bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interfaces of a Product Manager
Authors: Luck David J.
Published: November 2018

The author provides an insightful discussion regarding the role of product managers and their importance to the organization. He indicates the many inter and intra company interfaces and problems associated with the product manager position. Recommendations are given for improving product management effectiveness.
Truth and the Image of Advertising
Authors: Kottman E. John
Published: November 2018

Advertising has been the victim of credibility criticism for decades. Critics have suggested the social stature of advertising would improve if advertising were more truthful. In this article the author states that advertising is essentially truthful, but ironically suffers from an untruthful image that is largely inherent. Five reasons for this image are presented and discussed in the hope that such an examination of the truth-falsity facet of advertising will promote further understanding of this important institution.
The Future of the Computer in Marketing
Authors: Kotler Philip
Published: November 2018

Several recent developments in marketing information systems and analytical marketing models are described. These developments in combination with others reported in this JOURNAL OF MARKETING symposium will cast the future marketing executive in the role of a market engineer. He will have a heavier involvement in planning rather than doing, and in profit maximization rather than sales maximization.
Industrial Marketing: Trends and Challenges
Authors: Lotshaw Elmer P.
Published: November 2018

Trends expected to dominate industrial marketing during the 1970s are discussed. These are: (1) increased marketing involvement in providing direction to R&D and acquisitions, (2) more formal marketing planning, (3) emphasis on systems, (4) better direction of line marketing activities, and (5) new directions in marketing research.
Black Business Development
Authors: Allvine Fred C.
Published: November 2018

An urgent social problem of special interest to marketing people is discussed in this article.

Until recently blacks have primarily operated marginal businesses not particularly attractive to outsiders. Now, one of the thrusts of the black community is business development. Blacks are interested in owning and operating more substantial retailing and light manufacturing businesses. Plans are being made by blacks to develop a wide variety of businesses. The extent to which blacks will succeed in their undertaking depends heavily upon the response of the white business community.
Forecasting Prices for Industrial Commodity Markets
Authors: Frey Theodore D.
Published: November 2018

An accurate price forecast is crucial when deciding on a new investment proposal for capital intensive commodities. In such industries as metals, plastics, and fertilizers, the sale price is the key profitability factor. New investments are too often based on specious forecasts which use historical price trends to predict the future. Another way to forecast prices which can provide more meaningful results is presented in the article.
Toward a New Concept of Sales Management
Authors: Dawson Leslie M.
Published: November 2018

The prevailing concept of the sales manager's role has changed markedly from the beginning of this century; this is the era of the marketing concept. In this article, the author contends that business is on the threshold of a new era of human and social concern, which will lead to a new sales management concept placing primary emphasis on the total development of human resources.
The Problem of the Self-concept in Store Image Studies
Authors: Mason Joseph Barry , Mayer Morris L.
Published: November 2018

This article reports the results of an investigation of in-store interviewee bias in store image studies. The findings suggest that in-store questioning can inject significant bias into the results obtained, which can be attributed to the self-concept of customers.
Marketing Education: Commitments for the 1970s
Authors: Lazer William
Published: November 2018

What will be the effects of the forces and developments shaping marketing education in the 1970s on the marketing discipline and on educational approaches? What opportunities and problems confront marketing educators? The implications of such issues for marketing education are examined in their broadest context—education at the university level, in the corporate setting, and in society at large.
Using Buyer Behavior Models to Improve Marketing Decisions
Authors: Aaker David A.
Published: November 2018

A powerful class of descriptive buyer behavior models has been developed during the past decade. This article explores productive managerial uses for these models. It focuses upon exploiting the predictive abilities of the models and gaining information from structural analyses. The intent is to help bridge the communications gap between model builders and those who use and influence the design of computer-based information systems.
Consumerism: Its Goals, Organizations and Future
Authors: Herrmann Robert O.
Published: November 2018

What are the causes of the current wave of consumer unrest? What are the goals of consumer protest groups? How are they organized? Who supports them? In this article, the consumer movement of the 1960s is examined and comparisons made with the consumer movements of the early 1900s and the 1930s. The analysis suggests new answers to the questions raised and a basis for predicting the future course of consumerism.
Integration of the Computer into Salesman Reporting
Authors: Deboer Lloyd M. , Ward William H.
Published: November 2018

A computer-based salesman reporting system can be a powerful tool in helping managers select and implement management strategies. This article describes how the Pillsbury Company developed an improved salesman reporting system using a complex computer system. The system provides a detailed, common data base shared by managers and salesmen in improving selling performance.
Consumer Rankings of Risk Reduction Methods
Authors: Roselius Ted
Published: November 2018

When a buyer perceives risk in a purchase he can pursue different strategies of risk resolution. This article presents research findings which indicate that consumers have preferences for different methods of risk reduction associated with various types of loss.
Marketing Notes and Communications: Market Exclusion and Dealer Coercion in Sponsored TBA Sales
Authors: Dixon Donald F.
Published: November 2018

A recent series of Supreme Court decisions has assumed the economic power of large oil companies causes dealers to restrict sales to sponsored brands with the result that competitors are denied access to the market. The validity of this assumption is questioned in this note.
A Segmentation Analysis on Automobile Buyers during the New Model Year Transition Period
Authors: Wiseman Frederick
Published: November 2018

How do buyers of “new season” automobiles differ from buyers of “new leftover” automobiles during the period when both models are available for sale? Which variables explain and predict best consumer purchasing behavior during the model year transition period? How useful is linear discriminant analysis for delineating market segments when more than two distinct groups of consumers are present in the market? These are some of the questions discussed with specific application to the 1969-1970 automobile model year transition period.
Marketing and the Use of Fear- or Anxiety-arousing Appeals
Authors: Wheatley John J.
Published: November 2018

Are anxiety-arousing advertising messages more effective with nonowners of a product than with owners? The author reports on an experimental test of this hypothesis.
Marketing's Application to Fund Raising
Authors: Mindak William A. , Bybee H. Malcolm
Published: November 2018

How effective are marketing concepts and tools when applied to a nonbusiness enterprise? The authors sought to determine the answer to this question through the application of marketing techniques to a charitable fund drive. They found that careful marketing analysis and planning produced the first net increase in donations the fund had experienced in twelve years.
The Changing Role of Marketing in the Eastern European Socialist Economies
Authors: Lauter G. Peter
Published: November 2018

The socialist nations of Eastern Europe are moving toward more market-oriented economies. Problems have arisen because of unfamiliarity with marketing concepts and the conflict of some concepts with established socialist ideology. This article examines problems of introducing marketing into a planned economy and concentrates on the experience of Hungary.
Regulating the Price of Consumer Credit
Authors: Wheatley John J. , Gordon Guy G.
Published: November 2018

Laws to limit the rate of interest or service charges on consumer credit are presented as consumer protection devices on the grounds that credit grantors have an advantage over their customers. Opponents of such laws argue that they impair the free market process, that consumers will have to pay credit costs indirectly (such as through increased prices), and that low-income consumers may be forced out of regular credit channels and into the arms of illegal loan sharks. This article summarizes a study to determine the impact of a credit rate limitation law on businesses and consumers.
The Faltering Marketing Concept
Authors: Bell Martin L. , Emory C. William
Published: November 2018

Companies professing to be “customer-oriented” are under attack. Have they erred in implementing the marketing concept or has it faltered? The authors suggest that the traditional marketing concept is an operational statement which does conflict with a company's social responsibility to consumers. A revised marketing concept is offered to deal with the challenge of the new consumerism.
Marketing Notes and Communications
Authors: Kinnear Thomas C. , Taylor James R.
Published: November 2018

This is a comment on “The Multivariate Revolution in Marketing Research” which appeared in the January, 1971 issue of the JOURNAL OF MARKETING. The authors suggest refinements to the classification scheme for multivariate methods proposed in the original article.
Management Science in Retailing
Authors: Moyer M. S.
Published: November 2018

Most retailing executives have had little help from operations research in improving profit performance. The author reports that promising operations research applications are currently being proposed which deserve the open-minded attention of forward looking merchants.
Student Evaluations of the Ethics of Marketing Practices: The Role of Marketing Education
Authors: Hawkins Del I. , Cocanougher A. Benton
Published: November 2018

The role of college education in providing an “ethical framework” for evaluating marketing practices is examined. The effects of a specialized college major on an individual's evaluative framework are suggested and the implications of these findings discussed in terms of both marketing education and future business-society relations.
The Dimensions of New Product Planning
Authors: Pessemier Edgar A. , Root H. Paul
Published: November 2018

Models employed in the analysis and planning of four critical areas of new product management are reviewed in this article. Emphasis is placed on the role these models play in improving information handling and organizational performance.
Buying is Marketing Too!
Authors: Kotler Philip , Levy Sidney J.
Published: November 2018

Marketing is widely viewed as a subject serving the interest of sellers. Buyers are typically studied from the perspective of helping sellers achieve their objectives. Earlier students of marketing studied both parties to the market transaction and how each pursued their marketing advantage. The buyer has a broad range of marketing strategies available to increase the chances of consummating the desired transaction. This article attempts to restore interest among marketing practitioners and scholars in the objectives and strategies of the buyer.
A New Procedure for Concept Evaluation
Authors: Wind Yoram
Published: November 2018

The author suggests a concept testing procedure which relies on concept evaluation and positioning by market segments. The integration of multidimensional scaling, conjoint measurement procedures, and related multivariate statistical techniques is explained and illustrated.
Use of Consumer Judgment Models in Promotion Planning
Authors: Wright Peter L.
Published: November 2018

A real problem in the application of models to the creation of promotional strategy lies in the identification of the belief system underlying consumer attitudes towards a product. This article discusses assumptions and limitations of such models to which the promotional planner should be alert.
Food Labeling Regulations: Efforts toward Full Disclosure
Authors: French Warren A. , Barksdale Hiram C.
Published: November 2018

The 1973 regulations promise more consumer information and stricter producer guidelines.
Marketing Notes and Communications: Stockout Cost Models: Empirical Tests in a Retail Situation
Authors: Walter C. K. , Grabner John R.
Published: November 2018

Customers’ reactions to retail stockouts are modeled to estimate cost effects.
Marketing as Exchange
Authors: Bagozzi Richard P.
Published: November 2018

The exchange concept is a key factor in understanding the expanding role of marketing.
Marketing in Poland in the 1970s: Significant Progress
Authors: Walters J. Hart
Published: November 2018

Poland's internal trade system has evolved into a modern marketing system in which profitability for the socialized enterprise is deemed important.
An Appraisal of the Marketing Channels for Automobiles
Authors: Moyer Mel S. , Whitmore Neil M.
Published: November 2018

Examination of the strengths and weaknesses of the distribution system for autos suggests new marketing opportunities in that industry.
Image Inputs to a Probabilistic Model: Predicting Retail Potential
Authors: Stanley Thomas J. , Sewall Murphy A.
Published: November 2018

Can retail chain image measures be added to the Huff probabilistic model to improve predictions of retail trade?
Marketing Issues
Authors: Coulson John
Published: November 2018

Each quarter a leading marketing executive writes about an issue that is very much on his mind. This time, William D. Smithburg, executive vice president—U.S. Grocery Products, The Quaker Oats Company, tells about the problems of market planning in a volatile economy.

Smithburg received his MBA from Northwestern University. Before joining The Quaker Oats Company in 1966, Smithburg worked at Leo Burnett Company and McCann Erickson. He progressed through The Quaker Oats Company from brand manager to President of the Foods Division, and finally to his current position.
The Economics of Single- and Multi-Line Retail Automobile Dealerships
Authors: Marx Thomas G.
Published: November 2018

This paper examines the economic considerations behind an automobile dealer's decision to carry a single or multiple car line. Important factors include economies of specialization, effective product promotion, risk-reduction, and maximum sales potential. Several hypotheses are developed, and some empirical support offered.
A Marketer'S Guide to Log-Linear Models for Qualitative Data Analysis
Authors: DeSarbo Wayne S. , Hildebrand David K.
Published: November 2018

This article presents a brief description of the development and use of log-linear models. Current research in areas of screening effects, partitioning chi-square statistics, stepwise procedures, and model fitting and selection is discussed. An analysis of inherent model ambiguities is provided, identifying potential problem areas for marketing applications.
Can Your Marketing Planning Procedures be Improved?
Authors: Stasch Stanley F. , Lanktree Patricia
Published: November 2018

Just how do companies go about developing their annual marketing plans? A study of six consumer package goods companies compares and contrasts planning practices, and establishes “benchmarks” and “guidelines” for improving marketing planning procedures.
Judgment Based Marketing Decision Models: Problems and Possible Solutions
Authors: Chakravarti Dipankar , Mitchell Andrew , Staelin Richard
Published: November 2018

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the findings of two field studies and three recent laboratory experiments that assessed the efficacy of judgment based models in aiding marketing decision making. This analysis indicates factors that may affect the effectiveness of these models. The implications of the findings for users of judgment based marketing decision models as well as model builders are discussed, and suggestions are made for future research to improve the models’ effectiveness.
General Living Systems Theory and Marketing: A Framework for Analysis
Authors: Reidenbach R. Eric , Oliva Terence A.
Published: November 2018

Changes in the nature and scope of marketing require a more holistic and flexible framework for analyzing marketing phenomena. Miller's General Living Systems Theory is offered as such a framework.
Modeling the Product Life Cycle for Consumer Durables
Authors: Harrell Stephen G. , Taylor Elmer D.
Published: November 2018

This paper proves that the product life cycle of a new consumer durable goods product can be simulated with reasonable accuracy assuming various causal marketing conditions. Major elements of the model development are discussed as well as the validity tests conducted. Strategic and operational uses of the model are also discussed.
International Product Life Cycle: A Reassessment and Product Policy Implications
Authors: Ayal Igal
Published: November 2018

International product life cycle theory is one of the leading explanations of international trade patterns. Most of the tests to date have been based on U.S. experience. This study examines the theory from the standpoint of a (presumably) follower country. 1975 Israeli and U.S. export and import data were used to test applicability of IPLC theory to Israeli export performance. Marked deviations from theory predictions were found. An analysis of the findings leads to important implications for international marketing planning.
The Nature of Product Life Cycles for Industrial Goods Businesses
Authors: Thorelli Hans B. , Burnett Stephen C.
Published: November 2018

This study examined the market structures, performance, and strategies of over 1000 industrial businesses to determine whether and to what extent product life cycle forces were at work. The findings indicated that the growth rates of industrial product-markets are but one aspect of the product life cycle. Other variables exhibiting life cycle behavior included market innovation, market concentration, competitive entry, and spending on R & D and marketing.
The Information Overload Controversy: An Alternative Viewpoint
Authors: Malhotra Naresh K. , Jain Arun K. , Lagakos Stephen W.
Published: November 2018

This paper reviews the information overload controversy and presents a methodology for investigating the effects of information load on consumer decision making performance. The proposed framework enables the statistical testing of specific hypotheses and can incorporate several extensions and refinements. The methodology is illustrated by re-analyzing the published data of previous studies; some interesting findings emerge from the analysis. The paper concludes with some public policy and managerial implications of the consumer information overload concept.
The Development of Distinct Choice Process Segments over Time: A Stochastic Modeling Approach
Authors: Lehmann Donald R. , Moore William L. , Elrod Terry
Published: November 2018

This paper examines Howard's (1963) typology dividing decision making into extensive problem solving (ESP), limited problem solving (LSP), and routinized response behavior (RRB). Specifically, the amount of information accessed in a longitudinal experiment is studied. Information acquisition is modeled stochastically at the individual level, and the existence of two segments (LSP and RRB) is tested in a nested-model framework.
Cash Discounts to Retail Customers: An Alternative to Credit Card Sales
Authors: Ingene Charles A. , Levy Michael
Published: November 2018

This article examines marketing and financial implications of offering a discount to retail customers to encourage cash payment rather than credit card payment. The conditions under which a discount is advantageous to retailers and to their customers are defined. The results of two surveys suggest that cash discounts are feasible under some circumstances. The surveys illustrate how a retailer might determine its own optimal discount policy. Legislation recently passed by the U.S. Congress makes this topic particularly timely.
Marketing by Mandate
Authors: Krapfel Robert E.
Published: November 2018

Acceptance of a broadened concept of marketing implies willingness to use nonmarket as well as marketplace strategies to promote organizational welfare. This article explores the role of government mandates as a component of the overall business strategy. While fundamental marketing processes remain valid, the circumstances and manner of their application require acquisition of new skills and raise macromarketing issues not previously considered.
The Diffusion of Trade Association Advertising Self-Regulation
Authors: LaBarbera Priscilla A.
Published: November 2018

Guided by diffusion theory, the executive directors of over 2,000 major trade associations were surveyed to determine the extent of their adoption of advertising self-regulation and the objective and perceptual factors that might account for non-adoption. The study found that the majority of associations reporting public dissatisfaction with the industry's advertising are sponsoring self-regulation programs, but not all industry groups with advertising problems are engaged in self-regulation. Based on the perceptual profiles of executives representing adopting and nonadopting associations, a program to accelerate the adoption of advertising self-regulation is suggested.
Sampling Issues in Trade Area Maps Drawn from Shopper Surveys
Authors: Blair Edward
Published: November 2018

There are at least three sampling issues that can result in misleading trade area maps if not recognized. This paper discusses these issues, shows their effects on the trade area map of a large shopping center, and suggests procedures for responding to them.
An Empirical Comparison of Standardized Portfolio Models
Authors: Wind Yoram , Mahajan Vijay , Swire Donald J.
Published: November 2018

Given the popularity and diversity of the various standardized portfolio models, a critical management question is which of the various standardized portfolio models to select. Using PIMS data for 15 businesses (SBUs) of a Fortune 500 firm, this paper compares the positionings of these businesses on a number of standardized portfolio models. Managerial implications of these results are discussed.
French-English Canadian Subcultural Consumption Differences
Authors: Schaninger Charles M. , Bourgeois Jacques C. , Buss W. Christian
Published: November 2018

Consumption differences were examined between French-speaking, bilingual, and English-speaking Canadian families from the greater Ottawa/Hull metropolitan area. Significant differences were found for a wide variety of consumption behaviors, media usage, and durable goods ownership. These differences existed even after social class and income were removed.
The Subsiding Sizzle: A Descriptive History of Print Advertising, 1900–1980
Authors: Pollay Richard W.
Published: November 2018

The tactics and techniques of advertising are examined by a content analysis of 2,000 print ads drawn from the 10 largest selling magazines for each of the first eight decades of the 20th century. A decade-by-decade analysis is presented, identifying fads and trends in tactics and styles of print ads.
Spatial Demand Models in an Intrabrand Context
Authors: Black William C. , Ostlund Lyman E. , Westbrook Robert A.
Published: November 2018

The rise in vertical marketing systems (VMS) has had a profound impact on the nature of retail competition. The increase in intrasystem competition between outlets of the same VMS points to the need for increased sophistication in market area analysis models to aid in strategy development. This article develops a set of models to address critical managerial issues concerning retail locational strategy in an intrabrand competitive setting. Findings demonstrate the need to evaluate outlet-specific determinants of patronage behavior, in addition to those of a generic nature, in analyzing intrabrand competition.
A Conceptual Model of Service Quality and Its Implications for Future Research
Authors: Parasuraman A. , Zeithaml Valarie A. , Berry Leonard L.
Published: November 2018

The attainment of quality in products and services has become a pivotal concern of the 1980s. While quality in tangible goods has been described and measured by marketers, quality in services is largely undefined and unresearched. The authors attempt to rectify this situation by reporting the insights obtained in an extensive exploratory investigation of quality in four service businesses and by developing a model of service quality. Propositions and recommendations to stimulate future research about service quality are offered.
Resale Price Maintenance: Is It Safe to Suggest Retail Prices?
Authors: Sheffet Mary Jane , Scammon Debra L.
Published: November 2018

Resale price maintenance systems have long been used by manufacturers who wished to exercise control over the retail sale of their products. There have been some legal problems with such pricing systems. While the courts have maintained that a manufacturer is free to set the price of its product, they have not been clear as to how far a manufacturer can go to assure that its desired price is charged. This article describes manufacturers’ rationales for using resale price maintenance, discusses the current and probable future legal status of RPM, and suggests steps manufacturers can take in establishing RPM programs in order to avoid legal problems.
Analyzing Incremental Sales from a Direct Mail Coupon Promotion
Authors: Bawa Kapil , Shoemaker Robert W.
Published: November 2018

Several authors have noted that the profitability of a coupon promotion depends on the incremental sales generated by the coupon. However, most prior research on coupon promotions has focused on redemption rates and little is known about the characteristics of households that make incremental purchases. The authors develop and test several hypotheses about the characteristics of households that make incremental purchases in response to a direct mail coupon promotion. For the product tested, coupons produced greater incremental sales among households that were larger, more educated, and were homeowners. The findings suggest that directing coupons to the most responsive market segments can increase profits significantly.
Corporate Ethical Values and Organizational Commitment in Marketing
Authors: Hunt Shelby D. , Wood Van R. , Chonko Lawrence B.
Published: November 2018

The authors explore corporate ethical values and organizational commitment in marketing. They (1) discuss corporate ethical values as a component of corporate culture, (2) review the literature on organizational commitment, (3) hypothesize a positive relationship between corporate ethical values and organizational commitment, and (4) empirically test the relationship with data from more than 1200 professional marketers, representing subsamples of marketing managers, marketing researchers, and advertising agency managers. The study results provide strong evidence of a positive association between corporate ethical values and organizational commitment. Given previous research demonstrating a strong link between commitment and specific organizational benefits, corporate ethics may be not only an important societal issue, but a key organizational issue as well.
A Communication-Based Marketing Model for Managing Relationships
Authors: Duncan Tom , Moriarty Sandra E.
Published: November 2018

The authors propose a communication-based model of relationship marketing and discuss how communication (rather than persuasion) is the foundation of the “new” customer-focused marketing efforts. The authors trace recent parallel shifts in communication and marketing theory and show the intersections between communication and marketing. Although communication always has been a critical element in marketing, the authors show how the increase in interactivity makes communication an even more valuable element of marketing by identifying those many points that link the two disciplines. Using the three key points at which the two disciplines intersect—messages, stakeholders, and interactivity—the authors develop a communication-based model of marketing. They demonstrate how interactive communication at three levels—corporate, marketing, and marketing communication—leads to the brand relationships that drive brand value.
Customer Evaluations of Service Complaint Experiences: Implications for Relationship Marketing
Authors: Tax Stephen S. , Brown Stephen W. , Chandrashekaran Murali
Published: November 2018

Many companies consider investments in complaint handling as means of increasing customer commitment and building customer loyalty. Firms are not well informed, however, on how to deal successfully with service failures or the impact of complaint handling strategies. In this study, the authors find that a majority of complaining customers were dissatisfied with recent complaint handling experiences. Using justice theory, the authors also demonstrate that customers evaluate complaint incidents in terms of the outcomes they receive, the procedures used to arrive at the outcomes, and the nature of the interpersonal treatment during the process. In turn, the authors develop and test competing hypotheses regarding the interplay between satisfaction with complaint handling and prior experience in shaping customer trust and commitment. The results support a quasi “brand equity” perspective—whereas satisfaction with complaint handling has a direct impact on trust and commitment, prior positive experiences mitigate, to a limited extent, the effects of poor complaint handling. Implications for managers and scholars are discussed.
Employee Behavior in a Service Environment: A Model and Test of Potential Differences between Men and Women
Authors: Babin Barry J. , Boles James S.
Published: November 2018

The authors examine the attitudes and behaviors of employees who provide frontline service and address the extent to which relationships vary among male and female employees. The overall model predicts effects of role stress and work/nonwork conflict on customer-contact employees’ job performance, job and life satisfaction, and quitting intent. Results of structural equations modeling suggest an important role for work/nonwork conflict overall as well as two areas of interesting variation across gender. Specifically, multisample structural equations analyses suggest that role stress affects female service providers’ job performance more negatively than it does males’, and that job satisfaction is related more highly to quitting intent among males. Overall, results suggest interesting similarities and differences across gender.
From Embedded Knowledge to Embodied Knowledge: New Product Development as Knowledge Management
Authors: Madhavan Ravindranath , Grover Rajiv
Published: November 2018

Because new product development (NPD) teams are engaged in knowledge creation, NPD management should emphasize cognitive team processes rather than purely social processes. Using the notions of tacit knowledge and distributed cognition as a basis, the authors propose that the T-shaped skills, shared mental models, and NPD routines of team members, as well as the A-shaped skills of the team leader, are key design variables when creating NPD teams. The authors propose that trust in team orientation, trust in technical competence, information redundancy, and rich personal interaction are important process variables for the effective and efficient creation of new knowledge.
Prediction of Consumer Innovators: Application of Multiple Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Robertson Thomas S. , Kennedy James N.
Published: November 2018

Socioeconomic characteristics of consumer applicance innovators and non-innovators within a defined social system are assessed. Such characteristics are derived from the innovation-diffusion literature and represent variables of highest predictive ability in previous research. The relative importance of each characteristic and the predictive value of the set of characteristics are measured with multiple discriminant analysis techniques.
Backward Profiling of Male Innovators
Authors: Darden William R. , Reynolds Fred D.
Published: November 2018

Male innovative behavior is examined from the perspective of a multidimensional conceptualization of the innovator. The analysis suggests that the simultaneous study of innovative behavior for several product categories yields meaningful bases for segmenting male suburbanites. The multidimensional conceptualization and the analysis approach appear to offer insights into the new product diffusion process of suburban males.
Improving Persuasive Science Writing for Secondary Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Educated in Residential Treatment Facilities
Authors: Garwood Justin D. , Werts Margaret G. , Mason Linda H. , Harris Bronwyn , Austin Morgan B. , Ciullo Stephen , Magner Karen , Koppenhaver David A. , Shin Mikyung
Published: November 2018

Many students who have experienced complex trauma receive special education services related to emotional and behavioral disorders at residential treatment facilities (RTFs) as they undergo therapy. One academic skill in which students with emotional and behavioral disorders often struggle is writing. The current multi-probe, multiple-baseline, across-groups-of-students study involved a science teacher in an RTF delivering whole-class persuasive writing instruction using the self-regulated strategy development model with 11 secondary students experiencing complex trauma. Results suggested large effects for persuasive parts (overall Tau- U = .97), word count (overall Tau- U = .96), and holistic quality (overall Tau- U = .97), as well as high social validity among participants. Implications for providing instruction to students in RTF settings and future directions for this population are included.
In the archives with Barbara Harlow
Authors: Carter Mia
Published: November 2018

The author discusses in a personal vein her co-operative work with Barbara Harlow since their joint realisation, as teachers of literature, of the lack of knowledge students had of the brutalities of colonialism and occupation against which to read texts. She explains the origins, pedagogical motives and political vision behind the three volumes of historical documents that she co-edited with Barbara Harlow: Imperialism and Orientalism: a documentary sourcebook (Basil Blackwell, 1999); Archives of Empire, Volume I: from the East India Company to the Suez Canal (Duke University Press, 2003); Archives of Empire, Volume II: the scramble for Africa (Duke University Press, 2004).
Looked Class, Talked Red: towards a bio-bibliography of Ruth First
Authors: Harlow Barbara
Published: November 2018

This article includes material from a work-in-progress, Barbara Harlow’s major book on South African writer and political activist, Ruth First, assassinated in 1982. Ruth First’s own life followed many paths, intersecting along the way with several historical trajectories, national narratives that remain incomplete today, and political events and eventualities that are still being negotiated, contested and resisted. The author follows these paths in an attempt to locate a framework and a direction for writing what she calls a bio-bibliography, an intellectual biography that is at once a political history.
Methods for a neoliberal order: views on Yemen
Authors: Aboul-Ela Hosam
Published: November 2018

In Barbara Harlow’s last works, there was a distinctive methodological shift as she confronted the new realities of the post-9/11 world. The implications of this methodological movement are explored in this article through a reading of the history of the Yemeni city of Aden. Aden’s history – as a protectorate, an Arabic-speaking port, a virtual city-state and a link to East Africa – suggests the ways in which historical particularity often fits the colonial discourse paradigm imperfectly. Aden also later became a centre of radical anti-colonial solidarity in the 1970s, a centre of extreme jihadi activity during the war on terror and, most recently, a site of catastrophe manufactured by global elites. This historical trajectory also calls for a critical accounting of new methods and approaches for addressing the inequalities of the contemporary global order.
Introduction
Authors: Gordon Avery F. , Hoad Neville
Published: November 2018

The guest editors of a special issue of Race & Class 60 no. 3 (2019), ‘Solidarity here and everywhere: the lifework of Barbara Harlow’, provide a short biography of Harlow and discuss her key works: Resistance Literature; Barred: women, writing and political detention; and After Lives: legacies of revolutionary writing. They explain the importance of her work as ‘a critic of both the world and the text’ across disciplines, in establishing new fields of study, and as a reviewer. A symposium in October 2017 of former students had commemorated her path-breaking work in terms of decolonisation, imperialism and literature. Two of Harlow’s unfinished book projects – on anti-apartheid activist Ruth First and on the challenges of drone warfare – as well as tributes from those who had been influenced by her teaching are flagged up. The authors explain why they choose the phrase ‘solidarity here and everywhere’ from Edward Said to title the issue.
Higher Rates of Lower Extremity Injury on Synthetic Turf Compared With Natural Turf Among National Football League Athletes: Epidemiologic Confirmation of a Biomechanical Hypothesis
Authors: Mack Christina D. , Hershman Elliott B. , Anderson Robert B. , Coughlin Michael J. , McNitt Andrew S. , Sendor Rachel R. , Kent Richard W.
Published: November 2018

Background:

Biomechanical studies have shown that synthetic turf surfaces do not release cleats as readily as natural turf, and it has been hypothesized that concomitant increased loading on the foot contributes to the incidence of lower body injuries. This study evaluates this hypothesis from an epidemiologic perspective, examining whether the lower extremity injury rate in National Football League (NFL) games is greater on contemporary synthetic turfs as compared with natural surfaces.

Hypothesis:

Incidence of lower body injury is higher on synthetic turf than on natural turf among elite NFL athletes playing on modern-generation surfaces.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Lower extremity injuries reported during 2012-2016 regular season games were included, with all 32 NFL teams reporting injuries under mandated, consistent data collection guidelines. Poisson models were used to construct crude and adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) to estimate the influence of surface type on lower body injury groupings (all lower extremity, knee, ankle/foot) for any injury reported as causing a player to miss football participation as well as injuries resulting in ≥8 days missed. A secondary analysis was performed on noncontact/surface contact injuries.

Results:

Play on synthetic turf resulted in a 16% increase in lower extremity injuries per play than that on natural turf (IRR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.10-1.23). This association between synthetic turf and injury remained when injuries were restricted to those that resulted in ≥8 days missed, as well as when categorizations were narrowed to focus on distal injuries anatomically closer to the playing surface (knee, ankle/foot). The higher rate of injury on synthetic turf was notably stronger when injuries were restricted to noncontact/surface contact injuries (IRRs, 1.20-2.03; all statistically significant).

Conclusion:

These results support the biomechanical mechanism hypothesized and add confidence to the conclusion that synthetic turf surfaces have a causal impact on lower extremity injury.
Changes in Status and Performance Over Time for Students With Specific Learning Disabilities
Authors: Tindal Gerald , Anderson Daniel
Published: November 2018

With the shift from No Child Left Behind (NCLB) to Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), accountability models are being changed. Given the past 15 years of reporting on student subgroups and 10 years using various growth models, accountability systems can now be better informed. In this study, we analyze identification and services of students with specific learning disabilities (SLDs). First, we document the degree to which they are identified and receive special services for three cohorts and then document changes in proficiency and growth on a state test. Next, we use two measures of growth to document progress: a transition matrix and a multilevel model. We found that some students change in their identification as SLDs over three grades with resulting differences in special education supports, but the effect is negligible on growth. Accountability systems, therefore, may not need to be based on complex models using time-varying student characteristics.
Infections in newly diagnosed Spanish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from the RELES cohort
Authors: González-Echavarri C , Capdevila O , Espinosa G , Suárez S , Marín-Ballvé A , González-León R , Rodríguez-Carballeira M , Fonseca-Aizpuru E , Pinilla B , Pallarés L , Ruiz-Irastorza G ,   on behalf of RELES, Autoimmune Diseases Study Group GEAS
Published: November 2018

Objectives

Using data of patients from the inception cohort Registro Español de Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico (RELES), we aimed to analyse the incidence of severe infection in the first two years of follow-up and how predictors of infection change during the course of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Material and methods

The study included 282 patients. Markers of lupus activity, prednisone doses and immunosuppressive therapy were compared between patients with and without infections in the first and second year of the disease. Drug therapy administered during the first month of follow-up has been considered as a potential predictor of infections during the first year and medications administered during the first year have been considered potential predictors of infections during the second.

Results

Nineteen patients (6.4%) had a documented episode of major infection during the first year of follow-up and 16 patients (5.67%) during the second. The following variables were associated with infections during the first year: hypocomplementaemia at diagnosis ( p < 0.01), nephritis at diagnosis ( p = 0.03), SLEDAI score ( p < 0.01), prednisone >30 mg/day ( p = 0.01), methylprednisolone pulses ( p = 0.05) and mycophenolate use ( p = 0.02). The independent variables in the final model were hypocomplementaemia (odds ratio (OR) 4.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96–20.20, p = 0.05) and a dose of prednisone >30 mg/day (OR 6.60, 95% CI 1.34–32.42, p = 0.02). The following variables were associated with infections during the second year: dose of prednisone > 7.5 mg/day ( p = 0.05), methylprednisolone pulses ( p = 0.07), duration of therapy with antimalarials ( p = 0.09), therapy with mycophenolate ( p = 0.01), therapy with cyclophosphamide ( p = 0.05). The independent variables in the final model were a dose of prednisone >7.5 mg/day (OR 4.52, 95% CI 0.99–21, p = 0.054) and duration of therapy with antimalarials as a protective factor (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.99–1.00, p = 0.053).

Conclusions

The low incidence of early infections in the RELES cohort is partially explained by the extended use of antimalarials and by the general avoidance of prolonged high doses of prednisone. Patients with high baseline activity are at a higher risk of infection during the first months but therapy with medium–high doses of prednisone is the main predictor of infectious events. Thus, every effort should be made to limit oral glucocorticoid use from the very beginning of the SLE course.
Learning from full employment history: The 1945 Australian White Paper in practice
Authors: Nevile John
Published: November 2018

The part played by unemployment in the rise to power of Hitler weighed on the minds of leaders in Western democracies. There was a determination to create a world in which large-scale unemployment was abnormal and at worst only a temporary phenomenon. The war had shown that this was possible in a community united to pursue a common goal and the aim was to create such a community in a world free from the horrors of war, by creating communities in which the welfare of every person was important. Australia was remarkably successful in achieving this for 30 years. Its success depended on governments responding to any sustained increase in unemployment by undertaking large increases in public sector expenditure supported by accommodating monetary policy and tax cuts if desirable. In bad times as well as good, there was a determination to ensure that both the incomes and prices paid for necessities by the less well-off did not force anyone to live in poverty. The biggest obstacle to achieving this today is the growth of neoliberalism with its emphasis on ‘freedom’ or giving individuals the ability to act as they please with minimal constraints and an ideological commitment to small government.
Using Video Modeling to Teach Social Skills for Employment to Youth With Intellectual Disability
Authors: Park Jiyoon , Bouck Emily C. , Duenas Ana
Published: November 2018

Video modeling is an effective teaching method for supporting individuals with disabilities to learn various skills. Yet, limited research explores the use of video modeling to teach social skills for employment. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of video modeling, alone and in conjunction with the system of least prompts, to teach three young adults with intellectual disability to perform three social skills: offering assistance, responding appropriately to feedback, and asking clarification for unclear instruction. A multiple probe design across behaviors was used to evaluate participants’ accuracy in verbally responding to the scenario. All participants demonstrated an improvement in acquisition of targeted skills from baseline to intervention, yet all struggled with the response generalization.
Aluminium phosphide-induced testicular toxicity through oxidative stress in Wistar rats: Ameliorative role of hesperidin
Authors: Afolabi Olusegun Kayode , Wusu Adedoja Dorcas , Ugbaja Regina , Fatoki John Olabode
Published: November 2018

The present study was designed to investigate aluminium phosphide (ALP)-induced testicular toxicity, including its effects on sperm parameters and histological alterations in Wistar rats, and the possible protective role of hesperidin (HSD). Oral administration of ALP at 1.15 mg/kg body weight (1/10 LD50) for 30 days resulted in a significant increase in testicular malondialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxides, and oxidized protein levels. These indicators of oxidative stress were accompanied by decreased activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, followed by a drastic reduction in the non-enzymatic antioxidant indices of glutathione and total antioxidant capacity when compared to control. Furthermore, ALP treatment produced a marked reduction in sperm count, motility and viability while increasing abnormal sperm morphology and adverse histopathological changes in testis. Co-administration with HSD significantly ameliorated ALP-induced testicular damage by suppressing oxidative stress indices and enhancing antioxidant status while also improving the sperm parameters and histological alterations in ALP-treated rats. The results of the present study indicated that testicular toxic effects of ALP are due to oxidative imbalance and that HSD could be a potential therapeutic agent against ALP-induced testicular damage.