bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Enhanced Spatial Capture Model for Population Analysis Using Unidentified Counts through Camera Encounters
Authors: Jaber Mohamed , Hamad Farag , Breininger Robert D. , Kachouie Nezamoddin N.
Published: November 2023

Spatial capture models are broadly used for population analysis in ecological statistics. Spatial capture models for unidentified individuals rely on data augmentation to create a zero-inflated population. The unknown true population size can be considered as the number of successes of a binomial distribution with an unknown number of independent trials and an unknown probability of success. Augmented population size is a realization of the unknown number of trials and is recommended to be much larger than the unknown population size. As a result, the probability of success of binomial distribution, i.e., the unknown probability that a hypothetical individual in the augmented population belongs to the true population, can be obtained by dividing the unknown true population size by the augmented population size. This is an inverse problem as neither the true population size nor the probability of success is known, and the accuracy of their estimates strongly relies on the augmented population size. Therefore, the estimated population size in spatial capture models is very sensitive to the size of a zero-inflated population and in turn to the estimated probability of success. This is an important issue in spatial capture models as a typical count model with censored data (unidentified and/or undetected). Hence, in this research, we investigated the sensitivity and accuracy of the spatial capture model to address this problem with the objective of improving the robustness of the model. We demonstrated that the estimated population size using the proposed enhanced capture model was more accurate in comparison with the previous spatial capture model.
Effect of Growth and Calcination Temperatures on the Optical Properties of Ruthenium-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Dasuki Dema , Habanjar Khulud , Awad Ramdan
Published: November 2023

This study aimed to probe the effect of heat treatment on zinc oxide nanoparticles doped with ruthenium through a chemical co-preparation technique. Pure ZnO and Ru-doped ZnO nanoparticles, with the general formula Zn1−x−RuxO, were synthesized for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.04. Using the same starting precursors, the growth temperature was 60 °C and 80 °C for set A and set B, respectively, whereas the calcination temperature was 450 °C and 550 °C for set A and set B, respectively. For the structure investigation, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) revealed that the crystallite size of set A was smaller than that of set B. For x = 0.04 in set B, the maximum value of the crystallite size was attributed to the integration of Ru3+ ions into interstitial sites in the host causing this expansion. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles by showing a Zn-O bonding peak at 421 cm−1. For x = 0.04 in set B, the divergence confirmed the change in bonding properties of Zn2+ distributed by Ru3+ doping, which verifies the presence of secondary-phase RuO2. Using UV–visible spectroscopy, the energy gap of set A swings as ruthenium doping increases. However, in set B, as the crystallite size decreases, the energy gap increases until reversing at the highest concentration of x = 0.04. The transition from oxygen vacancy to interstitial oxygen, which is associated with the blue peak (469 nm), increases in set A under low heating conditions and decreases in set B as Ru doping increases, as revealed in the photoluminescence optical spectra of the samples. Therefore, ruthenium doping proves a useful surface defect and generates distortion centers in the lattice, leading to more adsorption and a remarkable advantage in sunscreen and paint products used for UV protection.
Maintenance and Exploitation of Electric, Hybrid, and Internal Combustion Vehicles
Authors: Krzyżewska Iwona , Chruzik Katarzyna
Published: November 2023

This paper presents an analysis of the costs, failure rate, vulnerability, and safety of electric, hybrid, and internal combustion vehicles (EV, HEV, and ICEV), including a review of literature sources, calculations, and investigations. Many literature sources do not provide information on maintenance costs (including repairs and servicing) and limit themselves to energy costs only. However, this cost is not the total cost of the maintenance of a vehicle. There is a lack of analysis of the difference between the maintenance and operating costs of vehicles. Similarly, vulnerability is difficult to determine in vehicles that are used for a short time in the market. The article presents an analysis of literature sources and industry reports on electromobility on maintenance costs, determines the failure rate, calculates vulnerability indices based on a survey, and carries out an expert risk assessment using the FMEA method. In the surveyed companies, the largest percentage of repairs are maintenance and service, mechanical, electrical and electronic, bodywork, and other repairs for each vehicle. Some of the most common faults in electric and hybrid vehicles are battery failures. The only hazard with a tolerable impact is the lack of sufficient data in the maintenance analysis. This risk can be mitigated in subsequent stages of product readiness once more data have been analysed.
Heartburn’s Hidden Impact: A Narrative Review Exploring Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) as a Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor
Authors: Gries Jacob , Chen Bing , Virani Salim , Virk Hafeez , Jneid Hani , Krittanawong Chayakrit
Published: November 2023

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a very common disease with an estimated 442 million cases worldwide. It is a well-documented independent risk factor for many gastrointestinal pathologies, however, its role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) is unclear, despite its high prevalence in patients with CVD. Although traditionally considered a causative agent of noncardiac chest pain, a common imitator of cardiac chest pain, or an incidentally shared comorbidity in patients with CVD, a number of studies have implicated GERD and its therapies as risk factors for CVD. This narrative review will explore the relationship between GERD and CVD, including medical and mechanical therapeutic approaches for GERD that could potentially impact the incidence, progression, and mortality of CVD.
Seasonal Algal Host Shifts of the Symbiotic Amphipod Ceinina japonica Stephensen, 1933 (Amphipoda: Eophliantidae) in the Sea of Japan (East Sea)
Authors: Kawai Tadashi
Published: November 2023

The phenology of the alga-dwelling amphipod Ceinina japonica Stephensen, 1933 (Amphipoda: Eophliantidae) was studied at Rishiri Island, Hokkaido, Japan, from May 2016 to March 2017. Seasonal shifting between the host algal species was confirmed through observations at a coastal field site and a nearby aquaculture facility for kelp. Amphipods mainly occurred in the farmed biennial kelp Saccharina japonica var. ochotensis and wild algae Undaria pinnatifida, with Agarum clathratum, Costaria costata, Saccharina cichorioides, and Sargassum boreale as new host algal records. Amphipods occurred in sporophytes of U. pinnatifida at the field site from February to March and from May to July, but they were found in the kelp of S. j. var. ochotensis during the rest of the year, from August to the following January. Individuals of C. japonica infected sporophytes of the large brown alga Undaria pinnatifida from February to July, and C. japonica reproduced from July to September, a period during which the amphipods switch to a different host in July, the sporophytes of the saccharinan kelp S. j. var. ochotensis, where they stay until January. The amphipods then switched back to U. pinnatifida in January or February. Experimental evidence from a kelp-culturing facility also confirmed the timing of this host shift. The removal of U. pinnatifida from algal culture ropes in such facilities is suggested as a method to prevent amphipod damage, which is important for commercially farmed S. j. var. ochotensis.
Numerical Modeling of Thrombocyte Interaction Mechanics with a Blood Vessel Wall
Authors: Jasevičius Raimondas
Published: November 2023

A platelet (thrombocyte) can be in two states, activated and inactivated. The paper analyzes the interaction of an inactive platelet cell with the wall of a blood vessel. The goal is to analyze and represent the dynamics of platelet cell interaction when a thrombus has not yet formed. The discrete element method (DEM) can be used for the presented model. The paper presents an analysis of the dependence of force and displacement. This test is an introduction to more advanced tests when a blood clot forms.
Identification of Aggregation Processes in Hexamethylenetetramine Aqueous Solutions: A Comprehensive Raman and Acoustic Spectroscopic Study Combined with Density Functional Theory Calculations
Authors: Tsigoias Stefanos , Papanikolaou Michael G. , Kabanos Themistoklis A. , Kalampounias Angelos G.
Published: November 2023

Raman scattering has been employed to study in detail the concentration dependence of the vibrational modes for hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) aqueous solutions. The formation of protonated and/or aggregated species has been clarified by comparing the experimental with the theoretically predicted vibrational spectra by means of quantum mechanical calculations. The analysis has shown that the vibrational modes of the solutions arise from a contribution of the vibrational modes of the HMTA self-aggregates and hetero-aggregates of HMTA with water molecules that are formed in the low- and intermediate-concentration regions, respectively. The protonation of HMTA is ruled out due to the large differences between the experimental and the theoretically calculated spectra of the protonated molecules of HTMA in the fingerprint region. In the low-concentration solutions, the hetero-aggregation reaction of HMTA with water is the dominant mechanism, while at higher concentrations, a self-aggregation mechanism occurs. Ultrasonic absorption and velocity measurements were carried out for hexamethylenetetramine aqueous solutions. The acoustic spectra reveal the presence of only one single Debye-type relaxation process that is assigned to the aggregation mechanism of HMTA. The sound absorption data follow two different dependencies on the HMTA mole fraction. The crossover 0.018 mole fraction signifies two separate regions with distinct structural characteristics. The relaxation mechanism observed in dilute solutions was attributed to hetero-association of HMTA with water molecules, while at higher concentrations, the observed relaxation process was assigned to the self-association reaction of HMTA molecules. This structural transformation is also reflected in several physicochemical properties of the system, including the kinematic viscosity, the mass density, the sound speed and the adiabatic compressibility of the HMTA aqueous solutions. The combination of vibrational and acoustic spectroscopies with molecular orbital calculations allowed us to disentangle the underlying processes and to elucidate the observed relaxation mechanism in the HMTA aqueous solutions.
Monitoring Tools and Strategies for Effective Electrokinetic Nanoparticle Treatment
Authors: Zhong Huayuan , Cardenas Henry E.
Published: November 2023

Nanoparticles are increasingly being used by industry to enhance the outcomes of various chemical processes. In many cases, these processes involve over-dosages that compensate for particle losses. At best, these unique waste streams end up in landfills. This circumstance is inefficient and coupled with uncertain impacts on the environment. Pozzolanic nanoparticle treatments have been found to provide remarkable benefits for strength restoration and the mitigation of durability problems in ordinary Portland cement and concrete. These treatments have been accompanied by significant particle losses stemming from over-dosages and instability of the colloidal suspensions that are used to deliver these materials into the pore structure. In this study, new methods involving simple tools have been developed to monitor and sustain suspension stability. Turbidity measurement was introduced to monitor the progress of electrokinetic nanoparticle treatment. This tool made it possible to amend a given dosing strategy in real time while it remains possible to make effective treatment adjustments. By monitoring the particle stability and using pH and electric field controls to avoid suspension collapse, successful electrokinetic treatment dosage strategies were demonstrated using 20 nm NALCO 1056 alumina-coated silica particles. These trials indicated that turbidity measurements could track the visually imperceptible phenomena of particle flocking early on at the inception of its development. Suspensions of these nanoparticles were successfully delivered into 5 cm diameter by 10 cm tall hardended cement paste (HCP) specimens by monitoring fluid turbidity along with the specific gravity and using these values to guide the active management of the treatment dosage and pH. Under this new strategy, these losses were reduced to 5% as compared to the 80% losses associated with other treatment approaches. The relationship between the turbidity and the specific gravity was found to be linear. These plots indicated regions of turbidity and specific gravity that were associated with particle flocking. The tools, guidelines, and strategies developed in this work made it possible to manage efficient (low-particle-loss) electrokinetic nanoparticle treatments by signaling in real time when adjustments to electric field, pH, and particle dosage increments were needed.
Research on the Impact of Digital Inclusive Finance on the Financial Vulnerability of Aging Families
Authors: Wang Xingqi , Mao Zhenhua
Published: November 2023

In recent years, the issue of population aging has been a challenge for China’s economic and social development. Due to factors such as the imperfect pension security system, the financial vulnerability of families has been greatly impacted by population aging. Digital inclusive finance is a financial model that utilizes digital technology and innovative approaches to provide financial services to low-income groups and impoverished areas. With the rapid development of the concept of digital inclusive finance, an increasing number of households are beginning to use digital inclusive finance products. It is worth exploring whether this financial model can help alleviate the financial vulnerability of aging families. Therefore, it is of both theoretical and practical significance to study the role of digital inclusive finance in improving the financial vulnerability of aging families. This study assembled unbalanced panel data using both 2016 and 2018 China Household Tracking Survey (CFPS) data and the digital financial inclusion index. An empirical analysis was conducted using the ordered probit panel model. The research findings indicate the following: First, the increasing elderly population intensifies the financial vulnerability of families. Second, digital inclusive finance plays a significant role in improving the financial stability of aging families. Third, digital inclusive finance helps alleviate the impact of population aging on family financial vulnerability by mitigating credit constraints and increasing household income. Fourth, a heterogeneity analysis suggests that in female-headed households, the financial vulnerability caused by population aging is more severe, and the role of digital inclusive finance in improving family financial vulnerability is more prominent. Additionally, the purchase of commercial insurance can effectively alleviate the financial vulnerability of families caused by population aging.
PENGARUH BODY MASSAGE IBU POST PARTUM TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI ASI
Authors: Saraha Rosida Hi , Suaib Nurkila
Published: November 2023

A decrease in breast milk production in the first few days after birth can be caused by a lack of stimulation of the hormones prolactin and oxytocin. This study aimed to determine the effect of postpartum maternal body massage on breast milk production. This research was located in the Working Area of Bahari Berkesan Health Center, in January-November 2022. The sample in this study was 20 post breastfeeding postpartum mothers. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling technique. The research design used was quasi-experimental with a One Group Pre and Post-Test Design. Researchers performed body massage on a group of breastfeeding postpartum mothers by taking 3 measurements of the baby's weight and 2 body massages. Based on the test results using the Spearman Rank Correlation, a significance value of 0.060 > 0.05, indicating that there was no influence on the first weight gain. Meanwhile, the test results between body massage and the baby's weight gain in the second measurement were 0.018, and the third weight measurement was 0.044, because the significance value was <0.05, which means that there was an influence between massage and the baby's weight gain in the second and third measurements. The study concluded that body massage can increase breast milk production by measuring the baby's weight. It is recommended Further research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms through which body massage influences breast milk production.
Leadership during Crisis – An analysis of howWomen World Leaders have dealt COVID -19 crisis
Authors: Bane Ms. Shweta , Virani Dr. Farida
Published: November 2023

Leadership as a soft skill is most vital for any individual employed under any organization or entity. It underlines different behaviors that an individual displays while handling a critical situation. Since ages, Leadership as a characteristic has been associated with being Male Prerogative. Through this research we have tried to put forward how Female Leaders have taken over & successfully managed to deal with the crisis that came ahead of them. Here we exclusively focus on Female World Leaders who effectively managed the COVID – 19 Pandemic & also have highlighted their distinctive leadership styles.
Blockchain Intelligence: Where Blockchain Meets Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Barve Dr. Manmeet , Maske Ms. Neelam , Singh Ms. Sakshi
Published: November 2023

We're in the midst of a time of unparalleled digital disruption and transformation. The breakthrough technologies that are at the heart of digital disruption and transformation are artificial intelligence and blockchain. They have become most trending and unruly technologies. Blockchain is gaining extensive attention because of cryptocurrencies and also due to its provision of secure and decentralized resource sharing manner. AI, on the other hand, offers intelligence and decision-making capabilities for machines that are similar to humans. Both AI and blockchain, spreading at a phenomenal rate and having distinct degree of technological complexity and multi-dimensional business implications, are in situations where they can benefit from each other, and help one another. The researcher of this paper explains how and why these transformative technologies and their convergence can alter marketing as we know it today. The researcher also presents a case study to summarise various marketing use cases that will be used for transformative innovations and their implications for society firms, customers, and, eventually, academic studies. This work looks at the detailed literature on the interaction and possible collaboration areas between the blockchain and AI that can benefit marketing and the list is nowhere close to being completed.
Sustainable Urban Development and Livability
Authors: Mohapatra Mr. Rashmi Ranjan
Published: November 2023

Sustainable cities are central to achieving all 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). By 2050 cities will contain approximately 70% of the world's population and produce 85 per cent of global economic output. Policy and investment decisions made today will have a deep and long-lasting impact, based on the concentration of people and economic activities, and the long-term nature of urban systems and infrastructure.Urban development should proceed in a well-planned, integrated, and inclusive manner, with city governments working together with businesses, civil society organizations, academia, and individuals, and with national governments, as well as the authorities in neighbouring urban towns and rural areas, and peer cities around the world. A robust “science of cities” can give urban policymakers around the world access to a body of knowledge and good practices.Urban decision makers should take the central tenet of the 2030 Agenda to heart and ensure that no one is left behind in their cities and towns. That means prioritizing pro-poor development and access to decent jobs; high-quality public services, health care and education; sustainable transport; and safe and attractive public spaces for all, regardless of gender, age, ability, and ethnicity.Governments, businesses, civil society organizations and individuals can use a range of policy, economic and communications tools to promote sustainable consumption and production patterns in cities, encourage densified habitat and decouple growth from environmental degradation. Innovative governments, a committed private sector and an active citizenry can overcome inequalities and create livable cities in both developing and developed countries. livable cities offer high-quality services and increase “naturbanity”, a close connection between people and nature, to enhance human health and well-being, protect biodiversity, and strengthen climate resilience, which is particularly important for vulnerable populations in coastal cities and those in informal settlements.
Un extractivismo cool
Authors: Tolosa Sandra
Published: November 2023

En este artículo presento el problema del avance del modelo Vino & Turismo en los Valles Calchaquíes, desde Salta hacia el sur, haciendo foco en su carácter de doble extractivismo y en el riesgo ambiental y social que significa para la población local; en especial para el territorio de la Comunidad India Quilmes, ubicada en el sector tucumano de los Valles. Asimismo, sugiero que existe una construcción social positiva que legitima al modelo y colabora con invisibilizar sus efectos destructivos, a partir de la combinación de valores que operan en las distintas dimensiones de productividad económica, consumo y distinción de clase, identidad nacional y adscripción regional.
Infraestructuras y colapsos de la expansión estatal en las tierras de montaña del Chile central
Authors: Skewes Juan Carlos , Espinoza Rivera Gabriel Esteban
Published: November 2023

La diversidad de hitos, monolitos, instalaciones e infraestructuras en diversos estados de conservación y uso son parte de las huellas del Estado en los territorios cordilleranos. Esta presencia se divide entre las obras de modernización del territorio a expensas de la colonización del ambiente y del espacio simbólico, y las construcciones desplegadas por los habitantes en la expansión estatal. En este caso, nuestra atención se concentra en las primeras. La sucesión de intervenciones públicas a lo largo del siglo XX es sintomática de los modos espasmódicos en que se instala, se mantiene y se renueva la hegemonía en el mundo cordillerano. El legado de instalaciones convertidas en huellas y el entramado geométrico irregular e inconcluso que permanece, materializado en las sucesivas transformaciones de la cuenca, contribuyen a la comprensión de la eficacia operacional de formaciones estatales exiguas. Nuestra atención se concentra en los procesos modernizadores asociados al transporte ferroviario, el turismo, la generación de hidroelectricidad y los embalses de regadío, iniciativas hegemonizadas por la presencia de la central hidroeléctrica Colbún. Todas estas iniciativas han sido impulsadas y sustentadas por el Estado, y sus huellas se han metabolizado en el paisaje actual, convirtiéndose en territorio a lo largo de los últimos dos siglos.
Puesta en valor del patrimonio portuario para una mejora del paisaje: el cine en la Bahía de Pasaia.
Authors: De Rosa Giolito Enrique Rafael
Published: November 2023

Nuestra propuesta es analizar a través del cine la evolución histórica del paisaje y estudiar el patrimonio o paisaje cultural de la bahía como un recurso. También persigue detectar qué características del territorio suscitan interés cinematográfico. Para ello hemos utilizado una metodología que busca en las películas características geográficas, producto de la selección de exteriores y un testimonio de la actividad humana; elementos que integran la imagen visual de la ciudad y hacen legible el espacio urbano. La intención es abordar las representaciones mentales como una forma distinta de analizar el espacio. Frente a planteamientos cuantitativos, que reducen el espacio a una red de arcos y nodos, o a simple geometría, la geografía de las representaciones mentales considera el territorio como espacio vivido, sentido, valorado y percibido de forma diferente por las personas a través de imágenes mentales e impresiones individuales y colectivas. Las conclusiones de este estudio evidencian que el cine puede contribuir a esos objetivos por medio de un itinerario cultural que da respuestas a estas tres necesidades y nos hace descubrir el sentido que le da la población a los decorados que los rodean.
Oncoguía de cáncer de endometrio 2023
Authors: Bahena-González Antonio , Isla-Ortiz David , Trejo-Durán Elizabeth , Arango-Bravo Eder , Cano-Blanco Claudia , Morales-Vásquez Flavia , Gutiérrez-Torres Salvador , Flores-Balcázar Christian , Flores-Castro Manuel , Sepúlveda-Rivera Cintia María , Vidal-Torres Diego , Moreno-Flores Guillermo , Barquet-Muñoz Salim Abraham
Published: November 2023

In Mexico, endometrial cancer ranks fifth in incidence and is the second cause of gynecological cancer after cervical cancer. The main risk factor for endometrial cancer is obesity and other conditions related to metabolic syndrome. The symptom that indicates the start of the approach is abnormal uterine bleeding, especially in postmenopausal patients. The standard of initial treatment for apparently localized endometrial cancer is hysterectomy. Lymph node evaluation provides relevant information on the prognosis and the need for adjuvant therapy. Various clinical and histological parameters have been associated with the survival of these patients. Additionally, data from the Cancer Genome Atlas project has increased our understanding of endometrial cancer's biological and prognostic heterogeneity. Several studies have evaluated the role of different adjuvant strategies, such as brachytherapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. In advanced diseases, standard treatment consists of systemic therapy and other options include chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy. Surgery and radiation therapy can sometimes improve outcomes for patients with advanced disease. These guidelines aim to share with the oncology community the diagnostic and treatment strategies used at the National Cancer Institute to diagnose and treat endometrial cancer.
Çelikler için Yüksek Korozyon Dayanımına Sahip Vanadyum Nitrür Kaplamalar
Authors: ABAKAY Eray
Published: November 2023

Düşük korozyon dayanımı, alaşımlı çeliklerinden üretilmiş parçaların kullanım ömrünü sınırlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada Vanadyum nitrür (VN), termo reaktif biriktirmeyle AISI 4140 çeliği yüzeyine başarılı bir şekilde kaplanmıştır. Kaplamanın mikroyapısal, kimyasal ve korozyon özellikleri detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiş ve AISI 4140 çeliğinin özellikleriyle kıyaslanmıştır. Taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) incelemeleri kaplanmış numunenin; VN tabakası, nitrürleme bölgesi ve altlık malzeme bölgesi olmak üzere üç bölgeden oluştuğunu göstermiştir. 1000 °C sıcaklık ve 2 saat kaplama parametreleri için kaplama kalınlığı yaklaşık 5.69 µm’dir. Enerji dağılımlı X-ışını spektroskopisi (EDS) analizlerine göre kaplama tabakasının yapısı Vanadyum ve Azot elementlerini içermektedir. X-ışınları difraksiyon (XRD) analizine göre kaplama VN bileşiğinden oluşmaktadır. Tafel ekstrapolasyonuna göre VN kaplamanın korozyon potansiyeli (Ekor)-0,604 V ölçülmüş olup,-0,717 V olan AISI 4140 çeliğinin Ekor değerine göre önemli miktarda yüksektir. Elektrokimyasal empedans spektroskopisine (EIS) göre kaplama çözünmesi 0.5 M NaCl sulu çözelti ortamındaki korozyonu yük kontrollüdür. Nyquist eğrileri kıyaslandığında VN kaplamanın korozyon dayanımı AISI 4140 çeliğininkinden daha yüksektir. Sonuçlara göre VN kaplamalar AISI 4140 çeliğinin çamur tahliyesinde kullanılan pompalar, kâğıt kesme makineleri ve zirai aletler gibi korozif ortamlarda kullanımı için ömrü artışı sağlayabilecek özelliktedir.
Elastik Yarı Düzlem İçin Bir Hareketli Yük Problemi
Authors: AKKAYA İpek , YUSUFOĞLU Elçin
Published: November 2023

Bu çalışmada elastik bir yarı düzlemin sınırı boyu sabit hızla hareket eden bir normal kuvvetin etkisini dikkate alan bir dinamik problem konu edilmiştir. Lame hareket denklemi ve sınır koşulları boyuna ve enine dalga fonksiyonları cinsinden ilgili sınır değer problemine indirgenmiştir. Daha sonra hareketli koordinat sisteminden durağan koordinat sistemine geçilerek bu sınır değer problemi Fourier dönüşümü yardımıyla diferansiyel denklemler için sınır değer problemlerine indirgenmiştir. Fourier düzleminde boyuna ve enine dalga fonksiyonlarının ilgili integral dönüşümü belirlenmiş olup ters Fourier tekniği kullanılarak, nihayet yer değiştirme bileşenleri belirlenmiştir. Normal yükün hareket hızının Rayleigh dalga hızından küçük ve büyük olduğu durumlar incelenmiştir.
EMANFAATAN SEJENGKAL TANAH MILIK WARGA UNTUK DIKOMERSILKAN MENJADI PEMENUHAN KEBUTUHAN HINGGA PROSPEK EKONOMI
Authors: Ramli Syamsul Alam , Utami Widya , Kassa Mujammad , Safitry Desy , Sandi Nabika , Hatta Putri Cahyani , Afilla  , Utami Widya , P Adrianto , Adnan Dhandi , Gunawan Aditya
Published: November 2023

Bergulirnya Wabah Covid-19 yang melanda Indonesia sejak akhir 2019 sampai dengan saat ini menjadikan sebagian sumber mata pencaharian di berbagai daerah menjadi sulit. Desa Lare-lare dengan luas wilayah ± 80  km2 jumlah jiwa 1930 dari 482 KK diapid oleh pegunungan dan pantai dimana luas wilayah pertanian sebesar 350 hektar. Diketahui bahwa uang yang keluar untuk kebutuhan sayur dari 482 KK X Rp 5.000 dalam sehari sebesar Rp 2.410.000, dalam satu bulan mencapai Rp 72.300.000, sehingga dalam satu tahun sebesar Rp 8.676.000, Hal ini menjadi tujuan dari pengabdian mahasiswa KKN-T Universitas Muhammadiyah Palopo Angkatan III tahun 2021 untuk meraih peluang pasar dari peamanfaatan sejengkal tanah warga. Metode yang digunakan adalah budi daya kangkung cabut melalui pemanfaatan sejengkal tanah milik warga dan pemasaran dengan system basket marketing Adapun persiapan yang dilakukan untuk proses budidaya yaitu mempersiapkan rencana pengabdian, menyediakan kurikulum penanaman, Sosialisai. Hasil pengabdian dari pemanfaatan sejengkal tanah iala terpenuhinya kebutuhan sayur warga dan mendapatkan tambahan penghasilan serta menjadi motifasi berkelanjutan.
PEMBERDAYAAN KADER "LANSIA SEROJA" = LANSIA SEHAT ROHANI JASMANI DENGAN PENGURUS CABANG AISYIAH UMBULHARJO
Authors: Rahajeng Bangunawati , Satria Amurwa Wijaya Nurul Maziyyah; Zelmi Dwi Novita; Septania Dini Arviani;
Published: November 2023

Posyandu activities for the elderly, originally routine twice a month, have been stopped due to the Covid-19 pandemic. When the pandemic shifts and activities can be carried out offline again with health protocols, the cadres have difficulty reactivating activities. On the other hand, the elderly are vulnerable during the Covid-19 pandemic, so they must receive more attention.

This community service is carried out to foster elderly cadres to reactivate posyandu activities for the elderly with health protocols.

The UMY service team collaborated with AMC Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Hospital in collaboration with Branch Manager Aisyiah Umbulharjo. PCA Umbulharjo cadres who became elderly cadres in their respective areas were provided with material for elderly health and healthy exercise for the elderly. The service team supervises the activities of these cadres at the posyandu for the elderly.

Community service activities attended by 37 participants from 13 PRA were carried out on March 6, 2022, providing elderly health materials and elderly gymnastics. The average age of the participants was 56.45 years. Before the activity, a pretest was conducted to determine the cadres' knowledge about the health of the elderly. The average pretest value was 59.39. After debriefing and training, a post-test was held, and the average score was 85.45. From the pre-post-test value, it can be seen that there is a significant increase in the cadres' knowledge of the health of the elderly. The service team also assists elderly cadres in creating activity programs for the elderly to be physically and mentally healthy.

The cadres were very enthusiastic about this community service activity. The service team hopes that the elderly cadres can do activities for the elderly and make the elderly physically and mentally healthy after the service.
GERAKAN LUMBUNG HIDUP AISYIYAH PADA ERA PANDEMI COVID-19 DI AISYIYAH CABANG GODEAN
Authors: Maryati Tri , Nia Shalwa Kumara Dafy Sarjiyah;
Published: November 2023

Di era pandemi Covid-19 untuk menjaga ketahanan pangan, Aisyiyah mengimbau seluruh anggotanya untuk melakukan gerakan lumbung hidup Aisyiyah. Mitra dalam pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah Aisyiyah Cabang Godean. Ada dua permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh mitra yaitu, lahan pekarangan yang belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal dan  keterampilan anggota Aisyiyah untuk mengolah bahan makanan  yang masih rendah. Pengabdian masyarakat  bertujuan agar anggota Aisyiyah: 1)  mampu mengoptimalkan lahan pekarangan dengan melakukan budidaya tanaman obat keluarga, 2) mampu meningkatkan keterampilan dalam mengolah jahe dan kunyit menjadi bubuk instan. Metode yang akan digunakan untuk pencapaian tujuan adalah: 1) Ceramah tentang Gerakan Lumbung Hidup Aisyiyah dan  optimalisasi pekarangan; 2) Memberikan pelatihan tentang bagaimana mengolah  jahe dan kunyit menjadi bubuk instan. Implikasi dari hasil pengabdian masyarakat adalah dengan budidaya tanaman jahe dan kunyit, hasil panenya bisa dijual yang dapat meningkatkan penghasilan keluarga. Di samping itu dengan semakin tingginya keterampilan yang dimiliki oleh anggota Aisyiyah dalam mengolah jahe dan kunyit menjadi produk instan selain bisa dikonsumsi sendiri juga bisa  dijual dan ini merupakan sumber penghasilan keluarga. Hasil pelatihan bahwa : 1) Peserta pelatihan sudah memahami tentang Gerakan Lumbung Hidup Aisyiyah, memahami manfaat jahe dan kunir.  2) Peserta pelatihan sudah memahami cara mengolah rimpang jahe dan kunyit menjadi bubuk instan.
PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DUSUN SANAN MELALUI PEMANFAATAN LAHAN PEKARANGAN DENGAN BUDIDAYA SAYURAN DAN TANAMAN OBAT
Authors: Sriyadi Eni Istiyanti;
Published: November 2023

Dusun Sanan merupakan salah satu dusun di Desa Sendangarum, Kecamatan Minggir, Sleman yang mayoritas mata pencaharian penduduknya pegawai, baik pegawai negeri maupun swasta. Keadaan rumah di Dusun Sanan menyerupai di perkotaan dengan lahan pekarangan yang relatif sempit. Beberapa lahan pekarangan hanya ditanami dengan tanaman hias yang kurang bernilai ekonomis. Permasalahan yang dihadapi mitra yaitu (a) kurangnya minat masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan lahan pekarangan untuk kegiatan produktif, (b) pengetahuan dan ketrampilan masyarakat dalam budidaya tanaman obat dan sayuran masih terbatas. Tujuan pengabdian masyarakat yaitu (a) meningkatkan minat masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan lahan pekarangan dengan kegiatan produktif (b) meningkatkan ketrampilan masyarakat dalam budidaya tanaman obat dan sayuran.  Kegiatan yang dilakukan yaitu (a) penyuluhan pentingnya pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan untuk kegiatan produktif, (b) pelatihan dan pendampingan teknis budidaya serta pemberian bibit tanaman obat dan sayuran.  Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa dengan adanya penyuluhan, pelatihan dan pemberian bibit sayuran serta tanaman obat dapat meningkatkan minat masyarakat Dusun Sanan dalam memanfaatkan lahan pekarangan untuk kegiatan produktif serta meningkatkan ketrampilan dalam melakukan budidaya tanaman. Pengetahuan masyarakat tentang pemanfaatan pekarangan dan budidaya tanaman juga meningkat dibuktikan dari hasil pretest 66,8 dan posttest 84,5 dengan peningkatan nilai 26,5%.
KAMPUNG PRENEUR DIGITAL: PEMBERDAYAAN KAMPUNG DALAM MENINGKATKAN INDUSTRI KREATIF
Authors: Wardani Dyah Titis Kusuma , Jejen Jaenul Haq Endah Saptutyningsih;
Published: November 2023

Jiwa entrepreneur merupakan salah satu bekal untuk meningkatkan produktifitas SDM yang kelakdapat membangun ekonomi berdikari. Hal itulah yang coba dikembangkan oleh dosen bersamamahasiswa UMY dengan membentuk Kampungpreneur Digital. Kelompok Abdimas UMYmelakukan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat yang menjawab permasalahan dalam menciptakan iklimentrepreneur di pedesaan. Program pengabdian untuk meningkatkan hard skill ibu-ibu Dasawismamelalui teknologi informasi guna menjawab Tantangan Ekonomi Kerakyatan di Dusun Sorowajan,Dukuh Glugo, Panggungharjo, Sewon, Bantul. Selanjutnya disebut Pihak Kedua sebagai MitraPengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Pada awal program, timKampungpreneur telah melakukan beberapa pelatihan yang mendukung berkembangnya pegiatkelompok usaha maupun warga biasa untuk turut meningkatkan jiwa entrepreneur berbasis digital diDusun Sorowajan. Selain partisipan dari Dusun Sorowajan, juga terdapat partisipan dari dusun laindalam mengikuti program Kampungpreneur. Saat ini, tim sedang mempersiapkan beberapa programpenunjang lainnya dengan metode CBD (Community Based Development). Metode tersebutmempunyai karakteristik adanya partisipasi aktif dari masyarakat. Adapun tujuan dari adanyapengabdian ini, yaitu untuk membantu dalam memasarkan produk hasil pemberdayaan ibu-ibuDasawisma di Dusun Sorowajan. Produk kerajinan dari ibu-ibu Dasawisma Lily berupa kain bermotifecoprint dan lilin aromaterapi akan dipasarkan menggunakan marketplace online seperti Shopee.
PENINGKATAN KESADARAN KEBERSIHAN LINGKUNGAN MELALUI GOTONG ROYONG BERSAMA WARGA DI DESA BERUMBUNG BARU SIAK
Authors: Armel R. Septian , Hanny Dwi Sofyani Raja Arlizon ; Raja Widya Novchi; Hasbi Juldi;
Published: November 2023

Kebersihan lingkungan merupakan masalah yang sering terjadi di masyarakat. Tingkat kesadaran masyarakat akan kebersihan lingkungan mempengaruhi kesehatan warga tersebut. Maka daripada itu, sosialisasi kepada masyarakat tentang pentingnya meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat akan kebersihan lingkungan tersebut dan pengelolaan limbah sampah untuk mengurangi limbah sampah yang ada. Metode yang dilaksanakan pada  pengabdian ini adaah metode sosialisasi, metode diskusi, dan metode aksi lapangan. Setelah dilaksanakannya kegiatan sosialisasi, maka perlu diadakannya kegiatan tindak lanjut dari sosialisasi tersebut. dan kami berdiskusi bahwa kegiatan tindak lanjutnya adalah kegiatan gotong royong yang dilaksanakan secara rutin setiap minggunya. Selain gotong royong, tim pegabdi juga memanfaatkan sampah limbah menjadi hal yang bermanfaat seperti membuat pot bunga dari sampah botol plastik. Dan untuk menerapkan kebiasaan membuang sampah pada tempatnya, tim pengabdi juga membuat tempat sampah yang terbuat dari bambu, lalu disebarkan di titik-titik tempat yang memiliki potensi cukup tinggi untuk menghasilkan sampah seperti pasar, sekolah, masjid, dan lain-lain. Tak lupa pula untuk meningkatkan kesadaran kebersihan lingkungan kepada anak-anak, tim pengabdi memilih kegiatan yang tepat untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut dengan mengadakan lomba kebersihan di SD Negri 05 Berumbung Baru. Lomba ini dibuat untuk meningkatkan motivasi serta kesadaran anak-anak maupun orang dewasa di Desa Berumbung Baru akan pentingnya meningkatkan kesadaran kesehatan lingkungan di masyarakat.
Educación sanitaria a la persona con diabetes mellitus: lavado diario e hidratación
Authors: Reina Bueno María , Vázquez Bautista María del Carmen , Palomo Toucedo Inmaculada Concepción , González López José Rafael
Published: November 2023

Serie de vídeos didácticos dedicados a la educación sanitaria de la persona con Diabetes Mellitus. El objetivo del recurso es favorecer la transmisión de los conocimientos al paciente en el autocuidado de los pies para potenciar conductas que potencien su autoprotección y aumentar su motivación y habilidades que faciliten la adherencia a este tipo de actuaciones. Orientado a las personas con diabetes, a los profesionales y estudiantes del ámbito de la Salud.
Rancang Bangun Aplikasi pengelola Data Pekerja Berbasis Website Di BRI Kendari Cabang Samratulangi
Authors: Asdar Auliya Rahman , Ishaq Muhammad Akbar Asad , Saputra Rizal Adi
Published: November 2023

The large number of workers managed makes it difficult for BRI officers at the Samratulangi branch to manage them. Management of employee data at the Samratulangi branch of BRI was previously managed via Microsoft Excel. Management carried out manually causes several problems, including the difficulty of identifying workers whose work terms have expired and the number of workers being managed is quite large and takes a long time. This problem can be solved by building a worker data management application. Application development is carried out using the prototype method. In this research, the application is designed to be able to manage workers' data well, be able to manage workers' attendance, know the active status of workers, and be able to issue Specified Time Work Agreement Decree in a timely manner. Based on the prototype method, researchers carry out the communication stage to obtain information about the problems faced by users. At the Quick plan and Modeling quick design stage, researchers began to design the UML and display in prototype form to then create a User Interface. Next, at the Feedback and Delivery stage, researchers ask for feedback and suggestions regarding the application that has been created which will then be developed and improved according to user input. So the system is created so that users can run the system according to their needs. Based on the test results using a blackbox, the system is designed according to its function and use.
Shielding effect of underlayer against secondary electrons generated in substrate in extreme ultraviolet lithography
Authors: Kozawa Takahiro
Published: November 2023

The wavelength of a radiation exposure source has been reduced to improve the resolution of lithography in the semiconductor industry. The energy of photons reached the ionizing radiation region when using EUV radiation. Because the energy of EUV photons for lithography is 92.5 eV, the EUV photons can ionize all kinds of atom. In this study, the shielding effect of the underlayer against the secondary electrons generated in the substrates was investigated using the bridging risk as an indicator. Secondary electron dynamics was calculated by a Monte Carlo method assuming the resist-underlayer-substrate system. The physical properties of the underlayer were assumed to be the same as those of the resist layer. The secondary electrons generated in the substrate significantly affected the bridging risk when the underlayer thickness was smaller than approximately 5 nm. The resist process should be designed by considering the secondary electrons generated in the substrate.
Keputusan petani beralih fungsi lahan dari persawahan ke pembibitan tanaman buah
Authors: Zulkarnain Zulkarnain , Isnaini Soni , Rakhmiati Rakhmiati , Maryati Maryati , Handayani Etik Puji , Yatmin Yatmin , Syafiuddin Syafiuddin
Published: November 2023

𝘐𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯: 𝘊𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘦𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘧𝘶𝘯𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯, 𝘦𝘪𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘺 𝘰𝘳 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘭𝘺 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘪𝘵𝘴 𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘨𝘪𝘯𝘢𝘭 𝘧𝘶𝘯𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯, 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘢𝘴 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘶𝘴𝘦 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘦𝘴. 𝘏𝘪𝘨𝘩 𝘥𝘦𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘰𝘳 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘶𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘧𝘳𝘶𝘪𝘵 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵 𝘴𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘴 𝘩𝘢𝘴 𝘭𝘦𝘥 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘺 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘦 𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘨𝘦 𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘧𝘳𝘶𝘪𝘵 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵 𝘴𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘴. 𝘛𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘦𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘦, 𝘪𝘳𝘳𝘪𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘭𝘥𝘴 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘺 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘧𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘴 𝘩𝘢𝘷𝘦 𝘣𝘦𝘦𝘯 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘰 𝘧𝘶𝘯𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘤𝘩 𝘰𝘣𝘫𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘴: (1) 𝘵𝘰 𝘥𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘭𝘰𝘸𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘧𝘳𝘶𝘪𝘵 𝘴𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘣𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘦𝘴𝘴, (2) 𝘵𝘰 𝘧𝘪𝘯𝘥 𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘸𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘧𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘴 𝘪𝘯𝘧𝘭𝘶𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴' 𝘥𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘶𝘯𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘭𝘥𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘯𝘶𝘳𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘧𝘳𝘶𝘪𝘵 𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘦𝘴. 𝘔𝘦𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘥: 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘮𝘦𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘥 𝘶𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘪𝘴 𝘢 𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘷𝘦𝘺. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘰𝘧 104 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘧 38 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 66 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘴𝘦𝘦𝘥 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘴𝘦𝘭𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘺 𝘴𝘪𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦 𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘰𝘮 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘮𝘦𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘥. 𝘋𝘢𝘵𝘢 𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘺𝘴𝘪𝘴: (1) 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘺𝘴𝘪𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘙/𝘊 𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰, (2) 𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘤 𝘳𝘦𝘨𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘺𝘴𝘪𝘴. 𝘙𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘴: (1) 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘧𝘳𝘶𝘪𝘵 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱 𝘯𝘶𝘳𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘪𝘴 𝘙𝘱. 36.214.234,21 (𝘙/𝘊 𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰 2,25) 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘭𝘰𝘸𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘪𝘴 𝘙𝘱. 6.746.722,00 (𝘙/𝘊 𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰 2,07)., 𝘢𝘯𝘥 (2 ) 𝘓𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘤 𝘳𝘦𝘨𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘴: 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘷𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘢𝘨𝘦, 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘢𝘳𝘦𝘢, 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘳𝘳𝘪𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘸𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘴 𝘩𝘢𝘷𝘦 𝘢 𝘴𝘪𝘨𝘯𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘯𝘵 𝘪𝘯𝘧𝘭𝘶𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘰𝘯 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴' 𝘥𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘶𝘯𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘭𝘥𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘧𝘳𝘶𝘪𝘵 𝘯𝘶𝘳𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘴. 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘤𝘭𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯: 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘧𝘳𝘶𝘪𝘵 𝘯𝘶𝘳𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘪𝘴 𝘮𝘰𝘳𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘯 𝘭𝘰𝘸𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘴𝘰 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘷𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘢𝘨𝘦, 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘢𝘳𝘦𝘢, 𝘢𝘪𝘳 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘴 𝘩𝘢𝘷𝘦 𝘢 𝘴𝘪𝘨𝘯𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘯𝘵 𝘦𝘧𝘧𝘦𝘤𝘵 𝘰𝘯 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴' 𝘥𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘶𝘯𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘭𝘥𝘴 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘧𝘳𝘶𝘪𝘵 𝘯𝘶𝘳𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘴.
Pemodelan dinamika sistem ketersediaan ubi kayu di kabupaten Aceh Besar
Authors: Hakim Lukman , Ginting Litna Nurjannah , Milla Amalia Nur
Published: November 2023

𝘐𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯: 𝘊𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘷𝘢 (𝘔𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘩𝘰𝘵 𝘦𝘴𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘢 𝘤𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘻) 𝘪𝘴 𝘢 𝘧𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘤𝘳𝘰𝘱 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘮𝘰𝘥𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘩𝘢𝘴 𝘢 𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘨𝘦 𝘱𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘵𝘰 𝘣𝘦 𝘥𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘭𝘰𝘱𝘦𝘥 𝘢𝘴 𝘧𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘳𝘢𝘸 𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘢𝘨𝘳𝘰𝘪𝘯𝘥𝘶𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘺 𝘪𝘯 𝘈𝘤𝘦𝘩 𝘉𝘦𝘴𝘢𝘳 𝘙𝘦𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘺. 𝘛𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘴𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘺 𝘢𝘪𝘮𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘤𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘵𝘦 𝘢 𝘴𝘺𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘮 𝘥𝘺𝘯𝘢𝘮𝘪𝘤𝘴 𝘮𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘭 𝘰𝘧 𝘤𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘷𝘢 𝘴𝘶𝘱𝘱𝘭𝘺 𝘢𝘴 𝘳𝘢𝘸 𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘢𝘨𝘳𝘰𝘪𝘯𝘥𝘶𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘺 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘧𝘶𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘧𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘶𝘮𝘱𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯. 𝘔𝘦𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘥𝘴: 𝘛𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘴𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘺 𝘶𝘴𝘦𝘴 𝘴𝘺𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘮 𝘥𝘺𝘯𝘢𝘮𝘪𝘤𝘴 𝘮𝘦𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘥𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘺 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 𝘪𝘴 𝘢 𝘮𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘢𝘤𝘩 𝘣𝘢𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘰𝘯 𝘴𝘺𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘤 𝘵𝘩𝘪𝘯𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘶𝘴𝘦𝘴 𝘢 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘱𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘣𝘢𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘰𝘯 𝘪𝘯𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘧𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘣𝘢𝘤𝘬 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘥𝘦𝘭𝘢𝘺𝘴, 𝘵𝘰 𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘥𝘺𝘯𝘢𝘮𝘪𝘤𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘹 𝘣𝘦𝘩𝘢𝘷𝘪𝘰𝘳 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘱𝘩𝘺𝘴𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘴𝘺𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘮, 𝘣𝘪𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘴𝘺𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘮, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘴𝘰𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘴𝘺𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘮, 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 𝘰𝘤𝘤𝘶𝘳 𝘪𝘯 𝘮𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘥𝘺𝘯𝘢𝘮𝘪𝘤𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘷𝘢 𝘢𝘷𝘢𝘪𝘭𝘢𝘣𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘴𝘺𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘮 𝘪𝘯 𝘈𝘤𝘦𝘩 𝘉𝘦𝘴𝘢𝘳 𝘙𝘦𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘺. 𝘙𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘴: 𝘛𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘴𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘺 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘴 𝘪𝘯 4 (𝘧𝘰𝘶𝘳) 𝘴𝘶𝘣-𝘮𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘭𝘴, 𝘯𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘭𝘺 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘶𝘣-𝘮𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘭 𝘰𝘧 𝘤𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘷𝘢 𝘴𝘶𝘱𝘱𝘭𝘺 𝘤𝘢𝘱𝘢𝘤𝘪𝘵𝘺, 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘶𝘣-𝘮𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘭 𝘰𝘧 𝘤𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘷𝘢 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯, 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘶𝘣-𝘮𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘭 𝘰𝘧 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘶𝘮𝘱𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘥𝘦𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘯 𝘤𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘷𝘢 𝘮𝘢𝘳𝘬𝘦𝘵, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘶𝘣-𝘮𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘭 𝘰𝘧 𝘢𝘨𝘳𝘰𝘪𝘯𝘥𝘶𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘺 𝘴𝘶𝘱𝘱𝘭𝘺 𝘤𝘢𝘱𝘢𝘤𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘮𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘭 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘪𝘨𝘯 𝘴𝘩𝘰𝘸𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘤𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘷𝘢 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘪𝘵𝘺, 𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘻𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘤𝘰𝘴𝘵, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘮𝘢𝘳𝘬𝘦𝘵 𝘢𝘣𝘴𝘰𝘳𝘱𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘤𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘷𝘢, 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘷𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘩𝘢𝘷𝘦 𝘢 𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘺 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘨 𝘪𝘯𝘧𝘭𝘶𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘣𝘦𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘭𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘨𝘦 𝘱𝘰𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘮𝘶𝘴𝘵 𝘣𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘷𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘰 𝘰𝘣𝘵𝘢𝘪𝘯 𝘪𝘮𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘷𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵. 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘤𝘭𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯: 𝘛𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘢𝘧𝘧𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘴𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘰𝘧 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘨𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘪𝘳 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦; 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯, 𝘴𝘶𝘱𝘱𝘭𝘺, 𝘴𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘤𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘷𝘢, 𝘮𝘢𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘴𝘵𝘴 (𝘶𝘴𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘳𝘴), 𝘭𝘪𝘲𝘶𝘪𝘥𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘰𝘧 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴' 𝘤𝘢𝘴𝘩 𝘤𝘢𝘱𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘭, 𝘤𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘷𝘢 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘪𝘵𝘺, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘬𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘴 𝘣𝘦𝘵𝘸𝘦𝘦𝘯 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘰𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳 𝘣𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘦𝘴 (𝘭𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘰𝘤𝘬 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘢𝘨𝘳𝘰𝘪𝘯𝘥𝘶𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘺), 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘯 𝘩𝘢𝘴 𝘪𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘷𝘢𝘭𝘶𝘦 𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘦𝘥, 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘣𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴' 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵.
Pengaruh nisbah BAP dan IBA terhadap pembentukan embrio somatik pada tanaman Hoya carnosa (L.) R. Br.
Authors: Restanto Didik Pudji , Prayoga Mohammad Candra , Soeparjono Sigit , Rusdiana Riza Yuli , Fathurrahman
Published: November 2023

𝘐𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯: 𝘏𝘰𝘺𝘢 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘴 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘢 𝘸𝘦𝘢𝘭𝘵𝘩 𝘰𝘧 𝘧𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘢 𝘪𝘯 𝘐𝘯𝘥𝘰𝘯𝘦𝘴𝘪𝘢. 𝘏𝘰𝘺𝘢 𝘪𝘴 𝘶𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘢𝘴 𝘢𝘯 𝘰𝘳𝘯𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘢𝘭 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘩𝘢𝘴 𝘣𝘦𝘢𝘶𝘵𝘪𝘧𝘶𝘭 𝘧𝘭𝘰𝘸𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘩𝘪𝘨𝘩 𝘦𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘰𝘮𝘪𝘤 𝘷𝘢𝘭𝘶𝘦. 𝘗𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘢𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩 𝘭𝘦𝘢𝘧 𝘤𝘶𝘵𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘴 𝘩𝘢𝘴 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘣𝘦𝘦𝘯 𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘦 𝘴𝘩𝘰𝘰𝘵𝘴. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘵𝘪𝘴𝘴𝘶𝘦 𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘵𝘦𝘤𝘩𝘯𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘺 𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘺 𝘢 𝘳𝘰𝘭𝘦 𝘢𝘴 𝘏𝘰𝘺𝘢 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘢𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯. 𝘗𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘢𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘶𝘴𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘪𝘴𝘴𝘶𝘦 𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘣𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩 𝘪𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘵 𝘴𝘰𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘤 𝘦𝘮𝘣𝘳𝘺𝘰𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘴𝘪𝘴 𝘰𝘳 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩 𝘤𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘶𝘴. 𝘚𝘰𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘤 𝘦𝘮𝘣𝘳𝘺𝘰 𝘳𝘦𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘣𝘺 𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘳𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘩𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘰𝘯𝘦𝘴 𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮 𝘢 𝘸𝘩𝘰𝘭𝘦 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵. 𝘗𝘶𝘳𝘱𝘰𝘴𝘦: 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘢𝘪𝘮 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘺 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘥𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘦𝘧𝘧𝘦𝘤𝘵 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘣𝘪𝘯𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘉𝘈𝘗 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘐𝘉𝘈 𝘩𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘰𝘯𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘴𝘰𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘤 𝘦𝘮𝘣𝘳𝘺𝘰𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘩𝘰𝘺𝘢 𝘢𝘴 𝘢 𝘮𝘦𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘥 𝘰𝘧 𝘩𝘰𝘺𝘢 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘢𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯. 𝘔𝘦𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘥𝘴: 𝘛𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘴𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘺 𝘶𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘢 𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘭𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘭𝘺 𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘰𝘮𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘥 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘪𝘨𝘯 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘢 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘉𝘈𝘗 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘐𝘉𝘈 𝘩𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘰𝘯𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘯 𝘔𝘚 𝘮𝘦𝘥𝘪𝘢. 𝘌𝘢𝘤𝘩 𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘵𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘦𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘥 3 𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘭𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴. 𝘙𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘴: 𝘉𝘢𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘺, 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘣𝘪𝘯𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘵𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘰𝘧 0.5 𝘮𝘨/𝘓 𝘉𝘈𝘗 𝘢𝘯𝘥 1 𝘮𝘨/𝘓 𝘐𝘉𝘈 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘣𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘯𝘶𝘮𝘣𝘦𝘳 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘥𝘳𝘪𝘭𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘴𝘰𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘤 𝘦𝘮𝘣𝘳𝘺𝘰 𝘳𝘦𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘢𝘯 𝘢𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘨𝘦 𝘰𝘧 40 𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘥𝘳𝘪𝘭𝘴. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘭𝘦 𝘉𝘈𝘗 𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘵𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘰𝘧 1 𝘮𝘨/𝘓 𝘴𝘩𝘰𝘸𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘭𝘰𝘸𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘢𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘨𝘦 𝘯𝘶𝘮𝘣𝘦𝘳 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘥𝘳𝘪𝘭𝘴 𝘰𝘧 8.7 𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘥𝘳𝘪𝘭𝘴. 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘤𝘭𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯: 𝘙𝘦𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘴𝘰𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘤 𝘦𝘮𝘣𝘳𝘺𝘰𝘴 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘣𝘪𝘯𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘉𝘈𝘗 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘐𝘉𝘈 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘨𝘳𝘰𝘸 𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘥𝘳𝘪𝘭𝘴, 𝘣𝘶𝘵 𝘴𝘰𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘤 𝘦𝘮𝘣𝘳𝘺𝘰𝘴 𝘸𝘦𝘳𝘦 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘪𝘯𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘦 𝘴𝘩𝘰𝘰𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘳𝘰𝘰𝘵𝘴.