bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Appraising Loftus and Palmer (1974) Post-Event Information versus Concurrent Commentary in the Context of Sport
Authors: Goldschmied Nadav , Sheptock Mark , Kim Kacey , Galily Yair
Published: September 2016

Two experiments were conducted to examine framing effects in sport. In Experiment 1, a conceptual replication [Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13(5), 585–589], participants watched a hockey collision, with the hit described later in a written format as a “contact”, “bump”, or “smash”. This manipulation resulted in no differences in participants’ report of how fast the players were skating, their intentions, and the outcome of the hit. In Experiment 2, participants watched the same video clip with ongoing commentary. Those who heard the announcer describing the event as “contact” estimated a higher skating speed than participants who were exposed to the “smash” commentary. Participants who were exposed to the “bump” commentary rated the repercussions of the collision as less severe than did those exposed to the other commentaries. These findings show that the perception of magnitude hierarchy may be domain specific and suggest future avenues for exploring framing effects when one is exposed to visual stimuli.
Managing shopping experience through mall attractiveness dimensions
Authors: Tandon Anushree , Gupta Ashish , Tripathi Vibhuti
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand the dimensions of mall attractiveness for Indian shoppers from the metro cities of New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai; and subsequently investigate the effect of these dimensions on shoppers’ mall experience.

Design/methodology/approach

A shopper intercept survey was conducted in the aforementioned cities and 400 responses were obtained which were analysed with exploratory factor analysis and stepwise regression.

Findings

The results indicate that tenant management, facilities management, atmospherics and entertainment potential are the factors which attract shoppers to malls. Tenant management, facilities management and atmospherics also emerge as significant predictors of mall shopping experience.

Research limitations/implications

Due to limited resources, the research results may lack generalizability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the derived factors and hypothesized relationships further.

Practical implications

Contemporary retail settings have transited to offer holistic experiences, generated out of tenant mix, facilities and atmospherics. Managers of shopping malls can enhance their mall attractiveness by identifying an optimal mix of factors such as crowd management, tenant variety, parking, etc. as seen in the results of this study. Entertainment emerges as a mall attractiveness dimension but not as a significant predictor of shopping experience which shows that Indian shoppers’ inclination towards hedonism is still in elementary stages and economic pursuit continues to be a dominant motivator for visiting a mall.

Originality/value

This paper attempts to provide a holistic overview of mall attractiveness dimensions in India and its implications for shopping experiences.
Gender differences in Taiwan’s hypermarkets
Authors: Chang Tsung-Sheng , Yeh Hsiaoping
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Hypermarkets face a very competitive environment, as their rivals also include traditional markets, convenient stores and supermarkets. In addition to offering innovative services, hypermarket managers must also pay attention to customer shopping patterns and behaviors in order to gain market share. The purpose of this paper is to posit that there will be significant differences between male and female hypermarket customers in terms of both shopping time and categories of goods purchased.

Design/methodology/approach

To investigate actual shopping behaviors, this study observed customers in hypermarkets and recorded how long they spent shopping and what they purchased.

Findings

The results of this study implied that gender is a key factor that affects both shopping time and the goods purchased in Taiwanese hypermarkets. The empirical findings also indicated that customers favor certain goods categories.

Practical implications

The results of this study provide details of the differences between male and female hypermarket customers, with which managers can use to develop better marketing strategies.

Originality/value

The purpose of this study is to show hypermarket retailers how gender differences affect customer behavior in this context. It also presents a consumer product categories list for hypermarkets, and this can be used as a reference for follow-up studies.
The impact of cultural authenticity on brand uniqueness and willingness to try
Authors: Southworth Sarah Song , Ha-Brookshire Jung
Published: September 2016

Purpose

In response to today’s marketplace in which many Asian brands are trying to expand their businesses into Western nations, this study investigated the strategic use of cultural authenticity that Asian brands may employ for their success. Although the benefits of using cultural heritage in brand strategies have been noted by past literature, the efficacies of how Asian brands can use brand logo designs to positively influence their brand success have not been studied. To fill this gap, the purpose of this paper is to examine how Chinese brands can increase willingness to try among US consumers by establishing brand uniqueness via culturally authentic brand logo designs.

Design/methodology/approach

The data from 289 respondents via online between-subjects factorial experimental research surveys were collected using a national US population as the sample frame. The Chinese brand logos communicating Asian heritage were created by manipulating the cultural authenticity of the brand logo mark and the language of the logotype.

Findings

The results suggested that the Asian-themed brand logo is an important tool in exuding a Chinese brand’s sense of cultural authenticity to US consumers. In turn, the perception of cultural authenticity for the Chinese brand positively influenced the US consumers’ perceptions of the brand’s uniqueness, which led to greater willingness to try the brand.

Originality/value

The research provides empirical insights into how “Asian-ness” can be manifested via brand logos to convey cultural authenticity as well as to build perceived brand uniqueness and the willingness to try among US consumers.
Low-carbonization game analysis and optimization in a two-echelon supply chain under the carbon-tax policy
Authors: Yang Shihui , Yu Jun
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to help governments make carbon-tax policy and help enterprises make decisions under that policy.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the carbon-tax policy, with the consideration of consumers’ low-carbon preferences, this paper compares the pricing, emission reduction and advertising decisions in three different games (one centralized game and two decentralized Stackelberg games).

Findings

This paper concludes that, through centralized game, namely, cooperation game, manufacturers, retailers and consumers can reach their optimal situation. In the numerical simulation, this paper analyzes the impact of carbon-tax rate to the decisions of manufacturer and retailer, as well as their profit.

Originality/value

Using the Nash Bargaining Model, the introduction of the bargaining power and the degree of risk aversion of the parties, this study provides some solution for the distribution of the additional profit when they cooperate, in which way they can reach their Pareto optimality.
Structural change in industrial output: China 1995-2010
Authors: Albala-Bertrand J.M.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to learn about some patterns of sectoral and industrial structural change of the Chinese economy over the 1995-2010 period, which also complements a previous paper of the author. The chosen period is about (and conveniently) bounded by two international crises: the Southeast Asian crisis of 1997 and the world crisis that started in 2007/2008.

Design/methodology/approach

To such a purpose, this paper set up a quantitative methodology via input-output modelling, which allows us to decompose gross output into some key demand sources or contributions. These are then analyzed over the full period.

Findings

It can be shown that the trajectory of the main structural patterns over the period was not smooth and was pretty unbalanced and that they generally responded to both domestic policy and international shocks. Export demand and heavy industry appeared to be the main engines of the economy, which showed massive increases in their share of output, at the expense of domestic demand, services and agriculture. Despite the high growth rates over this period, the Chinese economy seemed to be in need of rebalancing, which seems to have started toward the end of the authors’ period.

Originality/value

The decomposition method has been applied before by the author and others, but the variations in this paper are original, just as original is the application to China (never been done before), which in addition is not confined to two or so snapshots separated by many years, as is the usual use, but to the full year-after-year change of the sectoral and industrial structure over this study’s focus period.
Exploring variability of orientation and aging effects in material properties of multi-material jetting parts
Authors: Bass Lindsey , Meisel Nicholas Alexander , Williams Christopher B.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Understanding how material jetting process parameters affect material properties can inform design and print orientation when manufacturing end-use components. This study aims to explore the robustness of material properties in material jetted components to variations in processing environment and build orientation.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors characterized the properties of six different material gradients produced from preset “digital material” mixes of polypropylene-like (VeroWhitePlus) and elastomer-like (TangoBlackPlus) materials. Tensile stress, modulus of elasticity and elongation at break were analyzed for each material printed at three different build orientations. In a separate ten-week study, the authors investigated the effects of aging in different lighting conditions on material properties.

Findings

Specimens fabricated with their longest dimension along the direction of the print head travel (X-axis) tended to have the largest tensile strength, but trends in elastic modulus and elongation at break varied between the rigid and flexible photopolymers. The aging study showed that the ultimate tensile stress of VeroWhitePlus parts increased and the elongation decreased over time. Material properties were not significantly altered by lighting conditions.

Research limitations/implications

Many tensile specimens failed at the neck region, especially for the more elastomeric parts. It is hypothesized that this is due to the material jetting process approximating curves with a pixelated droplet arrangement, instead of curved contour as seen in other additive manufacturing processes. A new tensile specimen design that performs more consistently with elastomer-like materials should be considered. The aging component of this study is focused solely on polypropylene-like (VeroWhitePlus) material; additional research into the effects of aging on multiple composite materials is needed.

Originality/value

The study provides the first known description of orientation effects on the mechanical behavior of photopolymers containing varied concentrations of elastomeric (TangoBlackPlus) material. The aging study presents the first findings on how time affects parts made via material jetting.
Recovery following defoliation involves shifts in allocation that favour storage and reproduction over radial growth in black oak
Authors: Wiley Erin , Casper Brenda B. , Helliker Brent R.
Published: September 2016

Carbon allocation to growth, storage, reproduction and the effects of stress and disturbances on these processes remain poorly understood in trees. Non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) are an important component of the carbon storage pool and are commonly used to assess whether tree growth under various conditions is carbon limited. Carbon limitation is generally assumed to result in reducedNSClevels and allocation, but changes in allocation priorities that favourNSCstorage could also limit carbon available for growth.

We defoliated six mature oak trees in June 2010 and explored how defoliation affects the relationship between radial growth and netNSCstorage, estimated by the seasonal increase inNSCconcentration, for several years. We interpret our results in the context of a conceptual model of allocation – developed here – to help understand how allocation changed following defoliation. We also monitored flower and acorn production in 2011, as changes in reproduction could also affect allocation to growth and storage.

Defoliation reduced radial growth for 3 years. Stemwood starch levels and storage were also generally reduced, although not as consistently as growth. In contrast, root collarNSCstorage was significantly greater in defoliated trees, allowing below‐ground stores to recover to control levels by November 2011. Defoliation had mixed effects on reproduction in 2011: production of second‐year acorns (initiated before defoliation) was not significantly affected, but there was complete cessation of flower production. Defoliation also changed the relationship betweenNSCallocation and growth in the 2 years following defoliation, indicating a shift in allocation favouring storage.

According to our conceptual model, the positive relationship between growth andNSCallocation indicates that the allocation shifts occurred under carbon‐limiting conditions. We, therefore, propose that growth can be carbon limited by two different means: (i) a decrease in plant carbon availability and (ii) allocation shifts that reduce the priority of growth relative to other processes such as storage. Prioritizing storage over both growth and reproduction may be a strategy to protect against further disturbance or stress following storage depletion.

Synthesis. Recovery following defoliation can involve substantial shifts in how trees allocate carbon between different functions, with carbohydrate storage and already initiated reproduction cycles being favoured relative to growth and new reproductive cycles.
A funny thing happened on the way to sociology: Goffman, Mills, and Berger
Authors: Cormack Patricia , Cosgrave James F , Feltmate David
Published: September 2016

This article discusses the merits of a sociology informed by humour, linking these merits to sociological issues of representation and the ways in which humour has pedagogical and epistemological relevance for the depiction and construction of the everyday lifeworld. The works of Erving Goffman, C. Wright Mills, and Peter Berger are treated as exemplifying the use of humour in sociological work. Significantly, while having different perspectives on the social world, they all worked within a particular milieu (post-war American sociology) and enjoyed a readership beyond the confines of academic sociology. We argue that humour is an essential element of the everyday lifeworld and that sociology’s task is to highlight the contradictions, paradoxes and ironies in which ordinary social actors live.
The Reliability of Pattern Classification in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis—PART 2: Bloodstain Patterns on Fabric Surfaces,
Authors: Taylor Michael C. , Laber Terry L. , Kish Paul E. , Owens Glynn , Osborne Nikola K. P.
Published: September 2016

This study was designed to produce the first baseline measure of the reliability of bloodstain pattern classifications on fabric surfaces. Experienced bloodstain pattern analysts classified bloodstain patterns on pairs of trousers that represented three fabric substrates. Patterns also varied in type (impact, cast‐off, expiration, satellite stains from dripped blood, and transfer) and extent. In addition, case summaries that accompanied each pattern contained contextual cues that either supported the correct answer (i.e., positive bias), were misleading toward an incorrect answer (i.e., negative bias), or contained no directional information (i.e., neutral). Overall, 23% percent of the resulting classifications were erroneous. The majority (51%) of errors resulted from analysts misclassifying satellite stains from dripped blood. Relative to the neutral information, the positive‐bias information increased correct classifications and decreased erroneous classifications, and the negative‐bias information decreased correct classifications and increased erroneous classifications. The implications of these findings for BPA are discussed.
Death from Barotrauma Due to Compressed Air: A Medico‐legal Analysis
Authors: Giugliano Pasquale , Massoni Francesco , Crisci Antonello , Ricci Serafino
Published: September 2016

Lesions of the digestive tract due to barotrauma resulting from compressed air application are not common, are rarely lethal, and largely affect the sigmoid and descending colon. Moreover, their pathogenic mechanism is a topic of discussion because these lesions have multiple characteristics. Here, the authors describe an autoptic case of death from lesions of the ascending and transverse segments, with perforations and bleeding suffusions as well as ischemic areas covered the colonic wall that was extremely thinned, congested, and hemorrhagic, with considerable flattening leading to disappearance of the mucosal folds and with numerous petechial hemorrhages. The pathological framework of lung congestion made it possible to identify the mechanism responsible for this death as depletion of the heart's pumping function, which contributed significantly to the acute respiratory failure due to respiratory distress as well as to reduced mobility of the diaphragm due to intestinal distension. Acute heart failure played an important role in this death.
Place, Indigeneity, and Identity in Australia's Gulf Country
Authors: Trigger David , Martin Richard J.
Published: September 2016

Land and location are central to the identities of those known colloquially as Blackfellas and Whitefellas in the Gulf region of northern Australia. Entwined spiritual and material features of “country” are significant in the ways indigenous people experience locations, encompassing intimate connections of persons in place for those with the greatest knowledge of classical cultural traditions. In contrast, for long‐term residents descended from settlers, senses of emplaced identity derive from work experiences, confidence in the economic productivity of the land, and an appreciation of its “natural” and aesthetic qualities. However, these distinct relationships with place partially overlap through a shared history of working in the cattle industry. Our analysis of this complex social field addresses the intercultural relations that inform assumptions about belonging and identity following British colonization some 150 years ago. The challenge is to apprehend parallel yet highly differentiated understandings of the same landscape amid contestation over inherited indigenous connections with the land and the counterpoint of Whitefellas’ established residence over multiple generations and attachment to property. Here we argue for the study of identity and place connections in postsettler societies to eschew any exclusive focus on either indigenous or settler histories and ontologies.
Optimal timing for hepatitis C therapy in US patients eligible for liver transplantation: a cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Njei B. , McCarty T. R. , Fortune B. E. , Lim J. K.
Published: September 2016

Background

Recurrence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) following liver transplantation (LT) is universal for those with ongoing viraemia and is associated with higher rates of allograft failure and death. However, the optimal timing of HCV treatment for patients awaiting transplant remains unclear.

Aim

To evaluate the comparative cost‐effectiveness of treating HCV pre‐LT vs. post‐LT (pre‐emptive or after HCV recurrence).

Methods

A Markov state‐transition model was created to simulate the progression of a cohort of HCV‐genotype 1 or 4 cirrhotic patients from the time of transplant listing until death. We then used this model to study the cost‐effectiveness of ledipasvir–sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) with ribavirin for 12 weeks, administered for three separate treatment strategies: (i) pre‐LT; (ii) post‐LT preemptively prior to HCV recurrence; or (iii) post‐LT after HCV recurrence.

Results

In the base‐case analysis using a median model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) score <25 at the time of transplant, we found that pre‐LT treatment of HCV led to more QALYs for fewer dollars compared to other strategies. Analysis limited to living donor LT recipients revealed that pre‐LT treatment was also the most cost‐effective strategy. When the analysis was repeated for MELD ≥25, decompensated disease (Child–Pugh class B or C), and hepatocellular carcinoma cases, preemptive post‐LT strategy was more cost‐effective.

Conclusions

Treatment of HCV prior to liver transplantation appears to be the most cost‐effective strategy for patients with a MELD score <25. For patients with a MELD ≥25 or decompensated cirrhosis, preemptive post‐liver transplantation treatment before HCV recurrence is the most cost‐effective strategy.
Integrating cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells in safety pharmacology: has the time come?
Authors: Sala Luca , Bellin Milena , Mummery Christine L
Published: September 2016

Cardiotoxicity is a severe side effect of drugs that induce structural or electrophysiological changes in heart muscle cells. As a result, the heart undergoes failure and potentially lethal arrhythmias. It is still a major reason for drug failure in preclinical and clinical phases of drug discovery. Current methods for predicting cardiotoxicity are based on guidelines that combine electrophysiological analysis of cell lines expressing ion channels ectopically in vitro with animal models and clinical trials. Although no new cases of drugs linked to lethal arrhythmias have been reported since the introduction of these guidelines in 2005, their limited predictive power likely means that potentially valuable drugs may not reach clinical practice. Human pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC‐CMs) are now emerging as potentially more predictive alternatives, particularly for the early phases of preclinical research. However, these cells are phenotypically immature and culture and assay methods not standardized, which could be a hurdle to the development of predictive computational models and their implementation into the drug discovery pipeline, in contrast to the ambitions of the comprehensive pro‐arrhythmia in vitro assay (CiPA) initiative. Here, we review present and future preclinical cardiotoxicity screening and suggest possible hPSC‐CM‐based strategies that may help to move the field forward. Coordinated efforts by basic scientists, companies and hPSC banks to standardize experimental conditions for generating reliable and reproducible safety indices will be helpful not only for cardiotoxicity prediction but also for precision medicine.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on New Insights into Cardiotoxicity Caused by Chemotherapeutic Agents. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.21/issuetoc
Oral and oropharyngeal cancer and the role of sexual behaviour: a systematic review
Authors: Chancellor James A. , Ioannides Sally J. , Elwood James M.
Published: September 2016

Objectives

This systematic review identified and evaluated the evidence for the role of sexual behaviours in the development of oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs) and oral cavity cancers (OCCs).

Methods

Following the PRISMA guidelines, we identified observational and interventional studies reporting associations between several different sexual behaviours and OPC or OCC. Study quality was assessed independently by two reviewers using a validated scoring system.

Results

From 513 papers identified, 21, reporting on 20 studies, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Two cohort studies were rated as moderate quality. The 18 case–control studies were rated as weak; nine comparing people with OPC or OCC to people without cancer, eight comparing HPV‐positive to HPV‐negative cancer patients and one comparing OPCs to other head and neck cancers. One study was a pooled analysis of seven of the included studies with some additional information. Twelve sexual behaviours were assessed and 69 associations reported. The studies differed in the comparisons made, the sexual behaviours assessed, and how these were reported and categorized, so no quantitative meta‐analyses were appropriate. Most studies combined OPC and OCC. Several significantly increased risks were seen with a high number of lifetime sexual partners (nine studies) and with the practice of oral sex (five studies), although two studies found a significant negative association with OCC and ever performing oral sex. Two cohort studies of men and women in homosexual relationships found increases in oral cancer risk, and a cohort study of men married to women who had a history of cervical cancer also showed an increased risk of oral cancers. Results for other sexual behaviours were limited and inconsistent, and these included the following: younger age at first sexual intercourse, number of lifetime oral sex partners, the practice of oral–anal sex, the number of oral–anal sex partners, and ever performing anal sex. Only one study assessed casual sex, never or rare use of a condom and having a sexual partner with a history of genital warts, finding significant associations in the two former behaviours.

Conclusion

The current evidence for sexual behaviours being risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal cancer is limited and inconsistent. Evidence suggests that the number of sexual partners and performing oral sex are associated with a greater risk. Furthermore men whose partners have had cervical cancer may have an increased risk. More studies looking at OPC specifically will be useful to determine whether these behaviours are subsite‐selective.
Gentrification, Race, and Ethnicity: Towards a Global Research Agenda?
Authors: Lees Loretta
Published: September 2016

“And it's not just Fort Greene, it's not just Harlem. When I was growing up, D.C. used to be called Chocolate City. Now it's Vanilla Swirl! I used to go to London, hang out in Brixton. No more black people in Brixton. So gentrification, this thing is not just this borough, this city, this country, it's happening all over the world.” (Lee 2014, http://flavorwire.com/newswire/spike-lee-we-predicted-gentrification )
The City as a Fiscal Derivative: Financialization, Urban Development, and the Politics of Earmarking
Authors: Pacewicz Josh
Published: September 2016

Contemporary urban leaders use exotic fiscal and financial schemes to fund development, which scholars theorize as tools for creating public goods or critically as growth entrepreneurs’ speculative self–enrichment schemes. Neither approach accounts for financing schemes’ reactivity, or their tendency to shape development patterns. This paper facilitates analysis of the latter by developing a new theory of growth coalitions: the politics of earmarking perspective. Urban leaders are akin to local state builders whose superordinate concern is establishing priority over revenues earmarked for noncity functions, a goal they pursue by pairing financing schemes with developments that maximize discretionary revenue under unique geographic, fiscal, and regulatory constraints. I illustrate this perspective's utility by comparing scholarship on California's municipal fiscal crises with an ethnography of development in two Iowa cities. Although reliant on the same financing mechanism—tax increment financing—California's municipal leaders pursued discretionary revenue by incentivizing extravagant commercial developments, whereas Iowa's directed industries to outlying business parks.
Neighborhood Inequalities and the Long–Term Impact of Foreclosures: Evidence from the Los Angeles–Inland Empire Region
Authors: Molina Emily Tumpson
Published: September 2016

It is well documented that the foreclosure crisis was experienced unevenly in metropolitan regions nationwide. Yet it is still unclear how the long–term impacts of the foreclosure crisis manifested within the American metropolis. This paper identifies where the long–term negative impacts of the housing crisis were most acute by locating where foreclosed (REO) properties were more likely to remain vacant in the Los Angeles–Inland Empire area, a highly diverse region with high foreclosure rates. Foreclosure vacancies were concentrated in neighborhoods with larger Black and Latino populations, in older urban and inner–ring suburban neighborhoods, and in poorer neighborhoods with poorly performing schools. These patterns illuminate the enduring and emerging sociospatial inequalities that contribute to contemporary neighborhood decline and will likely shape the Los Angeles region's future, further solidifying longstanding neighborhood and other social inequalities.
Decompressing vein and bilateral superior venae cavae in a patient with hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Authors: Stauffer Katie Jo , Arunamata Alisa , Vasanawala Shreyas S. , Behera Sarina K. , Kipps Alaina K. , Silverman Norman H.
Published: September 2016

The levoatrial cardinal vein (LACV), first described in 1926, acts as a decompressing vessel for pulmonary venous return in cases of severe left‐sided obstruction with an intact or significantly restrictive atrial septum. The LACV and the persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC) are thought to share similar embryologic origins. To challenge this notion, we present a unique case of a neonate with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, cor triatriatum, and a decompressing LACV in the presence of bilateral superior venae cavae.
Feeding ecology of the walleye (Percidae,Sander vitreus), a resurgent piscivore in Lake Huron (Laurentian Great Lakes) after shifts in the prey community
Authors: Pothoven Steven A. , Madenjian Charles P. , Höök Tomas O.
Published: September 2016

Recovering populations of piscivores can challenge understanding of ecosystem function due to impacts on prey and to potentially altered food webs supporting their production. Stocks of walleye (Percidae,Sander vitreus), an apex predator in the Laurentian Great Lakes, crashed in the mid‐1900s. Management efforts led to recovery by 2009, but recovery coincided with environmental and fish community changes that also had implications for the feeding ecology of walleye. To evaluate potential changes in feeding ecology for this apex predator, we assessed diets in the main basin of Lake Huron and in Saginaw Bay, a large embayment of Lake Huron, during 2009–2011. Walleye switched their diets differently in the main basin and Saginaw Bay, with non‐native round goby (Gobiidae,Neogobius melanostomus) and rainbow smelt (Osmeridae,Osmerus mordax) more prevalent in diets in the main basin, and invertebrates, yellow perch (Percidae,Perca flavescens) and gizzard shad (Clupeidae,Dorosoma cepedianum) more prevalent in diets in the bay. Feeding strategy plots indicated that there was a high degree of individual specialisation by walleye in the bay and the main basin. Bioenergetic simulations indicated that walleye in Saginaw Bay need to consume 10%–18% more food than a walleye that spends part or all of the year in the main basin, respectively, in order to achieve the same growth rate. The differences in diets between the bay and main basin highlight the flexibility of this apex predator in the face of environmental changes, but changes in diet can alter energy pathways supporting piscivore production.
Estimating the ecological, economic and social impacts of ocean acidification and warming on UK fisheries
Authors: Fernandes Jose A , Papathanasopoulou Eleni , Hattam Caroline , Queirós Ana M , Cheung William W W L , Yool Andrew , Artioli Yuri , Pope Edward C , Flynn Kevin J , Merino Gorka , Calosi Piero , Beaumont Nicola , Austen Melanie C , Widdicombe Stephen , Barange Manuel
Published: September 2016

Assessments of the combined ecological impacts of ocean acidification and warming (OAW) and their social and economic consequences can help develop adaptive and responsive management strategies in the most sensitive regions. Here, available observational and experimental data, theoretical, and modelling approaches are combined to project and quantify potential effects of OAW on the future fisheries catches and resulting revenues and employment in the UK under different CO2 emission scenarios. Across all scenarios, based on the limited available experimental results considered, the bivalve species investigated were more affected by OAW than the fish species considered, compared with ocean warming alone. Projected standing stock biomasses decrease between 10 and 60%. These impacts translate into an overall fish and shellfish catch decrease of between 10 and 30% by 2020 across all areas except for the Scotland >10 m fleet. This latter fleet shows average positive impacts until 2050, declining afterwards. The main driver of the projected decreases is temperature rise (0.5–3.3 °C), which exacerbate the impact of decreases in primary production (10–30%) in UK fishing waters. The inclusion of the effect of ocean acidification on the carbon uptake of primary producers had very little impact on the projections of potential fish and shellfish catches (<1%). The <10 m fleet is likely to be the most impacted by‐catch decreases in the short term (2020–50), whereas the effects will be experienced more strongly by the >10 m fleet by the end of the century in all countries. Overall, losses in revenue are estimated to range between 1 and 21% in the short term (2020–50) with England and Scotland being the most negatively impacted in absolute terms, and Wales and North Ireland in relative terms. Losses in total employment (fisheries and associated industries) may reach approximately 3–20% during 2020–50 with the >10 m fleet and associated industries bearing the majority of the losses.
O2‐independent demethylation of trimethylamine N‐oxide by Tdm of Methylocella silvestris
Authors: Zhu Yijun , Ksibe Amira Z. , Schäfer Hendrik , Blindauer Claudia A. , Bugg Timothy D. H. , Chen Yin
Published: September 2016

Bacterial trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO) demethylase, Tdm, carries out an unusual oxygen‐independent demethylation reaction, resulting in the formation of dimethylamine and formaldehyde. In this study, site‐directed mutagenesis, homology modelling and metal analyses by inorganic mass spectrometry have been applied to gain insight into metal stoichiometry and underlying catalytic mechanism of Tdm of Methylocella silvestris BL2. Herein, we demonstrate that active Tdm has 1 molar equivalent of Zn2+ and 1 molar equivalent of non‐haem Fe2+. We further investigated Zn2+‐ and Fe2+‐binding sites through homology modelling and site‐directed mutagenesis and found that Zn2+ is coordinated by a 3‐sulfur‐1‐O motif. An aspartate residue (D198) likely bridges Fe2+ and Zn2+ centres, either directly or indirectly via H‐bonding through a neighbouring H2O molecule. H276 contributes to Fe2+ binding, mutation of which results in an inactive enzyme, and the loss of iron, but not zinc. Site‐directed mutagenesis of Tdm also led to the identification of three hydrophobic aromatic residues likely involved in substrate coordination (F259, Y305, W321), potentially through a cation–π interaction. Furthermore, a crossover experiment using a substrate analogue gave direct evidence that a trimethylamine‐alike intermediate was produced during the Tdm catalytic cycle, suggesting TMAO has a dual role of being both a substrate and an oxygen donor for formaldehyde formation. Together, our results provide novel insight into the role of Zn2+ and Fe2+ in the catalysis of TMAO demethylation by this unique oxygen‐independent enzyme.
Muscle spindle alterations precede onset of sensorimotor deficits in Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 2E
Authors: Villalón E. , Jones M. R. , Sibigtroth C. , Zino S. J. , Dale J. M. , Landayan D. S. , Shen H. , Cornelison D. D. W. , Garcia M. L.
Published: September 2016

Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy, affecting approximately 2.8 million people. The CMT leads to distal neuropathy that is characterized by reduced motor nerve conduction velocity, ataxia, muscle atrophy and sensory loss. We generated a mouse model of CMT type 2E (CMT2E) expressing human neurofilament light E396K (hNF‐LE396K), which develops decreased motor nerve conduction velocity, ataxia and muscle atrophy by 4 months of age. Symptomatic hNF‐LE396K mice developed phenotypes that were consistent with proprioceptive sensory defects as well as reduced sensitivity to mechanical stimulation, while thermal sensitivity and auditory brainstem responses were unaltered. Progression from presymptomatic to symptomatic included a 50% loss of large diameter sensory axons within the fifth lumbar dorsal root of hNF‐LE396K mice. Owing to proprioceptive deficits and loss of large diameter sensory axons, we analyzed muscle spindle morphology in presymptomatic and symptomatic hNF‐LE396K and hNF‐L control mice. Muscle spindle cross‐sectional area and volume were reduced in all hNF‐LE396K mice analyzed, suggesting that alterations in muscle spindle morphology occurred prior to the onset of typical CMT pathology. These data suggested that CMT2E pathology initiated in the muscle spindles altering the proprioceptive sensory system. Early sensory pathology in CMT2E could provide a unifying hypothesis for the convergence of pathology observed in CMT.
Pandemic cities: biopolitical effects of changing infection control in post‐SARS Hong Kong
Authors: Füller Henning
Published: September 2016

The growing fear of an emerging pandemic has facilitated efforts in infection control, where new technologies and laws have been introduced nationally and at the level of WHO. This renewed emphasis on infection control is changing the character of global health. This is well described as a securitisation of global health. Less clear is how an ‘emerging diseases worldview’ does play out on an urban scale. The city has historically been the preferred site for biopolitical interventions, which poses a question about the biopolitics of the ‘pandemic city’. Severely experiencing the SARS epidemic in 2003, Hong Kong may be an exemplary case in this regard. Focusing on ways of governing un/healthy bodies in post‐SARS Hong Kong, the article details a refined biopolitics, where longstanding mechanisms of social exclusion are combined with enhanced forms of social control through a mix of architectural, ideological and intelligence‐gathering processes.
Comparing the Experiences of Highly Skilled Labor Migrants in Sweden and Japan: Barriers and Doors to Long‐term Settlement
Authors: Osanami Törngren Sayaka , Holbrow Hilary J.
Published: September 2016

As labor markets become increasingly global, competition among industrialized nations to attract highly skilled workers from abroad has intensified. Spurred by concerns over future economic needs caused by the demographic challenges of an aging population, both Japan and Sweden have joined this global competition. This article examines Japanese and Swedish immigration policies for highly skilled migrants and compares the highly skilled migrants’ experiences in the two countries through interviews with these migrants. Despite Japan and Sweden's completely different approaches to immigration itself, both countries’ policies, as well as the experiences of the skilled migrants, are strikingly similar. Highly skilled migrants experience language barriers and prejudice in both countries, making it difficult to build social networks with natives. Career development seems to be perceived as a common problem, although less so in Sweden, where labor markets are more flexible. Overall, these issues reduce both Japan's and Sweden's ability to retain skilled migrants. While they share similarities, Sweden's famed work–life balance and gender equality give it an edge in the competition for skilled migrants, which Japan does not share. This comparison identifies which social conditions facilitate or impede skilled migrant settlement.
High‐dose wogonin exacerbates DSS‐induced colitis by up‐regulating effector T cell function and inhibiting Treg cell
Authors: Xiao Weiming , Yin Min , Wu Keyan , Lu Guotao , Deng Bin , Zhang Yu , Qian Li , Jia Xiaoqing , Ding Yanbing , Gong Weijuan
Published: September 2016

Wogonin exerts anti‐tumour activities via multiple mechanisms. We have identified that high‐dose wogonin (50 or 100 mg/kg) could inhibit the growth of transplanted tumours by directly inducing tumour apoptosis and promoting DC, T and NK cell recruitment into tumour tissues to enhance immune surveillance. However, wogonin (20–50 μM) ex vivo prevents inflammation by inhibiting NF‐κB and Erk signalling of macrophages and epithelial cells. It is elusive whether high‐dose wogonin promotes or prevents inflammation. To investigate the effects of high‐dose wogonin on murine colitis induced by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS), mice were co‐treated with DSS and various doses of wogonin. Intraperitoneal administration of wogonin (100 mg/kg) exacerbated DSS‐induced murine colitis. More CD4+ CD44+ and CD8+ CD44+ cells were located in the inflamed colons in the wogonin (100 mg/kg) treatment group than in the other groups. Frequencies of CD4+ CD25+ CD127− and CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ cells in the colons and spleen respectively, were reduced by wogonin treatment. Ex vivo stimulations with high‐dose wogonin (50–100 μg/ml equivalent to 176–352 μM) could synergize with IL‐2 to promote the functions of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. However, regulatory T cell induction was inhibited. Wogonin stimulated the activation of NF‐κB and Erk but down‐regulated STAT3 phosphorylation in the CD4+ T cells. Wogonin down‐regulated Erk and STAT3‐Y705 phosphorylation in the regulatory T cells but promoted NF‐κB and STAT3‐S727 activation. Our study demonstrated that high‐dose wogonin treatments would enhance immune activity by stimulating the effector T cells and by down‐regulating regulatory T cells.
Thymus vulgaris alleviates UVB irradiation induced skin damage via inhibition of MAPK/AP‐1 and activation of Nrf2‐ARE antioxidant system
Authors: Sun Zhengwang , Park Sang Yong , Hwang Eunson , Zhang Mengyang , Seo Seul A. , Lin Pei , Yi Tae‐Hoo
Published: September 2016

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation‐induced reactive oxidative species is mainly responsible for the development of photoageing. Rosmarinic acid was one of the main bioactive components detected in Thymus vulgaris (TV) we extracted. In this study, UVB‐induced skin damages have been shown to be ameliorated by treatment with TV in hairless mice (HR‐1) skin, demonstrated by decreased matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and increased collagen production. However, the underlying molecular mechanism on which TV acted was unclear. We examined the photoprotective effects of TV against UVB and elucidated the molecular mechanism in normal human dermal fibroblasts. Thymus vulgaris remarkably prevented the UVB‐induced reactive oxygen species and lactate dehydrogenase. Dose‐dependent increase in glutathione, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase1 and heme oxygenase‐1, by TV was confirmed by increased nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. Furthermore, 5‐Methoxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acid was introduced as a specific inhibitor of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD). We demonstrated that Nrf2 expression was regulated by DLD, which was a tricarboxylic acid cycle‐associated protein that decreased after UVB exposure. Besides, TV significantly diminished UVB induced phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinases pathway, containing extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, Jun N‐terminal kinase and p38, which consequently reduced phosphorylated c‐fos and c‐jun. Our results suggest that TV is a potential botanical agent for use against UV radiation‐induced oxidative stress mediated skin damages.
Type 2 diabetes alters mesenchymal stem cell secretome composition and angiogenic properties
Authors: Ribot Jonathan , Caliaperoumal Guavri , Paquet Joseph , Boisson‐vidal Catherine , Petite Herve , Anagnostou Fani
Published: September 2016

This study aimed at characterizing the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSC) secretome and angiogenic properties. BMMSCs from Zucker diabetic fatty rats (ZDF) (a T2DM model) and Zucker LEAN littermates (control) were cultured. The supernatant conditioned media (CM) from BMMSCs of diabetic and control rats were collected and analysed. Compared to results obtained using CM from LEAN‐BMMSCs, the bioactive content of ZDF‐BMMSC CM (i) differently affects endothelial cell (HUVEC) functions in vitro by inducing increased (3.5‐fold; P < 0.01) formation of tubule‐like structures and migration of these cells (3‐fold; P < 0.001), as well as promotes improved vascular formation in vivo, and (ii) contains different levels of angiogenic factors (e.g. IGF1) and mediators, such as OSTP, CATD, FMOD LTBP1 and LTBP2, which are involved in angiogenesis and/or extracellular matrix composition. Addition of neutralizing antibodies against IGF‐1, LTBP1 or LTBP2 in the CM of BMMSCs from diabetic rats decreased its stimulatory effect on HUVEC migration by approximately 60%, 40% or 40%, respectively. These results demonstrate that BMMSCs from T2DM rats have a unique secretome with distinct angiogenic properties and provide new insights into the role of BMMSCs in aberrant angiogenesis in the diabetic milieu.
Icariside II, a novel phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, protects against H2O2‐induced PC12 cells death by inhibiting mitochondria‐mediated autophagy
Authors: Gao Jianmei , Deng Yuanyuan , Yin Caixia , Liu Yuangui , Zhang Wei , Shi Jingshan , Gong Qihai
Published: September 2016

Oxidative stress is a major cause of cellular injury in a variety of human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, removal of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) or suppression of ROS generation may be effective in preventing oxidative stress‐induced cell death. This study was designed to investigate the effect of icariside II (ICS II), a novel phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐induced death of highly differentiated rat neuronal PC12 cells, and to further examine the underlying mechanisms. We found that ICS II pre‐treatment significantly abrogated H2O2‐induced PC12 cell death as demonstrated by the increase of the number of metabolically active cells and decrease of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Furthermore, ICS II inhibited H2O2‐induced cell death through attenuating intracellular ROS production, mitochondrial impairment, and activating glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) as demonstrated by reduced intracellular and mitochondrial ROS levels, restored mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), decreased p‐tyr216‐GSK‐3β level and increased p‐ser9‐GSK‐3β level respectively. The GSK‐3β inhibitor SB216763 abrogated H2O2‐induced cell death. Moreover, ICS II significantly inhibited H2O2‐induced autophagy by the reducing autophagosomes number and the LC3‐II/LC3‐I ratio, down‐regulating Beclin‐1 expression, and up‐regulating p62/SQSTM1 and HSP60 expression. The autophagy inhibitor 3‐methyl adenine (3‐MA) blocked H2O2‐induced cell death. Altogether, this study demonstrated that ICS II may alleviate oxidative stress‐induced autophagy in PC12 cells, and the underlying mechanisms are related to its antioxidant activity functioning via ROS/GSK‐3β/mitochondrial signalling pathways.