bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vegetative aquaculture of Fucus in the Baltic Sea—obtaining low-fertility biomass from attached or unattached populations?
Authors: Meichssner Rafael , Krost Peter , Schulz Rüdiger
Published: March 2021

An experimental farm has been installed in the Kiel Fjord, western Baltic Sea, aiming at the development of a sustainable production process forFucusspecies (Fucus vesiculosus,Fucus serratus). The envisaged cultivation method includes the unattached rearing of thalli in baskets deployed in the sea and their vegetative reproduction. Fertility (i.e., receptacle formation) is expected to be problematic for this approach, because receptacles are terminated in growth and degrade after gamete release. In culture experiments, natural fertility led to only minimal overall growth inF. vesiculosusand even weight loss inF. serratus. Therefore, we tested if long-term unattached cultivation of formerly attached thalli leads to a lowering of fertility by an acclimatization process. However, fertility after 1 and 2 years of unattached cultivation was statistically equal and still comparable to the high fertility of attached populations. Furthermore, we tested if the only known naturally unattached population in the western Baltic Sea near Glücksburg, which remains largely infertile in the wild, keeps its low fertility if put under culture conditions. During an experimental 1-year cultivation, thalli from this population remained almost entirely vegetative (2.0 ± 3.1% fertile apices). Hence, the Glücksburg population is a promising source of aquacultural seedling biomass. Yet, further tests are necessary to check, if the fertility remains low over several years of cultivation. If unattached populations are used as source for commercial cultures, the collection of seedling material should always be accompanied by strong measures to ensure the continued integrity of these valuable habitats.
Metrics for Performance Quantification of Adaptive Mesh Refinement
Authors: Beisiegel Nicole , Castro Cristóbal E. , Behrens Jörn
Published: March 2021

Non-uniform, dynamically adaptive meshes are a useful tool for reducing computational complexities for geophysical simulations that exhibit strongly localised features such as is the case for tsunami, hurricane or typhoon prediction. Using the example of a shallow water solver, this study explores a set of metrics as a tool to distinguish the performance of numerical methods using adaptively refined versus uniform meshes independent of computational architecture or implementation. These metrics allow us to quantify how a numerical simulation benefits from the use of adaptive mesh refinement. The type of meshes we are focusing on are adaptive triangular meshes that are non-uniform and structured. Refinement is controlled by physics-based indicators that capture relevant physical processes and determine the areas of mesh refinement and coarsening. The proposed performance metrics take into account a number of characteristics of numerical simulations such as numerical errors, spatial resolution, as well as computing time. Using a number of test cases we demonstrate that correlating different quantities offers insight into computational overhead, the distribution of numerical error across various mesh resolutions as well as the evolution of numerical error and run-time per degree of freedom.
F*: an interpretable transformation of the F-measure
Authors: Hand David J. , Christen Peter , Kirielle Nishadi
Published: March 2021

The F-measure, also known as the F1-score, is widely used to assess the performance of classification algorithms. However, some researchers find it lacking in intuitive interpretation, questioning the appropriateness of combining two aspects of performance as conceptually distinct as precision and recall, and also questioning whether the harmonic mean is the best way to combine them. To ease this concern, we describe a simple transformation of the F-measure, which we call $$F^*$$

F
∗

(F-star), which has an immediate practical interpretation.
A common source for the destructive earthquakes in the volcanic island of Ischia (Southern Italy): insights from historical and recent seismicity
Authors: Carlino Stefano , Pino Nicola Alessandro , Tramelli Anna , De Novellis Vincenzo , Convertito Vincenzo
Published: March 2021

The island of Ischia, located in the Gulf of Naples, represents an unusual case of resurgent caldera where small-to-moderate magnitude volcano-tectonic earthquakes generate large damage and catastrophic effects, as in the case of 4 March 1881 (Imax-VIII-IXMCS) and 28 July 1883 (ImaxX-XI MCS) historical earthquakes, and of the recent 21 August 2017 MW = 3.9, event. All these earthquakes struck the northern area of the island. With about 65,000 inhabitants, Ischia is a popular touristic destination for thermals baths, hosting more than 3,000,000 visitors per year, thus representing a high seismic risk area. Assessing its seismic potential appears a fundamental goal and, to this end, the estimate of the magnitude of significant historical events and the characterization of their source are crucial. We report here a reassessment of historical data of damage of 1881 and 1883 earthquakes to evaluate the main source parameters of these events (obtained with the BOXER and EXISM software) and quantitatively compare, for the first time, the results with the source characteristics, obtained from instrumental data, of the recent 2017 earthquake. The results allowed us to assess the location, as well as the possible dimension and the related maximum magnitude, of the seismogenic structure responsible for such damaging earthquakes. Our results also provide an additional framework to define the mechanisms leading to earthquakes associated with the dynamics of calderas.
Which Analysis Approach Is Adequate to Leverage Clinical Microdialysis Data? A Quantitative Comparison to Investigate Exposure and Response Exemplified by Levofloxacin
Authors: Busse David , Schaeftlein André , Solms Alexander , Ilia Luis , Michelet Robin , Zeitlinger Markus , Huisinga Wilhelm , Kloft Charlotte
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Systematic comparison of analysis methods of clinical microdialysis data for impact on target-site drug exposure and response.

Methods

39 individuals received a 500 mg levofloxacin short-term infusion followed by 24-h dense sampling in plasma and microdialysate collection in interstitial space fluid (ISF). ISF concentrations were leveraged using non-compartmental (NCA) and compartmental analysis (CA) via (ii) relative recovery correction at midpoint of the collection interval (midpoint-NCA, midpoint-CA) and (ii) dialysate-based integrals of time (integral-CA). Exposure and adequacy of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) therapy via pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target-attainment (PTA) analysis were compared between approaches.

Results

Individual AUCISF estimates strongly varied for midpoint-NCA and midpoint-CA (≥52.3%CV) versus integral-CA (≤32.9%CV) owing to separation of variability in PK parameters (midpoint-CA = 46.5%–143%CVPK, integral-CA = 26.4%–72.6%CVPK) from recovery-related variability only in integral-CA (41.0%–50.3%CVrecovery). This also led to increased variability of AUCplasma for midpoint-CA (56.0%CV) versus midpoint-NCA and integral-CA (≤33.0%CV), and inaccuracy of predictive model performance of midpoint-CA in plasma (visual predictive check). PTA analysis translated into 33% of evaluated patient cases being at risk of incorrectly rejecting recommended dosing regimens at CAP-related epidemiological cut-off values.

Conclusions

Integral-CA proved most appropriate to characterise clinical pharmacokinetics- and microdialysis-related variability. Employing this knowledge will improve the understanding of drug target-site PK for therapeutic decision-making.
Mapping CRISPR-Cas9 public and commercial innovation using The Lens institutional toolkit
Authors: Jefferson Osmat Azzam , Lang Simon , Williams Kenny , Koellhofer Deniz , Ballagh Aaron , Warren Ben , Schellberg Bernard , Sharma Roshan , Jefferson Richard
Published: March 2021

CRISPR-Cas9 is a revolutionary technology because it is precise, fast and easy to implement, cheap and components are readily accessible. This versatility means that the technology can deliver a timely end product and can be used by many stakeholders. In plant cells, the technology can be applied to knockout genes by using CRISPR–Cas nucleases that can alter coding gene regions or regulatory elements, alter precisely a genome by base editing to delete or regulate gene expression, edit precisely a genome by homology-directed repair mechanism (cellular DNA), or regulate transcriptional machinery by using dead Cas proteins to recruit regulators to the promoter region of a gene. All these applications can be for: 1) Research use (Non commercial), 2) Uses related product components for the technology itself (reagents, equipment, toolkits, vectors etc), and 3) Uses related to the development and sale of derived end products based on this technology. In this contribution, we present a prototype report that can engage the community in open, inclusive and collaborative innovation mapping. Using the open data at the Lens.org platform and other relevant sources, we tracked, analyzed, organized, and assembled contextual and bridged patent and scholarly knowledge about CRISPR-Cas9 and with the assistance of a new Lens institutional capability, The Lens Report Builder, currently in beta release, mapped the public and commercial innovation pathways of the technology. When scaled, this capability will also enable coordinated editing and curation by credentialed experts to inform policy makers, businesses and private or public investment.
Verständigungsbarrieren zwischen kulturalistischen Sozialwissenschaften und evolutionärer Anthropologie: Ursachen, Argumente und Auswege
Authors: Voland Eckart , Meißelbach Christoph
Published: March 2021

Kommunikation und Kooperation zwischen sozialwissenschaftlicher und evolutionär-anthropologischer Forschung ist durch einige Verständigungsbarrieren erschwert. In diesem Beitrag werden die wichtigsten dieser Probleme systematisch geordnet und auf die folgenden Fragen hin analysiert: Wo stehen der Annäherung sozialwissenschaftlicher und evolutionär informierter Anthropologie nur Missverständnisse, Falschauffassungen oder ideologisches Misstrauen im Wege; wo sind es unterschiedliche methodologische Herangehensweisen oder paradigmatische Grundüberzeugungen; und wie lassen sich diese Hindernisse interdisziplinärer Theorieintegration überwinden?
New species and nomenclatural changes in Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) from Madagascar
Authors: Hermans Johan , Gamisch Alexander , Rajaovelona Landy , Fischer Gunter A. , Cribb Phillip , Sieder Anton , Andriantiana Jacky
Published: March 2021

Six new species:Bulbophyllum caniceps, B. cochinealloides, B. fierenanaense, B. geminiflorum, B. oenanthumandB. rudolphusare described for the first time. The identity and nomenclature ofBulbophyllum cylindrocarpumis discussed and its var.andringitrenseis recognised at species rank asB. jeanbosseri.Bulbophyllum aubrevilleiandB. kieneriare compared with the latter becoming a synonym. The history and identities ofBulbophyllum pentastichumvsB. quadrifariumare clarified and the necessary taxonomic changes and type selections are made. A new sect.Inversiflorais formally described.
Vivoscapes: an Ecosemiotic Contribution to the Ecological Theory
Authors: Farina Almo , James Philip
Published: March 2021

Vivoscape, from Latin ‘vivo’ (living) and the English ‘scape’ (shape and form of a place) is presented as a new ecosemiotic agency that integrates the interactions between biological and ecological components of a taxon with the environment. According to this model, the interactions between species and the environment are fused into a new functional unity driven by external and internal events (vivoevents). Sensorial and relational channels are used by a taxon to sense external energy gradients, matter, information and to return actions and proactions in an external operational environment. The eco-field model is suggested as the functional ecosemiotic mechanism associated with each vivoevent.
Hydrogeochemical delineation of groundwater fitness for drinking and agricultural utilities in Thiruvallur district, South India
Authors: Senthilkumar Subramani , Gowtham Balu , Srinivasamoorthy Krishnaraj , Gopinath Selvaraj
Published: March 2021

Appraisal of groundwater fitness to drinking, agricultural, and domestic purposes was attempted within the Thiruvallur district of South India since groundwater is the significant sources for the above utilities. Groundwater samples collected from a sum of 110 locations have to be analyzed for major concentrations of which higher values of total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl−), and sodium (Na+) ions were noted during pre-monsoon (PRM) specifically besides the east along with the southeastern part of the study region and higher calcium (Ca2+) and nitrate (NO3−) values disseminated besides the central and eastern parts of the study region during the post-monsoon (POM) season. Suitability of water quality depends upon total dissolved solids; Water Quality Index (WQI) suggests 70% and 62% of the study area representing hard and sedimentary formations are appropriate for consumption utilities. Irrigation aptness of water for utility suggests the majority of study area is suitable in view of electrical conductance, sodium adsorption ratio, USSL plot, Na%, Wilcox’s plot, Kelly’s ratio, and Doneen’s plot. Dominant hydrochemical facies were observed to be Na-Cl, mixed Ca-Mg-Cl, and Ca-HCO3, and parameters like Na+, Ca2+, HCO3−, Cl−, and NO3− ions have been observed to be higher in the central region next to the east and may be appropriate to influence geogenic, anthropogenic, and seawater encroachment.
First substantial evidence for Old World vultures (Aegypiinae, Accipitridae) from the early Palaeolithic and Iberomaurusian of Morocco
Authors: Manegold Albrecht , Hutterer Rainer
Published: March 2021

Remains of at least three species of large aegypiine vultures from early Palaeolithic and Iberomaurusian of Ifri n’Ammar, Morocco are the first substantial fossil record of these taxa in the Maghreb. They can be tentatively referred to the two extant species Aegypius monachus (Cinereous Vulture) and Gyps fulvus (Griffon Vulture), and to the extinct Gyps melitensis. Few fragments of remarkably large bones may belong to especially large specimens of A. monachus, but it cannot be ruled out that they are indeed remains of the so far only insufficiently known palaeospecies A. prepyrenaicus Hérnandez, 2001, originally described from the Upper Pleistocene of Spain. Two vulture species definitely occurred contemporarily; Gyps fulvus was found in the entire sequence, while A. monachus occurred only between 13,800 and 17,000 calBP. G. melitensis was found only once in an unknown stratigraphic context. All remains were found along with human artefacts in a cave deposit. Few bones show longitudinal scratches, which probably are cut marks, indicating that humans made use of the flesh, feathers and/or bones of these vultures. None of these species were previously recorded for the Upper Pleistocene of the Maghreb, and the fossil specimens provide important evidence for the former distribution of Old-World vultures in this area, which is insufficiently known and which changed dramatically during the twentieth century.
Effects of a Single Physical or Mindfulness Intervention on Mood, Attention, and Executive Functions: Results from two Randomized Controlled Studies in University Classes
Authors: Müller Christian , Dubiel David , Kremeti Eleni , Lieb Manuel , Streicher Elisabeth , Siakir Oglou Nour , Mickel Christoph , Karbach Julia
Published: March 2021

Objectives

The primary objective of this study was to examine the effects of one-session physical or mindfulness training on university students’ mood, attention and executive functions in two separate randomized studies.

Methods

Study 1 (physical activity intervention) was implemented in a seminar with 63 and Study 2 (mindfulness intervention) in another seminar with 28 university students. The physical intervention included stretching exercises, balancing tasks, and medium intensity cardiovascular activities. The mindfulness training included yoga exercises, guided attention, and a body scan. In the control conditions, students watched a 15-min fitness or yoga video, respectively. Several mood and attention scales, as well as executive functions were assessed before and after the intervention or control activity. A randomized within-subject cross-over design was applied in both studies.

Results

Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed that participants in both intervention conditions reported mood to be more positive, more awake and calmer after the intervention compared to the control conditions. These effects were medium to large (Study 1: eta2 = .08-.30, Study 2: eta2 = .15-.30). Attention scores improved more relative to the control condition after the physical intervention (medium effect size, eta2 = .11). Executive function scores improved more relative to the control condition after the mindfulness intervention (medium effect size, eta2 = .17).

Conclusions

These results indicate that a short bout (15-min) of physical or mindfulness activity in a university learning setting positively affected dimensions of mood and cognition known to support academic learning.
Prediction of Outcome After Endovascular Embolectomy in Anterior Circulation Stroke Using Biomarkers
Authors: Pujol-Calderón Fani , Zetterberg Henrik , Portelius Erik , Löwhagen Hendén Pia , Rentzos Alexandros , Karlsson Jan-Erik , Höglund Kina , Blennow Kaj , Rosengren Lars E.
Published: March 2021

Stroke is a major public health problem that can cause a long-term disability or death due to brain damage. Serious stroke is frequently caused by a large vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation, which should be treated by endovascular embolectomy if possible. In this study, we investigated the use of the brain damage biomarkers tau, NFL, NSE, GFAp, and S100B to understand the progression of nervous tissue damage and their relationship to outcome in such stroke after endovascular treatment. Blood samples were taken from 90 patients pre-treatment and 2 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 3 months after endovascular treatment. Stroke-related neurological deficit was estimated using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at admission and at 24 h. Neurological outcome was evaluated at 3 months. After stroke, tau, NFL, GFAp and S100B increased in a time dependent manner, while NSE remained constant over time. At 3 months, tau and GFAp levels were back to normal whereas NFL was still high. Tau, NFL and GFAp correlated well to outcome, as well as to infarct volume and NIHSS at 24 h. The best time for prediction of poor outcome was different for each biomarker. However, the combination of NIHSS at 24 h with either tau, NFL or GFAp at 48 h gave the best prediction. The use of biomarkers in the early setting after endovascular treatment of stroke will lead to a simplified and standardized way to estimate the nervous tissue damage and possibly complement the clinical judgement in foreseeing the need of rehabilitation measures.
Relationship of Catheter Contact Angle and Contact Force with Contact Area on the Surface of Heart Muscle Tissue in Cardiac Catheter Ablation
Authors: Masnok Kriengsak , Watanabe Nobuo
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The aims of this study were to develop an experimental procedure for setting the catheter angle with respect to the surface of the heart muscle and the catheter contact force and to investigate the catheter contact area on the heart muscle as a function of catheter contact angle and force.

Methods

Visualization tests were performed for 5 contact angles (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°) and 8 contact forces (2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 gf). Each experiment was repeated 6 times with 2 different commercially available catheter tips.

Results

The morphology of the contact area was classified into rectangular, circular, ellipsoidal, and semi-ellipsoidal. The correlation between contact force and contact area was a logarithmic function; increasing contact force was associated with increased contact area. At the same contact force, the correlation between contact angle and contact area was inverse; decreasing contact angle was associated with a corresponding increase in contact area.

Conclusion

Both the catheter contact angle and contact force substantially impact the contact area and morphology in catheter ablation procedures.
Promoting Oral Presentation Skills Through Drama-Based Tasks with an Authentic Audience: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Lee Yow-jyy Joyce , Liu Yeu-Ting
Published: March 2021

Drama activities are reported to foster language learning, and may prepare learners for oral skills that mirror those used in real life. This year-long time series classroom-based quasi-experimental study followed a between-subjects design in which two classes of college EFL learners were exposed to two oral training conditions: (1) an experimental one in which drama-based training pedagogy was employed; and (2) the comparison one in which ordinary public speaking pedagogy was utilized. The experimental participants dramatized a picture book into a play, refined and rehearsed it for the classroom audience, and eventually performed it publicly as a theater production for community children. Diachronic comparisons of the participants’ oral presentation skills under the two conditions showed that a significant between-group difference began to become pronounced only after the experimental participants started to present for real-life audiences other than their classmates. This finding suggests that drama-mediated pedagogy effectively enhanced the experimental participants’ presentation performance and became more effective than the traditional approach only after a real-life audience was involved. In addition to the participants’ performance data, survey and retrospective protocols were utilized to shed light on how drama-based tasks targeting both classroom and authentic audiences influence college EFL learners’ presentation performance and their self-perceived oral presentation skills. Analysis of the survey and retrospective data indicated that the participants’ attention to three presentation skills—structure, audience adaptation and content—was significantly raised after their presentation involved a real-life audience. Based on these findings, pedagogical implications for drama for FL oral presentation instruction are discussed.
Comment on Kärrholm et al. “Designing the Swedish Crime Harm Index: an Evidence-Based Strategy”
Authors: Sarnecki Jerzy
Published: March 2021

Question

Is the Swedish Crime Harm Index as presented and corrected in this Journal as reported by Kärrholm et al. Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing (2020a, b) a valid method for studying the long-term development of crime and of the harm caused by crime?

Data

Cited publications in this journal, Swedish crime statistics, and other evidence on historical changes in Swedish crime reporting.

Methods

Documentation of the ways in which crime counting in different categories has changed over time in Sweden.

Findings

The authors do not seem to have considered important aspects of the way the Swedish crime statistics are assembled. An overestimation of the increase in cases of homicide and of the penalty value of offenses that do not usually result in custodial sentences are two examples. The authors also fail to consider legislation that criminalizes previously unpunished (harmful) behavior.

Conclusion

The historical CHI, as it has been constructed by Kärrholm et al. is not an appropriate method for studying the long-term development of crime and of the harm caused by crime. In a time of net-widening and increasing punitiveness in the justice system, the CHI will show an increase even with no change in actual crime behavior. A simple measure of the current harm caused by crime may be useful for short-term analysis, planning, and the evaluation of police efforts, but it is inadequate as a means of studying the longitudinal development of the crime problem. In the calculation of CHI, harm caused by crimes that do not lead to imprisonment should also be included.
The EDIT Survey: Identifying Emergency Department Information Technology Knowledge and Training Gaps
Authors: Kollek Daniel , Barrera David , Stobert Elizabeth , Homier Valérie
Published: March 2021

Objective:

To review Emergency Department internet connectivity, cyber risk factors, perception of risks and preparedness, security policies, training and mitigation strategies.

Methods:

A validated targeted survey was sent to Canadian ED physicians and nurses between March 5, 2019 and April 28, 2019.

Results:

There were 349 responses, with physicians making up 84% of the respondents (59% urban teaching, 35% community teaching, 6% community non-teaching hospitals). All had multiple passwords, 93% had more than 1 user account, over 90% had to log repeatedly each workday, 52% had to change their passwords every 3 months, 75% had multiple methods of authentication and 53% reported using a terminal where someone else was already logged in. Passwords were used to review laboratory and radiology data, access medical records and manage patient flow. Majority of the respondents (51%) did not know if they worked with internet linked devices. Only 7% identified an ‘air gapped’ computer in their facility and 76% used personal devices for patient care, with less than a third of those allowing the IT department to review their device. A total of 26 respondents received no cyber security training.

Conclusion:

This paper revealed significant computer-human interface dysfunctionality and readiness gaps in the event of an IT failure. These stemmed from poor system design, poor planning and lack of training. The paper identified areas with technical or training solutions and suggested mitigation strategies.
The Kodaira Problem for Kähler Spaces with Vanishing First Chern Class
Authors: Graf Patrick , Schwald Martin
Published: March 2021

LetXbe a normal compact Kähler space with klt singularities and torsion canonical bundle. We show thatXadmits arbitrarily small deformations that are projective varieties if its locally trivial deformation space is smooth. We then prove that this unobstructedness assumption holds in at least three cases: ifXhas toroidal singularities, ifXhas finite quotient singularities and if the cohomology group${\mathrm {H}^{2} \!\left ( X, {\mathscr {T}_{X}} \right )}$vanishes.
Measuring Procedural and Substantial Amendment Rules: An Empirical Exploration
Authors: Garoupa Nuno , Santos Botelho Catarina
Published: March 2021

Constitutional amendment difficulty or rigidity has generated extensive literature in recent times, both conceptually and empirically. Although constitutional scholars seem divided about the importance and significance of amendment limits, there has been a proliferation of indicators and statistical analysis. In this Article, while recognizing the normative debate, we provide an empirical exploration for thirty-seven countries based on factor analysis of both formal procedural rules—usually the focus of empirical work—and substantial amendment rules—which are less developed in the quantitative literature. We discuss the existing contradictions across available indicators. Implications for the literature are derived.
Developments in German Criminal Law: The Urgent Issues Regarding Prolonged Pre-Trial Detention in Germany
Authors: Jung Sina , Petrick Carolin , Schiller Eva Maria , Münster Lukas
Published: March 2021

Freedom is one of the fundamental rights enshrined in Art. 2(2)(2) of the German Constitution. However, nearly 30,000 remand prisoners were incarcerated in pre-trial detention in Germany in 2017 pending trial. Due to the presumption of innocence, remand prisoners are subjected to a flagrant violation of their constitutional right to freedom. After outlining the legal pre-requisites of pre-trial detention under German law, this article addresses various legal areas of conflict arising from periods of prolonged pre-trial detention by examining a case brought before the Federal Constitutional Court in Germany in 2018. At the same time, the article demonstrates how severely pre-trial detention affects the personal lives of remand prisoners. The longer any such period of pre-trial detention lasts, the more important the question is whether this deprivation of liberty can be justified. Over the past few years, the number of cases involving protracted pre-trial detention has increased dramatically due to overworked courts. By emphasizing that a lack of judicial resources cannot justify lengthy terms of pre-trial detention, this article highlights the importance of the fundamental right to freedom of each and every one of us.
Correcting a 135-year error: Limulidae Leach, 1819 (Chelicerata, Xiphosura) is the proper authority, not Limulidae Zittel, 1885
Authors: Novack-Gottshall Philip M. , Plotnick Roy E.
Published: March 2021

The horseshoe crabLimulus polyphemus(Linnaeus, 1758) is a famous species, renowned as a ‘living fossil’ (Owen, 1873; Barthel, 1974; Kin and Błażejowski, 2014) for its apparently little-changed morphology for many millions of years. The genusLimulusMüller, 1785 was used by Leach (1819, p. 536) as the basis of a new family Limulidae and synonymized it withPolyphemusLamarck, 1801 (Lamarck's proposed but later unaccepted replacement forLimulus, as discussed by Van der Hoeven, 1838, p. 8) andXyphothecaGronovius, 1764 (later changed toXiphosuraGronovius, 1764, another junior synonym ofLimulus). He also included the valid modern genusTachypleusLeach, 1819 in the family. The primary authority of Leach (1819) is widely recognized in the neontological literature (e.g., Dunlop et al., 2012; Smith et al., 2017). It is also the authority recognized in the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS Editorial Board, 2021).
Quantifying marine reservoir effect variability along the Northwest Coast of North America
Authors: Schmuck Nicholas , Reuther Joshua , Baichtal James F. , Carlson Risa J.
Published: March 2021

Recognition of marine reservoir effect (MRE) spatial and temporal variability must be accounted for in any radiocarbon-based paleoclimate, geomorphological, or archaeological reconstruction in a coastal setting. ΔR values from 37 shell-wood pairs across southern Southeast Alaska provide a robust local evaluation of the MRE, reporting a local Early Holocene weighted ΔR average of 265 ± 205, with a significantly higher ΔR average of 410 ± 60 for samples near limestone karst. Integration with our synthesis of extant MRE calibrations for the Northwest Coast of North America suggests that despite local variability, regional ΔR averages echo proxies for coastal upwelling: regional weighted averages were at their highest in the Bølling-Allerød interstade (575 ± 165) and their lowest in the Younger Dryas stade (−55 ± 110). Weighted ΔR averages across the Northwest Coast rose to a Holocene high during the Early Holocene warm period (245 ± 200) before settling into a stable Holocene average ΔR of 145 ± 165, which persisted until the late Holocene. Our quantification of local and regional shifts in the MRE shines a light on present methodological issues involved in MRE corrections in mixed-feeder, diet-based calibrations of archaeological and paleontological specimens.
ASSESSING THE CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY OF EL MIRÓN CAVE, CANTABRIAN SPAIN
Authors: Hopkins Rachel J A , Straus Lawrence Guy , González Morales Manuel R
Published: March 2021

El Mirón is an important archaeological cave site in Cantabria (Spain) with a stratigraphy covering the late Middle Paleolithic to the Modern Period. The Magdalenian levels are especially rich in artifacts, faunal remains, and features, and included the burial of an adult female (“the Red Lady”), as well as other scattered human remains, while the Neolithic levels contained the oldest combined evidence of ceramics, domesticated grain and livestock in the region. However, in the absence of diagnostic artifacts in many levels that would always provide a traditional cultural chronology, radiocarbon dating has been essential in understanding the temporal framework for human activity at the site. Over the duration of more than two decades, the El Mirón Project has therefore obtained 93 radiocarbon dates, which cover the entire stratigraphic record as found in several different excavation areas. In light of the considerable methodological advances that radiocarbon dating has seen since 1996 we aim to evaluate the reliability of the published 14C record for El Mirón Cave, and to improve the accuracy of the radiocarbon based chronostratigraphy through Bayesian modeling. The results shed light on which dates may be used for future research and where dating discrepancies reflect taphonomic processes, thereby advancing intra-site and regional archaeological comparisons.
Retro-aortic brachiocephalic vein with azygous vein continuation: a rare vascular variant
Authors: Mahendran Arjun K. , Chandran Arun
Published: March 2021

We present an infant with incidentally found retro-aortic left brachiocephalic vein draining directly into azygous vein. This rare vascular variant is asymptomatic but does have clinical implications with surgical and interventional procedures.
The inaugural United States World Hospice and Palliative Care Day Celebration: A virtual coming together
Authors: Rosa William E. , Pandey Shila , Epstein Andrew S. , Connor Stephen R. , Nelson Judith E.
Published: March 2021

Objective

On October 10, 2020, the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Supportive Care Service hosted their first-ever United States (US) World Hospice and Palliative Care Day (WHPCD) Celebration. The purpose of this article is to describe the US inaugural event in alignment with the broader goals of WHPCD and provide lessons learned in anticipation of the second annual conference to be held on October 5–6, 2021.

Methods

Description of the inaugural event in the context of COVID-19 and WHPCD, co-planning conference team reflection, and attendee survey responses.

Results

The Worldwide Hospice Palliative Care Alliance initially launched WHPCD in 2005 as an annual unified day of action to celebrate and support hospice and palliative care around the world. The US-based innovative virtual conference featured 23 interprofessional hospice and palliative care specialists and patient and family caregiver speakers across nine diverse sessions addressing priorities at the intersection of COVID-19, social injustice, and the global burden of serious health-related suffering. Two primary aims guided the event: community building and wisdom sharing. Nearly 270 registrants from at least 16 countries and one dozen states across the US joined the free program focused on both personal and professional development.

Significance of results

Unlike many other academic conferences and professional gatherings that were relegated to online forums due to pandemic-related restrictions, the US WHPCD Celebration was intentionally established to create a virtual coming together for collective reflection on the barriers and facilitators of palliative care delivery amid vast societal change. The goal to ensure a globally relevant and culturally inclusive agenda will continue to draw increased participation at an international level during future annual events. Finally, the transparent and respectful sharing of palliative care team experiences in the year preceding the conference established a safe environment for both individual expression and scholarly discussion.
Post-thrombotic syndrome
Authors: Visonà Adriana , Quere Isabelle , Mazzolai Lucia , Amitrano Maria , Lugli Marzia , Madaric Juraj , Prandoni Paolo
Published: March 2021

Summary: Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a chronic venous insufficiency manifestation following an episode of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT). It is an important and frequent long-term adverse event of proximal DVT affecting 20–50% of patients. This position paper integrates data guiding clinicians in deciding PTS diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.
Need for Age-Appropriate Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD
Authors: Maercker Andreas
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Studies in patient or community samples suggest that many older adults who experience clinically significant psychopathology do not fit easily into our existing disorder classification systems. This affects older people with traumatic experiences, who in their senescence report multiple mental disturbances and reduced quality of life. Thus, there is a need to develop age-appropriate diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To date, the new ICD-11 has done this only in a very rudimentary way. This article gives a brief historical overview and names the reasons for these diagnostic problems. Subsequently, it proposes six plus one (male-only) features to be dominant and life-stage specific in older adults: posttraumatic nightmares and reenactments, impaired sleep, painful memories of traumatically lost close persons, hypervigilance including elevated startle response, weakness or asthenia, somatoform pain or chronic primary pain, and in males only: reckless or self-destructive behavior. Finally, it outlines future steps to improve the adequate recognition of clinical presentations of trauma sequelae.
The Pulse of the Amazon: Fluxes of Dissolved Organic Carbon, Nutrients, and Ions From the World's Largest River
Authors: Drake Travis W. , Hemingway Jordon D. , Kurek Martin R. , Peucker‐Ehrenbrink Bernhard , Brown Kristina A. , Holmes Robert M. , Galy Valier , Moura Jose M.S. , Mitsuya Miyuki , Wassenaar Leonard I. , Six Johan , Spencer Robert G. M.
Published: March 2021

The Amazon River drains a diverse tropical landscape greater than 6 million km2, culminating in the world's largest export of freshwater and dissolved constituents to the ocean. Here, we present dissolved organic carbon (DOC), organic and inorganic nitrogen (DON, DIN), orthophosphate (PO43−), and major and trace ion concentrations and fluxes from the Amazon River using 26 samples collected over three annual hydrographs. Concentrations and fluxes were predominantly controlled by the annual wet season flood pulse. Average DOC, DON, DIN, and PO43− fluxes (±1 s.d.) were 25.5 (±1.0), 1.14 (±0.05), 0.82 (±0.03), and 0.063 (±0.003) Tg yr−1, respectively. Chromophoric dissolved organic matter absorption (at 350 nm) was strongly correlated with DOC concentrations, resulting in a flux of 74.8 × 106 m−2 yr−1. DOC and DON concentrations positively correlated with discharge while nitrate + nitrite concentrations negatively correlated, suggesting mobilization and dilution responses, respectively. Ammonium, PO43−, and silica concentrations displayed chemostatic responses to discharge. Major and trace ion concentrations displayed clockwise hysteresis (except for chloride, sodium, and rubidium) and exhibited either dilution or chemostatic responses. The sources of weathered cations also displayed seasonality, with the highest proportion of carbonate‐ and silicate‐derived cations occurring during peak and baseflow, respectively. Finally, our seasonally resolved weathering model resulted in an average CO2 consumption yield of (3.55 ± 0.11) × 105 mol CO2 km−2 yr−1. These results represent an updated and temporally refined quantification of dissolved fluxes that highlight the strong seasonality of export from the world's largest river and set a robust baseline against which to gauge future change.
A Modeling Study of the Tripole Pattern of East China Precipitation Over the Past 425 ka
Authors: Dai Gaowen , Zhang Zhongshi , Otterå Odd Helge , Langebroek Petra M. , Yan Qing , Zhang Ran
Published: March 2021

The traditional paleoclimatological view suggests that monsoonal China was overall wetter when the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) was strong. However, this view is at odds with the understanding of modern climate, which demonstrates an analogous “tripole precipitation pattern” in monsoonal China. Little is known about the spatial pattern of paleo‐precipitation in monsoonal China, particularly during the past glacial‐interglacial cycles. Here, we provide evidence for a potential tripole precipitation pattern in monsoonal China over the past 425 ka using climate modeling, and compare the results with paleoclimate records available from China. Our simulations illustrate that more (less) precipitation in North China and South China, and less (more) precipitation in the Central‐East China during strong (weak) EASM periods associated with high (low) boreal summer insolation. Our results agree with the present understanding of modern East Asian climate, and furthermore confirm that the boreal summer insolation is the dominant forcing for the intensity of EASM and the response of subtropical high pressures is fundamental in modulating the precipitation pattern in monsoonal China on orbital timescales. This temporal and spatial variability of precipitation, as revealed in our simulations, shows the potential high complexities in hydroclimatic conditions in monsoonal China throughout the past glacial‐interglacial cycles. Nevertheless, whether the tripole precipitation pattern in monsoonal China over the past 425 ka is robust enough still should be tested, preferable by taking advantage of existing and new well‐dated and explicit indicative precipitation archives in Central‐East China.
The Phase of Water Ice Which Forms in Cold Clouds in the Mesospheres of Mars, Venus, and Earth
Authors: Mangan T. P. , Plane J. M. C. , Murray B. J.
Published: March 2021

Water ice clouds form in the mesospheres of terrestrial planets in the solar system (and most likely elsewhere) by vapor deposition at low pressures and temperatures. Under these conditions a range of crystalline and amorphous phases of ice might form. The phase is important because it influences nucleation kinetics, density, vapor pressure over the solid, growth rates and particle shape. In the past, the temperature range over which these different phases exist has been defined on the basis of depositing ice at low temperature and warming it while observing phase changes. However, the direct deposition of ice at a range of temperatures relevant for the terrestrial planets has not been systematically investigated. Here we present X‐ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements of water ice deposited at temperature intervals between 88 and 145 K in a vacuum chamber. XRD patterns showed that low density amorphous ice was formed at ≤120 K, stacking disordered ice I formed from 121 to 135 K and hexagonal ice I formed at 140 and 145 K. Direct deposition results in the stable hexagonal phase at much lower temperatures than when warming stacking disordered ice. All three phases of water ice observed here are possible in clouds in the mesospheres of Earth and Mars, while on Venus only amorphous ice is likely to form.
Reply to the Comment on “Tu et al., an Analytical Solution of Groundwater Flow in a Confined Aquifer With a Single‐Well Circulation System, Water Resources Research, First Published: 12 June 2020.”
Authors: Tu Kun , Wu Qiang , Simunek Jirka , Chen Chaofan , Zhu Ke , Zeng Yifan , Xu Shengheng , Wang Yang
Published: March 2021

The authors appreciate Dr. Kabala's interest in our work and his commitment to protecting research work integrity and scientific records accuracy. They are of the utmost importance to us as well. After receiving the Comment, we made it our highest priority to respond, address the concerns raised, and carefully re‐examine our manuscript. This reply is to “Comment on ‘An analytical solution of groundwater flow in a confined aquifer with a single well circulation system, by Tu et al.'”
Thank You to Our 2020 Peer Reviewers
Authors: Manighetti Isabelle , Abercrombie Rachel , Ben‐Zion Yehuda , Bernabé Yves , Bostock Michael , Dekkers Mark , Parman Stephen W. , Schmitt Douglas , Tregoning Paul
Published: March 2021

Members of the editorial board of JGR‐Solid Earth express their appreciation to those who served as peer reviewers for the journal in 2020.
Key bacterial taxa and metabolic pathways affecting gut short-chain fatty acid profiles in early life
Authors: Tsukuda Naoki , Yahagi Kana , Hara Taeko , Watanabe Yohei , Matsumoto Hoshitaka , Mori Hiroshi , Higashi Koichi , Tsuji Hirokazu , Matsumoto Satoshi , Kurokawa Ken , Matsuki Takahiro
Published: March 2021

Infant gut microbiota development affects the host physiology throughout life, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are promising key metabolites mediating microbiota-host relationships. Here, we investigated dense longitudinally collected faecal samples from 12 subjects during the first 2 years (n = 1048) to identify early life gut SCFA patterns and their relationships with the microbiota. Our results revealed three distinct phases of progression in the SCFA profiles: early phase characterised by low acetate and high succinate, middle-phase characterised by high lactate and formate and late-phase characterised by high propionate and butyrate. Assessment of the SCFA–microbiota relationships revealed that faecal butyrate is associated with increased Clostridiales and breastfeeding cessation, and that diverse and personalised assemblage of Clostridiales species possessing the acetyl-CoA pathway play major roles in gut butyrate production. We also found an association between gut formate and some infant-type bifidobacterial species, and that human milk oligosaccharides (HMO)-derived fucose is the substrate for formate production during breastfeeding. We identified genes upregulated in fucose and fucosylated HMO utilisation in infant-type bifidobacteria. Notably, bifidobacteria showed interspecific and intraspecific variation in the gene repertoires, and cross-feeding of fucose contributed to gut formate production. This study provides an insight into early life SCFA–microbiota relationships, which is an important step for developing strategies for modulating lifelong health.
Beyond DNA repair and chromosome instability—Fanconi anaemia as a cellular senescence-associated syndrome
Authors: Helbling-Leclerc Anne , Garcin Cécile , Rosselli Filippo
Published: March 2021

Fanconi anaemia (FA) is the most frequent inherited bone marrow failure syndrome, due to mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in replication fork protection, DNA interstrand crosslink repair and replication rescue through inducing double-strand break repair and homologous recombination. Clinically, FA is characterised by aplastic anaemia, congenital defects and cancer predisposition. In in vitro studies, FA cells presented hallmarks defining senescent cells, including p53-p21 axis activation, altered telomere length, mitochondrial dysfunction, chromatin alterations, and a pro-inflammatory status. Senescence is a programme leading to proliferation arrest that is involved in different physiological contexts, such as embryogenesis, tissue remodelling and repair and guarantees tumour suppression activity. However, senescence can become a driving force for developmental abnormalities, aging and cancer. Herein, we summarise the current knowledge in the field to highlight the mutual relationships between FA and senescence that lead us to consider FA not only as a DNA repair and chromosome fragility syndrome but also as a “senescence syndrome”.