bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microwave Induced Plasma Analytical Spectrometry
Authors: Jankowski Krzysztof J. , Reszke Edward
Published: November 2010

This book is the most comprehensive recent publication on MIPs, consisting of 13 chapters, primarily involving the fundamentals, the instrumentation, and the methodologies of MIP-OES. The physical and chemical characteristics of the various MIP sources and sample introduction techniques available are all discussed as well as how these characteristics affect the design of the parts of the MIP setup with inclusion of some very recent work with MIP sources. Considerable experimental and fundamental emphasis is placed on the plasma generation as well as the experimental aspects of sample introduction in MIP spectrometry. The book firstly outlines the generation and operation of MIP discharges, and presents briefly the principles of MIP-based techniques currently in use, along with their potential benefits and limitations. It then addresses the art and science of microwave plasma generation and highlights very recent advances in the field, presenting both the fundamental properties and the design details of new microwave plasma sources. Analytical characteristics and novel applications of MIP-OES for a wide variety of sample types are also reviewed. As the book documents the latest achievements in MIP spectrometry, it should stimulate their use on a wider scale in the analytical and research laboratories and will prove useful to manufacturers of analytical instruments. This book is also aimed at academics and postgraduates embarking on work in the field of MIP source spectrometry, ICP/MIP users, analysts and research groups who want to configure their own plasma spectrometry setup, and manufacturers of plasma spectrometers and MIP devices. It will also be a useful source of information for those seeking to interface various sample introduction techniques with plasmas and for all those who would like to know more about the technique.
Capacity Audit Tool: identifying inpatient delays to maximise service improvement
Authors: Zeitz Kathryn M. , Tucker Katie
Published: November 2010

Objective.
This case study describes the development of a process and tool, the ‘Capacity Audit’, to quantify key inpatient delays in an acute care tertiary hospital setting.

Method.
The Capacity Audit Tool is an adaption of an existing Wasted Capacity Audit Tool supported by a systematic process to assess and quantify the status of patients in a cohort of inpatient beds. This paper reports on the application of the tool for all inpatient beds in an acute tertiary hospital assessed twice a day for a 15-day period.

Results.
In total, 820 surveys were completed. This represents 9126 beds assessed in the morning shift and 9261 in the afternoon shift over the 15-day period. The simplicity of the Capacity Audit Tool and the process to collect data resulted in a 95% compliance rate. The audit revealed that 76% of beds audited were being used appropriately for acute care. The top three delays were patients awaiting a post-acute care, the bed being empty and awaiting a patient to be allocated, and patients awaiting discharge transport.

Conclusions.
The Capacity Audit Tool facilitates a high level of compliance, providing a comprehensive understanding of the use of hospital bed stock and bed capacity. In addition, the process reveals key inpatient delays to target critical improvement strategies.

What is known about the topic?
There is only one known tool available to assess acute care hospital bed capacity. The Institute of Health Care Improvement describes a wasted capacity audit tool but there are minimal supporting materials to facilitate application of this tool more broadly.

What does this paper add?
This paper describes the application of an audit process, ‘Capacity Audit’, that can assist hospitals to measure bed capacity and reveal the key inpatient delays to bed turnover.

What are the implications for practitioners?
The application of the Capacity Audit process enables practitioners to systematically assess key inpatient delays, reveal wasted capacity in bed usage and target improvement strategies in an evidenced versus anecdotal way.
A qualitative evaluation of a regional Early Psychosis Service 3 years after its commencement
Authors: Callaly Thomas , Ackerly Carmel A. , Hyland Mary E. , Dodd Seetal , O'Shea Melissa , Berk Michael
Published: November 2010

Objective. To outline the major findings of a qualitative evaluation of an Early Psychosis Service 3 years after its establishment. Design. Data to evaluate the service were collected from team meetings, focus groups, individual interviews and questionnaires administered to clinicians, school staff, patients, carers and families. Setting. Barwon Health; Mental Health, Drug and Alcohol Services provide public mental health care to the Geelong, Victoria, region (population 270 000), which is a mixed urban and rural setting. The Early Psychosis Service model implemented involved the placement of two early psychosis workers into each of five adult geographically based Area Mental Health Teams rather than the establishment of a single Early Psychosis Team. Results. The service was found not to adhere to its original design in several key respects. Caseloads and periods of case management were found to be lower and shorter respectively than was originally planned for, caseworkers often experienced isolation and resentment from their adult service coworkers, the service was perceived to be difficult to access and premises not to be youth friendly and communication and engagement with external agencies and service providers was perceived to be poor. Conclusions. The choice of service model, inadequate consultation with stakeholders and inadequate promotion of the service contributed to its failure to reach early expectations. Because of these and other issues, including difficulties distinguishing between early psychosis and non-psychosis, a decision was made to restructure youth services and a separate youth mental health service, which incorporated the Early Psychosis Service function, was established.
Assessment of a peer review process among interns at an Australian hospital
Authors: Mathews Paul W. , Owen Cathy , Ramsey Wayne , Corrigan Gerry , Bassett Mark , Wenzel Johannes
Published: November 2010

Purpose. This study considered how a peer review process could work in an Australian public hospital setting. Method. Up to 229 medical personnel completed an online performance assessment of 52 Junior Medical Officers (JMOs) during the last quarter of 2008. Results. Results indicated that the registrar was the most suitable person to assess interns, although other professionals, including interns themselves, were identified as capable of playing a role in a more holistic appraisal system. Significant sex differences were also found, which may be worthy of further study. Also, the affirmative rather than the formative aspect of the assessment results suggested that the criteria and questions posed in peer review be re-examined. Conclusion. A peer review process was able to be readily implemented in a large institution, and respondents were positive towards peer review generally as a valuable tool in the development of junior medical staff. What is known about the topic? The literature generally concurs that peer review is a useful tool in professional development and can provide a rounded view from diverse sources about a peer’s professional performance. It has been implemented in at least one Canadian medical facility as a mandatory process. What does this paper add? Our study identifies who is considered the most suitable peer(s) to assess interns, various substantive issues about peer review and about the process itself, and raises questions about the voluntary v. mandatory nature of peer review. It is the first study to trial peer review amongst interns in an Australian hospital. What are the implications for practitioners? That peer review is a suitable tool in professional development and generally supported in our study, suggesting that it could be implemented into Australian healthcare practice. However, education about the nature and value of peer review would be required amongst healthcare professionals, and the use of peer review could imply greater managerial engagement in medical practice. Peer review is a more effective assessment tool than that currently employed in many Australian hospitals.
Interheme electron tunneling in cytochrome
c
oxidase
Authors: Kaila Ville R. I. , Johansson Mikael P. , Sundholm Dage , Wikström Mårten
Published: November 2010

Cytochrome
c
oxidase (C
c
O) is the terminal enzyme of the respiratory chain that catalyzes respiratory reduction of dioxygen (O
2
) to water in all eukaryotes and many aerobic bacteria. C
c
O, and its homologs among the heme-copper oxidases, has an active site composed of an oxygen-binding heme and a copper center in the vicinity, plus another heme group that donates electrons to this site. In most oxidoreduction enzymes, electron transfer (eT) takes place by quantum-mechanical electron tunneling. Here we show by independent molecular dynamics and quantum-chemical methods that the heme-heme eT in C
c
O differs from the majority of cases in having an exceptionally low reorganization energy. We show that the rate of interheme eT in C
c
O may nevertheless be predicted by the Moser-Dutton equation if reinterpreted as the average of the eT rates between all individual atoms of the donor and acceptor weighed by the respective packing densities between them. We argue that this modification may be necessary at short donor/acceptor distances comparable to the donor/acceptor radii.
Histone H3K27ac separates active from poised enhancers and predicts developmental state
Authors: Creyghton Menno P. , Cheng Albert W. , Welstead G. Grant , Kooistra Tristan , Carey Bryce W. , Steine Eveline J. , Hanna Jacob , Lodato Michael A. , Frampton Garrett M. , Sharp Phillip A. , Boyer Laurie A. , Young Richard A. , Jaenisch Rudolf
Published: November 2010

Developmental programs are controlled by transcription factors and chromatin regulators, which maintain specific gene expression programs through epigenetic modification of the genome. These regulatory events at enhancers contribute to the specific gene expression programs that determine cell state and the potential for differentiation into new cell types. Although enhancer elements are known to be associated with certain histone modifications and transcription factors, the relationship of these modifications to gene expression and developmental state has not been clearly defined. Here we interrogate the epigenetic landscape of enhancer elements in embryonic stem cells and several adult tissues in the mouse. We find that histone H3K27ac distinguishes active enhancers from inactive/poised enhancer elements containing H3K4me1 alone. This indicates that the amount of actively used enhancers is lower than previously anticipated. Furthermore, poised enhancer networks provide clues to unrealized developmental programs. Finally, we show that enhancers are reset during nuclear reprogramming.
Developmental regulation of protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1) function in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and learning
Authors: Volk Lenora , Kim Chong-Hyun , Takamiya Kogo , Yu Yilin , Huganir Richard L.
Published: November 2010

AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate the majority of fast excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system. Modulation of AMPAR trafficking supports several forms of synaptic plasticity thought to underlie learning and memory. Protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1) is an AMPAR-binding protein shown to regulate both AMPAR trafficking and synaptic plasticity at many distinct synapses. However, studies examining the requirement for PICK1 in maintaining basal synaptic transmission and regulating synaptic plasticity at hippocampal Schaffer collateral–cornu ammonis 1 (SC–CA1) synapses have produced conflicting results. In addition, the effect of PICK1 manipulation on learning and memory has not been investigated. In the present study we analyzed the effect of genetic deletion of PICK1 on basal synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity at hippocampal Schaffer collateral–CA1 synapses in adult and juvenile mice. Surprisingly, we find that loss of PICK1 has no significant effect on synaptic plasticity in juvenile mice but impairs some forms of long-term potentiation and multiple distinct forms of long-term depression in adult mice. Moreover, inhibitory avoidance learning is impaired only in adult KO mice. These results suggest that PICK1 is selectively required for hippocampal synaptic plasticity and learning in adult rodents.
And is it English?
Authors: Görlach Manfred
Published: November 2010

Varieties of English defined by users (as dialects, sociolects and chronolects) and
by uses (according to medium, formality, text type, etc.) have been the object of
description in various places, and have of course functioned conspicuously in this
journal which has the topic as part of its title. By contrast, the questions of what
can be considered English, and how its outer boundaries are defined, have been
asked less frequently, and not in any comprehensive way. (In EWW I have
followed a pragmatic editorial course in admitting varieties which have some
linguistic relationship with English and are in a contact situation/coexistence with
English in the speech community discussed.) My paper looks at a few 'problem
cases' among utterances, in particular at various forms of broken English and
linguistic experiments, at language mix and code-switching and then turns to
linguistic systems, with semi-languages, pidgins, creoles, cants and mixed languages
singled out for detailed discussion. A classification of the varieties treated
obviously depends on the degree of their divergence from English, their functional
range and standardization, users' attitudes and the ways how the language is
acquired — four factors which can have different weight for the classification in
the individual case.
Dimensions of Variation in American English Vocabulary
Authors: Kretzschmar William A.
Published: November 2010

Vocabulary varies in more than just the single dimension of the list of words that appears in typical desk-size dictionaries. Attention to the multidimensional nature of lexical variation can contribute in important ways to our understanding of language, and more particularly to the situation of a language in its particular culture. The vocabulary of AmE has less to do with supposedly authoritative wordlists than it does with the the cultural, historical, regional, and social life of the country, and this can be illustrated from specialized dictionaries. A special focus of this essay is quantitative analysis. The features of a language may be con-sidered in terms of either magnitude or frequency, and such treatment has the potential to inform our understanding not only of a particular language, but of the workings of language taken more generally. Lexical variation is pervasive and normal: we should observe the interactions of the qualitative, quantitative, and structural dimensions of a language that promote the variation, and we should think differently about what a language is and how it works if we are to account for such behavior by words.
Teletext and viewdata — a new challenge for the designer
Authors: Reynolds Linda
Published: November 2010

Teletext and viewdata displays present a strong challenge to the information designer. The mono-spaced dot matrix characters are relatively crude in their design, and their positioning is determined by a fixed grid. The graphics facility is also somewhat crude. The scope for typographic and spatial coding of information is therefore very limited. There is, however, the possibility of using colour as a way of coding information. Seven colours, including white, are available, but they are not of equal brightness and this has important implications for legibility. Bearing in mind the constraints and freedoms offered by this kind of display, ways of presenting text, tables, indexes and graphics of various kinds are discussed.
Some general characteristics present in diagrams denoting activity, event and relationship
Authors: Garland Ken
Published: November 2010

Distinction is drawn between diagrams and picto-grams, and between the type of diagrams under discussion and those having other functions. The use of the word 'graph' in this context is considered. Seven characteristics are identified and illustrated; their sequencing and ranking are examined. Other lesser characteristics are mentioned, as is the prevalence of the rectilinear mode in diagram design.
Iconic design for educational publishing
Authors: Macdonald Gerald
Published: November 2010

This article describes a type of design for print in which images and text are inseparably meshed. This, it is suggested, would reach an audience which now finds educational books inaccessible.
Measures of aesthetic sensitivity as predica tors to performance in the visual arts
Authors: Dawson John
Published: November 2010

The study discussed here is concerned with the construction and subsequent validation of an Aesthetic Line Judgment Scale, the Test Procedures employed, a Factor Analysis of results and a discussion on the Predictive capacity of the tests.
Comprehensibility of illustration — an analytical model
Authors: Goldsmith Evelyn
Published: November 2010

It is suggested that the means to analyse illustration would be of great benefit to students, illustrators, publishers and others, and a model is presented identifying 12 elements which the author believes contribute to the comprehensibility of pictures, particularly those intended to be in support of text.
Character generator systems for broadcast television
Authors: Southall Richard
Published: November 2010

The different kinds of written message which appear as part of television programmes are distinguished, and their requirements in terms of numbers of typefaces and character sizes listed. The history of electronic character generation on broadcast television is briefly summarised, and the types of system in current use in the UK reviewed. The ways in which digital character shape descriptions for television are made at the present time are described and discussed. A case is argued for the direct design of character shapes, rather than the use of processes which translate into television formats character shapes originally intended for other media.
Design and the university
Authors: Tomcik Andrew M.
Published: November 2010

This paper argues that design is a suitable subject for university courses, but that such courses should have certain distinctive features. They should take advantage of the wide range of disciplines taught in universities and their traditions of analysis and abstract thought. Conversely, design can also contribute a valuable pragmatism to the university.
Common sense, skill and research in forms design
Authors: Matthews Christopher , Jacobson Monte , Jones Robin
Published: November 2010

A real attempt is being made by government to reduce the burden of forms on the public. This paper reports one particular exercise, undertaken by the Central Office of Information as part of the Rayner Review of Administrative Forms. The skills of a writer and a designer, backed up by research facilities, were used to reduce a complicated form from six pages to four without any reduction in content although the size of type was increased. It is believed that a considerable improvement in comprehension was achieved.
How to build a specific code
Authors: Vanmalderen Luc , Bégué Claude M.
Published: November 2010

This paper describes an exercise in designing a 'specific' graphic code. Five stages of development are described from a simple numeric code to a more complex graphic symbol system. The authors conclude that a purist approach to symbol systems must give way to a pragmatic design method with priority given to the needs and background of the users.
New developments in typesetting and their implications for graphic and instructional designers
Authors: Inglis D.A.
Published: November 2010

The introduction of microprocessors into the design of typesetting technology is revolutionising its capabilities. This paper reviews some of the latest developments and assesses their impact on the designers of educational texts.
Designing word processors
Authors: Thimbleby Harold
Published: November 2010

This article gives a brief tutorial description of word processors, but the major part of it discusses the system design issues, almost all of which arise because system designers are technical people and typists are skilled 'craftsmen'.
Improving the text of a public leaflet
Authors: Jansen Carel , Steehouder Michaël F.
Published: November 2010

In this article a provisional set of eight criteria is proposed for the analysis and the design of texts in the field of public information. To test the value of this set of criteria, an experiment was carried out concerning a Dutch leaflet on a regulation on Rent Rebate Grants. Rewriting the leaflet text did not produce satisfying results, possibly due to the high complexity of the regulation. Nevertheless, it seems that the criteria might be a useful contribution to the discussion on guidelines for textwriters.
Redesigning and testing a work order form
Authors: Charney Davida
Published: November 2010

An order form used in a university printing office was evaluated, redesigned, and tested to determine whether the original or the revised version could be completed more quickly and accurately. Subjects filled out one version of the form for four hypothetical printing tasks. Half the subjects had previous experience using the original version and half did not. The performance of both groups was better on the new version, as measured by the time they needed to complete the forms and the nature of the errors they committed. An analysis of thinking-aloud protocols is presented to explain the apparent superiority of the re-designed form.
Terminological inexactitudes: image functions in graphic communication
Authors: Smith Roger
Published: November 2010

This article arises from the author's teaching notes concerning the role of images in communication and the use of information structures in transmitting messages. For those students who are potential design practitioners rather than theorists, widespread contradiction and ambiguity in the relevant literature presents many obstacles to understanding. A wide diversity of terms and definitions highlights the need for more radical analysis so that the realities represented can be effectively disclosed. To evaluate image theories and systems and the crucial issues which are raised a coherent method and framework is necessary.
Numerical evidence in commercial fraud trials
Authors: Wright Patricia , Lickorish Ann , Hull Audrey
Published: November 2010

Juries trying cases of commercial fraud can be faced with literally hundreds of numerical exhibits. This evidence often includes balance sheets, which may be photocopies from ledgers, as well as large tabular arrays showing a company's business over several years, There can also be complex graphs of various kinds. This paper reports a brief three-month project in which it was demonstrated that redesigning the numerical information presented to jurors could be worthwhile. Nevertheless, measurements of people's accuracy and subjective appraisal of the exhibits showed that not all revisions were as successful as had been hoped, Hence 'research continues'.
Text design and the setting of Braille (with a footnote on Moon)
Authors: Hartley James
Published: November 2010

This paper suggests how the findings of recent research on text design can be applied to the setting of braille. I describe how both the typographic layout and the use of 'access structures' can help readers to find their way around text, and I discuss the results of an experiment that investigated the effects of inserting headings into braille text. Finally I add some comments from a design point of view on Moon - a different way of presenting text to the blind.
Cultural differences & visual acuity testing
Authors: Spitz Rejane
Published: November 2010

This paper concerns the design, production and application of visual acuity tests for pre-literate children from different cultural groups. It presents a comparative analysis of the most common and relevant tests, based on information gathered in a multidisciplinary approach. The inadequacies of visual acuity tests currently in use in several different contexts are highlighted. A series of guidelines are presented for assessing the efficiency of different test materials and techniques, and also to provide a solid foundation from which to progress towards improving them.
The Playfair enigma
Authors: Biderman Albert D.
Published: November 2010

The invention of statistical graphics is generally, if inaccurately, attributed to William Playfair His initial innovation, along with his subsequent invention of most of the major repertoire of statistical graphics, is in many ways an enigma of the history of science: (1) Given their apparent obviousness, why had these graphic forms not been previously used for plotting statistics? {2} Why was the Cartesian coordinate system, during a century ami a half from its invention, not regularly applied to the kinds of data which Playfair plotted? (3) Why were the symbolic schematics used by Playfair apparently understood by contemporaries without need for prior learning of his 'conventions'? (4) Why did serious scholarly attention to Playfair'$ innovations occur earlier on the continent than in England? (5) Why subsequently have there been waves of popularity and of neglect of Playfair's forms? (S) Why were statistical graphics invented by a political pamphleteer and business adventurer rather than a scholar or scientist? (7) Why did statistical graphics develop first for social data applications rather than for natural or physical science purposes? Addressing these questions may shed light on developments in schematic representation of statistics from the beginnings of cultural numeracy to the present day The primary explanations of the enigma are: (1) the similarities and differences between the purely empirical data graph and diagrammatic representations of pure or applied mathematical functions; (2) the association of utility of pure data graphs with a statistical orientation toward phenomena, Playfaiťs innovations were facilitated by bis association with science during a time when science was particularly hospitable to highly pragmatic endeavors. His innovations were also facilitated by bis marginality with regard to the science of bis contemporaries.
Redesigning a telephone bill
Authors: Keller-Cohen Deborah , Meader Bruce , Mann David
Published: November 2010

This is a case study of a telephone bill redesign project in a collaborative effort, a linguist a graphic designer and an executive manager developed and tested new telephone bill solutions to improve customer comprehension and satisfaction with a very familiar yet complex document The project resulted in an improved document for the telephone company while raising important questions for future research into the nature of how people interact with routine documents in terms of preference, comprehension and use.
Liturgical typography
Authors: Cuming Geoffrey
Published: November 2010

She is older than the rocks among which she sits ; like the vampire, she has been dead many times, and learned the secrets of the grave ; and has been a diver in deep seas, and keeps their fallen day about her ; and trafficked for strange webs with Eastern merchants : and, as Leda, was the mother of Helen of Troy, and, as Saint Anne, the mother of Mary ; and all this has been to her but as the sound of lyres and flutes, and lives only in the delicacy with which it has moulded the changing lineaments, and tinged the eyelids and the hands.
Richness against flatness
Authors: Kinross Robin
Published: November 2010

This review of Edward Tufte's second book about the graphic presentation of information focusses on concepts deployed and upon ideals. Key ideas are discussed and in some cases (the 'graphic duck' and 'complexity') are followed through to their use in Robert Venturi's writings. The fundamental impulse of Tufte's work is the wish to let information be envisioned: to be represented in a way that is true to its complex nature. This means raising it above the minimum levels of provision that have been usual in information design. This impulse is present in the design and material substance of Tufte's books, as well as in the literal content of their text and images. In conclusion, some historical placing of these books is considered.
The end of the line
Authors: Stiff Paul
Published: November 2010

This article is about encounters between electronic publishing and typography, seen through the lens of one issue: decisions about ending lines in typeset text. Computer scientists working in electronic publishing have long pressed typographers to explain the thinking behind their practice. But craft knowledge, represented by typographers, has so far largely remained mute.
An apparently minor issue in typographic decision-making -whether to typeset text in justified or unjustified mode -reveals some of the situated reasoning which informs reflective design practice. The following questions are surveyed: What are the characteristics of unjustified setting? For what purpose is it used? How effective is it? How is it done in practice? Why has it been a subject of argument among typographers? Examining these questions tells something about the intricacy of typographic decision-making, and is a forcible reminder of the materiality of designing.
Grice for graphics
Authors: Oberlander Jon
Published: November 2010

Intriguing phenomena occur when experts use computer-assisted design tools in electronics. It can be seen that tools must support information access, 'escape from formalism', 'secondary notation', and differences between individual users. This paper explores a new account for the data, relying on the idea of graphical implicature, generalised from Grice's conversational implicature. All communicative artefacts carry implicatures, significance beyond their literal meaning. The important thing is to control them systematically, so that a graphic avoids unwanted implicatures, and carries the desired ones. Whether or not the current account is useful has broader significance. If it is useful, it may prove possible to predict and explain the properties of complex graphical representations, by borrowing formal techniques from natural language pragmatics.
The Role of Corpora in Compiling the Cambridge International Dictionary of English
Authors: Baugh Simon , Harley Andrew , Jellis Susan
Published: November 2010

The interaction between corpora and lexicons in compiling a monolingual learner dictionary, based on the experience of writing the Cambridge International Dictionary of English (1995). Exploitation of search facilities, statistical collocation analysis and analysis of syntactic patterns in a grammatically tagged corpus. Some limitations of corpus-based lexicography. Ways in which dictionary data was exploited in the analysis and enhancement of the corpus. In this project the corpora, software and dictionary were developed simultaneously rather than sequentially. An advantage of this way of working was that the evolution of the software was constantly guided by the needs of lexicographers, and a number of desirable avenues of development for the software tools and for the corpus itself were identified.
Contextual Dependency and Lexical Sets
Authors: Hanks Patrick
Published: November 2010

Preliminary findings from corpus analysis suggest that the semantics of each verb in the language are determined by the totality of its complementation patterns. Accurate description of those patterns requires a level of analytic delicacy which was not possible until the advent of large bodies of data, along with techniques for distinguishing significant patterns from mere noise. Such analysis is in its infancy, but it is already clear that, in order to analyse the semantics of verbs empirically, it is necessary to identify typical subjects, objects, and adverbials and to group individual lexical items into sets within those clause roles. The nature of lexical sets is discussed and an attempt is made to indicate the range of semantic and syntactic phenomena likely to be encountered in lexical analysis of this kind.
Epistemic Disjuncts in Early Modern English
Authors: González-Álvarez Dolores
Published: November 2010

This paper offers a description of epistemic disjunct adverbs in Early Modern English. Section I outlines the development of epistemic disjuncts in the history of English, concentrating on the kinds of comment they could lexicalise.. Briefly, OE epistemic adverbs only encoded the speaker's comment on the high probability or importance of the proposition they related to. ME allowed a new type of comment, namely on the low probability of the adjoined proposition. In the second section, the data drawn from the computarised Helsinki Corpus suggest that though Early Modern English is a transitional period in epistemic disjunct development, it shows greater semantic diversification than OE and ME. Syntactic and distributional features are considered in every case. Finally, sociolinguistic variables and the registers and text types which favour the occurrence of these adverbs are also specified.
The Corpus from a Terminographer's Viewpoint
Authors: Meyer Ingrid , Mackintosh Kristen
Published: November 2010

While the use of corpora is well-established in lexicography, it is still in its infancy in terminography. This paper argues that the importance of domain knowledge in terminography makes the terminographer a significantly different kind of corpus user than the lexicographer. We begin by identifying the role of a corpus in terminography. Next, we propose ways of designing and balancing corpora so that they are consistent with these roles. Finally, we outline a number of terminography-specific functionalities that would be useful in a terminographer's workbench. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of corpus terminography for terminographical methods, for the design of terminological dictionaries, and for corpus shareability.
Text Categories and Where You Can Stick Them
Authors: Sigley Robert J.
Published: November 2010

This paper applies principal components analysis (PCA) to solve the problem of interpreting pre-existing corpus text categories for analysis of linguistic variation. The method is illustrated by constructing an index of the complex notion "formality " from PCA of a set of high-frequency wordform-based counts. The first principal component from this analysis acts as a broad formality index; a second principal component is tentatively identified as marking "concrete facts" versus "abstract discussion"'. Subsequently, text categories from the corpora are positioned on these textual dimensions, and selected categories are evaluated for internal consistency by comparing the distribution of texts across subcategories. Finally, suggestions are made concerning further developments and applications of the method used here, and its implications for the use of corpora in variation studies.
Annotating the Contemporary Chinese Corpus
Authors: Zhou Qiang , Yu Shiwen
Published: November 2010

In recent years, great progress has been made in Chinese corpus processing. A fifty-million-word Chinese National Corpus project has been put into effect, and many automatic corpus processing programs have also been developed. In this paper, we will briefly introduce our work on constructing a large scale annotated corpus for Chinese grammatical research and developing a Chinese Corpus Multilevel Processing system—CCMP. First, we present our annotation scheme. Second, we discuss some basic methodologies for Chinese corpus analysis and propose a man-machine mutually dependent corpus processing model. Finally, we introduce the survey of our CCMP. We hope our work will give impetus to further research in Chinese corpus linguistics.
An Analysis of English Punctuation
Authors: Bayraktar Murat , Say Bilge , Akman Varol
Published: November 2010

Punctuation has usually been ignored by researchers in computational linguistics over the years. Recently, it has been realized that a true understanding of written language will be impossible if punctuation marks are not taken into account. This paper contains the details of a computer-aided exercise to investigate English punctuation practice for the special case of comma (the most significant punctuation mark) in a parsed corpus. The study classifies the various "structural" uses of the comma according to the syntax-patterns in which a comma occurs. The corpus (Penn Treebank) consists of syntactically annotated sentences with no part-of-speech tag information about the individual words.
Collocational Networks
Authors: Williams Geoffrey
Published: November 2010

Scientific sublanguages evolve in accordance with the needs of the Discourse Community (DC) with new words being coined and a gradual change in the meanings expressed through existing lexis. In so far as the central concepts relate to each other, similar relational patterns emerge in their surface constructs, words. Consequently, the "frame of reference" for a given lexical item is to be found in the genre-specific lexical environment of that word. This is revealed through collocation, as measured using Mutual Information statistics. It is further posited that the conceptual frameworks of scientific sublanguages can be visualised through closed set collocational networks. These networks may be demonstrated locally through digraphs, but the network is posited as a more suitable means of demonstrating the complexity of relationships between individual items. The collocational networks are seen as forming the unique frame of reference for any "word" within a given sublanguage
The Linguistic Annotation of Corpora
Authors: Aarts Jan , van Halteren Hans , Oostdijk Nelleke
Published: November 2010

The article discusses the role of linguistic annotation in corpus linguistics as opposed to annotation in natural language processing. In corpus linguistics, annotation is an integral part of the process of linguistic interpretation and description of the data. Tagging and parsing are discussed as the automatic counterparts of, respectively, the paradigmatic and the syntagmatic description of corpus data. The requirements for a corpus linguistic annotation system are considered. An account is given of the TOSCA analysis system as representative of such an annotation system. Performance results of the system are given, and an evaluation is made.
Corpus Linguistics for Application Development
Authors: Dini Luca , Di Tomaso Vittorio
Published: November 2010

Corpus linguistics and the development of commercial NLP applications are two tightly linked activities. It is hard to conceive fast development of high quality applications without proper tools for inspecting the corpora pertaining the application domain. At the same time, it is hard to conceive reliable corpus analysis tools that do not satisfy the standards of software engineering. In the present paper, we will prove the validity of such a concept by showing how application development at CELI benefited from corpus-oriented tools and how these corpus-oriented tools have been produced as a by-product of the technology developed for real applications.
Structural Boundary Model — A Corpus-based Parsing Approach
Authors: Qiao Hong Liang
Published: November 2010

The paper discusses the design of a new computational model based on corpora—the Structural Boundary Model (SBM), particularly for the purpose of NLP. The Structural Boundary Model is constructed on the basis of parsed corpora. It consists of two main bodies, namely structural boundary data and CFG rules. The grammar supports parsing in a unique way by assigning structural boundary labels retrieved from a parsed corpus as a training corpus for the parser. Parsing experiments have demonstrated that the Structural Boundary Model is an appropriate novel computational model for parsing.
A Description of the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus
Authors: Oksefjell Signe
Published: November 2010

This paper gives an introduction to the most important steps in the process of compiling the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus (ENPC), which contains 50 original English text extracts with their translations into Norwegian and 50 original Norwegian text extracts with their translations into English, in all about 2.6 million words. Even if the most time-consuming part of the process is to prepare the text extracts for the corpus, much of the focus has also been on the development of software, notably a browser handling parallel texts and an alignment program linking the original and translated versions of the same text. The preparation of the texts themselves includes scanning, proofreading, mark-up, and alignment.
Although the ENPC is completed, the ENPC project is still developing, and the most recent extensions will be mentioned in this paper, such as adding more languages, compiling multiple translations (in the same language) of the same text, part-of-speech-tagging, and marking direct speech and thought in the ENPC.
Reconnecting Real Language with Real Texts
Authors: de Beaugrande Robert
Published: November 2010

The connections between language and text (or "langue and parole, " or "competence and performance, " etc.) have been thoroughly obscured by a long-standing tendency to attribute an ideal order to language which is not reflected in texts and then to conclude that texts are too disorderly to be worthy of linguistic investigation. So almost a century of academic research has been devoted to constructing the order of ideal language from the top down by sheer theoretical bootstrapping. Today, corpus linguistics is enabling a dramatic return to real language whilst revealing previously undescribed modes of order in the connections between language and text.
Expectations of users of conference interpretation
Authors: Moser Peter
Published: November 2010

In the present study the quality of interpretation services is measured against the judgements, needs and expectations of users of that service. Using the methods of empirical social sciences research, it brings together the evaluations produced by a wide range of users and attempts to interpret their significance. User responses were obtained in the context in which the respondents were making use of the interpretation services and the data has been analysed against that background. In addition to the situational context, and to the extent that the empirical data permits, account has also been taken of the degree to which respondents' individual characteristics may have influenced their responses to or expectations of interpreter performance. The full questionnaire and survey results are available here.
Présentation de l'analyse propositionnelle utilisée dans l'étude de la préférence hémisphérique chez l'interprète
Authors: Lemieux Sylvie
Published: November 2010

This article tries to shed light on hemispheric preference of interpreters on task by combining a neuropsychological approach to the study of the interpreting process with analytical approaches to discourse analysis and text comprehension. A detailed propositional analysis of interpreters' output, including a categorization of text-type, combined with experimental data from hemispheric preference research of interpreters on task revealed that text structure influenced hemispheric preference.
Modeling SI
Authors: Lonsdale Deryle
Published: November 2010

This paper presents an overview of a cognitive modeling approach to the study of simultaneous interpretation. It discusses current work in adapting an established cognitive modeling system to permit study of lower-level cognition in interpretation. A sketch is given of the basic cognitive architecture of the system as used in modeling comprehension. The integration of the comprehension component with other tasks is explored, and a unified framework for studying the overall interpretation task is outlined. Mention is made of the system's potential for investigating various aspects of interpretation performance, and possible areas of focus for future research are described.
Towards a redefinition of the role of the court interpreter
Authors: Mikkelson Holly
Published: November 2010

Various federal and state statutes in the United States define the role of the court interpreter with clear and unequivocal rules. This definition is based on the underlying principles of the U.S. legal system, which is derived from the Anglo-Saxon common-law tradition. Consequently, the distinctive features of that system, including the jury trial and the concept of adversarial proceedings, make the function of the court interpreter quite different from that of his/her counterparts in other countries. In recent years, the judiciary has made an effort to enhance the public's access to the justice system, but at the same time, the latest wave of immigration comprises individuals from societies in which cultural norms differ greatly from those of the United States. Moreover, many of these immigrants have received little or no formal education. As a result, judiciary interpreters feel somewhat constrained by the rules that govern their profession when they strive to bridge the cultural and linguistic gap. This paper reexamines the function of the court interpreter in light of these circumstances and an analysis of prevailing practices in other countries, and proposes a new approach to the interpreter's role.
Prolonged turns in interpreting
Authors: Moser-Mercer Barbara , Künzli Alexander , Korac Marina
Published: November 2010

This paper seeks to investigate the effect of increased time on task in simultaneous interpreting on the quality of interpretation and on physiological and psychological stress. Interpreters working for longer than approx. 30 minutes, the recommended turn time in simultaneous interpreting under standard working conditions, risk a decline in quality of output which appears to be due to a combination of psychological and physiological factors.
Meaning assembly in simultaneous interpretation
Authors: Setton Robin
Published: November 2010

Existing simultaneous interpretation (SI) process models lack an account of intermediate representation compatible with the cognitive and linguistic processes inferred from corpus descriptions or psycholinguistic experimentation. Comparison of SL and TL at critical points in synchronised transcripts of German-English and Chinese-English SI shows how interpreters use procedural and intentional clues in the input to overcome typological asymmetries and build a dynamic conceptual and intentional mental model which supports fine-grained incremental comprehension. An Executive, responsible for overall co-ordination and secondary pragmatic processing, compensates at the production stage for the inevitable semantic approximations and re-injects pragmatic guidance in the target language. The methodological and cognitive assumptions for the study are provided by Relevance Theory and a 'weakly interactive' parsing model adapted to simultaneous interpretation.