bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Decline of Human Rights in Lesotho: An Evaluation of Domestic and External Determinants
Authors: Weisfelder Richard F.
Published: May 2006

When Lesotho approached independence in 1966, most Basotho intellectuals were confident that their country would not fall prey to the trend toward authoritarianism and the disregard for civil liberties evident in other parts of Africa. Such optimism was based on several unique dimensions of their national experience. Unlike most African states, Lesotho comprised a single people who shared common language, culture, and political identity. A long tradition of free speech and participatory government was reinforeced by considerable experience with competitive political parties and the Westminster parliamentary system. Broad political awareness, spurred by the highest literacy rate in Black Africa, enhanced Basotho determination to provide a model of stable, democratic institutions, in contrast to the repressive apartheid structure of the omnipresent Republic of South Africa.
“Escola Nova”: The New Secondary School in Mozambique
Authors: Searle Chris
Published: May 2006

Our schools, our syllabuses, our independence—without which we would not be here—are the fruit of scarifice, of the struggle of generations of our ancestors, of our grandparents, of our parents. They are the fruit of Revolution.

To the students we say: you are those who continue the Revolution. We leave in you all our hopes, the hopes of the future of our country. But in order that you can continue the Revolution, you must assume the deep significance of your mission as students. You must understand that the school where you study is the fruit of the blood of sacrifice of our People.
Zimbabwe: A Peek at the Future – Reconstruction or Re-Design?
Authors: Khapoya Vincent B.
Published: May 2006

At a panel discussion on “Uganda After Amin” at the 1980 African Studies Association annual conference, Professor Ali Mazrui wondered aloud why social scientists on Africa were speaking of reconstruction in Uganda after the fall of General Idi Amin, rather than re-design. Professor Mazrui suggested that since the political system inherited by Idi Amin when he overthrew Milton Obote was faulty and unable to meet the needs of Ugandan people, and since Amin, who was kicked out of office by Ugandan guerrillas and Tanzanian soldiers early in 1977 had left the system practically in shambles, would it not be a much better idea for the new leaders (if one can consider Milton Obote in his return engagement as President of Uganda as a new leader) to think of creating a new political system rather than simply reconstructing one on the basis of the old system.
Negotiating About Biafran Oil
Authors: Davis Morris
Published: May 2006

Events which took place in June 1967 constitute the focal point of this article. Biafra had proclaimed its existence as an entity separate and independent from Nigeria on May 30; another five weeks were to pass, however, before fighting between General Gowon's forces in Nigeria and Colonel Ojukwu's in Biafra broke out. On reflection, the civil war in Nigeria evokes the fated air of a Greek tragedy; but from the vantage of those June days the probable outcome was much cloudier. Perhaps some accommodation was still possible by which war could be avoided, or if a confrontation did take shape perhaps Biafra would win, or there would be a stalemate.
The American Response to the Nigerian Conflict, 1968
Authors: Melbourne Roy M.
Published: May 2006

When the American electorate opted for withdrawal from Vietnam in 1968, the United States crossed an international policy watershed whose dimensions have not yet been fully assessed. The outlines of this policy have since been given the rubric of the Nixon Doctrine. In 1968, however, a substantial number of American citizens (including many vociferous critics of our presence in Vietnam) failed to grasp the significance of the change in Administration thinking as they energetically and often from the purest of motives sought American intervention through humanitarian actions in the Nigerian civil war. To point out to these Americans the contradictions in their behavior only served to irritate them. Other important segments of the public had long held a distorted image of American actions abroad. They continued to view America as the conscience of the world, exercising a kind of police power where such power might be safely exercised.
Law, Race and Color in South Africa
Authors: Rubin Neville
Published: May 2006

The word "apartheid" does not appear anywhere in the South African statute book, and a keen observer would be hard put to discover its existence anywhere in the formal texts which make up the law. Yet apartheid is deeply embedded in the law of South Africa.

In a country in which neither the content nor the administration of the law has ever been free from racial overtones, twenty-five years of continuous rule by the National Party Government have seen to it that the ideology of segregation has been translated into a formidable pattern of legalized racial discrimination. This pattern is to be observed throughout the entire apparatus of the South African legal system. It is written into the constitution and reflected in the legislature. It is a major constituent of the statute law of the country, and decisions as to the manner in which legislation is to be implemented make up a significant proportion of the case law. Apartheid has involved and influenced both the composition and the conduct of the courts, just as it has affected the legal profession and the teaching of law.
A Report on South Africa's Black Universities
Authors: Meyer Lysle E.
Published: May 2006

In 1959, following the recommendations of the Eiselen Commission, the South African government established separate university colleges for the country's three non-white communities. Heretofore, African, Asian, and Coloured students had attended non-white Fort Hare University or certain white institutions, but the Extension of University Education Act of 1959 specifically prohibited racially integrated education except in extraordinary cases approved by the government. There are now five institutions serving these groups: the University of Durban-Westville for Indians, the University of the Western Cape at Belleville for the Coloured community. Fort Hare University, now exclusively for the Xhosa people, the University of Zululand at Ngoye for Zulus and Swazis, and the University of the North at Turfloop in the Transvaal, serving the Sotho groups as well as the Tswana, Tsonga and Venda peoples.
Statement on the Proclamation of Independence of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau
Authors: Diggs Charles C.
Published: May 2006

In 1976 we will celebrate the 200th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, the formal birth of our country. In our protracted war for independence, the freedom loving people of the United States were engaged in a bitter struggle against the greatest world power of that time. The war was not over at the time of independence. But that declaration symbolized both the beginning of the end of colonialism in America and the coming into the world community of a new state, the United States of America. The British neither recognized our right to self-determination, nor the declaration of independence, nor did they voluntarily hand over power to us. We seized it because it was our inalienable right.
Constructive Engagement or Disingeneous Support for Apartheid
Authors: Magumbane Bernard
Published: May 2006

The collapse of any social order is inevitably presaged by the failure of its normalizing institutions to command their accustomed ideological authority. All long-held values, assumptions, and moral codes and norms of behavior are suddenly called into question. Uncertainty replaces confidence. Chaos replaces order. The glaring gap between rhetoric and reality becomes too obvious to elicit respect.

The collapse of Portuguese colonization in 1975 and the ensuing independence of Mozambique, Angola, and Zimbabwe and the intensification of the national and class struggles in Namibia and South Africa has produced a crisis of unprecedented proportions for the South African regime and its imperialist backers. Historical alliances and loyalties are being undermined.
Violation of Democratic Rights in Zaire
Authors: Nzongola-Ntalaja Georges
Published: May 2006

In a report released on September 16, 1993, Amnesty International came up with an apt description of the current human rights situation in Zaire as consisting of “violence against democracy.” In a violent backlash against the democratization process, the regime of President Mobutu Sese Seko has plunged the country into “its worst human rights crisis since the end of the civil war in the early 1960s.” More than 5,000 people have been killed and more than 100,000 displaced in ethnic cleansing in the Shaba and North Kivu provinces. Moreover, repeated looting, extortion, and other acts of violence by Mobutu’s army have endangered the lives of millions of people all over the country, particularly in the major cities.
African/Africanist Feminist Relations: Restructuring the Agenda/Agency
Authors: Okeke Philomina E.
Published: May 2006

The controversy surrounding African/Africanist feminist relations is neither a recent phenomenon nor one peculiar to this academic constituency. In the few odd years following the Second Wave, black feminists in the West have challenged the programs and direction of both the feminist movement and academia at every turn. In very succinct terms they rejected any alliance with a political project which, however well meaning, excludes them from the forums where women’s oppression(s) should be named and confronted. As hooks (1988) points out in the case of African American women, in so far as the “authorities” who study them constitute themselves and forge along in “the absence of the voices of the individuals whose experiences they seek to address, ...the subject-object dichotomy is maintained and domination is reinforced.”
Recommendations: Mineral Resources and their Utilization, including their Effects on Economic Development
Authors: Aksiuk Leonid N. , Sklar Richard L.
Published: May 2006

Several African countries with rich endowments of mineral resources and petroleum have, paradoxically, achieved less by way of economic development than other African states without such wealth. In the African mineral economies there is less diversification of production, less investment, higher foreign debt, greater unemployment, and weaker overall productive growth. The causes of this poor economic performance involve both external factors, such as declining prices of primary commodity products, and internal factors, such as rent-seeking activities of politically powerful groups which give their support to governmental leaders in return for access to wealth. Inevitably, the mineral industries, which depend on timely investments and good management, decline. As a result the governments then resort to heavy foreign borrowing.
Growing Opposition in Zimbabwe
Authors: Knight Virginia Curtin
Published: May 2006

A realignment of economic interests in Zimbabwe is fueling broad-based demands for an open, democratic, multiparty society. The shift in alignment comes as a result of the ruling party’s failure to meet the needs and expectations of the majority of Zimbabweans in the eleven years since independence. Under the leadership of the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), headed by President Robert Mugabe, the government adopted socialism guided by Marxist-Leninist principles as its ideological philosophy. The socialist agenda, coupled with cumbersome, centralized decision-making by a bloated bureaucracy, discouraged domestic and foreign investment and stymied employment growth.
The Two Options Now Facing Burundi
Authors: Greenland Jeremy
Published: May 2006

Burundi politics is still preoccupied with the maintenance of Tutsi supremacy and therefore necessarily the continued subjection of the Hutu. There would seem to be substantial evidence for this view. Government spending on “national security” has risen from 13.2 percent of the total budget in 1971 to 22.6 percent in 1974; it is now the largest single item, having passed education for the first time; despite considerable recruitment to the army since 1972 there are no Hutu soldiers at any level of real responsibility; the army’s tactical priority is the waging of small-scale guerrilla-type operations in the border areas.
Africa and the Middle Eastern Crisis
Authors: El-Khawas Mohamed A.
Published: May 2006

Nineteen fifty-five marked a turning point in Africa’s involvement in the Arab-Israeli conflict. Prior to that year, the views of the few independent African nations had been completely overshadowed by cold war politics. The Bandung Conference, however, symbolized the emergence of a Third World approach to international problems, and African views on the Arab-Israeli conflict became increasingly important. With the winds of change blowing across the African continent, the two major contenders in the Middle Eastern crisis—Egypt and Israel—began to concentrate on wooing African support for their own positions.
Recent Developments in Ethiopia
Authors: Mulcahy Edward W.
Published: May 2006

I am pleased at this opportunity to give an account of recent developments in Ethiopia. As Acting Assistant Secretary for African Affairs, I have been deeply engrossed in the subject ever since heavy fighting broke out in the Ethiopian province of Eritrea on January 31. I also have a very personal interest in this subject since I served at one time as Consul in Asmara. Indeed, twenty-five years ago last month I opened our consular post there.
The African Continuum: A Focus for Outreach
Authors: Cummings Robert J. , Ware Theresa A.
Published: May 2006

One of the most critical paradoxes of the last quarter of the twentieth century is the declining support for area studies, especially at this time when the global community has entered such a notable phase of interdependence. The continent of Africa and its people are as important in this interdependency as any others of the world community. Indeed, no other continent in the world’s history has provided to the international community so many new and independent nations. Concomitantly, this world area has among its assets unknown quantities of potential wealth in natural resources.
Outreach Imperatives in the Ninth Decade: A Teacher’s View
Authors: Rich Evelyn Jones
Published: May 2006

Ask any teacher of Africa about outreach programs. Ask any teacher of Africa what they try to do! Ask any teacher of Africa about their past performance. Ask any teacher of Africa what they ought to do in the 1980s.
Cooperation among World Area Programs
Authors: Gocking Roger
Published: May 2006

The task of conducting outreach through NDEA centers has not been restricted to African centers. From the mid-seventies all such area study programs funded through Title VI were called upon by the federal government to undertake some sort of outreach activities. The Office of Education in its guidelines identified four areas to which such programs should direct themselves: the business community, the general public, precollegiate educational institutions, and other universities and junior colleges that had no NDEA-funded centers.
The Clinton Administration and Africa: Perspective of the Congressional Black Caucus and TransAfrica
Authors: Leanne Shelly
Published: May 2006

Surprising to some, African American leaders have expressed a relatively high level of dissatisfaction with the Clinton administration’s policies toward Africa both before and after President Clinton’s historic journey to the African continent in 1998. Well-publicized protests against the administration’s Nigerian policy were supported by Trans-Africa, many members of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), and other organizations with large numbers of African American supporters, such as the Washington Office on Africa (WOA). Likewise, both TransAfrica and many members of the CBC were sufficiently unhappy with Clinton’s approach that they boycotted the 1994 White House Conference on Africa. More recently, the CBC refused to take an official stance on the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, and over 30 percent of its members voted against the act in the House of Representatives. Given the contrast between an African policy perceived popularly as innovative and supportive of Africa, and the fairly high level of dissension and disapproval among African American leaders toward that policy, it is particularly worth exploring African American perspectives about Clinton’s African policies.
The Investment of the American Corporation in Southern Africa
Authors: Smith Timothy
Published: May 2006

Southern Africa is now witnessing the struggle of the black majority for independence and majority rule. The growing revolt against white minority rule has taken different forms in each country.
Western Humanism and African Usage: A Critical Survey of Non-African Responses to African Literature
Authors: Owomoyela Oyekan
Published: May 2006

A general survey of non-African reactions to African literature reveals some characteristic features. First, there are the inexcusable generalizations that fail to take account of the continuity of modern African literature with traditional African modes of expression, and the fact that the study of the multiplicity of cultural groups in the continent, even if the cultures are homologous, must necessarily be of a comparative nature. Second, and this is closely related to the above, non-African scholars with glaring gaps in their knowledge of the continent and its peoples evince a reluctance to acknowledge such gaps—with the result that such scholars often make reprehensibly erroneous assertions.
Prospects for Change in South Africa: Lessons from Rhodesia
Authors: Sithole Masipula
Published: May 2006

Southern Africa has been in a state of crisis since the fall of the Portuguese empire in Angola and Mozambique in 1974. The MPLA and FRELIMO governments established in Angola and Mozambique, respectively, in the mid-1970’s have been under pressure from internal opposition groups that have been increasingly drawn into the armpits of South African sponsorship in its destabilization policy towards its neighbors. Zimbabwe, independent only six years ago, seems to have fallen into a similar pattern.
The Angolan Puzzle: Varied Actors and Complex Issues
Authors: Grundy Kenneth W.
Published: May 2006

Too frequently policy makers in Washington or Moscow see local or regional issues in southern Africa solely through their own, often distorted, lenses. And seen exclusively in ideological, or alternatively East-West or Cold War terms, they view their interests as inherently antagonistic. The old African maxim popular among non-aligned leaders in the early 1960’s is apropos: “When the bull elephants fight, the grass gets trampled.” Yet, unlike two elephants contesting clashing claims to territory of or sexual supremacy, southern Africa is not the territory of either of the super powers. Nor does Angola belong to other regional powers, notably South Africa. Although such states may have “interests” there. Angola is not their’s to shape.
Jewish in Muslim Black Africa: Reflections on the Mazrui-Habtu Debate
Authors: Miles William F.S.
Published: May 2006

As a Jewish political scientist who has lived, taught, and conducted research in Muslim areas of sub-Saharan Africa (particularly Niger and Northern Nigeria), I was more than intrigued with that aspect of the debate between Ali Mazrui and Hailu Habtu-two African Africanists, at least one of whom is of Islamic origin-concerning “Jewish cultural influences on Black Africa” (“The Semitic Impact on Black Africa: Arab and Jewish Cultural Influences”; “The Fallacy of the ‘Triple Heritage’ Thesis: A Critique,” Issue, vol. XIII, 1985). As a reflection on the revolution in Africana studies that has occurred over the past few decades, it is refreshing to note that Westerners (including Jews) may now find themselves to be the objects of intellectual discourse and historical analysis by African scholars-and not, as has traditionally been the case, the other way around.
Rites of Passage: African Studies Comes of Age
Authors: Liebenow J. Gus
Published: May 2006

We live in an age when baptisms, bar mitzvahs, tahara, weddings, and other significant rites of passage are being observed with decreasing frequency. Indeed, one of those solemn rites–the legal, political, and social transition into adult status at the magic age of 21–has been battered by custom, by law, and even by a constitutional amendment.
The Case against the C.I.A.
Authors: Stockwell John
Published: May 2006

Following several years of shocking revelations about the United States intelligence service, we now have a unique opportunity to rethink our objectives in the Third World, especially in Africa, and to modify our intelligence activities to complement rather than contradict sound, long term policies. The revelations, and their related publicity, have been a healthy exercise, making the American public aware of what enlightened people throughout the world already knew, that CIA operations had plumbed the depths of assassination, meddlesome covert wars, and the compulsive recruitment of foreign officials to commit treason on our behalf; activities which, if they did not border on international terrorism, certainly impressed their victims as harsh and cruel, whatever their bureaucratic authentication and national security justification in Washington.
Government Officials, Academics, and the Process of Formulating U.S. National Security Policy Toward Africa
Authors: Bowman Larry W.
Published: May 2006

Relationships between U.S. government officials and academic specialists working on national security and foreign policy issues with respect to Africa are many and complex. They can be as informal as a phone call or passing conversation or as formalized as a consulting arrangement or research contract. Many contacts exist and there is no doubt that many in both government and the academy value these ties. There have been, however, ongoing controversies about what settings and what topics are appropriate to the government/academic interchange. National security and foreign policy-making in the U.S. is an extremely diffuse process.
Response to Jean-Pierre Chretien
Authors: Lemarchand René
Published: May 2006

My apologies to Mr. Chrétien and to your readers for “developing some simplistic formulas on Burundi” in my quest for “media success.” No such simplistic formulas enter his criticism of my Congressional testimony. On the one hand, I am taken to task for not conceding that my interpretation of the Hutu-Tutsi conflict as a recent phenomenon is the product of Chrétien’s “patient research work” over the last quarter of a century; on the other hand, “some very similar analysis” had appeared in my “excellent work of 1970,” which came out long before Mr. Chrétien embarked on his patient research! Try to figure that one out if you can.
African Cinema in the American Video Market
Authors: Moore Cornelius
Published: May 2006

There are probably a billion videocassettes in the United States. Yet few, probably under a thousand, are African films. I want to ask why this is and describe a strategy to change it.

How can one of the least known and most under-funded cinemas in the world, African cinema, find a place in the most lavishly promoted and capitalized media marketplaces on earth, the U.S. feature film market?
Political Transition, Ethnoregionalism, and the “Power Shift” Debate in Nigeria
Authors: Ibrahim Jibrin
Published: May 2006

The Nigerian military has been engaged in a program of transition to democratic rule since 1985. The country’s military rulers developed “transition politics” into a strategy of transitions without end, a ruse to prevent democratization. Hopefully, Nigeria is now at the crossroads. One of the most important issues posed in the transition has been the ethnoregional one: Would entrenched ethnoregional forces allow political power to shift from the North to the South? It is not a new question in Nigerian transition politics.

Two broad issues surface when ethnoregional domination emerges as a political issue in Nigeria: control of political power and its instruments, such as the armed forces and the judiciary; and control of economic power and resources.
Civil Society, the Challenge to the Authoritarian State, and the Consolidation of Democracy in Nigeria
Authors: Walker Judith-Ann
Published: May 2006

The victory for democracy resulting from General Olusegun Obasanjo’s election in February 1999 is as hollow as it is contrived. For many analysts and political aspirants, Obasanjo’s victory is not a triumph for democracy but merely a eulogy to formal military rule. Obasanjo is viewed as the “ordained” military successor with more continuity to the tradition of authoritarian rule than to genuine democracy. His known autocratic leadership style and his less-than-progressive stance on the media and women make him difficult to accept as a champion of democracy. Furthermore, the legality of his victory is challenged by his alleged contravention of the qualification regulations of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), a factor that has led his opponent to contest the election results.

Given this imperfect situation, this article considers how Nigeria can build on the gains of the transition and consolidate democracy. The evidence from the new wave of democracy sweeping through the developing world suggests that “democracy makes sense” when civil organizations are prepared to challenge the right of autocratic regimes to rule.
Party Registration and the Subversion of Democracy in Nigeria
Authors: Agbese Pita Ogaba
Published: May 2006

Nigeria has had three programs of transition from military to civil rule in the last 13 years. Despite the enormous resources wasted on the first two programs, by Generals Ibrahim Babangida and Sani Abacha, democracy remains a mirage in Nigeria. The demise of the two programs was not just a monumental failure on the part of the two leaders; it also vividly demonstrates the military’s inability to effect a lasting transition to civil rule. In addition, the utter failure of both programs has exposed the political brinkmanship to which the military is prepared to go to subvert democracy. Babangida’s brazen annulment of the June 1993 presidential election and Abacha’s repressive, dictatorial, and corrupt governing style brought Nigeria closer to the edge of the precipice than any other crisis since the civil war of the 1960s.
Obasanjo and the Burden of Civilianization
Authors: Ekeh Peter P.
Published: May 2006

The foundations of modern Nigerian politics were laid in the 1950s. That decade began with the Ibadan constitutional conference of 1950, at which leaders of northern and southern Nigeria met for the first time in a common political forum since the amalgamation of these two separate British colonies in 1914. It ended with the attainment of independence in 1960. In the course of that fateful decade, Nigerians, previously estranged from one another by the circumstances of colonial rule, not only got to know themselves but worked together to produce a blueprint for the country’s political future. In essence, they rejected British as well as nationalist proclivities toward centralization. Instead, they forged a consensus that federalism was the appropriate vehicle for resolving political problems created by the nation’s deep-seated diversity.
Angola
Authors: Wheeler Douglas L.
Published: May 2006

I would like to thank the Subcommittee for inviting me to testify before it on the subject of Angola.

In this presentation I shall make six major points. Briefly, and in summary, they are the following: one, the historical record in Angola, both remote and recent, suggests that there are deep roots to the current political fragmentation and conflict in that country and that, even under good conditions, political unity and stable government will be difficult to establish. Two, the Alvor Agreement, signed on January 15, 1975, between Portugal and the three major Angolan nationalist parties is, on paper, a masterful piece of diplomacy and compromise; its provisions should be studied and enforced.
Testimony on Rhodesia
Authors: Rotberg Robert I.
Published: May 2006

Mr. Chairman, Members of the sub-committee, I am grateful for this opportunity to appear before you and to testify about Rhodesia.

Rhodesia is a strategically located colony with great potential. Whether called Rhodesia or Zimbabwe, it has a valuable resource base and could, under favorable circumstances, serve once again as the fulcrum of a prosperous and progressive Southern Africa.
Testimony on Namibia
Authors: Landis Elizabeth S.
Published: May 2006

Mr. Chairman, Members of the Subcommittee:

I want to congratulate you for holding this series of hearings on southern Africa at a time when change is occurring fast and furiously in that part of the world and when it is vital for our government to respond knowledgeably and sympathetically. I also want to thank you for the opportunity to speak to you about Namibia, which has been of special concern to me for many years now. I speak here in my personal capacity, of course, and my views do not necessarily reflect UN positions.
Statement on South Africa and Namibia
Authors: McHenry Donald F.
Published: May 2006

I appreciate the invitation of the Committee to appear during the Subcommittee’s series of hearings on the situation in southern Africa. The situation and problems of that part of the world, indeed of Africa as a whole, deserve more attention than Americans, including members of the Congress, have given it heretofore. It will be clear from my statement that I believe it necessary to correct a number of aspects of policy which the United States has followed in southern Africa, particularly in recent years. An essential prerequisite for the correction of policy is knowledge and understanding of developments there.
Ethiopia: The Use of Food as an Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy
Authors: Shepherd Jack
Published: May 2006

In December, 1980, John Block, the Illinois farmer selected by Ronald Reagan as his new Secretary of Agriculture, told reporters: “I believe food is the greatest weapon we have for keeping peace in the world.” Mr. Block envisioned America shipping its agricultural surpluses to hungry nations in return for “more stability in the world.”
Tigranocerta
Authors: Holmes T. Rice
Published: May 2006

That the problem which we have to attack is difficult may be inferred from the controversies which it has provoked. The geographer Kiepert successively identified Tigranocerta with four sites—two on the left, two on the right bank of the Tigris. The son who continued his last work adopted the original choice which his father had discarded half a century before.
Was Caesar born in 100 or in 102 B.C.?
Authors: Holmes T. Rice
Published: May 2006

The view, originally advocated by Mommsen, and supported by the Comte de Salis, that Caesar was born in 102 B.C., was controverted by A. W. Zumpt and C. Nipperdey, and has recently been examined by Professor Monroe E. Deutsch, who comes to the following conclusion: ‘that Caesar secured a dispensation during 67 B.C. or early in 66 B.C., allowing him to hold the various offices two years before the legal age, seems the simplest solution of the problem.’
The Catilinarian Conspiracy in its Context: a re-study of the evidence
Authors: Hardy E. G.
Published: May 2006

The year 63 has always been regarded as Cicero's year, the year in which he gained some of his most striking political successes, and in the course of which he saved the republic. Nevertheless a careful scrutiny of the evidence will convince an impartial observer that, with all his hopes of proving himself a consul popularis, Cicero was throughout the year on the defensive, that the initiative was never for a moment in his hands, and therefore that in determining the real causes of the excitements and crises which shook Rome during his consulship we must search for other agents more truly responsible for the issue of events than anything that Cicero said or planned or carried into action.
Sepulchral architecture as illustrated by the rock façades of Central Etruria
Authors: Rosi Gino
Published: May 2006

The name Central Etruria is applied in this article to the region which is, roughly speaking, bounded by the river Mignone on the south, by the Ciminian Hills and the Plain of Viterbo on the east, by the Lake of Bolsena and the River Fiora on the north, and by the Roman Maremma on the west (fig. 1). Even now it is sparsely populated and covered with scrub; and the peculiar conformation of the ground has from the earliest times imposed on its scattered inhabitants special conditions of choice both for the position of their cities and for the type of their sepulchres.

The present aspect of this vast region is very strange. It may be compared to the Roman Campagna, but to a Campagna the monotonous desolation of which is relieved by frequent ravines, carving the landscape into fantastic and romantic pictures.
The Site of Lucus Feroniae
Authors: Taylor L. R.
Published: May 2006

Lucus Feroniae, the scene of a great yearly assemblage in honour of the goddess Feronia and subsequently the site of an Augustan colony which took the name of the ancient grove, lay somewhere in the territory of Capena in south-eastern Etruria. The region presents great topographical difficulties. Except for Capena itself, which has been located with some degree of certainty on the hill of Civitucola, none of the ancient settlements, of which there are several in the city's extensiveager, has been definitely identified. This paper has been written in the belief that a fresh consideration of the evidence for the goddess's shrine will aid in determining its location and will present material of value for its bearing on the history of Capena and the origin of Feronia's cult.
The Date of Agricola's Governorship of Britain
Authors: McElderry R. Knox
Published: May 2006

Did the seven years' governorship recorded by Tacitus begin in A.D. 77 or in 78 ? The question has been often discussed: it is of some importance for the history of the time, and of special interest in our own country. Most authorities have hitherto supported the later date; but recent writers are still divided, and the latest and fullest discussion seems to require some additions and qualifications. In the absence of evidence directly conclusive, the decision depends upon a series of indirect arguments, which raise subsidiary questions of some independent interest. Hence it may be permissible to return to the subject.
The Mints of the Empire: Vespasian to Diocletian
Authors: Mattingly H.
Published: May 2006

In a paper published in the 1917 volume of this Journal, pp. 59 ff., I attempted to make available for the general student the results of some recent research on coins. The present paper is designed to continue the task thus begun. It follows the same plan and is subject to the same restrictions. General principles are stressed, while for details reference is made to the special publications noted on pp. 263, 264. Only the imperial issues, not the purely local or provincial, are considered.
An Inscription of the Equites Singulares Imperatoris from Gerasa
Authors: Cheesman G. L.
Published: May 2006

The following inscription has been kindly communicated to me, at the suggestion of Mr. D. G. Hogarth, by Mr. Henry Reitlinger, to whom I am very much indebted for permission to publish it in the Journal of Roman Studies.

Mr. Reitlinger informs me that the inscription, which was engraved upon one side of a block of grey limestone, apparently an altar, about two feet high by one foot six inches broad, was discovered by some Circassian peasants among the ruins of Gerasa, in the Syrian Decapolis, two days before he himself arrived on the site at the end of November, 1913. The altar, which was still in its original position, stood about 67 yards north-east of the propylaea, which gives access from the main street to the great temple of the Sun. The stone, it may be hoped, is still in existence, since it was given into the charge of the Turkish commandant, who promised to do his best to save it from being used as building material.
The ruin of Egypt by Roman mismanagement
Authors: Milne J. Grafton
Published: May 2006

It seems to be the accepted view among historians who deal with Egypt under Roman rule to regard the two first centuries after the Roman conquest as a period of prosperity and happiness in Egypt, and the last three before the Arab invasion as one of absolute ruin and misery, though there are differences of opinion as to the point when the decline began and the causes to which it is to be ascribed. There is, however, considerable ground for believing that the condition of the country steadily deteriorated from the very beginning of Roman rule, and that this deterioration was the inevitable result of the mistakes made in the scheme of organisation adopted by Augustus.
‘Dominium in Solo Provinciali’ and ‘Ager Publicus.’
Authors: Frank Tenney
Published: May 2006

So far as extant writings go, Gaius is the first to assert that Rome was owner of the soil in the provinces. It seems, however, to be the general belief that the doctrine of state-ownership was invented long before the Empire. Mommsen attributed it to Gaius Gracchus, basing his view upon the Gracchan censoria locatio in Asia. Klingmüller, who has more recently examined the evidence, believes that the theory is even older; that in fact Rome had from the earliest times claimed ownership of conquered territory. Rostovtzeff, rejecting Klingmüller's arguments, asserts that Rome adopted the theory from the Hellenistic practices found embodied in the Hieronic law which Rome used for the collection of tribute in Sicily.
The ‘Agreement’ between Philip V and Antiochus III for the Partition of the Egyptian Empire
Authors: Magie David
Published: May 2006

According to Polybius, Philip V of Macedonia and Antiochus III of Syria, after the death of Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt, ‘each encouraging the other,’ agreed together to do away with Philopator's heir, the later Ptolemy Epiphanes, then a young child, and to divide his kingdom between themselves. This story appears twice in the historian's narrative. It is told in a brief form in the author's résumé of the contents of his history as given in his third book, where we are informed that, as the result of an agreement to divide the Egyptian Empire, Philip laid his hands on Samos, Caria and the region of the Aegean, while Antiochus seized the region of Syria Coele, and Phoenicia. It appears at greater length in the historian's fifteenth book, where he moralises on the subject, likening the two monarchs to the fish who devour the smaller members of their own kind and delivering a homily in which he shows that Nemesis, by arousing the Romans, brought on the two evil-doers the fate they had designed for their neighbour, and so visited on them the penalty they deserved, thereby teaching a lesson to posterity also.
Roman Decorated Red-glazed Ware of the Late First Century B.C. and the Early First Century A.D.
Authors: Pryce T. Davies
Published: May 2006

The pottery under consideration was produced in Italy and the Roman provinces, almost entirely in South Gaul. Its period is that of the principates of Augustus, Tiberius, Gaius and Claudius, and it may be ascribed to the years 30 B.C.-A.D. 50. Some slight initial or terminal overlap cannot, however, be altogether excluded.
Hadrian's Wall: 1921–1930
Authors: Collingwood R. G.
Published: May 2006

Ten years ago I had the honour of laying before this Society a paper in which I attempted to summarise the results of the work done up to that time on the problems of Hadrian's Wall. This work had been done almost exclusively by local antiquaries, amateurs in archaeology and unsupported by any organisation more powerful than their local antiquarian societies. Even when, as had sometimes happened, professional scholars took a hand in the work, they brought little to it but what they carried in their heads: little, I mean, of the aid which might have been given by the great universities and learned societies of the country. It needed an organised staff of trained workers; it needed funds on a scale permitting the systematic solution of problems as they arose; and it needed a method of publication by which its results could be presented to the learned world and, through the learned world, to the world at large. Ten years ago, in spite of the few professional scholars to whom I have referred, there was not even the nucleus of an expert staff; the bulk of the work remained where it had always been, in the hands of the amateur and the local antiquary. The funds employed to carry it on were almost entirely local, and were raised, in great part out of the pockets of the directors themselves, as special emergencies required. And the results were published, or, I might rather say, buried, in local transactions, where it was practically certain that no professional student of Roman history would see them.
Strabo and Cisalpine Gaul: An Anachronism
Authors: Chilver G. E. F.
Published: May 2006

Professor Tenney Frank has recently proposed to effect in the text of Strabo a transposition which gives to one sentence an infinitely greater significance. The whole of the relevant passage is as follows:

The proposal was to transfer the last section of this passage (from ϰαὶ τὸ στρατιωόν ) to the next section, thus placing it in the general survey of Cisalpine conditions (p. 218 after οἱύτη Ῥωμϰῑοι) rather than in a section dealing with Liguria. Such a transposition—fully justified by the state of Strabo's text—would provide us with an important statement on legionary recruiting and the presence of equites in the Northern Italy of Augustus' day, a statement wholly confirmed by the epigraphical remains. Yet there are certain difficulties which perhaps make it worth while to examine the passage again.
Greek Imperial Medallions
Authors: Toynbee Jocelyn M. C.
Published: May 2006

True medallions, in the sense in which the Roman bronze medallions proper have been defined, were unknown to the classical and Hellenistic Greeks. We have no evidence that their governments ever adopted, the practice of striking special coin-like pieces for distribution to selected individuals on special or solemn occasions. When they struck coins of unusually large size, such as the 50-litra Demareteia, to take the most obvious example, they appear to have done so because sudden wealth—that of Carthage, in Gelon's case—had come their way and lured them into ostentatious and reckless coining. In spite of their abnormal size these pieces formed part of the regular coinage and share their commemorative types with smaller pieces of the same series : they were essentially media of exchange; and neither in style nor content do they display that special character which distinguishes the majority of Roman money-medallions, or multiples in the precious metals, from the ordinary gold and silver currency. It was to commemorate his victory over Demetrius, probably in 167 b.c., and the annexation to Bactria of the Indus country that Eucratides minted his vast gold pieces of 20 Attic staters, known from the example in the Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris—the most hybristic display of opulence ever perpetrated by a minting authority in ancient times.
Some Notes on Polybius's Description of Roman Camps
Authors: Fabricius Ernst
Published: May 2006

In no other part of the Roman empire are preserved so many camps and forts of Roman troops, in none is the preservation of their remains in general so excellent as in Great Britain. Nowhere else was the survey of these monuments undertaken so early, and nowhere else has their excavation been pursued with such perseverance and care down to the present day. But nevertheless the material to be examined is by no means exhausted. We may hope that by the further systematic exploration of Roman camps and forts in England and Scotland other countries may be greatly helped in the appreciation of these monuments.
Hoards of Roman Coins Found in Britain and a Coin Survey of the Roman Province
Authors: Mattingly H.
Published: May 2006

On finding that I was to share in the tribute which we are bringing to Sir George Macdonald, I vowed, as do those who mean to give of their best, the first thing that should meet me on my way home. Such vows have a way of turning out badly—or, at least, awkwardly— for the vowers, and this has been no exception to the general rule. The first subject that met me on my next appearance at the British Museum was the question of Roman coins found in Britain, and I felt, as Jephthah might have done if, instead of his daughter, his pet mongrel had come out to meet him: was the offering good enough ?
Anti-Semitism in Alexandria
Authors: Bell H. I.
Published: May 2006

The subject of this paper is the relations between Jews and Greeks in Alexandria, that long-protracted racial animosity which forms one of the most interesting chapters in the history of what is commonly, if loosely, known as anti-semitism; but before coming to my subject proper it will be necessary to say something about the position of the Alexandrian Jews.
Milestones in Western Cyprus
Authors: Mitford T. B.
Published: May 2006

In western Cyprus the chief line of communication from the mountainous nature of the country has always been coastal. We may recognise three systems: the modern motor highway, the Turkish road, the Roman road. Maps published in 1885 from the excellent survey of the late Lord Kitchener are the only reputable authority for the second of these. From it the first diverges considerably, in the main through an exaggerated fondness for easy gradients (fig 10). That the Roman road and the Turkish were virtually identical is demonstrated by the evidence of certain milestones hitherto unpublished.
Lesser Armenia and Galatia after Pompey's Settlement of the East
Authors: Adcock F. E.
Published: May 2006

No complete account of Pompey's settlement of Asia Minor has been preserved. The text of Cassius Dio is missing, and Xiphilinus supplies no more than a general phrase. Appian, after mentioning the foundation of Nicopolis in Lesser Armenia, describes the recognition of Ariobarzanes as king of Cappadocia with the accession of Sophene and Gordyene, of Castabala and certain other cities in Cilicia. These events he assigns to a time before Pompey's Syrian expedition. In a later passage, in which Pompey's achievements and arrangements are summed up, he speaks of the assignment of Armenia (Major) to Tigranes, Bosporus to Pharnaces, Cappadocia and the other places described before to Ariobarzanes. Seleuceia and other territory in Mesopotamia are given to Antiochus of Commagene. He continues: ἐποίει δὲ ϰαὶ τετράρχας, Γαλλογραιϰῶν μέν, οἳ νῦν εἰσὶ Γαλάται Καππαδόϰαις ὅμοροι, Δηιόταρον ϰαὶ ἑτέρους, Παϕλαγονίας δὲ Ἄτταλον ϰαὶ Κόλχων Ἀρίσταρχον δυνάστην. Then after referring to the appointment of Archelaus as priest-king in Comana and of the recognition as amicus populi Romani of Castor of Phanagoreia he adds: πολλὴν δὲ ϰαὶ ἑτέροις χώραν τε ϰαὶ χρήματα ἔδωϰεν.
A Latin Registration of Birth
Authors: Bell H. I.
Published: May 2006

It is now some ten years since Sir Flinders Petrie entrusted to me, with the wish that I would edit them, one Latin and seven Greek tablets acquired by him in Egypt and placed among the collections of University College, London. The Greek tablets I edited in the 1927 volume of Ancient Egypt. I began the decipherment of the Latin tablet at the same time but then laid it aside, and its publication has remained ever since in abeyance, one of the tasks to be attempted ‘at a more convenient season.’ The primary cause of the delay was the pressure of more urgent work; but I must confess that a contributory factor was the difficulty of decipherment. Not only is the hand by no means among the easier examples of Latin cursive (the writer makes little distinction in form between certain of his characters) but, more seriously, the outside of the tablet had been so much rubbed and defaced as to obscure the writing in many places.