bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPLEMENTASI TEORI KECERDASAN MAJEMUK (MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES) DALAM MENINGKATKAN KOMPETENSI PESERTA DIDIK PADA MATA PELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM
Authors: Seknun Faqih , Attamimi Mahatir Afandi
Published: January 2023

This research is using mixed method (qualitative facilitated by quantitative). The writer using observation, interview, documentation, and questionnaireto collect data. The results of this research has shown that Implementation Of Multiple Intelligences Theory to increase the ability of student in Islamic education’s subject inSMP Negeri 14 Ambon is greatly achieved.Proven with all activities like learning process and extracurricular programsin schools is already supported and developed the ninth intelligences. Although in developing process not all of that intelligences can perfectly achieved and not all of that intelligences has achieved at the same time. The ninth intelligencesis linguistic-verbal intelligence, mathematic-logic intelligence, visual-spacial intelligence, kinesthetic intelligence, musical intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, and existencialspiritual intelligence. The supporting factors of Multiple Intelligences Theory issuficientinfrastructure facilities and teachers, good interaction within teacher and student,andgreat cooperation with public. Otherwise the obstacle factors of Multiple Intelligences Theory is less participation from parents, busy teacher, less information about intraschool competition’s events and the variance levels of student intelligences.
Implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar Pasca Pembelajaran Daring ‎Di SMKN 2 Cirebon ‎
Authors: Sari ‎ Intan , Gumiandari Septi
Published: January 2023

During the Covid-19 pandemic, learning was carried out online (in the network), so after the Covid-19 pandemic, learning was carried out again offline. The 2013 curriculum has changed to become an independent curriculum, namely a curriculum whose learning methods refer to the aptitude and interest approach. Students can choose what subjects they want to learn according to their passion. The purpose of this research is to find out the implementation of the independent curriculum which is carried out in SMKN 2 Cirebon schools. From research at SMKN 2 Cirebon. This study used a qualitative method, data collection was carried out by means of two designs, namely interviews and library research (literature review method). The author found that the concept and application of the independent curriculum went well in accordance with applicable policies and procedures such as providing ATP, TP, and teaching module formats to teachers, and one of the implementations of the independent curriculum for the learning process in class was the use of digital-based.
Prosesi Perkawinan Menurut Hukum Adat Melayu Indragiri Hilir Riau sebagai Salah Satu Aset Budaya Indonesia
Authors: Ferawati  , Erdianto  , Martojo
Published: January 2023

The aim of the research is to explore the customary law of the Malay Indragiri Hilir Riau related to marriage customs, because so far the weakness of the Malay customary community is the absence of written documents related to the customs and culture of marriage of the Malay community, so that with the development and changing times, it is possible that the law Malay customs which have only been passed down orally and passed down from generation to generation will erode and disappear from the Malay world. To obtain the necessary data, the researcher used a qualitative descriptive research method with a field research approach. Then the technique for collecting data was carried out by observing the research location, conducting interviews with traditional leaders and religious leaders in the Malay community. The results of this study are that it is possible to inventory customary marriage laws of the Indragiri Hilir Riau community, these findings can be a reference material for the younger generation and people outside the Malay community to find out the local wisdom values ​​of the Malay community related to marriage processions, so that these values ​​will remain its sustainability is maintained as one of the uniqueness and assets of the Indonesian nation.
PSP Soccer Player Emotional Intelligence Overview Padang U-17 West Sumatra
Authors: Sukir  , ANDRIANSYAH ANDRIANSYAH
Published: January 2023

The problem in this study is that the level of emotional intelligence of PSP Padang U-17 Football players in West Sumatra is not yet known. In sports, especially in football, someone who has intelligence alone is not enough, but must also be accompanied by emotional maturity. This study aims to describe, namely: The level of emotional intelligence of PSP Padang U-17 West Sumatra soccer players as seen from self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills.

This type of research is classified as descriptive research, with a population of all PSP Padang U-17 football players in West Sumatra with a total of 20 players. This study uses a total sampling technique with a sample of 20 players. While the data analysis using the percentage technique.

The results of this study revealed that the emotional intelligence of PSP Padang U-17 West Sumetera soccer players seen from self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills, which was at a percentage of 80% and was in very good criteria. Based on the results of the study, PSP Padang U-17 football players in West Sumatra already have very good emotions.
Survei Minat Masyarakat Desa Kuripan Untuk Melanjutkan Pendidikan
Authors: Suanto Suanto , Alinurdin Alinurdin , Setiawati Setiawati , Nurdiyana Nurdiyana
Published: January 2023

Masih terdapat beberapa masalah pendidikan, salah satunya adalah tingkat pendidikan masyarakat yang masih cukup rendah di beberapa daerah, salah satunya adalah desa kuripan dimana indeks pendidikannya baru mencapai 65% (Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) tahun 2019). Hal tersebut tentu menjadi perhatian pemerintah desa dalam rangka meningkatkan indeks pendidikan masyarakat yang tentu pada akhirnya tertuju pada pembangunan sumber daya manusia dan perekonomian masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis data secara empiris tentang minat masyarakat desa kuripan untuk melanjutkan pendidikan. dimana responden yang dijadikan sebagai sumber data yaitu masyarakat desa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa minat masyarakat untuk melanjutkan pendidikan cukup tinggi, terlihat dari analisis hasil survei yang menunjukan bahwa 96% anak mempunyai cita-cita untuk sekolah ke jenjang yang lebih tinggi. Data tersebut didukung dengan hasil survei yang menyatakan bahwa seluruh Orang tua berusaha agar anak dapat melanjutkan ke jenjang pendidikan yang lebih tinggi. Orang tua juga sudah memiliki pola fikir bahwa pendidikan dianggap penting, hal tersebut dapat terlihat berdasarkan hasil survei yang menunjukan bahwa 94% orang tua menyatakan bahwa Sekolah merupakan hal yang penting. Tentu hasil survei tersebut sangat baik bagi peningkatan taraf pendidikan anak karena pola fikir masyarakat desa terutama orang tua tentang pentingnya pendidikan sudah sangat terbuka. Kendala yang dihadapi yaitu faktor ekonomi, dimana 60% orang tua menyatakan bahwa faktor ekonomi menjadi kendala untuk melanjutkan sekolah anak ke jenjang yang lebih tinggi. Dan faktor lainnya adalah fasilitas Sekolah yang hanya terdapat 1 sekolah jenjang SLTA diwilayah desa kuripan
Tinjauan Hukum Islam dalam Menyikapi Aksi Demonstrasi
Authors: Qatrunnada Aliefia , Ridwan Muannif
Published: January 2023

Demokrasi merupakan sistem pemerintahan yang kedaulatannya berada di tangan rakyat, kekuasaan tertinggi berada pada keputusan rakyat, pemerintahan dari rakyat, oleh rakyat dan untuk rakyat. Terlihat jelas bahwa peran rakyat dalam demokrasi begitu penting. Demonstrasi diwujudkan dengan kebebasan masyarakat bersuara menyampaikan pendapat dan berekspresi di muka umum yang merupakan cerminan dari pemenuhan hak rakyat untuk mendapatkan ruang penyampaian aksi protes terhadap suatu kebijakan. Dalam perspektif hukum Islam, demokrasi merupakan sebuah ijtihad yang dilakukan dengan rangka mencapai maslahah penyelenggaraan manajemen pembangunan yang solid dan bertanggungjawab dengan berpegang teguh pada prinsip demokrasi.
Sejarah Perkembangan Hukum ‎
Authors: Anas Anwar , Ridwan Muannif , Wibowo Raden Dimas Ari , Suryadana Dedy , Asseri
Published: January 2023

Basically the law develops following the times in which every era the law changes according to human needs. With the development of science, the law is also growing because otherwise it will be left behind and all problems related to law will not be able to be handled properly. Human life needs law because law is a rule that regulates every individual. If in life there is no law that regulates it, humans will be arbitrary and all criminal and civil problems will not be resolved because there is no legal basis that regulates them. Law in Indonesia is very diverse ranging from customary law, criminal law, civil law to Islamic law. These laws have their respective roles and functions that cannot be separated from one another. Law has an important role in regulating the welfare and prosperity of the community because with the law all rules can be implemented and make the environment safer from criminal acts. Therefore, the birth of a law is a very useful thing for people's lives, especially Indonesia which is a state of law that is sovereign by the people based on Pancasila.
Qawaid Fiqihiyyah dan Peranannya dalam Pengembangan Hukum
Authors: Anton Kodim  , Ridwan Muannif
Published: January 2023

Artikel ini ditujukan untuk meneliti Qowaid Fiqihiyyah dan peranannya dalam pengembangan hukum Islam. Qowaid Fiqhiyyah (kaidah-kaidah fiqih) merupakan kaidah yang dirumuskan oleh para ulama daan mujtahid yang berpedoman kepada ayat al-Qur’an dan Hadist Rasulullah dalam rangka mencapai kemaslahatan terhadap suatu permasalahan yang belum memiliki ketetapannya. Sumber  dasar perumusan Qowaid Fiqihiyyah terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu dasar formil dan dasar materiil. Peranan Qowaid Fiqhiyyah dalam pengembangan hukum Islam ialah sebagai pedoman yang memfasilitasi para mujtahid dan ahli hukum dalam membuat ketetapan terkait masalah hukum. Hal ini terbukti melalui beberapa fatwa yang dikeluarkan oleh MUI sebagai hasil Ijtihad para ulama. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan artikel ini ialah metode kajian pustaka dengan mengkaji dan merujuk langsung kepada referensi premier dan sekunder dalam kajian Qawaid Fiqihiyyah dan peranannya dalam pengembangan hukum Islam.
PROGRAM REBAS (REMAJA BEBAS ASAP ROKOK) MENCEGAH DAN MENGATASI ADIKSI ROKOK PADA REMAJA MASJID NURUL HUDA DESA PUNGGUR KECIL KECAMATAN SUNGAI KAKAP KABUPATEN KUBU RAYA
Authors: Sri Ariyanti  , Uji Kawuryan  , Hartono
Published: January 2023

The Global Youth Tubacco Survey (GYTS) states that Indonesia as the country with the highest teenage smoking rate of 2014, is mostly male with age 12-13 years when first smoked and female at 14-15 years old. Based on data indicated by the Ministry of Health that the prevalence of adolescents aged 16-19 years increased 3-fold from 1995 from 7.1% to 20.5% in 2014. According to the result, this study aimed to prevent and address smoking addiction in adolescents by using a program that focuses on preventive and curative that is by using innovation program of REBAS (Remaja Bebas Asap Rokok). The participants who involved in the program were 38 students. The REBAS program given to the participants used the method of group discusion forums, where participants were given pretest and post test to know the level of knowledge about smoking, and were invited to discuss through played a video and discused in a small groups accompanied by two facilitators. The event ended with a material review and pronunciation of the REBAS pledge that was spoken together. Conclusion: After the ongoing program of REBAS, participants can realize the importance of the dangers of smoking and the importance of improving anti-smoking movement early on. Recommendation:There is needs of regular program for prevention smoking to adolescents.
PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH KELAPA DALAM MENINGKATKAN EKONOMI MASYARAKAT DESA JAYA BHAKTI KECAMATAN ENOK UNTUK MENDUKUNG PELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN DITENGAH PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Andriansyah Putra  , ANDRIANSYAH
Published: January 2023

The purpose of this research is to increase the utilization of coconut waste in Jaya Bhakti Village, Enok District, Indragiri Hilir Regency during the Covid-19 period to support environmental conservation. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method or describes all aspects of existence. This descriptive qualitative method is a method used to seek knowledge about the object of research at a certain point in time. The results of the discovery of coconuts that can be used in the surrounding environment can pay attention to the economic downturn of the community and employment opportunities in the community using the Covid-19 method, helping the community maintain and increase community creativity so that it can slightly improve the community's economy during the COVID-19 pandemic.
ANALISIS PEMANFAATAN DAN PENGOLAHAN KELAPA KOPRA PUTIH OLEH PETANI DESA BAGAN JAYA DALAM MENINGKATKAN PEREKONOMIAN MASYARAKAT DI ERA PANDEMI COVID 19
Authors: Soniati  , ANDRIANSYAH
Published: January 2023

The purpose of this research is to determine the utilization and processing of white copra coconut and the income of farmers in managing coconut into copra and to analyze the added value that can be created by managing coconut into copra. This research has been carried out in Bagan Jaya Village, Enok District, Indragiri Hilir Regency. The determination of the research location was carried out intentionally (porposively) with the consideration that Bagan Jaya Village is one of the coconut production centers. The time of conducting the research starts from August 7 to September 23, 2021. The analysis used is the Analysis of Income and Value added. The results showed that the average income obtained by coconut farmers from the sale of copra was Rp. 17,000,000
UPAYA PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH SABUT KELAPA MENJADI POT BUNGA SERTA SOLUSI PEMASARAN UNTUK MENUNJANG PEREKONOMIAN WARGA DESA PENGALIHAN DI ERA PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Eliah Siregar  , ANDRIANSYAH
Published: January 2023

This study aims to determine the Efforts to Utilize Coconut Coir Waste into Flower Pots as well as Marketing Solutions to Support the Economy of the Pengalih Village Residents in the Era of the Covid-19 Pandemic. This research has been carried out in the Pengalihan Village, Enok District, Indragiri Hilir Regency. The determination of the research location was carried out intentionally (porposively) during KKN activities in the Pengalihan Village and with the consideration that the Pengalihan Village is one of the coconut production center villages. The time of conducting the research begins on August 5 to September 25, 2021. The analysis used is to increase community income through efforts to use coconut coir waste into flower pots and marketing solutions to support the economy of the residents of the Pengalih Village in the Covid-19 Pandemic Era in the Pengalihan Village, Enok District. The results of the study were the initial conditions that occurred in the midst of the transfer village community, namely the occurrence of community economic problems that were impacted by the covid'19 pandemic, and the lack of public knowledge about the use of coconut coir waste. become flower pots so that they are able to help and support the economy of the residents of the Pengalihan Village in this Covid'19 Pandemic Era.
Pemberdayaan Keluarga Ibu Postpartum Melalui Edukasi ‎Pengenalan Metode SPEOS Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sungai ‎Rengas ‎
Authors: Hidayah hidayah  , Kawuryan Uji , Surtikanti  , Rikayati  , Nuratika  , Fatureisha Nadila , Winarni Tri , Kamisa Yola
Published: January 2023

Pemberian ASI diawal kelahiran akan meminimalkan risiko kematian bayi hingga 45%. Sebanyak 65% bayi baru lahir mendapat makanan selain ASI dalam tiga hari pertama. Hasil studi pendahuluan yang dilakukan di wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sungai Rengas, diperoleh data  pada bulan Mei tahun 2022 tercatat jumlah ibu post partum sebanyak 605 orang dan untuk cakupan ASI ekslusif (0-6 bulan) tercatat masih rendah yaitu 278 bayi (36,9%) pada tahun 2021. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan ibu tentang metode SPEOS sebagai alternatif non farmakologi dalam meningkatkan produksi ASI ibu postpartum di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sungai Rengas. Metode yang digunakan berupa pendidikan kesehatan dengan metode ceramah dan demonstrasi tentang langkah-langkah metode SPEOS dengan melibatkan 5 ibu postpartum, 10 anggota keluarga dan 4 kader posyandu yang mendampingi. Setelah dilakukan kegiatan pendidikan kesehatan dan demonstrasi tentang metode SPEOS, terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan tentang metode SPEOS baik dari aspek kognitif maupun psikomotor.
The Rule of Law Across the World: A System in Crisis?
Authors: Jolly Qc Schona
Published: January 2023

This chapter seeks to convey the multiple prongs of attack taking place on the rule of law, at both domestic and international level since 2020 alone. Whilst some such attacks are openly authoritarian, other attacks are hidden behind the law itself, proclaiming that they form part and parcel of a normal legal regime, or that they constitute reforms intended to improve the institutions which they are in fact damaging or destroying. The chapter shows that the law may be weaponised as a means to weaken the rule of law, and exposes the damaging consequences of a judiciary that lacks independence.
Understanding Judicial Independence in the Age of Outrage
Authors: Feilzer Martina Y.
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores whether judicial independence is coming under increasing public pressure due to the perception that the judiciary should reflect public views on issues such as sentencing and human rights. This seems a pertinent issue at a time of concerns about the health of liberal democracies and when public outrage can be mobilised quickly through social and traditional media campaigns. In England and Wales, judges (and magistrates) are routinely described as being out of touch with ordinary people, and sentences are perceived as being too lenient. This chapter examines whether debates around the external legitimacy of the judiciary as measured through public opinion surveys overshadow much more important structural challenges to judicial legitimacy and independence – including a lack of representativeness of judges in particular; an erosion of judicial discretion; wider constitutional changes to the judicial system; and a serious under-resourcing of the justice system. It draws on research evidence to distinguish perceived threats to judicial independence as expressed through political and media attacks from more serious concerns about the legitimacy of the judiciary.
Is There a French Habeas Corpus ? Thinking About the Control by an Independent Judicial Authority Over the Deprivation of Liberty Before Criminal Trials
Authors: Parizot RaphaëLe
Published: January 2023

Thinking about control over the deprivation of liberty before criminal trials in France is just another way of thinking about the existence, or otherwise, of a ‘French Habeas Corpus’. The aim of the Habeas Corpus doctrine, an English invention born with the Magna Carta of 1215 and developed in other acts such as the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, is to protect against arbitrary detentions by the State. It means that every deprivation of liberty must be controlled in an effective and independent way. The first real expression of the institution of habeas corpus at the highest level in France is Article 66 of the Constitution, which provides that the Judicial Authority is guardian of the freedom of the individual. Relating to deprivations of liberty in the criminal pre-trial stage, two magistrats are involved: firstly, for pre-trial detention, the liberties and custody judge created in 2000 whose effectiveness and material independence are problematic; secondly, for police custody, the public prosecutor, with the unavoidable question of their independence.
Judicial Independence and Countering Terrorism in the UK
Authors: Jackson John D.
Published: January 2023

This paper examines the challenges to judicial independence posed by measures that depart from normal standards of justice in countering terrorism with particular reference to the UK.  Two particular contexts are examined:  the Irish ‘troubles’-based terrorism that have stretched from the early 1970s until the present day and ‘jihadi’-based terrorism that has been taking place since 9/11. The chapter argues that while judicial independence has managed to remain unscathed throughout both these phases, there is a particular need today to preserve the principle of open justice as much as possible in order to counter any suggestion that judges are deferring too readily to the executive.
The Parole Board as an Independent Judicial Body, and Challenges to Its Independence
Authors: Roberts QC Jeremy
Published: January 2023

Part 1 of this chapter traces the stages by which the Parole Board was transformed from an advisory body (advising the Home Secretary about the suitability of prisoners for release on licence) into a judicial body which makes the decisions. Part 2 examines challenges which have taken place to the Board’s independence. Part 3 looks to the future and what it may hold for the Board. Part 4 contains a detailed analysis of the case of the taxi-driver John Worboys and the then-Secretary of State’s actions in relation to that case.
Epilogue: Judicial Independence: The Need for Constant Vigilance
Authors: Giannoulopoulos Dimitrios , McDermott Yvonne
Published: January 2023

The position of the judiciary in the UK and elsewhere is undergoing an important evolutionary change brought about by factors such as the acceptance of the fundamental importance of the rule of law, the growth of judicial review, the use made of charters of rights, changes in the relationships with the other branches of the state and populist pressure. This change necessitates an examination of the role of judges so that the functions for which judges are responsible in each state are clear in each of the areas of the delivery of justice. This will depend on various considerations and may be different from state to state. Based on that analysis, it is possible to make suggestions as to what the judiciary should consider doing in each state to protect its position and its independence - the effective and efficient delivery of justice, proper governance, the carrying out of reform, the role in court administration, accountability, the need for good appointments and communications. The effectiveness and independence of the judiciary depends on activism on these issues and the establishment of proper and well understood working relationships with the other branches of the state reflecting both independence and interdependence.
Conclusion: On ‘Crisis’ and Threats to Judicial Independence As Constant Features in the Landscape of Judicial Activity
Authors: McDermott Yvonne , Giannoulopoulos Dimitrios
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the notion of ‘crisis’, as it relates to threats to judicial independence. Rather than framing our current era as a time of crisis, it argues that it is perhaps more fitting to consider the threats to judicial independence discussed in this volume – be they trends towards the populist vision of democracy; tensions between the executive and judicial branches; a perceived need to impose severe restrictions in the face of terrorist threats, or moral panics against a criminal justice system deemed to be too lenient to violent offenders–as constant features in the landscape of judicial activity. Constitutional, political and economic crises may come and go, but these features are likely to be omnipresent, if only in the background of seemingly more urgent situations.
Be My Character: Framing the Female Collaborator in Postdictatorship Argentine Novels
Authors: Bilbija Ksenija
Published: January 2023

The chapter explores the literary representations of the Argentine leftist female militant (‘Montonera’) Mercedes Carazo, a high-ranking member of the Montoneros, an urban guerrilla that combated the dictatorship in Argentina and was eventually crushed by it. Carazo turned into a collaborator for the military dictatorship, which used the information she provided, and later her services, to conduct counterinsurgency activities leading to the arrest and disappearance of former Montoneros. Carazo eventually engaged in an intimate relationship with one of her captors (plausibly to protect her daughter). Her collaboration was not voluntary, obtained instead as the result of torture at the infamous clandestine centre ESMA. Carazo’s collaboration was portrayed by several writers in a set of fictionalised works. Bilbija argues that in fictionalising Carazo’s collaboration and attributing a set of motives to her actions – attributions that lacked empathy for the circumstances she faced vis-à-vis her torturer/sexual aggressor – these authors violated her right to tell her own story with empathy for her difficult circumstances. Bilbija contrasts these representations with Elsa Osorio’s recent novel Doble fondo (2017), in which the victim is given a voice and a community of compassionate readers to evaluate and judge her complicity.
Collaborationism in Low-Intensity Conflicts: The Case of the Basque Country
Authors: Calle Luis de la
Published: January 2023

In this chapter on Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Basque Homeland and Liberty; ETA), Luis De la Calle argues that in the 1980s this terrorist organisation waged a discursive war with the Basque government and its police body, Ertzaintza (‘people’s shepherd’ in Basque). De la Calle argues that ETA fought – and lost – the battle for public legitimacy. First, it attempted to persuade Basques that Ertzaintza was a collaborationist force in the rhetorical domain. It referred to this force not simply with a pejorative txakurra (the Basque word for ‘dog’, traditionally employed to denigrate Spanish security forces) but as cipayo (zipaio in Basque), a term that can be traced back to Indian soldiers who joined Imperial forces during the British occupation of India but later rebelled, if unsuccessfully. Symbolically, allusion to a cipayo evokes colonial occupation, collaboration with it, and the need to rebel against occupiers. When propaganda failed, and when Ertzaintza began to take on counter-terrorist duties, ETA made that police body a legitimate target of its terrorist attacks, so as to sever the ties between ordinary Basques and Ertzaintza, discouraging collaboration. The strategy, however, was counterproductive, as it alienated Basque citizens.
Collaboration and Opportunism in Communist Czechoslovakia
Authors: Drumbl Mark , Holá Barbora
Published: January 2023

In this chapter on the former Czechoslovakia, Mark Drumbl and Barbora Holá focus on collaboration (kolaborace in Czech) with Communist authorities and the secret police during the period after the Second World War (1948–89), particularly through the years of Goulash Communism in the 1970s and 1980s. Communism had then reached its peak of stagnation across all domains of life (cultural, scientific, political), and apathy, monotony, and apolitical attitudes prevailed in the nation. Against this background, Drumbl and Holá portray a landscape of collaboration where ‘ideology and vapidity’, ‘political good and private personal gain’ were motivations to collaborate with the secret police. This ‘bimodal’ rather than ‘binary’ understanding of collaboration means that people could be at one time social navigators and at another principled collaborators. Collaboration was not a devious outgrowth of an unjust regime, but a routine, a way of muddling through life. Drumbl and Holá argue that transitional justice initiatives, such as lustration, frequently miss this dimension of collaboration because they frame it as strictly ideological. The authors challenge the validity of this reductionist framing, which may be in the immediate interest of the transitional regime but not in that of understanding the architecture of the authoritarian regime.
Third-Party Collaborators in the Colombian Armed Conflict: A Paramilitary Case Study
Authors: Arias Gerson Iván , Prieto Carlos Andrés
Published: January 2023

Gerson Arias and Carlos Prieto’s Chapter 7 delves into a particular story of collaboration about José Miguel Narváez, an adviser and instructor for the Colombian military. For at least 10 years, instead of coordinating the disbanding of paramilitary groups, Narváez served as a go-between for paramilitary commanders, and subsequently became a paramilitary adviser and an active collaborator from within the state itself. Through this study of Narváez, the chapter explores how collaborators should be defined, the context in which they emerge, their incentives and motivations, the different dimensions of collaboration, and its correlation with a lack of trust in institutions. The chapter reveals specific facets about his collaboration with paramilitary groups. It also notes two striking aspects of Narváez’s collaboration: it was difficult to distinguish whether he was directly part of the organisation or a collaborator, and his contributions were not always beneficial or strategic for the armed organisation; they could in fact be detrimental. This type of collaboration was a way for Narváez to ‘create the need’ for his work and to guide the behaviour of the paramilitary organisation. All of these considerations paint a complex picture of collaboration in the Colombian armed conflict.
The Collaboration of the Intellectuals: Legal Academia and the Third Reich
Authors: Gross Oren
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the collaboration of law professors with the crimes of the Third Reich. Broadly speaking, academics supported the regime’s project of racial purification, territorial expansion, and its imperialistic goals in general. In particular, law professors conferred a veneer of legality and legitimacy on the actions of the regime by providing the necessary doctrines to support the regime’s political, national, and racial passions. None of these professors was held accountable for their complicity, most of them shielded by the ‘Heidelberg Myth’, according to which the few Nazi professors who supported the regime were an imposition from the outside. Just as in the rest of Germany, where denazification was timid at best, professors who supported the Nazi regime resumed their careers, while those who had been purged by the Nazis faced a steeper hill. One of them, Theodor Maunz (1901–93), who defended a National Socialist conception of the Rechtsstaat compatible with the existence of concentration camps, continued his academic career uninterrupted and became a member of the constitutional convention for West Germany’s new constitution.
Business Collaborators on Trial: Legal Obstacles to Corporate Accountability in Argentina
Authors: Pereira Gabriel
Published: January 2023

In this chapter on business collaboration in Argentina, Gabriel Pereira focuses on corporate collaborators who were not in institutional power but ‘worked together’ with an illegal regime and engaged in the commission of crimes against humanity. Businesses were complicit with the dictatorship by directly supporting the violations of human rights perpetrated by the dictatorship. Pereira contends in his chapter that the nation has found innovative ways to prosecute collaborators for the dictatorship. But collaborators have been equally innovative and resourceful in finding ways to remain unaccountable. A key part of their strategy has been to delay prosecutions. As Pereira explains, the judicial circuitry where cases against collaborators are navigated give the appearance of progress but they ultimately become mired.
International Law and Collaboration: A Tentative Embrace
Authors: Darcy Shane
Published: January 2023

In this chapter, Shane Darcy contends that, despite its enduring prevalence during wartime, and the widespread reliance on informers by police, security and intelligence authorities, international law has overlooked the phenomenon of collaboration. There is no explicit reference to informers or other collaborators in the treaties of international humanitarian law, and a similar silence is found in international human rights conventions. A closer look reveals, however, that international law consciously tolerates collaboration and permits the recruitment and use of informers and other collaborators by public authorities, while at the same time placing restrictions, often indirectly, on the conduct of recruiters, collaborators, and those that may seek to punish such betrayal. This ‘tentative embrace’ of collaboration by international law is characterised by its long-standing general permissiveness towards the practice, coupled with a steadily increasing application of key standards of international humanitarian law and human rights to some of collaboration’s most harmful aspects.
Conclusion: Reckoning with Collaboration
Authors: Espindola Juan , Payne Leigh A.
Published: January 2023

The conclusion brings together some of the main insights of the case studies presented in the volume to enrich the conceptual framework presented in the Introduction. It does so by returning to the key questions posed here. Who is a collaborator, what is collaboration, why and when does collaboration occur, and how can societies reckon with collaboration?
Documents
Authors: Konadu Kwasi
Published: January 2023

This main section of the volume provides over 150 source materials from Portuguese and other European archives, many appearing in English translation for the first time. These documents cover local societies from the Eguafo] to other Akan peoples in Akyem (‘Axim’) to Nkrãn (‘Accra’) to Akan gold merchants in the tropical forests of gold. Portugal dispatched priests, merchants, captains and residents to staff the São Jorge da Mina fortress as well as smaller trading posts at Akyem and a failed one at Nkrãn. The Portuguese imported captives and exported gold from the Gold Coast, setting the pace and trade patterns for their Spanish, French, English, and Dutch rivals in Europe. When the Dutch ousted them in the 1640s, though defeated the Portuguese continue to trade through those who replaced them.
The Conversion of Andrew Marvell: Religion, Poetics, Sexuality
Authors: McDowell Nicholas
Published: January 2023

This chapter revisits one of the more curious episodes in the biography of Andrew Marvell: his apparent conversion to Catholicism while a student at Cambridge. It argues that the experience of conversion and forced re-conversion may have played a greater part in the formation of Marvell’s character, and held a more powerful hold over his imaginative life, than we have been willing to allow. The chapter considers, firstly, how modes of devotional verse in Caroline Cambridge can be related to religious identity, with some reference to Marvell’s own practice as a religious poet. Secondly, it contends that there are moments in the lyric and pastoral verse, in particular ‘Upon Appleton House’ and ‘The Garden’, in which there seems to be a connection between imagery associated with these devotional modes and the promise of mystical revelation or spiritual self-transformation, but through ethically questionable experiences of seclusion and sensual abandon.
Marvell and the Poetics of Creation
Authors: Pertile Giulio J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter locates Marvell’s verse, in particular ‘Upon Appleton House’, in the context of early modern poetry on the Creation. Du Bartas’s Sepmaine (1578) had depicted an Aristotelian world of living, qualitative matter on which God imposed his will by force. The seventeenth century, however, saw a range of new ideas about the Creation, including Descartes’ influential vision of an omnipotent and inscrutable God impelling lifeless matter into motion. It is this notion of Creation as a voluntaristic and arbitrary act, I suggest, that underlies William Davenant’s ekphrastic description of the Creation in Gondibert (1651) and is taken up in that same year by Marvell in ‘Appleton House’. A voluntarist, inscrutable Creation is reflected not only in the empirical modes of knowledge to which both poems are committed, but also in the baroque figuration of ‘Upon Appleton House’, in which the reality of the world is ceaselessly recreated by arbitrary poetic Fiat.
‘The World Excluding Round’: Suspended Passions and Alienated Affects in Marvell’s Lyric Poetry
Authors: Sugimura N. K.
Published: January 2023

This essay explores how ‘Eyes and Tears’, ‘The Nymph Complaining’, and the ‘The Unfortunate Lover’ are all poems concerned with the related, though different, territory of sense perception. These poems highlight why percepts are philosophically problematic, unlike mental images, or the sense data that an individual perceives and about which one can claim omniscience. This is because the cost of not allowing the sceptic access to one’s percepts is to lock the sensory domain within one’s own perceiving mind, even though this means that mind alone cannot validate anything outside itself, as John Locke readily saw: ‘There is nothing like our Ideas, existing in the Bodies themselves’. In these lyrics of Marvell, the philosophic difficulty of percepts is implicitly resolved because his sophisticated intellectual play on Renaissance Aristotelianism transforms personal passions into objects universally available to their percipients as well as to us.
Knowingness and Eros: Andrew Marvell’s ‘Last Instructions to a Painter’
Authors: Simon David Carroll
Published: January 2023

This essay argues that Andrew Marvell's ‘Last Instructions to a Painter’ should be read as a critique and an evasion of knowingness – of the feeling of contented possession that stands in for knowledge and so renders thinking superfluous. The poem suggests that sexuality is a domain of human experience from which ideologies of self-evidence draw affective strength. Marvell holds up for comparison two ignominious experiences of knowing incuriosity: the conventionalized version of sexual pleasure in which desire is simply and conclusively gratified and the form of pseudo-understanding in which you seem to discover what in fact you presuppose. On the basis of Marvell's diagnosis and rejection of a culture of incuriosity, he casts a suspicious gaze on his own practice of political satire, which depends on thoughtless sexualization. Finally, Marvell seeks an escape from the realm of self-evidence in an experience of hyperbolic naïveté in which everything everyone assumes – about, in the first place, sexuality, but also about everything else – melts into air.
The River Overflows: Consciousness in ‘Upon Appleton House’
Authors: Teskey Gordon
Published: January 2023

In ‘Upon Appleton House’ Andrew Marvell embarks on an extraordinary adventure in consciousness as the primary datum of experience and as a new basis for poetic expression. In the poem’s second movement the figure of the poet emerges in ecstatically reflexive awareness of himself as the subject of anarchic thoughts (compound qualia) entangled with the landscape in which he wanders and thinks. Moreover, the self-watching, world-gathering lyric ‘I’ of ‘Upon Appleton House’ offers a bridge to the political poet of the Restoration. The poem sees the purpose of consciousness, however private, as engagement with the world, ultimately through politics and conflict.
Marvell’s Poetry in Motion
Authors: Dzelzainis Martin
Published: January 2023

Marvell held on to his poetic manuscripts more tightly than even the most print-shy of early modern poets. We would not know most of them now but for the seeming happenstance of their being printed in 1681, as Mary Marvell puts it in her prefixed certificate, ‘according to the exact Copies of my late dear Husband, under his own Hand-Writing, being found since his Death among his other Papers’. This chapter considers anew the transmission of Marvell’s poetry, asking what can be inferred about those ‘exact Copies’ (which did not survive the printing process) from two artefacts in particular. The first is Miscellaneous Poems (1681) itself. The other is MS Eng. Poet. d. 49, an annotated and supplemented copy of Miscellaneous Poems better known today as the ‘Popple’ manuscript. What do they tell us about what lay behind them? Are any traces of Marvell’s autograph verse visible notwithstanding printing house interventions? And to what extent does d. 49 replicate the Marvellian archive from which it was being prepared? In the absence of Marvell’s literary autographs, scholars have no alternative but to undertake such conjectural reconstructions.
Touching Words: Marvell’s Satires in Hand
Authors: Purkiss Diane
Published: January 2023

It is now understood that Marvell’s Painter poems were initially circulated as manuscript and printed singles and then transcribed into or collocated with a diversity of other political manuscript materials, including materials hostile to the Painter poet and those of his persuasion. Yet this fate is not as inappropriate as it might appear, for the very process of circulation in singles is often an intrusion, an invasion that crosses the boundaries of selection. When Samuel Pepys receives a Painter poem single thrust through the window of his carriage, he is accepting a physical contact that broaches the boundaries of personal space – even as the satire touched Pepys, a bureaucrat in the naval office, in another way. Drawing on these and other examples, this chapter considers satire as something that seeks to intrude itself where it is not wanted, to stamp itself on the skin of its victim, and thus the circulation of satire as an encounter with what Didier Anzieu has termed ‘the skin ego’. Anzieu’s theory sheds light on the material strategies by which early modern readers, writers, and printers responded to the physicality of the text and specifically to the ways in which satires refused to be contained.
Learning to Read with Marvell
Authors: Augustine Matthew C.
Published: January 2023

This chapter reflects on Marvell’s reception over the last century, asking why reading Marvell has been and remains a task at the forefront of early modern scholarship. Marvell’s endurance and indeed expanding presence within 20th and 21st-century critical debates, this chapter argues, has to do with his instructive mastery, yes, of words – to recall the title of Elsie Duncan-Jones’s 1975 Warton Lecture – but moreover of ‘language games’, in the sense first described by Ludwig Wittgenstein and later incorporated into the methodology of the ‘Cambridge School’ of intellectual historians. Nowhere are such games played more brilliantly than in the Horatian Ode; no poem better illuminates the central contests of literary criticism in the century since Eliot; nor have we exhausted the potential of learning to read with Marvell.
Practitioners of Vigilantism
Authors: Gardenier Matthijs
Published: January 2023

This chapter starts with a definition of vigilantism, a form of policing carried out by citizens in relative autonomy from the authorities. The functions of vigilantism are discussed: surveillance, direct intervention and self-justice. The chapter continues with a historical overview of vigilantism, beginning with the American West in the 19th century. It also looks at militia groups such as the Klu Klux Klan and the fascist militias in Germany and Italy in the 1920s and 1930s. These groups can be understood as social group control vigilantism. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the social roots of vigilantism and its relationship to local communities.
Return to Vigilantism
Authors: Gardenier Matthijs
Published: January 2023

The development of the modern state could have led to the disappearance of the phenomenon of vigilantism. On the contrary, in the contemporary neoliberal moment, the phenomena of citizen participation in policing and vigilantism seem to have become integrated into the area of policing both in the Global South and in Western countries. The development of the phenomenon of securitisation, i.e. the treatment of social problems through a purely securitarian prism, has favoured the return of various forms of citizen participation in police work. These forms can be diverse, ranging from mass participation in surveillance to pure vigilantism. The securitisation of borders and migration seems to constitute a central element of this contemporary return to vigilantism
The Social Organisation of Neighbourhood Surveillance
Authors: Gardenier Matthijs
Published: January 2023

This chapter aims to consider the development of lateral surveillance through a field study of participation in neighbourhood watches in French regions where the vote for the far right has been high. The study of a dozen communities in the regions of Nord and Hérault (Southern France) revealed different types of neighbourhood watches. The first type is made up of retired small company owners or senior executives who organise neighbourhood surveillance without any feeling of immediate danger. The second type is made up of working men belonging to the established parts of the working class who feel faced with what they perceive as an immediate threat from the inhabitants of neighbouring housing estates. They sometimes carry out direct intervention. In both cases, the aim is to protect the local community from the poorer sections of the working classes simultaneously defined by their precariousness and their racial otherness. Finally, participation in these groups provides rewards to their organisers through the accumulation of social capital. This social capital allows an insertion into the local political game, and some organisers have even managed to become city councillors. It should be noted that this insertion into the political game is not only oriented towards the far right but is spread throughout the whole political field, including the left.
Anti-migrant Groups in Calais: the Spectacle of Vigilance
Authors: Gardenier Matthijs
Published: January 2023

Migratory flows between France and Britain through the Channel have been widely mediatised. In Calais, refugees hoping to cross the border have been living in dire conditions, in dwellings named ‘jungles’, often forcefully expelled by the police.This has created a tense political situation in which anti-migrant groups such as Sauvons Calais or the Calaisiens en colère have become important actors. These groups can be understood simultaneously as social movement groups and as vigilante groups, with actions belonging to both repertoires of action: demonstrations, marches, banner drops as well as patrols, forceful evictions of squats or street fighting.Even though these groups have claimed to be apolitical, they have been mainly made up of far-right activists. While advocating non-violence, acts of violence have persistently emerged in the wake of the activity of these groups forming a ‘halo of violence’ around their activity. Furthermore, the activity of the anti-migrant groups gathers only few activists on the ground and is mainly oriented towards their social media community, helping them to reach wide online audiences.