bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short communication: A thermochromism study in the ferrocenyl‐benzopyran series
Authors: Anguille Stéphane , Brun Pierre , Guglielmetti Robert
Published: January 2004

The synthesis and the photochromic behaviour of a series of benzopyrans (otherwise called 2H‐chromenes), substituted in the 2‐position by a metallocene, have been previously described. Some of these compounds also present thermochromic properties. As the thermochromism has been scarcely studied in the benzopyran series, we describe here a study of the thermochromic properties of ferrocenyl benzopyrans. The correlations between the structure of the compounds investigated and their thermochromic properties are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: A three‐dimensional coordination polymer: poly‐[µ7‐1,2,4,5‐benzenetetracarboxylato‐bis(N,N‐dimethylformamide)dizinc(II)]
Authors: Yang Shi‐Yao , Long La‐Sheng , Huang Rong‐Bin , Zheng Lan‐Sun , Ng Seik Weng
Published: January 2004

The structure of the title compound, [Zn2(btc)(DMF)2]n (btc = 1,2,4,5‐benzenetetracarboxylate, DMF = N,N‐dimethylformamide), shows that the octahedrally and tetrahedrally coordinated zinc atoms (present in the ratio 1:1) are linked by btc ligands to form a three‐dimensional network comprising cross‐linked channels occupied by coordinated DMF molecules. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐yield synthesis of milligram amounts of isotopically enriched methylmercury (CH3198HgCl)
Authors: Bancon‐Montigny Chrystelle , Yang Lu , Sturgeon Ralph E. , Colombini Vanessa , Mester Zoltán
Published: January 2004

Isotopically enriched CH3198HgCl (MeHgCl) has been synthesized from commercially available elemental 198Hg (96% isotopic purity). Elemental mercury is first converted to HgCl2 and subsequently reacted with methylcobalamin to produce MeHgCl. The resulting MeHgCl is isolated from the reaction mixture by successive extractions with toluene and dried over Na2SO4. The product structure was verified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and the isotopic composition was determined by GC–inductively coupled plasma MS. The yield obtained is 99%. The proposed method allows preparation of milligram quantities of MeHgCl in one step, minimizing the cost of this synthesis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: A new polymorph for bis[bis(N,N‐dibenzyldithiocarbamato)cadmium(II)]
Authors: Saravanan M. , Ramalingam K. , Bocelli G. , Olla R.
Published: January 2004

The title compound is a centrosymmetric dimer with each cadmium in a distorted CdS5 square pyramidal geometry. The Cd–S bond distances range from 2.5626(11) to 2.8459(11) Å. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: Diazido[bis(2‐pyridyl)amine]zinc(II) hydrate, [Zn(C10H9N3)2(N3)2]·H2O
Authors: Du Miao , Zhao Xiao‐Jun
Published: January 2004

In mononuclear [Zn(C10H9N3)2(N3)2]·H2O, the zinc atom has an approximate octahedral geometry, coordinated with four pyridyl nitrogen atoms derived from two bis(2‐pyridyl)amine molecules and two terminal nitrogen donors of the azide anions. Hydrogen‐bonding interactions extend this structure to form a double‐layer architecture. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: The [bis(η5‐methylcyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV)‐bis(N‐methylglycine)] dichloride
Authors: Bína Radim , Císařová Ivana , Pavlík Ivan
Published: January 2004

The crystal network of [Cp′2Ti(N−CH3Gly)2]2+[Cl−]2 (Cp′ = (CH3)C5H4) complex, which crystallizes as a solvate with CH3OH, is built up with discrete cationic units connected through intermolecular H· · ·Cl bonds. The α‐amino acid ligands are attached through an intramolecular H· · ·O bond within one cationic unit. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: Bis(N,N‐dibenzyldithiocarbamato)zinc(II)
Authors: Decken Andreas , Gossage Robert A. , Chan Meng Yin , Lai Chian Sing , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: January 2004

The structure of Zn[S2CN(CH2Ph)2]2 features, in contrast to many related analogues, a mononuclear species with two chelating dithiocarbamate ligands that form a distorted tetrahedral array around the zinc centre; the molecule has two‐fold symmetry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short communication: Stille coupling reactions of functionalized triorganotin halides
Authors: Thiele Christina M. , Mitchell Terence N.
Published: January 2004

Convenient conditions for the Stille coupling of halide‐bearing triorganotin compounds, which do not normally react under typical Stille reaction conditions, are presented. The coupling of vinylstannanes with allyl bromide using palladium(II) catalysis is accomplished under fluoride assistance to give the substituted 2,5‐hexadien‐1‐ols in Z‐configuration. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Nothing that feels bad is ever the last step:’ the role of positive emotions in experiential work with difficult emotional experiences
Authors: Fosha Diana
Published: February 2004

The goal of this paper is to show (i) how the moment‐to‐moment tracking and processing of emotionto completion—in an emotionally engaged patient–therapist dyad where the individual feels safe and known—constitutes a powerful mechanism of therapeutic transformation, and (ii) how positive emotions are sensitive affective markers of that transformational process. Evidence fromtransformational studiesis used to elaborate the vital role of positive emotions in the process of change in general, and, more specifically, in the course of therapeutic work with painful and overwhelming emotional experience. It is proposed that these emergent positive emotions are affective markers which signal the operation of healing transformational processes in psychotherapy. Several types of positive emotion that arise spontaneously during moment‐to‐moment experiential therapeutic work will be described and their role as markers of different transformational processes will be elucidated. The paper begins with examples of clinical work with emotion in AEDP (Accelerated Experiential–Dynamic Psychotherapy), an emotion‐focused and attachment‐based model of therapy that places the dyadic regulation of affect at the centre of both theory and practice. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emotional processes in psychotherapy: evidence across therapeutic modalities
Authors: Whelton William J.
Published: February 2004

This article briefly reviews recent process research on emotion in humanistic, cognitive, behavioural and psychodynamic psychotherapies. Cognitive therapy has traditionally shown less interest in emotional processes than the other therapies, but the interest of the others has not always borne fruit in empirical research. At the present time there is an interest in emotion research in therapy that cuts across all therapeutic modalities. Emotional processing and depth of experiencing, two heavily‐researched emotion process categories of the behaviourists and humanists respectively, have been shown to have a robust association with outcome. There is accumulating evidence that both the in‐session activation of specific, relevant emotions and the cognitive exploration and elaboration of the significance and meaning of these emotions are important for therapeutic change. Further research on emotional processes in psychotherapy is required. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caudate volume measurement in older adults with bipolar disorder
Authors: Beyer John L. , Kuchibhatla Maragatha , Payne Martha , Moo‐Young Melissa , Cassidy Frederick , MacFall James , R. Krishnan K. Ranga
Published: January 2004

Background

Decreased caudate volumes have been noted in unipolar depressed subjects, especially in the elderly and those with cognitive impairment. No differences have been noted in initial studies of multi‐aged bipolar subjects; however, this region has not been examined in older bipolar subjects.

Methods

We examined the caudate nuclei volumes of 36 older bipolar subjects (mean age 58) and 35 older controls (mean age 62) using logistic regression analyses to control for age and gender differences. Differences between late‐ and early‐onset (age‐of‐onset before age 45) bipolar subjects were also examined, as well as the effect of length of illness.

Results

The right caudate was noted to be smaller in older bipolar subjects compared with older controls when controlled for sex and age (p = 0.0448). No differences were noted in overall brain volume nor lateral ventricular volume between the bipolar and control subjects. Late‐onset bipolar subjects had a decrease in brain volume (p = 0.035) compared with early‐onset bipolar subjects. Late‐onset bipolar subjects had a decrease in the right (p = 0.044) and total (p = 0.04) caudate size compared with older controls.

Conclusions

Right caudate volume is decreased in older bipolar subjects compared to controls. Bipolar subjects with late‐onset illness have significantly decreased right and total caudate volumes compared to controls. This is affected by neither the length of illness nor the age of onset. Late‐onset bipolar subjects have decreased total brain volume compared with early‐onset bipolar subjects. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of psychosis with or without associated behavioral disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: De Deyn Peter Paul , Carrasco Manuel Martín , Deberdt Walter , Jeandel Claude , Hay Donald P. , Feldman Peter D. , Young Carrie A. , Lehman Deborah L. , Breier Alan
Published: January 2004

Objectives

Psychotic symptoms and behavioral disturbances are a concern in the care of elderly patients with Alzheimer's dementia (AD). This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of olanzapine versus placebo in patients with psychotic symptoms associated with AD in long‐term or continuing‐care settings.

Methods

Patients (n = 652) with AD and delusions or hallucinations were randomly assigned to 10 weeks of double‐blind treatment with placebo or fixed‐dose olanzapine (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 mg/day).

Results

Mean age was 76.6±10.4 years. Repeated‐measures analysis showed significant improvement from baseline in NPI/NH Psychosis Total scores (sum of Delusions, Hallucinations items—primary efficacy measure) in all five treatment groups (p<0.001), but no pairwise treatment differences were seen at the 10‐week endpoint. However, under LOCF analysis, improvement in the 7.5 mg olanzapine group (−6.2 ± 4.9) was significantly greater than with placebo (−5.0 ± 6.1, p = 0.008), while endpoint CGI‐C scores showed the greatest improvement in the Olz 2.5 olanzapine group (2.8 ± 1.4, p = 0.030) relative to placebo (3.2 ± 1.4). There were significant overall treatment‐group differences in increased weight, anorexia, and urinary incontinence, with olanzapine showing numerically higher incidences. However, neither the incidence of any other individual events, including extrapyramidal symptoms, nor of total adverse events occurred with significantly higher frequency in any olanzapine group relative to placebo. No clinically relevant significant changes were seen across groups in cognition or any other vital sign or laboratory measure, including glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol.

Conclusions

While 1.0 mg olanzapine did not show significant differences from placebo, the 2.5 mg dose was a reasonable starting dose. Olanzapine at 7.5 mg/day significantly decreased psychosis and overall behavioral disturbances (NPI/NH, BPRS) and was well tolerated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DemTect: a new, sensitive cognitive screening test to support the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and early dementia
Authors: Kalbe E. , Kessler J. , Calabrese P. , Smith R. , Passmore A. P. , Brand M. , Bullock R.
Published: January 2004

Objectives

To design a new, highly sensitive psychometric screening to identify patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and patients with dementia in the early stages of the disease.

Methods

Five tasks were included in the DemTect: a word list, a number transcoding task, a word fluency task, digit span reverse, and delayed recall of the word list. The normation was performed with 145 healthy control subjects (CG). Furthermore, 97 MCI patients and 121 patients with possible Alzheimer's disease (AD) were tested with the DemTect and the MMSE. Classification rates for both tests were analysed.

Results

On the basis of the CG data, age‐dependant transformation algorithms for the DemTect subtests were defined, and an education correction was provided for the total transformed score. The patient groups scored significantly below the CG in both the DemTect and the MMSE. Compared to the MMSE, classification rates of the DemTect were superior for both the MCI and the AD group, with high sensitivities of 80% and 100%, respectively.

Conclusions

The DemTect is short (8–10 minutes), easy to administer, and its transformed total score (maximum 18) is independent of age and education. The DemTect helps in deciding whether cognitive performance is adequate for age (13–18 points), or whether MCI (9–12 points) or dementia (8 points or below) should be suspected. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seeing a new side to seasides: culturally regenerating the English seaside town
Authors: Smith Melanie Kay
Published: February 2004

The ‘buzzword’ for the 1990s was undoubtedly the concept of sustainability in all its various manifestations, not least in the field of tourism development. Its successor for the 2000s looks set to become the phenomenon of cultural regeneration, which is already dominating the urban landscape of much of western Europe. However, the extent to which regeneration through cultural development and the revival of tourism can become the new panacea for declining resorts is open to debate. This issue will be discussed in more depth in the context of English seaside towns, focusing in particular on a case study of Southend‐on‐Sea. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
The evaluation of quality of organizational communications: a quantitative model
Authors: Calabrese Armando
Published: February 2004

The great majority of scientific publications regarding organizational communications give considerable importance to qualitative analyses while paying scant regard to objective and quantitative approaches. Indeed, very few research projects are dedicated to modeling and measuring the variables upon which good quality communications depend. The aim of this paper is to create and test a model which is able to express the quality of organizational communications as measurable, quantitative values. Thus, corporate managements will be able to use the model to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the organizational communications generated within their companies (operative use of the model) and create the conditions necessary to achieve good organizational communications right from the planning stage (strategic use of the model). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global competition and the Australian biotechnology industry: developing a model of SMEs knowledge management strategies
Authors: Clarke Jayne , Turner Paul
Published: February 2004

Approaches to the study of knowledge management (KM) strategies from within the management and information systems (IS) literature have traditionally relied on a resource‐based view (RBV) of sources of competitive advantage. Recent studies on young, high‐technology firms have highlighted that in practice these types of businesses also acquire competitive advantage through interfirm relationships involving knowledge sharing and strategies based on industry structure involving knowledge blocking. This research highlights potential limitations to the RBV of KM and suggests the need for a more comprehensive framework to explore KM business practices among small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Drawing on strategic managg̀ement theories of relational and industry‐based sources of competitive advantage this paper presents a conceptual model that aims to encapsulate the range of potential KM strategies that may be deployed by SMEs. Leveraging current research into KM strategies amongst biotechnology SMEs, the model suggests ways in which the current approaches to KM may be modified and extended to more accurately reflect KM strategies deployed by SMEs within the Australian biotechnology industry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal migration and land‐use change in Ghana
Authors: Braimoh A. K.
Published: January 2004

When farmers migrate yearly to a village to carry out intense farming during the rainy season, and thereafter return to a more permanent place of abode this is referred to as seasonal migration. The impact of such migration on land‐use/land‐cover change in an area within the Volta Basin of Ghana was examined using satellite image analysis and socioeconomic surveys. The most drastic land‐cover change involved the conversion of woodland to agricultural land, while there was also a general transition to less vegetation cover. Socioeconomic surveys revealed that most of the migration occurred during the post‐structural adjustment period in Ghana with declining soil fertility accounting for the highest per cent of causes of migration. Multiple regression results highlighted the role of population size and distribution, marketing of agricultural produce and technological evolution of the household in determining agricultural land‐use change. Policy initiatives that could lead to environment conservation are suggested. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of land‐cover change on soil properties in northern Ghana
Authors: Braimoh A. K. , Vlek P. L. G.
Published: January 2004

Effects of changes in land‐cover on soil quality parameters in an area in northern Ghana were studied. Land‐cover changes were derived from maps of the study area for 1984, 1992 and 1999. There were no significant differences between properties of soils under natural vegetation and soils put under cultivation from 1992, but permanently cultivated soils (1984–1999) showed significantly lower physical and chemical soil properties. Soils recently opened up since 1992 for cultivation in the last seven years (i.e. 1992–1999) were found to manifest significantly higher contents of organic C, N, Ca, Mg and ECEC than those under permanent cultivation, suggesting that continuous cropping is responsible for deterioration in soil quality. Minimum organic C contents necessary to meet critical levels of selected soil quality parameters were estimated. The organic C content of recently cultivated soils would need to be increased by about 7 t ha− to replenish soil nutrient capital. This calls for a strategy to synchronize organic matter management with inorganic fertilizer application. Further research is also needed to develop farming systems that conserve organic matter and also improve the quality of organic matter in the study area. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resilients, Overcontrollers, and Undercontrollers: The replicability of the three personality prototypes across informants
Authors: Rammstedt Beatrice , Riemann Rainer , Angleitner Alois , Borkenau Peter
Published: February 2004

The study of patterns in personality structure reveals three replicable prototypes: Resilients, Overcontrollers, and Undercontrollers. The three prototypes were first identified in children using ratings based on the California Child Q‐set (see Block, 1971). Only recently, the three prototypes were replicated in self‐reports on questionnaires intended to assess the Big Five (see e.g. Asendorpf, Borkenau, Ostendorf, & van Aken, 2001). This paper addresses the question of whether the three prototypes are replicable across different data sources. Cluster structures in self‐, peer, and behaviour ratings, all based on the Big Five, were examined in a sample of 600 monozygotic and dizygotic twins ranging in age from 18 to 70 years. The three prototypes could be clearly identified in the self‐reports only, whereas in ratings by others only the Resilient prototype could be replicated. In both peer and behaviour ratings, the second and the third cluster reflected a Non‐desirable and an Average type. The analysis of cross‐data consistency revealed only moderate agreement in assignments of individual subjects to types. The findings suggest that personality types depend strongly on personality measures and informants. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Covert and overt expressions of self‐criticism and perfectionism and their relation to depression
Authors: Powers Theodore A. , Zuroff David C. , Topciu Raluca A.
Published: February 2004

Multiple measures of both the covert and overt expressions of self‐criticism and perfectionism have been developed. The present study examined the relation between a measure of overt self‐criticism and several measures of covert self‐criticism and perfectionism, using 59 male and 152 female university students. The study also examined the relation between these constructs and depression. The results replicated previous reports that two factors, self‐critical perfectionism and high personal standards, underlie existing measures of covert expressions. Self‐critical perfectionism and overt self‐criticism were shown to be independent predictors of depression, suggesting the importance of assessing the overt interpersonal, as well as the covert, manifestations of self‐criticism. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐quality surface passivation of silicon solar cells in an industrial‐type inline plasma silicon nitride deposition system
Authors: Moschner Jens D. , Henze Jürgen , Schmidt Jan , Hezel Rudolf
Published: January 2004

We have studied the surface passivation of silicon by deposition of silicon nitride (SiN) in an industrial‐type inline plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) reactor designed for the continuous coating of silicon solar cells with high throughput. An optimization study for the passivation of low‐resistivityp‐type silicon has been performed exploring the dependence of the film quality on key deposition parameters of the system. With the optimized films, excellent passivation properties have been obtained, both on undiffusedp‐type silicon and on phosphorus‐diffusedn+emitters. Using a simple design, solar cells with conversion efficiencies above 20% have been fabricated to prove the efficacy of the inline PECVD SiN. The passivation properties of the films are on a par with those of high‐quality films prepared in small‐area laboratory PECVD reactors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CdTe solar cell in a novel configuration
Authors: Tiwari A. N. , Khrypunov G. , Kurdzesau F. , Bätzner D. L. , Romeo A. , Zogg H.
Published: January 2004

Polycrystalline thin‐film CdTe/CdS solar cells have been developed in a configuration in which a transparent conducting layer of indium tin oxide (ITO) has been used for the first time as a back electrical contact on p‐CdTe. Solar cells of 7·9% efficiency were developed on SnOx:F‐coated glass substrates with a low‐temperature (<450°C) high‐vacuum evaporation method. After the CdCl2annealing treatment of the CdTe/CdS stack, a bromine methanol solution was used for etching the CdTe surface prior to the ITO deposition. The unique features of this solar cell with both front and back contacts being transparent and conducting are that the cell can be illuminated from either or both sides simultaneously like a ‘bi‐facial’ cell, and it can be used in tandem solar cells. The solar cells with transparent conducting oxide back contact show long‐term stable performance under accelerated test conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Multivariate T2 Control Chart for Skewed Populations Using Weighted Standard Deviations
Authors: Chang Young Soon , Bai Do Sun
Published: February 2004

This paper proposes a heuristic method of constructing multivariate T2 control charts for skewed populations based on ‘weighted standard deviations’, obtained by decomposing the standard deviation into upper and lower deviations according to the direction and degree of skewness. The proposed method adjusts the variance–covariance matrix of quality characteristics and modifies the ellipsoidal probability density function contour of the multivariate normal distribution to a shape similar to that of the skewed distribution. False alarm rates and out‐of‐control average run lengths of the proposed control chart are compared with those of the standard control chart for multivariate lognormal, Weibull and gamma distributions, and the results show that considerable improvement over the standard method can be achieved when the distribution is skewed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A confirmatory factor analysis of the General Health Questionnaire‐12
Authors: Kalliath Thomas J. , O'Driscoll Michael P. , Brough Paula
Published: February 2004

The General Health Questionnaire‐12 is a widely used screening instrument for detecting psychological strain in the general population. A literature search of the PsycInfo database extracted 167 studies that used the GHQ‐12 since 1990. The literature investigating the factor structure of the GHQ‐12 has relied primarily on conventional factor analysis methods, the results of which are inconclusive. There is evidence in the literature supporting unidimensional, two‐factor and three‐factor conceptualizations of the GHQ‐12. In the present paper we assess the adequacy of the factor structure of the GHQ‐12 for one‐factor, two‐factor and three‐factor solutions, using structural equations modelling and a longitudinal dataset drawn from 23 large New Zealand organizations. The results favour a two‐factor model consisting of a ‘Social Dysfunction’ factor and an ‘Anxiety/Depression’ factor measured by four items each. Concurrent validity of the two factors was assessed separately through correlations with five criterion variables, and all correlations were in the expected direction. Theoretical implications for research using the GHQ‐12 are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrastructural alterations in the liver and kidney of white sea bass, Lates calcarifer, in acute and subchronic cadmium exposure
Authors: Thophon Suchada , Pokethitiyook Prayad , Chalermwat Kashane , Upatham E. Suchart , Sahaphong Somphong
Published: January 2004

Ultrastructural alterations in the liver and kidney of 3‐month‐old white sea bass, Latescalcarifer, after cadmium exposure were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). One group of fish was exposed to a cadmium concentration of 10 mg/L (acute) for 96 h in a static system, and another group was exposed to cadmium concentrations of 0.8 and 3 mg/L cadmium (subchronic) for 3 months in a recirculation closed system. Ultrastructural alterations observed in the hepatocytes included mitochondrial condensation, swelling, and lysis. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) showed dilation, fragmentation, and vesiculation. After subchronic exposure there were numerous large lipid droplets and abundant stored glycogen. Ultrastructural alterations observed in the proximal tubules of the kidney included nuclear degeneration, condensation, and massive swelling of the mitochondria; RER fragmentation and vesiculation. Disorganized brush borders and increased numbers of large hydropic vacuoles and lysosomes were also observed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 11–19, 2004.
Characteristics of microcystin production in the cell cycle of Microcystis viridis
Authors: Kameyama Keishi , Sugiura Norio , Inamori Yuhei , Maekawa Takaaki
Published: January 2004

The correlation between the content of three microcystins (types LR, RR and YR) and the cell cycle of an axenic strain of Microcystis viridis, NIES‐102, was investigated under conditions of high (16 mg L−1) and low (1.0 mg L−1) nitrate (NO3‐N) concentrations. Each phase of the cell cycle was identified using a flow cytometer equipped with a 488‐nm argon laser using SYTOX Green dye, which binds specifically to nucleic acids and can be exited by the wavelength (Ex/Em: 504/523 nm on DNA). Microcystin concentration showed a positive linear correlation with DNA concentration. The microcystin content of the cells changed remarkably as the cell cycle process proceeded, with maximum content in the G2/M phase and minimum content in the G0/G1 phase. Under a condition of high NO3‐N concentration, the ratio of the total content in the G0/G1 phase to that in the G2/M phase was about 6:1. In contrast, for the two batch cultures the total content was 1.3‐fold greater in the G2/M phase. The compositions of the three microcystins also changed along with the cell cycle process, although there was little difference in composition that was related to NO3‐N concentration. Therefore, there were distinctive compositions specific to each phase of the cycle, and the cell cycle of the M. viridis strain was more strongly responsible for both the quantity and the types of microcystin production than was the effect of NO3‐N concentration. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 20–25, 2004.
Aquatic toxicity of four alkylphenols (3‐tert‐butylphenol, 2‐isopropylphenol, 3‐isopropylphenol, and 4‐isopropylphenol) and their binary mixtures to microbes, invertebrates, and fish
Authors: Choi Kyungho , Sweet Leonard I. , Meier Peter G. , Kim Pan‐Gyi
Published: January 2004

The acute and chronic toxicity of four simple alkylphenols with butyl and propyl substitutions was evaluated with aquatic microbes, invertebrates, and fish. These alkylphenols—3‐tert‐butylphenol, 2‐isopropylphenol, 3‐isopropylphenol, and 4‐isopropylphenol—have been detected in various environmental media, but their impact on aquatic fauna has seldom been evaluated. Relative susceptibility to each phenolic varied by test species. The marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri was the most susceptible to the alkylphenols, up to 3 orders of magnitude more sensitive than species of higher trophic levels. For 4‐isopropylphenol, the 5‐min Microtox® EC50 value was 0.01 mg/L, whereas the EC50 for Ceriodaphnia after a 48‐h exposure was 10.1 mg/L. Notable differences in sensitivity to the alkylphenols was also observed with the Microtox® assay: 4‐isopropylphenol was > 200 times more toxic to V. fischeri than was 2‐isopropylphenol (EC50 = 2.72 mg/L). For V. fischeri, the mixture toxicity of the alkylphenols was additive in nature and was predicted by a concentration addition model. The energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO) explained the observed toxicity of the individual alkylphenols to V. fischeri (r2 = 0.92, p < 0.05). These results suggest that the mode of action of polar narcotic alkylphenols to V. fischeri is different than that of other test organisms, possibly because of the differences in the cell structure of the prokaryotic V. fischeri. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 45–50, 2004.
Aggressive Tumors of the Concha: Treatment with Postauricular Island Pedicle Flap
Authors: Redondo Pedro , Lloret Pedro , Sierra Alejandro , Gil Pilar
Published: January 2004

Background:

The concha is a partially hidden anatomical area characterized by difficult access and reconstruction.

Objective:

We describe the use of the postauricular (revolving door) island pedicle flap in the treatment of aggressive tumors of the concha.

Methods:

We present two patients with aggressive cutaneous tumors localized in auricular concha. One of the patients presented with a large ulcerated basal cell carcinoma. The second patient had received a heart transplant, was receiving immunosuppressive therapy, and was affected by a squamous cell carcinoma.

Results:

Both defects were closed using a posterior auricular island flap that was advanced through cartilage with excellent cosmetic results.

Conclusion:

The postauricular island pedicle flap is well suited for conchal reconstruction because of its proximity to the defect. The flap was transferred from posterior to anterior toward the concha, followed by primary closure of the retroauricular donor site.
Necrolytic Migratory Erythema: Case Report and Clinical Review
Authors: Adam David N. , Cohen Paul D. , Sibbald R Gary , Ghazarian Danny
Published: January 2004

Background:

Necrolytic Migratory Erythema (NME) is a rarely encountered dermatologic condition. It is the characteristic feature of a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors. A case of NME initially diagnosed and treated as psoriasis is reviewed. A review of the current literature regarding NME is also included.

Objective:

The purpose of this report is to familiarize dermatologists with a rare and potentially fatal disorder. Early recognition of NME can lead to possible cure, while delayed identification of the disease is associated with metastatic disease and a poor prognosis for the patient.

Conclusion:

When evaluating the patient who presents with a dermatitis and weight loss, it is important to exercise great caution. The differential diagnosis should be reevaluated in a disease that is not responsive to first-line therapy before further treatment is considered.
Epidemiology of Skin Tumors: Data from the Cutaneous Cancer Registry in Trentino, Italy
Authors: Boi Sebastiana , Cristofolini Mario , Micciolo Rocco , Polla Enzo , Palma Paolo Dalla
Published: January 2004

Background:

A Skin Cancer Registry was established in the province of Trento in northeast Italy in 1992 with the aim of collecting data on all cutaneous tumors affecting residents. These neoplasms are responsible for considerable morbidity and utilization of the Health Service because of their high frequency and, therefore, knowledge of the exact incidence is very important in planning health policies. Registry data are also very helpful in performing studies of analytical and descriptive epidemiology.

Methods:

For each patient, we collected personal data, phenotypical characteristics, professional history, concurrent diseases, previous therapy or trauma, and all data regarding the tumors. Patients were interviewed in person or, less frequently, by phone. All data were verified and put in a computerized file, in a protected room. The Statistics Institute of Trento University analyzed the data. Comparison among means was performed using the analysis of variance and differences among proportions were tested by chi-squared analysis. Poisson regression and the likelihood ratio test were used to compare incidence rates. We analyze here the data regarding epiteliomas and melanoma.

Results:

During the study period we registered 3435 primary skin tumors in 2868 individuals. Crude incidence rates, calculated using the number of subjects (not the number of tumors), were 87.9 for basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 28.9 for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and 14.2 for cutaneous melanoma (CM), per 100,000 per annum. We also calculated the same figures in females and males and specific incidence rates in both sexes and evaluated the distribution of skin cancer according to sex and anatomical site.

Conclusion:

We report the analysis of the data collected by the Skin Cancer registry in a 6 year period and compare the data with published data in literature and with data of a previously registered melanoma file. Our results confirm the high incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers and the variation in the histological patterns of CM.
Onychomycosis: Quality of Studies
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Ryder Jennifer E. , Bluhm Robyn , Johnson Andrew , Summerbell Richard C.
Published: January 2004

Objective:

The quality of original clinical trial publications pertaining to the use of oral antifungal agents to treat onychomycosis was evaluated using predetermined criteria.

Methods:

The list of studies included in this analysis was determined by conducting a search in Medline. For each clinical trial, two independent reviewers each determined a composite score by evaluating a list of criteria that were felt to represent a good study, for example, randomization and blinding, prior sample size calculated, and treatment regimen clearly explained. A citation count was performed to determine whether higher-quality papers were cited more often than lower-quality papers.

Results:

Forty-five studies were included in this quality analysis of study design. Of these, 27 were considered to be “high quality” (score greater than or equal to 11 out of 20). A significant correlation coefficient of 0.997 was found between the two reviewers ( P < 0.00001). Higher-quality papers were cited significantly more often than lower-quality papers ( P = 0.03).

Conclusion:

The scale that we use to evaluate the quality of onychomycosis studies has high interrater reliability. According to this scale, many published studies (18 out of 45) pertaining to treatments for onychomycosis do not meet the criteria required to be considered “high quality.”
Psoriatic Nails: A Prospective Clinical Study
Authors: Salomon Joanna , Szepietowski Jacek C. , Proniewicz Alina
Published: January 2004

Background:

Psoriasis is a widespread skin disorder in which nail involvement is a common symptom. Many psoriatic patients have nail changes morphologically resembling onychomycosis.

Objective:

The present study was undertaken (1) to evaluate the frequency of nail involvement in psoriatic patients, (2) to assess the types of nail changes in psoriasis, (3) to find eventual relationships between nail involvement and some clinical parameters, and finally (4) to determine the prevalence of fungal nail infections in psoriatic individuals.

Material and Methods:

One hundred six patients hospitalized in our department due to exacerbation of psoriasis participated in the study. Each patient underwent dermatologic examination with special attention paid to the nail changes. In any case of abnormalities clinically suspected of fungal infection, further mycological investigations were performed.

Results:

Nail changes were present in 83 patients (78.3%) with psoriasis. The most common nail abnormality observed on both fingernails and toenails was subungual hyperkeratosis. Hyperkeratosis, onychorrexis, and discoloration of nail plates were observed significantly more often on toenails. Pitting and longitudinal ridges were significantly more frequent on fingernails. Patients with psoriatic nail dystrophy were significantly older than psoriatic patients without nail abnormalities. Nails were involved statistically more often in patients with arthropathic psoriasis. Positive mycological cultures were obtained from 18% of patients with nail changes. The most commonly isolated fungi were molds.

Conclusions:

Dystrophic nails are frequently found in psoriatic individuals, especially those suffering from arthropathic psoriasis. Subungual hyperkeratosis and pitting are the most typical lesions. It is difficult to assess definitively whether psoriasis is a predisposing factor to the development of fungal infections of the nails.
Barriers to Sun Safety in a Canadian Outpatient Population
Authors: Boggild Andrea K. , From Lynn
Published: January 2004

Background:

It has long been recognized that compliance with recommended sun safety practices is suboptimal, yet few investigations have explored the barriers that people face in practicing good sun safety. In this context, barriers can exist at the following three levels: Knowledge of sun safety, acquisition of sun safety information, and implementation of specific sun protective measures.

Objective:

The investigation reported herein sought to elucidate barriers to sun safety that individuals face. Ultimately, this study aimed to qualify the possible barriers that lead to a misalignment of current recommendations and sun safety practices.

Methods:

The study design was observational, and the instrument used for data collection was a self-administered questionnaire. Thirty-four outpatients of the RK Schachter Dermatology Centre of Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre (SWCHSC), Toronto, Ontario, as well as 27 outpatients of the Sport Care facility of SWCHSC were enrolled in the study. They represent the target population of those who are at greater risk of developing sun-related skin lesions. Data were analyzed using standard parametric and nonparametric techniques. Comparisons were made between the two outpatient groups and between other groups within the sample.

Results:

In general, level of sun safety knowledge was fairly high, though compliance to sun safety measures was suboptimal in both populations. There were no significant differences regarding level of knowledge between the 2 outpatient groups. Deficiencies in knowledge centered around risk factors for skin cancer. Frequently cited barriers to sun safety include inconvenience (34% of respondents), forgetting to use sun safety measures (49%), a desire to be tanned (33%), and protective clothing being too hot to wear (56%). High compliers were notable for their great likelihood of being counseled by a physician about sun safety ( P < 0.025) and their slightly higher mean knowledge scores.

Conclusions:

These data support that knowledge alone does not predict compliance and that sun awareness campaigns should be evaluated based on their ability to affect behavior.
Endogenous calmodulin interacts with the epidermal growth factor receptor in living cells
Authors: Li Hongbing , Ruano Marı́a José , Villalobo Antonio
Published: January 2004

We have previously shown that exogenous calmodulin (CaM) binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at its cytosolic juxtamembrane region inhibiting its tyrosine kinase activity. We demonstrate in this report that endogenous CaM binds to EGFR in intact cells as CaM co‐immunoprecipitates with EGF‐activated and non‐activated receptors. We also show in living cells that cell‐permeable CaM inhibitors prevent the full transphosphorylation of wild type EGFR but not the transphosphorylation of an insertional EGFR mutant in which the CaM‐binding domain was divided into two parts. Overall these results suggest that CaM interacts with EGFR in vivo.
Transcriptional coregulator SNURF (RNF4) possesses ubiquitin E3 ligase activity
Authors: Häkli M , Lorick K.L , Weissman A.M , Jänne O.A , Palvimo J.J
Published: January 2004

SNURF/RNF4 has been implicated in transcriptional regulation and growth inhibition in a RING finger‐dependent fashion. In this work, we show that SNURF mediates its own ubiquitination in vitro in a ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme (E2)‐selective manner: SNURF acts as an E3 ligase with UbcH5A and B, HHR6B (RAD6B), E2‐25K, MmUbc7 and UbcH13, but not with UbcH3, UbcM4, MmUbc6 or E2‐20K. In contrast, the well‐characterized RING E3, AO7, functions only with members of the UbcH5 family. Furthermore, depending on the E2 used, the ubiquitin modification manifests as mono‐ or multi‐ubiquitination. Mutation of conserved cysteine residues within the RING finger motif of SNURF abolishes the ubiquitination in vitro and in intact cells. Size fractionation of murine embryonal carcinoma F9 cell proteins shows that the majority of endogenous SNURF resides in salt‐resistant ≥500‐kDa complexes, suggesting that SNURF functions as a RING component in a multiprotein complex. Taken together, SNURF/RNF4 functions as an E3 ligase and this activity is closely linked to its transcription regulatory functions.
‘Over to you’: Can Europe restrain Microsoft's threat to freedom of musical expression in computer-mediated communication?
Authors: WOLFE ARNOLD S.
Published: January 2004

The United States Supreme Court characterised the trend toward the convergence of the communication, music and computer worlds as ‘a promising new medium that could empower citizens and promote democracy in the next millennium’. Yet inquiry into United States vs Microsoft, the case that may determine whether ‘the free and open nature of … computer-assisted communication’ will remain ‘free and open’ has been lacking. This study focuses on the antitrust and First Amendment implications of Microsoft's disputed strategy of marrying its Web browser to its operating system (OS) software.

The study argues that rulings on the legality of this strategy have
ramifications for Microsoft's subsequent move to suture its streaming audio and video software to its OS product. Implications of this case – and the European Commission's similar inquiry into such suturing – for popular music as an industry, as an industrialised technology, and as a form of communication are discussed. Scholars, practitioners, and fans must be ever mindful that when one firm dominates a human enterprise as central to contemporary life as personal computing, the opportunity for abuse exists.
From ‘My Blue Heaven’ to ‘Race with the Devil’: echo, reverb and (dis)ordered space in early popular music recording
Authors: DOYLE PETER
Published: January 2004

With the dramatically improving fidelity of electric sound recording in the 1920s, aural spatiality – traces of room ambience and reverberation – became a factor in record production. Drawing on prior radio broadcast practice, a split occurred whereby ‘fine’ orchestral musics were recorded with relatively high levels of ambient or atmospheric sound while dance music, popular songs, humorous recitations and other ‘low’ forms were generally recorded with little or no reverberation. Through the 1930s and 1940s, popular recording occasionally, though increasingly, made use of mechanically fabricated echo and reverb to present a kind of sonic pictorialism, especially on singing cowboy and popular ‘Hawaiian’ recordings. Hollywood film sound practice in this period employed similar sonic space-making devices to denote states of terror, mystical revelation and supernatural transformations. The coming of rock ‘n’ roll in the 1950s, with its characteristic big echo and reverb production sounds, may be seen as the radical recombining of these contradictory antecedents, effected in such a way as to allow (and promote) disordered, non-pictorial sound spatialities.
‘Sorry, can’t hear you! I'm on a train!' Ringing tones, meanings and the Finnish soundscape
Authors: UIMONEN HEIKKI
Published: January 2004

This article explores how the use of mobile phones has changed the contemporary Finnish soundscape. The change manifests itself firstly via telephone conversations which have spread from private premises to public places and secondly via interchangeable ringing tones. Drawing on research carried out among cellular phone users, the article argues that the ringing tones are selected on the basis of musical taste, so they can no longer be regarded as impersonal telephone signals. They can be used as a means of distinction and identity like any music. Even if the quality of ringing tones is inferior to the original interpretation of the tune, they can still be considered to be music, because of their personal and collective associations.
Tasty, but Not a Well-Balanced Meal. Traumatic Brain Injury in
Children and Adolescents: Assessment and Intervention, by M.
Semrud-Clikeman. 2001. New York: Guilford. 211 pp., $30.00.
Authors: Silver C.H.
Published: January 2004

The author states that this book was written for a target audience of
school psychologists, child psychologists, and educators. The intent of
the book is to provide this audience with a knowledge base for
traumatic brain injury, including basic neuroanatomy, sequelae of TBI,
assessment practices, family issues, and interventions. One may presume
from various hints that the author's primary purpose, in fact, is
to provide school psychologists with the know-how to provide
much-needed services to the students in their schools who do not have
access to pediatric neuropsychologists. With this goal in mind, the
menu includes an appetizer of neuroanatomy, a first course of
assessment tools, and a second course of school reintegration and
intervention strategies.
Fundamentally Sound. Principles of Human Neuropsychology, by
G. Dennis Rains. 2002. Boston: McGraw Hill. 569 pp., $80.00.
Authors: Daniel Michael
Published: January 2004

The goal of this textbook, stated in the preface, is for students to
“have access to an account of neuropsychology that was at once
clear and in-depth,” and in most respects it achieves this
purpose. The book has a total of 15 chapters divided into three parts.
Each chapter begins with an outline and ends with a summary. Major
terms are printed in bold and defined in a glossary. There is a website
for the book. Apparently a test bank is available that includes
multiple-choice, fill-in, true–false and essay questions for all
chapters.