bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parenting Style and Adolescent Externalizing Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
Authors: Dyer W. Justin , Blocker Daniel J. , Day Randal D. , Bean Roy A.
Published: May 2016

This longitudinal study was conducted with 262 adolescents (M age = 15.3) and their parents to examine adolescent respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; baseline and reactivity) as a moderator of the relationship between parenting style and adolescent externalizing behaviors. This was conceptualized within the differential susceptibility to the environment framework, which proposes that children with greater sensitivity to environmental influences benefit more from supportive environments but are at greater risk in averse environments. In this study, low RSA baseline was associated with greater susceptibility. In confirmation of hypotheses, males with low RSA baseline had the most externalizing behaviors when mother or father authoritative parenting was low or when mother authoritarian parenting was high. Contrary to hypotheses, females with greater RSA reactivity (high susceptibility) did more poorly when authoritarian parenting was low or authoritative parenting was high. Differential gender socialization and the task used to elicit RSA reactivity are suggested reasons for gender differences.
White Matter Tract Injury is Associated with Deep Gray Matter Iron Deposition in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Bergsland Niels , Tavazzi Eleonora , Laganà Maria Marcella , Baglio Francesca , Cecconi Pietro , Viotti Stefano , Zivadinov Robert , Baselli Giuseppe , Rovaris Marco
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

With respect to healthy controls (HCs), increased iron concentrations in the deep gray matter (GM) and decreased white matter (WM) integrity are common findings in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The association between these features of the disease remains poorly understood. We investigated the relationship between deep iron deposition in the deep GM and WM injury in associated fiber tracts in MS patients.

METHODS

Sixty‐six MS patients (mean age 50.0 years, median Expanded Disability Status Scale 5.25, mean disease duration 19.1 years) and 29 HCs, group matched for age and sex were imaged on a 1.5T scanner. Susceptibility‐weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were used for assessing high‐pass filtered phase values in the deep GM and normal appearing WM (NAWM) integrity in associated fiber tracts, respectively. Correlation analyses investigated the associations between filtered phase values (suggestive of iron content) and WM damage.

RESULTS

Areas indicative of increased iron levels were found in the left and right caudates as well as in the left thalamus. MS patients presented with decreased DTI‐derived measures of tissue integrity in the associated WM tracts. Greater mean, axial and radial diffusivities were associated with increased iron levels in all three GM areas (r values .393 to .514 with corresponding P values .003 to <.0001). Global NAWM diffusivity measures were not related to mean filtered phase values within the deep GM.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased iron concentration in the deep GM is associated with decreased tissue integrity of the connected WM in MS patients.
Fibroblast activation and senescence in oral cancer
Authors: Prime S. S. , Cirillo N. , Hassona Y. , Lambert D. W. , Paterson I. C. , Mellone M. , Thomas G. J. , James E. N. L. , Parkinson E. K.
Published: May 2016

There is now compelling evidence that the tumour stroma plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cancers of epithelial origin. The pre‐eminent cell type of the stroma is carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts. These cells demonstrate remarkable heterogeneity with activation and senescence being common stress responses. In this review, we summarise the part that these cells play in cancer, particularly oral cancer, and present evidence to show that activation and senescence reflect a unified programme of fibroblast differentiation. We report advances concerning the senescent fibroblast metabolome, mechanisms of gene regulation in these cells and ways in which epithelial cell adhesion is dysregulated by the fibroblast secretome. We suggest that the identification of fibroblast stress responses may be a valuable diagnostic tool in the determination of tumour behaviour and patient outcome. Further, the fact that stromal fibroblasts are a genetically stable diploid cell population suggests that they may be ideal therapeutic targets and early work in this context is encouraging.
Evaluation of diagnostic value of AgNOR and PAP in early detection of dysplastic changes in leukoplakia and lichen planus – a preliminary case–control study
Authors: Rao Dhanya S. , Ali I. M. , Annigeri Rajeshwari G.
Published: May 2016

Background and Objectives

Early detection of oral cancer has been the most effective approach to reduce morbidity and mortality of cancer patients. If a lesion is clinically considered suspicious, an easily practicable, non‐invasive, painless, safe, and accurate screening method for detection of the dysplastic changes is necessary. In an attempt to procure this, a study was conducted with the aim of determining the diagnostic accuracy of rapid Papanicolaou stain (PAP) and silver‐stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) in brush biopsies of potentially malignant lesions for early detection of oral cancer.

Methodology

Brush biopsies taken from 25 cases of leukoplakia and lichen planus each were stained with rapid PAP and silver nitrate stains. Histopathological correlation was performed and further compared with rapid PAP and AgNOR for its diagnostic validity.

Results

Statistically significant increase in the mean AgNOR count was seen from normal epithelium to lichen planus to that of leukoplakia. When compared with rapid PAP, a linear correlation was seen in AgNOR counts and stages of dysplasia in leukoplakia which was also found to be statistically significant. Diagnostic accuracy for AgNOR in leukoplakia was found to be 84%, lichen planus 73%, whereas RAPID PAP showed 72% accuracy.

Conclusion

AgNOR analysis may be useful as a quantitative marker of incipient cellular alterations and hence would be helpful in assessing suspicious lesions and thus can be regarded as a valuable adjunct.
Accuracy of Judging Affect and Accuracy of Judging Personality: How and When Are They Related?
Authors: Hall Judith A. , Gunnery Sarah D. , Letzring Tera D. , Carney Dana R. , Colvin C. Randall
Published: May 2016

Objectives

The present research is concerned with the relation between accuracy in judging targets' affective states and accuracy in judging the same targets' personality traits. In two studies, we test the link between these two types of accuracy with the prediction that accuracy of judging traits and of judging states will be associated when fundamental affective qualities are shared.

Method

In Study 1, affective states and personality traits of 29 targets were rated by 124 judges whose individual accuracy was scored as the correlation between their ratings and target criterion scores (across targets). In Study 2, a comparable analysis was done using 30 different targets and 330 different judges.

Results

Accuracy in judging distressed affect was significantly positively correlated with accuracy in judging Neuroticism in both studies, as well as in a meta‐analysis across the two studies. Accuracy in judging positive affect was significantly positively correlated with accuracy in judging Extraversion in one of the two studies, with the meta‐analysis across the two studies being significant.

Conclusions

These findings provide preliminary evidence for a new model (State and Trait Accuracy Model) that outlines when concordance in accuracy across traits and states should be expected.
Korean Consumer Evaluation of Various Foods Using Four Different Texture Lexicons
Authors: Kim Juyoung , Lee Jeehyun
Published: May 2016

Texture is an important food quality contributing consumers' acceptance of foods. Texture terminologies have been developed in various languages. While comparative studies using different languages are becoming a trend, there is not a fully developed Korean texture lexicon existing. There was a study in 1980s which developed Korean texture terms using cooked rice, noodles and Kimchi. Since then, there was no further study using this texture terms list nor developing new texture terms in Korea. The aims of this study were to evaluate texture lexicons originated from four different languages (Chinese, English, Japanese and Korean), and to determine the necessity of developing a new Korean texture lexicon using various texture bearing foods. One hundred consumers performed choose‐all‐that‐apply evaluation for each texture lexicon (a total of 400 consumers) using 12 food samples with a wide range of texture properties. The most frequently used texture terms were from English lexicon while texture terms originated from Japanese were chosen the least.

Practical Applications

Texture being a sensory attribute perceived only by human, it would be beneficial to develop and use a unified terminology to effectively measure texture properties and to compare it with others. Current research used four texture lexicons and evaluated 12 food samples which enabled comparison among 4 lexicons. Because Korean texture terms were developed using a limited food samples, types of texture terms were limited and this study revealed the need to fully develop Korean texture terms. Our work provides basis for further refinement of Korean texture lexicon to be developed.
Adjustment of Food Textural Properties for Elderly Patients
Authors: Cichero J.A.Y.
Published: May 2016

Over the next twenty years the number of people over 60 years will exceed one billion. Changes associated with ageing have an impact on food texture choices for healthy elders and those used therapeutically for people with swallowing difficulties (dysphagia). The ideal “swallow‐safe” bolus is moist, cohesive and slippery. A general reduction in muscle strength is seen throughout the ageing oropharyngeal musculature, resulting in a reduced ability to safely and efficiently manage hard or fibrous textured foods. Reduced masticatory ability combined with dental loss further compounds the issue. Dry mouth is commonly associated with old age, making it difficult to propel dry or sticky textures through the pharynx, and increases the likelihood of pharyngeal residue. An age related reduction in laryngopharyngeal sensitivity dampens the ability to detect residue, increasing choking risk. Reduced tongue pressure, increases in pharyngeal transit time, valleculae residue, number of clearing swallows and slower and less efficient oesophageal transit occur with aged swallowing. Food textures that are sticky and adhesive will require increased lingual effort to propel them into and through the pharynx. Taken in combination these factors mean that food textures prescribed to the elderly need to be soft and moist and for fibers to be easily broken. To improve moisture content, additional nutrient dense products (e.g., milk, cream or butter) may be required to artificially moisten the bolus. Careful, individualized attention to diet recommendations will result in a diet that is appealing and also provide a variety of textures that are swallow‐safe and nutrient dense.

Practical Application

Aged related changes in the oral cavity and the oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal phases of swallowing require special thought to the suitability of food textures for the elderly. Foods that are fibrous, hard or dry may be unsuitable due to difficulties with safe particle size reduction and bolus formation for swallowing. Foods that are sticky and adhesive are also problematic and increase risk for both choking and residue. Food texture properties that are ideally suited for the elderly include those that are soft, moist, and easily reduced with minimal chewing effort. Hard food textures that break down and dissolve easily with minimal chewing should be investigated. Increased aroma and flavor may improve appeal lost through reduced variety in food textures. Diet reviews need to consider both textures that can be safely managed and the nutrient density of those textures.
Cover Image
Authors: Ortega‐Prieto A. M. , Dorner M.
Published: May 2016

The cover image, by Marcus Dorner and Ana Maria Ortega‐Prieto, is based on the Review The expanding toolbox for hepatitis C virus research, DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12500.

image
Kinematic Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Evaluation of Disc‐Associated Cervical Spondylomyelopathy in Doberman Pinschers
Authors: Provencher M. , Habing A. , Moore S.A. , Cook L. , Phillips G. , da Costa R.C.
Published: May 2016

Background

The dynamic component of disc‐associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (DA‐CSM) currently is evaluated using traction magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which does not assess changes in flexion and extension of the cervical vertebral column. In humans with cervical spondylotic myelopathy, kinematicMRIis used to identify dynamic compressions.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To evaluate the feasibility and utility ofkMRIin Doberman Pinschers withDA‐CSMusing a novel positioning device. We hypothesized thatkMRIwould identify compressive lesions not observed with neutral positioning and change the dimensions of the spinal cord and cervical vertebral canal.

Animals

Nine client‐owned Doberman Pinschers withDA‐CSM.

Methods

Prospective study. After standardMRimaging of the cervical spine confirmedDA‐CSM, dogs were placed on a positioning device to allow imaging in flexion and extension. Morphologic and morphometric assessments were compared between neutral, flexion, and extension images.

Results

Flexion was associated with improvement or resolution of spinal cord compression in 4/9 patients, whereas extension caused worsening of compressions in 6/9 patients. Extension identified 6 new compressive lesions and was significantly associated with dorsal and ventral compression at C5‐C6 (P= .021) and C6‐C7 (P= .031). A significant decrease in spinal cord height occurred at C6‐C7 from neutral to extension (P= .003) and in vertebral canal height at C5‐C6 and C6‐C7 from neutral to extension (P= .011 and .017, respectively).

Conclusions and clinical importance

Our results suggest thatkMRIis feasible and provides additional information beyond what is observed with neutral imaging, primarily when using extension views, in dogs withDA‐CSM.
The importance of priority effects for riparian plant community dynamics
Authors: Sarneel Judith M. , Kardol Paul , Nilsson Christer
Published: May 2016

Questions

The order of plant species arrival can affect recruitment and subsequent plant community development via priority effects, but is often overlooked. Priority effects occur when early‐colonizing plant species affect the establishment of later‐arriving species, and are hypothesized to depend on species identity and habitat conditions. In riparian ecosystems on the banks of rivers, a strong moisture gradient induces a zonation of plant species with different degrees of adaptation to soil moisture. Further, riparian zones receive seeds during floods and later in the season via wind dispersal. As such, we questioned if recruitment in riparian zones is primarily affected by (1) environmental conditions (i.e. soil moisture), (2) arrival order, and (3) species identity, or an interaction between these factors.

Location

Riparian zones of tributaries in the Vindel River catchment, northern Sweden.

Method

We designed a controlled greenhouse experiment and a large‐scale field experiment where we sowed five plant species representing different dispersal events and habitat moisture preferences. We sowed seeds in three arrival order treatments (all species simultaneously, species group A phased 3 wk before group B, and vice versa) and under different soil moisture treatments in the greenhouse (dry, dry‐after‐wet and wet) and under a range of moisture conditions in the field.

Results

We found strong priority effects as early‐arriving species grew bigger and often produced higher seedling densities compared to later‐arriving species, both in the greenhouse and after two growing seasons in the field. Priority effects in the greenhouse were strongest in the dry and dry‐after‐wet treatments and weaker under wet conditions. Consistent but weaker patterns were observed in the field after the first growing season. The relative abundance of species in plant communities assembled without phased arrival interacted with soil moisture and species identity. Priority effects were strongest for species with a low relative abundance (i.e. less competitive species).

Conclusions

Our findings that priority effects influenced recruitment and interacted with soil moisture suggest that priority effects should be considered when addressing riparian vegetation changes after shifts in flooding regimes. This is especially important because floods will not only affect habitat conditions, but also the phasing of seed arrival.
Holocene mammal extinctions in the Carpathian Basin: a review
Authors: Németh Attila , Bárány Annamária , Csorba Gábor , Magyari Enikö , Pazonyi Piroska , Pálfy József
Published: May 2016

Mammals are a key target group for conservation biology. Insights into the patterns and timing of and driving forces behind their past extinctions help us to understand their present, and to predict and mitigate their future biodiversity loss. Much research has been focused on the intensely debated megafaunal extinctions at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition, whereas the Holocene mammal extinctions have remained less studied.

Here, we consider the Holocene extinctions of mammal taxa in the Carpathian Basin, a distinctive and biogeographically well‐constrained predominantly lowland region in Central Europe. For the first time, we combine data from palaeontological, archaeozoological, and historical sources for a comprehensive analysis.

A total of 11 mammal species, including steppe‐dwelling rodents, large carnivores and herbivores, disappeared from the Carpathian Basin during the Holocene. The extinctions are interpreted in the framework of changing habitats and ecosystems, as grasslands and open forests vanished at the westernmost limits of the Eurasian steppe.

The temporal distribution of extinctions is non‐random; most taxon range terminations are concentrated around two discrete events. Members of the steppe community disappeared between 5000 and 4000 BP, around the Copper Age–Bronze Age transition. Large herbivores that found refugia in the forests vanished later, between the 16th and 18th centuries AD. The steppe, forest‐steppe ecosystems of the Carpathian Basin suffered a considerable loss in their mammalian fauna, which has significant implications for conservation efforts for the existing similar dry, open habitats in western Eurasia.

Further research and better age constraints are needed to establish the causes of extinctions more firmly, but the lack of synchronous and severe climate and vegetation changes and the coincidence with transformations in human history suggest the prime role of anthropogenic disturbance. We conclude that there were two waves of Holocene mammal extinctions of megafaunal character in the Carpathian Basin.
Genomic data reveal ancient microendemism in forest scorpions across the California Floristic Province
Authors: Bryson Robert W. , Savary Warren E. , Zellmer Amanda J. , Bury R. Bruce , McCormack John E.
Published: May 2016

The California Floristic Province (CFP) in western North America is a globally significant biodiversity hotspot. Elucidating patterns of endemism and the historical drivers of this diversity has been an important challenge of comparative phylogeography for over two decades. We generated phylogenomic data using ddRADseq to examine genetic structure in Uroctonus forest scorpions, an ecologically restricted and dispersal‐limited organism widely distributed across the CFP north to the Columbia River. We coupled our genetic data with species distribution models (SDMs) to determine climatically suitable areas for Uroctonus both now and during the Last Glacial Maximum. Based on our analyses, Uroctonus is composed of two major genetic groups that likely diverged over 2 million years ago. Each of these groups itself contains numerous genetic groups that reveal a pattern of vicariance and microendemism across the CFP. Migration rates among these populations are low. SDMs suggest forest scorpion habitat has remained relatively stable over the last 21 000 years, consistent with the genetic data. Our results suggest tectonic plate rafting, mountain uplift, river drainage formation and climate‐induced habitat fragmentation have all likely played a role in the diversification of Uroctonus. The intricate pattern of genetic fragmentation revealed across a temporal continuum highlights the potential of low‐dispersing species to shed light on small‐scale patterns of biodiversity and the underlying processes that have generated this diversity in biodiversity hotspots.
Effects of Verb Semantics and Proficiency in Second Language Use of Constructional Knowledge
Authors: KIM HYUNWOO , RAH YANGON
Published: May 2016

This study investigates the influence of the semantic heaviness of verbs (i.e., heavy or light verbs) and language proficiency on second language (L2) learners’ use of constructional information in a sentence‐sorting task and a corpus analysis. Previous studies employing a sentence‐sorting task demonstrated that advanced L2 learners sorted English sentences according to argument structure constructions rather than lexical verbs. However, these studies collapsed both heavy (e.g., cut, throw) and light (e.g., get, take) verbs into a single variable, blurring the effects of the semantic heaviness of the verbs. The present study designed a sentence‐sorting task involving heavy and light verbs as separate variables and administered it with advanced and intermediate adult learners of English (Experiment 1). Results showed that while advanced learners showed construction‐dominant sortings regardless of the heaviness of a verb, intermediate learners produced construction‐based sortings only in the light verb condition. A corpus analysis of learner essays (Experiment 2) revealed that intermediate learners relied on light verbs in producing constructions more strongly than advanced learners and native speakers. These findings suggest that L2 proficiency modulates the degree to which the semantic heaviness of a verb affects learners’ use of constructional knowledge in sorting and producing English sentences.
YAP1 homologue‐mediated redox sensing is crucial for a successful infection by Monilinia fructicola
Authors: Yu Pei‐Ling , Wang Chih‐Li , Chen Pei‐Yin , Lee Miin‐Huey
Published: May 2016

Monilinia fructicola (G. Winter) Honey is a devastating pathogen on Rosaceae which causes blossom blight and fruit rot. Only a few studies related to the plant–pathogen interaction have been published and there is limited knowledge on the relationship between oxidative stress and successful infection in M. fructicola. In this study, we cloned and characterized a redox‐responsive transcription factor MFAP1, a YAP1 homologue. MfAP1‐silenced strains were generated by polyethylene glycol‐mediated protoplast transformation or Agrobacterium T‐DNA‐mediated transformation. Pathogenicity assay demonstrated that MfAP1‐silenced strains caused smaller lesions on rose and peach petals. Transformants carrying extra copies of MfAP1, driven by the native promoter, were generated for MfAP1 overexpression. Interestingly, MfAP1‐overexpressing strains also caused smaller lesions on rose petals. Strains carrying two copies of MfAP1 accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) at higher levels and exhibited delayed accumulation of MfAP1 transcripts compared with the wild‐type during pathogenesis. By the analysis of ROS production and the expression patterns of redox‐ and virulence‐related genes in the wild‐type strain and an MfAP1‐overexpressing strain, we found that the M. fructicola wild‐type strain responded to oxidative stress at the infection site, activated the expression of MfAP1 and up‐regulated the genes required for ROS detoxification and fungal virulence. In contrast, MfAP1 expression in the MfAP1‐overexpressing strain was suppressed after the induction of a strong oxidative burst at the infection site, altering the expression of ROS detoxification and virulence‐related genes. Our results highlight the importance of MfAP1 and ROS accumulation in the successful infection of M. fructicola.
Morphometric analysis of NADPH diaphorase reactive neurons in a rat model of focal excitotoxic striatal injury
Authors: Freire Marco Aurelio M. , Guimaraes Joanilson S. , Santos Jose Ronaldo , Simplício Hougelle , Gomes‐Leal Walace
Published: May 2016

Excitotoxicity is the major component in neuropathological conditions, related to harmful action of imbalanced concentrations of glutamate and its agonists in the nervous tissue, ultimately resulting in cell death. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of an acute striatal lesion induced by a focal N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) microinjection on the morphometry of NADPH diaphorase‐reactive neurons (NADPH‐d+), a subset of cells which release nitric oxide (NO) in the brain and are known by its resistance in pathological conditions. Two hundred and forty NADPH‐d neurons from NMDA‐lesioned striatum and contralateral counterpart were tridimensionally reconstructed at 1, 3 and 7 post‐lesion days (PLDs). Cell body and dendritic field areas, length of dendrites by order and fractal dimension were analyzed. There were no significant morphometric differences when NADPH‐d+ neurons from lesioned and control striatal regions were compared among PLDs evaluated. Conversely, a conspicuous pallor in striatal neuropil reactivity was evidenced, especially in latter survival time. In addition, we observed a noticeable inflammatory response induced by NMDA. Our results suggest that NADPH‐d+ neurons were spared from deleterious effects of acute NMDA excitotoxic damage in the striatum, reinforcing the notion that this cell group is selectively resistant to injury in the nervous system.
Paraesthesia of the lower lip as the presenting symptom of an acoustic neuroma: a case report
Authors: Mann L. , Moore R.
Published: May 2016

This case report describes a patient referred to secondary care from their General Dental Practitioner, who presented with paraesthesia to the left side of the lower lip. He was subsequently found to have an acoustic neuroma. The case aims to reinforce the seriousness of what could be seen as trivial findings to a patient, and the urgency of referral for further investigation.
Extreme cognitions are associated with diminished ability to use disconfirming evidence
Authors: Haigh Matthew , Dodd Alyson L.
Published: May 2016

Objectives

An Integrative Cognitive Model of mood swings and bipolar disorder proposes that cognitive styles characterized by extreme self‐referent appraisals of internal states (e.g., ‘If I have a bad night's sleep it means that I am about to have a breakdown’) interfere with mood regulation. The aim of this study is to determine whether strong endorsement of such appraisals is predicted by a diminished ability to access disconfirming counterexamples.

Design

We examined whether the ability to access two different categories of counterexample (known as Disabling Conditions and Alternative Causes) would predict endorsement of extreme appraisals (measured by the Hypomanic Attitudes and Positive Predictions Inventory; HAPPI) and mania risk (measured by the Hypomanic Personality Scale; HPS).

Method

A non‐clinical sample of 150 students completed the HAPPI, the HPS and a conditional reasoning task that indexed the ability to access Disabling Conditions and Alternative Causes. Current mood was controlled for using the Internal States Scale.

Results

The ability to make use of disabling counterexamples during the reasoning task was inversely related with scores on the HAPPI (r = −.19, p < .05); participants that were less able to make use of disabling counterexamples endorsed extreme self‐referent appraisals to a greater extent. There was no association between the use of alternative cause counterexamples and the HAPPI, and no association between either measure of counterexample generation and the HPS.

Conclusions

A diminished ability to use disconfirming evidence when reasoning about the world may reinforce problematic cognitive styles such as extreme, personalized appraisals of experience, which can interfere with mood regulation.

Practitioner points

Problematic cognitive styles such as extreme, personalized appraisals of experience may be reinforced by the inability to produce or access evidence that disconfirms these maladaptive beliefs.

This reasoning bias may be associated with cognitive styles underlying psychopathology.

There may be clinical utility in exploring the use of disabler generation in psychological interventions, to help disconfirm maladaptive beliefs.
Early changes in apoplast composition associated with defence and disease in interactions between Phaseolus vulgaris and the halo blight pathogen Pseudomonas syringae Pv. phaseolicola
Authors: O'Leary Brendan M. , Neale Helen C. , Geilfus Christoph‐Martin , Jackson Robert W. , Arnold Dawn L. , Preston Gail M.
Published: May 2016

The apoplast is the arena in which endophytic pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae grow and interact with plant cells. Using metabolomic and ion analysis techniques, this study shows how the composition of Phaseolus vulgaris leaf apoplastic fluid changes during the first six hours of compatible and incompatible interactions with two strains of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola (Pph) that differ in the presence of the genomic island PPHGI‐1. Leaf inoculation with the avirulent island‐carrying strain Pph 1302A elicited effector‐triggered immunity (ETI) and resulted in specific changes in apoplast composition, including increases in conductivity, pH, citrate, γ‐aminobutyrate (GABA) and K+, that are linked to the onset of plant defence responses. Other apoplastic changes, including increases in Ca2+, Fe2/3+ Mg2+, sucrose, β‐cyanoalanine and several amino acids, occurred to a relatively similar extent in interactions with both Pph 1302A and the virulent, island‐less strain Pph RJ3. Metabolic footprinting experiments established that Pph preferentially metabolizes malate, glucose and glutamate, but excludes certain other abundant apoplastic metabolites, including citrate and GABA, until preferred metabolites are depleted. These results demonstrate that Pph is well‐adapted to the leaf apoplast metabolic environment and that loss of PPHGI‐1 enables Pph to avoid changes in apoplast composition linked to plant defences.
Whom Do Bureaucrats Believe? A Randomized Controlled Experiment Testing Perceptions of Credibility of Policy Research
Authors: Doberstein Carey
Published: May 2016

More than ever before, analysts in government have access to policy‐relevant research and advocacy, which they consume and apply in their role in the policy process. Academics have historically occupied a privileged position of authority and legitimacy, but some argue this is changing with the rapid growth of think tanks and research‐based advocacy organizations. This article documents the findings from a randomized controlled survey experiment using policy analysts from the British Columbia provincial government in Canada to systematically test the source effects of policy research in two subject areas: minimum wage and income‐splitting tax policy. Subjects were asked to read research summaries of these topics and then assess the credibility of each article, but for half of the survey respondents the affiliation/authorship of the content was randomly reassigned. The experimental findings lend evidence to the hypothesis that academic research is perceived to be substantially more credible than think tank or advocacy organization research, regardless of its content. That increasingly externalized policy advice systems are not a pluralistic arena of policy research and advice, but instead subject to powerful heuristics that bureaucrats use to sift through policy‐relevant information and advice, demands added nuance to both location and content‐based policy advisory system models.
Local Officials’ Support for PILOTs/SILOTs: Nonprofit Engagement, Economic Stress, and Politics
Authors: McGiverin‐Bohan Kellie , Grønbjerg Kirsten , Dula Lauren , Miller Rachel
Published: May 2016

Nonprofit property tax exemption has become a major policy issue as the collapse of the housing market, the Great Recession, and property tax caps have threatened local tax collections. Consequently, many local governments have sought to obtain payments in lieu of taxes (PILOTs) from charities that are formally exempt from property taxes. Using a 2010 survey of local government officials in Indiana, this article examines whether support for PILOT policies is related to officials’ personal involvement with nonprofits, their views on government–nonprofit relationships, the type of position they hold, the level of economic distress in the county, local political conditions, and local nonprofit wealth. The findings support most of these hypotheses but also show that attitudes toward PILOTs appear to be shaped by somewhat different concerns than attitudes toward services in lieu of taxes (SILOTs).
Where the fish swim above the birds: configurations and challenges of wetland restoration in the Po Delta, Italy
Authors: Root‐Bernstein Meredith , Frascaroli Fabrizio
Published: May 2016

Wetland and estuary restoration presents a number of complex challenges that are primarily social, cultural, economic, and governance‐related rather than ecological. Here we consider the case of wetland restoration in the Po Delta, Italy. Wetland restoration of the Po Delta is a goal of a broad range of actors in the region and this project is a response to local calls for action. We investigate why local stakeholders are unsatisfied with apparently successful restoration projects, and appraise the factors that favor both the fulfillment of environmental targets and establishment of cooperative relations. We suggest that historical legacies of land use in the Po Delta have influenced current governance practices in a complex and fragmented governance context. Also, patterns of wetland restoration and wetland management practices differ between wetland types, and their outcomes may be influenced by the number of stakeholders involved, funding, and ability to generate direct revenues from management. However, there seem to be no blueprint solutions to successful wetland management and wetland restoration, and results are uneven at the landscape scale and often depending on contingencies. Maintaining traditional practices that retain cultural importance may be seen as part of restoration by local people. As a landscape that is highly anthropogenic and in continuous motion, we argue that the Delta exemplifies some of the challenges that restoration will face in a world increasingly characterized by novel ecosystems. We suggest actions that could contribute to enhancing wetland restoration outcomes in the Po Delta.
HIV and COPD: a conspiracy of risk factors
Authors: Lalloo Umesh G. , Pillay Sandy , Mngqibisa Rosie , Abdool‐Gaffar Sabeer , Ambaram Anish
Published: May 2016

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an under recognized complication of HIV infection. It is estimated that up to 25% of HIV infected people may have COPD. HIV is associated with COPD as a result of a complex interplay of multiple factors such as pulmonary inflammation, recurrent pulmonary infections especially tuberculosis (TB), increased cigarette smoking, socio‐economic status, childhood respiratory illnesses and industrial and environmental exposures; each of which are risk factors for COPD in their own right. COPD presents at an earlier age in people with HIV infection. There are over 35 million people living with HIV, and most people infected with HIV live in developing regions of the world where they are faced with multiple risk factors for COPD and suboptimal access to health care. TB is the commonest infectious complication of HIV, and HIV infected persons often experience multiple episodes of TB. Cigarette smoking is increasing in developing countries where the greatest burden of TB and HIV is experienced. Cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk of TB and may be associated with acquisition of HIV infection and progression. It is not clear whether non‐infectious pulmonary inflammation persists in the lung when immune reconstitution occurs. Prevention and control of HIV infection must be part of the multiple interventions to reduce the global burden of COPD. A multidisciplinary approach, including behavioural science is required to address this challenge. It presents research opportunities that should be driven by the pulmonology community.
Targeting obesity in COPD through allied health therapies
Authors: Osadnik Christian R , Cavalheri Vinicius
Published: May 2016

See article, page 875
Is Environmental Protection Beneficial for the Environment?
Authors: Ansuategi Alberto , Marsiglio Simone
Published: May 2016

We analyze a simple endogenous growth model with environmental interactions. Economic production generates emissions of pollutants whose environmental impact is mitigated by abatement activities financed by government expenditure; environmental quality affects preferences but does not play any productive role. We show that government intervention, by reallocating resources from capital accumulation to environmental preservation activities, allows the economy to achieve a sustainable balanced growth path. Along such a path, softer environmental policy regimes lead to win–win outcomes, fostering economic growth and improving environmental quality. Such a result needs to be interpreted as a long run outcome, but it clearly shows that the compatibility between economic growth and environmental improvement is far from automatic. Indeed, in the long run it could paradoxically be the case that both the economy and the environment benefit from low levels of environmental protection.
“If You Talk Badly about Drilling, You're a Pariah”: Challenging a Capitalist Patriarchy in Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale Region
Authors: Filteau Matthew R.
Published: May 2016

Research on energy development is largely gender neutral, creating a need to illuminate how gender structures life in contemporary energy boomtowns. This study demonstrates how gender and the local economy are intertwined to perpetuate a capitalist patriarchy, which structures life for residents in these communities. The purpose of this article is to show that this economic‐gender structure creates tensions between those men and women whose gender performances reinforce hegemony and those who perform gender in direct opposition to resource extraction. I argue that men and women unconstrained by the capitalist patriarchy are better able to challenge its dominance than residents employed in the local economy. I use qualitative interviews (N = 39) with community residents and observations of community events in northeastern Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale region as the primary methods of data collection. This study complements previous research by demonstrating the relationship between masculinity and femininity, showing the variability of gender in natural‐resource‐based settings and defining the hierarchal relationship among masculinities and femininities during periods of rapid energy development.
Methods in Mechanical Testing of Arterial Tissue: A Review
Authors: Macrae R. A. , Miller K. , Doyle B. J.
Published: May 2016

Mechanical testing of arterial tissue can provide unique insights into its behaviour. As measurement and computational techniques continue to advance, new applications can be discovered that increase the accuracy of characterising tissue behaviour. This review provides an overview of the general considerations involved in testing arterial tissue and discusses the more commonly employed in vitro techniques used to assess the mechanical properties of arterial tissue, as well as emerging techniques. The more common methods discussed are uniaxial, planar biaxial and inflation testing. With the increasing precision and versatility of optical measuring systems and the rising interest in the mechanical behaviour of vessels with complex geometries and material properties, we also discuss the emerging trend of full‐field measurement systems. Mechanical testing can be combined with bioreactor techniques to characterise the dynamic remodelling of arterial tissue in response to its mechanical environment. The analysis and characterisation provided by advanced mechanical testing techniques can produce and inform more accurate surgical simulations, as well as aid in the risk prediction and modelling of pathological conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Eriksen Annelin , MacCarthy Michelle
Published: May 2016

Taking as a starting point the 1981 volume Gender and Kinship: Essays Towards a Unified Analysis, we here outline our approach to bring together analyses of gender and Christianity in Melanesia. We argue that studies of gender and Christianity must go beyond studies of men's and women's respective activities or roles in the church, and rather interrogate the ways in which Christian morality and social life become gendered in various ways.
Discovery of a novel HLA‐B*13:01 variant, HLA‐B*13:01:12, in a Taiwanese bone marrow stem cell donor
Authors: Yang K. L. , Chen S.‐P. , Lin P. Y.
Published: May 2016

One nucleotide substitution at codon 189 of HLA‐B*13:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐B*13:01:12.
Antifungal prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients: one size does not fit all
Authors: Giannella M. , Bartoletti M. , Morelli M. , Cristini F. , Tedeschi S. , Campoli C. , Tumietto F. , Bertuzzo V. , Ercolani G. , Faenza S. , Pinna A.D. , Lewis R.E. , Viale P.
Published: May 2016

Background

Targeted antifungal prophylaxis against Candida species or against Candida species and Aspergillus species, according to individual patient risk factors (RFs), is recommended by experts. However, recent studies have reported fluconazole is as effective as broader spectrum antifungals for preventing invasive fungal infection (IFI) after liver transplantation (LT).

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study of all adult patients who underwent LT at our 1420‐bed tertiary teaching hospital, from June 2010 to December 2014, to assess the rate and etiology of IFI within 100 days after LT, to investigate the compliance with targeted prophylaxis, and to analyze risk factors for developing IFI.

Results

In total, 303 patients underwent LT. Patients were classified as having low (no RFs), intermediate (1 RF for invasive candidiasis [IC]), and high risk (1 RF for invasive aspergillosis [IA] or ≥2 RFs for IC) for IFI in 20%, 30%, and 50% of cases, respectively. A total of 139 patients received antifungal prophylaxis: 98 with a mold‐active drug and 41 with fluconazole. Overall adherence to targeted prophylaxis was 53%. Nineteen patients (6.3%) developed IFI: 7 IC and 12 IA. Multivariate Cox regression analysis, adjusted for median model for end‐stage liver disease score at LT, stratification risk group, and adherence to targeted prophylaxis, showed that graft dysfunction, renal replacement therapy, and prophylaxis with fluconazole were independent risk factors for IFI. Seven of the 9 patients who received fluconazole prophylaxis and developed IFI were classified as having high risk for IFI, and 6 developed IA.

Conclusion

Recommended stratification is accurate for predicting patients at very high risk for IFI, who should receive prophylaxis with a mold‐active drug.
Fibrinogen concentrate improves clot strength in patients with haematological malignancies requiring platelet transfusion
Authors: Munk‐Andersen H. , Schenk B. , Larsen O.H. , Fries D. , Fenger‐Eriksen C.
Published: May 2016

Background

Patients with bone marrow failure secondary to chemotherapy often develop thrombocytopenia and require platelet transfusion. Fibrinogen plays an important role in platelet aggregation and the establishment of the primary haemostatic plug.

Objectives

To compare the effects of in vivo platelet transfusion on clot firmness in thrombocytopenic patients with in vitro‐performed fibrinogen concentrate substitution.

Materials and methods

Thirty patients with haematological malignancy admitted for platelet transfusion were included. Haemostatic effects from platelet transfusion and ex vivo addition of fibrinogen concentrate at three different doses were evaluated by thromboelastometry, with clot firmness as the primary endpoint (A30 ExTEM assay). Secondary endpoints were other thromboelastometry parameters, thrombin generation parameters, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time PT, fibrinogen and factor XIII levels and a clinical bleeding score.

Results

Twenty patients (66%) had clinical bleeding signs by prior to transfusion. Platelets increased from 17 (range, 1–109) to 40 (range 2–139) × 109 L−1 following transfusion, with a median corrected count increment of 16·7 (range, 0·8–43·5). The A30 value increased significantly by platelet transfusion from 35 ± 11 to 47 ± 10 mm, with no changes in thrombin generation. Fibrinogen concentrate dose‐dependently increased A 30 (to 43 ± 10, 49 ± 9 and 50 ± 9 mm, respectively) and reduced parameters of thrombin generation at high doses. Platelet transfusion, together with fibrinogen concentrate, further increased clot firmness. APTT and PT were within normal range, whereas fibrinogen levels were slightly elevated.

Conclusion

Fibrinogen concentrate increased clot firmness to the same degree as platelet transfusion in patients with low platelet count requiring platelet transfusion.
Haematological recovery in poor and good haematopoietic stem cell mobilisers
Authors: De Santis G. C. , Garcia‐Silva A. C. , Chiaramonte N. C. G. , Orellana M. D. , Prado B. P. A. , Oliveira L. C. , Simões B. P. , Covas D. T.
Published: May 2016

Objectives

Evaluate whether poor mobilisers had delayed haematopoietic (neutrophil and platelet) recovery despite receiving similar cell dose as good mobilisers.

Background

Autologous haematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) transplantation is indicated to treat some haematological malignancies. This procedure requires HPC mobilisation from bone marrow to peripheral blood. Cell dose is important for a fast haematological recovery. Despite being poor mobilisers, some patients can collect enough cell numbers for transplantation.

Results

Fifteen poor mobiliser patients (peak of CD34+ cells ≤10 µL−1 in peripheral blood) were transplanted at our institution. Haematological recovery (neutrophil ≥ 500 µL−1) in this group was compared to that observed in the group of 16 patients of good mobilisers (peak of CD34+ cells ≥20 µL−1 in peripheral blood) who received similar cell dose (2·637 ± 0·1744 × 106 kg−1 vs 2·727 ± 0·1746 × 106 kg−1; P = 0·7177). The poor mobiliser group had neutrophil and platelet recovery later than the good mobiliser group (on day 12, range 9–14 vs day 10, range 9–22, P = 0·0381 for neutrophil, and on day 22·89 ± 11·16 and 14·08 ± 4·821, P = 0·0193 for platelet). Mortality rates and transfusion requirements were not different between the groups.

Conclusion

Poor mobilisers have delayed neutrophil and platelet recovery after autologous HPC transplantation despite having received the same cell dose as good mobilisers.