A Comparative Study of Biochemical Markers in the Early Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
Authors: Sohaib Muhammad , Maryam Hannana , Ali Dr. Abid , Fatima Mahnoor , Ahmad Waqar 
Published: August 2022

Background: One of the most effective instances of readily detected biomarkers diagnosing a very big health concern is the measuring of proteins in blood to represent heart damage. The idea of utilizing a blood test to reflect organ or cell harm necessitates a chemical that is plentiful in the target cell, can reach blood, has a suitable half-life in blood, and is preferably in a particular form that only reflects the target cell in tissue. Because contraction is the primary function of the myocyte, proteins involved in contraction or the energy required to sustain it should be suitable potential indicators. The work on diagnostic tests for myofibrillar proteins begins in 1978. Different key pieces of evidence fueled in the research. In Ist-year outcomes were identical in chest pain patients whose acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was ruled out by electrocardiography and cardiac enzymes, demonstrating that the existing diagnostic tools were not beneficial for risk prediction and treatment recommendations. Second, CK and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were brought into clinical practice and demonstrated to have higher specificity and sensitivity than traditional tests. All of the biomarkers used to diagnose cardiac injury are involved in contraction or energy metabolism, but the markers evolved via trial and error, beginning with transaminases in the 1950s and ending with troponins in the 1990s. This background is discussed, along with observations on my experiences establishing CK-MB and Troponin I assays. Methods: 140 individuals with AMI are included who are diagnosed using WHO criteria. A cross-sectional study with purposive sampling technique is conducted in wazirabad institute of Cardiology. This research is last around 6 months. Before the examinations, blood samples are obtained from patients by vein puncture using syringes and preserved in clot tubes. The research includes patients experiencing chest pressure, tightness, or discomfort, shortness of breath, and irregular cardiac rhythms on ECG. Patients having a normal ECG are not included in the study. Different equipments are utilized to assess appropriate heart function and to obtain serum for the identification of various cardiac biomarkers. Result: The sensitivities of all biochemical markers change depending on the time of infarction, as previously demonstrated and expected from a patho-physiologic standpoint, the blood sample of all the patients was collected and used for further investigation in the Lab. In the current study, 140 patients are enrolled, and all of the patients who had a single episode of AMI had their ECGs taken. All of the patients' ECGs are abnormal. In compared to other Bio-Cardiac Markers, the Troponin –I has a higher ratio of patients, according to the present findings. When a person undergoes AMI, the first protein that is released is troponin-I. When these tests are conducted over a period of time, they provide us with a quick assessment of the severity of AMI. As a result of the current findings, patients have a higher level of Trop-I in their blood when they experience their first episode of AMI. In this situation, the patient should go to the nearest health care center's emergency room as quickly as feasible. Conclusion: The traditional enzymatic assays of creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB (activity), and lactate dehydrogenase are rapidly being replaced by mass measurements of myoglobin, CKMB, and troponin T and troponin I (Tnl) 1 " to achieve high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity within a few hours from the onset of tissue necrosis; the ultimate goal is the early and appropriate management of patients' conditions. We compared the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity obtained by measuring various biochemical markers, some of which are widely used, and concluded that Troponin I is the first cardiac marker that releases simultaneously after the first episode of AMI when performed as single tests and in parallel and serial modes.