bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Second neoplasm in children treated in EORTC 58881 trial for acute lymphoblastic malignancies: Low incidence of CNS tumours
Authors: Renard Marleen , Suciu Stefan , Bertrand Yves , Uyttebroeck Anne , Ferster Alice , van der Werff ten Bosch Jutte , Mazingue Françoise , Plouvier Emannuel , Robert Alain , Boutard Patrick , Millot Frédéric , Munzer Martine , Mechinaud Françoise , Lescoeur Brigitte , Baila Liliana , Vandecruys Els , Benoit Yves , Philippet Pierre ,   on behalf of EORTC Children Leukaemia Group (CLG)
Published: March 2011

Background

Intensive chemotherapy has markedly improved the survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) or lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL). Evaluation of late effects and analysis of factors contributing to their occurrence has become of major importance. Second neoplasm (SN) belongs to the most severe late events.

Procedure

We report the incidence of SN which occurred in patients recruited in EORTC trial 58881 for children with ALL or LL. The front‐line treatment regimen was adapted from the BFM protocol, but did not include cranial radiotherapy, even in patients with initial involvement of the central nervous system. A total of 2,216 patients were recruited, of whom 2,136 achieved complete remission (CR).

Results

At a median follow‐up of 7.5 years, 22 (1%) patients developed a SN: 20 during or after completion of front‐line therapy and 2 in second CR, after relapse treatment including haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Ten patients developed acute myeloblastic leukaemia. Only one SN, a glioblastoma, was a brain tumour. Other SN were: two Hodgkin lymphomas, one non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, two thyroid cancers, one osteosarcoma, two soft tissue sarcomas, one Ewing sarcoma, one cutaneous histiocytosis and one peritoneal carcinomatosis. The cumulative incidences of SN at 5, 8 and 13 years after registration were 0.8% (SE 0.2%), 1.0% (SE 0.2%) and 3.0% (SE 1.9%), respectively.

Conclusion

The overall incidence rate of SN is comparable to that reported previously. In spite of short follow‐up time, the low incidence of brain tumours might be related to the omission of cranial radiotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;57:119–125. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using the Bracken Basic Concept Scale and Bracken Concept Development Program in the assessment and remediation of young children's concept development
Authors: Bracken Bruce A. , Panter Janet E.
Published: March 2011

This article presents a historical description of and research related to the development, validation, and combined use of the multiple editions of the Bracken Basic Concept Scale and its companion curriculum, the Bracken Concept Development Program. In tandem, the scale and curriculum were designed to assess and teach more than 300 basic language concepts that are fundamental to understanding and describing the world in which young children live. Basic concepts are represented in early childhood educational standards across all 50 states, and this article provides the theoretical and practical basis for understanding conceptual domains, subcategories, and the manner in which psychologists and early childhood educators can effectively assess and teach these concepts. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of preschool early literacy skills: Linking children's educational needs with empirically supported instructional activities
Authors: Lonigan Christopher J. , Allan Nicholas P. , Lerner Matthew D.
Published: March 2011

The importance of the preschool period in becoming a skilled reader is highlighted by a significant body of evidence that preschool children's development in the areas of oral language, phonological awareness, and print knowledge is predictive of how well they will learn to read once they are exposed to formal reading instruction in elementary school. Although there are now a number of empirically supported instructional activities for helping children who are at risk of later reading difficulties to acquire these early literacy skills, limitations in instructional time and opportunities in most preschool settings require the use of valid assessment procedures to ensure that instructional resources are utilized efficiently. In this article, we discuss the degree to which informal, diagnostic, screening, and progress‐monitoring assessments of preschool early literacy skills can inform instructional decisions by considering the strengths and weaknesses of each approach to assessment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Proteomic characterization of a selenium‐metabolizing probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Lb2 BM for nutraceutical applications
Authors: Lamberti Cristina , Mangiapane Erika , Pessione Alessandro , Mazzoli Roberto , Giunta Carlo , Pessione Enrica
Published: March 2011

Selenium (Se), Se‐cysteines and selenoproteins have received growing interest in the nutritional field as redox‐balance modulating agents. The aim of this study was to establish the Se‐concentrating and Se‐metabolizing capabilities of the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Lb2 BM, for nutraceutical applications. A comparative proteomic approach was employed to study the bacteria grown in a control condition (MRS modified medium) and in a stimulated condition (4.38 mg/L of sodium selenite). The total protein extract was separated into two pI ranges: 4–7 and 6–11; the 25 identified proteins were divided into five functional classes: (i) Se metabolism; (ii) energy metabolism; (iii) stress/adhesion; (iv) cell shape and transport; (v) proteins involved in other functions. All the experimental results indicate that L. reuteri Lb2 BM is able to metabolize Se(IV), incorporating it into selenoproteins, through the action of a selenocysteine lyase, thus enhancing organic Se bioavailability. This involves endo‐ergonic reactions balanced by an increase of substrate‐level phosphorylation, chiefly through lactic fermentation. Nevertheless, when L. reuteri was grown on Se a certain degree of stress was observed, and this has to be taken into account for future applicative purposes. The proteomic approach has proven to be a powerful tool for the metabolic characterization of potential Se‐concentrating probiotics.
Surface Morphology in the Early Stages of Plasma Polymer Film Growth from Amine‐Containing Monomers
Authors: Michelmore Andrew , Martinek Petr , Sah Vasu , Short Robert D. , Vasilev Krasimir
Published: March 2011

The manner by which plasma polymers grow in the very first stages of deposition is a topic which has been almost overlooked. We show using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) that in the early stages of plasma deposition there are significant differences in the way plasma polymers grow from two amine‐containing compounds onto silicon wafers. By AFM it is shown that films grown from n‐heptylamine (HA) initially show ‘island‐like’ growth before a continuous smooth film is formed. In contrast, films from allylamine grow smoothly from the very earliest stages. XPS data show substantial differences of plasma polymer chemistry in close proximity to the silicon surface manifested in the formation of ${\rm NH}_{{\rm 3}}^{{\rm + }} $ and NOx species which are more abundant in films of HA. We present a possible explanation for these results based upon post‐plasma surface phenomena in the case of HA.

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HIV sexual transmission and microbicides
Authors: Ariën Kevin K. , Jespers Vicky , Vanham Guido
Published: March 2011

Pathogens often rely on the contacts between hosts for transmission. Most viruses have adapted their transmission mechanisms to defined behaviours of their host(s) and have learned to exploit these for their own propagation. Some viruses, such as HIV, the human papillomavirus (HPV), HSV‐2 and HCV, cause sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Understanding the transmission of particular viral variants and comprehending the early adaptation and evolution is fundamental to eventually inhibiting sexual transmission of HIV. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms of sexual transmission and the biology of the transmitted HIV. Next, we present a timely overview of candidate microbicides, including past, ongoing and future clinical trials of HIV topical microbicides. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aptamers: turning the spotlight on cells
Authors: López‐Colón Dalia , Jiménez Elizabeth , You Mingxu , Gulbakan Basri , Tan Weihong
Published: March 2011

This article is a review of the development and application of aptamer probes for cell imaging. Aptamers selected against whole cells have been modified with different fluorescent dyes and nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, and superparamagnetic iron oxide, for their use as imaging probes of live cells. These probes have been successfully used for cell imaging both in vitro and in vivo by optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and positron‐emission tomography (PET). In this article, we discuss the development of different aptamer‐based probes currently available for imaging of live cells and their applications in the biomedical field. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 328–340 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.133

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Management of Right Colonic Uncomplicated Diverticulitis: Outpatient Versus Inpatient Management
Authors: Park Hyoung‐Chul , Kim Byoung Seup , Lee Bong Hwa
Published: March 2011

Background

Initial conservative management may be the mainstay of therapy for uncomplicated right colonic diverticulitis. However, definitive treatment guidelines have not yet been established. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of outpatient management versus inpatient management for preventing recurrence of this condition.

Methods

Between 2007 and 2009, a total of 103 patients were consecutively enrolled at the first attack of uncomplicated right colonic diverticulitis. In this prospective observational study, 40 patients underwent an outpatient management regimen consisting of oral antibiotics (for 4 days), and 63 patients underwent an inpatient management regimen that included bowel rest and intravenous antibiotics (for 7–10 days). The treatment was selected by the patient. Failure to respond to therapy and the incidence of recurrence of this condition were assessed.

Results

Both groups of patients were treated successfully, and their symptoms were relieved. The patients were followed up for a median time of 21 months. Of the 40 patients with short‐term oral antibiotic therapy on an outpatient basis, disease recurrence was observed in 4 patients (10%). Of these four patients, one underwent surgery and the remaining three were treated nonoperatively. Of the 63 patients on inpatient management, recurrence was observed in 7 patients (11%). Of these seven patients, one underwent surgery and the remaining six were treated nonoperatively.

Conclusions

Outpatient management with short‐term oral antibiotic therapy for the treatment of uncomplicated right colonic diverticulitis is as effective as inpatient management in regard to preventing disease recurrence.
Art. III.—Notes on the Ruins of Muqeyer
Authors: Taylor J. E.
Published: March 2011

Muqeyer, in Arabic, signifies “bitumined,” or “covered with bitumen,” its root being . The Arabs of the country about Baghdad, Suk süh Shuyükh, and Busrah, universally give the Arabic (Qaf) the sound of the English g, and muqeyer then with them becomes mugeyer. This corrupt pronunciation has led foreign travellers astray as to the real meaning of the word, which they have interpreted “overturned;” “changed,” spelling the name of the ruins Megheyer, Megkalir, and sometimes also Umgheir. The reason for its present name, which is modern, is obvious to the visitor, as everywhere are to be seen large pieces of bitumen, and remains of masonry, formed by kiln burnt bricks, imbedded in the same material. The ruins are situated sixteen miles N.W. by N. from Sük ush Shuyükh, and six miles due west from the northern end of Arjé village, on the right bank of the Euphrates. Muqeyer itself is buílt upon a slight elevation; the country all about it is, however, so low, that, during the annual flood of the Euphrates, the whole becomes a marsh, and the ruins themselves an island in the middle. Seven miles west of Muqeyer is, a long, low range of sand hills (abounding in sand stones and pebbles), which bounds the district known by the Arabs as the Hejerra, and which terminates about eight miles N.W. of Semaweli. Between the ruins and this ridge the ground gradually descends for five miles; it then as gradually ascends for two, up to the summit of the ridge. At the other side is the valley or hollow of Abu Shahrezer. This ridge is called the Hazem. The plan will, I hope, convey a good idea of the general shape of the ruins and of the mounds composing them, together with the spots at which excavations were made. Plate 1 is a sketch of the principal building from the northern face. This is not, I must observe, exact in detail, and was only made to give an idea of the building as it at present exists. To these (and Plate 2, which is a sketch of a part of the same building) I shall refer, to elucidate my report, and to point out the different spots where the most interesting relics were discovered.
Art. V.—Topography of Nineveh, illustrative of the Maps of the chief cities of Assyria; and the general Geography of the country intermediate between the Tigris and the Upper Zab
Authors: Jones Felix
Published: March 2011

Within the last decade of years, the museums of France and England have been enriched by numerous monuments of Assyrian art, that clearly show the soil from which they were obtained was peopled by a race who, to its warlike habits, added many of the refinements of civilized life. The researches of Botta and Layard—so far as lapidary tablets are capable of conveying the economy of a nation—hare familiarised us in some measure with the public rites and ceremonies of the Assyrians, as well as given an insight into their more domestic concerns; and the pens of these travellers have further elucidated the subject in a manner of which the praise of the public is guarantee to the ability displayed, while the monuments themselves, as patents of their energy, remain in the capitals of Europe, until, in the course of time, they share in the fate of their Assyrian predecessors. Profoundly indifferent, however, to such an event, our savans are in the mean time labouring to unravel the mystic characters engraved on the records so lately revealed to ua; and such is the progress made, that we may shortly expect to be as cognizant of the deeds of the “stouthearted king and the glory of his high looks,” as we are conversant with the celebrities of Greece or Rome. The only desideratum wanting, it appears, to complete the picture of Assyria, is a faithful sketch of her aspect in desolation, when she is “empty, and void, and waste; when flocks lie down in the midst of her; and when her rivers are opened, and her palace is dissolved.” This we have endeavoured to supply in the three maps of the vestiges of Assyria, made from actual survey of the spot. Topography, however, is a dry subject, and we enter upon it with diffidence and reluctance.
Art. VIII.—Corrections of the Canon of Ptolemy, required in order to place it in harmony with the Solar Eclipses of Jan. 11th, B.C. 689, and May 28th B.C. 585
Authors: Bosanquet J. W.
Published: March 2011

In a paper which I had the honour of reading before this Society On the eighth of July last, I endeavoured to establish—First, that the remarkable astronomical phenomenon which occurred in the fourteenth year of Hezekiah, King of Jndah—viz., the retrograde motion of the sun's shadow on the dial, or steps, of the king's palace at Jerusalem, accompanied by some visible wonder in the heavens—must have been the effect of an eclipse of the sun. Secondly, that if the phenomenon was indeed caused by a solar eclipse, it must have been one combining the following distinguishing characters, viz.:—

1st, That it should have been visible at Jerusalem.

2nd, That it should have occurred within about twenty days of the winter solstice.

3rd, That it should have occurred about noon-day.

4th, That the occultation should have been on the upper limb of the sun.
Addenda to the Paper at the beginning of the volume, on the Scythic version of the Behistun Inscription
Authors: E. N.
Published: March 2011

In page 99 of this volume, in the remarks upon a passage recording the death of Bardes, the brother of Cambyses, I stated that we have at the beginning of line 23 ońly a few characters as the representatives of nearly two lines in the Persian original. There was obviously something wanting, and the word yufri, left incomplete at the end of line 22, ought to have aided in suggesting the omission of a line in my copy; but I had confidence in the pantograph, and made no further investigation, taking it for granted that all was right. I have since been informed, however, by Colonel Rawlinson, who made his copy from the rock itself, that I have left out a line; and a reference to the cast shows that this is the case. The omission arose from the crumpled state of the paper impression, which had been folded upon that very line, so as to obliterate every trace of a character, coupled with the fact that the instrument was shifted, and a new commencement made upon the same spot. The line is much injured, and these are the only characters preserved by Colonel Rawlinson:—
Art. IV.— Comparative Translations
Authors: Talbot W. H. Fox , Hincks E. , Oppert  , Rawlinson Henry C.
Published: March 2011

In March, 1857, the Royal Asiatic Society received from Mr. Fox Talbot, in a sealed, packet, a translation of a Cuneiform inscription on a cylinder, bearing the name of Tiglath Pileser; the first of the inscriptions lithographed under the superintendence of Sir Henry Rawlinson by authority of the Trustees of the British Museum under the sanction of the Government. The object of Mr. Talbot in sending his translation in this manner to the Society is best explained by the following note, with which the packet was accompanied:—
Art. VII.—Additional Notes to Art. II. on Assyrian Inscriptions
Authors: Talbot H. F.
Published: March 2011

I beg leave to send a few Addenda et Corrigenda to my paper on Assyrian Inscriptions, which hare occurred to me on subsequent consideration. And I have added a fuller explanation of some words which I had omitted for the sake of brevity.
Art. XI.—A Turkish Circle Ode, by Shahin-Ghiray, Khan of the Crimea. With Translation, Memoir of the Author, and a brief Account of the Khanate of the Crimea, its Connexion with Turkey, and its Annexation by Catherine the Second of Russia
Authors: Redhouse J. W.
Published: March 2011

Shahin-Ghiray, the author of the ingenious ode here given, was the last khan of the Crimea, having been reinstated for a short time before the Empress Catherine the Second declared the annexation of the country to her own dominions.
Art. V.—Description of the Amravati Tope in Guntur
Authors: Fergusson J.
Published: March 2011

Hitherto our knowledge of ancient Buddhist architecture in India has been derived mainly from the rock cut examples. These, though most valuable for the purpose, from their number and immutability, have the defect of being all interiors, and we obtain little or no knowledge from them of what the external appearance may have been of the structural buildings which they represent. It is doubtful whether we ever shall know, in so far as the Vihâras or monasteries are concerned. These seem, like those of Burmah at the present day, to have been principally constructed of wood, and have perished by fire or decay; but our knowledge of the Topes or Sthûpas is daily extending, and we may hope soon to understand them and their arrangements with tolerable completeness.
Art. IV.—On the Magar Language of Nepal
Authors: Beames John
Published: March 2011

My attention had been for a long time directed to the immense mass of languages spoken in the Himalayas, when in 1866 I was appointed to the charge of the district of Champáran. This district lies at the foot of the hills, and its frontier is conterminous with that of Nepal for about a hundred miles. Through the kindness of Colonel G. Ramsay, Resident at the Court of Káthmánḍu I obtained from Maharaja Sir Jung Bahadoor, the de facto ruler of that country, two Magar soldiers, men of intelligence, and who spoke their native dialect with great purity. At the same time I accidentally took into my service two Gorkhális (Anglicé—Goor-khas) or Rajputs of the dominating or Khas race of Nepal. These men remained with me during several months of the cold season. We worked hard some hours each day, and I was getting on fairly with my task, when they suddenly, like all hill-men, got restless, and insisted on going back to their homes. The weather was getting warm (it was the first week in April), and I could not fairly detain them. Unfortunately I had only got as far as F in my dictionary. I had of course many words for the rest, but I had been going over it a second time, filling up gaps, and had made it pretty complete for the first six letters.
Art.VIII.—An Endeavour to Elucidate Rashiduddin's Geographical Notices of India
Authors: Yule Col. H.
Published: March 2011

One of the most interesting articles in the late Sir Henry Elliot's work, “The History of India as told by its own Historians,” is that which consists of extracts from Rashiduddin's Jámi'-ut-Tawárikh. A large part of that worthy's notices of India is indeed taken from Albiruni, but the concluding portion is presumably his own, and speaks of a state of things existing in his own time. It is to this portion of the article that the following observations refer. In the original edition of Sir Henry Elliot's work this was crammed with obscurities. Many of these have been removed by the recent editor, Professor Dowson, through the comparison of various MSS., but obscurities still remain. Eecent studies having directed my attention to this subject, I have been trying to clear these up. In many cases I have utterly failed; in some I trust to have succeeded in throwing a little light, and I venture to submit the result to the Society, in the hope that others, much more competent, will lend aid in cracking some of the hard nuts that are left.
Art. X.—Some Account of the Senbyú Pagoda at Mengún, near the Burmese Capital, in a Memorandum
Authors: Sladen E. H. , Yule Henry
Published: March 2011

1. The Pagoda was built in the reign of king Bodo Piyah, in the Burmese year 1178 (A.D. 1816), by his grandson, Noungdau Gyee, now known as Bagyeedau Piyah, which specifies his relationship as paternal uncle to the present reigning king.

2. It is situated at Mengoon, on the west bank of the Irrawaddy, a couple of hundred yards only from the huge brick ruin which is known as the Mengoon pagoda.
Art. XV.—Indo-Parthian Coins
Authors: Thomas E.
Published: March 2011

Some months ago M. Wold. Tiesenhausen, Secrétaire de la Commission Archéologique de St. Pétersbourg, consulted me as to the attribution of a class of coins, representatives of which had newly been brought to light by the discovery, in the Government of Perm, of a small bronze vase containing four pieces of the type in question. M. Tiesenhausen forwarded at the same time impressions in tin-foil and rubbings on paper taken directly from the originals; but as these species of facsimile necessarily suffer from transmission by post, they furnished very unsatisfactory means of tracing the course of the singular and imperfectly-outlined marginal legends, which, in effect, constituted the real enigma to be solved. I therefore applied to my correspondent for more complete copies in less perishable materials, in the form of sealing-wax impressions or electrotypes. To my surprise, in reply I received the three accompanying excellent woodcuts, executed in the Russian Capital, together with engravings of two additional medals of cognate stamp, which, with considerable Numismatic acumen, had been traced in other accessible collections.
Art. IV.—The Bṛhat-Saṇhitâ or, Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varâha-mihira.
Authors: Kern H.
Published: March 2011

An aerial city in the north is detrimental to the court priest; one in the east, is so to the sovereign; one in the south, to the commander of the troops; one in the west, to the prince royal. A white one is pernicious to Brahmans, a crimson one to Kshatriyas, a yellow one to Vaiçyas, and a dusky one to Çûdras.
Art. XII.—The Bṛhat-Saṅhitâ; or, Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varâha-mihira
Authors: Kern H.
Published: March 2011

To gratify clever astrologers, I now proceed to compose a work on the art of building, such as it has been transmitted from the Creator to our days, through an unbroken series of sages.
Art. VII.—The Name of the Twelfth Imám on the Coinage of Egypt
Authors: Poole Stanley Lane
Published: March 2011

Seventeen years ago the lamented M. Soret published a description of a most interesting silver coin struck at Miṣr in the year of the Flight 525 (A.D. 1130–1), bearing a name Abu-l-Ḳásim Muḥammad Al-Muntaẓar-bi-amri-lláh, which does not appear in the list of the Fáṭimí Khalífahs of Egypt, though the place and date of the coin would certainly lead us to suppose that it was struck by a ruler belonging to this dynasty. A remarkable circumstance is that the coin was struck during the reign of Al-Ḥáfiẓ.
Art. XIV.—The Northern Frontagers of China. Part II.—The Origines of the Manchus
Authors: Howorth H. H.
Published: March 2011

For the name Manchu several etymologies have been proposed. Klaproth says that the Chinese characters representing it mean a well-peopled island, and that it is probably of Chinese origin; the Tatar hordes in early times liking to adopt Chinese soubriquets. The Thibetans transcribe the name Mandjhau, and some have thought it to be of Thibetan origin. Remusat has devoted several pages of his magnum opus to a discussion of the subject, but without arriving at any satisfactory conclusion. Palladius tells us that the name Mantszuin, i.e. Chinese soldiers, was applied to a large number of Chinese emigrants settled by Khubilai Khan on the borders of Corea to resist a threatened attack from Japan. It may be that it was from these emigrants that the name was first derived. It may be, again, that the name is connected with the Corean deity Manchusri, who lived, says Palladius, according to the Corean Buddhists, in the Changpo Shan mountains, i.e. in the cradle-land of the Manchus, vide infrà This last appears to me to be the most reasonable etymology.
Art. V.—An Account of the Island of Bali
Authors: Friederich R.
Published: March 2011

I must request the indulgence of friendly readers for the following paper on Bali. Not having prepared myself for this labour on Bali itself, I had not the means of collecting and properly arranging all my materials. I could only use for this purpose a small portion of the valuable manuscripts of the priests which were placed at my disposal. I could not avail myself of the information of the natives as to many points, and I was deprived of a great part of my manuscripts. These circumstances will, perhaps, in some degree excuse the many deficiencies, best known to the writer, of this preliminary account. I have divided this work into three divisions — 1st, language and literature; 2nd, religion, worship and cremation; 3rd, castes and royal races. With this is given a short description of the Balinese Calendar.
Art. VI—The Pali Text of the Mahâparinibbâna Sutta and Commentary, with a Translation
Authors: Childers R. C.
Published: March 2011

abhibhuyya jânâmi passâmîti evaṁsaññî hoti, idaṁ catutthaṁ abhibhâyatanaṁ. Ajjhattaṁ arûpasaññî eko bahiddhâ rûpâni passati nîlâni nîlavaṇṇâni nîlanidassanâni nîlanibhâsâni seyyatbâ pi nâma ummâpupphaṁ nîlam nîlavaṇṇam nîlanidassanaṁ nilanibhâsaṁ seyyathâ pi vâ pana taṁ vatthaṁ Bàrânaseyyakaṁ ubhatobhâgavimaṭṭhaṁ nîlaṁ nîlavaṇṇaṁ nîlanidassanaṁ nîlanibhâsaṁ evam eva ajjhattaṁ arûpasaññî eko bahiddhâ rûpâni passati nîlâni nîlavaṇṇâni nîlanidassanâni nîlanibhâsâni tâni abhibhuyya jânâmi passâmîti evaṁsaññî hoti, idam pañcamaṁ abhibhâyatanaṁ. Ajjhattaṁ arupasaññî eko bahiddhâ rûpâni passati pîtâni pîtavaṇṇâni pîtanidassanâni pîtanibhâsâni seyyathâ pi nâma kaṇikârapupphaṁ pîtaṁ pîtavaṇṇam pîtanidassanaṁ pîtani-bhâsaṁ seyyathâ pi vâ pana taṁ vatthaṁ Bàrâṇaseyyakaṁ ubhatobhâgavimaṭṭham pîtaṁ pîtavaṇṇam pîtanidassanaṁ pîtanibhâsaṁ evam eva ajjhattaṁ arupasaññî eko bahiddhâ rûpâni passati pîtâni pîtavaṇṇâni pîtanidassanâni pîtanibhâsâni tâni abhibhuyya jânâmi passâmîti evamsaññî hoti, idam chaṭṭham abhibhâyatanam. Ajjhattam arûpasaññî eko bahiddhâ rûpâni passati lohitakâni lohitakavaṇṇâni lohitakanidassanâni lohitakanibhâsâni seyyathâ pi nâma bandhujî-vakapuppham lohitakaṁ lohitakavaṇṇam lohitakanidassanaṁ lohitakanibhâsaṁ seyyathâ pi vâ pana tam vatthaṁ Bàrânaseyyakam ubhatobhâgavimattham lohitakam lohitakavannam lohitakanidassanam lohitakanibhâsam evam eva ajjhattam arupasaññî eko bahiddhâ rûpâni passati lohitakâni lohitakavannâni lohitakanidassanam lohitakanibhâsâni tâni abhibhuyya jânâmi passâmîti evamsaññî hoti, idam sattamaṁ abhibhâyatanam. Ajjhattam arupasaññî eko bahiddhâ rûpâni passati odâtâni odâtavannâni odâtanidassanâni odâtanibhâsâni seyyathâ pi nâma osadhitârakâ odâtâ odâtavannâ odâtani dassanâ odâtanibbâsâ seyyathâ pi vâ pana taṁ vattbam Bârânaseyyakam ubhatobhâgavimattbam odâtam odâtavan-nam odâtanidassanam odâtanibbâsam evam eva ajjhattam arûpasannî eko bahiddhâ rûpâni passati odâtâni odâtavannâni odâtanidassanâni odâtambhâsâni tâni abhiblmyya jânâmi passâmîti evamsaññî boti, idaṁ atthamam abbibhâyatanam. Imâni kbo Ânanda attba abhibhâyatanâni.
Art. IX. —On the Form of Government under the Native Sovereigns of Ceylon
Authors: Ekanâyaka A. de Silva
Published: March 2011

There being unquestionable historical facts and monumental ruins to testify to a considerable amount of civilization amongst the Sinhalese at an early period of their history, it may not unreasonably be supposed that they had a code of written laws, and a regular Government with a suitable executive. This cannot well be doubted, since it appears that law itself formed, in ancient times, a subject of study in the island. No regular records of these things, however, have come down to us, owing, in all probability, to the wanton destruction of literary records and libraries during the several invasions from the continent of India. Sinhalese historians with one voice deplore the devastations committed by the Cholas about the commencement of the thirteenth century, when the island suffered irreparable losses, both in a literary and political point of view, from the Saracenic fury of the invaders.
Art. I.—Bactrian Coins and Indian Dates
Authors: Thomas E.
Published: March 2011

A short time ago, a casual reference to the complicated Greek monograms stamped on the earlier Bactrian coins suggested to me an explanation of some of their less involved combinations by the test of simple Greek letter dates, which was followed by the curious discovery that the Bactrian kings were in the habit of recognizing and employing curtailed dates to the optional omission of the figure for hundreds, which seems to have been the immemorial custom in many parts of India. My chief authority for this conclusion was derived from a chance passage in Albírúní, whose statement, however, has since been independently supported by the interpretation of an inscription of the ninth century A.D. from Kashmír, which illustrates the provincial use of a cycle of one hundred years, and has now been definitively confirmed by information obtained by Dr. Bübler as to the origin of the Kashmírí era and the corroboration of the practice of the omission of “the hundreds in stating dates” still prevailing in that conservative kingdom.
Art. VI.—Further Note on a Bactrian Pali Inscription and the Samvat Era
Authors: Dowson J.
Published: March 2011

In a late Number of the Journal (Vol. VII. p. 376) I published a fac-simile of an Inscription from Takht-i Bahi, with some readings and observations. The stone on which this inscription is graven is damaged, and the fac-simile was not satisfactory. The original stone is in the Lahore Museum, and since the date of my publication, Colonel Maclagan, Superintendent Engineer in the Panjab, has had a series of photographs taken, under his own direction, of all the sculptures in the Lahore Museum. These photographs have been arranged in a book, a copy of which has been sent to the Library of the Society. The Takht-i Bahi inscription is among them, and from this new photograph the accompanying cut has been made of the words containing the date. I must add, however, that none of the copies are as satisfactory as the rubbing first received.
Art. III.—An Account of the Island of Bali
Authors: Friederich R.
Published: March 2011

We have already referred briefly to the fact that all the Xatriyan princes, and all the present Xatriyas, trace their descent to the Deva Agung. The princes and Gustis of Tabanan and Badong are descended from Arya Damar; and, finally, the princes and Gustis of Mengui, Karang-Assem, Boleleng and Lombok derive their pedigree from Patih Gaja Madda. This carries us back to the time of the conquest of Bali by the Javanese of Majapahit.
Art. IV.—Unpublished Glass Weights and Measures
Authors: Rogers Edward Thomas
Published: March 2011

In a paper published in the Numismatic Chronicle (1873, Part I. page 60), I enumerated and described all the glass discs with Kufic inscriptions which had till then come under my notice; comprising those in my own cabinet, M. Sauvaire's collection, and others in the possession of the Rev. Greville Chester. I then advanced my reasons for believing that these discs were standard coin-weights. The theory that they were tokens, or equivalents of coins, had been supported by several learned writers; but all those students and collectors with whom I have since been in communication now recognize them as weights.
Art. IX.—On Tibeto-Burman Languages
Authors: Forbes C. J. F. S.
Published: March 2011

The term ‘Tibeto-Burman’ has latterly crept into use as a convenient designation of a very large family of languages which appear more or less to approximate to each other. They are those which Max Müller classes as Gangetic and Lohitic, names which, with all due reference to the learned Professor, really have little relevant meaning in this case.
Art. XI.—On the Connexion of the Mōns of Pegu with the Koles of Central India
Authors: Forbes C. J. F. S.
Published: March 2011

Among the races now occupying the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, the oldest, the Mōn, has been little studied, and is generally passed over as an insignificant tribe of little interest in any way. Yet the facts which point them out as being the occupiers of the Delta of the Irrawaddy before the arrival of the Tibeto-Burman tribes, from whom they are quite distinct, seem worthy of consideration.
Art. XIII.—Arab Metrology. II. El-Djabarty
Authors: Sauvaire M. H.
Published: March 2011

A Year ago I had the honour of introducing to the Society M. Sauvaire's translation of Mar Eliyá's treatise on weights and measures, which appeared in Vol. IX. pp. 291–313 of the Journal. In the notes to that work reference was frequently made to the treatise on the Balance by Ḥasan El-Jabartí. Since then M. Sauvaire has completed a translation of a portion of the treatise, and has entrusted to me the agreeable office of presenting this new contribution to the Society.
Art. XIV.—The Migrations and Early History of the White Huns; principally from Chinese Sources
Authors: Kingsmill Thos. W.
Published: March 2011

One of the most interesting migrations on record is that of the Yuehti from their old seats in the north-west of China to the site of the Greek kingdom of Bactria. Its interest is increased rather than diminished by the fact that we can trace its origin by the aid of authentic records, as well as from the knowledge that it was but one in a series, the original exciting cause of which still remains veiled in an obscurity apparently only to be pierced, on the one hand, by the geologist who shall work out the changes in the physical geology of Asia, within the human period, or, on the other, by the comparative mythologist, who, placing side by side the myths and traditions of its ancient inhabitants, sees, though dimly, some sort of order rising out of what, at first sight, is a veritable chaos.
Art. I.—On the Position of Women in the East, in Olden Time
Authors: Thomas Edward
Published: March 2011

I Have lately been occupied with the examination of the legends stamped on a series of leaden coins recently discovered at Kolhapúr. These legends are found to illustrate, in a curious manner, the local custom of the children being designated after and identified by the name of the mother, and reproduce the dominant idea of recording the Metronymic to the subordination or exclusion of the Patronymic of the race or family.
Art. III.—Ancient Arabic Poetry; its Genuineness and Authenticity
Authors: Muir William
Published: March 2011

An indescribable charm surrounds the early poetry of the Arabs. Dwelling in the wonderful creations of their genius with these ancient poets, you live, as it were, a new life. Cities, gardens, villages, the trace of even fields, left far out of sight, you get away into the free atmosphere of the desert; and, the trammels and conventionalities of settled society cast aside, you roam with the poet over the varied domain of Nature in all its freshness, artlessness, and freedom.
Art. VIII.—On the Identification of the Portrait of Chosroes II. among the Paintings in the Caves at Ajanta
Authors: Fergusson Jas.
Published: March 2011

In the cold weather of the season 1872–3, Mr. Griffiths, decorative artist in the Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeeboy School of Art, with several pupils from that school, was deputed by the Government of Bombay to copy the paintings in the caves at Ajanta. One of the principal objects of his mission was to replace as far as possible the frescoes previously copied by Major Gill, which had unfortunately been destroyed by the fire at the Crystal Palace, in 1866. In addition to this, however, he was instructed to copy any others which might seem to him sufficiently interesting to be worthy of preservation.
Art. V.—On the Age of the Ajantá Caves.
Authors: Bahadur Rájendralála Mitra Rai
Published: March 2011

In a paper published in volume xlvii. of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, I attempted to identify the nationality of some foreign figures depicted in the rock-cut caves at Ajantá. The conclusions I arrived at were:—

1st. That the figures with long flowing coats and sugarloaf hats in one of the pictures were Persians.

2nd. That the principal personages in three “Drinking scenes” were Bactrians.

3rd. That the scenes represented phases of Indian life from 1800 to 2000 years ago.
Art. III.—The Nirvana of the Northern Buddhists
Authors: Edkins J.
Published: March 2011

The word “Nirvana” expresses the doctrine of immortal hope as held by the ten Buddhist nations; the Singhalese of Ceylon, the Ghoorkas of Nepaul, the Tibetans, Mongols, Chinese, Coreans, Japanese, Cochin Chinese, Siamese, and Birmese.
Art. VI.—The Northern Frontagers of China. Part V.—The Khitai or Khitans
Authors: Howorth H. H.
Published: March 2011

The Khitai fill a notable place in Asiatic history, and the investigation of their ethnology and early history is full of interest and value. It is also surrounded by considerable difficulties. The Khitai, or Khitans as they are otherwise known, conquered Northern China, and it was from them that mediæval geographers and travellers derived the famous name of Cathay, which has much romance about it. The Russians to this day call the Chinese Kitai. The name was perhaps introduced into Europe by the Arabs, whose adventurous merchants began to frequent the ports of China during the supremacy of the Khitai; or it may have travelled westward through the intervention of the Turkish tribes of Central Asia, who called the Khitai Khatai. They never conquered Southern China, nor did their dominion there extend apparently beyond its six northern provinces; but they made up for this by dominating over the various nomade tribes who occupied the country from the river Hurka to Turkestan, and from the Chinese wall to the country of the Tunguses. The Mongols and the tribes of Manchuria were either immediately subject to them, or tributaries; and, in fact, the history of Eastern Asia from the beginning of the tenth to that of the twelfth century was focussed about the Khitai. When their dominion in the further East was broken, as I described in a previous paper, by the Kin or Golden Tartars, a branch of their royal house founded an empire further west, known as Kara Khitai, which has already occupied our attention.
Art. XXIII.—Two Chinese-Buddhist Inscriptions found at Buddha Gayâ
Authors: Beal S.
Published: March 2011

These inscriptions were found among the rubbish surrounding the Great Temple at Buddha-Gayâ; this rubbish had accumulated during the progress of the alterations and improvements carried out by the Burmese deputation who visited the Temple in 1877. Quoting from p. 65 of Dr. Rajendralála Mitra's work on Buddha Gayâ. we learn “that certain Burmese gentlemen, deputed by his Majesty the King of Burmah, arrived at Buddha Gayâ, at the beginning of 1877, and with the sanction of the Mahant, who is the present owner of the Great Temple and the surrounding ground, carried on demolitions and excavations round the temple, which in a manner swept away most of the old land-marks. The remains of the vaulted gateway in front of the temple had been completely demolished and the place cleared out and levelled. The stone pavilion over the Buddhapad had been dismantled and its materials cast aside on a rubbish mound at a distance. The granite plinth beside it had been removed. The sites of the chambers brought to light by Major Mead had been cleared out. The drain-pipe and gargoyle which marked the level of the granite pavement had been destroyed. The foundations of the old buildings noticed by Hiouen Thsang around the Great Temple had been excavated for bricks and filled up with rubbish. The revetment wall round the sacred Bodhi tree had been rebuilt on a different foundation on the West.
Art. XXV.—Supplement to a paper “On the Duty which Mohammedans in British India owe, on the Principles of their own Law, to the Government of the Country.”
Authors: Baillie N. B. E.
Published: March 2011

When the paper was read at a meeting of the Royal Asiatic Society, some exceptions were taken to it by Lord Stanley of Alderley. A report of these has been added to the report of the paper in the pages of the Society's Journal, and may possibly give occasion for doubt on a subject which I think of much importance to Mohammedans in British India and even of some to the Government itself. I therefore propose to answer the exceptions in detail and at some length. But it seems necessary, for the better understanding of them, that I should first state briefly the principles on which the argument of the paper was founded.
Art. IV.—A Sculptured Tope on an old Stone at Dras, Ladak
Authors: Simpson William
Published: March 2011

Dras is a village on the banks of a stream of the same name, about the distance of one march beyond the Bul-tul pass, on the road from Cashmere to Leh. There are two sculptured stones at this place, and as Cunningham has described them in his work on Ladak, I shall quote from him:

“On the side of the road, between the hamlet of Styalbo and the village of Drás, there are two pillars of granitic mica-slate, which the people call Chomo, or ‘The Women,’ but which, I believe, have no connection with Tibetan Buddhism, as the nearly obliterated inscriptions are in Kashmiri Tákri, and not in Tibetan characters. The eastern pillar has one principal figure, a four-armed female, and two attendant females, one on each side, and each with one leg bent. They all wear necklaces, earrings, amulets, and anklets. On the pedestal are several small kneeling figures with their hands raised and joined in attitudes of prayer. This pillar is six feet nine inches high, one foot six inches broad, and one foot thick. The western pillar has the same principal figure, also a four-armed female, with two attendant females on each side. This pillar is six feet high, two feet nine inches broad, and one foot thick. From the style of these figures, as well as from the nature of the alphabetical characters, I have no hesitation in stating my opinion that they are Brahminical statues erected by some Kashmirian Hindus. This opinion is strengthened by the fact that there is a third undoubted Hindu pillar standing close to them, which I believe to be a Sati pillar. On one side is sculptured a horseman, which is the usual emblem, placed on the piUar of a Rajputni Sati, to denote that her husband was a soldier. On the back of the pillar there is an inscription of eight lines in Kashmirian Tákri, which I am. unable to translate satisfactorily.”—pp. 381–82.
Art. IX.—Suggestions on the Formation of the Semitic Tenses. A Comparative and Critical Study
Authors: Bertin G.
Published: March 2011

In no Semitic tongue there seems not to be more than two primitive tenses, not having, however, in each dialect the same force. The form expressing the present in Hebrew is used for the subjunctive in Ethiopian, the perfect in Assyrian, etc. As for comparative purposes a common name is required for each form, we will take those adopted by the late Vicomte de Rougé in his Egyptian Grammar: Aorist-Past to denote the tense which appears to be formed by suffixes, as qabal-ti, and Aorist-Present for that which appears to be formed by prefixes, as ä-qbol.
Art. XII.—Notice of the Scholars who have Contributed to the Extension of our Knowledge of the Languages of Africa
Authors: Cust R. N.
Published: March 2011

In the Journal for 1879 I was permitted to insert a notice of the scholars who have contributed to the extension of our knowledge of the Languages of British India during the last thirty years; and upon the occasion of its being read at one of the Society's meetings, considerable interest was shown in the subject. I venture now to intrude upon the Society with a kindred notice upon those great scholars who have devoted their talents, and in many cases their lives, to enlarging our knowledge of the Languages of Africa.
Art. XIV.—Buddhist Saint Worship
Authors: Lillie Arthur
Published: March 2011

A student of Buddhism cannot proceed very far in his inquiry without being confronted with a tremendous contradiction. Perhaps I may be allowed here to speak from personal experience. I read Le Bouddha et sa Religion, by M. Barthélemy St.-Hilaire, and one or two well-known works; and soon learnt that annihilation (sûnyatâ) was the lot of the Saint when he had reached the Bodhi or Highest Wisdom, and freed himself from the cycle of new births. I then came across Schlagintweit's Buddhism in Tibet, which contains a sort of litany called The Buddhas of Confession. In it is the following passage:—

“I adore the Buddha Sa-la'i-rgyal-po. Once uttering this name shall purify from all sins of theft, robbery, and the like.” This puzzled me. This being was a Buddha. In consequence he had suffered, or enjoyed, complete annihilation. Why then should the pronouncing the name Sâ-la'irgyal-po purify from all sins of “theft, robbery, and the like?” Then I remembered that in old religions very holy names like I.A.O., A.U.M., etc., had often got to be thought more potent than the God himself. I mention all this to show that I am not at all surprised at people clinging to the idea that the Bodhi in the earliest Buddhism meant annihilation in spite of the strong evidence that can be brought against it. I myself for some time did the same.
Art. XV.—Gleanings from the Arabic
Authors: Freeland H. W.
Published: March 2011

If I faults in friend discover, Find him not in acts the same, I, by friendship moved, pass over What in him provoketh blame. What a friend of evil doeth I to him will never do; Fault which unto him accrueth I with grace indulgent view. To a friend's defects the blindness Of a friend is friendship's part, Friendship this preserves through kindness Worthy of a noble heart.