bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microanalysis and synthesis of calcite. Growth mechanisms on prehistoric paintings in the Large Cave, Arcy‐sur‐Cure (Yonne, France)
Authors: Chalmin E. , Sansot E. , Orial G. , Bousta F. , Reiche I.
Published: May 2008

The formation of subsequent layers of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in karst caves is a well‐known phenomenon observed especially on the prehistoric paintings in the Large Cave (Grande Grotte) of Arcy‐sur‐Cure, in France. About 40 natural samples coming from the Large Cave were already investigated in a previous work and classified as a function of their crystal morphology, texture, composition and appearance. The presence of at least two calcite types was revealed on the walls: translucent and opaque white or grey calcites. The latter opaque calcites completely obstruct the paintings. The formation of these different calcites depends on various geochemical and geophysical parameters and could also be influenced by biotic processes. Questions remain about formation mechanisms leading to different calcite types and, in particular, about the role of micro‐organisms as well as interactions between prehistoric paint layers and calcite layers.

Additional natural calcites were studied in order to confirm the first classification. Various syntheses of abiotic calcite were performed to study the influence of environmental parameters on calcite growth. Moreover, several series of biotic calcite were synthesised in a specific medium with two bacteria isolated from the cave in order to test their calcifying properties. All natural and synthetic samples were analysed using complementary microanalytical laboratory techniques. Micro‐x‐ray fluorescence analysis (micro‐XRF) and x‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) based on synchrotron radiation also enabled a more detailed distinguishing of different minerals within the complex biotic and abiotic mixtures and layered synthetic samples at microscopic scale.

Comparison of natural and synthetic samples gives more detailed insights into the formation mechanisms of the different calcite types found in the Grande Grotte and allows proposing an adapted conservation strategy of its prehistoric paintings. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution of selected elements in atherosclerotic plaques of apoE/LDLR‐double knockout mice assessed by synchrotron radiation‐induced micro‐XRF spectrometry
Authors: Gajda M. , Banaś K. , Banaś A. , Jawień J. , Mateuszuk Ł. , Chłopicki S. , Kwiatek W. M. , Cichocki T. , Falkenberg G.
Published: May 2008

Apolipoprotein E and LDL receptor double‐knockout (apoE/LDLR−/−) mice represent a reliable experimental model of atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to examine the elemental content of atherosclerotic plaques using synchrotron radiation‐induced micro x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Numerous essential and trace elements were detected in cross‐sections of aortic roots collected from 6‐month‐old apoE/LDLR−/− mice fed with chow diet. Two‐dimensional maps of the elemental distribution and point recordings were compared with images of consecutive sections stained histologically, allowing precise localization of the analyzed elements in morphologically defined areas of aortic lesion. The sulphur was detected in areas occupied by macrophages and smooth muscle cells. Iron was observed in high concentrations in cardiac and smooth muscle, blood clots and in adjacent coronary vessels. Lower concentrations of iron were seen in the regions of plaques rich in macrophages and lipids. Copper was detected in higher amounts only in cardiac muscle and its concentration in plaques was very low. There was a quite high content of calcium in aortic plaque areas containing lipids and macrophages. Much higher concentrations of calcium were observed in mineral deposits, mostly located in the aortic media. Similar distribution was also characteristic for phosphorus. Zinc was observed in moderately low concentrations in atheromas. Higher content of zinc was seen in smooth musculature, in cardiac muscle and in mineral concretions. The presented results provide a substantial morphological and physicochemical background for further investigations aiming to evaluate pharmacological and dietary treatment of atherosclerosis in an apoE/LDLR−/− mouse model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a compact XRF probe using a ring‐type secondary target
Authors: Yonehara Tasuku , Tsuji Kouichi
Published: May 2008

Recently, on‐site analysis is being performed in many fields, and the use of compact instruments is required. In this article, we developed a compact x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) probe using a ring‐type secondary target. Employing the ring‐type target, coaxial optical geometry (irradiation and detection) could be achieved. We applied this probe to standard steel materials and standard solutions. In addition, a solid sample in solution was directly measured. As an application of the XRF probe, the monitoring of a chemical reaction was demonstrated that enabled observation of an increase in metallic ions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trauma and Emergency Surgery: South African Model
Authors: Goosen J. , Veller M.
Published: May 2008

South Africa is a low‐ to middle‐income country with huge disparities in income, and a legacy of a disadvantaged majority. During the last 30 years, many of the advantaged minority found greener pastures and emigrated to first‐world countries. We are left with a desperate shortage of specialists (including surgeons), particularly in the public sector. The need is especially acute in secondary and rural hospitals. A career in general surgery has become less attractive because of issues of lifestyle, remuneration, and the expanding requirements of the first‐world part of our population.

Worldwide, South African surgeons are recognized as hardworking and capable, with a broad repertoire—because that is the way they are trained. They are backed by a relatively small group of subspecialists, and all categories of specialists are burdened by a heavy workload. Continuing surgical education is mandatory but poorly enforced.

Trauma surgery and intensive care form a substantial proportion of postgraduate training and general surgical practice. In isolation, these fields cannot sustain the needs and demands for the operative skills of a general surgeon. Trauma surgeons would have to find operative general surgical work to maintain their operative skills (and credibility).

Because of the large gaps in service delivery to our population, and the shortage of general surgeons, particularly in secondary centers, there is at present limited space for a discipline of emergency surgery. The primary need for our population is access to well‐trained generalists, backed by a small cadre of subspecialists.
Effect of bioactive coating of the tibial component on migration pattern in uncemented total knee arthroplasty: a randomized RSA study of 14 knees presented according to new RSA-guidelines
Authors: Therbo M. , Lund B. , Jensen K.-E. , Schrøder H. M.
Published: May 2008

Background

Bioactive coating of uncemented total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is believed to increase bone ingrowth and enhance early fixation of the TKA. In a prospective randomized study using radiostereometric analysis (RSA) we examined migrations of the tibial implant, in an uncemented TKA with and without bioactive coating. The study was performed according to new RSA guidelines, and focus was put on some important methodological issues.

Materials and methods

Twenty-three patients with osteoarthrosis of the knee received an uncemented Duracon TKA either with bioactive (hydroxyapatite or periapatite) coating (+HA) or without bioactive coating (−HA). Patients had RSA examinations postoperatively and at 3, 6 and 12 months. Nine patients were excluded during the study resulting in 14 knees for final analysis.

Results

At 12 months follow-up we found no significant differences in migrations between the two groups. However, in general the −HA group migrated more than the +HA group, and we found a significant larger variation in migration pattern in the −HA group. In the +HA group the tibia component stabilized after 6 months, whereas the −HA group showed continuous migration. Subsidence and posterior tilt were the main migration patterns in both groups.

Conclusions

Bioactive coating of TKA seems to enhance early stabilization of the tibia component. Similar results are found in previous studies.
Revision total hip arthroplasty using the Zweymuller femoral stem
Authors: Oetgen Matthew E. , Huo Michael H. , Keggi Kristaps J.
Published: May 2008

Background

A variety of femoral stem designs have been reported to be successful in revision total hip arthroplasty without consensus as to optimal design. We evaluated the clinical and radiographic outcomes in a consecutive series of femoral revisions using a wedge-shape, tapered-stem design at medium and long-term follow-up.

Materials and methods

We performed a retrospective review of clinical and radiographic outcomes of twenty-eight consecutive femoral revisions arthroplasties, which were done using the Zweymuller femoral stem.

Results

The mean follow-up was 7.4 years (range 2–15 years). No stem re-revision was necessary. All stems were judged to be stable by radiographic criteria at the most recent follow-up. The final mean Harris hip score was 90. There was no difference in Harris hip scores, implant stability, or radiological appearance (distal cortical hypertrophy or proximal stress shielding) of the implants between medium-term (mean 5.7 years) and long-term (mean 12.4 years) follow-up.

Conclusions

We found the Zweymuller femoral stem design to be durable for revision hip arthroplasty when there is an intact metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction for adequate press-fit stability at surgery.
Late post-operative paraparesis after rib penetration of the spinal canal in a patient with neurofibromatous scoliosis
Authors: Cappella M. , Bettini N. , Dema E. , Girardo M. , Cervellati S.
Published: May 2008

Rib displacement into the spinal canal is a rare cause of paraplegia or paraparesis in patients affected by neurofibromatous scoliosis. We describe a case of paraparesis in a 14-year-old child affected by neurofibromatous dystrophic kyphoscoliosis, treated with combined posterior and anterior spinal arthrodesis. Seventeen days after the surgical treatment the patient developed clinical signs and symptoms of paraparesis. A CT scan showed the head of the fifth rib protruding into the spinal canal with cord compression. Rib resection and posterior cord decompression were carried out following complete neurological recovery.
Anionic phospholipid‐induced regulation of reactive oxygen species production by human cytochrome P450 2E1
Authors: Cho Eun Yi , Yun Chul-Ho , Chae Ho-Zoon , Chae Han-Jung , Ahn Taeho
Published: May 2008

We suggest that the cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)‐induced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be regulated by anionic phospholipids and the presence of the N‐terminal region of the enzyme. When the content of cardiolipin (CL) in membranes at the expense of phosphatidylcholine matrix was increased, the ROS produced by recombinant human CYP2E1 was decreased as a function of CL concentration. On the contrary, the N‐terminally truncated CYP2E1 had a decreased effect on the lipid‐induced reduction of ROS formation. These results suggest that specific phospholipids can regulate the function of CYP2E1 by interaction with the enzyme including the N‐terminal region(s).
Arginine methylation of hnRNP K enhances p53 transcriptional activity
Authors: Chen Yibin , Zhou Xinyuan , Liu Na , Wang Chaochen , Zhang Liang , Mo Wei , Hu Gengxi
Published: May 2008

Previous studies have illustrated that hnRNP K, which could be methylated at arginine residues, plays a key role in coordinating transcriptional responses to DNA damage as a cofactor for p53. In this study, we observed that hnRNP K was markedly arginine methylated in response to UV radiation. Furthermore, arginine methylation of hnRNP K enhanced its affinity with p53. Inhibition of methylation in hnRNP K attenuated the recruitment of p53 to p21 promoter, and reduced p53 transcriptional activity. These data suggested that arginine methylation of hnRNP K is a key element for p53 transcriptional activity.
Dietary electrolytes are related to mood
Authors: Torres Susan J. , Nowson Caryl A. , Worsley Anthony
Published: May 2008

Dietary therapies are routinely recommended to reduce disease risk; however, there is concern they may adversely affect mood. We compared the effect on mood of a low-sodium, high-potassium diet (LNAHK) and a high-calcium diet (HC) with a moderate-sodium, high-potassium, high-calcium Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-type diet (OD). We also assessed the relationship between dietary electrolytes and cortisol, a stress hormone and marker of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity. In a crossover design, subjects were randomized to two diets for 4 weeks, the OD and either LNAHK or HC, each preceded by a 2-week control diet (CD). Dietary compliance was assessed by 24 h urine collections. Mood was measured weekly by the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Saliva samples were collected to measure cortisol. The change in mood between the preceding CD and the test diet (LNAHK or HC) was compared with the change between the CD and OD. Of the thirty-eight women and fifty-six men (mean age 56·3 (sem 9·8) years) that completed the OD, forty-three completed the LNAHK and forty-eight the HC. There was a greater improvement in depression, tension, vigour and the POMS global score for the LNAHK diet compared to OD (P < 0·05). Higher cortisol levels were weakly associated with greater vigour, lower fatigue, and higher levels of urinary potassium and magnesium (r 0·1–0·2, P < 0·05 for all). In conclusion, a LNAHK diet appeared to have a positive effect on overall mood.
The effect of a pre-exercise carbohydrate meal on immune responses to an endurance performance run
Authors: Chen Ya-jun , Wong Stephen Heung-sang , Wong Chun-kwok , Lam Ching-Wan , Huang Ya-jun , Siu Parco Ming-fai
Published: May 2008

This study examined the effect of a pre-exercise meal with different glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) on immune responses to an endurance performance run. Eight men completed a preloaded 1 h run at 70 % VO2maxon a level treadmill followed by a 10 km performance run on three occasions. In each trial, one of the three prescribed isoenergetic meals, i.e. high GI and high GL (H-H), high GI and low GL (H-L), or low GI and low GL (L-L) was consumed by the subjects 2 h before exercise. Carbohydrate intake (% of energy intake), GI, and GL were 65 %, 79·5, and 82·4 for H-H; 36 %, 78·5, and 44·1 for H-L; 65 %, 40·2, and 42·1 for L-L, respectively. The running time for the three trials was approximately 112 min at 70 % VO2maxfor the first hour and 76 % VO2maxfor the last 52 min. Consumption of pre-exercise high-carbohydrate meals (H-H and L-L) resulted in less perturbation of the circulating numbers of leucocytes, neutrophils and T lymphocyte subsets, and in decreased elevation of the plasma IL-6 concentrations immediately after exercise and during the 2 h recovery period compared with the H-L trial. These responses were accompanied by an attenuated increase in plasma IL-10 concentrations at the the end of the 2 h recovery period. The amount of carbohydrate consumed in the pre-exercise meal may be the most important influencing factor rather than the type of carbohydrate in modifying the immunoendocrine response to prolonged exercise.
How does food-cue exposure lead to larger meal sizes?
Authors: Ferriday Danielle , Brunstrom Jeffrey M.
Published: May 2008

Exposure to the sight and smell of food influences our momentary desire to consume it. This study explored the process by which cue exposure promotes greater consumption of food. Three hypotheses were explored, cue exposure: (i) increases the planned consumption of food; (ii) increases tolerance of larger portion sizes; (iii) arrests the development of satiety. Female participants (n50) were each tested in two conditions. In a ‘cue condition’ they were exposed to the sight and smell of pizza for 60 s. Before and after this period they provided information about prospective and maximum tolerated portion sizes and their desire to eat pizza and other non-cued foods. Participants then consumed a fixed portion of pizza, rated their hunger and were finally offeredad libitumaccess to pizza. In the ‘no-cue condition’, cue exposure was replaced with a cognitive task. Cueing had little effect on tolerance of larger portion sizes or on hunger after consuming the fixed portion. Instead, it increased prospective pizza portion size and subsequent intake of pizza. Together, these results suggest that cueing increases the amount of food that people actively plan to eat. This plan is then executed, leading to greater intake. Pizza cueing also increased prospective portion size of other foods. Thus, contrary to previous reports, effects of exposure may generalise to other foods. Finally, we found evidence that restrained eaters are less ‘cue reactive’ than unrestrained eaters. In future, our approach might be adapted to consider whether heightened ‘cue reactivity’ represents a risk factor for obesity.
Macronutrient distribution over a period of 23 years in relation to energy intake and body fatness
Authors: Koppes Lando L. J. , Boon Niels , Nooyens Astrid C. J. , van Mechelen Willem , Saris Wim H. M.
Published: May 2008

The distribution of the four macronutrients is associated with energy intake and body fatness according to short-term interventions. The present study involves macronutrient distribution in relation to energy intake and body fatness over a period of 23 years in individuals who have ad libitum access to food. Eight follow-up measurements have been performed in 168 men and 182 women who participate in the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. From the age of 13 years onwards, dietary intake, physical activity and the thickness of four skinfolds have been assessed. Body fatness was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the age of 36 years. Generalised estimating equation regression analyses showed that energy percentages (En%) from protein and (in men) carbohydrates were inversely related to energy intake, while the En% from fat was positively related with energy intake. The men and women with high body fatness at the age of 36 years had a 1 En% higher protein intake, and the women with high body fatness had a 2 En% lower alcohol intake at the age of 32 and 36 years. The apparent inconsistent relationships between protein and energy intake and protein and body fatness can in women be explained by reverse causation and underreporting, as in women, low energy intake could not be explained by low physical activity. In conclusion, high intake of protein and (in men) carbohydrate, and low intake of fat are inversely related to total energy intake. High body fatness at the age of 36 years is related to a higher protein intake and, in women, to a lower alcohol intake.
Time-evolution of magma sources in a continental back-arc setting: the Cenozoic basalts from Sierra de San Bernardo (Patagonia, Chubut, Argentina)
Authors: BRUNI SANDRO , D'ORAZIO MASSIMO , HALLER MIGUEL J. , INNOCENTI FABRIZIO , MANETTI PIERO , PÉCSKAY ZOLTÁN , TONARINI SONIA
Published: May 2008

East of the Patagonian Andes, mafic volcanic rocks (mainly lava flows and scoriae) are exposed in the Sierra de San Bernardo fold belt and neighbouring areas (central Patagonia; 44.5–46° S, 69–71° W). They were erupted over a wide interval of time (late Eocene–Pleistocene; 14 new K–Ar ages), and show systematic chemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic variations in time. The alkaline lavas (Mg number 57–66) erupted during the late Eocene and early Miocene, have an intraplate geochemical affinity, and have the highest 143Nd/144Nd and 206Pb/204Pb and the lowest 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the dataset. Their compositions indicate that their depth of equilibration in the mantle was greater than that of subsequent lavas. In contrast, the Plio-Pleistocene alkaline lavas (Mg number 58–71) are the most enriched in incompatible elements, still showing an intra-plate signature, and have the lowest 143Nd/144Nd and 206Pb/204Pb and the highest 87Sr/86Sr ratios. A distinctive group of early Miocene subalkaline lavas is characterized by slightly more evolved compositions (Mg number 56–59), coupled with very low incompatible element contents, flat LREE and fractionated HREE patterns (‘kinked’ pattern), and intermediate Sr–Nd–Pb isotope compositions. The Pleistocene basanites (Mg number 71–72) from the Cerro Ante monogenetic cone, on the easternmost slopes of the Patagonian Andes, have a marked orogenic geochemical signature and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope ratios that overlap with those of volcanic rocks from the adjacent active Andean arc. They originated in a mantle source extensively modified by the addition of materials from the subducting Pacific oceanic plates. We suggest that the wide chemical and isotopic variability of the Sierra de San Bernardo lavas reflects the upwelling of asthenospheric mantle beneath the study area, which induced lithospheric erosion and progressive involvement of enriched mantle domains in the genesis of magmas. In this context, late Eocene and early Miocene alkaline magmatism was dominantly sourced from the asthenospheric mantle, whereas Plio-Pleistocene alkaline magmas contain the largest proportion of an enriched lithospheric component. The peculiar compositional features of the early Miocene subalkaline lavas are interpreted in terms of high-degree mantle melting followed by melt–lithospheric mantle reaction processes. Based on current knowledge about the relative movement and decoupling between lithosphere and asthenosphere, we propose that the asthenosphere below the study area rose up to compensate for the westward drift of the mantle wedge coupled with the South American lithosphere.
THE EMERGENT LEGAL REGIME FOR EXPLORATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE GULF OF GUINEA: IMPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS FOR PARTICIPATING STATES AND MULTINATIONALS
Authors: Oduntan Gbenga
Published: May 2008

This paper outlines recent developments in regional cooperation within the Gulf of Guinea region leading to the recent establishment of the Gulf of Guinea Commission. The huge interest generated among the major oil-producing multinational corporations, the newer independent producers and the participating States in the Gulf of Guinea necessitates a critical assessment of the Treaty Establishing the Gulf of Guinea Commission. This paper adopts a comparative analysis with pre-existing regional and institutional bodies having similar aims and objectives. The aim is to ascertain whether and to what extent the emergent regime can facilitate a sustainable and responsive regime for the anticipated explosion of exploitative activities in this resource-rich and strategic littoral zone. This paper, thus, places the existing regime in the context of international best practices for multinationals and governments involved in oil and gas exploration and production. The author identifies certain imperatives for the consideration of both the corporate and sovereign interests in the world's newest resource Eldorado.
FURTHER SUPPORT FOR THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PARENTAL HORMONE LEVELS AROUND THE TIME OF CONCEPTION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN SEX RATIOS AT BIRTH
Authors: JAMES WILLIAM H.
Published: May 2008

During the past year, data have been published on the offspring sex ratios of people diagnosed with toxoplasmosis, hepatitis B, and pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer. It is shown here how these offspring sex ratios constitute further support for the hypothesis that mammalian (including human) parental hormone concentrations around the time of conception partially control the sexes of the resulting infants. If this interpretation were correct, then hormonal treatments might be considered for some or all of these conditions. It is intended that anyone who has read the present note and my two previous papers (James, 1996, 2004) should be aware of all the data relating to the hypothesis.
Does the ‘gateway’ matter? Associations between the order of drug use initiation and the development of drug dependence in the National Comorbidity Study Replication
Authors: Degenhardt L. , Chiu W. T. , Conway K. , Dierker L. , Glantz M. , Kalaydjian A. , Merikangas K. , Sampson N. , Swendsen J. , Kessler R. C.
Published: May 2008

Background

The ‘gateway’ pattern of drug initiation describes a normative sequence, beginning with alcohol and tobacco use, followed by cannabis, then other illicit drugs. Previous work has suggested that ‘violations’ of this sequence may be predictors of later problems but other determinants were not considered. We have examined the role of pre-existing mental disorders and sociodemographics in explaining the predictive effects of violations using data from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).

Method

The NCS-R is a nationally representative face-to-face household survey of 9282 English-speaking respondents aged 18 years and older that used the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to assess DSM-IV mental and substance disorders. Drug initiation was estimated using retrospective age-of-onset reports and ‘violations’ defined as inconsistent with the normative initiation order. Predictors of violations were examined using multivariable logistic regressions. Discrete-time survival analysis was used to see whether violations predicted progression to dependence.

Results

Gateway violations were largely unrelated to later dependence risk, with the exception of small increases in risk of alcohol and other illicit drug dependence for those who initiated use of other illicit drugs before cannabis. Early-onset internalizing disorders were predictors of gateway violations, and both internalizing and externalizing disorders increased the risks of dependence among users of all drugs.

Conclusions

Drug use initiation follows a strong normative pattern, deviations from which are not strongly predictive of later problems. By contrast, adolescents who have already developed mental health problems are at risk for deviations from the normative sequence of drug initiation and for the development of dependence.
A meta-analytic review of the effects of psychotherapy control conditions for anxiety disorders
Authors: Smits J. A. J. , Hofmann S. G.
Published: May 2008

Background

Little is known about the magnitude of improvement associated with psychotherapy control conditions for adult anxiety disorders. This information is important for the design of psychosocial treatment efficacy studies.

Method

We performed a computerized search of treatment outcome studies of anxiety disorders conducted between the first available year and 1 March 2007. In addition, we examined the reference lists from identified articles and asked international experts to identify eligible studies. We included studies that randomly assigned adult patients suffering from anxiety disorders to either cognitive–behavioral treatment or psychotherapy control condition. For each study, the two authors independently selected psychometrically sound measures of anxiety disorder severity. In addition, we collected data on attrition and treatment response.

Results

Of the 1165 studies that were initially identified, 19 studies (454 patients) met inclusion criteria and were included in the analyses. The random effects analysis yielded a pre- to post-treatment Hedges'geffect size of 0.45 (95% confidence interval 0.35–0.46,z=8.50,p<0.001). The mean weighted response and attrition rates were 25.0% and 14.2%, respectively. There was no evidence for publication bias, nor was there a significant relationship between the effect size and diagnostic group, study year or number of treatment sessions.

Conclusions

Psychotherapy control conditions are associated with significant improvements when administered to adults suffering from anxiety disorders. In addition, they are associated with a relatively low attrition rate. These findings can inform the design of future psychotherapy outcome studies.
THE HOMOSEXUAL THEATRE MOVEMENT IN THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC
Authors: Senelick Laurence
Published: May 2008

When the first serious studies of the homosexual past began to appear in English, they bore titles like Hidden from History and Who Was That Man? Even now such studies may describe themselves as “disclosures,” “the secret life,” “the untold story.” The suggestion is that there has been, if not a deliberate suppression, then a less-than-benign neglect of those aspects of history that revealed the presence of same-sex desire and behavior. To unearth and disclose them was regarded as essential to the struggle for gay liberation. By establishing homosexual individuals as a presence from time immemorial, one could make the study of them respectable and thereby bestow respectability on their practices, sexual and cultural, as well. This endeavor was complicated by the increasingly heated debate between the “essentialists,” who regard a homosexual identity to be innate and ahistorical, and the “social constructionists,” followers of Foucault, who insist on the evolution of a modern homosexual identity as the result of changes in the concept of sexuality. Often the fruits of research have been obscured by contentions over whether they supported one camp or the other. Valuable data, which might have gone to challenge traditional attitudes or conventional postures, fell unheard on ears deafened by the grinding of axes.
CREATING COMMUNITY: EXPERIMENTS IN DRAMA AT FRANCIS W. PARKER SCHOOL, CHICAGO
Authors: Schmitt Natalie Crohn
Published: May 2008

I am grateful to the Francis W. Parker School, Chicago, for allowing me free access to Morning Exercises and to the archives housed at the school. I would also like to thank the many current and former teachers and students who took the time to answer my questions, especially Andy Kaplan and John Holabird. I also thank Eric Martin, Christine Harris, and the anonymous readers at Theatre Survey for their patient editorial work.
THE NINA VANCE ALLEY THEATRE PAPERS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON LIBRARIES SPECIAL COLLECTIONS
Authors: Ravas Tammy
Published: May 2008

The University of Houston (UH) Libraries' Special Collections possesses several groups of papers and other items related to theatre and the performing arts, one of which is the Nina Vance Alley Theatre Papers. These items were donated to Special Collections in 2000. What follows is a brief biography of Nina Vance and history of the Alley as well as some highlights of items contained within this collection. Nina Vance was the Alley's first artistic director, from 1947 until her death in 1980. Along with Margo Jones and Zelda Fichandler, she helped shape the American regional-theatre movement in the later twentieth century. During her tenure at the Alley she directed 102 plays, produced 245 shows, and was awarded major grants, including significant funding from the Ford Foundation. Despite Vance's achievements in these areas, as well as in establishing the Alley as a respected theatre in the United States and across the world, few works of scholarship exist on her career. This could be partially due to the fact that many primary sources on the Alley Theatre and its founder, such as those found at the UH Libraries' Special Collections, have not been well publicized.
Epidemiology and cost of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia in the United Kingdom
Authors: GAUTHIER A. , BREUER J. , CARRINGTON D. , MARTIN M. , RÉMY V.
Published: May 2008

Recent information on epidemiology and management of herpes zoster (HZ) and post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN), a painful complication of HZ, is scarce. The objective of this study was to document the burden of HZ and PHN in the United Kingdom. This retrospective analysis of the UK General Practice Research Database aimed to estimate HZ incidence and proportion of HZ patients developing PHN and to assess management costs in immunocompetent individuals aged ⩾50 years. A cohort of 27 225 HZ patients was selected, corresponding to an incidence of 5·23/1000 person-years. Respectively 19·5% and 13·7% of patients developed PHN at least 1 and 3 months after HZ diagnosis. Mean direct cost was £103 per HZ patient and £341 and £397 per PHN episode (1- and 3-month definition respectively). Both HZ and PHN costs increased markedly with pain severity. This study confirms that HZ and PHN are frequent and costly diseases in the United Kingdom.
An intervention to improve notifiable disease reporting using ambulatory clinics
Authors: TREPKA M. J. , ZHANG G. , LEGUEN F.
Published: May 2008

Strong notifiable disease surveillance systems are essential for disease control. We sought to determine if a brief informational session between clinic and health department employees followed by reminder faxes and a newsletter would improve reporting rates and timeliness in a notifiable disease surveillance system. Ambulatory clinics were randomized to an intervention group which received the informational session, a faxed reporting reminder and newsletter, or to a control group. Among intervention and control clinics, there were improvements in the number of cases reported and the timeliness of reporting. However, there were no statistically significant changes in either group. Despite improved communication between the health department and clinics, this intervention did not significantly improve the level or the timeliness of reporting. Other types of interventions should be considered to improve reporting such as simplifying the reporting process.
Endozoochory by native and exotic herbivores in dry areas: consequences for germination and survival ofProsopisseeds
Authors: Campos Claudia M. , Peco Begoña , Campos Valeria E. , Malo Juan E. , Giannoni Stella M. , Suárez Francisco
Published: May 2008

Mammalian herbivores can play a role in the endozoochorous dispersal ofProsopisseeds in the arid zones of Argentina, and the introduction of exotic mammals can change relevant parameters of the plant's reproductive ecology. Our specific goals were to quantify the seeds ofProsopis flexuosa,P. chilensisandP. torquatacontained in the faeces of native [mara (Dolichotis patagonum), guanaco (Lama guanicoe)] and exotic [donkey (Equus asinus) and hare (Lepus europaeus)] mammals, and to determine the mortality, germination percentage and germination speed of seeds borne in faeces, compared with those collected from trees. In 2006, seeds were collected directly from trees or removed from mammal faeces. Seeds were counted and classified as apparently healthy or damaged.P. torquataandP. flexuosaseeds were found in the dung of guanaco, hare and mara, whereas onlyP. flexuosaseeds appeared in donkey faeces.P. chilensisseeds were only found in guanaco faeces. There was a notable relative abundance of seeds contained in small herbivore faeces in comparison to the large herbivores. The passage through the digestive tract of animals modified seed germination capacity and speed, with great variability between animal species. Guanacos had greater effects than donkeys on mortality, germination percentage and germination speed. Differences between the effects of both smaller-sized herbivores on seeds were much smaller.
Seed-bank dynamics in the invasive plant,Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL.
Authors: Fumanal B. , Gaudot I. , Bretagnolle F.
Published: May 2008

The seed-bank dynamics ofAmbrosia artemisiifolia(Asteraceae), an annual invasive plant introduced from North America to Europe, were studied in nine French populations developing in field crops, set-asides or wastelands. The vertical distribution of seeds was studied in two different depth sections (0–5 cm and 5–20 cm), and the spatial horizontal pattern of distribution was analysed for two selected field-crop and set-aside populations. The proportions of dormant, non-dormant and dead seeds, as well as the changes in seed-bank dormancy over time, were evaluated. Natural seedling recruitment and its variation under different disturbance treatments in competitive set-asides were also studied. From 536 ± 194 to 4477 ± 717 seeds m− 2were found in the living seed bank (0–20 cm). The majority of seeds in field crops was found in the lower soil layer, whereas the opposite pattern was observed in set-asides and wastelands. Dormant seed proportions were low (0–18%) before natural germination, but then regularly increased. The seed bank ofA. artemisiifoliawas spatially aggregated irrespective of the extent of soil disturbance. On average, 23 ± 12 to 292 ± 62 seedlings m− 2were recorded, with densities lower in set-asides than in field crops and wastelands. Seedling densities were not correlated to upper seed densities except for two field crops. Soil disturbance and the removal of vegetation had positive effects on seedling recruitment in set-asides. Seed-bank dynamics appear to be crucial in the invasive success ofA. artemisiifolia, and this knowledge will provide insights for the management of the species.
AnArabidopsis thalianaembryo arrest mutant exhibiting germination potential
Authors: Kristof Jessica R. , L. Coppersmith Jennifer , Hong Kyung , Liu Po-Pu , Homrichhausen Tanja M. , Sun Jing , Martin Ruth C. , Nonogaki Hiroyuki
Published: May 2008

The ability to initiate radicle elongation, or germination potential, occurs in developing embryos before the completion of seed maturation. Green embryos after the walking-stick stage in developingArabidopsis thalianaseeds germinate when excised from seeds and incubated in Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium containing 1% sucrose. Germination potential is not observed during early embryogenesis at the globular, heart and torpedo stages. Here, we describe anArabidopsismutant with embryos arrested at early stages of development, but still exhibiting germination potential. The mutant, termedembryo ball(eb), produced shrunken seeds containing round or irregularly shaped embryos that did not germinate. The round embryos excised from developingebseeds were capable of growing a primary root with root hairs when incubated in media. In contrast, cotyledons were absent at the apical region of theebembryos, although the apical region produced leaf-like structures with trichomes, indicating vegetative leaf identity. These observations suggested that morphological maturation was not essential for the induction of germination potential. Theebembryos exhibited partial desiccation tolerance that is characteristic of mature embryos at later stages of development, suggesting that cell maturation was also independent of morphological maturation. Theebmutant provides novel information on cell and tissue identity in developmental biology, as well as a useful tool to dissect the mechanisms underlying the induction of germination potential in developing seeds.
Probability models for detecting transgenic plants
Authors: Hernández-Suárez Carlos M. , Montesinos-López Osval A. , McLaren Graham , Crossa José
Published: May 2008

When detecting the adventitious presence of transgenic plants (AP), it is important to use an appropriate testing method in the laboratory. Dorfman's group testing method is effective for reducing the number of laboratory analyses, but does not consider the case where AP is diluted below the sensitivity of the analyses, which causes the rate of false negatives to increase. The objective of this study is to propose binomial and negative binomial probabilistic models for determining the required sample size (n), number of pools (g), and size of the pool (k) for detecting individuals possessing AP with a probability ≥ (1 − α) (for a small α) given: (1) pool size (k); (2) estimated proportion of individuals with AP in the population (p); (3) concentration of the trait of interest (AP) in individual seeds (w); and (4) detection limit of the test (c) (AP concentration in a pool below which it cannot be detected). The proposed models consider the different rates of false positives (δ) and false negatives (λ), and the assessment of consumer and producer risks. Results have shown that when using the negative binomial, a required sample sizencan be determined that guarantees a high probability thatmindividuals orgpools containing AP will be found. The pools formed have an optimum size, such that one element with AP will be detected at a low cost. The negative binomial distribution should be used when it is known that the proportion of individuals with AP in the population isp < 0.1; thus, it is guaranteed thatmindividuals orgpools of individuals with AP will be detected with high probability.
A multiplanar three dimensional echocardiographic study of mitral valvar annular function in children with normal and regurgitant valves
Authors: Bharucha Tara , Sivaprakasam Muthukumaran C. , Roman Kevin S. , Vettukattil Joseph J.
Published: May 2008

Introduction

The mitral valvar complex is difficult to visualise accurately in only two dimensions. Three-dimensional echocardiography gives new insight into the dynamic changes of intra-cardiac structures during the cardiac cycle. The aim of this study was to study the mitral annulus in systole and diastole in normal children using three-dimensional echocardiography, and to analyse the effect of regurgitation on annular function.

Materials and methods

Three-dimensional echocardiographic datasets, acquired in 11 consecutive subjects with mitral regurgitation, and 20 normal subjects, were analysed offline using simultaneous multiplanar review.

Results

The mitral valvar annular area decreased in diastole, and increased in systole, in both groups. The annulus in patients with mitral regurgitation is dilated compared to normal subjects, the systolic value for those with regurgitation having a mean of 6.79 plus or minus 2.55 centimetres2/metres2, and the diastolic value a mean of 5.01 plus or minus 1.78 centimetres2/metres2, as opposed to a systolic mean value of 5.28 centimetres2/metres2 plus or minus 1.68, p = 0.091, and diastolic mean value of 3.05 centimetres2/metres2 plus or minus 0.90, in normal subjects (p less than 0.0001). The proportional change in mitral valvar annular area from systole to diastole showed a trend towards being smaller in those with mitral regurgitation, although this did not reach significance (24.8% versus 41.13%, p equal to 0.249). Analysis of subgroups of patients with moderate or severe mitral regurgitation showed mitral excursion, expressed as percentage of left ventricular length, to be significantly less than in normal subjects, at 12.78 plus or minus 5.10% versus 15.84 plus or minus 4.23% (p equal to 0.012).

Conclusions

Mitral valvar annular area in children decreases in diastole, and increases in systole. In those with mitral regurgitation, the annulus is dilated and the dynamic annular function is depressed.
Current status of adjuvant bisphosphonates in operable breast cancer
Authors: Paterson A. H. G.
Published: May 2008

Bisphosphonates offer a potentially effective adjuvant therapy to reduce recurrence of bone metastases in breast cancer patients. Clinical trials are at the early stage, but initial results have shown promise. There are three published adjuvant trials of oral clodronate, and one trial each of pamidronate and zoledronic acid. Observed complications so far include osteonecrosis of the jaw or maxilla because bisphosphonates inhibit bone turnover, as well as renal toxicity. Thus, care needs to be taken with dosage and duration of treatment and patients carefully managed.
Deferred compensation for career employees in public defined benefit pension plans: evidence from Colorado PERA
Authors: MANNINO MICHAEL V. , COOPERMAN ELIZABETH S.
Published: May 2008

With significant under funding of public defined benefit pension plans, public debate often focuses on funding problems, neglecting benefit-side factors that contribute to under funding. In this study we examine the benefit side by calculating the value of deferred compensation, using a unique dataset of salary histories for recent university retirees covered by the Colorado Public Employees Retirement Association plan. We find sizable levels of deferred compensation that is associated with retirement age and period, job class, service years, and to some extent gender, with administrators receiving the highest levels. We also find wage–earning profiles to underestimate salary growth for higher-paid employees.
Evaluation of Aegilops tauschii (Coss.) germplasm for Karnal bunt resistance in a screen house with simulated environmental conditions
Authors: Chhuneja Parveen , Kaur Satinder , Singh Kuldeep , Dhaliwal H. S.
Published: May 2008

Karnal bunt (KB) of wheat, caused byTilletia indica(Mitra) Mundkur, adversely affects international wheat trading and the movement of germplasm between countries due to quarantine restrictions. Breeding for host plant resistance requires the identification of KB resistance sources. Accessions of the D genome progenitor of bread wheat,Aegilops tauschii, were screened in a specially designed screen-house, where the optimum environmental conditions conducive for KB development were simulated by controlling temperature, humidity, fogging and shading. The 183 accessions were subjected to artificial inoculation with a mixture of nine KB isolates, and seven proved highly resistant and four moderately resistant over three rounds of screening over 3 years.
Temporal diversity changes among 198 Nordic bread wheat landraces and cultivars detected by retrotransposon-based S-SAP analysis
Authors: Hysing Shu-Chin , Säll Torbjörn , Nybom Hilde , Liljeroth Erland , Merker Arnulf , Orford Simon , Koebner Robert M. D.
Published: May 2008

The sequence-specific amplified polymorphism (S-SAP) method was used to genotype 198 Nordic bread wheat landraces and cultivars from the 19th to the 21st centuries. It was shown that theSukkula-9900-LARD retrotransposon primer was highly suitable for resolving closely related wheat materials. Cluster analysis was generally consistent with pedigree information and revealed a clear separation for growth habit but not for countries. A principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) showed a separation into different time periods (before 1910, 1910–1969 and 1970–2003). These results are consistent with the breeding history and pedigree information, indicating that little hybridization has occurred between winter and spring wheat, in contrast to frequent exchange of germplasm between the Nordic countries. Estimates of gene diversity, the PCoA results, and changes in band frequencies across time indicate that plant breeding has led to substantial genetic shifts in Nordic wheat. Diversity was reduced through selections from landraces during the early 20th century, followed by a period of relatively lower genetic diversity, and a subsequent increase and net gains in diversity from the late 1960s onwards through the use of exotic germplasm. Thus, an anticipated loss of overall genetic diversity was found to be negligible, although allele losses have occurred at specific loci.
Formation of Stellar Clusters and the Importance of Thermodynamics for Fragmentation
Authors: Klessen Ralf S. , Clark Paul C. , Glover Simon C. O.
Published: May 2008

We discuss results from numerical simulations of star cluster formation in the turbulent interstellar medium (ISM). The thermodynamic behavior of the star-forming gas plays a crucial role in fragmentation and determines the stellar mass function as well as the dynamic properties of the nascent stellar cluster. This holds for star formation in molecular clouds in the solar neighborhood as well as for the formation of the very first stars in the early universe. The thermodynamic state of the ISM is a result of the balance between heating and cooling processes, which in turn are determined by atomic and molecular physics and by chemical abundances. Features in the effective equation of state of the gas, such as a transition from a cooling to a heating regime, define a characteristic mass scale for fragmentation and so set the peak of the initial mass function of stars (IMF). As it is based on fundamental physical quantities and constants, this is an attractive approach to explain the apparent universality of the IMF in the solar neighborhood as well as the transition from purely primordial high-mass star formation to the more normal low-mass mode observed today.