bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REVISION OF THE GENUS DICLADOCERUS (EULOPHIDAE: CHALCIDOIDEA) OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SPECIES ATTACKING LARCH CASEBEARER (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

The North American species of Dicladocerus are revised. Twelve new species from North America and one from Japan are described and illustrated: alaskensis, australis, prealatus, occidentalis, exoteliae, epinotiae, betulae, vulgaris, nearcticus, pacificus, japonicus, and terraenovae. The species attacking larch casebearer are nearcticus, pacificus, terraenovae, all Nearctic, and japonicus and westwoodii, Palaearctic. Relationships of species-groups in North America are discussed. A key to species, and host records are included.
BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND LARVAL DESCRIPTIONS OF ENARGIA DECOLOR (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON TREMBLING ASPEN IN NORTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: Wong H. R. , Melvin J. C. E.
Published: December 2009

The life history and the immature stages, especially the ultimate larval instar, of Enargia decolor (Walker), are described and illustrated. This insect has only one generation a year in northern Alberta. It overwinters in the egg stage. The first two larval instars roll leaves and feed on the mesophyll. The last four larval instars feed on the edge of the leaves, and construct flat cases by webbing two leaves together. Pupation occurs in the soil during July. Adults emerge from late July until late August; the eggs are laid in August. Fifteen species of parasites and one species of hyperparasite were reared from larvae of E. decolor. Five of the parasites are known to have issued from other lepidopterous species feeding on aspen.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE CONTROL OF THE EUROPEAN SKIPPER, THYMELICUS LINEOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE) BY AERIAL APPLICATION OF A NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS
Authors: Smirnoff W. A. , McNeil J. N. , Valero J. R.
Published: December 2009

A natural virus epizootic, caused by a nuclear polyhedrosis virus, was observed in several populations of the European skipper, Thymelicus lineola (Ochs .), at Normandin, Que., in 1974 (Smirnoff 1974). A substantial supply of this virus was collected and experiments were conducted under laboratory and field conditions to evaluate its pathogenicity against the skipper, its possible transmission from one generation to the next, and its potential as a means of control of T. lineola, a serious insect pest of forage crops in several regions of Quebec (McNeil et al. 1975).
THRESHOLD TEMPERATURE FOR SPRUCE BUDWORM PUPAL DEVELOPMENT (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Thomas A. W.
Published: December 2009

A frequently used method for determining the threshold temperature for insect development is based on the expression for the hyperbola and its reciprocal (Bean 1961). This method has certain disadvantages, the major one being that the developmental velocity curve is sigmoid and the selection of a linear portion of this curve has a subjective element (Morris and Fulton 1970).
BEHAVIORAL STUDIES ON MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)
Authors: Greenblatt J. A. , Witter J. A.
Published: December 2009

First-stage forest tent caterpillar larvae were tested for the presence of active and sluggish behavior types such as Wellington found in Malacosoma californicum pluviale (Dyar). Larvae capable of directed movement towards a 30 w light source were classified as active. Larvae were tested on 3 consecutive days, and only a small percentage responded on all 3 days. A much larger percentage remained sluggish throughout the period. Chi-square tests confirmed that the differences in response were not random. There was a tendency for some larvae to respond to light during the test and for others not to respond. The reduced consistency in the response of "active" larvae in M. disstria Hübner compared with that reported for M.c. pluviale may be partly due to real behavioral differences, but it also may be partly due to some procedural differences between our tests and Wellington’s.
LIFE HISTORY OF THE FUNGUS GNAT MACROCERA NOBILIS IN AMERICAN CAVES (DIPTERA: MYCETOPHILIDAE)
Authors: Peck Stewart B. , Russell Donald R.
Published: December 2009

The mycetophilid Macrocera nobilis Johnson, previously known only from forests in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, is here reported from caves in Oklahoma, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia. A study of populations in Oklahoma shows that the short-lived adults mate in cave entrances, but that oviposition, larval development, and pupation occur only in the dark zone of caves. The larvae build extensive webs upon which they travel and which they use to capture insect prey (mostly other Diptera). Reproduction and life cycle development is not seasonal. The larval stage lasts 9 or 10 months, and the pupal stage about 2 weeks.
OBSERVATIONS ON LIFE HISTORY AND SEX RATIO VARIABILITY OF EUPTEROMALUS DUBIUS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE), A PARASITE OF CYCLORRHAPHOUS DIPTERA
Authors: Wylie H.G.
Published: December 2009

Females of Eupteromalus dubius (Ashm.) oviposit on pupae of cyclorrhaphous Diptera and the larvae develop gregariously as ectoparasites. Details of the life history of E. dubius are described. A progressively lower percentage of female progeny of E. dubius matures as the parasite:host ratio increases. Three mechanisms that may cause this sex ratio change are examined and discussed.
THE PEA APHID PARASITE APHIDIUS SMITHI (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), FOUND IN ALBERTA
Authors: Harper A. M.
Published: December 2009

Aphidius smithi Sharma and Subba Rao is the most important parasite of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphum pisum (Harris), in North America. In 1958, it was imported into the United States from India to control the pea aphid and was subsequently released and recovered in most of continental United States except the Gulf Coast States and Texas (Halfhill et al. 1972). Mackauer and Finlayson (1967) reported that the parasite was present in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia and had been released but not recovered in Nova Scotia. A. smithi has never been released in western Canada nor been found on the Canadian prairies before 1970.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF CONSUMPTION AND UTILIZATION OF VARIOUS DIETS IN THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Bailey Clyde G.
Published: December 2009

Differential survival, growth, and egg production were obtained for the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk., feeding on four natural host plants and one artificial diet. Highest survival, growth, and egg production were obtained among insects reared on the artificial diet. Foliage of potato was the only food which appeared to lack the nutritive qualities essential for adequate survival, growth, and reproduction. Larvae reared on this plant consumed significantly less food, had a poorer survival, accumulated less reserves in the form of tissue growth, developed into smaller pupae, and produced adults that were less fecund than those reared on other foods. Despite these differences, the approximate digestibility (AD), the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body tissue (ECI), and the efficiency of conversion of digested food to body substance (ECD) obtained for insects feeding on potato, were very similar to values obtained for insects which were reared on other plants. On each diet a linear relationship was obtained between food consumption and growth.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): VI. ESTERASE ISOZYMES OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF EUXOA DECLARATA AND EUXOA CAMPESTRIS
Authors: Hudson Anne , Jui P. Y.
Published: December 2009

Two regions of esterase isozyme activity have been examined in Euxoa declarata (Walker) and E. campestris (Grote) and in their laboratory-reared hybrids. The two species could be distinguished in terms of one group of isozyme phenotypes although there was a small amount of overlap of phenotypes in one region. Two populations of E. campestris examined could not be distinguished clearly from each other. Canonical analysis was used to compare the two species and the populations within each species and the hybrids obtained by crossing various components of the two species. The generalized distance between the species appeared much larger than between populations; the hybrids appeared closer to the male parent.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): VII. EGGS OF THE SUBGENERA CHORIZAGROTIS, CRASSIVESICA, LONGIVESICA, OROSAGROTIS, AND PLEONECTOPODA
Authors: Salkeld E.H.
Published: December 2009

The eggs of several species of cutworms of the subgenera Chorizagrotis, Crassivesica, Longivesica, Orosagrotis, and Pleonectopoda in the genus Euxoa Hübner are described. Within the genus eggs are of two main types, those with smooth chorions and those with ridged chorions, but all have the same basic chorionic design. Variations in the degree of ridging and in the detail of the design make the egg useful for species determination, and a key to some species is provided. However, the egg is of little value in distinguishing the subgenera as they are currently constituted.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): VIII. THE HEMOCYTOLOGICAL POSITION OF E. ROCKBURNEI IN THE “DECLARATA GROUP”
Authors: Arnold J. W.
Published: December 2009

The shape of plasmatocytes in heat-fixed blood of sixth instar larvae of E. rockburnei was compared with that of the same cells in the two other species of the "declarata group", E. campestris and E. declarata. The data show that the shape, represented as the length/width ratio of mature, fusiform plasmatocytes, can serve to distinguish between populations of all three species. It suggests too that E. rockburnei is more closely related to E. declarata than to E. campestris.
SEQUENTIAL INTERSPECIFIC AND INTRASPECIFIC MATINGS BETWEEN TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM AND T. CONFUSUM (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE): EFFECTS ON FECUNDITY, EGG FERTILITY, AND NUMBER OF PROGENY
Authors: Vardell H. H. , Brower J. H.
Published: December 2009

When female Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) were sequentially paired with male T. castaneum and then with male T. confusum Jacquelin duVal, 93% of the eggs hatched after the first confinement but only 58.9% hatched after the second confinement. The reciprocal order of pairing produced 0% hatch after the first week of confinement and 55.2% hatch after the second week of confinement. However, the numbers of progeny produced as a result of both sequences were proportional to the percentage hatch. Thus, T. castaneum females appeared to have mated with, and utilized sperm from, males of both species for egg fertilization.

When T. confusum females were sequentially paired in the same way, reductions in egg hatch and production of progeny did not occur. The females either did not mate with T. castaneum males, or if they did mate, they did not utilize T. castaneum sperm for egg fertilization. Moreover the percentage of egg hatch and the numbers of progeny produced were not affected by the sequential order of males as long as one of them was T. confusum.
CROWDING AND ACTIVITY
Authors: Thomson A. J. , Holling C. S.
Published: December 2009

When the relative velocity of flies is estimated from the frequency of contact of flies with a given area, the resulting picture of activity is misleading because of time-wasting activities arising from encounters between flies. Prediction of this encounter rate is greatly facilitated by the use of Lloyds (1967) index of crowding, which allows for the effects of the non-random distribution of the flies. Prediction of the number of contacts of flies with an inscribed area within the experimental container, was highly successful when the effects of the non-random locomotion of the flies was included in the model of activity.
THE PARASITIC ASSOCIATIONS OF LARVAL WATER MITES WITH IMAGINAL AQUATIC INSECTS, ESPECIALLY CHIRONOMIDAE
Authors: Smith Ian M. , Oliver D. R.
Published: December 2009

Data on the parasitic associations of larval water mites with imaginal aquatic insects are reviewed. Documented associations now are known for larvae of 47 genera of water mites in 23 families representing all seven superfamilies. The particular importance of the nematocerous Diptera, and especially the Chironomidae, as hosts of larval water mites is demonstrated, primarily on the basis of new data. New insights into the evolution of parasitic behaviour patterns in larval water mites are discussed.
PREDATION ON LARVAE OF THE BALSAM GALL MIDGE, DASINEURA BALSAMICOLA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), WITHIN GALLS IN MAINE
Authors: Struble D. B. , Osgood E. A.
Published: December 2009

On 15 November 1971, during collection of galled balsam fir needles from two experimental plots in Edinburg, Maine, damaged galls were noted. The galls had obviously been torn open (Fig. 1). Since this was not recorded in the literature and damaged galls were numerous, the situation was evaluated.
REVISION OF THE TRIBE QUEDIINI OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE). SUPPLEMENTUM 3
Authors: Smetana Aleš
Published: December 2009

A new species of the genus Quedius Steph., Q. infernus spec, nov., is described from Oregon and Washington.

Additional data on taxonomy, bionomics, and geographical distribution of many species are presented.
THREE NEW SPECIES OF XYLOCORIS FROM NORTH AMERICA, AND A NOTE ON THE STATUS OF SPECIES IN THE GENUS SCOLOPOSCELIS FIEBER (HETEROPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Three new species of the genus Xylocoris Dufour are described: hirtus from Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec, and New York, pilipes from New York, and punctatus from Utah. A lectotype for Xylocoris discalis (Van Duzee) is designated. Scoloposcelis mississippensis Drake & Harris and S. occidentalis Drake & Harris are synonymized with S. flavicornis Reuter. Adults of new species are illustrated and electron microscope photographs of their osteolar canals, and that of flavicornis are included.
A 2-YEAR STUDY OF THE EFFICACY OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS – CHITINASE COMBINATIONS IN SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA) CONTROL
Authors: Morris O. N.
Published: December 2009

Spruce budworm infested balsam fir trees were aerially sprayed with Bacillus thuringiensis – chitinase combinations at the rate of 4 Billion International Units of B.t. and 18 mg of enzyme in 0.5 gal/acre. Larvae were peak third instar at spray time. Deposit rates ranged from 1.07 to 3.26 BIU/acre. Efficacy of the treatments was assessed in the year of treatment and carry-over effects were assessed 1 year later.

Results in the year of treatment indicated that: (1) Residual activity of B. thuringiensis was drastically reduced after 15 days’ exposure to weathering. (2) Larval mortality alone is not a suitable criterion of efficacy. (3) Dipel and Dipel + chitinase (but not Thuricide 16B or Thuricide + chitinase) were highly effective in reducing budworm densities. (4) Thuricide + chitinase treatment resulted in significant foliage protection. The treatments inhibited feeding in the following order of efficiency: Thuricide + chitinase > Dipel + chitinase > Dipel alone > chitinase alone > Thuricide alone. (5) There was no direct relationship between larval mortality and foliage protection in any of the treatments, likely due to delayed mortality effects. (6) No direct relationship exists between viable spore deposits and deposit of active ingredient (IUs). (7) B.t. treatments retarded development of the spruce budworm and reduced pupal weights, oviposition rates, and egg viability.

Assessment of the plots 1 year after spray showed that the treatments apparently gave no long term protection from defoliation, but this was likely due in part to mass invasion of the test plots by moths from immediately surrounding untreated areas.
TRANSFER OF THE TARSOCHEYLIDAE TO THE HETEROSTIGMATA, AND REASSIGNMENT OF THE TARSONEMINA AND HETEROSTIGMATA TO LOWER HIERARCHIC STATUS IN THE PROSTIGMATA (ACARI)
Authors: Lindquist Evert E.
Published: December 2009

The systematic status of the genus Tarsocheylus Berlese, 1904 and the position of the family Tarsocheylidae Atyeo and Baker, 1964 in the Prostigmata is reviewed. The family does not belong in either the Raphignathoidea or the Anystoidea but in its own superfamily, the Tarsocheyloidea, which is described for this purpose. In turn, this superfamily is placed alongside the Heterocheyloidea in the Heterostigmata.

Because the type-species of Tarsocheylus, T. paradoxus Berlese, 1904, is conspecific with Hoplocheylus discalis Atyeo and Baker, 1964 (new synonymy), the concept of Hoplocheylus Atyeo and Baker, 1964, which has remained until now as originally proposed, is the same as that of Tarsocheylus. However, a new case is made for recognizing these genera as mutually distinct, based on other morphological criteria. Tarsocheylus atomarius Berlese, 1913, the type-species of Hoplocheylus, is apparently conspecific with Hoplocheylus canadensis Marshall, 1966 (new synonymy) and perhaps with one or two other described species from North America. A third generic entity, represented by Hoplocheylus johnstoni Atyeo and Baker, 1964, is noted but not named or formally described. Hoplocheylus pickardi Smiley and Moser, 1968 is conspecific with H. similis Delfinado and Baker, 1974 (new synonymy).

Hemitarsocheylus Soliman and Zaher, 1975, which was described as a new genus in the Tarsocheylidae, is congeneric with Stigmocheylus Berlese, 1910 (new synonymy). This genus does not belong in the Tarsocheyloidea, but rather in the Anystoidea.

A list of character states found useful in recognizing groupings of species of Tarsocheylidae is presented. Based on the collection data with specimens representing described and undescribed species at hand, the known distribution of the Tarsocheylidae is extended to include Australia and western North America, and the second known instance of an association with passalid beetles is recorded.

From a phylogenetic standpoint, the Tarsocheyloidea and Heterocheyloidea are proposed as sister groups that together constitute a new suprafamilial taxon, the Tarsocheylina. In turn, the Tarsocheylina and Tarsonemina are proposed as sister groups, and both are described; together, they form the Heterostigmata.

The systematic and phylogenetic relationships of the Heterostigmata (including the Tarsonemina) to the Prostigmata and the Astigmata are reviewed. Not only should the Heterostigmata be retained in the Prostigmata but it should be lowered in hierarchic rank, such that it is a part of the Eleutherengona. The stock that gave rise to the Anystoidea and related superfamilies is shown to be ancestral to the Heterostigmata as well.
AN ANNOTATED LIST OF INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH CANADA THISTLE (CIRSIUM ARVENSE) IN CANADA
Authors: Maw M. G.
Published: December 2009

As part of the biological control of Canada thistle,Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop., in Canada, a survey of the insect fauna showed 80 identified or apparent phytophagous species representing 24 families and seven orders and 47 species of visitors, insect parasites, and predators representing 28 families and six orders. Thirty-eight per cent of the phytophagous insects attack economic plants. Three species,Altica carduorum,Ceutorhynchus litura, andUrophora cardui, are specific toC.arvenseand were introduced as control agents.
A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF THREE GRASSHOPPER SPECIES IN SASKATCHEWAN (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Gage S. H. , Mukerji M. K. , Randell R. L.
Published: December 2009

Seasonal occurrence of three important grasshopper species (Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.), M. bivittatus (Say), and Camnula pellucida (Scudder)) is estimated. The predictions are based on the amount of embryonic development occurring in fall after oviposition and the rate of egg and nymphal development in spring. Embryonic development is calculated from heat units accumulated above 50°F (10 °C) from daily maximum and minimum temperatures from 1 August to 30 September. Egg and nymphal development during spring can be monitored by accumulating heat above 50°F (10 °C) using daily maximum and minimum temperatures from 1 April.

The number of heat units required by each life stage is provided for comparison with current heat accumulations. The average date of occurrence from hatch to adults is provided based on 17 years of weather data from seven Saskatchewan weather stations.
A QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF GRASSHOPPER (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) DAMAGE AND ITS EFFECT ON SPRING WHEAT
Authors: Mukerji M. K. , Pickford R. , Randell R. L.
Published: December 2009

Studies were carried out to investigate the growth response of normal and defoliated spring wheat. Plant growth is expressed by the von Bertalanffy (1957) growth equation modified to allow for declining growth potential with age. Grasshopper damage was assessed by comparison with artificial defoliation and results indicated a simple linear relationship between grasshopper food consumption and defoliation damage. On the basis of this relationship it indicated that grasshoppers feeding on wheat waste 6.2 times as much foliage as they actually consume. Damage to foliage is translated into an effect on grain yield by an allometric relationship between total plant weight and yield. A simulation model indicating the time course of plant biomass provides realistic estimates except in the case of acute defoliation.
THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL ARRIVAL PATTERN OF DENDROCTONUS BREVICOMIS IN PONDEROSA PINE
Authors: Stephen Frederick M. , Dahlsten Donald L.
Published: December 2009

Continuous trapping on the bark surface of trees infested with Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte was carried out during six beetle generations from June 1969 to November 1971, at the University of California’s Blodgett Forest Research Station in the central Sierra Nevada mountains. Significant linear correlation was found between the density of D. brevicomis trapped on the surface of infested trees and the initial within-tree beetle densities. In the first beetle generation, mass arrival was rapid and intense (averaging 1167 beetles per 2.7 sq. dm of trapping surface on each tree, during a mean of 8.8 days). The arrival patterns during this generation were quite consistent between trees. During the second generation, mass arrival was prolonged over a mean of 19.4 days and fewer beetles were trapped ( per 2.7 dm2 of trapping area per tree). The patterns of arrival were more variable during this second generation. In generation 1, with the exception of one tree, the beetles were distributed equally at the three trapping heights (4.5, 7.5, and 10.5 m). In generation 2 they were more abundant on the traps at the lower portions of the tree.
THE ARRIVAL SEQUENCE OF THE ARTHROPOD COMPLEX FOLLOWING ATTACK BY DENDROCTONUS BREVICOMIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN PONDEROSA PINE
Authors: Stephen Frederick M. , Dahlsten Donald L.
Published: December 2009

Continuous trapping on the bark surface of Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte infested trees in the central Sierra Nevada mountains was undertaken with the objective of determining the spatial and temporal arrival patterns of the natural enemies and other insect associates of the western pine beetle. Over 100 species of D. brevicomis associates were collected and patterns of arrival were described for many of these. The main bark beetle predators were trapped during D. brevicomis mass arrival and shortly thereafter. Enoclerus lecontei, Temnochila chlorodia, and Aulonium longum, all predaceous beetles on D. brevicomis adults and larvae, were among the first species to arrive, as was Medetera aldrichii (Diptera), a larval predator. The bark beetle parasites Roptrocerus xylophagorum and Dinotiscus (=Cecidostiba) burkei (Hymenoptera) were well synchronized with the beetles’ life cycle as they arrived late in the beetles’ larval stages when suitable hosts were available.

Approximately twice as many associates were trapped in the first (spring) beetle generation as in the second (fall). Differences between species with regard to height distribution were common, and these often varied with seasonal beetle generation.

Calculations of changes in species diversity through time, of the associate complex trapped at the bark surface, were made for both the first and second beetle generation. Linear correlation analysis indicated a highly significant increase in species diversity occurred from the time of the beetles’ mass arrival until brood emergence. This increase may correspond to an increase in diversity of the structure of the subcortical community, as more insect species arrived and progressively modified the habitat of the newly killed tree.
SENSIBILITE DE LA NOCTUELLE D’AUTOMNE (HYPHANTRIA CUNEA) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) A L’INFECTION PAR LA POLYEDROSE NUCLEAIRE DE THYMELICUS LINEOLA (LEPIDOPTERA–HESPERIIDAE)
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: December 2009

Des essais en laboratoire et dans le champ démontrèrent la possibilité d’infecter les larves d’Hyphantria cunea Drury avec la polyédrose nucléaire de Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.). H. cunea est très sensible à l’action du virus, particulièrement les larves de IIe âge chez qui la mortalité atteint 100%. On retrouve chez les larves infectées d’H. cunea le même syndrome d’infection que chez T. lineola.
EGG – GALLERY LENGTH RELATIONSHIP AND WITHIN-TREE ANALYSES FOR THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Foltz John L. , Mayyasi Adil M. , Hain Fred P. , Coulson Robert N. , Martin William C.
Published: December 2009

The within-sample distributions of gallery length (GL) and egg (E) density as well as their functional relationships to the infested bole were studied in an epidemic population of the southern pine beetle in southeast Texas.

A least-squares linear regression analysis through the origin showed an average of 1.59 eggs per centimeter of gallery. GL accounted for 81% of the variation in E and thus is useful for estimating egg numbers. The density of attacking adults is unsatisfactory for predicting E.

GL and E are uniformly distributed within but not among the 100-cm2 sample disks at a given height. The functional relationship of both variables to the infested bole is adequately described by the model y = (A+Bx)exp(Cln(x−x2)), where y = GL or E per 100 cm2, x = the normalized height on the infested bole, and A, B, and C are parameters to be estimated for each set of data.
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF WITHIN-TREE LARVAL AND PROGENY ADULT POPULATIONS OF DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Mayyasi Adil M. , Coulson Robert N. , Foltz John L. , Hain Fred P. , Martin William C.
Published: December 2009

Within-tree larval and progeny adult populations of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. attacking loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., were investigated in order to define the distribution of larvae within sample units (100 cm2 disks of bark) and to describe the functional relationship of both larvae and progeny adults to the infested portion of the tree bole.

Larvae and progeny adults were sampled over the infested bole of the 50 trees. Two separate measures of progeny adults were obtained. The first measure was taken just prior to emergence from the tree and the second measure was obtained by rearing the insect until emergence from the sample disks was completed.

Larvae were found to be uniformly distributed within the total disk. The functional relationship of the larvae and the two measures of progeny adults to the normalized height on the infested bole was described by the two parameter nonlinear model y = Ax(1−x)eBx.

Highest larval density along the infested portion of the tree bole occurred just below the center and tapered abruptly towards the base and gradually towards the top of the tree. The density of progeny adults on the other hand was greatest just above the center portion of the infested bole and tapered abruptly towards the top and gradually towards the base of the tree. Both measures of progeny adults produced curves of virtually the same shape. However, the density of progeny adults was substantially less in the samples which were reared indicating that mortality agents continued to act on the population until emergence from the tree.
ELEVAGE EN MASSE, CUEILLETTE ET EPANDAGE SUR LE TERRAIN DES PUCERONS (APHIDAE) VECTEURS DU VIRUS DU NANISME JAUNE DE L’ORGE (BYDV)
Authors: Comeau A.
Published: December 2009

Nous décrivons des méthodes efficaces pour l’élevage en masse, la cueillette et l’épandage sur le terrain de millions de pucerons. L’originalité de la méthode réside dans l’emploi d’une poudre qui empêche les pucerons de coller ensemble ou au plateau de cueillette, et qui leur donne la propriété de s’écouler facilement dans un épandeur conçu pour ce travail.
A METHOD FOR MASS PRODUCING SPORES OF THE MICROSPORIDIAN NOSEMA FUMIFERANAE IN ITS HOST, THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Wilson G. G.
Published: December 2009

The mass production of Nosema fumiferanae spores using second, third, and fourth instar larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana is described. In general, second instar larvae inoculated with 2 × 105 spores per millilitre of suspension resulted in a maximum spore yield of 1.3 × 108 spores per larva. A spore concentration of 2 × 107 reduced larval weights and increased larval mortality.
VITAMIN K: A GROWTH FACTOR FOR THE HOUSE CRICKET (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: December 2009

Vitamin K1 added to a basic diet for the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.), significantly improves growth of male and female larvae. Growth is significantly better with 18.7 μg K1/g than it is with an equimolar amount of vitamin E. Unlike vitamin E, however, vitamin K1 is without effect on reproduction. Vitamins K3 and K5, and coumarin, have no effect or a slightly inhibiting effect on growth, and no effect on reproduction.
DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN PARASITIZED AND NONPARASITIZED HOSTS BY THE GYPSY MOTH LARVAL PARASITOID,APANTELES MELANOSCELUS(HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Weseloh Ronald M.
Published: December 2009

Observations of behavior and dissections of hosts were carried out to investigate the ability ofApanteles melanoscelusRatzeburg (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to distinguish between parasitized and nonparasitized gypsy moth larvae,Porthetria dispar(L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Fewer host examinations occurred and fewer eggs were laid in hosts which had been parasitized 0–9 days previously than in those which had never been parasitized. However, superparasitism occurred readily especially when few unparasitized hosts were available. By dissecting hosts which were parasitized more than once it was possible to investigate competition between supernumerary parasitoids. First instars are eliminated by some mechanism (possibly active combat), and older parasitoids eliminate younger ones.
PSEUDOXENUFENS FORSYTHI A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA) FROM WESTERN ECUADOR
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

Pseudoxenufens forsythi n. gen., n. sp. of trichogrammatid wasp from Ecuador is described and phoresy in the Trichogrammatidae is discussed.
PREDICTIONS OF DESTRUCTIVE LEVELS OF THE APPLE-STINGING BUGS ATRACTOTOMUS MALI AND CAMPYLOMMA VERBASCI (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: MacPhee A. W.
Published: December 2009

The amount of damage to apples caused by the bugs Atractotomus mali (Meyer) and Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) is largely related to the density of the bug population and to the apple variety. Bug numbers can be reliably measured by a ’hatching’ method, and preventative insurance spraying can be avoided where indicated.
PRE-MATING SEXUAL ACTIVITY OF GYPSY MOTH MALES IN SMALL PLOT FIELD TESTS (LYMANTRIA (= PORTHETRIA) DISPAR (L.): LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Richerson J. V. , Brown E. A. , Cameron E. Alan
Published: December 2009

Pre-mating behavior of male gypsy moths was investigated in 0.2 ha circular plots containing from 0 to 72 virgin females/plot in untreated areas and in areas treated with an aerial application of 20 g/ha microencapsulated disparlure. Male moths in both treated and untreated plots oriented initially to trees, not directly to females. Mating was disrupted in treated plots but males continued search behavior. No anemotactic behavior was evident in either treated plots or untreated plots with females. In untreated plots, male moths were not caught on sticky panels (panels suspended at 2, 4, and 6 m) higher than pheromone baited traps set at 2 m. In treated plots, equal number of males were caught at all panel heights and in baited traps at 2 m. Previous mating and pheromone exposure histories of males did not affect the response of these males to traps baited with 4–5 mg of disparlure in untreated plots. In a test of the relative attractiveness of a cotton wick and a new laminated bait dispenser in Johnson traps, traps baited with the laminated dispenser had a greater male moth catch/male contact to trap than the traps baited with the cotton wick. Not all males contacting the Johnson trap were caught. A mode of action for disparlure as a disruptive agent in the long range sexual communication system of gypsy moth is proposed.
A NEW GENUS AND THREE NEW SPECIES OF APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) FROM NORTH-WEST INDIA
Authors: Quednau F. W. , Chakrabarti S.
Published: December 2009

Periphyllus pusillusn. sp. fromAcer villosumWall.,Serratocallis takahashiin. gen., n. sp. fromQuercussp., andMyzocallis (Hoplocallis) microsetosusn. sp. fromQuercus incanaRoxb., collected in the Western Himalayas, are described. The taxonomic position of the aphids is discussed.
PLAYASPALANGIA A NEW GENUS OF SPALAGIINAE (HYMENOPTERA, CHALCIDOIDEA: PTEROMALIDAE) FROM MEXICO
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

A new genus and species, Playaspalangia rothi, is described from Sonora, Mexico, in the intertidal zone of algae-covered rocks.
NATURAL CONTROL OF HEMLOCK SAWFLY, NEODIPRION TSUGAE (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE), POPULATIONS IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA
Authors: Hard John S.
Published: December 2009

Hemlock sawfly infestations occur most commonly in the warm southern half of southeast Alaska. Biotic factors that limit sawfly populations are a fungus, Entomophthora sphaerosperma, which kills disproportionately large numbers of female larvae; food quality as affected by host site and defoliation; and three ichneumonid parasitoid species, Delomerista japonica diprionis, Oresbius tsugae tsugae, and Itoplectis quadricingulatus, which attack prepupal larvae in cocoons. E. sphaerosperma was the most effective natural control in recent years, especially during wetter than normal summers. Parasites which attack after the fungus has decimated larval populations were most abundant during two dry summers. Parasitization and sawfly emergence were directly related, and both were highly inversely correlated with percentage fungus killed sawflies. Sawflies reared on lightly defoliated trees produced significantly more eggs than those reared on heavily defoliated trees, and fecundity was directly related to cumulative heat units during the summer. Between 1952 and 1974, most negative sawfly population trends south of Frederick Sound occurred when two wet summers occurred consecutively. Apparent widespread collapse of sawfly populations in 1974 was associated with low temperatures in 1973 which delayed sawfly development and reduced opportunities for successful oviposition.
MAINTAINING A COLONY OF THE STRIPED FLEA BEETLE, PHYLLOTRETA STRIOLATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), IN THE GREENHOUSE
Authors: Burgess L. , Wiens J. E.
Published: December 2009

A small colony of the striped flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolala (F.), has been maintained in a cage in the greenhouse for more than 21/2 years. Horseradish [Armoracia rusticana (Lam) Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb.] was found to be a suitable host plant, and the caged beetle colony has followed a similar life cycle to natural populations in the field.
A SEQUENTIAL DECISION PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF THE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Harcourt D. G. , Guppy J. C.
Published: December 2009

A sequential decision plan, based on the Poisson distribution and providing for two infestation classes, was drawn up as an aid to management of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyll.), on first-growth alfalfa in Ontario. It is based on counts of the oviposition punctures in three-stem bouquets of alfalfa, and, in economic situations, will provide the grower with sufficient lead time to consider alternative action strategies. An appraisal of the plan under field conditions showed that it rated the infestation status of the weevil correctly in 56 of 60 cases. Sampling time averaged 35 man-min.
NEARCTIC SPECIES OF APHIS L. (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON UMBELLIFERAE, WITH A KEY TO THOSE FOUND IN MANITOBA
Authors: Rojanavongse V. , Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

A key is given to species of Aphis L. on Umbelliferae in Manitoba: A. spiraecola Patch, A. heraclella Davis, A. decepta Hottes and Frison, A. thaspii Oestlund, and A. saniculae Williams. A. signatis Hottes and Frison is considered to be a synonym of A. thaspii, and A. luridis Hottes and Frison a synonym of A. saniculae.
THE GENUS ELATOPHILUS REUTER IN NORTH AMERICA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES (HETEROPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Two new species of the genus Elatophilus Reuter are described: minutus from Quebec, Ontario, and the Prairie Provinces, Canada, and antennatus from Chiapas, Mexico. Elatophilus vicarius (Drake & Harris) is synonymized with E. inimicus (Drake & Harris). Anthocoris dimidiatus Van Duzee is transferred to Elatophilus. Other species of the genus in North America are oculatus (Drake & Harris), pullus Kelton & Anderson, and pinaphilus Blatchley. A key to known species is given and adults of new species are illustrated.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FROM SOUTHERN UNITED STATES ALLIED TO EUXOA CAMALPA
Authors: Lafontaine J. D.
Published: December 2009

Euxoa maderensis n. sp., closely related toEuxoa camalpa (Dyar), is described from Madera Canyon, Arizona. Euxoa serotina n. sp. from southern Texas and Louisiana, is placed near the camalpa group on the basis of the male genitalia and on the structure of the male antennae. Adults and genitalia of the three species are illustrated and a synopsis of Euxoa camalpa is given.
BATCH SURFACE STERILIZATION OF CHIRONOMID EGGS
Authors: Townsend B. E. , Hamilton R. D.
Published: December 2009

A simple apparatus for the surface sterilization of a large number of chironomid eggs is described. The apparatus allows as many as 4000 eggs to be processed in 20 min without the inconvenience of manual transfer and washing procedures. Hatching percentages of untreated and treated eggs were 97.2% and 96.4% respectively. The hatching percentage of eggs produced by females that had developed from treated eggs was 96%. Comparisons between percentage emergence, sex ratios, adult viability, and fecundity of untreated and treated animals indicated that surface sterilization had little or no effect on chironomid development.
HYPERPARASITISM IN POPULATIONS OF HYPHANTRIA CUNEA
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: December 2009

Four of the parasite species attacking Hyphantria cunea Drury spin their cocoons inside the colonial web of the host, where they are exposed to attack by five species of hyperparasites. Percentage hyperparasitism was measured over a 15-year period in permanent study areas in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The mean percentage was about 50%, with very wide variations from year to year. These variations were not related to the population density of H. cunea or its parasites and no model for hyperparasite-parasite interaction could be constructed.
POLYMORPHISMS AMONG MALES OF THE EUROPEAN EARWIG,FORFICULA AURICULARIA(DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE)
Authors: Lamb Robert J.
Published: December 2009

Body weight, head width, and cercus length and width of adult male earwigs were found to be polymorphic in both field-collected and laboratory-reared samples. The view that the polymorphisms are the result of environmentally induced ’heterogonic growth’ is discounted. Seasonal, annual, and geographic variation in morph frequencies are demonstrated and discussed.
A CONE WEEVIL, CONOTRACHELUS NEOMEXICANUS, ON PONDEROSA PINE IN COLORADO: LIFE HISTORY, HABITS, AND ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Bodenham Judy , Stevens Robert E. , Thatcher T. O.
Published: December 2009

Conotrachelus neomexicanus Fall occurs throughout the range of Pinus ponderosa Laws. in the central and southwestern United States. It is commonly found infesting ponderosa pine cones in north-central Colorado. C. neomexicanus is univoltine. Eggs are laid in second-year cones from May through July. Larvae mine extensively in the cones and drop to the ground for pupation in the soil. Adults emerge from the soil in late summer and early fall, return to the trees to feed on twigs, and presumably hibernate in sheltered locations during the winter A tachinid fly, Myiophasia sp. nr. ruficornis Tns., is an internal parasitoid of weevil larvae.
A NEW SPECIES OF EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ALLIED TO EUXOA PEREXCELLENS
Authors: Lafontaine J. D.
Published: December 2009

Euxoa ustulata n. sp., allied to Euxoa perexcellens (Grote), is described from northern California. Adults and genitalia of both species are illustrated.
THE DYNAMICS OF LARCH SAWFLY (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE) POPULATIONS IN SOUTHEASTERN MANITOBA
Authors: Ives W. G. H.
Published: December 2009

Life-table study plots were established in southeastern Manitoba to study the population dynamics of the larch sawfly for the 1956 to 1972 generations and to evaluate the impact of two recently introduced parasites.

Abbreviated life tables were used to calculate k-values, expressions of mortality during the different stages due to various factors. Graphical and principal component analyses of the k-values showed that mortality during the cocoon and adult stages (k5) largely determined population trends. None of the factors affecting populations before the introduction of the parasite Olesicampe benefactor Hinz was density-dependent. However, a form of density dependence appeared to exist for O. benefactor and for its hyperparasite Mesochorus dimidiatus Holmgren. The area of discovery for both species decreased rapidly as the density of the female parasites increased.

A simple model confirmed that k5 was largely responsible for determining population trends. A second model utilizing the relationships between areas of discovery and adult female densities for O. benefactor and M. dimidiatus provided reasonable approximations to observed values for numbers of sawfly eggs, and numbers of adults, rates of attack, and attacks per female for both species of parasites.

Twenty sets of 50 pairs of randomly generated values of k5 were used as simulated input in the second model. None of the values for simulated egg populations of the larch sawfly reached outbreak proportions when O. benefactor and M. dimidiatus were present, but most exceeded these levels in their absence. Larch sawfly populations in southeastern Manitoba should be controlled by O. benefactor in the foreseeable future.
NOUVELLES DONNEES SUR LA CHOROLOGIE ET L’ECOLOGIE DE QUELQUES ESPECES DE CULICIDES (DIPTERES) DANS LE QUEBEC MERIDIONAL
Authors: Bourassa J.-P. , Maire A. , Aubin A.
Published: December 2009

Un inventaire de trois années (1972 à 1974) effectué à 178 stations réparties dans le Québec méridional a révélé la présence de 30 espèces de culicides. Pour deux de ces espèces (Aedes decticusetC.melanura) il s’agit d’une extension d’aire. Les types de gites larvaires où ces deux espèces ont été trouvées sont présentés et caractérisés par la végétation.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO FORMS OFHYBOMITRA TYPHUS(DIPTERA: TABANIDAE)
Authors: Hudson Anne , Teskey H. J.
Published: December 2009

Two forms ofHybomitra typhus(Whitney) flying together have been collected from Ontario bogs. The two forms have been clearly segregated by size and colour characters and also by differences in the appearance of esterase isozymes shown by electrophoresis. The combined data indicate that insects recorded asH.typhuscomprise more than one species.
A SYNOPSIS OF THE AEQUALIS GROUP OF THE GENUS EUXOA HBN. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Lafontaine J. D.
Published: December 2009

The aequalis group of the genus Euxoa Hübner is defined on the basis of the genitalia. The species in the group are: aequalis (Harvey), acornis (Smith) with two subspecies acornis acornis (Smith) and acornis alko (Strecker), conjuncta (Smith), cona (Strecker), and luctuosa new species. Adults and genitalia are illustrated and a synopsis is given for each species. A key to species and subspecies is included.
REMOTE SENSING OF CORN APHID INFESTATION, 1974 (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Wallen V. R. , Jackson H. R. , MacDiarmid S. W.
Published: December 2009

Aerial photographs of corn fields in southwestern Ontario were photographically enhanced and subsequently computer-analyzed to determine levels of corn aphid infestation. The flight line included 87 fields, 42 of which were infested to varying degrees. The levels of infestation varied from 35.6% to 67.1% determined from five representative fields.
SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS MESTOCHARIS FÖRSTER IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (CHALCIDOIDEA: EULOPHIDAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

Two new species, Mestocharis nearctica and M. tropicalis (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), are described from North America with a key to species and scanning electron microscope photographs. This is the first report of the genus Mestocharis from North America.
TETRACANTHELLA PACIFICA SP. N. (COLLEMBOLA: ISOTOMIDAE) FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Rusek J. , Marshall V. G.
Published: December 2009

Tetracanthella pacifica sp. n. from Coastal British Columbia is described and illustrated. A key to the Nearctic Tetracanthella species is given.
A NOTE ON TRENDS IN POPULATIONS OF SEMIOTHISA SEXMACULATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE), WITH COMMENTS ON A RECENT PAPER BY BERGERON AND BUCKNER ON THE SAME TOPIC
Authors: Ives W. G. H.
Published: December 2009

The trapping devices used in sampling larch sawfly populations (Ives et al. 1968) caught other species of insects as well. The oil traps gave information on the relative abundance of any insects that dropped from the trees to pupate or spin cocoons. One of the more common species trapped in this way, apart from the larch sawfly, was the green larch looper, Semiothisa sexmaculata Packard. It is a solitary-feeding geometrid, and although its seasonal development tends to be later than the larch sawfly, the numbers caught provide some indication of relative abundance from year to year.
PHORETIC CARRYING CAPACITY OF FLYING SOUTHERN PINE BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Moser John C.
Published: December 2009

Mites do not have wings, but in their course of evolution many species have developed an association with insects, using them as a vehicle of distribution. Occasionally they cover the host so completely that the insect cannot fly. The literature is replete with these observations. Except for a single speculation (Fronk 1947), there are no reports as to how many mites Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman can support and still fly to its intended destination.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON PERISTENUS PALLIPES AND P. PSEUDOPALLIPES (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), PARASITOIDS OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG, LYGUS LINEOLARIS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Lim K. P. , Stewart R. K.
Published: December 2009

Development of P. pallipes, from egg to emerged larva, in the tarnished plant bug lasts 24.49 ± 2.38 days at 25 °C/16 h and 20 °C/8 h and 77 ± 5% R.H. with 16 h illumination.

Eggs of P. pseudopallipes need 72–96 h to hatch under the above-cited regime. At least three distinct larval stages can be recognized without special staining procedures. The first instar larva is a caudate-mandibulate type. The second larval stage is acaudate and lives in the host haemocoele. The third larval stage is also acaudate and emerges from the host. The pupa is an exarate type diapausing in a cocoon. P. pseudopallipes is an arrhenotokous species. The longevity of the adults in the laboratory is about 16 days. The adult oviposits into the host abdomen.

Survival of diapausing pupae is better at 16 h photophase than at 8 h photophase.