bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lesiones Inadvertidas en Trauma Abdominal. Análisis del Trauma Abierto y Cerrado. 12 Casos en el Periodo 1999-2008
Authors: Ruso Luis , Valsangiácomo Pablo
Published: October 2012

Antecedentes

Analizar los factores determinantes de morbilidad y mortalidad en una serie de pacientes con LI (lesiones inadvertidas) clínicamente relevantes.

Diseño del estudio

Estudio retrospectivo, periodo 1999-2008, Hospital Maciel, Montevideo, Uruguay. Las variables analizadas fueron: Edad, sexo, mecanismo lesional, topografía, tiempo de retardo diagnostico, complicaciones, órganos comprometidos y mortalidad.

Se realiza un análisis comparativo en el trauma abierto y contuso.

Resultados

Se reportaron 12 pacientes, todos del sexo masculino, edad media de 29 años con un tiempo de retardo diagnostico de 5,6 días para trauma contuso y de 3,5 para el penetrante. Los órganos comprometidos con mayor frecuencia fueron duodeno, páncreas y colon. Se asociaron mayor demora diagnostica y mortalidad para el trauma contuso de acuerdo al análisis estadístico utilizando el Test exacto de Fisher.

Conclusiones

En retardo diagnostico, el trauma con alta transferencia de energía así como la inadecuada exploración quirúrgica son los factores determinantes en la aparición de complicaciones y mortalidad en lesiones inadvertidas.
Prevalencia de Lesiones Hepáticas en Pacientes Traumatizados
Authors: Martínez Silvia González , Toledo Sue González , Vallejos Silvia González , Báez María José Guillén , Franco Violeta Jiménez , Vega Gustavo Machaín
Published: October 2012

El hígado es el órgano más vulnerable, comúnmente lesionado en el trauma abdominal; debido a su gran tamaño y localización.

Objetivo

Establecer la prevalencia de traumatismo de hígado en trauma abdominal.

Método

Diseño observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transverso. Muestreo no probabilístico, por conveniencia.

Resultados

Se revisaron 6880 casos de pacientes traumatizados que acudieron al CEM en el año 2010 y se estudiaron 67 casos de traumatismo hepático. Existió una mayor prevalencia en el sexo masculino (77,61%.). La edad más afectada estaba comprendida entre 16 a 30 años. El 59,70% presento traumatismo cerrado y el 49,70% trauma abierto. El 55,22% fue por accidentes de tránsito. Entre los traumatismos hepáticos, los más frecuentes fueron de grado IV correspondiendo a un porcentaje de 32,83% y un l 20,89%, de grado II. El 14,92% presento com hemodinamia inestable (shock). La mortalidad fue del 8,95% (6 casos). El porcentaje de sobrevida en este estudio fue alta (91,05%).

Conclusión

En la investigación hemos comprobado que la mayoría de los casos ocurre por causa de accidentes de tránsito y que la lesión hepática debe ser diagnosticada adecuadamente. La morbilidad y mortalidad de lesiones hepáticas en trauma abdominal es importante.
Perfil Epidemiológico dos Pacientes que Chegaram ao Hospital do Trabalhador por Helicóptero
Authors: Nasr Adonis , Collaço Iwan Augusto , De Pieri Bruno Guilherme Zampiri , Uratani Lucas Fernando , Malutta Selen Socrepa
Published: October 2012

Objetivo

Estabelecer o perfi l epidemiológico do paciente que chega ao Hospital do Trabalhador pelo resgate aéreo.

Métodos

Estudo observacional retrospectivo por análise de dados secundários. Separamos 50 prontuários de pacientes que chegaram ao hospital por helicóptero, desde a abertura do heliponto, sendo descartados prontuários incompleto/ divergentes, seguindo roteiro com questões fechadas. Analisamos as variáveis: Sexo; idade; hora do atendimento; etiologia; escore na ECG, FC, PA sistólica e FR na admissão; tempo de internamento; diagnóstico; mortalidade; ISS; RTS e TRISS. Quanto à etiologia, serão classifi cados em categorias.

Resultados

Analisamos 22 prontuários. O sexo predominante era masculino (17). A média de idade 32 anos, sendo 16 entre 15 e 35. Nenhum paciente foi admitido após 19:00 horas, a maioria chegou entre 15:00 e 19:00. A etiologia mais prevalente foi acidente automobilístico. Treze pacientes apresentavam 14 ou 15 pontos na ECG. Dados vitais: média da freqüência cardíaca e respiratória foram 90,59 bpm e 17,36 irpm. Quatro pacientes apresentaram PA sistólica abaixo de 90 mm Hg. Ocorreram 13 internamentos e 8 óbitos (mortalidade 36,36%). Índices do trauma: ISS médio 17,95, RTS médio 6,3185 e TRISS médio 75,64%.

Conclusões

Encontramos mais pacientes jovens, do sexo masculino, e vítimas de acidentes automobilísticos. Por questões técnicas, o heliponto não funciona durante a noite, não havendo atendimentos após 19:00 horas. Predominaram atendimentos no ‘horário do rush’ (45% atendidos entre 17 e 19 horas). Apesar de grande parte dos pacientes não se apresentar em estado grave (TRISS com moda 99,60), a mortalidade foi alta, já que 31% apresentavam TRISS < 51%.
Prevalencia de Traumatismos por Accidentes de Motocicleta en Salas de Internación del Centro de Emergencias Médicas: Periodo Octubre a Diciembre del 2010
Authors: Vega Gustavo Machaín , Peralta Alfonso , Soto Alejandra , Soto Milena , Tintel Cesar
Published: October 2012

Los traumatismos por motocicletas presentan una prevalencia en aumento en muchos países.

Objetivo

Poder determinar la prevalencia de traumatismos de motocicletas en un periodo defi nido y en centro hospitalario de referencia del trauma.

Materiales y métodos

Estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de corte transversal. Muestreo No probabilístico de casos consecutivos, en un periodo de tres meses consecutivos.

Resultados

Presentamos 1803 pacientes internados, de los cuales 964 eran varones (53,5%) y 839 eran mujeres (46,5%). La prevalencia de pacientes internados que sufrieron traumatismos por accidente de moto corresponden al 23,6% (426 pacientes); entre ellos 353 eran varones (82,8%) y 73 eran mujeres (17,2%). La media de internación fue entre 2 a 5 días en143 casos (33,6%) Con respecto a la procedencia, 87 eran de Asunción (20,5%) y 339 del interior del país (79,5%). La prevalencia de traumatismo craneoencefálico en ésta serie es de 43,9% y la de politraumatizados 33% La prevalencia de óbitos es de 4,7% (n: 20) recibiendo el alta el 95,3% (n: 406).

Conclusiones

La prevalencia de accidentes de motocicletas en la Sala de Internación es importante e involucra generalmente varones en especial. Es recomendable fi jar pautas de control para prevención de esta forma de trauma.
Managing Pancreatic Trauma: The Importance of Suspicion
Authors: Fuertes Montiel Jiménez , Navarro David Costa
Published: October 2012

Purpose

Traumatic injuries to the pancreas are rare and only represent 4% of all abdominal injuries after trauma. These injuries are associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. Their early diagnosis is essential, since lack of treatment results in serious complications that endanger the patient's life. We present three cases of pancreatic trauma with delayed diagnosis, established only after serious complications, and a revision of the current diagnosis and management of pancreatic trauma.

Materials and methods

Case 1:A 49-year-old woman who, 2 months after a fall, presents with severe pancreatitis and diffuse peritonitis. Patient was diagnosed with complete transection of the Wirsung duct.

Case 2:A 29-year-old woman who consults about abdominal pain 6 months after a difficult birth. Patient was diagnosed with complete transection of the Wirsung duct and giant pancreatic pseudocyst with acute hemorrhage.

Case 3:A 30-year-old woman who consults about abdominal pain 2 months after falling from her bicycle. Patient was diagnosed with complete transection of the Wirsung duct and pancreatic pseudocyst with acute bleeding

Results

Distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy was performed in the first and third cases, while in the second case, it was possible to preserve the spleen with satisfactory recovery in all three cases.

Conclusion

Complications after pancreatic trauma are frequent. Many contributing factors exist, including not only management but also diagnosis of the pancreatic injury. A high index of suspicion is the most important factor in reaching a diagnosis.

How to cite this article

Fuertes MJ, Navarro DC. Managing Pancreatic Trauma: The Importance of Suspicion. Panam J Trauma Critical Care Emerg Surg 2012;1(2):131-136.
Heterogeneous ice nucleation on atmospheric aerosols: a review of results from laboratory experiments
Authors: Hoose C. , Möhler O.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. A small subset of the atmospheric aerosol population has the ability to induce ice formation at conditions under which ice would not form without them (heterogeneous ice nucleation). While no closed theoretical description of this process and the requirements for good ice nuclei is available, numerous studies have attempted to quantify the ice nucleation ability of different particles empirically in laboratory experiments. In this article, an overview of these results is provided. Ice nucleation "onset" conditions for various mineral dust, soot, biological, organic and ammonium sulfate particles are summarized. Typical temperature-supersaturation regions can be identified for the "onset" of ice nucleation of these different particle types, but the various particle sizes and activated fractions reported in different studies have to be taken into account when comparing results obtained with different methodologies. When intercomparing only data obtained under the same conditions, it is found that dust mineralogy is not a consistent predictor of higher or lower ice nucleation ability. However, the broad majority of studies agrees on a reduction of deposition nucleation by various coatings on mineral dust. The ice nucleation active surface site (INAS) density is discussed as a simple and empirical normalized measure for ice nucleation activity. For most immersion and condensation freezing measurements on mineral dust, estimates of the temperature-dependent INAS density agree within about two orders of magnitude. For deposition nucleation on dust, the spread is significantly larger, but a general trend of increasing INAS densities with increasing supersaturation is found. For soot, the presently available results are divergent. Estimated average INAS densities are high for ice-nucleation active bacteria at high subzero temperatures. At the same time, it is shown that INAS densities of some other biological aerosols, like certain pollen grains, fungal spores and diatoms, tend to be similar to those of dust. These particles may owe their high ice nucleation onsets to their large sizes. Surface-area-dependent parameterizations of heterogeneous ice nucleation are discussed. For immersion freezing on mineral dust, fitted INAS densities are available, but should not be used outside the temperature interval of the data they were based on. Classical nucleation theory, if employed with only one fitted contact angle, does not reproduce the observed temperature dependence for immersion nucleation, the temperature and supersaturation dependence for deposition nucleation, and the time dependence of ice nucleation. Formulations of classical nucleation theory with distributions of contact angles offer possibilities to overcome these weaknesses.
Time dependence of immersion freezing: an experimental study on size selected kaolinite particles
Authors: Welti A. , Lüönd F. , Kanji Z. A. , Stetzer O. , Lohmann U.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. The time dependence of immersion freezing was studied for temperatures between 236 K and 243 K. Droplets with single immersed, size-selected 400 nm and 800 nm kaolinite particles were produced at 300 K, cooled down to supercooled temperatures, and the fraction of frozen droplets with increasing residence time was detected. To simulate the conditions of immersion freezing in mixed-phase clouds we used the Zurich Ice Nucleation Chamber (ZINC) and its vertical extension, the Immersion Mode Cooling chAmber (IMCA). We observed that the frozen fraction of droplets increased with increasing residence time in the chamber. This suggests that there is a time dependence of immersion freezing and supports the importance of a stochastic component in the ice nucleation process. The rate at which droplets freeze was observed to decrease towards higher temperatures and smaller particle sizes. Comparison of the laboratory data with four different ice nucleation models, three based on classical nucleation theory with different representations of the particle surface properties and one singular, suggest that the classical, stochastic approach combined with a distribution of contact angles is able to reproduce the ice nucleation observed in these experiments most accurately. Using the models to calculate the increase in frozen fraction at typical mixed-phase cloud temperatures over an extended period of time, yields an equivalent effect of −1 K temperature shift for an increase in times scale by one order of magnitude. This suggests that temperature is more important than time.
Diversity and abundance of n-alkane degrading bacteria in the near surface soils of a Chinese onshore oil and gas field
Authors: Xu K. , Tang Y. , Ren C. , Zhao K. , Sun Y.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Alkane degrading bacteria have long been used as an important biological indicator for oil and gas prospecting, but their ecological characteristics in hydrocarbon microseep habitats are still poorly understood. In this study, the diversity and abundance of n-alkane degrading bacterial community in the near surface soils of a Chinese onshore oil and gas field were investigated using molecular techniques. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses in combination with cloning and sequencing of alkB genes revealed that trace amount of volatile hydrocarbons migrated from oil and gas reservoirs caused a shift of the n-alkane degrading bacterial community from Gram-positive bacteria (Mycobacterium and Rhodococcus) to Gram-negative genotypes (Alcanivorax and Acinetobacter). Real-time PCR results furthermore showed that the abundance of alkB genes increased substantially in the surface soils underlying oil and gas reservoirs even though only low or undetectable concentrations of hydrocarbons were measured in these soils due to efficient microbial degradation. Our findings broadened the knowledge on the ecological characteristics of alkane degrading community in hydrocarbon microseeps and may provide a new approach for microbial prospecting for oil and gas (MPOG).
Dynamics of microbial communities during decomposition of litter from pioneering plants in initial soil ecosystems
Authors: Esperschütz J. , Zimmermann C. , Dümig A. , Welzl G. , Buegger F. , Elmer M. , Munch J. C. , Schloter M.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. In initial ecosystems concentrations of all macro- and micronutrients can be considered as extremely low. Plant litter therefore strongly influences the development of a degraders' food web and is an important source for C and N input into soil in such ecosystems. In the present study, a 13C litter decomposition field experiment was performed for 30 weeks in initial soils from a post-mining area near the city of Cottbus (Germany). Two of this regions' dominant but contrasting pioneering plant species (Lotus corniculatus L. and Calamagrostis epigejos L.) were chosen to investigate the effects of litter quality on the litter decomposing microbial food web in initially nutrient-poor substrates. The results clearly indicate the importance of litter quality, mainly the amount of N stored in the litter material and its bioavailability for the degradation process and the development of microbial communities in the detritusphere and bulk soil. Whereas the degradation process of the L. corniculatus litter which had a low C/N ratio was fast and most pronounced changes in the microbial community structure were observed 1–4 weeks after litter addition, the degradation of the C. epigejos litter material was slow and microbial community changes mainly occurred at between 4 and 30 weeks after litter addition to the soil. However for both litter materials a clear indication for the importance of fungi for the degradation process was observed both on the abundance level as well as on the level of 13C incorporation (activity).
Human Capital Formation Programmes and Organizational Commitment among Industrial Workers in South -West Nigeria
Authors: Akintayo Dayo Idowu
Published: October 2012

The study investigated the impact of human capital formation programmes on organizational commitment of workers in industrial organizations in South-Western Nigeria. This study adopted ex-post-facto research method. A total of 240 respondents were selected for the study using proportionate stratified sampling technique. The Human Capital Formation Scale (HCFS) with three subset scales which include: Computer Skill Training Scale (CSTS) and Conflict Management Skill Training Scale (CMSTS) and Organizational Commitment Scale (OCS)  was used for data collection. However, the research questions generated for the study were tested using Regression Analysis and t-test statistical method at 0.05 alpha levels. The finding of the study revealed that the human capital formation programmes (taken together) significantly influenced organizational commitment of workers. Also, finding revealed that computer skill training and conflict management skill training have significantly influenced organizational commitment of workers. It was found that there is no significant difference between male and female employees exposure to each of the human capital formation programmes. The finding further showed that there was no significant difference in the level of both male and female workers` participation in human capital formation programmes in both public and private organizations selected for the study. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that human capital formation programmes should be given priority by all establishments in order to forestall organizational commitment for all levels of workers. Also, training needs of the organization as well as that of workers must be identified before making recommendations for training. Moreover, human resource development policies should be well defined and be entrenched in the mission statement of all work organizations in Nigeria, in order to foster equity and promotional skill acquisition.
Influence of HR Practices on Autonomy and Control in Selected Upstream Multinational Oil Companies in Nigeria
Authors: Oghojafor Ben E. Akpoyomare , Mbah Samuel Emeka
Published: October 2012

This study addressed the complexities in decision-making on personnel policies and practices in the   Multinational companies. The purpose was to examine the influence of human resource practices on outcome of autonomy and control in the selected Upstream Multinational oil companies in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study adopted a field survey research method with validated and tested reliable instruments, the questionnaire and the interview. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability test of all variables indicated (.876) above the recommended (0.7) cut off point of high reliability statistics. A Random Sampling Technique was adopted for selection of 5 (25.4%) of 22 companies in the Upstream Multinational oil sector as sample population while a total of 300 randomly selected research subjects represented respondents of the present study. The Chi-Square (X2) Test,  Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and the Regression Analysis were statistical tools used with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to test hypotheses. Findings revealed among others that influence of staff resourcing is more on outcome of autonomy and control in the subsidiaries; that when the influence of staff resourcing  increases or is extensively established at the headquarters, it’s  influence on outcome of autonomy and control also increases in the subsidiaries; that there is a significant direct relationship between outcome of autonomy and control and HR practice(s) which implies that when autonomy increases as a result of a corresponding increase in extensively established HR practice(s), employees gain more satisfaction on the job whereas, when control increases as a result of a corresponding increase in control strategies in HR practices, employees gain less satisfaction on the job. It was however concluded among others that a new policy redirection that is people- oriented be adopted to ensure more employee autonomy and less control in the Upstream MNC subsidiaries in Nigeria.  Key Words: Influence, Autonomy, Control, Human Resource Practices, Upstream Multinational, Strategic International Human Resource Management, Nigeria.
Influential Factors on Word of Mouth in Service Industries (The case of Iran Airline Company)
Authors: Yasvari Tahmoures Hasangholipour , Ghassemi Reza Abachian , Rahrovy Elnaz
Published: October 2012

Word of mouth has become a strong promotional instrument and an important source of information effective in consumer's attitudes and behaviors, especially in the field of service where the consumer's believes play an important role in choosing it. Word of mouth is very important in service industries, because intangible products can't be evaluated before consumption. The present study examines the factors effective in the formation of word of mouth about the services of airline companies and their results. The population of the research is all of the passengers used the services of Iran Air Company in the period of conducting the research. The sample size was estimated 212 using Cochran's formula. The convenience sampling plan was used for data collection. Pearson's correlation test and the structural equation modeling were used for testing the hypotheses. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS and AMOS software. Findings show that satisfaction, trust, service quality, the perceived value and loyalty are the factors effective in the formation of word of mouth about airline companies and can directly and indirectly affect on customers' decision about using the services of these companies. Keywords: Word of mouth, Consumer's behavior, Airline company, Structural equation modeling
Gender and Modernization in Turkey
Authors: Tuna Tülin
Published: October 2012

This article aims to explain gender equality in Turkey. The gender concept which implies socially determined roles and responsibilities of men and women varies across different societies and in time. The gender is determined by multiple factors. Besides gender has an impact on every period of life in different ways. There can be inequality in using the opportunities, allocation and utilization of resources, accessing the services because of gender. Women have more disadvantages and lower social statuses compared with men are influenced much negative from so-called inequalities. Several reforms have been carried out since beginning of Turkish Republic in order to provide gender equality. These reforms aim to boost the woman’s economic, cultural and social development. However, today sex based inequality is one of the foremost current problems, although these reforms. When the status of woman in Turkey is examined, it is observed that education level of woman has low and involvement in business life is inadequate. Together with this fact, it is obvious that woman could not exceed gender role despite legal reforms in Turkey and take its place in political area. However, fertility conscious of women started to increase. Therefore, the rates of fertility decrease. To sum up, it was observed that today there are many stages in order to reach the level desired in regard to provide gender equality.   Key Words: Gender in Turkey, Gender equality, The Status of Women in Turkey.
Smaller Incision Size Leads to Higher Predictability in Microcoaxial Cataract Surgery
Authors: Klamann Matthias K.J. , Gonnermann Johannes , Maier Anna-Karina B. , Torun Necip , Bertelmann Eckart
Published: October 2012

Purpose.

The aim of the study was to compare the clinical outcomes of a 1.8 mm, 2.2 mm, and 2.75 mm microcoaxial cataract surgery system.

Methods.

In this retrospective study, 129 eyes of 129 patients were included. Patients underwent phacoemulsification using a Stellaris system or an Infiniti system. The incision size was 1.8 mm, 2.2 mm, or 2.75 mm, respectively. Subjects were examined before surgery and 4 weeks after. The surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) was examined.

Results.

The SIA in the 1.8 mm group was statistically lower compared to the 2.2 mm group (p=0.046) and the 2.75 mm group (p=0.017). There was no significant difference between the 2.2 mm group and the 2.75 mm group.

Conclusions.

With the use of appropriate support systems, 1.8 mm incisions appear to result in less SIA than 2.2 mm and 2.75 mm incisions. Advantages may arise from this, especially in the implantation of aspheric, toric, or multifocal lenses.
Comentario sobre la ponencia: “La experiencia de incorporar a las procesadoras en la cadena de lácteos en Occidente: el caso de la Cuenta Reto del Milenio”, presentada el 20 de abril de 2012 por Sylvia Torres
Authors: Pérez Picado Anielka María
Published: October 2012

La conferencia brindada por Sylvia Torres sobre la participación de las mujeres en la cadena productiva del sector lácteo en León y Chinandega resultó sugestiva. La ponente presentó la experiencia de cómo las mujeres se vinculan al sector ganadero, el aporte que hacen y cómo éste casi nunca se toma en cuenta en los proyectos de desarrollo.
Presentación Vol.1 2003
Authors: Caballero Zeitun Elsa Lily
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v1i0.832 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.1 2003 5
La cooperación internacional en educación básica: el caso FEBLI
Authors: Zelaya Marybel , Castro Olvis
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v1i0.845 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.1 2003 125-132
Presentación Vol.2 2004
Authors: Hernández Rodríguez Ana Corina
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v2i0.820 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.2 2004
Nuevos aires para la democracia
Authors: López Augusto Serrano
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v2i0.821 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.2 2004 11-12
Tres enfoques para el estudio de la mortalidad
Authors: León Lorenzo Herrera
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v2i0.823 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.2 2004 23
Diferenciales extremos de la mortalidad infantil en Honduras 2001
Authors: García Nelson Raudales , García Ulda Borjas , Sauceda José Francisco Aguilar , García Claudio Borjas
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v2i0.825 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.2 2004 27-29
Desarrollo rural
Authors: Palmitesta Luciano
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v2i0.830 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.2 2004 87-99
Assessment of Nitrogen Pollution Load Potential for Groundwater by Mass Balance in the Tedori River Alluvial Fan Areas, Japan
Authors: Toshisuke Maruyama , Masashi Yoshida , Keiji Takase , Hiroshi Takimoto , Fumikazu Noto
Published: October 2012

To assess the nitrogen pollution load potential (NPLP) of groundwater, mass balance over a recent five-year period (2006–2010) was analyzed within the Tedori River alluvial fan area, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. All components of the hydrologic cycle in polluted regions of the study area were analyzed based on water and nitrogen balance. The water balance model was based on the exchange of river water between the channel/soil surface and the aquifer horizon fractions. The water balance calculation was conducted by considering precipitation, evapotranspiration, direct runoff, and infiltration in the channel/soil horizon (Figure 2). In addition, infiltration from paddy and other land uses, recharge and effluent from the Tedori River and pumping from the wells in the aquifer horizon were considered. Based on the water balance analysis, nitrogen balance analysis was conducted. The results revealed that the nitrogen input was 1,214.2 ton/year, while nitrogen output was 959.4 ton/year. Therefore, 254.6 ton/year accumulated within the study area. In the aquifer horizon, the amount of nitrogen deposited was found to be 232.9 ton/year. The total nitrogen concentration of water samples collected from a well with a depth of 50 m was about 1.0 mg/L, which was greater than that observed for the well of 150 m depth (about 0.25 mg/L). These findings indicate that contaminating nitrogen gradually percolates into the deeper zone. The most dominant nitrogen pollutant for the study area originated from farmland (30.5%) and second is intake water (24.2%) and third is precipitation (23.8%). These three items occupied 78.5% of total pollutant.
Jouer ensemble : une mutation des pratiques orchestrales dans la première moitié du 19e siècle
Authors: Campos Rémy
Published: October 2012

Contrairement aux évidences, le jeu instrumental d’ensemble n’a pas toujours consisté à obtenir des musiciens une synchronisation absolue. Jusqu’au milieu du 19e siècle, les orchestres se contentaient d’une coordination plus approximative comme on le constate en étudiant les anciennes manières de travailler. La synchronisation parfaite du jeu n’a été obtenue qu’au prix d’une double transformation des techniques de répétition et de l’idéal d’exécution des oeuvres. Ainsi en quelques décennies, une conception très littérale de la lecture musicale remplace une approche plus souple qui était fondée sur la compétence des individus à manier les règles de l’art oratoire.
Du Nagra au caméscope : questions de synchronisation image/son
Authors: Bouchard Vincent
Published: October 2012

Partant du postulat du glissement progressif des dispositifs cinématographiques vers un paradigme électrique, l’auteur questionne l’impact de l’enregistrement synchrone filmique et vidéo sur nos conceptions de la technique audiovisuelle. Utilisant plusieurs exemples provenant en particulier du fonds de l’ONF, l’article décrit les difficultés liées à l’établissement d’une synchronisation son/image fiable au cinéma, pour ensuite analyser les principales différences esthétiques induites par l’utilisation des deux supports (pellicule et bande magnétique). L’asservissement de l’image et du son étant une donnée « ontologique » du medium vidéo, la désynchronisation devient un choix esthétique produisant un changement dans la perception de la temporalité des images et des sons.
L’archi-road movie, ou le routage des sens
Authors: Szendy Peter
Published: October 2012

Chaque film est l’ouverture, le frayage d’un monde (de ce que Jean-Luc Nancy a pu appeler un cinémonde). Et d’un tel frayage, la route et le road movie sont plus que la figure ou la métaphore : ils en sont le schème moteur. Dès lors, la question de la synchronisation audiovisuelle se trouve déplacée : elle se reformule comme celle du routage, chaque fois singulier, des sens et de leur accrochage en tel ou tel point où leurs voies se touchent. C’est ce que l’on appelle ici, respectivement pour l’oeil et l’oreille, l’optoroute et l’otoroute cinématiques, dont on recense et décrit les tracés dans nombre de films, notamment Blow Out (Brian De Palma, 1981), Lost Highway (David Lynch, 1997) et Death Proof (Quentin Tarantino, 2007).
Speaker identification under background noise using features extracted from steady vowel regions
Authors: Vuppala Anil Kumar , Rao K. Sreenivasa
Published: October 2012

In this paper, we are exploring features extracted from steady vowel segments for improving the performance of speaker identification system under background noise. Steady vowel regions are produced by periodic impulse‐like excitation and they contain relatively high signal energy. Hence, speaker specific information present in steady vowel regions may be less affected by the noise. In this work, steady vowel regions are determined by using the knowledge of accurate vowel onset points and epochs. Speaker identification studies are carried out using TIMIT database for white and vehicle noises. Universal background model–Gaussian mixture model‐based modeling is explored for developing speaker models. Significant improvement in the performance of speaker identification is observed by using features extracted from steady vowel region in presence of noisy environments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A noise‐constrained algorithm for estimation over distributed networks
Authors: Bin Saeed Muhammad O. , Zerguine Azzedine , Zummo Salam A.
Published: October 2012

Much research has been devoted recently to the development of algorithms to utilize the distributed structure of an ad hoc wireless sensor network for the estimation of a certain parameter of interest. A successful solution is the algorithm called the diffusion least mean squares algorithm. The algorithm estimates the parameter of interest by employing cooperation between neighboring sensor nodes within the network. The present work derives a new algorithm by using the noise constraint that is based on and improves the diffusion least mean squares algorithm. In this work, first the derivation of the noise constraint‐based algorithm is given. Second, detailed convergence and steady‐state analyses are carried out, including analyses for the case where there is mismatch in the noise variance estimate. Finally, extensive simulations are carried out to test the robustness of the proposed algorithm under different scenarios, especially the mismatch scenario. Moreover, the simulation results are found to corroborate the theoretical results very well. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field and laboratory methods in human milk research
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M. , Aiello Marco O. , Fujita Masako , Hinde Katie , Milligan Lauren , Quinn E.A.
Published: October 2012

Human milk is a complex and variable fluid of increasing interest to human biologists who study nutrition and health. The collection and analysis of human milk poses many practical and ethical challenges to field workers, who must balance both appropriate methodology with the needs of participating mothers and infants and logistical challenges to collection and analysis. In this review, we address various collection methods, volume measurements, and ethical considerations and make recommendations for field researchers. We also review frequently used methods for the analysis of fat, protein, sugars/lactose, and specific biomarkers in human milk. Finally, we address new technologies in human milk research, the MIRIS Human Milk Analyzer and dried milk spots, which will improve the ability of human biologists and anthropologists to study human milk in field settings. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of hydrogel–nanosilver composites based on copolymers from sodium 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate
Authors: Valle Hernán , Rivas Bernabé L. , Aguilar María R. , Román Julio San
Published: October 2012

Hydrogel–nanosilver composites based on copolymers from sodium 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate (AMPS) were prepared. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, or nanosilver) were synthesized in aqueous media using citrate trisodium as stabilizing agent. The hydrogels were obtained by radical copolymerization of the monomers acrylamide (AAm)/AMPS and N‐vinylpyrrolidone(VP)/AMPS in the molar ratio [1 : 1], using 3 and 6 mol % of N,N‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinking reagent. The distribution of the monomers in both copolymers showed a tendency to moderately alternate because the product of their reactivity ratios was near to zero. The hydrogels were immersed in the colloidal dispersion of AgNPs, which generated hydrogen bonds between the carboxylic acid groups that cover the surface of the AgNPs and the pendant amide groups of the copolymers. The formation of the hydrogen bond was confirmed using solid‐state 1H NMR. The hydrogel–nanosilver composites with a lower percentage of MBA retained more silver. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Homogeneous acetylation of chitosan in ionic liquids
Authors: Liu Lu , Zhou Shuai , Wang Bo , Xu Feng , Sun Runcang
Published: October 2012

Homogeneous acetylation of chitosan was carried out with acetyl chloride in 1‐allyl‐3‐methylimidozolium chloride (AmimCl) ionic liquid. The dissolution process of chitosan in AmimCl was observed by polarized optical microscopy. The optimal reaction conditions were achieved by screening the effect of temperature, reaction time, and acylating reagents on recovery yield of acetylated chitosan and degree of substitution, which was determined by infrared (IR) spectra analysis using baseline method. The acetylated chitosan could be separated easily by water precipitation followed by filtration. The acetylation process was further confirmed by IR spectra and scanning electron microscopy, and the crystal structure was changed after the acetylation detected by X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy. Compared with traditional acetylation of chitosan, the homogeneous system, mild conditions, and simply workup make this methodology more accessible to the demand of sustainable green biomass chemistry. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Open label, randomized, crossover pilot trial of high‐resolution, relational, resonance‐based, electroencephalic mirroring to relieve insomnia
Authors: Tegeler Charles H. , Kumar Sandhya R. , Conklin Dave , Lee Sung W. , Gerdes Lee , Turner Dana P. , Tegeler Catherine L. , C. Fidali Brian , Houle Tim T.
Published: October 2012

Effective noninvasive interventions for insomnia are needed. High‐resolution, relational, resonance‐based, electroencephalic mirroring (HIRREM™) is a noninvasive, electroencephalography (EEG)‐based method to facilitate greater client‐unique, autocalibrated improvements of balance and harmony in cortical neural oscillations. This study explores using HIRREM for insomnia. Twenty subjects, with an Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) score of ≥15 (14 women, mean age 45.4, mean ISI 18.6), were enrolled in this randomized, unblinded, wait‐list control, crossover, superiority study. Subjects were randomized to receive 8–12 HIRREM sessions over 3 weeks, plus usual care (HUC), or usual care alone (UC). Pre‐ and post‐HIRREM data collection included ISI (primary outcome), and many secondary, exploratory measures (CES‐D, SF‐36, HR, BP, neurocognitive testing, and VAS scales). The UC group later crossed over to receive HIRREM. ISI was also repeated 4–6 weeks post‐HIRREM. All subjects completed the primary intervention period. Analysis for differential change of ISI in the initial intervention period for HUC versus UC showed a drop of 10.3 points (95% CI: −13.7 to −6.9, P < 0.0001, standardized effect size of 2.68). Key secondary outcomes included statistically identical differential change for the crossed‐over UC group, and persistence of the effect on the ISI up to > 4 weeks post‐HIRREM. Differential change in the HUC group was also statistically significant for CES‐D (−8.8, 95% CI: −17.5 to −0.1, P = 0.047), but other exploratory outcomes were not statistically significant. For all receiving HIRREM (n = 19), decreased high‐frequency total power was seen in the bilateral temporal lobes. No adverse events were seen. This pilot clinical trial, the first using HIRREM as an intervention, suggests that HIRREM is feasible and effective for individuals having moderate‐to‐severe insomnia, with clinically relevant, statistically significant benefits based on differential change in the ISI. Effects persisted for 4 weeks after completion of HIRREM. Larger controlled clinical trials are warranted.
Selective Hydrogenation of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones using Novel Manganese Oxide and Platinum Supported on Manganese Oxide Octahedral Molecular Sieves as Catalysts
Authors: Manyar Haresh G. , Yang Bo , Daly Helen , Moor Helen , McMonagle Stephen , Tao Yu , Yadav Ganapati D. , Goguet Alexandre , Hu P. , Hardacre Christopher
Published: October 2012

The selective hydrogenation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes and ketones has been studied using ketoisophorone and cinnamaldehyde as model substrates using manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve (OMS‐2) based catalysts. For the first time, OMS‐2 has been shown to be an efficient and selective hydrogenation catalyst. High selectivities for either the CC or CO double bond at ≈100 % conversion were achieved by using OMS‐2 and platinum supported on OMS‐2 catalysts. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that the dissociation of H2 on OMS‐2 was water assisted and occurred on the surface Mn of OMS‐2(0 0 1) that had been modified by an adsorbed H2O molecule. The theoretically calculated activation barrier was in good agreement with the experimentally determined value for the hydrogenation reactions, indicating that H2 dissociation on OMS‐2 is likely to be the rate‐determining step. A significant increase in the rate of reaction was observed in the presence of Pt as a result of the enhancement of H2 dissociative adsorption and subsequent reaction on the Pt or spillover of the hydrogen to the OMS‐2 support. The relative adsorption strengths of ketoisophorone and cinnamaldehyde on the OMS‐2 support compared with the Pt were found to determine the product selectivity.
Stereochemical Studies on Ovatoxin‐a
Authors: Ciminiello Patrizia , Dell'Aversano Carmela , Dello Iacovo Emma , Fattorusso Ernesto , Forino Martino , Grauso Laura , Tartaglione Luciana
Published: October 2012

Ovatoxin‐a is the main toxin produced by Ostreopsis ovata, a benthic dinoflagellate that has bloomed massively across the Mediterranean basin over the past years, inflicting both human and environmental suffering. Ovatoxin‐a has recently been isolated from cultures of O. ovata and structurally identified as an analogue of palytoxin: in comparison with palytoxin, ovatoxin‐a lacks three hydroxy groups at the 17‐, 44‐ and 64‐positions, but features an extra hydroxy functionality at the 42‐position. Herein we report on the NMR‐based elucidation of the stereochemistry of ovatoxin‐a, which includes 7 stereogenic double bonds and 62 asymmetric carbon atoms. Understanding the full stereochemistry of ovatoxin‐a is a step towards the elucidation of its mechanism of action on a molecular level.
Synthesis and Characterization of New 5‐Linked Pinoresinol Lignin Models
Authors: Yue Fengxia , Lu Fachuang , Sun Runcang , Ralph John
Published: October 2012

Pinoresinol structures, featuring a β‐β′‐linkage between lignin monomer units, are important in softwood lignins and in dicots and monocots, particularly those that are downregulated in syringyl‐specific genes. Although readily detected by NMR spectroscopy, pinoresinol structures largely escaped detection by β‐ether‐cleaving degradation analyses presumably due to the presence of the linkages at the 5 positions, in 5‐5′‐ or 5‐O‐4′‐structures. In this study, which is aimed at helping better understand 5‐linked pinoresinol structures by providing the required data for NMR characterization, new lignin model compounds were synthesized through biomimetic peroxidase‐mediated oxidative coupling reactions between pre‐formed (free‐phenolic) coniferyl alcohol 5‐5′‐ or 5‐O‐4′‐linked dimers and a coniferyl alcohol monomer. It was found that such dimers containing free‐phenolic coniferyl alcohol moieties can cross‐couple with the coniferyl alcohol producing pinoresinol‐containing trimers (and higher oligomers) in addition to other homo‐ and cross‐coupled products. Eight new lignin model compounds were obtained and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, and one tentatively identified cross‐coupled β‐O‐4′‐product was formed from a coniferyl alcohol 5‐O‐4′‐linked dimer. It was demonstrated that the 5‐5′‐ and 5‐O‐4′‐linked pinoresinol structures could be readily differentiated by using heteronuclear multiple‐bond correlation (HMBC) NMR spectroscopy. With appropriate modification (etherification or acetylation) to the newly obtained model compounds, it would be possible to identify the 5‐5′‐ or 5‐O‐4′‐linked pinoresinol structures in softwood lignins by 2D HMBC NMR spectroscopic methods. Identification of the cross‐coupled dibenzodioxocin from a coniferyl alcohol 5‐5′‐linked moiety suggested that thioacidolysis or derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) could be used to detect and identify whether the coniferyl alcohol itself undergoes 5‐5′‐cross‐linking during lignification.
Studies on the Amination of Aryl Chlorides with a Monoligated Palladium Catalyst: Kinetic Evidence for a Cooperative Mechanism
Authors: Jimeno Ciril , Christmann Ute , Escudero‐Adán Eduardo C. , Vilar Ramon , Pericàs Miquel A.
Published: October 2012

Combined spectroscopic, crystallographic, and kinetic studies of the mechanism of aromatic amination with the efficient dinuclear Pd precatalyst [Pd2Cl(μ‐Cl)PtBu2(Bph‐Me)] (Bph‐Me=2′‐methyl‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐2‐yl) have revealed overlapping, yet cooperative, mechanistic scenarios, the relative weights of which are strongly influenced by the products formed as the reaction proceeds. The stability and evolution of the precatalyst in solution has been studied and several metalation pathways that point to a single monoligated intermediate have been identified. Our work sheds light on the nature of the catalytic species involved in the process and on the structure of the corresponding catalytic network.
Cytochrome P450 119 Compounds I Formed by Chemical Oxidation and Photooxidation Are the Same Species
Authors: Su Zhi , Horner John H. , Newcomb Martin
Published: October 2012

Compound I from cytochrome P450 119 prepared by the photooxidation method involving peroxynitrite oxidation of the resting enzyme to Compound II followed by photooxidation to Compound I was compared to Compound I generated by m‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) oxidation of the resting enzyme. The two methods gave the same UV/Visible spectra, the same products from oxidations of lauric acid and palmitic acid and their (ω‐2,ω‐2,ω‐3,ω‐3)‐tetradeuterated analogues, and the same kinetics for oxidations of lauric acid and caprylic acid. The experimental identities between the transients produced by the two methods leave no doubt that the same Compound I species is formed by the two methods.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 3‐Oxoglutaric Acid Derivatives: A Study of Unconventional Solvent and Substituent Effects
Authors: Li Wanfang , Tao Xiaoming , Ma Xin , Fan Weizheng , Li Xiaoming , Zhao Mengmeng , Xie Xiaomin , Zhang Zhaoguo
Published: October 2012

A series of 3‐oxoglutaric acid derivatives have been hydrogenated in different solvents in the presence of [RuCl(benzene)(S)‐SunPhos]Cl (SunPhos=(2,2,2′,2′‐tetramethyl‐[4,4′‐bibenzo[d][1,3]dioxole]‐5,5′‐diyl)bis(diphenylphosphine)). Unlike simple β‐keto acid derivatives, these advanced analogues can be readily hydrogenated in uncommon solvents such as THF, CH2Cl2, acetone, and dioxane with high enantioselectivities. Two possible catalytic cycles have been proposed to explain the different reactivities of these 1,3,5‐tricarbonyl substrates in the tested solvents. The C‐2 and C‐4 substituents had notable but irregular influence on the reactivity and enantioselectivity of the reactions. More pronounced solvent effects were observed: the ee values increased from around 20 % in EtOH or THF to 90 % in acetone. Inversion of the product configuration was observed when the solvent was changed from EtOH to THF or acetone, and a mixed solvent system can lead to better enantioselectivity than a single solvent.