bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictive power of psychometric assessments to identify young learners in need of early intervention: data from the Birth to Twenty Plus Cohort, South Africa
Authors: Richter Linda , Mabaso Musawenkosi , Hsiao Celia
Published: August 2015

The use of psychometric assessments during early childhood to predict children’s later outcomes is vital for early intervention. This study evaluates the predictive power of eight psychometric assessments administered during early childhood as screening measures for identifying those in need of early interventions to prevent late school entry and grade repetition. The measures are the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Griffiths Mental Development Scales at 6 months and 1 year; the Vineland Social Maturity Scale and the Behaviour Screening Questionnaire at 2 years and 4 years; the Revised Denver Prescreening Developmental Questionnaire at 5 years; and the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale, the Draw-a-Person, and the Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices at 7 years. We used receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to examine predictive values of the measures, and the area under the curve to assess sensitivity and specificity. Findings suggest that with a moderate degree of diagnostic accuracy, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at Year 1 with receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve = 0.61; 95% confidence interval: 0.51, 0.71) and the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale at Year 7 with receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve = 0.64; 95% confidence interval: 0.58, 0.70) can be used as screening measures to identify children at risk of late school entry. The Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale at Year 7 predicted grade repetition with a moderate degree of accuracy (area under the curve = 0.62; 95% confidence interval: 0.57, 0.67). The only statistically significant covariate-adjusted model showed that young maternal age ( β = –5.25; 95% confidence interval: –9.62, –0.88) and low socioeconomic status ( β = –2.04; 95% confidence interval: –3.76, –0.33) had a negative influence on the age at school entry as predicted by Bayley Scales of Infant Development at Year 1. This study is the first of its kind in South Africa, and contributes to the conceptual and empirical literature on children’s developmental assessment.
Restorativeness, Procedural Justice, and Defiance as Long-Term Predictors of Reoffending of Participants in Family Group Conferences
Authors: Hipple Natalie Kroovand , Gruenewald Jeff , McGarrell Edmund F.
Published: August 2015

This study extends Hipple and colleagues’ variation analysis by examining how varying degrees of restorative justice, procedural justice, and defiance in family group conference (FGC) processes and outcomes affect long-term juvenile recidivism measures in one large Midwestern U.S. city. The current study uses two data sets from the Indianapolis Juvenile Restorative Justice Experiment that include conference observations, juvenile histories, and adult criminal histories to examine how variations in FGC elements shape juvenile recidivism outcomes in a long-term follow-up period. Findings reveal that the greater fidelity of FGCs to the theoretical foundations of restorativeness and procedural justice, the better outcomes in the long term as measured by future offending. Specifically, offense type and conference restorativeness influenced the probability of recidivism in the long term. Results are consistent with the theoretical predictions of reintegrative shaming and procedural justice theories, providing further support that FGCs are a viable youth justice program option.
Race, Republicans, and Real Estate: The 1991 Fulton County Tax Revolt
Authors: Connor Michan Andrew
Published: August 2015

A 1991 reappraisal of property in Atlanta and Fulton County, Georgia, corrected systemic inequalities in property taxation that had subsidized affluent whites during a boom period. Many of those homeowners responded to reassessment by initiating a major tax revolt. The tax revolt failed to stop reassessment but won lasting victory in the political arena. Tax revolt politicians successfully linked the economic grievances of taxpayers to resentments against black political leaders and the poor, replaced older, moderate suburban politics with confrontation, and sped partisan realignment and Republican ascendancy in the state. Historical perspective on the politics of the Fulton County tax revolt supports the conclusion that metropolitics were essential to the development of “color-blind” or “laissez-faire” forms of racial ideology that became the dominant mode of American racial discourse in the post–Civil Rights era.
Frequency response function measurement and parametric SISO system modelling of a gyro-stabilized infrared electro optic gimbal system
Authors: Özdoğan Gökhan , Leblebicioğlu Kemal
Published: August 2015

In this research study, a single axis (inner azimuth gimbal) of a four-axis gyro-stabilized electro optic gimbal system is modelled through experimental investigation in the frequency domain, and the results of this investigation are presented. The dynamic behaviour of the mechanical system is obtained from input and output signals, strictly speaking, nonparametric measurements. Detecting and measuring the nonlinear distortions allows a better understanding and gives an intuitive insight into the error sources on frequency response function measurements. In this study, a nonparametric frequency response function and its uncertainty (noise) are measured; nonlinear distortions are quantified on a real-time system. The dynamic system is modelled by its parametric transfer function with various different estimation techniques and their efficiencies, convergence properties, and bias errors are compared and discussed. It turns out that, the nonparametric noise model allows the estimator to weight the cost function and reach statistically better results. As an original contribution, a common problem encountered with gimbals having small rotational movement capacity (in this case study, ±5° for the inner gimbals) is formulated as an optimization problem. An optimization procedure is studied to achieve a better signal-to-noise ratio in the frequency band of interest, while satisfying device-specific constraints.
Guidance laws based on model predictive control and target manoeuvre estimator
Authors: He Shaoming , Lin Defu
Published: August 2015

A new composite guidance law for intercepting manoeuvring targets with desired terminal line-of-sight (LOS) angle constraint is proposed in this paper. The presented guidance law is derived through generalized model predictive control (GMPC) augmented by a target manoeuvre estimator. More specifically, the target manoeuvre estimator is used to estimate and compensate for the unknown target manoeuvre online while the GMPC is used to obtain optimal LOS angle tracking performance. Stability analysis shows that the LOS angle tracking error and the LOS angular rate can converge to a sufficiently small region around zero asymptotically. The effectiveness of the proposed guidance law is validated by applying it to a surface-to-air missile for intercepting a head-on manoeuvring target under different scenarios.
“You Should Have Told Me That Earlier”
Authors: Varjonen Sirkku , Jurva Katrina , Jasinskaja-Lahti Inga
Published: August 2015

In this article, we take a discursive psychological approach to study how ethnic return migrants discuss and account for episodes of discrimination, with a special focus on discursive strategies employed to deal with discrimination. The data come from nine focus group discussions held with ethnic Finnish migrants who have moved to Finland in adulthood from Russia, Canada, or the United States. Results of the analysis show two distinct ways of dealing with discrimination: problematising discrimination and downplaying discrimination. Problematising was accomplished by showing the critical difference between being categorised as Finnish or non-Finnish and challenging the criteria of Finnishness. Strategies of downplaying included normalising discrimination and emphasising positive experiences. The findings are discussed in relation to ethnic return migrants’ identity work and belonging to broader society.
The Act of Video: Reflections on Video Vortex #7 and Contemporary Video Practices in Indonesia
Authors: Teh David , Berghuis Thomas J.
Published: August 2015

This essay explores the historiographic and ethnographic valence of video in Indonesia since 1998, against the backdrop of transition from an authoritarian to a neoliberal regime, and the concurrent renewal of the country’s public sphere. The first section takes Joshua Oppenheimer’s controversial film The Act of Killing (2012) as exemplary of the moving image’s purchase on national trauma, emphasizing its role in the production (and perversion) of official history. The second section concerns the state of video discourse in Indonesia as reflected in a conference held in Yogyakarta in 2011, addressing the diversity of contemporary video practices and situating them in local art and media histories. In a third and final section, we return to the epistemological quandaries raised by Oppenheimer’s film, mooting video’s capacity as a means of reconciliation with the past – a reconciliation that would seem to require both the documentary and a ‘revelatory’ function of the image.
Intercultural Generosity in Christian Perspective: The ‘West’ and Africa
Authors: Harries Jim
Published: August 2015

Western dualism’s tendency to naturalism at times appears to do away with a need for God. African monism’s co-identification of material and spiritual profoundly affects presupposed aspects of Western reality, such as notions of holiness. Enormous misinformation arising from the global hegemony of Western languages conceals important complexities of African life from view to planners of mission and development. Particularly in focus is the centrality of feast and celebration in Africa’s economic and social life. Current efforts at exporting useful dualistic principles to Africa may be building on a misguided foundation. The current downward spiral of misinformation and the resulting confused practice can best be arrested by a reconsideration of biblical injunctions to generosity in the light of realities brought to light through sufficient vulnerability to non-Western contexts.
Theological Education in Latin America: Bolivia as a Case Study
Authors: Corrie John
Published: August 2015

This article assesses the strengths and weaknesses of theological education within the evangelical, Spanish-speaking world of Latin America, using the findings of a survey in 2012 of protestant institutions in Bolivia as a case study. There is a particular focus on Pentecostals, since they form the majority of evangelicals in the continent. The study is placed in the context of historical developments, both globally and regionally, from which the involvement and influence of Western mission and models of education are critiqued. The claim by some of a crisis in theological education is examined, and the challenges for the future of evangelical provision are explored. These include the need for contextualization, the importance of a close relationship between churches and seminaries, and the centrality of mission at the heart of the theological curriculum. It is argued that there should be greater interdependence based on an intercultural model of theology. It is hoped that the conclusions provide some resonances for theological education globally.
Urban happiness: context-sensitive study of the social sustainability of urban settings
Authors: Kyttä Marketta , Broberg Anna , Haybatollahi Mohammed , Schmidt-Thomé Kaisa
Published: August 2015

Previous studies have reported multifaceted, controversial social outcomes of densely built urban settings. Social sustainability of urban environments have rarely been studied in a context-sensitive manner, identifying the specific ways urban structural characteristics contribute to the behavioural, experiential and well-being outcomes. In this study, an online public participation geographic information system (PPGIS) methodology allowed the place-based study of urban and suburban contexts in the metropolitan region of Helsinki, Finland. Respondents ( N = 3119) located their meaningful places and reported the experiential and well-being outcomes. GIS-based measures of urban structures were calculated within a 500m buffer around their homes. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the contextual variation and the mediational role accessibility and perceived environmental quality play in linking urban structural characteristics with well-being outcomes. Our findings indicated that although increasing urban density was associated with shorter distances to everyday services in both urban and suburban settings, the experiential and well-being outcomes varied. In the urban context, easy access to services contributed to higher perceived environmental quality and positive well-being outcomes, whereas in the suburban setting, the closeness of services decreased the experiential and well-being outcomes. Perceived environmental quality was strongly associated with well-being in both contexts. We concluded that densely built urban neighborhoods can also support social sustainability, but the processes vary between suburban and urban settings. A challenge remains for urban planners on how to improve accessibility and related positive experiential outcomes in suburban contexts.
Neighbourhood selection of non-Western ethnic minorities: testing the own-group effects hypothesis using a conditional logit model
Authors: Boschman Sanne , van Ham Maarten
Published: August 2015

The selective inflow and outflow of residents of different ethnic groups is the main mechanism behind ethnic residential segregation. In many studies it has been found that ethnic minorities are more likely than others to move to high-ethnic-minority-concentration neighbourhoods. An important question which remains largely unanswered is whether this can be explained by own-group effects, including own-group preferences, or by other neighbourhood factors. We use unique longitudinal register data from the Netherlands, which allow us to distinguish between different ethnic minority groups and simultaneously to take into account multiple neighbourhood characteristics. This allows us to test own-group effects—the effect of the share of the own-ethnic group on neighbourhood selection—while also taking into account other neighbourhood characteristics such as housing market composition. Using a conditional logit model, we find that housing-market constraints can partly explain the moves of ethnic minorities to high-ethnic-minority-concentration neighbourhoods: own-group effects are also found to be important in explaining neighbourhood selection. There are, however, important differences between ethnic minority groups. While these effects together explain why Surinamese and Antilleans move to high-ethnic-minority-concentration neighbourhoods, Turks and Moroccans are still found to move to neighbourhoods with concentrations of minorities other than their own ethnic group.
For fun and profit: the limits and possibilities of Google-Maps-based geoweb applications
Authors: Dalton Craig M
Published: August 2015

Software developers who create geographic web applications are a new kind of mapmaker producing new kinds of maps. They typically use private web-mapping services, such as Google Maps, without training in cartography or geographic information systems. How do software developers become mapmaking subjects producing geographic knowledges in the context of corporate mapping services? I argue that geoweb developers' subject positions and geographic knowledges are produced through the social relations of geoweb technology. Specifically, two culturally derived technical codes, playful fun and profit-seeking, are enormously influential in defining the subject positions and knowledges of geoweb applications. Utilizing both textual and in-person research, I analyze the social formation of third-party geoweb applications based on Google Maps, the social, technological limits that application developers work within, and the possibilities for developers in that context. Most developers and their knowledges stick with the technology's social codes, but a few create applications that transgress their contextual limits, opening further new possibilities for mapping, subject formation, and geographic knowledge on the web.
An alternative definition and use for the constraint function for rule-based methods of functional regionalisation
Authors: Halás Marián , Klapka Pavel , Tonev Petr , Bednář Marek
Published: August 2015

The paper addresses the issue of the constraint function and its use in methods of regional taxonomy and assessment of regional systems. It proposes an alternative definition for the constraint function for rule-based methods of functional regionalisation, such as the delineation of local labour-market areas, including alternative conceptions of the self-containment of the regions, and the trade-off between size and self-containment. An alternative constraint function has been applied in the territory of the Czech Republic as shown in the paper's illustrative example of its use from the original CURDS algorithm.
Building hazard resilience through collaboration: the role of technical partnerships in areas with hazardous liquid and natural gas transmission pipelines
Authors: Osland Anna Christine
Published: August 2015

Although long-term planning can be improved by full stakeholder participation that generates consensus, there are some planning problems that lack interest from a large and diverse group of stakeholders. For these low-interest yet substantively important issues, such as hazard mitigation, technical collaboration has been suggested as a precursor to processes that involve full stakeholder participation. However, there has been only limited research evaluating the role of technical collaboration in practice. In this study I analyze how technical collaboration influences hazard mitigation capacity for communities at risk from hazardous liquid and natural gas transmission pipeline accidents. Semistructured interviews were conducted with forty-five emergency managers and planning directors located in the Greensboro-Winston-Salem, North Carolina (USA) metropolitan area whose communities had hazardous liquid and natural gas transmission pipelines. On the basis of these interview data, I classified technical collaborations into three categories: loose alliances, full partnerships, and hierarchically cooperative groups. Using this typology of technical collaboration, I found that the type of collaboration (1) influenced local knowledge about pipelines; (2) impacted how transmission pipeline hazards were addressed within a mitigation agenda; and (3) affected a community's long-term capacity to mitigate pipeline hazards and build resilience against potential disasters. Leadership, access to resources, and continuity of the collaboration affected the function of technical collaborations. The research illustrated the inconsistencies in hazard resilience outcomes produced by the three types of technical collaboration. Collectively, the results illustrate how some planners and emergency managers can overcome deficits in knowledge about transmission pipeline hazards or about hazard mitigation planning tools in order to improve hazard resilience. Practitioners from jurisdictions of various sizes can use this research to facilitate their use of existing relationships to achieve hazard mitigation goals or to address critical issues that may have limited stakeholder support.
Waiting for the state: a politics of housing in South Africa
Authors: Oldfield Sophie , Greyling Saskia
Published: August 2015

Although specified in the South African Bill of Rights, for the majority of South African citizens the right to access housing translates in practice to the experience of waiting. In this paper we reflect on the micropolitics of waiting, practices of quiet encroachment, exploring how and where citizens wait and make do, and their encounters with the state in these processes. We argue that waiting for homes shapes a politics of finding shelter in the meanwhile partially visible yet precarious, the grey spaces of informality and illegality that constitute South African cities. At the same time, waiting generates a politics of encounter between citizen and state, practices immersed in shifting policy approaches and techniques, the contingent and often-opaque practices of governance. In sum, the politics of waiting for housing in South Africa proves paradoxical: citizens are marked as legitimate wards of the state. Yet, to live in the meanwhile and in the long term requires subversion, an agency that is sometimes visible in mobilisation and protest, and at other times out of sight, simultaneously contentious and legitimate.
‘Know your neighbours’: disaster resilience and the normative practices of neighbouring in an urban context
Authors: Cheshire Lynda
Published: August 2015

As part of community resilience policy, urban dwellers are advised to get to ‘know their neighbours’ so that they are more likely to turn to them in an emergency. But the idea that neighbours might function as resources for disaster preparedness fails to take account of the fact that neighbour relations are highly diverse and occasionally problematic. Drawing on residents' experiences of the 2011 floods in south-east Queensland, Australia, this paper examines how neighbouring practices and relationships prior to a disaster influence the nature and extent of support from neighbours when disaster strikes. It shows that emergency assistance can map onto existing neighbour relations, such that closer neighbour relations foster frequent and more reliable forms of help. However, the seriousness of the disaster event may be such that residents are aware of their responsibilities to one another as neighbours even if relations are relatively poor or absent. The paper yields important insights for disaster policy and practice in suggesting that community resilience should be embedded within local social practices such as neighbouring, but that neighbouring itself cannot be engineered into existence.
Sublime technology and object of fear: offshore wind scientists assessing publics
Authors: Heidenreich Sara
Published: August 2015

The development of offshore wind energy is often connected to expectations that the public will be positive about or at least indifferent to the technology. Because turbines are placed at sea—out of sight, out of mind—they are expected to avoid the public resistance experienced with respect to onshore installations. This paper examines offshore wind scientists’ constructions of the public(s) by identifying narratives in the research communities. It is based on twenty-six semistructured interviews with scientists at two national research centres on offshore wind energy and technology in Norway. It finds that, although the dominant narrative of these scientists conveys a positive public, expectations of public resistance and constructions of public sentiment as NIMBY (‘not in my backyard’) are present in the research environments. This continued presence of narratives of irrational public resistance in the scientists’ imaginings could be understood as an act of othering the public, with the possible implication of a disembedded technology development. The paper concludes by asking whether the persistence of constructions of resistant publics mirrors a pessimistic engineering mindset.
Making space for women in urban governance? Leadership and claims-making in a Kerala slum
Authors: Williams Glyn , Devika J , Aandahl Guro
Published: August 2015

This paper looks at the role of gender in the shaping and exercise of political authority. Its empirical focus is a slum in central Trivandrum, Kerala's capital city, which is undergoing a phased process of formalisation and rebuilding funded through a flagship Indian national programme, the JNNURM. The upgrade project should offer a dense network of ‘invited’ spaces for female participation within urban governance, both through women's presence within democratically elected municipal councils, and the deliberate linking of its implementation to Kudumbashree, Kerala's network of women-only neighbourhood groups that are responsible for implementing various antipoverty interventions throughout the state. Drawing on oral histories of the slum's evolution, interviews with project participants, and detailed ethnographic observation, we highlight the contests over identifying the list of JNNURM beneficiaries who would ultimately be granted a government-built flat at the project's completion. This key task in the project's implementation has been devolved to the local level, and therefore offers important insights into the practical efficacy of these invited spaces. The contests over this list show how ‘actually existing’ urban governance unfolds, and in particular highlight the interplay of formal and informal practices at work in ‘fixing’ a list that had local legitimacy. They also illustrate the ways in which power and authority are contested, and the role gender plays within performances of leadership. Women's political agency and efficacy are hampered both by Kerala's restrictive gender norms and by the high stakes and highly masculinist struggles present within its urban politics. The paper's theoretical contribution is to broaden our conceptualisation of leadership and claims making in the Global South, and within this to pay proper attention to the gendered nature of political space.
Estimating small-area Indigenous cultural participation from synthetic survey data
Authors: Vidyattama Yogi , Tanton Robert , Biddle Nicholas
Published: August 2015

Lack of data on the spatial distribution of the social conditions of Australia's Indigenous peoples has created difficulties in the allocation of government and community programs. Small-area estimation methods can overcome this lack of data, but typically require access to a unit record file. However, strict confidentiality rules applied to these unit record files may hinder the development of these models. In Australia, unit record data for the Indigenous population is analysable only using Australian Bureau of Statistics servers remotely. This study looks specifically at this issue and offers a solution to the problem of confidentiality restrictions by using a synthetic database. The results show that reasonable small-area estimates of social conditions for Indigenous Australians can be derived from a small-area estimation (spatial microsimulation) model using a synthetic database. While this application is for Australia, the method developed can be used for any small-area model requiring unit record data that are not available due to confidentiality restrictions.
Demographic ageing and the polarization of regions—an exploratory space–time analysis
Authors: Gregory Terry , Patuelli Roberto
Published: August 2015

Demographic ageing is expected to affect labour markets in very different ways on a regional scale. Contributing to this debate, we explore the spatiotemporal patterns of recent distributional changes in the worker age structure and innovation output for German regions by conducting an exploratory space–time data analysis. Besides commonly used tools, we apply newly developed approaches which allow the investigation of joint dynamics of the spatial distributions. Overall, we find that innovation hubs tend to be located in areas with high skill concentrations, but also seem to coincide with favourable demographic age structures. We show that these concentrations are persistent over time due to clusterwise path dependence and spatial contagion forces. The spatiotemporal patterns speak in favour of a demographic polarization process of German regions where the post-reunification East–West divide is increasingly turning into a rural–urban divide.
Evaluation of a numerical model for tapered threaded connections subjected to combined loading using enhanced experimental measurement techniques
Authors: Galle Timothy , De Waele Wim , Van Wittenberghe Jeroen , De Baets Patrick
Published: August 2015

Threaded connections used in the oil and gas industry have to withstand ever-increasing axial and pressure loads. The structural behavior of these joints can be predicted using numerical models, provided these are soundly validated. Within this article, a finite element model of tapered, shoulderless connections containing a trapezoidal thread type is experimentally validated conducting a test load envelope experiment and a tensile failure test. The evaluation is performed using both conventional and advanced measurement techniques. Surface strains are validated by comparing digital image correlation and strain gage results with the numerical output. An almost perfect quantitative match between the numerically predicted axial strains and the experimentally measured strain gage data is obtained. In addition, a qualitative match can also be observed when considering the axial strains obtained by digital image correlation. Furthermore, infrared thermography measurements are compared to the numerical deformation energy, assuming that temperature is an additional, but indirect parameter to evaluate the validity of the model. From the results, the proposed model has proven to be reliable when a combination of axial tension and internal pressure is applied. While the model is originally designed to predict the connection’s structural behavior for loads up to the yield strength, it is possible to estimate this behavior for higher loads by modifying the contact area.
Prognostic Factors Affecting Rotator Cuff Healing After Arthroscopic Repair in Small to Medium-sized Tears
Authors: Park Ji Soon , Park Hyung Jun , Kim Sae Hoon , Oh Joo Han
Published: August 2015

Background:

Small and medium-sized rotator cuff tears usually have good clinical and anatomic outcomes. However, healing failure still occurs in some cases.

Purpose:

To evaluate prognostic factors for rotator cuff healing in patients with only small to medium-sized rotator cuff tears.

Study Design:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Data were prospectively collected from 339 patients with small to medium-sized rotator cuff tears who underwent arthroscopic repair by a single surgeon between March 2004 and August 2012 and who underwent magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomographic arthrography at least 1 year after surgery. The mean age of the patients was 59.8 years (range, 39-80 years), and the mean follow-up time was 20.8 months (range, 12-66 months). The functional evaluation included the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, Constant-Murley score, and Simple Shoulder Test.

Results:

Postoperative VAS for pain and functional scores improved significantly compared with preoperative values ( P < .001). Forty-five healing failures occurred (13.3%), and fatty degeneration of the infraspinatus muscle, tear size (anteroposterior dimension), and age were significant factors affecting rotator cuff healing ( P < .001, = .018, and = .011, respectively) in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Grade II and higher infraspinatus fatty degeneration correlated with a higher failure rate. The failure rate was also significantly higher in patients with a tear >2 cm in size (34.2%) compared with patients with a tear ≤2 cm (10.6%) ( P < .001). A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the predictive cut-off value for the oldest age and the largest tear size for successful healing, which were calculated as 69 years and 2 cm, respectively, with a specificity of 90%.

Conclusion:

In small to medium-sized rotator cuff tears, grade II fatty degeneration of the infraspinatus muscle according to the Goutallier classification could be a reference point for successful healing, and anatomic outcomes might be better if repair is performed before the patient is 69 years old and the tear size exceeds 2 cm.
The Variable Effects of Tie Strength and Social Resources
Authors: McGuire Gail M. , Bielby William T.
Published: August 2015

Drawing upon data from more than 5,000 dyads, the authors examine how the strength of employees’ intraorganizational ties and the social resources of their network members affect influence-conferring support, task support, and social support. The authors hypothesize that the effects of tie strength and social resources will vary with type of network support and theorize how three mechanisms—trust, risk, and redundancy—explain the differential effects of tie strength and social resources on intraorganizational support. Their findings highlight the variable effects of tie strength and social resources and illustrate the unique ways in which strong ties operate within work organizations.
Trauma and stigma: The long-term effects of wartime violence on political attitudes
Authors: Hong Ji Yeon , Kang Woo Chang
Published: August 2015

How does wartime violence affect public attitudes toward the government in the long run? In this paper, we examine whether violence against civilians during the Korean War continues to influence people’s attitudes toward the South Korean government more than half a century later. We find that wartime violence has clear long-term attitudinal effects. Using a difference-in-differences analysis that compares the cohorts born before and after the war, the findings indicate that people who experienced violence in their childhood (0–5 years) are less supportive of the South Korean government, especially the administration and the military, compared with those born in the same areas during the 5 years after the war. We argue that the gap between pre- and post-war cohorts is generated by the long-lasting trauma of wartime violence and the social stigma imposed on violence victims after the war.
Geographic determinants of indiscriminate violence in civil wars
Authors: Schutte Sebastian
Published: August 2015

What determines the type of violence used by military actors in civil wars? Drawing on Kalyvas’s “information problem” and Boulding’s “loss of strength gradient”, this paper proposes a simple model of how the violence becomes more indiscriminate as a function of distance from the actors’ power centers. The proposed mechanism is a growing inability of the actors to distinguish between collaborators of the adversary and innocent bystanders. Tested on the conflict event level for 11 cases of insurgency, the results indicate that a simple distance-decay mechanism can explain the occurrence of indiscriminate violence to a large extent.
“I Have Goals to Prove All Those People Wrong and Not Fit Into Any One of Those Boxes”
Authors: Rogers Leoandra Onnie , Way Niobe
Published: August 2015

Adolescents form their identities by both accommodating (endorsing) and resisting (challenging) cultural stereotypes. Most research on Black males focuses on how they accommodate to negative stereotypes (e.g., delinquency, aggression), but a growing literature emphasizes how youth resist stereotypes. Semi-structured interviews were analyzed to examine patterns of resistance and accommodation at the intersection of racial and gender stereotypes among Black adolescent males ( N = 21). Findings indicate that, overall, Black males resist racial stereotypes more readily than gender. Using an intersectionality lens, we found three paths of resistance: (a) the “accommodators” endorsed racial and gender stereotypes, (b) the “resisters” resisted both sets of stereotypes, and (c) the “exceptions” resisted racial stereotypes but accommodated to gender. Implications for the study of resistance, identity, and intersectionality are discussed.
Low Grade Gliomas in Children
Authors: Chalil Alan , Ramaswamy Vijay
Published: August 2015

Gliomas represent the most common solid tumor of the nervous system, and can occur as both low and high-grade tumors. Current risk stratification and treatment approaches rely heavily on the morphological classification of gliomas whereby low-grade gliomas have an excellent prognosis, particularly pilocytic astrocytomas, while high-grade gliomas have a poor prognosis. The past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in scholars’ knowledge of the biology of pediatric low-grade gliomas particularly through the advent of integrated genomics and next generation sequencing. Indeed, many of these biological advances are changing treatment paradigms, particularly in low-grade gliomas, where rationale targeted therapies are currently being explored in clinical trials. In this review the authors summarize the current approach to pediatric low grade gliomas and outline the biological advances over the past 10 years, which will be driving the next generation of clinical trials.
Optimization of sterilization methods for electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) to enhance pre-osteoblast cell behaviors for guided bone regeneration
Authors: Dai Yun , Xia Yang , Chen Han-Bang , Li Na , Chen Gang , Zhang Fei-Min , Gu Ning
Published: August 2015

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal sterilization procedure for biodegradable polyester-based guided bone regeneration membranes. The effects of sterilization using low-temperature hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, 75% ethanol (EtOH; two soaking times), and ultraviolet radiation on the structure and biological properties of electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) membranes were investigated. The results demonstrated that all were effective sterilization methods. The membranes were then assessed for surface structure, wettability, and in vitro cellular responses including osteogenic differentiation by seeding with pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1 cells). The cells grew well on all the sterilized membranes. The low-temperature hydrogen peroxide gas plasma–sterilized membranes, which exhibited significantly improved hydrophilicity ( p < 0.05), were better for cell osteogenic differentiation compared to the membranes sterilized by other methods. In addition, the cell behavior on the membranes sterilized by EtOH was superior to those sterilized by ultraviolet radiation. Finally, EtOH soaking time appeared to influence cell behavior. The results suggested that low-temperature hydrogen peroxide gas plasma treatment is the most promising method to sterilize electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) membranes for guided bone regeneration.
Anger Problems Predict Long-Term Criminal Recidivism in Partner Violent Men
Authors: Farzan-Kashani Julian , Murphy Christopher M.
Published: August 2015

The current study investigated the influence of anger problems on partner violent men’s long-term response to treatment, as indicated by criminal recidivism during an 8-year period after treatment initiation. Participants were 132 men who presented for treatment services at a community-based domestic violence agency. Results indicated that individuals with extensive anger problems had more charges for general violence (GV) offenses and more ongoing problems with protection orders than did those with Normal Anger (NA) profiles. Examinations of specific anger scales indicated that low Anger Control (LAC) and high Anger Expression predict GV recidivism. These findings indicate that a standard cognitive-behavioral treatment program may not adequately reduce the recidivism risk of partner violent men with pronounced anger problems, stress the importance of further research to understand the role of anger problems in partner violence treatment, and highlight the need to develop and evaluate new intervention approaches for partner violent men with serious anger dysregulation.
Individualized Clinical Coaching in the TLE TeachLivE Lab
Authors: Vince Garland Krista M. , Holden Kara , Garland Dennis Patrick
Published: August 2015

One of the challenges facing educators who teach students with autism spectrum disorders is implementing evidence-based practices (EBPs) with fidelity. One EBP used to help such learners in acquiring targeted behavioral or academic skills is prompting. In this study, the authors examine the efficacy of individualized clinical coaching (ICC) of least-to-most prompting (also referred to as system-of-least prompts [SLP]) in the TLE TeachLivE™ simulationreality teaching and learning environment (TLE). Participants included six novice educators enrolled in a graduate special education course that focused on EBPs for teaching learners with autism. Results suggest that ICC in TLE was effective in increasing the fidelity of implementation of the participants’ use of SLP.
The Efficacy of IRIS STAR Legacy Modules Under Different Instructional Conditions
Authors: Sayeski Kristin L. , Hamilton-Jones Bethany , Oh Susan
Published: August 2015

The vast majority of special education teacher preparation programs in the United States incorporate the IRIS Center’s STAR Legacy modules into their coursework. Given the diversity of module content and ways in which the modules are employed, the purpose of this study was to explore the potential mediating effects of instructional context on learner outcomes. Using an experimental, pretest-posttest-maintenance design, 115 participants experienced three different IRIS modules (Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies [PALS], Accommodations, and Classroom Management) under three instructional conditions (i.e., homework, instructor facilitated, and “flipped classroom”). Strong effect sizes from pretest to posttest were found across all three modules across all conditions. Instructional condition has a significant effect on learning for the PALS module only. Differences in participants’ perceptions of topic importance, module quality, and knowledge gained, however, were found for the Classroom Management module. Implications for teacher education are discussed.
Effect on Baby-Friendly Hospital Steps When Hospitals Implement a Policy to Pay for Infant Formula
Authors: Tarrant Marie , Lok Kris Y.W. , Fong Daniel Y.T. , Wu Kendra M. , Lee Irene L.Y. , Sham Alice , Lam Christine , Bai Dorothy Li , Wong Ka Lun , Wong Emmy M.Y. , Chan Noel P.T. , Dodgson Joan E.
Published: August 2015

Background:

The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative requires hospitals to pay market price for infant formula. No studies have specifically examined the effect of hospitals paying for infant formula on breastfeeding mothers’ exposure to Baby-Friendly steps.

Objectives:

To investigate the effect of hospitals implementing a policy of paying for infant formula on new mothers’ exposure to Baby-Friendly steps and examine the effect of exposure to Baby-Friendly steps on breastfeeding rates.

Methods:

We used a repeated prospective cohort study design. We recruited 2 cohorts of breastfeeding mother–infant pairs (n = 2470) in the immediate postnatal period from 4 Hong Kong public hospitals and followed them by telephone up to 12 months postpartum. We assessed participants’ exposure to 6 Baby-Friendly steps by extracting data from the medical record and by maternal self-report.

Results:

After hospitals began paying for infant formula, new mothers were more likely to experience 4 out of 6 Baby-Friendly steps. Breastfeeding initiation within the first hour increased from 28.7% to 45%, and in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding rates increased from 17.9% to 41.4%. The proportion of mothers who experienced all 6 Baby-Friendly steps increased from 4.8% to 20.5%. The risk of weaning was progressively higher among participants experiencing fewer Baby-Friendly steps. Each additional step experienced by new mothers decreased the risk of breastfeeding cessation by 8% (hazard ratio = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.89-0.95).

Conclusion:

After implementing a policy of paying for infant formula, breastfeeding mothers were exposed to more Baby-Friendly steps, and exposure to more steps was significantly associated with a lower risk of breastfeeding cessation.
A Case Study of Michigan’s Breastfeeding Initiative
Authors: Hudson Iris J. , Rutledge Gia , Roberts Ayers Diane
Published: August 2015

The Michigan Department of Community Health (MDCH) funded 9 local breastfeeding coalitions to implement breastfeeding support groups and to develop breastfeeding resources for mothers and health professionals. The authors conducted qualitative analyses of reports, success stories, and MDCH grantees’ interview responses (via follow-up call with 3 coalitions) to assess key barriers, facilitators, and lessons learned for coalitions implementing breastfeeding support groups. Coalitions noted implementation barriers related to their organizational structure and to recruiting mothers and finding meeting locations. Facilitators to implementing breastfeeding support groups included referrals, expertise, resources, and incentives. The following themes emerged from the reports analysis regarding how to implement breastfeeding support groups: “meet moms where they are,” build community partnerships, and leverage in-kind and financial resources to sustain breastfeeding support groups.
Ablation study of laser micromachining process with molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Markopoulos Angelos P , Manolakos Dimitrios E
Published: August 2015

A three-dimensional molecular dynamics model is presented for the simulation of the creation of a micro-hole on a thin film metal substrate via laser ablation. For the presented analysis, molybdenum and aluminium specimens are selected and short pulses are assumed. The laser fluence takes several values between 0.5 and 20 J/cm2. The proposed models include significant laser ablation phenomena such as plasma shielding. However, they are not computationally intense. In this study, the Morse potential is used for the interactions of the atoms of the specimens. The analysis is carried out in order to investigate the ablation rate, the ablation depth and the mean temperature of molybdenum and aluminium targets under their heating by the laser beam, for several different values of fluence. Results for molybdenum indicate that as fluence increases, it takes less time for the atoms to be ablated. For low-fluence pulses, more than one pulse may be required for the ablation of all atoms. For high-fluence pulses, the ablation is not uniform across the entire duration of the pulse and the specimen is overheated. A fluence value around 2–3 J/cm2 is suggested for uniform ablation. From the analysis, it is evident that the evolution of ablation and system temperature is different for molybdenum and aluminium, for the same laser fluence. This is attributed to different crystalline structures and absorptivity of each material. It may be said that molecular dynamics prove to be a powerful tool for the simulation of nanomanufacturing processes and useful conclusions are drawn from the analysis.
Investigation on the effects of process parameters in pulsating hydroforming using Taguchi method
Authors: Ashrafi Amir , Khalili Khalil
Published: August 2015

Tube hydroforming is a process that uses internal pressure and axial feeding simultaneously to form a tube into a desired shape. The internal pressure provides the stress required to yield the material while axial feeding eases metal flow helping to produce a part without wrinkles and with even wall thickness. Pulsating pressure hydroforming applies loading path with fluctuating pressures. In this study, pulsating pressure hydroforming of T-joint part was examined experimentally. Six process parameters in pulsating pressure loading path were selected. Using Taguchi design of experiments with six parameters and two levels for each parameter, 12 experiments were conducted to study the effects of pulsating pressure parameters on the parts’ defects and shape accuracy. Signal-to-noise ratio and analysis of variance were employed to determine the important process parameters affecting the final part in terms of wrinkling, bulge height and wall thickness. Three linear regressions without any interaction between the parameters were extracted for three quality responses and were evaluated through three extra experiments that show the best levels for three responses. The results show reasonable agreement between the experiments and linear regression models.