bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vermigli’s Early Doctrine of Predestination: Strasbourg, I542–I547
Authors: James Frank A
Published: November 2023

Peter Martyr Vermigli was no theological novice when he arrived in Strasbourg in October 1542, but a mature theologian with considerable ecclesiastical experience. Virtually all the research of the last twenty-five years agrees that Vermigli’s theology was fundamentally formed before he apostatized from Italy. He had already acquired a Protestant doctrine of the eucharist. Indeed, Simler informs us that he celebrated the Lord’s Supper in a Protestant manner in Pisa during his flight from Italy. His view of the authority of scripture paralleled the Protestant doctrine of sola scriptura, and Augustine had long served as his theological guiding light in understanding those scriptures. Since Naples, he had embraced a Luther-inspired doctrine of justification by faith alone. Clearly Vermigli had breached the theological barriers of the Roman Church before crossing the geographical and ecclesiological ones. The true nature of his theological convictions became visible in the clear light of Strasbourg.
Reformation Interaction: (I) Ulrich Zwingli
Authors: James Frank A
Published: November 2023

Vermigli’s encounter with northern reform ideas in Italy is a microcosm of the larger historiographical question of the relationship between Italian and northern reform movements of the sixteenth century. Generally, scholars have tended to align themselves with one of three interpretative approaches. Some see Italian reform as an indigenous movement, whose origins antedate the northern reform current. Others view the impetus for reform in Italy essentially as the consequence of northern reformist influence. Still another perspective emerges as a vox media, affirming the indigenous origins of the Italian movement, but also recognizing that northern reform ideas infiltrated and subsequently gave definitive shape to the Italian movement. The latter view has much to commend it. There can be little doubt that reform ideas circulated in pre-reformation Italy, eventually preparing the way for a positive reception among some segments in the church of the more highly developed theological ideas from the north.
Introduction: Apologetics in the Roman World
Authors: Edwards Mark , Goodman Marti , Price Simno , D Christopher Rowla
Published: November 2023

The period with which this book is concerned is the first three centuries of the Roman Empire, from the first emperor Augustus (31 BCE-14 CE) to the first Christian emperor Constantine (306-37 CE). The period was marked by the existence of a great variety of religious traditions: civic cults, private religious associations, official cults of the Roman state, and personal observances. The adherents of these religions attacked each other with great ferocity at times. In response there emerged the practice of apologetic, the defence of a religion against actual or perceived opponents. It is the aim of this volume to examine the development of the literary expression of such apologetic among pagans, Jews, and Christians. In commissioning contributions from scholars who work with very different literary materials, the editors laid down a working definition of apologetic, taking as the core meaning of the term the sense in which it is commonly applied to the formal treatises undertaken in defence of Christianity from the second century onwards.
T’he Development of Bargaining Theory1
Authors: Martin Roderick
Published: November 2023

The theory of wages, and the factors determining the share of the national income allocated to labour, has an ancient pedigree in the history of economic theory in both classical and, especially, Marxist traditions. But the development of specific bargaining theories is largely a twentieth century phenomenon. There are several types of bargaining theory, deriving from a wide range of academic disciplines; this chapter is a review of illustrative studies, not a comprehensive treatment. The major types are: neoclassical economic; game theoretic; behavioural; social psychological; and sociological. This book is an attempt to develop a socio logical approach, which also incorporates major elements from other disciplines, especially economics. This chapter reviews very briefly some of the major propositions by writers in each tradition, and indicates their major limitations as ways of interpreting management-labour power relations. It concentrates particularly on economic and related theories, rather than psychological theories, because they are particularly relevant to understanding the role of bargaining power in management-labour relations.
Bargaining Power in Changing Contexts
Authors: Martin Roderick
Published: November 2023

The model of bargaining power adopted here comprises fi.ve elements: environment; values, beliefs, and objectives; organization; processes; and outcomes. Previous chapters have discussed the issues separately, and in general terms. This chapter brings the different elements in the model together in analysing three industries-hotels and catering, motor vehicles, and local government. The objective is to show how the different elements in the model relate to each other, under different conditions. The three sectors outlined are intentionally very diverse. Hotels and catering is chosen because contextual and -0rganizational factors favour employer bargaining power; the industry also employs a growing pro portion of the working population-over 2 million in 1987-and is usually neglected in employment relations research. Motor vehicles represents a central manufacturing sector, which has experienced major changes in product- and labour-market conditions since the 1970s; it has also been the subject of high-quality industrial relations research. The third sector, local government, is chosen to represent changes in bargaining power in the public sector since the 1970s, with the pressure on the traditional Whitley system.
Institutions, the State, and Capitalism
Authors: Fulcher James
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the theoretical issues raised by the comparative study of the development of industrial relations in Britain and Sweden. These can be conveniently grouped into the issues raised by the institutionalist approach, which are considered in the first section, and those concerning the relationship between capitalism and the state, which are dealt with in the second.
State Regulation and Joint Central Regulation in Sweden
Authors: Fulcher James
Published: November 2023

The famous Basic Agreement concluded at Salts job Aden in 1938 established joint central regulation rather than direct state regulation as the organizing principle of Swedish industrial relations. This agreement can be seen as the logical, indeed inevitable, outcome of earlier developments. The organizational pre-conditions for a system of joint central regulation had long existed, and the December Compromise of 1906 had shown that key issues could be resolved through central negotiations between the LO and the SAF. The dependence of Swedish industry on export markets exerted a strong pressure on the unions to co-operate with the employers in promoting rationalization and technical change.
A Sect at Law: The Case of the Exclusive Brethren
Authors: Wilson Bryan R
Published: November 2023

As in all human associations, at some time or another troubles arise within religious movements. Sectarian religion is serious religion: it determines an entire way of life, and when dissension occurs within a sect, or between a religious minority and outside bodies, it is likely to attract public attention (indeed, the dissentients themselves may seek the notice of the press, take their grievances to law, or seek to gain the ears—and the voices—of MPs). Sects are not racial minorities, and no anti-discrimination act forbids prejudice in matters of religion: for those so minded, religious prejudice is still a free and even an exciting ride. To journalists, religious dissension is scandal that provides titillating copy, while MPs have, at times, been not beyond seizing the opportunity for quick publicity by expressing easy indignation about particular sectarian beliefs or practices when these can be advanced as issues of public concern.
New Religious Movements: Some Preliminary Considerations
Authors: Wilson Bryan R
Published: November 2023

The very concept of ‘new religious movements’ presents its own distinctive difficulties for sociology. New movements have been a recurrent phenomenon in the context of Christian cultures in the West. Most of them—ridiculed, persecuted, or suppressed—were destined, in a relatively short time, to disappear: some, however, persisted until they ceased to be ‘new’. Thus, in England, the early divisions of Protestantism-the Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and Baptists, the new movement of their day—gradually came to be known as ‘historical dissenters’. In Japan, some of what are today referred to as ‘new religions’ began as long ago as the mid-nineteenth century, and writers have distinguished these from later movements chronologically—old new religions as against newer ones. The paradox of the idea of ‘old new religions’ makes abundantly apparent the difficulty of using chronology as the point of departure for a sociology of religious movements: but what other points of departure might we use?
Unificationism: The Moonies in Belgium
Authors: Wilson Bryan R
Published: November 2023

The Unification Church has been accorded an importance in western countries quite out of proportion to its size, principally because of the attention of the mass media. Orchestrated press campaigns have typically alleged that Moonies induce converts to break off contact with their families; deceive donors and potential converts about their identity; and ‘brainwash’ their recruits. The media have both fed and in part created public and political concern: yet, outside the Far East, there have never been more than about 12,000 Moonies. This general situation is reflected in Belgium, where press comment has been extensive even though the Church recruited only about sixty Belgians in its first decade of operation (up to 1982), with only half that number active in the country at any one time. To assess whether press and public disquiet were justified, we examined the organization, development, and activities of Moonies in Belgium to determine who had joined, how they were attracted and recruited, and the consequences for family relationships.
The Eclipse of ‘Dixon of Dock Green’
Authors: Waddington P A J
Published: November 2023

In the 1950s and early 1960s there was considerable public pride in the British police. Geoffrey Gorer (1955) was able to report that the public viewed the constable as the epitome of the ideal citizen, and Michael Banton (1964) felt it necessary to justify research on the police as an institution despite the fact that it was working well. A particular cause for pride was that the British bobby could police the streets unarmed and without presenting an aggressive image. The popular stereo type of the British police was the avuncular figure of George Dixon in Dixon of Dock Green.
Paramilitary Policing
Authors: Waddington P A J
Published: November 2023

Just as the sight of a police officer carrying a gun is regarded as foreign to our policing traditions, the appearance (especially throughout the 1980s) of officers wearing special helmets and clothing, carrying shields, and deployed in squad formations has reinforced the fear that Britain has imported the methods of alien policing systems. (For details see Appendix B.) By their appearance, function, and deployment these officers are seen to be set apart from ordinary constables. Symbolically, they represent a coercive, even oppressive, style of policing, designed to secure compliance by force rather than consent. Like the armed officer, the riot police shed the image of vulnerability in favour of a ‘formidable appearance’.
The Use of Force in Public-Order Policing
Authors: Waddington P A J
Published: November 2023

The central concern lying at the heart of complaints about the paramilitarization of the British police is the use of force. Observers have concluded from seeing officers dressed in protective attire that they have adopted not only the appearance of ‘alien’ riot police but also their exemplars’ more aggressive tactics.1 In fact, contrary to this popular belief, public-order tactics in Britain have not been imported from overseas. They have grown organically, with their roots firmly planted in tradition. Indeed, this has been the cause of some of the problems that have afflicted this aspect of policing, for although the police have moved some considerable distance up the hierarchy of force, they have done so in the manner of a person climbing a mountain backwards: keeping the terrain that has been covered clearly in view, but having little idea of where they are or where they are going. Perhaps it is time to stop and take some bearings.
The Politics of Force
Authors: Waddington P A J
Published: November 2023

The complaint of the ‘critical consensus’, amongst others, is that there has been an escalation in the weaponry and tactics of the police. The armed PT17 ‘blue berets’ and riot-clad members of PSUs have replaced the amiable face of traditional policing. The reality is not nearly so simple: the authorities compromise tactical necessity in the name of ‘public acceptability’ and apparent escalation involves some times a reduction in the potential for injury.
Secularization and Census Data
Authors: Gill Robin
Published: November 2023

One of the many paradoxes of the sociology of religion as it has developed over the last twenty years is that it has given more attention to sects and to new religious movements than it has to long-established denominations or churches. With a few important exceptions,1 mainstream churches have not received the sort of detailed attention that one might expect given their prevalence and greater size. In part this may be due to lingering suspicions of ‘Religious Sociology’ and to the ecclesiastical control often thought to lurk behind it in France. It may also be due to the sheer difficulty of analysing amorphous religious institutions. Small-scale religious bodies are often exotic and deviant and hence more interesting and, because they usually have a very clear notion of who is a member, they·are easier to study.2 Whatever the reason, longestablished churches remain surprisingly unresearched.
Recent Transformations in English Catholicism: Evidence of Secularization?
Authors: Hornsby-smith Michael p.
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses the secularization thesis by considering the transformations which can be discerned in English Catholicism over the past three or four decades.1 First, it will examine a wide range of empirical evidence relating to contemporary English Catholicism which indicates a move out of a defensive, ‘fortress’ model of the Church, whose walls have steadily been dissolved, and a shift from what Hammond has called a ‘collective-expressive’ to an ‘individual-expres¬ sive’ view of the Church.2 Secondly, it will report evidence for ‘customary’ religion and transformations of religious authority.
Teaching And Research
Authors: Halsey A H
Published: November 2023

WE have traced the background of expansion in higher education associated with the Robbins Report of 1963. It has continued ever since, though at a varying and reduced pace and with alterations of shape, starting with the creation of new universities, and the incorporation of the former Colleges of Advanced technology as technological universities. Later came the founding of thirty polytechnics in England and Wales and several Central Institutions in Scotland which largely absorbed teacher-training, and finally the development of the Open University to form an elaborated hierarchy of institutions. Funding over the past thirty years has been transformed. We have described it from one angle as the proletarianization of intellectual labour, involving a smaller proportion of established tenured staff paid from general university funds, a relative decline of the professoriate, and the addition of a significant auxiliary group of contract researchers and part-time, mostly junior, teaching and research staff.
Academics And Politics
Authors: Halsey A H
Published: November 2023

THE staff of polytechnics and universities are well known to be an electoral oddity. They behave in terms of political party support, not like a cross-section of the professional classes to which they are assimilated by income and style of life, but as if they were a fair sample of manual workers. Martin Trow and I showed all this in detail for the 1960s (Halsey and Trow 1972). The three surveys together now afford a serial picture of party identification from 1964 to 1989. In 1964 it appeared that, if dons only were enfranchised, Labour would have led the Conservatives by 7 per cent. The comparable figures in 1976 was 12 per cent and in 1989 19 per cent. And by that time in the polytechnics the gap had become 26 per cent. There was, in other words, a strengthening of anti-Conservative feeling in the British academic professions over a period of a quarter of a century. These trends are spectacularly different from the concurrent electoral history of the nation at large and therefore deserve closer scrutiny. They are outlined in Appendix 1. A more detailed examination can begin in Oxford where the balance of political feeling among academics has recently been disputed.
Policing Reform and Reforming the Police: 1976–1992
Authors: Brewer John D
Published: November 2023

The uprisings in Soweto and elsewhere in 1976 marked the beginning of a substantial period of international economic pressure and political protest (on the effects of the uprisings on subsequent protest see Brewer 1986; Lodge and Nasson 1992), and showed once more the difficulties of an apartheid system without legitimacy and dependent upon coercive police power. The rcfom1 process that followed the crisis was at first hesitant, limited, and partial, but eventually culminated in President de Klerk’s radical dismantling of apartheid. This chapter takes us from the events of Soweto in 1976 to de Klerk’s reforms. The whole period, however, exposes the difficulties of the police in South Africa to transcend their origins as a colonial paramilitary force, whose primary function is the brutal containment of the subjec1 population.
Comparing Different Maps of the Same Ground
Authors: Martin David
Published: November 2023

The primary foci of concern so far in the interchange between sociology and theology have been determinism and relativity. However, neither determinism nor relativity are new problems, and it is not even clear that they are sharpened or seriously altered by sociological analysis. Of course, whoever engages in sociological work will be conscious of the pressure exercised by the problem of more or less strict causality in human affairs, and will be exposed to a persistent practical relativization of his perspective.
The Social Context of Modern Ecclesiology
Authors: Martin David
Published: November 2023

How does a sociologist qua sociologist see ‘the Church’? That question may be answered in general and may also be answered with respect to the Church as it exists in the here and now of the modern world. I want to begin by suggesting how a sociologist may see the Church in general, since there may well be certain social conditions and processes which are continuously in operation from the time of the primitive Church to the present. Unless those conditions and processes are set out any focus on the Church today will be shorn of its essential context.
The Limits and Politics of Ecumenism
Authors: Martin David
Published: November 2023

Perhaps I may begin with a personal statement, since in what follows I do not want to be misunderstood. I have been initially sympathetic to four revolutions: in educational method, in social work method, in liturgy, and in ecumenical relation ships between churches. All four are, in my view, quite closely connected and play into each other. For example, what has happened to liturgy parallels and is reinforced by what has happened to educational method.
The Peace Sentiment: Old and New
Authors: Martin David
Published: November 2023

This chapter is not concerned with a particular group, but with a theme which was prevalent in the milieux drawn upon by the current wave of new religions. That theme was peace. However, this desire for peace was in some ways continuous with the older versions of pacifism (some of them sectarian, and some based on the individual conscience), and in other ways discontinuous. Lots of features in the older versions were reproduced by the newer ones, but transmogrified, ordered in fresh combinations, given a different thrust and tone.
A Socio-Theological Critique of Collective National Guilt
Authors: Martin David
Published: November 2023

It often happens that what claims to be Christian thinking is secular high-mindedness glossed by a Christian vocabulary. That is conspicuously the case with regard to the current move in the upper echelons of the mainstream churches to promote apologies between nations based on the notion of collective historical guilt.
Segregation, Sexism, and Labour Supply
Authors: Vogler Carolyn
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with a rather neglected aspect of labour market segmentation and segregation: attitudes towards and perceptions of gender inequality. Most theories of gender segregation contain inferences about the role of attitudes in shaping and reflecting gender inequality; they receive most systematic attention in neoclassical consumer preference theory and very sketchy treatment in other theories, but in most cases it is unsatisfactory.
The Ethics of Fatalism
Authors: Lockwood David
Published: November 2023

The significance of Durkheim’s concept of fatalism is wholly unappreciated. The idea is seldom discussed and then only in relation to the study of suicide. Unlike anomie, it has had a most undistinguished sociological career. This is curious because, if anomie can serve to illuminate in a quite general way the nature of social disorder, why should fatalism not be regarded as having the capacity to provide an explanation of order that is of equally wide scope? The aim of this chapter is to show that, hidden in the concept of fatalism, there is indeed such a theory, though it bears little resemblance to what is taken to be Durkheim’s major contribution to the analysis of social integration.
Hegemony
Authors: Lockwood David
Published: November 2023

At first sight, Gramsci’s concept of hegemony might be seen as a sophisticated version of the indoctrination thesis. But this would be a mistake. While his formulation of it is fragmentary and often opaque, and has required much interpretation, the significance of this version of ideological domination lies chiefly in the extent to which it represents a departure from the basically utilitarian action schema of the theories of fetishism and indoctrination.
Research Design and Perspectives
Authors: Hornsby-Smith Michael P , Fulton John , Norris Margaret
Published: November 2023

This book is concerned with the ways in which the renewal of spiritualities are promoted and controlled within the Roman Catholic Church. It approaches the topic both historically and empirically. The empirical data have been drawn from a study, over more than five years from late 1988, of a specific renewal ‘process’, RENEW, in the Diocese of Downlands in England. RENEW is a diocesan wide, parish-based pastoral programme which was originally developed in the United States. It has been described as a ‘sponsored process of revitalization’ in mainstream Catholicism, sponsored, that is, by the diocesan bishop and his senior clerical advisers.
A Theoretical Frame
Authors: Hornsby-Smith Michael P , Fulton John , Norris Margaret
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we establish a theoretical frame by which to identify types of spirituality, and to understand what particular type RE NEW represents. It is useful to begin this chapter by looking at what the term spirituality means. Popularly, it is seen in individualistic terms, even when entire social groups are being characterized. In addition, the term tends to have other-worldly connotations, at least in traditional Roman Catholicism. Almost by definition, spirituality is removed from matters of politics, argument, and struggle between people. Consequently, it takes on the significance of ‘piety’, something entirely separate from the realm of the social, and eminently individual and removed from this world.
Parish Mobilization for RENEW
Authors: Hornsby-Smith Michael P , Fulton John , Norris Margaret
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will continue our analysis of the organizational features of movements of religious renewal through our case study of RENEW in an English diocese. We have shown how the bishop, in consultation with his closest advisers, came to the decision to adopt the RENEW programme for the Diocese of Downlands in July 1986, and proceeded in a series of stages to co-opt in the first place the priests of the diocese by Easter 1987, then over 2,000 parish activists in a series of meetings in each deanery in October 1987, and finally sponsored activists from the parishes at the ‘overnights’ early in 1988. The diocesan RENEW team had been appointed by the summer of 1987 to implement the programme after appropriate training at Newark. In this chapter we will draw on our ethnographic accounts of the deanery meetings and of the process of setting up the parish core groups and teams to illustrate some of the ways in which the parishes were mobilized from the top down to participate in the diocesan programme.
The Outcomes of RENEW
Authors: Hornsby-Smith Michael P , Fulton John , Norris Margaret
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will be concerned with two main questions: what developments could be discerned in the diocese in the three years immediately after the end of RENEW, and what were the overall effects of the 21/2-year RENEW programme. We start by outlining the attempts to articulate a diocesan pastoral strategy for the 1990s in the Diocese of Downlands and present an ethnographic account of the parallel attempt, in St Matthew’s parish, to formulate a parish plan for mission. These were both attempts, at two different levels, to institutionalize the processes of action-response which it was hoped had been firmly established during the RENEW programme. Three years after the end of Season 5 it was reasonable to assume that a preliminary judgement might be made about the persisting effects of the RENEW programme.
Labour Market Deprivation, Welfare, and Collectivism
Authors: Gallie Duncan , Vogler Carolyn
Published: November 2023

Changes in labour market conditions over the last ten years have led to renewed speculation about the future of collectivist attitudes. In Britain, the most striking change has been the sharp rise in the level of unemployment. However, many commentators have also suggested that profound changes are occurring in the character of employment, in particular through the rise of more precarious types of work. On one estimate, fully a third of British employees could now be considered part of the ‘flexible’ work-force (Hakim 1987). Overall, there has been an increase in the level of insecurity and a marked accentuation of financial inequality.
Technical Change and the Division of Labour in Rochdale and Aberdeen
Authors: Penn Roger , Gasteen Ann , Scattergood Hilda , Sewel John
Published: November 2023

This chapter involves an examination of the effects of technical change upon the division of labour in Rochdale and Aberdeen during the 1980s. Its comparative analysis is based upon parallel data collected in the two localities by members of the Lancaster and Aberdeen teams. The chapter utilized data from the Policy Studies Institute telephone survey of establishments and from the follow-up survey of 74 establishments in the two localities. The chapter is designed to develop the literature on the relationship between technical change and the division of labour in two interrelated ways. First, the data permit a comparison of establishments within two localities whose economic fortunes could hardly have been more dissimilar during the 1980s. Aberdeen remained buoyant in the eye of the economic storm that struck Britain in the period after 1979. Rochdale, on the other hand, witnessed a threefold increase in the rate of unemployment between 1979 and 1982, and was subject to the fullest force of the Thatcherite eco nomic maelstrom. This chapter examines various theories of the relationship between economic development and technical change in the light of the evidence about these quite different labour market and employment experiences in the 1980s. However, this was but one element in our comparative research strategy. Our data also permitted the matching of establishments in similar industrial sectors across the two localities. Such an approach enabled us to test hypotheses concerning the relative importance of specific industrial sectors in the determination of the relationship between technological change and the division of labour.
The Size and Shape of SGI-UK
Authors: Wilson Bryan , Dobbelaere Karel
Published: November 2023

To obtain even the crudest indicators of the size and composition of minority religious movements is by no means always easy. Sects tend to be, if not secretive, then at least wary about divulging information on such matters. Quite apart from such caution, they are often ill organized and do not always know the social parameters of their own organization. The Sōka Gakkai International UK (Nichiren Sh6sh0. UK, as it then was) was a marked exception to these generalizations. Not only were the movement’s leaders immcdiatcly open and co-operative in their response to the idea of a research project into the movement, but they also provided us with a computer listing of members. With their addresses, we were able to draw a random sample to whom we distributed a postal questionnaire. In addition to the response from our sample, the list also gave us full information of the size and shape of the population which constituted the movement. As in all such organizations, the precise boundanes of membership were not absolutely clear. New people were joining, some who counted as full members were less closely attached than others, and there were, inevitably, some who were in various stages of relinquishing their commitment in anticipation of leaving.
Encounter, Attraction, and Conversion
Authors: Wilson Bryan , Dobbelaere Karel
Published: November 2023

THERE is no one usual pattern by which people first encounter, are then attracted by, and eventually convert to a new religious movement, but there is always a sequence in which exposure occurs, interest is evoked, and commitment elicited. We sought to discover just how dedicated and stable members had travelled this route — what circumstances occasioned their first acquaintance with Nichiren Buddhism; the features of the faith or of the movement which specifically appealed; and whether that same initial attraction was responsible for summoning sustained commitment when the ‘interested stranger’ became the dedicated member.
The Values of the Value Creators
Authors: Wilson Bryan , Dobbelaere Karel
Published: November 2023

SŌKA GAKKAI, as we have seen, means Value Creation Society. Its members are dedicated to the creation of value. It was, therefore, pertinent to seek to discover the actual values to which SGI members subscribed, and to find out to what extent there was value consensus among them. Given the emphasis within the movement on toleration and the cultivation of non-judgemental orientations, the extent of convergence and divergence was of particular interest. Beyond this, the availability of data from the European Values Study offered the opportunity of a comparison of the values of SGI members and those of their fellow citizens of Great Britain, and thus we were able to attempt an appraisal of the degree to which the values they espoused differed from or coincided with those of the public at large.
Global Migrants, Local Lives
Authors: Gardner Katy
Published: November 2023

Long-term migration is one of the most important factors in the formation of cultural identities in the modern world. Immigrant communities are usually studied in the context of the country people have migrated to; Katy Gardner, however, looks at the neglected `sending' side of the equation. In the sending communities, out-migration has become a central economic and social resource - the route to social, as well as physical, mobility, transforming those who gain access to it. Dr Gardner examines the cultural context and effects of the long-term migration from Bangladesh to Britain and the Middle East, drawing on her fieldwork in the Sylhet district,an area of exceptional migration. Major aspects of Bangledeshi life such as land, family structure, marriage and religion - all of which have been affected by the heavy out-migration - are covered in detail, and the transformation of the social structure is mapped. In focusing on local ideology, this book shows how local cultural meanings are constantly negotiated and contested by different groups in the context of rapid economic change. At the heart of this important contribution to the anthropology of migration is a presentation of the dynamic nature of migration and the concomitant possibility of self-transformation it holds for migrant cultures.
The Sacred Desh
Authors: Gardner Katy
Published: November 2023

Whilst presented by its followers in Sylhet as stable and traditional, like all religious ideologies Islam is continually reordered and reformulated by the faithful. In Talukpur the presentation of fixity appears to be of increasing importance in Islamic discourse, ironically perhaps, since many of those who promote it are now so mobile. This is no mere coincidence: the many journeys of individuals, and the overall participation of Talukpur in global and national processes, have played an important part in the construction of Islam as fixed and totalizing.
Trade Union Allegiance and Decline in British Urban Labour Markets
Authors: Gallie Duncan
Published: November 2023

The 1980s have witnessed a dramatic decline in British trade union strength—with membership falling by 26 per cent between 1979 and 1990 (Department of Employment, 1993). This raises fundamental questions about the nature of British trade union allegiance and its implications for the longer-term strength or fragility of the unions’ power. Does membership decline indicate a crisis of legitimacy for the unions or can it be seen primarily as the result of structural changes that have made the recruitment and retention of membership more difficult?
Trade Unionism in a Hostile Environment: An Account of Attempts to Organize the North Sea Off-Shore Oil Industry Between 1970 and 1990
Authors: Sewel John , Penn Roger
Published: November 2023

The North Sea off-shore oil industry provides a relatively rare opportunity for examining the history of trade union organization in a new industry. Indeed, one of the reasons for choosing Aberdeen as one of the six localities for the SCELI research was that it served as the main on-shore base for the North Sea oil industry in Britain. The economic fortunes of the city itself, and much of the surrounding area, have been closely linked to oil since the pace of exploration quickened in the 1970s.
Corporate Structure and the Japanese Economy*
Authors: Juro Hashimoto
Published: November 2023

In an attempt to grasp the main features of the corporate-centred structure of the Japanese economy, this chapter adopts the term ‘companyism’, or ‘company-first-ism’, which I believe is a key to capturing certain important aspects of present Japanese society.
Labour and Farmers’ Movements in Prewar Japan*
Authors: Yoshiaki Nishida
Published: November 2023

The core of the labour movement in Japan today is one of ‘harmonist’ enterprise unionism built around the Rengo labour federation. It should be clear that enterprise unionism became the mainstream as a result of the increased power of the corporations and the setting in stone of corporatist labour relations, which were fostered by as well as helping to contribute to the high-speed growth of the 1960s. Watanabe Osamu’s analysis, which suggests that these developments are deeply rooted in the characteristics particular to modern Japanese society, is especially illuminating here.1 It is of course possible to find reasons why the labour movement has found it difficult to go against the general trend and has taken a turn to the Right in the changes among its leadership or in its ‘mistaken strategies’. It ought to be understood, though, that even these developments are themselves the products of contemporary Japanese society.
Foreign Workers and Immigration Policy*
Authors: Seigo Hirowatari
Published: November 2023

A chronological glance at Homunenkan (Justice Annual), the Japanese Ministry of Justice’s annual report of its activities, reveals that during the period of high economic growth from the 1950s, the main thrust of the Immigration Bureau’s operations was directed at illegal entry from the Korean Peninsula. From 1951 to 1969 the total number of illegal entrants prosecuted was 31,562, or an annual average of 1,661, of whom North and South Koreans accounted for 29,740, or 94.2 per cent. This was at a time when 300,000 foreigners were entering Japan annually (1965 figure).
Employment Relations after the Collapse of the Bubble Economy*
Authors: Michio Nitta
Published: November 2023

The transformation, or disintegration, of Japanese employment practices has been the subject of intense debate. However, for as long as we fail to clarify the central issues, it is difficult to dismiss the impression that phrases like the ‘mobile labour market’ (rodo shijo no ryudoka or koyo no ryudoka) are being bandied about indiscriminately. One problem is that we often discuss this issue without establishing certain fundamentals, such as: (a) whether employment practices have really changed; (b) whether they may or may not change in the future; and (c) whether they should change. This chapter is limited to an exploration of the first of these questions. Based on a consideration of the evidence, we will consider how Japanese employment practices have or have not altered in the economic fluctuations that have occurred since the collapse of the so-called bubble.
Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Davie Grace
Published: November 2023

How, then, can we begin to interpret the mass of data presented so far? I would like to offer three possibilities, the last of which becomes the springboard for subsequent chapters in that it offers an innovative approach to European specificity. All three represent relatively recent sociological writing, though they draw on the more familiar texts that deal with the secularization issue (notably Martin 1978, Dobbelaere 1981, and Wilson 1982). Each of the three takes note of the changing nature of European religion, but draws very different conclusions in terms of their explanations for such findings.
Aesthetic or Symbolic Memory: The Cultural Sphere
Authors: Davie Grace
Published: November 2023

A FULL discussion of pilgrimage has been held over until this chapter, which introduces a different set of elements into the understanding of memory. These include the significance of a particular place or building which in itself embodies something special; simply being there is important, quite apart from what you do or who you are. Pilgrimage, however, is only the starting point: from here the discussion moves outwards to a variety of aesthetic or cultural fields in which religious memory can find expression. In order to do this, the argument works at two levels. The initial step is institutional and focuses in particular on the connections between cathedrals and museums. Examining the links between these evidently overlapping institutions and the motives of the people who enter each or both of them is a fascinating area of enquiry.
Women’s Part-Time Employment and the Family Cycle: A Cross-National Comparison
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents the culmination of our investigation of the rise in women’s (part-time) employment in modern societies. It summarizes the major findings of the country reports from a cross-national comparative perspective, and it tries to illuminate the time-related interplay of the most important mechanisms that have been working in different countries and have generated the great variety of part-time work in modern societies. It also attempts to disentangle the common thread of the place of part-time work within women’s life-course. I first recapitulate the main hypotheses which have guided our long-term cross-national comparative case-study approach and then synthesize the findings and draw some major conclu¬sions.
Accountingon A Large Estate In Roman Egypt
Authors: Rathbone D
Published: November 2023

This chapter is a slightly adapted version of the chapter on accounting in my study of the Heroninos archive and the Appianus estate. Apart from minor changes made for the sake of clarity, I hâve weeded out discussion of technical textual matters which does not contribute directly to an understanding of the accounts, and I hâve added an introduction and some Concluding Remarks to give some essential background information. I hope that these alterations will hâve made the piece comprehensible in itself, although anyone who wishes to understand better the nature and the System of management of the estate which produced these accounts will need to consult the book.
Early Accounting: The Tally and the Checker-board
Authors: Baxter WT
Published: November 2023

History shows us (or so historians claim) how mankind once coped with conditions that now seem impossibly adverse. Certainly this is true of accounting history. It shows how accounts could be kept when paper was still unknown or costly, coins were scarce and bad, and most men were illiterate.
Fixed Asset Accounting in the Shipping Industry: P. & O.1840-1914
Authors: Napier C J
Published: November 2023

Although accounting historians have long recognized the significance of fixed asset accounting for the development of financial reporting, much of the existing literature is very general, being based on secondary sources such as professional accountancy journals and legal cases. For example, the pioneering contribution of Brief (1966) is of this nature. More recently historians have seen a need to investigate primary sources so as to ascertain the accounting policies actually adopted by companies, in order to provide an empirical basis for the generalizations of earlier researchers and, perhaps, to challenge conclusions drawn from inadequate evidence. Such primary investigations are inevitably dependent on the survival of original accounting records, whether published financial reports or the underlying books of account, and the vicissitudes of history have reduced substantially the amount of primary material available to the researcher. Useful studies have been made of a few businesses and industries (for example, the investigations reprinted in Edwards 1986), but additional evidence is still necessary, particularly in industries not yet studied in detail.
Markets
Authors: Walsh Kieron , Deakin Nicholas , Smith Paula , Spurgeon Peter , Thomas Neil
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews our empirical evidence about the extent of and potential for competition in the markets with which we are concerned, taking into account the nature of the services themselves, the institutional rules which frame their operation, and the local contexts in which they are situated. Given the timing and gradual implementation of the reforms, it can only be an interim account, but it can at least explore aspects of market structure and of the strategies which significant actors have adopted or plan to implement.
Wearing Two Hats: The Conflicting Control And Management Roles Of Non-Executive Directors
Authors: Ezzamel Mahmoud , Watson Robert
Published: November 2023

The central legal responsibilities of the UK ‘s ‘unitary ‘ boards of directors are fairly clear, namely to manage the business collectively in accordance with its constitution for the benefit of its shareholders and to comply with the financial reporting and other disclosure requirements stipulated by company law. For UK companies then, the ‘unitary ‘ board of directors fulfils two main, and apparently incompatible, functions. First, the board is the enterprise ‘s supreme executive body. It is legally responsible for formulating and implementing business strategy on behalf of shareholders and for ensuring that all business activities are conducted in a manner which complies with company law and other legal requirements. Second, the board has crucial governance functions to perform. The board is the primary institutional mechanism by which the shareholders render the executives appointed to manage the assets on their behalf accountable for their stewardship.

Traditionally, these two functions have been reconciled in company law by relying upon the system of ‘accountability through disclosure ‘.
Corporate Governance In The Public Sector: The Case Of The NHS
Authors: Lynn Ashburner
Published: November 2023

Good corporate governance is necessary if companies are to retain a competitive advantage, and essential if they are to survive. Within the public sector the issues faced by organizations differ significantly from those in the private sector in several ways. Competition and markets, where they exist in the public sector, are of a very different kind from those in the private sector, and the question of survival is often not an issue. The creation of quasi-markets and the introduction of competition since 1979 has brought many parts of the public sector closer to the private sector model, but key differences still remain.
The Impact Of Competition On The Behaviour Of National Health Service Trusts
Authors: Propper Carol , Bartlett Will
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the behaviour of providers, specifically NHS Trusts in the newly created quasi-market for health services. The quasi-market was set up with the intention that NHS providers would compete with each other and with the private sector to secure contracts from purchasers (district health authorities (DHAs) and general practice fundholders (GPFHs) ). At the time of the reforms it was argued that such supply-side competition would result in a more responsive and efficient service, while the maintenance of tax finance and the allocation of funds to purchasing agents on the basis of need would ensure that NHS equity goals would continue to be met (Department of Health 1990). In the new contract system financial incentives are given a key role in improving the quality and quantity of health service provision. However, these effects may vary depending on the competitive situation in which NHS Trusts are located, and on their internal organization and aims. In addition, while it was argued that market forces would help deliver more efficient services, NHS providers were also subject to direct regulation by the Department of Health. If regulation is sufficiently high the impact of market forces as an engine for change may be considerably limited.
Self-Interest, Ethics, and the Profit Motive
Authors: Hooker Brad
Published: November 2023

SOME people worry that business is powered by inherently non moral— or even immoral— motivation. Obviously, most business decisions are driven by the profit motive. But what is the relation between self-interest, ethical considerations, and the profit motive? I shall try to answer this question. In order to do so, however, I need first to elucidate the concepts of self-interest, selfishness, and moral requirement. Once I have sketched a picture of the relation between ethical considerations and the profit motive, I shall consider some complications that arise when the correct moral rules for regulating business practice are not the rules that have in fact been laid down by professions or companies.