bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Portrait of a Technical Writer: An Annotated Bibliography
Authors: Keeler Heather E.
Published: May 2005

This annotated bibliography identifies and summarizes sixteen current articles portraying the technical writer. Despite the abundance of literature on the subject of technical communication, there is scant literature that describes and humanizes the technical writers—the skills they value, products they produce, roles they play, or industries they serve. The sixteen articles listed here, all published since 1980, paint a picture which may be of use to practitioners, students, educators, authors, and researchers.
Assessing Sets of Radiocarbon Dates: An Example from the Central Plains
Authors: Blakeslee Donald J.
Published: May 2005

This article presents methods for assessing sets of radiocarbon dates. It is based on the premise that the largest pertinent set of radiocarbon dates is the appropriate context within which to judge problematic dates. Using dates from the Central Plains Tradition, it illustrates a reasonable methodology for cleaning the data set and for assessing the beginnings and ends of constituent phases. In so doing, it demonstrates that the Central Plains Tradition is mis-named; most of the phases assigned to it are contemporary with one another, and most appear to have lasted only a couple of centuries.
Health, Race, and Academia in America: Survival of the Fittest?
Authors: Spigner Clarence
Published: May 2005

Health educators need to understand how the cultural environment of academe contributes to the problem of Black underrepresentation particularly in the health/academic professions. The issue of the public health of Blacks is linked to the levels of Black representation at the predominantly White institutions of higher education. Several points are articulated: 1) The health of African-Americans is inextricably influenced by socio-economic status, of which education attainment is a major factor; 2) Black scholars play a significant role in Black student matriculation, thus enhancing the well-being of Blacks as a group; and 3) Institutionalized racism is built upon a foundation of an individualistic ethic regarding university faculty promotions, which in turn provides a traditional advantage to White faculty and hinders Black faculty within White academic institutions. Unless the representation of Black faculty and students is increased, the 1990s is likely to exacerbate still further conditions of inequalities in health, academe, and society.
The Correlations of Attitudes toward Suicide with Death Anxiety, Religiosity, and Personal Closeness to Suicide
Authors: Minear Julianne D. , Brush Lorelei R.
Published: May 2005

College students from four different institutions were asked to report their attitudes toward suicide, their anxiety about death, the degree of their religiosity, the substance of their religious beliefs, and the seriousness with which they had considered suicide. The more supportive students were about the right of people in general to commit suicide and the more situations they felt would justify their own suicide, the more anxious they felt about death, the less strongly they were committed to a religion, and the more seriously they had thought about committing suicide. A discussion about the ramifications of these results for the college campus is included.
Child Psychiatrists' Characteristics, Communication, and Competence as Described by Pediatricians in a National Survey
Authors: Fritz Gregory K. , Bergman Anne S.
Published: May 2005

A nationwide survey of pediatricians was undertaken to evaluate pediatricians' attitudes and utilization patterns regarding child psychiatrists. The responses of 1,089 pediatricians (69% of those surveyed) to open-ended questions in the survey are described. A wide variety of strongly-held beliefs concerning child psychiatrists' usefulness as collaborators and consultants in training and in clinical practice are identified. The implications of these findings for both medical specialities are discussed.
Developing a Writing Course for State Employees: A Case Study
Authors: Rothwell William J.
Published: May 2005

Government writing has often been called gobbledygook—vague, windy, and pretentious prose thrust on unwilling readers [1]. Nowhere, it seems would a writing course hold such rich promise as in a state or a federal agency. While many of these programs have been conducted [2], there is little in print on designing them or on dealing with the management or course development problems unique to them.1 This case study will document the effort to design and conduct such an in-house writing program. It will provide resource materials and strategies for those who, in the future, will be faced with developing and delivering such courses.
Relationship of Sex, Sex Guilt, and Experience to Written Sexual Fantasies
Authors: Hardin Kimeron N. , Gold Steven R.
Published: May 2005

The influence of sex, sex guilt, and sexual experience on college students sexual fantasies was examined. Twenty-one males and forty-nine females handed in at least three written-out sexual fantasies which were rated on a fantasy checklist. Male fantasies were found to be more explicit, and mention group sex more often than female fantasies. Females mentioned themes of romance and commitment more often than males. Sexually experienced subjects tended to have more explicit fantasies than sexually less experienced subjects. The level of sex guilt did not discriminate among subjects. Subjects who defined themselves as nonreligious had more explicit and richer sexual fantasies.
A System for the Generation and Presentation of Online Documentation
Authors: Yim Roger , Leigh William
Published: May 2005

Described is a computer system which converts text automatically into a form suitable for browsing and consultation online. The system is useful in the development of online documentation and tutorials. This approach is one candidate for solving the courseware development problem.
Affective and Evaluative Responses to the Arts
Authors: North Adrian C. , Hargreaves David J.
Published: May 2005

This study investigated readers' judgments of greatness and preference in six art forms from 1,098 responses to a newspaper survey. High positive correlations were found between the frequency with which subjects nominated artworks and performers as the “greatest” and “favorite,” although there was some indication that the criteria for greatness were more difficult to satisfy. There was general consensus on judgments of greatness and preference, which indicates that we agree on what constitutes good taste, although this consensus was higher for judgments of greatness than preference, and also for a small elite number of the greatest and most preferred works and performers. The results also indicated that there are trends over time in the ability of the arts to produce notable works, and that geographic factors may be related to these.
The Age Structure of Female Suicide Rates: Measurement and Analysis of 20 Developed Countries, 1955–1994
Authors: Cutright Phillips , Fernquist Robert M.
Published: May 2005

Although age-specific female suicide rates have been available for over a century, sociologists have focused on comparing the levels of the rates across age groups, and in studying change overtime. Girard's (1993) article is the first systematic effort to compare the age structure of female suicide rates among national populations. From his study of 1976–1980 suicide rates in 49 less developed and more developed populations, Girard concluded that the age structure of female suicide rates was a function of the level of economic development. Our partial test of this theory found that the age structure of female suicide in mid-19th-century European populations was not at all like the structures of less developed countries in 1976–80. We also replaced Girard's qualitative typology with the index of dissimilarity, allowing quantitative assessment of differences between the age structure of suicide in the United States and the other 19 countries in this study. Age structures in 14 countries were significantly different from the U.S. structure. Tests for significant changes in age structures from 1955–64 to 1985–94 found 17 of the 20 populations had significant change in this period, with younger persons tending to increase their share, while persons 45 to 74 were losing their share.
On the Structural Constraints to State Intervention in Health
Authors: Renaud Marc
Published: May 2005

This paper explores the general structural constraints which are imposed upon all states in capitalist societies in their problem-solving endeavor relative to health. The general argument is that capitalist industrial growth both creates specific health needs and institutionalizes solutions to these needs that are compatible with capital accumulation. The key mechanism in this institutionalization is the engineering model of modern scientific medicine, which transforms health needs into commodities for a specific economic market. When the state intervenes to cope with some health-related problems, it is bound to act so as to further commodify health needs, and without ameliorating the health status of the population.
Collaboration: An Alternative Value and its Implications for Health Education
Authors: Winder Alvin , Kanno Nellie B.
Published: May 2005

It is the purpose of this paper to define health as a value, to give the value a specific content and meaning and to discuss the implications of the definition of health for the field of health education. The goal of good health cannot be achieved in societies that live by either the value of competition or collectivism. An alternative value, collaboration, can lead to healthful behavior. Collaboration is defined as involving consciousness, choice, commitment and caring. Health educators who are committed to this value tend to share a social ecological perspective. This perspective requires that they help people challenge health damaging conditions and provide opportunities for them to work toward health promoting activities.
Treatment of Malaria and Febrile Convulsions: An Educational Diagnosis of Yoruba Beliefs
Authors: Ramakrishna Jayashree , Brieger William R. , Adeimiyi Joshua D.
Published: May 2005

An understanding of community perceptions of illness, especially disease definitions that are unique to a particular culture, is essential for developing culturally appropriate primary health care programs. Malaria is endemic in the Ibarapa District of Oyo State, Nigeria, and one of its major complications, febrile convulsions, affects nearly one-third of preschool children at least once in their lifetime. Perceptions among the local Yoruba people categorize malaria and convulsions as part of two different disease processes. Ideas of causation, severity, seasonality, and treatment are in many ways opposites. This means that parents do not perceive the dangers of convulsions when their children suffer malaria. Unfortunately the small children themselves cannot be part of the decision-making process which involves potentially toxic treatment practices. Based on an understanding of Yoruba beliefs, primary health care and health education interventions have been designed that encourage parents to take prompt action when they recognize that their child has malaria.
Knowledge of AIDS and Sexual Practices of Young Female Hawkers in Truck and Bus Stations in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Ajuwon Ademola J. , Fawole Funmilayo , Osungbade Kayode
Published: May 2005

This study explored the AIDS knowledge and sexual practices of 228 young female hawkers in four bus and truck stations in Ibadan, Nigeria. Fifty-one percent did not know that a girl could become pregnant during her first sexual encounter; 71.7 percent and 65.6 percent knew of the sexual and perinatal routes of transmission of HIV infection, respectively. However, a large proportion believed that the virus could spread through sharing eating utensils (60.4 percent) and toilets (59 percent) with infected persons. Forty-two percent had ever had sex; only 16.1 percent used a condom during the first episode of sex, 83.9 percent did not. Sixty-two percent of sexually experienced hawkers were sexually active in the three months preceding the survey. The frequency at which they had sexual intercourse during the period ranged from one to six times. Thirty-two percent of these sexual encounters were protected from pregnancy, 68 percent were not. Half (50 percent) of those who took a precaution to prevent pregnancy reported that their partners used a condom, few received injectable contraceptives (5 percent) others took analgesics, purgatives, and self-made concoctions (45 percent). Four percent of sexually active subjects were raped in the course of trading in the stations. We propose appropriate recommendations to address risky sexual practices.
Students' Perceptions of Technology Use in College Courses
Authors: Shuell Thomas J. , Farber Stacey L.
Published: May 2005

Seven hundred twenty-eight undergraduate and graduate students completed a questionnaire on the use of technology in one of their courses. Twenty courses, representing a wide range of academic disciplines, that used computer-based technologies in some way were included in the sample. Likert and open-ended items were used to assess the students' perceptions of the relative benefit of various types and uses of technology on their learning of course-related materials. Students were generally very positive about the use of technology, with no major differences across class-level (freshman to graduate). Although still positive about the use of technology, females rated the use of technology for learning and classroom instruction somewhat lower than their male peers. Several interesting connections were found between learning preferences of students and their evaluation of various uses of technology. Responses to the open-ended items corroborate and elucidate these general findings.
Gender, Pain, and Doctor Involvement: High School Student Attitudes Toward Doctor-Assisted Suicide
Authors: Kaplan Kalman J. , Bratman Eve
Published: May 2005

The present study concentrates on the attitudes of high school students toward active doctor-assisted suicide as described in hypothetical doctor-patient scenarios, orthogonally manipulating doctor's reaction to patient's wishes to end his/her life (whether discussed, accepted or encouraged), presence of patient's physical pain, presence of patient's emotional pain, and the gender of the hypothetical patient. Doctor-assisted suicides thoroughly discussed with the patient are judged to be more moral, acceptable, and “legal” than assisted suicides that are simply accepted by the doctor or actively encouraged by him. Significantly, this is not a distinction that is relevant in the eyes of the law. Further, the presence of both physical and emotional pain on the part of the patient make the patient death more acceptable in the eyes of high school students. This latter effect is striking, given the result of the Wooddell and Kaplan (1999–2000) study showing that patient depression tends to weaken acceptability of death. Finally, respondents, both male and female, tend to view deaths of patients of the opposite gender as more acceptable than patients of the same gender.
Daydreaming and Mental Health
Authors: Gold Steven R. , Gold Ruth G. , Milner Joel S. , Robertson Kevin R.
Published: May 2005

This study examined the relationship between self ratings of recorded daydreams and mental health as measured by the Mental Health Index (MHI). Forty-eight subjects recorded at least five daydreams over a two-week period and completed the MHI. As predicted there was no relationship between the MHI and subjects' rating of how they felt during the daydream. After the daydream, distressed subjects rated the daydream as being more potent than healthy subjects. Consistent with the study's hypothesis, the difference score between the two daydream ratings was related to the MHI with measures of mental health positively related to change scores and measures of distress negatively related to change scores. Results were interpreted in terms of the role of daydreams in feedback loops and self-efficacy.
The Six Basic Concepts of Consciousness and William James's Stream of Thought
Authors: Natsoulas Thomas
Published: May 2005

The present article utilizes the six basic concepts of consciousness for the purpose of clarifying the nature and characteristics of William James's stream of awareness. Simultaneously, an effort is made to render these concepts more understandable as referring to different properties and kinds of properties of a single basic phenomenon. Thus, a second purpose of this article is implicitly to relate and integrate the six concepts by bringing them to bear on the stream of awareness.
Ideology and Population Theory
Authors: Harvey David
Published: May 2005

The ideological and ethical foundations of population theory are examined in the light of the supposed ethical neutrality of scientific enquiry. The works of Malthus, Ricardo, and Marx are contrasted and it is shown that their theories of population resulted in each case from the adoption of a particular kind of method-empiricism in Malthus, normative analytic “model building” in Ricardo, and dialectical materialism in Marx. It is shown that a Malthusian or neo-Malthusian view of the population problem is inevitable if enquiry is founded in empiricism or in normative analytics. The well-known disagreement between Malthusian and Marxian viewpoints therefore has its foundation in method. Most modern enquiry into the population-resources problem is dominated by empirical and analytic (including systems theory) approaches and consequently arrives at neo-Malthusian conclusions. The final section analyzes the consequences of adopting a neo-Malthusian view, and it is shown that in a world dominated by an elite, this can frequently bring about the political, social, and economic repression of a non-elite. It is concluded that the choice of scientific method does not produce unbiased results and that the dominance of a certain conception of scientific method leads to the scientific support of a viewpoint used to justify repression of the underprivileged in society.
“How Can We Help Technical Writing Students?” Reading Centers Ask
Authors: Schenck Eleanor M.
Published: May 2005

For the purpose of continually improving an English teacher training program, an attempt was made to research the expected competencies of reading instructors in relation to technical report writers. Interviews were conducted with those involved in the teaching of technical report writing. The interviews reflected very little familiarity with reading instruction at the college level. The results were coupled with current research findings on training and duties of college reading instructors. This suggested a possible strategy for improving services to technical report writing students.
Alternative Services: The Case of Free Clinics
Authors: Taylor Rosemary C. R.
Published: May 2005

The viability of a political mobilization and reform strategy based on the provision of care by alternative social service agencies is examined in the context of the achievements of free medical clinics in the United States. The development of genuine alternatives to the contemporary American health care system is limited by the monopoly of organized medicine, the scarcity of funds for preventive care, a class-based health insurance system, and the inadvertent role of free clinics in legitimating existing structures. American medicine constrains and shapes clinic activities through its control of certification, its specialist divisions and privileges, and its pervasive ideology. Free clinics' responses to these constraints can engender: (a) high worker turnover, low morale, legal jeopardy, and curtailment of self-help programs; (b) the reproduction of medical hierarchies; and (c) patient-imposed limitations to the acceptability of alternative therapies and therapists. Clinics often pay dearly for the meager funds available to them; strings attached to special grants can change the character of free clinics, their social composition, and the treatment they offer. The usefulness of the free clinic as a safety valve and training facility may actually legitimate the current organization of health care. Free clinics provide an alternative form of care, but in the long run they cannot be a base for radical social change.
Site Formation Processes and the Origin of Artifacts in Plow-Zone Proveniences: A Case Study from the Rio Grande Valley, Texas
Authors: Leach Jeff D.
Published: May 2005

Archaeological sites located in agricultural settings are subject to a number of post-depositional processes which can alter their original systemic context. This article presents a case that artifacts may be introduced to agricultural fields as secondary deposits in sediment transported during agricultural activities. As the practice of transporting sediment from one location to another in agricultural settings appear to be widespread, caution should be taken when assigning behavioral significance to surface records in such contexts.
A Hypothetico-Deductive Model for Teaching the Research Paper
Authors: O'Keeffe Katherine O'Brien , Journet Alan R. P.
Published: May 2005

This article offers a pedagogical sequence for teaching the development of a thesis for the research report. The unit presented introduces students to a heuristic of research and shows students how to apply research techniques. The sequence elucidates the steps and loops through which a researcher passes in moving from initial topic to completed thesis. The article argues that neither research nor written report can work without a (hypo)thesis. Arguing against the currently taught inductionist models of research, it adopts Karl Popper's model of research by conjecture and refutation. The process of conjecture and refutation is just as valid for library-based research as it is for original scientific research. The pedagogical sequence, then, shows students how to develop conjectures and how to use literature to refute or modify them in the development of a final thesis for the research report.
A Retrospective Study on the Perceived Need for and Actual Use of Psychiatric Consultations in Older Medical Patients
Authors: Swigar Mary E. , Sanguineti Vincenzo R. , Piscatelli Robert L.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

The authors examined the (under) utilization of the psychiatric consultation service for patients aged sixty to seventy-five who were hospitalized for medical reasons, and explored whether one could retrospectively document and identify a greater need for psychological support than the one reflected in the number of actual consultations requested. Three questions were addressed: 1) the psychiatric consultation rate; 2) the frequency of unrecognized medical, psychiatric, and psychosocial complicating factors; and 3) whether the distribution of these factors differed by gender.

Method:

Records of 203 consecutively-admitted elderly patients hospitalized on medical wards were reviewed by two experienced general hospital psychiatrists for any indication of medical, psychiatric, and psychosocial risk factors. The frequency of actual psychiatric consultations was also recorded.

Results:

Three or more risk factors were noted in the records of 36 percent of all patients. Consultation was sought for only 3 percent. Gender differences in type and distribution of risk factors were identified.

Conclusions:

Indicators and profiles that define probable need for psychiatric consultation were identified and briefly discussed. More well-designed, prospective studies testing these indicators and profiles are needed.
Robbers Aboard: Workplace Violence and (In)Security in Public Transport in Salvador, Brazil
Authors: Machado Eduardo Paes , Levenstein Charles
Published: May 2005

This paper examines the impact of violent crime on the working conditions, health, and security of bus drivers and bus conducters in the public transport system of Salvador, Brazil. The research included in-depth extensive interviews with workers, labor union officials, users, managers, and police. The typical social profile of offenders is as poor, unemployed youths, mostly without criminal records, seeking easy money mainly for leisure pursuits. Takes are minimal. We observed a pattern of bus robbery as a psychological power-game which for the bus workers, apart from physical injuries and fatalities, generates fear, identity conflicts, tense relations with users, and labor conflicts regarding the recuperation of stolen fares and worker and user security issues. We outline and evaluate the efficiency of security measures, including the use of lethal force by police.
Membranverfahren zur Abtrennung organischer Dämpfe in der chemischen und petrochemischen Industrie
Authors: Ohlrogge K. , Wind J. , Scholles C. , Brinkmann T.
Published: May 2005

Die ersten Erfahrungen mit Membranverfahren zur Abtrennung organischer Dämpfe wurden mit „end of pipe”︁‐Anlagen gewonnen. Beispielhaft stehen hierfür die Lösemittelrückgewinnung in der chemischen Industrie und die Bezindampfrückgewinnung in Tanklägern für Ottokraftstoffe. Bis zum Jahr 2004 wurden etwa 400 Anlagen unterschiedlicher Größe zur Lösemittelrückgewinnung und zur Benzindampfrückgewinnung von GKSS‐Lizenznehmern gebaut. Der Nachweis der hohen Verfügbarkeit der Anlagen und der Beständigkeit der Membranen führte zu neuen Anwendungen in integrierten Prozessen. Beispielhaft stehen hierfür die Propylen‐ und die Ethylenabtrennung bei der Polymerherstellung und die Reinigung von Spülgas zur Nutzung als Kreisgas.
Anwendungen und Aufgabenstellungen der Nanofiltration in der Lebensmittelindustrie
Authors: Samhaber W. M.
Published: May 2005

Membranverfahren werden besonders häufig bei der Milchverarbeitung eingesetzt, z. B. zur Entsalzung von Molke. Dabei wird in zunehmendem Maße die Nanofiltration angewandt. Auch die Fruchtsaft‐, Bier‐ und Weinbehandlung sowie die Stärke‐ und Zuckerindustrie sind stark wachsende Anwendungsgebiete.
Zu sauer? – Nicht für Membranen!
Authors: Lyko M.
Published: May 2005

Bei Auswahl der richtigen säurestabilen Membranen und Module ist die Membrantrenntechnik auch für Anwendungen mit zum Teil extrem niedrigen pH‐Werten geeignet. Es lassen sich qualitative und wirtschaftliche Vorteile erzielen, die mit anderen Techniken nicht zu erreichen sind.
Nanofiltration mit keramischen Membranen
Authors: Voigt I.
Published: May 2005

Anwendungen von neuen keramischen Nanofiltrationsmembranen in wässrigen und organischen Lösungsmitteln werden vorgestellt. Kommerziell verfügbare, wässrige Anwendungen sind z. B. die Aufbereitung von gefärbten Waschwassern aus der Textilveredelung. Die Benetzbarkeit der Membranporen für organische Lösemittel wird durch ein spezielles Hydrophobierungsverfahren eingestellt. Besonderes Anwendungspotential besitzen diese Membranen zur Lösemittelreinigung und Abtrennung von Wertprodukten aus Reaktionsgemischen.
Reaktionstechnische Aspekte der enzymatischen Herstellung von NADPH im Enzym‐Membran‐Reaktor
Authors: Liese A. , Mertens R. , Wandrey C.
Published: May 2005

NADPH ist ein hochpreisiges Industrieprodukt, das sowohl in der pharmazeutischen als auch in der Lebensmittelindustrie verwendet wird. Zur direkten Synthese von NADPH sind bisher nicht viele Prozesse publiziert worden. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein Enzym‐Membran‐Reaktor (EMR) eingesetzt, bei dem das Enzym hinter einer Ultrafiltrationsmembran zurückgehalten wird.
Spin‐polarized scanning tunneling microscopy: Insight into magnetism from nanostructures to atomic scale spin structures
Authors: von Bergmann K. , Bode M. , Kubetzka A. , Pietzsch O. , Wiesendanger R.
Published: May 2005

The system of Fe on W(001) is investigated using spin‐integrated as well as spin‐resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). This study ranges from three‐dimensional Fe islands down to the Fe monolayer and different growth modes are observed related to the preparation temperature. With scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), a layer‐dependent electronic structure is observed that can easily be used to assign the local coverage to the investigated sample areas. Spin‐resolved measurements of the ferromagnetic layers in the pseudomorphic regime immediately reveal the fourfold magnetic in‐plane anisotropy. A direct comparison of the observed arrangement of the domains of the exposed layers shows a rotation of the easy axis from the fourth to the third monolayer and a collinear magnetic alignment of third and second monolayer. This is confirmed by the quantitative analysis of the layer‐resolved intensities of differential tunneling conductance. The first monolayer does not show a magnetic component parallel to the surface but has a perpendicular anisotropy. For this layer, measurements with an applied magnetic field prove a c(2×2) antiferromagnetic structure, i.e., a checkerboard arrangement of spins. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:61–71, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging the switching behavior of superparamagnetic nanoislands by spin‐polarized scanning tunneling microscopy
Authors: Bode M. , Kubetzka A. , von Bergmann K. , Pietzsch O. , Wiesendanger R.
Published: May 2005

In the past, spin‐polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SP‐STM) was mainly applied to static domain configurations that do not vary in time. Here, we show that SP‐STM may also be used to image the thermal switching behavior of superparamagnetic nanoislands. Special experimental care has to be taken in order to allow the unambiguous interpretation of the obtained data. Most important, the imaging of superparamagnetic particles requires the use of antiferromagnetic probe tips as the stray field of ferromagnetic tips may modify the sample's intrinsic switching behavior. Our results show that Fe monolayer islands on Mo(110) switch thermally when their area is smaller than 40 nm2. Dipolar coupling between adjacent islands is observed at small inter‐particle distance. A pronounced shape dependence is found that confirms existing but yet unverified analytical predictions. The first experiments performed on Fe double‐layer islands on W(001) also show thermal switching events, but no clear‐cut size dependence is found. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:117–125, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alternative model to human skin organ culture: A preliminary study with Leibovitz L15 medium
Authors: Ribeiro Cláudio de Jesus , Ohara Mitsuko Taba , Gama Patrícia
Published: May 2005

Organ culture has been used to maintain the three‐dimensional structure of the skin and the interaction between melanocytes and keratinocytes, which is essential for melanin production. In the current study we aimed to evaluate the general morphology, viability, and distribution of human melanocytes in a system that uses Leibovitz L15 medium at room temperature. By comparison with human skin explants maintained in Dulbecco's minimum Eagle's medium at 37°C, we found that the skin was better preserved with Leibovitz L15 after 7 days in culture. The addition of 10% fetal bovine serum to this medium did not promote any change. Dividing cells labeled with Ki‐67 were visualized at the basal and suprabasal epidermal layers. Retinoic acid was tested at 1 μg/mL and we recorded a reduction of the corneal layer after 48 hours and a complete detachment of the epidermis after 7 days, probably due to a toxic effect in the medium. Melanin and melanocytes were detected by ammoniacal silver and Dopa stainings under light microscopy. We observed that cells were viable throughout the culture period and melanin was distributed in melanocytes and keratinocytes. In conclusion, we suggest that the use of Leibovitz L15 medium at room temperature can be a viable alternative to the normal organ culture of human skin, which is an important system to study the activity and reaction of melanocytes to dermatological products and cosmetics. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:139–144, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consanguineous 3‐methylcrotonyl‐CoA carboxylase deficiency: Early‐onset necrotizing encephalopathy with lethal outcome
Authors: Baykal T. , Gokcay G. Huner , Ince Z. , Dantas M. F. , Fowler B. , Baumgartner M. R. , Demir F. , Can G. , Demirkol M.
Published: May 2005

A patient with a severe neonatal variant of 3‐methylcrotonyl‐CoA carboxylase (MCC) deficiency is reported. The first child of healthy consanguineous Turkish parents presented on the second day of life with dehydration, cyanosis, no sucking, generalized muscular hypotonia, encephalopathy, respiratory depression requiring mechanic ventilation, macrocephaly, severe acidosis and hypoglycaemia. Elevated C5‐OH‐carnitine in dried blood spot by tandem MS and elevated urinary excretion of 3‐hydroxyisovaleric acid and 3‐methylcrotonylglycine suggested MCC deficiency, confirmed by enzyme analysis in cultured fibroblasts. Cerebral ultrasonography and cranial CT findings revealed progressive changes such as disseminated encephalomalacia, cystic changes, ventricular dilatation and cerebral atrophy. Treatment with high‐dose biotin and protein‐restricted diet was ineffective and the patient died at the age of 33 days with progressive neurological deterioration. Mutation analysis revealed a homozygous mutation in the splice acceptor site of intron 15 in the MCC β‐subunit. Early‐onset severe necrotizing encephalopathy should be included in the differential diagnosis of isolated MCC deficiency.
Galactosaemia: Early treatment with an elemental formula
Authors: Zlatunich C. O. , Packman S.
Published: May 2005

Classical galactosaemia is caused by deficient galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyl transferase activity, and is treated by dietary galactose restriction. Despite dietary treatment, long‐term outcomes have not been uniformly favourable. Late complications may include speech abnormalities, ataxia, cognitive impairment, growth delay, bone alterations and ovarian failure. We report an infant whose erythrocyte galactose 1‐phosphate (gal‐1‐P) levels remained well above the treatment range on a low‐galactose (soy) formula. Once she was begun on an elemental formula (galactose‐free), gal‐1‐P levels decreased rapidly to within the treatment range. Urine galactitol levels decreased on the elemental formula but were within published treatment ranges despite treatment changes. These did not correlate with the gal‐1‐P levels. This case suggests further study be considered to determine whether a truly galactose‐free diet in infancy could alter the long‐term prognosis of classical galactosaemia.
Hepatocellular carcinoma in glycogen storage disease type Ia: A case series
Authors: Franco L. M. , Krishnamurthy V. , Bali D. , Weinstein D. A. , Arn P. , Clary B. , Boney A. , Sullivan J. , Frush D. P. , Chen Y.‐T. , Kishnani P. S.
Published: May 2005

We present a series of 8 patients (6 males, 2 females) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia). In this group, the age at which treatment was initiated ranged from birth to 39 years (mean 9.9 years). All patients but one were noncompliant with treatment. Hepatic masses were first detected at an age range of 13–45 years (mean 28.1 years). Age at diagnosis of HCC ranged from 19 to 49 years (mean 36.9 years). Duration between the diagnosis of liver adenomas and the diagnosis of HCC ranged from 0 to 28 years (mean 8.8 years, SD=11.5). Two patients had positive hepatitis serologies (one hepatitis B, one hepatitis C). α‐Fetoprotein (AFP) was normal in 6 of the 8 patients. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was normal in the 5 patients in which it was measured. Current guidelines recommend abdominal ultrasonography with AFP and CEA levels every 3 months once patients develop hepatic lesions. Abdominal CT or MRI is advised when the lesions are large or poorly defined or are growing larger. We question the reliability of AFP and CEA as markers for HCC in GSD Ia. Aggressive interventional management of masses with rapid growth or poorly defined margins may be necessary to prevent the development of HCC in this patient population.
POST-HARVEST TREATMENT OF SEED TUBERS WITH GIBBERELLIC ACID AND FIELD PERFORMANCE OF YAM (DIOSCOREA CAYENENSIS-ROTUNDATA) IN IVORY COAST
Authors: TSCHANNEN A. B. , ESCHER F. , STAMP P.
Published: May 2005

Tubers of white yam (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) are often cut into segments for planting, so-called setts, whose weight and quality strongly influence yield. The effect of a post-harvest gibberellic acid treatment or manual desprouting of seed tubers on the quality of setts was investigated in a combined storage and field experiment over two years in central Ivory Coast. Although post-harvest losses were slightly reduced after four months of storage by both treatments, this had no effect on tuber yield. However, emergence and yield were significantly influenced by both the sprouting state at planting and the origin of a sett with respect to its position on the mother tuber. Limited resources should therefore be directed to apical setts and sprouted setts which have the highest yield potential. A GA3-derived distortion of the spatial distribution of sprouting loci leads to a more homogenous yield for setts of different origins.
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF A COFFEE PLANTATION IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Authors: MARIN FÁBIO RICARDO , ANGELOCCI LUIZ ROBERTO , RIGHI EVANDRO ZANINI , SENTELHAS PAULO CÉSAR
Published: May 2005

Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was measured as evaporative heat flux from a drip-irrigated coffee (Coffea arabica) plantation with 5-year-old trees using the Bowen ratio-energy balance technique. Crop transpiration (T) was determined with the stem heat balance method. Irrigation requirements were determined by comparing the ETc and T with reference evapotranspiration (ETo) derived from the Penman-Monteith equation and expressed as the ETc/ETo (Kc) and T/ETo (Kcb) ratios. Also, relationships were established between ETc and T and class A pan evaporation (ECA). The influence of inter-row vegetation on ETc was analysed, since the measurements were taken in a period of transition between dry-wet seasons. The average Kc value obtained was 1.00. The strong coupling of coffee plants to atmospheric conditions and high sensitivity of coffee plants to large vapour pressure deficits and air/leaf temperatures caused variations in Kcb in relation to ETo. Kcb ranged from 0.67, when ETo exceeded 4 mm d−1, to 1.27 when ETo was less than 2 mm d−1. When vegetation did not occupy the inter-row ground spaces, T represented about 0.87ETc, but 0.68ETc when ground vegetation filled the inter-row spaces.
Active players or just passive bystanders? The role of morphemes in spelling development in a transparent orthography
Authors: LEHTONEN ANNUKKA , BRYANT PETER
Published: May 2005

We investigated Finnish children's use of morphological knowledge in spelling. A spelling task and an oral morpheme manipulation task given to first-year children showed that, although morphological facilitation emerged in children's spelling by April of Year 1, this facilitation was not specifically connected to children's morphological knowledge despite a general relationship between spelling and morphological knowledge. Experiment 2, using pseudowords with endings analogous to case inflections, suggested that these caselike endings prompted morphological parsing during spelling. The results suggest that in the transparent Finnish orthography there is no specific connection between morphological knowledge and mastery of certain spelling patterns. Instead, the facilitation arises from the morpheme-based organization of the lexicon and the subsequent parsing of words into their constituent morphemes.
The sequential cueing effect in children's speech production
Authors: MUNSON BENJAMIN , BABEL MOLLY E.
Published: May 2005

This article investigated the development of phonological encoding in speech production by examining the production of reiterant two-word sequences varying in phonological similarity. Two groups of typically developing children and a group of college-aged adults participated. Both groups of children produced target words with longer durations when they were preceded by words sharing initial consonant–vowel (CV) sequences than when preceded by phonologically unrelated words or words sharing vowel–consonant (VC) sequences. For adults, the duration of target words was shorter when they were preceded by words sharing final VC sequences than in the other conditions. The developmental decrease in the influence of CV-related prime words on target-word duration may be related to changes in the level of activation of lexical items during speech production. Developmental changes in the influence of VC-related prime words are less clear, but may be due to age-group specific behavior in the production of identical sequences of words.
Paths to phonemic awareness in Japanese: Evidence from a training study
Authors: GOETRY VINCENT , URBAIN SATSUKY , MORAIS JOSÉ , KOLINSKY RÉGINE
Published: May 2005

Although phonemic awareness does not usually develop outside the acquisition of alphabetic reading, nonnegligible phoneme manipulation abilities have been reported in Japanese fourth graders who knew only thekana, nonalphabetic, writing system. The present contribution explored whether some characteristics of this system may facilitate phonemic awareness in Japanese children. In two distinct training studies, the pre- and posttest phonemic awareness abilities of three groups were compared, one trained with explicit reference to some organizational aspects of the kana matrix, one trained without such reference, and one control. Training was effective in both studies, especially when displaying explicit reference to the kana system. Some features of this system thus seem helpful in drawing Japanese children's attention to phonemic constituents.
A Word From The Editors
Authors: Kieval Hillel J. , Jaffee Martin S.
Published: May 2005

With this issue, we launch our joint editorship of the AJS Review. It is therefore an appropriate moment to share with our readers our hopes and expectations for the intellectual direction of the journal. Some of what follows has already been articulated in a statement published in the AJS Perspectives (Spring/Summer, 2003) shortly after we assumed our tasks. We feel it bears repeating here for the sake of those who may not have seen the original article.
Three Recent Books on Isaac Abarbanel/Abravanel (1437–1508/9)
Authors: Robinson James T.
Published: May 2005

If quantity is any measure of importance, then Isaac Abarbanel/Abravanel—the fascinating statesman and financier, polemicist and messianic theorist, exegete and philosopher-theologian—has certainly risen very high indeed in the study of medieval Jewish thought. Although never an obscure figure in modern scholarship, having already been the subject of several monographs and dozens of articles, the publication of three books in as many years moves him closer to his more respected predecessors: Maimonides, Gersonides, and Crescas. That there is little overlap in these new books, moreover, which approach the extensive and diverse corpus of Abarbanel's writing in very different ways, shows that this interest in his writings is more than a passing fad. Lawee and Feldman, in particular, not only introduce the reader to various aspects of Abarbanel's life and thought, but point to new areas of research that deserve further investigation. Like any good scholarship, not only do they summarize and synthesize, connecting particular details to larger themes and concerns, but they also challenge conventional views, forcing the reader to return to the sources themselves to look afresh at the writings of this medieval master.
Halakhic Development as a Fusion of Heremeneutical Horizons: The Case of the Waiting Period Between Meat and Dairy.
Authors: Stollman Aviad A.
Published: May 2005

Abstract available in the PDF.
Judith R. Baskin. Midrashic Women: Formations of the Feminine in Rabbinic Literature. Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 2002. xii, 232 pp.
Authors: Porton Gary G.
Published: May 2005

Baskin's book should be required reading, along with the works of Neusner, Boyarin, Wegner, Hauptman, Brooten, and Kraemer, for those interested in Jewish women in late antiquity. It is methodologically sophisticated, yet not jargonistic or overly determined by method or theory. Its limitations are a result of the characteristics of the rabbinic documents, notoriously difficult to use for a comprehensive study on any topic; the vastness and variety of editorial styles of the rabbinic corpus virtually assure that one will both miss relevant data and confront an unmanageable variety of opinions on any given topic.
Josef W. Meri. The Cult of Saints Among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. viii, 327 pp.
Authors: Goldberg Harvey E.
Published: May 2005

This book discusses cults surrounding sainted figures in Islam, and secondarily in Judaism, from many points of view. It urges researchers to go beyond “the traditional methods of interpreting Jewish and Islamic texts,” and to probe the “human dimension of spirituality.” It maintains that studying the practices, beliefs, and idiosyncratic deeds directed to sainted personages—both alive and dead—allows us to explore spiritual paths along which we meet the poor as well as the powerful, and both the theologian and the unschooled believer.
James Arthur Diamond. Maimonides and the Hermeneutics of Concealment: Deciphering Scripture and Midrash in The Guide of the Perplexed. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002. x, 235 pp.; Menachem Lorberbaum. Politics and the Limits of Law: Secularizing the Political in Medieval Jewish Thought. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. xii, 216 pp.
Authors: Ivry Alfred
Published: May 2005

The two books before us expand the horizons of Maimonidean studies, on the divergent planes of literature and politics. James Diamond's study of Maimonides' use of the Bible and midrash is a tour de force of literary analysis, while Menachem Lorberbaum offers in part a view of Maimonides' attitude to political authority of considerable relevance today.
Jose Luis Lacave. Medieval Ketubot from Sefarad. Hispania Judaica 11, ed. H. Beinart et al. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 2002. 268 pp.
Authors: Rivlin Yosef
Published: May 2005

Professor Jose Luis Lacave collected thirty ketubot (marriage contracts) from various medieval Hispanic kingdoms. These ketubot were found in different libraries and archives. Most of the documents have been published before, some of them by Lacave himself. Three are published here for the first time.
Lawrence Fine. Physician of the Soul, Healer of the Cosmos: Isaac Luria and His Kabbalistic Fellowship. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. xiii, 480 pp.
Authors: Magid Shaul
Published: May 2005

It is perhaps unorthodox to begin a book review by citing something from the acknowledgments. In this case, however, I think it is quite apt. Describing his early foray into the study of Jewish mysticism, Lawrence Fine writes, “It was [Alexander] Altmann who said to me, in one of the earliest conversations I had with him after I arrived at Brandeis, that ‘nobody understands Lurianic Kabbala, not even Scholem,’ referring, of course to the preeminent historian of Jewish mysticism, Gershom Scholem.” It is a comment, I imagine, that Scholem may have even agreed with! In any case, Fine's book is an attempt, and one of the best to date, to try to make sense of the labyrinthine world of Lurianic Kabbala. Scholem argued that Lurianic metaphysics was a system developed as a response to historical phenomena, that is, the Jewish expulsion from Spain, and was largely a creative interpretation of, and commentary on, the Zohar. Neither Scholem nor his student Isaiah Tishby devoted any significant space to the historical context of Lurianic Kabbala or its particular cultural milieu, or the possibility of external influences on this mystical circle. Both assumed Luria had historiosophic and not cultural/historic concerns. This trajectory has, until recently, been the accepted framework of Lurianic scholarship.