bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formoterol Reduces the Pro‐Inflammatory Phenotype by Enhancing the Activity of Glutaminase in Monocyte‐Derived Macrophages in the CVB3‐Induced Viral Myocarditis
Authors: Li Quan‐liang , Xie Hua‐bao , Guo Ying‐xin , Li Juan‐fen , Qian Jing , Wu Wei‐Feng
Published: November 2024

Background

Viral myocarditis (VMC) plays a significant role in heart failure, and there is currently a shortage of available targeted treatments. Macrophage phenotype and function are closely associated with the beta‐2 adrenergic receptor (β2‐AR).

Method

This research employed a BALB/c mouse model of VMC generated using Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), and the β2‐AR agonist formoterol was administered as treatment. A bioinformatic analysis was conducted to identify the β2‐AR in CCR2+MHCIIhigh monocyte‐derived macrophages (MoMFs). Echocardiography and histopathological assessments were utilized to evaluate cardiac function and inflammation. The enzymatic activity of glutaminase (GLS) was quantified. Flow cytometry was employed to characterize the phenotype and function of the macrophages.

Result

Our study revealed that formoterol treatment effectively mitigated cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, improved cardiac function, and prolonged survival compared to the VMC group. Formoterol reduced the infiltration of CCR2+MHCIIhigh MoMFs in the heart, inhibited M1 phenotypic expression and activity, and reduced the percentage of Ly6Chigh monocytes in circulation. Additionally, formoterol stimulated M2 phenotypic expression and activity and increased the percentage of Ly6Clow monocytes in circulation. Additionally, the combination of NICB3344, a C‐C motif chemokine receptor 2 inhibitor, with formoterol did not exhibit synergistic effects on reducing cardiac pathological scores or enhancing cardiac function. In vitro studies involving the use of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced bone marrow‐derived macrophages, revealed the ability of formoterol to suppress the M1 phenotype and functions induced by LPS while promoting the M2 phenotype and functions. Nevertheless, the observed effects were negated by the introduction of the GLS inhibitor BPTES.

Conclusion

Formoterol potentially serves as a significant metabolic regulator in the differentiation process of cardiac MoMFs, influencing this process by controlling GLS activity. Targeting β2‐AR exhibits potential as an effective approach for managing VMC. It is essential to acknowledge that these findings were derived under specific experimental conditions, with the current conclusions predominantly based on animal models. Future research is necessary to further investigate the feasibility of formoterol in clinical practice.
Deciphering the Ultrasound, CT, and MRI Imaging Features of a Post‐Vaginal Hysterectomy Gossypiboma Hiding as a Pelvic Mass—A Case Report
Authors: Gupta Isha , Nitharwal Pankaj , Gupta Ayush , Gupta Ankita , Mittal Mukesh
Published: November 2024

Gossypiboma, or retained surgical sponge, is a rare post‐surgical complication with very few reported cases due to medico‐legal purposes. Diagnosis is very challenging due to the myriad of clinical presentations and imaging features. We present the case of a gossypiboma detected in a 72‐year‐old female with a recent history of vaginal hysterectomy. We describe the imaging findings in detail with the step‐wise use of X‐rays and ultrasound in raising suspicion and computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to rule out other differentials and finally come to the diagnosis of gossypiboma, which was confirmed surgically.
Toxic Dye Degradation Employing Phoenix dactylifera Seed Extract for the Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Characterization and Application
Authors: Maryam Areesha , Rabbani Saqib , Khan Athar Yaseen , Abid Hina , Zidan Ammar , Bahadur Ali , Qamar Muhammad Tariq , Iqbal Shahid , Mahmood Sajid , Farouk Abd‐ElAziem , Jafri Ibrahim
Published: November 2024

This research highlights the facile green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Phoenix dactylifera seed extracts and its photocatalytic application for the degradation of toxic dyes. The AgNPs synthesis was confirmed by the appearance of its representative absorption peak at 416 nm in UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. Moreover, the reduction of silver ions to Ag was justified through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. X‐ray diffraction pattern revealed crystalline AgNPs structure with particle size ranging from 5 to 15 nm calculated using the Debye–Scherrer equation. The rectangular‐like structural morphology of synthesized AgNPs was observed in scanning electron micrographs. The as‐synthesized AgNPs demonstrated higher photocatalytic activity for the degradation of malachite green (MG) and congo red (CR) followed by methylene blue (MB), and crystal violet (CV) under UV irradiation. In addition, rate constant (k) and percentage degradation were also calculated. The present study presents a facile green synthesis pathway and its potentially successful manipulation in the reduction of toxic dyes under the illumination of UV‐light.
Endoscopic Full‐Thickness Plication for the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Sham Controlled Trials
Authors: Shahzil Muhammad , Chaudhary Ammad Javaid , Qureshi Ali Akram , Hasan Fariha , Faisal Muhammad Saad , Sohail Abdullah , Khaqan Muhammad Ali , Jamali Taher , Khan Muhammad Zarrar , Alsheik Eva , Zuchelli Tobias
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects approximately 20% of adults in the United States. Proton pump inhibitors are the first‐line treatment but are associated with long‐term side effects. Endoscopic full‐thickness plication (EFTP) is a minimally invasive alternative that improves the valvular mechanism of the gastroesophageal junction. This meta‐analysis compared EFTP to a sham procedure for the treatment of refractory GERD.

Materials and Methods

This meta‐analysis followed the Cochrane guidelines and PRISMA standards and was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023485506). We searched MEDLINE, Embase, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library through December 2023. Inclusion criteria targeted Randomized controlled trials comparing EFTP with sham procedures for GERD were included. Statistical analyses utilized RevMan with a random‐effects model, and the results were considered significant at p < 0.05.

Results

Of the 2144 screened studies, three RCTs with 272 patients with GERD were included: 136 patients underwent EFTP and 136 underwent sham procedures. Primary outcomes showed a significant reduction in PPI usage (RR 0.51; 95% CI 0.35–0.73; p < 0.01) and more than 50% improvement in GERD‐HRQL scores at 3 months (RR 15.81; 95% CI 1.40–178.71; p = 0.03). No significant difference was found in the DeMeester scores (MD: 12.57; 95% CI −35.12 to 9.98; p = 0.27). Secondary outcomes showed no significant difference in time with esophageal pH < 4, but a significant reduction in total reflux episodes.

Conclusions

EFTP significantly reduced PPI usage, improved GERD‐HRQL scores, and decreased total reflux episodes compared with sham procedures, highlighting its potential as a minimally invasive treatment. Further research is needed to compare EFTP with other minimally invasive techniques to determine the most effective treatment option.
Tuning Into Learning: Enhancing Self‐Efficacy and Learning Behaviours Through Radio Education in Dedza, Malawi
Authors: Kim Eunsol , Jung Youyoung , Shin Jae Eun
Published: November 2024

In the wake of COVID‐19, distance education has emerged as a critical tool in developing countries to overcome geographical barriers and enhance educational access. This study evaluates the impact of a radio education programme implemented by the Korea Food for the Hungry International in Dedza, Malawi. It specifically investigates the direct and indirect effects of radio education on students' learning behaviour and self‐efficacy, using survey data of 1654 students at 8 secondary schools in Dedza. Findings from multivariate regression analyses on two major outcome variables reveal that regular listening to radio education significantly enhances students' learning behaviour including class engagement and assignment completion, as well as students' self‐efficacy, especially in terms of resilience, positivity and self‐confidence. According to mediation analysis, self‐efficacy is examined to serve as a partial mediator in the relationship between radio education on student learning behaviour. The results underscore the potential of radio education in boosting academic achievements, by utilising the constructs of self‐efficacy to further enhance learning behaviour. The study contributes to the field through empirical and concrete evidence of radio education programmes and at the same time offers vital insights for interventions, using educational radio as a supplementary tool in similar contexts with vulnerability to regular education.
Development of Human Monoclonal Antibodies With Broad Reactivity for Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis
Authors: Wu Meng , Peng Xinyu , Xu Weidi , Zhang Hao , Fang Lian , Liu Xueqin , Miao Faming , Liu Quan , Mi Shijiang , Xiao Yuewen , Yu Xinglong , Tu Changchun , Ge Liangpeng , Liu Yan
Published: November 2024

Rabies is an acute lethal disease causing by the neurotropic virus rabies virus (RABV). Rabies immune globulin (RIG) as an indispensable component of rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) always faces with great challenges in terms of costs, stability and safety. Our objective is to develop a novel and potential fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) cocktail for the improvement of rabies PEP. The neutralizing fully human mAbs were screened by using fully humanized antibody mice (CAMouseHG). Then, two mAbs 26–12 G and 5–7 G were selected with potential neutralizing activity to RABV by using fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (FAVN), which specifically bind to antigenic sites I and III of RABV‐glycoprotein (RABV‐G), the key amino acid residues were further identified in position 336, 337 of 5–7 G and 226, 227, 228 of 26–12 G by using cross‐linking and mass‐spectrometry. Both mAbs are highly conserved across 8 RABV strains (distributing in 3 lineages: Asian, Cosmopolitan and Arctic‐related) and 1 IRKV strain, and showed high neutralizing potential. Moreover, the in vivo experiment demonstrated that our cocktail can protect Kunming mice from a lethal RABV challenge. Collectively, we generate two noncompeting fully human mAbs (26–12 G, 5–7 G) and obtained cocktail CAM001 with their mixture. The high‐potency and broad‐spectrum neutralization of the cocktail supports its utility in human rabies PEP as an efficacious and affordable alternative to RIG products, particularly in endemic areas.
Iododerma with cryptococcus‐like changes
Authors: Subhadarshani S. , Flowers L. E. , Logan C. , Spicknall K. E. , Shaughnessy C.
Published: November 2024

Iododerma is a rare halogenoderma resulting from exposure to iodinated compounds. We present a case involving a 51‐year‐old Caucasian female with advanced renal disease who developed a hemorrhagic and papulonodular eruption following oral contrast exposure. Cryptococcoid bodies were noted on histopathological evaluation and raised suspicion for the diagnosis of iododerma, which was ultimately confirmed through serum and urine iodine studies. This case highlights a severe presentation of iododerma with important dermatopathology findings.
Partitions in real quadratic fields
Authors: Stern David , Zindulka Mikuláš
Published: November 2024

We study partitions of totally positive integers in real quadratic fields. We develop an algorithm for computing the number of partitions, prove a result about the parity of the partition function, and characterize the quadratic fields such that there exists an element with exactly 1–5, 7, and 11 partitions.
Pathogenicity of the LDLR c.97C>T (p.Gln33Ter) Mutation in Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Wang Kaihan , Hu Tingting , Tai Mengmeng , Shen Yan , Lin Shaoyi , Guo Yongjuan , Chen Xiaomin
Published: November 2024

Background

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a hereditary disease caused mainly by mutations in the gene encoding the low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). This study aimed to confirm the pathogenicity of the LDLR c.97C>T (p.Gln33Ter) mutation through in vitro functional validation and determine whether this nonsense mutation induces nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD).

Methods

The proband and his family were included in accordance with Chinese Expert Consensus on FH screening. The disease‐causing mutations were fund using whole‐exome sequencing and were confirmed using bidirectional Sanger sequencing. The pathogenicity of the mutation was predicted using in silico analysis. The LDLR c.97C>T (p.Gln33Ter) mutation was generated using site‐directed mutagenesis and expressed in HEK293T cells lacking endogenous LDLR expression. The effects of this alteration on LDLR expression and LDL uptake were assessed using flow cytometry, quantitative polymerase chain analysis, western blotting, and confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Results

The mutation that causes FH in this family was LDLR c.97C>T (p.Gln33Ter), and family members with this mutation exhibited elevated levels of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C). The cell experiment results showed that this mutation prevented the synthesis of LDLR protein and caused the cells to lose their LDL uptake ability.

Conclusion

LDLR c.97C>T (p.Gln33Ter) is a pathogenic FH mutation. However, this nonsense mutation did not induce NMD.
Molecular Hybrids of Quinoline and Sulfonamide: Design, Synthesis and in Vitro Anticancer Studies
Authors: Panduranga Padyala , Makam Parameshwar , Kumar Katari Naresh , Gundla Rambabu , Babu Jonnalagadda Sreekantha , Kumar Tripuramallu Bharat
Published: November 2024

Molecular hybrids of diversely functionalized quinoline and sulfonamide have been designed. Multistep synthetic strategies have been used for the synthesis. The anti‐cancer properties have been evaluated against various cancer cell lines including HCT116, A549, U2OS, CCRF‐CEM, Jurkat, MOLT‐4, RAMOS, and K562. Non‐cancer cell lines MRC‐5 and BJ were also included for comparison. When examining the effects on A549, HCT116, and U2OS cells, all tested compounds exhibited limited potency with IC50 values exceeding 50 μM, indicating weak activity against these cell lines. Against the ITK high cells Viz. are Jurkat, CCRF‐CEM and MOLT‐4, 9 e, 9 p and 9 j found to the maximum potent compounds with IC50 values of 7.43±7.40 μM, 13.19±1.25 μM and 5.57±7.56 μM respectively. Similarly, in the BTK high cells screenings, 9 n and 9 e molecules with an IC50 value of 2.76±0.79 μM and 5.47±1.71 μM against RAMOS and K562 respectively are highly potent. Interestingly, all the molecules have exhibited IC50 value >50 μM against the non‐cancer cells (MRC‐5 and BJ), which indicates the promising non‐cytotoxic nature of the molecules.
Synergistic effects of extreme temperature and prebending on CF/PEKK composite flexural characteristics
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Hwang Dong‐Wook , Li Xiaoqi , Shin Do‐Hoon , Kim Yun‐Hae
Published: November 2024

The mechanical properties of carbon‐fiber‐reinforced polymer composites are highly sensitive to temperature and preloading conditions. The behavior of carbon‐fiber/poly(etherketoneketone) (CF/PEKK) under various temperatures and prebending (PB) conditions is not fully understood. This study examines CF/PEKK's interlaminar shear strength, tensile, Mode II, and bending properties at room temperature (RT, 25°C), low temperature (LT, −60°C), and extreme cryogenic temperature (ECT, −196°C). The combined effects of temperature and PB at 30%, 50%, and 70% of ultimate displacement for 24 and 72 h were analyzed. Results indicate that decreasing temperature increases shear strength, improves tensile properties, and reduces fracture toughness. Bending tests show that strain, yield strength, and yield strain rise significantly from RT to ECT, while the modulus remains similar, but the postyield modulus decreases. Higher PB intensity reduces strength, moduli, and strain. Under combined PB and LTs, CF/PEKK shows a coupled mechanism with PB‐induced microcracks mitigated by low‐temperature failure mechanism. Strength increased by ~20% from RT to ECT, and 30%‐prebent samples retained over 80% residual flexural strength even at LT and ECT. These findings highlight CF/PEKK's excellent bending resistance at extreme temperatures, emphasizing its potential for aerospace applications.

Highlights

Temperature significantly impacts CF/PEKK composites' mechanical properties.

Decreasing temperature increases shear strength and tensile properties.

PB‐induced microcracks and low temperatures influence flexural properties.

CF/PEKK composites show excellent bending resistance in extreme conditions.

High residual strength persists at low temperatures and after prebending.
Investigation of polymer injection molding using calcareous waste concrete powder and polyethylene
Authors: Kanda Yasuyuki , Kusumoto Tsuguri
Published: November 2024

This study fabricated composite materials using waste concrete powder (WCP) and linear low‐density polyethylene via injection molding to improve the resource value of polymer composites of waste concrete. The flexural strength and modulus of the composite material improved with increasing WCP content and did not decrease even at a WCP content of 60 wt%. Moreover, the effect of the WCP particle size on the mechanical properties of the composite was low for composites with a WCP content of 20 wt%. To investigate the effect of the WCP particle size on the mechanical properties of the composite material in detail, the von Mises stress distribution of the composite material with a WCP content of 20 wt% was analyzed using finite element method (FEM). The von Mises stress distributions of the composite materials were almost identical across all WCP particle sizes. The results from the experiment and FEM analysis suggested that the interfacial adhesion between the WCP and LLDPE is in good condition. Therefore, it can be concluded that injection molding using WCP and LLDPE is feasible and WCP shows promise as a reinforcement particle.

Highlights

Fabrication of plastic composite material using the WCP by injection molding.

The flexural strength and modulus increased by adding the WCP.

The effect of the WCP particle size on the mechanical properties was low.

The Mises stress were almost identical at each WCP particle size.

The WCP is promising reinforcement of flexural strength and modulus.
Amphetamine: still psychotogenic after all these years
Authors: Price Lawrence H.
Published: November 2024

A few years ago, I found myself evaluating a clinic patient whose chief complaint was poor concentration, which he maintained was so severe that he could not even hold down a menial job. Fortunately, he was happy to provide me with his diagnosis (“ADHD”) and knew exactly which medication would eliminate his symptoms: amphetamine (I'm using the term broadly here to encompass the numerous pharmaceutical preparations of this drug that are currently available).
Decision‐making in entrepreneurial teams with competing economic and noneconomic goals
Authors: Neckebrouck Jeroen , Zellweger Thomas
Published: November 2024

Research Summary

How should decision‐making be organized in entrepreneurial teams  pursuing competing economic and noneconomic goals? Using a computational model, we examine how four archetypical decision‐making structures—unanimous approval, individual autonomy, majority voting, and lead entrepreneur—shape the performance of entrepreneurial firms when team members hold varied preferences for how to tradeoff economic and noneconomic goals. In stable environments, we find that majority voting generates highest economic performance, while unanimous approval generates highest noneconomic performance. Conversely, unanimous approval outperforms in fast‐changing contexts. Although goal diversity generally reduces economic performance, it enhances it in fast‐changing settings when teams operate under unanimous approval. This study thus underscores the critical role of decision‐making structures for the success of entrepreneurial teams.

Managerial Summary

How should entrepreneurial teams make decisions when balancing economic and noneconomic goals? We examine four decision‐making approaches—unanimous approval, individual autonomy, majority voting, and lead entrepreneur—and their impact on economic and noneconomic performance. In stable environments, majority voting leads to highest economic performance, while unanimous approval excels in achieving noneconomic goals. In fast‐paced environments, unanimous approval consistently delivers superior outcomes, enhancing both economic and noneconomic performance. Notably, teams with diverse goals can improve their economic performance in high‐velocity settings when using unanimous approval. These findings highlight the importance of choosing the right decision‐making structure to optimize performance in varying conditions. For entrepreneurial teams, adapting decision‐making processes to the pace of the environment is essential for success.
Entropy Engineering‐Modulated D‐Band Center of Transition Metal Nitrides for Catalyzing Polysulfide Conversion in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Jiao Jihuang , Liu Da , He Yufei , Shen Yinan , Zhou Jin , Liang Chu , Pan Hongge , Wu Renbing
Published: November 2024

The sluggish sulfur redox kinetics and severe polysulfide shuttle effect seriously restrict the cycling stability and lower the sulfur utilization of lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries. Efficient catalytic conversion of polysulfides is deemed a crucial strategy to address these issues, but still suffers from an unclear electronic structure‐activity relationship and a limited catalysis performance. Herein, entropy engineering‐induced electronic state modulation of metal nitride nanoparticles embedded within hollow N‐doped carbon (HNC) polyhedra are theoretically and experimentally constructed as a catalyst to accelerate the redox process of sulfur and suppress polysulfide migration in Li‐S batteries. By introducing V, Cr, and Nb elements to engineer the entropy of TiN, the metal d‐band center is optimized to approach the Fermi level, significantly facilitating the conversion of sulfur species. Accordingly, the TiVCrNbN@HNC catalyst enables Li‐S batteries to achieve a high initial capacity (1299 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C) and excellent cycling stability with a low capacity decay rate of 0.086% per cycle after 500 cycles. This work may provide a new insight into entropy engineering in catalyst design for high‐performance Li‐S batteries.
The Ameliorative Effect of Betulinic Acid on Oxidative Stress in Mice of Cyclophosphamide‐Induced Liver Damage
Authors: Huang You , Ma Chaoyang , Zhu Lijuan , Kong Li , Huang Chunlin , Yang Wenjiang , He Jiayu , Yang Mingqi , Huang Lin , Yuan Liyun , Yi Jine
Published: November 2024

As a conventional immunosuppressive drug, cyclophosphamide (CYP) exhibits strong hepatotoxicity in clinical applications. Betulinic acid (BA) is a natural triterpenoid that protects against liver damage. However, the underlying mechanism has not yet been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ameliorative effects of BA on CYP‐induced hepatotoxicity and further clarify the underlying mechanism. BA pretreatment mitigated CYP‐induced liver oxidative damage by alleviating histopathological lesions, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and restoring the mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes (Cu‐Sod, Mn‐Sod, Cat, and Gsh‐Px). BA treatment also suppressed CYP‐induced oxidative stress by activating the NRF2 pathway and inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, BA attenuated CYP‐triggered hepatic apoptosis by suppressing excessive mitochondrial fission, boosting mitochondrial fusion, and ameliorating pro‐apoptotic protein expression (CASP9 and the ratio of BCL‐2/BAX) by blocking the oxidative stress‐activated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, PD98059 (an inhibitor of ERK) and/or BA abated CYP‐provoked hepatotoxicity by inhibiting the ERK–MAPK and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways, implying that deactivation of the ERK‐mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway contributed to the hepatoprotective efficacy of BA against CYP‐induced oxidative stress. Therefore, BA could be used as a complementary medicine in patients undergoing CYP treatment owing to its hepatoprotective effects.
Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound response to ‘Proposed simplified protocol for initial assessment of endometriosis with transvaginal ultrasound’
Authors: Young S. W. , Jha P. , VanBuren W. , Rodgers S. , Kho R. , Groszmann Y. , Burnett T. , Feldman M. , Khan Z. , Chamie L. , Horrow M. , Young S. L. ,   the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Panel on Routine Pelvic Ultrasound for Endometriosis
Published: November 2024

Linked article: This Correspondence comments on Deslandes and Leonardi. Click here to view the article.
Anatomical considerations in selective amygdalohippocampectomy techniques for refractory temporal lobe epilepsy: a cadaveric study with emphasis on white matter tract anatomy
Authors: Dziedzic Tomasz Andrzej , Senger Michał , Kunert Przemysław
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is a common form of focal drug resistant epilepsy in adults. Various mesial temporal lobe structures are integral in the genesis of temporal seizures and the hippocampal sclerosis is the primary neuropathological finding in these cases. Surgical treatment is considered the preferred management. This study aims to analyze the anatomical and surgical aspects of various resection techniques of selective amygdalohippocampectomy (SAHE)and clarify the critical anatomical landmarks and technical nuances associated which each method.

Methods

Through dissection of five human head and brain specimens we evaluated three primary surgical approaches for SAHE—transsylvian, transcortical, and subtemporal — and additionally discussed laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT). We examined the anatomical considerations of the temporal lobe and its white matter tracts, as well as the technical aspects of each approach.

Results

The transcortical approach provides direct access to mesial structures but requires precise placement of the corticotomy based on hemisphere dominance to avoid arcuate fascicle and optic radiation. The subtemporal approach preserves all above white matter tracts but may risk interruption of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. The transsylvian approach allows for comprehensive exposure but poses risks to tracts within limen insulae, namely uncinate and inferior fronto – occipital fascicles. Additionally, there is a risk to middle cerebral artery and its branches. LITT offers a minimally invasive alternative with comparable outcomes and reduced risk of cognitive side effects.

Conclusion

Selective amygdalohippocampectomy and its variants, including LITT, are surgical strategies for managing mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Each approach has distinct anatomical and technical considerations that influence the choice of a technique. Due to complex anatomy of temporal lobe and white matter tracts variability more research is essential for achieving favourable outcomes.
Efficacy of a 6-week VR exergame for older adults with essential hypertension: a randomized controlled pilot trial
Authors: Vorwerg-Gall Susan , Stamm Oskar , Perotti Luis , Müller-Werdan Ursula
Published: November 2024

This study aimed to examine the initial efficacy of a virtual reality (VR) exergame for blood pressure (BP), body composition, lung function, physical working capacity, and mobility in older hypertensive adults. Furthermore, the objective was to explore the exercise intensities that can be reached during the training. This study was designed as a randomized controlled pilot trial. The exergame group (EG) completed 6-week training using VR; the conventional training group (CTG) performed conventional group training over the same time period. The sample included thirty-five participants with essential hypertension randomized with a ratio of 2:1 to EG (n = 23) and CTG (n = 12). The training was performed twice a week and consisted of strength endurance and endurance training sessions in alteration, which lasted from 20 to 30 min. Within the groups, systolic and diastolic BP were significantly reduced only in the EG. There were no group differences with regard to BP. The heart rate (HR) results showed no significant differences within and between groups in the pre–post comparison. Overall, a significant increase in HR during exercise was observed in both groups. On average, only the EG was able to reach the target intensity of 40–60%. In addition, blood pressure was significantly lower 5 min after training in EG than in CTG. This pilot study showed that 6 weeks of training with VR can lead to reaching the target heart rate during exercise and indicate a greater reduction in BP after training in older adults with hypertension. This pilot study provides useful insights into the potential of VR exergaming and for future research.
The Future of Urban Modelling: From BLV to AI
Authors: Wilson Alan
Published: November 2024

Urban modelling has a very long history and is widely applied and tested especially in transport and retail analysis, and to an extent with comprehensive models. The theoretical base is fragmented and there are opportunities, sketched here, for more effective integration. There are also opportunities for a much wider range of application. However, with new developments in data science and AI, and in more established but disconnected related areas such operational research, there are opportunities for new theory which will further strengthen the field. ‘Big data’ provides opportunities for real-time model calibration and applications, bigger and better information systems, and the basis for deployment in AI. ‘Machine learning’ can be inverted conceptually to ‘learning machines’ and we show how applications in health, providing augmented intelligence for clinicians, can be translated into urban analytics and planning, offering a potentially important research challenge and new theory.
Metal(loid) tolerance, accumulation, and phytoremediation potential of wetland macrophytes for multi-metal(loid)s polluted water
Authors: Khan Aqib Hassan Ali , Velasco-Arroyo Blanca , Rad Carlos , Curiel-Alegre Sandra , Rumbo Carlos , de Wilde Herwig , Pérez-de-Mora Alfredo , Martel-Martín Sonia , Barros Rocío
Published: November 2024

Natural based solutions, notably constructed/artificial wetland treatment systems, rely heavily on identification and use of macrophytes with the ability to tolerate multiple contaminants and grow for an extended period to reduce contamination. The potential to tolerate and remediate metal(loid) contaminated groundwater from an industrial site located in Flanders (Belgium) was assessed for 10 wetland macrophytes (including Carex riparia Curtis, Cyperus longus Baker, Cyperus rotundus L., Iris pseudacorus L., Juncus effusus L., Lythrum salicaria L., Mentha aquatica L., Phragmites australis Trin. ex Steud., Scirpus holoschoenus L., and Typha angustifolia L.). The experiment was conducted under static conditions, where plants were exposed to polluted acidic (pH ~ 4) water, having high level of metal(loid)s for 15 days. Plant biomass, morphology, and metal uptake by roots and shoots were analysed every 5 days for all species. Typha angustifolia and Scirpus holoschoenus produced ~ 3 and ~ 1.1 times more dried biomass than the controls, respectively. For S. holoschoenus, P. australis, and T. angustifolia, no apparent morphological stress symptoms were observed, and plant heights were similar between control and plants exposed to polluted groundwater. Higher concentrations of all metal(loid)s were detected in the roots indicating a potential for phytostabilization of metal(loid)s below the water column. For J. effusus and T. angustifolia, Cd, Ni, and Zn accumulation was observed higher in the shoots. S. holoschoenus, P. australis, and T. angustifolia are proposed for restoration and phytostabilization strategies in natural and/or constructed wetland and aquatic ecosystems affected by metal(loid) inputs.

Graphical abstract
Advancing methods for comparative nutritional LCA of milk and plant-based milk substitutes
Authors: Kovanen Immi , Kyttä Venla , Kårlund Anna , Pajari Anne-Maria , Tuomisto Hanna , Saarinen Merja , Kolehmainen Marjukka
Published: November 2024

Purpose

The contribution of milk on the environmental and nutritional impacts of diets is substantial especially in countries with high consumption rates of dairy products, such as in the Nordic countries. Due to environmental and health reasons, plant-based drinks (PBDs) are gaining popularity among consumers, but the nutritional composition of PBDs varies depending on their base ingredients and possible fortification. This study develops product group-specific nutrient indices to be used as functional units (nFU) in life cycle assessments (LCA) of milks and PBDs.

Methods

Here, we formed three product group–specific nutrient indices for milk and PBDs: (i) based on our previous development of product group–specific indices considering the current dietary role of milk in Finnish diets, (ii) based on the potential nutritional benefits of PBDs compared to milk, and (iii) as combination of the two abovementioned indices. The new indices were then applied as a nFUs in a case study comparing selection of 46 drinks from the Finnish food composition database including milks and fortified and unfortified PBDs. The environmental impacts were assessed in five different impact categories utilizing data from LCA databases.

Results and discussion

The index based on current consumption led to the highest nutrient index scores for cow’s milks and consequently lower environmental impacts when used as a nFU, whereas the index based on nutrients obtained from PBDs as nFU led to higher environmental impacts for milk and lower for PBDs. Cow’s milk had the highest climate impact when the impacts were allocated per unit of mass, but in nFU-based comparison, some PBDs had higher impacts than cow’s milk. The results showed notable difference between fortified and unfortified PBDs, as the environmental impacts of unfortified PBDs were higher than impacts of milk when the comparison was based on nutrient content, while the environmental impacts of fortified drinks were lower than those of milk.

Conclusions

The index based on nutrients currently obtained from milk is the most suitable one for capturing the nutritional consequences of substituting milk with PBDs in the current diets. However, the other indices can bring additional information on the possible nutritional benefits in another decision-making situation. As nutrient fortification has substantial impact on the results, the role of fortification in sustainable foods should be further evaluated and the methodological approaches to consider fortification in nLCA advanced.
Improved Ferroelectric Effects and Gate Controllability in Hf0.5Zr0.5O2-Gated InAlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMTs Using ZrO2 Seed Layers
Authors: Yu Tien-Han , Chen Yu-Lin , Tsao Yi-Fan , Hsu Chin-Tsai , Lu Tsan-Feng , Hsu Heng-Tung
Published: November 2024

Scaling of GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) frequently leads to increased gate leakage current and increased risk of device breakdown when subjected to high-speed switching, ultimately resulting in a reduction of the maximum drain current and output power density. These issues can be effectively mitigated by incorporating a dielectric layer beneath the gate in HEMTs. This study delves into the performance enhancement of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2-gated InAlGaN/GaN metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) HEMTs that are grown on a ZrO2 seed layer. The implementation of ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2(HZO) stacks has been shown to significantly reduce gate leakage current and stabilize threshold voltage shifts. Furthermore, the positive bias transconductance peak shift enhances the overall electrical stability of the device. Our findings underscore the potential of using ferroelectric stacks in InAlGaN/GaN HEMTs to achieve higher efficiency and operational stability. These advancements make Hf0.5Zr0.5O2-gated HEMTs particularly suitable for advanced high-power and high-frequency applications, demonstrating their capacity to deliver superior performance under challenging conditions. The results of this study highlight the critical role of dielectric engineering in optimizing GaN-based devices, paving the way for future innovations in semiconductor technology.
Mycotoxin concentrations in rice are affected by chalkiness, grain shape, processing type, and grain origin
Authors: Tang Erasmus N. , Ndindeng Sali A. , Onaga Geoffrey , Ortega-Beltran Alejandro , Falade Titilayo D. O. , Djouaka Rousseau , Frei Michael
Published: November 2024

Mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone (ZEN), and deoxynivalenol (DON) pose a risk to public health due to their carcinogenic potency (AFs and FBs) and anti-nutritional effects. The hazards associated with mycotoxins are accentuated where food management practices, control, and regulatory systems from farm to plate are sub-optimal. Information on the frequency of these mycotoxins in rice commercialized in markets in sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) is limited. The current study examined AF concentrations in 527 rice samples collected from 54 markets in five SSA countries. Grain quality characteristics, processing methods, and origin of samples were contrasted with toxin levels. In total, 72% of the samples had detectable AFs levels (range = 3.0 to 89.8 µg/kg). Forty-seven percent (47%) of the samples had AFs above 4 µg/kg, the European Union maximum level (ML), and were evaluated for cooccurrence with FBs, ZEN, and DON. Total AFs and ZEN cooccurred in 40% of the samples, and 30% of the positive ZEN samples had concentrations above the ML of 75 µg/kg. Total AFs did not co-occur with FBs and DON. Multivariate analysis revealed that length-to-width ratio (p < 0.0001), mixed variety for width (p = 0.04), and chalkiness (p = 0.009) significantly influenced aflatoxin concentrations. Slender grains had higher AFs concentrations than bold and medium grains (p < 0.0001). Possible strategies to mitigate mycotoxin contamination in rice include improving grain quality traits and practicing proper drying and hermetic storage before and after milling. These findings provide valuable insights for both domestic and international actors in establishing and strengthening regulations and management systems to mitigate rice mycotoxin contamination.
Predicting Tags for Learner Questions on Stack Overflow
Authors: Olatinwo Segun O. , Demmans Epp Carrie
Published: November 2024

Online question answering sites, such as Stack Overflow (SO), have become an important learning and support platform for computer-science learners and practitioners who are seeking help. Learners on SO are currently faced with the problem of unanswered questions, inhibiting their lifelong-learning efforts and contributing to delays in their software development process. The major reason for this problem is that most of the technical problems posted on SO are not seen by those who have the required expertise and knowledge to answer a specific question. This issue is often attributed to the use of inappropriate tags when posting questions. We developed a new method, BERT-CBA, to predict tags for answering user questions. BERT-CBA combines a convolutional network, BILSTM, and attention layers with BERT. In BERT-CBA, the convolutional layer extracts the local semantic features of an SO post, the BILSTM layer fuses the local semantic features and the word embeddings (contextual features) of an SO post, and the attention layer selects the important words from a post to identify the most appropriate tag labels. BERT-CBA outperformed four existing tag recommendation approaches by 2-73% as measured by F1@K=1-5. These findings suggest that BERT-CBA could be used to recommend appropriate tags to learners before they post their question which would increase their chances of getting answers.
Gender and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in HIV Care and Viral Suppression at Jail Entry
Authors: Vaughn Jocelyn T. , Peterson Caryn E. , Hirschtick Jana L. , Ouellet Lawrence J. , Hershow Ronald C. , Kim Sage J.
Published: November 2024

Women and racial/ethnic minorities living with HIV are less likely than White men to be engaged in HIV treatment when entering US jails. Few studies have examined the intersection of gender and race/ethnicity among incarcerated populations. The “Enhancing Linkages to HIV Primary Care and Services in Jail Settings Initiative” (EnhanceLink) was a 10-site prospective cohort study of 1,270 people living with HIV in correctional facilities between 2008 and 2011. Using data from this study (N = 1,096), we assessed the likelihood of having a usual source of HIV care, utilizing ART, and viral suppression (HIV-1 RNA < 200 copies/ml) within 30 days of incarceration among the following groups, stratified by current gender and race/ethnicity, relative to non-Hispanic White men: Non-Hispanic Black women, non-Hispanic Black men, Hispanic/Latina (Hispanic) women, Hispanic men, and non-Hispanic White women. Compared to non-Hispanic White men, non-Hispanic Black women were 20% less likely to report that they had access to HIV care before incarceration after adjusting for age, sexual orientation, incarceration history, and medical comorbidities (prevalence ratio (PR) = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.7–0.9, p = 0.0002). Non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic White women were 30% less likely to utilize ART (respectively) than White men after adjusting for the same potential confounders (PR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6–0.9, p = 0.002; PR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5–0.9, p = 0.02; PR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5–1.0, p = 0.03). Our findings underscore the importance of culturally informed, community-based HIV interventions that promote equitable access to HIV care.
Study on the flow field of multi-phase coupling slag discharge and the influencing factors of slag discharge effect in gas lift reverse circulation of drilling shaft sinking
Authors: Guo Longhui , Cheng Hua , Yao Zhishu , Rong Chuanxin , Yang Guang , Wang Xiaoyun , Fang Yu , Xie Bao
Published: November 2024

Combined with the advanced drilling of the central return air shaft in Kekegai Coal Mine, the distribution law of slag discharge flow field by drilling method and the influencing factors of slag discharge effect are studied. Firstly, the numerical model of gas–liquid–solid coupling slag discharge is established by CFD-DEM (computational fluid dynamics coupled discrete element method). Then, the flow field distribution law of the site slag outlet layout model and the optimization model is compared and analyzed. Finally, the influence of drilling parameters on slag discharge effect is studied. The results show that the best arrangement of slag suction ports is: the number is two, the length-diameter ratio is 0.4, the area ratio is 1, and the total area ratio is 1.94%. The fluid movement at the bottom of the well is mainly tangential flow, while the fluid in the slag discharge pipe is mainly axial flow. The construction parameters of efficient slag discharge are put forward: bit rotation speed is 8.7 r/min, gas injection rate is 4200 m3/h, air duct sinking ratio is 0.84, and mud viscosity is 165 MPa·s. The research results can provide useful theoretical reference for large-scale sinking construction in deep wells.
Efficient and Stable Photoassisted Lithium-Ion Battery Enabled by Photocathode with Synergistically Boosted Carriers Dynamics
Authors: Ma Zelin , Wang Shiyao , Ma Zhuangzhuang , Li Juan , Zhao Luomeng , Li Zhihuan , Wang Shiyuan , Shuang Yazhou , Wang Jiulong , Wang Fang , Xia Weiwei , Jian Jie , He Yibo , Wang Junjie , Guo Pengfei , Wang Hongqiang
Published: November 2024

Efficient and stable photocathodes with versatility are of significance in photoassisted lithium-ion batteries (PLIBs), while there is always a request on fast carrier transport in electrochemical active photocathodes. Present work proposes a general approach of creating bulk heterojunction to boost the carrier mobility of photocathodes by simply laser assisted embedding of plasmonic nanocrystals. When employed in PLIBs, it was found effective for synchronously enhanced photocharge separation and transport in light charging process. Additionally, experimental photon spectroscopy, finite difference time domain method simulation and theoretical analyses demonstrate that the improved carrier dynamics are driven by the plasmonic-induced hot electron injection from metal to TiO2, as well as the enhanced conductivity in TiO2 matrix due to the formation of oxygen vacancies after Schottky contact. Benefiting from these merits, several benchmark values in performance of TiO2-based photocathode applied in PLIBs are set, including the capacity of 276 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 under illumination, photoconversion efficiency of 1.276% at 3 A g−1, less capacity and Columbic efficiency loss even through 200 cycles. These results exemplify the potential of the bulk heterojunction strategy in developing highly efficient and stable photoassisted energy storage systems.
ML-based early detection of lung cancer: an integrated and in-depth analytical framework
Authors: Sinjanka Yusupha , Kaur Veerpal , Musa Usman Ibrahim , Kaur Karandeep
Published: November 2024

The human lungs, crucial for supplying oxygen, are vulnerable to diseases such as lung cancer, a leading cause of mortality. Timely prediction of lung cancer is essential to enable early intervention by healthcare professionals, enhancing patient outcomes and saving lives. This study introduces a comprehensive Machine Learning (ML) model designed to predict lung cancer at an early stage, utilizing a dataset sourced from Kaggle. Built on the Random Forest algorithm, the model assesses a diverse set of characteristics and variables, including gender, age, and exposure to various environments and lifestyles. It accurately identifies individuals at a higher risk of developing early-stage lung cancer, facilitating prompt intervention and personalized treatment strategies. Key evaluation metrics demonstrating the model's effectiveness include precision, F1 score, recall, and accuracy. The findings indicate a model accuracy of approximately 97.9%, underscoring its potential as a valuable tool for enhancing the early detection of lung cancer.