bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of optical absorption and dispersion characteristics of nanocrystalline In2Se3 films: impact of γ-ray irradiation
Authors: Ebraheem Bassant , Farag A. A. M. , Ashour A. H. , Roushdy N. , El-Nahass M. M.
Published: February 2023

Thermal evaporation was used to deposit In2Se3 thin films with a thickness of 276 nm on different glass and quartz substrates under vacuum. The 60Co rays were used to irradiate thin films at dosages of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50) kGy. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the crystalline and morphological structure of In2Se3 thin films, respectively. The results revealed that powder has a polycrystalline structure, whereas pristine and irradiated thin films are amorphous. The computed absorption coefficient indicates that direct transition is allowed for the as-deposited and γ-irradiated thin films, and the value of the measured energy gaps increases when the dose is increased from 10 to 50 kGy. Using single-oscillator models to obtain the dispersion parameters, the spectral dependency of the refractive index in the higher wavelength area was studied. The effect of irradiation on dielectric constants and dispersion characteristics suggests that the examined films are highly sensitive to appropriate irradiation dose. The nonlinear optical susceptibility has improved, making it appropriate for a variety of device applications.
Influence of Eu3+ on the structural, optical and electrical properties of PEO–PVA: dual bandgap materials for optoelectronic applications
Authors: Saber S. , El-Sayed S. , El Sayed Adel M.
Published: February 2023

Solid-polymer electrolytes (SPE) based on rare-earth doping is a growing approach for the development of various optoelectronic and ion-conducting devices. Eu3+/PEO–PVA SPE was prepared by solution casting. The impacts of Eu3+ content on the microstructure, chemical composition, and complexation with the functional groups of the blend as well as on the film morphology were evaluated by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, and FE-SEM microscopy. It was revealed that the film's crystallinity and optical transmittance can be tailored by Eu3+ content. Tauc's method illustrated that the films exhibit dual band gaps on both the low energy side (2.0–2.8 eV) and the high energy side (4.0–4.38 eV). In addition, the refractive index and optical conductivity of SPE were greatly enhanced with increasing Eu3+ content. The current–voltage characteristic curves were recorded at an applied voltage range of 0–10 V, and temperature range of 30–100 °C. The materials exhibited non-Ohmic behavior. The DC conductivity ($${\sigma }_{\mathrm{dc}})$$

σ
dc

)

values of the pure and 6 wt% Eu3+-doped blend were in the range of 1.16 × 10–6–2.05 × 10–6 S/cm and 1.73 × 10–6–3.36 × 10–6 S/cm, respectively. The relations between the current density and the electric field revealed that the Schottky emission is the most suitable conduction mechanism. The results indicate that Eu3+/PEO–PVA SPE is suitable for some optoelectronic applications and ion-conducting devices.
Evaluation of an Audio-Visual Novela to Improve COVID-19 Knowledge and Safe Practices Among Spanish-Speaking Individuals with Schizophrenia
Authors: Kopelowicz Alex , Lopez Steven R. , Molina Gregory B. , Baron Melvin , Franco Richard , Mayer Doe
Published: February 2023

In the United States, the health and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have disproportionately affected the Latinx community. Within the Latinx community, people with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders are more susceptible to exposure to the virus. Given their increased risk of contracting and getting sick from the virus, efforts targeting the Latinx population should focus on increasing knowledge and safe practices associated with COVID-19. We developed a 10 min animated, Spanish-language audio-visual novela designed to improve knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding COVID-19. Latinx adults with schizophrenia (N = 100) at a community mental health center in Los Angeles were randomly assigned to watch the novela or a non-COVID video (control group). Participants completed surveys immediately before and one month after viewing the material. One month after watching the audio-visual novela, subjects endorsed a greater likelihood of seeking a COVID-19 vaccine than control subjects. No other significant differences were observed between the two conditions. The findings of this study suggest that the presentation of health information in a relevant, engaging, and appealing manner may be useful way to improving salutary health behaviors of Latinx people with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
Performance of TES X-Ray Microcalorimeters Designed for 14.4-keV Solar Axion Search
Authors: Yagi Y. , Konno R. , Hayashi T. , Tanaka K. , Yamasaki N. Y. , Mitsuda K. , Sato R. , Saito M. , Homma T. , Nishida Y. , Mori S. , Iyomoto N. , Hara T.
Published: February 2023

A $$^{57}$$

57

Fe nucleus in the solar core could emit a 14.4-keV monochromatic axion through the M1 transition if a hypothetical elementary particle, axion, exists to solve the strong CP problem. Transition edge sensor (TES) X-ray microcalorimeters can detect such axions very efficiently if they are again converted into photons by a $$^{57}$$

57

Fe absorber. We have designed and produced a dedicated TES array with $$^{57}$$

57

Fe absorbers for the solar axion search. The iron absorber is set next to the TES, keeping a certain distance to reduce the iron-magnetization effect on the spectroscopic performance. A gold thermal transfer strap connects them. A sample pixel irradiated from a $$^{55}$$

55

Fe source detected 698 pulses. In contrast to thermal simulations, we consider that the pulses include either events produced in an iron absorber or gold strap at a fraction dependent on the absorption rate of each material. Furthermore, photons deposited on the iron absorber are detected through the strap as intended. The identification of all events still needs to be completed. However, we successfully operated the TES with the unique design under iron magnetization for the first time.
Operating Room Performance Optimization Metrics: a Systematic Review
Authors: Schouten Anne M. , Flipse Steven M. , van Nieuwenhuizen Kim E. , Jansen Frank Willem , van der Eijk Anne C. , van den Dobbelsteen John J.
Published: February 2023

Literature proposes numerous initiatives for optimization of the Operating Room (OR). Despite multiple suggested strategies for the optimization of workflow on the OR, its patients and (medical) staff, no uniform description of ‘optimization’ has been adopted. This makes it difficult to evaluate the proposed optimization strategies. In particular, the metrics used to quantify OR performance are diverse so that assessing the impact of suggested approaches is complex or even impossible. To secure a higher implementation success rate of optimisation strategies in practice we believe OR optimisation and its quantification should be further investigated. We aim to provide an inventory of the metrics and methods used to optimise the OR by the means of a structured literature study. We observe that several aspects of OR performance are unaddressed in literature, and no studies account for possible interactions between metrics of quality and efficiency. We conclude that a systems approach is needed to align metrics across different elements of OR performance, and that the wellbeing of healthcare professionals is underrepresented in current optimisation approaches.
Acceptance for Income Inequality in Poland
Authors: Litwiński Michał , Iwański Rafał , Tomczak Łukasz
Published: February 2023

According to the contemporary theory of income inequality, the impact of this phenomenon on other economic categories is determined by the way it is perceived and accepted. Therefore, it is worth deepening knowledge on income disparity by identifying the factors that most influence acceptance for the latter. The main purpose of the article is to identify the factors affecting acceptance for income inequality in Poland. The basis for estimations conducted to verify the research hypotheses was a set of microdata from a survey conducted in Poland in 2019. Models were estimated using the Generalized Structural Equation Modelling approach. Our study revealed the endogeneity issues resulting from inclusion attitudes towards redistribution in the model of acceptance for income inequality. We have also revised results obtained in other research concerning similar problems—only income, age, sense of empowerment, conservative worldview and attitude towards redistribution proved to have direct significant impact on acceptance for income inequality.
BALANCER: bandwidth allocation and cache partitioning for multicore processors
Authors: Navarro-Torres Agustín , Alastruey-Benedé Jesús , Ibáñez Pablo , Viñals-Yúfera Víctor
Published: February 2023

The management of shared resources in multicore processors is an open problem due to the continuous evolution of these systems. The trend toward increasing the number of cores and organizing them in clusters sets out new challenges not considered in previous works. In this paper, we characterize the use of the shared cache and memory bandwidth of an AMD Rome processor executing multiprogrammed workloads and propose several mechanisms that control the use of these resources to improve the system performance and fairness. Our control mechanisms require no hardware or operating system modifications. We evaluate Balancer on a real system running SPEC CPU2006 and CPU2017 applications. Balancer tuned for performance shows an average increase of 7.1% in system performance and an unfairness reduction of 18.6% with respect to a system without any control mechanism. Balancer tuned for fairness decreases the performance by 1.3% in exchange for a 64.5% reduction of unfairness.
Efficient cathodes for quasi-solid-state aluminum-air batteries
Authors: Gaele Maria F. , Califano Valeria , Di Palma Tonia M.
Published: February 2023

Different commercial carbonaceous materials, two made of activated carbons and one of multiwalled nanotubes, were used to prepare cathodes for primary aluminum-air cells and compared with the more expensive platinum-dispersed carbon, usually used as cathode for many types of metal-air cells. The aluminum-air cells used in the electrochemical tests were assembled with alkaline gel polymer electrolytes without any separator. Cells with cathodes made of a cheap activated carbon showed better electrochemical performances than those obtained with platinum-based cathodes. Notably, their discharge capacities were improved and the discharge voltages were always higher than 0.2 V. These improved performances were mainly attributed to the better electrocatalytic activity of the activated carbon as it results from polarization measurements, probably due to the presence of defects, as evidenced from Raman spectra. Three-electrode discharge tests were used to measure the electrode potentials and their impact to the overall cell electrochemical performances. During the discharge, in all cases, an increase of the anodic potential towards more positive values was observed, while the cathodic potential remained almost constant. Thus, the final failure of the cells was mainly due to the degradation of the anodic interface. This indicates the possibility to further increase the cell capacity by adopting suitable mitigation strategies of anodic parasitic reaction or different electrolyte design, with the final aim to realize efficient, cheap, and eco-friendly aluminum-air cells.
On a threshold descent method for quasi-equilibria
Authors: Bianchi M. , Konnov I. , Pini R.
Published: February 2023

We describe a special class of quasi-equilibrium problems in metric spaces and propose a novel simple threshold descent method for solving these problems. Due to the framework, the convergence of the method cannot be established with the usual convexity or generalized convexity assumptions. Under mild conditions, the iterative procedure gives solutions of the quasi-equilibrium problem. We apply this method to scalar and vector generalized quasi-equilibrium problems and to some classes of relative optimization problems.
Importance of TKI treatment duration in treatment-free remission of chronic myeloid leukemia: results of the D-FREE study
Authors: Yoshida Chikashi , Yamaguchi Hiroki , Doki Noriko , Murai Kazunori , Iino Masaki , Hatta Yoshihiro , Onizuka Makoto , Yokose Norio , Fujimaki Katsumichi , Hagihara Masao , Oshikawa Gaku , Murayama Kayoko , Kumagai Takashi , Kimura Shinya , Najima Yuho , Iriyama Noriyoshi , Tsutsumi Ikuyo , Oba Koji , Kojima Hiroshi , Sakamaki Hisashi , Inokuchi Koiti ,   the Kanto CML Study Group
Published: February 2023

Treatment-free remission (TFR) is a new goal for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) with a sustained deep molecular response (DMR) to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, optimal conditions for successful TFR in patients treated with second-generation (2G)-TKIs are not fully defined. In this D-FREE study, treatment discontinuation was attempted in newly diagnosed CML-CP patients treated with the 2G-TKI dasatinib who achieved BCR-ABL1 levels of ≤ 0.0032% (MR4.5) on the international scale (BCR-ABL1IS) and maintained these levels for exactly 1 year. Of the 173 patients who received dasatinib induction therapy for up to 2 years, 123 completed and 60 (48.8%) reached MR 4.5. Among the first 21 patients who maintained MR4.5 for 1 year and discontinued dasatinib, 17 experienced molecular relapse defined as loss of major molecular response (BCR-ABL1IS > 0.1%) confirmed once, or loss of MR4 (BCR-ABL1IS > 0.01%) confirmed on 2 consecutive assessments. The estimated molecular relapse-free survival rate was 16.7% at 12 months. This study was prematurely terminated according to the protocol’s safety monitoring criteria. The conclusion was that sustained DMR for just 1 year is insufficient for TFR in CML-CP patients receiving dasatinib for less than a total of 3 years of treatment.
Aromatic self-assembled monolayers with pentafluoro-λ6-sulfanyl (−SF5) termination: Molecular organization and charge transport properties
Authors: Liu Yangbiao , Zeplichal Marc , Katzbach Sonja , Wiesner Adrian , Das Saunak , Terfort Andreas , Zharnikov Michael
Published: February 2023

A series of molecules with oligophenylene backbone, thiolate anchoring group, and pentafluoro-λ6-sulfanyl (−SF5) tail group was synthesized and used as precursors to form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au(111) substrates. The resulting SAMs feature dense molecular packing, upright molecular orientation, and chemically homogeneous SAM-ambient interface, comprised entirely of the −SF5 moieties. These SAMs exhibit exceptional wetting and electrostatic properties, showing advancing water contact angles up to 103° and work function values up to 5.96 eV—probably the highest values reported for any aromatic monolayers on gold. They also feature a comparably low value of the tunnelling decay coefficient (0.38 ± 0.07 Å−1), typical of oligophenylene backbone, which is not affected by the introduction of the −SF5 group. The latter also hardly affects the current densities at a specific bias compared to analogous monolayers with other electronegative tail groups. The superior electrostatic and good charge transport properties of the designed, SF5-terminated SAMs make them potentially useful for interface engineering in organic electronics and photovoltaics.
The pterosaurs of the Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of Morocco
Authors: Smith Roy E. , Ibrahim Nizar , Longrich Nicholas , Unwin David M. , Jacobs Megan L. , Williams Cariad J. , Zouhri Samir , Martill David M.
Published: February 2023

The pterosaur assemblage of the mid-Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of Morocco is reviewed. This analysis examines their taxonomy, palaeoecology and palaeobiology with comments on taphonomy. New material permits the rediagnosis of the azhdarchoids Alanqa saharica and Afrotapejara zouhrii. Several specimens are reported that do not fit within the paradigms of previously named taxa. They represent three distinct jaw morphotypes, but are not assigned to new taxa here. The assemblage is highly diverse, including four tooth-bearing taxa assigned to Ornithocheiridae and five named taxa and three additional morphotypes assigned to Azhdarchoidea. The Kem Kem Group assemblage is the most diverse for any pterosaur-bearing fluvial deposit and one of the most diverse of any pterosaur assemblage. The assemblage is heavily biased in terms of preservation with an as yet unexplained high abundance of jaw fragments. We highlight the importance of fragmentary material in pterosaur studies.
Reflectometry diagnostics for atmospheric entry applications: state-of-the-art and new developments
Authors: Grosso Ferreira R. , Vicente J. , Silva F. , Gonçalves B. , Cupido L. , Lino da Silva M.
Published: February 2023

Insight into the plasma properties of high-speed ionized flows is key for the validation of predictive aerothermodynamic tools for atmospheric entry applications, namely plasma radiation which will be highly dependent on the flow electron densities, which accordingly need to be accurately estimated. We performed an extensive review on past re-entry microwave diagnostics, including both in-flight and ground-test experiments. This work assesses the peculiar characteristics of entry plasmas, and derives functional requirements for microwave diagnostics tailored for such applications. A preliminary analysis, including a simulation of electromagnetic environment for the RAM-C II flight experiment, obtained through a CFD code coupled to an electromagnetic propagation code, is presented. The obtained results outline the adequacy of such diagnostics for improving verification and validation for high-speed entry plasma flows.
Biohydrogen Production from Food Waste Using Glucose-Adapted Hyperthermophilic Archaeon
Authors: Lee Seong Hyuk , Lee Sunmin , Lee Sung-Mok , Cha Jaeho , Lee Hyun Sook , Kang Sung Gyun
Published: February 2023

Purpose

Glucose is one of the most important carbon and energy source for heterotrophic growth in all living organisms. However, glucose has been reported as a poor substrate to support the growth of hyperthermophilic archaea belonging to the order Thermococcales. To enhance glucose-assisted growth of Thermococcus onnurineus NA1, adaptive evolution process was applied. In an effort for industrial applications, glucose-adapted cells were further tested for H2 producing potential using food processing waste as a promising zero-value substrate containing polysaccharides composed of glucose.

Methods

Adaptive evolution of T. onnurineus NA1 was performed by transferring cells to fresh medium containing glucose until cell growth increased. Genome sequencing was conducted to identify genetic changes in adapted cells. H2 production in the parent strain and glucose-adapted cells was analyzed using either glucose or potato peel waste as substrate.

Results

The glucose-adapted cells, WG-100T, had 10.8-fold and 14.7-fold increases in cell density and glucose consumption, respectively, compared to the parent strain. Genome sequencing of WG-100T revealed a total of 17 genomic changes in genes, including those encoding transcription factors and several proteins involved in various transport systems. WG-100T produced H2 using potato peel waste through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation.

Conclusion

This study showed that the performance of the Thermococcales strain was improved by adaptive evolution, resulting in faster use of glucose. In addition, it was shown that the use of a hyperthermophile made it possible to produce biohydrogen without pretreatment of food processing waste for saccharification.

Graphical Abstract
Review of the theory, principles, and design requirements of human-centric Internet of Things (IoT)
Authors: Ystgaard Kaja Fjørtoft , Atzori Luigi , Palma David , Heegaard Poul Einar , Bertheussen Lene Elisabeth , Jensen Magnus Rom , De Moor Katrien
Published: February 2023

The rapid evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, with ever more profound implications for humans and societies, has triggered visions and initiatives to re-align the Next-Generation IoT with what works for humans and humanity first. However, despite the increased push towards “human-centric” IoT, it is still poorly understood what “human-centric” actually means in this context, how it is interpreted and embedded into the design, by whom, and for which purposes. To address these questions, we conducted a systematic literature review (N = 84) on the theory, principles, and design requirements of human-centric IoT. A key observation is that, despite the recent increase in research on humane perspectives for IoT, “human-centredness” often still seems to be used primarily as a label and overarching paradigm, not leading to a profound change in the underlying practices. We found no shared understanding of what “human-centric” implies in this context or common agreement on which principles human-centric IoT should be built upon. Furthermore, our analysis confirmed the predominance of technology-oriented fields, with a traditional approach towards user involvement and limited involvement of other disciplines. Overall, our findings point towards an apparent discrepancy between how contributions are positioned and framed (“human-centric”), the practices and assumptions they are based on, and their actual impact and ability to orient existing efforts towards genuine human-centric outcomes and key values. Based on the results, we formulate directions for future research aimed at building a more human-centric and empowering IoT.
Outcomes of Non-surgical Management of Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures
Authors: Arun S. , Nayak Sunil S. , Chithra A. , Roy Sreea
Published: February 2023

Introduction

With little evidence available in the literature, this study tries to clinically determine the efficiency and outcomes of non-surgical management of post-traumatic Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures.

Materials and Methods

One hundred and three patients with post-traumatic isolated ZMC fractures managed conservatively for various reasons were identified. The patients were classified based on the Zingg et al. criteria into Types A, B, and C. We evaluated the resolution of signs and symptoms of six standard parameters over 6 months—persistent pain, restriction in mouth opening, infraorbital nerve (ION) paresthesia, aesthetic deformity, infraorbital step deformity with associated tenderness on palpation, and ophthalmic status. The study variables were then statistically analyzed using Cochran’s Q test with an associated confidence interval of 95%.

Results

A six-month follow-up revealed persisting residual deformities for all three groups. However, Type A and Type B showed significant improvement in pain reduction, mouth opening, and infraorbital nerve (ION) paresthesia. No significant improvement was noted in any of the groups for aesthetic deformity, infraorbital step deformity, and ophthalmic status. Type C, which had comminuted fracture patterns, exhibited significant defects in all the parameters. Significant inter-variable relationship between certain paired parameters was also observed.

Conclusion

The Type A group is most suited for non-surgical management. Type B with a mono-bloc fracture is a crucial group that demands broader, long-term studies to extract a proper treatment protocol. Type C with severe fracture displacement validates surgical correction.
Algorithm for Reducing Overall Biological Detriment Caused by PET/CT: an Age-Based Study
Authors: Spadafora Marco , Sannino Pasqualina , Mansi Luigi , Mainolfi Ciro , Capasso Rosario , Di Giorgio Eugenio , Fiordoro Salvatore , Imbimbo Serena , Masone Filomena , Evangelista Laura
Published: February 2023

Purpose

This study is to use a simple algorithm based on patient’s age to reduce the overall biological detriment associated with PET/CT.

Materials and Methods

A total of 421 consecutive patients (mean age 64 ± 14 years) undergoing PET for various clinical indications were enrolled. For each scan, effective dose (ED in mSv) and additional cancer risk (ACR) were computed both in a reference condition (REF) and after applying an original algorithm (ALGO). The ALGO modified the mean dose of FDG and the PET scan time parameters; indeed, a lower dose and a longer scan time were reported in the younger, while a higher dose and a shorter scan time in the older patients. Moreover, patients were classified by age bracket (18–29, 30–60, and 61–90 years).

Results

The ED was 4.57 ± 0.92 mSv in the REF condition. The ACR were 0.020 ± 0.016 and 0.0187 ± 0.013, respectively, in REF and ALGO. The ACR for the REF and ALGO conditions were significantly reduced in males and females, although it was more evident in the latter gender (all p < 0.0001). Finally, the ACR significantly reduced from the REF condition to ALGO in all three age brackets (all p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Implementation of ALGO protocols in PET can reduce the overall ACR, mainly in young and female patients.
Experimental study of the biological treatment process of the exit wastewater from flocculation reactor
Authors: Baghizade Alireza , Farahbod Farshad , Alizadeh Omid
Published: February 2023

This study investigates biological treatment of outlet wastewater from flocculation reactor. This stream has an unpleasant odor. So, a biological treatment unit has been used to separate biological contaminants. Results show that 35 min can be considered as optimum oxygen injection time. Results show that the reduction of nitrate and phosphate is 67% and 60.8% with increasing oxygenation time, respectively. Results show that BOD and COD decrease by about 1.8% and 1% with increasing oxygenation time from 35 to 40 min, respectively. Studies show that organic carbon and petroleum hydrocarbons decrease from 20.1 to 4.8 mg/l and 0.14–0.4 mg/l by increasing oxygen injection time from 5 to 35 min, respectively. Results show that wastewater turbidity decreasing is from 4.3 NTU to 2.1 NTU in biological unit. Results show that range of pH is between 9.9 and 10.4.
What Do We Know About the Invasive Mosquitoes Aedes atropalpus and Aedes triseriatus?
Authors: Giunti Giulia , Wilke André B. B. , Beier John C. , Benelli Giovanni
Published: February 2023

Purpose of Review

Mosquito-borne diseases are a serious concern in Europe since the proliferation of invasive mosquito species increases the risk of epidemics. Aedes spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) are among the most dangerous mosquito vectors in Europe. Among Aedes spp., less attention has been paid to the North American invasive species, Aedes atropalpus and Aedes triseriatus, although these species are vectors of serious diseases. This article aims to provide information about the current status and prospective of these species in Europe.

Recent Findings

While the presence of Ae. atropalpus in the European continent is still debated, Ae. triseriatus is no longer present in the European continent, but accidental introductions have been recently reported. Nevertheless, the climatic changes and global market increase the possibility of introduction of North American Aedes species in Europe.

The present article contains a brief overview of the biology, ecology, and vector competence of these two mosquito vectors, outlining their potential to invade new areas and medical importance. We highlighted some bioecological traits that need to be considered to design surveillance programs tailored for these species. Lastly, research challenges aimed to improve basic knowledge and control programs targeting these species are presented.
Semiconductor nanomaterial-based polarized light emission: From materials to light emitting diodes
Authors: Wu Jinlei , Fang Guoqiang , Zhang Yongliang , Biswas Nandita , Ji Yanan , Xu Wen , Dong Bin , Liu Ning
Published: February 2023

The overall optical efficiency of backlight-based liquid crystal displays (LCDs) is less than 5% due to the loss of backlight source by polarizers, color filter, liquid crystal layer and so on. Self-emissive light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been undergoing huge development due to their substantial market potentials to meet the demand of future display. More importantly, the polarized LEDs could enhance the energy utilization efficiency by avoiding light loss caused by polarizers. Therefore, it is desirable to look for effective methods to assemble high-quality anisotropic nanomaterial films so as to fabricate polarized LEDs with high degree of polarization and external quantum efficiency. Here, the photoelectrical properties of some semiconductor nanomaterials and their potential applications for polarized LEDs are introduced. The research progress in the field of polarized light emission from materials to films and then to LEDs is reviewed. Mechanisms of polarized emission, and different assembly strategies for polarized light emitting films and LEDs are also summarized and compared. Finally, several current challenges are discussed, and perspectives on future potential commercial application of polarized LEDs are offered. We hope this review will provide a valuable summary on current status and stimulate some new insightful ideas for future development of polarized LEDs.
Prophylactic Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients During the Pre-engraftment Period
Authors: Gaffney Kelly J. , Urban Theresa A. , Lucena Mariana , Rybicki Lisa , Majhail Navneet S. , Mossad Sherif Beniameen
Published: February 2023

Background

Our institution has used trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) as the antibacterial agent of choice for infection prophylaxis during the pre-engraftment period in the allogeneic transplant (allo-HCT) population.

Methods

This retrospective, single center study was developed to compare the safety of that antibacterial prophylaxis to fluoroquinolones in allo-HCT. The primary endpoint was time to neutrophil engraftment.

Results

A total of 366 patients were reviewed (TMP-SMX n = 332, fluoroquinolone n = 34). No difference in days to neutrophil engraftment was found (median 15 versus 16 days, p = 0.62). Hyperkalemia was more common in the TMP-SMX cohort (32.2% versus 14.7%, p = 0.035); this did not contribute to a higher rate of agent discontinuation or arrhythmia. There was no significant difference in the incidence of neutropenic fever; however, those in the TMP-SMX cohort were more likely to have microbiologically confirmed bacteremia (24.1% versus 8.8% respectively, p = 0.043). There was no significant difference in infections. No long-term implication of prophylactic antibacterial agent selection was observed in terms of graft-versus-host-disease, underlying disease relapse, or mortality.

Conclusion

The use of TMP-SMX was associated with a higher likelihood of bacteremia and hyperkalemia; however, this did not result in increased hospital stay, escalation of care, or mortality. The use of TMP-SMX for prophylaxis during the pre-engraftment period for allo-HCT recipients is safe and effective.
Automated High‐Frequency Geomagnetic Disturbance Classifier: A Machine Learning Approach to Identifying Noise While Retaining High‐Frequency Components of the Geomagnetic Field
Authors: McCuen Brett A. , Moldwin Mark B. , Steinmetz Erik S. , Engebretson Mark J.
Published: February 2023

We present an automated method to identify high‐frequency geomagnetic disturbances in ground magnetometer data and classify the events by the source of the perturbations. We developed an algorithm to search for and identify changes in the surface magnetic field, dB/dt, with user‐specified amplitude and timescale. We used this algorithm to identify transient‐large‐amplitude (TLA) dB/dt events that have timescale less than 60 s and amplitude >6 nT/s. Because these magnetic variations have similar amplitude and time characteristics to instrumental or man‐made noise, the algorithm identified a large number of noise‐type signatures as well as geophysical signatures. We manually classified these events by their sources (noise‐type or geophysical) and statistically characterized each type of event; the insights gained were used to more specifically define a TLA geophysical event and greatly reduce the number of noise‐type dB/dt identified. Next, we implemented a support vector machine classification algorithm to classify the remaining events in order to further reduce the number of noise‐type dB/dt in the final data set. We examine the performance of our complete dB/dt search algorithm in widely used magnetometer databases and the effect of a common data processing technique on the results. The automated algorithm is a new technique to identify geomagnetic disturbances and instrumental or man‐made noise, enabling systematic identification and analysis of space weather related dB/dt events and automated detection of magnetometer noise intervals in magnetic field databases.
Anomalous Disturbance of the Ionosphere in the East Asia Region During the Geomagnetically Quiet Day on 1 November 2016
Authors: Xiong Bo , Wang Yuqing , Li Yuxiao , Zhao Biqiang , Yu You , Ren Zhipeng , Hu Lianhuan , Sun Wenjie , Wu Zhi
Published: February 2023

In this study, multiple data sets from Beidou geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) satellite, ionosonde, magnetometer, Swarm satellite, and meteor radar were used to investigate an anomalous disturbance of the ionosphere in East Asia on 1 November 2016. During 03:00–08:00 universal time (UT), the total electron content (TEC) observed by the Beidou GEO satellite decreased by up to 8.17% at low latitudes and increased by up to 140.19% at middle to low latitudes in East Asia compared to the average TEC on the reference days. The F2 peak electron density (NmF2) measured by ionosondes decreased by 16.00% at Sanya (109.4°E, 18.3°N) and increased by 51.96% and 53.97% at Wuhan (114.4°E, 30.5°N) and Shaoyang (111.3°E, 27.1°N), respectively. The equatorial electric field (EEF) observed by the Swarm satellite at 06:59 UT on 1 November was approximately 77.57% higher than on 4 November. The variations of equatorial electrojet near 100°E and 120°E on 1 November presented an east‐west asymmetry in which there was a significant enhancement in the east while there was no obvious increase in the west. The TEC enhancement derived by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe also showed the same east‐west asymmetry in the two longitudes. Based on the comprehensive analysis of multiple observational data, the increase in EEF caused the ionospheric TEC and NmF2 to decrease at low latitudes and increase at middle to low latitudes in East Asia during 03:00–08:00 UT on 1 November 2016. The lower atmospheric tidal forcing could contribute to the enhancement of the EEF.
Seasonality of the Migrating Semidiurnal Tide in the Tropical Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere and Its Thermodynamic and Momentum Budget
Authors: Salinas Cornelius Csar Jude H. , Wu Dong L. , Lee Jae N. , Chang Loren C. , Qian Liying , Liu Hanli
Published: February 2023

This work uses the Specified Dynamics‐Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with Ionosphere/Thermosphere eXtension (SD‐WACCM‐X) to determine and explain the seasonality of the migrating semidiurnal tide (SW2) components of tropical upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere (UMLT) temperature, zonal wind, and meridional wind. This work also quantifies aliasing due to SW2 in satellite‐based tidal estimates. Results show that during equinox seasons, the vertical profiles of tropical UMLT temperature SW2 and zonal‐wind SW2’s amplitudes have a double‐peak structure while they, along with meridional‐wind SW2, have a single‐peak structure in their amplitudes in June solstice. Hough mode reconstruction reveals that a linear combination of five SW2 Hough modes cannot fully reproduce these features. Tendency analysis reveals that for temperature, the adiabatic term, nonlinear advection term, and linear advection term are important. For the winds, the classical terms, nonlinear advection term, linear advection term, and gravity wave drag are important. Results of our alias analysis then indicate that SW2 can induce an ∼60% alias in zonal‐mean and DW1 components calculated from sampling like that of the Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite and the Aura satellite. This work concludes that in situ generation by wave–wave interaction and/or by gravity waves plays significant roles in the seasonality of tropical UMLT temperature SW2, zonal‐wind SW2, and meridional‐wind SW2. The alias analysis further adds that one cannot simply assume that SW2 in the tropical UMLT is negligible.
Geophysical Imaging of the Shallow Geyser and Hydrothermal Reservoir Structures of Spouter Geyser, Yellowstone National Park: Geyser Dynamics I
Authors: Ciraula D. A. , Carr B. J. , Sims K. W. W.
Published: February 2023

Yellowstone National Park (YNP) is home to roughly 500 geysers, making it the most concentrated geyser field in the world. Recent studies exploring the mechanics of geyser eruptions utilizing laboratory models were limited by a lack of knowledge of the subsurface geometry of the geyser features. This study presents results from active hydrogeophysical surveys, including ground penetrating radar, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), seismic refraction, electrical resistivity tomography, and transient electromagnetics to image subsurface geyser structure and constrain the geophysical response of the reservoir structure of Spouter Geyser, Yellowstone National Park. Previous geophysical studies on similar geyser systems in Yellowstone characterize the hydrothermal reservoir that supplies the geyser with hydrothermal fluids and vapors as high porosity, low density structures. Whereas our imaging highlights the hydrothermal conduits and reservoir as high resistivity and high velocity structures, interpreted as silica precipitate decreasing the porosity and increasing the bulk modulus (i.e., from unconsolidated media to semi/fully consolidated). Ground penetrating radar identifies sinter thickness around the geyser, NMR provides porosity measurements of the geyser reservoir, and transient electromagnetics maps the depth to the Biscuit Basin Rhyolite bedrock throughout the field site. Electrical resistivity tomography and seismic refraction image the shallow geyser conduit structures to ∼15 m depth and establish the extent of the geyser hydrothermal reservoir structure. Furthermore, a spatial correlation of the electrical resistivity and seismic velocity results establishes the interpreted hydrothermal geyser reservoir as a high resistivity, high velocity structure located to the northeast of Spouter Geyser at depths greater than 15 m.
Nonsystematic Rupture Directivity of Geothermal Energy Induced Microseismicity in Helsinki, Finland
Authors: Holmgren J. M. , Kwiatek G. , Werner M. J.
Published: February 2023

The rupture behavior of microseismicity in fluid‐injection settings with low fault stresses is generally believed to be controlled by the pore pressure, including a tendency of the larger induced earthquakes to rupture into the perturbed volume toward the injection well, implying a degree of predictability. Here, we examine directivity patterns to identify fault planes and rupture directions of the 21 largest earthquakes (local magnitudes, 1.3–1.9) recorded during the 2018 St1 Deep Heat geothermal project near Helsinki, Finland. We use the Empirical Green's Function technique to retrieve per‐seismic‐station corner frequencies, earthquake durations, and directivity trends. After combining the directivity trends with focal mechanisms calculated using principle component analysis, we resolve rupture planes and rupture directions of 10 events. In contrast to studies of induced events at other sites, we find that one event rupture toward, two rupture away, and the remaining rupture parallel to the well. Furthermore, we find that the events prefer mode II failures rather than mode III. These observations provide new constraints for mechanical models of rupture growth in pore‐pressure dominated settings.
Spatio‐Temporal Evolution of Aftershock and Repeater Source Properties After the 2016 Pedernales Earthquake (Ecuador)
Authors: Chalumeau Caroline , Agurto‐Detzel Hans , De Barros Louis , Charvis Philippe ,   the Rapid Response Team of the 2016 Pedernales Earthquake
Published: February 2023

Subduction zones are highly heterogeneous regions capable of hosting large earthquakes. To better constrain the processes at depth, we analyze the source properties of 1514 aftershocks of the 16th April 2016 Mw 7.8 Pedernales earthquake (Ecuador) using spectral ratios. We are able to retrieve accurate seismic moments, stress drops, and P and S corner frequencies for 341 aftershocks, including 136 events belonging to families of repeating earthquakes. We find that, for the studied magnitude range (Mw 2–4), stress drops appear to increase as a function of seismic moment. They are also found to depend on their distance to the trench. This is in part explained by the increase in depth, and therefore normal stress, away from the trench. However, even accounting for the shallow depths of earthquakes, stress drops appear to be anomalously low near the trench, which can be explained by a high pore fluid pressure or by inherent properties of the medium (low coefficient of friction/low rigidity of the medium) in that region. We are also able to examine the temporal evolution of source properties thanks to the presence of repeating earthquakes. We find that the variations of source properties within repeating earthquake families are not uniform, and are highly spatially variable over most of the study area. This is not the case near the trench, however, where stress drops systematically decrease over time. We suggest that this reflects an increase in pore fluid pressure near the trench over the postseismic period.
Daily and Seasonal Variations of Shallow Seismic Velocities in Southern California From Joint Analysis of H/V Ratios and Autocorrelations of Seismic Waveforms
Authors: Li Guoliang , Ben‐Zion Yehuda
Published: February 2023

Establishing a baseline of ongoing secular velocity variations at the subsurface can improve the accuracy of detecting and interpreting short‐term velocity changes, and advance the understanding of observed seismic motions and the behavior of subsurface materials. Toward these goals, we develop and apply a deconvolved autocorrelation (DA) method to estimate regional daily and seasonal changes of seismic velocities in southern California. The DA method combines advantages of traditional autocorrelation and Horizontal‐to‐Vertical Spectral Ratio, and is used to analyze over 10 years of data recorded by 50 stations. The results indicate widespread daily and seasonal changes of up to 10% and 4%, respectively, in the top tens of meters of the crust. The thickness of the surface layer, distance from the coast, and topographic variations are important factors controlling the amplitudes of the resolved velocity variations. The results suggest that changes of soil moisture and thermoelastic strain are likely dominant factors affecting the daily and seasonal variations, respectively. The developed DA method can improve the accuracy and robustness of estimated changes of subsurface materials at other locations.
Combining Paleomagnetic and Re‐Os Isotope Data to Date Hydrocarbon Generation and Accumulation Processes
Authors: Hu Jing , Zhang Yong , Jia Dong , Muxworthy Adrian , Selby David , Li Yongxiang , Brzozowski Matthew J. , Wei Guoqi , Cao Jian , Yin Hongwei , Li Wei
Published: February 2023

Unraveling the complex relationship between orogenesis and hydrocarbon formation and accumulation is challenging and is often hampered by physical and chemical overprints of younger events. The Permian reservoir in the Longmen Shan orogen, South China, is such an example, and its evolution has been hotly debated. In this study, we use a new combination of paleomagnetic dating analysis and Re–Os isotope dating to try to resolve this. Paleomagnetic dating of the hydrocarbon‐host carbonate indicates two remagnetization events during: (a) the Late Triassic, and (b) the Middle Jurassic–Cretaceous. These two remagnetization events are shown to represent two distinct stages of hydrocarbon accumulation. The paleomagnetic estimates are supported by Re–Os dating of bitumen (∼264 Ma) and oil (∼94 Ma). The two different Re–Os ages are associated with two periods of oil generation. We interpret these data in terms of known geological processes: (a) the ∼260 Ma Dongwu large igneous province caused oil generation, and the Indosinian tectonic event caused the migration and accumulation; and (b) the Late Cretaceous Yanshan orogenic events promoted another generation and entrapment of oil in the same reservoir. This combined approach reliably tracks the sequence of oil generation and accumulation, even when the source rock is uncertain, and multi‐phase accumulation and complex tectonism has occurred. Given that paleomagnetic and Re–Os dating are independent methods which can constrain multiple geological processes, when used together they have the potential to be universally applied.
Global Trends in the Distribution of Biogenic Minerals in the Ocean
Authors: Subhas Adam V. , Pavia Frank J. , Dong Sijia , Lam Phoebe J.
Published: February 2023

The cycling of marine particulate matter is critical for sequestering carbon in the deep ocean and in marine sediments. Biogenic minerals such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and opal add density to more buoyant organic material, facilitating particle sinking and export. Here, we compile and analyze a global data set of particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate inorganic carbon (PIC, or CaCO3), and biogenic silica (bSi, or opal) concentrations collected using large volume pumps (LVPs). We analyze the distribution of all three biogenic phases in the small (1–53 μm) and large (>53 μm) size classes. Over the entire water column 76% of POC exists in the small size fraction. Similarly, the small size class contains 82% of PIC, indicating the importance of small‐sized coccolithophores to the PIC budget of the ocean. In contrast, 50% of bSi exists in the large size fraction, reflecting the larger size of diatoms and radiolarians compared with coccolithophores. We use PIC:POC and bSi:POC ratios in the upper ocean to document a consistent signal of shallow mineral dissolution, likely linked to biologically mediated processes. Sediment trap PIC:POC and bSi:POC are elevated with respect to LVP samples and increase strongly with depth, indicating the concentration of mineral phases and/or a deficit of POC in large sinking particles. We suggest that future sampling campaigns pair LVPs with sediment traps to capture the full particulate field, especially the large aggregates that contribute to mineral‐rich deep ocean fluxes, and may be missed by LVPs.
Radar Attenuation in Enceladus' Ice Shell: Obstacles and Opportunities for Constraining Shell Thickness, Chemistry, and Thermal Structure
Authors: Souček Ondřej , Běhounková Marie , Schroeder Dustin M. , Wolfenbarger Natalie S. , Kalousová Klára , Steinbrügge Gregor , Soderlund Krista M.
Published: February 2023

Enceladus is a dynamic icy moon of Saturn and a leading target for future planetary missions focused on the search for life beyond Earth. For such missions, instruments that can provide geophysical and geochemical context for ice shell and ocean processes are critical to evaluate whether conditions are suitable for life and biosignature detection. Radar sounding is a powerful geophysical technique to probe the thermophysical and chemical properties of icy moons, like Enceladus, and to investigate the subsurface context for the exchange of material and energy between their subsurface oceans, ice shells, and plumes. To inform the scientific potential and instrument performance demands of such a radar‐sounding investigation of Enceladus' ice shell, we adapt and extend previous radar attenuation analysis done for Europa to the configuration and conditions of Enceladus. We also discuss how attenuation (both as an obstacle for the detection of ice shell reflectors and as a signal itself) can help constrain the thermal, physical, and chemical configuration of Enceladus' ice shell and reveal the processes governing the moon's ocean/shell/plume system.