bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Greek Preschool Teachers' Perceptions about the Effective Strategies for Bullying Prevention in Preschool Age
Authors: Nikolaou Eleni , Markogiannakis Georgios
Published: November 2017

The aim of the present research is to explore preschool teachers' perceptions about the effective strategies for bullying prevention in preschool context. The sample of this research study was 164 preschool teachers from Greece. Data were collected by a questionnaire that was based on previous research. The findings show that teachers regard that classroom activities for diversity acceptance, the development of empathy, the cooperation between school and family, the implementation of socio-emotional learning programs in school context and teacher training, are among the most effective strategies. They also value the cooperation between school, family, and community services for bullying prevention as well as peer support and the creation of prevention activities and material such as videos. Research findings may be utilized for designing teacher training and professional development programs aiming at preventing school bullying at an early age.
From a Young Danish Child to a Grown Up Adult International Journal
Authors: Bergenholtz Henning
Published: November 2017

No abstract.
Economic Dictionaries on the Web
Authors: Besomi Daniele
Published: November 2017

This paper surveys the economic dictionaries available on the internet, both for free and on subscription, addressed to various kinds of audiences from schoolchildren to research students and academics. The focus is not much on content, but on whether and how the possibilities opened by electronic editing and by the modes of distribution and interaction opened by the internet are exploited in the organization and presentation of the materials. The upshot is that although a number of web dictionaries have taken advantage of some of the innovations offered by the internet (in particular the possibility of regularly updating, of turning cross-references into hyperlinks, of adding links to external materials, of adding more or less complex search engines), the observation that internet lexicography has mostly produced more ef! cient dictionary without, however, fundamentally altering the traditional paper structure can be con! rmed for this particular subset of reference works. In particular, what is scarcely explored is the possibility of visualizing the relationship between entries, thus abandoning the project of the early encyclopedists right when the technology provides the means of accomplishing it.
Specialised Dictionaries for LSP Learners in Hungarian Theory and Practice of Lexicography
Authors: Fata Ildikó
Published: November 2017

The paper covers three topics: First, it surveys the expectations and requirements articulated by Hungarian specialised lexicographers towards modern, innovative, printed and electronic specialised dictionaries for LSP learners. Second, a Hungarian publishing house is introduced that plays an active role in publishing modern specialised dictionaries. Finally, three bilingual dictionaries of economics of this publisher are reviewed as to how much they comply with the expectations from modern, up-to-date printed and electronic specialised dictionaries for LSP learners.
Rhetorical Transformations in Multimodal Advertising Texts: From General to Local Degree Zero
Authors: Rossolatos George
Published: November 2017

The use of rhetoric in advertising research has been steadily gaining momentum since the 1980’s. Coupled with an increased interest in multimodality and the multiple interactions among verbal, pictorial and auditory registers, as structural components of an ad filmic text, the hermeneutic tools furnished by traditional rhetoric have been expanded and elaborated. This paper addresses the fundamental question of how ad filmic texts assume signification from a multimodal rhetorical point of view, by engaging in a fruitful dialogue with various research streams within the wider semiotic discipline and consumer research. By critically addressing the context of analysis of a multimodal ad text in the course of the argumentation deployed by different approaches, such as Social Semiotics (Kress/Leeuwen 2001), Film Semiotics (i.e. Metz 1982, Carroll 1980, Branigan 1982), Visual Semiotics (i.e. Sonesson 2008; 2010, Eco 1972;1976;1986, Groupe " 1992), Consumer Research (i.e. Mick/McQuarrie 1999; 2004, Philips 2003, Scott 1994), the relative merits of a structuralist approach that prioritizes the distinction between local and general degree zero, as put forward by Groupe " (1992), are highlighted. Furthermore, the modes whereby rhetorical transformations are enacted are outlined, with view to deepening the conceptual tackling of degree zero of signification, while addressing its applicability to branding discourse and multimodal ad texts.
One Database, Four Monofunctional Dictionaries
Authors: Bergenholtz Henning , Bergenholtz Inger
Published: November 2017

A dictionary is an information tool. In the last century most dictionaries were constructed as polyfunctional tools following a broad and imprecise understanding: A dictionary is to be used by everyone for every kind of communicative and cognitive problem. But normal tools are not polyfunctional. If you go to a shop and ask for a saw, you have to specify first what you are going to saw: a big tree or a small piece of plywood. After having explained that, you will be offered a monofunctional saw. So it should be, too, for the information tool: A good tool is a tool designed for a certain function and for a certain user group for certain needs. This paper will argue for the need of dictionary designs for monofunctional dictionaries. Doing that, we need to be aware of the fact that a lexicographical database is not a dictionary. A database contains data which can be presented in one or more monofunctional or polyfunctional dictionaries.The database of the dictionary in question comprises 4.015 (September 30st, 2012) cards with definitions, historical background, synonyms, references and links, pictures etc. Outgoing from this database, four different dictionaries are presented. All of them are dictionaries on musical terms mainly from the world of classical music, but also from commercial music and the so-called world music. The music dictionaries intend to be tools for music students in universities and music schools, for both amateurs and professional musicians and for every interested person who wants aid when reading texts on music or who wishes to get further information on musical terms and topics.
Retskrivningsordbog mellem to stole
Authors: Tarp Sven
Published: November 2017

In November 2012, the fourth edition of the official Danish orthographic dictionary, Retskrivningsordbogen, was published by the Danish Language Board which, according to national law, is authorised to establish the official Danish orthography and publish its decisions in the form of a dictionary, now available in both a printed and an electronic version. In order to be high quality, a work of this sort requires knowledge of language policy and linguistics, on the one hand, and lexicography, on the other hand. The article analyses the Retskrivningsordbogen exclusively from the point of view of lexicographic theory and practice, based upon a similar analysis of the previous edition (cf. Tarp 2002). It registers a number of improvements but also some stagnation and new problems in other aspects. The general conclusion is that the Danish Language Board could benefit from lexicographic knowhow as well as the new information technologies, especially with a view to developing the electronic version which should no longer be conceived as a copy of its printed counterpart but as a user-friendly extension with more lemmata and additional data.
20 år med Tolkien: Forandrede fællesskaber på nettet [20 years with Tolkien: Transformed online communities]
Authors: Gotved Stine
Published: November 2017

In the last 20 years, online communities have changed profoundly. The development from well-defi ned entities into distributed networks is described through the lens of three case studies (1996, 2006, and 2016) of the same newsgroup (rec.arts.books.tolkien). In between these investigations, the more general changes are described – internet access is far more widespread, and the communication has moved from nerdy exchanges to mundane and mainstream. Today, the social media platforms are dominant, and while the studied fan culture on Facebook is represented primarily by commercial interests, the dedicated fan communities are found elsewhere, in fora still text based, asynchronous and with relative anonymity.
Old people, video games and french press: A topic model approach on a study about discipline, entertainment and self-improvement.
Authors: Lavenir Gabrielle , Bourgeois Nicolas
Published: November 2017

Over the past few years, the French mainstream press has paid more and more attention to "silver gamers", adults over sixty who play video games. This article investigates the discursive and normative paradigms that underlie the unexpected enthusiasm of the French mainstream press for older adults who play video games. We use mixed methods on a corpus of French, Swiss and Belgian articles that mention both older people and video games. First, we produce topics, that is, sets of words related by their meanings and identified with a Bayesian statistical algorithm. Second, we cross the topic model results with a discursive analysis of selected articles. We preface the topic modeling's conclusions with a discussion of the representations of older people and video games in European French-language mainstream media. Our analysis explores how the press coverage of older people who play video games simultaneously erases moral panic about video games and reinforces the discourse of "successful ageing".
12-talspigerne i medierne: Rammesætning og stereotypificering af højtpræsterende piger og kvinder i det danske uddannelsessystem [Straight-A girls in the media: The framing and stereotypification of high performance girls and women in the Danish system of education]
Authors: Hansen Kenneth Reinecke , Blom Jonas Nygaard
Published: November 2017

Over the last couple of decades, girls and women have generally outperformed boys and men in the educational system, and in the Danish media, high-achieving girls and women are often referred to as straight A girls (Danish: 12-talspiger). In this article, we conduct a corpus linguistic analysis of the frames constructed around the concept of straight A girls in Danish national newspapers (N = 215 articles). The analysis shows that straight A girls are framed as sick and conform in a societal culture dominated by performance pressure. Th e frames are primarily manifested in contrasting pairs where seemingly positive attributes are aff ected by or turned into negative assessments, and in highly generalizing and exorbitant accounts reflecting a stereotypical conception of the girls. Conversely, the under-achieving boys are framed as easy-going and festive, but concurrently, also more innovative and independent. The article gives a critical account of such stereotypes, which could have substantial consequences for society’s understanding and treatment of girls and women under education.
Uruguayan mortuaries and the No Names: the long story of the unidentified bodies found on the coastline of Uruguay during the Condor Plan
Authors: Figueredo Magdalena , Larrobla Fabiana
Published: November 2017

Between 1975 and 1979, thirty-one unidentified bodies bearing marks of torture appeared
at various locations along Uruguays coastline. These bodies were material proof of the
death flights implemented in neighbouring Argentina after the military coup. In Uruguay,
in a general context of political crisis, the appearance of these anonymous cadavers first
generated local terror and was then rapidly transformed into a traumatic event at the
national level. This article focuses on the various reports established by Uruguayan
police and mortuary services. It aims to show how,the administrative and funeral
treatments given at that time to the dead bodies, buried anonymously (under the NN label)
in local cemeteries, make visible some of the multiple complicities between the Uruguayan
and Argentinean dictatorships in the broader framework of the Condor Plan. The repressive
strategy implemented in Argentina through torture and forced disappearance was indeed
echoed by the bureaucratic repressive strategy implemented in Uruguay through incomplete
and false reports, aiming to make the NN disappear once again.
Forensic investigation, truth and trust in the context of transitional justice in Brazil
Authors: Guimarães Marco Aurelio , Arrabaça Francisco Raffaela , Britto Garcia Sergio , Evison Martin , Castro Pinheiro Maria Eliana , Pereira Iara Xavier , Santana Diva , Guss Patrício Julie Alvina
Published: November 2017

Truth commissions are widely recognised tools used in negotiation following political
repression. Their work may be underpinned by formal scientific investigation of human
remains. This paper presents an analysis of the role of forensic investigations in the
transition to democracy following the Brazilian military governments of 1964–85. It
considers practices during the dictatorship and in the period following, making reference
to analyses of truth commission work in jurisdictions other than Brazil, including those
in which the investigation of clandestine burials has taken place. Attempts to conceal the
fate of victims during the dictatorship, and the attempts of democratic governments to
investigate them are described. Despite various initiatives since the end of the military
government, many victims remain unidentified. In Brazil, as elsewhere, forensic
investigations are susceptible to political and social influences, leading to a situation
in which relatives struggle to obtain meaningful restitution and have little trust in the
transitional justice process.
New species of the endemic Neotropical caddisfly genusContulmafrom the Andes of Ecuador (Trichoptera: Anomalopsychidae)
Authors: Holzenthal Ralph W. , Ríos-Touma Blanca , Rázuri-Gonzales Ernesto
Published: November 2017

The genusContulmaFlint (Trichoptera: Anomalopsychidae) is composed mostly of regionally endemic species occurring above 2,000 m, with a few more widespread species and some that are found at lower elevations. Adults of three new species ofContulmaare described and illustrated from the Andes of Ecuador,Contulma lina, new species,Contulma quito, new species, andContulma sangay, new species. These species are similar to previously described species from the region, includingC. paluguillensis, C. nevada, andC. lancelolata.New provincial records are provided forC.bacula,C. cataracta, andC.echinata. Contulma duffiOláh, 2016 is considered a junior, subjective synonym ofC. penai, Holzenthal & Flint, 1995. Also, we provide an identification key to males of the 30Contulmaspecies now known.
Seasonal changes of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) abundance in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico related to environmental factors
Authors: Solana-Sansores R , Arreguín-Sánchez F
Published: November 2017

An analysis was made of the seasonal changes of abundance of the brown shrimp (Penaeus azfecus) population in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, related to environmental parameters such as rainfall and fishing effort. Using monthly age-class abundance data (given as catch per unit effort) for the period 1974 to 1982, a principal components analysis was applied and two population indexes were obtained: recruitment strength (as a monthly class strength) and adult density (Solana-Sansores et al., 1989) which is inversely proportional to the log of their actual abundance. Both indexes and the records of environmental parameters were analysed using the multivariate method of canonical correlation. The first canonical correlation was highly significant (P < 0.01) and includes mainly fishing effort and the recruitment strength index. The second one showed a high correlation between rainfall and the adult index. The results show how some environmental factors help to explain the fluctuations observed in the general behaviour pattern of the population. This suggests the convenience of incorporating these factors (rainfall and fishing effort)-in fisheries models.
Distribution of the organic contamination in Bahia de Nipe, Cuba
Authors: Romero-López T , Suárez-Alvarez G
Published: November 2017

A study was carried out on the water quality in Bahía de Nipe, with an approximate volume of 1,700 million cubic meters and average depth of 7 m, located NE of the eastern region of Cuba (75º40′ W, 20º50′ N). A network of 37 stations was established and seven cruises were conducted during and at the end of the sugar cane harvest season. The usual parameters of water quality, such as dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium and total suspended solids, were analysed and it was found that the area with greater organic contamination was the one adjoining the effluents of the Guatemala agro-industrial complex (Central, Torula and Matadero). This was also corroborated by cluster analysis. The concentrations recorded confirmed that the condition of the bay deteriorates during the sugar cane harvest season, because of the high hydraulic and contaminant load contributed by the effluent sources. It is concluded that the Guatemala agro-industrial complex is mainly responsible for the environmental deterioration of the area and that the organic contamination must be controlled, in support of the fisheries and environmental health of the bay.
Production and decomposition of Spartina foliosa in Bahia San Quintin, B.C., Mexico
Authors: Ballesteros-Grijalva G , García-Lepe MG
Published: November 2017

Net aerial primary production, total production, aboveground biomass, turnover time, decomposition and total detritus production were estimated in a Spartina foliosa area at Bahía San Quintín, B.C. The study took place during the period March-August, 1992. The net aerial primary production values were high (4.72 g/m2/day) and turnover time short (5.4 months) compared with other coastal lagoons in the area. Two distinct periods were observed in the aboveground biomass level, one during May with the minimum value (323 g/m2) and another during June-August with high values (mean = 1,017 g/m2). The observed decomposition rate value was high (63%/159 days) compared with those reported in studies that started in winter in other areas. Total detritus production was estimated (1,050 tons/222 ha/159 days). We conclude that the S. foliosa area at Bahía San Quintín is a highly productive system with a fast recovering capacity. Further research is recommended focusing particularly on the marsh’s total organic detritus contribution to the adjacent lagoon system.
Salinity induced responses in the marine cyanobacterium Anacystis dimidiata
Authors: Ramachandra-Rao CSV , Krishnamurthy K
Published: November 2017

Growth and changes in biochemical composition were studied in the marine cyanobacterium Anacystis dimidiata, collected from a mangrove environment where salinities ranged from 5 to 40ppt. The cyanobacterium showed optimum growth at 2ppt salinity. At Iow (5 ppt) and high (40 ppt) salinities the growth was slow and chlorophyll a and phycocyanin were low, whereas protein, free amino acid and free proline values were high in both low and high salinities.
Chemical composition of Macrocystis pyrifera (giant sargazo) collected in summer and winter and its possible use in animal feeding
Authors: Castro-González MI , Carrillo-Domínguez S , Pérez-Gil F
Published: November 2017

In the present study, it is established that Macrocystis pyrifera collected in summer and winter, in Bahía Tortugas, B.C.S. (Mexico), presented variation in some components of nutritional interest for various animal species. The results showed significant difference (P < 0.01) in the content of ashes, crude protein, crude fiber and in vitro digestibility. Likewise, higher values were found, for summer, in most of the amino acids. It is concluded that the alga collected in summer is a potential resource, with a higher content of minerals and amino acids, with a good digestibility of the dry matter for ruminants and without the presene of antinutrient factors.
Systematic list of marine fishes from Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur (Mexico)
Authors: De-la-Cruz-Agüero J , Galván-Magaña F , Abitia-Cárdenas LA , Rodríguez-Romero J , Gutiérrez-Sánchez FJ
Published: November 2017

Bahía Magdalena, Baja California Sur (Mexico), is an interesting place where, because of its geographic location and environmental characteristics, a high biodiversity is found. In spite of marine resources of economic importance, few reports or papers dealing with the bay’s biodiversity have been published. To date a comprehensive check-list of the fishes of Bahía Magdalena has not been published. In the present work an integrated record of ichthyofauna is given; the list includes those species caught in a six-year survey, which are catalogued in the biological collection of the Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR, IPN) at La Paz, Baja California Sur. The check-list includes 161 species belonging to 120 genera and 61 families, of which 20 correspond to the elasmobranchs and 141 to bony fishes.
Systematic list of the ichthyofauna of La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico
Authors: Abitia-Cárdenas LA , Rodríguez-Romero J , Galván-Magaña F , De-la-Cruz-Agüero J , Chávez-Ramos H
Published: November 2017

The first check-list of fishes from La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur (Mexico), is presented. A total of 390 species, belonging to 251 genera and 106 families, are reported. The list includes species collected in the area between 1981 and 1986, species that were sighted (and positively identified) and species reported in the literature. The specimens collected were catalogued and deposited in the ichthyological collection of CICIMAR, IPN, in La Paz, B.C.S.
Metaflumizone inhibits the honeybee NaV1 channel by targeting recovery from slow inactivation
Authors: Gosselin‐Badaroudine Pascal , Charnet Pierre , Collet Claude , Chahine Mohamed
Published: November 2017

Metaflumizone is the latest addition to the armamentarium of the Na+ channel inhibitor insecticide family. We used the Xenopus oocyte expression system and a Markovian model to assess the effect of metaflumizone on Apis mellifera Na+ channels (AmNaV1). Our results reveal that metaflumizone inhibits AmNaV1 channels by targeting the kinetics of recovery from slow inactivation. Multistate modeling of fast and slow inactivation of the AmNaV1 channel made it possible to study the effects of metaflumizone on a set of rate constants underlying the transition between the open and inactivated conformations and provided insights into their specificity. We conclude that the methods we used could be extended to assessing the toxicity of other Na+ channel inhibitor insecticides.
Thermal Equation of State of Natural Ti‐Bearing Clinohumite
Authors: Qin Fei , Wu Xiang , Zhang Dongzhou , Qin Shan , Jacobsen Steven D.
Published: November 2017

The natural occurrence of clinohumite in metabasalts and hydrothermally altered peridotites provides a source of water‐rich minerals in subducted slabs, making knowledge of their phase relations and crystal chemistry under high pressure‐temperature (P‐T) conditions important for understating volatile recycling and geodynamic process in the Earth's mantle. Here we present a synchrotron‐based, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study on two natural Ti‐bearing clinohumites up to ~28 GPa and 750 K in order to simulate conditions within subducted slabs. No phase transition occurs in clinohumite over this P‐T range. Pressure‐volume relationships of both compositions at room temperature were fitted to a third‐order Birch‐Murnaghan equation of state (EoS) with V0 = 650.4(3) Å3, KT0 = 141(4) GPa, and KT0′ = 4.0(6) for Ti‐poor clinohumite (0.07 Ti per formula unit, pfu) and V0 = 650.8(3) Å3, KT0 = 144(4) GPa, and KT0′ = 3.6(7) for Ti‐rich clinohumite (0.21 Ti pfu). Both clinohumites exhibit anisotropic compression with βb > βc > βa. We also refined P‐V‐T equation of state parameters using the high‐temperature Birch‐Murnaghan EoS, yielding (∂KT0/∂T)P = −0.040(10) GPa/K and αT = 5.1(6) × 10−5 K−1 for Ti‐poor clinohumite and (∂KT0/∂T)P = −0.045(11) GPa/K and αT = 5.7(6) × 10−5 K−1 for Ti‐rich clinohumite. Ti‐poor and Ti‐rich clinohumites display similar equations of state but are ~20% more incompressible than Mg‐pure clinohumite and display ~5% higher bulk sound velocity than olivine at upper mantle conditions. Our results provide constraints for modeling geodynamic process related to the subduction and transport of potentially water‐rich slabs in the mantle.
The Impact of Bias Correction and Model Selection on Passing Temperature Thresholds
Authors: Gohar L. K. , Lowe J. A. , Bernie D.
Published: November 2017

Knowledge of when specific global or local temperature levels are reached is important for decision makers in that it provides a time frame over which adaptation strategies for temperature‐related climate impacts need to be put in place. The time frame varies depending on the adaptation strategy but can range from a few years to the order of decades. Climate models, however, show a high degree of uncertainty in the timing of passing specific warming levels, limiting their use in adaptation policy development. This study examines the impact of two approaches, which may reduce the uncertainty in modeled timing of reaching specific warming levels. First, the use of different performance metrics to preferentially weight model ensembles and second, the application of four bias correction approaches. Using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 simulations of the Representative Concentration Pathways, our results show that both selecting models based on performance and bias correcting model data reduce the spread in timing of specific warming levels reached in the first half of the century by up to 50% in some regions. This implies the potential of these approaches to support adaptation planning.
The Response of Simulated Arctic Mixed‐Phase Stratocumulus to Sea Ice Cover Variability in the Absence of Large‐Scale Advection
Authors: Li Zhujun , Xu Kuan‐Man , Cheng Anning
Published: November 2017

This study examines the responses of Arctic mixed‐phase stratocumulus boundary layer to sea ice cover variability near the sea ice margins using large eddy simulations. The simulations are conducted for two different atmospheric conditions, based on observations from the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean Experiment (SHEBA) (100% sea ice‐covered) and the Mixed‐Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M‐PACE) (open ocean). The effect of sea ice cover variability is investigated for both atmospheric conditions by conducting a series of simulations prescribed with varying amounts of sea ice cover and no large‐scale advection. As sea ice cover amount decreases, the SHEBA boundary layer deepens and becomes decoupled. The relative strength of turbulence driven by surface heating to that driven by cloud top radiative cooling increases. Cloud ice and snow grow more efficiently than cloud liquid with moisture transported from the lower boundary layer. On the other hand, as sea ice cover amount increases, the M‐PACE boundary layer becomes shallower and more coupled with the surface as turbulence mainly driven by cloud top radiative cooling. Moisture supply from the surface is reduced, while cloud droplets are generated from turbulence at cloud top with little ice formation. In both atmospheric conditions, the boundary layer turbulence structure is modified according to change in the relative strength of boundary layer turbulent sources as sea ice amount changes, resulting in the growth/decay of the cloud layer. Simulations with smaller sea ice cover amounts are associated with more cloud ice but not necessarily more cloud liquid.
Indian Monsoon Low‐Pressure Systems Feed Up‐and‐Over Moisture Transport to the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Dong Wenhao , Lin Yanluan , Wright Jonathon S. , Xie Yuanyu , Xu Fanghua , Xu Wenqing , Wang Yan
Published: November 2017

As an integral part of the South Asian summer monsoon system, monsoon low‐pressure systems (LPSs) bring large amounts of precipitation to agrarian north and central India during their passage across the subcontinent. In this study, we investigate the role of LPSs in supplying moisture from north and central India to the southwestern Tibetan Plateau (SWTP) and quantify the contribution of these systems to summer rainfall over the SWTP. The results show that more than 60% of total summer rainfall over the SWTP is related to LPS occurrence. LPSs are associated with a 15% rise in average daily rainfall and a 10% rise in rainy days over the SWTP. This relationship is maintained primarily through up‐and‐over transport, in which convectively lifted moisture over the Indian subcontinent is swept over the SWTP by southwesterly winds in the middle troposphere. LPSs play two roles in supplying up‐and‐over moisture transport. First, these systems elevate large amounts of water vapor and condensed water to the midtroposphere. Second, the circulations associated with LPSs interact with the background westerlies to induce southwesterly flow in the midtroposphere, transporting elevated moisture and condensate over the Himalayan Mountains. Our findings indicate that LPSs are influential in extending the northern boundary of the South Asian monsoon system across the Himalayas into the interior of the SWTP. The strength of this connection depends on both LPS characteristics and the configuration of the midtropospheric circulation, particularly the prevailing westerlies upstream of the SWTP.
The Advantages of Hybrid 4DEnVar in the Context of the Forecast Sensitivity to Initial Conditions
Authors: Song Hyo‐Jong , Shin Seoleun , Ha Ji‐Hyun , Lim Sujeong
Published: November 2017

Hybrid four‐dimensional ensemble variational data assimilation (hybrid 4DEnVar) is a prospective successor to three‐dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVar) in operational weather prediction centers currently developing a new weather prediction model and those that do not operate adjoint models. In experiments using real observations, hybrid 4DEnVar improved Northern Hemisphere (NH; 20°N–90°N) 500 hPa geopotential height forecasts up to 5 days in a NH summer month compared to 3DVar, with statistical significance. This result is verified against ERA‐Interim through a Monte Carlo test. By a regression analysis, the sensitivity of 5 day forecast is associated with the quality of the initial condition. The increased analysis skill for midtropospheric midlatitude temperature and subtropical moisture has the most apparent effect on forecast skill in the NH including a typhoon prediction case. Through attributing the analysis improvements by hybrid 4DEnVar separately to the ensemble background error covariance (BEC), its four‐dimensional (4‐D) extension, and climatological BEC, it is revealed that the ensemble BEC contributes to the subtropical moisture analysis, whereas the 4‐D extension does to the midtropospheric midlatitude temperature. This result implies that hourly wind‐mass correlation in 6 h analysis window is required to extract the potential of hybrid 4DEnVar for the midlatitude temperature analysis to the maximum. However, the temporal ensemble correlation, in hourly time scale, between moisture and another variable is invalid so that it could not work for improving the hybrid 4DEnVar analysis.
Assessing the Resolution Adaptability of the Zhang‐McFarlane Cumulus Parameterization With Spatial and Temporal Averaging
Authors: Yun Yuxing , Fan Jiwen , Xiao Heng , Zhang Guang J. , Ghan Steven J. , Xu Kuan‐Man , Ma Po‐Lun , Gustafson William I.
Published: November 2017

With increasing computational capabilities, cumulus parameterizations that are adaptable to the smaller grid spacing and temporal interval for high‐resolution climate model simulations are needed. In this study, we propose a method to improve the resolution adaptability of the Zhang‐McFarlane (ZM) scheme, by implementing spatial and temporal averaging to the CAPE tendency. This method allows for a more consistent application of the quasi‐equilibrium (QE) hypothesis at high spatial and temporal resolutions. The resolution adaptability of the original ZM scheme, the scheme with spatial averaging, and the scheme with spatiotemporal averaging at 4–32 km grid spacings are assessed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model by comparing to cloud resolving model (CRM) simulation results coarse‐grained to these same grid spacings. We show the original ZM scheme has poor resolution adaptability, with spatiotemporally averaged subgrid convective transport and convective precipitation increasing significantly as the resolution increases. The spatial averaging method improves the resolution adaptability of the ZM scheme and better conserves total transport and total precipitation. Temporal averaging further improves the resolution adaptability of the scheme. With better constrained (although smoothed) convective transport and precipitation, both the spatial distribution and time series of total precipitation at 4 and 8 km grid spacings are improved with the averaging methods. The results could help develop resolution adaptability for other cumulus parameterizations that are based on the QE assumption.
Advancing Physically‐Based Flow Simulations of Alluvial Systems Through Atmospheric Noble Gases and the Novel 37Ar Tracer Method
Authors: Schilling Oliver S. , Gerber Christoph , Partington Daniel J. , Purtschert Roland , Brennwald Matthias S. , Kipfer Rolf , Hunkeler Daniel , Brunner Philip
Published: November 2017

To provide a sound understanding of the sources, pathways, and residence times of groundwater water in alluvial river‐aquifer systems, a combined multitracer and modeling experiment was carried out in an important alluvial drinking water wellfield in Switzerland. 222Rn, 3H/3He, atmospheric noble gases, and the novel 37Ar‐method were used to quantify residence times and mixing ratios of water from different sources. With a half‐life of 35.1 days, 37Ar allowed to successfully close a critical observational time gap between 222Rn and 3H/3He for residence times of weeks to months. Covering the entire range of residence times of groundwater in alluvial systems revealed that, to quantify the fractions of water from different sources in such systems, atmospheric noble gases and helium isotopes are tracers suited for end‐member mixing analysis. A comparison between the tracer‐based mixing ratios and mixing ratios simulated with a fully‐integrated, physically‐based flow model showed that models, which are only calibrated against hydraulic heads, cannot reliably reproduce mixing ratios or residence times of alluvial river‐aquifer systems. However, the tracer‐based mixing ratios allowed the identification of an appropriate flow model parametrization. Consequently, for alluvial systems, we recommend the combination of multitracer studies that cover all relevant residence times with fully‐coupled, physically‐based flow modeling to better characterize the complex interactions of river‐aquifer systems.
Probable Maximum Precipitation in the U.S. Pacific Northwest in a Changing Climate
Authors: Chen Xiaodong , Hossain Faisal , Leung L. Ruby
Published: November 2017

The safety of large and aging water infrastructures is gaining attention in water management given the accelerated rate of change in landscape, climate, and society. In current engineering practice, such safety is ensured by the design of infrastructure for the Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP). Recently, several numerical modeling approaches have been proposed to modernize the conventional and ad hoc PMP estimation approach. However, the underlying physics have not been fully investigated and thus differing PMP estimates are sometimes obtained without physics‐based interpretations. In this study, we present a hybrid approach that takes advantage of both traditional engineering practice and modern climate science to estimate PMP for current and future climate conditions. The traditional PMP approach is modified and applied to five statistically downscaled CMIP5 model outputs, producing an ensemble of PMP estimates in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) during the historical (1970–2016) and future (2050–2099) time periods. The hybrid approach produced consistent historical PMP estimates as the traditional estimates. PMP in the PNW will increase by 50% ± 30% of the current design PMP by 2099 under the RCP8.5 scenario. Most of the increase is caused by warming, which mainly affects moisture availability through increased sea surface temperature, with minor contributions from changes in storm efficiency in the future. Moist track change tends to reduce the future PMP. Compared with extreme precipitation, PMP exhibits higher internal variability. Thus, long‐time records of high‐quality data in both precipitation and related meteorological fields (temperature, wind fields) are required to reduce uncertainties in the ensemble PMP estimates.
A Binomial Modeling Approach for Upscaling Colloid Transport Under Unfavorable Attachment Conditions: Emergent Prediction of Nonmonotonic Retention Profiles
Authors: Hilpert Markus , Johnson William P.
Published: November 2017

We used a recently developed simple mathematical network model to upscale pore‐scale colloid transport information determined under unfavorable attachment conditions. Classical log‐linear and nonmonotonic retention profiles, both well‐reported under favorable and unfavorable attachment conditions, respectively, emerged from our upscaling. The primary attribute of the network is colloid transfer between bulk pore fluid, the near‐surface fluid domain (NSFD), and attachment (treated as irreversible). The network model accounts for colloid transfer to the NSFD of downgradient grains and for reentrainment to bulk pore fluid via diffusion or via expulsion at rear flow stagnation zones (RFSZs). The model describes colloid transport by a sequence of random trials in a one‐dimensional (1‐D) network of Happel cells, which contain a grain and a pore. Using combinatorial analysis that capitalizes on the binomial coefficient, we derived from the pore‐scale information the theoretical residence time distribution of colloids in the network. The transition from log‐linear to nonmonotonic retention profiles occurs when the conditions underlying classical filtration theory are not fulfilled, i.e., when an NSFD colloid population is maintained. Then, nonmonotonic retention profiles result potentially both for attached and NSFD colloids. The concentration maxima shift downgradient depending on specific parameter choice. The concentration maxima were also shown to shift downgradient temporally (with continued elution) under conditions where attachment is negligible, explaining experimentally observed downgradient transport of retained concentration maxima of adhesion‐deficient bacteria. For the case of zero reentrainment, we develop closed‐form, analytical expressions for the shape, and the maximum of the colloid retention profile.
BAM: Bayesian AMHG‐Manning Inference of Discharge Using Remotely Sensed Stream Width, Slope, and Height
Authors: Hagemann M. W. , Gleason C. J. , Durand M. T.
Published: November 2017

The forthcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) NASA satellite mission will measure water surface width, height, and slope of major rivers worldwide. The resulting data could provide an unprecedented account of river discharge at continental scales, but reliable methods need to be identified prior to launch. Here we present a novel algorithm for discharge estimation from only remotely sensed stream width, slope, and height at multiple locations along a mass‐conserved river segment. The algorithm, termed the Bayesian AMHG‐Manning (BAM) algorithm, implements a Bayesian formulation of streamflow uncertainty using a combination of Manning's equation and at‐many‐stations hydraulic geometry (AMHG). Bayesian methods provide a statistically defensible approach to generating discharge estimates in a physically underconstrained system but rely on prior distributions that quantify the a priori uncertainty of unknown quantities including discharge and hydraulic equation parameters. These were obtained from literature‐reported values and from a USGS data set of acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements at USGS stream gauges. A data set of simulated widths, slopes, and heights from 19 rivers was used to evaluate the algorithms using a set of performance metrics. Results across the 19 rivers indicate an improvement in performance of BAM over previously tested methods and highlight a path forward in solving discharge estimation using solely satellite remote sensing.
G
ranulicella
Authors: Dedysh Svetlana N.
Published: November 2017

Gra.nu.li.cel'la. L. n
granulum
a small grain; L. fem. n.
cella
a storeroom, chamber and, in biology, a cell; N.L. fem. n.
Granulicella
a grain‐like cell.

Acidobacteria / Acidobacteriia / Acidobacteriales / Acidobacteriaceae / Granulicella

The genus
Granulicella
accommodates mildly acidophilic, strictly aerobic chemoorganotrophs, which produce amorphous extracellular polysaccharide‐like substances. Cells of these acidobacteria are Gram‐negative, non‐spore‐forming, nonmotile rods that reproduce by binary fission and occur singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Old cultures contain globular starvation forms. Colony color varies from white to red. Pigments are carotenoids. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐variable. Sugars are the preferred growth substrates. Members of this genus possess hydrolytic capabilities and degrade various heteropolysaccharides; some species degrade carboxymethylcellulose. Mesophilic and psychrotolerant. NaCl inhibits growth at concentrations above 3.5% (w/v). Major fatty acids are iso‐C
15:0
and C
16:1
ω7
c
. The predominant quinone is MK‐8. Members of the class
Acidobacteriia
, order
Acidobacteriales
, family
Acidobacteriaceae
. Isolation sources are acidic soils and wetlands, bark of trees, and acidic mineral leaching environments.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 57.3–62.1 (
T
m
, HPLC and genome sequence analysis).

Type species
:
Granulicella paludicola
Pankratov and Dedysh 2010, 2956
VP
.
Ethylene Biosynthesis and Signaling: A Puzzle Yet to be Completed
Authors: Vandenbussche Filip , Vriezen Wim H. , Van Der Straeten Dominique
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Ethylene Biosynthesis

Ethylene Signal Transduction

A Complex Network

Acknowledgements
Reproductive Development
Authors: Blázquez Miguel A. , León José
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Flowering Time

Flower Development

Early Fruit Development

Fruit Maturation

Conclusions
Seed Development and Germination
Authors: Yamaguchi Shinjiro , Nambara Eiji
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Hormonal Control of Seed Development

Hormonal Control of Seed Germination and Post‐Germinative Growth

Conclusions and Perspectives
Cell Wall Structure, Biosynthesis and Assembly
Authors: Liepman Aaron H. , Cavalier David M. , Lerouxel Olivier , Keegstra Kenneth
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Primary Cell Walls: Composition and Biosynthesis

Cell Wall Architecture

Primary Cell Wall Expansion and Regulation

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements
Vascular Cell Differentiation
Authors: Kuriyama Hideo , Fukuda Hiroo
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Tracheary Element (TE) Differentiation as a Model of Cell–Cell Connection

Early Processes Induced by Cell Separation

Factors that RegulateTECell Differentiation

Effects of Tissue Organization on Cell Differentiation

Cell Wall Components Characteristic ofTEand/or Vascular Cells

The Degradation ofTEPrimary Cell Walls and Pore Formation

Co‐Regulation of Cell Wall Degradation andPCD

Conclusion
Cell Separation in Roots
Authors: Wen Fushi , Laskowski Marta , Hawes Martha
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction: Cell Wall Solubilization by Microbial Enzymes: A Framework for Understanding Cell Wall Solubilization by Plant Enzymes

Cell Wall Solubilization in Plants: Border Cell Separation in Legumes as a Model

Other Mechanisms of Cap Turnover

Cortical Cell Sloughing and Lateral Root Emergence

Aerenchyma
The Role of Polymer Cross‐Linking in Intercellular Adhesion
Authors: Waldron Keith W. , Brett Christopher T.
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Location of Intercellular Cross‐Links within the Wall

The Nature of Intercellular Polymers and Their Cross‐Links

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
Mitotic Senescence in Plants
Authors: Gan Susheng
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Terminology and Types of Senescence

Plants Exhibit Mitotic Senescence, Postmitotic Senescence and Cell Quiescence

Mitotic Senescence: Arrest of
SAM

Role of Telomere and Telomerase in Mitotic Senescence

Closing Remarks

Acknowledgment
Chlorophyll Catabolism and Leaf Coloration
Authors: Hörtensteiner Stefan , Lee David W.
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Chlorophyll Catabolites

The Chlorophyll Degradation Pathway

Chlorophyll Catabolic Mutants

Significance of Chlorophyll Breakdown

The Pigments of Senescing Leaves

The Function of Anthocyanins in Leaf Senescence

Conclusions and Perspectives
Oxidative Stress and Leaf Senescence
Authors: Zentgraf Ulrike
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Antioxidative Capacity, Oxidative Stress and Life Span

Antioxidants

ROSSignaling

Role of Different Cell Compartments

Concluding Remarks
Developmental and Hormonal Control of Leaf Senescence
Authors: Schippers Jos H.M. , Jing Hai‐Chun , Hille Jacques , Dijkwel Paul P.
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Developmental Senescence: A Plant Genome is Optimised for Early Survival and Reproduction

Developmental Processes that Regulate Leaf Senescence

Hormonal Control of Leaf Senescence

Involvement of Genome Programmes in the Regulation of Senescence‐Associated Genes

Integrating Hormonal Action into Developmental Senescence

Outlook and Perspectives
Molecular Regulation of Leaf Senescence
Authors: Kim Hyo Jung , Lim Pyung Ok , Nam Hong Gil
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Isolation and Classification ofSAGs

Regulatory Modes ofSAGs

Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms of Leaf Senescence

Conclusions and Future Challenges

Acknowledgment
Links Between Contexts and Middle to Late Childhood Social‐Emotional Development
Authors: Duong Jeffrey , Bradshaw Catherine P.
Published: November 2017

Guided by the social‐emotional learning (SEL) framework, we studied developmental trajectory patterns of five key competency outcomes spanning middle through late childhood: altruism, empathy, self‐efficacy, aggression, and hyperactivity. We then assessed their links to middle childhood home, parental, and community contexts. Data from the Institute of Education Sciences’ Social and Character Development Program, which comprised nearly 2,400 elementary school students who were followed from Grades 3 through 5, were analyzed using growth mixture modeling. Three trajectory groups emerged for each outcome, which were linked to childhood contexts. Positive parenting was associated with a lower likelihood of following a negative empathy trajectory among children. Neighborhood intergenerational closure promoted a stable self‐efficacy trajectory. Residing in a high‐risk community was linked to increasing normative beliefs about aggression. These findings suggest an important role of contexts in influencing childhood social‐emotional development in the later elementary school years.