bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bilophila
Authors: Baron Ellen Jo
Published: August 2015

Bi.lo' phi.la
. L. n.
bilis
gall, bile; Gr. adj.
philus
loving; M.L. fem. n.
Bilophila
bile‐loving organism.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfovibrionaceae / Bilophila

Regularly shaped rods 0.7–1.0 × 1.0–2.0 μm
when grown in peptone–yeast glucose broth with 1% pyruvate. Rods have rounded ends and occasionally form long filaments, but no internal structures are visible by light microscopy. Cells do not possess pili or flagella and are nonmotile. Nonsporeforming. Gram negative.
Anaerobic
. Nonfermentative; metabolism is by anaerobic respiration. Chemoorganotrophs. Growth is enhanced by 20% bile and 1% pyruvate.
Metabolize peptone but not carbohydrates. The major product from peptone is acetic acid with lesser to trace amounts of succinic acid
. Able to reduce nitrate to nitrite; some strains reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas. Hydrogen sulfide is produced from sulfur‐containing amino acids, but the organisms do not reduce sulfur. In the presence of formate,
B. wadsworthia
utilizes taurine as an electron acceptor, oxidizing it to acetate with the reduction of sulfonate sulfur to sulfide.
Strongly catalase positive
(when tested with 15% H
2
O
2
).
Approximately 75–90
%
of strains produce urease, depending on the test system
. (Claros et al., 1999). In the presence of formate,
B. wadsworthia
utilizes taurine as an electron acceptor, with the production of acetate and the reduction of sulfonate sulfur to sulfide (Laue et al., 1997; Cook et al., 1999). The dissimilatory sulfite reductase (desulfoviridin) of
B. wadsworthia
is related to that of
Desulfovibrio
(Laue et al., 2001). Isolated from gastrointestinal, genital, and oral (periodontal) cavities of humans and other mammals (dogs).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 59.2 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Bilophila wadsworthia
Baron, Summanen, Downes, Roberts, Wexler and Finegold 1990, 320 (Effective publication: Baron, Summanen, Downes, Roberts, Wexler and Finegold 1989, 3410.)
Trichlorobacter
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Tri.chlor.o.bac' ter
. L. pref.
tri
three; Gr. n.
chloros
chlorine; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
bactrum
a rod; M.L. masc. n.
Trichlorobacter
a
TCA
‐dechlorinating rod.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Desulfuromonales / Geobacteraceae / Trichlorobacter

The description of the genus
Trichlorobacter
is the same as that of
Trichlorobacter thiogenes
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: unknown.

Type species
:
Trichlorobacter thiogenes
De Wever, Cole, Fettig, Hogan and Tiedje 2001, 1 (Effective publication: De Wever, Cole, Fettig, Hogan and Tiedje 2000, 2301.)
Cystobacter
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

Cys.to.bac' ter
. Gr. fem. n.
kystis
bladder; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
from Gr. fem. n.
bakteria
rod, stick; M.L. masc. n.
Cystobacter
bladder‐forming rod.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Cystobacteraceae / Cystobacter

The history of the genus
Cystobacter
and the problems associated with its recognition are discussed above in the introduction to the family. The fruiting body shape and structure of
Cystobacter
is similar to fruiting bodies produced by
Polyangium, Sorangium, Byssophaga, Jahnia, Pyxicoccus
, and to a certain extent,
Stigmatella hybrida
. The genus as it is presented here still is heterogeneous and probably comprises at least three different genera. One group of species, with
Cystobacter fuscus
as the main representative, has slender, often slightly C‐ or S‐shaped bent, rod‐shaped myxospores with more or less tapering ends. Many strains of this group are efficient chitin degraders. The second group, represented by
Cystobacter disciformis
, has myxospores that are stout, short, fat rods, very much like myxospores of
Archangium gephyra
. These organisms rarely attack chitin. A third group, centered around
Cystobacter gracilis
, has delicate vegetative cells with tapering ends, and small myxospores that are straight or slightly bent rods with rounded ends. Analysis of the available 16S rRNA sequences separates at least the first two groups rather neatly (Spröer et al., 1999).

Type species
:
Cystobacter fuscus
Schroeter 1886, 170.
Melittangium
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

Me.lit.tan' gi.um
. Gr. fem. n.
melitta
bee; Gr. neut. n.
angion
vessel; M.L. neut. n.
Melittangium
a vessel resembling a honeycomb.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Cystobacteraceae / Melittangium

Vegetative cells are slender rods with tapering ends. Fruiting bodies consist of solitary sporangioles on slime stalks. Myxospores rod shaped, optically refractile
. Swarm colonies with a slime sheet and radial veins. Of the proteolytic–bacteriolytic nutritional type.

Type species
:
Melittangium boletus
Jahn 1924, 78.
Stigmatella
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

Stig.ma.tel' la
. L. neut. n.
stigma
gen.
stigmatis
brand, mark; L. fem. dim. ‐
ella
ending; M.L. fem. n.
Stigmatella
small dark spot.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Cystobacteraceae / Stigmatella

Vegetative cells are moderately long, boat‐shaped, fusiform cells with tapering ends
, 0.7–0.8 × 4–8 µm.
Myxospores short, often bent rods with rounded ends
, optically refractile, 0.9–1.2 × 2–4 µm.
Fruiting bodies
consist of more or less spherical
sporangioles, either solitary or in clusters on stalks
. Swarm colonies with an extremely tough slime sheet with radial veins, often with oscillating waves that typically are arranged in long, narrow tracks rather than in extended fields. Adsorbs Congo red with a purple‐red color. Of the proteolytic–bacteriolytic nutritional type.
Degrades chitin efficiently
.

Type species
:
Stigmatella aurantiaca
Berkeley and Curtis
in
Berkeley 1857, 313.
Chondromyces
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

Chon.dro.my' ces. Gr. masc. n.chondroscartilage; Gr. masc. n.mykesfungus; M.L. masc. n.Chondromycescartilaginous fungus.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Myxococcaceae / Chondromyces

Vegetative cells are cylindrical rods with rounded ends.Swarm colonies produce wide, shallow depressions in the agar surface, often with an orange band of cells at the edge, agar sometimes slightly etched. Swarms often penetrate the agar deeply.Clusters of sporangioles borne on long, branched or unbranched white slime stalks. Myxospores resemble vegetative cells in shape but are optically refractile.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 69–70.

Type species:Chondromyces crocatusBerkeley and CurtisinBerkeley 1874, 64.
Pyxicoccus gen. nov.
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

Py.xi.coc' cus
. Gr. fem. n.
pyxis
box, case, container; Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
berry; M.L. masc. n.
Pyxicoccus
boxed coccus.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Myxococcaceae / Pyxicoccus

Vegetative cells are slender rods with tapering ends
, 0.7–0.8 × 3–8 µm.
Myxospores spherical, often somewhat deformed, optically retractile
, 1.4–1.8 µm in diameter (sometimes up to 2.4 µm).
Fruiting bodies consist of more or less spherical sporangioles with a distinct outer wall, clustered in sori of variable size
. In culture, degenerate fruiting bodies resembling those of
Corallococcus coralloides
may be produced. Swarm colonies as are typical for the family: soft and slimy, with snaking, undulating veins, without striking pigmentation. Of the proteolytic‐bacteriolytic nutritional type.

Type species
:
Pyxicoccus fallax
sp. nov
.
Desulfacinum
Authors: Rees Gavin N. , Patel Bharat K.C.
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fa.ci
'
num
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. n.
acinum
a berry, especially a grape; L. n.
Desulfacinum
a berry‐shaped, sulfate‐reducing bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Syntrophobacterales / Syntrophobacteraceae / Desulfacinum

Oval cells, 1.5
×
2.5–3 μm
, occurring singly or in pairs.
Gram negative. Nonmotile
. Endospores not formed.
Anaerobic, possessing a respiratory type of metabolism with sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate as terminal electron acceptors, which are reduced to sulfide
. Able to use a wide range of organic acids and alcohols as electron donors.
Autotrophic growth possible. Temperature range for growth, 40–65
°
C
;
optimum, 60
°
C
. Vitamins are required for growth and can be supplied as yeast extract. Isolated from the production fluids of high temperature petroleum reservoirs.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 64.

Type species
:
Desulfacinum infernum
Rees, Grassia, Sheehy, Dwivedi and Patel 1995a, 88.
Thiovulum
Authors: Robertson Lesley A. , Gijs Kuenen J. , Paster Bruce J. , Dewhirst Floyd E. , Vandamme Peter
Published: August 2015

Thi.o' vu.lum. Gr. n.thiossulfur; L. n.ovumegg; M.L. neut. dim. n.Thiovulumsmall sulfur egg.

Proteobacteria / Epsilonproteobacteria / Campylobacterales / Helicobacteraceae / Thiovulum

Cells are round to ovoid,5–25 μm in diameter. Cytoplasm is often concentrated at one end of the cell, with the remaining space being occupied by a large vacuole. Cytoplasm normally containsorthorhombic sulfur inclusions, which are generally concentrated at one end and often almost filling cells completely (Figure 1). The amount of sulfur present in the cells varies with the H2S supply, and cells may be temporarily fully devoid of sulfur inclusions. The number ofgreenish bodies(up to 5 μm in diameter), thought to bestorage material, increases with decreasing numbers of sulfur globules (Hinze, 1913).Cells are rapidly motileby peritrichous flagella (Figure 2; de Boer et al., 1961). Swimmingvelocity of over 600 μm s‐1, some of the highest recorded in the bacterial world (Garcia‐Pichel, 1989). Forward movement is accompanied by rotation around the long axis. Unlike most motile bacteria,Thiovulumcells do swim backwards or tumble. Cells possess afibrillar, or antapical organelleat the posterior end of the cell. Its function is to secrete aslime stalkor thread (Figure 2) which is used by cells to attach to solid surfaces. No resting stages are known.

Type species:Thiovulum majusHinze 1913, 195.
Moritella
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Mo.ri.tel' la
. M.L. dim. ‐
ella
ending; M.L. fem. n.
Moritella
named after Richard Y. Morita to honor his work in marine microbiology.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Alteromonadales / Alteromonadaceae / Moritella

Gram‐negative, chemoorganotrophic, facultatively anaerobic motile rods
. Polar flagella.
Halophilic
. Catalase and oxidase positive. Voges–Proskauer negative. Negative for production of indole and H
2
S. Do not produce arginine dihydrolase or ornithine decarboxylase. Produce acid from
D
‐glucose. Utilize
N
‐acetyl glucosamine.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 40–45.

Type species
:
Moritella marina
(Baumann, Furniss and Lee 1984c) Urakawa, Kita‐Tsukamoto, Steven, Ohwada and Colwell 1999b, 341 (Effective publication: Urakawa, Kita‐Tsukamoto, Steven, Ohwada and Colwell 1998, 376) (
Vibrio marinus
Baumann, Furniss and Lee 1984c, 356.)
Thermochromatium
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F. , Madigan Michael T.
Published: August 2015

Ther
'
mo.chro.ma
'
ti.um
. Gr. adj.
thermos
hot;
Chromatium
a genus name; M.L. neut. n.
Thermochromatium
the hot
Chromatium
.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Thermochromatium

Cells straight to slightly curved rods
, multiply by binary fission,
motile
, most likely by polar flagella. Gram negative, belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
, and contain internal
photosynthetic membranes of vesicular type
in which the photosynthetic pigments bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids are located.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 60–63.

Type species
:
Thermochromatium tepidum
(Madigan 1986) Imhoff, Süling and Petri 1998b, 1140 (
Chromatium tepidum
Madigan 1986, 226.)
Thiococcus
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Thi.o.coc' cus. Gr. n.thiossulfur; L. masc. n.coccussphere; M.L. masc. n.Thiococcussphere with sulfur.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Thiococcus

Cells spherical, with diplococcus‐shaped division stages,non‐motile, multiply by binary fission. Gram negative, belong to theGammaproteobacteria, and contain internalphotosynthetic membranes consisting of bundles of ribbon‐like branched tubescontinuous with the cytoplasmic membrane. Individual cells colorless, color of cell suspensions is yellowish to orange‐brown. Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyllband carotenoids.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 69.4–69.9.

Type species:Thiococcus pfennigii(Eimhjellen 1970) Imhoff, Süling and Petri 1998b, 1139 (Thiocapsa pfennigiiEimhjellen 1970, 193.)
Thiolamprovum
Authors: Caumette Pierre , Guyoneaud Rémi , Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Thi' o.lam.pro' vum
. Gr. n.
thios
sulfur; Gr. n.
lampros
bright, brilliant; L. n.
ovum
egg; M.L. neut. n.
Thiolamprovum
bright egg with sulfur.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Thiolamprovum

Cells nearly spherical to oval
, 2 × 2–3 µm, may occur in regular platelets of 4–16 cells,
nonmotile
, and multiply by binary fission. Gram negative, belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
, and have internal photosynthetic membranes of vesicular type containing the photosynthetic pigments bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 64.5–66.5 (Bd).

Type species
:
Thiolamprovum pedioforme
(Eichler and Pfennig 1986) Guyoneaud, Süling, Petri, Matheron, Caumette, Pfennig and Imhoff 1998b, 963 (
Amoebobacter pedioformis
Eichler and Pfennig 1986, 300.)
Thiospirillum
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Thi' o.spi.ril' lum. Gr. n.thiossulfur; M.L. dim. neut. n.Spirilluma bacterial genus; M.L. neut. n.ThiospirillumsulfurSpirillum.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Thiospirillum

Cellscurved rods or spirals(sigmoid), dividing by binary fission,motile by(multitrichous)polar flagella. Cells may be immobile and grow in irregular aggregates surrounded by slime. Gram negative, belong to theGammaproteobacteria, and containinternal photosynthetic membranes of vesicular typein which the photosynthetic pigments bacteriochlorophyllaand carotenoids are located.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 45.5.

Type species:Thiospirillum jenense(Ehrenberg 1838) Migula 1900, 1050 (Ophidomonas jenensisEhrenberg 1838, 44.)
Ectothiorhodospira
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Ec' to.thi' o.rho' do.spi' ra. Gr. prep.ectosoutside; Gr. n.thiossulfur; Gr. n.rhodonthe rose; Gr. n.spirathe spiral; M.L. fem. n.Ectothiorhodospiraspiral rose with sulfur outside.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Ectothiorhodospiraceae / Ectothiorhodospira

Cells rod‐shaped or vibrioid, also appearing as true spirals, 0.7–1.5 µm in diameter,motile by a polar tuft of flagella, multiply by binary fission, and may contain gas vesicles.Gram‐negative and belong to theGammaproteobacteria.Internal photosynthetic membranes are lamellar stacksthat are continuous with the cytoplasmic membrane. Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyllaand carotenoids.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 61.4–68.4.

Type species:Ectothiorhodospira mobilisPelsh 1936, 120.
Nitrococcus
Authors: Spieck Eva , Bock Eberhard
Published: August 2015

Ni.tro.coc' cus
. L. n.
nitrum
nitrate; Gr. n.
coccus
a grain, berry; M.L. masc. n.
Nitrococcus
nitrate sphere.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Ectothiorhodospiraceae / Nitrococcus

Spherical cells 1.5 μm or more in diameter
, occurring singly or in pairs. Cells reproduce by binary fission.
Intracytoplasmic membranes occur as tubes
, randomly arranged throughout the cytoplasm. Gram negative.
Motile
by 1 or 2 flagella.
Aerobic
. Energy derived from the
oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. Obligate lithoautotrophs
. Optimal growth in 70–100% seawater enriched with nitrite and other inorganic salts. No organic growth factors required. Isolated from marine environments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 61.2.

Type species
:
Nitrococcus mobilis
Watson and Waterbury 1971, 224
AL
.
Budvicia
Authors: Farmer J.J.
Published: August 2015

Bud.vi' ci.a
. L. fem. n.
Budvicia
derived from Budvicium, the Latin name of the city České Budějovice where the bacterium was first isolated.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Budvicia

Small, straight, rod‐shaped cells, nonsporeforming, nonencapsulated, and Gram negative, conforming to the general definition of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
. Contains the enterobacterial common antigen.
Motile, producing peritrichous flagella when grown at 22°C; less motile at 36°C
. Grows on laboratory media including MacConkey agar. Grows slowly on nutrient agar, forming colonies only about 0.1 mm at 24 h, 36°C; colonies are five times larger when grown at 30°C for 24 h. More active biochemically at 25°C than 36°C. Oxidase negative, reduce nitrate to nitrite.
Positive for
:

H
2
S production, urea hydrolysis, and fermentation of glucose

,

L

‐
arabinose
,

L

‐
rhamnose
,

D

‐

xylose, and
D
‐galactose

.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 46 ± 1 (Bouvet et al., 1985); 51–54 (Aldová et al., 1983).

Type species
:
Budvicia aquatica
Aldová, Hausner, and Gabrhelová
in
Bouvet, Grimont, Richard, Aldová, Hausner and Gabrhelová 1982, 63.
Citrobacter
Authors: Frederiksen Wilhelm
Published: August 2015

Cit.ro.bac' ter. L. n.citruslemon; M.L. n.bactera small rod; M.L. masc. n.Citrobactera citrate‐utilizing rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Citrobacter

Straight rods, ~1.0 µm × 2.0–6.0 µm. Occur singly and in pairs. Conform to the general definition of the familyEnterobacteriaceae. Usually not encapsulated. Gram negative. Usuallymotile by peritrichous flagella. Facultatively anaerobic, having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism. Grow readily on ordinary media. Colonies on nutrient agar are generally 2–4 mm in diameter, smooth, low convex, moist, translucent or opaque, and gray with a shiny surface and entire edge. Mucoid or rough forms may occur occasionally. Oxidase negative. Catalase positive. Chemoorganotrophic.Citrate can be utilized as a sole carbon source by most strains. Lysine is not decarboxylated. Alginate and pectate are not decomposed.D‐glucose is fermented with the production of acid and gas. The methyl red test is positive; the Voges–Proskauer test is negative. Occur in the feces of humans and some animals; probably normal intestinal inhabitants. Sometimes pathogenic and often isolated from clinical specimens as opportunistic pathogens. Can also be found in soil, water, sewage, and food.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 50–52 (Tm).

Type species:Citrobacter freundii(Braak 1928) Werkman and Gillen 1932, 173 (Bacterium freundiiBraak 1928, 140.)
Enterobacter
Authors: Grimont Patrick A.D. , Grimont Francine
Published: August 2015

En.te.ro.bac' ter
. Gr. neut. n.
enteron
intestine; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
equivalent of bacterium, a small rod; M.L. masc. n.
Enterobacter
intestinal small rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Enterobacter

Straight rods, 0.6–1.0 × 1.2–3.0 µm, conforming to the general definition of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
.
Motile by peritrichous flagella
(generally 4–6). Gram negative.
Facultatively anaerobic
. Growth occurs readily on ordinary media. Glucose is fermented with production of acid and gas (generally CO
2
:H
2
= 2:1). Gas is not produced from glucose at 44.5°C.
Most strains give a positive Voges–Proskauer reaction and a negative methyl red test
. An alkaline reaction occurs in Simmons citrate and malonate broth. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite. H
2
S is not produced from thiosulfate. Tetrathionate is not reduced.
Corn oil and tributyrin are not hydrolyzed. Gelatin, DNA, and Tween 80 are either not, or very slowly, hydrolyzed
.
L
‐Arabinose,
D
‐cellobiose,
D
‐fructose,
D
‐galactose,
D
‐galacturonate, gentiobiose,
D
‐gluconate,
D
‐glucosamine,
D
‐glucose,
D
‐glucuronate, 2‐ketogluconate,
L
‐malate,
D
‐mannitol,
D
‐mannose,
D
‐trehalose, and
D
‐xylose utilized by all or almost all strains, as sole source of carbon and energy.
L
‐rhamnose utilized by all strains except
Enterobacter asburiae
.
L
‐Arabitol, ethanolamine, itaconate, 3‐phenylpropionate,
L
‐sorbose,
D
‐tartrate, tryptamine, and xylitol are not utilized.
meso
‐Erythritol, gentisate, glutarate, and tricarballylate not utilized except by some strains of
Enterobacter gergoviae
.
D
‐melezitose not utilized except by some strains of
Enterobacter sakazakii
. Optimum temperature for growth is 30°C. Most clinical strains grow at 37°C; some environmental strains give erratic biochemical reactions at 37°C. Widely distributed in nature; common in man and animals.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 52–60 (Bd).

Type species
:
Enterobacter cloacae
(Jordan 1890) Hormaeche and Edwards 1960b72. Nom. Cons. Opin. 28, Jud. Comm. 1963, 38 (
Bacillus cloacae
Jordan 1890, 836.)
Escherichia
Authors: Scheutz Flemming , Strockbine Nancy A.
Published: August 2015

Esch.er.i' chi.a
. M.L. fem. n.
Escherichia
named after Theodor Escherich, who isolated the type species of the genus.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Escherichia

Straight cylindrical rods, 1.1–1.5 × 2.0–6.0 µm, occurring singly or in pairs. Conform to the general definition of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
. Gram negative. Motile by peritrichous flagella or nonmotile. Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism, but anaerogenic biotypes occur. Oxidase negative. Chemoorganotrophic.

Both acid and gas are formed from most fermentable carbohydrates, but
i
‐inositol is not utilized and
D
‐adonitol is utilized only by
Escherichia fergusonii
. Lactose is fermented by most strains of
Escherichia coli

, but fermentation may be delayed or absent in
Escherichia blattae, Escherichia hermannii, Escherichia fergusonii
, and
Escherichia vulneris
.
Do not grow in KCN
(

with the exception of
E
.
hermannii
and a small proportion of
E

.

vulneris

).

Usually do not produce H
2
S

.
E
.
coli
occur naturally in the lower part of the intestine of warm‐blooded animals,
E
.
blattae
in the hind‐gut of cockroaches, and
E
.
fergusonii, E
.
hermannii
, and
E
.
vulneris
are found in the intestine, as well as extraintestinal sites of warm‐blooded animals. Seven copies of the
rrn
operon with genes coding for 16S, 23S, and 5S rRNA are present on the chromosome of
E
.
coli
. Comparative sequence analysis between the genes for 16S rRNA of
E
.
coli, E
.
vulneris
, and
E
.
hermannii
and homologous genes from all eubacteria places
E
.
coli
and
E
.
vulneris
together in a tightly related cluster with shigellae, and
E
.
hermannii
between
Salmonella
spp. and
Citrobacter freundii
(Cilia et al., 1996). Based on 16S rRNA sequencing, escherichiae belong in the
Gammaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 48–59.

Type species
:
Escherichia coli
(Migula 1895) Castellani and Chalmers 1919, 941 (
Bacillus coli
Migula 1895, 27.)
Plesiomonas
Authors: Janda J. Michael
Published: August 2015

Ple.si.o.mo' nas
. Gr. masc. n.
plesios
neighbor; fem. n.
monas
unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.
Plesiomonas
neighbor monad (to
Aeromonas
).

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Plesiomonas

Rod‐shaped, straight cells, 0.8–1.0 × 3.0 µm (Janda, 1998). Endospores not produced. Gram negative.
Motile
. Growth on common basal agars with most strains growing on mineral media containing ammonium salts and glucose as sole nitrogen and carbon sources (Schubert, 1984). Chemoorganotrophic with both a respiratory‐ and fermentative‐type metabolism.

Facultatively anaerobic. Acid from the catabolism of
D
‐glucose, without gas

. Anaerogenic fermentation of a limited number of carbohydrates

including
m
‐inositol. Oxidase and catalase positive. Lysine‐ and ornithine‐decarboxylase and arginine dihydrolase positive. NaCl supplementation not required for growth. Most strains susceptible to 10 μg and 150 μg of the vibriostatic agent O/129 (2,4‐diamino‐6,7‐diisopropylpteridine)

. Few extracellular enzymes elaborated (Schubert, 1984).
Starch not hydrolyzed
. 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA analysis indicate plesiomonads belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
, with maximum homology to members of the
Enterobacteriaceae
(Martinez‐Murcia et al., 1992a; Ruimy et al., 1994). Unique genus‐specific signature oligonucleotides have not been identified.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 51 (Sebald and Véron, 1963).

Type species
:
Plesiomonas shigelloides
(Bader 1954) Habs and Schubert 1962, 324 (
Pseudomonas shigelloides
Bader 1954, 455.)
Rahnella
Authors: Kämpfer Peter
Published: August 2015

Rah' nel.la
. M.L. dim. ending ‐
ella
; M.L. fem. n.
Rahnella
named after Otto Rahn, the German‐American microbiologist and who proposed the name
Enterobacteriaceae
in 1937.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Rahnella

Straight rods 0.5–0.7 × 2–3 μm
, conforming to the general definition of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
.
Gram negative, motile by peritrichous flagella when grown at 25°C
. Facultatively anaerobic. Chemoorganotrophic.
Psychrotolerant
, growing at 4°C.
D
‐Glucose is fermented with the production of acid and, for the majority of strains, gas. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite. Oxidase negative, catalase positive.

Negative for lysine and ornithine decarboxylases and for arginine dihydrolase. Most strains are (weakly) positive for phenylalanine deaminase (after 48 h), methyl red, and Voges–Proskauer reaction. Acids are produced from various carbohydrates, including
L
‐arabinose, cellobiose, lactose, maltose, mannose

,

l

‐
rhamnose, raffinose
,

d

‐
xylose, and salicin
. Sequence analyses of the 16S rDNA of four
Rahnella
strains clearly placed the genus within the
Gammaproteobacteria
in the family
Enterobacteriaceae
. Highest 16S rDNA sequence similarity to
Yersinia enterocolitica
ATCC 9610
T
(97.7%). By omitting the hypervariable regions VI and V5 (corresponding to
E. coli
base positions 147–1490; Brosius et al., 1978),
Hafnia alvei
ATCC 13337
T
showed the highest sequence similarity (96.63%) to
R. aquatilis
ATCC 33071
T
. Most often isolated from fresh water, but also found in the intestine of snails and various other environmental habitats, including soils and the rhizosphere. Can occasionally be isolated from foods or human clinical specimens, including wound infections, bacteremias, feces from patients with acute gastroenteritis, and septicemia, especially from immunocompromised patients. The genus currently includes three genomospecies (
R. aquatilis
[
Rahnella
genomospecies 1],
Rahnella
genomospecies 2, and
Rahnella
genomospecies 3), which cannot be phenotypically differentiated.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 51–56.

Type species
:
Rahnella aquatilis
Izard, Gavini, Trinel and Leclerc 1981c, 382 (Effective publication: Izard, Gavini, Trinel and Leclerc 1979, 174.)
Salmonella
Authors: Popoff Michel Y. , Le Minor Leon E.
Published: August 2015

Sal.mon.el' la
. M.L. ‐
ella
dim. ending; M.L. fem. n.
Salmonella
named after D.E. Salmon, an American bacteriologist.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Salmonella

Straight rods, 0.7–1.5 × 2.0–5.0 µm, conforming to the general definition of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
. Gram negative.
Usually motile
(peritrichous flagella). Facultatively anaerobic. Colonies are generally 2–4 mm in diameter. Nitrates are reduced to nitrites.

Gas is usually produced from
D
‐glucose

. Hydrogen sulfide is usually produced on triple‐sugar iron agar. Indole negative.
Citrate is usually utilized as a sole carbon source
. Lysine and ornithine decarboxylase (Møller's) reactions are usually positive. Urease negative. Phenylalanine and tryptophan are not oxidatively deaminated. Sucrose, salicin, inositol, and amygdalin are usually not fermented. Lipase and deoxyribonuclease are not produced. Pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and septicemia; may also infect many animal species besides humans. Some serovars are strictly host‐adapted.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 50–53.

Type species
:
Salmonella choleraesuis
(Smith 1894) Weldin 1927, 155 (
Bacillus cholerae suis
Smith 1894, 9.)
Xenorhabdus
Authors: Akhurst Raymond J. , Boemare Noël E.
Published: August 2015

Xe.no.rhab' dus
. Gr. n.
xenos
unwanted guest (less literally, pathogen); Gr. fem. n.
Rhabdus
rod; M.L. masc. n.
Xenorhabdus
pathogenic rod‐shaped bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Xenorhabdus

Asporogenous, rod‐shaped cells 0.3–2 × 2–10 μm and occasionally with filaments 15–50 μm in length
. Spheroplasts, averaging 2.6 µm in diameter, appear in the last third of exponential growth.
Proteinaceous crystalline inclusions
develop in a large proportion of cells in stationary phase cultures. Gram negative. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Swarming may occur on 0.6–1.2% agar. Facultatively anaerobic, with both respiratory and fermentative types of metabolism.
Optimum temperature usually
&
sim;28°C or less
; a few strains grow at 40°C. Acid (no gas) production from glucose; ferment some other carbohydrates but poorly.
No catalase activity; nitrate is not reduced to nitrite
. Negative for most tests used to differentiate
Enterobacteriaceae
. Lipase detected with Tween 20 and egg yolk agar; most strains lipolytic on Tween 40, 60, 80, and/or 85. Positive for deoxyribonuclease and protease.
Phase shift occurs to varying degrees in stationary phase cultures
, giving rise to phase II, which lacks dye adsorption, antibiotic production, protein inclusions, and some other characteristics of the phase I isolated from the natural environment.
Only known from the intestinal lumen of entomopathogenic nematodes of the family
Steinernematidae
and insects infected by these nematodes.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 43–50 (Bd).

Type species
:
Xenorhabdus nematophila
(Poinar and Thomas 1965) Thomas and Poinar 1979, 355 (
Achromobacter nematophilus
Poinar and Thomas 1965, 249.)
Yersinia
Authors: Bottone Edward J. , Bercovier Herve , Mollaret Henri H.
Published: August 2015

Yer.si' ni.a. M.L. fem. n.Yersinianamed for the French bacteriologist A.J.E. Yersin, who first isolated the causal organism of plague in 1894.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Yersinia

Straight rods to coccobacilli, 0.5–0.8 × 1–3 µm. Endospores are not formed. Capsules are not present, but an envelope occurs inY. pestisstrains grown at 37°C and in cells from clinical sources. Gram negative,nonmotile at 37°C, but motile with peritrichous flagella when grown below 30°C, except forY. pestis, which is always nonmotile. Growth occurs on ordinary bacteriological media. Colonies of yersiniae are translucent to opaque, 0.1–1.0 mm in diameter after 24 h. Optimum growth temperature, 28–29°C. Facultatively anaerobic, having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism. Oxidase negative. Catalase positive. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite with a few exceptions in specific biovars.D‐glucose and other carbohydrates are fermented withacid production but little or no gas. Phenotypic characteristics are often temperature dependent, and usually more characteristics are expressed by cultures incubated at 25–29°C than at 35–37°C. The enterobacterial common antigen is present in all species investigated. Widely distributed in nature with some species adapted to specific animal hosts and humans. Several species are pathogenic for humans and animals includingY. pestis, the causative agent of plague. A significant cause of food‐borne and waterborne disease. Belongs to theGammaproteobacteria.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 46–50.

Type species:Yersinia pestis(Lehmann and Neumann 1896) Van Loghem 1944, 15 (Bacterium pestisLehmann and Neumann 1896, 194;Yersinia pseudotuberculosissubsp.pestisBercovier, Mollaret, Alonso, Brault, Fanning, Steigerwalt and Brenner 1981a, 383.)
Methylobacter
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: August 2015

Me.thy.lo.bac' ter
. Fr. n.
méthyle
the methyl radical; Gr. n.
bacter
rod; M.L. n.
Methylobacter
methyl rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / Methylobacter

Cells are
spherical or elliptical
, 0.8–1.5 × 1.2–3.0 µm. Usually occur singly, in pairs, and occasionally in chains.
Gram negative
. When motile, form single polar flagellum. Form a
glucan‐containing cyst‐like resting stage
, which usually confers
desiccation resistance
. Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules present.
Strictly aerobic respiratory metabolism
with oxygen as the electron acceptor.
Obligate utilizers of methane for carbon and energy
. Carbon–carbon bonded compounds are not utilized. Oxidase and catalase positive. Uses the
ribulose monophosphate pathway
to fix formaldehyde for cell carbon. Key enzyme activity of the serine transhydroxymethylase pathway is absent.
Nitrogen fixation is absent
. Not susceptible to lysis by 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Mesophilic
, with optimal growth between 30°C and 35°C. One species requires sodium ions and other factors for growth. The major fatty acid is

C
16:1 ω7c
. Ubiquinone‐8 (Q‐8)

is the predominant lipoquinone. Habitat: Isolated from sediments of freshwater lakes and rivers, wetland muds, activated sludge, and wastewater. Belongs to the
Gammaproteobacteria
as part of the Order
Methylococcales
, Family
Methylococcaceae
.

Type species
:
Methylobacter luteus
(Romanovskaya, Malashenko and Bogachenko 1978) Bowman, Sly, Nichols and Hayward 1993b, 749 (
Methylococcus luteus
Romanovskaya, Malashenko and Bogachenko 1978, 124;
Methylococcus bovis
Romanovskaya, Malashenko and Bogachenko 1978, 124.)
New frames of reference for mapping drugs in the four classes of the BCS and BDDCS into regions with clear boundaries
Authors: Chatzizacharia Kalliopi , Hatziavramidis Dimitris
Published: August 2015

The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), adopted by drug regulatory agencies for oral drug products approval, classify drug substances into four classes according to their aqueous solubility and epithelial membrane permeability. In a solubility‐permeability frame of reference, drugs on the boundaries of the four regions depicting the four drug classes are problematic to classify. To remove the fuzziness in the boundaries of the solubility‐permeability frame of reference, a dataset of 85 oral drugs from all four classes of BCS are mapped into new frames of references in which the coordinate axes are based on the rates of dissolution, systemic elimination (metabolism), and membrane permeation. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3570–3579, 2015
How are different neural networks related to consciousness?
Authors: Qin Pengmin , Wu Xuehai , Huang Zirui , Duncan Niall W. , Tang Weijun , Wolff Annemarie , Hu Jin , Gao Liang , Jin Yi , Wu Xing , Zhang Jianfeng , Lu Lu , Wu Chunping , Qu Xiaoying , Mao Ying , Weng Xuchu , Zhang Jun , Northoff Georg
Published: August 2015

Objective

We aimed to investigate the roles of different resting‐state networks in predicting both the actual level of consciousness and its recovery in brain injury patients.

Methods

We investigated resting‐state functional connectivity within different networks in patients with varying levels of consciousness: unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS; n = 56), minimally conscious state (MCS; n = 29), and patients with brain lesions but full consciousness (BL; n = 48). Considering the actual level of consciousness, we compared the strength of network connectivity among the patient groups. We then checked the presence of connections between specific regions in individual patients and calculated the frequency of this in the different patient groups. Considering the recovery of consciousness, we split the UWS group into 2 subgroups according to recovery: those who emerged from UWS (UWS‐E) and those who remained in UWS (UWS‐R). The above analyses were repeated on these 2 subgroups.

Results

Functional connectivity strength in salience network (SN), especially connectivity between the supragenual anterior cingulate cortex (SACC) and left anterior insula (LAI), was reduced in the unconscious state (UWS) compared to the conscious state (MCS and BL). Moreover, at the individual level, SACC‐LAI connectivity was more present in MCS than in UWS. Default‐mode network (DMN) connectivity strength, especially between the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and left lateral parietal cortex (LLPC), was reduced in UWS‐R compared with UWS‐E. Furthermore, PCC‐LLPC connectivity was more present in UWS‐E than in UWS‐R.

Interpretation

Our findings show that SN (SACC‐LAI) connectivity correlates with behavioral signs of consciousness, whereas DMN (PCC‐LLPC) connectivity instead predicts recovery of consciousness. Ann Neurol 2015;78:594–605
Elevated synchrony in Parkinson disease detected with electroencephalography
Authors: Swann Nicole C. , de Hemptinne Coralie , Aron Adam R. , Ostrem Jill L. , Knight Robert T. , Starr Philip A.
Published: August 2015

Objective

Parkinson disease (PD) can be difficult to diagnose and treat. Development of a biomarker for PD would reduce these challenges by providing an objective measure of disease. Emerging theories suggest PD is characterized by excessive synchronization in the beta frequency band (∼20Hz) throughout basal ganglia–thalamocortical loops. Recently we showed with invasive electrocorticography that one robust measure of this synchronization is the coupling of beta phase to broadband gamma amplitude (ie, phase–amplitude coupling [PAC]). Other recent work suggests that high‐frequency activity is detectable at the scalp using electroencephalography (EEG). Motivated by these findings, we tested whether beta‐gamma PAC over sensorimotor cortex, recorded noninvasively with EEG, differs between PD patients off and on medications, and healthy control subjects.

Methods

Resting EEG was compared from 15 PD patients and 16 healthy control subjects. PD patients were tested on and off medications on different days, in a counterbalanced order. For each data set we calculated PAC and compared results across groups.

Results

PAC was elevated in the patients off medications compared to on medications (p = 0.008) and for patients off medications compared to controls (p = 0.009).

Interpretation

Elevated PAC is detectable using scalp EEG in PD patients off medications compared to on medications, and compared to healthy controls. This suggests that EEG PAC may provide a noninvasive biomarker of the parkinsonian state. This biomarker could be used as a control signal for closed‐loop control of deep brain stimulation devices, for adjustment of dopaminergic treatment, and also has the potential to aid in diagnosis. Ann Neurol 2015;78:Ann Neurol 2015;78:679–696
Tracking sensory system atrophy and outcome prediction in spinal cord injury
Authors: Grabher Patrick , Callaghan Martina F. , Ashburner John , Weiskopf Nikolaus , Thompson Alan J. , Curt Armin , Freund Patrick
Published: August 2015

Objective

In patients with subacute spinal cord injury (SCI), the motor system undergoes progressive structural changes rostral to the lesion, which are associated with motor outcome. The extent to which the sensory system is affected and how this relates to sensory outcome are uncertain.

Methods

Changes in the sensory system were prospectively followed by applying a comprehensive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol to 14 patients with subacute traumatic SCI at baseline, 2 months, 6 months, and 12 months after injury, combined with a full neurological examination and comprehensive pain assessment. Eighteen controls underwent the same MRI protocol. T1‐weighted volumes, myelin‐sensitive magnetization transfer saturation (MT), and longitudinal relaxation rate (R1) mapping provided data on spinal cord and brain morphometry and microstructure. Regression analysis assessed the relationship between MRI readouts and sensory outcomes.

Results

At 12 months from baseline, sensory scores were unchanged and below‐level neuropathic pain became prominent. Compared with controls, patients showed progressive degenerative changes in cervical cord and brain morphometry across the sensory system. At 12 months, MT and R1 were reduced in areas of structural decline. Sensory scores at 12 months correlated with rate of change in cord area and brain volume and decreased MT in the spinal cord at 12 months.

Interpretation

This study has demonstrated progressive atrophic and microstructural changes across the sensory system with a close relation to sensory outcome. Structural MRI protocols remote from the site of lesion provide new insights into neuronal degeneration underpinning sensory disturbance and have potential as responsive biomarkers of rehabilitation and treatment interventions. Ann Neurol 2015;78:Ann Neurol 2015;78:679–696
New practical definitions for the diagnosis of autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay
Authors: Pilliod Julie , Moutton Sébastien , Lavie Julie , Maurat Elise , Hubert Christophe , Bellance Nadège , Anheim Mathieu , Forlani Sylvie , Mochel Fanny , N'Guyen Karine , Thauvin‐Robinet Christel , Verny Christophe , Milea Dan , Lesca Gaëtan , Koenig Michel , Rodriguez Diana , Houcinat Nada , Van‐Gils Julien , Durand Christelle M. , Guichet Agnès , Barth Magalie , Bonneau Dominique , Convers Philippe , Maillart Elisabeth , Guyant‐Marechal Lucie , Hannequin Didier , Fromager Guillaume , Afenjar Alexandra , Chantot‐Bastaraud Sandra , Valence Stéphanie , Charles Perrine , Berquin Patrick , Rooryck Caroline , Bouron Julie , Brice Alexis , Lacombe Didier , Rossignol Rodrigue , Stevanin Giovanni , Benard Giovanni , Burglen Lydie , Durr Alexandra , Goizet Cyril , Coupry Isabelle
Published: August 2015

Objective

Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay (ARSACS) is caused by mutations in the SACS gene. SACS encodes sacsin, a protein whose function remains unknown, despite the description of numerous protein domains and the recent focus on its potential role in the regulation of mitochondrial physiology. This study aimed to identify new mutations in a large population of ataxic patients and to functionally analyze their cellular effects in the mitochondrial compartment.

Methods

A total of 321 index patients with spastic ataxia selected from the SPATAX network were analyzed by direct sequencing of the SACS gene, and 156 patients from the ATAXIC project presenting with congenital ataxia were investigated either by targeted or whole exome sequencing. For functional analyses, primary cultures of fibroblasts were obtained from 11 patients carrying either mono‐ or biallelic variants, including 1 case harboring a large deletion encompassing the entire SACS gene.

Results

We identified biallelic SACS variants in 33 patients from SPATAX, and in 5 nonprogressive ataxia patients from ATAXIC. Moreover, a drastic and recurrent alteration of the mitochondrial network was observed in 10 of the 11 patients tested.

Interpretation

Our results permit extension of the clinical and mutational spectrum of ARSACS patients. Moreover, we suggest that the observed mitochondrial network anomalies could be used as a trait biomarker for the diagnosis of ARSACS when SACS molecular results are difficult to interpret (ie, missense variants and heterozygous truncating variant). Based on our findings, we propose new diagnostic definitions for ARSACS using clinical, genetic, and cellular criteria. Ann Neurol 2015;78:871–886
Corticospinal tract lesion load: An imaging biomarker for stroke motor outcomes
Authors: Feng Wuwei , Wang Jasmine , Chhatbar Pratik Y. , Doughty Christopher , Landsittel Douglas , Lioutas Vasileios‐Arsenios , Kautz Steven A. , Schlaug Gottfried
Published: August 2015

Objective

The aim of this work was to investigate whether an imaging measure of corticospinal tract (CST) injury in the acute phase can predict motor outcome at 3 months in comparison to clinical assessment of initial motor impairment.

Methods

A two‐site prospective cohort study followed up a group of first‐ever ischemic stroke patients using the Upper‐Extremity Fugl‐Meyer (UE‐FM) Scale to measure motor impairment in the acute phase and at 3 months. A weighted CST lesion load (wCST‐LL) was calculated by overlaying the patient's lesion map on magnetic resonance imaging with a probabilistic CST constructed from healthy control subjects. Regression models were fit to assess the predictive value of wCST‐LL and compared with initial motor impairment.

Results

Seventy‐six patients (37 from cohort 1 and 39 from cohort 2) completed the study. wCST‐LL as well as assessment of motor impairment (UE‐FM) in the acute phase correlated with motor impairment (UE‐FM) at 3 months in both cohort 1 (R2 = 0.69 vs. R2 = 0.67; p = 0.43) and cohort 2 (R2 = 0.69 vs. R2 = 0.62; p = 0.25). In the severely impaired subgroup (defined as UE‐FM ≤ 10 at baseline), wCST‐LL correlated with outcomes significantly better than clinical assessment (R2 = 0.47 vs. R2 = 0.11; p = 0.03). In the nonseverely impaired subgroup, stroke patients recovered approximately 70% of their maximal recovery potential. All stroke patients in both cohorts had poor motor outcomes at 3 months (defined as UE‐FM ≤ 25) when wCST‐LL was ≥ 7.0 cc (positive predictive value was 100%).

Interpretation

wCST‐LL, an imaging biomarker determined in the acute phase, can predict poststroke motor outcomes at 3 months, especially in patients with severe impairment at baseline. Ann Neurol 2015;78:860–870
Dissipative dynamics of quantum fluctuations
Authors: Benatti Fabio , Carollo Federico , Floreanini Roberto
Published: August 2015

One way to look for complex behaviours in many‐body quantum systems is to let the number N of degrees of freedom become large and focus upon collective observables. Mean‐field quantities scaling as tend to commute, whence complexity at the quantum level can only be inherited from complexity at the classical level. Instead, fluctuations of microscopic observables scale as and exhibit collective Bosonic features, typical of a mesoscopic regime half‐way between the quantum one at the microscopic level and the classical one at the level of macroscopic averages. Here, we consider the mesoscopic behaviour emerging from an infinite quantum spin chain undergoing a microscopic dissipative, irreversible dynamics and from global states without long‐range correlations and invariant under lattice translations and dynamics. We show that, from the fluctuations of one site spin observables whose linear span is mapped into itself by the dynamics, there emerge bosonic operators obeying a mesoscopic dissipative dynamics mapping Gaussian states into Gaussian states. Instead of just depleting quantum correlations because of decoherence effects, these maps can generate entanglement at the collective, mesoscopic level, a phenomenon with no classical analogue that embodies a peculiar complex behaviour at the interface between micro and macro regimes.
Participation of Alkoxy Groups in Reactions of Acetals: Violation of the Reactivity/Selectivity Principle in a Curtin–Hammett Kinetic Scenario
Authors: Garcia Angie , Sanzone Jillian R. , Woerpel K. A.
Published: August 2015

Nucleophilic substitution reactions of acetals having benzyloxy groups four carbon atoms away can be highly diastereoselective. The selectivity in several cases increased as the reactivity of the nucleophile increased, in violation of the reactivity/selectivity principle. The increase in selectivity with reactivity suggests that multiple conformational isomers of reactive intermediates can give rise to the products.