bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De novo genetic variation revealed in somatic sectors of single Arabidopsis plants
Authors: Hopkins Marianne T , Khalid Aaron M , Chang Pei-Chun , Vanderhoek Karen C , Lai Dulcie , Doerr Meghan D , Lolle Susan J
Published: July 2013

Concern over the tremendous loss of genetic diversity among many of our most important crops has prompted major efforts to preserve seed stocks derived from cultivated species and their wild relatives. Arabidopsis thaliana propagates mainly by self-fertilizing, and therefore, like many crop plants, theoretically has a limited potential for producing genetically diverse offspring. Despite this, inbreeding has persisted in Arabidopsis for over a million years suggesting that some underlying adaptive mechanism buffers the deleterious consequences of this reproductive strategy. Using presence-absence molecular markers we demonstrate that single Arabidopsis plants can have multiple genotypes. Sequence analyses reveal single nucleotide changes, loss of sequences and, surprisingly, acquisition of unique genomic insertions. Estimates based on quantitative analyses suggest that these genetically discordant sectors are very small but can have a complex genetic makeup. In ruling out more trivial explanations for these data, our findings raise the possibility that intrinsic drivers of genetic variation are responsible for the targeted sequence changes we detect. Given the evolutionary advantage afforded to populations with greater genetic diversity, we hypothesize that organisms that primarily self-fertilize or propagate clonally counteract the genetic cost of such reproductive strategies by leveraging a cryptic reserve of extra-genomic information.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rand Graham K.
Published: August 2013

In Book Reviews, we review an extensive and diverse range of books. They cover theory and applications in operations research, statistics, management science, econometrics, mathematics, computers, and information systems. In addition, we include books in other fields that emphasize technical applications. The editor will be pleased to receive an e-mail from those willing to review a book, with an indication of specific areas of interest. If you are aware of a specific book that you would like to review, or that you think should be reviewed, please contact the editor.

The following books are reviewed in this issue of Interfaces, 43(4), July–August, 2013: Value-Added Decision Making for Managers, Kenneth Chelst and Yavuz Burak Canbolat; Risk Analysis in Stochastic Supply Chains: A Mean-Risk Approach, Tsan-Ming Choi and Chun-Hung Chiu; In Pursuit of the Traveling Salesman, William J. Cook; Recent Advances in System Reliability: Signatures, Multi-state Systems and Statistical Inference, Anatoly Lisnianski and Ilia Frenkel, eds.; Dynamic Fleet Management for International Truck Transportation, Steffen Schorpp; and Operative Transportation Planning: Solutions in Consumer Goods Supply Chain, Thorben Seiler.
Optimal Production Planning with Emissions Trading
Authors: Gong Xiting , Zhou Sean X.
Published: August 2013

Emissions trading is a market-based mechanism for curbing emissions, and it has been implemented in Europe, North America, and several other parts of the world. To study its impact on production planning, we develop a dynamic production model, where a manufacturer produces a single product to satisfy random market demands. The manufacturer has access to both a green and a regular production technology, of which the former is more costly but yields fewer emissions. To comply with the emissions regulations, the manufacturer can buy or sell the allowances in each period via forward contracts in an outside market with stochastic trading prices while needing to keep a nonnegative allowance account balance at the end of the planning horizon. We first derive several important structural properties of the model, and based upon them, we characterize the optimal emissions trading and production policies that minimize the manufacturer's expected total discounted cost. In particular, the optimal emissions trading policy is a target interval policy with two thresholds that decrease with the starting inventory level. The optimal production policy is established by first determining the optimal technology choice and then showing the optimality of a base-stock type of production policy. We show that the optimal base-stock level is independent of the starting inventory level and the allowance level when the manufacturer trades the allowance or uses both technologies simultaneously. A numerical study using representative data from the cement industry is conducted to illustrate the analytical results and to examine the value of green technology for the manufacturer.
Be Careful What You Wish For: The Effects of Issue Interpretation on Social Choices in Professional Networks
Authors: Bridwell-Mitchell E. N. , Lant Theresa K.
Published: July 2013

This research examines the role of agency and choice in how individuals use social networks. Prior research has addressed how individual characteristics such as status and the ability to accurately perceive network ties influence individuals’ social choices in a given situation. In contrast, we examine how individuals’ interpretation of the issues in a situation affects their social choices and access to social capital. How individuals interpret issues influences which contacts they consider most valuable in that situation. This assessment in turn influences social choices, such as from whom to seek advice. In a study of school managers or principals, respondents solicited 362 contacts for advice in a simulated problem-solving exercise. The findings revealed that managers solicit advice from different kinds of contacts depending on whether the managers frame the issues strategically or politically. When they frame the issues strategically, their egocentric advice network consists of contacts they perceive to have more expertise and material resources. When they frame the issues politically, their egocentric advice network comprises contacts they perceive to have more influence and to be more trustworthy. When managers have indefinite issue frames, they seek advice by relying more on general criteria, such as expertise, trust, and their typical frequency of interaction with contacts.
Authenticity and Consumer Value Ratings: Empirical Tests from the Restaurant Domain
Authors: Kovács Balázs , Carroll Glenn R. , Lehman David W.
Published: July 2013

We present two studies that together test a fundamental yet rarely examined assumption underlying the contemporary appeal of authenticity—namely, that consumers assign higher value ratings to organizations regarded as authentic. Study 1 conducts content analysis of unsolicited online restaurant reviews entered voluntarily by consumers in three major U.S. metropolitan areas from October 2004 to October 2011; the data contain information from 1,271,796 reviews written by 252,359 unique reviewers of 18,869 restaurants. The findings show that consumers assign higher ratings to restaurants regarded as authentic, even after controlling for restaurant quality in several ways. In addition, we find that consumers perceive independent, family-owned, and specialist (single-category) restaurants as more authentic than they do chain, non-family-owned, and generalist (multiple-category) restaurants. Study 2 reinforces these findings using an experimental design in which participants were presented with photos and minimal descriptions of fictitious restaurants and then asked to evaluate the likely authenticity, quality, and overall value of the restaurants in a predetermined sequence. Central to both studies is an authenticity scale that was developed through the use of an online survey that ascertains the specific language used by individuals in referencing authenticity in the restaurant domain. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that authenticity generates higher consumer value ratings of organizations; the studies also identify certain types of organizations that are more likely to receive authenticity attributions by consumers.
A Base Integer Programming Model and Benchmark Suite for Liner-Shipping Network Design
Authors: Brouer Berit D. , Alvarez J. Fernando , Plum Christian E. M. , Pisinger David , Sigurd Mikkel M.
Published: August 2013

The liner-shipping network design problem is to create a set of nonsimple cyclic sailing routes for a designated fleet of container vessels that jointly transports multiple commodities. The objective is to maximize the revenue of cargo transport while minimizing the costs of operation. The potential for making cost-effective and energy-efficient liner-shipping networks using operations research (OR) is huge and neglected. The implementation of logistic planning tools based upon OR has enhanced performance of airlines, railways, and general transportation companies, but within the field of liner shipping, applications of OR are scarce. We believe that access to domain knowledge and data is a barrier for researchers to approach the important liner-shipping network design problem. The purpose of the benchmark suite and the paper at hand is to provide easy access to the domain and the data sources of liner shipping for OR researchers in general. We describe and analyze the liner-shipping domain applied to network design and present a rich integer programming model based on services that constitute the fixed schedule of a liner shipping company. We prove the liner-shipping network design problem to be strongly NP-hard. A benchmark suite of data instances to reflect the business structure of a global liner shipping network is presented. The design of the benchmark suite is discussed in relation to industry standards, business rules, and mathematical programming. The data are based on real-life data from the largest global liner-shipping company, Maersk Line, and supplemented by data from several industry and public stakeholders. Computational results yielding the first best known solutions for six of the seven benchmark instances is provided using a heuristic combining tabu search and heuristic column generation.
The emergency spine: part 1 – assessment and diagnosis
Authors: Lowrie Mark
Published: August 2013

Patients with suspected spinal disease may present with a range of signs, from the vague to acute symptoms that may require emergency management. Much can be ascertained from clinical and neurological examinations. Assessment with some simple tests can reveal the probable disease, the part of the nervous system affected, the severity of the condition and the prognosis. The majority of patients will have an excellent outcome with appropriate management.
Seminal vesiculitis in a bull: a case report
Authors: Truyers Isabelle , Sargison Neil
Published: August 2013

This report describes the clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up evaluation of a bull with seminal vesiculitis and demonstrates the importance of pre-breeding evaluation as part of routine herd management procedures.
The assessment of scapular radiographs
Authors: Wijdicks C. A. , Anavian J. , Hill B. W. , Armitage B. M. , Vang S. , Cole P. A.
Published: August 2013

The glenopolar angle assesses the rotational alignment of the glenoid and may provide prognostic information and aid the management of scapula fractures. We have analysed the effect of the anteroposterior (AP) shoulder radiograph rotational offset on the glenopolar angle in a laboratory setting and used this to assess the accuracy of shoulder imaging employed in routine clinical practice. Fluoroscopic imaging was performed on 25 non-paired scapulae tagged with 2 mm steel spheres to determine the orientation of true AP views. The glenopolar angle was measured on all the bony specimens rotated at 10° increments. The mean glenopolar angle measured on the bone specimens in rotations between 0° and 20° and thereafter was found to be significantly different (p < 0.001). We also obtained the AP radiographs of the uninjured shoulder of 30 patients treated for fractures at our centre and found that none fitted the criteria of a true AP shoulder radiograph. The mean angular offset from the true AP view was 38° (10° to 65°) for this cohort. Radiological AP shoulder views may not fully project the normal anatomy of the scapular body and the measured glenopolar angle. The absence of a true AP view may compromise the clinical management of a scapular fracture.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1114–20.
Outcome of limited forefoot amputation with primary closure in patients with diabetes
Authors: Shaikh N. , Vaughan P. , Varty K. , Coll A. P. , Robinson A. H. N.
Published: August 2013

Limited forefoot amputation in diabetic patients with osteomyelitis is frequently required. We retrospectively reviewed diabetic patients with osteomyelitis, an unhealed ulcer and blood pressure in the toe of > 45 mmHg who underwent limited amputation of the foot with primary wound closure. Between 2006 and 2012, 74 consecutive patients with a mean age of 67 years (29 to 93), and a median follow-up of 31 months, were included. All the wounds healed primarily at a median of 37 days (13 to 210; mean 48). At a median of 6 months (1.5 to 18; mean 353 days), 23 patients (31%) suffered a further ulceration. Of these, 12 patients (16% of the total) required a further amputation.

We conclude that primary wound closure following limited amputation of the foot in patients with diabetes is a safe and effective technique when associated with appropriate antibiotic treatment.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1083–7.
Is there reduced polyethylene wear and longer survival when using a mobile-bearing design in total knee replacement?
Authors: Zeng Y. , Shen B. , Yang J. , Zhou Z. K. , Kang P. D. , Pei F. X.
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this study was to undertake a meta-analysis to determine whether there is lower polyethylene wear and longer survival when using mobile-bearing implants in total knee replacement when compared with fixed-bearing implants. Of 975 papers identified, 34 trials were eligible for data extraction and meta-analysis comprising 4754 patients (6861 knees). We found no statistically significant differences between the two designs in terms of the incidence of radiolucent lines, osteolysis, aseptic loosening or survival. There is thus currently no evidence to suggest that the use of mobile-bearing designs reduce polyethylene wear and prolong survival after total knee replacement.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1057–63.
A prospective study of a ceramic-on-metal bearing in total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Kazi H. A. , Perera J. R. , Gillott E. , Carroll F. A. , Briggs T. W. R.
Published: August 2013

We prospectively assessed the efficacy of a ceramic-on-metal (CoM) hip bearing with uncemented acetabular and femoral components in which cobalt­–chrome acetabular liners and alumina ceramic heads were used.

The cohort comprised 94 total hip replacements (THRs) in 83 patients (38 women and 45 men) with a mean age of 58 years (42 to 70). Minimum follow-up was two years. All patients had pre- and post-operative assessment using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC), Oxford hip score and Short-Form 12 scores. All showed a statistically significant improvement from three months post-operatively onwards (all p < 0.001).

After two years whole blood metal ion levels were measured and chromosomal analysis was performed. The levels of all metal ions were elevated except vanadium. Levels of chromium, cobalt, molybdenum and titanium were significantly higher in patients who underwent bilateral THR compared with those undergoing unilateral THR (p < 0.001). Chromosomal analysis demonstrated both structural and aneuploidy mutations. There were significantly more breaks and losses than in the normal population (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in chromosomal aberration between those undergoing unilateral and bilateral procedures (all analyses p ≥ 0.62).

The use of a CoM THR is effective clinically in the short-term, with no concerns, but the significance of high metal ion levels and chromosomal aberrations in the long-term remains unclear.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1040–44.
Correspondence
Authors: Ross A. , Birch R.
Published: August 2013

We welcome letters to the Editor concerning articles that have recently been published. Such letters will be subject to the usual stages of selection and editing; where appropriate the authors of the original article will be offered the opportunity to reply.
Possession of Prohibited Images of Children: Three Years on
Authors: Antoniou Alex
Published: July 2013

This article illuminates the possession element of the new offence under s. 62 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, which outlaws certain non-photographic images of child sexual abuse. To this end, the analysis draws upon the case law concerning the offence of possession of extreme pornographic images, with which the new offence shares many common features. The article also presents the latest figures relating to convictions obtained since s. 62 came into effect in April 2010. Lastly, it considers the proposed amendment to widen the provisions of the 2009 Act and argues that the already broad scope of the offence should be limited.
An American Catholic Culture of Death and Dying, 1900-1955
Authors: Nytroe Sarah K.
Published: July 2013

In the first part of the twentieth century, Americans increasingly embraced a more modern understanding of death and practices of dying. This modern attitude included three main characteristics. It assigned greater weight to the authoritative role of the medical professional; increased the emotional distance between the dying individual and surviving family members; and minimized the spiritual meaning of death. The American Catholic Church fervently deviated from this modern – and negatively self-labeled, "pagan" – view of death. More specifically, the Catholic popular press produced prescriptive literature – largely authored by priests – educating and advising lay readership about the Catholic, and proper, view of death and way of dying. This literature employed negative imagery and positive reinforcement to remind readers of their obligation to adhere to a Catholic understanding and experience of death, even as they came face to face with the modern trappings and secularized views of death. The literature warned Catholics of the material and spiritual dangers of the "pagan" view of death, while simultaneously highlighting the religious benefits of preparing their souls throughout life and at the hour of death.
United, Yet Divided: An Analysis of Bishops Martin John Spalding and John Baptist Purcell during the Civil War Era
Authors: Creason Carl C.
Published: July 2013

The paper explores the views of American Catholic bishops during the Civil War period. As a whole, the Catholic Church proclaimed peace and public neutrality during the war. Yet despite urging of the Vatican for clergy to remain uninvolved in American politics, many bishops and other clergymen developed specific Union or Confederate sympathies, thereby creating divisions within the American Catholic Church. Such an example of divergent sympathies can be found through a comparison of Bishop Martin John Spalding of Louisville, Kentucky, and Archbishop John Baptist Purcell of Cincinnati, Ohio. The bishops' letters, journals, and diocesan publications illustrate the rift within the American Catholic Church of the time period. The case studies of Spalding and Purcell serve as clear examples of opposing sympathies. Spalding's conservative, Southern roots evolved into a pro-slavery, anti-Lincoln view, while Purcell's immigrant, urban background inspired him to promote an abolitionist, pro-Union agenda.
From Vienna to South Bend: A Refugee Professor's Story
Authors: Gleason Philip
Published: July 2013

Bruno P. Schlesinger (1911-2010), one of the many refugee intellectuals and scholars who fled from Nazism in the 1930s, taught for sixty years at Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, Indiana. This sketch of his life story and professional career honors his personal contribution to American Catholic higher education and at the same time calls attention to a topic worthy of much more research – the role played by these refugees in the development of American Catholic intellectual life in the mid-twentieth century.
Priests, Prelates, and Pastoral Ministry among Ethnic Mexicans: San Antonio, 1840-1940
Authors: Matovina Timothy
Published: July 2013

Vincentian, diocesan, and Claretian priests served the predominantly ethnic Mexican congregation at San Fernando parish in San Antonio during the century following the political separation of Texas from the Mexican nation. Bishops also had frequent ministerial contact with parishioners, especially after 1874 when San Fernando became the cathedral of the newly-formed San Antonio diocese. All of these clergy shared common features in their ministries. Their view of ethnic Mexicans was consistently ambiguous: they highlighted their parishioners' strong devotional traditions, but also their perceived ignorance of the Catholic faith and their vulnerability to Protestant proselytizing efforts. They served Spanish-speaking parishioners in their native tongue in order to enhance the effectiveness of their ministries. They were unanimous in their derision of what they saw as the twin perils of Protestantism and the lax morals of contemporary society. Their antidote to these threats was instruction in Catholic faith and morals and active participation in the church's sacramental life, often promoted through involvement in pious societies and devotions. An exploration of their ministries illustrates the historical breadth of what today is called Hispanic ministry, as well as the mutual influence of clergy and ethnic Mexican laity on efforts to foster Catholic faith and religious traditions.
From sheaves on P 2 to a generalization of the Rademacher expansion
Authors: Bringmann Kathrin , Manschot Jan
Published: July 2013

Moduli spaces of stable coherent sheaves on a surface are of much interest for both mathematics and physics. Yoshioka computed generating functions of Poincar\'e polynomials of such moduli spaces if the surface is ${\Bbb P}^2$ and the rank of the sheaves is 2. Motivated by physical arguments, this paper investigates the modular properties of these generating functions. It is shown that these functions can be written in terms of the Lerch sum and theta function. Based on this, we prove a conjecture by Vafa and Witten, which expresses the generating functions of Euler numbers as a mixed mock modular form. Moreover, we derive an exact formula of Rademacher-type for the Fourier coefficients of this function. This formula requires a generalization of the classical Circle Method. This is the first example of an exact formula for the Fourier coefficients of mixed mock modular forms, which is of independent mathematical interest.
Functional equations of Weng's zeta functions for ( G,P )/Q
Authors: Komori Yasushi
Published: July 2013

It is shown that Weng's zeta functions associated with arbitrary semisimple algebraic groups defined over the rational number field and their maximal parabolic subgroups satisfy the functional equations.
The instability of Bourgain-Wang solutions for the L 2 critical NLS
Authors: Merle Frank , Raphaël Pierre , Szeftel Jeremie
Published: July 2013

We consider the two dimensional $L^2$ critical nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation $i\partial_tu+\Delta u+uu^2=0$. In their pioneering 1997 work, Bourgain and Wang have constructed smooth solutions which blow up in finite time $T<+\infty$ with the pseudo conformal speed $$||\nabla u(t)||_{L^2}\sim {1\over T-t},$$ and which display some decoupling between the regular and the singular part of the solution at blow up time. We prove that this dynamic is unstable. More precisely, we show that any such solution with small super critical $L^2$ mass lies on the boundary of both $H^1$ open sets of global solutions that scatter forward and backwards in time, and solutions that blow up in finite time on the right in the log-log regime exhibited in work by F. Merle and P. Rapha\"{e}l. We moreover exhibit some continuation properties of the scattering solution after blow up time and recover the chaotic phase behavior first exhibited in F. Merle's 1992 {\it Comm. Pure. Appl. Math.} paper in the critical mass case.
Global dynamics away from the ground state for the energy-critical nonlinear wave equation
Authors: Krieger Joachim , Nakanishi Kenji , Schlag Wilhelm
Published: July 2013

We study global behavior of radial solutions for the nonlinear wave equation with the focusing energy critical nonlinearity in three and five space dimensions. Assuming that the solution has energy at most slightly more than the ground states and gets away from them in the energy space, we can classify its behavior into four cases, according to whether it blows up in finite time or scatters to zero, in forward or backward time direction. We prove that initial data for each case constitute a non-empty open set in the energy space. This is an extension of the recent results by the latter two authors on the subcritical nonlinear Klein-
Gordon and Schr¨odinger equations, except for the part of the center manifolds. The key step is to prove
the “one-pass” theorem, which states that the transition from the scattering region to the blow-up region
can take place at most once along each trajectory. The main new ingredients are the control of the scaling
parameter and the blow-up characterization by Duyckaerts, Kenig, and Merle.
Automorphic symbols, p -adic L -functions and ordinary cohomology of Hilbert modular varieties
Authors: Dimitrov Mladen
Published: July 2013

We introduce the notion of automorphic symbol generalizing the classical modular symbol and use it to attach very general $p$-adic $L$-functions to nearly ordinary Hilbert automorphic forms. Then we establish an exact control theorem for the $p$-adically completed cohomology of a Hilbert modular variety localized at a suitable nearly ordinary maximal ideal of the Hecke algebra. We also show its freeness over the corresponding Hecke algebra which turns out to be a universal deformation ring. In the last part of the paper we combine the above results to construct $p$-adic $L$-functions for Hida families of Hilbert automorphic forms in universal deformation rings of Galois representations.
On the finite presentation of subdirect products and the nature of residually free groups
Authors: Bridson Martin R. , Howie James , Miller Charles F. , Short Hamish
Published: July 2013

We establish {\it virtual surjection to pairs} (VSP) as a general criterion for the finite presentability of subdirect products of groups: if $\Gamma_1,\ldots,\Gamma_n$ are finitely presented and $S<\Gamma_1\times\cdots\times\Gamma_n$ projects to a subgroup of finite index in each $\Gamma_i\times\Gamma_j$, then $S$ is finitely presentable, indeed there is an algorithm that will construct a finite presentation for $S$. We use the VSP criterion to characterize the finitely presented residually free groups. We prove that the class of such groups is recursively enumerable. We describe an algorithm that, given a finite presentation of a residually free group, constructs a canonical embedding into a direct product of finitely many limit groups. We solve the (multiple) conjugacy problem and membership problem for finitely presentable subgroups of residually free groups. We also prove that there is an algorithm that, given a finite generating set for such a subgroup, will construct a finite presentation. New families of subdirect products of free groups are constructed, including the first examples of finitely presented subgroups that are neither ${\rm FP}_\infty$ nor of Stallings-Bieri type.
A recipe for short-word pseudo-Anosovs
Authors: Mangahas Johanna
Published: July 2013

Given any generating set of any subgroup $G$ of the mapping class group of a surface, we find an element $f$ with word length bounded by a constant $K$ depending only on the surface, and with the property that the minimal subsurface supporting a power of $f$ is as large as possible for elements of $G$. In particular, if $G$ contains a pseudo-Anosov map, we find one of word length at most $K$. We also find new examples of convex cocompact free subgroups of the mapping class group.
Classicité en théorie de Hida.
Authors: Stroh Benoît
Published: July 2013

In this article, we prove an effective classicity theorem in Hida's theory. We focus more precisely on the case of the symplectic group and Siegel modular forms. We also prove that certain mod~$p$ Siegel modular forms lift to characteristic zero and study carefully the divisibility by~$p$ of certain Hecke operators.
A uniform spectral gap for congruence covers of a hyperbolic manifold
Authors: Kelmer Dubi , Silberman Lior
Published: July 2013

Let $G$ be ${\rm SO}(n,1)$ or ${\rm SU}(n,1)$ and let $\Gamma\subset G$ denote an arithmetic lattice. The hyperbolic manifold $\Gamma\backslash{\cal H}$ comes with a natural family of covers, coming from the congruence subgroups of $\Gamma$. In many applications, it is useful to have a bound for the spectral gap that is uniform for this family. When $\Gamma$ is itself a congruence lattice, there are very good bounds coming from known results towards the Ramanujan conjectures. In this paper, we establish an effective bound that is uniform for congruence subgroups of a non-congruence lattice.
Native and Foreign in Tokugawa Medicine
Authors: Trambaiolo Daniel
Published: July 2013

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a number of Japanese physicians began to consider native Japanese medicine as an alternative to mainstream medical practices derived from the Chinese tradition. This new attitude toward native Japanese medicine represented the convergence of a diverse set of developments in Tokugawa medical culture, including the increasing availability of medical learning, epistemological shifts and new empirical attitudes to medical knowledge in general, bakufu -sponsored efforts to develop Japanese alternatives to imported drugs, curiosity about European medicine, scholarly attempts to recover ancient Japanese medical texts, and a desire to reconcile medical practices with new scholarly and religious ideologies such as kokugaku.
Act or Disease?: The Making of Modern Suicide in Early Twentieth-century Japan
Authors: Di Marco Francesca
Published: July 2013

This article explores the process by which suicide was conceptualized in prewar Japan. First, it examines how psychiatry established primacy over sociology and psychology in order to label suicide as mental illness. Second, it investigates how, with the rise of a totalitarian regime, sociocultural elements were incorporated into the psychiatric discourse in order to reconcile the idea of suicide as pathology with the cult of voluntary death that was engulfing the nation. I argue that, to maintain their authority, psychiatrists conceptualized suicide less as a disease and more as a historical act, to the detriment of the theoretical coherence of their discipline.
Toward a New Modern Vernacular: Tanizaki Jun’ichirō, Yamada Yoshio, and Showa Restoration Thought
Authors: Hurley Brian
Published: July 2013

This article focuses on the intellectual-historical roots of the modern translation of Genji monogatari (The tale of Genji, eleventh century) by linguist Yamada Yoshio and novelist Tanizaki Jun’ichirō. It considers their early Showa (1926–45) expository writings and 1939–41 Genji translation within the openended context of a broader cultural renaissance that I call “Showa Restoration thought” and examines how Tanizaki and Yamada sought to revive what they viewed as authentic language. More generally, this account draws attention to the multidirectional possibilities for cultural renewal in early Showa Japan.
“Tragedy in China-Town”: Murder, Civilization, and the End of Extraterritoriality in Yokohama
Authors: Han Eric C.
Published: July 2013

On the day that extraterritoriality ended for Westerners living in Japan (July 17, 1899), American Robert Miller murdered three people in Yokohama. The heinous nature of his crime led Japanese to question anew the civilizational logic that originally justified the system of extraterritoriality. Using newspaper accounts and diplomatic records, this article examines how this case triggered public debates regarding Japan’s symbolic position vis-à-vis both China and the West. Moreover, the lower-class social context of the crime suggests that Japanese and foreign communities were not sequestered in separate spheres but represented an important dimension of cultural exchange in the treaty port.
Shipwreck! Akita’s Local Initiative, Japan’s Foreign Debt, 1869–72
Authors: Walthall Anne
Published: July 2013

Acting on their own initiative, junior staff members at a branch office for Akita domain bought a steamship on credit from a Dutch merchant in 1869. They then borrowed so much money that they left Akita with the single largest debt owed to foreigners of any domain in Japan. An analysis of how they did this and why exposes economic and political activity at the middle level of the domains, the difficulties faced by the new national government in gaining control over local administration, and the efforts made by descendants and disciples of Hirata Atsutane to develop Akita’s foreign trade.
Tu es Petrus, et super hanc petram aedificabo Ecclesiam meam . An Analysis of the Legislation for the Vacancy of the Apostolic See and the Election of the Roman Pontiff
Authors: Martens Kurt
Published: July 2013

The papal transitions of 2005 and 2013 and the elections of Pope Benedict XVI (2005) and Pope Francis (2013) sparked a great media interest. In this contribution, the author makes an analysis of the current legislation governing the vacant Roman See and the election of the supreme pontiff. The analysis includes the most recent legislation promulgated by Benedict XVI in 2013 shortly before the vacancy caused by his own resignation. First, the author focuses on the various reasons for a vacancy to occur, in particular death and resignation. After a short historical overview of the development of the legislation surrounding the vacancy of the see of Rome and the election of the new bishop of Rome, the author then looks at the various powers and offices during the vacancy of the Apostolic See. The last part of this study deals in detail with the various aspects of the election process.
Canonical Reflections on Universae Ecclesiae , the Instruction on the Application of Summorum Pontificum
Authors: Foster John J.M.
Published: July 2013

In 2011, the Pontifical commission ecclesia dei issued the instruction universae ecclesiae on the application of Benedict XVI's 2007 motu proprio summorum pontificum . This article briefly examines the organization of the instruction and its juridic weight before studying the document in more detail. Following the arrangement of the instruction, analysis of the text itself begins by looking at the introduction—which is rooted in the pope's motu proprio and accompanying letter to bishops—and the competence of the Pontifical commission ecclesia dei . commentary is provided on the specific norms of the instruction according to the following areas: the competence of diocesan bishops, the notion of the coetus fidelium , the sacerdos idoneus , liturgical and ecclesiastical discipline, confirmation and holy orders, the breviarium romanum , the Sacred Triduum, rites of religious orders, and the use of the pontificale romanum and rituale romanum .
The Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei : Purpose and Competence
Authors: Doyle Sean T.
Published: July 2013

The Pontifical commission Ecclesia Dei has developed from a body only focused on reconciling members of the Society of St. Pius X with the church to a more permanent office overseeing the implementation of the motu proprio Summorum Pontificum and the extraordinary form of the Roman Rite, in addition to its continuing concern for reconciliation. The first part of this article reviews the relevant legislation concerning the Pontifical commission Ecclesia Dei , and shows that the purpose of the commission has evolved in response to changing needs of the faithful. Its second part reviews possible conflicts of competence with the dicasteries of the Roman curia and diocesan bishops. The article hopes to show how this commission helps the Roman Pontiff fulfill his duty to maintain the communion of the church through his pastoral care for all catholics, while noting how conflicts of competence could hamper its effectiveness.
CDF Circular Letter on Episcopal Conference Guidelines for Cases of Clerical Sexual Abuse of Minors: Some Initial Observations
Authors: Green Thomas J
Published: July 2013

In May 2010 Benedict XVI promulgated a revised version of Sacramentorum sanctitatis tutela (SST) on more serious delicts including clerical sexual abuse of minors. A year later the CDF forwarded a circular letter to episcopal conferences asking them to draw up guidelines to assist bishops in responsibly addressing this delict. The letter was designed to provide some general guidance in drawing up such guidelines. This article examines some key features of the letter to assist ordinaries and their advisors in preparing such guidelines. After noting its structure, the author comments on its three parts: general pastoral considerations, canonical reflections on such sexual abuse, and procedural suggestions for ordinaries. His comments explore some particularly significant issues, largely in relationship to SST and the USCCB Essential Norms with a brief appendix noting some pertinent pastoral obligations of ordinaries expressed in the USCCB Charter .
Lay Ecclesial Ministers and Removal from Office: Seeking Justice and Fairness
Authors: Asselin Anne
Published: July 2013

Although the church has already acknowledged the value of lay ministry and has incorporated, in many areas, good procedures and policies pertaining to this ministry, it must be recognized that discrepancies still exist between what is preached and what is practiced. The author examines the situation of lay ecclesial ministers' employment with a critical evaluation of the adequacy of personnel practices. She then presents measures provided by canon law and secular law to protect an individual's employment, and suggests avenues for developing and promoting just practices for the church as an employer, practices that, one would hope, would espouse the values of justice, equity, and compassion. Administrative recourse is briefly touched upon, both as a "last resort" tool to ensure justice and as a preventative measure.
The Consent of the Bishop Required for the Construction of Churches: Observations on Canon 1215
Authors: Erdő Péter Cardinal
Published: July 2013

According to canon 1215, the prior consent of the bishop is necessary in order to build a church. What is the source and theological importance of this norm? Where can we identify its historical origin and how can we characterize its development through the centuries in the transformation of ecclesiastical discipline and canonical thought? And, finally, in light of all this, how can we precisely delineate the extension and meaning of this rule in the current law of the church? The present contribution seeks to respond to these questions. Although recent canonical publications concerning sacred places and times mention the consent necessary for the construction of churches, they generally do so in a way that that provides only brief outlines rather than a detailed study of the matter.
“The Universal is the Entire Collection of Particulars”: Grounding Identity in a Shared Horizon of Humanity
Authors: Mangharam Mukti Lakhi
Published: July 2013

This essay examines the poetry of anti-apartheid and civil rights activist Keorapetse Kgositsile who struggled for racial equality in South Africa and while in exile in the US in the 1960s and 1970s. It argues that his poetry presents an alternative to circumscribed rights discourses that are imposed within exclusionary racial, national, and cultural ‘particulars’ by hegemonic institutions such as the nation-state, even as they claim to be universalizing. At the same time, he retains an open-ended discursive notion of the universal as the basis for identity, to be realized only through the particular lived experiences of individuals. Such an open-ended universalism cannot be easily co-opted by power precisely because it is slippery and shape-shifting. Every person, in this schema, is a particular, unique addition to a universal horizon of humanity. Rather than setting up the particular in opposition to the universal, Kgositsile harnesses a flexible free-verse poetic form that posits the universal as an unbounded sum of particulars and formulates a revitalized version of humanism as a basis for identity instead. This essay argues that Kgositsile’s exile poetry points to a theoretical space where the cultural and national specificity of certain human rights oppressions, and the fight against them, must necessarily open out into the humane and the universal, tearing across national boundaries to point towards the commonalities that underpin human life and ethics.
Contagion, Cosmopolitanism, and Human Rights in Phaswane Mpe’s Welcome to Our Hillbrow
Authors: Davis Emily S.
Published: July 2013

This essay explores the association between the outsider (as transnational migrant, social outcast, city dweller, and HIV-positive person) and disease in South African novelist Phaswane Mpe’s 2000 novel Welcome to Our Hillbrow . It argues that Mpe’s text appropriates the trope of contagion from contemporary xenophobic discourse and reconfigures it to uncover the transnational and rural-urban interconnections in post-apartheid South Africa erased by scapegoating immigrants from other parts of the continent as the primary carriers of AIDS. In the absence of an effective international legal mandate for addressing human rights violations, the text combats such abuses through Afrocentric and yet overtly cosmopolitan acts of narrative memorializing. By working relentlessly to theorize the interchange between the local and the cosmopolitical, Mpe offers an important model for human rights scholarship that aims to engage with witnessing and memorializing the vulnerable body and to contextualize diseased bodies within narratives about rights and shared responsibility.
Yael Farber’s Molora and Colleen Wagner’s the Monument as Post-Conflict Redress Theater
Authors: Vellino Brenda Carr , Waisvisz Sarah Gabriella
Published: July 2013

In this essay, the authors present two examples of a subgenre of political theatre which they term ‘redress theater.’ This subgenre, they argue, contributes to the legal and quasi-legal mandate of official transitional initiatives in post-conflict societies. Playwrights responding to human rights violations or to transitional justice efforts often point to unresolved issues in excess of institutional mechanisms of social redress. At one and the same time, they evoke what commissions and tribunals cannot do and point to the necessity of doing redress work into the future. While Yael Farber’s Molora adapts Aeschylus’s Oresteia to a post-apartheid TRC context in the ‘New South Africa,’ Colleen Wagner’s The Monument is itself purposefully adaptable to diverse contexts of war, gendered violence, and human rights abuses. The metaphor of adaptation and the spectral presence of the Antigone figure haunt these contemporary plays and compel audience and reader responses of a more active kind.
Kairos and Comics: Reading Human Rights Intercontextually in Joe Sacco’s Graphic Narratives
Authors: Brister Rose , Walzer Belinda
Published: July 2013

Although the graphic narrative genre is increasingly being utilized to represent human rights atrocities in complex ways, scholarship on this topic tends to focus on the analysis of issues of historical representation. Therefore, this essay contributes to this conversation a nuanced understanding of contextual reading practices in human rights discourse by analyzing Joe Sacco’s Palestine (2001) and Footnotes in Gaza (2009) through the rhetorical concept of kairos and current theories of comics narratology. If kairos draws attention to the layered historical contexts operating within Sacco’s graphic narratives as they stake claims for human rights in Palestine and comics studies scholarship focuses on the spatio-temporal dynamics of the graphic narrative form, then together these critical approaches can disrupt the linear notions of time and bounded spaces involved in the denial of Palestinians’ rights to property, land, and return. Such an approach draws attention to the urgency of Sacco’s human rights project even while he questions its efficacy.
Meditations on a Fractured Terrain: Human Rights and Literature
Authors: Goldberg Elizabeth Swanson , Moore Alexandra Schultheis
Published: July 2013

In this ‘state of the field’ essay, the authors assess the problems of language with which literary approaches to human rights must grapple: problems of referentiality in the poststructuralist context, of instrumentalization in the post-9/11 context, and of meaning-making in the aftermath of violence. Goldberg and Moore argue for a reading of human suffering before it becomes codified into various legal definitions, yet within historical context. With close attention to Carolyn Forché’s rendering of Hiroshima in “The Garden Shukkei-en” (1994), H. L. Hix’s 9/11 poems, and two texts that reflect upon the vacuum-bombing of the Sanaya Gardens apartment complex in Beirut in 1982—Mahmoud Darwish’s Memory for Forgetfulness (1995) and Osama bin Laden’s “Speech to the American People” (2004)—the authors posit the void created in the moment of the bomb’s explosion as a figure for the aporia at the heart of language in the aftermath of violence, inviting readers to meditate upon what can be made from those voids that gestures toward renewed cultures of human rights or, alternatively, toward future violence.
Museums of Human Bodies
Authors: Musiol Hanna
Published: July 2013

This essay reflects on the role of contemporary visual technologies, traditional museum practices, and aesthetics in the enactment and suspension of human rights. It applies Walter Benjamin’s discussion of “aura” and exhibition value to argue that analyzing human rights through the lens of museum arrangement and display practices enables a comparative look at multiple spheres of social activity where human bodies are staged and made legible: war zones, residential environs, and the art world and its galleries. Such interdisciplinary focus helps show significant interconnections between military and artistic practices in sites of militarized, violent surveillance, creativity, and destruction and in sites of artistic production and circulation; it also demonstrates that aesthetic evaluation and exhibition value are fundamental means through which human bodies acquire and lose rights. The article concludes with a discussion of the human rights potential of radical curation in the works of Vik Muniz, Kara Walker, and Ursula Biemann.
Masking Fanon
Authors: Naimou Angela
Published: July 2013

Since his death in 1962, Frantz Fanon has been an elusive and spectral figure, subjected to an endless process of academic, cultural, and political prosopopoeia. This essay reads John Edgar Wideman’s 2008 novel Fanon as a novel that narrates its own failure to give voice to Fanon’s life and legacy, a failure that paradoxically enables Wideman to experiment with alternative narrative modes for representing the human personality as a literary and legal category. Wideman’s novel invokes narrative genres of personal development that delineate the well-developed person as the normative subject of international human rights and civil law, only to disrupt these genres by subjecting them to processes of fracture and incorporation adapted from Romare Bearden’s collage aesthetics. In the novel Fanon, Wideman’s collage technique adapts the historical Fanon’s trope of the mask in his theories of the human personality in order to refashion the figure of the person as a mask of legal personhood. In doing so, Fanon challenges the figure of the person that lies at the core of contemporary human rights discourse.