Investigations of temperature and dilution effect on rheological properties of waxy crude oil
Authors: Struchkov I. A. , Roschin P. V. , Litvin V. T. , Ol’hovskaya V. A. , Kalinin E. S. 
Published: September 2019

The purpose of the paper is to study the effect of temperature and hydrocarbon solvent addition on thixotropy of waxy crude oil. Oil is a complex multicomponent hydrocarbon system. There are many interactions between wax and asphaltene, wax and aromatics, asphaltene and resins in original oil. For example, the dispersion of asphaltenes is known to be influenced by resins. The resins are adsorbed onto the surface of the asphaltenes, whereby the asphaltenes are not aggregated. Wax is adsorbed by fine asphaltene particles and wax appearance temperature (WAT) observed at low temperature (formed wax crystals too small to be detected by measuring system). The authors of the paper have studied the separate effect of two solvents (kerosene and diesel fuel), wax concentration and impurities (kaolinite) on WAT to understand how all these factors affect WAT in wax-bearing solutions individually. Wax-bearing solutions in wax concentration range from 10 to 60% by weight were investigated by the visual and rheological methods under atmospheric pressure. It is shown that the diesel-based solutions have higher WAT than the kerosene-based solutions. Studies have shown that the increase in wax concentration in solution leads to an increase in WAT. The paper describes that the addition of impurities (kaolinite) to the solutions resulted in an increase in WAT. Besides, it is shown that WAT obtained by rheological method is higher on average of 1 °C than WAT obtained by visual method. The authors suggested that under constant other conditions (pressure, resin and asphaltenes content, etc.) an increase in wax content in oil and the content of impurities will lead to an increase in WAT. The scientific basis for this conclusion is that, in the future we can, adding or removing from solution hydrocarbon components, with certain assumptions, simulate the properties of oil. In particular, this will allow us to study separate interactions between the wax and asphaltene, wax and aromatics, and wax and naphtha compounds, and abstract away from other factors. The waxy crude oil production in the Samara region is complicated by impurities entrainment and non-Newtonian properties of oil. The investigations of waxy crude oil were provided with light scattering method (in near infrared region), microscopy under high pressure with the grain size analysis (visual) and a rheological method. We obtained the unique «viscosity superanomaly» discovered by Vinogradov and Malkin (Rheol Acta 5(3):188–193, 1966) at low temperatures and shear stress by rheological method under atmospheric pressure. The area of the hysteresis loop on the flow curve increases as the temperature decreases, which is caused by the formation of the lattice by wax. We have also shown that the use of solvent and the increase in temperature allow to reduce «viscosity superanomaly». Simultaneous use of light scattering and microscopy under high-pressure methods allows increasing in accuracy of measuring. For waxy crude oil, there will also be a difference between rheological and visual methods of WAT measuring, as these methods have different sensitivity limits. Besides, the study showed that addition of N2and CO2to oil leads to decrease in WAT. However, it is necessary to provide a number of additional studies before gas injection projects in the field. For example, it is shown that CO2injection leads to asphaltenes precipitation in oil by many scientists. Novelty of the paper consists in investigation of rheological properties of waxy crude oil of the Samara and the effect of nonhydrocarbon gases on WAT. In this study, unique flow curves of oil of the Samara region were obtained.