bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Stops on the Selected Route of the City ITS on the Energy Efficiency of the Public Bus
Authors: Smieszek Miroslaw , Mateichyk Vasyl , Mosciszewski Jakub
Published: August 2024

Public transport is an important part of sustainable economic development, sustainable cities, and communities. Reducing energy consumption in public transport can be achieved through better organisation of the transport system, changes in infrastructure, the use of new energy-efficient means of transport, and other ways to achieve intelligent mobility. The operation of a city bus involves frequent stops. These stops are due to the need to exchange passengers at bus stops and traffic conditions. Each stop and the subsequent acceleration process require additional energy consumption. In this paper, an analysis of bus operation within the Rzeszów ITS on a selected route is carried out to determine the energy consumption in these special modes. First, the number and duration of stops were determined based on data recorded during the bus operation using the tracker. Then, taking into account the idle fuel consumption and the energy consumption required to reach a set speed, the total energy consumption associated with the stops was determined. The results obtained on the selected route indicate a significant share of energy associated with stops at bus stops and outside bus stops in total fuel consumption. These shares are about 26.2% and about 42.5%, respectively. The opportunity to improve the energy efficiency of the city bus on the route due to the reduction of stops at bus stops by introducing on-demand stops as one of the elements of ITS has been evaluated. The number of stops related to traffic conditions can be reduced by further improving traffic management and measures to modify urban infrastructure.
On the Influence of H2 Addition on NH3 Laminar Flame Speed under Engine-like Conditions
Authors: Bochicchio Flavio , D’Amato Marco , Magi Vinicio , Viggiano Annarita
Published: August 2024

As zero-carbon fuels, hydrogen and ammonia are of great interest in the transition toward a climate-neutral transportation system. In order to use these fuels and their blends in reciprocating engines, a characterization of the combustion of NH3/H2/air mixtures at high pressures and temperatures is needed. The aim of this work is to compute the Laminar Flame Speed (LFS) of NH3/H2/air mixtures by varying the thermochemical conditions of the reactants. For this purpose, several simulations have been carried out using different kinetic reaction mechanisms. The accuracy of the model has been assessed by comparing the results with experimental data available in the scientific literature. Finally, the influence of mixture composition and thermodynamic conditions of the reactants on LFS has been assessed by considering temperature and pressure values relevant to automotive applications and not yet explored in the literature. By adding H2 to NH3/air mixtures, LFS increases exponentially. By plotting the logarithm of LFS as a function of the H2 mole fraction, the numerical results are well fitted by using a second-degree polynomial regression. However, a linear regression is accurate enough if the H2 mole fraction does not exceed 0.6. Regarding the effect of pressure, the decrease in LFS with increasing pressure is less important as pressure increases. On the other hand, LFS increases with temperature, and this effect is more pronounced as the H2 mole fraction decreases and pressure increases.
Optimal Vehicle-to-Grid Strategies for Energy Sharing Management Using Electric School Buses
Authors: Khwanrit Ruengwit , Javaid Saher , Lim Yuto , Charoenlarpnopparut Chalie , Tan Yasuo
Published: August 2024

In today’s power systems, electric vehicles (EVs) constitute a significant factor influencing electricity dynamics, with their important role anticipated in future smart grid systems. An important feature of electric vehicles is their dual capability to both charge and discharge energy to/from their battery storage. Notably, the discharge capability enables them to offer vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services. However, most V2G research focuses on passenger cars, which typically already have their own specific usage purposes and various traveling schedules. This situation may pose practical challenges in providing ancillary services to the grid. Conversely, electric school buses (ESBs) exhibit a more predictable usage pattern, often deployed at specific times and remaining idle for extended periods. This makes ESBs more practical for delivering V2G services, especially when prompted by incentive price signals from grid or utility companies (UC) requesting peak shaving services. In this paper, we introduce a V2G energy sharing model focusing on ESBs in various schools in a single community by formulating the problem as a leader–follower game. In this model, the UC assumes the role of the leader, determining the optimal incentive price to offer followers for discharging energy from their battery storage. The UC aims to minimize additional costs from generating energy during peak demand. On the other hand, schools in a community possessing multiple ESBs act as followers, seeking the optimal quantity of discharged energy from their battery storage. They aim to maximize utility by responding to the UC’s incentive price. The results demonstrate that the proposed model and algorithm significantly aid the UC in reducing the additional cost of energy generation during peak periods by 36% compared to solely generating all electricity independently. Furthermore, they substantially reduce the utility bills for schools by up to 22.6% and lower the peak-to-average ratio of the system by up to 9.5%.
Waste-to-Energy in the Circular Economy Transition and Development of Resource-Efficient Business Models
Authors: Atstaja Dzintra , Cudecka-Purina Natalija , Koval Viktor , Kuzmina Jekaterina , Butkevics Janis , Hrinchenko Hanna
Published: August 2024

The consistent rise of the per capita waste generation rate has led to an escalation of waste quantities and the need to expand waste disposal methods. Efforts to develop clean and affordable energy systems are increasingly linked to waste-to-energy as part of the transition to a circular economy (CE). A resource-efficient waste-to-energy business model within a CE offers a variety of environmentally friendly waste management options based on their overall environmental impacts but also makes efficient use of available resources and technologies to convert different types of waste into energy, which helps reduce the adverse effects on the environment and create additional energy sources. This research aims to identify innovative waste management solutions to foster the implementation of CE and a more resource-efficient business model. The research methodology is based on qualitative and quantitative research, triangulation, material flow assessment, and systems dynamics. The value of this study is within the analysis of existing waste-to-energy plant case studies to identify a set of recommendations and appropriate business models for the countries that are at an early stage of evaluation of such facilities. This study found that waste-to-energy plants are critical to achieving the EU’s waste disposal targets by 2035. The findings highlight the importance of supporting mechanisms in the waste sector, such as structural funds, as the industry primarily focuses on societal health and safety and environmental protection, alongside resource efficiency and circularity potential.
An Impact Assessment of a Transportable BESS on the Protection of Conventional Distribution Systems
Authors: Momesso Antonio E. C. , Barra Pedro H. A. , Barbalho Pedro I. N. , Asada Eduardo N. , Vieira José C. M. , Coury Denis V.
Published: August 2024

The integration of new battery technologies has become a focal point for distribution utilities, driven by decreasing costs and the need for fast responsiveness. Transportable battery energy storage systems (TBESSs) offer additional flexibility, allowing connection at multiple substations or grid feed points. However, concerns remain regarding their impact on distribution systems (DSs), particularly on protection devices (PDs). This study addresses these concerns by investigating the influence of TBESSs on the protection systems of a real-world distribution network. Given the lack of studies in the current literature on this topic, this research aims to fill this gap by examining the potential effects of TBESS integration on PDs, such as reclosers and fuses, within a DS. Utilizing a model based on real data from a Brazilian utility, we conducted simulations to analyze the effects of TBESSs in both charging and discharging modes on the protection systems of three feeders. The methodology involved assessing variations in the operation times and coordination of PDs to determine if TBESS integration would necessitate adjustments to existing protection configurations. The results demonstrated that TBESS integration resulted in only minor variations in PD operating times, typically within hundredths of a second, indicating a negligible impact on protection performance. Consequently, no significant modifications to the protection system are required to accommodate TBESSs. These findings suggest that TBESSs can be seamlessly integrated into existing distribution networks, maintaining system reliability and operational integrity. This study provides valuable insights and a robust procedure for utilities to analyze the integration of TBESSs, supporting the effective deployment of modern energy storage solutions in DSs.
Effects of Total Solid Content on Anaerobic Fermentation Performance and Biogas Productivity of Tail Vegetables
Authors: Yao Li , Wang Yanqin , Li Ran , Fu Longyun , Liu Zhaodong , Gao Xinhao
Published: August 2024

A large amount of vegetable waste generated by farms is currently damaging the environment and public health. Anaerobic fermentation is a mature technology that significantly contributes to the recovery of energy and resources from tail vegetables and the control of environmental pollution. However, most vegetable wastes have not been utilized due to poor performance of biogas production, lack of optimal solid contents, and multiple other reasons. Herein, the anaerobic digestion biogas production performance of tail vegetables treated with different total solid (TS) content was studied using solanaceous and leafy vegetables as raw materials. Results showed that there was no acidification in all trials except for treatment with TS of 6%. The optimal TS for anaerobic fermentation of vegetable waste was determined to be around 20% in terms of methane production and biogas production efficiency. The cumulative methane production per unit of volatile solids (VSs) reached 241.7 mL CH4/g of VS, and the methane content was about 65% during the peak period of biogas production. Theoretically, the value of methane production based on anaerobic fermentation of tail vegetables is as high as 1.8 × 1013~4.6 × 1013 L in China. This research provides advice for screening specific and efficient parameters to promote the biogas production rate by tail vegetable anaerobic fermentation.
Early Growth and Developmental Characteristics of Chinese Bahaba (Bahaba taipingensis)
Authors: Yan Lin , Ren Yuanhao , Ai Tongxi , Shi Jianshe , Wang Junjie , Yan Kuoqiu , Jiang Keji
Published: August 2024

The Chinese bahaba (Bahaba taipingensis), belonging to the Sciaenidae family, is one of the largest croakers with a limited geographical distribution. It is a critically endangered fish species according to the IUCN and a protected animal in China. In this study, the morphological characteristics of Chinese bahaba were observed and analyzed across different developmental stages, namely, the embryonic, larval, juvenile, and young fish stages. The results demonstrated that the mature eggs had a terminal yolk and a single oil globule. The eggs remained floating, and the mean diameters of the fertilized egg and oil globules were 1.14 ± 0.09 mm and 0.35 ± 0.07 mm, respectively. The findings revealed that the embryonic development of Chinese bahaba occurs broadly in seven stages, including the blastogenesis, cleavage, blastocyst, gastrula, neuro embryonic, organ differentiation, and membrane emergence stages, which lasted approximately 27 h and 10 min until hatching under 22.5 ± 0.5 °C. After 70 d, the larvae developed into young fish with a mean total length and body length of 97.75 ± 12.61 and 75.27 ± 13.27 mm, respectively. The digestive organs and the swim bladder began to differentiate, and the swim bladder, bladder duct, intestine, stomach, and mouth gradually formed at 2 d after hatching. Juvenile development occurred via six stages and there were certain differences in the morphological characteristics of Chinese bahaba across the different stages of growth and development. This study provides a theoretical reference for studying the growth, development, and artificial breeding of Chinese bahaba.
Strategies for Enhancing One-Equation Turbulence Model Predictions Using Gene-Expression Programming
Authors: Di Fabbio Tony , Fang Yuan , Tangermann Eike , Sandberg Richard D. , Klein Markus
Published: August 2024

This paper introduces innovative approaches to enhance and develop one-equation RANS models using gene-expression programming. Two distinct strategies are explored: overcoming the limitations of the Boussinesq hypothesis and formulating a novel one-equation turbulence model that can accurately predict a wide range of turbulent wall-bounded flows. A comparative analysis of these strategies highlights their potential for advancing RANS modeling capabilities. The study employs a single-case CFD-driven machine learning framework, demonstrating that machine-informed models significantly improve predictive accuracy, especially when baseline RANS predictions diverge from established benchmarks. Using existing training data, symbolic regression provides valuable insights into the underlying physics by eliminating ineffective strategies. This highlights the broader significance of machine learning beyond developing turbulence closures for specific cases.
Transient Shallow Water Wave Interactions with a Partially Fragmented Ice Shelf
Authors: Alshahrani Faraj , Meylan Michael H. , Wilks Ben
Published: August 2024

This work investigates the interaction between water waves and multiple ice shelf fragments in front of a semi-infinite ice sheet. The hydrodynamics are modelled using shallow water wave theory and the ice shelf vibration is modelled using Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. The ensuing multiple scattering problem is solved in the frequency domain using the transfer matrix method. The appropriate conservation of energy identity is derived in order to validate our numerical calculations. The transient scattering problem for incident wave packets is constructed from the frequency domain solutions. By incorporating multiple scattering, this paper extends previous models that have only considered a continuous semi-infinite ice shelf. This paper serves as a fundamental step towards developing a comprehensive model to simulate the breakup of ice shelves.
A Rational Extended Thermodynamic Model for Nanofluids
Authors: Barbera Elvira , Pollino Annamaria
Published: August 2024

A model of quasilinear differential equations is derived in the context of Rational Extended Thermodynamics to investigate some non-equilibrium phenomena in nanofluids. Following the classical Buongiorno approach, the model assumes nanofluids to be suspensions of two phases: nanoparticles and the base fluid. The field variables are the classical ones and, in addition, the stress tensors and the heat fluxes of both constituents. Balance laws for all field variables are assumed. The obtained system is not closed; therefore, universal physical principles, such as Galilean Invariance and the Entropy Principles, are invoked to close the set of field equations. The obtained model is also written in terms of the whole nanofluid and compared with the classical Buongiorno model. This allowed also the identifications of some parameters in terms of experimental data. The obtained set of field equations has the advantage to recover the Buongiorno model when the phenomena are near equilibrium. At the same time it consists of a hyperbolic set of field equations. Hyperbolicity guarantees finite speeds of propagation and more suitable descriptions of transient regimes. The present model can be used in order to investigate waves, shocks and other phenomena that can be easily described in hyperbolic systems. Furthermore, as a first application and in order to show the potential of the model, stationary 1D solutions are determined and some thermal properties of nanofluids are studied. The solution exhibits, already in the simplest case herein considered, a more accurate evaluation of some fields like the stress tensor components.
Enhanced Thermal and Mass Diffusion in Maxwell Nanofluid: A Fractional Brownian Motion Model
Authors: Shen Ming , Liu Yihong , Yin Qingan , Zhang Hongmei , Chen Hui
Published: August 2024

This paper introduces fractional Brownian motion into the study of Maxwell nanofluids over a stretching surface. Nonlinear coupled spatial fractional-order energy and mass equations are established and solved numerically by the finite difference method with Newton’s iterative technique. The quantities of physical interest are graphically presented and discussed in detail. It is found that the modified model with fractional Brownian motion is more capable of explaining the thermal conductivity enhancement. The results indicate that a reduction in the fractional parameter leads to thinner thermal and concentration boundary layers, accompanied by higher local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. Consequently, the introduction of a fractional Brownian model not only enriches our comprehension of the thermal conductivity enhancement phenomenon but also amplifies the efficacy of heat and mass transfer within Maxwell nanofluids. This achievement demonstrates practical application potential in optimizing the efficiency of fluid heating and cooling processes, underscoring its importance in the realm of thermal management and energy conservation.
Fractals of Interpolative Kannan Mappings
Authors: Shi Xiangting , Ishtiaq Umar , Din Muhammad , Akram Mohammad
Published: August 2024

In 2018, Erdal Karapinar introduced the concept of interpolative Kannan operators, a novel adaptation of the Kannan mapping originally defined in 1969 by Kannan. This new mapping condition is more lenient than the basic contraction condition. In this paper, we study the concept by introducing the IKC-iterated function/multi-function system using interpolative Kannan operators, including a broader area of mappings. Moreover, we establish the Collage Theorem endowed with the iterated function system (IFS) based on the IKC, and show the well-posedness of the IKC-IFS. Interpolative Kannan contractions are meaningful due to their applications in fractals, offering a more versatile framework for creating intricate geometric structures with potentially fewer constraints compared to classical approaches.
Trends in Physiotherapy of Chronic Low Back Pain Research: Knowledge Synthesis Based on Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Šajnović Urška , Kokol Peter , Završnik Jernej , Vošner Helena Blažun
Published: August 2024

Background: Physiotherapy and chronic low back pain (CLBP) form a broad and quickly developing research area. The aim of this article was to holistically, thematically and chronologically analyze and synthesize the literature production in this research area and identify the most prolific research entities and research themes. Methods: This article quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed research literature production harvested from the Scopus bibliometric database, using a triangulation of bibliometric and thematic analysis. For this, Excel 2024, Bibliometrix Biblioshiny 4.1 and VOSviewer version 1.6.20 softwares were used. Results: In the Scopus database, 2843 data sources were found, which were published between 1974 and 26 February 2024. The growth trend has been linearly positive since the beginning of publication, and after 2018 exponential growth began. A review of the most prolific entities showed that the most literature was published in America, Europe and Australasia. The thematic analysis of the information sources identified six main themes (pathophysiology of CLBP and the quantification assessment tools, diagnostics and CLBP treatment, CLBP questionnaires and surveys, quality of life, complementary methods in physiotherapy and psychosocioeconomic aspects), while the chronological analysis revealed three main areas of development: assessment tools, CLBP processing and study methodology. Conclusions: The results of this bibliometric study present a good starting point for further research, providing taxonomy and research landscapes as a holistic framework offering multidisciplinary knowledge about CLBP, while chronological analysis provides a basis for identifying prospective research trends. This article offers an interdisciplinary view of the current issue of public health. The results of this study provide a basis for the development of both the physiotherapy and epidemiological fields.
Structural Performance of Porcelain Insulators in Overhead Railway Power Systems: Experimental Evaluations and Findings
Authors: Agüero-Barrantes Pablo , Hain Alexandra
Published: August 2024

This paper addresses the critical knowledge gap in the structural performance of porcelain insulators in overhead railway power systems through experimental evaluations. The focus is on porcelain insulators as part of a contact wire registration assembly (CWRA) in the railway power system. While porcelain insulators are the most widely used high-voltage insulator material, no previous studies have investigated the impact of age on their ultimate load capacity in overhead rail systems. The paper presents the experimental design for tension and a novel 45-degree test setup that replicates field conditions, as well as an overview of the test specimens, which were both new and retired from the field. The results indicate that aging has no impact on the strength of insulators in direct tension tests, but retired insulators in the CWRA show a reduced capacity. Additionally, the location of the drop bracket has a notable influence on the failure mode and stiffness of the assembly. The findings contribute to future improvements in system design and performance. Future research should include material testing, finite element studies, and dynamic testing of the full CWRA setup to further understand insulator performance and support resilient power transmission and distribution systems. Additionally, similar tests should be conducted on polymeric insulators, due to their prevalence.
Lymphatic Regeneration after Popliteal Lymph Node Excision and Implantation of Aligned Nanofibrillar Collagen Scaffolds: An Experimental Rabbit Model
Authors: Campos José Luis , Pons Gemma , Al-Sakkaf Ali M. , Lusetti Irene Laura , Pires Laura , Vela Francisco Javier , Ramos Elena , Crisóstomo Verónica , Sánchez-Margallo Francisco Miguel , Abellán Elena , Masiá Jaume
Published: August 2024

Lymphedema presents significant challenges to patients’ quality of life, prompting the exploration of innovative treatments, such as collagen scaffolds, aimed at treating and reducing the risk of lymphedema. We aimed to evaluate the preventive and therapeutic efficacy and the lymphangiogenic potential of implanted aligned nanofibrillar collagen scaffolds (BioBridgeTM) following the induction of secondary lymphedema in a rabbit model. Thirty rabbits were divided into treatment (G1), prevention (G2), and control (G3) groups. Secondary lymphedema was induced in all groups. BioBridgeTM implantation was performed in G2 and G1 on days 0 and 60, respectively. Follow-ups included hindlimb circumference measurements and indocyanine green lymphography at 0, 60, and 90 days. None of the study rabbits exhibited dermal backflow on day 0 before surgery. At 60 days, the incidence rates of dermal backflow in G1, G2, and G3 were 100%, 44.4%, and 90%, respectively. Furthermore, at 90 days, the incidence rates were 22.2%, 44.4%, and 90%, respectively. New linear lymphatic observation was seen in rabbits with resolved dermal backflow. The findings of this study demonstrated the capacity of BioBridgeTM scaffolds to induce new lymphatic vessel formation and reduce dermal backflow in secondary lymphedema in a rabbit model.
Different Factors Influencing Postural Stability during Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation of the Cervical Spinal Cord
Authors: Bikchentaeva Leisan , Nikulina Margarita , Shulman Anna , Baltin Maxim , Zheltukhina Angelina , Semenova Elena , Smirnova Viktoriya , Klepikova Svetlana , Baltina Tatyana
Published: August 2024

Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) is a promising noninvasive alternative to epidural stimulation. However, further studies are needed to clarify how tSCS affects postural control. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of transcutaneous cervical spinal cord stimulation on postural stability in healthy participants via computerized stabilization. The center of pressure and the frequency spectrum of the statokinesiogram were assessed in 14 healthy volunteers under tSCS conditions with frequencies of 5 Hz or 30 Hz, subthreshold or suprathreshold stimulus strength, open or closed eyes, and hard or soft surfaces in various combinations. The results revealed that not all the changes in the center of the pressure oscillations reached statistical significance when the tSCS was used. However, tSCS at a frequency of 30 Hz with a suprathreshold stimulus strength improved postural stability. The use of subthreshold or suprathreshold tSCS at 5 Hz led to a shift of 60% of the signal power to the low-frequency range, indicating activation of the vestibular system. With tSCS at 30 Hz, the vestibular component remained dominant, but a decrease in the proportion of high-frequency oscillations was observed, which is associated with muscle proprioception. Thus, transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the cervical spinal cord may be an effective method for activating spinal cord neural networks capable of modulating postural control.
Optimisation of Convolution-Based Image Lightness Processing
Authors: Rowlands D. Andrew , Finlayson Graham D.
Published: August 2024

In the convolutional retinex approach to image lightness processing, an image is filtered by a centre/surround operator that is designed to mitigate the effects of shading (illumination gradients), which in turn compresses the dynamic range. Typically, the parameters that define the shape and extent of the filter are tuned to provide visually pleasing results, and a mapping function such as a logarithm is included for further image enhancement. In contrast, a statistical approach to convolutional retinex has recently been introduced, which is based upon known or estimated autocorrelation statistics of the image albedo and shading components. By introducing models for the autocorrelation matrices and solving a linear regression, the optimal filter is obtained in closed form. Unlike existing methods, the aim is simply to objectively mitigate shading, and so image enhancement components such as a logarithmic mapping function are not included. Here, the full mathematical details of the method are provided, along with implementation details. Significantly, it is shown that the shapes of the autocorrelation matrices directly impact the shape of the optimal filter. To investigate the performance of the method, we address the problem of shading removal from text documents. Further experiments on a challenging image dataset validate the method.
Evaluating the Quality of Children’s Active School Travel Spaces and the Mechanisms of School District Friendliness Impact Based on Multi-Source Big Data
Authors: Lu Chenyu , Yu Changbin , Liu Xiaowan
Published: August 2024

With the advancement of child-friendly urban planning initiatives, the significance of Active School Travel Spaces (ASTSs) in shaping urban development and promoting the physical and mental well-being of children has become increasingly apparent. This research focuses on 151 public primary schools in the central urban area of Lanzhou City. Utilizing the Amap pedestrian route planning API, we establish a walking route network, evaluate the paths using spatial syntax and street view recognition methods, and analyze their influencing factors using a Geographic Detector model. The results show the following: ① The overall friendliness of ASTSs in Lanzhou City is moderate, with 44% of school districts exhibiting low friendliness. ② The distribution of child friendliness in ASTS exhibits a “core-periphery” pattern. Anning District demonstrates higher friendliness compared to Chengguan District and Qilihe District, while Xigu District exhibits the lowest level of friendliness. ③ Different levels of friendliness have different tendencies for access, safety, and comfort. A high degree of friendliness favors comfort. Low friendliness has the lowest requirements for safety and comfort. ④ Population density and transportation convenience exert a significant positive impact on friendliness, while the size of the school district and the centrality of schools have a negative impact. The synergistic effects among these influencing factors notably enhance the explanatory power of friendliness.
Assessing the Efficiency of Two Silvicultural Approaches for Soil Erosion Mitigation Using a Novel Monitoring Apparatus
Authors: Salvaneschi Pietro , Pica Antonio , Apollonio Ciro , Andrisano Teodoro , Pecci Massimo , Petroselli Andrea , Schirone Bartolomeo
Published: August 2024

Soil erosion and hydrogeological risk are critical phenomena gaining increased recognition within the scientific community. Although these occurrences are naturally occurring, human activities can exacerbate their impacts. For example, deforestation consistently amplifies soil erosion. This study examines two distinct forest management strategies aimed at addressing soil erosion: the Banded Standards Method (BSM) and the Scattered Standards Method (SSM). We conducted a field experiment in two test areas located in central Italy, with one area employing the BSM and the other implementing the SSM. Two soil erosion plots were established, representing prototypes of a novel erosion monitoring apparatus called the Natural Erosion Trap (NET), or Diabrosimeter, specifically designed for forest environments. At regular intervals, particularly after significant storm events, sediment and leaf litter accumulated within the erosion plots were collected, dried, and weighed to quantify erosion rates and assess the efficacy of the silvicultural methods under investigation. The results revealed a 30.72% reduction in the eroded material with BSM compared to SSM, underscoring BSM’s ability to mitigate potential hazards and preserve environmental integrity.
Optimization of Land Use Structure Based on the Coupling of GMOP and PLUS Models: A Case Study of Lvliang City, China
Authors: Wang Zhen , Zhong Anya , Li Quanzhi
Published: August 2024

Reasonable land use planning and management efficiently allocates land resources, promotes socio-economic development, protects the ecological environment, and fosters sustainable development. It is a crucial foundation for achieving harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. Optimizing land use is key to land use planning and management. Four scenarios are established: an economic development scenario (EDS), an ecological protection scenario (EPS), a natural development scenario (NDS), and a coordinated development scenario (CDS). This study simulates land use patterns under these scenarios through the coupling of the GMOP and PLUS models. It analyzes the land use efficiency transformation index, landscape ecological index, comprehensive land use benefits, and ecosystem service value (ESV) for each pattern. The optimal land use pattern is determined by balancing these factors. The results indicated that under the CDS, the areas of wasteland, grassland, forest land, water bodies, construction land, and unused land in Lvliang City were 6724.29 km2, 6664.74 km2, 6581.84 km2, 126.94 km2, 1017.33 km2, and 0.42 km2, respectively. This represented the optimal land use plan for Lvliang City. The plan minimized human interference with the landscape pattern, achieved the highest land use efficiency transformation index, and reached a reasonable balance between land use benefits and ESV. The research findings provide valuable insights and decision support for regional land use planning, territorial space planning, and related policy formulation.
Effect of Temperature on Thermal Oxidation Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V ELI Alloy
Authors: Aniołek Krzysztof , Barylski Adrian , Rak Jan
Published: August 2024

In this paper, the morphological, micromechanical and tribological characteristics of the Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy after thermal oxidation (TO) were identified. TO was carried out at temperatures of 848 K, 898 K and 948 K over a period of 50 h. Microscopic examination revealed that an increase in temperature resulted in an improved uniformity of coverage and an increased oxide grain size. Micromechanical tests showed that TO of the Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy led to an increase in hardness and deformation resistance. Following oxidation, a decrease (by approximately 10–22%) was observed in the total mechanical work of indentation, Wtotal, compared to the as-received material. The formation of protective oxide films on the Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy also led to the improvement of tribological characteristics, both when tested under dry friction conditions and in Ringer’s solution. The sliding wear resistance increased with an increase in the oxidation temperature. However, a greater degree of wear reduction (by approximately 30–50%) was found for the lubricated contact in comparison with the dry friction tests. Surface roughness also increased with the increase in temperature.
Multi-Load Topology Optimization Design for the Structural Safety Maintenance of Low- and Intermediate-Level Radioactive Waste Packaging Containers in the Case of a Collision
Authors: Lee Jeong-In , Park Sang-Wook , Song Hye-Jin , Cho Yong-Jae , Kim Dong-Hwan , Ko Dae-Cheol , Jang Jin-Seok
Published: August 2024

This paper presents an optimized design approach using nonlinear dynamic analysis and finite element methods to ensure the structural integrity of square-shaped containers made from ductile cast iron for intermediate- and low-level radioactive waste packaging. Ductile cast iron, with its spherical graphite structure, effectively distributes stress throughout the material, leading to a storage capacity increase of approximately 18%. Considering the critical need for containers that maintain integrity under extreme conditions like earthquakes, the design focuses on mitigating stress concentrations at the corners of square structures. Nonlinear dynamic analyses were conducted in five drop directions: three specified by ASTM-D5276 standards and two additional directions to account for different load patterns. Fractures were observed in four out of the five scenarios. For each direction where fractures occurred, equivalent loads causing similar displacement fields were applied to linear static models, which were then used for multi-load topology optimization. Three optimized models were derived, each increasing the volume by 1.4% to 1.6% compared to the original model, and the design that best met the structural integrity requirements during drop scenarios was selected. To further enhance the optimization process, weights were assigned to different load conditions based on numerical analysis results, balancing the impact of maximum stress, average stress, and plastic deformation energy. The final model, with its increased storage capacity and enhanced structural integrity, offers a practical solution for radioactive waste management, overcoming limitations in previous designs by effectively addressing complex load conditions.
Supporting Circular Economy Principles by Recycling Window Frames into Particleboard
Authors: Wronka Anita , Kowaluk Grzegorz
Published: August 2024

The aim of the study was to identify limiting factors for reusing wood through the recycling of window frames by conducting research under fully controlled conditions. The research involved manufacturing new window frames, seasoning them, and then shredding them into wood particles to prepare a three-layer particleboard. The proportion of wood particles in recycling was 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 parts by weight of the manufactured particleboard. Mechanical property tests were conducted: modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond (IB), screw withdrawal resistance (SWR), and physical properties: density profile (DP), thickness swelling (TS) after water immersion, water absorption (WA), as well as formaldehyde emission and total volatile organic compound (TVOCs) tests. The research indicates a significant potential for utilizing wood from this sector of the wood industry, particularly considering variants with a higher proportion of recycled wood. MOR and MOE results are most promising for variants above 50 parts by weight of recycled wood. Based on the results obtained, it is clear that the production process should be improved or the raw material modified to enhance the internal bonding of particleboard, as these results were the weakest. Thus, recycled wood from window joinery has the potential to be reincarnated as particleboard, which continues to be widely used in their production.
Influence of SiO2 Nanoparticles Extracted from Biomass on the Properties of Electrodeposited Ni Matrix Composite Films on Si(100) Substrate
Authors: Mladenović Ivana O. , Nikolić Nebojša D. , Jovanov Vladislav , Radovanović Željko M. , Obradov Marko M. , Vasiljević-Radović Dana G. , Vuksanović Marija M.
Published: August 2024

Lab-made biosilica (SiO2) nanoparticles were obtained from waste biomass (rice husks) and used as eco-friendly fillers in the production of nickel matrix composite films via the co-electrodeposition technique. The produced biosilica nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, FTIR, and FE-SEM/EDS. Amorphous nano-sized biosilica particles with a high SiO2 content were obtained. Various current regimes of electrodeposition, such as direct current (DC), pulsating current (PC), and reversing current (RC) regimes, were applied for the fabrication of Ni and Ni/SiO2 films from a sulfamate electrolyte. Ni films electrodeposited with or without 1.0 wt.% biosilica nanoparticles in the electrolyte were characterized using FE-SEM/EDS (morphology/elemental analyses, roundness), AFM (roughness), Vickers microindentation (microhardness), and sheet resistance. Due to the incorporation of SiO2 nanoparticles, the Ni/SiO2 films were coarser than those obtained from the pure sulfamate electrolyte. The addition of SiO2 to the sulfamate electrolyte also caused an increase in the roughness and electrical conductivity of the Ni films. The surface roughness values of the Ni/SiO2 films were approximately 44.0%, 48.8%, and 68.3% larger than those obtained for the pure Ni films produced using the DC, PC, and RC regimes, respectively. The microhardness of the Ni and Ni/SiO2 films was assessed using the Chen-Gao (C-G) composite hardness model, and it was shown that the obtained Ni/SiO2 films had a higher hardness than the pure Ni films. Depending on the applied electrodeposition regime, the hardness of the Ni films increased from 29.1% for the Ni/SiO2 films obtained using the PC regime to 95.5% for those obtained using the RC regime, reaching the maximal value of 6.880 GPa for the Ni/SiO2 films produced using the RC regime.
Evaluation of the Properties of 3D-Printed Onyx–Fiberglass Composites
Authors: Yun Jong-Hwan , Yoon Gun-Woong , Jeon Yu-Jae , Kang Min-Soo
Published: August 2024

This study evaluated the properties of 3D-printed Onyx–fiberglass composites. These composites were 3D-printed with zero, one, two, three, and four layers of fiberglass. Ten samples of each configuration were printed for the tensile and flexural tests. The average tensile strength of the Onyx specimens was calculated to be 44.79 MPa, which increased linearly by approximately 20–25 MPa with each additional fiberglass layer. The elastic moduli calculated from the micromechanics models were compared with the experimental values obtained from the tensile tests. The experimental elastic modulus increased more significantly than the model prediction when more fiberglass layers were added. The flexural modulus of Onyx was 17.6 GPa, which increased with each additional fiberglass layer. This quantitative analysis of composites fabricated using 3D printing highlights their potential for commercialization and industrial applications.
Critical Model Insight into Broadband Dielectric Properties of Neopentyl Glycol (NPG)
Authors: Drozd-Rzoska Aleksandra , Kalabiński Jakub , Rzoska Sylwester J.
Published: August 2024

This report presents the low-frequency (LF), static, and dynamic dielectric properties of neopentyl glycol (NPG), an orientationally disordered crystal (ODIC)-forming material important for the barocaloric effect applications. High-resolution tests were carried out for 173K<T<440K, in liquid, ODIC, and solid crystal phases. The support of the innovative distortion-sensitive analysis revealed a set of novel characterizations important for NPG and any ODIC-forming material. First, the dielectric constant in the liquid and ODIC phase follows the Mossotti Catastrophe-like pattern, linked to the Clausius–Mossotti local field. It challenges the heuristic paradigm forbidding such behavior for dipolar liquid dielectrics. For DC electric conductivity, the prevalence of the ‘critical and activated’ scaling relation is evidenced. It indicates that commonly applied VFT scaling might have only an effective parameterization meaning. The discussion of dielectric behavior in the low-frequency (LF) domain is worth stressing. It is significant for applications but hardly discussed due to the cognitive gap, making an analysis puzzling. For the contribution to the real part of dielectric permittivity in the LF domain, associated with translational processes, exponential changes in the liquid phase and hyperbolic changes in the ODIC phase are evidenced. The novelty also constitutes tgδ temperature dependence, related to energy dissipation. The results presented also reveal the strong postfreezing/pre-melting-type effects on the solid crystal side of the strongly discontinuous ODIC–solid crystal transition. So far, such a phenomenon has been observed only for the liquid–solid crystal melting transition. The discussion of a possible universal picture of the behavior in the liquid phase of liquid crystalline materials and in the liquid and ODIC phases of NPG is particularly worth stressing.
A Comparative Study on the Texture of Exposed Aggregate Concrete (EAC) Pavements Using Different Measurement Techniques
Authors: Gierasimiuk Pawel , Wasilewska Marta , Gardziejczyk Wladyslaw
Published: August 2024

This paper presents issues related to the assessment of the texture of aggregate concrete (EAC) surfaces using various methods for its verification. Microtexture was assessed using the British Pendulum Tester (BPT) and Dynamic Friction Tester (DFT). Two laser profilometers were used to assess macrotexture, circular texture meter (CTM) and stationary laser profilograph (SPL), as well as the commonly known volumetric method. Measurements were carried out on left and right tracks and in between them on five test sections of expressways. Based on the analyses performed, it was found that the results obtained by the DFT were less sensitive to changes in microtexture between individual tracks compared to the results obtained by the BPT. The BPN values in the left track were lower than those in the right track. However, the difference between the DFT20 results in these spots was insignificant. Both MPD and MTD values did not show significant differences between the right and left tracks. However, some differences were observed between the MPD parameters obtained using the CTM and SPL. This resulted from the different frequency and length of the scanned surface profile. However, the differences were at an acceptable level. A very high linear correlation was obtained in the case of BPN and DFT20 values (r − 0.719), and in the case of MPD and MTD values, the correlation was almost certain (r above 0.900). Based on a comparative analysis of the models estimating mean texture depth (MTD/ETD), a significant difference was observed between models based on EAC pavement results and those based on asphalt surfaces.
Annealing Effect on Structural, Optical and Electrophysical Properties of ZnSe Nanocrystals Synthesized into SiO2/Si Ion Track Template
Authors: Akylbekova Aiman , Dauletbekova Alma , Baimukhanov Zein , Vlasukova Liudmila A. , Usseinov Abay , Saduova Nuray , Akilbekov Abdirash T. , Pankratov Vladimir A. , Popov Anatoli I.
Published: August 2024

We report the results of synthesis of zinc selenide (ZnSe) nanocrystals into SiO2/Si track templates formed by irradiation with 200 MeV Xe ions up to a fluence of 107 ions/cm2. Zinc selenide nanocrystals were obtained by chemical deposition from the alkaline aqueous solution. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy, and electrical measurements were used for characterization of synthesized ZnSe/SiO2nanoporous/Si nanocomposites. XRD data for as-deposited precipitates revealed the formation of ZnSe nanocrystals with cubic crystal structure, spatial syngony F-43m (216). According to non-empirical calculations using GGA-PBE and HSE06 functionals, ZnSe crystal is a direct-zone crystal with a minimum bandgap width of 2.36 eV and anisotropic electronic distribution. It was found that a thermal treatment of synthesized nanocomposites at 800 °C results in an increase in ZnSe nanocrystallites size as well as an increase in emission intensity of created precipitates in a broad UV-VIS spectra range. However, vacuum conditions of annealing still do not completely prevent the oxidation of zinc selenide, and a formation of hexagonal ZnO phase is registered in the annealed samples. The current–voltage characteristics of the synthesized nanocomposites proved to have n-type conductivity, as well as increased conductivity after annealing.
Comparative Study of the Structural, Microstructural, and Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Pastes Obtained from Ready-to-Use Metakaolin–Quicklime Powders and Classic Geopolymers
Authors: Zerzouri Maroua , Hamzaoui Rabah , Ziyani Layella , Alehyen Saliha
Published: August 2024

This study compares the structural, microstructural, thermal, and mechanical properties of geopolymer pastes (GPs) created through traditional methods and those derived from ready-to-use powders for geopolymer (RUPG) materials. The metakaolin (MK) precursor was activated using a sodium silicate solution or CaO and MOH (where M is Na or K). Various ratios of precursor/activator and Na2SiO3 or CaO/MOH were tested to determine the optimal combination. For RUPG, the MK precursor was activated by replacing the sodium silicate solution with quicklime. Metakaolin, alkaline hydroxide, and quicklime powders were mixed at different CaO ratios (wt%) and subjected to extensive ball milling to produce RUPG. The RUPG was then hydrated, molded, and cured at 20 °C and 50% relative humidity until testing. Analytical methods were used to characterize the raw and synthesized materials. Classic geopolymers (CGPs) activated with quicklime burst after one hour of molding. The results indicated slight amorphization of GP compared to raw MK, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis, showing N(K)-A-S-H in CGP and N(K)-A-S-H with calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H/C-A-S-H) in RUPG. The compressive strength of MK-based geopolymers reached 31.45 MPa and 34.92 MPa for GP and CGP, respectively, after 28 days of curing.