bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cage Aquaculture of Indian Pompano for Livelihood Diversification of Artisanal Fishers: Insights from Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Ghosh Shubhadeep , Jeeva J Charles , Raju S S , Megarajan Sekar , Ranjan Ritesh , Xavier Biji , Edward Loveson , Gopalakrishnan A
Published: September 2022

Artisanal fishers, fishing in nearshore coastal waters off Visakhapatnam using motorized crafts and in estuaries of Krishna using non-motorized crafts were selected for the study. Their annual net operating income varied between US$ 520.53 and US$ 2990.93, respectively. Inspired by the potential of cage farming from the frontline demonstrations in marine and estuarine waters, and after acquiring appropriate skills, 15 individuals from the Traditional Fishermen’s Co-operative Society, Visakhapatnam and 76 individuals from Yanadri Girijana Matsya Sakhara Sangam, Krishna embarked on cage aquaculture of Indian pompano in 15 and 70 cages. Marine cages were circular (6 m diameter) and estuarine cages were square (5 m X 5 m), and were stocked with hatchery-produced Indian pompano (Trachinotus mookalee) fingerlings of 22.6 g weight @ 2500 and 1500 numbers respectively, and were fed with floating pellets at 8 − 3% of biomass. Average body weight, survival and production from marine and estuarine cages were 843 g and 666 g, 96.28% and 91.47%, and 2029.0 kg and 913.85 kg respectively. Deducting all capital and operational expenses, annual net operating income per unit ranged from US$ 1383 to US$ 2917; which represented an improvement from that of capture-fishing. Cluster-cage farming, as adopted, did not adversely impact the water and sediment quality. Present study, provides virgin knowledge on bio-growth and economic parameters for commercial cage farming of Indian pompano, and when vigilantly replicated for marine and estuarine tropical waters offers immense promise as diversified or additional livelihood option for artisanal fishers in ensuring their economic sustainability.
Efficiently Removal Chromium (VI) Using Anion Exchanger on the base Polyvinylchloride: Isotherm, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies
Authors: Bekchanov Davron , Mukhamediev Mukhtarjan , Babojonova Gulbakhor , Lieberzeit Peter , Su Xintai
Published: September 2022

Chromium pollution of water is one of the severest environmental challenges threatening human health. Anion exchange material on the based polyvinylchloride have been demonstrated effective in dichromate ions removal. To study the structure morphology of the PPE-2 anion exchanger different characterization techniques such as XRD, FTIR, and SEM were applied. Moreover, the synthesized anion exchanger PPE-2 was used as effective removal for hexavalent chromium ions in aqueous media. The pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order used to evaluate the kinetic models and the mechanism of the adsorption. Results showed that the adsorption kinetics best fit the pseudo-second order model. The Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo-second order kinetic model were more consistent with the removal of ions from aqueous solutions. In the case of hexavalent chromium ions, the maximum adsorption capacity was 148,4 mg/g. Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) free energy of adsorption (ED) energy values were >16 kJ/mol which indicates chemical interaction between ion exchange material and Cr (VI) ions. Thermodynamic data revealed spontaneous endothermic processes and was a chemisorption reaction. In addition, results show that the anion exchanger (PPE-2) has high efficiency for removing hexavalent chromium ions from wastewater containing.
Networked Restless Multi-Armed Bandits for Mobile Interventions
Authors: Ou Han-Ching , Siebenbrunner Christoph , Killian Jackson , Brooks Meredith B , Kempe David , Vorobeychik Yevgeniy , Tambe Milind
Published: September 2022

Motivated by a broad class of mobile intervention problems, we propose and study restless multi-armed bandits (RMABs) with network effects. In our model, arms are partially recharging and connected through a graph, so that pulling one arm also improves the state of neighboring arms, significantly extending the previously studied setting of fully recharging bandits with no network effects. In mobile interventions, network effects may arise due to regular population movements (such as commuting between home and work). We show that network effects in RMABs induce strong reward coupling that is not accounted for by existing solution methods. We propose a new solution approach for networked RMABs, exploiting concavity properties which arise under natural assumptions on the structure of intervention effects. We provide sufficient conditions for optimality of our approach in idealized settings and demonstrate that it empirically outperforms state-of-the art baselines in three mobile intervention domains using real-world graphs.
Recent Advances in Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Fruits
Authors: Smock R. M.
Published: September 2022

The classic work of Kidd and West in England in the 1920’s and 1930’s led to the introduction of controlled atmosphere (CA) storage of fruits. CA storage involves the use of lower than normal oxygen and higher than normal carbon dioxide levels in gastight, refrigerated rooms. England led the way, but in 1965 the CA storage capacity for apples in the U.S. was over 14 million bushels (although actual bushels in CA storage is slightly less due to a short crop in some areas). In Israel, a small country producing only about 2 million boxes of apples, the CA storage capacity is one-half million boxes.
Progress in the Development of Short-Internode (Bush) Cantaloupes
Authors: Mohr H. C. , Knavel D. E.
Published: September 2022

The development of short-internode cantaloupes has been of interest for a number of years because of the obvious advantages of potentially larger plant populations and, more recently, mechanical harvest. In those areas where furrow irrigation is practiced, the savings in labor requirement to keep vines trained up on the beds is also a factor.
Variation Among Tomato Lines with Respect to Ammonium Tolerance1
Authors: Maynard D. N. , Barker A. V. , Lachman W. H.
Published: September 2022

Variation within a particular species has resulted in the development of large numbers of cultivars in important horticultural and agronomic crops. A great number of characters are important in the determination of the merit of any cultivar. Variation among characters relating to plant nutrition have not been as well studied as some other characters. Nevertheless, sizeable reviews on this topic have been prepared by Millikan (4) and Vose (5). Stem lesions (Fig. 1) resulting from excess ammonium have recently been described (2, 3). Differences in varietal susceptibility were indicated. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain if further varietal differences among commercial and experimental lines could be demonstrated.
A Method for Studying the External Structural Characteristics of Leaves Including Stomata Number and Size
Authors: Shutak V. G. , Dayawon M. M.
Published: September 2022

A method we have used to study the external characteristics, including stomata, of leaves may be of interest to other horticulturists. We do not know who originated the method but it was first brought to our attention by research workers of United Fruit Company. The method involves making a negative impression of the leaf surface and using the negative to make a positive transparent film which may be studied under a microscope.
Maximum Yields of Processing Vegetables
Authors: Vittum M. T.
Published: September 2022

Intense competition in the fruit and vegetable processing industry rapidly eliminates the inefficient operator. Thus, in a free economy, only the most efficient growers survive. These are the growers who have the abilitv to manage their soils and crops in such a way as to produce huge yields of high quality at low cost per unit of production.
A Method for Estimating Yields of Shelled Lima Beans
Authors: Tucker C. L.
Published: September 2022

A major consideration in determining the number of entries in a yield trial is the amount of time and effort involved with each plot. Commercial methods of harvesting such crops as fresh lima beans and shelled peas are not suitable for experimental plots. The present experiment was designed to evaluate the feasibility of using indices (such as shelled weight/unshelled pod weight) in estimating yield of shelled seeds for large field plots from small samples.
An Effect of Row Orientation on Onion Development
Authors: Janick Jules , Couto Flavio A. A.
Published: September 2022

An apparent difference in premature bolting was noticed between paired rows of onions planted in an east-west direction during the 1963 season in Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Eight varieties of onions had been seeded April 14 (fall), transplanted to the field on June 7 (winter), and harvested in December (summer). The varieties were planted consecutively in the field in a serpentine arrangement. Double rows, 40 cm. apart, were separated by an irrigation furrow, 60 cm. wide, creating a “north” and “south” oriented row. The number of double rows per variety varied from 2 to 18.
Abortion of Flower Buds in Chrysanthemum After Application of a Selected Petroleum Fraction of High Aromatic Content
Authors: Cathey Henry M. , Yoeman A. H. , Smith Floyd F.
Published: September 2022

Alkvlnaphthalenes are used as solvents for chlorinated insecticides and herbicides. Johnson, Veomans, and Smith (2) reported that these solvents could cause the death of the apical meristems of chrysanthemums when applied in concentrated solutions or in mechanically or thermallv generated aerosols. Controlling the number of flowers and fruits on a stem is not only of academic interest but of practical importance. Thev are now controlled on chrysanthemums by removing the excess by hand. Research reported in this paper show that HAN,R a petroleum fraction containing a large percentage of alkvlnaphthalenes. can be used to control the number of flowers borne by chrysanthemum plants.
Pollen Nuclear Division Prevented with Toluidine Blue in Vinca Rosea L.
Authors: Rogers O. M. , Ellis Jean H.
Published: September 2022

A study was made on the effect of toluidine blue on the division of the generative nucleus in pollen tubes of Vinca rosea L. grown in vitro. Division was prevented in a percentage of pollen tubes, dependent on the concentration of the dye and duration of the treatment.
Seed Set of Azaleas in Relation to Temperature1
Authors: Pryor Robert L.
Published: September 2022

Optimum temperature for azalea seed production from a fertile cross was 70°F. Plants grown at 80°F yielded fewer seeds because of a reduction in the number of seeds per fruit Plants grown at 62°F or below yielded fewer seeds because of a decrease in the number of fruits set.
Chemical Induction of Flowering in Triploid Apple Progenies
Authors: Dayton D. F.
Published: September 2022

Tetraploid chimeral apple sports, the Kimball Mcintosh (3), and the Doud Golden Delicious (1), were crossed with apple scab-immune unnamed seedlings to produce presumably triploid progenies. These sports were used as seed parents. Seedlings lacking normal vigor in the greenhouse were discarded but some lacked vigor in the field even though earlier they had appeared moderately vigorous. In the field the vigorous seedlings were normal in all respects except for their slowness to come into bearing. With other similar triploid progenies attempts to hasten fruiting by girdling had little effect. Furthermore, the cut on girdled limbs often allowed the entry of the causal organism of fireblight, with resultant serious infection.
A Rapid Method for Estimating the Leaf Area of the Stuart Pecan, Carya illinoensis, Koch
Authors: Sparks Darrell
Published: September 2022

Studies involving the pecan are needed to determine the relationship of leaf area per unit of fruit to nuts set per cluster, nut size and quality, and alternate bearing. However, these studies are pending a rapid method for estimating leaf area.
Germination of Seeds of Philadelphus lewisi1
Authors: Uhlinger Roger D.
Published: September 2022

Delayed, erratic germination of seeds of woody plant species can complicate the evaluation of seedling populations in genetic or breeding studies. Philadelphus lewisi pursh is a hardy species under the environmental conditions of the High Plains and has potential as a useful woody ornamental. A study of the requirements for germinating seeds of Philadelphus was initiated, since such information was not found in the literature.
Control of Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens on English Walnuts in California1
Authors: Bayer D. E. , Elmore C. L. , Chaney D. H. , Buschmann L. L.
Published: September 2022

Principal hosts of the misletoe Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh.) Nutt. that infests black and English walnut trees in California are common cottonwood and California buckeye, but it also occurs on many other trees. The mistletoe usually becomes established in new growth or roughened areas along the older stems and crotches of branches of the host trees (2).
The Chloroform Test as a Measure of Fermentation in Chinese Tea1
Authors: Bellizio J. E. , Soule J.
Published: September 2022

The chloroform test is a good measure of fermentation, a vital step in the manufacture of black tea. Time of harvest, temperature and duration of exposure to chloroform were variables on two-leaf-and-a-bud samples to assist in selection of Chinese tea clones grown under Florida conditions. Change in color from green to deep golden brown to brown, indicative of good fermentation, took place faster and more uniformly among samples plucked in the morning. Best color development occurred at 27° to 30° C and with 150 to 180 minutes exposure to chloroform vapor.
Influence of N6-Benzyladenine on the Postharvest Rate of Respiration of Strawberries1
Authors: Dayawon M. M. , Shutak V. G.
Published: September 2022

Preharvest spray and postharvest dip treatments of N6-benzyladenine (N6-BA) have been found effective in prolonging storage life of green leafy vegetables (4). It has been suggested that this effect can be explained on the basis of respiration inhibition (1). Dedolph et at (2) observed significant reductions of CO2 evolution and oxygen uptake with N6-BA treated broccoli at 21° and 30°C. Freshly harvested asparagus spears treated with N6-BA and then held in the dark for 136 hours also showed a lower respiration rate as measured by CO2 evolution (1). This compound has also been shown to delay visual manifestations of senescence which occur during storage and was effective in maintaining the green color and appearance of several kinds of vegetables (4). In fruits, Smock et al (3) found that dip treatment or spraying of N6-BA depressed the rate of respiration of apples during the post climacteric phase but accelerated respiration in the preclimacteric phase,
Comparative Observations upon Ovary Retention and Rate of Young Fruit Growth in Tomato1
Authors: Davis R. M. , Smith P. G. , Schweers V. H. , Scheverman R. W.
Published: September 2022

Retention and early growth of ovaries of tomato cultivar Earlipak No. 7 (L. esculentum, Mill.) and a related breeding line were recorded for several weeks at 4 locations. Percent fruit-set, defined as the percentage of flowers of which ovaries were retained and reached a diameter of at least ¼ inch in 2 weeks, was not a reliable index of either ovary retention or early ovary growth. Important information concerning the fruiting of tomato may be lost, when data are collected on the basis of the defined fruit set rather than observed ovary retention and ovary growth specifically.
The Relationship Between Seed Number and Berry Weight in Open-Pollinated Highbush Blueberries
Authors: Eaton G. W.
Published: September 2022

Regressions of berry weights on seed number in individual fruits of the blue berry have been reported only by Aalders and Hall (1) for Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. They obtained two highly significant (P = .01) linear regression coefficients.
Rootstock and Chemical Composition of Roses
Authors: Byrne Tom , Furuta Tok
Published: September 2022

Differential accumulation of chlorides or boron or both, and varying amounts of injury due to understock has been reported for a number of crop plants (1). We report that understock of roses also influences the accumulation of these elements in the foliage.
Gravel Culture Home Unit
Authors: Schwarz Meier
Published: September 2022

Gravel culture has been shown to be the most practical long-term way to supply fresh vegetables to isolated communities or arid areas where soil or water are scarce or only saline water is available (3). The cheapest type of installation for gravel culture is one that operates on the terraced-gravityflow principle (1) (2) but such systems are not practical on a small scale due to the relatively large height differences required between terraces (4). The following proposed home unit has the advantage of gravity flow without the disadvantages of excessive height differences between terraces.
A Comparison of Sod Type and Fertilization during Turf Establishment
Authors: Peacock Charles H. , Dudeck A. E.
Published: September 2022

Organic-(muck) and mineral-(sand) grown sods of ‘Floratam’ St. Augus tinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] were planted on 27 Apr. 1982. Two fertilizer rates (5 g N m-2 and 10 g N m-2) were applied before planting (sodbed surface) or after planting (sod surface). Rooting strength and turf quality were evaluated at 2 and 4 weeks, and growth rate at 4 weeks postplanting. Mineral-grown sod had greater rooting strength at 2 and 4 weeks after planting. Fertilizer placement was a factor only at 4 weeks, with sod surface better than sodbed placement. Strongest rooting occurred at 5 g N m-2. Turf quality and growth rate were greatest for organic-grown sod whereas the 10 g N m-2 fertilizer rate produced the best quality and greatest growth rate.
Physiological and Growth Responses of Seashore Paspalum to Salinity
Authors: Peacock C. H. , Dudeck A. E.
Published: September 2022

Two cultivars of Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz.), ‘Adalayd’ (‘Excaliber’) and ‘FSP-1’, were grown in solution culture at 6 levels of salinity derived from synthetic sea water. Cultivars differed in changes of leaf water potential, leaf water potential components, and in growth responses to increased salinity. ‘Adalayd’ exhibited a linear decrease whereas ‘FSP-1’ exhibited a quadratic decrease in leaf water potential with increasing salinity. Leaf osmotic potentials decreased linearly for both cultivars, but there was a significant interaction. Leaf turgor potential decreased linearly for ‘Adalayd’ but quadratically for ‘FSP-1’. ‘FSP-1’ had greater tolerance to salinity in solution culture than Adalayd.
In Vitro Storage of Potato Tuber Explants and Subsequent Plant Regeneration
Authors: Silva George H.
Published: September 2022

Isolated tuber explants of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ‘Russet Burbank’) were stored in a modified White’s medium at 24°C under a photon flux density of 25 μmol s-1m-2 in a 14-hr photoperiod for 18 months. The explants turned green, but no further visible changes occurred during the period of storage. The stored explants showed no decline in totipotency compared to the fresh explants when transferred to a modified Murashige and Skoog medium. Preliminary indications suggest that this relatively simple storage technique has the potential to be an alternative to cryopreservation of potato germplasm.
The Relationship of Leaf Iron to Chlorosis of Tolmiea menziesii
Authors: Smith Morris W.
Published: September 2022

Tolmiea menziesii plants are recognized as being Fe inefficient plants. Under intense production practices, Fe related chlorosis develops rapidly resulting in a loss of production. Tissue levels of Fe have not been determined for chlorotic or nonchlorotic plants. A study was undertaken to determine leaf Fe concentration of chlorotic and nonchlorotic Tolmiea menziesii plants and to establish a tentative minimum critical foliar Fe level.
‘Rumba’ Weigela
Authors: Svejda Felicitas
Published: September 2022

‘Rumba’ weigela is a very hardy new cultivar with repeated and free flowering, a combination seldom found in weigela cultivars. It is a vigorous, semi-dwarf shrub with dark red flowers.
“Respiration and Weight Changes of Easter Lily Flowers during Development”
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung , Breen Patrick J.
Published: September 2022

In the article “Respiration and Weight Changes of Easter Lily Flowers during Development” by Yin-Tung Wang and Patrick J. Breen [HortScience 19(5):702-703] the captions for the 2 graphs were reversed
Biosynthesis and Action of Ethylene
Authors: Fa Yang Shang
Published: September 2022

Ethylene is a plant hormone which regulates many aspects of growth, development, and senescence (1). Depending upon where and when ethylene occurs, it may be beneficial or harmful to harvested horticultural crops. Efficient postharvest technology therefore requires the ability to control ethylene effects to suit our practical needs. Before ethylene can exert such responses, it has to be biosynthesized by the plants or supplies from external sources. As in the case of other hormones, ethylene is thought to bind to a receptor, forming an activated complex which in turn triggers the primary reaction. The primary reaction then initiates the chain of reactions, including modification of gene expression, and leading to a wide variety of physiological responses (Fig. 1). Thus, there are 4 levels of manipulation we can use to regulate ethylene responses: (a) control the level of ethylene in the tissue by addition or removal of ethylene, (b) regulate the level of ethylene in the tissue by stimulating or inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis, (c) modify the binding characteristics of ethylene to the receptor, or modify the amount of the receptor, and (d) manipulate the ethylene-dependent gene expression.
Ethylene and Abscission
Authors: Reid Michael S.
Published: September 2022

Abscission (Latin: ab-from, scindere- to cut or sunder), is the process by which plants shed lateral organs. The fundamental event in all abscission is the secretion of enzymes which hydrolyze the cellulose “exoskeleton” and the pectin “cement” of the cells in the abscission zone. This hydrolysis often is accompanied by ingenious mechanisms to assist removal of the abscising organ. The early appearance of these processes in the fossil record (6) is evidence of the strong evolutionary advantage to plants of shedding organs, whether it be the removal of leaves to avoid snow load or drought stress, or the shedding of fruit or seeds to ensure their dispersal and continuation of the species.
Effect of Triacontanol on Yield and Fruit Composition of Spring-harvested ‘Tangi’ and ‘Dover’ Strawberries
Authors: bin Hashim Osman , Lundergan C. A.
Published: September 2022

Triacontanol (1-hydroxytriacontane) applied as a foliar spray or soil drench to ‘Tangi’ and ‘Dover’ strawberries (Fragaria xananassa Duch.) did not affect total yields when applied at 0.1 - 5.0 mg/liter. Fresh fruit weight was increased significantly when triacontanol was applied at 2.00 mg/liter. Soluble solids, pH, solids:acid ratio, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, and internal color of fruit were not affected by triacontanol.
Relationship between Juice and Flesh Calcium during Apple Fruit Development
Authors: Gang-Li Li , Dennis F. G. , Dewey D. H. , Krauskopf D. M.
Published: September 2022

The ionic Ca content of expressed apple juice conceivably could be used to estimate the total calcium content of fruit flesh. To evaluate this method, samples of 2 strains of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were analyzed at 2- to 3-week intervals, from 4 weeks after full-bloom until full-maturity. Ionic Ca in the juice (juice Ca) was analyzed with a selective electrode, total Ca in the flesh (flesh Ca) with a plasma emission spectrophotometer. The correlation coefficient between calcium concentration in flesh vs. juice was very low during the early stages of fruit development, but increased to +0.758 (significant at P<0.0l) for samples collected 5, 3, and 0 weeks prior to fruit maturity. The correlation was generally significant at P<0.01 when all sampling dates were used (r = 0.734 for ‘Miller Spur’, +0.928 for ‘Starking’, and +0.831 for both strains). The calcium concentration in juice samples taken within 35 days of physiological fruit maturity paralleled the calcium concentration in the flesh on any given date, but was not a reliable predictor of flesh Ca concentration in fruit harvested 2 to 3 weeks thereafter.
Effect of Chemical Thinners on ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees Previously Sprayed with GA4+7 + BA
Authors: Greene Duane W. , Lord William J.
Published: September 2022

Fruit thinning by a postbloom spray of 1-naphthyl n-methycarbamate (carbaryl) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was not increased by a previous full bloom spray of gibberellin A4+7 (GA4+7) plus 6-benzylamino purine (BA). Chemical thinning generally increased return bloom but not fruit size. GA4+7 + BA consistently increased the fruit L/D ratio, showed no effect on fruit size or seed number, and these responses were not altered by the chemical thinners. Overall responses were similar for trees treated either one or 2 consecutive years with GA4+7 + BA and chemical thinners. Response to treatment was similar among strain of ‘Delicious’ and did not vary with tree age.
Wholesale and Retail Losses in Grapefruit Marketed in Metropolitan New York
Authors: Ceponis M. J. , Cappellini R. A.
Published: September 2022

Losses in white- and red-flesh grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) retailed in metropolitan New York during 1981-83 were 3.6%. There was no difference between the 2 types of fruit. Florida-grown grapefruit had a retail cullage loss of 3.5%. No significant difference in loss occurred between store-prepackaged and loose fruit during retail. Parasitic diseases were responsible for almost half of the culls; rind breakdown and mechanical damage accounted for most of the remainder. Sampling at the wholesale level revealed a potential cullage of 1.4%.
‘Allgold’ and ‘Goldilocks’ Peaches
Authors: Moore J. N. , Rom Roy C. , Brown Stanley A. , Sistrunk William A.
Published: September 2022

In the Cultivar and Germplasm Release article “‘Allgold’ and ‘Goldilocks’ Peaches” by J.N. Moore, Roy C. Rom, Stanley A. Brown, and William A. Sistrunk [HortScience 19(6):891–892, 1984], the captions of Figures 2 and 3 were reversed. The selection test numbers given in the text for these cultivars (‘Allgold’ = A-142; ‘Goldilocks’ = A-15) are correct.
The Effects of Sludge, Bed, and Genotype on Carrot and Cucumber Flavor
Authors: Harrison Helen C. , Staub Jack E. , Simon Philipp W.
Published: September 2022

Sensory analysis was performed on 3 advanced hybrid carrot (Daucus carota L.) selections, and the genetically nonbitter cucumber hybrid ‘County Fair’ (Cucumis sativus L.). The crops were grown in field plots of silt loam amended with 90 MT/ha of industrial or municipal sludge and a control with no sludge application. The 3 bed types used were a ground level bed, a 15-cm raised bed, and a 15-cm raised bed of unamended topsoil over prepared ground bed (overcover bed). Carrots produced in industrial sludge-amended soil and raised bed had the harshest, least desirable flavor. Cucumbers grown in raised and overcover beds produced the most bitter fruit.
Transplanting Leafed-out Bare Root Dogwood Liners
Authors: Askew James C. , Gilliam Charles H. , Ponder Harry G. , Keever Gary J.
Published: September 2022

Two experiments were conducted to determine if one-year-old field-grown Cornus florida L. seedlings could be transplanted successfully after leafing out. Survivability was improved with 100% defoliation at the time of planting. Vapor Gard used as a shoot dip and a whole plant dip had little positive effect. Root dips of a starch-based polymer and a peat and water slurry were not beneficial.
Reducing Decay in Fresh Blueberries with Controlled Atmospheres
Authors: Ceponis M. J. , Cappellini R. A.
Published: September 2022

Freshly harvested blueberry fruit (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were held for 7 or 14 days at 2°C under constant atmospheres of CO2 in air or with 2% O2, under 2% O2 alone or in normal atmosphere. When the berries were removed from the controlled atmospheres and held for 3 days at 21°, the CO2-enriched atmospheres of 10%, 15%, or 20% significantly inhibited decay development for 1-2 days. The higher CO2-enriched atmospheres generally were more effective. The 2% O2 atmosphere alone was ineffective and did not enhance the CO2 treatment.
Carbohydrates in the Apple Tree: Effects Associated with Pruning and Deblossoming
Authors: Reich Lee
Published: September 2022

Levels of carbohydrates in trunk plugs and dry matter distribution on 13-year-old ‘Imperial McIntosh’/Mailing (M) 26 apple trees were measured in response to deblossoming and dormant pruning treatments. Pruning alone decreased the concentration of starch by 58%. Pruning had no significant effect on total shoot or fruit dry weight. Deblossoming increased concentrations of sucrose and fructose and total shoot dry weight, but had no effect on the spur system dry weight. The decrease in starch concentration due to pruning was offset by deblossoming, whereas the increase in fructose level due to deblossoming was offset by pruning. None of the treatments affected combined concentrations of sorbitol and glucose, which were analyzed together.
Salinity Effects on Perennial Ryegrass Germination
Authors: Dudeck A. E. , Peacock C. H.
Published: September 2022

Total germination of 6 cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was unaffected by up to 10,000 ppm of salinity in the germination medium, but rate of germination decreased quadratically with increased salinity. No interactions of cultivar × salinity were found.
Effects of Container Dimension and Volume on Growth of Three Woody Ornamentals
Authors: Keever G. J. , Cobb G. S. , Reed R. B.
Published: September 2022

Dwarf Burford holly (Ilex cornuta Lindl. & Paxt. ‘Burfordii Nana’), dwarf Japanese euonymus (Euonymus japonica Thunb. ‘Microphylla’), and ‘Hershey’s Red’ azalea (Rhododendron x sp.) were grown in containers in all combinations of 3 diameters (10.2, 15.2, and 20.3 cm) and 3 depths (7.6, 15.2, and 30.5 cm). Top growth of Burford holly, a species with coarse, lateral, and deep roots, increased as pot depth and width increased; root growth was increased in deep pots. Euonymus, a species with a densely branched, medium fine root system, increased in top growth as pot depth and width increased, although the response to pot depth was less than to width. Top growth of azalea, a fibrous and shallow-rooted species, increased as pot width increased but was not affected by pot depth. Root density of euonymus and azalea decreased as pot depth and width increased, whereas relative root depth of azalea was reduced in deep pots.
Transpiration in Hydrangea as Affected by Antitranspirants and Chlormequat
Authors: McDaniel G. L.
Published: September 2022

The effects of several antitranspirant films and chlormequat on the reduction of severe wilting of Hydrangea macrophylla Thunb. during flower formation were studied. Chlormequat soil drenches at 150 mg/15 cm pot followed by antitranspirant applications when flower buds were 1st visible significantly increased leaf diffusive resistances and reduced transpiration. The hot water soluble polyvinyl alcohol, Elvanol, limited transpiration water losses up to 5 weeks when used in conjunction with chlormequat soil drenches. Application of antitranspirants before floral expansion avoids damage to florets, whereas chlormequat further reduces plant transpiration when hydrangea are subject to severe wilting.
‘Shawnee’ Blackberry
Authors: Moore J. N. , Sistrunk W. A. , Buckley J. B.
Published: September 2022

‘Shawnee’ is the 4th in a series of erectgrowing, productive, high-quality blackberry cultivars developed in the breeding program of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Previous cultivars released are ‘Cherokee’ and ‘Comanche’ in 1974 (1, 2), and ‘Cheyenne’ in 1977 (3). All are adapted to machine harvesting for processing, and also are suitable for customer harvest operations and home garden use.
International Affairs: A Commitment Fulfilled
Authors: Thompson Anson E.
Published: September 2022

In the June 1982 issue of HortScience (2), Cecil Blackwell, Executive Director of the American Society for Horticultural Science, wrote a Viewpoint article strongly supporting an amendment to the ASHS By-Laws establishing an International Affairs Division. He emphasized that the Society's commitments to international horticulture were long-standing and that the purposes of the Society are to promote and encourage national and international interest in scientific research and education in horticulture throughout all its branches. The International Affairs Division officially was established by a vote of the Members at the 79th Annual Business Meeting of the Society held on 12 Aug. 1982 at Ames, Iowa.
Role of Calcium and Calmodulin in Plant Growth and Development
Authors: Poovaiah B. W.
Published: September 2022

The role of Ca as an intracellular messenger is beginning to be unraveled as a result of recent research on calmodulin, a ubiquitous protein that binds Ca ions and regulates various biochemical processes in plants. Experimental evidence suggests that certain cell functions in plants are regulated, in part, by Ca and calmodulin. Changes in cell wall rigidity, membrane permeability, and enzyme activation are known to influence various aspects of cell physiology and have a significant influence on the growth and development of plants. Deficiency of Ca is known to induce physiological disorders in fruit and vegetables. We hope that this article will stimulate further studies and provide new insights into how these problems may be controlled. The role of Ca ions in signal transduction and cell function is beginning to be understood at the molecular level, and we have embarked on a new phase of the old subject of mineral nutrition, especially as it applies to Ca and plant growth and development.
Change of Endogenous Growth Regulators during Storage of Dormant Corms of Spring-flowering Gladiolus
Authors: Hosoki Takashi
Published: September 2022

Corms of spring-flowering gladiolus (Gladiolus ×Tubergenii Hort.) stored at 30 °C sprouted earlier than those stored at 5°. Ethylene production peaked earlier, inhibitor levels decreased, and auxin-like substances increased more rapidly with corms stored at 30°. Cytokinins did not appear in corms stored at either 5° or 30° for 6 weeks, but appeared in corms at sprouting.
Keeping Quality of Ficus benjamina as Affected by Production Light Levels and Postproduction Light Quality and Level
Authors: Collins P. C. , Blessington T. M.
Published: September 2022

F. benjamina L. were produced in a greenhouse shaded to provide a maximum natural light level of 400 or 800 μmol s-1m-2 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) for 5 months. Plants were held indoors for 12 weeks under incandescent (INC) or cool-white fluorescent (CWF) lamps at 10 μmol s-1m-2 or 20 μmol s-1m-2 for 12 hr/day. Leaf drop was substantially reduced and plant quality was increased when plants were produced under 800 μmol s-1m-2 or when plants were held indoors under 20 μmol s-1m-2 of light. Leaf loss in response to production light levels, postproduction light levels, and light source was different when measured over time. Dry weight was increased when plants were produced under 800 μmol s-1m-2. Chlorophyll content was increased in plants grown under 400 μmol s-1m-2 or held under CWF lamps.
Relationship between Fruit Size and Extractable Anthocyanin Content in Cranberry
Authors: Vorsa Nicholi , Welker William V.
Published: September 2022

The relationship between fruit size and extractable anthocyanins was investigated in 6 cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) cultivars: Franklin, Ben Lear, Early Black, Crowley, Stevens, and Pilgrim. Extractable anthocyanins decreased linearly as fruit size, measured by fruit weight, of the sample increased. The relationship was especially apparent for dark-colored cultivars and the dark-colored berries within a cultivar. Results suggest that fruit size can contribute to the disparity between fruit color and extractable anthocyanins, and selection for larger-berried genotypes to increase yields may, concommitantly, reduce anthocyanin yield.
Identifying Superior Genotypes of Blueberry in Wild Populations
Authors: Pritts Marvin P. , Hancock James F. , Roueche Janet M.
Published: September 2022

Several genotypes of Vactinium angustifolium were taken at random from 17 environmentally diverse sites in Michigan and transplanted to a common greenhouse environment. During the 2nd season of growth, genotypes from southern sites exhibited significantly greater numbers of inflorescence buds than northern sites. Genotypes from sites with low light levels exhibited greater numbers of inflorescence buds and flowers per bud than those from sites with high light levels. Genotypes from dry sites produced larger fruit than genotypes from wet sites. These data suggest that environments exist in which natural selection has favored horticulturally desirable traits.
Influence of NO3 and NH4 on Kjeldahl N, NO3-N, and Snapbean Pod Yield
Authors: Cosgrove D. C. , Benton Jones J. , Mills H. A.
Published: September 2022

A shift in the form of Ν in the nutrient solution to all NH4 after initial bloom significantly reduced pod yield as much as 50%, depending on the prebloom NO3/NH4 ratio. Pod yield was unaffected by prebloom NO3/NH4 ratio if at least half of the Ν in the nutrient solution was NO3, or if NO3 supplied all of the Ν during postbloom development. Therefore, for maximum pod yield, NO3 should be the primary Ν form supplied to snapbean plants after bloom. Kjeldahl Ν values were consistently high in the vegetative tissue with NH4 as the predominant Ν form, indicating that the use of Kjeldahl Ν values as an indicator of the Ν status of the plant in relationship to pod yield would be a misuse of this diagnostic tool without knowing the predominant Ν form being absorbed by the plant. The NO3 content in upper mature leaves at pod maturity was significantly correlated (r = 0.88***) to NO3 level applied, with a value of 7000 ppm in the leaves associated with highest pod yield. Total Ν (Kjeldahl Ν + NO3) of at least 5.50% in upper mature leaves at pod maturity was associated with highest pod yield.
Use of Cucumis sativus var· hardwickii Germplasm in Backcrosses with Cucumis sativus var. sativus
Authors: Staub J. E. , Kupper R. S.
Published: September 2022

Hybrid and BC1 progenies from crosses among 3 inbred lines of Cucumis sativus var. sativus and 3 C. sativus var. hardwickii collections were evaluated for days to first flower, sex expression, leaf area of the 4th leaf, fruit length, diameter, length/diameter ratio, and number of fruit per plant. No consistent reciprocal differences were observed, suggesting lack of cytoplasmic and/or maternal control over these traits. F1 data reflected the dominance of var. sativus parental genes for days to first flower, leaf area of the 4th leaf, and the dominance of hardwickii genes for fruit number. Rate of progression towards the sativus recurrent parent for days to first flower, leaf area of the 4th leaf, fruit length, diameter, and number was rapid, approaching sativus characteristics in BC1. Atypical sex expression segregations in the BC1 may be associated with sex modifying genes which may govern daylength response.
Quality and Field Performance of Densely Packed Tomato Transplants during Shipment and Storage
Authors: Risse Lawrence A. , Kretchman Dale W. , Jaworski Casimir A.
Published: September 2022

Tomato transplants were packed 4 ways: 1) conventionally, 2) densely, 3) with soil adhering to the roots, and 4) moist plants with moist soil adhering to the roots. During transit from Georgia to Ohio, the temperature in those crates that were packed densely was 4° to 5°C higher than any of the other treatments. Furthermore, plant survival and subsequent yields in the field were reduced by packing too densely. When tomato transplants were stored at 10°, 16°, 21°, and 27° for 4 days, the percentage of dry matter in plant stems increased, and the survival of transplants decreased with increased storage temperature.
Evaluation of Allelism and Seed Set of Eight Stamenless Tomato Mutants
Authors: Nash Allan F. , Gardner Randolph G. , Henderson Warren R.
Published: September 2022

Eight stamenless tomato mutants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were intercrossed in a half-diallel design to determine allelic relationships. Two allelic series were represented among the mutants. One series included sl, sl2, sl5, cs, and fl. The 2nd series included bn, sl?, and pms. No allelic interactions occurred between members of the 2 series. Fruit and seed set resulting from cross-pollinations varied greatly among the mutants. The stamenless types, with the exception of sl2, do not appear to be promising for use in producing hybrid tomato seed because of poor fruit and seed set.
Male Fertile and Male Sterile Cabbage, Broccoli, and Cauliflower Clubroot Resistant Breeding Lines
Authors: Chiang M. S. , Crête R.
Published: September 2022

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor., is a major disease of crucifers. The pathogen, which is highly mutable, can survive in the soil for many years, and often occurs in mixed races or populations (9). Of the several races that Williams (10) has identified, the most common and virulent one observed world-wide is race 2 (E.C.D. 16/02/31) (3) to which there are limited sources of resistance within the Brassica oleracea L. group. However, a number of cultivars and lines of rutabaga (B. napus L.) are resistant to P. brassicae race 2 (1). Therefore, in 1974, an interspecific hybridization program was initiated with the purpose of transferring the gene(s) responsible for resistance to P. brassicae race 2, from rutabaga (B. napus L.) to cabbage (B. oleracea L. ssp. capitata L.). Recently, we found that dominant genes from rutabaga responsible for resistance to both P. brassicae races 2 and 6 (E.C.D. 16/02/30) were transferred successfully to cabbage (5 and unpublished data). Both resistances were transferred later form resistant BC3 cabbages (Fig. 1) to broccoli (B. oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) and to cauliflower (B. oleracea L. var. bo-trytis L.). The single dominant gene inheritance to race 2 (5) should simplify the production of race 2-resistant F1 hybrids.
Peach, Nectarine, and Other Stone Fruit Breeding by the USDA in the Last Two Decades
Authors: Okie W. R. , Ramming D. W. , Scorza R.
Published: September 2022

Stone fruit breeding programs by the USDA have been a major source of improved peach and nectarine cultivars. A nearly complete turnover has occurred in locations, personnel, and cultivars in the 23 years since Havis reviewed these programs (15). It is appropriate to review the changes and note the progress that has been made in the last 2 decades.
Home Gardens in Less Developed Countries
Authors: Bittenbender H. C.
Published: September 2022

Home gardens are an ancient and widespread agricultural system. Today in the United States and other developed countries (DCs), the home garden remains as a popular hobby. Horticulture departments in the United States work with home gardeners as one of their land grant university responsibilities. What is the status of home gardens in the less developed countries (LDCs) of Africa, Asia, and Latin America? Are home gardens simply hobbies there as well? Can home gardens contribute to the nutritional and household needs of poor families in LDCs? What is the record of past home garden projects in these countries? Is there a state-of-the-art strategy to improve home gardens? Is there a role for the horticultural scientist? These questions are addressed in this review of home gardens in LDCs, their crops and role in meeting nutritional and other needs of poor families. The design and results of past home garden projects and 2 strategies for improving home gardens are evaluated. Recent initiatives by international agencies, e.g., UNICEF and USAID, and the challenge these present to horticultural scientists also are discussed.
Phosphorus and Sulfur Leaching from an Incubated Superphosphateamended Soilless Container Medium
Authors: Yeager Thomas H. , Barrett James E.
Published: September 2022

A 2 pine bark : 1 moss peat: 1 sand (by volume) medium (11% volumetric, 20% gravimetric moisture) amended with 4.2 kg m −3 of dolomitic limestone and 3 kg m−3 of 32P-, 35S-superphosphate (8.7% P, 11.7% S) was incubated (25°C) for either 0, 15, or 30 days. Columns (4 × 15 cm) of the medium for each incubation time received 48 ml of deionized water (pH 5.5) in 3 hr on day 1 and 16 ml in 1 hr on days 2-21. Forty-six and 21% of 32P and 35S, respectively, leached on day 1 when the medium was not incubated. Thirty-one percent and 28% of the 32P and 14% and 13% of the 35S leached on day 1 if the medium had been incubated 15 or 30 days, respectively. Eighty-two percent of the 32P and 66% of the 35S amendment leached from the unincubated medium during the 3 week experimental period. A similar leaching experiment, but with superphosphate in absorbent cotton instead of the soilless medium, indicates superphosphate dissolves readily.
Influence of Calcium Hypochlorite and Genotype on Plant Production by Bedded Sweet Potato Roots
Authors: Hall Melvin R.
Published: September 2022

Roots of 4 sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] genotypes were immersed for 2 min in calcium hypochlorite with 150, 450, 750, or 1500 ppm available chlorine prior to bedding. Control roots were immersed in Botran 75W (2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline) as a standard fungicide treatment. Calcium hypochlorite did not influence total plant production of any of the genotypes but increased the number of plant primordia remaining on roots of ‘Georgia Red’ and ‘Red Jewel’ at the end of the study. Root deterioration varied with genotype but was not influenced by calcium hypochlorite. Calcium hypochlorite reduced the time interval from bedding to first plant harvest for ‘Georgia Jet’, ‘Red Jewel’, and GA 107.
Influence of Mycorrhizae and Drought Stress on Growth of Poncirus × Citrus Seedlings
Authors: Johnson C. R. , Hummel R. L.
Published: September 2022

Roots of Carrizo citrange seedlings were inoculated with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus intraradices or provided an inoculum filtrate (non-VAM plants). Plants were exposed to drought stress after transplanting into large containers filled with a phosphorus amended medium (30 mg g-1). Drought stress caused reduction of phosphorus in leaf tissues and dry matter accumulation in VAM plants. However, phosphorus levels, dry weights, and transpiration of VAM seedlings were greater than non-VAM plants. Mychorrhizal infection appears to improve establishment of citrus into transplant situations by improving phosphorus uptake and reducing plant stress.
Glucose, Fructose, and Sucrose Concentrations in Midribs of Crisphead Lettuce
Authors: Fouse David C. , Lipton Werner J.
Published: September 2022

The concentration of photosynthate in midribs of crisphead lettuce at various times of the day may be involved in the susceptibility of this crop to various postharvest disorders (3). Measuring the soluble solids content (SSC) of the juice expressed from midribs is simple when a hand-refractometer is used, and would be an ideal method for field use. However, lettuce is low in sugar content (5); thus, SSC may be no more of a valid measure of sugar content in lettuce than in cucumbers, which also have a low sugar content (4). Consequently, we adapted (1, 7) procedures for the determination of glucose, fructose, and sucrose, the principal sugars in head lettuce (type not specified, 5) to midribs of crisphead lettuce utilizing HPLC.