bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imagining Stories of and with Animals at Work
Authors: Connolly Lucy
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores how narrative practices construct caring relationships between humans and horses at work. It demonstrates, through the use of the Listening Guide method for interpreting interview transcripts, how human workers construct voice on behalf of horses. While acknowledging such constructions do not claim to reflect the reality of the lived experiences of horses, the Listening Guide method offers a ‘way in’ to access the construction of relationship between animal and human, and how humans engaged in human-animal work come to understand the nature of their roles in context. This chapter is grounded within the ethic of care framework, specifically addressing the embodied caring imagination. The narratives examined are based upon 20 qualitative, semi-structured interviews from a range of equine-related organizational contexts. The stories created within these transcripts reveal moments of connection, resistance, or desire on the part of the horses. In these stories, the participants are heard ‘giving voice’ to the horses by literally speaking their side of the conversation. The chapter highlights the ability of the Listening Guide method to provide a space for the researcher to demonstrate the construction of self on behalf of another while acknowledging the power implicit in both the interview process and such narrative constructions, while also enabling a window into the creation of the two-sided relationship necessary for the completion of care, where only one party to the relationship has ‘voice’.
Animal Organization Studies and the Foundational Economy
Authors: Goodwin-Hawkins Bryonny
Published: October 2022

This chapter brings animal organization studies into conversation with emerging thinking on the ‘foundational economy’—the goods, services, and infrastructures that support everyday lives, everywhere. To date, foundational economy thinkers have focused on human lives; this chapter considers foundational economic activities that incorporate animal lives, labour, and products. Examples from the agrifood sector (including the dairy industry and rare breed farming) are used to show how human-animal relationships intertwine in shared everyday lives. These examples further reveal the consequences of prioritizing economic value over wellbeing. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research towards exploring, understanding, and, ultimately, revaluing the foundational economy from a multispecies perspective.
Barbaric, Feral, or Moral? Stereotypical Dairy Farmer and Vegan Discourses on the Business of Animal Consumption
Authors: Taylor Nik , Fraser Heather , Stekelenburg Naomi , King Julie
Published: October 2022

The business of meat eating and other forms of animal consumption has been globally institutionalized, with most governments such as those in Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia, providing large subsidies to ensure their continued viability. This transfer of public funds continues in spite of extensive evidence of animal agricultures environmental impact with justifications on the protection of rural and regional jobs—especially for traditional, non-Indigenous men. This reflects how animal farming is still etched in the dominant masculine representations of ‘true’ ‘Kiwi’ and ‘Aussie’ national identities. Carnism, or the assumed naturalness of meat eating, and associated practices of animal consumption are, however, being challenged. Worldwide there has been a notable rise in veganism, especially by women, who have long been part of animal welfare and rights movements. These competing discourses about the ethics and morality of using animals for food, clothing, entertainment, and testing have been enlivened by social media, where discussions can become intensely emotive, if not hostile. The chapter explores the competing discourses about animal consumption promoted by dairy farmers and vegans respectively based on analysis of The Dairy Farmers’ Wellbeing Project (2017–19) and the Vegan Wellbeing Project (2019–20). From this data, the tendency for dairy farmers to portray vegans as feral and vegans to portray dairy farmers as barbaric are explored. And as the chapter shows, this struggle over morality is not only gendered and very active in public life but there is a significant impact on markets, jobs, and future industry directions.
Breeding Profits
Authors: Rees Amanda
Published: October 2022

This chapter provides a historical context for animal organizational studies by examining selected aspects of human/animal relationships as they evolved from the early-modern period to the present day. It explores how late eighteenth-century improvers turned animals into factories for converting sunlight into profit, and how nineteenth-century social mobility created the modern-day pet industry. It considers the exponential growth of interest in wild animals in the twentieth century, the mechanics and profitability of their display in captivity, and the strategies for their study in the field, before turning to the growth of interest in animal agency and anthropomorphism in twenty-first-century scholarship and its implications for the livestock industry. Fundamentally, this chapter charts the different contexts in which animals are regarded as raw materials, as tools, or as people—and asks what this can tell us about wider human(e) relationships in the Anthropocene.
Stockfree’s Short Shadow
Authors: Hirth Steffen
Published: October 2022

Academic, policy, and public debates have increasingly led to calls for the adoption of plant rich diets. Livestock’s ‘long shadow’—its high environmental footprint—and the need to transform food systems towards sustainable practices are widely recognized. However, despite their incremental normalization, vegan and vegetarian diets can still lead to fierce debates between people with different dietary identities. Arguing that identity-based understandings of who or what is ‘vegan’ obfuscate necessary changes in production and provisioning practices, this contribution develops a wider understanding of vegan food practices by shedding light on stockfree organic agriculture’s organization, biomateriality, and its ‘short’ shadow. The chapter makes a contribution to food system organizing with a practice approach.
Empathy and Inclusion
Authors: Aaltola Elisa
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores the potential uses of empathy within organizations. It focuses on the moral dimensions of these uses, particularly in the context of animal ethics. The fundamental questions raised in this chapter are threefold. First, what are the social and moral benefits of empathy? Secondly, how do these benefits manifest in de facto animal ethics? Thirdly, should organizations seek to enhance empathy, so as to better pay heed to the wellbeing of nonhuman animals? To help provide a means of thinking about such questions, the chapter introduces six different varieties of empathy and analyses their potential role in making sense of the perspectives and moral consideration of nonhuman animals. The chapter examines recent critiques of empathy, which posit that empathy hinders rather than aids moral inclusion, together with some possible counter arguments. By providing a framework for thinking with, this chapter contributes a new type of organizational philosophy that demonstrates how to pay attention to the experiences and moral worth of nonhuman animals.
COVID-19 and Zoonotic Disease
Authors: Clarke Caroline , Barthold Charles , Cole Matthew
Published: October 2022

How many of us knew that warnings of a future pandemic, based on the emergence of novel zoonotic diseases linked to our treatment, exploitation, and industrial scale consumption of animals, were published by experts decades ago? For context, the animal-industry-complex is worth billions of dollars, and its manipulation of our consumptive tastes has normalized human ingestion of billions of animals each year. To satisfy demand and maximize profit, animals are bred and kept in horrendous conditions, without adequate space, light, or ventilation, as well as suffering long periods of transportation that lowers their immune system and heightens their stress levels. Despite these practices, the root cause of pandemics has been persistently ignored. In 2020, the UN Environment Programme published a report called Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic Diseases and How to Break the Chain of Transmission, listing seven key drivers, six of which relate to our relationship with animals. Why, given the millions of lives, and trillions of dollars lost to COVID-19, is there still no urgent public debate about the root causes of pandemics? This chapter contends that this is the result of multiple strategies of agnosis designed to promote ignorance and protect the interests of the animal-industrial-complex. Ignorance concerning the link between pandemic risks and mass animal consumption, is sustained through a series of deliberate strategies, reminiscent of those deployed by the tobacco industry—including knowledge suppression. Crucially, absent knowledge within the public domain prevents us from re-organizing to counteract the next, and potentially more lethal, global pandemic.
Infidelity Across the Ovulatory Cycle
Authors: Mitchell Virginia E. , Lunge Jenna M. , Orille Alex , Hughes Mercedes , Welling Lisa L. M.
Published: October 2022

The circumstances under which infidelity occurs are numerous and several characteristics predict prior and future infidelity (e.g., religiosity, number of lifetime sexual partners, sociosexuality). Evolutionary perspectives inform why steroid hormones that vary across the ovulatory cycle have been associated with both women’s interest in extrapair partners and shifting expressions of men’s anti-infidelity behavior across their partner’s ovulatory cycle. This chapter provides an overview of the ovulatory cycle to establish the physiological basis of the hormonal changes that occur across it. It then provides requisite background on evolutionary theories of human mating, which provide a framework to predict when women should express the most interest in extrapair partnerships, how current partner qualities are associated with desire for extrapair mating opportunities, and the types of qualities women may be seeking in extrapair partners. Evidence that supports and contradicts these accounts of ovulatory phase-dependent changes in extrapair partnerships, as well as research on male anti-infidelity strategies, is then considered. Finally, the chapter reviews evidence that hormonal contraceptives may alter partner preference patterns established in naturally cycling women and their opposite-sex partners. It concludes by identifying current gaps in hormone-linked shifts in women’s infidelity desires and behavior, and makes recommendations for future research.
Long-Term Infidelities
Authors: Weiser Dana A. , Cravens Pickens Jaclyn , Thomas Adam V.
Published: October 2022

This chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of the development and nature of long-term infidelities (i.e., infidelity characterized by emotional attachment and that persists over time). We will discuss the frequency of such long-term infidelities and explore individual, relational, and contextual factors associated with committing long-term infidelities. Specific focus will be given to the nature of long-term infidelities that form and transpire online. Emotional responses to long-term infidelities and relationship outcomes following discovery of long-term infidelities will be explored. We will also examine how long-term infidelities have the potential to impact a broader family system, beyond the infidelity transgressor and victim. Finally, we offer suggestions for future research about long-term infidelities.
Relationship Dissolution Following Infidelity
Authors: Shanholtz Caroline E. , Sbarra David A.
Published: October 2022

Although marital infidelity is often cited as a primary reason for divorce, it does not always signify the end of a relationship. Many researchers and clinicians have questioned whether an extramarital affair is a symptom of a dysfunctional marriage that is headed for divorce or the proximal cause of the separation. More than half of individuals who have extramarital affairs divorce or separate from their spouse. In the current chapter, we answer the question: In what ways can infidelity shape postdivorce emotional reactions and recovery—that is, trajectories of adjustment over time? There are two identified factors that inhibit postdivorce adjustment: attachment-related emotion regulation and emotional suppression. Further, the mechanisms driving postdivorce adjustment, self-concept clarity and narrative coherence, are discussed in the context of how infidelity can be interpreted as a humiliating event and predict poorer postdivorce adjustment. When infidelity occurs and divorce follows, if infidelity is interpreted as a humiliating event, or if it is experienced as a targeted rejection to one’s sense of self, these predict poorer divorce adjustment and depression. Suggestions for future research in this area are discussed.
Violence and Homicide Following Partner Infidelity
Authors: Arnocky Steven , Davis Adam , Locke Ashley , McKelvie Larissa , Vaillancourt Tracy
Published: October 2022

Infidelity is one of the greatest adaptive challenges of our reproductive lives. A partner’s infidelity can lead to their defection from the relationship and offspring, loss of important resources, and for men, cuckoldry. It is unsurprising, then, that humans have evolved adaptations meant to prevent, curtail, and punish a partner’s infidelity. Among the most devastating of these are the perpetration of intimate partner violence, homicide, uxoricide, and filicide. This chapter reviews theory and supporting evidence that aggression has evolved, in part, as an adaptive set of behavior meant to prevent and respond to infidelity. It begins by describing the particular reproductive challenges posed by infidelity for men and women. Next, it reviews the available evidence that violence and killing is an abhorrent, yet predictable response to real or suspected infidelity, with attention paid to sex differences in these acts. The putative adaptive functions of different types of aggression toward an intimate partner, a sexual rival, and toward offspring are discussed. It then highlights the important role of perceptual biases surrounding infidelity and negative affect, including jealousy and anxiety, in mediating aggressive responses to infidelity. Finally, adaptive explanations of individual differences, cultural contexts, and environmental factors in predicting violent responses to infidelity are discussed and future directions are offered in order to highlight the pressing need for continued research on the adaptive functions of violence occurring in the shadow of infidelity.
Male Sexual Coercion in Response to Mate Infidelity
Authors: Abrams Lidia Dengelegi , Abrams Mike
Published: October 2022

The power to restrain women’s sexuality has taken many forms. Historically, men have been entitled and even encouraged to reprimand their wives physically, and forced sex was not excluded as a means of rebuke and control. Marital rape, which many have been considered an oxymoron as one could not rape something owned, has been used to punish a woman judged to be unfaithful. The long list of restraints and coercive acts served the ultimate purpose of limiting women’s sexual access, or desirability, to competing males. To better understand these processes, this chapter explores the often brutal but evolutionarily old control strategies that have been deployed when males have feared or suspected infidelity. Intimate partner violence is often paired with sexual coercion when female infidelity is suspected. Sexual coercion is one of several methods of mate guarding, preventing or avenging cuckoldry. The variables that affect the decision to apply coercive methods and other tactics of mate guarding are discussed. Research is presented indicating sexual selection pressures (i.e., evolution) is the ultimate cause of forced in-pair copulation, notwithstanding the proximate causes of religion, culture, traditions, thoughts, feelings, and beliefs of the men and women involved in the dynamic of sexual coercion in response to real or perceived female infidelity. Case studies of couples experiencing the dynamics of female infidelity and male sexual coercion are presented, along with an evolutionarily informed cognitive therapy that may provide a useful treatment mechanism.
Hormonal Predictors of Infidelity
Authors: Bochon Lindsay , Bird Brian M.
Published: October 2022

Life-history theory provides a framework for understanding the resource trade-offs that are inherent in the struggle to maximize reproductive fitness. Hormones, and testosterone in particular, play important roles in mediating some of the morphological, behavioral, and physiological traits that are implicated in these trade-offs—one of the most widely studied of which is mating versus parenting. In this chapter, we use a life history perspective to review literature examining hormones and infidelity or related proxies (e.g., interest in extrapair sex), and how these links may be understood as a function of the mating vs. parenting trade-off. This chapter focuses the review primarily on testosterone, but also reviews other hormones and hormone systems that have been implicated in infidelity or relevant behavioral and psychological proxies. Further, it touches on contextual considerations for understanding the link between hormones and infidelity and mating, such as the type of mating system (e.g., monogamy vs. polygamy) and the menstrual cycle. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some of the limitations of current, and potential avenues for future, research on hormones and infidelity.
Cultural Differences and Similarities in Correlates of Infidelity
Authors: Valor-Segura Inmaculada , Sáez Gemma , Buunk Abraham P.
Published: October 2022

Infidelity is negatively judged all over the world, but there are substantial cultural differences in this respect. Moreover some variables seem globally consistently associated with the occurrence of infidelity. The current chapter examines cross-cultural differences about what infidelity means and the social and psychological correlates associated with infidelity, including intrapersonal, relational, and ideological factors. Of the intrapersonal factors that predict infidelity, it explores especially the roles of gender, religiosity, education, income, mental health, and personality. Moreover, of the interpersonal factors related to infidelity, it focuses on factors like commitment, satisfaction, and dependency. Finally, it analyzes some ideological factors, such as religiosity and attitudes toward extramarital sex that are associated with engaging in infidelity.
The Hollywood Musical and the Critical Lens
Authors: Broomfield-McHugh Dominic
Published: October 2022

This chapter offers an introduction to the Handbook by providing an overview of the critical approach taken. It explores how the academic study of the film musical began with film studies and how musicology has been slow to engage with the screen musical despite the proliferation of musicological literature on the Broadway musical. In addition, the chapter offers a summary of the book’s contents into its thematic parts, such as the politics of breaking into song and dance, the musical’s othering impulse, aspects of stardom, production histories, the decline of the genre in the 1970s, and its renaissance in the twenty-first century.
“I’d Do Anything” or Export Strategies for a Culturally Specific Product
Authors: Jubin Olaf
Published: October 2022

From the late 1940s onward, the previously recorded earnings of the American film industry were affected by two factors. On the one hand, the average cost for a Hollywood film increased to a staggering $3 million, while on the other hand, in the home market television became a serious competitor; in the United States, audience figures dwindled and decreased to an alarming low in the 1950s. As a result, distributing films abroad was no longer simply a way of optimizing profit; it now often tipped the scales between making or losing money. This chapter explores in detail how the Hollywood musical was prepared for German-language moviegoers.
“Going Places”
Authors: Garcia Desirée J.
Published: October 2022

Redhead from Manhattan (Lew Landers, 1943) and Copacabana (Alfred E. Green, 1947) are two backstage musicals in which Hollywood centrally features the Latin American actresses, Lupe Velez and Carmen Miranda, respectively. Beyond presenting explicit stereotypes, however, these Latin musicals are hyper-aware of the actresses’ personas as performative constructions. Moreover, they foreground the theme of foreign encounter between ethnic Others and white Americans, thereby defining the terms by which Latin American and Latinx peoples can be integrated into American life. This encounter happens on the musical stage, which constitutes a kind of battleground for social inclusion. In this way, Hollywood’s Latin musicals are stories of movement and mobility, aesthetically given form in song-and-dance sequences on the stage and narratively expressed by Latin characters like Miranda and Velez who present themselves in spectacularized form with the ultimate aim of securing the public’s acceptance.
“The Same Story Told Over and Over”
Authors: Wright Julie Lobalzo
Published: October 2022

Hollywood, especially in the classical period, produced numerous films about the “star-making process,” including the four versions of A Star Is Born (1937, William A. Wellman; 1954, George Cukor; 1976, Frank Pierson; and 2018, Bradley Cooper) regarded by Camille Paglia as “Hollywood’s canonical myth-saga” that captures “both the glory and cruelty of the modern entertainment industry.” Specifically, these films are concerned with the ambiguity behind the title and what it means “to say a star is ‘born’?” Notably, the last three versions of this saga have been musical films, indicating the genre’s capacity to expose the star-making process and other stardom myths. This chapter examines the relationship between the musical film genre and stardom, especially the manufacture of stardom and the popular myth that stars are born, illustrated in the A Star Is Born films from 1954, 1976, and 2018. The musical, as this chapter will argue, is the ideal genre to demonstrate the manufacture of stardom owing to the genre’s illustration of talent, its self-reflexive nature, and the dual focus of musicals. The films referenced in this chapter bond stardom with the musical, demasking the mechanics behind stardom and the musical while, nonetheless, remythologizing stars and genre. Some scholars have hesitated to refer to the 1954 film as a musical, and there are similar anxieties about the 2018 film. This chapter, however, argues that the ties to the genre are, at times, explicit, especially the centrality of musical performances to these films.
“Cubanenic, Carabenic, Castalenic, Harlemenic”
Authors: Robbins Hannah
Published: October 2022

African American singer, film star, and activist Lena Horne began her career as a chorus girl in Harlem before enjoying success as a singer and then breaking boundaries in 1942 as the first Black person to secure a multifilm contract in Hollywood. Horne is perhaps best known for her appearances in the films Cabin in the Sky (1943), Stormy Weather (1943), and, much later, as Glinda the Good Witch in The Wiz (1978). Much of our understanding of Horne’s star and onscreen persona has been read without acknowledgement of her working and lived experience. This chapter focuses on how Horne’s identity and film performances have been read and can be interpreted through a Black feminist lens.
Reconceptualizing the Terms and Conditions of Entry to the United States
Authors: Ontiveros Maria L.
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines U.S. immigration policy from a feminist perspective and reimagines how the system would look if it understood and took into account the unique situation faced by female immigrants. The broad overview of immigration includes discussions of employment-based immigration, humanitarian-based immigration, and family-based immigration. It also analyzes the treatment of unauthorized immigrants living in the United States. The current system, built upon and replicating aspects of chattel slavery and coverture, furthers the exploitation and subordination of female immigrants through structures that deny women agency. It also ignores the ways in which domestic violence, gender-based violence, economic subordination, and gender stereotypes constrain the choices of female immigrants. A feminist reimagining of the immigration system would revise the temporary work visa system; broaden the types of persecution that allow for humanitarian-based immigration; grant immediate resident status to women immigrating for purposes of family formation, including mail-order brides; and provide a mechanism for unauthorized workers to change their status and become legal permanent residents.
Berdache to Two-Spirit and Beyond
Authors: Davies-Cole Micha E. , Robinson Margaret
Published: October 2022

The visible presence and frequent social inclusion of gender minority people in First Nations across the North American continent spurred settler sociologists to describe Indigenous gender difference using the term “berdache.” That term was not embraced by Indigenous Peoples themselves, as frameworks of gender expression, terms used to describe gender difference, and social roles for those so named often differed by First Nation. Forced assimilation practices, such as boarding and residential schools and compulsory conversion to Christianity, attempted to erase Indigenous culture, including distinct gender frameworks. Efforts by First Nations Peoples to preserve Indigenous cultural specificity, including their terms for gender difference, have been undermined by widespread destruction of Indigenous languages. Beginning around the 1960s, some First Nations people began to express their gender or sexual difference by identifying as “Two-Spirit” and formed regional groups to organize socially and politically around that identity. This chapter will examine how contemporary representations of Two-Spirit identity hold continuity and disruption in creative tension.
All the Novels, the Novel
Authors: Orloff Carolina
Published: October 2022

This chapter studies the novels of Julio Cortázar (1914–1984), one of the most influential Argentinian and Latin American writers of the twentieth century. Beginning with Divertimento written in 1949, but only published posthumously in 1986, and concluding with Libro de Manuel (A Manual for Manuel), the last novel to be published in his lifetime in 1973, Cortázar experimented with the novel form in a manner unmatched by his contemporaries. In particular, Rayuela (Hopscotch), published in 1963, became a watershed in Latin American narrative, marking a whole generation of writers in the region and beyond. While a key member of the so-called Boom, the charismatic group of innovative novelists that also included Carlos Fuentes, Gabriel García Márquez, and Mario Vargas Llosa, Cortázar questioned and problematized the form of the novel in a way that went beyond aesthetics. During the 1960s, Cortázar became a supporter of the Cuban revolution and of other left-wing political movements in Latin America. This should not be surprising. For Cortázar literary experimentation became a political endeavor linked to the necessity of questioning thought and behavior outside the fictional text. This also set him apart.
Jane Addams and Twenty-First Century Refugee Resettlement
Authors: Varner Tess
Published: October 2022

Jane Addams was a public philosopher, activist, and peacebuilder deeply committed to supporting and engaging with displaced people. This chapter works to demonstrate the continued relevance of her feminist-pragmatist orientation to twenty-first-century refugee resettlement, drawing on her concept of cosmic patriotism and her practices of hospitality. Considering contemporary engagements with displaced peoples and refugee resettlement efforts, this chapter explores how we can continue to work toward Addams’s humanitarian aim of ultimately “substituting nurture for warfare.” The chapter suggests that moral obligations involve but are not exhausted by nation-states alone as they meet or fail to meet expectations and agreements for refugee resettlement. Addams’s legacy reveals the moral care work that communities and individuals alike have opportunities to offer as they engage with refugees and asylum seekers, tending to their well-being and ultimately sharing in and shaping community life together.
The Idea of Peace in North America Until 1780
Authors: Barr Daniel
Published: October 2022

This chapter offers an overview of efforts to cultivate and maintain peace in America from the late prehistoric era through the early republic. Prior to European contact, Native peoples in eastern North America developed their own ideas of peace and peacemaking. During the early seventeenth century, Native protocols governed peacemaking between Indian nations and the English colonists, but conflicts over land often rendered peace untenable. By the late seventeenth century, the colonists’ land greed and English demands for Indian subordination had altered Native ideas of peace and resulted in a world characterized by conflict rather than cooperation. This chapter will examine specific events to assess the motivations of peacemakers in North America, examine the various forces that sustained and/or subverted peace, and uncover the possibilities by which peace could have more successfully endured.
Erasmus and the “Invention of Peace”
Authors: van den Dungen Peter
Published: October 2022

In the history of peace in the modern era (from about 1500), Erasmus (ca. 1466/1469–1536) occupies a special place since, more than any other writer, he can be credited with “the invention of peace.” In numerous publications and letters, he argued against the common view that war was glorious and an inevitable and necessary part of the natural and divine order. On the contrary, this learned, witty and most eloquent writer showed, with courage and passion, that it was a barbaric, irrational, and un-Christian practice that brought both moral and material ruin. A foremost scholar of both ancient Greece and Rome, and of early Christianity, he drew on a rich legacy to advance his criticism of war and praise of peace using humanist and Christian insights. Even after five hundred years, the beauty and force of Erasmus’s pacifist writings continue to inspire. His activism consisted of a life-long effort to educate and persuade the Christian rulers of his day to mend their ways.
“Pilots of Our Struggle”
Authors: Hostetter David L.
Published: October 2022

Albert Luthuli (1898–1867) played many roles during his life in South Africa and as part of the global struggle for human rights. Devout Christian, teacher, chief, activist leader, prisoner, and author, in 1960 Luthuli became the first African to win a Nobel Prize, as the Nobel Peace Prize committee stated, “for his non-violent struggle against apartheid.” He headed the African National Congress (ANC) during the era of intensified resistance to apartheid that included the Defiance Campaign, the adoption of the Freedom Charter, the Treason Trial, the state of emergency after the 1960 massacre at Sharpeville, and the decision by the ANC to shift from nonviolence to armed struggle. Luthuli set a standard of revolutionary patience that inspired opponents of apartheid in South Africa and across the world in the decades after his death. The antiapartheid movement succeeded partly because of Luthuli’s courageous example.
Socialism, Internationalism, and Peace
Authors: Young Nigel
Published: October 2022

Looking back from the late nineteenth century, this chapter explains how socialism played an important role in promoting anti-militarism and anti-conscriptionism, including draft refusal. Scholars have largely neglected the role of socialism in peace history and its ties to internationalism as the age of industrialization reached global proportions. Socialists considered the pursuit of economic gain through nationalistic rivalries and colonial exploitation as fundamental causes of intense state competition and military conflict. Wars for profit between competing nations led to an internationalist and socialist ethic critical of the capitalistic way of life. Accompanying the rise of organized labor in the nineteenth century socialists, as part of the working masses within industrialized states, encouraged non-military forms of resistance in the name of labor solidarity and human rights. Approaching the topic from a chronological perspective, this chapter examines the ways socialists sought to stop war particularly in the years leading up to the First World War through the general strike to respond to the growth of mass armies and industrialized warfare.
Three Shades of Tantric Yoga
Authors: White David Gordon
Published: October 2022

What is yoga? According to popular and scholarly consensus, virtually all of India’s yoga systems are based on the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali. Compiled in the ninth century, at the height of the Yoga Sūtras’s popularity, the Netra Tantra offers a vision of yoga that differs from that work in every respect. In the presentation of its “threefold yoga” (trividha yoga) system, the Netra’s twentieth chapter describes a battery of techniques employed by tantric actors whose names are indicative of their intimate relationship to tantric yoga: Yoginīs and yogis. While supreme (para) yoga comprises the consumption, by “good” Yoginīs, of human victims; subtle (sūkṣma) yoga is defined as the takeover of a victim’s body by a yogi or Yoginī; and gross (sthūla) yoga techniques of countersorcery undertaken to counter the predations of human sorcerers and “evil” Yoginīs.
Assessing Automated Administration
Authors: Coglianese Cary , Lai Alicia
Published: October 2022

To fulfill their responsibilities, governments rely on administrators and employees who, simply because they are human, are prone to individual and group decision-making errors. These errors have at times produced both major tragedies and minor inefficiencies. One potential strategy for overcoming the cognitive limitations and group fallibilities of human decision-making is to invest in artificial intelligence (AI) tools that allow for the automation of governmental tasks, thereby reducing reliance on humans for decisions. Yet as much as AI tools show promise for improving governmental administration, automation itself can fail or can generate controversy. Public administrators face the question of when exactly they should use automation. This chapter considers the justifications for governmental reliance on AI, along with legal concerns raised by such reliance. Comparing AI-driven automation with a status quo that relies on human decision-making, the chapter provides public administrators with guidance for making decisions about AI use. After explaining why prevailing legal doctrines present no intrinsic obstacle to governmental use of AI, the chapter presents considerations for administrators to use in choosing when and how to automate existing processes. It recommends that administrators ask whether their contemplated uses would meet the preconditions for the deployment of AI tools and whether these tools would in fact outperform the status quo. In moving forward, administrators should also consider the possibility that a contemplated AI use will generate public or legal controversy, and then plan accordingly. The promise and legality of automated administration ultimately depends on making responsible decisions about when and how to deploy this technology.
Transparency’s Role in AI Governance
Authors: Ingrams Alex , Klievink Bram
Published: October 2022

The adoption of artificial intelligence in the public sector has generated a lively academic and policy debate about what sort of transparency is needed to govern AI systems. This chapter explores the background to this debate. It explains what transparency means and why it is expected of public organizations. The chapter further highlights the big questions in the debate about AI transparency, such as who is being transparent about what, how public values are influenced by AI, and whether explainability of AI systems is a feasible way of delivering transparency. There are four main ways that scholars have tried to answer how the demands for transparency should be met: constructivist, democratization, legal, and capacity-building. Each of these approaches views the matter of transparency from the point of view of a different institutional locus. Another area of divergence is between approaches centered on audiences as citizens or audiences as experts. But, far from being contradictory, each of these points of view can play a part in the effort to develop AI transparency solutions. By integrating the approaches, a diversity of possible transparency instruments is mapped out for policymakers and their application is demonstrated using the case of smart energy meters.
Mapping State Participation in Military AI Governance Discussions
Authors: Key Canfil Justin , Kania Elsa B.
Published: October 2022

Ongoing advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomy in military affairs, particularly so-called Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), have already provoked intense debates in the international arena. Can existing conventions be adapted to govern current advances in AI and LAWS, and can states achieve consensus on the core issues at stake in these complex debates? To date, mechanisms for arms control and governance have struggled to adapt to changing technological conditions, and metrics to gauge progress have remained inadequate. Drawing on original data, this chapter attempts to quantify and characterize the current landscape of discussions on LAWS under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) as an initial indicator of progress towards the governance of AI in military affairs. We evaluate a battery of factors—military capabilities, economic interests, diplomatic alignment, and regime type—to understand why some states appear more eager than others to engage. We find that the determinants of participation are, in fact, nuanced, such that no single school of thought can account for the variation. In a world where anxieties about an AI arms race have captured headlines, and fears of killer robots have provoked mobilization by civil society stakeholders, these issues are of immense importance to future policy and diplomacy. Scholars and policymakers should appreciate why a range of governments are working to shape the outcome of discussions, even if for varied reasons.
Sociological Processes of Urbanization
Authors: Okeke Donald Chiuba , Nwachukwu Maxwell Umunna
Published: October 2022

This chapter makes the case for reforms in the sociological processes of African urbanization that drive sustainable cities. It will suggest measures to reverse the processes of urbanization experiences in Africa. The sociological processes of urbanization in African civilization altered significantly after the continent’s contact with Western civilization in the 20th century. In the sociological process of city development in Africa, traditional institutions were replaced with modern alternatives. Critical areas of change included the development ideology, development hypothesis, and planning paradigm. At the outset, the alterations drove the transition of African cities to imperial cities and the extroversion of the African space economy. Currently, the alterations are driving the transition to informal cities in the context of pseudo-urbanization. Although many scholars presume that the alterations are a colonial legacy, the chapter argues that it is a continuous process which links with the diffusion of neoliberal meta-planning in Africa in the 1980s. The incidence of informal sociological processes of neoliberal planning that drives utopian neoliberal cities vis-à-vis informal cities in Africa constitutes the core research problem.
Criminology in Africa
Authors: Agozino Biko , Dastile Nontyatyambo
Published: October 2022

This chapter reviews the discipline of criminology with specific reference to Africa and the interests of Africans. It borrows the paradigm of critical and centered scholar activism from Africana studies to support the call for the decolonization of criminology. It summarizes the historical underdevelopment of the discipline of criminology in Africa and concludes that developing a critical criminology on the continent and globally will be of benefit to all, not only to people of African descent. Given that most of the criminological discourse about Africa is conservative, orientalist, and pathological, the chapter suggests that the decolonization paradigm will help Africans to hold those in power accountable while contributing new ideas for reparative justice as the foundation for what Angela Davis has called “abolition democracy.” The chapter highlights the notion of “the forgiveness of the unforgivable,” instead of an obsession with punitiveness, as a major contribution from Africana criminology discourse as a means of achieving the peaceful resolution of conflicts.
Elusive Peace
Authors: Matsinhe David
Published: October 2022

This chapter presents a comparative sociological analysis of resource-driven hostilities, drawing on five cases in southern, central, western and eastern Africa. In the south, the chapter analyzes the unfolding Islamic insurgency in Mozambique, which led to the involvement of the Southern African Development Community and Rwandan troops. At the center, the chapter looks at the plunder-and-pillage-driven conflicts in the DRC. In the west, the chapter considers the resource-driven conflicts in the Sahel and Nigeria’s Niger Delta. Finally, in the east, the chapter examines the pre- and post-cessation conflicts in South Sudan. Since the first declarations of independence, peace has eluded African states. Instead, they have been characterized by cycles of violent conflict, such as civil wars, coups d’état, and, more recently, insurgencies buttressed by religious ideologies. The continent—east, west, south, and center—is the stage of varied and endless violent hostilities that have claimed millions of lives. Although the causes of these historical conflicts have been multidimensional and complex, more recently, the governance of natural resources stands out as the catalyst.
Public Authority, Property, and Citizenship
Authors: Lund Christian
Published: October 2022

An institutional perspective should consider the fundamental dynamics among public authority, property, and citizenship. Yet treating any of these elements in isolation or as finished product gets in the way of understanding them. They come about through each other; one always invokes the others, and they are always in the making. Hence, we need to know not just what they are, but also how they come about in conjunction. This is especially relevant in agrarian societies where the political authority and the status of individuals and groups are mediated by land. Both the political powers to rule and the access to livelihoods go through land control. Thus, the institutional relations between authority, property, and citizenship—in a broad sense and at all scales—are central to societal dynamics.
Land, Social Reproduction, and Agrarian Change
Authors: Cousins Ben
Published: October 2022

Land and agriculture play key roles in the production and social reproduction strategies pursued by large populations of rural dwellers in the global South. Thus the emerging debates on the character and scope of social reproduction under capitalism resonate strongly with key concerns of critical agrarian studies. This chapter reviews these debates, and then examines how processes of agrarian change shape patterns of social reproduction and are in turn shaped by them, drawing on studies from a variety of contexts. Key themes include the contradictory character of the relations of production and reproduction in land-based livelihoods; migration, class and gender; and the centrality of social reproduction in contemporary struggles over land. It is argued that although the dynamics of social reproduction influence the processes of agrarian change, ultimately, the dynamics of accumulation are determinate. The chapter concludes with brief reflections on the potential contributions of land-based struggles to anticapitalist politics in the current era.
Mapping Cultural Policy
Authors: Rosenstein Carole
Published: October 2022

This chapter argues that conceptual frameworks used to characterize cultural policy systems are overly influenced by the normativity of the French Model. The discussion begins by establishing that the French Model has operated as a norm by using the concept of cultural development to link “progress” in cultural policy to a national cultural bureaucracy structured by a centralized cultural agency, a model clearly inspired by the French Ministry of Culture. This norm privileges the mapping exercise because it lends great weight to administrative structure and invests a highly institutionalized and highly centralized structure with “rationality” and “modernity.” The chapter goes on to engage in a refreshed approach to mapping, illustrated with maps of national-level cultural administration in the United States. A concluding discussion proposes that, at the same time that the French Model is in some sense inescapable because it is so deeply embedded into the foundations of thought and practice at UNESCO and other transnational and international institutions, comparative cultural policy must resist employing this norm without care. Ultimately, new tools for description and analysis must be developed to counteract its influence.
The Investment Treaty Regime
Authors: Poulsen Lauge N. Skovgaard
Published: October 2022

The investment treaty regime is one of the most potent, and controversial, corners of international economic governance. Yet, until recently International Political Economy (IPE) literature on the regime was focused mostly on a few narrow questions, such as whether investment treaties impact the flow of foreign direct investment. Contributions were also hampered by very poor data and sometimes lacking attention to how international investment law actually works and the way in which governments and other actors have engaged with the regime in practice. This chapter outlines some of the big and important questions facing the regime and how empirical and normative IPE scholars can address them.
Racism and Paternalism
Authors: Singh J. P.
Published: October 2022

The origins of the discipline of international relations in the twentieth century can be traced back to colonial race relations. Despite the antecedents, post-Second World War international relations ignored race and racism, focusing instead on underlying structures of power or material conditions to explain patterns of global orders and presence of international rules. Recent events such as the rise of far right and xenophobic politics in the West has brought race issues to the forefront of global politics. This chapter provides an intellectual genealogy of race and racism in international relations through an analysis of major issues in international political economy—trade, development, foreign aid, and migration.