bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Probability of Variation Operator on the Performance of Quantum-Inspired Evolutionary Algorithm for 0/1 Knapsack Problem
Authors: Khan Mozammel H.A.
Published: May 2010

Quantum-Inspired Evolutionary Algorithm (QEA) has been shown to be better performing than classical Genetic Algorithm based evolutionary techniques for combinatorial optimization problems like 0/1 knapsack problem. QEA uses quantum computing-inspired representation of solution called Q-bit individual consisting of Q-bits. The probability amplitudes of the Q-bits are changed by application of Q-gate operator, which is classical analogous of quantum rotation operator. The Q-gate operator is the only variation operator used in QEA, which along with some problem specific heuristic provides exploitation of the properties of the best solutions. In this paper, we analyzed the characteristics of the QEA for 0/1 knapsack problem and showed that a probability in the range 0.3 to 0.4 for the application of the Q-gate variation operator has the greatest likelihood of making a good balance between exploration and exploitation. Experimental results agree with the analytical finding.
Cryomicroscopic Investigations of Freezing Processes in Cell Suspensions
Authors: Acharya Tathagata , Devireddy Ram V.
Published: May 2010

This study evaluates the freezing response of three different cell types, Pacific oyster embryos (~50 µm in diameter),
Jurkat cells and HeLa cells (~12 to 15 µm’s in diameter), using cryomicroscopy. Freezing experiments were performed
on oyster embryos at cooling rates of either 5 or 10 °C/min, while Jurkats were cooled at either 1 or 10 °C/min and
HeLa cells were cooled at either 1, 15 or 20 °C/min, respectively. The experiments with oyster embryos were primarily
designed to investigate the phenomena of intracellular ice formation (IIF) while the experiments for Jurkat and HeLa cells
were designed to investigate both cellular dehydration and IIF during freezing. IIF was characterized by the abrupt black
flashing during the cooling steps while the cellular dehydration experiments were characterized by the volumetric (projected
area) shrinkage of the cells during the cooling steps. Mathematical models were fit to the cellular dehydration data
to obtain the Jurkat and HeLa cell membrane permeability (Lpg) at the reference temperature (273.15 K), the apparent activation
energy of the cellular dehydration process (ELp) or the temperature dependence of Lpg. The temperature dependence
of IIF in the oyster embryos, the Jurkat cells and the HeLa cells were also determined.
Flow Markers in Microreactors: A Generally Applicable Chromatographic Method for Monitoring Flow Rates During Reactions
Authors: Nieuwland Pieter J. , Koch Kaspar , van Hest Jan C.M. , Rutjes Floris P.J.T.
Published: May 2010

Microreactors have found widespread use for continuous flow synthesis and reaction optimization. Flow rates are critical factors with respect to the latter application because they are used to set screening parameters such as reaction time and stoichiometric ratios. However, the set flow values of pumps for nanoliter to microliter volume reactors are quite often not sufficiently accurate. In this paper we present a generally applicable chromatographic method to analyze flow rates during microreactor reaction screening. By adding flow markers to all reactant and reagent flows and performing conventional GC analysis on all samples, an accurate flow rate was calculated. The deviation between the set flow values and the measured flow rates was shown for a standard continuous flow experiment. The implications of this deviation for reaction optimization were demonstrated via a model Swern-Moffatt oxidation reaction, which showed that accurately measured flow rates are critical for correct data interpretation.
Fenofibrate in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Liberopoulos E.N , Florentin M , Elisaf M.S , Mikhailidis D.P , Tsianos E
Published: May 2010

Background:

Most patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) are treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA); however, some do not respond fully. PBC is also associated with dyslipidemia, but a link with vascular risk has not been confirmed.

Methods and Results:

In this study we compared UDCA monotherapy with fenofibrate plus UDCA in PBC patients with incomplete biochemical response to UDCA monotherapy for ≥ 8 months. Ten patients (57.2±13.3 years old) with PBC and persistent elevations of liver enzymes after treatment with UDCA (600 mg/day) were randomized to continue UDCA (4 patients) or to receive micronized fenofibrate (200 mg/day) plus UDCA (6 patients) for 8 weeks. Significant reductions in total cholesterol, triglycerides and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed in the combination treatment group. The serum activities of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alanine aminotranferase also decreased in this group compared with baseline (-32.6%; p=0.012, -44%; p=0.031 and -16.9%; p=0.029, respectively). In contrast, no significant alterations in liver enzymes or lipid profile were observed in patients who continued UDCA monotherapy. The changes in the lipid and enzyme variables differed significantly (p<0.03) between the 2 groups. Fenofibrate was well tolerated.

Conclusions:

The administration of fenofibrate plus UDCA seems to be safe and may improve lipid and liver indices in patients with PBC who do not respond fully to UDCA monotherapy. Whether the improved lipid profile translates into a decreased risk of vascular events remains to be established.
TLR3 Sensing of Viral Infection
Authors: Dunlevy F. , McElvaney N. G. , Greene C. M.
Published: May 2010

Viral infection is detected by the innate immune system which mounts a rapid semi-selective defence involving inflammation and production of type 1 interferons. Several sensors, both cell surface and intracellular, exist to detect different types of viral motifs. Double-stranded RNA viruses and dsRNA replication intermediates are detected by tolllike receptor 3 (TLR3) as well as by retinoid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I) like receptors. Binding of dsRNA or its synthetic analogue poly I:C to TLR3 recruits the adaptor protein TRIF and stimulates distinct pathways leading to activation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) and NF-κB. Here, we review the signalling cascades initiated by TLR3 and the modulation of these pathways.
Low Bone Mass and Osteoporosis in Women Referring themselves to Dual
X-Ray Absorptiometry - Experience with a Health Promotion Action
Authors: Goerres Gerhard W. , Swanenburg Jaap , Uebelhart Daniel
Published: May 2010

Aims:

This retrospective analysis was done to describe the difference in the prevalence of osteoporosis/low
bone mass between women referring themselves to bone mineral density (BMD) testing with dual X-ray absorptiometry
(DXA) and women referred by their family practitioner.

Methods:

Women were recruited by a health promotion action in a Swiss weekly periodical and compared with female
patients sent by their physician for DXA testing for various medical indications during the same period. Patients under
steroid treatment, known previous fracture and undergoing follow-up for low bone mass were excluded. Self referred
women were compared to female patients aged 40 years and older and the same evaluation was repeated for women aged
65 and older.

Results:

No differences were found in the prevalence of osteoporosis /low bone mass in women referred by their physician
vs those who were self referred. However, a significant difference was found with age: the self referred women were 63.1
± 8.6 years of age whereas the patient group’s mean age was 59.7 ± 9.4 (p=0.0001, 95% CI of the difference: 21 – 61
years).

Conclusion:

We suggest that health promotion actions might be able to recruit the correct candidates for BMD testing,
since we found no significant difference in the prevalence of osteoporosis/ low bone mass between self referred and
physician referred women. Our data further suggest that physicians may react earlier on their patient’s risk profiles than
the time frame of action by the self-referred women.
Use of Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Collagen Carrier with Equine Bone Lyophilisate Suggests Late Onset Bone Regenerative Effect in a Humerus Drill Defect – A Pilot Study in Six Sheep
Authors: Jensen Jonas , Foldager Casper Bindzus , Jakobsen Thomas Vestergaard , Søballe Kjeld , Bünger Cody , Baas Jorgen
Published: May 2010

We assessed the use of a filler compound together with the osteoinductive demineralized bone matrix (DBM), Colloss E. The filler was comprised of carboxymethyl-cellulose and collagen type 1. The purpose of the study was to see if the filler compound would enhance the bone formation and distribute the osteoinductive stimulus throughout the bone defect. Six sheep underwent a bilateral humerus drill defect. The drill hole was filled with a compound consisting of 100 mg CMC, 100 mg collagen powder, and 1 ccm autologous full blood in one side, and a combination of this filler compound and 20 mg Colloss E in the other. The animals were divided into three groups of two animals and observed for 8, 12 and 16 weeks. Drill holes was evaluated using quantitative computed tomography (QCT), micro computed tomography (µCT) and histomorphometry. Mean total bone mineral density (BMD) of each implantation site was calculated with both QCT and µCT. Bone volume to total volume (BV/TV) was analyzed using µCT and histomorphometry. Although not statistically significant, results showed increased bone BMD after 16 weeks in µCT data and an increased BV/TV after 16 weeks in both µCT and histology. Correlation between QCT and µCT was R2= 0.804. Correlation between histomorphometry and µCT BV/TV data was R2= 0.8935 and with an average overrepresentation of 8.2% in histomorphometry. In conclusion the CMC-Collagen + Colloss E filler seems like a viable osteogenic bone filler mid- to long term. A correlation was found between the analytical methods used in this study.
Adaptation of a Couple-Based HIV Intervention for Methamphetamine-Involved African American Men who have Sex with Men
Authors: Wu Elwin , El-Bassel Nabila , Donald McVinney L. , Fontaine Yves-Michel , Hess Leona
Published: May 2010

In the U.S., incidence of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) has steadily increased since the 1990s. This points to a need for innovation to address both emerging trends as well as longer-standing disparities in HIV risk and transmission among MSM, such as the elevated rates of HIV/STIs among African American MSM and methamphetamine users. While couple-based sexual risk reduction interventions are a promising avenue to reduce HIV/STI transmission, prior research has been almost exclusively with heterosexual couples. We sought to adapt an existing, evidence-based intervention—originally developed and tested with heterosexual couples—for a new target population consisting of African American MSM in a longer-term same-sex relationship where at least one partner uses methamphetamine. The adaptation process primarily drew from data obtained from a series of focus groups with 8 couples from the target population. Attention is given to the methods used to overcome challenges faced in this adaptation process: limited time, a lead investigator who is phenotypically different from the target population, a dearth of descriptive information on the experiences and worldviews among the target population, and a concomitant lack of topical experts. We also describe a visualization tool used to ensure that the adaptation process promotes and maintains adherence to the theory that guides the intervention and behavior change. The process culminated with an intervention adapted for the new target population as well as preliminary indications that a couple-based sexual-risk reduction intervention for African American, methamphetamine-involved male couples is feasible and attractive.
Using a Modified Intervention Mapping Approach to Develop and Refine a Single-Session Motivational Intervention for Methamphetamine-Using Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Zule William A , Coomes Curtis M , Karg Rhonda , Harris Jennie L , Orr Alex , Wechsberg Wendee M
Published: May 2010

There is an ongoing need for the development and adaptation of behavioral interventions to address behaviors related to acquisition and transmission of infectious diseases and for preventing the onset of chronic diseases. This paper describes the application of an established systematic approach to the development of a behavioral intervention to reduce sexual risk behaviors for HIV among men who have sex with men and who use methamphetamine. The approach includes six steps: (1) a needs assessment; (2) preparing matrices of proximal program objectives; (3) selecting theory-based methods and practical strategies; (4) producing program components and materials; (5) planning for program adoption, implementation, and sustainability; and (6) planning for evaluation. The focus of this article is on the intervention development process; therefore the article does not describe steps 5 and 6. Overall the process worked well, although it had to be adapted to fit the sequence of events associated with a funded research project. This project demonstrates that systematic approaches to intervention development can be applied even in research projects where some of the steps occur during the proposal writing process rather than during the actual project. However, intervention developers must remain flexible and be prepared to adapt the process to the situation. This includes being ready to make choices regarding intervention efficacy versus feasibility and being willing to select the best intervention that is likely to be delivered with available resources rather than an ideal intervention that may not be practical.
Toward a Better Understanding of Non-Addicted, Methamphetamine-Using, Men who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in Atlanta
Authors: Dew Brian J
Published: May 2010

Methamphetamine use has increasingly become linked with sexual risk behaviors among men have sex with men (MSM). Yet, the majority of research has been done with methamphetamine dependent MSM or with samples in which addiction to the substance was not evaluated. Furthermore, research with methamphetamine-using MSM in the Southern U.S. is lacking. In this study, focus groups and in-depth interviews were conducted in order to understand the motives, context, and other facilitators and barriers of methamphetamine use among non-addicted MSM residing in Atlanta. Participants included 30 non-addicted, methamphetamine-using MSM and 16 local mental and public health officials. Findings from the first of this two-phase formative research project will result in the initial development of a community-tested, culturally-specific social marketing campaign and an individual-based intervention based in HIV-testing facilities.
Determination of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) interspecific markers in Fasciola hepatica, Fascioloides magna, Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Paramphistomum cervi (Trematoda), parasites of wild and domestic ruminants
Authors: Bazsalovicsová E. , Králová-Hromadová I. , Špakulová M. , Reblánová M. , Oberhauserová K.
Published: May 2010

The species-specific ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) markers were designed for PCR-based molecular differentiation of Fasciola hepatica, Fascioloides magna, Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Paramphistomum cervi, liver and stomach flukes of domestic and free living ruminants. Complete ITS2 sequences were obtained for D. dendriticum and P. cervi, for the later species, ITS2 structure was determined for the first time. Intraspecific variation within geographically distant populations was found to be either very low (F. hepatica; D. dendriticum) or even absent (F. magna; P. cervi). ITS2 regions with the absence of intraspecific polymorphisms but with interspecific sequence heterogeneity were applied for design of speciesspecific primers. The specificity of developed primers was tested on genomic DNA isolated from adult individuals of studied fluke species. Application of the primers is of particular value for molecular differentiation of morphologically hardly distinguishable F. hepatica, F. magna and P. cervi eggs after coprological examinations.
A description of karyotype of the giant liver fluke Fascioloides magna (Trematoda, Platyhelminthes) and a review of Fasciolidae cytogenetics
Authors: Reblánová M. , Špakulová M. , Orosová M. , Bazsalovicsová E. , Rajský D.
Published: May 2010

The study describes a karyotype of a common parasite of cervids, the giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna (Trematoda, Platyhelminthes). The chromosome set of F. magna comprises 11 pairs of chromosomes, all classified as subtelocentric except for the submeta-metacentric pair No. 8 and the submetacentric pair No. 10 (2n = 22, n = 1sm + 1sm-m + 9st). The first longest pair is 4.65 μm long and the length decreases continuously to the 1.92 μm length of the last pair No. 11. No distinct secondary constriction has been observed in mitotic preparations. Fluorescent DAPI-staining reveals distinct heterochromatin bands on all 11 chromosome pairs in the centromeric regions; another DAPI-positive bands are localized at the end of the long arms of chromosomes No. 5 and the last less distinct signals appear interstitially on the long arms of the pair No. 6. Synchronous meiotic divisions of 8-spermatocyte groups have been observed during spermatogenesis, similarly with a development of spermatocytes in other trematodes. In the first two stages of heterotypic spermatocyte division, 11 bivalents (n = 11) are regularly observed, confirming the diploid number of 22 elements. Furthermore, the present analysis summarises and discusses available cytogenetic data on Fasciolidae flukes suitable for future studies on taxonomy or phylogenetic interrelationships within the family.
Diagnosis of Oesophagostomum columbianum infection in goat by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Jas R. , Ghosh J. , Das K.
Published: May 2010

Oesophagostomosis is one of the most prevalent nematodosis with considerable economic losses in small ruminant livestock. Prepatent stage of Oesophagostomum columbianum is primarily involved in the major pathogenic effect of the infection and conventional methods are unable to detect this stage. An indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was therefore standardized and evaluated for the purpose to improve diagnosis and thereafter minimize the economic losses due to this infection in goat. The eggs obtained from O. columbianum adult female worms, collected from caecum and colon of slaughtered goats, were cultured to obtain the third stage larvae (L3). Crude somatic antigen (CSAg) was prepared from triturated worms. Experimental goats (n = 12) were orally infected each with 600 L3 /kg body weight. Serum samples of the infected goats were collected at 2-day-interval from day-3 till day-33 post infection. The indirect ELISA was standardized using the CSAg for coating the wells, infected goat sera as binding antibody, anti-goat IgG-HRP conjugate and ortho-phenylenediamine (OPD) with peroxide as substrate. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of ELISA were determined by testing 96 serum samples of goats whose parasitological status after slaughter was determined by examination of the abomasums and the intestines. O. columbianum antibodies were detected in sera of infected goats on day 18 – 27 post-infection with 96.00, 73.91 and 85.42 per cent sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, respectively.
Esophageal deformation of Gnathostoma spinigerum in ivermectin-treated rats, and anthelminthic efficacy
Authors: Anantaphruti M. , Koga M. , Nuamtanong S. , Nintasen R.
Published: May 2010

Ivermectin 2 mg/kg single dose reduced worm load by 83.3 % (75.0 – 91.7 %) for rats experimentally infected with 20 Gnathostoma spinigerum advanced third-stage larvae administered at week 1, with sacrifice at week 15 post-infection. Some larvae recovered from the muscles of treated rats were found to be grossly deformed in appearance. Morphological changes in the Gnathostoma larvae were clearly observed. The internal structures of the deformed larvae showed significant degeneration in the esophageal glandular tissues. The esophageal lumen branched irregularly and occupied a wider area in the center of the esophagus. The epithelial cells thickened along these branches. The esophageal gland ducts were completely destroyed. The excretory ability of the esophageal cell glands may be depressed, causing loss of function. It is suggested that ivermectin is effective against Gnathostoma larvae due to worm recovery reductions. The drug efficacy appears to generate by esophageal destruction of the worms.
Unusual localizations of human hydatid disease in Hamedan province, west of Iran
Authors: Ahmadi N. , Hamidi M.
Published: May 2010

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is endemic in many parts of Iran. It may develop in almost any part of the human body, though the location is mostly hepatic and followed by pulmonary. This study was carried out on the 24 patients diagnosed with unusual localizations of hydatidosis among the patients admitted to the university hospitals in Hamedan province, west of Iran, during 14-year period. The cases were aged 6 – 73 years, the majority being aged 40 – 59 years (33.3 %). Ten of the patients diagnosed with unusually located hydatid disease were men, fourteen were women. The over-representation of housewives (50.0 %) and followed by farmers (20.8 %) among the cases was significant. Similarly, rural dwellers were also over-represented among the cases (54.2 % vs. 45.8 %).

Most (19 case) of the cases had been diagnosed just by ultrasonography, but 3 case had only been diagnosed by computed tomographic (CT) scans, and another 2 had had both ultrasonography and CT scans. Spleen and kidneys, followed by abdominal/peritoneal cavity, were the organs where hydatid disease was most frequently observed after the liver and lung. The splenic cysts were solitary in 4 cases, associated with a hepatic cyst in 1 and with pelvic and abdominal wall cysts in 1. The renal cysts were usually isolated without any other organ involvement, and there was only one case of associated with hydatid disease in liver. In addition, findings in brain, mesenterium, breast, choledochus, bladder wall and inguinal area are also discussed.

These results confirm that CE should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any cystic mass in all anatomic locations (including unusual localizations), especially when occurring in areas where the disease is endemic.
Endohelminth communities of the perch, Perca fluviatilis (Perciformes, Percidae) from Srebarna Biosphere Reserve, Bulgaria
Authors: Shukerova S. , Kirin D. , Hanzelová V.
Published: May 2010

Altogether 180 specimens of Perca fluviatilis (L.) from Srebarna Lake, North-eastern Bulgaria, were examined for helminths during spring, summer and autumn of 2005 – 2006. Of them, 143 (79.4 %) perch were infected with helminths. Thirteen helminth species were found: metacercariae of Bolbophorus confusus, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, D. spathaceum, Ichthyocotylurus pileatus, Posthodiplostomum cuticola and Tylodelphys clavata; cestode Proteocephalus percae; acantocephalans Acanthocephalus anguillae and A. lucii and nematode larvae Contracaecum microcephalum, Eustrongilides excisus, E. tubifex and Rhaphidascaris acus. The digenean T. clavata was dominant species of the perch component community. Little seasonal differences were found in the prevalence, abundance and mean infection of helminths. Eustrongilides tubifex reported from the territory of Bulgaria for the first time, represent the new geographical records and new species of Bulgarian helminth fauna.

P. fluviatilis was reported as a new host record for two digeneans, namely Diplostomum pseuspathaceum and Posthodiplostomum cuticola, the cestode Proteocephalus percae, the acantocephalan Acantocephalus anguillae and the nematodes Contracaecum microcephalum and E. tubifex from the territory of Bulgaria. P. fluviatilis was reported as a new host record for D. pseudospathaceum, P. cuticola, C. microcephalum and E. tubifex from Balkan peninsula.
Similar Results in Force-Velocity Test in Disabled Weight Lifters and Able-Bodied Physically Fit Students
Authors: Adach Zdzisław , Jaskólska A. , Jaskólski A.
Published: May 2010

Similar Results in Force-Velocity Test in Disabled Weight Lifters and Able-Bodied Physically Fit Students

The aim of the study was (1) to evaluate the maximal power using a short-term force-velocity test in disabled weight lifters and able-bodied non-athletes subjects, and (2) to find if the parameters of the force-velocity test are related to results of the weight lifted on a bench, which is a specific sport test among disable weight lifters. The force-velocity (F-V) test was used to evaluate the maximal power (Pmax), predicted maximal resistance force (F0) and velocity (V0). The test was applied to 18 disable weight lifters and 16 physical education students. The mean values of Pmax, V0 and F0 did not differ significantly between groups. In weight lifters, the weight lifted on a bench correlated significantly with Pmax and F0.

It was concluded that (1) in the same F-V test condition (without lower limb support), the results obtained by the able-bodied, non-trained, but physically fit students, do not differ from that of the wheelchair weight lifters; (2) the F-V test is useful for wheelchair weight lifters, as it effectively evaluates their anaerobic power and speed-strength abilities, which is very similar to the able-bodied subjects.
Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire as an additional Tool in Clinical Assessment of Patients undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
Authors: Nowak Zbigniew , Plewa Michal , Skowron Malgorzata , Osiadlo Grażyna , Markiewicz Andrzej , Kucio Cezary
Published: May 2010

Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire as an additional Tool in Clinical Assessment of Patients undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions

The aim was to analyze the usability of Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (MLTPAQ) in assessment of physical activity in patients before and 6 months after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The study group consisted of 211 patients aged between 34-79 years (x = 59,5±7,89 yeras), with history of ischemic heart disease (IHD) with or without previous incidence of myocardial infarction (MI). The MLTPAQ was administered to all patients at the time of PCI and then 6 months later, as was the treadmill stress test (TST) and echocardiography (ECHO). Total energy expenditure calculated with the MLTPAQ remained at the same level and was of low intensity (<4 MET, <2000kcal/week) 6 months after the PCI. There was an increased physical capacity noted 6 months after initial PCI: increased metabolic cost (MET); maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max); maximal heart rate (HRmax) obtained during the TST and decreased resting heart rate (HRrest). ECHO examination showed improved LVEF%. Despite increased physical capacity and improved heart hemodynamics, resulting most likely from PCI procedure, the patients showed a similar level of leisure time physical activity 6 months after the PCI.
Title IX Compliance in NCAA Athletic Departments: Perceptions of Senior Woman Administrators
Authors: Schneider Robert , Stier William , Henry Timothy , Wilding Gregory
Published: May 2010

Title IX Compliance in NCAA Athletic Departments: Perceptions of Senior Woman Administrators

Perceptions of Senior Woman Administrators (SWAs) were sought regarding the equal provision of 13 Title IX compliance areas in women's athletic programs as compared to men's. A five point agree/disagree Likert-scale survey was electronically mailed to all SWAs at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) membership institutions throughout the United States. Of the 841 surveys mailed, 406 were returned for a 48.3% return rate. The SWAs disagreed or strongly disagreed at the highest rates that the following five Title IX compliance areas were being provided for equally in the women's programs when compared to the men's: publicity (31.0%), locker room facilities (27.1%), coaching (20.0%), recruitment of student-athletes (15.4%), and equipment and supplies (14.7%). Significant differences between Likert-scale items of agreement/disagreement were found among the following SWA demographics: marital status, NCAA Division, years of experience, and reporting structure. The SWAs agreed or strongly agreed that the 13 Title IX compliance areas were being provided for equally in the women's programs when compared to the men's at the following rates: housing & dining facilities (84.4%), medical & training facilities (84.3%), scheduling of games (81.1%), travel & per diem allowances (80.5%), practice facilities (78.7%), competitive facilities (78.4%), equipment and supplies (77.7%), support services (76.0%), tutoring (74.3%), recruitment of student-athletes (73.2%), coaching (70.3%), locker room facilities (63.2%), and publicity (55.3%).
A Unique Case of Supraspinatus Tendonitis after Tennis Forehand Repetitive Motions
Authors: Djurovic Niksa , Hraste Mladen , Stanisic Ljubica , Lozovina Mislav , Lozovina Vinko , Pavicic Leo
Published: May 2010

A Unique Case of Supraspinatus Tendonitis after Tennis Forehand Repetitive Motions

A unique case of a professional tennis player who sustained a traumatic supraspinatus tendonitis while playing Forehand was presented. This case shows how science fields could and should cooperate in the future since this appears to be the first report of high inflammatory of supraspinatus tendon during Forehand motions. Instead of aggressive treatment in the form of surgery, a team of experts decided for new treatment that brought exceptional results.
Territorial Cohesion in the Context of Interregional and Transnational Cooperation
Authors: Stein Axel
Published: May 2010

Territorial cohesion can be traced back to the making of the European Spatial Development Perspective. Therefore, the experience gained with the application of this ‘mother document’ (Faludi in Krupa et al., 2008, p. 14) of integrative planning in Europe can contribute to the specification of territorial cohesion.

This paper draws on experience from the Interreg IIIC project ProgreSDEC, covering local and regional authorities from Greece, Italy, and Spain cooperating with each other in interregional and transnational projects. It looks both at the vertical and horizontal dimensions of European integration and explains three aspects of territorial cohesion. Talking about growing awareness, it should be differentiated between awareness relating to European issues – such as the European territorial and institutional environment – to the quality of planning, and to the endogenous ‘territorial capital’. Key terms of European integrative planning are interpreted differently. The paper discusses the reading of ‘polycentricity’, ‘landscape’, and ‘governance’, in particular. Territorial governance can be looked at as an institutional approach to develop integrative planning in the context of territorial cohesion. This notably turns the attention to regions as the focus of integration, in terms of balancing sectoral approaches, bundling spacious networks, and handling the demands from different levels.
The Old and the Stubborn? Firm Characteristics and Relocation in the Netherlands
Authors: Brouwer Aleid E.
Published: May 2010

This study gives some insight into the relationships between the spatial environment, firm characteristics and long term existence of firms in the Netherlands. A logit model is employed to investigate the locational difference of firms, considering firm characteristics such as age, size, region and network. The main findings are that (long-term) continuation of the location and firm size are positively associated with long-term existence of firms.
Capturing Unique Dimensions of Youth Organized Activity Involvement
Authors: Bohnert Amy , Fredricks Jennifer , Randall Edin
Published: May 2010

Despite increased focus on the effects of organized activities on youth development, there is currently no consensus about the best way to assess various dimensions of involvement. This article explores the complexities of assessing involvement and focuses specifically on the following organized activity dimensions: (a) breadth, (b) intensity, (c) duration/consistency, and (d) engagement. For each dimension, the article examines the theoretical underpinnings for why it is important to measure the dimension, presents measurement issues that have arisen in previous studies, describes how the dimension relates to developmental outcomes, and offers recommendations for assessing it in future use. A conceptual model is presented to describe issues that are important to consider when assessing various dimensions of organized activity involvement in future research.
Entropy and Phase Coexistence in Clusters: Metals vs. Nonmetals
Authors: Berry Richard Stephen , Smirnov Boris Michailovich
Published: May 2010

Small clusters violate the Gibbs phase rule by exhibiting two or more phases in thermodynamic equilibrium over bands of temperature and pressure. The reason is the small number of particles comprising each system. We review recent results concerning the size ranges for which this behavior is observable. The principal characteristic determining the coexistence range is the transitions entropy change. We review how this happens, using simulations of 13-atom Lennard-Jones and metal clusters to compare dielectric clusters with the more complex clusters of metal atoms. The dominating difference between the narrower coexistence bands of dielectrics and the wider bands of metal clusters is the much higher configurational entropy of the liquid metal clusters.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Assessing Dental Health
Authors: Pereira Stela M. , Ambrosano Gláucia M.B. , Cortellazzi Karine L. , Tagliaferro Elaine P.S. , Vettorazzi Carlos A. , Ferraz Sílvio F.B. , Meneghim Marcelo C. , Pereira Antonio C.
Published: May 2010

The present study investigated the distribution profile of dental caries and its association with areas of social deprivation at the individual and contextual level. The cluster sample consisted of 1,002 12-year-old schoolchildren from Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The DMFT Index was used for dental caries and the Care Index was used to determine access to dental services. On the individual level, variables were associated with a better oral status. On the contextual level, areas were not associated with oral status. However, maps enabled determining that the central districts have better social and oral conditions than the deprived outlying districts.
Anthocyanins Profile of Grape Berries of Vitis amurensis, Its Hybrids and Their Wines
Authors: Zhao Quan , Duan Chang-Qing , Wang Jun
Published: May 2010

Anthocyanins are responsible for the color of grapes and wine, an important attribute of their quality. Many authors have used anthocyanins profile to classify the grape cultivars and wine authenticity. The anthocyanin profiles of grape berries of Vitis amurensis, its hybrids and their wines were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The results identified 17 anthocyanins in these grape cultivars, including 11 anthocyanin monoglucosides (five pyranoanthocyanin monoglucosides and one acylated pyranoanthocyanin monoglucoside) and six anthocyanin diglucosides. Likewise, 15 kinds of anthocyanins were detected in wines, including six diglucosides and nine monoglucosides of anthocyanidins, in which four pyranoanthocyanin monoglucosides (Petunidin-3-O-glucoside-4-acetaldehyde, Malvidin-3-O-glucoside-4-pyruvic acid, Malvidin-3-O-glucoside-acetaldehyde and Peonidin-3-O-glucoside-4-pyruvic acid) were detected. In addition, a total of 14 kinds of anthocyanins including six diglucosides and eight monoglucosides of anthocyanidins were identified in skins, in which two pyranoanthocyanin monoglucosides (Peonidin-3-O-glucoside-4-pyruvic acid, Malvidin-3-O-glucoside-4-vinylphenol) and one acylated pyranoanthocyanin monoglucoside (Malvidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside-4-vinylphenol) were detected. The anthocyanins profile of grape skin of V. amurensis and its hybrids consist of the anthocyanin monoglucosides, diglucosides and pyranoanthocyanins. The wines produced resulted in a slightly different anthocyanin distribution. Pelargonidin-3,5-diglucosides was first found in the skins and wines, however, no acetyl was detected in wines. The principal component analysis results suggest that the anthocyanin profiles were helpful to classify these cultivars of V. amurensis.
Effect of Mobile Phase Additives on the Resolution of Four Bioactive Compounds by RP-HPLC
Authors: Li Shengnan , Tian Minglei , Row Kyung Ho
Published: May 2010

The use of mobile phase additives enhances the separation and resolution of the bioactive compounds on the C18 column. Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, and scoparone from Herba Artemisiae Scopariae were investigated as the target compounds. Acetic acid, triethylamine, inorganic salts, and several ionic liquids were added as mobile phase additives into methanol/water (40:60, v/v). The result revealed that a mobile phase with 0.01 mol/L of ionic liquid [BMIM][BF4] enabled the optimum separation of the four target compounds.
Self Assembly of Nano Metric Metallic Particles for Realization of Photonic and Electronic Nano Transistors
Authors: Shahmoon Asaf , Limon Ofer , Girshevitz Olga , Zalevsky Zeev
Published: May 2010

In this paper, we present the self assembly procedure as well as experimental results of a novel method for constructing well defined arrangements of self assembly metallic nano particles into sophisticated nano structures. The self assembly concept is based on focused ion beam (FIB) technology, where metallic nano particles are self assembled due to implantation of positive gallium ions into the insulating material (e.g., silica as in silicon on insulator wafers) that acts as intermediary layer between the substrate and the negatively charge metallic nanoparticles.
Use of Empirical Correlations to Determine Solvent Effects in the Solvolysis of S-Methyl Chlorothioformate
Authors: D’Souza Malcolm J. , Hailey Stefan M. , Kevill Dennis N.
Published: May 2010

The specific rates of solvolysis of S-methyl chlorothioformate (MeSCOCl) are analyzed in 20 solvents of widely varying nucleophilicity and ionizing power at 25.0 °C using the extended Grunwald-Winstein Equation. A stepwise SN1 (DN + AN) mechanism is proposed in the more ionizing solvents including six aqueous fluoroalcohols. In these solvents, a large sensitivity value of 0.79 towards changes in solvent nucleophilicity (l) is indicative of profound rearside nucleophilic solvation of the developing carbocation. In twelve of the more nucleophilic pure alchohols and aqueous solutions, the sensitivities obtained for solvent nucleophilicity (l) and solvent ionizing power (m) are similar to those found in acyl chlorides where an association-dissociation (AN + DN) mechanism is believed to be operative.
N-[(9-Ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)methylene]-3,4-dimethylisoxazol-5-amine
Authors: Asiri Abdullah Mohamed , Khan Salman A. , Rasul Mohammed G.
Published: May 2010

The title compound, N-[(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)methylene]-3,4-dimethylisoxazol-5-amine has been synthesized by reaction of 9-ethyl-9H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde with 5-amino-3,4-dimethylisoxazole in the presence of acetic acid in ethanol. The structure of this new compound was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and EI-MS spectral analysis.
Of Chains and Rings: Synthetic Strategies and Theoretical Investigations for Tuning the Structure of Silver Coordination Compounds and Their Applications
Authors: Slenters Tünde Vig , Sagué Jorge L. , Brunetto Priscilla S. , Zuber Stefanie , Fleury Antoine , Mirolo Laurent , Robin Adeline Y. , Meuwly Markus , Gordon Oliver , Landmann Regine , Daniels Alma U. , Fromm Katharina M.
Published: May 2010

Varying the polyethyleneglycol spacer between two (iso)-nicotinic groups of the ligand systems, a large structural variety of silver coordination compounds was obtained, starting with zero-dimensional ring systems, via one-dimensional chains, helices and double-helices to two-dimensional polycatenanes. Theoretical calculations help to understand their formation and allow predictions in some cases. These structures can be tuned by careful design of the ligand, the use of solvent and the counter ions, influencing also other important properties such as light stability and solubility. The latter is important in the context of biomedical applications, using silver compounds as antimicrobial agents.
Prediction of Excitation Energies for Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers from Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory
Authors: Tao Jianmin , Tretiak Sergei , Zhu Jian-Xin
Published: May 2010

With technological advances, light-emitting conjugated oligomers and polymers have become competitive candidates in the commercial market of light-emitting diodes for display and other technologies, due to the ultralow cost, light weight, and flexibility. Prediction of excitation energies of these systems plays a crucial role in the understanding of their optical properties and device design. In this review article, we discuss the calculation of excitation energies with time-dependent density functional theory, which is one of the most successful methods in the investigation of the dynamical response of molecular systems to external perturbation, owing to its high computational efficiency.
Combined Effects of UVR and Temperature on the Survival of Crab Larvae (Zoea I) from Patagonia: The Role of UV-Absorbing Compounds
Authors: Moresino Rodrigo D. Hernández , Helbling E. Walter
Published: May 2010

The aim of our study was to assess the combined impact of UVR (280–400 nm) and temperature on the first larval stage (Zoea I) of three crab species from the Patagonian coast: Cyrtograpsus altimanus, C. angulatus,and Leucippa pentagona. We determined the survival response of newly hatched Zoea I after being exposed for 8–10 h under a solar simulator (Hönle SOL 1200) at 15 and 20 °C. There was no mortality due to Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) or ultraviolet-A radiation (UV-A, 315–400 nm), and all the observed mortality was due to ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280–315 nm). The data of larval mortality relative to exposure time was best fit using a sigmoid curve. Based on this curve, a threshold (Th) and the lethal dose for 50% mortality (LD50) were determined for each species. Based on the Th and LD50, C. altimanus was found to be the most resistant species, while L. pentagona was found to be the most sensitive to UV-B. For both species of Cyrtograpsus, mortality was significantly lower at 20 °C than at 15 °C; however, no significant differences between the two temperature treatments were found in L. pentagona. Bioaccumulation of UV-absorbing compounds in the gonads and larvae of C. altimanus, and to a lesser extent in C. angulatus, might have contributed for counteracting the impact of UV-B. However, most of the resilience to UV-B observed with the increase in temperature might be due to an increase in metabolic activity caused by a repair mechanism mediated by enzymes.
Evaluation of Three Chitin Metal Silicate Co-Precipitates as a Potential Multifunctional Single Excipient in Tablet Formulations
Authors: Hamid Rana Al-Shaikh , Al-Akayleh Faisal , Shubair Mohammad , Rashid Iyad , Al Remawi Mayyas , Badwan Adnan
Published: May 2010

The performance of the novel chitin metal silicate (CMS) co-precipitates as a single multifunctional excipient in tablet formulation using direct compression and wet granulation methods is evaluated. The neutral, acidic, and basic drugs Spironolactone (SPL), ibuprofen (IBU) and metronidazole (MET), respectively, were used as model drugs. Commercial Aldactone®, Fleximex® and Dumazole® tablets containing SPL, IBU and MET, respectively, and tablets made using Avicel® 200, were used in the study for comparison purposes. Tablets of acceptable crushing strength (>40 N) were obtained using CMS. The friability values for all tablets were well below the maximum 1% USP tolerance limit. CMS produced superdisintegrating tablets (disintegration time < 1 min) with the three model drugs. Regarding the dissolution rate, the sequence was as follow: CMS > Fleximex® > Avicel® 200, CMS > Avicel® 200 > Dumazole® and Aldactone® > Avicel® 200 > CMS for IBU, MET and SPL, respectively. Compressional properties of formulations were analyzed using density measurements and the compression Kawakita equation as assessment parameters. On the basis of DSC results, CMS co precipitates were found to be compatible with the tested drugs. Conclusively, the CMS co-precipitates have the potential to be used as filler, binder, and superdisintegrant, all-in-one, in the design of tablets by the direct compression as well as wet granulation methods.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Ammonium-Based Rotaxanes
Authors: Thibeault Dominic , Morin Jean-François
Published: May 2010

The number of synthetic methods enabling the preparation of ammonium-based rotaxanes has increased very rapidly in the past ten years. The challenge in the synthesis of rotaxanes results from the rather weak interactions between the ammonium-containing rod and the crown ether macrocycle in the pseudorotaxane structure that rely mostly on O•H hydrogen bonds. Indeed, no strong base or polar solvent that could break up H-bonding can be used during the formation of rotaxanes because the two components will separate as two distinct entities. Moreover, most of the reactions have to be performed at room temperature to favor the formation of pseudorotaxane in solution. These non-trivial prerequisites have been taken into account to develop efficient reaction conditions for the preparation of rotaxanes and those are described in detail along this review.
Microwave Synthesis, Basic Spectral and Biological Evaluation of Some Copper (II) Mesoporphyrinic Complexes
Authors: Boscencu Rica , Ilie Mihaela , Socoteanu Radu , Oliveira Anabela Sousa , Constantin Carolina , Neagu Monica , Manda Gina , Ferreira Luis Filipe Vieira
Published: May 2010

Cu(II) complexes with asymmetrical and symmetrical porphyrinic ligands were synthesized with superior yields using microwave irradiation. The paper presents the synthesis of 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tris-(4-carboxymethylphenyl)-21,23-Cu(II)-porphine in comparison to its symmetrical complex 5,10,15,20-meso-tetrakis-(4-carboxy-methylphenyl)-21,23-Cu(II) porphine. The two compounds were characterized by FT-IR, UV–Vis and EPR spectroscopy, which fully confirmed the structures. The spectral molecular absorption properties of the porphyrinic complexes were studied in organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide and methylene chloride), and the influence of the solvent polarity on the absorbance maxima is described. In order to establish their future potential in biomedical applications preliminary toxicological studies consisting of viability and proliferation of standard tumor cell lines (MCF7 and B16) testing was performed. The obtained results indicate a low toxicity for both compounds and further recommends them for testing in light activation protocols.