bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficiency Divide: Comparative Analysis of Human & Neural Network Algorithm Development
Authors: Ráčil Tomáš , Gallus Petr , Šlajs Tomáš
Published: June 2024

The paper delves into a comparative analysis between human and artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities in algorithm development, with a specific focus on the challenges presented in the "Advent of Code." The research thoroughly investigates the performance of Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPTs), such as ChatGPT and Bard, in solving intricate algorithmic problems and benchmarks these results against those achieved by human participants. A sizeable portion of the study is dedicated to understanding the nuances of prompt engineering in AI and how it affects the problem-solving process, alongside exploring the choice of programming languages used by both AI and humans. The methodology of the research is extensive, involving the participation of both AI models and human subjects, who vary in their levels of programming expertise. This approach allows for a comprehensive evaluation of the correctness and efficiency of solutions, along with the time taken to resolve the given problems. The results from this study reveal intriguing insights. While AI models like GPTs demonstrate an impressive speed in problem resolution, they often fall short in accuracy when compared to human problem-solvers, particularly in tasks demanding deeper contextual understanding and creative reasoning. Furthermore, the study delves into the impact of time constraints on the effectiveness of problem-solving strategies employed by both AI and humans. It finds that under strict time constraints, AI models can quickly generate solutions, but these solutions may lack the depth and accuracy found in those devised by human participants. This aspect of the research highlights the trade-off between speed and precision in AI-driven problem solving. The research extends its implications beyond mere performance comparison. It suggests the potential for a synergistic approach where the computational efficiency and rapid problem-solving abilities of AI can be effectively combined with the nuanced understanding and creative problem-solving skills inherent in humans. This hybrid approach could redefine the future landscape of programming and algorithm development. The study not only provides a critical analysis of the capabilities of AI in the realm of algorithmic problem-solving but also paves the way for future exploration into the collaborative dynamics of human-AI interaction in programming. It highlights the evolving role of AI in programming and underscores the importance of balancing AI’s computational prowess with human creativity and adaptability in solving complex, real-world problems.
Architecture Framework for Cyber Security Management
Authors: Pöyhönen Jouni , Lehto Martti
Published: June 2024

The smooth operation of contemporary society relies on the collaborative functioning of multiple essential infrastructures, with their collective effectiveness increasingly hinging on a dependable national system of systems construction. The central focus within the realm of cyberspace revolves around safeguarding this critical infrastructure (CI), which includes both physical and electronic components essential for societal operations. The recent surge in cyber-attacks targeting CI, critical information infrastructures, and the Internet, characterized by heightened frequency and increased sophistication, presents substantial threats. As perpetrators become more adept, they can digitally infiltrate and disrupt physical infrastructure, causing harm to equipment and services without the need for a physical assault. The operational uncertainty of CI in these cases is obvious. The linchpin of cyber security lies in a well-executed architecture, a fundamental requirement for effective measures. The framework of this paper emphasizes organizational guidance in cyber security management by integrating the cyber security risks assessment and the cyber resilience process into overall continuity management of organizations business processes.
Trapped Ion Quantum Computing: A Framework for Addressing Security Vulnerabilities
Authors: Wallace Karli , Hsia Leleia , Reith Mark
Published: June 2024

Trapped ion quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize computational paradigms. As the adoption of this technology grows, so does the need for stringent scrutiny of its involvement in cybersecurity, especially when it has implications in national defense or critical infrastructure. While trapped ion quantum computing offers transformative capabilities, it is vital to carefully examine the potential vulnerabilities associated with its use and patch them before implementing this powerful technology. In this paper, we examine the potential vulnerabilities in trapped ion quantum computing systems and propose a framework for addressing them. This framework includes risk assessment for evaluating vulnerabilities, threat modeling for identifying exploits, and prevention and mitigation for reducing their impact.
Deep Graph Neural Networks for Malware Detection Using Ghidra P-Code
Authors: Iorizzo Rinaldo , Yuan Bo
Published: June 2024

This work examines the effectiveness of using Ghidra P-Code as semantics-based features in a graph neural network-based malware detection system. A preliminary model exhibits a function level precision of ∼70% and a recall around ∼60%, and a precision and recall of ~55% and ~80% respectively for the program level detection task on a dataset of ∼50,000 control flow graphs extracted from functions of malicious and benign programs. Future improvements to this ongoing project include, but are not limited to, collecting dynamic control flow graph information as opposed to static graphs to provide the model with resilience to advanced malware obfuscation and encryption schemes.
CTI Sharing Practices and MISP Adoption in Finland’s Critical Infrastructure Protection
Authors: Henttonen Katja , Rajamäki Jyri
Published: June 2024

Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) sharing is crucial for safeguarding organisations and securing national critical infrastructure. This study delves into the CTI-sharing practices of large, safety-critical Finnish organisations, with a specific interest in the deployment and potential of the Malware Information Sharing Platform (MISP). We gathered insights through qualitative interviews with cybersecurity experts from key sectors: energy, healthcare, and transportation. Our findings reveal that a significant proportion of regional CTI data is still shared through manual methods such as email and chat. While these systems are generally viewed positively, they are also understood to be prone to delays and inaccuracies. The interest in utilising MISP is rising in Finland, yet its implementation is still in the nascent stages. Organisations are looking towards the National Cyber Security Center to lead the establishment of a national MISP instance. The benefits of adopting a national MISP framework could be further amplified by organisations joining Europewide industry-specific MISP instances or leveraging MISP to share threat intelligence with their supply chain partners. However, challenges remain, particularly in balancing threat data sharing with European data protection laws, motivating community contributions, and standardising CTI-sharing tools and practices within a country.
Arranging the Defence of the Cyber Environment as a Part of Military Affairs: Tactical, Operational and Strategic approach in retrospect of The Russian - Ukrainian War 2022
Authors: Mattila Juha Kai
Published: June 2024

The artificial cyber environment has reached national security interest and emerged as the fourth domain of battle in the military concept of all-domain operations in most Western armed forces and coalitions in the past 30 years. Currently, militaries are struggling to keep up with cybercriminals and advanced persistent actors while trying to gain an advantage of their data and digital infrastructure. The paper focuses on military affairs' ways and means to address the need for cyber warriors operating in friendly, neutral, and hostile cyber environments integrated under Multi-Domain Operations. The paper uses design research methodology to create and test a model for cyber defence capabilities generation and utilisation. The theoretical reference to military affairs is based on Beer's Viable System Model and previous studies of military organisations' evolution as capability generators. The military and societal cyber environment evolution model is based on industrial revolutions and current tendencies. These approaches define a hypothetical model for two main functions of military affairs (force generation and utilisation) concerning cyber defence capabilities. The fast evolution of cyber threats sets unique requirements for cyber force utilisation and generation structures. This difference has culminated in a recent war between Russia and Ukraine, and data from that conflict is used to test the hypothetical model. The rapid evolution of the cyber environment and its weaponisation establish different requirements for military cyber capabilities compared to any other operational dimension or capability (space, air, land, or maritime). The difference is evident in sourcing resources, generating capabilities, and using them in Multi-Domain Operations. The paper provides a tested model for generating cyber defence capabilities at a strategic level and an operation model for cyber defence at a tactical and operational level. The designed model extends the technically oriented cybersecurity thinking with operational and strategic levels. Furthermore, the model introduces the value stream behind the cyber capability acquisition and supports strategic designers in national and military analysis.
Risk Assessment for Malware Attacks in Small Businesses
Authors: Ncubukezi Tabisa
Published: June 2024

The presence of severe malware attacks in business systems compromises devices, data, information, and network hygiene. The increased usage of cyberspace as a convenient tool exposed all organisations to various malware attacks. The malware attacks have become one of the most common threats in all sectors. These attacks often find their way into systems where poor or inadequate security measures are implemented, leaving the institution’s resources vulnerable and compromised. This work collected data using purposive sampling from the selected small businesses that used cyberspace for business transactions. A questionnaire distributed to the participants was mounted on Google Forms. To analyse the collected data, this work assessed the malware attacks and used the risk management processes to determine the risk impact and probability. Risk management processes were used to analyse and interpret different risks associated with malware attacks and also ranked them from low, medium, and high. The work also revealed the different forms of common malware attacks, the business assets affected, the main causes of malware attacks, risk value, risk likelihood, and the risk impact. The extent of security measures implemented on different levels contributes to the overall state of the organisational resources. The study also shared the recommendations and accounted for the conclusion.
Eight Principles for Intelligence Sharing: A Holistic and Strategic Approach
Authors: Huskaj Gazmend
Published: June 2024

This paper reviews the strategic use of warning intelligence to pre-emptively address threats in complex geopolitical scenarios through rapid intelligence sharing. Specifically, the paper reviews the question How, based on research and experience, can a set of principles be applied by states to enhance situational awareness and tackle threat actors through a holistic and collaborative approach to intelligence sharing? The paper examines historical and contemporary alliances like the Five Eyes and reviews a Signals Intelligence Alliance as a case in point, highlighting the importance of collaborative approaches to enhance situational awareness and tackle threat actors. The study, grounded in the philosophical paradigm of interpretivism, adheres to the principles for transparent science when researchers use tools such as large-language-models as grammar editors or research assistants. The paper also acknowledges limitations such as the generalisability of the SIGINT model and the need for continuous adaptation of intelligence sharing practices. The results discuss policy, process, and people challenges to intelligence sharing. The paper concludes that successful intelligence sharing should follow eight general principles. Future research directions include exploring the impact of emerging technologies, human aspects of intelligence sharing, and context-based intelligence sharing alliances.
A Survey of Learning Technology Integration in Information Warfare Education
Authors: Douglas Matthew , Reith Mark
Published: June 2024

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are enduringly important in today’s world. From paying for morning coffee at the local cafe to receiving a text message from a loved one, ICTs are a part of everyday life. On a larger scale, entire nations are dependent on ICTs. From power grids to the storage of classified documents, nations have come to rely on ICTs. This dependence on ICTs has increased information warfare’s importance as a warfighting domain. In order to effectively conduct information warfare operations, operators must first be properly trained on how to be successful in this domain. The use of learning technologies could be useful to train information warfare forces. This paper surveys the current state of learning technology integration into information warfare education. Learning technologies have become commonplace in today’s professional world. Many topics in organizations are taught through learning technologies such as interactive computer-based trainings, educational videos, and more complex serious games. This is no different for information warfare professionals. Learning technologies can provide alternative ways to teach important information warfare concepts such as the roles, assets, and capabilities that are necessary to succeed in this domain. The use of artificial intelligence, game-based learning, gamification, and simulation-based learning to enhance the training of information warfare forces is discussed in this survey. Additionally, the effect of adding learning technology into information warfare education curriculum as well as the key elements for each type of learning technology integrated are analysed. This paper also identifies areas of future research to further develop this topic. These findings are useful to information warfare educators who are developing curriculum or looking for ways to introduce new technologies into existing curriculum. Artificial intelligence, game-based learning, gamification, and simulation-based learning are all great options to support information warfare education, and there are even more options that have yet to be researched that present further opportunities to study in this area.
Teaching Next-Generation Cyber Warfare
Authors: Chen Jim
Published: June 2024

Cyberspace plays a unique and crucial role in an era of a new geopolitical competition between the major powers. Cyber warfare has the flexibility of being launched either below or above the threshold of armed conflict in supporting the achievement of strategic goals and political aims. Meanwhile, cyber maneuvers are also inalienable to maneuvers in other warfighting domains such as land, maritime, air, and space. How can cyber capabilities be harnessed and integrated into joint warfighting? How can these new capabilities be taught to the joint force in a new way? These are the questions that the joint professional military education (JPME) programs should address. In the current JPME curricula, cyber capabilities are taught either in silo or in a way that is loosely connected to conventional military maneuvers. In a sense, they are not seamlessly integrated into the JPME programs. This paper addresses the issues of the current approach as well as their consequences. It intends to explore a new way of teaching next-generation cyber warfare, in which cyber capabilities are not only built into joint warfighting but also used to support the employment of relevant instruments of national power as well as the collaboration with allies and partners. This multi-level integrated approach is enabled by disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI). In so doing can cyber capabilities, especially AI-enabled cyber capabilities, be well integrated into the joint warfighting curricula, thus enabling joint force to obtain strategic advantage in the geopolitical competition.
‘It Takes a (Global) Village’: Towards a Multi-Actor Networked Conception of Security
Authors: Scott Keith
Published: June 2024

On December 4th 2023, Oliver Dowden, the British Deputy Prime Minister, issued his first annual resilience statement, outlining the range of threats faced by the United Kingdom, natural, economic, military, and technological. The purpose of this paper is to examine the contemporary threat landscape through the critical lens of complex interdependency (cf Keohane and Nye), and to consider the way in which approaches and theoretical models of threat and threat mitigation can and should (or should not) be applied in different domains. Multi-Domain conflict shows how the modern battlefield is a highly complex realm of interlinked environments (including the non-physical); in the same way, ‘unrestricted warfare’ (Qiao and Wang) collapses the traditional DIME concept of discrete arms of state power. How may a liberal democracy protect itself and its citizens against mis/disinformation, cyber warfare, hacktivism, NSAs and foreign powers ready and able to to wage ‘war’ in a wide range of ways, using IW both as a specific methodology and as a force multiplier for other forms of destabilization.
 
Focusing largely but not overwhelmingly on the informational realm, the paper will consider models of threat mitigation applied in other domains, from the elite innovative force of the Rifle Brigade to the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic to the behavioural science-based influence campaigns devised by the UK ‘Nudge Unit’ and beyond. It will ultimately argue that a nation which faces a range of internal and external threats to its stability must devise policy and strategy which themselves operate internally and externally. Any approach which is not based on action at all levels of society – civil, military, educational, technical, diplomatic – is doomed to failure before it starts. However, the key challenge will be how to build this in societies which have grown ever more atomised, divided, and opposed to cooperation.
Miss the piece of Europe Multilateral Cooperation
Authors: Chang Shu-Jui , Wang Jen Fu , Watson Tim , Phillips Iain
Published: June 2024

The research emphasises the importance of European multinational cooperation in addressing cyber threats. Countries cannot combat these threats in isolation; instead, they must engage in collaborative efforts that leverage shared resources, intelligence, and expertise. The study highlights the unique challenges and opportunities Asian countries face, frequently targeted by sophisticated cyber threats, particularly from state actors like China. Despite these challenges, many Asian countries have developed substantial expertise in cyber threat response and mitigation. By participating in multinational cyber exercises and sharing their knowledge, these countries can contribute significantly to the collective resilience of the global cyber defence network. This integration would not only enhance the security capabilities of the individual countries but also foster stronger international relationships, building trust and cooperation that are essential in the fight against cyber adversaries. In conclusion, this study underscores the imperative of multinational cooperation in Europe and beyond, with Asian countries playing a crucial role in enhancing global cybersecurity through their expertise and strategic positions.
Harnessing Broadcast Receivers for Classification of Android Malware Threats
Authors: Chrysikos Nikolaos , Karampelas Panagiotis , Xylogiannopoulos Konstantinos
Published: June 2024

With the increasing number of malicious attacks, the way how to detect and classify malicious apps has drawn attention in mobile technology market. In this paper, we proposed a classification model to seek and track malware Apps broadcast receivers in such devices. To identify the family of apps, static features of each app was extracted and a novel deterministic classifier is employed to categorize malware apps. With such, we can act against malware of known family, since we understand its functions, and prevent it from spreading out in larger scale, affecting extensively our society. Detailed description of the classification model is provided, as well the core technologies of this novel malicious android applications’ model are presented. From experiments performed on a set of Android-based malware apps, we observe that the proposed classification model achieves highest accuracy, true-positive rate, false-positive rate, precision, recall, f-measure in comparison to other methods implemented in published experiments. The proposed classification model is promising since the average accuracy reaches an average of 97.31% and can effectively be applied to Android malware categorization, providing early detection of the capabilities of malware and the prospect of warning users of threatens ahead.
Social Media in the Aftermath of the 2016 US Presidential Election: Disruption at the Cost of Connection
Authors: Guadagno Rosanna , Olivieri Alberto , Kimbrough Amanda
Published: June 2024

This data captures people’s experiences as unknowing targets of disinformation. Participants were US citizens naive to the actions of the different entities using social media to target Americans with disinformation in the months leading up to the 2016 US presidential election. Results indicated participants reported notable changes in their interactions on social media in the form of disruptions to existing relationships. Specifically, participants reported that they argued with their connections more, observed others disagree more, and reported an increase in the loss of friends and family connections through the unfriending or unfollowing features of social media. While, some participants found these changes amusing, most reported increased psychological distress. Not one participant mentioned Russian election interference or disinformation as the cause of these interpersonal difficulties. Analysis of text responses did not include any mention of disinformation, Cambridge Analytica, or Russia as causes of these disruptions. These results suggest that social media use has implications for individuals’ social relationships and these disruptions may impact their psychological functioning. Implications of these results for the psychological impacts of social media use will be discussed.
A Sensemaking Framework for Defensive Cyber Operations: Filling the Void in Leadership Discourse
Authors: Shives Timothy , Wleklinski Frank
Published: June 2024

In the realm of contemporary warfare dominated by cyber threats, Defensive Cyber Operations (DCO) serve as a linchpin for mitigating risks and ensuring mission assurance. This article delves into the intricate landscape of DCO, focusing on the critical role played by Defensive Cyberspace Forces (DCFs). Despite their significance, the absence of a unified sensemaking framework poses a challenge for leaders responsible for the nuanced development and strategic employment of DCFs. The lacuna in the existing literature revolves around the lack of a comprehensive sensemaking framework tailored for operational and DCF leaders. The inadequacies of current frameworks, either overly broad or excessively specific, hinder effective dialogue and understanding. This deficiency not only obstructs the planning efforts and operational tempo of DCO but also restrains the maturation of DCFs, amplifying residual risks faced by commanders. This paper endeavours to present a purpose-built sensemaking framework crafted for leaders engaged in the dynamic realms of DCF development. Integrating well-established risk mitigation principles with the unique organizational structures and missions of DCFs, the framework fills a crucial void in the literature. Beyond being a decision-support tool, it strives to foster a shared mental model, providing a nuanced lens for leaders to contextualize and prioritize their efforts in the complex landscape of DCO. Through a meticulous critique of existing frameworks, this article introduces a tailored model designed to address identified shortcomings. Emphasizing the practical utility of the proposed framework, the discussion unfolds to elucidate how it not only facilitates the development and employment of DCF but also contributes to organizational resilience and risk mitigation. This article contributes a novel sensemaking framework to the academic discourse on DCO. While acknowledging limitations imposed by an unclassified context, the framework provides valuable insights into the strategic dimensions of DCF development and employment, DCO planning intricacies, and organizational analyses. Future avenues for research include the integration of classified information to refine the framework, ensuring its applicability across diverse DCO mission types and aligning DCF core functions with specific threats, thereby enhancing the efficacy of defensive cyber strategies.
Using Chia Blockchain Technology for Department of Defense Systems
Authors: Schofield Ethan , Reith Mark
Published: June 2024

The United States faces an escalating cybersecurity challenge, with national assets increasingly vulnerable to sophisticated attacks. The ever-reducing barriers to entry in the cyber realm, coupled with advanced persistent threats, underscore the critical imperative to fortify the defense of U.S. assets. Blockchain technology, pioneered by Satoshi Nakamoto over a decade ago, emerges as a resilient cryptographic solution capable of safeguarding data and assets from threats both within and outside a network. This paper delves into the potential of the Chia blockchain as a strategic ally for the Department of Defense (DoD) in bolstering its cybersecurity measures. Beyond a theoretical exploration, the paper provides tangible use cases that illustrate the practical application of Chia within the DoD framework. Notably, the examination extends to crucial areas such as financial auditing, identification management, and supply chain oversight, showcasing the versatility and efficacy of Chia in addressing multifaceted challenges faced by the DoD.
Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the US Air Force, Department of Defense or the US Government.
Governance for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Interoperability: Questions of Trust
Authors: Wylde Allison
Published: June 2024

Although the rapidly emerging capabilities of AI bring potential benefits that could be transformative for cyber security, significant threats have emerged that continue to grow in impact and scale. One proposed solution to addressing important risks in AI is the emergence of strategies for AI governance. Yet, as this conceptual early-stage research argues, what is crucial for individuals, businesses, public institutions, including the military, and for high-risk environments, are questions concerning trust in AI governance. Will governance of AI be trusted? As an example, during 2023, several AI governance initiatives and strategies emerged, with some nation states proposing legislation while others looked to treaties and collaboration as solutions. Indeed, at a supra-national level, the United Nations expert multinational stakeholder Policy Network on AI (PNAI) formed to examine key issues in current AI governance. These include the interoperability of governance, data governance mechanisms, AI in supporting inclusion and the transition of nations. To help our understanding of trust in AI governance, the focus for this paper is limited in scope to interoperability in AI governance. Interoperability encompasses different aspects, policy initiatives (such as frameworks, legislation, or treaties), systems and their abilities to communicate and work together. The approach taken in this early-stage research is framed as questions of trust in AI governance. The paper therefore reviews the nature of different AI governance strategies developed and implemented by a range of key nation states and supra-national actors. This is followed by an evaluation of the role of trust, focused on AI governance strategies, in the context of interoperability in AI governance. Trust-building strategies are also considered, with a focus on leveraging the separate elements involved in trust-building to assist our understanding of the implementation of trusted AI governance. The contribution of this early-stage research is to highlight issues that may not be considered by the technical community and to contribute to developing a platform and a research approach that informs policy- learning for institutions, practitioners and academics.
Menjadi Katalisator Perubahan: Kepemimpinan Karismatik Yang Membentuk Inovasi Organisasi Di Lingkungan Perusahaan
Authors: Simarmata Anugrah Parsaulian , Rafly Muhammad , Juliana Chantika , Manalu Bintang Try Anastasya , Wijaya Muhammad Adhimawan
Published: June 2024

Charismatic leadership has emerged as a significant force in shaping innovation culture and driving change in today's dynamic business environment. The author investigates the role of charismatic leadership in shaping organizational innovation within the context of Company XYZ. Using a qualitative approach and case studies, the author gains deep insights into how characteristics of charismatic leadership, such as inspiration, vision, empowerment, and effective communication, contribute to the development of a strong innovation culture. Through data collection from in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis, the author identifies that charismatic leaders in Company XYZ are able to inspire employees, empower them to actively participate in the innovation process, and build strong relationships through effective communication. However, challenges such as expectation management, leadership capacity development, and appropriate reward systems still need to be addressed. The author's conclusion highlights the importance of strengthening and developing charismatic leadership within organizations as an effective catalyst for change and innovation to achieve quality organizational goals. Thus, this research provides valuable insights for management practitioners and organizational leaders interested in enhancing the quality of leadership and innovation culture in the modern business environment.
A ten-year study of clinical presentation and predictive factors on final visual outcome in paediatric trauma patients
Authors: Irawati Yunia , Ardiani Lily S. , Rahma Arafah Nurani , Gondhowiardjo Tjahjono D. , Hoskin Annette K.
Published: June 2024

Purpose: To present the demographic and clinical presentation, and to evaluate the predictive factors for final visual outcomes in paediatric ophthalmic trauma.
Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in Indonesia’s private tertiary eye hospital between 2012 and 2021.
Results: A total of 194 patients/201 eyes were included. Closed globe injuries (CGI) represented the most common injury (80/194, 41.2%), followed by adnexal injury (65/194, 33.5%), open globe injuries (OGI) (30/194, 15.5%), chemical injuries (13/194, 6.7%), orbital fracture (3/194, 1.5%), and fireworks injuries (3/194, 1.5%). The mean age was 8.60 ± 5.23 years, with children aged 11–18 years (69/194, 35.5%) comprising the majority of cases. The home (43/201, 21.4%) and blunt trauma (105/201, 52.2%) were identified as the most common setting and mechanism of injury, respectively. There were 78/201 (38.8%) eyes included in the visual acuity (VA) predictors analysis. The mean initial VA and final VA were 0.595 ± 0.775 logMAR and 0.461 ± 0.790 logMAR,respectively. A strong correlation between initial VA, final VA, and type of injury was found (r = 0.761, P < 0.001), with 13/78 (16.7%) patients having severe visual impairment and blindness. In multivariate analysis, initial VA (P = 0.003), scleral injury (P = 0.013), and hyphaema (P = 0.013) were statistically significant as visual outcome predictors.
Conclusion: CGI and adnexal injury show high incidence in paediatric ophthalmic trauma. The home is the most common setting for paediatric ophthalmic trauma. OGI causes visual impairment to blindness. Initial VA, scleral injury, and hyphaema are identified as visual outcome prognostic factors.
Time interval for emergency ophthalmic surgery in Hospital Kuala Lumpur during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Subbiah Deivanai , Samsudin Amir , Rahmat Jamalia
Published: June 2024

Purpose: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to staff shortages and repurposing of health facilities, thus affecting the workflow of emergency ophthalmic surgery in Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL). The objective of this audit was to ensure that there was no time delay for emergency ophthalmic surgery in HKL during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Study design: Retrospective clinical audit.
Methods: Data of patients who underwent emergency ophthalmic surgery for a period of 8 months in HKL were collected from the operation theatre records and patient medical records of HKL.
Results: A total of 49 patients underwent emergency ophthalmic surgery from May 2020 to December 2020. There was male 34 male patients (69%) and the majority of patients belonged to the age group of 21–30 years. Most of the cases were sight-threatening (80%), which included ocular trauma, vitreoretinal cases, and evisceration. Meanwhile, non-sight threatening cases comprised eyelid/conjunctival laceration, iris repositioning, and glaucoma surgery. Most of the surgeries (36%) were performed within 6 hours of admission/decision for surgery. Only 4% of surgeries were delayed more than 24 hours. A vitreoretinal case was delayed for 26 hours due to presence of electrocardiogram changes and hypokalaemia. The second case was a case of planned for evisceration for panophthalmitis and was delayed due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Both patients were referred to the medical team for stabilisation prior to surgery.
Conclusion: The cause of the delay in both patients were not due to the COVID-19 pandemic but due to medical co-morbidities. Despite the limitation of staff and resources during the COVID-19 pandemic, ophthalmic emergency surgeries were carried out on appropriate timing without delay.
Ten-year review of traumatic hyphaema cases in a tertiary hospital in the east coast of Malaysia
Authors: Ahmad Musthafa Muhammad Syafiq , Azman Nurhayati , Ismail Mohd Ilham , Ahmad Kasah Nor Higrayati , Ramli Norlina
Published: June 2024

Purpose: Traumatic hyphaema is a common sequela following blunt trauma. The aim of this study was to analyse the demographics, complications, and visual outcome of patients presenting with traumatic hyphaema at a tertiary hospital in the East Coast of Malaysia.
Methods: Retrospective study based on medical records from 2011 to 2021.
Results: A total of 41 eyes from 41 patients were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 22.2 years (± 15.1 SD), with 39.1% within 25–59-years of age. The incidence was higher among males (90.2%). Sports and recreational activities were the most common causes (61.0 %), followed by occupational (12.2%) and domestic causes (12.2%). More than half the patients sought treatment within 24 hours of injury (56.1%). The majority of patients presented with grade 1 hyphaema (68.3%), while 2.4% came with severe hyphaema (grade 4). Re-bleeding was noted in 2 patients, both were below 12 years old, on day three and day eleven respectively. Six patients (14.6%) had presenting intraocular pressure IOP > 30 mmHg. Mean presenting visual acuity was 6/36 (± 0.89 SD) and mean visual acuity post-treatment was 6/7.5 (± 0.15 SD). There was a significant difference between mean presenting visual acuity and visual outcome (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Despite serving mainly a rural population, sports and recreational activities remained the most common cause of traumatic hyphaema in this centre. Raising public awareness for protective eyewear should be advocated in this population.
Traumatic angle-recession glaucoma: a literature review
Authors: Izyani Hussin , Liza Sharmini Ahmad Tajudin
Published: June 2024

Ocular trauma is a main cause of ocular comorbidity worldwide. Cornea or lens injury, secondary glaucoma, vitreous haemorrhage, retinal or choroidal detachment, and endophthalmitis are the sequelae of ocular injury causing vision loss. Many articles have been published identifying the common sequelae of closed-globe injuries, including the risk of developing secondary glaucoma from angle recession. This review article aims to cover the sequelae of closed globe ocular trauma, the definition of traumatic angle-recession glaucoma (TARG), and the natural course, detection, management, and prophylactic treatment of TARG.
Spectrum of firecracker eye trauma in Batu Pahat
Authors: Ismail Muhammat Asyari , Choy Shet Yee , Loke Jee Yao , Ng Pey Yih , Buandasan Krishnalatha
Published: June 2024

Background: Fireworks are small explosive devices used primarily to create a large amount of noise, usually for celebration or entertainment, especially during the holidays. Fireworks can cause chemical trauma as well as explosive trauma to the ocular tissue and orbit.
Case series: We report the spectrum of eye injuries in a district hospital on the Hari Raya Festival in 2022. In just 4 days during the Hari Raya Festival, a total of 6 patients were referred to us. We observed a variety of ocular injuries, such as hyphaema, angle recession, traumatic cataract, corneal abrasion, commotio retinae, and eventraumatic optic neuropathy. Some patients were admitted for closer monitoring and intravenous administration of methylprednisolone, as is the case with patients with traumatic optic neuropathy. Some of them are treated only as outpatients.
Conclusion: Fireworks are dangerous and can cause severe blast injuries to the eyes. Early and prompt treatment is critical. However, primary prevention is also of utmost importance.
Intraorbital foreign bodies: a case series of unfortunate events
Authors: Yusri Nur Hanis , Ismail Fazliana , Wan Md Kassim Wan Mariny , Talib Norlaila
Published: June 2024

Background: Intraorbital foreign bodies (IOrbFB) are a common result of trauma and can cause significant ocular morbidity. When left in the orbit, they can remain asymptomatic or cause serious complications such as the loss of an eye.
Case presentation: We report 6 cases of IOrbFB treated in Hospital Serdang and their surgical outcomes. Two cases involved organic foreign bodies (wood) and 4 involved inorganic foreign bodies (3 cases of metal and 1 of glass). Both cases with organic foreign bodies had surgical removal in a delayed setting, while the inorganic foreign bodies were removed within 3 days of initial presentation. Five patients had a good visual outcome and only 1 patient had resultant blind eye due to involvement of the globe.
Conclusion: Loss of vision due to IOrbFB is usually a result of globe involvement. Early surgical exploration and foreign body removal affects the visual prognosis and outcome. Organic IOrbFBs pose a great challenge due to their diverse manifestations, thus tends to be missed during the initial visit. Delayed diagnosis can cause higher risk of orbital infections.
Establishing a safe, medical officer-led intravitreal injection clinic: minimizing inadvertent crystalline lens injury
Authors: Liow Ying Jie , Lee Wen Yee , Ang Ee Ling , Kamalden Tengku Ain
Published: June 2024

Purpose: To study the incidence of iatrogenic crystalline lens injury in a medical officer-led intravitreal (IVT) injection clinic and to evaluate the effect of a structured training programme designed to teach medical officers how to safely administer IVT injections.
Study design: Clinical audit.
Methods: The first phase of the clinical audit comprised a retrospective analysis of the consecutive numbers of IVT injections between January and December 2020. Outcome measures included incidence and risk factors of lens injury. Target incidence rate of iatrogenic crystalline lens injury was set at < 0.06%. Intervention was implemented in the form of a structured training programme over the course of 4 months. The programme encompassed a lecture and video on proper administration techniques, as well as a handout detailing the key points. Medical officers were guided, directly supervised, and assessed by a single ophthalmologist and were required to complete a logbook before being sanctioned to perform IVT independently. Re-audit was done on the consecutive numbers of IVT injections in the following year, between May 2021 and April 2022.
Results: Out of 1,952 IVT injections performed by medical officers pre-intervention, 3 cases of iatrogenic lens injuries were reported, corresponding to an incidence rate of 0.15%. One patient was uncooperative. No other risk factors were identified. Post-intervention, our target was achieved with zero injection-related lens injury out of 2,118 consecutive IVT injections.
Conclusion: A structured training programme results in highly skilled medical officers delivering a well-rounded service that improves the quality of care and reduces the rate of adverse events in a large overburdened tertiary centre. Training must be conducted on a regular basis due to the entry of new medical officers periodically.
Karakterisasi Makrofungi di Kebun Raya Jompie Kota Parepare yang Tumbuh pada Musim Kering
Authors: Rahim Iradhatullah , Bidasari Bidasari , Sukmawati Sukmawati
Published: June 2024

Kebun Raya Jompie adalah salah satu kebun raya di Indonesia yang memiliki keanekaragaman hayati dengan tema konservasi daerah pesisir. Keanekaragaman hayati juga termasuk makrofungi yang terdapat di kebun raya tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan melakukan karakterisasi morfologi makrofungi yang tumbuh di musim kemarau di Kebun Raya Jompie Kota Parepare. Penelitian dianalisis secara deskriptif, tabulasi, dan karakterisasi morfologi. Karakterisasi morfologi meliputi warna, bentuk tudung, tekstur, dan habitat. Selain itu dihitung kerapatan mutlak dari makrofungi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jenis makrofungi yang ditemukan ada 2 divisi, yaitu Ascomycetes dan Basidiomycetes, dengan kerapatan mutlak 0,000237 dan 0,00005. Karakter morfologi makrofungi bervariasi antara semua jenis dan berpotensi menjadi sumber bioaktivator untuk pembuatan biofertilizer.
IMPLEMENTASI NILAI-NILAI MULTIKULTURAL DALAM PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN PANCASILA DI UNIVERSITAS AL ASYARIAH MANDAR
Authors: Hasbullah Hasbullah , Najamuddin Najamuddin , Mustari Mustari
Published: June 2024

University Al Asyariah Mandar is considered a miniature of Indonesia because its students come from various regions in Indonesia. The cultural and religious diversity at this university makes it known as a multicultural campus. Multicultural values refer to a set of principles, beliefs, norms, and behaviors that promote respect for the diversity of cultures, ethnicities, religions, languages, and other backgrounds in a society. Pancasila education is considered an important subject for instilling multicultural values in students. Pancasila education is a subject that shapes students' character and personality, reflecting the spirit of unity in diversity. Therefore, it is necessary to implement multicultural values through learning Pancasila education at Al Asyariah Mandar University. In this research, the type of research used is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Data collection is carried out by interviews, observation, or document analysis. The results of this research show that the implementation of multicultural values in learning Pancasila education at Al Asyariah Mandar University involves planning, implementation and evaluation as the main stages. This approach is supported by the use of Skinner's operant conditioning theory to shape student behavior by providing positive reinforcement related to multicultural attitudes. Even though systematic planning efforts have been made through the Semester Learning Plan (RPS), the implementation of learning is still faced with several obstacles, including student awareness and readiness, student characteristics, and limited learning facilities and infrastructure.
PENINGKATAN MOTORIK HALUS ANAK MELALUI KEGIATAN KOLASE BERBASIS BIJI DI TK DZAKIYYAH PALEMBANG
Authors: Asdar Asdar , Rosdia Eva
Published: June 2024

The activities carried out in the research aim to improve the development of children's motor skills in playing with grain media collage at TK Dzakiyyah Palembang. The research was conducted at TK Dzakiyyah Palembang with 15 students. From the results of observations at TK Dzakiyyah Palembang, it was found that 49% of collage skills were still lacking. These results were carried out by teachers on children's activities before and after improving children's development activities in collage activities, reaching an average of 49%, so improvements were made in cycle I of fine motor activities through media collage in the form of seeds, which increased to an average of 68%, followed by cycle II, media collage in the form of kuaci seeds. , coriander seeds, rice seeds and ice beans as well as picture patterns on worksheets that have varying colors so that there is an increase of 10% and the average success value reaches 78% with children developing very well in accordance with expectations, namely 93% so that the collage ability grain media is greatly increased. So the conclusion is that using media materials in the form of seeds can develop students' fine motor skills so that they can be used as media that can increase collage activities for children.
IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM GERAKAN LITERASI SEKOLAH PADA MATA PELAJARAN PPKN DI SMP NEGERI 36 BULUKUMBA
Authors: Syam A. Fitria , Najamuddin Najamuddin , Bakhtiar Bakhtiar
Published: June 2024

This research examines the implementation of the School Literacy Movement Program (GLS) in the Pancasila and Citizenship Education (PPKN) subjects at SMP Negeri 36 Bulukumba. The main focus of the research is identifying and analyzing the challenges and impacts that arise during the GLS implementation process, with an emphasis on aspects of resource availability, student interest, teacher understanding and alignment, and support from the school. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a case study design at SMP Negeri 36 Bulukumba. Research participants involved teachers, students and school officials related to GLS. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and analysis of documents related to curriculum and literacy activities. The research results show a number of significant challenges, including a lack of availability of resources, low student interest, and a lack of teacher understanding and alignment with the concept of literacy. Research recommendations include efforts to increase the availability of resources, develop innovative strategies to increase student interest, train and mentor teachers related to literacy concepts, and strengthen school support and understanding of the importance of GLS. It is hoped that this research will contribute new thinking in increasing the effectiveness of the School Literacy Movement Program in PPKN subjects, support the goals of character and citizenship education at SMP Negeri 36 Bulukumba, and can become a reference for developing literacy programs at the national level.