bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection performance of two efficient source tracking algorithms for matched-field processing
Authors: Wilmut Michael J. , Ozard John M.
Published: July 2002

Detection performance is evaluated for two efficient algorithms that track sources moving linearly at constant speed and depth. One of the algorithms uniformly weights the contributions from each ambiguity surface along the tracks examined, and the other weights the contributions in proportion to the expected signal level. It is shown that these essentially “detect after track” algorithms are applicable to the situation where the signal-to-noise ratio is low and the apparent position of a moving acoustic source on a single matched-field ambiguity surface is highly ambiguous. They may be employed to reduce the ambiguity of the source position and to provide an improved detection probability at a given probability of false alarm. Algorithms that examine all possible tracks in multidimensional tracking are computationally prohibitive. However, the linear tracking algorithms described in this paper are based on only those tracks through the strongest peaks in the ambiguity surfaces. If the source track is likely to be detected after tracking, it is shown that the loss in detection performance after tracking, due to the possibility of not examining a track, is small since the probability of examining the source track is high. At high signal-to-noise ratios the performance loss vanishes.
Active structural acoustic control of an infinite ribbed plate under light fluid loading
Authors: Kessissoglou Nicole J. , Pan Jie
Published: July 2002

Active control can be applied to a vibrating structure to attenuate the acoustic radiation from the structure. In this paper, active structural acoustic control (ASAC) techniques are applied to a ribbed plate in order to minimize the structurally radiating sound fields. Using feedforward control strategies, multiple control forces are applied to the reinforcing beam. Modifying the structural response results in attenuation of the radiating sound fields. Cost functions are developed for the minimization of the far-field radiating sound pressure and far-field sound power. Optimization of the control system is achieved by using information on the structural coincidence conditions, and in determining the optimal error sensor location. Results demonstrate that significant reduction in the far-field sound pressure and sound power can be achieved in a large range away from the grazing angles. The effect of the control system on the structural response is also investigated.
Imposing pattern nulls on broadband array responses
Authors: Kootsookos Peter J. , Ward Darren B. , Williamson Robert C.
Published: July 2002

This paper considers the problem of altering a quiescent design for an array of omni-directional sensors so that the altered design rejects a far-field broadband signal from a given direction. This problem occurs where microphone arrays are to be used to acquire speech signals for telecommunication and interferring signals must be rejected. Three main results are presented in this paper. First, conditions for imposing an exact broadband null upon any given quiescent array response are derived. Second, an analysis of the sensitivity of exact nulling array responses to sensor position error is presented. Third, frequency domain formulations for broadband nulls are obtained and it is shown that these are less restrictive than the exact null conditions which are imposed in the time domain. A Lagrange multiplier approach is used to impose the null conditions upon a quiescent array response to minimize the square error between the quiescent and nulled responses. A design example is given.
Analog very large-scale integrated (VLSI) implementation of a model of amplitude-modulation sensitivity in the auditory brainstem
Authors: van Schaik André , Meddis Ray
Published: July 2002

An analog very large-scale integrated (VLSI) implementation of a model of signal processing in the auditory brainstem is presented and evaluated. The implementation is based on a model of amplitude-modulation sensitivity in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CNIC) previously described by [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 2145–2159 (1994)]. A single chip is used to implement the three processing stages of the model; the inner-hair cell (IHC), cochlear nucleus sustained-chopper, and CNIC coincidence-detection stages. The chip incorporates two new circuits: an IHC circuit and a neuron circuit. The input to the chip is taken from a “silicon cochlea” consisting of a cascade of filters that simulate basilar membrane mechanical frequency selectivity. The chip which contains 142 neurons was evaluated using amplitude-modulated pure tones. Individual cells in the CNIC stage demonstrate bandpass rate-modulation responses using these stimuli. The frequency of modulation is represented spatially in an array of these cells as the location of the cell generating the highest rate of action potentials. The chip processes acoustic signals in real time and demonstrates the feasibility of using analog VLSI to build and test auditory models that use large numbers of component neurons.
Education in acoustics: The Italian experience
Authors: Pompoli Roberto
Published: July 2002

Education in acoustics is a topic which has been discussed for many years in different international conferences: ICA, Inter-Noise, Forum Acusticum, etc. Tor Kihlman, analyzing in two papers [Proc. ICA’95, 311–314; Proc. Inter-Noise’96, 87–90] the education programs for students in technical faculties, arrives at the conclusion that two kinds of curricula are needed: one for students who are not specializing in acoustics and another one for students who are specializing in this field. He proposes some strategies to be followed in order to obtain better results when teaching acoustics in the technical faculties. Starting from these considerations, and taking into account on one hand the experience of education in acoustics in Italy, and on the other the analysis of the data collected by the author (in charge of education for the EAA), some possible solutions are proposed for a better coordination of the programs betweens the institutions and for the establishment of a European network of experts and teachers who are willing to move to different universities for short periods. The project could be coordinated by the EAA and funded by the European Commission.
Education on acoustics in Spain and Latin America
Authors: Recuero Manuel , Gil Constantino , Minguez Antonio
Published: July 2002

Education in acoustics was incorporated as a part in engineering education in 1969, and from then to today it has had several transformations. In this paper, the results obtained from this education during the last years and how it is today are presented. Also presented are the conclusions reached from the theoretical and experimental knowledge points of view in the last three decades. The present situation of this type of education in the Spanish countries in South America are also expounded: development, implementation, years of teaching, etc. The paper is a summary of the education in acoustics in the Spanish universities with their curricula, laboratories, facilities, and so on, and the premises for the future.
Corrections to Foldy’s effective medium theory for propagation in bubble clouds and other collections of very small scatterers
Authors: Henyey Frank S.
Published: July 2002

Propagation through underwater bubble clouds is often discussed in terms of Foldy’s effective medium theory of wave propagation through a random collection of a large number of point scatterers. This paper is concerned with corrections to that theory. This work was motivated by a paper of Ye and Ding, who provided the next term after Foldy’s in an expansion in powers of Foldy’s term for the effective wave number squared. When Foldy’s term is not small, truncation after Ye and Ding’s term overestimates the correction. A correction is derived which includes Ye and Ding’s, but is much smaller than theirs when Foldy’s term is large. The correction amounts to replacing the scattering amplitude in Foldy’s expression with an effective scattering amplitude that differs from the original scattering amplitude by having the scattering loss calculated in the effective medium.
Temporal resolution and temporal masking properties of transient stimuli: Data and an auditory model
Authors: Wiegrebe Lutz , Krumbholz Katrin
Published: July 2002

Temporal resolution is often measured using the detection of temporal gaps or signals in temporal gaps embedded in long-duration stimuli. In this study, psychoacoustical paradigms are developed for measuring the temporal encoding of transient stimuli. The stimuli consisted of very short pips which, in two experiments, contained a steady state portion. The carrier was high-pass filtered, dynamically compressed noise, refreshed for every stimulus presentation. The first experiment shows that, with these very short stimuli, gap detection thresholds are about the same as obtained in previous investigations. Experiments II and III show that, using the same stimuli, temporal-separation thresholds and duration-discrimination thresholds are better than gap-detection thresholds. Experiment IV investigates the significance of residual spectral cues for the listeners’ performance. In experiment V, temporal separation thresholds were measured as a function of the signal-pip sensation level (SL) in both forward- and backward-masking conditions. The separation thresholds show a strong temporal asymmetry with good separation thresholds independent of signal-pip SL in backward-masking conditions and increasing separation thresholds with decreasing signal-pip SL in forward-masking conditions. A model of the auditory periphery is used to simulate the gap-detection and temporal-separation thresholds quantitatively. By varying parameters like auditory-filter width and transduction time constants, the model provides some insight into how the peripheral auditory system may cope with temporal processing tasks and thus represents a more physiology-related complement to current models of temporal processing.
Mayan acoustics: Of rainbows and resplendent quetzals
Authors: Lubman David
Published: July 2002

Progress is reported in understanding physical and mythological elements of the recently reported discovery that handclaps at the Mayan Temple of Kukulkan at Chichen Itza, Mexico produce birdlike descending chirped echoes. Echoes bear strong cognitive resemblance to the sound of the resplendent quetzal, the Mayan sacred bird associated with the temple. ‘‘Picket fence’’ (periodic reflections) from temple staircases explain the presence, frequency, and trajectory of descending chirps. But the rich harmonics are better explained by modeling staircases as acoustical analogues of inclined optical Bragg diffraction gratings. The remarkable conversion of handclap into chirped echo is explained through the time-dispersive, pulse-stretching properties of these gratings. Chirped echoes can thus be termed ‘‘acoustical rainbows’’ because acoustical energy is selectively dispersed over time, much as optical gratings selectively disperse colors over space. New evidence strengthens mythological arguments for intentional Mayan use of acoustical features. Echoes may have been exploited at solstice ceremonies. Preliminary evidence further suggests substantial sound reinforcement from the top of the temple to the plaza below. This could explain how Mayan kings addressed large crowds. Impressive flutter echoes and whispering galleries found at the nearby Great Ballcourt suggest possible widespread exploitation of acoustical architecture at this Mayan ceremonial site.
Coherence estimation for high-frequency narrowband cw pulsed signals in shallow water
Authors: Meredith Roger W. , Nagle Samuel M.
Published: July 2002

Signal coherence is an important environmental predictor for sonar performance and is often difficult to estimate. This paper examines different methods for estimating signal coherence from data not amenable to coherence estimation. Methods are compared using narrowband, high-frequency, short pulse length continuous wave signals (cw) that typify those used by mine-hunting sonars in complex shallow-water environments in which the spectral frequency resolution is poor using classical overlapping segments and Fourier techniques. Alternate approaches for the spectral and coherence estimation were the autoregressive parametric based approach, harmonic wavelet approach, and concatenation. These methods provide a statistic similar to coherence that is shown to be useful for specialized data. Low model orders in the parametric method yield results that are difficult to interpret. The wavelet approach is more suited for signals whose frequency spans several wavelet levels. Concatenation via narrowband spectral averaging improves spectral resolution but at the expense of pulse train temporal resolution. Generally, these other methods perform no better than classical Fourier-based techniques; however, they can be useful in a limited sense as a relative measure of the “spectrum sameness” between outputs of a single system.
Cochlear generation of intermodulation distortion revealed by DPOAE frequency functions in normal and impaired ears
Authors: Stover Lisa J. , Neely Stephen T. , Gorga Michael P.
Published: July 2002

Distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) frequency functions were measured in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired ears. A fixed-f2/swept-f1 paradigm was used with f2 fixed at half-octave intervals from 1 to 8 kHz. L1 was always 10 dB greater than L2, and L2 was varied from 65 to 10 dB SPL in 5-dB steps. The responses were quantified by the frequency and amplitude of the peak response. Peak responses were closer to f2 in higher frequency regions and for lower intensity stimulation. Results from hearing-impaired subjects suggest that audiometric thresholds at the distortion product frequency, fdp, in addition to hearing status at f2, can affect DPOAE results. Results are discussed in terms of several manifestations of a second resonance model, as well as a dual source model for the generation of DPOAEs as measured in the ear canal of humans. It appears that a dual source model accounts for the data better than second filter models.
Bjerknes forces between two bubbles in a viscous fluid
Authors: Doinikov Alexander A.
Published: July 2002

A refined expression for the secondary Bjerknes force between two spherical gas bubbles in a viscous incompressible fluid is derived, allowing for the dipole oscillations of the bubbles and acoustic streaming around them. The investigation is motivated by the fact that the existing theory [see, for example, E. A. Zabolotskaya, Sov. Phys. Acoust. 30, 365–368 (1984)] neglects both of these processes, taking into account only linear viscous effects due to the radial oscillations of the bubbles. More correct calculations reveal that, provided the viscous penetration depth in the surrounding fluid is comparable to the bubble size, the forces on the bubbles differ noticeably from values given by the former theory, and, in addition, are no longer equal and opposite to each other. Such conditions are shown by numerical examples to be quite realistic ones, even for low-viscosity fluids like water.
A method for estimating time-dependent acoustic cross-sections of bubbles and bubble clouds prior to the steady state
Authors: Clarke J. W. L. , Leighton T. G.
Published: July 2002

Models for the acoustic cross-sections of gas bubbles undergoing steady-state pulsation in liquid have existed for some time. This article presents a theoretical scheme for estimating the cross-sections of single bubbles, and bubble clouds, from the start of insonation onward. In this period the presence of transients can significantly alter the cross-section from the steady-state value. The model combines numerical solutions of the Herring–Keller model with appropriate damping values to calculate the extinction cross-section of a bubble as a function of time in response to a continuous harmonic sound field (it is also shown how the model can be adapted to estimate the time-dependent scatter cross-section). The model is then extended to determine the extinction cross-section area of multiple bubbles of varying population distributions assuming no bubble–bubble interactions. The results have shown that the time taken to reach steady state is dependent on the closeness of the bubble to resonance, and on the driving pressure amplitude. In the response of the population as a whole, the time to reach steady state tends to decrease with increasing values of the driving pressure amplitude; and with the increasing values of the ratio of the numbers of bubbles having radii much larger than resonance to the number of resonant bubbles. The implications of these findings for the use of acoustic pulses are explored.
Transfer and Green functions based on modal analysis for Lamb waves generation
Authors: Núñez Ismael , Ing Ros K. , Negreira Carlos , Fink Mathias
Published: July 2002

This work presents an easy way to deduce the tensorial transfer and Green functions for Lamb waves generated in isotropic elastic plates. These functions could be applied to obtain the response of each propagating mode in the ensemble of excited modes arising from any sort of pulsed excitation (wedge transducers, lasers, etc.). The transfer function is based on modal analysis development. Not only is it easy to manipulate but also allows the avoidance of laborious calculations for each kind of Lamb waves source. Theoretical predictions are compared with those of Viktorov [I. A. Viktorov, Rayleigh and Lamb Waves (Plenum, New York, 1967)] and with experimental measurements of Lamb waves generated by the wedge-transducer method.
Viscous Dissipation in the Flow Between Eccentric Rotating Disks (Orthogonal Rheometer)
Authors: Ahrens F. W. , Goldstein Charles
Published: July 2002

The orthogonal rheometer has become increasingly popular for determination of the viscoelastic properties of fluids. Here we present an analytical solution for the steady-state temperature distribution arising from the dissipation due to flow between infinite, isothermal eccentric rotating disks. This information is necessary to experimentalists concerned with obtaining accurate rheological characterizations for materials whose properties are temperature dependent, e.g., polymer melts. The results, temperature profiles and the maximum temperature rise, are presented using two dimensionless parameters which indicate the effects of inertia and fluid elasticity. Thus, the results can be easily used by practitioners to estimate the importance of dissipation in their experiments. For conditions of practical interest, temperature rises large enough to be of concern may be encountered.
Measurements of hole pressure at various depths for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids
Authors: James David F. , Chandler Geoffrey M.
Published: July 2002

Measurements of hole pressure for shallow recesses were made for two Newtonian and two non-Newtonian fluids. The study was conducted by mounting two pressure transducers opposite each other in the walls of a wide rectangular channel and measuring the pressures with one transducer flush and the other recessed. Data were obtained for recesses up to 60% of the hole diameter and for Reynolds numbers up to 400. For the Newtonian fluids, the hole pressure was negative and its magnitude increased with Reynolds number, reaching up to 90% of the wall shear stress. The magnitude also increased with recess depth, attained a maximum when the depth was 0.16 of the hole diameter, and then decreased for deeper recesses. The two non-Newtonian fluids were polymer solutions, one was concentrated and shear thinning the other dilute and non-shear-thinning. For both fluids, the hole pressure was positive and the magnitudes were up to ten times those for the Newtonian fluids, which indicates that elastic effects were much larger than inertial effects. It was also found that the ratio of the hole pressure to the wall shear stress was roughly constant, i.e., roughly independent of the Reynolds numbers. For all fluids, the hole pressure was detectable for recesses as small as 2% of the diameter.
Exploiting accurate spinline measurements for elongational material characterization
Authors: Ramanan V. V. , Bechtel S. E. , Gauri V. , Koelling K. W. , Forest M. G.
Published: July 2002

We have constructed an apparatus which provides enhanced resolution in the measurement of the free surface profile and the axial force exiting the die during spinning of a liquid filament. In this paper we demonstrate how this information can be exploited to give quantitative information about rheological material properties in isothermal elongational flows. The fiber spinning experiments are coupled with mathematical models that serve as inverse problems to deduce material properties when the fiber profile and upstream axial force are experimentally known. We first develop integral and differential forms of the fiber spinning momentum balance which describe how stress varies down the length of the filament for an incompressible material, independent of rheology. These forms are then combined with experiments to deduce the evolution of the elongational viscosity along the spinline and verify the accuracy of free surface measurements. A fiber spinning model specialized to the Giesekus constitutive equation is then combined with spinline measurements to determine material constants within the Giesekus constitutive assumption. In particular, our technique is used to characterize the elongational rheology of a Boger test fluid. We obtain significantly different values for the relaxation time and mobility parameter than we obtain via shear rheometry; the solvent and polymer viscosities deduced from our spinline and shear experiments are essentially the same.
Changes in In-Person, Audio-Only, and Video Visits in California’s Federally Qualified Health Centers, 2019-2022
Authors: Uscher-Pines Lori , McCullough Colleen M. , Sousa Jessica L. , Lee Sarita D. , Ober Allison J. , Camacho Diana , Kapinos Kandice A.
Published: April 2023

This study assesses telehealth visit trends among California federally qualified health centers from 2019 to 2022.
Changes in Performance Measures and Service Volume at US Federally Qualified Health Centers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Cole Megan B. , Lee Eun Kyung , Frogner Bianca K. , Wright Brad
Published: April 2023

Importance

Stay-at-home orders, site closures, staffing shortages, and competing COVID-19 testing and treatment needs all potentially decreased primary care access and quality during the COVID-19 pandemic. These challenges may have especially affected federally qualified health centers (FQHCs), which serve patients with low income nationwide.

Objective

To examine changes in FQHCs’ quality-of-care measures and visit volumes in 2020 to 2021 vs prepandemic.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study used a census of US FQHCs to calculate changes in outcomes between 2016 and 2021 using generalized estimating equations.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Twelve quality-of-care measures and 41 visit types based on diagnoses and services rendered, measured at the FQHC-year level.

Results

A total of 1037 FQHCs were included, representing 26.6 million patients (63% 18-64 years old; 56% female) in 2021. Despite upward trajectories for most measures prepandemic, the percentage of patients served by FQHCs receiving recommended care or achieving recommended clinical thresholds showed a statistically significant decrease between 2019 and 2020 for 10 of 12 quality measures. For example, declines were observed for cervical cancer screening (−3.8 percentage points [pp]; 95% CI, −4.3 to −3.2 pp), depression screening (−7.0 pp; 95% CI, −8.0 to −5.9 pp), and blood pressure control in patients with hypertension (−6.5 pp; 95% CI, −7.0 to −6.0 pp). By 2021, only 1 of these 10 measures returned to 2019 levels. From 2019 to 2020, 28 of 41 visit types showed a statistically significant decrease, including immunizations (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.76; 95% CI, 0.73-0.78), oral examinations (IRR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.59-0.63), and supervision of infant or child health (IRR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.85-0.89); 11 of these 28 visits approximated or exceeded prepandemic rates by 2021, while 17 remained below prepandemic rates. Five visit types increased in 2020, including substance use disorder (IRR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.11), depression (IRR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03-1.09), and anxiety (IRR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.14-1.19); all 5 continued to increase in 2021.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of US FQHCs, nearly all quality measures declined during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, with most declines persisting through 2021. Similarly, most visit types declined in 2020; 60% of these remained below prepandemic levels in 2021. By contrast, mental health and substance use visits increased in both years. The pandemic led to forgone care and likely exacerbated behavioral health needs. As such, FQHCs need sustained federal funding to expand service capacity, staffing, and patient outreach. Quality reporting and value-based care models must also adapt to the pandemic’s influence on quality measures.
Suicide Around the Anniversary of a Parent’s Death in Sweden
Authors: Grotta Alessandra , Liu Can , Hiyoshi Ayako , Berg Lisa , Kawachi Ichiro , Saarela Jan , Rostila Mikael
Published: April 2023

Importance

Bereavement following parental death experienced in adulthood may be associated with suicide over many years, but this risk has received scant attention.

Objective

To investigate whether the risk of suicide increases among adult children around the anniversary of a parent’s death.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This case-crossover study used Swedish register-based longitudinal data from 1990 to 2016, based on the entire national population. Participants included all adults aged 18 to 65 years who experienced parental death and subsequently died by suicide. Conditional logistic regression was used to quantify the association between the anniversary (or preanniversary and postanniversary periods) and suicide, controlling for time-invariant confounding. All analyses were stratified by sex of the offspring. The analyses were also stratified by the sex of the deceased parent, time since parental death, age, and marital status. Data analyses were performed in June 2022.

Exposures

Anniversary of a parent’s death (or preanniversary and postanniversary periods).

Main Outcomes and Measures

Suicide.

Results

Of 7694 individuals who died by suicide (76% intentional self-harm), 2255 (29%) were women, and the median (IQR) age at suicide was 55 (47-62) years. There was evidence of an anniversary reaction among women, with a 67% increase in the odds of suicide when exposed to the period from the anniversary to 2 days after the anniversary, compared with when not being exposed (odds ratio [OR], 1.67; 95% CI, 1.07-2.62). The risk was particularly pronounced among maternally bereaved women (OR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.20-4.40) and women who were never married (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 0.99-4.37), although the latter was not statistically significant. An increased risk of suicide from the day before up to the anniversary was observed among women bereaved between the ages of 18 and 34 years (OR, 3.46; 95% CI, 1.14-10.56) and between the ages of 50 and 65 years (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.04-6.15). Men had an attenuated suicide risk for the period from the day before up to the anniversary (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.36-0.92).

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that the anniversary of a parent’s death is associated with an increased suicide risk among women. Women bereaved at younger or older ages, those who were maternally bereaved, and those who never married appeared to be particularly vulnerable. Families and social and health care professionals need to consider anniversary reactions in suicide prevention.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Eosinophilia and Lung Disease in Biologic‐Exposed Children With Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Wobma Holly , Arvila Sage R. , Taylor Maria L. , Lam Ki Pui , Ohashi Marina , Gebhart Catherine , Powers Helene , Case Siobhan , Chandler Mia T. , Chang Margaret H. , Cohen Ezra , Day‐Lewis Megan , Fishman Martha P. , Halyabar Olha , Hausmann Jonathan S. , Hazen Melissa M. , Lee Pui Y. , Lo Mindy S. , Meidan Esra , Roberts Jordan E. , Son Mary Beth F. , Sundel Robert P. , Dedeoğlu Fatma , Nigrovic Peter A. , Casey Alicia , Chang Joyce , Henderson Lauren A.
Published: April 2023

Objective

Although interleukin‐1 (IL‐1)/IL‐6 inhibitors are effective therapies for systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), some patients develop eosinophilia and lung disease during treatment. This study was undertaken to retrospectively evaluate incidence and risk factors for eosinophilia and describe lung disease outcomes in IL‐1/IL‐6 inhibitor–exposed patients with systemic JIA.

Methods

Among JIA patients at our institution exposed to interleukin‐1 (IL‐1)/IL‐6 inhibitors (1995–2022), we compared incidence rate of eosinophilia in systemic JIA compared to other JIA, stratified by medication class (IL‐1/IL‐6 inhibitors, other cytokine inhibitors, methotrexate). We used Cox models to identify predictors of eosinophilia during IL‐1/IL‐6 inhibitor use and summarized treatment changes and outcomes after eosinophilia, including lung disease. HLA typing was performed on a clinical or research basis.

Results

There were 264 new medication exposures in 75 patients with systemic JIA and 41 patients with other JIA. A total of 49% of patients with systemic JIA with HLA typing (n = 45) were positive for HLA–DRB1*15 alleles. Eosinophilia was common during IL‐1/IL‐6 inhibitor use and did not differ by systemic JIA compared to other JIA (0.08 and 0.07 per person‐year, respectively; P = 0.30). Among systemic JIA patients, pretreatment macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) was associated with a higher rate of subsequent eosinophilia on biologic therapy (unadjusted hazard ratio 3.2 [95% confidence interval 1.2–8.3]). A total of 4 of 5 patients who switched therapy within 10 weeks of eosinophilia experienced disease flare compared to none of the patients who continued the original therapy. A total of 8 of 25 patients with pulmonary evaluations had lung disease, and all had severe manifestations of systemic JIA (MAS, intensive care unit stay). One death was attributed to systemic JIA–lung disease.

Conclusion

Eosinophilia is common in JIA patients using IL‐1/IL‐6 inhibitors. Severe disease may be associated with eosinophilia and lung disease in systemic JIA.
Robust fuzzy fault tolerant control for nonlinear active suspension systems via adaptive hybrid triggered scheme
Authors: Xie Zhengchao , You Wei , Wong Pak Kin , Li Wenfeng , Ma Xinbo , Zhao Jing
Published: April 2023

This article is concerned with the problem of robust fuzzy fault tolerant control for the nonlinear active suspension system via adaptive hybrid triggered scheme. To describe the system with high nonlinearity, a Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy approach is applied by weighting a series of linear subsystems. During the design of the controller, the actuator failure is taken into consideration. To ease the network communication pressure, a novel adaptive hybrid triggered scheme is proposed for the suspension system. By applying a Bessel‐Legendre inequality and a Jensen's inequality together, the control algorithm can be derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities with less conservatism. Finally, compared with the existing sampled‐data control and adaptive event triggered control, numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed controller.
Fishing Net‐Inspired Mutiscale Ionic Organohydrogels with Outstanding Mechanical Robustness for Flexible Electronic Devices
Authors: Zheng Bohui , Zhou Hongwei , Wang Zhao , Gao Yang , Zhao Guoxu , Zhang Hongli , Jin Xilang , Liu Hanbin , Qin Zhihan , Chen Weixing , Ma Aijie , Zhao Weifeng , Wu Yuanpeng
Published: April 2023

Mechanically robust and electrically conductive organohydrogels/hydrogels are increasingly required in flexible electronic devices, but it remains a challenge to achieve organohydrogels/hydrogels with integrated high performances. Herein, inspired by the geometric deformability and robustness of fishing nets, multiscale ionic organohydrogels with outstanding isotropic mechanical robustness are developed. The organohydrogels are prepared by introducing polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel, Zn2+ and a binary solvent of glycerol‐water into a crosslinked fibrous mat which is electrospun from poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Because of the unique structure, the resultant organohydrogels, being mentioned as PAA‐PVA/PAM/Zn2+ organohydrogels, exhibit outstanding tensile strength (9.45 MPa), high stretchability, excellent anti‐fatigue property, skin‐like mechanical behaviors and ionic conductivity. Importantly, the organohydrogels are promising in flexible electronic devices capable of operating properly over a wide temperature range and under harsh mechanical conditions, such as mechanical‐electrical signal transducing materials in flexible mechanosensors and robust electrolytes in zinc ion hybrid supercapacitors. Not only the multiscale design strategy will provide a clue to improve the mechanical properties of soft materials, but also the organohydrogels offer promising materials for future flexible electronic devices.
Fungal Engineered Living Materials: The Viability of Pure Mycelium Materials with Self‐Healing Functionalities
Authors: Elsacker Elise , Zhang Meng , Dade‐Robertson Martyn
Published: April 2023

Engineered living materials (ELMs) composed entirely of fungal cells offer significant potential due to their functional properties such as self‐assembly, sensing, and self‐healing. Alongside rapid developments in the ELM field, there is significant and growing interest in mycelium materials, which are made from the vegetative part of filamentous fungi, as a potential source of advanced functional materials. In order to advance the development of fungal ELMs that utilize the organism's ability to regenerate as self‐repair, new methods for controlling and optimizing mycelium materials are needed, as well as a better understanding of the biological mechanisms behind regeneration. In this study, pure mycelium materials are fabricated for use as leather substitutes, and it is found that chlamydospores, thick‐walled vegetative cells formed at the hyphal tip, may be the key to the material's self‐healing properties. The results suggest that mycelium materials can survive in dry and oligotrophic environments, and self‐healing is possible with minimal intervention after a two‐day recovery period. Finally, the study characterizes the mechanical recovery and physical properties of damaged and healed samples, allowing for the first characterization of fungal ELMs.
Controllable‐Swelling Microneedle–Assisted Ultrasensitive Paper Sensing Platforms for Personal Health Monitoring
Authors: Hsieh Yi‐Chia , Lin Chih‐Yu , Lin Hsin‐Yao , Kuo Chun‐Ting , Yin Shin‐Yi , Hsu Ying‐Hua , Yeh Hsiu‐Feng , Wang Jane , Wan Dehui
Published: April 2023

Microneedle (MN) patches, which allow the extraction of skin interstitial fluid (ISF) without a pain sensation, are powerful tools for minimally invasive biofluid sampling. Herein, an MN‐assisted paper‐based sensing platform that enables rapid and painless biofluid analysis with ultrasensitive molecular recognition capacity is developed. First, a controllable‐swelling MN patch is constructed through the engineering of a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate/methacrylated hyaluronic acid hydrogel; it combines rapid, sufficient extraction of ISF with excellent structural integrity. Notably, the analyte molecules in the needles can be recovered into a moist cellulose paper through spontaneous diffusion. More importantly, the paper can be functionalized with enzymatic colorimetric reagents or a plasmonic array, enabling a desired detection capacity—for example, the use of paper‐based surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy sensors leads to label‐free, trace detection (sub‐ppb level) of a diverse set of molecules (cefazolin, nicotine, paraquat, methylene blue). Finally, nicotine is selected as a model drug to evaluate the painless monitoring of three human volunteers. The changes in the nicotine levels can be tracked, with the levels varying significantly in response to the metabolism of drug in different volunteers. This as‐designed minimally invasive sensing system should open up new opportunities for precision medicine, especially for personal healthcare monitoring.
Managing Interfacial Defects and Carriers by Synergistic Modulation of Functional Groups and Spatial Conformation for High‐Performance Perovskite Photovoltaics Based on Vacuum Flash Method
Authors: Gao Deyu , Li Ru , Chen Xihan , Chen Cong , Wang Chenglin , Zhang Boxue , Li Mengjia , Shang Xueni , Yu Xuemeng , Gong Shaokuan , Pauporté Thierry , Yang Hua , Ding Liming , Tang JianXin , Chen Jiangzhao
Published: April 2023

Interfacial nonradiative recombination loss is a huge barrier to advance the photovoltaic performance. Here, one effective interfacial defect and carrier dynamics management strategy by synergistic modulation of functional groups and spatial conformation of ammonium salt molecules is proposed. The surface treatment with 3‐ammonium propionic acid iodide (3‐APAI) does not form 2D perovskite passivation layer while the propylammonium ions and 5‐aminopentanoic acid hydroiodide post‐treatment lead to the formation of 2D perovskite passivation layers. Due to appropriate alkyl chain length, theoretical and experimental results manifest that COOH and NH3+groups in 3‐APAI molecules can form coordination bonding with undercoordinated Pb2+and ionic bonding and hydrogen bonding with octahedron PbI64−, respectively, which makes both groups be simultaneously firmly anchored on the surface of perovskite films. This will strengthen defect passivation effect and improve interfacial carrier transport and transfer. The synergistic effect of functional groups and spatial conformation confers 3‐APAI better defect passivation effect than 2D perovskite layers. The 3‐APAI‐modified device based on vacuum flash technology achieves an alluring peak efficiency of 24.72% (certified 23.68%), which is among highly efficient devices fabricated without antisolvents. Furthermore, the encapsulated 3‐APAI‐modified device degrades by less than 4% after 1400 h of continuous one sun illumination.
In Situ Growth of Metal‐Organic Framework Film for Flexible Artificial Synapse
Authors: Lu Qifeng , Xia Yizhang , Sun Fuqin , Shi Yixiang , Zhao Yinchao , Wang Shuqi , Zhang Ting
Published: April 2023

The realization of a neuromorphic system with high power efficiency and flexibility is of great significance in constructing bionic interaction systems. Although great improvement has been achieved, the systems based on hardware level remain with great challenges in device performance and stability under deformation due to the inferior interface quality. As a result, the neuromorphic systems are incompatible and incomparable with the biological ones. Therefore, an in situ growth method to synthesize the dielectric materials on flexible substrates, which can be used for the fabrication of flexible memristor‐type artificial synapses, is proposed to overcome the issues. A superiority in interface quality between the synthesized Cu3(BTC)2 Metal‐organic framework (MOF) material and the Cu foil substrate is observed benefiting from the in situ growth method, which will contribute to the improvement in device stability under deformation. In addition, the device shows continuous conductance states due to the highly accessible sites of the MOF. As a proof of concept, an artificial neural network based on the synaptic characteristics of the artificial synapse is designed, and high recognition accuracy of >80% is achieved, even with 30% allows conductance states. These results indicate that the proposed artificial synapse has great potential in the application of neuromorphic systems.
Fully Screen‐Printed Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors
Authors: Boda Ulrika , Petsagkourakis Ioannis , Beni Valerio , Andersson Ersman Peter , Tybrandt Klas
Published: April 2023

Stretchable organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising for wearable applications within biosensing, bio‐signal recording, and addressing circuitry. Efficient large‐scale fabrication of OECTs can be performed with printing methods but to date there are no reports on high‐performance fully printed stretchable OECTs. Herein, this challenge is addressed by developing fully screen‐printed stretchable OECTs based on an architecture that minimizes electrochemical side reactions and improves long‐term stability. Fabrication of the OECTs is enabled by in‐house development of three stretchable functional screen‐printing inks and related printing processes. The stretchable OECTs show good characteristics in terms of transfer curves, output characteristics, and transient response up to 100% static strain and 500 strain cycles at 25% and 50% strain. The strain insensitivity of the OECTs can be further improved by strain conditioning, resulting in stable performance up to 50% strain. Finally, an electrochromic smart pixel is demonstrated by connecting a stretchable OECT to a stretchable electrochromic display. It is believed that the development of screen‐printed stretchable electrochemical devices, and OECTs in particular, will pave the way for their use in wearable applications and commercial products.
An Integrative Multiomics Framework for Identification of Therapeutic Targets in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Arif Muhammad , Basu Abhishek , Wolf Kaelin M. , Park Joshua K. , Pommerolle Lenny , Behee Madeline , Gochuico Bernadette R. , Cinar Resat
Published: April 2023

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a heterogeneous disease with a poor prognosis. Therefore, identifying additional therapeutic modalities is required to improve outcome. However, the lack of biomarkers of disease progression hampers the preclinical to clinical translational process. Here, this work assesses and identifies progressive alterations in pulmonary function, transcriptomics, and metabolomics in the mouse lung at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after a single dose of oropharyngeal bleomycin. By integrating multi‐omics data, this work identifies two central gene subnetworks associated with multiple critical pathological changes in transcriptomics and metabolomics as well as pulmonary function. This work presents a multi‐omics‐based framework to establish a translational link between the bleomycin‐induced PF model in mice and human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis to identify druggable targets and test therapeutic candidates. This work also indicates peripheral cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) antagonism as a rational therapeutic target for clinical translation in PF. Mouse Lung Fibrosis Atlas can be accessed freely at https://niaaa.nih.gov/mouselungfibrosisatlas.
Artificial Action Potential and Ionic Power Device Inspired by Ion Channels and Excitable Cell
Authors: Kim Jung‐Soo , Kim Jongwoon , Ahn Jinchul , Chung Seok , Han Chang‐Soo
Published: April 2023

In vivo, the membrane potential of the excitable cell working by ion gradients plays a significant role in bioelectricity generation and nervous system operation. Conventional bioinspired power systems generally have adopted ion gradients, but overlook the functions of ion channels and Donnan effect to generate efficient ion flow in the cell. Here, cell‐inspired ionic power device implementing the Donnan effect using multi‐ions and monovalent ion exchange membranes as artificial ion channels is realized. Different ion‐rich electrolytes on either side of the selective membrane generate the ion gradient potentials with high ionic currents and reduce the osmotic imbalance of the membrane. Based on this device, the artificial neuronal signaling is presented by the mechanical switching system of the ion selectivity like mechanosensitive ion channels in a sensory neuron. Compared with reverse electrodialysis, which requires a low concentration, a high‐power device with ten times the current and 8.5 times the power density is fabricated. This device activates grown muscle cells by increasing power through serial connection like an electric eel, and shows the possibility of an ion‐based artificial nervous system.
How ocean warming and acidification affect the life cycle of six worldwide commercialised sea urchin species: A review
Authors: Uboldi Thomas , Olivier Frédéric , Chauvaud Laurent , Tremblay Réjean
Published: April 2023

Ongoing global changes are expected to affect the worldwide production of many fisheries and aquaculture systems. Because invertebrates represent a relevant industry, it is crucial to anticipate challenges that are resulting from the current environmental alterations. In this review, we rely on the estimated physiological limits of six commercialised species of sea urchins (Loxechinus albus, Mesocentrotus franciscanus, Paracentrotus lividus, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) to define the vulnerability (or resilience) of their populations facing ocean warming and acidification (OW&A). Considering that coastal systems do not change uniformly and that the populations’ response to stressors varies depending on their origin, we investigate the effects of OW&A by including studies that estimate future environmental mutations within their distribution areas. Cross‐referencing 79 studies, we find that several sea urchin populations are potentially vulnerable to the predicted OW&A as environmental conditions in certain regions are expected to shift beyond their estimated physiological limit of tolerance. Specifically, while upper thermal thresholds seem to be respected for L. albus along the SW American coast, M. franciscanus and S. purpuratus southern populations appear to be vulnerable in NW America. Moreover, as a result of the strong warming expected in the Arctic and sub‐Arctic regions, the local productivity of S. droebachiensis is also potentially largely affected. Finally, populations of S. intermedius and P. lividus found in northern Japan and eastern Mediterranean respectively, are supposed to decline due to large environmental changes brought about by OW&A. This review highlights the status and the potential of local adaptation of a number of sea urchin populations in response to changing environmental conditions, revealing possible future challenges for various local fishing industries.