bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suicides in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people following hospital admission for suicidal ideation and self-harm: A retrospective cohort data linkage study from the Northern Territory
Authors: Leckning Bernard , Borschmann Rohan , Guthridge Steven , Silburn Sven R , Hirvonen Tanja , Robinson Gary W
Published: June 2022

Purpose:

This study aimed to explore risk factors for suicide in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people following hospital admission for suicidal ideation and self-harm in the Northern Territory, Australia to help clarify opportunities for improved care and intervention for these population groups.

Methods:

Individuals with at least one hospital admission involving suicidal ideation and/or self-harm between 1 July 2001 and 31 December 2013 were retrospectively recruited and followed up using linked mortality records to 31 December 2014. Survival analyses stratified by Indigenous status identified socio-demographic and clinical characteristics from index hospital admissions associated with suicide.

Results:

Just over half of the 4391 cohort members identified as Aboriginal ( n = 2304; 52.4%). By 2014, 281 deaths were observed comprising 68 suicides, representing a 2.6% and 2.0% probability of suicide for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people, respectively. After adjusting for other characteristics, a higher risk of suicide was associated with male sex (Aboriginal adjusted hazard ratio: 4.14; 95% confidence interval: [1.76, 9.75]; non-Aboriginal adjusted hazard ratio: 5.96; 95% confidence interval: [1.98, 17.88]) and repeat hospital admissions involving self-harm (Aboriginal adjusted hazard ratio: 1.37; 95% confidence interval: [1.21, 1.55]; non-Aboriginal adjusted hazard ratio: 1.29; 95% confidence interval: [1.10, 1.51]). Severe mental disorders were associated with a four times higher risk of suicide (adjusted hazard ratio: 4.23; 95% confidence interval: [1.93, 9.27]) in Aboriginal people only.

Conclusion:

The findings highlight non-clinical risk factors for suicide that suggest the need for comprehensive psychosocial assessment tailored to Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people hospitalised with suicidal ideation or self-harm. Implementing appropriate management and aftercare within a broader public health framework is needed to support recovery and reduce long-term suicide risk in the community, especially for Aboriginal people and males.
Hospital inpatient admissions of children of mothers with severe mental illness: A Western Australian cohort study
Authors: Pierce Matthias , Di Prinzio Patsy , Dalman Christina , Abel Kathryn M , Morgan Vera A
Published: June 2022

Background:

Children of parents with mental illness face a number of adversities, potentially contributing to poor health.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to quantify the association between maternal severe mental illness and children’s hospital admissions.

Method:

Record linkage cohort study of 467,945 children born in Western Australia between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 2001. Follow-up was from age 28 days until fifth birthday. Linked registers captured information on potential confounders. Rate ratios and adjusted rate ratios measured relative change in the numbers of admissions and total days of stay, while rate differences measured absolute change in outcomes. Cause-specific increases were calculated for ICD-9 chapters and for ‘potentially preventable’ conditions.

Results:

After adjusting for potential confounders, children of mothers with severe mental illness had a 46% relative increased rate in hospital admissions (95% confidence interval = [38%, 54%]) and an absolute increase in 0.69 extra days in hospital per child, per year (95% confidence interval = [0.67, 0.70]). The relative increase in admissions was greatest in the child’s first year of life (adjusted rate ratio = 1.76, 95% confidence interval = [1.64, 1.88]; rate difference = 0.32, 95% confidence interval = [0.30, 0.34]). Rates of admissions were increased for a range of causes, particularly injuries, infections and respiratory disease, and for conditions classified as ‘potentially preventable’.

Conclusion:

Children of mothers with severe mental illness have a substantial excess in hospital use compared to children of well mothers. This vulnerable group should be targeted with interventions to avert preventable morbidity and premature mortality in later life.
Orientation Comes First: Becoming Aware of Spatial Disorientation Interferes with Cognitive Performance
Authors: Landman Annemarie , Kalogeras Dimitrios , Houben Mark , Groen Eric L.
Published: June 2022

Background

Previous research has shown that experiencing motion stimuli negatively impacts cognitive performance.

Objective

In the current study, we investigate whether this impact relates to Type-II spatial disorientation (SD), to motion stimulus magnitude, or to an interaction of these factors.

Method

Stimuli for participants ( n = 23) consisted of Earth-vertical yaw rotations on a rotating chair in a completely darkened room. In the surprise condition, the stimulus started with subthreshold acceleration, followed by suprathreshold deceleration to a non-zero velocity, inducing a sensation of rotation that is opposite to the actual rotation revealed when the lights were switched on. In the no-surprise condition, the same changes in velocity were used, but starting from (almost) zero velocity, which induced a sensation of rotation in the same direction as the actual rotation. Participants performed a self-paced arithmetic task and measurement of their cognitive performance started after the environment was revealed. Stimulus magnitude was operationalized through higher or lower peak suprathreshold deceleration.

Results

The results revealed that counting speed decreased significantly when participants were surprised, constituting a large effect size. The proportion of counting errors likewise increased significantly when participants were surprised, but only in the high-magnitude condition.

Application

The findings suggest that surprise caused by the recognition of SD has an involuntary disruptive effect on cognition, which may impact performance of piloting tasks. These results are relevant when modeling motion stimuli effects on performance, and when developing SD awareness training for pilots.
Development of low-cost heterodyne interferometer with virtual electronic phasemeter
Authors: Jan Chia-Ming , Liu Chien-Sheng , Lin Chen-Yu
Published: June 2022

Commercial laser interferometers are conventionally used to measure the positioning error of a long linear stage in multiaxis computer numerical control machine tools. However, commercial laser interferometers are costly and difficult to use. Therefore, a low-cost photodetector-based heterodyne interferometer combined with an electronic phasemeter module was proposed for precise measurement of the positioning error of a long linear stage. The proposed heterodyne interferometer was combined with a virtual electronic phasemeter that employs a self-developed signal-processing technique. Our core algorithm and proposed photoelectric-signal-processing technique were developed using the LabVIEW human–machine interface. Moreover, to verify the performance of the proposed heterodyne interferometer, a laboratory-built prototype was constructed and used to measure the positioning error of a long linear stage. The experimental results indicated that the positioning accuracy of the proposed interferometer was ±4.5 μm for a linear stage with a displacement of 250 mm; the results obtained were comparable to those obtained with a commercially available laser interferometer. The proposed heterodyne interferometer can thus be used in other applications related to precision engineering.
Investigation of mechanical properties of hybrid stainless steel/acrylic and carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite
Authors: Yuksel Yilmaz Ayten Nur , Yunus Doruk Erdem , Bedeloglu Ayse Celik
Published: June 2022

Hybrid composite specimens were produced with stainless steel-acrylic (SSA) and carbon fiber reinforcement in order to achieve ductile behavior compared to CF reinforced epoxy composites. Laminated composites containing CF and SSA fabrics in with different ply configurations were manufactured using vacuum infusion method. In addition, CF fabric was used in two different ply orientations (0–45°). In both the flexural and tensile test results, composites having CF oriented at 0° showed higher strength and modulus but lower strain than composites having CF oriented at 45°. When the number of carbon fiber layers increased, the composites showed high strength and modulus, but low strain. Increasing the number of SSA significantly increased the flexural and tensile strains of laminated composites. After the mechanical tests, the fracture surfaces of the specimens were examined with an optical microscope and matrix cracks, fiber breakage, fiber pull-out and delamination failures were observed.
You Must Have a Preference: The Impact of No-Preference Communication on Joint Decision Making
Authors: Kim Nicole You Jeung , Zwebner Yonat , Barasch Alixandra , Schrift Rom Y.
Published: June 2022

In many joint consumption decisions, such as choosing a restaurant or a movie to watch together, one party often communicates to the other that they do not have a particular preference among the options (e.g., “I have no preference,” “I’m fine with any option”). Despite their prevalence, little is known about how communications of no preference impact joint decision making and the consumption experience. Do consumers take the other party's indifference at face value? Does the decision become easier to make without one party's preference to incorporate? How will such communications ultimately impact consumption and social utility? In a series of six studies using both hypothetical and real joint consumption decisions, the authors find that recipients of no-preference communication infer that the co-consumer (i.e., the person communicating having no preferences) actually does have preferences but is not disclosing them. These perceptions of undisclosed preferences increase the decision makers’ decision difficulty and cause them to like the co-consumer less. Further, the authors find that the decision maker intuits that the co-consumer's (undisclosed) preferences are probably dissimilar to their own, which leads them to choose an option they like less and ultimately decreases their enjoyment. Interestingly, these negative effects are not anticipated by the party who communicates having no preference.
Digital Domination: Social Media and Contestatory Democracy
Authors: Aytac Ugur
Published: June 2022

This article argues that social media companies’ power to regulate communication in the public sphere illustrates a novel type of domination. The idea is that, since social media companies can partially dictate the terms of citizens’ political participation in the public sphere, they can arbitrarily interfere with the choices individuals make qua citizens. I contend that social media companies dominate citizens in two different ways. First, I focus on the cases in which social media companies exercise direct control over political speech. They exercise quasi-public power over citizens because their regulation of speech on social media platforms implies the capacity to arbitrarily interfere with citizens’ democratic contestation in the political system. Second, companies’ algorithmic governance entails the capacity to interfere with citizens’ choices about what mode of discursive engagement they endorse in their relationships with fellow citizens. By raising the cost of deliberative engagement, companies narrow citizens’ choice menu.
Thermal degradation behavior of flame-resistant fabrics exposed to fires: effect of air gap type and thickness
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Tian Miao , Wang Qi , Su Yun , Li Jun
Published: June 2022

The thermal degradation of flame-resistant fabrics reduces the protective ability of clothing and affects firefighters’ safety. Making clear the influence factors of fabric thermal degradation is important for predicting and prolonging the service life of fire-protection clothing. Experiments were conducted for open and sealed air gaps with different thicknesses under flame exposure. The degradation the of outer shell fabric was evaluated by observing the variation in fabric morphology, mass loss and tensile strength of specimens after heat exposure. The influence mechanism of the type and thickness of the air gap on thermal degradation was analyzed by the surface temperature curve and thermal stability of the fabric, as well as the microstructure of the fiber. The results indicated that the type and thickness of the air gap have a significant effect on thermal degradation, and a more serious negative effect was observed under the condition of an open air gap. After being exposed to heat fluxes of 30 and 50 kW/m2 for 40 s, the mass loss rates were 1.8% and 3.3% higher than those of the sealed air gap, and the tensile strength retention rates were 9.1% and 10.1% lower on average, respectively. Air gap type and thickness affected the heat storage and heat transfer efficiency in the fabric system by changing the heat transfer mode. The decomposition and fracture of the fabric were affected, which made the flame-resistant fabrics show different degrees of thermal degradation.
Urban water governance as policy boosterism: Seoul’s legitimation at the local and global scale
Authors: Martinez Ricardo
Published: June 2022

While cities gain international momentum, they increasingly connect to innovate and learn from each other. The attraction of attention and resources lies beneath the economic reasons that drive most of the international entrepreneurship of city governments. In parallel to common market-based strategies, cities also harness their key internal policies as value-added elements to share among peers in order to enhance their transnational reputation. Contrary to business-friendly initiatives that are embedded in an economic rationality, this second type of transnational entrepreneurship revolves around the perceived reputation of local policy-making actors in their own right. By establishing an interdisciplinary dialogue between urban geography and international studies, this article proposes the international promotion of Seoul’s water management policy as an empirical case of policy boosterism, unearthing a social practice of legitimation enacted by the city government of Seoul that is simultaneously local and global.
A Psychology Learning Community for Transfer Majors: Its Impact on Student Performance and Perceptions During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Buch Kim , O’Reilly Elaine
Published: June 2022

Background

Transfer students are a growing population of undergraduate psychology majors who are academically at-risk but often underserved by 4-year institutions.

Objective

We describe a transfer learning community (TLC) for entering psychology transfer students and report its impact on participants social and academic integration and success.

Method

A mixed-method design was used to compare academic success metrics (archival measures of first-semester grade point average and probation rates) of participants with entering transfer majors not participating in the learning community. A participant survey was also created and used to measure student perceptions of the TLC, as well as perceived challenges of transferring during the Covid-19 pandemic and how the TLC helped to mitigate them.

Results

During its first year, the TLC served 72 entering transfer majors across two cohorts. Participants significantly out-performed non-participant psychology transfer majors on first-semester grade point average and were significantly less likely to be placed on academic probation after their first semester than non-participant transfer majors.

Conclusion

The widely-reported benefits of learning communities for first-year psychology students are adaptable to the more at-risk population of transfer students.

Teaching Implications

Technology-enabled teaching tools can be used to build virtual community in hybrid and synchronous online learning environments.
A Personal Journey of Studying Positive Psychology: Reflections of Undergraduate Students in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Shrivastava Anita , Azhar Humna , Hyland Lynda
Published: June 2022

Background

An increasing number of undergraduate positive psychology courses offer students a holistic view of the broader discipline of psychology. Even short-term participation in positive psychology activities as part of a taught course may improve psychological well-being and lower stress. However, there is a dearth of qualitative evidence on how students experience this learning process.

Objective

This study aimed to explore UAE-based undergraduate students’ reflections on their experiences of an elective positive psychology course and their participation in various positive psychology interventions (PPIs).

Method

This qualitative study explored 21 UAE-based undergraduate students’ reflections on taking a semester-long positive psychology course, in which they participated in PPIs. The rich data from semi-structured interviews were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results

Three main themes emerged, namely rethinking positive psychology, changes in perspective on happiness and search for positivity, and enhanced relationships.

Conclusion and Teaching Implications

The study suggests that positive psychology may reach past the time and space of the taught course and have at least a short-term positive impact on students' mental and social lives. Findings from this study imply the potential of positive psychology in higher education and point towards further integration of such courses in undergraduate programs in the UAE and beyond.
Towards what end? Collective bargaining and the making and unmaking of the working class
Authors: Mahmood Zaad , Banerjee Supurna
Published: June 2022

In contemporary literature, bargaining is often construed as an instrument in the hands of the employer, a practice that is sustained by undermining worker solidarity and promoting interests of privileged unionized workers at the expense of other workers. This article challenges such narratives by foregrounding the idea of solidarity and highlighting the complex interplay of solidarity emanating from the multiple ways consciousness about worker identity plays out. Drawing on the literature on new social movements (NSM) and industrial relations (IR), the article shows that the relevance of bargaining is not merely confined to instrumental economic goals but extends to politically constitutive action. In the process of bargaining the political agency of workers and distinctive articulations of solidarity are identified. This article presents and classifies three kinds of solidarity that correspond to the three dimensions of political consciousness, namely critical solidarity, limited solidarity and absent solidarity across cases that are shaped by contextual realities of labour politics.
Transactive Memory Systems, Temporary Teams, and Conflict: Innovativeness During a Hackathon
Authors: O’Toole Jay , Ciuchta Michael P. , Neville François , Lahiri Amrita
Published: June 2022

The transactive memory system has been studied extensively, yet we still know little about how it influences the effectiveness of temporary teams. Additionally, little is known about the boundary conditions of the well-established benefits of transactive memory systems on team performance. Our primary goal in this study is to build and test a theory that investigates the influence of a transactive memory system on the performance of temporary teams while accounting for conditional effects of both task and relationship conflict. On the surface, a transactive memory systems perspective may seem incompatible with temporary teams. Transactive memory systems typically require time or team member familiarity to develop. However, team members on temporary teams often are selected because of their expertise, not team member familiarity, and often must quickly and effectively operate under time and outcome pressures. We present a theory that suggests transactive memory systems should have a meaningful influence on temporary teams, and its effect is accentuated in the presence of task conflict and attenuated in the presence of relationship conflict. We test our theory using a sample of 202 teams participating in the Global Game Jam, the world's largest hackathon devoted to designing and developing games within a 48-h period. In addition to implications for literatures on transactive memory systems and temporary teams, our study adds to a growing literature providing practical advice and insight regarding hackathons, a pervasive source of innovation and idea generation.
Exploring the Intersectional Development of Computer Science Identities in Young Latinas
Authors: Rawhiya Jacob Sharin , Montoya Jonathan , Warschauer Mark
Published: June 2022

Background:

There has been a dearth of research on intersectional identities in STEM, including the fields of computing and engineering. In computing education research, much work has been done on broadening participation, but there has been little investigation into how the field of computer science (CS) presents opportunities for students with strong intersectional identities. This study explores the strengths and connections among the unique identities and the symbiotic relationships that elementary Latina students hold in CS identity attainment.

Purpose:

The aim of this article is to better understand how predominantly low-income, multilingual Latina students experience identity development through the lens of diverse group membership. We examine how young Latinas, through their participation in a yearlong culturally and linguistically responsive CS curriculum, leverage their intersecting identities to rewrite the formula of what a computer scientist is and can be, leaving space to include and invite other strong identities as well.

Research Design:

An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was used that analyzed data from predominantly low-income, multilingual Latinas in upper elementary grades, including pre- and post-CS identity surveys (N = 50) delivered before and after implementation of the curriculum, and eight individual semi-structured student interviews.

Findings:

We found that Latina students developed significantly stronger identification with the field of CS from the beginning to the end of the school year with regard to their experiences with CS, perception of themselves as computer scientists, family support for CS and school, and friend support for CS and school. Interviews revealed that perception of their CS ability greatly influenced identification with CS and that girls’ self-perceptions stemmed from their school, cultural, and home learning environments.

Conclusion:

Our results highlight the wealth of resources that Latinas bring to the classroom through their home- and community-based assets, which are characterized by intersecting group membership. Students did not report on the intersection between language and CS identity development, which warrants further investigation.
Taking an Asset-Based Approach in the Use of a Culturally Located Task to Construct Functional Reasoning
Authors: Hunter Roberta , Hunter Jodie , Gibbs Bronwyn
Published: June 2022

Background:

Algebra has traditionally been seen as a site of inequity and a gatekeeper for marginalized learners within both national and international studies. However, considerable research has shown that taking an asset-based approach in mathematics teaching improves learning for marginalized students, including Māori and Pāsifika learners.

Purpose:

The purpose of this research was to explore how a culturally located task set with a familiar Pāsifika context and within an algebraic frame was mathematized to support rich understandings. The focus was placed on how Pāsifika and Māori students drew on multimodal forms of communication (gesture, drawings, language, and symbols) to collectively make sense of a culturally located growing pattern task designed to develop functional reasoning.

Research Design:

The 12 student participants in the study were aged between 11 and 12 years and were of Māori and Pāsifika nations ethnicity, as were their teacher and the two researchers. The lesson reported on in this study was one of eight lessons and was representative of all lessons as the teacher and students drew on a variety of multimodal means of communication to construct functional reasoning. The design drew on both qualitative case study and design research. Data collection tools included interviews, video-recorded classroom observations, field notes, and photographs of work samples. The research design and analysis were informed through use of the Ula model as appropriate to all participants’ Pāsifika ethnicity. Similarly, storying was used, given that it is a traditional form of sharing used by indigenous peoples.

Findings:

Clearly evident in the results was how use of a culturally located task within a known context and the teacher’s asset-based approach supported students to engage in a challenging algebraic task. Multimodal forms of representation as reasoning and communication tools supported them to access more sophisticated forms of algebraic understandings as they began to generalize recursive, covarying, and correspondence relationships in increasingly sophisticated ways. Use of body language and gesturing was central to their communication, as was use of their first language and natural language.

Conclusions/Recommendations:

To change the gatekeeping role of algebra, teachers need to take a strength-based perspective and draw on what students bring to school as valued knowledge. For all students to access powerful ways of reasoning algebraically, the key role of many multimodal forms of communication needs to be recognized and affirmed.
Take the Day Off: Examining the Sick Role for Chronic Back Pain by Race and Gender
Authors: Ekl Emily A. , Brooks Caroline V.
Published: June 2022

Research has largely overlooked the public’s willingness to validate entrance to the sick role for individuals experiencing chronic pain. To fill this gap, we conducted a survey experiment to assess how race, gender, and their intersection impact (1) the legitimation of missing work due to pain and (2) recommendations for help seeking, examining the role of both respondents and vignette characters. We find that respondent characteristics are associated with perceived acceptability of missing work due to pain, and both respondent and vignette characteristics are associated with help-seeking endorsements. White females are least likely to view pain as an acceptable excuse to miss work but are most likely to endorse help-seeking measures, while black women are recommended the most treatments for pain. We theorize how results provide evidence to counter assumptions of objectivity and linearity of the sick role and how gender and race influence the social response to pain.
Late Woodland feasting and social networks in the lower Missouri River region
Authors: Logan Brad
Published: June 2022

Feasting and its function among small scale societies have received little attention among many descriptive and theoretical studies of this activity. Evidence of feasting focused on large roasting pits by Late Woodland (AD 500–1000) hunter-gatherer-gardeners in the lower Missouri River region on the eastern edge of the Great Plains is presented. Two features at the Quixote site and lipid analyses of stones from them attest single events focused on roasting deer and fish, and perhaps ritual use of red cedar and ceramic pipes. Such features at other Late Woodland sites in the LMRR, specifically the Valley Falls locality of the Delaware River valley in northeastern Kansas, are reinterpreted. Burned stone features at Middle Woodland sites differ and suggest pit roasting was a practice of dispersed Late Woodland groups. Feasting for solidarity forged a social network based on reciprocity, not competition, to mitigate food insecurity among diffuse, low level food producers.
A population-health approach to characterizing migraine by comorbidity: Results from the Mindfulness and Migraine Cohort Study
Authors: Sudat Sylvia EK , Jacobson Alice S , Avins Andrew L , Lipton Richard B , Pressman Alice R
Published: June 2022

Background

The heterogeneity of migraine has been reported extensively, with identified subgroups usually based on symptoms. Grouping individuals with migraine and similar comorbidity profiles has been suggested, however such segmentation methods have not been tested using real-world clinical data.

Objective

To gain insights into natural groupings of patients with migraine using latent class analysis based on electronic health record-determined comorbidities.

Methods

Retrospective electronic health record data analysis of primary-care patients at Sutter Health, a large open healthcare system in Northern California, USA. We identified migraine patients over a five-year time period (2015–2019) and extracted 29 comorbidities. We then applied latent class analysis to identify comorbidity-based natural subgroups.

Results

We identified 95,563 patients with migraine and found seven latent classes, summarized by their predominant comorbidities and population share: fewest comorbidities (61.8%), psychiatric (18.3%), some comorbidities (10.0%), most comorbidities – no cardiovascular (3.6%), vascular (3.1%), autoimmune/joint/pain (2.2%), and most comorbidities (1.0%). We found minimal demographic differences across classes.

Conclusion

Our study found groupings of migraine patients based on comorbidity that have the potential to be used to guide targeted treatment strategies and the development of new therapies.
Validation of Agent-Based Passenger Movement Modeling for Railway Stations Subject to Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hayes Sam , Charlton John , Fletcher David , Richmond Paul
Published: June 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented difficulties keeping passenger transport running while social distancing has constrained pedestrian movement. To support railway operation an agent-based simulation validated against UK mainline railway station CCTV footage has been developed. The simulation quantifies train alighting- and boarding flow times for different degrees of distancing, rolling stock types, platform size, and passenger numbers. Real-world social distancing behavior was represented, including compromises people make on distancing to achieve their goals. Flow times modeled and those measured from CCTV were within 10%. Relative to a baseline without social distancing, 1-m distancing was predicted to make only a marginal difference to passenger flow times, primarily because of passenger behavior to compromise on distancing at the rate determining door location. For 2-m social distancing, significantly extended passenger alighting and boarding flow times were predicted for busier services (i.e., 2.2 to 2.8 times baseline depending on rolling stock type). These increases in flow time are only predicted to begin when the combined total of boarding and alighting passengers exceeds 10 to 15 per door. The model has applications in transport systems worldwide in avoiding unmaintainable timetables, and in reducing incentives for social distancing compromise when distancing forms a component of suppressing virus transmission.
Exploring Agent-Based Modelling for Car-Based Volunteer Driver Program Planning
Authors: Morrison Romaine , Hanson Trevor
Published: June 2022

Volunteer driver programs (VDPs) utilize the service of volunteers to replicate car-based, demand-responsive, door-to-door services in rural areas, but little is understood about how external factors (e.g., changes in service area) affect VDP sustainability. Agent-based modelling (ABM) simulates the operational behavior of individual agents (e.g., drivers, users) to evaluate their interaction under specified scenarios, and although it has been used in transportation research, it has never been applied to VDP analysis. Netlogo was used to develop a simplified VDP ABM, calibrated and validated with 1 year of program data from the New Brunswick Volunteer Driving Database. Three model scenarios were tested: increased health trip distance, increased service area, and increasing the number of drivers to meet initial distance targets. The ABM demonstrated intuitive results and established connections among changing operational scenarios, though additional research is needed for multipurpose trips and user/driver/dispatcher interactions.
Improving Spatiotemporal Transferability of Real-Time Crash Likelihood Prediction Models Using Transfer-Learning Approaches
Authors: Li Pei , Abdel-Aty Mohamed , Zhang Shile
Published: June 2022

A real-time crash likelihood prediction model is an important component of the proactive traffic safety management system. Over the past decades, numerous models have been proposed for predicting real-time crash likelihood and achieved promising results. However, most studies have ignored the model transferability, especially for deep-learning models. The transferability of a model could be defined as applying the model to new data which obtain from different locations or periods. The purpose of this study is to improve the spatiotemporal transferability of a deep-learning crash likelihood prediction model by using transfer-learning approaches. Trajectory and crash data from five arterials in Florida were used in this study. A two-layer long short-term memory (LSTM) model was developed to predict real-time crash likelihood. Two scenarios were created for investigating spatial and temporal transferability of the developed model. Experimental results suggested that the model could be accurately transferred to new data by using the fine-tuning transfer-learning approach. In the framework of this research, the transferred models achieved higher predictive accuracy than models which were directly developed on the new data. Moreover, the spatial transfer learning outperformed the temporal transfer learning in predictive accuracy. For example, when the percentage of test data was 70%, the spatial transferred model had an average area under the curve (AUC) of 0.74. while the temporal transferred model had an average AUC of 0.65. Results from this study could be applied to transfer pretrained crash likelihood prediction models to new locations when few crashes are available.
Perceptions of Substance Use Disorder and Associated Sanctions: A Factorial Vignette Experiment
Authors: Kuettel Benjamin T.
Published: June 2022

This study examines whether characteristics of people who use drugs (PWUD) influence public perceptions of substance use disorder (SUD) and punitiveness. Using a full-factorial vignette experiment, a nationwide sample (N = 448), and a series of regression models, I estimate the causal effect of characteristics of PWUD on substance use evaluations and punitiveness. Results reveal that drug type and prior criminal drug record affected both SUD and punitive judgements, implying a prosocial punitiveness, where punishments are intended to rehabilitate. Demographics of PWUD (e.g., race, sex, etc.) mattered little. However, racial resentment moderated the relationship between SUD and punitiveness, suggesting aggressive punitiveness. These findings imply that SUD evaluations and punitiveness are linked in the public mind, suggesting that citizens may see punishments as a way to address SUD by helping PWUD recover. This is not true for racially resentful respondents, who appear to want to punish PWUD for punishment's sake.
More than the Sum of Their Parts: Approaches to Understand a Network of Plans
Authors: Woodruff Sierra , Meerow Sara , Hannibal Bryce , Matos Melina , Roy Malini , Gilbertson Philip
Published: June 2022

Communities create a variety of plans that collectively shape future development patterns. Methodological approaches to analyze multiple plans and their relationships have been underdeveloped. We compare four complementary methodological approaches to study the relationships between plans: (1) cross-referencing, (2) plan quality evaluation, (3) plan integration for resilience scorecard, and (4) social network analysis. We apply each approach to Boston’s network of plans to understand how the city’s plans together address current and future flooding. We find relatively strong integration of plans in Boston. When combined, these four approaches provide a more comprehensive framework for understanding networks of plans.
Narratives of Puerto Rican Middle School Students Regarding School Context and Identity: Contradictions and Possibilities
Authors: Durand Tina M. , Skubel Anna
Published: June 2022

Puerto Rican students are a growing population in U.S. mainland schools, yet few recent studies have focused on the school contextual and identity-based experiences of Puerto Rican youth. Using stage-environment fit and LatCrit theories, this qualitative study examined seven Puerto Rican adolescent students’ perspectives on domains of school context, along with prominent aspects of how they defined “being Puerto Rican,” in two urban middle schools. Based on qualitative analyses of student interview and focus groups, findings revealed that students’ experiences with teachers, ethnic-racial climate, and sense of belonging were fundamentally contradictory, where examples of purported “equal treatment” were tempered by racialized experiences marked by stereotypes and the suppression of Spanish, especially among male students. However, dimensions of identity-based resiliency such as ethnic pride, sense of familismo with other Puerto Rican students, and being bilingual emerged as sources of strength. We discuss school-based possibilities for the delivery of critically conscious support and ethnic affirmation for students during this critical developmental period, based on our exploratory findings.
The ethics of recruiting foreign-trained healthcare workers
Authors: Walton-Roberts Margaret
Published: June 2022

Canada’s active immigration policy includes thousands of internationally trained health workers arriving annually. The effective utilization of these workers represents an ethical issue relevant to the WHO’s Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel, to which Canada is a signatory. The ethical obligation for Canadian healthcare stakeholders is to continuously improve systems of credential evaluation and subsequent workplace integration to maximize immigrant health worker skills utilization and invest in better workforce data to meet Canada’s ethical obligations regarding health workforce sustainability.
Mentoring as an Investment: A Quantitative Review of Mentoring and Well-Being for the Protégé
Authors: Mann Kyle J. , Roach Krystal N. , O’Brien Kimberly E.
Published: June 2022

Although mentoring often confers valuable benefits to the protégé, mentoring may also entail costs (e.g., time, effort, ego threat), resulting in added stressors and strain. Drawing on the job demands-resources model, the present quantitative review examines how mentoring influences protégé stressors and strains. We reviewed 90 published and unpublished studies with at least one mentoring variable and one stressor or strain measure to identify commonly studied relationships to analyze (e.g., mentoring functions received and role conflict). Due largely to heterogeneity in the operationalization of mentoring, only 18 samples representing six effects could be aggregated. Results indicate that mentoring may have both positive and negative relationships with stressors and strains. This is consistent with the job demands-resources theory, which suggests that job demands induce strain, but these job demands may be mitigated by resources that may be available via characteristics of the mentoring relationship.
Investigation of thermal, antibacterial and heavy metal ion removal behavior of polyamide/polyimide iron oxide nanocomposites
Authors: Amininasab S. Mojtaba , Rezapour Reza , Mohammadi Parisa , Khaki Diyari , Mighani Hossein
Published: June 2022

In this study, a newly-designed diamine (DA) containing pyridine and carbazole groups was synthesized and the relevant polyamides (PAs) and polyimides (PIs) were prepared by polymerization reaction between the DA monomer and terephthalic acid, adipic acid, and pyromellitic dianhydride. In addition, polymer nanocomposites were prepared through a combination of the synthesized polymers with modified magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles. The synthesized compounds were fully characterized by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), field emitting scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analyses. All of the synthesized properties of compounds such as thermal stability, viscosity, elimination capability of heavy metals ions adsorption, and antibacterial activity were investigated. Polyamides and PI showed good solubility in aprotic solvents and the viscosity was in the range of 0.72–0.89 dL/g. Also, the glass-transition temperature (Tg) of synthetic polymers was in the range of 214–273°C and 10% weight loss temperatures (T10%) for the synthesized compounds were in the temperature range of 280–492°C in N2, and the percentage of residual ash between 61 and 74%. The adsorption rate of Hg2+, Co2+, Pb2+, Cr2+, and Cd2+ metal ions by PA containing terephthalic acid (PAT) and its nanocomposite (NCPAT) showed that nanocomposite has a better performance compared to PAT. The highest and lowest removal efficiency was related to Hg2+ and Pb2+ ion, respectively. Finally, antibacterial test results against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria showed favorable inhibitory effects of all the synthesized polymers.
Soft 3D printing of thermoplastic polyurethane: Preliminary study
Authors: Fenollosa-Artes Felip , Jorand Leo , Tejo-Otero Aitor , Lustig-Gainza Pamela , Romero-Sabat Guillem , Medel Sandra , Uceda Roger
Published: June 2022

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a highly elastic linear polymer composed of soft segments, usually flexible polyester, or polyether. It is widely used in 3D printing technologies, being FFF the most common technique. However, stiffness and hardness values of 3D printed TPU in filament form are higher than would be desirable for some applications, which require softer parts. Therefore, it was seen necessary to find a new methodology for 3D printing soft TPU. In this way, the present study seeks to be the first research study that focuses on the possibility of 3D printing TPU using DIW (Direct Ink Writing) technology with UV light. Firstly, the optimal 3D printing and curing parameters to print soft TPU are determined and then two different TPU formulations are 3D printed. Then, both bulk and 3D printed TPU samples were characterized in terms of shear strength using the Warner-Bratzler shear test and hardness using the Shore hardness test. It was seen that the 3D printed samples showed higher softness than bulk samples compared to TPU filament. Finally, it was concluded that the 3D printing of TPU is challenging due to several points: (1) the viscosity of the TPU; (2) their main issue is their sticky behavior; and (3) the shrinkage which takes place after the thermal treatment and for some applications, it might be a problem. Despite that, TPU appears to be a promising material to be used in different industrial applications.
Study on surface roughness and geometrical tolerances of Inconel 718 superalloy polished by magnetic abrasive finishing process
Authors: Khoshanjam Ali , Azizi Abdolhamid , Bahrami Pooya , Khoshanjam Keyvan
Published: June 2022

Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) is an advanced finishing process that has the prominent characteristics such as the ability to machine complex surfaces with complex geometry. Geometric tolerances are among the important parameters in the qualitative evaluation of machining parts. Due to the large number of abrasive edges participating in the finishing process, it is very difficult to achieve accurate geometric tolerances in the MAF process. This problem is especially considerable in workpieces with low machinability such as nickel based superalloys. In this study, the effect of process input parameters such as feed rate, rotational speed, and working gap on surface roughness and geometric parameters such as circularity and cylindricity of the external surfaces of an Inconel 718 shaft was investigated. The results indicate that surface quality and geometric tolerances improve with increasing rotational speed. However, the increase of rotational speed by a certain amount leads to turbulence in the movement of abrasive particles and no significant changes are seen. As well as, by increasing feed rate, surface roughness and geometric tolerance increase. Furthermore, with the working gap increasing due to the reduction of magnetic abrasive brush width, circularity, and cylindricity tolerances increase, but smoother surface roughness is achieved.
Wear behavior of high volume Al2O3-reinforced Al7075 matrix composites fabricated by semi-solid powder processing
Authors: Aghajani Saeed , Pouyafar Vahid , Meshkabadi Ramin
Published: June 2022

The aim of the present study is to fabricate high volume Al2O3-reinforced Al7075 matrix composite by semi-solid powder processing method as an effective method to achieve the desired wear properties. The alloy powder (20 µm) was mixed with Al2O3 (120 µm) for 10 min and 5 h by planetary ball mill to overcome the powders agglomeration. The wear behavior of the composites was studied using the pin-on-disk tribometer. The effects of milling time, compact pressure, and reinforcement content were investigated to enhance the wear resistance. The results of the tribotests indicated that composites with coarser reinforcing particles (lower milling time) have good wear resistance. The role of compaction pressure in highly loaded composites is remarkable. The maximum wear resistance was observed for the 50% Al2O3 composite. The wear resistance increased as the reinforcement volume increased before reaching a critical value. Abrasive wear is the predominant mechanism in the wear of reinforced composites containing less than the load limit. However, adhesive and laminating wear are the controlling mechanisms at overloads. The results indicate valuable information in the development of aluminum-based composites.
Critical analysis of dehumanizing news photographs on immigrants: Examples of the portrayal of non-citizenship
Authors: Martínez Lirola María
Published: June 2022

This paper analyses the main visual characteristics of sub-Saharan immigrants represented as non-citizens in a sample from the Spanish press, and deepens on how this contributes to perpetuating the ‘we-they’ dichotomy. The data consist of all the news items published on sub-Saharan immigrants in the digital editions of the Spanish newspapers El País and ABC from 1 January 2016 to 1 January 2021. Kress and van Leeuwen’s visual grammar and van Leeuwen’s model for the visual representation of social actors will be the theoretical frameworks. The findings indicate that there are different visual ways to portray immigrants as non-citizens, which allows establishing this classification: representing immigrants’ arrival as illegal and clandestine, portraying them as invaders, representing immigrants as violent individuals or associating them with animalization. All these can be considered visual dysphemisms that problematize the arrival of immigrants and highlight the differences between Spanish population and immigrants.