bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The analysis of evaluation items of CPNS k1/k2 pre-service training participants group III DKI Jakarta Province 2018
Authors: Suharto Yanto
Published: December 2021

The analysis of evaluation items is performed to determine the quality of the final evaluation instrument for pre-service training participants. This research is conducted using the Anates version 4.00 application with quantitative approaches and descriptive methods. The subjects of the study are CPNS K1/K2 Group III pre-service training participants of DKI Province, class 131-132 in 2018 as many as 60 people with 50 items of multiple choice evaluation items. The results of the analysis show that out of 50 items, there are 26 valid questions based on the correlation coefficient of 0.354 at the 1% significance level, and the correlation coefficient of 0.273 at the 5% significance level. Based on the results of the overall recap, 26 questions (52%) can be used. Those consist of questions 18 items (36%) that can be directly used and 8 items (16%) questions that can be used but must be corrected, while those that cannot be used or dropped are 24 items (48%).
The pattern of community empowerment after complete systematic land registry (PTSL)
Authors: Arnowo Hadi
Published: December 2021

This paper aims to determine the appropriate community empowerment strategy after the achievement of the activities of Complete Systematic Land Registry (PTSL). This research was conducted using descriptive method that explained the pattern of community empowerment that could be done after the activities of PTSL. The government had increased the target of land certificate issuance through PTSL. Communities that had received the certificates were still faced with the problem of limited business. Community empowerment efforts needed to be done through capital access assistance, technical and managerial guidance and marketing.. Land certificates that had been accepted by the community could be used for access to capital through various business schemes. Technical and managerial guidance was provided by the relevant technical institutions. While product marketing was assisted by local government and related institutions. Broadly speaking, the typology of the recipient community of the PTSL certificate that needed to be empowered was the urban community, the rural area and the coastal area. The pattern of community empowerment in each region should have considered the business potential, knowledge and skills of the community as well as the marketing network. Community participation should have be involved in every stage of community empowerment activities.
The effect of case study learning methods on the learning outcomes of national insight of the Republic of Indonesia
Authors: Djumadiono Djumadiono
Published: December 2021

This study aims to determine the influence of case study learning methods on the learning outcomes of the subject matter of National Insight. This research uses quantitative method. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling with a total sample of 60 participants consist of 30 experimental class participants and 30 control class participants. The data collection technique uses the pre-post test and uses Microsoft Excel 2013 in the form of a t-test. Based on the results of testing using the t-test, it is confirmed that the results of testing in the experimental class and control class obtained t-count of 2.397 and t-table with a significance level of 0.05 with df (n-2) = 58 is 2.02. The calculation shows that t-count (2.397) is greater than t-table (2.02). Thus, it can be concluded that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. In addition, this study shows that there is an influence between the case study as the learning method variable towards the results of National Insight subject. In summary, this study concludes that the learning method using a case study model affects the learning outcomes of National Insight subject.
The role of mental revolution training on the improvement of civil servant professionalism in public services in DKI Jakarta Provincial Government
Authors: Sukmajadi Budi
Published: December 2021

The responsibility of State Civil Servant (ASN) has been clearly stated in the ASN Law. Furthermore, it is also regulated in Government Regulations concerning Employee Discipline. Nonetheless, there is still negative stigma in the implementation and the community judgement, such as laziness in work, money orientation in completing administrative service tasks, misunderstanding of the main duties and functions of the employees, breaking the regulation and looking for shortcuts to achieve goals in gaining positions and even worse, performing corruption. This paper discusses the idea of the role of mental revolution training to become more productive and professional ASN. The mental revolution training is a concrete step in shaping the mental of professional public servants. The subjects of public service mental revolution training material refers to how an ASN should have perspective, way of thinking and working thus that it is likely expected that the training could improve the professionalism of ASN as public servants.
The role of competency improvement of accrual-based financial management report on the preparation of local government financial report
Authors: Setiadiputra Raden Yudhy Pradityo
Published: December 2021

Local governments in Indonesia based on the applied rules have the obligation to prepare activity implementation reports, one of which is the Local Government Financial Statements. The Indonesian government is currently implementing accrual-based government financial report. However, in the application of accrual-based government financial report there are still many obstacles experienced by the local governments. The implementation of accrual-based financial report is one form of government bureaucracy reform in the field of financial. In 2005, the central government has issued Government Regulation No. 24 year 2005 on Government Accounting Standards (SAP) which regulates the recognition of revenues and expenditures using the cash basis, while for assets, liabilities and equity using the accrual basis. The regulation has been changed to Government Regulation No. 71 year 2010 which enacts accrual-based SAP for both income, expenditure, assets, liabilities and equity by 2015. The central government has devised a strategic step to implement the accrual basis. In order to support the implementation of the accrual basis accounting application, it is necessary to align the competence of the stakeholder employees in the preparation of local government financial statements, considering that the local government financial statements is a benchmark in assessing the performance of the local governments by the central government. The alignment of competence can be done by implementation of competence improvement such as performing training education, technical guidance, socialization and the formation of community of practices.
Assessment of the effectiveness of the project-based learning model in internal audit learning at the civil servant as millenial generations
Authors: Kamal Mustofa
Published: December 2021

This action research aims to assess the effectiveness of internal audit learning in the training of BPKP’s civil servant's candidates. There is a gap between internal audit conceptual learning with the background of 24 trainees as Millenials generations with technological capabilities and low social care. Then, the internal audit learning process must be in line with their characters through project-based learning models. The research method uses qualitative and quantitative through making PKA and KKA project. Learning effectiveness was assessed by trainers qualitatively through action observations and quantitatively through pre-test and post-test. Assessment from training participants also used through online surveys. The results show that all training participants have been active and able to make the PKA-KKA project, 79,17%. Quantitative achievement in pre-test and post-test shows increasing in average pre-post tests, 39,57, from average pre-test, 60,21, have been average post-test, 99,58. T paired test indicates P-value with 0,0000 or significant positive. On the other hand, a qualitative assessment with participants’ online surveys showed that 59.1% of participants rated learning as having improved internal audit understanding and 52,38% suggest to continued implementation of the project-based learning model. This finding shows project-based learning models in the internal audit learning process was effective in the training of BPKP’s civil servant's candidates.
Use of guided inquiry learning model to improve skills of biological science process to senior high school students
Authors: Sahlan Noor Lailah
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which students 'science process skills in Biology subjects can be increased through the use of Guided Inquiry learning models and to know students' responses to learning that has been implemented as a reflection of learning. This research was conducted at SMAN 1 Kota Tangerang Selatan on students of class XII Science. This research uses Classroom Action Research (CAR)  methods. The results showed that the use of Guided Inquiry learning models in Biology concepts of plant growth and development concepts can provide positive and significant improvements to students' science process skills.
Strategy for strengthening capacity of aparatur leadership through the capacity building training in DKI Jakarta
Authors: Sulasiah Farihah
Published: December 2021

ASN is a driving element of an organization. Three competencies that must be possessed by an ASN, there are technical competencies, managerial competencies, and social-cultural competencies that need to be continuously developed as an effort to improve performance of ASN as a state apparatus. One of the efforts that was realized in the implementation of Capacity Building Education and. Change leaders are expected to have social sensitivity that is able to move the community and be resilient by aligning the power of the brain and heart through a wise approach (high touch). This ability is the collaboration of one's ability to manage information and knowledge by utilizing intuition, motivation and wisdom with a touch of entertainment. The implementation of the education and training program is unique in the material content and evaluation system.  The implementation of CB training is aimed at challenging participants in solving various problems that occur in DKI through strategic thinking that hones organizational concerns and is equipped with group interaction. In this way participants are motivated to maximize inspirational and interpersonal motivation, intrapersonal skills by using a variety of innovative ideas in managing the changes seen in solving a given problem. This is in accordance with the demands of competence at Pergub 272/ 2014. This adapts several employee competencies that are regulated through local government regulations and supplemented by observation activities as a form of qualitative assessment of participants. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods based on events that have already occurred. This method provides an in-depth overview of the problems observed. Observations were made on the implementation of capacity building training which was carried out for three days in three consecutive forces. The research instrument is the researcher himself.
Strategy to respond gratification by identifying gift-giving to government employee
Authors: Nazifah Lisa
Published: December 2021

Gratification often called as the root of corruption. Gift-giving is usually considered a common tradition that has been entrenched in community life in Indonesia. However, it should be confirmed that even the slightest gift to civil servants or state administrators can be considered as an act of bribery if the gift is related to their position and contrary to their obligations or duties. Numerous gratification practices that lead to bribery have still been found indicating the lack of understanding and intention of civil servants in addressing gratification based on the regulation applied. The study is performed using qualitative descriptive methods with a description of the topic related. Data collected by observing study group discussion at Diklat Prajabatan for a non-permanent teacher in DKI Jakarta year 2018. The identification of gratification can be self-performed by recognizing the motive of the gift-giving act using PROVE IT (Purposes, Rule, Openness, Value, Ethics, Identity, and Timing). Besides, the improved understanding of the rights and obligations as a public servant as well as the change of mindset would initially provide the capability for every civil servant and state administrators in addressing gratification wisely and applicably. The integrity of civil servants is an indicator of a clean and corruption-free government that leads to good and accountable governance.
Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Eleştirel Düşünme Motivasyon Düzeylerinin Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi
Authors: TEMÜR Kübra , ÇELİK Gül
Published: December 2021

Bu çalışma Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulunda öğrenim görmekte olan öğrencilerin eleştirel düşünme motivasyon düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yapılan tanımlayıcı bir araştırmadır. Araştırmanın evrenini Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulunda öğrenim gören ve çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin toplanmasında araştırmacılar tarafından ilgili literatür incelemesi sonucunda oluşturulan kişisel bilgi formu ve Eleştirel Düşünme Motivasyon Ölçeği kullanılmıştır.Verilerin analizinde, SPSS 20.0 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen verilere göre; öğrencilerin eleştirel düşünme motivasyon düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğrencilerin öğretim türü, aile yapısı, ekonomik durum, mesleği isteyerek seçme, çalışma durumu, öğretim düzeyi, medeni durumuna göre EDMÖ – beklenti, değer, başarı, içsel/ilgi değerleri, yararlılık, bedel ve toplam ölçek puanları açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmemiştir. Ancak öğrenim gördükleri program, kitap okuma ve cinsiyetlerine göre eleştirel düşünme motivasyon puan ortalamalarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Eğitim öğretim müfredatları oluşturulurken öğrencinin eleştirel düşünme düzeylerini artıracak yöntemlerden yararlanılması önerilebilir.
Bir Vakıf Üniversitesinde Öğrenim Görmekte Olan Öğrencilerin Kardiyovasküler Hastalıklarına İlişkin Risk Faktörleri Bilgi Düzeyi ve Yaşam Biçimi Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi
Authors: TÜRKER Esra , TANRIKULU Gözdenur
Published: December 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı bir vakıf üniversitesinde öğrenim görmekte olan öğrencilerin kardiyovasküler hastalıklarına ilişkin risk faktörleri bilgi düzeyi ve yaşam biçimi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir.

Yöntem Tanımlayıcı ve ilişki arayıcı olarak planlanan bu araştırmanın örneklemini bir vakıf üniversitesinde öğrenim görmekte olan öğrenciler oluşturmuştur. Veriler, ‘Bilgi Formu’, ‘Kardiyovasküler Hastalıklar Risk Faktörleri Bilgi Düzeyi (KARRİF-BD) Ölçeği’ ve ‘Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları Ölçeği II’ ile çevrimiçi olarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde SPSS IBM Statistics 22.0 programı kullanılmıştır. Veriler ortalama ± standart sapma (Ort ± SS), sayı, yüzde dağılımlar ile normal dağılımlarını belirlemek için Kolmogorov-Simirnov testi yapılmıştır. Ayrıca analizlerde Mann Whitney U testi, Kruskal Wallis, Dunn-Bonferroni ikili Tamhane’s T2 testleri kullanılmıştır. Veriler arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesinde Spearsman’s Korelasyon Analizi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar p
NOTE DE LECTURE: Bérengère MARQUES-PEREIRA. 2021. L’avortement dans l’Union Européenne: Acteurs, enjeux et discours. Bruxelles: CRISP, 281 pp. ISBN 9782870752524
Authors:   epartment of Comparative Governance and European Studies, Faculty of Political Science, University of Bucharest, Romania, BĂLUȚĂ Ionela
Published: December 2021

NOTE DE LECTURE: Bérengère MARQUES-PEREIRA. 2021. L’avortement dans l’Union Européenne: Acteurs, enjeux et discours. Bruxelles: CRISP, 281 pp. ISBN 9782870752524
Zhou Zuoren’s “Human Literature” View and Christianity: An Encounter and Departure
Authors: Cheng Hesha
Published: December 2021

Zhou Zuoren’s “Human Literature” view which was raised by Zhou before and after “May 4th” Movement, was influenced by Christianity and therefore had a scent of “humanitarian love”. Zhou Zuoren was then dazzled by humanitarian love, but there was still a distance between his thought and Christian thought. This article aims at a discussion about the distance in the spirit of Zhou Zuoren’s “Human Literature” view and Christian humanitarianism which is represented by Fyodor Dostoevsky, and about the reasons for Zhou’s departure from the education of the masses.
From the Editor
Authors: Cybula Piotr
Published: December 2021

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REFUND FOR CANCELLED TRAVEL DURING THE PANDEMIC: COMMISSION DECIDES TO REFER SLOVAKIA TO THE COURT OF JUSTICE
Authors: Jurčová Monika , Varga Peter
Published: December 2021

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to assess the conformity of the Slovak solutions with regard to refunds for cancelled travels and their conformity with EU law, i.e. the Package Travel Directive. In the article, the position is analysed of the European Commission and its reflection to Slovak legislation on refunds of travels after cancellation of the breach concerning travels by the travel agencies.

Method. Legal analyses regarding the Slovak amendment of Package Travel Act and comparison of its provisions with the Package Travel Directive.

Findings. In the article, the way is described as to how the Slovak legislator solved the reimbursement for cancelled travels due to pandemic situation. Also provided is the statement regarding the reasoned opinion of the European Commission that followed the adoption of the amendment of the Slovak Package Travel Act. The authors analyse compatibility of the COVID PTA Amendment with European Union law. In the article, it is described that due to time constraints set by the COVID PTA Amendment for refund because of cancelled travels, non-compliance with EU legislation had probably expired by September 2021.

Research and conclusions limitations. The research was focused on EU (Package Travel Directive) and Slovak legislation (Package Travel Act) and assessment of compliance of Slovak with EU law.

Practical implications. The article draws attention to the question whether some effects of the COVID PTA Amendment will persist after September 2021 provided that the topical purpose of this legislation to postpone refund for travellers has already been accomplished by setting the deadline for 14 September 2021. Secondly, it raises the question of possible damage suffered by the individuals due to the breach of EU law by the Slovak Republic.

Originality. As the article is focused on the most current situation, this topic has not been discussed by other authors in other studies. The authors assume a view that makes assessment regarding legality of the Slovak amendment for Package Travel Act with EU law.

Type of paper. Research paper.
Pomiędzy sensem a bezsensem pracy – perspektywa procesu
Authors: Brach Bartłomiej
Published: December 2021

Przekonanie o sensie pracy to silny predykator m.in. zaangażowania w pracę, satysfakcji zawodowej i przywiązania od organizacji. Tym samym stanowi istotny czynnik w ocenie kapitału ludzkiego przedsiębiorstwa. Pod wpływem zmian w otoczeniu pracownika to przekonanie może ulegać tak wzmocnieniu, jak osłabieniu. Tegoż ekstremalnym przypadkiem jest pojawienie się przekonania o bezsensie pracy. Brakuje jednak opracowań pokazujących, kiedy i jak ta zmiana zachodzi. Artykuł jest pierwszą próbą uzupełnienia tych dwóch luk w literaturze przedmiotu. Na podstawie wywiadów narracyjnych z pracownikami, którzy doświadczyli przejścia od przekonania o sensie do przekonania o bezsensie pracy, opisano ten proces. Wykazano, że składa się on z 6 etapów, wskazano na jego charakterystykę i możliwe warianty. Podkreślono, że przekonanie o bezsensie pracy jest tymczasowe, i pokazano, jak pracownicy sobie z nim radzą. Artykuł wieńczą rekomendacje dla dalszych badań zmienności przekonania o sensie pracy.
Segmentacja zasobów ludzkich i pandemia COVID-19 – analiza zmian w perspektywie wymiarów segmentacji
Authors: Piasecki Przemysław
Published: December 2021

Pandemia COVID-19 stworzyła wiele nowych wyzwań dla organizacji, skutkujących znaczącymi zmianami w warunkach pracy, oferowanych pracownikom. W artykule podjęto kwestię wpływu pandemii na segmentację zasobów ludzkich (HR differentiation), rozumianą jako nietożsame warunki pracy grup pracowników w organizacji, wynikające ze zróżnicowanej alokacji zasobów pomiędzy pracowników. Wykorzystując koncepcję wymiarów segmentacji zasobów ludzkich i wielopoziomowy model planowanej, faktycznej i odczuwanej segmentacji, dokonano analizy, jak pojawiające się trendy wpłyną na zróżnicowanie warunków pracy wewnątrz organizacji. Rezultaty wskazały, że w trakcie i po zakończeniu pandemii można oczekiwać zwiększenia różnic między segmentami (większa siła segmentacji) i częstych zmian w praktykach zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi (mniejsza stabilność absolutna segmentacji). Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników zaproponowano nowe kierunki badań segmentacji zasobów ludzkich oraz sugestie dla menedżerów.
USE OF PASSENGER LOCATION CARDS IN THE ERA OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC, AND THE PROCESSING OF PERSONAL DATA OF AIR PASSENGERS
Authors: Biczysko-Pudełko Katarzyna
Published: December 2021

Purpose. The aim of the article is to analyse the processing of personal data of air passengers during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the context of doubts that have arisen in connection with the need for these passengers to provide their personal data as part of filling out the Passenger Location Card questionnaire.

Method. The research method used in this study is case study.

Findings. In the study, it was showed that firstly, the data of air passengers processed in relation to the application of the Passenger Location Card by the State Border Sanitary Inspectorate in Warsaw should be protected under the provisions of the General Regulation on the protection of personal data. Furthermore, their controller, i.e. the State Border Sanitary Inspectorate in Warsaw, did not fulfil its obligations in this regard. This, in effect, justifies the conclusion that the processing process not in accordance with the law on the protection of personal data.

Research and conclusions limitations. The analysis concerned only passengers of aircrafts arriving and/or departing from airports located on the territory of the Republic of Poland.

Practical implications. The analysis carried out in this study may provide a solution to the issues that have arisen in the public sector with regard to the processing of personal data collected from air passengers on the basis of the Passenger Location Card questionnaire and thus, the conclusions may prove useful for data controllers who should be aware of such problems, but also for air travellers as data subjects who should be protected by the General Data Protection Regulation and their rights in this regard.

Originality. This analysis, if only for the reason that it is an analysis of a problem that has come to light relatively recently (March 2020), has so far, only been the subject of consideration in press articles.
Trudności i korzyści oraz negatywne skutki pracy i nauki pracy zdalnej z perspektywy gospodarstw domowych
Authors: Król Małgorzata
Published: December 2021

Celem artykułu było rozpoznanie trudności oraz korzyści i negatywnych skutków pracy/ nauki zdalnej w początkowym okresie pandemii – z perspektywy gospodarstw domowych. Weryfikacji poddano hipotezę stanowiącą, że trudności i korzyści oraz negatywne skutki pracy/ nauki zdalnej są uzależnione od wielkości gospodarstwa domowego i miejsca zamieszkania. Hipotezę zweryfikowano na podstawie wyników badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych w styczniu 2021 roku na próbie liczącej 1297 respondentów. Badania wykazały, że trudnością, na którą najczęściej napotykają osoby pracujące zdalnie, jest słabe łącze internetowe. Najliczniej odczuwaną korzyścią pracy zdalnej jest oszczędność czasu na dojazdy do i z pracy, a najbardziej odczuwanym negatywnym skutkiem – brak bezpośredniego kontaktu z innymi osobami. Analiza korelacji pozwoliła na częściową pozytywną weryfikację hipotezy, a stwierdzone istotne zależności miały słaby charakter.
POLISH REGULATORY POLICY AIMED AT COUNTERACTING ALCOHOLISM AS AN ELEMENT OF ENSURING SAFETY IN TOURISM – THE CASE OF TRAVEL INSURANCE
Authors: Koszowski Michał
Published: December 2021

Purpose. The aim of the article is to assess whether the current legal framework on travel insurance contracts allows the regulations in question to be included in the legal instruments that both ensure safety in tourism and constitute an element of the regulatory policy aimed art counteracting alcoholism and the negative effects of alcohol consumption.

Method. The main method used in the submitted article is the legal dogmatic method, which, however, is not used in the strict sense. Additionally, analysis of the normative text is supplemented with the author's independent reference to judicial decisions and legal doctrine.

Findings. Analysis of legal regulations and judicial decisions allows to indicate that the structure of travel insurance makes it an element of the regulatory policy aimed at counteracting alcoholism. Accidents can often be classified as insurance events within the meaning of various types of insurance contracts, including travel insurance. Therefore, the structure of these agreements cannot assume the form of a specific sanction for alcohol consumption. However, to ensure the fullest possible safety in tourism, insurance events of this type should not be excluded from the liability of insurers without deeper reflection on the purpose of this kind of protection, also within the context of the policy aimed at counteracting addictions and their effects on health and life.

Research and conclusions limitations. The legal analysis is focused on the Polish legal regulation of the issue.

Practical implications. The conducted research may be an indication for the creation of mandatory regulations regarding travel insurance contracts, as well as the content of the contracts themselves and general insurance conditions.

Originality. Research on regulatory policy that is rarely of interest to legal scientists.

Type of paper. In the article, theoretical concepts are presented. This text is an overview in nature.
Zarządzanie kadrami w sytuacjach nadzwyczajnych – warunki pracy i system motywacyjny w okresie pandemii z perspektywy pracownika
Authors: Czaplicka-Kozłowska Iwona Z. , Kozłowski Andrzej Józef
Published: December 2021

Kryzysowym wydarzeniem, które wstrząsnęło życiem wielu ludzi, był wybuch pandemii. Zaburzyło to funkcjonowanie wielu organizacji. Podstawowym celem artykułu było ukazanie zmian, jakie wystąpiły w warunkach pracy i systemach motywacyjnych w organizacjach w dynamicznie zmieniającym się otoczeniu naznaczonym pandemią COVID-19. Badania służące realizacji celu zostały przeprowadzone metodą sondażu diagnostycznego wśród prawie tysiąca pracowników organizacji sektora publicznego i prywatnego. Z badań tych wynika, że w czasie pandemii COVID-19 nastąpiło pogorszenie warunków pracy, często związane z wykonywaniem pracy poza zakładem pracy. Uciążliwości tej nie rekompensują funkcjonujące w tych organizacjach systemy motywacyjne.
THE ISSUES OF EVIDENCE FACILITATION IN THE REGULATION OF PACKAGE TRAVEL AND HOTEL SERVICES IN THE CONTEXT OF PROTECTING TRAVELLERS AND TOURISTS
Authors: Szymszon Małgorzata
Published: December 2021

Purpose. The aim of the article is to show the significance and diversity of legal constructions concerning the facilitations of proof in provisions regulating package travel and hotel services in the context of protecting travellers and tourists.

Method. Analysis regarding the regulation of package travel and hotel services including the facilitations of proof are carried out using the formal-dogmatic and legal comparison method. The comparative method has a significant meaning for the proper interpretation of provisions regulating package travel and hotel services due to the interpenetration of national and international regulations. In the process of recreating norms from legal provisions, it is therefore helpful to analyse their similarities and differences.

Findings. The provisions regulating package travel and hotel services include the facilitations of proof which improve the legal situation of travellers and tourists, as well as ensuring their protection.

Research and conclusions limitations. There is no comprehensive study on facilitations of proof in the regulation of package travel and hotel services in literature on the subject.

Practical implications. Conclusions resulting from the article will allow to determine the proper nature of the provisions referring to the facilitations of proof in the regulation of package travel and hotel services, which will enable their proper application in practice.

Originality. The issue of the facilitations of proof in the regulation of package travel and hotel services has not been comprehensively researched so far.

Type of work. Problem article.
Kierunki reorientacji zawodowej aktorek i aktorów musicalowych w okresie pandemii
Authors: Mizera-Pęczek Patrycja
Published: December 2021

Przedmiotem refleksji teoretycznej oraz badań własnych przedstawionych w tym artykule jest wynikająca z pandemii reorientacja zawodowa artystek i artystów w Polsce. Celem artykułu było zidentyfikowanie i opisanie tego zjawiska w środowisku artystów sztuk musicalowych, którzy w latach 2020–2021 zostali pozbawieni możliwości wykonywania pracy na scenie. Autorka założyła, że reorientacja zawodowa jest jedną z najbardziej powszechnych indywidualnych strategii radzenia sobie artystów z kryzysem, który objął organizacje kultury zajmujące się sztukami widowiskowymi „na żywo”. Wprowadzane w Polsce obostrzenia doprowadziły do odwołania projektów artystycznych, koncertów, spektakli, widowisk z udziałem publiczności. Niestety organizacje, które oferują widzom tego typu doświadczenia zmysłowe, nie były w stanie przenieść swojej twórczości w całości do świata wirtualnego. W związku z tym wielu artystów zostało pozbawionych możliwości wykonywania pracy artystycznej i rozpoczęło proces reorientacji zawodowej. Prezentowany artykuł ma charakter teoretyczno-empiryczny. Przedstawiono w nim rezultaty badań jakościowych, interpretatywnych, przeprowadzonych w sposób niereaktywny w medium społecznościowym Instagram. Autorka zidentyfikowała 60 profili polskich wykonawców musicali; dokonała analizy postów oraz obserwacji Instastory, publikowanych w okresie 16 marca 2020 do 16 marca 2021 roku, by odpowiedzieć na pytanie badawcze o kierunki reorientacji zawodowej artystek i artystów musicalowych.
THE POLISH SAFETY MODEL FOR CHILD AND YOUTH TOURISM – LEGAL ASPECTS
Authors: Sondel Krzysztof
Published: December 2021

Purpose. Analysis of the legal solutions adopted in Poland relating to the ensuring safe practice of various forms of tourism during the school year when the school acts as a tour operator and in the period free from classes, when recreation is organised by entities conducting economic activity.

Method. The implemented methods is critical analysis of legal acts and literature on the subject.

Results. In the study, the necessity is shown to modify the adopted legal solutions in order to clarify the responsibilities of the school headmaster, in terms of ensuring the safety of school trip participants by teachers, depending on the type of tourist activity, especially in relation to active tourism. On the other hand, the recreation of children and adolescents is based on the provision of appropriate staff with the appropriate authorisation, and on the control activities of state bodies and relevant services.

Research and conclusion limitations. Analysis of specific legal regulations and selected general regulations, which indirectly relate to the safety of organizing activities when it comes to children and youth tourism.

Practical implications. In the research, it has been shown that the school principal, as the entity responsible for ensuring the safety of students during events and excursions organised by the school, has to rely on too general provisions of the legislation, especially with reference to the number of teachers in relation to the number of students under their direct care, without taking into account the particular form of excursion within the framework of active tourism.

Originality. The article is an attempt to synthesize the problem of the model of safety adopted in Poland for school tourism and recreation of children and adolescents in the period free from classes.

Type of work. In the article, the results of theoretical research are presented.
Zaangażowanie pracowników Państwowej Straży Pożarnej w pandemii COVID-19 – systematyczny przegląd literatury
Authors: Bera Agata
Published: December 2021

Pandemia COVID-19 wpłynęła na pracę wszystkich pracowników na wszystkich kontynentach. W czasie pandemii COVID-19 pracownicy Państwowej Straży Pożarnej (PSP) zostali zobligowani do stałej współpracy z innymi służbami oraz instytucjami w celu ochrony życia i zdrowia społeczeństwa oraz pomocy w zapobieganiu rozprzestrzeniania się wirusa SARS-CoV-2. Spowodowało to powierzenie pracownikom PSP dodatkowych zadań oraz położenie większego nacisku na łączenie szeregu ich niezależnych umiejętności z różnych obszarów. Praca stała się bardziej wymagająca i trudna ze względu na konieczność przestrzegania zwiększonych środków bezpieczeństwa lub na wzrost obciążenia pracą. Celem prezentowanego artykułu była identyfikacja istniejących badań nad zaangażowaniem organizacyjnym pracowników PSP w związku z pandemią COVID-19 oraz odkrycie aktualnych trendów badawczych i przyszłych kierunków badań. Publikacja powstała na podstawie systematycznego przeglądu literatury oraz analizy dokumentów związanych ze strażą pożarną oraz z jej funkcjonowaniem podczas epidemii wirusa SARS-CoV-2.
Pomiar satysfakcji zawodowej jako potencjalne źródło usprawnień funkcji personalnej wobec pielęgniarek zatrudnionych w publicznych szpitalach
Authors: Borowska-Pietrzak Agata
Published: December 2021

Celem artykułu było przedstawienie wyników badań poziomu satysfakcji zawodowej pielęgniarek zatrudnionych w wybranych jednostkach publicznych podmiotów służby zdrowia, a tym samym rozpoznanie źródeł usprawnień praktyk ZZL wobec pielęgniarek zatrudnionych w państwowym systemie lecznictwa. W tekście przedstawiono analizę uwarunkowań kształtujących atrybuty wpływające na tak zdiagnozowane poczucie zadowolenia z pracy. Wyniki tych badań są jednak tylko kontekstem do rozpoznania ewentualnych źródeł usprawnień w praktykach ZZL wobec tak zdefiniowanej grupy zawodowej w państwowej służbie zdrowia. Biorąc pod uwagę ciągły rozwój pandemii koronowirusa, należy podkreślić wciąż mocno aktualną i trudną do przecenienia istotność znaczenia pracy npielęgniarek, dlatego w artykule wskazano czynniki, które determinują ich bardzo niski poziom zadowolenia z pracy, zwłaszcza na tle innych zawodów. Analiza szczegółowych atrybutów kształtowania satysfakcji dała asumpt do propozycji poprawy praktyk zarządzania w odniesieniu do tak misyjnego charakteru grupy zawodowej. Ma to służyć podniesieniu jakości i sprawności zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi skierowanego wobec tego zbioru profesjonalistek. W podsumowaniu wskazano zasadnicze działania w obszarze ZZL, które koniecznie należy poprawić i potraktować jako sugestie dla zarządzających publicznymi jednostkami służby zdrowia. Działania naprawcze, które powinny podnieść i wzbogacać poczucie satysfakcji w zawodzie pielęgniarki, to poprawa warunków płacowych, możliwości awansowe oraz docenienie ich pracy i wyrażanie uznania ze strony przełożonych i lekarzy.
A Simple and Cost-effective Weight Drop Model to Induce Contusive Spinal Cord Injury: Functional and Histological Outcomes
Authors: Hashemizadeh Shiva , Hosseindoost Saereh , Pestei Khalil , Hadjighassem Mahmoudreza
Published: December 2021

Background: Animal spinal cord injury (SCI) models have provided a better perception of the mechanisms related to traumatic SCI and evaluation of the effectiveness of experimental therapeutic interventions. Objectives: The aim of this study is to develop a cost-effective modified Allen's device to induce contusive spinal cord injury. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to contusive spinal cord injury using a customized weight drop model through 10-g weights delivered from a 25-mm height onto an exposed spinal cord. Locomotor and sensory function during 28 days were assessed. Moreover, histopathological changes were assessed at one week and 28 days post SCI. Results: All the SCI rats showed hind limb paralysis up to 48 h post SCI and neuropathic pain after injury. Histological changes similar to the previous reports for contusion model were observed. Conclusions: According to our findings, little variability was observed in the BBB score of individual rats at 28 days after injury. Our customized device to induce spinal cord injury is a simple and inexpensive alternative method to the highly sophisticated contusion device commonly used to induce SCI.
Effect of Topical Cooling with Ice and Cold Spray on Knee Joint Position Sense of Athletes with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Authors: Barzegar Masood , Babakhani Farideh , Balochi Ramin , Hatefi Mohamadreza
Published: December 2021

Background: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common knee injuries in athletes and non-athletes. Due to the pain and muscle inhibition, it is possible that the disorder has negative effects on joint position sense. Cryotherapy is one of the most common methods applied in sports injuries. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical cooling with ice and cold spray on knee joint position sense of athletes with PFPS. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 athletes with PFSP were divided into two groups of cold spray and crushed ice application. The effect of cooling on joint position sense was measured by the target reconstruction method (30° of knee flexion) while standing. In order to analyze the data, SPSS 23 and statistical tests of Shapiro-Wilk, paired t-test, and independent t-tests were used. The absolute error of 30° knee flexion angle reconstruction immediately after cryotherapy was significantly higher than before it in various cooling methods. Nevertheless, crushed ice application had a greater impact on the accuracy of joint position sense than spraying. Results: The results of this study indicate the negative effects of cryotherapy on the accuracy of the knee joint position sense (P < 0.05). However, cryotherapy with crushed ice application has a greater effect on reducing the accuracy of joint position sense (P < 0.001) than cold spray (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Decreased accuracy of position sense is likely to cause mechanical instability and increase the rate of injury. Therefore, it is recommended to use crushed ice application rather than topical cooling to reduce the knee joint position sense.
Characteristics of Intestinal Flora in Pregnant Women with Mild Thalassemia Revealed by Metagenomics
Authors: Lun Yong-Zhi , Qiu Wei , Zhao Wenqi , Lin Hua , Zhong Mintao , Sun Jie
Published: December 2021

Background: At present, there is no report that the intestinal flora of pregnant women with mild thalassemia is different from that of healthy pregnant women. Objectives: This study compared the composition and changes of the intestinal flora of pregnant women with mild thalassemia to those of healthy pregnant women using metagenomic sequencing technology and evaluated the potential microecological risk for pregnant women and the fetus. Methods: The present study was carried out on 14 mild thalassemia pregnant women with similar backgrounds in the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Fujian, China. In the same period, 6 healthy pregnant women were selected as the control group. The genomic deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from the sable stool samples of pregnant women. Illumina HiSeq sequencing technology was adopted after library preparation. Prodigal software (ver 2.6.3), Salmon software (ver 1.6.0), and Kraken software (ver 2) were used to analyze the sequence data. Moreover, analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple-comparison test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used as statistical methods. Results: The characteristics of the intestinal flora of pregnant women with mild thalassemia differed significantly from those of healthy pregnant women, showing an increase in some conditionally pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Prevotella stercorea rose and Escherichia coli) and a decrease in some probiotic bacteria, which might affect pregnant women and cause physiological function damage to their offspring by changing metabolic pathways; however, further validation is needed. Conclusions: The diversity and composition of intestinal flora in pregnant women with mild thalassemia vary significantly from those in healthy pregnant women, especially at the genus and species levels, representing more profound alterations in intestinal microecology.
Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus in Patients Hospitalized in Imam Reza Hospital of Kermanshah, Iran (2016 - 2018)
Authors: Zamanian Mohammad Hossein , Shirvani Marya , Janbakhsh Alireza , Sayad Babak , Vaziri Siavash , Mohseni Afshar Zeinab , Miladi Ronak , Khazaei Sedigheh , Mansouri Feizollah , Afsharian Mandana , Tarlan Mitra
Published: December 2021

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen, which often causes asymptomatic diseases. This bacterium could cause several disorders, ranging from skin infections to life-threatening diseases. S. aureus could also develop resistance to a wide range of antibiotics. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and pattern of antibiotic resistance in isolated S. aureus in Imam Reza Hospital of Kermanshah, Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 2,228 patients with a positive S. aureus culture who were admitted to Imam Reza Hospital during 2016 - 2018. In accordance with the CLSI protocol, bacterial isolates were separated using laboratory tests, and antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the standard disk-diffusion method. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 24. Results: Most of the S. aureus-positive cases were isolated from the emergency ward (43.7%), blood samples (40.1%), and urine samples (23.9%). The highest antibiotic resistance was observed against erythromycin, penicillin G, ofloxacin, cefoxitin, clindamycin, and piperacillin. With 93.3% and 81.8% sensitivity, vancomycin and teicoplanin were respectively the most effective antibiotics against S. aureus. Conclusions: According to the results, the prevalence of resistant S. aureus strains could be due to the long-term hospitalization of patients and the overuse of antibiotics in infection treatment. Therefore, proper monitoring and development of effective infection control methods are essential in these healthcare settings.
The Mediating Role of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation in the Correlation Between Attachment Styles and Childhood Trauma with Self-harming Behaviors in Adolescents
Authors: Ashrafi Emad , Karami Jahangir , Nasori Marziye
Published: December 2021

Background: Self-harming behaviors are significantly associated with difficulty in emotion regulation. Attachment styles and childhood trauma increase the frequency and intensity of self-harming behaviors through disrupting emotion regulation. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation in the correlation between attachment styles and childhood trauma with self-harming behaviors in adolescents. Methods: The sample population included adolescents aged 15 - 18 years in Kermanshah, Iran in 2019. In total, 400 participants were selected via random sampling. Data were collected using instruments of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ), and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). In addition, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to evaluate the proposed model. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 24 and AMOS version 23. Results: The proposed model had a good fit. Attachment styles with the mediation of difficulties in emotion regulation (β = 0.174) and childhood trauma with the mediation of difficulties in emotion regulation (β = 0.111) had an indirect, significant correlation with self-harming behaviors (P < 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results, attachment styles and childhood trauma affected self-harming behaviors through difficulties in emotion regulation. Therefore, their impact on self-harming behaviors could be reduced by improving emotion regulation in adolescents.
Fear and Anxiety Caused by COVID-19 in the Iranian Society and the Influential Factors
Authors: Bashiri Hassan , Dehghan Fatemeh , Jalali Rostam
Published: December 2021

Background: Due to the changing nature of the spread of emerging infectious diseases, such crises could cause significant fear, especially when the disease is associated with high mortality. Fear and anxiety adversely affect health. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the fear and anxiety caused by COVID-19 in the Iranian society and the influential factors in this regard. Methods: This correlational study was conducted on 458 participants who were recruited for an online survey. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire of COVID-19 fear and Beck's anxiety inventory. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 23 using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics, including t-test and multiple comparisons. Results: The prevalence of fear and anxiety was less than 20%. The correlations between the anxiety scores and fear of COVID-19 with demographic variables indicated that the COVID-19 fear scores had a weak correlation with an appeal to religion and efforts to prevent COVID-19 (P ≤ 0.05), while no correlation was observed with the other variables. In addition, the anxiety scores had weak, inverse correlations with the effort to prevent COVID-19 and satisfaction with the government’s effort (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results, the fear of COVID-19 and the subsequent anxiety is mild in the Iranian society. Low anxiety and fear caused by the disease could lead to negligence and disregarding health standards, which will increase the number of these patients in the community.