bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Type‐II Inhibitors Using Kinase Structures
Authors: Lovering Frank , McDonald Joseph , Whitlock Gavin A. , Glossop Paul A. , Phillips Chris , Bent Andrew , Sabnis Yogesh , Ryan Mark , Fitz Lori , Lee Julie , Chang Jeanne S. , Han Seungil , Kurumbail Ravi , Thorarensen Atli
Published: July 2012

Spleen tyrosine kinase is a non‐receptor tyrosine kinase, overactivation of which is thought to contribute to autoimmune diseases as well as allergy and asthma. Protein kinases have a highly conserved ATP binding site, thus making challenging the design of selective small molecule inhibitors. It has been well documented that some protein kinases can be stabilized in their inactive conformations (Type‐II inhibitors). Herein, we describe a protein structure/ligand‐based approach to successfully identify ligands that bind to novel conformations of spleen tyrosine kinase. By utilizing kinase protein crystal structures both in the public domain (RCSB) and within Pfizer’s protein crystal database, we report the discovery of the first spleen tyrosine kinase Type‐II ligands. Compounds 1 and 3 were found to bind to the DFG‐out conformation of spleen tyrosine kinase, while compound 2 binds to a DFG‐in, C‐Helix‐out conformation. In this instance, the C‐helix moved significantly to create a large hydrophobic pocket rarely seen in kinase protein crystal structures.
Plant polyphenols and human skin: friends or foes
Authors: Korkina Liudmila , De Luca Chiara , Pastore Saveria
Published: July 2012

In response to abiotic and biotic stressors, numerous polyphenols (PPs) are synthesized from phenylalanine by higher plants, amid many other plants that are poisonous for insects, birds, animals, and humans. PPs are also widely recognized by botanical dermatology as major plant constituents inducing allergic reactions, contact dermatitis, phytodermatoses, and photophytodermatoses. Notwithstanding these clinical observations, thousands of cosmetic/dermatological preparations based on PP‐containing plant extracts or pure PPs emerge yearly with the claims of photoprotection, chemoprevention of skin tumors, anti‐aging, wound healing, etc. However, because of their peculiar physical, chemical, and biological properties, PPs could be a double‐edged sword for human skin, exerting both protective and damaging actions. Here, we distinguish direct and indirect anti‐ and pro‐oxidant properties of PPs, their interactions with major xenobiotic metabolic systems and sensors/receptors of environmental hazards, anti‐ and proinflammatory potential, and photoprotection versus photosensitization.
The link between altered cholesterol metabolism and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Gamba Paola , Testa Gabriella , Sottero Barbara , Gargiulo Simona , Poli Giuseppe , Leonarduzzi Gabriella
Published: July 2012

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is characterized by the progressive loss of neurons and synapses, and by extracellular deposits of amyloid‐β (Aβ) as senile plaques, Aβ deposits in the cerebral blood vessels, and intracellular inclusions of hyperphosphorylated tau in the form of neurofibrillary tangles. Several mechanisms contribute to AD development and progression, and increasing epidemiological and molecular evidence suggests a key role of cholesterol in its initiation and progression. Altered cholesterol metabolism and hypercholesterolemia appear to play fundamental roles in amyloid plaque formation and tau hyperphosphorylation. Over the last decade, growing evidence supports the idea that cholesterol oxidation products, known as oxysterols, may be the missing link between altered brain cholesterol metabolism and AD pathogenesis, as their involvement in neurotoxicity, mainly by interacting with Aβ peptides, is reported.
Acrolein effects in pulmonary cells: relevance to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Moretto Nadia , Volpi Giorgia , Pastore Fiorella , Facchinetti Fabrizio
Published: July 2012

Acrolein (2‐propenal) is a highly reactive α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde and a respiratory irritant that is ubiquitously present in the environment but that can also be generated endogenously at sites of inflammation. Acrolein is abundant in tobacco smoke, which is the major environmental risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and elevated levels of acrolein are found in the lung fluids of COPD patients. Its high electrophilicity makes acrolein notorious for its facile reaction with biological nucleophiles, leading to the modification of proteins and DNA and depletion of antioxidant defenses. As a consequence, acrolein results in oxidative stress as well as altered intracellular signaling and gene transcription/translation. In pulmonary cells, acrolein, at subtoxic concentrations, can activate intracellular stress kinases, alter the production of inflammatory mediators and proteases, modify innate immune response, induce mucus hypersecretion, and damage airway epithelium. A better comprehension of the mechanisms underlying acrolein effects in the airways may suggest novel treatment strategies in COPD.
Sarcopenia and smoking: a possible cellular model of cigarette smoke effects on muscle protein breakdown
Authors: Rom Oren , Kaisari Sharon , Aizenbud Dror , Reznick Abraham Z.
Published: July 2012

Sarcopenia, the age‐related loss of muscle mass and strength, is a multifactorial impaired state of health. Lifestyle habits such as physical activity and nutrition have a major impact on sarcopenia progression. Several epidemiological studies have also shown an association between cigarette smoking and increased levels of sarcopenia in elderly long‐time smokers. Clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies have tried to investigate the mechanism behind exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) and the subsequent effects on skeletal muscles. The aim of this review is to present a cellular model of CS‐induced skeletal muscle protein breakdown based on recent studies dealing with this issue and to propose new potential research directions that may explain the effects of exposure to CS on skeletal muscle integrity.
Omics approaches in cystic fibrosis research: a focus on oxylipin profiling in airway secretions
Authors: Eiserich Jason P. , Yang Jun , Morrissey Brian M. , Hammock Bruce D. , Cross Carroll E.
Published: July 2012

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with abnormal lipid metabolism, intense respiratory tract (RT) infection, and inflammation, eventually resulting in lung tissue destruction and respiratory failure. The CF RT inflammatory milieu, as reflected by airway secretions, includes a complex array of inflammatory mediators, bacterial products, and host secretions. It is dominated by neutrophils and their proteolytic and oxidative products and includes a wide spectrum of bioactive lipids produced by both host and presumably microbial metabolic pathways. The fairly recent advent of “omics” technologies has greatly increased capabilities of further interrogating this easily obtainable RT compartment that represents the apical culture media of the underlying RT epithelial cells. This paper discusses issues related to the study of CF omics with a focus on the profiling of CF RT oxylipins. Challenges in their identification/quantitation in RT fluids, their pathways of origin, and their potential utility for understanding CF RT inflammatory and oxidative processes are highlighted. Finally, the utility of oxylipin metabolic profiling in directing optimal therapeutic approaches and determining the efficacy of various interventions is discussed.
Cigarette smoke and ozone effect on murine inflammatory responses
Authors: Gardi Concetta , Valacchi Giuseppe
Published: July 2012

Air pollution has been associated with many different diseases, such as cancer, and respiratory, cardiovascular, and cutaneous chronic diseases. These effects are enhanced in people exposed to combined air pollutants, such as ozone and cigarette smoke. Chronic exposure to these pollutants causes an increase in oxidative stress and inflammation and has been associated with an increase in pulmonary diseases and mortality. Clinical and epidemiological studies reported interindividual variability in the adverse health effects of air pollutants, suggesting a genetic predisposition. The identification of subgroups of the population who are particularly vulnerable to air pollution is, therefore, of importance. Mouse models are a useful tool for studying the mechanisms underlying different susceptibility, as they show differences in strain responses to both ozone and cigarette smoke. This review analyses the role of inflammation and the influence of genetic factors on the mechanisms of lung injury caused by ozone and cigarette smoke.
Age‐related changes in cellular protection, purification, and inflammation‐related gene expression: role of dietary phytonutrients
Authors: Mastaloudis Angela , Wood Steven M.
Published: July 2012

Oxidative injury and inflammation are intimately involved in the aging process and the development of age‐related diseases. To date, most nutritional antiaging strategies have focused solely on the delivery of exogenous antioxidants to combat the negative effects of aging. A promising new strategy is to identify nutrients and phytochemicals that can directly target intrinsic cytoprotective mechanisms, including modulation of the expression of (1) genes involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics, (2) genes involved in the synthesis and regulation of intrinsic antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes, (3) genes involved in the regulation of inflammation, and (4) vitagenes. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the age‐related changes in gene expression related to oxidative stress, detoxification, and inflammatory processes, and to discuss natural compounds with the potential to oppose age‐related changes in gene expression related to these processes, which therefore may be suitable for use in human antiaging research.
Edible Oils for Liver Protection: Hepatoprotective Potentiality of Moringa Oleifera Seed Oil against Chemical‐Induced Hepatitis in Rats
Authors: Al‐Said Mansour S. , Mothana Ramzi A. , Al‐Yahya Mohammed A. , Al‐Blowi Ali S. , Al‐Sohaibani Mohammed , Ahmed Atallah F. , Rafatullah Syed
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  In the present study, in vitro antioxidant, antioxidative stress and hepatoprotective activity of Moringa oleifera Lam. seed oil (Ben oil; BO) was evaluated against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced lipid peroxidation and hepatic damage in rats. The oil at 0.2 and 0.4 mL/rat was administered orally for 21 consecutive days. The substantially elevated serum enzymatic (GOT, GPT, ALP, GGT) and bilirubin levels were significantly restored towards normalization by the oil. There was a significant elevation in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), non‐protein sulfhydryl (NP‐SH), and total protein (TP) contents in the liver tissue. The results obtained indicated that BO possesses potent hepatoprotective action against CCl4‐induced hepatic damage by lowering liver marker enzymes, MDA concentration, and elevating NP‐SH and TP levels in liver tissue. The biochemical observations were supplemented with histopathological examination of rat liver. The results of this study showed that treatment with Ben oil or silymarin (as a reference) appears to enhance the recovery from hepatic damage induced by CCl4. The pentobarbital induced narcolepsy prolongation in mice was retarded by the Ben oil. Acute toxicity test in mice showed no morbidity or mortality. In vitro DPPH radical scavenging and β‐carotene‐linolic acid assay tests of the BO exhibited a moderate antioxidant activity in both tests used. The possible mechanism(s) of the liver protective activity of Ben oil activity may be due to free radical scavenging potential caused by the presence of antioxidant component(s) in the oil. Consequently, BO can be used as a therapeutic regime in treatment of some hepatic disorders.
The Hypoglycemic Effects of American Red Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) on a Diabetic Mouse Model
Authors: Yoo Kyung Mi , Lee Cy , Lo Y. Martin , Moon BoKyung
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) root health benefits include treatment of type 2 diabetes and this study evaluated the hypoglycemic effects of American red ginseng (ARG). ARG roots have increased bioactive phenolic contents, such as cinnamic acid and ferulic acid during the steaming process. The antihyperglycemic effects of methanol fraction extract of ARG, ferulic acid, and cinnamic acid were examined using a type 2 diabetic mouse model. The ARG treated group presented relatively lower blood glucose levels than the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the glycogen and high density lipoprotein (HDL) contents were significantly increased while levels of plasma cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration were significantly decreased in the ARG treated group. The groups treated with ferulic and cinnamic acids showed similar effects as those found in the ARG treated group. Thus, it is suggested that ARG roots, ferulic acid, and cinnamic acid have hypoglycemic effects in an animal model.

Practical Application:  This study was conducted to elucidate the hypoglycemic effects of American red ginseng (ARG) using a type 2 diabetic mouse model. ARG showed an enhanced antioxidant capacity and higher antihyperglycemia effect. The glycogen and high density lipoprotein (HDL) contents were significantly increased while levels of plasma cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration were significantly decreased in the ARG treated group. It is suggested that ARG has a potential to be used for human diabetic treatment.
Shrimp Waste Extract and Astaxanthin: Rat Alveolar Macrophage, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Authors: Santos Suzan D. , Cahú Thiago B. , Firmino Guilherme O. , de Castro Célia C.M.M.B. , Carvalho Jr. Luiz B. , Bezerra Ranilson S. , Filho José L. Lima
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Astaxanthin is a carotenoid known to have antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. This study examined if shrimp astaxanthin modulates the production of superoxide (O−2), nitric oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in rat alveolar macrophages. The oxidative effect was induced by phorbol myristate acetate and lipopolysacharide. The treatment was compared with superoxide dismutase, butylated hydroxytoluene, commercial astaxanthin, N‐nitric‐L‐arginine methyl ester and L‐ canavanine, all administered as a 43.5‐μg/mL dose in the presence of 1% EtOH/0.5% DMSO. All treatments maintained cell viability, as observed in the MTT assay, and shrimp extract increased the viable alveolar macrophages to 168%. Shrimp extract and commercial astaxanthin showed a suppressive effect on the generation of both free radicals O−2 and NO, while purified shrimp astaxanthin was specific to NO. TNF‐α secretion was correlated with NO production. However, in this correlation, the shrimp extract completely inhibited TNF‐α. In the light of these findings, the antioxidant action demonstrated in this study suggests that the shrimp extract could be considered as a promising source of bioactive substances with antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity.

Practical Application:  The hydrolysis process of shrimp waste generates bioactive products that add economic value to shrimp processing, mainly because they may have applications in nutraceutical and animal feed industry.
Characterization of Lecithin Isolated from Anchovy (Engraulis japonica) Residues Deoiled by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Organic Solvent Extraction
Authors: Lee Seung‐Mi , Asaduzzaman A.K.M. , Chun Byung‐Soo
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Lecithin was isolated and characterized from anchovy (Engraulis japonica) deoiled residues using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) at a semibatch flow extraction process and an organic solvent (hexane) extraction. SC‐CO2 extraction was carried out to extract oil from anchovy at different temperatures (35 to 45 °C) and pressures (15 to 25 MPa). Extraction yield of oil was influenced by physical properties of SC‐CO2 with temperature and pressure changes. The major phospholipids of anchovy lecithin were quantitatively analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) (68%± 1.00%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (29%± 0.50%) were the main phospholipids. Thin layer chromatography was performed to purify the individual phospholipids. The fatty acid compositions of lecithin, PC, and PE were analyzed by gas chromatography. A significant amount of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were present in both phospholipids of PC and PE. Emulsions of lecithin in water were prepared through the use of a homogenizer. Oxidative stability of anchovy lecithin was high in spite of its high concentration of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Practical Application:  Lecithin can be totally metabolized by humans, so is well tolerated by humans and nontoxic when ingested. Lecithin from anchovy contain higher amounts of ω‐3 fatty acids especially EPA and DHA, it may have positive outcome to use in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Nitrite‐Cured Color and Phosphate‐Mediated Water Binding of Pork Muscle Proteins as Affected by Calcium in the Curing Solution
Authors: Zhao Jing , Xiong Youling L.
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Calcium is a mineral naturally present in water and may be included into meat products during processing thereby influencing meat quality. Phosphates improve myofibril swelling and meat water‐holding capacity (WHC) but can be sensitive to calcium precipitation. In this study, pork shoulder meat was used to investigate the impact of calcium at 0, 250, and 500 ppm and phosphate type [sodium pyrophosphate (PP), tripolyphosphate (TPP), and hexametaphopshate (HMP)] at 10 mM on nitrite‐cured protein extract color at various pH levels (5.5, 6.0, and 6.5) and crude myofibril WHC at pH 6.0. Neither calcium nor phosphates present in the curing brines significantly affected the cured color. Increasing the pH tended to promote the formation of metmyoglobin instead of nitrosylmyoglobin. The ability of PP to enhance myofibril WHC was hampered (P < 0.05) by increasing the calcium concentration due to PP precipitation. Calcium also decreased the solubility of TPP but did not influence its enhancement of WHC. On the other hand, HMP was more tolerant of calcium but the soluble Ca‐HMP complex was less effective than free HMP to promote water binding by myofibrils. The depressed muscle fiber swelling responding to added calcium as evidenced by phase contrast microscopy substantiated, to a certain extent, the deleterious effect of calcium, suggesting that hardness of curing water can significantly affect the quality of cured meat products.

Practical Application:  Although not affecting nitrite‐cured color, calcium hampers the efficacy of phosphates to promote water binding by muscle proteins, underscoring the importance of water quality for brine‐enhanced meat products.
Modeling the Oxygen Diffusion of Nanocomposite‐based Food Packaging Films
Authors: Bhunia Kanishka , Dhawan Sumeet , Sablani Shyam S.
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Polymer‐layered silicate nanocomposites have been shown to improve the gas barrier properties of food packaging polymers. This study developed a computer simulation model using the commercial software, COMSOL Multiphysics to analyze changes in oxygen barrier properties in terms of relative diffusivity, as influenced by configuration and structural parameters that include volume fraction (φ), aspect ratio (α), intercalation width (W), and orientation angle (θ) of nanoparticles. The simulation was performed at different φ (1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%), α (50, 100, 500, and 1000), and W (1, 3, 5, and 7 nm). The θ value was varied from 0° to 85°. Results show that diffusivity decreases with increasing volume fraction, but beyond φ= 5% and α= 500, diffusivity remained almost constant at W values of 1 and 3 nm. Higher relative diffusivity coincided with increasing W and decreasing α value for the same volume fraction of nanoparticles. Diffusivity increased as the rotational angle increased, gradually diminishing the influence of nanoparticles. Diffusivity increased drastically as θ changed from 15° to 30° (relative increment in relative diffusivity was almost 3.5 times). Nanoparticles with exfoliation configuration exhibited better oxygen barrier properties compared to intercalation. The finite element model developed in this study provides insight into oxygen barrier properties for nanocomposite with a wide range of structural parameters. This model can be used to design and manufacture an ideal nanocomposite‐based food packaging film with improved gas barrier properties for industrial applications.

Practical Applications:  The model will assist in designing nanocomposite polymeric structures of desired gas barrier properties for food packaging applications. In addition, this study will be helpful in formulating a combination of nanoparticle structural parameters for designing nanocomposite membranes with selective permeability for the industrial applications including membrane separation techniques.
Identification and Quantification of Aroma Compounds of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) and Some of Its Milling Fractions
Authors: Janeš Damjan , Prosen Helena , Kreft Samo
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) seeds have a strong aroma that characteristically differs from the aroma of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Its phytochemical background has only been recently investigated. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify individual compounds responsible for tartary buckwheat aroma. Volatiles from different samples (whole seed, flour, and husks) were extracted with simultaneous extraction and distillation by Likens–Nickerson apparatus and analyzed by GC‐MS. A total of 48 compounds were quantified and their odor activity values (OAV) were calculated. OAV of 26 compounds was higher than 10; therefore, they significantly contribute to the overall tartary buckwheat aroma. The compounds with OAV > 500 were: (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal, (E)‐2‐nonenal, 2‐phenylethanol, (E,E)‐2,4‐nonadienal, hexanal, decanal, and nonanal. The most important difference from the aroma of common buckwheat is the absence of salicylaldehyde and presence of naphthalene. Salicylaldehyde could be proposed as a marker to detect contamination/adulteration of tartary buckwheat with common buckwheat.

Practical Application:  Buckwheat is becoming one of important alternative crops. Its products which are rich in proteins, fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants have been associated with healthy nutrition. Although tartary buckwheat is similar to more familiar common buckwheat, their characteristic aromas differ notably. This study expands recent research on aroma of tartary buckwheat tea to seed, flour, and husks, and suggests how products from different species of buckwheat can be distinguished by analysis of aroma compounds.
Use of Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Nanohydrogels for the Controlled Release of Pimaricin in Active Packaging
Authors: Fuciños C. , Guerra N.P. , Teijón J.M. , Pastrana L.M. , Rúa M.L. , Katime I.
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  We propose here a delivery drug‐polymer system using poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) nanohydrogels that enables pimaricin to be protected from hostile environments and allows the controlled release of the antifungal through environmental stimuli. We synthesized 2 nanohydrogels, 1 with 100% N‐isopropylacrylamide (PNIPA(5)) and 1 with 80% N‐isopropylacrylamide copolymerized and 20% acrylic acid (PNIPA‐20AA(5)). Both were then, loaded with a pimaricin aqueous solution. The pimaricin release profiles of these 2 nanohydrogels were considerably different: PNIPA(5) released 10% and PNIPA‐20AA(5) released 30% with respect to the free pimaricin release. Moreover, the diffusion experiments showed that pimaricin was released from the PNIPA‐20AA(5) nanohydrogel for up to 3 times longer than free pimaricin. Therefore, incorporating acrylic acid as comonomer into the PNIPA nanohydrogel resulted in a slower but more continuous release of pimaricin. The highest pimaricin levels were reached when the most hydrophilic nanohydrogel was used. The bioassay results showed that the pimaricin‐nanohydrogel system was highly effective in inhibiting the growth of the indicator strain in conditions of thermal abuse. The spoilage in acidified samples stored under fluorescent lighting was reduced by 80.94%± 33.02% in samples treated with a pimaricin‐loaded nanohydrogel, but only by 19.91%± 6.68% in samples treated with free pimaricin. Therefore, 2 conclusions emerge from this study. One is that the nanohydrogel delivery system could impede the degradation of pimaricin. The other is that the inhibitory effect of the antifungal on yeast growth is more pronounced when it is added included into the nanohydrogel to the food, especially in an acidic environment.

Practical Application:  This article presents relevant results on the use of nanohydrogels in food packaging. Nanohydrogels could provide protection so that the pimaricin remains active for a longer time. They also allow the controlled release of pimaricin, which thus regulates the unnecessary presence of the antifungal in the food.
Determination of Very Low Levels of 5‐(Hydroxymethyl)‐2‐furaldehyde (HMF) in Natural Honey: Comparison Between the HPLC Technique and the Spectrophotometric White Method
Authors: Truzzi Cristina , Annibaldi Anna , Illuminati Silvia , Finale Carolina , Rossetti Monica , Scarponi Giuseppe
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  In this work we compared 2 official methods for the determination of HMF in honey, the spectrophotometric White method and the HPLC method (International Honey Commission) for the determination of HMF in unifloral honey and honeydew samples with a very low HMF content (<4 mg/kg), which is the most critical determination in terms of accuracy and precision of methods. In honey solutions, the limits of quantification for HPLC and White methods are 0.83 mg/L and 0.67 mg/L, respectively, and the linearity range is confirmed up to 20 mg/L for the HPLC method and up to 5 mg/L for the White method. In honeys with HMF >5 mg/kg, the molar extinction coefficient is 15369, lower than the literature value of 16830, and should be used for HMF determination. For samples with HMF content in the range 1–4 mg/kg the accuracy of the 2 methods is comparable both for unifloral and honeydew samples, whereas as regards precision, the HPLC method gives better results (3.5% compared with 6.4% for the White method). So, in general, the HPLC method seems to be more appropriate for the determination of HMF in honey in the range 1–4 mg/kg thanks to its greater precision, but for samples with a HMF content of less than 1 mg/kg the analyses are inaccurate for both methods.

Practical Application:  This work can help governmental and private laboratories that perform food analyses to choose the best method for the determination of HMF at very low levels in unifloral honey and honeydew samples.
Presence of obsessive compulsive symptoms in first‐episode schizophrenia or related disorders is associated with subjective well‐being and quality of life
Authors: de Haan Lieuwe , Sterk Bouke , van der Valk Renate
Published: July 2012

Aim

The study aims to evaluate whether the presence of obsessive compulsive symptoms (OCS) in first‐episode schizophrenia patients is associated with subjective well‐being or quality of life.

Methods

This study used a cross‐sectional study of consecutively diagnosed patients with a first episode of schizophrenia or related disorder.

Results

There were 23 out of 198 (12%) consecutively assessed patients that reported co‐morbid OCS. Co‐morbid OCS were associated with a lower mean total score on a subjective well‐being scale (P ≤ 0.001), especially on the social integration subscale (P = 0.002) and emotional regulation subscale (P = 0.008), and lower scores on subjective aspects of quality of life (P = 0.043), especially concerning mental health (P = 0.001) and physical health (P = 0.002).

Conclusion

These results support the clinical relevance of OCS co‐morbidity in schizophrenia or related disorders and the need for research into specific interventions.
Dispersal patterns of a saproxylic beetle,Osmoderma eremita, inMediterranean woodlands
Authors: Chiari Stefano , Carpaneto Giuseppe M. , Zauli Agnese , Zirpoli Giancarlo M. , Audisio Paolo , Ranius Thomas
Published: July 2012

Dispersal patterns of a beetle inhabiting tree hollows,Osmoderma eremita(Scopoli, 1763) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae), were studied in a cork oak (Quercus suber) woodland in central Italy, the southernmost part of its distribution range. During 2 years, we used radio telemetry to monitor dispersal of 39 free‐ranging individuals (16 males, 23 females).

Telemetered beetles spent their lifetime not only inside hollow trees but also in other habitats, such as above or under the ground surface.

Beetles were more active at the beginning of the season. Eighty‐one per cent of the males and 69% of the females conducted dispersals during their lifetime.

The dispersal distance over individuals' lifetime did not differ between sexes. The longest dispersal was conducted by a female that moved 1504 m. Thirty‐nine per cent of dispersing individuals reached distances farther than 250 m. Both dispersal rate and range are higher than what has been found in Northern Europe.

The population size per tree is low, most of the adults leave their natal tree, and a high predation rate (at least 28%) was observed among dispersing beetles. Therefore, to balance the local extinction risk from single trees, a high density of hollow trees is probably required. It is desirable that suitable trees are concentrated at a spatial scale of a few hundred metres.
Sexual function in male patients with obstructive sleep apnoea after 1 year of CPAP treatment
Authors: Petersen Marian , Kristensen Ellids , Berg Søren , Midgren Bengt
Published: July 2012

Objective

Our objective was to investigate what impact 1 year of effective nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment had on general and functional aspects of sexuality in male patients with a confirmed diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA).

Methods

Before and after 1 year of CPAP treatment, a total of 207 CPAP‐compliant male patients (age 26–77) received a survey with questions drawn from two self‐administered questionnaires on sexuality – Life Satisfaction 11 (LiSat‐11) and brief sexual function inventory (BSFI). For assessment of daytime sleepiness, we used the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS).

Results

Response rate was 76%. We found no significant changes in satisfaction with relation to partner or life as a whole, but satisfaction with sexual life (LiSat‐11) and both general and functional aspects of sexuality (BSFI) were significantly improved after 1 year of CPAP treatment. ESS score decreased significantly after 1 year of CPAP treatment.

Conclusion

One year of CPAP treatment improves all aspects of sexual function in male patients with OSA. Our data indirectly suggest that organic factors are the most likely explanation to these improvements.
Evaluating the true clinical utility of the red dot system in radiograph interpretation
Authors: Brown Nicholas , Leschke Paul
Published: July 2012

Introduction: The ‘red dot’, or ‘asterisk’, system is used in many hospitals as a method for radiographers to identify potential abnormalities on plain radiographs prior to reporting by radiologists. While published studies into the accuracy of the ‘red dot’ system exist, analysis of its reliability in identifying subtle pathology is lacking. This is relevant because the prevalence and apparent success of the ‘red dot’ system has been cited by some authors as justification for non‐radiologist reporting of medical imaging. It is important that all systems within medical imaging add value, and this audit evaluates the accuracy and clinical value of the ‘red dot’ system, particularly in the critical area of detecting undisplaced fractures.

Methods: All appendicular musculoskeletal trauma radiographs performed in the Department of Emergency Medicine at a major Australian metropolitan hospital over a continuous four‐month period were retrospectively assessed to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the ‘red dot’ system. The presence or absence of an asterisk was correlated with validated radiologist reports. A sub‐analysis of fractures displaced <1mm was also performed.

Results: A total of 3638 radiographs were assessed and 938 (25.8%) fractures identified; 338 (9.3%) contained undisplaced fractures. Overall sensitivity and specificity of the ‘red dot’ in detecting appendicular fractures are 80.4% and 98.0%, respectively. PPV is 93.6% and NPV is 93.5%. However, the accuracy of the ‘red dot’ in detecting undisplaced fractures is significantly reduced, with a sensitivity of 45.9% and a PPV of 74.8%.

Conclusions: Detection of subtle abnormalities is fundamental to the service provided by radiologists. The ‘red dot's’ inability to reliably detect undisplaced fractures following trauma limits its value within a tertiary radiology department and suggests that role extension of plain film reporting to non‐radiologists has potential to yield less accurate assessments. To maintain the highest quality of medical imaging services and standards of patient care, it is optimal that clinical decisions are based upon radiograph reports issued by medical specialists who have completed appropriate radiology training. Strategies to maintain this are suggested.
The postoperative radiological features of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy
Authors: Barnard Stuart A , Rahman Habib , Foliaki Antonio
Published: July 2012

Obesity is rapidly becoming one of the major challenges for health care systems. Surgery has proved to be one of the most effective methods of helping patients to achieve sustainable weight loss.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is a relatively new bariatric surgical technique. A staple line is placed in a line parallel to the lesser curve of the stomach, excluding up to 85% of the volume of the stomach. The excluded stomach is then resected leaving a ‘tube’ of residual stomach.

Radiologists may be asked to perform and interpret imaging studies in the postoperative period and should be familiar with the normal appearances and common complications. Postoperative radiological investigations will typically be for suspected leak or obstruction. A water soluble contrast upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series should be performed in both suspected leak and obstruction if the patient is conscious and able to swallow.

A normal postoperative UGI series will show free flow of contrast into the gastric remnant, which will be tubular with no spillage of contrast beyond the staple line, which is located on the caudal aspect of the gastric remnant. Stenosis or obstruction of the stomach may occur if the stomach remnant is too tight or torsion of the stomach.

Stenosis is usually treated endoscopically with dilation and torsion is treated surgically. Leaks are often treated with covered stents which may be placed with endoscopic or radiological guidance. Collections may be drained under fluoroscopic, ultrasound or computed tomography guidance.
Pouteria ciliata, P. confusa, P. nordestinensis and P. velutinicarpa spp. nov. (Sapotaceae) from Brazil
Authors: Alves‐Araújo Anderson , Alves Marcus
Published: July 2012

This paper provides descriptions and illustrations of four new species of Pouteria from the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil (P. ciliata, P. confusa, P. nordestinensis and P. velutinicarpa). In addition, distribution maps and a table with the principal, useful characters to distinguish the new species from related taxa are available. Pouteria ciliata is recognized by its well‐developed intersecondary veins, and ciliate inner sepals and corolla; P. confusa by its Chrysophyllum‐like leaves, tetramerous flowers, and inner sepals with a villous surface; P. nordestinensis by its long petioles, ciliate corolla, and anthers with pilose apex; P. velutinicarpa by its fruits with a persistent, velutinous indumentum. Due to intense deforestation of the Atlantic rainforest, preliminary IUCN red list assessments are provided. For P. ciliata the IUCN status of ‘Vulnerable’ (VU) is proposed, P. nordestinensis is ‘Least Concern’ (LC) and P. confusa is considered ‘Endangered’ (EN), while the data for P. velutinicarpa are still insufficient (‘Data Deficient’, DD).
Hedysarum garinense sp. nov. (Fabaceae: Hedysareae) from Iran
Authors: Dehshiri M. M. , Maassoumi A. A. , Zarrini M.
Published: July 2012

Hedysarum garinense Dehshiri & Maassoumi, a new species endemic to Iran, is described and illustrated. The new species belongs to sect. Crinifera Boiss. in Hedysarum L. (Fabaceae) and is distinct among Iranian species. This species is similar, and probably most closely related to H. nuratense M. Popov. The diagnostic morphological characteristics, as well as a full description, ecological characteristics, and distribution data are given. Hedysarum garinense is evaluated as ‘Vulnerable’ (VU) according to IUCN red list criteria.
Rosularia globulariifolia var. pallidiflora comb. et stat. nov. (Crassulaceae)
Authors: Minareci Ersin , Yildiz Kemal , Gucel Salih , Kuh Mehmet
Published: July 2012

Rosularia globulariifolia (Fenzl) A. Berger and R. pallidiflora (Holmboe) Meikle were originally described as species in Umbilicus DC. in 1842 and 1914, respectively. In the present study, morphological and palynological features were examined in detail to determine the status of these taxa. The general characteristics, seed structure and micromorphology, pollen measurements and pollen characteristics were established. Morphologically, the two taxa cannot easily be distinguished. Pollen grains of both species are tricolporate, subspheroidal and eutectate, ornamentation is psilate and exine structures are similar. Based on morphological and palynological similarities, and the fact that both taxa are found in the same habitats, we propose that R. pallidiflora should be reduced to the rank of variety as Rosularia globulariifolia (Fenzl) A. Berger var. pallidiflora (Meikle) Minareci & K. Yildiz comb. et stat. nov.
Taxonomic status and distributional range of Aconitum angustius (Ranunculaceae) based on cytological evidence
Authors: Gao Qi , Ren Chen , Yang Qin‐Er
Published: July 2012

Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai var. angustius W. T. Wang (Ranunculaceae) has been recorded to occur only in the Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces, China. However, it is here revealed to be a much more widespread tetraploid (2n = 32) entity almost allopatric with the diploid (2n = 16) A. sinomontanum s.s. The former entity has a southern distribution in China, occurring in Anhui, Chongqing, northern Guangxi, Guizhou, southern Henan, northwestern Hubei, Hunan, and Jiangxi, while the latter has a relatively northern distribution, occurring in northeastern Chongqing, southern Gansu, Hebei, western Henan, western Hubei, eastern Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Sichuan. There is only minor overlap of the geographical distributions of the diploid and tetraploid populations, with both entities documented as co‐occurring in northeastern Chongqing and northwestern Hubei. The two entities also are very different from each other in karyotypic constitution. As A. sinomontanum var. angustius is fairly well differentiated from A. sinomontanun in external morphology, ploidy level, karyotypic constitution and geographical distribution, it seems justified to recognize A. sinomontanum var. angustius, an entity possibly of allopolyploid origin, as the independent species A. angustius (W. T. Wang) W. T. Wang.
Learning and Liking of Melody and Harmony: Further Studies in Artificial Grammar Learning
Authors: Loui Psyche
Published: July 2012

Much of what we know and love about music is based on implicitly acquired mental representations of musical pitches and the relationships between them. While previous studies have shown that these mental representations of music can be acquired rapidly and can influence preference, it is still unclear which aspects of music influence learning and preference formation. This article reports two experiments that use an artificial musical system to examine two questions: (1) which aspects of music matter most for learning, and (2) which aspects of music matter most for preference formation. Two aspects of music are tested: melody and harmony. In Experiment 1 we tested the learning and liking of a new musical system that is manipulated melodically so that only some of the possible conditional probabilities between successive notes are presented. In Experiment 2 we administered the same tests for learning and liking, but we used a musical system that is manipulated harmonically to eliminate the property of harmonic whole‐integer ratios between pitches. Results show that disrupting melody (Experiment 1) disabled the learning of music without disrupting preference formation, whereas disrupting harmony (Experiment 2) does not affect learning and memory but disrupts preference formation. Results point to a possible dissociation between learning and preference in musical knowledge.
Interactions between Scenedesmus and Microcystis may be used to clarify the role of secondary metabolites
Authors: Harel Moshe , Weiss Gad , Lieman‐Hurwitz Judy , Gun Jenny , Lev Ovadia , Lebendiker Mario , Temper Violeta , Block Colin , Sukenik Assaf , Zohary Tamar , Braun Sergei , Carmeli Shmuel , Kaplan Aaron
Published: July 2012

Microcystis sp. are major players in the global intensification of toxic cyanobacterial blooms endangering the water quality of freshwater bodies. A novel green alga identified as Scenedesmus sp., designated strain huji (hereafter S. huji), was isolated from water samples containing toxic Microcystis sp. withdrawn from Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee), Israel, suggesting that it produces secondary metabolites that help it withstand the Microcystis toxins. Competition experiments suggested complex interaction between these two organisms and use of spent cell‐free media from S. huji caused severe cell lysis in various Microcystis strains. We have isolated active metabolites from the spent S. huji medium. Application of the concentrated allelochemicals interfered with the functionality and perhaps the integrity of the Microcystis cell membrane, as indicated by the rapid effect on the photosynthetic variable fluorescence and leakage of phycobilins and ions. Although some activity was observed towards various bacteria, it did not alter growth of eukaryotic organisms such as the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
Scapulothoracic Fusion for Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy
Authors: Madlom Laith , Warwicker David , Cloke David , Stanley David
Published: July 2012

Several techniques of scapulothoracic fusion have been described. These include the use of wires placed around the ribs and through holes in the scapula, a longitudinally positioned metal plate at the medial border of the scapula wired to the ribs, and the use of tibial strut grafts. However since these procedures were originally described there have been advances in both metal plate and screw technology which have resulted in improved methods of internal fixation. This case report describes a new method of scapulothoracic fusion which enables the scapula to be plated to the ribs giving rigid fixation and improved shoulder function.
Outcome of Arthroscopic Subacromial Decompression for Shoulder Impingement Syndrome after a Whiplash Type Injury
Authors: Shyamsundar Srinivasan , Pandey Radhakanth
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Road traffic accident (RTA) particularly with whiplash type injury has been associated with impingement syndrome of shoulder. However, the results of surgery for this group of patients have never been compared to the non accident group to see if the results are any different. In our study we aim to see if the results of these patients are worse after surgery as opposed to a group who did not sustain whiplash type injuries.

Background

To investigate the association between patients who have been involved in a Road Traffic accident sustaining a whiplash type injury presenting with impingement and asses their outcome after surgery.

Methods

The study group consisted of 13 patients. All of them where involved in a RTA where they were rear shunted and sustained a whiplash type injury. Arthroscopic subacromial decompression (ASD) was performed in 2005–09 for impingement. The mean age was 49.5 years. All patients were assessed with Oxford shoulder score preoperatively and at least twice post op (once within 3 months and once around the year mark). This group were compared with cohort of 13 consecutive patients (age and sex matched) done during the same period. Their scores were also assessed and analysed. Statistical tools were used to compare the results in the two groups.

Results

All 13 patients had an improvement in their Oxford score over one year. While the improvement was only marginal ( p = 0.08) in the first three months it was better at the end of the year ( p = 0.04). Comparatively in the cohort who haven't been involved in RTA the improvement was more marked in the first three months ( p = 0.05) and this improvement was maintained over the year ( p = 0.03). The overall improvement in Oxford score was more in the cohort of patients who were not involved in a RTA as opposed to our study group.

Conclusion

The results of the study show that even though there was an improvement in shoulder scores after an Arthroscopic Subacromial decompression it was much slower and overall results were far poorer in the study group as opposed to the controls. We conclude that caution should be used when offering ASAD for patients with Impingement following an RTA with a whiplash type injury more conservative measure should be pursued in these circumstances and if surgery is to be performed patients to be warned of prognosis.
Adiponectin negatively correlates with alcoholic and non‐alcoholic liver dysfunction: Health check‐up study of Japanese men
Authors: Hamano Mina , Kamada Yoshihiro , Kiso Shinichi , Furuta Kunimaro , Kizu Takashi , Chatani Norihiro , Egawa Mayumi , Takemura Takayo , Ezaki Hisao , Yoshida Yuichi , Watabe Kenji , Hamasaki Toshimitsu , Umeda Miyuki , Furubayashi Aiko , Kinoshita Kazuo , Kishida Osamu , Fujimoto Takashi , Yamada Akira , Tsukamoto Yoshifumi , Tsutsui Shusaku , Takehara Tetsuo , Hayashi Norio , Matsuzawa Yuji
Published: July 2012

Aim:  Central obesity, insulin resistance and alcohol consumption are thought to be major risk factors for fatty liver formation. Adiponectin (APN) prevents fatty liver formation, and its serum levels are lower in subjects with central obesity and/or insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to explore the association among serum APN levels, central obesity, insulin resistance and liver dysfunction with or without fatty liver classified by alcohol consumption in healthy subjects.

Methods:  A total of 5588 Japanese male subjects who underwent a health check‐up were classified into three groups according to alcohol consumption: non‐ or light drinkers (15 g/day ≥ ethanol); mild drinkers (15 g/day < ethanol ≤ 30 g/day); and moderate‐ or heavy drinkers (30 g/day < ethanol). Central obesity and insulin resistance were assessed by waist circumference (WC) and Homeostasis Model of Assessment – Insulin Resistance (HOMA‐IR), respectively.

Results:  WC was significantly increased, while HOMA‐IR was significantly decreased according to the extent of alcohol consumption. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly lower and serum APN levels were significantly higher in mild drinkers than in the other two groups. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that serum APN level served as the significant and independent determinant for liver dysfunction in the subjects with fatty liver, irrespective of alcohol consumption. However, WC became a non‐significant determinant of liver dysfunction as alcohol consumption increased.

Conclusion:  Hypoadiponectinemia is a significant determinant for steatotic dysfunction for all levels of alcohol consumption, but central obesity was not a significant determinant for alcoholic fatty liver‐induced liver dysfunction.