bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Envision and Observe: Using the Studio Thinking Framework for Learning and Teaching in Digital Arts
Authors: Sheridan Kimberly M.
Published: February 2011

The Studio Thinking Framework (STF) focuses on habits of mind taught through studio arts rather than disciplinary content or media‐specific techniques. It is well suited to integrate studies of arts learning and teaching in a range of contexts, and it provides a framework for understanding how visual arts participation is dramatically changing with the advent of digital tools and the Internet. This study focuses on two habits of mind, observe and envision and analyzes how they are taught in high school arts classrooms using traditional media compared with a digital context of an informal educational class using 3D computer modeling and animation. The STF facilitates detecting learning patterns, sustaining pedagogical reflection, and providing structure for the design of studies of learning in and through the arts.
Toward a Science of Learning Games
Authors: Howard‐Jones Paul , Demetriou Skevi , Bogacz Rafal , Yoo Jee H. , Leonards Ute
Published: February 2011

Reinforcement learning involves a tight coupling of reward‐associated behavior and a type of learning that is very different from that promoted by education. However, the emerging understanding of its underlying processes may help derive principles for effective learning games that have, until now, been elusive. This article first reviews findings from cognitive neuroscience and psychology to provide insight into the motivating role of uncertain reward in games, including educational games. Then, a short experiment is reported to illustrate the potential of reward‐based neurocomputational models of behavior in the understanding and development of effective learning games. In this study, a reward‐based model of behavior is shown to predict recall of newly learned information during a simple learning game.
Representations of Fractions: Evidence for Accessing the Whole Magnitude in Adults
Authors: Sprute Lisa , Temple Elise
Published: February 2011

Proficiency with fractions serves as a foundation for later mathematics and is critical for learning algebra, which plays a role in college success and lifetime earnings. Yet children often struggle to learn fractions. Educators have argued that a conceptual understanding of fractions involves learning that a fraction represents a magnitude different from its whole number components. However, it is not well understood whether adults represent a fraction's magnitude similarly to whole numbers. This study investigated the distance effect during a comparison task using fraction pairs that discouraged comparing a fraction's components. Accuracy improved and reaction times decreased with greater distance between fraction pairs, showing a distance effect similar to that seen with whole numbers. This study suggests that a representation of a fraction's magnitude is present in the fully developed number system.
Factors influencing Pain Willingness and Engagement
Authors: Egeli Natasha Ann , MacMillan Peter
Published: February 2011

egeli na & macmillan p (2011) Journal of Nursing and Healthcare of Chronic Illness 3, 23–29 Factors influencing Pain Willingness and Engagement

Aim.  To examine factors that may influence Pain Willingness and Pain Engagement, two factors of Pain Acceptance. Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome that frequently results in disability.

Background.  Despite multidisciplinary treatment, the chronic pain associated with this condition is not likely to disappear completely. Therefore, adjustment to FM may require abandoning the struggle to control pain and continuing to engage in enjoyed activities with pain.

Method.  One‐hundred eighty‐four women completed an online survey in 2006 so that pain acceptance, number of social and emotional problems, pain catastrophising, and average pain severity could be examined.

Findings.  Result of our multivariate regression revealed that there were significant relationships with both Pain Willingness and Pain Engagement and the four aforementioned factors. However, results of separate multiple linear regressions indicated that only Pain Catastrophising and number of Emotional Problems made a unique contribution to prediction of Pain Engagement scores and only Pain Catastrophising and number of practical problems made a unique contribution to Pain Willingness scores.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Results indicate that to help people adjust to FM, it may be more important to address emotional issues and pain catastrophising than to focus on pain severity.
Benefiting the Resource Rich: How Can International Development Policy Help Tame the Resource Curse?
Authors: Havro Gøril , Santiso Javier
Published: February 2011

While natural resource revenues ought to enable development, past experiences with the ‘Paradox of Plenty’ have shown that mineral and oil wealth often represents a curse rather than a blessing, inducing slower growth and higher levels of poverty. Many resource rich countries have high poverty rates and are among recipients of international aid. This paper looks at how lessons from successful resource rich countries can provide lessons for resource management. It also considers how international donors can act to facilitate such processes.

Norway and Chile are small open economies with high concentration in petroleum and copper, respectively. Yet the interaction between good institutions and fiscal policy, facilitated by the use of resource funds, has allowed both countries to largely escape the resource curse. Both countries have prioritised institutional development before engaging in heavy resource extraction. Maintaining a broad tax base, developing linkages to the rest of the economy, investing in human capital, and engaging in political consensus‐building have helped retain incentives that limit rent‐seeking.

Many countries facing high inflows of natural resource rents also have weak institutions. For these countries, strengthening institutions through developing the skill and efficiency of civil servants and committing to transparency and accountability can help change the pay‐offs from engaging in corrupt practices or rent‐seeking. Yet in many cases, large‐scale institution building might be beyond these countries' immediate capacity, leaving an important opportunity for international donors. Aid, in the traditional sense, is not the solution to the resource curse. Once the natural resource revenues have started flowing, resource rich countries are not primarily in need of further financial inflows. Fostering long‐term development here is rather a question of technical support and capacity building, support for international anti‐corruption mechanisms and imposing transparency and legal requirements on national companies operating in these countries.
MAGIC NUMBERS AND TERNARY ALPHABET
Authors: JIRÁSKOVÁ GALINA
Published: February 2011

A number α, in the range from n to 2n, is magic for n with respect to a given alphabet size s, if there is no minimal nondeterministic finite automaton of n states and s input symbols whose equivalent minimal deterministic finite automaton has α states. We show that in the case of a ternary alphabet, there are no magic numbers. For all n and α satisfying n ⩽ α ⩽ 2n, we define an n-state nondeterministic finite automaton with a three-letter input alphabet that requires exactly α deterministic states.
ON EQUATIONS OVER SETS OF NUMBERS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS
Authors: LEHTINEN TOMMI , OKHOTIN ALEXANDER
Published: February 2011

Systems of equations of the form X = Y + Z and X = C, in which the unknowns are sets of natural numbers, "+" denotes elementwise sum of sets S + T = {m + n | m ∈ S, n ∈ T}, and C is an ultimately periodic constant, have recently been proved to be computationally universal (Jeż, Okhotin, "Equations over sets of natural numbers with addition only", STACS 2009). This paper establishes some limitations of such systems. A class of sets of numbers that cannot be represented by unique, least or greatest solutions of systems of this form is defined, and a particular set in this class is constructed. The argument is then extended to equations over sets of integers.
TOWARD UNDERSTANDING THE GENERATIVE CAPACITY OF ERASING RULES IN MATRIX GRAMMARS
Authors: ZETZSCHE GEORG
Published: February 2011

This article presents approaches to the open problem of whether erasing rules can be eliminated in matrix grammars. The class of languages generated by non-erasing matrix grammars is characterized by the newly introduced linear Petri net grammars. Petri net grammars are known to be equivalent to arbitrary matrix grammars (without appearance checking). In linear Petri net grammars, the marking has to be linear in size with respect to the length of the sentential form. The characterization by linear Petri net grammars is then used to show that applying linear erasing to a Petri net language yields a language generated by a non-erasing matrix grammar. It is also shown that in Petri net grammars (with final markings and arbitrary labeling), erasing rules can be eliminated, which yields two reformulations of the problem of whether erasing rules in matrix grammars can be eliminated.
PROPERTIES OF PSEUDO-PRIMITIVE WORDS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
Authors: KARI LILA , MASSON BENOÎT , SEKI SHINNOSUKE
Published: February 2011

A pseudo-primitive word with respect to an antimorphic involution θ is a word which cannot be written as a catenation of occurrences of a strictly shorter word t and θ(t). Properties of pseudo-primitive words are investigated in this paper. These properties link pseudo-primitive words with essential notions in combinatorics on words such as primitive words, (pseudo)-palindromes, and (pseudo)-commutativity. Their applications include an improved solution to the extended Lyndon-Schützenberger equation u1u2 ⋯ uℓ = v1 ⋯ vnw1 ⋯ wm, where u1, … , uℓ ∈ {u,θ(u)}, v1, …, vn ∈ {v, θ(v)}, and w1, … , wm ∈ {w, θ(w)} for some words u, v, w, integers ℓ, n, m ≥ 2, and an antimorphic involution θ. We prove that for ℓ ≥ 4, n, m ≥ 3, this equation implies that u, v, w can be expressed in terms of a common word t and its image θ(t). Moreover, several cases of this equation where ℓ = 3 are examined.
OBSERVABLE LEPTON FLAVOR SYMMETRY AT LHC
Authors: MA ERNEST
Published: February 2011

A model of lepton flavor symmetry is discussed, using the non-Abelian finite group T7 and the gauging of B-L, which has a residual Z3 symmetry in the charged-lepton Yukawa sector, allowing it to be observable at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) from the decay of the new Z' gauge boson of this model to a pair of scalar bosons which have the unusual highly distinguishable final states τ- τ- μ+ e+.
Asia-Pacific Hotels International: Managing Short Term Cash in the Derivatives Market
Authors: Obi Pat , Choi Jeong Gil
Published: February 2011

This case deals with a cash management problem for an international hotel based in Seoul, Korea. Although successful in its core hotel operations, the firm has not been as successful in managing its short term cash flow. Part of the firm's operating and materials costs are in US dollars although all of its operating incomes are in the local currency, the South Korean won. This imbalance creates a currency risk exposure in the management of the firm's working capital. To ensure that it has sufficient funds to pay its dollar-denominated costs, the firm is considering the investment in a sizeable amount of dollar-denominated time deposits. Pursuing this strategy, however, involves a two-fold global dimension: First, the firm must determine what exchange rate conditions would make it suitable to invest in dollar-denominated time deposits rather than in the local currency. Second, for any such dollar-denominated short-term investments, the firm must decide when and how to use the facilities of the Eurodollar futures market to hedge the currency risk exposure. The specific approach being considered includes a combined position in Eurodollar time deposits and Eurodollar futures contract. This case presents an opportunity to learn how firms can successfully combine short-term investments in a foreign currency-denominated time deposit with positions in the derivatives markets, the aim of which is to manage exposure to currency risk.
Capacitance–Voltage Characteristics of Al2O3/AlGaN/GaN Structures and State Density Distribution at Al2O3/AlGaN Interface
Authors: Mizue Chihoko , Hori Yujin , Miczek Marcin , Hashizume Tamotsu
Published: February 2011

The potential modulation and interface states of Al2O3/Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaN structures prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) were characterized by capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements. We observed the peculiar C–V characteristics with two capacitance steps in forward and reverse bias regions, corresponding to the electron accumulation or depletion behavior at the Al2O3/AlGaN and AlGaN/GaN interfaces. From the experimental and calculated C–V characteristics, it was found that the charging and discharging of interface states near the AlGaN conduction-band edge mainly caused the stretch-out and hysteresis of the C–V curve at the forward bias. On the other hand, it is likely that the interface states near the midgap or deeper in energies act as fixed charges. From the bias-dependent hysteresis voltage in the forward bias region and the photo-induced voltage shift at the reverse bias, we estimated the interface state density distribution at the Al2O3/AlGaN interface for the first time. The present ALD-Al2O3/AlGaN/GaN structure showed relatively high interface state densities with a minimum density of 1×1012 cm-2 eV-1 or higher.
Influence of Contact Resistance on Effective Mobility in Organic Thin Film Transistor
Authors: Li Ling , Heremans Paul , Jang Jin
Published: February 2011

We investigated the charge transport in organic thin film transistors based on the variable range hopping theory, including the contribution of contact resistance. The impact of contact resistance on the temperature dependence of the extracted mobility is extensively analyzed. It was found that contact resistance is responsible for the experimentally observed no-Arrhenius behavior of charge transport in organic transistors in the low temperature region. The developed model quantitatively explains the temperature dependence of mobility observed in conjugated polymer thin film transistor.
Tandem-Phase Zone-Plate Optics for High-Energy X-ray Focusing
Authors: Kagoshima Yasushi , Takano Hidekazu , Koyama Takahisa , Tsusaka Yoshiyuki , Saikubo Akihiko
Published: February 2011

An optical system consisting of two phase zone plates closely arranged in tandem was constructed for focusing high-energy X-rays. The phase zone plates were made from tantalum and their combined thickness was 4.8 µm. An ideal diffraction efficiency of 30% is expected at 30 keV, which is about 3 times higher than that of a single zone plate. The focusing properties at 30 keV were studied both numerically and experimentally. The coaxial tandem arrangement was precisely achieved by observing Young's interference patterns in the far-field produced by the two point foci. A focus size of ∼4 µm was obtained. The photon flux density was 2.2 ×1013 photons/s/mm2, which is 2.4 and 85 times higher than that obtained with a single zone plate and without focusing, respectively. The focused beam was used for scanning X-ray fluorescence microscopy and the residual tin distribution on a float glass surface was imaged.
Synthesis of a Nitrogen-Doped TiO2 (Rutile) Single Crystal and Its p-Type Behaviors
Authors: Matsushita Akiyuki , Shimoda Masahiko , Naka Takashi , Yamada Yuh
Published: February 2011

We have synthesized nitrogen-doped (N-doped) TiO2 (rutile) single crystals by annealing in a 1.0 MPa N2 atmosphere after reduction treatment. Transmittance, electrical resistivity, and sample weight decreased with the reduction treatment, but recovered after the subsequent N-doping process. The N 1s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) signal disappeared after 8 min of Ar sputtering. Diodelike behaviors were observed in the voltage–current (V–I) characteristics of the TiO2–metal contact for the as-received TiO2 and N-doped TiO2. They demonstrated that the as-received TiO2 is an n-type semiconductor and the N-doped TiO2 is a p-type semiconductor. Photoinduced voltage was measured under irradiation with a Xe lamp. The sign of the photoinduced voltage in the N-doped TiO2 was found to be opposite to that of the as-received or reduced TiO2, which also indicates that the N-doped TiO2 is a p-type semiconductor. We discuss the electronic states of dopant nitrogen atoms.
Optimum Dissolution Point of Chemically Amplified Resists in Terms of Trade-Off Relationships between Resolution, Line Edge Roughness, and Sensitivity
Authors: Kozawa Takahiro , Yamamoto Hiroki , Tagawa Seiichi
Published: February 2011

The trade-off relationships between resolution, line edge roughness (LER), and sensitivity are the most critical issue in the development of chemically amplified resists used for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. The dissolution point plays an important role in determining the trade-off relationships. In this study, the relationship between dissolution point and LER (DP-LER relationship) was theoretically investigated. The dependence of the DP-LER relationship on half-pitch, normalized image log slope, and the effective reaction radius for deprotection was clarified.
Method to Evaluate the Influence of Etching Damage on Microcantilever Surface on Its Mechanical Properties
Authors: Ueki Shinji , Nishimori Yuki , Imamoto Hiroshi , Kubota Tomohiro , Sugiyama Masakazu , Kawakatsu Hideki , Samukawa Seiji , Hashiguchi Gen
Published: February 2011

We propose a method to evaluate the effect of process damage on microcantilever surfaces, introduced by processes such as plasma etching, on their mechanical properties. Using this method, we can compare the mechanical properties before and after etching even if the process changes the microcantilever thickness. Defects at the microcantilever surface affect the quality (Q) factor of the microcantilever, but the Q factor cannot be used as an indicator to evaluate process damage because it also depends on the microcantilever thickness. On the basis of theoretical considerations, we propose using Q/f (f: resonance frequency) as an indicator because both Q and f are proportional to the thickness for very thin microcantilevers. We verified our method experimentally by etching microcantilever surfaces using conventional plasma etching and neutral beam etching, which can etch silicon without damage. As a result, the Q/f value markedly decreased after plasma etching but stayed nearly the same after neutral beam etching.
Design of Translation Rotary Ultrasonic Motor with Slanted Piezoelectric Ceramics
Authors: Tuncdemir Safakcan , Ural Seyit O. , Koc Burhanettin , Uchino Kenji
Published: February 2011

We designed and manufactured a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDoF) ultrasonic motor (USM) by using a single actuator. Although there have been numerous MDoF USMs reported in the literature, only a few of them cover the combined rotary and translational motions in a cylindrical-joint type configuration. Combining these two motions in one joint and controlling this combined motion through a novel USM is the main aim of this work. Here, we use smooth impact drive method (SIDM) with two distinct modes obtained at two distinct frequencies by the help of slanted ceramics and uneven square shaped excitation signals. The translational-rotary dual-mode motor can be driven by single source. The prototype of the motor (5 mm diameter, 25 mm total length) has 5 mm/s translational and 3 rad/s rotary speed under 4 mN blocking force, when the input signal is 20 Vp–p square wave.
Low‐Temperature Synthesis of Superconducting Nanocrystalline MgB2
Authors: Lu Jun , Xiao Zhili , Lin Qiyin , Claus Helmut , Fang Zhigang Zak
Published: February 2011

Magnesium diboride (MgB2) is considered a promising material for practical application in superconducting devices, with a transition temperature near 40 K. In the present paper, nanocrystalline MgB2 with an average particle size of approximately 70 nm is synthesized by reacting LiBH4 with MgH2 at temperatures as low as 450°C. This synthesis approach successfully bypasses the usage of either elemental boron or toxic diborane gas. The superconductivity of the nanostructures is confirmed by magnetization measurements, showing a superconducting critical temperature of 38.7 K.
Epidemic Percolation Networks, Epidemic Outcomes, and Interventions
Authors: Kenah Eben , Miller Joel C.
Published: February 2011

Epidemic percolation networks (EPNs) are directed random networks that can be used to analyze stochastic “Susceptible-Infectious-Removed” (SIR) and “Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed” (SEIR) epidemic models, unifying and generalizing previous uses of networks and branching processes to analyze mass-action and network-based S(E)IR models. This paper explains the fundamental concepts underlying the definition and use of EPNs, using them to build intuition about the final outcomes of epidemics. We then show how EPNs provide a novel and useful perspective on the design of vaccination strategies.
LIMO EEG: A Toolbox for Hierarchical LInear MOdeling of ElectroEncephaloGraphic Data
Authors: Pernet Cyril R. , Chauveau Nicolas , Gaspar Carl , Rousselet Guillaume A.
Published: February 2011

Magnetic- and electric-evoked brain responses have traditionally been analyzed by comparing the peaks or mean amplitudes of signals from selected channels and averaged across trials. More recently, tools have been developed to investigate single trial response variability (e.g., EEGLAB) and to test differences between averaged evoked responses over the entire scalp and time dimensions (e.g., SPM, Fieldtrip). LIMO EEG is a Matlab toolbox (EEGLAB compatible) to analyse evoked responses over all space and time dimensions, while accounting for single trial variability using a simple hierarchical linear modelling of the data. In addition, LIMO EEG provides robust parametric tests, therefore providing a new and complementary tool in the analysis of neural evoked responses.
Combined Effects of Surface Morphology and Mechanical StrainingMagnitudes on the Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells without Using Biochemical Reagents
Authors: Jang Ji-Yeon , Lee Shi Woo , Park So Hee , Shin Ji Won , Mun ChiWoong , Kim Su-Hyang , Kim Dong Hwa , Shin Jung-Woog
Published: February 2011

Existing studies examining the control of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into desired cell types have used a variety of biochemical reagents such as growth factors despite possible side effects. Recently, the roles of biomimetic microphysical environments have drawn much attention in this field. We studied MSC differentiation and changes in gene expression in relation to osteoblast‐like cell and smooth muscle‐like cell type resulting from various microphysical environments, including differing magnitudes of tensile strain and substrate geometries for 8 days. In addition, we also investigated the residual effects of those selected microphysical environment factors on the differentiation by ceasing those factors for 3 days. The results of this study showed the effects of the strain magnitudes and surface geometries. However, the genes which are related to the same cell type showed different responses depending on the changes in strain magnitude and surface geometry. Also, different responses were observed three days after the straining was stopped. These data confirm that controlling microenvironments so that they mimic those in vivo contributes to the differentiation of MSCs into specific cell types. And duration of straining engagement was also found to play important roles along with surface geometry.
A New Normalizing Algorithm for BAC CGH Arrays with Quality Control Metrics
Authors: Miecznikowski Jeffrey C. , Gaile Daniel P. , Liu Song , Shepherd Lori , Nowak Norma
Published: February 2011

The main focus in pin‐tip (or print‐tip) microarray analysis is determining which probes, genes, or oligonucleotides
are differentially expressed. Specifically in array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) experiments,
researchers search for chromosomal imbalances in the genome. To model this data, scientists apply statistical methods
to the structure of the experiment and assume that the data consist of the signal plus random noise. In this
paper we propose “SmoothArray”, a new method to preprocess comparative genomic hybridization (CGH)
bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) arrays and we show the effects on a cancer dataset. As part of our R software
package “aCGHplus,” this freely available algorithm removes the variation due to the intensity effects, pin/print‐tip,
the spatial location on the microarray chip, and the relative location from the well plate. removal of this variation
improves the downstream analysis and subsequent inferences made on the data. Further, we present measures to
evaluate the quality of the dataset according to the arrayer pins, 384‐well plates, plate rows, and plate columns. We
compare our method against competing methods using several metrics to measure the biological signal. With this
novel normalization algorithm and quality control measures, the user can improve their inferences on datasets and
pinpoint problems that may arise in their BAC aCGH technology.
Gradual Increase of High Mobility Group Protein B1 in the Lungs after the Onset of Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Ebina Masahito , Taniguchi Hiroyuki , Miyasho Taku , Yamada Shingo , Shibata Naoko , Ohta Hiromitsu , Hisata Shu , Ohkouchi Shinya , Tamada Tsutomu , Nishimura Hidekazu , Ishizaka Akitoshi , Maruyama Ikuro , Okada Yoshinori , Takashi Kondo , Nukiwa Toshihiro
Published: February 2011

The pathogenesis of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains to be elucidated. To evaluate the roles of inflammatory mediators in acute exacerbation, the concentrations of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), a chief mediator of acute lung injury, and 18 inflammatory cytokines were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serially sampled from seven IPF patients after the onset of acute exacerbation. HMGB1 gradually increased in the alveolar fluid after the onset of acute exacerbation, in positive correlation with monocytes chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), a potent fibrogenic mediator. In the lung tissues of eight IPF patients autopsied after acute exacerbation, intense cytoplasmic staining for HMGB1 was observed in the alveolar epithelial cells in alveolar capillary augmented lesions, where the capillary endothelial cells remarkably reduced the expression of thrombomodulin, an intrinsic antagonist of HMGB1. These results suggest pathogenic roles for HMGB1 and MCP-1 in the late phase of acute exacerbation of IPF.
A Comparative Study of Growth Patterns in Crested Langurs and Vervet Monkeys
Authors: Bolter Debra R.
Published: February 2011

The physical growth patterns of crested langurs and vervet monkeys are investigated for several unilinear dimensions. Long bone lengths, trunk height, foot length, epiphyseal fusion of the long bones and the pelvis, and cranial capacity are compared through six dental growth stages in maleTrachypithecus cristatus(crested langurs) andCercopithecus aethiops(vervet monkeys). Results show that the body elements of crested langurs mature differently than those of vervets. In some dimensions, langurs and vervets grow comparably, in others vervets attain adult values in advance of crested langurs, and in one feature the langurs are accelerated. Several factors may explain this difference, including phylogeny, diet, ecology, and locomotion. This study proposes that locomotor requirements affect differences in somatic growth between the species.
Prepubertal Gynecomastia in Two Monozygotic Twins with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome: Two Years’ Treatment with Anastrozole and Genetic Study
Authors: Grandone Anna , Miraglia del Giudice Emanuele , Cirillo Grazia , Santarpia Michele , Coppola Filomena , Perrone Laura
Published: February 2011

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multiple gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps, mucocutaneous pigmentation and increased predisposition to neoplasms. Endocrine manifestations in PJS include gynecomastia and advanced bone age due to estrogen production by large-cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumors (LSCT). We present two 9-year-old male monozygotic twins, with PJS, bilateral progressive prepubertal gynecomastia and testicular bilateral multifocal calcifications, suggesting a diagnosis of LSCT. Their father had PJS but no history of gynecomastia or testicular calcifications. No mutations were found in the tumor suppressor gene LKB1/STK11, which is responsible for about 60% of PJS cases. The genotype of the aromatase cytochrome P450 19, a key enzyme involved in estrogen biosynthesis, was the same in the father and his twins. To reduce gynecomastia and delay skeletal maturation, the children started treatment with anastrozole, an aromatase inhibitor. Growth velocity decreased and gynecomastia diminished. After 2 years of treatment, anastrozole is still currently used at a dosage of 1 mg once daily with no side effects. In this study, a couple of monozygotic twins with PJS, prepubertal gynecomastia and LSCT is reported for the first time and anastrozole appears to be an efficacious medical treatment, as an alternative to orchidectomy, to control the effects of estrogen excess.
Does Social Context Affect Value Structures? Testing the Within-Country Stability of Value Structures With a Functional Theory of Values
Authors: Fischer Ronald , Milfont Taciano L. , Gouveia Valdiney V.
Published: February 2011

Previous research showed that the stability of value structures across cultures is influenced by both sample fluctuations and social context. This study tests the within-country stability of value structures in a large sample of physicians ( N = 13,414) across all states in Brazil. The authors use a new value instrument that differentiates values according to their theoretical functions (type of orientation: personal versus social; type of motivation: materialistic versus humanitarian). Although the proposed structure of the value functions was relatively robust, systematic fluctuations in structure emerged. In line with previous research, the authors found strong effects of sampling fluctuations as well as socioeconomic development indices on the stability overall. Examining the differential effect of various social indicators, social living conditions were found to mediate the effect of socioeconomic indicators on value stability along the first dimension contrasting personal versus social value orientations. The second dimension differentiating materialistic versus humanitarian values is less stable. Implications for value theory and research, in particular for cross- and intra-cultural research, are discussed.
Utopia Viewed from the Underside of History
Authors: Thistlethwaite Susan Brooks
Published: February 2011

I agree with Dr. Elshtain in her essay that an uncritical progressivism or a rigid traditionalism are equally unhelpful in fruitfully engaging a complex tradition. The doctrine of sin is offered by Elshtain as a prescriptive to prevent progressive or traditional oversimplifications. The view from the underside of history, seen in this response through the work of Gustavo Gutiérrez, offers a different view. From Gutiérrez's work, we learn that a cultural critique of romantic liberalism or traditionalism that does not get at the ways in which sin and evil function in society is finally going to remove human nature from history.
Speech that Matters
Authors: Jennings Willie James
Published: February 2011

The problem for Christian communities is that the culture wars move at a pace too quick to deliver adequately Christian speech. Christians are yet to realize the problem modernity creates for Christian speech. The challenge for Christians is finding ways of speaking that matter. We need greater clarity in acknowledging and resisting ways of speaking that confuse Christian identity. We also need greater insight in knowing and forming ways of speaking that promote Christian life. This is the crucial matter in the culture wars.
Looking Through the Eyes of Parents
Authors: Mouw Richard J.
Published: February 2011

For many Christians today, the culture wars are not just about race, gender, and class. They are also very much about how to raise our children in a cultural context that has been significantly shaped by the anti-God themes of postmodernity. If we Christians on both sides of the culture wars are to engage in a productive conversation, we will not only need to take an honest look at the excesses of the “Christian Right”; we must also talk together about how the church should respond to the relativism, promiscuity, and infidelity that threaten the moral fabric of the human community.
Who's in, Who's Out?
Authors: Small Joseph D.
Published: February 2011

Disputes among competing factions are commonplace features of contemporary church life in North America. They highlight the tension between unity and diversity that is a perennial aspect of ecclesial existence. Help in negotiating the tension and even alleviating disputes may come from an odd source: first-century Pharisees and their disputes with Jesus. Three short narratives in Mark's Gospel provide insights into possibilities for committed conversation in the church that can focus the church's attention on God rather than itself.
Dying for the Eucharist or Being Killed by it?
Authors: Cavanaugh William T.
Published: February 2011

This essay uses the life, death, and writings of Oscar Romero to explore the connection between eucharist and martyrdom, and how to tell the difference between dying for the eucharist and being killed by it. The essay begins by examining the logic of martyrdom, then shows its connections with the eucharist, and concludes with some comments about the situation of first-world Christians in a relatively safe church. The essay suggests that the eucharist can bring judgment if Christians do not attend to those who suffer in their midst.
What Think You of Christ?
Authors: Marquardt Friedrich-Wilhelm
Published: February 2011

After Auschwitz, without changing their confession of Jesus Christ, Christians have to renew their christology. Jesus, who rules us today, is a Jew. His own people have fetched him home. He is seen in various ways by them. We can no longer understand him according to the measure of our non-Jewish tradition, which strives for a unified conception of Jesus, in thrall to a western rationality that would gain control of everything. We have to confess Jesus as Messiah without condemning others, so that Jesus may be recognizable to Jews as Messiah.
Sacraments and Social History
Authors: Senn Frank C.
Published: February 2011

The sacraments of baptism and holy communion are not only means of grace; they are social rites. Christians have practiced them using available cultural materials. The sacraments, in turn, have formed the community of the church. This essay reviews cultural ways at different times in social history that have informed sacramental practice. Not surprisingly, postmodern preferences for diversity of style and concerns for inclusivity in community have been expressed in contemporary sacramental practice. Larger uses of water and oil and better quality bread and wine reflect a postmodern concern for the natural world. A diversified menu reflects a sense of community forged by attending to individual needs. New eucharistic prayers use expanded images, diverse forms of prayer within one prayer, and acclamations of the people within a presidential prayer.
Symbols of God's Presence to the Church
Authors: Sloyan Gerard S.
Published: February 2011

Christian worship may be assumed to have been a matter of ritual from the start, because of its roots in Temple worship, common festal meals, and the baptismal practice of Jesus and John. New Testament witness to its forms is minimal, but the development of rites begins to be attested in the Didachē, Justin's First Apology, and Hippolytus's references to eucharist led by episkopoi. The mystēria/sacramenta were celebrated ritually in the West until the reformers' emphasis on the biblical word and corresponding de-emphasis on the senses resulted in the triumph of spirit over matter, and of intellect over sight, sound, and movement. In our day, the former balance is being restored as worship forms begin again to engage the whole person.
Worship as Catechesis
Authors: Murphy Debra Dean
Published: February 2011

This essay seeks to develop an understanding of Christian catechesis as a practice, or set of practices, informed, at heart, by doxology. The acquisition of “knowledge” that variously constitutes the catechetical or educative enterprise within Christian communities is bound up entirely with the praise and adoration of God within the eucharistic fellowship of the body of Christ gathered together in worship. To know, in this way, is to be changed, remade, transformed. To know rightly, as Augustine would teach us, is to desire God—just as to desire God is to know rightly. On this view, catechesis occurs, first and foremost, not as exposition apart from the liturgical community, but performatively within it.
Welcome to the Worship Awakening
Authors: Redman Robert R.
Published: February 2011

Since 1970, seeker services and praise-and-worship services have become increasingly influential among mainline churches. These services attract mainliners with their potential to stimulate evangelism and spiritual growth. The seeker-service strategy raises important questions about the relationship of worship and evangelism and about the place of popular culture, multimedia technology, and the arts in worship. Praise-and-worship services challenge mainliners to rethink the range of physical and emotional expression in worship and to think differently about the role of music in worship. We can already see the convergence of elements from these two approaches and from historic liturgy that are custom-fitted to meet the needs of individual congregations.
On the Holy Name of God
Authors: Sonderegger Katherine
Published: February 2011

In recent years, feminist Christians have proposed new, inclusive liturgies for worship in several denominations. Central to these liturgies is the decision to offer new names for God: for the Persons of Father and Son, and for the triune name itself. Rarely has such fundamental change in the Christian tradition been proposed or undertaken; only Nicaea and Chalcedon are rivals for innovation and significance. What should Christians make of these proposed names, images, and liturgies? This article weighs some of the proposed triune names, discusses their proposers and detractors in light of the tradition itself, and offers some personal proposals in conclusion.
The Prayer of Liturgy in the Orthodox Church
Authors: Chryssavgis John
Published: February 2011

This article provides insights into the spiritual dimensions of prayer within the context of the Orthodox Church. The author compares the liturgy of the Orthodox Church with the liturgical world of the western churches. He explores the concepts of tradition and doctrine, especially as these have impacted the history and development of the liturgy. He describes the experience of heaven on earth, communion, and mission, as well as the notions of cosmic liturgy and iconic prayer. Finally, the article also brings together in a creative synthesis the personal and environmental elements of liturgy.
“My Servant Job Shall Pray for You”
Authors: Balentine Samuel E.
Published: February 2011

This article reads between the lines of the book of Job—with the aid of artists' renderings of Job as a pray-er—to explore what God may be endorsing when God says, “My servant Job shall pray for you” (42:8). The conventional view, which understands Job to pray for the forgiveness of his foolish friends, is deeply rooted in Jewish and Christian piety, and with good reason. Several clues suggest that a nonconventional view, which understands Job to have been praying that God not act in foolish ways, also deserves careful attention. In this view, Job models a way of contending for justice that God applauds and expects from those who would be “servants” of God.
Contingency and Grace in an Age of Science and Technology
Authors: Borgmann Albert
Published: February 2011

We need to respond reflectively to the indifference that contemporary culture exhibits toward religion and theology. The realm of contingency offers common ground with atheists and agnostics and constitutes the habitual precinct of grace. Contingency, however, is questioned by scientists and reduced by technology. Thus, contingency must be clarified and defended vis-à-vis scientists (and philosophers), and its reduction by technology needs to be understood and reversed.
Between Virtue and Virtuality
Authors: Ward Graham
Published: February 2011

This essay performs a cultural negotiation between Christian theological discourse and the discourses of the Internet. It argues that Christian theology can neither ignore what is taking place globally and affecting all our lives in one way or another, nor pretend that this advanced technology is simply another tool that can be used or not used as occasion demands. Theology must engage Internet culture as this new culture transfigures social life. This means recognizing that theology, too, will be transfigured as the conditions of social living are transfigured. Being proactive, the work of theology will be affected by the engagement itself. But through this engagement, Christian theology will understand the distinctive contribution it can make to a critical and reflexive analysis of digital living. For there is a need for the engagement with Internet culture to be critical. There are moral and metaphysical questions posed by cyberpower. There are theological questions to be asked about its electronic dreams and sublime desires.
Wanted
Authors: Minear Paul S.
Published: February 2011

In many ways, nonverbal as well as verbal, the New Testament gives a confident witness to the realities (some invisible, some visible) of God's action in creating a new heaven and a new earth. Exegesis of these texts should therefore focus on understanding those realities, even in spite of the many inherent difficulties. To explore both the opportunities and the difficulties, texts are selected from the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Apocalypse of John, the Second Epistle to the Corinthians, and the Gospel of Matthew.
Professing Medicine Faithfully
Authors: Mohrmann Margaret E.
Published: February 2011

Mutually intensifying issues of commodification and medicalization plague the present day practice of medicine. Together they account for significant dissatisfaction among physicians, a diminishment of their sense of vocation, and recurring conflict about how best to meet both professional and religious commitments in their work. Theology can renew doctors' vocational focus on the centrality of the patient in the context of the call to neighbor-love, and can provide models of discernment for practioners seeking to learn what love requires in each unique medical encounter.
Teaching as Profession and Vocation
Authors: Schwehn Mark R.
Published: February 2011

Teaching understood as a profession sometimes conflicts with teaching understood as a Christian vocation. In order to see whether and why this claim is true, the essay first examines the present state of the conversation about the general idea of Christian vocation. It then proceeds to consider the activity of teaching both as a general human endeavor and as a profession. And finally, it analyzes what differences it should make to regard teaching as a Christian vocation rather than as simply one of several forms of professional life.
Changing the Rules
Authors: Douglas Mark
Published: February 2011

Despite the long tradition and complex theory underlying the just war tradition, contemporary just war reasoning narrowly focuses simply on the established criteria for war. Yet these criteria were codified by the fifteenth century and favor the kinds of wars that could be fought at that time. Historic changes—in politics, economics, technology, and religion, among other spheres—not only have changed the nature of warfare, but have limited the applicability of the original just war criteria. Contemporary just warriors ought to turn to the deeper Christian values and virtues that underlie traditional just war theory and use them to develop new just war criteria that function better in the twenty-first century.
A Case for P. D. James as a Christian Novelist
Authors: Wood Ralph C.
Published: February 2011

P. D. James is the successor to Agatha Christie as the queen of contemporary crime fiction. She is also a writer whose work is imbued with deep Christian convictions. Her novels are concerned to declare not merely who “done” it, but also why. She probes human motives with an unusually keen eye for the mystery of iniquity, especially the desire to murder in the name of good. James's novels also wrestle with the very largest moral and social questions, and her fiction suggests answers that are deeply incarnational.
Commentary on the Johannine Prologue
Authors: Newman Barbara
Published: February 2011

This article is a translation of Hildegard's commentary on the Johannine prologue, taken from her Book of Divine Works, with an introduction emphasizing the themes of the divine image and the holiness of the human body as an analogue of both the cosmos and the creative power of God. The note introducing the translation comments on Hildegard's prophetic, pictorial style and explains why her highly gendered thought cannot be rendered in contemporary gender-neutral language.
Order, Freedom, and “Kindness”
Authors: Bauerschmidt Frederick Christian
Published: February 2011

This essay argues that Julian of Norwich is particularly relevant today because she, like us, lived in a point of transition: between the ancient-medieval world in which order was the primary value and the modern world in which freedom is the dominant value. With the critique of modernity undertaken in the last forty years, Julian's theology becomes of interest once again—in particular, her notion of God's “kindness,” encompassing as it does both the notion of God's nature and God's benevolence, offers a third alternative to ideologies of either order or freedom.
On the Superiority of the New Law
Authors: Martens Paul
Published: February 2011

In recent years, Servais Pinckaers has renewed interest in the importance of the new law for theology and ethics. He is deeply indebted to Aquinas's construal of the new law, yet a close look at Aquinas's position reveals that construing the new law as the telos of the old law can result in difficult consequences for Christians who believe, with Vatican II, that Jews should not be spoken of as rejected or accursed. Pinckaers avoids the most challenging aspects of Aquinas's position, but he also ignores its potentially problematic nature. This cautionary inquiry illustrates why tremendous care must be taken in theologically engaging Aquinas's articulation of the new law in light of its assumptions concerning the old law and medieval Jews.
George Herbert's Approach to God
Authors: Witt William G.
Published: February 2011

This article examines the way practices and doctrines formed the spirituality of the sixteenth-century Anglican priest George Herbert, as reflected in his poetry (The Temple) and prose (The Country Parson). The practices of virtuous living, Sunday worship, public and private prayer, hearing and proclaiming the Word, and partaking of sacraments combine to shape virtuous Christian character. The doctrines of God, creation, sin, Christ, and grace, as well as the problem of affliction, combined to form Herbert's faith.