bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relative optical mass in a nonisothermal atmosphere
Authors: Uplinger W. G.
Published: February 2023

A closed-form expression is theoretically derived for the relative optical air mass as a function of zenith angle in an atmosphere with a temperature gradient. The effects of refraction are included, and the atmosphere is assumed to be in hydrostatic equilibrium. Due to the temperature gradient, the atmospheric density does not fall off exponentially with altitude but according to a power law. The radius of the earth is a factor in the expression; thus the relative air mass on other planets can also be calculated. The relative air mass is 1.0 for a vertical path and is around 40.0 for a horizontal path to space. A comparison is made to other expressions showing the effects of refraction and temperature at different altitudes in the atmosphere. Since refraction is much less at high altitudes in the atmosphere, the relative air mass is a definite function of altitude. The expressions presented here can be easily incorporated into computer programs. A similar expression can be derived for the equivalent pressure along an atmospheric path.
Thermal lensing in CS2 at 10 µm
Authors: Sheif-Bahae M. , Said A. , Van Stryland Eric W. , Soileau M. J.
Published: February 2023

We observe large self-refraction in CS2 in the 9-11-µm wavelength range using 50-250-ns (FWHM) pulses. At input energies as small as 100 µJ the effects of self-lensing are observed in an optical limiting geometry where the tightly focused pulses are observed in the far field through a small aperture. The energy transmitted through this aperture depends on the position of the focus with respect to the thin CS2 filled cell. A focal position prior to the cell results in a transmission decrease, whereas focusing behind the cell results in increased transmission. These results are indicative of the creation of an irradiance or fluence-dependent negative lens in the CS2. In addition, by operating the laser at another wavelength, where the linear absorption is different, we see the same transmission change if we keep αE constant where α is the linear absorption coefficient and E is the laser energy. That is, if the total energy absorbed is the same for the two different wavelengths, the nonlinear refraction is the same. This is consistent with a negative thermal nonlinearity. In fact, using the simple model of a thin fluence-dependent negative lens at the position of the sample we can calculate the thermooptic coefficient and obtain dn/dt~ 5 × 10−4°C−1, while the literature value is ~8 × 10−4°C−1.
Low Power Optical Bistability Near Bound Excitons in Cadmium Sulfide
Authors: Dagenais M. , Winful H.
Published: February 2023

The I2 bound exciton in cadmium sulfide has a giant oscillator strength of 6. It decays mostly radiatively in 500 psec. Such a large oscillator strength leads to a very large transition dipole moment and to very large nonlinear effects off-resonance. At 2K, this sytem saturates like an inhomogeneously broadened system for intensities up to 30 times the saturation intensity. The transition linewidth is 7.5 GHz. In a tight focusing geometry, only 3.6 μW is required to see the onset of saturation. This corresponds to a measured saturation intensity of about 60 W/cm2. The linear absorption coefficient right at the resonance peak was measured to be 3.2 x 103 cm-1. At higher temperatures, the transition linewidth broadens and the line becomes more and more homogeneously broadened because of phonon interaction. At intensities above 50 times the saturation intensity, the absorption coefficient stops decreasing and then starts increasing. At these high intensities, thermal effects appear to play a significant role in shifting the free and bound exciton resonances toward lower energies. At intensities less than 20 times the saturation intensity, thermal effects are believed to be insignificant in our saturation measurements.
Room Temperature Optical Bistability in Semiconductors and Realization of Optical AND Gates
Authors: Smith S. D.
Published: February 2023

Recent measurements of parameters concerning dynamic third order nonlinearity for both 77K and 300K near the band gap of InSb are reviewed. New measurements and theory of carrier lifetimes are now available.
Travelling Wave Bistability
Authors: Goldstone J. A. , Garmire E.
Published: February 2023

In the majority of optically bistable systems discussed to date, the bistability results from nonuniqueness in the boundary conditions coupled with a unique wave equation. We describe here optical bistability which occurs with unique boundary conditions but a non-unique wave equation, due to bistability in the susceptibility tensor.
Critical Slowing-Down in Microwave Absorptive Bistability
Authors: Gozzini A. , Maccarrone F. , Barbarino  , Longo I. , Stampacchia R.
Published: February 2023

In this experiment one utilizes a microwave confocal open resonator in the transmission configuration, having a Q factor of 5 105. The resonator is filled with ammonia gas at the pressure of 1 mTorr. A klystron oscillator, frequency stabilized on the 3-3 ammonia inversion line, feeds the resonator which is tuned at the same frequency. In these experimental conditions, if the input power PI is continuously increased from a low to a sufficiently high value, the output power changes abruptly from a low to a high value. For a fixed gas pressure, this change occurs at a fixed threshold input power Pup. The same occurs if the input power is continuously decreased from a high value; in this case one has Pdown< Pup, Pdownbeing the threshold power at which the system switches from the high to the low transmission state.
Chaos and Optical Bistability: Bifurcation Structure
Authors: Ikeda K.
Published: February 2023

The phase of the output light from a bistable optical cavity containing a nonlinear dielectric medium obeys the following differential equation with time delay: Although the equation of this class is familiar in various areas such as ecology, neurobiology, acoustics and study of electric circuit, the behavior of its solution has not been investigated in detail. In this paper we report the results of our recent numerical study of this equation. It is found that, with increase of parameter μ, which measures the intensity of the incident light, or delay tR, the solution of Eq. (1) exhibits transition from a stationary state to periodic and chaotic states. In the course of this transition, there appear successive bifurcations of a novel type, which form, so to call it, a hierarchy of coexisting periodic solutions: As μ is increased, the stationary solution becomes unstable at the first bifurcation point and breaks into a number of periodic ones. These periodic solutions form a set of higher-harmonics which can coexist with each other. With further increase of μ, each of these solutions further bifurcates into a new set of coexisting periodic solutions. Such a bifurcation takes place successively, causing an accelerative accumulation of coexisting periodic states and making the time evolution of the solution more and more complicated, until a chaotic state sets in. In the chaotic regime, the coexisting periodic states in turn coalesce successively into fewer sets and are finally reduced to a single chaotic state with totally complicated time evolution. This type of behavior, which has never been before in any other nonlinear system, appears generic in the class of Eq. (1).
The Gain-Bandwidth Product of an InSb Transphasor
Authors: Al-Attar H.A. , Firth W.J. , MacKenzie H.A. , Tooley F.A.P. , Walker A.C. , Preier H.M.
Published: February 2023

In earlier work(1) we showed that the dependence of the gain of a transphasor amplifier on the modulation frequency of the input signal is characterised by an effective time constant τe, thus: - giving a bandwidth Δv = l/2πτe (corresponding to |G| = G0√2). The dependence of G0, the low frequency gain, on τe indicated a constant gain-bandwidth product. However, by Including the full cavity parameters and calculating the absolute value for G0 we now show that this is not strictly the case.
Optical Bistability in Two-Beam Interferometric Devices with in-Phase Outputs
Authors: Orriols G. , Schmidt-Iglesias C. , Pi F.
Published: February 2023

We have observed optical bistability in two-beam interferometric devices employing an absorbing beam splitter that yields in-phase interference outputs.
Periodic Coupling in Dielectric/Semiconductor Guided-Wave Bistable Switching Devices
Authors: Carson R. F. , Batchman T. E.
Published: February 2023

As the applications of integrated optical and guided-wave techniques grow, the need for bistable integrated optical switches will arise. Recent results indicate strong nonlinearities in guided-wave multiple-quantum-well (MQW) structures, which maybe advantageous in the design of bistable optical switches.1 Here, we propose the use of periodic coupling techniques to construct integrated bistable switches.
Optical Limits to Parallel Processing by Fabry-Perot Etalons
Authors: Jung P. S. , Garmire E.
Published: February 2023

Knowledge of the limits to the number of parallel elements accessible for a Fabry-Perot (FP) etalon is important for the ultimate realization of a parallel optical processor. Based on linear Gaussian beam analysis, we predict a limit on the number of independent pixels available using a FP and a single imaging lens, due to decreased performance for inclined beams. This analysis is valid as long as self-focusing does not occur.
Criteria for Polarized Optical Bistability
Authors: Korpel A. , Lohmann A.W.
Published: February 2023

We consider the usual ring cavity with a nonlinear medium of which the response time is much longer than the period of the light frequency. It is assumed that two polarization modes affect this medium incoherently, i.e. on an additive power basis. We will show by heuristic physical reasoning, based partly on graphical construction, that a sufficient condition for jump type instabilities is that the sum of the inverse relative differential gains for the two modes not exceed unity. We will then briefly sketch how the same result can be obtained from a formal mathematical stability analysis.
Diffusion Effects in Bistable Optical Arrays
Authors: Firth W.J. , Galbraith I. , Wright E.M.
Published: February 2023

Ambipolar diffusion can be a major influence on the design and performance of arrays of bistable switches. This paper develops the theory of diffusive spatial coupling, both transverse and longitudinal (surface recombination effects). Possible improvements in the time response and output beam quality are demonstrated.
Optical Nonlinearity and Bistability of Wide-Gap 11-VI Compounds
Authors: Henneberger F. , Puls J. , Robmann H.
Published: February 2023

Based on experimental data for CdS and CdSe we discuss the mechanisms for optical nonlinearity and bistability at the absorption edge of the wide-gap ll-VI compounds.
Advances in Optoelectronics
Authors: Mourou G. A.
Published: February 2023

Important progresses have been made in ultrafast optoelectronics where sources, modulators, and transducers have demonstrated response well in the picosecond and subpicosecond regime. In addition, some recent works have demonstrated the important role that ultrafast optoelectronics could play in electronics. We review and discuss some of the latest accomplishments made in this fast evolving field.
The European Joint Optical Bistability Project (EJOB)
Authors: Smith S.D.
Published: February 2023

The Commission of the European Communities (EC) through its Committee for the Development of European Science and Technology (CODEST) has established a multi-national 'operation' on optical bistability and optical digital computing with initial funding of 1.8m ecu over a two-year period.
Laser-Induced Distortion of Nematic Liquid Crystal Films and Observation of Cavityless Optical Bistability Due to Thermal Effects
Authors: Taghizadeh M.R. , Abraham E. , Janossy I.
Published: February 2023

We report on a new laser-induced thermal effect in nematic liquid crystal films containing dichroic dyes. It was observed that focussing a laser beam onto thin (20 μm) homeotropic layers of the nematic at a threshold incidence power (milliwatts) a disclination loop forms. Figures 1 and 2 show far and near field characteristics of transmitted beam due to formation of these loops. The formation of these loops is reversible, ie. reducing the laser input power they disappear. In the presence of an external electric field (30 V) a narrow bistable region was found with switching times of the order of milliseconds (see figure 3).
Optical Non-Linearity and Bistability in Solid Films of Organic Photochromic Materials
Authors: Kirkby C J G , Cush R , Bennion I
Published: February 2023

Photochromic fulgide E-α-2, 5-dimethyl-3-furyl ethylidene (isopropylidene) succinic anhydride exhibits two stable states, induced by UV and visible irradiation, characterised by strong homogeneously broadened absorptions at 500 nm and 350 nm respectively (Figure 1). Also shown is the spectral dependence of the change in refractive index, defined by the difference in absorptions via the Kramers-Kronig relationship.
Ergodic Theory of Chaos
Authors: Ruelle David
Published: February 2023

Determinsistic chaos arises in a variety of nonlinear dynamical systems in physics, and in particular in optics. One has now gained a reasonable understanding of the onset of chaos in terms of the geometry of bifurcations and strange attractors. This geometric approach does not work for attractors of more than two or three dimensions. For these, however, ergodic theory provides new concepts: characteristic exponents, entropy, information dimension, which are reproducibly estimated from physical experiments. The Characteristic exponents measure the rate of divergence of nearby trajectories of a dynamical system, the entropy measures the rate of information creation by the system, and the information dimension is a fractal dimension of particular interest. There are inequalities (or even identities) relating the entropy and information dimension to the characteristic exponents. The experimental measure of these ergodic quantities provides a numerical estimate of the instability of chaotic systems, and of the number of "degrees of freedom" which they possess.
Optical Constants of Multiple Quantum Well Structures
Authors: Shakir Sami A. , Bousek Ronald , Streifer William
Published: February 2023

Multiple quantum well structures (MQWS) consisting of alternate thin layers of GaAs and GaAsAl are very attractive for nonlinear optical devices such as semiconductor lasers, optical bistability and phase conjugate devices. Unlike normal semiconductors, some of these MQWS show clear excitonic absorption peaks near optical absorption edges at room temperature, which makes them excellent candidates for practical nonlinear devices. The problem of calculating their optical properties is complicated because of the large number of layers involved. We show that the linear and nonlinear optical properties can be derived in a simple way. The key to this approach is the realization that the thickness of these layers is small (about 100 Å) since it should be less than the normal exciton diameter (typically 300 Å for GaAs).
Influence of Cavity Properties on the Interpretation of Experimental Results in Bistability
Authors: Rosenberger A. T. , Orozco L. A. , Brecha R. J. , Kimble H. J.
Published: February 2023

The analysis of experiments on bistability and instability in nonlinear optical resonators depends critically on an understanding of the properties of the corresponding empty (linear) resonators. Both real and ideal cavities exhibit behavior which can lead to a misinterpretation of experimental results, and in both cases this behavior becomes more pronounced with increasing finesse. As an example of the first case, consider a real cavity which is nonideal in that different methods of measurement of the cavity loss give different values for it and hence for the cooperativity C. A simple but realistic model for such a cavity leads to the derivation of a state equation for bistability which differs in functional form from the usual state equation derived assuming an ideal cavity. In such a nonideal cavity, one might find its loss by measuring the decay time of the transmitted light after rapidly cutting off the incident light or by scanning the length of the cavity to measure the finesse. If these two different values of loss vary by about a factor of two, as they have in certain of our investigations, then making either one or the other measurement and applying the usual state equation would cause one to overestimate or underestimate the value of C necessary for the critical onset of bistability by as much as 40%.
Strong Light-Semiconductor Interactions in CdS, GaSe and Optical Bistability
Authors: Dneprovskii V. , Furtichev A. , Klimov V. , Li Shen , Nazvanova E. , Okorokov D. , Vandishev U.
Published: February 2023

Changes in absorption and refractive index caused by the absorption of laser light in CdS and GaSe ("dynamic” nonlinearities which may lead to optical bistability /OB/) were investigated. Nonlinear effects may be very strong ("giant" nonlinearities) due to the resonant enhancement near the sharp band edge in the case of resonant excitation of excitons or interband transition.
Optical Bistability In Four-Wave Oscillators
Authors: Grynberg Gilbert
Published: February 2023

Oscillation in a cavity using a four-wave mixing amplifier has been recently observed. This type of oscillator has properties very similar to those of a parametric oscillator but for the fact that the gain mechanism is due to a X(3) non linear susceptibility rather than a X(2). One of the consequences of this difference is that the gain mechanism and the intensity dependent refractive index (which also depends on X(3)) appears at the same order of perturbation and should be simultaneously considered in the analysis of the oscillation. In particular, this leads to the prediction that such an oscillator is intrinsically bistable.
Light-induced phase-transitions and intrinsic optical multistability and instabilities in liquid crystals
Authors: Arakelian S. M. , Ghilingarian Yu. S.
Published: February 2023

1. The threshold high nonlinearity of liquid crystals(LC) leads to real laser-induced structural phase transitions and the different spatial modulated structures arise in the medium because of two waves of different polarizations travelling through the medium create (due to the anisotropy) laser-induced gratings along the thickness (d) of the sample (z-direction). An energy interchange and competition occur between two polarization components in the laser-induced-distorted, non-homogeneous anisotropic medium with spatial modulation of the optical axis

n
→

(
z
)

. That leads to optical multistability and dynamic instabilities in wave-phenomena without any external feedback. The intrinsic feedback is determined by a nonlocal nonlinear response of the medium to the laser field, because of the elastic forces, for these effects.
Photonic Switching in Communications Systems
Authors: Hinton H. S.
Published: February 2023

This paper will review some of the applications of photonic switching in communications systems. It will begin by dividing photonic devices and systems into two classes according to the function they perform. The first class, relational, will be associated with devices, which under external control, maps the input channels to the output channels (directional couplers, X-switches, etc.). The second class, logic, requires that the devices perform some type or combination of Boolean logic functions (NLFP, OLE, SEED, etc.). Systems based on relational devices will then be discussed with a focus on the practical considerations of combining relational structures with the bit oriented protocols of data and voice transmission. Finally, there will be a discussion of potential photonic switching systems based on optical logic devices and free-space optical interconnects. For these systems the optical logic provides the capability of operating on bit oriented protocols while the free-space interconnects provide the high connectivity between 2-dimensional arrays of the logic devices.
Picosecond Cascadable Nor Gate on CdSe Using Frequency Doubling
Authors: Collet J.H. , Pugnet M.
Published: February 2023

The operation of picosecond NOR gates using induced absorption is described. No Fabry-Pérot cavity is required. Cascadability through frequency doubling is discussed. Preliminary experiments are reported.
Research Works on Optical Bistability in China
Authors: Li Chun-fei
Published: February 2023

The first optical bistable device in China has been demonstrated by Chun-fei Li in Harbin, 1979. It is a hybrid device with nonlinear feedback. Since then his research group began to study optical bistability and its related subjects until now. In the early works they performed several new types of the hybrid OBD using LiNbO3 crystal. They systematically studied static and dynamic stabilities in OB and successfuly demonstrated bifurcations and chaos using a hybrid device with delayed feedback. From 1984 to 1986 they concentrated on narrow gap semiconductor OBD, and obtained dispersive and absorptive combined OB in InSb and optical ns pulse reshape effects using a HgCdTe etalon. They have also observed OB using liquid crystal nonlinear coupling waveguid and OB in liquid suspension of gold particles. They have used dye-filled etalons and light emitting diode hybrid OBD to demonstrated verious optical logics. Recently they have obtained a optical full adder with two ZnS interference filter OBDs.
Exact Multichromatic Solutions With Small Frequency Splittings in CW Dye Lasers
Authors: Fu Hong , Haken H.
Published: February 2023

Recent experiments done by Mcmackin, Radzewicz, Beck and Raymer have demonstrated the existence of a stable three - frequency operation in a cw dye laser [1]. In order to explain a multichromatic operation theoretically there are two questions to be answered, namely, how a finite number of components of the lasing field can form a closed set of equations, and what is the operating condition for a individual multifrequency solution.
Light by light modulation and subharmonic generation in semiconductor-doped glass
Authors: Zheludev N.I. , Ruddock I.S. , Illingworth R.
Published: February 2023

Semiconductor-doped glasses (SDG) are materials with large third order susceptibilities and have been the subject of intensive investigation during the past few years. Data on their nonlinear optical properties and relaxation parameters have previously been obtained by means of pulsed nano-, pico- and femto-second lasers. For this reason some relatively slow optical nonlinearities of SDG have not been examined. This paper presents the results of an experimental study of a CdSxSe1-x SDG light by light modulator using a pump-probe technique. Laser induced darkening and clearing with a millisecond relaxation time is shown to lead to complex structure in the subharmonic band of the modulation frequency and a near chaotic response.
Kinome inhibition states and multiomics data enable prediction of cell viability in diverse cancer types
Authors: Berginski Matthew E. , Joisa Chinmaya U. , Golitz Brian T. , Gomez Shawn M.
Published: February 2023

Protein kinases play a vital role in a wide range of cellular processes, and compounds that inhibit kinase activity emerging as a primary focus for targeted therapy development, especially in cancer. Consequently, efforts to characterize the behavior of kinases in response to inhibitor treatment, as well as downstream cellular responses, have been performed at increasingly large scales. Previous work with smaller datasets have used baseline profiling of cell lines and limited kinome profiling data to attempt to predict small molecule effects on cell viability, but these efforts did not use multi-dose kinase profiles and achieved low accuracy with very limited external validation. This work focuses on two large-scale primary data types, kinase inhibitor profiles and gene expression, to predict the results of cell viability screening. We describe the process by which we combined these data sets, examined their properties in relation to cell viability and finally developed a set of computational models that achieve a reasonably high prediction accuracy (R2 of 0.78 and RMSE of 0.154). Using these models, we identified a set of kinases, several of which are understudied, that are strongly influential in the cell viability prediction models. In addition, we also tested to see if a wider range of multiomics data sets could improve the model results and found that proteomic kinase inhibitor profiles were the single most informative data type. Finally, we validated a small subset of the model predictions in several triple-negative and HER2 positive breast cancer cell lines demonstrating that the model performs well with compounds and cell lines that were not included in the training data set. Overall, this result demonstrates that generic knowledge of the kinome is predictive of very specific cell phenotypes, and has the potential to be integrated into targeted therapy development pipelines.
CLOCK and TIMELESS regulate rhythmic occupancy of the BRAHMA chromatin-remodeling protein at clock gene promoters
Authors: Tabuloc Christine A. , Cai Yao D. , Kwok Rosanna S. , Chan Elizabeth C. , Hidalgo Sergio , Chiu Joanna C.
Published: February 2023

Circadian clock and chromatin-remodeling complexes are tightly intertwined systems that regulate rhythmic gene expression. The circadian clock promotes rhythmic expression, timely recruitment, and/or activation of chromatin remodelers, while chromatin remodelers regulate accessibility of clock transcription factors to the DNA to influence expression of clock genes. We previously reported that the BRAHMA (BRM) chromatin-remodeling complex promotes the repression of circadian gene expression inDrosophila. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which the circadian clock feeds back to modulate daily BRM activity. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we observed rhythmic BRM binding to clock gene promoters despite constitutive BRM protein expression, suggesting that factors other than protein abundance are responsible for rhythmic BRM occupancy at clock-controlled loci. Since we previously reported that BRM interacts with two key clock proteins, CLOCK (CLK) and TIMELESS (TIM), we examined their effect on BRM occupancy to theperiod(per) promoter. We observed reduced BRM binding to the DNA inclknull flies, suggesting that CLK is involved in enhancing BRM occupancy to initiate transcriptional repression at the conclusion of the activation phase. Additionally, we observed reduced BRM binding to theperpromoter in flies overexpressing TIM, suggesting that TIM promotes BRM removal from DNA. These conclusions are further supported by elevated BRM binding to theperpromoter in flies subjected to constant light and experiments inDrosophilatissue culture in which the levels of CLK and TIM are manipulated. In summary, this study provides new insights into the reciprocal regulation between the circadian clock and the BRM chromatin-remodeling complex.
On the gene expression landscape of cancer
Authors: Gonzalez Augusto , Leon Dario A. , Perera Yasser , Perez Rolando
Published: February 2023

Kauffman picture of normal and tumor states as attractors in an abstract state space is used in order to interpret gene expression data for 15 cancer localizations obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. A principal component analysis of this data unveils the following qualitative aspects about tumors: 1) The state of a tissue in gene expression space can be described by a few variables. In particular, there is a single variable describing the progression from a normal tissue to a tumor. 2) Each cancer localization is characterized by a gene expression profile, in which genes have specific weights in the definition of the cancer state. There are no less than 2500 differentially-expressed genes, which lead to power-like tails in the expression distribution functions. 3) Tumors in different localizations share hundreds or even thousands of differentially expressed genes. There are 6 genes common to the 15 studied tumor localizations. 4) The tumor region is a kind of attractor. Tumors in advanced stages converge to this region independently of patient age or genetic characteristics. 5) There is a landscape of cancer in gene expression space with an approximate border separating normal tissues from tumors.
Satisfaction with pandemic management and compliance with public health measures: Evidence from a German household survey on the COVID-19 crisis
Authors: Jaschke Philipp , Keita Sekou , Vallizadeh Ehsan , Kühne Simon
Published: February 2023

We study how satisfaction with government efforts to respond to the COVID-19 crisis affects compliance with pandemic mitigation measures. Using a novel longitudinal household survey for Germany, we overcome the identification and endogeneity challenges involved in estimating individual compliance by using an instrumental variable approach that exploits exogenous variation in two indicators measured before the crisis: political party preferences and the mode of information measured by the frequency of using social media and reading newspapers. We find that a one unit increase in subjective satisfaction (on the 0-10 scale) improves protective behavior by 2-4 percentage points. Satisfaction with the government’s COVID-19 management is lower among individuals with right-wing partisan preferences and among individuals who use only social media as an information source. Overall, our results indicate that the effectiveness of uniform policy measures in various domains, such as the health system, social security or taxation, especially during pandemic crises, cannot be fully evaluated without taking individual preferences for collective action into account.
Characteristics and liming potential of biochar types from potato waste and pine-bark
Authors: Vilakazi Samukelisiwe P. , Muchaonyerwa Pardon , Buthelezi-Dube Nkosinomusa N.
Published: February 2023

Large amount of wastes are burnt or left to decompose on site or at landfills where they cause air pollution and nutrient leaching to groundwater. Waste management strategies that return these food wastes to agricultural soils recover the carbon and nutrients that would otherwise have been lost, enrich soils and improve crop productivity. This study characterised biochar produced by pyrolysis of potato peels (PP), cull potato (CP) and pine bark (PB) at 350 and 650°C. The biochar types were analysed for pH, phosphorus (P) and other elemental composition. Proximate analysis was done following ASTM standard 1762–84, while surface functional groups and external morphology characteristics were determined using FTIR and SEM; respectively. Pine bark biochar had higher yield and fixed carbon (FC), and lower ash content and volatile matter than biochar types from potato wastes. The liming potential of CP 650°C is greater than that of PB biochars. Biochar types from potato waste had more functional groups even at high pyrolysis temperature relative to pine bark. Potato waste biochars showed an increase in pH, calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), K and P content with increasing pyrolysis temperature. These findings imply that biochar from potato waste may be valuable for soil C storage, remediating acidity and increasing availability of nutrients especially K and P in acidic soils.
Low skeletal muscle mass is predictive of dose-limiting toxicities in head and neck cancer patients undergoing low-dose weekly cisplatin chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Becker Jan-Niklas , Hermann Robert , Wichmann Jörn , Sonnhoff Mathias , Christiansen Hans , Bruns Frank
Published: February 2023

Background

The dose-limiting effect of CT-assessed low skeletal muscle mass (LSMM) measured at the level of the third cervical vertebra has been found in head and neck cancer patients receiving high-dose cisplatin chemoradiotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive factors for dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) using low-dose weekly chemoradiotherapy.

Materials and methods

Head and neck cancer patients receiving definite chemoradiotherapy with weekly 40 mg/m2 body surface area (BSA) cisplatin or paclitaxel 45 mg/m2 BSA and carboplatin AUC2 were consecutively included and retrospectively analysed. Skeletal muscle mass was assessed using the muscle surface at the level of the third cervical vertebra in pretherapeutic CT scans. After stratification for LSMM DLT, acute toxicities and feeding status during the treatment were examined.

Results

Dose-limiting toxicity was significantly higher in patients with LSMM receiving cisplatin weekly chemoradiotherapy. For paclitaxel/carboplatin, no significance regarding DLT and LSMM could be found. Patients with LSMM had significantly more dysphagia before treatment, although feeding tube placement before treatment was equal in patients with and without LSMM.

Conclusions

LSMM is a predictive factor for DLT in head and neck patients treated with low-dose weekly chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin. For paclitaxel/carboplatin, further research must be carried out.
Digital feminisms in Palestinian hip hop
Authors: Withers Polly
Published: February 2023

Hip hop is central to the Palestinian ‘alternative’ (badila) music scene. Recently, some rappers in the scene started making feminist tracks and sharing them using video-sharing and social media platforms. In this article, I analyse artists’ music videos as well as interviews with musicians to examine what happens when hip hop gets feminist and goes online in the Palestinian context. My argument is twofold. First, I suggest that rappers circulate songs and videos on social media that transgress gender and sexuality norms. Second, however, while these productions do critical identity work in Palestine, they also often iterate liberal ‘solutions’ to structural asymmetries. I therefore conclude that Palestinian hip hop mediates contradictory feminisms as it travels online. Neither dystopic nor utopian, digital culture makes room for gendered critiques that coexist and compete with depoliticized ideas about liberal personhood and individual agency.
Identificación de las características hidrológicas en acuíferos en el margen oriental de la cadena occidental de la cordillera del Perú
Authors: Barriga Paria Christ Jesús , Gutiérrez Vargas José Carlos , Soto Medina Oscar David
Published: February 2023

La caracterización hidrogeoquímica de las aguas subterráneas era el objetivo de este estudio. La comunidad y quienes toman decisiones sobre el uso del agua podrían uti-lizar esta investigación como guía. Esta caracterización es significativa porque contri-buye a la comprensión y amplia nuestros los conocimientos sobre la composición química de agua subterránea, las interacciones con el entorno geológico y los mate-riales que componen el acuífero.
Se recogieron muestras de variables fisicoquímicas como el pH, la electroconductivi-dad y la temperatura. Con el fin de proporcionar a la comunidad información sobre el consumo y el uso de los recursos hídricos, estas muestras se analizaron con el obje-tivo de describir la composición química del agua en los distintos entornos evaluados.
Los datos recolectados con los que posteriormente se realizaron las pruebas se die-ron entre tres formaciones las cuales son: Formación Chota, Formación Cajaruro, Formación El Milagro. Los resultados que obtuvimos con las pruebas realizadas a los distintos parámetros seleccionados se dividen en dos, estos son clasificados de acuerdo a la perforación realizada y los resultados son: (1) Conductividad: 69.60µs/cm Ph: 8.78, Total de Sólidos Disueltos: 71.50 ppm Salinidad: 700.00 ppm (2) Conductividad: 875.00µs/cm Ph: 9.74 Total de Sólidos Disueltos: 244.00 ppm Sa-linidad: 436.00 ppm Temperatura: 22.30 ºC.
The Polyvagal Palette as Artistic Concept
Authors: Fells Geoffa
Published: February 2023

In this article, Geoffa Fells is dedicated to the question of how audiovisual composition can be used as part of a conversation about sexual violence.
Die Prognostik als Weg aus der Krise
Authors: Studený Lubos
Published: February 2023

Lubos Studený widmet sich in diesem Beitrag der Frage der Krisenwissensquellen in der Tschechoslowakei in den 80er und 90er Jahren auf dem Beispiel des Instituts für Prognostik der Tschechoslowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Das Institut lieferte Analysen und Lösungen für die politische Führung des Landes vor allem bezüglich der ökonomischen Krise. Nach dem Fall des kommunistischen Regimes in 1989 wurden die ehemaligen Wissenschaftler zu politischen Akteuren und setzten ihre Lösungen direkt von ihren Regierungsposten durch. Dieser Beitrag untersucht Kontinuitäten und Diskontinuitäten bezüglich Krisenwissensquellen und Krisenwissensträgern, wie sie diese zwischen Sozialismus und Kapitalismus veränderten.
Die performative Oberflächlichkeit der Dinge
Authors: Krumme Julia
Published: February 2023

Die Einsicht, dass Sprache performativ Geschlecht herstellen kann, markiert seit langem den Kern des feministischen Mainstreams. Welche Rolle Alltagsgegenstände bei der Produktion spielen, ist in der Forschung bisher allerdings ein blinder Fleck. Eingebettet in das Feld des diskursiven Konstruktivismus und im Anschluss an Judith Butler und Michel Foucault zeigt Julia Krumme, welche affirmativ und subversiv performativen Möglichkeiten die Oberflächen gestalteter Objekte in sich bergen. Durch ihre interdisziplinäre Auseinandersetzung mit produktsprachlichen Theorien ermöglicht sie den Blick auf potenzielle Erweiterungen des Design-Begriffs.
Epistemiken des Essayistischen
Authors: Sieber Aurel
Published: February 2023

Seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts wird der Essay nicht nur als textuelles Phänomen gehandelt, sondern auch als »Geisteshaltung« (Musil) und »existenzielle Kategorie« (Bense). In diesem Verständnis macht Aurel Sieber den Essay als metaästhetische Erkenntnisweise greifbar, ohne ihm dafür eine Form aufzwingen zu müssen. Er etabliert eine praxeologische Perspektive, die den Blick nicht nur auf die künstlerischen Erzeugnisse, sondern auf jegliche Aspekte der Produktion richtet. Am Beispiel von Harun Farocki vollzieht er so über vier Jahrzehnte hinweg die Genese einer essayistischen Praxis als genuine Form der Erkenntnis nach.
The Mediatization of the O.J. Simpson Case
Authors: Neubauer Tatjana
Published: February 2023

F. Scott Fitzgerald once said: »Show me a hero, and I'll write you a tragedy.« In the 1990s, nobody fell deeper than O.J. Simpson. Once considered a national treasure, the athlete was accused of brutally slaying his ex-wife Nicole Brown and her friend Ronald Goldman on June 12, 1994. Within days, the media and public developed an unprecedented obsession with the story, turning a murder investigation and trial into a sensationalized reality show. Tatjana Neubauer examines the mediatization, deliberate manipulation, and the simplification of popular criminal trials for profit on television. She demonstrates that TV conflated legal proceedings into entertainment programming by commodifying events, people, and places.
Religion Teachers’ Strategies to Internalize Tolerance Values at Catholic and Islamic Schools in Bajawa Nusa Tenggara Timur
Authors: Nuha Ulin , Arifin Zainal , Kuswandari Yuli , Razak Ainun Ruzana Abdul
Published: February 2023

This research discusses the internalization of tolerance values at two educational institutions in Bajawa, East Nusa Tenggara, namely Catholic Elementary School (Sekolah Dasar Katolik) Tanalodu or SDK Tanalodu and Islamic Elementary School (Madrasah Ibtidaiyah) Al-Ghuraba or MI Al-Ghubara. It used a qualitative approach. Data were collected through in-depth interview and observation. This research found the following results: first, the internalization of tolerance values at SDK Tanalodu and MI Al-Ghuraba, including: togetherness, mutual respect, love, help and mutual care. Second, the f teachers’ strategies in teaching religious tolerance, includes exemplary, habituation, appreciation, and warning, telling wisdom stories, and role playing. Third, the impact of internalizing of religious tolerance values at Catholic Elementary School Tanalodu and MI Al-Ghuraba can provide a dynamic space for teachers and students to communicate with each other and respect differences. The implication of this research is the importance of schools providing equal and fair services to teachers and students to practice their respective religions comfortably and freely.
Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama Education: Two Main Pillars of National Education in Indonesia
Authors: Tasman Hamami
Published: February 2023

Muhammadiyah and NU are the mainstream Islamic social organizations established before the Indonesian independence. These organizations drive the renewal of Islamic thought, da'wah, social, health, and education. They have thousands of educational institutions spread throughout Indonesia and play an important role in the development of Islamic education, so they are the main pillars of National Education. This study aimed to discuss the role and contribution of Muhammadiyah and NU as pillars of national and Islamic education. A historical approach through source search (heuristics), assessment (criticism), and construction was used. Through an integrative and modern Islamic education system, the results showed that Muhammadiyah had opened the minds of Muslims and the Indonesian people about the importance of religion and science to realize a progressive Islamic society. Furthermore, NU prioritizes the education system of traditional pesantren and madrasas and has instilled basic Islamic teachings in shaping the morals of Muslims and the Indonesian nation. Therefore, Muhammadiyah and NU education contribute to religious moderation (Islam wasathiyah) and pillars of national education. The results of this study have implications for the development of any National Education policy that cannot deny the roles of Muhammadiyah and NU.
Critical Discourse Analysis of Gender Construction on Islamic History Content in the Islamic Religious Education Textbook for Junior High School
Authors: Wicaksono Mochammad Jiva Agung , Nurmila Nina , Arifin Bambang Samsul , Karman Karman
Published: February 2023

Schools are one of the most effective places to make humans free from all forms of oppression. Unfortunately, the textbooks used in schools contain a lot of gender inequality. This study aims to understand how the content of Islamic History in the Islamic Education textbook constructs gender which has implications for gender-based injustice. This study uses a qualitative approach with the method of critical discourse analysis by Norman Fairclough’s model. The primary data source used was all Islamic Education subject matters contained on the Islamic Education textbook at the Middle School level published by the Ministry of Education and Culture. The data collection technique used is the documentation technique with an in-depth reading mechanism. The findings reveal that there are four gender constructs contained in the Islamic History content, namely: (1) applying the patriarchal culture, (2) placing men as the main character, (3) prioritizing men existence and his roles, and (4) marginalizing the existence and role of women.
The Orthodoxy of Special Education Among Public, Private, and Islamic Secondary Schools Providing Inclusive Education
Authors: Suprihatiningrum Jamil , Palmer Carolyn , Aldous Carol
Published: February 2023

Purpose – The extent to which a special education orthodoxy influences teachers’ understanding and practicing of the idea of inclusion in teaching and learning is essential to be revealed to construct the meaning of inclusion for the Indonesian context.

Design/methods/approach – Thirteen participants of three types of Schools Providing Inclusive Education (SPIE) i.e., Sekolah Harapan (public), Sekolah Mulia (Islamic), and Sekolah Wijaya (private) in the Special Province of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta were selected purposively, and a qualitative case study was conducted using an in-depth interview to gather the data.

Findings – All participants articulated inclusive education is a placement for students with special education needs and disabilities (SEND) in the general education system. All students with SEND were welcomed in Sekolah Harapan but were then labeled and pulled out to a resource room to be educated separately by a support teacher. In Sekolah Mulia, most students were visually impaired without support teacher provided to assist them. Teaching and learning were very minimal offered various strategies, media, and assessments; mirrored the special education model. Sekolah Wijaya, in contrast, implemented a more inclusive education model, no labeled was marked for students with SEND and promoted an inclusive climate through learning activities.

Research limitation – The small number of participants meant that the findings cannot be generalized as the participants cannot be considered representatives of secondary schools in Yogyakarta or Indonesia.

Originality/value – Teachers in three SPIE investigated are willing to promote inclusive education although the orthodoxy of special education philosophy still has been flavoring most of the teachers’ language in defining and practicing the inclusive concept.
Islamic Religious Education Based on Religious Intersubjectivity: Philosophical Perspectives and Phenomenology of Religion
Authors: Abdullah M. Amin
Published: February 2023

Purpose – This article discusses the idea of Islamic Religious Education based on religious intersubjectivity.

Design/methods/approach – This paper presents the idea of Islamic Religious Education based on religious intersubjectivity with a philosophical perspective or approach and religious phenomenology. The philosophical approach is to delineate and discuss three varieties of new paradigm for religion, namely subjective, objective, and intersubjective belief. Meanwhile, the religious phenomenology approach is used to develop an "intersubjective" religious area. Intersubjective diversity is an area of human religiosity that marries and engages in intense and sincere deep dialogue between the links of subjective and objective self-awareness of human which are in opposition to each other.

Findings – The formulation of this IRE model – based on the intersubjectivity of religion – must consider the following points: 1) Intelligent sorting of common patterns and unique patterns in history of religions and religious thoughts; (2) Epoche, which refers to the ability of a person or group to sincerely and purely set-aside the statements that are undermining, devaluing, demeaning, infidelizing, apostatizing, or hurtful to other groups in any form; (3) Eidetic vision, which is the search for the basic construction, core, substance or the deepest essence of human religiosity; (4) the historicity of religion; (5) Verstehen, which constitutes an effort to understand the essence of other religions earnestly and genuinely; (6) Compassion and harmony; (7) Inclusive-partnership and dialogical approach; and (8) Enlightening new religious thoughts, mentalities, and attitudes (al-aql al-Jadid al-istitla').

Originality/value – Seeing the important meaning of religious intersubjectivity, this religious model is very appropriate if applied in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning.