bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Meaning of Health and Health Promotion Practices of Taiwanese Elders with Chronic Illness
Authors: Chen Yuh-Min
Published: October 2003

In Taiwan, populations age 65 years and older are increasing. Of those 65 and older, 76.06% have more than one chronic disease. How to promote health has been an important concern for both the chronically ill elderly themselves and health care providers. The purposes of this study were to explore the meaning of health and health promotion practices of Taiwanese elders with chronic illness. A descriptive qualitative study design was used to obtain information from 76 chronically ill Taiwanese elders about their definitions of health and health-promoting practices. Content analysis revealed 3 health definition categories and 15 types of health promotion practices. It is hoped that findings in this study can be used as a basis for successful planning and provision of culturally appropriate health care services for Taiwanese elders with chronic illness.
Features of the Japanese Health Care System and its Impact on Nursing Practice
Authors: Hayakawa Kazuo , Wanamaker Yoshie N. , Kato Kenji , Onoi Miyuki
Published: October 2003

Japanese society is presently facing a revolutionary system change. The health care system and educational system of various health care professionals are also in the process of fundamental restructuring. In these social surroundings, Japanese nurses are now taking advantage of system restructuring to raise the social status of nurses and to expand nurses' role in Japanese society.
Transporting Welfare Beyond the City
Authors: Trouteaud Alex R. , Parker James D.
Published: October 2003

Transportation services provided by government-sponsored welfare programs are implemented more effectively in urban rather than rural areas. Urban infrastructure elements that facilitate reliable and inexpensive transportation do not exist in less densely populated rural geographies. Under current Welfare-to-Work legislation, wide latitude is provided to regional governmental agencies in the designation of transportation services subsidization for welfare recipients. A Central Texas government agency commissioned the creation of a systematic methodology to evaluate the prospect of developing a rural transportation infrastructure for welfare recipients. The result of the methodology, as detailed in this article, was a comprehensive Geographic Information System (GIS)-based evaluation tool for designating key components of a welfare-related rural transportation system.
Challenges of Developing a Sanitation Infrastructure Gis for the Tohono O'Odham Nation
Authors: Jones Sharon A.
Published: October 2003

Many rural communities lack economies of scale for sanitation infrastructure management and do not receive support from state and federal governments. These problems are particularly severe for Native American Nations, certain rural areas, as well as many developing countries. Geographical information systems (GIS) can improve the management of water and wastewater infrastructure in such areas by using technology to offset the issues of low density, scattered settlements, and large acreages. However, integrating GIS technology into such communities presents technical and organizational challenges. The Tucson office of the Indian Health Services faced such challenges when developing a sanitation GIS for the Tohono O'odham Nation in Southwestern Arizona. The GIS developers found that with adequate management support and communication with potential users, the technical challenges can be met. However, the organizational challenges associated with data sharing and confidentiality slowed the integration of the GIS and may limit the sustainability of the system.
Fast Lanes
Authors: Kennedy Mark
Published: October 2003

Traffic congestion costs the United States more than $67 billion annually. Over the next 25 years, this problem will be exacerbated as traffic is expected to double. One approach to dealing with these problems is simple, straightforward, and fair. The Freeing Alternatives for Speedy Transportation (FAST) Act repeals prohibitions in federal law in order to permit expansion of congested interstate corridors paid for by user-fees. With the FAST Act, states would have the option to create new voluntary-use FAST lanes, expanding road capacity to reduce congestion. The legislation includes three important conditions: Fees will be collected using only non-cash, electronic technology—no tolls and no tollbooths; the voluntary fee is charged on new lanes only, and the revenues generated are dedicated to those new FAST lanes; and when the revenues collected from FAST lane users have repaid the costs of the FAST lanes, the fees disappear. It's time for new thinking and a new approach in federal transportation policy.
Methods of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Organizational Research
Authors: Beal Daniel J. , Weiss Howard M.
Published: October 2003

Although ecological momentary assessment and experience sampling methods have been in use in other areas of the social and medical sciences for many years, organizational researchers have not taken advantage of these techniques. To rectify this situation, the authors examine the benefits and difficulties of ecological momentary assessment and offer suggestions for how it can be used effectively in organizations. In addition, the authors discuss the analysis of these data from a multilevel framework and place particular emphasis on procedures that examine the temporal nature of momentary data.
Work Climate and Organizational Effectiveness: The Application of Data Envelopment Analysis in Organizational Research
Authors: Gelade Garry , Gilbert Patrick
Published: October 2003

Previous research examining the climate-effectiveness relationship in organizations has largely failed to take due note of the complex multidimensional nature of organizational effectiveness. This article describes the data envelopment analysis (DEA)technique for evaluating the relative efficiencies of organizations that consume multiple inputs and produce multiple outputs and demonstrates its application to organizational research. The use of DEA is illustrated by calculating the relative efficiencies of the branch offices in a retail banking network, and it is shown that measures of efficiency calculated using the DEA method correlate significantly with organizational climate as measured by employee's perceptions of operational and management practices. It is suggested that researchers studying the relationship between organizational effectiveness and the psychology of the workplace should consider using DEA, especially when multiple dimensions of effectiveness are involved.
Critical Studies on Men in Ten European Countries
Authors: Hearn Jeff , Pringle Keith , Müller Ursula , Oleksy Elzbieta , Lattu Emmi , Tallberg Teemu , Ferguson Harry , Holter Øystein Gullvåg , Kolga Voldemar , Novikova Irina , Raynor Alex
Published: October 2003

This article is on the work of the European Research Network on Men in Europe project, “The Social Problem and Societal Problematization of Men and Masculinities” (2000-2003), funded by the European Commission. The Network comprises women and men researchers with a range of disciplinary backgrounds from Estonia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Poland, the Russian Federation, and the United Kingdom. The Network's initial focus is on men's relations to home and work, social exclusion, violence, and health. Some of the findings on the Network's fourth phase of work, namely the review of newspaper and media representations of men's practices in the ten countries, are presented. This is the last of four articles reviewing critical studies on men in the ten countries through different methods and approaches.
Settling Accounts with Hooligans
Authors: Free Marcus , Hughson John
Published: October 2003

Recent ethnographies of male football supporters have provided in-depth, highly engaged accounts from the supporters' subcultural perspectives. Although they are commendable for their ethnographic detail, this article's authors take issue with their theorization of the data, particularly their inadequate interrogations of gender construction and gender relations. The authors argue that McRobbie's critique of earlier male youth subcultural ethnographies is equally applicable to football ethnographies. The authors make three principal criticisms. First, these ethnographies' authors falsely dichotomize the public and private domains, thus failing to provide complex pictures of the gendered social relations in which these subcultural activities are situated. Second, they ignore evidence, in their own data, of the performative role of such activities in the construction and reproduction of masculine identities. Third, their uses of the concept of “carnivalesque” camouflage both the gender themes in the data and the authors' failures to adequately address them theoretically.
Health Education and Multimedia Learning: Connecting Theory and Practice (Part 2)
Authors: Soto Mas Francisco G. , Plass Jan , Kane William M. , Papenfuss Richard L.
Published: October 2003

Part 1 of this article reviewed the contributions of educational psychology to the early development of health behavior theory and the difficulties faced by health education in adopting some of the perspectives that today guide multimedia learning. Whereas Part 1 involved discussion at the theoretical level, the purpose of Part 2 is to connect theory and practice by describing the most relevant multimedia learning theories and by providing recommendations for developing multimedia health education programs. It also provides practitioners with specific examples of the features that may make computer-based interventions more attractive to their particular audiences.
HIV Prevention in the Era of New Treatments
Authors: Demmer Craig
Published: October 2003

Advances in the treatment of HIV disease in recent years have prompted concern that individuals may regard HIV/AIDS as a less serious threat and consequently will be less committed to safer sex practices. This article reviews studies that have been conducted so far to assess the impact of new treatments for HIV on risk perceptions and behaviors among various population groups. Health practitioners need to be alerted to changing attitudes and preventive behaviors in their community stemming from the new treatments. Suggestions are offered to providers of HIV prevention services on how to address the issue of new treatments and the possibility of increasing complacency about safer sex practices.
A Self-Referent Thinking Model: How Older Adults May Talk Themselves Out of Being Physically Active
Authors: Cousins Sandra O'Brien
Published: October 2003

The purpose of this qualitative study was to ground current theory on exercise behavior with authentic voices of older adults as they thought about physical activity. Aged 55 to 92, 41 adults of various activity levels provided interviews with regard to personal experiences, health issues, and motivation for active lifestyles. Key constructs from four contemporary health behavior theories were integrated into a decisional balance template. Interpretive analysis organized positive and negative thinking on the template and thereby animated important theoretical constructs with the actual voices of older adults. Although generally supporting current theoretical models, the surprising finding was that active people expressed as much negative self-talk as did inactive people. However, they differed in their ability to balance each issue with strong positive thinking based on previous personal successes and direct experience of benefits. This finding suggests that promoting health through lifestyle change is very difficult to do without positive past-mastery experiences.
A Community-Campus Partnership for Health: The Seat Pleasant-University of Maryland Health Partnership
Authors: Greenberg Jerrold S. , Howard Donna , Desmond Sharon
Published: October 2003

A partnership formed between the University of Maryland and the city of Seat Pleasant, Maryland, designed to enhance the health of the city's residents and the education of the university's students—graduate and undergraduate—in the Department of Public and Community Health is described. The health partnership is based on service-learning theory, and a presentation of research findings related to service learning is offered. The history of the health partnership, its developmental stages, its operational procedures, and its evaluation are discussed. In addition, projects resulting from health partnership activities and projects and goals projected for the future are presented. Throughout the article, lessons learned are discussed, and the discussion and conclusions detail the benefits to inform other programs interested in forming a community-campus partnership for health.
An AIDS Risk Reduction Program for Dutch Drug Users: An Intervention Mapping Approach to Planning
Authors: van Empelen Pepijn , Kok Gerjo , Schaalma Herman P. , Bartholomew L. Kay
Published: October 2003

This article presents the development of a theory- and evidence-based AIDS prevention program targeting Dutch drug users and aimed at promoting condom use. The emphasis is on the development of the program using a five-step intervention development protocol called intervention mapping (IM). Preceding Step 1 of the IM process, an assessment of the HIV problem among drug users was conducted. The product of IM Step 1 was a series of program objectives specifying what drug users should learn in order to use condoms consistently. In Step 2, theoretical methods for influencing the most important determinants were chosen and translated into practical strategies that fit the program objectives. The main strategy chosen was behavioral journalism. In Step 3, leaflets with role-model stories based on authentic interviews with drug users were developed and pilot tested. Finally, the need for cooperation with program users is discussed in IM Steps 4 and 5.
Strategies for Effective Education in a Jail Setting: The Tuberculosis Prevention Project
Authors: White Mary Castle , Duong Thuan M. , Cruz Edward S. , Rodas Alex , McCall Cade , Menéndez Enrique , Carmody Ellie R. , Tulsky Jacqueline P.
Published: October 2003

Jails are a unique setting for health education. The Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention Project was designed to improve completion of care for latent TB infection in released inmates. As part of an ongoing clinical trial to improve rates of completion, educators provided TB-focused educational sessions to 1,027 inmates. This article describes the educational sessions and illustrates some of the barriers to working in a jail setting and strategies to overcome them. The nature of the jail itself, inmate characteristics, the characteristics of educators, and the educational sessions themselves interacted in different ways to enhance or impair the interaction. Jail is a setting in which the population is at high risk for a number of health problems and health education is increasingly important.
Use of a University-Community Collaboration Model to Frame Issues and Set an Agenda for Strengthening a Community
Authors: Thompson Linda S. , Story Marilyn , Butler Georgene
Published: October 2003

As severe social problems persist, analysts from various sectors suggest that policies and programs should increase their sensitivity and effectiveness through collaborations among universities, communities, and political officials. A model of collaboration is presented, and the nature and importance of such collaborations are examined. The benefits, challenges, and roles of the three collaboration partners (university, community, and government) and the three stages of the collaboration process (initiation, deliberation, and implementation) are discussed in the context of a real-world application. Recommendations for future applications are presented.
The G8 Heart Health Projects Database: Testing the Compatibility of an Internet-Based Resource with Health Promotion Planning Processes
Authors: Hanusaik Nancy , O'Loughlin Jennifer , Ryan Ann , Edwards Alison C. , West Roy , Harvey Dexter , Cameron Roy
Published: October 2003

This study examined the context and processes in which health promotion policy and program decisions are made to ensure that an Internet-based information system on heart health promotion programs provides appropriate information for decision makers' needs and is compatible with their decision-making processes. Five focus groups and six individual interviews were conducted with potential users of and contributors to the G8 Heart Health Projects Database. Results suggest that Internet-based systems such as this are seen as useful tools, but will only be used at certain critical points in program development and then, only when they meet several rigorous criteria. Systems must be completely credible and up-to-date, providing instant answers to complex questions about program design, implementation, and effectiveness, with adequate qualitative information for assessing contextual applicability. Participants also provided information about the conditions required if they were to submit project information to the system.
Promising Outreach Practices: Enrolling Low-Income Children in Health Insurance Programs in California
Authors: Castañeda Xóchitl , Clayson Zoe Cardoza , Rundall Tom , Dong Liane , Sercaz Margo
Published: October 2003

Strategies used by outreach workers to successfully enroll underserved and uninsured California children into low cost health insurance programs such as MediCal and Healthy Families are examined. Otreach workers are particularly effective in enrolling and retaining hard to reach populations, especially immigrant families, in health programs. Skilled in grassroots communications and members of the communities they serve, outreach workers are key to building vital community support. Effective outreach depends on the selection of outreach workers with appropriate personal characteristics and then training them in a number of core competencies. This article analyzes the main avenues used by outreach workers within the First Things First demonstration project: person-to-person contact, utilization of existing of institutions, and public communication strategies. Structural and systemic barriers remain to enrolling children in public health insurance programs that exceed the scope of outreach workers. Thus, effective outreach programs should address both structural issues and staff selection and training.
How Do We Know If We Are Making a Difference With Our Program or Community Initiative?
Authors: Francisco Vincent T. , Butterfoss Frances D.
Published: October 2003

In this article, the authors discuss issues related to knowing if health workers are making a difference with their community initiatives or programs being delivered in a community setting. Issues relating to the choice of evaluation questions, relevance of data sets used to answer those questions, and the rigor by which the answer can be evaluated—and the ability to generalize to other communities or populations—are explored. Finally, relevant resources to help you pursue these issues are provided.
Density Fluctuation and Hydrogen-Bonded Clusters in Supercritical Water. A Molecular Dynamics Analysis Using a Polarizable Potential Model
Authors: Yoshii Noriyuki , Miura Shinichi , Okazaki Susumu
Published: October 2003

A series of molecular dynamics calculations of supercritical (SC) water along an isotherm at 600 K have been performed using a polarizable potential model. A relatively large system composed of 1000 molecules was adopted to reproduce long-ranged density fluctuations in SC water. The oxygen–oxygen partial static structure factor has been calculated for various densities. The strong intensity of the static structure factor in the small wave number region has successfully been reproduced for the fluid near the critical point. The density fluctuation was investigated using a concept of “cluster,” which was defined by a set of molecules connected by “bonds.” In this paper, two kinds of bonds were adopted. One is a bond defined simply using the oxygen–oxygen distance (D-bond) and the other is a hydrogen bond (H-bond). Size distribution of both the D- and H-bond clusters was described well by Fisher’s droplet model. These clusters have bulky structures compared with closely packed low temperature clusters, and can be regarded as “fractal." The larger the D- and H-bond clusters, the longer the relaxation times. Together with the size distribution of the clusters, this may give a molecular picture of critical slowing down.
Solvolysis of Styryliodonium Salt: Products, Rates, and Mechanisms
Authors: Okuyama Tadashi , Ishida Yoshimi , Ochiai Masahito
Published: October 2003

The solvolysis of phenyl[(E)-styryl]iodonium tetrafluoroborate in various solvents was examined at 50—70 °C by means of product and kinetic studies with the normal and labeled substrates. The reactions involved are α-elimination and substitutions with configurational retention and inversion. In methanol and ethanol, the main reaction is α-elimination, along with about 5% of substitution with the ratio of inversion/retention from 4/6 to 3/7. As the basicity of the solvent decreases, the reaction rate and the fraction of α-elimination decrease, and at the same time the ratio of inversion/retention of substitution also decreases. In 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, only the substitution with retention was observed. Labeling experiments showed that complete isotope scrambling occurred between the olefinic hydrogens of the retained product while the deuterium remained at the original position of the inverted product. The substitution mechanism is concluded to involve parallel pathways: an SN1-type with a vinylenebenzenium ion intermediate leading to retention and a vinylic SN2-type with a direct attack by the nucleophilic solvent leading to inversion.
NMR Study of the Transformation of Perfluorinated Surfactant Solutions
Authors: Iijima Hiroshi , Koyama Seiji , Fujio Katsuhiko , Uzu Yuhei
Published: October 2003

The formation of micelles and aggregates in D2O solutions of the homologous series of surfactant cesium perfluoroalkanoates CnF2n+1COO−Cs+ (n = 5, 7, 9) and the other salts (Na+, NH4+, and Rb+) of perfluorooctanoic acids were studied at 30 and 50 °C by using some NMR techniques. The critical micelle concentrations (cmc) were determined by 19F chemical shift measurements. The studies of Cs salts have shown that the effect of each CF2 group on micelle formation is roughly equivalent to that of 1.5 CH2 groups. Except for the n = 5 system at 50 °C, second breaks other than cmc at higher concentration were observed for α-CF2 groups of all Cs salts, which suggest the transformation into a larger micelle, most likely ellipsoidal. In the case of ω-CF3 groups these second breaks were not observed. Support for the 19F results was furnished by 133Cs chemical shift studies. The perfluorooctanoate surfactants with the Cs+ as a counter ion showed the behavior that was different from the other salts of the same chain length. This could be explained in terms of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between the counter ions and the micelles. Additionally, the molecular motions in monomer and micellar states are discussed by means of the 19F relaxation times of the fluorine nuclei in the micelles.
Structural Genealogy of BEDT-TTF-Based Organic Conductors II. Inclined Molecules: θ, α, and κ Phases
Authors: Mori Takehiko , Mori Hatsumi , Tanaka Shoji
Published: October 2003

Overlap integrals between HOMO’s of two non-parallel BEDT-TTF (bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene) molecules have been calculated. As the dihedral angle between the molecular planes decreases from 180° (parallel) to 90° (perpendicular), the overlap integral increases and attains a maximum around 90°. This accounts for the “universal phase diagram” of the θ-phase; θ-salts vary from an insulator to a metal with decreasing the dihedral angle. The ratio of the lattice constants in the conducting plane, c/a, changes in proportion to the dihedral angle. Thus c/a can be used instead of the dihedral angle. A similar universal phase diagram is applicable to analogous phases like α and α″, and also to the corresponding phases of other donors. The properties of κ-phase salts are similarly scaled by c/a. As c/a increases, the intradimer overlap integral decreases owing to the increase of the intradimer spacing, and correlated insulator, superconductor, and simple-metal phases appear in succession. When c/a increases further, another insulating phase emerges due to the decrease of the interdimer overlaps. Chemical pressure in both θ- and κ-phases reduces c/a, and stabilizes the insulating state. Hydrostatic physical pressure gives the same influence in the θ-phase, but enhances the interdimer interaction in the κ-phase to result in the opposite effect. A diagram is proposed to illustrate which structures of β, β″, θ, and κ are favored by BEDT-TTF and other donors.
Ab Initio Molecular Orbital Study of Reaction of Pentafluoroethyl Radical with Hydroxyl and Hydrogen Radicals
Authors: Fukaya Haruhiko , Ono Taizo , Abe Takashi
Published: October 2003

Ab initio molecular orbital theory calculations have been done on the reactions of the pentafluoroethyl radical with the hydroxyl and the hydrogen radicals to estimate its fire suppression efficiency. It was found that pentafluoroethyl radical was more effective than trifluoromethyl radical: i.e. the former was easier to regenerate and more difficult to decompose than the latter. The differences between the zero-point energies calculated by the HF and the MP2 method are also described.
Theoretical Studies of Decomposition Reactions of Dioxetane, Dioxetanone, and Related Species. CT Induced Luminescence Mechanism Revisited
Authors: Takano Yu , Tsunesada Tsunaki , Isobe Hiroshi , Yoshioka Yasunori , Yamaguchi Kizashi , Saito Isao
Published: October 2003

The electronic structures and relative stabilities of homopolar biradicals (BR) and CT BR with significant one-electron transfer (ET) BR characters were investigated by ab initio MO calculations. The previously presented inter- and intra-molecular CT models were extended in order to elucidate possible mechanisms for decomposition reactions of dioxetane, dioxetanone, and related species. The computational results indicate that endothermic O–O cleavages, followed by charge-transfers, are operative for the chemiluminescence reactions of these peroxides with several anionic species, in contradiction to the chemically initiated electron-exchange luminescence (CIEEL) mechanism, where complete one-electron transfer (ET) is required for the formation of excited carbonyl fragments. The ionization potentials of monoanions of phenol, indole and luciferins were calculated semiempirically in order to estimate the CT excitation energies from these species to the O–O antibonding orbital. The CT excitation energies are used to distinguish between the CT induced luminescence (CTIL) mechanism and the CIEEL mechanism for chemiluminescence reactions. Orbital-interaction models are also presented to explain of the so-called odd/even selection rule for the efficiency of chemiluminescence reactions. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to recent experimental results, together with biological chemiluminescence reactions of luciferins and related species.
Response Properties of a Platinum Electrode Coated with an Oxo(phthalocyaninato)vanadium(IV) Conjugate Polymer to Various Anions in Nonaqueous Solutions
Authors: Nakamura Toshio , Ueda Takahiro , Yanagisawa Tatsushi , Watanabe Hirofumi
Published: October 2003

The potentiometric response behavior of an electrode consisting of a non-plasticized polyacrylamide polymer (PAA) coupled to oxo(phthalocyaninato)vanadium(IV) ([VO(pc)]) was examined for various anions in such nonaqueous solvents as acetonitrile (AN), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethylacetamide (DMA), and N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP). The electrode shows a selective Nernstian or a near-Nernstian response to F− and CN− in AN, PC, DMA, and NMP. It shows a non-Nernstian response to I−, NO2−, and CF3SO3−, but a very poor response to Cl−, Br−, SCN−, BPh4−, PF6−, and ClO4−. Complex formation reactions of [VO(pc)]s with F− and CN− are suggested based on the UV/vis spectra, and may occur due to ligand exchange reactions of F− and CN− with AN or water molecule(s) coordinated to [VO(pc)]s. The PAA–[VO(pc)] electrode has been confirmed as being available for use in determining the solubility product constant of sodium fluoride in AN.
Transesterification by (Hydroxo)nickel(II) Complex in the Presence of External Alcohol
Authors: Ito Masami , Sakai Ken , Tsubomura Taro , Takita Yu-saku
Published: October 2003

The nickel(II) complexes, [(tpa)NiII(μ-OH)2NiII(tpa)](ClO4)2 (tpa = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) (2), [NiII(CH3CN)(tpa)(H2O)](ClO4)2 (3) have been prepared and fully characterized. X-Ray crystallography of complex 2 and its methanol adduct, [(tpa)NiII(μ-OH)2NiII(tpa)](ClO4)2·2MeOH ((2)·2MeOH) revealed a molecular structure containing two Ni centers bridged by two OH ligands. The Ni–O distances in 2·2MeOH are longer than those in 2. The MeCN ligand in complex 3 is replaced by EtCN to give [NiII(EtCN)(tpa)(H2O)](ClO4)2 (4), which was characterized by X-ray crystallography. The kinetic study of p-NPA (p-nitrophenyl acetate, 0.1, 0.5, 1 mM) hydrolysis by complex 2 (20, 10, 6 mM) was performed in the presence of ethanol (100 mM) in MeCN solution (1 M = 1 mol dm−3). By following the 400 nm absorption derived from p-nitrophenolate ion, we obtained the second-order kinetics; first-order in [2] and first-order in [p-NPA]. Additon of ethanol resulted in enhancement of the second-order rate constant (from 1.6 × 10−3 M−1 s−1 to 1.6 × 10−2 M−1 s−1 at 25 °C) as well as formation of a transesterified product, ethyl acetate. The second-order rate constant of the reaction in the presence of added ethanol (0.016 M−1 s−1) at 25 °C is much larger than that of the reaction without ethanol (0.0016 M−1 s−1). Also observed was a transesterified product, ethyl acetate, from the reaction of 2 with p-NPA in the presence of ethanol. The pKa value of the ligated water molecule in 3 was estimated to be 10.7 by kinetic measurements in 40% MeCN aqueous solution at 25 °C, I = 0.3.
Determination of Ultratrace Beryllium in Natural Water by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Preconcentration with One-Drop Solvent
Authors: Shimizu Tokuo , Ohya Keiji , Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Shijo Yoshio
Published: October 2003

An effective method for the determination of beryllium at sub ng dm−3 levels in natural water is described. Beryllium is extracted with acetylacetone into chloroform. The organic phase is transferred to a Teflon® beaker containing a micro volume of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, a high boiling-point solvent); chloroform is then removed by evaporation in a water bath (ca. 35 °C). Beryllium is concentrated in the residual DMSO and determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The sensitivity and stability of beryllium atomic absorption were enhanced in the presence of palladium as a matrix modifier. The detection limit (3σ) for beryllium was 0.050 ng dm−3, based on a 400-fold preconcentration using 40 cm3 of the sample water; the relative standard deviation was 1.8% (2.0 ng dm−3, n = 8). The concentration of dissolved beryllium in natural water was found to be 0.25—0.63 ng dm−3 by the proposed method.
Electron Transfer between N-Substituted Phenothiazines and the 1-Oxopiperidinium Ion in the Presence of β-Cyclodextrin
Authors: Zheng Xiao-Qi , Ruan Xiu-Qin , Wang Wei , Zhang Hai-Ming , Guo Qing-Xiang , Liu You-Cheng
Published: October 2003

The electron-transfer reactions between N-substituted phenothiazines and 4-acetoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-oxopiperidinium hexachloroantimonate (ATPO) in the presence of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in an aqueous solution have been studied. N-phenylphenothiazine (PPT) and N-phenethylphenothiazine (PEPT), included by β-CD, can transfer an electron to the β-CD·ATPO complex. However, no electron-transfer reaction between the β-CD·N-benzylphenothiazine (β-CD·BPT) complex and the β-CD·ATPO complex was observed under the same conditions. It has been suggested that the electron-transfer reactions were controlled by the conformations of the N-substituted phenothiazines in the cavity of β-CD.
Microwave-Assisted Rate-Enhanced Method for the Synthesis of 2,2-Dimethyl-2H-chromenes
Authors: Subburaj Kandasamy , Trivedi Girish K
Published: October 2003

Herein we describe a simple and facile method for the synthesis of chromenes by base catalyzed condensation of phenols with 3-methyl-2-butenal under microwave irradiation.
Photoisomerizable DNA Ligands. Spectral and Electrochemical Properties and Base-Pair Selectivity of Binding of Bis[2-(1-alkylpyridinium-4-yl)vinyl]benzene Dyes
Authors: Juskowiak Bernard , Ohba Mitsuyoshi , Sato Masao , Takenaka Shigeori , Takagi Makoto , Kondo Hiroki
Published: October 2003

A series of bis[2-(alkylpyridinium-4-yl)vinyl]benzene ligands has been prepared and characterized, and their interactions with DNA have been studied by a combination of spectroscopic, hydrodynamic, and biochemical methods. Although bis[2-(1-alkylpyridinium-4-yl)vinyl]benzene ligands interact with DNA by both groove binding and the intercalation mode, the resulting complexes have different binding characteristics, depending on the nature of the DNA. Unexpectedly, nonplanar E,Z isomer also binds to DNA with binding features resembling those of the E,E isomer, though with lower affinity. The interaction of both isomers with a minor groove of [poly(dA-dT)]2 resulted in the formation of more stable complexes compared to the intercalation complexes formed with [poly(dG-dC)]2. Small differences in the binding parameters between planar E,E and non-planar E,Z isomers were explained in terms of an incomplete insertion of a dye molecule in the minor groove (AT polymer) or intercalation pocket (GC polymer), thus allowing trans–cis isomerization of the protruding arm of the molecule to occur without any dramatic changes in the binding affinity of the ligand. The primary redox activity combined with photophysical features of dyes resulted in a photocleavage of supercoiled circular DNA, which occurred at neutral pH under irradiation with visible light, leading mainly to single-strand nicking.
Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched 2,5-Dihydrofuran Derivatives from Easily Available Enantiomerically Enriched 2-Butyne-1,4-diols by Stereospecific Transformation
Authors: Saimoto Hiroyuki , Yasui Masaru , Ohrai Shin-ichiro , Oikawa Hiroshige , Yokoyama Kazuhiro , Shigemasa Yoshihiro
Published: October 2003

The transformation of enantiomerically enriched 1,1,4-trisubstituted 4-acyloxy-2-butyn-1-ols 3 into 2,2,5-trisubstituted 3-acyloxy-2,5-dihydrofurans 5 with complete stereospecificity was achieved by an Ag(I)-mediated rearrangement of the monoesters 3 to allenic intermediates 4, followed by Ag(I)-assisted cyclization. A stereochemical analysis revealed that the newly formed carbon–oxygen bond in 5 was formed from the back side of the cleaved carbon–oxygen bond in 3. The propargyl esters 3 were prepared by an enantioselective reduction of the corresponding alkynyl ketones 1, followed by acylation. Since 3-acyloxy-2,5-dihydrofurans 5 were easily converted to the corresponding 4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-furanones 6, this sequence was successfully applied to the synthesis of a differentiation-inducing antibiotic, (S)-(−)-ascofuranone.
Role of the Heteroatoms in the Complex Metal Hydride Reduction of 2-t-Butyl-1,3-dioxan-5-one and 3-Oxoquinolizidine: Comparison of Their Reactivity and Stereochemistry with Those of the Corresponding Carbocyclic Compounds
Authors: Senda Yasuhisa , Sakurai Hiroshi , Itoh Hiroki
Published: October 2003

The complex metal hydride reductions of 2-t-butyl-1,3-dioxan-5-one (1) and 3-oxoquinolizidine (3) are faster than those of the corresponding carbocyclic compounds, 4-t-butylcyclohexanone (2) and trans-2-decalone (4). The stereoselectivities were similar in the LiAlH4 reduction, but the heteracyclohexanones exhibited higher stereoselectivity with NaBH4. These facts are discussed in terms of the intramolecular orbital interaction.
Mass-Spectrometric Study on Ion-Molecule Reactions of CH5+, C2H5+, and C3H5+ with Anilines, Nitrobenzene, and Benzonitrile
Authors: Tsuji Masaharu , Arikawa Takeshi , Nishimura Yukio
Published: October 2003

The gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of CH5+, C2H5+, and C3H5+ with five monosubstituted benzenes carrying a nitrogen atom in the substituent [PhX: X = NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, NO2, CN] have been studied using an ion-trap type of GC/MS at a low chemical-ionization gas pressure of CH4. The major product channels for anilines with low ionization potentials are proton transfer and charge transfer, while the channel for PhNO2 and PhCN with high ionization potentials is proton transfer. The PhX+/(PhX + H)+ ratios increases with decreasing the acidity of the reactant hydrocarbon ion and decreasing the ionization potential of reagent. Small amounts of initial adduct ions, produced by radiative association, and their decomposition products are found in the reactions with C2H5+ and C3H5+. The reaction mechanism is discussed based on product ion distributions and semi-empirical calculations of the energies of intermediates and products.
Reaction of 2-Hydroxybenzaldehydes with Alkynes, Alkenes, or Allenes via Cleavage of the Aldehyde C–H Bond Using a Rhodium Catalyst System
Authors: Kokubo Ken , Matsumasa Kenji , Nishinaka Yuko , Miura Masahiro , Nomura Masakatsu
Published: October 2003

2-Hydroxybenzaldehydes smoothly and efficiently react with various internal and terminal alkynes accompanied by cleavage of the aldehyde C–H bond by using a rhodium-based catalyst system of [RhCl(cod)]2/dppf/Na2CO3 [cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene; dppf = 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene] to give the corresponding 2-alkenoylphenols in good to excellent yields. The regioselectivity of the reaction depends on the substituents of acetylene; an oxygen function on the propargylic position shows a considerable directing effect. The aldehydes can also react with some alkenes or allenes, such as triethylvinylsilane and 2-norbornene or 3-methyl-1,2-butadiene and 1,2-nonadienes, in place of alkynes.
Low-Temperature Oxidation of Methane over Pd Supported on SnO2-Based Oxides
Authors: Widjaja Hardiyanto , Sekizawa Koshi , Eguchi Koichi
Published: October 2003

Pd catalysts supported on various metal oxides were investigated for the low-temperature catalytic combustion of methane. Of the catalysts examined, a Pd/SnO2 catalyst demonstrated excellent activity despite its low specific surface area. The activity of the Pd/SnO2 catalyst was lowered with the addition of M ( = Al, Ce, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zr) oxide to the support, Pd/SnO2–MOx. It was observed by a transmission electron-microscope observation that the PdO phase was well-dispersed on the outer surface of SnO2support uniformly, observed as an intimately contacted layer on fine SnO2 particles. The temperature-programmed desorption of oxygen has revealed that the catalytic activity depends on the adsorption state of oxygen on palladium. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis suggested that reduction of the palladium surface proceeded slowly under a strong palladium-support interaction for Pd/SnO2. In situ X-ray diffraction indicated that the PdO phase was stabilized at higher temperature on SnO2 than on the Al2O3 support. It is considered that the catalytic activity is strongly influenced by the interaction between palladium and SnO2.
Formation of Li-Doped NiO and LiNiO2 in Molten Carbonate
Authors: Iinou Satoshi , Motohira Naobumi , Kamiya Nobuyuki , Ota Ken-ichiro
Published: October 2003

The formations of Li-doped NiO and LiNiO2 in molten carbonate have been studied in CO2–O2 atmospheres from 761 to 1173 K by TGA, color change and XRD. After 24 h of immersion into a Li2CO3 or (Li0.62K0.38)2CO3 melt, the lithiation reaction of NiO was confirmed by both XRD and the color change of a specimen. The rate of the lithiation reaction was very slow, especially in a CO2-rich atmosphere. LiNiO2 was formed in an O2 atmosphere at higher temperatures. The temperature of LiNiO2formation in Li/K carbonate was higher than that in Li2CO3. Oxygen in the atmosphere would have an important role for the formation of LiNiO2 as well as the reaction temperature.
Double Addition of CO2 and CH3OH to Ruthenium Carbonyl Complex with Novel Monodentate Dithiolene
Authors: Sugimoto Hideki , Tsuge Kiyoshi , Tanaka Koji
Published: October 2003

A ruthenium carbonyl complex with unique monodentate SSC2(CN)22− was prepared, while analogous SSC2Ph22− derivative underwent electrophilic and nucleophilic attacks of CO2 and CH3OH to the thiolato and the CO ligands to produce the Ru complex with thio-carboxylic acid and methoxy carbonyl units.
Remarkable Effect of Electron Acceptors on Pyrene-Sensitized Decomposition of N-Phenylglycine
Authors: Ikeda Shingo , Murata Shigeru , Ishii Kunihiko , Hamaguchi Hiro-o
Published: October 2003

The efficiency of the pyrene-sensitized decomposition of N-phenylglycine (NPG) was enhanced by the addition of an electron acceptor, such as p-dicyanobenzene. The reaction mechanism is discussed on the basis of observed Stern-Volmer constants for quenching of singlet excited state of pyrene (py*) and transient absorption spectra. Examination of various electron acceptors shows that the efficient quenching of py* by electron acceptors does not necessarily result in an increase in the NPG decomposition rate.
A New Flux, NaCl, to Grow Layered Perovskite-Type Na2Ca2Nb4O13 Crystals
Authors: Oishi Shuji , Kanoh Masaya , Ishizawa Nobuo
Published: October 2003

Sodium chloride was successfully used as a new flux to grow the layered perovskite-type Na2Ca2Nb4O13 crystals by a slow cooling method. The rectangular thin plate-shaped crystals with sizes up to 1.2 mm × 1.2 mm × 0.03 mm were grown. The obtained crystals were colorless and transparent. The most suitable solute content was 0.4 mol%.
Superiority of the Carbamoylmethyl Ester as an Acyl Donor for the Protease-catalyzed Kinetically Controlled Peptide Synthesis in Organic Media: Application to Segment Condensations
Authors: Miyazawa Toshifumi , Ensatsu Eiichi , Tanaka Kayoko , Yanagihara Ryoji , Yamada Takashi
Published: October 2003

The superiority of the carbamoylmethyl ester as an acyl donor for the α-chymotrypsin-catalyzed kinetically controlled peptide synthesis was demonstrated in several segment condensations carried out in organic media with low water content. Then this approach was successfully applied to the construction of the Leuenkephalin sequence via the 4 + 1 segment condensation.
High Yielding and Practical Synthesis of Rotaxanes by Acylative End-Capping Catalyzed by Tributylphosphine
Authors: Kawasaki Hiroaki , Kihara Nobuhiro , Takata Toshikazu
Published: October 2003

A pseudorotaxane was prepared from dibenzo-24-crown-8 and a dibenzylammonium salt possessing dimethylphenyl and hydroxy groups at the both termini. Acylation of the pseudorotaxane by 3,5-dimethylbenzoic anhydride in the presence of tributylphosphine afforded corresponding rotaxane in 90% yield. Various rotaxanes were readily synthesized in excellent yields by this method.
[VivVvO4(OH)·0.5H2O]n: The First Two-dimensional V-O Layered Cations with Interlamellar Water Molecules and OH− Anion
Authors: Xu Yan , Xu Ji-Qing , Liu Yong-Jiang
Published: October 2003

The new mixed valence layered cluster compound, [VvVivO4(OH)·0.5H2O]n, contains the first two-dimensional V-O cation [VvVivO4]nn+ with water molecules and OH− anions interlayer region, and it’s structure was determinated by crystal X-ray diffraction, EPR and TG analysis.
Carbene-Lithium Interactions
Authors: Arduengo Anthony J , Tamm Matthias , Calabrese Joseph C , Davidson Fredric , Marshall William J
Published: October 2003

The syntheses and characterizations are described for carbene•lithium complexes in which the lithium center is ligated only by carbon atoms. A single crystal X-ray diffraction structure determination on one adduct confirms the coordination environment. The C-Li distance at the carbene center is 215.5 pm. All other coordination to the lithium center originates from a substituted η5-cyclopentadienyl ligand with an average C–Li distance of 225.4 (7) pm.
Synthesis and Electrical Properties of Li1−2xCuxMn2O4
Authors: Tomita Yasumasa , Asai Kazutomo , Kobayashi Kenkichiro
Published: October 2003

Li1−2xCuxMn2O4 (x ≤ 0.10) were synthesized and x dependence of the lattice constant and the electric conductivity were studied. For x ≤ 0.05, Li-O bond length and AC conductivity were decreased by substitution of Cu for Li, and Mn-O bond length was increased with x. Conductivity for x = 0.10 is higher than that for LiMn2O4.
Isolation and Structures of Attenols A and B. Novel Bicyclic Triols from the Chinese Bivalve Pinna attenuata
Authors: Tanaka Noboru , Suenaga Kiyotake , Yamada Kaoru , Zheng Shu-zhen , Chen Hai-sheng , Uemura Daisuke
Published: October 2003

Novel bicyclic triols, attenols A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the Chinese bivalve Pinna attenuata. The absolute stereostructures of 1 and 2 were determined by spectroscopic analysis and the modified Mosher’s method. These attenols exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against P388 cells.
Measurement of Magnetic Susceptibility of a Particle Suspended in a Liquid Phase
Authors: Shinohara Kenji , Hashimoto Kazuhito , Aogaki Ryoichi
Published: October 2003

It was proposed that a method to measure the magnetic susceptibility of a particle such as the biological cell suspended in a liquid phase without any kind of contact with the apparatus. This method utilizes the magnetic force acting on the particle under the high magnetic field gradient, which is balanced by the viscous force controlled by the fluid velocity. The magnetic susceptibility can be determined from the value of the fluid velocity when the suspended particle is stopped against the fluid motion by the magnetic force. An experimental result for a polystyrene micro-sphere proved a possibility of the in vivo assay and separation of the living cells by using this method.
Achievement of Crack-Free BaTiO3 Films over 1 μm in Thickness via Non-Repetitive Dip-Coating
Authors: Kozuka Hiromitsu , Kajimura Masahiro
Published: October 2003

BaTiO3 coating films were prepared from Ba(CH3COO)2-Ti(OC3H7i)4-H2O-CH3COOH-C3H7i OH solutions containing poly(vinylpyrrolidone) with average molecular weight of 630000. Formation of crack-free BaTiO3 films 1.2 μm in thickness was successfully achieved via single-step, non-repetitive dip-coating. The film had relatively dense mocrostructure in SEM scale and transmitted visible light.
Novel Optical Oxygen Pressure Sensing Materials: Platinum Porphyrin-Styrene-Trifluoroethylmethacrylate Copolymer Film
Authors: Amao Yutaka , Asai Keisuke , Miyashita Tokuji , Okura Ichiro
Published: October 2003

Poly(styrene-co-trifluoroethylmethacrylate), (poly-styrene-co-TFEM), is synthesized and applied to the matrix of optical oxygen sensing using phosphorescence quenching of PtOEP by oxygen. Stern-Volmer constant of poly-styrene-co-TFEM film is estimated to be 0.39 Torr−1 (1 Torr =133.322 Pa) indicating that PtOEP-poly-styrene-co-TFEM film is higher sensitive device for oxygen.
A New “Dimer-of-Dimers” Complex Derived from Axial Coordination of 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane to Ru(II,III) Cation Dimer
Authors: Handa Makoto , Yoshioka Daisuke , Sayama Yasuyoshi , Shiomi Kimie , Mikuriya Masahiro , Hiromitsu Ichiro , Kasuga Kuninobu
Published: October 2003

The “dimer-of-dimers” complex of ruthenium(II,III) pivalate cation dimer [{Ru2(O2CCMe3)4}2(μ-tcnq)(H2O)2](BF4)2 (1) (tcnq=7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) has been prepared and characterized. The X-ray structure analysis of 1 showed that tcnq connects the Ru(II,III) dimers with an Ru-N distance of 2.323(7) Å. The Ru-Ru distance 2.263(1) Å is nearly the same as that of the parent cation dimer [Ru2(O2CCMe3)4]+ (2.260(1) Å). The antiferromagnetic interaction between the Ru(II,III) cores through the tcnq molecule is fairly weak.