bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Руководящие принципы Салалы для археологических общедоступных объектов: новые рекомендации и вопросы для старых проблем «археологических парков»
Authors: Кондрашев Леонид
Published: April 2023

В статье рассматриваются особенности рекомендательного документа ИКОМОС «Руководящие принципы Салалы для археологических общедоступных объектов», в котором особое внимание уделяется возможности посещения археологических парков.

В отечественном законодательстве нет дефиниции «археологический парк». Объекты археологического наследия харак­теризуются особым методом изучения: раскопки или открытия являются одним из основных источников информации, и этим памятники археологии отличаются от остальных «объектов культурного наследия».

В последнее время активно используются термины «актуализация культурного наследия» или «интерпретация наследия». А вопрос воссоздания на современном этапе часто противопоставляется критерию «подлинности».

Для успешного сохранения данной категории объектов необходимо внесение и определение терминов «археологический парк» и «археологические руины» в законодательство РФ, дальнейшее совершенствование концепций управления культур­ными ресурсами в части археологического наследия, более активный учёт наличия памятников археологии в проработке градостроительного развития поселений.
Management of Informal Caregivers’ Burden in a Selected Region of the Czech Republic
Authors: Zaskodna Helena , Bartlova Sylva , Dvorackova Olga , Hajduchova Hana , Motlova Lenka , Treslova Marie , Baloun Ingrid , Hrdy Tomas , Staskova Vera , Brabcova Iva
Published: April 2023

Objective: Care of handicapped or elderly by the family members in the home environment brings not only many positives for the care recipients, but can also impose a significant burden on the caregiver. The goal of the study was to assess the caregiver burden, burnout syndrome and the effect of caregivers’ sociodemographic characteristics. Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: The sample consisted of 168 caregivers who took care of disabled children or seniors. Methods: Zarit Burden Interview identifying the subjective burden of informal caregivers, and Maslach Burnout Inventory assessing the burnout syndrome were used. Results: A higher level of caregiver burden and the development of burnout syndrome occurring most frequently in the dimensions of Emotional Exhaustion and Personal Accomplishment was observed. The caregiver burden was found to be lower in men, in caregivers living alone, and in the respondents from higher income households; it increased with the weekly amount of care. Conclusions: The results proof the demanding nature of informal care. A longitudinal study could illuminate the temporal changes in the family dynamics.
To What Extent Are Programs Recruiting Their Own Graduates as Faculty? A CERA Study
Authors: Weidner Amanda , Glass Justin , Cronholm Peter F. , Pauwels Judith
Published: April 2023

Background and Objectives: Most family medicine (FM) residency programs continuously recruit faculty, though little is known about their recruitment practices. In this study, we sought to define to what extent FM residency programs are relying on recruitment of program graduates, regional programs, or programs outside their region for filling faculty roles and to compare these data across program characteristics.
Methods: As part of a large 2022 omnibus survey of FM residency program directors, we asked specific questions regarding the percentage of FM faculty who were graduates of that program, a program in the region, or a distant program. We aimed to determine to what extent respondents attempted to recruit their own residents to faculty positions and to identify additional program offerings and characteristics.
Results: The response rate was 41.4% (298/719). Programs reported hiring more of their own graduates compared to regional or distant graduates, and 40% prioritized recruiting their own graduates for open positions. Those who prioritized recruiting their own graduates were significantly more likely to have a higher percentage of their graduates on faculty as were larger, older, more urban programs and those offering clinical fellowships. The existence of a faculty development fellowship was significantly associated with having more faculty from regional programs.
Conclusions: Programs that aim to improve faculty recruitment from their own graduates should consider prioritizing internal recruitment. They also may consider the development of both clinical and faculty development fellowships for local and regional hires.
URiMs and Imposter Syndrome: Symptoms of Inhospitable Work Environments?
Authors: Carvajal Diana N. , Reid Lawrence D. , Zambrana Ruth Enid
Published: April 2023

Background and Objectives: Workforce diversity is associated with improved health outcomes. Currently, primary care physicians who are underrepresented in medicine (URiM) disproportionately work in underserved areas. Increasingly, URiM faculty describe experiencing imposter syndrome (IS), including a sense of not belonging in their work environment and a lack of recognition. Studies of IS among family medicine faculty are not prevalent nor are the factors most associated with IS among URiMs and non-URiMs. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine prevalence of IS among URiM faculty compared to non-URiM faculty; (2) determine factors associated with IS among both URiM and non-URiM faculty.
Methods: Four hundred thirty participants completed anonymous, electronic surveys. We measured IS using a 20-item validated scale.
Results: Among all respondents, 43% reported frequent/intense IS. URiMs were not more likely than non-URiMs to report IS. Factors independently associated with IS for both URiM and non-URiM respondents include inadequate mentorship (P<.05) and poor professional belonging (P<.05). However, inadequate mentorship, low professional integration and belonging, and racial/ethnic discrimination-based exclusion from professional opportunities (all P<.05) were more prevalent among URiMs than non-URiMs.
Conclusions: While URiMs are not more likely than non-URiMS to experience frequent/intense IS, they are more likely to report racial/ethnic discrimination, inadequate mentorship, and low professional integration and belonging. These factors are associated with IS and may be reflective of how institutionalized racism impedes mentorship and optimal professional integration, which may be internalized and perceived as IS among URiM faculty. Yet, URiM career success in academic medicine is crucial for achieving health equity.
Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on pediatric poisoning in a single emergency department in Korea
Authors: Shin Jae-Uk , Kwak Sae Jeung , Yun Sung Hyun
Published: April 2023

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic-related changes in epidemiological features of pediatric patients with poisoning who visited a local emergency medical center in Incheon, Korea.Methods: We reviewed medical records of the patients (aged ≤ 18 years) who visited the emergency department (ED) from 2015 through 2022 and obtained discharge diagnoses containing "intoxication" or "poisoning," excluding food allergy and game addiction. Time of visit was categorized as pre-pandemic (2015-2019) and pandemic (2020-2022) periods. They were investigated for age, age groups (children [0-9 years] vs. adolescents [10-18 years]), sex, visits during weekend or holiday, exposure-to-ED time, psychiatric history, intentionality, alcohol consumption, substances, therapeutic interventions, and outcomes. The outcomes included need for hospitalization and discharge against medical advice.Results: Among a total of 358 patients with poisoning, 162 (45.3%) visited during the pandemic period, and 220 (61.5%) were adolescents. Compared to the patients who visited during the pre-pandemic period, those who visited during the pandemic period showed significantly higher frequencies of girls (45.9% vs. 81.5%), age of 10-18 years (46.4% vs. 79.6%), intentionality (33.7% vs. 74.7%), alcohol consumption (4.1% vs. 11.7%), need for hospitalization (24.5% vs. 62.3%), and discharge against medical advice (3.1% vs. 25.9%). Conclusion: In the ED, pediatric poisoning became more intentional, female and adolescent-dominant, and severe in their outcomes during the pandemic.
Investigar con los niños y los jóvenes Objetos, métodos y campos de investigación en ciencias sociales
Authors: Danic Isabelle , Delalande Julie , Rayou Patrick
Published: April 2023

Esta obra pretende dirigirse a un público con intereses diversos. En primer lugar, a los estudiantes que descubren un campo de investigación, y tienen necesidad para realizar sus propias búsquedas y para equiparse con una herramienta. Nosotros les proponemos, por una parte, nuestras propias maneras de investigación con los niños y los jóvenes, y también los familiarizamos con los cuestionamientos metodológicos que otros investigadores y nosotros mismos hemos encontrado y a los cuales se confrontaran verdaderamente. Primeramente les presentamos algunos trabajos que, desde nuestro punto de vista, revelan una mirada especialmente atenta al punto de vista de los niños y de los jóvenes. Este libro propone una mirada particular sobre la infancia y además tiene como destinatarios a los profesionales de este campo: educadores, educadoras, docentes o maestras, psicólogas y psiquiatras de la infancia. Deseamos enriquecer su atención cotidiana por aquellos que ellos encuentran a diario y con los que trabajan, también contribuir a la evolución de sus maneras de observarlos y escucharlos; presentándoles el esfuerzo que cada uno de los niños, grandes o pequeños, hace para integrarse entre sus pares y aprender los códigos de su grupo, y para pasar de su casa a la escuela desenvolviéndose en medio de las contradicciones entre estos dos ámbitos; en resumen, para construirse en un universo social complejo que exige competencias diversas. Finalmente, también a nuestros colegas investigadores e investigadoras en ciencias sociales les proponemos nuestra contribución, en una obra colectiva, como participantes de la implementación de una socio-antropología de la infancia y la juventud. ¿Por qué si la obra presenta una reflexión sobre la construcción de estas edades de la vida como objeto de estudio científico, ella desea ante todo llenar un vacío metodológico? En efecto, muchos manuales presentan las técnicas de investigación con los adultos, pero trabajar con los niños exige precauciones específicas y obliga a adaptar las modalidades habituales.
Hydrogeochemical indicators of a nested groundwater flow system in arid and semi-arid regions: evidence from the Aksu River Basin, Xinjiang, China
Authors: Su Hu , Deng Yinger , Yang Hongkun , Li Pengjie , Duan Xianqian , Peng Xin , Chen Lin , Wang Ning
Published: April 2023

Studying groundwater flow systems is important for water resources
management, for pollution prevention and for maintaining the ecological
balance in arid and semi-arid areas. Systematic geophysics and
hydrogeological investigations allow us to define the thickness of the
Quaternary sedimentary layer, the lateral boundary of the groundwater
system, and the depth and basement of water circulation.
Hydrogeochemistry and environmental isotopes are used to gain insights
into the recharge process, water-rock interactions, hydraulic
characteristics and groundwater retention time and to identify
groundwater flow systems at all levels in the Aksu River Basin. Owing to
the dissolution of carbonate and gypsum minerals and evaporites, cation
exchange between Ca (Mg ) and
Na (K ), and the
evaporation-concentration effect, concentrations of specific ions (SO
, Cl , Na
) and [total dissolved solids](javascript:;)
(TDS) gradually increase along the flow direction and decrease with
depth (indicating that they belong to different groundwater flow systems
(GFSs)). Furthermore, interpretation of stable isotope concentrations
such as δ O values suggests different degrees of
depletion in the horizontal and vertical directions. Combined with the
unique structural framework (namely the Wensu uplift, Wushi sag, and
Awat sag), the particle size variation of loose sediments and the
distribution and aggregation of phreatic water with high F and As and
soil salinization show the existence of the surface-ground water
interaction and the distribution pattern of multiple local GFSs. The
vertical zonation of H and C
isotope concentrations and estimates of groundwater
[residence](javascript:;) time (modern to 24000 years) further
illustrate the hydrodynamic cycle of the local and regional GFSs. The
hydrodynamic and hydrochemical characteristics confirmed the
distribution of GFSs and the complex mixing relationships between GFSs
in the Aksu River Basin under the tectonic conditions since the Neogene
in the South Tianshan Mountains.
Disproportionate drug allergy labelling among middle-aged patients and barriers to excipient allergy testing from the Hong Kong Comprehensive Excipient and Drug Allergy Registry (CEDAR)
Authors: Valerie Chiang , Kan Andy Ka Chun , Chinmoy Saha , L Elaine Au Y , Li Philip
Published: April 2023

Background: Longitudinal whole-population studies can explore new
dimensions in drug allergy research. Excipient allergy testing remains a
barrier to allergy evaluation in countries without legislations
mandating ingredient disclosure in registered drugs. The Comprehensive
Excipient and Drug Allergy Registry (CEDAR) was established to
investigate Hong Kong’s drug allergy landscape and potential role of
excipient registries. Methods: Drug allergy data from over 7,337,778
individuals between 2016-2021 was analyzed. Excipient lists were
gathered from all formulations of the top 50 reported drug allergies and
checked for the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Results: The
absolute-prevalence and -incidence of reported drug allergy was 5.61%
and 277/100,000 population in 2021, respectively. Annual incidence of
newly reported drug allergy was stable between 2016-2019, until a
significant drop in 2020 (-16.3%, p=0.037). The most common implicated
drugs were anti-infectives (245,832 [44.5%]), NSAIDs (106,843
[19.3%]), and nervous system drugs (45,802 [8.3%]). There was
significant higher incidence among individuals aged >40,
contributing to the majority of newly reported allergies (377,004,
68.2%). Beta-lactams and nervous system drugs were the most common
reported culprits of anaphylaxis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. CEDAR was
unable to confirm presence or absence of PEG in any of the top reported
culprits due to insufficient excipient information. Conclusion: We
report the detailed drug allergy landscape of the Hong Kong population.
Excipient registries are ineffective in countries without mandatory
excipient listings . Contrary to traditional doagma, we identified a
disproportionately higher incident drug allergy among middle-aged and
older patients. Findings need to be confirmed by region-specific big
data studies.
Possible role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in pathogenesis of chronic adenoiditis and adenoid hypertrophy: a prospective, parallel-group study
Authors: Onal Ozkan , Onal Merih , Elsurer Cagdas , Duran Tugce , Kocak Nadir , Colpan Bahar Keles , Ulusoy Bulent , Bozkurt Mete Kaan
Published: April 2023

Background: Adenoid tissue is a first-line host defense
secondary lymphoid organ especially in childhood. The endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) is required to maintain balanced cellular activity. With
impaired ER functions, protein accumulation occurs, resulting in ER
stress, which plays a role in the etiopathogenesis of many diseases.
Aims: We aimed to investigate the relationship between ER
stress and adenoid tissue disorders, thereby elucidating the mechanisms
of immunity-related diseases. Methods: Fifty-four pediatric
patients (>3 years old) who underwent adenoidectomy for
chronic adenoiditis (CA) or adenoid hypertrophy (AH) were enrolled in
this prospective, parallel-group clinical study. Adenoids were divided
into two groups (CA or AH) based on their size and evaluated for ER
stress pathway and apoptosis pathway markers by Real-time PCR and
Western blot analysis. Results: ER stress pathway markers
significantly differed between the CA and AH groups. Children with CA
had higher ER stress marker levels than the AH group ( p
<0.001 for ATF-4, ATF-6, and GRP78, and p
<0.05 for EDEM1, CHOP, EIF2AK3, ERNI, and GRP94). Apoptosis
pathway markers levels (BAX and BCL-2) were not different between
groups. Conclusions: ER stress contributes to the
etiopathogenesis of adenoid tissue diseases and the pathogenesis of
adenoid tissue disorders, which are part of the immune response. These
results may guide the development of new and alternative treatments for
immune system disorders. Clinical Trial Registry at
Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04583631
Antibacterial function and mechanism of peptide β-casein 65 action in breast milk
Authors: Zhang Min , Zhang Jun , Yan Xiangyun , Yu Qinlei , Hu Xiaosha , Chen Xiaohui , Han Shuping
Published: April 2023

Breast milk has significant benefits to preterm infants, including
reduced risk of infection and inflammatory disorders. Many biomolecules,
such as peptides, that exhibit immunomodulation function or
antimicrobial activity and protect against infection have been
identified in human milk. β-Casein 65, an endogenous peptide cleaved
amino acids 204-225 of β-casein, is expressed at high levels in preterm
breast milk. Our study demonstrates the antibacterial activity of
β-casein 65 against Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus) and
Escherichia coli ( E. coli) through use of an agarose
filter paper diffusion and microdilution method. The LIVE/DEAD BacLight
bacterial viability assay results also confirmed the antibacterial
effects of β-casein 65. Destroyed membrane structures in S.
aureus and E. coli after treatment with β-casein 65 were
observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron
microscopy. A DNA-binding assay showed that β-casein 65 exerts
antimicrobial effects independent of DNA-binding activity. Our results
revealed the antibacterial activity and mechanism of peptide β-casein 65
sourced from human milk. Further studies should be carried out to
determine ways to prevent and treat pathogens in animals and human
neonates.
Combined tension and bending fatigue life assessment method of blade-like specimen considering the effect of non-uniform tension-bending stress distribution and multi-damages
Authors: Li Zhenlei , Fan Jiangbo , SHI Duoqi , Xu Hao , Cheng Muwei , Fan Yongshen , YANG Xiaoguang
Published: April 2023

This paper proposes a novel combined cycle fatigue life prediction
method of a blade-like specimen considering the effect of multiple
damage modes and complex stress state. Combined tensile and bending
fatigue (CTBF) experiments were performed on a blade-like specimen at
850°C, using a novel biaxial tension-vibration test system. To account
for the effect of high stress ratio related creep on bending fatigue
damage, a creep damage factor was proposed and explicitly introduced
into Lemaitre-Chaboche model. In the framework of continuum damage
mechanics (CDM), the CTBF life was assessed considering the
geometry-stress gradient feature factor and multiple damage modes,
including the damage of LCF, high stress ratio bending fatigue and
oxidation. Finally, a novel CTBF life prediction model was proposed,
agreeing well with the experimental results. Compared with the existing
classical models, the proposed model provides the significantly higher
prediction accuracy.
Ultrastructure of Antennal Sensilla in Adults of Polyphylla gracilicornis (Blanchard) (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae)
Authors: Qi-yue He , Shou-min Song , Shuai Chen , Yan-bin Nan , Yuan-tao Zhou
Published: April 2023

Abscract: Polyphylla gracilicornis, both adults and
larvae can produce serious damage to crops. In this experiment, the
antenna structure and sensors of P. gracilicornis were
specifically observed using a stereoscopic microscope and a scanning
electron microscope.We also analyzed the characteristics of tentacle
structure and sensor types, morphology, number and distribution of male
and female adults of P. gracilicornis.The results showed that
both male and female antennae consisted of scape, pedicel and flagellum.
The flagellum was divided into rod-like and gill-like parts, among which
the flagellum like part of the male antennae consisted of seven
segments, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6 and L7, while the female antennae
consisted of six segments. Observations of their male and female
antennal sensors revealed that both sensor types were approximately the
same, with a total of seven sensor types observed, namely Sensilla
trichodea, Sensilla chaetica, Sensilla basiconica, Sensilla placodea,
Sensilla coeloconica, Sensilla. But, the size and distribution of the
male adult antennas differed from the female antennas. The basic study
of the ultrastructure of antennas provided a basis for the study of the
chemical communication mechanism of P. gracilicornis.
Risk Based Energy Management of Renewable Based Smart EV Parking Lot
Authors: Salari Mahsa , shahbazzadeh mehdi jafari , Eslami Mahdiyeh
Published: April 2023

Electric Vehicles (EVs) have been penetrated to the modern distribution
system in last decade. On the other hand, Renewable Energies (RE) play
serious task in such Micro-Grids (MG). A typical MG consists of several
Distributed Energy Resources (DER) including Distributed Generations
(DGs) and Demand Response (DR) as well as EVs charge/discharge stations.
In this paper optimal charging and discharging strategies based on DR
programs applied on Electric Vehicles charging station equipped with
renewable energies. To avoid profit loosing due to renewable
uncertainties, Peer to Peer (P2P) energy bartering between EVs charging
station as procumers is suggested in this paper. Hence the management
system for charge and discharge of EVs and station batteries, as well as
Energy Management System (EMS) are developed in this paper. To this end
firstly developed EMS applied to the individual station. Secondly the
P2P power transaction added to the model in order to smoothen volatile
uncertain load and renewables. The proposed model is a Mixed-Integer
Linear Programming (MILP) and has been solved by GAMS/CPLEX. Numerical
studies have been shown that aggregator deployment is more beneficiary
for Virtual Power Plant (VPP).
Modeling TEC Irregularities in the Northern Hemisphere Using Empirical Orthogonal Function Method
Authors: Jin Yaqi , Miloch Wojciech Jacek , Kotova Daria , Jacobsen Knut Stanley , Stevanovic Đorđe , Clausen Lasse Boy Novock , Ssessanga Nicholas , Dalt Federico Da
Published: April 2023

We develop a climatological model for the Northern Hemisphere based on a
long-term dataset (2010-2021) of the rate of change of the total
electron content (TEC) index (ROTI) maps from the International GNSS
Service (IGS). The IGS ROTI maps are daily averaged in magnetic latitude
and local time coordinates. To develop a climatological model, the ROTI
maps are decomposed into a few base functions and coefficients using the
empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method. The EOF method converges
very quickly, and the first four EOFs reflect the majority (96%) of the
total data variability. Furthermore, different EOF components can
reflect different drivers of ionospheric irregularities. The first EOF
reflects the averaged ROTI activity and the impact of the solar
radiation and geomagnetic activity; the 2nd EOF reflects the impact of
the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz and electric field; the 3rd
and 4th EOFs reflect the dawn-dusk asymmetry around the auroral oval and
polar cap, and they can be related to the IMF By. To build an empirical
model, we fit the EOF coefficients using helio-geophysical indices from
four different categories (solar activity; geomagnetic indices; IMF; the
solar wind coupling function). The final EOF model is dependent on seven
selected indices (F10.7P, Kp, Dst, Bt, By, Bz and Ekl). The statistical
data-model comparisons show satisfactory results with a good correlation
coefficient. However, the model cannot capture the significant expansion
of the dayside ROTI activity during strong geomagnetic storms. Future
effort is needed to provide corrections to the model for severe storms.
The estimation of b-value of the frequency-magnitude distribution and of its confidence intervals from binned magnitude data
Authors: Gasperini Paolo , Tinti Stefano
Published: April 2023

The estimation of the slope (b-value) of the frequency magnitude
distribution of earthquakes is based on a formula derived by Aki decades
ago, assuming a continuous exponential distribution. However, as the
magnitude is usually provided with a limited resolution, its
distribution is not continuous but discrete. In the literature this
problem was initially solved by an empirical correction (due to Utsu) to
the minimum magnitude, and later by providing an exact formula such as
that by Tinti and Mulargia, based on the geometric distribution theory.
A recent paper by van der Elst showed that the b-value can be estimated
also by considering the magnitude differences (which are proven to
follow an exponential discrete Laplace distribution) and that in this
case the estimator is more resilient to the incompleteness of the
magnitude dataset. In this work we provide the complete theoretical
formulation including i) the derivation of the means and standard
deviations of the discrete exponential and Laplace distributions; ii)
the estimators of the decay parameter of the discrete exponential and
trimmed Laplace distributions; and iii) the corresponding formulas for
the parameter b. We further deduce iv) the standard 1-sigma confidence
limits for the estimated b. Moreover, we are able v) to quantify the
error associated with the Utsu minimum-magnitude correction. We tested
extensively such formulas on simulated synthetic datasets including
complete catalogues as well as catalogues affected by a strong
incompleteness degree such as aftershock sequences where the
incompleteness is made to vary from one event to the next.
Optimal Design of a Glider Array for the Observation of Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Sun Yutong , Cheng Dan , Yang Shaoqiong , Luo Chenyi , Tian Di , Zhang Han , Wang Yanhui
Published: April 2023

Underwater gliders have advantages for typhoon observation. In recent
years, the typhoon resistance and cluster networking capabilities of
such platforms have improved greatly; therefore, underwater gliders have
received increasing attention for typhoon observation, no matter
observing the salinity, density or temperature of the seawater during
the typhoon. However, there is a lack of scientific evaluation of the
sampling layout and planning of underwater gliders during tropical
cyclones (TCs). Based on the simulation results of the three-dimensional
Price–Weller–Pinkel numerical model (3DPWP) for Typhoon Hato, this
study considers the working characteristics of underwater gliders to
model the sampling results and proposes the first method of evaluate the
simulated typhoon observation effect of underwater gliders.
Subsequently, four kinds of heading schemes for an underwater glider
array are designed and evaluated, and the optimal design of a glider
array for typhoon observation, that is, the “along-typhoon parallel”
mode, is identified through comparison. Finally, the optimal design
employing a genetic algorithm is applied to Typhoon Hato to verify its
universality and effectiveness. Underwater gliders with the best typhoon
observation scheme are helpful to more completely observing and
reconstructing the 3D structure of the tropical-cyclone-induced ocean
response with greater precision.
The possible lab-leak origin of SARS-CoV-2: why is an inquiry into this matter so critical?
Authors: Araújo Antonio Medrado , Lins-Kusterer Liliane , Netto Eduardo
Published: April 2023

The progenitor of SARS-CoV-2 remains unknown, according to a preliminary
report released on 9 June 2022 by the WHO panel. Jesse Bloom pondered
about the SARS-CoV-2 emergence long before December 2019, putting in
check the joint WHO-China report. In addition, a rare conflict of
interest occurred: ‘Mr. Inattention’ was a member of the team that the
WHO sent to China in 2021 to investigate the COVID-19 origin. The
presence of ‘Mr. Inattention’ provides evidence that WHO overlooked a
troubling possibility: apparently, there were those who had at least
planned to develop full-length infectious clones of bat SARS-related
coronaviruses, with insertion of a fragment (proteolytic cleavage site)
of this virus into bat coronaviruses, such a cleavage site being able to
interact with furin, an enzyme expressed in human cells. Some moral
threshold may have been damaged, threatening civilizational security and
public health, given the hypothesis of an unnatural origin of
SARS-CoV-2. In other words, there is a possibility of a lab-associated
origin of this novel pathogen. This makes it illegal to patent vaccines
against COVID-19 in Brazil and all other 192 member states of the World
Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), at least as long as such
suspicion exists.
Shifts of the Recirculation Pathways in central Fram Strait drive Atlantic Intermediate Water Variability on Northeast Greenland shelf
Authors: McPherson Rebecca A. , Wekerle Claudia , Kanzow Torsten
Published: April 2023

Increased oceanic heat transport plays a key role in the accelerated
mass loss of Greenland’s marine-terminating glaciers. The melt rate of
major glaciers in Northeast Greenland (NEG) is controlled by ocean
variability, in particular warm Atlantic Intermediate Water (AIW), on
the continental shelf. A high-resolution configuration of the ocean
sea-ice model FESOM2.1 is validated at local and regional scales, and
used to investigate the drivers of AIW temperature variability on the
NEG shelf. The seasonal to decadal variability of the AIW is
characterised, featuring both pronounced interannual fluctuations and a
long-term warming trend. A major source of AIW is Atlantic Water (AW)
originating from the West Spitsbergen Current that recirculates in Fram
Strait. AW anomalies are advected westwards and partly control the AIW
temperatures on the shelf. Increased AIW temperatures are also connected
to more pronounced northern and middle branches of recirculating AW in
Fram Strait, and enhanced AW temperatures more regionally. This
strengthening of the pathways brings more and warmer AIW onto the
northern part of the NEG shelf. There, it circulates anti-cyclonically
and results in shelf-wide warming. Regional atmospheric forcing is
connected to the changes in the AW circulation regime. The strengthening
of the northern AW branches is likely caused by anticyclonic wind
anomalies over the Barents Sea that drive an enhanced northwards AW
transport in Fram Strait. Thus, controlled by a combination of both
upstream and regionally forced circulation conditions, the changes in
local AIW temperatures may also affect the oceanic heat transport
reaching the Arctic Ocean.
Return to Earth: A New Mathematical Model of the Earth's Climate
Authors: Wilde Stephen Paul Rathbone , Mulholland Philip
Published: April 2023

In this paper we use the inverse modelling technique, first applied to
the atmosphere of the planet Venus, to demonstrate that the process of
convective atmospheric mass motion can be invoked to explain the
greenhouse effect of the Earth’s climate. We propose that the
atmospheric cell is the fundamental element of climate, and have
developed an alternative climate model based on this process of
atmospheric circulation for a hypothetical tidally locked world. The
concept of climate derives from studies by the Greek philosopher
Aristotle, who identified the three main climatic zones known to the
ancient world; the equatorial torrid zone, the polar frigid zone and in
between the favoured temperate zone of the Mediterranean world.
Aristotle’s three climatic zones can be directly linked to the three
main atmospheric circulation cells that we now recognise within the
Earth’s atmosphere. These three cells are the Hadley cell, the Polar
cell and the Ferrel cell. Based on the clear association between the
traditional Greek concept of climate and the modern meteorological
concept of atmospheric circulation cells, we propose that climate be
defined as the presence and action of a particular circulation cell type
within a given planetary latitudinal zone. We discuss how with knowledge
of three simple meteorological parameters of tropopause elevation,
tropopause temperature and lapse rate for each atmospheric cell,
combined with the measurement of the area of that cell, the average
global surface temperature can be calculated. By means of a mathematical
model, the Dynamic-Atmosphere Energy-Transport (DAET) climate model we
apply an individual climate analysis to each of the three atmospheric
cells, and next generate a parallel composite model of the Earth’s
planetary climate using these data. We apply the concepts and techniques
of the adiabatic version of the DAET climate model, and show how this
model can be compared with the published NASA image of the Earth’s
outgoing long-wave radiation recorded by the CERES (Clouds and the
Earth’s Radiant Energy System) Instrument onboard the NASA Aqua
Satellite. Our analysis of the CERES image suggests that the Tibetan
plateau forms a permanent geological thermal radiant leak point in the
Earth’s atmosphere. We also compare the observed temperature found at
the maximum elevation of the Antarctic ice cap with the freezing point
of super-cooled water, and suggest that there is therefore a temperature
controlled and latent heat related upper limit to the vertical
development of a continental icecap.
Unsupervised probabilistic machine learning applied to seismicity declustering: a new approach to represent earthquake catalogues with fewer assumptions
Authors: Septier Antoine , Renouard Alexandra , Déverchère Jacques , Perrot Julie
Published: April 2023

Many applications in seismology require to isolate earthquake clusters
from a background activity. Relative declustering methods essentially
find a 2D representation of an earthquake catalogue that distinguishes
between two classes of events: crisis and non-crisis events. However,
the number of statistical and/or physical parameters to be used is often
limited due to the difficulty of concatenating the information onto a
physically meaningful 2D grid. In this study, we propose to alleviate
the declustering task by using the ability of unsupervised artificial
intelligence to model complex spatio-temporal relationships directly
from data. Through a data-driven approach, we define an easily
transferable declustering model that provides declustering results with
fewer assumptions and no prior selection of thresholds. We first obtain
this model by training a self-organising neural network (SOM) that
learns to cluster data points according to their feature similarity on a
2D map. We then assign each SOM cluster a label (crisis or non-crisis
class) using an agglomerative clustering procedure. We quantify the
classification uncertainty by developing a probabilistic function based
on the projection learned by SOM. Our method is applied to a synthetic
dataset and to real catalogues from the Gulf of Corinth, Central Italy
and Taiwan. We discuss the validity of the method by estimating its
classification accuracy. For real data, we qualitatively compare our
results to previous declustering attempts. We show that our approach is
easy to handle, provides a fairly new representation of earthquake
catalogues and has the potential to reduce classification ambiguities
between nearby events.
Monochromatic Pc5 Modulations of the Ionospheric Velocities and TEC and GOES-16 Magnetic Field Associated with Repeated Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Enhancement
Authors: Singh Ram , Lee Young-Sook , Kim Yong Ha
Published: April 2023

This study presents ultra-low frequency (ULF) Pc5 discrete spectrum
simultaneously observed in the magnetosphere and high- to low-latitude
ionospheres near noon hours (~10-14 MLT) during the
recovery phase of geomagnetic storm on November 4, 2021. During the
recovery phase, magnetospheric toroidal mode oscillations (GOES-16 Bn)
appeared according to solar wind dynamic pressure enhancements after
GOES Bp and Be (poloidal mode) oscillations precede during high solar
wind speeds. When Bn oscillates, the ionospheric line-of-sight (LOS)
velocity and echo power oscillate at the same discrete frequencies of
1.7 and 2.2 mHz (9.7 and 7.5 min), observed by Super Dual Auroral Radar
Network (SuperDARN) at Saskatoon (eastward LOS). The period of negative
LOS velocity (away from the radar) for 7.5 min or 9.7 min corresponds to
echo power increase. This signifies that both the ionospheric density
and poleward convection velocity increase are driven by the periodic
forcing of the convection electric field and energetic electron
precipitation. The same frequency pulsations have also been observed in
the geomagnetic field (H-component) and Global Positioning System (GPS)
total electron content (TEC) from high- to low-latitude ionosphere. The
oscillation frequency of the H-component is consistently preserved at
1.7 mHz (9.7 min) down to low latitudes. The Pc5 oscillations at high to
low latitudes can be attributed to toroidal mode Alfven waves and the
compressional mode propagating across magnetic field lines as well as
the fast magnetosonic waveguide mode at work by the solar wind dynamic
pressure enhancements at high solar wind speeds.
An Analysis of the Earth's Energy Budget
Authors: Wilde Stephen Paul Rathbone , Mulholland Philip
Published: April 2023

In this paper we quantify and attribute by inspection the constituent
elements of the power intensity radiant flux transmission for the
atmosphere of the Earth, as recorded in the following two published
sources; Oklahoma Climatological Survey and Kiehl and Trenberth. The
purpose of our analysis is to establish the common elements of the
approach used in the formulation of these works, and to conduct an
assessment of the two approaches by establishing a common format for
their comparison. By applying the standard analysis of a geometric
infinite series feedback loop to an equipartition (half up and half
down) diabatic distribution used for the atmospheric radiant flux to all
elements of the climate model; our analysis establishes the relative
roles of radiant and mass-motion carried energy fluxes that are
implicitly used by the authors in their respective analyses. Having
established the key controls on energy flux within each model, we then
conduct for the canonical model a series of “what-if” scenarios to
establish the limits of temperature rise that can be achieved for
specific variations in the controls used to calculate the global average
temperature. Our analysis establishes that, for the current insolation
and Bond albedo, the maximum temperature that can be achieved for a
thermally radiant opaque atmosphere is a rise to 29°C. This global
average temperature is achieved by a total blocking of the
surface-to-space atmospheric window. In order to raise the global
average atmospheric temperature to the expected value of 36°C for a
putative Cretaceous hothouse world, it is therefore necessary to reduce
the planetary Bond albedo. The lack of continental icecaps, and the
presence of flooded continental shelves with epeiric seas in a global
eustatic high stand sea level, is invoked as an explanation to support
the modelling concept of a reduced global Bond albedo during the
Cretaceous period. The geological evidence for this supposition is
mentioned with reference to published sources.
The Benefits and Challenges of Downscaling a Global Reanalysis with Doubly-Periodic Large-Eddy Simulations
Authors: Stratum Bart van , Heerwaarden Chiel C. van , Arellano Jordi Vilà-Guerau de
Published: April 2023

Global reanalyses like ERA5 accurately capture atmospheric processes at
spatial scales of O(10) km or larger. By downscaling ERA5 with
large-eddy simulation (LES), LES can provide details about processes at
spatio-temporal scales down to meters and seconds. Here, we present an
open-source Python package named the “Large-eddy simulation and
Single-column model - Large-Scale Dynamics”, or (LS)2D in short,
designed to simplify the downscaling of ERA5 with doubly-periodic LES. A
validation with observations, for several sensitivity experiments
consisting of month-long LESs over Cabauw (the Netherlands),
demonstrates both its usefulness and limitations. The day-to-day
variability in the weather is well captured by (LS)2D and LES, but the
setup under-performs in conditions with broken or near overcast clouds.
As a novel application of this modeling system, we used (LS)2D to study
surface solar irradiance variability, as this quantity directly links
land-surface processes, turbulent transport, and clouds, to radiation.
At a horizontal resolution of 25 m, the setup reproduces satisfactorily
the solar irradiance variability down to a timescale of seconds. This
demonstrates that the coupled LES-ERA5 setup is a useful tool that can
provide details on the physics of turbulence and clouds, but can only
improve on its host reanalysis when applied to meteorological suitable
conditions.
The Impact of Climate Forcing Biases and the Nitrogen Cycle on Land Carbon Balance Projections
Authors: Seiler Christian , Kou-Giesbrecht Sian , Arora Vivek , Melton Joe R.
Published: April 2023

Earth System Models (ESMs) project that the terrestrial carbon sink will
continue to grow as atmospheric CO$_2$ increases, but this projection
is uncertain due to biases in the simulated climate and how ESMs
represent ecosystem processes. In particular, the strength of the
CO$_2$ fertilization effect, which is modulated by nutrient cycles,
varies substantially across models. This study evaluates land carbon
balance uncertainties for the Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM) by
conducting simulations where the latest version of CanESM’s land surface
component is driven offline with raw and bias-adjusted CanESM5 climate
forcing data. To quantify the impact of nutrient limitation, we complete
simulations where the nitrogen cycle is enabled or disabled. Results
show that bias adjustment improves model performance across most
ecosystem variables, primarily due to reduced biases in precipitation.
Turning the nitrogen cycle on increases the global land carbon sink
during the historical period (1995-2014) due to enhanced nitrogen
deposition, placing it within the Global Carbon Budget uncertainty
range. During the future period (2080-2099), the simulated land carbon
sink increases in response to bias adjustment and decreases in response
to the dynamic carbon-nitrogen interaction, leading to a net decrease
when both factors are acting together. The dominating impact of the
nitrogen cycle demonstrates the importance of representing nutrient
limitation in ESMs. Such efforts may produce more robust carbon balance
projections in support of global climate change mitigation policies such
as the 2015 Paris Agreement.
Comparing agriculture-related characteristics of flash and normal drought reveals heterogeneous crop response
Authors: Ho Sarah Quynh-Giang , Buras Allan , Tuo Ye
Published: April 2023

Despite rapid progress in the burgeoning field of flash drought
research, few studies directly compare the differences in
characteristics between flash drought (commonly understood as quick,
rapid-onset drought) and drought traditionally defined as slow-moving
(henceforth normal drought), particularly over agricultural regions
where drought effects may be economically the most disastrous. In this
study, flash and normal drought events are identified using reanalysis
soil moisture in the data-rich agricultural region of the California
Central Valley for investigation of characteristics related to
agriculture. In particular, we investigate the relative duration of
pixels in drought events, the correlation of drought intensity with
vegetation condition, the impact of aridity on vegetation response and
drought, and the differences in the different characteristics between
rainfed and irrigated agriculture. Overall, we found considerable
differences between flash and normal drought, particularly in their
spatial distributions and behavior in relation to aridity. Flash
droughts even indicate a counterintuitive improvement in vegetation
condition in the northern, more humid regions, likely due to the release
of growth limiting factors (e.g. below-optimum temperature and
radiation) associated with drought. Results also indicate improvements
in vegetation conditions during normal drought for irrigated land over
rainfed, highlighting the importance of irrigation as a drought
protection strategy in agriculture.
Polar vortex strength impacts on the longitudinal structure of thermospheric composition and ionospheric electron density
Authors: Greer Katelynn R , Goncharenko Larisa , Harvey V. Lynn , Pedatella Nicholas
Published: April 2023

This work examines the weak stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) event of
February 2008 and the strong SPV event of February 2021 to understand
the potential influence of SPV strength on midlatitude thermospheric
composition and ionospheric plasma density. The weak SPV event shows a
reduction in thermospheric O/N2 at all longitudes, changes in the
ionospheric total electron content (TEC) that vary with longitude, and
an intensification of the semidiurnal tides. The strong SPV event shows
O/N2 elevated by up to 25% in the Asian sector and a 25% decrease in
semidiurnal tidal amplitude. The TEC response during the strong SPV
event is complex, but shows enhanced TEC in the Asian sector where O/N2
is elevated. These are the first observations of anomalies in the
thermospheric composition and ionospheric plasma associated with a
strong polar vortex event.
Regional Precipitation Sensitivity is Sensitive to Changes in Cross-Equatorial Ocean Heat Transport
Authors: Singh Hansi Alice , Hingmire Dipti Swapnil
Published: April 2023

Weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) with
greenhouse gas forcing is a common feature in most Earth System Models
(ESMs). Here, we show that uncertainty in regional precipitation
projections in CMIP6-class ESMs, particularly over the deep tropics, is
linked to uncertainty in how much the AMOC weakens. Specifically, ESMs
with greater AMOC weakening exhibit less strengthening (or greater
weakening) of monsoonal circulations north of the equator, consistent
with a pronounced southward shift in the tropical precipitation maximum.
Using an idealized ESM, we show that decreasing the (northward)
cross-equatorial ocean heat transport (X-OHT) while doubling CO2 is
sufficient to shift the tropical precipitation maximum southward and
thereby weaken northern hemispheric monsoon circulations, relative to an
experiment where X-OHT remains unchanged. These findings imply that
uncertainty in precipitation projections over key regions, particularly
in the tropics, may be reduced by better constraining changes in
large-scale ocean dynamics with warming.