bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
God's Creative Mission for Lay Professionals
Authors: Po Ming-Suen
Published: July 2017

Today more than 80 percent of the world's population resides in limited-access regions where there are political barriers to missionary entry and missionary service. Despite tight religious laws against traditional missionary activities, many lay professionals have found ways to access these regions creatively, as professionals in secular fields. The aim of this work is to help mobilize the whole people of God to be involved in mission by affirming their unique role in serving the kingdom of God—to have a presence in the local community and to a witness for Jesus Christ through their professional service.
Racism, Restorative Justice, and Reconciliation
Authors: Petersen Rodney L.
Published: July 2017

Mission in the twenty-first century is done in the context of a global history marked by racism. The restorative justice movement, originating in civil society, has deep spiritual roots and offers a way to deal with racism and to move beyond it. Restorative justice views crime as harms done. Its objective is community safety, competency development for offenders, and victim's rights. Restorative justice leads to reconciliation through the reparation of human relations and forgiveness. This process opens the way to a new and dynamic understanding of the church.
The Missional Voice and Posture of Public Theologizing
Authors: Hunsberger George R.
Published: July 2017

Efforts to discern the missional character and life of the church in a post-Christendom North American context have recognized the fundamentally public dimensions of the church's identity, its message, and its vocation of worship and witness. That means that public theologizing is an essential activity of the people of God in all the public places where they reside. The challenge for the church is to orient its public voice and posture to the new circumstances of a pluralist social order that no longer privileges the Christian vision in the conversation. It is proposed that this must include five features: a spirit of companionship; humility in truth-telling; particularity in discourse; courage in public action; and an eye on the horizon.
Good-by-Default and Evil in Africa
Authors: Harries Jim
Published: July 2017

The continuous struggle against evil that characterizes life in parts of Africa today is here revealed by a careful analysis of events and written material particularly from Western Kenya. Indigenous African churches operate with rules, heeded by popular acclaim, designed to keep misfortune at bay. The untoward spiritual powers that they, as the diviners that preceded them, seek to help their people grapple with stand in such stark contrast to European peoples' behavior that the latter are perceived as gods. The ‘modern clothes’ of language and environment conceal the ongoing powerful impact of this worldview on day to day life.
Researching the Short-Term Mission Movement
Authors: Priest Robert J. , Dischinger Terry , Rasmussen Steve , Brown C. M.
Published: July 2017

This paper explores the scope of the short-term mission movement and calls on missiologists to place this movement at the center of research, missiological reflection, and classroom instruction. It reviews research related to two questions: What has been the impact of short-term missions on the recruitment and support of career missionaries? How does participation in short-term missions abroad affect short-term mission participants' relations inter-ethnically at home?
What is Your Mission Here? A Trinidadian Perspective on Visits from the “Church of Disneyworld”
Authors: Birth Kevin
Published: July 2017

This paper looks at the short-term mission visits from an American church in a community in rural Trinidad from the perspective of the population visited. In the host community, conceptual links between political economy and faith are made in ways in which many White middle-class Americans are unaccustomed. This affected the reception of the American short-term missionaries, what they were asked to do, what they were prevented from doing, and the nature of their local impact. In this case, and possibly more generally, the American evangelical category of “mission” overshadows the important and locally salient issues of service and work.
Pentecostalism and Asian Mission
Authors: Ma Julie C.
Published: July 2017

The Azusa Street Mission in Los Angeles is often considered to be the birthplace of the global Pentecostal movement at the turn of the twentieth century. However, recent studies have presented evidence that Pentecostal phenomena occurred in Africa and Asia without any direct connection to the Azusa Mission. As the Christian center of gravity has recently made its southward swing, today's Pentecostalism is more African, Latin American, and Asian than western. Also increasing is the number of Asian Pentecostal missionaries who use several effective approaches to mission work. But in order for them to be as effective as possible, they must come to an understanding of the Asians' minds, which have been shaped by past religious influence.
Prophet, Kings, Servants, and Lepers
Authors: Effa Allan L.
Published: July 2017

This article explores the major missiological themes emerging from the well-loved story of the healing of Naaman, the Syrian leper. These are examined primarily from the perspective of their applicability to the original readers in their context of forced expatriation and oppression. Missiological highlights include the instrumentality of the scattered people of God, the far-reaching consequences of a humble witness, the transformational power of God's grace, the spiritual openness of people who face deep crises, the role of signs and wonders in witness and the importance of allowing new converts to work out the details of their allegiance while remaining in their old contexts.
Catholic vs. Pentecostal Missiologies
Authors: Del Colle Ralph
Published: July 2017

The Catholic Church and Classical Pentecostalism have been in official ecumenical dialogue for several decades. Although their differing sense of mission has often been the source of conflict, a more fruitful dialogue on mission may be advanced by a conscious Catholic reception of the pneumatological significance of Pentecostal Spirit baptism. After exploring Pentecostal mission statements and recent Pentecostal missiologies, points of convergence are identified from a Catholic perspective in recent magisterial statements on mission. By acknowledgement of the “sign” value of the Pentecostal movement, the Catholic Church is called to a greater fidelity to mission in the power of the Spirit.
The Message of the Old Testament and the African Church — I
Authors: Keyburn William D.
Published: July 2017

This is the introductory article in a series which will take up in detail the relationship between the Old Testament and contemporary Africa (south of the Sahara), in relation to the communication of the gospel, and to the life and thinking of Christians. The plan is to present on the one hand the great connection between African life and that of ancient Israel, and on the other the disjunction between the two. One might use an analogy to compare modem Western life with that of the Old Testament: it is like looking out of the rear window of a moving car and seeing a hill recede in the background. When one looks at the Old Testament from the vantage point of African cultures, however, it is like two trains which are traveling in the same direction and suddenly converge upon each other. They click along the rails in close proximity for a time and then swerve apart to lose sight of each other, only to reappear again abruptly, side by side, before separating and reconverting again and again.
Bantu Messiah and White Christ
Authors: Sundkler Bengt
Published: July 2017

“There is one thing, we sometimes wonder about,” he said, and hurriedly pulled his brown knitted hat down over his wrinkled forehead. The speaker was Theophilus M., a Zulu journalist and editor of an African newspaper, an intensive thirty year-old African intellectual, intelligent, quick-witted and with wide contacts among present-day Africans. “We wonder sometimes,” he repeated thoughtfully, whether we might not have got the wrong God. It might have been better if we had had our own God.” I thought for a moment about the Christian name which he had been given in Holy Baptism — for he was a Christian and, in common with the entire modem generation of African intellectuals the continent over, had been to the mission school. It was not a Bantu name, but a foreign name, a Greek name, Theophilus — ‘Loved by God.’ Yes, but loved by which god? Could it be the white man's God, when the chasm between white and black was yawning wider and wider with every passing day, in an apartheid-ruled South Africa?

He took me with him to the Africans' own church, a cold and draughty little shack — this was in June, winter in Johannesburg. A layman was preaching and quoted Matt. 25: 1–3: “So shall it be with the Kingdom of Heaven, as when ten virgins took their lamps and went out to meet the bridegroom. Five were white and five were black. The whites took their lamps with them, but forgot to take any oil. But the blacks took oil with them in their vessels…. At last they came and shouted, ‘Lord, open the door for us!’ But he answered and said, “Verily, I say unto you, I know you not!’”
Contextualizing the Creed through Structured Bible Study
Authors: Hatcher Mark J.
Published: July 2017

The relationship of abstract creedal statements and articles of faith to the particular cultural concerns of Koreans is not always grasped. Authentic contextualization of the creed will occur only through encounters with Christian revelation that build narrative roots from which the abstract claims of the creed can be perceived and grasped. It is in the midst of encounters with Christian revelation that the theological tradition of the church and specific cultural concerns can meet in fruitful dialogue. Study and interaction with biblical passages present opportunities for the needed encounters with Christian revelation. The biblical passages also provide images that may become symbols through which the meaning of Christian revelation may be grasped, connected to the creed, and serve as a guide for contemporary living.
Biography as Missiology Mining the Lives of Missionaries for Cross-Cultural Effectiveness
Authors: Tucker Ruth A.
Published: July 2017

Missionary biography, when properly analyzed and utilized, is an invaluable source for missiological principles and strategy. This introductory essay challenges the reader to search out the lives of missionaries and to let these lives offer personal understanding and practical insights in order to inform better the study of global mission outreach. Three missionaries whose lives and ministries were intertwined in southern India are featured: Sherwood Eddy (1871–1963), Amy Carmichael (1867–1951), and Stephen Neill (1900–1984).
Saints Who Sometimes Were: Utilizing Missionary Hagiography
Authors: Neely Alan
Published: July 2017

A significant amount of mission history and theology is based on or derived from missionary biography. Many missionary biographies, however, are little more than hagiography. This essay examines the nature of hagiography; suggests how hagiography can be recognized, interpreted, and utilized; and calls for biographies that are shaped by historical reality rather than the perceived need to promote the missionary enterprise.
Bartholomew Ziegenbalg
Authors: Scherer James A.
Published: July 2017

The 37-year life of Bartholomew Ziegenbalg (1682–1719), sent to the Danish Crown Colony of Tranquebar in South India in 1706 as the first Protestant missionary to Asia, demonstrates how the spirituality of early Lutheran pietism helped to shape a missionary vocation. Moreover, the linguistic and biblical training given in Berlin and at the University of Halle, Germany, provided a strong foundation for the missionary's cross-cultural and inter-religious encounter in India. Using Erich Beyreuther's biographical sketch of Ziegenbalg (Beyreuther 1955), and a more recent study by Tamil scholar Daniel Jeyaraj (Jeyaraj 1996), based on original sources, we shall examine a few biographical highlights from the brief life of this evangelical missionary pioneer. The story is replete with ironic twists, zigs and zags, and surprises.
Rheology of Refractory Coating Materials Used in Lost Foam Casting Process
Authors: Bakhtiyarov Sayavur I. , Overfelt Ruel A.
Published: July 2017

The results of the experimental study of Theological and thermal properties of two refractory coating materials are presented in this paper. Although both coatings exhibit non-Newtonian shear and thermal thickening fluid flow behavior, one of them obeys the Casson theological model over the shear rate range investigated. Its parameters related to product performance and composition variations (limiting high-shear viscosity and yield point) are determined as a function of temperature.

The theological data of the other type refractory coating are well fit the linear fluidity model. The parameters (limiting fluidity and structural fluidity coefficient) required to characterize the rheology of this coating against temperature are presented. A significant viscoelasticity of this refractory coating material was demonstrated using a jet thrust measurement technique. The relaxation times of this material as a function of shear rate and temperature are presented.
Radiation Vulcanization of MDPE/EPDM Blends Loaded with White and Black Fillers
Authors: Shaltout N. A. , Zeid M. M. Abou , Abdel-Aziz M. M. , El Miligy A. A.
Published: July 2017

Blends of 60/40 phr of MDPE/EPDM have been subjected to radiation vulcanization by gamma rays of 60Co in the presence of either HAF carbon black or white Hisil. The effect of the level of loading with Hisil has been followed up in the range of 0-100 phr. Mechanical properties, namely, elongation at break, tensile modulus and tensile strength were followed up as a function of irradiation dose for different loading of the blend with Hisil. The most appropriate degree of loading has been found to be 50-75 phr of Hisil. Comparison of mechanical properties of blends loaded with 50 phr of either HAF black or Hisil has been carried out. The data obtained indicated that Hisil is more effective as reinforcing filler than HAF black for radiation vulcanized MDPE/EPDM blends. The improvement attained in mechanical properties may be attributed to the reinforcing effect of filler as well as the induced cross-linking by radiation.
Recycling of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate): Identification of Glycolysis Products
Authors: Ikladious N. E.
Published: July 2017

PET wastes were depolymerized by glycolysis at different weight ratios of propylene glycol at 200°C and in the presence of zinc acetate as catalyst. The glycolyzed products were identified by GPC, IR and MS techniques. It was found that the glycolyzed products consisted mainly of dimer and trimer of bis-hydroxy propyl terephthalate and no monomer was detected. It was clear that the dimer/trimer ratio increased with increasing ratio of PG from 40-60 wt%, indicating more extent of depolymerization.
DSC Study of Morphological Changes in Segmented Polyurethane Elastomers
Authors: Bajsic E. Govorcin , Rek V. , Sendijarevic A. , Sendijarevic V. , Frisch K. C.
Published: July 2017

Annealing studies were carried out to investigate the morphological changes in segmented polyurethane elastomers (PUR) induced by annealing as a function of temperature. Four series of PUR elastomers were studied by varying the hard segment type (MDI/BD and H12MDI/BD), the content of the hard segment (35-57% by weight), the soft segment type (PTMO and PCL) and the soft segment molecular weight (PTMO 1000 and 2000, PCL 1250). Differential scanning calorimetry analyses, DSC, of these materials provided information about morphological changes during annealing at various temperatures (70, 130, 160 and 180°C). The effects of annealing process are visible in PUR elastomers based on the aromatic (MDI/BD) isocyanate and those based on the cycloaliphatic (H12MDI/BD) isocyanate. The values of the soft segment glass transition temperature ( T g) decreased on the higher annealing temperatures in PUR elastomers based on the aromatic isocyanate and on the cycloaliphatic isocyanate. This behaviour was connecting with better phase separation after annealing in both PUR elastomers.

A comparison of thermal results shows that the MDI/BD series elastomers exhibit a considerable degree of hard segment crystallinity whereas the H12MDI/BD series elastomers are amorphous. Analyses of the DSC results indicate that increasing of the hard segment content leads to higher T g values for control samples and samples after annealing, except for some samples whose T g decreased after annealing at higher temperatures. This behaviour results from partial compatibility and therefore phase mixing of soft and hard segments. Endotherms due to the ordering in the hard segment domains appeared at higher temperature. The T g of PUR elastomers based on polyether's soft segment phase increased with annealing process. The opposite effect was obtained in PUR elastomers based on polyester's soft segments. The same effect was obtained for elastomers with higher hard segment content. The results showed that the soft segment T g decreased with increased molecular weight of the soft segments (PTMO 2000). This indicates that the greater degree of phase separation was allowed by the longer soft segment lengths. Endotherms resulting from hard segment ordering appeared at higher temperatures for higher annealing temperatures.
Removable Polyurethane Encapsulants
Authors: Wischmann K. B. , Cessac G. L. , Curro J. G.
Published: July 2017

Two castable thermoplastic polyurethane formulations have been developed for use as removable electronics packaging materials. The first formulation would be employed in situations where some elastomeric properties are desired. Mechanical properties for this formulation are: tensile strength 1675 psi, elongation 480%, and modulus 2.2 X 104 psi. The second formulation more closely simulates an epoxy resin and the mechanical properties are: tensile strength 6040 psi, elongation 6.5%, and modulus 2.8 X 105 psi. Both casting resins can be filled (e.g., with Al2O3) which reduces the coefficient of thermal expansion (~ 80 X 10-6 to ~ 40 X 10-6/°C) and susceptibility to creep. The two formulations are soluble in polar organic solvents such as dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran. Both formulations were synthesized in bulk and based on reaction rate studies, they exhibit a diffusion controlled process in the latter stages of reaction.
Crystallization Behaviour of Irradiated Films Prepared from Polymer Blends
Authors: Minkova L. , Sodeva D.
Published: July 2017

The thermodynamic parameters of crystallization and the mechanical properties of films of LDPE-IPP and EVA-iPP blends with different compositions, irradiated with fast electrons in the dose range 5-16 Mrad have been investigated. The crystallization temperatures of LDPE/EVA in pure polymer films and in blends decrease in the same way with the increase of the dose. The crystallization temperatures of IPP decrease stronger in blends than in pure polymer with the increase of the dose. This is explained by the migration of the IPP nuclei from the IPP melt to the crosslinked LDPE/EVA melt. It is established that the mechanical properties are determined by the existence of a statistical network with broad distribution of the lengths between crosslinks in the irradiated films.
Performance Analysis of a Plastic Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger
Authors: Morcos V. H. , Shafey Hamdy M.
Published: July 2017

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the performance of an all-plastic heat exchanger. Plastic conical turbulators were inserted in the exchanger tubes to enhance the overall heat transfer process 1.5 to 3.5 folds. The results of performance tests indicated a limiting value for the overall heat transfer coefficient corresponding to the thickness and the conductive thermal resistance of the plastic tubes. In addition, the results did not show significant increase in the total tube-side pressure drop due to the use of turbulators. The heat transfer enhancement was evaluated on a thermoeconomic basis using a dimensionless exergy destruction function. Physical and chemical characteristic tests conducted on the plastic material used, prevealed its excellent solubility resistance and relatively high softening temperature, which makes it attractive in some heat recovery applications.
Rheological and Thermal Characteristics of Technikure® Binder System Used in Core-Box Process
Authors: Bakhtiyarov Sayavur I. , Overfelt Ruel A.
Published: July 2017

Viscous and thermal properties of Technikuree® chemical binder system used in the cold-box process were investigated by using rotational viscometry The elastic properties of the system were investigated by means of a jet thrust technique, using a straight capillary tube. The theological and thermal properties of the system were dependent on the blend composition and temperature. Although both materials are Newtonian liquids, their blends exhibit non-Newtonian liquid flow behavior and elasticity. A thermo-reaction has been observed and investigated after mixing the two components of the system.
Fatigue Crack Growth Analysis of Polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE)
Authors: Gan Y. , El-Hadik M. , Aglan H. , Faughnan P. , Bryan C.
Published: July 2017

Fatigue crack growth behavior of a polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) was investigated. Tension-tension fatigue propagation tests on geometrically identical specimens were performed at different frequencies. Specimens with different notch to width ratios ( a/w) were also tested. The applied stress level in all tests was kept the same. The maximum stress was 16.0 MPa and the ratio of minimum stress to maximum stress was kept at 25%. Fatigue test data such as the number of loading cycles, the crack length, and the hysteresis loops were recorded. The Modified Crack Layer (MCL) theory was employed to analyze the FCP behavior of this CTFE material. Also the results were analyzed using the Paris equation for comparison. It has been found that the fatigue crack growth behavior of this material cannot be described by the Paris power law due to the three distinct stages of the FCP kinetics. The MCL model was successfully used for extracting material parameters; γ', the specific energy of damage, and β', the coefficient of energy dissipation. The specific energy of damage for this CTFE was 855 kJ/m3 and the value of the coefficient of energy dissipation was 6.2 x 10-6. It was found that the values of γ' and β' are independent of a/w and the frequency ( f), though the FCP kinetics and life-time were dependent on a/w and f The variation in γ' and β' when aiw changed from 0.04 to 0.1 were only ±0.9% and +6.8%, respectively. For different frequencies (from 0.5 Hz to 5 Hz), the variation of these two parameters were ± 0.6% and ± 1.4%, respectively. In situ and post failure analysis of the fatigue fractured samples revealed a clear damage zone adjacent to the main crack. The larger the volume of the damage zone, the longer the fatigue life-time. It was also found that a higher micro-crack density associated with a larger damage zone. A larger damage zone with higher micro-crack density consumes more energy and thus reduces the portion of energy required to fuel the main crack growth.
Classification of Australian Oil Shales
Authors: Hutton Adrian C.
Published: July 2017

Oil shales, a possible additional source of liquid hydrocarbons for Australia, contain abundant organic matter that is best described using coal maceral terminology. Liptinite is the dominant maceral in all the oil shales and the type and abundance of liptinite is used to divide the oil shales into cannel coal, torbanite, lamosite, marinite and tasminite. The oil shales are formed in lakes associated with peat swamps, fresh to brackish water lakes and shallow oceans.

The present status of each of the five types of Australian oil shales is reviewed.
Interpretation of the Geochemistry of Oils of Taranaki and West Coast Region, Western New Zealand
Authors: Cook Richard A.
Published: July 2017

The predominant hydrocarbons produced in the Taranaki Basin are gas condensates, although oil has been discovered at several widespread locations and therefore remains a priority exploration objective.

Study of the oil geochemistry by means of bulk chemical characteristics, isotope and biomarker content improves our understanding of their source rocks and maturation histories. Results show that the oils and condensates throughout the region are similar in their bulk chemical character, source environment and levels of maturation suggesting a common source for all the hydrocarbons.

The source environments as indicated by biomarkers were terrestrial fresh water swamps with low bacterial anoxic conditions. The primary plant material deposited was vascular plant debris, and onshore in northern Taranaki and in the Murchison Basin, angiosperm debris was an important additional component. These angiosperm indicators are absent from the West Coast and southeastern Taranaki oils and condenstates. The overall environment of the oil sources rocks is similar to that which formed the high volatile coals of the West Coast. These coals, on source rock analyses, also reveal a perhydrous character equivalent to the high hydrogen index normally associated with marine oil source rocks.

Maturation levels of the oils, equivalent to a vitrinite reflectance level of Ro 1.0% are indicated by biomarkers. The highest maturation levels reached by drilling so far are 0.9%. suggesting that oil source rocks in Taranaki Basin are at or below the maximum drilled depth of 5.5 km.

After generation, the oils of the West Coast were slightly biodegraded as suggested by their low paraffin wax content. However, valid biomarker interpretations for source and maturation conditions are still possible.

The widespread occurrences of oil and the consistent nature of the detailed chemistry of the oils suggest that in addition to gas condensate there is a reasonable prospectivity for oil especially in and adjacent to the Central Graben are of the Taranaki Basin and in parts of the West Coast.
Hydrocarbon Reservoir Potential of the Taranaki Basin, Western New Zealand
Authors: Robinson P.H. , King P.R.
Published: July 2017

Taranaki Basin is a proven petroleum producing region, with commercial quantities of hydrocarbons from late Eocene paralic and terrestrial sands, and Miocene-latest Pliocene shelf sands. Other sediments with sub-commercial hydrocarbon accumulations, shows or potential reservoir features have also been encountered. The paralic and terrestrial sediments were deposited during periodic shoreline fluctuations in the Paleogene and were capped by transgressive terrigenous and carbonate muds. Other sand bodies, generally of bathyal and shelf setting and representing increasing regional tectonism, are found throughout the late Eocene to Pliocene sequence.

Paleogeographic reconstructions depicting the maximum sand development during the Paelocene to Pliocene provide potential sandstone reservoir maps. These highlight onshore Taranaki and the Eocene paleoshoreline trend as areas of greatest prospectivity. Future activity should also consider the potential of the relatively unexplored late Cretaceous-Paleocene and Pliocene sandstone sequences.
Diagenetic Control of Porosity and Permeability in Pakawau and Kapuni Group Sandstones, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand
Authors: Collen J.D.
Published: July 2017

Porosity and permeability of Cretaceous to Oliogocene Pakawau and Kapuni Group sandstones in Taranaki Basin, New Zealand, have been extensively modified by burial diagenesis. Mechanical compaction and the precipitation of silica, carbonate and authigenic clays have caused marked deterioration of potential and actual reservoirs for hydrocarbons. Other authigenic minerals have had less effect.

Secondary reservoir porosity and permeability have developed in significant volumes in sandstones at various places, at depths below about 2.5 km. They have formed by dissolution of detrital grains, authigenic cements and authigenic replacement minerals, and by fracturing of rock and grains. The most important process for commercial hydrocarbon accumulation in New Zealand is mesogenetic carbonate (particularly calcite) dissolution. As the most prospective source and reservoir rocks are low in the Cretaceous-Tertiary sequence, the depth of burial necessary for hydrocarbon generation means that most primary porosity has been lost and secondary porosity is essential for a commercial accumulation. Entrapment of hydrocarbons in reservoirs higher in the sequence probably also requires the development of secondary permeability to allow migration.
Crude Oil Supply and Demand Prospects in Africa
Authors: Adams Godwin Aretanekhai
Published: July 2017

The serious search for hydrocarbon resources in Africa dates back to the 1950s when the major suppliers were obligated to find other sources because home country reserves were being depleted and the political situation in the Middle East was increasingly unstable. Resultant activity in Africa increased reserves five-fold with Algeria, Nigeria, Libya and Angola accounting for 87% of the total. During this period each country increasingly exercised direct control of its reserves. Africa can be expected to keep its 9% share of world producion which is approximately 5.5mbd, a level that can be maintained with reasonable assurance until the year 2000. About 4mbd of this will be exported, principally to OECD countries. The development of further oil potential will rely heavily on foreign capital and technology. Its availabilty, in turn, will be influenced by oil requirements and oil politics.
Design and Management of Hydro-Québec's Power Transmission System
Authors: Mercier A. , Rodrigue J-C.
Published: July 2017

Hydro-Québec has developed a transmission system to carry power over long distances to load centres that consists of 30 substations, ten 735 kV lines with over 10,000 km of circuits and a 450 kV dc line 1,000 km long. If 18,800 MW of undeveloped hydroelectric potential is to be integrated into the system eight new high voltage lines will be required. The demands of the domestic and export markets have necessitated improvements in reliability through series compensation coupled with special protection systems. Systems management is based on strategies derived from digital simulations of power flow, stability and transient phenomena. Operation is controlled through a hierarchal system.
The New Zealand Energy Scene Now and Post-Maui
Authors: Lear M.
Published: July 2017

Supply and demand forecasts to 2020 published by the Ministry of Commerce highlight the significance of the depletion of the Maui gas and condensate field for the New Zealand energy scene. Maui currently produces around 34% of our primary energy and 45% of our transport fuels, including fuel from the synthetic fuels plant.

The depletion of Maui around 2010 is expected to reduce our liquid fuel self-sufficiency and reduce the availability of gas for electricity generation and petrochemicals. The Ministry's forecasts conclude this will result in price rises for gas and electricity, and increased use of coal, geothermal, hydro, wind and other renewables for generation. The depletion of the Maui field highlights the importance of developing an attractive petroleum royalty regime to encourage further exploration of New Zealand's petroleum resources.
Deregulation from the Gas Utility's Perspective
Authors: Hammond A.E.
Published: July 2017

The paper covers the process of energy sector reform as it relates to the New Zealand Gas Industry. The reform processes are aimed at deregulating the gas industry, encouraging competition within the energy sector, and providing only light-handed controls in the areas of transmission and distribution where competition is unlikely. The paper concentrates on the technical aspects and views the process from the utility point of view.

The first section looks at the specific elements of the energy sector reform legislation and identifies the changes that were brought about through the new Gas Act, the Gas Regulations and associated law amendments. The changes range from the removal of the exclusive franchises and price controls through to the development of a new regime to control gasfitting and gas appliances.

The second section reviews the relevant aspects of the broader changes of the deregulation process which have impacted on all New Zealand industries as the country moves through the 90s. These changes range from new legislation to manage resources through to changes in the health and safety area.

The final section covers the activities and initiatives of the Gas Industry to optimise the opportunities that the deregulation process provides. These changes range from the preparation of access agreements for transportation of gas through to new training structures to ensure that adequate skills are available to maintain the industry's excellent safety and reliability round.
Developments in the Deregulated Downstream Gas Industry
Authors: Bentley R.J.
Published: July 2017

This paper describes the process of deregulating the gas industry and the key features of the new regime. Access conditions for users of the Natural Gas Corporation's North Island transmission and distribution systems are listed and the forward-looking capacity purchase features of the model transmission contract described. The methodology for pricing is also outlined. The paper concludes with comments on competition issues and long-term gas demand growth prospects.
Foreign Investment: Policies and Effects on the Petroleum Industry in New Zealand
Authors: Tindill P
Published: July 2017

The theme of this Conference is “The Post Maui Challenge—Investment and Development Opportunities.” In order to ensure the development and exploitation of petroleum discoveries in New Zealand, considerable capital will be required, particularly from overseas. This paper briefly reviews the Government's foreign investment policies and procedures, and highlights some trends.
Coal Supply Competition in Germany to the Year 2000
Authors: Hessling Matthias
Published: July 2017

Coal is the only significant domestic energy source in Germany. Surface mining of browncoal and its utilization for power generation is economic, while the domestic hard coal industry is maintained for reasons of security of supply despite high costs of the underground operations. Over past decades, however, the size of the industry has been declining sharply. Long-term energy-political agreements guarantee sales of subsidised hard coal to the electricity and steel sectors up to 2005, but on a smaller scale than today. Brown coal use in eastern Germany is also set to decline further from its present level for structural and environmental reasons, while the use of brown coal in western Germany will remain constant. Hard coal imports, on the other hand, are likely to rise. The background of these developments is described in detail, as is the German coal policy. Coal supply is forecast up to the year 2000.

The current energy supply structure in Germany as well as its future development are determined by a number of conditions, three of which will be discussed here as relevant to the topic of this paper. A more specific analysis of the hard coal industry, its development and political setting will be presented, followed by a forecast of the coal supply in 2000. The three basic conditions are as follows:

Germany is, apart from coal, a country poor in energy resources. German energy policy is based on a balance of three major goals: security of energy supply, environmentally acceptable energy supply and energy supply at low cost. Unification of the two parts of Germany is being followed by a structural change of energy supply and this will continue.
Coal Policy Developments in the 1990s
Authors:   By the British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources
Published: July 2017

Taxation, reclamation, and land use planning will be the three most important coal policy issues in British Columbia over the rest of the decade. British Columbia has reduced its profit-based taxes twice in the last five years in response to falling revenues, an increasing nonprofit tax burden, and falling coal prices. British Columbia's reclamation policy is meant to ensure that a mining company pays for reclamation of its minesite when mining is completed. For the coal sector, reclamation standards, acceptable security instruments, and the level of public risk are key policy issues that governments will have to confront. British Columbia has developed a process to resolve contentious land use issues through forward planning and public consensus. The mineral sector must limit the loss of access to potential mining areas while the government pursues its goal of doubling the size of protected areas.
Genesis of the Massive Ordovician Dolostones in the Ordos Basin, North China: Evidence from Inclusions
Authors: Zhidong Bao , Rufeng Li , Xiongqi Pang
Published: July 2017

Massive dolostones are well developed and can be classified into fine saccharoidal dolostones and coarse saccharoidal dolostones in the Ordovician of the Ordos Basin, North China. An analysis of the inclusion reveals information for the study of the massive dolostones' genesis.

The majority of thin sections show that the inclusions are poorly developed in the host crystals of the fine dolomites, but are well-developed in the pore-filling calcite crystals. The homogenization temperatures of the inclusions range from 49°C to 74°C, and the maximum depth of the inclusion formation calculated from such temperatures is about 172m. Thus the host crystals of the fine saccharoidal dolostones have been formed in shallow burial environments with a depth of about 172m. On the other hand, the inclusions are well -developed in the host crystals of the coarse saccharoidal dolostones. Analytical data of Raman spectra show that, among the inclusions, there is a great deal of methane and other organic material, suggesting that the inclusions must have been formed during the dry gas production stage of the organic material evolution in deep burial environments. The lowest homogenization temperature of the inclusion is 104°C (with pressure correction), and the least depth for the inclusion formation corresponding to such a temperature is about 2600m. Hence, it is believed that the coarse saccharoidal dolostones must have been formed in deep burial environments with hot liquid dolomitization.

Therefore, the inclusion analyses bring out the conclusion that there are at least two types of dolomitization in the massive dolostones of the Ordovician of the Ordos basin, one of shallow burial with warm liquid, and the other deep with hot liquid.
Preliminary Test of a 3D Model for Carbonate Platform Sedimentation: Platform Response to Sea-Level Change and Variable Initial Seafloor Gradients
Authors: Thomsen René O. , Dorobek Steve , Galperin Pavel
Published: July 2017

Understanding the impact of various depositional controls on the growth of carbonate platforms may help in predicting the continuity and spatial distribution of petroleum reservoir fades within ancient platform successions. This paper presents preliminary results from a 3D model for simulating the growth of carbonate platforms, focusing especially on the behavior of platform-margin fades tracts. The 3D model, described here for the first time, was used to investigate the impact of changing sea level on the growth of carbonate platforms, using a range of initial seafloor gradients. The initial depositional surface used in the model features an along-strike transition from gently dipping to more steeply dipping profiles. Simulations were performed to investigate different aspects of platform growth in response to a single cycle of sea-level change (200-meter amplitude, 200,000 yr cycle duration). Using low (∼1°) initial gradients, the model produces a complex depositional unit that consists of several detached platform-margin ‘terraces,’ each of which has a relatively low-relief final profile. Following the full cycle of sea-level change, the final depositional unit contains highly diachronous fades boundaries with significant fades dislocations. In contrast, using the same sea-level oscillation, but a steeper (∼16°) initial depositional gradient, the model creates a narrower platform, with a terminal depositional profile that is steeper overall. Internal chronostratigraphic relationships within the final depositional unit are also complex, although fades dislocations are more areally limited than in the low-gradient example.
The Purifying Confession of Failings Required by the Didache's Eucharistic Sacrifice
Authors: Milavec Aaron
Published: July 2017

This study begins by exploring the meaning of the Didache against the backdrop of the “spiritualization” of sacrifice that was widespread as a Jewish response to the traditional piety of offering animal sacrifices. In order to insure a “pure sacrifice,” the Didache community was set up two distinct safeguards: no unbaptized or unreconciled person was admitted (DIDACHE 9: 5) and the confession of failings was to be held prior to the eucharist on the Lord's Day (DIDACHE 14: 1). These practices had the effect of enforcing the standards of holiness cherished by the community members. No one could keep coming week after week and repeatedly confess the same failing. Thus, for a community out of step with the rest of society, the confession of failings served to recall both backsliders and forgetters to the perfection (the Way of Life) to which they were called at the time of their preparation for baptism.
Undermining Ancient Patriarchy: The Apostle Paul's Vision of a Society of Siblings
Authors: Bartchy S. Scott
Published: July 2017

The closest family tie in the ancient Mediterranean society was experienced among siblings. Paul of Tarsus followed the historical Jesus in his attempts 1) to undermine the authority and social cohesiveness of the blood kin group and patriarchal family, 2) to offer an alternative family structure made up of surrogate “brothers and sisters, ” and 3) to make viable a first-century Mediterranean person's choosing to live in such an alternative, trust-based form of social relations by means of a profound redefining of the competitive honor code into which all males had been socialized. Paul's goal was not the creation of an egalitarian community in the political sense, but a well-functioning family in the kinship sense, a family without fathers in which the “strong” would use their strength not for themselves but to empower the “weak.”
Differential Earnings Behavior and the Security Market Assessment of Variation in Seasonal Earnings Patterns
Authors: Bathke Allen W. , Lorek Kenneth S. , Willinger G. Lee
Published: July 2017

We provide new evidence regarding the anomalous security market behavior that pertains to the predictability of abnormal security returns at future quarterly earnings announcements (Bernard and Thomas [1990]) as well as the security market's ability to form quarterly earnings expectations that are consistent with the market factoring in the serial correlation in the seasonally differenced quarterly earnings series (Ball and Bartov [1996]; Soffer and Lys [1999]). Consistent with extant work, we find that just prior to the quarterly earnings announcement date, the security market's expectation of quarterly earnings is consistent with the market recognizing the serial correlation in seasonally differenced quarterly earnings but underestimating its magnitude. When we treat all firms as exhibiting the same quarterly earnings process, our results reinforce the findings of Soffer and Lys (1999) that security market earnings expectations at the beginning of the quarter are consistent with investors not recognizing the serial correlation in the seasonally differenced quarterly earnings series. By distinguishing between those firms whose quarterly earnings process is inconsistent with a seasonal random walk (SRW) process (i.e., “bad-fit” firms) vis-à-vis those firms whose quarterly earnings process is better described by the SRW process (i.e., “good-fit” firms), we provide additional insights on this relationship throughout the quarter leading up to the quarterly earnings announcement date. Specifically, we find that security market expectations of quarterly earnings are consistent with a market that recognizes the differential time-series properties of quarterly earnings. That is, at the beginning of the quarter, for the “bad-fit” (“good-fit”) firms, we find that the security market acts as if it is aware (unaware) of the correct sign of the serial correlation in the seasonally differenced quarterly earnings series. However, the security market still acts as if it underestimates the magnitude of the serial correlation.
Earnings Surprises and the Cost of Equity Capital
Authors: Mikhail Michael B. , Walther Beverly R. , Willis Richard H.
Published: July 2017

Controlling for other determinants of the cost of capital, we find that firms with repeated large earnings surprises experience a higher cost of equity capital. This finding holds regardless of the sign of the earnings surprises, but firms that consistently report negative surprises have relatively higher cost of equity capital. Although firms that frequently surprise the market experience a decrease in analyst following relative to no surprise firms, this reduction in monitoring cannot account for the higher cost of equity capital. Overall, these findings document that repeated earnings surprises are costly, and provide evidence that managers have incentives to avoid missing earnings targets.
The Effects of Accounting Information on Individuals' Perceptual Processes
Authors: Rodgers Waymond
Published: July 2017

This research focuses on the influence of decision makers' perceptual processes on their decision choices when they are presented with financial accounting information. A conceptual model which depicted perceptual and judgmental processes was used to capture individuals' decision-making processes. A covariance structural model of the processes graduate students used to reach loan decisions was examined through measures designed to test the proposed conceptual model. Also, a multigroup analysis was used to compare whether individuals with a more data-driven perceptual approach would differ from those with a more conceptually driven perceptual approach when making loan decisions. The results indicated that their approaches caused different loan assessments of financial accounting information. The results also indicated that data-driven types outperformed the conceptually driven types. The relative usefulness of the conceptual model was discussed, and general suggestions for future research on perceptual processes and goal attainment were offered.
The Information Content of Quarterly Dividend Changes
Authors: Carroll Thomas J.
Published: July 2017

This paper shows that dividend changes reveal new information about future earnings levels and are mixed with regard to future earnings variance. Revisions of Value Line earnings forecasts spanning up to five quarters have a positive association with unexpected dividend changes. Consistent with the negative association documented between dividend changes and future earnings variance, these revisions also exhibit greater cross-sectional dispersion following dividend decreases than following dividend increases. The relation between stock returns and earnings forecast errors following dividend announcements shows that dividend announcements convey information to the market about earnings in the next quarter and the quarter one year hence, but are not consistent with dividends revealing new information about the variance of future earnings.