bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Working in tandem: Proportionality and procedural guarantees in EU immigration law
Authors: Rochel Johan
Published: March 2019

This Article aims at highlighting theoretical and practical issues around the application of the general principle of proportionality in EU immigration. It focuses on the application procedure foreseen by the Single Permit Directive by proposing an argument that combines proportionality and procedural guarantees. This Article has two main objectives: First, it explains why and how the general principle of proportionality is applicable to first admission applications. In this context, the Single Permit Directive—adopted as an important piece of the emerging EU legal regime on immigration—will represent a common theme for our reflections and a timely example on the practical implications of the argument presented in this Article. Second, it explores an important dimension of the legal-philosophical relevance of proportionality as applied to immigration. This specific Article might be apprehended from the point of view of a larger debate on the meaning of discretion in immigration law. It connects to the field of immigration ethics, a field in which legal scholars should become more active. As will be shown, ethical and legal considerations on immigration should work closely together, thereby improving current regulations and their implementation.
Law, language, and knowledge: Legal transplants from a cultural perspective
Authors: Carvalho Julio
Published: March 2019

In this Article, I have analyzed the philosophical grounds on which stands the conception of law implied in legal transplants. On the one hand, behind the idea of legal transplants lurks the misleading assumption that two different legal cultures share common epistemological accounts of what is meant by law; on the other, the idea that a certain legal institution verbally framed may be exported to another culture and touch off similar interpretations and conceptual performances reflects, at its core, a conception of language based on an isomorphic correspondence between legal words and the meanings those words are to stand for. My goal has been to critically expose the philosophical backdrop that lies behind the conception of law implied in the idea of a legal transplant with an eye to the cultural perspective. To this end, I have availed myself of different but convergent perspectives gathered from Wittgenstein’s pragmatic philosophy of language, Geertz’s cultural anthropology, Eco’s semiology, Harris’ integrational epistemology, and Rosen’s cultural theory of law, as a methodological strategy to spotlight different facets of the problem in three dimensions: Language, knowledge, and law.
Inclined slow acoustic waves incident to stagnation point probes in supersonic flow
Authors: Schilden Thomas , Schröder Wolfgang
Published: March 2019

Tunnel noise in supersonic testing facilities is known to be a decisive factor in boundary layer transition experiments. It defines initial conditions for the growth of modal instabilities by the receptivity mechanism. That is, to interpret experimental results, the determination of tunnel noise is of crucial importance. It is common to use stagnation point probes equipped with pressure transducers in supersonic flows, but since tunnel noise undergoes modulation during the measurement, the probes must be calibrated. The predominant component of tunnel noise is caused by the nozzle boundary layer which radiates highly inclined slow acoustic waves. Therefore, the calibration of stagnation point probes for these disturbances is essential. For quasi-steady deviations from the free stream, an analytic reduced-order method holds. A corresponding conflicting model derived by Stainback & Wagner (1972, AIAA Paper 72-1003) is revised and corrected. Inclined slow acoustic waves generate higher pressure perturbations at the probe than non-inclined waves. In general, costly three-dimensional direct numerical simulations can be used for calibration. In this study, however, new axisymmetric boundary conditions are proposed to reduce the problem to two dimensions to efficiently investigate the detection of incident inclined slow acoustic waves by stagnation point probes. A cylindrical probe with a rounded edge is investigated in supersonic flow at a Mach number $Ma=5.9$. For the inclination angle of radiated slow acoustic waves, stagnation point pressure fluctuations abruptly decay with increasing Strouhal number and a similar behaviour can be seen at constant Strouhal number with increasing inclination angle. Two simple criteria for the onset of decay based on the radial wavenumber are deduced. Furthermore, stagnation point pressure fluctuations were decomposed into an initial pulse impact and resonant amplification to separately investigate the effects. The initial pulse determines the overall pressure signal. At high inclination angles, a new mechanism for resonance caused by a surface pressure wave travelling at the phase speed of the incident wave was found to supersede resonance caused by oscillating acoustic waves prevailing at low inclination angles.
The vortex-entrainment sheet in an inviscid fluid: theory and separation at a sharp edge
Authors: DeVoria A. C. , Mohseni K.
Published: March 2019

In this paper a model for viscous boundary and shear layers in three dimensions is introduced and termed a vortex-entrainment sheet. The vorticity in the layer is accounted for by a conventional vortex sheet. The mass and momentum in the layer are represented by a two-dimensional surface having its own internal tangential flow. Namely, the sheet has a mass density per-unit-area making it dynamically distinct from the surrounding outer fluid and allowing the sheet to support a pressure jump. The mechanism of entrainment is represented by a discontinuity in the normal component of the velocity across the sheet. The velocity field induced by the vortex-entrainment sheet is given by a generalized Birkhoff–Rott equation with a complex sheet strength. The model was applied to the case of separation at a sharp edge. No supplementary Kutta condition in the form of a singularity removal is required as the flow remains bounded through an appropriate balance of normal momentum with the pressure jump across the sheet. A pressure jump at the edge results in the generation of new vorticity. The shedding angle is dictated by the normal impulse of the intrinsic flow inside the bound sheets as they merge to form the free sheet. When there is zero entrainment everywhere the model reduces to the conventional vortex sheet with no mass. Consequently, the pressure jump must be zero and the shedding angle must be tangential so that the sheet simply convects off the wedge face. Lastly, the vortex-entrainment sheet model is demonstrated on several example problems.
Experimental study of negatively buoyant finite-size particles in a turbulent boundary layer up to dense regimes
Authors: Baker Lucia J. , Coletti Filippo
Published: March 2019

We experimentally investigate the two-phase interplay in an open-channel turbulent boundary layer laden with finite-size particles at global volume fractions between 4 and 25 %. The working fluid (water) and the dispersed phase (hydrogel spheres) have closely matched refractive indices, allowing us to measure the properties of both phases using particle image velocimetry and particle tracking velocimetry, respectively. The particles have a diameter of approximately 9 % of the channel depth and are slightly denser than the fluid. The negative buoyancy causes a strong vertical concentration gradient, characterized by discrete and closely spaced particle layers parallel to the wall. Even at the lowest considered volume fractions, the near-wall fluid velocity and velocity gradients are strongly reduced, with large mean shear throughout most of the channel height. This indicates that the local effective viscosity of the suspension is greatly increased due to the friction between particle layers sliding over one another. The particles consistently lag the fluid and leave their footprint on its mean and fluctuating velocity profiles. The turbulent activity is damped near the wall, where the nearly packed particles disrupt and suppress large-scale turbulent fluctuations and redistribute some of the kinetic energy to smaller scales. On the other hand, in the outer region of the flow where the local particle concentration is low, the mean shear produces strong Reynolds stresses, with enhanced sweeps and ejections and frequent swirling events.
Modeling durophagous predation and mortality rates from the fossil record of gastropods
Authors: Budd Graham E. , Mann Richard P.
Published: March 2019

Gastropods often show signs of unsuccessful attacks by durophagous predators in the form of healed scars in their shells. As such, fossil gastropods can be taken as providing a record of predation through geological time. However, interpreting the number of such scars has proved to be problematic—Would a low number of scars mean a low rate of attack or a high rate of success, for example? Here we develop a model of population dynamics among individuals exposed to predation, including both lethal and nonlethal attacks. Using this model, we calculate the equilibrium distributions of ages and healed scars in the population and among fossilized specimens, based on the assumption that predation is independent of age or scar number. Based on these results, we formally show that the rates of attack and success cannot be disambiguated without further information about population structure. Nevertheless, by making the assumptions that the non-durophagous predatory death rate is both constant and low, we show that it is possible to use relatively small assemblages of gastropods to produce accurate estimates of both attack and success rates, if the overall death rate can be estimated. We consider likely violations of the assumptions in our model and what sort of information would be required to solve this problem in these more general cases. However, it is not easy to extract the relevant information from the fossil record: a variety of important biases are likely to intervene to obscure the data that gastropod assemblages may yield. Nonetheless, the model provides a theoretical framework for interpreting summary data, including for comparison between different assemblages.
THE UNITAL EXT-GROUPS AND CLASSIFICATION OFC*-ALGEBRAS
Authors: GABE JAMES , RUIZ EFREN
Published: March 2019

The semigroups of unital extensions of separableC*-algebras come in two flavours: a strong and a weak version. By the unital Ext-groups, we mean the groups of invertible elements in these semigroups. We use the unital Ext-groups to obtainK-theoretic classification of both unital and non-unital extensions ofC*-algebras, and in particular we obtain a completeK-theoretic classification of full extensions of UCT Kirchberg algebras by stable AF algebras.
Effect of chitosan on production performance of feedlot lambs
Authors: Pereira F. M. , Carvalho G. G. P. , Magalhães T. S. , Freitas Júnior J. E. , Pinto L. F. B. , Mourão G. B. , Pires A. J. V. , Eiras C. E. , Novais-Eiras D. , Azevêdo J. A. G. , Eustáquio Filho A.
Published: March 2019

Intake, digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance, microbial protein synthesis, weight gain, yields of the main commercial cuts and carcass morphometric measurements were evaluated in lambs fed diets containing different levels of chitosan. Sixty Santa Inês crossbred sheep with an average body weight (BW) of 24 ± 2.2 kg were assigned to three treatments (diets containing 0, 136 or 272 mg chitosan/kg BW) in a completely randomized design. There was no effect of chitosan on dry matter (DM) intake. Ingested and retained N showed a quadratic response, with the highest values estimated at the chitosan levels of 142 and 152 mg/kg BW, respectively. Similar to N balance, microbial protein synthesis showed the same quadratic response, in which the level of 136 mg/kg BW resulted in higher synthesis when compared with the other levels. No effect of chitosan was detected on average daily gain, final weight, or carcass variables (hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, yield of commercial cuts and morphometric measurements of the carcass). Conformation, visceral fat content and fatness of carcasses were also not altered by the use of chitosan. Chitosan improves the digestibility of DM, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre, and increases N balance and microbial protein synthesis but does not change the production performance of feedlot lambs.
A population-based study of inter-generational attitudes towards consanguineous marriages in north-eastern Brazil
Authors: Lima Shirley O. A. , Farias Allysson A. , Albino Victor A. , Marques-Alves Yanna K. , Olinda Ricardo , Santos-Silva Tais A. , Alves Leandro U. , Zatz Mayana , Santos Silvana
Published: March 2019

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate beliefs, attitudes and reproductive behaviours in relation to consanguinity in a population living in the backlands of north-eastern Brazil. Data were collected by face-to-face interview from 147 high school students aged 13–20 years and from 532 elderly individuals aged 60 years and over from Brejo dos Santos in the state of Paraíba in 2017. The frequency of consanguineous marriage was found to have increased over the generations, being 15.9% in the parents of the elderly participants, 17.1% in the elderly participants themselves and 20.5% in their descendants. Although 258 (50.9%) of the elderly interviewees opposed consanguineous union, 341 (65.3%) would approve of the marriage of their children with relatives. Both the young (n=108 or 78.3%) and elderly (n=398 or 80.4%) interviewees believed that consanguineous marriages were no more durable than non-consanguineous marriages (p=0.578). Additionally, 408 (82.4%) of the elderly individuals and 108 (80.6%) of the students recognized that spouses in consanguineous unions experience conflicts, just like other couples do (p=0.625). In both groups, the majority of the participants did not believe that consanguinity increased the risk of having children with disabilities. The regression of the two continuous variables ‘age’ and ‘positive attitudes score’ showed a significant correlation, suggesting that younger individuals are more susceptible to the influence of cultural factors contributing to consanguinity, such as the opinions of their parents and grandparents. The belief that consanguineous unions are more durable showed a significant difference between elderly individuals in consanguineous and non-consanguineous unions (p=0.001); the former were 2.42 more likely to believe that marriages between relatives contributes to marriage durability.
A new genus and species of the trematode family Gyliauchenidae Fukui, 1929 from an unexpected, but plausible, host, Kyphosus cornelii (Perciformes: Kyphosidae)
Authors: Huston Daniel C. , Miller Terrence L. , Cutmore Scott C. , Cribb Thomas H.
Published: March 2019

The Enenteridae Yamaguti, 1958 and Gyliauchenidae Fukui, 1929 exhibit an interesting pattern of host partitioning in herbivorous fishes of the Indo-West Pacific. Enenterids are known almost exclusively from fishes of the family Kyphosidae, a group of herbivorous marine fishes common on tropical and temperate reefs. In contrast, gyliauchenids are found in most of the remaining lineages of marine herbivorous fishes, but until the present study, had never been known from kyphosids. Here we report on the first species of gyliauchenid known from a kyphosid. Endochortophagus protoporus gen. nov., sp. nov. was recovered from the Western buffalo bream, Kyphosus cornelii (Whitley, 1944), collected off Western Australia. Kyphosus cornelii also hosts an enenterid, Koseiria allanwilliamsi Bray & Cribb, 2002, and is thus the first fish known in which enenterids and gyliauchenids co-occur. Molecular phylogenetic analyses place the new species close to those of Affecauda Hall & Chambers, 1999 and Flagellotrema Ozaki, 1936, but there is sufficient morphological evidence, combined with the unusual host, to consider it distinct from these genera. We discuss factors which may have contributed to the host partitioning pattern observed between enenterids and gyliauchenids.
Motive Attribution and the Moral Politics of the Welfare State
Authors: KEVINS ANTHONY , HORN ALEXANDER , JENSEN CARSTEN , VAN KERSBERGEN KEES
Published: March 2019

This article explores the moral politics of the welfare state and the social conflicts that underlie them. We argue that existing research on the moralism of redistributive and social policy preferences is overly one-dimensional, with a longstanding concentration on attitudes toward welfare state beneficiaries. To widen our understanding of the phenomenon, we introduce the concept of motive attribution: that is, how people answer the question “what drives others to take the positions that they hold?” Doing so allows us to shift the subject of moralistic attitudes, with a move toward uncovering what citizens think of those who hold a given social policy stance. The article then lays out a first systematic overview of motive attributions using an original dataset built from nationally representative surveys conducted in ten Western democracies. Comparing responses across these countries, we draw out important cross-national differences in ascribed motives, including within welfare state regime types.
Health Technology Assessment in Malaysia: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Roza Sarimin , Junainah Sabirin , Izzuna Mudla Mohamed Ghazali , Ku Nurhasni Ku Abdul Rahim , Yusof Mohd Aminuddin Mohd , Noormah Md Darus , Syful Azlie Md Fuzi , Sit Wai Lee
Published: March 2019

Objectives

The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolution of health technology assessment (HTA) in Malaysia over the past decade.

Methods

We described the evolution of HTA program in Malaysia based on review of administrative data, publicly available information and quantitative description of impact evaluation.

Results

Health Technology Assessment HTA was formalized in Malaysia in 1995 as a central structure within the Ministry of Health, Malaysia in 1995. Expansion of activities demonstrated over the years including Horizon Scanning of health technologies and implementation of evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Improvement on the processes in terms of types of report, quality, monitoring, and impact evaluation as well as accessibility was also carried out. Examples of impact/influence of the reports have also been demonstrated.

Conclusions

HTA program in Malaysia has evolved over the past decades. Its role in policy formulation and decision making of health technologies has become more significant over the years and is foreseen to be bigger in the future. As a trusted source of evidence, HTA in Malaysia will continue to strengthen the health system by advocating informed decision making and value-based medicine. As other countries in this region is trying to establish their own HTA processes and procedures, this review on the evolution of the HTA program in Malaysia might give some insights on developing a sustainable HTA program.
“Most Hevynesse and Sorowe”: The Presence of Emotions in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Court of Chancery
Authors: Bailey Merridee L.
Published: March 2019

Finding emotions in medieval and early modern sources is one of the more difficult challenges currently facing historians. The task of uncovering emotions in legal records is even more fraught. Legal sources were precisely crafted to meet legal requirements and jurisdictional issues. Equally, emotions were not part of the jurisdiction of any court in the late Middle Ages or early modern period and there was no legal interest in eliciting them from litigants. Why then would we begin to think it is possible to find emotions in these legal records? This article invites social and legal historians to begin considering these questions by investigating the emotions in cases brought into the court of Chancery between 1386 and 1558.
Magnitude, distribution, risk factors and care-seeking behaviour of acute, self-reported gastrointestinal illness among US Army Soldiers: 2015
Authors: Mullaney S. B. , Rao S. , Salman M. D. , McCluskey B. J. , Hyatt D. R.
Published: March 2019

Throughout history, acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) has been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among US service members. We estimated the magnitude, distribution, risk factors and care seeking behaviour of AGI among the active duty US Army service members using a web-based survey. The survey asked about sociodemographic characteristics, dining and food procurement history and any experience of diarrhoea in the past 30 days. If respondents reported diarrhoea, additional questions about concurrent symptoms, duration of illness, medical care seeking and stool sample submission were asked. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify the factors associated with AGI and factors associated with seeking care and submitting a stool sample. The 30-day prevalence of AGI was 18.5% (95% CI 16.66–20.25), the incidence rate was 2.24 AGI episodes per person-year (95% CI 2.04–2.49). Risk factors included a region of residence, eating at the dining facility and eating at other on-post establishments. Individuals with AGI missed 2.7–3.7 days of work, which costs approximately $ 847 451 629 in paid wages. Results indicate there are more than 1 million cases of AGI per year among US Army Soldiers, which can have a major impact on readiness. We found that care-seeking behaviours for AGI are different among US Army Service Members than the general population. Army Service Members with AGI report seeking care and having a stool sample submitted less often, especially for severe (bloody) diarrhoea. Factors associated with seeking care included rank, experiencing respiratory symptoms (sore throat, cough), experiencing vomiting and missing work for their illness. Factors associated with submitting a stool sample including experiencing more than five loose stools in 24 h and not experiencing respiratory symptoms. US Army laboratory-based surveillance under-estimates service members with both bloody and non-bloody diarrhoea. To our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate the magnitude, distribution, risk factors and care-seeking behaviour of AGI among Army members. We determined Army service members care-seeking behaviours, AGI risk factors and stool sample submission rates are different than the general population, so when estimating burden of AGI caused by specific foodborne pathogens using methods like Scallan et al. (2011), unique multipliers must be used for this subset of the population. The study legitimises not only the importance of AGI in the active duty Army population but also highlights opportunities for public health leaders to engage in simple strategies to better capture AGI impact so more modern intervention strategies can be implemented to reduce burden and indirectly improve operational readiness across the Enterprise.
Disintegration and Bayesian inversion via string diagrams
Authors: Cho Kenta , Jacobs Bart
Published: March 2019

The notions of disintegration and Bayesian inversion are fundamental in conditional probability theory. They produce channels, as conditional probabilities, from a joint state, or from an already given channel (in opposite direction). These notions exist in the literature, in concrete situations, but are presented here in abstract graphical formulations. The resulting abstract descriptions are used for proving basic results in conditional probability theory. The existence of disintegration and Bayesian inversion is discussed for discrete probability, and also for measure-theoretic probability – via standard Borel spaces and via likelihoods. Finally, the usefulness of disintegration and Bayesian inversion is illustrated in several examples.
Abelian Logic Gates
Authors: HOLROYD ALEXANDER E. , LEVINE LIONEL , WINKLER PETER
Published: March 2019

An abelian processor is an automaton whose output is independent of the order of its inputs. Bond and Levine have proved that a network of abelian processors performs the same computation regardless of processing order (subject only to a halting condition). We prove that any finite abelian processor can be emulated by a network of certain very simple abelian processors, which we call gates. The most fundamental gate is a toppler, which absorbs input particles until their number exceeds some given threshold, at which point it topples, emitting one particle and returning to its initial state. With the exception of an adder gate, which simply combines two streams of particles, each of our gates has only one input wire, which sends letters (‘particles’) from a unary alphabet. Our results can be reformulated in terms of the functions computed by processors, and one consequence is that any increasing function from ℕk to ℕℓ that is the sum of a linear function and a periodic function can be expressed in terms of (possibly nested) sums of floors of quotients by integers.
Role of Neurocognitive Factors in Academic Fluency for Children and Adults With Spina Bifida Myelomeningocele
Authors: Cirino Paul T. , Kulesz Paulina A. , Child Amanda E. , Ware Ashley L. , Barnes Marcia A. , Fletcher Jack M. , Dennis Maureen
Published: March 2019

Objectives: Fluency is a major problem for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, including fluency deficits for academic skills. The aim of this study was to determine neurocognitive predictors of academic fluency within and across domains of reading, writing, and math, in children and adults, with and without spina bifida. In addition to group differences, we expected some neurocognitive predictors (reaction time, inattention) to have similar effects for each academic fluency outcome, and others (dexterity, vocabulary, nonverbal reasoning) to have differential effects across outcomes. Methods: Neurocognitive predictors were reaction time, inattention, dexterity, vocabulary, and nonverbal reasoning; other factors included group (individuals with spina bifida, n=180; and without, n=81), age, and demographic and untimed academic content skill covariates. Univariate and multivariate regressions evaluated hypotheses. Results: Univariate regressions were significant and robust (R2=.78, .70, .73, for reading, writing, and math fluency, respectively), with consistent effects of covariates, age, reaction time, and vocabulary; group and group moderation showed small effect sizes (<2%). Multivariate contrasts showed differential prediction across academic fluency outcomes for reaction time and vocabulary. Conclusions: The novelty of the present work is determining neurocognitive predictors for an important outcome (academic fluency), within and across fluency domains, across population (spina bifida versus typical), over a large developmental span, in the context of well-known covariates. Results offer insight into similarities and differences regarding prediction of different domains of academic fluency, with implications for addressing academic weakness in spina bifida, and for evaluating similar questions in other neurodevelopmental disorders. (JINS, 2019, 25, 249–265)
The Early Stages of Mimetite Dissolution in EDTA Studied with Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Bajda Tomasz , Manecki Maciej , Matyjasik Marek
Published: March 2019

A mineral, mimetite Pb5(AsO4)3Cl, is one of the most insoluble minerals and continues to be considered a viable remedial strategy for immobilization of Pb and As from contaminated soils. It has been recognized that many well-known, naturally-occurring, and synthetic chelators strongly influence dissolution processes in near-surface geological environments. In this study, crystals of mimetite were observed in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) before and after dissolution in EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid) solution. Directin situobservations at room temperature made in an AFM fluid cell revealed that the grain surface roughness has increased due to development of etch pits. Both hexagonal and prismatic walls developed dissolution features between 0.6 and 1.2µm, respectively, during duration of the experiment. AFM observations suggest surface-controlled dissolution dominated step retrieval on both prismatic and hexagonal surfaces. SEM observations showed the development of rounded edges on hexagonal walls and elongated, oval etch pits on the prismatic wall. These results, representing early dissolution patterns on mimetite surfaces, might suggest that low pH conditions in soils containing organic acids similar to EDTA might contribute to remobilization of Pb and As from mimetite when applied to stabilization of these toxic metals in contaminated soils.
Spirituality in the continuing education of healthcare professionals: An approach to palliative care
Authors: Dezorzi Luciana Winterkorn , Raymundo Marcia Mocellin , Goldim José Roberto , de Oliveira Ceres Andréia Vieira
Published: March 2019

Objective

A major barrier to the adoption of an approach that integrates spirituality into palliative care is the lack of preparation/education of healthcare professionals on the topic. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a continuing education activity for healthcare professionals addressing spirituality and spiritual care provision to patients and families within palliative care.

Method

We conducted an intervention study using a quantitative pre- and posttest design in a convenience sample of 52 healthcare professionals. Participants completed the Brazilian version of the Spiritual Care Competence Scale before and after attending a four-hour continuing education activity.

Result

Significant differences were observed between pre- and postintervention scores in the following dimensions: assessment and implementation of spiritual care, professionalization and improving the quality of spiritual care, personal support, and patient counseling (p < 0.001), and referral (p = 0.003).

Significance of results

The results of this study provide preliminary evidence of a positive effect of this educational intervention on the development of the competences needed by healthcare professionals to deliver a comprehensive approach centered on the patient/family, which includes attention to spirituality and spiritual care in the decision-making process.
Interactions of quizalofop-p-ethyl mixed with contact herbicides in ACCase-resistant rice production
Authors: Rustom Samer Y. , Webster Eric P. , Blouin David C. , McKnight Benjamin M.
Published: March 2019

A field study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 near Crowley, LA, to evaluate antagonistic, synergistic, or neutral interactions of quizalofop when mixed with contact herbicides labeled for use in rice production. Quizalofop was applied at 120 g ai ha−1. Mixture herbicides included bentazon at 1,050 g ai ha−1, carfentrazone at 18 g ai ha−1, propanil at 3,360 g ai ha−1, saflufenacil at 25 g ai ha−1, and thiobencarb at 3,360 g ai ha−1. A second application of quizalofop at 120 g ha−1 was made at 28 d after the initial application (DAIT) to evaluate control of weeds escaping the initial treatment. At 14 and 28 DAIT, red rice, ‘CLXL-745’, and ‘CL-111’ treated with quizalofop plus propanil indicated an antagonistic response with an observed control of 69% to 71% compared with an expected control of 92% to 94%. Barnyardgrass treated with the same mixture also indicated an antagonistic response at 14 and 28 DAIT with an observed control of 16% compared with an expected control of 94%. Barnyardgrass treated with quizalofop plus saflufenacil indicated an antagonistic response at 14 DAIT; however, the same mixture produced a neutral response by 28 DAIT. In addition, a second application of quizalofop was not able to overcome the antagonism observed with a quizalofop plus propanil mixture at 14 and 28 DAIT for red rice, CLXL-745, CL-111, or barnyardgrass control. Quizalofop mixed with carfentrazone or thiobencarb produced a neutral response for all weeds evaluated at each evaluation date.
Melting Curve and Equation of State of β‐Fe7N3: Nitrogen in the Core?
Authors: Kusakabe Mayu , Hirose Kei , Sinmyo Ryosuke , Kuwayama Yasuhiro , Ohishi Yasuo , Helffrich George
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition of carbonaceous chondrites permits up to 0.5 ± 0.4 wt% N in the Earth's core, which potentially affects the melting temperature, density profile, and phase relation of the core iron alloy. Here we have determined the melting curve and the high‐temperature equation of state (EoS) of β‐Fe7N3, which is stable above 40 GPa as the most Fe‐rich iron‐nitride. Experiments were performed in a laser‐heated diamond‐anvil cell up to 136 GPa, together with synchrotron X‐ray diffraction measurements. We found that multiple melting criteria gave similar melting temperatures: (1) the appearance of diffuse X‐ray scattering, (2) discontinuity in the laser power versus temperature relation, and (3) the reduction in diffraction peak intensity from solid. The validity of these melting criteria was confirmed by textural observation of recovered samples. We also observed rapid recrystallization at temperatures lower than the melting temperatures. The results demonstrate that β‐Fe7N3 melts congruently at about 3,100 K at 135 GPa, lower than the melting temperatures of FeSi and FeO and similar to that of FeS. The thermal EoS indicates that the density of Fe7(C,N)3 matches the observed inner core density. Combining the melting curve and the EoS of β‐Fe7N3, we also obtain the EoS of liquid Fe7N3. It shows that the density and compressibility of Fe + 10 wt% N is compatible with the outer core density profile. It supports the presence of some nitrogen in the liquid and solid parts of the core, although its concentration is difficult to constrain from the core density.
Long‐Term Trend of the Tropical Pacific Trade Winds Under Global Warming and Its Causes
Authors: Li Yang , Chen Quanliang , Liu Xiaoran , Li Jianping , Xing Nan , Xie Fei , Feng Juan , Zhou Xin , Cai Hongke , Wang Zhenglin
Published: March 2019

The recent intensification of trade winds over the tropical Pacific is the strongest ever observed in the past hundred years. This strengthening trend is of great interest in recent research, but the causes are still unclear. Using two relatively long‐term surface wind data sets, the present research shows that there is an overall strengthening trend of the trades in the western equatorial Pacific and an overall weakening trend in the eastern equatorial Pacific. This long‐term trend pattern can be primarily attributed to the cold tongue mode (CTM) rather than to the impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), El Niño Modoki, or Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). The CTM, the second empirical orthogonal function mode of the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the tropical Pacific, represents a strong long‐term trend of tropical Pacific background state under global warming. According to the Gill‐Matsuno theory, the easterly winds over the western equatorial Pacific are induced by the equatorial Pacific cooling and warming SSTA associated with the CTM, while the westerly winds over the eastern equatorial Pacific is primarily due to the eastern equatorial Pacific cooling SSTA associated with the CTM. Ultimately, an alternative explanation of past and future changes of the trades is expected to lead to improved understanding of the global climatic impacts of the enhanced trades in tropical Pacific under global warming.
Air‐Sea Gas Transfer: Determining Bubble Fluxes With In Situ N2 Observations
Authors: Emerson Steven , Yang Bo , White Mariela , Cronin Meghan
Published: March 2019

Oxygen measurements by in situ sensors on remote platforms are used to determine net biological oxygen fluxes in the surface ocean. On an annual basis these fluxes are stoichiometrically related to the export of organic carbon from the upper ocean (the ocean's biological carbon pump). In situ measurements on remote platforms make it feasible to observe the annual biological oxygen flux globally, but the accuracy of these estimates during periods of high winds depends on model‐determined fluxes by bubble processes created by breaking waves. We verify the importance of bubble processes in the gas exchange model of Liang et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.1002gbc.20080) using surface‐ocean N2 gas measurements determined from observations of dissolved gas pressure and oxygen concentrations every 3 hr on a mooring in the northeast subarctic Pacific at Ocean Station Papa. The changes in N2 concentration during 10 separate monthlong periods in the winters between 2007 and 2016 indicate that bubble processes in the gas exchange model are over predicted by about a factor of 3 at this location. (The bubble mass transfer coefficients must be multiplied by 0.37 ± 0.14 to match the observations.) These results can be used to adjust model‐determined bubble fluxes to yield more accurate measurements of net biological oxygen production until the next generation gas‐exchange models are developed.
Lithologically Controlled Subsurface Critical Zone Thickness and Water Storage Capacity Determine Regional Plant Community Composition
Authors: Hahm W. Jesse , Rempe Daniella M. , Dralle David N. , Dawson Todd E. , Lovill Sky M. , Bryk Alexander B. , Bish David L. , Schieber Juergen , Dietrich William E.
Published: March 2019

Explanations for distinct adjacent ecosystems that extend across hilly landscapes typically point to differences in climate or land use. Here we document—within a similar climate—how contrasting regional plant communities correlate with distinct underlying lithology and reveal how differences in water storage capacity in the critical zone (CZ) explain this relationship. We present observations of subsurface CZ structure and groundwater dynamics from deep boreholes and quantify catchment‐wide dynamic water storage in two Franciscan rock types of the Northern California Coast Ranges. Our field sites have a Mediterranean climate, where rains are out of phase with solar energy, amplifying the importance of subsurface water storage for periods of peak ecosystem productivity in the dry season. In the deeply weathered (~30 m at ridge) Coastal Belt argillite and sandstone, ample, seasonally replenished rock moisture supports an evergreen forest and groundwater drainage sustains baseflow throughout the summer. In the Central Belt argillite‐matrix mélange, a thin CZ (~3 m at ridge) limits total dynamic water storage capacity (100–200 mm) and rapidly sheds winter rainfall via shallow storm and saturation overland flow, resulting in low plant‐available water (inferred from predawn tree water potential) and negligible groundwater storage that can drain to streams in summer. This storage limitation mechanism explains the presence of an oak savanna‐woodland bounded by seasonally ephemeral streams, despite >1,800 mm of average precipitation. Through hydrologic monitoring and subsurface characterization, we reveal a mechanism by which differences in rock type result in distinct regionally extensive plant communities under a similar climate.
Local Heat Source Needed to Form Liquid Water Lake on Mars
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: March 2019

Thermal modeling suggests that active magmatism in the past few hundred thousand years could account for the presence of a large lake previously hypothesized beneath the Red Planet’s southern ice cap.
Carbon fixation and energy metabolisms of a subseafloor olivine biofilm
Authors: Smith Amy R , Kieft Brandon , Mueller Ryan , Fisk Martin R , Mason Olivia U , Popa Radu , Colwell Frederick S
Published: March 2019

Earth’s largest aquifer ecosystem resides in igneous oceanic crust, where chemosynthesis and water-rock reactions provide the carbon and energy that support an active deep biosphere. The Calvin Cycle is the predominant carbon fixation pathway in cool, oxic, crust; however, the energy and carbon metabolisms in the deep thermal basaltic aquifer are poorly understood. Anaerobic carbon fixation pathways such as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, which uses hydrogen (H2) and CO2, may be common in thermal aquifers since water-rock reactions can produce H2 in hydrothermal environments and bicarbonate is abundant in seawater. To test this, we reconstructed the metabolisms of eleven bacterial and archaeal metagenome-assembled genomes from an olivine biofilm obtained from a Juan de Fuca Ridge basaltic aquifer. We found that the dominant carbon fixation pathway was the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, which was present in seven of the eight bacterial genomes. Anaerobic respiration appears to be driven by sulfate reduction, and one bacterial genome contained a complete nitrogen fixation pathway. This study reveals the potential pathways for carbon and energy flux in the deep anoxic thermal aquifer ecosystem, and suggests that ancient H2-based chemolithoautotrophy, which once dominated Earth’s early biosphere, may thus remain one of the dominant metabolisms in the suboceanic aquifer today.
RIPK1 can mediate apoptosis in addition to necroptosis during embryonic development
Authors: Zhang Xuhua , Dowling John P. , Zhang Jianke
Published: March 2019

RIPK1 has emerged as a key effector in programmed necrosis or necroptosis. This function of RIPK1 is mediated by its protein serine/threonine kinase activity and through the downstream kinase RIPK3. Deletion of RIPK1 prevents embryonic lethality in mice lacking FADD, a signaling adaptor protein required for activation of Caspase 8 in extrinsic apoptotic pathways. This indicates that FADD-mediated apoptosis inhibits RIPK1-dependent necroptosis to ensure successful embryogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism for this critical regulation remains unclear. In the current study, a novel mouse model has been generated, by disrupting a potential caspase cleavage site at aspartic residue (D)324 in RIPK1. Interestingly, replacing D324 with alanine (A) in RIPK1 results in midgestation lethality, similar to the embryonic defect in FADD−/− mice but in stark contrast to the normal embryogenesis of RIPK1−/− null mutant mice. Surprisingly, disrupting the downstream RIPK3 alone is insufficient to rescue RIPK1D324A/D324A mice from embryonic lethality, unless FADD is deleted simultaneously. Further analyses reveal a paradoxical role for RIPK1 in promoting caspase activation and apoptosis in embryos, a novel mechanism previously unappreciated.
Odor mixtures of opposing valence unveil inter-glomerular crosstalk in the Drosophila antennal lobe
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed A. M. , Retzke Tom , Das Chakraborty Sudeshna , Fabian Benjamin , Hansson Bill S. , Knaden Markus , Sachse Silke
Published: March 2019

Evaluating odor blends in sensory processing is a crucial step for signal recognition and execution of behavioral decisions. Using behavioral assays and 2-photon imaging, we have characterized the neural and behavioral correlates of mixture perception in the olfactory system of Drosophila. Mixtures of odors with opposing valences elicit strong inhibition in certain attractant-responsive input channels. This inhibition correlates with reduced behavioral attraction. We demonstrate that defined subsets of GABAergic interneurons provide the neuronal substrate of this computation at pre- and postsynaptic loci via GABAB- and GABAA receptors, respectively. Intriguingly, manipulation of single input channels by silencing and optogenetic activation unveils a glomerulus-specific crosstalk between the attractant- and repellent-responsive circuits. This inhibitory interaction biases the behavioral output. Such a form of selective lateral inhibition represents a crucial neuronal mechanism in the processing of conflicting sensory information.
Whole-genome resequencing of 472 Vitis accessions for grapevine diversity and demographic history analyses
Authors: Liang Zhenchang , Duan Shengchang , Sheng Jun , Zhu Shusheng , Ni Xuemei , Shao Jianhui , Liu Chonghuai , Nick Peter , Du Fei , Fan Peige , Mao Ruzhi , Zhu Yifan , Deng Weiping , Yang Min , Huang Huichuan , Liu Yixiang , Ding Yiqing , Liu Xianju , Jiang Jianfu , Zhu Youyong , Li Shaohua , He Xiahong , Chen Wei , Dong Yang
Published: March 2019

Understanding the Vitis species at the genomic level is important for cultivar improvement of grapevine. Here we report whole-genome genetic variation at single-base resolution of 472 Vitis accessions, which cover 48 out of 60 extant Vitis species from a wide geographic distribution. The variation helps to identify a recent dramatic expansion and contraction of effective population size in the domesticated grapevines and that cultivars from the pan-Black Sea region have a unique demographic history in comparison to the other domesticated cultivars. We also find selective sweeps for berry edibility and stress resistance improvement. Furthermore, we find associations between candidate genes and important agronomic traits, such as berry shape and aromatic compounds. These results demonstrate resource value of the resequencing data for illuminating the evolutionary biology of Vitis species and providing targets for grapevine genetic improvement.
Contractile forces in platelet aggregates under microfluidic shear gradients reflect platelet inhibition and bleeding risk
Authors: Ting Lucas H. , Feghhi Shirin , Taparia Nikita , Smith Annie O. , Karchin Ari , Lim Esther , John Alex St. , Wang Xu , Rue Tessa , White Nathan J. , Sniadecki Nathan J.
Published: March 2019

Platelets contract forcefully after their activation, contributing to the strength and stability of platelet aggregates and fibrin clots during blood coagulation. Viscoelastic approaches can be used to assess platelet-induced clot strengthening, but they require thrombin and fibrin generation and are unable to measure platelet forces directly. Here, we report a rapid, microfluidic approach for measuring the contractile force of platelet aggregates for the detection of platelet dysfunction. We find that platelet forces are significantly reduced when blood samples are treated with inhibitors of myosin, GPIb-IX-V, integrin αIIbβ3, P2Y12, or thromboxane generation. Clinically, we find that platelet forces are measurably lower in cardiology patients taking aspirin. We also find that measuring platelet forces can identify Emergency Department trauma patients who subsequently require blood transfusions. Together, these findings indicate that microfluidic quantification of platelet forces may be a rapid and useful approach for monitoring both antiplatelet therapy and traumatic bleeding risk.
Calcium-activated 14-3-3 proteins as a molecular switch in salt stress tolerance
Authors: Yang Zhijia , Wang Chongwu , Xue Yuan , Liu Xiao , Chen She , Song ChunPeng , Yang Yongqing , Guo Yan
Published: March 2019

Calcium is a universal secondary messenger that triggers many cellular responses. However, it is unclear how a calcium signal is coordinately decoded by different calcium sensors, which in turn regulate downstream targets to fulfill a specific physiological function. Here we show that SOS2-LIKE PROTEIN KINASE5 (PKS5) can negatively regulate the Salt-Overly-Sensitive signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. PKS5 can interact with and phosphorylate SOS2 at Ser294, promote the interaction between SOS2 and 14-3-3 proteins, and repress SOS2 activity. However, salt stress promotes an interaction between 14-3-3 proteins and PKS5, repressing its kinase activity and releasing inhibition of SOS2. We provide evidence that 14-3-3 proteins bind to Ca2+, and that Ca2+ modulates 14-3-3-dependent regulation of SOS2 and PKS5 kinase activity. Our results suggest that a salt-induced calcium signal is decoded by 14-3-3 and SOS3/SCaBP8 proteins, which selectively activate/inactivate the downstream protein kinases SOS2 and PKS5 to regulate Na+ homeostasis by coordinately mediating plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter and H+-ATPase activity.