bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are smart beta funds really smart? Evidence from rational and quasi-rational investor sentiment data
Authors: Verma Rahul , Soydemir Gökçe , Huang Tzu-Man
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relative effects of rational and quasi-rational sentiments of individual and institutional investors on a set of smart beta fund returns. The magnitudes of the impacts of institutional investor sentiments are greater than those of individual investor sentiments. In addition, both rational and quasi-rational sentiments of individual and institutional investors have significant impacts on smart beta fund returns. The magnitudes of the impacts of quasi-rational sentiments are greater than those of the rational sentiments for both types of investors (quasi-rational sentiments of institutional investors have the maximum impact). These results are consistent with the arguments that professional investors consider the sentiments of individual investors as contrarian leading indicators which are mainly driven by noise while conform the sentiments of institutional investors which are driven by more rational factors. A majority of smart beta funds in the sample outperform the S&P500 returns in the short term but fail to consistently beat the market. The authors find evidence that smart beta funds with consistently high returns are relatively less (more) driven by individual (institutional) investor sentiments. Overall, the authors argue that smart beta funds appear to follow quasi-rational sentiments of both individual and institutional investors that are not rooted in economic fundamentals.

Design/methodology/approach

The results of the impulse functions generated from a multivariate model suggest that the smart beta fund returns are negatively (positively) impacted by individual (institutional) investor sentiments.

Findings

The magnitudes of the impacts of institutional investor sentiments are greater than those of individual investor sentiments. In addition, both rational and quasi-rational sentiments of individual and institutional investors have significant impacts on smart beta fund returns. The magnitudes of the impacts of quasi-rational sentiments are greater than those of the rational sentiments for both types of investors (quasi-rational sentiments of institutional investors have the maximum impact).

Originality/value

These results are consistent with the arguments that professional investors consider the sentiments of individual investors as contrarian leading indicators which are mainly driven by noise while conform the sentiments of institutional investors which are driven by more rational factors. A majority of smart beta funds in the sample outperform the S&P500 returns in the short term but fail to consistently beat the market. The authors find evidence that smart beta funds with consistently high returns are relatively less (more) driven by individual (institutional) investor sentiments. Overall, the authors argue that smart beta funds appear to follow quasi-rational sentiments of both individual and institutional investors that are not rooted in economic fundamentals.
Are national tourism organisations past their sell-by date? A perspective article
Authors: Hay Brian
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the sustainability of National Tourism Organisations (NTOs) in light of the increasing power of cities.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a review of major societal trends and the author's interpretation of such trends, a tourism futurists’ perspective was applied to better understand the implications of such trends.

Findings

The future growth of tourism will be constrained by some of the greatest challenges facing society, including unrelenting population growth, ageing demographics, shortages of natural resources, devolution of power and increasing urbanisation. As a result of such trends, this review suggests there will be resurgence in the power of cities, leading to an increase in tourism between not only global cities but also, more importantly, secondary cities.

Research limitations/implications

The results are limited by selection of the trends and the author's interpretations of such trends.

Practical implications

The review suggests that city-city marketing will be a key driver in future tourism marketing, over country-country marketing.

Originality/value

The paper concludes that NTOs are no longer fit for purpose, as power, trust and relevance have shifted in favour of individual city marketing bureaus, over state controlled NTOs.
Rainfall‐dependent impacts of threatened ecosystem engineers on organic matter cycling
Authors: Decker Orsi , Leonard Steve , Gibb Heloise
Published: August 2019

Species loss is often associated with a decline in ecosystem functions. Globally, digging mammals (or ecosystem engineers) are functionally important, altering soil processes at local scales. However, their effects on the process of decomposition are poorly understood, particularly at larger scales, where the environment may moderate the magnitude of effects.

We tested the landscape‐scale effects of reintroducing ecologically extinct digging mammals on two aspects of nutrient cycling over a large environmental gradient in Australia, where many digging mammals became extinct or ecologically extinct following the arrival of Europeans.

We measured the impacts of digging mammals on soil organic matter content and plant litter decomposition over a 3,000 km transect, where annual average rainfall varied between 166 and 877 mm. We set up paired study plots (n = 8–10) inside and outside five reintroduction reserves. We took soil samples to assess soil organic matter content and set up litter bags to measure plant litter decomposition over 4 and 12 months. We used macroinvertebrate exclusion and macroinvertebrate access treatments to determine the relative importance of macroinvertebrates in decomposition with and without digging mammals.

Soil organic matter was greater in reintroduction areas, but the magnitude of the effect was driven by productivity (average annual rainfall as a proxy), with little effect of digging activity at the wettest sites. Short‐term plant matter decomposition was greater in the presence of digging mammals, and their effect was dependent on the amount of rain that fell during the study period. Long‐term litter decomposition increased with annual rainfall, independent of digging mammals. Unexpectedly, macroinvertebrate exclusion increased decomposition rates over 12 months.

Reintroduction of digging mammals substantially alters soil processes and organic matter decomposition, but impacts are rainfall‐dependent. Restoring native digging mammals to their historical distribution is likely to reverse degradation of ecosystem processes, but the magnitude of this effect depends on the environment.

A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Eco‐evolutionary processes underlying early warning signals of population declines
Authors: Baruah Gaurav , Clements Christopher F. , Ozgul Arpat
Published: August 2019

Environmental change can impact the stability of ecological systems and cause rapid declines in populations. Abundance‐based early warning signals have been shown to precede such declines, but detection prior to wild population collapses has had limited success, leading to the development of warning signals based on shifts in distribution of fitness‐related traits such as body size.

The dynamics of population abundances and traits in response to external environmental perturbations are controlled by a range of underlying factors such as reproductive rate, genetic variation and plasticity. However, it remains unknown how such ecological and evolutionary factors affect the stability landscape of populations and the detectability of abundance and trait‐based early warning signals.

Here, we apply a trait‐based demographic approach and investigate both trait and population dynamics in response to gradual and increasing changes in the environment. We explore a range of ecological and evolutionary constraints under which stability of a population may be affected.

We show both analytically and with simulations that strength of abundance‐ and trait‐based warning signals are affected by ecological and evolutionary factors.

Finally, we show that combining trait‐ and abundance‐based information improves our ability to predict population declines. Our study suggests that the inclusion of trait dynamic information alongside generic warning signals should provide more accurate forecasts of the future state of biological systems.
Agricultural Risk Management in the European Union: A Proposal to Facilitate Precautionary Savings
Authors: van Asseldonk Marcel , Jongeneel Roel , van Kooten G. Cornelis , Cordier Jean
Published: August 2019

Through a series of reforms, the European Union (EU) replaced most of its trade distorting price support programmes with safety net provisions and direct payments decoupled from production. This has resulted in greater market orientation and a situation in which farmers face increased price variability. Policy now emphasises the development of business risk management (BRM) programmes, such as crop and whole farm insurance. However, for various reasons EU‐wide adoption of BRM programmes and farmer uptake and use of risk instruments is below expectations. We recommend the use of farm‐specific savings accounts upon which farmers can draw when revenues fall below a proportion of expected revenue. Farmer‐Directed Precautionary Savings Accounts (FDPSAs) would complement traditional non‐financial, on‐farm risk management strategies and private/public risk transfer strategies. FDPSAs would protect farmers against shallow losses and, along with crop and/or index‐based insurance, also protect against deep losses. Further, this form of protection is easy to understand and administer and leaves complete control with the producer.
Will Brexit Impact on the Social Contributions Made by Agriculture?
Authors: Hill Berkeley , Bradley Dylan
Published: August 2019

There is some concern in the UK policy community that Brexit may damage the contribution that the farming industry makes to social networks, social capacity, community resilience and other aspects of social and cultural capital in rural areas. There is a perception that the impact may be particularly significant in the more remote and least densely populated parts of the UK, such as rural Wales. There the agricultural system, especially extensive sheep farming, coupled with land tenure laws and local inheritance norms that kept family farms small, created a need to co‐operate and share labour. This tradition appears to have had an enduring influence on the character of Welsh rural society. However, a lack of hard evidence could result in possible under‐ or over‐estimates of the importance of agriculture's social contributions to rural communities and thus lead to inappropriate policy responses – over‐ or under‐reacting – to mitigating any likely damage from Brexit. The Welsh Government commissioned a study to examine the available evidence and to propose ways of filling gaps. This article discusses the issues involved in identifying and evaluating evidence of agriculture's social contributions and the proposals for further research, with specific reference to Wales, against the backdrop of Brexit.
A profile of health status and demographics of aged care facility residents with gout
Authors: Nguyen Amy D. , Lind Kimberly E. , Day Richard O. , Georgiou Andrew , Westbrook Johanna I.
Published: August 2019

Objective

To estimate gout prevalence and examine associated factors in residential aged care facilities.

Methods

Electronic data from 11 548 residents aged 65+ during 2014‐2017 from 68 residential aged care facilities in Australia were analysed. Gout prevalence was estimated, and regression was used to assess differences in comorbidities, sociodemographic factors and health status between residents with and without gout.

Results

Over 10% of residents had gout. Most common comorbidities in these residents were hypertension (71.3%), heart disease (37.9%) and diabetes (33.0%) and they were more likely to have renal disease and historical myocardial infarction. The interaction between comorbid gout had complex interactions between age, sex and comorbidities for diabetes and depression was complex.

Conclusions

Gout is common among older people in residential care but may be under‐recognised. Holistic management of gout is needed in this population, with careful consideration of chronic comorbidities and treatments.
Re‐Examining Advances in Occupational Licensing Research: Issues and Policy Implications
Authors: Bryson Alex , Kleiner Morris M.
Published: August 2019

Much has changed in the realms of occupational licensing since BJIR last ran a special issue on the subject in 2010. The number of occupations subject to licensing has been growing, the data available to investigate the incidence and effects of licensing have improved immeasurably, and the policy environment surrounding licensing has changed. This issue reflects these changes with eight papers from North America and Europe covering the incidence of licensing, and its effects on wages, inequality, employment, quality of service provision and rent extraction by the organizations who undertake licensing.
Patient‐derived xenograft models of non‐small cell lung cancer for evaluating targeted drug sensitivity and resistance
Authors: Kita Kenji , Fukuda Koji , Takahashi Hiro , Tanimoto Azusa , Nishiyama Akihiro , Arai Sachiko , Takeuchi Shinji , Yamashita Kaname , Ohtsubo Koshiro , Otani Sakiko , Yanagimura Naohiro , Suzuki Chiaki , Ikeda Hiroko , Tamura Masaya , Matsumoto Isao , Yano Seiji
Published: August 2019

Patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) models are a useful tool in cancer biology research. However, the number of lung cancer PDX is limited. In the present study, we successfully established 10 PDX, including three adenocarcinoma (AD), six squamous cell carcinoma (SQ) and one large cell carcinoma (LA), from 30 patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (18 AD, 10 SQ, and 2 LA), mainly in SCID hairless outbred (SHO) mice (Crlj:SHO‐PrkdcscidHrhr). Histology of SQ, advanced clinical stage (III‐IV), status of lymph node metastasis (N2‐3), and maximum standardized uptake value ≥10 when evaluated using a delayed 18F‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) scan was associated with successful PDX establishment. Histological analyses showed that PDX had histology similar to that of patients’ surgically resected tumors (SRT), whereas components of the microenvironment were replaced with murine cells after several passages. Next‐generation sequencing analyses showed that after two to six passages, PDX preserved the majority of the somatic mutations and mRNA expressions of the corresponding SRT. Two out of three PDX with AD histology had epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations (L858R or exon 19 deletion) and were sensitive to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKI), such as gefitinib and osimertinib. Furthermore, in one of the two PDX with an EGFR mutation, osimertinib resistance was induced that was associated with epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition. This study presented 10 serially transplantable PDX of NSCLC in SHO mice and showed the use of PDX with an EGFR mutation for analyses of EGFR‐TKI resistance.
Interleukin‐17 is associated with expression of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 in ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Aotsuka Aeri , Matsumoto Yoko , Arimoto Takahide , Kawata Akira , Ogishima Juri , Taguchi Ayumi , Tanikawa Michihiro , Sone Kenbun , Mori‐Uchino Mayuyo , Tsuruga Tetsushi , Oda Katsutoshi , Kawana Kei , Osuga Yutaka , Fujii Tomoyuki
Published: August 2019

The programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 pathway was successfully targeted in cancer immunotherapy. Elevated interleukin‐17 (IL‐17), which is known in autoimmune diseases, has recently been recognized in cancer patients. We investigated the role of IL‐17 in the regulation of expression of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 in ovarian cancer by evaluating changes in the number of IL‐17‐producing cluster of differentiation 4 helper T cells (Th17) and γδT cells (γδT17) in PBMC of 52 gynecological cancer patients (including 30 ovarian cancer patients) and 18 healthy controls. The occupancy ratio of Th17 and γδT17 was higher in ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer patients than in controls, determined by multi‐color flow cytometry (Th17: P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0002, respectively; γδT17: P = 0.0020 and P = 0.0084, respectively). IL‐17 mRNA level was elevated in PBMC of ovarian cancer patients (P = 0.0029), as measured by RT‐PCR. The neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, which is a prognostic biomarker of ovarian cancer, correlated with Th17 occupancy ratio in patients (P = 0.0068). We found that programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 expression and its associated factors (IL‐6 and phospho‐signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) were induced by IL‐17 in an ovarian cancer cell line. These results suggest that increased Th17 counts and IL‐17 level, which correlated with high neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 expression, are potential biomarkers for poor prognosis in ovarian cancer and likely indications for application of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 pathway inhibitors.
Expanding the spectrum of genetic variants in the calcium‐sensing receptor (CASR) gene in hypercalcemic individuals
Authors: Nissen Peter H. , Rejnmark Lars
Published: August 2019

Objective

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder with overlapping biochemistry profile with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), making the correct diagnosis a challenge. The objective of the study was to evaluate the results of the clinical work‐up of a large group of hypercalcemic individuals.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Patients

Patients undergoing clinical work‐up of hypercalcemia.

Measurements

Molecular genetic analysis of the CASR gene and exon 2 of the AP2S1 gene. Plasma levels of ionized calcium and PTH as well as calcium creatinine clearance ratio (CCCR).

Results

A rare CASR variant was identified in 38 of 624 index patients (6.1%). A total of 18 CASR variants identified in this study were novel. No variants were identified in exon 2 of the AP2S1 gene. The majority of the variants (N = 16) were classified as likely pathogenic. The level of plasma calcium, plasma PTH and the CCCR was not affected by the type of variant (ie nonsense vs missense) (all P‐values >.05). The CCCR was found to be significantly lower for variants in the transmembrane domain compared with variants located in the extracellular domain (P < .05). Plasma levels of calcium and PTH were not associated with the location of the variant (P > .05).

Conclusions

We expanded the spectrum of CASR variants in hypercalcemia with 18 novel variants, and suggest that the location of the CASR variant may affect calcium excretion as determined by the CCCR.
Retinoblastoma vascular perfusion and intra‐arterial chemotherapy cycle requirements
Authors: Lim Li‐Anne S. , Dalvin Lauren A. , Ancona‐Lezama David , Yu Michael D. , Jabbour Pascal , Shields Carol L.
Published: August 2019

Importance

Retinoblastoma is a life‐ and sight‐threatening malignancy.

Background

To assess the relationship between tumour perfusion and intra‐arterial chemotherapy (IAC) requirements to achieve retinoblastoma control.

Design

Retrospective case series at the Ocular Oncology Service of Wills Eye Hospital (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

Participants

Fifty‐nine eyes of 55 patients.

Methods

Review of medical and fluorescein angiography (FA) records for retinoblastoma treated with primary or secondary IAC from 2012 to 2017. Vascular supply of the main tumour was evaluated in the pre‐treatment FA.

Main Outcome Measures

Tumour fluorescence was classified as partial <67% or complete tumour perfusion >67%. Partially vs completely perfused tumours were compared for IAC cycle requirements.

Results

There were 59 eyes of 55 patients with pre‐treatment FA managed with IAC. Partially perfused tumours (n = 20, 34%) required fewer IAC infusions than completely perfused tumours (n = 39, 66%) (2.5 vs 3.7 infusions, P = .02), even after adjustment for confounding factors (tumour diameter, thickness and drug scheme, adjusted P = .04). Tumour perfusion correlated with number of IAC cycles required for tumour control (r = 0.46, P < .001). For primary IAC (n = 18, 31%), tumour perfusion was not associated with number of IAC cycles (P = .63). For secondary IAC (n = 41, 69%), partially perfused tumours (n = 15, 37%) required fewer IAC infusions than completely perfused tumours (n = 26, 63%) (2.1 vs 3.7 infusions, P < .01).

Conclusions and Relevance

FA demonstrating partial retinoblastoma tumour perfusion is associated with fewer IAC cycle requirements for secondary but not primary IAC. FA might be useful in judging anticipated treatment cycles of retinoblastoma managed with primary or secondary IAC.
The role of epistemic and social characteristics in children’s selective trust: Three meta‐analyses
Authors: Tong Yu , Wang Fuxing , Danovitch Judith
Published: August 2019

Over the last 15 years, researchers have been increasingly interested in understanding the nature and development of children’s selective trust. Three meta‐analyses were conducted on a total of 51 unique studies (88 experiments) to provide a quantitative overview of 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children’s selective trust in an informant based on the informant’s epistemic or social characteristics, and to examine the relation between age and children’s selective trust decisions. The first and second meta‐analyses found that children displayed medium‐to‐large pooled effects in favor of trusting the informant who was knowledgeable or the informant with positive social characteristics. Moderator analyses revealed that 4‐year‐olds were more likely to endorse knowledgeable informants than 3‐year‐olds. The third meta‐analysis examined cases where two informants simultaneously differed in their epistemic and social characteristics. The results revealed that 3‐year‐old children did not selectively endorse informants who were more knowledgeable but had negative social characteristics over informants who were less knowledgeable but had positive social characteristics. However, 4‐ to 6‐year‐olds consistently prioritized epistemic cues over social characteristics when deciding who to trust. Together, these meta‐analyses suggest that epistemic and social characteristics are both valuable to children when they evaluate the reliability of informants. Moreover, with age, children place greater value on epistemic characteristics when deciding whether to endorse an informant’s testimony. Implications for the development of epistemic trust and the design of studies of children’s selective trust are discussed.
Dental students’ and patients’ perceived importance and knowledge of dental anxiety
Authors: Korpela Ilona , Vaununmaa Katri , Tolvanen Mimmi , Suominen Auli , Freeman Ruth , Lahti Satu
Published: August 2019

Aim

To examine the perceived importance and knowledge of the dental students’ in their treatment of dental anxiety according to their year of study and to find out patients’ perceived importance of the dental students’ knowledge of dental anxiety according to their level on dental fear.

Methods

Dental students (N = 219) at the University of Turku and non‐probability convenience sample of 100 of patients attending the Dental Teaching Clinic were given questionnaires with multiple choice and open‐ended questions. Students were categorised into three groups according to the year of study (1‐3, 4, 5). Patients were categorised into three groups using the established cut points for Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (no fear = 5‐9, low fear = 10‐18, high fear = 19‐25). The differences between groups were evaluated using cross‐tabulations, chi squared and Fisher's exact tests. The open‐ended questions were subjected to content analysis.

Results

Students’ perceived importance of dental anxiety did not differ between three groups. Students with greater undergraduate education and clinical experience were more likely to have excellent or quite good knowledge (P < .001). Patients’ perceived importance of dental students’ knowledge of dental anxiety was greater in patients with high level of fear. The overlapping category that emerged from the open‐ended question analysis was communication skills. This appeared to be important for patients with dental anxiety and for dental students in their management of dental anxiety.

Conclusion

Clinical communication skills should be part of dental anxiety management teaching. Dental students should be able to gain sufficient knowledge and skills in treating dental anxiety before graduating.
By protecting against cutaneous inflammation, epidermal pigmentation provided an additional advantage for ancestral humans
Authors: Lin Tzu‐Kai , Man Mao‐Qiang , Abuabara Katrina , Wakefield Joan S. , Sheu Hamm‐ming , Tsai Jui‐chen , Lee Chih‐Hung , Elias Peter M.
Published: August 2019

Pigmentation evolved in ancestral humans to protect against toxic, ultraviolet B irradiation, but the question remains: “what is being protected?” Because humans with dark pigmentation display a suite of superior epidermal functions in comparison with their more lightly pigmented counterparts, we hypothesized and provided evidence that dark pigmentation evolved in Africa to support cutaneous function. Because our prior clinical studies also showed that a restoration of a competent barrier dampens cutaneous inflammation, we hypothesized that resistance to inflammation could have provided pigmented hominins with yet another, important evolutionary benefit. We addressed this issue here in two closely related strains of hairless mice, endowed with either moderate (Skh2/J) or absent (Skh1) pigmentation. In these models, we showed that (a) pigmented mice display a markedly reduced propensity to develop inflammation after challenges with either a topical irritant or allergen in comparison with their nonpigmented counterparts; (b) visible and histologic evidence of inflammation was paralleled by reduced levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL‐1α and INFα); (c) because depigmentation of Skh2/J mouse skin enhanced both visible inflammation and pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels after comparable pro‐inflammatory challenges, the reduced propensity to develop inflammation was directly linked to the presence of pigmentation; and (d) furthermore, in accordance with our prior work showing that pigment production endows benefits by reducing the surface pH of skin, acidification of albino (Skh1) mouse skin also protected against inflammation, and equalized cytokine levels to those found in pigmented skin. In summary, pigmentation yields a reduced propensity to develop inflammation, consistent with our hypothesis that dark pigmentation evolved in ancestral humans to provide a suite of barrier‐linked benefits that now include resistance to inflammation.
One Roof, Three Generations: Grandparental Co‐residence and Child Outcomes in China
Authors: Han Wen‐Jui , Whetung Timothy , Mao Xupeng
Published: August 2019

This study examined the association between grandparental co‐residence and child academic and behavioral outcomes using a sample from Shanghai, China (n = 1,763), and was built on two theoretical perspectives: intergenerational solidarity theory and the contextual model of family stress. These models integrate the impact of residential and relational proximity to grandparents on child well‐being and underscore the importance of family context. This study also explored the moderating effects of family resources using proxies that prior theoretical and empirical studies have found to be important to such associations: family income, parental education, hukou status, and subjective social status. Results indicated that among families without co‐residing grandparents, rural and low‐income parents reported their children to have more externalizing behavioral issues than their respective urban and non‐low‐income counterparts. In addition, children who resided in poorly resourced families (i.e., low family income, low parental education, low subjective social status, or rural hukou status) tended to benefit from living with grandparents compared to their well‐resourced counterparts in terms of lower externalizing and internalizing behaviors reported by teachers. These results do not negate the potential beneficial effects of living with grandparents for children in well‐resourced environments. Implications for practice and policy, as well as future research directions, are discussed.
A Search for Freshwater in the Saline Aquifer of Coastal Bangladesh
Authors: Peters Chelsea N. , Hornberger George M.
Published: August 2019

In the polder region of coastal Bangladesh, shallow groundwater is primarily brackish with unpredictable occurrence of freshwater pockets. Delta building processes, including the codeposition of fresh‐to‐saline porewater and sediments, have formed the shallow aquifer. Impermeable clay facies and the lack of a topographical gradient limit the flow of groundwater and its mixing with surface water so controls on spatial variability of salinity are not obvious. By characterizing groundwater‐surface water (GW‐SW) interactions, this study attempted to identify areas of potable groundwater for the polder communities. We used transects of piezometers, cores, electromagnetic induction, and water chemistry surveys to explore two sources of potential fresh groundwater: (1) tidal channel‐aquifer exchange and (2) meteoric recharge. Fresh groundwater proved difficult to find due to heterogeneous subsurface lithology, asymmetrical tidal dynamics, extreme seasonal fluctuations in rainfall, and limited field data. Geophysical observations suggest substantial lateral variability in shallow subsurface conductivity profiles. Piezometers show varying degrees of tidal pressure attenuation away from the channels. Nevertheless, the active exchange of freshwater appears to be limited due to low permeability of banks and surface sediments. Results indicate that pockets of fresh groundwater cannot be identified using readily available hydrogeological methods, so alternative drinking water sources should be pursued. By better understanding the hydrogeology of the system, however, communities will be better equipped to redirect water management resources to more feasible and sustainable drinking water options.
Numerical and experimental determinations of contact heat transfer coefficients in nonisothermal glass molding
Authors: Vu Anh Tuan , Helmig Thorsten , Vu Anh Ngoc , Frekers Yona , Grunwald Tim , Kneer Reinhold , Bergs Thomas
Published: August 2019

Heat transfer at the interfacial contact is a dominant factor in the thermal behavior of glass during nonisothermal glass molding process. Recent research is developing reliable numerical approaches to quantify contact heat transfer coefficients. In most previous studies, however, both theoretical and numerical models of thermal contact conductance in glass molding attempted to investigate this factor by either omitting surface topography or simplifying the nature of contact surfaces. In fact, the determination of the contact heat transfer coefficient demands a detailed characterization of the contact interface including the surface topography and the thermomechanical behavior of the contact pair. This paper introduces a numerical approach to quantify the contact heat transfer by means of a microscale simulation at the glass‐mold interface. The simulation successfully incorporates modeling of the thermomechanical behaviors and the three‐dimensional topographies from actual surface measurements of the contact pair. The presented numerical model enables the derivation of contact heat transfer coefficients from various contact pressures and surface finishes. Numerical predictions of these coefficients are validated by transient contact heat transfer experiments using infrared thermography to verify the model.
Art‐Based Action Research for Art Education in the North
Authors: Jokela Timo
Published: August 2019

This article introduces the art‐based action research (ABAR) methodology as part of the international discussion of art‐based educational research (ABER). The participatory and dialogical approach of ABAR was inspired by a consideration of the pressure for change in art education stemming from the practices of relational and dialogical contemporary art. The need for ABAR as a tool of culturally decolonising, sustainable art education research was identified in multidisciplinary collaboration with the University of Lapland's (UoL) northern and circumpolar network. The methodology was developed collaboratively by a group of art educators and researchers at UoL to support the artist/teacher/researcher with professional skills for seeking solutions to recognised problems and to promote future actions and aspirations in the changing North and Arctic. This article describes how ABAR has been used in school projects, in doctoral theses and finally in a development project with an impact on regional development in the North. These examples show how art education developed through the ABAR method has supported decolonisation, revitalisation and cultural sustainability in schools, communities and businesses.
A Never‐Ending Painting: The Generosity of Time Spent Making and Learning with Others through Artistic Research
Authors: Shields Alison Lea
Published: August 2019

This article examines the role of spending time with others in and through artistic research and practice. I draw from my doctoral work which took me on a cross‐Canada journey visiting 125 artists in their studios. Following the studio visits, I made a series of paintings of artists’ studios, however a year later these same paintings were cut up and rearranged to create collaborative studio assemblages on the walls of the Tate Exchange Gallery in Liverpool. Drawing on the metaphor of a never‐ending‐painting to examine never‐ending pedagogies, this article examines the evolution of this project through three iterations of the studio paintings. With each iteration, I explore different ways of knowing others through making thus proposing the performative and relational qualities of artistic research. The first iteration allowed me to spend time with artists even in their absence, as I engaged with our conversations through painting their studios, thus blurring the lines between solitary and social art practices. The second iteration allowed me to give up my art to others through asking them to create collages with fragments of my studio paintings. And the third iteration allowed my work to merge with other arts‐based researchers. Through this process, I propose that making art allows for multiple conversations to emerge through spending time getting to know others through art making.
Phylogenetic Estimation of Community Composition and Novel Eukaryotic Lineages in Base Mine Lake: An Oil Sands Tailings Reclamation Site in Northern Alberta
Authors: Richardson Elisabeth , Bass David , Smirnova Angela , Paoli Lucas , Dunfield Peter , Dacks Joel B.
Published: August 2019

Reclamation of anthropogenically impacted environments is a critical issue worldwide. In the oil sands extraction industry of Alberta, reclamation of mining‐impacted areas, especially areas affected by tailings waste, is an important aspect of the mining life cycle. A reclamation technique currently under study is water‐capping, where tailings are capped by water to create an end‐pit lake (EPL). Base Mine Lake (BML) is the first full‐scale end‐pit lake in the Alberta oil sands region. In this study, we sequenced eukaryotic 18S rRNA genes recovered from 92 samples of Base Mine Lake water in a comprehensive sampling programme covering the ice‐free period of 2015. The 565 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) generated revealed a dynamic and diverse community including abundant Microsporidia, Ciliata and Cercozoa, though 41% of OTUs were not classifiable below the phylum level by comparison to 18S rRNA databases. Phylogenetic analysis of five heterotrophic phyla (Cercozoa, Fungi, Ciliata, Amoebozoa and Excavata) revealed substantial novel diversity, with many clusters of OTUs that were more similar to each other than to any reference sequence. All of these groups are entirely or mostly heterotrophic, as a relatively small number of definitively photosynthetic clades were amplified from the BML samples.
Coloured LED light as a potential behavioural guidance tool for age 0 and 2 year walleye Sander vitreus
Authors: Ford Matthew I. , Elvidge Chris K. , Patrick Paul H. , Sills Michael , Cooke Steven J.
Published: August 2019

Based on existing laboratory research on the visual physiology of walleye Sander vitreus, we tested colours of known spectral sensitivity (i.e., green and orange) using constant and strobing (5 Hz) illumination with an LED‐based light guidance device (LGD). Hatchery‐reared age 0 and 2 years S. vitreus were exposed to these four light combinations as well as an unilluminated control treatment during day and night trials. Age 2 years S. vitreus generally avoided the LGD when light was produced (negative phototaxis) compared with the control, with continuous illumination having a greater effect than strobing. The proportions of both age 0 and 2 year fish exiting illuminating zones of the trial arena did not differ with light colour or strobe rate, suggesting that phototactic behaviours in S. vitreus do not change with ontogeny in these age classes. Our findings confirm that typical behavioural responses of S. vitreus to light stimuli are characterised by avoidance and provide evidence that the use of light for behavioural guidance (deterrence) may be effective at reducing entrainment and impingement of this species on hydraulic barriers during migrations, independent of ontogenetic stage.
Bioelectronic medicine: an unexpected path to new therapies
Authors: Olofsson P. S. , Bouton C.
Published: August 2019

Content List ‐ Read more articles from the symposium: “Bioelectronic Medicine: Technology targeting molecular mechanisms”.
He Suffocates Me: A Playful Dimension of Exact Transcription, and of Being an Iluraq
Authors: Woodbury Anthony C.
Published: August 2019

A fragment of conversation is presented demonstrating Joel Sherzer's premise that discourse is ‘the nexus, the actual and concrete expression of the language‐culture‐society relationship’. The passage passes from commentary to metacommentary and from humor and teasing, to personality, social and cultural relationships among intimates and strangers, respect, and even philosophies of language and linguistic representation. The fragment was recorded in 1978 in Chevak, Alaska during my initial linguistic documentation of the Cup'ik variety of Central Alaskan Yupik that is spoken there. It took place among elders in a traditional communal men's house that had just been built there. The passage begins with humorous skewering of my eagerness to transcribe every sound and noise in texts I had recorded, evoking both local and academic ideologies of language and philology. It continues as the eldest man comically challenges his iluraq (male cross‐cousin of a male), typically a joking relationship, who in turn challenges his own iluraq. These parts of the text, and subsequent reflections on whether the teasing might be too harsh, nicely express the emotional flavor of the relationship, as well as its boundaries. They also show a kind of interaction often described but infrequently presented as a linguistic text.
Music Within and About Myth / Myths About and Within Music: 30+ Years of Decentering Approaches to Discourse in Native Amazonia
Authors: Hill Jonathan D.
Published: August 2019

This article starts by revisiting Sherzer and Urban's 1986 volume on Native South American Discourse as an important beginning for more integrative ways of exploring the dynamic interrelations between musicality and lexicality in native Amazonian discourse. Sherzer and Urban's focus on the intimate relationship between musicality and speech was a radical decentering of traditional linguistic approaches and was nicely complemented by the inclusion of a cassette recording that allowed readers to hear the sounds of native discourse genres in actually occurring performances. My article will survey some of the intellectual genealogies that have descended from the discourse‐centered approach during the three decades since 1986. Attention will be given to the diverse ways in which researchers have combined discourse‐centered approaches with music‐centered studies that attach equal significance to musicality and lexicality.
Swearing and Cursing in San Juan Quiahije Chatino
Authors: Cruz Emiliana
Published: August 2019

Building on the work of Joel Sherzer, this article explores the ways in which a woman creates verbal art in Chatino by narrating a false accusation against her. The narrative contains parallelism, repetition, and narrative manipulations through which verbal art is created (Sherzer 2002 ). The narrator, Celia, is a woman who has an amazing capacity to argue and curse in Chatino, which has repercussions for her in the community. She demonstrates the arts of swearing, cursing, and humor in this narrative. I show that swearing and cursing share interesting structural features with ritual speech and political oratory (H. Cruz 2014, 2017).
Addressing Education, Training, and Employment Supports for Prisoners With Cognitive Disability: Insights from an Australian Programme
Authors: Rowe Simone , Dowse Leanne , Newton Danielle , McGillivray Jane , Baldry Eileen
Published: August 2019

The provision of appropriate education, training, and employment supports for incarcerated people is pivotal to mitigating the risk of recidivism, to improving rehabilitative outcomes, and to securing employment upon release. People with cognitive disability are disproportionately represented in prisons internationally. The vast majority of this group have significantly low levels of education, are unable to participate meaningfully in mainstream prison programs, are more likely to return to prison than their nondisabled peers and are generally excluded from the labor market. There is thus a significant need for specialized in‐prison education, training, and employment programs for this group. However, in Australia and internationally such programs are scant. There is also very little known about good policy and practice in this domain. We present findings from qualitative research conducted on one of the few specialist education, training, and employment program models for prisoners with cognitive disability in Australia. The findings suggest that a practice model informed by and delivered from a well‐considered theoretical base by a collaborative multidisciplinary team capable of adapting mainstream education, training, and employment programs in a flexible and culturally sensitive manner offers an opportunity to provide improved outcomes and greater equity for this highly disadvantaged group. The implications for policy and practice in this domain are discussed. We conclude that the expansion of appropriately designed education, training, and employment programs for prisoners with cognitive disability is critical to protecting the human rights and improving the life trajectories of this highly disadvantaged group.
Sexual behaviour as a risk factor for hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs in Montreal, Canada
Authors: Jacka Brendan , Roy Élise , Høj Stine , Minoyan Nanor , Artenie Andreea Adelina , Zang Geng , Jutras‐Aswad Didier , Bruneau Julie
Published: August 2019

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) acquisition remains high in key risk environments including injection drug use and sex between men. However, few studies examine the independent contribution of sexual behaviour to HCV acquisition among people who inject drugs (PWID). We estimated HCV incidence and examined sexual behaviour as a time‐varying predictor of HCV acquisition in a prospective cohort study of PWID in Montreal (2004‐2017). Initially, HCV‐negative participants completed behavioural questionnaires and HCV antibody testing (6 months until 2011, 3 months thereafter). A time‐updating exposure variable (no sex, opposite‐sex partner only, ≥1 same‐sex partner) was generated for the previous 6/3 months. Time to HCV seroconversion was examined using Cox regression analysis, adjusted for age, unstable housing and incarceration (both past 3 months), and daily, heroin, cocaine and prescription opioid injecting (all past month). Among 440 PWID (baseline: median age 33 years, 18.9% female, 1.4% HIV‐positive), 156 participants seroconverted during follow‐up (overall incidence rate: 11.9/100 person‐years [PY]). Incidence was lowest in the no sex group (8.70 and 2.91 cases/100 PY in males and females, respectively) and highest in the ≥1 same‐sex partner group (24.14 and 21.97 cases/100 PY in males and females, respectively). Among males, HCV risk was 47% lower in those reporting no sex compared to ≥1 same‐sex partner (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.53, 95% confidence interval: 0.28, 0.99). In this cohort of PWID, reporting recent same‐sex partners was associated with greater risk of HCV acquisition among males, necessitating targeted harm reduction strategies that consider the complex interplay of sexual and injecting risk behaviours.
The systemic inflammatory response as a source of biomarkers and therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Sanghera Chandan , Teh Jhia J. , Pinato David J.
Published: August 2019

The pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) strongly relates to inflammation, with chronic up‐regulation of pro‐inflammatory mediators standing as a potential unifying mechanism that underscores the origin and progression of HCC independent of aetiology. Activation of the diverse pro‐inflammatory mediators either within the tumour or its microenvironment is part of an active cross‐talk between the progressive HCC and the host, which is known to influence clinical outcomes including recurrence after radical treatments and long‐term survival. A number of clinical biomarkers to measure the severity of cancer‐related inflammation are now available, most of which emerge from routine blood parameters including neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet counts, as well as albuminaemia and C‐reactive protein levels. In this review, we summarise the body of evidence supporting the biologic qualification of inflammation‐based scores in HCC and review their potential in facilitating the prognostic assessment and treatment allocation in the individual patient. We also discuss the evidence to suggest modulation of tumour‐promoting inflammation may act as a source of novel therapeutic strategies in liver cancer.