bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glycine Receptor Complex Analysis Using Immunoprecipitation‐Blue Native Gel Electrophoresis‐Mass Spectrometry
Authors: van der Spek Sophie J. F. , Koopmans Frank , Paliukhovich Iryna , Ramsden Sarah L. , Harvey Kirsten , Harvey Robert J. , Smit August B. , Li Ka Wan
Published: January 2020

The pentameric glycine receptor (GlyR), comprising the α1 and β subunits, is a major inhibitory ionotropic receptor in brainstem and spinal cord. GlyRs interact with gephyrin (GPHN), a scaffold protein that anchors the GlyR in the plasma membrane and enables it to form clusters in glycinergic postsynapses. Using an interaction proteomics approach, evidence of the ArfGEFs IQ motif and Sec7 domain 3 (IQSEC3) and IQ motif and Sec7 domain 2 (IQSEC2) as two novel synaptic proteins interacting with GlyR complexes is provided. When the affinity‐isolated GlyR complexes are fractionated by blue native gel electrophoresis and characterized by mass spectrometry, GlyR α1β‐GPHN appears as the most abundant complex with a molecular weight of ≈1 MDa, and GlyR α1β‐GPHN‐IQSEC3 as a minor protein complex of ≈1.2 MDa. A third GlyR α1β‐GPHN‐IQSEC2 complex exists at the lowest amount with a mass similar to the IQSEC3 containing complex. Using yeast two‐hybrid it is demonstrated that IQSEC3 interacts with the GlyR complex by binding to the GPHN G domain at the N‐terminal of the IQSEC3 IQ‐like domain. The data provide direct evidence of the interaction of IQSEC3 with GlyR‐GPHN complexes, underscoring a potential role of these ArfGEFs in the function of glycinergic synapses.
The mediating effect of activity restriction on the relationship between perceived physical symptoms and depression in cancer survivors
Authors: Hata Kotone , Ono Haruka , Ogawa Yuko , Suzuki Shin‐ichi
Published: January 2020

Purpose

Several studies have explored factors causing depression in cancer survivors, including perceived physical symptoms. Another critical factor in the depression symptomatology of cancer survivors is activity restriction (AR). We investigated how AR mediate the effects of perceived pain and fatigue on depression in cancer survivors.

Methods

Cancer survivors (n = 61; mean age 56.16 years) that were recruited through cancer support groups in Japan participated in this study. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires comprising demographic and clinical information, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Cancer Fatigue Scale, the Activity Restriction Scale for Cancer Patients, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Results

Mediation analysis indicated that AR partially mediates the effect of pain on depression. Direct paths from pain to AR, AR to depression, and pain to depression were significant (P < .005). Moreover, indirect paths from pain to AR, AR to depression, and pain to depression were also significant at the 95% level [0.04‐0.13]. However, AR did not mediate the effect of fatigue on depression, and fatigue had a significant direct path to both AR and depression (P < .005).

Conclusion

This study aimed to explore the mediating effect of AR in the relationships of perceived pain and fatigue and depression in cancer survivors. We found that AR mediates perceived pain to depression, however not for perceived fatigue. In addition, because AR was experienced in the face of any survivorship period, AR may need to be treated as a long‐term effect of the cancer diagnosis
Restoring body image after cancer (ReBIC): A group therapy intervention
Authors: Esplen Mary Jane , Warner Ellen , Boquiren Virginia , Wong Jiahui , Toner Brenda
Published: January 2020

Objectives

Body image (BI) remains a significant survivorship challenge among breast cancer (BC) survivors. We describe an 8‐week group intervention—restoring body image after cancer (ReBIC)—developed to target BI distress for BC survivors.

Methods

The intervention was informed by interviews with BC survivors and by a descriptive, exploratory approach which adapted guided imagery exercises to address BI. Educational material was selected to address sociocultural factors that may contribute to BI distress and affect adjustment. Videotape reviews and content analyses further refined the intervention.

Results

The intervention incorporates three active components: psychotherapeutic group principles; guided imagery exercises to address BI; and psychoeducation on relevant socialization factors and gender‐based messages internalized by women in Western society. The therapeutic group was a supportive and effective way to assist BC survivors to gain insight on BI impacts, their histories, and relevant sociocultural factors contributing to BI distress. The group also facilitated the working through of grief over multiple losses. Guided imagery was well‐received, and appeared to help survivors identify negative and emerging self‐schema, as well as facilitate new self‐views. Specific themes included negative emotions associated with an altered body and self, grief and loss, isolation, difficulties with sexual intimacy, relationship challenges, and uncertainty around sense of self and future.

Conclusion

An empirically tested group therapy intervention is described and has implications for survivorship programs to help address BI‐related challenges. Future work could consider testing a similar approach tailored for other cancer populations.
Vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy of cold atmospheric pressure plasma jets
Authors: Golda Judith , Biskup Beatrix , Layes Vincent , Winzer Tristan , Benedikt Jan
Published: January 2020

Due to elevated pressure, cold atmospheric pressure plasmas generate excimer species, which can emit highly energetic photons, thus transferring energy inside the discharge and to treated substrates. However, they are difficult to assess, as they are absorbed by air or window material. Here, we present a method to measure vacuum ultraviolet photons using a monochromator with an aerodynamic window. The emission spectra of a radiofrequency‐excited atmospheric plasma jet were analyzed for typical gas mixtures. The data indicate that helium excimers contribute notably to the excitation of molecular and atomic species. The emission intensities do not follow densities of ground‐state species, underlining the variety of excitation channels and the change of the electron energy distribution function under changing gas composition.
Gas‐Generating, pH‐Responsive Calcium Carbonate Hybrid Particles with Biomimetic Coating for Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Vidallon Mark Louis P. , Douek Alon M. , Quek Adam , McLiesh Heather , Kaslin Jan , Tabor Rico F. , Bishop Alexis I. , Teo Boon Mian
Published: January 2020

This work reports the fabrication of biocompatible and pH‐sensitive hybrid polydopamine/bovine serum albumin/calcium carbonate (PDA/BSA/CaCO3) particles via a rapid precipitation method. These hybrid particles generate hyperechogenic carbon dioxide bubbles upon exposure to low pH environments, making them ideal as a contrast agent and detector for tumor cells. This study also highlights the application of red blood cell membrane (RBC)‐derived membranes as a biomimetic coating for PDA/BSA/CaCO3 hybrid particles in order to modulate protein corona formation, a natural physiological response that alters tailored properties of most nanomaterials that are administered systemically. Results of this work demonstrate that the RBC membrane‐coated hybrid particles are ideal for a wide range of biomedical applications, such as noninvasive multimodal imaging, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, and “personalized” drug delivery systems.
In utero exposure to pre‐eclampsia as an independent risk factor for long‐term respiratory disease
Authors: Nahum Sacks Kira , Friger Michael , Shoham‐Vardi Ilana , Sergienko Ruslan , Landau Daniella , Sheiner Eyal
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Pre‐eclampsia has a considerable effect on the intrauterine environment, yet not much is understood about how this impacts the respiratory health of the offspring. The aim of the present study is to determine if pre‐eclampsia correlates with a higher incidence of respiratory disease in the offspring.

Methods

This cohort study assessed the differences in respiratory disease patterns between singletons born to mothers with and without pre‐eclampsia. The study was conducted between 1991 and 2014 in a regional tertiary medical center. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to control for confounders and maternal clusters.

Results

253 808 deliveries were included in the study. Of these, 3.0% were to mothers diagnosed with pre‐eclampsia (n = 7660), 0.9% with severe pre‐eclampsia (n = 2366), and 0.03% with eclampsia (n = 81). A significant linear association was noted between the severity of the pre‐eclampsia (no pre‐eclampsia, mild, severe pre‐eclampsia, and eclampsia) and respiratory disease of the offspring (5.7%, vs 6.0% vs 7.3% vs 9.9%, respectively; P = .003). The offspring of mothers who developed pre‐eclampsia had significantly higher rates of asthma (1.1%, vs 1.3% vs 1.4% vs 1.2% correspondingly; P = .018). In the GEE model, controlling for gestational diabetes, maternal age, gestational age, and length of follow up, pre‐eclampsia was found to be an independent risk factor for respiratory morbidity in the offspring (adjusted odds ratio = 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.21‐1.45).

Conclusion

Exposure to maternal pre‐eclampsia is an independent risk factor for long‐term respiratory morbidity in the offspring. Specifically, the prenatal exposure to pre‐eclampsia was significantly associated with asthma of the offspring.
Improving the aqueous solubility of HCV‐E2 glycoprotein epitope mimics by cyclization using POLAR hinges
Authors: Meuleman Theodorus J. , Cowton Vanessa M. , Patel Arvind H. , Liskamp Rob M.J.
Published: January 2020

In this research we describe the improvement of the water‐solubility of cyclic epitope mimics based on the HCV E2 glycoprotein by incorporation of suitable polar hinges. The poor solubility of epitope mimics based on peptide sequences in the envelope (E2) protein hampered their synthesis and purification and made it very difficult to prepare the molecular constructs for evaluation of their bioactivity. Since changes in the amino acid composition are hardly possible in these epitope mimics in order to increase water‐solubility, a polar cyclization hinge may offer a remedy leading to a significant increase of polarity and therefore water solubility. These polar hinges were applied in the synthesis of better water‐soluble HCV‐E2 epitopes. An azide functionality in the polar hinges allowed attachment of a tetraethylene glycol linker by Cu‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cyclo‐addition (CuAAC) for a convenient conjugation to ELISA plates in order to evaluate the bio‐activity of the epitope mimics. The immunoassays showed that the use of more polar cyclization hinges still supported anti‐HCV antibody recognition and did not negatively influence their binding. This significantly increased solubility induced by polar hinges should therefore allow for the molecular construction and ultimate evaluation of synthetic vaccine molecules.
Diallyl trisulfide, a H2S donor, inhibits cell growth of human papillary thyroid carcinoma KTC‐1 cells through a positive feedback loop between H2S and cystathionine‐gamma‐lyase
Authors: Xu Shichen , Pan Jie , Cheng Xian , Zheng Jiangxia , Wang Xiaowen , Guan Haixia , Yu Huixin , Bao Jiandong , Zhang Li
Published: January 2020

Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), derived from garlic, is a well‐known hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor. H2S has recently emerged as a novel gasotransmitter involved in the regulation of cancer progression. The present study demonstrated that DATS along with other two H2S donors, NaHS and GYY4137, significantly inhibited papillary thyroid carcinoma KTC‐1 cells growth. DATS treatment triggered a rapid H2S generation within 5 min in KTC‐1 cells. Iodoacetamide, a potent thiol blocker reagent, partially rescued the cell membrane damage and ultimate cell death induced by DATS, indicating H2S contributed to the apoptosis‐inducing efficacy of DATS on thyroid cancer cells. Specifically, DATS treatment significantly upregulated the expression and enzymatic activity of cystathionine gamma‐lyase (CTH), one of H2S‐producing enzymes, which was responsible for endogenous H2S generation. After DATS treatment, H2S quickly permeated cell membranes and activated NF‐κΒ/p65 signaling pathway in KTC‐1 cells. Nuclear translocated NF‐κB bound to the promoter of CTH to enhance its transcription. These evidences proved that exogenous H2S elevated CTH expression. CTH, in turn, catalytically generated a much higher level of endogenous H2S. This positive feedback sustained excess H2S production, which resulted in PTC cells growth inhibition. These findings may shed light on the development of novel H2S‐based antitumor agents.
Improving the ARL profile and the accuracy of its calculation for Poisson EWMA charts
Authors: Cabral Morais Manuel , Knoth Sven
Published: January 2020

The Poisson exponentially weighted moving average (PEWMA) chart was proposed in 1998 by Borror, Champ, and Rigdon to monitor the mean of counts of nonconformities. This chart regrettably fails to have an in‐control average run length (ARL) larger than any out‐of‐control ARL, ie, the PEWMA chart is ARL‐biased. Moreover, due to the discrete character of its control statistic the PEWMA chart and the resulting subtleties of its ARL calculation, it is difficult to set the control limits in such way that the in‐control ARL takes a desired value, say
. In this paper, we establish an improved Markov chain technique to approximate the ARL of EWMA for count output; propose two ARL‐unbiased counterparts of the PEWMA chart; and use the R statistical software to provide illustrations of these charts with a decidedly superior ARL profile and an in‐control ARL equal to
. We also compare the ARL performance of the proposed charts with the one of a few competing control charts for the mean of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Poisson counts.
Exponential synchronization of chaotic systems with stochastic noise via periodically intermittent control
Authors: Xu Cong , Tong Dongbing , Chen Qiaoyu , Zhou Wuneng , Xu Yuhua
Published: January 2020

The problem of second‐moment exponential synchronization is discussed for chaotic systems. Different from some existing results, a unified drive‐response system is formulated, which involves stochastic noise and the time‐varying delay. Meanwhile, the feedback controller is presented by the periodically intermittent control. By exploiting the Lyapunov stability theory, the improved reciprocally convex inequality and the Itô formula, several new sufficient conditions are obtained to make two systems synchronized. In addition, the controller is determined by the control period and the control width. Finally, simulation results illustrate that the designed controller achieves the desired performance.
Quantifying soil carbon change in a long‐term tillage and crop rotation study across Iowa landscapes
Authors: Al‐Kaisi Mahdi M. , Kwaw‐Mensah David
Published: January 2020

The dominant cropping system of corn and soybean in the midwestern United States, coupled with use of conventional tillage (CT), has contributed to soil organic carbon (SOC) loss since the conversion of grassland to row crops. This study, conducted at seven sites in Iowa from 2002 to 2014, included five tillage systems: conservation tillage (no tillage [NT], strip‐tillage [ST]) and CT (chisel plow [CP], deep rip [DR], and moldboard plow [MP]) as main treatment and three crop rotations (corn–soybean [C‐S], corn–corn–soybean [C‐C‐S], and continuous corn [C‐C]) as subtreatments in a completely randomized block design with four replications. The objective was to quantify the effect of different tillage intensities and crop rotations on SOC change in different regions in Iowa. The average SOC gain in northern Iowa with NT and ST was 0.33 Mg ha−1 yr−1 over 12 yr with C‐S and C‐C‐S and 0.28 Mg ha−1 yr−1 over 7 yr in the C‐C rotations. The average SOC loss with CP, DR, and MP was −0.34 Mg ha−1 yr−1 with C‐S and C‐C‐S and −0.36 Mg ha−1 yr−1 with C‐C over the same periods. In southern Iowa, NT and ST gained 0.36 Mg ha−1 yr−1 with C‐S and C‐C‐S and 0.33 Mg ha−1 yr−1 with C‐C, whereas CP, DR, and MP on average lost −0.36 Mg ha−1 yr−1 with C‐S and C‐C‐S and −0.34 Mg ha−1 yr−1 with C‐C. The findings also showed that most SOC change (gain or loss) occurred at the top 0–30 cm with no evidence of significant SOC translocation to lower depths.
Context, time, and change: Historical approaches to entrepreneurship research
Authors: Wadhwani R. Daniel , Kirsch David , Welter Friederike , Gartner William B. , Jones Geoffrey G.
Published: January 2020

Research Summary

We articulate the value of historical methods and reasoning in strategic entrepreneurship research and theory. We begin by introducing the papers in the special issue, contextualizing each within one of five broader methodological approaches, and elaborating on the applicability of each to other topics in entrepreneurship research. Next, we use the papers to induce a framework for integrating history into entrepreneurship theory. The framework demonstrates how historical assumptions play a formative role in operationalizing time and context in entrepreneurship research. We then show how variations in these treatments of time and context shape theoretical claims about entrepreneurial opportunities, actions, and processes of change. We conclude by discussing why this may be a particularly opportune time for strategic entrepreneurship research to develop a deeper historical sensibility.

Managerial Summary

History can serve as an especially important guide to understanding entrepreneurship during moments of change. We draw on articles from the special issue on “Historical Approaches to Entrepreneurship Research” to illustrate different forms of historical reasoning and research about entrepreneurship. Moreover, we use the articles to develop a framework for understanding how historical context and time shape entrepreneurial opportunities, actions, and processes of change. We emphasize, in particular, the value of history in understanding variations in entrepreneurial practices.
Solubility and Bioavailability of Fenofibrate Nanoformulations
Authors: Kumar Raj
Published: January 2020

Fenofibrate is a poorly water soluble lipid‐regulating drug used to control triglyceride and cholesterol levels in blood plasma. However, due to its poor aqueous solubility, it has poor therapeutic effectiveness. Recently, several approaches based on nanotechnology have been developed to enhance the water solubility, dissolution, bioavailability, and control release of Fenofibrate. However, very few of these innovative formulations have reached the stage of clinical trials and only few have commercialized. Here, we systematically review the techniques such as milling, antisolvent precipitation, sonication, supercritical fluid techniques, electrospray, self‐emulsifying drug delivery, lipid‐based nanoparticle, and silica nanostructure‐based formulation used to enhance bioavailability of Fenofibrate. We have reviewed the progress in Fenofibrate nanoformulations, commercial products, and future challenges for further investigation.
Fabrication and Application of Graphene Supported Diimine‐Palladium Complex Catalyst for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Sun Yunlong , Li Tian
Published: January 2020

In this paper, a diimine palladium complex with suitable steric hindrance of isopropyl groups and electron supply provides excellent protection for palladium active centers was synthesized and anchored on graphene oxide (GO) to obtain a reusable heterogeneous catalyst (Pd‐DI@GO). The XPS results confirmed the effective loading of palladium and the interaction between palladium and ligand. The ICP‐AES data verified the Pd content of catalyst was 5.04 wt% and confirmed extremely small amount Pd leaching in Suzuki reaction (<1 ppm). The Pd‐DI@GO can catalyze Suzuki reaction under milder conditions and afford 39 reactants with high yields (79%∼99%). It can achieve a yield as high as 99% with heterocyclic compound reactants which can poison the catalyst. The yields of double and triple substitutions are also impressive (70∼92%). The Pd‐DI@GO can catalyze the C−H direct arylation reaction efficiently, affording 22 reactants with superior yields (>85%). Notably, the Pd‐DI@GO can be recycled after Suzuki reaction via filtration or centrifugation easily, presenting a yield above 90% for the 4th run.
A Facile Synthesis of Urchin‐Like ZnMn2O4 Architectures with Enhanced Electrochemical Lithium Storage
Authors: Dou Xiaoyong , Chen Ming , Zai Jiantao , Gong Yong , Iqbal Asma , Zhou Qinnan , Dong Boxu , Tsega TsegayeTadesse , Qi Rongrong , Qian Xuefeng
Published: January 2020

As conversion material, ZnMn2O4 has a high theoretical specific capacity as an anode for Lithium‐ion batteries. This paper has designed a facile method to prepare urchin‐like ZnMn2O4 architectures with high quality and well crystallinity. The resultant urchin‐like ZnMn2O4 architectures exhibit high discharge capacity and excellent cycling stability. The initial discharge capacity of urchin‐like ZnMn2O4 architectures is 1167 mAh g−1 at 0.4 A g−1 and the electrode materials could maintain high reversible capacity of 889 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles. Even in the high current density of 1 A g−1, the electrode of urchin‐like ZnMn2O4 can keep a high reversible capacity of 578 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles. The improved electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the urchin‐like architectures of the as‐prepared ZnMn2O4, which could be conducive to the transmission of lithium ions and electrons and provide sufficient void spaces to tolerate the volume change during the Li+ intercalation. These results revealed that as‐prepared urchin‐like ZnMn2O4 architectures would be a promising anode for high performance Lithium‐ion batteries.
Simultaneously Integrating Single Atomic Cobalt Sites and Co9S8 Nanoparticles into Hollow Carbon Nanotubes as Trifunctional Electrocatalysts for Zn–Air Batteries to Drive Water Splitting
Authors: Li Yizhe , Cao Rui , Li Longbin , Tang Xiannong , Chu Tinglin , Huang Bingyu , Yuan Kai , Chen Yiwang
Published: January 2020

The development of rechargeable metal–air batteries and water electrolyzers are highly constrained by electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the construction of efficient trifunctional electrocatalysts for ORR/OER/HER are highly desirable yet challenging. Herein, hollow carbon nanotubes integrated single cobalt atoms with Co9S8 nanoparticles (CoSA + Co9S8/HCNT) are fabricated by a straightforward in situ self‐sacrificing strategy. The structure of the CoSA + Co9S8/HCNT are verified by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. Theoretical calculations and experimental results embrace the synergistic effects between Co9S8 nanoparticles and single cobalt atoms through optimizing the electronic configuration of the CoN4 active sites to lower the reaction barrier and facilitating the ORR, OER, and HER simultaneously. Consequently, rechargeable liquid and all‐solid‐state flexible Zn–air batteries based on CoSA + Co9S8/HCNT exhibit remarkable stability and excellent power density of 177.33 and 51.85 mW cm−2, respectively, better than Pt/C + RuO2 counterparts. Moreover, the as‐fabricated Zn–air batteries can drive an overall water splitting device assembled with CoSA + Co9S8/HCNT and achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a low voltage of 1.59 V, also superior to Pt/C + RuO2. Therefore, this work presents a promising approach to an efficient trifunctional electrocatalyst toward practical applications.
High‐dimensional variable screening under multicollinearity
Authors: Zhao Naifei , Xu Qingsong , Tang Man‐Lai , Jiang Binyan , Chen Ziqi , Wang Hong
Published: January 2020

Variable screening is of fundamental importance in linear regression models when the number of predictors far exceeds the number of observations. Multicollinearity is a common phenomenon in high‐dimensional settings, in which two or more predictor variables are highly correlated, leading to the notorious difficulty for high‐dimensional variable screening. Sure independence screening (SIS) procedure can greatly reduce the dimensionality, but it may break down when the predictors are highly correlated. By combing the factor modelling with SIS, the profiled independence screening (PIS) approach was proposed. However, under a spiked population model, the profiled predictors could not be guaranteed to be uncorrelated and PIS may therefore be misleading. Instead of assuming either the predictors are uncorrelated as in SIS or the profiled predictors are uncorrelated as in PIS, a more general and challenging scenario is considered in which the predictors can be highly correlated. A so‐called preconditioned PIS (PPIS) method is proposed that produces asymptotically uncorrelated profiled predictors and thus leads to consistent model selection results under a spiked population model. Compared with PIS, the proposed method could handle the complex multicollinearity case, such as a spiked population model with a slow spectrum decay of population covariance matrix, while keeping the calculation simple. The promising performance of the proposed PPIS method will be illustrated via extensive simulation studies and two real examples.
Experimental shear tests of reinforced concrete beams with corroded longitudinal reinforcement
Authors: Han Sun‐Jin , Lee Deuckhang , Yi Seong‐Tae , Kim Kang Su
Published: January 2020

In this study, shear tests were conducted to investigate the effect of corrosion damage induced in longitudinal reinforcement on the shear resistance mechanisms of reinforced concrete (RC) members without transverse reinforcement. A total of eight RC beam specimens were carefully designed and fabricated, and accelerated corrosion and typical shear tests were conducted considering various anchorage conditions and corrosion rates that were introduced in the longitudinal tension reinforcement as the key test variables. Test results showed that when the tensile reinforcement was not sufficiently anchored at the end regions of the RC members, the shear strengths of the test specimens decreased as the corrosion rate increased. In contrast, when the longitudinal reinforcement was properly anchored using the hook detail, the shear strengths showed a clear trend of increase, even when the longitudinal reinforcement was severely corroded.
A preliminary experimental feasibility case study of energy upgrade of pellets of lignite and plastic waste mixtures
Authors: Lasithiotakis Michael , Zoumboulakis Loukas , Soulis Spyridon , Simitzis Johannis
Published: January 2020

The calorific value enhancement of lignite by briquetting with novolac resin and plastic wastes is discussed in this work. Mixtures of several types of lignite with novolac as binder, with or without polypropylene, were manufactured in the form of pellets by curing. Pellets were pyrolyzed at 300°C and 500°C, and weight losses were determined. Chemical transformations during curing were studied by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and the corresponding changes in the microstructure of the pellets were investigated by optical microscopy. Specimens of cured pellets were tested for their impact resistance index (IRI) and water resistance index (WRI). The incorporation of polypropylene in the pellets leads to an increase of IRI and a decrease of WRI. The calorific value was measured for both cured and pyrolyzed pellets. All pellets exhibit increased lower calorific value compared with raw lignite, indicating an upgrade of their energy content.
Dealing with the NHS staff recruitment and retention crisis
Authors: Kirby Roger
Published: January 2020

‘Crisis’, some may argue, is a frequently overused term. For the NHS, however, the recent numbers seem to confirm what many fear. Here the author discusses the issues and some solutions.
Reenvisioning Spelling Instruction: Developmental Word Study Nonnegotiables
Authors: Vines Nora , Jordan Jennifer , Broemmel Amy D.
Published: January 2020

Spelling instruction has been researched over the last several decades, but unfortunately, researchers have determined that best practices have not generally transferred to classroom practice. The authors explored how quality word study professional development rooted in nonnegotiable tenets provided a framework for teacher and student construction of knowledge and practice. This work resulted in reframed conceptual knowledge on the part of the teachers and achievement growth on the part of the students.
Forensic intelligence and the analytical process
Authors: Oatley Giles , Chapman Brendan , Speers James
Published: January 2020

A review was undertaken of the developments made with integrating forensic evidence into the analytical process to support police investigations. Evidence such as DNA, fingerprints, fibers, accelerants, tyre marks, and so forth, can support to differing degrees the various working theories or hypotheses about the nature of the alleged crime, the persons of interest and the modus operandi. Investigators however, either forensic or detective, bring various biases to evidence capture and analysis, biases which are better understood in the intelligence community. Structured analytical techniques have a long history in intelligence analysis, for example analysis of competing hypotheses, which serves several purposes: information sharing, clarity of communication, and to highlight the common forms of bias brought to bear in an investigation. We illustrate the representation of links based on traces and intelligence, and how these can be stored in databases permitting better “reasoning” with evidence. We also present some recommendations for integration of forensic intelligence into the investigative analytic process and review information systems in this area.

This article is categorized under:

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Human Centricity and User Interaction

Application Areas > Society and Culture

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Knowledge Representation
Oxidation Reactions of the N‐Heterocyclic Stannylenes [o‐C6H4(NSitBuMe2)2]Sn and [{Fe(η5‐C5H4‐NSitBuMe2)2}Sn] with Sulfur, Selenium, and Diphenyl Diselenide
Authors: Guthardt Robin , Bachmann Dennis , Bruhn Clemens , Siemeling Ulrich
Published: January 2020

The N‐heterocyclic stannylenes [{Fe(η5‐C5H4‐NSitBuMe2)2}Sn] (1) and [o‐C6H4(NSitBuMe2)2]Sn (2) were prepared in one‐pot reactions from SnCl2, LiN(SiMe3)2, and the corresponding diamine, viz. [Fe(η5‐C5H4‐NHSitBuMe2)2] and o‐C6H4(NSiHtBuMe2)2, respectively. Oxidative addition reactions of 1 and 2 with S8 and Se8, respectively, afforded the corresponding 1,3,2,4‐dithiadistannetanes ((1S)2, (2S)2), and 1,3,2,4‐diselenadistannetanes [(1Se)2, (2Se)2]. The reactions of 1 and 2 with PhSeSePh respectively furnished 1(SePh)2 and 2(SePh)2. The crystal structures of o‐C6H4(NSiHtBuMe2)2, 1, 2, (1S)2, (2S)2, (1Se)2, (2Se)2, 1(SePh)2, and 2(SePh)2 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Stannylene 2 shows a chain‐like aggregation in the solid state due to intermolecular Sn···arene interactions. A short intramolecular CH···Se contact compatible with a hydrogen bond was observed for (1Se)2.
Das Delir beim idiopathischen Parkinson-Syndrom
Authors: Franke C. , Ebersbach G.
Published: January 2020

Hintergrund

Die Entwicklung eines Delirs im Rahmen eines idiopathischen Parkinson-Syndrom (IPS) ist eine gefürchtete Komplikation, die mit einem hohen Risiko für langanhaltende Verschlechterungen von Motorik und Psychopathologie einhergeht. Bisher liegen nur unzureichende Kenntnisse zu Prävalenz, Inzidenz, Verlauf und Prognose vor. Ebenso fehlen klinische Studien, aus denen sich Empfehlungen zum evidenzbasierten Management des Delirs bei IPS ableiten lassen.

Ziel der Arbeit/Fragestellung

Darstellung des aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Kenntnisstandes des Delirs beim IPS und Sensibilisierung für diese wichtige Krankheitsentität.

Methoden

Die Literatursuche wurde in PubMed durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse

Das IPS ist ein unabhängiger Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung eines Delirs. IPS-Patienten zeigen nach einem Delir anhaltende Verschlechterungen sowohl der Kognition als auch der motorischen Symptomatik.

Diskussion

Bislang existieren keine validierten Bewertungsskalen zur Erkennung und Verlaufsbeurteilung des Delirs beim IPS. Präventive und nichtpharmakologische Maßnahmen sollten konsequent und strukturiert angewandt werden. Die medikamentöse Behandlung mit Quetiapin und Clozapin ist bisher noch unzureichend untersucht, während andere Neuroleptika aufgrund ihrer dopaminantagonistischen Wirkung zur Behandlung des Delirs beim IPS kontraindiziert sind.
Long-Read Amplicon Sequencing of Nitric Oxide Dismutase (nod) Genes Reveal Diverse Oxygenic Denitrifiers in Agricultural Soils and Lake Sediments
Authors: Zhu Baoli , Wang Zhe , Kanaparthi Dheeraj , Kublik Susanne , Ge Tida , Casper Peter , Schloter Michael , Lueders Tillmann
Published: January 2020

Microorganisms play an essential role in nitrogen cycling and greenhouse gas emissions in soils and sediments. The recently discovered oxygenic denitrifiers are proposed to reduce nitrate and nitrite via nitric oxide dismutation directly to N2 and O2. So far, the ecological role of these microbes is not well understood. The only available tool for a targeted study of oxygenic denitrifiers is their respective maker gene, nitric oxide dismutase (nod). Here, we established the use of PacBio long-read sequencing of nod gene amplicons to study the diversity and community structure of oxygenic denitrifiers. Two distinct sets of environmental samples, agricultural soil and lake sediment, were investigated as examples. The circular consensus sequences (ca 1.0 kb) obtained covered most substitution characteristic of NO dismutase and allowed for reliable classification of oxygenic denitrifiers. Distinct nod gene pools and community structure were revealed for the different habitats, with most sequence types affiliated to yet unidentified environmental nod lineages. The abundance of nod genes ranged 2.2 × 106–3.2 × 107 gene copies g−1 soil or sediment, accounting for up to 3% of total bacterial 16S rRNA gene counts. This study indicates that nod-gene-targeted long-read sequencing can be a powerful tool for studying the ecology of these novel microbes, and the results also suggest that oxygenic denitrifiers are prevalent and abundant in different terrestrial samples, where they could play an important, but yet overlooked role in nitrogen transformations.
Comparative studies on similarities and differences of cyclodipeptide oxidases for installation of C–C double bonds at the diketopiperazine ring
Authors: Mikulski Lena , Schäfer Johanna , Brockmeyer Kirsten , Kraut Rixa , Li Shu-Ming
Published: January 2020

Cyclodipeptide oxidases (CDOs) perform dehydrogenations on diketopiperazines and play an important role in the cyclodipeptide diversification. In this study, we investigated the two known CDOs AlbA/B and Ndas_1146/7 and one new member, CDO-Np. LC-MS monitoring of 32 cyclodipeptide biotransformations in E. coli revealed good consumption of cyclodipeptides containing aromatic amino acids. Cyclodipeptides consisting solely of aliphatic amino acids were poor substrates. In vitro assays of 34 substrates with crude enzyme extracts and product identification proved that the CDO-Np-containing extract catalyzes the formation of two C–C double bonds in many cases. The extracts containing the two other enzymes had lower activities and catalyzed mainly didehydrogenations. For didehydrogenation, the phenylalanyl or tyrosyl site was usually preferred. No or very low acceptance of benzodiazepinediones and a 2,6-diketopiperazine proved the importance of the 2,5-diketopiperazine ring. N-Methylation at the diketopiperazine ring or prenylation of the tryptophan-containing cyclodipeptides influences the enzyme activity and product spectrum.

Key points

• Comparison of catalytic activities of three enzymes; Diverse cyclodipeptides and derivatives as substrates; Determination of double bond formation using2H-labeled substrates; Product identification also by interpretation of MS2fragmentation pattern.
Mating failure shapes the patterns of sperm precedence in an insect
Authors: Balfour Vicki L. , Black Daniella , Shuker David M.
Published: January 2020

Estimates of last male sperm precedence (P2) are often used to infer mechanisms of sperm competition, a form of post-copulatory sexual selection. However, high levels of mating failure (i.e. copulations resulting in no offspring) in a population can lead to misinterpretations of sperm competition mechanisms. Through simulations, García-González (2004) illustrated how mating failure could cause bimodal distributions of paternity with peaks atP2 = 0 and 1, under a random sperm mixing mechanism. Here, we demonstrate this effect empirically with the seed bugLygaeus simulans, a species known to exhibit high levels of mating failure (40–60%), using a morphological marker to estimate paternity. Contrary to previous findings in a sister species, we did not find strong evidence for last male sperm precedence. There was a tendency towards last male precedence (P2 = 0.58) but within the expected range for random sperm mixing. Instead,P2was highly variable, with a bimodal distribution, as predicted by García-González (2004). After taking mating failure into account, the strongest driver of paternity outcome was copulation duration. Furthermore, we found evidence that mating failure could partly be a female-associated trait. Some doubly-mated females were more likely to produce no offspring or produce offspring from two different sires than expected by chance. Therefore, some females are more prone to experience mating failure than others, a result that mirrors an earlier result in maleL. simulans. Our results confirm that mating failure needs to be considered when interrogating mechanisms of post-copulatory sexual selection.

Significance statement

Mating failure arises when animals fail to produce offspring across their lifetime. This may be due to a failure to find a mate or a failure to produce offspring after one or more apparently successful matings. Sperm competition is when ejaculates of rival males compete to fertilize a female’s eggs. Estimates of second male paternity (P2) are often used to infer mechanisms of sperm competition (i.e. which male “wins” and how). However, García-González (2004) suggested that high levels of mating failure can skew paternity (i.e. give spuriously high/low levels ofP2) and lead to misinterpretations of these mechanisms. We carried out sperm competition experiments onLygaeus simulansseed bugs using a morphological marker to estimate paternity. We show empirically that mating failure does skew patterns of paternity, causing a bimodal distribution ofP2. Therefore, by disrupting patterns of sperm competition, mating failure influences both the action of post-copulatory sexual selection and also our understanding of the mechanisms of sperm competition.
Development of limited-view tomography for measurement of Spray G plume direction and liquid volume fraction
Authors: Weiss Lukas , Wensing Michael , Hwang Joonsik , Pickett Lyle M. , Skeen Scott A.
Published: January 2020

The method for direct injection of fuel in the cylinder of an IC engines is important to high-efficiency and low-emission performance. Optical spray diagnostics plays an important role in understanding plume movement and interaction for multi-hole injectors, and providing baseline understanding used for computational optimization of fuel delivery. Traditional planar or line-of-sight diagnostics fail to capture the liquid distribution because of optical thickness concerns. This work proposes a high-speed (67 kHz) extinction imaging technique at various injector rotations coupled to computed tomography (CT) for time-resolved reconstruction of liquid volume fraction in three dimensions. The number of views selected and processing were based on synthetic (modeled) liquid volume fraction data where extinction and CT adequately reconstructed each plume. The exercise showed that for an 8-hole, symmetric-design injector (ECN Spray G), only three different views are enough to reproduce the direction of each plume, and particularly the mean plume direction. Therefore, the number of views was minimized for experiments to save expense. Measurements applying this limited-view technique confirm plume–plume variations also detected with mechanical patternation, while providing better spatial and temporal resolution than achieved previously. Uncertainties due to the limited view within pressurized spray chambers, the droplet size, and optically thick regions are discussed.

Graphic abstract
Estimating change points in nonparametric time series regression models
Authors: Mohr Maria , Selk Leonie
Published: January 2020

In this paper we consider a regression model that allows for time series covariates as well as heteroscedasticity with a regression function that is modelled nonparametrically. We assume that the regression function changes at some unknown time $$\lfloor ns_0\rfloor $$

⌊
n

s
0

⌋

, $$s_0\in (0,1)$$

s
0

∈

(
0
,
1
)

, and our aim is to estimate the (rescaled) change point $$s_0$$

s
0

. The considered estimator is based on a Kolmogorov-Smirnov functional of the marked empirical process of residuals. We show consistency of the estimator and prove a rate of convergence of $$O_P(n^{-1})$$

O
P

(

n

-
1

)

which in this case is clearly optimal as there are only n points in the sequence. Additionally we investigate the case of lagged dependent covariates, that is, autoregression models with a change in the nonparametric (auto-) regression function and give a consistency result. The method of proof also allows for different kinds of functionals such that Cramér-von Mises type estimators can be considered similarly. The approach extends existing literature by allowing nonparametric models, time series data as well as heteroscedasticity. Finite sample simulations indicate the good performance of our estimator in regression as well as autoregression models and a real data example shows its applicability in practise.
Effect of QTU prolongation on hyperemic instantaneous wave-free ratio value: a prospective single-center study
Authors: Nakayama Masafumi , Uchiyama Takashi , Hijikata Nobuhiro , Kobori Yuichi , Tanaka Nobuhiro , Iwasaki Kiyotaka
Published: January 2020

We hypothesized that in patients with QT prolongation, resistance might not decrease in the wave-free period, because QTU prolongation cannot be detected by instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) analysis software. We investigated whether corrected QTU (QTUc) prolongation affects the hyperemic iFR value. Forty-two consecutive patients with intermediate stenosis (≥ 50%) in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) were analyzed. Fractional flow reserve (FFR) and hyperemic iFR were simultaneously and continuously recorded with intravenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and papaverine infusions. In 17 patients with stenosis in the proximal LAD, coronary flow was measured. Patients were divided into two groups according to the median absolute deviation of the QTUc by ATP administration/QTUc by papaverine administration. FFR, hyperemic iFR, and flow data were compared between each stimulus and group. Moreover, influences of pressure and electrocardiogram parameters on differences in iFR values under ATP and papaverine administration were compared between the following two groups (group 1: the absolute difference of hyperemic iFR values between ATP and papaverine administration is ≤ 0.05; group 2: that is > 0.05). The paired t test and t test were used in analysis. Hyperemic iFR values of patients under the use of papaverine were lower than those of patients under the use of ATP when QTUc was more prolonged by papaverine administration than by ATP administration (ATP 0.74 ± 0.14, papaverine 0.71 ± 0.15, P = 0.025). No significant differences were observed in the FFR value and flow data between the groups. Regarding QTU, QTUc, and QTUc by ATP/QTUc by papaverine, significant differences were observed between group 1 and group 2. Pressure parameters did not induce significant differences. QTUc prolongation induced by papaverine was associated with lower hyperemic iFR values. An iFR-based assessment might lead to inappropriate treatment of patients with QTUc prolongation.
The learning curves of a validated virtual reality hip arthroscopy simulator
Authors: Bartlett Jonathan D. , Lawrence John E. , Yan Matthew , Guevel Borna , Stewart Max E. , Audenaert Emmanuel , Khanduja Vikas
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Decreases in trainees’ working hours, coupled with evidence of worse outcomes when hip arthroscopies are performed by inexperienced surgeons, mandate an additional means of training. Though virtual reality simulation has been adopted by other surgical specialities, its slow uptake in arthroscopic training is due to a lack of evidence as to its benefits. These benefits can be demonstrated through learning curves associated with simulator training—with practice reflecting increases in validated performance metrics.

Methods

Twenty-five medical students with no previous experience of hip arthroscopy completed seven weekly simulated arthroscopies of a healthy virtual hip joint using a 70° arthroscope in the supine position. Twelve targets were visualised within the central compartment, six via the anterior portal, three via the anterolateral portal and three via the posterolateral portal. Task duration, number of collisions (bone and soft-tissue), and distance travelled by arthroscope were measured by the simulator for every session of each student.

Results

Learning curves were demonstrated by the students, with improvements in time taken, number of collisions (bone and soft-tissue), collision length and efficiency of movement (all p < 0.01). Improvements in time taken, efficiency of movement and number of collisions with soft-tissue were first seen in session 3 and improvements in all other parameters were seen in session 4. No differences were found after session 5 for time taken and length of soft-tissue collision. No differences in number of collisions (bone and soft-tissue), length of collisions with bone, and efficiency of movement were found after session 6.

Conclusions

The results of this study demonstrate learning curves for a hip arthroscopy simulator, with significant improvements seen after three sessions. All performance metrics were found to improved, demonstrating sufficient visuo-haptic consistency within the virtual environment, enabling individuals to develop basic arthroscopic skills.