bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Farms, Homelands, and Displaced Urbanization, the late 1950s to the 1980s
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

In 1948, when the Nationalists came to power, South Africa was still, demographically speaking, a predominantly rural society. The previous century had witnessed vast movements of popula tion in the region, which greatly modified its distribution but had not finally changed its balance. True, the people classified as white, Indian, and coloured were becoming fundamentally urban: at around 78, 78, and 65 per cent respectively in the 1951 census. It is also true that the epicentre of political conflict between white and black was moving to the cities. But to a significant degree white power still lay in the countryside and the small towns. About half of the urban Afrikaners lived in smaller towns and, politically, faced the country as much as the cities. Most import ant, perhaps three-quarters of the African population were still rooted in the rural areas, some 39 per cent in the reserves, and 35 per cent on the farms. This surviving rurality, it has been argued, had important implications for an understanding of social change, African political responses, and the nature of the state at the time.
Crime, Culture, and Reconciliation in the New South Africa
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

Post-apartheid South Africa had a president who was globally recognized as a moral leader, but who himself found it difficult to understand the slippage in personal morality and the escalation of crime over which he presided. It had one of the most liberal constitutions in the world, but many people could not enjoy basic rights. Legal protection for women, and a high proportion of female members of parliament, seemed to have little impact on the incidence of rape and personal violence. On the one hand, it was a society brimming with the energy and optimism of reconstruction; on the other, the media dwelt on corruption and inefficiency in public life. It was a society that seemed to evince simultaneously an optimistic openness and frankness, but increasingly reflected pessimism in swift changes of public mood.
The Great Disorder
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

This book presents a comprehensive study of the most famous and spectacular instance of inflation in modern industrial society—that of Germany in the years during and following World War I. A broad, probing narrative, this book studies inflation as a strategy of social pacification, economic reconstruction, and mechanism for escaping domestic and international indebtedness. The Great Disorder is a study of German society under the tension of inflation and hyperinflation, and it explores the ways in which Germany's hyperinflation and stabilization were linked to the Great Depression and the rise of National Socialism. This wide-ranging study sets German inflation within the broader issues of maintaining economic stability, social peace, and democracy and thus contributes to the general history of the twentieth century and has important implications for existing and emerging market economies facing the temptation or reality of inflation.
The Vicious Circles: From Galloping Inflation to Hyperinflation, January–July 1922
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

While the chief sources of the German inflation were endogenous, the catalyst of inflationary development between the spring of 1921 and the summer of 1922 was reparations. Expectations with respect to the currency both at home and abroad were profoundly affected by the status of the reparations issue. When demands were made upon Germany which the Germans and substantial portions of the outside world felt were un fulfillable, the consequence was a loss of confidence in the mark abroad and a surrender to inflationary tendencies at home. When reparations obligations were reduced, or even when the prospect of relief and external assistance appeared on the horizon, the exchange rate improved and the will to combat inflationary tendencies on the German domestic front increased. Thus, although the inadequacies of the German domestic efforts to fight inflation are incontestable, their extent certainly is more open to debate than some critics of German theory and practice have suggested. The role of the reparations issue during this period cannot be downplayed.
“Let Us Conquer Space”
Authors: Sellers Charles
Published: October 2023

THE Fourteenth Congress, convening amid prosperous peace in December 1815, was filled with enterprise-minded lawyers elected amid wartime despair with a mandate for vigorous measures. Its youthful leaders had first come to Washington from the boom’s interior beachheads to take up arms for threatened honor and interrupted bonanza. In saving the republic from the military ineptitude of penny pinching, old-fogy Republicanism, they embraced the Northeast’s entrepreneurial vision. To realize it, they were now anxious to exercise with wartime vigor the peacetime power of an activist capitalist state. Never has a Congress turned the United States more sharply in a new direction.
God and Mammon
Authors: Sellers Charles
Published: October 2023

Under peaking market pressures in the 1820s and 1830s, Americans found religious salvation more compelling than political salvation. With a Second Great Awakening doubling the 18oo rate of church affiliation, diaries and letters of ordinary folk breathed an everyday spiritual preoccupation that politics interrupted only sporadically. Hope for God’s grace and a better world to come sustained them through this world’s tribulations. Only by headlong flight into domesticity, benevolence, and feeling could they tolerate the market’s calculating egotism. Their pessimistic piety belies our historical mythology of capitalist transformation as human fulfillment Unitarianism reshaped Christianity most fully to the market mentality. Emerging around Boston, where Puritan rationality had long fused Calvinist calling with arminian effort, it engaged the new Brahmin elite of intermarried Cabots, Lowells, Appletons, and Perkinses. Having risen from the outports by rational calculation, these enterprising merchant princes no longer found credible the trinitarian Christian God who mystically blended a divine Son with Father and Holy Ghost. Amid commercial boom and nascent industrialization at the turn of the century, the most fashionable urban congregations were taken over by believers in a unitary, remote, and benign creator-God. Their God endowed people with enough rationality and prudential morality to win for themselves-if they tried the salvation of earthly happiness.
Politicians ‘Reapply Principles’
Authors: Sellers Charles
Published: October 2023

The Decisive struggle over American destiny took shape in the semicentennial year, as the temperance movement rose to spearhead the market’s cultural offensive while rising democracy threatened the political economy of capitalist development. At the 1826 jubilee of the Declaration of Independence, its aged co authors proclaimed the clashing fears and hopes of a dividing republic. Clinging to life for the Fourth off July, John Adams, ninety, and Thomas Jefferson, eighty-three, poured their last energies into scrawled valedictories.
Millennial Democracy
Authors: Sellers Charles
Published: October 2023

Jacksonians hailed the “triumph of the great principle of self government over the intrigues of aristocracy” as ushering in a democratic Millennium. Jubilant multitudes turned out in homage along the hero’s route to Washington and, “like the inundation of the northern barbarians into Rome,” flooded the capital from five hundred miles around for his inauguration. “They really seem to think,” marveled Daniel Webster, “that the country is rescued from some dreadful danger.” Huzzas from fifteen thousand throats drowned out the new President’s in augural promise of vaguely specified “reform.” Then the sovereign people thronged the White House in such a “Saturnalia . of mud and filth” that tubs of punch had to be carried outside to save the furnishings from destruction and the President from suffocation. To Justice Story “the reign of King ‘Mob’ seemed triumphant.”1 Yet the democratic Millennium got off to an inauspicious start. A capital seething with Calhoun/Van Buren rivalry and the importunities of office-seeking politicians greeted a bereaved President-elect seething with anger. Several weeks before Jackson left home, he had buried his beloved Rachel in the Hermitage gar den. “This dear saint” had long since retreated from the scandal of their adulterous beginning into pious self-effacement. Distraught over its revival in the recent campaign, she had expired in dread of the public ordeal awaiting her in the White House. “Those vile wretches who have slandered her,” the general rasped at her grave, “must look to God for mercy.”
The Bourgeois Republic
Authors: Sellers Charles
Published: October 2023

Two-Party politics could tame farmer/worker radicalism because bourgeois/ middle-class ethos and politics pervaded centers of enterprise to cut deeply into the producer class. Ever since the onset of market revolution, the northeastern commercial gentry had been mustering cultural authority against democratic challenge to their political authority. The American bourgeoisie enlisted conservative clerics and the emerging professional/ intellectual elites of lawyers, doctors, professors, writers and artists to school all classes in a pansectarian middle-class culture of effortful “character” and self-improvement. Cultural capital Philadelphia was hobbled in this effort by Quaker privatism and denominational/party strife, while booming but equally divided New York City neglected “elegant & useful science” for “eager cultivation & rapid increase of the arts of gain.” Primacy in the capitalist surge-cultural as well as entrepreneurial and technological-passed to New England, where Puritanism sanctified effort and Bible-reading literacy, while topography brought water power almost to seaboard and agrarian crisis honed both labor and enterprise for manufacturing. Arminian/ antinomian polarities energized rival wings of the Yankee cultural offensive. Boston’s arminian Brahmins consolidated their commercial profits for industrialization and their Unitarian institutions for cultural preeminence through family marriage alliances, testamentary trusts, and generous endowment of Athenaeum library, Massachusetts General Hospital, Lowell Institute for public lectures, Massachusetts Historical Society, North American Review, and preeminently Harvard College.
The Great Contradiction
Authors: Sellers Charles
Published: October 2023

The Capitaust market took off for global conquest by first propagating and then repudiating slavery. Enslaving some ten million Africans, racist mercantile capital extorted by shackle and whip the New World riches that prepared it for industrial wage-labor exploitation. “Slavery is the pivot of our industrialism today as much as machinery, credit, etc.,” Karl Marx observed in the 1840s. “Without slavery you have no cotton, without cotton you have no modern industry.” But because industry also required free labor and juridical equality, he understood, “liberty and slavery constitute an antagonism.” Consequently market revolution made slavery the great contradiction of the liberal American republic. Northern liberal capital turned against the anachronistic planter capital impeding its political economy, and the antinomian doubts impeding its cultural hegemony were quelled by vanguard abolitionism. Yet only by enlisting free-soil Negrophobia would the northern bourgeoisie finally sanctify in fratricidal blood a racist bourgeois republic. Capitalism inflicted ancient slavery’s “social death” on unprecedented numbers with unprecedented severity. The freedom of slaves was most totally denied when capitalist liberalism absolutized masters’ freedom of property and labor exploitation. Moreover, as Marx understood, slave production “for a world market dominated by the capitalist mode of production” was “conducted by capitalists” and rigorized by capitalist competition.
Professionalization German Style
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

In the spring of 1933, most German professionals rushed to curry favor with the new Nazi government. On March 26, the prominent Lawyer Association (Deutscher Anwaltverein, DAV) “welcome[d] the strengthening of national thought and will which has taken place in Germany.” It vowed “to concentrate its energy on serving the recovery of the nation and the empire, on making the state secure and on unifying the people across classes and occupations.
Democratizing the Professions
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

The outbreak of the First World War rudely interrupted the evolution of the German professions. Because the fighting seemed like a heroic adventure after two generations of peace, professionals enthusiastically welcomed “the present world war, forced upon the ‘German Reich.”1 Thousands rushed to the colors in August 1914 while their remaining colleagues waged the war on the home front.
The Breakdown of Liberal Professionalism
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

When the July 1932 election made the NSDAP the strongest party, professionals were forced to take notice of the Nazi challenge. Denouncing the “many undisciplined Jew-boys” in the lawyer chambers, Wilhelm Kube, the Nazi president of the Prussian Landtag, complained that “the majority of practicing attorneys has repeatedly demonstrated ethics which run fundamentally counter to the German sense of honor.
The Illusion of Reprofessionalization
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

The nazification of the professions was surprisingly swift. In October 1933, attorney leader Dr. Walter Raeke marveled about the successful ‘‘coordination of the entire German legal profession, including economists, consultants as well as judicial and legally trained officials, in the BNSDJ after the Nazi revolution.” Adolf Hitler had personally charged the lawyers’ league with “implementing the great future tasks of creating a German law and reforming the legal order.
‘‘ Germanizing’’ the Professions
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

Professional life under Hitler has left a series of contradictory images. The initial self-portrait of success is colored by impressive uniformed demonstrations of ‘‘the unity of the legal profession and the idea of law in the Nazi Reich.” This propaganda version is enhanced by powerful mass testimonials ‘‘that the front of German educators stands united and remains unshakable” and by ritualistic self-congratulations on the achievements of German technology through the “loyalty and cooperation of engineers.
Deprofessionalization in the Third Reich
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

‘‘The die has been cast! The German people are rallying for the struggle of right against wrong,” Hans Frank justified the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939: “The Fuhrer has left no stone unturned to help justice triumph peacefully. Now it must be won by arms.” To bring the implications home to each practitioner, he added: “The aim of your fight during the Nazi revolution has turned into the German nation’s struggle for survival. I expect everyone to do his duty where the leadership of the NS Reich puts him.
Le Monde des Fabricants
Authors: Johnson Christopher H
Published: October 2023

An explanation of the growing bitterness of class relations in the Languedoc woolens district during the July Monarchy must begin with an assessment of the business activities and social power of its industrial bourgeoisie. A great deal has already been said about the industrial evolution of the key cities of Lodeve and Bedarieux and Figure 2-1 presents the precise figures for the two. We should, however, broaden the discussion briefly in order to set the detailed analysis that follows in context. The southern woolens industry, according to the estimates of T.J. Markovitch, declined from roughly one-fourth of the total national production to less than one-fifth from 1815 to 1851.
1848
Authors: Johnson Christopher H
Published: October 2023

The Second Republic marked the turning point in the industrial history of lower Languedoc. But the reversal arose less from forces inherent in the regional economy itself or in its relationship with national and international markets than from the political consequences of class conflict. Unlike much of the rest of the nation, the economy of the coastal departments, and the Herault in particular, did not suffer significantly from the Revolution itself. But welling antagonisms formed in the battles of the 1840s found expression in political radicalism that took a violent turn when met with the re pression of 1849–51.
A “Harnessed Revolution”
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: October 2023

Recognizing the Delta’s potential as a perpetually fenile plantation paradise, ambitious antebellum planters had envisioned vast fields of head-high cotton tended by legions of servile blacks while projecting themselves as members of an omnipotent white gentry whose affluence allowed them to live as graciously and extravagantly as they chose. The destruction of slavery interrupted this dream for whites but created a new one for blacks, that of a rich cotton region where demand for their unfettered labor might provide them with opportunities for significant progress toward independent land ownership and facilitate their social and political advancement as well. Noting the scarcity of labor in the Delta in 1866, plantation manager Henry T. Crydenwise predicted that with every passing year more blacks would take advantage of demand for their services to gain access to “the means of setting up for themselves.” The ultimate result, Crydenwise believed, would be a subdivision of the plantations into smaller tracts and a move toward something resembling “our northern mode of farming.” Crydenwise underestimated the difficulties that blacks would encounter as they sought to become independent farmers, but, however wishful, his prophecy largely anticipated the strategy pursued by blacks in the postbellum Delta.
New South Plantation Kingdom
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: October 2023

As a booming plantation kingdom, the turn-of-the-century Delta shrouded the ruthless efficiency and ambition of the New South in the romantic, laid-back, precapitalist imagery of the Old. Having long since abandoned the dream of populating the Delta with small farmers, officials of the Illinois Central Railroad marketed the Delta in 1910 as the Old South reincarnate: “Nowhere in Mississippi have antebellum conditions of landholding been so nearly preserved as in the Delta.” The railroad’s brochures described magnificent plantations “several hundred to several thousand acres in extent” worked by blacks who performed their duties in an atmosphere of Tara-like contentment: “The Negro is naturally gregarious in instinct, and is never so happy as when massed together in large numbers, as on the Delta plantations.” Many of the Delta’s plantations were indeed large, but in their modes of operation they more closely resembled modern factories than Old South estates, and despite their earnest efforts to emulate the lifestyle of Ashley Wilkes, big-time Delta planters showed a clear preference for the management style of Andrew Carnegie. Meanwhile, for the masses of blacks who toiled on the great estates of the Delta, the first quarter of the twentieth century was a period of unrelenting frustration during which the inverse relationship between their own socioeconomic and political status and that of their prosperous white employers became inescapably apparent.
“The Deepest South”
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: October 2023

By the 1930s the Mississippi Delta’s distinctive economic and cultural identity had attracted the attention of observers well beyond the boundaries of Mississippi. In 1935, for example, Rupert Vance identified the “cotton obsessed, Negro obsessed” Delta as “the deepest South,” a region where one found “the highest economic range the South, with its peculiar social organization of black and white, may be expected to attain without industrialization.” To Vance, however, the Delta was above all a land of contrasts. He was struck by both the “mansions” and the manners of the region’s planter aristocracy “affable and courteous with equals, commanding and forceful with inferiors”-but he noted as well that the Delta the “Negro” was “to be found at his lowest level in America.”
“A Man’s Life Isn’t Worth a Penny with a Hole in It”
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: October 2023

Although Delta planters had managed to preserve their way of life even as the New Deal and World War II brought significant changes in the way they made their living, close observers realized that the remarkable caste based society that sustained the Delta’s grossly unbalanced and exploitive plantation economy might soon become an indefensible anachronism in the face of the social and political changes that seemed to be sweeping across the nation and the world in the wake of World War II. Writing in 1935, David Cohn noted that “disturbing ideas crawl like flies around the screen of the Delta ‘but’ they rarely penetrate.” Describing the Delta as a land of “almost complete detachment,” Cohn added, “Change shatters itself on the breast of this society as Pacific breakers upon a South Sea reef.” On the other side of the war, how ever, Cohn found a different Delta. Writing in 1947, he perceived that the people of his native region were no longer immune to “the changes and fears of the world.” Beyond that, they were also subject to “special stresses” arising from the Delta’s unpredictable economy and its racially imbalanced society where, as Cohn explained, the “Negro question” was “almost without counterpart in the United States.”
“A Testing Ground for Democracy”
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: October 2023

Visiting the racially tense Mississippi Delta in the mid-19 50s, Tris Coffin marveled at the way his planter hosts managed “to hold the conversation rigidly on small matters that no one cared about” as they sipped their mint juleps, seemingly oblivious to the escalating racial tensions that gripped their state and region. The Delta remained a bastion of Citizens’ Council defiance as the 1960s began, but its gentry refused to let mounting evidence of a forthcoming assault on their way of life prevent them from making a great show of enjoying that way of life to the fullest. Ostentatious parties, famous for their “the devil with the cost” extravagance, were still the order of the day.
“More Writers per Square Foot …”
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: October 2023

The Delta’s reputation as the richest source of blues music and musicians in the South was well established by World War II. Only after the war, however, did observers begin to recognize that, despite the poverty, illiteracy, and rural isolation which afforded ready-made excuses for cultural aridity, the Delta was also a flourishing center for literature and the arts. By the end of the 1940s, the region could claim not only William Alexander Percy and David L. Cohn but Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and author Hodding Car ter. Stark Young from Panola County was another of the region’s prominent literary figures. Young Greenvillian Shelby Foote was also beginning to gain recognition for his work, as was Elizabeth Spencer of Carrollton in the edge of the Delta. Writer and agent Ben Wasson and editor and critic Herschell Brickell rounded out the Delta’s literary scene.
Stopping the Buck
Authors: Schoenbaum David
Published: October 2023

Only three years later, on May 14, 1948, at 6 P.M. Washington time, Israel had become a state, and President Harry S. Truman, as Under Secretary of State Robert Lovett noted, had become its midwife, if not its father. For reasons only incidentally related to Palestine, the United States had meanwhile become a major Middle Eastern power with formal commitments to Greece and Turkey, and a relatively clear and important stake in the stability and independence of Iran. Ecstatically received in Israel itself, the proclamation of statehood appears to have been acknowledged in the White House with something like grim satisfaction. De facto recognition, announced almost immediately, was among the biggest and most obvious of the bucks that stopped at Truman’s desk. Only two days earlier, a White House summit conference had ended in a draw. White House special counsel and Truman’s principal campaign strategist, Clark Clifford argued energetically that the United States should recognize the new state before it had even requested recognition. General George C. Marshall, the legendary wartime chief of staff and secretary of state since 1947, was as adamantly opposed. “The counsel offered by Mr. Clifford was based on domestic political considerations, while the problem that confronted us was international,” Marshall declared, according to the transcript. “I said bluntly that if the President were to follow Mr. Clifford’s advice and if in the elections I were to vote, I would vote against the President.” Acknowledging the constitutional authority of the commander in chieflike the good soldier he was, he nonetheless stayed on when the decision went against him. Clifford went on to a legendary career as a Washington lawyer’s Washington lawyer and a short, but significant, tour as President Lyndon Johnson’s secretary of defense.
Getting Acquainted
Authors: Schoenbaum David
Published: October 2023

Like a lot of new beginnings, the turbulent transition to state-to-state relations was an anthology of loose ends. Though Israel’s juridical status might still be openended, its borders indeterminate, and its survival itself a matter of touch and go, there was now, at least, a Jewish state in Palestine with its own currency, flag, and postage stamps, and recognized missions in all the world capitals that mattered. It was hardly a coincidence that Jews were particularly sensitive to the gravitational pull of the new state. Born of circumstance and sustained by desperation, relations between American Jews and the Jewish community in Palestine had thitherto reflected the improvisation, contentiousness, and urgency of the Zionist movement. With Israel’s creation, the Zionist organizations and even the movement itself were suddenly redundant and even potentially disruptive. Concerned alike to demonstrate Israel’s sovereignty with respect to foreign Zionist funding, and to insulate its political system from targeted cascades of foreign Zionist votes, BenGurion himself took care to put the American organization virtually out of business within a year or two of independence. Henceforth, the United Jewish Appeal (UJA) was to be the vehicle of Jewish community support, assisted by a wide variety of autonomous civic and philanthropic groups. Distribution of American Jewish funds, in turn, was to be determined by a formula that was eventually to reserve to Israel two-thirds and more of the money it collected.
From War to Watershed
Authors: Schoenbaum David
Published: October 2023

It was one of the little ironies of U.S. politics that Harry McPherson, a presidential aide of Candidean temperament and impeccably Anglo-Saxon, Texas Democratic origins, had meanwhile succeeded Mike Feldman as the White House “resident specialist on Jewish affairs.” It was one of the little ironies of the 1967 war that he now arrived in Jerusalem the day the war began, en route home from Vietnam. Assigned to inform Prime Minister Levi Eshkol ex officio of White House concern about the growing strain on U.S.-Israeli relations, he was met and briefed on Monday morning by Israel’s chief of military intelligence, Aharon Yariv. “Did the Egyptians attack?” McPherson asked. Yariv replied with an order of battle. “But did they attack?” McPherson persisted. Johnson obviously needed an answer before releasing any statement of his own. The answer came to McPherson as he noticed that his briefer, rather than hustling him to a bunker, was simply studying his watch. Realizing that this could only mean the Egyptian air force had ceased to be a threat, McPherson cabled the president accordingly.
Enfant Terrible—Knoxville, 1936-1937
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

On an unseasonably warm morning in early October 1936, Nellie Ogle-the owner of a boarding house at 920 Temple Avenue, Knoxville-was visited by two young men seeking a room to rent. One she knew fairly well-Henry Hart, Jr., a graduate of Vanderbilt University. Hart introduced his companion Bill Remington, down from Dartmouth College to spend the year working for TVA. The tall young man with reddish blond hair seemed very nice, Mrs. Ogle thought, although he did look a bit strange, wearing an overcoat and heavy clothing. Mrs. Ogle showed them a downstairs furnished apartment, consisting of a living room, sleeping porch, and bath; the rent (which included meals) was sixty dollars a month. 920 Temple was home to a number of TVA employees, she told them; they would fit right in. The two men agreed and said they would move in that very day. Remington had arrived in Knoxville a few days earlier, had taken a room at the local YMCA, and had joined TVA’s messenger service. It was there that he met Hart, who was looking for a roommate. They discovered that they both enjoyed art, literature, and music and possessed a similar outlook on politics. “Bill was the most seriously committed individual I’ve ever been close to,” Hart later recalled. “He wanted to get results and achieve his goals and he would let no obstacle stand in his way.” Remington was equally impressed with Hart, the son of a Methodist minister. He called him the southern aristocrat and was happy with his new friend and his new life. He wrote his parents in October:
Sorry about Everything
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

On the morning of August 18, 1948, in a conference room in Temporary Building R, Remington met the four men and one woman who would now decide his fate. “As I looked at them,” he later said, “I couldn’t help thinking any one of you and I could swap places.” This was not likely, given the composition of the Fourth Region Loyalty Board. Its chairman was Robert Maurer, sixty-nine and a professor at Georgetown University, where he specialized in constitutional and administrative law. Joining him were three other lawyers: Russell E. Booker, forty-nine and treasurer of the Virginia state Bar Association; Fred E. Martin, fifty-three, who practiced corporate law in Norfolk and was a former state commander of the American Legion; Harry W. Blair, sixty-seven, a Missouri Democrat who served in FDR’s Justice Department in the early 1930s; and finally, Marion Wade Doyle, fifty-three and president of the Washington, D.C., Board of Education. This was a group with which Remington had little in common-all were born in the late nineteenth century and were comfortably settled in careers when Remington was still at Dartmouth. None had been attracted to the radical politics of the early twentieth century or was affected by the ravages of the Depression. How could they understand Remington, who had rebelled against an economic and political order that they, as lawyers and civic leaders, had fought to maintain?
Tool of Tyranny
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

How could Brunini have been so wrong? Here, sitting before him was Ann Moos Remington, whose ex-husband had insulted her publicly, had called her mother a Communist, and had deserted her to carry on an adulterous affair with another woman; if ever there was a woman scorned, it was Ann Moos Remington. But to his surprise and dismay, there was no bitterness or anger, just denials spoken so softly that he could barely hear her. On all the subjects of interest to Brunini and his colleagues, Ann Remington contributed little. “Mrs. Remington,” asked Thomas Donegan, “was your husband a member of the Communist Party?” “Not to my knowledge,” she replied, “and I think I would have known if he had been.” Again and again during the first hours of her hearing the question was asked, and always she said, “No I don’t think so.” Of course, as young people, they were interested in what the Communists were doing; everybody was. “The causes that they promoted seemed good and we got worked up about Spain and the unions and you met Communists in the course of working with these groups We were both kind of crazy in those days.” But they were never more than sympathetic outsiders, and gradually their interest diminished.
Missionary Work
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

Joe Rauh later called it a dreadful week. It began on June 8 with the announcement that the special federal grand jury had indicted Remington for perjury. When Remington received the news, he hurried to Rauh’s office to discuss strategy. Rauh recommended making a statement to the press. “This is awfully risky,” Remington said, worried about aggravating the government unnecessarily. “It is only risky if you are guilty,” Rauh replied. “I have to ask you once more, were you ever a member of the Communist Party? It is better to tell me now than later.” “I have never been a member of the Communist Party,” he told Rauh again. Later that day, Remington appeared outside Rauh’s office and again proclaimed his innocence to the waiting press. The U.S. attorney was also notified that Remington would surrender voluntarily on June 13, the day of the arraignment, so they could call off the U.S. marshals with the warrant for his arrest. The next day, Remington resigned from the Commerce Department. In a letter to Secretary Sawyer, he explained that he wished to devote all his time to proving his innocence. He felt no bitterness, just the deepest regret that he was leaving the government that he had served for his entire adult life. Sawyer never answered Remington’s letter and accepted his resignation without official comment.
Not in This Day and Time
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

William Chanler and Joe Rauh spent the summer and fall of 1950 searching for another William Remington-not the disciplined Communist Party member of the government’s imagination but the rebel who challenged all political orthodoxies and was the prisoner of none. Like the FBI (although on a much smaller scale and without the coercive tactics), Remington’s attorneys sought out those people who knew him between 1934 and 1944, hoping to find allies who would help them to refute the government’s charges. They, too, began with Remington’s career at Dartmouth. The men they talked to were governed by one of two emotions-fear or a dislike of Remington that bordered on hatred. Donald Miller, the radical who befriended Remington during his freshman year, was very anxious to help, Rauh learned, but equally anxious not to be a witness. A founder of Scientific American and now its business manager, Miller felt that exposing his own radical past at the trial would damage his magazine. Rauh told him that they would not call him. Despite his anxiety, Miller recommended men whom Rauh should see: Fran Bartlett, a member of the Communist Party following his graduation in 1935, and Robert Boehm, a radical who had written for Steeplejack. They had been men of principle, fighters against privilege and the stuffy status-quo on the Dartmouth campus in the mid-1930s. Surely one of them would help Remington.
The Ends of Expediency
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

Surrendering to the government was not what he expected. “No crowing ... no press conferences ... no bothersome cameras and no reporters bothering me.” He signed a few forms and it was off to jail. The whole procedure took less than an hour, and, surprisingly, “it was handled in quite a decent fashion.” Jail was the Federal House of Detention on West Street-a depot where new prisoners were photographed, fingerprinted, examined, and interviewed until the Bureau of Prisons decided where to send them. Alger Hiss hated his brief stay there in 1951. “West Street was a scene of confusion and disorder, and a spirit of misery permeated this house of pandemonium,” he observed. This was not Remington’s experience. His quarters were not too uncomfortable, and he found his fellow inmates generally friendly and not too much different from him“except for skewing on the downward side.” Especially convivial were two Communists detained by the Immigration Service, but he strongly rejected their overtures. He missed Jane terribly but was not bored or lonesome. She visited him that first Sunday and again on April 29, when she was accompanied by his parents. Fred, now eighty-four, was pleased that he could be with Bill, even under these wretched circumstances, because he had been afraid that he would die before being able to see his son again.
Characteristics of Demand
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

Institutional investors increasingly dominate U.S. securities markets in terms of volume of trading. These huge institutions trade large blocks of securities and allocate or hedge their portfolios in ways that can move markets, especially when they act in unison. Their needs therefore strongly influence the types of products offered by broker-dealers and exchanges. Although individual investors are increasing their participation in the securities markets, their participation is increasingly through mutual fund ownership rather than direct stock ownership. Individual investors now own just over 50 percent of U.S. equity and account for less than one-fifth of all trading. Over half the population owns some type of equity investment, although most of it is through participation in institutional investments, such as mutual, pension, and insurance funds. Direct stock ownership is concentrated among a relatively small proportion of investors. The United States nevertheless, has the highest level of individual participation in the securities markets of any country in the world. For instance, less than 25 percent of British citizens hold stock investments (U.S. Office of Technology Assessment 1990, pp. 6, 7, 33).
Mergers, Concentration, and Multiproduct Economies of Scale and Scope
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

One has only to look at the names of today’s securities firms to understand the importance of mergers in the industry (e.g., Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc.); indeed, most large firms have undergone significant mergers. Until the early 1980s, mergers played a major role in increasing concentration in the industry, whereas in the mid-1980s, this concentration was more closely related to firm innovations and diversifications. Mergers have progressed from horizontal to vertical to conglomerate. Those mergers that were intended to develop a complete financial service company, or a financial “supermarket” (e.g., American Express and Shearson, Prudential and Bache), have not worked out as well as expected. In Chapter 14, I will argue that this is due to the lack of any real economies of scope or shared know-how among these entities. I also will examine multiproduct economies based on two studies, which show the somewhat surprising result that there is little in the way of economies of scale or scope among the core lines of business in this industry.
Market Making, Proprietary Trading, and Derivatives
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

The major dealer markets are the market for U.S. Treasury securities, the market for corporate bonds, the municipal bond market, the OTC (over-the-counter) market for corporate stock, and the market for asset-backed securities, swaps, and derivatives. Dealers in these markets make bid and offer quotes, and take inventory positions in securities. However, differences among securities lead to important differences in the way that dealers carry out their market-making functions (Garbade 1982, pp. 429-30). In the Treasury market, there are several hundred issues, each on the order of billions of dollars. It is dominated by a small number of primary dealers, and transactions sizes are usually large with small spreads. Since the dealers are quoting similar spreads on a small group of homogeneous securities, this type of dealer market eliminates the need for time-consuming searches for trading partners. In the market for municipal bonds, the market for corporate debt, and the OTC stock market, there are thousands of issues of each type of security. Very few of the issues in each of these markets are large, with relatively few exceeding $500 million. The heterogeneity and relatively small size of municipal bonds and corporate issues of bonds and stock and the type of investor in the instruments have produced some significant differences in the way that dealers operate in each of these markets.
Policy Implications and Recommendations
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses policy recommendations for the broker-dealer industry based on the analysis of this book and my own experience as a financial economist at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) from 1977 to 1984. The basic recommendation of the study is that regulators provide a framework that facilitates organizational change so that U.S. securities firms can maintain their position as world leaders in this dynamic industry. This should be added to the traditional objectives of preventing fraud and abuses of investors in financial markets and ensuring the safety and soundness of broker-dealers. Many of the SEC’s policies date from legislation passed many years ago, before global competition was much of an issue. Now, however, if our securities industry does not remain sound, innovative, and flexible, we could lose our industry to larger, better capitalized competitors. The internationalization of securities markets presents U.S. securities firms with both opportunities and challenges. American broker-dealers are the most competitive and innovative firms in the world today, a model of how firms can seek out the profit opportunities available in incomplete markets.
Public Service Broadcasting: Challenges and Responses*
Authors: Rowland Willard D
Published: October 2023

These two statements capture much of the debate that has recently been waged over policy for public-service broadcasting in Europe and the United States. Of course, public broadcasting has always lived with controversy. In most industrial societies, however, there usually existed a firm consensus that public-service broadcasting ideals and institutions were necessary and appropriate, if not central, to enlightened modern culture and civilization. During recent years that consensus has verged on breaking down, as several major factors have served in country after country to challenge the rationale for and operational terms of public broadcasting:
Broadcasting Finance in Transition: An International Comparison
Authors: Blumler Jay G , Nossiter T J
Published: October 2023

This volume has surveyed many national broadcasting systems-their characteristic goals, funding sources and difficulties of weathering change at a more or less shared moment of transition-throughout the industrialized liberal democratic world. But why should American readers be interested in the problems, say, of Dutch television, Britons in the plans of Japan ‘s NHK, or the French in the fate of Sweden ‘s Sveriges Radio? Although comparative communication inquiry can be fascinating from many standpoints, in this case it was guided largely by a policy purpose.
Alcoholism in Korea
Authors: Lee Cttung Kvoon
Published: October 2023

The use of alcohol in Korea is as old as the country’s long history. Alcoholic beverages have been used in traditional occasions and ritualistic activities such as birthdays, funerals, weddings, anniversaries of death, birthdays of ancients, promotions, and other landmarks and achievements. Alcohol is also considered a necessary means of promoting social communication. Like other Eastern countries, Korea is a strongly male-oriented society. Men are encouraged to drink; women are not. The presence of a strong Confucian moral ethic discourages the exhibition of drunken behavior, but the Korean culture usually tolerates well and public attitudes are strikingly permissive. As a result, social regulations and constraints on drinking behavior are rather loose with a few exceptions, for example, driving a car while intoxicated.
The Objectives of Containment
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: October 2023

Containing the Soviet Union, together with the ambitious ideology it created, has been the most durable foreign policy priority of the United States in the twentieth century. Each presidential administration since Woodrow Wilson’s has devoted itself in one :way or another to this task, and during the Cold War containment became a national fixation. Historians, political scientists, and journalists have hardly neglected the subject either; entire forests have become victims of their successive attempts to explain on paper what containment “really meant.’” But the end of the Cold War is raising new question about containment, as about so many other aspects of Cold War history. One of these has to do with the oddly neglected issue of just what it was that containment was supposed to accomplish. Containment, after all, was never intended as an end in itself; rather, it was supposed to lead to a new kind of relationship with the Soviet Union that would remove, or at least render irrelevant, the reasons for having embarked on that task in the first place. Both practitioners and scholars of containment have remained vague, however, about exactly what that relationship was to have been.
Great Illusions, the Long Peace, and the Future of the International System
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: October 2023

“How do you know that you’re not going to wind up like Norman Angell?” The question-polite but pointed-came from a graduate student in a seminar I taught at Princeton in the fall of 1987. The Long Peace had just come out and I had inflicted it on my students without waiting for the paperback edition, so I had probably asked for something like this. My answer, at the time, was a historian’s cop-out: I had written that book as history, not prophecy; even if the post-World War II great power system were to break up tomorrow, its record of more than four decades without great power war would more than justify use of the term “long peace” to characterize it. But having said that, I was not wholly satisfied with it. A “long peace” on the verge of collapse would hardly be as robust an explanation of past events as a “long peace” whose perpetuation seemed likely. By implication my thesis would stand as good history only to the extent that it anticipated at least the immediate future. I had, it appeared, backed into the business of prophecy without having really intended to.
The Rehearsal Room
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

In the Skin What you must do with dancers is to strip them of their superficialities. Strip them of their own conception of themselves, until you find something underneath. This takes time, patience, and occasional bullying. When you choreograph, there are two of you creating a dance. You’ve got to get the dancer to climb into the skin of the dance with you. For a while, there are two of you in the same skin. Then, happily, you get out of it, and leave the skin to the dancer—and she has to stay with it. If she goes back to herself, the performance won’t be any good. (Antony Tudor) —Gruen, p. 262 Permanently Impermanent