bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Innocence of Pontius Pilate
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

The gospels and ancient historians agree: Jesus was sentenced to death by Pontius Pilate, the Roman imperial prefect in Jerusalem. To this day, Christians of all churches confess that Jesus died 'under Pontius Pilate'. But what exactly does that mean? Within decades of Jesus' death, Christians began suggesting that it was the Judaean authorities who had crucified Jesus—a notion later echoed in the Qur'an. In the third century, one philosopher raised the notion that, although Pilate had condemned Jesus, he'd done so justly; this idea survives in one of the main strands of modern New Testament criticism. So what is the truth of the matter? And what is the history of that truth? David Lloyd Dusenbury reveals Pilate's 'innocence' as not only a neglected theological question, but a recurring theme in the history of European political thought. He argues that Jesus' interrogation by Pilate, and Augustine of Hippo's African sermon on that trial, led to the concept of secularity and the logic of tolerance emerging in early modern Europe. Without the Roman trial of Jesus, and the arguments over Pilate's innocence, the history of empire—from the first century to the twenty-first—would have been radically different.
“These Things Were Reported to Tiberius”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

In the late 1920s an Austrian historian of religion, Robert Eisler, introduced a riveting new theory about the trial and death of Jesus. On the strength of a dossier of Old Russian manuscripts, Eisler became convinced that Jesus went to Jerusalem shortly before his death with a cohort of “secretly armed” disciples. Once in the holy city, Eisler conjectured, Jesus and his cohort of fighters must have gained control of “the strongly fortified Temple”. It is this action which must have led to Jesus’ arrest and death. Eisler’s most momentous claim, however, is that Pilate’s notes on Jesus’ trial were rediscovered the nineteenth century and published in the early twentieth century. This chapter examines some of Eisler’s sources, and his place in the reception-history of Jesus’ Roman trial. Eisler is unique for his stress on the fascinating question of what Pilate wrote.
“Christ Himself Committed Robberies”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

It is strange that historians of early Christianity and have not made more of this, but in the years before his death Rome’s last pagan emperor, Maximin Daia (or Daza), tried to halt Constantine’s Christian revolution by promulgating a text entitled Memoirs of Pilate. One of the last tactical moves of Rome’s last pagan emperor, therefore, centered on the figure of Pilate. What is more, Daia’s Memoirs of Pilate seem to have dramatized the Roman’s innocence. In a broad sense, we could say that the last political doctrine promulgated by Rome’s last pagan emperor was—the innocence of Pontius Pilate. It is Pilate’s name which seems to preside, in Daia’s eastern territories, during Rome’s final concerted persecution of the church. This chapter shows what we know about Daia’s Memoirs of Pilate, and why they are of world-historical significance.
“Domitian Did Not Condemn Them”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

The Platonic philosopher Hierocles claimed—and some modern exegetes have claimed—that Jesus and his followers engaged in violence. This non-Christian tradition is contradicted, not only by the gospels but by an ancient tradition from Palestine in which Jesus’ cousins, facing a Roman emperor, echo the words of Jesus before Pilate: “My kingdom is not of this world.” If this piece of Christian tradition can be trusted, the trial of Jesus’ cousins may have changed the Roman policy towards Christians in the latter part of the first century CE. But the historicity of this trial is immaterial. The argument of this chapter (and of this book) is that the saying attributed to Jesus by the writer of John, and the idea attributed to Jesus’ cousins by later Christian writers, altered the history that we still inhabit.
“Jesus is Going to Be Stoned”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

Anti-Semitic interpretations of the gospels and Christian hostility towards Jews are both rooted, in terribly complex ways, in the first centuries of the Christian era. The death of Jesus is certainly the “most resentment-laden” theme in Christian history. But this chapter argues that it is not a sign of primitive Christian resentment that the gospels depict a Judaean moment in Jesus’ legal ordeal in Jerusalem—an ordeal which culminates in a Roman verdict, and a Roman punishment. In fact, the Judaeans’ condemnation of Jesus is less decisive in the gospels than in many revered Judaic texts. This chapter thus seeks to reconstruct a Judaic ‘passion’ narrative in which Jesus dies, and Pilate is innocent, from the ‘Judaean’ testimonies of a pagan philosopher (Celsus), from the pages of an illustrious rabbinic collection (Babylonian Talmud), and from a tradition of parodic ‘gospels’ (Toledot Yeshu).
“Christ Willed Himself to Lack Authority”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

One of the first rectors of the University of Paris, Marsilius of Padua, is commonly seen as the first theorist of secularity. This chapter demonstrates that Jesus’ Roman trial is of fundamental importance for Marsilius’ political thought. Indeed, it is claimed here that the conceptual architecture of Marsilius’ Defender of the Peace cannot be reconstructed without close attention to the Roman trial of Jesus. “Christ willed himself to lack authority in this world-age”, writes Marsilius, “in as much as he said: ‘My kingdom is not of this world.’” This dominical saying is taken as a dramatic and irreversible renunciation, by the Son of God, of all secular jurisdiction. What is more, Augustine is Marsilius’ authority for this interpretation of Jesus’ saying. One probable line of transmission for Augustine’s interpretation of this saying is The Chain of Gold, a patristic commentary collated by Thomas Aquinas. Therefore, Aquinas may have a significant place in the history of secularity—not for anything that he wrote, but for something he edited.
“A Power which He Refused”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

In Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan, as in other early modern treatises, a philosophical defense of the secular is coupled with a theological defense. In the case of Hobbes, his philosophical argument is made in parts I and II of Leviathan, and his theological argument is made in parts III and IV. The latter parts of Leviathan are of no interest to most late modern readers, but to early modern readers the opposite was the case. Many iconic texts in European history may owe most of their influence to forms of reasoning, and to blocs of text, that interest late modern readers the least. This chapter offers a reading of the Leviathan which centers upon Jesus’ words to Pilate: “My Kingdom is not of this world.” It is demonstrated here, for the first time, that there is more in Leviathan about the kingdom of Christ being “not of this world” than there is about Hobbes’s notorious “war of every one against every one”.
Epilogue
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the Roman trial of Jesus is the origin of Christian Europe’s fissile politics. Yet it seems to have gone unremarked in the literature on Rousseau’s thought that he rejects the Christian political legacy on the strength of his interpretation of Jesus’ Roman trial. Rousseau cites this trial at a critical moment of his Social Contract: “Jesus came to set up on earth a spiritual kingdom, which, by separating the theological system from the political system, led to the state’s ceasing to be one, and caused the internal divisions which have never ceased to convulse Christian peoples.” Salient in Rousseau’s theory of history is the moment when Jesus testifies to what he calls a “so-called kingdom of the other world” (prétendu royaume de l’autre monde). And when is that? None of Rousseau’s eighteenth-century readers could have failed to hear, in this, Jesus’ utterance before Pilate: “My kingdom is not of this world” (John 18:36). This is Jesus’ world-historical idea which, in Rousseau’s words, “could never have entered the head of pagans”.
Logic
Authors: Cotnoir A. J. , Varzi Achille C.
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers whether mereology should rightly be thought of as a first-order theory with parthood as a binary predicate. It considers extensions of classical mereology aimed at overcoming the expressive limits of standard first-order languages, focusing on second-order and plural formulations. Relatedly, Lewis’s megethology and applications to the philosophy of mathematics are discussed. Then, several ways of modifying the framework to make room for mereological considerations involving time and modality are presented, such as the possibility that an object may have different parts at different times, or that it could have had different parts from the ones it actually has. Finally, a number of theories are expounded that can be developed in order to deal with the phenomenon of mereological indeterminacy, i.e., the fact that in some cases the very question of whether something is part of something else does not appear to have a definite answer.
Plurals and Mereology
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Linnebo Øystein
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides a systematic comparison of plural logic and an atomistic version of classical mereology. Since these two systems are mutually interpretable, it is formally possible to eliminate one in favor of the other. However, reasons are offered to retain both systems. In particular, mereology is a useful tool for the analysis of plurals in natural language.
Normative Background: The Dis-abled Subject in International Human Rights Law
Authors: de Beco Gauthier
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers how the legal subject has been construed in the field of international human rights law. It argues that the notion of human rights has come to give priority to the able-bodied individual. It then suggests that the CRPD has given this notion a more real dimension through its consideration for distinct forms of embodiment. The chapter goes on to argue that disability can help broaden the range of human variety considered in the concept of human rights. It subsequently analyses Fineman’s vulnerability theory and how it actually fits with the concept of disability, as well as its usefulness in providing a broader approach to dealing with disability. It finally introduces the idea of the dis-abled subject, which allows both the universality of human rights to be strengthened and the Convention’s significance for the whole field of international human rights law to be revealed.
Evolutionary Parasitology
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul
Published: September 2021

Parasites are ubiquitous and shape almost every aspect of their hosts, including physiology, behaviour, life histories, the structure of the microbiota, and entire communities. Hence, parasitism is one of the most potent forces in nature and, without parasites, the world would look very different. The book gives an overview over the parasite groups and the diversity of defences that hosts have evolved, such as immune systems. Principles of evolutionary biology and ecology analyse major elements of host–parasite interactions, including virulence, infection processes, tolerance, resistance, specificity, memory, polymorphisms, within-host dynamics, diseases spaces, and many other aspects. Genetics is always one of the key elements in these topics. Modelling, furthermore, can predict best strategies for host and parasites. Similarly, the spread of an infectious disease in epidemiology combines with molecular data and genomics. Furthermore, parasites have evolved ways to overcome defences and to manipulate their hosts. Hosts and parasites, therefore, continuously co-evolve, with changes sometimes occurring very rapidly, and sometimes requiring geological times. Many infectious diseases of humans have emerged from a zoonotic origin, in processes governed by the basic principles discussed in the different sections. Hence, this book integrates different fields to study the diversity of host–parasite processes and phenomena. It summarizes the essential topics for the study of evolutionary parasitology and will be useful for a broad audience.
Intersection Numbers and the Statement of the Disc Embedding Theorem
Authors: Powell Mark , Ray Arunima
Published: September 2021

‘Intersection Numbers and the Statement of the Disc Embedding Theorem’ provides detailed definitions of some of the notions involved in the statement of the disc embedding theorem, focusing specifically on intersection numbers. The chapter begins with a detailed analysis of immersions, regular homotopies, finger moves, and Whitney moves. Then it defines intersection and self-intersection numbers for families of discs and spheres, taking values in the group ring of the fundamental group of the ambient space, with the correct relations. Then it enumerates certain properties of intersection numbers, in particular relating them to the existence of Whitney discs. This work enables the disc embedding theorem to be stated carefully.
Grope Height Raising and 1-storey Capped Towers
Authors: Feller Peter , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima
Published: September 2021

‘Grope Height Raising and 1-Storey Capped Towers’ upgrades the capped gropes constructed in the previous chapter to 1-storey capped towers. Grope height raising is a technique that shows that every capped grope of height at least 1.5 can be improved to a capped grope of arbitrary height. The technique is explained in this chapter in detail, and used multiple times in the rest of the proof. The chapter closes by showing how to extend capped gropes to 1-storey capped towers. This crucially uses the hypothesis that the fundamental group is good. It is the single place in the proof of the disc embedding theorem that requires this hypothesis.
Key Facts about Skyscrapers and Decomposition Space Theory
Authors: Powell Mark , Ray Arunima
Published: September 2021

‘Key Facts about Skyscrapers and Decomposition Space Theory’ summarizes the input from Parts I and II needed for the remainder of the proof of the disc embedding theorem. Precise references to previous chapters are provided. This enables Part IV to be read independently from the previous parts, provided the reader is willing to accept the facts from Parts I and II summarized in this chapter. The listed facts include the shrinking of mixed, ramified Bing–Whitehead decompositions of the solid torus, the shrinking of null decompositions consisting of recursively starlike-equivalent sets, the ball to ball theorem, the skyscraper embedding theorem, and the collar adding lemma.
To Kill A Democracy
Authors: Chowdhury Debasish Roy , Keane John
Published: September 2021

Combining poignant life stories with sharp scholarly insight, this book rejects the belief that India was once a beacon of democracy but is now being ruined by the destructive forces of Modi-style populism. The book details the much deeper historical roots of the present-day assaults on civil liberties and democratic institutions. Democracy, the authors also argue, is much more than elections and the separation of powers. It is a whole way of life lived in dignity, and that is why they pay special attention to the decaying social foundations of Indian democracy. In compelling fashion, the book describes daily struggles for survival and explains how lived social injustices and unfreedoms rob Indian elections of their meaning, while at the same time feeding the decadence and iron-fisted rule of its governing institutions. Much more than a book about India, To Kill A Democracy argues that what is happening in the country is globally important, and not just because every third person living in a democracy is an Indian. It shows that when democracies rack and ruin their social foundations, they don’t just kill off the spirit and substance of democracy. They lay the foundations for despotism.
A New Slavery
Authors: Chowdhury Debasish Roy , Keane John
Published: September 2021

This chapter addresses the harsh realities of work in India. The reality, brutally exposed by the migrant worker crisis in the 2020 lockdown, is that there is an acute shortage of paid work that is safe, meaningful, and offers remuneration sufficient for citizens and their dependents to live a decent social life. Forced child labour is common, as is bonded labour. Huge numbers of women have either been pushed out of the labour market or still cling in desperation to paid menial work. There is a vast pool of poorly paid unskilled workers who suffer debt bondage and casual work. Joblessness is also pervasive. If the lack of minimum or decent wages amounts to ‘forced labour’, or slavery, then Indian slaves are everywhere. The chapter also looks at the vexed relationship between democracy and this new form of slavery.
Labour-Supply Behaviour
Authors: O'Donoghue Cathal
Published: September 2021

In the preceding chapters, the focus was on simulating policies that aim to reduce poverty, generate revenue, or redistribute resources. However, many public policies also try to incentivize behaviour, such as those to improve labour participation or supply, or to change behaviours in relation to savings or pollution. Social- and fiscal-policy instruments face a fundamental trade-off. An instrument that performs well from an income-maintenance perspective may have unintended behavioural consequences. This chapter considers the structure of instruments that have an explicit goal to improve behavioural response, particularly focusing on in-work benefits. The chapter also describes how to use a microsimulation mode to simulate the inputs required for the estimation of a behavioural-econometric model, and then estimates a revealed-preference-choice model. The chapter then describes a method often used in microsimulation models to calibrate choice models for simulation purposes. In terms of measurement issues related to the behavioural analysis, we describe the design and use of replacement rates. The chapter concludes by undertaking a simulation of the introduction of a change in in-work benefits.
Spatial Inequality
Authors: O'Donoghue Cathal
Published: September 2021

There has been a growing emphasis on the spatial targeting of policy options in the areas of poverty and social exclusion. In this chapter, the focus will be on using spatial microsimulation models to look at the local impact of policies related to inequality and poverty. Spatial data typically exist in national census datasets, but very frequently these data do not contain information on incomes. The challenge, therefore, is to generate datasets that are spatially consistent, in order to facilitate the linkage of spatially defined data, such as local-area census data, with nationally representative surveys that contain labour, demographic, and income information. Spatial microsimulation modelling helps with this. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an insight into the rationale, development, and application of the spatial microsimulation method for analysing the spatial distribution of inequality. The policy context for spatial-inequality analysis is discussed initially, before considering the statistical method for synthetically generating spatially consistent, household-income-distribution data. Approaches to validating these methods are then discussed, before applying quantitative methods to measuring spatial inequality in a national setting.
The Greek Alphabet in South-East Italy
Authors: Lomas Kathryn
Published: September 2021

The Greek alphabet in Sicily and southern Italy was widely used as a medium for writing in a variety of non-Greek languages. The non-Greek populations of the western Mediterranean do not simply receive and adopt the Greek alphabet uncritically. This chapter examines the development of writing in the Greek alphabet in south-east Italy, a region of considerable cultural diversity, and one which had many contacts with the Greek communities of Italy. Despite early contact with the Greeks of Tarentum and elsewhere, writing is not adopted in significant quantity until the fourth to third centuries bc. The smaller group of earlier inscriptions show a markedly different character. The chapter discusses the development of writing in this region in the context of the wider cultural developments of the fifth to third centuries bc. In particular, it explores the role of writing in the development of different types of identity (local, personal, and ethnic).
Orthogonal Signals and the Orthogonalization Procedure
Authors: Berber Stevan
Published: September 2021

Chapter 2 is dedicated to the principle of signal orthogonalization, because orthogonal signals are widely used in telecommunication theory and practice, like the carriers of baseband signals, subcarriers in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems, and the spreading sequences in spread-spectrum and code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. The orthonormal basis functions are defined and the procedure of the vector representation of signals is demonstrated. The Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization procedure and construction of the space diagram are presented in detail. Using orthonormal signals, signal synthesizers and analysers that can be used to form discrete-time transmitters and receivers are theoretically founded. Understanding of this chapter is a prerequisite for understanding Chapters 4–10, because the orthonormal signals defined in this chapter will be used throughout the book. The basis harmonic orthonormal functions will define the carriers in the discrete and digital communication systems.
Designing Discrete and Digital Communication Systems
Authors: Berber Stevan
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, the practical aspects of the design of digital discrete communication systems, primarily digital signal processors and field -programmable gate arrays, are analysed. The systems are presented at the level of block schematics, to address the main issues in their design and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various designs in digital technology. Designs using quadriphase-shift keying and quadrature amplitude modulation are presented separately. The operation of each system is explained in terms of the theoretical structure of the system, which allows a clear understanding of the relationship between the theoretical model of the system and its practical design. The structures of the first, second, and third generation of discrete transceiver designs are presented and discussed.
Deterministic Discrete-Time Signals and Systems
Authors: Berber Stevan
Published: September 2021

Due to the importance of the concept of independent discrete variable modification and the definition of discrete linear-time-invariant systems, Chapter 14 presents and discusses basic deterministic discrete-time signals and systems. These discrete signals, which are expressed in the form of functions, including the Kronecker delta function and the discrete rectangular pulse, are used throughout the book for deterministic discrete signal analysis. The chapter also presents the definition of the autocorrelation function and the explanation of the convolution procedure in linear-time-invariant systems for discrete-time signals in detail, due to the importance of these in the analysis and synthesis of discrete communication systems.
Polynesian languages and their contributions to theoretical linguistics
Authors: Clemens Lauren , Massam Diane
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces the volume on Polynesian syntax and its interfaces. It presents an overview of the Polynesian language family and outlines the key typological features of the languages. The history of research on Polynesian languages is reviewed, with a focus on modern research in theoretical syntax and semantics. This historical overview is followed by a summary of each chapter in the volume, in which the connecting theoretical issues are highlighted.
Hawaiian ai at the syntax-phonology interface
Authors: Medeiros David J.
Published: September 2021

This chapter offers an explanation for the distribution of the Hawaiian particle ai. While ai has often been understood as a resumptive element in the generative literature, ai is not a pronoun and it does not have independent lexical features. The distribution of ai is such that it appears in any construction with an A-bar gap, excluding those involving local subject movement. Non-canonical word orders without ai are argued to not involve gaps, based on complementizer alternations. Given this distribution, ai is analyzed as a phonological repair for otherwise illicit linearization statements. Connecting ai to linearization explains how ai has the distribution of a resumptive pronoun despite not having lexical features. The similarities between resumption (for languages that have it) and the distribution of ai follow not from sharing the same mechanism, but from cross-linguistic properties which constrain the locality of syntactic operations.
A Mirror of Clerical Authority
Authors: Easterling Joshua S.
Published: September 2021

The final chapter extends my examination of spiritual perfection with attention to devotional and theological rivalries in the Life of Dorothea of Montau (d. 1394), the fourteenth-century Speculum inclusorum, and Marguerite Porete’s (d. 1310) Mirror of Simple Souls. I argue that late medieval discourses of perfection, including those formulated in the papal decree Ad nostrum (1311), become a means of securing charismatics more firmly to sacramental devotion. That culture of Eucharistic piety and devotion to the Crucified also carried a strongly affective resonance that assimilated charismatics to a spiritual economy of suffering. It is here that several writings placed increasing pressure on the angelic image, which for centuries served orthodox priorities, and which remained closely associated with charismatic experiences. A stage whereon such developments unfolded, the interaction between imitatio clerici and imitatio sancti became a defining feature of fourteenth- and fifteenth-century anchoritic culture.
Women’s Tears or Coffee Blight?
Authors: Noe Christine , Howland Olivia , Brockington Dan
Published: September 2021

The transformations of the coffee sector have posed major challenges to rural farmers who have lost an important source of income. However, the way in which such shocks are experienced by families hinges on the gender relations governing families’ production and sale of coffee. In this article, it is argued that in Meru, Tanzania, which once had a strong coffee economy, the production of coffee depended on the subjugation of women by men. The collapse of coffee has created new opportunities for women. They do not mourn its demise, as one might expect from a merely financial perspective. At the same time, women’s new opportunities for income earning and business are also contested by men. The changes in this part of Tanzania in response to recent transformations can only be understood through the gender dynamics, and the contests, they fuel.
The Sesame Seed Cash Injection
Authors: Brockington Dan
Published: September 2021

Tracking change in rural communities over time is difficult. It is also important. If one is to understand what forms of peasant poverty persist, or how and in what ways peasant communities can become richer, then one requires longitudinal studies. These are however few. It is difficult to access the data required for them. The chapter presents one case using assets to track growing prosperity that was built on a boom of sesame production in Rukwa Region in Tanzania. It traces the growth of prosperity that the boom caused and the limits of its spread in rural society.
Ricing Fortunes
Authors: Djurfeldt Agnes Andersson , Hillbom Ellen , Msuyawe Elibariki
Published: September 2021

Theories of agricultural transformation commonly focus on changes in the availability of land, and the closing of land frontiers, and on the levels and sorts of technology that the changing availability of land and labour precipitate. However these theories have to take into account changing gender relations which affect the relations of production, as well as injections of capital from outside these agricultural systems. Using the AFRINT database this chapter explores the growth and flourishing of irrigated rice farming in two villages in Kilombero, Morogoro Region. It reports considerable transformations in the productivity of small-holder rice cultivation in these sites. These have followed from technological changes (mechanization and new seed varieties) as well as improved economic returns from rice. A difference emerges from these villages of not intensification driven by land scarcity, or by mechanization, but of divergent causes behind technological change including migration and new market opportunities.
The Urbanizing Frontier, Change and Continuity
Authors: Mdee Anna
Published: September 2021

Uchira, in Kilimanjaro Region, provides an exception to the chapters in this book which record rising prosperity. Uchira’s economy has declined after the cattle market that it hosted collapsed, and as agriculture has become less and less productive. This chapter charts the growth and development of the village, the changes to its development projects and service provision, and the growth in its real estate market as migrants from Moshi seek relatively affordable houses well connected to the town and with good water supplies. The chapter explores two broad-brush aspects of change in Uchira during this period: livelihoods patterns and public and private infrastructure. It provides a contrasting example of persistent disadvantage compared to other chapters in this collection.
Mobile Phones and the Uses of Learning in a Training Intervention for Kenyan Community Health Workers
Authors: Henry Jade V.
Published: September 2021

Mobile phones help move training programmes out of the classroom and into community settings where CHWs live and work. This chapter examines what happens to ‘learning’ when training becomes ‘mobile’. To explore this, an analysis of a three-year intervention to train 90 Kenyan CHWs is drawn from science and technology studies (STS). It is argued that when a mobile learning application is deployed in an informal urban settlement and an isolated rural village, its movement makes it available for many more uses than is originally envisioned. These varied uses subject the CHWs to multiple definitions of what it means to learn and conflicting visions of how learning leads to social change. The chapter ends with a discussion of how power circulates through global health policies, mobile devices, CHWs, and the material conditions of extreme poverty to generate controversies over what knowledge matters most for health worker training programmes, and for the broader aims of international development.
ADHD: The Facts
Authors: Selikowitz Mark
Published: September 2021

ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) is now recognized as one of the most common causes of learning and behavioural difficulties in school-aged children. Symptoms include poor concentration, forgetfulness, poor organization, impulsivity, restlessness, poor social skills, learning difficulties, low self-esteem, and defiant behaviour. Despite growing awareness of ADHD among parents and health professionals, it is still widely misunderstood. This third edition of ADHD: The Facts provides information on how ADHD is diagnosed, on conventional medical and alternative therapies, and on ways of helping children to improve their own behaviour, self-esteem, and academic results. Written by an experienced paediatrician, the book provides practical advice to help parents understand their child’s difficulties and how to overcome them. With detailed explanations of the cause of ADHD, its nature, and treatments of the condition that have proved effective over time, this new edition includes developments in the understanding of conditions that often coexist with it, as well as problems experienced by adults with ADHD. ADHD: The Facts will be of invaluable assistance to parents of children with ADHD and to teachers, psychologists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, and doctors wanting an authoritative, up-to-date, and practical review of the condition.
Social clumsiness
Authors: Selikowitz Mark
Published: September 2021

To acquire age-appropriate social skills, certain parts of the brain need to develop normally. Children with ADHD may experience social difficulties and experience what is called a social cognition deficit. This chapter outlines social clumsiness in ADHD. It discusses social cognition as a function of the brain, specific social competence deficits (social blindness, egocentricity, lack of appropriate inhibition, insatiability, insensitivity to style and convention, lack of responsiveness, over-talkativeness, difficulties reading facial expression, aggressive tendencies, lack of judgment, poor understanding of group dynamics, misinterpretation of feedback, poor social prediction, poor social memory, lack of awareness of image, poor behaviour-modification strategies), management of social clumsiness, and autism spectrum disorder.
Emotional disorders
Authors: Selikowitz Mark
Published: September 2021

Emotional disorders in children with ADHD are often difficult to detect. The emotional problems that occur in children with ADHD fall into three categories: emotional characteristics of ADHD (low frustration tolerance, preoccupation, thrill-seeking, dysthymia, and overexcitability), reactive emotions to having ADHD, and coexisting emotional disorders (depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and bipolar disorder). Inefficient inhibitory processes in the brain are the basis of these emotional difficulties. It is essential to be aware of the frequent occurrence of emotional disorders in children with ADHD. This chapter discusses emotional disorders in ADHD, including the emotional characteristics of ADHD, reactive emotions, and coexisting emotional disorders.
An impairment in brain function
Authors: Selikowitz Mark
Published: September 2021

ADHD is usually due to a depletion of certain chemical messengers in the front part of the brain. The major cause of this depletion relates to a number of defective genes. ADHD shares some of its causative genes with certain other conditions, so having ADHD makes also having these other conditions more likely. To help many children with learning and behavioural difficulties, we need to treat an impairment in their brain function. This chapter discusses impairment in brain function as a cause of ADHD, including executive function deficits, frontal lobe underactivity, neurotransmitter depletion, gene defects, and non-genetic factors. It also describes the mechanism of comorbidity.
Belgium: From Highly Constrained and Complex Bargaining Settings to Paralysis?
Authors: Winter Lieven De , Dumont Patrick
Published: September 2021

While Belgium undoubtedly had the most complex coalition bargaining system in Western Europe during the period 1946–1999, it has become much more difficult for parties to form federal governments ever since. Contrary to a number of European countries, government formation complexity did not peak due the emergence of brand-new parties, nor of any new cleavage. Rather, in Belgium the main ingredients pre-existed: party system fragmentation—which was already high since unitary parties had split along linguistic lines—skyrocketed as the mainstream parties around which post-war coalitions were formed further declined in size, confronting some (in)formateurs with up to ten coalitionable parties. Their task has been further complicated by the growing saliency and Flemish radicalization of the community cleavage which led to the rise of the independentist N-VA, whose positions remain unacceptable for any French-speaking party. As a result, Belgium has often been left without a fully empowered government, the partisan composition of coalitions broke away from previous patterns, and the coalition compromise model, which was already solidly entrenched in the consociational norms and practices since the 1960s, was further elaborated. Coalition partners keep tabs on each other through compromise mechanisms and policy-monitoring devices such as long and detailed coalition agreements, the enhanced role of the inner cabinet composed of the PM and the vice-PMs of each coalition party, and strictly enforced coalition discipline in legislative matters. But, given the increasingly unbridgeable divides between Flemish- and French-speaking parties, the deadlock observed could well lead to the demise of Belgium.
The Netherlands: Old Solutions to New Problems
Authors: Louwerse Tom , Timmermans Arco
Published: September 2021

The emergence of immigration and integration as a new line of conflict, the rise of new political parties, and the fragmentation of the political landscape have contributed to cabinet volatility in the Netherlands. While this presented new challenges for coalition governance, Dutch politicians have mainly looked to old consensus-based solutions to address these new problems. Whereas electoral politics and political campaigns have become more adversarial in style over the last twenty years, coalition governance seems still to be guided by the politics of accommodation. The Netherlands can clearly be described in terms of the Coalition Compromise Model, in which the coalition agreement as well as coordination and conflict-management mechanisms remain of central importance. Majority coalition formation is still the norm, even though since the early 2010s governments have not always commanded a majority in the Senate, which necessitated various forms of cooperation with opposition parties.
From Voluntary to Obligatory
Authors: George Erika
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines what corporations say they are doing to address human rights risks presented by particular business practices in particular contexts. It offers an overview of the different strategies being used by transnational business enterprises to respond to concerns expressed by investors, consumers, and affected communities. Among the self-regulation strategies used by businesses examined are participation in multistakeholder initiatives designed to address human rights issues, human rights impact assessments, audits and certifications, supply chain contract provisions, and corporate responses to ratings and reports by concerned stakeholder constituencies. The chapter presents the findings of a discourse analysis of codes created by competing corporations in selected industry sectors assessing over time the extent to which codes incorporate reference to human rights standards and refer to emerging self-regulation strategies. Corporate responses to allegations of complicity in abuse are analyzed. The chapter argues that the discursive frame asserted by corporate responsibility incorporating rights increasingly treats voluntary norms as obligatory to maintaining a “social license” to operate.
A prescribing protocol decreases the rate of chronic opioid use in orthopaedic trauma patients: a prospective quality improvement study
Authors: Fithian Andrew T. , Chavez Gustavo , Nathan Karthik , Campbell Sean T. , Bishop Julius A. , Gardner Michael J.
Published: September 2021

Background:

There is a clear need for orthopaedic-specific protocols to minimize the risks of prolonged opioid use after surgery. The authors assessed the effect of an opioid-prescribing protocol on new persistent opioid use in patients who were treated surgically for fractures. The hypothesis of this study was that the protocol would reduce the rate of new persistent opioid use.

Methods:

The study cohort consisted of patients who were treated at a level 1 trauma center before and after implementation of an opioid prescribing protocol. One hundred twenty-two patients prior to protocol implementation and 103 patients after protocol implementation met inclusion criteria. The primary outcome measured was persistent opioid use more than 6 mo postoperatively.

Results:

There was a significant decrease in the rate of new persistent opioid use in the protocol group from 25% to 12%. The number of patients who needed to be treated to prevent one case of new persistent opioid use was eight. Age was a significant risk factor for new persistent opioid use. For each additional year in age, risk increased by 3%.

Conclusions:

The authors studied the effect of implementing a protocol for prescribing opioids at a Level 1 trauma center and found a statistically and clinically significant decrease in the rate of new persistent opioid use after implementation of the protocol. Increasing age was identified as an independent risk factor for new persistent opioid use.

Level of Evidence:

Level III.
Measuring the human immune response to surgery: multiomics for the prediction of postoperative outcomes
Authors: Verdonk Franck , Einhaus Jakob , Tsai Amy S. , Hedou Julien , Choisy Benjamin , Gaudilliere Dyani , Kin Cindy , Aghaeepour Nima , Angst Martin S. , Gaudilliere Brice
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review

Postoperative complications including infections, cognitive impairment, and protracted recovery occur in one-third of the 300 million surgeries performed annually worldwide. Complications cause personal suffering along with a significant economic burden on our healthcare system. However, the accurate prediction of postoperative complications and patient-targeted interventions for their prevention remain as major clinical challenges.

Recent findings

Although multifactorial in origin, the dysregulation of immunological mechanisms that occur in response to surgical trauma is a key determinant of postoperative complications. Prior research, primarily focusing on inflammatory plasma markers, has provided important clues regarding their pathogenesis. However, the recent advent of high-content, single-cell transcriptomic, and proteomic technologies has considerably improved our ability to characterize the immune response to surgery, thereby providing new means to understand the immunological basis of postoperative complications and to identify prognostic biological signatures.

The comprehensive and single-cell characterization of the human immune response to surgery has significantly advanced our ability to predict the risk of postoperative complications. Multiomic modeling of patients’ immune states holds promise for the discovery of preoperative predictive biomarkers, ultimately providing patients and surgeons with actionable information to improve surgical outcomes. Although recent studies have generated a wealth of knowledge, laying the foundation for a single-cell atlas of the human immune response to surgery, larger-scale multiomic studies are required to derive robust, scalable, and sufficiently powerful models to accurately predict the risk of postoperative complications in individual patients.
The human microbiome in transplantation: the past, present, and future
Authors: Dery Kenneth J. , Kupiec-Weglinski Jerzy W. , Dong Tien S.
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review

Over the past 20 years, DNA sequencing technology has transformed human microbiome research from identity characterizations to metagenomics approaches that reveal how microbials correlate with human health and disease. New studies are showing unprecedented opportunity for deep characterization of the human microbial ecosystem, with benefits to the field of organ transplantation.

Recent findings

In the present review, we focus on past milestones of human-associated microbiota research, paying homage to microbiota pioneers. We highlight the role of sequencing efforts to provide insights beyond taxonomic identification. Recent advances in microbiome technology is now integrating high-throughput datasets, giving rise to multi’omics − a comprehensive assessment modeling dynamic biologic networks. Studies that show benefits and mechanisms in peritransplant antibiotic (Abx)-conditioned recipients are reviewed. We describe how next-generation microbial sequencing has the potential to combine with new technologies like phage therapy (PT) to translate into life-saving therapeutics.

The study of the microbiome is advancing the field of transplantation by enhancing our knowledge of precision medicine. Sequencing technology has allowed the use of the microbiome as a biomarker to risk stratify patients. Further research is needed to better understand how microbiomes shape transplantation outcomes while informing immune cell - tissue crosstalk platforms.
Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Resection of a Congenital Tracheobiliary Fistula in a Neonate: Technical Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Wilson Nicole A. , Douglas Zachary H. , Briden Kelleigh , Witt Rachel , Lodhi Hafsa S. , Cole F. Sessions , Shakhsheer Baddr A. , Dunsky Katherine
Published: September 2021

Background:

Congenital tracheobiliary or bronchobiliary fistulae are rare developmental malformations associated with high morbidity and mortality primarily because of concomitant anomalies as well as delays in diagnosis.

Technical Report:

We report a case of a neonate who presented with bilious emesis and progressive respiratory failure requiring bronchoscopy and fluoroscopic bronchography for diagnosis with successful management through video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. We also review the published literature on tracheobiliary fistula.

Conclusion:

Use of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for fistula resection has been reported in only one other neonate and provides a clinically less invasive option compared with open surgical ligation and resection. To our knowledge, this is the first English language report of thoracoscopic resection in a neonate with congenital tracheobiliary fistula.
Laparoscopic Pancreaticojejunostomy Anastamosis Using an Articulating Needle Holder
Authors: Bibo Liam , Ballal Mohammed
Published: September 2021

Introduction:

Pancreaticojejunal anastomosis is a technically challenging stage of the pancreaticoduodenectomy procedure for even the most experienced surgeon. We illustrate a buttressed duct-to-mucosa anastomosis (modified Blumgart technique) during laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy using an articulating needle holder (FlexDex) (Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/SLE/A299).

Materials and Methods:

While performing a minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy, an articulating needle holder (FlexDex) is introduced through an 8 mm laparoscopic port and used to perform the duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunal anastomosis. Parenchymal buttressing using 3/0 double ended barbed suture (Stratafix) and pancreas duct to jejunum using 5/0 Prolene.

Approval was obtained from the Office of Ethics and Research Governance at our institution. Consent was gained from the individual patient involved, to submit this intraoperative video for publication.

Results:

Successful intraoperative pancreaticojejunal anastomosis was performed using the articulating needle holder (FlexDex). The patient recovered from the procedure without complication, with no postoperative pancreatic fistula.

Conclusions:

We demonstrate the feasibility of performing a laparoscopic pancreaticojejunal anastomosis using an articulating needle holder (FlexDex).