bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local journals for international research?
Authors: Urrutia‐Fucugauchi J.
Published: October 2006

The above question may sound a little anomalous, after all, isn't it obvious that “international” scientific research should be published in international journals? The logic of such an argument, however, may not be as self‐evident as it would seem, particularly if we define “international” research as that research done in cooperation with colleagues from abroad or in countries other than our own.

Scientists often feel pressure to publish their work in journals that have wide circulation, thus promoting their work in order to get support for additional proposals. Yet I believe that a case can still be made for publishing a part of an international work in an appropriate local journal. I am not suggesting a proliferation of the literature by publishing a translation or republishing a paper. However, I believe there are many facets to each research program and that papers meeting the high quality standards of international journals may also be appropriate for local journals. Each research program and each paper should be considered on its own merits. Reasons an author may choose to publish in a local journal include reaching a more appropriate audience, presenting a topic that may be covered frequently in international journals but neglected in local ones, and exposing the work in a language other than English.
Turbulence and Random Processes in Fluid Mechanics
Authors: Thual O.
Published: October 2006

This book aims to give students the background to understand current research books on turbulence. To achieve this, it mixes a specialized review of advanced developments with elementary derivations of basic concepts or calculations.

There is no complete theory of turbulence in fluid mechanics. The scope of this subject involves a wide spectrum of topics: fluid motion equations, statistical tools, stability theory, transition to turbulence, turbulence modeling, and so on. In few pages, this book presents a panorama of distinct approaches, in the manner of a handbook. A large number of items are at least mentioned, if not treated in depth.
Earthquake engineering: Fifth Canadian Conference, Génie Sismique: Cinquime Conférence Canadienne
Authors: Seale Sandra H.
Published: October 2006

This book is the proceedings of the Fifth Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in Ottawa on July 6–8, 1987. This conference has been held every 4 years since 1971. The proceedings consist of the five keynote lectures and 88 papers that were presented. The majority of the authors are from the United States and Canada, but a significant body of work from Japan and the People's Republic of China is included. Since the proceedings of a conference cannot be subjected to a “book review” in the ordinary sense, I will describe the five keynote lectures and give an overview of the papers.
Pacific neogene stratigraphy
Authors: Barron John , Beu Alan , Blueford Joyce R. , Chinzei Kiyotaka , Hornibrook Norcutt , Ingle James , Steininger Fritz , Tsuchi Ryuichi
Published: October 2006

The Fourth International Congress of Pacific Neogene Stratigraphy, was held July 29–31, 1987, at the University of California, Berkeley. This very successful congress was organized by the Regional Committee on Pacific Neogene Stratigraphy (RCPNS) of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and the International Geological Correlation Program (IGCP) Project 246 “Pacific Neogene Events in Time and Space.” The meeting was attended by 180 scientists from 16 different countries, and more than 90 presentations were made, on topics ranging from paleoclimatology, biostratigraphy, regional stratigraphy and geologic history, new techniques in stratigraphy, evolutionary studies, and modern biofacies and sediment relationships.

A. R. Edwards of the New Zealand Geological Survey (Lower Hutt, New Zealand) spoke on climatic events that he recognizes in the late Neogene strata of New Zealand. The carbon isotope shift during chron 6 (6.3–6.5 Ma) is identified in the sequence at Blind River (Marlborough, New Zealand). The extinction of ∼25% of New Zealand molluscan genera during the latest Micoene (Kapitean Stage) accompanied the greatly accelerated diversification of planktonic foraminifera lineages at this time. The New Zealand events are also coeval with the Messinian “salinity crisis” in the Mediterranean. A series of events (extinctions of Mollusca, appearance of glacial rock types, foraminifera speciation, and nannofossil appearances) in New Zealand late Pliocene rocks reflect the climatic deterioration. One type of sub‐Antarctic molluscan fauna abruptly appeared in central North Island at 2.4 m.y., coeval with the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation.
Geophysics in the public eye
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The 1988 AGU Spring Meeting attracted more journalists than ever before. Representatives from 12 magazines, 5 newspapers, 2 wire services, and a TV station used the press room and attended the 6 news conferences. The journalists were attracted to the meeting, held May 16‐in Baltimore, Md., by 6 press releases mailed out by the AGU public information staff in the 2 months before the meeting. Correspondents from as far as Sweden and Japan joined U.S. reporters from San Francisco, New York, Washington, D.C. and Baltimore.
Climate change, global change: What is the difference?
Authors: Rasool S.I.
Published: October 2006

The recent surge in committee activities, national and international, to define and promote a program of research in global change has left many of our colleagues wondering how this new program is going to be different from the World Climate Research Program (WCRP), which has the charge to study the problem of climate change. In fact, although the programs overlap, the difference between the two is both substantial and substantive.

Substantial, because the scope of the program to study global change is much broader; a very large number of scientific disciplines will be involved. The program will need support from an even larger number of programming agencies from around the world. Substantive, because the program will address research that is not emphasized in the WCRP:

studies of chemical compounds other than water as they cycle through the atmosphere, land, and oceans

measurements and modeling of the eutrophic zone in upper layers of the oceans, where rates of photosynthesis and transport regulate the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and deep oceans

documenting variability of the global vegetation cover and of soil chemistry and studying their impacts on the concentration of atmospheric gases

the study of how changes in regional climate affect the state of vegetation for periods of a few decades.
Reply, on chaos
Authors: Shaw Herbert R.
Published: October 2006

The letter from Foster Morrison is both provocative and much appreciated. It is a veritable syllabus for an advanced course on everything not as yet resolved by applied mathematicians. Not being one, despite my simplified application of some properties of numbers, it might be best to leave sleeping tigers alone on that score. However, I will venture some responses in the same spirit of enquiry that marks the tone of Morrison's remarks. The points I take up are fairly evident in following the sequence of paragraphs in his letter (if I have missed anything, it is either because the response is implicit in other remarks or there was nothing to add).
Antarctic ice core: CO2 and climatic change over the last climatic cycle
Authors: Lorius C. , Barkov N. I. , Jouzel J. , Korotkevich Y. S. , Kotlyakov V. M. , Raynaud D.
Published: October 2006

A deep ice core extracted at Vostok station, Antarctica, provides a record of atmospheric climate and CO2 that is representative of global changes over the last glacial‐interglacial cycle (160,000 years). Spectral analysis of the isotope temperature profile confirms the role of astronomical forcing in Quaternary climate changes. There is a remarkably close association between the climatic and CO2 records. This association indicates a fundamental link between the climate system and the carbon cycle, although the processes involved are not clearly understood. A simple statistical comparison of the Vostok temperature record with various potential forcing factors suggests that CO2 concentrations may have played a major role in the observed climatic record, in addition to insolation inputs exerted locally and at northern hemisphere latitudes (where continental ice sheets are growing and decaying at the glacial‐interglacial time scale). We propose that CO2 and other atmospheric chemical changes may have had an important effect on Quaternary climate by providing, for the large 100‐kyr oscillation, the necessary amplification of the orbital forcing at that frequency.
Fault traces Australian quakes
Authors: Johnston Arch
Published: October 2006

Surface rupture caused by earthquakes is extremely rare in stable continental environments such as the Northern Territory of Australia. However, the Tennant Creek earthquakes of January 22, 1988, rank among the largest known onshore Australian earthquakes, whose surface damage can be seen by these photographs and the cover photograph.

The top picture shows the main surface scarp of the Tennant Creek earthquakes. The view is east, and the throw of nearly 1 m (ruler in center of photograph is 30 cm) is south‐over‐north. Elsewhere on the rupture the scarp took on a more ridgelike morphology, often accompanied by extensive Assuring.
Geomorphic Systems of North America
Authors: Keller E. A.
Published: October 2006

In the first chapter of this book, editor William L. Graf states that the volume's most important purpose is to provide the scientific community with a review of selected research problems from each of the major geomorphic provinces of North America and to delineate recent efforts to solve them. What makes this book exciting and different is its emphasis on geomorphic process and analysis of landforms.

After an introductory chapter, the book appropriately begins with a chapter concerning the Appalachian Mountains and plateaus where many basic ideas concerning North American geomorphology were developed. Of particular importance here are models of landform evolution, quantitative relations between landforms, rock type, and structure, and consideration of fluvial systems.
Biggest solar maximum coming?
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Over the next few years, Earth may be bombarded by particles created by the strongest solar disturbances ever recorded, say scientists from a NOAA‐Air Force center. The storms will threaten satellites and groundbased communication and power systems, but will add to the planet's vital veil of stratospheric ozone and help clear space junk from Earth orbit.

The prediction comes from observations of the Sun's 11‐year sunspot cycle. The dark spots, which grow as a result of convection near the surface of the Sun's photosphere, wax and wane every 11 years, on average, an indicator of solar activity easily visible to astronomers. The current solar cycle began with a minimum in sunspot activity in September 1986; since then the number of spots forming in the Sun has been going up. The solar maximum should occur around 1990.
Questionable future for Landsats 6, 7
Authors: Wainger Lisa A.
Published: October 2006

“Now is the time to pull strings…use your connections,” Congressman Dave McCurdy (D‐ OK‐4) told a Geosat meeting June 23 in Washington, D.C. McCurdy was talking to the board of the satellite users corporation about the current congressional negotiations for the Landsat 6 development budget.

President Reagan requested $34.1 million for Landsat 6 for FY89. The House and Senate appropriations committees have budgeted $20.3 million, and the Department of Defense is expected to make up the shortfall. No provisions have been made for the $34 million scheduled for Landsat hardware. Final appropriations will not be decided until the House‐Senate committee conference session on the 1989 budget.
Geophysical data sets from NGDC
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

From climatologists analyzing deep‐sea sediment cores to tectonophysicists studying changes in Earth's magnetic field, geophysicists can benefit from new data sets from the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC). Ten new or updated offerings have been announced this year. The announcement number follows the description.

Data on sediment cores from Deep Sea Drilling Project sites in the Pacific Ocean, scattered through more than 90 volumes, have been gathered in one 447‐page report. Site summaries and lithologic logs have been standardized and condensed, and include information on sediment age, rock type and composition, lithologic boundaries, percent carbonate and biogenic silica, bulk density, and porosity (88‐MGG‐01).
Glacial Geologic Processes
Authors: Hallet Bernard
Published: October 2006

There has long been a need for a book that assembles the diverse information about the processes by which glaciers deposit sediments and create and modify landforms. Drewry has succeeded in compiling much of this material in a very accessible format in Glacial Geologic Processes. In addition, instead of limiting himself strictly to the action of glaciers on their substrates, he has included detailed coverage of processes occurring in preglacial streams, lakes, and fjords. The final chapters are devoted to glacimarine processes related to ice shelves, glacier tongues, icebergs, and sea ice.

As he states in the preface, Drewry wrote this book in an attempt to bridge the sizable gap between purely glaciological texts, such as H. Paterson's excellent introduction Physics of Glaciers (Pergamon Press, New York, 1981) and the rather descriptive texts currently used by geologists and geomorphologists interested in the products of ice activity on Earth's surface. Drewry does fill much of this important gap by providing a detailed, coherent, and comprehensive overview of the primary processes that manifest themselves in glacial landforms and deposits. However, geologists are likely to experience some slight frustration with Glacial Geologic Processes because no attempt is made to connect the independent treatments of individual processes within a general framework that is conducive to improving our understanding of large‐scale glacial landforms and deposits. I must stress that this shortcoming is largely a reflection of the very limited nature of our understanding of the connections between glacial processes and landforms. Nevertheless, it is surprising that Drewry seldom outlines the path between process and form.
Reid honored at Old Dominion University
Authors: Atkinson Larry
Published: October 2006

Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Oceanography Robert O. Reid of Texas A&M University (College Station, Tex.) was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Va., at the university's spring commencement on May 7, 1988. Reid delivered the ceremony's keynote address to 1540 bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree recipients.

Reid, a native of Milford, Conn., earned a master's degree in oceanography from Scripps Institution of Oceanography (La Jolla, Calif.) in 1948. His professional interests include tides, tsunamis, wave mechanics, and ocean circulation. He taught at Texas A&M from 1951 until his retirement in 1987 and served as chairman of the Oceanography Department from 1981‐1987.
Large‐scale sea surface temperature variations and extended‐range (2–3 months) weather forecasting
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Month‐to‐month global atmospheric variability results from the atmosphere's internal dynamics and from fluctuations in boundary forcing produced by snow, sea surface temperature (SST), sea ice, and soil moisture. While SST is only one of several boundary conditions influencing large‐scale, long‐period atmospheric circulation changes, it has been studied extensively since Namias's [1959] conjecture about the interplay between SST in the North Pacific and the overlying atmospheric circulation on the seasonal time scale.

The influence of SST on 2− to 3‐month atmospheric circulation variations was the focus of the third in a series of Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) multidisciplinary colloquia emphasizing the interaction of global processes among the systems of Earth. This third JPL Colloquium on Global Interactions, entitled “Large Scale Sea Surface Temperature Variations and Extended‐Range (2‐3 Months) Weather Forecasting,” was held at JPL (Pasadena, Calif.) on September 17, 1987. The following topics were discussed:

accuracy of global SST measurements from satellites,

wind‐driven ocean models of SST prediction,

regional and global ocean‐atmosphere teleconnections, and

satellite data for improvement of extendedrange weather forecasting.
AGU elected officers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

On July 1, 1988, newly elected section and union officers assumed their offices. The past president, union officers, and section presidents and presidentselect will serve as members of the AGU Council through June 30, 1990. Each new section president‐elect will serve 2 years in that capacity, then 2 years as section president.
Virgil A. Frizzell, Jr., Congressional Science Fellow
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Virgil A. Frizzell, Jr., a geologist with the U. S. Geological Survey (Flagstaff, Ariz.), has been selected as the 1988–1989 AGU Congressional Science Fellow. A member of AGU's Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology Section, he will begin his 1‐year tenure on Capitol Hill as AGU's 12th Congressional Science Fellow in September.

Since 1984, Frizzell has conducted research for USGS on the geologic framework of the Southern Great Basin, Nevada, and California. This research has centered on the Nevada Test Site (NTS) and the proposed nuclear waste site at Yucca Mountain and has included compiling existing geology of NTS, mapping poorly understood areas, summarizing stratigraphy of southwest Nevada volcanic field, and analyzing Neogene stress regimens. Earlier work with USGS has included research at Los Padres National Forest, California, summarizing geology and mineral resource potential of 23 Further Study Areas and one wilderness, totaling 850,000 acres in all. He has worked with USGS since 1970.
Observations of oceanic cloudiness
Authors: McGuffie K. , Henderson‐Sellers A.
Published: October 2006

Cloud cover over the Earth is measurable using several techniques, including a trained observer, some automated ground‐based system, or an aircraft or a space platform. These three views of the three‐dimensional cloud scene differ in a number of ways. The surface‐observing system is generally fairly close to the clouds (<10–15 km), whereas the satellite is far removed from them (>1000 km). The complementary nature of the bird's eye and worm's eye views of a multilayered cloud scene and the distinct and complementary advantages of high‐quality cloud texture/type retrieval from the surface and aircraft and excellent spatial and temporal coverage by satellites have prompted proposals for cloud climatologies combining conventional and satellite retrievals. This requires careful study of the nature of conventional (surface‐based) cloud observation techniques.
Was Mono Lake a 14C dump?
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

This is a scientific story without an explanation, called a “mystery” and an “enigma” in articles by the people who discovered it. Confounded by evidence they cannot explain by natural processes, these scientists implicate human beings.

One month ago in Eos, (June 7, 1988, p. 633), Wallace Broecker and Scott Stine reported abnormally high levels of radiogenic 14C in California's Mono Lake, now a National Historic Site. The only logical explanation, they proposed, is that someone secretly dumped a total of about 20 curies of 14C into the lake in two doses, sometime between 1952 and 1958 and again between 1966 and 1977. Broecker and Stine, geologists at Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory in Palisades, N.Y., called on readers for information on the source of the 14C.
New weather radar coming
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

What would you call the next generation of radar for severe weather prediction? NEXRAD, of course. A prototype for the new system was recently completed in Norman, Okla., and by the early 1990s up to 195 stations around the United States will be tracking dangerous weather and sending faster, more accurate, and more detailed warnings to the public.

NEXRAD is being built for the Departments of Commerce, Transportation, and Defense by the Unisys Corporation under a $450 million contract signed in December 1987. Th e system will be used by the National Weather Service, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the U.S. Air Force and Navy. The NEXRAD radar tower in Norman is expected to be operational in October.
1988 AGU Spring Meeting
Authors: Harrison Christopher
Published: October 2006

By and large, the Spring Meeting was a great success. It generated the largest number of papers (1872) and the largest attendance (2814) of any Spring Meeting; we have essentially recovered the participation to where it was before the Spring Meeting moved out of Washington in 1978. Due to the skill of the individual members of the program committee, there were few if any complaints about rooms being too small for the audience, a situation we have found ourselves in many times in the past. The major problem was the space allocated for the poster sessions. Because they were only changed once each day, we had to double the number of boards from what had originally been planned, and the space was not quite adequate for this number. Future growth within the same facility will therefore require considerable thought about how to accommodate the growth.
Decade for natural disaster reduction: An opportunity for international scientific cooperation
Authors: Oaks Sherry D.
Published: October 2006

Natural hazards, created when environmental processes such as earthquakes, windstorms, floods, landslides, wildfires, and drought occur in conflict with human populations, continue to take their toll in lives and human suffering. About three million people around the world have been killed in the past two decades, and the lives of about 800 million other people have been adversely affected [U.N. General Assembly, 1987b]. Short‐term economic losses have been estimated at $1–$5 billion annually. Single disasters have caused losses in developing countries equal to their annual GNP. Total losses, including damage to health and welfare of human populations from effects of long‐term environmental disasters such as desertification and negative effects of global climate change, are accumulating at an alarming rate. Mounting losses of life and property, and economic and political insecurity exacerbated by the effects of disasters, spurred the idea of an organized worldwide effort for a decade devoted to the reduction of natural hazards.
Precambrian layers drilled in Kansas
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The deepest well in Kansas history has revealed more than 3000 m of Precambrian rock and is providing new insights into the region's main structural feature, the Midcontinent Rift. The Kansas Geological Survey issued a report June 15 describing the work on the hole drilled by Texaco Inc. in December 1984 and January 1985. The hole penetrated 3400 m of Precambrian strata. The upper part of the hole (850–2200 m deep) was 90% basalt flows and 10% sediments, mostly siltstone. In the lower part of the hole (2200–3400 m) the proportions were reversed and the section was 90% sediments and 10% volcanics.
NSF awards for Women Scientists and Engineers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The National Science Foundation is inviting proposals for grants in 1989 from its program of Visiting Professorships for Women. Under terms of the grants, experienced women scientists and engineers will be given the opportunity to undertake advanced research and teaching responsibilities at an institution where they can also serve to encourage other women in scientific fields. The field of intended research must be one that NSF normally funds. The women selected for this program must work actively to encourage other women in science by lecturing, counseling, or otherwise increasing the visibility of women at the host institution.
The problem with phosphorus
Authors: Froelich Phillip N.
Published: October 2006

Phosphorus is King of the aquatic plant kingdom.1 Without it there would be no growth, no reproduction, and thus no life.2 This simple principle has been concealed from a generation of aquatic scientists seduced by the powers of the Queen Consort, Nitrogen.3

If Phosphorus is King and Nitrogen is Queen, then a naive observer4 of the Chess Queen, then a naive observer4 of the Chess Game of Life might prematurely conclude, after watching the moves unfolding on the board, that the Queen is all powerful and controls the game. She can move both diagonally and laterally across the board5 and travels long distances in one jump.6 Clones can be created from thin air on the back row.7 She literally dances over the board and controls the tempo of the game.8 A game without a dominant Queen is rare.9
Climate of Antartica
Authors: Streten N.A.
Published: October 2006

The Soviet Union has been very active in Antarctica since the International Geophysical Year (IGY, 1957–1958). It now maintains a continent‐wide network of scientific stations (occupied throughout the year), operates research ships in offshore waters in summer, and engages in extensive aviation operations and field studies. In meteorology and climatology the research work of the Soviet expeditions has resulted in a number of substantial books, such as those of Rusin [1961] and Astapenko [1960], as well as sections of the massive two‐volume Atlas of Antarctica [Tolstikov, 1966, 1969] and the two volumes of the Manual of the Climate of Antarctica [Arctic and Antarctic Institute, 1976, 1977].
The Gaia Controversy: AGU'S Chapman Conference
Authors: Kauffman Eric G.
Published: October 2006

The controversial Gaia Hypothesis of James Lovelock of Coombe Mill, Launceston, Cornwall, U.K., and his colleagues variously contends that throughout Earth history the global biosphere has influenced, even controlled, the physicochemical evolution of Earth's environments (especially oceans and climate) for its own benefit. Since the origin of life, the biosphere has influenced selective pressures on evolution, maintained the Earth in a kind of homeostasis, and thus created an environmental optimum through time, regulated by and for the biosphere. Rarely has a hypothesis immediately sparked such passionate response. There is something in it for everybody, from hard core scientists to philosophers, ultraconservationists, students of world religions, mystics, politicians, and space enthusiasts; they were all there in San Diego, March 7–11, 1988, for the AGU Chapman Conference on Gaia Hypotheses. For 4 days an impressive list of specialists presented and debated the pros and cons of Gaia Hypotheses from diverse perspectives: modern and ancient biology, ecology, biochemistry, the physicochemical systems of the Earth, oceans, and atmosphere, and the evolution of the solar system. Focus was on modern to Pleistocene atmosphere‐ocean‐Earth systems, case histories of their interaction with the biosphere, and relatively simple models drawn from these observations and projected back through time. Equivalent studies on the geological and paleobiological history of the Earth‐life system over the past 3.5 b.y. were underrepresented. Extended debates that followed generally strong presentations were lively, argumentative, and remarkably civil despite widely held views. The grace with which Jim Lovelock moved between his strongest critics and supporters set high standards for the debates. Everybody acknowledged a high learning curve.
The Newtonian gravitational constant on the feasibility of an oceanic measurement
Authors: Hildebrand John A. , Chave Alan D. , Speiss Fred N. , Parker Robert L. , Ander Mark E. , Zumberge Mark A.
Published: October 2006

The Newtonian gravitational constant G is a fundamental parameter of physics relating the gravitational force to the product of body masses by an inverse square of the separation. G has been measured with an accuracy of about 7 parts in 105 in individual laboratory experiments [e.g., Luther and Towler, 1982], but the consistency of all modern laboratory measurements is only about 7 parts in 104 (Figure 1), making it one of the most poorly determined physical constants of nature [cf. Cohen and Taylor, 1986; Gillies, 1987]. For the past century, virtually all experiments to measure G have been conducted on a scale (i.e., separation between test masses) of 50 cm or less, using a modification of the Cavendish balance. In recent years there has been increasing interest in determinations of G over larger scales than can be achieved in the laboratory. Some theoretical attempts to combine gravity with the other forces of nature predict the existence of a fifth force in addition to the classical gravitational, electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces. The fifth force would produce departures from Newtonian or inverse square law gravity at mass separations of tens of meters to tens of kilometers. Geophysical experiments are uniquely suited to measure the gravitational constant at these scales, and in this paper we outline the advantages of conducting such an experiment in the ocean.
Lake Nyos Dam
Authors: Freeth S. J.
Published: October 2006

Lake Nyos, or to be more precise, the upper 38 m of Lake Nyos, is held back by a natural dam (Figure 1) which, if it were to fail, would wreak havoc in the valleys to the north and cause a serious flood to surge down the Katsina Ala into Nigeria. Lockwood et al., [1987], who have been investigating the Lake Nyos gas disaster, which killed an estimated 1700 people in August 1986, presented a paper on the potential for disastrous failure of the Lake Nyos dam to the AGU Fall Meeting. Part of what they said was subsequently reported in New Scientist (December 10, 1987, p. 18). They have placed on record their view that the dam is only 400 years old and are reported to have stated that it is eroding away at the alarming rate of 1.5 m/yr. If their figures are correct, then surely the dam will fail within a decade or two at the most, and there is indeed cause for alarm and immediate action. However, teams from Cameroon, France, Italy, Japan , Switzerland, Britain, Nigeria, and Germany also visited Lake Nyos in the immediate aftermath of the gas disaster, and none of their reports have suggested that the dam is in itself an imminent threat.
Christopher Scarfe, 1941–1988
Authors: Lambert Richard
Published: October 2006

Tragedy of major proportion befell the family of Chris Scarfe and the University of Alberta, Canada, at 8 a.m. on July 20, 1988, when an errant car killed Chris instantly while he was out jogging on his way to work.

Born in England, Chris graduated at the University of Durham, beginning his career in experimental petrology with Peter Wyllie at the University of Chicago. Returning to England, he completed a Ph.D. at the University of Leeds, assisting in the development of a high‐pressure laboratory with Peter Harris. Appointed at the Univeristy of Alberta in 1972, he steadily developed a new facility, expanding the Department of Geology's embryonic high‐pressure laboratory with equipment capable of pressures to 40 kbar and 2000°C. He also supervised research on basalts in the Atlantic Ocean, British Columbia, and the Northwest Territories. He spent 1987–1980 in the Geophysical Laboratory, where he met Eiichi Takahashi, establishing a friendship and a most fruitful working partnership. Quickly realizing t h e significance of very high‐pressure equipment, Chris strenuously fought for a major equipment grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and secured it in time to have a Superpress delivered in February 1988, also utilizing support from the University. Quickly assembling a team of researchers, he brought the Superpress into immediate operation, producing diamonds within a month of start‐up. Major discoveries concerning the range of stability of carbonates and on the petrogenesis of komatiites are well under way at pressures up to 200 kbar.
Letter from VGP President
Authors: Clayton Robert N.
Published: October 2006

To Members of the Section of Volcanology, Geochemistry and Petrology:

The biennial changing of the guard for AGU officers has occurred once again. On behalf of the members of the VGP section, I thank Robin Brett for his admirable service as section president and Donald DePaolo for 2 years as secretary, with the principal responsibility for the scientific programs at AGU meetings. We welcome on board the new section officers: Bruce Marsh as president‐elect and Timothy Grove as secretary.
VGP Award becomes Norman Levi Bowen Award
Authors: Brett Robin
Published: October 2006

The Executive Committee of the VGP Section has decided to rename the VGP Award the Norman Levi Bowen Award. Renaming the award honors both Bowen and the recipient by having his or her name associated with that of such a giant. Although Bowen was an experimental petrologist, his work markedly influenced the fields of geochemistry and volcanology. Therefore the Committee believes that having Bowen's name associated with an award from the VGP Section is most fitting.
Norman L. Bowen Award to John Barry Dawson
Authors: Smith Joseph V. , Dawson J. B.
Published: October 2006

Barry Dawson is just right for th e first Norman L. Bowen Award in Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology. Like Norman L. Bowen, he has the inspiration to combine ideas from different disciplines to obtain a higher synthesis. Consider his brilliant talk of yesterday morning (Eos 69, p. 502, abstract V11C‐06, Veined and metasomatised upper mantle beneath the Eastern African Rift: Evidence from N. Tanzania xenoliths). Barry rapidly reviewed the tectonic setting of east Africa, showed some nice photographs of the volcanic cones of Pello and Oldoinyo Lengai, focused on the upper‐mantle xenoliths in scoria at Pello, moved in on the microscopy and mineral chemistry of the metasomatic veins in the peridotites, snowed how the lower density of a metasomatized peridotite would fit the middle of a geophysical profile from seismic surveys, and brought off a grand finale in which the Kenya dome was interpreted to result from inflation related to metasomatization of underlying peridotite. Undoubtedly, this will lead to many further studies of doming adjacent to rift systems around the world.
Shuttle delays squeeze launches of science missions
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Like pinholes in a balloon, recent delays in preparations for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's space shuttle Discovery are bleeding away enthusiasm and deflating hopes for an early September launch and resumption of the shuttle program after 2 years of soul‐searching and cautious rebuilding. Official projections are now for an October lift‐off. Further delays could threaten the success of many long‐awaited scientific missions to be launched from the shuttle over the next year.

A hydrogen leak was discovered July 29 during fueling of the shuttle at Cape Canaveral, Fla., and another fuel leak was discovered August 1. Shuttle engineers thought Discovery would have to be moved back to its hangar to repair the original leak, stalling the launch until at least November, but technicians were able to fix those leaks on the pad. However, a crucial test‐firing of the three main shuttle engines August 4 was halted 5 seconds from ignition when one engine failed to fire because of a valve problem. A NASA press officer said the problem would be fixed on the pad and the test would probably occur within a week.
Experimental Fluvial Geomorphology
Authors: Hadley Richard F.
Published: October 2006

This book brings together in one volume the results of experimental studies, begun in 1969, of drainage basin evolution and hydrology, river channel and valley morphology and behavior, and alluvial fan morphology and sedimentology. These studies were conducted at the Engineering Research Center of Colorado State University, Fort Collins, by the authors and their colleagues. Some of the results have been published previously in the scientific literature, but much of the work remained unpublished prior to the preparation of this book. The contents are organized in three parts: drainage basins, rivers and valleys, and alluvial fans and sedimentary deposits, each of which deals with morphology and dynamics as observed in experimental studies with applications to analogous prototypes in natural systems.
Arctic Environmental Data Workshop
Authors: Laughlin Thomas
Published: October 2006

Under the auspices of the Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) cosponsored a 4‐day workshop on the question of how to establish an Arctic environmental data system. The meeting was held in Boulder, Colo., March 21–24, 1988. Approximately 60 individuals from Canadian and U.S. governmental agencies and universities attended the workshop.

The first part of the meeting was devoted to presentations describing various government and nongovernment Arctic data holdings and systems. This was followed by 2 days of intensive discussion in four subgroups devoted to the following topics:

how to create an on‐line and hard copy Arctic environmental data directory

identification of next steps which interested organizations can and should take to create an Arctic data system

technological problems and solutions associated with the development of a data system

identification of key Arctic environmental parameters which should be montiored for the purpose of studying global and Arctic mesoscale change
Deep crustal drilling, Texas Gulf Coast
Authors: Muehlberger W. R. , Land L. S.
Published: October 2006

The Gulf Coast province provides an array of scientific dilemmas ranging from the origin of the gulf itself to the causes and effects of long‐lasting circulation of hot, deep waters throughout the thick sedimentary section. The nature of the underlying crust and superjacent sediments and their contained waters; the precise timing of rifting; depositional history and diagenesis of the sedimentary sequence; fluid dynamics; geochemistry; hydrocarbon generation and migration; thermal history, including unusually high thermal gradient; and the fluid pressure regime in the deep sedimentary section are too poorly understood to permit quantitative analysis of processes that are of enormous scientific and practical importance. The area centered on DeWitt and Victoria counties, Texas, on the southeastern extension of the San Marcos arch, is probably the best location for a deep borehole to investigate these important phenomena and problems. The arch extends southeastward from exposed Grenville‐age basement rocks of the Llano uplift and separates the deep South Texas and Houston embayment salt basins. Seaward of the Llano uplift, highly deformed and slightly metamorphosed rocks of the Ouachita‐Marathon orogen have been intersected beneath Cretaceous sediments. The inferred edge of continental crust underlies an extensive Lower Cretaceous reef trend southeast of known Ouachita orogen rocks. Rapid thickening of Tertiary and possibly of Cretaceous sediments southeast of the shelf edge, together with geophysical indications of a relatively shallow Moho, suggests that “transitional continental crust” underlies sediments basinward of the inferred edge of continental crust. This transitional crust, the ultimate objective for a proposed deep well, could be rifted Grenville basement, buried rocks of the Ouachita trend, an island arc related to the Ouachita trend, or exotic continental basement related to a proto‐South American continent. To achieve optimum results to guarantee adequate basement penetration, a borehole should be designed to penetrate a relatively thin succession of lower Mesozoic synrift, graben‐fill sediments seaward of the shelf edge. Because of expected high temperatures and pressures, new technologies will need to be developed to successfully drill and test the well.
Report of Conference on Outstanding Questions in Solar System Plasma Physics: Theory and Instrumentation
Authors: Burch J. L. , Moore R. L. , Waite J. H.
Published: October 2006

On February 2–5, 1988, 90 space physicists met at Yosemite National Park to discuss theoretical and instrumentation aspects of solar system plasma physics. The participants were divided nearly equally between those involved in the plasma physics of planetary, Earth, and cometary magnetospheres and those involved in the field of solar physics. This dichotomy led to a significant amount of cross fertilization of ideas between the two groups. In retrospect the exchange would have been facilitated by introductory tutorial lectures on the outstanding problems extant in the two subjects. Nonetheless, as the conference progressed, with plenty of time for informal discussion, the two groups found that not only are the Sun and the various planetary magnetospheres inextricably linked, as expected, via the solar wind, but also that they are characterized by a number of the same physical phenomena. For example, one phenomenon, the cyclotron maser resonance, was suggested to be responsible for Type III solar radio bursts. The same phenomenon is generally accepted to cause auroral kilometric radiation in the Earth's magnetosphere. Lively discussions were also held on collisionless shocks, which are important phenomena in the solar atmosphere, the solar wind, and in the interaction of the solar wind with planetary magnetospheres. The analogy of solar flares and magnetospheric substorms and the role of magnetic reconnection in solar and magnetospheric physics were also topics of mutual interest which spawned vigorous discussion as a result of the different perspectives of the two communities.
Advanced Scanning Electron Microscopy and X Ray Microanalysis
Authors: Krinsley David
Published: October 2006

This text is the third in a group that evolved from a short course taught annually at Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., since 1972. Chapters on magnetic contrast a nd electron channeling, dropped from the second volume for reasons of space, are included here along with new topics such as image processing. The first seven chapters should be oT value to those geologists interested in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microanalysis. Chapters 8 and 9, concerned with specimen preparation for biological SEM a nd cryomicroscopy, make up about one third of the text.
Graduate students in oceanography: Recruitment, success, and career prospects
Authors: Nowell Arthur R. M. , Hollister Charles D.
Published: October 2006

Graduate education, student quality, stipend support, and subsequent employment form a triad of concern to many oceanographers. While the number of graduate degree programs in oceanography in the U.S. exceeds 50, remarkably few data are available on numbers of student applications, student survival rates, the quality of the applicants and accepted students, and their subsequent employment.

Consequently, most discussions within an institution are based on data from a single school, while most statements made to federal government program managers by scientists are based on personal perceptions and feelings. With the emerging global initiatives, which are very labor intensive, it appears appropriate to ask, “Is there an impending crisis in graduate education in oceanography?” Widespread concern about availability of new talent, the quality of incoming students, and the overall national crisis in science and engineering student recruitment has led many scientists to state that oceanography has widespread problems in terms of student numbers and, more importantly, quality. Often, when a scientist does not find a student in the spring application rites, the scientist declares there is a national shortage of well‐qualified students. Moreover, in certain subdisciplines of the field (e.g., physical oceanography) the crisis is perceived as severe and immediate, though as we shall see, physical oceanography is in an improving mode and is also experiencing an interesting increase in the numbers of well‐qualified women applicants.
Tides, Surges and Mean Sea‐Level, A Handbook for Engineers and Scientists
Authors: Mofjeld Harold O.
Published: October 2006

The past 20 years have seen a major increase in the measurement, analysis, and modeling of sea level phenomena. Whether the topic is the measurement of long‐term climatic changes in sea level, mapping the global distribution of tides with satellites, or developing high‐resolution storm surge models, there is a large technical literature on these and other sea level topics that is very useful, but often difficult for the nonspecialist or student to understand and apply. While previous texts and references, such as those by Defant [1961], Neumann and Pearson [1966], and Dietrich et al. [1980] provide an introduction to the classic description of tides a n d other sea level phenomena, none of these provides an introduction to the important advances that have occurred during this recent period.
Reservoir Sedimentation: Impact, Extent, and Mitigation
Authors: Hadley Richard F.
Published: October 2006

Storage reservoirs play an important role in water resources development throughout the world. The one problem with reservoirs that is universal is the continual reduction in usable capacity caused by siltation. This book reviews the world picture of erosion and sediment yield, the large variations that exist, and the physical phenomena related to reservoir siltation. The book is in the Technical Paper series of The World Bank (Technical Paper 71) and is not a formal publication. Rather, it is intended to be circulated to encourage discussion and comment and to communicate results quickly. The book is reproduced from typescript, but this does not detract from the value of the contents as a useful text for hydrologrsts, engineers, and soil conservationists in developing countries.