bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
George Cruikshank's The Antiquarian Society, 1812, and Sir Henry Charles Englefield
Authors: Nurse Bernard
Published: April 2011

George Cruikshank published his satirical print depicting an imaginary meeting of the Society five weeks after one of the most controversial presidential elections in its history. The illustration (fig 1) was the main feature in his monthly magazine The Scourge issued on 1 June 1812 and the accompanying text shows his anonymous informant to have been hostile to the winning faction. ‘The newly elected president, Lord Aberdeen … was dragged into his present situation by the officious interference of impertinent friends, and the intrigues of an individual.’ He is shown addressing the meeting; nobody is listening. ‘The secretaryship of the society is committed to Nicholas Carlisle Esquire; the dull compiler of dull topographical dictionaries.’
Circular Lead Tanks and their Significance for Romano-British Christianity
Authors: Watts Dorothy J.
Published: April 2011

At least sixteen whole or partial circular lead tanks have been found in Roman Britain, several of them decorated with Christian symbols. Over the past fifty years different uses have been ascribed to these vessels, some secular, some religious. The objective of this paper is two-fold: to examine the motifs used in the decoration of the tanks and to attempt to discover the purpose of the vessels. It is proposed that the tanks are all Christian objects and that they were used in the baptismal ceremony for the footwashing rite, a practice carried out in various parts of the Christian world at least up to the sixth century.
A Lost Reliquary Casket from Gwytherin, North Wales
Authors: Butler Lawrence , Graham-Campbell James
Published: April 2011

A reliquary casket known from seventeenth- and eighteenth-century records as that of St Winifrid had been lost by the mid-nineteenth century from the church at Gwytherin in Clwyd. A drawing attributed to Edward Lluyd, published here for the first time, suggests that it was most probably of eighth- or early ninth-century date and was influenced by Anglo-Saxon (JG-C) or Irish (LB) models, if not an actual import into North Wales.
A Paget Memorial in Perspective: Aspects of A Seventeenth-Century Funerary Monument Erected to Richard Paget in St Mary's, Skirpenbeck, East Riding of Yorkshire
Authors: Sharpe Allison E.
Published: April 2011

The undocumented memorial (pl. XIIa) to Richard Paget (d. 1636) and his two children in St Mary's, Skirpenbeck, some 12 miles east-north-east of York, has hitherto received little or no attention from scholars, other than a brief mention by Nikolaus Pevsner and a flawed description and conjectural attribution by K. A. Esdaile. Yet its form and its remarkable inscriptions, combined with a puzzling incongruity ofexecution, present the art historian with a number of intriguing problems. Among these are questions relating to its design and construction, the date of its erection, and the style and possible authorship of its ingenious commemorative verses. Detailed consideration is given to such matters in another paper by the writer, however, a brief résumé of them may be helpful before discussion of the wider questions raised here: the iconography of the monument and its relationships both with others of the period and with contemporary opinions.
Romano-British Wetland Reclamations at Longney, Gloucestershire, and Evidence for the Early Settlement of the Inner Severn Estuary
Authors: Allen J. R. L. , Fulford M. G.
Published: April 2011

By the end of the Roman period, and largely as the result of late Romano-British activity, somewhat over one-half of the tidal wetlands of the inner Severn Estuary between Gloucester and Awre had been embanked and drained. Little reclamation occurred during the medieval period, but early modern-modern times witnessed substantial further activity, leaving scant active salt marsh today. The Romano-British reclamations are recognized on the basis of archaeological evidence and, where direct evidence of settlement is lacking, by the degree to which the reclaimed areas are depressed below the level of the contemporary active marshes along the tidal river. Despite the similarity in the amount of available wetland on both banks, most of the Romano-British reclamations are to be found on the left bank of the Severn, and most of these carry a settlement directly on the alluvium. This distribution pattern points to significant differences in the organization and use of land between the two banks of the river and, when combined with other evidence, suggests that wetland reclamation on the left bank was mostly a feature of the development of large villa estates, with the alluvial settlements representing substantial, outlying farmsteads. Iron-making based on rich ores imported from the Forest of Dean occurred at all the wetland and near-wetland settlements on the two banks, and locally may have taken place on an industrial scale. At Awre on the right bank, however, an early iron-making tradition seems to have survived to a late Roman date.
The Distribution of Tournai Fonts
Authors: Drake C. S.
Published: April 2011

In The Society's Journal of 1944, G. C. Dunning F.S.A. published a brief article, with a map, entitled ‘The distribution of black Tournai Fonts’. There has been no other view published since that occasion (at least not in Britain) and indeed J. R. Blatchly and Birkin Haward (1983), writing some forty years later on the font in St Peter's church, Ipswich, reproduced Dunning's map. The body of knowledge of Tournai fonts has advanced considerably since the war and this article offers a more up to date picture. As discoveries of fragments of fonts continue to be made, it does not claim to be exhaustive, though it is most unlikely that there are any more complete bowls to be found (see map fig. 1). In fact further research may show that the list published here may need to be reduced by three or four examples, which are discussed below.
The Use of Coal in Roman Britain
Authors: Dearne Martin J. , Branigan Keith
Published: April 2011

Most commentators have acknowledged a significant role for coal in Roman Britain (e.g. Collingwood 1937, 37; Collingwood and Myres 1937, 231-2; Richmond 1955, 125-6 and particularly Frere 1987, 288). Forty years ago Graham Webster reviewed the archaeological evidence for its use, and his account (Webster 1955) superseded earlier national and regional accounts (e.g. Cunnington 1932, 173; cf. Webster 1955, 199 n. 2). Since 1955, however, a considerable expansion in both excavation and publication, coupled with developments in recovery, recording and identification procedures, has resulted in a commensurate increase in the quantity and quality of the available evidence, which makes a detailed re-assessment of coal's significance overdue.
An Illyrian Armorial in the Society's Collection
Authors: Goodall John A.
Published: April 2011

Since the eighteenth century the Society has acquired many heraldic manuscripts, mainly English; but there are also several continental books, mostly from the Franks Bequest. Among the foreign books the most important is MS 54 which was bequeathed to the Society by Charles Lyttelton, Bishop of Carlisle when he died in office, as President in 1768. In the old catalogue of the Society's manuscripts the Latin half of the title page was quoted but it omitted to mention that the text was partly written in Cyrillic script. The Minutes, recording the important bequest of Lyttelton's books and manuscripts, described it adequately as: ‘A Book containing the Shield (sic) of Arms of all the Princes of Illyria, finely illumind. Vellum Qto.’ While Illyria does not occur on modern maps of Europe, the classical name for the province on the eastern shores of the Adriatic comprising the later territories of Bosnia, Croatia, Dalmatia and Hercegovina was revived in the sixteenth century by the local humanists and conveniently describes the scope of the collection.
Tudor Silver-Gilt Dress-hooks: A New Class of Treasure Find in England
Authors: Gaimster David , Hayward Maria , Mitchell David , Parker Karen
Published: April 2011

This paper combines a study of the typological, technological and constructional attributes of a sample of fifteen dress-hooks and cap-hooks, reported between 1998 and 2000 under the terms of the Treasure Act (1996), with a survey of contemporary pictorial sources, probate inventories and associated wills along with a trawl of ‘small wares’ in the records of the Goldsmiths' Company in order to assess the role of these accessories in vernacular dress of sixteenth-century England.

Of particular interest are questions of manufacture and design, followed by the questions of how these objects functioned in relation to the closure and decoration of dress, their noteworthiness in contemporary accounts, their social status, their ranking in the output of contemporary goldsmiths and whether there was a gender bias in terms of their ownership. This cross-examination of excavated finds with contemporary iconographie and documentary sources represents an interdisciplinary case study in historical archaeology.
Postscript to ‘Victorian Excavation Methodology’: The Revd J G Joyce and Winter Excavation at Silchester in the 1860s
Authors: Tootell Klare , Bailey Geoff , Fulford Michael
Published: April 2011

This short paper is offered as a postscript to ‘Victorian excavation methodology: the Society of Antiquaries at Silchester in 1893’ which reported on the discovery of material discarded by the excavators in 1893. During 2004 further material was found in the form of the remains of a stove, possibly dating from the winter excavations of the mid-1860s.
Excavations on the Lower Terrace, Site C, Tintagel Island 1990–94
Authors: Morris C.D. , Harry Rachel
Published: April 2011

This article reports excavations undertaken between 1990 and 1994 on a small cliff terrace, at Tintagel Island in Cornwall. This terrace (the Lower Terrace) lies below Site C (the Middle Terrace), where a building was excavated by Dr C.A.R. Radford in the 1930s. The remains uncovered on the Lower Terrace comprise several phases of ephemeral stone and turf structures with associated hearths, floor deposits and stakeholes. These are separated by periods of shillet (tiny flakes of slate in sandy clay soil) levelling. With the collapse of the last structure the terrace was buried by layers of scree and slate slip from the slope above. Artefact groups of fire-lighting stones, whetstones and worked flint and quartz were recovered predominantly from earlier phases, together with Romano-British Native pottery. Later phases mainly comprised sherds of Imported Mediterranean pottery (84 per cent of all finds) and slate disc pot lids. The results of an extensive programme of environmental sampling clarified that a wide range of probably locally growing trees and shrubs were exploited for fuel, as well as for wattles and larger posts and beams. Tiny burnt fragments of animal and some human bone were found scattered through a handful of deposits, but the material is probably residual. A programme of radiocarbon dating was possible with the availability of charcoal material from hearths and stakeholes. This programme, using innovative mathematical modelling techniques, produced three distinct date ranges of structural activity on the Lower Terrace:395–460 cal ADfor one of the earliest phases of hearths, floors and stakeholes pre-dating the occurrence of Imported pottery;415–535 cal ADfor a later structural phase with hearths and first occurrences of Imported and Native pottery together; and560–670 cal ADfor the latest and best surviving structure, with hearths, stakeholes and a large assemblage of Imported pottery.
Iron Age to Early Modern Activity and Palaeochannels at Magor Pill, Gwent: An Exercise in Lowland Coastal-Zone Geoarchaeology
Authors: Allen J. R. L. , Rippon S. J.
Published: April 2011

A geological and geomorphological survey, combined with sedimentological results, has provided a detailed, trans-zonal famework in which to examine the significance of an eclectic variety of artefactual and documentary evidence relating to prolonged human activity on the tidal stream known as Magor Pill.

The shoreline, underlain by estuarine silts and peats of the Flandrian Wentlooge Formation, has retreated by a minimum of some 800m since Iron Age-Roman times, leaving exposed on the modern foreshore the earlier but silted-up courses of Magor Pill. As the coast retreated, fishing stakes, one a double row from the tenth century, were set up on the widening lower foreshore. The palaeochannel deposits yielded small amounts of stratified Iron Age, Romano-British, medieval and early modern occupation debris, together with woven baskets and hurdles related to the early modern and probably also medieval fishing activities in the area. One of the palaeochannels contained the wreck of a medieval, clinker-built boat carrying high-grade iron ores. By far the largest amounts of occupation debris, however, were transposed and mixed into semi-mobile foreshore gravels. This material demonstrates that there was a thriving Romano-British settlement at Magor Pill, apparently in sea connection with the southern shores of the Bristol Channel. From the eleventh to the early fourteenth century, there existed a port to which much pottery from various English sources was imported. In early modern times at Magor Pill, a vigorous outward trade in store cattle to west and south-west England was balanced by pottery imports chiefly from Devon and Somerset. Coastal erosion not only destroyed the primary evidence for these activities, and the wetland landscapes in which they occurred, but also forced, probably in late medieval times, the repositioning inland of the (?) Romano-British sea defences of the area. As part of the general process of reorganizing the defences and drainage of the wetland, the seabanks along Magor Pill and its tributaries were shortened in a number of stages and the outfalls moved further seaward.
Did the Late Twelfth-Century Nave of St Davids Cathedral Have Stone Vaults?
Authors: Thurlby Malcolm
Published: April 2011

It has been suggested that the nave of St Davids Cathedral was planned for aisle and high vaults but that the vaults were not built. Evidence is here presented that the vaults were indeed constructed. The high vault would have been of tufa, according to a well-established tradition in the West Country. The narrow springers of the aisle vaults are allied to near-contemporary vaults at Dore Abbey and Llanthony Priory.
Lord Hussey's Windows – Martyrdom Through Defenestration in Lincoln?
Authors: Stocker David
Published: April 2011

This paper is a study of a fragment of folklore that became assimilated into serious academic discussion; it investigates the story that John Lord Hussey, who was executed in Lincoln following the Lincolnshire Rising of 1536, was dragged to his execution through a window. If it were true, this would be an early example of the iconography of ‘defenestration’ which, by the seventeenth century, connoted the martyrdom of adherents of the Old Religion by Protestant extremists. On examination, however, the persistent story of Lord Hussey's defenestration would seem to be a post hoc fabrication. It is argued here that the story may have been invented in the early eighteenth century, at a period when there was, once again, strife between High and Low Church, and when accounts of previous religious controversies were being recruited by antiquarians as weapons in their contemporary disputes. It is further suggested that the power of the image was still strong in the nineteenth century and it might have played a role in the preservation of a window in Lincoln Castle, even though it had no documented association with Hussey and is too small to climb through.
Churches in Worcester Before and After the Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons
Authors: Bassett Steven
Published: April 2011

The Anglo-Saxon see of Worcester was probably not established until 679 or 680, over eighty years after the arrival of the Augustinian mission. It has usually been taken for granted that the Hwicce, for whom the new see was set up, had until then been subject to the see of the Mercians, but there is no evidence to show this. The latter see, moreover, had itself not been created untilc. 656. Are we, therefore, to assume that the Hwicce remained non-Christian until the later seventh century? If they did, we have signally failed in our efforts to find their burials; and our historical sources are strangely silent about the eventual conversion to Christianity of a people who held out against it for so long.
Barrows in the Anglo-Saxon Land Charters
Authors: Grinsell L. V.
Published: April 2011

The Saxons used beorh for prehistoric barrows and hlæw for their own barrows, but pleased themselves which term to use for prehistoric barrows containing intrusive Saxon burials (e.g. Rough Barrow, Cheselbourne 8b, Dorset; Cwicelmes Low, Ardley, Oxon.; the better known Cwichelmes Low (East Hendred, Oxon. ex Berkshire) is mentioned not in a charier but in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Long barrow Swell IV, Glos., contained Saxon intrusive burials.

There are more than twenty rough barrows but only one rough low (in Chetwode-Hillesden, Buckinghamshire, S 544), implying that the Saxons normally kept their own barrows tidy but did not bother much about those of earlier date.

They sometimes distinguished between long and round barrows (e.g. Long Barrow, Swell IV, Glos.; ‘the barrow which lies between the two long barrows’, Wonston, Hants. They never distinguished between round barrows of bowl, bell, disc and saucer types.

Scrutiny of the charters has led to the discovery of a few barrows previously unknown to the Ordnance Survey Archaeology Division, e.g. Buckland Newton I, Dorset; Cheselbourne 17, Dorset; Tetbury Upton 3, Glos.

As the charters were written more than a thousand years ago they recorded many barrows long before they had been reduced to their present sorry state by ploughing and other agencies.
A Lost Tile Pavement at Tewkesbury Abbey and an Early Fourteenth-Century Tile Factory
Authors: Vince Alan G. , Wilmott Tony
Published: April 2011

The products of a tilery working in the Welsh marches in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries with a probable production centre at Hereford, can be identified at a number of sites through petrological analysis. The accuracy of the heraldic tiles allows careful analysis from which dates, and possible commissions may be identified.

The tilery began the production of accurate heraldic designs c. 1260. These were augmented by Chertsey-Halesown copies around the turn of the thirteenth-fourteenth centuries. The production of heraldic tiles was stepped up in the 1320s, as a result of the filling of at least one large order, for the chapel of St Peter at Ludlow Castle, in 1328. A further commission was made between 1328 and 1339, for the church at Bredon. Probably as early as the 1330s the Malvern Chase industry was beginning, and this industry had acquired stamps from the Hereford tilers by the middle of the century.
The Jesus Chapel in St Paul's Cathedral, London: A Reconstruction of its Appearance Before the Reformation
Authors: New Elizabeth A
Published: April 2011

The Jesus Chapel was located beneath the New Work at the east end of St Paul's Cathedral, and was remembered by that name long after the parish of St Faith had taken control of the space following the dissolution of the Fraternity of the Holy Name, the previous occupants of the Jesus Chapel. Although the chapel disappeared along with the rest of the medieval building following the cataclysm of 1666, archaeological investigations, pre-Fire illustrations and, most importantly, documentary evidence from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries provide invaluable evidence for the appearance of the chapel. This paper utilizes a range of evidence to suggest how the Jesus Chapel may have appeared on the eve of the Reformation; particular attention will be paid to the furnishings and fittings of the building, and to the use (and occasional abuse) of this remarkable place of worship.
I. A Roman Couch in Cambridge
Authors: Nicholls R. V.
Published: April 2011

In the autumn of 1972 there appeared on the London market a remarkable collection of many hundreds of pieces of richly carved bone, all reputedly found together many years ago and thought to have adorned ornate toilet boxes and similar containers from a single tomb. Closer examination, however, soon revealed that, except for the parts of four small pyxides, the whole of this material came from the decoration of a single ancient couch of hitherto unprecedented elaboration. In 1973 the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge succeeded in buying the whole collection with resources made available by the Cunliffe Fund and the Victoria and Albert Museum Grant-in-Aid Fund. Detailed study and identification of the components followed and less than a year and a half later a complete restoration of one end of the couch had been carried out by the Museum's technical staff and placed on show in the Roman Room there.3 This has had the happy result of putting the best preserved elements on public display and making their function and the design of the whole couch immediately meaningful, while still leaving much of the material relatively unassembled and so available for any future investigation into the ancient techniques involved. Further study of this remarkable piece of furniture has followed and has since been reported on by the author in papers read to the Friends of the Fitzwilliam Museum and at the Museum of Classical Archaeology in Cambridge.
II. Anglo-Saxon Glass Claw-beakers
Authors: Evison Vera I.
Published: April 2011

During the three centuries following the fall of the Roman Empire the repertoire of the glass blowers in the north-west of Europe was mainly confined to simple shapes of drinking vessels, without the embellishment of handles and appliqués such as had adorned the more expensive Roman products. The only exception to this simplicity in production was the claw-beaker (Rüsselbecher), and this has therefore received a great deal of attention from archaeologists who were intrigued to discover when, where, and also why they were made. As a result of these studies a general system of typology and chronology has gradually been established, but there are now reasons for re-opening the subject. First, new claw-beakers have come to light in recent excavations which add considerably to the facts so far assembled as to typology and chronology; secondly, only a small proportion of the work done on these glasses has appeared in English publications, and, thirdly, the claw-beakers found in Anglo-Saxon England have not been subjected to an examination focused on them as an insular group (rather than as a peripheral phenomenon of the continental series) with particular attention to dating by association. It is hoped that each of the aspects of the subject developed here will produce fresh evidence of vital interest.
I.—Excavation of the Megalithic Chambered Cairn at Dyffryn Ardudwy, Merioneth, Wales
Authors: Powell T. G. E.
Published: April 2011

The visible monument comprised two periods of construction. First, a small megalithic chamber, characterized by a pair of projecting portal-stones flanking a high closing slab, had been built, and surrounded by a small oval cairn. The chamber had been rifled, but a pit in front of the portal, and sealed beneath the cairn, contained portions of several Neolithic pottery vessels of a fine, undecorated, ware. The second structure consisted of a large megalithic burial chamber built to the east of the first monument. The cairn of this, eastern, chamber was roughly rectangular in plan, and extended westward so as to incorporate the whole of the earlier monument. Pottery from the eastern chamber, and its forecourt, represented several Neolithic, and Bronze Age, wares. The elaborate system of blocking in this forecourt was found virtually intact.

The report is subdivided:

I. Introduction

II. Topography

III. Method of Excavation

IV. Description of the Monument as Excavated

V. Artefacts

VI. Discussion
III. The Reculver Cross
Authors: Kozodoy Ruth
Published: April 2011

‘It remains the most baffling and incomprehensible carving in the country’, wrote Sir Thomas Kendrick of the Reculver cross: of, that is, the five severely battered but finely sculpted fragments of the stone cross that once stood in the church at Reculver, on the coast of Kent. There is no monument comparable to that carving, in England or abroad. The Reculver cross has long seemed to hold out a tantalizing promise—that it might dispel some of the mystery still shrouding the gap between the waning of late classical art and the vigorous burgeoning of Anglo-Saxon sculpture.
V. Contemporary Artefacts Illustrated in Late Saxon Manuscripts
Authors: Carver M. O. H.
Published: April 2011

How far do the pictures in early medieval manuscripts reflect contemporary life? Are the busy and attractive figures which populate many Carolingian or Late Saxon illuminations reflections of their painters and their patrons, or are they ghostly survivors of the Roman Empire, fossilized in a scribal convention? For some archaeologists, of course, the question of authenticity has never arisen, the contemporary relevance of pictures being cheerfully assumed; but it has to be stated at the outset that the odds are generally set against such optimism. That early painted books were usually copied from other painted books is clear from a continuity of image, picturecycle or design, all having roots in the Late Antique period. Thus drawing from life, or even abstract invention, where it occurred, will not be obvious and is probably only detectable at all by a process of elimination
I.—The Fussell's Lodge Long Barrow Excavations 1957
Authors: Ashbee Paul
Published: April 2011

The Fussell's Lodge Long Barrow is an earthen long barrow derived from flanking quarry ditches. It lies on relatively low ground, between the 300 ft. and 400 ft. contours three miles north-east of Salisbury, Wiltshire, on the eastern side of Stock Bottom, a broad dry valley (fig. 1), at Nat. Grid. Ref. SU 19203246.
I.—A La Tène III Burial at Welwyn Garden City
Authors: Stead I.M.
Published: April 2011

In South-eastern England, north of the River Thames, is a small but important group of rich La Tène III cremation burials (fig. 1). One of the characteristics of the group is the absence of a mound, or any other surface indication, and it follows from this that the discoveries are invariably by chance, as a result of some agricultural or commercial excavation. At best the archaeologist has had to make a hasty excavation under conditions far from ideal, and at worst he has been presented with a garbled account of the discovery and an incomplete collection of grave-goods.
IV.—Shale and Jet Objects from Silchester
Authors: Lawson Andrew J.
Published: April 2011

Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) is the most extensively excavated of all Romano-British town-sites but the majority of the finds, now in Reading Museum, remain unpublished. Unfortunately these finds were not related stratigraphically to the site and therefore remained undated; insula and pit provenance is the most that was recorded, and then only occasionally, in the early years of excavation when the supervisors could find time.
V.—The Silchester Church: The Excavation by Sir Ian Richmond in 1961
Authors: Frere S. S.
Published: April 2011

The reputed Romano-British church at Silchester was first excavated in 1892 by George Fox and W. H. St. John Hope in the third season of the Society's long campaign of excavations in that town.1 Claimed as a church by the excavators in their report of 1893, it has usually been so accepted; but the lack of decisive evidence for this interpretation was emphasized by Professor J. M. C. Toynbee in 1953, nor was the date of the building at all certain. Accordingly there existed a strong case for re-excavation by modern methods and this case was put to the Silchester Excavation Committee by Mr. George C. Boon in 1959. With the permission of the landowner, our Fellow the late Duke of Wellington and of Mr. A. J. Massie, the tenant farmer, excavations took place for five weeks in the summer of 1961: the work by invitation of the Committee was directed by Sir Ian Richmond. A brief report on the work was published the following year, and Richmond gave an illustrated account of the excavation to the Society on 31 January 1963; but at the time of his death in October 1965, though the plans illustrating the paper had been drawn, no written report was found. The account offered here accordingly derives partly from the field note-book kept by Miss M. G. Wilson, partly from the personal recollections of Miss Wilson and Mrs. M. A. Cotton (both of whom were on the site throughout the season), and partly from the J.R.S. account and some notes taken by Dr. W. H. Manning of a verbal report by Richmond to the Silchester Excavation Committee in 1962. Mr. George Boon also generously placed at my disposal his own independent discussion of the church which has now appeared in the second edition of his Roman Silchester (London 1974).
VII.—Two Studies in the History of the Tower Armouries
Authors: Borg Alan
Published: April 2011

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries there were three essential things to be seen by visitors to the Tower of London: the menagerie, the crown jewels, and the Line of Kings. The first and second of these still exist, although the menagerie was moved to Regent's Park in 1834 and became the London Zoo. The jewels, of course, are still in the Tower, but the Line of Kings as such has disappeared, although most of its component parts survive.
I. Giants' Hills 2 Long Barrow, Skendleby, Lincolnshire
Authors: Evans J. G. , Simpson D. D. A.
Published: April 2011

The Neolithic long barrow whose excavation is described in this report is one of a pair known as Giants' Hills, situated in the parish of Skendleby, Lincolnshire (NGR: TF(53)429709; Lat. 53° 12′ 40″ N., Long. 0° 8′ 30″ E.). The general geographical location is an outlier of the chalk at the southern extremity of the Lincolnshire Wolds (fig. 1). The site lay at between 56 and 58m O.D. along the gentle south-facing slope of a small river valley (fig. 2). The maximum slope is 7 degrees. Orientation was approximately south-east/north-west with what can be considered the more important end of the barrow (the front) towards the south-east. The dimensions of the preserved mound were 65 × 13m (maximum) (originally 77 × 19m), and of the entire site from the original outer edges of the ditch, 89 × 29m (maximum).

The other barrow of the pair, Giants' Hills 1, was excavated by C. W. Phillips (1936). To the south-east beyond a low chalk ridge and in a topographical position similar to that of the Giants' Hills barrows lies another pair of long barrows, the Deadmen's Graves (fig. 2). On a broader geographical scale, both pairs belong to a group of about fifteen long barrows situated on the Lincolnshire Wolds (fig. 1).

Excavation took place under the direction of the authors at the instigation of the Department of the Environment (now the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England) because of damage sustained by ploughing. As well as being a rescue operation, the work can be seen as an integral part of research into prehistoric chalkland environments and Neolithic burial practices. Thus, financial support was provided not only by the DoE, but also by University College Cardiff and the University of Leicester. There were three field seasons. In the first two, from 4–28 September 1975 and 27 March to 10 April 1976, the western end of the site (west of line AL, fig. 4) was excavated totally. The main excavation took place between 14 August and 25 September 1976.
V. Le Jeu de la Hache. A Fifteenth-Century Treatise on the Technique of Chivalric Axe Combat
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: April 2011

Thus the monstrous Gerioneo, intent on bringing matters to a swift conclusion, sets about Prince Arthur in the Faerie Queene (V. xi. v). However, despite enjoying the advantage of having three bodies—and, therefore, three pairs of arms which enable him to shift his axe from side to side with bewildering rapidity— Gerioneo is outfought. One by one his arms are pruned away, ‘like fruitlesse braunches’ until, at last, his bodies are hacked quite through so that they fall ‘all three one senselesse lumpe’. Yet, although Prince Arthur's technique is clearly superior to the brute force of his adversary, Spenser's account is hopelessly vague, and we can form no idea as to how the hero achieves success.
VII. The Papal Palace and other Fourteenth-Century Buildings at Sorgues near Avignon
Authors: Luttrell A. T. , Blagg T. F. C.
Published: April 2011

John XXII, elected as the second of the Avignon popes on 7 August 1316 at the age of seventy-two, built extensively in the territories around that city as well as initiating works in Avignon itself. In 1318 he began the construction of a palace on the edge of the small town of Sorgues, situated some nine kilometres north of Avignon at a point on the line of the old Roman road to Orange where there was a bridge across the river Ouvèze, a major tributary of the Rhône. This paper considers the evidence for the palace, including the surviving remains of the structure which are published here for the first time, and for certain contemporary buildings in Sorgues, in particular the house at 27 Rue de la Tour in which a series of late fourteenth-century frescoes was uncovered in 1936. These researches began with an architectural study of this ‘Maison des Fresques’, but it soon became clear that such investigations raised wider questions involving the interpretation of documentary and archaeological evidence relevant both to the palace and to the medieval topography of the town.
Characteristic X-rays generation under the action of femtosecond laser pulses on nano-structured targets
Authors: Ovchinnikov A.V. , Kostenko O.F. , Chefonov O.V. , Rosmej O.N. , Andreev N.E. , Agranat M.B. , Duan J.L. , Liu J. , Fortov V.E.
Published: April 2011

Enhancement of Kα yield from a metal foil covered with metal rods of submicron sizes, with low aspect ratio, irradiated by a p-polarized femtosecond laser pulses of about 1017 W/cm2 intensity is demonstrated. Obtained relative increase in Kα X-ray line emission is explained with a model of vacuum heating of fast electrons.
Why excavate? A South African perspective
Authors: Ndlovu Ndukuyakhe
Published: April 2011

The subject of the round table is a sensitive one, depending on the interest one represents. Based on my own work experience in South African heritage management in both national and provincial heritage bodies, I tackle this subject from the heritage authority's point of view. I will argue that archaeological sites should be left in situ or excavated only partially. When excavation is necessary, stringent procedures are to be put in place.
Electrical performances of AlInN/GaN HEMTs. A comparison with AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with similar technological process
Authors: Jardel Olivier , Callet Guillaume , Dufraisse Jérémy , Piazza Michele , Sarazin Nicolas , Chartier Eric , Oualli Mourad , Aubry Raphaël , Reveyrand Tibault , Jacquet Jean-Claude , Di Forte Poisson Marie-Antoinette , Morvan Erwan , Piotrowicz Stéphane , Delage Sylvain L.
Published: April 2011

A study of the electrical performances of AlInN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) on SiC substrates is presented in this paper. Four different wafers with different technological and epitaxial processes were characterized. Thanks to intensive characterizations as pulsed-IV, [S]-parameters, and load-pull measurements from S to Ku bands, it is demonstrated here that AlInN/GaN HEMTs show excellent power performances and constitute a particularly interesting alternative to AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, especially for high-frequency applications beyond the X band. The measured transistors with 250 nm gate lengths from different wafers delivered in continuous wave (cw): 10.8 W/mm with 60% associated power added efficiency (PAE) at 3,5 GHz, 6.6 W/mm with 39% associated PAE at 10.24 GHz, and 4.2 W/mm with 43% associated PAE at 18 GHz.
Common ancestry of iron oxide- and iron-sulfide-based biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria
Authors: Abreu Fernanda , Cantão Mauricio E , Nicolás Marisa F , Barcellos Fernando G , Morillo Viviana , Almeida Luiz G P , do Nascimento Fabrícia F , Lefèvre Christopher T , Bazylinski Dennis A , R de Vasconcelos Ana Tereza , Lins Ulysses
Published: April 2011

Magnetosomes are prokaryotic organelles produced by magnetotactic bacteria that consist of nanometer-sized magnetite (Fe3O4) or/and greigite (Fe3S4) magnetic crystals enveloped by a lipid bilayer membrane. In magnetite-producing magnetotactic bacteria, proteins present in the magnetosome membrane modulate biomineralization of the magnetite crystal. In these microorganisms, genes that encode for magnetosome membrane proteins as well as genes involved in the construction of the magnetite magnetosome chain, the mam and mms genes, are organized within a genomic island. However, partially because there are presently no greigite-producing magnetotactic bacteria in pure culture, little is known regarding the greigite biomineralization process in these organisms including whether similar genes are involved in the process. Here using culture-independent techniques, we now show that mam genes involved in the production of magnetite magnetosomes are also present in greigite-producing magnetotactic bacteria. This finding suggest that the biomineralization of magnetite and greigite did not have evolve independently (that is, magnetotaxis is polyphyletic) as once suggested. Instead, results presented here are consistent with a model in which the ability to biomineralize magnetosomes and the possession of the mam genes was acquired by bacteria from a common ancestor, that is, the magnetotactic trait is monophyletic.
Using experimental evolution to explore natural patterns between bacterial motility and resistance to bacteriophages
Authors: Koskella Britt , Taylor Tiffany B , Bates Jennifer , Buckling Angus
Published: April 2011

Resistance of bacteria to phages may be gained by alteration of surface proteins to which phages bind, a mechanism that is likely to be costly as these molecules typically have critical functions such as movement or nutrient uptake. To address this potential trade-off, we combine a systematic study of natural bacteria and phage populations with an experimental evolution approach. We compare motility, growth rate and susceptibility to local phages for 80 bacteria isolated from horse chestnut leaves and, contrary to expectation, find no negative association between resistance to phages and bacterial motility or growth rate. However, because correlational patterns (and their absence) are open to numerous interpretations, we test for any causal association between resistance to phages and bacterial motility using experimental evolution of a subset of bacteria in both the presence and absence of naturally associated phages. Again, we find no clear link between the acquisition of resistance and bacterial motility, suggesting that for these natural bacterial populations, phage-mediated selection is unlikely to shape bacterial motility, a key fitness trait for many bacteria in the phyllosphere. The agreement between the observed natural pattern and the experimental evolution results presented here demonstrates the power of this combined approach for testing evolutionary trade-offs.
Tumour suppressor function of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-T
Authors: Scott Anthony , Wang Zhenghe
Published: April 2011

It has long been thought that PTPs (protein tyrosine phosphatases) normally function as tumour suppressors. Recent high-throughput mutational analysis identified loss-of-function mutations in six PTPs in human colon cancers, providing critical cancer genetics evidence that PTPs can act as tumour suppressor genes. PTPRT (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-T), a member of the family of type IIB receptor-like PTPs, is the most frequently mutated PTP among them. Consistent with the notion that PTPRT is a tumour suppressor, PTPRT knockout mice are hypersensitive to AOM (azoxymethane)-induced colon cancer. The present review focuses on the physiological and pathological functions of PTPRT as well as the cellular pathways regulated by this phosphatase.
Minimally Invasive Trans-Portal Resection of Deep Intracranial Lesions
Authors: Raza S. M. , Recinos P. F. , Avendano J. , Adams H. , Jallo G. I. , Quinones-Hinojosa A.
Published: April 2011

Background: The surgical management of deep intra-axial lesions still requires microsurgical approaches that utilize retraction of deep white matter to obtain adequate visualization. We report our experience with a new tubular retractor system, designed specifically for intracranial applications, linked with frameless neuronavigation for a cohort of intraventricular and deep intra-axial tumors.

Methods: The ViewSite Brain Access System (Vycor, Inc) was used in a series of 9 adult and pediatric patients with a variety of pathologies. Histological diagnoses either resected or biopsied with the system included: colloid cyst, DNET, papillary pineal tumor, anaplastic astrocytoma, toxoplasmosis and lymphoma. The locations of the lesions approached include: lateral ventricle, basal ganglia, pulvinar/posterior thalamus and insular cortex. Post-operative imaging was assessed to determine extent of resection and extent of white matter damage along the surgical trajectory (based on T2/FLAIR and diffusion restriction/ADC signal).

Results: Satisfactory resection or biopsy was obtained in all patients. Radiographic analysis demonstrated evidence of white matter damage along the surgical trajectory in one patient. None of the patients experienced neurological deficits as a result of white matter retraction/manipulation.

Conclusion: Based on a retrospective review of our experience, we feel that this accesss system, when used in conjunction with frameless neuronavigational systems, provides adequate visualization for tumor resection while permitting the use of standard microsurgical techniques through minimally invasive craniotomies. Our initial data indicate that this system may minimize white matter injury, but further studies are necessary.
Nonuniformity in lattice contraction of bismuth nanoclusters heated near its melting point
Authors: Esmail A. , Abdel-Fattah M. , Elsayed-Ali H. E.
Published: April 2011

The structural properties of bismuth nanoclusters were investigated with transmission high-energy electron diffraction from room temperature up to 525 ± 6 K. The Bi nanoclusters were fabricated by thermal evaporation at room temperature on transmission electron microscope grids coated with an ultrathin carbon film, followed by thermal and femtosecond laser annealing. The annealed sample had an average cluster size of ∼14 nm along the minor axis and ∼16 nm along the major axis. The Debye temperature of the annealed nanoclusters was found to be 53 ± 6 K along the [012] direction and 86 ± 9 K along the [110] direction. At T = 464 ± 6 K, the diffraction intensity started to deviate from Debye–Waller behavior due to increased lattice anharmonicity. The onset of the melting of the Bi nanoclusters was T ∼ 500 ± 6 K, as measured by the reduction of the nanocluster size through the formation of a liquid shell detected by the width of the diffraction rings. The thermal expansion coefficient of the Bi (012) and (110) planes is positive up to ∼ 499 ± 11 K. However, the expansion coefficient of the Bi (012) planes showed a transition from a positive to a negative value that occurs over the temperature range Tc ∼ 499 ± 11 K to 511 ± 8 K. For the Bi (110) planes, the thermal expansion coefficient is positive up to their melting point, which is 525 ± 6 K.
Electronically enhanced surface diffusion during Ge growth on Si(100)
Authors: Oguz Er Ali , Elsayed-Ali Hani E.
Published: April 2011

The effect of nanosecond pulsed laser excitation on surface diffusion during the growth of Ge on Si(100) at 250 °C was studied. In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction was used to measure the surface diffusion coefficient while ex situ atomic force microscopy was used to probe the structure and morphology of the grown quantum dots. The results show that laser excitation of the substrate increases the surface diffusion during the growth of Ge on Si(100), changes the growth morphology, improves the crystalline structure of the grown quantum dots, and decreases their size distribution. A purely electronic mechanism of enhanced surface diffusion of the deposited Ge is proposed.
Bending behavior of double-walled carbon nanotubes with sp3 interwall bonds
Authors: Zhang Y. Y. , Wang C. M. , Xiang Y.
Published: April 2011

The bending behavior of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) with sp3 interwall bonding is investigated by using molecular dynamics simulations. The presence of sp3 interwall bonding is shown to have a significant influence on the bending properties of DWCNTs and the effects are strongly dependent on the sp3 distribution density as well as temperature and geometry of DWCNTs. The adverse initial perturbation dominates at a low distribution density and thereby making the DWCNTs more susceptible to bending instability. However, the stiffening effect of sp3 interwall bonding is triggered after a sufficiently large distribution density is reached and one can expect the bending rigidity of the DWCNTs to improve substantially thereafter with increasing distribution density.
Aspect ratio dependent buckling mode transition in single-walled carbon nanotubes under compression
Authors: Feliciano Jeremy , Tang Chun , Zhang Yingyan , Chen Changfeng
Published: April 2011

Using molecular dynamics simulations, we study axial compressive behavior of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with a wide range of aspect ratios (length to diameter ratio). It is shown that the difference in aspect ratio leads to distinct buckling modes in SWCNTs. Small-aspect-ratio SWCNTs primarily exhibit shell buckling; they switch to a column buckling mode with increasing aspect ratio. Further compression of the already column buckled large-aspect-ratio SWCNTs results in a shell buckling. This shell buckling mode is distinct from that of small-aspect-ratio SWCNTs in that it originates from the column buckling induced bending deformation. The transition strain from column buckling to shell buckling of large-aspect-ratio SWCNTs is predicted using an analytical expression. The underlying mechanism is discussed by analyzing the variation of C-C bond lengths and angles.
Effect of forbidden bands of electromagnetic bandgap engineered ground plane on the response of half wave length linear microwave resonator
Authors: Verma Ritika , Daya K. S.
Published: April 2011

This paper reports a detailed experimental analysis on the effect of forbidden bandgaps of planar metallo-dielectric electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures as ground plane of a half wavelength linear resonator. It is observed that the resonator with metallic square and triangular lattice as ground plane results in resonance shifting to higher values whereas, on patterning negative structures of the said lattice which we mention as dielectric lattice in this paper, did not result in any appreciable change. Simulation and experimental results illustrate appreciable increase in quality factor and decrease in insertion loss for metallic EBG on the ground plane, while marginal reduction in insertion losses and increase in quality factor has been obtained with dielectric lattice.