bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obturator hernia: Anatomy, embryology, diagnosis, and treatment
Authors: Petrie Alison , Shane Tubbs R. , Matusz Petru , Shaffer Kitt , Loukas Marios
Published: February 2011

An obturator hernia is an infrequent but significant cause of intestinal obstruction. The incidence of obturator hernias is between 0.05 and 1.4% of all hernias. The mortality rate can be as high as 70% when acutely incarcerated due to the difficulty in diagnosis and delay in surgical treatment Three progressive stages of obturator herniation have been classified and can be one of three different varieties depending on the pathway the herniated sac follows. Knowledge of the anatomy and pathogenesis of obturator herniation is essential in diagnosis and treatment. The most common clinical presentation is intestinal obstruction (90%) and this is often seen in elderly, emaciated, multiparous women with predisposing conditions. Other classic signs, though not always present include obturator neuralgia, the Howship‐Romberg sign and the Hannington‐Kiff sign. Computed tomography scan is the most favored diagnostic imaging method. The abdominal surgical approach is most preferred when a diagnosis is uncertain and laparoscopy should be employed in elective early surgeries. This aim of this article is to review the diagnosis and treatment of obturator hernia by describing the anatomy, embryology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management currently in use. Increased awareness and proper management of this condition will result in decreased morbidity and mortality. Clin. Anat. 24:562–569, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of the anatomy of the sigmoid colon in developing sigmoid volvulus: A case–control study
Authors: Akinkuotu Adesola , Samuel Jonathan C. , Msiska Nelson , Mvula Chimwemwe , Charles Anthony G.
Published: February 2011

Sigmoid volvulus is a common condition throughout much of the world. To this date, there are no adequately controlled clinical trials examining the role of anatomy in sigmoid volvulus. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if the anatomic dimensions of the sigmoid colon differ in sigmoid volvulus compared to controls. This prospective case–control study was conducted at Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi. Cases included individuals 18 years or older with surgically confirmed sigmoid volvulus, while controls included individuals undergoing surgery for reasons unrelated to the descending or sigmoid colon, or rectum. Intraoperative measurements of the sigmoid colon were taken, including mesosigmoid root width and mesosigmoid length. A total of 26 cases and 12 controls were enrolled. When compared to controls, the mesosigmoid of cases had a greater length and maximal width; however, mesosigmoid root width was similar between groups. These findings support the assertion that sigmoid volvulus is due to a long and wide mesosigmoid that rotates on a constant mesosigmoid root width. This is the first adequately controlled trial examining anatomy in sigmoid volvulus and provides strong evidence that refines prior hypotheses regarding the anatomic basis of sigmoid volvulus. Clin. Anat. 24:634–637, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure–Function Relationships of Phenoxazine Nucleosides for Identification of Mismatches in Duplex DNA by Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Gardarsson Haraldur , Kale Ajaykumar S. , Sigurdsson Snorri Th.
Published: February 2011

The effects of the flanking sequence on the mismatch‐detection capabilities of the fluorescent nucleoside phenoxazine (tCO) were examined in a systematic fashion, and compared to the previously reported fluorescent, phenoxazine‐based nucleoside Çf. We see some similarities for the two fluorescent nucleosides, for example, the emission intensity of the C‐mismatched duplex is always the highest, and a three‐peak pattern in the spectrum emerges when the fluorosides are base‐paired with A. However, phenoxazine was only able to distinguish a mismatch from the fully base‐paired duplex in 11 out of 16 flanking sequences, and was able to identify each of the mismatches in six of those sequences. Therefore, tCO shows poorer discrimination of mismatches than was previously reported for Çf, which could be used to identify all base‐pairing partners in all immediately flanking sequences, albeit in some cases by using mercuric ions to selectively quench the emission of the T‐mismatched duplex. The mercuric titration might resolve the overlap of fluorescence curves of tCO in some flanking sequences, but not for 5′‐d(CtCOG) and 5′‐d(TtCOA) due to overlap of A‐mismatch and G‐match fluorescence curves. A pH titration was performed on Çf, tCO and a N5‐methylated derivative of tCO, which showed that the emergence of the three‐peak pattern is associated with the de‐protonation of N5 in the fluorosides. We also show that neither the α‐ nor β‐anomer of the phenothiazine nucleoside (tC) was able to detect a mismatch in any of the flanking sequences examined.
High Transfection Efficiency of Cationic Lipids with Asymmetric Acyl–Cholesteryl Hydrophobic Tails
Authors: Radchatawedchakoon Widchaya , Krajarng Aungkana , Niyomtham Nattisa , Watanapokasin Ramida , Yingyongnarongkul Boon‐ek
Published: February 2011

The ability of a nonviral gene delivery system to overcome extra‐ and intracellular barriers is a critical issue for the future clinical applications of gene therapy. In recent years much effort has been focused on the development of a variety of DNA carriers, and cationic liposomes have become the most common nonviral gene delivery system. One hundred and eighty novel cationic lipids with asymmetric acyl–cholesteryl hydrophobic tails were synthesized by parallel solid‐phase chemistry. The liposomes were prepared and gel retardation assays were used to study the binding efficiency between the prepared liposome and the DNA. Transfection efficiencies of the lipids were evaluated against various mammalian cells, such as human embryonic kidney (HEK293), human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), canine osteosarcoma (D17), colorectal adenocarcinoma (COLO 205), and human prostate adenocarcinoma (PC3) cells. The lipids with an acyl portion at the terminal part of the polyamine backbone exhibited higher transfection efficiency than those with the acyl portion as an internal part of the backbone. These compounds also showed higher transfection efficiency and lower cytotoxicity than the commercially available agents, Effectene, DOTAP, and DC‐Chol.
Phthalocyanine Analogues: Unexpectedly Facile Access to Non‐Peripherally Substituted Octaalkyl Tetrabenzotriazaporphyrins, Tetrabenzodiazaporphyrins, Tetrabenzomonoazaporphyrins and Tetrabenzoporphyrins
Authors: Cammidge Andrew N. , Chambrier Isabelle , Cook Michael J. , Hughes David L. , Rahman Muhibur , Sosa‐Vargas Lydia
Published: February 2011

Controlled syntheses of phthalocyanine/benzoporphyrin hybrid structures have been achieved. We report a simple means for obtaining non‐peripherally octaalkyl‐substituted derivatives of tetrabenzotriazaporphyrin (TBTAP), tetrabenzodiazaporphyrin (TBDAP), tetrabenzomonoazaporphyrin (TBMAP) and tetrabenzoporphyrin (TBP) macrocycles by treating 3,6‐dialkyl phthalonitriles with differing amounts of the Grignard reagent MeMgBr. This range of macrocyclic products is not obtained from corresponding reactions of a Grignard reagent with 4‐substituted phthalonitriles, reported previously, or reaction of MeMgBr with a 4,5‐dialkyl phthalonitrile. Attempts to form a meso‐substituted TBTAP from 3,6‐dialkyl phthalonitriles by reaction with benzyl and long‐chain alkyl Grignard reagents unexpectedly gave only the parent macrocycle unsubstituted at the meso position. The synthetic protocols are by far the most straightforward and convenient means to access these interesting, but scarcely studied, classes of material. The new series of substituted macrocyclic compounds, obtained as the metal‐free and magnesium‐ and copper(II)‐metallated derivatives, show trends in the UV/Vis spectra consistent with those predicted elsewhere by Kobayashi. Characterisation of the new families allows further trends to be identified as meso‐nitrogen atoms are sequentially replaced by methine bridges, for example, the compounds provide novel examples of macrocyclic structures that show columnar mesophase behaviour. Single‐crystal X‐ray structure determinations have been obtained for three magnesium‐metallated derivatives bearing eight hexyl substituents and constitute the first set of structural data obtained for such a series.
The Scope of Ambiphilic Acetate‐Assisted Cyclometallation with Half‐Sandwich Complexes of Iridium, Rhodium and Ruthenium
Authors: Boutadla Youcef , Davies David L. , Jones Rachel C. , Singh Kuldip
Published: February 2011

CH activation by acetate‐assisted cyclometallation of a phenyl group with half‐sandwich complexes [{MCl2Cp*}2] (M=Ir, Rh) and [{RuCl2(p‐cymene)}2] can be directed by a wide range of nitrogen donor ligands including pyrazole, oxazoline, oxime, imidazole and triazole, and X‐ray structures of a number of complexes are reported. All the ligands tested cyclometallated at iridium, however ruthenium and rhodium fail to cause cyclometallation in some cases. As a result, the nitrogen donors have been categorised based on their reactivity with the three metals used. The relevance of these cyclometallation reactions to catalytic synthesis of carbocycles and heterocycles is discussed.
Synthesis, Characterisation and Cytotoxicity of Polyoxometalate/Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanocomposites
Authors: Geisberger Georg , Paulus Susann , Carraro Mauro , Bonchio Marcella , Patzke Greta R.
Published: February 2011

Chitosan and its derivates continue to attract considerable research interest as effective drug carriers with good biocompatibility and high cellular uptake rates. We used these versatile features to tap the considerable biomedical potential of polyoxometalates (POMs) through their encapsulation into a carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) matrix. The nanocapsules were prepared by ionic gelification with Ca2+; their size distribution ranges from 60 to 150 nm. Because [Co4(H2O)2(PW9O34)2]10− is well known for its manifold properties, such as antiviral activity, it was selected as a model POM. The resulting composites were characterised with a wide range of analytical methods, which pointed to quantitative encapsulation of intact POMs within the CMC matrix. We studied the biocompatibility of the POM/CMC nanocomposites on HeLa cells through MTT and proliferation assays. Even after prolonged incubation times at high concentrations, the composites did not display cytotoxicity, thereby drastically reducing the side effects of the pristine POMs. This opens up new avenues for designing novel inorganic drug prototypes from bioactive POMs.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 6‐Substituted 5‐Alkyl‐2‐(phenylaminocarbonylmethylthio)pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones as Potent HIV‐1 NNRTIs
Authors: Yu Mingyan , Li Zhenyu , Liu Shuai , Fan Erkang , Pannecouque Christophe , De Clercq Erik , Liu Xinyong
Published: February 2011

A series of new 5‐alkyl‐2‐phenylaminocarbonylmethylthiopyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones bearing variously substituted arylmethyl moieties at the C6 position of the pyrimidine ring were synthesized and evaluated for anti‐HIV activity in MT‐4 cells. Most of these new congeners exhibited moderate to good activities against the wild‐type virus, with EC50 values in the range of 1.40–0.19 μM. Among them, 2‐[(4‐cyanophenylamino)carbonylmethylthio]‐6‐(2‐chloro‐6‐fluorobenzyl)‐5‐ethylpyrimidin‐4(3H)‐one 4 b6 is one of the compounds endowed with the highest broad‐spectrum HIV‐1 inhibitory activity, with EC50 values of 0.19±0.005 μM against the wild‐type virus, 1.05±0.24 μM (twofold resistance) against the E138K strain, and 2.38±0.13 μM (4.5‐fold resistance) against the Y181C strain. Furthermore, reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibition assays against wild‐type HIV‐1 RT were performed with selected derivatives, confirming that the main target of these compounds is HIV‐1 RT and that these new S‐DABO analogues act as non‐nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs). Structure–activity relationship and molecular modeling analyses of these new congeners are also discussed.
Stretched Polyethylene Films Probed by Single Molecules
Authors: Wirtz Alexander C. , Hofmann Clemens , Groenen Edgar J. J.
Published: February 2011

Stretched films of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) doped with 2.3,8.9‐dibenzanthanthrene (DBATT) were studied using polarization‐selective single‐molecule spectroscopy at 1.8 K. By measuring the in‐plane component of the electronic transition‐dipole moments of individual chromophores, the alignment of dopant molecules is determined without averaging. The distributions of chromophore orientations reveal the presence of two fractions of dopant molecules: those oriented along the stretching direction and randomly oriented molecules. With increasing drawing ratio of the polyethylene films, the ratio of oriented to randomly oriented guest molecules increases, whereas the extent of chromophore orientation, that is, the width of the orientation distribution, remains the same. The results are consistent with the interpretation that oriented chromophores reside on the surfaces of polyethylene crystals, instead of in the amorphous polyethylene regions. Guest molecules in stretched polyethylene are oriented due to the alignment of the crystallites on which they are adsorbed. As such, the shape and width of the distributions of chromophore orientations are determined by the interaction of guest molecules with the crystal surfaces.
Cytological features of myxomatous fibroadenoma of the breast
Authors: Yamaguchi Rin , Tanaka Maki , Yokoyama Toshiro , Nonaka Yasuhide , Mizushima Yasuko , Kawahara Akihiko , Yoshida Tomoko , Ito Tsutomu , Yamaguchi Miki , Kage Masayoshi , Yano Hirohisa
Published: February 2011

Fibroadenoma (FA) is a benign tumor that must be differentiated from carcinomas. FAs often exhibit myxedematous changes (myxomatous FA, M‐FA). We previously reported on the clinical significance of M‐FA. M‐FA and (mucinous) carcinoma share clinical findings, rapid growth and a relatively large size, a high‐depth/width (D/W) ratio, a relatively round shape, and posterior echo enhancement with internal hyperechogenicity on ultrasonography (US). Next, a biopsy is required for differential diagnosis. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic significance of the cytological findings of M‐FA with US findings. Among 13 FAs that were diagnosed by cytology, we compared (i) a group of six mucinous carcinomas with acellular mucin and a D/W ratio ≥ 0.7 (a suspicious factor for malignancy) with a group with a D/W ratio of <0.7, and (ii) the frequency of metachromasia on Giemsa stain between M‐FAs and non‐M‐FAs among eight FA cases confirmed by histology. (i) FA lesions (7 of 13) showed metachromasia with Giemsa staining significantly more frequently than did mucinous carcinoma (0/6) (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.044). FA lesions with a D/W ratio ≥ 0.7 (6/7) showed metachromasia significantly more frequently than did FA with a D/W ratio <0.7 (1/6) (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.029). Among eight FA cases confirmed by histology, M‐FA cases (6/6) demonstrated metachromasia significantly more frequently than non‐M‐FA cases (0/2) (P < 0.036). M‐FA cytologically exhibits marked metachromasia on Giemsa staining. Combining cytological examination and understanding the clinical features of M‐FA may allow us to choose cytological examination as a first‐line diagnostic method for tumor‐forming lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cholangiocarcinoma in a 17‐year‐old boy with primary sclerosing cholangitis and UroVysion™ fluorescent in situ hybridization
Authors: Huddleston Brent J. , Lamb Randy D. , Gopez Evelyn V. , Adler Douglas G. , Collins Brian T.
Published: February 2011

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is uncommon in the younger age range and bile duct brushing cytology can present unique challenges. We describe the case of a 17‐year‐old boy with a new diagnosis of PSC who presented with cholangiocarcinoma. The clinical history, endoscopic features, cytomorphologic findings, and results of UroVysion™ fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on the bile duct brush are described. UroVysion FISH on bile duct brushings is an ancillary study that can improve the diagnostic sensitivity for malignancy, specially in challenging cases where the cytomorphologic or clinical characteristics of the case are not typical. The occurrence of cholangiocarcinoma in young age group with PSC is uncommon, and the utilization of UroVysion FISH has been rarely described. Diagn. Cytopathol.2011; © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration of ganglioneuroma, maturing type (a.k.a., “borderline ganglioneuroblastoma”) in the mediastinum of a young man: Case report and discussion of classification
Authors: Ponsford Tipps Ann M. , Weidner Noel
Published: February 2011

We report a very unusual case of a posterior mediastinal tumor in a young man, which we diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology as most consistent with ganglioneuroma, maturing subtype. The cytopathologic features were interpreted using the classification of neuroblastic tumors as defined by the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Committee. Neuroblastic tumors are peculiar tumors that have capacity for maturation, and hence they present as a spectrum of tumors, ranging from the undifferentiated neuroblastoma, to ganglioneuroblastoma, to the mature version ganglioneuroma. The practicing surgical pathologist or cytopathologist who does not regularly encounter pediatric specimens may experience difficulty interpreting a specimen from one of these tumors. The following case report discusses application of these criteria to cytopathologic diagnosis of these tumors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A primary nipple lymphoma diagnosed by a modified fine‐needle aspiration method
Authors: Wang Peng , Yu Xiao‐Meng
Published: February 2011

Primary breast lymphomas are uncommon. All reported primary breast lymphomas were in the breast parenchyma. Here we reported the first case of primary nipple lymphoma in a 76‐year‐old woman initially diagnosed using a modified fine‐needle aspiration method. The aspirated material by this method had yielded adequate material for both cytomorphologic and flow cytometric analysis, as well as for molecular analysis of light chain rearrangement. In smears the atypical lymphocytes were predominantly middle‐sized with irregular nuclei. Scattered large centroblast or immunoblast‐like cells, a few reactive lymphocytes, histocytes, and few plasma cells were also observed. These findings suggested a low‐grade lymphoma that was further confirmed by flow cytometry (CD19+/CD3−, positive for cytoplasmic kappa light chain but negative for lambda light chain) and molecular analysis (monoclonal rearrangement of immunoglobulin kappa chain). Immunohistochemical stains performed on the excised specimen showed that the tumor cells were positive for CD20 and CD79a but negative for cytokeratin, CD3, CD5, CD10, CD23, CD43, CD45RO, bcl‐6, and cyclin‐D1. The Ki‐67 proliferation index was less than 20%. Taking these together, the case was diagnosed as a primary MALT lymphoma of the nipple. FNA usually provides a better cell morphology than tissue sections, but pathologists have to face the sampling error and lack of immunophenotype information when subtyping lymphoma issues using FNA. With the help of flow cytometry and molecular analysis, more and more trials haveproved the accuracy of FNA in diagnosis of lymphomas. Therefore, FNA could play an informative and diagnostic role indiagnosis of lymphoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Primer and interviews: The dynamic stem cell niche
Authors: Kiefer Julie C.
Published: February 2011

A stem cell niche is a microenvironment that supports self‐renewal of a population of stem cells, and their production of differentiated cells. While the definition evokes images of a stem cell Shangri‐La—where a serene stem cell pool nestles within a niche that shelters and sustains it—the reality is much more tumultuous. Niches are subject to an ever‐changing maelstrom of environmental factors, the ravages of old age, and the sly tactics of disease. Presented here is a basic overview of the different ways in which stem cell niches respond to local and systemic environments, and their impact on stem cell behavior. The primer culminates with a discussion of the topic with stem cell and niche biologists D. Leanne Jones, Ph.D., and Tudorita Tumbar, Ph.D. Developmental Dynamics 240:737–743, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Examining the interpersonal model of binge eating and loss of control over eating in women
Authors: Ansell Emily B. , Grilo Carlos M. , White Marney A.
Published: February 2011

Objective:

This study examined the interpersonal model of binge eating (Wilfley et al., Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Group, New York: Basic Books, 2000; Wilfley et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 8, 713–721, 2002; Elliott et al., Behav Res Ther, 48, 424–428, 2010) which posits that interpersonal problems lead to negative affect which, in turn, triggers disordered eating.

Method:

The model was tested using data from 350 women obtained via an internet assessment method. Analyses examined direct and indirect effects, via depressive/negative affect, of interpersonal problems, including domains of affiliation and dominance on loss of control over eating, binge eating, and eating disorder psychopathology.

Results:

Interpersonal problems showed significant effects on binge eating and eating disorder psychopathology that were statistically mediated by depressive/negative affect. Affiliation showed significant effects on binge eating and eating disorder psychopathology with low affiliation effects statistically mediated by depressive/negative affect and high affiliation effects independent of depressive/negative affect.

Discussion:

These findings support the interpersonal model of binge eating and highlight the importance of examining specific types of interpersonal problems in understanding heterogeneity of individuals with eating disorder psychopathology. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Seasonal patterns of birth for subjects with bulimia nervosa, binge eating, and purging: Results from the National Women's Study
Authors: Brewerton Timothy D. , Dansky Bonnie S. , O'Neil Patrick M. , Kilpatrick Dean G.
Published: February 2011

Objective:

Studies of birth patterns in anorexia nervosa have shown relative increases between March and August, while studies in Bulimia Nervosa (BN) have been negative. Since there are no studies using representative, nonclinical samples, we looked for seasonal birth patterns in women with BN and in those who ever endorsed bingeing or purging.

Method:

A national, representative sample of 3,006 adult women completed structured telephone interviews including screenings for bulimia nervosa (BN) and questions about month, date, and year of birth. Season of birth was calculated using traditional definitions. Differences across season of birth between subjects with (n = 85) and without BN (n = 2,898), those with (n = 749) and without bingeing (n = 2,229), and those with (n = 267) and without any purging (n = 2,715) were compared using chi‐square analyses.

Results:

There were significant differences across season of birth between subjects: (1) with and without BN (p = 0.033); (2) with and without bingeing (p = 0.034), and; (3) with and without purging (p = 0.001). Fall had the highest relative number of births for all categories, while spring had the lowest.

Discussion:

In a national representative study of nontreatment seeking subjects significant differences in season of birth were found for subjects with lifetime histories of BN, binge eating and purging. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
The myths of motivation: Time for a fresh look at some received wisdom in the eating disorders?
Authors: Waller Glenn
Published: February 2011

The eating disorders typically involve poor motivation to change. This article reviews the evidence behind many of our beliefs about motivation and whether we need a different conceptual framework for understanding why patients commonly get “stuck.” The outcome literature is reviewed, and demonstrates that there is little evidence that we are effective in enhancing motivation to induce changes in symptoms. Indeed, there are suggestions that commonly used models are unhelpful. Verbal expressions of motivation are not the best indicator of likely treatment response, and can best be understood as providing a “manifesto,” which has functions that can obstruct recovery from the eating disorder. A behavioral analysis of motivation is likely to be more effective. Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral methods for enhancing motivation are outlined, with the aim of bypassing the motivational manifesto and encouraging positive therapeutic change. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals,Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in outpatients with bulimia nervosa
Authors: DeJong Hannah , Perkins Sarah , Grover Miriam , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: February 2011

Objective:

This study examined the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in patients with bulimia nervosa (BN), and the relationship between these disorders.

Method:

Sixty‐four participants with a diagnosis of BN or a related condition were recruited from an outpatient eating disorders service. Questionnaire and interview measures were used to assess bulimic symptoms and attitudes, IBS symptoms, anxiety and depression. Cases of IBS were identified using the Manning criteria.

Results:

There was a high prevalence of IBS in the patient group (68.8%), but IBS status was not predicted by any of the other variables measured. Patients who met criteria for IBS reported more frequent self‐induced vomiting than those who did not (U = 256.0, p = 0.038).

Discussion:

There is evidence of an high incidence of IBS in outpatients with BN, but the relationship between these conditions remains unclear. Future research should consider possible common risk factors. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compulsive exercise: The role of personality, psychological morbidity, and disordered eating
Authors: Goodwin Huw , Haycraft Emma , Willis Anne‐Marie , Meyer Caroline
Published: February 2011

Objective:

Compulsive exercise has been closely linked with eating disorders, and has been widely reported in both clinical and nonclinical settings. It has been shown to have a negative impact on eating disorder treatment and outcome. However, the risk factors for compulsive exercise have not been examined. This study aimed to provide a first step in identifying potential cross‐sectional predictors of compulsive exercise.

Method:

The sample consisted of 1,488 male and female adolescents, aged 12–14 years old, recruited from schools in the United Kingdom. Participants completed measures of compulsive exercise, personality, psychological morbidity, and disordered eating attitudes during a school class period.

Results:

Multiple stepwise regressions showed that the strongest cross‐sectional predictors of compulsive exercise were a drive for thinness, perfectionism, and obsessive‐compulsiveness.

Discussion:

These results are discussed in terms of the role that personal factors may play in the development of compulsive exercise. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Binge eating disorder psychopathology in normal weight and obese individuals
Authors: Dingemans Alexandra E. , van Furth Eric F.
Published: February 2011

Objective:

Although Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is associated with obesity and unstable weight and the diagnosis was originally predicated with the obese in mind, obesity is not a criterion for BED. In fact, BED is not uncommon in nonobese individuals. The aim of this study was to compare the psychopathology of obese (BMI >30) and nonobese individuals (BMI < 30) with BED.

Method:

Within a group of 174 individuals diagnosed with BED, 51 (29%) were classified as nonobese and 123 (71%) as obese. The Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to assess eating disorder psychopathology and depressive symptoms.

Results:

The nonobese BED group was significantly younger and was less likely to receive treatment. The obese group had more concerns about weight and reported more objective binge eating episodes. No differences were found on any other subscales of the EDE or BDI.

Discussion:

Our main finding was that there are more similarities than differences between the nonobese and obese individuals with BED. The severity of the psychopathology does not seem to be related to BMI. More awareness of the existence of nonobese individuals with BED is needed. Early detection and treatment may prevent the development of overweight and it's consequences. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Respiratory acidosis in adolescents with anorexia nervosa hospitalized for medical stabilization: A retrospective study
Authors: Kerem Nogah C. , Riskin Arieh , Averin Elvira , Srugo Isaac , Kugelman Amir
Published: February 2011

Objective:

To examine the effect of malnutrition due to anorexia nervosa (AN) on venous blood gases of adolescents with AN hospitalized for medical stabilization.

Method:

This retrospective study included 45 adolescents with recent onset (<1 year) AN diagnosed by DSM‐IV criteria and excluded subjects with a history of lung disease.

Results:

Mean (±SD) age at hospitalization was 15.0 ± 2.0 years; time from onset of symptoms was 6.8 ± 3.0 months; body mass index (BMI) was 15.2 ± 1.5 kg/m2; and minimal nocturnal heart rate (MNHR) was 39.8 ± 7.2 beats/min. On admission, pH was 7.32 ± 0.02, pCO2 was 53.8 ± 4.6 mm Hg, and HCO3 was 28.1 ± 2.1 mEq/l. Significant changes (p < .001) occurred during the relatively short hospitalization (9.7 ± 5.1days): venous pH increased, pCO2 decreased, HCO3 decreased, MNHR increased, and heart rate orthostasis decreased. Mild respiratory acidosis (pH < 7.35 and pCO2 > 45 mm Hg) was observed in 78% of the patients on admission and only in 35% at discharge (p = .0003). Positive correlations were found between % of weight loss and pCO2 on admission and between BMI on admission and the delta pCO2 during hospitalization.

Discussion:

Mild respiratory acidosis is common in adolescents with recently diagnosed AN, hospitalized for medical stabilization. Respiratory acidosis improves with bed rest and refeeding. The clinical significance of these findings should be further evaluated. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
The therapeutic alliance in the early part of cognitive‐behavioral therapy for the eating disorders
Authors: Waller Glenn , Evans Jane , Stringer Hannah
Published: February 2011

Objective:

This study examined the strength of the therapeutic alliance in the early stages of cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) for the eating disorders, and whether the strength of that allianceis associated with early eating characteristics, comorbid Axis 1 and 2 features.

Method:

Forty‐four eating‐disordered patients completed measures of eating and Axis 1 and 2 characteristics at the start of therapy, and measures of the therapeutic alliance and eating characteristics at the sixth session of CBT.

Results:

The therapeutic alliance was strong, including in the domain of attachment. It was unrelated to initial eating pathology and early changes in eating cognitions and behaviors. However, there were links between initial emotional and interpersonal features and therapeutic alliance by the sixth session.

Discussion:

The findings counter suggestions that CBT for eating disorders is characterized by a poor therapeutic relationship. The therapeutic alliance is likely to be enhanced by addressing high levels of emotional distress and difficulties in interpersonal function where appropriate. This research needs to be extended to other therapies, other domains of function and different time points in therapy, to build a fuller picture of the role of the therapeutic relationship in working with the eating disorders. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
“Do you still want to be seen?”: The pros and cons of active waiting list management
Authors: Tatham Madeleine , Stringer Hannah , Perera Samanthi , Waller Glenn
Published: February 2011

Objective:

This study examined the impact on a clinic waiting list of introducing an “opt‐in” system for patients awaiting individual outpatient cognitive behavioral therapy. The proportion of patients opting in was identified, along with demographic, eating, and psychopathological factors that might make some more likely to opt out.

Method:

The sample consisted of 116 patients with eating disorder. Each completed measures of eating and axis 1 and 2 characteristics at assessment. They received one opt‐in letter and a reminder. Those who opted in immediately or after a reminder were compared with those who did not.

Results:

Just over two‐thirds of the patients opted to remain on the waiting list. No demographic or eating characteristics differentiated those individuals. Those who did not opt in immediately had higher levels of depression, psychoticism, and borderline personality disorder cognitions. However, that difference disappeared when the reminder letter was sent.

Discussion:

Waiting list reductions can be achieved through an active “opt‐in” mechanism, and this approach does not disadvantage specific individuals but speeds access to treatment for the majority of patients. However, further research is needed to track pathways of care to determine whether such initiatives have longer term positive or negative impacts. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Essential role of Rip2 in the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity triggered by Nod1 and Nod2 ligands
Authors: Magalhaes Joao G. , Lee Jooeun , Geddes Kaoru , Rubino Stephen , Philpott Dana J. , Girardin Stephen E.
Published: February 2011

Muramyl peptides are the building blocks of bacterial peptidoglycan, and their biological functions in mammals have been extensively studied. In particular, muramyl peptides trigger inflammation, contribute to host defense against microbial infections, and modulate the adaptive immune response to antigens. These bacterial molecules are detected by nucleotide oligomerization domain 1 (Nod1) and Nod2, and recent evidence suggests that muramyl dipeptide also activates NLRP3 and NLRP1 inflammasomes. Here, we investigated the role of Rip2, the adaptor for Nod1‐ and Nod2‐dependent signaling, in multiple aspects of the host response to muramyl peptides in vivo, such as inflammatory cytokine secretion, activation and recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils to the site of injection, systemic activation of myeloid, T and B cells in the spleen, adjuvanticity and capacity to polarize the adaptive response to ovalbumin. Our results demonstrate that Rip2 was crucial for all the biological functions studied. We also identified CD11cintCD11b+ inflammatory dendritic cells as a major myeloid cell population responding to Nod stimulation in vivo. Together, our results highlight the importance of Rip2 for Nod‐dependent induction of innate and adaptive immunity.
ER stress and its regulator X‐box‐binding protein‐1 enhance polyIC‐induced innate immune response in dendritic cells
Authors: Hu Fanlei , Yu Xiaofei , Wang Hongxia , Zuo Daming , Guo Chunqing , Yi Huanfa , Tirosh Boaz , Subjeck John R. , Qiu Xiaoyan , Wang Xiang‐Yang
Published: February 2011

Multiple physiological and pathological conditions interfere with the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, much remains unknown regarding the impact of ER stress on inflammatory responses in dentritic cells (DCs) upon the recognition of pathogen molecules. We show that ER stress greatly potentiates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and IFN‐β in murine DCs stimulated by polyIC, a synthetic mimic of virus dsRNA. Both toll‐like receptor 3 and melanoma differentiation‐associated gene‐5 are involved in the enhanced IFN‐β production, which is associated with increased activation of NF‐κB and IRF3 signaling as well as the splicing of X‐box‐binding protein‐1 (XBP‐1), an important regulator involved in ER stress response. Surprisingly, silencing of XBP‐1 reduces polyIC‐stimulated IFN‐β expression in the presence or absence of ER stress, indicating that XBP‐1 may be essential for polyIC signaling and ER stress‐amplified IFN‐β production. Overexpression of a spliced form of XBP‐1 (XBP‐1s) synergistically augments polyIC‐induced inflammatory response. For the first time, we show that XBP‐1s overexpression‐enhanced IFN‐β production in DCs markedly suppresses vesicular stomatitis virus infection, revealing a previously unrecognized role for XBP‐1 in an antiviral response. Our findings suggest that evolutionarily conserved ER stress response and XBP‐1 may function collaboratively with innate immunity to maintain cellular homeostasis.
Leishmania donovani glycosphingolipid facilitates antigen presentation by inducing relocation of CD1d into lipid rafts in infected macrophages
Authors: Karmakar Subir , Paul Joydeep , De Tripti
Published: February 2011

NKT cells respond to presentation of specific glycolipids with release of both Th1‐ and Th2‐type cytokines. Leishmania donovani (LD)‐infected splenic macrophages (sMϕ(I)) and bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDC(I)) failed to activate NKT cells in response to α‐galactosyl ceramide (α‐GalCer). The defective antigen presentation could be corrected by treating the cells with the immunostimulating glycosphingophospholipid (GSPL) of LD parasites. In vitro pulsing of BMDC(I) or sMϕ(I) with GSPL, caused the activation of the Vα14+ CD1d1‐specific NKT cell hybridoma DN32.D3. Localization of MHC II and CD1d molecules to membrane lipid rafts has been suggested to play an important role in antigen presentation. Confocal analysis clearly demonstrated that LD infection changed the pattern of CD1d distribution to the non‐lipid raft regions and this change could be reversed by GSPL treatment. Isoelectric focusing gel shift assay indicated that GSPL binds to CD1d. GSPL‐treated but not untreated BMDC(I) formed immune synapses with NKT cells and this was associated with calcium mobilization. In conclusion, GSPL treatment was associated with modification of BMDC(I)/sMϕ(I) lipid raft structure, which is a site for immune regulation.
Epigenetic reprogramming of the RORC locus during in vitro expansion is a distinctive feature of human memory but not naïve Treg
Authors: Schmidl Christian , Hansmann Leo , Andreesen Reinhard , Edinger Matthias , Hoffmann Petra , Rehli Michael
Published: February 2011

The adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded Treg is a promising treatment option for autoimmune as well as alloantigen‐induced diseases. Yet, concerns about the phenotypic and functional stability of Tregs upon in vitro culture command both careful selection of the starting population and thorough characterization of the final cell product. Recently, a high degree of developmental plasticity has been described for murine Treg and Th17 cells. Similarly, IL‐17‐producing FOXP3+ cells have been detected among the CD45RA− memory‐type subpopulation of human Tregs ex vivo. This prompted us to investigate the predisposition of human naïve and memory Tregs to develop into Th17 cells during polyclonal in vitro expansion. Here, we show that stimulation‐induced DNA demethylation of RORC, which encodes the lineage‐defining transcription factor for Th17 cells, occurs selectively in CD45RA− memory‐type Tregs, irrespective of their FOXP3 expression level. On the contrary, naïve CD45RA+ Tregs retain stable CpG methylation across the RORC locus even upon prolonged ex vivo expansion and in consequence show only a marginal tendency to express RORC and develop into IL‐17‐producing cells. These findings are highly relevant for the generation of therapeutic Treg products.
Novel Metal‐Organic Frameworks Incorporating [Cp°2Mo2P4S] (Cp° = 1‐tBu‐3,4‐Me2C5H2), P4S3 and Cu2I2 Building Blocks (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 6/2011)
Authors: Gröger Christian , Kalbitzer Hans Robert , Pronold Michael , Piryazev Dmitry , Scheer Manfred , Wachter Joachim , Virovets Alexander , Zabel Manfred
Published: February 2011

The cover picture shows the porous metal‐organic polymer [(Cp°2Mo2P4S)CuI)4]n, which is composed of helical substructures with opposite handedness. The compound incorporates CH2Cl2 molecules when it is stored under the solvent. This process is reversible under high vacuum without loss of crystallinity of the material and resembles, therefore, the reversible stretching of an elastic spring. Details of the synthesis and characterization of this and related compounds are given in the article by J. Wachter et al. on p. 785 ff.
Synthetic Studies towards Pectenotoxin‐2: Synthesis of the Nonanomeric 10‐epi‐ABCDE Ring Segment by Kinetic Spiroketalization
Authors: Aho Jatta E. , Piisola Antti , Syam Krishnan K. , Pihko Petri M.
Published: February 2011

The synthesis of the nonanomeric 10‐epi‐ABCDE ring system of pectenotoxin‐2 has been achieved by using a kinetic spiroketalization reaction. The synthesis of the spiroketalization precursor was achieved through a cross‐metathesis/hydrogenation sequence. The formation of the epi‐C10 isomer resulted from an unexpected anti‐Felkin selective addition of organometallic nucleophiles to the advanced CDE ring precursor. This addition reaction was investigated with differently protected α,β‐dioxygenated model aldehydes, which displayed similar anti‐Felkin selectivities with organometallic nucleophiles.
Rotaxanes Based on the 1,2‐Bis(pyridinio)ethane–24‐Crown‐8 Templating Motif
Authors: Mercer Darren J. , Vella Sarah J. , Guertin Lianne , Suhan Natalie D. , Tiburcio Jorge , Vukotic V. Nicholas , Wisner James A. , Loeb Stephen J.
Published: February 2011

The supramolecular interaction between 1,2‐bis(pyridinio)ethane axles and 24‐membered crown ether wheels provides a template for the formation of interpenetrated [2]pseudorotaxanes. The preformed [2]pseudorotaxanes can then be kinetically trapped to produce permanently interlocked [2]rotaxanes by stoppering with bulky groups that prevent the unthreading of the resulting dumbbell from the wheel. Six [2]rotaxanes were created using 24‐crown‐8 (24C8), dibenzo‐24‐crown‐8 (DB24C8) and dinaphtho‐24‐crown‐8 (DN24C8) as the wheel and two methods of stoppering; alkylation of a terminal pyridine with tert‐butylbenzyl groups and esterification of a terminal benzyl alcohol with p‐(tert‐butyl)benzoate groups. The [2]rotaxanes were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, electro‐spray mass spectrometry and X‐ray crystallography.
Application and testing of plastic fibre reinforced dry‐mix shotcrete / Einsatz und Prüfung von kunststofffaserbewehrtem Trockenspritzbeton
Authors: Pittino Gerhard , Galler Robert , Mößlacher Andreas , Schwab Peter
Published: February 2011

The Conrad Observatory in the state of Lower Austria is a geophysical research and development facility of the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG). The isolation of the tunnel system fulfils the optimal requirements for high‐precision measurements. The client specified shotcrete class EV700 for the plastic fibre‐reinforced shotcrete, i.e. the test bodies have to show an energy absorption capacity of at least 700 J in the slab test. The quality verification for the suitability of a fibre‐reinforced shotcrete is performed according to the ÖVBB guideline “Sprayed Concrete” with a slab test as defined in the Austrian standard ÖNORM EN 14488‐5, which can determine the energy absorption capacity and assign the shotcrete to an energy absorption class. The test rig used at the Chair of Subsurface Engineering is described, together with test results from different plastic fibre shotcretes from various testing institutes.

Das Conrad Observatorium in Niederösterreich ist eine geophysikalische Forschungs‐ und Entwicklungseinrichtung der Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG). Die Abgeschiedenheit des Stollensystems erfüllt in optimaler Weise die für die hochpräzisen Messungen notwendigen Anforderungen. Auftraggeberseitig wurde für den kunststofffaserbewehrten Spritzbeton die Spritzbetonklasse EV700 vorgegeben, d.h., im Plattenversuch muss ein Energieabsorptionsvermögen von jeweils mindestens 700 J erzielt werden. Der Qualitätsnachweis für die Eignung eines faserbewehrten Spritzbetons erfolgt nach ÖVBB‐Richtlinie Spritzbeton durch den in ÖNORM EN 14488‐5 definierten Plattenversuch, mit dem die Energieabsorptionskapazität ermittelt und der Spritzbeton einer Energieabsorptionsklasse zugeordnet werden kann. Der am Lehrstuhl für Subsurface Engineering eingesetzte Versuchsaufbau wird vorgestellt, zusammen mit Prüfergebnissen von unterschiedlichen Kunststofffaserspritzbetonen von verschiedenen Prüfinstitutionen.
Abrasiveness and tool wear in shield tunnelling in soil / Abrasivität und Werkzeugverschleiß beim Schildvortrieb im Lockergestein
Authors: Köhler Manfred , Maidl Ulrich , Martak Lothar
Published: February 2011

There are currently no recognised prediction models available for the estimation of tool wear in shield tunnelling in soil. This paper describes the current state of knowledge through the interpretation of the available index tests, available correlations and analogies to hard rock. Then follows a discussion of the essential soil properties and the process‐related interactions, which can also determine tool wear in soil.

Für den Schildvortrieb im Lockergestein liegen derzeit keine anerkannten Prognosemodelle zur Abschätzung des Werkzeugverschleißes vor. Der Artikel beschreibt die aktuellen Erkenntnisse bei Interpretation der existierenden Index‐Versuche, bestehende Korrelationen und Analogien zum Festgestein. Im Weiteren wird auf die maßgebenden Baugrundeigenschaften und die den Werkzeugverschleiß bestimmenden verfahrenstechnischen Interaktionen im Lockergestein eingegangen.
The development of earth pressure shields: from the beginning to the present / Entwicklung der Erddruckschilde: Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart
Authors: Herrenknecht Martin , Thewes Markus , Budach Christoph
Published: February 2011

The development of earth pressure shields started in 1974. The processing of the ground into an earth pressure support medium originally required that it mostly consisted of mixed and finegrained soil with at least 30 % silt and clay. Since then, the process technology has been the subject of constant further development and the scope of application has been considerably widened. Currently more than 90 % of the shield machines worldwide are being used with active face support as earth pressure shields in the whole spectrum of soils, in hard rock and also in transitional areas with mixed face conditions. The current state of technology for earth pressure shields is based on a range of important development steps, which are summarised in this paper from the beginnings until today. Projects are described where important earth pressure shield innovations were used for the first time. The development of earth pressure shields is supplemented with an overview of the process technology, possible operating modes, areas of application and also current research work.

Die Entwicklung der Erddruckschilde begann im Jahr 1974. Die Aufbereitung des Baugrunds zu einer Erddruck‐Stützmasse setzte ursprünglich voraus, dass der Baugrund vor allem aus gemischt‐ und feinkörnigen Böden mit mindestens 30 % Schluff und Ton besteht. Seither wurden die Verfahrenstechnik ständig weiterentwickelt und die Einsatzbereiche stark ausgeweitet. Derzeit werden mehr als 90 % der weltweit eingesetzten Schildmaschinen mit aktiver Ortsbruststützung als Erddruckschild im gesamten Spektrum der Lockergesteine, im Festgestein und auch in Übergangsbereichen mit gemischter Ortsbrust eingesetzt. Der aktuelle Stand der Technik der Erddruckschilde basiert auf einer Reihe wichtiger Entwicklungsschritte, die in diesem Beitrag von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart zusammengefasst werden. Dazu werden Projekte hervorgehoben, bei denen wichtige Innovationen für Erddruckschilde erstmals zum Einsatz kamen. Eine Übersicht zur Verfahrenstechnik, den möglichen Betriebsmodi, den Einsatzbereichen sowie aktuellen Forschungsarbeiten ergänzt die Entwicklung der Erddruckschilde.