bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of COVID19 on advanced practice nursing education and practice: A qualitative study
Authors: Woo Brigitte F Y , Poon Sum Nok , Tam Wilson W S , Zhou Wentao
Published: November 2021

Aim

To explore Master of Nursing students’ perspectives toward the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) on the advanced practice nurse preparatory education and practice.

Background

Like many nursing education programmes, the advanced practice nurse preparatory training was greatly affected and had to radically change to adapt to the disruptions caused by the pandemic. The COVID‐19 pandemic has created a strain on the healthcare system and advanced practice nurses have been expected to modify their normal practice to provide care in unprecedented ways.

Methods

The study used a descriptive qualitative design. Semi‐structured video‐conference interviews were conducted in an autonomous university (June–July 2020). The recruitment of participants (n = 14) concluded upon data saturation. A thematic analysis was conducted. The COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research (COREQ) guidelines were used.

Findings

Three main themes were identified: (1) overcome adversity through innovation, (2) acceptance of remote learning and (3) versatility of advanced practice nurses in an ongoing pandemic. Each theme was further explained by two subthemes to further elucidate the impact of COVID‐19 on the advanced practice nurse preparatory training and practice.

Discussion

The evolution of the advanced practice nurse preparatory education catalysed by the COVID‐19 pandemic brought on innovation. The ability of advanced practice nurses to adapt to evolving healthcare needs was also highlighted.

Conclusion

Although face‐to‐face teaching and services are gradually returning, some innovations that arose during the pandemic may be worth keeping.

Implications for nursing

Nursing educators in higher education institutions can benefit from adopting technology to mitigate the challenges posed by the ongoing pandemic

Implications for nursing policy

Nurse leaders should review the role of advanced practice nurses to determine how best to capitalise on their practice to meet rising healthcare needs.
Validation of the Arabic translation of the caries impacts and experiences questionnaire for children
Authors: Azab Maha Moussa , Yousry Yasmin Mohamed
Published: November 2021

Background

The recently developed Caries Impacts and Experiences Questionnaire for Children (CARIES‐QC) is originally an English questionnaire targeting the assessment of caries‐related quality of life from a child's point of view.

Aim

This study aimed to translate and adapt the CARIES‐QC into the Arabic language and to test its reliability and validity on Arabic‐speaking children.

Design

A total of 234 children aged 5–16 years answered the translated questionnaire. Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha; 62 children answered the questionnaire again to evaluate the test‐retest reliability by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Convergent validity was evaluated by correlating question scores with global question scores. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to evaluate cross‐cultural validity.

Results

Cronbach's alpha of the CARIES‐QC/A was 0.905. The inter‐item correlation coefficients of the CARIES‐QC/A ranged from 0.240 to 0.850. The total ICC score was 0.960. CFA demonstrated acceptable fit to the data in the one‐factor model. Convergent validity indicated moderate correlation with the global question (rs = .740).

Conclusion

The CARIES‐QC/A is a valid and reliable tool that could be used to evaluate oral health–related quality of life in Arabic‐speaking children.
The amputation and mortality of inpatients with diabetic foot ulceration in the COVID‐19 pandemic and postpandemic era: A machine learning study
Authors: Du Chenzhen , Li Yuyao , Xie Puguang , Zhang Xi , Deng Bo , Wang Guixue , Hu Youqiang , Wang Min , Deng Wu , Armstrong David G. , Ma Yu , Deng Wuquan
Published: November 2021

This study aimed to explore the clinical characteristic and outcomes of inpatients with diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) in 2019 (prelockdown) and 2020 (postlockdown) due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, at an emergency medical service unit. Prediction models for mortality and amputation were developed to describe the risk factors using a machine learning‐based approach. Hospitalized DFU patients (N = 23) were recruited after the lockdown in 2020 and matched with corresponding inpatients (N = 23) before lockdown in 2019. Six widely used machine learning models were built and internally validated using 3‐fold cross‐validation to predict the risk of amputation and death in DFU inpatients under the COVID‐19 pandemic. Previous DF ulcers, prehospital delay, and mortality were significantly higher in 2020 compared to 2019. Diabetic foot patients in 2020 had higher hs‐CRP levels (P = .037) but lower hemoglobin levels (P = .017). The extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) performed best in all models for predicting amputation and mortality with the highest area under the curve (0.86 and 0.94), accuracy (0.80 and 0.90), sensitivity (0.67 and 1.00), and negative predictive value (0.86 and 1.00). A long delay in admission and a higher risk of mortality was observed in patients with DFU who attended the emergency center during the COVID‐19 post lockdown. The XGBoost model can provide evidence‐based risk information for patients with DFU regarding their amputation and mortality. The prediction models would benefit DFU patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
(Ti0.2V0.2Cr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)2AlC–(Ti0.2V0.2Cr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C high‐entropy ceramics with low thermal conductivity
Authors: Liu Chao , Yang Yue‐yang , Zhou Zhi‐fang , Nan Ce‐wen , Lin Yuan‐hua
Published: November 2021

In recent years, the microstructure and physicochemical properties of high‐entropy ceramics have received much interest by the combination of multiple principal elements. Herein, (Ti0.2V0.2Cr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)2AlC–(Ti0.2V0.2Cr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C high‐entropy ceramics (M2AlC‐MC HECs) were prepared by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique, attributing to the structural and chemical diversity of MAX phases. The microstructure of M2AlC‐MC HECs was characterized from micron to atomic scales, and the phase composition of M2AlC‐MC HECs was analyzed by a combination of Maud and Rietveld analysis. The results indicate the successful solid solution of Ti, V, Cr, Nb, and Ta atoms in the M‐site of the 211‐MAX configuration, and all the samples show a classic layered structure. The weight percentage of (Ti0.2V0.2Cr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)2AlC in the M2AlC‐MC HECs was more than 90%. Furthermore, the thermoelectric properties of M2AlC‐MC HECs were investigated for the first time in this study, and the electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of HECs are 3278 S cm−1 and 2.78 W m−1 K−1at 298 K, respectively.
Forgiveness and the Problem of Repeated Offences
Authors: Couto Alexandra
Published: November 2021

According to the dominant account of forgiveness, to forgive is to overcome the reactive attitudes warranted by a wrongdoing. On one version of this ‘reactive attitudes’ account, forgiveness involves cognitive dissociation, while on another it involves affective dissociation. In this article, I will argue that reflection on cases of repeated offences – where a wrongdoer is forgiven but then keeps repeating an offence – raises two challenges to this account of forgiveness. First, I will argue that, on either way of developing the account, it has the implausible implication that those who forgive must avoid considering the forgiven wrongdoing in their deliberations. Second, I will argue that the reactive‐attitudes account of forgiveness is vulnerable to the objection that it is epistemically vicious. But the reactive‐attitudes account of forgiveness needn't be abandoned: I will examine possible ways in which the account can be revised or clarified in order to address the problem of repeated offences.
Does corporate culture impact audit pricing? Evidence from textual analysis
Authors: Chen Huimin (Amy) , Francis Bill B. , Hasan Tahseen , Wu Qiang
Published: November 2021

This study examines whether auditors incorporate their clients’ corporate culture into audit pricing. We construct a measure of corporate collaboration culture using textual analysis of public firms’ 10‐K reports. We find that firms with more collaboration culture pay lower audit fees. We argue that firms with a culture of collaboration emphasize harmony among people, leading to lower litigation risk, which lowers auditor risk premiums. Collaboration culture also encourages employees’ reporting of errors and problems, leading to lower control risk, which lowers audit risk premiums. Using path analysis and a structural equation model, our findings support the argument. Moreover, we do not find evidence supporting alternative explanations of reduced audit quality and significant auditor changes. The negative relation between collaboration culture and audit fees is robust to multiple alternative measures of collaboration culture, but we caution about the interpretation of the economic significance of our finding.
Negative body size‐dependent resource allocation underlies conspicuous sexual ornaments in a territorial damselfly
Authors: Xu Mingzi , Fincke Ola M.
Published: November 2021

Sexual ornaments, signalling individual quality to choosy females or rival males, often show steeper body size scaling compared with non‐sexually selected traits. Theory posits such steeper body size scaling is the result of differential resource allocation, reflecting trade‐offs between different components of fitness. Yet, the process of resource allocation towards body size‐dependent sexual ornaments has been rarely understood empirically. Using the Neotropical territorial damselflyMegaloprepus caerulatus, whose males and females carry wax‐based, sex‐specific white wing bands and white wing tips respectively, we investigated nutrition sensitivity and body size scaling of both traits by manipulating larval food availability and directly quantified both the fat allocated to wing ornaments and the fat reserve from which allocations are made. Both colour traits exhibited sensitivity to food availability during larval development and steeper body size scaling compared with control traits. Although the absolute amount of fat invested in developing the colour ornaments increased with body size, the proportion of total fat allocated to the ornaments decreased with body size, making exaggerated ornaments less affordable for smaller individuals. Our data demonstrate that measuring the proportion of resource pool from which an individual's ornaments are derived (i.e. its affordability) is essential for understanding the maintenance of honesty of sexual signals.
Characterization of toxicity and structure of PirABvc‐like proteins that are structurally almost identical to shrimp AHPND‐causing PirAB toxin
Authors: Bao Shuaiming , Gao Shuangshuang , Zhang Mengmeng , Wang Yongjie
Published: November 2021

PirAB is a binary toxic protein that causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp. Their closest homologs, PirAvc‐like and PirBvc‐like proteins, are encoded by two adjacent genes on a non‐pVH plasmid from a Vibrio campbellii strain. Herein, PirABvc‐like protein caused neither abnormalities nor death in shrimp postlarvae (Litopenaeus vannamei); furthermore, typical AHPND clinical signs were not observed. PirAvc‐like protein corresponds to Cry toxin domain III (ligand‐binding domain) and likely binds to N‐acetylgalactosamine. The C‐terminal and N‐terminal of PirBvc‐like resemble Cry toxin domain II (receptor‐binding domain) and domain I (pore‐forming domain), respectively. PirAvc‐like and PirBvc‐like proteins are structurally similar to PirA and PirB, respectively. Subtle structural differences between PirAvc‐like protein and PirA appear to be involved in ligand‐binding and binary protein complex formation. The difference in virulence of PirABvc‐like and PirAB may result from the specific binding of the protein complex to distinct host receptors. These results shed light on the potential functions and host receptors of PirABvc‐like proteins and their relationship with PirAB.
Population Structure of Macaca fascicularis aurea, and their Genetic Relationships with M. f. fascicularis and M. mulatta Determined by 868 RADseq‐Derived Autosomal SNPs—A consideration for biomedical research
Authors: Phadphon Poompat , Kanthaswamy Sree , Oldt Robert F. , Hamada Yuzuru , Malaivijitnond Suchinda
Published: November 2021

Background

This study examined the population structure of Macaca fascicularis aurea and their genetic relationships with M. f. fascicularis and M. mulatta.

Methods

The study analyzed 868 RADseq‐derived SNPs from samples representing the entire distribution range of M. f. aurea, including their inter‐ and intraspecific hybrid zones.

Results

The study supports a M. mulatta/Indochinese M. f. fascicularis, Sundaic M. f. fascicularis, and M. f. aurea trichotomy; M. f. aurea was genetically distinct from both forms of M. f. fascicularis and M. mulatta. Hybridization between M. f. aurea and M. f. fascicularis occurred in two directions: south‐north (8°25′ to 15°56′) and west‐east (98°28′ to 99°02′). Low levels of M. mulatta introgression were also detected in M. f. aurea.

Conclusion

This study showcases a complicated scenario of genetic relationships between the M. fascicularis subspecies and between M. fascicularis and M. mulatta and underscores the importance of these taxa's population structure and genetic relationships for biomedical research.
Multiple gonadotropin‐releasing hormone systems in non‐mammalian vertebrates: Ontogeny, anatomy, and physiology
Authors: Ogawa Satoshi , Yamamoto Naoyuki , Hagio Hanako , Oka Yoshitaka , Parhar Ishwar S.
Published: November 2021

Three paralogous genes for gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH; gnrh1, gnrh2, and gnrh3) and GnRH receptors exist in non‐mammalian vertebrates. However, there are some vertebrate species in which one or two of these paralogous genes have become non‐functional during evolution. The developmental migration of GnRH neurons in the brain is evolutionarily conserved in mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians, and jawed teleost fish. The three GnRH paralogs have specific expression patterns in the brain and originate from multiple sites. In acanthopterygian teleosts (medaka, cichlid, etc.), the preoptic area (POA)‐GnRH1 and terminal nerve (TN)‐GnRH3 neuronal types originate from the olfactory regions. In other fish species (zebrafish, goldfish and salmon) with only two GnRH paralogs (GnRH2 and GnRH3), the TN‐ and POA‐GnRH3 neuronal types share the same olfactory origin. However, the developmental origin of midbrain (MB)‐GnRH2 neurons is debatable between mesencephalic or neural crest site. Each GnRH system has distinctive anatomical and physiological characteristics, and functions differently. The POA‐GnRH1 neurons are hypophysiotropic in nature and function in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. The non‐hypophysiotropic GnRH2/GnRH3 neurons probably play neuromodulatory roles in metabolism (MB‐GnRH2) and the control of motivational state for sexual behavior (TN‐GnRH3).
Generations in context: The development of a new approach using Twitter and a survey
Authors: Peretz Hilla , Fried Yitzhak , Parry Emma
Published: November 2021

Millennials (born between 1982 and 1999) and their work‐related values have received significant attention in recent years, but empirical evidence of Millennials’ characteristics is inconclusive. One possible reason behind these mixed results is the tendency to apply generational groupings universally and ignore the potential impact of the broader context, such as national culture. This study develops a contextual perspective on generational differences and proposes a new, hybrid approach to generations. First, we conducted an exploratory study using data mining of big data from Twitter, to test hypotheses regarding differences between age cohorts in four different countries (The United States, Russia, India, Argentina). Second, we conducted a follow‐up study to further investigate the between‐countries differences found in the first study, using survey data from the same four countries. The results highlight the importance of both global and local influences when considering generational differences, supporting a new hybrid theoretical approach to understanding generational differences. Millennials were shown to be different from Generation X (born 1965–1981) across countries in relation to the behavioural aspect of writing style on social media. In contrast, in relation to work values, generational groupings were not universal, as the distinction between the work values of Millennials and Generation X was only found in the individualistic culture of the United States, and not in other, more collectivistic, cultures.

Practitioner points

Interest in generational differences has ballooned over recent years with both HR practitioners and consultants designing management practices based on the popular workforce segments of Generation X and Millennials. Despite this interest, empirical evidence for generational differences in work values is mixed and inconclusive.

In this study, we found that although Millennials demonstrated uniformity in their social media appearance, employers should not use the western notion of generations outside of the United States when addressing their needs as reflected by their work values.

Generational differences appear to be more pronounced in individualistic countries where individual’s choice and self‐expression and are more legitimate. As a result, managers should consider whether the work values of different generations are sufficiently distinct before adopting alternative recruitment, selection, and retention policies presumably aligned with these preferences.
Adolescent decision making: A decade in review
Authors: Icenogle Grace , Cauffman Elizabeth
Published: November 2021

Research in the past decade has highlighted the nuances of adolescent decision making. In this review article, we summarize several themes evident in the field of developmental science including the redefinition of adolescence and the ways in which adolescent decision‐making capabilities converge with or diverge from those of adults. While the decision‐making process is similar for adolescents and adults in contexts that encourage deliberation and reflection, adolescents and adults differ in contexts which preclude deliberation vis‐à‐vis high emotional arousal. We also discuss the reconceptualization of adolescent behavior, including risk taking, as adaptive. That is, characteristics of adolescence, including impulsivity, the importance of peers, and novelty seeking, are normative, evolutionarily advantageous, and essential for positive development. While these features manifest in negative, health‐compromising ways (e.g., risky driving and criminal behavior), they also foster growth and exploration. We conclude with a discussion of potential avenues for future research.
Exosomes from dental pulp cells attenuate bone loss in mouse experimental periodontitis
Authors: Shimizu Yuta , Takeda‐Kawaguchi Tomoko , Kuroda Izumi , Hotta Yasuaki , Kawasaki Hideya , Hariyama Takahiko , Shibata Toshiyuki , Akao Yukihiro , Kunisada Takahiro , Tatsumi Junichi , Tezuka Ken‐ichi
Published: November 2021

Background and objective

Exosomes are small vesicles secreted from many cell types. Their biological effects largely depend on their cellular origin and the physiological state of the originating cells. Exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells exert therapeutic effects against multiple diseases and may serve as potential alternatives to stem cell therapies. We previously established and characterized human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotype homo (HHH) dental pulp cell (DPC) lines from human wisdom teeth. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of local administration of HHH‐DPC exosomes in a mouse model of periodontitis.

Methods

Exosomes purified from HHH‐DPCs were subjected to particle size analysis, and expression of exosome markers was confirmed by western blotting. We also confirmed the effect of exosomes on the migration of both HHH‐DPCs and mouse osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells. A mouse experimental periodontitis model was used to evaluate the effect of exosomes in vivo. The morphology of alveolar bone was assessed by micro‐computed tomography (μCT) and histological analysis. The effect of exosomes on osteoclastogenesis was evaluated using a co‐culture system.

Results

The exosomes purified from HHH‐DPCs were homogeneous and had a spherical membrane structure. HHH‐DPC exosomes promoted the migration of both human DPCs and mouse osteoblastic cells. The MTT assay showed a positive effect on the proliferation of human DPCs, but not on mouse osteoblastic cells. Treatment with HHH‐DPC exosomes did not alter the differentiation of osteoblastic cells. Imaging with µCT revealed that the exosomes suppressed alveolar bone resorption in the mouse model of periodontitis. Although no change was apparent in the dominance of TRAP‐positive osteoclast‐like cells in decalcified tissue sections upon exosome treatment, HHH‐DPC exosomes significantly suppressed osteoclast formation in vitro.

Conclusions

HHH‐DPC exosomes stimulated the migration of human DPCs and mouse osteoblastic cells and effectively attenuated bone loss due to periodontitis.
Where are the beachmasters? Unexpectedly weak polygyny among southern elephant seals on a South Shetland Island
Authors: Nichols H. J. , Fuchs B. , Paijmans A. J. , Lewis G. , Bonin C. A. , Goebel M. E. , Hoffman J. I.
Published: November 2021

Intraspecific variation in animal mating systems can have important implications for ecological, evolutionary and demographic processes in wild populations. For example, patterns of mating can impact social structure, dispersal, effective population size and inbreeding. However, few species have been studied in sufficient detail to elucidate mating system plasticity and its dependence on ecological and demographic factors. Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) have long been regarded as a textbook example of a polygynous mating system, with dominant ‘beachmaster’ males controlling harems of up to several hundred females. However, behavioural and genetic studies have uncovered appreciable geographic variation in the strength of polygyny among elephant seal populations. We, therefore, used molecular parentage analysis to investigate patterns of parentage in a small satellite colony of elephant seals at the South Shetland Islands. We hypothesised that dominant males would be able to successfully monopolise the relatively small numbers of females present in the colony, leading to relatively high levels of polygyny. A total of 424 individuals (comprising 33 adult males, 101 adult females and 290 pups) sampled over 8 years were genotyped at 20 microsatellites and reproductive success was analysed by genetically assigning parents. Paternity could only be assigned to 31 pups (10.7%), despite our panel of genetic markers being highly informative and the genotyping error rate being very low. The strength of inferred polygyny was weak in comparison to previous genetic studies of the same species, with the most successful male fathering only seven pups over the entire course of our study. Our results show that, even in a species long regarded as a model for extreme polygyny, male reproductive skew can vary substantially among populations.
The Pecora Escarpment (PCA) 91020 EL3 chondrite and deformation on the EL3 asteroid
Authors: Boleaga Y. , Weisberg M. K. , Friedrich J. M. , Ebel D. S.
Published: November 2021

We present the results of our study of two thin sections of Pecora Escarpment (PCA) 91020, a heavily shocked EL3 chondrite, to characterize the sizes, shapes, orientations, and mineral compositions of its chondrules and opaque nodules. We also studied the mildly shocked Queen Alexandra Range (QUE) 94594 EL3 chondrite for comparison. PCA 91020 appears to show the evidence of deformation throughout the meteorite in both the chondrules and the opaque (metal–sulfide) nodules. Aspect ratios of the chondrules in PCA 91020 are greater than in the mildly shocked QUE 94594. Aspect ratios of the more ductile metal grains are higher than those of the chondrules in both sections of PCA 91020 and in QUE 94594. The data suggest that the chondrules and metal‐rich nodules in PCA 91020 were elongated (flattened) to a greater degree and show a preferred orientation in comparison to objects in typical EL3 chondrites such as QUE 94594. The chondrule and metal‐rich nodule deformation and foliation in PCA 91020 were likely produced by an impact on the EL3 asteroid. However, there are some inconsistencies in reconciling an impact hypothesis with all of the observations. Scenarios of hot accretion and/or overburden compaction during progressive (potentially rapid, hot) accretion to explain the deformation cannot be completely ruled out. Also, heavily shocked E3 chondrites, like PCA 91020, are relatively rare, suggesting the impacts that may have compacted chondrites, although potentially frequent, were of weak magnitude.
The Abraham Accords and Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Zahid Shahab , Abbas Khurram
Published: November 2021

In a major diplomatic realignment, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain normalized their relations with Israel in September 2020 by signing the Abraham Peace Accords in Washington. However, this normalization has created a noticeable divide; other majority‐Muslim states, including Morocco and Sudan, have also accepted incentives to normalize relations with Israel, while pressure is mounting on Pakistan from its close allies in the Gulf region to recognize Israel. Pakistan, which enjoys multifaceted cooperative relations with all states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), now faces a dilemma, as it has a longstanding position on the Palestine issue through which it views its policy on Israel. Considering the dilemma, this article focuses on the impact the Abraham Peace Accords have had on Pakistan's relations with the GCC states and its own Israel policy. Based on the examination of various ideational and geopolitical factors, it is argued that Pakistan has more to lose than gain by changing its historical position and recognizing the state of Israel.
Centering Black feminist thought in nursing praxis
Authors: De Sousa Ismalia , Varcoe Colleen
Published: November 2021

Femininity and whiteness dominate Western nursing, silencing ontologies and epistemologies that do not align with these dominant norms while perpetuating systemic racism and discrimination in nursing practice, education, research, nursing activism, and sociopolitical structures. We propose Black feminist thought as a praxis to decenter, deconstruct, and unseat these ideologies and systems of power. Drawing from the work of past and present Black feminist scholars, we examine the ontological and epistemological perspectives of Black feminist thought. These include (i) the uniqueness and particular experiences of people, (ii) the acceptance of ontological and epistemological pluralism of truths and ways of knowing, and (iii) the mandate for equity in the health, social, political, and environmental structures of society. By focusing our attention on lived experiences and voices of those systematically excluded in nursing practice, education, research, and society, Black feminist thought offers an anticolonial, antiracist, and antidiscriminatory foundation for more effectively upholding nursing's disciplinary mandate for social justice and equity.
Changes in intestinal barrier protein expression and intestinal flora in a rat model of visceral hypersensitivity
Authors: Zhao Li , Ren Peipei , Wang Miaolei , Wang Jingjing , He Xueyun , Gu Jingyan , Lu Yanyu , Wu Yana , Liu Junhong , Wang Longde , Li Hongfang
Published: November 2021

Background

Destruction of the intestinal mucosal barrier and visceral hypersensitivity are main pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The study aimed to establish a rat model of visceral hypersensitivity and explore mechanisms involved the changes of the intestinal barrier protein expression and intestinal flora.

Methods

A rat model of visceral hypersensitivity was established and evaluated using abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) scores, colonic paracellular permeability, and gastrointestinal motility. The expression of tight junction proteins, aquaporin proteins (AQPs), phosphorylated ERK, and proteinase‐activated receptor‐2 (PAR‐2) was determined. The intestinal microflora was evaluated by high‐throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene.

Key results

In model rats, AWR score and fecal water content were significantly increased, gastrointestinal motilities were disorder and characterized by an inhibition of gastric motility and an enhancement of small intestinal and colonic movement. The expressions of colonic occludin, ZO‐1, AQP3, and AQP8 were decreased but claudin‐2 and claudin‐4 were markedly increased. Imbalance of intestinal flora appeared and showed an obvious decrease of Lactobacillus and an increase of Clostridiales_bacterium. Additionally, the total serine protease activity in feces, the expressions of PAR2 and phosphorylated ERK in the colon tissues were increased significantly.

Conclusion and inferences

The model rats of visceral hypersensitivity possess the decreased expression of occludin, ZO‐1, AQP3, AQP8, and the increased expression of claudin‐2 and claudin‐4, meanwhile develop an imbalance of intestinal flora which probably increase serine protease activity, thereby activating the PAR2/ERK signaling and causing the intestinal barrier disorder.
Effect of chronic restraint stress and western‐diet feeding on colonic regulatory gene expression in mice
Authors: Hatton‐Jones Kyle M. , du Toit Eugene F. , Cox Amanda J.
Published: November 2021

Background

Diet‐induced obesity (DIO) and psychological stress are significant independent regulators of gastrointestinal physiology; however, our understanding of how these two disorders influence the host‐microbe interface is still poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to assess the combined influences of diet‐induced obesity and psychological stress on microbiome composition and colonic gene expression.

Methods

C57BL/6J mice (n = 48) were subject to a combination of 22 weeks of Western diet (WD) feeding and a chronic restraint stressor (CRS) for the last 4 weeks of feeding. At the end of the combined intervention, microbiome composition was determined from cecal contents, and colonic tissue gene expression was assessed by multiplex analysis using NanoString nCounter System and real‐time qPCR.

Results

WD feeding induced a DIO phenotype with increased body weight, worsened metabolic markers, and alterations to microbiome composition. CRS reduced body weight in both dietary groups while having differential effects on glucose metabolism. CRS improved the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in WD‐fed animals while expanding the Proteobacteria phyla. Significantly lower expression of colonic Tlr4 (p = 0.008), Ocln (p = 0.004), and Cldn3 (p = 0.004) were noted in WD‐fed animals compared to controls with no synergistic effects observed when combined with CRS. No changes to colonic expression of downstream inflammatory mediators were observed. Interestingly, higher levels of expression of Cldn2 (p = 0.04) and bile acid receptor Nr1h4 (p = 0.02) were seen in mice exposed to CRS.

Conclusion

Differential but not synergistic effects of WD and CRS were noted at the host‐microbe interface suggesting multifactorial responses that require further investigation.
Exploitative competition for floral resources reduces sugar intake but differently impacts the foraging behaviour of two non‐bee flower visitors
Authors: Jeavons Emma , Chevrie Ondine , Le Lann Cécile , Renault David , Floch Maëva , Bourgeois Thomas , Bodiguel Rémi , Fontaine‐Breton Thierry , van Baaren Joan
Published: November 2021

Identifying which behavioural strategies maximize individual fitness is a key objective in ecology. Organisms are known to adapt their foraging behaviour to their environment in response to abiotic and biotic constraints, such as the distribution of resources or the presence of competitors. For instance, bees are known to avoid recently visited flowers and thus focus their foraging on more rewarding patches. Whether other flower‐visiting insects adapt their foraging behaviour in response to exploitative competition for floral resources remains unknown. Here, we asked if a predatory hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus and a parasitoid Aphidius colemani 1) are physiologically impacted by flower resource limitation following exploitation of flowers by a competitor (either the bumblebee Bombus terrestris or E. balteatus); 2) have the ability to discriminate flowers that were previously exploited by a competitor; and 3) modify their foraging behaviour accordingly. Episyrphus balteatus and A. colemani individuals foraging on previously exploited flowers were found to be less concentrated in sugar compounds, especially in fructose and glucose, suggesting that previously exploited flowers contained less available sugars. Nevertheless, individuals did not avoid previously exploited patches in the choice experiment. On the contrary, E. balteatus females preferentially landed on inflorescences that had previously been exploited by conspecifics (but not by B. terrestris), while A. colemani did not show preferences between inflorescences. However, female hoverflies spent more time feeding on unexploited patches, suggesting that exploited patches were resource limited. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence of the use of social cues among E. balteatus individuals in food foraging strategies. It also shows that even insects with tiny nectar requirements, such as parasitoids, can suffer from heavy exploitative competition. Such results may have applied consequences for the understanding of natural enemy conservation, in particular in agroecosystems where competition with honeybees may be important.
Temperature‐induced dynamics of plant carbohydrate metabolism
Authors: Seydel Charlotte , Kitashova Anastasia , Fürtauer Lisa , Nägele Thomas
Published: November 2021

Carbohydrates are direct products of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation. Within a changing temperature regime, both photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism need tight regulation to prevent irreversible damage of plant tissue and to sustain energy metabolism, growth and development. Due to climate change, plants are and will be exposed to both long‐term and short‐term temperature changes with increasing amplitude. Particularly sudden fluctuations, which might comprise a large temperature amplitude from low to high temperature, pose a challenge for plants from the cellular to the ecosystem level. A detailed understanding of fundamental regulatory processes, which link photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism under such fluctuating environmental conditions, is essential for an estimate of climate change consequences. Further, understanding these processes is important for biotechnological application, breeding and engineering. Environmental light and temperature regimes are sensed by a molecular network that comprises photoreceptors and molecular components of the circadian clock. Photosynthetic efficiency and plant productivity then critically depend on enzymatic regulation and regulatory circuits connecting plant cells with their environment and re‐stabilising photosynthetic efficiency and carbohydrate metabolism after temperature‐induced deflection. This review summarises and integrates current knowledge about re‐stabilisation of photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism after perturbation by changing temperature (heat and cold).
The farming and husbandry ofColossoma macropomum: From Amazonian waters to sustainable production
Authors: Hilsdorf Alexandre Wagner Silva , Hallerman Eric , Valladão Gustavo Moraes Ramos , Zaminhan‐Hassemer Micheli , Hashimoto Diogo Teruo , Dairiki Jony Koji , Takahashi Leonardo Susumu , Albergaria Francielly Corrêa , Gomes Maria Emília de Sousa , Venturieri Rossana Luiza Leite , Moreira Renata Guimarães , Cyrino José Eurico Possebon
Published: November 2021

Within the rich diversity of South American freshwater fish,Colossoma macropomum(Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), known as tambaqui, cachama or blackfin pacu, can reach 30 kg, is a traditional product in regional fish markets and has drawn the attention of fish farmers since the 1930s. Considerable progress achieved in different fields of aquaculture science has contributed to the growth of tambaqui production. Tambaqui has proven suitable for both monoculture and polyculture systems, and for both extensive and intensive production systems aimed at achieving sustainable, higher productivity with minimal environmental impact. Studies of the reproductive anatomy and physiology of the species proved fundamental to development of techniques to boost commercial production, contributing to development of protocols for hormonally induced spawning and artificial propagation in the 1970s. Newly hatched larvae must be fed with live foods until they can be weaned to artificial feeds at about 100 mg weight. Despite its importance for aquaculture, only a few studies have reported components of quantitative genetic variance and parameters for weight at age, morphometric traits and disease resistance. Genomic tools currently available can be applied to detect variation relevant to performance and to accelerate the process of genetic improvement. While the species’ feeding habit allows the use of diets containing 75%–85% plant protein, much more work needs to be done to optimize aquafeeds. Refinement of tambaqui production methods has the potential to significantly boost South American aquaculture. We recommend research on diets, genetic improvement and system optimization to spur further productivity and achieve sustainable tambaqui culture.
Multiple Comparison Procedures for Discrete Uniform and Homogeneous Tests
Authors: Cousido-Rocha Marta , de Uña-Álvarez Jacobo , Döhler Sebastian
Published: November 2021

Discrete uniform and homogeneous p-values often arise in applications with multiple testing. For example, this occurs in genome wide association studies whenever a non-parametric one-sample (or two-sample) test is applied throughout the gene loci. In this paper, we consider multiple comparison procedures for such scenarios based on several existing estimators for the proportion of true null hypotheses, π0, which take the discreteness of the p-values into account. The theoretical guarantees of the several approaches with respect to the estimation of π0 and the false discovery rate control are reviewed. The performance of the discrete procedures is investigated through intensive Monte Carlo simulations considering both independent and dependent p-values. The methods are applied to three real data sets for illustration purposes too. Since the particular estimator of π0 used to compute the q-values may influence its performance, relative advantages and disadvantages of the reviewed procedures are discussed. Practical recommendations are given.
Partitives and Indefinites: Phenomena in Italian Varieties
Authors: Baldi Benedetta , Savoia Leonardo M.
Published: November 2021

This contribution examines the relation between genitives/ partitives and indefinites in some Italian varieties. A central question concerns the nature of the prepositionde/di(DE) ‘of’ (< Latinde), specifically investigated in contexts where it does not introduce the usual possessive or partitive reading: bare partitives/Partitive articles of Italian varieties, negative contexts in which a negative marker select a partitive occurrence ofDEof the typemia+DEin Northern Italian dialects and the linker‐like element in Southern Italian dialects. We propose that these structures rely on the lexical content ofDE, corresponding to the elementary relation part‐whole and that their particular behaviour can be treated in the terms of pair‐merge in the sense of Chomsky (2020). The indefinites in varieties devoid of thepartitive articlewill be treated in the final section.
Highly‐contiguous bovine genomes underpin accurate functional analyses and updated nomenclature of MHC class I
Authors: Schwartz John C. , Maccari Giuseppe , Heimeier Dorothea , Hammond John A.
Published: November 2021

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region of cattle is both highly polymorphic and, unlike many species, highly variable in gene content between haplotypes. Cattle MHC class I alleles were historically grouped by sequence similarity in the more conserved 3′ end of the coding sequence to form phylogenetic allele groups. This has formed the basis of current cattle MHC class I nomenclature. We presently describe and compare five fully assembled MHC class I haplotypes using the latest cattle and yak genome assemblies. Of the five previously described “pseudogenes” in the cattle MHC class I region, Pseudogene 3 is putatively functional in all haplotypes and Pseudogene 6 and Pseudogene 7 are putatively functional in some haplotypes. This was reinforced by evidence of transcription. Based on full gene sequences as well as 3′ coding sequence, we identified distinct subgroups of BoLA‐3 and BoLA‐6 that represent distinct genetic loci. We further examined allele‐specific expression using transcriptomic data revealing that certain alleles are consistently weakly expressed compared to others. These observations will help to inform further studies into how MHC class I region variability influences T cell and natural killer cell functions in cattle.
Development of sustainable wetland management strategies by using the analytical hierarchy process and web‐based GIS: A case study from Turkey
Authors: Bakırman Tolga , Gümüşay Mustafa Ümit , Musaoğlu Nebiye , Tanık Ayşe Gül
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study was to develop sustainable management strategies for the Akgöl Wetland in Turkey, which lacked a management plan, in an integrated manner via using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and web‐based geographic information systems. As such, it aimed to present the utility of AHP in wetland management studies. Water quality and soil analysis, field studies and remote sensing analyses were simultaneously conducted to define the prevailing characteristics and dynamics of the wetland. The results of all the studies conducted were compiled and analysed by a multi‐disciplinary team of experts, and eight outstanding criteria for wetland rehabilitation were determined. A convenient web‐based GIS application, accessible online and capable of handling queries, was developed as part of dissemination activity. This study, by developing a management and a monitoring methodology, forms a model for other wetlands suffering from changes in both quality and quantity, which is still a common problem experienced in the world today.
NATURALISTIC RELIGIOUS PRACTICES: WHAT NATURALISTS HAVE BEEN DISCUSSING AND DOING
Authors: Macalister Todd
Published: November 2021

Beyond philosophical perspectives on how naturalism can be considered as a focus of religious orientation, a number of naturalists have been exploring things that might be done as spiritual/religious practices. This article gives an overview of types of practices that have been considered—both in published descriptions of what authors have suggested can be done, and what naturalists have said they are doing as parts of personal practice. It will discuss themes in activities and reasons for engaging in practices, and ways that acts may contribute to well‐being.
How Does Social Media Influence College Students to Recognize Entrepreneurial Opportunities? - Evidence from China
Authors: Nam Eunyoung , Xiong Peng
Published: November 2021

The rapid development of information technology is having a profound impact on college students' entrepreneurial behavior,and accurately recognize entrepreneurial opportunities will affect the success or failure of individual entrepreneurship. The purpose of this study is to explore if and how social media influences college students to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities. A systematic review of relevant research results including social media in the field of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship of college students, etc., this paper puts forward five dimensions and six hypotheses, including entrepreneurial alertness, priori knowledge, social capital, entrepreneurial opportunity recognition, and social media. A total of 508 valid questionnaires were obtained by designing questionnaires, organizing surveys, and screening data for college students. Through the reliability and validity test, correlation analysis, and hypothesis test analysis of the returned questionnaire data, all six hypotheses were verified. The empirical analysis shows that social media can significantly affect the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities for college entrepreneurs. priori knowledge and entrepreneurial alertness play a mediating role and a moderating role respectively in this process. Meanwhile, priori knowledge plays a significant positive role in promoting entrepreneurial vigilance. Social capital has a direct and positive impact on college students' entrepreneurial opportunity recognition, and plays a moderating role in the impact of social media on college students' entrepreneurial opportunity recognition.
Effects of aerobic exercise on lipopolysaccharide‐induced experimental acute lung injury in the animal model of type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ömercioğlu Göktuğ , Akat Fırat , Fıçıcılar Hakan , Billur Deniz , Çalışkan Hasan , Kızıl Şule , Bayram Pınar , Can Belgin , Baştuğ Metin
Published: November 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

We evaluated the effects of diabetes and exercise on lipopolysaccharide‐induced acute lung injury. By providing a comprehensive analysis of redox status, blood gases and histological parameters, we aimed to contribute to the ongoing debate in the literature.

What are the main findings and its importance?

We demonstrated the preventive effect of exercise, but diabetes did not alter the severity of acute lung injury.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life‐threatening respiratory condition. Diabetes (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycaemia. There is an ongoing debate concerning whether there is a protective effect of diabetes in ALI. Exercise is a special type of physical activity that has numerous beneficial effects. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of diabetes and exercise on the prognosis of ALI. Male Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups (sedentary and exercise). Both groups were divided into four subgroups: Control, ALI, DM, DM+ALI (n = 6 each). Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg i.p.). The maximal exercise capacity was determined with the incremental load test. Animals were exercised on a treadmill for 45 min at 70% of maximal exercise capacity, 5 days a week for 12 weeks. Acute lung injury was induced by intratracheal injection of lipopolysaccharide (100 μg/100 g body weight) 24 h before the end of the experiment. We performed arterial blood gas analysis. Redox status was measured in both plasma and lung tissue. Malondialdehyde and 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine levels were measured in lung tissue. Lung tissue was evaluated histologically. Acute lung injury caused significant damage in the lung tissue, which was verified histologically, with an increase in oxidative stress parameters. Exercise prevented the lung damage induced by ALI and reduced oxidative stress in the lung tissue. Diabetes did not alter the magnitude of damage done by ALI. Exercise showed a protective effect against DM and ALI in rats. The effect of DM was insignificant for the prognosis of ALI.