bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atypia in pulmonary cytology: A cytomorphometric analysis of the spectrum of changes between benign and malignant
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Zhang Tao , Esebua Magda , Schmidt Robert L.
Published: May 2021

Background

Cytopathologists reviewing pulmonary specimens are expected to classify samples into clinically useful categories. Clinicians prefer reports to convey a definitively benign or definitively malignant diagnosis. Cytopathologists recognize a spectrum of morphologic features with increasing degrees of atypia between clearly benign and clearly malignant. A variety of terms are used to convey to clinicians how concerned a cytologist is that a malignancy maybe present. These terms include “atypia”, “atypical” and “suspicious for malignancy”, but have had variable meanings among cytopathologists and clinicians. Categorization schemes have been proffered to include standardization of terminology with many of these systems containing one or more intermediate categories.

Methods

An electronic search of the University of Missouri cytology reporting system was made for all bronchial brushings specimens diagnosed using the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology System for Reporting Respiratory Cytology (PSCSR) between January 2019 and December 2019. Slides were reviewed to determine adequate cellularity and preparation quality. From those found to be adequately cellular and of good quality, four bronchial brushing specimens from each PSCSR category were randomly selected. For each case a slide was digitized and at least 70 of the most “atypical” cells were analyzed by the Aperio System for nuclear area and nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. Distribution of measured parameters among categories was analyzed by the Kruskal‐Wallis test.

Results

During the study period, only the PSCSR categories “benign”, “atypical” and “malignant” were recorded. A significant difference in distribution of nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio was seen between the “benign” and “atypical” categories but not between the “atypical” and “malignant” categories. The “atypical” category appeared to be bi‐modal indicating that it could be divided into two categories, “atypical” and “suspicious for malignancy”.

Conclusions

The categories “atypical” and “suspicious for malignancy” served to divide the spectrum of cytomorphologic changes between “benign” and “malignant” into clinically useful groups. The use of these categories is supported by cytomorphometric analysis of bronchial brushing specimens.
Weight teasing experienced during adolescence and young adulthood: Cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations with disordered eating behaviors in an ethnically/racially and socioeconomically diverse sample
Authors: Hooper Laura , Puhl Rebecca , Eisenberg Marla E. , Crow Scott , Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne
Published: May 2021

Objective

This study assessed cross‐sectional and longitudinal relationships between weight teasing and disordered eating in an ethnically/racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of young people and examined these relationships across sociodemographic characteristics.

Method

The EAT 2010–2018 study surveyed adolescents (n = 1,534) in the Minneapolis/St. Paul public schools (mean age = 14.4 years) and 8 years later (mean age = 22.2 years).

Results

Weight teasing was prevalent in adolescence (34.1%) and young adulthood (41.5%). In analyses adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and body mass index, weight teasing was cross‐sectionally associated with a higher prevalence of all disordered eating behaviors during both adolescence and young adulthood. For example, 64.5% of young adults who reported being teased about their weight engaged in unhealthy weight control behaviors, compared with 47.9% among those not teased (p < .001). There were fewer observed associations in longitudinal analyses, although weight teasing still predicted prevalent overeating and both prevalent and incident dieting (incident dieting—teased: 48.4% vs. not teased: 38.0%, p = .016). Weight teasing and disordered eating were more prevalent among Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) young people and those from low socioeconomic backgrounds, and the relationship between weight teasing and disordered eating was similar across ethnic/racial, socioeconomic, and gender demographic groups.

Discussion

Results indicate that weight teasing is strongly correlated with disordered eating in both adolescence and young adulthood regardless of ethnicity/race, socioeconomic status, or gender. Finding suggest that future research and policy interventions should address weight stigma and prioritize the needs of BIPOC young people and young people from low socioeconomic backgrounds.
Switchable Mesomeric Betaines Derived from Pyridinium‐Phenolates and Bis(thienyl)ethane
Authors: Nagorny Sven , Lederle Felix , Udachin Viktor , Weingartz Thea , Hübner Eike G. , Dahle Sebastian , Maus‐Friedrichs Wolfgang , Adams Jörg , Schmidt Andreas
Published: May 2021

Syntheses of push–pull substituted non‐symmetric bis(thienyl)ethenes (BTEs) possessing a central perfluorocyclopentene core are described. The substituent effects of anisole, phenole, and phenolate as well as pyridine, pyridinium, and N‐methylpyridinium substituents, joined through their 3‐ or 4‐positions to the central BTE core, respectively, cover the range from very strongly electron‐donating [σ(4‐phenolate)=−1.00] to extremely strongly electron‐withdrawing [σ(pyridinium‐4‐yl)=+2.57] in the title mesomeric betaines. The different isomers possessing 4‐yl/4‐yl, 4‐yl/3‐yl and 3‐yl/3‐yl substituents represent different combinations of conjugated and cross‐conjugated partial structures and cause different spectroscopic properties. In addition, through‐space conjugation between the 2‐ and 2′‐position of the thiophenes can be observed which circumvents the charge‐separation of through‐bond cross‐conjugation. The BTE possessing the push–pull chromophore consisting of 3‐anisole and 4‐pyridinium substituents (24) displays the best extinction coefficients within the series of compounds described here (ϵ=33.8/15.7 L/mol ⋅ cm), while the mesomeric betaine possessing an N‐methylpyridinium‐4‐yl and a 4‐phenolate substituent (29) displays considerable bathochromic shifts to λmax=724 nm in its closed form.
Manganese‐Promoted Regioselective DirectC3‐Phosphinoylation of 2‐Pyridones
Authors: Kittikool Tanakorn , Phakdeeyothin Kunita , Chantarojsiri Teera , Yotphan Sirilata
Published: May 2021

A highly efficient and regioselective manganese‐induced radical oxidative direct C−P bond formation between 2‐pyridones and secondary phosphine oxides was developed. TheC3‐selective phosphinoylation was conveniently achieved through a combination of substoichiometric manganese and persulfate oxidant under mild conditions. Various 3‐phosphinoylated pyridone products can be obtained in moderate to high yields. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction is likely to involve a radical pathway induced by catalytically active Mn3+species.
Functionalized 5‐Amino‐4‐cyanoxazoles, their Hetero‐ and Macrocyclic Derivatives: Preparation and Synthetic Applications
Authors: Merzhyievskyi Danylo O. , Shablykin Oleh V. , Shablykina Olga V. , Kozytskiy Andriy V. , Rusanov Eduard B. , Moskvina Viktoriia S. , Brovarets Volodymyr S.
Published: May 2021

An approach to a series of new 5‐amino‐4‐cyanoxazoles is described. Synthesis of the title compounds relied on a two‐step sequence including heterocyclization of 2‐amido‐3,3‐dichloroacrylonitriles with aliphatic secondary amines (dimethylamine, morpholine), primary aliphatic amines with active functional groups (2‐aminoethanol and glycine ethyl ester), and aniline. An efficient and straightforward protocol introduces a carboxylate group at the C‐2 position of 5‐amino‐4‐cyanoxazoles, connected to the heterocycle directly or through an aliphatic linker. This carboxylic group is an attractive motif that can be found in a variety of drug‐relevant compounds and also used for further modifications. Furthermore, efficient transformations of selected trisubstituted compounds were used to demonstrate their rich synthetic potential – e. g., as precursors to 2‐(4‐cyano‐5‐(dimethylamino)oxazol‐2‐yl)acetamides, oxazole‐containing macrocyclic structures, 2‐(oxazol‐2‐yl)acetamides, amino pyrazoles, 3‐(4‐cyano‐5‐aminoxazol‐2‐yl)coumarins, and oxazole amino acids.
Modeling of hot water and steam protective performance of fabrics used in Firefighters' clothing
Authors: Mandal Sumit , Song Guowen , Grover Indu Bala
Published: May 2021

Every year, numerous firefighter burn injuries and deaths occur in the U.S. Most of these burn injuries and deaths occur due to inadequate performance of firefighters' thermal protective clothing under various thermal exposures including hot water and steam exposures. Therefore, it is necessary to develop models for conveniently predicting the hot water and steam protective performance of fabrics used in firefighters' clothing. This study aims at developing a new approach for creating models to predict the hot water and steam protective performance of fabrics used in firefighters' clothing. This aim was achieved by fulfilling two objectives – firstly, by characterizing the performance of fabrics; secondly, by empirically modeling the performance of fabrics. To accomplish these objectives, physical properties (eg, thickness, air permeability) and the performances of single‐ and multilayered fabrics used in firefighters' clothing were measured. The measured data were statistically analyzed to identify the key fabric properties affecting the performance. Using these key properties, multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed. It has been found that thickness, air permeability, and evaporative resistance are the key properties to affect the performance, and ANN is the best‐fit model to predict the performance. The approach suggested in this study could be used to develop state‐of‐the‐art models for predicting the performance of wider range of fabrics under hot water and steam exposures. These models could inform firefighters about the potential protective performance of their clothing before working in hot water and steam exposures.
Human Leukocyte Antigen Profile Predicts Severity of Autoimmune Liver Disease in Children of European Ancestry
Authors: Ma Yun , Su Haibin , Yuksel Muhammed , Longhi Maria Serena , McPhail Mark J. , Wang Pengyun , Bansal Sanjay , Wong Guan‐Wee , Graham Jonathon , Yang Li , J Thompson Richard , Doherty Derek G. , Hadzic Nedim , Zen Yoh , Quaglia Alberto , Heneghan Michael A. , Samyn Marianne , Vergani Diego , Mieli‐Vergani Giorgina
Published: May 2021

Background and Aims

Genetic predisposition to autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in adults is associated with possession of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I (A*01, B*08) and class II (DRB1*03, ‐04, ‐07, or ‐13) alleles, depending on geographic region. Juvenile autoimmune liver disease (AILD) comprises AIH‐1, AIH‐2, and autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC), which are phenotypically different from their adult counterparts. We aimed to define the relationship between HLA profile and disease course, severity, and outcome in juvenile AILD.

Approach and Results

We studied 236 children of European ancestry (152 female [64%], median age 11.15 years, range 0.8‐17), including 100 with AIH‐1, 59 with AIH‐2, and 77 with ASC. The follow‐up period was from 1977 to June 2019 (median 14.5 years). Class I and II HLA genotyping was performed using PCR/sequence‐specific primers. HLA B*08, ‐DRB1*03, and the A1‐B8‐DR3 haplotype impart predisposition to all three forms of AILD. Homozygosity for DRB1*03 represented the strongest risk factor (8.8). HLA DRB1*04, which independently confers susceptibility to AIH in adults, was infrequent in AIH‐1 and ASC, suggesting protection; and DRB1*15 (DR15) was protective against all forms of AILD. Distinct HLA class II alleles predispose to the different subgroups of juvenile AILD: DRB1*03 to AIH‐1, DRB1*13 to ASC, and DRB1*07 to AIH‐2. Possession of homozygous DRB1*03 or of DRB1*13 is associated with fibrosis at disease onset, and possession of these two genes in addition to DRB1*07 is associated with a more severe disease in all three subgroups.

Conclusions

Unique HLA profiles are seen in each subgroup of juvenile AILD. HLA genotype might be useful in predicting responsiveness to immunosuppressive treatment and course.
A novel distance learning ergonomics checklist and risk evaluation methodology: A case of Covid‐19 pandemic
Authors: Ayyildiz Ertugrul , Taskin Gumus Alev
Published: May 2021

Many governments decided to cancel face‐to‐face teaching and learning activities in schools and universities. They replaced them with online teaching and distance learning activities to prevent the spread of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Due to this sudden change, students experienced some anthropometric, environmental, and psychosocial difficulties at home during the distance learning process. This study focuses on determining the importance of anthropometric, environmental, and psychosocial factors in the distance learning process during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This study presents main factors and their subfactors affecting ergonomic conditions of university students during distance learning. A novel distance learning ergonomics checklist is proposed based on the Occupational Safety and Health Administration checklists. The data are collected via a questionnaire filled by 100 university students who attend the Ergonomics course online. Then, the integrated methodology includes Voting Analytic Hierarchy Process integrated Pythagorean Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to An Ideal Solution method is adopted to prioritize the factors determined. Thirty‐nine different subfactors are evaluated under five titles, and the most important factors are determined using the proposed methodology. With the results achieved, it is seen that the suggested checklist and proposed methodology can be used by public and private education organizations as a guide for improving their distance learning strategies.
Fetal neuromaturation in late gestation is affected by maternal sleep disordered breathing and sleep disruption in pregnant women with obesity
Authors: DiPietro Janet A. , Watson Heather , Raghunathan Radhika S. , Henderson Janice L. , Sgambati Francis P. , Pien Grace W.
Published: May 2021

Objective

Maternal sleep disordered breathing and sleep disruption have adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes through multiple potential pathophysiologic pathways. We hypothesize that disordered maternal sleep also adversely impacts the neuromaturation of the fetus.

Methods

Participants in this prospective observational study included 102 obese pregnant women (pre‐pregnancy body mass index [BMI] of 30 or higher) at 36 weeks of pregnancy. Fetal neuromaturation, defined through measures of fetal heart rate variability, motor activity, and motor‐cardiac coupling, was quantified through digitized fetal actocardiography during an afternoon recording. Maternal sleep measures were collected overnight through polysomnography. Data analysis focused on multiple regression, controlling for maternal BMI, blood pressure, and diabetes.

Results

Indicators of higher sleep disordered breathing were associated with delayed fetal neuromaturation and greater fetal motor activity. Less maternal sleep disruption (shorter rapid eye movement [REM] latency, more REM sleep, and/or fewer transitions) was associated with higher fetal heart rate variability and coupling‐based neuromaturation.

Conclusion

Characteristics of disordered maternal sleep affect the developing fetal nervous system. It is unknown whether these results extend to populations that are not characterized by obesity. The influence of maternal sleep on the developing fetal nervous system has been understudied and may yield effects that persist beyond pregnancy.
Modeling an effectual multi‐section You Only Look Once for enhancing lung cancer prediction
Authors: Jena Sanjukta Rani , George Selvaraj Thomas , Ponraj Deivendran Narain
Published: May 2021

The shape and size of nodules are significant pointers of malignancy in cancer diagnosis. Moreover, considerable capture of nodules' structural data attained from computed tomography (CT) scans in computer‐aided design is a confronting task. Various investigations deal with computationally deep ensemble approaches/convolutional neural network (CNN) models; however, sampling tumors based on multi‐section‐You Only Look Once (MS‐YOLO) architecture, this anticipated model acquires nodules' multi‐sections from various views and encodes nodule's information to data aggregation from diverse cross‐sections through pooling layers. Subsequently, the features are utilized for the nodule classification task. This MS YOLO does not need any nodules' spatial annotation. However, it works directly over the cross‐section acquired from enclosed nodule volume. This work has been analyzed using LUNA R16 dataset. It attains adequate performance with a mean value of 90.8% classification accuracy. Anticipated architecture is cast‐off to choose cross‐section determination of malignancy that helps in output interpretation. The proposed model shows better trade‐off among previous methodologies. Simulation was carried out in MATLAB environment.
β‐Asarone suppresses TNF‐α expression through DNA methylation and c‐Jun‐mediated transcription modulation in scratch‐injured neuronal cells
Authors: Yi Min , Wang Dongsheng , Chen Yanyi , Xu Xia , Dai Xingping
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to investigate the role and possible mechanism of β‐asarone in regulating neuronal apoptosis and axonal regeneration. A scratch injury was applied to cell cultures of mouse primary cortical neurons to mimic neuronal injury. The neuronal apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining and western blot analysis of apoptosis‐related proteins. The axonal regeneration was assessed by immunofluorescent staining of β‐tubulin III and western blot analysis of axonal markers. In the results, β‐asarone inhibited neuronal apoptosis and promoted axonal regeneration by suppressing tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) expression in scratch‐injured mouse neuronal cells. Research investigating the molecular mechanisms by which β‐asarone inhibited TNF‐α expression showed that, on the one hand, β‐asarone suppressed the JNK/c‐Jun pathway and thus transcriptionally inhibited TNF‐α expression; on the other hand, β‐asarone induced expression of UHRF1 that recruited DNMT1 to induce TNF‐α promoter methylation and subsequently decreased the messenger RNA expression of TNF‐α. In conclusion, β‐asarone suppresses TNF‐α expression through DNA methylation and c‐Jun‐mediated transcription modulation in scratch‐injured neuronal cells.
Higher circular RNA_0015278 correlates with absence of extrathyroidal invasion, lower pathological tumor stages, and prolonged disease‐free survival in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients
Authors: Ding Huajie , Wang Xiaojie , Liu Huiling , Na Lei
Published: May 2021

Background

Circular RNA_0015278 (circ_0015278) inhibits the progression of several cancers and is greatly reduced in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) tissues compared with benign thyroid lesions by microarray profiling. This study aimed to further investigate the correlation of circ_0015278 with tumor characteristics and prognosis in PTC patients.

Methods

Totally, 206 PTC patients who underwent tumor resection were retrospectively enrolled; subsequently, circ_0015278 expression in their tumor and adjacent tissues was detected by reverse transcriptional‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Besides, disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated.

Results

Circ_0015278 was reduced in tumor tissues compared with adjacent tissues (p < 0.001), and receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that it well discriminated tumor tissues from adjacent tissues (area under curve: 0.903, 95% confidence interval: 0.874–0.932). Besides, higher tumor circ_0015278 expression was correlated with absence of extrathyroidal invasion (p = 0.036), lower pathological tumor (pT) stage (p = 0.05), pathological node (pN) stage (p = 0.002), and pathological tumor‐node‐metastasis (pTNM) stage (p = 0.001). Moreover, higher tumor circ_0015278 expression was associated with a reduced relapse rate (p = 0.011), but not mortality rate (p = 0.110); meanwhile, it was also correlated with prolonged DFS (p = 0.017), but not OS (p = 0.136). Additionally, multivariate Cox's regression analyses showed that higher tumor circ_0015278 expression independently associated with favorable DFS (p = 0.026, hazard ratio = 0.529).

Conclusion

Circ_0015278 is reduced in tumor tissues, while its’ higher expression in tumor correlates with absence of extrathyroidal invasion, lower pT, pN, and pTNM stage, as well as prolonged DFS in PTC patients.
An Item Response Theory examination of the original and short forms of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) in pregnant women
Authors: Goldstein Brandon L. , Briggs‐Gowan Margaret J. , Greene Carolyn C. , Chang Rocio , Grasso Damion J.
Published: May 2021

Objectives

Emotion dysregulation during pregnancy may impede women's capacity to navigate increased stressors during this period and may elevate risk for psychosocial impairment, especially for socioeconomically disadvantaged or racially marginalized women. Valid and efficient assessment of emotion dysregulation is needed.

Methods

We used Item Response Theory (IRT) to examine the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) in 248 low income, primarily Latina/x pregnant women, to compare the short forms relative to the full DERS.

Results

IRT indicated that the short forms exhibited modest reliability, but also indicated a substantial decrease in information (i.e., reliability) for the short forms compared with the full DERS. IRT indicated that the DERS‐16 appeared more reliable (conserve more information) relative to the other short forms, the DERS‐SF and DERS‐18.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that clinicians and researchers use the full DERS when time permits and the DERS‐16 when needing a briefer version.
A mental health professional survey of cognitive‐behavioral therapy for the treatment of opioid use disorder
Authors: Lent Michelle R. , Callahan Hannah R. , Womer Portia , Mullen Patrick M. , Shook Christina B. , DiTomasso Robert A. , Felgoise Stephanie H. , Festinger David S.
Published: May 2021

Objective

The objective of this survey was to obtain mental health professional perspectives on cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) for opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment.

Methods

Respondents (N = 84) rated components of CBT for their efficacy in OUD treatment. Ratings were reported for the overall sample, by degree completed, and by clinicians versus nonclinicians. Respondents also ranked additional therapeutic strategies that might enhance the efficacy of CBT for OUD.

Results

Respondents rated treatment alliance/rapport, coping skills, and motivational interviewing as the most effective CBT components for OUD. Forms and worksheets were rated as the least effective component. The most beneficial additions to CBT for OUD would be mindfulness, peer support, and medication adherence strategies. Finally, the survey responses suggested that addressing co‐morbid mental health disorders and life stressors may be important within CBT treatment for OUD.
Micromorphological differentiation of Korean Disporum species using light and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Kim Hyeonjin , Choi Bokyung , Lee Changyoung , McAdam Scott A. M. , Paik Jin‐Hyub , Jang Tae‐Soo
Published: May 2021

The genus Disporum Salisb. is widely distributed in East Asia, yet phylogenetically relevant morphological traits useful for differentiating many of the small, perennial, herbaceous species remain poorly described. To address this, leaf, floral, pollen, and orbicule micromorphology of four Korean Disporum species was investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. All Korean Disporum species examined had hypostomatic leaves, with anomocytic stomatal complexes found only on the abaxial epidermis. Guard cell length varied among species, ranging from 44.30 μm in D. viridescens to 53.49 μm in D. uniflorum. The epidermal cells of the investigated Disporum taxa had sinuate anticlinal cell walls on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The surface of the guard and subsidiary cells were either smooth with weak striations or had strongly wrinkled striations. The pollen grains of all Korean Disporum taxa were monads, monosulcate with granular aperture membranes, subprolate to prolate in shape with microreticulate or verrucate exine surfaces. The mean size of pollen grains ranged from 46.38 to 49.92 μm in polar length and from 34.39 to 39.58 μm in equatorial diameter across species. Sexine ornamentation was a taxonomically relevant trait for differentiating Korean Disporum taxa. Additionally, the presence of orbicules as well as the orbicular characters (e.g., size, shape, ornamentation, and association pattern) are described for the first time in species from this genus. The present investigation of leaf and floral micromorphology using light and scanning electron microscopy provides valuable information for the taxonomic differentiation and identification of Disporum species in Korea.

Research Highlights

A detailed micromorphological description of leaf, floral characters (tepal, stigma, style), pollen and orbicule is provided for Korean Disporum species using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM).

The presence of orbicules and their taxonomic implications in Korean Disporum species are described for the first time.

Phylogenetically informative pollen and orbicule micromorphological characters are described, improving understanding the systematic relationships of Korean species in the genus Disproum.
Efficacy and safety of modified fluorouracil/leucovorin plus irinotecan and oxaliplatin (mFOLFIRINOX) compared with S‐1 as second‐line chemotherapy in metastatic pancreatic cancer
Authors: Ikezawa Kenji , Kiyota Ryosuke , Takada Ryoji , Daiku Kazuma , Maeda Shingo , Imai Toshihiro , Abe Yutaro , Kai Yugo , Yamai Takuo , Fukutake Nobuyasu , Nakabori Tasuku , Ashida Reiko , Uehara Hiroyuki , Tabuchi Takahiro , Katayama Kazuhiro , Ohkawa Kazuyoshi
Published: May 2021

Background and Aim

The optimal standard second‐line chemotherapy for metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC) remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of modified fluorouracil/leucovorin plus irinotecan and oxaliplatin (mFOLFIRINOX) compared with oral fluoropyrimidine S‐1 as a second‐line chemotherapy in patients with MPC.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 76 consecutive patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma who underwent mFOLFIRINOX or S‐1 treatment as a second‐line chemotherapy after gemcitabine plus nab‐paclitaxel (GnP) failure at our department between December 2014 and February 2019.

Results

Patients who underwent mFOLFIRINOX treatment exhibited significantly better objective response rates (ORRs) and progression‐free survival (PFS) than S‐1 (ORR, 20.0% vs 0%, P = 0.003; PFS, 3.7 vs 2.1 months, P = 0.010). Although baseline patient characteristics of age, performance status, and serum albumin levels differed significantly between the two groups, mFOLFIRINOX was identified as an independent factor of favorable PFS on multivariate analyses. Grade 3–4 neutropenia and peripheral sensory neuropathy occurred more frequently in the mFOLFIRINOX group. The median overall survival from the initiation of second‐line chemotherapy was not significantly longer in the mFOLFIRINOX group than in the S1 group (8.5 vs 5.8 months, respectively; P = 0.213); however, the 8‐month survival rate was significantly higher in the mFOLFIRINOX group (56.0% vs 27.5%, respectively; P = 0.030).

Conclusions

mFOLFIRINOX as a second‐line regimen contributed to favorable treatment outcomes, but induced more frequent adverse events than S‐1. On multivariate analyses, mFOLFIRINOX was identified as an independent factor with favorable PFS, suggesting that mFOLFIRINOX could be a promising treatment option for patients with GnP failure.
Effect of information about mandarin internal maturity on consumer hedonic and sensory expectations: a cross‐cultural study in Spain and Mexico
Authors: Tarancón Paula , Pintor‐Jardines Aurora , Escalona‐Buendía Héctor B , Besada Cristina
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Under certain climate conditions, citrus fruit may reach optimum internal maturity while the rind is still green. It is therefore customary to enhance skin colour changes by submitting early citrus varieties to ethylene degreening treatment, which implies a cost and may result in external disorders. In this study, the effect on consumer expectations (sensory and hedonic) of providing them with information about the internal maturity of non‐degreened mandarins (greenish‐coloured rind) was evaluated.

RESULTS

Mandarins with three different external colour indices (CI), CI = −6, CI = +1 and CI = +5, and three ways of conveying information, were investigated: (i) No information (NoInfo), (ii) The text ‘Mandarins ready to eat’ (Text) and (iii) Text + Visualisation of mandarin flesh (orange‐coloured in all cases) (Text+Flesh). Consumer expected liking, purchase intention and sensory expectations were markedly affected after receiving the different information types. The greatest effect was detected when Text+Flesh information was provided. Rind mandarin colour was also a determinant factor of how consumer expectations were modified by the received information. Moreover, our results revealed some differences among Spanish and Mexican consumers, since maturity information had a stronger effect on hedonic expectations of Mexican consumers.

CONCLUSIONS

When mandarins reach CI = +5 (pale orange‐coloured rind with small areas still green), letting consumers know that mandarins are ready to eat by means of Text+Flesh information may be a non‐cost strategy to avoid degreening treatment or to shorten its length. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Categorizing metadata to help mobilize computable biomedical knowledge
Authors: Alper Brian S. , Flynn Allen , Bray Bruce E. , Conte Marisa L. , Eldredge Christina , Gold Sigfried , Greenes Robert A. , Haug Peter , Jacoby Kim , Koru Gunes , McClay James , Sainvil Marc L. , Sottara Davide , Tuttle Mark , Visweswaran Shyam , Yurk Robin Ann
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Computable biomedical knowledge artifacts (CBKs) are digital objects conveying biomedical knowledge in machine‐interpretable structures. As more CBKs are produced and their complexity increases, the value obtained from sharing CBKs grows. Mobilizing CBKs and sharing them widely can only be achieved if the CBKs are findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable, and trustable (FAIR+T). To help mobilize CBKs, we describe our efforts to outline metadata categories to make CBKs FAIR+T.

Methods

We examined the literature regarding metadata with the potential to make digital artifacts FAIR+T. We also examined metadata available online today for actual CBKs of 12 different types. With iterative refinement, we came to a consensus on key categories of metadata that, when taken together, can make CBKs FAIR+T. We use subject‐predicate‐object triples to more clearly differentiate metadata categories.

Results

We defined 13 categories of CBK metadata most relevant to making CBKs FAIR+T. Eleven of these categories (type, domain, purpose, identification, location, CBK‐to‐CBK relationships, technical, authorization and rights management, provenance, evidential basis, and evidence from use metadata) are evident today where CBKs are stored online. Two additional categories (preservation and integrity metadata) were not evident in our examples. We provide a research agenda to guide further study and development of these and other metadata categories.

Conclusion

A wide variety of metadata elements in various categories is needed to make CBKs FAIR+T. More work is needed to develop a common framework for CBK metadata that can make CBKs FAIR+T for all stakeholders.
The Influence of Polysaccharides‐Based Material on Macrophage Phenotypes
Authors: Li Zhuqing , Bratlie Kaitlin M.
Published: May 2021

Macrophage polarization is a key factor in determining the success of implanted tissue engineering scaffolds. Polysaccharides (derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms) are known to modulate macrophage phenotypes by recognizing cell membrane receptors. Numerous studies have developed polysaccharide‐based materials into functional biomaterial substrates for tissue regeneration and pharmaceutical application due to their immunostimulatory activities and anti‐inflammatory response. They are used as hydrogel substrates, surface coatings, and drug delivery carriers. In addition to their innate immunological functions, the newly endowed physical and chemical properties, including substrate modulus, pore size/porosity, surface binding chemistry, and the mole ratio of polysaccharides in hybrid materials may regulate macrophage phenotypes more precisely. Growing evidence indicates that the sulfation pattern of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans expressed on polarized macrophages leads to the changes in protein binding, which may alter macrophage phenotype and influence the immune response. A comprehensive understanding of how different types of polysaccharide‐based materials alter macrophage phenotypic changes can be beneficial to predict transplantation/implantation outcomes. This review focuses on recent advances in promoting wound healing and balancing macrophage phenotypes using polysaccharide‐based substrates/coatings and new directions to address the limitations in the current understanding of macrophage responses to polysaccharides.
Establishment of resilience in a challenging recovery at home after pediatric tonsil surgery—Children’s and caregivers’ perspectives
Authors: Alm Fredrik , Lööf Gunilla , Blomberg Karin , Ericsson Elisabeth
Published: May 2021

The objective of this study was to explore children's and caregivers’ experiences and management of postoperative recovery at home after tonsil surgery. The study had an explorative qualitative design with an inductive approach. Twenty children (5‐12 years of age) undergoing tonsillectomy or tonsillotomy with or without adenoidectomy participated along with their caregivers in semi‐structured interviews at a mean time of 28 days after surgery. The interviews were analyzed with content analysis. One main category emerged from the interviews: children and caregivers struggle to establish resilience in a challenging recovery. The families’ resilience relied on their situational awareness and capacity to act, which in turn formed a basis for the ability to return to normal daily life. Children and caregivers described the recovery as an evident interruption of daily life which had an impact on the children's physical and psychological well‐being. Both children and caregivers described the pain as a central concern. The families used different pharmacological and complementary strategies to manage the pain, which in some cases were complex. Some families said that the analgesics were insufficient in preventing breakthrough pain, and spoke about a lack of support as well as inadequate and contradictory information from healthcare staff. Caregivers also expressed uncertainty, ambivalence, or anxiety about the responsibility associated with their child's recovery. To optimize and support the recovery after tonsil surgery, it is crucial to obtain knowledge of children's and caregivers’ perspectives of postoperative recovery at home. The results indicate that the postoperative period included several troublesome experiences for which neither the children nor the caregivers were informed or prepared. The experience of pain was significant, and often complex to manage. To increase families’ resilience, the information provided by healthcare professionals needs to be broadened. Multidisciplinary teamwork is necessary to achieve this goal.
Zoonotic potential of Newcastle disease virus: Old and novel perspectives related to public health
Authors: Ul‐Rahman Aziz , Ishaq Hafiz Muhammad , Raza Muhammad Asif , Shabbir Muhammad Zubair
Published: May 2021

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has a worldwide distribution, causing lethal infection in a wide range of avian species. Affected birds develop respiratory, digestive and neurologic symptoms with profound immunosuppression. Mild systemic Newcastle disease (ND) infection restricted to the respiratory and neurological systems can be observed in humans and other non‐avian hosts. Evidence of ND infection and its genome‐based detection have been reported in Bovidae (cattle and sheep), Mustelidae (mink), Cercetidae (hamster), Muridae (mice), Leporidae (rabbit), Camelidae (camel), Suidae (pig), Cercophithecidae (monkeys) and Hominidae (humans). Owing to frequent ND outbreaks in poultry workers, individuals engaged in the veterinary field, including poultry production or evisceration and vaccine production units have constantly been at a much higher risk than the general population. A lethal form of infection has been described in immunocompromised humans and non‐avian species including mink, pig and cattle demonstrating the capability of NDV to cross species barriers. Therefore, contact with infectious material and/or affected birds can pose a risk of zoonosis and raise public health concerns. The broad and expanding host range of NDV and its maintenance within non‐avian species hampers disease control, particularly in disease‐endemic settings.
Measuring rater bias in diagnostic tests with ordinal ratings
Authors: Kim Chanmin , Lin Xiaoyan , Nelson Kerrie P.
Published: May 2021

Diagnostic tests are frequently reliant upon the interpretation of images by skilled raters. In many clinical settings, however, the variability observed between experts' ratings plays a detrimental role in the degree of confidence in these interpretations, leading to uncertainty in the diagnostic process. For example, in breast cancer testing, radiologists interpret mammographic images, while breast biopsy results are examined by pathologists. Each of these procedures involves elements of subjectivity. We propose here a flexible two‐stage Bayesian latent variable model to investigate how the skills of individual raters impact the diagnostic accuracy of image‐related testing in large‐scale medical testing studies. A strength of the proposed model is that the true disease status of a patient within a reasonable time frame may or may not be known. In these studies, many raters each contribute classifications on a large sample of patients using a defined ordinal grading scale, leading to a complex correlation structure between ratings. Our modeling approach considers the different sources of variability contributed by experts and patients while accounting for correlations present between ratings and patients, in contrast to currently available methods. We propose a novel measure of a rater's ability (magnifier) that, in contrast to conventional measures of sensitivity and specificity, is robust to the underlying prevalence of disease in the population, providing an alternative measure of diagnostic accuracy across patient populations. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate lower bias in estimation of parameters and measures of accuracy, and illustrate outperformance of the proposed model when compared with existing models. Receiver operator characteristic curves are derived to assess the diagnostic accuracy of individual experts and their overall performance. Our proposed modeling approach is applied to a large breast imaging study for known disease status and a uterine cancer dataset for unknown disease status.
Quantification of the Electrophilic Reactivities of Benzotriazoles and Structure‐Reactivity Relationships
Authors: Rammah Mehdi , Mahdhaoui Faouzi , Gabsi Wahiba , Boubaker Taoufik
Published: May 2021

The kinetics of the coupling of 2‐N‐(4′‐X‐pheny1)‐4,6‐dinitrobenzotriazole 1‐oxides 1 a–d (X=OMe, H, Br and CN) with nitroalkyl anions 2 a–c have been investigated in aqueous solution at 20 °C. Using the derived second‐order rate constants and this series of nucleophiles 2 a–c as reference, the electrophilicity parameters E of the four electrophiles 1 a–d have been determined according to the linear free enthalpy relationship log k (20 °C)=sN (E+N). With the electrophilicity parameters E range from −9.72 to −11.78, the substituent effects on the electrophilic reactivity was examined quantitatively, leading to linear correlation of E with Hammett substituent constants (σ). Based on this correlation, the unknown electrophilicity parameters E of other 2‐N‐(4′‐X‐pheny1)‐4,6‐dinitrobenzotriazole 1‐oxides (X=CF3, Me and OH) were evaluated. Excellent linear correlation (r2=0.9962) between the electrophilicity parameters E of benzotriazoles 1 a–d and their pKa values for σ‐complexation has also been observed and discussed.
Enantioselective Dearomative [3+2] Annulation of 3‐Hydroxymaleimides with Azonaphthalenes
Authors: Zhang Jiayan , Liu Min , Huang Min , Li Wenzhe , Zhang Xiaomei
Published: May 2021

Chiral indolines represent important structural motifs in a large number of natural products and pharmaceutics. Chiral succinimideunits are also found in a wide range of natural products and pharmaceutical substances. Herein we report an enantioselective dearomative [3+2] annulation of 3‐hydroxymaleimides with azonaphthalenes using a chiral squaramide‐tertiary amine as catalyst. The reactions afforded a large variety of novel succinimide fused indolines in moderate to good yields (up to 99 %) with generally good enantioselectivities (up to 98 % ee). The absolute configuration of one product was assigned by an X‐ray crystal structural analysis and a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed accordingly. Afterwards, under different conditions, one product was treated with triethylsilane and provided two kinds of reductive products in moderate to good yields with good enantioselectivities.
Dynamic Surface Chemistry of Catalysts in Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Kou Zongkui , Li Xin , Zhang Lei , Zang Wenjie , Gao Xiaorui , Wang John
Published: May 2021

Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a crucial anode reaction where electrocatalysts are the key elements and their dynamic surface chemistry runs throughout the entire process. Herein, we examine the latest advances and challenges in understanding of the dynamic surface chemistry of OER electrocatalysts. There are electrochemical origin and driving force for the dynamic surface nature, where several processes can take place either concurrently or sequentially, including reconstruction (i.e., phase formation/transformation, morphological change, and compositional change), vacancy generation and filling/refilling, and the intermediate adsorption–desorption process on catalytic surface. These dynamic surface processes of OER catalysts are impacted by not only the reaction and service conditions, including the (local) pH and its gradient distribution, applied potential, types and concentration of exotic ions and external fields on top of the nature of catalysts/precatalysts, but also their interactions. Due to the local, time‐dependent and instant nature, there are considerable challenges in tracing, modelling and understanding of the complete dynamic surface chemistry of catalysts in OER, by means of ex situ, in situ and operando experimental investigations. Therefore, computational studies and dynamic simulations help provide key insights in future pursuits, where there is critical need for a multiscale computational modelling approach encompassing all these aspects.
Biotransformation of oleochemical industry by‐products to polyhydroxyalkanoate bioplastic using microbial fermentation: A review
Authors: Kakar Rozina , Amelia Tan Suet May , Teng Chin Chee , Bhubalan Kesaven , Amirul Al‐Ashraf Abdullah
Published: May 2021

For many decades, global efforts have been attempted to replace the petrochemical plastics with biodegradable and environment friendly plastics. The petrochemical plastics that require many years to decompose have profound consequences on the environment. A natural, biodegradable, and plastic‐like polymer, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), has been extracted from and synthesized by microbes, particularly bacteria. However, the prospective large‐scale production of PHA faced an economic bottleneck for less production costs. Research has thus shifted to one of the most common alternatives, which is the utilization of less costly raw materials or carbon sources that include industrial by‐products and wastes, such as glycerine pitch and glycerol. This review elucidates the discovery, basic mechanisms, and applications of PHA, as well as provides insights regarding the importance of PHA conversion from glycerine pitch and glycerol. This review also summarizes some possible future modifications to improve the efficiency of glycerine pitch and glycerol as carbon sources in PHA production. The conversion endeavors of wastes to a valuable product, PHA, that not only reduces petrochemical plastic pollution, waste generation, and PHA production costs but also supports economic and resource sustainability, which ultimately further progress towards the cradle‐to‐cradle design and circular bioeconomy concept.
The use of dexmedetomidine during pulmonic balloon valvuloplasty in dogs
Authors: Martin‐Flores Manuel , Moy‐Trigilio Karen E. , Campoy Luis , Araos Joaquin
Published: May 2021

Background: Information regarding the anaesthetic management for pulmonic balloon valvuloplasty (PBV) in dogs is scarce. We present data from dogs receiving dexmedetomidine combined with inhalational anaesthesia during PBV.

Methods: Anaesthetic records from dogs receiving dexmedetomidine (n = 11) and a control group (n = 29) anaesthetised for PBV between 2012 and 2020 were analysed. Intraoperative variables potentially affected by dexmedetomidine administration were compared between groups.

Results: Demographic characteristic and anaesthetic agents administered were similar between groups. The incidence of hypotension (mean arterial pressure (MAP) < 60 mm Hg) was 25% for dexmedetomidine and 29% for control (p = 0.8); however, dexmedetomidine group received vasopressors for a shorter time (p = 0.02). The incidence of bradycardia was 100% and 96% for dexmedetomidine and control (p = 0.5), but antimuscarinic agents were administered more frequently to the latter (p = 0.014).

Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine may be a useful adjuvant to general anaesthesia during PBV in dogs and reduced the use of vasopressors and antimuscarinics.
Introduction
Authors: Van Praag Lore
Published: May 2021

This book aims to demonstrate the complex interplay between environmental change and the development of migration aspirations and trajectories in the Moroccan context. Its objective is to show how environmental changes have resulted in the development of migration aspirations and have caused people to migrate over the last decades and, at an accelerating speed, continue to do so. Migration has been of all times and spaces, and people have migrated, both voluntarily and involuntarily, for environmental, economic, political, humanitarian, social, and cultural reasons (Castles et al. 2014). However, recently, environmental changes seem to have put other migration reasons increasingly under pressure (Massey 1990; Massey et al. 1998; Bates 2002; Carling 2002, 2014; De Haas 2010a, b; McLeman and Gemenne 2018b). More particularly, the increasing rate and altering nature of environmental changes add urgency to already existing factors encouraging migration (Evans 2009; TGOFS 2011; IPCC 2014) and even trigger new migratory movements (Gemenne and Blocher 2016).