bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary Antibody Response by Chicken Spleen Cells In Vitro
Authors: TUFVESON G. , LUNDBERG I. , ALM G V
Published: June 2006

An in vitro method that permits the primary antibody response of chicken spleen cells to sheep erythrocytes to occur is described, and the characteristic of the antibody response are given. Significant but variable plaque‐forming cell (PFC) responses were obtained—that is, some animals showed no or a very weak response In these the addition of small numbers of allogeneic spleen cells much improved the PFC responses. The characteristics of this allogeneic stimulation are described. The presented culture method should facilitate studies of cell interactions in the primary antibody response of the chicken and in the development of the antibody‐forming cells.
Cell‐Mediated Immunity in Guinea Pig and Man to a Salmonella typhi Glycoprotein Complex Assessed by Migration Inhibition Methods
Authors: SVEHAG S. E , BOKLUND J.
Published: June 2006

A Salmonella typhi glycoprotein preparation in concentrations of 5 to 10 μg/ml strongly inhibited the migration of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), obtained from guinea pigs immunized with S. typhi vaccine in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) PEC from animals injected with saline in FCA were also inhibited but to a lesser extent, whereas cells from guinea pigs that had received only S. typhi vaccine or normal guinea pigs showed variable and weaker inhibition. PEC from all guinea pigs receiving FCA were strongly inhibited by 5 to 15 μg PPD/ml. These PPD concentrations had no inhibitory effect on exudate cells from guinea pigs receiving S. typhi vaccine only. The S.typhi glycoprotein concentration (5 and 10 μg/ml) primarily used in the migration inhibition studies had negligible inhibitory effect on the phytohemagglutinin (PHA)‐induced DNA, RNA, and protein syntheses in guinea pig lymph node cells. In the human system only blood leukocytes of donors who had received their third or fourth booster of heat‐killed S. typhi vaccine within the latest 2 years were inhibited in their in vitro migration by the S. typhi glycoprotein complex.
Atypical Blood Lymphocytes in Sarcoidosis: Morphology, Cytochemistry, and Membrane Properties
Authors: BIBERFELD P. , HEDFORS E.
Published: June 2006

Atypical mononuclear cells in purified lymphocyte preparations from the peripheral blood of patients with sarcoidosis were characterized by ultrastructure. cytochemistry, and presence or absence of membrane receptors for activated complement (EAC+ or EAC−). The atypical cells did not show the cytochemical characteristics of monocytic cells, appeared to be either EAC+ or EAC−. and were morphologically heterogeneous. By their ultrastructure and ability to form EAC rosettes, the atypical cells were differentiated as EAC−, Sézary‐cell‐like (type I); as EAC‐lymphoplasmacytoid (type II): or as belonging to a miscellaneous group of cells (type III) that showed various degrees of similarity with either type I or II cells but usually were EAC+. The observations are interpreted as to the presence in the blood ofsarcoidosis patients of atypical lymphocytes of B‐ and possibly T cell origin in different developmental stages. It is suggested that these cells reflect immunological events involving both B‐ and T‐lymphocyte populations
Strong Stimulation of CBA Lymphocytes in the Mixed Lymphocyte Interaction with Cells from the H‐2‐Identical Strain C3H
Authors: LILLIEHÖÖK B. , BLOMGREN H
Published: June 2006

Lymphocyt e! from the H‐2‐identical mouse strains CBA and C3H were tested for mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) responsiveness in vitro. It was observed that CBA lymphocytes were stimulated by C3H cells to the same extent as or stronger than cells from H‐2‐disparate donors. C3H lymphocytes, however, were stimulated poorly by CBA cells. The stimulatory effect by C3Hcells of CBA lymphocytes was observed to be positively correlated with the age of the C3H donor. A similar but less pronounced difference was found by varying the age of donors for H‐2 disparate cells. Spleen cells from normal and thymectomized, irradiated, and bone marrow‐reconstituted C3H × CBA mice stimulated CBA lymphocytes to approximately the same extent, indicating that the stimulatory antigen is present on both T and B cells or possibly other cell types However, they arc poorly expressed or absent on thymic cells. It is concluded that certain non‐H‐2‐determined transplantation antigens may be strongly stimulatory in MLC tests.
Weak Graft‐Versus‐Host Response of CBA Lymphocytes Against the H‐2‐Identical Strain C3H
Authors: LILLIEHÖÖK B. , BLOMGREN H.
Published: June 2006

Lymphocytes from CBA and C3H mice were tested for graft‐versus‐host (GVH) reactivity in C3H × CBA recipients. Three different GVH assays were used, namely, the spleen enlargement test, the popliteal lymph node assay, and inhibition of allogeneic bone marrow proliferation CBA lymphocytes showed only weak reactivity against C3H X CBA tissues in all these tests, while there was strong reactivity in H‐2‐different F1 hybrids. The capacity of C3H and CBA cells in producing a host‐versus‐graft (HVG) reaction was also tested. It was observed that CBA cells injected into the foot pads of C3H mice induced an enlargement of the local popliteal lymph node that was as great as when C3H cells were injected into CBA mice. On the other hand, cells from the H‐2‐different strain 57B1 induced a considerably smaller HVG reaition when injected into CBA mice. It is concluded that antigens that strongly stimulate mixed lymphocyte cultures do not always stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes to strong GVH reactions in vivo.
Steroid Sensitivity of the Response of Human Lymphocytes to Phytohemagglutinin and Pokeweed Mitogen: Role of Phagocytic Cells
Authors: BLOMGREN H.
Published: June 2006

Populations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) The presence of various concentrations of water‐soluble prednisolone inhibited this response in a dose‐dependent fashion Removal of phagocytic cells from the cell preparations increased steroid sensitivity of both the PHA and PWM responses a 100‐fold or more Medium obtained from cultures of unpurified populations of lymphoid cells, but not from purified populations, rendered purified lymphocytes more resistant to steroids both when PHA and PWM were used as stimulants A similar protective activity against steroids was observed in media conditioned by adherent cells obtained from peripheral blood. The results indicate that the monocyte‐macrophage cell line produces a factor that protects lymphocytes from the effects of corticotds.
Glomerular Beta‐Lipoprotein in Childhood Renal Diseases
Authors: FAULK W. PAGE , McCORMICK J N , GOODMAN J. R. , PIEL C. F
Published: June 2006

Renal biopsies from 84 children, representing 8 diagnostic categories of kidney disease, were studied in the electron microscope and by immunofluorescence for evidence of IgG, IgM. IgA, complement, fibrinogen (Fib), and beta‐lipoprotein (BLp) The glomeruli of five patients, two of whom had glomerulonephritis; one, membranous glomerulonephritis; one, hemolytic uremic syndrome; and one, lipoidal nephrosis, contained BLp and Fib, and four of these also contained immunoglobulins and complement The BLp deposition in renal glomeruli was not clearly associated with either clinical or biochemical findings.
Activation of Complement in Anaphylactoid Reactions in Connection with Infusion of Dextran
Authors: JOHNSON U , LAURELL A. B.
Published: June 2006

Complement components were investigated in 12 patients who had developed anaphylactoid shock symptoms on preoperative infusion of dextran for prevention of postoperative thromboembolism. An activation of C3 proactivator to C3 activator and a conversion of C3 were found in 5 of the 12 patients. Quantitation of C3, C3 proactivator, and C3 did not discriminate between these patients and the controls No precipitating antibodies were detected, and no quantitative changes of the earlier reacting complement components. O1q and C4, were found.
The Influence of Mechanical Force on the Rosette Test for Human T Lymphocytes
Authors: HEIER H. E.
Published: June 2006

The phenomenon of spontaneous nonimmune rosette formation between human lymphocytes and sheep erythrocytes has been investigated with respect to its sensitivity to mechanical trauma It is shown that tin percentage of rosettes depends on the strength of the force used to resuspend the lymphocyte‐erythrocyte pellet alter incubation but not on the duration of the resuspension procedure Differences between patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia and persons with normal percentages of T lymphocytes are clearly shown when the resuspension force is weak but not when a relatively strong force is used Practical and theoretical aspects of these findings are discussed
The Primary Structure of Fragment TM2 of Allergen M from Cod
Authors: ELSAYED S. , von BAHR LINDSTRÖM H , BENNICH H.
Published: June 2006

The amino acid sequence of the COOH‐terminal fragment TM2 of CIK! allergen M has been determined by the dansyl‐Edman procedure The fragment consists of 58 residues (mol.wt. 3,854). and the sequence shows great homology with the sequence of the corresponding fragment of white muscle albumin from carp. hake, and pike. Unique tor the TM2 (and allergen If) from cod is the presence of a tryptophyl residue at position 5 from the COOH‐terminal end.
The Formation of Antibodies Against Hidden Determinants of Autologous IgG During Immunization of Rabbits with Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: LIND I.
Published: June 2006

Rabbits immunized with protein A‐producing staphylococci developed antibodies against hidden determinants of autologous IgG, as demonstrated by an indirect haemagglutination test using rabbit IgG combined with protein A (pAIgG) u antigen. Antibodies to pA‐IgG belonged to both the IgG and the IgM class of immunoglobulins. From inhibition experiments it was deduced that the actual antigenic determinant was located on the Fc part of IgG and made accessible when protein A combined with the IgG. Antibodies to protein A itself were probably not involved. The presence of antibodies to pA‐IgG in a serum was associated with the ability to precipitate protein A by double diffusion in agar gel (Ouchterlony analysis). This was valid for all materials investigated: rabbit antisera to protein A and to different strains of Staphylococcus aureus, sera from nonimmunized animals of ten species, and human myeloma IgGs.
Effect of Human Leukocyte Interferon on the Response of Lymphocytes to Mitogenic Stimuli In Vitro
Authors: BLOMGREN H. , STRANDER H. , CANTELL K.
Published: June 2006

Partially purified human leukocyte interferon suppressed the in vitro response of human lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin. concanavalin A, and purified protein derivative and also the mixed lymphocyte reaction. The inhibitory effect correlated with concentration and was detectable at 10 units/ml of culture medium. The activation of lymphocytes by pokeweed mitogen was affected by interferon only in very high concentrations The data presented are considered to be of clinical importance, since the serum interferon levels in patients receiving therapy with such preparations exceed the concentrations required for detection of in vitro inhibition of mitogenic stimuli.
Human Secretory Component
Authors: BRANDTZAEG P
Published: June 2006

The gel filtration behavior of purified secretory component indicated an Einstein‐Stokes radius of 44 to 46 Å, a diffusion coefficient of 4.7 to 4.9 × 10−7 cm2 sec−1, and a molecular weight of about 110,000 daltons Ultraccntrifugation indicated a sedimentation coefficient of 4.8 to 5.4S and a molecular weight of about 83,000 daltons. The latter estimate was based on a partial specific volume of 0.712 ml/g, calculated from the amino acid and carbohydrate composition Isoelectric focusing demonstrated at least six fractions with pi ranging from pH 4.75 to 5.25. Different fractions were, apparently, antigenically similar and complexed spontaneously with dimeric IgA and 19S IgM. This completing was of slightly higher efficiency for secretory component enriched in the more basic material
Release of Antibody‐Producing and Antigen‐Binding Cells from the Spleen During the Secondary Immune Response to Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: ERNSTRÖM U. , SÖDER O.
Published: June 2006

Evidence is presented that significant numbers of specific antibody‐forming cells are released from the spleen into the circulation on the 4th day of the secondary immune response to sheep erythrocytes This release results in a transient appearance of specific antibody‐forming cells in the blood and implicates a dissemination of specific antibody‐forming cells from the spleen to different parts of the body. Also specific antigen‐binding cells are released from the spleen, with a peak release on the 4th day of the immune response.
Surface Markers on Human B and T Lymphocytes
Authors: JONDAL M.
Published: June 2006

The distribution of surface immunoglobulin and receptors for Fc, C3, and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) on resting and blast‐transformed peripheral lymphocytes was investigated. The following conclusions were reached. [1] SRBC receptors were retained on all blast‐transformed T lymphocytes. No such receptors were found on normal or neuraminidase‐treated B lymphocytes. [2] Receptors for Fc and C3 were found to be expressed on the same resting lymphocytes, which formed a subpopulation that did not entirely overlap with surface immunoglobulin‐positive B cells. Owing to this and the fact that Fc/C3 receptors were lacking on almost all B blast cells, as well as for other reasons elaborated in the text, it is argued that caution must be taken when these receptors are used as B‐cell markers. [3] A comparison among C3 indicator cells prepared with human or mouse complement showed that these detected the same lymphocyte subpopulatiom [4] B blast cells, induced by 72‐hr pokeweed mitogen cultures, were found to carry detectable amounts of surface immunoglobulin. [5] Phagocytic leukocytes were found to be conveniently detected by scoring the number of cells with internal C3 indicator cells after osmotic lysis of externally bound indicator cells.
Surface Markers on Human B and T Lymphocytes
Authors: JONDAL N
Published: June 2006

The response of human peripheral lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin‐. concanavalin A‐, pokeweed mitogen‐, and mitomycin‐treated allogeneic lymphocytes was characterized according to the surface markers of the responding cells Almost all blast cells derived from these cultures could be classified as either B or T cells Phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and allogeneic lymphocytes triggered exclusively T‐tell stimulation, whereas pokeweed mitogen gave rise to a dual response. No shift in the proportion of responding B and T cells was found If different concentrations of pokeweed mitogen under the present conditions Purified T cells, isolated by sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) rosette sedimentation, responded slightly more strongly than unseparated cells, whereas purified non‐SRBC‐binding; cells were essentially unresponsive to all three lectins. The presence of monocytes was found to increase the lectin responses as well as to make them more re producible. It is suggested that the classification of proliferating lymphocytes by surface markers may yield clinical information as well as serve as a useful tool in the evaluation of in vitro cellular cooperation
IgM Reassociation In Vitro: No Influence of J Chain on the Amount of Polymers
Authors: ESKELAND T
Published: June 2006

Native IgM was reduced or reduced and alkylated in the presence or absence of urea, and the preparations were analyzed by electrophoresis in alkaline or alkaline‐urea polyacrylamide gels. All methods easily showed J chain, although the J‐chain pattern varied. Purification of J chain and of IgM depleted of J chain (H.L) was performed by preparative block electrophoresis of reduced IgM Reduction with mercaptoethanol of H.L. and of native IgM followed by reassociation experiments showed that H.L and native IgM had the same abilities to form polymers The reassociated polymers from native IgM sedimented in the ultracentrifuge more slowly than or at the same rate at 19S IgM (called a‐ and b‐component, respectively). After purification of these reassociated polymers, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the polymers contained less J chain than the native IgM. Reassociated H.L also contained a‐ and b‐components, but polymers sedi men ting slightly faster than 19S IgM dominated (c‐component). a‐, b‐, and c‐components were also found in a native IgM lacking J chain. Reassociation studies performed on H.L added to the original amount of J chain again showed only a‐ and b‐polymers It was concluded that J chain influences the mode of reassociation but should not be considered a requirement for the polymerization of IgM.
The Influence of Epitope Density on the Immunological Properties of Hapten‐Protein Conjugates
Authors: KLAUS C. G. B. , CROSS A M
Published: June 2006

The influence of epitope density on the induction of hapten‐specific (B‐cell) tolerance by dinitrophenytated bovine serum albumin (DNP.BSA) was investigated. Mice were given multiple iniections of DNP5BSA or DNP50BSA. and tolerance was assayed by challenge with DNP.haemocyanin Under ‘conventional’ tolerance‐inducing conditions (5 mg three times a week for 2 to 8 weeks). anti‐DNP anti body formation was completely suppressed by DNP50BSA but only partially by DNP5BSA. However, with a 2‐week intensive regimen equal amounts of hapten as DNP5BSA or as DNP50BSA induced equal degrees of tolerance Since DNP50BSA is lost from the body much more slowly than DNP5BSA, these data suggest that high epitope density does not fundamentally affect the tolerogenicity of DNP.BSA. Partial tolerance preferentially suppressed IgG antibody formation to DNP.haemocyanin. whereas higher doses of DNP50BSA produced complete DNP‐specific tolerance. During spontaneous loss of tolerance the IgM response recovered more rapidly than the IgG response. These results strongly suggest that IgG precursor cells are more sensitive to tolerance induction than IgM precursors and that tolerance, once induced, is more profound in the former than in the latter.
Comparative Study of Antibody‐Dependent and Direct Lymphocyte‐Mediated Cytotoxicity In Vitro After Alloimmunization in the Human
Authors: DICKMEISS E.
Published: June 2006

Two major types of cell‐mediated cytotoxicity in vitro after alloimmunization in the human have been described–antibody‐dependent lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADLC) and direct immune‐lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity (DEC) The characteristics of these two in vitro systems are compared. The cytolysis occurred as a linear function of time in both cases The effector cell dose response relationship was in both systems well described by a linear correlation between the logarithm of the effector cell dose and the cytotoxic activity. Anti‐immunoglobulins inhibited ADLC but not DLC. The reactivity in DLC was potentiated by the addition of isoantibody directed against target cells.
Comparative Study of Antibody‐Dependent and Direct Lymphocyte‐Mediated Cytotoxicity In Vitro After Alloimmunization in the Human
Authors: DICKMEISS E.
Published: June 2006

The effect of chemical inhibitors in two human in vitro systems for detecting antibody‐dependent (ADLC) and direct lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity (DLC) was studied. Both reactions were inhibited by cytochalasin B and by depletion of divalent cations. The immunosuppressant methylprednisolone inhibited both reactions. No inhibition was found with 6‐mercaptopurine. DLC was inhibited by puromycin and actinomycin D whereas ADLC was not. No inhibition was found with mitomycin C.
Generation of T Memory Cells in One‐Way Mixed Lymphocyte Culture
Authors: HÄYRY P , ANDERSSON L C
Published: June 2006

The peak of blast response in primary, one‐way mixed lymphocyte culture of CBA plus DBA ‐m took place on culture day 6 to 7 whereafter the number of Masts per culture declined. Concomitantly with the disappearance of blast cells from these cultures, the number of lymphocytes increased, indicating that a certain number of blasts reverts back to lymphocytes (‘secondary lymphocytes’). The number of antigen‐reactive cells in primary mixed culture (quantitated by hydroxyurea block) was on the order of 3% to 5%, whereas when the same cultures were reprimed with the original antigen, the number of antigen‐reactive cells was on the order of 90% . Thus most lymphocytes surviving prolonged primary mixed lymphocyte culture are in fact secondary lymphocytes–that is, blast‐derived. The secondary lymphocytes thus obtained responded promptly and in a biphasic manner to the original and H‐2 cross‐reactive stimulator cells in secondary mixed culture The first, major response peak took place on culture day 2 to 3 and the second, minor peak on culture day 5 to 6. Although the secondary lymphocytes were sensitive to anti‐θ plui complement, they did not respond to phytohemagglutinin The secondary lymphocytes were themselves cytotoxic to relevant allogeneic target cells in vitro, and they were promptly reinduced to maximal cytotoxicity by a second priming with the original antigen. We suggest that these functions are character‐istic to T memory cells primed against histoincompatible cells.
N‐Terminal Amino Acid Sequence of Amyloid Fibril Protein AR, Prototype of a New λ‐Variable Subgroup, VλV
Authors: SLETTEN K. , HUSBY G. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

An amyloid fibril protein AR has been further characterized as to amino acid sequence of the first 45 N‐terminal residues. There are clear homologies with light chain‐variable regions, particularly with λ light chains and mostly with the VλII subgroup. However, there is as much as a 55% difference from the Vλ.II subgroup and even greater differences from other subgroups. This is much more than the variation known to occur within a given light chain‐variable subgroup and also a greater difference than those known to occur between the existing subgroups. For this reason protein AR appears to be the prototype for a new variable subgroup of λ chains. In agreement with the National Biomedical Research Foundation, this new subgroup is termed VλV.
Same Idiotypc of B‐Lymphocyte Membrane IgD and IgM. Formal Evidence for Monoclonality of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells
Authors: SALSANO F. , FRøLAND S. S , NATVIG J B , MICHAELSEN T E
Published: June 2006

Idiotypic antisera were raised in rabbits against serum M‐cnmponents in two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) In one of the patients the leukemic cells had membrane‐bound IgG. in the other IgM and IgD. The M‐components were IgG and IgM. respectively. By immunofluorescence technique the CLL cells were shown to be positive when stained with idiotypic antiserum prepared against the corresponding M component, whereas normal lymphocytes, as well as cells from other CLL patients, were negative. These findings represent strong evidence for the monoclonality of the malignant B cells in CLL The fact that the CLL cells had membrane‐bound Ig with the same idiotypic determinants as the corresponding serum M‐component indicated that the latter had been synthesized and secreted by the malignant clone of B cells. In further experiments redistribution of membrane‐bound Ig on CLL cells bearing both IgM and IgD was induced with idiotypic antiserum This indicated that IgM and IgD on the same cells share idiotypic specificity and therefore have the same variable region and. presumably, the same antibody specificity
Surface IgD in Immunoproliferative Disorders
Authors: PREUD’HOMME J. L , BROUET J C , CLAUVEL J. P , SELIGMANN M
Published: June 2006

Surface IgD was studied together with the other Ig chains on cells from 50 patients with various immunoproliferative disorders A surface IgD was associated with a monoclonal IgM of the same light‐chain type in many cases of B‐cell malignancies: chronic lymphocytic leukemia, cold agglutinin disease, Burkitt's lymphoma presenting as acute leukemia, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, and poorly differentiated histiocytic lymphoma supervening on macroglobulinemia Surface IgD was not detected in 3 of 20 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and surface IgM and was not found on either proliferating lymphocytes or plasma cells bearing IgG, IgA, or free light chain only, nor in acute lymphocytic leukemia.
A Monoclonal IgG Protein with Antibody‐Like Activity for Transferrin and with X Chains of an Unusual Molecular Size
Authors: WERNET P. , KICKHÖFEN B. , WESTERHAUSEN M. , SVEHAG S. E.
Published: June 2006

The serum of a patient with high serum iron and transferrin levels contained an abnormal brownish protein with a sedimentation coefficient of 9.9S. At pH 3.5 this protein dissociated, and on gel filtration it proved to be a complex of one molecule of monoclonal IgGI and two molecules of transferrin. At pH 7.6 the isolated 59Fe‐labeled transferrin recombined with most of the separated IgGI, forming again the original complex. Of particular interest was that the polypeptide kappa chains of this IgG seemed to have a molecular size of 27,000 to 28,000 daltons. We came to the conclusion that the serum of this patient contained a monoclonal protein with antibody‐like specificity for normal transferrin. Transferin only circulated as a complex with this protein at high levels in the serum and probably accumulated in the liver, giving use to severe hemosiderosis and cirrhosis.
Comparison of Fch and Fc Fragments of IgG3: Evidence of an Intra‐Chain S‐S Bridge in the Hinge of γ3 Chains
Authors: MICHAELSEN T. E. , NATVIG J B.
Published: June 2006

The Fc and Fch fragments of human IgG3, appearing late and early during papain digestion, respectively, were antigenically and structurally compared. Only the Fch fragment reacted with an anti‐Fh (hinge region‐specific) antiserum; thus the main portion of the hinge region is split off during the formation of Fc fragments The Fch fragment has a higher content of inter‐chain S‐S bridges than the Fc fragments. The Fc fragments are probably a mixture of three related fragments. The Fch fragment appears to be more homogeneous, although there was hydrolysis at the C‐terminal site of the hinge region in some of the Fch chains. Evidence is presented that the γ3 chain bridge has an extra intra‐heavy‐chain disulphidc bridge at the C‐terminal end of the hinge region.
Genetic Control of the In Vitro Responses of Rat Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: NIELSEN H. E. , KOCH C.
Published: June 2006

In vitro DNA synthetic responses of blood lymphocytes from the inbred rat strains BN, Lewis, and AS were compared with each other after stimulation with allogeneic lymphocytes, human lymphocytes, phytohemagglutinin, and anti‐Ig antibodies. BN lymphocytes responded less well than AS and Lewis lymphocytes regardless of the stimulus used. The responses of the congenic strains Lewis and Lewis.BN were identical, suggesting that H‐1 (Ag‐B)‐linked loci do not determine in vitro responsiveness in these strains. In vivo, AS and BN rats were equally able to reject third‐party skin grafts and to induce graft‐versus‐host reactions in F1 hybrids. We conclude that the interstrain differences found in vitro reflect genetically determined differences in in vitro kinetics, possibly related to the fraction of short‐lived lymphocytes present rather than to demonstrable differences in the frequency of reactive lymphocytes.
Mechanism of B‐Lymphocyte Activation: Failure to Obtain Evidence of a Direct Role of the Ig Receptors in the Triggering Process
Authors: MÖLLER G. , COUTINHO A. , PERSSON U.
Published: June 2006

Experiments were designed to test two hypotheses of B‐cell activation by antigen: the cross‐linking concept, postulating that a suitable degree of antigen‐induced cross‐linking of the Ig receptors is sufficient for immunocyte triggering, and the two‐signal hypothesis, suggesting that a first signal delivered by antigen interacting with the Ig receptors followed by a second signal given by, for example, a polyclonal B‐cell activator is necessary for activation. The results did not support either of these hypotheses. Thus, the hapten FITC coupled to human serum albumin and human gammaglobulin in different conjugation ratios failed to activate B cells, whether the hapten‐protein conjugates were soluble or precipitated, whether the experiments were carried out in the presence or absence of different concentrations of sera from different species, and irrespective of the day of assay. Furthermore, the same FITC‐protein conjugates or FITC itself coupled to Sepharose particles failed to induce a specific anti‐FITC response, even though a range of lO'‐fold concentrations of FITC were used. In contrast FITC coupled to lipo‐polysaccharide (LPS) regularly induced a primary anti‐FITC response in all the above systems, whether FITC‐LPS was soluble or coupled to Sepharose particles. The conjugation ratio of FITC to LPS was within the range of epitope densities used with FITC‐protein conjugates. Analogous studies were performed with the above compounds and, in addition, NNP‐cap and fowl gammaglobulin, added alone or together with LPS to lymphocyte cultures. In no case did the antigen plus LPS give a better specific anti‐FITC response than LPS alone, irrespective of the culture conditions, the epitope densities, the physical form of the conjugates, and whether they were bound to Sepharose particles or not, although this would be expected in terms of the two‐signal concept. The results arc compatible with the one nonspecific signal hypothesis, ascribing a passive role to the Ig receptors and an active triggering function to thymus‐independent antigens. Therefore, the ability to trigger B cells directly will depend on the nature of the carrier, triggering being achieved if the carrier is a polyclonal B‐cell activator; the epitope density and the degree of cross‐linking of Ig receptors are unimportant for delivering the triggering signal, although they can facilitate the binding of the conjugate to the specific B cells.
Immunological Memory: Stable IgG Patterns Determine In Vivo Responsiveness at the Clonal Level
Authors: CRAMER M. , BRAUN D. G.
Published: June 2006

Immune responsiveness to the streptococcal group polysaccharides at the clonal level can conveniently be monitored by analytical isoelectric focusing combined with autoradiography. The parameters investigated in this paper can be summarized as follows: [1] Within the first week after injection antistreptococcal polysaccharide responses are characterized by IgM antibodies, followed by subclass restriction in Balb/c mice to IgG2a antibodies. [2] The clonal pattern of specific IgG2a antibodies established in the second week after immunization does not change within the following 6 weeks. [3] Persistence of a specific response pattern established within a primary immunization course holds for Balb/c mice and rabbits for as long as 12 to 13 months. [4] Repeated immunization courses in mice and rabbits maintain established clonal antibody patterns in toto. Temporal variations of clonal expression are generally quantitative rather than qualitative. B‐cell memory within this system is therefore stable and long‐lived.
Structural Requirements in the Fc Region of Rabbit IgG Antibodies Necessary to Induce Cytotoxicity by Human Lymphocytes
Authors: MICHAELSEN T. E. , WISLøFF F. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

Rabbit IgG anti‐chicken erythrocyte antibodies were compared with the Fab/c or Facb fragments of IgG and with partially reduced and alkylated IgG for the capacity to induce cytotoxicity by normal human lymphocytes. The Fab/c antibody fragment, which lacks one Fab region, was still able to induce cytotoxicity. In contrast, the Facb antibody fragment, which lacks the Cγ3 domains, was nearly ineffective in activating the effector cells, whereas intact antibody activity was demonstrated by its ability to inhibit the cytotoxicity induced by unsplit IgG. Similarly, partial reduction and alkylation of the IgG antibodies, under conditions affecting the interchain disulphide bonds only, greatly diminished their ability to induce cytotoxicity, although they effectively inhibited the cytotoxicity induced by untreated IgG. On the basis of these results and previous data, we suggest that the reaction of the Fc region of IgG with the effector cell depends on the integrity of the Cγ2 domain in the native, divalent state or on the interaction between the Cγ2 and Cγ3 domains.
Local Graft‐Versus‐Host‐Reaction in Mice Specifically Inhibited by Anti‐Receptor Antibodies
Authors: BINZ H.
Published: June 2006

The local graft‐versus‐host (GVH) reaction provoked by parental spleen cells in F1 mice was shown to be T‐cell‐dependent. GVH reactions were suppressed in F1 hybrid mice immunized with parental T lymphocytes of the same genotype, but not in F1 mice immunized with parental B cells. In some cases this immunity could be passively transferred by serum into normal F1 mice. The specific activity of such sera could be removed by absorption with either parental T or B cells. Some of the F1 antisera were specifically cytotoxic for parental GVH‐reactive lymphocytes.
Mechanism of B‐Cell Activation and Paralysis by Thymus‐Independent Antigens
Authors: COUTINHO A. , GRONOWICZ E. , MÖLLER G
Published: June 2006

Normal spleen cells showed a bell‐shaped dose response profile when stimulated in vitro with die thymus independent antigen (4 ‐hydroxy‐3,5 dinitiophenyl)acetyl (NNP)‐lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with regard to the development of high‐avidity plaque‐forming cells to NNP The addition of suboptimal concentrations of LPS to cultures stimulated by suboptimal concentrations of NNP LPS resulted in optimal induction of B cells in that affinity fraction Addition of LPS to cultures optimally stimulated by NNP‐LPS resulted in paralysis of the specific cells These results are interpreted in terms of the additive effects between the mitogenicity LPS and the mitogenicity of NNP LPS the latter being selectively focused on the specific cells, thus providing further evidence for the ‘one nonspecific signal’ hypothesis for immune activation of B cells
Induction of Histamine Release and Desensitization in Human Leukocytes
Authors: PETERSSON B Å. , STÅLENHEIM G.
Published: June 2006

Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus has been found to react with all human leukocyte preparations tested. In 70%, of the experiments the reaction leads to histamine release. Further more, protein A treatment of cells at 37°C both in complete and Ca+2‐free medium, results in the inhibition of anti‐IgE‐induced histamine release in all cell preparations, indicating that protein A and anti‐IgE antibodies release histamine from the same cells. This inhibition seems to be due to the blocking or exhaustion of a step in the biochemical pathway, leading to histamine release activated by both protein A and anti IgE. In some cell preparations desensitization but no histamine liberation is induced by protein A. No inhibition occurs if the protein A treatment is performed at 4°C. It is concluded that protein A elicits histamine liberation and desensitization by acting on IgG present on the surface of the basophil granulocytes Treatment of leukocytes at 37°C with anti‐IgE antibodies, or F(ab')2 fragments from such antibodies, also results in an inhibition of a subsequent anti‐IgE‐induced histamine release. Desensitization with low doses of anti‐IgE results in an inhibition of the same type as that obtained with protein A. Supraoptimum amounts of anti‐IgE or high amounts ill monovalent Fab fragments from anti‐IgE immunoglobulin G give an inhibition that could be due to a competition between the sensitizing and the challenging agents for combining with cell‐fixed IgE molecules This inhibition is independent of temperature and calcium concentration.
Conformation of the Hinge Region and Various Fragments of Human IgG3
Authors: JOHNSON P M , MICHAELSEN T. E , SCOPES P. M.
Published: June 2006

A study of the circular dichroic (CD) spectra of various fragments of human IgG3 including the isolated hinge region. Fh. has shown that the hinge region has a high degree of an unusual secondary structure, unique within immunoglobulin material recorded to date. This structure appears to he rigid and aperiodic throughout the hinge region and is compatible with a repeated amino acid sequence. Tin‐ conformation of the isolated Fh fragment is the same as that of the bound hinge region, also, there is no substantial conformational interaction between tin hinge region and the Fab or Fc fragments of human IgG3 A comparison of the CD spectra of Fc and pFc' fragments isolated from an IgG1 and an IgG3 myeloma protein has shown that subclass differences of amino acid sequence do not substantially alter the conformation of these fragments
Conditions for Inducing T Helper Cells In Vitro
Authors: KONTIAINEN S. , FELDMANN M.
Published: June 2006

Lymphoid cells of CBA mice were triggered to act as specific helper cells by incubation with protein antigen (usually keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH)) in Marbrook cultures in vitro. After optimum priming, these helper cells, at optimal numbers, stimulated B cells (from unprimed spleens) to respond to trinitrophenyl‐KLH in vitro. The in vitro‐induced helper cells were carrier‐specific. B cell depletion before helper cell induction increased the efficiency of helper cell induction and thus provided further proof of the T‐cell nature of in vitro helper cells. Heterogeneity within T helper cell precursors is suggested on the basis of differences in antigen dose requirements of precursor cells in cortisone‐resistant thymocytes, spleen, or lymph nodes.
Genetic Control of B‐Cell Responses
Authors: COUTINHO A. , GRONOWICZ E , SULTZER B. M.
Published: June 2006

Spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice fail to develop both proliferative responses and increased polyclonal antibody secretion in the presence of concentrations of the B‐cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide that are optimal for the induction of B‐cell responses in conventional strains This unresponsiveness is selective for lipopolysaccharide, since C3H/HeJ spleen cells respond normally to two other polyclonal B‐cell activators–dextran‐sulphate and purified protein derivative of tuberculin. These findings are interpreted as indicating a selective defect in the B‐cell sub‐population that responds to lipopolysaccharides in conventional strains.
Serum Factors Causing Impaired Macrophage Function in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: SVENSSON B O.
Published: June 2006

Leukocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy controls were cultured for 4 days in either SLE serum or control serum The remaining monolayer of monocyte‐derived macrophages was allowed to ingest yeast cells. Macrophages (from SLE patients or controls) incubated in SLE sera presented impaired phagocytic activity and glass adherence compared with cells grown in control sera SLE sera contain one or more factors that impair macrophage function; IgG‐containing immune complexes may be one such factor.
Studies on Fd Fragments of Human Immunoglobulins
Authors: ZEGERS B. J. M. , BALLIEUX R. E. , VAN LOGHEM E.
Published: June 2006

Earlier studies on antisera against Fab of pooled human IgG and IgA myeloma proteins disclosed the presence of class‐specific Fd antibodies, the demonstration of which required interaction of heavy and light chains. To extend our knowledge about the antigenic structure of the Fd fragment of human immunoglobulins, antisera were prepared in rabbits against γ chains of pooled IgG and of four IgG1 myeloma proteins, an Fdγ fragment and a cyanogen bromide‐produced CH1 preparation of an IgG1 myeloma protein, and an Fdα fragment of an IgA1 myeloma protein. No antigenic determinants exclusively confined to the CH1 region of intact human IgG could be demonstrated with these antisera. The antigenic structure of CH1 in intact immunoglobulins may thus only be defined by light‐chain‐dependent determinants.
Sequence Variability of Rabbit Antibody Light Chains
Authors: THUNBERG A. L , KINDT T. J.
Published: June 2006

Amino acid sequence analyses of the IgG tight (L) chains from selected members of a rabbit family with allotypes b4 and b9 showed N‐terminal substitutions that segregated with the b4 allotype. The L chains of allotype b4 had tyrosine at step 2, whereas this residue was absent from that step in the by L chains. Steps 12 and 13 of b4 L chains yielded a high percentage of glutamic acid, whereas a low percentage was observed for the b9 L chains. These tyrosine and glutamic acid substitutions were observed with the same frequency in L chains from homogeneous antibodies at in the L chains of the IgG samples. The data suggest that, in the family studied, separate and distinct V‐region gene complexes are linked to the b4 and b9 allotypic genes.
The Primary Structure of Allergen M from Cod
Authors: ELSAYED S. , BENNICH H.
Published: June 2006

The complete primary structure of allergen M of cod (Gadus carias L.) is presented. The amino acid sequence of fragment TM1, the NH2‐terminal peptide of allergen M, was elucidated by the dansyl‐Edman method. It consists of 75 amino acids and 1 glucose residue (mol. wt. 8,492). By summation of the sequence data of fragment TM1 and the previously reported fragment TM2, the intact allergen M has 113 residues (mol. wt. 12,328). Fragment TM1 of cod shows less homology (30.6%) with the corresponding fragments of other reported fish species than does fragment TM2 (42.1%); the intact allergen M shows 34.5% homology. The single half cystine of allergen M was shown to be blocked. Gas chromatographic analysis of the reduced and nonreduced allergen M suggested that the glucose is bound to Cys 18 through an S‐glucosidic bond.
IgM Molecules with and without J Chain in Serum and after Purification, Studied by Ultra‐centrifugation, Electrophoresis, and Electron Microscopy
Authors: ESKELAND T. , CHRISTENSEN T. B.
Published: June 2006

IgM molecules in pure IgM preparations and in the corresponding sera from three patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia have been studied by analytical ultracentrifugation, rate zonal ultratcntrifugation. agarose‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and electron microscopy. One of the IgM preparations was without J chain, while the two others contained J chain. The experiments revealed that IgM with J chain consisted of pentameric molecules: whereas in IgM preparations without J chain the dominating molecules were hexamers, but also pentamers, tetramers, and even smaller molecules were found. In both types of IgM the molecules formed a wide range of aggregates, which were usually more abundant in the purified IgM than in serum. Some of the aggregates were kept together by noncovalent forces only.
Antibody Response by Cultured Spleen Fragments from Carrier‐Primed Mice to Hapten‐Protein Conjugates
Authors: HURME M. , NAKAMURA I. , KAARTINEN M. , MÄKELÄ O.
Published: June 2006

Hapten‐protein conjugates stimulated very poor anti‐hapten responses in mouse spleen fragment cultures from unimmunized mice, whereas hapten coupled to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide or polylysine induced good response. When the donors of the fragments ‐were primed with the carrier protein, hapten‐protein conjugates induced a strong anti‐hapten response. Both the true primary and the carrier‐primed primary response in vitro consisted mainly of IgA antibodies of 9‐13S. In carrier‐primed responses also IgM was produced at the beginning and IgG at the end of those responses.
Destruction of Dextran‐Coated Target Cells by Normal Human Lymphocytes and Monocytes.
Authors: LARSSON Å. , PISARRI‐SALSANO S. , ÖHLANDER C. , NATVIG J. B. , PERLMANN P.
Published: June 2006

A human anti‐dextran serum, EAK, with IgG antibodies restricted to subclass IgG2, was tested for its capacity to induce lysis of dextran‐coated chicken erythrocytes by normal human lymphocytes or monocytes. Another human anti‐dextran serum. RGM, with most antibodies belonging to sublass IgG1, and a hyperimmune rabbit anti‐dextran serum were used for reference. In lymphocyte‐mediated erythrolysis, serum EAK gave rise to 51Cr release varying from 20% to 80% in different experiments. The hyperimmune rabbit serum was 100 to 1000 times more active, whereas strum RGM was consistently negative. These results correlated well with the concentration of anti‐dextran antibodies in these sera. In monocyte‐mediated erythrolysis serum EAK had a somewhat higher titer than in lymphocyte‐mediated lysis, and serum RGM had a weak but significant activity at low dilutions. Scrum EAK also induced erythrophagocytosis by monocytes. Ultracentrifugation did not significantly decrease the inductive capacity of this serum. The results show that antibodies of human sublass IgG2 are efficient inducers of effector functions in both lymphocytic and monocytic cells. Myeloma proteins of the four IgG subclasses were tested for inhibitory capacity in lymphocyte‐ or monocyte‐mediated erythrolysis. Either strum EAK or the rabbit reference serum was used for induction of erythrolysis. Individual myeloma proteins within and between the subclasses varied considerably in inhibitory power. However, whereas IgG1, IgG2. and IgG3 proteins inhibited lymphocyte‐mediated erythrolysis induced by either type of antiserum, the two IgG4 proteins tested were essentially negative. These results suggest a lack of specificity of the Fc receptor for subclasses IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 in both heterologous and homologous inhibition‐ In monocyte‐mediated erythrolysis, IgG1 and IgG3 were strong Inhibitors, whereas inhibition by IgG2 and IgG4 was weak and inconsistent This pattern was seen regardless of whether the inducing antiserum was of rabbit or human origin. Similar results were obtained in monocyte‐induced erythrophagocytosis induced by serum EAK. These and previous results suggest that effector cells of the lymphocytic (K cell) variety have Fc receptors different from those of monocytic cells. However, the basis for the differences observed in the inhibition tests remains to be elucidated.
Interactions Between Ricinus Agglutinin and Human IgM and IgG
Authors: SALTVEDT E. , HARBOE M , FØLLING I. , OLSNES S.
Published: June 2006

Ricinus agglutinin, purified until homogeneous, precipitates serum glycoproteins with terminal nonreducing galactose residues including IgM and IgG. Almost 100% of IgM reacted with anti‐IgM and ricinus agglutinin in quantitative precipitin tests. In similar tests, almost 100% of polyclonal IgG was precipitated by excess anti IgG, whereas only about 10% reacted with ricinus agglutinin In quantitative precipitin analyses and affinity chromatography experiments with insolubilized ricinus agglutinin and isolated monoclonal IgG1 and IgG3 proteins, only IgG3 proteins reacted with ricinus agglutinin.
Cell‐Mediated and Humoral Immunity to Streptococcal Cell Wall Antigenic Extract in Patients with Glomerulonephritis and in Healthy Controls
Authors: KRZYMAŃSKI M , MÖLLER E , BERGSTRÖM J.
Published: June 2006

Cell mediated immunity of lymphocytes to group A, type T 12. streptococcal cell wall extract was evaluated by measurement of DNA synthesis in cultures of lymphocytes from healthy controls and from glomerulonephritic patients. Cells from adult healthy persons regularly responded to this antigen, whereas cord blood lymphocytes did not. Several additional experiment suggested that the response to normal controls was due to a specific immune response and was not caused by a nonspecific mitogenic effect of the cell wall antigens. In a group of 17 patients with progressive glomerulonephritis (PGN) and 10 with nonprogressive glomerulonephritis (IRGN) the level of response was comparable to that of healthy controls In the PGN group the response was significantly lower after 4 days, but this difference disappeared after 6 days. Thus, this method failed to differentiate between health and disease. The presence of anti‐streptococcal cell wall antigen antibodies was tested using a passive hemagglutination technique. Only 1 of 6 controls had a demonstrable antibody titer, whereas 15 of 26 nephritic patients had detectable antibodies and 10 of them had titers greater than 1/64. Our findings suggest the possibility of a relationship between streptococcal bacteria and progressive glomerulonephritis