bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy
Authors: O’Connor Robert T.
Published: August 2007

Conclusions

In a single lecture on a subject as big as ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy as applied to fats and oils, the contributions of many, many workers cannot even be mentioned. most of the techniques and much of the mass of useful data which have been accumulated represent contributions from scores of research workers. in this lecture only a few have been cited as examples of what ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy can do—what it is doing for the fat and oil chemist.

As one hears more about newer techniques in spectroscopy, infrared absorption, microwave spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, etc., he is likely to think of ultraviolet absorption as an older technique which has probably made its contribution and is now to be relegated to “classical methods.” Nothing could be further from the actual picture today. As newer techniques open up a greater understanding of the chemistry of fats and oils, of their constitution, of the mechanisms of their chemical reactions, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy will be called upon to make on ever‐increasing contribution. Newer techniques to obtain pure components, such as improved chromatography, countercurrent distribution separations, etc., will also make greater and greater demands upon the use of ultraviolet absorption spectra. As long as fatty acid chemistry deals with constituents which either contain conjugated unsaturation, or unsaturated linkages which can be conjugated, either accidentally or by design, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy will remain its most valuable tool.
Kenaf seed oil
Authors: Lewy Mario
Published: August 2007

Kenaf oil is obtained from the seeds ofHibiscus cannabinus L. The procedure for extracting the oil is practically the same as is used in extracting cotton seed oil. The seed is ground and pressed without decortication because the episperm is strongly adherent to the kernel and also because of the peculiar shape of the seed. Up to 20% oil of the weight of the seed may be obtained, depending upon the extraction method used. The oil is nonsiccative and, when refined, may be used for salads and cooking purposes. Generally speaking, it has the same uses as cotton seed oil which it may substitute with the advantage of having a somewhat milder odor.

The residual cake, which is gray in color due to the presence of the episperm may be advantageously used as a concentrate food for cattle.
Reactions of fatty materials with oxygen. IX. Analytical study of the autoxidation of methyl oleate
Authors: Knight H. B. , Coleman Joseph E. , Swern Daniel
Published: August 2007

Methyl oleate, irradiated with ultraviolet, has been autoxidized at 35°, 70°, and 100°C. for 2,000, 264, and 168 hours, respectively. Samples were withdrawn at intervals and total oxygen introduced was determined by chemical analysis for peroxide, carbonyl, hydroxyl, oxirane, ester, and carboxyl oxygen.

Total oxygen introduced was also determined by difference from carbon and hydrogen analyses. In the autoxidation at 35° good agreement was obtained between the two methods for determining total oxygen introduced, over the entire time period studied. At 70° and 100° however good agreement was noted only during the early stages, after which the combustion values were higher and the spread between them became progressively larger. This difference is accounted for by formation of ethers, which could not be determined chemically. At all three temperatures about 2.5 to 3.0 atoms of oxygen were introduced per molecule of methyl oleate.

Even with such a comparatively simple substrate as methyl oleate the autoxidation reaction is exceedingly complex.
Lye‐dipping for the removal of objectionable skin color from various grades of shelled Spanish peanuts
Authors: Jominski J. , McCourtney E. J. , Stansbury M. F. , D'Aquin E. L. , Vix H. L. E.
Published: August 2007

Experimental data have been obtained on the lipids and protein losses in the lye treatment of the various grades of shelled Spanish peanuts. It has been shown a) that lipid and protein losses on U. S. No. 1 shelled peanuts are lower for the cold than for the hot treatment though both are of a low level; b) that these losses in the cold treatment increased with the use of lower grade shelled peanuts, U. S. No. 2 and oil mill stock; c) that protein solubility of peanut kernels was negligibly affected by lye solution treatment, drying at 125°F., cold solvent extraction with hexane, airdrying, and oven‐drying at 125°F.; and d) that damaged peanut kernels imparted color to protein.
Canadian erucic acid oils. VIII. Component fatty acids of the oil from weed seed screenings, largely charlock
Authors: Hoffman W. H. , Zuckerman A. , Grace N. H.
Published: August 2007

The oil from weed seed screenings from Western Canadian grain was found to consist of 31% oleic, 27% linoleic, 13% linolenic, 12% eicosenoic, 8.4% erucic, 6.3% saturated, and small amounts and traces of other acids. Eicosenoic acid was found in greater abundance than erucic acid, a result probably related to the fatty acid composition of charlock. The presence of eicosadienoic, eicosatrienoic, and docosatrienoic acids, hitherto unreported in vegetable oils, is strongly suggested.
The constitution of woolwax
Authors: Bertram S. H.
Published: August 2007

Extensive analyses have been made of American and Australian woolwaxes. Combined hydroxy acids have been shown to be the most characteristic and important components of these waxes. Both contained considerable amounts (about 91.5% in the case of the American wax and 31.7% in the Australian sample) of diestolidic esters of the alcohols of the unsaponifiable fraction. This conclusion is supported by calculations of composition, by observations of viscosity and emulsifying properties, and by determinations of mean molecular weight by the Prahl method.
Stabilization of vitamin A in halibut liver oil with nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA)
Authors: Dassow John A. , Stansby Maurice E.
Published: August 2007

The gradual destruction of vitamin A in fish liver oils stored under oxidizing conditions occurs simultaneously with the oxidation of the oil and may be taneously with the oxidation of the oil and may be correlated with the increase of the peroxide number. Antioxidants which effectively retard the oxidation of the oil are also effective in the stabilization of the vitamin A content. The effectiveness of various concentrations of NDGA with and without added synergists was determined in halibut liver oil using a modified Swift stability procedure at 97.7°C. and at 80°C. Accelerated storage tests at 25°C. were also made. Wheeler peroxide numbers and spectrophotometric vitamin A were determined at intervals. Use of NDGA at 0.1 to 0.5% level without added synergist did not give effective protection at 97.7°C. but did at the lower temperature. NDGA was more effective at all temperatures if a synergist as citric or ortho‐phosphoric acid was added; however the relative effectiveness appeared to increase markedly with the lowering of the oxidation temperature. At lower temperatures the increased efficiency of NDGA with synergists permitted concentrations of less than 0.1% NDGA for effective stabilization. A loss of 50% vitamin A was associated with a peroxide value from 40 to 55. Undesirable effects in the oil, due to the addition of the antioxidant, were at a minimum below concentrations of 0.3%.
The catalytic isomerization of cod liver oil with sulphur dioxide
Authors: Keuzenkamp A. , Van Steenis J. , Waterman H. I.
Published: August 2007

A Norwegian cod liver oil upon treatment with sulphur dioxide under pressure shows cis‐trans isomerization, conjugation (activation), and polymerization dependent on the reaction temperature. After a cis‐trans isomerization the reaction product can be separated into a higher melting part with a decreased iodine value and a liquid part with an increased degree of unsaturation.
The effect of baking powder residues on rancidity
Authors: Watts Betty M. , Lehmann Barbara , Goodrich Frances
Published: August 2007

Summary and Conclusions

The effect on rancidity of heated residues of the four commercial types of baking powder was measured in artificial aqueous fat systems. The powders inhibited rancidity in such systems in the following order: combination, tartrate, monocalcium phosphate, and pyrophosphate—the combination being least effective and the pyrophosphate very much more effective than any other type.

The antioxidant effect of the pyrophosphate powder was shown to be due primarily to a synergism with tocopherol rather than to special ability of the pyrophosphate to bind traces of copper. The synergism was much more marked with tocopherol than with NDGA.

In accelerated tests on the dried crumbs, biscuits and muffins baked with a pyrophosphate powder had much greater resistance to rancidity than those made with a combination powder. When frozen, products made with the combination powder developed off odors more rapidly than those made with a pyrophosphate powder.
Comparative study of the oxidation and polymerization of linseed oil by application of some recently developed physical techniques
Authors: O'Hare G. A. , Hess P. S. , Kopacki A. F.
Published: August 2007

Three physical test methods for drying oils have been described. They are:

Molecular weight determinations in cyclohexane for thermally polymerized and mechanically oxidized oils. Results have been compared with those obtained in benzene. Theoretical and factual reasons have been given for the apparent validity of average molecular weight determinations in cyclohexane.

Dielectric constant determinations for treated oils. It has been shown that the dielectric increases as an oil is oxidized but that no increase in dielectric occurs on thermal polymerization. The dielectric constant is mainly a function of the oxygenated structure of the oil.

Power factor determinations. The power factor increases on polymerization and on oxidation. The values obtained for any given viscosity are considerably greater for the oxidized samples.

Molecular weight and dielectric constant determinations have been used to advantage in our plants and laboratories. Our knowledge on power factor determinations, however, is as yet not extensive but it is felt that with more background data on this constant a potentially meaningful tool for oil evaluation can be developed.
Nitration of methyl oleate with acetyl nitrate: A synthesis of methyl aminostearate
Authors: Malins D. C. , Houle C. R.
Published: August 2007

Acetyl nitrate, an effective reagent for the nitration of simple alkenes, provided a convenient means of introducing nitrogen into unsaturated fatty acids. This nitrating agent was found to react quantitatively under mild conditions with methyl oleate forming isomeric nitro, acetoxy‐nitro, and nitro‐nitrate derivatives. These nitro derivatives were isolated by column and thin‐layer adsorption chromatography, and their structures were elucidated by infrared spectroscopy.

In addition, the isomeric nitro derivative was reduced by catalytic hydrogenation to give methyl aminostearate.
Hydrogenation of linolenate. VII. Separation and identification of isomeric dienes and monoenes
Authors: Sreenivasan B. , Nowakowska Janina , Jones E. P. , Selke E. , Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J.
Published: August 2007

Isomeric dienes and monoenes produced by partial hydrogenation of linolenic acid have been separated by the combined use of low‐temp crystallization and countercurrent distribution.Cis, trans dienes have been separated fromcis, cis dienes.Cis, cis conjugatable dienes have been partially separated fromcis,cis nonconjugatable dienes. Dienes with onetrans double bond were separated by gas chromatography into two groups:cis, trans andtrans, cis. Individual positional isomers could not be separated.

Cis‐9 monoene was separated fromcis‐12,cis‐15, andtrans monoenes by low‐temp crystallization. Countercurrent distribution at 3,000 transfers only partially separated this mixture ofcis‐12,cis‐15, andtrans monoenes. The double bond in bothcis andtrans monoenes was found in all carbon positions, 7 through 16, showing for the first time that the 15, 16 bond of linolenic acid had moved away from the carboxyl. The majorcis bonds remained at carbons 9, 12, and 15.

Combination of countercurrent distribution fractions has produced samples containing 95%cis, cis dienes; 90%cis, trans ortrans, cis dienes; 95%cis monoenes; and 90%trans monoenes.
Isolation of gossypol from tissue of porcine livers
Authors: Smith F. H.
Published: August 2007

Gossypol has been isolated in crystalline form from the livers of pigs fed cottonseed meal having a relatively high free‐gossypol content. The crystalline product was identified as dianilino‐gossypol by its ultraviolet (248舑500 mॖ) and infrared light absorption spectra.
The chemistry of 舠Alfol舡 alcohols
Authors: Atwood Mark T.
Published: August 2007

The Continental Oil Co. has developed a process for producing straight chain, primary alcohols from petrochemical sources. These alcohols may be converted into a variety of derivatives possessing a wide range of use properties.
Polyoxyethylene ethers of some polyol glycosides and their fatty esters
Authors: Otey F. H. , Mehltretter C. L. , Rist C. E.
Published: August 2007

Starch heated with a polyol, such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or glycerol, in the presence of an acid catalyst undergoes transglycosidation and forms a mixture of polyol glycosides. This mixture is sufficiently heat‐stable to permit polyetherification with ethylene oxide. The preparation and properties of a number of glycoside polyoxyethylene ethers are described.

Nonionic emulsifying agents were prepared by reacting glycoside polyethers with either saturated or unsaturated long‐chain fatty acids and linseed oil. In general, the esterified glycoside polyethers exhibited good emulsifying action, and the unsaturated esters of the polyethers possessed film‐forming properties.
Conditioning of agricultural soils with fatty acid still pitch
Authors: Paschke R. F. , Nordgren Robert , Wheeler D. H.
Published: August 2007

Still pitch remaining after the commercial distillation of soy and cottonseed oil fatty acids may be an effective agent for improving the tilth of certain agricultural soils. It greatly increases the water‐holding capacity. Up to 98% of Boston blue clay was converted to water‐stable aggregates by 4% of pitch. One per cent of pitch (.02/1b.) gave 10.8% aggregation while 0.1% of Krilium ($1.47/1b.) gave 8.5%.

The cost of soil conditioning with pitch is estimated to be only 15% of the cost in using synthetic polyelectrolytes. Possible methods of application and the use of pitch as a vehicle for trace elements are discussed. Toxicity to plants and effective life in the soil are not known. Field evaluation is urged.
Comparative absolute yields of crude and neutral oils from variously prepared cottonseed meats
Authors: Eaves P. H. , Molaison L. J. , Pollard E. F. , Spadaro J. J.
Published: August 2007

Experiments utilizing cottonseed meats of diverse origin and composition were conducted for the purpose of determining the effect of the method of meats preparation on the yields of crude and neutral oil obtainable from differently prepared, comparable meats by solvent extraction. Three methods of meats preparation were employed,i. e., simple flaking of raw meats “as is”, tempering of cracked meats prior to flaking, and cooking by the modified hydraulic method developed for use with the filtration‐extraction process. Commercial hexane was used as the extraction solvent. The experiments were carried out by procedures which eliminated the effects of any variables other than the method of preparing the meats for extraction

The results of the studies showed that the method used in preparing cottonseed meats for extraction had a significant effect on the yields of crude oil obtained but that the yields of neutral oil, the valuable constituent of crude oils, were virtually unaffected. Analyses of the crude oils showed that the differences in crude oil yields were caused by the relative amounts of non‐neutral oil materials in the crudes from the differently prepared meats. The greatest yields of crude oil were obtained from raw flakes, intermediate yields from tempered flakes, and the smallest yields from cooked flakes. The impurities content in the respective crude oils followed the same order,i. e., crudes from raw flakes were highest in impurities and lowest in neutral oil, crudes from tempered flakes were lower in impurities and higher in neutral oil, and the crudes from the cooked meats were outstandingly low in impurities and high in neutral oil. Virtually equal amounts of neutral oil were obtained from equivalent quantities of comparable meats regardless of the method used in preparing the meats for extraction.
Sugar esters
Authors: Osipow Lloyd , Snell Foster Dee , Finchler Arthur
Published: August 2007

Improvements in the method of manufacture of the sugar esters are described. The use of a turbulent‐film evaporator for removal of product methanol reduces reaction time in batch operation from 15 to 3 hrs. The presence of trace quantities of water inhibits diester formation and permits recovery of better than 90% monoester without extensive purification.
Surfactant survey
Authors: Pacifico Carl , Ionescu M. E.
Published: August 2007

Conclusions

This study emphasizes the differences in properties required of surfactants for various application, the large and growing number of uses requiring more than 500,000 pounds per year, and the constantly changing pattern of use, making most of the recent estimates of volume distribution obsolete.

For some time it has been customary to estimate the household market as 75–80% of the total. This study shows that this estimate is certainly high as household use is now probably only 50–55% of the total. This fact may be important in releasing our energies for the creative development of markets in the industrial fields. There is a rich potential market in such applications as ore flotation, agriculture, road building, and petroleum processing.
Evaluation of surfactants for oil field flooding
Authors: Johnson C. E.
Published: August 2007

The problem of placing surfactant flooding on an economic basis should be of interest to both the oil producer and the surfactant manufacturer. To oil producers it could mean an increase of as much as 6 billion barrels in the recoverable reserves of the United States alone. This figure is based on application in areas where conventional water flooding is at present economically feasible (1). To surfactant manufacturers it could mean a market for as much as 20 billion pounds which amounts to 10 years of sales at current rates (11). If the process were developed to the point that it could make water flooding attractive in areas where it is now technically, but not economically feasible, another 20 billion barrels of oil might be recovered and perhaps 30 billion pounds of surfactant utilized.

It is hoped that others interested in the problem of surfactant flooding will find the analysis and calculations presented here helpful. Adsorption has been emphasized because it is probably the most difficult of the many subsidiary problems involved. Those who have studied surfactant adsorption in relation to oil field flooding have consistently reported unfavorable results (4). Unfortunately not much is known about structural changes in surfactant molecules which might be used to control adsorption onto mineral surfaces. Neither is there much information available on the effective surface‐areas of reservoir rocks with respect to adsorption of surfactant‐size molecules. Both of these subjects require intensive study if surfactants are to be used successfully in water flooding.
Evaluation of hydrogenation catalyst activity
Authors: El‐Shattory Y. , deMan L. , deMan J. M.
Published: August 2007

The AOCS Recommended Practice for testing activity of hydroge‐nation catalysts was used to compare activity and properties of a number of commercial catalysts with the AOCS standard catalyst. Four of five commercial catalysts tested were similar to the standard but one commercial catalyst was markedly more active and more selective. It also was very difficult to filter after hydrogenation. Selectivity of the catalysts in hydrogenation of soybean oil was determined from change in fatty acid composition. The most selective catalyst produced the highest level oftrans isomers and the highest dropping point. Solid fat contents measured after 30 and 40 min of hydrogenation time were determined by wide‐line nuclear magnetic resonance. The Recommended Practice and standard catalyst were useful tools in evaluating activity and selectivity of hydrogenation catalysts.
The autoxidation of linoleates at elevated temperatures
Authors: Henderson S. K. , Witchwoot A. , Nawar W. W.
Published: August 2007

To investigate the effects of heating conditions on the decomposi‐tion of linoleates, samples of linoleic acid and its esters were heated at 70 C, 180 C and 250 C for different periods of time and their decomposition products analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Qualitatively, the polar decomposition products were basically the same. However at the higher temperature and longer heating time the nonpolar decomposition products contained a large number of cyclic hydrocarbons which could not be detected with the milder heat treatments. A series of alkyl ethers, not previously reported, was identified in samples heated at 250 C for 5 hr. Quanti‐tatively, hexanal and aldehyde esters were found in significantly greater amounts in the samples heated at a lower temperature, whereas the reverse was true fort, t‐2,4‐decadienal.
The determination of vitamin d in margarine by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: van Niekerk P. J. , Smit S. C. C.
Published: August 2007

Margarine manufactured in South Africa contains vitamin D added at a level of 1–3 international units per gram. Because of the high ratio of lipid to vitamin D, it is difficult to determine the vitamin content for control purposes. A high performance liquid Chro‐matographic method for the determination of vitamin D in mar‐garine is proposed. The unsaponifiable fraction of a margarine sample is chromatographed twice on an adsorption system. The vitamin D fraction collected from this column is finally injected onto a reverse phase system where vitamins D2 and D3 are separated and quantitated with an ultraviolet detector. Vitamin D2 is used as an internal standard for vitamin D3 or vice‐versa, depending on the form of the vitamin added to margarine. The recovery of 100 ng/g vitamin D3 added to a margarine mix was 100.1% (coefficient of variation 13.2% for 12 replicates) as calculated from the ratio of peak areas. The detection limit is 1 ng vitamin D. Results for 3 samples of margarine and one sample of butter are given.
A rapid method for analysis of refined vegetable oils for TBHQ by gas chromatography
Authors: Austin Richard E. , Wyatt David M.
Published: August 2007

A simple and rapid extraction technique using acetonitrile solvent has been used to extract TBHQ antioxidant from refined soybean and cottonseed oils. The extracts have been analyzed by a gas Chromatographic technique, using silyl derivatization, to quantitate the TBHQ content of the oil. The method has been calibrated using 14 data points for linear regression, showing a coefficient of deter‐mination of 0.9587. Average recoveries over a 14‐day period range from 102 to 106.6% at the 50–150 ppm levels. The overall test standard deviation, which includes the effects of time, is 5.9.
The stain removal index (SRI): A new reflectometer method for measuring and reporting stain removal effectiveness
Authors: Neiditch O. W. , Mills K. L. , Gladstone G.
Published: August 2007

The development of laundry stain removal test methods is currently receiving attention in task groups of 3 major standards developing organizations in the U.S. The need for such test methods is reflected in the proliferation of products for presoaking or pretreatment of stained laundry items prior to washing or for addition to the main wash solution to help insure complete removal of stains. Proposed test methods involve: (a) a standardized staining procedure, (b) pretreatment or presoaking of the stains, and/or (c) a wash in a detergent solution which may include an additive, (d) visual or instrumental evaluation of the degree of stain removal, and (e) calculation of percentage stain removal when instrumental evalua‐tion is used. Calculation of percentage stain removal involves the use of the reflectance value of the applied stain. This can lead to anom‐alies in results due to the failure of reflectance readings to be directly proportional to the amount of stain applied. This paper describes the stain removal methodology developed by the authors including an instrumental method for reading and a procedure for calculating the stain removal effectiveness of any pretreatment, presoaking, and/or wash procedure. This instrumental method and the calculation described as the “Stain Removal Index” (SRI) overcomes many of the anomalies found with percentage stain removal calculations and presents results which parallel visual appearance. The “Stain Removal Index” defines the relationship of the appearance of the treated and washed stain fabric to the appear‐ance of an unstained fabric of the same material.
Synthesis of EDTA‐monoalkyl ester chelates and evaluation of the surface active properties
Authors: Takeshita Toshio , Wakebe Izumi , Maeda Shigeru
Published: August 2007

Some new chelating agents were synthesized from ethylenediamine‐tetraacetic acid dianhydride and long chain alcohols. The equivalent reactions between the chelating agents and several metal ions gave the corresponding chelates in good yields. Surface‐and interfacial tensions, dispersing power and emulsifying power of these chelates were determined. These chelates showed excellent surface activities, especially the dispersing and emulsifying powers.
Wastewater Treatment for Edible Oil Refineries
Authors: Seng Wende Un C.
Published: August 2007

Systems and practices for successful treatment of edible oil refinery wastewater are reviewed, including: total plant good housekeeping, conservation of water usage, integrated system design, by‐product handling, and process control and operation.
Identification of radiation‐induced triglyceride adducts by mass spectrometry
Authors: Merritt C. , Vajdi V.
Published: August 2007

Mass spectrometric evidence is given to show the formation of 4 types of adduct compounds induced by radiolysis of triglycerides. These are the triglyceride 2,2’ dimer, the propanedioldiester dimer (i.e., a 1,2,5,6‐hexanetetraol tetraester), a 2‐propanedioldiester‐triglyceride adduct and an a branched alkyl substituted triglyceride. Analogous compounds have been adduced for both tributyrin and tripalmitin. Adduct formation was observed at a position α to the carbonyl group.
Crystal structure modifications of tristearin by food emulsifiers
Authors: Garti N. , Wellner E. , Sarig S.
Published: August 2007

The effect of several emulsifiers as crystal structure modifiers of tristearin has been investigated. The less thermodynamically stable modification, named a, is preserved when 1–10% of sorbitan monostearate was added before allowing the molten tristearin to cool and crystallize. Several other emulsifiers have been tested and it has been found that the combination of bulkiness of the hydrophilic groups with the right lengths of the hydrophobic chains of a given emulsifier is necessary to preserve the a‐modification. Liquid emulsifiers and those having a pronounced hydrophilic character are not efficient as modifiers. The emulsifier has been shown to be incorporated into the tristearin during crystallization from solvent without an immediate effect, but it affects subsequent behavior upon melting and resolidification.
Reaction of lithium naphthalene with carboxylic acids containing the dichlorocyclopropane ring system
Authors: Watanabe Shoji , Fujita Tsutomu , Suga Kyoichi , Inoki Satoshi
Published: August 2007

Carboxylic acids containing the dichlorocyclopropane ring system react with lithium naphthalene to give dechlorinated products. For example, from the reaction of 9,10‐dichloromethylene octadecanoic acid and lithium naphthalene, a mixture of 9,10‐nonadecadienoic acid as a main product and unidentified minor products were obtained.
Ultimate biodegradation studies of α‐olefin sulfonates
Authors: Kravetz L. , Chung H. , Rapean J. C.
Published: August 2007

Single carbon cut α‐olefin sulfonates (AOS) having 12, 14, 16 and 18 carbon chain lengths and several of their blends were prepared from high‐quality α‐olefins by continuous SO3 sulfonation in a laboratory falling film reactor. The ultimate biodegradability of these products was studied using a modified shake flask procedure with CO2 evolution as the major biodegradability criterion. For comparison, commercial samples of a modified Ziegler‐based AOS, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), and an alcohol ethoxysulfate (AEOS) were included. The results showed the AOS products bio‐degraded to CO2 more completely than LAS and slightly less extensively than AEOS. CO2 evolution decreased slightly in amount and rate as AOS carbon chain length increased in the C14 to C18 range.
Work‐Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of Perioperative Personnel in the Netherlands
Authors: Meijsen Paul , Knibbe Hanneke J.J.
Published: August 2007

APPROXIMATELY ONE‐THIRD of all cases of sick leave for health care workers are related to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) originating in the neck, shoulders, and back.

A CROSS‐SECTIONAL MULTICENTER SURVEY based on the Nordic Questionnaire for Analysis of Musculoskeletal Symptoms investigated the nature and scope of MSDs among Dutch OR personnel.

THE THREE‐MONTH PREVALENCE RATES for MSDs in OR personnel were found to be high compared to MSDs in the general population and comparable to rates in other strenuous professions in health care, industry, and construction. The causes of MSDs that participants mentioned were summarized into four main categories: prolonged standing, awkward postures, lifting and pushing; and climactic conditions. AORN J 86 (August 2007) 193‐208. © AORN, Inc, 2007.
POSITIVE INCREASING SOLUTIONS ON THE HALF-LINE TO SECOND ORDER NONLINEAR DELAY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Authors: PHILOS CH. G.
Published: August 2007

Second order nonlinear delay differential equations with positive delays are considered, and sufficient conditions are given that guarantee the existence of positive increasing solutions on the half-line with first order derivatives tending to zero at infinity. The approach is elementary and is essentially based on an old idea which appeared in the author's paper Arch. Math. (Basel)36 (1981), 168–178. The application of the result obtained to second order Emden-Fowler type differential equations with constant delays and, especially, to second order linear differential equations with constant delays, is also presented. Moreover, some (general or specific) examples demonstrating the applicability of the main result are given.
ON THE GEOMETRY OF THE SPACE OF ORIENTED LINES OF THE HYPERBOLIC SPACE
Authors: SALVAI MARCOS
Published: August 2007

Let H be the n-dimensional hyperbolic space of constant sectional curvature –1 and let G be the identity component of the isometry group of H. We find all the G-invariant pseudo-Riemannian metrics on the space $\mathcal{G}_{n}$ of oriented geodesics of H (modulo orientation preserving reparametrizations). We characterize the null, time- and space-like curves, providing a relationship between the geometries of $ \mathcal{G}_{n}$ and H. Moreover, we show that $\mathcal{G}_{3}$ is Kähler and find an orthogonal almost complex structure on $\mathcal{G} _{7}$.
Pressure statistics and their scaling in high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layers
Authors: TSUJI Y. , FRANSSON J. H. M. , ALFREDSSON P. H. , JOHANSSON A. V.
Published: August 2007

Pressure fluctuations are an important ingredient in turbulence, e.g. in the pressure strain terms which redistribute turbulence among the different fluctuating velocity components. The variation of the pressure fluctuations inside a turbulent boundary layer has hitherto been out of reach of experimental determination. The mechanisms of non-local pressure-related coupling between the different regions of the boundary layer have therefore remained poorly understood. One reason for this is the difficulty inherent in measuring the fluctuating pressure. We have developed a new technique to measure pressure fluctuations. In the present study, both mean and fluctuating pressure, wall pressure, and streamwise velocity have been measured simultaneously in turbulent boundary layers up to Reynolds numbers based on the momentum thickness Rθ ≃ 20000. Results on mean and fluctuation distributions, spectra, Reynolds number dependence, and correlation functions are reported. Also, an attempt is made to test, for the first time, the existence of Kolmogorov's -7/3 power-law scaling of the pressure spectrum in the limit of high Reynolds numbers in a turbulent boundary layer.
The forced response of choked nozzles and supersonic diffusers
Authors: MOASE WILLIAM H. , BREAR MICHAEL J. , MANZIE CHRIS
Published: August 2007

The response of choked nozzles and supersonic diffusers to one-dimensional flow perturbations is investigated. Following previous arguments in the literature, small flow perturbations in a duct of spatially linear steady velocity distribution are determined by solution of a hyper-geometric differential equation. A set of boundary conditions is then developed that extends the existing work to a nozzle of arbitrary geometry. This analysis accommodates the motion of a plane shock wave and makes no assumption about the nozzle compactness. Numerical simulations of the unsteady, quasi-one-dimensional Euler equations are performed to validate this analysis and also to indicate the conditions under which the perturbations remain approximately linear.

The nonlinear response of compact choked nozzles and supersonic diffusers is also investigated. Simple analyses are performed to determine the reflected and transmitted waveforms, as well as conditions for unchoke, ‘over-choke’ and unstart. This analysis is also supported with results from numerical simulations of the Euler equations.
Supersonic scattering of a wing-induced incident shock by a slender body of revolution
Authors: FEDOROV A. V. , MALMUTH N. D. , SOUDAKOV V. G.
Published: August 2007

The lift force acting on a slender body of revolution that separates from a thin wing in supersonic flow is analysed using Prandtl–Glauert linearized theory, scattering theory and asymptotic methods. It is shown that this lift is associated with multi-scattering of the wing-induced shock wave by the body surface. The local and global lift coefficients are obtained in simple analytical forms. It is shown that the total lift is mainly induced by the first scattering. Contributions from second, third and higher scatterings are zero in the leading-order approximation. This greatly simplifies calculations of the lift force. The theoretical solution for the flow field is compared with numerical solutions of three-dimensional Euler equations and experimental data at free-stream Mach number 2. There is agreement between the theory and the computations for a wide range of shock-wave strength, demonstrating high elasticity of the leading-order asymptotic approximation. Theoretical and experimental distributions of the cross-sectional normal force coefficient agree satisfactorily, showing robustness of the analytical solution. This solution can be applied to the moderate supersonic (Mach numbers from 1.2 to 3) multi-body interaction problem for crosschecking with other computational or engineering methods.
Sensitivity analysis of large-eddy simulations to subgrid-scale-model parametric uncertainty using polynomial chaos
Authors: LUCOR DIDIER , MEYERS JOHAN , SAGAUT PIERRE
Published: August 2007

We address the sensitivity of large-eddy simulations (LES) to parametric uncertainty in the subgrid-scale model. More specifically, we investigate the sensitivity of the LES statistical moments of decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence to the uncertainty in the Smagorinsky model free parameterCs(i.e. the Smagorinsky constant). Our sensitivity methodology relies on the non-intrusive approach of the generalized Polynomial Chaos (gPC) method; the gPC is a spectral non-statistical numerical method well-suited to representing random processes not restricted to Gaussian fields. The analysis is carried out at Reλ, =, 100 and for different grid resolutions andCsdistributions. Numerical predictions are also compared to direct numerical simulation evidence. We have shown that the different turbulent scales of the LES solution respond differently to the variability inCs. In particular, the study of the relative turbulent kinetic energy distributions for differentCsdistributions indicates that small scales are mainly affected by changes in the subgrid-model parametric uncertainty.
Effects of upstream boundary layer on the unsteadiness of shock-induced separation
Authors: GANAPATHISUBRAMANI B. , CLEMENS N. T. , DOLLING D. S.
Published: August 2007

The relationship between the upstream boundary layer and the low-frequency, large-scale unsteadiness of the separated flow in a Mach 2 compression ramp interaction is investigated by performing wide-field particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser scattering (PLS) measurements in streamwise–spanwise planes. Planar laser scattering measurements in the upstream boundary layer indicate the presence of spanwise strips of elongated regions of uniform momentum with lengths greater than 40δ. These long coherent structures have been observed in a Mach 2 supersonic boundary layer (Ganapathisubramani, Clemens & Dolling 2006) and they exhibit strong similarities to those that have been found in incompressible boundary layers (Tomkins & Adrian 2003; Ganapathisubramani, Longmire & Marusic 2003). At a wall-normal location ofy/δ=0.2, the inferred instantaneous separation line of the separation region is found to oscillate betweenx/δ=−3 and −1 (wherex/δ=0 is the ramp corner). The instantaneous spanwise separation line is found to respond to the elongated regions of uniform momentum. It is shown that high- and low-momentum regions are correlated with smaller and larger size of the separation region, respectively. Furthermore, the instantaneous separation line exhibits large-scale undulations that conform to the low- and high-speed regions in the upstream boundary layer. The low-frequency unsteadiness of the separation region/shock foot observed in numerous previous studies can be explained by a turbulent mechanism that includes these elongated regions of uniform momentum.
Transition processes for junction vortex flow
Authors: ALLEN J. J. , LOPEZ J. M.
Published: August 2007

The details of the start-up transient vortex structure that forms near the junction of an impulsively started plate and a stationary plate where a step jump in velocity occurs at the plate surfaces are investigated. Numerical simulations have been conducted in a geometry representative of recent experiments of this flow. The experiments did not have access to data at very early times following the impulsive start, but they did suggest that the flow undergoes transitions from a viscous-dominated phase to an inertia-dominated phase. The numerical simulations presented here are designed to explore the early viscous-dominated transients. The simulations show that when the non-dimensional time, τ = tU2/ν (t is the time that the plate has been in motion and ν is the kinematic viscosity), is less than 100, the development process is dominated by viscous forces. In this regime similarity scaling is used to collapse the data, which scale as $\sqrt{t}$. The simulation results at low τ, when evaluated using entrainment diagrams, show an unsteady transition process consisting of the following stages. Initially, the flow consists of a non-rotating vorticity front with a single critical point for τ < 40. For 40 < τ < 50, the flow has three critical points, two nodes and a saddle. A rotational leading jet head develops for τ > 50 as the outermost node evolves into a spiral focus. The simulations span the viscous range to the inertial range. In the inertial range, for τ > 103, the flow structure scales as t5/6, as was observed in the experiments.
Coriolis effects on the elliptical instability in cylindrical and spherical rotating containers
Authors: LE BARS M. , LE DIZÈS S. , LE GAL P.
Published: August 2007

The effects of the Coriolis force on the elliptical instability are studied experimentally in cylindrical and spherical rotating containers placed on a table rotating at a fixed rate $\tilde{\Omega}^G$. For a given set-up, changing the ratio ΩG of global rotation $\tilde{\Omega}^G$ to flow rotation $\tilde{\Omega}^F$ leads to the selection of various unstable modes due to the presence of resonance bands, in close agreement with the normal-mode theory. No instability occurs when ΩG varies between −3/2 and −1/2 typically. On decreasing ΩG toward −1/2, resonance bands are first discretized for ΩG<0 and progressively overlap for −1/2 ≪ ΩG < 0. Simultaneously, the growth rates and wavenumbers of the prevalent stationary unstable mode significantly increase, in quantitative agreement with the viscous short-wavelength analysis. New complex resonances have been observed for the first time for the sphere, in addition to the standard spin-over. We argue that these results have significant implications in geo- and astrophysical contexts.
Generalized energetics for inertially stable parallel shear flows
Authors: KLOOSTERZIEL R. C. , CARNEVALE G. F.
Published: August 2007

For simple parallel shear flows on the f-plane and the equatorial β-plane we derive an energy norm for zonally invariant perturbations. It is used to derive the linear stability boundary for when these flows are inertially stable in the classical sense but may be destabilized due to unequal rates of diffusion of momentum and heat. The analysis is valid when there are arbitrary, zonally invariant, no-slip boundaries which are perfect thermal conductors.
The stereoscopic veil
Authors: Haralambidou Penelope
Published: August 2007

At the back of a dimly lit room at the north-east wing of the Philadelphia Museum of Art the visitor may, or may not, discover an old, weathered Spanish door. Approaching this unlikely sight, a concealed view behind the door becomes noticeable as a result of light emanating from two peepholes. The act of looking through them transforms the unsuspected viewer into a voyeur and reveals a brightly lit three-dimensional diorama: a recumbent, faceless, female nude, holding a gas lamp and bathed in light is submerged in twigs in an open landscape where a waterfall silently glitters [1a, 1b]. The explicit pornographic pose of the splayed legs and the exposed pudenda is dazzling. On careful inspection, this startling view is only possible through another intersecting surface; between the viewer and the nude stands a brick wall on which an irregular rupture has been opened – as if by a violent collision – making the scene even more unsettling. Defying traditional definitions of painting or sculpture Marcel Duchamp's enigmatic final work is a carefully constructed assemblage of elements, with an equally enigmatic title: Etant Donnés: 1°la chute d'eau, 2°le gaz d'éclairage… (Given: 1st the Waterfall, 2nd the Illuminating Gas…), 1946–1966.
Introduction to the Food Standards Agency's (FSA) food Choice research programmes and to the report of the FSA seminar on peer-led approaches to dietary change held in July 2006
Authors: Lund Vivien , Stockley Lynn , Levy Louis
Published: August 2007

Objective

To describe the Food Standards Agency's (FSA) Food Acceptability & Choice and Food Choice Inequalities research programmes and the context for the FSA seminar on peer-led approaches to dietary change held in July 2006.

Results

The aims of the FSA's food choice research programmes are to identify the social, psychological and physical barriers to achieving a healthier diet and how they might be addressed. Results of the research provide the scientific basis for some FSA advice on healthy eating. An important element of both programmes is the output of practical tools and resources that can be used by health professionals, nutritionists, teachers and others to encourage people to eat a healthy diet. The FSA held a seminar in July 2006 in order to identify the specific and general learning points from three peer-led intervention studies and to discuss how these could best be communicated to various audiences, including practitioners, researchers and policy-makers.

Conclusions

The seminar provided a useful forum for discussion. The FSA will ensure that lessons learned from these peer-led intervention studies are taken account of in the planning, appraisal and management of future research projects, in the communication of project results and in the dissemination of resources.
RZ Cassiopeia: an Eclipsing Binary with a Pulsating Component
Authors: Golovin Alex , Pavlenko Elena P.
Published: August 2007

We report time-resolved V- and R-band CCD photometry of the eclipsing binary RZ Cas obtained with 38-cm Cassegrain telescope at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory during July 2004 – October 2005. The obtained lightcurves clearly demonstrates rapid pulsations with a period of about 22 min. A periodogram analysis of these oscillations is also reported. On 12 January, 2005 (JD 2453383) we observed rapid variability with higher amplitude (∼0m.1), that perhaps may be interpreted as a high-mass-transfer-rate event and inhomogeneity of the accretion stream. Follow-up observations (both photometric and spectroscopic) of RZ Cas are strictly desirable for more detailed study of such events.
γ Per: Bright, but Ill-Understood
Authors: Griffin R. Elizabeth
Published: August 2007

γ Per looks like an unexceptional composite–spectrum binary, and has habitually been classified as G8 III+A3 V. Nevertheless, previous studies have produced conflicting results, of component masses that are uncomfortably high, or luminosities that are too large, or (most recently) showing that there is nothing abnormal about the components after all. However, new high-precision CCD spectroscopy and isolation of the secondary spectrum finds that mass of the giant is 3.9 M⊙, which is indeed greater than would be expected from its published spectral type, and that both components have somewhat enhanced luminosities, thus re-opening the question of the origin and evolution of this somewhat unusual system.
CM Draconis: Masses and Radii of Very Low Mass Stars
Authors: Morales J.C. , Ribas I. , Jordi C. , Torres G. , Guinan E.F. , Charbonneau D.
Published: August 2007

In this work we have studied CM Draconis, one of the least massive eclipsing binaries known. Its components are very similar, with masses and radii of about 0.23 M⊙ and 0.25 R⊙. We have analysed light curves in the R and I bands to calculate the fundamental properties of this system with accuracies better than 1%. With these results we plan to carry out a thorough test of the models, which have been found to predict smaller radii and larger effective temperatures than observed for these low-mass stars. This will also be especially interesting in the case of CM Dra since the mechanism driving magnetic activity is thought to be different from that of more massive stars. In addition, the extended time-span of the observations has led to the detection of apsidal motion. This provides a further check on models through the determination of the internal structure of the stars.