bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of different surfactants on graphene nanoplates enhanced paraffin-based phase change material
Authors: Noran N K , Pandey A K , Selvaraj Jeyraj , Buddhi D , Tyagi V V
Published: December 2023

Phase change materials (PCMs) is a unique material that been widely explored for thermal energy storage (TES). PCM nature of low thermal conductivity limits the performance and heat transfer characteristics. Nano-filler been used widely to enhanced PCM thermal conductivity and improved the thermal physical properties. This research work study the nano-filler impact of graphene nano plate (GNP) enhanced paraffin-based PCM with different surfactant (cetryl trimethyl ammonium bromide; CTAB and SDBS) being added. Two step method being applied to fabricate the composites of RG (RT44HC with GNP), RGC (RG with CTAB) and RGS (RG with SDBS) in different weight percentage. The analysis on Fourier transform infrared spectrum shows stable results chemically and physically. The thermal stability shows an improvement as GNP prolong the weight degradation temperature of the composite. An improvement in thermal conductivity to 59.1% achieved as the SDBS surfactant added to RG composite. The addition of GNP and surfactant gives promising results and improvement in RG composite development for TES application in photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system.
Organic Solar cells: Recent advances and Challenges
Authors: Saïd Ali , Rahmat Mohd Khairil , Rozlan Mohd Helmy Hakimie Mohd
Published: December 2023

In recent time, Organic Solar Cells (OSCs) have made a great progress in pursuing high power conversion, reaching the application threshold. Researchers have advanced past basic concepts of charge carrier dynamics in organic semiconductors to create devices with an experimental power conversion efficiency of about 18%. This review highlights the progress of OSC efficiency and investigate the state-of-art of organic cells in various factors such as temperature, energy conversion efficiency, solar shedding, operation and monitoring that affect the solar panel efficiency. Literature has shown how organic solar cells are seen as the solar technology of the future where it is offering the lowest energy payback times, ecology sustainability, while its energy efficiency still dropping, and a high energy loss is observed.
Comparative research on the speed performance of Axial flux Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG)165 with manufacturing specification and experimental for implementation in the Low-Speed Wind Turbine System
Authors: Hamzah Jupry , Idris Mohd Razif
Published: December 2023

This paper is on working on energy assessment of generator’s voltage, current and power output based on the generator speed. Today, demand of power is increasing because of technology advancement and increasing electrical devices being manufactured and installed. For this reason, the generator applied in renewable energy is recommended. It must be improved because it is an important component inside the energy system in producing enough power. This research is used the DC Motor function as prime mover and direct shaft to the shaft connection of AFPM165. The parameters of the investigational research are generator speed (rpm), DC current value form generator output (Amp), and voltage value (V). The speed of DC Motor has been gradually increases, from 0 ∼ 300 rpm by adjusted speed adjustment knob. The series circuit 15-ohm resistor and 5 Watts lamp to make it total 19-ohm constant as a load. The result is presented that the more speed of generator, the more voltage, and current it can be inducted. The findings of the study are presented that there is a difference between the factory specification and the experiment where the experimental value is more than the factory specification value which is 11.43% variation.
One-pot Conversion of Sago Pith Waste (SPW) into 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural (HMF)
Authors: Derosya Vioni , Kawashima Ayato
Published: December 2023

Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) is widely understood to be a robust substitute feedstock for a wide array of petroleum-derived products such as plastic and fuel. Previous research delved into the use of waste (i.e., biomass) to produce HMF. These waste products stemmed from sugarcane bagasse, algae, bread, and banana. Our study is the first to report the use of sago pith waste (SPW), a by-product of the sago starch industry, for HMF production via simultaneous conversion in one pot. The production of HMF in such a manner not only yields an industrially important product (i.e., HMF) but also confers a sustainable waste management solution to the sago starch industry. SPW primarily consists of starch and fiber, and since the density of SPW affects the feed rate of the reactor, it is necessary to optimize the reaction temperature, sample volume, and amount of activated carbon to elucidate reaction conditions with a high HMF yield. By adding activated carbon and sodium chloride into the reaction mixture with a Bronsted-Lewis acid, we obtained 50-60% mole of HMF from SPW in a simultaneous reactor system at 160°C for 8 minutes.
An Experimental Investigation of Back Flow Cooling Tempered Glass Photovoltaic Thermal System in the Malaysian Peninsula Climate
Authors: Muhammad Ridwan , Selvaraj Jeyraj
Published: December 2023

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology transforms sunlight into electricity and is expected to play a significant role in Malaysia’s renewable energy growth. However, as the temperature of the cell rises, so does its electrical efficiency. Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) systems combine a PV system with a solar thermal collector (STC) to capture heat energy from solar cells and boost their efficiency. In this study, back flow thermal absorbers PV/T were designed utilizing cooper pipe, and the systems were constructed using monocrystalline cells, tempered glass, and epoxy lamination. Various designs of spiral, horizontal, and vertical pipes were used. The experiment was carried out between December and January at Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, with real-time data recording on power output, water, and surface temperatures at the peak sun irradiation of 735 W/m2 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The spiral PV/T system had the maximum daily electrical efficiency of 15.2%, compared to horizontal PV/T, vertical PV/T at a flow rate of 0.5 LPM, and PV system-only, which had daily electrical efficiencies of 14.4%, 14.36%, and 13.65%, respectively. The spiral PV/T system also had the highest daily thermal efficiency of 23.78%, compared to the horizontal and vertical PV/T systems, which had 23.02% and 13.95%, respectively. When compared to a PV system, the PV/T system increased the electrical efficiency of the module, with the spiral design having the highest efficiency among the designs.
Drill Bit Selection and Drilling Parameter Optimization using Machine Learning
Authors: Nautiyal A , Mishra A K
Published: December 2023

Machine Learning (ML) Algorithms have demonstrated their tremendous application in optimizing and enhancing the performance of various complex operations in the field of science and technology. In this research work, ML is applied to address two of the most critical factors affecting the drilling performance in the Oil and Gas Industry, which are drilling bit selection and drilling parameters optimization. Rate of Penetration is a key performance indicator of drilling efficiency, higher ROP signifies higher drilling efficiency. In this research work, a hyperparameter tuned Random Forest Regressor algorithm with an accuracy of 0.73 based on the coefficient of determination i.e., R2 Score, is used to develop ROP prediction model and subsequently drill bit selection and drilling parameters optimization is performed using Particle Swarm Optimization. The developed model has practical applicability in the selection of drill bit and optimization of drilling parameters in the Oil and Gas field. Higher ROP results in less drilling time, which correspondingly results in less capital expenditure on the project.
Series Motor Four Quadrants Drive DC Chopper Controllers Noise Cancellation
Authors: Sazali M.S. , Arof Saharul , Mawby Philip , Arof Hamzah , Noorsal Emilia
Published: December 2023

DC Series motor armature reaction causes EMI. EMI generates noise signals that affect feedback sensor readings, feedback controller function, and controller halting. This paper discusses software discrete filter and RLC hardware filter noise cancellation and filtering. The filter eliminates EMI-induced IGBT gate firing noise. Matlab/Simulink tests the filter circuit and digital filter control method, confirming software and hardware filter implementation.
Welding investigation of Hastelloy C-276 and parametric optimization using integrated MRA-TLBO algorithm during A-TIG process
Authors: Singh Aman , Singh Vivek , Singh Ajay Pratap , Ashutosh Som , Deep Akash , Patel Dixit , Ji Shyam , Soni Akash , Choudhury Bishub
Published: December 2023

A-TIG welding is a modified form of GTAW process that has become popular due to its ability to create high-quality welded joints with minimal cracks and distortion. This technique is commonly used to join various metals, including stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, and nickel alloys like Hastelloy C-276, which is used in fabrication of complex components across marine, nuclear, aerospace, and chemical industries. In this investigation, A-TIG welding of Hastelloy C-276 was studied using three parameters - welding current, welding speed, and gas flow rate - at three distinct levels. The impact of these parameters were analyzed on two responses, namely penetration depth and width of weld. Macrostructural investigation, sensitivity analysis, and parametric studies revealed that welding current (I) had the most influence, followed by speed of welding (S) and flow rate of gas(G). Full quadratic multiple regression analysis-based models were developed for both responses, which were found to be suitable with a higher coefficient of determination and an average percentage error of 2.165% and 2.624%, respectively. Additionally, a teaching learning based optimization algorithm was integrated with these models to identify the most effective A-TIG parameter combination for higher penetration depth and lower weld width. The MRA-TLBO integrated approach resulted in an optimal parametric combination of I (170A), S (180 mm min−1), and G (11.37 l min−1) that resulted in a penetration depth and weld width of 4.503 mm and 4.684 mm, respectively. Validation at this optimal setting showed an improvement of 3.365% and 1.284% for weld width and penetration depth, respectively, suggesting the robustness of the developed methodology.
Distinct anthropogenic greenhouse gas and aerosol induced marine heatwaves
Authors: Ren Xianglin , Liu Wei , Allen Robert J , Song Se-Yong
Published: December 2023

In the era of escalating climate change, understanding human impacts on marine heatwaves (MHWs) becomes essential. This study harnesses climate model historical and single forcing simulations to delve into the individual roles of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols in shaping the characteristics of global MHWs over the past several decades. The results suggest that GHG variations lead to longer-lasting, more frequent, and intense MHWs. In contrast, anthropogenic aerosols markedly curb the intensity and growth of MHWs. Further analysis of the sea surface temperature (SST) probability distribution reveals that anthropogenic GHGs and aerosols have opposing effects on the tails of the SST probability distribution, causing the tails to expand and contract, respectively. Climate extremes such as MHWs are accordingly promoted and reduced. Our study underscores the significant impacts of anthropogenic GHGs and aerosols on MHWs, which go far beyond the customary concept that these anthropogenic forcings modulate climate extremes by shifting global SST probabilities via modifying the mean-state SST.
The application of target trials with longitudinal targeted maximum likelihood estimation to assess the effect of alcohol consumption in adolescence on depressive symptoms in adulthood
Authors: Liu Yan , Schnitzer Mireille E , Herrera Ronald , Díaz Iván , O’Loughlin Jennifer , Sylvestre Marie-Pierre
Published: December 2023

Time-varying confounding is a common challenge for causal inference in observational studies with time-varying treatments, long follow-up periods, and participant dropout. Confounder adjustment using traditional approaches can be limited by data sparsity, weight instability, and computational issues. The Nicotine Dependence in Teens Study is a prospective cohort study, and we used data from 21 data collection cycles carried out from 1999 to 2008 among 1294 students recruited from 10 high schools in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, including follow-up into adulthood. Our aim in this study was to estimate associations of timing of alcohol initiation and cumulative duration of alcohol use with depression symptoms in adulthood. Based on the target trials framework, we defined intention-to-treat and as-treated parameters in a marginal structural model with sex as a potential effect-modifier. We then used the observational data to emulate the trials. For estimation, we used pooled longitudinal target maximum likelihood estimation, a plug-in estimator with double-robust and local efficiency properties. We describe strategies for dealing with high-dimensional potential drinking patterns and practical positivity violations due to a long follow-up time, including modifying the effect of interest by removing sparsely observed drinking patterns from the loss function and applying longitudinal modified treatment policies to represent the effect of discouraging drinking.
Profiles of interferon-stimulated genes in multiple tissues and circulating pregnancy-associated glycoproteins and their association with pregnancy loss in dairy cows
Authors: Domingues Rafael R , Andrade Joao Paulo N , Cunha Thiago O , Madureira Guilherme , Hoppman August S , Teixeira Natalia N , Monteiro Pedro L J , Gomez-Leon Victor H , Martins Joao Paulo N , Wiltbank Milo C
Published: December 2023

Pregnancy loss (PL) in lactating dairy cows disrupts reproductive and productive efficiency. We evaluated the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) in blood leukocytes, vaginal and cervical epithelial cells, luteolysis-related genes, progesterone, and pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) profiles in lactating dairy cows (n = 86) to gain insight about PL. Expression of ISG on d17, d19, and d21 was greater in cows that maintained the pregnancy (P33) compared to nonpregnant with no PL (NP). Greater ISG differences between groups were observed in the cervix (96.7-fold) than vagina (31.0-fold), and least in blood leukocytes (5.6-fold). Based on individual profiles of ISG and PAG, PL was determined to occur either before (~13%) or after (~25%) d22. For cows with PL before d22, ISG expression was similar on d17 but by d21 was lower and OXTR was greater than P33 cows and similar to NP; timing of luteolysis was similar compared to NP cows suggesting embryonic failure to promote luteal maintenance and to attach to the endometrium (no increase in PAG). For cows with PL after d22, ISG expression was similar to P33 cows on d17, d19, and d21 and luteolysis, when it occurred, was later than NP cows; delayed increase in PAG suggested later or inadequate embryonic attachment. In conclusion, PL before d22 occurred due to embryonic demise/failure to signal for luteal maintenance, as reflected in reduced ISG expression by d21. Alternatively, embryos with PL between d22 and 33 adequately signaled for luteal maintenance (ISG) but had delayed/inadequate embryonic attachment and/or inappropriate luteolysis causing PL.
Further refinement of the Patient-Reported Impact of Dermatological Diseases (PRIDD) measure using classical test theory and item response theory
Authors: Pattinson Rachael , Trialonis-Suthakharan Nirohshah , Pickles Tim , Austin Jennifer , FitzGerald Allison , Augustin Matthias , Bundy Christine
Published: December 2023

Background

Existing dermatology-specific Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) do not fully capture the substantial physical, psychological and social impact of dermatological conditions on patients’ lives and are not recommended for use according to the COSMIN criteria. Most were developed with insufficient patient involvement and relied on classical psychometric methods. We are developing the new Patient-Reported Impact of Dermatological Diseases (PRIDD) measure for use in research and clinical practice in partnership with patients.

Objectives

To examine the factor structure of PRIDD, determine the definitive selection of items for each subscale, and establish structural validity and internal consistency through classical and modern psychometric methods.

Methods

Two cross-sectional online surveys were conducted. Adults (≥ 18 years) worldwide living with a dermatological condition were recruited through the membership network of the International Alliance of Dermatology Patient Organizations (GlobalSkin). They completed the PRIDD questionnaire and a demographics questionnaire via an online survey. We examined missing data and distribution of scores for each item. The factor structure was assessed using confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis (Survey 1). Internal consistency was examined using Cronbach’s α. Rasch measurement theory analyses were conducted, including iterative assessment of rating scale function, fit to the Rasch model, unidimensionality, reliability, local dependence, targeting and differential item functioning (DIF) (Surveys 1 and 2).

Results

Participants in Surveys 1 and 2 numbered 483 and 504 people, respectively. All items had ≤ 3% missing scores and all five response options were used. A four-factor model showed the best fit. PRIDD and all four subscales were internally consistent but showed some misfit to the Rasch measurement model. Adjustments were made to rectify disordered thresholds, remove misfitting items, local dependency and DIF, and improve targeting. The resulting 16-item version and subscales fit the Rasch model, showed no local dependency or DIF at the test level, and were well targeted.

Conclusions

This field test study produced the final PRIDD measure, consisting of 16 items across four domains. The data triangulated and refined the conceptual framework of impact and provide evidence of PRIDD’s structural validity and internal consistency. The final step in the development and validation of the PRIDD measure is to test the remaining measurement properties.
Characteristic patterns of functional connectivity-mediated cerebral small vessel disease-related cognitive impairment and depression
Authors: Xu Jingxian , Chen Haifeng , Hu Zheqi , Ke Zhihong , Qin Ruomeng , Chen Ying , Xu Yun
Published: December 2023

Cerebral small vessel disease is common in most individuals aged 60 years or older, and it is associated with cognitive dysfunction, depression, anxiety disorder, and mobility problems. Currently, many cerebral small vessel disease patients have both cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms, but the relationship between the 2 is unclear. The present research combined static and dynamic functional network connectivity methods to explore the patterns of functional networks in cerebral small vessel disease individuals with cognitive impairment and depression (cerebral small vessel disease–mild cognitive impairment with depression) and their relationship. We found specific functional network patterns in the cerebral small vessel disease–mild cognitive impairment with depression individuals (P < 0.05). The cerebral small vessel disease individuals with depression exhibited unstable dynamic functional network connectivity states (transitions likelihood: P = 0.040). In addition, we found that the connections within the lateral visual network between the sensorimotor network and ventral attention network could mediate white matter hyperintensity-related cognitive impairment (indirect effect: 0.064; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.170) and depression (indirect effect: −0.415; 95% CI: −1.080, −0.011). Cognitive function can negatively regulate white matter hyperintensity-related depression. These findings elucidate the association between cognitive impairment and depression and provide new insights into the underlying mechanism of cerebral small vessel disease-related cognitive dysfunction and depression.
Increasing equity in adult immunization through community-level action
Authors: Koppaka Ram , Wharton Melinda , Lindley Megan C , Kohli Jitinder , Morita Julie
Published: December 2023

Inequities in availability and access to adult vaccinations represent significant gaps in the US public health infrastructure. Adults in racial and ethnic minority groups are less likely to receive routinely recommended vaccinations due to systemic barriers, distribution inequities, and lack of trust in vaccines; similar disparities were seen during early COVID-19 vaccination efforts. However, a deliberate focus on reducing disparities can yield progress. National data show narrowing of racial and ethnic adult COVID-19 vaccination coverage disparities over time, highlighting the value of the equity-focused, community-level interventions implemented during the pandemic. This paper describes the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic to address racial and ethnic disparities in adult immunization, and how lessons learned may be applied post-pandemic. Progress made is likely to be lost without sustained support for adult vaccination at national, state, and community levels.
Characterization of Humoral Responses to Nipah Virus Infection in the Syrian Hamster Model of Disease
Authors: Scholte Florine E M , Rodriguez Sergio E , Welch Stephen R , Davies Katherine A , Genzer Sarah C , Coleman-McCray JoAnn D , Harmon Jessica R , Sorvillo Teresa E , Lo Michael K , Karaaslan Elif , Bergeron Eric , Montgomery Joel M , Spengler Jessica R , Spiropoulou Christina F
Published: December 2023

Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus. The Syrian hamster model recapitulates key features of human NiV disease and is a critical tool for evaluating antivirals and vaccines. Here we describe longitudinal humoral immune responses in NiV-infected Syrian hamsters. Samples were obtained 1–28 days after infection and analyzed by ELISA, neutralization, and Fc-mediated effector function assays. NiV infection elicited robust antibody responses against the nucleoprotein and attachment glycoprotein. Levels of neutralizing antibodies were modest and only detectable in surviving animals. Fc-mediated effector functions were mostly observed in nucleoprotein-targeting antibodies. Antibody levels and activities positively correlated with challenge dose.
Computer-aided, resistance gene-guided genome mining for proteasome and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
Authors: Jenkinson Cory B , Podgorny Adam R , Zhong Cuncong , Oakley Berl R
Published: December 2023

Secondary metabolites (SMs) are biologically active small molecules, many of which are medically valuable. Fungal genomes contain vast numbers of SM biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) with unknown products, suggesting that huge numbers of valuable SMs remain to be discovered. It is challenging, however, to identify SM BGCs, among the millions present in fungi, that produce useful compounds. One solution is resistance gene-guided genome mining, which takes advantage of the fact that some BGCs contain a gene encoding a resistant version of the protein targeted by the compound produced by the BGC. The bioinformatic signature of such BGCs is that they contain an allele of an essential gene with no SM biosynthetic function, and there is a second allele elsewhere in the genome. We have developed a computer-assisted approach to resistance gene-guided genome mining that allows users to query large databases for BGCs that putatively make compounds that have targets of therapeutic interest. Working with the MycoCosm genome database, we have applied this approach to look for SM BGCs that target the proteasome β6 subunit, the target of the proteasome inhibitor fellutamide B, or HMG-CoA reductase, the target of cholesterol reducing therapeutics such as lovastatin. Our approach proved effective, finding known fellutamide and lovastatin BGCs as well as fellutamide- and lovastatin-related BGCs with variations in the SM genes that suggest they may produce structural variants of fellutamides and lovastatin. Gratifyingly, we also found BGCs that are not closely related to lovastatin BGCs but putatively produce novel HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.

One-Sentence Summary

A new computer-assisted approach to resistance gene-directed genome mining is reported along with its use to identify fungal biosynthetic gene clusters that putatively produce proteasome and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in Japan: procedures, advantages and current status
Authors: Sano Daisuke , Tateya Ichiro , Hori Ryusuke , Ueda Tsutomu , Mori Terushige , Maruo Takashi , Tsukahara Kiyoaki , Oridate Nobuhiko ,   Committee for Transoral Robotic Surgery, Japan Society for Head and Neck Surgery
Published: December 2023

Transoral robotic surgery (TORS), introduced by Weinstein et al. in 2005, has been widely adopted as a minimally invasive procedure, particularly for the treatment of patients with early stage oropharyngeal cancer. TORS is typically performed using the da Vinci Surgical System, similar to robot-assisted surgeries for other malignancies. The main difference between TORS and these other robot-assisted surgeries is that it is performed through the natural orifice of the mouth, which limits the surgical working space, and that it progresses from the lumen of the pharynx to the deeper tissues. The advantages of TORS are mainly due to the benefits of using the da Vinci Surgical System, such as three-dimensional high-definition images, magnification, multiple forceps articulation, tremor-stabilization function and motion scale function. To date, many big data and meta-analyses have shown that TORS is superior to conventional surgeries, such as open surgery, in terms of oncological outcomes, post-operative functionality and quality of life. In Japan, TORS is expected to spread across the country, as it has been covered by health insurance since April 2022. This review highlights the procedures of TORS, its unique aspects, its unparalleled advantages as a minimally invasive surgery for treating laryngeal and pharyngeal cancers, and its current status in Japan.
Comparison of coccidioidal complement fixation and quantitative immunodiffusion serology at a reference laboratory
Authors: Bryan Allen W , Sykes Jane , Crucillo Kelly , Zhang Kaihua , Bays Derek J , Cohen Stuart H , Wilson Machelle D , Thompson George R
Published: December 2023

The incidence of coccidioidomycosis continues to increase. The diagnosis frequently relies on non-invasive diagnostic testing with immunodiffusion and complement fixation (CF) testing the current gold standard. A direct comparison of quantitative immunodiffusion and CF for IgG antibodies has not been previously reported. In a comparison of 368 samples, there was close concordance observed (360/368 = 97.8%) (P-value < .001). These tests can be considerably interchangeable in the reference laboratory setting.
Kinematic properties and ages of extended fast, neutral gas around η Carinae: tracing the pre-eruption bipolar wind
Authors: Morse Jon A , Smith Nathan
Published: December 2023

We present proper-motion measurements and long-slit spectroscopy of the Mg ii nebula around η Carinae obtained with the Wide Field Camera 3 and Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. Detailed kinematics of the Mg ii-emitting material constrain the geometry and history of mass-loss from η Car, and provide estimated ejection dates, assuming linear, ballistic motions. These measurements show that the neutral gas immediately outside the Homunculus – i.e. material into which the Homunculus is now expanding – was expelled over several decades prior to the Great Eruption, thus representing unshocked pre-eruption stellar wind. Material outside the Homunculus is therefore not part of a Hubble-like flow from the Great Eruption itself. This result discriminates between versions of merger-in-a-triple models for η Car. The STIS spectrum of Mg ii-emitting gas along the projected outflow axis displays radial velocities consistent with bipolar expansion, redshifted several hundred km s−1 towards the northwest, similarly blueshifted towards the southeast, and with low internal velocity dispersion. The η Car system was therefore losing mass in a relatively fast, low-density polar wind for several decades that probably traces the critical inspiral phase preceding a merger event.
Modelling molecular clouds and CO excitation in AGN-host galaxies
Authors: Esposito Federico , Vallini Livia , Pozzi Francesca , Casasola Viviana , Alonso-Herrero Almudena , García-Burillo Santiago , Decarli Roberto , Calura Francesco , Vignali Cristian , Mingozzi Matilde , Gruppioni Carlotta , Sengupta Dhrubojyoti
Published: December 2023

We present a new physically motivated model for estimating the molecular line emission in active galaxies. The model takes into account (i) the internal density structure of giant molecular clouds (GMCs), (ii) the heating associated with both stars and the active galactic nuclei (AGNs), respectively, producing photodissociation regions (PDRs) and X-ray-dominated regions (XDRs) within the GMCs, and (iii) the mass distribution of GMCs within the galaxy volume. The model needs, as input parameters, the radial profiles of molecular mass, far-UV flux and X-ray flux for a given galaxy, and it has two free parameters: the CO-to-H2 conversion factor αCO, and the X-ray attenuation column density NH. We test this model on a sample of 24 local (z ≤ 0.06) AGN-host galaxies, simulating their carbon monoxide spectral-line energy distribution (CO SLED). We compare the results with the available observations and calculate, for each galaxy, the best (αCO, NH) with a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm, finding values consistent with those present in the literature. We find a median αCO = 4.8 M⊙ (K km s−1 pc2)−1 for our sample. In all the modelled galaxies, we find the XDR component of the CO SLED to dominate the CO luminosity from Jupp ≥ 4. We conclude that, once a detailed distribution of molecular gas density is taken into account, PDR emission at mid-/high-J becomes negligible with respect to XDR.
Short-lived repeating fast radio bursts from tidal disruption of white dwarfs by intermediate-mass black holes
Authors: Xing Jing-Tong , Liu Tong
Published: December 2023

The origin of repeating fast radio bursts (RFRBs) is still a mystery. We propose that short-lived RFRBs might be triggered from the tidal disruption of white dwarfs (WDs) by intermediate-mass black holes (BHs). In this model, we show that the remnant WD clusters after tidal collapse cuts the magnetic lines on the BH accretion discs, and during each fall of the clump, so that electrons are torn from the surface of the mass and instantly accelerated to the relativistic energy. The subsequent movement of these electrons along magnetic field lines will result in coherent curvature radiation. This short-lived radio transients might accompany with the accretion process. The luminosity and the time-scale can be estimated to be Ltot ∼ 1.96 × 1040 erg s−1 and Δt ∼ 1.14 ms, respectively, which are consistent with the typical properties of RFRBs. Moreover, the total event rate of our model for generating RFRBs might be as high as $\sim 10~\rm {yr^{-1}~Gpc^{-3}}$.
Barriers and Facilitators to Engaging in Smoking Cessation Support Among Lung Screening Participants
Authors: Smith Pamela , Quinn-Scoggins Harriet , Murray Rachael L , McCutchan Grace , Nelson Annmarie , Moore Graham , Callister Matthew , Tong Hoang , Brain Kate
Published: December 2023

Introduction

Embedded smoking cessation support within lung cancer screening is recommended in the United Kingdom; however, little is known about why individuals decline smoking cessation support in this setting. This study identified psychosocial factors that influence smoking cessation and quit motivation among those who declined support for quitting smoking alongside lung cancer screening.

Aims and Methods

Qualitative interviews were conducted between August 2019 and April 2021 with 30 adults with a smoking history, recruited from the Yorkshire Lung Screening Trial. Participants had declined smoking cessation support. Verbatim interview transcripts were thematically analyzed.

Results

Fifty percent of participants were male and the majority were from the most deprived groups. Participants reported low motivation and a variety of barriers to stopping smoking. Participants described modifiable behavioral factors that influenced their quit motivation including self-efficacy, perceived effectiveness of stop-smoking services including smoking cessation aids, risk-minimizing beliefs, lack of social support, absence of positive influences on smoking, and beliefs about smoking/smoking cessation. Broader contextual factors included social isolation and stigma, coronavirus disease 2019, and comorbid mental and physical health conditions that deterred smoking cessation.

Conclusions

To encourage engagement in smoking cessation support during lung cancer screening, interventions should seek to encourage positive beliefs about the effectiveness of smoking cessation aids and increase confidence in quitting as part of supportive, person-centered care. Interventions should also acknowledge the wider social determinants of health among the lung screening-eligible population.

Implications

This study provides an in-depth understanding of the beliefs surrounding smoking and smoking cessation and further potential psychosocial factors that influence those attending lung cancer screening. Many of the barriers to smoking cessation found in the present study are similar to those outside of a lung screening setting however this work offers an understanding of potential facilitators that should be considered in future lung screening programs.
The Petz (lite) recovery map for the scrambling channel
Authors: Nakayama Yasuaki , Miyata Akihiro , Ugajin Tomonori
Published: December 2023

We study properties of the Petz recovery map in chaotic systems, such as the Hayden–Preskill setup for evaporating black holes and the Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev (SYK) model. Since these systems exhibit the phenomenon called scrambling, we expect that the expression of the recovery channel $\mathcal {R}$ gets simplified, given by just the adjoint $\mathcal {N}^{\dagger }$ of the original channel $\mathcal {N}$ which defines the time evolution of the states in the code subspace embedded into the physical Hilbert space. We check this phenomenon in two examples. The first one is the Hayden–Preskill setup described by Haar random unitaries. We compute the relative entropy $S(\mathcal {R}\left[\mathcal {N}[\rho ]\right] ||\rho )$ and show that it vanishes when the decoupling is archived. We further show that the simplified recovery map is equivalent to the protocol proposed by Yoshida and Kitaev. The second example is the SYK model where the 2D code subspace is defined by an insertion of a fermionic operator, and the system is evolved by the SYK Hamiltonian. We check the recovery phenomenon by relating some matrix elements of an output density matrix $\langle{T}|\mathcal {R}[\mathcal {N}[\rho ]]|{T^{\prime }}\rangle$ to Rényi-two modular flowed correlators, and show that they coincide with the elements for the input density matrix with small error after twice the scrambling time.
Neuromuscular Dysfunction in Clubfeet Associated With Constriction Band Syndrome
Authors: Starcevich Ana G. , Demetri Leah R.F. , James Michelle A. , Lerman Joel A.
Published: December 2023

Introduction:

Constriction band syndrome (CBS) is a congenital limb anomaly frequently associated with clubfoot. Clubfeet in CBS patients may be associated with peroneal nerve dysfunction in the involved lower extremity; however, the etiology of this neuromuscular dysfunction is not clear. We sought to characterize the distribution of constriction bands on lower extremities with clubfoot and determine if neuromuscular deficit (NMD), defined here as having absent ankle dorsiflexion, was associated with ipsilateral proximal bands. Our secondary aim was to compare the treatment and outcomes of clubfeet with NMD to those without NMD.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective review of all patients with CBS and clubfoot presenting to our facility between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2018. Treatment with the Ponseti method, at least 1 year of follow-up at this facility, and a detailed physical exam describing lower extremity neuromuscular function and the presence and location of constriction bands were required for inclusion in the study cohort.

Results:

Twenty children with 26 clubfeet were included. Forty-six percent (12/26) of the clubfeet had NMD. Clubfeet with and without NMD had ipsilateral thigh or leg constriction bands at similar rates [42% (5/12) vs. 43% (6/14), P=0.106], and the majority (7/12) of clubfeet with NMD did not have an ipsilateral thigh or leg band. While children with an NMD clubfoot tended toward more casts, relapses, and surgical procedures, these differences did not reach statistical significance. The use of a daytime AFO beyond age four was higher in the NMD clubfeet [58% (7/12) vs. 14% (2/14), P=0.04].

Conclusion:

Clubfeet with neuromuscular deficits may occur in the absence of proximal ipsilateral constriction bands, suggesting they may be caused by mechanisms other than direct damage from visible constriction bands to underlying nerves. They can also coexist with arthrogrypotic conditions. Clubfeet with an NMD tended toward more casts, relapses, and surgeries than those without NMD, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. These patients often elect long-term use of a daytime AFO.
Aesthetic Augmentation of the Trochanteric Gluteal Region in Patients with Gender Dysphoria: Lipoinjection, Gluteal Implants, and Hip Implants
Authors: Cárdenas-Camarena Lázaro , López-Fabila Daniel Atl , Vargas-Flores Edgar , Reyes-Herrera Martin Fernando
Published: December 2023

Background:

One of the surgical procedures most requested by patients with gender dysphoria is gluteus-trochanteric improvement, and there are few scientific reports on managing this region. We present our 14-year surgical experience combining different surgical procedures for trochanteric gluteal improvement in patients with gender dysphoria.

Methods:

From October 2007 to December 2022, patients with male-to-female gender dysphoria who requested feminization of the trochanteric gluteal region were operated on, undergoing combined liposuction, lipoinjection, and gluteal (GI) and hip implant (HI) placement.

Results:

One hundred seventy-two patients aged between 23 and 56 years (mean: 36.4 years) were included, with follow-up from 3 to 45 months (mean: 26 years). Lipoinjection alone was performed on buttocks and hips in 132 patients (76.7%), GIs plus hip lipoinjection were performed in 22 patients (12.7%), and 18 patients (10.4%) underwent GIs and HIs. Lipoinjection was added to eight patients in this last group. The overall satisfaction in all groups was 89%. The main reason for dissatisfaction was volume loss secondary to fat reabsorption (8%). There were no significant complications, with the most common adverse events being HI displacement in two of 18 patients (11.11%) and wound dehiscence secondary to GI placement in four of 40 patients (10%).

Conclusion:

With the appropriate combination of liposuction, lipoinjection, GIs, and HIs, it is possible to feminize the trochanteric gluteal region with highly satisfactory results.
Cefepime-induced Acute Liver Injury in a 5-Year-old Boy
Authors: Mode Lael , Guzman-Cottrill Judith A. , Bassett Mikelle
Published: December 2023

Cephalosporins are frequently used to treat pediatric infections and are overall well tolerated. Cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin, has an excellent safety profile in pediatrics. We report a rare case of cefepime-induced acute liver injury in a pediatric patient, which resolved after antibiotic discontinuation.
Six Years of Disease-free Survival After a Second Cord Blood Transplantation for Recurrent Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia in a Child With Down Syndrome
Authors: Aoshima Momoka , Yagasaki Hiroshi , Shimozawa Katsuyoshi , Kanezawa Koji , Ueno Masaru , Morioka Ichiro
Published: December 2023

Outcomes are extremely poor in Down syndrome–associated acute lymphocytic leukemia, particularly in recurrent cases. A 2-year-old boy with Down syndrome–associated acute lymphocytic leukemia achieved complete remission after standard chemotherapy. However, he experienced recurrence twice in the bone marrow and central nervous system. Salvage treatments included whole-brain/whole-spine irradiation. Thereafter, the patient received a second cord blood transplantation after the reduced-intensity conditioning. The graft was characterized by killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor ligands mismatch. The patient has subsequently survived for 6.5 years without recurrence. We speculate that killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor ligand-mismatched cord blood transplantation enhanced the graft-versus-leukemia effect through natural killer cells, and conferred long-term remission.
Close lateral internal sphincterotomy versus open lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tanveer Aiman , Arshad Sheraz , Fakih Nour , Farooq Dawood Azam , Afyouni Ahmad , Kamran Ateeba , Imran Muhammad
Published: December 2023

Background:

Lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) has been the gold standard for treating chronic anal fissure (CAF) that persists despite other measures. The authors aim to evaluate the effects of the close method (CLIS) of performing LIS as compared to the open method (OLIS).

Methods:

Databases were searched for relevant studies and results were screened to identify eligible articles, and all concerned outcomes were pooled as odd ratio (OR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% CI in the meta-analysis models using RevMan 5.4.

Results:

Pooled data from 16 trials with 1,711 patients with idiopathic CAF showed that the CLIS has significant lower risk of delayed fissure healing [OR: 0.28, 95% CI (0.10, 0.77), P = 0.01], duration of hospital stay [MD: -0.82 with 95% CI (−1.07, −0.57), P < 0.00001] and postoperative visual analogue pain score (VAPS) at 24 h [MD: −0.30 with 95% CI (−0.39, −0.21), P < 0.00001]. Also, the risk of overall complications [OR: 0.33 with 95% CI (0.19, 0.55), P < 0.0001], incontinence [OR: 0.28 with 95% CI (0.20, 0.38), P < 0.00001], and postoperative pain [OR: 0.56 with 95% CI (0.35, 0.91), P = 0.02] was significantly lower with CLIS.

Conclusion:

CLIS is a safer option than OLIS for treating anal fissure. The risk of delayed fissure healing, incontinence, post-op pain and overall complication was significantly lower. However, the risk of surgical site infection, postoperative bleeding and recurrence did not differ. Future research with more prolonged follow-up is necessary to document recurrence reliably.
Use of Baclofen as a Treatment for Nocturnal Calf Cramps in Individuals With Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Authors: Kim Hee Jung , Yoon Kyung Bong , Kang Misun , Lee Hee Won , Kim Shin Hyung
Published: December 2023

Objective

This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of baclofen and gabapentin in reducing leg pain from nocturnal calf cramps in lumbar spinal stenosis patients.

Design

In a randomized clinical trial, the patients with lumbar spinal stenosis who commonly experienced nocturnal calf cramps were included. Patients were randomly assigned to either the baclofen or gabapentin group. Overall leg pain intensity, nocturnal calf cramp frequency and severity, sleep disturbances and functional disability were assessed at baseline and after 4 and 12 wks.

Results

Thirty-six patients completed the 3-mo study. Both gabapentin and baclofen groups showed a significant reduction in overall leg pain, calf cramp frequency and intensity, and insomnia severity index scores from baseline to the endpoint. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of symptom reduction at different time points. The baclofen group also demonstrated a significant decrease in Oswestry Disability Index scores (P < 0.001), while the gabapentin group did not (P = 0.344). No adverse effects were reported in either group.

Conclusions

Baclofen seems to be as effective and as safe as gabapentin in treating nocturnal calf cramps in lumbar spinal stenosis patients and even shows superiority in enhancing functional outcomes.
Acute Effects of In-Hospital Resistance Training on Clinical Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Núñez-Cortés Rodrigo , López-Bueno Laura , López-Bueno Rubén , Cuenca-Martínez Ferran , Suso-Martí Luis , Silvestre Antonio , Casaña José , Cruz-Montecinos Carlos , Andersen Lars Louis , Calatayud Joaquín
Published: December 2023

Objective

The aim of the study is to evaluate the acute responses, in the in-hospital setting, of intensive elastic resistance training on physical function, pain, psychosocial variables, and inflammatory markers in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.

Design

In a randomized controlled trial, 40 patients with total knee arthroplasty (≥55 yrs) were assigned to either (1) the intervention group (elastic resistance strengthening) or (2) a control group (conventional protocol). Patients performed three sessions in the hospital at 24, 48, and 72 hrs after total knee arthroplasty. Outcome measures included: self-administered physical function, pain intensity, kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, self-efficacy, range of motion, perceived change, test timed up and go, knee joint effusion, isometric strength, pressure pain thresholds, and inflammatory markers (levels of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein).

Results

The mixed analysis of variance model showed a significant group*time interaction in favor of the intervention group with a large effect size for kinesiophobia (ηp2 = 0.308, P < 0.001), catastrophizing (ηp2 = 0.242, P < 0.001), and passive range of motion flexion (ηp2 = 0.167, P < 0.001) and a moderate effect size for physical function (ηp2 = 0.103, P = 0.004), pain intensity (ηp2 = 0.139, P < 0.001), timed up and go (ηp2 = 0.132, P = 0.001), self-efficacy (ηp2 = 0.074, P = 0.016), active range of motion flexion (ηp2 = 0.121, P = 0.002), levels of procalcitonin (ηp2 = 0.099, P = 0.005), and C-reactive protein (ηp2 = 0.106, P = 0.004).

Conclusions

Three sessions of intensive elastic resistance training improve physical function, perceived pain, psychosocial variables, and inflammatory markers during the hospitalization period after total knee arthroplasty.
The Effects of VR-assisted and Overground Gait Adaptation Training on Balance and Walking Ability in Stroke Patients
Authors: Wang Xinyuan , Qiu Jifang , Zhou Yuda , Liu Wenbing , Zhang Shuijing , Gong Yichen , Jiang Wei , Fang Linjie , Ji Changmeng , Yao Xin , Wang Weiqiang , Xu Sihui , Lu Zhouzhou , Ding Yong
Published: December 2023

Objective

This study compared the effects of virtual reality(VR)-assisted gait adaptation training with the overground gait adaptation training on balance and walking in patients with stroke.

Methods

Fifty-four eligible patients were enrolled. All patients were randomly divided into a VR and control group, with 27 patients in each group. The VR group received VR-assisted training on the treadmill, whereas the control group received overground training in a physical therapy room. After the intervention, patients were assessed using walking speed, obstacle avoidance ability, timed up and go (TUG) test, postural stability, and the Barthel Index (BI).

Results

Significant improvements in walking speed, obstacle avoidance ability, TUG test and eye-opening center of pressure (COP) speed were observed after the intervention (P < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in eye-closing COP speed, tandem COP speed, single-leg COP speed, and BI (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Stroke patients may benefit from VR-assisted gait adaptation training in improving walking and static balance function and reducing the risk of falls.