bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homogeneous and heterogeneous ice nucleation at LACIS: operating principle and theoretical studies
Authors: Hartmann S. , Niedermeier D. , Voigtländer J. , Clauss T. , Shaw R. A. , Wex H. , Kiselev A. , Stratmann F.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. At the Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS) experiments investigating homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation of ice (particularly immersion freezing in the latter case) have been carried out. Here both the physical LACIS setup and the numerical model developed to design experiments at LACIS and interpret their results are presented in detail. Combining results from the numerical model with experimental data, it was found that for the experimental parameter space considered, classical homogeneous ice nucleation theory is able to predict the freezing behavior of highly diluted ammonium sulfate solution droplets, while classical heterogeneous ice nucleation theory, together with the assumption of a constant contact angle, fails to predict the immersion freezing behavior of surrogate mineral dust particles (Arizona Test Dust, ATD). The main reason for this failure is the compared to experimental data apparently overly strong temperature dependence of the nucleation rate coefficient. Assuming, in the numerical model, Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) for homogeneous ice nucleation and a CNT-based parameterization for the nucleation rate coefficient in the immersion freezing mode, recently published by our group, it was found that even for a relatively effective ice nucleating agent such as pure ATD, there is a temperature range where homogeneous ice nucleation is dominant. The main explanation is the apparently different temperature dependencies of the two freezing mechanisms. Finally, reviewing the assumptions made during the derivation of the CNT-based parameterization for immersion freezing, it was found that the assumption of constant temperature during ice nucleation and the chosen ice nucleation time were justified, underlining the applicability of the method to determine the fitting coefficients in the parameterization equation.
A staggered approach to flash flood forecasting – case study in the Cévennes region
Authors: Alfieri L. , Smith P. J. , Thielen-del Pozo J. , Beven K. J.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. A staggered approach to flash flood forecasting is developed within the IMPRINTS project (FP7-ENV-2008-1-226555). Instead of a single solution system, a chain of different models and input data is being proposed that act in sequence and provide decision makers with information of increasing accuracy in localization and magnitude as the events approach. The first system in the chain is developed by adapting methodologies of the European Flood Alert System (EFAS) to forecast flash floods and has the potential to provide early indication for probability of flash floods at the European scale. The last system in the chain is an adaptation of the data based mechanistic model (DBM) to probabilistic numerical weather predictions (NWP) and observed rainfall, with the capability to forecast river levels up to 12 h ahead. The potential of both systems to provide complementary information is illustrated for a flash flood event occurred on 2 November 2008 in the Cévennes region in France. Results show that the uncertainty in meteorological forecasts largely affects the outcomes. However, at an early stage, uncertain results are still valuable to decision makers, as they raise preparedness towards prompt actions to be taken.
Phacoemulsification in Eyes with Neovascular AMD Treated with Anti-VEGF Injections
Authors: Muzyka-Woźniak Maria
Published: February 2011

Purpose.

To evaluate visual results of phacoemulsification in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) treated with anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) intravitreal injections.

Methods.

This retrospective noncomparative interventional case-series study assessed best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 4 timepoints: 1) baseline, immediately before first anti-VEGF injection; 2) preoperative, immediately before phacoemulsification; 3) postoperative, 1 month after phacoemulsification; 4) endpoint, at the last visit. Anti-VEGF retreatment regimen was based only on optical coherence tomography. The median time between anti-VEGF injections was evaluated for the time period before and after phacoemulsification.

Results.

Sixteen eyes of 16 patients were included. The median (range) baseline, preoperative, post-operative, and endpoint BCVA was 0.7 (0.3–1.3), 0.72 (0.4–1.3), 0.5 (0.05–1.0), and 0.36 (0.0–1.0) logMAR, respectively. Best-corrected visual acuity significantly improved after phacoemulsification (mean 3 logMAR lines) and remained stable during follow-up (median 14 months, range 7–28). There was no statistically significant difference in the median time interval between injections before phacoemulsification and after phacoemulsification.

Conclusions.

Phacoemulsification significantly improved BCVA in patients with choroidal neovascular AMD. This effect persisted during follow-up with no increased need for anti-VEGF injections to keep macula dry.
Composite PTFE-Transposed Superficial Femoral Vein for Lower Limb Arteriovenous Access
Authors: Georgakarakos Efstratios I. , Georgiadis George S. , Schoretsanitis Nikolaos G. , Kapoulas Konstantinos C. , Lazarides Miltos K.
Published: February 2011

Purpose

We report our experience in creating a composite loop of transposed superficial femoral vein (tSFV) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic graft for lower limb access. The indication for surgery was exhaustion of access sites in both upper limbs.

Methods

Surgery was performed on 3 male patients. All patients had an ankle brachial index ≥0.9. The SFV was mobilized up to adductor canal, with ligation of all small tributary branches, up to the level below the profunda femoral vein, then tunneled medially to the skin. A 6–mm PTFE graft was tunneled laterally, deep in the subcutaneous plane in loop fashion to the end of the tSFV, where a beveled end-to-end anastomosis was created.

Results

The blood flow in both fistulas increased gradually to 0.7–1.3 l/min postoperatively. No clinical manifestation indicative of lower limb ischemia, lymphorrhea, or infection was documented. No signs related to chronic venous hypertension were noticed.

Conclusions

Our initial experience shows that the creation of a composite PTFE-tSFV conduit is a promising technique, since it can be constructed without compromising the distal perfusion, and without infectious complications.
Grade 1 microtia, wide anterior fontanel and novel type tracheo‐esophageal fistula in methimazole embryopathy
Authors: Gripp Karen W. , Kuryan Ranita , Schnur Rhonda E. , Kothawala Murtuza , Davey Lauren R. , Antunes Michael J. , Reichard Kirk W. , Schneider Adele , Hall Bryan D.
Published: February 2011

Carbimazole (CMZ) and its active metabolite methimazole (MMI) are antithyroid medications, which can result in MMI/CMZ embryopathy in susceptible individuals. The incidence of birth defects related to MMI/CMZ embryopathy remains unclear as several epidemiologic studies failed to prove a correlation, despite positive case–control studies and numerous case reports. Malformations reported in exposed individuals and commonly recognized as MMI/CMZ embryopathy include cutis aplasia of the scalp, choanal atresia, esophageal atresia (EA), tracheo‐esophageal fistula (TEF), persistent vitelline duct, athelia/hypothelia, and subtle facial dysmorphisms including sparse or arched eyebrows. Here, we report on individuals with early pregnancy exposure to MMI, with microtia and various other anomalies associated with MMI embryopathy, suggesting that microtia is also seen with increased frequency after prenatal MMI exposure. Additional unusual malformations among our patients include a previously unreported type of TEF with three separate esophageal pouches and a fistula connecting the middle pouch to the trachea in one child, and absence of the gall bladder in another. An enlarged anterior fontanel was seen in three patients, and clinodactyly of the fifth finger was noted in three. The similarities between our three patients with microtia after MMI exposure and the two previously reported with microtia after CMZ exposure support the concept of microtia being related to the MMI/CMZ exposure. Recognition of microtia as a manifestation of MMI/CMZ embryopathy will likely increase the number of diagnosed cases and thus affect ascertainment. We propose diagnostic criteria for MMI/CMZ embryopathy, including the presence of at least one major characteristic finding. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple congenital anomalies and developmental delay in a boy associated with a de novo 16p13.3 deletion
Authors: Nelson Marc , Quinonez Shane , Ackley Todd , Iyer Ram K. , Innis Jeffrey W.
Published: February 2011

We describe a patient with multiple congenital anomalies including tracheobronchomalacia, CT‐proven metopic craniosynostosis, glandular hypospadias and severe ventral chordee, torticollis, esotropia, strabismus, fifth finger clinodactyly, hallux valgus, and global developmental delay. Using high resolution chromosomal microarray analysis, we identified a de novo deletion of 555 kb on chromosome 16p13.3, 444 kb telomeric to the CREBBP gene and 623 kb centromeric of PKD1. Review of the literature revealed numerous reports of individuals with deletions involving adjacent regions including CREBBP, but only one overlapping with this isolated region of 16p13.3. Haploinsufficiency for one or more of the 25 candidate genes in the deleted genomic region may be responsible for these clinical features. No copy number variants (CNVs) span the entire region, but several small CNVs within the 555 kb genomic region reduce the likelihood for effects due to haploinsufficiency to 18 genes. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cantú syndrome: Report of nine new cases and expansion of the clinical phenotype
Authors: Scurr Ingrid , Wilson Louise , Lees Melissa , Robertson Stephen , Kirk Edwin , Turner Anne , Morton John , Kidd Alexa , Shashi Vandana , Stanley Christy , Berry Margaret , Irvine Alan D. , Goudie David , Turner Claire , Brewer Carole , Smithson Sarah
Published: February 2011

Cantú syndrome, a rare disorder of congenital hypertrichosis, characteristic facial anomalies, cardiomegaly, and osteochondrodysplasia was first described in 1982 by Cantú. Twenty‐three cases of Cantú syndrome have been reported to date. The pathogenesis of this rare autosomal dominant condition is unknown. We describe 10 patients with Cantú syndrome (9 new cases and the long‐term follow‐up of a 10th case reported by Robertson in 1999) comparing the phenotype with that of the previously reported cases. We describe how the distinctive facial appearance evolves with time and report several new findings including recurrent infections with low immunoglobulin levels and gastric bleeding in some of our patients. The cardiac manifestations include patent ductus arteriosus, septal hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension, and pericardial effusions. They may follow a benign course, but of the 10 cases we report, 4 patients required surgical closure of the patent ductus arteriosus and 1 patient a pericardectomy. Long‐term follow‐up of these patients has shown reassuring neuro‐developmental outcome and the emergence of a behavior phenotype including obsessive traits and anxiety. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The phase behavior and thermal stability of blends of poly(styrene‐co‐methacrylic acid)/poly(styrene‐co‐ 4‐vinylpyridine)
Authors: Benabdelghani Z. , Etxeberria A.
Published: February 2011

The hydrogen bonding and miscibility behaviors of poly(styrene‐co‐methacrylic acid) (PSMA20) containing 20% of methacrylic acid with copolymers of poly(styrene‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) (PS4VP) containing 5, 15, 30, 40, and 50%, respectively, of 4‐vinylpyridine were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was shown that all the blends have a single glass transition over the entire composition range. The obtained Tgs of PSMA20/PS4VP blends containing an excess amount of PS4VP, above 15% of 4VP in the copolymer, were found to be significantly higher than those observed for each individual component of the mixture, indicating that these blends are able to form interpolymer complexes. The FTIR study reveals presence of intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding interaction between vinylpyridine nitrogen atom and the hydroxyl of MMA group and intensifies when the amount of 4VP is increased in PS4VP copolymers. A new band characterizing these interactions at 1724 cm−1 was observed. In addition, the quantitative FTIR study carried out for PSMA20/PS4VP blends was also performed for the methacrylic acid and 4‐vinylpyridine functional groups. The TGA study confirmed that the thermal stability of these blends was clearly improved. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis of NR‐g‐PMMA by “grafting from” method using ATRP process
Authors: Vayachuta Lapporn , Phinyocheep Pranee , Derouet Daniel , Pascual Sagrario
Published: February 2011

Grafting poly(methyl methacrylate) or PMMA from natural rubber (NR) using ATRP process, NR has to be transformed into bromoalkyl‐functionalized NR (NRBr) acting as ATRP macroinitiator. The NRBr was prepared by two‐step chemical modification i.e., epoxidation and epoxide ring opening reaction using a nucleophile containing bromine atom such as 2‐bromopropionic acid (A1) and 2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropionic acid (A2). The fixation of A1 and A2 on 4‐methyl‐4‐octene, a model representing one repeat unit of NR, modified by epoxidation was prior studied and it was found that the resulting addition products from A2 using as ATRP initiator for MMA gave a better control of Mn,exp and low PDI of PMMA than that from A1. Then, the NR was transformed into ATRP rubber macroinitiator via epoxidation, followed by epoxide ring addition with only A2. 1H NMR was employed to determine the amount of A2 addition units on NR, which is considered to be the same amount of grafting sites for ATRP of MMA. The grafting of PMMA was then successfully carried out from the NR backbone by ATRP process. The PMMA grafts of the NR‐g‐PMMA were indeed linked to the NR backbone via ester linkage of the A2 unit. The PMMA grafts could be cleaved from the NR backbone by acid hydrolysis, while PMMA grafting by other conventional radical reaction could not be done. Then, the average MW of PMMA grafts after separation using acetone extraction was evaluated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
The receptive mind. Too closed? Too open? Psychoanalytic reflections
Authors: Rangell Leo
Published: February 2011

This paper is an expansion of a contribution to a Round Table on “The Closed Mind”, given at the last International Psychoanalytic Congress in Chicago, Illinois. Approaching the subject as an analyst rather than as an advocate, the author broadened the scope of the discussion to span from a mind too closed to one that may be too open, in fact the positives as well as the negatives of each position. Each can be adaptive as well as overdone. An analyst should have the capacity to embrace and contain valid new concepts, as well as the discriminatory ability to consider and reject others not valid or enduring or eligible to advance the field. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Localization of BiP to translating ribosomes increases soluble accumulation of secreted eukaryotic proteins in an Escherichia coli cell‐free system
Authors: Welsh John P. , Bonomo Jeanne , Swartz James R.
Published: February 2011

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident Hsp70 chaperone, BiP, docks to the Sec translocon and interacts co‐translationally with polypeptides entering the ER to encourage proper folding. In order to recreate this interaction in Escherichia coli cell‐free protein synthesis (CFPS) reactions, a fusion protein was formed between the ribosome‐binding portion of the E. coli protein trigger factor (TF) and BiP. The biophysical affinity to ribosomes as well as the characteristic Hsp70 ATPase activity were both verified for the fusion protein. When added to E. coli‐based CFPS reactions, the TF–BiP fusion chaperone increased soluble yields of several protein fragments that are normally secreted through the ER and have poor solubility in typical CFPS reactions. For comparison, a fusion between TF and the native E. coli Hsp70, DnaK, was also constructed. This fusion was also biologically active and increased soluble yields of certain protein targets in CFPS. The TF–BiP fusion described in this study can be seen as a first step in reconstituting and better understanding ER folding pathways in the prokaryotic environment of E. coli CFPS. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1739–1748. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Survival of children following Nissen fundoplication
Authors: Wockenforth R , Gillespie C S , Jaffray B
Published: February 2011

Background

Analyses of survival after fundoplication in childhood are often restricted to 30-day mortality, or to the neurologically impaired. The objective of this study was to report actuarial survival and variables associated with mortality for all children undergoing fundoplication.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study of fundoplication surgery by one surgeon; the endpoint was survival. Using a Cox proportional hazards model, gastrostomy, neurological status, tracheostomy, congenital cardiac disease, syndromic status, presence of congenital anomaly, other chronic disease, weight z-score at time of surgery, need for revisional fundoplication, use of laparoscopic surgery, gastric drainage procedures, age and sex were assessed for their influence on survival.

Results

Two-hundred and thirty children underwent 255 fundoplications at a median age of 3·6 years. Forty-six children (20·0 per cent) died during a median follow-up of 2·8 (range 0·5–11·2) years. Statistical modelling showed gastrostomy (relative risk of death 11·04, P < 0·001), cerebral palsy (relative risk 6·58, P = 0·021) and female sex (relative risk 2·12, P = 0·015) to be associated with reduced survival. Revisional fundoplication was associated with improved survival (relative risk of death 0·37, P = 0·037). Survivors had significantly higher weight z-scores (−1·4 versus − 2·9 for those who died; P = 0·001). The 5-year survival rate after fundoplication for children with cerebral palsy and gastrostomy was 59 per cent.

Conclusion

Survival of children following fundoplication is related principally to the presence of a gastrostomy and neurological status. Estimates of children's life expectancy should take account of the poorer survival of neurologically impaired children who undergo fundoplication, presumably due to the related co-morbidities that lead to a gastrostomy.
Extreme Weather Events and the Critical Importance of Anticipatory Adaptation and Organizational Resilience in Responding to Impacts
Authors: Linnenluecke Martina K. , Griffiths Andrew , Winn Monika
Published: February 2011

Growing scientific evidence suggests that more frequent and severe weather extremes such as heat waves, hurricanes, flooding and droughts will have an increasing impact on organizations, industries and entire economies. These findings call for the development of theoretical and practical frameworks to strengthen the capacity of organizations to respond to such impacts. Yet despite the need to understand what is required to build anticipatory adaptation and organizational resilience to expected impacts, the organizational theory literature offers only limited insights. This paper proposes a comprehensive conceptual framework of organizational adaptation and resilience to extreme weather events for addressing the effects of ecological discontinuities in organizational research and strategic decision‐making. Implications and suggestions for future research are offered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Predictors of recidivism by stalkers: A nine‐year follow‐up of police contacts
Authors: Eke Angela W. , Hilton N. Zoe , Meloy J. Reid , Mohandie Kris , Williams Jennette
Published: February 2011

In a subsample of a multisite stalking study (Mohandie, Meloy, McGowan, & Williams, 2006) comprising 78 offenders from one site, 77% committed new offenses within an average follow‐up of 106 months (8.8 years). Over half (56%) were charged for new stalking related offenses and 33% for violent recidivism. Violent reoffending, including sexual offenses, was predicted by risk factors consistent with existing literature: younger age at first conviction, prior release failures, and criminal history. Stalking recidivism was predicted by pre‐index offending scores, using the Cormier–Lang, and prior diagnosis of a mental illness. In addition, stalkers with previously diagnosed mental illness had significantly more police contacts as complainants than those without; their recidivism was also more likely to be non‐violent. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global mild solutions of Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Lei Zhen , Lin Fang‐Hua
Published: February 2011

We establish a global well‐posedness of mild solutions to the three‐dimensional, incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations if the initial data are in the space
${\cal{X}}^{-1}$
defined by \input amssym ${\cal{X}}^{‐1} = \{f \in {\cal{D}}^\prime(R^3): \int_{{\Bbb{R}}^3}|\xi|^{‐1}|\widehat{f}|d\xi < \infty\}$
and if the norms of the initial data in ${\cal{X}}^{-1}$
are bounded exactly by the viscosity coefficient μ. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Teflon scrap based cation exchanger by radiation grafting: Process parameter standardization and characterization
Authors: Chaudhari C.V. , Paul Jhimli , Panicker Lata , Dubey K.A. , Kumar Virendra , Goel N.K. , Bhardwaj Y.K. , Sabharwal S.
Published: February 2011

High‐energy gamma radiation from 60Co‐gamma radiation source has been used to covalently link acrylic acid to teflon by mutual radiation grafting technique. Effect of various experimental parameters viz, dose, dose rate, monomer concentration, backbone thickness effect of additives on grafting extent was investigated in order to optimize the conditions for grafting acrylic acid onto teflon to optimum levels. The grafting extent decreased with increasing dose rate and thickness of the substrate while it increased with concentration of acrylic acid and optimum concentration of Mohr's salt. The grafted product was characterized for grafting yield, surface morphology, bulk morphology, and crystallinity change. The SEM studies indicate significant difference in bulk and interface due to change in thickness of the teflon backbone. Dynamic contact angle measurement studies of the grafted and radiation treated teflon showed that initial grafting as well as radiation treatment of teflon enhances its hydrophilicity. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2012
Screening for G‐protein‐coupled receptors expressed in mouse taste papillae
Authors: Montmayeur Jean‐Pierre , Fenech Claire , Kusumakshi Soumya , Laugerette Fabienne , Liu Zhenhui , Wiencis Anna , Boehm Ulrich
Published: February 2011

To further explore the repertoire of receptors important for the physiology of the peripheral taste system, we conducted a screening for genes encoding G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed in lingual papillae. A total of 13 genes coding for GPCRs belonging to four broad categories were selected as targets to explore their mRNA expression profile by RT–PCR on a panel of mouse tissues. The selected targets comprised seven orphan GPCRs, four fatty acid receptors and two proton‐sensing GPCRs. Several genes were found expressed in taste papillae, with GPR68, GPR120 and GPCR5D displaying somewhat restricted expression patterns. The gene coding for GPR120, a receptor activated by long chain fatty acids, was abundant in circumvallate, foliate and fungiform papillae, making it a particularly interesting candidate. In situ hybridization experiments revealed that GPR120 mRNA is confined to taste buds. Immunohistochemistry on circumvallate papillae sections indicated that GPR120 is present in taste receptor cells as well as in a subset of presynaptic cells. Our results expand the list of GPCRs potentially involved in peripheral gustatory function. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational water purification controls using second‐order adjoint equations with stability confirmation
Authors: Sekine Toshiki , Kawahara Mutsuto
Published: February 2011

This paper presents a computational method for water purification using second‐order adjoint equations. In Japan, the waters of polluted rivers are purified by conveying the waters from other rivers into the main rivers or by using outflows from sewage plants. The shallow water flow equation based on the water velocity and elevation and the advection diffusion equation of COD concentration are governing equations. The control problem involves finding a flow velocity into the main river that can reduce the COD concentration as close to the target value as possible. In other words, the problem is to find a water velocity to minimize the performance function, which is the square sum of the discrepancy between the computed and the observed COD concentrations.

The present research was motivated by the need to apply water purification controls to practical projects. We have found that the controls occasionally tend to be unstable, and the stability of control must be ensured. By expanding the extended performance function into the Taylor series, the necessary condition for the stationary state is derived. Based on this condition, the first‐and second‐order adjoint equations can be obtained. The backward solution of the adjoint equation leads to the gradient and the Hessian product; these serve as the basis of the quasi‐Newton method. From the condition that the performance function must be minimum, the stability confirmation index can be determined. Using this index, we have derived the trust region method, the computation of which confirms the stability of control.

Verification was carried out using a simple channel model. By varying the peak value of the inflow velocity, the outlet velocity has been determined such that the water elevation at the target point is zero. Depending on the peak value of the inflow, unstable control arises; this is determined by the stability confirmation index presented in this paper. The trust region method with the stability confirmation index is shown to be adaptable to judge the stability of control.

The present method was applied to the water purification of Teganuma river in Japan. The steady fundamental state was computed with the inflow, outflow, and COD concentration at the inlet being specified. The control velocity at the control point can be determined for a fixed control duration with and without the stability confirmation index. The inflow, outflow, and COD concentration are specified as functions of time. It is shown that this method is suitable for practical use because control stability can be ensured. Moreover, it is also noted that the maximum flow velocity for stable control depending on the given control duration can be obtained. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthetic delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol elicits schizophrenia‐like negative symptoms which are distinct from sedation
Authors: Morrison P. D. , Stone J. M.
Published: February 2011

Objective

It is unknown if cannabis recreates the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Methods

Healthy male volunteers (n = 22) completed two experimental sessions in which they received intravenous (IV) delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 2.5 mg or placebo in a randomised counterbalanced order. Negative symptoms were rated using the self‐reported community assessment of psychic experiences scale (CAPE). Sedation was rated using the mood‐adjective check‐list (UMACL). Plasma concentrations of THC were measured over the course of the study. Data were analysed by non‐parametric tests.

Results

Participants reported an increase in negative symptoms from baseline under THC but not placebo conditions (p < 0.001). Negative symptoms showed no relationship with self‐rated sedation or plasma concentrations of THC.

Conclusions

At plasma concentrations resembling recreational use, THC elicited schizophrenia‐like negative symptoms which were not merely attributable to sedation. In the community, negative symptoms may be an adverse effect of cannabis use. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Streamflow response to headwater reforestation in the Ganaraska River basin, southern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Buttle J. M.
Published: February 2011

Increased attention is being paid to the role of reforestation in strategies for sustainable forest management, landscape restoration and carbon sequestration. Reforestation of drainage basins is generally assumed to reduce annual streamflow as well as peak and low flows. However, most studies of reforestation effects on streamflow have been conducted on small experimental basins, and the applicability of their results to larger basins is unclear. This study revisits an earlier examination of streamflow response to headwater reforestation in a 267 km2 basin (Ganaraska River) in southern Ontario, Canada for 1945–2007. Forest cover in the basin headwaters increased from 13 km2 in 1945 to 31 km2 by 1990, with most of this change between 1950 and 1965. Streamflow metrics from the reforested basin and two headwater sub‐basins were compared to those from a nearby basin and sub‐basin of similar size and physiography to the Ganaraska basins but without extensive headwater reforestation. No temporal trends were found for inter‐basin differences in annual runoff or runoff ratios for the entire Ganaraska basin or its largest sub‐basin; however, reforestation appears to have reduced several metrics of peak streamflow at the basin and sub‐basin scale. Relationships between high flows classified according to generating event type and the associated precipitation depth suggest that expansion of forest cover in the Ganaraska River basin (GRB) and associated changes in microclimatic conditions have reduced the potential for frozen soil to generate surface runoff and high flows in response to rain‐on‐snow during spring snowmelt. This was accompanied by increased low flows from the GRB and its sub‐basins from 1960 to 2007 relative to the control basin, suggesting that the expanded forest cover has enhanced groundwater recharge by prolonging spring snowmelt and promoting infiltration of rainfall and snowmelt inputs relative to non‐forested areas. Some discrepancies between these results and those of other studies of streamflow response to reforestation may be attributed to the relatively large size of the GRB and the limited extent of reforestation. Nevertheless, the results highlight the importance of considering how reforestation may affect key hydrologic processes in a given landscape when predicting the resulting streamflow response. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brain accumulation of sunitinib is restricted by P‐glycoprotein (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) and can be enhanced by oral elacridar and sunitinib coadministration
Authors: Tang Seng Chuan , Lagas Jurjen S. , Lankheet Nienke A.G. , Poller Birk , Hillebrand Michel J. , Rosing Hilde , Beijnen Jos H. , Schinkel Alfred H.
Published: February 2011

Sunitinib is an orally active, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor which has been used for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and imatinib‐resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. We aimed to investigate the in vivo roles of the ATP‐binding cassette drug efflux transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2 in plasma pharmacokinetics and brain accumulation of oral sunitinib, and the feasibility of improving sunitinib kinetics using oral coadministration of the dual ABCB1/ABCG2 inhibitor elacridar. We used in vitro transport assays and Abcb1a/1b−/−, Abcg2−/− and Abcb1a/1b/Abcg2−/− mice to study the roles of ABCB1 and ABCG2 in sunitinib disposition. In vitro, sunitinib was a good substrate of murine (mu)ABCG2 and a moderate substrate of human (hu)ABCB1 and huABCG2. In vivo, the systemic exposure of sunitinib after oral dosing (10 mg kg−1) was unchanged when muABCB1 and/or muABCG2 were absent. Brain accumulation of sunitinib was markedly (23‐fold) increased in Abcb1a/b/Abcg2−/− mice, but only slightly (2.3‐fold) in Abcb1a/b−/− mice, and not in Abcg2−/− mice. Importantly, a clinically realistic coadministration of oral elacridar and oral sunitinib to wild‐type mice resulted in markedly increased sunitinib brain accumulation, equaling levels in Abcb1a/1b/Abcg2−/− mice. This indicates complete inhibition of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) transporters. High‐dose intravenous sunitinib could saturate BBB muABCG2, but not muABCB1A, illustrating a dose‐dependent relative impact of the BBB transporters. Brain accumulation of sunitinib is effectively restricted by both muABCB1 and muABCG2 activity. Complete inhibition of both transporters, leading to markedly increased brain accumulation of sunitinib, is feasible and safe with a clinically realistic oral elacridar/sunitinib coadministration.
Five governance issues to consider now!
Authors: Elikai Fara , Mautz Jr. R. David , Stiles Curt
Published: February 2011

With all the concerns about just surviving in this economy, many corporations may have neglected governance. But here are five governance issues that companies need to look at now! © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Understanding and measuring the value of social media
Authors: Nair Mohan
Published: February 2011

Social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube are relatively new to many established parts of the business world, which means that many organizations are experimenting, at least to some degree, when they make their initial forays into social media. This article discusses the considerations organizations face with social media, including the cost issues and what, how, and where to measure engagement with social media. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strategic risk management: A foundation for improving enterprise risk management and governance
Authors: Frigo Mark L. , Anderson Richard J.
Published: February 2011

This article discusses the steps to success for organizations that want to improve their enterprise risk management. Management teams and boards of organizations of all types and sizes need to challenge themselves and their organizations to excel at strategic risk management. Developing strategic risk management processes and capabilities can become a strong foundation for improving risk management and governance. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nuclear targeted delivery of macromolecules to retina and cornea
Authors: Binder Christina , Read Sarah Parker , Cashman Siobhan M. , Kumar‐Singh Rajendra
Published: February 2011

Background

Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) can deliver molecules into cells by binding and penetrating the plasma membrane. However, the majority of CPPs get trapped in endosomes, resulting in degradation of the cargo molecule and inefficient delivery to the nucleus. The present study investigates the potential use of a nucleolin binding peptide (NBP) for the delivery of macromolecules including fluorophores, recombinant protein and DNA to the nuclei of ocular tissues in vivo.

Methods

Fluorescent dyes covalently linked to NBP or NBP‐green fluorescent protein fusion protein were injected intravitreally or subretinally or topically applied to the cornea. Frozen sections were prepared for quantification of transduction. Delivery of plasmid DNA was studied using luciferase and LacZ DNA compacted with pegylated NBP. Levels of luciferase were quantified, and LacZ expression was localized in ocular tissues.

Results

We found that NBP‐directed fluorophores exhibited retinal and corneal transduction. Subretinal injection transduced cell types throughout the retina, including photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium and neuronal cells. Intravitreal injection transduced neuronal cells in the retina, as well as cells in the cornea. Topically applied NBP lead to transduction of the superficial epithelial layer of the cornea. NBP localized to the nucleus upon exogenous application in vivo. Pegylated NBP nanoparticles significantly improved delivery and expression of transgenes over DNA alone without any measureable toxicity.

Conclusions

The results obtained in the present study demonstrate that NBP can deliver small and large molecules into retinal and corneal cells and plasmid DNA into retinal cells and hence may be useful for the delivery of therapeutics to the eye. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of policies and procedures on the communication and documentation of radiologic interpretations
Authors: Monico Edward P. , Forman Howard P. , Goodman T. Rob , Schwartz Ian , Larkin G. Luke
Published: February 2011

Research into emergency medicine (EM) diagnostic errors identified imaging as a contributing factor in 94% of cases. Discrepancies between the preliminary (trainee) and the final (attending) diagnostic imaging interpretation represent a system issue that is particularly prone to creating diagnostic errors. Understanding the types of systematic communication and documentation strategies developed by academic radiology departments to address differences between preliminary and final radiology interpretations to clinicians are threshold steps toward minimizing this risk. This study investigates policies and practices associated with the communication and documentation of preliminary and final radiologic interpretations among U.S. academic radiology departments through a questionnaire directed at radiology department chairs.
Effect of intermittent administration of adiponectin on bone regeneration following mandibular osteodistraction in rabbits
Authors: Jiang Xiaowen , Song Donghui , Ye Bin , Wang Xuemei , Song Guodong , Yang Shoukang , Hu Jing
Published: February 2011

Adiponectin, a protein hormone produced and secreted exclusively by adipocytes, was reported to increase bone mass and stimulate angiogenesis. However, the effect of adiponectin on bone regeneration following distraction osteogenesis has not yet been reported. In this study, rapid unilateral mandibular osteodistraction (distraction rate = 2 mm/day) was applied in 24 New Zealand white rabbits. The animals were then randomly divided into groups A and B (n = 12 for each group). At the 1st, 3rd, and 5th day of the distraction, 200 µl PBS and 200 µl PBS contained 2 µg rh‐adiponectin was intermittently injected into the distraction gap in groups A and B, respectively. At 6 weeks after the end of distraction, the rabbits were sacrificed, and the distracted mandibles were harvested and processed for radiography, dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), micro‐CT, histology, and three‐point bend testing. Under a rapid distraction, immature bone formation was seen in the distracted callus from group A. However, much greater bone formation and higher bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of the distracted callus were observed in group B. Such finding was confirmed by histological, micro‐CT examinations, and mechanical strength test. The results of this study suggest that intermittent administration of adiponectin can promote bone regeneration following rapid mandibular osteodistraction in rabbits. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1081–1085, 2011
Highly ordered periodic array of metallic nanodots fabricated through template‐assisted nanopatterning and its use for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy of flexible crystalline‐silicon nanomembranes
Authors: Nataraj L. , Cloutier S. G.
Published: February 2011

We report on the fabrication of highly uniform periodic arrays of metallic nanodots formed on glass substrates through a facile anodic aluminum oxide template‐assisted process and their use in selective surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy to probe the structural properties of flexible crystalline‐silicon nanomembranes deposited on polymer substrates. A 14‐fold enhancement in Raman scattering was observed from the thin flexible silicon membranes deposited on polyethylene terephthalate substrates, which were used to probe the internal strains in the silicon nanomembrane as a function of the bending radius. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local relaxation in lanthanum silicate oxyapatites by Raman scattering and MAS‐NMR
Authors: Guillot Stéphanie , Beaudet‐Savignat Sophie , Lambert Sébastien , Roussel Pascal , Tricot Gregory , Vannier Rose‐Noelle , Rubbens Annick
Published: February 2011

To characterize the local relaxation in the structure of lanthanum silicate oxyapatite materials, six compositions with different cation and oxygen stoichiometries (La8Ba2Si6O26, La9BaSi6O26.5, La10Si5.5Mg0.5O26.5, La9.33SiO26, La9.67SiO26.5 and La9.83Si5.5Al0.5O26.5) were investigated by combining Raman scattering and 29Si and 27Al magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS‐NMR) spectroscopies. Only [SiO4]4− species were evidenced and the hypotheses of [Si2O7]6− and [Si2O9]8− entities were ruled out. Both oxygen excess and cation vacancies induce local distortions in the structure, which leads to nonequivalent [SiO4]4− species, characterized by different 29Si MAS‐NMR signals and by splitting of Raman signals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the products of aniline peroxydisulfate oligo/polymerization in media with different pH by resonance Raman spectroscopy at 413.1 and 1064 nm excitation wavelengths
Authors: Silva Claudio H. B. , Ferreira Daniela C. , Constantino Vera R. L. , Temperini Marcia L. A.
Published: February 2011

The pH–structure correlation of the products of aniline peroxydisulfate reaction was mainly investigated by resonance Raman spectroscopy. The reactions of aniline and ammonium peroxydisulfate were carried out in aqueous solutions of initial pH ranging from 4.9 to 13.2 and monomer/oxidant molar ratio of 4/1. For an initial pH of 4.9, the spectroscopic techniques showed that the emeraldine salt form of polyaniline (PANI–ES) is the main product, corroborating that the usual head‐to‐tail coupling mechanism is taking place. The resonance Raman spectra at 1064 nm exciting wavelength were useful to detect the emeraldine salt as a minor product for reactions at an initial pH of 5.3–11.5. The Raman spectra of the main product of the reaction at initial pH of 13.2 excited at 1064 and 413.1 nm showed new spectral features consistent with 1,4‐Michael‐type adducts of aniline monomers and 1,4‐benzoquinone‐monoimine unit. These compounds and their products of hydrolysis/oxidation are the predominant species for the reaction media of initial pH from 5.3 to 13.2. In order to get PANI with different nanoscale morphologies, a pH value of more than 0 or 1 was used in the aniline polymerization. The spectroscopic data obtained in this work reveal that head‐to‐tail coupling does not occur when aniline reacts at media pH higher than about 5. It is suggested that chemical structures of the products of aniline oxidation by an unusual mechanism are the driving force for the development of assorted morphologies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Raman spectroscopic investigation of a new self‐assembly monolayer material 4‐[N‐phenyl‐N‐(3‐methylphenyl)‐amino]‐benzoic acid for organic light‐emitting devices
Authors: Kurt M. , Okur S. , Demic S. , Karpagam J. , Sundaraganesan N.
Published: February 2011

We have synthesized 4‐[N‐phenyl‐N‐(3‐methylphenyl)‐amino]‐benzoic acid (4‐[PBA]) and investigated its molecular vibrations by infrared and Raman spectroscopies as well as by calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) approach. The Fourier transform (FT) Raman, dispersive Raman and FT‐IR spectra of 4‐[PBA] were recorded in the solid phase. We analyzed the optimized geometric structure and energies of 4‐[PBA] in the ground state. Stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions and charge delocalization was studied using natural bond orbital analysis. The results show that change in electron density in the σ* and π* antibonding orbitals and E2 energies confirm the occurrence of intramolecular charge transfer within the molecule. Theoretical calculations were performed at the DFT level using the Gaussian 09 program. Selected experimental bands were assigned and characterized on the basis of the scaled theoretical wavenumbers by their total energy distribution. The good agreement between the experimental and theoretical spectra allowed positive assignment of the observed vibrational absorption bands. Finally, the calculation results were applied to simulate the Raman and IR spectra of the title compound, which show agreement with the observed spectra. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of revictimization on coping and depression in female sexual assault victims
Authors: Najdowski Cynthia J. , Ullman Sarah E.
Published: February 2011

To examine the effects of being revictimized, 555 women completed 2 mail surveys 1 year apart, reporting their experiences of sexual assault, the strategies they used to cope with those experiences, and feelings of depression. Path analyses, controlling for baseline coping and depression, revealed that those who were revictimized during the study reported using more maladaptive and adaptive coping strategies than did those who were not revictimized (β = .11 and β = .16, respectively). Further, women who were revictimized reported more depression than others (β = .15). This effect was explained in part by revictimized women's increased maladaptive coping. Results are consistent with other research showing that all of women's traumatic experiences must be taken into consideration to understand fully how sexual assault influences women's coping and recovery.
A Particulate Method for Determining Residence Time in Viscous Flow Processes
Authors: Olmiccia Julie , Heniche Mourad , Bertrand François
Published: February 2011

It is well known that residence time distribution (RTD) is a significant parameter in material processing, therefore, its accurate prediction is essential. From a numerical standpoint, one of the most widespread simulation methodologies is based on the combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and particle tracking techniques. Within this framework, the novelty of this contribution is that the RTD is built upon a minimization of a least square criterion ensuring an accurate prediction of the mean residence time, as well as a smooth RTD function. In addition, a computational procedure is developed to estimate the thickness of the near‐wall region, which must be free of particles otherwise the RTD predictions will diverge. The relevance of the proposed method is assessed on analytical flow test cases and the Kenics static mixer for both Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids. Good agreement is found between numerical and corresponding theoretical mean residence times.

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Diblock copolymers containing polyacrylamide and monomethoxy‐poly(ethylene) oxide: bulk structure and micellization
Authors: Kunitskaya L. R. , Zheltonozhskaya T. B. , Aleinichenko V. A. , Berkova S. A.
Published: February 2011

Using differential scanning calorimetry, the structure of the diblock copolymer (DBC)MePEO‐b‐PAAm was determined. The behaviour of DBCs in water and mixed solvents was investigated. It is shown that adding of dimethyl formamide to DBC water solutions leads to destruction of the H‐bonds network between the PAAm and MePEO blocks. The tendency of DBCs to micellization in water/ethanol mixture depends on the length of MePEO block and grows with increasing molecular weight of MePEO and PAAm.
Photodynamic inactivation of mosquito iridovirus (MIV) by C60 fullerenes
Authors: Rud Y. , Prylutska S. , Buchatskyy L. , Prylutskyy Y. , Ritter U. , Scharff P.
Published: February 2011

It was shown that water soluble C60 fullerenes under visible light interact with iridovirus virions of mosquito Aedes flavescens and lead to their destruction. Specifically, the photodynamic inactivation of mosquito iridovirus during 1 h reduced the infectious virus titer in large wax‐moth larvae Galleria mellonella on 4 lg ID50/ml. Therefore, for inactivation of iridoviruses in biological systems it is appropriate to use the photoexcited C60 fullerenes.