bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Parnell Martin F
Published: November 2023

The West German political economy may very well evince a framework with characteristics that can readily be described as neo-corporatist; the West German labour movement may very well be committed to a constructive, conciliatory ideology; it seems also to be an empirically well established fact that the institution of co-determination has functioned successfully in the West German coal industry.
The Membership of the House
Authors: Baldwin Nicholas D J
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines, on the basis of the 1988-9 session, the questions: who are the members of the House of Lords, and who are the active members, those who take part in its work? When considering the membership of the House of Lords, and members’ participation in the work of the House, it is misleading to treat the House as a uniform body, for it consists of a large and diverse membership, and its nature can vary from day to day, indeed even from hour to hour. So although it is necessary to start with a formal statement of the various categories which together form the membership of the House, it is then necessary to look rather deeper in order to obtain a clear picture of what can be termed the ‘active’ House.
Private Legislation
Authors: Flood Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Erskine May defines private legislation as ‘legislation of a special kind for conferring particular powers or benefits on any person or body of persons ... in excess of or in conflict with the general law’.1 The right to promote a bill seeking powers not permitted under the general law is based on the citizen’s right to petition Parliament. Despite th fact that many areas previously covered by private legislation are now dealt with under other procedures, private bills still cover a wide range of subjects. These include especially the authorization of certain types of development (railways, tramways, canals; in some circumstances docks, harbours, and bridges) and the granting of special powers to local authorities, for example to regulate markets or to make special regulations for highways. Personal bills are a particular category of private bills, for example to enable marriage between people who, under the general law, are considered to be too closely related to marry.
Introduction
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A
Published: November 2023

The modern state often embraces policies which have significant redistributive implications for its citizens. This type of state action has in recent years become increasingly controversial. More and more people are saying that the redistributive practices of the modern state lack moral foundations. When the state forces some citizens to come to the aid of other citizens, this is said to threaten the rights of individuals and, therefore, to diminish their freedom. The purpose of this book is to identify solid moral foundations for redistributive social policy. The main conclusion I shall reach is not that basic liberty rights are compromised when the state undertakes to redistribute goods and services from some citizens to others but rather that taking those rights seriously requires the state to introduce certain redistributive measures.
Towards a Just Social Policy
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A
Published: November 2023

§1. The previous chapter has explained and defended the development model of rights and deprivation. Two important conclusions were reached. The first was that derivative moral rights against others to have one’s needs met flow from and are a natural extension of both the abstract right to agency and the abstract right to integrity. The second conclusion was that the state is required to promote and protect certain forms of culture as well as to meet certain sorts of personal needs including special needs, collective needs, and the unmet personal needs that arise when the prevailing methods of meeting those needs break down. This chapter is concerned with the question of how these conclusions can be translated into a just social policy. The guiding idea is that the development model of rights and deprivation can be brought into clearer focus by working out its practical implications.
Research on International Regimes in Germany The Adaptive Internalization of an American Social Science Concept
Authors: Rittberger Volker
Published: November 2023

IN this chapter, an attempt will be made to trace the path of research on international regimes in Germany with special emphasis on its (asymmetric) interaction with Anglo-American work in this field (sect. 1), to pinpoint the differences of context and of the state of the discipline of International Relations between the Anglo-American world (e.g. Holsti 1985) and Germany (e.g. Rittberger 1990c) which may have provided different perspectives on the focus of regime analysis (sect. 2), and to elaborate the extent to which research on international regimes has been modified or altered by German scholars in the process of internalizing this research programme (sects. 3-5).
Contract and Regimes Do Issue Specificity and Variations of Formality Matter?
Authors: Kratochwil Friedrich
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines two questions that have puzzled regime analysts and their opponents alike. The first concerns the boundaries of regimes. The second concerns the formality/informality dimension of regime norms and its impact upon regime strength. The first question has given rise to the charge that regimes are fuzzy and, by implication, not very useful for understanding international relations, when compared to ‘fundamental’ concepts such as power and interest (Strange 1983). The second question addresses the extent to which international politics, even in the absence of central institutions, is structured by such means as ‘signalling’, tacit understandings, or custom, and to what extent formal agreements and the emergence of formal organizations are necessary for the implementation of ‘regimes’.
Cognitive Factors in Explaining Regime Dynamics
Authors: Jönsson Christer
Published: November 2023

According to a commonly accepted and oft-quoted definition, an international regime can be understood as ‘principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actor expectations converge in a given issue-area’ (Krasner 1983a: 1; my emphasis). It is noteworthy that this definition points to the subjective, cognitive world of decision-makers rather than any ‘objective’ reality. Other authors have reiterated that regimes ‘exist primarily as participants’ understandings, expectations or convictions about legitimate, appropriate or moral behavior’ (Puchala and Hopkins 1983: 62). The ontology of regimes, Friedrich Kratochwil and John Ruggie (1986: 764) argue, rests upon a strong element of intersubjectivity.
Integrating and Contextualizing Hypotheses Alternative Paths to Better Explanations of Regime Formation?
Authors: Efinger Manfred , Mayer Peter , Schwarzer Gudrun
Published: November 2023

Although a lot of effort has been put into the study of international regimes since the mid-1970s, to date no comprehensive regime theory has crystallized. This is not surprising, given the relative novelty of the subject and the diversity and complexity of the research questions that it involves: under what conditions do international regimes come about? which factors determine the specific features and the scope of the regime that forms? what are the forces that cause regimes to change in specific ways? how do regimes bear upon actors and structures in the international system?
Analysing Regime Consequences Conceptual Outlines and Environmental Explorations
Authors: Breitmeier Helmut , Wolf Klaus Dieter
Published: November 2023

Although the commitment to the ‘regimes do matter’ credo is an integral part of the corporate identity of the regime analysis community, amazingly few studies have focused on the question of regime consequences in a systematic fashion.1 In this chapter we want to contribute to finding more systematic approaches that in the end may lead to generating theoretically sound hypotheses about regime consequences. In order to observe, describe, and measure systematically this dependent variable we will sketch a map of regime consequences (sect. 2), describing and evaluating such consequences according to the standard of a stable peace. As explanatory variables (sect. 3) we will concentrate on regime types, which are expected to account for variation in regime consequences. In an environmental case study (sect. 4) we want to illustrate the applicability of our categories of regime consequences..
Regime Theory State of the Art and Perspectives
Authors: Mayer Peter , Rittberger Volker , Zürn Michael
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is twofold. In its first part (sect. 2) we seek to put regime analysis into the broader context of thinking about social order. Three issues are addressed: In section 2.1 we discuss the basic underlying concern of international regime analysis, i.e. the normative interest in exploring the ways through which governance without government can be achieved in order to avoid undesirable outcomes in international and transnational relations. In section 2.2 we seek to substantiate the validity of the notion ‘governance without government’ by offering a comparative perspective on regimes and governance across different levels of political and social organization (domestic and international), pointing out that non-hierarchical politics is not special to international relations but widespread even in societies with a hierarchical system of rule (government).
Perceptions of the Party and Society
Authors: Whiteley Paul , Seyd Patrick , Richardson Jeremy
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2 we referred to the fact that party membership is a variable concept, and depends upon the traditions and political culture of the party under consideration. As far as the Labour party is concerned, individual membership has always necessitated a personal commitment to declared principles and a fixed financial arrangement, and it also implies a participative involvement in party affairs.
Conclusions—the Future of the Party
Authors: Whiteley Paul , Seyd Patrick , Richardson Jeremy
Published: November 2023

This quote from the journalist Paul Brown captured the magnitude of the problems facing the Conservative party in 1993. Brown pointed out that personal donations to the party fell from £14 million in 1992 to £3 million in the financial year ending in April 1993.
Pandaemonium
Authors: Moynihan Daniel Patrick
Published: November 2023

Responsible for the collapse of empires ranging from the Ottoman to the Soviet, self-determination has been one of the key factors in the history of the entire twentieth century. Surprisingly, scholars have been slow to appreciate the value of ethnicity as a way of understanding the key political developments of our times. In this challenging new book, Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan draws on a rich and diverse fund of historical and contemporary examples to trace the history and illustrate the considerable predictive powers of ethnic studies. In particular, he shows how ethnicity confounded Marx's hopes for an international proletariat and reveals how an inability to grasp the importance of ethnic diversity left the West unprepared for the disintegration of the Communist bloc. About the author: Daniel Patrick Moynihan has been been the senior US Senator from New York since 1976 and is the only man in American history to have served in the cabinet or sub-cabinet of four successive presidents. He is also a highly distinguished academic, having taught at Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Syracuse, Cornell, and New York Universities and been lauded with an astonishing 55 honorary degrees.
National Proletarian Internationalism
Authors: Moynihan Daniel Patrick
Published: November 2023

In his fine study of The Union Republics in Soviet Diplomacy, Vernon V. Aspaturian of Pennsylvania State University records and analyzes the background of the flurry at San Francisco. On February 1, 1944, the Soviet Union had dramatically amended its Constitution ... to permit its sixteen constituent Republics to establish separate foreign offices, diplomatic services, defense commissariats and national troop formations. By empowering each republic with the constitutional authority to engage in diplomatic relations, conclude international agreements and organize national armies, the Amendments intended to confer upon the Republics the missing legal essentials of statehood and sovereignty.
Order in an Age of Chaos
Authors: Moynihan Daniel Patrick
Published: November 2023

In a remarkable address to a Joint Meeting of the United States Congress in June of 1992, Boris N. Yeltsin told of the new order in his ancient land. All had changed from that which preceded, but of all such things, one thing most: “We are firmly resolved not to lie anymore.” Tbe Economist had already noticed. Marxism Leninism was gone. It had “succeeded in poisoning half the world’s political life” for most of the century.2 It had “misled” so many “of the young governments of the newly independent ... third world” following the Second World War.3 Good-bye to all that. But now.
The Structure of the European Commission and the Policy Formation Process
Authors: Donnelly Mar Tin
Published: November 2023

As the European Community’s executive, the Commission plays a central role throughout the EC policy-making process. Those seeking to influence policy outcomes therefore need to understand the internal structure and functioning of the Commission. This chapter seeks to highlight the policy-making implications of the unique structural characteristics of the Commission; and to outline the important co-ordinating role played by the cabinets of the seven teen commissioners. The analysis underlines the extent to which the policy-making role of the Commission is shaped in particular by the absence of a single political ideology and the commitment to collegial responsibility within the Commission itself.
Conclusion:Inter-War Idealism, Liberal Internationalism, and Contemporary International Theory
Authors: Long David
Published: November 2023

By way of conclusion, in this chapter I will do three things: first, elaborate further on the diversity of inter-war writings on international relations and indicate common threads other than a dichotomy between realist and idealist texts or authors; second, analyse inter-war idealism in the context of the development of the liberal internationalist tradition; and third, in closing, suggest a number of reasons why inter-war international theory is of renewed interest to current discussions of international relations.
Introduction
Authors: Dowding Keith , King Desmond
Published: November 2023

The title of this book conveys the two important aspects of rational-choice methods in social science: preferences provide the motivation of individual action; institutions provide the context allowing causal explanation. Rational choice, we argue, offers causal explanation of any political outcome only where the reasons for individual action are specified, and the structural conditions under which those reasons for action have been modelled are explained. More often, rational choice provides a specification of the general conditions under which actors (including individuals, organizations, or groups) behave, thereby facilitating comparative structural analysis.
From War to Peace?
Authors: Ma’oz Moshe
Published: November 2023

The transformation of Syrian-Israeli relations from war to peace has not yet been completed; and the process will probably continue for more years to come since it does not derive from any profound changes in the long term and deep-seated causes of the conflict and war between the two nations, particularly the historical, cultural, ideological, and psychological causes. Ba’thist Syria, for example, has not yet relinquished its role as the seedbed of Arabism, committed to Arab unity and to the historic struggle against the allegedly alien and expansionist Zionist movement, embodied in the State of Israel. Many Syrians still consider the wars with Israel in 1948, 1967, and certainly in 1956 (Sinai-Suez) and 1982 (in Lebanon) as evident manifestations of Israel’s territorial and colonial ambitions. And even if lsrael withdraws from the Golan, southern Lebanon, and the West Bank, not a few Syrians and other Arabs may fear Israel’s imputed tendency to dominate its Arab neighbours by means of its greater military and economic power.
Unemployment, Welfare Regime, and Income Packaging*
Authors: Bison Ivana , Esping-Andersen Gøsta
Published: November 2023

People can derive income from a combination of market activity—earnings and various investment incomes-the welfare state, through the bundle of income transfers, or from inter-personal, mainly familial, networks. The sum total constitutes a person’s or household’s income package. Micro-level studies of how individuals and households acquire income reveal patterns of institutional dependencies: of how people manage to mobilize resources in the struggle to maximize well-being. At the macro-level, income pack ages help describe the distributional system of a society.
British Childcare Policy in Cross-national Comparative Perspective
Authors: Randall Vicky
Published: November 2023

One way of trying to understand the making of childcare policy in Britain is to compare it with the experience of other industrialized democracies. The sheer number of societies this comprises means shifting gear from a relatively detailed, local exploration to a more strategic overview of what seem to be the most salient dimensions. From relative neglect, the topic of childcare has in recent years enjoyed increasing, though still highly uneven and selective, international

coverage, both a cause for celebration and a further reason no to attempt any kind of comprehensive account. Instead the approach will be to organize discussion around questions or suggestions derived from the British case.
Pre-History: 1964–1979
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony
Published: November 2023

The British Social Democratic party or SDP was launched at the Connaught Rooms in London on 26 March 19 81. It ceased to exist in its original form in the early months of 1988, when, as the result of a majority vote by its members, it merged with the long-established Liberal party. This book tells the story of the birth, life and death of the SDP. It also assesses the SDP’s impact on British politics and the longer-term significance of the party’s short but dramatic history.
Jenkins and the Jenkinsites
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony
Published: November 2023

The events just described took place entirely within the Labour party; but during this period events were also taking place outside the party—and on the fringes of it—that were to have an important bearing on the SDP’s formation and subsequent history. So far we have mentioned Roy Jenkins only occasionally and in passing. The time has come to give him a central place in the narrative.
A Media Party?
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony
Published: November 2023

From the moment of its birth the SDP was widely dubbed ‘a media party’. Sometimes the phrase was used admiringly. More often it was used pejoratively. Those who used it pejoratively in some cases believed that the SDP was, literally, a media creation: that some combination of press barons and television higher-ups had first badgered the Gang of Four into leaving the Labour party and then ensured that the SDP, when it was launched, received a warm welcome. For example, in the view of the conspiracy theorists, the BBC had offered Roy Jenkins the platform of the Dimbleby Lecture knowing that he would use it to attack Labour and launch a new party. On this view, the SDP was not a genuine mass party with roots in local communities and organizations: it was an artificial concoction of public—relations executives and the metropolitan media—in James Callaghan’s dismissive phrase, a ‘piece of fluff’.
The SOP, the Alliance and the Electorate
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony
Published: November 2023

The SDP’s founders chose an ideal time to mount their challenge against the post war hegemony of the Conservative and Labour parties. In early 1981 the two main parties were more unpopular with the British electorate than at any time since the war.1 The Conservatives were taking a heavy toll for the economic recession. Only a quarter of the electorate ‘approved of the government’s record to date’ or expressed ‘confidence in the government’s policies for tackling the economic situation’, and Margaret Thatcher’s satisfaction rating as prime minister was the lowest recorded since opinion polls began.2
Humiliation: June 1987
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony
Published: November 2023

The SDP had entered the 1983 election campaign with trepidation. It approached the 1987 campaign with some optimism. Everything appeared to have turned out surprisingly well since the Barbican rally at the beginning of the year. The issue of what, if anything, should replace Polaris, which had caused such bad blood within both the SDP and the Liberals, had been successfully resolved. Rosie Barnes’ victory in Greenwich had restored the SDP’s morale. Relations between David Owen and the rest of the Gang of Four, while far from warm, had thawed somewhat, especially after Owen had agreed to Jenkins being brought in as the Alliance’s spokesman on the economy.
Island Environments and Disease
Authors: Cliff A D , Haggett P , Smallman-Raynor M R
Published: November 2023

Islandfoci.— This effect of rat colonization upon foci was probably exaggerated on small, palm-covered Pacific Islands on which infection had become established. Bunamu Island, north of Bougainville, is a small (200 X 400 yards), coralline island with heavy vegetational cover, attracting hundreds of South Sea Island pigeons, which come there to feed, roost, and nest. These, and a dense population of rats (R. browni), were found to be heavily infested with T. deliensis. Three critical infections were contracted among a few Australian soldiers visiting the Island to hunt.
Decontamination of the Wehrmacht gas laboratory at Spandau Citadel, Berlin: technical and organizational experiences
Authors: Spyra Wolfgang P W
Published: November 2023

Prior to World War II the German Army (Wehrmacht) established a specially trained unit-the smoke troops-in preparation for the possible use of chemical warfare agents. The unit served as the chemical combat element of the army and was trained to: (a) cope with the use of chemical warfare agents by the enemy, and (b) use smoke and gas ammunition and high-grade, high¬ explosive munitions.
The German programme for the disposal of old chemical weapons
Authors: Martens Hermann
Published: November 2023

As a belligerent in both World War I and World War II Germany possesses old chemical weapons (OCW) which date from 1915 to 1945. These weapons continue to be found throughout Germany, particularly at former production sites, filling stations, testing areas and storage facilities. Many old chemical weapons were dumped in the sea at various places, including the Baltic Sea.
The Dual-Vote Device
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: November 2023

Under the existing German electoral system, each voter casts two votes in a general election. The first is vote between the candidates for his constituency, and goes to determine which of them is to represent the constituency in the Bundestag (the equivalent of the House of Commons). The second is a vote between the political parties contesting the election in the voter’s Land (region), and goes to determine the composition of the Bundestag by parties.
Multi-Member Constituencies
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: November 2023

Under virtually any reasonable electoral system, the election of Members of Parliament from large constituencies returning from two to six members will result in a more representative selection of MPs than their election from small constituencies returning only one member each. Suppose that, at a given time, 42 per cent of the electorate in five adjacent single-member British constituencies taken together favour the Conservatives, while 39 per cent favour Labour, and the remaining 19 per cent the Liberal Democrats.
How to do Better than STV
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: November 2023

Advocates of STV usually appeal to the useless concept of the wasted vote; all that is wasted by such appeals is time. The definition of a wasted vote that is tacitly invoked is that a vote is wasted unless it goes towards bringing about the election of one of the candidates; a vote that, under STV, is transferred to a candidate who eventually secures election is therefore not wasted, on this definition. When the definition is applied to votes under the plurality system, it will follow that everyone who failed to vote for the winning candidate wasted his vote, even if he had no chance, by voting otherwise under that system, of bringing about a result he would have liked better.
Proportional Representation
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: November 2023

In this book, we have concentrated primarily on how to achieve true representation for local electorates and for the national electorate as a whole, and secondarily on how to discourage tactical voting. A choice of an electoral system should be made with an eye to other questions as well. To ask whether any one system chooses the most representative candidates is to treat the candidates as given; but which candidates stand for election depends upon the number and identity of the political parties that sponsor them. We must therefore also ask which effects various electoral systems have upon the parties.
Strategic Coercion in East Asia: The Cases of Cambodia and North Korea
Authors: Khong Yuen Foong
Published: November 2023

In recent years, the international community greeted the outcomes of two East Asian crises with sighs of relief. After more than two decades of military, political, and civil strife, Cambodia witnessed a United Nations-supervised election in May 1993 which put a democratically elected coalition government in power. The Khmer Rouge (Party of Democratic Kampuchea, hereafter PDK), who had ruled and ruined Cambodia between 1975-8, was one of four factions originally competing for power, but in the event, it boycotted the elections and sought half-heartedly to disrupt them. The PDK plays no part in Cambodia’s coalition government and it has been relegated to the fringes of power, much to the satisfaction of the other factions and the international community.
Bad Boy or Good Business?: Russia’s Use of Oil as a Mechanism of Coercive Diplomacy
Authors: Holoboff Elaine M
Published: November 2023

Russia has not been modest about defining the region of the former Soviet Union (FSU) as a sphere of vital interest.2 Nowhere has this been more evident than in the economic sphere. Russia has pursued a clear policy of self-interest in relation to her neighbours and Moscow’s assertiveness, many would say aggressiveness, has been especially evident in her energy relations with the former republics. Do some of these activities involve coercion towards Russia’s neighbours? Are Russia’s interests broader than mere commercial gain? Can commercial aggressiveness, when directed towards the weak and transitional economies of Russia’s neighbours, have a national security dimension? Does Moscow have a political and strateic agenda that it seeks to accomplish through economic means? Or are actors in the Russian government and commercial sector simply engaging in smart business practices?
Strategic Coercion in Post-Cold War Africa
Authors: Adibe Clemente
Published: November 2023

Strategic coercion is a power-based instrument of international relations designed to affect the behaviour of particular actors in the international system. As Lawrence Freedman has argued in his introductory chapter, it is a deliberate, calculated or purposive use of overt threats to influence another actor’s strategic choices. In practice, strategic coercion is a classic embodiment of the ‘stimulus-response’ interactive model of unit or organizational behaviour. As a threat-based instrument of international relations, therefore, it is important to understand the nature of threats arising from particular conflicts that have occasioned the exercise of strategic coercion.
Democracy, Participation, and Public Policy The Politics of Institutional Design
Authors: Robinson Mark
Published: November 2023

The reinvigoration of democracy in many parts of the developing world has created new opportunities for political participation on the part of organized groups in civil society which have been excluded from the formal political arena and the formulation of public policy. This increase in political participation is evident in the :flourishing of independent organizations such as trade unions, farmers’ organizations, and business associations, whose ability to influence policy under authoritarian regimes was extremely limited. The expectation is that democratic politics provides space for groups and individuals to organ¬ ize themselves politically, to freely express divergent opinions, and to become involved in a more open and inclusive policy-making process. Hence, political participation is considered to be desirable as a means of both deepening democracy and enhancing the effectiveness of pub¬lic policy.
Race and the Social Bases of Voter Alignments
Authors: Manza Jeff , Brooks Clem
Published: November 2023

In the postwar literature on social cleavages and political behavior, few ideas have been more central than the notion that in democratic polities no single cleavage is ever likely to become dominant. The underlying assumption is that individual voters have multiple, over lapping group memberships, producing ‘cross-cutting’ cleavages in the polity as whole. As a result, individuals are divided from one another not just by class, or race, or religion, or ethnicity, or gender; they are divided by all of these, and others as well. This is what makes the possibility of successful class-based revolutions appear virtually inconceivable in contemporary capitalist democracies, at least under normal conditions. It is also what prevents any one group from overpowering all others: the members of any powerful group are themselves divided along various lines.
‘Democratic’ Groups in Soviet Russia: An Assessment of the Literature
Authors: Lukin Alexander
Published: November 2023

A great deal has been written already on ‘democratic’ political groups in Soviet Russia. While some of these studies are based on valuable material and contain interesting conclusions, most of them are characterized by two major shortcomings: they either totally disregard the influence of beliefs and political culture on ‘democratic’ politics or approach these beliefs only formally, analysing the surface level of the belief system and interpreting ‘democratic’ language from the perspective of its common meaning in their own culture or in Western democratic theory, but not as it was understood by Russian ‘democrats’ themselves. This often prevents them from giving accurate answers to the questions they raise. The reason for these shortcomings cannot be clearly understood without analysing the general problems of studying Russian political culture.
Land Use Planning
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David
Published: November 2023

Land use planning and the implementation of these plans sets knowledge of the land to work: in deciding what to do, where and how to do it, and doing it. Land users have always made plans to meet their needs from the resources at their disposal, though these plans have usually been informal, and limited in scale and scope. More formal land use plans have often attempted dramatic changes in land use in a short space of time to cope with unprecedented demands on land resources. Land use planning on a scale beyond the individual plot reached nearest to the sun in the Soviet Union as a centralized, technocratic exercise whereby national demands upon the land were matched with those areas deemed best able to support them. This planning, on an unprecedented scale, was supported by a heroic effort to gather the natural resources information needed to underpin the decisions. The strides made by the planned economy and its apparent immunity to the economic turmoil of the 1920s and 1930s, as well as pressing needs elsewhere to respond to environmental catastrophes (e.g. the Dust Bowl in the USA), led to the espousal of planning in some form by responsible authorities world-wide.
States, Cities, and the Partitioning of Urban Space
Authors: Marcuse Peter , Kempen Ronald van
Published: November 2023

A spectre is haunting cities around the world: the spectre of globalization. The fear is of convergence on an undesired United States model of urban spatial form and social content, involving increased segregation, shrinkage of public amenities, commercialization of civic life, decline of central cities, and social polarization. In the United States, both the spatial form and its social content reflect deep partitions, indeed chasms, widening between rich and poor, between high-rise citadels of the rich, walled enclaves of the well-to-do and well-educated, sprawling suburbs of a declining middle class, sometimes concentrated in edge cities, mixed and unstable working-class and immigrant quarters, and ghettos of the excluded, often overwhelmingly of racial or ethnic minorities.
A Metropolis at the Crossroads: The Changing Social Geography of Istanbul under the Impact of Globalization
Authors: Güvenç Murat , Isik Oguz
Published: November 2023

To the casual onlooker Istanbul is a city with many and, more often than not, conflicting faces. It may appear, to those who are not familiar with the peculiarities of urban development in Turkey, as a puzzling collage of not too closely related fragments, a city where social landscapes from earlier periods seem to coexist with those of today in particular ways without an apparent combining logic. This depiction of Istanbul as a city without order is further reinforced by the everyday images one can see in the media.
Anti-Semitism and Ethno-Nationalism as Determining Factors for Austria’s Political Culture at the Fin de Siécle
Authors: Pelinka Anton
Published: November 2023

In the nineteenth century, Habsburg Austria was among the late-comers of Europe-in political as well in economic terms. Austria did not develop a stabilized system of constitutional rule until 1867, and even then the constitution of the Austrian part of what had become Austria-Hungary did not fulfil the criteria of a parliamentary system. The prerogatives of the emperor to make decisions about government prevailed despite the existence of a directly elected parliament.
The Waning of the Kuomintang State on Taiwan
Authors: Gold Thomas B
Published: November 2023

During its history, the Kuomintang (KMT) state has experienced something of a roller coaster ride. Although the mainland was officially the KMT’s Republic of China for much of the first half of the 20th century, in truth the KMT state was little more than the primus inter pares of several contending warlord powers. It had little ability to impose its authority over much more of China’s vast territory than its base in the Yangtzi Delta. Its social foundation was very thin. The party-state itself was seriously factionalized, and the supreme leader, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, preferred to keep his minions divided and competing with each other in order to strengthen his personal power rather than to forge a strong unified force.1 The KMT’s mainland debacle in 1949 was hardly surprising, especially in the face of the vastly superior organization and motivation of the Communists.
Migration International Law and Human Rights
Authors: GoodwinGill Guy S
Published: November 2023

International human rights law has developed with little direct regard either for migrants or refugees yet it is clearly and necessarily related to both groups of human beings who often remain on the periphery of effective protection In part this is due to still potent notions of state sovereignty and nonnationals simply because of their lack of citizenship and regardless of the fact of physical presence are seen as standing outside the community and the substantive and procedural entitlements normally accorded to members.
Challenges, Failures, and Final Success: The Winding Path of German Parliamentary Leadership Groups towards a Structurally Integrated Elite 1848–1999
Authors: Best Heinrich , Hausmann Christopher , Schmitt Karl
Published: November 2023

Changes in patterns of parliamentary recruitment are the result of an interplay between two agents of change: on the one hand, alterations of the formal structure of opportunity for access to office—determined by electoral laws, eligibility rules, or financial provisions for members of parliament-and, on the other hand, the transformation of society in general, influencing the offer of and the demand for representatives with particular qualities and qualifications (cf. introductory chapter). Although in theory both agents of change are independent of each other, in reality they interact, either providing the conditions for a smooth adaptation of recruitment markets to new societal needs, or causing tensions and inconsistencies in the relationship between polity and society. German political history between 1848 and the foundation of the Federal Republic has been widely considered to follow the second mode of change, being strained by a delayed, erratic, and disruptive adaptation of the political system to the modernization of society (Kocka 1988; Steinmetz 1997). The notion of an ‘unusually extended delay of democratisation as against industrialisation’ is also at the core of the theory of a German Sonderweg,1 which claims a ‘particular position of Germany in the history of democratisation and industrialisation’ (Lepsius 1973: 56).
Closer to the Solution: Iterative Linear Solvers
Authors: Golub* Gene H , Vorst** Henk A van der
Published: November 2023

The solution of dense linear systems received much attention after the second world war, and by the end of the sixties, most of the problems associated with it had been solved. For a long time, Wilkinson’s “The Algebraic Eigenvalue Problem” [107], other than the title suggests, became also the standard textbook for the solution of linear systems. When it became clear that partial differential equations could be solved numerically, to a level of accuracy that was of interest for application areas (such as reservoir engineering, and reactor diffusion modeling), there was a strong need for the fast solution of the discretized systems, and iterative methods became popular for these problems.
Approximation of Multidimensional Hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Morton K W
Published: November 2023

Ten years ago, in the corresponding State of the Art lecture (see [34]), attention was properly focussed on the important development of solution-adaptive algorithms for systems of first order conservation laws in one dimension, that is Extensions to practically important two- and three-dimensional problems were regarded as “conceptually easy” and implemented in a straightforward way, even on unstructured meshes. Indeed, these methods have by this means become standard tools in the field. This is particularly true in aeronautical engineering where, in combination with Runge-Kutta time-stepping, they have become one of the two commonest approaches to modelling the steady equations of inviscid, compressible gas flow.
Introdnction to basics
Authors: Anderson Ian
Published: November 2023

The modern study of block designs is often said to have begun with the publication in 1936 of a paper by the statistician F. Yates. In that paper he considered collections of subsets of a set with certain balance properties; one of his examples was the following. The second property, that of balance, is desirable in many experiments where for fairness all comparisons between pairs of elements should occur equally often. Designs with this property of balance became known as balanced incomplete block designs; some were listed in the statistical tables of Fisher and Yates in 1938. We now make our formal definition, using k-subset as an abbreviation for k-element subset.
Steiner systems
Authors: Anderson Ian
Published: November 2023

A Steiner triple system is simply a block design with k = 3 and λ= 1. This choice of parameters is one of the simplest which could be made, and the corresponding designs form one of the first families of designs for which existence was established. Without knowing of Kirkman’s work. Steiner came across the problem of the existence of such designs in a geometrical context in 1853, and publicized the problem. The designs were therefore to become known as Steiner triple systems. This is particularly unfair on Kirkman, since not only did Kirkman provide an existence proof, but Steiner did not. Reiss published a proof shortly afterwards which is essentially identical to Kirkman’s, and later on many other mathematicians, beginning with Moore in 1893, gave a variety of different proofs. Kirkman’s own proof has been undeservedly neglected.
Introduction
Authors: Lowen R
Published: November 2023

There is no question that metric spaces occupy a dominant place in mathematics, not only in the auxiliary form of metrizable topological spaces but also in their own right, as for instance in the theory of Banach spaces. Nevertheless it is topology which provides the framework in which most of the basic concepts of analysis are defined, such as, for example, convergence, continuity, and compactness. One of the reasons why topologies “took over” from metrics is that TOP allows for all usual constructions such as subspaces, products, quotients, and coproducts, whereas MET (the construct of metric spaces and nonexpansive maps) is stable only under the formation of subspaces and finite products. Although this can easily be remedied by going from metrics to extended pseudometrics (“metrics” where the value infinity is allowed and which do not necessarily have an underlying topology which is Hausdorff), i.e. by going to the construct pMET∞, a fundamental problem which remains is that metric initial structures do not necessarily accord with topological initial structures and hence are virtually useless. In view of the importance of initial structures, this explains why in many areas of mathematics, out of necessity, one often has to abandon an originally metric setup to get to the setting of topological spaces.
Canonical Examples
Authors: Lowen R
Published: November 2023

In the foregoing chapters we have studied three fundamental classes of approach spaces: topological spaces, metric spaces, and uniform approach spaces. The fact that TOP is simultaneously embedded as a bireflective and bicoreflective subconstruct means that no interesting new types of objects can be obtained from topological spaces making use of categorical constructions in AP. The situation for pqMET𝒯 and pMET𝒯 𝒯, as we have seen, is quite different. The fact that the latter is not reflectively embedded in AP allowed us to construct its epireflective hull, the construct UAP of uniform approach spaces. In the foregoing chapters we were mainly concerned with filling in the positions created by the two question marks in our diagram. In the present chapter we would like to demonstrate that in various fields of mathematics, examples of natural approach spaces and traces of concepts and results which find their natural environment in the setting of approach spaces can be found.
Repartitions and differentials
Authors: Pretzel Oliver
Published: November 2023

In order to prove the full Riemann-Roch theorem it is necessary to introduce the concept of a differential. Originally this was done analytically, but that limits the applicability of the theory to real and complex curves. In the 1920s Andre Weil found a purely algebraic way of defining differentials. Apart from extending the theory to arbitrary fields, this had the additional advantage that it simplified the proofs of the main theorems. However, the definitions were both abstract and difficult to link to the usual idea of a differential.
Einstein’s Equation and Conformal Structure
Authors: Friedrich Helmut
Published: November 2023

Locally, Einstein propagation is governed by the null cone structure or, equivalently, the conformal geometry of the solutions. The “physical” characteristics of the Einstein equation, i.e. those which are independent of gauge conditions or specific representations of the equation, are the null hypersurfaces of its solutions. Considering now gravitational fields at larger scales, we may expect the relation between Einstein propagation and conformal geometry to get blurred due to the variation of the null cone structure in the course of its evolution. That there might also be a tight relationship between the conformal structure of the solutions and the propagational properties of the Einstein equation in the large was realized by Roger Penrose.
The Physics of Spin Networks
Authors: Smolin Lee
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the most important, and most robust, result of the study of non-perturbative approaches to quantum gravity is that the space of states of a large set of theories may be described in terms of spin networks [3; 4], which were originally invented by Roger Penrose in the early 1960s [1; 2]. In this contribution I would like to honour Roger by telling the story of how it is that his spin networks, originally invented as a simple model for discrete quantum geometry, have .come to occupy a central place in quantum gravity.
Entanglement and Quantum Computation
Authors: Jozsa Richard
Published: November 2023

The phenomenon of quantum entanglement is perhaps the most enigmatic feature of the formalism of quantum theory. It underlies many of the most curious and controversial aspects of the quantum mechanical description of the world. Penrose (1994) gives a delightful and accessible account of entanglement illustrated by some of its extraordinary manifestations. Many of the best known features depend on issues of non-locality. These include the seminal work of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (1935), Bell’s work (1964) on the EPR singlet state, properties of the GHZ state (Greenberger et al. 1989; Mermin 1990) and Penrose’s dodecahedra (Penrose 1994). In this paper we describe a new feature of entanglement which is entirely independent of the auxiliary notion of non-locality.
Infinite ends of hyperbolic manifolds
Authors: Matsuzaki Katsuhiko , Taniguchi Masahiko
Published: November 2023

To investigate geometrically infinite torsion-free (which will be assumed here after) Kleinian groups, an understanding of infinite ends is crucial. In this chapter, we concentrate on this subject, following Thurston’s strategy. The key tools are measured laminations and pleated surfaces.
The probabilistic estimation of triplet invariants
Authors: Giacovazzo Carmelo
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes more rigorous and accurate approaches for the probabilistic estimation of triplet invariants. It may be considered a useful extension and complement of the theories and techniques described in Chapter 3.
The integration of direct methods with isomorphous replacement techniques
Authors: Giacovazzo Carmelo
Published: November 2023

We have shown in Chapter 14 that the role of traditional direct methods in macromolecular crystallography is marginal. We will show in this chapter that direct methods can benefit from the supplementary information contained in the diffraction magnitudes of one or more derivatives. The probabilistic formulae estimating structure invariants will prove to have sufficient accuracy to be competitive with traditional isomorphous replacement techniques.