bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
U.S. Investigation and Death of the Giustiziere
Authors: Pernicone Nunzio , Ottanelli Fraser M.
Published: May 2019

The first part of Chapter 7 describes the efforts by Italian authorities in conjunction with US local, state and Federal officials to root out the culprits who presumably had conspired with Bresci to plot King Umberto’s assassination in the United States. The second part analyzes the circumstances surrounding Bresci’s death by strangulation in prison. While authorities claimed that Bresci had taken his own life, based on the available evidence, the chapter lends credence to the view that Bresci was murdered on the orders of Interior Minister Giovanni Giolitti.
Women’s Experience in Cold War America
Authors: Kempker Erin M.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 surveys Cold War America and looks at the experience of American women coming out of World War II. This chapter explains the history of world federalism and the desire for increased global cooperation after two world wars in the twentieth century. It also introduces important anticommunist organizations that challenged world government, like Pro America, the Minute Women, and the John Birch Society and activism in Indiana. Finally, it discusses rightwing women’s politics during the postwar era. Like their leftwing counterparts active in Women Strike for Peace, the labor movement, and the civil rights movement, rightwing women were intensely active during the 1950s and 1960s. In that way, they too defy the notion of apolitical housewives and offer more proof that American women were “not June Cleaver,” but unlike their leftist counterparts, they rooted their political activism in maternalism and essentialized the nature of women to include antisubversive political activity.
Anticommunists and the World Government Conspiracy
Authors: Kempker Erin M.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 uncovers the rhetoric of national anticommunist organizations, especially Minute Women and the John Birch Society, with regard to fears of a totalitarian world government during the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s and explores the related history of one-worldism and millennialism. Activities of Minute Women in Indianapolis prove they acted as guardians of their local communities and sought to block the formation of local groups they believed connected to the communist conspiracy. Also discussed is the appeal of conspiracy theory to rightwing women and connections between anticommunist fears of one-worldism and the burgeoning feminist movement in the early 1960s.
The Battle over the ERA
Authors: Kempker Erin M.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 3 zeros in on Indiana to investigate how conservativism infused with one-world conspiracism developed there and affected feminist goals like the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Feminism was alive and well in the state and existing liberal groups formed a coalition that called itself the ERA Coordinating Committee (later renamed Hoosiers for the Equal Rights Amendment) in the early seventies in order to achieve state ratification of the ERA. Feminists adopted a “low key” approach--a strategy to make feminism palatable to the general public in the state. On the right, conservative women effectively transitioned old anticommunist fears to a new target and in editorials described the ERA as communist directed. State ERA ratification riled and rallied the rightwing and made conservatives all the more determined to stop “the planners” in their next showdown, International Women’s Year.
Memory of Lattimer
Authors: Shackel Paul A.
Published: May 2019

The memorialization of Lattimer began immediately after the trial, and the UMWA claimed the martyrs as their own. Several early attempts to commemorate the event and erect a monument failed, and by World War I Lattimer faded from the national public memory. Citizens at the local level kept the story alive, and in 1972, union members and local stakeholders erected a monument at Lattimer. Labor organizers and politicians attended the seventy-fifth anniversary commemoration. Through the 1990s local religious leaders organized Roman Catholic Masses at the site on the massacre’s anniversary, and many of the clergy gave pro-labor, anti-neoliberal homilies. The local community and avocational historians have continued to debate the meaning of Lattimer and have focused on the event’s relationship to labor history versus ethnic history.
Finding My Way in African Women’s History
Authors: Sheldon Kathleen
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes Kathleen Sheldon’s introduction to African women’s history, focusing on the two years she lived in Mozambique in the early 1980s, doing research on working women under a newly independent socialist government. An internal war was developing at the time, adding obstacles to her research and to life in general. She developed her own sources for that history by interviewing women in garment and cashew factories, as well as nurses. On her return, she was able to continue her research and writing as an independent scholar with the support of the Prelinger Award, feminist historians at UCLA, and in African studies.
A Meditation on Half of a Lesbian Life
Authors: Enszer Julie R.
Published: May 2019

This lyrical meditation lingers on the possibilities and perils of lesbian as a lived, embodied experience. The essay tracks the author’s intellectual engagements with lesbian poetry and literature through undergraduate education, a professional career in the nonprofit sector, and a return to graduate school. With particular attention to generational issues and the challenges of looking backward and writing history, the essay asks multiple questions and offers some tentative answers about career trajectories. Finally the author reflects on recent developments in recognition of same-sex marriage and its implications for teaching and scholarship. By looking at the past the chapter envision boldly a future: unknown, emergent, possible, perilous.
“The Fifties” in One Year, 1955
Authors: Clark Daniel J.
Published: May 2019

The year 1955 is the template for claims that the decade was a golden age for autoworkers. It began with auto plants operating at or near capacity, with multiple shifts. Business leaders predicted that the good times would last indefinitely. Nevertheless, unemployment remained high, and UAW leaders feared that excessive production early in the year would mean layoffs by fall. While production hummed at record rates, automakers and the UAW engaged in contract negotiations, with union leaders demanding a Guaranteed Annual Wage. Instead, the two sides settled on Supplemental Unemployment Benefits. Compared with any other year in the decade, 1955 brought high production, low unemployment, substantial profits for automakers, and steady pay for autoworkers, who were called the new labor aristocracy.
James Lowell Gibbs Jr.
Authors: Browne Dallas L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on the life and accomplishments of James Lowell Gibbs Jr. Browne discusses Gibbs’ family background and early life, his educational journey in obtaining a PhD, and the influence of Eslanda Robeson in sparking his interest in anthropology. Gibbs went to Cornell University and attended Harvard University for graduate school. Gibbs conducted research on traditional law among the Kplelle in Liberia. Gibbs spent much of his professional life as a professor at Stanford University and retired in 1997.
William Alfred Shack
Authors: Browne Dallas L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on the life and accomplishments of Africanist anthropologist William Shack. Known to all as Shack, he had a career that included field research in Ethiopia and Swaziland, teaching in African universities as well as at the University of Illinois and the University of California, Berkeley. This chapter can offer hope and encouragement to graduate students of anthropology who may be in departments that are not as supportive or encouraging as they might wish, because William Shack faced major obstacles in completing his Ph.D. Despite the obstacles he faced, Shack went on to a distinguished career as an anthropologist and university administrator.
Delmos Jones and the End of Neutrality
Authors: Klugh Elgin L.
Published: May 2019

Delmos Jones identified with the political marginality and socioeconomic struggles of his subjects and sought ways to direct anthropological research toward the dismantling of oppression and inequality. Jones was dissatisfied with the way theoretical paradigms, praxis, and outcomes in anthropological research were supportive of, or neutral to, oppressive ends. In the place of these practices and outcomes, he envisioned a praxis strongly committed to the goals of justice and equality for oppressed populations. This chapter explores Jones’s quest for an anthropology of equality and social justice through his discussions on the ethics of basic research and his theoretical contributions to native anthropology.
Niara Sudarkasa
Authors: Williams Erica Lorraine
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores Niara Sudarkasa’s trajectory as a scholar, activist, and higher education administrator. Born in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, and educated at Fisk University, Oberlin College, and Columbia University, Sudarkasa is an Africanist who conducted ethnographic fieldwork in Nigeria and other West African countries. She has made significant contributions to scholarship on feminist anthropology, African Studies, gender and migration, and extended families in the African diaspora. She also served as the president of Lincoln University.
Johnnetta Betsch Cole
Authors: Daniel Barnes Riché J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the life of Johnnetta B. Cole, the consummate public anthropologist. She has been an educator, the president of two historically Black colleges for women (Spelman and Bennett), and the director of the Smithsonian Museum of African Art. She completed her PhD in anthropology at Northwestern University, where she studied with Melville Herskovits. Trained as an Africanist, she worked collaboratively with others to develop some of the first Black studies programs in the country. She went on to critically engage issues of gender, class, and sexuality and became passionate about issues of power, privilege and inequality, which she taught, researched, and explored through the lens of anthropology.
Ira E. Harrison
Authors: Winn Alisha R.
Published: May 2019

This essay explores the professional journey of scholar, activist, and pioneer Ira E. Harrison. Harrison was cofounder of the Association of Black Anthropologists and the organization’s first archivist. His educational path, activism in the 1960s, ethnographic research in the black church, and commitment to preserving and recognizing the contributions of black anthropologists, renders him a revolutionary pioneer in anthropology. He has conducted research on traditional medicine and integration on health policy and coedited African American Pioneers in Anthropology with Faye Harrison.
Audrey Smedley
Authors: Hutchinson Janis Faye
Published: May 2019

The making of an antiracist anthropologist is explored through the life experiences of a premier social scientist, Audrey Smedley. Examination of her childhood experiences and academic career provide a lens for understanding race and racism in the U S. Smedley earned degrees from the University of Michigan and the University of Manchester in the UK and also studied in Paris. This chapter also gives us a glimpse into the making of her classic Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview.
Anselme Remy and the Anthropology of Liberation
Authors: Howell Angela Mcmillan
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the life and work of Anselme Remy, focusing on his identity as a Haitian scholar and his effort to connect his research to improving the lives of his people. Remy has taught at Northeastern State University, Clark Atlanta, and Fisk universities as well as the University of the District of Columbia. He is currently a professor of sociology and anthropology at the State University of Haiti Port-au-Prince, Haiti. He has been on the front lines of social activism and politics in the Caribbean, the US, and Haiti, at times paying a high price for his commitment to social justice and grounded representations of peoples of African descent.
Claudia Mitchell-Kernan
Authors: Harris Betty J.
Published: May 2019

Claudia Mitchell-Kernan joined the faculty at UCLA in 1973 and remained there for nearly four decades. This chapter explores significant aspects of her academic career. She conducted her early sociolinguistic research on African Americans in Northern California, concluding that Black English is rule governed and a variant of standard English. As dean of the UCLA Graduate School, she created a national model for achieving diversity in graduate education. While graduate dean, she collaborated with social psychologist M. Belinda Tucker in conducting quantitative research in marriage and family studies on marriage patterns of a variety of racial and ethnic groups in Southern California.
“The medicine for fire is fire.”
Authors: Switzer Heather D.
Published: May 2019

“Negotiating Schoolgirlhood,” uses schoolgirls’ stories to destabilize the dichotomy that has come to represent young female subjectivity in Global South: the girl-child and the schoolgirl. Nashipae and Felista’s experiences illustrate how Maasai schoolgirlhood exceeds oversimplified accounts of gendered vulnerability or gendered agency. Nashipae’s struggle for school calls into question the inherent vulnerability of the girl-child. Felista’s situation, conversely, alerts us to the contradictions of the schoolgirl as unequivocally empowered. These schoolgirls’ stories show the challenges Maasai girls face as they work to individually circumvent, reinvent, and ultimately surmount structural relations of power in order to embody and perform schoolgirlhood. This chapter foregrounds what girl-effects logic often elides: Maasai schoolgirls are relational subjects enmeshed in social formations and power relations as Maasai daughters.
Myths America Lives By
Authors: Hughes Richard T.
Published: May 2019

The first edition of Myths America Lives By explores five Great American Myths—the Chosen Nation, Nature’s Nation, the Christian Nation, the Millennial Nation, and the Innocent Nation. This revised edition introduces a sixth myth—the myth of White Supremacy—and argues, first, that the myth of white supremacy is the primal American myth that informs all the others and, second, that one of the chief functions of the other five myths is to protect and obscure the myth of white supremacy, to hide it from our awareness, and to assure us that we remain innocent after all. With one chapter devoted to each of the myths, the book relies especially on the voices of black Americans to help readers understand the pervasive power of white supremacy in American life and culture and how white supremacy translates into systemic racism, on the one hand, and white privilege, on the other. The book also explores how manifest destiny, the American dream, and capitalism have depended on the Great American Myths for their viability in American culture.
The Mythic Dimensions of American Capitalism
Authors: Hughes Richard T.
Published: May 2019

Capitalism in the United States is unthinkable apart from the myth of White Supremacy, for capitalism was built on stolen land and stolen people. Further, white Americans imagined that capitalism was God-ordained, grounded in “Nature and Nature’s God,” and heralded a golden age of peace and prosperity for all humankind. Following the Civil War, the myth of the Chosen Nation morphed into the myth that God blessed the righteous with wealth and the wicked with poverty—the central assumption of the Gospel of Wealth. Andrew Carnegie appealed to all these myths in his 1889 essay, “Wealth,” in the North American Review. Likewise, many American industrialists invoked these myths to justify their goal: the economic conquest of the world. Government and industry, however, typically excluded blacks from this engine of economic prosperity, thereby contributing to realities already in place—systemic racism and white privilege. In the early twentieth century, laissez-faire capitalism and the myths that sustained it came under withering assault from labor, the Social Gospel movement, and black social critics like W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, and Langston Hughes, especially since the wealth of the Gilded Age contrasted with unprecedented numbers of lynchings of America’s blacks.
Hills, Dales, and the Jaguaribe Valley
Authors: Silvers Michael B.
Published: May 2019

This chapter is a commodity biography of drought-resistant carnauba wax from northeastern Brazil and primarily concerns the fabrication of wax cylinders and 78-RPM records in the early years of sound reproduction. The wax, which was sold to the nascent recording industry in the United States to be molded into cylinders or pressed into wax masters, became a profitable industry for Ceará, enabling many people in the region to acquire the very technologies of mass mediation that used the local wax. Most generally, the chapter shows the circulation of this natural resource, as well as the conditions for workers involved in the commodity chain from wax to mass-mediated sound.
The Secret of the Sertanejo
Authors: Silvers Michael B.
Published: May 2019

This chapter concerns the process through which Luiz Gonzaga’s voice--recorded, disseminated, and popularized by a national music industry--became a vehicle for the transmission of ecological knowledge about rain, drought, and the meaning of birdsong. Into the twenty-first century, rain prophets, who announce their observation-based forecasts at a public event in the backlands each January, take inspiration from Gonzaga’s mass-mediated songs, sometimes referring to the song’s lyrics when discussing knowledge about the weather. In doing so, they assert their trust in local ecological knowledge over other kinds of institutionally sanctioned knowledge about the local ecology.
Sounding the Real Backlands
Authors: Silvers Michael B.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the construction and management of the soundscape of Orós as it relates to Raimundo Fagner and his music. Fagner, who is closely associated with the city, often names it in his songs and in public, employing it as a metonym for the drought-ridden backlands and a source of northeastern authenticity. But in the actual soundscape of Orós, Fagner’s rendering of the city and his own habits of listening collide with the aural aesthetics and needs of the local population. As both an icon and a sometimes-resident of Orós, he expresses, contributes to, and disrupts they city’s soundscape.
Nauvoo as a Reorganized Church Foothold
Authors: Esplin Scott C.
Published: May 2019

Though Nauvoo was abandoned by most Latter-day Saints in the nineteenth century, Emma Smith, the widow of Church founder Joseph Smith, and her children remained in the city, maintaining a Mormon presence in western Illinois. This chapter examines the rise of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Community of Christ), founded by Smith’s children, and their use of family and historic sites in Nauvoo in the early twentieth century. It discusses the transformation of these sites from family residences to religious tourism centers used to proselytize people to the faith. It also introduces the competing views of Mormonism that developed between the Utah-based Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Reorganized Church.
Responding to the Restoration
Authors: Esplin Scott C.
Published: May 2019

The restoration of Nauvoo, Illinois, by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism) generated competing visions for the city. While the Latter-day Saints used the site to attract religious interest, their sibling faith, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Community of Christ), responded with a competing building program of their own. This chapter traces the way the Reorganized Church moved from a defensive posture to rebrand its message in Nauvoo around historical accuracy and the internal debate within Church leadership that this shift created. It also examines the cooperation between the faiths that emerged as they took divergent paths. Finally, it explores the response by the local Nauvoo community to the loss of control over their town’s historical narrative.
Epilogue
Authors: Esplin Scott C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the future for faith and community relations in Nauvoo as a result of the city’s twentieth-century restoration boom. It examines the directions taken by the various constituents, including The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism), the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Community of Christ), and local residents unaffiliated with either faith. Additionally, it explores how Nauvoo acts as a case study for the bargains made by a community when it selects, or has selected for it, a tourism-based economy. Finally, it opines regarding ways the parties involved can work together for the good of Nauvoo.
Interview with Lana Wachowski
Authors: Keegan Cáel M.
Published: May 2019

In this original, in-person interview with Cáel M. Keegan, Lana Wachowski discusses her filmmaking career as a transgender and queer writer and director. Topics covered include Sense8’s cancellation by Netflix, Bound’s twentieth anniversary and the legacy of New Queer Cinema, Wachowski’s interest in creating mainstream queer work, the relationship between gender and genre in her cinema, the challenges and joys of making both The Matrix and Cloud Atlas, and the links between transgender imagination, utopianism, and science fiction. Wachowski also discusses the limitations of cinema as a product, identity versus the perception of identity, her aesthetics of assault, the experience of directing sexuality in cinema, and the importance of empathy in creating both art and art criticism.
Behind Closed Doors
Authors: Marks Laura Helen
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses hardcore films that, rather than adapting a specific literary text, set the sexual action in the nineteenth century. These films appropriate Victorian costume, customs, imagery, ideology, and other symbolism, revealing the rhetoric of transgression and sexual progressiveness employed by pornography in staging the Victorian for erotic appeal. These films illuminate the complex ways in which pornography and its consumers make use of “the Victorian” as a repressed yet perverse space populated by rigid class and gender distinctions, tantalizing thresholds and doorways ready to be crossed, secret domestic spaces ripe for sexualization, uptight but secretly sexual women, proper but perverse families, and other nineteenth-century sexual goings-on that pornography claims it has the guts to reveal. At the same time, these films situate themselves as heirs to a violent, racist, misogynistic, and pornographic legacy that can be erotically explored via the distancing mechanism of the Victorian.
Reformation of the Senses
Authors: Baum Jacob M
Published: May 2019

Through careful examination of religious beliefs and practices in the German-speaking world from approximately 1400 to 1600, this book challenges the centuries-old narrative of the transition from late medieval Christianity to Protestantism as a process of “de-sensualizing” religion. The common assumption that Protestant Christianity is somehow more intellectual and less sensual than its late medieval and Catholic counterparts has its origins in the culture of the German evangelical movements of the early sixteenth century, and continues to influence how we think and talk about religious difference generally to this day. This study develops a critique of this narrative in two parts, integrating periods of late medieval and early modern history, often treated as distinct fields of study. In part 1 of the study, critical scrutiny of the practical provisioning for sensuous worship and discussions about its meaning in the church of the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries reveals that late medieval religion was a far more complex, locally variegated, and dynamic thing than scholarly and popular narratives of the “sensuous” Middle Ages often assume. Part 2 turns to the early Protestant Reformation’s relationship to the late medieval paradigm. It shows that popular discourse framed the early Reformation as inaugurating a fundamental break with the world that came before it. Despite this, considerable continuities in belief and practice persisted, particularly in the Lutheran tradition, but also, significantly, among reformed traditions often perceived as representing a more definitively modern, and correspondingly less sensuous, form of Christianity.
Teaching with Digital Humanities
Authors: Travis Jennifer , DeSpain Jessica
Published: May 2019

This book offers theoretical perspectives and case studies for teaching American literature of the long nineteenth century using the tools and methods of the digital humanities (DH). The essays highlight best methods for integrating the building of digital tools and projects in the nineteenth-century American literature classroom and strategies for incorporating into the curriculum already established digital materials. By emphasizing a discipline-specific approach, the collection invites conversations among scholars of other disciplines about how digital pedagogies can deepen their objectives for student learning. The collection is organized into five keywords, or tags: Make, Read, Recover, Archive, and Act. The essays in Make illustrate the pedagogical value of project-based, collaborative learning. The essays in Read describe assignments in which students engage in multiple reading practices, from close to collaborative and computational. In Recover, contributors show how DH approaches aid in the scholarly consideration of marginalized texts. The essays in Archive encourage students to select and organize artifacts with an ethics of care, often in communities beyond the classroom. The final section, Act, advocates for an activist approach, demonstrating how DH can bring new insights to debates central to the study of the long nineteenth century, particularly concerning difference. As they engage digital humanities practices and pedagogies, the essays in the collection model inventive strategies and rethink what is possible in the American literature classroom.
Kaleidoscopic Pedagogy in the Classroom Laboratory
Authors: Cordell Ryan , Doyle Benjamin J. , Hopwood Elizabeth
Published: May 2019

Ryan Cordell, Benjamin Doyle, and Elizabeth Hopwood’s essay seizes a nineteenth-century invention, the kaleidoscope, as a model and metaphor for pedagogical practices and learning spaces that encourage play and experimentation. Through examples that involve setting letterpress type, the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) encoding of nineteenth-century texts as an interpretive process, and the collaborative creation of Wikipedia pages, the authors describe how experiments with contemporary technologies help students claim scholarly agency over the texts and tools central to their study of the nineteenth century. Kaleidoscopic pedagogy encourages students to discover how C19 competencies like close reading and contemporary methods of coding and data analysis have the potential to be mutually constitutive, inspiring a more nuanced understanding of both periods.
Nineteenth-Century Literary History in a Web 2.0 World
Authors: Rohrbach Augusta , Heidebrink Adam , Herson Kellie , Moe Aaron , Potter Charlie , Tagnani David , Wittstock Stacey
Published: May 2019

Augusta Rohrbach details her collaborative work with six graduate students to build Digital Emerson: A Collective Archive. Rohrbach uses a set of theoretical and critical readings that engage students in reflections about Emerson’s conscious rupture of pedagogical barriers and how his philosophy might be realized in digital environments. Rohrbach and her students think outside argument-based rhetoric and explore the importance of visual literacy and design thinking. With these techniques, her graduate students imagine an audience beyond academia for their work, one that includes a broad community of interested readers.
Data Approaches to Emily Dickinson and Eliza R. Snow
Authors: Hallen Cynthia L.
Published: May 2019

Cynthia L. Hallen describes her launch and development of the Emily Dickinson Lexicon (EDL) project, a dictionary of all the words in the poet’s collected verse. With English and linguistics majors volunteering as apprentice collaborators, Hallen, starting in the 1990s, began the ambitious project of digitizing the Franklin edition of Dickinson’s poems and using the newly developed WordCruncher concordance program to amass the lexicon. Hallen describes her use of the EDL along with other digital philological tools in a senior capstone course where students learned principles of philology as well as skills of lexicography, etymology, exegesis, rhetoric, style, translation, discourse analysis, and literary interpretation.
What We’ve Learned (about Recovery) through the Just Teach One Project
Authors: Faherty Duncan , White Ed
Published: May 2019

Duncan Faherty and Ed White describe the history and evolution of their project, Just Teach One, which recovers neglected early American texts and provides free, downloadable editions of out-of-print materials for classroom use. The project also provides an on-site blog for teachers to share resources and discuss their methods for teaching the recovered texts on the site. The chapter analyzes the data about the sixty-five faculty participants who took part in JTO across its first five semesters and imagines the potential evolution of the project, including the development of a new platform to encourage students from multiple institutions to collaborate as they read each JTO text.
The Just Teach One: Early African American Print Project
Authors: Aljoe Nicole N. , Gardner Eric , Hardy Molly O’Hagan
Published: May 2019

Nicole J. Aljoe, Eric Gardner, and Molly O’Hagan Hardy describe the development of Just Teach One Early African American Print and its focus on texts excluded from critical and historical narratives of black literature. The chapter describes JTO: EAAP’s plans to link its work with other DH projects like the Early Caribbean Digital Archive and the Colored Conventions Project, and to build bridges to lesser-known collections, including historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and church collections, in order to aid text sharing, identification, preservation, and technological engagement. Recognizing its responsibility to preserve black cultural heritage, the essay describes JTO: EAAP’s decision to use TEI standards to encode texts on the site and provides an extended example from Aljoe’s classroom project on “Theresa: A Haytien Tale.”
Putting Students “In Whitman’s Hand”
Authors: Waitinas Catherine
Published: May 2019

Catherine Waitinas leads readers step-by-step through a digital manuscript project on Walt Whitman’s poetry that she created for a variety of courses from general education to graduate seminars. Using handwritten manuscripts digitized in the Walt Whitman Archive, Waitinas’s students meld old and new technologies, placing penmanship in conversation with big data analysis and The Walt Whitman’s Archive’s tools like the archive’s search engine. Waitinas describes how archival assignments like these are infinitely scalable; they can be used in relation to many other archives, and Waitinas gives suggestions for one-day to full-unit versions of the assignment.
Making Digital Humanities Tools More Culturally Specific and More Culturally Sensitive
Authors: Sharpe Celeste Tường Vy , Powell Timothy B.
Published: May 2019

Celeste Tường Vy Sharpe and Timothy B. Powell describe how they use the design of digital platforms as teachable problems to engage students in a digital humanities course about the stories of Indigenous peoples and the Eurocentric “control over time.” Sharpe and Powell task students with creating a digital project that explores a more culturally specific and nuanced model of Iroquois or Haudenosaunee temporality. In the process, students and teachers alike imagine solutions that may enable digital humanities tools to more accurately represent how Indigenous peoples tell their histories.
Introduction
Authors: Willermet Cathy , Cucina Andrea
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1, written by Cathy Willermet and Andrea Cucina, introduces the volume and its interdisciplinary approach to bioarchaeology. The volume editors encouraged a problem-oriented, rather than disciplinary, approach to showcase interdisciplinary research questions related to population history in Prehispanic Mesoamerica. Mesoamerica contains a rich and complex ethnohistorical and archaeological record from which many data sources and perspectives can be brought to bear on questions of ethnicity and past migrations. The editors asked authors to focus on questions such as: How much did people move around? How much did their cultural affiliation reflect their biological history? How were people related to one another? How did people interact with one another? How did people view themselves? The resulting volume explores these issues from cultural ethnohistorical, (bio)archaeological, biological, biogeochemical, dental morphological, iconographic, and linguistic perspectives. The editors argue that approaching past societies from an interdisciplinary lens is sometimes more difficult, but ultimately more constructive.
Understanding Late Classic Maya Mortuary Ritual in Caves
Authors: Michael Amy R. , Wrobel Gabriel D. , Biggs Jack
Published: May 2019

Bioarchaeology frequently investigates dental health in burial populations to make inferences about mortuary variability within and between ancient groups. In this chapter, micro- and macroscopic dental defects were examined in a series of ancient Maya mortuary cave and rockshelter burials in Central Belize. The nature of mortuary cave ritual use and funerary performance in the Late Classic is widely debated in the literature. This study utilizes two analytical approaches, mortuary practice and paleopathology, to better understand mortuary variability between two site types that may be distinguished by social status in life. Ethnohistoric accounts focused on mortuary activities in the Late Classic period have described sacrificial victims as individuals originating outside of the elite population. To test these accounts, this study compares the dental health data of individuals from non-elite (rockshelter) populations to elite (cave) burial contexts.
Interdisciplinary Approaches in Mesoamerica
Authors: Berdan Frances F.
Published: May 2019

This final chapter synthesizes the chapters in the volume. It emphasizes the value of interdisciplinary approaches as they apply to complex issues of migration, mobility, ethnicity, and social identity. Drawing on the book’s chapters, warfare, elite intermarriage, economic opportunities and/or state economic demands, ecological traumas, and political ebbs and flows are all discussed as forces impacting population movements. Ethnicity and social identity are also themes throughout the book, and this concluding chapter assesses attributes of these concepts in light of the book’s overall contributions.
Introduction
Authors: Pargas Damian Alan
Published: May 2019

The introduction explains the changing geography of slavery and freedom in North America in the Age of Revolutions, specifically the development of various “spaces of freedom” throughout the continent, and how this affected patterns of slave flight. It further provides a brief overview of the purpose and contents of the book and positions this volume within the academic literature on runaway slaves. It also looks at issues related to what Dale Tomich calls “the second slavery,” manumission, and the abolition of slavery.
Revisiting “British Principle Talk”
Authors: Barker Gordon S.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the meaning of fugitive slave freedom in Canada West during the antebellum and Civil War era by examining the legal framework relating to slavery and race that emerged in what is now modern-day Ontario. Changes in statutory law, jurisprudence, and British free soil diplomacy will be addressed, revealing the evolution of Canada West as a safe haven from which few fugitive slaves were taken by slave catchers or state-sanctioned extradition. The chapter discusses what freedom on the ground meant for early black Canadians in terms of political rights, access to courts, education, landownership, employment, religious worship, participation in the militia, and the enjoyment of public places and services. Particular attention is given to the agency exercised by fugitive slave refugees and other black Canadians in shaping their own freedom and building new lives for themselves and their children, in sustaining Canada West as a beacon of freedom for others still enslaved in the American South, and in combatting race prejudice, which at times differed little from that prevailing south of the border.
Seeking Freedom in the Midst of Slavery
Authors: Pargas Damian Alan
Published: May 2019

Slave flight in the antebellum South did not always coincide with the political geography of freedom. Indeed, spaces and places within the U.S. South attracted the largest number of fugitive slaves. From the forests that bordered plantation districts (where slaves remained hidden and maintained by local slave communities) to southern cities (where slaves attempted to pass for free blacks), a majority of fugitive slaves strove for freedom by disguising themselves within the slaveholding states rather than risk long-distance flight attempts to formally free territories such as the northern U.S., Canada, and Mexico. This chapter examines the experiences of fugitive slaves who fled to southern cities between 1800 and 1860. It touches upon themes such as the motivations for fleeing to urban areas (e.g., slave families dodging forced migration), the networks that facilitated such flight attempts, and the ways in which runaway slaves navigated sites of “informal freedom” after arrival in urban areas. Whereas some scholars have approached this group of runaways mainly as “absentees” or “truants” (temporary runaways), this chapter argues that throughout the South, many fugitive slaves who hid out in towns and cities were in fact permanent refugees from slavery—at least by intent, and often by outcome.
Borderland Maroons
Authors: Diouf Sylviane A.
Published: May 2019

Unlike their African forebears, most American maroons in the antebellum period did not look for freedom in remote hinterland locations. Instead, they settled in the borderlands of farms or plantations—and they went to the woods to stay. If not caught by men or dogs, and depending on their health, survival skills, and their families’ and friends’ level of involvement, runaway slaves could live there for years. These “borderland maroons” have become the most invisible refugees from slavery, although their (white and black) contemporaries were well aware of their existence. As is true for most American maroons, their lives have remained partially unknown, but several individuals who later got out of the South, or had loved ones who went to the woods, described that experience in slave narratives such as autobiographies and memoirs. In addition, detailed and intimate information about their existence can be found in the recollections of the formerly enslaved men and women gathered by the Works Progress Administration. This chapter builds upon the previous two contributions by exploring the lives of “borderland maroons” in the antebellum South with a particular emphasis on the (slave family) networks that sustained them indefinitely as refugees from slavery.
Advertising Maranda
Authors: Ainsworth Kyle
Published: May 2019

Drawing from the exceptional stories of hundreds of Texas fugitive slaves, this chapter examines how runaways navigated the geography of slavery and freedom in that state in the antebellum period. It places Texas in the growing Atlantic historiography of runaway slaves, and considers the unique circumstances under which enslaved people fled in the southern borderlands. A new available digital resource, the Texas Runaway Slave Project, which features more than 1,800 documented escape attempts by Texas slaves, is the basis for this study. The chapter delves into the wealth of information available in newspaper metadata, analyzing the minutiae of runaway slave advertisements, including publication decisions, word choice, content repetition, and variation, in order to supplement traditional demographic analyses of fugitive slaves.
“It Is Difficult to Disengage a Single Thread from the Living Web of a Nation’s Literature”
Authors: Hooks Karin L.
Published: May 2019

Arguing that the changing and more consolidated literary politics of the century’s turn helped make possible the canon wars of the twentieth century, this paper investigates the history of literary histories. Twentieth-century constructs of the field overlook an awareness that late-nineteenth century female literary historians envisioned in terms of a more inclusive and democratic American literary canon. Recovering a literary history largely erased by the turn into the twentieth century through a case study of Sarah Piatt’s career, this chapter focuses on two female literary historians of the 1890s: Ellen Mackay Hutchinson and Jeanette Gilder, whose literary anthologies include Piatt’s writing, unlike those of the following century. Hutchinson, who (with Edmund Clarence Stedman) edited a sizeable collection of American texts, the eleven-volume Library of American Literature, and Jeanette Gilder, co-editor of The Critic, who hosted a popular election to identify the top 125 American women writers of 1890, made arguments for the inclusion of Piatt in the canon that are worth revisiting in light of turn-of-the-century mechanisms for erasing the literary history of which Piatt was a part.
Laura Jean Libbey and Sexual Transformation
Authors: Bauer Dale M.
Published: May 2019

In chapter 7, Dale Bauer charts the innovations in transitional modernism that turn-of-the-century popular novelist Laura Jean Libbey created in her novels devoted to women’s romance and independence. While little-known today, Libbey’s serialized novels were highly popular and often translated into film. Libbey’s fictions bridged the divide between late nineteenth-century feminism and modern fictions of the New Woman. These novels often end with immediate brain surgeries and near-instant recoveries, with marriages into higher social classes, with rivals for suitors defeated by these women’s pain and bitterness and their transcendence. Many of Libbey’s novels chart women’s social recovery from “brain fever” and brain traumatic injury through brain surgery. As they are almost-instantly transformed to “modern women,” they are often robbed of their resistance. Libbey’s fictions emphasize the uneven development of the New Woman across the century’s turn.
Yours for the (Marriage) Revolution
Authors: Campbell Donna M.
Published: May 2019

In 1915, Mary Austin (1868-1934) wrote to her old friend and fellow writer Jack London (1876-1916) to upbraid him for failing to write a novel that truthfully depicted the life of a modern woman, and by extension, companionate marriage. Companionate marriage was a rational system based in idealism, tailor-made for the Progressive Era and for revolutionists such as Austin and London in Greenwich Village, who shared their era’s enthusiasm for scientific systems. Austin and London protested conventional forms of marriage both from the sociological standpoint of its unnecessary conventions and from its failure to account for the irrationality of sexual desire and its dampening effect on genius. Yet their accounts of unconventional unions reveal another set of problems. Pitting conventional marriage against its more revolutionary counterparts, Austin, in A Woman of Genius and Number 26 Jayne Street, and London, in “Planchette” (1908) and Little Lady of the Big House (1916), critique conventional marriage but also cast a cold eye on its Bohemian alternatives, revealing the gap between the ideal and the real in progressive marriage by highlighting the stubborn realities of gender inequality and of the irrational desire, cast in London’s “Planchette” as the supernatural world, that plagued their idealistic efforts.
Emblems of Cultural Identity in Early Andean Art
Authors: Huntington Yumi Park
Published: May 2019

This chapter employs the traditional art historical methods of formal analysis and iconography to understand head motifs engraved on Cupisnique ceramics that were made between 1200 and 200 BCE. Rather than characterizing a small social group operating in isolation, these motifs and objects serve as indicators of cultural identity, affiliation, and transmission, expressing complex interactions between neighboring cultures. In other words, the head motifs on Cupisnique ceramics display the cultural networks inside of which the Cupisnique people saw themselves. Through conscious combination of various techniques and symbols appropriated from other cultures, Cupisnique artists created innovative objects unique to their own society. In particular, the Cupisnique people combined the post-firing engraving techniques of the Chorrera and Machalilla cultures of Ecuador with head motifs appropriated from the architectural friezes of Huaca de los Reyes, a public ritual space, to create small, personal items. These objects with imagery and techniques appropriated into a new, private context become a key distinction of the Cupisnique culture against its neighbors, antecedents, and trade partners.
Bodies in Both Worlds
Authors: Scher Sarahh E. M.
Published: May 2019

The Moche people of northern coastal Peru (c. 100 B.C.E–850 C.E.) left behind a great deal of visual communication in their art, which is unusual in its relative naturalism and realistic portrayal of human and animal figures. Although their stylistic choices appear to allow for a close study of artistic imagery and its relationship to Moche life, the Moche were selective in what they included in their iconography; their art is not a comprehensive catalogue of their culture. Nevertheless, by comparing the results of a iconographic analysis of human costume in Moche ceramics with the work of scholars who have studied Moche supernatural representations in the same medium, it is possible to move toward a deeper understanding of mid- to late Moche culture and status as depicted in their art. By focusing mainly on art produced in the middle to late Moche periods (AD 200–550), this essay provides an inquiry into general ideas in Moche culture about the supernatural, ideas which of course would have varied in their details over time and space.
Product Continuity and Change in Persistent Household Ceramic Production
Authors: Hirshman Amy J.
Published: May 2019

Theories regarding craft specialization and state emergence have long posited a relationship between the two, with state intervention expected in the production of elite culture. The Late Postclassic West Mexican Tarascan state (AD 1350–1525) seemed to be a perfect case in point, as fine wares are highly identifiable and provide a strong temporal marker for the emergence and duration of the state. Yet ethnographic data from the descendants of the Tarascan state (called the P’urépecha), along with archaeological and chemical evidence for the region indicates that ceramic production did not undergo a significant reorganization with state emergence and that even Tarascan fine wares were apparently made and used within commoner households. As household ceramic production is commonly characterized as technically and stylistically conservative, the “how” and “why” of the production of new ceramic Tarascan state markers indicates that the relationships between households and the state were far more complex than originally anticipated.