bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tandem decoding of children's speech for keyword detection in a child-robot interaction scenario
Authors: Wöllmer Martin , Schuller Björn , Batliner Anton , Steidl Stefan , Seppi Dino
Published: August 2011

In this article, we focus on keyword detection in children's speech as it is needed in voice command systems. We use the FAU Aibo Emotion Corpus which contains emotionally colored spontaneous children's speech recorded in a child-robot interaction scenario and investigate various recent keyword spotting techniques. As the principle of bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BLSTM) is known to be well-suited for context-sensitive phoneme prediction, we incorporate a BLSTM network into a Tandem model for flexible coarticulation modeling in children's speech. Our experiments reveal that the Tandem model prevails over a triphone-based Hidden Markov Model approach.
Bacterial Vaginosis and the Natural History of Human Papillomavirus
Authors: King Caroline C. , Jamieson Denise J. , Wiener Jeffrey , Cu-Uvin Susan , Klein Robert S. , Rompalo Anne M. , Shah Keerti V. , Sobel Jack D.
Published: August 2011

Objective. To evaluate associations between common vaginal infections and human papillomavirus (HPV).Study Design. Data from up to 15 visits on 756 HIV-infected women and 380 high-risk HIV-uninfected women enrolled in the HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS) were evaluated for associations of bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and vaginalCandidacolonization with prevalent HPV, incident HPV, and clearance of HPV in multivariate analysis.Results. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) was associated with increased odds for prevalent (aOR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.26) and incident (aOR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.47) HPV and with delayed clearance of infection (aHR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.97). Whereas BV at the preceding or current visit was associated with incident HPV, in an alternate model for the outcome of incident BV, HPV at the current, but not preceding, visit was associated with incident BV.Conclusion. These findings underscore the importance of prevention and successful treatment of bacterial vaginosis.
Destabilization of Coxsackievirus B3 Genome Integrated with Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein Gene
Authors: Tong Lei , Lin Lexun , Zhao Wenran , Wang Bo , Wu Shuaiqin , Liu Huimin , Zhong Xiaoyan , Cui Yuqiong , Gu Hongxia , Zhang Fengmin , Zhong Zhaohua
Published: August 2011

Aims: To evaluate the stability of coxsackievirus B (CVB) genome integrated with the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (egfp) and provide valuable information for the use of the recombinant CVB variant. Methods: A CVB3 variant expressing eGFP was constructed by insertion of the egfp open-reading frame (ORF) at the 5′ end of CVB3 ORF. The recombinant virus CVB3-eGFP was serially passaged in HeLa cells. The deletions in the CVB3-eGFP genome around egfp were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Results: Genomic deletions of CVB3-eGFP could be observed as early as the 2nd passage. Sequencing showed that the genomic deletions caused either viral ORF shifts or partial deletions of the viral VP4 coding sequence. The 6th passage of CVB3-eGFP was checked by plaque assay for eGFP expression. All plaque-like foci showed eGFP expression. eGFP expression was also viewed in HeLa cells infected with plaque-forming viruses. Conclusions: The insertion of egfp destabilized the CVB3 genome. The genomic deletions led to lethal mutations because of the termination of viral protein synthesis due to viral ORF shift and loss of partial viral gene. These findings imply that experimental data based on CVB integrated with the reporter gene should be interpreted with caution.
Performance on the RI-48 Cued Recall Test Best Predicts Conversion to Dementia at the 5- and 10-Year Follow-Ups
Authors: Hanseeuw Bernard , Ivanoiu Adrian
Published: August 2011

Background: TheRI-48 cued recall test was devised to discriminate between healthy elderly and patients with mild cognitive impairment who are at risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, no long-term follow-up studies have been conducted using this test. Methods: We analyzed the predictive power of the RI-48 test for determining the patients who will convert to AD dementia within the decade after testing. During 10 years, we followed up 40 non-demented patients who attended our Memory Clinic and underwent complete neuropsychological evaluation including the RI-48. Results: Of the 40 patients, 21 developed dementia (converters, CO) and 19 remained stable patients (SP). Of the tests performed at inclusion, only the RI-48 (p < 0.0001) and semantic fluency (p = 0.030) tests gave significantly different results between CO and SP. Conclusion: The RI-48 had the best overall diagnostic accuracy at 5- and at 10-year follow-ups.
Low Prevalence of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Among 65-Year-Old Swedish Men Indicates a Change in the Epidemiology of the Disease
Authors: Svensjö Sverker , Björck Martin , Gürtelschmid Mikael , Djavani Gidlund Khatereh , Hellberg Anders , Wanhainen Anders
Published: August 2011

Background—

Screening elderly men with ultrasound is an established method to reduce mortality from ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA; Evidence Level 1a). Such programs are being implemented and generally consist of a single scan at 65 years of age. We report the results from screening 65-year-old men for AAA in middle Sweden.

Methods and Results—

All 65-year-old men (n=26 256), identified through the National Population Registry, were invited to an ultrasound examination. An AAA was defined as a maximum infrarenal aortic diameter of ≥30 mm. In total, 22 187 (85%) accepted, and 373 AAAs were detected (1.7%; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 1.9). With 127 previously known AAAs (repaired/under surveillance) included, the total prevalence of the disease in the population was 2.2% (95% confidence interval, 2.0 to 2.4). Self-reported smoking (odds ratio, 3.4;
P
<0.001), coronary artery disease (odds ratio, 2.0;
P
<0.001), and hypertension (odds ratio, 1.6;
P
=0.001) were independently associated with AAA in a multivariate logistic regression model. Thirteen percent of the entire population reported to be current smokers, one third of the frequency reported in the 1980s. The observed low prevalence of AAA was explained mainly by this change in smoking habits.

Conclusions—

On the basis of the observed reduced exposure to risk factors, lower-than-expected prevalence of AAA among 65-year-old men, unchanged AAA repair rate, and significantly improved longevity of the elderly population, the current generally agreed-on AAA screening model can be questioned. Important issues to address are the threshold diameter for follow-up, the possible need for rescreening at a higher age, and selective screening among smokers.
The predictability of serum anti-Müllerian level in IVF/ICSI outcomes for patients of advanced reproductive age
Authors: Lee Robert KK , Wu Frank SY , Lin Ming-Huei , Lin Shyr-Yeu , Hwu Yuh-Ming
Published: August 2011

Background

The role of serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) as predictor of in-vitro fertilization outcomes has been much debated. The aim of the present study is to investigate the practicability of combining serum AMH level with biological age as a simple screening method for counseling IVF candidates of advanced reproductive age with potential poor outcomes prior to treatment initiation.

Methods

A total of 1,538 reference patients and 116 infertile patients aged greater than or equal to 40 years enrolled in IVF/ICSI cycles were recruited in this retrospective analysis. A reference chart of the age-related distribution of serum AMH level for Asian population was first created. IVF/ICSI patients aged greater than or equal to 40 years were then divided into three groups according to the low, middle and high tertiles the serum AMH tertiles derived from the reference population of matching age. The cycle outcomes were analyzed and compared among each individual group.

Results

For reference subjects aged greater than or equal to 40 years, the serum AMH of the low, middle and high tertiles were equal or lesser than 0.48, 0.49-1.22 and equal or greater than 1.23 ng/mL respectively. IVF/ICSI patients aged greater than or equal to 40 years with AMH levels in the low tertile had the highest cycle cancellation rate (47.6%) with zero clinical pregnancy. The nadir AMH level that has achieved live birth was 0.56 ng/mL, which was equivalent to the 36.4th percentile of AMH level from the age-matched reference group. The optimum cut-off levels of AMH for the prediction of nonpregnancy and cycle cancellation were 1.05 and 0.68 ng/mL, respectively.

Conclusions

Two criteria: (1) age greater than or equal to 40 years and (2) serum AMH level in the lowest tertile (equal or lesser than 33.3rd percentile) of the matching age group, may be used as markers of futility for counseling IVF/ICSI candidates.
A rapid and easy method for the DNA extraction from Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Mseddi Fatma , Jarboui Mohammed Ali , Sellami Amira , Sellami Hayet , Ayadi Ali
Published: August 2011

DNA isolation from C. neoformans is difficult due to a thick and resistant capsule. We have optimized a new and rapid DNA isolation method for Cryptococcus using a short urea treatment followed by a rapid method using a chelex resin suspension. This procedure is simpler than previously reported methods.
Spontaneous adrenal pheochromocytoma rupture complicated by intraperitoneal hemorrhage and shock
Authors: Hanna Joseph S , Spencer Philip J , Savopoulou Cornelia , Kwasnik Edward , Askari Reza
Published: August 2011

MEN2A is a hereditary syndrome characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma, hyperparathyroidism, and pheochromocytoma. Classically patients with a pheochromocytoma initially present with the triad of paroxysmal headaches, palpitations, and diaphoresis accompanied by marked hypertension. However, although reported as a rare presentation, spontaneous hemorrhage within a pheochromocytoma can present as an abdominal catastrophe. Unrecognized, this transformation can rapidly result in death. We report the only documented case of a thirty eight year old gentleman with MEN2A who presented to a community hospital with hemorrhagic shock and peritonitis secondary to an unrecognized hemorrhagic pheochromocytoma. The clinical course is notable for an inability to localize the source of hemorrhage during an initial damage control laparotomy that stabilized the patient sufficiently to allow emergent transfer to our facility, re-exploration for continued hemorrhage and abdominal compartment syndrome, and ultimately angiographic embolization of the left adrenal artery for control of the bleeding. Following recovery from his critical illness and appropriate medical management for pheochromocytoma, he returned for interval bilateral adrenal gland resection, from which his recovery was unremarkable. Our review of the literature highlights the high mortality associated with the undertaking of an operative intervention in the face of an unrecognized functional pheochromocytoma. This reinforces the need for maintaining a high index of suspicion for pheochromocytoma in similar cases. Our case also demonstrates the need for a mutimodal treatment approach that will often be required in these cases.
Renin angiotensin system and gender differences in dopaminergic degeneration
Authors: Rodriguez-Perez Ana I , Valenzuela Rita , Joglar Belen , Garrido-Gil Pablo , Guerra Maria J , Labandeira-Garcia Jose L
Published: August 2011

Background

There are sex differences in dopaminergic degeneration. Men are approximately two times as likely as premenopausal women of the same age to develop Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been shown that the local renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays a prominent role in sex differences in the development of chronic renal and cardiovascular diseases, and there is a local RAS in the substantia nigra and dopaminergic cell loss is enhanced by angiotensin via type 1 (AT1) receptors.

Results

In the present study, we observed that intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine induced a marked loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of male rats, which was significantly higher than the loss induced in ovariectomized female rats given estrogen implants (i.e. rats with estrogen). However, the loss of dopaminergic neurons was significantly lower in male rats treated with the AT1 antagonist candesartan, and similar to that observed in female rats with estrogen. The involvement of the RAS in gender differences in dopaminergic degeneration was confirmed with AT1a-null mice lesioned with the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP. Significantly higher expression of AT1 receptors, angiotensin converting enzyme activity, and NADPH-oxidase complex activity, and much lower levels of AT2 receptors were observed in male rats than in female rats with estrogen.

Conclusions

The results suggest that brain RAS plays a major role in the increased risk of developing PD in men, and that manipulation of brain RAS may be an efficient approach for neuroprotective treatment of PD in men, without the feminizing effects of estrogen.
Carboplatin Plus Paclitaxel Versus Carboplatin Plus Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin As First-Line Treatment for Patients With Ovarian Cancer: The MITO-2 Randomized Phase III Trial
Authors: Pignata Sandro , Scambia Giovanni , Ferrandina Gabriella , Savarese Antonella , Sorio Roberto , Breda Enrico , Gebbia Vittorio , Musso Pietro , Frigerio Luigi , Del Medico Pietro , Lombardi Alessandra Vernaglia , Febbraro Antonio , Scollo Paolo , Ferro Antonella , Tamberi Stefano , Brandes Alba , Ravaioli Alberto , Valerio Maria Rosaria , Aitini Enrico , Natale Donato , Scaltriti Laura , Greggi Stefano , Pisano Carmela , Lorusso Domenica , Salutari Vanda , Legge Francesco , Di Maio Massimo , Morabito Alessandro , Gallo Ciro , Perrone Francesco
Published: August 2011

Purpose

Carboplatin/paclitaxel is the standard first-line chemotherapy for patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Multicentre Italian Trials in Ovarian Cancer-2 (MITO-2), an academic multicenter phase III trial, tested whether carboplatin/pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) was more effective than standard chemotherapy.

Patients and Methods

Chemotherapy-naive patients with stage IC to IV ovarian cancer (age ≤ 75 years; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤ 2) were randomly assigned to carboplatin area under the curve (AUC) 5 plus paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 or to carboplatin AUC 5 plus PLD 30 mg/m2, every 3 weeks for six cycles. Primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). With 632 events in 820 enrolled patients, the study would have 80% power to detect a 0.80 hazard ratio (HR) of PFS.

Results

Eight hundred twenty patients were randomly assigned. Disease stages III and IV were prevalent. Occurrence of PFS events substantially slowed before obtaining the planned number. Therefore, in concert with the Independent Data Monitoring Committee, final analysis was performed with 556 events, after a median follow-up of 40 months. Median PFS times were 19.0 and 16.8 months with carboplatin/PLD and carboplatin/paclitaxel, respectively (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.13; P = .58). Median overall survival times were 61.6 and 53.2 months with carboplatin/PLD and carboplatin/paclitaxel, respectively (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.12; P = .32). Carboplatin/PLD produced a similar response rate but different toxicity (less neurotoxicity and alopecia but more hematologic adverse effects). There was no relevant difference in global quality of life after three and six cycles.

Conclusion

Carboplatin/PLD was not superior to carboplatin/paclitaxel, which remains the standard first-line chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer. However, given the observed CIs and the different toxicity, carboplatin/PLD could be considered an alternative to standard therapy.
Practice Summaries: An Optimization Model to Support Renewable Energy Investment Decisions
Authors: Bollapragada Srinivas , Owens Brandon , Taub Steve
Published: August 2011

A majority of states in the United States have instituted renewable portfolio standards (RPS), which require electric service providers to meet a portion of their demand using renewable energy resources. These requirements, along with state and federal incentives, are the main drivers for the construction of utility-scale renewable energy plants in the United States. In order to help understand the implications of the state RPS system for future renewable energy investments, we developed an analytical tool that General Electric Company uses to better price its renewable energy deals and forecast market demand for its renewable energy products.
Laboratory Testing for Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Peterson Lance R. , Mehta Maitry S. , Patel Parul A. , Hacek Donna M. , Harazin Maureen , Nagwekar Payal P. , Thomson Richard B. , Robicsek Ari
Published: August 2011

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is changing as evidenced by increasing virulence, rising incidence, unresponsiveness to metronidazole therapy, and worse outcomes. Thus, it is critical that CDI diagnosis be accurate so ongoing epidemiology, disease prevention, and treatment remain satisfactory. We tested 10 diagnostic assays, including 1 commercial real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) test for the laboratory detection of toxigenic C difficile on 1,000 stool samples. Sensitive culture for toxigenic C difficile using 2 types of media with broth enrichment defined the reference standard. For the study, 1,000 tests were performed on samples from 919 patients. Of the samples, 146 contained evidence for toxigenic C difficile and represented the true-positive results. Only the US Food and Drug Administration–cleared qPCR assay (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) and 1 glutamate dehydrogenase test (TechLab, Blacksburg, VA) were not statistically inferior to culture in sensitivity. The common enzyme immunoassay tests all had sensitivity values less than 50%. Clinical laboratory professionals need to seriously consider their diagnostic testing and use the assays that perform best for the detection of CDI.
Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne), Feral Cereal Rye (Secale cereale), and Volunteer Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Control in Winter Canola
Authors: Bushong J. , Peeper T. , Boyles M. , Stone A.
Published: August 2011

Winter wheat is the predominant crop in Oklahoma, but winter annual grasses are becoming increasingly difficult to control. Summer crop rotations have not been generally adopted; it was decided, therefore, to use winter canola in a crop rotation. However, very little is known about how well herbicides used in canola production will control the winter annual grasses found in Oklahoma wheat fields. Thus, an experiment was conducted at three sites, and repeated the following year, to determine the efficacy of trifluralin, quizalofop, clethodim, and glyphosate in canola production. The weeds evaluated in the experiment were Italian ryegrass, feral cereal rye, and volunteer wheat, along with two varieties of canola: a glyphosate-resistant variety and a conventional variety. All herbicides effectively controlled volunteer wheat. Feral cereal rye and Italian ryegrass varied in response to the herbicide treatments. Trifluralin followed by (fb) quizalofop and glyphosate fb glyphosate were effective on all target species across locations. Effective control of grass weeds was obtained in both conventional and glyphosate-resistant winter canola. Most herbicide treatments improved canola yield over the nontreated check. This experiment demonstrates that Oklahoma wheat producers can effectively rotate to canola to use other herbicides for control of problematic grassy weeds.
Identification of a Tall Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) Biotype Resistant to HPPD-Inhibiting Herbicides, Atrazine, and Thifensulfuron in Iowa
Authors: McMullan Patrick M. , Green Jerry M.
Published: August 2011

Seeds of a putative 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicide–resistant tall waterhemp biotype from Henry County, IA, were collected from a seed corn field in fall 2009 after plants were not controlled following a POST application of mesotrione plus atrazine. The response of this biotype to various herbicide modes of action was evaluated in greenhouse and field tests. Under greenhouse conditions, the suspect biotype showed an eightfold decrease in sensitivity to mesotrione with a 50% control rate of 21 g ha−1compared with 2.7 g ha−1for the susceptible biotype. The biotype also had a 10-fold decrease in sensitivity to atrazine and a 28-fold decrease in sensitivity to thifensulfuron. Under field conditions, tall waterhemp was not controlled POST at the label rate of 1,100 g ha−1of atrazine. Tall waterhemp control was less than 60% at the label rates of three commonly used POST HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in seed corn: 105 g ha−1of mesotrione, 92 g ha−1of tembotrione, or 18 g ha−1of topramezone. Thus, this new tall waterhemp biotype is resistant to three herbicide modes of action: HPPD inhibitors, photosystem-II inhibitors, and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors.
Cuphea Tolerates Clopyralid
Authors: Forcella F. , Papiernik S. K. , Gesch R. W.
Published: August 2011

Cuphea is a new crop of temperate regions that produces seed oil that can substitute for imported coconut and palm kernel oils. Only four herbicides are known to be tolerated by cuphea to date. More herbicides, especially POST products, are needed for continued commercialization. In Minnesota and North Dakota, where cuphea currently is grown, greater control of Canada thistle and biennial wormwood is needed in cuphea. Because clopyralid is effective on both of these species, it was tested at rates ranging from about 25 to 850 g ae ha−1in greenhouse and field trials. Visual assessment of injury, height, growth, and seed yield of cuphea were not reduced significantly in field-grown plants when clopyralid was applied at rates up to 400 g ae ha−1. Thus, at the rate commonly used in other crops, 200 g ae ha−1, clopyralid can be applied safely to cuphea.
Impact of Subclinical Atherosclerosis on Cardiovascular Disease Events in Individuals With Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
Authors: Malik Shaista , Budoff Matthew J. , Katz Ronit , Blumenthal Roger S. , Bertoni Alain G. , Nasir Khurram , Szklo Moyses , Barr R. Graham , Wong Nathan D.
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE

While metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes confer greater cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, recent evidence suggests that individuals with these conditions have a wide range of risk. We evaluated whether screening for coronary artery calcium (CAC) and carotid intimal-medial thickness (CIMT) can improve CVD risk stratification over traditional risk factors (RFs) in people with MetS and diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We assessed CAC and CIMT in 6,603 people aged 45–84 years in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Cox regression examined the association of CAC and CIMT with coronary heart disease (CHD) and CVD over 6.4 years in MetS and diabetes.

RESULTS

Of the subjects, 1,686 (25%) had MetS but no diabetes and 881 (13%) had diabetes. Annual CHD event rates were 1.0% among MetS and 1.5% for diabetes. Ethnicity and RF-adjusted hazard ratios for CHD for CAC 1–99 to ≥400 vs. 0 in subjects with neither MetS nor diabetes ranged from 2.6 to 9.5; in those with MetS, they ranged from 3.9 to 11.9; and in those with diabetes, they ranged from 2.9 to 6.2 (all P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Findings were similar for CVD. CAC increased the C-statistic for events (P < 0.001) over RFs and CIMT in each group while CIMT added negligibly to prediction over RFs.

CONCLUSIONS

Individuals with MetS or diabetes have low risks for CHD when CAC or CIMT is not increased. Prediction of CHD and CVD events is improved by CAC more than by CIMT. Screening for CAC or CIMT can stratify risk in people with MetS and diabetes and support the latest recommendations regarding CAC screening in those with diabetes.
A Carbon Consumption Comparison of Rural and Urban Lifestyles
Authors: Heinonen Jukka , Junnila Seppo
Published: August 2011

Sustainable consumption has been addressed from different perspectives in numerous studies. Recently, urban structure-related lifestyle issues have gained more emphasis in the research as cities search for effective strategies to reduce their 80% share of the global carbon emissions. However, the prevailing belief often seen is that cities would be more sustainable in nature compared to surrounding suburban and rural areas. This paper will illustrate, by studying four different urban structure related lifestyles in Finland, that the situation might be reversed. Actually, substantially more carbon emissions seem to be caused on a per capita level in cities than in suburban and rural areas. This is mainly due to the higher income level in larger urban centers, but even housing-related emissions seem to favor less urbanized areas. The method of the study is a consumption-based life cycle assessment of carbon emissions. In more detail, a hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA) model, that is comprehensive in providing a full inventory and can accommodate process data, is utilized.
Pulmonary Hypertension Assessment and Recognition of Outcomes in Scleroderma (PHAROS): Baseline Characteristics and Description of Study Population
Authors: HINCHCLIFF MONIQUE , FISCHER ARYEH , SCHIOPU ELENA , STEEN VIRGINIA D.
Published: August 2011

Objective.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) increases mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc). The multicenter PHAROS registry (Pulmonary Hypertension Assessment and Recognition of Outcomes in Scleroderma) prospectively follows subjects with SSc at high risk for or with incident pulmonary hypertension (PH). We describe the registry design and baseline characteristics of subjects enrolled during the first 18 months since the start of the study.

Methods.

High-risk subjects are enrolled and classified as Pre-PAH if they have (1) carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) < 55% predicted; (2) percentage of predicted forced vital capacity/DLCO ratio ≥ 1.6; or (3) an estimated right ventricular systolic pressure > 35 mm Hg on echocardiography. Subjects with right heart catheterization (RHC)-confirmed incident PH (mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥ 25 mm Hg within previous 6 months) are subclassified into PAH, pulmonary venous hypertension secondary to left-side heart disease (PVH), and PH due to interstitial lung disease (PH-ILD). Baseline and biannual demographic, clinical, and laboratory data and patient-reported health questionnaires are collected.

Results.

There are 237 subjects enrolled in PHAROS. The majority are white (73%) and women (87%). There are 166 Pre-PAH and 71 Definite PH subjects (49 PAH, 7 PVH, and 15 PH-ILD).

Conclusion.

PHAROS is the largest US and Canadian cohort of subjects with SSc at high risk for or with incident PAH. PAH-specific therapies are approved for 49/71 subjects with RHC-confirmed PAH. Analyses of PHAROS registry data will permit identification of risk factors for development of PAH among SSc patients at high risk for PAH and enhance understanding of the course of SSc-PAH.
Concept Mapping a Baccalaureate Nursing Program: A Method for Success
Authors: Dearmon Valorie , Lawson Robin , Hall Heather R.
Published: August 2011

The understanding of curricular design and development is paramount for faculty. For novice faculty, learning teaching methods commonly takes precedence over understanding curriculum development. Professional accrediting bodies of nursing programs require curriculum course content to be pertinent and flow logically. Baccalaureate nursing programs can choose to be accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education. The purpose of this article is to describe an educational innovation that one College of Nursing implemented to orient new faculty to the curriculum and prepare for an accreditation renewal. Assigned faculty developed and implemented a concept mapping process aimed to evaluate and revise course content based on national standards and guidelines. Undergraduate faculty understanding and ownership of the curriculum was evident throughout the process. The concept mapping process proved to be an innovative approach to enhance the curriculum and equip faculty with an understanding of the relationship between concepts and course content.
Readiness for Practice: The Senior Practicum Experience
Authors: Casey Kathy , Fink Regina , Jaynes Cathy , Campbell Linda , Cook Paul , Wilson Vicki
Published: August 2011

Nursing students must be prepared to enter the practice environment ready to competently care for patients. The purpose of this study was to examine factors hypothesized to influence senior nursing students’ perceptions of readiness for practice and to determine their level of comfort performing skills independently. This study also validates an investigator-developed instrument, the Casey-Fink Readiness for Practice Survey. Factor loading indicated four components tested by subscales in the survey: clinical problem solving, learning techniques, professional identity, and trials and tribulations. The greatest challenges reported by students were managing multiple patient care assignments, communicating with physicians, and caring for dying patients. Clinical competency, role development, and career planning support were areas in which students desired more assistance during their senior practicum course. Most survey respondents voiced confidence in their ability to problem solve and felt ready to assume the professional nursing role.
Aging in Place Versus Nursing Home Care: Comparison of Costs to Medicare and Medicaid
Authors: Marek Karen Dorman , Stetzer Frank , Adams Scott J. , Popejoy Lori L. , Rantz Marilyn
Published: August 2011

The objective of this study was to compare the community-based, long-term care program called Aging in Place (AIP) and nursing home care, in terms of cost to the Medicare and Medicaid programs. A retrospective cohort design was used in this study of 39 nursing home residents in the Midwest who were matched with 39 AIP participants. The AIP program consisted of a combination of Medicare home health, Medicaid home and community-based services (HCBS), and intensive nurse care coordination. Controlling for high inpatient Medicare cost in the 6 months prior and the 10 most frequently occurring chronic conditions, multiple regression was used to estimate the relationship of the AIP program on Medicare and Medicaid costs. Total Medicare and Medicaid costs were $1,591.61 lower per month in the AIP group (
p
< 0.01) when compared with the nursing home group over a 12-month period. The findings suggest that the provision of nurse-coordinated HCBS and Medicare home health services has potential to provide savings in the total cost of health care to the Medicaid program while not increasing the cost of the Medicare program.
Loaded Gear Contact Analyses for Pin Gear Reducers
Authors: Li Shu Ting
Published: August 2011

This paper is a study on loaded gear contact analyses (LGCA) and strength calculations of trochoidal gear reducers (TGR). A two-dimensional finite element method (2D-FEM) is used to conduct LGCA and strength calculations of the TGR. Effects of machining errors (ME) and tooth modifications (TM) on tooth load and pin load distributions of the TGR are also discussed.
Analysis of Static Load Sharing in Star Gearing
Authors: Ying Li Xia , Jiang Li Dong , Yin Su Ge , Kong Fan Kai
Published: August 2011

In order to analyze the sharing mechanism of marine high-speed star gearing system, a static mechanical model is presented in the paper, in which manufacturing errors, assembly errors, bearing errors and tooth thickness error are all considered. In consideration of equivalent mesh error and static balance of floating components, the load sharing coefficient of the system in different kinds of errors was obtained. And the sensitivities of the load sharing coefficient on different types of errors are analyzed. The result shows that the effects of the eccentric error of sun and tooth thickness error of star gear upon load sharing coefficient are larger than those of the other errors. The influences on load sharing coefficient of each error have cumulative effects. The research has provided a useful reference for improving the load sharing capability of marine star gearing system.
Analysis on Thermo-Mechanical Coupling Contact Stress of Cycloid Ball Planetary Drive
Authors: Xia Huai Cheng , Yang Zuo Mei , An Zi Jun
Published: August 2011

According to the structure and its transmission principle of the cycloid ball planetary drive, a thermo-mechanical coupling analysis model of non-backlash cycloid ball engagement pair is developed in this paper. The force formula is derived by using hyperstatic method. Using finite element analysis, the variation of thermo-mechanical coupling contact stress of engagement pair at maximum force position with working temperature has been obtained. The results show that maximum coupling contact stress is located at the load transfer contact points between the ball and the cycloid grooves, and it increases significantly with the increase of temperature. The results obtained offer important theoretical basses for research on reliability of precision cycloid ball engagement pair and design of non-backlash transmission performance.
Study on UV-LIGA Technology Fabrication of Micro Gear Transmission Device
Authors: Zhang Li Yong , Wang Chang Lu , Liu Zhong Ming , Lu Ming , Meng Ling Xian , Zhang Yuan Guo , Zhang He Ping
Published: August 2011

With advantages of high efficiency and stable quality, UV-LIGA technology is regarded as an important developmental direction of micro forming technology. In the paper, the UV-LIGA production procedure and the processing parameters on fabrication of micro gear were determined through manufacturing experiments. The involute profile micro gear samples and the cases were fabricated based on UV-LIGA technology. The micro gears with parameters of modular m=0.04mm, tooth number z =18 were made of Nickel. The size, elastic modulus and the indentation hardness of the micro gear were measured. The results indicate that the structure of the micro gear is clear, the surface and the curve of tooth profile are smooth, and the sidewall is vertical. Micro gear transmission device was assembled by micro gear and micro case, and it can transmit continuously. The work provided some reference for the fabrication of micro gear transmission device.
Study on Designing and Dressing of Worm for Grinding Process of Face Gear
Authors: Li Xiao Zhen , Zhu Ru Peng , Li Zheng Min Qing , Li Fa Jia
Published: August 2011

In order to process the hardened face-gear, the worm for face-gear is studied. The research includes designing and dressing method of worm. According to the meshing relationship of face-gear, worm and shaper, coordinate systems of face-gear, worm and shaper are established. By envelope theory, the face-gear tooth surface are obtained, worm tooth surface and shaper tooth surface. The solid models of face-gear, worm and shaper were built, and the approach of dressing was simulated for hardened face-gear processed.
Failure Analysis of Output Shaft in the Gearbox Transmission
Authors: Xu Wu Jiao , Chen Yan Fei , Wang Jian , Wang Tao
Published: August 2011

The objective is to analyze the fracture of output shaft in the two speed gearbox, which was broken after one year service. By means of software KISSsoft and KISSsys, a strength calculation has been carried out on the transmission system, which shows that the output shaft was designed properly and it should be able to withstand the loads applied. The metallurgical microstructure inspection and SEM observation have been conducted to seek the failure reason. Lots of silicate inclusions in the fracture origin have been found out by SEM observation, which cause the initiation of shaft failure most probably. Obvious dendritic segregation in the center area of the fracture surface, intercrystalline fracture, cleavage fracture and unreasonable metallurgical microstructure show the evidence that the forging process and the heat treatment on the output shaft are not qualified, which can contribute to the initiation and spread of shaft fracture.
Effect of Machining Precision Caused by NC Gear Hobbing Deformation
Authors: Wang Shi Long , Yang Yong , Zhou Jie , Li Qiang , Yang Shuai , Kang Ling
Published: August 2011

Research on the effect of main spindle deformation which is caused by hobbing force of gear hobbing machine is an important way to diminish or control the machining tolerance of gear. This paper bases on the structure and technique parameter of some typical large-scale NC gear hobbing machine, and the theory of bend and deformation of beam, a novel equation was proposed in this paper to calculate the hobbing force and deformation by practical hobbing parameter. By calculating and analyzing gear hobbing force and deformation data, we can conclude a change rule between hobbing force and deformation with spindle rotative velocity and hobbing depth. And we can reach a conclusion that we should increase hob rotative velocity and feed in a small hobbing depth in several times, it will diminish cutting force, deformation of hob and workpiece spindle, which will improve the machining precision, efficiency and diminish product scrap ratio. It also prove this research approach has reference value for optimizing gear hobbingmachine structure design, choice of processing technique parameter and machining error prediction and compensation.
Effect of Friction Coefficient on the Stiffness Excitation of Gear
Authors: Hu Yu Mei , Xue De Shuang , Pi Yang Jun
Published: August 2011

This study addresses the effect of different friction coefficients on the stiffness excitation of gear using finite element technique. Firstly, the simulation model of single pair of gear teeth mesh is established, and the effect of friction coefficient on the composite stiffness values of the teeth meshing is studied. After that, simulation model of multiple pairs of gear teeth meshing is created and the normal load distributions under different friction coefficients in a single meshing cycle are calculated using quasi-static calculation method. Finally, the relationship between friction coefficient and stiffness excitation of gear system is obtained. The investigation results indicate that at the alternation place of single tooth meshing and double teeth meshing, the stiffness excitation of the system is greater under larger friction coefficient when double teeth meshing change into single tooth meshing, while the opposite situation occur when single tooth meshing change into double teeth meshing. The amplitude value of stiffness variation for single pair of teeth meshing under different friction coefficients is 2.12%, while the amplitude value of teeth loads variation for multiple pairs of teeth meshing under different friction coefficients is 22.87%.
Failures in the Development and Service of the Helicopter Transmission System
Authors: Xue Tong Bo , Li Gai Qi
Published: August 2011

In this paper the failures which may occur in the development and service of the helicopter transmission system are discussed. The mode, characteristic, cause and corrective action for the failures are summarized. Besides, the measures of the design and manufacture to eliminate the failures are recommended.
Research on Torsional Dynamic Model and Rigidity Excitation of Cycloid Ball Planetary Transmission System
Authors: Zhang Peng , An Zi Jun , Yang Zuo Mei
Published: August 2011

A torsional dynamic model of the cycloid ball planetary transmission system is established with considering the direction changing of engagement force and the multi-balls engagement in transmission process. By analyzing the position relationships of each engagement force and the displacement relationships of each component, the governing differential equations of system as well as the dimensionless equivalent engagement rigidities of each transmission disc are derived, and the frequency spectrum of the engagement rigidity excitation is present. The results show that the cycloid ball planetary transmission system is a parametric vibration system. The engagement rigidity excitation between the center disc and the planetary disc is a periodic and time-variant function, and the high-order harmonic components are included in the frequency spectrum.
Coordinated Torque Control for Mode-Switch between Motor and Engine Driving in Heavy Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Yang Yang , Huang Jian Feng , Qin Da Tong , Yang Wen Hui
Published: August 2011

Aiming the vehicle ride performance, the process of driving mode-switch for a heavy hybrid power system and parameter changes among the engine, motor, clutch and transmission during the Mode-Switch process between Motor and Engine Driving were analyzed. The coordinated torque control strategy was established for Mode-Switch between motor and engine driving. The heavy hybrid electric vehicle simulation model was developed based on the strategy. The performance for the mode-switch process between motor and engine driving was simulated and analyzed. The results show that introducing the coordinated control strategy reduces the torque fluctuation during the driving-mode-switch process and improves the vehicle drivability.
Fluid Dynamic Analysis and Experimental Study on Wet Friction Clutch
Authors: Lin Teng Jiao , Pan Li , Zhang Shi Jun
Published: August 2011

When the multi-disk clutch is in disengaged operation, friction plates and mating plates may not separate absolutely, in order to avoid the slipping friction and reduce the clutch’s overheating, the lubricant pressure between the plates should distribute equably in design. Based on the fluid dynamic theory, the 3-D fluid models of oil way with different diameters of squirt hole are established, with which the fluid field at different velocities and temperatures of lubricant can be analyzed. The distribution of lubricant pressure in the clearance of plates influenced by the diameter of squirt hole, inlet velocity and lubricant temperature can be studied. The result of the study shows that the bigger the squirt hole, the smaller the inlet flow and the lower the temperature is, the more uniform the lubricant pressure distributes.
Strategy Study on Comfort Optimization of Metro Train Traction
Authors: He Chao Ming , Li Huan , Fei Guo Sheng , Pang Sheng Jun
Published: August 2011

The metro train traction strategy primarily involves the optimization model of the energy consumption and the time. In this paper, how to meet the comfort requirements of the passengers through changing the operation mode of the train is studied. After analysis on the inter-station road conditions, the possible passengers’ uncomfortable points are calculated based on UIC513. The road sections which may bring un-comfort are compromised by the way of speed reduction, so as to meet the metro train traction calculation, and expectation on the energy and time saving.
Optimum Design of Toggle Transmission System in Double Toggle Mechanical Press Using Response Surface Methodology Combined with Experimental Design
Authors: Xie Jia , Zhao Sheng Dun , Sha Zheng Hui , Liang Jin Tao
Published: August 2011

In order to minimize the velocity fluctuation of the slider in the stage of workpiece processing, an optimum design of toggle transmission system in double toggle mechanical press is presented in this paper. Experimental design is used to arrange the experiment procedure and all the experimental samples are obtained from Adams analysis model. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used as an optimization method. The validity of this method is verified by comparing the optimized model to the initial model.
Thermal Analysis of Axial Driving System for Numerically Controlled Machine Tool
Authors: Li Bing , Cao Hong Rui , Yang Zhi Liang
Published: August 2011

In the processing of manufacturing, the rising of temperature caused by friction heat, cutting heat, ambient temperature and other factors will lead to thermal deformation of the driving components of machine tool, so that the correct position between the tool and work piece will be changed. And at the same time, machine tool will lose its intrinsic accuracy and reduce its reliability. Especially in the precision cutting processing, machining errors caused by the thermal deformation of driving system will not be ignored, almost accounting for 40%~70% of the total errors. This paper is aided by a key project called ‘High-end CNC machine tools and basic manufacturing equipment’. By using CAE software ANSYS, the temperature field of axial driving system is gain through analyzing the steady-state thermal of machine tool. The experiment is used to capture physical picture of temperature field. At last, compared with the result of the experiment, we can know better the reliability of the analysis results. The results can be useful references for different axial driving system design in numerically controlled machine tool.
Modeling and Validation of Ultra Precision Positioning System
Authors: Wang Jing Shu , Sun Li Ting , Feng Ming Chi , Zhu Chang An
Published: August 2011

Base on the significance of understanding research objects, modeling and validation of ultra precision positioning system is studied in this paper. Taking different reduction methods of leaf springs into consideration, a rigid body model and an elastic body model has been developed. Identifying unknown parameters by the least square method, the validation results of two models are compared. The conclusion indicates that the elastic body model is better when the dynamic characteristics of the positioning system before the stable state are concerned and the rigid body model is more appropriate if the accuracy of the whole model is focused.
Influence of Slag and Fly Ash on the Self-Healing Ability of Concrete
Authors: Zhou Zong Hui , Li Zhi Qiang , Xu Dong Yu , Yu Jing Hua
Published: August 2011

The influence of slag and fly ash on the self-healing ability of concrete was researched by strength measurement and SEM analysis. The self-healing ratio was measured by the increase of compressive strength before and after self-healing. The optimal mixing amount of slag and fly ash were determined, and the reasonable sand ratio was obtained. Analyzing results show that the self-healing ability of concrete was the strongest when the mixing content of slag and fly ash were 30% and 40% respectively. The appropriate sand ratio was also obtained, when the sand ratio is 33%, the self-healing ability of concrete is the strongest.
Application of Second Law of Fick in NaCl Attack of Sulphoaluminate Cement
Authors: Ye Zheng Mao , Zheng Lian Cong , Wan Li Hua , Cheng Xin
Published: August 2011

The standard diffusion calculating model is one of the models widely used to predict the concrete construction life in chloride environment. According to test results, the surface concentration and the initial concentration of chloride ion on sulphoaluminate cement sample was analyzed by mathematical method. Life prediction model in chloride environment was built. According to the model, the sulphoaluminate cement construction life will be 51.5 years when the thickness of cement protective layer is 40mm.
Design and Choose Assessment Parameter for Concrete Performance of Anti-Sulfate Erosion
Authors: Qiao Hong Xia , Yu Hong Fa , He Zhong Mao
Published: August 2011

After the assessment targets on concrete performance of anti-sulfate erosion were optimum designed rationally to be assessment parameters, the course on performance deterioration of concrete was characterized using designed assessment parameters. The results show that, every performance deterioration degree of concrete can be compared on the same coordination axis by assessment parameters. The assessment parameters were applicable the same determination criterion, and the determination principle is simple and convenient. The comparing the deterioration course and sensitivity degree of concrete performance is much easy. If concrete performance of anti-sulfate erosion was experimented at laboratory, the result assessment ought to use the two non-destructive test assessment parameters.