bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Polyethylene Glycols 4000 and 6000 in Plasma Protein Preparations
Authors: Skoog B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Polyethylene glycols 4,000 and 6,000 were determined in different plasma protein preparations by the formation of complexes with barium and iodide ions after precipitation of the proteins with perchloric acid. The method, which is fast and reliable, can be used for the determinations of PEG down to 0.005% (w/w) of the total protein content.
A Family with Allo‐Immune Neonatal Neutropenia: Group‐Specific Pathogenicity of Maternal Antibodies
Authors: Verheugt F. W. A. , van Noord‐Bokhorst J. C. , von dem Borne A. E. G. Kr. , Engelfriet C. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A family is presented, in which the mother developed strong neutrophil granulocyte‐specific antibodies with the specificity anti‐NA1. The first and third children, both NA1‐positive, suffered from severe transient neonatal neutropenia, but the second child, NA1‐negative, did not.

Anti‐NA1 antibodies were detectable in the serum of one affected child and the antibody level was directly related to the extent of neutropenia. The incidence of granulocyte‐specific antibodies in 198 pregnant women was determined and found to be low.
The Red Cell Antigen once Called Levay is the Antigen Kpc of the Kell System
Authors: Gavin June , Daniels G. L. , Yamaguchi H. , Okubo Y. , Seno Taiko
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The antigen corresponding to the ‘new’ allele Kpc postulated in a Japanese family is the low frequency antigen Levay recognized in England 33 years ago.
A New Red Cell Phenotype I‐i: Red Cells Lacking Both I and i Antigens
Authors: Joshi S. R. , Bhatia H. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. When blood samples from 5,864 healthy Indian blood donors were tested with anti‐I, seven samples failed to react or reacted only weakly. Further studies with a number of anti‐I and anti‐i sera suggested that these samples had the phenotype I‐i‐ and reacted weakly with anti‐IT. In one family, the I‐i‐ phenotype was present in three generations.
Incidence of Allo‐Immunization and Allergic Reactions to Cryoprecipitate in Haemophilia
Authors: McVerry B. A. , Machin S. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 38 haemophiliacs who had received frequent cryoprecipitate infusions, were investigated for the presence of antibodies directed against red cell, HLA, Gm, Inv and plateletspecific antigens. 15 had detectable antibodies against one or more antigen systems. 11 experienced allergic reactions following infusions of cryoprecipitate. There was no correlation between allergic reactions and the presence of detectable antibodies.
A Further Case of Chimeric Twins: Genetic Markers of the Blood
Authors: Pausch V. , Bleier I. , Dub E. , Kirnbauer M. , Weirather M. , Würger G. , Mayr W. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A further case of blood chimerism in male twins concerning red and white cells is described. The erythrocyte chimerism could be detected by 5 out of 16 genetic marker systems and the lymphocyte chimerism by the analysis of autosomal polymorphisms of peripheral blood lymphocytes.
HLA Antigens in Genetic Neutropenia of Yemenite Jews
Authors: Weinberger A. , Shoenfeld Y. , Zamir R. , Gazit E. , Joshua H. , Pinkhas J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The HLA antigenic system was studied in Yemenite Jews with genetic neutropenia. No deviation in antigen frequency was observed when compared with matched controls from the same ethnic group. HLA antigen frequency and common haplotypes of the Yemenite Jews were found entirely different from those of the African blacks, known to have the same anomaly.
Distribution of H Antigen in Persons of Blood Groups A, B, and AB1
Authors: Lill Patsy H. , Stejskal Rudolf , Mlsna Jaraslava
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The distribution of H antigen in tissues of persons of blood groups A, B, and AB was examined. H antigen could be demonstrated in all tissues in which the isologous antigens A and B were demonstrated, although some cells demonstrated isologous but not H antigen. In most tissues, areas were seen that demonstrated H antigen but not the isologous antigen. This was especially true in Brunner's glands of the duodenum and esophageal glands, where the amount of H antigen was apparently greater than the amount of the isologous antigen. Since the results varied greatly from tissue to tissue, it was not possible to interpret the data with respect to the biochemical pathways of blood group antigen formation.
Lognormal Distribution of HBsAg Strengths in an English Population
Authors: Renton Peter H. , Taberner David A. , Roach Donald G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The frequency distribution of reverse passive haemagglutination titres for HBsAg in the sera of 78 positive blood donors found during a 2.5–year period closely follows a lognormal distribution curve. This lognormal distribution suggests that the total population of HBsAg‐positive donors during this period was approximately 84. The modified Hepatest now in use will be expected to detect 82 of these, and to miss only 1 HBsAg‐positive donor in 50,000 screening tests of Manchester blood donors.
A New Low Incidence Red Blood Cell Antigen, Pe
Authors: McPherson Gaytha E. , Wells Ruth F. , Hajleigh Elizabeth B. , Grumet F. Carl
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new low incidence red cell antigen (Pe), and its identifying IgG antibody are described. The antigen is destroyed by enzymes and is absent from serum, urine, saliva, and platelets. The Pe gene frequency is estimated to be less than 0.0003, and the Pe locus does not appear to be linked to Rh or Fy, nor carried by the X or Y chromosomes. The clinical significance of this antibody remains to be determined.
Development of Large Scale Fractionation Methods
Authors: Wickerhauser M. , Williams C. , Mercer J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A large scale method for preparation of antithrombin III (AT III) concentrate from plasma or from Cohn fraction IV‐1 (Fr. IV‐1) has been described. It consists of the following steps: (a) partial purification by precipitation of impurities with 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000; (b) isolation of AT III from the PEG supernatant by batch adsorption and elution on heparin‐Sepharose at a ratio corresponding to 45 vol of plasma or 80 vol of 10% Fr. IV‐1 solution to 1 vol of gel; (c) concentration and desalting of the eluted AT III on a Pellicon ultrafiltration system; (d) pasteurization of AT III concentrate by heating for 10 h at 60°C in the presence of 0.5 M sodium citrate at pH 7.5; (e) removal of excess citrate by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐50; and (f) sterile filtration, filling and lyophilization. The recovery by activity was 32% from a 113‐liter plasma batch and 16% from a 42‐kg Fr. IV‐1 batch.

Both AT III concentrates, derived either from plasma or from Fr. IV‐1, had similar specific activity and electrophoretic purity, were nonpyrogenic and met all other FDA requirements for biologic products.

Pasteurization induced changes in disc gel and isotachophoretic patterns of AT III preparations.
Application of Microtiter Solid‐Phase Radioimmunoassay to the Determination of Hepatitis Be Antigen
Authors: Miyakawa Y. , Tsuda F. , Akahane Y. , Mayumi M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Microtiter solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (micro‐SPRIA) was applied to the detection of hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) in the serum. Antibody against HBeAg to coat the microtiter plate and for radiolabeling was obtained from the serum of asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen by an affinity column of partially purified HBeAg. The micro‐SPRIA was sensitive and could be performed without prior concentration of the test serum. HBeAg was detected in 21 (35%) out of 60 serum samples positive for hepatitis B surface antigen, all of which were negative by the conventional immunodiffusion method even after they had been concentrated threefold.
Protease Inactivation of the Red Cell Antigen Xga
Authors: Habibi B. , Tippett P. , Lebesnerais M. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The study of the agglutinability of Xg(a +) cells by several examples of anti‐Xga and absorption‐elution tests showed that the red blood cell antigen Xga is destroyed by proteases commonly used in blood group serology but not by neuraminidase.
Turtledove: a New Source of P1‐Like Material Cross‐Reacting with the Human Erythrocyte Antigen
Authors: François‐Gérard C. , † J. Brocteur , André A.
Published: March 2009

An antigen cross‐reacting with the human blood group P1 has been discovered in turtledove's blood and egg‐white. In egg‐white, this P1 antigenicity is carried by a glycoprotein called ovomucoid, which is particularly rich in galactose residues and which has been successfully used to produce specific anti‐P1 antibodies in rabbits.
Immunochemical Characteristics of Human Anti‐T Antibodies
Authors: Kim Yung D.
Published: March 2009

A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay was developed to investigate the immunochemical properties of serum anti‐T antibodies. Evidence was presented that the radioimmunoassay can measure non‐agglutinating as well as agglutinating anti‐T antibodies, while the hemagglutination method can detect only the latter type. Although the hemagglutination method failed to detect anti‐T agglutinins in cord sera, the radioimmunoassay results demonstrated the presence of non‐agglutinating antibodies. Presence of 1% polyethylene glycol potentiated some of the originally nonagglutinating antibodies to produce a hemagglutination reaction. Immunochemical characteristics associated with the human anti‐T antibodies are discussed.
Preservation of Human Erythrocytes in the Liquid State: Biological Results with a New Medium
Authors: Herve P. , Lamy B. , Peters A. , Toubin M. , Bidet A.C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Red blood cells (RBC) were collected with citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose (CPD) in a blood‐pack optimal additive system. After concentration to 90% hematocrit they were diluted with saline‐adenine‐glucose medium (SAG‐RBC), and stored for 35 days. In this work the RBC were stored in the presence of leukocytes. The SAG medium allows RBC conservation during 35 days at +4°C. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level of RBC is compatible with their survival. During the first 2 weeks, hemolysis of SAG‐RBC was not greater than in CPD blood. Nevertheless, hemolysis reached 1.49% on day 35, and there was a marked increase in RBC osmotic fragility. Scanning electron‐microscopic studies of 35‐day RBC showed that the majority of them became echinocytes. After incubation in fresh frozen plasma, the RBC recovered satisfactory osmotic resistance and normal disc shape. The post‐transfusion viability was normal with >70% recovery after 48 h. The in vivo restoration of 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) was rapid in the transfused SAG‐RBC, 50% of the initial 2,3‐DPG level being restored in 1 h. The in vivo studies proved that the functional quality of these RBC was compatible with their use in transfusion. The most important problem concerns the supernatant hemoglobin level of the SAG‐RBC to be used for massive transfusion.
Preparation of Granulocyte‐Poor Red Blood Cells by Microaggregate Filtration
Authors: Wenz Barry , Gurtlinger Karl F. , O'Toole Anne M. , Dugan Evelyn P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A simple, effective method for removing granulocytes from stored blood is described. Microaggregate filtration removes approximately 95% of the granulocytes from blood which has been stored for 2 weeks, centrifuged and filtered. The mean number of remaining leukocytes is 8 ± 3.7 × 108/unit. The residual white cell population, which is composed almost entirely of lymphocytes, is substantially less than the average number of cells previously associated with febrile reactions. 45 patients were selected for the study. All had significant febrile transfusion reaction histories, and averaged one reaction for every 3.6 U of conventional red cell product transfused. Administration of 212 units of microaggregate filtered granulocyte poor red cells caused a 95% reduction in the incidence of fibrile reactions. The technique is inexpensive, easily incorporated into the routine of the clinical blood bank, and does not require ‘open‐system’ processing. These considerations make microaggregate filtration a logical first choice method for the preparation of granulocyte‐poor red blood cells.
Plateletpheresis with the IBM Model 2997
Authors: Mishler John Milton , Lund Patricia , Borberg Helmut
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 9 healthy subjects dosed with acid‐citrate‐dextrose, NIH formula B (ACD‐B) while undergoing plateletpheresis with the continuous‐flow IBM Model 2997 centrifuge, received on average 59.5 ± (SD) 3.2 mg Na3 citrate‐kg‐1. h‐1. This rate of infusion of Na3 citrate resulted in a maximum 12‐fold rise in the concentration of citrate in serum (plasma) following the processing of 10 litres of whole blood, and subsequently reduced the level of total calcium in serum (plasma) by 9%. This dose of Na3 citrate produced no clinical symptoms suggestive of hypocalcaemia in these subjects, even though the use of acid‐citrate‐dextrose, NIH formula A (ACD‐A) under identical conditions has been reported to reduce significantly the level of total calcium in serum, and concomitantly increase the number or reactions occurring in donors. From previous studies employing the intermittent‐flow centrifugation system of plateletpheresis, a rate of infusion of Na3 citrate below 65 mg.kg‐1. h‐1 can insure maximum donor safety and this rate can be achieved with the IBM Model 2997 by the utilisation of ACD‐B.
In vitro and in vivo Characterization of Factor VIII Preparations
Authors: Allain J. P. , Verroust F. , Soulier J. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An in vitro and in vivo comparison of nine commercial and noncommercial factor VIII preparations was made. These consisted of one lyophilized cryoprecipitate, four intermediate (IPC) and four high purity concentrates (HPC). Protein, fibrinogen, factor VIII complex, IgG, IgM and anti‐A and B alloagglutinins levels were measured. These three qualities of product were defined by two ratios: units of F VIII: C per mg of protein and per mg of fibrinogen. They were, respectively, <0.5 and < l in cryoprecipitate, 0.5‐1 and 1–3 in IPC, and >1 and >3 in HPC. The F VIII:C/F VIII:AG ratio ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 and the F VIII: C/F VIII: VWF ratio was always lower than 1. Varying titers of alloagglutinins were found, unrelated to either IgG or IgM levels. Seven of these preparations were injected into several classical hemophilia A patients for treatment of minor hemorrhages. The peak of F VIII: C activity was always found 1 h postinjection. The F VIII: C recovery ranged from 80 to 140% and the half‐life from 8 to 15 h. No significant difference was found among these products and the clinical efficacy was similar.
Tk Polyagglutination Produced in vifro by an Endo‐Beta‐Galactoddase1
Authors: Doînel C. , Andreu G. , Cartron J. P. , Salmon C. , Fukuda M. N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. After treatment with the culture supernatant of Bacteroides fragilis or with an endo‐β‐galactosidase from Escherichia freundii, the human red blood cells are Tk‐activated, i.e. agglutinable by BS II lectin and their blood group I and i activities are reduced. These results suggest that B. fragilis produces an endo‐β‐galactosidase activity and that the main antigenic determinant of Tk polyagglutinable red cells is a terminal N‐acetyl‐glucosamine residue.
Successful Treatment by Plasma Exchange in Guillain‐Barré Syndrome with Immune Complexes
Authors: Valbonesi M. , Mosconi L. , Garelli S. , Zerbi D. , Celano I.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A 18‐year‐old woman in the 7th month of pregnancy had a mild enteritis followed within 8 days by a typical Guillain‐Barré syndrome with respiratory failure requiring ventilatory support and bulbar palsy. After induction of delivery and discouraging results with steroid therapy, she was treated by plasma exchange. After 2 sessions on alternate days, a recovery of motility was observed and respiratory failure was abolished. It is pointed out that the most significant improvement was recorded immediately after the plasma exchanges, and that this correlated with the removal of immune complexes.
Evaluation of Three Procedures for the Preparation of Leukocyte‐Poor and Leukocyte‐Free Red Blood Cells for Transfusion
Authors: Sirchia G. , Parravicini A. , Rebuild P. , Fattori L. , Milani S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three methods of leukocyte deprivation of blood for transfusion have been evaluated. Filtration of relatively fresh packed red cells (up to 5 days old) through Erypur filters appears to be the method of choice for the preparation of leukocyte‐free red cells, used to prevent the production of antileukocyte antibodies in nonimmunized, nontransfused patients undergoing repeated blood transfusions. Double dextran sedimentation plus saline washings also yields leukocyte‐free red cells, although with a lower frequency, and represents an alternative to Erypur filtration, especially because of the lower cost and no need of special equipment. Imugard filtration appears to be a simple and effective way for preparing leukocyte‐poor red blood cells. For all the three procedures, results are definitely better when buffy coat‐free packed red cell units are processed. In a given hospital the choice of the technique(s) for the preparation of leukocyte‐poor (free) red blood cells for transfusion depends on a number of factors, such as type of patients to be transfused (immunized or nonimmunized, small children or boys and adults), aim of the procedure (prevention of the febrile transfusion reaction or prevention of antileukocyte antibody production), continuous availability of materials, cost, length and easiness of the procedure; these three latter parameters are in turn related to a number of local situations and facilities.
A Simple Method for the Production of Anti‐C3 Antiserum in Rabbits
Authors: Merry A. H. , Rawlinson Violet I. , Stratton F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method is described for the production of an anti‐C3+d specific antiserum in rabbits. The method does not require purification of C3 but relies on the binding of human C3 to the rabbit erythrocytes following activation of the alternative pathway. The antiserum produced is suitable for use as either a serological reagent or for immunoprecipitation.
Lymphocytotoxic Antibodies in Patients Receiving Granulocyte Transfusions1
Authors: Arnold R. , Goldmann S. F. , Pflieger H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies was studied in 22 patients receiving granulocyte transfusions. Due to previous blood transfusions 7 out of 22 patients had lymphocytotoxic antibodies before granulocyte transfusions were started. 6 out of 15 unsensitized patients developed antibodies during granulocyte transfusion therapy, and 9 out of 15 patients had no detectable antibodies at any time. Transfusion reactions occurred in the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies not directed against donor cells.
In vivo Behaviour of Gamma Globulin Preparations1
Authors: Morell A. , Schürch Beatrice , Ryser D. , Hofer F. , Skvaril F. , Barandun S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Metabolic properties of standard gamma globulin (St‐GG) and of several gamma globulin (GG) preparations for intravenous use were analyzed in radioactive tracer studies. The in vivo behaviour of St‐GG was investigated in 16 probands and found to be comparable to that of normal IgG. The kinetics of the resorption of St‐GG from intramuscular deposits, its elimination from the intravascular compartment and from the body were studied in 2 probands. Metabolic properties of GG preparations for intravenous use were compared with those of St‐GG in 3–4 probands after simultaneous injection of 125I‐ and 131I‐labelled tracer doses. Important differences in the half‐times of intravascular survival, in the rates of catabolism and in the distribution in the body were noticed for most of the preparations for intravenous use except for an improved acid‐treated (pH 4) GG, the in vivo behaviour of which was similar to that of St‐GG.
Presence of Aspirin in Blood Units
Authors: Sharon R. , Kidroni G. , Michel J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 2,655 blood units collected from healthy voluntary donors selected according to the criteria of the International Society of Blood Transfusion were tested for the presence of aspirin. This drug was found in 6% of the samples at concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 μg/ml. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed. We also report a case of allergic reaction which could probably be related to the transfusion of blood containing aspirin.
Doa (Dombrock) Blood Group Antigen in the Japanese
Authors: Nakajima H. , Moulds J. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A low frequency of the Doa antigen in Japanese was confirmed by a further testing of 502 donors and 79 families. In the family studies, Doa was shown to be independent of the Diego or Jr systems.
Disputed Parentage Due to Exchanged Babies Solved by HLA
Authors: Brautbar Chaim , Cohen Tirza , Nelken David
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two female newborns were suspected of having been exchanged. Each baby was tested for blood groups ABO, Rh and MN; for isoenzymes ADA, AcP1, GLO, PGM1, AK1 and for Hp; and for HLA‐A and B phenotypes. In family 1 the baby girl was excluded on the basis of ADA, GLO, PGM1, AK1, Hp and HLA phenotypes. In family 2 the baby girl was excluded on the basis of Rh, PGM1, Hp and HLA phenotypes. Yet the phenotypes of each girl did fit with the parents of the other family. The odds for the babies to belong to the other families were 6.9 × 106:1 and 2.5 × 106: 1. It could be seen that the odds obtained by HLA testing were much higher, usually by two or more orders of magnitude than those of each of the other marker systems. This makes the HLA an excellent single test for the resolution of disputed parentage. The odds of the simultaneous occurrence of 2 children each assigned to the other family was calculated to be 1.7 × 1012: 1.
A New Low Frequency Antigen Lia (Livesey)
Authors: Riches R. A. , Laycock Carol M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three examples of an antibody which detect a new low frequency antigen Lia (Livesey) are described. The antigen is shown to be inherited as an autosomal dominant character, its possible linkage with the Lutheran blood group system is discussed.
Statistical Analysis of β2‐Microglobulin Levels in Sera of Lung and GI Tract Cancer Patients
Authors: Poulik M.D. , Perry D.J. , Sekine T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two radioimmunoassay methods were used to determine levels of β2‐microglobulin in sera of lung and GI tract tumor patients (benign and malignant), as well as of normal individuals. Two screening sera panels were provided by the National Cancer Institute for this purpose. Statistical analysis of the results (performed by an independent institution) of the two panels provided discrepant results. This study points to the need of careful evaluation of results obtained by screening for any potential tumor marker.
Beta2‐Microglobulin in Human Tumors Heterografted into Athymic Mice1
Authors: Michael J. Gabriel , Dingle Sharon , DiPersio Linda , Pesce Amadeo J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Beta2‐microglobulin (β2m) content of several human tumor lines implanted into athymic mice was investigated. The concentration of this protein was found to vary greatly from tumor to tumor. The growth rate of the tumors was inversely related to the amount of the extractable β2m. The fastest growing, undifferentiated tumors contained the least amount of β2m.
Selection of Plasma for Hepatitis B Immune Globulin Using a Low Cost Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Hopkins R. , Ross S. , Barr A. , McClelland D. B. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Polystyrene beads coated with pasteurised polyethylene glycol‐precipitated HBsAg were used to detect anti‐HBs by a solid phase inhibition assay employing unreacted 125I‐anti‐HBs which had previously been ‘processed’ by polyethylene glycol precipitation and used to test for HBsAg. A weak anti‐HBs (approximately 0.1 IU/ml) positive control was used to establish a target level of reactivity. 16,035 freshly donated units of blood, a 90‐sample coded anti‐HBs panel and a selection of hyperimmune globulins were investigated. All positive results were confirmed by a standard commercial assay. Antibody content of selected samples was quantitated in international units. A target level of anti‐HBs activity is suggested for donor plasma to be fractionated for the production of hepatitis B immune globulin.
Lewis Phenotype of Erythrocytes and Leb‐Active Glycolipid in Serum of Pregnant Women1
Authors: Hammar Lena , Månsson Solveig , Rohr Thomas , Chester M. Alan , Ginsburg Victor , Lundblad Arne , Zopf David
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In an attempt to provide an explanation for the previously reported effect of pregnancy on the Lewis phenotype of erythrocytes, the level of Leb‐active glycolipid in serum was compared with the reactions of erythrocytes, using samples obtained from 73 nonpregnant women, 74 women at the time of delivery, and 2 women at weekly intervals during their pregnancy. In this Swedish population, the frequency of the Le(a‐b‐) blood group increased from 11% in nonpregnant women to 36% in women at the time of delivery. Among Le(a‐b+) women of all ABO groups, those who were A1 most often became Le(b‐) during pregnancy. The change in phenotype occurred as early as the 24th week of gestation; the Leb antigen was again detectable within 6 weeks after delivery. The concentration of Leb glycolipid in serum, as measured by radioimmunoassay, decreased only slightly during pregnancy. The repartition of glycolipids, secondary to the increased ratio of lipoprotein to red cell mass that occurs during pregnancy, may account for the relative lack of Lewis glycolipid on erythrocytes.
Modification of the Platelet Suspension Immunofluorescence Test
Authors: Andersen Elsebeth , Bashir Helen , Archer G. T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This study reports two modifications of the Platelet Suspension Immunofluorescence Test which make it more convenient to use for the rapid identification of platelet‐specific antibodies and for screening individuals if platelet donors of a particular type are urgently required. Platelets frozen both before and after paraformaldehyde (PFA) fixation were compared with fresh PFA‐fixed platelets using anti‐PLA1 and anti‐HLA antisera. Further, a comparison was made between the results of the test when performed in tissue culture trays or in tubes as originally described. Platelets, prefixed with PFA and then frozen appeared similar in all respects to fresh PFA‐fixed platelets with no loss of antigenicity and no non‐specific fluorescence. Although platelets fixed after frozen storage were also satisfactory, they were less convenient to use and lost some brilliance in staining. When the test was performed in tissue culture trays, there was no loss in sensitivity, and the volume of antiserum used was halved. However, the main advantage was the efficiency and ease with which the test could be performed, especially when handling large numbers of samples.
Anti‐Nomifensine Antibody Causing Immune Hemolytic Anemia and Renal Failure
Authors: Habibi B. , Cartron J. P. , Bretagne M. , Rouger P. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An anti‐Nomifensine antibody was identified in a patient with immune hemolysis and renal failure who was under Nomifensine therapy. The anti‐drug specificity of the antibody was confirmed by inhibition assays using Sepharose gel‐Nomifensine conjugates. Preliminary screening tests for anti‐Nomifensine antibody in a population of 104 patients treated by the drug showed no further example of such immunization.
Follow‐Up Studies of Healthy Blood Donors. Anti‐HBs Antibody Carriers
Authors: Ślusarczyk J. , Cianciara J. , Świderska H. , Łoch T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 10 healthy blood donors persistently seropositive for anti‐HBs and without a history of clinically overt viral hepatitis were observed for periods of time ranging from 46 to 57 months. Physical examinations and biochemical liver function tests were normal in all cases. Immunologic studies of their immune response to hepatitis B virus antigens are suggestive for a late period of convalescence from clinically inapparent hepatitis B.
Recommendations of Task Force on Laboratory Automation
Authors: Wagstaff W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The recommendations of the Task Force on Laboratory Automation are mainly general, applicable to all types of major equipment and covering in brief the points most likely to be overlooked in the purchase and installation of blood‐grouping machines and allied units. The needs for collaboration between users and for the proper use of international standards are stressed. Specific recommendations on the two main systems cover financial implications and the use of the systems in screening for antibodies to red cell antigens.
Overview, History, Evaluation and Future Developments of the AutoGrouper 16‐C
Authors: Rechsteiner J. , Lockyer W. J. , Friedman L. I.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This paper presents an overview and history of the Technicon blood‐grouping machine from the first single‐channel AutoAnalyser of 1963 through to the new, fully automated AutoGrouper 16‐C. The report includes an analysis of facts drawn from a detailed evaluation of the AutoGrouper 16‐C including its installation, performance, reliability, simplicity of operation, detection of irregular antibodies, syphilis screening, use of reagents and a brief cost analysis.
Automation of Laboratory Data for Hospital Patients
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Mackintosh Pauline
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Computer schemes for a large automated serology service and for tissue typing and organ transplantation which are in operation in Birmingham, England, are described. Each scheme is self‐contained and compact, and has been in successful operation for several years.
Blood Distribution Systems and the Exchange of Information between Hospital Blood Banks and Regional Blood Centers
Authors: Hirsch R. L. , Brodheim E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The advantages and disadvantages of centralized or decentralized reactive or predictive blood distribution systems are presented. A decentralized, predictive distribution system, being used by the Long Island Blood Services Division of the Greater New York Blood Program is described and its applicability to most regional blood supply organizations is emphasized.
A Simple Method for the Preparation of Microaggregate‐Poor Whole Blood
Authors: Högman Claes F. , Johansson Anne
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Microaggregate‐poor whole blood is prepared by collecting blood in ordinary double or triple plastic bag systems, separating cell‐poor plasma and buffy coat from the red cells but without disconnecting the plasma bag and the red cell bag from each other. The double unit is stored at refrigerator temperature. After 10 days' storage, the tube connecting the two parts of the double unit can be sealed upon which further storage is done separately. In this way all whole blood units in stock will have both a low content of microaggregates and a normal or nearly normal affinity for oxygen.
Preparation of Leukocyte‐Poor Blood: A Comparison of IBM 2991 Washing and Huggins Freeze‐Thawing1
Authors: Gray E. , Baxter A. , Laberge A. , Rock G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Frequently, frozen blood is requested in order to provide a leukocyte‐poor red cell transfusion and a reduced level of exposure to hepatitis virus rather than in an effort to find serological compatible red blood cells. However, this usage of frozen blood is expensive and, as recently reported, does not eliminate the risk of transmission of hepatitis. To assess the feasibility of substituting washed cell preparations, we have compared the Huggins frozen blood process with the IBM 2991 cell washing technique and have evaluated the efficiency of leukocyte removal and red cell recovery from homologous pools of fresh blood. The results of these experiments combined with the greatly decreased cost (approximately 1/3) and time required (approximately 1/6) indicate that many of the requests which blood banks receive for frozen blood could, in fact, be better met by using cells which have been washed in the IBM 2991.
Immunochemistry of the Lewis Blood‐Group System
Authors: Schenkel‐Brunner H. , Hanfland P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The antigen specificities of different anti‐Lex sera were examined by immunoadsorption studies using adsorbents with well‐defined carbohydrate units covalently bound to an inorganic matrix (Synsorb®, Chembiomed). In contrast to those of normal anti‐Lea and anti‐Leb sera, the antibody binding site of Lex antibodies was found to be considerably smaller, comprising merely the structure Fucα1→4GlcNAc‐R. Based on this property, homogeneously reacting Lex antibodies could be isolated from heterogeneous anti‐Lea+b+x+ sera by means of affinity chromatography on Fucα1→4GlcNAc‐Synsorb. When the serological reactivity of the purified Lex antibodies against a Lea‐active glycolipid isolated from human plasma was compared with that of normal anti‐Lea serum using haemagglutination inhibition and quantitative passive haemagglutination tests, evidence was obtained that the Lex character of cord blood erythrocytes is not based on the existence of a separate Lex antigen, but rather on the ability of the anti‐Lex antibodies to react already with traces of Lea substance present on fetal erythrocytes, not detectable by normal anti‐Lea agglutinins.
Elevated Serum Creatine Phosphokinase in Subjects with McLeod Syndrome
Authors: Marsh W.L. , Marsh N.J. , Moore A. , Symmans W.A. , Johnson C.L. , Redman C.M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. McLeod phenotype red cells of the Kell blood group system have acanthocytic morphology and reduced in vivo survival. The phenotype has an X‐linked mode of inheritance and is found in some males who have no abnormality of leukocyte function and in some who have X‐linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). We now describe an association between the McLeod phenotype and an abnormal elevation of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK). The increase is of the MM isoenzyme type, derived from skeletal muscle or cardiac muscle, and muscle biopsy shows evidence of muscle cell changes. All of 11 males who have McLeod syndrome but do not have CGD have high levels of serum CPK. Males with McLeod syndrome and CGD may have normal or high levels of the enzyme. Individuals with other variant phenotypes in the Kell system have normal levels of serum CPK. Studies on a large kindred, which includes 5 people of McLeod phenotype, show high CPK levels only in the members of McLeod type. We conclude that the high level of CPK in the serum of these people is a reflection of a muscle cell anomaly and that in these individuals it is a pleiotropic effect of the X‐linked gene that produces the McLeod red cell phenotype.
Detection of Platelet Antibodies by a Newly Developed Mixed Agglutination with Platelets
Authors: Shibata Yoichi , Juji Takeo , Nishizawa Yaeko , Sakamoto Hisahiro , Ozawa Naohiro
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We have developed a mixed passive haemagglutination test for the detection of platelet antibodies. This test is essentially a combination of a modified test of mixed agglutination and reversed passive haemagglutination. Using this test, platelet allo‐antibodies (HLA antibodies and non‐HLA antibodies) were found to be detected with very high sensitivity in the sera of pregnant women and transfused patients. The platelet crossmatch test was performed for patients who had to receive massive platelet transfusion. There was a good correlation between the result of the crossmatch and clinical platelet recovery.
Vga: A New Low Incidence Red Cell Antigen
Authors: Young S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new low incidence red cell antigen, Van Vugt (Vga) has been found in a blood donor. A family study showed that the antigen is inherited as a Mendelian autosomal dominant character. Vga segregates independently from the MNSs blood group system. Only one example of the antigen was found on testing 17,209 blood donors. Anti‐Vga is not uncommon in sera containing multiple antibodies to low frequency antigens.
Accumulative Effect of DDAVP and Heparin in Increasing Plasma Factor VIII Levels1
Authors: Rock G. , Palmer D.S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. DDAVP (l‐desaminocysteine‐(8‐D‐arginine)‐vasopressin) produces a marked increase in plasma factor VIII procoagulant (F VIII:C) levels. Previously, we have reported that blood collected into heparin rather than into CPD anticoagulant results in higher starting levels of plasma F VIII:C activity. We therefore wished to determine whether the effects of these two agents were accumulative and whether they would result in any difference in the relative molecular distribution of F VIII:C. Blood was collected into CPD or heparin immediately before and 15 min after an intravenous dose of 0.2 μg/kg body weight of DDAVP. Pre‐stimulation factor VIII levels were approximately 36% higher in heparinized plasma than in CPD plasma. Following DDAVP stimulation, the final factor VIII activity was increased 3.9‐fold when either of the anticoagulants was used, with the heparin sample maintaining a 37% increase over the CPD sample. Column chromatography on Sepharose CL‐6B of pre‐ and post‐DDAVP plasma samples collected into either heparin or CPD indicated that there was no change in the relative distribution of the high and low molecular weight forms of F VIII:C. The heparinized sample showed the typical distribution of approximately 60% F VIII:C at void volume (Vo) and 40% at 2.3 Vo, suggesting that DDAVP‐stimulated increases of plasma F VIII:C are equally distributed between the carrier and non‐carrier associated F VIII:C activities.
Plasma Exchange in the Management of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Preliminary Observations
Authors: Valbonesi M. , Garelli S. , Mosconi L. , Zerbi D. , Forlani G.
Published: March 2009

Since humoral factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and previous attempts at therapeutic intervention have not met with uniform success, plasma exchange (PE) was recently proposed for the management of this disease. We are currently investigating the possible effectiveness of PE in the treatment of MS, and to date 6 patients have been entered into the study. At least 4 of our patients who did not respond to conventional therapy have shown unequivocal, moderate to marked improvement following the first session of PE. At the time of treatment, these patients had an acute exacerbation of their disease. We found no correlation between clinical improvement and the serum immune complex levels, suggesting that other poorly known mechanisms were operative. Based on our preliminary results, we feel that PE may be efficacious in treating exacerbations of MS. More evidence is needed on the effects of PE in the chronic stage of the disease.
Plasma Exchange as a Therapy for Guillain‐Barré Syndrome with Immune Complexes
Authors: Valbonesi M. , Garelli S. , Mosconi L. , Zerbi D. , Celano I.
Published: March 2009

Small volume plasma exchange (PE) was evaluated in 6 patients with acute Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) and in 1 with its chronic relapsing type. Patients were treated during the onset or progression of their neurologic involvement and no other combined therapy was provided. 6 of our patients had clear benefit following the first session. Two procedures on alternate days were carried out in 4 patients while a third procedure was performed in 3 due to insufficient exchange or to equivocal improvement. After PE, patients showed moderate to marked improvement in motor strength, in their ventilatory function and in their sensory symptoms, which improved definitely but more slowly than motility. Each patient showed, prior to therapy, high levels of immune complexes; their level was clearly reduced by PE and clinical results correlated with this removal. No relapse was observed during 5–15 months of appropriate follow‐up.
Effect of Combined Treatment of Serum Containing Hepatitis B Virus with Beta‐Propiolactone and Ultraviolet Irradiation
Authors: Stephan W. , Berthold H. , Prince A.M.
Published: March 2009

The effect of cold sterilization by β‐propiolactone (β‐PL) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of serum contaminated with infectious hepatitis B virus (HBV) was investigated in chimpanzees. Chimpanzees given 0.1 ml/kg of the undiluted HBV serum estimated to contain 107‐108 CID50/ml developed acute hepatitis B infection 4 weeks after inoculation. Chimpanzees injected with the same undiluted hepatitis serum treated with β‐PLAJV developed hepatitis B infection 14 weeks later. Based on the published linear relationship between log dose of HBV and incubation period in chimpanzees this indicates a 106‐fold reduction in infectivity titer. Animals inoculated with the serum diluted 1:1,000 showed manifest hepatitis B infection 11 weeks later. Animals inoculated with serum diluted 1:1,000 and then cold sterilized with b̊‐PL/U V showed no signs of hepatitis B infection. Sensitive proteins are not denaturated by β‐PL/UV cold sterilization.
Serological Markers of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Healthy Volunteer Blood Donors in Campania (Southern Italy)
Authors: Ascione A. , Forte G.B. , Amitrano L. , de Bellis G. , Pandolfi C. , Iaccarino L. , Mariconda M. , Petringa D. , Utech W. , Vacca C.
Published: March 2009

The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological markers was determined in a prospective fashion by radioimmunoassay in 2,084 healthy volunteer blood donors. The results showed that 51.2% of the donors were positive for at least one marker, and the percentage of occurrence of each marker was: HBsAg 5.3, anti‐HBs alone 1.7, anti‐HBc alone 10.8, anti‐HBs and anti‐HBc 33.3. Because of the size of the problem this investigation strongly demands further studies on the potential role of blood positive for anti‐HBc in transmitting HBV infection in our geographical area.
Protease Modification Enhances Anti‐D Binding to Nucleated Red Blood Cell Precursors1
Authors: Rearden A. , Masouredis S.P.
Published: March 2009

Protease modification of nucleated red blood cell precursors resulted in significant enhancement of anti‐D binding, indicating the presence of cryptic Rh determinants within the plasma membrane of the developing erythroid cell. Protease‐modified nucleated precursor cells bound less anti‐D than protease‐modified mature red blood cells, however, suggesting that the total content of D antigen in the developing erythropoietic plasma membrane is reduced. These findings support the hypothesis that the D antigen, an integral membrane protein, is progressively synthesized during erythropoiesis.
Influence of a Blood Component Program on Postoperative Complication Rates: A Retrospective Study in 372 Patients
Authors: Lundsgaard‐Hansen P. , Koch St. , Lindt R. , Senn A. , Tschirren B.
Published: March 2009

We did a retrospective study of 372 thoracic and cardiovascular surgery patients, except open heart cases, which were treated by the same senior staff during the last year before (N=197) and the first year after (N=175) the introduction of a blood component program. There were no other basic changes of therapeutic policies. The two populations were comparable with respect to various basic characteristics. During the period ‘before’ the large majority of red cell units was ‘deplasmatized’ blood with a plasma deficit of 100 ml and a hematocrit of 40%. During the period ‘after’ it was red cell concentrates with a plasma deficit of 200 ml and a hematocrit of 70%. The usage pattern of red cell units did not change. The only statistically significant (and deliberate) quantitative difference between the transfusion regimens ‘before’ and ‘after’ was a more extensive intraoperative use of a gelatin plasma substitute to balance the plasma deficit of the red cell concentrates. As judged by various criteria, the postoperative courses of the patients ‘before’ and ‘after’ were virtually indistinguishable. We conclude that the blood component program practised at our hospital has no adverse effects on the postoperative course.
Development of an HLA‐Bw60 Antibody in a Multiparous HLA‐Bw61 Positive Woman
Authors: Fauchet R. , Saleun J.P. , Dejour G. , Genetet B.
Published: March 2009

An HLA‐B7 related Bw60 antibody was produced by pregnancy in an HLA‐Bw61 positive woman. The 2 specificities reacted with the B7, Bw60 cells of the proband's husband and could be separated by absorption. This report is an additional evidence of the heterogeneity of B40, a complex known to include the antigens Bw60 and Bw61.
Plasma Exchange in Rheumatoid Vasculitis
Authors: Brubaker Daniel B. , Winkelstein Alan
Published: March 2009

Vasculitis is an uncommon, extremely debilitating complication of severe, chronic rheumatoid arthritis. High levels of circulating immune complexes along with vascular deposition of immunoglobulins and complement indicate an immune complex mediated disease. No pharmacologic therapy has been completely effective and the incidence of mortality is exceptionally high. This study shows clinical improvement with combination of plasma exchange and cytoxan therapy. We report an association in the conspicuous decline of immune complexes with objective clinical remission in 2 patients who underwent combination therapy. This adjunctive combination therapeutic modality is recommended in the treatment of rheumatoid vasculitis.
A Modified Radio‐Immune Antiglobulin Test for the Screening of Anti‐Red Blood Cell Antibodies in Hybridoma Supernatants
Authors: Bessos Hagop , James Keith , McClelland Brian
Published: March 2009

A radio‐immune antiglobulin test was developed using mouse monoclonal anti‐human A red blood cell (RBC) antibodies, and applied to the screening and study of hybridoma supernatants containing anti‐human RBC antibodies. The latter antibodies were provided either as known monoclonal antibodies from culture supernatants and ascitic fluids, or as culture supernatants to be screened. The technical feasibility of the test was greatly facilitated by the use of remova‐well disposable polystyrene plates, multichannel pipettes, and multiple‐plate centrifuge holders. The sensitivity of the test and its relevance for the screening of hybridoma anti‐human RBC antibodies is discussed.
Lea Blood Group Substance Degradation in the Human Alimentary Tract and Urinary Lea in Coeliac Disease
Authors: Evans D.A.P. , Donohoe W.T.A. , Hewitt S. , Linaker B.D.
Published: March 2009

The Lewis (Lea) blood group substance in alimentary tract liquids is a large molecule. Ileal and jejunal mucosal preparations can act upon it to produce dialysable serologically active Lea. Alimentary tract bacteria cannot produce a similar effect. Plasma, serum and urinary Lea are principally in the form of a dialysable moiety. It is suggested that this dialysable form is produced by mucosal degradation of large‐molecule Lea in the alimentary tract. The small‐molecule Lea is absorbed, transported in the plasma and then excreted. Both secretor and non‐secretor patients with duodenal ulcer and inflammatory bowel disease have normal urinary Lea titres. Non‐secretor coeliac patients who have not regenerated normal jejunal mucosa on treatment have significantly reduced urinary Lea titres when compared with healthy individuals. One non‐secretor coeliac patient who had regenerated a normal jejunal mucosa on treatment had a normal urinary Lea titre. Coeliac patients have normal titres of salivary Lea.
Febrile Transfusion Reactions Reduced by Use of Buffy‐Coat‐Poor Erythrocyte Concentrates
Authors: Liedén Gudrun , Hildén Jan‐Olof
Published: March 2009

In a medium‐sized Swedish hospital there was a switch on a certain date from unprepared whole blood to buffy‐coat‐poor concentrates in all erythrocyte transfusions. The incidence of febrile transfusion reactions decreased by half.