bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘I’ve never told anybody that before’: the virtual archive and collaborative spaces of knowledge production
Authors: Jackson Tom
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the ‘virtual archives’ of community spaces and their potentials for collaborative, community-based knowledge production. It evaluates and problematises concepts of virtual archive engagement using a specific virtual archive project and a specific community as an illustrative case study. Experience Temple Works is a multisensory and participatory virtual archive of a Grade I listed building in South Leeds. It was intended to facilitate an analysis of the relationships between the vivid sensory experience of the building and the creative and cultural activities taking place within it. However, as this chapter attests, the project came to attain much greater social and academic impact through its later reconfiguration as a community-orientated platform for collaborative knowledge production. The overarching intention here is to explicate how new forms of virtual archive might challenge the power relationships historically associated with archives as privileged spaces of knowledge production, while simultaneously avoiding the many pitfalls associated with digitally mediated forms of experience and participation, both of which are well documented within the academic disciplines of new and digital media.
Mainstream institutional collecting of anti-institutional archives: opportunities and challenges
Authors: Sexton Anna
Published: September 2020

This chapter uses the Wellcome Library's archive collecting around the treatment and experience of ‘mad people’ as a case study for exploring the opportunities and challenges that arise from mainstream attempts to introduce counter-narratives into the archive. The argument laid out in this chapter is based on observations at the Wellcome Library. It uses an auto-ethnographic approach, combined with in-depth interviews with Special Collections staff, to seek to understand perceptions and practice around collection development. In seeking to understand the representation of the treatment and experience of ‘mad people’ within the archives and manuscripts collections held by the Wellcome Library, the chapter focuses on madness from the 19th century to the present. It reveals that the most dominant and prevailing archival collection strength across this time period is focused on personal papers of eminent ‘psy’ experts (psychiatric specialists, psychoanalysts, psychologists, and related therapists).
Exclusion
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2020

The discourse of exclusion has emerged as an alternative to discourses about poverty, largely because it opens debate to the examination of relational issues in ways that many social scientists have been determined to reject. Many of the themes raised by poor people are about social relationships - isolation, powerlessness, gender and the problem of government. As the policy communities dealing with poverty have come to be aware of the relational elements of poverty, they have tried to change the way they talk about poverty. The idea of exclusion is rooted in a distinct view of society, based on networks of social solidarity; the experience of exclusion is defined in terms of those networks; the primary remedy is ‘insertion’, integration or inclusion, rather than resources, equality or redistribution. These are all relational issues; the idea of exclusion is rooted in a relational understanding of people’s circumstances. And that means that discussions of exclusion come closer to the idea of poverty than much of the literature on poverty in itself, offering a way to escape from the limitations of the academic analysis of poverty. The concept of exclusion has become a major part of anti-poverty policy in international organisations, including the EU and the UN.
Poor countries
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2020

Countries are poor, not just because they have many poor people, but because they are less developed than others; development reshapes the economic, social and political relationships in a country. Some accounts treat underdevelopment as something which is pathological or endemic in a country, but there are also strong structural reasons, including domination by other countries and structural dependency.
Conflictual politics of sustainability: cycling organisations and the Øresund crossing
Authors: Emanuel Martin
Published: September 2020

Different motives to engage in bicycle lobbying may often be mutually strengthening. However, sometimes they clash. The case of the Øresund Bridge between Malmö and Copenhagen is one such example. Opened to traffic in 2000, the bridge was not equipped with bicycle lanes. This chapter traces the process that led to the building of the Øresund bridge, focussing in particular on how the cycling organisations on both sides (Sweden and Denmark) fought for bicycle lanes or not. Not only was the Danish organization considerably more active than the Swedish. The Danish Cyclists' Federation was divided in two fractions. One that based on environmental arguments thought the organisation should resist the bridge being built in the first place. The second considered that battle already lost and thought, from the perspective of equal rights to infrastructure, it made more sense to fight for bicycle lanes on the bridge rather than fighting the bridge as such. The case is thus an example in which different motives for bicycle promotion did not have a win-win-relationship but clashed. The chapter is also a reminder, or a warning against treating organisations such as lobby groups as monolithic with one single and easily defined goal.
Vélomobility in Copenhagen – a perfect world?
Authors: Freudendal-Pedersen Malene
Published: September 2020

In this chapter it is argued that no matter how much Copenhagen wishes to be seen as a cyclist-friendly city, putting limits on car traffic is still politically unfeasible. Cyclists in Copenhagen seldom adopt the attitude or politics of resistance that characterises cycling cultures in many other cities. The few associations working with the rights of cyclists uses a polite and collaborative approach in keeping with the Danish equality mentality. Based on empirical research with cyclists in Copenhagen it is visible that they hold a clear sense that they do have the right to city space. They would like this right to be expanded and more deeply embedded in praxis, but they also adopted the discourse that Copenhagen is the best cycling city. At the same time, there is a sense of an asymmetrically-structured antagonisms arising between cyclists and cars on an everyday basis in Copenhagen’s overly congested transportation environment. In this chapter, these dilemmas are discussed based on qualitative research with cyclists, planners and NGO’s in Copenhagen. Theoretically, the research is based in mobilities research. The chapter discusses the opportunities to create storytelling where the dominance of the car is questioned to make more space for cyclists.
Introduction
Authors: Allen Pauline , Checkland Kath , Peckham Stephen , Sanderson Marie , Moran Valerie
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces PRUComm, the English national policy research unit in commissioning and the healthcare system funded by the Department of Health and Social Care Policy Research Programme and itsresearch programme on that subject. It then discusses the concept of commissioning in respect of healthcare in the English National Health Service. The theoretical basis for the research, being principally realist approaches to policy analysis; socio legal theory and institutional economics is then expounded and related to the research. Each subsequent chapter is then summarised.
Commissioning of healthcare through competitive and cooperative mechanisms under the HSCA 2012
Authors: Osipovic Dorota , Allen Pauline , Shepherd Elizabeth , Petsoulas Christina , Coleman Anna , Perkins Neil , Williams Lorraine , Sanderson Marie
Published: September 2020

Chapter 6 reports a longitudinal study of commissioners’ (and providers’) use of competition and cooperation. This chapter reports research which aimed to investigate how commissioners in local health systems managed the interplay of competition and cooperation in their local health economies, looking at acute, mental health and community health services. The understanding of the regulatory context of the NHS market by both commissioners and providers of care was unclear. There were differences between local areas in terms of the volume and mode of using competition as a commissioning mechanism, with some having more enthusiasm for and experience in running competitive procurements than others. Commissioners noted that the procurement process was very resource intensive. By 2018 there was a marked decline in the appetite to use competition, especially for large scale service reconfigurations. Collaborative planning involving key local providers was a preferred way for CCG commissioners to approach large commissioning tasks.
Before the goal of ‘ending homelessness’: the evolution of policy
Authors: Allen Mike , Benjaminsen Lars , O’Sullivan Eoin , Pleace Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Chapter 2 provides a detailed analysis of the emergence and content of the homeless strategies in Denmark, Finland and Ireland. While all three countries had various homelessness policy statements and strategies prior to 2008, in all three cases, their 2008/09 strategies were the most ambitious, aiming to end long-term homelessness and the need to sleep rough. This chapter reviews the sequence of events that led to the radical shift in policy that aimed to end homelessness and the assumptions about the causes of homelessness in each strategy.
Regulating engagement through dissent
Authors: Bond Greg Leo , Balla Daniel , Cantwell Ari , Wistreich Brendan Tate
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the work co-produced with Coexist, one of the Productive Margins programme's community partners, in response to the theme of ‘spaces of dissent’. Coexist is a social enterprise set up to create a space where different communities and individuals can grow, share, collaborate, and learn what it is to live in coexistence with each other. Coexist performs the role of regulator, responsible for the safety of the users of Hamilton House and ensuring that the project is economically sustainable. In the period covered by the research, Coexist discovered problems reconciling its core purpose and values — being open to all and providing space for the community — with the challenge of managing the unequal power relations that make this vision potentially unachievable. Here, the chapter foregrounds notions of dissent not only as a practical question facing Coexist, but also as a means of addressing wider issues of privilege, disagreement, and other difficult aspects of socially engaged work.
Conclusion: Towards an organic model of regulating for engagement
Authors: Morgan Bronwen , McDermont Morag , Innes Martin
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter seeks to build inductively from the findings of the research projects discussed in previous chapters, summarising their collective implications to address what makes it possible to regulate for engagement. It argues that the answer is a processual one. A threefold dynamic process underpins effective regulation for engagement, constituted by three factors that build upon and support each other. The chapter first elaborates on this threefold process, drawing on micro-illustrations from the preceding chapters. It follows by acknowledging the limits and perils of these dynamics, especially if they are institutionalised through traditional regulatory policy or legally enforceable programmes. Responding to these limits is the aim of the chapter's conclusion, where it is argued that embedding these practices and processes in experientially sensitive infrastructure is the key to preserving and stabilising their creative potential.
Introduction: transforming post‑industrial Glasgow – moving beyond the epic and the toxic
Authors: Kintrea Keith , Madgin Rebecca
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines Glasgow’s successful 21st century transformation from an industrial city and discusses the insecurities and contradictions that challenge this positive story of regeneration. It highlights why Glasgow makes such a good case study of a post-industrial city, by discussing its recent history using a framing that draws out the city’s ‘epic’ and ‘toxic’ dimensions, during which both the private market and state-led planning failed so spectacularly, leading to a city that was decaying, with more acute economic and environmental problems than any other British city. The chapter then considers the theory of post-industrialism as it was developed in the 1970s and the archetypical characteristics of a post-industrial city, to pose the question: what lies beyond that transitional status?
Living in the urban renaissance? Opportunity and challenge for 21st-century Glasgow
Authors: Livingston Mark , Clark Julie
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the rebirth of post-industrial Glasgow as a desirable urban centre, which has undergone a radical change in reputation and profile within a relatively short period. Successful urban boosterist strategies have left the imprint of event- and culture-led regeneration clearly legible on the urban fabric and we review city centre revitalisation, safety and neighbourhood change as factors in an apparently growing appetite for urban living. However, the urban environment is shaped by a combination of strategic planning, national and supranational economic forces. Asking who benefits, as Glasgow grapples with the challenge of economic transition, requires consideration of these wider drivers, including tenure structures, demographic shifts and the decentralisation of poverty. Along with Glasgow’s successes, the vulnerabilities of a consumption-based economy and a relatively elite-orientated development strategy mean that the challenge of how the city will support and protect its most vulnerable citizens remains.
A sick city in a sick country
Authors: Baruffati David , Mackenzie Mhairi , Walsh David , Whyte Bruce
Published: September 2020

The comparatively poor contemporary health profiles of Scotland and, in particular, Glasgow have become widely known. Drawing on a body of research compiled by the Glasgow Centre for Population Health, this chapter provides a detailed examination of the health profiles of these populations as they have been shaped over time. The chapter begins by tracing their historical development in their UK and European context, before turning to examine the political, social and economic causal factors and processes which have, over time, contributed to the particularly poor health outcomes experienced in Glasgow. Building on this knowledge, the chapter draws to a close by exploring the potential future health trajectory of the city’s population. Glasgow provides a potent case for other cities and countries as they consider the ways in which politics and policy come to shape health, and health inequalities, across their populations.
What once was old is new again: placemaking and transformational regeneration in Glasgow
Authors: White James T.
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the evolving urban form of residential architecture and urban design in Glasgow. It traces the history of the Victorian tenement, the city’s failed modernist redevelopment, and the subsequent emergence of a place-making agenda that has reimagined the tenement for contemporary living. The chapter uses interviews with key informants and a review of archival data to describe the city’s approach to contemporary placemaking at two major urban regeneration projects, Laurieston and Pollokshaws. The chapter argues that both projects attempt to ‘recreate’ lost parts of the Victorian city and erase the city’s experience with modernism, while also mixing social housing with market housing to encourage more complete communities. The paper argues that this approach has led to a creeping reliance on the viability of market housing to deliver social housing and the wider regeneration aims of the project masterplans.
Austerity as a UK policy context in the early twenty-first century
Authors: Malin Nigel
Published: September 2020

The UK austerity programme has been defined as a fiscal policy and a deficit reduction programme consisting of sustained reductions in public spending and tax rises. Among the questions tackled in this chapter are: ‘were austerity policies an inevitable response to the financial crisis?’ Ideas on austerity are featured by writers including Blyth, Dorling, Skidelsky, Seymour, Kynaston, O’Hara, Rushton and Cooper and Whyte. The chapter asks: whether the dismantling of the welfare state became essential to tackle the budget deficit; and whether the UK government was wise to opt for austerity after the financial collapse of 2008, or should it have gone for economic stimulus. Austerity policies rather than stimulating growth have led to a dismantling of social systems that operated as a buffer against economic hardship.
Perspectives used in studying professions: social policy and public administration
Authors: Malin Nigel
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses several perspectives on professions and professionalism taken from other disciplines e.g social policy and public administration. For instance, the post-structuralist account demonstrates power as dispersed and not simply located in any elite group but lying in administrative machinery and focuses on key ‘discourses’ or events associated with particular social periods and places as having a formative impact. A contrasting framework, Democratic or Collaborative Professionalism, extends the ambit of professionalism where the directions and ideals of different actors achieve greater sensitivity to the interests of a wide range of external stakeholders, for example service users, patients, students and community representatives.
De-professionalism: an analytical framework
Authors: Malin Nigel
Published: September 2020

There are a number of ideological reference points from where the notion of de-professionalisation takes shape, including critiques of Neo-liberalism, Taylorism/Post-Fordism and the ideology of Life-long Learning. The argument is that any theoretical definition centres around a specific narrative and more than likely includes the notion of ‘de-skilling’ drawn from Marx’s theory of work in industrial capitalism. The chapter develops an analytical framework for examining the professionalisation/de-professionalisation nexus and highlights the corollary of different perspectives drawn from a range of academic disciplines e.g. sociology, political science, economics and management.
Errors and mistakes in child protection: understandings and responsibilities
Authors: Biesel Kay , Cottier Michelle
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides an overview and discussion of some key concepts and issues in the book. It discusses different definitions of errors and mistakes and the most common approaches (including the plague approach; the person approach, the legal approach and the systems approach) together with the challenges of trying to avoid errors and mistakes in child protection and deal with them. It demonstrates that there is no universally agreed definition of error and mistakes in child protection and that child protection fatalities are often seen as the result of errors and mistakes. The chapter discusses a central question in child protection which concerns the responsibility for errors and mistakes, how such responsibility is distributed and avoided, and how power relations both reflect and feed into such processes. It argues that these are key characteristics of and challenges for policy and practice in child protection.
Errors and mistakes in child protection in Switzerland: a missed opportunity of reflection?
Authors: Müller Brigitte , Biesel Kay , Schär Clarissa
Published: September 2020

Child protection in Switzerland was not a public welfare issue before the 20th century. After 1912, when the Swiss Civil Code took effect, state authorities were entitled to take children into custody or place them in foster families, on farms, or in residential homes. This chapter summarises how these coercive measures led to harm, injustice, and suffering for a vast number of children during the 20th century. The authors describe how a historical reappraisal of this practice fuelled a political debate that resulted in a revision in 2013 of the child and adult protection law in the Swiss Civil Code and a federal act entitling survivors to reparation payments in 2017. The amended legislation on measures to protect children from harm aimed at professionalising child protection procedures included a pivotal shift from lay to professional decision-making bodies. The current state of this process, which has led to criticism on the part of politicians, the public, and the media (particularly in fatal child protection cases) will be analysed and discussed. The chapter will provide an overview of current strategies and approaches, (or their absence) to identify and handle mistakes and errors in child protection and highlight the need for an explicit discourse on these topics in Switzerland.
Getting involved: an anthropological and auto-ethnographic journey
Authors: Bell Linda
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains the author's positioning and how anthropologists try to work from an outsider perspective. It includes some ideas about different theoretical perspectives about social work. The chapter's reflexive positioning from the perspective of an anthropologist is fundamental to this book. Hence, it argues the approach is in keeping with recent methodological and theoretical approaches to social anthropology. It provides some auto-ethnographic background relating to longitudinal work with social workers and social work educators in the United Kingdom (UK). This, in turn, opens up room for some critical reflections. Finally, this chapter addresses the issue of social work ‘voice’ and representation.
Knowing and evidencing: building a research base, mapping and modelling
Authors: Bell Linda
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers policies and strategies underpinning social work research and evidence-based or evidence-informed practice. It also looks at how social workers say they generate knowledge or evidence and disseminate it to others; the dissemination of research is principally via publications such as journals, and through conferences. Professional and occupational groups may be expected to develop their own knowledge base(s) that will often be situated within specific epistemological frameworks, though the nature of such frameworks is often contested. This chapter explores how, within social work and social care, theoretical models and methods of gathering evidence from practice are explained and used. Social work, though emphasising the social, may be expected to draw upon an eclectic range of social and clinical sciences, with issues of disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity being identified as an important aspect of how knowledge of different kinds, although contested, can be applied to social work practice and research. The chapter also provides examples of how social workers have explained what evidence looks like to them and how they have attempted to work with evidence and research in their practice.
Replacing the regions: The evolution of English subnational reform
Authors: Sturzaker John , Nurse Alexander
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines England’s sub-national policy architecture and the ways in which successive governments have attempted to address the ‘growth gap’ between London and the rest of the UK. Following a discussion of previous initiatives such as the Northern Way, the chapter considers recent developments at the regional scale including the Northern Powerhouse, Midlands Engine and recent developments in the South West. This centres on a discussion about how cities which have been long-standing competitors can collaborate and, learning from other large scale urban agglomerations, who the key actors are to make this happen.
Understanding adolescent development in the context of child sexual exploitation
Authors: Coleman John
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers a theoretical framework — lifespan developmental theory — which can assist in shedding light on the processes underlying human development. Lifespan development theory is an approach that explores particular challenges associated with different life stages, and identifies factors affecting adjustment across the lifespan. In the context of this theory, the chapter focuses in particular on adolescence as a developmental stage within the lifespan. The notion of transition is then explored, and this includes reference to puberty, brain development, and the variety of social and emotional changes that impact on the young person during this period. The chapter concludes by examining possible reasons why certain young people might be vulnerable in their early sexual relationships.
Understanding trauma and its relevance to child sexual exploitation
Authors: Hickle Kristine
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides a brief overview of the research on trauma, specifically in relation to the impact of developmental and complex trauma and sexual abuse. An overview of the growing body of research on trauma-informed approaches to practice is also given. It considers how trauma responses are developed while enduring extreme stress, and how these responses may be evident among children and young people with child sexual exploitation (CSE) experiences. The chapter also considers how systems designed to protect and support traumatised children and young people often contribute to their re-traumatisation. It explores principles of trauma-informed practice that are useful in meeting the needs of young people victimised by CSE, discusses how trauma-informed approaches align with strengths-based and relationship-based approaches to CSE practice, and how such approaches can help practitioners understand and promote resilience.
Social support, empathy and ecology: a theoretical underpinning for working with young people who have suffered child sexual abuse or exploitation
Authors: Dolan Pat , McGregor Caroline
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents three proposed theoretical frameworks that can be usefully applied in working in the field of child sexual abuse (CSA). It argues that the functions of empathy, social support and socialisation, and ecological theories can offer a theoretical framework to deal with the challenges associated with CSA and offers improved guidance for practice. The chapter then outlines three possible practice examples that could emerge from such an approach. In the discussion, the chapter considers how these three theoretical considerations can come together to offer direction for improving how CSA is understood and responded to with an emphasis on improving outcomes for children who experience sexual abuse. The discussion also looks at how these theoretical approaches can promote a preventative approach that tackles social and cultural as well as individual factors that result in such harmful abuse of children that it often has life-long negative impacts.
What’s gender got to do with it? Sexual exploitation of children as patriarchal violence
Authors: Coy Maddy
Published: September 2020

This chapter sets out that gender is critical to talking and theorising about sexual exploitation in two main ways: in understanding patterns of perpetration and victimisation, and in how policy and practice responds to young people. In the UK and around the globe, victims/survivors of sexual exploitation are disproportionately girls, and those who abuse and exploit them are mostly men and boys. Yet in much policy and public discussion, sexual exploitation is often framed as an issue involving ‘children’, without attention to the asymmetry between experiences of young women and young men. The chapter thus draws on bell hooks to suggest that sexual exploitation can be conceptualised as a form of patriarchal violence, an approach reflecting decades of feminist analysis that links sexual abuse and exploitation to patriarchal power. Throughout the chapter, implications for practice are highlighted and reiterated.
Overcoming the failure of ‘silicon somewheres’: learning in policy transfer processes
Authors: Giest Sarah
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the impact of different types of learning on the success and failure of the transfer of the famous Silicon Valley Model (SVM) of innovation. Working with the idea of ‘adaptive learning’, it underlines the importance of understanding the learning process, and critically, the depth of learning that underpins policy transfer. Policy transfer is ‘a process in which knowledge about policies, administrative arrangements, institutions and ideas in one political setting (past or present) is used in the development of policies, administrative arrangements, institutions and ideas in another political setting’. Thus, knowledge exchange is highly dependent on the setting it occurs in as well as on the individuals involved in the process. There are different degrees of transfer: copying, emulation, combinations, and inspiration. These categories move from direct and complete transfer to searching for inspiration to create policy change. The chapter looks at four cases to demonstrate how different learning processes generated by actors at the meso-level, mainly networks of stakeholders and experts, mediate the extent to which policy transfer is a success or failure.
Policy failures, policy learning and institutional change: the case of Australian health insurance policy change
Authors: Kay Adrian
Published: September 2020

This chapter studies the connections between repeated assessments of policy failure, the catalysts of deinstitutionalisation, and subsequent opportunities for system-wide policy learning and reform. Selected evidence from the reform trajectory of Australian health insurance policy from the mid-1970s to late-1990s is used to explore these possible relationships. Here, failure delegitimised health policy institutions, making them increasingly vulnerable and giving them weak learning capacity to reform in anything but a suboptimal way. The result is a cycle of failure and dysfunctional learning. The Australian health insurance case allows one to catalogue at least one pattern of the relationships between policy failure, deinstitutionalisation, and learning. Three core analytical arguments underpin this pattern. First, policy failures create opportunities for learning at a system-wide level, only after institutions have been eroded and exhausted by repeated failure. Second, this first claim holds in both the expert and political inquiry dimensions of policy failure. Third, learning processes are related to the particular sequence of deinstitutionalisation processes; in particular, initial deinstitutionalisation in the expert domain creates the conditions for political learning processes.
From prisoner to student
Authors: McFarlane Ruth , Pike Anne
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the development of The Open University’s teaching and learning in prisons and with prisoners. Key milestones are identified and contemporary developments and dilemmas are discussed. The chapter closes by examining the potentials of digital technologies to transform OU prison learning.
From despair to hope
Authors: Gough Margaret
Published: September 2020

Margaret Gough never expected to go to university and was shocked to find herself serving a long prison sentence. In this chapter she provides a vivid account of how one led to the other as she rediscovered her talent for learning in prison. Her Open University studies opened more doors than she expected, and though her account of harrowing times moves toward hopeful conclusions, she remains circumspect that the stains of imprisonment can be removed while prejudice against those who have been in prison goes unchallenged.
Vignette 8 My journey, my new life
Authors: Micklethwaite Dan
Published: September 2020

Learning is perhaps the most fundamental part of the human condition. From the moment we are born until our final breath, we take in, process and react to our worlds. Prior to finding myself in prison, learning was not something that I gave much consideration to. Learning in prison, however, quickly became an important aspect of my life. My introduction to The Open University has turned out to be more valuable than I ever imagined....
Redeeming Leadership
Authors: Liu Helena
Published: September 2020

We are living in an inhospitable world. Countries like the United States, United Kingdom and Australia are hardening their borders while organisations and societies are mounting a backlash against even the most modest advancements towards gender and racial equality. Leadership has served as a vehicle through which domination and oppression are normalised and romanticised. Despite its troubled history, leadership continues to enjoy a sacred status in our cultures and is often upheld as the solution for inclusion. Redeeming Leadership aims to identify and challenge the violences of leadership by confronting the hegemony of imperialist, white supremacist, capitalist and patriarchal ideologies within leadership theorising and practice. In doing so, the book draws on the complex and distinct traditions of anti-racist feminisms in order to offer redemptive possibilities for ‘leadership’ that may be exercised from the values of justice, solidarity and love.
Restoration
Authors: Liu Helena
Published: September 2020

The concluding chapter brings together the key ideas within the book and reflects on the real challenges of engaging in anti-racist feminist struggle. It summarises the key arguments and contributions of the book, before reflecting on the challenges ahead for leadership in organisations and society. In particular, it recognises that the ongoing struggles against imperialism, white supremacy, capitalism and patriarchy will unlikely be carried on the back of any one heroic individual, but brought about by a coalition of committed communities.
The International Trade Regime and SDG 2: Reforming Agricultural Markets for Food Security
Authors: Gammage Clair
Published: September 2020

The 2030 Agenda, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), present a timely opportunity to revisit the debate on how agricultural trade governance should operate at the multilateral level. This chapter explores the relationship between food security, the international legal rules governing agricultural markets, and sustainable development. With a focus on food security as a
trade concern, this chapter will argue that the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has a fundamental role to play in (re)shaping sustainable agricultural governance for food security. Rules governing international agricultural trade will be interrogated using SDG 2 and the concept of sustainable development as a prism to highlight the ideational divide between food security and international trade rules on agriculture. This chapter proposes that these conflicting ideational systems can be reconciled, in part, through the implementation of SDG 17. To conclude, this chapter asserts that a level playing field in international trade must be created through the elimination of distorting trade measures in a manner that recognises the social, environmental and cultural dimensions of food security.
Conclusions
Authors: Carter J. Scott , Lippard Cameron D.
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this chapter is to bring the discussion back to the broader ideas of the book: racism and framing by elite actors. This chapter discussed the insidious role of think tanks in enlisting Racialized Framing techniques (minimize race while also activating race through threat) to eliminate affirmative action from higher education and reproduce a system that benefits whites. This chapter returns to the idea that civil rights initiative in general are under attack by a few elite actors while support is found among diverse groups most affected by any changes to these policies. This chapter also highlights the broader problem with diversity initiatives within higher education and how they fail to eliminate the problems facing African Americans and other marginalized groups. In conclusion, the authors conclude that affirmative action is, in essence, dead because it has been stripped of its bite by past cases and because it now acts as a call-to-action for whites.
The Aims of a Moral Theory
Authors: Fowler Timothy
Published: September 2020

The chapter defends the use of ideal theory, and that moral theory should rely on insights from the social sciences. An ideal theory is one that assumes away some political constraints, while the resulting model is unrealistic it plays a vital evaluative function. The conclusions of the social sciences matter in virtue of concepts like wellbeing, which are partly empirical.
The Project View of Parenting
Authors: Fowler Timothy , Fowler Timothy
Published: September 2020

Here, I consider what morally connects adults to children so that they have a presumptive right to parent the child. I argue against the still widely held genetic view and suggest that blood connections, in themselves, do not matter very much morally. I also suggest that while relationships between parents and children are highly significant, they do not define parenting or exhaust the set of considerations relevant to the distribution of parental rights. Instead, I defend the ‘project view’ of parenting, according to which parenting should be respected as part of an important project that most people have a right to pursue.
Distributing Parental Duties
Authors: Fowler Timothy , Fowler Timothy
Published: September 2020

In this chapter, I consider the special duties that some adults have to children and defend what is known as the causal theory. According to this account, people come to have duties to children because they create them in a needy state, and effectively make profound choices on behalf of their children. I show why this view is preferable to both the voluntariness view – according to which people can only have special duties when they agree to them – and to the social conventions account – which suggests that special duties are whatever the social conventions state them to be. Finally, I show how the causal view can dodge the problem of assigning too many people as the relevant causes of children, and thus as that child’s parents.
Beyond Parents: Collective Duties to Children
Authors: Fowler Timothy , Fowler Timothy
Published: September 2020

In this chapter, I consider duties non-parents might have to children. I consider empirical evidence which suggests that parents matter less for children than is commonly assumed, and that other members of society matter more. I suggest that this influence on children generates duties to the children that are similar- albeit weaker- to those of parents. All members of society are responsible for the content of children’s character and this impact brings duties to ensure society is not harmful to the child. Further, the intertwined nature of children’s lives means that special duties to one child transfer to others. The implication is that the perfectionist duties explored in chapter 11 apply not just to parents but to all citizens, who have a moral duty to change their conduct in ways that will further the wellbeing of children.
Environmental Migration Governance at the Regional Level
Authors: Cristani Federica , Fornalé Elisa , Lavenex Sandra
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents insights into regional migration governance. It identifies domestic and international drivers behind regional responses and focuses on Latin America. The authors argue that state responses alone might not be sufficient to regulate migration patterns and respond to related environmental changes. In fact, Latin America has become more sensitive to the implications of environmentally induced migration and has established instruments to face more effectively the challenges posed by environmental changes, natural disasters and migration. Thus, governments have created national and regional responses to migration, some of which explicitly deal with the topic of environmental refugees form the region. The authors also point out that regional governance arrangements are important, as they facilitate the implementation of migration instruments elaborated at the global level and can serve as opportunities to develop and exchange best practices.
Migration Governance at the Global Level: Intergovernmental Organizations and Environmental Change-Induced Migration
Authors: Geiger Martin
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents insights into global migration governance and maps the management of environmentally induced migration. Focusing on the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the International Labor Organization (ILO), the UN High Commissioner of Refugees (UNHCR), the UN Development Program (UNDP) and UN Environmental Program (UNEP) the author discusses the migration policies of these organizations and their involvement in the negotiation of Global Compacts on migration and refugees. It highlights that migration governance takes place in different international organizations with overlapping mandates and memberships. Also, that their efforts are limited due to sovereignty claims of member states. The chapter concludes by mentioning the achievements and difficulties of environmental migration governance on the international level and how the UN Global Compacts can serve as potential problem solvers.
The Link between Forced Migration and Conflict
Authors: Rüegger Seraina , Bohnet Heidrun
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the link between forced migration as a response to environmental degradation on the one hand, and conflict and security in host countries, on the other. From a political science perspective, the authors review existing research on migration as a reason for conflict, with a particular focus on refugees. They show that forced migrants per se do not influence violence in host countries, but only in those cases where refugees are socially and economically marginalized. Also, when aid services are unequally distributed to them and host communities. Thus, the authors highlight the need for governments to pursue inclusionary socio-economic policies towards their population and refugees as a prevention against dangerous tensions. They also present the limitations of current knowledge and indicate future research to solve the challenges associated with forced displacement.
On the Nexus Between Environmental Conflict, Migration and Governance: Concluding Remarks
Authors: Schulze Günther G.
Published: September 2020

This chapter summarizes the “Environmental conflicts, migration and governance” book’s key insights and reflects on theoretical and methodological challenges tied to the study of the nexus between environmental problems, conflict dynamics, and migration. The author argues that it is not entirely clear what is the most important direction(s) of causality in the environment, conflict, migration nexus. Multiple feedback effects exist that make the interdependencies non-linear in nature, reason why the author calls upon a cybernetic approach to further study the nexus. Understanding the different relations of the variables in this nexus provides entry points for good governance. However, the chapter argues the need to examine the interplay between environmental conflicts, migration and governance more comprehensively and context-specifically.
Exploring Trade Union Identities
Authors: Smale Bob
Published: September 2020

This book explores questions of trade union identities and what is termed ‘niche unionism’ in the work. It exposes the inadequacy of the extant industrial relations literature in explaining both contemporary union identities and the significance of niche to union organisation. It explores the contribution of alternative bodies of literature including organisational identity theory, social identity theory and marketing. The work introduces a new approach to understanding unions’ projected identities in the form of a multidimensional framework of analysis developed from more than ten years research designed to isolate the sources of union identity. The projected identities of trade unions certified in Great Britain are examined systematically under broad headings of general, industrial/occupational, organisational and geographical unions. Four drivers to change in union identities are explored, namely, union mergers, union rebranding, new unions and union dissolutions. The work provides a brief comparative analysis of union identities in five other countries, suggesting additional sources of union identity that might be required for a more comprehensive analysis. Finally, the work explores critical questions relating to the future of union identities concerning, the primacy of general unions, the persistence of niche unions, whether general or niche unions are better placed to organise the unorganised and finally whether niche identity a barrier to expanding membership territories.
Introduction
Authors: Amery Fran
Published: September 2020

This chapter gives a brief overview of the current terrain of abortion debate in the UK, covering calls for decriminalisation as well as debates on sex-selection, disability and pre-abortion counselling. It argues that the classic image of abortion politics as a war between ‘pro-life’ and ‘pro-choice’ actors cannot adequately accommodate these recent developments – nor does it fit with how abortion debates have actually unfolded in Britain historically. Instead, it offers an interpretation of abortion law as resting on a coalition between government and medical actors formed to govern women’s reproductive decisions. The chapter closes with an overview of the book.
Brexit Populism: Disenfranchisement and Agency
Authors: Guderjan Marius , Wilding Adrian
Published: September 2020

The political earthquake represented by Brexit encapsulates wider trends currently shaping European societies: a populist turn against migration and free movement, the revival of protectionist and anti‐free trade economic policies, the growth of nationalism and xenophobia, and scepticism towards the benefits of globalisation. This chapter explores the reasons behind the populist turn in UK society, arguing that these are rooted in an economic, cultural, and political disenfranchisement of citizens that dates back decades but which has been exacerbated by the austerity policies of recent times. The chapter analyses ‘Brexit populism’ in terms of its particular political tactics, style and ideology: while sharing certain typical populist traits, populism in Britain is inflected in interesting ways. It shows the significance of one of the many lines of division in the Brexit vote by comparing and contrasting attitudes in Scotland and England, pointing to some of the mediating national and cultural factors and highlighting where and why populists fail to gain ground.
From Brexit to the Break-Up of … England? Thinking in and Beyond the Nation
Authors: Cochrane Allan
Published: September 2020

The chapter sets the experience of Brexit in the context of the UK’s reshaping and redefinition over recent decades, with a particular focus on the troubled (re)emergence of ‘England’ as an imagined political territory. It analyses Brexit as a symptom of the political, economic and social geography of the UK, particularly its uneven development in a spatial polity dominated by London and the South East of England. The divisions within the UK were reflected in the voting patterns of the 2016 referendum and this may have significant implications for the UK’s future as a multinational state, and particularly for England as a central pillar of that state. The chapter explores some of the key factors that underlay the geographical patterns of the ways in which England and its regions voted in the referendum, highlighting the importance of uneven development in generating significant political outcomes and embedding social difference in place.