bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
À propos des armatures en bois dans les églises romanes de l’Italie du Nord. Saint-Ambroise et Saint-Celse de Milan, Saint-Michel de Pavie
Authors: Bella Tancredi
Published: January 2016

Concerning the wooden armatures in Romanesque churches in northern Italy. San Ambrogio and San Celso in Milan, San Michele in Pavia, by Tancredi Bella

The archives of the engineer Fernand de Dartein (1838-1912) are an important source for many Romanesque churches in northern Italy. They include a wide variety of graphic material (sketches, drawings, letters, plates) made in situ for the engravings of the colossal monograph, Etude sur l’architecture lombarde (1865-1882). Observing the monuments during their restoration in the second half of the nineteenth century, Dartein noted interesting details of construction and paid great attention to the use of wood in Romanesque construction. The most interesting discoveries concern the basilica of San Ambrogio in Milan, where one finds a kind of chaining, made of wooden armatures sunken into the lateral walls between the great arcades and the tribunes of the nave. Beams were also sunken into the walls of the cupola surmounting the choir, as well as in the walls of the atrium. If one can trust the drawing of the Italian restorer Gaetano Landriani, wooden tie rods were perhaps placed between the pillars in the nave of San Celso in Milan. The function of a beam sunken into the south exterior wall of the basilica of San Michele in Pavia remains to be clarified. These Lombard examples can be compared to analogous solutions adopted at the same time in other regions of northern Italy and in some Burgundian buildings.
Une maison du XIIe siècle à Dreux (Eure-et-Loir)
Authors: Carré Gaël , Audebrand Fabienne
Published: January 2016

À l’occasion de travaux de ravalement obligatoires, les vestiges architecturaux d’une maison du XIIe siècle ont été dégagés 12, rue Sénarmont à Dreux (Eure-et-Loir), en bordure immédiate de l’église Saint-Pierre. La façade sur rue présente à l’étage une suite de quatre remarquables fenêtres géminées en plein cintre, dont la conservation des chapiteaux des baies permet de proposer une fourchette chronologique autour des années 1140-1150. Devant la qualité exceptionnelle de l’ensemble découvert, la conservation régionale des monuments historiques a engagé une procédure de classement au titre des monuments historiques. Parallèlement, le service départemental d’archéologie a pu mener une étude de bâti sur les deux façades dégagées de leurs enduits selon les prescriptions du service régional de l’archéologie. En dépit du temps restreint imparti à cette étude et à l’impossibilité d’appréhender les intérieurs, cette découverte confirme la présence de maisons de plan massé, en forme de tour dans les agglomérations des XIIe-XIVe siècles de l’Ouest de la France. Avec cette nouvelle construction, la ville de Dreux rejoint les villes de Chartres et Bonneval dont le potentiel architectural a fait l’objet de plus d’attention.
La légende du Chevalier au cygne sur le sceau de la ville de Boulogne-sur-Mer : un hapax sigillaire
Authors: Vilain Ambre
Published: January 2016

Die Legende des Schwanenritters auf dem Siegel der Stadt Boulogne-sur-Mer : ein Hapaxlegomenon in der Siegelikonographie, von Ambre Vilain-De Bruyne

Siegel gehören zu den ergiebigsten ikonographischen Korpora des Mittelalters. Für den Kunsthistoriker haben diese Bilder haben den Vorteil, dass ihre Gestalter auch ihre Verwender sind. Sie sind nicht nur Ausdruck ihrer Rechtspersönlichkeit, sondern dienen auch dazu, und vielleicht vor allem, sich in einer stark hierarchischen Gesellschaft zu positionieren. Da die Städte zu keinem identifizierbaren Gesellschaftsverband gehören, besteht für sie auch keine Identifizierungspflicht Ab Ende des 12. Jhs. statten sich die Städte mit Stadtsiegeln aus und bedienen sich dabei vielerlei ikonographischer Quellen, wie zum BeispielWappenschilder, Reiterdarstellungen des Bürgermeisters, Architekturelemente oder heiliger Stadtpatrone. In dieser stark typologisierten Produktion bildet das Stadtsiegel von Boulogne-sur-Mer ein Hapaxlegomenon. In der Tat ist es ein seltenes, wenn nicht das einzige Stadtsiegel, welches auf ganz untypischeWeise auf eine narrative und profane Darstellung zurückgreift, die aus den Quellen der höfischen Literatur schöpft. Indem die Stadt Boulogne auf ihren beiden aufeinander folgenden Siegeln ein Schlüsselereignis des Heldenliedes vom Schwanenritter wählt, möchte sie am Ende des 13. Jhs., in einer Zeit politischerWirren an ihren glänzenden Ursprung erinnern und ein Jahrhundert später macht sie sich die Legende aufs Neue zunutze, um ihren neuen Fürsten Jean de Berry zu feiern.
Fontainebleau de 1541 à 1547. Pour une relecture des Comptes des Bâtiments du roi
Authors: Clouet Thomas
Published: January 2016

Les Comptes des bâtiments du roi sont une copie sélective de comptes du XVIe siècle aujourd’hui disparus, portant sur les principales demeures royales des environs de Paris. Sur le château de Fontainebleau, une nouvelle lecture des Comptes permet de préciser sensiblement les repères connus des travaux effectués dans les dernières années du règne de François Ier. L’étude méthodique des paiements des années 1541-1547 permet de mieux percevoir le foisonnement et la créativité artistiques durant cette période allant de la mort du Rosso à celle de François Ier, pendant laquelle Primatice fut le principal maître des ouvrages décoratifs du château. Sont cités les grands décors de stuc, de fresques et de lambris des principaux appartements, le décor religieux de la chapelle Saint-Saturnin, les fabriques ornant les cours et les jardins, et même certains ouvrages mobiliers. La chronologie du château et de ses décors peut être largement affinée, voire complètement renouvelée. Les projets successifs de Primatice et de Cellini pour la Porte dorée sont mieux connus, et la construction de la grotte des Pins peut être repoussée de plusieurs années. Pour la première fois, une chronologie précise des fameux bronzes fondus d’après l’antique peut également être établie. Enfin, parallèlement au développement de la Grande Basse-Cour se dégage une volonté de réorganisation de la Cour ovale, avec notamment la construction de la Salle de bal et l’ajout de coursières périphériques.
Les « Basiliques et palais du Roi ». Architecture et politique à la cour de Henri IV
Authors: Lurin Emmanuel
Published: January 2016

The «Basilicas and king’s palace » . Architecture and politics at the court of Henri IV, by Emmanuel Lurin

The article is a reflection on the buildings of Henri IV, centred on the royal residences ; it clarifies their meaning as monuments in the context of the reconstruction of the realm and the arrival of the new dynasty. The first Bourbon king began a vast programme of renovation of royal buildings, a particularly skilful and ambitious project, intended to consecrate his own triumph and promote the restoration of royal
A duplex real-time PCR for the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis in cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Diawara Idrissa , Katfy Khalid , Zerouali Khalid , Belabbes Houria , Elmdaghri Naima
Published: January 2016

Introduction: Acute bacterial meningitis is one of the most severe infectious diseases. Rapid, accurate, and inexpensive diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is crucial for patient management. This study describes a duplex real-time (RT) PCR assay for detection of Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for meningitis diagnosis using SYBR Green-based RT-PCR method coupled with melting curve analysis. Methodology: We used SYBR Green-based RT-PCR method coupled with melting curve analysis to detect S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis in CSF samples. The sensitivity, specificity, and limit of detection were determined. The gold standard for routine tests of CSF analysis is direct examination, culture, and/or latex agglutination. The assay was evaluated on 132 CSF samples to measure clinical sensitivity. Results: A duplex RT-PCR assay for N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae detection in CSF was evaluated. Two peaks at different melting temperatures (87.5°C and 85.5°C) for N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae, respectively, were obtained. The sensitivity of RT-PCR was 100% (95% confidence limits [CI] = 82.4–100) for N. meningitidis and 100% (95% CI = 85.1–100) for S. pneumoniae. Specificity was the same (100%) for the bacteria (95% CI = 88.6–100). The percentage of cases accurately diagnosed with meningitis caused by N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae increased to 50.7% and 28.6%, respectively, when RT-PCR was added to the standard microbiologic methods. Conclusions: Duplex RT-PCR and melting curve analysis with SYBR Green is an inexpensive, sensitive, and specific method to rapidly diagnose bacterial meningitis. Accurate identification of the bacterial causative agents will improve patient management and epidemiological investigations.
Concomitant outbreaks of yellow fever and hepatitis E virus in Darfur States, Sudan, 2012
Authors: Ahmed Sarah S , Soghaier Mohammed A , Mohammed Sozan , Khogali Hayat S , Osman Muntasir M , Abdalla Abdalla M
Published: January 2016

Introduction: Yellow fever (YF) is a vector-borne disease transmitted to humans by infected Aedes mosquitoes, while hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a waterborne disease that is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Both diseases have very close clinical presentation, namely fever, jaundice, malaise, and dark urine; they differ in severity and outcome. Methodology: In this cross-sectional, laboratory-based study, an attempt was made to measure the correlation of concomitant YF and HEV infection in Darfur States during the previous YF outbreak in 2012. Results: Results found concomitant outbreaks of YF and HEV at the same time with very weak statistical correlation between the two infections during the outbreak period, with Cramer’s V correlation 0.05 and insignificant p value of 0.86. Conclusions: This correlation indicates that clinicians and care providers in tropical areas have to deal with clinical case definitions used for disease surveillance very carefully since prevalence of HEV infection is relatively common and this increases the possibility of misclassification and missing YF  cases, particularly initial index cases, in a season or outbreak.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and visceral leishmaniasis in children: case report and systematic review of literature
Authors: Scalzone Maria , Ruggiero Antonio , Mastrangelo Stefano , Trombatore Giovanna , Ridola Vita , Maurizi Palma , Riccardi Riccardo
Published: January 2016

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a potentially fatal disorder resulting from excessive activation and non-malignant proliferation of T lymphocytes and macrophages. Neoplasms, autoimmune disorders and systemic infections can cause secondary hemophagocytic syndrome. The association of hemophagocytic syndrome and visceral leishmaniasis is rarely found in childhood.  We report a case of an infant affected by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to visceral leishamniasis and describe all cases of hemophagocytic syndrome associated with visceral leishamniasis in childhood reported in literature, focusing on clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment.
Comparing immunological and molecular tests with conventional methods in diagnosis of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis
Authors: Badiee Parisa , Moghadami Mohsen , Rozbehani Hossain
Published: January 2016

Introduction: This study compared immunological and molecular testswith conventional methods in the diagnosis of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. Methodology: All tissue samples from maxillary sinuses were cultured and stained using periodic acid-Schiff. Two blood samples were cultured by bedside inoculation into BACTEC medium. Diagnostic tests were used: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of galactomannan and mannan in serum samples, real-time PCR assays for Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp., and nested PCR for the Mucoraceae family. Results: Among 31 immunocompromised patients, based on host factors, clinical, radiological and mycological findings, 18 patients were diagnosed with documented infection. By direct smear examination, 9 patients (50%) had positive results for Mucoraceae family, but only 5 samples showed growth in the culture (55.5%). Nested PCR results for species in this family were negative in all serum samples from patients. In addition, 9 patients had positive direct microscopic findings, of which 7 specimens produced positive growth for Aspergillus flavus (77.7%). The galactomannan test was positive in 6/9 (66.6%), and Aspergillus PCR were positive in 6 patients (66.6%). The isolated agent was C. albicans in one patient. The mannan antigen test to detect Candida was negative. None of the blood cultures was positive for fungal infection. Conclusions: The efficient method to diagnose fungal rhinosinusitis was direct microscopic examination of tissue samples. Immunological and molecular methods, which are available for some important fungi, can help clinicians with the diagnosis and management of infections in patients in critical condition when tissue sampling is not available.
Extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated in a university hospital: Role of inter-hospital transmission
Authors: Rivera Gonzalo , Bulnes Juan , Castillo Claudia , Ajenjo Maria Cristina , Garcia Patricia , Labarca Jaime
Published: January 2016

Introduction: Acinetobacter baumannii causes severe infections that primarily affect intensive care unit (ICU) patients. It has a high prevalence of multidrug resistance, including carbapenems, and a high potential for intra-hospital and inter-hospital transmission. The aim of this study was to determine the origin of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) A. baumannii isolates in our hospital during 2009. Methodology: This was an observational retrospective study. Isolates of A. baumannii were obtained from patients hospitalized during 2009. XDR isolates were defined using criteria published by Magiorakos et al.. The isolates were classified as community acquired, hospital acquired, and inter-hospital transmission. Results: A total of 48 isolates of A. baumannii were isolated during 2009, corresponding to 34 patients. Of these, 18 (53%) were susceptible, 6 (18%) were multidrug resistant (MDR), and 10 (29%) were XDR. Of the 10 XDR isolates, 9 were isolated from patients transferred from other hospitals. The median time of hospitalization in origin hospitals was 17 days, while the median time of hospitalization in the study hospital, previous to isolation of A. baumannii, was 1 day. A total of 6 out of 10 patients had a positive culture taken on the day of admission. None of the patients shared a clinical ward or time during hospitalization. Genotypic characterization demonstrated the existence of two clones (A and B) which were geographically associated with patients transferred from two different regions of the country. Conclusions: During 2009, all XDR A. baumannii isolates were recovered from patients coming from other hospitals, indicative of inter-hospital transmission.
Efficient attractants and simple odor-baited sticky trap for surveillance of Anopheles arabiensis Patton mosquito in Ethiopia
Authors: Hawaria Dawit , Santiago Dante , Yewhalaw Delnesaw
Published: January 2016

Introduction: Many efforts have been made to ease the burden of malaria through vector control, among whichis the development of odor-baited traps and evaluation of efficient attractants that could replace host odor. However, most traps and evaluated attractants are expensive, which poor communities cannot afford. This study was conductedwith the aim to devise asimple and affordable odor-baited trap and to investigate effective but affordable attractants for trapping Anopheles arabiensis. Methodology: First, an odor-baited sticky trap was developed; next, an experimental study with randomized design was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected attractants for trapping Anopheles arabiensis using the designed trap from June to August 2014. Laboratory strain Anopheles arabiensis were obtainedfrom the Adama Malaria Research and Training Center Insectary. Wild Anopheline mosquito larvae were collected from a temporary breeding site, reared in Asendabo Vector Biology Laboratory, and tested. Results: A simple odor-baited sticky trap was designed. Selected attractants were tested for attracting efficiency using the designed trap. Among the evaluated attractants, cow urine, which was kept for four days, attracted significantly more wild population and laboratory strains of the Anopheles arabiensisthan a worn sock alone and the combination of cow urine and a worn sock. Conclusions: Although further comparison studies with other standard traps are needed, the designed trap in conjunction with efficient attractant is shown to be effective for mosquito surveillance. Of the tested attractants, cow urine was anefficient attractant both for the wild population and the laboratory strain of Anohpeles arabiensis.
Fostering prevention and care delivery services capability on HIV pandemic and Ebola outbreak symbiosis in Africa
Authors: Tambo Ernest , Yah Clarence S , Ugwu Chidiebere E , Olalubi Oluwasogo A , Wurie Isatta , Jonhson Jeannetta K , Ngogang Jeanne Y
Published: January 2016

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the re-emerging Ebola virus disease (EVD) are closely intertwined and remain a persistent public health threat and global challenge. Their origin and rapid transmission and spread have similar boundaries and share overlapping impact characteristics, including related symptoms and other interactions. The controversies and global threat of these viruses require rapid response policy and evidence-based implementation findings. The constraints and dual burden inflicted by Ebola and HIV infections are highly characterized by similar socio-demographics, socio-economic and political factors. EVD has similar effects and burdens to HIV infection. This study seeks to understand EVD in the context of HIV epidemic despite the challenges in developing an effective vaccine against HIV and EVD. Our findings show that early understanding, prevention and treatment of these diseases a global health threat mainly in Africa is important and valuable. The lessons learned so far from HIV and Ebola epidemics are crucial in health programming and execution of rapid response interventions and continued vigilance against EVD before it become another worldwide health menace. Therefore, the current regional West Africa EVD requires strengthening healthcare systems and building preparedness and response capacity. Importantly, appropriate community participation, health education and resilience coupled with deployment of effective novel diagnostic approaches in early warning and surveillance of threats and emerging diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel key strategies are crucial in curbing the constant viral resurgence, persistence transmission dynamics and spread, as well in accelerating Ebola vaccines regimen (immunization) development and national implementation plans in achieving sustained control, and eventual elimination.
Extended-spectrum β-lactamases, transferable quinolone resistance, and virulotyping in extra-intestinal E. coli in Uruguay
Authors: Vignoli Rafael , García-Fulgueiras Virginia , Cordeiro Nicolás F , Bado Inés , Seija Verónica , Aguerrebere Paula , Laguna Gabriel , Araújo Lucía , Bazet Cristina , Gutkind Gabriel , Chabalgoity José
Published: January 2016

Introduction: To characterize extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in Escherichia coli isolates obtained from extra-intestinal samples in three Uruguayan hospitals. Methodology: Fifty-five ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were studied. Virulence genes, ESBLs, and PMQR genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction.  ESBL-producing isolates were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Multi-locus sequence typing was also performed on 13 selected isolates. Results: Thirty-seven isolates harbored blaCTX-M-15 (67.3%), eight blaCTX-M-2 (14.6%), five blaCTX-M-14 (9.1%), three carried both blaCTX-M-2 and blaCTX-M-14, one blaCTX-M-9, and one blaCTX-M-8.  Among the CTX-M-15 producers, 92% belonged to sequence types ST131 and ST405, and carried aac(6’)Ib-cr as well. Isolates harboring blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-9, or blaCTX-M-8 were found to be genetically unrelated. Conclusions: The successful dissemination of CTX-M-15-producing E.coli isolates seems to be linked to the spreading of high-risk clones and horizontal gene transfer. A trade-off between carrying more antibiotic resistance and less virulence-related genes could partially account for the evolutionary advantages featured by successful clones.
Influenza in Brazil: surveillance pathways
Authors: Cantarino Ligia , Merchan-Hamann Edgar
Published: January 2016

Influenza is a viral disease of global concern that has demanded the attention of health authorities. Since 1947, as a preventive measure, the World Health Organization monitors viral circulation to define the annual vaccine through a worldwide network of laboratories. This article presents the structuring of influenza surveillance in Brazil and highlights virological surveillance and the role of diagnostic laboratories as well as the expansion of actions to improve detection and expedite responses. The model set corresponds to sentinel surveillance complemented by the universal notification of severe acute respiratory syndrome investigating outbreaks, deaths, and unusual events and monitoring hospitalization and mortality in an expanded surveillance. In this review, we address aspects of influenza surveillance in animals, the need for interagency integration, and the sharing of information in many surveillance systems.
Comparative in-vitro activity of ceftaroline against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from India
Authors: Bakthavatchalam Yamuna Devi , Pragasam Agila Kumari , Anandan Shalini , Joshi Sangeetha , Chaudhuri Bhaskar Naryanan , Chitnis DS , Roy Indranil , Tapan Dhole , Veeraraghavan Balaji
Published: January 2016

This item has no abstract. Follow the links below to access the full text.
Clinico-epidemiological profile of fever of unknown origin in an Egyptian setting: A hospital-based study (2009–2010)
Authors: Kabapy Ahmed F , Kotkat Amira M , Shatat Hanan Zakaria , Abd El Wahab Ekram W
Published: January 2016

Introduction: Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is one of the most challenging diagnostic dilemmas in the field of infectious diseases and tropical medicine. Clinicians should use the frequency distribution of disorders causing FUO to guide their diagnostic approach in patients with prolonged, unexplained fevers meeting the definition of FUO. Methodology: The present study was undertaken to examine the etiologies, clinico-epidemiologic profile, and prognosis of classical FUO in patients reporting to the Alexandria Fever Hospital in Egypt. Records of 979 patients admitted to the fever hospital (from January 2009 to January 2010) and diagnosed as having FUO were examined carefully. FUO was defined as three outpatient visits or three days in the hospital without elucidation of cause of fever. Results: A total of 979 cases (57.0% males and 43.0% females), with ages ranging from 0.2 to 90 years, were investigated. The mean duration of fever before hospitalization was 31 ± 10 days. The etiology of FUO was delineated in 97% of cases, and only 3% remained undiagnosed. Diagnoses were grouped into five major categories. Infectious causes of FUO were strongly associated with better outcome (73.7% improved). Smoking, contact with animals or birds, drug addiction, and HIV seropositivity were important risk factors associated with infections. Conclusions: Infections are the most common cause of FUO, followed by collagen vascular diseases, in our region. A three-step diagnostic work-up approach is recommended to be applied in Egypt in order to improve the quality of medical service provided to FUO patients.
Stratégies de communication en interaction en cours de français langue seconde à vocation universitaire : étude de cas
Authors: Barysevich Alena , Lebel Marie-Élaine , Viswanathan Usha
Published: January 2016

Élaboré dans une perspective actionnelle et inspiré de l’interactionnisme socio-discursif de Bronckart (1996), « le groupe de discussion et le suivi des pairs » (Lebel et Viswanathan, sous presse) est un dispositif qui suscite des interactions authentiques entre apprenants dans la langue seconde (Boucheriba 2010; Schneuwly & Dolz 1997). Reposant sur l’exploitation de différents genres de texte authentiques et sur le concept d’une lacune d’information, il suscite les mêmes processus d’interactions que ceux à l’œuvre en milieux naturels (Ellis 2009 : 227). Le dispositif permet aux apprenants d'utiliser un large éventail de stratégies de communication et de négociation du sens. Certes, l’usage de stratégies par les apprenants relève par moment de déficits langagiers, mais les données considérées en interaction valident l'idée que la communication est régie par le principe de coopération.
Comprendre les enjeux des stratégies d’apprentissage pour devenir enseignant de FLE
Authors: Olmo Claire Del
Published: January 2016

Cela fait longtemps que l’impact des stratégies d’apprentissage sur le processus d’acquisition des langues étrangères a été souligné. Aujourd’hui, la notion de stratégie d’apprentissage est présente dans la plupart des cursus universitaires préparant les étudiants à devenir enseignants de français langue étrangère. À l’université Lille 3-Charles de Gaulle, nous sensibilisons nos étudiants à ce concept et les invitons à apprendre une langue inconnue pour qu’ils observent les techniques qu’ils adoptent pour mieux apprendre la langue cible et qu’ils réfléchissent en même temps aux pratiques de leur enseignant. Nos étudiants rapportent leurs réflexions dans un dossier d’une dizaine de pages. L’analyse de leurs retours montre l’intérêt d’une projection réflexive dans le « je » apprenant pour la construction d’une pratique enseignante qui prendra en compte les stratégies des apprenants.
La compréhension de l’anglais oral (L2) : processus cognitifs et comportements stratégiques
Authors: Zoghlami Naouel
Published: January 2016

Très souvent, le niveau des étudiants en compréhension de l’oral L2 n'est pas suffisant pour réussir les tâches demandées lors de leur cursus universitaire. Une appréciation plus détaillée des processus complexes mis en œuvre lors de ce type de traitement de l’information ouvrirait de nouvelles pistes pédagogiques pour aider les apprenants à faire face aux problèmes de compréhension de l’oral. Cet article présente les résultats d’analyses quantitatives et qualitatives des réflexions à haute voix de dix étudiants natifs du français inscrits en première année du parcours LEA (langues étrangères appliquées) dans une université française. Cette étude fondée sur la démarche introspective des sujets met l’accent sur les processus cognitifs et les comportements stratégiques d’apprenants de niveaux distincts en compréhension de l’anglais oral. Les résultats montrent que la fréquence d’utilisation de trois stratégies distingue les auditeurs experts (stratégies d’intégration et de reformulation) de leurs homologues non-experts (stratégie de la répétition). Certaines stratégies (par exemple l’intégration et la compensation) peuvent aider la compréhension si elles sont utilisées de façon efficace. Mais ce sont les processus de bas niveau non automatisés (la segmentation et la reconnaissance lexicale en L2) qui constituent le principal frein à la compréhension. Un entraînement systématique en segmentation entraînement fondé sur la phonologie de la langue cible est une piste prometteuse.
Quelles stratégies de communication et d’apprentissage pour favoriser l’intégration linguistique des adultes migrants ?
Authors: Pradeau Coraline
Published: January 2016

Cet article s’attache dans un premier temps à identifier les stratégies préconisées dans l’enseignement / apprentissage du français par des référentiels institutionnels à destination de publics migrants, dans les contextes francophones français, suisse et québécois. Dans un second temps, il s’agit d’analyser les conséquences pratiques qui découlent de leur mise en œuvre sur divers aspects pédagogiques, à savoir l’élaboration de ressources pédagogiques, la formation de formateurs et les questions d’évaluation / certification en langue étrangère.
Le transfert L1/L2 : entre représentations et pratiques de classe
Authors: Akmoun Houda
Published: January 2016

Cette contribution porte sur les résultats d’une recherche menée dans le cadre de notre thèse de doctorat qui porte sur les effets du transfert des stratégies rédactionnelles automatisées en L1 (l’arabe) sur la production d’un écrit argumentatif en L2 (le français). Elle tente de montrer qu’il est possible de s’appuyer sur les savoirs acquis en L1 pour l’acquisition de nouveaux savoirs en L2. En effet, cette recherche s’intéresse particulièrement au transfert interdisciplinaire et adopte la didactique intégrée des langues comme une approche favorisant le transfert d’une discipline à une autre. Nous présenterons dans cette contribution les résultats de l’un des outils d’investigation utilisés dans cette étude afin de vérifier l’hypothèse selon laquelle les enseignants de français L2 et les élèves de 3ème année secondaire ne sont pas conscients de l’impact positif de la L1 sur la L2 et de la possibilité de transfert de certaines stratégies rédactionnelles automatisées en L1 sur la production écrite en L2. Les données recueillies permettront d’expliquer l’attitude des sujets interrogés à l’égard de la L1 et de la collaboration avec les enseignants des matières enseignées dans une autre langue que le français.
Perception de l’utilité du journal de bord comme outil de conscientisation des transferts stratégiques et linguistiques entre le cours d’encadrement linguistique et le cours de discipline dans un programme universitaire de type EMILE
Authors: Knoerr Hélène
Published: January 2016

Dans un contexte de mobilité internationale croissante, le nombre d’étudiants qui suivent des cours universitaires dans une langue étrangère ne cesse d’augmenter. Au Canada, cette clientèle internationale se double d’une clientèle nationale issue de l’autre communauté de langue officielle, qui étudie en immersion dans sa langue seconde (L2). Nous avons cherché à savoir si l’enseignement explicite de stratégies d'apprentissage (cognitives ou métacognitives) peut être utile pour aider les étudiants qui suivent des cours de discipline dans une L2 (langue seconde) ou LE (langue étrangère) à surmonter ces défis. Nous nous sommes penchée en particulier sur la perception de l’utilité du journal de bord: les étudiants perçoivent-ils l’utilité du journal de bord pour le transfert dans le cours de discipline des stratégies d’apprentissage vues dans les cours d’encadrement linguistique qui accompagnent ces cours de discipline?
Une autre organisation du travail à l'Université en langue étrangère : entre conflits de représentations et développement de l'autonomie
Authors: Medioni Maria-Alice
Published: January 2016

À l'Université, les dispositifs hybrides proposent des parcours d'apprentissage en autonomie entrainant parfois confusions et sentiment d'abandon de la part d'étudiants encore attachés à des modalités de travail plus familières pour eux. Cette recherche porte sur un nouveau dispositif inauguré par l'université Lyon 2, les modalités concrètes de travail et d'accompagnement de l'étudiant, son évaluation par le biais d'une enquête et les évolutions tant du côté du travail enseignant que du côté de l'expérience de formation vécue par les étudiants : à quelles conditions l'organisation du travail scolaire peut-elle faciliter les apprentissages et le développement de tous les étudiants ?
Enseignement de langue et formation professionnalisante au sein d’un master LEA
Authors: Rault Didier
Published: January 2016

Alors que la démarche de projet et la perspective actionnelle qui la sous-tend sont en train de se diffuser largement à tous les niveaux d’enseignement des langues étrangères, cette étude s’interroge sur l’efficacité et sur la pertinence de mettre en œuvre une démarche de projet dans une filière où la langue est un élément essentiel de la formation et de la compétence professionnelle.
Méthodologies de recherche et d’intervention en didactique des langues : l’apport de l’ergonomie de langue française
Authors: Duthoit Eugénie
Published: January 2016

Dans cet article, nous faisons état des principales méthodologies déployées dans le cadre de recherches en didactique des langues (en nous intéressant particulièrement aux recherches qualitatives incluant une étude sur le terrain). Cet état de l’art est l’occasion, ensuite, d’exposer les principales problématiques soulevées par ces approches. Nous proposons enfin le cas d’une recherche ethnographique émanant directement de notre travail de thèse impliquant une méthodologie de recherche mixte entre observation participante et démarche ergonomique.
In Their Places:
Authors: Klepp Susan
Published: January 2016

Was there a distinct Mid-Atlantic region for either women or gender relations? An examination of women and politics between the early eighteenth century and the early twentieth century suggests the answer is no, there was not. A regional definition for politically active women encompassed the entire northeast, not just the mid-Atlantic and became the center of the suffrage movement. As late as 1915, however, the anti–women's rights forces were dominant and it was the far west that led in the movement for the vote.
The Sound and Silence of the German American Apollo: The Musical Score of Eugen Klee and the Kaiser Prize
Authors: Ostoyich Kevin
Published: January 2016

The article introduces the Kaiser Prize—the most coveted award in the German American world of Lieder—and the man who won it twice, Eugen Klee. Klee arrived in Philadelphia in the 1890s and quickly established himself as the preeminent German choirmaster in the country—a true German American Apollo. In 1912 Klee won the Kaiser Prize and started a brief collaboration with Leopold Stokowski. In 1915 Klee won the Kaiser Prize again. Given that this second victory came during the First World War—and within three weeks of the sinking of the Lusitania—Klee had to content himself with a photograph of the prize. The actual prize did not arrive in America until 1927, by which time Klee's life—like the music he conducted—was tracing a perdendo in America. In Eugen Klee's personal story one hears the sound and silence within the score of German cultural influence in America.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Applied Physics Research, Vol. 8, No. 1
Authors: Green Lily
Published: January 2016

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Applied Physics Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2016
Appeals to Ethos and Pathos in Post-Crisis Communication: A Case Study of Press Conferences Handling Tianjin Blasts
Authors: Wang Xueyu
Published: January 2016

This study focuses on the rhetorical appeals in post-crisis communication, and analyzes the influence of dynamically changing context on the speakers’ choice of rhetorical means. Aristotle’s three important rhetorical appeals-ethos, pathos and logos are investigated in the transcript of 14 press conferences handling Tianjin blasts. The changes in speakers’ rhetorical appeals are explored in relation to the changing context in the evolving crisis. In post-crisis press conferences, the speakers most frequently used appeals to ethos and pathos to persuade. Specifically, when appealing to ethos, the speakers usually manipulated discursive resources to construct their credibility, expertise, and similarity with the audience; when appealing to pathos, such emotions of the public as the feelings of depression, need for appreciation, and expectation for a thorough investigation of the blasts were addressed. In addition, as the crisis unfolded, the context for communication was dynamically changing. There was a tendency for speakers to adapt their rhetorical appeals to the dynamically changing context.
Iranian EFL Teachers’ Attitudes towards Critical Pedagogy
Authors: Sarvestani Nazanin Kamali , Yamini Mortaza
Published: January 2016

Critical pedagogy (CP) is a new educational approach that aims to remove social and political injustice and tries to help learners question and challenge oppression. This approach that derives its interest from critical theory has entered the field of research in recent years. In line with this trend, the present study aimed at investigating Iranian EFL teachers’ attitudes towards the application of critical pedagogy, taking into account teachers’ teaching experience and academic background. To this end, a Likert scale questionnaire developed by Tabatabaei (2013) was administered to 99 Iranian EFL teachers teaching at different institutes in Shiraz. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were recalculated. As far as the validity of the scale was concerned, it was established through factor analysis and the reliability of the questionnaire was checked through Cronbach’s alpha. Statistical procedures, namely, descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, and two-way ANOVA were applied. The findings of the study revealed that the EFL teachers mostly agree with the application of critical pedagogy. No significant difference was found between novice and experienced teachers' attitudes towards the principles of critical pedagogy. Furthermore, the results indicated that there was no significant relationship between teacher's academic experience and their views regarding critical pedagogy. However, as their teaching experience increased, they developed positive attitudes towards CP.
Interference Phenomena in Mastering Foreign Languages and the Methods of Preventing Them
Authors: Veliyeva Malahat Akbar
Published: January 2016

The article attempts to reveal the cases of interference in mastering a foreign language and to suggest possible modern methods of preventing this linguistic phenomenon. While learning a foreign language various kinds of challenges which appear in this process should be taken into consideration. The phenomena of interference on different levels of language most frequently occur in conditions of artificial bilingualism. Modern methodology suggests a number of beneficial ways of effective language teaching and learning. The so-called “mobile learning” as an innovative way of teaching English, is suggested in the article for effective language learning to prevent the phenomena of interference.

Also, the age factor in bilingualism is highlighted in the article and the cases of early bilingualism are regarded as the area of special interest in the study of language interference.

Overall, the learners’ age peculiarities in bilingualism and the methods of teaching the foreign language are crucial in preventing the phenomena of interference.
Translation of Ren and Li in Lunyu
Authors: Wei Qianqian
Published: January 2016

Lunyu, a record of Confucius’ sayings and deeds compiled by his disciples, had great influence not only on the Chinese but also on the whole world. It was translated into many languages, among which there are more than 50 English versions. In Lunyu, Confucius employed a good number of terms to express his ideas on what good ethics and politics were, such as ren and li. Due to cultural differences, it is a great challenge for translators to find English equivalents of these culture-specific items. The paper will discuss the translation of two main concepts in Lunyu – ren and li through the comparison of five English versions and try to find out the proper method to translate the Chinese culture-specific items in the book.
A Minimalist-Based Approach to Phrasal Verb Movement in North Hail Arabic
Authors: Alshamari Murdhy Radad , Jarrah Marwan
Published: January 2016

This research explores one less-investigated though significant manifestation of verb movement in North Hail Arabic, namely verb topicalization alongside its internal argument and any accompanying adjunct. In adequate dialogical and pragmatic contexts, the lexical verb (L-verb), the direct object (DO), and VP and vP adjoining adjuncts appear to move to the Specifier position (Spec) of a dedicated Topic Phrase in the left periphery in the sense of Rizzi (1997). This quasi-holistic movement is labelled as Defective Predicate Topicalization (DPT), where all predicate elements, apart from Tense, move overtly to Topic Phrase. Linear order between the L-verb, the DO, and any accompanying adjuncts is assumed, among others, to be evidence supporting this contention. Furthermore, the study argues that DPT is syntactically licensed for its phrasal-movement fashion. Hence, no violation of (head-related) locality principles is involved.
Problems in English to Arabic Subtitles Translation of Religious Terms—Bruce Almighty and Supernatural on MBC & Dubai One: A Case Study
Authors: Azim ElShiekh Ahmed Abdel
Published: January 2016

This paper attempts to shed light on some cultural and/or technical problems in the translation of religious terms from English into Arabic in the subtitles of movies, with particular reference to some Arab Gulf countries channels. Due to limitations of time and space, the researcher has taken two particular channels as representative, namely MBC Channel group and Dubai One. The data of the research have been collected from one film and one TV series as quite typical examples of works that may lead to serious problems in the subtitles translation with regard to religious terms. In both cases, the use of religious terms is not only obligatory but also focal. The researcher points the discrepancies in the choice of Arabic equivalents for the English religious terms in question as well as explores the possible reasons of and recommended solutions to such cultural problems in translation. The film, Bruce Almighty, is a light and comic treatment of the phenomenon of well-educated yet vain young men, doubting the wisdom of God Almighty. Jim Cary plays the role of the young man, while Morgan Freeman actually plays God! Hence, there is no easy way out of the necessity of tackling the problem of translating the religious terms involved. As for the TV series, Supernatural, the whole episode deals with God, angels, demons and Satan. It remains to be said that this paper does not claim to give decisive answers to the questions posed by the research, but only aspires to pave the way before further research on the topic and related issues.
Reading Comprehension Models of Saudi Non-native Speakers of English
Authors: Al-Qahtani Abdulkhaleq A.
Published: January 2016

The purpose of the present study is to explore the dominant reading model employed by Saudi Arabian readers of English, in response to claims by some researchers, which second language-reading model employed by ESL/EFL learners could be explained from their early literacy practices in their own cultures. Perry (1996), for example, asserted that culture affects learners’ reading strategies. She provided empirical findings, which stipulated that cultures affect the kind of reading strategies that learners use. Thus, this paper presents counterevidence that the main reason for strategy choice is not necessarily conditioned by early literacy practices of a given society. Three Saudi informants were asked to describe their reading activities using a retrospection technique. The results show that those informants have employed a reading model that does not comply with Perry’s conclusions. They mainly used a top-down approach to reading rather than employing the bottom up model as their early literacy practices implied.
Oral Academic Discourse Socialization of an ESL Chinese Student: Cohesive Device Use
Authors: Wang Sue , Slater Tammy
Published: January 2016

Framed in language socialization theory, this study examines the longitudinal cohesive device development of an ESL Chinese graduate student over time during his discourse socialization by focusing on his oral presentations through a systemic functional linguistics approach. The study found that the participant improved in his use of textual resources as he continued his discourse socialization in the academic community that he had joined. Yet the problems and challenges the participant faced during his development of cohesive devices also illustrated the complexity and non-linear characteristics of academic discourse socialization. The study contributes to language socialization research by employing a systemic functional linguistics approach as an analysis tool for longitudinal linguistic discourse development. The findings inform second language curriculum and instruction, particularly oral language instruction.
Contrastive Pragmatics: Apologies & Thanks in English and Italian
Authors: Demir Cuneyt , Takkac Mehmet
Published: January 2016

Awareness of language or language competency has greatly changed from the focus of language itself as form and structure to language use as pragmatics. Accordingly, it is widely accepted that different cultures structure discourse in different ways. Moreover, studies have shown that this holds for discourse genres traditionally considered as highly standardized in their rituals and formulas. Taking inspiration from such studies, this paper employs a corpus-based approach to examine variations of the apology and thanking strategies used in English and Italian. First the apology itself as a form of social action is closely analyzed and then thanking. This study also pays special attention on analyzing and contrasting apology and thanking strategies in American English and in Italian in terms of Marion Owen’s remedial strategies (Owen, 1983), and Olshtain & Cohen’s semantic formulas in the apology speech act set (Olshtain & Cohen, 1983). The purpose of the study is not only to compare apology and thanking speech acts but to also learn their contextual use. The findings suggest that the status and role of the situation affect the speakers’ choice of apology and thanking strategies, and semantic formulas are of great importance.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Marketing Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1
Authors: Xiao Maple
Published: January 2016

Reviewer acknowledgements for International Journal of Marketing Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2016.
Synthesis of Strontium Oxide Whiskers with Preferential <111> Orientation by Atmospheric Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Komatsu Keiji , Tanabe Morito , Toda Ikumi , Ohshio Shigeo , Muramatsu Hiroyuki , Saitoh Hidetoshi
Published: January 2016

Highly oriented strontium oxide (SrO) whiskers were obtained using a chemical vapor deposition technique at atmospheric pressure. The SrO whiskers were synthesized on a single-crystalline Si(100) substrate from strontium bis-dipivaloylmethanate, Sr(C11H19O2)2. The presence of face-centered cubic (fcc) SrO structures was confirmed. The hexagonal SrO whiskers were preferentially oriented in the <111> direction upon increasing deposition time. This phenomenon is based on equilibrium figure in the <111> direction of fcc crystals.
The Dynamic Behaviour of the Floor of a Surrogate Vehicle Under Explosive Blast Loading
Authors: Newell Nicolas , Neal William , Pandelani Thanyani , Reinecke David , Proud William G , Masouros Spyros D
Published: January 2016

Improvised Explosive Devices have been the signature weapon in the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. High-rate axial forces exerted by the vehicle floor to the lower limbs of occupants have been the cause of severe injuries. In order to gain a greater understanding of the mechanisms of these injuries so that countermeasures can be developed, one is required to know how the vehicle floor behaves; therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterise the behaviour of a vehicle floor surrogate to a range of explosive loads. Explosive loads between 1 and 6 kg TNT were detonated beneath a vehicle floor surrogate resulting in peak floor velocities between 5.8 and 80.5 m/s reached in a time between 0.10 and 3.13 ms. The data can now be used to (a) test numerical models of blast and its interaction with structures for validity, and (b) ensure that the velocity profiles replicated in a laboratory environment to understand human tolerance to injury are relevant to the blast process. These will ensure that preventive measures are developed based on realistic physical and numerical models of injury.