bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A simulation study of disaggregation regression for spatial disease mapping
Authors: Arambepola Rohan , Lucas Tim C. D. , Nandi Anita K. , Gething Peter W. , Cameron Ewan
Published: October 2021

Disaggregation regression has become an important tool in spatial disease mapping for making fine‐scale predictions of disease risk from aggregated response data. By including high resolution covariate information and modeling the data generating process on a fine scale, it is hoped that these models can accurately learn the relationships between covariates and response at a fine spatial scale. However, validating these high resolution predictions can be a challenge, as often there is no data observed at this spatial scale. In this study, disaggregation regression was performed on simulated data in various settings and the resulting fine‐scale predictions are compared to the simulated ground truth. Performance was investigated with varying numbers of data points, sizes of aggregated areas and levels of model misspecification. The effectiveness of cross validation on the aggregate level as a measure of fine‐scale predictive performance was also investigated. Predictive performance improved as the number of observations increased and as the size of the aggregated areas decreased. When the model was well‐specified, fine‐scale predictions were accurate even with small numbers of observations and large aggregated areas. Under model misspecification predictive performance was significantly worse for large aggregated areas but remained high when response data was aggregated over smaller regions. Cross‐validation correlation on the aggregate level was a moderately good predictor of fine‐scale predictive performance. While these simulations are unlikely to capture the nuances of real‐life response data, this study gives insight into the effectiveness of disaggregation regression in different contexts.
Guanidinium‐Based Ionic Covalent Organic Porous Polymer as Natamycin Delivery Agents for Anti‐Candida albicans
Authors: Liu Xia , Zhang Fang , Lou Han , Luo Haotian , Peng Cheng , Zhu Shourong , Zhou Baolong
Published: October 2021

Here, we have strategically prepared a biodegradable ionic covalent organic porous polymers (ICOP) with dynamic double selenium bond (Se−Se) which was further used as carriers for the antifungal drug‐natamycin (NAT). ICOP presents a high drug‐loading capability (DL) of 79.33±0.12 %, as well as high encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 76.75±0.58 % to NAT. Meanwhile, owning to the simultaneous introduction of −Se−Se− bond and imine linkage, the composite drug delivery system are responsive to pH, with selective and sustained release in acidic media (pH=5.5), almost 1.34 fold as much as that in neutral conditions (pH=7.4). This special drug release behavior is consisted well with the optimum growing environment of candida albicans (pH=5.5), in which, more drugs could be released continuously, enhancing the duration of drug interactions with fungi and inhibiting the growth of fungus effectively. This novel dosing strategy is promising for the development of intelligent drug delivery system which could avoid the overdoses of drugs, and reduce the emergence of resistant strains.
Impregnated Copper Ferrite on Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A High‐Performance Heterogeneous Catalyst for A3‐Coupling Reaction
Authors: Khalili Dariush , Rezaee Meysam , Koohgard Mehdi
Published: October 2021

Combination of copper ferrite and graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) provided an effective recyclable magnetic nanocatalyst to drive three‐component reactions of aldehydes, amines, and alkynes toward propargylamines. The reactions proceeded under external ligand‐ free and neat condition to afford the corresponding products in good to excellent yields and short reaction times. Main Text Paragraph.
Carbinol Derivatives of N‐(α‐Hydroxybenzyl)benzamide: Acid and Base‐Dependent Kinetics in Water and the Mechanistic Implications for Carbinolamide Reactivity
Authors: Tyminski Kurt S. , Stewart Sarah C. , Nagorski Richard W.
Published: October 2021

The kinetics of the aqueous reaction, between pH values of 0–4 & 7–14, have been determined for a series of carbinol substituted N‐(α‐hydroxybenzyl)benzamide derivatives (5), in H2O, at 25 °C, I=1.0 M (KCl). The carbinol derivatives of 5 were found to react via two mechanisms. Between pH values of 0 to 4, an acid‐catalyzed mechanism was found and under neutral/basic conditions the carbinolamides reacted by a specific‐base catalyzed mechanism (E1cB‐like mechanism). No evidence for mechanistic variation of the acid and base‐catalyzed reactions based upon the carbinol substituent was found. The rate constants are reported for the acid‐catalyzed (kH, ρ=−1.89), the apparent second‐order hydroxide rate constant (k’1, ρ=−0.16), hydroxide limiting rate (k1, ρ=−0.93) and the pKa’s of the hydroxyl group (ρ=0.77) for seven carbinol substituted derivatives of 5. The ρ‐values for the carbinol derivatives of 5 will be compared to the previously reported ρ‐values for the structurally similar amide substituted derivatives.
4‐Aminosalicylic Acid Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Rapid Removal of Crystal Violet Dye from Wastewater Using Minicolumn
Authors: Saxena Megha , Sharma Niharika , Saxena Reena
Published: October 2021

In this paper, 4‐aminosalicylic acid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT‐ASA) filled in a mini‐column and attached to a Flow‐injection system for the adsorptive removal of Crystal violet (CV) dye was employed. The remaining CV concentration was detected by a UV‐Visible Spectrophotometric method, which is proposed in this paper. The factors influencing the adsorption and desorption of CV, such as pH, eluent, sample and eluent flow rates were optimized. The optimum pH was 5.5, the eluent selected for desorption was 1 N acetic acid: ethanol (8 : 2), and the sample and eluent flow rate were both 5 mL min−1. Under the optimum conditions, the results obtained showed that CNT‐ASA possessed excellent dye removal efficiency of ∼99 % and adsorption capacity of 440 mg g−1 for CV. The advantage of using the flow‐injection system is the faster adsorption process (in just 1 minute), less amount and high reuse of the nano‐adsorbent, which is better in comparison to the traditional column method. The proposed method was applied on industrial and river water samples and good recovery (99–105 %) was obtained. Hence, it can be concluded that the proposed method is fast, effective, and can be applied on large‐scale wastewater treatment.
Ni(II)‐Mediated Ortho C(sp2)‐H Amidation of Arenes to Synthesis Secondary Sulfonamides via Sulfonyl Azides
Authors: Xu Peng , Shi Si−Yi , Du Zhi‐jun , Bai Ji‐Rong , Zhou Pin , Wang Ling‐ling , Dong Shuang , Sun Xiao‐Nan , Zhou Quan‐Fa
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we described Ni(II)‐mediated C(sp2)−H amidation of arenes directed by an amide‐tethered oxazoline directing group. The method provides a direct easy manner to achieve sulfonamides derivatives by available sulfonyl azides as amine source. The protocol exhibited moderate yields and functional group compatibility. Additionally, Synthetic amide compound has the Aggregation‐Induced Emission (AIE) phenomenon, which exhibit the potential application in OLEDs field.
Mechanistic Insights into the Voltammetric Determination of Riboflavin at Poly (Serine) Modified Graphite and Carbon Nanotube Composite Paste Electrode
Authors: Prinith Nambudumada S. , Manjunatha Jamballi G. , Tigari Girish , ALOthman Zeid A. , Alanazi Amer M. , Pandith Anup
Published: October 2021

Intense present work is directed on the fabrication and application of Poly (serine) modified graphite carbon nanotube composite paste electrode (PSR/CNTPE) for determining the Riboflavin (RF). The surface qualities of the projected sensor were observed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE‐SEM) and the conductivity by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) method. The electrochemical redox activity of the PSR/CNTPE to RF was investigated through Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). Outcomes displays that Poly (serine) in CNTPE enhanced the catalytic performance of the electrode towards the redox reaction of RF. The voltammetric response of PSR/CNTPE exhibited linear dependence for extended concentration range of RF from 6 μM to 50 μM with lower detection limit of 3.4×10−8 M.The PSR/CNTPE revealed to be reproducible, highly stable and successfully validated for the pharmaceutical, beverage and milk samples. The fabricated electrode was conducive and displayed two well‐separated oxidation signals for the solution containing two vitamins RF and Folic Acid (FA). The projected sensor is an adequate candidate for electrochemical sensing of RF.
Development of Conductive Hydrogels for Fabricating Flexible Strain Sensors
Authors: Li Gang , Li Chenglong , Li Guodong , Yu Dehai , Song Zhaoping , Wang Huili , Liu Xiaona , Liu Hong , Liu Wenxia
Published: October 2021

Conductive hydrogels can be prepared by incorporating various conductive materials into polymeric network hydrogels. In recent years, conductive hydrogels have been developed and applied in the field of strain sensors owing to their unique properties, such as electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, self‐healing, and anti‐freezing properties. These remarkable properties allow conductive hydrogel‐based strain sensors to show excellent performance for identifying external stimuli and detecting human body movement, even at subzero temperatures. This review summarizes the properties of conductive hydrogels and their application in the fabrication of strain sensors working in different modes. Finally, a brief prospectus for the development of conductive hydrogels in the future is provided.
Recent Advanced Development of Artificial Interphase Engineering for Stable Sodium Metal Anodes
Authors: Wang Tian , Hua Yongbin , Xu Zhanwei , Yu Jae Su
Published: October 2021

A solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on a sodium (Na) metal anode strongly affects the Na deposition morphology and the cycle life of Na metal batteries (SMBs). SMB applications are hindered by an unstable SEI and dendrite growth on the Na anode surface, which directly cause low coulombic efficiency and can even lead to safety issues. An artificial interface layer can stabilize Na metal anodes, be easily tailored, and is barely affected by electrochemical processes. In this review, recent advances that support the stability of working Na metal anodes are focused via artificial interphase engineering of inorganic materials, organic materials, and organic–inorganic composite materials, with an emphasis on the significance of interface engineering in SMBs. Fundamental investigations of artificial interphase engineering are also discussed on Na metal anodes and some recent research is summarized to enhance the interface between Na metal and electrolytes using an artificial interface layer. The prospects for interphase chemistry for Na metal anodes are provided to open a way to safe, high‐energy, next‐generation SMBs.
Calcium Peroxide Nanoparticles‐Embedded Coatings on Anti‐Inflammatory TiO2 Nanotubes for Bacteria Elimination and Inflammatory Environment Amelioration
Authors: He Ye , Li Ke , Yang Xin , Leng Jin , Xu Kun , Yuan Zhang , Lin Chuanchuan , Tao Bailong , Li Xuan , Hu Jingwei , Dai Liangliang , Becker Ryan , Huang Tony Jun , Cai Kaiyong
Published: October 2021

Implant‐associated bacterial infections significantly impair the integration between titanium and soft tissues. Traditional antibacterial modifications of titanium implants are able to eliminate bacteria, but the resulting pro‐inflammatory reactions are usually ignored, which still poses potential risks to human bodies. Here, a dual drug‐loading system on titanium has been developed via the adhesion of a catechol motif‐modified methacrylated gelatin hydrogel onto TiO2 nanotubes. Then synthesized CaO2 nanoparticles (NPs) are embedded into the hydrogel, and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) is loaded into the nanotubes to achieve both antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory properties. The dual drug‐loading system can eliminate Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) rapidly, attributed to the H2O2 release from CaO2 NPs. The potential cytotoxicity of CaO2 NPs is also remarkably reduced after being embedded into the hydrogel. More importantly, with the gradual release of IL‐4, the dual drug‐loading system is capable of modulating pro‐inflammatory reactions by inducing M2 phenotype polarization of macrophages. In a subcutaneous infection model, the S. aureus contamination is effectively resolved after 2 days, and the resulting pro‐inflammatory reactions are also inhibited after 7 days. Finally, the damaged tissue is significantly recovered. Taken together, the dual drug‐loading system exhibits great therapeutic potential in effectively killing pathogens and inhibiting the resulting pro‐inflammatory reactions.
Strained Endotaxial PbS Nanoprecipitates Boosting Ultrahigh Thermoelectric Quality Factor in n‐Type PbTe As‐Cast Ingots
Authors: Liu Shixuan , Yu Yong , Wu Di , Xu Xiao , Chao Xiaolian , Yang Zupei , He Jiaqing
Published: October 2021

Lead telluride (PbTe) has long been regarded as an excellent thermoelectric material at intermediate temperature range (573–873 K); however, n‐type PbTe's performance is always relatively inferior to its p‐type counterpart mainly due to their different electronic band structures. In this work, an ultrahigh thermoelectric quality factor (µ/κL ≈ 1.36 × 105 cm3 KJ−1 V−1) is reported in extra 0.3% Cu doped n‐type (PbTe)0.9(PbS)0.1 as‐cast ingots. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization reveals that excess PbS exists in PbTe matrix as strained endotaxial nanoprecipitates, which affect electrical and thermal conduction discriminately: (1) coherent PbTe/PbS lattice minimizes the interface scattering of charge carriers; (2) periodic strain centers at PbTe/PbS interface exhibit intensive strain contrast, which can strongly scatter heat‐carrying phonons. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) characterization illustrates very large PbTe grains (≈1 mm) in these as‐cast ingots, ensuring an extremely low grain boundary scattering rate thus a very high charge carrier mobility. Eventually, a remarkably high ZTmax ≈ 1.5 at 773 K and an outstanding ZTavg ≈ 1.0 between 323 and 773 K are simultaneously achieved in the (PbTe)0.9(PbS)0.1 +0.3%Cu sample; these values are highly competitive with reported state‐of‐art n‐type PbTe materials.
Characterizing commodity serverless computing platforms
Authors: Wen Jinfeng , Liu Yi , Chen Zhenpeng , Chen Junkai , Ma Yun
Published: October 2021

Serverless computing has become a new trending paradigm in cloud computing, allowing developers to focus on the development of core application logic and rapidly construct the prototype via the composition of independent functions. With the development and prosperity of serverless computing, major cloud vendors have successively rolled out their commodity serverless computing platforms. However, the characteristics of these platforms have not been systematically studied. Measuring these characteristics can help developers to select the most adequate serverless computing platform and develop their serverless‐based applications in the right way. To fill this knowledge gap, we present a comprehensive study on characterizing mainstream commodity serverless computing platforms, including AWS Lambda, Google Cloud Functions, Azure Functions, and Alibaba Cloud Function Compute. Specifically, we conduct both qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. In qualitative analysis, we compare these platforms from three aspects (i.e., development, deployment, and runtime) based on their official documentation to construct a taxonomy of characteristics. In quantitative analysis, we analyze the runtime performance of these platforms from multiple dimensions with well‐designed benchmarks. First, we analyze three key factors that can influence the startup latency of serverless‐based applications. Second, we compare the resource efficiency of different platforms with 16 representative benchmarks. Finally, we measure their performance difference when dealing with different concurrent requests and explore the potential causes in a black‐box fashion. Based on the results of both qualitative and quantitative analysis, we derive a series of findings and provide insightful implications for both developers and cloud vendors.
Metal−Organic Frameworks: Why Make Them Small?
Authors: Wang Jiemin , Imaz Inhar , Maspoch Daniel
Published: October 2021

Recent studies have demonstrated that metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) can be miniaturized down to the submicroscale and even nanoscale to create small MOFs. Herein, the basic concepts and recent progresses concerning the core question of “MOFs, why make them small?” are briefly introduced from three perspectives: those of size, shape, and processability. Small sizes endow MOFs with large outer surface area/volume ratios, leading to important differences in their characteristics (e.g., outer surface energy, number of defects, etc.) relative to their bulk scale counterparts and thus, opening the door to size‐dependent properties such as flexibility or catalytic performance. Downsizing MOFs also enables shaping of them into unusual shapes. Among the most appealing morphologies are 2D nanosheets, whose structure can favor certain porosity‐related applications. The controlled miniaturization of MOF particles also favors their integration onto surfaces and into devices as well as their colloidal stability, which in turn translates to the ability to use readily processable MOF‐based liquids in countless processes, such as to drive the assembly of sophisticated meso‐ and macroscopic architectures, gels, monoliths, and porous liquids. It is believed that ongoing research to shrink MOFs via nanotechnology, as has been done with other classes of materials, will continue to yield novel MOF‐related materials that exhibit unprecedented structural and functional properties.
Anwendung von höherfrequenten Hämmerverfahren bei Kranbahnträgern
Authors: Dürr André , Winkler Matthias
Published: October 2021

Die höherfrequenten Hämmerverfahren (HFH) sind Schweißnahtnachbehandlungsverfahren zur Steigerung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit von geschweißten Kerbdetails. Seit 2019 steht in Deutschland für diese Verfahren die DASt‐Richtlinie 026 für Neukonstruktionen im Bauwesen zur Verfügung. Zahlreiche Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass diese Schweißnahtnachbehandlungsverfahren unter Beachtung gewisser Randbedingungen auch bei Bestandskonstruktionen zur Lebensdauerverlängerung eingesetzt werden können. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags erfolgt eine zusammenfassende Darstellung zum Stand der Technik zu diesen Schweißnahtnachbehandlungsverfahren. Darüber hinaus sind Erläuterungen gegeben, inwiefern die HFH‐Verfahren bei der Bemessung kranbahnspezifischer Kerbdetails bei Neukonstruktionen berücksichtigt werden können bzw. welche Vorteile bei der Anwendung an Bestandskonstruktionen bestehen.
Electromagnetic‐Thermal Bi‐directional Coupling Analysis of IEF‐DDPMM Under Different Operation Conditions and Cooling System Optimization Design
Authors: Zhang Jiaxu , Zhang Bingyi , Feng Guihong
Published: October 2021

Compared with the traditional single stator permanent magnet (PM) direct‐drive motor, the direct‐drive PM motor with inner enhance force (IEF‐DDPMM) has the advantages of high‐torque density, strong heavy‐load starting ability and flexible operation mode, so it is especially suitable for the occasions such as mine winches with a wide load range, frequent heavy‐load starting, light‐load operation, and limited use environment space. It is very important to check the temperature rise of IEF‐DDPMM according to its different operating conditions, including transient temperature rise during heavy‐load starting and steady‐state temperature rise during rated operation, so as to optimize the electromagnetic and thermal performance at the same time. Based on the bi‐directional coupling method (BDCM) of the electromagnetic field and temperature field, the thermal analysis of IEF‐DDPMM and the transient temperature field analysis of the inner motor as a torque motor for short‐term operation are carried out, and then the rated power of inner motor in S1 working system and the maximum operation time of output peak power are determined. The fluid–solid coupling analysis method is used to optimize the design of the cooling system, and the influence of the number of water channels and inlet water velocity on the heat dissipation effect of the motor is analyzed. A cooling system with strong heat dissipation ability is obtained, which can achieve higher power or torque output within the temperature range of winding insulation or demagnetization limitation of PM. Finally, a prototype is developed and equipped with a temperature rise experimental platform, and the experimental results provided a good verification of the simulation results. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Exploiting Non‐Leading Zeroes to Reduce Energy Consumption for Non‐Volatile Memories
Authors: Choi Juhee , Park Heemin
Published: October 2021

The penalty of write operations is one of the main hindrances for adopting nonvolatile memory for IoT devices. As a solution for mitigating this problem, the read‐before‐write scheme is proposed to prevent unnecessary writing by comparing all bits to be written with the existing values. However, this approach also generates additional read accesses for every write access. To reduce these read operations, we design a zero‐bit pattern scheme that deactivates bit cells indicated as zero bits during access to the cache. In our experiments, the dynamic energy consumption is decreased by 35.0% with 2.3% additional storage. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Xanthorrhizol inhibits non‐small cell carcinoma (A549) cell growth and promotes apoptosis through modulation of PI3K/AKT and NF‐κB signaling pathway
Authors: Cai Yong , Sheng Zhaoying , Wang Jiying
Published: October 2021

Xanthorrhizol (XNT) is a sesquiterpenoid agent isolated from Curcuma xanthorrhiza; It is known to exhibit various pharmacological activities including anti‐cancer. We investigated the anti‐cell proliferative and proapoptotic effects of XNT on Non‐small cell carcinoma (A549) cells were analyzed by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), oxidative DNA damage, and apoptosis morphological changes were explored by Hoechst and AO/EtBr staining. Our study demonstrated that XNT treatment significantly reduced the viability of A549 cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. We observed that XNT‐induced oxidative stress‐mediated apoptotic cell death by increasing intracellular ROS generation, depleting antioxidant levels, enhancing lipid peroxidation, increased apoptotic morphological changes, and % of DNA damage on human lung cancer cells. Furthermore, we observed that the XNT induce apoptosis through inhibits phosphorylation of PI3K, AKTand inhibit NF‐κBp65 transcriptional signaling activity. In addition, XNT treatment alters the ΔΨm, thereby induces apoptosis was closely coordinated with the induction of pro‐apoptotic markers Bax, Bad, caspase‐ 3, 9 and cytochrome c, and suppression of anti‐apoptotic (Bcl‐2, Bcl‐XL) protein expression. According to our results, XNT‐inducing apoptosis in A549 cells by causing oxidative damage and modulating apoptotic signaling events. Finally, XNT‐induced apoptotic cell death was confirmed by the TUNEL assay. Therefore, XNT might be used as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of lung cancer.
Wuchttechnologie von Turbopumpen‐Rotoren
Authors: Wielsch Pascal , Kreuter Alexander , Schopphoff Andreas
Published: October 2021

Seit der Erfindung der Turbopumpe im Jahre 1958 hat es bereits zahlreiche Verbesserungen und Verfeinerungen gegeben. Ein Aspekt, welcher einen großen Einfluss auf die Lebensdauer und die Performance der Turbopumpe hat, ist die Wuchtgüte des Rotors. Dieser Parameter kann durch verschiedene Technologien beeinflusst werden. In der Praxis weist jedes rotierende Bauteil eine gewisse Unwucht auf, welche nicht vollständig vermieden werden kann. Damit besteht hier die unbedingte Notwendigkeit, die Unwucht der immer schneller drehenden Rotoren mit entsprechenden Maßnahmen zu reduzieren, um später einen möglichst vibrationsarmen Betrieb zu ermöglichen. Die neueste und bisher effizienteste Methode ist das in diesem Artikel vorgestellte Laser Balancing.
The importance of RNA modifications: From cells to muscle physiology
Authors: Das Anindhya Sundar , Alfonzo Juan D. , Accornero Federica
Published: October 2021

Naturally occurring post‐transcriptional chemical modifications serve critical roles in impacting RNA structure and function. More directly, modifications may affect RNA stability, intracellular transport, translational efficiency, and fidelity. The combination of effects caused by modifications are ultimately linked to gene expression regulation at a genome‐wide scale. The latter is especially true in systems that undergo rapid metabolic and or translational remodeling in response to external stimuli, such as the presence of stressors, but beyond that, modifications may also affect cell homeostasis. Although examples of the importance of RNA modifications in translation are accumulating rapidly, still what these contribute to the function of complex physiological systems such as muscle is only recently emerging. In the present review, we will introduce key information on various modifications and highlight connections between those and cellular malfunctions. In passing, we will describe well‐documented roles for modifications in the nervous system and use this information as a stepping stone to emphasize a glaring paucity of knowledge on the role of RNA modifications in heart and skeletal muscle, with particular emphasis on mitochondrial function in those systems.

This article is categorized under:

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease

RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification
Helicopter‐Based Chemical Immobilization of Mountain Goats in Coastal Alaska
Authors: White Kevin S. , Watts Dominique E. , Beckmen Kimberlee B.
Published: October 2021

The development, evaluation, and refinement of effective and humane capture methods for wildlife studies is important for increasing our capacity to understand and effectively manageand conserve wildlife populations. Carfentanil has been the primary agent used to chemically immobilize mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) during the past 40 years. However, carfentanil is no longer commercially available for wildlife captures in North America. To investigate viable alternatives for mountain goat capture, we conducted field trials using thiafentanil to immobilize free‐ranging mountain goats via aerial darting methods; thiafentanil responses were then compared to a standard and widely used carfentanil dose. During June–October, 2005–2020, we immobilized mountain goats with either 2.4–3.0 mg carfentanil (n = 444) or 6.0–7.0 mg thiafentanil (n = 68) across a range of different field conditions at 6 different study sites in coastal Alaska. Induction and recovery times were more rapid (and subsequent immobilization times reduced) using thiafentanil compared to carfentanil. In most other respects, however, immobilization characteristics (i.e., body temperature, pulse rate, relative oxygen saturation) were virtually indistinguishable between individuals immobilized with carfentanil or thiafentanil. During typical immobilizations, mean rectal temperature increased 1.8° C, but increased as much as 3.0° C in some extreme cases. Administration of supplemental oxygen resulted in substantial, potentially clinically significant increases in peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, arterial oxygen, and pH in immobilized mountain goats. Our findings indicate that thiafentanil is an effective alternative to carfentanil for chemical immobilization of mountain goats and may offer some important advantages, particularly when immobilizing mountain goats and other species in difficult and potentially dangerous capture environments. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
OXIRIS project: Development of a new XRF device for the simultaneous detection and treatment of cancer
Authors: Figueroa Rodolfo G. , Valente Mauro , Guarda Jaime , Leiva Jorge , Quilaguilque Eduardo , Casanelli Bryan , Leyton Fernando
Published: October 2021

A novel and suitable energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescent (EDXRF) device, currently at the prototype stage, the Project OXIRIS (Orthovoltage X‐Ray–Induced Radiation System), is presented for the simultaneous detection and treatment of cancer diseases. Monte Carlo simulation and experimental results of EDXRF signals from a small deep artificial tumor consisting of a solution of gold nanoparticles bio‐targeted and immersed in a tissue‐bioequivalent matrix are presented and compared. Briefly, the device consists of a dynamic orthovoltage X‐ray fluence concentration coupled to confocal with an EDXRF system along with a sample holder for 3D scanning; all integrated and controlled by a dedicated software capable of controlling the whole operation functionalities: the X‐ray source, the rotating arm, the sample holder, and the detection system. The software also includes dedicated subroutines for X‐ray fluorescent spectra processing to correlate K‐lines signal at each acquisition position with the corresponding high atomic number elements' concentration to produce a 3D distribution according to the user‐defined grid. The confocal configuration ensures that the detected signal comes exclusively from the excited volume as defined by the bulk of the focal spot. Hence, the 3D image is achieved by scanning the sample holder through the movement of the sample‐carrier stretcher moved by step motors in the 3 coordinated axes. The feasibility of the proposed methodology and the design of the prototype have been successfully demonstrated experimentally, targeting gold nanoparticles in water‐equivalent phantoms.
Past, present, and future: Leadership education at Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Authors: Hotchkins Bryan K.
Published: October 2021

This article focuses on the history of leadership education and student leadership development at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Although HBCUs range in size and scope, the positive impact that HBCUs have had on graduates and the community large writ is unprecedented especially for students, faculty, administrators and staff of African descent.
Furred and feathered friends: How attached are zookeepers to the animals in their care?
Authors: Melfi Vicky , Skyner Lindsay , Birke Lynda , Ward Samantha J. , Shaw Wendy S. , Hosey Geoff
Published: October 2021

Keeper‐animal relationships (KARs) appear to be important in zoos, since they can enhance the well‐being of both the animals and the keepers, can make animal husbandry easier, but conversely might risk inappropriate habituation of animals and possible risks to the safety of keepers. It is, therefore, important to know more about the variables involved in relationship formation. Here we use a modified version of the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS) to measure the strength of KARs between keepers and animals in their care, both in the zoo and in the home. LAPS questionnaires were completed by 187 keepers in 19 different collections across three countries. LAPS scores for attachment to zoo animals (ZA) were significantly lower than for pet animals (PA). There was no significant difference in ZA scores between different taxa, but there were significant taxon differences between PA scores. There were significant differences in both ZA and PA scores between different collections. Female respondents scored more highly than males for both ZA and PA. Multiple regression revealed that location, gender, and time spent with animals were significant predictors for ZA, while only gender and taxon were significant predictors for PA. It was concluded that PA scores were comparable with those for the general public, and reflected strong attachment of keepers to their pets, while ZA scores, although also reflecting attachment, were influenced by differences in institutional culture.
The physical states of the Hybrid Formalism
Authors: Gaberdiel Matthias R. , Naderi Kiarash
Published: October 2021

Abstract

String theory on AdS3 × S3 × $$ \mathbbm{T} $$
T
4 with one unit (k = 1) of NS-NS flux is considered in the hybrid formalism of Berkovits, Vafa & Witten (BVW). Using the free field realisation of the world-sheet theory at k = 1, we identify explicitly the BRST cohomology classes corresponding to some of the low-lying states of the dual CFT. In particular, we do this for the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 superconformal generators of the symmetric orbifold theory, and we confirm these identifications by showing that the worldsheet correlators reproduce the expected dual CFT answer. Along the way we note that the physical vertex operators on the worldsheet have a simpler form if one works with a different, but equivalent, choice for the BRST operators relative to BVW.
The molecular mechanisms of inflammation and scarring in the kidneys of immunoglobulin A nephropathy
Authors: Schena Francesco Paolo , Rossini Michele , Abbrescia Daniela Isabel , Zaza Gianluigi
Published: October 2021

Kidney biopsy is the cornerstone for the diagnosis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). The immunofluorescence technique evidences the IgA deposits in the glomeruli; the routine histology shows degree of active and chronic renal lesions. The spectrum of renal lesions is highly variable, ranging from minor or no detectable lesions to diffuse proliferative or crescentic lesions. Over the past three decades, renal transcriptomic studies have been performed on fresh or frozen renal tissue, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded kidney tissue specimens obtained from archival histological repositories. This paper aims to describe (1) the transcriptomic profiles of the kidney biopsy and (2) the potential urinary biomarkers that can be used to monitor the follow-up of IgAN patients. The use of quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), microarrays and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) techniques on renal tissue and separated compartments of the nephron such as glomeruli and tubule-interstitium has clarified many aspects of the renal damage in IgAN. Recently, the introduction of the single-cell RNA-seq techniques has overcome the limitations of the previous methods, making that it is possible to study the whole renal tissue without the dissection of the nephron segments; it also allows better analysis of the cell-specific gene expression involved in cell differentiation. These gene products could represent effective candidates for urinary biomarkers for clinical decision making. Finally, some of these molecules may be the targets of old drugs, such as corticosteroids, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone blockers, and new drugs such as monoclonal antibodies. In the era of personalized medicine and precision therapy, high-throughput technologies may better characterize different renal patterns of IgAN and deliver targeted treatments to individual patients.
COVID-19 Pandemic and Eating Disorders: What Can We Learn About Psychopathology and Treatment? A Systematic Review
Authors: Monteleone Alessio Maria , Cascino Giammarco , Barone Eugenia , Carfagno Marco , Monteleone Palmiero
Published: October 2021

Purpose of Review

This systematic review aims to collect evidence regarding the impact of the SarsCov-2 pandemic on people affected by eating disorders (EDs) targeting the following variables: psychopathology changes, mechanisms of vulnerability or resilience, and perception of treatment modifications during the pandemic.

Recent Findings

Since the beginning of the pandemic, a mental health deterioration has been detected in the general population and especially in people affected by pre-existing psychiatric conditions. Furthermore, mental healthcare has moved toward online treatment.

Summary

ED people showed a trend toward worsening of ED-specific psychopathology and impairment in general psychopathology. The most common vulnerability mechanisms were social isolation and feelings of uncertainty, while heightened self-care and reduced social pressure were resilience factors. The online treatment, although raising many concerns related to its quality, was considered the best alternative to the face-to-face approach. These findings may support the idea that stressful events contribute to the exacerbation of ED psychopathology and highlight the relevance of internalizing symptoms in EDs. The identification of putative risk and resilience variables as well as of subjective factors affecting online treatment perception may inform healthcare professionals and may promote more personalized approaches.
How to remove expansive perennial species from sedge-dominated wetlands: results of a long-term experiment in lowland river valleys
Authors: Kołos Aleksander , Banaszuk Piotr
Published: October 2021

Grasslands belong to valuable ecosystems facing, all over Europe, a drastic decline in their range and loss of species diversity. Severe floristic transformation may result from the cessation of traditional low-input agricultural use, and consequently, the massive spread of perennial herbs and tall grasses. Invaders can quickly form dense stands and displace endemic vegetation, which results in a nearly complete turnover of phytocenoses. In European protected areas, the only legally acceptable means for suppressing alien species and native dominants within protected areas are biological methods and mowing. We investigated the effect of cutting on the presence of three megaforbs: Lysimachia vulgaris, Lythrum salicaria, and Filipendula ulmaria in fen meadows. We hypothesized that long-term, systematic management mimicking a traditional agricultural practice, would suppress the expansion of megaforbs. Management effectively stopped Lysimachia vulgaris only in marshes, where groundwater in the growing season fell deeper than 50 cm. Coverage of Lythrum salicaria fluctuated over the years, while Filipendula ulmaria did not give in to mowing pressure; on the contrary, it increased its coverage in some places. In light of the results of the long-term experiment, we conclude that mowing appeared to be low effective in preventing the spread of tall perennials. It was likely that indirect factors caused the local withdrawal of megaforbs, i.e., mowing-driven stimulation of other species’ development (e.g., Carex spp., Phragmites) that outcompete Lysimachia vulgaris.
Capturing the heterogeneity of life on the streets: A person‐centered analysis of street histories and social connections of youth
Authors: Lima Rebeca Fernandes Ferreira , Raffaelli Marcela , de Morais Normanda Araujo , Santana Juliana Prates , Koller Silvia H.
Published: October 2021

Introduction

The heterogeneity of street‐involved youth was examined using a person‐centered approach. Youth were classified based on patterns of street involvement and the identified profiles compared to identify theoretically coherent and practically significant differences.

Methods

Participants were 111 street‐involved youth aged 9 to 18 (M age = 14.15 years; 81.1% male, 91.1% non‐white) from three Brazilian cities. Youth completed a life history interview and structured assessment. Latent class analysis was used to identify three profiles of youth based on reasons for going to the street and connections to major developmental contexts (street, family, institutions). Profile comparisons on psychosocial variables (e.g., age, life events) and adjustment indicators (e.g., drug use, life satisfaction) were conducted using multinomial logistic regression.

Results

The largest profile (48.6%) included youth drawn to the street by drug use or trafficking, who had moderate connections to street and family. Another group (40.5%) went to the street to escape family dysfunction, and the street represented their primary developmental context. These groups differed on some psychosocial indicators but had similar patterns of adjustment. The third group of youth (10.8%) had families with a history of street involvement and maintained strong ties to all three developmental contexts. These youth had generally better adjustment than their peers (e.g., less drug use, higher life satisfaction) but had higher levels of sexual risk related to the overrepresentation of girls.

Conclusions

Street involvement is a multidetermined phenomenon that may expose young people to distinct conditions of vulnerability. Findings have implications for research, practice, and policy.
Interfaces and Domains of Contact-Driven Restructuring
Authors: Sessarego Sandro
Published: October 2021

The Afro-Hispanic Languages of the Americas (AHLAs) present a number of grammatical similarities that have traditionally been ascribed to a previous creole stage. Approaching creole studies from contrasting standpoints, this groundbreaking book provides a new account of these phenomena. How did these features come about? What linguistic mechanisms can account for their parallel existence in several contact varieties? How can we formalize such mechanisms within a comprehensive theoretical framework? How can these new datasets help us test and refine current formal theories, which have primarily been based on standardized language data? In addressing these important questions, this book not only casts new light on the nature of the AHLAs, it also provides new theoretical and methodological perspectives for a more integrated approach to the study of contact-driven restructuring across language interfaces and linguistic domains.
Evaluation of a hybrid antimicrobial restriction process at a large academic medical center
Authors: Smith Jesse D. , Nguyen Linh H. , Krekel Tamara , Waggoner Jerrica , Ritchie David J. , Durkin Michael J. , Hsueh Kevin , Neuner Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2021

We conducted a retrospective review of a hybrid antimicrobial restriction process demonstrating adherence to appropriate use criteria in 72% of provisional-only orders, in 100% of provisional orders followed by ID orders, and in 97% of ID-initiated orders. Therapy interruptions occurred in 24% of provisional orders followed by ID orders.
High Grashof number turbulent natural convection on an infinite vertical wall
Authors: Ke Junhao , Williamson N. , Armfield S.W. , Komiya A. , Norris S.E.
Published: October 2021

The present study concerns a temporally evolving turbulent natural convection boundary layer (NCBL) adjacent to an isothermally heated vertical wall, with Prandtl number 0.71. Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) are carried out to investigate the turbulent flow up to

$\textit {Gr}_\delta =1.21\times 10^8$

, where

$\textit {Gr}_\delta$

is the Grashof number based on the boundary layer thickness

$\delta$

. In the near-wall region, there exists a constant heat flux layer, similar to previous studies for the spatially developing flows (e.g. George & Capp, Intl J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 22, 1979, pp. 813–826). Beyond a wall-normal distance

$\delta _i$

, the NCBL can be characterised as a plume-like region. We find that this region is well described by a self-similar integral model with profile coefficients (cf. van Reeuwijk & Craske, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 782, 2015, pp. 333–355) which are

$\textit {Gr}_\delta$

-independent after

$\textit {Gr}_\delta =10^7$

. In this Grashof number range both the outer plume-like region and the near-wall boundary layer are turbulent, indicating the beginning of the so-called ultimate turbulent regime (Grossmann & Lohse, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 407, 2000, pp. 27–56; Grossmann & Lohse, Phys. Fluids, vol. 23, 2011, 045108). Solutions to the self-similar integral model are analytically obtained by solving ordinary differential equations with profile coefficients empirically obtained from the DNS results. In the present study, we have found the wall heat transfer of the NCBL is directly related to the top-hat scales which characterise the plume-like region. The Nusselt number is found to follow

$\textit {Nu}_\delta \propto \textit {Gr}_\delta ^{0.381}$

, slightly higher than the empirical

$1/3$

-power-law correlation reported for spatially developing NCBLs at lower

$\textit {Gr}_\delta$

, but is shown to be consistent with the ultimate heat transfer regime with a logarithmic correction suggested by Grossmann & Lohse (Phys. Fluids, vol. 23, 2011, 045108). By modelling the near-wall buoyancy force, we show that the wall shear stress would scale with the bulk velocity only at asymptotically large Grashof numbers.
Subcritical and supercritical bifurcations in axisymmetric viscoelastic pipe flows
Authors: Wan Dongdong , Sun Guangrui , Zhang Mengqi
Published: October 2021

Axisymmetric viscoelastic pipe flow of Oldroyd-B fluids has been recently found to be linearly unstable by Garget al.(Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 121, 2018, 024502). From a nonlinear point of view, this means that the flow can transition to turbulence supercritically, in contrast to the subcritical Newtonian pipe flows. Experimental evidence of subcritical and supercritical bifurcations of viscoelastic pipe flows have been reported, but these nonlinear phenomena have not been examined theoretically. In this work, we study the weakly nonlinear stability of this flow by performing a multiple-scale expansion of the disturbance around linear critical conditions. The perturbed parameter is the Reynolds number with the others being unperturbed. A third-order Ginzburg–Landau equation is derived with its coefficient indicating the bifurcation type of the flow. After exploring a large parameter space, we found that polymer concentration plays an important role: at high polymer concentrations (or small solvent-to-solution viscosity ratio$\beta \lessapprox 0.785$), the nonlinearity stabilizes the flow, indicating that the flow will bifurcate supercritically, while at low polymer concentrations ($\beta \gtrapprox 0.785$), the flow bifurcation is subcritical. The results agree qualitatively with experimental observations where critical$\beta \approx 0.855$. The pipe flow of upper convected Maxwell fluids can be linearly unstable and its bifurcation type is also supercritical. At a fixed value of$\beta$, the Landau coefficient scales with the inverse of the Weissenberg number ($Wi$) when$Wi$is sufficiently large. The present analysis provides a theoretical understanding of the recent studies on the supercritical and subcritical routes to the elasto-inertial turbulence in viscoelastic pipe flows.
Mass transfer from small spheroids suspended in a turbulent fluid
Authors: Lawson John M. , Ganapathisubramani Bharathram
Published: October 2021

By coupling direct numerical simulation of homogeneous isotropic turbulence with a localised solution of the convection–diffusion equation, we model the rate of transfer of a solute (mass transfer) from the surface of small, neutrally buoyant, axisymmetric, ellipsoidal particles (spheroids) in dilute suspension within a turbulent fluid at large Péclet number,

$\textit {Pe}$

. We observe that, at

$\textit {Pe} = O(10)$

, the average transfer rate for prolate spheroids is larger than that of spheres with equivalent surface area, whereas oblate spheroids experience a lower average transfer rate. However, as the Péclet number is increased, oblate spheroids can experience an enhancement in mass transfer relative to spheres near an optimal aspect ratio

$\lambda \approx 1/4$

. Furthermore, we observe that, for spherical particles, the Sherwood number

$\textit {Sh}$

scales approximately as

$\textit {Pe}^{0.26}$

over

$\textit {Pe} = 1.4\times 10^{1}$

to

$1.4\times 10^{4}$

, which is below the

$\textit {Pe}^{1/3}$

scaling observed for inertial particles but consistent with available experimental data for tracer-like particles. The discrepancy is attributed to the diffusion-limited temporal response of the concentration boundary layer to turbulent strain fluctuations. A simple model, the quasi-steady flux model, captures both of these phenomena and shows good quantitative agreement with our numerical simulations.