bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Need for Health Care and Use of Health Care by Injection-Drug Users, Other Chronic Drug Users, and Nondrug Users
Authors: CHITWOOD DALE D. , McBRIDE DUANE C. , METSCH LISA R. , COMERFORD MARY , McCOY CLYDE B.
Published: March 2007

This article compares the health care need and health care use of injection drug users, other chronic drug users, and nondrug users. Data from 1,330 non-Hispanic White, African American, and Hispanic/Latino men and women were analyzed to determine independent risk factors for two outcome variables: (a) need for health care treatment and (b) use of health care treatment. Ten independent demographic, health, and drug use variables were assessed in logistic regression models. Drug use (injection drug use or other chronic drug use), being female, having insurance, and perceived health status of very good/good or fair/poor were independently associated with increased need for health care. Injection drug use and other chronic drug use decreased the likelihood of receiving health care treatment, whereas being female, having insurance, and a perceived health status of fair/poor increased the likelihood of receiving health care.
Strategic Choice in Negotiation
Authors: PRUITT DEAN G.
Published: March 2007

Four basic negotiating strategies are analyzed along with the outcomes they encourage and the determinants of their use. Guidelines for influencing the strategic choice of one's bargaining partners are also presented with an emphasis on techniques for encouraging one's adversaries to move away from contentious behavior and toward problem solving.
Blue-Collar Barriers
Authors: DEAUX KAY
Published: March 2007

Barriers to advancement for women holding blue-collar jobs are discussed, with special emphasis on women in the basic steel industry. These barriers include the existence of seniority policies, perceptions of opportunities, availability of relevant experience, and the assignment of women to lower-level jobs that are not on the major line of advancement. Internal barriers, such as physical strength and women's motivation and capacity for blue-collar work, are viewed as far less significant than the external impediments. Prospects for the future are considered.
Corporate Health Care Purchasing and the Revised Social Contract with Workers
Authors: Maxwell James , Briscoe Forrest , Temin Peter
Published: March 2007

The implicit social contract between large companies and their employees has been recently revised to emphasize workforce flexibility and the financial responsibility of individual employees for their own employment and benefits-related decisions. The most recent aspect of this social contract to be significantly changed is health care benefits. On the basis of in-depth case studies of health benefits purchasing at 15 large United States employers, the authors found that the reported use of a purchasing technique called managed competitionhas enabled firms to bring health benefits purchasing in line with other elements of the revised social contract. An important minority of companies in our study appear to have retained a different, “employer responsibility” approach toward employee health benefits, leading them to move more gradually to managed competition purchasing and refrain from instituting heavy premium cost sharing or cutting coverage for their employees. These findings are preliminary and deserve further study as to their generalizability and persistence.
Social Investing and Portfolio Management
Authors: Ferris Stephen P. , Rykaczewski Karl P.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, a number of groups have begun to argue that pension funds have an obligation to invest their capital in socially responsible ways. The concept of social investing of pension funds is examined with regard to legal requirements, determination of social objectives, measurement of perfornance, and financial effects. This analysis concludes that, while the problems of social investing are relatively well-defined, the benefits are nebulous. A social-oriented investment strategy should be adopted only after a careful review of all factors.
Regional Market Integration and Decentralization in Europe and North America
Authors: Doh Jonathan P.
Published: March 2007

Regional market integration in Europe and North America has grown increasingly extensive. This integration has created institutions and structures to guide pancontinental political, economic, and social policies. At the same time, both regions are experiencing pressures of decentralization. These competing trends are transforming relationships between and among business, society, and government. This article compares and contrasts integration in North America and Europe, and discusses the implications of political, economic, and institutional changes in these two regions for business-government relations and the structure and strategic orientation of the corporate public affairs (PA) function. This article reviews recent literature on comparative political economy, business and public policy, and corporate PA, and it presents a conceptual model and research propositions, supported by case illustrations, of how integration and decentralization affect business-government relations and corporate PA in Europe and North America.
Measuring Presidential Power
Authors: METCALF LEE KENDALL
Published: March 2007

Despite an increased need to measure presidential power and the increased use of such measurements in empirical studies, there has been little examination of the relative merits of alternative methods of measuring presidential power. This study reviews the measures currently in use and identifies the measure developed by Shugart and Carey (1992) as the most useful. The study also suggests improvements to the Shugart and Carey method to improve its applicability to semipresidential regimes. Scoring of Austria, Finland, France, and the six Central and East European states with popularly elected presidents demonstrates the usefulness of these revisions for establishing clearer boundaries for this regime type, which is a necessary step toward empirical testing of the relationship between semipresidentialism and democratic consolidation.
Linking Policies and Economic Voting
Authors: HAMANN KERSTIN
Published: March 2007

Economic voting literature has shown that voters hold governments responsible for the state of the economy. Election studies have also found that voters punish governing parties that divert from their campaign promises and move their policy positions. These bodies of literature cannot convincingly explain the repeated reelection of the Socialist Party, which passed supply-side economic measures at odds with campaign promises and its traditional ideology. Furthermore, the party succeeded in gaining reelection regardless of the state of the economy and despite consistently high unemployment. In this article, it is argued that to better understand the repeated electoral success of the Socialist Party, three additional factors have to be taken into account: the party system, compensatory policies, and internal party politics. These factors allowed the Spanish Socialist Party to build an electoral support coalition based on lower classes, rural voters, and voters dependent on state-subsidized income.
Coordinating Party Choice in Founding Elections
Authors: REICH GARY M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the causes of party system fragmentation in new democracies, arguing that party formation and coordination in emerging party systems are closely linked to the politics of democratization. In particular, elections that occur late within regime transitions are likely to produce more fragmented party systems than are early founding elections; in situations of economic instability, the decentralizing effect of a late founding election is likely to be greater. The results confirm this hypothesis: The farther away founding elections occur from the transfer of executive authority from an authoritarian regime, the more fragmented is the resulting party system. The effect of a late founding election increases as the inflation rate increases. These results are important because the pattern of fragmentation established in founding elections is relatively stable; indeed, founding elections do not appear anomalous compared with subsequent elections, contrary to conventional wisdom.
Stratification and Voting Behavior
Authors: WALD KENNETH
Published: March 2007

Despite agreement on the importance of class in voting behavior, scholars have not integrated research on class-based political behavior with broader theories about the sources of group cohesion in a mass electorate. This article explores the potential for political cohesion among a variety of occupational groups within the British working class. The propensity for collective action in the electoral arena is evaluated in terms of each group's social situation—its differentiation, level of within-group interaction, need for collective effort, and organizational capacity. Using the 1891 population census and general election results from 1885 to 1910, we then observe the relationship between the spatial concentration of each occupational group and the left-wing vote. The results indicate clearly that alternate conceptions of stratification are associated with different directions of class-party relationships and different levels of class-based voting. The results of both correlation and multivariate regression analysis confirm that the level of class voting increased as the definition of “working class” was narrowed to identify groups with a high potential for collective action. As the scope of the independent variable was narrowed, the relationship more closely conformed to that predicted in the literature on class and politics. This suggests the wisdom of Kornhauser's admonition to analyze the social basis of voting “within a structure of explicit theory about class relations as dynamic functioning processes.”
From Simple Determinism to Interactive Models of Voting
Authors: ROSE RICHARD
Published: March 2007

The class-equals-party model of voting in Britain is inadequate as a simple deterministic model. But so too is the political socialization model. The most appropriate model for explaining individual voting in terms of survey data alone is a model that allows for the interaction of social structure, political socialization, and political attitudes. But it is also important to emphasize that a model of voting in terms of individual survey data alone is an inadequate model of electoral behavior. It ignores the importance of macroeconomic conditions that determine what is there for individual voters to perceive and, even more importantly, which parties present themselves for the voter to choose among. The point has always been important theoretically. The continuing and cumulative deterioration of the British economy and eruptions in the party system only make palpable what has always been contingently important.
The Consequences of Regime Type for Public-Policy Outputs
Authors: SLOAN JOHN , TEDIN KENT L.
Published: March 2007

Most research has shown little association between regime type and public-policy outputs. In this article we employ a multivariate model and year-by-year data from 1960-1980 in Latin America to analyze the relationship among regime type, regime age, and public policy. The analysis shows regime type to be significantly associated with policy in five areas, with regime age have an additional independent effect in several of these areas.
Domestic Political Conflict and Basic Needs Outcomes
Authors: DIXON WILLIAM J. , MOON BRUCE E.
Published: March 2007

This study undertakes an empirical investigation of the near universal assumption that domestic political conflict is invariably harmful to the societies in which it occurs. In particular, we examine the implications of domestic conflict for the provision of basic human needs once the known effects of aggregate national wealth are removed. Using a variation of the panel regression model, we regress an index of basic needs satisfaction on measures of domestic conflict scope and intensity, along with suitable controls, for a sample of 85 contemporary nations. The findings indicate that the intensity measure is associated with long-term improvements in basic needs while the scope of conflict carries a negative impact for basic needs outcomes.
Minding the State — or a State of Mind?
Authors: ROCKMAN BERT A.
Published: March 2007

In political theory the state has been enjoying a conceptual rebirth even while some of its activities have been receding. The state, however, remains conceptually ambiguous and is thus molded into many different conceptual forms. Three of those forms are discussed in this article: the decision-making state, the production state, and the intermediary state. The first relates to the organization and architecture of decisional authority; the second to the public and distributive goods supplied by the state; and the third to the interconnections between state organization and the organizations of civil society. Although the state lacks unique definition as a concept, its value lies in bringing together the most important macro-level connections of the polity, the society, and the economy that cannot otherwise be adequately analyzed in isolation from one another. In particular, the state provides a focus for the study of statecraft within a given constellation of institutional and interest formations and public cultures. And yet statecraft itself cannot be detached from an analytic focus on the role of incentives, which must be effectively manipulated in order to preserve the fundamental functions of the state.
On the Depth and Persistence of Generational Change
Authors: MATTEI FRANCO , NIEMI RICHARD G. , POWELL G. BINGHAM
Published: March 2007

Though generations is now a standard item in the vocabulary of political change, identification of their boundaries is notoriously difficult. In this article the authors stress two themes, one theoretical and one specific to Italy. The predominant interpretation of Italian voting in the late 1970s is that the political “season” favorable to the Communist party (PCI) ended in 1976. The authors argue that the generational surge continued through another election and was almost as strong in 1979 as in 1976. The election of 1983, not 1979, witnessed a sharp change in youthful voting behavior. From a theoretical perspective, what is significant is that the leftist generation of the 1970s altered its voting behavior as a consistent part of a broad shift in party images and social attitudes and that these attitudes lingered on among new voters in 1983, even as the voting behavior of this new cohort changed radically. It is hypothesized that this pattern is characteristic of generations in general and that it is part of the reason that generational boundaries are difficult to identify.
The State and Capitalist Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: GADZEY ANTHONY TUO-KOFI
Published: March 2007

Declining performance of the postcolonial African states suggest the inefficiency of centralization and or socialist strategy that currently dominates the region. The solution, however, is not a return to the largely unrestrained liberal economic models of the 1960s, such as import substitution industrialization or commodity export specialization. Whether from the left or right, the inability of all three models to define precise development roles for Africa state elites suggest their insensitivity to and inadequacy for the needs of these politically dynamic young states of Africa. An alternative model presented in this article would involve state elites in grass roots capitalist development. The model fosters decentralization and economic development without sacrificing rule legitimization and national integration as equal objectives. In many respects, the model is an attempt to adapt to African realities the norms of embedded liberalism that properly describe current Western liberalism.
Opening the Window for Reform
Authors: KEELER JOHN T. S.
Published: March 2007

Under what conditions are governments within established democratic political systems willing and able to launch ambitious reform programs? In other words, what conjunctural factors generally serve to open the “window” for reform? The central argument of this article is that extraordinary policy-making generally becomes possible only when a macro-window is opened by a government's achievement of an impressive mandate and/or by the onset of a severe socioeconomic crisis. The mandate-reform hypothesis is tested with data from Britain, France, and the United States, then the significance of both mandates and crises is demonstrated through an analysis of eight “reform government” case studies ranging from the New Deal to Thatcher's Britain.
Social Protest and Policy Reform
Authors: TARROW SIDNEY
Published: March 2007

Extraordinary policy-making may be triggered by critical elections and political crises, but it may also be related to major waves of collective action, especially when all three of these—as in France in 1968—are present. But protest is seldom sufficient on its own to effectuate major reforms; as the case of the French Loi d'Orientation for higher education shows, it requires a reformist faction in the elite ready to take advantage of the political opportunities offered by protest. Even then, as the same case shows, the effects of protest are quickly dissipated and the season for protest-induced reformism is short. Protest cycles or other crises are best seen as necessary, but not sufficient conditions for extraordinary policy-making.
Judging Socialist Reform
Authors: STONE ALEC
Published: March 2007

Case studies of judicial-political interaction during two periods, 1969-1976 in Germany and 1981-1985 in France, illustrate two general points about constitutional politics in both countries. First, constitutional courts are powerful policy makers whose impact on legislative processes and outcomes is multidimensional. These courts are more than simply negative legislators, empowered to veto legislative provisions. They also exercise creative legislative powers: to recast policy-making environments, to encourage certain legislative solutions while undermining others, and to have the precise terms of their decisions written directly into legislative provisions. Second, governments and parliamentarians are often led to behave judicially, to debate and make meaningful decisions about the constitutionality of legislation. In France and Germany, both the making of public policy and the construction of constitutional law are products of sustained and intimate judicial-political interaction.
Voter Turnout in the Industrial Democracies during the 1980s
Authors: JACKMAN ROBERT W. , MILLER ROSS A.
Published: March 2007

There are two contending accounts of cross-national variation in voter turnout rates. One emphasizes the role of institutions and electoral attributes, whereas the other stresses cultural and historical factors. The authors evaluate the merits of these two arguments. They first apply the model developed by R. W. Jackman to turnout rates during the 1980s, expanding the sample of industrial states to include three newer democracies with recent authoritarian histories: Greece, Portugal, and Spain. They then examine the potential impact of cultural variables on voter turnout rates. The authors conclude that the institutional argument outperforms the cultural account of conventional political participation.
Conditions of Authoritarianism, Fascism, and Democracy in Interwar Europe
Authors: DE MEUR GISÈLE , BERG-SCHLOSSER DIRK
Published: March 2007

Comparative political analysis at the macrolevel of political systems can reduce the inevitably high complexity of such comparisons by the systematic matching or contrasting of cases, depending on the particular problem. Such “most similar systems” or “most different systems” designs, in Przeworski and Teune's terminology, thus constitute one of the major ways out of the usual “small N—many variables” dilemma. This article proposes a detailed and comprehensive method to establish such similarities and dissimilarities in a systematic and, at all stages, transparent way. The examples chosen refer to an analysis of the conditions of survival or breakdown of democratic systems in the interwar period in Europe.
Ties that Bind?
Authors: MOORE WILL H. , DAVIS DAVID R.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors develop and empirically evaluate a general model of the linkages between domestic and international conflict behavior. Much of the literature on domestic international interactions has focused on the structural constraints of the international and domestic systems on leaders' foreign policy decisions. Rather than focusing on structural constraints, the present authors model the influence of the behavior of domestic and international rivals on leader decision making. The impact of rivals' behavior on conflict across the domestic-international nexus has been neglected relative to the role of structural factors. This study helps redress that imbalance. The authors test their model with a statistical analysis of Zaire during the period 1975 to 1992 and find substantial support for the model.
Testing the Converse Party Support Model in Britain
Authors: CASSEL CAROL A.
Published: March 2007

This article supports the Converse party support model in Britain and more generally. The Converse theory, which has implications for electoral stability, is that public support for political parties comes from individuals whose partisanship strengthens as they gain experience in voting for a party. Abramson recently concluded the theory does not apply in Britain because generational change and historical (period) effects account for partisan intensities. He argued that even if period effects concealed life cycle gains, the theory would not apply because historical events in Britain—and in the United States—are too modest. From British panel data, this article reports the strongest evidence to date supporting life cycle gains in partisanship. Cohort equations show generational change in addition, as a secondary explanation. Cohort equations also disclose which historical events caused dealignment. Dealignment periods in both Britain and the United States are limited, and the events that produced them are rare.
Information Management and the Whiskey on the Rocks Crisis
Authors: STERN ERIC
Published: March 2007

In this paper, an analytical framework is developed in order to investigate the role of information in crisis decision-making. Three theoretical nodes (information management functions) emerge from a discussion drawing upon earlier contributions by scholars such as Snyder and Diesing (1977) and George (1980), and more recent works by Vertzberger (1990) and Jönsson (1990). Search is an actor-oriented node focusing on the collection of data about the operational environment. Processing is conceptualized as a form of political argumentation in which raw data are transformed into higher order working propositions about an actor or a situation. Communication is a dyadic node in which the distribution of information within and the conveyance of meaning between state actors are problematized. These analytical tools are tested in an empirical application: Swedish decision-making during the `Whiskey on the Rocks' crisis' (1981).
Nordic Regionalization:
Authors: NILSON HÅKEN R.
Published: March 2007

In order to facilitate the creation of thriving regions across national borders, the Nordic Council of Ministers has established specific transborder organizations. These depend in their day-to-day activity on the collaboration of local and regional public institutions in each separate country, a fact that may in part provide an explanation as to why only limited success has been achieved. Although there are cases in which promising incipient developments can be noted, these have not yet evolved beyond an embryonic state.
Long in the Tooth
Authors: Baker Ross K.
Published: March 2007

Ross K. Baker teaches at and is a contributing editor for American Demographics.
Behavior Modeling for Management Development
Authors: Riegel Carl D.
Published: March 2007

As competition heats up and the industry grows more complex, effective management becomes all the more crucial. Behavior modeling may prove to be an important tool for getting the most out of managers
Dineserv: A Tool for Measuring Service Quality in Restaurants
Authors: Stevens Pete , Knutson Bonnie , Patton Mark
Published: March 2007

Dining consumers determine which restaurants meet their quality and value standards. Restaurateurs who fail to measure up will soon see declining customer counts as guests switch to competing restaurants. “Dineserv” is proposed as a reliable, relatively simple tool for determining how consumers view a restaurant's quality. The 29-item Dineserv questionnaire comprises service-quality standards that fall into five categories: assurance, empathy, reliability, responsiveness, and tangibles. By administering the Dineserv questionnaire to guests, a restaurant operator can get a reading on how customers view the restaurant's quality, identify where problems are, and get an inkling of how to resolve them. Dineserv also provides restaurateurs with a quantified measure of what consumers expect in a restaurant. Those expectations are important, because unfulfilled expectations drive guests away.
Seven Ways to Increase Servers' Tips
Authors: Lynn Michael
Published: March 2007

Psychological research on tipping has found that servers earn larger tips when they introduce themselves by name, squat down next to the table, flash sincere smiles, touch their customers, use tip trays with credit-card insignia, write "thank you" on the backs of checks, and-for many servers-draw a happy face on the backs of checks. Most of those simple actions increased tips by 20 percent or more, although that effect is not expected to be cumulative. That is, combining actions that separately increase tips will probably not produce an even larger effect. Since the actions are innocuous and varied, every manager should be able to find several things to recommend to the wait staff, and every server should be able to find something he or she would be comfortable doing.
Lausanne: Updating after a Century of Service
Authors: Johnson Colin
Published: March 2007

L'Ecole Hôtelière de Lausanne celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1993, and shortly after that began transforming its curriculum to match the needs of current students and the industry. Using a project-management approach, EHL undertook seven separate projects, each managed by a project director. The projects involved upgrading the program and facilities, adding classes taught in English and recruiting students for those sections, developing the school's web page, gaining international accreditation, and building fundraising partnerships. Beyond the projects themselves, however, project management occasioned a reorganization of the Lausanne program and an increase in the number of staff members contributing to the decision-making process. The result has been a change in culture beyond that resulting from adding English to everyday operations.
Social Desirability Attitudes, Sex, and Affective and Cognitive Empathy as Predictors of Self-Reported Multicultural Counseling Competence
Authors: Constantine Madonna G.
Published: March 2007

This study explored the relative contributions of social desirability attitudes, sex, and affective and cognitive empathy to self-reported multicultural counseling competence. Using the Knowledge and Awareness subscales of the Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale as criterion variables, two 3-step forced entry multiple regression analyses revealed that both sex and affective and cognitive empathy were significant predictors of self-reported multicultural counseling competence. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Current Directions in Chicana/o Psychology
Authors: McNeill Brian W. , Prieto Loreto R. , Niemann Yolanda Flores , Pizarro Marc , Vera Elizabeth M. , Gómez Sylvia P.
Published: March 2007

In this Major Contribution, we focus on the mental and psychological health issues relevant to Mexican Americans or Chicanas/os, and we identify and introduce some important contemporary areas of research that reflect the unifying theme of Current Directions in Chicana/o Psychology. These areas include counseling, assessment, and service-delivery issues; the content and influence of stereotypes; and the role of ethnic identity in the psychological health of Chicana/o people. To provide an ecological context for the series of articles that follow, identifying labels/terminology, demographics, cultural characteristics, and political barriers descriptive of Chicanas/os are addressed. Our hope is that the series of articles composing this issue serves to raise the awareness of mental health professionals about issues facing Chicanas/os and to provide guidelines for future counseling intervention and research.
Implications of the Fulbright Senior Scholar Program for Counseling Psychology
Authors: McWhirter J. Jeffries
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the implications of the Fulbright program for counseling psychologists. The impact of the program on individuals, the internationalization of counseling psychology, and the development of cultural sensitivity are discussed.
APA-Affiliated Master's-Level Counselors
Authors: Watkins C. Edward , Campbell Vicki L. , McGregor Patricia
Published: March 2007

Previous literature about the master's degree has focused largely on clinical psychology training and practice. To complement this body of literature, we surveyed all APA-affiliated master's-degree holders who identified their specialty as counseling. Similar to Perlman's (1985a) survey in which APA-affiliated master's-level clinicians were compared with Division 12 (Clinical) members, we compared our master's sample with a Division 17 (Counseling) doctoral-level sample. The master's-level counselors spent a large portion of their professional time performing psychotherapy/personal counseling, were employed primarily in practice rather than academic settings, and viewed themselves primarily as practitioners. They generally were satisfied with their graduate training and careers, but many indicated they would not reenter the counseling specialty if their lives could be lived over. Contrary to the Division 17 sample, the master's-level counselors engaged in little research or teaching and typically did not identify with the academic role.
Testing and Assessment in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Watkins C. Edward , Campbell Vicki L.
Published: March 2007

Testing and assessment have long been and continue to be regarded as important roles of counseling psychologists. This issue of The Counseling Psychologist considers several contemporary developments and issues in the testing and assessment areas and their relevance for the counseling specialty. Our article primarily provides an introduction for what follows. We briefly introduce each of the subsequent papers, identify the topics that they examine, and conclude by identifying five additional developments or issues in the testing and assessment areas that are of importance to counseling psychologists.
White Racial Identity Development and Cross-Cultural Counselor Training
Authors: Sabnani Haresh B. , Ponterotto Joseph G. , Borodovsky Lisa G.
Published: March 2007

This article integrates the work of cross-cultural counselor-training development theorists (Carney & Kahn, 1984; Rowe, 1989), racial-identity development specialists (e.g., Helms, 1984), and cross-cultural counseling competency experts (e.g., Sue et al, 1982) in the formation of a comprehensive multicultural training model for majority-group (White, middle-class) counselors. Past developmental models are criticized for their failure to consider the White counselor's racial-identity (or consciousness) development as an integral component of multicultural training. The article reviews and integrates extant stage models of White racial consciousness, describes how counselors progress through variousstages, and specifically presents training regimens to facilitate counselors' sequential movement through the model. The article concludes with specific research antd policy recommendations.
Evolution of a Health Focus
Authors: Harris Janel K.
Published: March 2007

This article develops the premise that counseling psychology programs should consider providing education and training in health psychology. It addresses key questions concerning the possible loss of traditional values or the necessity of modifying currently existing training programs to accommodate health psychology education and training. It concludes that providing health psychology training is an appropriate option for counseling psychology. The article then presents some general guidelines for health psychology education and training that could be adopted by counseling psychology programs. These include endorsement of (a) the scientist-practitioner model of training, (b) a university-based context of training, (c) basic grounding in the discipline of counseling psychology, (d) basic grounding in research methodology, (e) core courses in health psychology, G) elective courses from other departments, (g) recognition of the role of diversity, (h) traditional standards of licensure and accreditation for counseling psychologists, (i) a 1-year internship, and (j) integration of theory and practice of counseling psychology.
On Occupationism
Authors: Carson Andrew D.
Published: March 2007

Recently, Krumboltz suggested that occupationism - or discrimination against individuals based solely on their occupations - needs to be studied and combated He further urged that occupationism be equated with other social ills such as racism, sexism, ageism, and religious prejudice and bigotry. Yet occupationism may be characterized better as consequential acts of occupational discrimination on the basis of prestige. In contrast to Krumboltz, it is argued that there exist both desirable and undesirable forms of occupational discrimination. Instead of simply combating occupationism, psychologists are urged to study the nature and consequences of various processes involved in occupational discrimination, including the extent to which it is justifiable to equate the severity of the effects of undesirable occupationism with those of other major forms of discrimination.
Cultural-Identity Development and Family Assessment
Authors: Gushue George V.
Published: March 2007

This article proposes an extension of Janet Helms's Black and White interaction model to be used as a starting point for organizing and understanding cultural-identity data in mating an initial family assessment. A number of efforts to describe how culture affects family counseling have focused on between-group differences. The interaction model presented here endeavors to expand that discussion by systematically including (a) within-group cultural differences in families, (b) changes in cultural-identity attitudes over time, (c) attention to the counselor's stage of cultural identity (in addition to those of the family's various subsystems), and (d) consideration of cultural differences in the work of counselors and families from the same culture or in the work of nondominant culture counselors working with dominant-culture families. The article reviews the Helms model and other pertinent constructs from the literature, extends the theory to multicultural family counseling, and concludes with some illustrative cases suggesting how the interaction paradigm might be applied.
The Status of the Counseling Relationship
Authors: Sexton Thomas L. , Whiston Susan C.
Published: March 2007

The quality of the counseling relationship has consistently been found to have the most significant impact on successful client outcome. Yet the definition and critical components of a quality counseling relationship remain in question. This article is a systematic review of studies of the counseling relationship intended to identify the present empirical understanding of this essential element of counseling. Using the multidimensional model proposed by Gelso & Carter, empirical support for the "real, " "unreal, " and "working alliance" elements of the relationship are summarized. Studies investigating the interactional nature of the counseling relationship are also reported. In addition, implications of a potential "paradigm" shift in thinking of the counseling relationship are discussed in regard to the development of theoretical models and future research agendas. In particular, the authors outline how the adoption of a social constructivist perspective would change the focus of the theoretical models and systematic research.
Counseling Psychologists as Nursing Home Consultants
Authors: Crose Royda , Kixmiller Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2007

Recent developments in federal legislation, reimbursement policies, and professional politics have promoted wider appeal within professional psychology for consultation services to nursing homes. This article outlines the need for counseling psychologists to be involved in such consultation. Results are reported from a survey of nursing home administrators that provides information about their perceptions of the mental health needs of both residents and staff, the problems they find most difficult to manage, and the intervention programs they desire. Recommendations are made for counseling psychologists to gain entry into the long-term care system as consultants.
Optimal Development in Adolescence
Authors: Wagner William G.
Published: March 2007

Optimal development in adolescence constitutes an important area of investigation, one that has significant implications for the study of adolescent development, the training of psychologists for work with this population, and the provision of psychological services intended to enhance functioning beyond the elimination or reduction of problem behaviors. Although the difficulties inherent in defining this abstract concept are recognized, a concrete example, Ms. Amber Coffman, is presented as a means of stimulating psychologists' thought and activity concerning this important topic.
Patterns in Juvenile Misbehavior
Authors: Lab Steven P.
Published: March 2007

The juvenile and criminal justice systems respond to youthful misbehavior as the onset of continued delinquency and increasing risk to society. Support for this assumption is far from clear. Existing career research fails to adequately consider the patterns and persistance of juvenile activity. The present study develops police contact histories for three birth cohorts of individuals. The analysis reveals that most careers concentrate in status and victimless offenses and roughly two-thirds of all juveniles desist before a fourth offense. The present results closely resemble many of Wolfgang et al.'s (1972) findings and some of the same conclusions are reached in the two studies.
Financial Consequences of Incarceration and Alternatives: Burglary
Authors: Haynes Peter , Larsen Clark R.
Published: March 2007

This preliminary study attempted to assess the feasibility of comparing the comprehensive societal costs of various correctional alternative decisions and to determine whether the results may be more informative in policy decisions than the limited cost information presently used. The financial consequences, including costs of government services and other costs imposed on society attributable to a sample of convicted burglars were derived for a two-year period. The median monthly costs of incarceration and community corrections were approximately equal because new crimes were a major component of the cost of community corrections. Similarly, the mean monthly cost of community corrections was more than twice that of incarceration. On this basis, it appears that incarcerating all burglars presently in community corrections (assuming the cells were available) would either reduce crime at no additional cost or save money. Incarcerating only those who were more expensive in the community than in prison would be an even greater savings. Further work is needed to validate these preliminary findings.
Practicing in France What Americans Have Preached: The Response of French Judges to Juveniles
Authors: Hackler James C.
Published: March 2007

Despite a downturn in delinquency in North America, juvenile justice systems and the public act as if there has been an increase in delinquency. Calls for “get-tough” policies are common and the system is responding accordingly. The recent Canadian Young Offenders Act also reflects this theme. However, most criminologists argue for keeping juveniles in normal community settings, and France may have accomplished what these scholars have been recommending since World War II. Relatively few youths are placed in closed custody. When a juvenile is being helped, the notion of punishment is set aside. For example, if a juvenile leaves a group home it is not an offense. Incarceration is not used when a youth fails to obey administrative rules. This paternalistic system pays minimal attention to due process, but it may avoid the negative aspects of North American systems while providing services that are utilized more effectively.
Stated and Latent Functions of ISP
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: March 2007

The available evidence suggests that intensive supervision probation (ISP) programs do not achieve their stated goals of substantially reducing prison crowding, saving public monies, or reducing recidivism. Many probation officers and departments support ISP enthusiastically, however, and its more punitive features are strictly enforced in many jurisdictions. The proliferation of ISP in the United States in the last decade appears to have had less to do with its stated goals than with its effectiveness at achieving latent bureaucratic, organizational, political, professional, and psychological goals of probation departments and officers.
Evaluating Criminal Justice Training Addressing AIDS Policy
Authors: Laszlo Anna T. , Smith Barbara E.
Published: March 2007

The AIDS Policy, Training, and Technical Assistance Project was designed to assist state and local criminal justice agencies to develop and implement human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV)-related policies for both clients and employees of the organization. The target populations for the project were policymakers and managers from law enforcement, corrections, probation and parole, victim assistance, pretrial services, and drug and alcohol treatment services. A model 3-day HIV policy training curriculum, AIDS: From Policy to Practice, was pilot tested through a series of six national workshops for senior level administrators representing the target populations. A 6-month follow-up of the participants indicated significant changes in knowledge and attitudes about HIV policies and more important, policymakers had actually written/revised/implemented HIV-related policies as a result of the training program.
Guardians of Virtue: The Juvenile Court and Female Delinquency in Early 20th-Century Los Angeles
Authors: Odem Mary E. , Schlossman Steven
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the origins and implementation of a policy and a formal institutional apparatus to discipline female delinquents in early 20th-century Los Angeles. The data derive from original case files of delinquent girls on whom petitions were filed in 1920. The authors seek to shed new light particularly on (a) the juvenile court's basic operations, (b) the social and institutional setting in which modern responses to female delinquency emerged, and (c) the characteristics of the girls petitioned to court. They conclude that the juvenile court held sway in the administration of female juvenile justice until the dawn of the modern women's movement.
Radical Victimology: A Critique of the Concept of Victim in Traditional Victimology
Authors: McShane Marilyn D. , Williams Frank P.
Published: March 2007

Traditional victimology has not yet tapped the potential of radical criminology to assist in the explanation of social reactions to crime and crime victims. From the theoretical perspective of the radical framework it is possible to explore society's preference for truly innocent victims and the limited ability of the system to avenge them (i.e., through victim assistance programs). Other avenues of analysis from this perspective include the role of the victim in furthering the interests of police and prosecution agencies, as well as the interests of the media and capitalist business enterprises. A radical victimological approach can also be used to analyze the extended victimization of the offender's family by the criminal justice system.
Growing Fears, Rising Crime: Juveniles and China's Justice System
Authors: Curran Daniel J. , Cook Sandra
Published: March 2007

While the officially reported incidence of juvenile offenses in the People's Republic of China is significantly lower than that in much of the remainder of the world community, youthful offenders account for about 75% of all criminal cases. This article provides some preliminary insights into juvenile justice in China based on the data available. The study examines survey data from the Chinese Ministry of Public Security and establishes that juveniles in China have a greater fear of crime than their elders and are less willing to cooperate with and less trusting of the justice system. Next, the analysis examines statistical data, both national and provincial, and establishes that youthful offenders account for a disproportionate amount of total crime committed. The work briefly examines crime causation theories forwarded by Chinese scholars and concludes by focusing on gongdu (work-study) schools, examining their philosophy, structure, and their apparent success in reforming juvenile offenders.
Research Note: Cops, Kids, and Community Policing—An Assessment of a Community Policing Demonstration Project
Authors: Thurman Quint C. , Giacomazzi Andrew , Bogen Phil
Published: March 2007

This article presents evaluation findings from a community policing demonstration project undertaken during the summer months of 1992 in Spokane, Washington. Police officers assigned to the project were involved with youths in brief, nonthreatening weekly interactions, which they expected might improve the image of the police, promote law-abiding behavior, and instill in the youths a conventional work ethic. Data from three sources (observations, focus group interviews, and survey research) indicate positive program outcomes for participating youths, their parents, and the officers involved with the project.
Determinate Sentencing and Administrative Discretion Over Time Served in Prison: A Case Study of Florida
Authors: Griset Pamala L.
Published: March 2007

The national movement for determinate sentencing, which began in the late 1960s, is rooted in two related principles: that the sentence imposed in court should bear a reasonable resemblance to the sentence served and that postconviction administrators should have little or no discretion over the duration of incarceration. This case study examines the forces that drove policymakers in Florida, where determinate sentencing was enacted in 1983, to violate both principles. In 1993, the state's determinate sentencing structure was revamped to rectify these fundamental deficiencies, but recent amendments suggest that the demise of administrative early release may be short-lived.
Research Note: A State-Level Analysis of Sentencing Policies and Inmate Crowding in State Prisons
Authors: Wooldredge John
Published: March 2007

Sentencing policies focused on “getting tough” with felons may contribute to prison crowding by increasing the numbers of prison inmates serving more than I year, thereby slowing prison population turnover. However, empirical relationships between sentencing policies and inmate crowding have not been established firmly. The study presented here indicates that the number of inmates serving more than 1 year in state prisons is significantly larger in states with higher minimum sentences, larger numbers of mandatory prison terms, and structured parole guidelines. Larger numbers of long-term inmates, in turn, correspond with higher levels of prison crowding across states.