimi a otaczającym je regionem. Podczas gdy duże miasta mogą rozwijać się niezależnie od silnych związków z bezpośrednim zapleczem, funkcjonowanie regionu i kształtowanie rozwoju regionalnego bez współdziałania z ośrodkiem centralnym jest niemożliwe. Przykład Szczecina jest dość złożony ze względu na położenie – blisko granicy polsko-niemieckiej oraz w bliskim sąsiedztwie dobrze rozwiniętych krajów skandynawskich. Fakt ten wpływa zarówno pozytywnie, jak i  negatywnie na rozwój samego Szczecina i  jego pozycję w  szeroko rozumianym regionie. Przez Szczecin przebiegają ważne szlaki transportowe wiodące przez region, a samo miasto stanowi węzeł komunikacyjny o znaczeniu krajowym i europejskim. Przedstawione w artykule podejście polega na wskazaniu powiązań pomiędzy siecią transportu drogowego a kierunkami rozwoju obszarów o zróżnicowanej dostępności komunikacyjnej względem centrum rozwoju, jakim jest Szczecin. W analizie wykorzystano zatrudnienie  podstawowych działach gospodarki oraz wyniki modelowania dojazdów do pracy.
Transport pasażerski jako element powiązań funkcjonalnych wewnątrz miasta oraz ze strefą podmiejską na przykładzie Wrocławia
Authors: Książek Sławomir
Published: March 2021

Coraz bardziej złożone struktury miejskie wymuszają zmiany oraz permanentny rozwój transportu pasażerskiego. Transport ten zapewnia skomunikowanie poszczególnych jednostek urbanistycznych zarówno w ujęciu wewnątrzmiejskim, jak również ze strefą podmiejską największych polskich miast. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie, w jaki sposób kształtuje się system transportu pasażerskiego w obrębie granic administracyjnych Wrocławia i jego strefy podmiejskiej. Analizie podlegają kierunki oraz natężenie połączeń, rynek przewoźników oraz powiązania systemu transportowego z innymi elementami struktury miejskiej. W nawiązaniu do projektu przedstawiona została sytuacja dotycząca najnowszych zrealizowanych i planowanych projektów inwestycyjnych dotyczących infrastruktury transportu pasażerskiego.
Geoparki jako otwarte muzea dziedzictwa geologicznego w procesie podnoszenia atrakcyjności turystycznej terenów zurbanizowanych
Authors: Strzyż Małgorzata
Published: March 2021

Geoparki mają swoją ugruntowaną pozycję w zakresie promocji i rozwoju regionów, w tym miast, w skali zarówno europejskiej, jak i światowej. Przestrzeń zurbanizowana należy do najsilniej przekształcanych środowisk krajobrazowych, a zarówno jej obecny stan, jak i planowane kierunki wprowadzenia zmian nie zawsze są kompatybilne z obowiązującymi zasadami zrównoważonego rozwoju. Jednym z atrakcyjniejszych kierunków rozwoju miast jest zwiększanie jego atrakcyjności poprzez rozwój geoparków jako miejsca destynacji turystycznej w szerokim znaczeniu tego pojęcia. Ta innowacyjna forma kształtowania krajobrazu zurbanizowanego łączy w sobie wiele funkcji rozwojowych, w tym m.in. rekreacyjną, edukacyjną a  jednocześnie generującą konkretne efekty ekonomiczne. Geopark Kielce, położony w  granicach administracyjnych miasta, stanowi jeden z ciekawszych przykładów wykorzystania przestrzeni do niedawna nieaktywnej gospodarczo do rozwoju funkcji turystyczno-rekreacyjnej, poprawy estetyki lokalnej przestrzeni, a jednocześnie implikującej ekonomiczne efekty i na dodatek, zgodnie z zasadami zrównoważonego rozwoju, przestrzeni zurbanizowanej.
Uzdrowiskowa przestrzeń publiczna w wybranych miejscowościach Dolnego Śląska
Authors: Plachta Olaf
Published: March 2021

Miejscowości uzdrowiskowe charakteryzują się obecnością specyficznych elementów przestrzeni publicznej, które wyróżniają je z grona pozostałych miast. Do elementów tych należą: pijalnie wód mineralnych, parki zdrojowe oraz sanatoria z głównymi budynkami sanatoryjnymi – domami zdrojowymi. Kurorty cechują się również obecnością deptaków łączących najważniejsze obiekty lecznictwa uzdrowiskowego. Wymienione obiekty mogą być uznane za elementy uzdrowiskowej przestrzeni publicznej. W niniejszym opracowaniu została scharakteryzowana uzdrowiskowa przestrzeń publiczna trzech dolnośląskich uzdrowisk – Cieplic Śląskich-Zdroju, Szczawna-Zdroju i Świeradowa-Zdroju.
Ranga miasta w świetle syntetycznego wskaźnika stabilności gospodarczej
Authors: Raźniak Piotr , Dorocki Sławomir , Winiarczyk-Raźniak Anna
Published: March 2021

W niniejszym opracowaniu autorzy starają się zbadać wpływ kryzysu dominującego sektora na potencjał gospodarczy miasta. Do tego celu utworzono indeks stabilności, który ukazuje trwałość pozycji miasta w ujęciu globalnej hierarchii ekonomicznej miast w odniesieniu do ich zrównoważonego rozwoju sektorowego ośrodka. Założeniem konstrukcji wskaźnika było przekonanie, że ośrodki, które mają wąską specjalizację sektorową, mimo ich często wysokiej pozycji gospodarczej, są bardziej wrażliwe na zmiany koniunktury światowej niż te miasta, w których strategiczne podmioty gospodarcze reprezentują różne sektory gospodarki. W niemal połowie analizowanych miast najbardziej rozwiniętymi sektorami były finanse (financials) oraz surowcowy (materials). Najbardziej zróżnicowanym kontynentem była Azja, gdzie nie ma wyraźnej dominacji sektorowej, natomiast stwierdzono taką w Europie i Ameryce Północnej. Wykazano także, iż wysoki poziom powiązań międzynarodowych generalnie negatywnie wpływa na odporność miasta na kryzys gospodarczy.
Proces starzenia się ludności miejskich obszarów funkcjonalnych (MOF) w Polsce w latach 1990–2016
Authors: Wójtowicz Mirosław , Kurek Sławomir , Gałka Jadwiga
Published: March 2021

Proces starzenia się ludności, który nasilił się w Polsce na przełomie XX i XXI w., przebiegał szczególnie intensywnie w miastach. Jego tempo i wielkość uwarunkowane były sytuacją ekonomiczną ośrodków miejskich oraz tym, jak udało im się przejść transformację gospodarczą. Współczesne miasta oraz zachodzące w nich procesy społeczno-demograficzne, coraz silniej wiążą się z sąsiadującymi z nimi obszarami wiejskimi, tworząc miejskie obszary funkcjonalne (MOF). Celem artykułu jest zbadanie tempa oraz przestrzennego zróżnicowania procesu starzenia się ludności w miejskich obszarach funkcjonalnych. W badaniach wzięto do analizy 151 MOF-ów podzielonych na sześć poziomów hierarchicznych. Zaawan-sowanie procesu starzenia się mieszkańców MOF-ów badano w podziale na rdzeń i strefę zewnętrzną. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują, że w analizowanym okresie starzenie ludności MOF-ów przebiegało szybciej, niż pozostałych, peryferyjnych obszarów kraju. Należy jednak podkreślić, że oficjalne dane wykorzystane w badaniach nie uwzględniają nierejestrowanego odpływu migracyjnego z obszarów peryferyjnych, co może wpływać na zaniżenie poziomu starości ich mieszkańców. Na początku lat 90. XX w. proces starzenia się był najbardziej zaawansowany w MOF-ach ulokowanych najwyżej w hierarchii, jednakże z upływem czasu doszło do jego konwergencji. Natomiast w obrębie poszczególnych typów MOF-ów utrzymuje się podział na bardziej zaawansowane w procesie starzenia się rdzenie i „młodsze” strefy zewnętrzne.
Heterogeneidade e homogeneidade nas línguas
Authors: Kenedy Eduardo
Published: March 2021

O artigo apresenta o contexto do surgimento e do desenvolvimento da teoria das múltiplas gramáticas (ROEPER, 1999, 2016; AMARAL & ROEPER, 2004, 2014; ABOH, 2015, 2020; KENEDY, 2016, 2018) como um esforço em trazer a realidade heterogênea das línguas naturais para a caracterização gerativista da competência linguística de um falante. Discute o trabalho de Souza (2019) e argumenta que a articulação entre orações em sentenças do português brasileiro representa uma variabilidade relativa ao desempenho linguístico – a saber, a memória de trabalho – e, assim, não encerra um caso de múltiplas gramáticas.
Novel Technology for Sand Management at Ageing Field: Cost Optimisation of Offshore Sand Handling and Disposal
Authors: Che Daud M Faizal , Shaffee Siti Nur , Myo Thant Maung Maung
Published: March 2021

Excessive sand production is synonymous with aging fields and increased water production. Some offshore fields in Malaysia produce sand in the range of tonnes per day. Conventionally, the produced sand needs to be sent onshore for treatment, increasing the OPEX for a field with an already declining production. This paper presents a newly developed technology to help operators in handling and disposal of produced sand offshore.

A hybrid system of a unique mechanical agitation and the chemical solution was developed for offshore sand cleaning. The system aims to remove Oil-in-Water (OIW) and Oil-in-Sand (OIS) content according to the local regulations and requirements for offshore disposal. In the lab-scale screening, the best performing deoiling chemical for oil removal from the sand was achieved using novel chemical formulations containing surfactants with higher water affinity (hydrophilic). In the bench-scale prototype evaluation, the deoiling chemical was coupled with a mechanical system. A semi-automated, pilot-scale unit with the capacity to handle approximately 1 metric tonne of oily sand was constructed and used for further testing.

In the lab stage, the sand deoiling formulation was identified and optimized. Up to bench-scale testing, only 30ppm of deoiling chemical is required to clean the field sand to OIS of <1wt% and OIW of less than 40ppm. The effectiveness of mechanical agitation and low dosage of chemical deoiling is further proven via testing using the pilot-scale unit.

It has been shown that a superior cleaning quality meeting the onboard disposal specification can be achieved via this system compared to existing technology which is based on only mechanical means. An example of potential sand cleaning system integration and tie-in to an existing offshore facility with excessive sand production is also discussed in this work. The compact sand cleaning system is a novel technology to reduce OIS content, leading to reduced sand handling and disposal OPEX for aging fields.
Drill Bits Evolution in Lump-Sum Turnkey Project Delivers Up to 70 Percent ROP Improvement
Authors: Ullah Syed Zahoor , Ruzhnikov Alexey , Siddik Syed , Sizov Maxim , Alfakih Abdulqawi
Published: March 2021

Drilling rate of penetration (ROP) is one of the variables that influences well delivery timing and cost. ROP is affected by many factors, including but not limited to rock strength, well profile, bottom hole assembly (BHA) design, challenging formations per section, and drill bit selection. In one of the drilling projects in the Middle East, the primary method chosen to improve well delivery is to focus on optimizing the drill bit design to improve ROP while delivering other drilling objectives.

As the project progressed, the ROP plateaued in most of sections in the field. The drilling team collaborated with the drill bit engineering to launch a drill bit optimization campaign in various hole sizes ranging from 16-in to 6⅛-in.

Since fixed-cutter bits are predominantly used in these sections, improvements are made to the existing drill bit designs by replacing the cutting elements with more efficient 3D polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters or 3DC. 3DC cutters have different shapes, uniquely designed to tackle different drilling challenges.

Using an in-house petrophysical log analysis program, each formation drilled in this field was analyzed and drilling challenges and ROP values were compared against previous performance. This information paired with finite element analysis (FEA) for dynamic drilling simulation was used to optimize drill bit selection. This conceptual workflow was followed to avoid costly field tests and ensure that the newly designed drill bit performs flawlessly downhole.

Other design elements, such as choosing bit body material, were also incorporated by converting matrix-bodied to steel-bodied, which not only improved the ROP but also reduced the cost-per-foot (CPF).

Initially the bit optimization program enabled ROP improvement in the 16-in section by 36% from 53 ft/h to 73 ft/h by replacing the roller-cone bit with a matrix-bodied fixed-cutter bit. Moreover, the drilling team further improved their performance, achieving 118 ft/hr. ROP when using the steel-bodied bit.

With successful deployment of 3DC cutters in Middle East, ridged diamond element was introduced in the 8½-in section and successfully improved overall ROP by 11%. In addition, the 6⅛-in section showed 25% improvement in ROP following several design iterations that utilized two different types of 3DC cutters. By the end of the drill bit optimization campaign, the operator was able to improve the drilling curve and save up to 2.5 days per well. The 3DC cutters also helped eliminate the risk of bit failure in the 8½-in section, wherein offset wells several bits were required to complete the section.

With the performance mindset, new technology deployment made it faster to test new bit designs. This helped with getting early data point for analysis before being able to test in the different fields in the area.
First Attempt of Injection-Production Integrated Technology for Steam Stimulation in Bohai Bay, China
Authors: Bai Jianhua , Yu Fahao , Jiang Zhaoping , Li Yue , Shang Baobing , Yan Maosen
Published: March 2021

There is abundant heavy oil resource in Bohai Oilfield and steam stimulation has proven an effective method through several field pilots. Till now, all steam stimulation is conducted by two-trips string for steam injection and oil production individually. That is, when the process of steam injection, soaking and blowout is finished, an oil production string will replace the downhole string through workover operation. According to statistics, the operating charge in one huff-and-puff cycle is more than 2.5 million Yuan. Besides, workover operation takes more than 26 days and results in about 1000 m3 kill fluid leak, which greatly reduce the thermal recovery effect.

Considering the drawbacks of two-trips string technology, a new injection-production integrated technology by jet pump, namely single-trip string realizing steam injection and oil production, is developed, which includes downhole string system and surface technological process system. The downhole string provides passages for steam injection and oil production. The temperature and pressure resistance of string system could reach as high as 350°C and 35MPa, respectively, which can adapt to the high temperature environment during steam injecting. The surface technological process system can separate 279m3/d producing fluid and supercharge the power fluid as high as 25MPa, which meet the needs of thermal well production.

The new technology tested in X well. More than 6000 m3 steam with 356°C temperature and 16MPa pressure was injected. The downhole string system and Christmas tree withstood the HTHP test and kept in good condition. During oil production, the surface technological process ran run steadily. The pressure of plunger pump was up to 20MPa and more than 120m3 produced fluids were separated by the separator. Compared with two-trips string technology, the new technology saved 2 million Yuan and 21 operating days. Besides, no kill fluid leaked, which improves thermal recovery effect.

This is the first time that injection-production integrated technology for steam stimulation is developed and put into field trial. The favorable application result indicates that this technology will promote the high-efficient exploitation of heavy oil in Bohai Bay.
Surface Casing Cum Production Casing Well Design – Extreme but Techno-economically Acceptable Approach
Authors: M Yusof M Hatta , A Halim Rahimah , Ahmad Fauzi Nurfaridah , Sella Thurai Ahgheelan , Khalid M Zulfarid , Omar Ahmad Faiz , Sulaiman M Zarkashi
Published: March 2021

2020 marks another challenging year for O&G sector, with the operators being in an uphill battle to survive the plunging oil price. With CAPEX rationalization underway, future field development may only be prospective via implementation of low-cost Field Development Plan (FDP). As well cost is a significant component of development CAPEX, low well cost must be pursued, by designing fit-for-purpose wells. For relatively shallow (≈2000 m-MD in meterage drilled) wells, a simple well design consisting of only two-hole sections (excluding Conductor) shall be considered. This design approach though, may require the Surface Casing to also be the Production Casing (if only Production Liner will be ran in the production hole section or if open hole completion is feasible or if cemented monobore completion strategy is adopted). This aspect of casing design (having Surface cum Production Casing) does indeed pose well integrity concerns as the quality of cement behind the Surface cum Production Casing is uncompromisable to ensure no gas can breach to surface. This paper discusses the design measures than can be incorporated into the well trajectory, cementing plan, and production surveillance in order to support the feasibility of Surface cum Production Casing concept.
First Successful Application of Digital Intelligent Artificial Lift DIAL System in Dual Strings in B Field Applying Lessons Learnt from its First Pilot Application in Different Field in Same Offshore Malaysia
Authors: Kumar Suman , Ismail Mohamad Sazwan , Salleh Nurfarah Izwana , Amsidom Amirul Adha , M Ghazali M Haziq , Rozlan M Rizwan , A Karim M Azan
Published: March 2021

There are five wells planned to be drilled in B field infill campaign starting Q3 2020 - Q1 2021 as per development plan. Two wells are planned to be installed with Digital Intelligent Artificial Lift (DIAL) system, which one in single string completion and another one in dual string completion. This paper will mainly describe on the DIAL application in dual strings completion in B field.

The DIAL system has circumferential 3 active orifice valves to open/ close selectively or in combination, which is communicated and operated through TEC cable from surface remotely. Given that this will be the second DIAL system installation in the world, a back up gas lift mandrel (GLM) will be installed to mitigate the risk in case the DIAL system fails to work due to any unprecedented reason so that conventional gas lift valve can be installed in GLM and gas lift operations can be commensed.

The world's first DIAL installation in dual strings was completed in a different field offshore Malaysia in Q2 2020. During well completion and system installation, all the DIAL units in short string were functioning well, however there were some issues initially observed in Continuity Resistance (CR) inconsistent reading during run in hole completion and then total failure was observed in long string after its installation based on CR test, TDR (Time Domain Refractometer) test, and Scope Test due to unprecedented technical issue which affected the downhole cable to receive and send electrical signal to operate DIAL valves. The risk assessment has been conducted with associated parties based on the failure analysis and lessons learnt from the first DIAL application in dual strings in order to implement mitigation plan and proceed with DIAL application in B field. This step is very crucial to build the learning curves as well as improve the operator's understanding on for future DIAL application in dual strings.

This paper will summarize the DIAL tool functionality and its design, failure analysis & lessons learnt from other field offshore Malaysia, and risk assessment & mitigation plan carried out for the DIAL application in dual strings in B field. It marks the second application in the world at present & first successful DIAL application in dual strings worldwide presently.
Pushing the Limits in Offshore Mexico
Authors: Vizcarra Marin Hector Hugo , Ngan Alex , Pineda Roberto , Gomez Juan Carlos , Becerra Jose Antonio
Published: March 2021

Given the increased demands on the production of hydrocarbons and cost-effectiveness for the Operator's development wells, the industry is challenged to continually explore new technology and methodology to improve drilling performance and operational efficiency. In this paper, two recent case histories showcase the technology, drilling engineering, and real-time optimization that resulted in record drilling times.

The wells are located on shallow water in the Gulf of Mexico, with numerous drilling challenges, which typically resulted in significant Non-Productive Time (NPT). Through close collaboration with the Operator, early planning with a clear understanding of offset wells challenges, well plan that minimize drilling in the Upper Cretaceous "Brecha" Formation were formulated. The well plan was also designed to reduce the risk of stuck pipe while meeting the requirements to penetrate the geological targets laterally to increase the area of contact in the reservoir section. This project encapsulates the successful application of the latest Push-the-Bit Rotary Steerable System (RSS) with borehole enlargement technology through a proven drilling engineering process to optimize the drilling bottomhole assembly, bit selection, drilling parameters, and real-time monitoring & optimization

The records drilling times in the two case histories can be replicated and further improved. A list of lessons learned and recommendations for the future wells are discussed. These include the well trajectory planning, directional drilling BHA optimization, directional control plan, drilling parameters to optimize hole cleaning, and downhole shocks & vibrations management during drilling and underreaming operation to increase the drilling performance ultimately. Also, it includes a proposed drilling blueprint to continually push the limit of incremental drilling performance through the use of RSS with hydraulics drilling reamers through the Jurassic-age formations in shallow waters, Gulf of Mexico.
Lesson Learnt from First Application of Openhole Stand-Alone Screen OHSAS with Autonomous Inflow Control Devices AICD in Oilfield Offshore East Malaysia
Authors: Tang Catherine, Ye , Tan Kok Liang , Riyanto Latief , Tusimin Fuziana , Sapian Nik Fazril , Sharim Noor Azima
Published: March 2021

Well#1 was completed as horizontal oil producer with Openhole Stand-Alone Sandscreens (OHSAS) across a thin reservoir with average thickness of 20ft in Field B. The first Autonomous Inflow Control Device (AICD) in PETRONAS was installed to ensure balanced contribution across horizontal zones with permeability contrasts and to prevent early water and gas breakthrough. Integrated real-time reservoir mapping-while-drilling technology for well placement optimization combined with industry-leading inflow control simulator for AICD placement were opted. The early well tests post drilling showed promising results with production rate doubled the expected rate with no sand production, low water cut and lower Gas to Oil Ratio (GOR).

Reservoir Management Plan (RMP) for this oil rim requires continuous gas injection into gas cap and water injection into aquifer. However, due to low gas injection uptime caused by prolonged injection facilities constraints, the well's watercut continued to increase steadily from 0% to 80% within a year of production despite prudent surveillance and controlling of production during injector's downtime. After the gas injection performance has improved, the well was beaned up as part of oil rim management for withdrawal balancing. Unfortunately, a month later, the production rate showed a sudden spike with significantly low wellhead pressure, followed by hairline leak on its choke valve and leak at Crude Oil Transfer Pump (COTP) recycle line. Sand analysis by particle size distribution (PSD) confirmed OHSAS failure, while the high gas rate from well test results confirmed AICD failure.

A multidisciplinary investigation team was immediately formed to determine the root cause of the failure event. Root Cause Failure Analysis (RCFA) method was opted to determine the causes of failures, including the reanalyzing of the OHSAS and AICD completion design. The well operating strategy was also reviewed thoroughly by utilizing the well parameters trending provided in the Exceptional Based Surveillance (EBS) Process Information (PI) ProcessBook.

Thorough RCFA concluded that frequent platform interruptions and improper well start-up practices have created abrupt pressure changes in the wellbore, which has likely destabilized the natural sand pack around the OHSAS and created frequent burst of sand influx across AICDs. The operating of a high gas-oil ratio (GOR) and high watercut sand prone well without pre-determined AICD sand erosion toleration envelope have also likely contributed to the failure of AICDs. The delay in detection of OHSAS failure in Well#1 due to ineffective sand monitoring method thus resulted in severe sand production which caused severe leak at its choke valve and COTP recycle line.
Wait on Weather WOW Impact Trending in Malaysia Water: Comprehensive Data Analytics Led to Safe and Optimum Well Planning and Offshore Execution
Authors: A Halim Rahimah , Mhd Yusof M. Hatta , M Khalid M. Hanafi , Wong Hao Xiang , Sulaiman M. Zarkashi
Published: March 2021

Drilling operation in Malaysia are typically from offshore, thus offshore weather condition does contributed to the success or delay of a drilling operation. Wait on Weather (WOW) especially during monsoon season in Malaysia has impacted Operator's drilling operation, thus incurring additional cost to Operator. Monsoon season in Malaysia is typically from November to February every year. This paper will discuss and share the statistics of actual WOW happening from 2008 to 2019 in Malaysia water especially for jack-up rig (JUR) and tender assisted drilling rig (TADR) which are two common rigs in Malaysia water. The data was collected from one of the drilling operator in Malaysia. These data will be of assistance to Operator in better planning and executing drilling operation with the actual statistics as the risk factor. WOW is considered as non-productive time (NPT), thus NPT data gathering from Operators in Malaysia water were conducted. Data was then filtered to achieve the WOW data. WOW data was segregated between region in Malaysia which are Peninsular Malaysia (PM), Sabah (SB) and Sarawak (SK) as well as rig type, which are JUR and TADR. Distribution analysis were made to calculate the average and observe the maximum numbers of actual WOW occurrence. Further analysis was made to zoom into monsoon season in Malaysia which typically in November to February. 11 years data is generally good coverage for the analysis since it covers the up and down of oil and gas industry. Analysis was also done for both mob/demob and operation stage where it can be observed that WOW for mob/demob stage during monsoon season is significantly higher compared to operation stage. At the end of the analysis, the average or maximum numbers of WOW will be shared, and it will be used as recommendation for future projects to consider these figures as WOW risk factor and embed in the planning stage. This paper will help not only Operators in Malaysia water but the host authority on understanding the WOW risk factor during monsoon season. As WOW is not something that can be predicted, utilizing the standard results from actual statistic data for the past 11 years will assist engineers to incorporate the WOW risk factor during planning and execution stage. Rig and project sequencing can be optimized with understanding of WOW impact thus reducing the value leakage during operation due to WOW.
Wellbore Shielding Technique Increases Operative Window, Avoiding Formation Instability and Losses, Minimizing NPT, and Optimizing Drilling Operations in the Unconventional Plays
Authors: Lopez Gaston , Vidal Gonzalo , Hedegaard Claus , Maldonado Reinaldo
Published: March 2021

Losses, wellbore instability, and influxes during drillings operations in unconventional fields result from continuous reactivity to the drilling fluid causing instability in the microfractured limestone of the Quintuco Formation in Argentina. This volatile situation becomes more critical when drilling operations are navigating horizontally through the Vaca Muerta Formation, a bituminous marlstone with a higher density than the Quintuco Formation.

Controlling drilling fluids invasion between the communicating microfractures and connecting pores helps to minimize seepage losses, total losses, wellbore fluid influxes, and instabilities, reducing the non-productive time (NPT) caused by these problems during drilling operations. The use of conventional sealants – like calcium carbonate, graphite, asphalt, and other bridging materials – does not guarantee problem-free drilling operations. Also, lost circulation material (LCM) is restricted because the MWD-LWD tools clearances are very narrow in these slim holes.

The challenge is to generate a strong and resistant seal separating the drilling fluid and the formation. Using an ultra-low-invasion technology will increase the operative fracture gradient window, avoid fluid invasion to the formation, minimize losses, and stop the cycle of fluid invasion and instability, allowing operations to maintain the designed drilling parameters and objectives safely.

The ultra-low-invasion wellbore shielding technology has been applied in various fields, resulting in significantly improved drilling efficiencies compared to offset wells. The operator has benefited from the minimization of drilling fluids costs and optimization in drilling operations, including reducing the volume of oil-based drilling fluids used per well, fewer casing sections, and fewer requirements for cementing intervals to solve lost circulation problems.

This paper will discuss the design of the ultra-low-invasion technology in an oil-based drilling fluid, the strategy for determining the technical limits for application, the evaluation of the operative window with an increase in the fracture gradient, the optimized drilling performance, and reduction in costs, including the elimination of NPT caused by wellbore instability.
Closed Loop Nitrified Foam MPD Delivers Unprecedented Drilling Performance in a Mature Sour Gas Field in Pakistan
Authors: Khalid Ali , Ashraf Qasim , Luqman Khurram , Hadj-Moussa Ayoub , Ghulam Nabi Agha , Bari Khan Faizan , Azhar Khan Muhammad
Published: March 2021

As oil and gas reserves mature the world over, operators are looking towards advanced methods of increasing the ultimate recovery from their ageing fields. An energy deficient country of Pakistan relies heavily on oil and gas imports. The country was once self sustaining in at least natural gas needs. A major portion of this gas was produced from the Field-X which was discovered in the 1950’s.

The primary reservoir in Field-X is the YZ-Limestone reservoir which bears sour gas. Due to extensive production from the YZ-Limestone formation, the reservoir pressure has depleted to a mere 2.0 PPG in equivalent mud weight, and it being a naturally fractured limestone formation presents numerous drilling challenges. The operator has evaluated a potential higher pressured formation in the deeper horizons of sui field but that requires drilling through approximately 650-690 meters of the YZ-Limestone formation. This feat when attempted conventionally is plagued with numerous problems like, total lost circulation, differential sticking, influxes due to the loss of a sufficient hydrostatic head, and stuck pipe following well control events.

To mitigate these challenges the operator, need an effective method to drill through this depleted formation without pumping heavy LCM pills, and multiple cement plugs across the massive cavernous thief zones in the YZ-Limestone formation which could have been detrimental to the production of nearby wells. Moreover, such remedies with specialized LCM’s and acid soluble plugs would have resulted in excessive material cost and non-productive time, which in some instances extended to a period of more than a month.

To address the aforementioned challenges in drilling the YZ-Limestone formation, a multiphase managed pressure drilling system was suggested to drill the formation with minimal non-productive time and cost. Multiphase hydraulics were performed to assess appropriate pumping parameters for a near-balanced condition across the YZ-Limestone formation. A closed loop MPD equipment system was designed to help maintain near-balanced conditions in pumping and static (non-circulating) periods. The designed equipment system would also ensure that the risk of H2S exposure to the atmosphere was eliminated.

The application of a closed loop nitrified mpd system on a recently drilled well proved to be highly successful and reduced the drilling time to just 28 hours by not only eliminating fluid lost circulation but by also delivering an extremely high rate of penetration of 39.2 m/hr. The successful and exemplary application of nitrified MPD has opened up a new horizon for the development of deeper prospects in the Field-X and similar neighboring fields. The paper outlines the design and execution of the closed loop nitrified MPD system.