bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust Secure Tracking Control for Uncertain 2‐D Discrete Systems in a Networked Environment
Authors: Badie Khalid , Chalh Zakaria , Alfidi Mohammed
Published: October 2024

This article investigates the robust secure output tracking control for a class of uncertain two‐dimensional (2‐D) networked control systems. The 2‐D systems are described by the well‐known Fornasini–Marchesini (FM) local state‐space model, the parameter uncertainties are assumed to reside in a polytopic region, and the deception attacks are supposed to occur randomly in the transmission process. In the problem formulation, Bernoulli random variables are used to characterize the phenomena of deception attacks. As main results, a novel performance analysis condition for the augmented closed‐loop system is proposed by using a novel parameter‐dependent Lyapunov function and some zero equalities. Furthermore, both parameter‐dependent and parameter‐independent controllers have been designed, respectively, such that the output of the 2‐D systems tracks the output of a given reference model well in the sense. The design conditions are presented in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). In the end, a numerical simulation on a practical thermal process is applied to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Conductive Graphene–Polyethylene Terephthalate Composite Yarns with Synergistic Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Additives by Melt‐Spinning
Authors: Jin Yuzhu , Kang Yue , Hu Shuyan , Lu Yaping , Zhao Zengcai , Wu Dihua , Su Weitao , Li Yuan , Fan Qiaolan , Zhou Yangxin
Published: October 2024

Conductive graphene yarns are pivotal for embedding electronic and intelligent capabilities into fabrics. The study presents successful fabrication of conductive graphene–polyethylene terephthalate (PET) composite yarns with synergistic multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) additives through the melt‐spinning process, a widely used industrial method for polymer yarn manufacturing. The integration of MWCNTs significantly improves yarns’ electrical conductivity, achieving nearly a 100‐fold increase compared to MWCNT–PET composite yarns. The electrical performance of these yarns is primarily determined by interfacial contacts between conducting nanomaterials, which can be conceptualized as quantum tunneling barriers with multiple molecular energy levels at their extremities. Employing the Simmons model, the current–voltage characteristics is analyzed through a segmented fitting approach to extract critical barrier parameters. The equivalent barrier height and width remain constant across variations in applied voltage, nanomaterial concentration, and temperature. However, the effective total contact area increases significantly with higher nanomaterial contents, thereby substantially boosting the yarns’ electrical conductivity. The larger graphene size (≈200 nm) in comparison with the MWCNT diameter (≈5 nm) results in a substantially greater interfacial area at graphene–MWCNT contacts compared to MWCNT–MWCNT contacts. This disparity in contact area is the primary factor contributing to synergistic enhancement of electrical conductivity in graphene–PET composite yarns.
Preparation and Properties of High‐Temperature‐Resistant and Low‐Dielectric Constant Silicon‐Containing Arylacetylene Resin/SiO2 Syntactic Foams
Authors: Shen Xuetao , Jin Chaoen , Wang Fan , Zhu Yaping , Deng Shifeng , Qi Huimin
Published: October 2024

A silicon‐containing arylacetylene resin (PSA)/SiO2 syntactic foam was prepared through a chemical foaming approach, with PSA serving as the matrix, quartz sand (QS) and nanosilica (nSiO2) acting as fillers, and their structures and properties were characterized. The results show that the incorporation of appropriate amounts of QS and nSiO2 can reduce the cell size and apparent density of the syntactic foam, and improve its heat resistance, dielectric properties and wave transmission properties. The addition of QS can increase the compressive strength of the syntactic foam, while the addition of nSiO2 decreases the compressive strength. The apparent densities of the PSA/9QS and PSA/9nSiO2 syntactic foams with 9% filler addition are 0.242 g cm−3 and 0.157 g cm−3, respectively, and the temperatures at 5% weight loss (Td5) under a nitrogen atmosphere were 692 °C and 658 °C, respectively. The dielectric constants were 1.59 and 1.25, respectively. The wave transmittance within the frequency range of 8.2–12.4 GHz was 98.5% and 96.8%, respectively. PSA/SiO2 syntactic foam can be used as a lightweight and high‐temperature‐resistant wave‐transmission material in aerospace and other fields.
Constructing Morphotropic Phase Boundary in Epitaxial BiFeO3 on SrTiO3 by Suppression of Strain Relaxation
Authors: Cheng Yue‐Yu‐Shan , Hu Yuxian , Murashita Taichi , Song Yu , Wang Hongliang , Okamoto Kazuki , Liu Lisha , Liu Yi‐Xuan , Zhang Xin , Huang Houbing , Li Jing‐Feng , Funakubo Hiroshi
Published: October 2024

The strain‐driven morphotropic boundary in BiFeO3 can enhance the piezoelectric properties. However, the tetragonal phase has generally been observed in BiFeO3 films grown on substrates with intense compressive strain (more than −4.5%) within a limited thickness range (<300 nm) due to significant thickness‐dependent strain relaxation during film growth at high deposition temperatures. This work proposes suppressing thickness‐dependent strain relaxation by decreasing growth temperature. Utilizing a hydrothermal method, the growth temperature of epitaxial BiFeO3 films decreases to 200 °C. As a result, the tetragonal phase is observed in 600‐nm‐thick BiFeO3 film on (001) SrTiO3 substrates (strain equals only −1.5%), accompanied by the monoclinic phase. This SrTiO3‐available morphotropic phase boundary significantly enhances the piezoelectric response in epitaxial BiFeO3 film. Ex situ and in situ measurements, theoretical calculations, and simulation confirm that the SrTiO3‐available morphotropic phase boundary originates from the suppressed strain relaxation. Furthermore, a critical temperature (400 °C), below which the tetragonal phase can be maintained, is identified to offer an applicable strategy for extending strain‐driven morphotropic phase boundary for high‐performance piezoelectric films.
All‐Optical Imaging Using Perovskite Nanocrystals Based on Spectro‐Spatial Correlation
Authors: Wang Xuhong , Gao Yuan , Meng Heyan , Zhao Xian , Sun Baoqing
Published: October 2024

The exponential growth of data from sensors and internet‐connected devices has challenged traditional electronic computing, particularly in processing speed and power efficiency. Optical information processing, with its inherent high speed and parallelism, offers a promising solution. Moreover, optical processing is vital for developing all‐optical networks, where all‐optical imaging is essential. In this paper, a novel all‐optical imaging technique that leverages in situ anion exchange reactions between perovskite nanocrystals to create an array of pixels with tunable emission wavelengths is proposed. This method enables the conversion of UV light, whether transmitted or reflected by an object, into the visible spectrum, thereby establishing a direct correlation between spectral and spatial information. By employing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), the approach reduces the dimensionality of information acquisition from two dimensions to one, enhancing imaging speed. This innovation paves the way for significant advancements in all‐optical imaging and image processing, offering new possibilities for faster and more efficient imaging technologies.
Platelet Extracellular Vesicles Loaded Gelatine Hydrogels for Wound Care
Authors: Back Florence , Barras Alexandre , Nyam‐Erdene Ariunjargal , Yang Jen‐Chang , Melinte Sorin , Rumipamba José , Burnouf Thierry , Boukherroub Rabah , Szunerits Sabine , Chuang Er‐Yuan
Published: October 2024

Platelet extracellular vesicles (pEVs) isolated from clinical‐grade human platelet concentrates are attracting attention as a promising agent for wound healing therapies. Although pEVs have shown potential for skin regeneration, their incorporation into wound bandages has remained limitedly explored. Herein, gelatine‐based hydrogel (PAH‐G) foams for pEVs loading and release are formulated by crosslinking gelatine with poly(allylamine) hydrochloride (PAH) in the presence of glutaraldehyde and sodium bicarbonate. The optimized PAH‐G hydrogel foam, PAH0.24G37, displayed an elastic modulus G’ = 8.5 kPa at 37 °C and retained a rubbery state at elevated temperatures. The excellent swelling properties of PAH0.24G37 allowed to easily absorb pEVs at high concentration (1 × 1011 particles mL−1). The therapeutic effect of pEVs was evaluated in vivo on a chronic wound rat model. These studies demonstrated full wound closure after 14 days upon treatment with PAH0.24G37@pEVs. The maintenance of a reduced‐inflammatory environment from the onset of treatment promoted a quicker transition to skin remodeling. Promotion of follicle activation and angiogenesis as well as M1–M2 macrophage modulation are evidenced. Altogether, the multifunctional properties of PAH0.24G37@pEVs addressed the complex challenges associated with chronic diabetic wounds, representing a significant advance toward personalized treatment regimens for these conditions.
A High‐Voltage n‐type Organic Cathode Materials Enabled by Tetraalkylammonium Complexing Agents for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Park Jaehyun , Houser Abigail M. , Zhang Shiyu
Published: October 2024

Tetrabutylammonium (TBA) salt of hexacyano‐substituted cyclopropane dianion (Cp(CN)62−) is prepared through a facile two‐step synthetic protocol from commercially available materials and fully characterized as a high‐voltage n‐type organic cathode in rechargeable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs). The addition of tetrabutylammonium triflate (TBAOTf) to the electrolyte mitigates dissolution issues, leading to enhanced cycling stability. Remarkably, the Cp(CN)62− cathode demonstrates a high discharge voltage of 1.43 V in AZIBs and retains 85% of its capacity after 1000 cycles at a high loading of 10 mg cm−2 and a cycling rate of 10C. These results, combined with spectroscopic analyses, elucidate a reversible two‐electron redox process of Cp(CN)62− facilitated by the insertion/de‐insertion of TBA cation. These findings underscore the potential of Cp(CN)62− as a conversion‐based n‐type cathode in energy storage applications.
Iodide Management and Oriented Crystallization Modulation for High‐Performance All‐Air Processed Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yang Haichao , Xu Zhiyuan , Wang Huaxin , Qaid Saif M. H. , Mohammed Omar F. , Zang Zhigang
Published: October 2024

Halide‐related defects at the buried interface not only cause nonradiative recombination, but also seriously impair the long‐term stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a bottom‐up, all‐in‐one modification strategy is proposed by introducing a multisite antioxidant ergothioneine (EGT) at the buried interface to manage iodide ions and manipulate crystallization dynamics. The findings demonstrate that EGT not only passivates uncoordinated Sn4+/Pb2+ defects, but also firmly anchors iodide ions and inhibits their oxidation to I2. Additionally, the modification by EGT enhances the oriented crystallization of perovskite, improves the carrier dynamics, and releases residual stresses. Consequently, the optimized all‐air processed device (Rb0.02(FA0.95Cs0.05)0.98PbI2.91Br0.03Cl0.06) achieves a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.13%, which is among the highest values reported for devices fabricated in air, along with ultrahigh open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.191 V and fill factor (FF) of 84.9%. The optimized device without encapsulation exhibits strong humidity, thermal, and operational stability under ISOS protocol. Specifically, the initial efficiency of the device is retained at 90.12% after 1512 h of thermal ageing at 65 °C and 90.14% after 930 h of continuous maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under simulated AM1.5 illumination.
Scalable Fabrication of High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cell Modules by Mediated Vapor Deposition
Authors: Wang Yulong , Chen Jiahui , Zhang Yuxi , Lv Pin , Pan Junye , Hu Min , Tan Wen Liang , Ku Zhiliang , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Simonov Alexandr N. , Lu Jianfeng
Published: October 2024

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can enable renewable electricity generation at low levelized costs, subject to the invention of an economically feasible technology for their large‐scale fabrication, like vapor deposition. This approach is effective for the fabrication of small area (<1 cm2) PSCs, but its scale‐up to produce high‐efficiency larger area modules has been limited by a severe imbalance between the vapor‐solid reaction kinetics and the mass‐transport of the volatile ammonium salt precursor. In this study, an amidine‐based low‐dimensional perovskite is introduced as an intermediate of the solid‐vapor reaction to help resolve this limitation. This improves reaction pathway produces unique vertically monolithic grains with no detectable horizontal boundaries, which is used to produce 1.0 cm2 PSCs with an efficiency of 22.1%, as well as 12.5 and 48 cm2 modules delivering 21.1% and 20.1% efficiency, respectively. The modules retain ≈85% of their initial performance after 900 h of continuous operation (ISOS‐L‐1 protocol) and ≈100% after 2800 h of storage in an ambient environment (ISOS‐D‐1 protocol).
Non‐Fouling Multi‐Azide Polyoxazoline Brush‐co‐Polymers for Sensing Applications
Authors: Komsthöft Tobias , Bartalucci Niccolò , Tibbitt Mark W. , Tosatti Samuele , Zürcher Stefan
Published: October 2024

One of the key parameters of an artificial biosensor is a high signal‐to‐noise ratio. This is achieved by limiting non‐specific interactions while simultaneously maximizing the targeted specific interaction. Here, it is combined non‐fouling characteristics of poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PMOXA) coatings with an abundance of azide groups to create a multi‐azide containing poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline‐co‐2‐(3‐azidopropyl)‐2‐oxazoline) (PMCA) that can participate in bioorthogonal strain‐promoted azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) for functionalization. This functional polymer is made surface‐active using the PAcrAm™ technology to obtain well‐defined spontaneously adsorbed monolayers on gold surfaces. The resistance to non‐specific interactions is tested against full human serum (HS), analyzed via variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE), and compared to equivalent coatings based on PMOXA and azido‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG‐N3). The specific interactions are investigated via VASE and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM‐D) by immobilization of dibenzocyclooctyne‐PEG4‐biotin conjugate (DBCO‐biotin) and streptavidin. The new PMCA‐based coating shows superior resistance to non‐specific protein adhesion than equivalent coatings based on commercially available PEG‐N3 and significantly increases capacity for SPAAC. A proof of principle assay (biotin‐streptavidin/biotin‐BSA/anti‐BSA) shows improved binding for the new PMCA polymer compared with single azide PEG.
Highly Enhanced Light Recycling in Quantum Dot Displays by Sidewall Reflectors
Authors: Jang Jaedong , Cho Hyunsu , Choi Sukyung , Jeon Hyewon , Kang Chan‐mo , Kim Yongjae , Kang Hohyung , Hahm Donghyo , Kim Jin Sun , Jeong Jong Ho , Kim Jeong Ah , Choi Wonseok , Cho Soo‐Yeon , Jung Woo‐Bin , Jeon Duk Young , Bae Wan Ki , Youn Hyoc‐Min , Cho Nam Sung , Jung Hee‐Tae
Published: October 2024

Quantum dot (QD) color conversion‐based displays have emerged as one of the most promising next‐generation devices due to their superior emission properties in terms of color expression. To date, however, existing QD color conversion layer (QD‐CCL) technologies have suffered from low luminance and power efficiency, mainly due to significant light absorption by the bank structure. Here, the color conversion efficiency of QD‐CCL has been significantly enhanced by fabricating a highly reflective metal layer on the side surface of the bank structure. Using a high‐aspect‐ratio silver reflector fabricated through a secondary sputtering lithographic technique involving argon ion bombardment, the fabricated QD‐CCL is combined with a blue organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) serving as a light source. As a result, light recycling from the reflector significantly enhances color conversion efficiency and luminance by up to 4.60‐fold and 4.29‐fold, respectively. Optical simulation reveals that higher pixel resolution provides greater reflection probabilities during extraction. This photomask‐free approach is not only simple but also highly compatible with existing semiconductor fabrication processes, making it a viable commercial alternative for all color‐converting structures that utilize light‐emitting materials with omnidirectional emission characteristics.
Heterostructure of Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Frameworks for White Light Emission and Information Encryption
Authors: Zhao He , Hu Siwen , Liang Meng , Xue Pengchong
Published: October 2024

Two dumbbell‐shaped building blocks (TMB and TMBT), featuring methyl benzoate groups as hydrogen bond units, are selected to construct heterostructures of HOFs, aiming to achieve multiple functions including white luminescence, stimulus‐response behavior, as well as application in information encryption. TMB molecules are self‐assembled to form a flexible HOF (X‐HOF‐8) in p‐xylene, containing solvent channels and blue fluorescence. Upon removal of guests, it can transform into a nonporous crystal with gray fluorescence. In contrast, TMBT forms a guest‐free HOF (X‐HOF‐9) displaying orange fluorescence. They could form bulk heterojunction (BHJ) HOFs with energy transfer from TMB to TMBT, exhibiting composition‐dependent fluorescent color. Notably, white emission can be achieved in BHJ HOFs and can be converted to gray fluorescence upon guest removal; subsequently, white fluorescence is restored upon re‐capturing guests. Furthermore, rod‐like triblock heterojunction (THJ) HOFs can also be constructed, which exhibit regulatory behavior in response to gaining or losing guests. The unique luminescent characteristics and stimulus responsiveness of these HOFs make them an excellent platform for applications in anticounterfeit. This represents the pioneering achievement of white light emission in a BHJ HOF, as well as the groundbreaking realization of a THJ HOF with remarkable exciting response characteristics.
Straightforward Synthesis Methodology for Obtaining Excellent ORR Electrocatalysts From Biomass Residues Through a One Pot‐High Temperature Treatment Approach
Authors: Alemany‐Molina G. , Pabón‐Román K. M. , Chinchilla L. E. , Calvino J. J. , Morallón E. , Cazorla‐Amorós D.
Published: October 2024

Materials prepared from biomass residues are potential candidates to substitute the Pt‐based commercial electrocatalysts in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Although some investigations have reported activity and durability comparable to Pt/C using biomass‐derived catalysts based on Fe─N─C sites, it remains a challenge to decrease the environmental impact of the production of these materials. A straightforward procedure is developed to obtain excellentORR electrocatalysts from biomass residues which requires a single high‐temperature treatment. The final washing step is avoided by optimizing the initial amount of Fe precursor (FeC2O4). Besides the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles, a highly dispersed Fe phase is detected by High Angle Annular Dark Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Spectroscopy (HAADF‐STEM‐XEDS) analysis as well as graphitic carbon structures. The best performance for almond shell‐based electrocatalysts is achieved for the sample containing 4.6 wt. % of Fe. The procedure developed is also applied to oceanic posidonia and eucalyptus residues, also showing excellent ORR behavior. The best sample is studied in a primary Zn‐air battery (ZAB) obtaining a maximum power density of 59 mW cm−2 and 755 mAh gZn−1 capacity.
Lactylation‐Driven IGF2BP3‐Mediated Serine Metabolism Reprogramming and RNA m6A—Modification Promotes Lenvatinib Resistance in HCC
Authors: Lu Yuanxiang , Zhu Jinghan , Zhang Yuxin , Li Wentao , Xiong Yixiao , Fan Yunhui , Wu Yang , Zhao Jianping , Shang Changzhen , Liang Huifang , Zhang Wanguang
Published: October 2024

Acquired resistance remains a bottleneck for molecular‐targeted therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Metabolic adaptation and epigenetic remodeling are recognized as hallmarks of cancer that may contribute to acquired resistance. In various lenvatinib‐resistant models, increased glycolysis leads to lactate accumulation and lysine lactylation of IGF2BP3. This lactylation is crucial for capturing PCK2 and NRF2 mRNAs, thereby enhancing their expression. This process reprograms serine metabolism and strengthens the antioxidant defense system. Additionally, altered serine metabolism increases the availability of methylated substrates, such as S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM), for N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of PCK2 and NRF2 mRNAs. The lactylated IGF2BP3‐PCK2‐SAM‐m6A loop maintains elevated PCK2 and NRF2 levels, enhancing the antioxidant system and promoting lenvatinib resistance in HCC. Treatment with liposomes carrying siRNAs targeting IGF2BP3 or the glycolysis inhibitor 2‐DG restored lenvatinib sensitivity in vivo. These findings highlight the connection between metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic regulation and suggest that targeting metabolic pathways may offer new strategies to overcome lenvatinib resistance in HCC.
The Best DFT Functional Is the Ensemble of Functionals
Authors: Rui Yuting , Chen Yuxinxin , Ivanova Elena , Kumar Vignesh Balaji , Śmiga Szymon , Grabowski Ireneusz , Dral Pavlo O.
Published: October 2024

The development of better density functional theory (DFT) methods is one of the most active research areas, given the importance of DFT for ubiquitous molecular and materials simulations. However, this research primarily focuses on improving a specific exchange‐correlation Kohn–Sham density functional. Here, a robust procedure is proposed for constructing transferable ensembles of density functionals that perform superior to any constituent individual density functional. It is shown that such ensembles built only with the density functionals predating the GMTKN55 benchmark of 2017 can reach a record‐low weighted error of 1.62 kcal mol−1 on this benchmark compared to 3.08 kcal mol−1 of the best constituent density functional. The DENS24 density functional ensembles are also introduced as practical DFT methods with consistently accurate performance for various simulations at affordable cost. DENS24 ensembles are open‐source and can be used for simulations online. Additionally, it is shown that the ensembles can be integrated into the SCF procedure by creating mixed DENS24 functionals, which have the same accuracy but are faster than ensembles of independent functionals.
Improved Charge‐Transfer Doping in Crystalline Polymer for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Huifen , Zhang Yu , Huang Zijian , Wu Yuetong , Wang Lan , Liu Guilin , Chen Yanrun , Li Kailin , Zhang Wenhua , Zhou Huanping
Published: October 2024

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have significant potential for next‐generation photovoltaic technology applications. However, the instability of hole transport layers (HTLs) becomes the major obstacle to long‐term operational devices, which are affected by the intrinsic thermal instability and loose structure of hole transport materials, as well as the hygroscopicity and migration of dopants. Here, poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) is used as a model crystalline polymer to thoroughly investigate effective p‐type doping strategies and the underlying mechanism. According to Hard–Soft‐Acid–Base theory, the soft base P3HT is more likely to form a stable Lewis acid–base adduct with the reactive soft acid radical, resulting in a strong charge‐transfer interaction, thereby enhancing conductivity and regulating the energy band of the HTL. Meanwhile, the radical cation salt can promote pre‐nucleation to optimize the crystallization orientation of P3HT. The resulting PSCs exhibited the efficiency of 25.16%, which is the highest efficiency reported so far based on doped P3HT. In addition, the resulting devices demonstrated excellent stability, maintaining 96.5%, 96%, and 91% of their initial efficiency after aging under continuous illumination for 2028 h, at 85 °C for 1080 h, and at maximum power point (MPP) tracking under continuous 1 Sun illumination at 85 °C for 528 h, respectively.
Continental sampling reveals core bacterial and environmentally driven fungal leaf endophytes in Heuchera
Authors: Pantinople Dexcem J. , Conner Reagan , Sutton‐Dauber Stephanie , Broussard Kelli , Siniscalchi Carolina M. , Engle‐Wrye Nicholas J. , Jordan Heather R. , Folk Ryan A.
Published: October 2024

Premise

Endophytic plant‐microbe interactions range from mutualistic relationships that confer important ecological and agricultural traits to neutral or quasi‐parasitic relationships. In contrast to root‐associated endophytes, the role of environmental and host‐related factors in the acquisition of leaf endophyte communities at broad spatial and phylogenetic scales remains sparsely studied. We assessed endofoliar diversity to test the hypothesis that membership in these microbial communities is driven primarily by abiotic environment and host phylogeny.

Methods

We used a broad geographic coverage of North America in the genus Heuchera L. (Saxifragaceae), representing 32 species and varieties across 161 populations. Bacterial and fungal communities were characterized using 16S and ITS amplicon sequencing, respectively, and standard diversity metrics were calculated. We assembled environmental predictors for microbial diversity at collection sites, including latitude, elevation, temperature, precipitation, and soil parameters.

Results

Assembly patterns differed between bacterial and fungal endophytes. Host phylogeny was significantly associated with bacteria, while geographic distance was the best predictor of fungal community composition. Species richness and phylogenetic diversity were consistent across sites and species, with only fungi showing a response to aridity and precipitation for some metrics. Unlike what has been observed with root‐associated microbial communities, in this system microbes show no relationship with pH or other soil factors.

Conclusions

Overall, this work improves our understanding of the large‐scale patterns of diversity and community composition in leaf endophytes and highlights the relative significance of environmental and host‐related factors in driving different microbial communities within the leaf microbiome.
The Secondary Sex Ratio and Male Mortality at Pre‐Reproductive Ages: A Test of Selection In Utero
Authors: Bonham Jason , Schacht Ryan , Smith Ken , Bruckner Tim A.
Published: October 2024

Objectives

The secondary sex ratio (i.e., the ratio of male to female live births; hereafter referred to as the SSR) falls in populations encountering ambient stressors. Much theory and some empirical work indicates that males born to low SSR cohorts may be “positively selected” in that excess culling in utero may correspond with greater than expected survival among live‐born males in that cohort. We extend prior work by testing, in historical Utah, whether the SSR varies positively with male mortality at pre‐reproductive ages.

Methods

This study uses detailed records from the Utah Population Database to focus on Utahns born 1850–1940. We use rigorous time‐series methods, which control for strong secular declines in mortality as well as ambient perturbations shared equally among males and females, to investigate the male culling inference.

Results

We observe a positive relation between the SSR and male mortality during youth (i.e., 5 to < 20 years; p < 0.05) but not in infancy or early childhood.

Conclusions

In this historical population, the SSR appears to gauge hardiness of surviving male cohorts. However, whether the high fertility and/or family structure context of Latter‐day Saints in historical Utah explains the age‐specific pattern of male mortality warrants further scrutiny.
Everyone Is a Tomato: Metagnostic Narratives of Genetic Revelation
Authors: Spencer Danielle
Published: October 2024

This essay explores the narrative characteristics of genetic revelations as instances of “metagnosis.” Contrasting the scientific narrative of increasing knowledge with a series of different stories—including fictional tales—demonstrates the complexity of receiving information that changes one's conception of self, whatever the nature of the revelation. Such narrative awareness can help to communalize such experiences, reducing feelings of isolation and bewilderment.
Modifikation eines Cu‐Pd‐Schaufelrad‐Metall‐Organischen Gerüsts für die selektive CO2‐Elektroreduktion
Authors: Zhang Ruirui , Liu Yan , Ding Pan , Huang Juanjuan , Dierolf Martin , Kelly Shelly D. , Qiu Xinqi , Chen Yishuo , Hussain Mian Zahid , Li Weijin , Bunzen Hana , Achterhold Klaus , Pfeiffer Franz , Sharp Ian D. , Warnan Julien , Fischer Roland A.
Published: October 2024

Die Optimierung der Bindungsenergie zwischen dem Intermediat und dem aktiven Zentrum ist ein entscheidender Faktor, um die katalytische Produktselektivität und Aktivität bei der elektrochemischen Kohlendioxidreduktion (CO2RR) zu steuern. Es ist bekannt, dass Kupferatome als aktive Zentren CO2 zu Kohlenwasserstoffen und Sauerstoffverbindungen reduzieren, jedoch unter schlechter Produktselektivität leiden, da mehrere Intermediate nur moderate Bindungsenergien aufweisen. Hier berichten wir über eine Ionenaustauschstrategie zur Konstruktion von Cu−Pd‐Schaufelrad‐Dimeren innerhalb von Cu‐basierten metallorganischen Gerüsten (MOFs), [Cu3‐xPdx(BTC)2] (BTC=1,3,5‐Benzoltricarbonsäure), ohne die strukturellen Eigenschaften des MOFs zu verändern. Im Vergleich zum reinen Cu‐MOF ([Cu3(BTC)2], HKUST‐1) verlagert der Cu−Pd‐MOF die Produkte der CO2‐Elektroreduktion von einer Vielzahl chemischer Spezies hin zu einer selektiven CO‐Erzeugung. Eine in situ‐Röntgenabsorptions‐Feinstrukturanalyse der Oxidationsstufe des Katalysators und der lokalen Geometrie, kombiniert mit theoretischen Berechnungen, zeigt, dass die Einfügung von Pd in die Knotenpunkte der Cu‐Schaufelradstruktur des MOFs die Adsorption des Schlüsselintermediats COOH* am Cu‐Zentrum fördert. Dies ermöglicht CO‐selektive katalytische Mechanismen und verbessert somit unser Verständnis über das Zusammenspiel von Struktur und Aktivität bei der elektrochemischen CO2‐Reduktion unter Verwendung molekularer Katalysatoren.
Room‐temperature Magnetocapacitance Spanning 97K Hysteresis in Molecular Material
Authors: Gui Ling‐Ao , Chen Jiawei , Zhang Yi‐Fan , Li Long‐He , Li Jian‐Rong , Hu Zhao‐Bo , Zhang Shi‐Yong , Zhang Jinlei , Zhang Zhenyi , Ye Heng‐Yun , Peng Yan , Ma Jing , Song You
Published: October 2024

Magnetic capacitor, as a new type of device, has broad application prospects in fields such as magnetic field sensing, magnetic storage, magnetic field control, power electronics and so on. Traditional magnetic capacitors are mostly assembled by magnetic and capacitive materials. Magnetic capacitor made of a single material with intrinsic properties is very rare. This intrinsic property is magnetocapacitance (MC). The studies on MC effect have mainly focused on metal oxides so far. No study was reported in molecular materials. Herein, two complexes: (CETAB)2[CuCl4] (1) and (CETAB)2[CuBr4] (2) (CETAB=(2‐chloroethyl)trimethylammonium) are reported. There exist strong H−Br and Br−Br interactions and other weak interactions in complex 2, so the phase transition energy barrier is high, resulting in the widest thermal hysteresis loop on a molecular level to date. Furthermore, complexes 1 and 2 show large MC parameters of 0.247 and 1.614, respectively, which is the first time to observe MC effect in molecular material.
Nature‐Inspired N, O Co‐Coordinated Manganese Single‐Atom Catalyst for Efficient Hydrogen Peroxide Electrosynthesis
Authors: Zeng Yuan , Tan Xin , Zhuang Zewen , Chen Chen , Peng Qing
Published: October 2024

The two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e− ORR) is a pivotal pathway for the distributed production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In nature, enzymes containing manganese (Mn) centers can convert reactive oxygen species into H2O2. However, Mn‐based heterogeneous catalysts for 2e− ORR are scarcely reported. Herein, we developed a nature‐inspired single‐atom electrocatalyst comprising N, O co‐coordinated Mn sites, utilizing carbon dots as the modulation platform (Mn CD/C). As‐synthesized Mn CD/C exhibited exceptional 2e− ORR activity with an onset potential of 0.786 V and a maximum H2O2 selectivity of 95.8 %. Impressively, Mn CD/C continuously produced 0.1 M H2O2 solution at 200 mA/cm2 for 50 h in the flow cell, with negligible loss in activity and H2O2 faradaic efficiency, demonstrating practical application potential. The enhanced activity was attributed to the incorporation of Mn atomic sites into the carbon dots. Theoretical calculations revealed that the N, O co‐coordinated structure, combined with abundant oxygen‐containing functional groups on the carbon dots, optimized the binding strength of intermediate *OOH at the Mn sites to the apex of the catalytic activity volcano. This work illustrates that carbon dots can serve as a versatile platform for modulating the microenvironment of single‐atom catalysts and for the rational design of nature‐inspired catalysts.
Redox‐Selbstequilibrierung in molekularen Vanadiumoxid‐ Mischungen ermöglicht Multi‐ Elektronenspeicherung
Authors: Remmers Moritz , Mashtakov Boris , Repp Stefan , Rein Alexandra Stefanie Jessica , Wang Ke , Anjass Montaha , Chen Zhengfan , Carrella Luca M. , Rentschler Eva , Streb Carsten
Published: October 2024

Polyoxometallate (POM) sind ideale Komponenten für die reversible Multielektronenspeicherung in der Energietechnik. Bislang werden in den meisten Redox‐Anwendungen nur einzelne POM‐Spezies verwendet, was die Anzahl der Elektronen, die innerhalb eines bestimmten Potenzialfensters gespeichert werden können, begrenzt. Hier berichten wir, dass eine spontane Redox‐ Selbstequilibrierung während der Clustersynthese zur Bildung von zwei strukturell verwandten Polyoxovanadaten führt, die anschließend zu Ko‐Kristallen aggregieren. Dies führt zu Systemen mit deutlich erhöhter Redox‐Reaktivität. Das gemischte POM‐System wurde durch nichtwässrige Selbstassemblierung einer Vanadat‐Vorstufe in Gegenwart von Mg2+ gebildet, was zu zwei gemischtvalenten (VIV/V) Spezies führte, [(MgOH)V13O33Cl]4− (={MgV13}) und der Di‐Vanadium‐funktionalisierten Spezies [V14O34Cl]4− (={V14}), die in einer 1 : 1‐Molstöchiometrie ko‐kristallisieren. Experimentelle Daten zeigen, dass {MgV13} im nativen Zustand um drei Elektronen und {V14} um fünf Elektronen reduziert ist. Elektrochemische Untersuchungen in Lösung zeigen, dass das System reversibel bis zu vierzehn Redoxübergänge (vorläufig zwölf 1‐Elektronen‐Prozesse und zwei 2‐Elektronen‐Prozessen zugeordnet) im Potenzialbereich zwischen −2,15 V und +1,35 V (gegen Fc+/Fc) durchlaufen kann. Die Studie zeigt, wie hochgradig redoxaktive, wohldefinierte Mischungen aus gemischtvalenten molekularen Metalloxiden durch Redox‐ Selbstequilibrierung während der Synthese zugänglich gemacht werden können, was neue Möglichkeiten für die molekulare Energiespeicherung eröffnet.
Redox Self‐Equilibration in Molecular Vanadium Oxide Mixtures Enables Multi‐Electron Storage
Authors: Remmers Moritz , Mashtakov Boris , Repp Stefan , Rein Alexandra Stefanie Jessica , Wang Ke , Anjass Montaha , Chen Zhengfan , Carrella Luca M. , Rentschler Eva , Streb Carsten
Published: October 2024

Polyoxometalates (POMs) are ideal components for reversible multi‐electron storage in energy technologies. To‐date, most redox‐applications employ only single, individual POM species, which limits the number of electrons that can be stored within a given potential window. Here, we report that spontaneous redox self‐equilibration during cluster synthesis leads to the formation of two structurally related polyoxovanadates which subsequently aggregate into co‐crystals. This results in systems with significantly increased redox reactivity. The mixed POM system was formed by non‐aqueous self‐assembly of a vanadate precursor in the presence of Mg2+, resulting in two mixed‐valent (VIV/V) species, [(MgOH)V13O33Cl]4− (={MgV13}) and the di‐vanadium‐functionalized species [V14O34Cl]4− (={V14}), which co‐crystallize in a 1 : 1 molar stoichiometry. Experimental data indicate that in the native state, {MgV13} is reduced by three electrons, and {V14} is reduced by five electrons. Electrochemical studies in solution show, that the system can reversibly undergo up to fourteen redox transitions (tentatively assigned to twelve 1‐electron processes and two 2‐electron processes) in the potential range between −2.15 V to +1.35 V (vs Fc+/Fc). The study demonstrates how highly redox‐active, well‐defined molecular mixtures of mixed‐valent molecular metal oxides can be accessed by redox‐equilibration during synthesis, opening new avenues for molecular energy storage.
Influence of Plasmonic Au@Cl/N Co‐doped Carbon Dots on the Performance of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Hezarkhani Zeinab , Ghadari Rahim
Published: October 2024

The synergistic influence of the LSPR (localized surface plasmon resonance) of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and the effect of nitrogen and chlorine co‐doped carbon dots (Cl/N‐CQDs) on dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) performance are investigated. The gold NPs are coated with a thin layer of Cl/N‐CQDs to produce the Au@Cl/N‐CQDs structure. DSSCs are fabricated by using Au@Cl/N‐CQDs as co‐sensitizer. The focus of this work is to examine the effects of plasmonic Au NPs and carbon dots in addition to their synergistic effect by capping the Au NPs with Cl/N‐CQDs, and track their influence in DSSCs. N719 as ruthenium‐based dye, and natural dyes including betanin, crocin, carthamin, curcumin, chlorophyll, mallow, and lawsone are selected and applied in the DSSCs co‐sensitized by Au@Cl/N‐CQDs. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of DSSCs using all of the selected dyes is enhanced upon using the Au@Cl/N‐CQDs. It is due to the improvement in VOC (open circuit voltage) and JSC (short circuit photocurrent densities) relative to the use of dyes alone. Based on computational results, Au@Cl/N‐CQDs cause a red‐shift in comparison with pure dyes. The TD‐DFT (time‐dependent density functional theory) results show that the orbitals from the Au@Cl/N‐CQDs in dye/Au@Cl/N‐CQDs have contribution in most of the absorptions. In other words, electrons from HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) of Au@Cl/N‐CQDs is transferred to the LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) of dye, in most cases.
In silico–guided synthesis of a new, highly soluble, and anti‐melanoma flavone glucoside: Skullcapflavone II‐6′‐O‐β‐glucoside
Authors: Chang Te‐Sheng , Ding Hsiou‐Yu , Wang Tzi‐Yuan , Wu Jiumn‐Yih , Tsai Po‐Wei , Suratos Khyle S. , Tayo Lemmuel L. , Liu Guan‐Cheng , Ting Huei‐Ju
Published: October 2024

Guided by in silico analysis tools and biotransformation technology, new derivatives of natural compounds with heightened bioactivities can be explored and synthesized efficiently. In this study, in silico data mining and molecular docking analysis predicted that glucosides of skullcapflavone II (SKII) were new flavonoid compounds and had higher binding potential to oncogenic proteins than SKII. These benefits guided us to perform glycosylation of SKII by utilizing four glycoside hydrolases and five glycosyltransferases (GTs). Findings unveiled that exclusive glycosylation of SKII was achieved solely through the action of GTs, with Bacillus subtilis BsUGT489 exhibiting the highest catalytic glycosylation efficacy. Structure analysis determined the glycosylated product as a novel compound, skullcapflavone II‐6′‐O‐β‐glucoside (SKII‐G). Significantly, the aqueous solubility of SKII‐G exceeded its precursor, SKII, by 272‐fold. Furthermore, SKII‐G demonstrated noteworthy anti‐melanoma activity against human A2058 cells, exhibiting an IC50 value surpassing that of SKII by 1.4‐fold. Intriguingly, no substantial cytotoxic effects were observed in a murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. This promising anti‐melanoma activity without adverse effects on macrophages suggests that SKII‐G could be a potential candidate for further preclinical and clinical studies. The in silico tool–guided synthesis of a new, highly soluble, and potent anti‐melanoma glucoside, SKII‐G, provides a rational design to facilitate the future discovery of new and bioactive compounds.
Untersuchung von Naturkautschuklatex‐ (NRL‐) Verbundstoffen durch Druckversuche für erneuerbare und nachhaltige Baumaterialien
Authors: Qdeimat Malik , Pranjic Andrija , Trautz Martin
Published: October 2024

In diesem Aufsatz wird die innovative Verwendung von Naturkautschuklatex (NRL) als grundlegende Komponente bei der Entwicklung nachhaltiger und erneuerbarer Bauverbundwerkstoffe untersucht, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf der Einbeziehung von Holzspänen als Verstärkungspartikel liegt. Die Studie untersucht die mechanischen Druckeigenschaften verschiedener Verbundwerkstoffformulierungen und analysiert den Einfluss von NRL‐Gehalten und Partikeltypen unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Holzarten, Formen und Größen. Schlüsselfaktoren wie die Partikelgeometrie, der NRL‐Gehalt und die Probenvorbereitungsmethoden werden als entscheidende Faktoren für die Verbesserung der mechanischen Eigenschaften dieser Verbundwerkstoffe identifiziert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass NRL‐Verbundwerkstoffe besondere Eigenschaften wie nichtlineares Verhalten, Hysterese, Spannungsrelaxation und den Mullins‐Effekt bei Druckversuchen aufweisen. Die Bedeutung dieser Verbundwerkstoffe im Bauwesen wird durch die Möglichkeit erhöht, NRL aus anderen Pflanzen als Kautschukbäumen, wie z. B. Löwenzahn, zu verwenden und damit nachhaltige Baupraktiken zu fördern. Diese Forschung zielt darauf ab, die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Erforschung neuer, flexibler und hochgradig kundenspezifischer Verbundwerkstoffe unter Verwendung von Naturfasern und NRL für eine Reihe von Bauanwendungen zu richten.
Engineering GID4 for use as an N‐terminal proline binder via directed evolution
Authors: Ikonomova Svetlana P. , Yan Bo , Sun Zhiyi , Lyon Rachel B. , Zatopek Kelly M. , Marino John P. , Kelman Zvi
Published: October 2024

Nucleic acid sequencing technologies have gone through extraordinary advancements in the past several decades, significantly increasing throughput while reducing cost. To create similar advancement in proteomics, numerous approaches are being investigated to advance protein sequencing. One of the promising approaches uses N‐terminal amino acid binders (NAABs), also referred to as recognizers, that selectively can identify amino acids at the N‐terminus of a peptide. However, there are only a few engineered NAABs currently available that bind to specific amino acids and meet the requirements of a biotechnology reagent. Therefore, additional NAABs need to be identified and engineered to enable confident identification and, ultimately, de novo protein sequencing. To fill this gap, a human protein GID4 was engineered to create a NAAB for N‐terminal proline (Nt‐Pro). While native GID4 binds Nt‐Pro, its binding is weak (µmol/L) and greatly influenced by the identity of residues following the Nt‐Pro. Through directed evolution, yeast‐surface display, and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting, we identified sequence variants of GID4 with increased binding response to Nt‐Pro. Moreover, variants with an A252V mutation showed a reduced influence from residues in the second and third positions of the target peptide when binding to Nt‐Pro. The workflow outlined here is shown to be a viable strategy for engineering NAABs, even when starting from native Nt‐binding proteins whose binding is strongly impacted by the identity of residues following Nt‐amino acid.
Real Case Study of 600 m3 Bubble Column Fermentations: Spatially Resolved Simulations Unveil Optimization Potentials for l‐Phenylalanine Production With Escherichia coli
Authors: Mast Yannic , Ghaderi Adel , Takors Ralf
Published: October 2024

Large‐scale fermentations (»100 m³) often encounter concentration gradients which may significantly affect microbial activities and production performance. Reliably investigating such scenarios in silico would allow to optimize bioproduction. But related simulations are very rare in particular for large bubble columns. Here, we pioneer the spatially resolved investigation of a 600 m³ bubble column operating for Escherichia coli based l‐phenylalanine fed‐batch production. Microbial kinetics are derived from experimental data. Advanced Euler‐Lagrange (EL) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are applied to track individual bubble dynamics that result from a recently developed bubble breakage model. Thereon, the complex nonlinear characteristics of hydrodynamics, mass transfer, and microbial activities are simulated for large scale and compared with real data. As a key characteristic, zones for upriser, downcomer, and circulation cells were identified that dominate mixing and mass transfer. This results in complex gradients of glucose, dissolved oxygen, and microbial rates dividing the bioreactor into sections. Consequently, alternate feed designs are evaluated splitting real feed rates in two feeds at different locations. The opposite reversed installation of feed spots and spargers improved the product synthesis by 6.24% while alternate scenarios increased the growth rate by 11.05%. The results demonstrate how sophisticated, spatially resolved simulations of hydrodynamics, mass transfer, and microbial kinetics help to optimize bioreactors in silico.
Neuroanatomy teaching in the flipped classroom: Attitudes and effect on medical students' performance
Authors: Hanafy Safaa M. , Arafa Mostafa A. , Jumaa Mohammad I. , Farhat Karim H. , Refai Ayman A. , Elkordy Eman A. , Aljehani Ala M.
Published: October 2024

Background

Neuroanatomy is essential to clinical neurosciences and is one of the most difficult components of the anatomy curriculum. Flipped classrooms are one of the pedagogical approaches that have been found to enhance students' abilities and encourage in‐depth learning. The current study aims to assess the attitudes and effects of flipped classrooms on neuroanatomy teaching among medical students compared to traditional classrooms.

Methods

A quasi‐experimental study was carried out during the period January through June 2023. The effectiveness of teaching neuroanatomy in flipped classrooms versus traditional classrooms was assessed using formative assessment and a pre‐designed structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was composed of four sections assessing different domains on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

Results

The total sample reached 214 students. Most students' attitude statements covering skills, knowledge and learning process, and length of time were significantly in favor of flipped teaching at the expense of traditional teaching. Then mean examination grades were significantly higher for pre‐test flipped and post‐test flipped in comparison to pre‐test and post‐test traditional examination.

Conclusions

Although the flipped classroom is an effective method of learning neuroanatomy as compared to traditional classes, it faces some challenges in its implementation. Such challenges need awareness and solutions from educational institutions.