bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Support Needs of Expectant Mothers and Fathers: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Widarsson Margareta , Kerstis Birgitta , Sundquist Kristina , Engström Gabriella , Sarkadi Anna
Published: January 2012

The aim of this study was to describe expectant mothers’ and fathers’ perceived needs of support during pregnancy. Twenty-two women and 10 men were interviewed in four focus groups and 13 individual interviews. Systematic text condensation was performed to analyze the data. Parents described not only a broad spectrum of social support needs but also needs of psychological and physical support. They also requested to share their experiences with others. The foci of care and parents’ needs of support are more harmonized with medical support than with psychological and emotional support. Mothers’ needs were predominately addressed in the health services, but fathers often felt “invisible.” Antenatal services may need to offer more customized individual support and emphasize peer support in groups; the challenge is to involve both parents through communication and encouragement so they can support each other.
The Birth of Miles Henry DeVries
Authors: DeVries Jennifer
Published: January 2012

In this birth story, a second-time mother relates her experience of birthing her son at home after her daughter was born via cesarean surgery. Support from the International Cesarean Awareness Network, as well as a home birth midwife specializing in vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC), made the dream of a vaginal birth a reality for this mom. This story highlights the importance of having a supportive care provider and laboring in a safe and comfortable environment when pursuing a VBAC.
Set-up of Geometrical Network of Sustainable Streams
Authors: Kovalova Olga
Published: January 2012

Set-up of Geometrical Network of Sustainable Streams

In order to set up a "hydrologically accurate" digital model of landscape, which allows identifying borders of flooded territories in the period of changes in the water level, it is important to have data in the hydrography stratum on the direction of river streams. The given issue can be solved by creating a geometrical network of sustainable water streams. The geometrical network of sustainable streams represents a mathematic model of different network structures object classes.
Assessment of diclofenac LC50 reference values in juvenile and embryonic stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Praskova E. , Voslarova E. , Siroka Z. , Plhalova L. , Macova S. , Marsalek P. , Pistekova V. , Svobodova Z.
Published: January 2012

Assessment of diclofenac LC50 reference values in juvenile and embryonic stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio)

The aim of the study was to compare the acute toxicity of diclofenac to juvenile and embryonic stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Acute toxicity tests were performed on the aquarium fish Danio rerio, which is one of the model organisms most commonly used in toxicity testing. The tests were performed using a semi-static method according to OECD guideline No. 203 (Fish, acute toxicity test). Embryo toxicity tests were performed in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in compliance with OECD No. 212 methodology (Fish, short-term toxicity test on embryo and sac-fry stages). The results were subjected to a probit analysis using the EKO-TOX 5.2 programme to determine 96hLC50 and 144hLC50 (median lethal concentration, 50% mortality after a 96 h or 144 h interval, respectively) values of diclofenac. The statistical significance of the difference between LC50 values in juvenile and embryonic stages of Danio rerio was tested using the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test implemented in the Unistat 5.1 programme. The LC50 mean value of diclofenac was 166.6 ± 9.8 mg/L in juvenile Danio rerio, and 6.11 ± 2.48 mg/L in embryonic stages of Danio rerio. The study demonstrated a statistically higher sensitivity to diclofenac (P<0.05) in embryonic stages compared to the juvenile fish.
NT-pro-BNP and troponin I as predictors of mortality in dogs with heart failure
Authors: Noszczyk-Nowak A.
Published: January 2012

NT-pro-BNP and troponin I as predictors of mortality in dogs with heart failure

The purpose of this study was to develop prognostic models for heart failure in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The prospective study included 26 dogs with DCM and 58 healthy dogs. The ervation time median was 250 days (1-600 days). All the dogs were clinically examined, had echocardiography, electrocardiography, and morphological and biochemical blood sampling. Twenty four deaths were found in the group of dogs with DCM and 1 demise in the healthy dog's group. There was a significant increase in the level of NT-pro-BNP and cTnI (p<0.0005) in the group of dogs with DCM and a significant higher level of NT-pro-BNP and cTnI (p<0.0005) in the dead dogs from group with DCM that died or were euthanized up to the 60'th day of observation, compared to the animals that outlasted over 60 days of observation. The median level of NT-pro-BNP in the dogs which had short survival period (no more than 60 days) was 4865 pmol/L and the median level of cTnI in the same group of dogs was 0.63 ng/ml. The median level of NT-pro-BNP in the group of dogs with DCM, which lived longer than 60 days of observation was 978 pmol/l and the median level of cTnI in this group was 0.1 ng/ml. The level of NT-pro-BNP (r=0.79) and cTnI (r=0.4) correlated with the dogs' death. NT-pro-BNP and cTnI measurements could be useful to evaluate the survival the dogs with DCM. Increased level of NT-pro-BNP and cTnI is a bad prognosis. In the performed analysis of the Cox hazard regression it was found that cTnI level has a significant impact of the survival of the dogs (HR=8.54; Cl 1.1-46.6; p=0.02).
Evaluation of commercial ELISA kits for the detection of antibodies against bluetongue virus
Authors: Niedbalski W.
Published: January 2012

Evaluation of commercial ELISA kits for the detection of antibodies against bluetongue virus

The aim of this study was to estimate the diagnostic value of different commercially available ELISA kits for the detection of bluetongue virus (BTV) antibodies in infected and vaccinated animals. The relative specificity of ELISA kits was evaluated using a panel of sera originating from healthy cattle, never vaccinated nor exposed to BTV. All ELISA kits applied had a high relative specificity (99.3 - 100%). The relative sensitivity of ELISA kits assessed using a panel of sera collected from BTV infected cattle was also high and similar for all the kits (97.3 - 100%). However, the relative sensitivity evaluated on the basis of testing vaccinated animals was different: the highest sensitivity was found for Ingenasa, PrioCHECK and ID VET ELISAs (96.5 - 98.3%). Slightly lower sensitivity was calculated for Pourquier and LSI kits (82.8% and 85.4%, respectively) and much lower sensitivity was found for VMRD ELISA kit (69.5%). The repeatability of BTV ELISA kits was expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV) of results of sera tested 5 times in the same day and in different days by the period of 2 months, by the same person, in the same conditions, and by using the same equipment. The CVs of sera tested in all ELISA kits ranged from 6.1 to 9.8% and were below 10% threshold adopted as a maximum for the acceptable repeatability of the method. In conclusion, it can be stated that the applied ELISA kits can be a valuable diagnostic tool for the serological monitoring studies in the BTV contaminated premises. All the methods are very specific and sensitive when testing BTV infected animals. Nevertheless, the Ingenasa and PrioCHECK can be the most useful in sero-surveillance of livestock following vaccination.
Distribution of stoneflies of the family Taeniopterygidae (Plecoptera) in the Czech Republic: earlier data, new records and recent distributional changes
Authors: Bojková Jindřiˇka , Soldán Tomáˇ , ˇpaček Jan , Straka Michal
Published: January 2012

Distribution of stoneflies of the family Taeniopterygidae (Plecoptera) in the Czech Republic: earlier data, new records and recent distributional changes

Altogether 14 species of Taeniopterygidae were previously mentioned from the Czech Republic; 11 species were listed in check-list of Plecoptera of Czechoslovakia, three species were recorded recently. Main aims of this study were to summarize all known distributional data, reexamine available material, classify species to the categories of threat based on new distributional data, and discuss all species ever supposed to occur in the Czech Republic. In total eight species were found to occur in the Czech Republic with certainty. Two species, Brachyptera seticornis and B. risi, are common in the Czech Republic, the latter exhibiting some expansion in Bohemia at present. Critically endangered Brachyptera braueri missing in the past 40 years has been recently found in several rivers showing some recovery of the original area. Endangered Taeniopteryx nebulosa exhibited considerable decline in lowland and colline streams. New records are presented for near threatened montane species B. starmachi, endangered B. monilicornis, newly classified endangered T. auberti, and vulnerable Taeniopteryx hubaulti. No reliable data have been found as to distribution of Brachyptera trifasciata, Taeniopteryx kuehtreiberi, T. araneoides, and Oemopteryx loewii, respective earlier records were based on misidentification. The occurrence of Rhabdiopteryx acuminata and R. neglecta is doubtful at this moment, because it was based on the problematic determination of larval material. These species cannot be formally considered a part of the Czech fauna due to lack of voucher material. Possible occurrence of other Rhabdiopteryx species showing the area adjacent to the Czech Republic is discussed.
Ethical Aspects of Sharing International River Water: The Case of Teesta River
Authors: Islam Md Fakrul , Akmam Wardatul
Published: January 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v1i1.9527 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2010; 1(1):6
Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Ali Shah Mohammad Kermat
Published: January 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v1i1.9530 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2010; 1(1):8
High-Dimensional Descriptor Selection and Computational QSAR Modeling for Antitumor Activity of ARC-111 Analogues Based on Support Vector Regression (SVR)
Authors: Zhou Wei , Dai Zhijun , Chen Yuan , Wang Haiyan , Yuan Zheming
Published: January 2012

To design ARC-111 analogues with improved efficiency, we constructed the QSAR of 22 ARC-111 analogues with RPMI8402 tumor cells. First, the optimized support vector regression (SVR) model based on the literature descriptors and the worst descriptor elimination multi-roundly (WDEM) method had similar generalization as the artificial neural network (ANN) model for the test set. Secondly, seven and 11 more effective descriptors out of 2,923 features were selected by the high-dimensional descriptor selection nonlinearly (HDSN) and WDEM method, and the SVR models (SVR3 and SVR4) with these selected descriptors resulted in better evaluation measures and a more precise predictive power for the test set. The interpretability system of better SVR models was further established. Our analysis offers some useful parameters for designing ARC-111 analogues with enhanced antitumor activity.
Fluorescent Lipids: Functional Parts of Fusogenic Liposomes and Tools for Cell Membrane Labeling and Visualization
Authors: Kleusch Christian , Hersch Nils , Hoffmann Bernd , Merkel Rudolf , Csiszár Agnes
Published: January 2012

In this paper a rapid and highly efficient method for controlled incorporation of fluorescent lipids into living mammalian cells is introduced. Here, the fluorescent molecules have two consecutive functions: First, they trigger rapid membrane fusion between cellular plasma membranes and the lipid bilayers of their carrier particles, so called fusogenic liposomes, and second, after insertion into cellular membranes these molecules enable fluorescence imaging of cell membranes and membrane traffic processes. We tested the fluorescent derivatives of the following essential membrane lipids for membrane fusion: Ceramide, sphingomyelin, phosphocholine, phosphatidylinositol-bisphosphate, ganglioside, cholesterol, and cholesteryl ester. Our results show that all probed lipids could more efficiently be incorporated into the plasma membrane of living cells than by using other methods. Moreover, labeling occurred in a gentle manner under classical cell culture conditions reducing cellular stress responses. Staining procedures were monitored by fluorescence microscopy and it was observed that sphingolipids and cholesterol containing free hydroxyl groups exhibit a decreased distribution velocity as well as a longer persistence in the plasma membrane compared to lipids without hydroxyl groups like phospholipids or other artificial lipid analogs. After membrane staining, the fluorescent molecules were sorted into membranes of cell organelles according to their chemical properties and biological functions without any influence of the delivery system.
Focus on Vitamin D, Inflammation and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Chagas Carlos Eduardo Andrade , Borges Maria Carolina , Martini Lígia Araújo , Rogero Marcelo Macedo
Published: January 2012

The initial observations linking vitamin D to type 2 diabetes in humans came from studies showing that both healthy and diabetic subjects had a seasonal variation of glycemic control. Currently, there is evidence supporting that vitamin D status is important to regulate some pathways related to type 2 diabetes development. Since the activation of inflammatory pathways interferes with normal metabolism and disrupts proper insulin signaling, it is hypothesized that vitamin D could influence glucose homeostasis by modulating inflammatory response. Human studies investigating the impact of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers of subjects with or at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes are scarce and have generated conflicting results. Based on available clinical and epidemiological data, the positive effects of vitamin D seem to be primarily related to its action on insulin secretion and sensitivity and secondary to its action on inflammation. Future studies specifically designed to investigate the role of vitamin D on type 2 diabetes using inflammation as the main outcome are urgently needed in order to provide a more robust link between vitamin D, inflammation and type 2 diabetes.
Does the mode of delivery affect mathematics examination results?
Authors: Fiddes D. J. , Korabinski A. A. , McGuire G. R. , Youngson M. A. , McMillan D.
Published: January 2012

At present most examinations are delivered on paper but there is a growing trend in many subjects to deliver some or part of these examinations by computer. It is therefore important to know whether there are any differences in the results obtained by candidates sitting examinations taken by computer compared with those obtained by candidates sitting conventional examinations using pen and paper. The purpose of this article is to describe the outcome of a pilot study designed to* investigate possible causes of any differences in results from the use of different modes of delivery in a mathematics examination. One outcome of this study was that the process of translating examination questions into a format required for use on the computer (but keeping this as a pen and paper test) can have a significant effect on examination results. However, the main conclusion is that changing the medium only has no effect on the results in mathematics examinations.DOI:10.1080/0968776020100109
Relationships between conceptions of learning approaches to study and students' judgements about the value of their experiences of networked learning
Authors: Goodyear Peter , Asensio Mireia , Jones Chris , Steeples Christine , Hodgson Vivien
Published: January 2012

This paper reports on an enquiry into relationships between students' views of their experiences of participating in networked learning courses and data on their conceptions of learning and approaches to study. It has been suggested in the literature on networked learning that students with more sophisticated conceptions of learning and students who take a deep approach to learning are more likely to benefit from, and have positive experiences of, networked learning. Drawing on a sample of almost 180 undergraduate social science students on four networked learning courses, we established that there were no strong links between students' judgements about their experience of networked learning and either their conceptions of learning or their approach to study. Further research is needed, but a practical implication of this study is that it is reasonable to expect all students to have positive experiences on well-designed and well-managed networked learning courses - not just those students with more sophisticated conceptions of learning or deep approaches to study.DOI:10.1080/0968776030110103
Repurposing learning objects: a sustainable alternative?
Authors: Gunn Cathy , Woodgate Sheila , O’Grady Winnie
Published: January 2012

Recent experience shows that reusable learning objects, like the computer assisted learning programmes of the early 1990s, have so far failed to achieve expected levels of integration into educational practice. This is despite technical interoperability, cataloguing systems, high quality standards, targeted dissemination and professional development initiatives. Analysis of this problem suggests that conceptualization of the problem may be limiting the scope of solutions. This paper proposes a sustainable and participative approach to reuse that involves repurposing learning objects for different discipline areas.DOI: 10.1080/09687760500376413
Challenging the five-stage model for e-learning: a new approach
Authors: Moule Pam
Published: January 2012

The five-stage approach to e-moderating has provided a coherent model upon which to base online learning design in higher education. However, despite its growing popularity, there are concerns that the model is becoming a dominant discourse, being adapted as a template for the design of all online teaching and learning, to the exclusion of other ideas. It is suggested that the five-stage model may not be the panacea it appears and alternative models of e-learning cannot be ignored. This paper reviews the five-stage model and contrasts it with a new conceptual model, ‘the e-learning ladder’, conceived as part of research with healthcare students in the higher education setting.DOI: 10.1080/09687760601129588
Shared teaching with multimedia-enhanced video-conferencing
Authors: Duncan Charles , Morrey Martin , Bayne Gwen , MacLaren Iain , Walder Patrick , McQuillan John
Published: January 2012

In Scotland all 13 universities and a number (8) of other related institutions of higher education are connected on a high bandwidth computer network. Organizationally, this is composed of four interconnected Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs). The high bandwidth (155 Mbit/s) and the network's operation under ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) enables routine use of high quality video-conferencing between institutions. Each institution has at least one (all the universities have two) video-conferencing suites, fully equipped with audio and video equipment and direct network access for PCs.DOI:10.1080/0968776980060302
Learning relationships from theory to design
Authors: Fowler C. J.H. , Mayes J. T.
Published: January 2012

Over the last five years we have seen a very significant increase in the use of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) in schools, colleges and university. For example in 1998, there were over 195 accredited US universities offering a thousand or more distance learning courses (Philips and Yager, 1998). By no means were all of these new courses associated with educational innovation. The speed and ease of implementation of Webbased approaches, in particular, is resulting in design by imitation of current courses and methods, with a real lack of innovation or utilization of the power inherent in technologybased learning. Although matters are improving (see for example Brown, 1999), part of the reason for this failure to innovate is, we argue, because of the large gap between theory and practice.DOI: 10.1080/0968776990070302
Development of a Web-based learning tool for undergraduate health professionals studying applied anatomy
Authors: Cooper Valerie , McConnell Mike
Published: January 2012

It is a commonly accepted maxim of education that independent learning and directed study accommodate individual learning styles and allow students to acquire basic facts and principles. Such practices are increasingly desirable in the current educational climate as they allow teaching staff to use valuable contact time to address higher cognitive skills. However, when there is a requirement for such learning to be practice-based it is not always possible to provide students with the necessary resources for independent study.DOI:10.1080/0968776000080107
Reviews
Authors: Barker Philip
Published: January 2012

I must admit to a sense of anxiety when I see a title that contains the words 'formative evaluation'. I think: 'not another book telling me how teachers should be aware of the glaring difference between summative and formative assessment'.DOI:10.1080/09687760108656780
The Easterly Jet Stream in the Tropics
Authors: Koteswaram P.
Published: January 2012

It is shown that in summer an easterly jet stream overlies southern Asia in the high troposphere with core near 15°N. This current is quasi-geostrophic. Below the level of strongest winds temperatures decrease from right to left across the current looking downstream; above the level of strongest wind (150–100 mb) the reverse is true. Distribution of cloudiness and precipitation in the lower monsoon correspond to that noted in association with westerly jet streams in the temperate zone: precipitation downstream from the region with the highest winds to left of the axis, upstream to the right.

The foregoing holds on individual days and climatically during the monsoon season as a whole. Since an easterly jet stream is observed only over southern Asia (and Africa), but not over the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, it is suggested that the current originates in connection with the large-scale arrangement of land masses and oceans, and with the elevated heat source of the Tibetan plateau.
On the Amount of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
Authors: Callendar G. S.
Published: January 2012

Of late years there has been much interest in the effect of human activities on the natural circulation of carbon. This demands a knowledge of the amount of CO2 in atmosphere both now and in the immediate past. Here the average amount obtained by 30 of the most extensive series of observations between 1866 and 1956 is presented, and the reliability of the 19th century measurements discussed. A base value of 290 p.p.m. is proposed for the year 1900. Since then the observations show a rising trend which is similar in amount to the addition from fuel combustion. This result is not in accordance with recent radio carbon data, but the reasons for the discrepancy are obscure, and it is concluded that much further observational data is required to clarify this problem. Some old values, showing a remarkable fall of CO2 in high southern latitudes, are assembled for comparison with the anticipated new measurements, to be taken in this zone during the Geophysical Year.
Hydrodynamical Analogy to E = m c2
Authors: Starr Victor P.
Published: January 2012

For many years the study from certain viewpoints of the theory of gravity waves in a simple fluid has formed one of my scientific occupations. Of late I have been stimulated in this direction by the work of others, for example through the accomplishments of my friend, Professor R. LONG, who in 1956 succeeded in the specification of the more exact solution for the solitary wave problem.
Permeation of Gases through Ice
Authors: Hemmingsen Edvard
Published: January 2012

The permeation rate of carbon dioxide and oxygen through ice has been determined at several temperatures. At −9.5° C the carbon dioxide permeation constant was found to be 0.7 × 10−11 cm2 sec−1 atm−1, which is about two million times less than in water. The permeation increased hyperbolically towards 0°C. No permeation of oxygen through the ice could be detected. It is concluded that the gas penetrates the ice through intercrystalline brine films rather than through the ice crystals.
The Influence of Cloud Nucleus Population on the Microstructure and Stability of Convective Clouds
Authors: Twomey S. , Squires P.
Published: January 2012

Measurements of the concentration of cloud droplets and of the supersaturation spectrum of the cloud nucleus population in the air below cloud base showed a strong correlation between these properties. It is concluded that variations in the cloud nucleus content of the air are primarily responsible for variations of cloud droplet concentrations and colloidal stability.
On the Boussinesq approximation and its role in the theory of internal waves
Authors: Long Robert R.
Published: January 2012

Most studies of the dynamics of fluids with weak density gradients use the Boussinesq approximation, which neglects density variations in the inertial terms of the equation of motion. The significance of this approximation is investigated here. As a general matter, it appears that care is called for in the use of the approximation if quantities other than the non-dimensional density difference are small. Also, the existence of certain phenomena of interest and importance may depend on the small terms neglected by the Boussinesq approximation. This is shown by an investigation of solitary waves in a stratified fluid system.
A Re-examination of the “Leipzig Wind Profile” Considering some Relations between
Wind and Turbulence in the Frictional Layer
Authors: Lettau Heinz
Published: January 2012

The “Leipzig Wind Profile” is a unique example of a representative wind
distribution in the frictional layer which resulted from MILDNER’s set of 28
pilot-balloon observations with two theodolites on October 20, 1931, near Leipzig for a
stable weather situation. It is shown, that the vectors of geostrophic motion and ground
drag follow from the wind profile when a scalar austausch is assumed. The re-computed
vertical austausch-distribution indicates that the energy for maintaining the turbulence
in a steady frictional wind profile is taken from the potential energy of the horizontal
pressure field by means of the steady flow of air across the isobars.
Possible Heavy Turbulent Exchange between the Extratropical Tropospheric Air and the Polar Stratospheric Air
Authors: Arakawa H.
Published: January 2012

In 1941 the present author pointed out that there exists a criterion for the development of heavy (horizontal) turbulence in zonal motion which deviates widely from the well known criterion of dynamic stability. If the anticyclonic wind shear is greater than the critical anticyclonic shear given by the condition of zero absolute vorticity, the zonal motion is dynamically unstable; and if the wind shear is greater than a proper critical cyclonic shear, heavy dynamic turbulence results. The wind shear reaches this critical cyclonic value in a narrow zone just north of the latitude of the jet stream. Then, there must be a zone of heavy turbulent exchange of air masses between the extratropical tropospheric air and the stratospheric air through the slit between the extratropical and polar tropopauses.
Gravitational Convection from a Boundary Source Hunter Rouse
Authors: Rouse Hunter , Yih C. S. , Humphreys H. W.
Published: January 2012

Elementary analyses of the mean patterns of free convection from a line source and a point source are presented without regard to the specific means by which the gravitational action is produced. The derived functional relationships are then verified and completed through use of velocity and temperature measurements above sources of heat, the generalized form of the results permitting characteristics of the mean flow to be determined over a considerable range of the primary variables. These results should enable meteorologists to evaluate the role of the basic convective process in the more complex movements of the atmosphere.
Origin and Accumulation of Aluminosilicates in the Ocean
Authors: Arrhenius Gustaf
Published: January 2012

The basic assumptions used by B. Kullenberg in his attempt to calculate the probable magnitude of the variations of the rate of accumulation of clay appear unrealistic in the light of present knowledge, and consequently the results are hardly applicable. His assumptions imply that the sizes of the clay particles now observed in samples from the ocean floor have remained essentially unchanged during transport and deposition. Most probably, however, the marine clays represent the end product of precipitation and coarsening processes, the initial particles partly being of ionic and molecular size. Changes in the rate of deposition of aluminosilicates in eupelagic areas are rather determined by physico-chemical properties of sea water than by changes in the influx to the ocean. Such changes are supposed to be practically equalled out in the neritic and hemipelagic environment.
Global Radiation Resulting from Multiple Scattering in a Rayleigh Atmosphere
Authors: Deirmendjian Diran , Sekera Zdenek
Published: January 2012

Using Chandrasekhar’s solution for the radiative transfer problem in a plane-parallel model of the earth’s atmosphere, under the assumption of perfect, conservative scattering according to the Rayleigh law, expressions are derived for the relative global and sky radiation received on a horizontal surface, as a function of normal optical thickness and inclination of incoming parallel radiation. The corrections representing the effect of ground reflection are also expressed in terms of certain functions already defined by Chandrasekhar. These expressions, which include the effect of all orders of scattering, are then used to compute the absolute global and sky radiation as a function of wavelength and solar zenith distance, based on the solar extraterrestrial energy curve as given recently by Nicolet. The results show that, under these assumptions, the global radiation received at the surface of the earth should remain essentially constant in spectral distribution for a wide range of solar altitudes, and that the pure sky radiation should have two maxima, centered at 3,300 Å and 4,100 Å respectively, for solar zenith distances ranging between o° and 45°.
The theoretical work is compared with Bernhardt’s results obtained by means of certain simplifying assumptions about the successive orders of scattering.
The absolute global and sky radiation is integrated over the range 0.29 μ to 4.00 μ, and it is shown that in general the computation is in good agreement with existing measurements under clear sky conditions.
An Experiment in Objective Analysis
Authors: Gilchrist B. , Cressman G. P.
Published: January 2012

An experiment in two-dimensional objective analysis, conducted at The Institute for Advanced Study is described. The method consists of fitting a second degree polynomial by the method of least squares to the meteorological data in a limited area around each point in a rectangular grid, and then interpolating for the height of the pressure surface at the grid point. The results of machine computations give analyses which are comparable in quality to the subjective analyses ordinarily encountered. When used in a three-parameter atmospheric model for a numerical forecast, the objective analyses led to a more accurate forecast than carefully prepared subjective analyses did. Also a satisfactory representation of the field of vertical stability (over North America) was obtained by the two-dimensional analyses, made for three different pressure surfaces.

The greatest obstacle encountered in producing a completely objective analysis arises from errors of computation and transmission of raw meteorological data. This obstacle has not been overcome, and necessitates a preliminary subjective examination of the data for detection of errors.
Hydraulic Jump in a Fluid System of Two Layers
Authors: Yih Chia-Shun , Guha C. R.
Published: January 2012

The number of conjugate states for the flow of a fluid system of two layers is investigated by means of the momentum principle. The uniqueness of the conjugate state is proved for the cases in which the modified Froude number for either layer is predominantly large. Specific experimental results for three special cases demonstrate the uniqueness of the state downstream from the hydraulic jump, and show that, for a first approximation, the simple analysis provides a means for determining the downstream depths, with smaller errors for lower jumps.
An Improved Barotropic Model and some Aspects of Using the Balance Equation for Three-dimensional Flow
Authors: Bolin Bert
Published: January 2012

A few suggestions for improving the barotropic model presented in a previous article (Bolin, 1955) have been tested. The results show that replacing the geostrophic relation by a more general balance equation improves the forecasts over 24 hours in certain respects. Furthermore the incorporation of the effects of a stratosphere in a very approximate way gives a better description of the behaviour of the largest scales of motion in the atmosphere. The application of the balance equation in numerical forecasting is extended to three-dimensional baroclin flow. It is shown that the criterion of integrability of the balance equation to obtain the stream function from a knowledge of the pressure field has to be satisfied in the course of the computations to maintain elliptic character of the equations.
The Distribution of Carbon-14 in Nature
Authors: Arnold James R. , Anderson Ernest C.
Published: January 2012

The carbon-14 activity of oceanic materials indicates that the mixing half-time for carbon between the atmosphere and ocean surface waters is one or two decades, while the turnover time for the ocean as a whole is several hundred years. This conclusion is consistent with estimates based on the measured decrease in carbon-14 specific activity of wood grown in recent years compared with 19th century wood.
Comparison of User Volume Control Settings for Portable Music Players with Three Earphone Configurations in Quiet and Noisy Environments
Authors: Henry Paula , Foots Ashley
Published: January 2012

Background:Listening to music is one of the most common forms of recreational noise exposure. Previous investigators have demonstrated that maximum output levels from headphones can exceed safe levels. Although preferred listening levels (PLL) in quiet environments may be at
acceptable levels, the addition of background noise will add to the overall noise exposure of a listener. Use of listening devices that block out some of the background noise would potentially allow listeners to select lower PLLs for their music. Although one solution is in-the-ear earphones,
an alternative solution is the use of earmuffs in conjunction with earbuds.Purpose:There were two objectives to this experiment. The first was to determine if an alternative to in-the-ear earphones for noise attenuation (the addition of earmuffs to earbuds) would allow for lower PLLs
through a portable media player (PMP) than earbuds. The second was to determine if a surrounding background noise would yield different PLLs than a directional noise source.Research Design:This was an experimental study.Study Sample:Twenty-four adults with normal hearing.Data
Collection and Analysis:PLLs were measured for three earphone configurations in three listening conditions. The earphone configurations included earbuds, canal earphones, and earbuds in combination with hearing protection devices (HPDs). The listening conditions included quiet, noise from
one loudspeaker, and noise from four surrounding loudspeakers. Participants listened in each noise and earphone combination for as long as they needed to determine their PLL for that condition. Once the participant determined their PLL, investigators made a 5 sec recording of the music through
a probe tube microphone. The average PLLs in each noise and earphone combination were used as the dependent variable. Ear canal level PLLs were converted to free-field equivalents to compare to noise exposure standards and previously published data.Results:The average PLL as measured
in the ear canal was 74 dBA in the quiet conditions and 84 dBA in the noise conditions. Paired comparisons of the PLL in the presence of background noise for each pair of earphone configurations indicated significant differences for each comparison. An inverse relationship was observed between
attenuation and PLL whereby the greater the attenuation, the lower the PLL. A comparison of the single noise source condition versus the surrounding noise condition did not result in a significant effect.Conclusion:The present work suggests that earphones that take advantage of noise
attenuation can reduce the level at which listeners set music in the presence of background noise. An alternative to in-the-ear earphones for noise attenuation is the addition of earmuffs to earbuds.
La famille à l'épreuve de la coparentalité
Authors: Hefez Serge
Published: January 2012

Résumé L’auteur discute la notion de parentalité à la lumière de ses différents axes de définition : biologique, social et juridique, sexuel, etc. Il en précise les contours aussi par rapport à la conjugalité et soulève les nouveaux aspects qu’elle prend de plus en plus fréquemment aujourd’hui, tel la pluriparentalité. Il conclut en relevant l’importance d’être attentif à la construction élaborée par les familles à ce propos, plutôt que de plaquer sur elles nos propres modèles.
La Recomposition Familiale : Quand les adolescents s'en mêlent
Authors: Delage Michel
Published: January 2012

Résumé La recomposition familiale confronte à des configurations relationnelles multiples. Parmi elles, figure celle du changement de foyer. Cela concerne souvent un jeune adolescent. Son entrée en puberté le conduit à interroger activement la vie sexuelle et sentimentale des adultes ainsi que leurs rôles parentaux. C’est parfois l’occasion d’une crise développée avec le parent hébergeant et rapidement étendue au foyer recomposé. Les interventions thérapeutiques ont à être rapides et doivent permettre de créer un contexte suffisamment apaisé pour que le travail psychique d’élaboration portant sur les nouveaux liens puisse se réaliser.
Coparentalité : le coût de l'altérité sexuelle dans l'homoparentalité
Authors: Gross Martine
Published: January 2012

Résumé La coparentalité désigne une situation dans laquelle les parents ne vivent pas ou plus en couple, mais élèvent leurs enfants au sein de deux foyers. Dans cet article, à partir de témoignages recueillis auprès de 12 pères gays ayant fondé une famille homoparentale en coparentalité et de 6 hommes projetant de le faire, nous explorerons les motivations à choisir la coparentalité, le parcours pour concrétiser ce choix. Nous examinerons l’incidence de la coparentalité sur la vie conjugale et tenterons, pour finir, de comprendre comment certaines coparentalités aboutissent à des situations inextricables.
L'homoparentalité recomposée entre l'élaboration des pertes et la construction d'une nouvelle famille : histoire d'une expérience thérapeutique
Authors: D’Amore Salvatore , Scarciotta Lidia , Pauss Véronique , Pellis Elisa , Miscioscia Marina , Fossoul Charlotte
Published: January 2012

Résumé Parmi les différentes configurations familiales, la famille homoparentale recomposée est, plus que toute autre, confrontée à de multiples défis. Ceux-ci découlent tant du processus de deuil de la précédente appartenance que de la construction d’une nouvelle famille. Les vicissitudes de ces processus de construction semblent être liées à la gestion des pertes contextuelles pour les enfants comme pour les adultes. Le travail thérapeutique visera à créer un espace de gestion de ces pertes ambiguës entraînant des mouvements d’oscillation affective entre le passé, le présent et le futur. Apprendre à gérer la multiplicité des appartenances et des identités familiales semble être un objectif majeur pour l’intervention avec toute nouvelle famille.
Le thérapeute de famille face à l'interculturalité
Authors: Linares Juan Luis
Published: January 2012

Résumé De nos jours, l’interculturalité est une expérience universelle pour la majeure partie de la population, et par là même, pour les thérapeutes familiaux. En partant de cette prémisse, l’auteur décrit trois situations de contact avec les autres cultures, qui ont influencé de manière décisive la construction de son modèle thérapeutique. Ensuite, il propose certaines caractéristiques que doivent, selon lui, revêtir l’organisation et la mythologie d’un système thérapeutique orienté vers l’intervention interculturelle. Finalement, il décrit de manière précise la thérapie suivie avec une famille immigrante, en mettant l’accent sur l’application les concepts précédemment proposés.
Lesbianismo y literatura chicana: la construcción de una identidad
Authors: Toda Iglesia María Ángeles
Published: January 2012

El artículo estudia la construcción de una identidad lésbica específica en la literatura de autoras chicanas, analizando sus raíces feministas, su empleo de diversas formas literarias, el papel de la teoría y la importancia del cuerpo, así como la presencia de los roles butch/femme, para después examinar los recursos empleados por las autoras para rechazar la persistente acusación de que su identidad constituye una traición a su comunidad. Dichos recursos incluyen el cuestionamiento de las políticas lesbófobas y antifeministas del movimiento chicano, el análisis de las relaciones familiares y la reescritura de mitos patriarcales mexicanos.
Pájaros enjaulados: homosexualidad y prisión en Hombres sin mujer
Authors: Gallardo Saborido Emilio José
Published: January 2012

Este artículo se centra en la interacción entre homosexualidad y prisión en la novela del cubano Carlos Montenegro titulada “Hombres sin mujer” (1938). A partir de una aproximación sociológica al hecho literario, se analizan estructuralmente las nociones y prácticas homosexuales carcelarias, teniendo en cuenta especialmente sus componentes y la creación de categorías auto-explicativas o etnocategorías, el orden en el que se constituyen estos elementos y los conflictos que los animan. Finalmente, se concluye considerando la noción de homosexualidad carcelaria como tragedia con la que se cierra la obra.
Predictive microbiology: Modeling microbial responses in food
Authors: Fakruddin Md , Mazumdar Reaz Mohammad , Mannan Khanjada Shahnewaj Bin
Published: January 2012

Predictive microbiology is the integration of traditional microbiology knowledge with those found in the disciplines of mathematics, statistics and information systems and technology to describe microbial behaviour in order to prevent food spoilage as well as food-borne illnesses. The behaviour of microbial populations in foods (growth, survival, or death) is determined by the properties of food (e.g., water activity and pH) and the storage conditions (e.g., temperature, relative humidity, and atmosphere). The effect of these properties can be predicted by mathematical models derived from quantitative studies on microbial populations. Using predictive models changes in microbial populations in foods from production/ harvest to consumption can be estimated from changes in product parameters (temperature, storage atmosphere, pH, salt /water activity, etc.). Predictive microbiology models have immediate practical applications to improve microbial food safety, quality, and are leading to the development of a quantitative understanding of the microbial ecology of foods. While models are very useful decision-support tools it must be remembered that models are, at best, only a simplified representation of reality. Because of the complexity of microbial behaviour and food systems, predictive microbiology presents some limitations. Predictive microbiology provides a powerful tool to aid the exposure assessment phase of 'quantitative microbial risk assessment‘ and it can be concluded that predictive models, successfully validated in agreement with defined performance criteria, will continue to be an essential element of exposure assessment within formal quantitative risk assessment.   Keywords: validation; applications; limitations DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v40i2.3928 CJSBS 2011; 40(2): 121-131
Caspase-4 Is Required for Activation of Inflammasomes
Authors: Sollberger Gabriel , Strittmatter Gerhard E. , Kistowska Magdalena , French Lars E. , Beer Hans-Dietmar
Published: January 2012

IL-1β and IL-18 are crucial regulators of inflammation and immunity. Both cytokines are initially expressed as inactive precursors, which require processing by the protease caspase-1 for biological activity. Caspase-1 itself is activated in different innate immune complexes called inflammasomes. In addition, caspase-1 activity regulates unconventional protein secretion of many other proteins involved in inflammation and repair. Human caspase-4 is a poorly characterized member of the caspase family, which is supposed to be involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. However, its gene is located on the same locus as the caspase-1 gene, which raises the possibility that caspase-4 plays a role in inflammation. In this study, we show that caspase-4 expression is required for UVB-induced activation of proIL-1β and for unconventional protein secretion by skin-derived keratinocytes. These processes require expression of the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing, Pyrin domain containing-3 inflammasome, and caspase-4 physically interacts with its central molecule caspase-1. As the active site of caspase-4 is required for activation of caspase-1, the latter most likely represents a substrate of caspase-4. Caspase-4 expression is also essential for efficient nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing, Pyrin domain containing-3 and for absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome-dependent proIL-1β activation in macrophages. These results demonstrate an important role of caspase-4 in inflammation and innate immunity through activation of caspase-1. Therefore, caspase-4 represents a novel target for the treatment of (auto)inflammatory diseases.
Vaccines Targeting Tumor Blood Vessel Antigens Promote CD8+ T Cell-Dependent Tumor Eradication or Dormancy in HLA-A2 Transgenic Mice
Authors: Zhao Xi , Bose Anamika , Komita Hideo , Taylor Jennifer L. , Chi Nina , Lowe Devin B. , Okada Hideho , Cao Ying , Mukhopadhyay Debabrata , Cohen Peter A. , Storkus Walter J.
Published: January 2012

We have recently shown that effective cytokine gene therapy of solid tumors in HLA-A2 transgenic (HHD) mice lacking murine MHC class I molecule expression results in the generation of HLA-A2–restricted CD8+ T effector cells selectively recognizing tumor blood vessel-associated pericytes and/or vascular endothelial cells. Using an HHD model in which HLA-A2neg tumor (MC38 colon carcinoma or B16 melanoma) cells are not recognized by the CD8+ T cell repertoire, we now show that vaccines on the basis of tumor-associated blood vessel Ags (TBVA) elicit protective Tc1-dependent immunity capable of mediating tumor regression or extending overall survival. Vaccine efficacy was not observed if (HLA-A2neg) wild-type C57BL/6 mice were instead used as recipient animals. In the HHD model, effective vaccination resulted in profound infiltration of tumor lesions by CD8+ (but not CD4+) T cells, in a coordinate reduction of CD31+ blood vessels in the tumor microenvironment, and in the “spreading” of CD8+ T cell responses to alternate TBVA that were not intrinsic to the vaccine. Protective Tc1-mediated immunity was durable and directly recognized pericytes and/or vascular endothelial cells flow-sorted from tumor tissue but not from tumor-uninvolved normal kidneys harvested from these same animals. Strikingly, the depletion of CD8+, but not CD4+, T cells at late time points after effective therapy frequently resulted in the recurrence of disease at the site of the regressed primary lesion. This suggests that the vaccine-induced anti-TBVA T cell repertoire can mediate the clinically preferred outcomes of either effectively eradicating tumors or policing a state of (occult) tumor dormancy.