bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil Quality Effect of Conservation Practices in Maize–Rapeseed Cropping System in Eastern Himalaya
Authors: Das Anup , Ghosh Probir Kumar , Lal Rattan , Saha Ritesh , Ngachan Shishomvanao
Published: September 2014

Soil resources are prone to degradation in harsh hill environment. Conservation tillage and residue mulching play an important role in protecting and improving soil quality. A 4‐year study was conducted in Meghalaya, India, involving maize (Zea maysL.)–rapeseed (Brassica campestrisL.) cropping system, to evaluate the impact of no till (NT) and mulching on productivity of maize–rapeseed system and to assess the effect of management on soil organic carbon (SOC) and quality. Two tillage practices, conventional tillage (CT) and NT, were compared under six mulching rates: control (no mulching); M, maize stover retention; MA5, M + ragweed (RW;Ambrosia artemisiifolia) 5 Mg ha−1; MA10, M + RW 10 Mg ha−1; MF10, M + farmyard manure 10 Mg ha−1; and MA5P5, M + RW 5 Mg ha−1 + poultry manure 5 Mg ha−1. Grain yields of maize and rapeseed under CT were similar to those under NT. Mulching had a significant effect on the productivity of maize and rapeseed. Mulching treatment MA5P5, MF10 and MA10 produced significantly (p = 0·05) higher yield of maize and rapeseed than that of other treatments. Maize and rapeseed productivity under control was the lowest. There was a marked increase in SOC concentration (8·4%), water stable aggregates (9·3%), mean weight diameter (42·6%) and soil microbial biomass carbon (66·8%) under NT, with respect to CT. Mulching treatment MA5P5 enhanced mean SOC concentration by 30·4% and mean weight diameter by 100% compared with those under control. Thus, NT and mulching are recommended measures for protecting soil and improving its quality in the studied area. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile Synthesis of Hydroxyl‐Terminated Oligoethylenes
Authors: Meyer Robert S. A. , Scholtyssek Julia S. , Luinstra Gerrit A.
Published: September 2014

The synthesis of terminal hydroxyl‐functionalized oligoethylene is achieved in a two‐step one‐pot method. Aluminum long chain alkyls (Al‐PE) were generated by a catalytic chain transfer reaction involving iron 2,6‐bis(imino)pyridyl ligation catalysts and methyl aluminoxane (MAO) aluminum alkyl precursors. At a high catalyst/cocatalyst ratio (>5 000) and a low ethylene pressure (1 bar) the chain transfer to aluminum is the dominant termination step. Discharging oxygen or dry air into the post polymerization reaction mixture leads to aluminum alkoxides (Al‐O‐PE) and after hydrolysis to hydroxyl‐functionalized polyethylene (PE‐OH). The degree of oxy‐functionalization (up to 88 ± 3%) increased with increasing oxygen pressure and temperature and was more efficient with aluminum alkyls with a lower molecular weight.
Supramolecular Chemistry in the Formation of Self‐Assembled Nanostructures from a High‐Molecular‐Weight Rod–Coil Block Copolymer
Authors: Tu Yingfeng , Ji Zhichao , Yang Xiaoming , Wan Xinhua , Zhou Qi‐Feng
Published: September 2014

The self‐assembled nanostructures of a high‐molecular‐weight rod–coil block copolymer, poly(styrene‐block‐(2,5‐bis[4‐methoxyphenyl]oxycarbonyl)styrene) (PS‐b‐PMPCS), inp‐xylene are studied. The cylindrical micelles, long segmental cylindrical micelle associates, spherical micelles, and spherical micelle associates are observed with increased copolymer concentration. The high molecular weight of PS leads to the entanglement between PS chains from different micelles, which is the force for supramolecular interactions. Short cylindrical micelles are connected end‐to‐end via this supramolecular chemistry to form long segmental cylindrical micelle associates, analogue to the condensation polymerization process, with direction and saturation. On the other hand, spherical micelles assemble via supramolecular chemistry to form spherical micelle associates, yet without any direction due to their isotropic properties.

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Traffic flow optimization on roundabouts
Authors: Obsu Legesse L. , Delle Monache Maria Laura , Goatin Paola , Kassa Semu M.
Published: September 2014

The aim of this article is to propose an optimization strategy for traffic flowon roundabouts using amacroscopic approach. The roundabout is modeled as a sequence of 2 × 2 junctions with one main lane and secondary incoming and outgoing roads. We consider two cost functionals: the total travel time and the total waiting time, which give an estimate of the time spent by drivers on the network section. These cost functionals areminimized with respect to the right ofway parameter of the incoming roads. For each cost functional, the analytical expression is given for each junction. We then solve numerically the optimization problem and show some numerical results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the periodicity of solutions of max‐type difference equation
Authors: El‐Dessoky M. M.
Published: September 2014

This paper is devoted to study the periodic nature of the solution of the following max‐type difference equation:

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma3296:mma3296-math-0162
where the initial conditions x−2,x−1,x0 are arbitrary positive real numbers and
is a periodic sequence of period two. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of fast diffusion kurtosis MRI for imaging acute ischemia in a rodent model of stroke
Authors: Sun Phillip Zhe , Wang Yu , Mandeville Emiri , Chan Suk‐Tak , Lo Eng H. , Ji Xunming
Published: September 2014

Diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) captures ischemic tissue that is likely to infarct, and has become one of the most widely used acute stroke imaging techniques. Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) has lately been postulated as a complementary MRI method to stratify the heterogeneously damaged DWI lesion. However, the conventional DKI acquisition time is relatively long, limiting its use in the acute stroke setting. Recently, a fast kurtosis mapping method has been demonstrated in fixed brains and control subjects. The fast DKI approach provides mean diffusion and kurtosis measurements under substantially reduced scan time, making it amenable to acute stroke imaging. Because it is not practical to obtain and compare different means of DKI to test whether the fast DKI method can reliably detect diffusion and kurtosis lesions in acute stroke patients, our study investigated its diagnostic value using an animal model of acute stroke, a critical step before fast DKI acquisition can be routinely applied in the acute stroke setting. We found significant correlation, per voxel, between the diffusion and kurtosis coefficients measured using the fast and conventional DKI protocols. In acute stroke rats, the two DKI methods yielded diffusion and kurtosis lesions that were in good agreement. Importantly, substantial kurtosis–diffusion lesion mismatch was observed using the conventional (26 ± 13%, P < 0.01) and fast DKI methods (23 ± 8%, P < 0.01). In addition, regression analysis showed that the kurtosis–diffusion lesion mismatches obtained using conventional and fast DKI methods were substantially correlated (R2 = 0.57, P = 0.02). Our results confirmed that the recently proposed fast DKI method is capable of capturing heterogeneous diffusion and kurtosis lesions in acute ischemic stroke, and thus is suitable for translational applications in the acute stroke clinical setting. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular imaging coupled to pattern recognition distinguishes response to temozolomide in preclinical glioblastoma
Authors: Delgado‐Goñi Teresa , Julià‐Sapé Margarida , Candiota Ana Paula , Pumarola Martí , Arús Carles
Published: September 2014

Non‐invasive monitoring of response to treatment of glioblastoma (GB) is nowadays carried out using MRI. MRS and MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) constitute promising tools for this undertaking.

A temozolomide (TMZ) protocol was optimized for GL261 GB. Sixty‐three mice were studied by MRI/MRS/MRSI. The spectroscopic information was used for the classification of control brain and untreated and responding GB, and validated against post‐mortem immunostainings in selected animals.

A classification system was developed, based on the MRSI‐sampled metabolome of normal brain parenchyma, untreated and responding GB, with a 93% accuracy. Classification of an independent test set yielded a balanced error rate of 6% or less. Classifications correlated well both with tumor volume changes detected by MRI after two TMZ cycles and with the histopathological data: a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the proliferation and mitotic rates and a 4.6‐fold increase in the apoptotic rate.

A surrogate response biomarker based on the linear combination of 12 spectral features has been found in the MRS/MRSI pattern of treated tumors, allowing the non‐invasive classification of growing and responding GL261 GB. The methodology described can be applied to preclinical treatment efficacy studies to test new antitumoral drugs, and begets translational potential for early response detection in clinical studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MERIT VERSUS KINSHIP: A CATEGORY MISTAKE? THE CASE OF THE PHILIPPINE CIVIL SERVICE
Authors: Hodder Rupert
Published: September 2014

Acceptance of merit's pivotal role in establishing and maintaining effective bureaucracies has become second nature. In this paper I explore the association between merit and kinship in the Philippine civil service, although the conclusions that emerge are not peculiar either to the case of the Philippines or to the ‘developing’ world in general. I argue that merit is no less social than kinship; that its meaning for actors is broader, and the value of kinship and other ‘traditional’ social categories of behavior greater, than commentators and reformers often allow for. Indeed, when merit is narrowly defined (as it so often must be for practical reasons) and its complex dimensions ignored, it is socially divisive, produces deep inequalities, and leaves organizations less flexible and less capable of innovation. I suggest that, however paradoxical it might seem, more effective, humanitarian, flexible, and creative organizations thrive in what is often portrayed as an unsatisfactory transitional state between third‐world informality and Weberian‐style formality. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus
Authors: Griffiths Paul , Baraniak Ilona , Reeves Matt
Published: September 2014

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a recognized cause of disease in the fetus, the allograft recipient and AIDS patients. More recently, it has been recognized as a pathogen for those admitted to intensive care units, for the elderly and for the general population. The epidemiology and molecular and cellular pathology of this virus are summarized to provide an overarching model of pathogenesis, able to account for these varying clinical presentations. In brief, HCMV has the potential to spread in the bloodstream to all organs, but only produces overt disease if the viral load increases to high levels. This is normally prevented by a robust immune response, so that the infected individual usually remains asymptomatic. However, this benefit comes at the cost of committing more and more immunological resources to controlling HCMV with time, so that the overall function of the immune system is impaired. Fortunately, recent progress in developing novel antiviral drugs and vaccines suggests the possibility that the diverse effects of HCMV may soon become controllable at the individual and population level, respectively. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses and structures of a stable gallole free of Lewis base coordination and its dianion
Authors: Agou Tomohiro , Wasano Tatsuya , Sasamori Takahiro , Tokitoh Norihiro
Published: September 2014

A stable Lewis base‐free gallole bearing a bulky Mes* group (=2,4,6‐(t‐Bu)3C6H2) was synthesized by the treatment of Mes*GaCl2 with a 3,6‐dilithio‐3,5‐octadiene derivative. Reduction of the gallole with lithium metal afforded the corresponding gallole dianion species as a lithium salt. Structures of the gallole and the lithium salt of the gallole dianion have been elucidated by using X‐ray crystallographic analysis, NMR spectroscopies, and density functional theory calculations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inactivation of Biofilms Using a Low Power Atmospheric Pressure Argon Plasma Jet; the Role of Entrained Nitrogen
Authors: Taghizadeh Leila , Brackman Gilles , Nikiforov Anton , van der Mullen Joost , Leys Christophe , Coenye Tom
Published: September 2014

The inactivation of microbial biofilms using a low temperature atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet is investigated. The treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms was the most effective; 78% population reduction was reached within 3 min. Higher reduction rates were found for smaller plasma‐sample distances and for longer exposure time. Employing a pretreatment of the samples with ascorbic acid suggests that oxygen radicals might play a role in the inactivation process. A novel method for the quantitative analysis of spectra is introduced. It points towards an important role of entrained nitrogen and shows that excited nitrogen species are created in large abundances. These species can be important carriers of excitation energy to the biofilms or may function as important intermediate reactive species.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Functionalization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for MR Imaging Applications
Authors: Li Jingchao , Shi Xiangyang , Shen Mingwu
Published: September 2014

This article reports the recent advances in hydrothermally synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) used for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging applications. The hydrothermally synthesized Fe3O4 NPs have a controllable size, narrow size distribution, and tunable magnetic properties. For biomedical imaging applications, the surface‐functionalized Fe3O4 NPs with good water dispersibility, colloid stability, and relatively high r
2 relaxivity can be synthesized using modified hydrothermal routes, and can be further surface functionalized with targeting ligands, enabling effective tumor MR imaging with high specificity via receptor‐mediated active targeting pathway. What is more, the hydrothermal route can also be used to synthesize Fe3O4@Au composite nanoparticles (CNPs) for dual‐mode MR and computed tomo­graphy (CT) imaging applications. Some of the key developments in this area of research will be introduced in detail.
Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Blast Wave Propagation in Air
Authors: Dharma Rao Vedula , Srinivas Kumar Adapaka , Venkateswara Rao Kadiyam , Krishna Prasad Veerapaneni S. R.
Published: September 2014

High pressure and temperature are produced when high explosives are detonated in open air. The heat of detonation of the explosive compound, peak pressure, and temperature of the blast wave are important blast parameters. A blast wave generated due to explosion propagates into the air medium at supersonic speed until the pressure in the blast zone is released completely. The intensity of the impact by the blast wave on any intervening solid object depends on the blast parameters and the speed of propagation of the blast wave. A theoretical analysis is carried out to predict the pressure produced in the expanding blast zone as function of distance and time by analytically solving the governing equations. The initial peak pressure and temperature of blast wave, which are required in the theoretical analysis, were calculated making use of the blast wave theory. For comparison, experiments were conducted by detonating different weights of high explosives, and pressures were recorded at various distances from the blast point. The high explosives used in the experiments were TNT (0.045, 0.5, 1, 15, and 40 kg) and Composition B (0.045, 0.5, 1, and 15 kg). The theoretical results are validated by comparison with the experimental data and empirical equations available in literature.
Preparation of an Energetic‐Energetic Cocrystal using Resonant Acoustic Mixing
Authors: Anderson Stephen R. , am Ende David J. , Salan Jerry S. , Samuels Philip
Published: September 2014

Resonant acoustic mixing (RAM) was applied to the preparation of an energetic‐energetic cocrystal comprised of CL‐20 and HMX in a 2 : 1 mol ratio. We have prepared the cocrystal using the RAM technology in a resource‐efficient manner providing near quantitative yield. The cocrystalline product from the RAM preparation is consistent with the product from solution crystallization.
Laser Initiation of Tris(carbohydrazide)metal(II) Perchlorates and Bis(carbohydrazide)diperchlorato‐copper(II)
Authors: Joas Manuel , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: September 2014

The literature‐known tris(carbohydrazide)metal(II) perchlorates [M(CHZ)3](ClO4)2 (MMg2+ (1), Mn2+ (2), Co2+ (3), Ni2+ (4), and Zn2+ (5)) and the bis(carbohydrazide)diperchloratocopper(II) (6) were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and Vis/NIR spectroscopy. The sensitivities toward mechanical, thermal, and electrical stimuli were determined for all complexes 1–6. Following, confined samples of 1–6 were irradiated with a monopulsed laser beam at a wavelength of 940 nm. The function times between beginning irradiation and complete decomposition (“breakout” at the end of the device) were measured. Further, the influence of light‐absorbing additives was investigated to proof if the laser initiation mechanism might be photothermal or photochemical. Addition of 1 % active carbon to the samples decreased the function time and the correlated initiation threshold enormously. This was an indication that the initiation mechanism seems to be thermal.
Protein‐spanning water networks and implications for prediction of protein–protein interactions mediated through hydrophobic effects
Authors: Cui Di , Ou Shuching , Patel Sandeep
Published: September 2014

Hydrophobic effects, often conflated with hydrophobic forces, are implicated as major determinants in biological association and self‐assembly processes. Protein–protein interactions involved in signaling pathways in living systems are a prime example where hydrophobic effects have profound implications. In the context of protein–protein interactions, a priori knowledge of relevant binding interfaces (i.e., clusters of residues involved directly with binding interactions) is difficult. In the case of hydrophobically mediated interactions, use of hydropathy‐based methods relying on single residue hydrophobicity properties are routinely and widely used to predict propensities for such residues to be present in hydrophobic interfaces. However, recent studies suggest that consideration of hydrophobicity for single residues on a protein surface require accounting of the local environment dictated by neighboring residues and local water. In this study, we use a method derived from percolation theory to evaluate spanning water networks in the first hydration shells of a series of small proteins. We use residue‐based water density and single‐linkage clustering methods to predict hydrophobic regions of proteins; these regions are putatively involved in binding interactions. We find that this simple method is able to predict with sufficient accuracy and coverage the binding interface residues of a series of proteins. The approach is competitive with automated servers. The results of this study highlight the importance of accounting of local environment in determining the hydrophobic nature of individual residues on protein surfaces. Proteins 2014; 82:3312–3326. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced repellency of binary mixtures of Calophyllum inophyllum nut oil fatty acids or their esters and three terpenoids to Stomoxys calcitrans
Authors: Hieu Tran Trung , Choi Won Sil , Kim Soon‐Il , Wang Mo , Ahn Young‐Joon
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND

An assessment was made of the repellency to female stable flies of tamanu nut oil fatty acids or their esters alone (each 0.5 mg cm−2) or in combination with cuminyl alcohol, cuminaldehyde and α‐phellandrene (each 0.25 mg cm−2), using an exposed human hand bioassay. Results were compared with those of synthetic repellent DEET (0.25 mg cm−2).

RESULTS

Based upon protection time (PT) (time to first bite of stable fly), oleic acid, linoleic acid, methyl oleate or methyl linoleate synergised the repellency of each monoterpenoid and DEET. For example, the binary mixture of oleic acid and cuminyl alcohol (PT 2.05 h) resulted in significantly greater repellency than either oleic acid (0.55 h), cuminyl alcohol (0.70 h) or DEET alone (1.50 h). The binary mixtures of oleic acid and cuminyl alcohol or DEET (PT 2.10 h) did not differ significantly in repellency. The structure–activity relationship indicates that the degree of saturation, the side chain length and the functional group of fatty acids appear to play a role in determining the fatty acid repellency to stable flies.

CONCLUSION

Mixtures formulated from fatty acid and monoterpenoid could be useful as potential repellents for protecting humans and possibly domestic animals from bites caused by stable fly. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Tolerance of Phellodendron amurense Bark Extract (Nexrutine®) in Patients with Human Prostate Cancer
Authors: Swanson Gregory P. , Jones William E. , Ha Chul S. , Jenkins Carol A. , Kumar Addanki Pratap , Basler Joseph
Published: September 2014

Phellodendron amurense bark extract (Nexrutine®) has shown a favorable effect on prostate cancer in vivo and in vitro. We evaluated its tolerance in patients undergoing surgery or radiation for prostate cancer. Patients received Nexrutine® orally (500 mg tid) either 1 to 2 months preoperatively or 1 to 2 months prior to and with radiation therapy. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events were used to measure tolerance. In total, 21 patients (9 surgery and 12 radiation) underwent treatment. During the Nexrutine® alone component, there were two transient grade 3 toxicities (hypokalemia and urinary incontinence). There was no grade 4 toxicity. For the combined Nexrutine® and radiation component, no additional patients suffered a grade 3 toxicity. All the toxicities were transient. By the end of the neoadjuvant treatment, 81% of the patients had a decline in prostate‐specific antigen. This is the first report of patients with prostate cancer being treated with P. amurense bark extract, and it was very well tolerated. Toxicities were minimal and self‐limited. This compound can be safely used in further evaluation of a treatment effect on cancer. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In‐line interference mitigation techniques for spectral coexistence of GEO and NGEO satellites
Authors: Sharma Shree Krishna , Chatzinotas Symeon , Ottersten Björn
Published: September 2014

The interest towards the deployment of Low Earth Orbit (LEO)/Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite systems in several frequency bands is increasing due to the requirement of low latency for real‐time systems and high demand of broadband data. When the number of usable Non‐Geostationary (NGEO) satellites, that is, LEO/MEO in space, increases, the frequency coexistence between the NGEO satellite systems with the already existing geostationary (GEO) satellite networks becomes a requisite. In this context, it is crucial to explore interference mitigation techniques between GEO and NGEO systems in order to allow their spectral coexistence. More specifically, in the coexistence scenario of GEO and NGEO satellite networks, in‐line interference may be a serious problem, especially in the equatorial region. In this paper, we provide several frequency sharing studies in the context of the coexistence of an NGEO satellite link with another NGEO/GEO satellite link. Furthermore, we carry out interference analysis between GEO and MEO satellite systems considering the case of the O3b satellite system and propose an adaptive power control technique for both the uplink and downlink scenarios in order to mitigate the in‐line interference. Moreover, we suggest several cognitive solutions for mitigating the in‐line interference and provide future research issues. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lithium Intercalation Compound Dramatically Influences the Electrochemical Properties of Exfoliated MoS2
Authors: Ambrosi Adriano , Sofer Zdeněk , Pumera Martin
Published: September 2014

MoS2 and other transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have recently gained a renewed interest due to the interesting electronic, catalytic, and mechanical properties which they possess when down‐sized to single or few layer sheets. Exfoliation of the bulk multilayer structure can be achieved by a preliminary chemical Li intercalation followed by the exfoliation due to the reaction of Li with water. Organolithium compounds are generally adopted for the Li intercalation with n‐butyllithium (n‐Bu‐Li) being the most common. Here, the use of three different organolithium compounds are investigated and compared, i.e., methyllithium (Me‐Li), n‐butyllithium (n‐Bu‐Li) and tert‐butyllithium (t‐Bu‐Li), used for the exfoliation of bulk MoS2. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) are adopted for a comprehensive characterization of all materials under investigation. In addition, catalytic properties towards the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and capacitive properties are also tested. Different organolithium compounds exhibit different extent of Li intercalation resulting in different degrees of exfoliation. The inherent electrochemical behavior of MoS2 consisting of significant anodic and cathodic peaks as well as its capacitive behavior and catalytic properties towards hydrogen evolution reaction are strongly connected to the exfoliation compound used. This research significantly contributes to the development of large‐scale synthesis of electrocatalytic MoS2‐based materials.
Two‐Dimensional Material Membranes: An Emerging Platform for Controllable Mass Transport Applications
Authors: Zhao Yuda , Xie Yizhu , Liu Zhike , Wang Xinsheng , Chai Yang , Yan Feng
Published: September 2014

Two‐dimensional materials provide an ideal platform for studying the fundamental properties of atomic‐level thickness systems, and are appropriate for lots of engineering applications in various fields. Although 2D materials are the thinnest membranes, they have been revealed to have high impermeability even to the smallest molecule. By the virtue of this high impermeability of the 2D materials in combination with their other unique properties, 2D materials open up a variety of applications that are impossible for conventional membranes. In this review, the latest applications based on high impermeability and selective permeation of these 2D material membranes are overviewed for different fields, including environmental control, chemical engineering, electronic devices, and biosensors. The working mechanism for each kind of application is described in detail. A summary and outlook is then provided on the challenges and new directions in this emerging research field.
Isotope Substitution Extends the Lifetime of Organic Molecules in Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Chamberlain Thomas W. , Biskupek Johannes , Skowron Stephen T. , Bayliss Peter A. , Bichoutskaia Elena , Kaiser Ute , Khlobystov Andrei N.
Published: September 2014

Structural characterisation of individual molecules by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is fundamentally limited by the element and electron energy‐specific interactions of the material with the high energy electron beam. Here, the key mechanisms controlling the interactions between the e‐beam and C–H bonds, present in all organic molecules, are examined, and the low atomic weight of hydrogen—resulting in its facile atomic displacement by the e‐beam—is identified as the principal cause of the instability of individual organic molecules. It is demonstrated theoretically and proven experimentally that exchanging all hydrogen atoms within molecules with the deuterium isotope, and therefore doubling the atomic weight of the lightest atoms in the structure, leads to a more than two‐fold increase in the stability of organic molecules in the e‐beam. Substitution of H for D significantly reduces the amount of kinetic energy transferred from the e‐beam to the atom (main factor contributing to stability) and also increases the barrier for bond dissociation, primarily due to the changes in the zero‐point energy of the C–D vibration (minor factor). The extended lifetime of coronene‐d12, used as a model molecule, enables more precise analysis of the inter‐molecular spacing and more accurate measurement of the molecular orientations.
American BRCA Outcomes and Utilization of Testing (ABOUT) Study: A Pragmatic Research Model that Incorporates Personalized Medicine/Patient‐Centered Outcomes in a Real World Setting
Authors: Armstrong Joanne , Toscano Michele , Kotchko Nancy , Friedman Sue , Schwartz Marc D. , Virgo Katherine S. , Lynch Kristian , Andrews James E. , Aguado Loi Claudia X. , Bauer Joseph E. , Casares Carolina , Teten Rachel Threet , Kondoff Matthew R. , Molina Ashley D. , Abdollahian Mehrnaz , Brand Lana , Walker Gregory S. , Sutphen Rebecca
Published: September 2014

Research to date regarding identification and management of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) in the U.S. has been confined primarily to academic center‐based studies with limited patient engagement. To begin to understand and address the current gaps and disparities in delivery of services for the appropriate identification and optimal risk management of individuals with HBOC, we designed and have initiated the American BRCA Outcomes and Utilization of Testing (ABOUT) Study. ABOUT relies on a collaborative patient advocacy, academic and industry partnership to recruit and engage U.S. individuals who are at increased risk for HBOC and investigate their experiences, decisions and outcomes. It utilizes an extensive research infrastructure, including an interactive web‐based data system and electronic interfaces for secure online participation and automated data exchange. We describe the novel recruitment approach that was designed for collaboration with a national commercial health plan partner to identify all individuals for whom a healthcare provider orders a BRCA test and mail to each individual an invitation to participate and study packet. The study packet contains detailed information about the study, a baseline questionnaire and informed consent for participation in the study, for release of relevant medical and health plan records and for ongoing research engagement. This approach employs patient‐reported, laboratory‐reported and health plan‐reported outcomes and facilitates longitudinal engagement. We believe that the type of innovative methodology and collaborative framework we have developed for ABOUT is an ideal foundation for a patient‐powered research network. This approach can make substantial contributions to identifying current and best practices in HBOC, leading to improved strategies for clinical care and optimal health outcomes among individuals with high inherited risk for cancer.
Salt‐Free Aqueous Extraction of a Cell‐Bound Biosurfactant: a Kinetic Study
Authors: Vecino Xanel , Bustos Guadalupe , Devesa-Rey Rosa , Cruz José Manuel , Moldes Ana Belén
Published: September 2014

A cell‐bound biosurfactant produced by Lactobacillus pentosus was obtained under eco‐friendly conditions and used directly as an emulsifying agent in order to stabilize fluorene/water emulsions. The biosurfactant was extracted from L. pentosus cells with an aqueous phosphate buffer solution in the absence of NaCl. This is important because most the cell‐bound biosurfactants are extracted in the presence of NaCl, which is considered highly phytotoxic. A pseudo‐second order kinetic model best described the batch extraction of the biosurfactant from cells. As expected, the initial extraction rate of the biosurfactant increased with the temperature. Calculation of the activation energy with the Arrhenius equation yielded a positive value, indicating that the process is endothermic. The aqueous solution containing the biosurfactant was able to stabilize fluorene/water emulsions, with relative emulsion values of 62.2 % after 7 days of emulsion formation.
The melatonin analog 5‐MCA‐NAT increases endogenous dopamine levels by binding NRH:quinone reductase enzyme in the developing chick retina
Authors: Sampaio Lucia de Fatima Sobral , Mesquita Felipe Pantoja , de Sousa Paulo Robson Monteiro , Silva Jerônimo Lameira , Alves Claudio Nahum
Published: September 2014

NRH:quinone reductase (QR2) is present in the retinas of embryonic and post‐hatched (PH) chicks. 5‐Methoxycarbonylamino‐N‐acetyltryptamine (5‐MCA‐NAT) is a QR2 ligand that increases cAMP levels in developing retinas, but it does not affect cAMP levels in CHO‐QR2 cells. The dopamine quinone reductase activity of QR2 retrieves dopamine, which increases cAMP levels in developing retinas. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether 5‐MCA‐NAT increases endogenous dopamine levels in retinas from chick embryos and post‐hatched chicks. Endogenous dopamine was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 5‐MCA‐NAT increased retinal endogenous dopamine levels at all developmental stages studied and in PH chicks (−log EC50 = 11.62 ± 0.34 M). This effect was inhibited by non‐selective antagonists of receptors and melatonin binding sites N‐acetyl‐2‐benzyltryptamine (luzindole, 5 μM), but it was not inhibited by the Mel1b melatonin receptor antagonist 4‐phenyl‐2‐propionamidotetralin (4‐P‐PDOT, 10 nM). The QR2 cosubstrate, N‐methyl‐dihydronicotinamide (NMH) (−log EC50 = 6.74 ± 0.26 M), increased endogenous dopamine levels in controls and in retinas stimulated with 5‐MCA‐NAT (3 nM). The QR2 inhibitor benzo[e]pyrene inhibited endogenous dopamine levels in both control (−log IC50 = 7.4 ± 0.28 M) and NMH‐stimulated (at 100 nM and 1 μM benzo[e]pyrene concentrations) retinas. Theoretical studies using Molegro Virtual Docking software corroborated these experimental results. We conclude that 5‐MCA‐NAT increases the level of endogenous dopamine via QR2. We suggest that this enzyme triggers double reduction of the dopamine quinone, recovering dopamine in retinal development.
Tract‐specific white matter degeneration in aging: The Rotterdam Study
Authors: de Groot Marius , Ikram M. Arfan , Akoudad Saloua , Krestin Gabriel P. , Hofman Albert , van der Lugt Aad , Niessen Wiro J. , Vernooij Meike W.
Published: September 2014

Background

Loss of brain white matter microstructure is presumed to be an early sign of neurodegenerative disease. Yet, little is known on microstructural changes of various white matter tracts with normal aging.

Methods

In 4532 nondemented elderly persons, we studied age‐related changes in tract‐specific diffusion characteristics for 25 tracts using probabilistic tractography. We studied how diffusion differs across tracts with aging, whether this depends on macrostructural white matter changes, and whether cardiovascular risk factors affect microstructure.

Results

With increasing age, loss of microstructural organization occurred in association, commissural and limbic tracts. White matter lesions and atrophy each partially explained this loss. We observed worse microstructure with severe hypertension, current smoking and diabetes mellitus, independent from age and macrostructural white matter changes.

Conclusions

Microstructure of white matter tracts changes with age, and may mark neurodegeneration more sensitively than white matter lesion load and atrophy. Cardiovascular factors relate to loss in microstructural organization.
Plasma amyloid‐β and risk of Alzheimer's disease in the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Chouraki Vincent , Beiser Alexa , Younkin Linda , Preis Sarah Rosner , Weinstein Galit , Hansson Oskar , Skoog Ingmar , Lambert Jean‐Charles , Au Rhoda , Launer Lenore , Wolf Philip A. , Younkin Steven , Seshadri Sudha
Published: September 2014

Background

Plasma amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptide levels have been examined as a low‐cost accessible marker for risk of incident Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia, but results have varied between studies. We reassessed these associations in one of the largest, prospective, community‐based studies to date.

Methods

A total of 2189 dementia‐free, Framingham Study participants aged >60 years (mean age, 72 ± 8 years; 56% women) had plasma Aβ1‐42 and Aβ1‐40 measured and were followed prospectively (mean, 7.6 ± 3.0 years) for dementia/AD.

Results

Increased plasma Aβ1‐42 levels were associated with lower risk of dementia (Aβ1‐42: hazard ratio [HR] = 0.80 [0.71‒0.90], P < .001; Aβ1‐42‐to‐Aβ1‐40 ratio: HR = 0.86 [0.76‒0.98], P = .027) and AD (Aβ1‐42: HR = 0.79 [0.69‒0.90], P < .001; Aβ1‐42‐to‐Aβ1‐40 ratio: HR = 0.83 [0.72‒0.96], P = .012).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that lower plasma Aβ levels are associated with risk of incident AD and dementia. They encourage further evaluation of plasma Aβ levels as a biomarker for risk of developing clinical AD and dementia.
Sonographic Evaluation of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris in Asymptomatic Tennis Players
Authors: Sole Joshua S. , Wisniewski Steve J. , Newcomer Karen L. , Maida Eugene , Smith Jay
Published: September 2014

Objective

To determine the prevalence of structural abnormalities and instability affecting the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendons of asymptomatic recreational tennis players by the use of high‐resolution ultrasonography.

Design

Cross‐sectional observational study.

Setting

Academic sports medicine center.

Participants

Twenty‐six asymptomatic, recreational male and female tennis players.

Methods

A single, experienced operator completed bilateral static and dynamic ultrasound examinations of the ECU tendons of 26 asymptomatic, long‐term, recreational tennis players ages 26‐61 years (11 male, 15 female, average 24.4 ± 14.2 years of tennis participation). Tendons were evaluated for tendinosis and tearing, tendon sheath effusion and tenosynovitis, and instability via a standardized scanning protocol and predetermined diagnostic criteria.

Main Outcome Measurements

The prevalence of static structural ECU tendon abnormalities (eg, tendinosis, tenosynovitis, tears) and dynamic ECU instability (eg, subluxation, dislocation).

Results

Thirty‐nine of 52 wrists (75%) demonstrated static ECU tendon abnormalities, the most common finding being a partial‐thickness tear located just distal to the ulnar groove. Overall, 92% (24/26) of players exhibited tendinosis or tearing in at least one wrist. Dynamic ECU instability was detected in 42% of wrists (22/52) and 91% (20/22) of the time manifested as subluxation. Only 2 ECU tendon dislocations were observed, both occurring in the same individual. Overall, 73% (19/26) of players exhibited ECU instability in at least one wrist. There was no relationship between static and dynamic ECU tendon abnormalities within the methodological limits of the investigation. Complete ECU tearing, tendon sheath effusion, tenosynovitis, and static dislocation were not seen in any wrist.

Conclusion

Sonographic evidence of ECU tendinosis, partial‐thickness tearing, full‐thickness tearing, and subluxation can be seen in long‐term, asymptomatic, recreational tennis players, whereas tendon sheath effusions, tenosynovitis, and tendon dislocation are uncommon. Further research is warranted to determine the clinical significance of asymptomatic ECU tendon abnormalities among long‐term tennis players at multiple skill levels.
DISTRIBUTION OF DATE PALMS IN THE MIDDLE EAST BASED ON FUTURE CLIMATE SCENARIOS
Authors: SHABANI FARZIN , KUMAR LALIT , TAYLOR SUBHASHNI
Published: September 2014

One consequence of climate change is change in the phenology and distribution of plants, including the date palm (Phoenix dactyliferaL.). Date palm, as a crop specifically adapted to arid conditions in desert oases and to very high temperatures, may be dramatically affected by climate changes. Some areas that are climatically suitable for date palm growth at the present time will become climatically unsuitable in the future, while other areas that are unsuitable under current climate will become suitable in the future. This study used CLIMEX to estimate potential date palm distribution under current and future climate scenarios using one emission scenario (A2) with two different global climate models (GCMs), CSIRO-Mk3.0 (CS) and MIROC-H (MR). The results of this study indicated that Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Iran are most affected countries as a result of climate change. In Saudi Arabia, 129 million ha (68%) of currently suitable area is projected to become unsuitable by 2100. However, this is based on climate modelling alone. The actual decrease in area may be much smaller when abiotic and other factors are taken into account. On the other hand, 13 million ha (33%) of currently unsuitable area is projected to become suitable by 2100 in Iran. Additionally, by 2050, Israel, Jordan and western Syria will become climatically more suitable. Cold and heat stresses will play a significant role in date palm distribution in the future. These results can inform strategic planning by government and agricultural organizations to identify areas for cultivation of this profitable crop in the future, and to address those areas that will need greater attention because they are becoming marginal regions for date palm cultivation.
DROUGHT TOLERANCE OF BRAZILIAN SOYBEAN CULTIVARS SIMULATED BY A SIMPLE AGROMETEOROLOGICAL YIELD MODEL
Authors: BATTISTI R. , SENTELHAS P. C.
Published: September 2014

The objective of this study was to calibrate and evaluate a simple crop yield model for 101 Brazilian soybean cultivars, and through the calibrated water deficit sensitivity index (Ky) to classify groups of cultivars in relation to drought tolerance. The cultivars’ actual yield was obtained from field experiments conducted by Pro-Seeds Foundation in 17 locations in southern Brazil from 2008 to 2011. Daily weather data were obtained from the government weather networks and rainfall was recorded at each experimental location. The crop yield model FAO–Agroecological zone was used to estimate potential yield (Yp), while the water deficit yield depletion model was used to estimate actual yield (Ya) and to determine Ky. Calibrated Ky values were used in a cluster analysis to determine groups of soybean cultivars with the same degree of drought tolerance. The crop yield model performed very well with lower values of mean absolute error (284 kg ha−1) and mean error (7 kg ha−1). The Ky values of 0.97, 0.90, 0.88 and 0.78 were obtained for the most sensitive soybean phenological phase to water deficit (flowering/yield formation), and were used to identify the groups of low, medium-low, medium-high and high drought tolerance respectively. In spite of Ky differences in cultivar groups, harvest index (CH) also varied, ranging from 0.31 to 0.35 for the group of high to low drought tolerance. The crop yield model proved to be an efficient tool for identifying drought tolerance of Brazilian soybean cultivars and for choosing the best cultivar for a given environment.
The Secret Success of Nonproliferation Sanctions
Authors: Miller Nicholas L.
Published: September 2014

Building on the rationalist literature on sanctions, this article argues that economic and political sanctions are a successful tool of nonproliferation policy, but that selection effects have rendered this success largely hidden. Since the late 1970s—when the United States made the threat of sanctions credible through congressional legislation and began regularly employing sanctions against proliferating states—sanctions have been ineffective in halting ongoing nuclear weapons programs, but they have succeeded in deterring states from starting nuclear weapons programs in the first place and have thus contributed to a decline in the rate of nuclear pursuit. The logic of the argument is simple: rational leaders assess the risk of sanctions before initiating a nuclear weapons program, which produces a selection effect whereby states highly vulnerable to sanctions are deterred from starting nuclear weapons programs in the first place, so long as the threat is credible. Vulnerability is a function of a state's level of economic and security dependence on the United States—states with greater dependence have more to lose from US sanctions and are more likely to be sensitive to US-sponsored norms. The end result of this selection effect is that since the late 1970s, only insulated, inward-looking regimes have pursued nuclear weapons and become the target of imposed sanctions, thus rendering the observed success rate of nonproliferation sanctions low. I find support for the argument based on statistical analysis of a global sample of countries from 1950 to 2000, an original data set of US nonproliferation sanctions episodes, and qualitative analysis of the South Korean and Taiwanese nuclear weapons programs.
Should we use fingerbreadth measurements in submandibular gland surgery? A critical appraisal of the technique
Authors: Smyth C , Jackson C , Smith C , Adair R
Published: September 2014

Objectives:

Having observed variation in the breadth of surgeons' fingers whilst they are placing the incision for submandibular gland surgery, we aimed to examine this technique of incision siting, quantify the differences in fingerbreadths and consider any consequences of variability.

Methods:

Surgeons trained in salivary gland surgery were questioned on their method of incision placement for submandibular gland surgery. The breadth of index and middle fingers were subsequently measured using Vernier calipers.

Results:

The majority of surgeons use a measure of two fingerbreadths below the mandible in planning their approach to the submandibular gland. There is a significant difference in the size of surgeons' fingers, particularly between men and women (mean, 4.2 cm vs 3.6 cm).

Conclusion:

Fingerbreadth measurements are somewhat arbitrary, with significant inter-surgeon variability. However, based on the results of cadaveric studies, the findings indicate that the technique is safe for marking the incision in submandibular surgery.
Intraductal pressure during sialendoscopy
Authors: Luers J C , Ortmann M , Beutner D , Hüttenbrink K B
Published: September 2014

Background:

Sialendoscopy can be followed by swelling and infection of the salivary gland. A possible pathomechanism is damage of the deeper salivary duct system by intraductal pressure generated by the irrigation fluid.

Method:

After measuring the physiological intraductal pressures which arise during sialendoscopy, these pressures were simulated in freshly excised salivary glands and the tissue was analysed histologically.

Results:

Normal intraductal filling pressure during sialendoscopy is 100–250 daPa, and pressure peaks can be up to 2000 daPa during flushing. A filling pressure of more than 400 daPa results in dilatation of the salivary ducts and acinar area. No direct damage to any duct structures could be observed histologically.

Conclusion:

Irrigation fluid should be administered intermittently rather than continuously during sialendoscopy. The intraductal filling pressure should not exceed 400 daPa to minimise the trauma to the salivary duct system and reduce the risk of developing oedema and inflammation.