bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of monocyte‐derived dendritic cells by adsorbed fibrinogen
Authors: Thacker Robert I. , Retzinger Gregory S.
Published: June 2021

Fibrinogen's (fgn) involvement in inflammation has long been suspected, but its complete role has yet to be elucidated. Fgn readily coats surfaces and much evidence suggests that adsorbed fgn is the active species. Adsorbed fgn influences many immune cells, but little has been done to investigate the effects of fgn on human dendritic cells (hDCs). To test the effects of adsorbed fgn upon hDCs, microscopic beads were coated with protein. Adsorbed fgn increased expression of IL‐6, IL‐8, MIP‐1β and MCP‐1 by hDCs while soluble fgn had no effect. Furthermore, after 1 h of shaking and subsequent 24 h incubation, 28.7% and 78.7%, respectively, of the fgn‐coated beads were associated with a cell or rosette. Notably, at 24 h many beads were surrounded by hDC aggregates, suggesting chemotaxis. The chemokine expression, rosette formation and subsequent aggregation were greatly decreased when cells were pre‐incubated with antibodies against CD18. Furthermore, rosette formation at 24 h was decreased to 40% when fgn degradation fragments D and E could not be released. These data provide evidence that adsorbed fgn directly effects hDCs, by releasing chemotactic degradation fragments, encouraging interaction with adsorbed protein. Upon contact, adsorbed fgn binds the β2 integrins stimulating the expression of inflammatory chemokines. This work was supported by a Focused Giving Award given to GSR from Johnson & Johnson, Inc.
B cell maturation and its dysregulation in autoimmunity
Authors: Lu Liwei
Published: June 2021

B cell activating factor (BAFF), a member of TNF family cytokines, has been shown to enhance B cell maturation and survival. Although increased serum levels of BAFF has been observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the role of BAFF in the disease pathogenesis remains not fully understood. Both plasma cells (PCs) and the cytokine IL‐17 are known to promote autoimmune arthritis but whether BAFF regulates Th17 production and its involvement in autoantibody‐producing PC generation are not clear. We administered recombinant BAFF intravenously into type II collagen (CII)‐induced arthritis (CIA) mice. Increased severity of the disease as evaluated by elevated clinical scores was observed in BAFF‐treated CIA mice, which was accompanied by increased serum levels of CII‐specific antibody. Flow cytometric analysis showed an expansion of peripheral B compartment in BAFF‐treated CIA mice with significantly increased IL‐17 production. Immunohistochemical studies revealed a greater accumulation of CD138+ PCs and IL‐17+ cells with more pronounced cartilage damage and bone erosion in the joints of BAFF‐treated CIA mice. Our findings show that BAFF enhances the generation of IL‐17+ cells and CII‐specific PCs in the CIA mice, suggesting a pathogenic role for BAFF in the development of autoimmune arthritis.
IL‐17 helps autoimmune th1 responses
Authors: gonzalez‐garcia ines , Zhao Yani , Ju Songguang , Gu Qin , Bennett Jennifer , Liu Lin , Kolls Jay , Lu Binfeng
Published: June 2021

Recent studies have established a critical role of IL‐17 in the initiation of autoimmune diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In contrast to Th17 cells, the role of Th1 in EAE is controversial, on one hand there is a wealth of evidence supporting the role of Th1 cells in EAE but on the other hand, IFNγ, the hallmark cytokine for Thy1 cells, is not required for the generation of EAE. It is documented that Th17 and Th1 cells co‐exist in autoimmune diseases such as EAE. In addition, CD4 T cells producing both IL‐17 and IFNγ were found and sometimes represented a major population of autoreactive CD4 T cells. Despite these observations, it is not known weather Th17 and Th1 cells affect each other's function during autoimmunity. In this study, it is shown that the interleukin 17A receptor (IL‐17RA) is crucial for the development of EAE. IL‐17RA deficiency results in a delay of disease onset, lessened peak clinical scores, and hastier recoveries. Interestingly, the generation of autoreactive Th1 cells but not Th17 cells is compromised in IL‐17RA −/− mice and disease severity correlated with increased Th1 responses, suggesting EAE amelioration can be attributed to the reduction of Th1 responses. (R01 AI063496 (01/01/2006‐12/31/2010) NIH/NIAID. K01 AR048854 (07/01/2003‐03/31/2008) NIH/NIAMS.)
Reversal of established autoimmune diabetes by H60‐loaded immature dendritic cells plus the natural killer T cells ligand alpha‐Galactosylceramide
Authors: Yang Wen , Song Xiaoping , Chung Kyungmee , Wilson Brian
Published: June 2021

Activation of iNKT cells controls the development of tolerogenic dendritic cells in NOD mice. Here we show that the combination of iNKT cell activation and transfer of antigen‐loaded DC can reverse diabetes in the NOD mouse model. To examine whether class I restricted antigens derived from innate immume receptors can be used with DC, an immunodominant H60 minor histocompatibility (H) antigen‐derived peptide presented by H‐2Kb MHC class I was loaded into bone marrow‐derived DC and used to treat diabetic NOD mice. Notably, concurrent treatment of NOD mice with H60‐loaded DC and the iNKT superagonist α‐GalCer resulted in long‐term remission of 64% of cyclophosphamide (CY)‐induced diabetic NOD mice. Reversal of diabetes requires both iNKT‐based therapy and CD1d expression by the infused DC because only 10% of recovery of glycemic control was noted when CD1d(−/−)‐DC where infused or iNKT activation was not included. To investigate the resource of islets regeneration, we use RIP‐CreER; Z/AP bi‐transgenic NOD mice. We find that most insulin positive cells express HPAP in the islets of non‐diabetic bi‐transgenic NOD mice, but very few insulin positive cells express HPAP in the islets of reversed bi‐transgenic NOD mice. Hence, self‐tolerance and subsequent β‐cell function can be restored in overtly diabetic mice via the modulation of antigen‐loaded DC and iNKT cells, and islets regeneration may be mainly the result of differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells.
Kinetics of Syk Expression in Human Basophils (HB) Differentiating from CD34+ Progenitors
Authors: Ishmael Susan S , MacGlashan Donald W
Published: June 2021

The release of pro‐inflammatory mediators from HB following aggregation of the IgE receptor (FcεRI) requires the activation of the tyrosine kinase syk. Within the general population, syk protein levels in HB vary approximately 10‐fold despite little variation in 20 other critical signaling elements. Furthermore, the level of syk protein correlates well with maximal IgE‐mediated histamine release. To explore the sources of syk variation, CD34+ progenitors were matured to basophil‐like cells (60±14% alcian blue+, FMLPR+, FcεRI+ and ckitlow) in 3 week cultures. Kinetically, mRNA for syk peaked at 7 days but, by 3 weeks, dropped to levels of syk mRNA found in normal HB. In contrast, syk protein levels in the CD34+ progenitors began at a level 20 times higher than HB at day 0 and remained at this level throughout culture. At day 21, syk levels were highly expressed in both FcεRI+/IL3R+ cells and in the remaining uncharacterized cells. In a preliminary study, basophils were cultured for the entire 3 weeks in IgE (500 ng/ml) or a 10:1 molar mixture of IgE:anti‐IgE. Syk levels in the cells treated with IgE alone were similar to untreated cells but syk levels in those treated with the IgE:aIgE mixture were significantly reduced. Thus, chronic aggregation of FcεRI on differentiating basophils in the bone marrow may also regulate the final levels of syk protein observed in circulating basophils. Supported by grant AI20253.
Chemopreventative activity of a cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor in FBV transgenic mice with a CMV promoter driven MMTV/neu transgene
Authors: Abe Fuminori , Donkor Moses , Scholar Eric , Dafferner Alicia , Westphal Sherry , Hoke Traci , Talmadge James E.
Published: June 2021

We have previously examined the effect of transplantable, murine mammary tumor growth on the expansion of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and their tumor infiltration, as well as the relationship of MDSC frequency to T cells. We report an extension of these studies using mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter driven HER2/Neu proto‐oncogene transgenic, FBV mice (neu transgenic mice). Studies in this model also included an assessment of the tumor chemopreventative activity by the cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor, celecoxib (80 mg/kg in drinking water). We report that celecoxib administration delayed tumor induction, increased the incidence of apoptotic tumor cells in the treated mice, and prolonged survival. In addition, immune surrogates in the spleens and tumors were studied by flow cytometry and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. These studies revealed that tumor development expanded MDSCs numbers and depressed the T cell frequency in the spleen. Celecoxib administration reduced the MDSC expansion and T cell depression in the spleen and tumors. The tumor associated increase in transcript levels of COX‐2, G‐CSF, GM‐CSF TGF‐β, NOS‐2, ARG‐1 and VEGF‐α were reduced by celecoxib administration. The greatest increase in cytokine and enzyme levels were observed within tumor infiltrating leukocytes relative to spleen cells, suggesting a tumor‐immune cell interaction.

Supported in part by funding from NIH grant 5 RO1 AT001739, Eppley Cancer Center and Nebraska DHHS LB506.
Characterization of breast tumor metabolites re‐editing macrophage function
Authors: Cao Shanjin , Petnov Alexy , Dinman Jonathan , Mosser David M.
Published: June 2021

Increasing evidence has demonstrated that the infiltrating macrophage in a breast cancer microenvironment is a key factor enhancing tumor progression. The tumor‐associated macrophage is re‐edited/educated by the tumor environment and hence induces tumor immune escape, promotes the tumor growth as well as metastasis. Using an implantable murine mammary gland tumor model, our study shows that the tumor‐secreted metabolites are able to dampen the macrophage immune response by increasing IL‐10/decreasing IL‐12p70 production, promoting the angiogenesis factor production, and shifting the arginine metabolism. As a result, this macrophage functionally behaves just like an in‐situ tumor‐associated macrophage. Furthermore, by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray‐tandem mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (ESI‐LC‐MA/MS) we are now identifying the breast tumor‐derived novel metabolites on remodeling macrophage functions. The systemic investigation of tumor metabolites will not only benefit the understanding of breast tumor biology, but also provide novel targets for tumor biological therapy based on blocking the specific tumor metabolic pathways.
Off‐the‐shelf tumor immunotherapy with genetically enhanced allogeneic T cell precursors
Authors: Zakrzewski Johannes L , Suh David , Markley John , King Christopher , Smith Odette M , Goldberg Gabrielle , Jenq Robert , Holland Amanda M , Lu Sydney , Sant’Angelo Derek
Published: June 2021

We present a novel strategy for adoptive immunotherapy using T lineage committed lymphoid precursor cells generated in vitro from hematopoietic stem cells by Notch1‐based culture. We found that allogeneic T cell precursors can be transferred to any irradiated individual irrespective of MHC disparities and give rise to fully functional allogeneic T cells characterized by selection of a host‐MHC restricted and host tolerant T cell receptor, improving survival in irradiated recipients as well as enhancing anti‐tumor activity in the absence of graft‐versus‐host disease. Immunotherapy with T cell precursors transduced to express a chimeric receptor targeting hCD19 resulted in significant additional anti‐tumor activity in experiments with A20 lymphoma cells transduced to express hCD19. We conclude that ex vivo generated allogeneic T cell precursors can be used universally for ‘off‐the‐shelf’ immunotherapy, including treatment of radiation‐induced injury and cancer in combination with cytostatic therapy. This procedure is not only labor and cost‐effective but it facilitates the application of gene transfer technology to generate antigen‐specific or otherwise enhanced designer cells. Adoptive transfer of allogeneic and genetically enhanced T cell precursors therefore represents a promising novel strategy for targeted off‐the‐shelf immunotherapy in immunosuppressed patients.
Supraphysiologic TCRs Generate Polyfunctional CD8 T Cells That Effectively Re‐directed the CD8 T cell Immune Response
Authors: Riley James , Varela‐Rohena Angel , Jakobsen Bent K , June Carl
Published: June 2021

We evaluated how increased TCR affinity for its cognate antigen affects its ability to redirect an HIV‐1 and tumor specific immune response. TCRs differing in affinity for the HIVgag epitope SL9 were introduced into primary human CD8 T cells and the ability of these cells to proliferate, produce cytokines, and control HIV infection was studied. Increased avidity did not alter the ability of CD8 T cells to expand in response to antigen stimulation. In contrast, CD8 T cells transduced with high affinity, supraphysiologic SL9 TCRs were more likely to have a polyfunctional cytokine profile following antigen stimulation. The most notable difference was the ability of CD8 T cells transduced with supraphysiologic SL9 TCRs to produce IL‐2, a cytokine whose expression correlates closely with CD8 T cell antiviral activity during the natural progression of HIV‐1 disease. Importantly, high affinity SL9‐specific TCR expressing cells more effectively controlled HIV‐1 infection than cells expressing the wildtype SL9‐specific TCR receptor. This difference was most pronounced when viruses that contained known SL9 escape mutations were used. Similar experiments using hTERT TCRs were performed. These data indicate that engineered TCRs with antibody‐like‐affinities for antigen can induce a polyfunctional phenotype to CD8 T cells and that use of supraphysiologic TCRs in adoptive T cell therapy is attractive.
Immunotherapy of Acute Leukemia with Cationic Lipid DNA Complexes (JVRS‐100)
Authors: Chang Stella , Herse Zachary , Claxton David , Giffon Thierry , Lewis David , Fairman Jeffery
Published: June 2021

Acute leukemias have long been recognized as suitable targets for immunotherapy. Administration of cationic liposome‐DNA complexes (JVRS‐100) elicits cytokines of the TH1 subset, especially IL‐12, IFN‐gamma and IFN‐alpha. These cytokines are particularly important in mediating host defense against cancer. In multiple experiments using the 32Dp210‐GFP model, intravenous dosing of JVRS‐100 prevented or significantly delayed death from leukemia when delivered between 7 and 15 days following leukemic challenge. Specifically, control animals died at ∼19 days of leukemia whereas 80% of similarly leukemia challenged but JVRS‐100 treated animals (1 ug) were alive >40 days with weekly treatment beginning at day 15 (4 days prior to expected mortality). Animals dying of leukemia had splenomegaly and leukemic infiltration of spleen and liver. The GFP expression allowed quantification of leukemia in peripheral blood (PB). At day 12 following challenge PB leukocytes were ∼30% GFP positive with either no treatment, or 0.1 ug JVRS‐100, <0.1% with 1.0 ug or 5.0 ug JVRS‐100 treatment at days 2 and 9. Furthermore there is a similar cell activation profile and cytokine response in vitro following exposure of human PBMCs to JVRS‐100 as is observed following in vivo administration of JVRS‐100 to mice, making this immunostimulation technology a promising candidate for product development and eventual clinical evaluation.
Immunoprevention of cancer through targeting of precancerous stem cells
Authors: Gao Jian‐Xin , Chen Li , Yan Qingtao , Waldman James , Ye Yin , Barsky Sanford H , Shen Rulong
Published: June 2021

Recently we have identified a new type of cancer cells called precancerous stem cells (pCSCs) and proposed that cancer may arise from a lengthy developing process of tumor initiating cells (TICs) → pCSCs → cancer stem cells (CSCs) → cancer cells, which is in parallel to histological changes of hyperplasia (TICs) → precancer (pCSCs) → carcinoma (CSCs/cancer cells). Since the progression of pCSCs to cancer was suppressed in immunocompetent mice (IC) mice, we hypothesized that pCSCs can be used as a tumor vaccine. Here we report that the mice injected with pCSCs developed anti‐tumor immunity, because they were resistant to the challenge of tumor cell lines with different origin. The anti‐tumor immunity could be transferred into severe immunodeficient disease (SCID) mice, which appeared to be mediated by pCSC protein‐specific T cells. This finding suggests that cancer can be prevented by immunoprevention through targeting of pCSCs or precancerous lesions. The novel concept was further supported by immunoprevention with KaovaccineTM, a biological response modifier (BRM), from the spontaneous development of lung cancer in the SP‐C/p53‐273H mice transgenic with mutated human p53 (p53‐273H) under the transcriptional control of the lung‐specific human surfactant protein C (SP‐C) promoter. Taken together, our studies indicate that immunoprevention of cancer is feasible through targeting of pCSCs.
The kinase inhibitors Sunitinib and Sorafenib differentially affect reactivity of NK cells against Renal Cell Cancer
Authors: Krusch Matthias , Schlicke Manuela , Baessler Tina , Salih Helmut R.
Published: June 2021

Sunitinib and Sorafenib are multi‐kinase inhibitors licensed for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell cancer (RCC) and target, among others, VEGF receptors, PDGF receptors, c‐kit and Flt3. Beyond that, Sorafenib inhibits c‐RAF and B‐RAF. Here we report that Sorafenib but not Sunitinib significantly (p<0.05, Mann‐Whitney U‐test) reduce cell surface CD107a expression (about 50%) on NK cells as a surrogate marker for degranulation in response to tumor targets. In line, pharmacological levels of Sorafenib but not Sunitinib significantly (p<0.05) diminish cytotoxicity of primary NK cells against the RCC cell lines A498, ACHN and CAKI‐2 (46% to 14%, 52% to 22% and 63% to 42%, respectively) in chromium release assays. While Sunitinib had no effect, Sorafenib, alike the specific c‐RAF inhibitor ZM336372 or the specific MEK inhibitor PD98059, markedly reduces ERK phosphorylation which regulates the movement of lytic granula towards target cells. Our results indicate that NK cell anti‐tumor reactivity is impaired by Sorafenib but not by Sunitinib due to the additional inhibitory effect of Sorafenib on the ERK pathway, which has been demonstrated to dictate NK cell cytotoxicity. We therefore conclude that Sunitinib is exquisitely suitable for combination with immunotherapeutic approaches in RCC patients.
Expression of Syk and suppressive effect of As2O3 to B lymphoma cells
Authors: Shan Baoen , Zhang Chao , Song Xiaozhen
Published: June 2021

Objective: The expression of syk in various B lymphoma cells, and the sensitivity to As2O3 of various B lymphoma cells that has different expression of syk and the relationship between expression of syk and suppressive effect of As2O3 to B lymphoma cells were investigated. Methods: The expression of syk, p21WAF1/CIP1, bcl‐2 mRNA was examined by semiquantitative RT‐PCR technique. Silenced the expression of syk in Raji cells by RNAi and then assessed the effects of As2O3 on the expression of cell‐cycle related gene p21WAF1/CIP1. Results: Raji and Namalwa cells express syk mRNA, but Ramos cells lack expression of syk mRNA. As same, syk protein can be detected in both Raji and Namalwa cells but can not be detected in Ramos cells, syk was positive in endochylema. As2O3 can significantly inhibit proliferation of Raji, Ramos and Namalwa cells, and with a concentration and time dependent manner (p£¼0.01). RNAi effectively silence expression of syk mRNA and protein in Raji cells, but there was no significant difference in expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 mRNA and protein between before and after treatment with different concentration As2O3 (P£¾0.05). Conclusions: Expression of syk mRNA and protein is positive in both Raji and Namalwa cells, which is negative in Ramos cells. The mechanisms of anti‐tumor effect in vitro by As2O3 associate with blocking cell cycle and inducing cellular apoptosis.
Tumor‐derived soluble Glucocorticoid‐Induced TNF‐Related Protein (GITR) ligand diminishes anti‐tumor reactivity of NK cells
Authors: Krusch Matthias , Baltz Katrin M. , Bringmann Anita , Brossart Peter , Salih Helmut R.
Published: June 2021

Recently we reported that NK cells express GITR while tumor cells express GITR ligand (GITRL), and GITR‐GITRL interaction downregulates NK cell anti‐tumor immunity. Here we report that human tumor cells spontaneously release a soluble form of GITRL (sGITRL), which concentration‐dependently reduces NK cell cytotoxicity and IFN‐γ production in cocultures with tumor cells. While sGITRL does not induce apoptosis in NK cells, it diminishes nuclear localized RelB indicating that sGITRL negatively modulates NK cell NF‐κB activity. Furthermore, sGITRL was detected in 40 out of 50 sera of patients with various cancers, while no sGITRL was detectable in healthy volunteers. Addition of sGITRL containing patient sera to cocultures of NK cells and tumor cells significantly reduced NK cell cytotoxicity and IFN‐γ production. These inhibitory effects of sGITRL on NK cell effector functions could be restored by neutralization of sGITRL with a GITR‐Fc fusion protein. The strong correlation of tumor incidence and elevated sGITRL levels clearly suggests that sGITRL is released at significant amounts from malignant cells in vivo and may reduce immune surveillance of human tumors. Our data indicate that determination of sGITRL levels may be implemented as an immunological diagnostic marker in tumor patients, and GITRL‐neutralization may be employed in therapeutic strategies like adoptive NK cell transfer.
Predictors of obesity changed over the past decade among the U.S. subgroups by gender and income
Authors: Obayashi Saori , Houang Richard , Bianchi Leonard , Song Won
Published: June 2021

Environmental and lifestyle changes have been attributed to the recent increase in obesity prevalence in the U.S. as if the US population is homogeneous. We aimed to examine changes in predictors of obesity over the past decade among the U.S. subgroups by gender and income. We examined adults aged 20+ y in NHANES 1988–94 and 1999–2002. Logistic regression was conducted to determine the predictors of obesity in the subgroups, using SAS Callable SUDAAN. Changes in the prevalence over the past decade ranged from −0.2 % (Mexican‐American low‐income men; 23.6 to 23.4%) to 14.2% (Mexican‐American high‐income women; 25.1 to 39.3%) with minimally accounted for by aging U.S. population. These changes were associated with smoking, alcohol intake, leisure‐time activity, age at first menarche, number of live births, perception and behavior toward participant's weight status, number of eating episode, and fat intake. In developing nutrition intervention programs to reduce obesity prevalence, one must consider these predictors specific for certain subgroups in the U.S.
Usual intake of vitamin A, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous and potassium from NHANES (2003‐2004)
Authors: Fulgoni Victor L , Zaripheh S , Huth P J , DiRienzo D B , Miller G D
Published: June 2021

The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) established an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamin A, magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P) and an Adequate Intake (AI) for calcium (Ca) and for potassium (K). Using dietary intake from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2004), we estimated usual intake for vitamin A, Ca, Mg, P, and K. using Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (Iowa State University). We also determined the percentage of the population with inadequate intake for vitamin A, Mg, and P and the percentage of the population with intakes greater than the AI for Ca and K. Only data from subjects 2 years or older with two days of reliable dietary records were used; pregnant and lactating females were excluded. In all subjects 2 years or greater, the usual intakes of vitamin A, Ca, Mg, P and K were 581 ± 278 RAE, 910 ± 367 mg, 268 ± 90 mg, 1317 ± 412 mg, and 2614 ± 817 mg, respectively. The percentage of this population with inadequate intakes of vitamin A, Mg and P was 46.3, 56.6, and 4.6%, respectively. Over 42% of teenage girls had inadequate intake of P. The percentage of this population that exceeded the AI for Ca and K was only 32.3 and 2.4%, respectively. In adults 19 years or greater the usual intakes of vitamin A, Ca, Mg, P and K were 588 ± 297 RAE, 869 ± 362 mg, 279 ± 96 mg, 1326 ± 429 mg, and 2712 ± 861 mg, respectively. The percentage of the 19+ yr population with inadequate intakes of vitamin A, Mg and P was 54.0, 65.6, and 4.6%, respectively. The percentage of the population that exceeded the AI for Ca and K was only 26.2 and 1.5%, respectively. We conclude vitamin A, Ca, Mg, and K remain nutrients of concern in the US population and P remains a nutrient of concern for teenage girls. Supported by the National Dairy Council.
Apple consumption is associated with increased nutrient intakes and reduced risk of metabolic syndrome in adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2004)
Authors: Fulgoni Victor L , Fulgoni Sally A , Haaga Stacie , Ebert Andrew
Published: June 2021

The association between consumption of apples/apple products, dietary intake and physiological parameters was examined in adults using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2004). Apple consumers were defined as those who reported consumption of apples, apple juice, or applesauce during a 24‐hour dietary recall. When compared to non‐consumers, adult (19–50 years, n=968) apple consumers had significantly (p<0.01) increased intakes of total fruit (2.5±0.07 vs 0.7±0.03 servings) and decreased intakes of added sugar (20.8±0.6 vs 26.7±0.5 tsp) and solid discretionary fat (47.5±0.8 vs 52.6±0.4 g). Apple consumers had significantly (p<0.02) greater intakes of dietary fiber (21±0.4 vs 15±0.2 g), vitamin A (731±27 vs 587±13 RE), vitamin C (129±5 vs 89±2 mg), calcium (1012±23 vs 903±10 mg) and potassium (3225±43 vs 2727±20 mg). A significantly lower diastolic blood pressure (71±0.4 vs 72±0.2 mm Hg, p<0.01) and a reduced C‐reactive protein level (0.33±0 vs 0.39±0 mg/dl, p<0.01) was observed in apple consumers relative to non‐consumers. Consumers also had a 27% decreased likelihood of having metabolic syndrome (p<0.05), a 37% decreased likelihood for elevated blood pressure (p<0.01) and a 21% reduced risk of increased waist circumference (p<0.01). Therefore, apple/apple product consumption in adults is associated with greater nutrient density and a significant reduction in metabolic syndrome risk. Supported by US Apple Association and Apple Products Research and Education Council.
Similarities of the Ten Most Popular Food Choices of the Los Angeles Area's College Students and Their Respective Older Generations Living in the Same Household: a Two‐Generation, Gender Study
Authors: Liang Ying Hui , Tam Chick F.
Published: June 2021

The purpose was to compare the ten most popular foods consumed by 83 college students (CS) (19–49 years old; 25 males, 58 females) and 83 older generations (OG) (46–87 years old; 38males, 45 females) living in the same household at the Los Angeles Area. Each student and his/her older generation completed a 3‐day dietary record. The food frequencies of the ten most popular foods consumed by each group were obtained. Nine out of ten foods were same between two age groups, which were bread, chicken, rice, milk, orange, beef, egg, apple and banana. The tenth was cheese for CS and potato for OG. Each age group was then separated by gender: male college student (MCS), female college student (FCS); male older generation (MOG), female older generation (FOG), to compare their ten most popular foods. For MCS, the ten stayed same as that of the CS group, while for FCS, salad replaced apple being one of the ten most popular food choices. For MOG, the ten also stayed same as that of the OG group, while cheese replaced apple being one of the most popular for FOG. The study showed that both CS and OG had frequent consumption of meat and fruit while their vegetable intake was relatively rare. The similarities in the ten most popular food choices between the two groups by age implies that the dietary pattern of one generation can significantly influence the next one and a good dietary habit may be developed as students grow up with their healthy eating parents.
Relative contribution of dietary folic acid and food folate to total folate intake and status of young men and women
Authors: Grabianowski Melanie , von Castel‐Roberts Kristina , Wittmann Amanda , Maneval David , Young Linda , Bailey Lynn B. , Kauwell Gail P.A.
Published: June 2021

The study aim was to assess folate/folic acid intake and folate status of non‐supplement consuming young men and women (18–49 y), and to examine the relative contribution of food sources to folate/folic acid intake. Folate intake and status were determined for men (n = 140) and women (n = 162). Daily folate/folic acid intake was estimated by a DHQ. Mean serum and RBC folate for males (39.9 nmol/L; 810 nmol/L, respectively) did not differ (P>0.2) from that of females (41.7 nmol/L; 767 nmol/L). Plasma homocysteine was higher (P<0.0001) for males (8.0 μmol) than females (6.6 μmol/L). Total folate intake for males and females (652 and 512 μg/d DFE, respectively) exceeded the RDA (400 μg/d DFE). Average folic acid intake for females was 128 μg/d; only 3% consumed ≥400 μg/d. The largest contributors of folic acid for males and females were enriched cereal‐grain products (41.1%; 41.9%, respectively), fortified RTE cereals and bars (29.3%; 36.0%), and combination foods that included “enriched” ingredients (16.0%; 13.2%). Food categories that provided the most naturally occurring food folate for males and females were vegetables (31.6%; 38.4%, respectively) and legumes and nuts (16.2%; 14.4%). Dietary folic acid from enriched grain products and RTE cereals positively affected total folate intake and status of males and females; however, folic acid intake for females was less than that recommended for NTD risk reduction.
Food and nutrient intakes of children in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
Authors: Paulino Yvette C. , Coleman Patricia , Davison Nicola H. , Lee Soo K. , Camacho Tayna B. , Tenorio Lynnette F. , Murphy Suzanne , Novotny Rachel
Published: June 2021

Children in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) have been shown to have some nutrient deficiencies, but their overall nutrition status remains unknown. We conducted a population‐based nutrition assessment of 393 children (1–10y) in the CNMI via a two‐stage random cluster design, proportionate to the population. A 24‐hour food recall was administered and diet analyzed using the Pacific Tracker computerized dietary assessment tool. SAS (9.1.3) was used for statistical analyses. Prevalence of dietary nutrient adequacy (POA) was estimated by the cut‐point method using the personal computer version (1.0) for Software for Intake Distribution Estimation and NHANES within‐individual variances. Vitamin E POA for 1–3y, 4–8y, 9–10y females and 9–10y males were 15%, 16%, 0% and 1% respectively. The lowest POA was seen in 9–10y (females; males) for vitamin A (55%; 58%), vitamin C (63%; 77%), folate (32%; 42%), magnesium (18%; 55%) and phosphorus (11%; 36%). Calcium inadequacy based on AI was not seen among 1–3y, but was likely a problem for 4–10y. The children consumed servings that were high for meats, low for fruits, and low for vegetables (among 2–3y, 4–6y, and 7–10y) as follows: meats (5.1 ± 3.8, 5.5 ± 2.9, 6.4 ± 4.0), fruits (0.9 ± 1.9, 0.6 ± 1.7, 0.9 ± 1.9), and vegetables (1.2 ± 1.5, 1.0 ± 1.2, 1.0 ± 1.3). Increasing fruit, vegetable, and dairy consumption could improve nutrient intakes in this population. USDA‐NRI
Access of Peruvian families to animal source foods when their child is 6–18 months and height for age at 4–5 years old
Authors: Penny Mary Edith , Marin R Margot
Published: June 2021

Micronutrient deficiencies are a cause of stunting in young children. Animal source foods (ASF) are good sources of bioavailable micronutrients and interventions promote access to ASF. We used data from 1954 families in the YoungLives longitudinal study of Peruvian children to examine the association of family access to ASF when the child was 6–18m (1st round data collection) and height‐for‐age at 4–5 yrs (2nd round). Families reported the value of bought and home grown foods for 32 different food groups including 5 ASF groups for a 2 week period. Results are reported as $US/month. 97.6% of families consumed animal source foods with a median per capita (<5yrs old) value of $6.6/m, range 0–60.7. Univariate analysis explored the association of Z‐score height‐for‐age with maternal education and height, wealth index, district of residence, urban/rural, crowding, number in household, value of food eaten, and birth weight. A generalized linear model including ASF per capita consumption,urban/rural and district explained 28.4% of the variability in height‐for‐age but there was colinearity with maternal education, and a model substituting this for ASF consumption, explained 29% of the variability. The influence of ASF access in early childhood on later height varied by district and could not be differentiated from maternal education level.

YoungLives is funded by the UK Department for International development.
Family access to animal source foods:an analysis of the Young Lives project in Peru
Authors: Penny Mary Edith , Marin R Margot , Quispe Rosario E , Alarcon Roxana
Published: June 2021

Animal source foods (ASF) are important sources of bioavailable micronutrients often lacking in the diets of young children. Young Lives is an international study of children growing up in poverty. The monetary value of 32 food groups bought or home produced and eaten during the preceeding 2 weeks was reported by 2049 families with children 6–18m in 20 districts of Peru. Cost was converted to US$/month. Median family consumption of food was valued at $82.6/m. 77.7% of food was purchased. Home production consisted mainly of grains, tubers, and pulses, all red meat, poultry and fish was purchased. Only 2.4% of households reported no ASF but the median per capita, (children and adults >5yrs) expenditure varied from $0–$60.7/m, median $6.6/m. Per capita, urban families spent median $8.1/m, range $0–$60.7; rural families median $4.2/m, range $0–$45.1. Eggs were the most common reported ASF, consumed by 90.1% of urban (U) and 81% or rural (R) families. For other groups of ASF % consumption was: Red meat U 71.2%, R 55.5% rural; poultry U 83.3%, R 49.9%, fish U 66.5%, R 31.6%, cheese, yogurt, butter urban U 60.4%, R 42.7%. The value of animal source foods eaten was associated with total value of food acquired, educational level of the mother and wealth index. Most families had access to one or other animal source foods but these were often bought in small amounts.

YoungLives is funded by the UK Department for International development
The consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with the increment of body mass index (BMI), mass fat proportion (MFP) and waist circumference (WC) in Mexican adolescents
Authors: Denova Edgar , Jimenez Alejandra , Huitrón Gerardo , Salmerón Jorge
Published: June 2021

The objective was to evaluate the relation between SSBs consumption and body mass index (BMI), mass fat proportion (MFP) and waist circumference (WC) in Mexican adolescents.

A transversal analysis using data from adolescents from Mexico was performed. Information gathering was carried out from 2004 to 2006 by means of a self‐applicable survey. SSBs consumption was evaluated through a semi‐quantitative survey on food consumption frequency. BMI was calculated as weight in kg/height in mt squared, at the time MFP and WC using standardized techniques. Information on socio‐demographic conditions was obtained. The relation was evaluated by means of models of multiple linear regression and logistical regression.

A total of 1055 adolescent from 10 to 19 years of age (14.5±2.5) were evaluated. Those individuals with a consumption of 3 o more portions of SSBs a day increased in 0.8 kg/m2 their BMI (p=0.04), independently from other variables. We also observed that those subjects with consumptions of 3 or more proportions of SSBs have a risk 1.7 times superior to suffer from central obesity in respect to those who consume < 1 SSBs proportion/day (p=0.02).

Our data corroborate the hypothesis that the consumption of SSBs is associated with an increment in the risk of overweight and obesity in adolescents, as well as an increment in MFP and WC.

Financing by Autonomous University of the State of Mexico.
A dietary pattern with high grain intake is associated with more bone mineral content increase in Korean girls
Authors: Noh Hwa Young , Park Min Kyung , Paik Hee Young
Published: June 2021

This study was conducted to examine the dietary patterns of Korean elementary school girls and whether dietary patterns are associated with bone mineral content (BMC) change. Elementary school girls aged 9–11 years were recruited and diet was assessed four times during the 22 months using 3‐day dietary records. Bone mineral contents (BMC) were measured at the beginning and end of the study using DEXA. Subjects with diet record for more than 8 days and two BMC data were included in data analysis (n=198). BMC increased by 16.7±42.8% during the 22 months. To derive dietary pattern, 8 days diet records per subjects were randomly selected and food items were aggregated into 22 food groups. Four dietary patterns were identified on the basis of percent frequency per food group by exploratory factor analysis. One of the factors was loaded heavily on grains, nuts, seeds, vegetable, eggs and seaweeds food group and called high grain (HG) pattern. Factor score for HG pattern was negatively correlated with energy (p<0.0001) and sugar intake (p<0.05). In regression analyses with % change in BMC as the dependent variable, HG score was a significant predictor (β=6.52455; p<0.05), with baseline BMC (β=5.93521; p<0.05), with baseline BMC, energy intake and total frequency (β=6.72383; p<0.05). A dietary pattern rich in grains, nuts, seeds and vegetable dietary pattern may lead to accumulate the bone mineral contents in Korean girls.
Antioxidant nutritional status is associated with the risk of atopic dermatitis among preschoolers in Korea
Authors: Oh Se‐Young , Kim Min Kyung , Chung Jayong , Cho Bok Hee
Published: June 2021

Even though the rising prevalence of AD remains unexplained, several risk factors have been implicated including antioxidant nutritional status. A case‐control study comparing antioxidant nutrimental status in diet and blood was conducted on preschoolers with AD (n=195 mean age=5.5±1.3) and their healthy counterparts (n=249 5.3±1.5) who had never AD. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire and a nutrient analysis program. Fasting blood samples were used for analyses of fat‐soluble vitamins (retinol, αtocopherol, and βcarotene) and vitamin C. The children with AD consumed significantly less antioxidant related nutrients such as βcarotene, vitamin E and folic acid, as well as n‐3 fatty acids after controlling for possible confounding variables than the controls. The AD children showed lower serum beta‐carotene and retinol concentrations than those in the control group according to the multivariate analyses. These findings suggest antioxidant nutritional status may modify the risk of AD of young children in Korea. (Supported by grant No. R01‐2006‐000‐10887‐0 from the Basic Research Program of the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation)
Housing is associated with quality of diet in college students
Authors: Reilly Ruth Ann , Burke Joanne Delaney , Lofgren Ingrid Elizabeth , Morrell Jesse Stabile
Published: June 2021

This ongoing cross‐sectional study examined the effect of place of residence on quality of diet in young adults at the University of New Hampshire. From Jan 2006–July 2007, the Young Adult Health Risk Screening Initiative collected data on 1350 students (402 men and 948 women) between the ages of 18–24 (mean age 19.2 ±1.2). Students completed a three day diet record and analysis (Diet Analysis+ 8.0). Food group intakes were evaluated via MyPyramid guidelines. Students who live in college dormitories reported consuming more fruit (1.6 vs.1.3 cups, p = 0.017) and vegetables (2.2 vs.1.9 cups, p = 0.033) than those living in off campus apartments. Students living in off campus apartments reported consuming more grains (7.2 vs. 6.7 oz, p = 0.015), meat & beans (10.3 vs. 5.7 oz, p = 0.015) and alcohol (9.6 vs. 5.7 g, p = 0.005) than those living in college dormitories. No significant differences were found in dairy or discretionary calories. For those who live in college dormitories, the data suggest that fruits and vegetables are more available and convenient and that alcohol consumption is less likely. Supported in part by the Office of Sustainability, NH Agricultural Experiment Station #11R571.
Integrative eating style in relation to eating behavior and adiposity in healthy adults
Authors: Yaseen Erin Saena , Gehrke Malinda M , Palmer Philip A , Kavanaugh Ian T , Walter Bill , Reiss Tiffany M , Taylor Elizabeth , McCrory Megan A
Published: June 2021

“Integrative eating” is a new concept that reflects cross‐cultural food and nutrition related guidelines, beliefs, and rituals about optimal eating from Western and Eastern cultures and is measured by the Personal Eating Style Questionnaire (PES‐Q). The PES‐Q scores 7 dimensions of integrative eating, including sensory‐spiritual nourishment, eating atmosphere, and task‐snacking. In a study of >1000 subjects, a higher PES‐Q score (reflecting more integrated eating) was associated with a lower self‐reported BMI and a lower frequency of overeating (Scherwitz and Kesten, 2005). We examined PES‐Q scores in relation to scores from the Eating Inventory, dietary intake from 3 multiple‐pass 24‐h recalls and percentage body fat (%BF) measured by air displacement plethysmography in 17 healthy, non‐smoking adults (aged 18–49 y; BMI 20.0–33.8 kg/m2). Results showed that controlling for confounders, more total integrated eating was associated with less overall dietary disinhibition (p=0.003), and in another model, less habitual disinhibition (p=0.001) and external hunger (p=0.05), and more flexible restraint (p=0.048). A higher %BF was associated with greater situational disinhibition (p=0.014) and lower sensory‐spiritual nourishment (p=0.067) and fast food‐fresh food (p=0.077) scores. Finally, some PES‐Q dimensions predicted dietary energy density, sodium density, and alcohol intake (p=0.05–0.06). Evaluation of integrative eating may improve our understanding of behavioral contributors to obesity.
The association of ready to eat cereal (RTEC) at breakfast with diet quality and adiposity in African‐American (AA) and Hispanic‐American (HA) children 1 to 18 years: Results from NHANES, 1999–2002
Authors: Williams Brandy M , Vargas Solange Pineda , O'Neil Carol E. , Keast Debra R. , Cho Susan S. , Nicklas Theresa A.
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to examine the association of an RTEC breakfast with diet quality and weight of AA (n=2377) and HA (n=3236) 1 to 18 y in NHANES, 1999–2002. Three breakfast groups were: skippers, RTEC, and other breakfast (OB); age groups were 1–5, 6–12, 13–18 y. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) score was the average percentage of the Estimated Average Requirement obtained from 24 hour recall intake of vitamins A, E, C, B1, B2, B6, B12; niacin; folate; phosphorus; magnesium; iron; and zinc. MAR and weight measures (mean±SE) of breakfast groups were compared using SUDAAN. Age was related to skipping and type of breakfast: for 1–5 v. 6–12 v. 13–18y, 7.4% v.16.9% v.36.8% of AA, and 4.9% v. 8.9% v. 28.3% of HA skipped; 45% v. 38% v. 19.4% of AA, and 40.5% v. 33.9% v. 22.1% of HA ate RTEC. MAR for AA was highest in RTEC (97.3 [1–5], 94.7 [6–12], 92.1 [13–18y]) (p<0.05). For HA 1–5y, MAR was higher for RTEC (97.2±0.2) than OB (95.7±0.4), but not skippers (92.8±2.1); in HA 6–12y, MAR of RTEC (95.4±0.6) was higher than skippers (84.9±1.3); in HA 13–18y MAR of RTEC (91.1±0.5) was highest (p<0.05). In AA and HA 2–18y there were no differences in z‐score of BMI‐for age; in AA 2–18y only waist circumference (cm) was lowest in RTEC (66.5±0.3) v skippers (68.7±0.7) or OB (68.2±0.4). There were ethnic differences in breakfast consumption patterns, and adiposity of 2–18y AA and HA; diet quality improved with RTEC in both groups. Support: USDA & Kellogg's.
Changes of Visceral Fat Mass are Allometrically Related to Total Body Fat Independent of Gender or Weight Loss Intervention
Authors: Hall Kevin D , Hallgreen Christine E
Published: June 2021

Fat accumulation in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is believed to be particularly dangerous because it is highly correlated with cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. We investigated whether or not some weight loss interventions are better than others at targeting the reduction of VAT. We hypothesized that changes of VAT are allometrically related to changes of total fat mass (FM), regardless of the type of intervention, as defined by the differential equation dVAT/dFM = k VAT/FM where k is a dimensionless constant. We performed a systematic search of the published literature for weight loss studies that measured FM changes along with VAT changes via MRI or CT imaging. 37 studies satisfied our search criteria, representing 1407 men and women using a variety of weight loss interventions. The allometric equation accurately modeled the data with k = 1.3 ± 0.1 and the model had an R^2=0.73. The same equation applied for both genders as well as a wide variety of weight loss interventions including bariatric surgery, caloric restriction with or without exercise, and exercise alone. We conclude that changes of VAT are primarily determined by FM changes as well as the initial VAT to FM ratio.
Validation of a one step method for preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from intact mammalian soft tissues
Authors: Varamini Behzad , Lawrence Peter , Brenna J. Thomas
Published: June 2021

The Garces and Mancha (1993) method is widely used for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) preparation from seeds, leaves, and similar low moisture plant material. We applied this method for use with mammalian liver, skeletal muscle, and brain compared to a Bligh and Dyer reference method. Liver, muscle, and brain were extracted using an aqueous reagent mixture consisting of methanol, 2, 2‐dimethoxypropane, and concentrated sulfuric acid (85:11:4) and an organic reagent mixture consisting of heptane and toluene (63:37). Digestion, extraction and transmethylation occur in one step over a two hour incubation at 80°C, upon which an upper phase containing FAME is ready for analysis. Additionally, we found no artifactual isomerization of fatty acids at up to 24 hours incubation time using olive oil samples. Quantitative gas chromatography showed that total FAME recovery was not different for the two methods, and that the Garces method extracted more PUFA. This one‐step chemical‐based homogenization, digestion, extraction and methylation eliminates the need for manual homogenization and separate processing steps and, compared to conventional methods, is a convenient technique for analysis of soft tissue lipids. Funding: NIH DK07158.