bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time-lapse 3D VSP using permanent receivers in a flowing well in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Wu Han , Kiyashchenko Denis , Lopez Jorge
Published: September 2011

The vision of smart wells permanently instrumented with geophones has existed for some time. Such installations would enable opportunities for frequent reservoir monitoring, high-resolution 3D VSP imaging, and illumination of difficult areas. For many subsalt fields, 3D VSPs acquired in such wells may be the best option to illuminate and monitor reservoirs without the need to stop production or enter a well. However, this technology is not yet widely applied, nor perhaps proven.
The role of the fibula in varus and valgus deformity of the tibia
Authors: Stufkens S. A. , van Bergen C. J. , Blankevoort L. , van Dijk C. N. , Hintermann B. , Knupp M.
Published: September 2011

It has been suggested that a supramalleolar osteotomy can return the load distribution in the ankle joint to normal. However, due to the lack of biomechanical data, this supposition remains empirical. The purpose of this biomechanical study was to determine the effect of simulated supramalleolar varus and valgus alignment on the tibiotalar joint pressure, in order to investigate its relationship to the development of osteoarthritis. We also wished to establish the rationale behind corrective osteotomy of the distal tibia.

We studied 17 cadaveric lower legs and quantified the changes in pressure and force transfer across the tibiotalar joint for various degrees of varus and valgus deformity in the supramalleolar area. We assumed that a supramalleolar osteotomy which created a varus deformity of the ankle would result in medial overload of the tibiotalar joint. Similarly, we thought that creating a supramalleolar valgus deformity would cause a shift in contact towards the lateral side of the tibiotalar joint. The opposite was observed. The restricting role of the fibula was revealed by carrying out an osteotomy directly above the syndesmosis. In end-stage ankle osteoarthritis with either a valgus or varus deformity, the role of the fibula should be appreciated and its effect addressed where appropriate.
An evaluation of the radiological changes around the Grammont reverse geometry shoulder arthroplasty after eight to 12 years
Authors: Melis B. , DeFranco M. , Lädermann A. , Molé D. , Favard L. , Nérot C. , Maynou C. , Walch G.
Published: September 2011

Radiological changes and differences between cemented and uncemented components of Grammont reverse shoulder arthroplasties (DePuy) were analysed at a mean follow-up of 9.6 years (8 to 12). Of 122 reverse shoulder arthroplasties implanted in five shoulder centres between 1993 and 2000, a total of 68 (65 patients) were available for study. The indications for reversed shoulder arthroplasty were cuff tear arthropathy in 48 shoulders, revision of shoulder prostheses of various types in 11 and massive cuff tear in nine. The development of scapular notching, bony scapular spur formation, heterotopic ossification, glenoid and humeral radiolucencies, stem subsidence, radiological signs of stress shielding and resorption of the tuberosities were assessed on standardised true anteroposterior and axillary radiographs.

A scapular notch was observed in 60 shoulders (88%) and was associated with the superolateral approach (p = 0.009). Glenoid radiolucency was present in 11 (16%), bony scapular spur and/or ossifications in 51 (75%), and subsidence of the stem and humeral radiolucency in more than three zones were present in three (8.8%) and in four (11.8%) of 34 cemented components, respectively, and in one (2.9%) and two (5.9%) of 34 uncemented components, respectively. Radiological signs of stress shielding were significantly more frequent with uncemented components (p < 0.001), as was resorption of the greater (p < 0.001) and lesser tuberosities (p = 0.009).
A comparison of explanted Articular Surface Replacement and Birmingham Hip Resurfacing components
Authors: Underwood R. , Matthies A. , Cann P. , Skinner J. A. , Hart A. J.
Published: September 2011

The Articular Surface Replacement (ASR) hip resurfacing arthroplasty has a failure rate of 12.0% at five years, compared with 4.3% for the Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR). We analysed 66 ASR and 64 BHR explanted metal-on-metal hip replacements with the aim of understanding their mechanisms of failure. We measured the linear wear rates of the acetabular and femoral components and analysed the clinical cause of failure, pre-revision blood metal ion levels and orientation of the acetabular component.

There was no significant difference in metal ion levels (chromium, p = 0.82; cobalt, p = 0.40) or head wear rate (p = 0.14) between the two groups. The ASR had a significantly increased rate of wear of the acetabular component (p = 0.03) and a significantly increased occurrence of edge loading (p < 0.005), which can be attributed to differences in design between the ASR and BHR. The effects of differences in design on the in vivo wear rates are discussed: these may provide an explanation as to why the ASR is more sensitive to suboptimal positioning than the BHR.
A systematic survey of the quality of research reporting in general orthopaedic journals
Authors: Parsons N. R. , Hiskens R. , Price C. L. , Achten J. , Costa M. L.
Published: September 2011

The poor reporting and use of statistical methods in orthopaedic papers has been widely discussed by both clinicians and statisticians. A detailed review of research published in general orthopaedic journals was undertaken to assess the quality of experimental design, statistical analysis and reporting. A representative sample of 100 papers was assessed for compliance to CONSORT and STROBE guidelines and the quality of the statistical reporting was assessed using a validated questionnaire. Overall compliance with CONSORT and STROBE guidelines in our study was 59% and 58% respectively, with very few papers fulfilling all criteria. In 37% of papers patient numbers were inadequately reported; 20% of papers introduced new statistical methods in the ‘results’ section not previously reported in the ‘methods’ section, and 23% of papers reported no measurement of error with the main outcome measure. Taken together, these issues indicate a general lack of statistical rigour and are consistent with similar reviews undertaken in a number of other scientific and clinical research disciplines. It is imperative that the orthopaedic research community strives to improve the quality of reporting; a failure to do so could seriously limit the development of future research.
Smith-Petersen Vitallium mould arthroplasty
Authors: Baker J. F. , Vioreanu M. H. , Khan H. A.
Published: September 2011

A variety of materials were used for early hip prostheses. The introduction of Vitallium by Smith-Petersen represented a further advance in this surgical field. We present the longest known follow-up of a Smith-Petersen Vitallium mould arthroplasty.
Simple halogen-free synthesis of aryl cinnamates using Mo-Keggin heteropoly acids as catalyst
Authors: Palermo Valeria , Ruiz Diego M. , Autino Juan C. , Vázquez Patricia G. , Romanelli Gustavo P.
Published: September 2011

A convenient chlorine-free procedure for the direct esterification of cinnamic acids with phenols is described. The method does not require stoichiometric activation of the carboxyl group with thionyl chloride or condensing reagents. The methodology is very simple, environmentally friendly, and high-yielding for both electron-releasing and -withdrawing substituted phenols. The Keggin heteropoly acids H3PMo12O40 and H4SiMo12O40 were employed as catalyst in simple bulk form. The effects of temperature, reaction time, and amount of the catalyst used on the ester yield were checked. Suitable conditions for the reaction include a 1:1 molar ratio of reactants and a 1 mmol % of catalyst to reactant ratio. Seventeen aryl cinnamates were obtained, yields ranged from 80 to 91 % for most of the esters. The catalyst was shown to be reusable for at least four times without any appreciable loss of its activity.
Hormones and the brain
Authors: Garcia-Segura Luis M. , F. De Nicola Alejandro
Published: September 2011

No abstract available
Soil Fabric and Soil Water Retention Curve of a Compacted Silt-Bentonites
Authors: Nowamooz Hossein , Masrouri Farimah
Published: September 2011

This study presents the effects of the initial dry density and the initial water content on the soil water retention curve (SWRC) of a compacted bentonite/silt mixture during a single wetting and drying path. The samples were compacted at two different loose and dense states and at different constant initial water contents: 15% representing the dry side of the optimum, 25% representing the optimum point, and 30% representing the wet side of the optimum compacted. The initial soil fabric of each compacted sample was also studied by the mercury intrusion prosimetry (MIP) tests. To obtain the SWRCs, two suction imposition techniques were used: the osmotic method for matrix suctions below 8.5 MPa and the vapor equilibrium technique for suctions higher than 8.5 MPa. The MIP tests were then used to fit the SWRC of each compacted sample in the degree of saturation-suction plane. The initial soil fabrics play an important role on the hydric response of the samples. Generally it can be stated that a good correspondence between MIP results and the SWRCs was found on the wetting path for the low suctions close to saturation and on the drying path for the higher suctions.
Comparison of ASTM C311 Strength Activity Index Testing versus Testing Based on Constant Volumetric Proportions
Authors: Bentz Dale P. , Durán-Herrera Alejandro , Galvez-Moreno Daniel
Published: September 2011

Currently, the (pozzolanic) strength activity indices of fly ashes and natural pozzolans are typically evaluated using the procedures outlined in ASTM C311 [“Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007]. In this test, the 7 and 28 d compressive strengths of mortar cubes with a 20 % mass replacement of cement by pozzolan are compared to those of a control without pozzolan, at constant flow conditions. In its current form, this procedure confounds two other properties of the pozzolan with its strength activity, namely its density and its water-reducing/increasing capabilities. In this study, the current C311 testing procedure is evaluated against an alternative in which the 20 % fly ash replacement for cement is performed on a volumetric basis and the volume fractions of water and sand are held constant, which should provide a true evaluation of the strength activity index of the pozzolan, free of these confounding influences. Class C and Class F fly ashes, a natural pozzolan, and a sugar cane ash are evaluated using both approaches, with some significant differences being noted. For a subset of the materials, the strength measurements are complemented by measurements of isothermal calorimetry on the mortars to an age of 7 d. For the constant volumetric proportions approach, a good correlation is exhibited between the cumulative heat release of the mortar at 7 d and the measured 7 d strength, suggesting the potential to evaluate 7 d pozzolanic activity via calorimetric measurements on much smaller specimens.
Bone Regeneration Around Immediate Implants Utilizing a Dense Polytetrafluoroethylene Membrane Without Primary Closure: A Report of 3 Cases
Authors: Waasdorp Jonathan , Feldman Sylvan
Published: September 2011

Case reports document successful use of a high-density polytetrafluorethylene membrane to augment horizontal defects associated with immediately placed implants. This membrane, which is designed to withstand exposure (not require primary closure) to the oral cavity because it is impervious to bacteria, reduces the need for advanced flap management to attain primary closure. Thus, the surgical aspect is less complex and the mucogingival architecture of the area can be maintained. These cases demonstrate successful use of this application and provide evidence for controlled clinical trials to further evaluate this technique.
A universal approach to estimate biomass and carbon stock in tropical forests using generic allometric models
Authors: Vieilledent G , Vaudry R , Andriamanohisoa S. F. D. , Rakotonarivo O. S. , Randrianasolo H. Z. , Razafindrabe H. N. , Rakotoarivony C. Bidaud , Ebeling J , Rasamoelina M
Published: September 2011

Allometric equations allow aboveground tree biomass and carbon stock to be estimated from tree size. The allometric scaling theory suggests the existence of a universal power‐law relationship between tree biomass and tree diameter with a fixed scaling exponent close to 8/3. In addition, generic empirical models, like Chave's or Brown's models, have been proposed for tropical forests in America and Asia. These generic models have been used to estimate forest biomass and carbon worldwide.

However, tree allometry depends on environmental and genetic factors that vary from region to region. Consequently, theoretical models that include too few ecological explicative variables or empirical generic models that have been calibrated at particular sites are unlikely to yield accurate tree biomass estimates at other sites.

In this study, we based our analysis on a destructive sample of 481 trees in Madagascar spiny dry and moist forests characterized by a high rate of endemism (>95%). We show that, among the available generic allometric models, Chave's model including diameter, height, and wood specific gravity as explicative variables for a particular forest type (dry, moist, or wet tropical forest) was the only one that gave accurate tree biomass estimates for Madagascar (R2> 83%, bias < 6%), with estimates comparable to those obtained with regional allometric models. When biomass allometric models are not available for a given forest site, this result shows that a simple height–diameter allometry is needed to accurately estimate biomass and carbon stock from plot inventories.
Oral Administration of Prostaglandin E2‐Specific Receptor 4 Antagonist Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Osteoclastogenesis in Rat Periodontal Tissue
Authors: Oka Hiroko , Miyauchi Mutsumi , Furusho Hisako , Nishihara Tatsuji , Takata Takashi
Published: September 2011

Background: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from periodontal pathogens is one of the main causes of alveolar bone destruction. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced by host cells after LPS stimulation may contribute to the bone destruction. PGE2 regulates osteoblast‐mediated osteoclastogenesis via PGE‐specific receptor 4 (EP4). We examined the effects of the PGE2–EP4 pathway on the expression of osteoclastogenesis‐related factors and studied the inhibitory effect of orally administered EP4‐specific antagonist (EP4A) on LPS‐induced bone destruction compared to complete inhibition of endogenous PGE2 by indomethacin (IND).

Methods: ST2 cells were treated with IND or EP4A and stimulated by LPS. The mRNA expressions of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), the receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin in ST2 cells were examined by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. LPS‐induced bone destruction was examined using a rat model for the periodontal tissue destruction with topically applied LPS.

Results: IND and EP4A inhibited the upregulation of TNF‐α mRNA expression, and only EP4A inhibited IL‐6 and RANKL mRNA expressions in ST2 cells with LPS stimulation. Topically applied LPS induced a two‐phase increase in osteoclasts along the alveolar bone margin, peaking after 3 hours and 3 days. Oral administration of EP4A and IND downregulated the later phase increase of osteoclasts. However, the early phase of increase at 3 hours was upregulated in IND‐treated rats but not in EP4A‐treated rats.

Conclusion: It appears that the PGE2–EP4 pathway has an important role in LPS‐induced osteoclastogenesis, and the specific blocking of the PGE2–EP4 pathway by EP4A can effectively downregulate bone destruction caused by LPS without an unexpected increased number of osteoclasts.
Cone‐Beam Computed Tomographic Evidence of the Association Between Periodontal Bone Loss and Mucosal Thickening of the Maxillary Sinus
Authors: Phothikhun Sirikarn , Suphanantachat Supreda , Chuenchompoonut Vannaporn , Nisapakultorn Kanokwan
Published: September 2011

Background: The aim of the present study is to determine the relationship between dental findings and mucosal abnormalities of the maxillary sinus among dental patients, using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Methods: Two hundred fifty CBCT scans of dental patients were studied. Dental findings of the upper posterior teeth, including periodontal bone loss, periapical lesions, and root canal fillings, were assessed. The presence of mucosal thickening and mucosal cysts of the maxillary sinus was recorded. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the influence of periodontal bone loss, periapical lesions, and root canal fillings on these sinus mucosal abnormalities.

Results: Mucosal thickening was present in 42% of patients and in 29.2% of sinuses studied. Mucosal cysts were observed in 16.4% of patients and in 10% of sinuses studied. Both abnormalities were present more frequently among males than females. Severe periodontal bone loss was significantly associated with mucosal thickening (odds ratio: 3.02, P <0.001), whereas periapical lesions and root canal fillings were not. There was no association between dental findings and mucosal cysts.

Conclusions: Severe periodontal bone loss was significantly associated with mucosal thickening of the maxillary sinus. Sinuses with severe periodontal bone loss were three times more likely to have mucosal thickening. Mucosal cysts were not associated with any dental findings.
The Tucker Technique: Conservative Molar Inlays Preserving the Transverse Ridge
Authors: Hess TA , Wadhwani CPK
Published: September 2011

Conservation of healthy tooth structure should be the aim of any restorative procedure. Two inlays may be an ideal choice for the treatment of maxillary molars to preserve the transverse ridge and maintain structural integrity.
Optimizing a class of linear multi-step methods for the approximate solution of the radial Schrödinger equation and related problems with respect to phase-lag
Authors: Simos Theodore
Published: September 2011

In this paper we consider a methodology of optimization of the efficiency of a numerical method for the approximate solution of the radial Schrödinger equation and related problems. More specifically, we show how the methodology of vanishing of the phase-lag and its derivatives optimizes the behaviour of a numerical method.
Three dimensional simulation of air permeability of single layer woven structures
Authors: Angelova Radostina , Stankov Peter , Simova Iskra , Aragon Idoya
Published: September 2011

The paper deals with a CFD based study of the transverse permeability of a textile woven structure. The reported numerical investigation is preconditioned by both previous experimental and CFD study on jet systems. It is also based on detailed experimental investigation of the porous structure of single layer woven fabrics, made of staple fiber yarns. The flow in through-thickness direction of the woven structures is presented as jet systems, issuing from set of orifices. Two different types of jet system (3×3 jets and 5×5 jets) with two types of jet cross sections (square and circular), corresponding to two different woven structures, are simulated. An analysis is made in terms of the structure of the woven fabrics (area and shape of the interstices between the threads), the parameters of the flow passing through the textile (velocity profiles and velocity fields through isosurfaces), the role of the type of the jet systems, representing the flow and the influence of the shape of the interstices between the threads on the flow pattern. It was found that the applied approach could be effectively used for studying of the transverse permeability of the woven fabrics.
Problem-Based Learning in K–12 Education
Authors: Wirkala Clarice , Kuhn Deanna
Published: September 2011

Enthusiasm for problem-based learning (PBL) is widespread, yet there exists little rigorous experimental evidence of its effectiveness, especially in K–12 populations. Reported here is a highly controlled experimental study of PBL in a middle school population. Between- and within-subject comparisons are made of students learning the same material under three instructional conditions: lecture/discussion, characteristic small-group PBL, and solitary PBL. Assessments of comprehension and application of concepts in a new context 9 weeks after instruction showed superior mastery in both PBL conditions, relative to the lecture condition, and equivalent performance in the two PBL conditions, the latter indicating that the social component of PBL is not a critical feature of its effectiveness.
A Cognitive-Perceptual Approach to Conceptualizing Speech Intelligibility Deficits and Remediation Practice in Hypokinetic Dysarthria
Authors: Lansford Kaitlin L. , Liss Julie M. , Caviness John N. , Utianski Rene L.
Published: September 2011

Hypokinetic dysarthria is a common manifestation of Parkinson's disease, which negatively influences quality of life. Behavioral techniques that aim to improve speech intelligibility constitute the bulk of intervention strategies for this population, as the dysarthria does not often respond vigorously to medical interventions. Although several case and group studies generally support the efficacy of behavioral treatment, much work remains to establish a rigorous evidence base. This absence of definitive research leaves both the speech-language pathologist and referring physician with the task of determining the feasibility and nature of therapy for intelligibility remediation in PD. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel framework for medical practitioners in which to conceptualize and justify potential targets for speech remediation. The most commonly targeted deficits (e.g., speaking rate and vocal loudness) can be supported by this approach, as well as underutilized and novel treatment targets that aim at the listener's perceptual skills.
Elevated Incidence of Fractures in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients on Glucocorticoid-Sparing Immunosuppressive Regimens
Authors: Edwards B. J. , Desai A. , Tsai J. , Du H. , Edwards G. R. , Bunta A. D. , Hahr A. , Abecassis M. , Sprague S.
Published: September 2011

This study was conducted to assess the occurrence of fractures in solid-organ transplant recipients.Methods. Medical record review and surveys were performed. Patients received less than 6 months of glucocorticoids.Results. Of 351 transplant patients, 175 patients provided fracture information, with 48 (27.4%) having fractured since transplant (2–6 years). Transplants included 19 kidney/liver (50% male), 47 kidney/pancreas (53% male), 92 liver (65% male), and 17 pancreas transplants (41% male). Age at transplant was50.8±10.3years. Fractures were equally seen across both genders and transplant types. Calcium supplementation (n=94) and bisphosphonate therapy (n=52) were observed, and an association with a lower risk of fractures was noted for bisphosphonate users (OR=0.4595% C.I. 0.24, 0.85). Fracture location included 8 (16.7%) foot, 12 (25.0%) vertebral, 3 (6.3%) hand, 2 (4.2%) humerus, 5 (10.4%) wrist, 10 (20.8%) fractures at other sites, and 7 (14.6%) multiple fractures. The estimated relative risk of fracture was nearly seventeen-times higher in male liver transplant recipients ages 45–64 years compared with the general male population, and comparable to fracture rates on conventional immunosuppressant regimens.Conclusion. We identify a high frequency of fractures in transplant recipients despite limited glucocorticoid use.
Pathological Study of Blood Parasites in Rice Field Frogs,Hoplobatrachus rugulosus(Wiegmann, 1834)
Authors: Sailasuta Achariya , Satetasit Jetjun , Chutmongkonkul Malinee
Published: September 2011

One hundred and forty adult rice field frogs,Hoplobatrachus rugulosus(Wiegmann, 1834), were collected in Srakaew province, Thailand. For blood parasite examination, thin blood smears were made and routinely stained with Giemsa. The results showed that 70% of the frogs (98/140) were infected with 5 species of blood parasites, including aTrypanosoma rotatorium-like organism,Trypanosoma chattoni, Hepatozoonsp. a,Hepatozoonsp. b, andLankesterella minima. Pathological examination of the liver, lung, spleen, and kidney of the frogs that were apparently infected with one of these blood parasites were collected and processed by routine histology and subsequently stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Histopathological findings associated with theTrypanosoma rotatorium-like organism andTrypanosoma chattoni-infected frogs showed no pathological lesions.Hepatozoonsp. a andHepatozoonsp. b-infected frogs developed inflammatory lesions predominantly in the liver, demonstrating granuloma-like lesions withHepatozoonsp. meronts at the centre. Tissue sections ofLankesterella minima-infected frogs also showed lesions. Liver and spleen showed inflammatory lesions with an accumulation of melanomacrophage centres (MMCs) surrounding the meronts and merozoites. It is suggested thatHepatozoonsp. a,Hepatozoonsp. b, andLankesterella minima-infections are capable of producing inflammatory lesions in the visceral organs of rice field frogs, and the severity of lesions is tentatively related to levels of parasitemia.
A Needs Assessment to Determine Knowledge and Ability of Egyptian Agricultural Technical School Teachers Related to Supervised Agricultural Experience
Authors: Barrick R. Kirby , Roberts T. Grady , Samy M. M. , Thoron Andrew C. , Easterly III
Published: September 2011

This research was conducted approximately one year after Egyptian Agricultural Technical School (ATS) instructors attended workshops on integrating placement Supervised Agricultural Experience as an instructional tool in their programs. Following a year of implementation, the purpose of this study was to determine ATS teacher knowledge and ability to apply the 23 placement SAE competencies delivered in the workshops. To some extent, ATS instructors had knowledge of and could apply all 23 placement SAE competencies. However, Mean Weighted Discrepancy Scores for knowledge and ability to apply for all 23 placement SAE competencies were positive, indicating some level of need for future workshops on all topics. Based on the rankings, it was recommended that future in–service workshops should be conducted with this group of ATS teachers that focus on: (a) explaining the process of learning by doing; (b) defining the types of experience programs for ATS students; (c) identifying the role of the community in planning and conducting internships; (d) describing the evolution of supervised experience; and (e) explaining the relationship between internship and classroom instruction.
Value and Expectations of Supervised Agricultural Experiences as Expressed by Agriculture Instructors in Oklahoma Who were Alternatively Certified
Authors: Robinson J. Shane , Haynes J. Chris
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to determine the value and expectations for student participation in supervised agricultural experience (SAE) programs, as expressed by first–year, agricultural education teachers in Oklahoma who were alternatively certified. This study revealed that teachers in this study value the fact that the SAE program: (a) prepares students for future, possible careers by developing their skills for college and life beyond high school; (b) allows students to build relationships and make connections with community industry representatives; and (c) enables teachers to build personal relationships with students by making home visits. Teachers in this study expect students to own and manage their own SAE program, keep accurate data (i.e., record books) of their SAE programs, and compete at a high level with their SAE. Additionally, these teachers expect the SAE program to teach students responsibility, accountability, and work ethic. Finally, these teachers believe that students should have a variety of SAE programs.
An Analysis of National Agriscience Teacher Ambassadors’ Stages of Concern Regarding Inquiry–Based Instruction
Authors: Shoulders Catherine W. , Myers Brian E.
Published: September 2011

As teachers are held more and more accountable for the achievement of their students, agriscience teachers must focus on effectively integrating scientific core concepts into agriculture classes. Inquiry– based instruction is currently considered a best practice in increasing students’ science content understanding, but is often avoided by teachers who are hesitant about utilizing this form of instruction. The National Agriscience Teacher Ambassador Academy (NATAA) is a professional development opportunity offered to agriscience teachers in an effort to increase their skill at and willingness to incorporate inquiry–based instruction into their classrooms. This study investigates the stages of concern of the 71 NATAA participants through the use of the Stages of Concern Questionnaire in an effort to determine the utilization of NATAA as an effective means of coaching agriscience teachers to use inquiry–based instruction. Participant responses indicate that NATAA’s professional development reduces low–level concerns for those who participated for two years instead of one, as well as for teachers who attended the professional development after its reformatting in 2007. Lastly, results suggest that participants with more than six years of teaching experience are more consistent in their concerns than less experienced teachers.
The Agricultural Teacher’s Struggle for Balance Between Career and Family
Authors: Murray Kathryn , Flowers Jim , Croom Barry , Wilson Beth
Published: September 2011

Research has shown that agricultural education graduates are hesitant to enter the profession and seemingly quick to leave, often citing long work hours as a main contributing factor. As the shortage of agricultural teachers continues, there is concern over the balance of career and family and its effect on the profession. The purpose of this study was to examine the issue of career and family balance for Georgia agricultural teachers by gender. It was determined that Georgia agricultural teachers were working an average of 57 hours per week and 39 days per summer, with both genders being similar in the amount of time spent on the job. Teachers carried out traditional gender roles in family responsibilities, with females handling the majority of the housework and childcare and males handling the majority of farm and yard work. One third of respondents reported that it was always difficult or impossible to balance career and family.
Changes in Teacher Self–Efficacy from the Student Teaching Experience through the Third Year of Teaching
Authors: Swan Benjamin G. , Wolf Kattlyn J. , Cano Jamie
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in teacher self–efficacy from the student teaching experience to the third year of teaching. The population was the entire cohort of student teachers from The Ohio State University. Of the 34 individuals who student taught, 17 entered the teaching profession. The researchers utilized the Teachers Sense of Efficacy Scale (Tschannen Moran and Woolfolk Hoy, 2001) to assess the individuals in the study four different times; at the conclusion of student teaching, and the conclusion of their first, second and third years of teaching. No previous research exists in agricultural education that tracks the changes in teacher self–efficacy from student teaching through the third year of teaching. Individuals reported the lowest levels of teacher self–efficacy at the end of their first year of teaching and the highest levels at the conclusion of their student teaching experience. Participants reported the lowest levels of teacher self efficacy in the student engagement domain in each of the assessments. The results of this study support previous research conducted with teacher education candidates. However, as this research continues the assessment of teacher self–efficacy through the beginning years of teaching, the researchers recommended more thorough and comprehensive study.
Variations in time and space of trace metal aerosol concentrations in urban areas and their surroundings
Authors: Moreno T. , Querol X. , Alastuey A. , Reche C. , Cusack M. , Amato F. , Pandolfi M. , Pey J. , Richard A. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Furger M. , Gibbons W.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Using an unprecedentedly large geochemical database, we compare temporal and spatial variations in inhalable trace metal background concentrations in a major city (Barcelona, Spain) and at a nearby mountainous site (Montseny) affected by the urban plume. Both sites are contaminated by technogenic metals, with V, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, Sn, Bi, Sb and Cd all showing upper continental crust (UCC) normalised values >1 in broadly increasing order. The highest metal concentrations usually occur during winter at Barcelona and summer in Montseny. This seasonal difference was especially marked at the remote mountain site in several elements such as Ti and Rare Earth Elements, which recorded campaign maxima, exceeding PM10 concentrations seen in Barcelona. The most common metals were Zn, Ti, Cu, Mn, Pb and V. Both V and Ni show highest concentrations in summer, and preferentially fractionate into the finest PM sizes (PM1/PM10 > 0.5) especially in Barcelona, this being attributed to regionally dispersed contamination from fuel oil combustion point sources. Within the city, hourly metal concentrations are controlled either by traffic (rush hour double peak for Cu, Sb, Sn, Ba) or industrial plumes (morning peak of Ni, Mn, Cr generated outside the city overnight), whereas at Montseny metal concentrations rise during the morning to a single, prolonged afternoon peak as contaminated air transported by the sea breeze moves into the mountains. Our exceptional database, which includes hourly measurements of chemical concentrations, demonstrates in more detail than previous studies the spatial and temporal variability of urban pollution by trace metals in a given city. Technogenic metalliferous aerosols are commonly fine in size and therefore potentially bioavailable, emphasising the case for basing urban background PM characterisation not only on physical parameters such as mass but also on sample chemistry and with special emphasis on trace metal content.
Assessing filtering of mountaintop CO2 mixing ratios for application to inverse models of biosphere-atmosphere carbon exchange
Authors: Brooks B.-G. J. , Desai A. R. , Stephens B. B. , Bowling D. R. , Burns S. P. , Watt A. S. , Heck S. L. , Sweeney C.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. There is a widely recognized need to improve our understanding of biosphere-atmosphere carbon exchanges in areas of complex terrain including the United States Mountain West. CO2 fluxes over mountainous terrain are difficult to measure often due to unusual and complicated influences associated with atmospheric transport in complex terrain. Using five years of CO2 mixing ratio observations from the Regional Atmospheric Continuous CO2 Network in the Rocky Mountains (Rocky RACCOON), five statistical (subsetting) filters are used to investigate a range of approaches for identifying regionally representative CO2 mixing ratios. Test results from three filters indicate that subsets based on short-term variance and local CO2 gradients across tower inlet heights retain nine-tenths of the total observations and are able to define representative diurnal variability and seasonal cycles even for difficult-to-model sites where the influence of local fluxes is much larger than regional mixing ratio variations. Test results from two other filters that consider measurements from previous and following days using spline fitting or sliding windows are overly selective. Case study examples showed that even when standardized to common subset sizes these windowing-filters rejected measurements representing synoptic changes in CO2, which suggests that they are not well suited to filtering continental CO2 measurements. We present a novel CO2 lapse rate filter that uses CO2 differences between levels in the model atmosphere to constrain subsets of site measurements that are representative on model scales.
First size-dependent growth rate measurements of 1 to 5 nm freshly formed atmospheric nuclei
Authors: Kuang C. , Chen M. , Zhao J. , Smith J. , McMurry P. H. , Wang J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. This study presents the first measurements of size-dependent particle diameter growth rates for freshly nucleated particles down to 1 nm geometric diameter. Data analysis methods were developed, de-coupling the size and time-dependence of particle growth rates by fitting the aerosol general dynamic equation to size distributions obtained at an instant in time. Size distributions of freshly nucleated particles were measured during two intensive measurement campaigns in different environments (Atlanta, GA and Boulder, CO) using a recently developed electrical mobility spectrometer with a diethylene glycol-based ultrafine condensation particle counter as the detector. Size and time-dependent growth rates were obtained directly from measured size distributions and were found to increase approximately linearly with size from ~1 to 3 nm geometric diameter, ranging, for example, from 5.6 ± 2.0 to 27 ± 5.3 nm h−1 in Boulder (13:00) and from 5.5 ± 0.82 to 7.6 ± 0.56 nm h−1 in Atlanta (13:00). The resulting growth rate enhancement Γ, defined as the ratio of the observed growth rate to the growth rate due to the condensation of sulfuric acid only, was found to increase approximately linearly with size from ~1 to 3 nm geometric diameter, having lower limit values that approached ~1 at 1.2 nm geometric diameter in Atlanta and ~3 at 0.8 nm geometric diameter in Boulder, and having upper limit values that reached 8.3 at 4.1 nm geometric diameter in Atlanta and 25 at 2.7 nm geometric diameter in Boulder. Survival probability calculations comparing constant and size-dependent growth indicate that neglecting the strong growth rate size dependence from 1 to 3 nm observed in this study could lead to a significant overestimation of CCN survival probability.
An approach to the investigation of CO2 uptake by soil microorganisms
Authors: Hart K. M. , Moran B. W. , Allen C. C. R. , Kouloumbos V. , Oppenheimer S. F. , Barron L. , Simpson A. J. , Kulakov L. A. , Kelleher B. P.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Sequestration of CO2 via biological sinks is a matter of great scientific importance due to their potential to lower atmospheric CO2 levels. In this study a custom built incubation chamber was used to cultivate a soil microbial community, under ideal conditions, to investigate soil chemoautotrophy. The internal atmospheric CO2 concentrations were monitored and used to estimate the mass of CO2 uptake. It was found after careful background corrections that 256.4 μg CO2 kg−1 dry soil was removed from the chamber atmosphere over 16 h. Comparisons were made to photosynthetic controls (i.e. grass and soil algae) whereupon it was observed that the chemoautotrophic fraction sequestered 2.6 and 5.4 % of that taken up by grass and soil algae respectively. Using isotopically labelled 13CO2 and GCMS-IRMS it was also possible to extract and identify labelled fatty acids after a short incubation time, hence confirming the CO2 uptake potential of the soil slurry. Provided with favourable conditions, chemoautotrophic soil bacteria have the potential to make a significant impact on inorganic carbon sequestration within the environment. The results of this in vivo study have provided ground work for future studies intending to mimic the in situ environment by providing a reliable method for investigating CO2 uptake by soil microorganisms.
GEOGRAPHIC OBJECTS: THEORY OR TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN?
Authors: Pantazis D. N. , Lazarou E. , Stratakis P. , Gadolou H. , Koukofikis A. , Kassoli M.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. This article aims to compare the geo-graphic (spatial) objects in 2D (planar objects) proposed by CON.G.O.O. and ISO standards, and the ability of a number of GIS software to handle them. The results achieved so far showed that the actual technical possibilities are not always sufficient to support the complex spatial objects proposed by CON.G.O.O.
MANAGING THE LAGOS MEGACITY AND ITS GEOSPATIAL IMPERATIVE
Authors: Dekolo S. O. , Oduwaye A. O.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Lagos has assumed the Megacity status and it is projected to have its population doubled in the first quarter of this century. The Megacity has extended beyond the administrative boundary of the state, which is also one of the fastest growing urban agglomerations in the world. Information is the most vital component of urban management; however, a survey of the spatial data infrastructure of the city proves it derisory or out-of-date, thereby creating a void between urban development and its management. This has led to a sporadic growth of slums and unplanned settlements which now accounts for over 60 % of the city. To avoid an impasse, it is necessary to review the level of geospatial technologies used at the local level and recommend formidable means of integration in the decision making process. This paper examines the level of geospatial technologies the 20 local governments of Lagos State and within the Megacity region and suggests success factors.
A CITYGML 3D GEODATABASE FOR BUILDINGS' ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Authors: Dalla Costa S. , Roccatello E. , Rumor M.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. This paper illustrates the results of a research focused on the development of a multi-scale geodatabase designed to store the data needed to measure the energy buildings performance of buildings to be used for the planning activities of local administrations. Due to the great complexity of the application domain, the proposed data model has been structured in three main components: the building/heating system, the users, and the environmental/territorial context. Furthermore the characteristics of these components and of their mutual relationships have led to the decision to use geometries in the 3D space. The applications also need a significant semantic content, expandable with customized elements and properties. These peculiarities directed us to select the OGC CityGML standard format as the best choice for the data model. This choice has been tested with positive results.
REAL TIME DATA MANAGEMENT FOR ESTIMATING PROBABILITIES OF INCIDENTS AND NEAR MISSES
Authors: Stanitsas P. D. , Stephanedes Y. J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Advances in real-time data collection, data storage and computational systems have led to development of algorithms for transport administrators and engineers that improve traffic safety and reduce cost of road operations. Despite these advances, problems in effectively integrating real-time data acquisition, processing, modelling and road-use strategies at complex intersections and motorways remain. These are related to increasing system performance in identification, analysis, detection and prediction of traffic state in real time. This research develops dynamic models to estimate the probability of road incidents, such as crashes and conflicts, and incident-prone conditions based on real-time data. The models support integration of anticipatory information and fee-based road use strategies in traveller information and management. Development includes macroscopic/microscopic probabilistic models, neural networks, and vector autoregressions tested via machine vision at EU and US sites.
METHODS FOR MONITORING THE DETECTION OF MULTI-TEMPORAL LAND USE CHANGE THROUGH THE CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN AREAS
Authors: Alhaddad B. I. , Burns M. C. , Roca J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Urban areas are complicated due to the mix of man-made features and natural features. A higher level of structural information plays an important role in land cover/use classification of urban areas. Additional spatial indicators have to be extracted based on structural analysis in order to understand and identify spatial patterns or the spatial organization of features, especially for man-made feature. It’s very difficult to extract such spatial patterns by using only classification approaches. Clusters of urban patterns which are integral parts of other uses may be difficult to identify. A lot of public resources have been directed towards seeking to develop a standardized classification system and to provide as much compatibility as possible to ensure the widespread use of such categorized data obtained from remote sensor sources. In this paper different methods applied to understand the change in the land use areas by understanding and monitoring the change in urban areas and as its hard to apply those methods to classification results for high elements quantities, dusts and scratches (Roca and Alhaddad, 2005). This paper focuses on a methodology developed based relation between urban elements and how to join this elements in zones or clusters have commune behaviours such as form, pattern, size. The main objective is to convert urban class category in to various structure densities depend on conjunction of pixel and shortest distance between them, Delaunay triangulation has been widely used in spatial analysis and spatial modelling. To identify these different zones, a spatial density-based clustering technique was adopted. In highly urban zones, the spatial density of the pixels is high, while in sparsely areas the density of points is much lower. Once the groups of pixels are identified, the calculation of the boundaries of the areas containing each group of pixels defines the new regions indicate the different contains inside such as high or low urban areas. Multi-temporal datasets from 1986, 1995 and 2004 used to urban region centroid to be our reference in this study which allow us to follow the urban movement, increase and decrease by the time. Kernel Density function used to Calculates urban magnitude, Voronoi algorithm is proposed for deriving explicit boundaries between objects units. To test the approach, we selected a site in a suburban area in Barcelona Municipality, the Spain.
Hydrologic controls on coastal suspended sediment plumes around the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Chu V. W. , Smith L. C. , Rennermalm A. K. , Forster R. R. , Box J. E.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Rising sea levels and increased surface melting of the Greenland ice sheet have heightened the need for direct observations of meltwater release from the ice edge to ocean. Buoyant sediment plumes that develop in fjords downstream of outlet glaciers are controlled by numerous factors, including meltwater runoff. Here, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery is used to average surface suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in fjords around ~80% of Greenland from 2000–2009. Spatial and temporal patterns in SSC are compared with positive-degree-days (PDD), a proxy for surface melting, from the Polar MM5 regional climate model. Over this decade significant geographic covariance occurred between ice sheet PDD and fjord SSC, with outlet type (land- vs. marine-terminating glaciers) also important. In general, high SSC is associated with high PDD and/or a high proportion of land-terminating glaciers. Unlike previous site-specific studies of the Watson River plume at Kangerlussuaq, temporal covariance is low, suggesting that plume dimensions best capture interannual runoff dynamics whereas SSC allows assessment of long-term conditions across much broader fjord environments around the ice sheet. Remote sensing of both plume charactersitics thus offers a viable approach for observing spatial and temporal patterns of meltwater release exiting the Greenland ice sheet to the global ocean.