bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Founding and Internationalizing of the National Council of Negro Women
Authors: Robertson Preston Ashley
Published: January 2024

Chapter 3 explores the 1935 founding of National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) and how Bethune begins to internationalize the work of the U.S. based organization. Throughout the chapter Bethune simultaneously serves as Director of the Division of Negro Affairs for the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration where she calls for attention to the plight of Black America while also forging relationships throughout the African Diaspora. Sue Bailey Thurman, Dorothy Porter, and Eunice Hunton, were a few of the women that Bethune brought together to implement her global agenda for NCNW. The organization's travels to Cuba, cultural exchanges with Ethiopian women and the publishing of Aframerican Journal are important aspects that are examined.
Bethune Advances Her Global Agenda beyond Retirement
Authors: Robertson Preston Ashley
Published: January 2024

After fourteen years as president of NCNW, Bethune retired from the organization that she founded, but in many ways her work had just begun as she looked beyond formal organizations as a means of creating solidarity with Africans throughout the diaspora in Chapter 6. In her global travels Bethune consistently attempts to have meaningful engagement with local people, so that she may become better informed on how to use her platform to better advocate for them. Ultimately, Bethune sought to create solidarity among people of African descent through “small p” Pan-Africanist methods. St. Clair Drake defines these methods as those which “has ends that are not political and is part of a people-to-people approach to transatlantic relations among black people.” In the years following her retirement from NCNW she became an advisor to women’s organizations around the world. She was called upon by the women of the Bahamas, who were in the early years of their struggle for suffrage, to share her insight and mentorship on how to move towards obtaining true citizenship and equality. She was also sought after for advice on the issue of education, and on each international visit she included talks with educators. Ultimately, she fulfilled her dream of visiting Africa on her 1952 trip to Liberia, but she brought much more to the continent than she would have in her earlier years, in terms of her ability to advocate for resources and change. Throughout the years that Bethune led NCNW she mentored the women around her, giving them the tools to continue the work of the organization.
A City and What Lies Beneath
Authors: Fracchia Adam D. , Samford Patricia M.
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces the book and provides an overview of the structure of the book. A brief discussion of urban archaeology is followed by an overview of the evolution of cities and theories used to study the city and urbanization. Baltimore’s struggles with poverty and violence are highlighted along with the need to contextualize them through the study of modern capitalism.
The Port St. Joe Interrogations
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Deputy Sherriff Wayne White was assigned the Floyd-Burkett case. Freddie Pitts and Wilbert Lee were questioned because they had used the telephone at the Mo Jo gas station the night Floyd and Burkett were murdered and gotten into a charged argument with the attendants over using the whites-only restroom. Assuming the murder was racially motivated, White arrested Pitts, Lee, and several of their friends. At the Port St. Joe jail, they were interrogated, beaten, and given polygraph examinations, in which they repeatedly denied their involvement with the murders.
The Panama City Interrogations
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Pitts, Lee, and their friend Lambson Smith were moved to a jail in Panama City out of fears of a lynching, and Floyd and Burkett’s bodies were discovered. Autopsy reports confirmed they were each executed by a gunshot in the back of their heads. In Panama City, Pitts’ and Lee’s friend, Willie Mae Lee, falsely accuses them of murder out of fear of the police.
The Army CID Investigation
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Because Freddie Pitts and Lambson Smith were privates in the Army, the Army Criminal Investigation Division (CID) assigned two sergeants to conduct their own investigation into the allegations. The investigators, Sergeant Bruce Potts and Sergeant Donald Hoag, interviewed soldiers from the camp where Pitts was stationed. They attempted to interview Pitts and Lee, but were stonewalled by Port St. Joe police. After viewing the physical evidence, they were suspicious of the way the police were handling the investigation and had doubts over Pitts’ and Lee’s guilt.
A Court Hearing
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Police brutality was rampant throughout the investigation and was visibly present at Pitts’, Lee’s, and Smith’s first court hearing in Wewahitchka. They were assigned a lawyer, David Gaskin, who provided the three men with a shoddy defense. Pitts, Lee, and Smith pleaded not guilty to the charges and, under the advice of Gaskin, waived their rights to a preliminary hearing.
Curtis Adams Confesses
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Despite being outside of his jurisdiction, Broward County Chief Detective Lawrence Lang attempted to reopen the Floyd and Burkett murder case due to its similarities to the Floyd McFarland murder in Fort Lauderdale. Though they were stonewalled by Port St. Joe authorities, detectives travelled to north Florida to investigate. Meanwhile, polygraph examiner Warren Holmes questioned Curtis Adams, who confessed on record to killing Grover Floyd and Jesse Burkett.
Dueling Newspapers in Miami and Panama City
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Gene Miller wrote a series of investigative articles for the Miami Herald, with Adams’ confession and the gross injustice suffered by Pitts and Lee in Port St. Joe as central narratives. The Panama City News Herald retaliated with its own series of racially charged articles laden with accusations against outside agitators. The competing perspectives fuelled animosities over the case.
Phase I of the Pretrial Proceedings
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Hubbart and his team filed a writ of prohibition and asked that the case be moved outside of Port St. Joe. The writ was denied, and arraignment took place on July 7, 1971. Judge John Crews of Gainesville oversaw the proceedings, and he ruled to dismiss the indictments of 1963. Pitts and Lee were then reindicted for a new trial. The case was then turned over to Judge David R. Smith of Ocala, who granted Hubbart’s motion for change of venue. The trial was moved to nearby Marianna, Florida
The Final Arguments
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

On the final day of the trial, Hubbart delivered the opening argument, where he reiterated the State’s lack of evidence. Prosecutor Leo Jones responded with his own opening argument, in which he relied on an us-against-them argument that portrayed the defense attorneys as outside agitators. Next, Irwin Block delivered his final argument, where he analysed the evidence the authorities did have. In Jones’s final argument, he returned to the outside agitator argument. Finally, Hubbart offered his closing arguments in which he appealed to the jury to consider the facts of the case without prejudice.
The Trial Concludes
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Judge Smith dismissed the jury for deliberations. They returned seventy-five minutes later with guilty verdicts for first-degree murder for both Pitts and Lee. Judge Smith imposed new death sentences, and the men returned to death row at Raiford Prison.
Introduction
Authors: Stanfield-Mazzi Maya , Vargas-Betancourt Margarita
Published: January 2024

The introduction explains the decolonial approach and methodologies that the book’s contributors use to study colonial Latin American art. To overcome the Eurocentric centering of individuals in art history, as exemplified in the Vasarian model, the authors propose a decolonial project that interrogates modern paradigms of knowledge by recognizing how the coloniality of power has impacted epistemology. The editors of the book propose to study the colonial Latin American artist through a different approach based on several decolonial theories, such as decolonial feminism, ethno-racial dynamics, African American, Latinx, gender studies, Native American and Indigenous Studies and the New Conquest History. Through interdisciplinary methodologies, they depart from the paradigm of universalism and, instead, focus on local stories contextualized in specific times and regions, depicting in this way a pluralist world.
Artists as Activists
Authors: Stanfield-Mazzi Maya
Published: January 2024

This chapter is an analysis of the impact of artist corporations in the evolution of Indigenous rights in New Spain and Peru. Maya Stanfield-Mazzi used European treatises on Indigenous rights but also the Indigenous archive. She centered the experience of Indigenous people’s fighting against forced labor by studying Indigenous artists’ complaints. Through their trade corporations, Indigenous artisans had a significant role in the success of the struggle. However, their successes also shed light on the heterogeneity of circumstances and the conflicting relationships between different segments of the Indigenous population.
The Brush and the Burin
Authors: Floyd Emily C.
Published: January 2024

This chapter is an examination of the genre of “true portraits,” purported products of divine intervention. Their creators, who were usually Indigenous, were alienated from their creations because they were considered mere conduits of the divine. Emily C. Floyd analyzes the case of the “true portrait” reproduced in Juan María de Guevara y Cantos’s 1644 devotional text, Corona de la divinissima María. Based on an analysis of archival and textual sources in Guevara y Cantos’s book, Floyd reveals that the author of the original painting was the Indigenous artist Mateo Mexía. She, then, reconstructs the creator’s sources. Floyd’s study of the production of this portrait and of the narrative that surrounded it challenges the assumption that most Spanish colonial art consisted of copies of European works. Instead, she suggests that Indigenous creators produced original and enduring works of art.
En Bas Saline
Authors: Deagan Kathleen
Published: January 2024

This book details the Indigenous Taíno occupation at En Bas Saline in Hispaniola between AD 1250 and 1520, showing how the community coped with the dramatic changes imposed by Spanish contact. En Bas Saline is the largest late precontact Taíno town recorded in what is now Haiti; the only one that has been extensively excavated and analyzed; and one of few with archaeologically documented occupation both before and after the arrival of Columbus in 1492. It is thought to be the site of La Navidad, Columbus’s first settlement, where the cacique Guacanagarí offered refuge and shelter after the sinking of the Santa Maria. Kathleen Deagan provides an intrasite and spatial analysis of En Bas Saline by focusing on households, foodways, ceramics, and crafts and offers insights into social organization and chiefly power in this political center through domestic and ornamental material culture. Postcontact changes are seen in patterns of gendered behavior, as well as in the power base of the caciques, challenging the traditional assumption that Taíno society was devastatingly disrupted almost immediately after contact. En Bas Salineis the only archaeological account of the consequences of contact from the perspective of the Taíno peoples’ lived experience.
Excavation and Data Ordering
Authors: Deagan Kathleen
Published: January 2024

The methodologies used to study En Bas Saline are detailed in this chapter. These include the excavation strategies, as well as the field methods and sampling protocols, and the field documentation systems. It also outlines the analytical frameworks that undergird the interpretation of the site, detailing the criteria used to organize and order data, interpret function and assign chronological periods
Artisanal and Craft Production
Authors: Deagan Kathleen
Published: January 2024

The wide array of production, craft, and artisanal items made and used by the residents of En Bas Saline — apart from those related to food - are detailed in this chapter. They include ornamental and ritual items of stone and shell, and the tools used to produce them. These items embody status, identity, and purpose, and are considered in a comparative perspective across the social contexts of En Bas Saline. Wider Caribbean comparisons are considered in the context of potential exchange.
After Columbus
Authors: Deagan Kathleen
Published: January 2024

The archaeological evidence for life and power at En Bas Saline after the arrival of Spaniards is the focus of this chapter. Change is documented in foodways, labor regimens, architecture, and craft production. The organization of inequality and power, however, do not appear to have changed dramatically after contact. These insights provide a more nuanced understanding of how Spanish domination impacted a specific Taíno community, and how the occupants of that community coped with them. It makes evident that precolumbian Taíno power structures, ritual practice, patterns of inequality, and materiality survived in practice for more than a quarter century after Spanish occupation.
The Death of Dr. Riddle
Authors: Toby Milton C.
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces readers to the rudimentary forms of performance enhancing drugs and other methods employed to manipulate race outcomes and odds at the turn of the 20th century. Dr. Riddle was a six-year-old Thoroughbred whose trainers had been running him cold for weeks leading up to Morris Park in the Bronx. Despite visible indications of being under the influence of stimulants before his final and fatal race, Dr. Riddle's overdose was never chemically proven. The remainder of the chapter speculates the case of Dr. Riddle and the series of decisions that preceded his drug-induced death as well as the ripples that it caused in larger American society.
Rule 162
Authors: Toby Milton C.
Published: January 2024

In 1893 as now, the authorities regulating racing were unincorporated, allowing many offenders of one track to simply transfer to another. This chapter outlines the initial attempts of New York's jockey clubs to unify and standardize racing in the East coast, first through the Board of Control and then the American Jockey Club. Among the myriad of racing matters in desperate need of address by the Jockey Club was doping. Signed a few days after the death of Dr. Riddle, Rule 162 of the Rules of Racing marked the first anti-doping regulation enacted by any sport's governing body. Yet, with reliable chemical drug tests more than a decade away, the Jockey Club's effort to stop PEDs from discouraging bettors was years ahead of its time. This chapter also summarizes how the growing prominence of PEDs and the need to regulate them were mirrored in British Thoroughbred racing.
The Thoroughbred Racing Protective Bureau and the Defection of Dr. Kater
Authors: Toby Milton C.
Published: January 2024

By the mid-1940's, it became clear that racing officials' efforts to clean up the sport on their own (without federal oversight) were falling short. This chapter outlines the early years of the Thoroughbred Racing Protective Bureau (TRPB) with Spencer Drayton, a former FBI agent, at its head. The TRPB set out to police racetracks and prosecute dishonest practices. Naturally, doping was one of several immediate concerns. Dissatisfied with the TRPB's performance a decade into its existence, Dr. John McA. Kater exposed the latest PED responsible for the outbreak of swamp fever especially high among geldings: testosterone.
Introduction
Authors: Chapman Jessica M.
Published: January 2024

The introduction introduces readers to the chronological framework of the book and thematic connections between the Cold War and decolonization. It discusses ideological and strategic competition among Cold War powers, the emergence of nonalignment, fractures in Third World solidarity, challenges to bipolarity, and more. The introduction wraps up with a brief discussion of each chapter.
Decolonization and the Cold War
Authors: Chapman Jessica M.
Published: January 2024

The first chapter provides a chronological overview from World War I to the Soviet collapse. It highlights key developments in the international system as decolonization unfolded in tandem with the Cold War. Readers may refer to this timeline for overarching context as they make their way through six case studies on India, Egypt, the Congo, Vietnam, Angola, and Iran.
Vietnam
Authors: Chapman Jessica M.
Published: January 2024

Vietnam's protracted wars for independence constituted the marquee event of the Cold War in the decolonizing world. Driven first by the logic of the domino theory and then by the theory of credibility, the United States assumed from France the burden of fighting Vietnamese communists, only deepening its commitment in the face of mounting evidence of futility. Chinese support for North Vietnam, meanwhile, compelled the Soviet Union to step up its own involvement in the conflict, for fear of ceding the revolutionary vanguard. By the war's end, the United States was humiliated and the long simmering Sino-Soviet rivalry became an open split. Washington, seeking to capitalize, pursued rapprochement with Beijing and détente with Moscow. Even as the supposedly monolithic socialist bloc fractured, the Soviet Union—buoyed by its victory in Southeast Asia—adopted a more aggressive approach to the Third World as the United States pulled inward to lick its wounds. Hanoi's victory, meanwhile, signaled to Third World nationalists across the globe that it was, indeed, possible to defeat one Cold War superpower without succumbing to the control of another. The geopolitical reconfigurations wrought by the Vietnam War conditioned the final chapter of the Cold War in the decolonizing world.
Conclusion
Authors: Chapman Jessica M.
Published: January 2024

As empires collapsed in the face of internal weakness and anticolonial challenges, vacuums of power emerged around the world, begging to be filled. The Cold War conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States was part and parcel of this global reconfiguration; a competition between the world's two mightiest powers to answer the question of what would replace the imploding imperial system. This conclusion argues that the answer to this question remains incomplete, as Cold War interventions denatured the decolonizing process.
Good Times, Bad Times
Authors: Prentice David L.
Published: January 2024

This chapter surveys the history of the Vietnam War up to Richard Nixon's 1969 inauguration. It explains Lyndon Johnson's decisions to Americanize the war in 1964-1965 and then begin leveling it off after the 1968 Tet Offensive. Critically, his bombing halt would restrict Nixon's freedom to maneuver. The chapter also develops the background of key Vietnamese leaders, notably Ho Chi Minh, Le Duan, and Nguyen Van Thieu. Finally, it establishes Nixon's background and views on how to achieve peace with honor.
Only the Strong Survive
Authors: Prentice David L.
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers the Nixon administration's formative months and Richard Nixon's tentative escalation. Henry Kissinger proved a key advisor and advocate of an expanded conflict to compel the Democratic Republic to stop its war against South Vietnam. Conversely, Secretary of State William Rogers and Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird favored de-escalation. Kissinger won out. The president escalated the ground war in Vietnam, threatened Hanoi, and began bombing Cambodia in what became known as Operation Menu.
Going Up the Country
Authors: Prentice David L.
Published: January 2024

This chapter surveys the war and early reactions to Vietnamization in Vietnam. It also shows Henry Kissinger's efforts to halt troop withdrawals and replace them with a strategy of coercive diplomacy and potentially renewed and expanded bombing—a plan that became known as Duck Hook. The decision to either escalate or Vietnamize the war was front and center when President Nixon met Nguyen Van Thieu in Saigon in July 1969. Finally, this chapter examines the Nixon Doctrine and the global context that framed the Vietnamization/Duck Hook debate.
Come Together
Authors: Prentice David L.
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on Richard Nixon's fall 1969 decision to abandon Henry Kissinger's Duck Hook in favor of Melvin Laird's Vietnamization. Congressional impatience with his handling of the conflict and the upcoming October 15 antiwar Moratorium convinced the president that the public and Congress would not tolerate escalation. His November 3, 1969 silent majority address affirmed that Vietnamization would progressively and irreversibly remove American forces from Vietnam.
It's Too Late
Authors: Prentice David L.
Published: January 2024

Richard Nixon and Nguyen Van Thieu's confidence gave way to hubris as each overstepped their political limits in 1970-1971. Even as the Republic of Vietnam made tentative military and economic gains, it suffered political setbacks from Thieu's frustration with his National Assembly and his creeping authoritarianism. Meanwhile, Nixon lost decisive congressional support as he extended the American ground war into Cambodia. The subsequent Lam Son 719 operation in Laos also did Nixon and Thieu few political favors while exposing the hollowness of Vietnamization.
Alone Again, Naturally
Authors: Prentice David L.
Published: January 2024

Vietnamization proved a political winner for Richard Nixon in the 1972 election, but events that year and in those that followed revealed the strategy's frailties. The Democratic Republic's Easter Offensive failed to accomplish Le Duan's aim of total victory, but it did leave the communists in control of portions of South Vietnam. Nguyen Van Thieu had to cope with a precarious military situation and an ally seeking a diplomatic finish to an American war that Vietnamization had virtually ended. The 1973 Paris Peace Accords completed this process, though peace remained elusive. The war soon returned, and this chapter culminates with the Republic of Vietnam's 1975 military collapse.
Monsters on Maple Street
Authors: Brokaw David J.
Published: January 2024

Post-World War II America has often been mythologized by successive generations as an exceptional period of prosperity and comfort. At a time when the Cold War was understood to be a battle of ideas as much as military prowess, the entertainment business relied heavily on subtle psychological marketing to promote the idea of the American Dream. The media of the 1950s and 1960s promoted an idealized version of American life sustained by the nuclear family and bolstered by a booming consumer economy. The seemingly wholesome and simple lifestyles portrayed on television screens, however, belied a torrent of social, economic, and political struggles occurring at the time. By the late 1950s, television writers were increasingly constrained to distract audiences from confronting counternarratives to the Dream. Among the programs that railed against this trend was Rod Serling s television masterpiece The Twilight Zone. Now considered an enduring classic, the allegorical nature of the show provides a window into the many overlooked issues that plagued Cold War America.
In Monsters on Maple Street: The Twilight Zone and the Postwar American Dream, David J. Brokaw describes how the TV show reframed popular portrayals of white American wish fulfillments as nightmares, rather than dreams. Brokaw s close reading of the show s sociopolitical dimensions examines how the series  creators successfully utilized science fiction, horror, and fantasy to challenge conventional thinking – and avoid having their work censored - around topics such as sexuality, technology, war, labor and the workplace, and white supremacy. In doing so, Brokaw helps us understand how the series exposed the underbelly of the American Dream and left indelible impressions in the minds of its viewers for decades to come.
Introduction
Authors: Brokaw David J.
Published: January 2024

This book analyzes the ways in which Rod Serling's Twilight Zone (1959-1964) provided an influential distillation of social criticism by connecting the series to contemporary social movements and works of social commentary. This work uses the series as a prism to understand the larger social milieu and intellectual thought of the postwar era, while also highlighting the constricting impacts that censorship had on American television. At a time when the Cold War was understood to be first and foremost a battle of ideas, psychological marketing promoted many different facets of the American Dream. While market researchers plumbed the depths of American minds and explored their subconscious desires and insecurities to better promote goods, homes, and jobs, American consumers were generally not as well-acquainted with understanding how psychological manipulations were impacting their rapidly changing world. Consequently, a fast-growing knowledge gap began to emerge between marketers and politicians on the one hand, and the consuming public on the other. The Twilight Zone, by focusing on the “dimension of mind,” worked to raise viewers' awareness of how their minds represented fiercely contested ground for marketers and postwar policymakers alike.
Fighting a War, Combating a Myth
Authors: Brokaw David J.
Published: January 2024

In this chapter, World War II myth and memory are analyzed in detail. Because Serling was a WWII veteran, he clearly took issue with popular portrayals of 'The Good War” e.g. John Wayne's films The Fighting Sea-Bees. The episodes “Quality of Mercy” and “Thirty-Fathom Grave” tackle issues related to racism within the military, especially toward the Japanese, as well as battle fatigue, or what is now known as PTSD. The psychological trauma of real warfare, juxtaposed with simplistic portrayals of combat, serve as a foundation for understanding Serling and his series. Connections to print culture include the works of Grinker and Spiegel, American psychologists who worked on the front lines with veterans, as well as the first DSM, published in 1953 as a result of wartime research. Eugene Sledges's memoir and John Dower's scholarship provide added layers of context and meaning.
Duck, Cover, and Accuse
Authors: Brokaw David J.
Published: January 2024

This chapter analyzes two prevailing forms of paranoia during the Cold War – nuclear annihilation and The Second Red Scare. The episode, “The Shelter,” centers a discussion of nuclear fears and the proposed solution of building bomb shelters. Larger context is provided with magazine articles and President Kennedy's federal plan to build and designate fallout shelters throughout the nation, as well as recent scholarship from Kenneth Rose. The episode, “The Monsters are Due on Maple Street,” shifts attention to the political “fallout” from McCarthyism and The Second Red Scare. Context is provided by Ellen Schrecker's recent work, J. Edgar Hoover's publications, documents from The American Legion and The John Birch Society, and an analysis of the media's relationship with postwar fear-mongers.
Conclusion
Authors: Brokaw David J.
Published: January 2024

The conclusions recaps the preceeding chapters and shows how these themes are still present in the current moment.
The Bloody Winter
Authors: Nance William Stuart
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers the operations of the Ninth Army from early November 1944 to February 1945. The army's portion of the November Offensive is covered in detail, particularly the planning for the fighting around Geilenkirchen. Ninth Army staff processes are further explored, particularly in relation to traffic management and ammunition issues. SHAEF command drama continues to develop, with emphasis on the tension between COMZ commander, J.C.H. Lee, Hodges, Patton, and Bradley. Montgomery's fraught relationship with Eisenhower is also explored. Finally, the Battle of the Bulge is told from the perspective of the Ninth Army, showing how its smooth staff processes aided in the rapid reinforcement of the US First Army with the 7th Armored Division as well as other formations.
Conclusions
Authors: Nance William Stuart
Published: January 2024

This chapter summarizes the work with particular attention paid to how the Ninth Army received its positive reputation. Highlights from the combat time of the Ninth are shown, and how it dealt with the toxic climate inspired by Eisenhower, Montgomery, and Bradley. Simpson's personal philosophy on losing his temper is shown. Moore and Simpson's past is brought back into the conversation, showing how their careers and education shaped their actions with the Ninth Army. Various criticisms of the army from individuals like Patton and Horrocks are evaluated and discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Truxal Luke W.
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces the subject and the historiography. Historians have long contended that two major factors are responsible for the rapid turnaround of the air war in Europe between 1943 and 1944. The first argument is that the Americans increased the number of fighters and bombers at their disposal to wage an effective air campaign of attrition against the Luftwaffe. Additionally, the Americans also introduced the new long range escort fighter, the P-51 "Mustang" which could escort the bombers to the target and back effectively. The second argument that historians put forward is that the Americans abandoned more conservative fighter tactics which argued that escort fighters should purely protect the bombers. The new more aggressive fighter tactics called for fighter formations to break from the bomber stream and pursue German fighters. Finally, this chapter will introduce the thesis of the book which is that there is a third reason for the change in fortunes between 1943 and 1944, which was the establishment of a more centralized command system with General Dwight D. Eisenhower as the supreme command authority for all air power related decisions in the European Theater for the Americans.
The Breaking Points
Authors: Truxal Luke W.
Published: January 2024

This chapter analyzes the culmination points for both the Americans and the British in 1943 and early 1944. The Eighth Air Force concentrated its efforts at destroying German aircraft production and ball bearing facilities in October 1943. While the Americans pressed the Germans hard, they were unable to capitalize on any successful raids due to either high losses or the ability of the Germans to disperse production preventing the Americans from fully knocking out German aircraft production. Bomber Command pursued its own separate offensive against the German capital, Berlin, with the intent of lowering German morale to a critical point where German capitulation might be possible. Bomber Command's losses during the Berlin campaign weakened the political support surrounding Air Chief Marshal Arthur Harris. These two culmination points mark the moment when the Americans realize that they cannot continue with the current command structure and needed a new central command authority in charge of the air war.
Punishing the Reich
Authors: Truxal Luke W.
Published: January 2024

At the end of 1944 the Germans launched a surprise offensive in the Ardennes that bent the American lines before being repulsed. This chapter looks at how Lieutenant General Carl Spaatz and the United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe reacted to the fighting during and after the Battle of the Bulge. During the battle the Americans quickly moved elements of the Eighth and Ninth Air Force into position to provide air support for the American First and Third Armies. After the battle, Spaatz agreed to concentrate his air forces against German population centers in an effort to weaken German morale. As the shock of the Battle of the Bulge faded, Spaatz once again concentrated his air forces against transportation and oil targets. This included further air support to the advance of the Second and Third Ukrainian Fronts. By the end of the war no German formation or strategic system was not within reach of the American air forces under the control of Spaatz and Supreme Commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Mezisoudní dialog skrze konkrétní kontrolu norem: jak spolu obecné soudy a Ústavní soud komunikují a proč čl. 95 odst. 2 Ústavy slouží jako zbraň moci soudní?
Authors: Kovalčík Michal
Published: January 2024

Mechanismus konkrétní kontroly norem podle čl. 95 odst. 2 Ústavy je důležitý nástroj formující vztah mezi Ústavním soudem a obecnými soudy. Článek přináší první komplexní analýzu tohoto mechanismu. Analýza je třívrstevná – zahrnuje tradiční doktrinální analýzu, kontextuální analýzu s ohledem na dělbu moci a konečně empirickou kvantitativní analýzu. Cílem je prostřednictvím kombinace různých metod (a perspektiv) přinést plastický obrázek toho, jak mechanismus podle čl. 95 odst. 2 funguje a může fungovat. Článek ukazuje, že čl. 95 odst. 2 slouží jako platforma pro mezisoudní dialog o ústavních otázkách a také, že ho lze využít jako sebeobranný mechanismus moci soudní. Zároveň kritizuje, že restriktivní výklad, který Ústavní soud v některých rozhodnutích zastává, prakticky vylučuje určitou skupinu norem z přezkumu a brání ústavněprávnímu dialogu. Přínos textu spočívá také v představení prvních empirických dat o fungování konkrétní kontroly norem na návrh obecných soudů v Česku.
El Impacto Económico en la Marina De Guerra Del Perú ante la Implementación del Decreto Supremo N° 043-2022-EF
Authors:   Marina de Guerra del Perú, Hinojosa Relayze Emilio Jose Luis
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of the implementation of Supreme Decree N°043-2022-EF, which provides for the incorporation into the public treasury of the income obtained from the source of financing of resources directly collected (RDR) by the institution, on the fulfillment of the Peruvian Navy's strategic missionary roles.
ELEŞTİREL TEORİ VE KAPİTALİZM ELEŞTİRİSİ
Authors: KARACA Serden Onur
Published: January 2024

3 Şubat 1923 tarihinde Almanya’nın Frankfurt kentinde kurulan Frankfurt Toplumsal Araştırmalar Enstitüsü ya da daha çok bilinen adıyla Frankfurt Okulu, sosyolog, iktisatçı, psikolog, tarihçi, siyaset bilimci, felsefeci, hukukçu, edebiyatçı ve müzikolog gibi birçok farklı alandan düşünürü kendi çatısı altında toplamış ve dönemin güncel sorunları ile ilgili olarak eleştirel bir bakış açısı getirmiştir ve Eleştirel Teori kavramı Frankfurt Okulu ile birlikte anılan bir yapı hâline gelmiştir. Frankfurt Okulu düşünürleri Karl Marx’ın geliştirmiş olduğu teorileri dünya üzerindeki ilk eleştirel teori yaklaşımı olduklarını iddia etmiştirler ve özgürleşmeyi ve değişimi temel alan ve kendi kuramını ortaya çıkaran, bilinçli eleştirel şekilde ifade edilen bir düşünce biçimini ortaya koymuşlardır. Eleştirel Teori genel olarak Marksizm’in yeniden yorumlanması yoluyla ifade edilse de sadece bu sınırlandırılmayla açıklanabilecek bir teori değildir. Eleştirel Teori’nin temel hedefi sosyal yapıların kişilerin davranışlarını ve kimliklerini nasıl etki altına aldığını ve bireylerin sosyal yapıları tekrardan nasıl biçimlendirdiğini belirleyebilmektir. Kapitalizm anlayışına göre her şey bir metadır ve var olan bu sistemde her şey bir başka kişiye devredilebilmektedir. Bu da her şeye parasal bir anlam yüklenmesine yol açmıştır. Özel mülkiyet ve ücretli emek anlayışı kapitalizmin ana özelliklerini ifade etmektedir. Bu durum da Eleştirel Teorisyenlerin kapitalizme bakış açısını etkilemiş ve kapitalizmi bireyleri tüketim toplumu haline getirmeyi amaçlayan bir sistem olarak tasvir etmişlerdir.
Revitalization of Tin Towards Control (Domination) of Tin as a Strategic Commodity
Authors: Ratnasih Cicih , Rebuin Ernawan
Published: January 2024

Tin, as one of the valuable metals in the modern industrial world, has played a crucial role in encouraging innovation and economic growth. Tin's extensive uses have made it an irreplaceable strategic commodity in maintaining a country's economic stability. This research will discuss how economic development can be done through the revitalization of tin to achieve control (domination) of tin as a strategic commodity. This research uses empirical research methods with a qualitative approach, sourced from primary and secondary data and data collection techniques using Library Research. This analysis will focus on opportunities and obstacles in tin revitalization
Implementation Of Balance Score Card To Improve Employee Performance At PT Gaya Makmur Tractors
Authors: Isretno Israhadi Evita , Surateman Surateman
Published: January 2024

To evaluate a company's success, performance evaluations must be conducted using acceptable performance assessment criteria. Performance appraisal also plays a vital role because it seeks to encourage employees to achieve efficiency and effectiveness in a company. Performance assessments help multinationals evaluate global human resource efficacy for optimization and improvement. It can be said that the Balanced Scorecard can help companies communicate the company's business strategy and as a company goal to achieve the vision and mission. Assessment of performance measurement through the balanced scorecard is an important factor in the company. Apart from being used to assess a company's success, performance measurement can also be used as a basis for determining a company's reward system, for example, to determine employee salary levels and appropriate rewards. Management can assess previous times using business efficiency data as the instrument. Traditional performance assessment, which primarily takes the financial sector into account, is currently what is most frequently utilized in businesses. Measuring performance with this system causes the company's orientation to only short-term profits and tends to ignore the long-term survival of the company. Performance measurements that focus on the financial sector are unable to estimate the performance of the company's intangible assets and intellectual assets (human resources). Additionally, this method of assessing achievement is less capable of entirely driving the organization on a better path and pays less consideration to the external sector and its history. Data analysis was carried out descriptively qualitatively. Using a deductive approach, the conclusion is reached by moving from the general to the specific, particularly those that are connected to the research issue, namely Smart Performance from an Islamic Human Resource Management Perspective. According to the findings, PT Gaya Makmur Tractors was urged to prepare for the worldwide marketplace by changes in performance activities. The key to competition in the global market is total quality which includes emphasis on product quality, cost or price quality, service quality, timely delivery quality, and other satisfactions that continue to develop to provide continuous satisfaction to customers. A crucial element of the business is performance measurement or assessment. Apart from being used to assess a company's success, performance measurement can also be used as a basis for determining a company's reward system, for example, to determine employee salary levels and appropriate rewards. Management can also use company performance measurements as a tool to evaluate the previous period
Enforcement of Fisheries Criminal Laws in the Field of Fish Catching and Processing Based on Law Number 45 of 2009 Concerning Fisheries (Case Study of Medan High Court Decision Number: 754/PID.SUS/2015/PT-MDN)
Authors: Barthos Megawati , Datumbanua Christmas
Published: January 2024

The independent and sovereign state of Indonesia has sovereignty and jurisdiction over Indonesian territorial waters as well as the authority to determine provisions regarding the utilization of fish resources, both for fishing and fish cultivation activities while increasing prosperity and justice for maximum utilization in the interests of the nation and state while maintaining pay attention to the principles of preserving fish resources and the environment as well as the sustainability of national fisheries development. Fisheries have an important and strategic role in national economic development, especially in increasing the expansion of employment opportunities, equal distribution of income, and improving the standard of living of the nation in general, small fishermen, small fish farmers, and business actors in the fisheries sector while maintaining the environment, sustainability, and availability of fish resources. In Indonesia, according to Republic of Indonesia Law Number 9 of 1985 and Republic of Indonesia Law Number 31 of 2004, activities included in fisheries start from pre-production, production, processing to marketing which are carried out in a fisheries business system. In the fishing business, fisheries crimes often occur, so it is necessary to enforce the law on fisheries crimes based on Law Number 31 of 2004 and Law Number 45 of 2009
Contribution Of E-Commerce Performance To Employment And Per Capita Income In Indonesia's Big Cities
Authors: Kamil Muslim , Bratamanggala Rudi , Sugiyanto Sugiyanto
Published: January 2024

The presence of e-commerce not only creates export-import market liberalization and contributes to changing consumer patterns and lifestyles, but also creates new economic opportunities for individuals to become entrepreneurs whose future is expected to expand employment. E-commerce performance in Indonesia, seen through the value of e-money transactions over the past five years from 2016 to 2020, continues to increase. Changes in consumption as a result of digitalization result in changes in labor market demand and also in cooling skills. The vacancy trend of the last few years will still be dominant in the digital field. Workers in the digital field, especially e-commerce and start-ups, are much sought after in line with the growth of the digital industry in Indonesia. Another impact of the rise in e-commerce use in Indonesia is the increase in the per capita income of the Indonesian population. The role of e-commerce in boosting the economy is undeniable, even though its contribution is small. The e-commerce industry is believed to bring significant changes to Indonesian per capita income and the economy
Contribution of Coal Export Performance to Gross Regional Domestic Product and Non-Tax State Revenue in the Kalimantan and Sumatera Regions
Authors: Astuty Pudji , Raymond Trilaksana Ahmad
Published: January 2024

Coal is a strategic and high-priority export commodity in addition to being a significant resource for generating electricity. Indonesia is the world's second-largest coal exporter and a major source of coal to Asian countries. In the last ten years, the mining industry generated 5-8% of Indonesia's GDP, with coal accounting for roughly 80% of the figure. Meanwhile, coal will contribute 170 percent of the PNBP objective in 2022. The coal mining industry continues to contribute positively to the country's economy. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of coal export performance on GDP and non-tax state income. Panel data regression analysis techniques are used in this study. According to the findings of the study, coal export performance
A mountain of millipedes XI. The trachystreptoform spirostreptids of the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae)
Authors: Enghoff Henrik , Ngute Alain S.K. , Kwezaura Revocatus L. , Laizzer Richard L. , Lyatuu Herman M. , Mhagawale Waziri , Mnendendo Hamidu R. , Marshall Andrew R.
Published: January 2024

The “trachystreptoform” species of Spirostreptidae, i.e., species which would formerly have been ascribed to the tribe Trachystreptini, from the Udzungwa Mountains are (re)described, including one new genus and five new species: Attemsostreptus reflexus Akkari & Enghoff, 2019, A. cataractae Enghoff sp. nov., A. leptoptilos Enghoff sp. nov., A. julostriatus Enghoff sp. nov., Lophostreptus tersus (Cook, 1896) (= L. ptilostreptoides Carl, 1909 syn. nov.), L. magombera Enghoff sp. nov., and Udzungwastreptus marianae Enghoff gen. et sp. nov. The type material of Lophostreptus regularis Attems, 1909 (= L. tersus) is discussed. The discussion includes paragraphs on the classification and the Udzungwa fauna of Spirostreptidae, on grouping of the Udzungwa trachystreptoform species in relation to altitude, and on the possibly recent immigration of A. reflexus and L. tersus into the Udzungwa Mts.
The Minister of Agriculture and State Property’s Note On His Trip to the Black Sea Caucasian Coast in 1894
Authors:   Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia, Ekaterinburg), Shumkin Georgy
Published: January 2024

The published document is a report on the first trip of A.S. Ermolov as the Minister of Agriculture and State Property to the regions of the Russian Empire. The route of this trip ran through the territories of regions that had relatively recently been annexed to the Russian Empire — along the Black Sea Caucasian coast, Transcaucasia, Transcaspian region and Turkestan Region. Of all these regions, Ermolov found the most difficult situation on the Black Sea coast. The note from a third person describes his impressions of the trip to the Caucasus, sets forth the problems of the region, indicates the probable causes that led to their occurrence, and outlines a program for the socio-economic development of the region. With this note, the Minister of Agriculture and State Property drew the attention of Nicholas II to the difficult socio-economic situation of the Black Sea coast and thereby initiated the preparation and implementation of a whole complex of administrative and socio-economic measures, during which the Black Sea Province was formed, the policy of settling the region with peasants from the central provinces of Russia was activated, the support for «high» agricultural culture was organized, the foundations of the resort business were laid, the transport infrastructure was modernized. The reforms carried out determined the main directions of socio-economic development of the region in the 20th — early 21st centuries. The publication of the source is preceded by an introductory article, which outlines the range of tasks assigned to the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property, as well as the results of the transformations carried out in the Caucasus on the initiative of A. S. Ermolov.