bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ramsey properties of algebraic graphs and hypergraphs
Authors: Sudakov Benny , Tomon István
Published: October 2022

One of the central questions in Ramsey theory asks how small the largest clique and independent set in a graph on N vertices can be. By the celebrated result of Erdős from 1947, a random graph on N vertices with edge probability

$1/2$

contains no clique or independent set larger than

$2\log _2 N$

, with high probability. Finding explicit constructions of graphs with similar Ramsey-type properties is a famous open problem. A natural approach is to construct such graphs using algebraic tools.

Say that an r-uniform hypergraph

$\mathcal {H}$

is algebraic of complexity

$(n,d,m)$

if the vertices of

$\mathcal {H}$

are elements of

$\mathbb {F}^{n}$

for some field

$\mathbb {F}$

, and there exist m polynomials

$f_1,\dots ,f_m:(\mathbb {F}^{n})^{r}\rightarrow \mathbb {F}$

of degree at most d such that the edges of

$\mathcal {H}$

are determined by the zero-patterns of

$f_1,\dots ,f_m$

. The aim of this paper is to show that if an algebraic graph (or hypergraph) of complexity

$(n,d,m)$

has good Ramsey properties, then at least one of the parameters

$n,d,m$

must be large.

In 2001, Rónyai, Babai and Ganapathy considered the bipartite variant of the Ramsey problem and proved that if G is an algebraic graph of complexity

$(n,d,m)$

on N vertices, then either G or its complement contains a complete balanced bipartite graph of size

$\Omega _{n,d,m}(N^{1/(n+1)})$

. We extend this result by showing that such G contains either a clique or an independent set of size

$N^{\Omega (1/ndm)}$

and prove similar results for algebraic hypergraphs of constant complexity. We also obtain a polynomial regularity lemma for r-uniform algebraic hypergraphs that are defined by a single polynomial that might be of independent interest. Our proofs combine algebraic, geometric and combinatorial tools.
Herbicide selection for controlling Tahitian bridal veil (Gibasis pellucida)
Authors: Yu Ping , Marble S. Christopher , Minogue Patrick
Published: October 2022

Tahitian bridal veil [Gibasis pellucida (M. Martens & Galeotti) D.R. Hunt], a Central and South America native plant that is often confused with another more well-known invasive plant, small leaf spiderwort (Tradescantia fluminensis Vell.), has become invasive in natural areas throughout Florida. However, very little is known regarding herbicide control or other methods. To begin the process of developing herbicide recommendations for land managers who are working to control G. pellucida, multiple postemergence herbicides were screened for efficacy in a shaded greenhouse to determine active ingredients and/or combinations that warrant further investigation under field conditions. Nine different herbicides or combinations, including glyphosate, triclopyr acid, 2,4-D + triclopyr, aminopyralid, 2,4-D, triclopyr amine, metsulfuron-methyl, fluroxypyr, and glufosinate, were applied at standard label rates and compared with a nontreated control group. Visual control ratings were taken at 2, 4, and 8 wk after treatment (WAT), and shoot dry weights were determined at trial conclusion (8 WAT). Data showed glufosinate and triclopyr (acid and amine) provided the highest level of control, as evidenced by control ratings (100% or complete control) and shoot fresh weight reduction, followed by 2,4-D + triclopyr (∼70%) and fluroxypyr (∼50% control). Metsulfuron-methyl and 2,4-D provided the lowest level of control, with results similar to those for nontreated plants on most evaluation dates.
Functional renormalisation group for turbulence
Authors: Canet Léonie
Published: October 2022

Turbulence is a complex nonlinear and multi-scale phenomenon. Although the fundamental underlying equations, the Navier–Stokes equations, have been known for two centuries, it remains extremely challenging to extract from them the statistical properties of turbulence. Therefore, for practical purposes, a sustained effort has been devoted to obtaining an effective description of turbulence, that we may call turbulence modelling, or statistical theory of turbulence. In this respect, the renormalisation group (RG) appears as a tool of choice, since it is precisely designed to provide effective theories from fundamental equations by performing in a systematic way the average over fluctuations. However, for Navier–Stokes turbulence, a suitable framework for the RG, allowing in particular for non-perturbative approximations, has been missing, which has thwarted RG applications for a long time. This framework is provided by the modern formulation of the RG called the functional renormalisation group (FRG). The use of the FRG has enabled important progress in the theoretical understanding of homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. The major one is the rigorous derivation, from the Navier–Stokes equations, of an analytical expression for any Eulerian multi-point multi-time correlation function, which is exact in the limit of large wavenumbers. We propose in thisJFM Perspectivesarticle a survey of the FRG method for turbulence. We provide a basic introduction to the FRG and emphasise how the field-theoretical framework allows one to systematically and profoundly exploit the symmetries. We stress that the FRG enables one to describe fully developed turbulence forced at large scales, which was not accessible by perturbative means. We show that it yields the energy spectrum and second-order structure function with accurate estimates of the related constants, and also the behaviour of the spectrum in the near-dissipative range. Finally, we expound the derivation of the spatio-temporal behaviour of$n$-point correlation functions, and largely illustrate these results through the analysis of data from experiments and direct numerical simulations.
Dynamics of a stratified vortex under the complete Coriolis force: two-dimensional three-components evolution
Authors: Toghraei Iman , Billant Paul
Published: October 2022

We study the dynamics of an initially axisymmetric and vertical Lamb–Oseen vortex in a stratified-rotating fluid under the complete Coriolis force on the

$f$

plane, i.e. in the presence of a background rotation both along the vertical and horizontal directions. By a combination of direct numerical simulations and asymptotic analyses for small horizontal background rotation, we show that a critical layer appears at the radius where the angular velocity of the vortex is equal to the buoyancy frequency when the Froude number is larger than unity. This critical layer generates a vertical velocity that is invariant along the vertical and which first increases linearly with time and then saturates at an amplitude scaling like

$Re^{1/3}/\widetilde{Ro}$

, where

$Re$

is the Reynolds number and

$\widetilde {Ro}$

the non-traditional Rossby number based on the horizontal component of the background rotation. In turn, a quasi-axisymmetric anomaly of vertical vorticity is produced at the critical radius through the non-traditional Coriolis force. Below a critical

$\widetilde {Ro}$

depending on

$Re$

, the Rayleigh's inflectional criterion is satisfied and a shear instability is subsequently triggered rendering the vertical vorticity fully non-axisymmetric. The decay of the angular velocity is then enhanced until it is everywhere lower than the buoyancy frequency. A theoretical criterion derived from the Rayleigh condition predicts well the instability. It shows that this phenomenon can occur even for a large non-traditional Rossby number

$\widetilde {Ro}$

for large

$Re$

. Hence, the non-traditional Coriolis force might have much more impact on geophysical vortices than anticipated by considering the order of magnitude of

$\widetilde {Ro}$

.
Square cylinder in the interface of two different velocity streams
Authors: El Mansy R. , Sarwar W. , Bergadà J.M. , Mellibovsky F.
Published: October 2022

We investigate the incompressible flow past a square cylinder immersed in the wake of an upstream nearby splitter plate separating two streams of different velocity. The bottom stream Reynolds number, based on the square side,

$Re_B=56$

is kept constant while the top-to-bottom Reynolds numbers ratio

$R\equiv Re_T/Re_B$

is increased in the range

$R\in [1,6.5]$

, corresponding to a coupled variation of the bulk Reynolds number

$Re\equiv (Re_T+Re_B)/2\in [56,210]$

and an equivalent non-dimensional shear parameter

$K\equiv 2(R-1)/(R+1)\in [0,1.4667]$

. The onset of vortex shedding is pushed to higher

$Re$

as compared with the square cylinder in the classic configuration. The advent of three dimensionality is triggered by a mode-C-type instability, much as reported for open circular rings and square cylinders placed at an incidence. The domain of minimal spanwise-periodic extension that is capable of sustaining spatiotemporally chaotic dynamics, namely one accommodating about twice the wavelength of the dominant eigenmode, has been chosen for the analysis of the wake transition regime. The path towards spatiotemporal chaos is, in this minimal domain, initiated with a modulational period-doubling tertiary bifurcation that also doubles the spanwise periodicity. At slightly higher values of

$R$

, the flow has become spatiotemporally chaotic, but the main features of mode C are still clearly distinguishable. Although some of the nonlinear solutions found along the wake transition regime employing the minimal domain might indeed be unstable to long wavelength disturbances, they still are solutions of the infinite cylinder problem and are apt to play a relevant role in the inception of spatiotemporally chaotic dynamics.
Explicit Dirichlet–Neumann operator for water waves
Authors: Clamond Didier
Published: October 2022

An explicit expression for the Dirichlet–Neumann operator for surface water waves is presented. For non-overturning waves, but without assuming small amplitudes, the formula is first derived in two dimensions, and subsequently extrapolated to higher dimensions and with a moving bottom. Although described here for water waves, this elementary approach could be adapted to many other problems having similar mathematical formulations.
Al-Muqrinat cave in the countryside of Cyrene: revisiting the prehistoric engravings
Authors: El Mayer Adel Othman
Published: October 2022

Al-Muqrinat cave was first visited by the Italian researcher Umberto Paradisi in June 1964, after he was told by the locals of its location. Paradisi in turn conducted the first field study in the region. Archaeologist Charles McBurney made some observations on the study particularly with respect to the history of the engravings and the site was referred to as being the first discovery of rock art in the Green Mountain. No further field studies were carried out until 2001, when Libyan student Saad Buhajar investigated the site as part of his master's research. This article is the result of intermittent visits to the cave over a period of 27 years and provides the accurate descriptions of findings including new discoveries.
Numerical modelling of mixing in underexpanded jets from castellated nozzles
Authors: Saddington A. J. , Knowles K. , Wong R. Y. T.
Published: October 2022

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of three different axisymmetric convergent nozzle designs was created. Two of the nozzles had trailing-edge modifications (TEMs), which consisted of four regularly-spaced tooth-gap castellation pairs. One of the castellated nozzles had a divergent gap profile (regular castellated) and the other had a convergent gap profile (convergent-chamfered castellated). The remaining plain nozzle had no castellations.

Calculated CFD results were examined at a nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) of 6·5 in the near field of the regular castellated and convergent-chamfered castellated nozzles. Jet fluid was seen to be ejected radially from the jet core through the gaps between the castellations at the nozzle exit plane. Contra-rotating streamwise vortices were seen to develop at the interface between the gap and castellation. These were of the sense that acts to pump jet fluid out in the plane of the gap and entrain ambient fluid in the plane of the tooth. Peak increases of approximately 45% in non-dimensional mass flow rate over the plain nozzle were seen.

The ejections from the four-tooth regular-castellated nozzles extended far enough radially that they became detached from the main jet core. The contra-rotating vortices moved closer together with downstream distance reinforcing the pumping action between them. The jet ejections from the convergent-chamfered castellated nozzles did not extend far enough radially to detach from the main core (at the NPR tested) nor did the contra-rotating vortices move significantly closer together. Peak increases of approximately 45% and 25% (for the regular-castellated and convergent-chamfered castellated nozzles respectively) in non-dimensional mass flow rate over the plain nozzle were seen.

The strength of the contra-rotating vortices had dropped by two orders of magnitude at five nozzle diameters downstream from the exit plane. This suggested that the extent of fluid ejection may be more important than the initial strength of the vortices (although stronger vortices may help to eject fluid further out radially). Thus, configurations of nozzle geometry which cause the resulting streamwise vortices to interact favourably in ejecting fluid, would be desirable.
Passive control of surface pressure fluctuations in reattaching flows
Authors: Kumar R. , Viswanath P. R.
Published: October 2022

Experiments assessing the effectiveness of passive control involving a porous surface and cavity underneath for reducing the level of surface pressure fluctuations in reattaching flows are reported. Measurements are made on a generic axisymmetric body, representative of a launch vehicle configuration, in the Mach number range of 0·8 to 1·2. The measurements consist of distributions of mean surface pressure and unsteady surface pressure fluctuations in the boat-tail separated region. The passive control significantly reduces the peak surface pressure fluctuations in the reattachment zone, even in the absence of a strong shock wave. The spectra of pressure fluctuations reveal that with passive control the energy is appreciably reduced over a wide range of frequencies.
Experimental investigation of trailing-edge devices at transonic speeds
Authors: Richter K. , Rosemann H.
Published: October 2022

The influence of trailing-edge devices such as Gurney flaps and divergent trailing edges of different height on the aerodynamic performance of an aerofoil at transonic speeds has been investigated experimentally. The investigation has been carried out in the Transonic Wind Tunnel Göttingen (TWG) using the two-dimensional aerofoil model VC-Opt at freestream Mach numbers of M ε [0.755, 0.775, 0.790] and a Reynolds number of Re = 5.0 x 106.

The results have shown that the trailing-edge devices increase the circulation of the aerofoil leading to a lift enhancement and pitching-moment decrease as well as an increase in minimum drag compared to the baseline configuration. The maximum lift-to-drag ratio is considerably improved and the onset of trailing-edge flow separation is shifted to higher lift. Besides the increased rear-loading, a downstream displacement of the shock provides the main lift enhancement in transonic flow.

The simple Gurney flap provides the largest additional circulation of all geometries tested. The smoother turning of the flow due to the additional ramp of the divergent trailing edge leads to a smaller increase of circulation. Slightly less lift but considerably less viscous (pressure) drag is generated enhancing the maximum lift-to-drag ratio compared to the Gurney flap. The negative affect of the Gurney flap on the pitching moment is also reduced.

For the high divergent trailing edges, different ramp slopes have a significant influence on the aerodynamic performance whereas at low device heights the influence is considerably diminished.

The results show that the divergent trailing edge proves to be the better trailing-edge device at transonic speeds. The application as an element for an adaptive wing is generally possible.
Prediction of drag and lift using velocity and vorticity fields
Authors: Zhu G. , Bearman P. W. , Graham J. M. R.
Published: October 2022

Closed-form equations for the evaluation of forces on a body in compressible, inviscid and viscous flows are presented. The expressions which are used to calculate lift and drag require only knowledge of the velocity field (and its derivatives) on an arbitrarily chosen contour enclosing the body. Various forms of the force equations are presented, both for two-dimensional and three-dimensional flows. The work is an extension of earlier research by Noca) developed for incompressible flows. The equations are implemented on a number of two-dimensional aerofoil cases and the results show excellent agreement with surface and wake integration approaches.
Turbulence modelling and turbulent-flow computation in aeronautics
Authors: Leschziner M. A. , Drikakis D.
Published: October 2022

Competitive pressures and economic constraints are driving aircraft manufacturers towards an ever-increasing exploitation of CFD for design, optimisation and prediction of off-design conditions. Such exploitation is favoured by rapid advances in meshing technology, numerical algorithms, visualisation tools and computer hardware. In contrast, the predictive capabilities of mathematical models of turbulence are limited — indeed, are often poor in regions of complex strain — and improve only slowly. The intuitive nature of turbulence modelling, its strong reliance on calibration and validation and the extreme sensitivity of model performance to seemingly minor variations in modelling details and flow conditions all conspire to make turbulence modelling an especially challenging component of CFD, but one that is crucially important for the correct prediction of complex flows.
Micro-foamed structural materials for micro-aircraft
Authors: O'Keefe E. , Swan M. , Jones R. , Gergly V. , Cameron N.
Published: October 2022

The development of micro-air vehicles poses a considerable challenge to the materials scientist. Vehicles that may occupy less than 10cm in any direction require many structural components with dimensions well below 1mm when conventional engineering and assembly techniques are employed. As with conventional unmanned air vehicles (UAVs), and full-scale aircraft, materials that display a huge breadth of characteristics are required to build the airframe and to engineer sub-components, while meeting stringent mass and volume budgets. In particular, high modulus, high toughness, easy formability and jointing are desirable qualities. For larger structures, conventional foamed materials can meet some of these properties. However, the pore sizes in these conventional materials are too large to allow manufacture of micro-scale components, airframe sections and skins. This paper describes the manufacture and properties of some micro-foamed polymers, and polymer composites, metals and oxide ceramics that are being developed at DERA specifically for micro-vehicle applications.
Autorotating rotor with ornithopter-like flapping blades
Authors: Savov V. , Raikov M.
Published: October 2022

Classification of the winged aircraft according to the character of wing (blade) motion in horizontal and vertical plane is presented. Design of a rotor, the blades of which are driven into rotation via flapping motion similar to the movement of an ornithopter's wing is proposed and the principle of operation is considered. Mathematical model of the aerodynamics of the autorotating rotor with flapping blades in hover is made on the base of the helicopter rotor blade-element theory. Geometric and kinematic parameters influence on the rotor lift and efficiency is analysed. It is shown that in hover the efficiency of an autorotating rotor with flapping blades is approximately equal to the one of a helicopter rotor.
Effect of tracer particle characteristics on visualisation of delta wing vortices
Authors: Greenwell D. I.
Published: October 2022

Preliminary investigations of the effect of tracer particle characteristics on flow visualisation in a steady delta wing leading-edge vortex are presented, using both 3D simulations of particle trajectories and a simplified analysis of the radial equilibrium conditions. It is shown that many of the flow structures apparently seen in wind and water tunnel visualisation studies of delta wing vortices may in fact be artefacts of the tracer particle characteristics. In particular the ‘smoke tube’ or ‘hole’ effect often seen in smoke flow visualisation in wind tunnels does not (contrary to popular usage) indicate the size of the viscous subcore, and is not a reliable indicator of the vortex structure. The implications for both visualisation studies and optical flow measurement techniques are discussed.
Aerodynamics of delta wings with flaps at hypersonic speeds
Authors: Ramesh R.
Published: October 2022

Control surface effectiveness is an important parameter for any aeroplane. For a hypersonic aircraft, though the power required to operate the flaps is determined by low speed flying conditions, it is imperative to know the effect of flaps at hypersonic speeds. Hence, studies have been done on this topic by aerodynamicists for over 40 years. In spite of this, only a limited data is available in the literature on this subject.

This paper discusses the experimental study of the effect of sweep on the aerodynamic characteristics of thin slab delta wings with flaps at hypersonic speeds. For the purpose of this investigation, a novel special thin six-component balance, which has a thickness of 4mm and can be housed inside wings with 8mm thickness, has been designed. The wings had a sweep of 76°, 70°and 65°,t/cof 0.053 and flaps with 12% of wing area and 12% of wing chord. Testing were done at Mach 8.2, Re number of 2.13 x 106(based on chord), from α = –12°to 12°and flap angle of 20°, 30°and 40°. Separation lengths, measured from Schlieren pictures, clearly show that there is ‘no appreciable’ effect of sweep on them. Also, using a simple local flow field calculation, the separation has been identified to be transitional in nature. These features of separation reflect in the force data. Because of the small separation length, the flaps (inspite of their small size) were very effective in generating additionalCN,CMandCl, which increased with increase in flap angle. In general, theCN,CMandXCPwere unaffected by sweep for symmetric flap deflection at positive incidences and asymmetric flap case. For symmetric flap case at negative incidences, onlyCNwas not influenced by the sweep butCMdecreased andXCPmoved upstream as the sweep is decreased. The wing with lower sweep produces higherCAand lower(L/D)maxfor both symmetric and asymmetric flaps. The rolling moment and adverse yaw increased with decrease in sweep for asymmetric flap deflection. Newtonian theory is shown to be incapable of predicting the effect of sweep onCl, Cnand on the incremental values ofCN, CMandCA.

In conclusion, it can be said that a small flap is generally adequate for hypersonic aeroplanes provided they operate at altitudes where transitional and turbulent separation can be expected to occur. This would make the flaps effective and thus enable ample control authority.
Torsional/flexural response of large span wings to high altitude turbulence
Authors: Lissaman P. B. S. , Brownlow L. W.
Published: October 2022

High altitude span loader aircraft experience significant wing bending mainly due to turbulence of spanwise scale comparable to the wing. These moments are often the primary wingspar design loads. Spanloaders with a few concentrated loads on the wing are called semi-span loaders. Typical of this class is a family of unmanned solar-powered vehicles developed by AeroVironment of California, which have spans up to 250ft and flight speeds of about 30fts-’ equivalent. An aeroelastic model of the wing moments induced by turbulence varying in both spanwise and flightwise directions has been developed. The model treats flexural displacements and torsional deflection, runs rapidly in Excel® format, and can be used to study many different design and gust cases, thus it is a powerful tool for multi-disciplinary optimisation. The procedure was exercised for a generic semi-spanloader. Calculations were made for the effects of turbulent scale, of altitude, and of centrebody mass, all of which are shown to be small. Stiffness sensitivity calculations show that, although the composite wing is very flexible, the turbulence-induced moment is not greatly attenuated by flexibility. Effects of flexural deformation dominate the bending moments and torsional effects are very small. Seven different cases of the type used to define gust loads were examined. These indicated that gust models that do not contain spanwise variation seriously underestimate wing bending.
Numerical prediction of transition boundary-layer flows using new intermittency transport equation
Authors: Higazy M. G.
Published: October 2022

In this paper, a new transport equation for the intermittency factor is proposed to model the transition flows. The intermittency behaviour of the transition flows is incorporated into the differential methods for solving the boundary-layer equations, which deal numerically with the basic partial differential equations. The present model accuracy and validity have been tested against a series of recent published experiments, for low Reynolds number, including flows with different freestream turbulence intensities and different pressure-gradients, such as aerofoil and flat plate flows. A comparison of the present method and two different prediction techniques is also given.

The significance of the proposed transport intermittency equation is to reproduce the streamwise variation of the intermittency factor in the transition zone. This method is found suitable and reliable to predict flows with positive or favourable pressure-gradient cases and with turbulence intensity level up to 6%.The method also confirmed the importance of estimating the start of transition, present formula. The present formula is suitable and straightforward to use. For all test cases good agreement between the computed results and the experimental data are observed.
Hydrothermal injection breccia with organic carbon and nitrogen in the fossil hydrothermal system of Harghita Bãi, East Carpathians, Romania: an example of magmatic and non-magmatic element mobility in the upper continental crust
Authors: Bobos Iuliu
Published: October 2022

Organic carbon and nitrogen fixed in illite (I) clays were identified in a hydrothermal breccia structure from the Harghita Bãi area of the Neogene volcanism of the East Carpathians. The potassium-illite (K-I) alteration related to an early magmatic-hydrothermal event (9.5 ± 0.5 Ma) was later replaced by ammonium-illite (NH4-I) (6.2 ± 0.6 Ma) owing to circulation of an organic-rich fluid. Several textural evolutions of breccia structures were recognized, such as ‘shingle’, ‘jigsaw’, ‘crackle’ and hydraulic in situ fractures. The high-field-strength element behaviours of the K-I and NH4-I argillic altered andesite are close to chondritic ratios, indicating no contribution of hydrothermal fluid, especially on NH4-I andesite alteration and the CHArge-and-RAdius-Controlled (CHARAC) behaviour within silicate melts. The rare earth element normalized patterns show two distinct trends, one with a Eu* anomaly (K-I) and the other with a Nd* anomaly (NH4-I), indicating a boundary exchange with the organic-rich fluid. The strongly depleted δ13C (V-PDB) measured for the NH4-I clays reflects values (−24.39 to −26.67 ‰) close to CH4 thermogenic oxidation, whereas the δ15N (‰) from 4.8 to 14.8 (± 0.6) confirmed that the N2 originated from post-mature sedimentary organic matter. The last volcanism (6.3 to 3.9 ± 0.6 Ma) and simultaneous volcano-induced tectonics in the proximity of the eastern Transylvanian basin basement increased the heat flow, generating lateral salt extrusion, diapirism and increased pressure in the gas reservoir. New pathways were opened that provided new circulation routes for basinal fluids to new and old permeable zones and expelled seeps from the biogenic petroleum system.
The suggestive nature of words. Media coverage of homeopathy, acupuncture, reiki and Bach flower remedies in Spanish press 2011-2016
Authors: Cortiñas-Rovira Sergi , Salvador-Mata Bertran
Published: October 2022

The maxim of proponents of pseudoscience is to spread ignorance through false perceptions of its scientific status. One of its most attractive — and simultaneously harmful — manifestations is complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Despite the scientific evidence against them, CAM has taken hold in today’s society as a therapeutic model for a growing segment of the population. We analysed 379 articles on homeopathy, acupuncture, reiki and Bach flower remedies published in mainstream Spanish newspapers (El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia, El Periódico and ABC) for the period 2011-2016, finding that disinformation is participated in actively by the Spanish press. CAM content was detected in these newspapers, together with a lack of an editorial perspective. In most of the cases, the uncritical articles were found in the interpretive genre and the society section. We also characterized the pseudoscientific discourse aimed at the public, finding that it is irrational and fraudulent in sowing fear and distrust regarding science. On the basis of theories invalidated by the scientific method and on appeals to the emotions, pseudoscience not only threatens scientific knowledge, but directly undermines public health by encouraging the abandonment of conventional medicine. In order to remedy this situation, better scientific training, informative screening and editorial commitment is urgently needed in the Spanish press.
The Communist Manifesto in Indonesia
Authors: Crawford Oliver
Published: October 2022

This article offers a new perspective on the reception of Marxism in Indonesia by examining the first Malay translations of The Communist Manifesto, published in 1923 and 1925. These translations, made from Dutch and German source texts, ‘domesticated’ the Manifesto by exchanging certain European terms for vernacular ones with greater resonance in the Indonesian context. They also introduced a wider Indonesian audience to Marxist class concepts, which offered a new international way of conceptualising political resistance, and terms from European philosophy and history. In the process, they broke down the barriers built up by Dutch colonial authorities to keep radical European political texts away from vernacular languages. After the failed communist uprisings of 1926–27, the increasingly intense colonial policing regime stifled further dissemination of the Manifesto, but translations of Marx and Engels’ text received a new lease of life during the Indonesian Revolution (1945–49) and in the postwar decades. The Communist Manifesto was suppressed once more under the anti-communist New Order regime which came to power in 1966 and reconstructed the barrier between radical European political thought and the Indonesian language that had been erected by the Dutch.
Contemporary Soviet Research on Latin America
Authors: Oswald J. Gregory
Published: October 2022

This essay is divided into three parts: a discussion of the pervasive role of Marxism-Leninism in Soviet Latin American studies; an examination of the contents of a collection of translated readings of USSR scholars tentatively entitled The Soviet Image of Latin America, 1945–1965: A Documentary History, and a general survey of certain basic works devoted to the principal Latin American themes prescribed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Agrarian Change Trends in Latin America
Authors: Pearse Andrew
Published: October 2022

The theme of the first world congress of rural sociology pointed to the importance of technological change in agricultural production throughout the world and the social changes that accompany or follow it.

Examples can indeed be found in Latin America of rural technological change being succeeded by social change, but that proposition alone does not provide a good characterization of the present rural scene. Great social changes are being incubated, there is much latent and some open conflict, but little technological change leading to development.
The Role of Social Science Research in Recent Health Programs in Latin America
Authors: Rubel Arthur J.
Published: October 2022

Clearly the winds of change sweep over latin america today. everyhing one observes, reads, and hears about this vast culture area points to vital (often radical) social, cultural, and economic transformations which are resulting in new ways of life for these millions of Americans whose ways of life derive from Spanish, Portuguese, American Indian, and African sources. Changes in customary patterns of thought and behavior are taking place more slowly in some countries than others, and even within a nation some areas respond much more quickly to innovative efforts than do others.
The Latin American Studies Association: A Summary Survey with Appendix
Authors: Cline Howard F.
Published: October 2022

On may 7, 1966, a representative group of scholars who were invited to Washington, D.C. for a meeting sponsored by the Joint Committee on Latin American Studies (of the American Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science Research Council) and the Hispanic Foundation of the Library of Congress, formed the Latin American Studies Association. The members of the Latin American Research Review Board, representing the institutions contributing to the support of the Review, were among the scholars invited to this meeting. When, on May 12 it was incorporated under the laws of the District of Columbia with a “perpetual” term, the new Association became a legal entity, a tax-exempt, non-profit professional body created by scholarly area specialists to meet their particular and growing needs.
Review of Research on Counseling and Special Services in Latin American Education
Authors: Jordan John E.
Published: October 2022

As the title indicates, this review of research in latin america covers a wide variety of topics. It can, however, be subdivided into three main divisions : (a) counseling, guidance, and student personnel work, (b) research dealing with disabled and/or handicapped persons, and (c) studies dealing with cultural-attitudinal-value influences within Latin American education as they affect counseling and guidance and special education-rehabilitation.
The Study of Latin America in the U.S.S.R.
Authors: Vol'skii Victor V.
Published: October 2022

Economic and political relations of the soviet union with the countries of Latin America are on the increase. Annually expanding cultural and scientific relations serve to stimulate the growing interest of the Soviet people in Latin America's rich historical background, its distinctive culture, and the present day problems of that part of the world. Russian interest in Latin America extends over a long period of time. I should like to emphasize, therefore, that this interest in Latin America and the life of its people is not a passing fancy and did not develop overnight. This interest has its own history. Permit me to recount a few facts.
Viceregal Persistence versus Indian Mobility: The Impact of the Duque de la Palata's Reform Program on Alto Perú, 1681–1692
Authors: Cole Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2022

Charles II named the Duque de la Palata as viceroy of Perú in 1680 with the hope that he would be able to revitalize the production of royal revenue in the realm. The key to accomplishing that goal, the king believed, was to assign more Indians to the mines and silver mills of Potosí because the crown ostensibly received 20 percent of the silver marked in the Villa Imperial. One-seventh of the adult population of male originarios (Indians living in their assigned pueblos) in the obligated provinces could be assigned to Potosí in any one year under Francisco de Toledo's ordinances, and the Duque was authorized to extend this mita obligation to any or all of the fourteen previously exempted altiplano (highland) corregimientos, that is, to increase the base from which the one-seventh ratio was taken. The number of new corregimientos to be added would depend upon the results of a prerequisite census in the thirty corregimientos of Alto Perú (sixteen mita and fourteen exempted).
A Nuestros Colegas Latinoamericanos
Authors: REDACCIÓN LA
Published: October 2022

Con este número se inicia la publicación de una nueva revista dedicada al intercambio continuo y sistemático de información referente a investigaciones que se están llevando a cabo en la actualidad en América Latina en los campos de las Ciencias Sociales y las Humanidades.
Student Dissent in Latin America: Toward a Comparative Analysis
Authors: Thomas Dani B. , Craig Richard B.
Published: October 2022

University students have long played an important role in latin american politics. Preceding by several decades the first signs of youthful protest in the United States, student activism in Latin America has been persistent and often decisive. For example, student groups were instrumental in the overthrow of regimes in Cuba (1933, 1959), Guatemala (1944), Venezuela (1958), and Bolivia (1964). At one time or another, virtually every governing strongman in the region has had to contend with varying opposition from student groups. Indeed, as Robert Alexander has noted, “in the past four decades they have constituted one of the most important pressure groups in twenty republics.”
Power and Influence: Analysis of the Church in Latin America and the Case of Brazil
Authors: Bruneau Thomas C.
Published: October 2022

The Catholic Church in Latin America was until the mid-1960s one of the most ignored topics of research in a neglected continent. It was not only overlooked by North Americans and Europeans; stranger still, it received only cursory attention from Latin American scholars. The meagre consideration it did attract was overwhelmingly historical in nature and frequently came from authors promoting or attacking particular religious beliefs and institutions. The controversy in Colombia over the persecution of the Protestants (Goff, 1965), and the dramatic events caused by the reactions of the Church to the Mexican revolution (Brown, 1964), stimulated a literature that was at times extremely biased.

Yet, it is not easy to explain the neglect of the Church in the literature since, unlike peasant leagues or guerrilla movements, it is not a novelty in the region. The Church was founded simultaneously with the Iberian societies; much of the culture of Latin America derives from within the Church and has evolved in relationship to it; social fields such as education and charity have always been heavily influenced by Church doctrine and organizations; and the vast majority of the population are declared Catholics. In addition the Church is a highly structured organization in a region of low organizational development; in all countries Catholic groups have been politically active and in some cases assumed the form of Christian Democratic parties (Williams, 1967) which have held power; and the political models currently being formulated in Brazil and Peru would appear to owe much of their content to traditional Catholic principles of hierarchy, paternalism, and corporate identity.
Contemporary Research on Public Administration and Bureaucracies in Latin America
Authors: Hopkins Jack W.
Published: October 2022

One of the Most Incompletely Developed Areas of the Social Sciences in the study of Latin America is the field of public administration. As the focus of external studies of Latin America, public administration suffers from a paucity of attention, and internally in Latin America, the subject has lagged behind other branches of political science in development.
Uruguay, 1980-1981: An Unexpected Opening
Authors: González Luis E.
Published: October 2022

From mid-1980 to the present, Uruguay has experienced greater political change than during the previous seven years. This essay examines the salient political event that separates the two periods: the national plebiscite of November 1980. Its relevance, the causal conditions that might account for its unexpected results, and its probable short-range consequences will be explored. The argument assumes a general familiarity with Uruguayan politics of the last two decades, and particularly during the period 1974-80. It is also assumed that the Uruguayan political system of the last two decades fits O'Donnell's bureaucratic-authoritarian model, with the caveat that because of specific economic conditions, a feature of that model known as the “deepening” of the economy is not applicable to Uruguay, as has also been argued with respect to the case of Chile.
El Bilingüismo en la Educación en el Paraguay: ¿Es creativo u opresivo?
Authors: Corvalán Grazziella
Published: October 2022

Una cuestión sumamente controvertida es la que tiene que ver con las implicaciones del fenómeno bilingüe en torno a cierta esterilidad en la concepción creadora del hablante bilingüe.1 Estas páginas intentan considerar los aspectos creativos y opresivos del bilingüismo del presente en el Paraguay con especial enfásis en el papel de las lenguas en el sistema educativo. Ambos conceptos están íntimamente relacionados y los usaré como dos categorías diferentes para explicar el rol actual que tienen las dos lenguas—español y guaraní—que han estado en contacto por casi cuatrocientos años en una bien delimitada área geográfica en América Latina.
Los señores presidentes y los guerrilleros: The New and the Old Guatemalan Novel (1976-1982)
Authors: Menton Seymour
Published: October 2022

In literary terms, the new novel did not emerge until 1976 in Guatemala, which represented a ten-to-fifteen-year lag behind most of the other Latin American countries. Since 1976, however, four Guatemalan novels have been published that merit consideration in the same rank with Hijo de hombre (1960), La muerte de Artemio Cruz (1962), Gestos (1963), Rayuela (1963), La casa verde (1966), Cien años de soledad (1967), and Tres tristes tigres (1967). The explanation for the earlier paucity of high-quality, structurally and linguistically experimental novels is simple. The blatant violation of human rights by the autocratic governments of Carlos Castillo Armas (1954-57) and his successors has led to the exodus of the best-known authors and the self-censorship or silence of others. In this political climate, the birth of a Guatemalan literary generation of 1954 was almost completely aborted. With the exception of some new works published abroad by Miguel Ángel Asturias (1899-1974) and Mario Monteforte Toledo (b. 1911), Guatemala's two most important twentieth-century novelists, the novels published between 1954 and 1975 were generally undistinguished, as is suggested by the annotated bibliography accompanying this essay.
Lessons from the Maya
Authors: Rice Don Stephen , Rice Prudence M.
Published: October 2022

In 1977 concern for the long-range effects of policy-making prompted President Carter to direct the U.S. Council on Environmental Quality and the Department of State to study the “probable changes in the world's population, natural resources, and environment through the end of the century.” The projections of that commission, as detailed in The Global 2000 Report to the President (Barney et al. 1981), foresee a growth in the world's population of as much as 70 percent, combined with staggering increases in demand for the world's resources of water, minerals, soils, and forest products.
U.S. Immigration Policy and Latin America: In Search of the “Special Relationship”
Authors: Pastor Robert A.
Published: October 2022

The most prevalent criticism of U.S. policy toward Latin America is that it takes Latin America for granted or that Latin America would be better off if it did. According to this view, Latin America is either neglected or treated shabbily. The florid rhetoric that U.S. policymakers sometimes use to describe the “special relationship” with Latin America raises expectations that are never fulfilled. Abraham Lowenthal has repeatedly described this policy cycle as “a burst of interest followed by concrete decisions that contradict the very policies just announced.” He continues, “Whether calling its approach a ‘Good Neighbor Policy,’ an ‘Alliance for Progress,’ [or] a ‘Mature Partnership,’ one administration after another has promised to improve U.S.-Latin American relations,” but all have failed.
Recent Research in Economic Demography Related to Latin America: A Critical Survey and an Agenda
Authors: Conroy Michael E.
Published: October 2022

The population “explosion” in latin america during the past 25 years has been followed by a veritable explosion of research into its origins, characteristics, and effects as seen from the points of view of many disciplines. Research on the economic determinants, concomitants, and consequences of population growth in Latin America has not been absent; but it has been notably less abundant than that pertaining, for example, to sociological dimensions of the phenomenon.
A Bibliography on Public Planning in Puerto Rico
Authors: Goldsmith William W. , Clavel Pierre , Roth Deborah
Published: October 2022

One must always make a special case for presenting puerto rican along with other Latin American studies. With public planning this is even more true. Puerto Rico is, after all, legally a part of the United States, and for many decades its well-being has been intimately tied to both general conditions in the U.S. and to U.S. policies, even those not directed specifically at Puerto Rico. For these reasons, planning by the government of Puerto Rico is very constrained: it must act without any of the options available to independent governments, such as the issuance of money or the control of imports; its laws and procedures must accommodate to the constraints of the U.S. legal system; it must permit U.S. citizens who are not Puerto Ricans to participate under conditions of full equality and mobility in Puerto Rico and between Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland.
Military Motivations in the Seizure of Power
Authors: Needler Martin C.
Published: October 2022

One of the most characteristic features of political processes in Latin America is the military seizure of power. The phenomenon is extremely complex and a complete understanding of it, if that is ever reached, will have to take into account a variety of causal factors operating over different periods of time, and interacting in various ways. Where a problem is this complex, one is well advised to approach it through a variety of methods, and this has indeed occurred. Some of the standard methods are: 1. To contrast Latin American experience as a whole with that of other areas-the United States, or Western Europe, or Africa-in order to isolate putative causal factors present in Latin American history and tradition but not found elsewhere; 2. To contrast the experience of different Latin American countries, identifying those more prone to military assumptions of power and trying to determine what socioeconomic or other variables correlate with a high propensity to military coups; 3. To examine changes over time in the incidence of coups, in the history of all of the Latin American countries, of a single country, or of a limited group of them, to try to discover the changes in other dimensions associated with changes in the relative frequency of coups; 4. To examine the motives of military officers who stage coups, either as stated by them or as imputed to them by knowledgeable observers.