bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deconjugation of bile acids by lactobacilli in the mouse small bowel
Authors: Tannock G W , Tangerman A , Van Schaik A , McConnell M A
Published: January 2020

Conjugated and unconjugated bile acid concentrations in the small bowel contents and portal serum samples collected from mice with and without lactobacilli (RLFL and RLF, respectively) as gastrointestinal inhabitants were measured. The major portion of bile acids in the small bowel contents of RLFL mice was unconjugated (67.9%) in contrast to that of RFL animals in which a smaller portion of bile acids was unconjugated (23.5%). This study demonstrated that bile salt hydrolase produced by lactobacilli is active under the conditions prevailing in the proximal small bowels of mice.
Stachybotrys atra
Growth and Toxin Production in Some Building Materials and Fodder under Different Relative Humidities
Authors: Nikulin Marjo , Pasanen Anna-Liisa , Berg Seija , Hintikka Eeva-Liisa
Published: January 2020

Growth of
Stachybotrys atra
and its toxin production on some building materials and in animal fodder were studied at relative humidities ranging from 78 to 100%. Toxins were detected by biological assays and chemical methods. Strong growth of the fungus and presence of macrocyclic trichothecenes, mainly satratoxins G and H, were detected on wallpaper and gypsum boards and in hay and straw at saturation conditions. On pine panels,
S. atra
grew well, but neither biological toxicity nor production of macrocyclic trichothecenes was observed.
Purification and some properties of alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from Bacillus subtilis 3-6
Authors: Kaneko S , Sano M , Kusakabe I
Published: January 2020

alpha-L-Arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55) was purified from culture supernatant of Bacillus subtilis 3-6. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 61,000 and displayed maximum activity at pH 7.0 and 60 degrees C. It released arabinose from O-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1-->3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-D-x ylopyranos e (A1X2), O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-[O-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1-->3)]- O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-D-xylopyranose (A1X3), and arabinan, but not from O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->2)-O-alpha-L- arabinofuranosyl-(1-->3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-O-beta-D-xylopyr anosyl- (1-->4)-D-xylopyranose (A1X4), arabinoxylan, gum arabic, or arabinogalactan.
Bioluminescent Most-Probable-Number Method To Enumerate
lux
-Marked
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
UG2Lr in Soil
Authors: Flemming C. A. , Lee H. , Trevors J. T.
Published: January 2020

Bioluminescence measured with a luminometer and charge-coupled device was an effective marker in most-probable-number assays for
luxAB
-marked
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
UG2Lr in soil. Most-probable-number assays with microtiter plate wells and luminometer tubes gave estimates for UG2Lr that were similar to viable colony counts. Both methods detected five cells per g of soil.
Differential Effect of Tetrazolium Dyes upon Bacteriophage Plaque Assay Titers
Authors: Hurst Christon J. , Blannon Janet C. , Hardaway Rachel L. , Jackson Wesley C.
Published: January 2020

This study examined whether the practice of incorporating either tetrazolium red or tetrazolium violet dye into plaque assay medium deleteriously influences plaque assay titers. Representative members of six different virus families were studied:
Cystoviridae
(ϕ6),
Leviviridae
(MS2),
Microviridae
(ϕX174),
Myoviridae
(T2),
Podoviridae
(P22), and
Siphoviridae
(Denver, T1, and VD13). Each of the members of the
Podoviridae
and
Siphoviridae
families appeared to be suppressed by either one or both dyes at a 300-μg/ml concentration. The chosen representatives of the other bacteriophage families were not suppressed by either dye at a 300-μg/ml concentration. Subsequent trials revealed no suppression of
Podoviridae
or
Siphoviridae
plaque assay titers when members of these virus families were tested with the same two dyes at the lower concentrations of 150 and 50 μg/ml. Interestingly, the bacteriophage families whose members were affected by the dyes have additional commonality in that they are the two bacteriophage families whose members possess both double-stranded DNA genomes and noncontractile tails.
An Immunological Assay for Detection and Enumeration of Thermophilic Biomining Microorganisms
Authors: Amaro Ana M. , Hallberg Kevin B. , Lindström E. Börje , Jerez Carlos A.
Published: January 2020

A specific, fast, and sensitive nonradioactive immunobinding assay for the detection and enumeration of the moderate thermophile
Thiobacillus caldus
and the thermophilic archaeon
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
was developed. It employs enhanced chemiluminescence or peroxidase-conjugated immunoglobulins in a dot or slot blotting system and is very convenient for monitoring thermophilic bioleaching microorganisms in effluents from industrial bioleaching processes.
Effect of time and temperature on multiplication of Vibrio vulnificus in postharvest Gulf Coast shellstock oysters
Authors: Cook D W
Published: January 2020

After harvest, shellstock oysters stored under controlled temperatures of 10, 13, and 18 degrees C and at ambient outside air temperature (23 to 34 degrees C) were sampled after 12 and 30 h for Vibrio vulnificus. At 13 degrees C and below, V. vulnificus failed to multiply in the oysters. In oysters held at 18 degrees C for 30 h and under ambient conditions for 12 and 30 h, V. vulnificus numbers were statistically greater (P < 0.05) than those in oysters at harvest. These data indicate that endogenous V. vulnificus can multiply in unchilled shellstock oysters.
Oxygen Uptake by
Treponema pallidum
Authors: Cox C. D. , Barber M. K.
Published: January 2020

Virulent
Treponema pallidum
has been shown to consume O
2
at a rate similar to that of the known aerobic spirochaete,
Leptospira.
Such O
2
uptake is cyanide sensitive, indicating a functioning cytochrome oxidase. Inhibition of O
2
uptake by azide, chlorpromazine, and amytal further suggests a functioning electron transport system for the oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced) to O
2
. Evidence is consistent with the probability that this terminal electron-transport system is coupled to oxidative phosphorylation. The potential significance of these findings is discussed.
Slime of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
: In Vivo Production
Authors: Dimitracopoulos George , Sensakovic John W. , Bartell Pasquale F.
Published: January 2020

Indirect hemagglutination inhibition tests were employed to detect slime in concentrations as low as 1 μg/ml. Increasing concentrations of slime resulted in proportionately greater inhibition of hemagglutination. Peritoneal aspirates and plasma of mice injected with slime were shown to exhibit the inhibitory activity of slime. The rapid dissemination of slime into the peripheral circulation was also indicated by the hemagglutination of mouse erythrocytes by specific anti-slime serum. By similar methods, the inhibitory activity of slime was also detected in peritoneal aspirates and plasma of mice infected with lethal doses of viable
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity was found to increase with time after viable cell infection, whereas such increases were not detected after the injection of heat-killed organisms. Ferritin-labeled slime antibodies were found to completely surround cells of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
obtained from the peritoneal cavity of mice 5 h postinfection.
Diminished Virulence of Glucan Synthesis-Defective Mutants of
Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Tanzer J. M. , Freedman M. L. , Fitzgerald R. J. , Larson R. H.
Published: January 2020

The virulence of cell surface-associated, glucan synthesis-defective mutants of
Streptococcus mutans
strain 6715-13 was studied. Representatives from three groups of such mutants were tested for their pathogenicity in conventionalized, specific pathogen-free rats and gnotobiotic rats. The mutants differ from the wild-type strain in that each failed to form plaque on the smooth surfaces of the teeth and to cause smooth surface caries. Although the ability to form cell surface-associated glucans was not a strict requirement for the expression of virulence in the sulci of the teeth, it augmented virulence at such sites. However, the ability to form cell surface-associated glucans and to adhere to the teeth was clearly not the sole determinant of virulence.
Mycobacterial Components Responsible for the Induction of a Chronic Immunological Inflammatory Response in Rabbit Lungs
Authors: Moore Vernon L. , Myrvik Quentin N.
Published: January 2020

Fractions of the tubercle bacillus were examined for their capacity to produce an allergic pulmonary granulomatous response in rabbits. We found that emulsions containing old tuberculin and even old tuberculin alone in an emulsion could induce a pulmonary inflammatory reaction comparable in intensity to that produced with killed BCG. Emulsions lacking old tuberculin failed to produce an allergic pulmonary inflammatory response. The significance of these results in relation to immunological and nonimmunological chronic inflammation is discussed.
Surface-Surface Associations in Microbial Communities Populating Epithelial Habitats in the Murine Gastrointestinal Ecosystem: Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Savage Dwayne C. , Blumershine Ruth V. H.
Published: January 2020

Scanning electron microscopy has been used to visualize the residents of microbial communities populating habitats on epithelial surfaces in the gastrointestinal tracts of mice. In the stomach, bacteria form a dense layer on the stratified squamous epithelium of the nonsecreting area. Microbes of at least three morphological types can be seen in this layer, including short rods with round ends, rods in chains, and tapering filaments composed of repeating units of rod- or coccal-shaped elements varying in size from large at one end of the filament to small at the other end. These three forms all attach by one end to the epithelium. The latter two forms can be found only so attached; in both cases, the end is inserted into a hole or depression in the keratinized epithelium. In the small intestine, a microbe of morphology similar to that of the tapering filaments found in the stomach can be seen attached end-on to the epithelium. Again each filament has one end inserted into a hole in the epithelium. In this case, however, the repeating elements of each filament are all about the same size. In the cecum and colon, predominantly fusiform- and spiral-shaped microbes can be seen mixed together in layers on the epithelium. At least three types of fusiform-shaped microbes can be distinguished on the basis of surface texture, and one type of spiral-shaped microbe can be found. These microorganisms appear to be attached to each other and to the epithelium by weblike filaments. The numerous microbial types present in the various epithelial habitats associate intimately surface-to-surface with each other and with the epithelium. Such surface-surface association may be an important autogenic factor contributing to the stability of the murine gastrointestinal ecosystem.
Phagocytosis of Live Versus Heat-Killed Bacteria by Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: DeChatelet Lawrence R. , Mullikin Debra , Shirley Pamela S. , McCall Charles E.
Published: January 2020

Heat-killed
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
are phagocytized much more slowly by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes than are the live organisms. The post-phagocytic increase in hexose monophosphate shunt activity (HMS) parallels the ingestion of the bacteria. The addition of serum to the live organisms causes a marked increase in both ingestion and cellular HMS activity; serum actually causes an inhibition of both uptake and HMS activity when added to the heat-killed organisms. Differences in postphagocytic HMS activity between live and heat-killed organisms were observed with three different species of bacteria, indicating that the phenomenon is not restricted to
P. aeruginosa.
These data emphasize that the influence of the particle on the phagocytic process is considerable.
Further Study on Neutralization of Biochemical Activity of Cord Factor by Anti-Cord Factor Antibody
Authors: Kato Masahiko
Published: January 2020

The action of trehalose-6, 6′-dimycolate (cord factor) of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
to induce site II-specific inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and to stimulate adenosine triphosphatase activity was neutralized by its specific antibody. The activity was restored after dissociation of cord factor from the immune complex.
Isolation of Skin Test-Active Preparations from Yeast-Phase Cells of
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Authors: Cox Rebecca A. , Larsh Howard W.
Published: January 2020

Cell wall and cytoplasmic fractions were isolated from mechanically disrupted yeast-phase cells of
Blastomyces dermatitidis
in an effort to obtain a reliable skin-test antigen. The biological activities of these fractions were compared with those of two blastomycin preparations. The cytoplasmic antigens exhibited a low index of specificity yet exceeded the specificities of the blastomycins. The skin test-active component(s) of the cytoplasmic material had a molecular weight between 10,000 and 30,000 and could easily be concentrated by ultrafiltration on a PM-10 membrane. Unlike the cytoplasmic antigens and blastomycins, an alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall antigen effectively distinguished guinea pigs that were sensitized to
B. dermatitidis
from those sensitized to
Histoplasma capsulatum.
The biological activity of the yeast-phase antigen could be quantitated, on a weight basis, after purification by ultrafiltration (PM-10 membrane).
Amino Acid Flux and Protein Synthesis After Exposure of Rats to Either
Diplococcus pneumoniae
or
Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Wannemacher Robert W. , Powanda Michael C. , Dinterman Richard E.
Published: January 2020

At 26 h after inoculation of rats with
Diplococcus pneumoniae
, the serum concentrations of 10 and 20 individual amino acids were lower than corresponding values observed in pair-fed controls. In contrast, only 2 of 20 serum amino acids were similarly decreased in rats inoculated with
Salmonella typhimurium.
Despite these serum differences, a greater accumulation of labeled non-metabolizable amino acids occurred in the livers of rats infected with
S. typhimurium.
These data suggested a greater increase in the flux of amino acids from muscle to liver in the rats infected with
S. typhimurium
as compared to those infected with
D. pneumoniae.
A similar increase in serum protein synthesis was observed in rats infected with
D. pneumoniae
or
S. typhimurium.
However, with the latter infection, a larger percentage of the amino acids appeared to be utilized as a source of energy in addition to their role as precursors of proteins.
Comparison of Immunofluorescence and Isolation Techniques in the Diagnosis of Respiratory Viral Infections of Children
Authors: Fulton R. E. , Middleton P. J.
Published: January 2020

The immunoflourescent antibody technique (IFAT) and cell culture isolation procedures were compared for their efficiency in the etiological diagnosis of viral respiratory illness in children. Before the IFAT was incorporated as a routine procedure, antisera used in the test were carefully calibrated to insure specificity. A study was then conducted in which 375 nasopharyngeal suctions were investigated by both IFAT and isolation for the presence of parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3, respiratory syncytial, influenza A, and influenza B viruses. Methods already established in our hospital for patient management and specimen collection were not altered for the purposes of the study. The IFAT, as conventionally practiced in the detection of respiratory virus antigens, requires adequate numbers of ciliated epithelial cells. There were 68.5% specimens which contained cells suitable for IFAT, whereas 31.5% had either an insufficient number or inappropriate types of cells and could be used only for virus isolation. Cell-associated immunoglobulins were detected in 16% of those specimens with adequate cells. When all specimens were considered regardless of their cell population, IFAT was inferior to isolation in diagnostic efficiency. However, isolation complemented by IFAT resulted in a statistically significant increase in number of positive virus identifications. Under routine working conditions in a large pediatric hospital, it was found that IFAT could not replace isolation techniques but could, if used in conjunction with isolation, provide a significant overall increase in number of positive diagnoses. The time that the specimen was taken in relation to first symptoms was found to be an important variable with respect to the method most likely to succeed in virus identification.
Prevention of the Generalized Shwartzman Reaction and Endotoxin Lethality by Polymyxin B Localized in Tissues
Authors: Craig William A. , Turner James H. , Kunin Calvin M.
Published: January 2020

Pretreatment with multiple doses of polymyxin B and colistimethate was evaluated as to its ability to sequester sufficient antibiotic in tissues to neutralize the effects of endotoxin in three animal models. Animals were challenged with endotoxin 24, 48, or 72 h after the last dose of antibiotic when there was minimal or not detectable drug in serum. Pretreatment with polymyxin B was successful in preventing the generalized Shwartzman reaction in rabbits and reducing endotoxin lethality in mice; however, large doses (20 mg per kg per day for 2 or 4 days) were required. Prolongation by more than 24 h of the interval between the last dose of polymyxin B and endotoxin challenge resulted in reduction or loss of protection. Dogs were unable to tolerate the high polymyxin B dosage which was protective in the mouse and rabbit. Lower, nontoxic doses of polymyxin B in dogs did not prevent endotoxin shock and lethality, even when challenged as soon as 1 h after the last dose. Pretreatment with colistimethate was ineffective in all three animal models.
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate and Alteration of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Morphology: a Rapid, Sensitive In Vitro Assay for the Enterotoxins of
Vibrio cholerae
and
Escherichia coli
Authors: Guerrant Richard L. , Brunton Laurence L. , Schnaitman Terry C. , Rebhun Lionel I. , Gilman Alfred G.
Published: January 2020

The major limitation to our understanding of the clinical importance of enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
in diarrheal illness has been the lack of a simple rapid assay for the enterotoxin produced by certain
E. coli.
On the basis of the activation of adenylate cyclase by heat-labile enterotoxin of
E. coli
(LT) and by cholera toxin (CT) in intestinal and other tissues, cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with known morphological responses to dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) were exposed to these enterotoxins. Crude culture filtrates of LT-producing
E. coli
and CT stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation and cell elongation in CHO cells. The similarity of time course, concentration dependence, and potentiation by phosphodiesterase inhibitors suggested cyclic AMP mediation of the morphological change. Heat inactivated CT and LT in this system. Choleragenoid inhibited CT; antiserum against CT inhibited both enterotoxin effects. In contrast to culture filtrates of 16 strains of
E. coli
known to produce LT, culture filtrates from 13
E. coli
that do not produce LT did not alter CHO cell morphology. The morphological change is a simple, specific assay for these enterotoxins and detect 3 × 10
−17
mol of CT or a 1:250 dilution of crude culture filtrate of LT-producing
E. coli
334.
Quantitative Analysis of Serotonin Biosynthesis in Endotoxemia
Authors: Morris Katherine M. , Moon Robert J.
Published: January 2020

Endotoxin-poisoned mice converted significantly greater quantities of tryptophan to serotonin than did normal mice. The percentage increase, approximately 10 to 15%, was the same whether mice were given only trace quantities of tryptophan or tryptophan load (20 mg of
l
-tryptophan). The increased serotonin synthesis was accompanied by a decreased flow of tryptophan into the kynurenine pathway. These results indicate that excess serotonin synthesis occurs not only at dose levels of tryptophan which are toxic for endotoxin-poisoned mice but also at physiological levels of tryptophan. This latter observation may have some importance in the overall pathophysiology of endotoxin shock.
Recurrent Cutaneous Herpes Simplex in Hairless Mice
Authors: Underwood Gerald E. , Weed Sheldon D.
Published: January 2020

Passively immunized hairless mice were inoculated cutaneously with herpes simplex virus. Thirty-nine days later, when the primary cutaneous lesions had completely healed, the mice were treated subcutaneously with prednisone. Within 12 to 30 days after starting prednisone treatment, herpesvirus was recovered by skin swabs from 12 of 71 (17%) of the treated mice. This new model has potential application for understanding and treating recurrent cutaneous herpes infections.
Differentiation of Strains of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus by Neutralization Kinetics with Late 19
S
Rabbit Antibodies
Authors: Potgieter Leon N. D. , Maré C. John
Published: January 2020

Two vaccine, two respiratory (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis [IBR]), and two genital (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis [IPV]) strains of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus were compared by neutralization kinetics using late 19
S
antibody (AB). The two vaccine strains were indistinguishable from one another, but were neutralized far more rapidly than the other four strains when either anti-IBR or anti-IPV 19
S
AB was used. The two IPV strains were indistinguishable from one another, but were neutralized significantly more rapidly than the two IBR strains when anti-IBR 19
S
AB was used. The 2 IBR strains were neutralized at a similar rate with the latter globulin preparation. Almost identical results were obtained with anti-IPV 19
S
AB, except that one IPV strain was neutralized at a rate similar to the IBR strains. However, when early and late rabbit 7
S
AB were used, IBR strains could not be distinguished from IPV strains by neutralization kinetics. Preliminary experiments indicated that both early and late 19
S
rabbit antibodies neutralized the homologous strain more rapidly than the heterologous strain, but the difference was more noticeable with late 19
S
AB. It was also determined that neutralization of IBR-IPV virus by specific early and late 19
S
rabbit AB and early 7
S
rabbit AB was markedly enhanced by guinea pig complement. Neutralization of this virus by late 7
S
AB, however, was only slightly enhanced by complement. These results suggest that vaccine strains of IBR-IPV virus may be distinguished by neutralization kinetics with late 19
S
rabbit AB, and that genital and respiratory strains may possibly also be distinguishable with some 19
S
AB preparations.
Relationship of
Ehrlichia canis
-Infected Mononuclear Cells to Blood Vessels of Lungs
Authors: Simpson Charles F.
Published: January 2020

The lung tissue of six dogs with ehrlichiosis and two control dogs was examined with the electron microscope. Mononuclear cells containing inclusions (morulae) of
Ehrlichia canis
were adhered at one or more sites to the luminal surfaces of endothelial cells of arterioles or capillaries by way of interdigitations or areas of adherence, or an endothelial cell-bound mononuclear cell was chained to another parasitized or nonparasitized mononuclear cell in the lumen. The bifurcation of arterioles was the most common site at which mononuclear cells clung to the endothelium. Cell-free bodies (morulae), enclosed by a single membrane, were present in the lumens of arterioles. Such cell-free bodies were swollen and vesiculated as compared with intracytoplasmic inclusions (morulae) in mononuclear cells.
Equine Infectious Anemia Virus from Infected Horse Serum
Authors: Nakajima Hideo , Yoshino Tomoo , Ushimi Chuzo
Published: January 2020

Equine infectious anemia virus was purified from infected horse serum samples. Electron microscope observation on negatively stained preparations of purified virus showed roughly spherical particles sized between 100 and 200 nm in diameter. In disrupted particles, an envelope was visible but no internal structure could be resolved. Since the purified virus fraction had a strong antigenic activity to antiserum in immunodiffusion reaction, these particles are thought to be the causative virus of equine infectious anemia.
Effect of Development and Aging on the Response of Canine Lymphocytes to Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Gerber Jay D. , Brown Albert L.
Published: January 2020

The stage of development and age were found to effect the responsiveness of dog T-lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. T-lymphocytes from beagles 0 to 4 weeks of age showed significantly less response to phytohemagglutinin (
P
< 0.001) than T-lymphocytes from these same dogs at 6 to 12 weeks of age. Peak response to phytohemagglutinin occurred between 6 weeks to 6 months of age, after which there was a significant correlation (
P
< 0.02) between increase in age and decrease in phytohemagglutinin responsiveness.
Porcine Parvovirus: Natural and Experimental Infections of the Porcine Fetus and Prevalence In Mature Swine
Authors: Redman D. R. , Bohl E. H. , Ferguson L. C.
Published: January 2020

Antibodies against porcine parvovirus were detected in 17 of 116 prenursing pig sera. Antibodies against transmissible gastroenteritis or ECPO-6 (an enterovirus) were not detected in prenursing sera of the pigs tested. Seventy-seven percent of 129 serum samples from 23 Ohio farms and 82% of 96 samples from slaughter plants in Ohio were serologically positive for porcine parvovirus. Mummies or other abnormalities were not observed in newly born pigs exposed to porcine parvovirus by the transuterine route 101 days after gestation. Indirect evidence suggested that the virus had not spread to other fet uses following exposure after 101 days at least not in a sufficient amount of time to stimulate detectable antibody. Direct intrafetal exposure to porcine parvovirus (i.m. injection, transutero) after 62 days of gestation resulted in dealth and mummification of the two fetuses, and apparently in the subsequent spread of the virus, as five of nine live pigs born were serologically positive for porcine parvovirus and these five pigs had not been injected with the virus. Immunoglobulin G was detected in all newborn pigs irregardless of known antigenic stimulation or the presence of specific antibody. In general, the presence of immunoglobulin M or immunoglobulin A in fetal serum was correlated with a history of antigenic stimulation or the presence of detectable antibody.
Antigenic Relationships Among Newcastle Disease Virus Mutants Obtained from Laboratory Strains and from Recent California Isolates
Authors: Schloer Gertrude
Published: January 2020

The antigenic relationship between pairs of plaque mutants of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) derived from laboratory strains and from isolates from the 1971-72 California epizootic were examined by kinetic neutralization test. Comparing four sets of mutants from laboratory strains by both kinetic neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition tests, a similarity was found in the antigenic relationship expressed as an
r
value with both tests. However, kinetic neutralization was the more precise as well as sensitive assay. Antigenic diversity was greatest between pairs of mutants from different strains, but distinctions could also be made between mutants from the same strains such as Herts-L and Herts-S with an
r
value of 36%. Examination of mutants from the California epizootic isolated from separate locations and at different times showed antigenic divergence which was greatest between two red-plaque mutants with an
r
value of 39%. Antigenic distinctions were found between a red- and clear-plaque mutant obtained from isolates taken from brain and tracheal swabs of one infected chicken. In addition to antigenic divergence found between pairs of some mutants, two of the clear-plaque mutants reacted more avidly with antibody than did the corresponding red-plaque partner. Thus, both differences in antigenicity and avidity can be found among these NDV mutants. The antigenic variation found among these mutants is similar to that found within a serotype. This would imply that at the present NDV is a single serological type.
Strain Virulence and the Lysosomal Response in Macrophages Infected with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Hart P. D'Arcy , Armstrong J. A.
Published: January 2020

Strains H37Ra and H37Rv, attenuated and virulent variants, respectively, of the original human strain H37 of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, were used to infect cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages. Bacterial viability of each strain was assessed over a 2-week period, and the cellular response to H37Ra during the first week was observed using electron microscopy. Prelabeling of secondary lysosomes with ferritin was used to facilitate the estimation of fusion of the lysosomes with phagosomes containing the bacteria. Streptomycin was excluded from the medium of cell cultures infected with H37Ra. The intracellular viability of strain H37Rv (in the presence of streptomycin) showed a lag during the first week after infection and then rose progressively to a mean figure seven times the starting level. In contrast, the viability of strain H37Ra declined, on the average, to one-fifth of the starting level during the first week; moreover, this decline occurred in the absence of antibiotics. In the second week a variable rise in the viable count took place, usually regaining the starting level. Electron microscopy of macrophages infected with H37Ra revealed a higher proportion of “damaged” bacteria 5 days after infection than at 1 day, in keeping with the decline in viability. Phagosomes containing these “damaged” (and presumed dead) organisms showed virtually universal fusion with prelabeled lysosomes. Phagosomes containing “intact” bacteria of this strain showed a prevalence of fusion varying from 38 to 56%, somewhat higher than the level previously reported for “intact” organisms of H37Rv. Nevertheless, the lysosome-phagosome fusion response to “intact” H37Ra was still far less extensive than that observed previously towards “intact”
M. lepraemurium
(around 90%). In conclusion, a difference between the macrophage lysosome-phagosome fusion response towards viable organisms of strain H37Ra and to the virulent strain H37Rv was observed, but was not pronounced, and the present findings are in keeping with the increasingly held view that H37Ra should be regarded as a low-virulence or attenuated strain rather than truly avirulent.
Purification and Some Properties of Progenitor Toxins of
Clostridium botulinum
Type B
Authors: Kozaki Shunji , Sakaguchi Sumiko , Sakaguchi Genji
Published: January 2020

Purification of progenitor toxin of
Clostridium botulinum
type B strain Okra was undertaken by sequential steps of acid precipitation, extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, ribonuclease digestion, acid precipitation, protamine treatment, sulphopropyl-Sephadex chromatography, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Two different molecular-sized toxins, named large (L) and medium (M) toxins, were obtained. L toxin was centrifugally homogeneous but electrophoretically heterogeneous. It contained 2.5 × 10
8
to 3.0 × 10
8
mean lethal doses per mg of nitrogen, and its sedimentation constant was 16
S
. M toxin was centrifugally and electrophoretically homogeneous. It contained 5.5 × 10
8
to 6.0 × 10
8
mean lethal doses per mg of nitrogen, and its sedimentation constant was 12
S
. The presence of both L and M toxins in spent culture was demonstrated. It seems justified, therefore, to call both progenitor toxins. Both consisted of toxic and nontoxic components. The toxic components of L and M toxins appeared to be identical with each other. The nontoxic component of L toxin was 12
S
and possessed a hemagglutinin activity of about 0.5% that of type A crystalline toxin; that of M toxin was 7
S
and possessed no hemagglutinin activity. They were antigenically related but not identical.
Live Oral Cholera Vaccine: Evaluation of the Clinical Effectiveness of Two Strains in Humans
Authors: Cash Richard A. , Music Stanley I. , Libonati Joseph P. , Schwartz Andrew R. , Hornick Richard B.
Published: January 2020

El Tor Ogawa C14-S5 and EW-6, two live vaccine candidate strains, were given to volunteers in varying doses with and without bicarbonate. Vibrios were found in the stool of one of 32 men given the vaccine strain, and only three men developed a significant titer rise (fourfold or greater) at 2 weeks of vibriocidal or antitoxic antibody. Five men who had previously received 10
9
organisms of the C14-S5 strain were challenged subsequently with virulent Ogawa 395
Vibrio cholerae.
The rate of clinical infection in these men was no different than in unvaccinated controls. It was demonstrated that the live oral cholera vaccines did not remain viable in the intestine long enough to act antigenically.
Erythropoietin Production in Virulent Malaria
Authors: Rencricca Nicholas J. , Stout James P. , Coleman Robert M.
Published: January 2020

Erythropoietin, the hormone responsible for stimulating erythrocyte production, was shown to increase significantly in the serum of mice during virulent malaria infection. Although erythropoiesis was enhanced, it did not keep pace with the rate of erythocyte destruction; hence all
Plasmodium berghei
-infected mice quickly succumbed to the deleterious consequences of severe uncompensated hemolytic anemia. Since this apparently inadequate rate of erythropoiesis is not attributed to impaired erythropoietin generation, mechanisms relating to (i) hemopoietic stem-cell resistance to endogenous erythropoietin, (ii) deficits in numbers of hemopoietic stem cells, and/or (iii) ineffective erythropoiesis are of interest.
Habitat, Succession, Attachment, and Morphology of Segmented, Filamentous Microbes Indigenous to the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Davis C. P. , Savage D. C.
Published: January 2020

Some indigenous microorganisms localize on epithelial surfaces in various areas of the digestive tracts of animals. One of these, a segmented, filamentous microbe, localizes on the epithelium in the small bowels of mice and rats. These filamentous microbes colonize mice at weaning time and persist in adult animals for at least 2 months. Results of the study of light and electron micrographs suggest that the microorganisms are procaryotic, and that they interact with small bowel epithelial cells to form an attachment site. This site consists of modified epithelial cell membrane and apical cytoplasm adjacent to the attached bacterium. The microbe fills the site with part of its first segment. This segment has a nipple-like appendage on the end inserted into the epithelial cell. The other segments, which compose the rest of the filament, are usually separated by septa. Many of the individual segments contain intrasegmental bodies that appear to be procaryotic cells. Some of these intrasegmental bodies are similar in morphology to the first segment of each filament inserted into an epithelial cell. These intracellular bodies may be components in the life cycle of the microorganism. The organism has not yet been cultured in recognizable form. Therefore, such a hypothesis cannot be proved as yet, nor can the microbe be classified with certainty. Because it localizes in an epithelial habitat in the small bowel, however, it may be a particularly important microbial type in the gastrointestinal ecosystem of laboratory rodents.
Induction of Disseminated Virulent Cytomegalovirus Infection by Immunosuppression of Naturally Chronically Infected Wild Mice
Authors: Gardner Murray B. , Officer J. Earle , Parker John , Estes John D. , Rongey Robert W.
Published: January 2020

Wild mice immunosuppressed with antithymocytic sera show a high incidence of disseminated virulent cytomegalovirus infection.
In Vivo Effects of
Clostridium perfringens
Enteropathogenic Factors on the Rat Ileum
Authors: McDonel James L.
Published: January 2020

An experimental model was established using the terminal ileum of the rat for characterizing and studying the effects of crude cell-free extract from
Clostridium perfringens
upon physiological and histological parameters involved in the transport process. Further work was done with the model system using purified enterotoxin (protein) from the cell extract. Using an in vivo perfusion technique it was found that crude extract induces a reversal of net transport, from absorption in controls to secretion, of water, sodium, and chloride. Glucose absorption was greatly inhibited, whereas potassium and bicarbonate transports were unaffected. Crude extract also caused histological damage to the villus epithelium by denuding the villus tips, thereby leaving the lamina propria exposed. Similar responses in transport of water, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and glucose were caused by purified toxin. Little or no histological damage resulted from the pure toxin activity. However, the toxin was shown to have the capacity to denude villus tips under the proper experimental conditions.
Increased Interferon Production in Human Cells Irradiated with Ultraviolet Light
Authors: Mozes Lee W. , Havell Edward A. , Gradoville M. Lyndle , Vilček Jan
Published: January 2020

Polyinosinate-polycytidylate [poly(I)·poly(C)]-induced interferon production in cultures of human foreskin fibroblast strains was increased by ultraviolet irradiation of cells at the time of exposure to inducer or at 2 h after induction. Incubation of cells with interferon prior to induction (priming) and ultraviolet irradiation exerted a cooperative enhancing effect on interferon production. The resulting interferon yields were generally somewhat higher than the yields from cultures subjected to sequential treatment with cycloheximide and actinomycin D.
Investigation of Secretory Immunoglobulins in Saliva from Germfree Mice
Authors: Molinari J. A. , Ebersole J. L. , Platt D.
Published: January 2020

We investigated the effect of oral immunization on the serum and salivary immunoglobulin levels in axenic and conventional NIH mice. Specific antibacterial and antifungal antibodies were measured by passive hemagglutination, and differences in the immunoglobulin classes were measured by radial immunodiffusion. After an oral immunization regimen with either intact
Escherichia coli
or
Candida albicans
, a significant increase in specific antibody above the base-line reciprocal titer of 32 was observed in conventional mouse saliva. Saliva from axenic mice immunized with the formalized microorganisms yielded reciprocal antibody titers of 256, as compared with an absence of specific antibodies in control animals. Assay of the sera of both groups of immunized mice revealed no increase in antibody levels specific for
E. coli
lipopolysaccharide or Candidin.
Immunological Study of Typhoid: Immunoglobulins, C
3
, Antibodies, and Leukocyte Migration Inhibition in Patients with Typhoid Fever and TAB-Vaccinated Individuals
Authors: Kumar R. , Malaviya A. N. , Murthy R. G. S. , Venkataraman M. , Mohapatra L. N.
Published: January 2020

The development of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to
Salmonella typhi
antigens and immunoglobulin and C
3
levels were determined in patients suffering from typhoid fever, TAB-vaccinated individuals, and appropriate controls. In 45 patients with typhoid, a significant elevation of immunoglobulin M (IgM) level was noted from the first week of illness onwards. Eighteen TAB-vaccinated persons also showed a significant elevation of IgM levels. In typhoid sera, the anti-O and anti-H antibodies were mostly 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) sensitive. The rise of IgM level correlated well with the 2-ME-sensitive anti-O and anti-H antibodies seen in typhoid patients. The anti-O antibodies in the TAB-vaccinated group were almost entirely 2-ME sensitive, but both 2-ME-sensitive and -resistant anti-H antibodies were detected in the TAB group. A marked increas in C
3
level was also noted in patients with typhoid. The cell-mediated immunity (CMI), as measured by leukocyte migration inhibition tests, was demonstrable in 15 of 22 patients with typhoid. On the other hand, only 8 of the 20 normal subjects, 5 of the 16 fever control cases, and 6 of the 18 TAB-vaccinated individuals gave a positive CMI. The latter three groups were comparable with each other but were significantly different from the typhoid patients. It was concluded that TAB-vaccination did not induce CMI even though it induced the development of antibodies, the latter being comparable with those of the patients with typhoid. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Experimental Intra-Abdominal Abscesses in Rats: Quantitative Bacteriology of Infected Animals
Authors: Onderdonk Andrew B. , Weinstein William M. , Sullivan Nadine M. , Bartlett John G. , Gorbach Sherwood L.
Published: January 2020

An animal model simulating intra-abdominal sepsis was produced by implanting large bowel contents into the pelvic region of rats. Bacteriological analysis of infected sites showed quantitative differences according to the stage of disease. During the initial, often lethal, peritonitis stage,
Escherichia coli
(mean concentration, 10
6
/ml), enterococci (10
5
) and
Bacterioides fragilis
(10
6
) were always present. Blood cultures obtained during this phase were uniformly positive, with
E. coli
being the principal isolate. Animals that survived this early acute peritonitis stage developed indolent intra-abdominal abscesses. The major isolates in abscess contents were
B. fragilis
(10
8.7
) and
Fusobacterium
(10
8.6
);
E. coli
(10
7.8
) and enterococci (10
5.7
) were also present but in lesser concentrations. Rank order analysis of these four species in peritoneal exudates and abscess pus showed that the two aerobes outranked the two anaerobes during the early stage of the disease, whereas the reverse was true in abscesses. These experiments also illustrated that a major simplification of the original fecal inoculum occurred, even though the subsequent infection remained bacteriologically complex.
Induction of Interferon in Mice by Mycoplasmas
Authors: Rinaldo Charles R. , Cole Barry C. , Overall James C. , Glasgow Lowell A.
Published: January 2020

Interferon was induced in mice after intraperitoneal inoculation with four different mycoplasmas. Peak levels of between 100 and 300 U of interferon per ml were attained by 6 h postinfection with each of the mycoplasmas except
Mycoplasma arthritidis
, which induced higher titers (400 to 11,800 U/ml) by this time. A fifth mycoplasma,
M. pulmonis
, induced interferon inconsistently and at a later (72 to 96 h) time.
Mycoplasmatales
virus MVL51 and sterile mycoplasmal broth did not stimulate interferon production in vivo. All of the mycoplasmas and MVL51 failed to induce interferon in murine spleen cell, peritoneal exudate cell, or peripheral blood leukocyte cultures. Preinfecting the mycoplasmas with MVL51 or treating the organisms with trypsin or dilutions of specific antisera did not enhance their ability to induce interferon in vitro.
Lipid Peroxidation in the Killing of Phagocytized Pneumococci
Authors: Shohet S. B. , Pitt J. , Baehner R. L. , Poplack D. G.
Published: January 2020

To directly examine the role of hydrogen peroxide in the killing of bacteria after ingestion by granulocytes, we have studied some of the events of phagocytosis of a mutant strain of pneumococci which is relatively deficient in peroxide production. The hydrogen peroxide-deficient pneumococci and the otherwise identical wild type were grown with [
14
C]arachidonic and [
3
H]palmitic acid labels to label their lipids with unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, respectively. They were then incubated with both normal and chronic granulomatous disease granulocytes. The rates of ingestion and bacterial killing and the stability of fatty acids in the cell-bacteria complex were followed. Radioactive carbon dioxide released from glucose was also independently followed to measure glucose oxidation. Ingestion was similar for all cell-bacteria combinations. Chronic granulomatous disease cells killed the peroxide-positive wild pneumococci much more effectively (20-fold) than the peroxide-deficient mutant. Normal cells killed both peroxide-positive and -negative strains effectively. A considerable loss of [
14
C]arachidonic acid (∼40%) consistent with lipid peroxidation of this unsaturated fatty acid was observed in all normal cells and in chronic granulomatous disease cells with peroxide-positive pneumococci. However, no loss of [
14
C]arachidonic acid occurred in chronic granulomatous disease cells with the peroxide-deficient pneumococci. No loss tritiated palmitic acid occurred in any cell-bacteria combination. Glucose oxidation was impaired in the chronic granulomatous disease cells in comparison to normal cells at rest and was especially impaired in chronic granulomatous disease cells ingesting the peroxide-deficient mutant pneumococci. This defect was partially corrected after phagocytosis of the peroxide-positive strain. These data directly support the hypothesis that bacterial killing is partially dependent upon an intact peroxide-generating system in the leukocyte-bacteria complex. Moreover, they indicate that bacterial lipid peroxidation is associated with the generation of peroxide during phagocytosis. Finally, they suggest that such peroxidation may contribute to effective phagocytic bacterial killing.
Augmentation of Glucose Transport in Macrophages After Particle Ingestion
Authors: Bonventre Peter F. , Mukkada Antony J.
Published: January 2020

Guinea pig and mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture transport glucose by a specific, saturable system with characteristics compatible with facilitated diffusion. Phagocytosis of killed staphylococci or polystyrene latex spheres results in a significant increase in uptake of 2-deoxy-
d
-glucose. Reciprocal plot analysis showed that the
K

m

values were lowered as a consequence of phagocytosis by a factor of between 2 and 3 in both cell types;
V

max

values were not significantly changed. The nature of the intracellular sugar pool was analyzed and found to consist of free and phosphorylated 2-deoxy-
d
-glucose at a relatively constant ratio of 1:2 after periods of uptake between 1 and 20 min. Phagocytosis resulted in increased levels of both free and phosphorylated sugars in the cytoplasm. Since the
K

m

values were lowered, augmented glucose uptake could not be accounted for by altered hexokinase activity. It was concluded that phagocytosis induces changes in the glucose transport system per se. The data are compatible with the metabolic changes known to be associated with particle ingestion by phagocytic cells. The mechanism by which glucose transport is augmented after loss of significant amounts of cell surface during the phagocytic process is not yet known.
Immunological Responses to
Candida albicans
II. Amyloidosis in Mice Induced by Candidiasis
Authors: Pearsall Nancy N. , Lagunoff David
Published: January 2020

Candida albicans
infection in the mouse thigh rapidly induces amyloidosis in mice of the C57BL/Ks strain; amyloid is induced more slowly and to a lesser extent by viable candida in C3H and AKR mice, and by both viable
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
and heat-killed
C. albicans
in C57BL/Ks mice.
Clearance of
Candida albicans
from the Bloodstream of Rabbits
Authors: Baine William B. , Koenig M. Glenn , Goodman Jay S.
Published: January 2020

Candida albicans
injected intravenously into rabbits were rapidly cleared from the bloodstream. Organisms injected into a peripheral vein were predominantly cleared by the lungs; organisms injected into a mesenteric vein were largely cleared by the liver. The isolated, perfused rabbit liver avidly cleared candida organisms from buffer perfusate, but clearance was enhanced when the organisms were suspended in heated normal rabbit serum and was most complete when fresh normal rabbit serum was used as the perfusate.