bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Waveform Design for Improved Detection of Extended Targets in Sea Clutter
Authors: Zhang Linke , Wei Na , Du Xuhao
Published: September 2019

Adaptive waveform design for cognitive radar in the case of extended target detection under compound-Gaussian (CG) sea clutter is addressed. Based on the CG characteristics of sea clutter, the texture component is employed to characterize the clutter ensemble during each closed-loop feedback and its estimation can be used for the next transmitted waveform design. The resulting waveform design problem is formulated according to the following optimization criterion: maximization of the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for sea clutter suppression, and imposing a further constraint on sidelobes level of the waveform autocorrelation outputs for decreasing the false alarm rate. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
Real-Time Vehicle-Detection Method in Bird-View Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle Imagery
Authors: Han Seongkyun , Yoo Jisang , Kwon Soonchul
Published: September 2019

Vehicle detection is an important research area that provides background information for the diversity of unmanned-aerial-vehicle (UAV) applications. In this paper, we propose a vehicle-detection method using a convolutional-neural-network (CNN)-based object detector. We design our method, DRFBNet300, with a Deeper Receptive Field Block (DRFB) module that enhances the expressiveness of feature maps to detect small objects in the UAV imagery. We also propose the UAV-cars dataset that includes the composition and angular distortion of vehicles in UAV imagery to train our DRFBNet300. Lastly, we propose a Split Image Processing (SIP) method to improve the accuracy of the detection model. Our DRFBNet300 achieves 21 mAP with 45 FPS in the MS COCO metric, which is the highest score compared to other lightweight single-stage methods running in real time. In addition, DRFBNet300, trained on the UAV-cars dataset, obtains the highest AP score at altitudes of 20–50 m. The gap of accuracy improvement by applying the SIP method became larger when the altitude increases. The DRFBNet300 trained on the UAV-cars dataset with SIP method operates at 33 FPS, enabling real-time vehicle detection.
Ferrogels Ultrasonography for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Blyakhman Felix A. , Sokolov Sergey Yu , Safronov Alexander P. , Dinislamova Olga A. , Shklyar Tatyana F. , Zubarev Andrey Yu , Kurlyandskaya Galina V.
Published: September 2019

Ferrogels (FG) are magnetic composites that are widely used in the area of biomedical engineering and biosensing. In this work, ferrogels with different concentrations of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by the radical polymerization of acrylamide in stabilized aqueous ferrofluid. FG samples were prepared in various shapes that are suitable for different characterization techniques. Thin cylindrical samples were used to simulate the case of targeted drug delivery test through blood vessels. Samples of larger size that were in the shape of cylindrical plates were used for the evaluation of the FG applicability as substitutes for damaged structures, such as bone or cartilage tissues. Regardless of the shape of the samples and the conditions of their location, the boundaries of FG were confidently visualized over the entire range of concentrations of MNPs while using medical ultrasound. The amplitude of the reflected echo signal was higher for the higher concentration of MNPs in the gel. This result was not related to the influence of the MNPs on the intensity of the reflected echo signal directly, since the wavelength of the ultrasonic effect used is much larger than the particle size. Qualitative theoretical model for the understanding of the experimental results was proposed while taking into account the concept that at the acoustic oscillations of the hydrogel, the macromolecular net, and water in the gel porous structure experience the viscous Stocks-like interaction.
MIMO Radar Accurate 3-D Imaging and Motion Parameter Estimation for Target with Complex Motions
Authors: Hu Ziying , Wang Wei , Dong Fuwang , Huang Ping
Published: September 2019

In this paper, three-dimensional (3-D) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar accurate localization and imaging method with motion parameter estimation is proposed for targets with complex motions. To characterize the target accurately, a multi-dimensional signal model is established including the parameters on target 3-D position, translation velocity, and rotating angular velocity. For simplicity, the signal model is transformed into three-joint two-dimensional (2-D) parametric models by analyzing the motion characteristics. Then a gridless method based on atomic norm optimization is proposed to improve precision and simultaneously avoid basis mismatch in traditional compressive sensing (CS) techniques. Once the covariance matrix is obtained by solving the corresponding semi-definite program (SDP), estimating signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) can be used to estimate the positions, then motion parameters can be obtained by Least Square (LS) method, accordingly. Afterwards, pairing correction is carried out to remove registration errors by setting judgment conditions according to resolution performance analysis, to improve the accuracy. In this way, high-precision imaging can be realized without a spectral search process, and any slight changes of target posture can be detected accurately. Simulation results show that proposed method can realize accurate localization and imaging with motion parameter estimated efficiently.
Identifying Unique Contributions of the Coach–Athlete Working Alliance, Psychological Resilience and Perceived Stress on Athlete Burnout among Norwegian Junior Athletes
Authors: Raanes Emilie F. W. , Hrozanova Maria , Moen Frode
Published: September 2019

The main purpose of the current study was to examine how the coach-athlete working alliance, psychological resilience and perceived stress are uniquely associated with burnout among junior athletes in sport. A sample of 670 Norwegian junior athletes practicing a variety of sports participated in the study. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that the bond dimension of the working alliance, the protective factors ‘planned future’ and ‘structured style’, as well as perceived stress, all contributed uniquely to the explanation of athlete burnout. A dominance analysis identified perceived stress to have the strongest relative influence on athlete burnout among the set of variables investigated in this study. The findings are discussed in terms of applied implications and possible future research.
Do We Know Enough to Save European Riverine Fish?—A Systematic Review on Autecological Requirements During Critical Life Stages of 10 Rheophilic Species at Risk
Authors: Smialek Nicole , Pander Joachim , Mueller Melanie , van Treeck Ruben , Wolter Christian , Geist Juergen
Published: September 2019

Modeling of fish population developments in the context of hydropower impacts and restoration planning requires autecological information on critical life stages (especially on juvenile stages and reproduction). We compiled and examined the current data availability in peer-reviewed and grey literature on autecological requirements of ten rheophilic fish species at risk, belonging to the salmonid, cyprinid, and cottid families. In total, 1725 data points from 223 sources were included. Economically important salmonids and the common nase were the most studied species. Grey and peer-reviewed data showed similar dispersion and variance and contributed nearly equally to the data pool of the specific species. An in-depth analysis on seven ecological parameters revealed no significant differences between both sources in terms of data availability and quality. We found substantial deficits in the data for about a quarter of the reviewed ecological parameters, in particular on individual densities in the habitats, egg development and information about juvenile stages despite the necessity of such data for more advanced population analyses. To secure fish populations in the long term, more data on basic autecological parameters is needed and grey literature might add valuable information, particularly if it relies on standardized methodologies.
Evaluating R&D and Transformation Functional Platforms’ Operational Performance Using a Data Envelopment Analysis Model: A Comparative Study
Authors: Cao Yuhong , You Jianxin , Shi Yongjiang , Hu Wei
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this paper is to provide a contribution to the development of R&D and transformation functional platforms by identifying key performance influencing factors in the use of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to analyze platform operation performance status and reasons. The DEA method is undertaken to calculate the comprehensive efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of R&D and transformation functional platforms in China’s 30 provinces within the period 2016–2018. Based on the 2018 pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency calculations, the K-means clustering method was used to classify the R&D and transformation functional platforms of 30 provinces. Finally, according to the clustering results, the corresponding clustering improvement scheme is given. The operational level of R&D and transformation functional platforms in many provinces of China still needs to be improved: the R&D and transformation capabilities are weak, the market share of leading products is low, the ability of new technology value-added is insufficient, and the development of R&D and transformation functional platforms has regional imbalance. This study is based solely on statistical data, these data alone obviously cannot fully describe and evaluate the real state of R&D and transformation functional platform due to the complexity and diversity of platforms. Further research is needed to generalize beyond the performance indicators constructed in this paper. For the problems of low overall operation efficiency, unbalanced regional development, redundancy of input resources and lack of professional management personnel in the operation of R&D and transformation functional platforms, policy suggestions can be put forward according to clustering results and input and output adjustment values calculated based on relaxation variables. The study presenting a methodology for analyzing R&D and transformation functional platforms’ operation performance, and the conclusions will provide reference for the development of platforms and high-tech industries.
Rationally Designed Synthetic Haptens to Generate Anti-Ciguatoxin Monoclonal Antibodies, and Development of a Practical Sandwich ELISA to Detect Ciguatoxins
Authors: Tsumuraya Takeshi , Hirama Masahiro
Published: September 2019

“Ciguatera” fish poisoning (CFP) is one of the well-known food poisoning caused by the ingestion of fish that have accumulated trace amounts of ciguatoxins (CTXs). CFP affects more than 50,000 individuals annually. The difficulty in preventing CFP comes from the lack of reliable methods for analysis of CTXs in contaminated fish, together with the normal appearance, taste, and smell of CTX-contaminated fish. Thus, a sensitive, accurate, routine, and portable analytical method to detect CTXs is urgently required. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific against either wing of major CTX congeners (CTX1B, 54-deoxyCTX1B, CTX3C, and 51-hydroxyCTX3C) were generated by immunizing mice with rationally designed synthetic haptens-KLH conjugates instead of the CTXs. Haptenic groups with a surface area greater than 400 Å2 are required to produce mAbs that can strongly bind to CTXs. Furthermore, a highly sensitive fluorescence-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. This protocol can detect and quantify four major CTX congeners (CTX1B, 54-deoxyCTX1B, CTX3C, and 51-hydroxyCTX3C) with a limit of detection (LOD) of less than 1 pg/mL. The LOD determined for this sandwich ELISA is sufficient to detect CTX1B-contaminated fish at the FDA guidance level of 0.01 ppb.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Reactivation Following Pharmacological Eradication of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
Authors: Pisaturo Mariantonietta , Macera Margherita , Alessio Loredana , Calò Federica , Coppola Nicola
Published: September 2019

The US Food and Drug Administration issued a black box warning related to the risk of reactivation of overt/occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during direct acting-antivirals (DAA) treatment. This review evaluated the prevalence of HBV reactivation after hepatitis C virus (HCV) pharmacological suppression and hypothesized the management and prevention of this reactivation. During and after DAA-based treatment, reactivation of HBV infection is common in patients with detectable serum HBsAg (from 2% to 57%) and very low (less than 3%) in individuals with isolated anti-HBc antibodies. The severity of hepatic damage may range from HBV reactivation without hepatitis to fulminant hepatic failure requiring liver transplantation. Thus, HBsAg-positive patients should receive nucleo(s)tide analog (NA) treatment or prophylaxis at the same time as DAA therapy. For those patients with occult B infection, there are no sufficient recommendations to start prophylactic treatment. Reactivation of overt or occult HBV infection during or after eradication of HCV infection is an issue to consider, and additional studies would help to determine the best management of this virological and clinical event.
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 from Italian Horses: Evaluation of the Variability of the ORF30, ORF33, ORF34 and ORF68 Genes
Authors: Preziuso Silvia , Sgorbini Micaela , Marmorini Paola , Cuteri Vincenzo
Published: September 2019

Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen of horses. It is spread worldwide and causes significant economic losses. The ORF33 gene has a conserved region that is often used as target in diagnostic PCR protocols. Single nucleotide point (SNP) mutations in ORF30 are usually used to distinguish between neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic genotypes. An ORF68 SNP-based scheme has been used for grouping different isolates. Recently, the highest number of variable sites in EHV-1 from the UK has been found in ORF34. In this study, EHV-1 positive samples from Italian horses with a history of abortion were investigated by amplifying and sequencing the ORF30, ORF33, ORF34 and ORF68 genes. Most animals were infected by the neuropathogenic type A2254G. A 118 bp deletion was found at nucleotide positions 701–818 of the ORF68 gene, making impossible to assign the samples to a known group. Sequencing of the ORF34 gene with a newly designed nested PCR showed new SNPs. Analysis of these sequences and of those obtained from genetic databases allowed the identification of at least 12 groups. These data add depth to the knowledge of EHV-1 genotypes circulating in Italy.
Les bourgeoises anglaises interdites de travail
Authors: Spensky Martine
Published: September 2019

L'article montre comment les bourgeoises anglaises du dix-neuvième siècle étaient exclues de la sphère publique, celle de la production. La première partie du texte est l'analyse du discours des détracteurs du travail des femmes. La deuxième partie est consacrée aux stratégies utilisées par ces dernières pour sortir de leur enfermement. C’est en retournant à leur profit les mythes qui les enfermaient -notamment celui de la maternité -qu'elles feront une percée dans la sphère publique en intervenant dans le champ social grâce au développement de la philanthropie.
Marginales ou minoritaires : deux féministes américaines au dix-neuvième siècle
Authors: Basch Françoise
Published: September 2019

L'article présente le Mouvement des droits des femmes en Amérique (côte est) avant la guerre de Sécession, ses origines, ses objectifs principaux, en insistant sur la critique du mariage, mode principal de l'oppression des femmes. De ce groupe de pression se détachent deux activistes, marginalisées, l'une par son ascendance juive polonaise et sa formation politique et philosophique ; l'autre par des origines socio-économiques et des ambitions peu orthodoxes, présidence des États-Unis et aspirations libertaires. Les partisans des droits des femmes ne seront pas en mesure d'assimiler cette revendication de liberté sexuelle et l'expulseront du mouvement.
Proletarian Literatures : Reflections on Working-Class Reading in the Age of the CIO
Authors: Denning Michael
Published: September 2019

Littératures prolétariennes ; réflexions sur la lecture ouvrière à l'époque du c.i.o.

Louis Adamic et Robert Cantwell ont présenté des hypothèses diamétralement opposées sur les lectures des membres de la classe ouvrière des années 1930. Leur polémique, qui a coïncidé avec le début d’une sociologie de la lecture (le travail de Waples à Chicago en particulier), peut servir à clarifier les interactions qui se pro¬ duisent entre les différents sens donnés au terme “ littérature prolé¬ tarienne” : avant-garde du peuple, consommation d’histoires à sen¬ sation par la classe ouvrière, goût des ouvriers pour les classiques. Utilisée comme outil d’analyse, la dialectique entre romans à sensa¬ tion et public prolétaire met au jour des liens inattendus entre le mili¬ tantisme de classe et le succès populaire. Les études des pratiques culturelles ne devraient en tout cas pas se cantonner aux stratégies individuelles, mais tenter d’analyser comment les diverses institutions et communautés mobilisent des publics et orientent leurs réactions.
When the West Is One : Undoing and Re-doing the Hegemony of U.S. Culture in Diasporic Writing by Chinese American Women
Authors: Lim Shirley
Published: September 2019

Scholars of Chinese diasporic women’s literature have usually situated it in Western culture. The audience, market, and interpretive community associated with their publication have been implicitly assumed to be based in the West/the United States. Recently published novels by American women of Chinese descent have been received by reviewers as unproblematically “American” works. This paper examines the construction of the West in two novels. Lin Tai-Yee’ s The Eavesdropper was written by a Chinese national exile ; Gish Jen’s Typical American by a Chinese diasporic U.S. national. Both novels take their referential clues from and are embedded in semiotic systems that are non-European. Appropriating the English language, however, they appropriate Anglo and Euro-American values and, as U.S. products, they are themselves vulnerable to appropriation by the Western political systems they critique.
Immigration et réunification familiale dans le débat contemporain aux États-Unis
Authors: Daniel Dominique
Published: September 2019

Family Reunification in the American Debate on Immigration

The 1990 decision of Congress to maintain family reunification as the basis of its immigration policy has been hailed by the Hispanic and Asian minorities as evidence of their political strength. Despite its divisions, the coalition has lobbied successfully against the restrictionists and the proponents of an economic selection of immigrants. However, the persistence of a system that was so severely attacked in the 1980’s cannot but have deeper causes, such as the ethical and diplomatic constraints faced by the federal government and its fidelity to the American tradition of welcome.
"Words, words, words" : rhétorique de la satire dans le roman Mr Sammler's Planet de Saul Bellow
Authors: Lévy Paule
Published: September 2019

“Words, words, words” : rhétorique de la satire dans le roman Mr Sammler’s Planet de Saul Bellow

Le roman Mr Sammler’s Planet est une satire féroce non seulement de la culture américaine mais aussi de la culture occidentale dans son ensemble. La satire des mœurs de l’Amérique urbaine des années soixante débouche sur une satire des idéologies et des systèmes que propose l’époque ; le discours de la satire se veut satire des discours. Fondamentalement réflexif et ambigu, il ne cesse de se retourner contre lui-même, générant une tension dans laquelle on verra une des principales sources du comique et peut-être un effet de la double appartenance culturelle de l’auteur.
Le sens de l'histoire médiévale : le vrai et le vraisemblable
Authors: Morse Ruth
Published: September 2019

The meaning of medieval history : the problem of verisimilitude

Throughout the Middle Ages, texts which call themselves true representations of the past pose serious problems of interpretation, because the “verisimilar” need not also be “veritable”. Nor, to complicate matters, is it always clear that that distinction, so important to us, was central to the meaning of medieval history. This essay takes the fall of Richard II, well-known through Shakespeare’s play of the same name, as a case study, considering the ways meanings are conveyed by medieval writers through manipulations of style, genre, and typology.
Sur la notion de discipline scolaire
Authors: Chervel André
Published: September 2019

On the notion of “school subject”

When one considers subjects taught at school and looks at their history one realizes they are not just an attempt at vulgarisation for young people but cultural objects of a particular nature. The example of the way latin was taught under the Ancien Régime, which made of Cicero a pagan prophet of Christianity, or that of the grammar taught in schools in the XIXth Century, which invented the complément circonstanciel, or, still, that of the Agrégation jury which elaborated what was to become the “dissertation littéraire” vouchsafe the creativity of the educative system. The culture developed at school and the culture of society at large are in a reciprocal relationship, a relationship, that is to say, which works both ways.
Regarder ? Dans quel sens ? L'image incorporée dans Whistlejacket de John Hawkes
Authors: Cristofovici Anca
Published: September 2019

John Hawkes and visual thinking

The present study on the incorporation of image in John Hawkes’s Whistlejacket (1988) combines concepts of literary theory, psychoanalysis and the visual arts. The intense visualisation of psychic material is an outstanding feature of Hawkes's work. Consequently, the image and image-making in this novel narrated by a photographer are seen as a cluster of connotations : mental image, self-image, poetic image. These levels are related by means of specific textual strategies so as to help the reader “make sense” of a fictional world that appears as fragmented. One of the strategies of giving the illusion of a sense is the use of ellipsis and hyperbole as carriers of a psychic dynamics of lack and excess.
Le sens est un désir gigogne : sur Raymond Carver
Authors: Bardy Gilles
Published: September 2019

Meaning and the Russian Dolls

Meaning is not only a matter of intentionality. Writing, as any other human production, has a manifest and a latent dimension : the minute study of two short stories by Raymond Carver (“The bath” and its longer version “A small, good thing”) makes it obvious. Apparently, the second short story is optimistic, unlike the first one : the death of the child is not a bottomless chasm, but a trial, harsh but surmountable. However, the detailed analysis of the two tales proves that their fantasy is similar : the extension of the second version is a nest of desire (a “matrockka-desire” ) fitted into the first text.
Sens et intersubjectivité
Authors: Pereira Frederico
Published: September 2019

Meaning and intersubjectivity

This paper analyzes the problems which arise from a conception of “meaning” as being generated by a separation between subjects and also between subjects and the world . Which is typical of our cultural field. A contrary position is then developed which designates intersubjectivity as the proper territory in which meaning and signification should be studied. Dialogic conceptions are also mentioned.
Indétermination and Randomness : the Translation into French and English of a Chinese Poem
Authors: Volsik Paul
Published: September 2019

This article is an attempt to come to terms with the nature and the modes of manifestation of linguistic indetermination in a series of translations into French and English of a poem by the Chinese poet Han Shan with a view to understanding the theroretical implications of the phenomenon. It examines the manifestations of linguistic indétermination in the determination of common and proper nouns, looks at the verb group (the present), then considers punctuation and metre. These examples are used to suggest that in a system that contains indétermination and that is sufficiently complex all redetermination (translation/reading) opens out onto a mathematically unpredictable number of redeterminations. The article finally asks the fundamental question : does the existence of indétermination imply randomness of meaning - and if so what should one understand by randomness.
Les versets sataniques : roman, théologie, histoire
Authors: Bident Christophe
Published: September 2019

The Satanic Verses : Novel, Theology, History

Back in the days of the Inquisition : a religious authority condemns to death a so-called “ heretical author ”. This archaic judgement causes nothing but the usual excitement in the world. But beyond a man, a continent, a policy, the attack is against the novel, the western form of the narrative. A scandalous homage paid to literature, the experience of all perils.

A blasting homage, : everyone will talk of the text (to condemn or to defend its liberty), no one will read the coherence of the signs. Rushdie reminds us that History can be formalised through theologi¬ cal disputes, in which the novel does not want to find its finality : there can be traced its source, its different narrations, its initiatory, fantastic, mythical episodes. The novel deals with the difficulties of handing down cultures, with the impossibility to define identities ; with the dizziness of death instincts, the final act of faith in a destruc-ted ideal. It asserts that our systems of signs are indeed systems of beliefs and systematizations of the sacred.
Waiting for the Riddle : The Novels of J.M. Coetzee
Authors: Morse Ruth
Published: September 2019

Le sphinx attend : les romans de J.AI. Coetzee

A la fin de son étude sur Œdipe et ses mythes, Jean-Pierre Ventant souligne le lien entre divers thèmes : celui du boiteux, du tyran, de la prise et de la perte du pouvoir, de l’accord ou du conflit entre les générations, de leur succession, selon ou contre la nature, de l’oubli et de la malédiction. Ces problèmes ont toujours préoccupé Coetzee, et particulièrement dans son dernier roman, The Master of Petersburg. La question du statut de l’artiste en Afrique du Sud s’y trouve transposée dans la Russie d’avant la Révolution : qui est responsable ? L’écrivain est-il un citoyen à part dans la polis, ou subit-il les mêmes lois ? Fait-il partie de la tyrannie qu’il dénonce ? La recherche du secret, sous l’apparence d’une soif de connaissance, n’est-elle pas plutôt associée à une certaine perversion de l’imagination, à une tolérance de la cruauté ?
Dial O for Oral : les belles histoires de l’oncle Paul Passy (1859-1940)
Authors: Bergheaud Anne
Published: September 2019

Dial O for Oral. Uncle Paul Passy’s (1859-1940) best stories.

The foundation of the International Phonetic Association (formerly The Phonetic Teachers' Association) in 1886 is the outcome of much previous scientifically and practically oriented research. The birth of the Association is the result of a reaction of teachers to a crisis in the teaching of modern languages. The portrait of the founder of the Association, Paul Passy (1859-1940 ), phonetician, teacher and an outstanding personality, provides an opportunity for describing the interaction at work within an international community interested in the new field of phonetics, and for presenting the development of the field itself. In this essay, the relationships between the Association’s actions and standpoints (as well as those of P. Passy himself) and the cultural and historical background will be highlighted and explored.
Les relatifs which et that dans un corpus journalistique
Authors: Flintham Ronald
Published: September 2019

Relatives which and that in a newspaper corpus.

Differences in the conditions of occurrence of relative which and that between American and British English were confirmed by analysis of a newspaper corpus in both dialects. A set of hypotheses within the framework of A. Culioli's utterer-centred approach are examined to account for the distribution in the British corpus. It is suggested that which tends to mark a complex anaphora based on proximal deixis with identification and a scanning operation establishing the interior of a topological space, whereas that is the surface trace of a simpler distal form of deixis by differentiation, constructing an exterior topological space. The which relatives tend to be qualitative or qualifying and the that relatives to have specifying or contrastive properties.
Approches du système oral de l’anglais.
Authors: Halff Wendy
Published: September 2019

Approaches to the system of oral English.

A number of grammatical distinctions which pupils learn to recognize in writing are not rendered in speech. As may be seen from the errors found in university student papers, this can lead to long-lasting confusion in the minds of learners if teachers are not aware of the dangers. Basing her demonstration on experimental classes in the final year of primary school (a study carried out by the National Institute for Pedagogical Research : INRP), the author shows that it is possible to get young pupils to “ reflect ” on the grammar of oral English and to make them aware of regular correspondences between spelling and pronunciation. She concludes by advocating teacher-training programmes that include these oral phenomena in order to take full advantage of the ability young beginners have to think about how languages function (their own and the one they are learning).
Performing History : El Teatro and the Barrio
Authors: Haas Lisbeth
Published: September 2019

L'histoire mise en scène

Depuis toujours, le barrio fut, pour les Mexicains, un lieu de résistance. Nous nous attacherons ici à deux aspects de cette résistance : nous analyserons d'une part l'appropriation, par ses résidents, du barrio, comme lieu de représentation de leur histoire, et d'autre part, nous montrerons comment les pièces de théâtre et l'art traditionnel de la mise en scène contribuèrent entre 1880 et 1930 à former une conscience historique. Le théâtre fut en effet toujours central à la définition de la communauté ethnique. Les pièces étudiées embrassent toute l'histoire, qu'il s'agisse de celle des Amériques précolombienne et coloniale, de l'histoire espagnole ou mexicaine, ou encore de la culture de la Frontière. Les productions théâtrales nous renseignent ainsi sur une communauté historique qui définit la rue du barrio et s'y épanouit dans un espace social construit.
Marchés sur le mur, marcher dans la rue : le panneau publicitaire dans le Barrio
Authors: Gleeson William
Published: September 2019

Cette étude des panneaux publicitaires dans le barrio tente d’analyser les attitudes des annonceurs et publicitaires vis-à-vis de la communauté latino-américaine. Elle tente également de déterminer comment les panneaux diffusent une image particulière de la population hispanophone, non seulement à travers les mots et l'image, mais aussi les produits à vanter. Les facteurs qui interviennent dans la création d'un fossé entre le panneau et l'espace qu'il occupe seront par ailleurs étudiés. L'essentiel sera de découvrir qui se reflète dans quel miroir, et en dernière instance à qui appartient la rue.
Un picaro clandestin aux États-Unis : Ramon “Tianguis” Perez
Authors: Savin Ada
Published: September 2019

Diary of an Undocumented Immigrant (1991) de Ramon "Tianguis" Pérez est un témoignage inédit sur la vie des (im)migrants mexicains (mais aussi cubains, salvadoriens et autres) clandestins dans les barrios de Houston, San Antonio et Los Angeles.

Dans la tradition picaresque populaire, le narrateur relate avec verve, humour et une certaine amertume ses aventures dans le pays des gringos. Son regard lucide, distancié et critique sur la société américaine confère au livre une originalité incontestable. Ramon "Tianguis" Pérez apparaît comme un picaro des temps modernes qui nargue toute frontière - territoriale, ethnique, linguistique ou autre.
‘All I Am and all I Know is Rooted in your Streets’ : Women in the Barrio Streets as Depicted in Recent Chicana Writing
Authors: Bus Heiner
Published: September 2019

The barrio was established as a central place of experience, identification and nostalgic evocation by the first generation of Chicano poets. A number of recent Chicana authors also located their personae in this setting. However, due to its male-oriented nature and the forever imminent danger of falling back on stereotypical images or a particular philosophy of social climbing, the majority of these women writers failed to conquer the streets as a room of their own.
Political-Administrative Relationships in Britain and France : Contrasts and Convergence
Authors: Stevens Anne
Published: September 2019

On several occasions the two governments have closely examined the structure and the working of each other's civil service to find inspiration for reform. British politicians are hardly ever recruited in the ranks of the Civil Service, whereas many French politicians have been trained at ENA and share a common culture and a common social background with senior civil servants. There are other differences, such as the existence of French style ministerial cabinets where the border between politics and administration wears very thin. Or the apparition in the United Kingdom of a new type of public officials who do not belong to the Civil Service. These differences must be scrutinized with attention as they will probably be taken into account in the future rules set for European Union officials.
Training and Leadership in Education
Authors: Holmes Gary
Published: September 2019

Apprendre l'art de diriger.

Pour de nombreuses générations de responsables scolaires, le modèle emblématique a été celui du Dr Thomas Arnold. C’est seulement plus récemment que l’on a pris la mesure des éléments contingents, liés à la situation réelle, qui entrent en jeu dans le comportement des chefs d’établissements les plus efficaces. Au moment où chaque école est considérée comme le lieu privilégié pour une amélioration du système, on prend conscience que le facteur le plus important est la qualité du chef d’établissement. Les qualités que l’on attend d’un proviseur sont décrites dans les petites annonces destinées à recruter l’un d’entre eux. On a assisté à un développement rapide des formations spécifiques destinées aux candidats à un poste de chef d’établissement. La confiance dans les procédures de sélection destinées à recruter des proviseurs ou directrices ne débouche cependant pas sur un consensus concernant la formation à dispenser. On est encore loin de voir s’instaurer une «École de guerre» destinée à former les «énarques» de notre système éducatif.
Assessing the System : the English Experience
Authors: Hamer John
Published: September 2019

Within the last ten years the British government has put in place a structure for assessing the State funded secondary system of education which has three major stands : inspection of schools, testing of pupils, public reporting of school performances. As a result of the 1992 Education Act the inspection process has been deeply reformed. All English pupils are required to sit tests in English, mathematics and science at the ages of 11 and 14. From September 1997 teachers will have to assess 14 year old pupils in all subjects of the National Curriculum. Assessment of pupils at the age of 16 continues to be done by means of the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE ). Public reporting on school performance has taken the form of the publication of the so-called «league tables». These solutions are of course open to criticism.
L’invention française de l’Amérique au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Lasne Alain
Published: September 2019

The French Invention of America in the Eighteenth Century.

The French eighteenth-century society wanted to create an ideal world through its literature. This pure hypothesis - the locus of formation and stabilization society’s of a imagination - modeled the ‘American eutopia’, that is the land of perfection and happiness. This representation required for a reconstruction of America that French readers could grasp. Thus, America asserted itself as the center of perfectibility, as another world laden with powerful criticism, and most of all as a new world entrusted in the mission of showing the way to happiness.
Les recettes du bonheur de Benjamin Franklin
Authors: Terrien Nicole
Published: September 2019

Benjamin Franklin's Recipes for Happiness.

In his Autobiography, Benjamin Franklin presents the archetypal American hero who devotes his life to the pursuit of happiness. The social rise of his character is the result of ceaseless hard work and a systematic quest for knowledge. The obscure man goes on to become a public figure and takes part in founding the new nation. The narration of his life belongs to the tradition of the Ancients and serves as an exemplum for his readers who are offered both a recipe for private happiness and advice on how to promote the development of a happy nation.
Les schémas résultatifs en "one’s way"
Authors: Huart Ruth
Published: September 2019

En anglais, la «manière » de parvenir à un nouvel état est souvent incorporée au verbe lexical, notamment dans trois schémas syntaxiques parfois appelés «résultatifs» : bleed to death / laugh oneself sick / worm one’s way out of a tough spot. Les deux derniers, en particulier, violent des principes sémantico-syntaxiques qui attribuent à chaque verbe une structure actancielle interne. Dans une théorie de l’énonciation il est possible de retrouver la cohérence de ces constructions et d’expliquer les différences entre elles, en examinant la nature et l’ordre des repérages opérés. La construction en one’s way repose sur des préconstruits, dûs à la nature intrinsèquement relationnelle du terme way et à son association au génitif qui lui confère une valeur «conative». En dépit des apparences, tous les éléments de la transitivité (passage d’un «sujet » à un «objet» par l’intermédiaire d’un procès) sont conservés dans ce schéma.
Vers une définition de la transitivité en anglais et en français
Authors: Groussier Marie-Line
Published: September 2019

Le poids de la tradition a pour inconvénient l’emploi des mots verbe transitif et transitivité sans remise en question. Dans la théorie des opérations énonciatives d’A. Culioli, le verbe conjugué d’une phrase renvoie en même temps à deux niveaux distincts du modèle : niveau prédicatif et niveau notionnel. La définition de la transitivité proposée ici s’efforce de lever l’ ambiguïté du terme transitif en montrant que celui-ci peut être défini comme désignant une propriété des verbes qui concerne l’articulation du niveau notionnel sur le niveau prédicatif, et en faisant intervenir le concept de «relation prédicable en priorité ». La définition proposée permet de préciser ce qu’il faut entendre par objet direct et objet indirect en anglais et en français et d’avancer une analyse nouvelle du problème de la bi-transitivité en anglais. Enfin, dans une perspective synchronique, puis diachronique, on s’interroge sur l’attribution fréquente d’un caractère prototypique à la prédication transitive de la relation entre l’Agent et le Patient d’une action.
Representing "Race" : the Stakes at Issue
Authors: Callaghan Dympna
Published: September 2019

La représentation de la “race” et ses enjeux

Le fantasme de “présence” corporelle de l’acteur sert plus à découvrir les limites de la représentation qu’à les annuler. Que nous nous attendions au contraire témoigne de l’emprise du fantasme lui-même, de l’importance de notre investissement dans la représentation culturelle et, de manière décisive, de ses relations avec le pouvoir politique. La scène shakespearienne, homogène sur un plan social, peut servir de lieu d’où nous pouvons questionner les enjeux de la représentation, principalement en ce qui concerne ceux qui, en dépit, ou peut-être, en raison de la force de leur acuité visuelle, ont été, sur un plan historique, ses objets et non ses sujets.
John Charles Frémont : de la mission militaire au voyage romantique
Authors: Wicke Anne
Published: September 2019

A travers la lecture du rapport des expéditions de 1 842 et de 1 843 menées par Frémont, ce travail se propose de montrer combien ce récit de la découverte et de l'appropriation par l'écriture du continent américain se structure à partir des conventions esthétiques, littéraires ou picturales de l'héritage romantique européen, là même où il se donne à voir comme un nouveau chapitre de l'épopée américaine, insistant constamment sur le caractère exceptionnel et “jamais vu” de ce qu'il décrit.
Récit, science et fiction dans The Oregon Trail de Francis Parkman
Authors: Marçais Dominique , Monfort Bruno
Published: September 2019

Narrative , science and fiction in Francis Parkman’s The Oregon Trail.

Parkman’s The Oregon Trail is not typical of most travel narratives of the period. Parkman never presents himself as the champion of the official policy of westward expansion. He remains rather vague about the reasons for his journey and emphasizes events as they occur, without trying to derive meaning from any specific law. There are few spatial and temporal landmarks in the narrative ; racial stereotypes, especially about Indians, are frequent though not organized into a system ; contact with nature and the wilderness does not call upon methods of classification. Parkman’s “curiosity” and “accuracy” become the instruments of the scientific approach that Deleuze calls “nomadic”.
Frontières d’un récit intersubjectif : “Reading Abraham” de Mary Clearman Blew
Authors: Datchi Corinne C.
Published: September 2019

“ Reading Abraham” : the borders of an intersubjective narrative.

It has been almost a century since Frederick J. Turner announced the end of the frontier : by 1893, the pioneers had colonized the so-called “empty” space that stretched from the East coast to the West coast, a wilderness that surveyors had explored and divided into “ hospitable” lots, hence domesticating the land, if not in reality at least on paper. In All But the Waltz, Mary Clearman Blew examines how those men’s narratives have influenced the construction of her regional identity. She reconstitutes her great-grandfather’s handwritten notes and she explores the lands that he had observed through his telescope. The text of her memoir, in which she has inserted her ancestor’s notes and provides a space for confrontation, where she tries to converse with her great-grandfather and participates, with him, in the writing of their (hi)story.
Is the Exceptional Second Language Learner’s Performance Equivalent to the Native Speaker’s Competence ?
Authors: Davies Alan
Published: September 2019

La maîtrise de la langue seconde chez un locuteur d'exception est-elle équivalente à celle du locuteur natif ?

On considère ici que la langue maternelle est un mythe nécessaire, un modèle utile mais qu’il ne constitue pas un instrument d’évaluation convaincant car il ne saurait être décrit. Les tentatives pour définir le locuteur natif se réduisent à une caractéristique (l’apprentissage dans l’enfance). Il est cependant des locuteurs non-natifs dont la compétence est égale à celle de locuteurs natifs. Ceux-ci sont rares mais ils indiquent que la langue maternelle est une construction sociologique.
Defining the Native Speaker of Irish : the Minority Language Speaker in a Bilingual Society
Authors: Ó hifearnáin Tadhg
Published: September 2019

Vers une définition du locuteur de langue maternelle irlandaise : le locuteur minoritaire dans une société bilingue.

Depuis le 19e siècle et le début du 20e siècle, un mouvement nationaliste ethnolinguistique, puis l'état irlandais ont tenté défaire de l’irlandais «la langue maternelle nationale». Jusqu’à cette période de renouveau linguistique, le bilinguisme avait été considéré comme transitoire. 80 ans de politique linguistique n’ont, cependant, pas pu réduire à zéro le taux de passage à l’anglais. Cet article tente donc de remettre en question les définitions simplistes de la notion de «locuteur natif». Il suggère une autre façon de comprendre que ces locuteurs sont des membres actifs de communautés bilingues dans lesquelles l’irlandais est une «langue maternelle» sociétale.
Pertinence, focalisation, thématisation
Authors: Groussier Marie-Line
Published: September 2019

Relevance, Focalization, Topicalization

Topicalization and focalization are often confused. This paper introduces a third concept : “relevance” . Here, relevance will not be taken in its Gricean meaning. In the framework of the Theory of Enunciative Operations, it will be defined as “significance for the utterer”. What the utterer chooses among possible solutions is significant for him. He locates that element relative to himself Through focalization, the utterer contrasts a relevant element with its context to make the co-utterer consider it relevant. Through topicalization, the utterer chooses as the initial locator of his utterance an element already located relative to both co-utterers.
Une diaspora peut-elle en cacher une autre ? Diversité des interprétations sur la culture noire des Amériques.
Authors: Chivallon Christine
Published: September 2019

This article surveys theoretical approaches that help define the black communities of the New World, and examines closely the discussions that have been going on in the US between different schools of thought, including Asante's Afrocentricity. It describes the social and historical context of the Civil Rights which brought about drastic changes in the way Afro-American Studies were taught in universities. It then proceeds to see how the question is tackled in the French Antilles, and is often associated to an identical quest. Finally, the author examines how these different theories have shaped (African-American) Diaspora studies : Diaspora is examined according to identity, hybridity, or is viewed as a fragmented body — a non-diaspora.
Roots of Caribbean Consciousness in the 19th Century : The Afro-Cuban Leader Antonio Maceo in the British Caribbean
Authors: Zacaïr Philippe
Published: September 2019

Cet article examine la nature, l’étendue et le sens des manifestations de conscience et de solidarité caribéennes dans les communautés noires de la Jamaïque et des îles Turks dans le contexte des guerres d’indépendance de Cuba. L’auteur se concentre sur les contacts établis entre le chef nationaliste afro-cubain Antonio Maceo et les habitants de ces colonies britanniques. Il soutient qu’en dépit des barrières érigées par l’Espagne et l’Angleterre entre leurs sujets coloniaux respectifs, une conscience caribéenne appelant à l’unité et à la solidarité a réellement existé à un niveau populaire. Il montre que cette conscience est le fruit d’un idéal commun de justice chez les peuples colonisés.
Palmares Memorialized : African Diaspora and Cinematic Discourse in Carlos Diegues' Quilombo
Authors: Navarro Consuelo
Published: September 2019

Quilombo raconte l’histoire de Palmares, une colonie des nègres marrons à Alagoas (dans le nord-est du Brésil) au XVIIe siècle. Après Ganga Zumba (1963) et Xica (1978), Diegues a poursuivi, avec Quilombo (1984), l’exploration de la diaspora africaine au Brésil. Quilombo parle de l’esclavage et de la lutte des Noirs pour leur liberté. Puis Palmares vient à symboliser la liberté en 1984, à un moment où les Brésiliens désiraient retourner à la démocracie après vingt ans de dictature militaire. Diegues réprésente Palmares (et le Brésil) comme la terre promise où les Noirs aideraient à reconstruire leur pays. Dans le film, le Brésil est identifié à l’Afrique par une musique qui l’associe à un terreiro de candomblé. Zumbi, le Chef de Palmares et aujourd’hui héros national incarne la lutte des Noirs. Cet article considère la représentation cinématographique de la diaspora africaine en relation avec la mémoire collective des noirs et la question de l’identité nationale brésilienne.