bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In situ grown Nb4N5 nanocrystal on nitrogen-doped graphene as a novel anode for lithium ion battery
Authors: Dong Chenlong , Wang Xin , Liu Xiangye , Yuan Xiaotao , Dong Wujie , Cui Houlei , Duan Yuhang , Huang Fuqiang
Published: August 2016

The metal-rich niobium nitride of Nb4N5 has higher conductivity than Nb3N5 and a higher theoretical specific capacity than NbN.
A shiitake-derived nitrogen/oxygen/phosphorus co-doped carbon framework with hierarchical tri-modal porosity for high-performance electrochemical capacitors
Authors: Cao Hui , Chen Zhiyi , Chen Qiuli , Yang Chao , Hou Linrui , Rehan Muhammad , Tong Liuniu , Yuan Changzhou
Published: August 2016

A shiitake-derived N/O/P co-doped carbon framework with hierarchical tri-modal porosity was scalably fabricated, and exhibited exceptional supercapacitances, thanks to synergistic contributions from architectural/compositional merits.
Sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor for ultrasensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen using palladium-doped cuprous oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Chu Yanguang , Wang Huan , Ma Hongmin , Wu Dan , Du Bin , Wei Qin
Published: August 2016

A new and facile sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor is proposed for the ultrasensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) based on Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) and palladium-doped cuprous oxide nanoparticles (Pd@Cu2O NPs).
Sol–gel synthesis of transition-metal doped ferrite compounds with potential flexible, dielectric and electromagnetic properties
Authors: Rahman Ashiqur , Islam Mohammad Tariqul , Singh Mandeep Jit , Misran Norbahiah
Published: August 2016

A compact and flexible dielectric substrate with efficient electromagnetic performances both in flat and bending conditions are presented in this paper.
Synthesis, characterization, and third-order nonlinear optical properties of a new neolignane analogue
Authors: Vaz Wesley F. , Custodio Jean M. F. , Silveira Rafael G. , Castro Adailton N. , Campos Carlos E. M. , Anjos Murilo M. , Oliveira Guilherme R. , Valverde Clodoaldo , Baseia Basílio , Napolitano Hamilton B.
Published: August 2016

This paper presents an extensive study of a new neolignane analogue using experimental and theoretical approach and brings highlights in solid state characterization and electronic properties.
High magnetic field-induced synthesis of one-dimensional FePt nanomaterials
Authors: Wu Chun , Pei Wenli , Wang Xiaoyang , Wang Kai , Li Guojian , Wang Qiang
Published: August 2016

High magnetic field can facilitate one-dimensional anisotropic growth of FePt nanomaterials through inducing orientation-attachment.
Revisiting the crystallization behavior of stearyl alcohol : stearic acid (SO : SA) mixtures in edible oil
Authors: Blach Carolin , Gravelle Andrew J. , Peyronel Fernanda , Weiss Jochen , Barbut Shai , Marangoni Alejandro G.
Published: August 2016

Mixtures of stearyl alcohol and stearic acid were some of the first identified oleogelators with potential for food applications.
Preparation and characterization of a highly dispersed and stable Ni catalyst with a microporous nanosilica support
Authors: Yang Meihua , Wu Huanhuan , Wu Huayi , Huang Chuanjing , Weng Weizheng , Chen Mingshu , Wan Huilin
Published: August 2016

Microporous Stöber silica was synthesized by controlling the post-drying conditions. Using the silica as support, a highly dispersed Ni catalyst was successfully prepared by a simple impregnation method.
Preparation of a Fe2O3/MIL-53(Fe) composite by partial thermal decomposition of MIL-53(Fe) nanorods and their photocatalytic activity
Authors: Panda Ramdayal , Rahut Sibsankar , Basu Jayanta Kumar
Published: August 2016

A Fe2O3/MIL-53(Fe) composite (89% MIL-53(Fe), 11% Fe2O3) and Fe2O3 were prepared by partial and complete thermal decomposition of MIL-53(Fe).
Reflux precipitation polymerization: a new synthetic insight in molecular imprinting at high temperature
Authors: Shen Xiantao , Huang Chuixiu , Shinde Sudhirkumar , Switnicka-Plak Magdalena , Cormack Peter A. G. , Sellergren Börje
Published: August 2016

Reflux precipitation polymerization was first used to fabricate monodispersed MIP microspheres, indicating electrostatic interaction was important for molecular imprinting at high temperature.
Control of SrO buffer-layer formation on Si(001) using the pulsed-laser deposition technique
Authors: Jovanović Z. , Spreitzer M. , Gabor U. , Suvorov D.
Published: August 2016

The overview of optimal parameters for deoxidation of the Si(001) surface using SrO and a pulsed-laser deposition method.
Quality-enhanced GaN epitaxial films on Si(111) substrates by in situ deposition of SiN on a three-dimensional GaN template
Authors: Lin Yunhao , Yang Meijuan , Wang Wenliang , Lin Zhiting , Li Guoqiang
Published: August 2016

High-quality crack-free GaN epitaxial films were successfully grown on Si(111) substrates using metal–organic chemical vapor deposition by in situ depositing SiN on a 3-dimensional (3D) GaN template.
A novel oxaphenalenone, penicimutalidine: activated production of oxaphenalenones by the diethyl sulphate mutagenesis of marine-derived fungus Penicillium purpurogenum G59
Authors: Li Chang-Wei , Xia Ming-Wen , Cui Cheng-Bin , Peng Ji-Xing , Li De-Hai
Published: August 2016

One new (1) and three known oxaphenalenones (2–4) were obtained by activating silent pathways in a marine-derived fungus.
A facile synthesis of a highly stable superhydrophobic nanofibrous film for effective oil/water separation
Authors: Kong Xian , Zhang Junming , Liao Xuepin , Huang Xin , Shi Bi
Published: August 2016

An oil/water separation film with excellent durability and stable recyclability is highly desired for the treatment of oil containing effluents, like industrial oily wastewater.
Control of the size and density of ZnO-nanorods grown onto graphene nanoplatelets in aqueous suspensions
Authors: Chandraiahgari C. R. , De Bellis G. , Balijepalli S. K. , Kaciulis S. , Ballirano P. , Migliori A. , Morandi V. , Caneve L. , Sarto F. , Sarto M. S.
Published: August 2016

Zinc oxide nanorods with controlled density and size and high chemical purity were grown onto unsupported graphene nanoplatelets in aqueous suspension.
Mirror symmetry breaking in fluorinated bent-core mesogens
Authors: Alaasar Mohamed , Prehm Marko , Tschierske Carsten
Published: August 2016

New fluorinated bent-core liquid crystals exhibiting helical nano-crystallite phases composed of chiral domains with opposite handedness and polar smcetic phases.
Large-area 2D microgel colloidal crystals fabricated via benzophenone-based photochemical reaction
Authors: Weng Junying , Li Xiaoyun , Guan Ying , Zhu X. X. , Zhang Yongjun
Published: August 2016

Large area, high quality 2D microgel CCs were fabricated by first assembling the microgel spheres into highly ordered 3D CCs, followed by fixing the first 111 plane of the 3D CC onto the substrate via a benzophenone-based photochemical reaction.
Improved antifouling and antimicrobial efficiency of ultrafiltration membranes with functional carbon nanotubes
Authors: Yang Ye , Nie Chuanxiong , Deng Yiyi , Cheng Chong , He Chao , Ma Lang , Zhao Changsheng
Published: August 2016

In this study, functional polymer brush grafted carbon nanotubes (p-CNTs) were developed as multifunctional modifiers for PES membrane modification.
Influence of thermophilic Bacillus subtilis YB7 on the biodegradation of long chain paraffinic hydrocarbons (C16H34 to C36H74)
Authors: Sakthipriya N. , Doble Mukesh , Sangwai Jitendra S.
Published: August 2016

The long chain paraffinic hydrocarbons (waxes) present in crude oil pose serious issues in the upstream oil and gas industries.
Synergistic nanofibrous adsorbent for uranium extraction from seawater
Authors: Zhang Bowu , Guo Xiaojing , Xie Siyuan , Liu Xiyan , Ling Changjian , Ma Hongjuan , Yu Ming , Li Jingye
Published: August 2016

A nanofibrous adsorbent containing dual-ligands with a synergistic effect of uranyl adsorption from simulated seawater was fabricated by a parallel-blend electrospinning method.
Absolute configuration of the antimalarial erythro-mefloquine – vibrational circular dichroism and X-ray diffraction studies of mefloquine and its thiourea derivative
Authors: Kohout M. , Vandenbussche J. , Roller A. , Tůma J. , Bogaerts J. , Bultinck P. , Herrebout W. , Lindner W.
Published: August 2016

The long-standing discussion of the absolute configuration of erythro-mefloquine is revisited, showcasing the strength of a combination of experimental and calculated vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy.
Decoupling stability and release in disulfide bonds with antibody-small molecule conjugates
Authors: Pillow Thomas H. , Sadowsky Jack D. , Zhang Donglu , Yu Shang-Fan , Del Rosario Geoffrey , Xu Keyang , He Jintang , Bhakta Sunil , Ohri Rachana , Kozak Katherine R. , Ha Edward , Junutula Jagath R. , Flygare John A.
Published: August 2016

A novel bioconjugation strategy utilizes a disulfide bond to site-specifically couple a small molecule drug to an antibody, enabling both high circulation stability and quick intracellular release.
Proton-coupled electron transfer in the electrocatalysis of CO2 reduction: prediction of sequential vs. concerted pathways using DFT
Authors: Göttle Adrien J. , Koper Marc T. M.
Published: August 2016

We provide a complete and computationally detailed picture of the mechanism of the initial stages of the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 in water catalysed by cobalt porphyrin complexes.
Design of nitrogen-doped layered tantalates for non-sacrificial and selective hydrogen evolution from water under visible light
Authors: Suzuki Hajime , Tomita Osamu , Higashi Masanobu , Abe Ryu
Published: August 2016

Nitrogen doping into a series of layered tantalates (ALaTa2O7, where A = Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs) was attempted in order to produce materials capable of catalyzing non-sacrificial and endergonic water reduction under visible light.
Ni@NiO core/shell dendrites for ultra-long cycle life electrochemical energy storage
Authors: Liu Yan , Fu Nianqing , Zhang Guoge , Lu Wei , Zhou Limin , Huang Haitao
Published: August 2016

Electrodeposited dendritic Ni@NiO is achieved in a Ni-free electrolyte, which shows an ultra-long cycle life for electrochemical energy storage.
A balanced cation exchange reaction toward highly uniform and pure phase FA1−xMAxPbI3 perovskite films
Authors: Ji Fuxiang , Wang Li , Pang Shuping , Gao Peng , Xu Hongxia , Xie Guangwen , Zhang Jidong , Cui Guanglei
Published: August 2016

The organic cation exchange temperature was optimized toward the formation of highly uniform FA based perovskite films.
A mesoporous–planar hybrid architecture of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite based solar cells
Authors: Misra Ravi K. , Aharon Sigalit , Layani Michael , Magdassi Shlomo , Etgar Lioz
Published: August 2016

We report a hybrid mesoporous–planar architecture of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite based solar cells, to combine the benefits of both the mesoporous and planar architectures in a single device.
Nanoparticle delivery systems for siRNA-based therapeutics
Authors: Li Jinming , Xue Shanshan , Mao Zong-Wan
Published: August 2016

RNA interference (RNAi) is a naturally occurring endogenous regulatory process in which the short double-stranded RNA causes sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing.
Robust and self-healable nanocomposite physical hydrogel facilitated by the synergy of ternary crosslinking points in a single network
Authors: Shi Fu-Kuan , Zhong Ming , Zhang Li-Qin , Liu Xiao-Ying , Xie Xu-Ming
Published: August 2016

A single network physical gel hierarchically crosslinked by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions and nanoparticles exhibits great mechanical performance.
A full spectrum of spintronic properties demonstrated by a C1b-type Heusler compound Mn2Sn subjected to strain engineering
Authors: Wang Xiaotian , Cheng Zhenxiang , Wang Jianli , Liu Guodong
Published: August 2016

Our work demonstrates that Mn2Sn is potentially an all-round candidate for spintronic applications because it shows a full spectrum of spintronic properties at a uniform strain.
Self-reducible copper inks composed of copper–amino complexes and preset submicron copper seeds for thick conductive patterns on a flexible substrate
Authors: Li Wanli , Cong Shuren , Jiu Jinting , Nagao Shijo , Suganuma Katsuaki
Published: August 2016

Submicron copper inks can be sintered at a low temperature of 140 °C by the in situ generation of fresh copper nuclei.
Anthracene-based molecular emitters for non-doped deep-blue organic light emitting transistors
Authors: Zambianchi M. , Benvenuti E. , Bettini C. , Zanardi C. , Seeber R. , Gentili D. , Cavallini M. , Muccini M. , Biondo V. , Soldano C. , Generali G. , Toffanin S. , Melucci M.
Published: August 2016

Twisted anthracene derivatives, including the newly synthesized DIPAXA compound, are here investigated as blue emitters in non-doped organic light emitting transistors (OLETs).
Ternary electron injection layers for highly efficient polymer light emitting diodes
Authors: Tsai Kai-Wei , Wu Chen-Hao , Jan Jiun-Yun , Hsu Yao-Jane , Guo Tzung-Fang , Wen Ten-Chin
Published: August 2016

Highly efficient ternary electron injection layers based PLED with multifunction of electron injection, hole blocking, and smooth interface.
Frequency response model and mechanism for wind turbine planetary gear train vibration analysis
Authors: He Guolin , Ding Kang , Li Weihua , Li Yongzhuo
Published: August 2016

Frequency components of complicated asymmetric modulation sidebands, existing in the vibration of the healthy planetary gear train, are prone to be erratically diagnosed as fault characteristics, which leads to difficulties in fault diagnosis of wind turbine planetary gearbox. The factors affecting the modulation sideband, i.e. the periodical time‐varying transmission path and meshing force direction, are analysed. Considering both the meshing vibrations of the planet–ring and planet–sun gear pairs, a mathematical model was developed to analyse the planetary gear train's vibration response. Simulation and experiments were conducted, and the mechanism of vibration modulation sidebands was revealed. The modulation sideband is not caused by the meshing vibration itself, but by the testing method that sensors are fixed on the ring gear or gearbox casing. The frequency components and amplitudes of the sidebands are determined by the tooth number of the ring gear and sun gear, the number of planet gears and their initial assembling phases. The asymmetric modulation sideband is mainly caused by the phase difference of the initial planets' assembling phase.
Molecular mechanism of central nervous system repair by the Drosophila NG2 homologue kon-tiki
Authors: Losada-Perez Maria , Harrison Neale , Hidalgo Alicia
Published: August 2016

Neuron glia antigen 2 (NG2)–positive glia are repair cells that proliferate upon central nervous system (CNS) damage, promoting functional recovery. However, repair is limited because of the failure of the newly produced glial cells to differentiate. It is a key goal to discover how to regulate NG2 to enable glial proliferation and differentiation conducive to repair. Drosophila has an NG2 homologue called kon-tiki (kon), of unknown CNS function. We show that kon promotes repair and identify the underlying mechanism. Crush injury up-regulates kon expression downstream of Notch. Kon in turn induces glial proliferation and initiates glial differentiation by activating glial genes and prospero (pros). Two negative feedback loops with Notch and Pros allow Kon to drive the homeostatic regulation required for repair. By modulating Kon levels in glia, we could prevent or promote CNS repair. Thus, the functional links between Kon, Notch, and Pros are essential for, and can drive, repair. Analogous mechanisms could promote CNS repair in mammals.
CRISPR-Cas9 nuclear dynamics and target recognition in living cells
Authors: Ma Hanhui , Tu Li-Chun , Naseri Ardalan , Huisman Maximiliaan , Zhang Shaojie , Grunwald David , Pederson Thoru
Published: August 2016

The bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 system has been repurposed for genome engineering, transcription modulation, and chromosome imaging in eukaryotic cells. However, the nuclear dynamics of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–associated protein 9 (Cas9) guide RNAs and target interrogation are not well defined in living cells. Here, we deployed a dual-color CRISPR system to directly measure the stability of both Cas9 and guide RNA. We found that Cas9 is essential for guide RNA stability and that the nuclear Cas9–guide RNA complex levels limit the targeting efficiency. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements revealed that single mismatches in the guide RNA seed sequence reduce the target residence time from >3 h to as low as <2 min in a nucleotide identity- and position-dependent manner. We further show that the duration of target residence correlates with cleavage activity. These results reveal that CRISPR discriminates between genuine versus mismatched targets for genome editing via radical alterations in residence time.
A PP2A-B55 recognition signal controls substrate dephosphorylation kinetics during mitotic exit
Authors: Cundell Michael J. , Hutter Lukas H. , Nunes Bastos Ricardo , Poser Elena , Holder James , Mohammed Shabaz , Novak Bela , Barr Francis A.
Published: August 2016

PP2A-B55 is one of the major phosphatases regulating cell division. Despite its importance for temporal control during mitotic exit, how B55 substrates are recognized and differentially dephosphorylated is unclear. Using phosphoproteomics combined with kinetic modeling to extract B55-dependent rate constants, we have systematically identified B55 substrates and assigned their temporal order in mitotic exit. These substrates share a bipartite polybasic recognition determinant (BPR) flanking a Cdk1 phosphorylation site. Experiments and modeling show that dephosphorylation rate is encoded into B55 substrates, including its inhibitor ENSA, by cooperative action of basic residues within the BPR. A complementary acidic surface on B55 decodes this signal, supporting a cooperative electrostatic mechanism for substrate selection. A further level of specificity is encoded into B55 substrates because B55 displays selectivity for phosphothreonine. These simple biochemical properties, combined with feedback control of B55 activity by the phosphoserine-containing substrate/inhibitor ENSA, can help explain the temporal sequence of events during exit from mitosis.
Cycling Rho for tissue contraction
Authors: Teo Jessica L. , Yap Alpha S.
Published: August 2016

Cell contractility, driven by the RhoA GTPase, is a fundamental determinant of tissue morphogenesis. In this issue, Mason et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201603077) reveal that cyclic inactivation of RhoA, mediated by its antagonist, C-GAP, is essential for effective contractility to occur.
NKT sublineage specification and survival requires the ubiquitin-modifying enzyme TNFAIP3/A20
Authors: Drennan Michael B. , Govindarajan Srinath , Verheugen Eveline , Coquet Jonathan M. , Staal Jens , McGuire Conor , Taghon Tom , Leclercq Georges , Beyaert Rudi , van Loo Geert , Lambrecht Bart N. , Elewaut Dirk
Published: August 2016

Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate lymphocytes that differentiate into NKT1, NKT2, and NKT17 sublineages during development. However, the signaling events that control NKT sublineage specification and differentiation remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the ubiquitin-modifying enzyme TNFAIP3/A20, an upstream regulator of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in T cells, is an essential cell-intrinsic regulator of NKT differentiation. A20 is differentially expressed during NKT cell development, regulates NKT cell maturation, and specifically controls the differentiation and survival of NKT1 and NKT2, but not NKT17, sublineages. Remaining A20-deficient NKT1 and NKT2 thymocytes are hyperactivated in vivo and secrete elevated levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines after TCR ligation in vitro. Defective NKT development was restored by compound deficiency of MALT1, a key downstream component of TCR signaling in T cells. These findings therefore show that negative regulation of TCR signaling during NKT development controls the differentiation and survival of NKT1 and NKT2 cells.
Cathepsin B modulates lysosomal biogenesis and host defense against Francisella novicida infection
Authors: Qi Xiaopeng , Man Si Ming , Malireddi R.K. Subbarao , Karki Rajendra , Lupfer Christopher , Gurung Prajwal , Neale Geoffrey , Guy Clifford S. , Lamkanfi Mohamed , Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi
Published: August 2016

Lysosomal cathepsins regulate an exquisite range of biological functions, and their deregulation is associated with inflammatory, metabolic, and degenerative diseases in humans. In this study, we identified a key cell-intrinsic role for cathepsin B as a negative feedback regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. Mice and macrophages lacking cathepsin B activity had increased resistance to the cytosolic bacterial pathogen Francisella novicida. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin B down-regulated mechanistic target of rapamycin activity and prevented cleavage of the lysosomal calcium channel TRPML1. These events drove transcription of lysosomal and autophagy genes via transcription factor EB, which increased lysosomal biogenesis and activation of autophagy initiation kinase ULK1 for clearance of the bacteria. Our results identified a fundamental biological function of cathepsin B in providing a checkpoint for homeostatic maintenance of lysosome populations and basic recycling functions in the cell.
Identification of GAPDH on the surface of Plasmodium sporozoites as a new candidate for targeting malaria liver invasion
Authors: Cha Sung-Jae , Kim Min-Sik , Pandey Akhilesh , Jacobs-Lorena Marcelo
Published: August 2016

Malaria transmission begins when an infected mosquito delivers Plasmodium sporozoites into the skin. The sporozoite subsequently enters the circulation and infects the liver by preferentially traversing Kupffer cells, a macrophage-like component of the liver sinusoidal lining. By screening a phage display library, we previously identified a peptide designated P39 that binds to CD68 on the surface of Kupffer cells and blocks sporozoite traversal. In this study, we show that the P39 peptide is a structural mimic of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) on the sporozoite surface and that GAPDH directly interacts with CD68 on the Kupffer cell surface. Importantly, an anti-P39 antibody significantly inhibits sporozoite liver invasion without cross-reacting with mammalian GAPDH. Therefore, Plasmodium-specific GAPDH epitopes may provide novel antigens for the development of a prehepatic vaccine.
G-CSF maintains controlled neutrophil mobilization during acute inflammation by negatively regulating CXCR2 signaling
Authors: Bajrami Besnik , Zhu Haiyan , Kwak Hyun-Jeong , Mondal Subhanjan , Hou Qingming , Geng Guangfeng , Karatepe Kutay , Zhang Yu C. , Nombela-Arrieta César , Park Shin-Young , Loison Fabien , Sakai Jiro , Xu Yuanfu , Silberstein Leslie E. , Luo Hongbo R.
Published: August 2016

Cytokine-induced neutrophil mobilization from the bone marrow to circulation is a critical event in acute inflammation, but how it is accurately controlled remains poorly understood. In this study, we report that CXCR2 ligands are responsible for rapid neutrophil mobilization during early-stage acute inflammation. Nevertheless, although serum CXCR2 ligand concentrations increased during inflammation, neutrophil mobilization slowed after an initial acute fast phase, suggesting a suppression of neutrophil response to CXCR2 ligands after the acute phase. We demonstrate that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), usually considered a prototypical neutrophil-mobilizing cytokine, was expressed later in the acute inflammatory response and unexpectedly impeded CXCR2-induced neutrophil mobilization by negatively regulating CXCR2-mediated intracellular signaling. Blocking G-CSF in vivo paradoxically elevated peripheral blood neutrophil counts in mice injected intraperitoneally with Escherichia coli and sequestered large numbers of neutrophils in the lungs, leading to sterile pulmonary inflammation. In a lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury model, the homeostatic imbalance caused by G-CSF blockade enhanced neutrophil accumulation, edema, and inflammation in the lungs and ultimately led to significant lung damage. Thus, physiologically produced G-CSF not only acts as a neutrophil mobilizer at the relatively late stage of acute inflammation, but also prevents exaggerated neutrophil mobilization and the associated inflammation-induced tissue damage during early-phase infection and inflammation.
ECIL guidelines for treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV-infected haematology patients
Authors: Maschmeyer Georg , Helweg-Larsen Jannik , Pagano Livio , Robin Christine , Cordonnier Catherine , Schellongowski Peter
Published: August 2016

The initiation of systemic antimicrobial treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is triggered by clinical signs and symptoms, typical radiological and occasionally laboratory findings in patients at risk of this infection. Diagnostic proof by bronchoalveolar lavage should not delay the start of treatment. Most patients with haematological malignancies present with a severe PCP; therefore, antimicrobial therapy should be started intravenously. High-dose trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is the treatment of choice. In patients with documented intolerance to this regimen, the preferred alternative is the combination of primaquine plus clindamycin. Treatment success should be first evaluated after 1 week, and in case of clinical non-response, pulmonary CT scan and bronchoalveolar lavage should be repeated to look for secondary or co-infections. Treatment duration typically is 3 weeks and secondary anti-PCP prophylaxis is indicated in all patients thereafter. In patients with critical respiratory failure, non-invasive ventilation is not significantly superior to intubation and mechanical ventilation. The administration of glucocorticoids must be decided on a case-by-case basis.
Anatomy of the thorax
Authors: Mahadevan Vishy
Published: August 2016

The skeleton of the thorax, commonly referred to as the thoracic cage, is an osseo-cartilaginous framework in the shape of an irregular cone; being narrow superiorly, and broad, inferiorly, and somewhat flattened from front to back. Besides enclosing the thoracic cavity, the thoracic cage also surrounds the upper part of the abdominal cavity, and is limited inferiorly by the upper surface of the diaphragm, a musculotendinous dome-shaped partition. The central region of the thoracic cavity flanked by the right and left pleural sacs (each enclosing the corresponding lung) is called the mediastinum. Besides containing the heart, thymus, and lymph nodes, the mediastinum serves as a thoroughfare for major nerves, vessels, and viscera travelling from the neck to the abdomen or vice versa. A proper and comprehensive appreciation of intrathoracic anatomy is fundamental to good clinical examination and to the optimal clinical management of a variety of pathological thoracic conditions.
Head and neck anatomy
Authors: Mahadevan Vishy
Published: August 2016

In a conceptual sense, the neck may be divided into two regions: a posterior cervical region and an anterior cervical region. The posterior cervical region includes the cervical vertebral column and the post-vertebral soft tissues. The anterior cervical region consists of the anterior and anterolateral cervical muscles, the cervical viscera, and the major blood vessels of the head and neck. For all practical purposes, the anterior region may be said to extend from the skull base above, to the root of the neck below. It is the anterior cervical region that is considered in detail in this chapter, as it is in this region that most pathological conditions of interest to the head and neck surgeon are encountered. The cranium itself is architecturally complex and houses the cranial cavity, the orbital cavities, the paranasal sinuses, the nasal cavity, and the auditory apparatus bilaterally. The cranial vault (roof of the cranial cavity) is draped by the scalp, a multilayered structure.
Blood loss, hypovolaemic shock, and septic shock
Authors: Topping Andrew
Published: August 2016

Shock is an abnormality of the circulatory system that results in inadequate organ perfusion and tissue oxygenation, such that metabolic needs are not met. Causes of shock can be categorized according to effect on cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance, and can be classified as hypovolaemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive. Hypovolaemic shock refers to tissue hypoperfusion that results from the loss of intravascular fluid. Physiological responses to hypovolaemia and hypovolaemic shock are complex and involve immediate and delayed responses that in turn involve both sympathoadrenal and neuroendocrine components. A patient with hypovolaemic shock will classically present with cold, clammy peripheries, tachycardia and hypotension, reduced urine output, altered mental status, and elevated serum lactate. However, individual responses to hypovolaemia vary. Management should focus on prevention of further losses and restoration of intravascular volume, the fluid chosen to achieve this reflecting the cause of the hypovolaemia. Severe sepsis and septic shock affect millions worldwide each year, killing at least one in four. Septic shock produces vasodilation and increased capillary permeability so that a state of relative hypovolaemia is produced. The pathophysiology of sepsis is complex and involves the activation of a pro-inflammatory cascade by infectious pathogens. Patients may initially be hypotensive but with warm peripheries, but will quickly deteriorate and may develop multiple organ failure. Management priorities include early recognition and resuscitation; early, appropriate use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials (once specimens have been obtained for culture); source control; and support of failing organ systems.
Fluid and electrolyte balance and replacement: acid–base balance
Authors: Kelly Catriona , O’ Reilly Rosalind , Mullan Brian
Published: August 2016

The correct management of fluid balance in the perioperative period can significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality of the surgical patient. Surgery, trauma, anaesthesia, and sepsis all have a role to play in causing a stress response that can upset this delicate physiological balance. The balance of fluids and electrolytes affects all organ systems and therefore it is important to manage them appropriately. Maintenance of normal body pH is essential for cell function. Under normal conditions, pH is regulated within a narrow range by various buffer systems and renal and respiratory mechanisms. Acidosis is caused by extra acid load or failure of acid secretion and alkalosis is caused by loss of acid or extra ingestion of alkali. Renal and respiratory mechanisms can compensate or partially compensate for these abnormalities. Analysis of arterial blood can aid in the determination of the cause of the abnormality and therefore guide treatment and management.
Haemostasis and thrombosis
Authors: Cox Dermot
Published: August 2016

A nightmare scenario for any surgeon is uncontrolled bleeding in a patient either during surgery or post surgery. This often leads to surgeons delaying surgery in patients with a perceived high risk of bleeding, such as coronary by-pass surgery in patients on antiplatelet agents. However, another potential complication of surgery is inappropriate clotting such as deep vein thrombosis, which can be overlooked as it is often dealt with by physicians rather than the original surgeon. An understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of thrombosis and haemostasis will help prevent problems from arising and provide solutions to these problems when they arise. This chapter deals with the natural factors involved with haemostasis and fibrinolysis, and the abnormalities that can occur, the laboratory tests that are available to measure them, and the pharmacological preparations available to treat these problems.
Gastrointestinal
Authors: Bradford Aidan
Published: August 2016

The chapter begins with a description of the salivary glands, the composition of saliva, and the control of secretion by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The oral, pharyngeal, and oesophageal phases of swallowing are described including the underlying structural characteristics that govern this process such as the upper and lower oesophageal sphincters. The causes and mechanism of vomiting are outlined along with the processes involved in gastric motility and secretion such as receptive relaxation, mixing, emptying, composition of gastric juice, gastrin secretion and effects, and the mechanism of gastric acid secretion and its control through enterogastrones and the enterogastric reflex. Intrinsic and extrinsic control mechanisms of intestinal motility and secretion are explained including the role of Auerbach’s and Meissner’s plexuses, interstitial cells of Cajal, segmentation, peristalsis, migrating motor complex, haustrations, mass movement, and defaecation. Water and electrolyte exchange is detailed including the mechanism of chloride secretion by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator in the crypts of Lieberkuhn, sodium and glucose co-transport, the role of the sodium/potassium pump, and the secretion of bicarbonate and potassium in the large intestine. The chapter ends with an outline of the processes involved in the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats with carbohydrate digestion beginning with salivary amylase and being completed by pancreatic amylase; protein digestion beginning with pepsin in the stomach and being completed by pancreatic peptidases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin; and fat digestion/absorption involving pancreatic lipases, the formation of emulsion droplets, micelles, bile salts, the enterohepatic circulation, and formation of chylomicrons.
Endocrine
Authors: Jeevaratnam Kamalan
Published: August 2016

The endocrine system involves a complex interconnection of cellular, chemical, and neural pathways that work together to produce a desired physiological effect. The chief endocrine gland is the hypothalamus as it secretes hypophysiotropic hormones whose primary function is to promote the production of hormones in other target endocrine glands, particularly the pituitary gland. The pituitary is also often considered the chief endocrine gland since upon stimulation from hypophysiotropic hormones, it produces stimulating hormones that target glands such as the thyroid, adrenal, testes, and ovary. Due to the complex interaction of these stimulating and releasing hormones, any hypersecretion or hyposecretion that occurs will lead to an imbalance in hormone production leading to endocrine disorders. The pancreas is independent of the hypothalamus and pituitary and also plays both an endocrine as well as an exocrine role. This chapter primarily focuses on the endocrine glands of importance.
Skin and soft tissue infections
Authors: Moore Jonathan , Narayanan Manjusha
Published: August 2016

Skin and soft tissue infections can be superficial and easy to treat, or may involve deeper tissue and spread with necrotizing character that responds to a combination of surgical debridement and antibiotics. Gram-positive bacteria are the usual pathogens but high-risk groups of patients, such as people with diabetes and those with underlying immunodeficiencies, can have infections with polymicrobial pathogens including anaerobes. Although penicillin/beta-lactam group of antibiotics or clindamycin (if allergic to penicillin or beta-lactam group of antibiotics) are the first choice for treatment, there are a wide variety of newer agents to choose from. Surgical site infections can be complicated by multidrug-resistant bacteria and infection of prosthetic material which may or may not respond to surgical debridement. These infections can increase duration of hospital stay and increase morbidity for the patients.
Nuclear medicine for surgeons
Authors: Minty Ian L.
Published: August 2016

Nuclear medicine is a type of molecular imaging that uses small amounts of radioactive tracers to provide exquisitely sensitive and complementary information on function alongside other imaging modalities. Widely used in oncology to detect and monitor the spread of disease in bone and sentinel lymph nodes, other established applications include evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract (biliary function, Meckel’s diverticulum, small bowel disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, and gastric emptying), urinary tract imaging (renal scarring, obstruction, and function), skeletal system (prosthetic infection, stress fractures, and osteomyelitis), lung (pulmonary embolism), cardiac (perfusion and functional assessment), and prosthetic vascular graft infection. Abnormal molecular activity can be pinpointed at very early pathological stages and immediate response to therapy may be assessed.
Positron emission tomography–computed tomography for surgeons
Authors: Minty Ian L.
Published: August 2016

Common indications and the basic principles for positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) imaging are outlined in this chapter with a focus on application to the surgical management of cancer patients. The imaging physics is unique owing to the use of antimatter (positrons). Clinical effectiveness of PET-CT has been clearly demonstrated in re-staging of non-small cell lung carcinoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, recurrent colorectal cancer, and in the characterization of solitary pulmonary nodules. Other important areas include ear, nose, and throat and breast cancers and a developing role in therapeutic response assessment.
Principles of magnetic resonance scanning and its use in surgical practice
Authors: Chasi Ishmael
Published: August 2016

Magnetic resonance imaging has an important role in the local and regional staging of some cancers and in the analysis of inflammatory or neurological lesions. The advantage of examining with non-ionizing radiation is partially offset by the effects of the strong magnetic fields on any ferromagnetic objects within or on the patient with potential risk of injury due to movement or heating. As well as overt claustrophobia, the relatively long sequencing time can cause patient-movement artefact and acquired intolerance of the procedure. This chapter discusses the basic principles of magnetic resonance imaging, safety concerns, the problems caused by artefacts, and common body areas and indications for scanning.
Principles of computed tomography: advantages and disadvantages
Authors: Mehrotra Pallavi
Published: August 2016

Computed tomography (CT) now has an even more central role in imaging many acute and elective conditions. CT colonography, urography, and cardiovascular angiography are now standard techniques while CT-guided biopsies and drainages have continued to decrease the need for more invasive techniques. CT is now first line in head trauma. CT for the acute abdomen is becoming more relied upon in surgical admissions units and the use of CT is a keystone in oncological staging and follow-up. However, clinicians must be mindful that modern CT scanners impart relatively high doses of ionizing radiation and can induce malignancy with a much higher lifetime risk in younger patients, particularly with serial examinations. Contrast media may still cause serious allergic reactions and remain nephrotoxic.
Ultrasound for surgeons
Authors: Kent Robert D.
Published: August 2016

Ultrasound has been used safely in the forefront of medicine and surgery for decades, helped by the development of increasingly sophisticated and miniaturized machines. As an ultrasound scan is relatively cheap and does not use ionizing radiation, it remains a first-line imaging tool in most aspects of general surgery and increasingly within emergency departments and other non-radiological clinical settings. Interpretation of ultrasound images is heavily operator dependent with pathology-mimicking image artefacts creating many pitfalls for the untrained operator. Ultrasound guidance for biopsies is now standard practice giving improved accuracy and yields. In this chapter, basic physical principles are discussed followed by descriptions of some of the many applications of ultrasound to surgical practice with strengths and weaknesses highlighted.
Upper gastro-oesophageal surgery
Authors: Allum William
Published: August 2016

This chapter describes the common presentations of surgical conditions of the oesophagus and stomach, which map to the general surgery specialty content of the core curriculum in the United Kingdom. The first section describes the specific aspects of anatomy and physiology of the oesophagus and stomach including topographical and surgical anatomy and the motility, secretory, and digestive functions. The second section describes the pathophysiology of each of the common conditions including oesophageal cancer, gastric cancer, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and peptic ulceration. Each discussion includes details of incidence, aetiology, predisposing factors, gross and microscopic pathology, as well as treatment outcomes. The final section describes the common elective and emergency symptomatic presentations of dysphagia, dyspepsia, heartburn, epigastric pain, and upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
Degenerative and inflammatory joint disease
Authors: Nasr Pierre , Khanduja Vikas
Published: August 2016

Degenerative and inflammatory joint disease encompasses a variety of chronic, destructive conditions. The normal structure and function of articular cartilage, at a cellular level, is of great importance in understanding the disease processes and treatment strategies aimed at preventing joint destruction. Osteoarthritis causes a mechanical defect that initiates an inflammatory cascade. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune process that has local effects on large and small joints and systemic effects on many body systems. . Seronegative spondyloarthritides, such as Ankylosing Spondylitis and Psoriatic arthritis, are a group of disorders, which have a strong genetic component and commonly affect the spine and peripheral joints. Treatment strategies are aimed at treating the cause of inflammatory joint disease and relieving symptoms via a stepwise approach. Surgical intervention is aimed at improving pain, function and the quality of life for a patient but must be balanced with the risk of complications.
Back pain and sciatica
Authors: Sharp David
Published: August 2016

Back pain is common in the general population and may be caused by a wide variety of pathologies. Only a small proportion of patients suffering from back pain require surgery. A systematic approach should be adopted to diagnose the underlying cause and to identify those patients with serious pathology who require surgical treatment or urgent non-surgical treatment. Potential spinal causes of back pain include developmental causes, trauma, degeneration, inflammation, infection, and tumour. Back pain can also be caused by non-spinal conditions. Sciatica is caused by lesions affecting the components of the sciatic nerve and should be distinguished from referred pain in the lower limb; the neurological compromise may occur either within the spinal canal or outside it. The treatment plan is dependent on the cause of the sciatic symptoms. Cauda equina syndrome constitutes a surgical emergency and the early diagnosis of this condition is paramount to a successful outcome.
Malignant and metastatic bone disease
Authors: Cattermole Helen
Published: August 2016

Cancer involving bone is a common presentation to the orthopaedic team, and requires a structured team approach with careful preoperative and perioperative care. Metastatic or secondary cancer is the most common malignant disease involving bone, but haematological cancers involving the bone marrow can also present challenges to the surgical team. This article describes the investigation, decision and treatment options for metastatic bone disease. Primary bone cancer is rare and requires a specialist team approach to maximize survival and minimize complications. The management of primary bone cancer is summarized here.
Benign and malignant lesions of the head and neck
Authors: Ramakrishnan Yujay , Hawthorne Maurice
Published: August 2016

Head and neck cancer is an interesting field, not only due its diverse pathology, but also because there is a myriad of treatment options aided by recent technologic advances (e.g. trans-oral lasers, robotic surgery, intensity modulated radiation treatment). Improved understanding of the biology of tumours on a molecular level has also added a new dimension to treatment through biological agents. To a novice, this area can be bewildering and complex, but underpinning the management of any lesion are certain key basic principles. Initial adequate assessment of the tumour and the patient are fundamental. The treatment options depend on a number of factors related to the tumour, patient and clinical expertise. The chapter describes the major head and neck cancer malignancies. National guidelines are discussed in the clinical context to convey the salient points to the reader. As a prelude, a summary of the clinical assessment is presented.
Neuro-oncology
Authors: Sabin Ian
Published: August 2016

This chapter summarizes the modes of presentation of intracranial and spinal lesions with reference to some of the less rare tumours. The principles of oncology surgery, en-bloc resection of tumour with clearance of the margins, does not apply to the central nervous system where attempts are made to reduce significant deficits from damage to neural tissue by central debulking of tumours, and if appropriate, by subtotal resection. Histologically benign tumours do not necessarily behave in a clinically benign fashion, and their location within the brain and spine is crucial. A diffusely infiltrating lesion in the optic nerve or brainstem may be slowly growing but can have devastating effects in terms of progressive neurological deficits Advances in adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy have, in some cases, reduced the need for radical surgical resection, whereas radiosurgery (five or less fractions of stereotactic radiotherapy) has replaced surgical resection for some benign skull base tumours.
Anaesthetic techniques
Authors: Bryden Daniele , Wilson Stephen
Published: August 2016

The development of anaesthetic techniques has helped to revolutionize surgical practice. Techniques include local anaesthetic infiltration, regional anaesthesia and general anaesthesia. Local anaesthetics can cause life-threatening toxicity and therefore a surgeon who administers these must have a thorough understanding of the agents used. An ability to recognize and manage local anaesthetic toxicity is essential. For more invasive surgical procedures, an anaesthetist is required to provide regional and/or general anaesthesia. Factors that influence the anaesthetic technique used include patient preference, co-morbidities, and medication, as well as the site and duration of the proposed surgery. Although the overall risks of death in hospital from surgery are low (<1%), for many groups of patients and types of surgery these risks are considerably higher. It is important for surgeons to understand the importance of pre-operative assessment, patient risk stratification, and anaesthetic risk if optimal surgical outcomes are to be achieved.
Basic surgical techniques
Authors: Smith David , Young Jamie
Published: August 2016

This chapter aims to introduce the trainee to the fundamental skills necessary to perform surgery. This includes knot tying, different forms of knot (e.g. reef knots, surgeons knot, and slip knot) and their indications, suturing techniques (e.g simple interrupted stitch, horizontal and vertical mattress stitches, continuous suturing and purse strings), the choice of suture material and an introduction to surgical instruments. The need to practice knotting techniques and suturing cannot be emphasized enough. The time spent practising will be rewarded with further experience in theatre for the adept. It is important to be familiar with the instruments and sutures in the hospital where you are working, as these can vary greatly.