bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Backcountry Travel Emergencies in Arctic Canada: A Pilot Study in Public Health Surveillance
Authors: Young Stephanie , Tabish Taha , Pollock Nathaniel , Young T.
Published: March 2016

Residents in the Canadian Arctic regularly travel in remote, backcountry areas. This can pose risks for injuries and death, and create challenges for emergency responders and health systems. We aimed to describe the extent and characteristics of media-reported backcountry travel emergencies in two Northern Canadian territories (Nunavut and Northwest Territories). A case-series of all known incidents between 2004 and 2013 was established by identifying events in an online search of two media outlets, Nunatsiaq News and Northern News Services. We identified 121 incidents; these most commonly involved young men, and death occurred in just over 25% of cases. The territories differed in the seasonal patterns. News media provides a partial source of data to estimate the extent and characteristics of backcountry emergencies. This information is needed to improve emergency preparedness and health system responsiveness in the Arctic.
Phosphate Adsorption from Membrane Bioreactor Effluent Using Dowex 21K XLT and Recovery as Struvite and Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Nur Tanjina , Loganathan Paripurnanda , Kandasamy Jaya , Vigneswaran Saravanamuthu
Published: March 2016

Discharging phosphate through wastewaters into waterways poses a danger to the natural environment due to the serious risks of eutrophication and health of aquatic organisms. However, this phosphate, if economically recovered, can partly overcome the anticipated future scarcity of phosphorus (P) resulting from exhaustion of natural phosphate rock reserves. An experiment was conducted to determine the efficiency of removing phosphate from a membrane bioreactor effluent (pH 7.0–7.5, 20, 35 mg phosphate/L) produced in a water reclamation plant by adsorption onto Dowex 21K XLT ion exchange resin and recover the phosphate as fertilisers. The data satisfactorily fitted to Langmuir adsorption isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity of 38.6 mg·P/g. The adsorbed phosphate was quantitatively desorbed by leaching the column with 0.1 M NaCl solution. The desorbed phosphate was recovered as struvite when ammonium and magnesium were added at the molar ratio of phosphate, ammonium and magnesium of 1:1:1 at pH 9.5. Phosphate was also recovered from the desorbed solution as hydroxyapatite precipitate by adding calcium hydroxide to the solution at a phosphate to calcium molar ratio of 1:2 at pH 7.0. The P contents of struvite and hydroxyapatite produced were close to those of the respective commercial phosphate fertilisers.
Estimating Temperature-Mortality Exposure-Response Relationships and Optimum Ambient Temperature at the Multi-City Level of China
Authors: Zeng Qiang , Li Guoxing , Cui Yushan , Jiang Guohong , Pan Xiaochuan
Published: March 2016

Few studies have explored temperature–mortality relationships in China, especially at the multi-large city level. This study was based on the data of seven typical, large Chinese cities to examine temperature-mortality relationships and optimum temperature of China. A generalized additive model (GAM) was applied to analyze the acute-effect of temperature on non-accidental mortality, and meta-analysis was used to merge data. Furthermore, the lagged effects of temperature up to 40 days on mortality and optimum temperature were analyzed using the distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM). We found that for all non-accidental mortality, high temperature could significantly increase the excess risk (ER) of death by 0.33% (95% confidence interval: 0.11%, 0.56%) with the temperature increase of 1 °C. Similar but non-significant ER of death was observed when temperature decreased. The lagged effect of temperature showed that the relative risk of non-accidental mortality was lowest at 21 °C. Our research suggests that high temperatures are more likely to cause an acute increase in mortality. There was a lagged effect of temperature on mortality, with an optimum temperature of 21 °C. Our results could provide a theoretical basis for climate-related public health policy.
Identification of Autophagy in the Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and the Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of Two Novel Autophagy-Related Genes, BxATG1 and BxATG8
Authors: Deng Li-Na , Wu Xiao-Qin , Ye Jian-Ren , Xue Qi
Published: March 2016

The pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes huge economic losses in pine forests, has a complex life cycle, and shows the remarkable ability to survive under unfavorable and changing environmental conditions. This ability may be related to autophagy, which is still poorly understood in B. xylophilus and no autophagy-related genes have been previously characterized. In this study, transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm that autophagy exists in B. xylophilus. The full-length cDNAs of BxATG1 and BxATG8 were first cloned from B. xylophilus, and BxATG1 and BxATG8 were characterized using bioinformatics methods. The expression pattern of the autophagy marker BxATG8 was investigated using in situ hybridization (ISH). BxATG8 was expressed in esophageal gland and hypodermal seam cells. We tested the effects of RNA interference (RNAi) on BxATG1 and BxATG8. The results revealed that BxATG1 and BxATG8 were likely associated with propagation of nematodes on fungal mats. This study confirmed the molecular characterization and functions of BxATG1 and BxATG8 in B. xylophilus and provided fundamental information between autophagy and B. xylophilus.
Scientific and Regulatory Perspectives in Herbal and Dietary Supplement Associated Hepatotoxicity in the United States
Authors: Avigan Mark , Mozersky Robert , Seeff Leonard
Published: March 2016

In the United States (US), the risk of hepatotoxicity linked to the widespread use of certain herbal products has gained increased attention among regulatory scientists. Based on current US law, all dietary supplements sold domestically, including botanical supplements, are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a special category of foods. Under this designation, regulatory scientists do not routinely evaluate the efficacy of these products prior to their marketing, despite the content variability and phytochemical complexity that often characterizes them. Nonetheless, there has been notable progress in the development of advanced scientific methods to qualitatively and quantitatively measure ingredients and screen for contaminants and adulterants in botanical products when hepatotoxicity is recognized.
Omics for Investigating Chitosan as an Antifungal and Gene Modulator
Authors: Lopez-Moya Federico , Lopez-Llorca Luis
Published: March 2016

Chitosan is a biopolymer with a wide range of applications. The use of chitosan in clinical medicine to control infections by fungal pathogens such as Candida spp. is one of its most promising applications in view of the reduced number of antifungals available. Chitosan increases intracellular oxidative stress, then permeabilizes the plasma membrane of sensitive filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa and yeast. Transcriptomics reveals plasma membrane homeostasis and oxidative metabolism genes as key players in the response of fungi to chitosan. A lipase and a monosaccharide transporter, both inner plasma membrane proteins, and a glutathione transferase are main chitosan targets in N. crassa. Biocontrol fungi such as Pochonia chlamydosporia have a low content of polyunsaturated free fatty acids in their plasma membranes and are resistant to chitosan. Genome sequencing of P. chlamydosporia reveals a wide gene machinery to degrade and assimilate chitosan. Chitosan increases P. chlamydosporia sporulation and enhances parasitism of plant parasitic nematodes by the fungus. Omics studies allow understanding the mode of action of chitosan and help its development as an antifungal and gene modulator.
Differential Effects of Coating Materials on Viability and Migration of Schwann Cells
Authors: Klein Silvan , Prantl Lukas , Vykoukal Jody , Loibl Markus , Felthaus Oliver
Published: March 2016

Synthetic nerve conduits have emerged as an alternative to guide axonal regeneration in peripheral nerve gap injuries. Migration of Schwann cells (SC) from nerve stumps has been demonstrated as one essential factor for nerve regeneration in nerve defects. In this experiment, SC viability and migration were investigated for various materials to determine the optimal conditions for nerve regeneration. Cell viability and SC migration assays were conducted for collagen I, laminin, fibronectin, lysine and ornithine. The highest values for cell viability were detected for collagen I, whereas fibronectin was most stimulatory for SC migration. At this time, clinically approved conduits are based on single-material structures. In contrast, the results of this experiment suggest that material compounds such as collagen I in conjunction with fibronectin should be considered for optimal nerve healing.
Effect of A-Site Cation Ordering on Chemical Stability, Oxygen Stoichiometry and Electrical Conductivity in Layered LaBaCo2O5+δ Double Perovskite
Authors: Bernuy-Lopez Carlos , Høydalsvik Kristin , Einarsrud Mari-Ann , Grande Tor
Published: March 2016

The effect of the A-site cation ordering on the chemical stability, oxygen stoichiometry and electrical conductivity in layered LaBaCo2O5+δ double perovskite was studied as a function of temperature and partial pressure of oxygen. Tetragonal A-site cation ordered layered LaBaCo2O5+δ double perovskite was obtained by annealing cubic A-site cation disordered La0.5Ba0.5CoO3-δ perovskite at 1100 °C in N2. High temperature X-ray diffraction between room temperature (RT) and 800 °C revealed that LaBaCo2O5+δ remains tetragonal during heating in oxidizing atmosphere, but goes through two phase transitions in N2 and between 450 °C and 675 °C from tetragonal P4/mmm to orthorhombic Pmmm and back to P4/mmm due to oxygen vacancy ordering followed by disordering of the oxygen vacancies. An anisotropic chemical and thermal expansion of LaBaCo2O5+δ was demonstrated. La0.5Ba0.5CoO3-δ remained cubic at the studied temperature irrespective of partial pressure of oxygen. LaBaCo2O5+δ is metastable with respect to La0.5Ba0.5CoO3-δ at oxidizing conditions inferred from the thermal evolution of the oxygen deficiency and oxidation state of Co in the two materials. The oxidation state of Co is higher in La0.5Ba0.5CoO3-δ resulting in a higher electrical conductivity relative to LaBaCo2O5+δ. The conductivity in both materials was reduced with decreasing partial pressure of oxygen pointing to a p-type semiconducting behavior.
Inverse Eigenvalue Problems for Two Special Acyclic Matrices
Authors: Sharma Debashish , Sen Mausumi
Published: March 2016

In this paper, we study two inverse eigenvalue problems (IEPs) of constructing two special acyclic matrices. The first problem involves the reconstruction of matrices whose graph is a path, from given information on one eigenvector of the required matrix and one eigenvalue of each of its leading principal submatrices. The second problem involves reconstruction of matrices whose graph is a broom, the eigen data being the maximum and minimum eigenvalues of each of the leading principal submatrices of the required matrix. In order to solve the problems, we use the recurrence relations among leading principal minors and the property of simplicity of the extremal eigenvalues of acyclic matrices.
Effects of Cryogenic Forging and Anodization on the Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of AA6066–T6 Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Shih Teng-Shih , Yong Hwa-Sheng , Hsu Wen-Nong
Published: March 2016

In this study, AA6066 alloy samples were cryogenically forged after annealing and then subjected to solution and aging treatments. Compared with conventional 6066-T6 alloy samples, the cryoforged samples exhibited a 34% increase in elongation but sacrificed about 8%–12% in ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield stress (YS). Such difference was affected by the constituent phases that changed in the samples’ matrix. Anodization and sealing did minor effect on tensile strength of the 6066-T6 samples with/without cryoforging but it decreased samples’ elongation about 8%–10%. The anodized/sealed anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) film enhanced the corrosion resistance of the cryoforged samples.
Median Urinary Iodine Concentrations Are Indicative of Adequate Iodine Status among Women of Reproductive Age in Prey Veng, Cambodia
Authors: Karakochuk Crystal , Michaux Kristina , Chai Tze , Chan Benny , Whitfield Kyly , Barr Susan , McLean Judy , Talukder Aminuzzaman , Hou Kroeun , Ly Sokhoing , Green Tim
Published: March 2016

Iodine deficiency disorders are estimated to affect over 1.9 million people worldwide. Iodine deficiency is especially serious for women during pregnancy and lactation because of the negative consequences for both mother and infant. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) as a population-level indicator of iodine status among rural women farmers of reproductive age (18–45 years) in the province of Prey Veng, Cambodia. A total of 450 women provided a spot morning urine sample in 2012. Of those women, 93% (n = 420) were non-pregnant and 7% (n = 30) were pregnant at the time of collection. UIC was quantified using the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction with modifications. The median UIC of non-pregnant (139 μg/L) and pregnant women (157 μg/L) were indicative of adequate iodine status using the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD epidemiological criteria for both groups (median UIC between 100–199 and 150–249 μg/L, respectively). We conclude that non-pregnant and pregnant women in rural Prey Veng, Cambodia had adequate iodine status based on single spot morning urine samples collected in 2012. More research is warranted to investigate iodine status among larger and more representative populations of women in Cambodia, especially in light of recent policy changes to the national program for universal salt iodization.
Research on a Lamb Wave and Particle Filter-Based On-Line Crack Propagation Prognosis Method
Authors: Chen Jian , Yuan Shenfang , Qiu Lei , Cai Jian , Yang Weibo
Published: March 2016

Prognostics and health management techniques have drawn widespread attention due to their ability to facilitate maintenance activities based on need. On-line prognosis of fatigue crack propagation can offer information for optimizing operation and maintenance strategies in real-time. This paper proposes a Lamb wave-particle filter (LW-PF)-based method for on-line prognosis of fatigue crack propagation which takes advantages of the possibility of on-line monitoring to evaluate the actual crack length and uses a particle filter to deal with the crack evolution and monitoring uncertainties. The piezoelectric transducers (PZTs)-based active Lamb wave method is adopted for on-line crack monitoring. The state space model relating to crack propagation is established by the data-driven and finite element methods. Fatigue experiments performed on hole-edge crack specimens have validated the advantages of the proposed method.
Sensitivity Enhancement in Si Nanophotonic Waveguides Used for Refractive Index Sensing
Authors: Shi Yaocheng , Ma Ke , Dai Daoxin
Published: March 2016

A comparative study is given for the sensitivity of several typical Si nanophotonic waveguides, including SOI (silicon-on-insulator) nanowires, nanoslot waveguides, suspended Si nanowires, and nanofibers. The cases for gas sensing (ncl ~ 1.0) and liquid sensing (ncl ~ 1.33) are considered. When using SOI nanowires (with a SiO2 buffer layer), the sensitivity for liquid sensing (S ~ 0.55) is higher than that for gas sensing (S ~ 0.35) due to lower asymmetry in the vertical direction. By using SOI nanoslot waveguides, suspended Si nanowires, and Si nanofibers, one could achieve a higher sensitivity compared to sensing with a free-space beam (S = 1.0). The sensitivity for gas sensing is higher than that for liquid sensing due to the higher index-contrast. The waveguide sensitivity of an optimized suspended Si nanowire for gas sensing is as high as 1.5, which is much higher than that of a SOI nanoslot waveguide. Furthermore, the optimal design has very large tolerance to the core width variation due to the fabrication error (∆w ~ ±50 nm). In contrast, a Si nanofiber could also give a very high sensitivity (e.g., ~1.43) while the fabrication tolerance is very small (i.e., ∆w < ±5 nm). The comparative study shows that suspended Si nanowire is a good choice to achieve ultra-high waveguide sensitivity.
Decision Support to Sustainable Management of Bottom Trawl Fleet
Authors: Bitunjac Irena , Jajac Nikša , Katavić Ivan
Published: March 2016

A decision support concept (DSC) for sustainable management of the bottom trawl fleet was created in line with ecosystem-based management. It is based on principles that integrate ecological, social and techno-economic aspects of trawl fisheries in a multicriteria analysis approach. For the sake of greater transparency and improved stakeholder participation, elements of the proposed multicriteria models were discussed, generated and evaluated in collaboration with designated experts from four stakeholder groups: fishers, environmentally focused non-governmental organizations, fisheries scientists and government representatives. The proposed DSC management could facilitate management and assist decision makers in adequately using data and scientific advice to shape management strategies and related policies for the bottom trawl fleet. It may also assist in finding compromise solutions based on deliverables from the multicriteria analysis, while taking stakeholder requirements into account by using the multicriteria Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE) methods. The final decision is then based on a vast amount of knowledge and relevant information collected from different sources. The proposed DSC represents a novel approach to fishery fleet management and assists in systematizing management processes and instruments to make it operational at the strategic level. The method was applied to the Adriatic bottom trawl fishery, and the obtained results confirmed its managerial potential in the strategic decision-making process, aimed at improving conventional management, while considering the specific requirements of an ecosystem-based approach and ensuring stakeholder participation.
New Key Performance Indicators for a Smart Sustainable City
Authors: Hara Minako , Nagao Tomomi , Hannoe Shinsuke , Nakamura Jiro
Published: March 2016

We propose key performance indicators (KPIs) based on the Gross Social Feel-Good Index to evaluate a smart sustainable city and report the results of a field trial in a city located almost at the center of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. We developed KPIs based on the following concepts: (1). The triple bottom line is the basic evaluation criteria; (2). The same unit is used for every evaluation criterion; (3). The KPIs can be used to assess a diverse range of smart sustainable cities with different goals. With the proposed KPIs of smart sustainable cities, indicators are divided into four layers for simplicity: the triple bottom line and “satisfaction” lie in the first layer. Since the notion of “society” is broad, it is further split into “safety”, “health”, and “comfort”, which are positioned in the second layer. The third layer includes indicators such as “information security” and “ubiquitous society” from the perspective of information communication technology (ICT). We conducted a trial evaluation by applying the proposed KPIs to individual ICT solutions of “Internet Protocol announcements”, “Wi-Fi around the station” and “information transmission and control” which have already been installed in a smart sustainable city.
An Evolutionary Approach to Adaptive Capacity Assessment: A Case Study of Soufriere, Saint Lucia
Authors: Hogarth James , Wójcik Dariusz
Published: March 2016

This paper assesses the capacity of Soufriere, Saint Lucia to adapt to climate change. A community-based vulnerability assessment was conducted that employed semi-structured interviews with community members. The results were analysed using the Local Adaptive Capacity (LAC) framework, which characterises adaptive capacity based on five elements: asset base; institutions and entitlements; knowledge and information; innovation; and flexible forward-looking decision-making and governance. Beyond providing an in-depth analysis of Soufriere’s capacity to adapt to climate change, the paper argues that the elements of the LAC framework largely correspond with an evolutionary perspective on adaptive capacity. However, other evolutionary themes—such as structure, history, path-dependency, scale, agency, conservation of diversity, and the perils of specialisation—should also be taken into account.
Opportunities for Cross-Border Entrepreneurship Development in a Cluster Model Exemplified by the Polish–Czech Border Region
Authors: Kurowska-Pysz Joanna
Published: March 2016

The subject of the paper is the analysis and evaluation of cross-border entrepreneurship development opportunities on the basis of cross-border cooperation, which has gradually evolved from consisting of bilateral partnerships to a networking model or even a cluster. The study conducted at the Polish–Czech border area indicates that, in terms of the development of cross-border cooperation, the economic sphere is lagging far behind social activities such as culture, education and tourism. At the same time, Polish and Czech enterprises are not sufficiently mobilized to develop cross-border entrepreneurship, although a number of support instruments in this regard have been proposed. Sustainable development of the border should take into account both social and economic aspects. An important research problem therefore becomes determining the possibility of boosting the development of cross-border entrepreneurship on the basis of the existing forms of cross-border cooperation, including cooperation in the social sphere. The aim of this paper is to define the conditions and opportunities for the development of cluster cooperation in the area of cross-border entrepreneurship. The author has attempted to resolve whether the intensity of cross-border cooperation can be a factor which mobilizes companies to develop their cross-border entrepreneurship and whether cross-border entrepreneurship can be further developed within the cluster model.
Research and Application Based on Adaptive Boosting Strategy and Modified CGFPA Algorithm: A Case Study for Wind Speed Forecasting
Authors: Heng Jiani , Wang Chen , Zhao Xuejing , Xiao Liye
Published: March 2016

Wind energy is increasingly considered one of the most promising sustainable energy sources for its characteristics of cleanliness without any pollution. Wind speed forecasting is a vital problem in wind power industry. However, individual forecasting models ignore the significance of data preprocessing and model parameter optimization, which may lead to poor forecasting performance. In this paper, a novel hybrid [k, Bt] -ABBP (back propagation based on adaptive strategy with parameters k and Bt) model was developed based on an adaptive boosting (AB) strategy that integrates several BP (back propagation) neural networks for wind speed forecasting. The fast ensemble empirical mode decomposition technique is initially conducted in the preprocessing stage to reconstruct data, while a novel modified FPA (flower pollination algorithm) incorporating a conjugate gradient (CG) is proposed for searching for the optimal parameters of the [k, Bt] -ABBP mode. The case studies of five wind power stations in Penglai, China are used as illustrative examples for evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of the developed hybrid forecast strategy. Numerical results show that the developed hybrid model is simple and can satisfactorily approximate the actual wind speed series. Therefore, the developed hybrid model can be an effective tool in mining and analysis for wind power plants.
Overland Transport of Rotavirus and the Effect of Soil Type and Vegetation
Authors: Davidson Paul , Kuhlenschmidt Theresa , Bhattarai Rabin , Kalita Prasanta , Kuhlenschmidt Mark
Published: March 2016

Soil and vegetation are two critical factors for controlling the overland transport kinetics of pathogens in a natural environment. With livestock operations moving more towards concentrated animal operations, the need to dispose of a very large amount of manure in a localized area is becoming increasingly important. Animal manure contains a substantial amount of microbial pathogens, including rotavirus, which may pose a threat of contamination of water resources. This study examined the kinetics of rotavirus in overland transport, with an overall objective of optimizing the design of best management practices, especially vegetative filter strips. The overland transport of rotavirus was studied using three soil types (Catlin silt-loam, Darwin silty-clay, Alvin fine sandy-loam), spanning the entire spectrum of typical Illinois soil textures. A 20-min rainfall event was produced using a small-scale (1.07 m × 0.66 m) laboratory rainfall simulator over a soil box measuring 0.610 m × 0.305 m. Each soil type was tested for rotavirus transport kinetics with bare surface conditions, as well as with Smooth Brome and Fescue vegetative covers. Surface runoff, near-surface runoff, soil cores, and vegetation were each analyzed for infective rotavirus particles using cell-culture infectivity assays. Results show that vegetation reduces the recovery of infective rotavirus particles in surface runoff by an average of 73%, in addition to delaying the time to peak recovery. The vegetation, in general, appeared to decrease the recovery of infective rotavirus particles in surface runoff by impeding surface flow and increasing the potential for infiltration into the soil profile.
Strong Gradients in Weak Magnetic Fields Induce DOLLOP Formation in Tap Water
Authors: Sammer Martina , Kamp Cees , Paulitsch-Fuchs Astrid , Wexler Adam , Buisman Cees , Fuchs Elmar
Published: March 2016

In 2012 Coey proposed a theory on the mechanism of magnetic water treatment based on the gradient of the applied field rather than its absolute strength. We tested this theory by measuring the effect of very weak field magnets (≤ 10 G) containing strong magnetic inhomogeneities (ΔB = 770 G·m−1 (WCM 62081992) and 740 G·m−1 (WCM 62083545)) on tap water samples by the use of electric impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and laser scattering. Our results show an increased formation of nm-sized prenucleation clusters (dynamically ordered liquid like oxyanion polymers or “DOLLOPs”) due to the exposure to the magnetic field and thus are consistent with Coey’s theory which is therefore also applicable to very weak magnetic fields as long as they contain strong gradients.
Developing Public Policy Options for Access to Drinking Water in Peripheral, Disaster and Polluted Rural Areas: A Case Study on Environment-Friendly and Conventional Technologies
Authors: Petrescu-Mag Ruxandra , Petrescu Dacinia , Safirescu Ovidiu , Hetvary Mihaela , Oroian Ioan , Vâju Dumitru
Published: March 2016

Peripheral, disaster and polluted rural areas (PDP rural areas) are generally perceived as a “Cinderella” of water public policy measures, deepening the rural-urban cleavage in terms of opportunities for a decent life. The main goal of the study is to develop public policy options regarding the supply of safe drinking water in Romanian PDP rural areas. The main instrument to achieve it is an ex-ante policy analysis of three solutions: a conventional technology, based on chlorine, a green technology using an advanced oxidation process with bio-filter (O3BioFilter), and “do nothing”. Environment protection, social equity, technical performance, economic efficiency and political feasibility were the criteria selected for analysis, within a focus-group. Several qualitative and quantitative methods were used: evaluation matrix, weighted cost-effectiveness and break-even point. The results of the first two indicate that the O3BioFilter has the best score, but not much higher than the conventional alternative (10% higher), revealing a possible path-dependency to familiar technologies. This analysis is not a ready-made solution valid in any case, nor a direct indication of “the best choice”, but a decision tool in the adoption and implementation of sustainable water public policies.
L'entreprise : emprise idéologique, mondialisation et évolution des problématiques
Authors: Sélim Monique
Published: March 2016

In France, as yet few anthropologists choose industrial organizations and work as field studies. This paper gives an insight into an evolution of anthropological research previously polarized on the dominated working classes, and turning now to the entrepreneurs. Beyond these two poles, general economic constraints and globalization are presently opening up new trends for anthropologists.
Tonton et Tatie : notes sur la parenté et la famille au sein de l'entreprise
Authors: Moulinié Véronique
Published: March 2016

Le «mythe » du travail en famille semble un lieu commun de la représentation de l'entreprise. Pourtant, dans celle où nous avons enquêté, elle est la réalité. Des liens de parenté unissent étroitement les membres du bureau mais aussi les employés des ateliers. La parenté est critère d'embauche tandis qu'à l'inverse les pratiques institutionnelles de la direction permettent d'exprimer les non-dits et d'organiser les confins de la famille.
Le tissu entrepreneurial tunisien
Authors: Denieuil Pierre-Noël
Published: March 2016

This article studies the Tunisian entrepreneurial fabric as a collection of resources stemming from a personal trajectory, family values and interpersonal networks, socio-territorial mobilization, then from institutional and politico-economic dynamics. It concludes that it is a diversified entrepreneurial scene, according to the logics of the entrepreneurs : traditional entrepreneurs undergoing modernization, new manufacturers, innovative entrepreneurs, self-employed craftsmen and informal units. The Sfax region, the gateway to the South, is cited here as an example of the entrepreneurial community microcosm in Tunisia.
L'occultation du pouvoir comme forme d'exercice du pouvoir. Anthropologie du politique dans une entreprise
Authors: Flamant Nicolas
Published: March 2016

Quite evidently, power is exercised and important decisions are made in a management committee. Contrary to this picture, the «CODIR » we are talking about here is characterized by the obvious disappearance of power. It seems that it is not in a postion to manage, and within it, the power relationships between individuals are systematically censured. The position of the director is built by the development of an order based on the denial of power and the eradication of its manifestations.
Sexe, drogue et violences structurelles : les femmes et le VIH
Authors: Farmer Paul , Furin Jennifer
Published: March 2016

The authors stress the «structural violence », poverty, racism, gender inequality, in the determining of exposure to the risk of HIV. The spread of the epidemic, which paticularly affects certain kinds of women, lead them to conclude that «the social forces are becoming biological ». This should result in a research on the contamination mechanisms, the constraints placed upon the actors, and to determine which groups of women are most exposed. Objecting to the reductionisms of behaviourist, cognitivist and culturalist approaches, which divert overall unders¬ tanding of the epidemic's progression and hide inequality, they advocate analyses informed on political and history, economic facts. They denounce the mystifying which slows down research, serves powerful interests and once again introduces inequality between rich and poor countries.
Femmes et sida dans le discours médical : la force des images
Authors: Plaza Monique
Published: March 2016

This article analyses from a corpus of medical texts published between 1983 and 1990, the contradictory, even paradoxical way in which AIDS affecting women has been represented. The social and symbolic stakes that this subject implies have lead crystallization of a certain number of social stereotypes which influenced for several years the course of scientific questioning.
Femmes et sida en Inde Méridionale : accusation et reconstruction de l'immoralité
Authors: Bourdier Frédéric
Published: March 2016

In Southern India, the evolution of woman's place in society, particu¬ larly noticeable in the middle and upper classes, was not accompanied by an improvement of their social and symbolic status. With the appea¬ rance of AIDS, the autonomy some of them acquired, is perceived as a threat, and strengthens conservative ideologies on the uncontrolled na¬ ture of woman and on the ideal feminine behaviour.
Des catégories perceptives et naturelles : un exemple d'instrumentalisation de l'anthropologie en sciences cognitives
Authors: Dubois Danièle , Resche-Rigon Philippe
Published: March 2016

Nous montrons en partant de trois exemples portant sur les phénomènes psychologiques de la catégorisation et des rapports entre catégorisation et perception -à propos desquels, justement, l'anthropologie a été convoquée -comment les présupposés implicites des courants dominants les sciences cognitives induisent à construire des objets cognitifs très particuliers, dont la «réalité » relève plus de la culture de leurs auteurs, que de l'élaboration de concepts scientifiques. Les travaux anthropologiques de Berlin et Kay sur les catégories de couleurs dans diverses cultures ont permis de renvoyer à des déterminations non culturelles (celles des sciences de la nature), les phénomènes étudiés. En second lieu, les recherches sur les odeurs permettent de reconsidérer les modèles cognitifs élaborés à partir de la modalité visuelle. Enfin, nous examinons la théorie des catégories naturelles issue des travaux de Rosch. L'utilisation de la notion de «naturel » dans cette perspective cognitiviste, permet de dénier aux systèmes symboliques la propriété d'être le lieu de déterminations spécifiques de la génération du sens.

Ces analyses conduisent à poser comme problématique pour les sciences cognitives l'identification de ses niveaux d'analyse, de description et de constitution des faits.
Fonctionnements cognitifs et connaissances culturelles
Authors: Lammel Annamaria
Published: March 2016

L'«ethnocognition », selon la définition de l'auteur, est l'étude des connaissances culturelles qui peuvent être mises en relation avec les processus cognitifs qui les sous-tendent. Au plan anthropologique, il semble que pour pouvoir identifier les mécanismes de la cognition dans différentes cultures, il faille suivre les étapes du développement des mécanismes correspondants. On présentera, d'un point de vue comportemental, à la lumière des recherches actuelles et de recherches personnelles, les preuves de l'existence d'une partie culturellement déterminée de la cognition. Les effets réducteurs de l'anglocentrisme sur la conception d'une anthropologie cognitive seront brièvement discutés (processus connexionistes et sériaux notamment chez D'Andrade, 1995).
La jurisprudence, source du droit OHADA
Authors: Gatsi Jean
Published: March 2016

La jurisprudence contribue à l’essor du droit OHADA, à travers l’éclairage ou la création des concepts, et l’application des dispositions des Actes uniformes. L’application des dispositions de droit OHADA se fait en amont par les juridictions nationales, et en aval par la Cour Commune de Justice et d’Arbitrage (CCJA) suivant les modes juridictionnel et arbitral. En droit OHADA, la jurisprudence de la CCJA est appréciée à travers la pertinence de ses avis consultatifs ayant valeur délibérante, ainsi que par rapport au contentieux et l’arbitrage. À la suite des juridictions inférieures des États parties, la CCJA connait des pourvois en cassation contre les décisions des juridictions internes traitant des questions relatives à l’interprétation des Actes uniformes. Elle est aussi compétente pour connaitre des questions d’arbitrage. Dans tous les cas, les décisions rendues par la CCJA s’imposent aux juridictions des États parties.
La responsabilité médicale en Italie : le renouveau du "contrat social" ?
Authors: Klesta Laurence
Published: March 2016

En Italie, la responsabilité médicale est de nature contractuelle en vertu du contrat de «prestation d’ouvrage intellectuel » conclu entre le médecin et son malade. La confiance particulière inhérente à ce «pacte » a été étendue par la jurisprudence au contrat innomé d’hospitalisation et de soins passé avec l’établissement de soins, afin de faire bénéficier le patient/ créancier d’un système de protection plus efficace (par rapport aux règles de la responsabilité délictuelle) basé sur la bonne foi ; les avantages, concernant la preuve de l’inexécution de la prestation, ont permis de faire coïncider l’intérêt utile du créancier avec une norme sociale de comportement que justifiait le droit fondamental à la santé. La légitime confiance en un résultat escompté a ainsi contribué à transcender l’effet relatif du contrat dans une perspective de justice sociale.
MOOCs and Online Education: Exploring the Potential for International Educational Development
Authors: Pouezevara Sarah , Horn Laura
Published: March 2016

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are a relatively recent innovation with potential to provide access to relevant education and workforce training at scale. RTI previously studied MOOCs in the context of the US market, and determined that more efforts are needed to examine the prospect of MOOC use in developing economies. This paper defines MOOCs and contrasts MOOCs with previously established forms of online learning and open educational resources. It concludes that although MOOCs have potential for expanding access to important educational content and resources, currently they favor more privileged and educated individuals. Further evolution of ICT infrastructure, platforms and pedagogical models is needed before common MOOC models can meet the needs of the majority of learners in developing economies.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF VERY METAL-POOR STARS HD 122563 AND HD 140283: A VIEW FROM THE INFRARED
Authors: Afşar Melike , Sneden Christopher , Frebel Anna , Kim Hwihyun , Mace Gregory N. , Kaplan Kyle F. , Lee Hye-In , Oh Heeyoung , Oh Jae Sok , Pak Soojong , Park Chan , Pavel Michael D. , Yuk In-Soo , Jaffe Daniel T.
Published: March 2016

From high resolution (R ≃ 45,000), high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N > 400) spectra gathered with the Immersion Grating Infrared Spectrograph (IGRINS) in the H and K photometric bands, we have derived elemental abundances of two bright, well-known metal-poor halo stars: the red giant HD 122563 and the subgiant HD 140283. Since these stars have metallicities approaching [Fe/H] = −3, their absorption features are generally very weak. Neutral-species lines of Mg, Si, S and Ca are detectable, as well as those of the light odd-Z elements Na and Al. The derived IR-based abundances agree with those obtained from optical-wavelength spectra. For Mg and Si the abundances from the infrared transitions are improvements to those derived from shorter wavelength data. Many useful OH and CO lines can be detected in the IGRINS HD 122563 spectrum, from which derived O and C abundances are consistent to those obtained from the traditional [O i] and CH features. IGRINS high resolutions H- and K-band spectroscopy offers promising ways to determine more reliable abundances for additional metal-poor stars whose optical features are either not detectable, or too weak, or are based on lines with analytical difficulties.
ON THE ROLE OF TACHOCLINES IN SOLAR AND STELLAR DYNAMOS
Authors: Guerrero G. , Smolarkiewicz P. K. , de Gouveia Dal Pino E. M. , Kosovichev A. G. , Mansour N. N.
Published: March 2016

Rotational shear layers at the boundary between radiative and convective zones, tachoclines, play a key role in the process of magnetic field generation in solar-like stars. We present two sets of global simulations of rotating turbulent convection and dynamo. The first set considers a stellar convective envelope only; the second one, aiming at the formation of a tachocline, also considers the upper part of the radiative zone. Our results indicate that the resulting properties of the mean flows and dynamo, such as the growth rate, saturation energy, and mode, depend on the Rossby number (Ro). For the first set of models either oscillatory (with ∼2 yr period) or steady dynamo solutions are obtained. The models in the second set naturally develop a tachocline, which in turn leads to the generation of a strong mean magnetic field. Since the field is also deposited in the stable deeper layer, its evolutionary timescale is much longer than in the models without a tachocline. Surprisingly, the magnetic field in the upper turbulent convection zone evolves on the same timescale as the deep field. These models result in either an oscillatory dynamo with a ∼30 yr period or a steady dynamo depending on Ro. In terms of the mean-field dynamo coefficients computed using the first-order smoothing approximation, the field evolution in the oscillatory models without a tachocline seems to be consistent with dynamo waves propagating according to the Parker–Yoshimura sign rule. In the models with tachoclines the dynamics is more complex and involves other transport mechanisms as well as tachocline instabilities.
La colonie « Des racines pour ton avenir »
Authors: Belkacem Lila
Published: March 2016

Organisé par des migrants vivant aujourd’hui en région parisienne, le séjour « Des racines pour ton avenir » vise à faire connaître « le pays » et « la famille » à des adolescents « originaires du Mali mais ayant grandi en France ». Ce faisant, il représente un moment de cristallisation des positions sociales et des assignations ethnoraciales des participants : de manière simultanée, il entraîne une requalification et une disqualification de ces derniers, associés à la figure des « jeunes de banlieue en difficulté ». Les écarts entre leurs expériences et les visées éducatives des organisateurs apparaissent alors prégnants.
Les frontières de l’identité collective dans le militantisme de cité
Authors: Fuchs Nathalie
Published: March 2016

Cette contribution a pour objectif de montrer les processus de construction identitaire qui structurent le militantisme de descendants de migrants maghrébins issus des cités, investis dans trois organisations très différentes dans les années 1990 et 2000 en région parisienne. Elle interroge les relations et interactions mobilisées qui se déploient dans ce champ militant en vue de construire un « nous ». Ce questionnement amène à considérer l’évolution des mécanismes sociaux et symboliques des modes d’identification, la complexité des identités personnelles, collectives, sociales, l’hétérogénéité des caractéristiques et appartenances sociales de cette population.
Les apprentissages informels des jeunes bénévoles dans des activités d’encadrement
Authors: Khasanzyanova Albina , Duceux Yann
Published: March 2016

Dans le cadre de leurs activités associatives les bénévoles développent des apprentissages informels. Considérés comme invisibles ces apprentissages posent la question de leur repérage et de leur identification afin de pouvoir en rendre compte et les valoriser. Cet article tente de saisir l’expérience des bénévoles à travers la mise en mots des compétences associées aux apprentissages qu’ils pensent avoir acquis au cours de leurs activités associatives. Les résultats d’études montrent que les jeunes bénévoles ont bien conscience des apprentissages qu’ils développent et que le contexte associatif leur permet de se construire sur le terrain leur propre expérience de façon autonome.
Apprendre à « gérer » sa consommation : une approche biographique de l’alcoolisation chez les étudiants
Authors: Le Hénaff Yannick
Published: March 2016

Les travaux portant sur les consommations d’alcool de la jeunesse sont légion. Ces usages sont fréquemment présentés à travers leur absence de règle ou de prise en compte du danger. À revers de ces analyses, l’auteur montre comment, en situation d’alcoolisation, le public auprès duquel il a enquêté veille à contrôler sa consommation, selon des modalités qui lui sont propres, et cherche à éviter la prise de risque délibérée et inconsciente qui lui est reprochée. Il fait ainsi l’hypothèse que ces alcoolisations, y compris quand elles sont massives et donnent l’apparence d’un refus des normes, sont au contraire sous-tendues par le souci de la gestion de soi, de ses pairs et de son cadre de consommation.
Du care dans les vestiaires !
Authors: Perrin Marion
Published: March 2016

Comment un groupe, marqué par des idéaux sportifs et de virilité en début de colonie de vacances, en arrive-t-il à s’emparer d’activités et d’attitudes traditionnellement dévolues aux femmes, et notamment, à privilégier la relation et le souci de l’autre plutôt que la compétition et le terrain de football ? Dans le centre observé fonctionnant en pédagogie de la décision (PDLD), l’auteure postule que le conseil – instance de décision collective – est un lieu capital de glissement entre une logique virile et une éthique du care , à savoir une éthique de la relation et de la responsabilité.
Engagement et relation à soi chez les jeunes alteractivistes
Authors: Pleyers Geoffrey
Published: March 2016

Mobilisés dans des mouvements pour plus de démocratie ou pour une transition écologiste, de nombreux jeunes redéployent une culture militante « alteractiviste » qui place la relation à soi au cœur de l’engagement. Cet article montre qu’ils fondent le sens de leur action dans la construction de soi comme sujet et la cohérence entre leurs valeurs et leurs pratiques bien plus que dans des organisations militantes, des manifestes, ou l’impact de leur action dans la société. Il souligne également que si l’on ne peut comprendre l’engagement des jeunes et les mouvements d’aujourd’hui sans donner toute son importance au processus de subjectivation, celui-ci ne va pas forcément dans le sens d’un renforcement de la capacité d’agir et de devenir acteur dans la société.
Competition in the Classical sense and the Sraffa-Keynes synthesis: Intersecting research themes inspired by the work of Sraffa
Authors: White Graham
Published: March 2016

L’article explore l’intersection de trois lignes de recherche toutes inspirées par l’œuvre de Sraffa, bien que non explorées par Sraffa lui-même dans Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities . La première concerne l’explication des quantités prises comme données dans le système de Sraffa et la question connexe de la fusion entre une explication des prix relatifs et de la répartition d’inspiration Classico-sraffienne et une explication de l’activité globale gouvernée par la demande à long terme. La seconde porte sur les processus dynamiques qui sont supposés limiter les différentiels de taux de profit et engendrer ainsi des équilibres stables caractérisés par un taux de profit uniforme. La troisième ligne de recherche, relativement inexplorée, concerne le vaste domaine de la concurrence et la pertinence, pour une approche sraffienne, de concepts traditionnels tels que ‘la firme’, ‘la branche’ ou les structures de firmes et de marché dans l’explication du taux de profit et des prix relatifs. Après une discussion de chacun de ces trois domaines, l’article construit une esquisse très simple d’un modèle de gravitation comme moyen d’explorer leurs interconnexions.