bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural and functional bases for individual differences in motor learning
Authors: Tomassini Valentina , Jbabdi Saad , Kincses Zsigmond T. , Bosnell Rose , Douaud Gwenaelle , Pozzilli Carlo , Matthews Paul M. , Johansen‐Berg Heidi
Published: June 2010

People vary in their ability to learn new motor skills. We hypothesize that between‐subject variability in brain structure and function can explain differences in learning. We use brain functional and structural MRI methods to characterize such neural correlates of individual variations in motor learning. Healthy subjects applied isometric grip force of varying magnitudes with their right hands cued visually to generate smoothly‐varying pressures following a regular pattern. We tested whether individual variations in motor learning were associated with anatomically colocalized variations in magnitude of functional MRI (fMRI) signal or in MRI differences related to white and grey matter microstructure. We found that individual motor learning was correlated with greater functional activation in the prefrontal, premotor, and parietal cortices, as well as in the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Structural MRI correlates were found in the premotor cortex [for fractional anisotropy (FA)] and in the cerebellum [for both grey matter density and FA]. The cerebellar microstructural differences were anatomically colocalized with fMRI correlates of learning. This study thus suggests that variations across the population in the function and structure of specific brain regions for motor control explain some of the individual differences in skill learning. This strengthens the notion that brain structure determines some limits to cognitive function even in a healthy population. Along with evidence from pathology suggesting a role for these regions in spontaneous motor recovery, our results also highlight potential targets for therapeutic interventions designed to maximize plasticity for recovery of similar visuomotor skills after brain injury. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A mutual information‐based metric for evaluation of fMRI data‐processing approaches
Authors: Afshin‐Pour Babak , Soltanian‐Zadeh Hamid , Hossein‐Zadeh Gholam‐Ali , Grady Cheryl L. , Strother Stephen C.
Published: June 2010

We propose a novel approach for evaluating the performance of activation detection in real (experimental) datasets using a new mutual information (MI)‐based metric and compare its sensitivity to several existing performance metrics in both simulated and real datasets. The proposed approach is based on measuring the approximate MI between the fMRI time‐series of a validation dataset and a calculated activation map (thresholded label map or continuous map) from an independent training dataset. The MI metric is used to measure the amount of information preserved during the extraction of an activation map from experimentally related fMRI time‐series. The processing method that preserves maximal information between the maps and related time‐series is proposed to be superior. The results on simulation datasets for multiple analysis models are consistent with the results of ROC curves, but are shown to have lower information content than for real datasets, limiting their generalizability. In real datasets for group analyses using the general linear model (GLM; FSL4 and SPM5), we show that MI values are (1) larger for groups of 15 versus 10 subjects and (2) more sensitive measures than reproducibility (for continuous maps) or Jaccard overlap metrics (for thresholded maps). We also show that (1) for an increasing fraction of nominally active voxels, both MI and false discovery rate (FDR) increase, and (2) at a fixed FDR, GLM using FSL4 tends to extract more voxels and more information than SPM5 using the default processing techniques in each package. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pramipexole modulates the neural network of reward anticipation
Authors: Ye Zheng , Hammer Anke , Camara Estela , Münte Thomas F.
Published: June 2010

Pramipexole is widely prescribed to treat Parkinson's disease. It has been found to cause impulse control disorders such as pathological gambling. To examine how pramipexole modulates the network of reward anticipation, we carried out a pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging study with a double‐blind, within‐subject design. During the anticipation of monetary rewards, pramipexole increased the activity of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), enhanced the interaction between the NAcc and the anterior insula, but weakened the interaction between the NAcc and the prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that pramipexole may exaggerate incentive and affective responses to possible rewards, but reduce the top‐down control of impulses, leading to an increase in impulsive behaviors. This imbalance between the prefrontal‐striatum connectivity and the insula‐striatum connectivity may represent the neural mechanism of pathological gambling caused by pramipexole. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal observations of a seasonal snowpack using upward‐looking GPR
Authors: Heilig Achim , Eisen Olaf , Schneebeli Martin
Published: June 2010

An increase of the spatial and temporal resolution of snowpack measurements in Alpine or Arctic regions will improve the predictability of flood and avalanche hazards and increase the spatial validity of snowpack simulation models. In the winter season 2009, we installed a ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) system beneath the snowpack to measure snowpack conditions above the antennas. In comparison with modulated frequency systems, GPR systems consist of a much simpler technology, are commercially available and therefore are cheaper. The radar observed the temporal alternation of the snow height over more than 2·5 months. The presented data showed that with moved antennas, it is possible to record the snow height with an uncertainty of less than 8% in comparison with the probed snow depth. Three persistent melt crusts, which formed at the snow surface and were buried by further new snow events, were used as reflecting tracers to follow the snow cover evolution and to determine the strain rates of underlaying layers between adjacent measurements. The height in two‐way travel time of each layer changed over time, which is a cumulative effect of settlement and variation of wave speed in response to densification and liquid water content. The infiltration of liquid water with depth during melt processes was clearly observed during one event. All recorded reflections appeared in concordance with the physical principles (e.g. in phase structure), and one can assume that distinct density steps above a certain threshold result in reflections in the radargram. The accuracy of the used impulse radar system in determining the snow water equivalent is in good agreement with previous studies, which used continuous wave radar systems. The results of this pilot study encourage further investigations with radar measurements using the described test arrangement on a daily basis for continuous destruction‐free monitoring of the snow cover. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The insolvent subsidiary and liability of the parent corporation in the USA, Argentina, and UNCITRAL
Authors: Miguens Héctor José
Published: June 2010

The increasing unacceptability of the concept of entity law and the emergence of the doctrine of enterprise law with respect to many aspects of the legal relationships of parent and subsidiary corporations particularly in insolvent situations is a very interesting issue. This change is very significant because it reflects a growing unwillingness on the part of the courts and legislatures to continue accepting the traditional view of corporate law when it no longer corresponds to the economic reality of the modern business enterprise in a complex industrialized international society. This paper examines the American case law and in particular the decisions that have imposed liability where a company is liable for the obligations of an insolvent subsidiary and by contrast the decisions that have denied liability. The paper also examines the position in Argentina within the Argentine law and the UNCITRAL recommendations in respect of liability issues within corporate groups in insolvency. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Authors: Tsilidis Konstantinos K. , Allen Naomi E. , Key Timothy J. , SanJoaquin Miguel A. , Bakken Kjersti , Berrino Franco , Fournier Agnès , Lund Eiliv , Overvad Kim , Olsen Anja , Tjønneland Anne , Byrnes Graham , Chajes Veronique , Rinaldi Sabina , Boutron‐Ruault Marie‐Christine , Clavel‐Chapelon Francoise , Chang‐Claude Jenny , Kaaks Rudolf , Bergmann Manuela , Boeing Heiner , Koumantaki Yvoni , Palli Domenico , Pala Valeria , Panico Salvatore , Tumino Rosario , Vineis Paolo , Bas Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H. , van Duijnhoven Fränzel J.B. , van Gils Carla H. , Peeters Petra H.M. , Rodríguez Laudina , González Carlos A. , Sánchez María‐José , Chirlaque Maria‐Dolores , Barricarte Aurelio , Dorronsoro Miren , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Rodwell Sheila A. , Norat Teresa , Romaguera Dora , Riboli Elio
Published: June 2010

Menopausal hormone therapy (HT) may influence colorectal cancer risk. A total of 136,275 postmenopausal women from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition were followed for an average of 9 years, during which time 1,186 colorectal cancers were diagnosed. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models stratified by center and age, and adjusted for body mass index, smoking, diabetes, physical activity and alcohol consumption. Compared to never use of HT at study enrolment, current use of estrogen‐only (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.79–1.31) or estrogen plus progestin (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.77–1.14) was not significantly associated with the risk of colorectal cancer, and these associations did not vary by recency, duration, route of administration, regimen or specific constituent of HT. Our results show no significant association of estrogen‐only or estrogen plus progestin therapy with colorectal cancer risk.
Nudix‐type motif 2 in human breast carcinoma: A potent prognostic factor associated with cell proliferation
Authors: Oka Kimako , Suzuki Takashi , Onodera Yoshiaki , Miki Yasuhiro , Takagi Kiyoshi , Nagasaki Shuji , Akahira Jun‐Ichi , Ishida Takanori , Watanabe Mika , Hirakawa Hisashi , Ohuchi Noriaki , Sasano Hironobu
Published: June 2010

Nudix‐type motif 2 (NUDT2) hydrolyzes diadenosine 5′,5′′′‐p1,p4‐tetraphosphate (Ap4A) associated with various cellular functions. Previous studies demonstrated its regulation through estrogens, suggesting possible importance of NUDT2 in breast carcinoma. NUDT2, however, has not been examined in malignant tissues. Therefore, we examined its expression and functions in breast carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry for NUDT2 was examined by invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC: n = 145) and pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS: n = 82), and NUDT2 mRNA was examined by real‐time PCR in 9 DCIS, 19 IDC and 6 non‐neoplastic breast tissues. We also used T47D breast carcinoma cells in in vitro studies. NUDT2 immunoreactivity was detected in 78% of DCIS and 63% of IDC, and NUDT2 mRNA level was significantly higher in DCIS or IDC than non‐neoplastic breast. NUDT2 status was significantly correlated with Van Nuys classification, HER2 or Ki‐67 in DCIS, and with stage, lymph node metastasis, histological grade or HER2 in IDC. NUDT2 status was significantly associated with adverse clinical outcome of IDC patients and proved an independent prognostic factor. Results of transfection experiments demonstrated that proliferation activity of T47D cells was significantly associated with NUDT2 expression level according to the treatment of estradiol and/or tamoxifen. NUDT2 expression was significantly decreased by estradiol, and it was also significantly decreased in T47D cells transfected with HER2 siRNA. These findings suggest that NUDT2 is an estrogen‐repressed gene and is also induced by HER2 pathways in breast carcinoma cells. NUDT2 promotes proliferation of breast carcinoma cells and is a potent prognostic factor in human breast carcinomas.
Torque calculation between circular coils with inclined axes in air
Authors: Babic Slobodan I. , Akyel Cevdet
Published: June 2010

In this paper we derive new semi‐analytical expressions for calculating the electromagnetic torque between inclined circular coils in air. The torque calculation has been obtained from the corresponding mutual inductance between inclined circular coils using the filament method. The coils of rectangular cross‐section whose centers are at the same and the different axes have been considered. From this general case it is possible to calculate the torque between all possible coil combinations either with rectangular or neglected cross‐section. Results obtained by the presented approach are in very good agreement with already published data. This method can be used for industrial electromagnetic devices such as torque sensors, transducers and torque‐measuring devices. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, kinetics, and mechanism for adduct formation of tetraaza Schiff base cobalt(II) complexes with diorganotin(IV)dichlorides in dimethylformamide solvent
Authors: Asadi Mozaffar , Asadi Zahra , Mosalanezhad Fatemeh
Published: June 2010

The kinetics and mechanism of the adduct formation of diorganotin(IV)dichlorides with Co(II) tetraaza Schiff base complexes, such as [Co(ampen)] {[N,N′‐ethylenebis‐(o‐amino‐α‐phenylbenzylideneiminato)cobalt(II)]}, [Co(campen)] {[N,N′‐ethylenebis‐(5‐chloro‐o‐amino‐α‐phenylbenzylideneiminato)cobalt(II)]}, and [Co(amaen)] {[N,N′‐ethylenebis‐(o‐amino‐α‐methylbenzylideneiminato)cobalt(II)]}, were studied spectrophotometrically. The kinetic parameters and the rate constant values show the following acceptor tendency trend for the diorganotin(IV)dichlorides: Ph2SnCl2> Me2SnCl2> Bu2SnCl2. Adducts have been separately synthesized and fully characterized by 119SnNMR, IR, UV–vis spectra, and elemental microanalysis (C,H,N) methods. The trend of the rate constants for the adduct formation of the cobalt complexes with a given tin acceptor decreases as follow: Co(amaen) > Co(ampen) > Co(campen). The linear plots of kobs vs. the molar concentration of the diorganotin(IV)dichlorides, the high span of the second‐order rate constant k2 values, and the large negative values of AS≠ suggest an associative (A) mechanism for the acceptor–donor adduct formation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 499–507, 2010
Heart rate as a risk factor in cardiovascular disease
Authors: McInnes Gordon , Padmanabhan Sandosh , Menown Ian
Published: June 2010

Resting heart rate has been shown in many studies to be an independent risk factor post‐ MI, in stable coronary artery disease and in heart failure. Despite this, heart rate is often not measured or considered when managing patients with cardiovascular disease. In this Expert Panel Discussion, the panel looks at the evidence for the association between heart rate and cardiovascular risk, and discusses current management guidelines and how the focus on this risk factor could be increased. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
EPR study of the crystalline polymerized phases of C60
Authors: Zhilinskaya Elena A. , Rakhmanina Alexandra V. , Davydov Valery A. , Agafonov Vyacheslav
Published: June 2010

Comparative electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study of the monomer and 1D (orthorhombic) and 2D (tetragonal and rhombohedral) polymerized phases of C60 has been carried out. It was shown that the concentration of paramagnetic centers (PC) depends on the phase structure. Temperature dependences of the EPR spectra enabled separation of temperature‐dependent from temperature‐independent components of the main doublet signals, which were attributed to C radical (PC1) and to conducting electrons, respectively. Additional weak EPR signals, observed for the tetragonal and rhombohedral phases, were attributed to dimer PC2 formed by coupling of two PC1. Possible models for these centers are discussed.
Optical, structural, and electrical properties of Cu2O thin films
Authors: Akkari Ferid Chaffar , Kanzari Mounir
Published: June 2010

Glancing‐angle deposition (GLAD) was used in this work to grow transparent oxide Cu2O thin films by annealing in air at 185 °C of copper films deposited firstly by this method onto glass substrates. The annealing temperature of 185 °C corresponds to the optimal temperature that corresponds to the formation of Cu2O phase. The copper was sculptured into a zigzag shape, which present case (i) one column with inclined angle θ, case (ii) two columns with inclined angles θ and −θ, and case (iii) three copper inclined columns with inclined angles θ, −θ, and θ where θ is the deposition angle between the incident flux and the substrate surface normal. The films after annealing have thicknesses of 165, 185, and 265 nm for cases (i), (ii), and (iii), respectively. The air‐annealed copper films were characterized for their structural, surface morphological; electrical and optical properties by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrical resistivity, and optical (transmittance and reflectance) measurement techniques. Optical studies show a direct allowed transition around 2.5 eV for the three cases. High absorptions coefficients in the range 2 × 105–3.7 × 106 cm−1 were found for photon energies higher than 2.7 eV. The Cu2O films exhibit in cases (i) and (ii) p‐type conductivity but in case (iii) the Cu2O films exhibit n‐type conductivity.
A stochastic learning automata‐based solution for intrusion detection in vehicularad hocnetworks
Authors: Misra Sudip , Krishna P. Venkata , Abraham Kiran Isaac
Published: June 2010

A number of security concerns are associated with vehicularad hocnetworks (VANET) – some primarily related with the transmission issues between the vehicles and the base stations, while others related with the privacy of the end‐users. Security in VANET is of significant importance, considering the scale of the possible deployment of VANET and their role as a traffic manager. In this paper, we propose an intrusion detection system (IDS) for a typical VANET scenario. Our solution approach is underlain on the concepts of learning automata (LA). To the best of our knowledge, no attempts have been made so far to develop any LA‐based solution for VANETs. We have designed this system considering the privacy issues involved with the identification of each vehicle. We have evaluated the performance of our proposed solution by conducting a variety of experiments and have found our solution approach to be effective in detecting malicious packets in the system. Specifically, the proposed solution is capable of detecting up to around 90–95% of the malicious packets in the system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
COMT Val158Met polymorphism is related with interpersonal problem solving in schizophrenia
Authors: Üçok A. , Öztürk M. , Duman Z. , Saruhan-Direskeneli G.
Published: June 2010

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate associations between COMT Val158Met polymorphism, and interpersonal problem solving capacity and cognitive functions in schizophrenia.

Methods

COMT Val158Met polymorphism was studied with ARMS-PCR method in 99 outpatients with schizophrenia. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale was used to assess symptom severity. The Assessment of Interpersonal Problem Solving Skills (AIPSS) was used to evaluate problem solving capacity. Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), were used to measure cognition.

Results

Patients with Met/Met genotype had higher AIPSS subscores for detecting the problem, than those with Val/Val at baseline (p = 0.02). Met allele was also found to be related with higher AIPSS-receiving skills (p = 0.04). Val allele was found to be related with more commission errors in CPT (p = 0.03). There was no relation between Val158Met polymorphism and WCST and clinical measurements.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that Val allele might be related to poor performance on detecting the interpersonal problems, and attention in schizophrenia.
Stem cells and cancer of the stomach and intestine
Authors: Vries Robert G.J. , Huch Meritxell , Clevers Hans
Published: June 2010

Cancer in the 21st century has become the number one cause of death in developed countries. Although much progress has been made in improving patient survival, tumour relapse is one of the important causes of cancer treatment failure. An early observation in the study of cancer was the heterogeneity of tumours. Traditionally, this was explained by a combination of genomic instability of tumours and micro environmental factors leading to diverse phenotypical characteristics. It was assumed that cells in a tumour have an equal capacity to propagate the cancer. This model is currently known as the stochastic model. Recently, the Cancer stem cell model has been proposed to explain the heterogeneity of a tumour and its progression. According to this model, the heterogeneity of tumours is the result of aberrant differentiation of tumour cells into the cells of the tissue the tumour originated from. Tumours were suggested to contain stem cell‐like cells, the cancer stem cells or tumour‐initiating cells, which are uniquely capable of propagating a tumour much like normal stem cells fuel proliferation and differentiation in normal tissue.

In this review we discuss the normal stem cell biology of the stomach and intestine followed by both the stochastic and cancer stem cell models in light of recent findings in the gastric and intestinal systems. The molecular pathways underlying normal and tumourigenic growth have been well studied, and recently the stem cells of the stomach and intestine have been identified. Furthermore, intestinal stem cells were identified as the cells‐of‐origin of colon cancer upon loss of the tumour suppressor APC. Lastly, several studies have proposed the positive identification of a cancer stem cell of human colon cancer.

At the end we compare the cancer stem cell model and the stochastic model. We conclude that clonal evolution of tumour cells resulting from genetic mutations underlies tumour initiation and progression in both cancer models. This implies that at any point during tumour development any tumour cell can revert to a cancer stem cell after having gained a clonal advantage over the original cancer stem cell. Therefore, these models represent two sides of the same coin.
Implantation of gelatin sponge combined with injection of autologous fat for sulcus vocalis
Authors: Zhang Fan , Sprecher Alicia J. , Wei Chunsheng , Jiang Jack J.
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effectiveness of gelatin sponge implantation combined with the injection of autologous fat for the treatment of sulcus vocalis.

STUDY DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

SETTING

The research was conducted at the Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Twelve cases of sulcus vocalis were treated. The fibrotic tissue was dissected and a gelatin sponge was implanted into the affected vocal fold followed by injection of autologous fat. Videostroboscopy, maximum phonation time (MPT), and acoustic data were completed before and after surgery.

RESULTS

One month after surgery, the affected vocal fold displayed mild swelling, without evidence of a sulcus and with satisfactory glottal closure. Three months later, vocal vibration and mucosal wave were improved with the vocal fold displaying a more normal shape. Although voices did not achieve complete normalcy, the patients exhibited a better voice, with improved fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, normalized noise energy, and a significantly longer maximum phonation time (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Implantation of gelatin sponge combined with injection of autologous fat can be used to treat sulcus vocalis. The absorbable gelatin sponge can be used to fill the superficial lamina propria temporarily to prevent the readhesion of the detached mucosa at the bottom of the sulcus to the underlying tissue, while the injected fat adequately diminishes the insufficient glottal closure.

© 2010 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Permian ultramafic-mafic complexes of the Jinping–Song Da rift (southeastern Asia)
Authors: Balykin P.A. , Polyakov G.V. , Izokh A.E. , Hoa Tran Trong , Phuong Ngo Thi , Hung Tran Quoc , Petrova T.E.
Published: June 2010

The Jinping–Song Da rift structure in the Emeishan Large Igneous Province is composed of Permian high- and low-Ti volcanic and volcanoplutonic ultramafic-mafic associations of different compositions and genesis. High-Ti picrites, picrobasalts, basalts, and dolerites are enriched in LREE and depleted in HREE and show low Al2O3/TiO2 ratios (~4), commensurate εNd(T) values (+0.5 to +1.1), and low (Th/Nb)PM ratios similar to those of OIB-enriched mantle source. The established geochemical characteristics evidence that the parental melts of these rocks were generated from garnet lherzolite at the depths of garnet stability (~200 to 400 km). Later, high-Mg low-Ti volcanics (komatiites, komatiitic basalts, and basalts) and associating small peridotite-gabbro massifs and komatiite-basalt dikes were produced as a result of ~20% partial melting of depleted water-poor (≤0.03 wt.% H2O) peridotite substratum from the hottest upper part of mantle plume at relatively shallow depths (100–120 km). The LREE-depleted komatiites and komatiitic basalts are characterized by low (Ce/Yb)CH values, 187Re/188Os = 0.05–1.2, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.704–0.706, positive εNd(T) values (+3 to +8), γOs = –0.5 to +0.9, and strong negative anomalies of Ba, K, and Sr on the spidergrams. The scarcer LREE-enriched komatiites, komatiitic basalts, and basalts vary greatly in chemical composition and values of εNd(t) (+6.4 to –10.2), 87Sr/86Sr (0.706–0.712), and γOs (+14.8 to +56), which is due to the different degrees of crustal contamination of parental magmas. The Rb-Sr isotopic age of basaltic komatiite is 257 ± 24 Ma. The Re-Os age determined by analysis of 12 komatiite samples is 270 ± 21 Ma. These data agree with the age of flood basalts of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province. The komatiite-basalt complex of the Song Da rift is still the only Phanerozoic PGE-Cu-Ni-complex of this composition. The geochemistry of accompanying Cu-Ni-PGE-ores confirms their relationship with komatiite-basaltic magmatism.
Structural position of large gold ore districts in the Central Aldan (Yakutia) and Argun (Transbaikalia) superterranes
Authors: Khomich V.G. , Boriskina N.G.
Published: June 2010

Gold ore districts in the Siberian (North Asian) craton and bordering terranes have been studied. Studies showed the long duration of gold concentration processes (Early Cambrian to Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic) and the influence of structural geological, magmatic, and metallogenic factors on the formation of ore districts. The largest Late Mesozoic (J–K) accumulations of gold deposits in southeastern Russia were discovered in the Aldan–Stanovoi Shield and at the northern margin of the Argun superterrane in the Aldan (Yakutia), Balei (Transbaikalia), and Gonzha (Upper Amur area) ore–placer districts.

The geological and geophysical positions of these three districts have been compared. All of them are situated in zones of influence of variously trending long-lived deep faults, bordered by large Precambrian uplifts, and spatially (paragenetically) related to local magma chamber domes of Late Mesozoic (J–K) intrusive, subvolcanic, and extrusive–effusive bodies, dikes, and terrigenous pyroclastic blankets. The areas of Jurassic–Cretaceous volcanoplutonic rocks are related to the influence of the East Asian sublithospheric “superplume.”

All this confirms the important ore-controlling role of large long-lived deep faults (in the form of global and regional gravity gradient zones) in the distribution of highly productive precious-metal ore–magmatic systems. This suggests that the junctions between gravity gradient zones of different trends and ranks are important to the identification of gold prospects in metallogenic prediction studies and small-scale prospecting. The Archean–Proterozoic age and the great occurrence depth of the tectonic zones suggest that extensive long-lived mobile zones (before the post-Cambrian breakup of the Siberian craton) significantly affected further evolution of the orogenic belts bordering the craton and their metallogeny, including the distribution of precious-metal deposits.
Inversion of IP-affected TEM responses of a two-layer earth
Authors: Kozhevnikov N.O. , Antonov E.Yu.
Published: June 2010

A numerical experiment has been applied to explore the potentialities and the limitations of the inversion of IP-affected TEM responses of a two-layer earth with a polarizable layer above (Model 1) or below (Model 2) a nonpolarizable layer. The IP effects have been incorporated into the models via a Cole–Cole complex frequency-dependent conductivity. One of us computed synthetic in-loop and coincident-loop transient responses with added Gaussian noise, and the other performed single and joint inversion of the two sets of pseudo-experimental data. Model 1 turns out to be advantageous over Model 2 in TEM applications and gives a good fit of the Cole–Cole parameters (chargeability, IP time constant, and exponent) even in the absence of a priori information. In the case of Model 2, the lack of a priori information causes problems as to recognize which layer is polarizable, and the fit of the Cole–Cole parameters is generally worse. The layer thicknesses and resistivities are rather accurate in both groups of models, irrespective of whether a priori information is available. As the upper layer increases in thickness (H1), the fit of its parameters ever improves in both models while the parameters of the lower layer, on the contrary, contain a greater error. Joint inversion of in-loop and coincident-loop transients improves the fit in most cases.

Relative rms error (σrel) does not depend on the upper layer thickness for Model 1 but decreases as H1 increases in the case of Model 2. The error in joint inversion is times that in single inversion, which means that additional criteria other than σrel may be useful to estimate the inversion quality.
La Rencontre entre les sexes
Authors: Buytendijk F. J. J.
Published: June 2010

Pour le psychologue qui essaye de comprendre la signification de l'existence humaine dans la multiplicité de ses façons d'apparaître, il est intéressant d'examiner comment la rencontre des sexes peut s'accomplir d'une manière à ce point déterminante que se révèle la signification de ce qui est le plus humain dans l'homme, la cohésion de la nature et de l'esprit, l'unité de la spontanéité irréfléchie et de la culture élaborée.
Hume on Causal Contiguity and Causal Succession
Authors: Beauchamp Tom L.
Published: June 2010

Hume notoriously maintains that contiguity, succession, and constant conjunction are individually necessary and jointly sufficient conditions of causation. While his arguments for the necessity of constant conjunction have been thoroughly dissected, his arguments for contiguity and succession have generally been either ignored or misstated. I hope both to correct this unfortunate state of affairs and to show some fatal defects in Hume's account.

The pertinent passages in Hume's writings acknowledge three conceivable ways in which the temporal relation between causes and effects might be construed: (i) as separated by some interval; (ii) as perfectly contiguous, so that the effect succeeds the cause in the very next moment; (iii) as perfectly contemporaneous, existing at the same moment. Hume defends the correctness of (ii) and denies the tenability of both (i) and (iii).
Le texte parle à la fin
Authors: Houde Roland
Published: June 2010

DE mon exil, source vive en effet de philosphie, je prends connaissance de la livraison de mars de Dialogue (vol. XI, n° 1, 1972). D'où cette note qui ne se veut pas plus qu'une reaction ad hominem et ad litteram contre toute tentative de delier mesure et philosophic dans l'expression « mesure de la philosophic », ou pour toute position voulant renier ou renverser démesure et philosophic dans l'article « La Démesure de la philosophic » (p. 23–34).
Commentaires sur le texte de John Woods
Authors: Gauthier Yvon
Published: June 2010

Le discours fictif présente certaines anomalies qu'il est difficile d'évaluer dans un contexte logique. La sémantique formelle du discours ordinaire doit pouvoir souffrir certaines modifications pour rendre compte des incongruités du discours fictif. Woods, en s'attaquant à un probléme aussi épineux, n'a pas réussi à éviter toutes les épines, malgré un bel arsenal de tactiques.
A Problem about Identity
Authors: MacIntosh J. J.
Published: June 2010

1. The problem: Here are three plausible but incompatible propositions:

(1) The answer to Locke's question (23):

Could we suppose two distinct incommunicable consciousnesses acting the same body, the one constantly by day, the other by night … I ask … whether the day and the night man would not be two as distinct persons as Socrates and Plato ?

is yes.

(2) I am a human being. More generally, human persons are human beings.

(3) Identity is not relative.
Le monde du vécu chez Husserl
Authors: Quintin Paul-André
Published: June 2010

Cet article s'intitule « Le monde du vécu chez Edmund Husserl » mais ce qui a été traduit peut-être maladroitement par « monde du vécu » dans ce titre, c'est l'expression allemande Lebenswelt qui pourrait tout aussi bien être traduite en français par les termes « monde vécu », « monde de la vie » ou « monde concret ».

Cette notion est au cœur des problématiques du dernier Husserl, c'est-à-dire de l'auteur de « La crise des sciences européennes et la phénoménologie transcendantale » et des écrits connexes à cette œuvre magistrale qui date de 1935–1936, entre autres « L'origine de la géométrie » et « Expérience et jugement ».
Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Language
Authors: Shiner Roger A.
Published: June 2010

Bogen has written an excellent book, packed with sensible and suggestive things about Wittgenstein's philosophy of language and about the problems that exercised him. Bogen treads successfully a narrow ridge few others have been able to tread. He has a very clear grasp of what both the earlier and the later Wittgenstein were up to, but he can stand back from Wittgenstein's work and present a lucid and dispassionate account of its philosophical strengths and weaknesses. He is not the kind of unsympathetic and unilluminating critic who regards the Wittgensteinian corpus as aphoristic, obscure and disorganized trivia. Nor is he the kind of acolyte who regards it as sufficient simply to refer his colleagues to the appropriate section of the Investigationswithout further explanation. Whatever thesis Bogen wants to find in Wittgenstein he documents fairly and carefully. Whatever view held by Wittgenstein Bogen wants to regard as penetrating or (even) correct, he usually defends himself independently of its being Wittgenstein's view and also of Wittgenstein's own arguments. Bogen also, in true Wittgensteinian fashion, makes throughout the book masterly use of the happy example. The net result is a book which can be read most profitably both by those interested in Wittgenstein and by those interested in the philosophy of language.
Hegel: Time and Eternity
Authors: Hedwig Klaus
Published: June 2010

Critics of Hegel today find themselves in a curious situation. They are obliged to reject dialectical idealism not because it fails to solve the problems of philosophy but because it seems to solve them too well.

For the ancients, and in the various tendencies which culminate in Neoplatonism, philosophy was always a kind of Éω;σιι for Hegel, however, standing at the end of these traditions, it is both less and considerably more.
La Pensée politique de Comte et de Hegel
Authors: Reboul Olivier
Published: June 2010

Hmarcuse s'est livré, dans Reason and Revolution, à une critique de fond de la philosophic politique d'Auguste Comte, en qui il va jusqu'à voir un precurseur du fascisme. II reproche au positivisme de ravaler la pensée à une pure soumission de l'esprit aux faits extérieurs, ce qui aboutit en politique à une soumission de l'individu au pouvoir et à l'ordre établi: « Le rejet positiviste de la métaphysique s'accompagnait ainsi du rejet de la prévention de l'homme à changer et à réorganiser ses institutions sociales en accord avec sa volonté rationnelle.»
Une Métaphysique de la médiation
Authors: Renault Marc
Published: June 2010

La théologie chrétienne contient ou implique une métaphysique de la médiation universelle du Verbe incarné. Montrer que le rationalisme critique ne peut ignorer le problème de la médiation et qu'il y a place dans la philosophic la plus jalousement autonome pour une ouverture sur le surnaturel chrétien, telle fut la têche à laquelle Maurice Blondel consacra sa vie. Ses écrits ne laissent aucun doute: la recherche part de la foi, de l'Éivangile, de la christologie de S. Jean et de S. Paul, et fraie son chemin vers le discours philosophique. Dans l'ordre de l'expression et de l'exposition cependant, Blondel ne pouvait prétendre au statut de philosophe sans passer par des prémisses et des méthodes purement philosophiques. Comment ajuster ceci è cela? Comment obtenir un discours philosophique si la recherche est théologique? Comment rester d'accord avec l'intention théologique si les principes sont purement philosophiques? Il faut ici un moyen terme, une médiation entre le croyant et le philosophe, è savoir la conviction indivisiblement rationnelle et religieuse que la philosophic ne tolère pas d'être contredite par la foi, ni la foi par la philosophic. Ce point de coincidence est une condition de possibilité de l'entreprise blondélienne. II ne faut pas l'oublier en abordant l'étude de Jacques Flamand sur la médiation chez Blondel.
Kant's Conceptus Cosmicus
Authors: Lindgren J. Ralph
Published: June 2010

“Odd though it may be” writes Lewis White Beck, “The Critique of Practical Reason is a neglected work. There is no study of it in any language that can compare favorably with the commentaries on the Critique of Pure Reason. …” This remark reveals a striking condition within Kantian studies. For more than a century and a half scholars have devoted their efforts to the first and third Critiques to the neglect of the second. Professor Beck suggests two reasons for this condition. First, that the Practical Reason is, relative to the Pure Reason and the Judgment, simple and straightforward. Second, that most scholars prefer, when treating Kant's ethical doctrine, the shorter Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals.
The Trouble with Meanings
Authors: Wilson N. L.
Published: June 2010

The doctrine I have in mind is the theory of intensional meanings, the theory according to which unitary descriptive expressions (and some complex ones) have not only extensions, but intensions as well. According to this theory, found in fullest flower in Carnap's Meaning and Necessity, individual expressions, one-place predicates and sentences, have corresponding to them individual concepts, properties and propositions respectively, these latter being the intensions, or, meanings, or, logical contents, of the expressions in question. In the first part of this paper I shall attempt to show that the whole theory of intensional entities represents not just an ontological extravagance, but a fairly clear absurdity. In the second I shall sketch briefly an alternative semantical method and in the third shall attempt to exploit this method for the clarification of a couple of puzzles.
Historicism and the a priori of History
Authors: Rubinoff Lionel
Published: June 2010

One of the central problems in philosophy since Kant has been that of the possibility of a science of human culture. Dilthey, Croce and Collingwood devoted their energies to this task, in an atmosphere marked by an intense hostility between positivists, who represented the tradition of naturalism and historicists, who represented the tradition of humanism. The positivists, led by Comte, Buckle, Mill and Taine, argued for a science of man modelled on the prevailing methods of the natural sciences. Typical of this approach was the attempt by the English historian T. H. Buckle:

to accomplish for the history of man something equivalent, or at all events analogous, to what has been effected by other inquiries for the different branches of the natural sciences.
Proofs, Snakes and Ladders
Authors: Urquhart Alasdair
Published: June 2010

Anyone who has worked at proving theorems of intuitionistic logic in a natural deduction system must have been struck by the way in which many logical theorems “prove themselves.” That is, proofs of many formulas can be read off from the syntactical structure of the formulas themselves. This observation suggests that perhaps a strong structural identity may underly this relation between formulas and their proofs. A formula can be considered as a tree structure composed of its subformulas (Frege 1879) and by the normal form theorem (Gentzen 1934) every formula has a normalized proof consisting of its subformulas. Might we not identify an intuitionistic theorem with (one of) its proof(s) in normal form?
Time in the Phenomenology of Perception
Authors: Bertoldi Eugene F.
Published: June 2010

The chapter on time is one of the central investigations in Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception. Throughout preceding chapters of that work one meets the claim that theoretical difficulties raised by the type of description of the perceiving subject that Merleau-Ponty offers are to be resolved in the investigation of time. For example, in describing perception, it begins to seem that the perceiving subject is neither a pure for-itself, nor an in-itself, but rather belongs to some category intermediate between these two. How is such an ambiguity to be understood ? Merleau-Ponty tells us that:

On the level of being one will never understand that the subject must be at once naturans and naturatus, infinite and finite. But if we rediscover time beneath the subject, and if we relate to the paradox of time those of the body, the world, the thing and the other, we shall understand that there is nothing to understand beyond this.
Consequences of Utilitarianism
Authors: Sumner L. W.
Published: June 2010

This is a book built round an argument. Several variants of the argument are offered, and I shall consider but one of them. It is directed against the following act utilitarian principle:

AU: An act is right if and only if it would have best consequences (i.e. consequences at least as good as those of any alternative act open to the agent)

The argument may be freely rendered as follows. Suppose that we have an agent, Smith, in a society, S, such that the following conditions are satisfied:

C1: Smith accepts AU and attempts always to act in accordance with it

C2: Smith is rational: he understands the implications of accepting AU and applies AU correctly

C3: No other person in S accepts AU

C4: All others in S know that C1 and C2 obtain

C5: All others in S are rational: they understand the implications of Smith's accepting AU

C: All others in S are tolerant of Smith's accepting AU: they do not criticize him for acting in accordance with it

C7: Smith knows that C3 – C6 obtain

C1 – C7 collectively define the position of an act utilitarian in a non-act utilitarian society, with certain assumptions as to rationality and tolerance. Then the thesis is that under C1 – C7 Smith will sometimes fail to do the act with best consequences. His very acceptance and correct application of AU (under the other conditions) conspire to prevent the production of certain good consequences which would otherwise be possible.
Les Conditions de possibilité du savoir : Deux Versions Structuralistes de ce Problème
Authors: Lacharité Normand
Published: June 2010

Michel Foucault, dans les Mots et les choses cherche à montrer comment l'apparition et l'évolution de certaines sciences contemporaines préupposent un «socle épistémologique» dont la structure caractérise des étapes de la culture et conditionne l'existence même des dites sciences: c'est la structure archéologique. D'autre part, les logiciens contemporains et certains analystes du langage cherchent à mettre au jour par les méthodes de l'analyse logique la structure logique du langage scientifique. Nous conviendrons ici de voir dans ces deux entreprises des illustrations de la pensée et de la méhode structuralistes.
Remarques sur la Théorie de L'Hexagone logique de Blanché
Authors: Sauriol Pierre
Published: June 2010

En cet article nous montrons en premier lieu que la théorie de l'hexagone logique de Blanché n'est pas, comme il le pense, le résultat d'une réflexion philosophique, mais qu'elle relève véritablement de la logique scientifique, puisqu'elle s'insère tout naturellement dans la structure d'ensemble des liaisons uninaires (ou monaires) de la logique trivalente des propositions. Cette démonstration nous conduit, en second lieu, à renverser le jugement défavorable que E. J. Lemmon avait porté sur la toute première ébauche de cette théorie, et ainsi à déVelopper la logique modale dans le sens de Blanché plutôt que dans celui de von Wright. En troisième lieu, nous complétons l'application que fait Blanché de cette théorie de l'hexagone aux liaisons binaires de la logique bivalente des propositions, en intégrant en une seule structure tétrahexaédrique l'ensemble des seize liaisons binaires, lui-même s'étant contenté d'en grouper seulement dix en une espèce d'anneau bihexagonal.
Faits, phrases et propositions
Authors: Brodeur Jean-Paul
Published: June 2010

L'Existence de choses telles que des propositions, conc,ues comme distinctes des phrases qui les expriment et dont elles constituent comme le sens — cela que l'on comprend en entendant une phrase — a été mise en question, par Quine, en particulier, et aussi défendue. Ce débat fera l'objet de ce texte.

La proposition, comme on l’entendra ici, se définit essentiellement comme une synthèse de concepts. Cette définition en a été donnée par G.E. Moore, un peu avant que Russell ne la reprenne dans trois grands articles publiés dans Mind en 1904, sous le titre de « Meinong’s Theory of Complexes and Assumptions ».
La Cosmologie et la science contemporaine
Authors: Merleau-Ponty Jacques
Published: June 2010

Au point de départ de ces réflexions, il y a d'abord une constatation de fait sur laquelle il est bon de s'arrêter quelque peu, parce qu'elle n'est pas toujours assez nettement faite, à savoir qu'il existe maintenant une Cosmologie positive, scientifique, en donnant au mot ldquo;Cosmologie” le sens précis et limité de “Science de l'Univers physique considéré comme un tout”. Naturellement cette science occupc et occupera probablement toujours une place à part dans l'ensemble des sciences, pour de multiples raisons, dont celle-ci est la plus simple: plus nettement que les autres elle fait apparaitre les limites de fait de tout savoir scientifique, son caractère conjectural et provisoire.
Langage et Mythe ou temps À Trois Dimensions Chez Heidegger
Authors: Joos Ernest
Published: June 2010

Marcel Proust dit dans son grand roman — À la recherche du temps perdu — que si le mystère est trop impérieux il faut se taire. Ce serait tout de même une erreur de prétendre que le silence est synonyme de l'inactivité et du repos; au contraire, on ne se tait que pour mieux vivre, vivre plus intensément le mystère. Mais pour savoir ce que c'est que le mystère, il faut rompre le silence. Pour ce faire, il faut regarder en arrière — tout comme l'aventurier de la Nausée. Ainsi nous constatons que quelque chose nous a forcés de nous taire — et c'était justement le mystère. Nous ne partons pas pour une aventure, mais nous en revenons. Alors, c'est seulement quand la parole cède la place à ce qui s'exprime en allemand par le mot Erlebnis (expérience vécue, éprouvée) que cet Erlebnis acquiert le caractère du mystère.