bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESTIMATING THE SHAPE OF THE LACTATION CURVE
Authors: SCHAEFFER L. R. , BURNSIDE E. B.
Published: March 2010

The shape of the lactation curve was estimated utilizing a multiple-trait generalized least squares analysis to calculate constants for average daily milk and fat production within 16 stages of lactation for the Holstein and Jersey breeds. The results agree with recent studies in the United States. Discussion is given on the computational aspects of deriving the constants and applying them to the problem of predicting 305-day milk and fat production. Several methods of prediction remain to be compared.
EFFECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND MATING SYSTEM ON FARM GROSS MARGINS IN BEEF PRODUCTION
Authors: WILTON J. W. , MORRIS C. A.
Published: March 2010

A linear programming model for beef production was used to examine the effects of straightbreeding, three-breed rotational and terminal crossbreeding systems on farm gross margins at each of three reproductive rates. Terminal crossing systems that maintained a similar distribution of livestock classes in the herd as in rotational crosses (TM) and that fed all terminal cross heifers in the feedlot (T7) were examined. A farm level model was used, incorporating cows, replacement breeding females, feedlot steers and heifers and cropping with their requirements for labor and capital. In both terminal crossing systems replacement breeding females were purchased at 7 mo of age. Several combinations of the following four factors were considered: cow weights, estimates of heterosis, limitations on farm resources and prices of beef relative to feed. Calf crop percentages ranged from 68.4 to 89.7% for various combinations of reproductive rate and mating system. Higher reproductive rates produced higher farm gross margins from straightbreeding, rotational and TM terminal crosses, but the size of the increase depended on the particular combination of the four factors considered. The effect of reproduction was inconsistent for the T7 terminal crossing system, probably due to changes in age distribution of females. Compared with rotational crosses, farm gross margins for TM terminal crosses were little different when no complementarity for size was considered (< 1.0%), although superior on the average. When the terminal cross calves were sired by larger bulls mated to smaller cows, the TM system produced larger farm gross margins than the rotational system (17% on average). At the livestock prices used, T7 produced larger farm gross margins than TM due to a more complete use of farm resources, differences ranging from $4,985 to $11,660 relative to farm gross margins for TM of $14,954 and $13,401, respectively. Increases in sizes of cows in the rotational crossing and straightbreeding systems and of both sire and dam in the T7 terminal crossing system produced higher farm gross margins. Changes in estimates of heterosis used, beef to feed price ratios and farm resource situations did not in general produce changes in rankings of the mating systems. Interactions were, however, found for some particular combinations of reproductive rate, farm resources and beef to feed price ratios.
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED CATTLE MANURE USING SHEEP
Authors: THORLACIUS S. O.
Published: March 2010

Manure from a commercial feedlot was dehydrated at an alfalfa dehydration plant. The manure contained, on a dry matter (DM) basis, 14.8% crude protein, 14% ash, 0.83% calcium, 0.69% phosphorus, 30.5% crude fiber, and 2.6% fat. About 45% of the DM in the manure was wheat straw bedding. Each of three pelleted rations: 50% hay 50% barley (HB); 50% manure 50% barley (MB); and 100% manure (M) was fed ad libitum to eight individually penned yearling wethers in a 38-day feeding trial. In addition to the manure pellets, lambs on ration M were fed 200 g/day alfalfa hay until intake of pellets exceeded 600 g/day, and 200 g/day barley during the first 28 days on test. A digestibility trial, five wethers per treatment, was conducted after the 38-day feeding trial. Mean daily DM intake during the feeding trial was 2,054, 1,714, 1,165 (pellets only) g and mean daily gain was 272, 148 and −57 g for rations HB, MB, and M, respectively. The corresponding values were 2,632, 2,277, and 2,050 g for DM intake during the final 10 days of the feeding trial, 62.7, 51.7, and 26.7% for DM digestibility, and 70.9, 62.6, and 42.2 for nitrogen digestibility. Molar percent volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid of lambs on ration M were similar to those normally observed for high roughage rations. Molar percent acetic in rumen fluid of lambs on ration HB was greater (P < 0.05) and percent valeric lower (P < 0.05) than on ration MB. It was concluded that sheep will consume rations containing large amounts of dehydrated manure, but low digestibility of manure severely limits its value as a ration ingredient.
SUBSTITUTION OF RAPESEED MEAL FOR SOYBEAN MEAL AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN FOR LACTATING COWS
Authors: FISHER L. J. , WALSH DOROTHY S.
Published: March 2010

Sixteen lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to treatment sequences in a 4 × 4 changeover experiment. Experimental periods were 28 days in length separated by 7 days for changeover. Cows were fed corn silage free choice and gradually increasing amounts of one of four dairy concentrates containing 0, 11, 22, or 34% rapeseed meal (RSM) of a Canadian, experimental, low glucosinolate–low erucic acid variety. Concentrate intake (kg dry matter/day), milk yield (kg/day) and body weight change (kg/28 days) were 8.45a, 8.71a, 8.37a and 7.17b; 24.40a, 24.03ab, 22.92bc and 21.96c and 7.6b, 22.4b, 13.0ab, and 3.0b for 0, 11, 22 and 34% RSM mixtures, respectively. There was no influence of treatment on milk composition. Ration dry matter (DM) and nitrogen digestibilities declined (P < 0.05) as the RSM in the concentrate mixture increased. The amount of nitrogen excreted in the urine was greatest for cows fed 0% RSM and least for cows fed 34% RSM. Cows fed concentrate mixtures containing 34% RSM had a lower blood thyroxine level than others (P < 0.05), but RSM-containing concentrates had no apparent effect on the conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine. Results of the trial indicated that this experimental variety of RSM had no detrimental effect on concentrate intake, DM digestibility, milk composition or thyroid hormone metabolism when included at levels up to 22% in the concentrate mixture. However, milk yield and apparent digestibility of ration nitrogen were decreased (P < 0.05) by the 22% RSM mixture. It was not certain from the current findings whether the depression in digestibility was due largely to the high oil content of the meal or due to the higher fiber content of the RSM-supplemented rations.
VARIABILITY IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RAPESEED MEAL
Authors: BELL J. M. , JEFFERS H. F.
Published: March 2010

Samples (115) of rapeseed meal were collected from feedmills and crushing plants across Canada during July–December 1972. The samples averaged 7.7% moisture, 35.9% crude protein, 11.2% crude fibre, 3.8% ether extract, 6.5% ash and 7.0 mg glucosinolates per gram. By microscopy, 86% of the samples averaged 1.8% total impurities; 14% averaged 4.5% impurities or material other than rapeseed. These findings are discussed in relation to rapeseed grading standards and in relation to normal variation in rapeseed meal quality.
FEED INTAKE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY OF GROWING LAMBS SUPPLEMENTED INTRAGASTRICALLY WITH FULL-FAT RAPESEED (CV. TOWER)
Authors: SEOANE J. R. , GORRILL A. D. L. , NICHOLSON I. W. G.
Published: March 2010

Seventeen lambs were used to study the effects of ruminal and/or abomasal infusions of rapeseed on voluntary feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention. The basal diet (65% barley, 30% ground hay) contained 92% dry matter, 12% protein and 3.9 kcal/g of gross energy as fed. In experiment 1, full-fat rapeseed (FFRS, 25% protein, 50% fat) was either heated in boiling water or non-heated and infused into the abomasum of lambs as a 20% solids suspension to provide 25% of the daily energy requirement for maintenance. The intake, nutrient digestion and nitrogen retention of lambs were not affected by the heat treatment. In experiment 2, abomasal infusions of 0, 100, 200 and 400 ml of saline did not affect the "hunger drive" or daily feed intake of lambs. In experiment 3, FFRS (20% solids) was infused into the abomasum at levels of 12.5 and 25% of the energy requirements for maintenance with no infusion as control. Within 30 min post-infusion, voluntary energy intake decreased with increasing levels of FFRS infused (r = − 0.68, P < 0.01), but the total of the energy consumed during this time period plus that infused was not different. Nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention and average daily gains were not affected by the infusion level. In experiment 4, 15% of maintenance energy requirements were infused as FFRS into the rumen or abomasum. Voluntary energy intake at 30 min post-infusion was lower following infusions into the rumen or abomasum as compared to no infusion (P < 0.01). Daily energy intake, weight gain and nutrient digestibility were not affected by the site of infusion. Nitrogen retention was lower when FFRS was infused into the rumen. In experiment 5, partially extracted rapeseed (31% protein, 15% fat) was infused into the abomasum to supply either 0.1 or 0.2 g of nitrogen per kg0.75 body weight and compared to non-infused controls. Voluntary intake at 30 min post-infusion was lower for lambs that received the infusions (P < 0.02). Daily energy intake and nitrogen retention were not affected by the level of infusion. Nutrient digestibility increased gradually with each level of infusion (P < 0.01). These experiments indicate that intra-abomasal supplementation with Tower FFRS does not improve the performance of growing lambs fed a pelleted diet containing about 12% crude protein. The FFRS protein had low solubility in rumen fluid, in vitro, and therefore may be only partially degraded in the rumen in vivo.
QUALITY OF PROTEIN IN MILK REPLACERS FOR YOUNG CALVES. III. RENNET COAGULATION AND UNDENATURED WHEY PROTEIN NITROGEN CONTENT OF SKIM MILK POWDERS AND COMMERCIAL MILK REPLACERS
Authors: EMMONS D. B. , LISTER E. E. , CAMPBELL D. L.
Published: March 2010

Reconstituted commercial skim milk powder samples which produced a firm (> 30 g) rennet curd had high levels (> 4 mg N/g) of undenatured whey protein nitrogen (WPN) as measured by the modified Harland–Ashworth test. However, similar samples which also had high levels of WPN (> 6 mg N/g) had low curd firmness or failed to coagulate. Of 24 commercial samples of milk replacers, 2 formed a soft curd; the rest did not coagulate. Five had high levels of WPN (> 6 mg N/g); one sample contained 17.8 mg N/g, well above normal levels of skim milk powder. Plant proteins may have caused high WPN values and interfered with the Harland–Ashworth test. It was concluded that WPN is neither an acceptable index of rennet coagulability of milk replacers, nor a reliable index for selecting commercially produced skim milk powders with good rennet coagulability.
GROWTH AND CARDIOPATHOLOGY IN BOARS FED RAPESEED OIL
Authors: FRIEND D. W. , KRAMER J. K. G. , CORNER A. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
GROWTH AND ACTH RESPONSES TO COLD STRESS OF YOUNG PIGS FED AD LIBITUM
Authors: BROWN D. E. , HACKER R. R. , KING G. J.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-four 6-wk-old pigs were housed in individual metabolism cages and exposed for 6 wk to either 2 C or 20 C with ad libitum feed and water. The pigs at 20 C and 2 C had an average daily gain (ADG) of 544 g and 343 g (P < 0.01), respectively. Feed consumption was similar for both treatments, with feed:gain ratios being significantly lower in the 20 C group during the 1st and 3rd 2-wk periods. Spleen and kidney weights were a larger percent of ingesta-free body weight in pigs housed at 2 C. The percent body weight of livers, thyroids, testicles, seminal vesicles and bulbo-urethral glands were not statistically different between 20 C and 2 C housed pigs. Body protein and ash were 5 and 1.3% lower in the 2 C pigs. Differences in plasma ACTH between treatments within day were significant. Consistently lower levels of plasma ACTH were obtained from pigs housed at 2 C.
LOW-GLUCOSINOLATE, LOW-ERUCIC ACID FULL-FAT RAPESEED (CV. TOWER) AS A PROTEIN AND ENERGY SOURCE IN LAMB MILK REPLACERS
Authors: SEOANE J. R. , GORRILL A. D. L. , CRAMPTON L. , NICHOLSON J. W. G. , JONES J. D. , MACINTYRE T. M. , STEVENSON R. G.
Published: March 2010

Dehulled, low-erucic acid–low-glucosinolate, full-fat rapeseed (FFRS), was studied as a protein source in milk replacers for lambs. Before being incorporated into the milk replacers to provide 25% (FFRS-25) or 50% (FFRS-50) of the total dietary protein, the FFRS was either passed through a colloid mill (milled) or left unmilled. When compared with an all-milk protein diet (FFRS-0), inclusion of the unmilled FFRS decreased the digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen and energy (P < 0.01). Addition of unmilled FFRS to the milk replacer also decreased N retention (P < 0.01), but did not affect average daily gain. Addition of the milled FFRS to the milk replacers resulted in higher digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen and energy and better retention of nitrogen than when the unmilled FFRS was added. However, the colloid-milled FFRS diet still was not as highly digestible as the all-milk diet. Increasing the level of substitution with milled FFRS from 25 to 50% produced a further decrease of about 4 units in the digestion coefficients and of 9 units in the retention of nitrogen expressed as a percent of the intake. Serum cholesterol levels just prior to and 2 h after feeding were not affected by the dietary treatments. Histology of liver biopsy samples taken at 22 days of age and of hearts and livers at market weight showed no detrimental effect on these organs from feeding low-erucic acid, low-glucosinolate FFRS to lambs. Based on growth trials it is concluded that low-erucic acid, low-glucosinolate FFRS, after colloid milling, can replace from 25 to 50% of the milk protein and most of the fat in lamb milk replacers without significantly affecting animal performance.
TENDERNESS AND RELATED ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF CARCASS AS AFFECTED BY POSTMORTEM CHILLING TEMPERATURE
Authors: CLIPLEF R. L. , STRAIN J. H.
Published: March 2010

Sides of beef from 27 carcasses (a total of 54) were selected on the basis of size and age, 40 min post-slaughter, and subjected to one of two treatments. Right sides were chilled at a slower rate (7–8 C ambient temperature), while the left sides were chilled according to standard packing house procedure (1 C ambient temperature) for the first 24 h. The rate of carcass temperature decline and the change in muscle pH was monitored every 4 h for the first 24 h and again at 48 h and 72 h post-mortem. Sides were graded individually for color, texture and marbling. Steak samples were subjected to shear tests, organoleptic testing by a trained panel, standard chemical analysis and a physical measurement of water-binding ability (expressible juice). The pH declined more rapidly in sides chilled at the higher temperature (P < 0.05). Lean color was brightest for carcasses chilled at the higher temperature (P < 0.05), but there were essentially no differences in texture or marbling scores. Steaks from sides chilled at the higher temperatures sheared significantly lower (P <.01), had higher tenderness scores (P <.01), higher flavor scores (P <.01) and had a preferred overall rating by the taste panel (P <.05). There were no significant differences for juiciness scores or for physical measurements of expressible juice. Chemical analyses of samples from both right and left sides were almost identical.
AVAILABILITY OF TRYPTOPHAN IN WHEAT AND OILSEED PROTEINS FOR WEANLING RATS
Authors: SARWAR G. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Tryptophan availability in wheats (No. 1 Canada Western Red Spring milling wheat, Neepawa; No. 1 Utility wheats, Glenlea, Norquay and unlicensed Purple PFW606A), soybean meal (SBM) and rapeseed meal (RSM) processed under different conditions was calculated by balance trials with rats. Tryptophan availability values (95–96%) in the different wheat cultivars were similar. Tryptophan in the SBM and the RSM (untreated) was 94 and 90% available, respectively. Isolation of proteins from the meals seemed to have a slight beneficial effect (1–2%) on availability. Diffusion extraction and 2-h autoclaving had no effect on the availability of tryptophan in the RSM (untreated), but severe heating (4 and 6 h) reduced the availability by 20 and 52%, respectively.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY OF GRAIN-FED CATTLE.: III. PLASMA THYROID PROFILES WITH NOTES ON INTERFERENCE BY EDDI AND HYPOTHYROID VALUES IN HEREFORDS
Authors: BIDE R. W.
Published: March 2010

Linear thyroid profiles consisting of total plasma I (TI), protein-bound iodine (PBI), thyroxine iodine (T4I), tri-iodothyronine uptake (T3U) and the corresponding indices of T7I = T4I* T3U/100 and thyroid binding globulin estimate TBGE = T3U−1 + T4r−0.25 were prepared for 15 grain-fed (test) and 15 hay-fed (control) Hereford steers over a 186-day feeding period. The grain diet, which contained 20 mg/kg of I2 as ethylenediaminedihydriodide (EDDI), consisted of 90% steam-rolled barley, 5% beet pulp pellets and 5% protein–mineral concentrate, supplemented with local alfalfa hay fed at the rate of 0.9 kg/head/day. The control diet was local alfalfa hay given ad libitum. CoI salt blocks containing 0.028% Ca (IO3)2 were available to both groups, free choice. In the test group, TI increased threefold immediately upon introduction of the grain diet, and remained elevated. Plasma PBI increased from 5.0 to 12 μg/dl on day 50 and then fell slowly to 9.0 μg/dl by day 180. T4I, T7I and TBGE decreased during the first 30 days and returned to the original values of 4.6 ± 1.2, 2.3 ± 0.8 and 1.48 ± 0.11 μgI/dl. T3U decreased from 51 to 48% over the feeding period. The PBI and T4I values were not related, probably because EDDI or a metabolite of it interferes with the PBI test. In the control group, the profile values at the beginning and end of the feeding period were in μgI/dl: TI, 7.3 ± 1.5 and 5.6 ± 1.0; PBI, 5.9 ± 1.0 and 5.3 ± 0.7; T4I, 4.2 ± 0.4 and 2.8 ± 0.5; T3U%, 55.8 ± 8.0 and 54.4 ± 6.9. These values provided corresponding index values of T7I, 2.3 ± 0.4 and 1.5 ± 0.4 and TBGE, 1.44 ± 0.04 and 1.31 ± 0.06. The control diet did not provide enough available I2; the thyroid profiles showed a trend towards hypothyroidism, and histologic examination post-mortem revealed thyroid hyperplasia.
INTEGRATED BEEF PRODUCTION MODELS FOR CROSSBREEDING STUDIES: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS
Authors: MORRIS C. A. , WILTON J. W.
Published: March 2010

The effects of three management programs on each of three mating types, each at two levels of reproductive performance, have been investigated using a linear programming (LP) model. Data were for straightbred bulls bred to smaller two-breed cross cows, with sizes L♀ × SS♂, L♀ × MM♂ and M♀ × SS♂, where L, M and S were 800, 600 and 400 kg, respectively. Two-breed crossbred replacement heifers for the breeding herd were considered as a purchase item, and with this exception the model was integrated, in the feeding to slaughter weight of three-breed terminal cross calves from two-breed cross cows, and with cow and calf requirements for land, cropping, labor and capital. The three management programs involved methods of purchasing replacement breeding heifers: at 7 mo (T7) or 19 mo (T19)of age, or at 7 mo with disposal of the same number of terminal cross calves of the same age (TM), a modification to provide direct comparison with a rotation crossing system. On the basis of farm gross margins and the TM program, mating types ranked in the order L × SS, L × MM and M × SS (largest to smallest). On the average, one percentage point increase in calf crop percentage gave an extra 2.42 kg of saleable beef and $1.54 increased gross margins per cow. Assessing the T7 and T19 programs on the basis of farm gross margins, the L × MM and L × SS mating types were reranked, but the effects of reproductive performance were not consistent for the T7 and T19 programs. Optimal herd sizes, annual herd yields of beef, beef output/cow, gross margins/cow, total money returns/cow, costs/cow and costs/kg beef were also analyzed for each program.
CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF YEARLING BULLS AND HEIFERS FROM F1 DAMS BRED TO A RED POLL BULL
Authors: BOWDEN D. M.
Published: March 2010

Carcasses from 36 bulls and 39 heifers, sired by a Red Poll (R) bull and out of Simmental × Angus (SA), Charolais × Angus (CA), Hereford × Angus (HA), and Jersey × Angus (JA) cows were evaluated. These animals were slaughtered at an average age of 389 days. Hot carcass weights and estimated weights of total deboned, defatted primal cuts per day of age were greater (P < 0.05) in RCA animals than in RHA or RJA animals. RJA animals had lower (P < 0.05) dressing percentages than RCA or RHA animals. Carcasses of RJA animals had higher percentages of flank (P < 0.05) than those from RSA, RCA, or RHA animals. Carcasses from RSA animals had higher (P < 0.05) percentages of untrimmed and externally defatted round than RHA or RJA animals. Bulls produced heavier and leaner carcasses than heifers, as indicated by average fat depth over the rib-eye per 100 kg hot carcass weight and amount of external fat trim from the five primal cuts. Bull carcasses had greater estimated cutability, estimated total deboned, defatted primal cuts per day of age, cooler shrink, and percentages of externally defatted chuck, rib, and total primal cuts than heifer carcasses. Marbling was greater and percentages of untrimmed hind quarter, short loin, sirloin butt, and flank were higher in heifer than bull carcasses. The magnitude of differences in growth rates of carcass product between offspring of the F1 dams in this study suggests that the influence of F1 dam type on efficiency of feedlot beef cattle should be considered when selecting the breed cross of F1 dam to use in a beef production enterprise.
IRON SUPPLEMENTATION OF PIGLET MILK REPLACERS
Authors: ELLIOT J. I.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE FEEDING VALUE OF TARTARY BUCKWHEAT FOR RUMINANTS
Authors: NICHOLSON J. W. G. , McQUEEN R. , GRANT E. A. , BURGESS P. L.
Published: March 2010

The average composition (dry matter basis) of 14 samples of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) grown in New Brunswick in 1975 was crude protein 10.2 ± 0.25%, neutral detergent fiber 32.2 ± 1.3%, acid detergent fiber 22.4 ± 0.4%, crude fiber 16.3 ± 0.4% and lysine 5.8% of the total crude protein. The digestibility coefficients determined with sheep for buckwheat dry matter (67.5%) and energy (64.1%) were about 85% of the values obtained for barley. The apparent digestibility of buckwheat protein was 53.8% as compared to 71% for barley protein. Processing the buckwheat by dry-rolling or pelleting-whole did not affect its digestibility. There was no significant difference in rate of gain of steers fed corn silage ad libitum and equal amounts (2.1 kg/day) of digestible dry matter from steam-rolled barley or pelleted-whole buckwheat. Steers fed dry-rolled buckwheat failed to consume the total daily allowance of 3.6 kg of buckwheat and did not gain as fast (P < 0.01) as those fed the barley (0.98 vs. 1.11 kg/day). It was concluded that tartary buckwheat is a satisfactory grain substitute for ruminant animals and has about 85% of the digestible energy content of barley. Pelleted-whole buckwheat was more palatable than the dry-rolled form.
PROTEIN LEVELS IN UREA-SUPPLEMENTED STARTER RATIONS FOR YOUNG CALVES
Authors: WINTER K. A.
Published: March 2010

Holstein bull calves weaned at 5 wk of age were fed a complete calf starter ration with and without supplementation with soybean meal (SBM) or urea to provide the following levels of crude protein: (1) 12.5% (no supplement); (2) 17.5% (1.5% urea); (3) 21.6% (2.7% urea); and 17.9% (soybean meal). Calves fed the low protein starter had significantly poorer weight gains and feed conversion efficiency than those on the SBM starter; while feed intakes were only slightly reduced over the 8-wk experimental period. Calves fed the starters containing 1.5 and 2.7% urea had similar weight gains, feed intakes and feed conversion efficiency and their performance was intermediate between the low protein and SBM starter groups. Nitrogen retention was lowest with the low protein starter, tended to increase with increasing levels of urea and was highest when the starter contained SBM. Dry matter and energy digestibilities were lowest with the low protein starter, but were similar with the urea- and SBM-supplemented starters. There was no apparent advantage in increasing the crude protein content of urea-supplemented starters beyond 17.5%.
VISCOSITY AND PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATE CONTENTS OF SALIVAS AND THEIR POSSIBLE RELATION TO BLOAT SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CATTLE
Authors: CHENG K.-J. , BAILEY C. B. , HIRONAKA R. , KAPOOR M.
Published: March 2010

Mixed saliva was collected at the cardia of fistulated cows before they received their morning feed. Viscosity of the saliva decreased with time after collection and the rate of decrease was markedly accelerated by vigorous stirring, or by the addition of filtered or centrifuged rumen fluid or neuraminidase. Dialyzed saliva was freeze-dried, and the dry material obtained was analyzed for protein, carbohydrate, and sialic acid and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cows with a record of susceptibility to bloat tended to produce saliva with lower viscosity and lower dry matter content than cows not susceptible to bloat. Furthermore, the dry matter of saliva from bloat-susceptible cows was higher in protein and lower in carbohydrate and sialic acid and exhibited fewer glycoprotein bands after electrophoresis than that from cows not susceptible to bloat. This suggests that composition of saliva, particularly the pattern of glycoprotein bands, might be useful to indicate susceptibility to bloat. However, because of the rapid reduction of viscosity of saliva due to the action of bacterial neuraminidase on salivary glycoprotein, saliva secreted by cattle cannot contribute to the rise in rumen fluid viscosity characteristically associated with feedlot bloat.
CATTLE DIETS AND DISTRIBUTION ON SPRING–FALL AND SUMMER RANGES NEAR KAMLOOPS, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: McLEAN A. , WILLMS W.
Published: March 2010

A 2-yr investigation of the herd distribution and diet selection of beef cattle on range was conducted near Kamloops, British Columbia. Two ranges were studied: one grazed in spring and fall, and the other in summer. Diet selection was determined by grazing two rumen-fistulated beef cattle, by clipping plots before and after grazing on the spring–fall range, and by conducting browse surveys on the summer range. Cattle distribution was determined on the spring–fall range. During the 2 yr, the diet composition averaged 93% grass, 2% forbs, 2% shrubs, and 3% trees. Grass was consumed more in the spring (95%) than in either summer or fall (93 and 92%, respectively). Interseasonal change in the consumption of the four plant types (grass, forbs, shrubs, trees) was greatest in the summer and fall. In the summer, consumption of forbs and trees increased, while consumption of grasses remained constant and consumption of shrubs decreased. In the fall, grass and shrub consumption increased, while forb and tree consumption decreased. Three open range habitats (south slope, knoll, flat field) and one treed habitat were defined for distribution studies. The south slope and flat field were utilized for feeding, while the knoll and treed habitats were used for both resting and feeding. The treed habitat was most important in providing shelter from adverse weather. Grazing intensity was generally less on the treed habitat than on the others.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY CHELATED AND SEQUESTERED ZINC AND ZINC SULFATE ON GROWING LAMBS FED A PURIFIED DIET
Authors: HO S. K. , HIDIROGLOU M.
Published: March 2010

Sixteen crossbred wethers were divided into four groups and fed a purified diet deficient in zinc. The experiment consisted of two phases, each of a 6-wk duration. During phase 1, groups A and B were supplemented with 0 or 50 ppm of zinc, as zinc sulfate, and groups C and D with 5 ppm of zinc in chelated and sequestered form, respectively. In phase 2, the animals received the same supplemental sources of zinc, but the levels fed to groups A, B, C and D were changed to 25, 5, 25 and 25 ppm, respectively. Group A developed typical signs of zinc deficiency as early as wk 3 of phase 1, while group B showed deficiency signs at the end of phase 2. Neither group C nor D showed any overt deficiency signs at any time during the experiment. Both chelated and sequestered zinc at 5 ppm (groups C and D, phase 1) resulted in lowered zinc status, in terms of plasma zinc and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity, but rates of feed consumption and weight gain comparable to those of the zinc sufficient animals (group B, phase 1) were maintained. Feeding 25 ppm of supplemental chelated or sequestered zinc to the respective groups after they had received 5 ppm for 6 wk did not result in any marked change in feed consumption or growth trends. Animals fed 25 ppm of chelated or sequestered zinc had less hepatic zinc than those fed the same level of zinc, as the sulfate. In all responses examined, no significant differences were observed between chelated and sequestered zinc.
THE EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF LYSINE, LYSINE PLUS METHIONINE OR CARNITINE ON PLASMA AMINO ACIDS AND MILK PRODUCTION OF DAIRY COWS
Authors: ERFLE J. D. , FISHER L. J.
Published: March 2010

Four lactating Holstein cows were each infused intravenously for periods of up to 9 days with solutions of L-lysine (15 g/day), L-lysine plus D,L-methionine (15 + 10 g/day) D,L-carnitine (20 g/day) or physiological saline. The cows were fed a ration of 2 kg chopped hay (14.8% crude protein), corn silage ad libitum (8.0% crude protein) and a concentrate mixture (16.5% crude protein) (1 kg/3 kg milk). Daily digestible protein intake was 1.85 kg/cow or 87% of calculated (National Academy of Sciences – National Research Council) requirements. There was no significant effect of infusion treatment on intake of corn silage, milk yield and composition or digestibility of the ration. The efficiencies of conversion of dietary protein to milk protein were 38.4, 38.6, 36.6 and 37.8% and nitrogen balances were 6, −2, 8 and 5 g/day for saline, lysine, lysine plus methionine and carnitine infusions. The concentration of carnitine in the milk was greater when carnitine was infused but was unaffected by the infusion of lysine and methionine. Plasma lysine and methionine were increased when these amino acids were infused. On the basis of plasma amino acid patterns it was concluded that methionine, lysine and threonine were possibly the most limiting amino acids under the conditions of this experiment and that in combination with a less than adequate energy intake (i.e. 87% of calculated requirements), infusion of lysine and methionine failed to give a response in production.
NUTRIENT UTILIZATION EXPERIMENTS WITH GROWING PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING FROM 0 TO 20% KELP (NEREOCYSTIS LUETKEANA) MEAL
Authors: BEAMES R. M. , TAIT R. M. , WHYTE J. N. C. , ENGLAR J. R.
Published: March 2010

Two groups, each of six male castrated pigs, ranging in weight from 37 to 56 kg, were used in a nutrient balance experiment designed to study the effect of adding different levels of kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) meal to a mineral–vitamin fortified diet of barley and soybean meal. The kelp meal showed a negative nitrogen digestibility ranging from 1.9 to 4.7 g fecal nitrogen loss/100 g dry kelp intake. Organic matter digestibility of kelp, calculated by difference, varied from −26.7 to −0.2%. Kelp ash comprised 46.1% of kelp dry matter and had a high digestibility resulting from high levels of chlorine, potassium and sodium (22.2, 11.7 and 9.1 g/100 g dry kelp, respectively). The apparent digestibility of these ions was 101.5, 90.9 and 87.1%, respectively, in the 20% kelp meal diet. Digestibility of iodine for the four diets containing kelp ranged from 74.8 to 80.1%. It was concluded that any value of kelp meal must be other than as a source of macronutrients.
SURVIVAL OF COLOSTRUM-DEPRIVED NEONATAL PIGLETS FED GAMMA-GLOBULINS
Authors: McCALLUM I. M. , OWEN B. D. , ELLIOT J. I.
Published: March 2010

A series of cooperative trials were carried out at the University of Saskatchewan and the Animal Research Institute, Ottawa to determine the oral dosage level of gamma-globulin required for survival of colostrum-deprived piglets reared artificially under practical conditions. Gamma-globulins were derived from either porcine or bovine abattoir blood either by precipitation or by direct lyophilization of serum. The gamma-globulin was fed to the piglets as an integral part of milk replacers. As the level of porcine gamma-globulin fed increased from 0 to 15 g/kg body weight on day 1 and from 0 to 5 g/kg body weight on days 2 through 10, there was a progressive improvement in survival. Conflicting results were obtained with serum-derived bovine gamma-globulin. However, bovine colostrum supported good survival rates. Antibacterial supplementation of milk replacer did not enhance survival and performance. Allowing piglets to nurse the dam for 24 h prior to artificial rearing did not result in improved survival rates. The study indicated that it is possible to raise colostrum-deprived neonatal piglets in an ordinary swine barn environment and achieve survival rates comparable to those presently achieved under natural conditions through the supplementation of milk replacers with gamma-globulin derived from abattoir blood.
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES AND CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT AND BARLEY
Authors: COATES B. J. , SLINGER S. J. , SUMMERS J. D. , BAYLEY H. S.
Published: March 2010

Analyses for proximate components and for a number of other specific components were performed on a series of Canadian wheats and barleys. The metabolizable energy values (ME) were determined with young chicks, turkey broilers and mature roosters using both the chromic oxide indicator and the total collection methods. The indicator ratio method gave significantly lower ME values than the total collection method, but there was less variation between the replicates for the indicator ratio method. The ME values of the wheats were greater with the roosters than with the chicks or turkey broilers, but for the barleys the ME values with both the roosters and turkey broilers were greater than with the chicks. There were significant negative correlations between the crude fiber level in the grain and ME values. The positive correlations between the level of nitrogen-free extract and ME in the barleys were higher than the correlations with estimates of total starch or soluble sugar determined by specific chemical analysis. There were no correlations between ME and bushel weight or weight per 1,000 kernels.
THE RELATION OF METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES TO CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WHEAT AND BARLEY FOR CHICKS, TURKEYS AND ROOSTERS
Authors: COATES B. J. , SLINGER S. J. , ASHTON G. C. , BAYLEY H. S.
Published: March 2010

Six separate regression equations have been calculated to relate the metabolizable energy (ME) value of 16 samples of wheat and 16 samples of barley, determined with young chicks, growing turkeys and adult roosters, to their chemical composition. The simplest equation accounted for 83% of the variation in the mean ME values of the barley samples determined with chicks merely by using the crude fiber level in the barley. The prediction equation for the ME values of the barleys for the turkeys included crude fiber, crude protein and ash. In the case of the wheat, the prediction equations used crude fiber, crude protein, ash, fat, nitrogen-free extract and selenium, although selenium could be eliminated without great loss of precision for wheat samples with less than 1.32 ppm selenium. Nitrogen-free extract as a measure of available carbohydrate gave higher coefficients of determination to the regression equations than more specific assays of starch and sugar. The ME values estimated in the present study were compared with those estimated by applying prediction equations published earlier by a number of other workers. These equations fell into two groups: those designed to predict the ME values of individual feeds, and those designed to predict the ME values of a whole range of feeds and mixed diets. There was better agreement between the predicted values from the first group of equations and the observed values for the wheats and barleys than for the ME values predicted by the more general equations. However, even the equations specifically developed for wheats underestimated the ME values of the wheat samples determined with roosters, and it is suggested that there may be merit in developing prediction equations for each feed for use with each class of poultry.
COMPARISON OF SIRE EVALUATION METHODS FOR FAT TEST
Authors: KENNEDY B. W. , MOXLEY J. E.
Published: March 2010

AI sires were evaluated for percent butterfat by four methods: daughter average, contemporary comparison, sire comparison (BLUP) and indirectly from BLUP evaluations for fat and milk yield. The contemporary comparison, sire comparison and indirect methods gave similar results. Continued use of the daughter average method was not recommended.
EFFECTS OF ENFORCED EXERCISE ON THE INCIDENCE OF LEG WEAKNESS IN GROWING BOARS
Authors: PERRIN W. R. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Twelve boars, three from each of four litters, were assigned at an average weight of 22.3 kg to three treatments to study effects of exercise on a treadmill on the incidence of leg weakness in terms of visual appraisal, cartilage and bone appraisal and blood serum composition. Treatments consisted of a control without enforced exercise, exercise three times/wk at a speed of 2 km/h at 0 slope (LE), and exercise at a speed of 4 km/h at 0 slope (HE). Boars were housed individually and fed a diet similar to that used in the Canadian Record of Performance for Swine program. Daily feed intake, weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion to 90 kg liveweight and average backfat and loin area at slaughter were not significantly influenced by treatment, suggesting that the degree of exercise had little influence on energy expenditure. Forelegs of non-exercised boars showed more abnormalities on visual appraisal than those of LE or HE boars and the degree of unsoundness increased from wk 6 to wk 10 for control boars, but not for LE and HE boars. When all sites were combined, there were no significant differences in mean lesion scores for joint cartilage evaluation, but there were significant differences between appraisal sites. Abnormalities of forelegs based on visual appraisal were significantly correlated with cartilage appraisal of both the proximal radius–ulna (P < 0.01) and the distal humerus (P < 0.05). Exercise had no apparent influence on bone mineralization or on the blood serum chemistry profile. The results indicate that exercise will reduce the incidence of visual abnormalities such as bow legs, flexion of the carpus and sickle leg in boars.
EFFECTS OF FEED LEVEL AND YEAR-ROUND ENCLOSED, SEMI-ENCLOSED, OR OUTSIDE CONFINEMENT ON BEEF COW–CALF PERFORMANCE IN NORTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: JORDAN W. A. , LISTER E. E. , WAUTHY J. M. , COMEAU J. E. , THOMPSON B. K. , PROULX J.
Published: March 2010

Shorthorn cows were confined year-round using three types of shelter (an enclosed barn, IN; a barn with free access to an outside yard, IN-OUT; and outside pens with only windbreak fences for shelter, OUT) and two types of feed (hay and grass silage) provided at three levels (ad libitum, L1 or 75%, L2 or 50%, L3, of ad libitum) until late pregnancy, after which all were fed their respective roughage ad libitum until late August weaning. No interactions were found among years, degree of shelter and feed levels. The average daily intake for hay and the corresponding average daily gain were greater (all differences cited were significant, P < 0.05) than those for silage. The daily intake and weight loss of the OUT cows were greater than those of the IN and IN-OUT cows. All differences among feed levels for daily intake and weight change were significant. Calves of dams fed hay were heavier at birth and grew more quickly. OUT calves were heavier than IN calves at birth, but their daily gain to weaning was considerably less than either IN or IN-OUT calves. Feed levels did not influence calf birth weight, but L1 calves gained more to weaning than L2 and L3 calves. Pregnancy percentages for IN cows were 91.7 (L1), 91.7 (L2) and 75.0 (L3); IN-OUT 88.9, 88.9 and 86.1 and OUT 88.9, 80.6 and 58.3. The general condition of OUT cows, especially those on L3 diet, was poor.
AN EVALUATION OF FABA BEANS (VICIA FABA) AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR SWINE
Authors: AHERNE F. X. , LEWIS A. J. , HARDIN R. T.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments involving 156 pigs were conducted to determine the nutritive value of autoclaved or unheated faba beans (Vicia faba L.) as a protein supplement for pigs of 10–90 kg liveweight. In experiment 1, diets containing 0, 10, 15, 25 or 30% unheated faba beans were fed to pigs of 16 kg liveweight for a period of 6 wk, while diets containing 25% faba beans that had been autoclaved for 0, 30 or 60 min were fed to pigs of a similar weight group for a period of 5 wk. In experiment 2, the effects of autoclaving faba beans on the digestible energy (DE) and digestible nitrogen (DN) coefficients of faba bean diets were determined. In experiment 3, diets containing 0, 10, 15, 20 or 25% unheated faba beans or 25% faba beans that had been autoclaved for 30 min at 121 C were fed to pigs from 10 to 90 kg. In both experiment 1 and experiment 3, there was a gradual reduction in growth rate as the level of faba beans in the diet increased. When each 5% faba beans added to the diet replaced 2.8% grain and 2.2% soybean meal, a reduction in gain of 0.01–0.02 kg/day resulted. A significant reduction in feed conversion efficiency was observed in experiment 1 but not in experiment 3. Feed intake was not significantly affected by the level of faba beans in the diet. Autoclaving the faba beans did not significantly improve the DE or DN of the diets or growth and feed conversion efficiency of the pigs.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EGGSHELLS: A COMPARISON OF THE PUNCTURE AND COMPRESSION TESTS FOR ESTIMATING SHELL STRENGTH
Authors: HUNT J. R. , VOISEY PETER W. , THOMPSON B. K.
Published: March 2010

Quasi-static compression and puncture methods of measuring eggshell strength were compared by testing consecutive eggs from each of 89 birds alternately until eight eggs per bird were tested by each method. Results indicated that the tensile and shear fracture properties of the shell material were linearly related to each other, and to shell thickness and specific gravity. Both puncture force and compression fracture force were significantly different on a between-hen basis even when adjusted for shell thickness. Puncture force was more closely related to shell thickness on a between-egg basis than was compression fracture force. Puncture force was not related to shell thickness on a within-egg basis. The increase in accuracy gained from repeated puncture measurements on a within-egg basis was discussed.
GENETIC TRENDS AMONG SIRES AND DAMS IN RECORD OF PERFORMANCE TESTED HERDS
Authors: KENNEDY B. W. , HENDERSON C. R.
Published: March 2010

A total of 61,688 Hereford and 22,333 Aberdeen Angus calf growth records from Record of Performance tested herds were studied to estimate annual genetic trends among sires and dams and annual trends due to length of time on test (environmental trends plus residual genetic trends not accounted for by trends in sire and dam genetic merit). Average annual genetic trends of dams were 0.27, 0.0012, 0.64 and 0.0044 kg for weaning weight, preweaning average daily gain (ADG), yearling weight and postweaning ADG, respectively. Annual genetic trends in average sire merit were 1.74 kg for weaning weight, 0.0084 kg for preweaning ADG, 2.60 kg for yearling weight and 0.0065 kg for postweaning ADG. Trends due to length of time on test were 0.53, 0.0027, 1.51 and 0.0062 kg, respectively, for weaning weight, preweaning ADG, yearling weight and postweaning ADG.
SIRE BY HERD INTERACTIONS FOR MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION TRAITS
Authors: TONG A. K. W. , KENNEDY B. W. , MOXLEY J. E.
Published: March 2010

A total of 13,561 Holstein 305-day lactation records from 779 Quebec and Maritime herds enrolled on the Dairy Herd Analysis Service were used to evaluate the importance of sire × herd interactions for milk yield and composition traits. Sire × herd interaction accounted for 4.1, 1.1, 0.3, 2.6 and 5.6% of the total variation of milk, fat and protein yield and fat and protein percent, respectively. Genetic parameter estimates obtained under two different models, a full model that accounted for sire × herd interaction and a reduced model that ignored it, were examined. Heritabilities of milk, fat and protein yield and fat and protein percent were, respectively: for the full model, 0.36, 0.47, 0.45, 0.59 and 0.31 and for the reduced model, 0.49, 0.50, 0.46, 0.66 and 0.46. Phenotypic correlations between the traits were not appreciably different when estimated under the full and reduced models. Genetic correlations between the yield traits were also similar when estimated under the full and reduced models, but genetic correlations between yield and percentage traits were more stongly positive, or less negative, when sire × herd interaction was accounted for. The genetic correlation between fat and protein percent was larger under the reduced model than under the full model.
CRYOPRESERVATION OF MOUSE EMBRYOS IN MACDONALD FREEZE–THAW APPARATUS
Authors: FORGRAVE L. F. , RAJAMAHENDRAN P. , BAKER R. D.
Published: March 2010

An inexpensive freeze–thaw apparatus was constructed and used successfully to freeze and thaw mouse embryos (8- to 32-cell). No statistical difference was found in the survival of embryos frozen in a carbonate-buffered solution (BMOC3 — 56%) and a phosphate-buffered solution (PBS — 64%) as judged by in vitro cleavage to blastocyst post-thawing. Optimum conditions for survival in BMOC3 were 1.5 M DMSO, a freezing rate of 1.0 C/min and a thawing rate of 3.50 C/min. Under these conditions, 75% of the embryos developed to blastocyst. Early blastocysts from both media groups developed into normal fetuses or offspring when transferred to recipient females.
STUDIES ON THE USE OF FABA BEANS IN RATIONS FOR LAYING HENS
Authors: ROBBLEE A. R. , CLANDININ D. R. , HARDIN R. T. , MILNE G. R. , DARLINGTON K.
Published: March 2010

In two experiments, White Leghorn pullets kept in batteries were fed rations containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 30% raw faba beans (Vicia faba L.) for 336 days. The rations were designed to be isocaloric, isonitrogenous and to have equal levels of methionine plus cystine. The results obtained indicated that levels up to and including 20% faba beans in ration ssupplemented with methionine had no adverse effect on mortality, rate of egg production, efficiency of feed conversion or body weight. A level of 30% faba beans resulted in increased mortality, and decreased egg production and feed conversion in one experiment but had no effect in the other. Egg size tended to decrease as the level of faba beans in the ration increased, resulting in a considerable decrease in the percentage of "large size" eggs graded according to Canadian standards. There was an increase in interior quality of the eggs as measured by Haugh units as the level of faba beans used increased. Specific gravity of the eggs was not affected by use of faba beans in the rations.