bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends in the use of puberty blockers among transgender children in the United States
Authors: Lopez Carla Marisa , Solomon Daniel , Boulware Susan D. , Christison-Lagay Emily R.
Published: May 2018

Background:

The objective of the study was to identify national trends in the utilization of histrelin acetate implants among transgender children in the United States.

Methods:

We analyzed demographic, diagnostic and treatment data from 2004 to 2016 on the use of histrelin acetate reported to the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) to determine the temporal trends in its use for transgender-related billing diagnoses, e.g. “gender identity disorder”. Demographic and payer status data on this patient population were also collected.

Results:

Between 2004 and 2016, the annual number of implants placed for a transgender-related diagnosis increased from 0 to 63. The average age for placement was 14 years. Compared to natal females, natal males were more likely to receive implants (57 vs. 46) and more likely to have implants placed at an older age (62% of natal males vs. 50% of natal females were ≥;13 years; p<0.04). The majority of children were White non-Hispanic (White: 60, minority: 21). When compared to the distribution of patients treated for precocious puberty (White: 1428, minority: 1421), White non-Hispanic patients were more likely to be treated with a histrelin acetate implant for a transgender-related diagnosis than minority patients (p<0.001). This disparity was present even among minority patients with commercial insurance (p<0.001).

Conclusions:

Utilization of histrelin acetate implants among transgender children has increased dramatically. Compared to natal females, natal males are more likely to receive implants and also more likely to receive implants at an older age. Treated transgender patients are more likely to be White when compared to the larger cohort of patients being treated with histrelin acetate for central precocious puberty (CPP), thus identifying a potential racial disparity in access to medically appropriate transgender care.
Serum sFlt-1/PlGF ratio has better diagnostic ability in early- compared to late-onset pre-eclampsia
Authors: Chuah Theng Theng , Tey Wan Shi , Ng Mor Jack , Tan Edward T.H. , Chern Bernard , Tan Kok Hian
Published: May 2018

Background

To establish gestational specific cutoffs for the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and placental growth factor (PlGF) ratio as a diagnostic tool for pre-eclampsia (PE) in an Asian population.

Methods

82 subjects (48 PE patients and 34 controls) were recruited. sFlt-1 and PlGF were analysed on the Roche Cobas e411 analyzer and their ratio was calculated. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Optimal cutoffs for sFlt-1/PlGF ratio were determined for different gestation phases.

Results

The most optimal cut-off for the study group is 32 with a sensitivity and specificity of 85.1% and 100% and Youden Index (J) of 0.85. Applying this cutoff for early-onset PE (EO-PE), sensitivity increased to 95.8% while specificity remains at 100% (J=0.96). However, for late onset PE (LO-PE), sensitivity decreases to 73.9% while specificity remains at 100% (J=0.74). Two cutoffs were further determined for EO-PE and LO-PE – the first focusing on high sensitivity; the second focusing on high specificity. For EO-PE, cutoff <17 yielded sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 94.4% (J=0.94) while cutoff ≥32 yielded sensitivity of 95.8% and specificity of 100% (J=0.95). For LO-PE, cutoff <22 has a sensitivity of 82.6% and a specificity of 91.7% (J=0.74) while cutoff ≥32 yielded sensitivity of 73.9% and specificity of 100% (J=0.74).

Conclusion

While our study found an overall cutoff at 32 regardless of gestation age, it has limited diagnostic accuracy for LO-PE in our study. Multiple cutoffs focusing on either high sensitivity or high specificity enhance the performance of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio as a diagnostic tool for PE and contribute to the identification of women at risk of PE in our Asian region.
Macro Aid: Applying Microcredit’s Group Liability Principle to Foreign Aid
Authors: Skladany Martin
Published: May 2018

This article proposes a novel form of foreign aid—macro aid. Under macro aid, developing countries that are aid recipients would be self-organized into groups and held collectively responsible for stolen or negligently wasted grants. If such abuse occurs, all developing countries in the group would no longer be eligible for any additional aid from the same funding source. Such shared responsibility would build powerfully constructive pressure among developing countries to not abuse aid. Moreover, the public nature of the program would enhance transparency, strengthen expectations, motivate citizens to demand that all group countries live up to the international attention, and shine a spotlight on aid agencies to prevent them from continuing to tolerate systemic corruption. Macro aid programs could also be set up within developing countries at the regional or local governmental level. Further, developing countries could voluntarily decide to establish macro aid groups to signal to domestic and foreign investors their resolve to reform. If such a high level of accountability is expected from the poor who are enrolled in microcredit programs that require group repayment, it is reasonable that the same level of responsibility and oversight should also be applied to groups of elite politicians in developing countries.
Good Governance and Development in Botswana – The Democracy Conundrum
Authors: Ghebremusse Sara
Published: May 2018

Unlike many of its African neighbours, Botswana achieved levels of socio-economic development in spite of its abundant mineral wealth. Botswana’s effective management of its mineral resources also aided in its avoidance of the resource curse and corresponding weak institutions. The contribution of Botswana’s mineral wealth to its development best characterizes the country as a “resource-rich developmental state.” However, the correlation between democratic principles and institutions to Botswana’s developmental success was unclear. This paper examines the connection between democracy and development in Botswana by relying on the “thin” versus “thick” spectrum of democratic institutions expounded by Mariana Prado, Mario Schapiro, and Diogo Coutinho. The paper argues that Botswana’s institutions are not democratically “thick”; therefore, democracy and “good” governance, as its conceived neoliberally, do not explain Botswana’s development outcomes. Instead, this paper contends that David Trubek, Diogo Coutinho, and Mario Schapiro’s “legal functionalities” framework, which credits the success of development policies to four roles the legal system could play: (i) safeguarding flexibility, (ii) stimulating orchestration, (iii) framing synergy, and (iv) ensuring legitimacy, is better suited to explain the success of Botswana’s resource-rich developmental state.
Effects of Hyperbaric Exposure on the Cardiovascular System. Role of the Autonomous Nervous System
Authors: Kujawski Sławomir , Słomko Joanna , Zawadka-Kunikowska Monika , Kozakiewicz Mariusz , Klawe Jacek J. , Tafil-Klawe Małgorzata , Zalewski Paweł
Published: May 2018

Introduction Among experienced divers, dive adaptation is seen as a modified pattern of physiological changes. This is reflected, inter alia, in the change in cardiovascular responses, therefore there is need to examine the role of the autonomic nervous system in cardiovascular response modulation after hyperbaric exposure. Material and methods Ten experienced divers took part in the study. The effects of hyperbaric exposure at 30 and 60 meters and interaction (depth x time) were measured. Changes in HR, RRI, CI and HRV values have been taken into analysis. Results Hyperbaric exposure at 30 meters significantly affected HFnu-RRI elevation and decrease of LFnu-RRI (F = 42.92, p <0.00001), without significant affecting the HR, RRI and CI. Exposure to hyperbaric 60 m increased HR and CI (F = 7.64, p = 0.01 and F = 4.89, p = 0.04 respectively) and RRI (F = 7.69, p = 0.01), without significant impact on other variables. The influence of interaction (depth x time) was significant in all measured variables. Conclusions The results indicate that hyperbaric exposure at 60 meters affected HR, RRI, CI parameters, that were not significantly affected by hyperbaric exposure at 30 meters. On the other hand, the exposure at 30 meters showed a significant effect on the LFnu and HFnu HRV, which were not significantly affected by the exposure at 60 meters. Significant effect of time and depth interaction in each of the analyzed variables was observed.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Treating a Poorly Healing Wound Following Cardiac Surgery in a Patient with Congenital Connective Tissue Defect – Case Report
Authors: Bryndza Magdalena , Filip Grzegorz , Bartuś Krzysztof , Chrapusta Anna , Kobielska Ewa , Kapelak Bogusław , Litwinowicz Radosław
Published: May 2018

We hereby present the case of a female patient with recurrent aortic aneurysms. In order to treat aneurysms of the ascending aorta, aortic arch and aneurysms of the aortic arch branches, the debranching procedure was used. Following the surgery, a deep sternal wound infection occurred characterised by impaired healing. The infection was treated with targeted antibiotic therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
Experimental Research Into the Effect of Hyperbaric Exposures
Authors: Dolatkowski Augustyn , Doboszyński Tadeusz , Łokucijewski Bogdan
Published: May 2018

Numerous research works indicate that staying in a hyperbaric environment is a stressor. We have undertaken studies using an animal model to determine the effect of hyperbaria on adrenocortical secretion and the level of adrenal ascorbic acid (a.a.a.). The research was conducted on 70 male hooded rats, which were divided into groups and subjected to hyperbaric air and oxygen at an overpressure of 1 and 3 atn, with some of the animals being additionally burdened with physical effort (swimming). It was found that short-term exposures (30 minutes) of rats to hyperbaric conditions caused a decrease in the content of a.a.a. With a prolonged (3-hour) exposure to 3 atm air the a.a.a. content returns to a normal level. A reduction in the a.a.a. content indicates the presence of stress in hyperbaric conditions in the rat, however, it does not allow to determine its intensity with the method used in the study.
Selected Gastroenterologic Problems in the Tropics (Peacekeeping Missions, Work)
Authors: Jerzemowski Maciej , Dąbrowiecki Zbigniew , Olszański Romuald , Siermontowski Piotr , Jerzemowski Janusz
Published: May 2018

Research shows a potential threat from external environmental factors which might be the cause of upper and lower gastrointestinal diseases in tourists, or soldiers engaged in tropical peacekeeping missions. The research includes infections which due to their spread are also present in their home countries such as Helicobacter pylori infections, viral hepatitis as well as infections which might cause symptoms of upper and lower gastrointestinal tract diseases as a result of poor sanitary and unhygienic conditions. Contact with diseases typical of the tropical climate, especially during longer stays, increases the chances of bringing some tropical diseases back to Poland, which can be problematic for the domestic health care service.
Quantifying Privacy Loss of Human Mobility Graph Topology
Authors: Manousakas Dionysis , Mascolo Cecilia , Beresford Alastair R. , Chan Dennis , Sharma Nikhil
Published: May 2018

Human mobility is often represented as a mobility network, or graph, with nodes representing places of significance which an individual visits, such as their home, work, places of social amenity, etc., and edge weights corresponding to probability estimates of movements between these places. Previous research has shown that individuals can be identified by a small number of geolocated nodes in their mobility network, rendering mobility trace anonymization a hard task. In this paper we build on prior work and demonstrate that even when all location and timestamp information is removed from nodes, the graph topology of an individual mobility network itself is often uniquely identifying. Further, we observe that a mobility network is often unique, even when only a small number of the most popular nodes and edges are considered. We evaluate our approach using a large dataset of cell-tower location traces from 1 500 smartphone handsets with a mean duration of 430 days. We process the data to derive the top−N places visited by the device in the trace, and find that 93% of traces have a unique top−10 mobility network, and all traces are unique when considering top−15 mobility networks. Since mobility patterns, and therefore mobility networks for an individual, vary over time, we use graph kernel distance functions, to determine whether two mobility networks, taken at different points in time, represent the same individual. We then show that our distance metrics, while imperfect predictors, perform significantly better than a random strategy and therefore our approach represents a significant loss in privacy.
Privacy-preserving Machine Learning as a Service
Authors: Hesamifard Ehsan , Takabi Hassan , Ghasemi Mehdi , Wright Rebecca N.
Published: May 2018

Machine learning algorithms based on deep Neural Networks (NN) have achieved remarkable results and are being extensively used in different domains. On the other hand, with increasing growth of cloud services, several Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) are offered where training and deploying machine learning models are performed on cloud providers’ infrastructure. However, machine learning algorithms require access to the raw data which is often privacy sensitive and can create potential security and privacy risks. To address this issue, we present CryptoDL, a framework that develops new techniques to provide solutions for applying deep neural network algorithms to encrypted data. In this paper, we provide the theoretical foundation for implementing deep neural network algorithms in encrypted domain and develop techniques to adopt neural networks within practical limitations of current homomorphic encryption schemes. We show that it is feasible and practical to train neural networks using encrypted data and to make encrypted predictions, and also return the predictions in an encrypted form. We demonstrate applicability of the proposed CryptoDL using a large number of datasets and evaluate its performance. The empirical results show that it provides accurate privacy-preserving training and classification.
The Factors that Determine Reproductive Health Characteristics of Adolescents in Serbia
Authors: Djordjevic Gordana , Radovanovic Snezana , Djonovic Nela , Radevic Svetlana , Vasiljevic Dragan , Mihailovic Natasa
Published: May 2018

The aim of the work is to assess vulnerability degree of reproductive health in adolescent population in Serbia by analyzing their sexual behavior. The paper is based on data from a National health survey of the population in Serbia in 2013 (without Kosovo and Metohija region), conducted by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia. For the purposes of this study, the data used are referred to households and population of age 15 and over, so that the final number for analysis is a sample of 1722 respondents aged 15-24. The study included demographic characteristics of respondents (age, gender, settlement type, region) and the characteristics of reproductive health: sexual behavior, use of contraceptive protection, knowledge and attitudes towards HIV, protection of reproductive health. χ2 test was applied for testing differences in frequency of categorical variables. All results with a probability that equals to or is less than 5% (p≤0.05) are considered statistically significant. Among the respondents, there were more than half (53.5%) of sexually active adolescents. The highest percentage of them- 16.6% responded that they had first sexual intercourse at the age of 17. 53.4% of adolescents had sexual intercourse with one partner, 26.4% of respondents had sexual intercourse with two or more partners. The most commonly used contraceptive method was interrupted intercourse (coitus interruptus) with 34.7% of respondents.
Do pain-associated contexts increase pain sensitivity? An investigation using virtual reality
Authors: Harvie Daniel S. , Sterling Michele , Smith Ashley D.
Published: May 2018

Background and aims

Pain is not a linear result of nociception, but is dependent on multisensory inputs, psychological factors, and prior experience. Since nociceptive models appear insufficient to explain chronic pain, understanding non-nociceptive contributors is imperative. Several recent models propose that cues associatively linked to painful events might acquire the capacity to augment, or even cause, pain. This experiment aimed to determine whether contexts associated with pain, could modulate mechanical pain thresholds and pain intensity.

Methods

Forty-eight healthy participants underwent a contextual conditioning procedure, where three neutral virtual reality contexts were paired with either unpredictable noxious stimulation, unpredictable vibrotactile stimulation, or no stimulation. Following the conditioning procedure, mechanical pain thresholds and pain evoked by a test stimulus were examined in each context. In the test phase, the effect of expectancy was equalised across conditions by informing participants when thresholds and painful stimuli would be presented.

Results

Contrary to our hypothesis, scenes that were associated with noxious stimulation did not increase mechanical sensitivity (p=0.08), or increase pain intensity (p=0.46). However, an interaction with sex highlighted the possibility that pain-associated contexts may alter pain sensitivity in females but not males (p=0.03).

Conclusions

Overall, our data does not support the idea that pain-associated contexts can alter pain sensitivity in healthy asymptomatic individuals. That an effect was shown in females highlights the possibility that some subgroups may be susceptible to such an effect, although the magnitude of the effect may lack real-world significance. If pain-associated cues prove to have a relevant pain augmenting effect, in some subgroups, procedures aimed at extinguishing pain-related associations may have therapeutic potential.
A New Method for Specifying the Tuning Parameter of ℓ1 Trend Filtering
Authors: Yamada Hiroshi
Published: May 2018

Because Hodrick–Prescott (HP) filtering and ℓ1 trend filtering are expressed as penalized least squares problem, both of them require the specification of their tuning parameter. For HP filtering, we have accumulated knowledge for selecting the value of its tuning parameter. However, we do not have similar knowledge for ℓ1 trend filtering. This paper presents a new method for specifying the tuning parameter of ℓ1 trend filtering so that the sum of squared residuals of HP filtering and that of ℓ1 trend filtering may be equivalent.
Synthesis of hexahydro-4-phenylquinoline-3-carbonitriles using Fe3O4@SiO2-SO3H nanoparticles as a superior and retrievable heterogeneous catalyst under ultrasonic irradiations
Authors: Safaei-Ghomi Javad , Aghagoli Reza , Shahbazi-Alavi Hossein
Published: May 2018

An efficient synthesis of hexahydro-4-phenylquinoline-3-carbonitriles is described by the four-component condensation reaction of cyclohexanone, ammonium acetate, malononitrile, and aromatic aldehydes using Fe3O4@SiO2-SO3H nanoparticles as a superior and retrievable heterogeneous catalyst under ultrasonic irradiations. The reusability of the catalyst and little catalyst loading, excellent yields, short reaction times, using the sonochemical procedure as a green process and an alternative energy source are some benefits of this method.
Spin-labeling of Dexamethasone: Radical Stability vs. Temporal Resolution of EPR-Spectroscopy on Biological Samples
Authors: Walker Karolina A. , Unbehauen Michael L. , Lohan Silke B. , Saeidpour Siavash , Meinke Martina C. , Zimmer Reinhold , Haag Rainer
Published: May 2018

Spin-labeling active compounds is a convenient way to prepare them for EPR spectroscopy with minimal alteration of the target molecule. In this study we present the labeling reaction of dexamethasone (Dx) with either TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy) or PCA (3-(carboxy)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy) with high yields. According to NMR data, both labels are attached at the primary hydroxy group of the steroid. In subsequent spin-stability measurements both compounds were applied onto HaCaT cells. When the signal of Dx-TEMPO decreased below the detection limit within 3 h, the signal of Dx-PCA remained stable for the same period of time.
THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Growth hormone replacement therapy in adults: 30 years of personal clinical experience
Authors: Jørgensen Jens O L , Juul Anders
Published: May 2018

The acute metabolic actions of purified human growth hormone (GH) were first documented in adult hypopituitary patients more than 50 years ago, and placebo-controlled long-term GH trials in GH-deficient adults (GHDA) surfaced in 1989 with the availability of biosynthetic human GH. Untreated GHDA is associated with excess morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease and the phenotype includes fatigue, reduced aerobic exercise capacity, abdominal obesity, reduced lean body mass, osteopenia and elevated levels of circulating cardiovascular biomarkers. Several of these features reverse and normalize with GH replacement. It remains controversial whether quality of life, assessed by questionnaires, improves. The known side effects are fluid retention and insulin resistance, which are reversible and dose dependent. The dose requirement declines markedly with age and is higher in women. Continuation of GH replacement into adulthood in patients with childhood-onset disease is indicated, if the diagnosis is reconfirmed. GH treatment of frail elderly subjects without documented pituitary disease remains unwarranted. Observational data show that mortality in GH-replaced patients is reduced compared to untreated patients. Even though this reduced mortality could be due to selection bias, GH replacement in GHDA has proven beneficial and safe.
Epigenetic reprogramming during spermatogenesis and male factor infertility
Authors: McSwiggin H M , O’Doherty A M
Published: May 2018

Infertility is an often devastating diagnosis encountered by around one in six couples who are trying to conceive. Moving away from the long-held belief that infertility is primarily a female issue, it is now recognised that half, if not more, of these cases may be due to male factors. Recent evidence has suggested that epigenetic abnormalities in chromatin dynamics, DNA methylation or sperm-borne RNAs may contribute to male infertility. In light of advances in deep sequencing technologies, researchers have been able to increase the coverage and depth of sequencing results, which in turn has allowed more comprehensive analyses of spermatozoa chromatin dynamics and methylomes and enabled the discovery of new subsets of sperm RNAs. This review examines the most current literature related to epigenetic processes in the male germline and the associations of aberrant modifications with fertility and development.
Evolutionary Pathways for the Generation of New Self-Incompatibility Haplotypes in a Nonself-Recognition System
Authors: Bod'ová Katarína , Priklopil Tadeas , Field David L , Barton Nicholas H , Pickup Melinda
Published: May 2018

Self-incompatibility (SI) is a genetically based recognition system that functions to prevent self-fertilization and mating among related plants. An enduring puzzle in SI is how the high diversity observed in nature arises and is maintained. Based on the underlying recognition mechanism, SI can be classified into two main groups: self-recognition (SR) and nonself-recognition (NSR). Most work has focused on diversification within SR systems despite expected differences between the two groups in the evolutionary pathways and outcomes of diversification. Here, we use a deterministic population genetic model and stochastic simulations to investigate how novel S-haplotypes evolve in a gametophytic NSR [SRNase/S Locus F-box (SLF)] SI system. For this model, the pathways for diversification involve either the maintenance or breakdown of SI and can vary in the order of mutations of the female (SRNase) and male (SLF) components. We show analytically that diversification can occur with high inbreeding depression and self-pollination, but this varies with evolutionary pathway and level of completeness (which determines the number of potential mating partners in the population), and, in general, is more likely for lower haplotype number. The conditions for diversification are broader in stochastic simulations of finite population size. However, the number of haplotypes observed under high inbreeding and moderate-to-high self-pollination is less than that commonly observed in nature. Diversification was observed through pathways that maintain SI as well as through self-compatible intermediates. Yet the lifespan of diversified haplotypes was sensitive to their level of completeness. By examining diversification in a NSR SI system, this model extends our understanding of the evolution and maintenance of haplotype diversity observed in a recognition system common in flowering plants.
Evolutionary Rescue over a Fitness Landscape
Authors: Anciaux Yoann , Chevin Luis-Miguel , Ronce Ophélie , Martin Guillaume
Published: May 2018

Evolutionary rescue describes a situation where adaptive evolution prevents the extinction of a population facing a stressing environment. Models of evolutionary rescue could in principle be used to predict the level of stress beyond which extinction becomes likely for species of conservation concern, or, conversely, the treatment levels most likely to limit the emergence of resistant pests or pathogens. Stress levels are known to affect both the rate of population decline (demographic effect) and the speed of adaptation (evolutionary effect), but the latter aspect has received less attention. Here, we address this issue using Fisher’s geometric model of adaptation. In this model, the fitness effects of mutations depend both on the genotype and the environment in which they arise. In particular, the model introduces a dependence between the level of stress, the proportion of rescue mutants, and their costs before the onset of stress. We obtain analytic results under a strong-selection–weak-mutation regime, which we compare to simulations. We show that the effect of the environment on evolutionary rescue can be summarized into a single composite parameter quantifying the effective stress level, which is amenable to empirical measurement. We describe a narrow characteristic stress window over which the rescue probability drops from very likely to very unlikely as the level of stress increases. This drop is sharper than in previous models, as a result of the decreasing proportion of stress-resistant mutations as stress increases. We discuss how to test these predictions with rescue experiments across gradients of stress.
Memperkuat Hubungan Antar Lembaga Negara Dalam Bingkai Negara Hukum
Authors: Rahmatullah Indra , Agusty Rizza Zia
Published: May 2018

Abstract:The authority of the state is not powered by one person or one institution only, but also it should be a separation of power. The separation pf power from trias politica theory is difficult to be implemented because no other state body that untouchable. That is why the theory of distribution power developed become the check and balances theory. The development of check and balances theory is signed by the amandement UUD 1945. The goal of check and balances system is to maximize the function state body and to limit abuse of power. In fact, there is always conflict between state bodies because of their power and duty.Keywords: Check and balances, state body, and conflict. Abstrak:Kekuasaan negara tidak terpusat pada satu orang atau lembaga saja, tetapi perlu adanya pemisahan kekuasaan (separation of power). Separation of power dari trias politica sebelumnya sulit terlaksana karena satu sama lain lembaga negara tidak mungkin tidak saling bersentuhan, sehingga berkembanglah menjadi teori pembagian kekuasaan (distribution of power) dan berujung dengan lahirnya teori checks and balances. Perkembangan ketatanegaraan di Indonesia yang mengarah pada sistem checks and balances ditandai dengan adanya amandeman UUD 1945 yakni lembaga negara yang saling mengawasi dan mengimbangi lembaga negara lainnya. Tujuan checks and balances adalah memaksimalkan fungsi masing-masing lembaga negara dan membatasi kesewenang-wenangan lembaga negara. Pada kenyataanya, mulai ada ketegangan dan konflik antar lembaga negara yang diakibatkan lembaga negara tersebut merasa memiliki kekuatan yang sama.Kata kunci: Checks and balances, lembaga negara, dan konflik.
Resolusi Konflik Pencegahan Disintegrasi Bangsa Melalui Legalitas Hukum Syariat di Aceh
Authors: Sholeh Muhammad , Yunus Nur Rohim , Susilowati Ida
Published: May 2018

Abstract:Efforts that have been made by the government of the Republic of Indonesia to reduce conflict in Aceh in the form of various policies. From the pattern of violence, mediation, enactment of the Regional Military Operation, to finally negotiations for peace. Negotiations eventually served as the final conflict resolution in order to quell the raging turmoil. After the Aceh Tsunami in December 2004, an agreement was finally reached in Helsinki between the government of the Republic of Indonesia and the elders of the Free Aceh Movement. Among the resolutions obtained are the enactment of Sharia law or Qonun in Aceh, as a legal law that regulates the life of the Acehnese in an Islamic manner.Keywords: Conflict Resolution, Sharia Law, National Disintegration Abstrak: Upaya yang telah dilakukan pemerintah Republik Indonesia dalam meredam konflik di Aceh dalam bentuk kebijakan beranekaragam. Dari pola kekerasaan, mediasi, pemberlakuan Daerah Operasi Militer, hingga perundingan untuk perdamaian. Perundingan akhirnya dijadikan sebagai resolusi konflik terakhir guna meredam gejolak yang berkecamuk. Pasca terjadinya Tsunami Aceh pada bulan Desember 2004, akhirnya dibuatkan kesepakatan di Helsinki antar pemerintah Republik Indonesia dan para tetua Gerakan Aceh Merdeka. Diantara resolusi yang didapatkan adalah pemberlakukan hukum Syariah atau Qonun di Aceh, sebagai hukum legal yang mengatur kehidupan masyarakat Aceh secara Islami. Kata Kunci: Resolusi Konflik, Hukum Syariah, Disintegrasi Bangsa
Deklarasi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Tentang Hak Asasi Manusia
Authors: Fathinnuddin Muhammad
Published: May 2018

Issu Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) sudah menjadi agenda yang makinpenting, artinya belakangan ini, terutama setelah berakhirrnya perang dinginnegara-negara Barat semakin bersemangat meng-advokasikan HAM keseluruh dunia, bahkan menjadikannya sebagai indikator dan faktor penentudalam menentukan kebijakan dan hubungan luar negeri mereka yangsampai sekarang masih menjadi ketegangan (curcials) adalah dalammemahami dan mengimplementasikan HAM itu antara negara-negara Baratdan negara sedang berkembang, khususnya negara Islam1. Hak AsasiManusia, sebagai nilai-nilai kemanusiaan yang dimiliki dan harus dijunjungtinggi oleh setiap individu dan kelompok manusia, terdapat kesulitan untukmelacak sejak kapan dan dimana dilahirkannya. Namun, sebagai suatusistem yang mengikat secara normatif dan formal, banyak yang menyatakanbahwa kelahiran HAM dimulai Magna Charta (1215), Bill of Rights (1689),The American Declaration (1776), The French Declaration (1789), kemudianThe Four Freedoms (1941), dan barulah Universal Declaration of HumanRights (1948). DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v3i3.7863
Transformasi Pendidikan Pancasila dan Wawasan Kebangsaan Bagi Generasi Milenial Untuk Revitalisasi Anti Korupsi
Authors: Ahmad Supriyadi
Published: May 2018

Abstract.Pancasila learning in schools and universities has seemed difficult to understand by the millennial generation, as well as National Knowledge Education. Therefore, it is necessary to transform or change the form, nature and function of Pancasila Education, so that this State Philosophy becomes attractive, attracts interest, and can be easily implemented in everyday life. Anti-Corruption Education is also time to be revitalized, rejuvenated, and re-actualized, so that it can be more easily absorbed by the millennial generation in particular, and the citizens of Indonesia in general from an early age. The chronic economic conditions of the Indonesian people, one of which is caused by the rise of corruption in certain groups of this nation. Therefore, it is time for various efforts to improve learning for both aspects that are very urgent in the life of this nation and state.Keywords: Transformation, Pancasila, Nationalism Insights, Millennial Generation, and Anti Corruption Abstrak.Pembelajaran Pancasila di sekolah dan Perguruan Tinggi selama ini terkesan sulit dipahami oleh generasi milenial. Begitu juga Pendidikan Wawasan Kebangsaan. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan transformasi atau perubahan bentuk, sifat, dan fungsi Pendidikan Pancasila agar Falsafah Negara RI ini menjadi atraktif, mengundang minat, dan dapat diimplementasikan dengan mudah dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Pendidikan Anti Korupsi juga sudah saatnya direvitalisasi, direjuvenasi, dan direaktualisasi agar dapat dengan lebih diserap oleh generasi milenial khususnya, dan warga bangsa Indonesia pada umumnya sejak dini. Kronisnya kondisi perekonomian rakyat Indonesia, salah satunya disebabkan oleh maraknya korupsi di kalangan tertentu bangsa ini. Oleh karena itu, sudah saatnya dilakukan berbagai upaya untuk membenahi pembelajaran untuk kedua aspek yang sangat urgen dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara ini.Kata Kunci: Transformasi, Pancasila, Wawasan Kebangsaan, Generasi Milenial, dan Anti Korupsi.
Hak Anak Dalam Kajian Fikih
Authors: Dyana Burhanatut
Published: May 2018

Melahirkan anak memang bagian dan peran utama dariperempuan (ibu), akan tetapi untuk perawatan dan pengasuhan anak adalahtanggung jawab bersama orang tua, ayah dan ibu. Dalam konteks perananibu dan bapak, al-Qur’an mengibaratkan bapak sebagai petani yangmenanam benih, sedangkan ibu diibaratkan sebagai lahannya.1 Betapapunbaiknya benih, jika lahannya gersang atau dibiarkan ditumbuhi alang-alangdan diserang hama, maka buah yang tumbuh tidak akan memuaskan.Walaupuan buah telah tumbuh, petani pun masih tetap dituntut untukmemperhatikannya, membersihkannya dari noda, dan mengemasnyadengan kemasan yang baik. Dari perumpamaan penulis ini maka dapatdiketahui bahwa ibu dan bapak sama-sama memiliki peranan yang pentingdalam kehidupan anak dan berkewajiban untuk memenuhi hak-hak dasaranak, khususnya dalam status, persusuan, pengasuhan dan pendidikan. DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v4i2.7876
Perlindungan Anak Dalam Islam (Al-Quran dan Hadist)
Authors: Asso Hasan Abdul Rahman
Published: May 2018

Perlindungan Anak Dalam Islam (Al-Qur’an dan Al-Hadist).Makalah ini Mencoba untuk membahas masalah melindungi anak-anak yang telah diabaikan oleh beberapa keluarga dan masyarakat.Untuk melakukan hal ini, penulis kemudian mengacu pada dasarspiritual dan hukum dalam Al-Qur’an Al-Hadist atau Tradisi NabiMuhammad SAW. Misalnya Hadists yang dipelajari dari konteksmereka dan kemudian ditafsirkan kembali dalam kondisi kontemporer.Diantaranya adalah bahwa Nabi melakukan banyak hal yang tepatuntuk melindungi anak-anak serta hak-hak mereka. Ini bertujuan untukmemberikan lebih banyak hormat, dan perlindungan pada merekasehingga hak-hak mereka diperhatikan dan dilindungi dengan baikoleh kedua orang tuan, masyarakat maupun oleh negara. DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v4i2.7877
Perlindungan Anak dan Hak Kesejahteraan Anak Dalam Undang- Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002
Authors: Apriyanita Triyana
Published: May 2018

Perlindungan Anak dan Hak Kesejahteraan Anaktelah diatur olehberbagai kebijakan dan program, antara lain mulai dari Undang Undang Dasar1945, dimana anak terlantar dan fakir miskin dipelihara oleh Negara. UndangUndang Republik Indonesia Nomor 4 Tahun 1979 Tentang Kesejahteraan Anaktelah mengatur tentang hak anak yaitu “anak berhak atas kesejahteraan,perawatan, asuhan dan bimbingan berdasarkan kasih sayang baik dalamkeluarganya maupun dalam asuhan khusus untuk tumbuh dan berkembangdengan wajar”, dan tanggung jawab orangtua yaitu bahwa “orangtuabertanggung jawab terhadap kesejahteraan anak.” Pada tahun 1990 Indonesiatelah meratifikasi Konvensi Hak Anak (KHA) melalui Keppres 36/1990 padatanggal 25 Agustus 1990 dimana substansi inti dari KHA adalah adanya hakasasi yang dimiliki anak dan ada tanggung jawab Negara PemerintahMasyarakat dan Orang tua untuk kepentingan terbaik bagi anak agarmeningkatnya efektivitas penyelenggaraan perlindungan anak secara optimal. DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v4i2.7879
Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C in prisons worldwide: A meta-analysis during the years 2005-2015
Authors: Moradi Ghobad , Goodarzi Elham , Khazaei Zaher
Published: May 2018

Background: Viral hepatitis is still considered as a major cause of burden of disease in the world, and is the most common cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Prisoners are one of the groups most at risk for hepatitis. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B and C in prisons worldwide during the years 2005-2015.

Method: In order to find relevant articles published from 2005 to 2015, two members of the research team searched the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The study was conducted using the random effects model and the fixed effects model. In order to examine heterogeneity, Cochran Q test was used at an error level of less than 10%; its quantity was estimated using the I2 indicator. The publication bias was measured using Begg’s rank correlation test and Egger’s linear regression method. After extracting the required data, the meta-analysis was performed using the software Stata 12.

Results: A total of 43 studies which met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The results showed that the overall prevalence of hepatitis B in prisoners was 5.17% (95% CI: 2.19-9.30). The highest prevalence, that is, 13.14% (95% CI: 11.99-14.36), was observed in Africa. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, the highest prevalence, that is, 5.04% (95% CI: 4.45-5.67), was observed in the Western Pacific region. The prevalence of hepatitis B in men and women were, respectively, 6.70% (95% CI: 6.52-6.88) and 4.34% (95% CI: 3.98-4.79). The results showed that the overall prevalence of hepatitis C in prisoners was 13.22% (95% CI: 8.95- 8.16). The highest prevalence, that is, 26.4% (95% CI: 25.05-27.87), was observed in Australia. According to the WHO classification, the highest prevalence of hepatitis C, that is, 24.26% (95% CI: 21.6-27.02), was observed in the Southeast Asia region. The prevalence of hepatitis B in men and women were, respectively, 9.33% (95% CI: 1.56-1.98) and 6.25% (95% CI: 5.78-6.74).

Conclusion: The prevalence of hepatitis B and C in prisoners was greater than that in the general population, and the prevalence in men was greater than that in women. Appropriate and effective interventions to reduce transmission of hepatitis B and C in the prisons worldwide is essential.
Enhancing Postdischarge Asthma Care by Using Pharmacy Claims and Telephone Follow-up
Authors: Teufel Ronald J. , Shuler Anita B. , Ebeling Myla D. , Morella Kristen , Andrews Annie L.
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Asthma is a common reason for hospital readmission. The majority of children are not receiving adequate preventive care after discharge. Our objective is to decrease return visits to the emergency department (ED) or hospital for asthma through a series of interventions (eg, access to real-time claims data and structured follow-up phone calls) designed to increase preventive care.

METHODS:

We performed a single-site quality improvement project for children 2 to 17 years old discharged with asthma from January 2010 to March 2014. We compared a baseline period and a stepwise intervention period including the following: brief follow-up phone calls to families, access to medication claims data, and structured phone calls. The primary outcome of return visits to the ED or hospital and preventive care outcomes (controller refills and ambulatory visits) up to 90 days were assessed using state all-payer and Medicaid data sets. Interrupted time series analysis was used to investigate secular trends.

RESULTS:

Six hundred and seventy-seven asthma discharges were analyzed. The majority of children were 2 to 7 years old, African American, and insured by Medicaid. Successful phone contact occurred in 57% of encounters. Ninety-day revisits to the ED or hospital demonstrated a significant decline (15% to 8%; P < .05), but preventive care measures did not improve.

CONCLUSIONS:

A process to improve transitions for children who are hospitalized with an asthma exacerbation that includes follow-up phone calls was associated with a decrease in ED or hospital revisits. The lack of a detectable increase in preventive care warrants further exploration.
Multilinguals’ and monolinguals’ use of awareness-raising activities
Authors: Rezaei Amir , Hashim Fatimah
Published: May 2018

Research findings have confirmed that multilingual acquisition differs essentially from second language acquisition, and that multilingual learners have advantages over monolingual learners when learning a new language. These advantages are attributed to metalinguistic awareness, highly developed learning strategies and communicative sensitivity. This paper reports on research examining the extent to which multilingual and monolingual participants benefit from awareness-raising activities on listening skills, based on 252 female participants. Additionally, participants with two different learning styles – reflective/impulsive – are compared. For data analysis, a three-way ANOVA analysis with post hoc test was conducted. Results showed that being multilingual has significant effects on the use of awareness-raising activities. Similarly, it was revealed that being reflective/impulsive has a significant effect on multilingual speakers’ listening enhancement. Results also indicated that the interaction between being multilingual/monolingual and being reflective/impulsive is statistically significant. The results obtained give some insights on the effect of individual factors, especially cognitive styles, on the language development of multilinguals, and shed some light on models developed for multilingualism, especially the Dynamic Multilingual Model. The theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed in detail.
Observations on silence in telephone delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (T-CBT)
Authors: Chatwin John , Bee Penny , Macfarlane Gary J. , Lovell Karina
Published: May 2018

In psychotherapy and counselling, and many other institutional settings, the occurrence and interactionally derived meaning of pauses and silence have an array of implications over and above those of ‘everyday’ interaction. In this study we utilised conversation analysis to explore aspects of silence in one particular therapeutic setting: telephone delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (T-CBT). We outline how instances of silence which are notionally ‘problematic’ can result in remedial action which we broadly categorise as: ‘Same party prompt’, ‘same party repair’, or ‘synchronous repair’. We observe that ‘therapeutic’ silences that were oriented to by interlocutors as non-problematic generally occur in particular phases of an encounter, and we argue that it is often the issue of how parties switch between and signal orientation towards different modes of silence that can create interactional misalignment, rather than the silence itself.
Structure and texture in historical medical records
Authors: Feilberg Julie , Sarangi Srikant
Published: May 2018

Although the forms and functions of medical records – also called patient records – have long been a topic of research, there are few longitudinal and historical studies of examples pre-dating their modern form. In this paper we examine a set of records from a medical journal of an immigrant ship in the nineteenth century as a case study. Our focus is on the structure and texture of a selected sample of child patient records. The framework is theme-oriented discourse analysis, especially account analysis, as we characterise the surgeon superintendent's accounting practices with regard to entries involving child patients (n = 28), comprising ‘cure’ and ‘loss of life’ scenarios. The findings, based on a selective corpus of seven cases, demonstrate that entries in the ‘loss of life’ cases, as opposed to the straightforward ‘cure’ cases, not only retain a loose structure but also display a ‘subjective experiential’ texture, contrary to the findings of many studies which report the prevalence of objective, technical language characteristic of contemporary patient records. We suggest that the narrative structure and rhetorical texture of the entries index the institutional function of the patient record, even beyond healthcare delivery concerning the individual patient.
Analysis of OBGYN Resident In-Training Exam Scores After Implementation of a Flipped Classroom Curriculum
Authors: Valente Ana , Gala Rajiv , Rueb Beverly
Published: May 2018

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Background: There has been a push for flipped classroom use in graduate medical education in recent years although a paucity of objective data exists to support its' superiority in resident and fellow education. During a "flipped classroom" learners are responsible for mastering material prior to scheduled didactic time and are challenged to apply acquired knowledge during the session. Objective: We hypothesized that there would be a statistically significant increase in OBGYN Residents' in-training exam scores with implementation of a flipped classroom compared with previous traditional classroom. Methods: We implemented a pilot flipped classroom curriculum and performed an ANOVA analysis to determine if a statistically significant difference existed in OBGYN in-training exam scores for years using flipped (2012-2014) vs. traditional classroom (2015-2016). Results: When using p < 0.05 as significance level, there was a significant improvement in in-training exam scores when comparing first year (P=.0468) and second year (p=.0018) residents in flipped vs. traditional classroom. Statistical significance was lost after controlling for USMLE score, which might be due to the small sample size. Conclusions: There was a trend towards improvements in OBGYN in-training exam scores when using the flipped classroom model, but statistical significance was lost when controlling for USMLE scores.
Ocular morbidities in pediatric outpatient population at a tertiary care ophthalmic centre: a descriptive study
Authors: Gupta Prabha , Gupta Vijay
Published: May 2018

Background: Ocular problems in children are unique and different from adults, because of their inability to express their problems and potential to develop amblyopia. Screening at the level of schools cover school age going children only while congenital and infantile disorder can cause significant morbidity if remain untreated . Hence the present study was conducted to determine the pattern of Ocular morbidities in children uptil 15 years of age.Methods: It is a hospital based retrospective study. Outpatient department (OPD) records of all new patients aged 15 years and younger were reviewed. The age at presentation, sex and clinical diagnosis were recorded from OPD records. Data was recorded and analyzed.Results: Total of 480 children was enrolled with ocular problems. Majority belong to 11-15 years of age group. Conjunctival morbidity was most commonly encountered in 146 (30.41%) children followed by refractive error 82 (17.07%) and lid problems in 81 (16.87%) patients. Ocular trauma constitutes 54 (11.25%) children of the total.Conclusions: In view of high prevalence of Conjunctival and refractory errors in pediatrics population, there is a need of health counseling of parents regarding ocular hygiene, protection and regular refraction of children to identify the ocular morbidity at the earliest and prevent the long term complications.