bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends Toward Self-Insurance and Stop-Loss Coverage
Authors: Schoen Steve , Klinkmueller Marie
Published: March 2007

Smaller companies are saving money through self-insurance, but the risks are greater because they lack the deep pockets of their bigger business brothers.
Managing HMO Partners: New Challenges and Opportunities for Corporate America
Authors: Marlowe Joseph F. , Monroe Martha
Published: March 2007

Better management of HMOs will yield greater efficiency and cost savings now, and the lessons learned will prepare the way for managing health care costs under health care reform.
Sales Compensation: In Search of a Better Solution
Authors: Johnson Sam T.
Published: March 2007

This analysis of sales compensation "myths" can help companies design more effective pay programs.
Total Reward Strategy
Authors: Fuehrer Vicki
Published: March 2007

U. S. business is floundering to find compensation approaches that send clear messages to employees about what is expected in exchange for each reward system. Without a total reward strategy, however, piecemeal add-ons simply drive up costs.
R for Procrastinators
Authors: Snell Norman W. , Huey Burkett W.
Published: March 2007

Employees today need a push-both to encourage them to save more and to help them make the best investment decisions.
Designing and Implementing Reward Programs
Authors: Britton Paul B. , Ellis Christian M.
Published: March 2007

Here are nine strategies from various organizations that may help improve your company's chances for designing successful reward programs.
Compensating Local Employees in Post-Communist Russia
Authors: Puffer Sheila M. , Shekshnia Stanislav V.
Published: March 2007

With hyperinflation, the disintegration of a paternalistic economy, and shortages everywhere in Russia, Western firms are struggling with how to pay their Russian employees.
Case Study
Authors: Parent Kevin J. , Weber Caroline L.
Published: March 2007

Does pay for knowledge really deliver? A research study produces inconclusive results.
A New Paradigm for Compensation and Benefits Competitiveness
Authors: Dolmat-Connell Jack
Published: March 2007

Today's compensation and benefits managers must turn to a whole new set of measures and indicators to analyze the true cost structure implications of their compensation and benefits programs.
Currents in Compensation and Benefits
Authors: Lissy William E. , Morgenstern Marlene L.
Published: March 2007

SPECIAL REPORT: 1995 Projections. Compensation & Benefits Review Assistant Editor Marlene L. Morgenstern recently queried several consultants to find out what is in store next year for the compensation and benefits fields. Their compensation analysis is presented below, followed by the regular Currents items. Other predictions can be found in the "Benefits" and "Pension and Retirement" sections of Currents.
People Are More Valuable Than Ever
Authors: Gubman Edward L.
Published: March 2007

As technology advances and fewer, more highly skilled people must do more and more work, individuals become more valuable to the organization and managing them becomes a more critical function.
Aligning People Strategies with Customer Value
Authors: Gubman Edward L.
Published: March 2007

An inside look at market leaders shows how human resource practices support customer value strategies. Creating this support is the greatest contribution HR can make to a business.
Transformational Research
Authors: Kenney Suzanne M.
Published: March 2007

Using a new information-gathering approach known as "transformational research, " organizations can begin to form a more productive relationship with employees.
Background for Compensation Professionals
Authors: Hanson Bruce B.
Published: March 2007

Compensation professionals should approach compensation plan design in the EVA context just as comfortably as in the context of conventional accounting measures, says the author.
Design, Implementation, and Results
Authors: Mcadams Jerry L.
Published: March 2007

A new look at the CARS research data shows how performance reward plans build a sense of employee responsibility and ownership in the business—a foundation for competitiveness in any industry.
The Case of the Invisible Merit Raise
Authors: Mitra Atul , Gupta Nina , Jenkins G.Douglas
Published: March 2007

Many HR managers assume that any raise can be motivational-but as this study illustrates, very small and very large merit raises may actually obstruct an organization's motivational efforts.
Introduction
Authors: Zingheim Patricia K. , Schuster Jay R.
Published: March 2007

The future of new pay is a total compensation approach. Companies face considerable challenges in designing reward and recognition strategies, and the new pay tools must be designed to make these strategies effective.
The New Pay
Authors: Lawler Edward E.
Published: March 2007

The new pay doesn't necessarily mean implementing new reward practices or abandoning traditional ones; it means identifying pay practices that enhance the organization's strategic effectiveness.
Balancing Group and Individual Rewards
Authors: Heneman Robert L. , Von Hippel Courtney
Published: March 2007

Through instituting team-based merit pay, traditional organizations can move closer to the new pay, and innovative organizations can foster the development of skilled team players.
Performance Management Is "Running the Business"
Authors: Mohpman Allan M. , Mohrman Susan Albers
Published: March 2007

Laterally oriented, fast-changing organizations make traditional performance management practices obsolete. Competitive companies need to embrace effective new approaches to managing performance.
Reward Innovations in Fortune 1000 Companies
Authors: Ledford Gerald E. , Lawler Edward E. , Mohrman Susan A.
Published: March 2007

Compensation professionals are flocking to seminars on innovative reward practices, buying books, and reading journals. But what are the leading companies actually doing? This article summarizes data on reward innovations from a unique new study.
Beyond Pensions
Authors: Ochsner Robert C.
Published: March 2007

On the brink of the next century, the crucial questions about the private pension system and newer types of retirement plans are: What has changed? What should we do about it?
Testing Propositions Derived from Rogers' Conceptual System
Authors: Smith Marlaine C.
Published: March 2007

This research tests hypotheses derived from the Rogerian conceptual system, the science of unitary human beings. The investigation sought to explore the effects of high frequency, low frequency, and ambient sound environments on vividness and creativity of imagery. The theo retical grounding of the research was synthesized from Rogers' princi ples of integrality and resonancy and the correlates of patterning in unitary human beings. The hypotheses of this study asserted that sub jects in an environment of high frequency sounds will have greater vividness and creativity of imagery than those in environments of low frequency sounds or ambience. The study used a pre-test and post-test control group design with 180 subjects randomly assigned to one of three sound environments for 20 minutes. The Betts' Questionnaire on Mental Imagery and Onomatopoeia and Images were the instruments selected for measuring vividness and creativity of imagery, respectively. The hypotheses did not receive experimental support. The discussion of findings elucidates both theoretical and methodological issues related to testing hypotheses derived from the Rogerian conceptual system. Recommendations for future study include replicating the study with high and low frequency sounds that are less annoying and tedious, such as sounds from nature or musical sounds.
Nursing Science and Art: A Prospective
Authors: Rogers Martha E.
Published: March 2007

The 21st century will arrive with a plethora of manifestations of change. Rapid acceleration will be evident in every aspect of life. Diver sification and synthesis will grow as new world views multiply to encom pass the extraterrestrial. Nursing's abstract system signifies a new real ity as nurses participate in the process of change to benefit people. The future demands flexibility, imagination, and a sense of humor.
Guided Imagery within Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings: An Experimental Study
Authors: Butcher Howard K. , Parker Nora I.
Published: March 2007

A pre-test/post-test control group design with 60 participants was used to examine the subjective feelings of timelessness, motion, boundary lessness, transcendence, and increased imagination experienced during pleasant guided imagery within Martha Rogers' science of unitary human beings. Two hypotheses were derived from Rogers' principle of reso nancy, which describes "the continuous change from lower to higher wave frequency patterns in the human and environmental fields." Pleas ant guided imagery was postulated to pattern the human energy field from a lower toward a higher wave frequency pattern. The hypotheses tested in this study were (a) participants experiencing an 11-minute pleasant guided imagery tape will have significantly lower time metaphor test scores than participants experiencing an 11-minute educational tape and, (b) participants experiencing pleasant guided imagery will have significantly higher human field motion tool scores than participants experiencing the educational tape. Lower time metaphor test scores and higher human field motion tool scores reflect a higher wave frequency pattern of the human energy field. A significant treatment by trials interaction effect (F = 4.358; df = 1/118; p < 0.05) provided support for the first hypothesis. The second hypothesis was not supported. On the basis of a factor analysis, the validity of the human field motion tool is questioned. The findings suggest that Rogers' principle of resonancy may provide an explanation of the subjective feelings experienced during pleasant guided imagery.
King's General Systems Model: Application to Curriculum Development
Authors: Gulitz Elizabeth A. , King Imogene M.
Published: March 2007

King's general systems model provides a useful way to organize and implement a curriculum in nursing. The model clarifies the relationship of individuals and families to communities by using concepts that define personal, interpersonal, and social systems. A model has been developed that uses concepts, axioms, skills, and values as the central components of the curriculum.
Philosophical Ponderings on Qualitative Research Methods in Nursing
Authors: Munhall Patricia L.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the philosophical underpinnings of qualitative research methods. The historical context reflects an interpretive turn from envisioning nursing as a natural science to one of a human science. The phenomological paradigm is reflected upon in the questioning of perception, philosophy, nursing philosophy, paradigms, assumptions, and praxis. An invitation to embrace human understanding of experi ence, meaning of life worlds, the essences of experience, the attentive practice of thoughtfulness, and caring attunements is extended. The aims of discovery and qualitative research methods are presented within social, experiential, linguistic, and cultural contexts. In a fundamental sense, this paper is about the meaning and seriousness of human expe rience and nursing's efforts to study such experience faithfully, with reverence and wonderment.
Personalized Nursing LIGHT Model
Authors: Andersen Marcia D. , Smereck Geoffrey A.D.
Published: March 2007

The Personalized Nursing LIGHT model is a prescriptive model for nursing. It is a model for nursing practice derived from a synthesis of Aristotle's theory of ethics and Martha E. Rogers' science of unitary human beings. The LIGHT model provides a mechanism for nurses to assist clients to improve their sense of well-being. The authors believe that improving well-being is the focus of nursing. Using principles syn thesized from Aristotle and Rogers, clients are encouraged to use their talents in the pursuit of well-being and happiness in an increasingly complex world.
Evaluation of Two Assessment Techniques for Adaptation to Stress
Authors: Barnfather Janet S. , Price Swain Mary Ann , Erickson Helen C.
Published: March 2007

Two conceptual nursing models, Roy's adaptation model and Erickson and Swain's adaptive potential assessment model are explained, and knowledge is identified within these two assessment techniques for adaptation to stress. The purpose is to identify common, noteworthy areas of nursing science as well as areas where further development in nursing knowledge is needed. A case study is used to compare and contrast these models. When assessing adaptation to stress, one simi larity between the approaches appears to be a propositional linkage that supports the influence of developmental level on basic need satisfaction. A divergent area between the two models identifies a need for further development in nursing knowledge regarding the adaptive potential sta tus. This includes information pertaining to what an individual can reasonably do or be expected to do when contending with stressors.
Human-Pet Interaction and Loneliness: A Test of Concepts from Roy's Adaptation Model
Authors: Calvert Melissa Morrison
Published: March 2007

This research used two key concepts from Roy's adaptation model of nursing to examine the relationship between human-pet interaction and loneliness in nursing home residents. These concepts included (a) envi ronmental stimuli as factors influencing adaptation and (b) interdepend ence as a mode of response to the environment. The hypothesis of this study asserted that the residents of a nursing home who had greater levels of interaction with a pet program would experience less loneliness than those who had lower levels of interaction with a pet. The study used an ex post facto nonexperimental design with 65 subjects. The simplified version of the revised UCLA loneliness scale was used to measure loneliness. Reported level of human-pet interaction was meas ured according to a four-point scale (1 = no interaction, 4 = quite a lot of interaction). The hypothesis was supported at the p < 0.03 level of significance. Implications for practice through organizing pet programs in situations where loneliness exists are discussed. Recommendations for future research include replicating the study using a larger sample and developing a comprehensive human-pet interaction tool.
Struggling Through a Difficult Time for Unemployed Persons
Authors: Smith Marlaine C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to report the findings of an investigation of the lived experience of struggling through a difficult time for persons who are unemployed. Most research related to the experience of life transitions uses a crisis or stress-coping framework; however, this ex perience was studied through Parse's man-living-health theoretical per spective. The qualitative research methodology specified by Parse for the study of lived experiences was used to discern the meaning of struggling through a difficult time. The processes of this methodology are: participant selection, dialogical engagement, extraction-synthesis, and heuristic interpretation. Ten participants were included in the study. Participants' descriptions were tape-recorded and transcribed. Through dwelling with the raw data in the process of extraction-synthesis, es sences and propositions were identified for each of the 10 participants. Three common core concepts were extracted from the 10 propositional statements describing the experience. These concepts were then inter related to synthesize the structure of the lived experience stated as: Struggling through a difficult time is sculpting new lifeways in turbulent change through affirming self while feeling expanded by assets and restricted by obstacles in the midst of grieving the loss of what was cherished. These findings are discussed in relation to Parse's theory, other theoretical perspectives and research findings. Implications for nursing practice and further research are also described.
The Relationship Between Human Field Motion and Preferred Visible Wavelengths
Authors: Benedict Susan C. , Burge Janet M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between human field motion and preferred visible wavelengths. The study was based on the principle of resonancy from Rogers' science of unitary human beings; 201 subjects were tested using a modified version of Ference's human field motion test (HFMT). Two matrices of color were projected to provide an environment for the measurement of preferred visible wavelengths. There was no statistically significant relationship (r = 0.0387, p = 0.293) between scores on the human field motion test and preferred visible wavelengths as measured in nanometers. The Ro gerian concept of accelerated human field rhythms being coordinate with higher frequency environment patterns was not supported in this study. Questions concerning the validity of the HFMT were expressed and were based upon the ambiguity of the terminology of the instrument and the lack of understanding of the concepts used to describe human field motion. Recommendations include the use of other methods to study Rogers' framework, and the development of other instrumentation to measure human field motion.
Health as the Goal for Nursing
Authors: King Imogene M.
Published: March 2007

Health is a basic concept in the discipline and profession of nursing. A review of literature from several disciplines revealed that health is viewed as a multidimensional concept. Several approaches to categorize health were presented by various authors. An overview of King's concep tual framework and theory of goal attainment related to her concept of health was discussed. The need to develop reliable and valid instruments to measure the dimensions of health was identified. Several instruments developed by nurses were reviewed. The importance of deriving a con ceptual and operational definition of health was related to advancing nursing science. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the meaning of health and its relevance for nursing science. A synthesis of the literature will be discussed first, then King's concept of health will be presented along with the relevance of this knowledge for nursing science and the nursing profession.
The Lived Experience of Self-Transcendence in Women with Advanced Breast Cancer
Authors: Coward Doris D.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this exploratory study was to describe the lived-expe rience of self-transcendence in women with Stage IV breast cancer. A phenomenological approach was chosen for the research design and analysis. Five women who had lived with metastatic disease from 2 to 7 years described experiences from which they derived an increased sense of self-worth, purpose in life, and interconnectedness with others. The self-transcendent experiences involved an effort on the part of the par ticipants to reach out beyond themselves to help other women, to permit others to help them, or to "just accept" unchangeable situations. The results indicated that participants found meaning in their lives in the face of life-threatening illness. Although nurses can not be expected to create self-transcendent experiences for their patients, they may be able to establish and maintain conditions in which the phenomenon occurs.
The Limitations of Management and the Decline of Friendly Societies In Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Fletcher L.P.
Published: March 2007

The main elements in the management of friendly societies are described, with due regard to their historical development. The evolution of the movement is traced from the late 19th century to its peak in 1953 when the ratio of society members to population reached 23 percent, as well as the subsequent decline which brought the membership down to about 5 percent of the population in the 1970s. Although sundry variables are mentioned as possible determinants of the decline of the movement, a pivotal role has been attributed to management. Consequently, an analysis is made of several managerial deficiencies, and the conclusion drawn that only appropriate public policy could rescue friendly societies to enable them to con tinue playing a supplementary role in the field of social security.
Participation Theory and the Methodological Construction of Invisible Women: Feminism's Call for Appropriate Methodology
Authors: Christiansen-Ruffman Linda
Published: March 2007

A review of literature published in the Journal of Voluntary Action Research finds that women have been largely invisible, both as researchers and as subjects of research. Methodological practices creating sexist bias are discussed and strategies aimed at developing grounding theories specifying gender roles and contributions are proposed.
Understanding the Motivation of Volunteers: An Examination of Personality Differences and Characteristics of Volunteers' Paid Employment
Authors: Miller Lynn E.
Published: March 2007

Volunteers from three soctal service agencies were surveyed to test the hypothesis that some people volunteer in order to satisfy needs that are not satisfied through their other activities. The findings indicated that those volunteers whose regular employment failed to satisfy their needs for psychological growth tended to be in volved and satisfied with volunteering to the extent that they (a) felt personally in control of their lives, and (b) wanted and expected that volunteering would satisfy their growth needs. Volunteers whose regular employment did provide oppor tunities for psychological growth were more motivated by other potential rewards of volunteering.
Advisory Board Performance: Managing Ambiguity and Limited Commitment in Public Television
Authors: Pearce Jone L. , Rosener Judy
Published: March 2007

Citizen advisory boards are important to non-profit and governmental organiza tions, yet these boards face fundamental problems of ambiguous responsibilities and limited board member commitment. In the present paper a model of these proposi tions is developed and tested. Board performance is operationalized as productivity and board impact, and is expected to be dependent on the development of opera tional objectives and a subcommittee structure, which in turn is facilitated by the financial support of management, and impeded by a large board membership. The model is tested using path analysis on a national sample of federally-mandated Community Advisory Boards to public television stations. We find that the estab lishment of operational objectives and subcommittees is significantly associated with productivity but only weakly with the impact of the advisory board. Board size is unassociated with board performance. The findings support the assertion that successful boards must clarify their roles and develop efficient operating structures, but suggest that the advisory board-management relationship is complex.
Black Participation in Voluntary Associations
Authors: Florin Paul , Jones Eric , Wandersman Abraham
Published: March 2007

This study explored the potential of a new approach to predicting and understand ing black participation in voluntary community organizations. A set of variables based on Mischel's (1973) "cognitive social learning variables" was compared with a larger set of traditional demographic and personality variables for ability to dis criminate blacks who differed in their level of participation. The "cognitive social learning variables" are person variables which attempt to conceptualize how the qualities of the person alter the input of stimuli and how complex behavior patterns are generated by a interaction of person and situation. Analyses indicated the ap proximate statistical comparability of the two sets. Advantages of the use of the cognitive social learning approach for understanding and intervening in black par ticipation in voluntary organizations are discussed.
Fellowship, Helping and Healing: The Re-Emergence of Self-Help Groups
Authors: Katz Alfred H.
Published: March 2007

This article reflects upon three important facets of self-help, e.g., fellowship, helping and healing; it provides an historical and social science base for the re-emergence of a significant voluntary phenomenon—i.e., self-help groups in their contemporary formats, while comparing and contrasting the approaches and limitations of profes sional helper interventions with the positive consequences for personal and/or social change through experiential knowledge gained by members of self-help groups.
Local Neighborhood Committees in Israel: Potentials for Self-Help Group Activity
Authors: Cnaan Ram A. , Katan Joseph
Published: March 2007

Local Neighborhood Committees (LNCs) are typical self-help organizations. Though hundreds of LNCs exist in Israel, little is known about their characteristics, func tions and effects. This article describes and examines the different stages in the development of neighborhoods and LNCs in Israel and, based on interviews with active members of 20 LNCs currently operating in the Metropolitan area of Tel- Aviv, it describes some of their main attributes and functions. It appears that the Committees put strong emphasis on establishing ties with external authorities while abandoning activities designed to strengthen the internal relationships within the neighborhoods. The article discusses the possible implications of this external orientation.
The Self-Help Movement Seen in the Context of Social Development
Authors: Bender Eugene I.
Published: March 2007

People empowerment has been linked to the processes of social development in developing societies as well as to more technologically advanced societies. This article explores how self-help and mutual-aid concepts are exemplified by the existence of an expanding self-help movement. The activities of self-help organiza tions can create appropriate conditions for the actualization of people empower ment Thus they have important consequences for the realization of developmental objectives, i.e., on an individual, group, institutional and community level.
Prosuming, Participation, Consumer Education and the Deregulation of Telecommunications
Authors: Hyman Drew
Published: March 2007

This article examines the extent to which consumers in the U.S. are prepared to make informed decisions in a decentralized society. The events surrounding the breakup of the Bell System and AT& T required a number of decisions by individual consumers and provided a unique opportunity to observe decision-making in a recently decentralized environment. Consumer education and decision-making in four specific areas are examined followed by analysis of levels of sophistication as related to social background charactertstics. Then, the General Activity Model of human discretionary behavior is used to examine the extent to which specific decisions and levels of consumer education are related to a "general activity syn drome" wherein education, participation and awareness are highly interrelated across all areas of behavior. The analysis and discussions are informative regarding the prerequisites for prosuming in American society, suggestive as to whether edu cational or protective policies are needed, and instructive regarding the existence of a general model of participation. The article presents a challenge to those interested in values of equity and democracy, and it identifies tasks for the self-help movement and the nonprofit sector in raising the functional competence of citizens.
Volunteer Affiliation in Development Projects: Two Models and Their Implications
Authors: Daley John Michael
Published: March 2007

Selection of sites for volunteer staffed development programs based on the affiliation of the volunteer constitutes a vital program input that will influence in significant ways the manner in which a program operates (program process) and the probable results of the program (program outcomes). Two models of volunteer affiliation, community-affiliated and program-affiliated, are described in terms of analytical ideal types, based on the experiences of a broad array of domestic and international volunteer staffed development programs. The advantages and limitations of each model are discussed in relation to a number of program dimensions: contributions to social and economic change-resource redistribution; contributions to good will within the host community or the host nation; compatibility with community development philosophy and principles; and accountability. A few selected planned variations on the ideal-type models are suggested that might allow development programs to maximize specific advantages of each model, while compensating for limitations historically associated with the model.
The Three Sectors: Voluntarism in a Changing Political Economy
Authors: Van Til Jon
Published: March 2007

The structure of the third, or independent sector, is analyzed in this paper from the perspective of its place in an integrated political economy. Using the method of John Dewey to distinguish acts that are public from those that are private, a set of propositions are developed regarding the close links between voluntarism and the acts of corporate and governmental institutions. This interrelated social reality is examined in terms of major approaches of social scientists. Functionalist approaches are found to predominate over interpretive, radical structuralist, and radical hu manist paradigms in the area of voluntary action research. Drawing on recent British experience, it is suggested that approaches to research might benefit from the development of a full-blown theory of mediating institutions. The paper concludes with a brief examination of policy issues in contemporary voluntarism, and points to the importance of what Meister has called the role of voluntary associations in contributing to self-management in a postindustrial society.
Models of Health and Human Services in the Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Hyman Drew , Parkum Kurt , Parkum Virginia
Published: March 2007

AVAS Fourteenth Annual Meeting, October 1-4, 1986, The Pennsylvania State Uni versity, Harrisburg
The Ethics and Responsibilities of the Not-for-profit Manager
Authors: Gardner Jerome Richardson
Published: March 2007

This article explores "not-for-profit" as a management concept and how the not-for- profit organizational environment differs from that of for-profit business endeavors. The fragmented not-for-profit human service system is unlike the profit sector's feedback system of checks and balances. The interrelationships between components of the former are often conflicting and difficult to balance. Specific managerial principles and skills, seen in the profit system as "sound business practice," require significant modification for successful adaptation in the not-for-profit human serv ice environment. Quality peformance by human service institutions requires crea tion of the essentials of a system which defines performance in terms suitable to that environment and application of these performance-based criteria in a manner which provides balance between mission and profit.
The Changing Role of Private Foundations: Business as Usual or Creative Innovation?
Authors: Mahoney Constance W. , Estes Carroll L.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the role of private foundation support for health and human services for the elderly. Findings from a telephone survey of 265 foundations on the impact of public policy changes since 1981 on foundations and nonprofit organiza tions indicate that while foundations are "filling in" for government funding cut- backs, their grants are not innovative.
Crosscutting Distinctions in Approaches to Meeting Human Needs
Authors: Montgomery Robert L.
Published: March 2007

Organizations related to religious bodies and organizations that are secular, both aimed at meeting human needs, have become distinguished from one another in this century. Cutting across these two types of organizations is the service delivery/ social change distinction. Insights from organizational theory are used to explore reasons for the persistence of these distinctions.
Homeless Black Youth: A Case of Persistent Unemployment
Authors: Simpson John H.
Published: March 2007

Black youth growing up in northern central cities during the late fifties and sixties were relegated to enforced idleness due to an unemployment crisis that has persisted over time. This crisis eventuated in their homelessness, social problem that will continue through the next decade.

Using data compiled from studies in three northern central cities, the author of this paper suggests that homelessness among today's black youth began four decades ago. This homelessness trend was precipitated mainly by the post World War II baby booni, black southern migration to northern central cities, the subsequent transition of those cities, and the changing technological, labor market demands for which black youth have yet to be prepared.
Factors Affecting Nursing Home Patient Participation in a Volunteer Grievance Resolution Service
Authors: Kaye Lenard W. , Monk Abraham
Published: March 2007

Critical preconditions for effective program performance with vulnerable popula tions are service visibility and staff commitment. These factors may be especially important for patient representative programs serving the elderly in long term care institutions. Data collected from 210 residents in 14 skilled nursing and health- related facilities and 24 volunteer providers of nursing home ombudsman services suggest factors that may influence patient utilization of a mechanism for grievance resolution. Significant associations were found between both patient variables (age, education, sex, race) and facility variables (auspice, level of care, quality of care) and program awareness, service utilization, awareness of personal rights, and fear of retaliation. Patient representatives displayed intense altruisitc impulses, frustration with staff apathy in institutions and altered outlooks toward old people and institu tional care. Findings point to the value of personal advocacy with institutionalized aged populations, volunteer incentives and advocate career ladders, focused exper tise in selected health problem situations and flexible role behaviors in nursing home settings.
The Voluntary Sector and the Future of the Welfare State
Authors: Salamon Lester M.
Published: March 2007

Several critical factors, including demographic trends and shifts in public policy, promise to alter the balance between public, nonprofit, and proprietary provision of human services in the years ahead.
The Community Center as a Human Service Organization
Authors: Hasenfeld Yeheskel , Schmid Hillel
Published: March 2007

The community center, a central feature in Israeli community life, is a product of organizational and environmental factors that distin guish it from other human service entities.
Local Autonomy in a Franchise Age: Structural Change in National Voluntary Associations
Authors: Young Dennis R.
Published: March 2007

Many national voluntary associations seem to be evolving toward franchise-like systems in which national headquarters sanctions and controls the operations of local affiliates. This paper identifies feder ated movements as the type of association whose participants are especially concerned about the evolution toward the franchise model. The environmental factors and organizational dynamics that pro mote central direction and standardization are identified, and the issues facing these associations in attempting to balance the benefits of central initiative and local autonomy are framed.
Prudence and Parsimony: A Regional Perspective
Authors: Wolpert Julian
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the regional implications of decentralizing sup port for social services and income transfers from the federal govern ment to charitable organizations and state and local government. The evidence suggests that profound place-to-place disparities persist in support of programs that aid the poor even after allowance is made for local differences in affluence, distress, political ideology, and the crowd-out effects of federal assistance. The findings indicate that local generosity in the social and welfare realms remains unre lated to the locus of need.
The Culture of Elite Philanthropy in the Reagan Years
Authors: Odendahl Teresa
Published: March 2007

This study was based on 140 interviews with wealthy philanthropic Americans. Evidence indicates that most of the giving of these multi millionaires goes to institutions and programs that serve the interests of the upper class, not the needy. Private nonprofit universities, prep schools, and arts and cultural groups receive more support from elite philanthropists than social service or health causes. These findings are of concern due to the extreme concentration of private wealth in the United States and Reagan administration policies emphasizing private over government provision of basic human services.
Kindling Points of Light: Volunteering as Public Policy
Authors: Chambré Susan M.
Published: March 2007

Over the past thirty years, government and voluntary-sector initia tives have stimulated both expansion of the number of volunteers and greater participation by young people, the elderly, and non- whites. Despite the high priority given to volunteering by the Reagan administration, federally sponsored programs did not expand, the proportion of Americans engaged in volunteering declined, and more volunteers shifted into organizations affected by reductions in human services. The idea that reducing services would motivate people to volunteer was based on invalid assumptions about the ideology of volunteers and the factors that motivate people to work for free. A synergistic rather than a competitive relationship might exist between the public and the voluntary sectors.
Methodological Issues in Studying the Effectiveness of Nongovernmental and Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Herman Robert D.
Published: March 2007

Many theoretical and methodological difficulties have limited the develop ment of research on the effectiveness of nonprofit organizations. After reviewing contemporary approaches to the task of defining and distin guishing among voluntary, nonprofit organizations, this article suggests several workable indicators that can advance research into effectiveness, especially if they are used in combination. It also presents and illustrates the uses of Boolean algebra as an analytical technique that promises to enhance comparative case study research.
The Independence of Voluntary Organizations in a Social Democracy: Governmental Influences in Norway
Authors: Gjems-Onstad Ole
Published: March 2007

In spite of strong traditions favoring self-assuring voluntary organizations, in the Norwegian social democracy there is a development toward less independence in this sector. Increasing reliance on indirect taxation to finance the welfare state has put greater financial strain on formerly so- called tax-exempt organizations. In addition, large portions of the relatively detailed welfare state legislation do not take into account the special condi tions of voluntary organizations, which therefore often become dependent on the leniency of enforcing agencies and tend increasingly to become more like quasi-governmental agencies.
The Roots of Voluntary Agencies: A Question of Choice
Authors: Billis David
Published: March 2007

This article presents a conceptual framework for exploring the development of voluntary organizations. The first part of the theory distinguishes busi ness and public bureaucracies from associations and defines the agency as a hybrid or ambiguous organization. The second part of the theory analyzes the system of "roots" of voluntary agencies, which is defined as the relationship between implicit welfare policy, financial resources, and human resources. It is suggested that voluntary agency development can be understood, and therefore planned, by examining its root system and that severe imbalances among operational explanations, root system, and governing body can lead to many familiar problems.
Trustee Motivation and Board Effectiveness
Authors: Taylor Barbara E. , Chait Richard P. , Holland Thomas P.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the relationship between governing boards' effective ness in private colleges and the specie factors that motivate trustees to join and serve on boards. Far more often among members of effective rather than ineffective boards, trustees' motives are institution-specific and institution-centered, springing from deep affection and a sense of connection to the college. Research results are analyzed in terms of three motivational frameworks, none of which is capable of reflecting the differ ences in motivation that distinguish members of effective boards. We offer a rudimentary new framework for differentiating boards on the basis of the extent of trustees' identification with the institution.
Inequity and Power in the Nonprofit Sector: A Comparative Analysis of AIDS-Related Services for Gay Men and Intravenous Drug Users in Chicago
Authors: Winkle Curtis R.
Published: March 2007

The nonprofit AIDS service system in Chicago serves gay men better than it serves intravenous drug users. This inequity is related to differ ences in power of the groups of actors involved. Recommendations are made for the development of a nonprofit sector response to the second wave of AIDS, which is characterized by increased infection among intra venous drug users. Much can be gained in paying more attention to the concept of power in the theory of the role of the nonprofit sector.
Issues of Accountability in Health Charities: A Case Study of Accountability Problems Among Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Milofsky Carl , Blades Stephen D.
Published: March 2007

Although record amounts of money and other resources are being donated to American charities, few discussions focus on the issue of accountability. This article attempts to lay the framework for such a discussion by exam ining charitable health organizations as a case study. Such issues as fiscal responsibility, fund-raising, organizational structure, and political lobbying are explored in an effort to define the problems that surround the concept of accountability in the nonprofit sector.
Permanent Disaster Volunteers: Where Do They Fit?
Authors: Britton Neil R.
Published: March 2007

Voluntary action scholars and disaster researchers have paid little atten tion to the permanent volunteer in the context of large-scale social crisis. In contrast, there have been many studies on particular types of volun teering behavior in the everyday setting, such as bystander intervention, while many other studies have explored the personality profile and orga nizational settings of full-time career emergency workers, such as police, ambulance, and fire officers. The comparative lack of systematic inquiry on disaster volunteerism has implications for countries like Australia, where the disaster management system relies heavily on a trained and readily available unpaid citizenry. In particular, little practical material is currently available that deals with the management of permanent volun teers as a specific emergency worker group. In an effort to remedy this imbalance and encourage further study of this group, this article explores the characteristics of permanent disaster volunteerism and their location within the existing knowledge framework of volunteerism and voluntary organizations.
Voluntary Organizations in Developing Countries and Colonial Societies: The Social Service Department of the Palestine Jewish Community in the 1930s
Authors: Loewenberg Frank M.
Published: March 2007

Voluntary organizations may serve somewhat different functions in devel oping countries and colonial societies than they do in more developed countries. In all societies, voluntary organizations engage in social action in order to make their governments more responsive to the social needs and political rights of the population, but this function is especially crucial in societies where there is no access to the political decision-making structures. This case study explores yet another role for the voluntary organization: the deliberate and planful utilization of a voluntary organi zation structure to prepare for self-government and political independence. The establishment and early years of operation of the Social Service Department of the Jewish National Council in British-ruled Palestine in the 1930s serves as the example.
A Methodology for Measuring the Financial Vulnerability of Charitable Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Tuckman Howard P. , Chang Cyril F.
Published: March 2007

This article defines a charitable nonprofit organization as financially vulnerable if it is likely to cut service offerings immediately when a financial shock occurs. It discusses why the vulnerability of the nonprofit sector is of interest to researchers, explores the destabilizing role of third-party finance, considers the reasons for the lack of research on vulnerability, and presents a conceptual framework for identifying finan cially vulnerable nonprofits. Four vulnerability criteria are defined and applied to a 1983 national sample of tax returns filed by 4,730 U.S. charitable nonprofits. The financial data of at-risk organizations are then analyzed to discern the characteristics of vulnerable and other nonprofit organizations.
A Commission to Change: The United Methodist Church in Detroit, Michigan, 1950-1980
Authors: McIntyre Hall Leda
Published: March 2007

In the last decade, nonprofit organizations have become the focus of much inquiry and research. Before Reagan's invitation to volunteer, before Bush's Thousand Points of Light, the United Methodist Church in Detroit was behaving as a nonprofit organization bent on changing its urban environ ment. Although sincere attempts were made to influence its community and congregations, the church often responded to external pressures by re adjusting its goals, thereby diminishing the potential for significant, long- lasting social or political change. Like other nonprofit organizations, the United Methodist Church, limited by its size and its dependence on volun tary contributions, organizational democracy, and organizational networks, was more often a respondent to change than an agent of change.
Attitudes Toward Homeless Persons of Those Attending New York City Community Board Meetings
Authors: Benedict Annette , Shaw Jeffrey S. , Rivlin Leanne G.
Published: March 2007

Attitudes toward homeless persons were studied in persons attending community board meetings in New York City. For these respondents, direct contact with homeless persons and occupation characterized as professional were the most important variables related to favorable atti tudes toward homeless persons and the establishment of shelters. Results were compared with those of a previous study of persons employed in New York, for whom information gained from media was most related to attitudes.
Local Human Services Provision by Religious Congregations: A Community Analysis
Authors: Wineburg Robert J.
Published: March 2007

This study examines how religious congregations in one community responded to the new federalism of the Reagan era. One hundred and twenty-eight congregations were surveyed to determine their participation in three post-budget cut community-based programs. Findings show the various levels of involvement, including volunteering, giving money, and donating goods. The article also explores the factors that contribute to community outreach by religious congregations.
Explaining Changes in the Population of Voluntary Organizations: The Roles of Aggregate and Individual Level Data
Authors: Selle Per , Øymyr Bjarne
Published: March 2007

This article demonstrates the simultaneous need for time-series and mul tilevel data in order to understand organizational transformation. It is based on data from an extensive research project on voluntary organiza tions that encompassed the total registration of nongovernmental organi zations in a Norwegian province at three different times. Theoretical and methodological problems concerning organizational theory in general, and population ecology in particular, are identified.