bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making the Mock Newbery Their Own: A School/Library System Collaboration
Authors: DeLap Alpha , McGowan Cecilia
Published: December 2018

It was a warm June Chicago night, and we were talking about Mock Newbery programs in public and school libraries over dessert. After a bite of dark chocolate mousse, Cecilia said to me, “Well, what if we partnered on a Mock Newbery program this Fall?” I clapped my hands like one of my second grade students and said, “Yes, please!” I had dreamed of this moment for a long time. “Let’s be in touch at the end of the summer and see what is possible.”I teach at an independent school, St. Thomas School, preschool through grade 8, across Lake Washington from Seattle. In the past, I have run small Mock Newbery programs, like a traditional lunch book club. We have used the already curated book list from our local public library, which is part of the King County Library System, and usually a handful of fifth grade students participate.
Couples Who Collaborate: Andrea Davis Pinkney and Brian Pinkney
Authors: Gibson Jennifer
Published: December 2018

For author Andrea Davis Pinkney and her husband, author/illustrator Brian Pinkney, creating books for children is truly a family affair. The couple has collaborated on more than fifty titles, ranging from board books like Watch Me Dance (Red Wagon Books, 1997), to their many picture-book collaborations, like Sojourner Truth’s Step-Stomp Stride (Hyperion, 2009) and Sit-In: How Four Friends Stood Up by Sitting Down (Little, Brown, 2010), to longer nonfiction titles such as Hand in Hand: Ten Black Men Who Changed America (Disney-Hyperion, 2012).
Moving from ECRR to ECRS: Getting Every Child Ready for School
Authors: Campana Kathleen
Published: December 2018

Have you ever wondered how well your storytimes and other programs are preparing children for school by providing the skills they need to enter school ready to learn? You are probably using the five practices from Every Child Ready to Read 2 (ECRR)—talking, singing, reading, playing, and writing—to support children’s literacy learning, but are you using them to support other types of learning?
Everyday Advocacy: An Everyday Advocacy Moment
Authors: Martin Amy
Published: December 2018

I was getting lucnh at the coffee shop across the street from the library. It's been there for 7 years now. 5 years since everyone stopped calling it "The New Place." I eat there a couple of times a month, and I have colleagues who go there every day.
Connecting Hexagon Constructions and Similarity
Authors: Bannister Nicole , Sinwell Benjamin J.
Published: December 2018

Our favorite lesson helps geometry students learn to use diagrams for thinking and communicating (Sinclair, Pimm and Skelin 2012) and motivates a discussion about similarity. The lesson connects sidewalk chalk-andstring (C&S) constructions of regular hexagons with a dynamic geometry software (DGS) approach.
Le rôle et l’impact des premiers répondants dans le processus de résilience familiale à la suite du suicide d’un adolescent
Authors: Genest1 Christine , Maltais Nathalie , Gratton Francine
Published: December 2018

Le suicide d’un adolescent ou d’une adolescente crée généralement une onde de choc au sein du système familial. Les premiers répondants que représentent les pompiers, les ambulanciers ou les policiers sont les intervenants qui entrent en contact avec les familles lors de cette période de crise et de bouleversement. Leurs interventions et leurs attitudes à l’égard du suicide et des endeuillés peuvent donc influencer le cheminement des familles au cours de leur processus de deuil. À la suite d’une étude dont le but était de comprendre et de décrire le processus de résilience familiale après le suicide d’un ou d’une adolescente, une analyse secondaire des comptes rendus intégraux a permis de faire ressortir l’impact des premiers répondants sur le cheminement des membres (n = 17) de sept familles au cours de leur processus de deuil. Les résultats montrent que le contact avec les premiers répondants influence l’ampleur du cataclysme vécu au moment du suicide, ce qui teinte la suite du cheminement. Il serait donc pertinent de former les premiers répondants (policiers, pompiers et ambulanciers) à ce type de situation et de repenser l’organisation des services afin de mieux soutenir les endeuillés et de favoriser leur processus de résilience.
Application of Machine Learning Classification Algorithm to Cybersecurity Awareness
Authors: Balan Shilpa , Gawand Sanchita , Purushu Priyanka
Published: December 2018

Cybersecurity plays a vital role in protecting the privacy and data of people. In the recent times, there have been several issues relating to cyber fraud, data breach and cyber theft. Many people in the United States have been a victim of identity theft. Thus, understanding of cybersecurity plays an important role in protecting their information and devices. As the adoption of smart devices and social networking are increasing, cybersecurity awareness needs to be spread. The research aims at building a classification machine learning algorithm to determine the awareness of cybersecurity by the common masses in the United States. We were able to attain a good F-measure score when evaluating the performance of the classification model built for this study.
Extensible Portfolio of Forecasting Methods for ERP Systems: Integration Approach
Authors: Pekša Jānis
Published: December 2018

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are large, modular enterprise applications designed for most of the company’s business processes. They include a range of different forecasting methods. The paper analyses the existing forecasting methods in ERP systems and provides a comparison of forecasting methods in ERP systems. It considers the problem of prediction integration in ERP systems and describes the general process by a conceptual model based on academic literature from forecasting with ERP systems. The study provides an integration approach, which is the most suitable one for providing forecasting functions in ERP systems.
Implementation of SCOR Based Business Process Framework for Logistics and Supply Chain in Retail Company
Authors: Girjatovičs Andrejs , Rizoto-Vidala-Pesoa Laila Māra , Kuzņecova Oksana
Published: December 2018

The paper describes the implementation of process management methodology SCOR in a retail company. The supply chain operations reference model (SCOR) provides process management methodology, including processes, their metrics, benchmarking and diagnostic tools to assist an organisation in enhancing supply chain processes. The model contains multiple sections and is composed of management processes, such as Plan, Source, Make, Deliver, Return and Enable. The model can be used to describe processes of supply chains that are simple or very complex using a common set of definitions. As a result, processes of companies from different industries can be measured against industry peers using the same metrics. The paper summarises important milestones and lessons learnt during implementation of SCOR in a retail company. It explains benefits of SCOR, as well as main challenges in the implementation of new process modelling framework.
Specificity and the Macroeconomics of Restructuring
Authors: Caballero Ricardo J.
Published: December 2018

A proposal that the notion of specificity—the idea that factors of production are not interchangeable—can provide a unified framework to analyze and understand a wide variety of macroeconomic phenomena stemming from the transactional environment and microeconomic restructuring.

The core mechanism that drives economic growth in modern market economies is massive microeconomic restructuring and factor reallocation—the Schumpeterian "creative destruction" by which new technologies replace the old. At the microeconomic level, restructuring is characterized by countless decisions to create and destroy production arrangements. The efficiency of these decisions depends in large part on the existence of sound institutions that provide a proper transactional environment. In this groundbreaking book, Ricardo Caballero proposes a unified framework to analyze and understand a wide variety of macroeconomic phenomena stemming from limitations, especially institutional, that hinder these adjustments.

Caballero argues that macroeconomic models need to be made more "structural" in a precise sense and can not be maintained on the assumption that decisions are fully flexible. What is needed, he proposes, is the notion of specificity—the idea that factors of production are not freely interchangeable. Many of the major macroeconomic developments of recent decades, he argues, fit naturally into this perspective, including the transition problems of Eastern Europe, the heavy weight of labor regulations in Western Europe, the emerging market crises of the 1990s, the prolonged expansion of the U.S. economy, and Japan's stagnation following the collapse of its real estate bubble.

After describing the basic arguments of the book and developing models to illustrate two different kinds of specificity (relationship specificity and technological specificity), Caballero analyzes a variety of aspects of inefficient restructuring and revisits perennial business cycle patterns such as the cyclical behavior of unemployment, investment, and wages. Finally, he looks at the endogenous response of political institutions and technology to opportunistic exploitation of relationship specificity. Economists working on macroeconomics, development, growth, labor, and productivity issues will find Caballero's conceptual framework applicable to phenomena in their fields.
Gestão fiscal e a transparência eletrônica em Mato Grosso do Sul
Authors: Bernardo Luciana Virginia Mario , Lima Jandir Ferrera de , Farinha Maycon Jorge Ulisses Saraiva
Published: December 2018

Neste artigo analisam-se o comportamento do conhecido Índice FIRJAN de Gestão Fiscal e a transparência eletrônica municipal para o Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Não foram identificados artigos publicados sobre o assunto para esta unidade da federação. Assim, justifica-se a escolha do assunto devido às contribuições que a pesquisa pode trazer para a literatura. A metodologia utilizada incluiu o método dedutivo e a análise descritiva dos dados. Os resultados indicaram que as microrregiões de Mato Grosso do Sul podem melhorar seus Índices FIRJAN de Gestão Fiscal, que, na maioria dos casos, se encontram classificados ou em “gestão em dificuldade” ou em “gestão crítica”. Com relação à transparência eletrônica, percebe-se que a maioria dos municípios do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul não adota adequadamente o procedimento e 64% deles publicam somente até 40% das informações.
Migração de retorno no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul: o caso de Coqueiro Baixo
Authors: Agostini Cíntia , Salami Felipe
Published: December 2018

Este artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa exploratória sobre o fenômeno da migração que levou pessoas a retornarem de grandes centros ou municípios com características industriais para um município rural. A migração de retorno é a denominação que identifica os deslocamentos de volta aos municípios de origem. Assim, o objetivo foi identificar os motivos que levaram à migração de retorno ao município gaúcho de Coqueiro Baixo. Metodologicamente, esta é uma pesquisa exploratória, qualitativa, que se utilizou de fontes bibliográficas e entrevistas para, a partir das informações, efetivar a análise de conteúdo dos aspectos levantados e informações obtidas. Foram entrevistadas dez pessoas que fizeram a migração de retorno ao município de Coqueiro Baixo. A emigração dos entrevistados ocorreu entre os anos de 1995 a 2005, atraídos pelos grandes centros, principalmente, pela oferta de trabalho. Contudo, a partir de 2006 deu-se o movimento de retorno ao município de nascimento, destacando-se como os principais motivos a segurança, a tranquilidade e condições de trabalho (o que os entrevistados classificaram como sendo qualidade de vida). Além disso, havia a possibilidade de investimento em negócio próprio e de cuidar dos pais.
Self‐Regulation in the First 3 Years of Life: A Key to Predict Successful Development?
Authors: Pauen Sabina , Evers Wiebke
Published: December 2018

Self‐regulation (SR) skills in young children are known to predict later achievements, but we still know only little about how various aspects of SR first emerge, how they are related to each other and what mechanisms underlie their development in infancy and beyond. To answer these questions we need to improve concepts and measures to describe early SR development, clarify whether SR development undergoes a sensitive period in infancy, and to identify factors that influence SR development in early years. The present report argues for a multi‐method, system‐oriented, and dynamic approach to meet these challenges.
Transnational Social Practices: A Quantitative Perspective
Authors: Teney Céline , Deutschmann Emanuel
Published: December 2018

Transnational social practices (TSP) can be defined as sustained linkages and ongoing exchanges between individuals across national borders. Over the last decades, TSP have not only become more common, but they have also developed into an increasingly salient subject of quantitative sociological research. After highlighting seminal foundational research, we introduce a set of salient topics in this emerging strand of research, including the social stratification of TSP, the link between TSP and cosmopolitan attitudes, and the issue of classifying TSP into meaningful subdimensions. We conclude with a discussion of several avenues for future research, including the relation between TSP and the increasing societal polarization between “locals” and “globals,” the need to go beyond the field's current Eurocentrism to study TSP comparatively in all parts of the world, and the prospects of methodological and technical advances in research on TSP, including network‐analytic approaches and geo‐tagged digital‐trace data.
Holding On or Letting Go? Persistence and Disengagement in Goal Striving
Authors: Brandstätter Veronika
Published: December 2018

Goals shape our personal identities, structure our everyday lives, regulate our behavior, and thus are in fact one of the most important sources of performance and well‐being. Successful goal striving unfolds between tenacious persistence on the one hand and timely disengagement on the other when a goal has become futile and too costly. Disengagement from goals is often difficult, however. Issues of unproductive persistence and (unsuccessful) goal disengagement have, for a long time, been addressed primarily in the realm of monetary decision‐making (escalation of commitment). In the more recent past, research on personal goals has devoted attention to issues of goal disengagement, doing so from two different research perspectives (individual differences approach, process‐oriented approach). This essay gives an overview of traditional and current research on goal disengagement with its practical implications for the individual but also on a societal level, and outlines promising lines of research addressing fundamental questions still unanswered.
Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Refugee Youth in Resettlement
Authors: Kia‐Keating Maryam , Liu Sabrina R. , Sims Ginette M.
Published: December 2018

The global refugee crisis has reached unprecedented levels in scale and severity. Refugee youth face adversities at every phase of their experience; however, compared to premigration and migration, far less is understood about postmigration factors impacting well‐being. An overemphasis on traumatic stress has led to a gap in the research on resilience, protective, and promotive factors during resettlement. In contrast to a deficit model, the socioecological framework provides a holistic understanding of individual functioning. It is vital for future research to utilize a socioecological framework to highlight protective and promotive factors and inform policy and prevention efforts that target contextual and macro‐level processes that can benefit refugee youth development. Participatory, human‐centered, and empowerment approaches are emergent strategies that view and treat refugee youth populations as equitable partners, building their agency to move toward social action and help lead the efforts in reducing health disparities and supporting refugee resilience in resettlement.
Gender and School‐to‐Work Transitions Research
Authors: Smyth Emer
Published: December 2018

This essay critically reflects on existing conceptualizations of gender in school‐to‐work transitions research. Gender is always included as a “control” variable in analyses of post‐school transitions, but the way in which gender is embedded in institutional structures across different national settings is rarely unpacked in a systematic way. The essay draws on recent research to outline the way in which gender differences in labor market outcomes, especially at the early stages of the career, are likely to reflect variation in the nature of education and training systems. In doing so, it argues for the need to build bridges between transitions research and other sociological accounts of education and gender and highlights methodological challenges in combining insights from detailed case‐studies of specific workplaces and from multivariate analyses of large‐scale national and cross‐national data sets.
The Diffusion of Scientific Innovations: Arguments for an Integrated Approach
Authors: Herfeld Catherine , Doehne Malte
Published: December 2018

Although the diffusion of scientific innovations has been studied for a long time and in various disciplines, little work has been done to integrate findings into a larger framework. In this essay, we offer an integrated approach to studying how scientific innovations spread within and across preexisting and newly emerging research fields. Drawing on ‘sociology of science,’ ‘philosophy of science,’ and ‘history of science,’ we develop a framework that captures how scientific innovations are modified in the process of their adoption. This framework allows to specify conditions under which scientific innovations diffuse and to characterize the process of diffusion. We argue that the time is ripe for such an integrated view and suggest future lines of research for developing it further.
Online Pornography
Authors: Tzankova Veronika
Published: December 2018

Now that pornography uses the Internet as its primary medium of distribution, the distinctive characteristics associated with such distribution have started to receive attention from scholars and media practitioners alike. A closer look at online pornography – together with related consumption and production patterns – adds an important perspective to our understanding of individual and collective framings of sexuality and sexual subcultures. In addition, the online porn industry has played an important role in economic and technological developments of the Web – dynamics which have contributed to the increasing ubiquity of pornography. In light of such advancements, this entry aims to discuss the nature of online pornography, relevant debates, the shifts in production and consumption patterns introduced by the Internet as a medium of circulation, together with the social implications associated with these developments.
Bedouin Society
Authors: Abu‐Rabia‐Queder Sarab
Published: December 2018

Bedouin society is not a definable homogeneous category, but varies from one country to another according to the political relations that render its status as marginalized or developing. As such, it cannot be described in fixed identities, although its scholarly definitions are not entirely detached from academic politics.
H
ilferding,
R
udolf (1877–1941)
Authors: Milios John
Published: December 2018

A prominent Marxist theoretician and socialist politician in Austria and Germany, with his
Finance Capital
(first published in 1910), Hilferding changed the dominant theoretical paradigm in Marxist economic theory, as he introduced in it the idea of stages of capitalism and the notion of monopoly capitalism. Hilferding's approach thus constitutes the starting point of a new tradition in Marxian economics, which modified Marx's original approach. Many of Hilferding's ideas concerning market structure, economic development, technical change, credit money, and the distinction between the manager and the capitalist also influenced non‐Marxist economists, for example, Joseph Schumpeter.
Health and Globalization
Authors: Shinohara Chika
Published: December 2018

Health is a growing research area in sociology today. Aging and longevity are not the only reasons for its popularity; it is also influenced by the developments of the global health system and governance, as well as global health culture. Sociologists pay attention to social stratifications of health status and other health‐related variables created in and affected by globalization. Others also study how medical health knowledge and technology crosses national borders and identifies distinct types of health problems, concerns, and issues. In such processes, international health organizations play important roles in disseminating information on health and illnesses, supplying preventive knowledge, and regulating medical interventions. Sociological research has shown the significance of class, gender, and culture to health and care in globalization. Maternal health and children's mortality are major challenges that affect our health status and life expectancy levels. Some important contributors in our daily life to such health outcomes are lifestyle choices and living environment. Health information and professionals now cross national boundaries with some regularity, creating more effects for future sociological investigations. Global healthcare worker migration and medical tourism, in particular, are modern phenomena which expose inequalities in the sociological study of health and globalization.
Internships
Authors: Nicholas Arlene J.
Published: December 2018

Internships have been defined as official or formal programs used to provide practical experience for a beginner in an occupation or profession. This type of experiential learning is an old tradition, from apprenticeships of the ancient and modern world to internships and practicums for today's students. Internships can have very positive impacts for students. For example, interns who exceeded employers' expectations were offered a 9.2 percent higher salary than other nonintern alumni counterparts.
Scientific Management
Authors: Wagner‐Tsukamoto Sigmund
Published: December 2018

Scientific management (Taylorism) originated in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century. Its emergence is closely linked to the management studies, engineering innovations, and business consultancy work of Frederick W. Taylor (1856–1915). On the one hand its contemporary relevance for organization sociology, sociopsychological studies of work, and organizational economics rests with its historic significance. Many regard Taylor as the founding father of management studies and scientific management as the first modern theory of management and organization. On the other hand, scientific management remains an integral part of contemporary concepts on how to organize in industrial settings. Scientific management sets out, in various respects, conceptual roots of contemporary organization theory. This is not to say that Taylor did not fall for certain misunderstandings when he proposed scientific management: His description of workers as “born lazy” but managers as morally high‐minded was found insulting by many.
Organizational Ecology
Authors: Lune Howard , Olvera Jacqueline
Published: December 2018

Organizational ecology is a theoretical approach to the study of organizations, populations of organizations, and organizational environments. It pays special attention to the role of environmental resources and constraints in shaping the nature of organizations as well as the emergence, growth, and decline of different organizational forms. As a framework, it seeks to explain the life chances of organizations at different stages of development in relation to the carrying capacities of their resource environments.
Symbol
Authors: Olesen Thomas
Published: December 2018

The concept ofsymbolis employed in a number of different ways in sociology. Major sources of inspiration include Durkheim's later work on religion, the Chicago School, anthropology, and semiotics. Sociologists are typically interested in the political dimensions of symbols, that is, in the ways certain objects are symbolized to further political goals and how such efforts are met with attempts at countersymbolization.
Tax Haven
Authors: Ruggiero Vincenzo
Published: December 2018

Tax havens offer services to a variety of individuals and groups engaged in distinct operations, namely tax avoidance, tax evasion and money laundering. This entry examines the different beneficiaries of tax havens.
Value‐Free Sociology
Authors: Hammersley Martyn
Published: December 2018

It has been argued, most notably by Max Weber, that the principle of value freedom must guide social science. This requires that the conclusions of research be restricted to factual ones, excluding practical evaluations and policy recommendations that go beyond the identification of effective means. Equally important it implies a responsibility on the part of social scientists to minimize any distortion of research resulting from their own or others' value commitments. Picking up on an influential philosophical theme, Weber insisted that value conclusions cannot be derived solely from factual assumptions, and concluded on this basis that there can be noscientificauthority for such conclusions. The principle of value freedom (sometimes referred to as “value neutrality” or “ethical neutrality”) was widely appealed to by social scientists around the middle of the twentieth century, but since that time it has been championed less frequently, and indeed has been subjected to widespread criticism. Much of this criticism is misdirected, and, even when it is not, it relies upon alternative philosophical and political positions that are themselves open to question.
Spaces of Flows/Spaces of Places
Authors: Bush Simon R. , Oosterveer Peter
Published: December 2018

The spaces of flows and spaces of places denote the interplay between two interrelated social‐spatial configurations that have emerged under conditions of globalization. Central to Manuel Castells thesis of the network society, these concepts have been taken up in cultural and environmental sociology, as well as in other social science disciplines, to understand both processes of marginalization from and transitions toward global modernity.
Vagabonds and Tourists
Authors: Kristensen Kristian Søby
Published: December 2018

Vagabond and tourist are two metaphors introduced to sociology by Zygmunt Bauman to analyze the human condition in globalization. The metaphorical pair highlights key aspects of an increasingly globalized and polarized human life in a world moving into what Zygmunt Bauman famously coined as liquid modernity. In a liquid modern and globalizing world, mobility is the main stratifying factor. Both tourists and vagabonds move, but they do so in a highly uneven fashion and under starkly different conditions. Movement for the tourist is effortless and desirable, but for the vagabond it is burdensome and forced. The tourist metaphorically stands for the globalized elite and the vagabond for the precarious poor. The two metaphors are key examples of Bauman's methodological application of metaphors and are put effectively to use in his widely influential and critical sociology.
Public Opinion Research
Authors: Mortimore Roger
Published: December 2018

Public opinion research has been used since the 1930s in numerous academic disciplines – political science, psychology, media/communications, and history among others – but is also widely used for nonacademic purposes such as opinion polls and to guide political campaigning, for which purposes less rigorous methods are often used. Quantitative surveys with structured questionnaires are the most prominent methodology, but qualitative research such as focus groups and observation of behavior can also produce valuable data. A challenge in research design is that survey responses are affected by survey context and by subtle nuances of question wording: This reveals the impact of phenomena which are in themselves of interest to the student of public opinion, such as social desirability bias, but which are also obstacles to accurate research. The publication of public opinion research also raises important questions, as there is evidence that it may have an impact on public opinion.
Environmental Racism
Authors: Holifield Ryan
Published: December 2018

Environmental racism refers broadly to the disproportionate exposure of people of color or racialized groups to the adverse impacts of environmental hazards. In the United States, where the term originated, debates have historically revolved around the question of whether disproportionate impact alone constitutes sufficient evidence of racism, or whether racism requires discriminatory intent. However, these debates have become more complex and sophisticated with the increasing consideration of structural and institutional forms of racism, along with the term's extension both to international settings and to a broader set of substantive issues. In addition, social scientists have paid considerable attention to the role of the term environmental racism, along with the broader terms environmental equity and environmental justice, in the mobilization of grassroots activism and advocacy.
Bell Curve, The
(
H
errnstein and
M
urray)
Authors: Rescher Nicholas
Published: December 2018

This entry reexamines the substance and the implication of the 1994 Herrnstein Murray book on the bell curve. Widely interpreted as inimical to the interests of the United States' black community, a closer inspection of the book shows that its statics do not have these implications. And, more generally, closer scrutiny indicates that the sorts of bell curve discrepancies among communities will in the very nature of things lack the sort of policy bearing commonly imputed to this book.
Biography
Authors: Stanley Liz
Published: December 2018

An interest in biography has a long history in sociology and includes work by such luminaries as Weber, Mills, Merton, and Elias. It has developed around the broad trajectories of biographical sociology and the sociology of biography and encompassed ideas about the everyday, the thinking subject, life histories, storied lives, identities, and reflexivity. It has had two key influences on sociological work. Its emphasis that ideas derive from particular viewpoints and through researchers reflexively engaging with their subjects has given rise to a discipline‐wide recognition of reflexivity matters. Its approach has also resisted conventional distinctions between macro and microlevels of social life, with its emphasis on the interconnectedness of lives and social structures contributing to related developments in narrative inquiry and everyday life sociology among others.
Deviance, Moral Boundaries And
Authors: Ben‐Yehuda Nachman
Published: December 2018

Deviance and reactions to it define cultural moral boundaries. The origin of this idea and its implications are presented in this entry together with a few illustrations.
Ethnic, Racial, and Nationalist Movements
Authors: Nagle John
Published: December 2018

Ethnic, racial, and nationalist movements represent groups that seek to gain recognition and political power on the basis of their distinct identities. These movements can switch interchangeably between being ethnic, racial, or nationalist in character by changing emphases and goals. The often fluid and contextual nature underlying these identities also allows groups to shift between categories. For the purpose of analysis, however, it is possible to explore ethnic, racial, and nationalist movements as distinct types. This is possible if we consider them as different forms of claim‐making within particular types of state structures.
Friendship: Structure and Context
Authors: Adams Rebecca G.
Published: December 2018

Sociologists have contributed to the friendship literature by examining how friendships vary according to individuals' locations in the social structure, studying the structural characteristics of friendship networks, and, with renewed focus in the 1990s, theorizing about how friendships are affected by the contexts in which they are embedded. This entry reviews the research on how structural location, including gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and age, affects friendship; the literature on the findings regarding the various structural aspects of friendship (i.e., size, density, hierarchy, homogeneity); and also the history of theoretical perspectives on context. In so doing, it addresses the question of why friendship is significant for individuals and for society.
Jihad
Authors: Azca Muhammad Najib
Published: December 2018

The word
jihad
(which derives from the verb
jahada
, meaning “to strive, to exert oneself, to struggle”) is one of the most prominent Arabic terms in the western world owing to its vital influence in Muslim society and its significant political role there. It is also one of the most crucial concepts in political sociology for understanding contemporary Muslim society, particularly with the emerging trend of Islamist movements in many parts of the globe.
Justification
Authors: Susen Simon
Published: December 2018

The main purpose of this entry is to provide an introduction to the concept of “justification.” To this end, it gives an overview of key issues arising from the critical inquiry into the nature of “justification,” focusing on the following aspects: first, thedefinition of justification; second,epistemological theories of justification; and, third, thesociology of justification, as exemplified in the work of Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot. By way of conclusion, the entry stresses the notion that, as argued in Habermasian variants of critical theory, processes of justification play a pivotal role in the construction of social life.
McDonaldization
Authors: Ritzer George
Published: December 2018

McDonaldization is the process by which principles of the fast‐food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more spheres of US society and the rest of the world. Coined by the sociologist George Ritzer, the term invokes the famous fast‐food chain founded by Ray Kroc in 1955 as a metaphor for a widespread change in the delivery of goods and services toward more instrumentally efficient means of sales and distribution.
Metatheory
Authors: Ritzer George
Published: December 2018

A metatheory is a broad perspective that overarches two, or more, theories. There are many metatheories, such as positivism, postpositivism, postmodernism, hermeneutics, that are of importance in sociology and other social sciences. Two of the best known and most important are methodological holism and methodological individualism
Nation‐State and Nationalism
Authors: Malešević Siniša , Trošt Tamara Pavasović
Published: December 2018

This entry defines the concepts of “nation‐state” and “nationalism,” reviewing their key features and classifications, including the differences between premodern societies, empires, and nation‐states, and civic and ethnic models of nationalism. The main paradigms in theories of nationalism are explained, including primordialism/perennialism, modernism, ethnosymbolism, and contemporary approaches (i.e., banal nationalism, everyday nationhood, nationalism as discourse, ethnic boundary‐making, and feminist critiques).
Racism, Structural and Institutional
Authors: Murji Karim
Published: December 2018

Institutional and structural racism are sociological explanations for racism as more than individual prejudice, and as a deep‐seated and ongoing force in contemporary societies that produce racially structured patterns of inequality that recur in spite of equality before the law and antidiscrimination policies. Such patterns can be seen across many aspects of society, such as employment, housing, and law enforcement. Institutional/structural racism is also evident in ideologies at national and global levels through “color blind” perspectives as well as Eurocentrism. In theory and in practice they are best thought of as working through an interacting and intersecting combination of individual/group, cultural, and structural processes and forces.
School Transitions
Authors: Zarifa David
Published: December 2018

Research on school transitions focuses on the relationship between student characteristics and their educational outcomes at various levels of schooling. On the one hand, some individuals transition successfully and perform well academically, and adjust well psychologically in their new level of education. On the other hand, others face obstacles or barriers in their transition, which creates problems in making a smooth transition into their new level of schooling.
Schools, Religious
Authors: Merry Michael S.
Published: December 2018

Religious schools have existed for centuries, and continue to have surprising staying power, even in state‐financed and managed systems. The differences between religious schools continue to be significant, as are the reasons parents give for preferring them. Criticisms brought against religious schools, too, are varied, though it remains unclear whether each of these criticisms is valid, or, for that matter, uniquely applicable to religious schools.
Yersinia ruckeri Isolated from Common Mudpuppy Necturus maculosus
Authors: Standish Isaac , Erickson Sara , Kleman Eric , McCann Rebekah , Katona Ryan , Leis Eric
Published: December 2018

During a routine health inspection of apparently healthy wild-caught common mudpuppies Necturus maculosus, the bacteria Yersinia ruckeri was isolated and the identity confirmed using biochemical and molecular methods. This represents the first isolation of Y. ruckeri from an amphibian. This finding increases the known host range capable of harboring this important fish pathogen and could have serious management implications for aquaculture. Furthermore, addressing wild amphibians in fish hatchery biosecurity plans is discussed.
Conformal Hermetic Sealing of Wireless Microelectronic Implantable Chiplets by Multilayered Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)
Authors: Jeong Joonsoo , Laiwalla Farah , Lee Jihun , Ritasalo Riina , Pudas Marko , Larson Lawrence , Leung Vincent , Nurmikko Arto
Published: December 2018

A hermetic sealing method of sub‐millimeter‐sized microelectronic chiplets for wireless body implants is presented by ultrathin and electromagnetically transparent atomic layer deposition (ALD) coatings. Fully 3D conformal encapsulation of wirelessly powered microdevices is demonstrated both with and without opening windows for electrophysiological measurements. The chiplets embedding custom application‐specific integrated circuits (ASICs) with radio frequency (RF) transmitters are encapsulated by a stack of alternating layers of hafnium oxide and silicon dioxide to maximize impermeability of water and ionic penetration while minimizing the volume of the packaging material. The hermeticity of the devices is characterized through accelerated aging tests in saline at T = 87 °C, while continued functionality is monitored via evaluation of backscattered RF signals (near 1 GHz) to ascertain possible degradation and electronic failure. Earliest failures of wirelessly functional devices occur after more than 180 d of immersion at 87 °C. Wireless devices having opening windows through the ALD envelope show no signs of degradation for >100 d. This implies an equivalent lifetime >10 years at T = 37 °C. This approach is readily scalable to high throughput batch processing of hundreds of microchiplets, offering a methodology for hermetic packaging of microscale biomedical chronic implants.
Homologous CoP/NiCoP Heterostructure on N‐Doped Carbon for Highly Efficient and pH‐Universal Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis
Authors: Boppella Ramireddy , Tan Jeiwan , Yang Wooseok , Moon Jooho
Published: December 2018

Hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts can achieve sustainable hydrogen production via electrocatalytic water splitting; however, designing highly active and stable noble‐metal‐free hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts that perform as efficiently as Pt catalysts over a wide pH range is a challenging task. Herein, a new 2D cobalt phosphide/nickelcobalt phosphide (CoP/NiCoP) hybrid nanosheet network is proposed, supported on an N‐doped carbon (NC) matrix as a highly efficient and durable pH‐universal hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst. It is derived from topological transformation of corresponding layer double hydroxides and graphitic carbon nitride. This 2D CoP/NiCoP/NC catalyst exhibits versatile HER electroactivity with very low overpotentials of 75, 60, and 123 mV in 1 m KOH, 0.5 m H2SO4, and 1 m PBS electrolytes, respectively, delivering a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for HER. Such impressive HER performance of the hybrid electrocatalyst is mainly attributed to the collective effects of electronic structure engineering, strong interfacial coupling between CoP and NiCoP in heterojunction, an enlarged surface area/exposed catalytic active sites due to the 2D morphology, and conductive NC support. This method is believed to provide a basis for the development of efficient 2D electrode materials with various electrochemical applications.
A Universal Strategy for Constructing Seamless Graphdiyne on Metal Oxides to Stabilize the Electrochemical Structure and Interface
Authors: Wang Fan , Zuo Zicheng , Li Liang , He Feng , Lu Fushen , Li Yuliang
Published: December 2018

The structural and interfacial stabilities of metal oxides (MOs) are key issues while facing the volumetric variation and intensive interfacial polarization in electrochemical applications, including lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), supercapacitors, and catalysts. The growth of a seamless all‐carbon interfacial layer on MOs with complex dimensions is not only a scientific problem, but also a practical challenge in these fields. Here, the growth of graphdiyne under ultramild condition is successfully implemented in situ for coating MOs of complex dimensions. The seamless all‐carbon interface and conductive network are formed at the same time. This method cleverly avoids the structural degradation of MOs at a high temperature in the presence of traditional carbon materials. Under the protection of the high‐quality graphdiyne layer, the samples as LIB anodes deliver high performances in terms of Coulomb efficiency, capacity, long‐term retention, and structural and interfacial stabilities. Both experimental achievements and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the graphdiyne is a particular protection layer for MOs and plays a crucial role for preventing the structural and interfacial degradation of the electrode. Furthermore, the universality of this method will promote the potential applications of many promising MOs in other electrochemical fields.
Soft‐Matter Engineering for Soft Robotics
Authors: Majidi Carmel
Published: December 2018

Since its inception, the field of robotics has aimed to create machines that mimic the extraordinary capabilities of the human body. From as early as the 1940s, this has included efforts to engineer actuators and electronics out of elastomers, textiles, and other soft materials in order to mimic the compliance and deformability of natural biological tissue. In the decades since, there is extraordinary progress in the subdomain of soft robotics, with recent efforts focused on novel methods of actuation, sensing, and manufacturing. In this progress report, recent advancements within this field from the perspective of materials and mechanics are highlighted. Wherever possible, efforts in soft robotics are connected to progress in the broader field of soft‐matter engineering, which relates to the application of principles and practices in the soft‐matter sciences to create machines, electronics, and robotic systems out of fluids, elastomers, gels, and other soft materials. To close, the current challenges and future opportunities within the field of robotics are briefly discussed, with special attention toward the eventual goal of autonomous soft robots that are capable of operating without dependency on external hardware, tethers, or manual intervention.
Plasma‐assisted ammonia decomposition over Fe–Ni alloy catalysts for COx‐Free hydrogen
Authors: Yi Yanhui , Wang Li , Guo Yanjun , Sun Shuaiqi , Guo Hongchen
Published: December 2018

On‐site ammonia (NH3) decomposition is considered as a potential path to supply CO
x‐free hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles. In this article, monometallic catalysts (Fe, Co, Ni, and Mo) and bimetallic catalysts (Fe–Co, Mo–Co, Fe–Ni, and Mo–Ni) were prepared and tested in plasma‐catalytic NH3 decomposition, where 6Fe–4Ni catalyst exhibited the highest activity and synergistic capability with plasma. At 500°C, NH3 were completely decomposed (>99.9% NH3 conversion); the rate of H2 production and the energy consumption of H2 production reached 0.96 mol g−1 h−1 and 0.050 kW h (mol g−1)−1, respectively. The 200 h continuous operation results indicate an excellent durability of 6Fe–4Ni catalyst. The catalysts characterization and plasma diagnosis results indicate that NH3 was pre‐activated by plasma into excited‐state species (NH3, ˙NH2, and ˙NH), and the 6Fe–4Ni catalyst exhibited the highest capability to adsorb excited NH3, ˙NH2, and ˙NH species, which could be the main reason why 6Fe–4Ni catalyst exhibited the highest activity. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 691–701, 2019
Rational Design and Synthesis of Reversible Covalent PPARγ Antagonistic Ligands Inhibiting Ser273 Phosphorylation
Authors: Kim Hyunsoo , Jo Ala , Choi Sun‐Sil , Nam Hyunsung , Byun Wan Gi , Bae Hwan , Choi Jang Hyun , Park Seung Bum
Published: December 2018

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has been a major therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, the use of PPARγ‐targeting drugs such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone has significantly declined due to adverse effects caused by their classical transcriptional agonism. Meanwhile, blocking the obesity‐induced phosphorylation of PPARγ at Ser273 by Cdk5 has been proposed as the key to developing insulin‐sensitizing effects of PPARγ‐targeting drugs. In this study, we rationally designed and synthesized selective PPARγ phosphorylation inhibitor through a crystal structure‐based approach. During this process, we observed a distinct degradation pattern of the anilinic cyanoacrylamide moiety via the spontaneous retro‐aldol reaction. Thus, we developed a novel reversible covalent inhibitor of PPARγ phosphorylation, SB1495, containing aliphatic cyano‐acrylamide, through systematic structural modification, in silico docking studies, time‐dependent monitoring of stability in aqueous media, and in vitro kinase assay. We also demonstrated its inhibitory activity on PPARγ phosphorylation without classical transactivation in a cellular system as well as in an animal model.