bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fingerprinting of fatty acid composition for the verification of the identity of organic eggs
Authors: Tres Alba , O'Neill Rory , van Ruth Saskia M.
Published: February 2011

Organic products (such as organic eggs) usually have a higher price than the corresponding conventional products. This makes organic products susceptible to fraud. Administrative controls are conducted to detect this type of frauds. However, an analytical verification of the organic identity of food products would be very useful in this respect. It is unlikely that there is a single compound, or a few compounds, that differ sufficiently between organic and conventional eggs to be used as a marker of organic identity. Instead, fingerprinting of the organic products (that is to say, analyzing a wide range of compounds instead of only a few) might be used as a tool for their verification. Here, we have used the fatty acid composition of egg yolks as a fingerprint to verify the organic identity of eggs. From the fingerprints, chemometric models were built which predict the identity of eggs (organic or conventional) with high success rates.
Enzymatic degumming
Authors: Dijkstra Albert J.
Published: February 2011

The oldest enzymatic degumming process (the Lurgi EnzyMax® process) was launched in 1992. It used porcine phospholipase A2, which has the disadvantages of limited availability and not being kosher/halal. To overcome these disadvantages, various microbial enzymes have been developed; they have different specificities and therefore offer different advantages. Phospholipase C for instance has the advantage that it leads to the formation of diacylglycerols that remain in the oil being degummed. This constitutes a significant yield improvement which also results from the formation of lysophospholipids that retain less oil than their precursors. In the laboratory, a fine dispersion of the aqueous enzyme solution in the oil can be maintained so that the phospholipase enzymes can be made to interact with non‐hydratable phosphatides (NHP) in the oil phase and catalyse their hydrolysis. On an industrial scale, dispersions coalesce before the enzymatic NHP hydrolysis is complete. Accordingly, enzymatic degumming processes that claim NHP‐removal and a low residual phosphorus content in the enzymatically degummed oil are invariably preceded by an acid treatment in which a degumming acid (citric acid) is finely dispersed into the oil to be degummed and made to react with the NHP present in the oil before the enzyme is added. This enzyme then only interacts with the phospholipids present in the water phase. This raises the question whether the yield increase resulting from the use of enzymes should be realised by treating the oil to be degummed or the gums that have already been isolated from the oil during a degumming treatment. Lack of experimental evidence prevents a firm answer to this question but the arguments in favour of treating the gums look more impressive than what can be said in favour of treating the oil. In short: Enzymes do not degum the oil but can be used to de‐oil the gums.
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST): What is in a name and what isn't?
Authors: van Zijl Peter C. M. , Yadav Nirbhay N.
Published: February 2011

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging is a relatively new magnetic resonance imaging contrast approach in which exogenous or endogenous compounds containing either exchangeable protons or exchangeable molecules are selectively saturated and after transfer of this saturation, detected indirectly through the water signal with enhanced sensitivity. The focus of this review is on basic magnetic resonance principles underlying CEST and similarities to and differences with conventional magnetization transfer contrast. In CEST magnetic resonance imaging, transfer of magnetization is studied in mobile compounds instead of semisolids. Similar to magnetization transfer contrast, CEST has contributions of both chemical exchange and dipolar cross‐relaxation, but the latter can often be neglected if exchange is fast. Contrary to magnetization transfer contrast, CEST imaging requires sufficiently slow exchange on the magnetic resonance time scale to allow selective irradiation of the protons of interest. As a consequence, magnetic labeling is not limited to radio‐frequency saturation but can be expanded with slower frequency‐selective approaches such as inversion, gradient dephasing and frequency labeling. The basic theory, design criteria, and experimental issues for exchange transfer imaging are discussed. A new classification for CEST agents based on exchange type is proposed. The potential of this young field is discussed, especially with respect to in vivo application and translation to humans. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outer volume suppression in steady state sequences (OVSuSS) for percutaneous interventions
Authors: Rauschenberg Jaane , Krafft Axel J. , Maier Florian , Zamecnik Patrik , Semmler Wolfhard , Bock Michael
Published: February 2011

Magnetic resonance‐guided percutaneous interventions with needles require fast pulse sequences with acquisition times less than 1 s to image the needle trajectory within moving organs. To guide the movement of a rigid instrument with high sampling rate, an magnetic resonance imaging method was developed that reduces the acquisition time down to a few hundred milliseconds by restricting the field of view to a small stripe around the instrument trajectory. To maintain the dynamic steady state, saturation pulses for outer volume suppression were inserted into additional repetition time‐intervals. These saturation intervals were combined with three sequence variants: a spoiled gradient echo sequence, an echo‐shifted steady state free precession and a balanced steady state free precession sequence. The magnetization dynamics were analyzed by means of numerical optimized simulations. Results were compared with phantom experiments and an average signal‐to‐suppression‐ratio of 15.5 could be achieved. With a field of view reduction of up to 12.5% an update rate of six images per second could be achieved. Finally, animal experiments demonstrated the fast and reliable needle tip visualization during percutaneous magnetic resonance‐guided interventions with the help of a robotic assistance system. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative magnetization transfer studies of apoptotic cell death
Authors: Bailey Colleen , Desmond Kimberly L. , Czarnota Gregory J. , Stanisz Greg J.
Published: February 2011

Magnetization transfer measurements were performed on samples of acute myeloid leukemia cells at early (36 h postcisplatin treatment) and late (48 h posttreatment) stages of apoptosis. Magnetization transfer ratio was calculated and a two‐pool model was fitted to data at two powers and 16 offset frequencies of saturation pulse. No parameters changed significantly at early stages of apoptosis. At late stages, changes in magnetization transfer ratio were not significant, but quantitative model parameters showed a decrease in macromolecular proton fraction, M0B, and an increase in the T2 relaxation time of free water. Analysis also indicated an increase in the ratio R × M0B/R1A, where R is the exchange rate between free water and macromolecular protons and R1A is the T1 relaxation rate of free water. Changes in the magnetization transfer spectrum were largely attributable to differences in the free water pool and did not occur any earlier than changes in the average T1 relaxation time, T1obs. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐sectional and longitudinal reproducibility of rhesus macaque brain metabolites: A proton MR spectroscopy study at 3 T
Authors: Wu William E. , Kirov Ivan I. , Zhang Ke , Babb James S. , Joo Chan‐Gyu , Ratai Eva‐Maria , González R. Gilberto , Gonen Oded
Published: February 2011

Non‐human primates are often used as preclinical model systems for (mostly diffuse or multi‐focal) neurological disorders and their experimental treatment. Due to cost considerations, such studies frequently utilize non‐destructive imaging modalities, MRI and proton MR spectroscopy (1H MRS). Cost may explain why the inter‐ and intra‐animal reproducibility of the 1H MRS observed brain metabolites, are not reported. To this end, we performed test‐retest three‐dimensional brain 1H MRS in five healthy rhesus macaques at 3 T. Spectra were acquired from 224 isotropic (0.5 cm)3 = 125 μL voxels, over 28 cm3 (∼35%) of the brain, then individually phased, frequency aligned and summed into a spectrum representative of the entire volume of interest. This dramatically increases the metabolites' signal‐to‐noise ratios, while maintaining the (narrow) voxel linewidth. The results show that the average N‐acetylaspartate, creatine, choline, and myo‐inositol concentrations in the macaque brain are: 7.7 ± 0.5, 7.0 ± 0.5, 1.2 ± 0.1 and 4.0 ± 0.6 mM/g wet weight (mean ± standard deviation). Their inter‐animal coefficients of variation (CV) are 4%, 4%, 6%, and 15%; and the longitudinal (intra‐animal) CVs are lower still: 4%, 5%, 5%, and 4%, much better than the 22%, 33%, 36%, and 45% intra‐voxel CVs, demonstrating the advantage of the approach and its utility for preclinical studies of diffuse neurological diseases in rhesus macaques. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
REPORT of a novel mutation in the PMP22 gene causing an axonal neuropathy
Authors: Gess Burkhard , Jeibmann Astrid , Schirmacher Anja , Kleffner Ilka , Schilling Matthias , Young Peter
Published: February 2011

Introduction: Point mutations in the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene rarely cause the hereditary neuropathies Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP), both of which show a demyelinating phenotype. Methods: In this study we characterized a family with an axonal neuropathy. Results: Three family members carried a heterozygous point mutation of the PMP22 gene, resulting in amino acid substitution R159C. Screening of 185 healthy controls did not reveal the R159C allele in any case. Discussion: The novel R159C mutation represents a very rare case of a dominant PMP22 mutation causing an axonal neuropathy. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Regional fundraising events
Authors: Pitts Robert
Published: February 2011

This paper was first presented at the Henry Stewart conference ‘Maximising and Developing Regional and Local Fundraising’ on 16th April, 1997. The paper attempts to establish the value of the regional fundraising event as a product within a broader fundraising mix. It goes on to suggest that once subject to this treatment many of the potential pitfalls in running successful regional events will be recognised and, once recognised, can perhaps be resolved or avoided. In doing this, however, the paper does not attempt to present a magic formula for results, but merely signposts some paths the regional fundraiser and events organiser may wish to explore.
Inhibition of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase‐2 Expression by Phenolic Compounds from Roots of Rhododendron mucronulatum
Authors: Choi Sun Eun , Park Kwan Hee , Han Byeong Hoon , Jeong Mi Sook , Seo Seong Jun , Lee Do Ik , Joo Seong Soo , Lee Min Won
Published: February 2011

The roots of Rhododendron mucronulatum Turzaninov have been used in Oriental traditional medicine for the treatment of dysuria, fever, increase of digestive activity and tonics in China and Korea. Activity guided isolation of the roots of Rhododendron mucronulatum Turzaninov has led to the isolation of three flavonoids, one flavan 3‐ol and one proanthocyanidin. Chemical investigation of the 80% Me2CO extract from the roots of Rhododendron mucronulatum led to the isolation and identification of five compounds: taxifolin (1), taxifolin 3‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (2), quercetin 3‐O‐α‐l‐arabinofuranoside (3), (‐)‐epicatechin (4), procyanidin B‐3 (5). To investigate the antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects of these compounds, their 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities and the protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) in LPS‐stimulated HaCaT cells were also quantified by western blotting and their end products, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), respectively. Compounds (1–5) showed potent DPPH radical scavenging compared with positive controls (l‐ascorbic acid). Also, compounds 1 and 2 dose‐dependently inhibited the expressions of inflammatory mediators, NO and PGE2, suggesting they are promising candidates as antiinflammatory agents. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of Insulin Resistance by Chlorella in Fructose‐rich Chow‐fed Rats
Authors: Chiu Yi‐Jui , Chung Hsien‐Hui , Yeh Ching‐Hua , Cheng Juei‐Tang , Lo Shih‐Hsiang
Published: February 2011

Chlorella is a type of unicellular fresh water algae. In an attempt to develop new agents for handling insulin resistance, Chlorella was employed to screen the effect on insulin resistance in rats induced by fructose‐rich chow. A single oral administration of Chlorella for 90 min decreased the plasma glucose in a dose‐dependent manner in rats receiving 4‐week fructose‐rich chow. In addition, chronic treatment with Chlorella for 15 days also lowered plasma glucose in the same manner. Then, the insulin action on glucose disposal rate was measured using the glucose‐insulin index, values of the areas under the curves of glucose and insulin during the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). Oral administration (three times daily for 5 days) of Chlorella to rats receiving 4 weeks of fructose‐rich chow abolished the elevated value of the glucose‐insulin index, indicating that Chlorella has an ability to improve insulin resistance. An increase of insulin sensitivity by Chlorella was further evaluated using the plasma glucose lowering action of exogenous insulin in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats (STZ‐diabetic rats). Oral administration of Chlorella three times daily to STZ‐diabetic rats increased the response to exogenous insulin 15 days later. The obtained results suggest that oral administration of Chlorella has the ability to improve insulin sensitivity, which may be used as an adjuvant therapy for patients with insulin resistance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Appetite Control and Glycaemia Reduction in Overweight Subjects treated with a Combination of Two Highly Standardized Extracts fromPhaseolus vulgarisandCynara scolymus
Authors: Rondanelli Mariangela , Giacosa Attilio , Orsini Francesca , Opizzi Annalisa , Villani Simona
Published: February 2011

The management of overweight may include the use of dietary supplements targeted to favour the increase of the satiation associated with a decrease in blood glucose and lipid levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a dietary supplementation with an extract fromPhaseolus vulgarisandCynara scolymus, on satiation, the glucose and lipid pattern. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial was performed in 39 overweight subjects (20 supplemented group, 19 placebo group) for 2 months. The modification of satiation, by Haber's scale, was the primary end‐point, and the variation of the glucose and lipid pattern, of the anthropometric parameters and of the psychodynamic tests score were the secondary end‐points. At the end of treatment, the net change of the Haber's mean score increased significantly in the intervention group. The net change of the glycaemia and of the dietary restriction score of the three factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ), were reduced significantly only in the intervention group. Moreover, in the supplemented group, the homeostasis model assessment, the body mass index and the susceptibility‐to‐hunger score of the TFEQ, decreased significantly after intervention; these parameters did not change in the controls. This treatment appears potentially useful in the management of overweight and dysglycaemia. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Totally robotic single‐position ‘flip’ arm technique for splenic flexure mobilizations and low anterior resections
Authors: Obias Vincent , Sanchez Caroline , Nam Arthur , Montenegro Grace , Makhoul Rami
Published: February 2011

Background

Using the da Vinci robot in low anterior resection (LAR) has not been widely adopted due to limited range of motion of the robotic arms and the need to move the robot during operations. Our technique uses all three arms for both the splenic flexure and the pelvis, but with only one docking position.

Methods

The robot is placed to the left of the patient. The camera port is 3 cm to the right of the umbilicus. Arm 1 is placed in the RLQ. Arm 2 is placed midepigastric. Arm 3 is placed in the LLQ. Arm 3 starts off on the left side of the robot, on the same side as Arm 1 aimed cephalad. During mobilization of colon and splenic flexure, Arms 2 and 3 help retract the colon while Arm 1 dissects. Our pelvic dissection begins with Arm 3 “flipped” to the right side of the robot and redocked to the same left sided port aimed caudally. The robot does not need to be repositioned and the patient does not need to be moved. The pelvic dissection can now be done in the standard fashion.

Results

Our early experience includes four patients: two LARs and two left hemicolectomies. Mean operative time = 347 minutes, docking time = 20 minutes, and robotic surgical time = 195 minutes. Two complications occurred: post‐operative ileus and high ostomy output. Mean LOS = 5.

Conclusions

The robotic “flip” arm technique allows the surgeon to fully utilize all the robotic arms in LAR, which is unique versus other techniques. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robotic data mules for collecting data over sparse sensor fields
Authors: Bhadauria Deepak , Tekdas Onur , Isler Volkan
Published: February 2011

We present a robotic system for collecting data from wireless devices dispersed across a large environment. In such applications, deploying a network of stationary wireless sensors may be infeasible because many relay nodes must be deployed to ensure connectivity. Instead, our system utilizes robots that act as data mules and gather the data from wireless sensor network nodes. We address the problem of planning paths of multiple robots so as to collect the data from all sensors in the shortest time. In this new routing problem, which we call the data gathering problem (DGP), the total download time depends on not only the robots' travel time but also the time to download data from a sensor and the number of sensors assigned to the robot. We start with a special case of DGP in which the robots' motion is restricted to a curve that contains the base station at one end. For this version, we present an optimal algorithm. Next, we study the two‐dimensional version and present a constant factor approximation algorithm for DGP on the plane. Finally, we present field experiments in which an autonomous robotic data mule collects data from the nodes of a wireless sensor network deployed over a large field. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of the early aberration reporting system (EARS) W2 methods to an adaptive threshold method
Authors: Szarka John L. , Gan Linmin , Woodall William H.
Published: February 2011

In this paper we examine some of the methodologies implemented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) BioSense program. The program uses data from hospitals and public health departments to detect outbreaks using the Early Aberration Reporting System (EARS). The EARS method W2 allows one to monitor syndrome counts (W2count) from each source and the proportion of counts of a particular syndrome relative to the total number of visits (W2rate). We investigate the performance of these methods, which are designed using an empiric recurrence interval (RI), with simulated parametric data. Counts from the Poisson and negative binomial distributions are generated, and used to examine W2 properties. An adaptive threshold monitoring method is introduced based on fitting sample data to the above distributions, then converting the current value to a Z‐score through a p‐value. We compare the thresholds required to obtain given values of the RI for different sets of parameter values. We then simulate 1‐week outbreaks in our data and calculate the proportion of times these methods correctly signal an outbreak using Shewhart and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) charts. Our results indicate that the adaptive threshold method gives more consistent statistical performance across different parameter sets and amounts of baseline historical data used for computing the statistics. For the sensitivity analysis, the EWMA chart is superior to its Shewhart counterpart in nearly all cases and the adaptive threshold methods tend to outperform the W2 methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Das gerichtete Aufwachsen von Kupfer(I)‐oxyd auf Kupfer‐Einkristallkugein
Authors: Menzel Erich
Published: February 2011

Untersuchungen über die Orientierung von Cu3O‐Schichten auf Cu‐Einkristallkugeln sollten einen Beitrag zum physikalischen und chemischen Geschehen auf Kristalloberflächen liefern.

1. Nach dem Schrifttum wurden bisher nur Einkristalle mit angeschliffenen rationalen Flächen oder solche von unregelmäβiger Gestalt oxydiert; die Ergebnisse widersprechen einander. Es interessiert aber das Verhalten aller Flächen des Kupfergitters. Deshalb erhielten die zu oxydierenden Einkristalle Kugelform; sie weisen nun an ihrer Oberfläche alle denkbaren Netzebenen auf, ohne ungerechtfertigt solche von niederer Indizierung zu bevorzugen (§ 1 u. 2).

2. Zur Ermittlung der Orientierung des Cu2O dienten optische Beobachtungen an den geätzten Oberflächen sowie Röntgenmethoden (§ 3 Nr. 1 u. 2). Hierbei ergaben sich Regeln darüber, welche Reflexe aus massiven Oberflächen nicht ins Freie gelangen, also aus geometrischen Gründen verboten sind (§ 3 Nr. 3).

3. Die Orientierung des an Luft entstandenen Cu2O auf geätztem Cu hängt gesetzmäβig von der Lage der dargebotenen Kupferoberfläche im Kristallgebäude und der Art ihrer Ätzung ab. In scharf begrenzten Bereichen der Einkristallkugel erscheint parallele Orientierung der beiden kubischen Gitter. In den anderen stimmt, soweit bisher beobachtet, zwar stets die Lage der am dichtesten mit Metallatomen besetzten Ketten [110] überein, doch ist das Cu2O‐Gitter um bestimmte Winkel in der dadurch gekennzeichneten Zone gegen das Cu‐Gitter gedreht (§ 4 u. 5). Unter besonderen Bedingungen bilden sich auch polykristalline Schichten (§ 2).

4. Ein Kupferoxydul‐Gleichrichter auf polykristallinem Metall wird also verschiedene Verknüpfungen von Mutterkupfer und Cu2O nebeneinander enthalten. Da zudem Experiment und Quantentheorie der Metallelektronik auf Richtungsabhängigkeit der Austrittsarbeit hinweisen, ist damit zu rechnen, daβ streng definierte und einheitliche Bedingungen für den Übertritt der Elektronen durch die Grenze Metall‐Halbleiter nur da bestehen, wo eine ebene Grenzfläche eines Einkristalls nach einheitlicher chemischer Vorbehandlung oxydiert wurde.

5. Es wurden Verformungen der aufgewachsenen Cu2O‐Kristallite beobachtet (§ 4).

6. Häufig sprang das Cu2O von der Unterlage ab. Das Mutterkupfer zeigte an diesen Stellen nach kurzer KCN‐Behandlung herausmodellierte Oktaeder‐Flächen; das sind die Flächen dichtester Besetzung für die Kupfer‐Atome beider Gitter (§ 6).
Komplexverbindungen und Salze der Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure. III. Mitteilung
Authors: Brintzenger H. , Munkelt S.
Published: February 2011

Die Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure bildet mit Lithium‐, Beryllium‐, Yttrium‐ und Cadmium‐ionen Salze, und zwar Li4(N2C10H12O8), 4 H2O, BeH2(N2C10H12O8),3 1/2 H2O, Be2(N2C10H12O8), 4 1/2 H2O, Y4(N2C10H12O8)3, 24 H2O und Cd2(N2C10H12O8), 4 H2O.

Während Magnesium‐, Calcium‐, Strontium‐ und Barium‐ionen mit Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure Komplexverbindungen liefern, tritt Komplex‐bildung mit Berylliumion nicht mehr ein. Auch Yttriumion vermag nur ein Salz mit Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure zu bilden. Überraschend ist, daβ das Cadmium‐ion offensichtlich nur sehr schwach komplex an die Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure gebunden wird; auf Grund des chemischen Verhaltens muβ also auf das Vorliegen des Dicadmiumsalzes der Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure geschlossen werden. Etwas stärker komplex wird das Zinkion an die Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure gebunden; wir haben daher die Zinkverbindung folgendermaβen formuliert: Zn[Zn(N2C10H12O8)]. Die Cadmium‐ und die Zinkverbindung bilden anscheinend eine Art Übergang von den ausgesprochenen Salzen zu den ausgesprochenen Komplexverbindungen der Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure. Ähnlich wie das Zink‐ion verhält sich das Mangan(II)ion zur Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure, es bildet die Verbindung

Quecksilber‐ und Wismut‐ionen bilden die komplexen Säuren: H2[Hg(N2C10H12O8)], H2O bzw. H[Bi(N2C10H12O8)]. Mit Barium‐ und Strontiumionen wurden sowohl die komplexe Barium‐ und Strontium‐äthylendiamintetraessigsäure als auch deren Barium‐ bzw. Strontiumsalz erha ten:

deren Kaliumsalze schon von P. Pfeiffer und H. Simons2) dargestellt worden waren.
Die Antimonat‐, Antimonit‐, Germanat‐ und Aluminat‐lonen im gelösten Zustand
Authors: Brintzinger H.
Published: February 2011

Die Ionengewichte der in alkalischen Lösungen vorliegenden Antimonat‐, Antimonit‐, Germanat‐ und Aluminat‐Ionen wurden mit der Dialysenmethode bestimmt. Für das Antimonat‐Ion ergab sich in Übereinstimmung mit früheren von uns durchgeführten Messungen, sowie mit der von L. P. Hammet am ausgefällten Natriumantimonat ausgeführten Untersuchung und der Theorie von L. Pauling die Formulierung [Sb(OH)6]1‐, während dem Antimonit‐Ion die Formel [Sb(OH)4]1‐ und dem Germanat‐Ion die Formel [Ge(OH)6]2‐ zukommt. Das Aluminat‐Ion muβ ei zweikerniges komplexes Hydroxo‐aluminat‐Ion sein; die Ionengewichtsbestimmung weist auf eine der beiden Formulierungen oder II hin:
Zur rationellen Darstellung metallorganischer Basen IV: Gewinnung von Triphenylzinnchlorid und Triphenylzinnhydroxyd aus Tetraphenylzlnn. Darstellung von Triphenylzinnhydroxyd aus Hexaphenyldistannan
Authors: Bähr G.
Published: February 2011

Triphenylzinnchlorid lieβ sich in guter Ausbeute aus Zinntetraphenyl und Chlorwasserstoff herstellen; dieses Chlorid wurde mit alkoholischer KOH zu Triphenylzinnhydroxyd umgesetzt.

Als weitere Darstellungsmethode für Triphenylzinnhydroxyd wird die Oxydation von Hexaphenyldistannan mit KMnO4 angegeben, die quantitativ verläuft.
Über anorganische Verbindungen des Stickoxyds. VIII: Über ein Nitroprussiat des Molybdäns
Authors: Hieber W. , Nast R. , Gehring G.
Published: February 2011

Die seit langem bekannte Reaktion zwischen Molybdat, Kaliumcyanid und Hydroxylamin führt zu einem Nitroprussiat des Molybdäns der Zusammensetzung K4[Mo(CN)5NO] 2 H2O, dessen Bildung sich auf die kürzlich beschriebene Disproportionierung des Hydroxylamins zurückführen läβt. Die frühere Auffassung der blauvioletten Verbindung als MoO2 4 KCN NH2OH H2O konnte besonders durch eine neue Cyanbestimmungsmethode, die gleichzeitig die neue Formulierung als Nitroprussiat bestätigt, widerlegt werden. Das Kalium‐Nitrosylpentacyanomolybdat wird ferner durch Umsetzungen mit Oxydationsmitteln näher charakterisiert und hierbei auch sein Stickoxydgehalt ermittelt.

Das Molybdän befindet sich in diesem Komplex im gleichen Bindungszustand wie im Mo(CO)6 und es wird durch die Existenz dieser Verbindung grundsätzlich bewiesen, daβ auch die Übergangsmetalle der 6. Gruppe des periodischen Systems “edelgasartige” Nitroprussiationen bilden.

Auf strukturelle Analogien und eventuelle Unterschiede gegenüber den Nitroprussiaten der 7. und 8. Gruppe des periodischen Systems wird hingewiesen.
Synthesis and Characterization of Corn Oil Polyhydroxy Fatty Acids Designed as Additive Agent for Many Applications
Authors: Harry‐O'kuru R. E. , Mohamed A. , Xu J. , Sharma B. K.
Published: February 2011

Before the advent of the modern food industry, vegetable oils (triglycerides) from many sources had a long history of use as condiments in cooking, personal care, and other therapeutic applications. Industrial applications of vegetable oils outside of food usage, on the other hand, have been limited on account of the shorter shelf‐life durability of these oils resulting from the natural unsaturation (carbon–carbon double bonds) in the structure of most triglycerides. In seeking to explore expanded utilization of this renewable resource, we have eliminated the above weakness by chemically modifying the double bonds in the material in an attempt to stabilize the oil. We have used FT‐IR and NMR spectroscopy to characterize the derivative whereas the physical and chemical properties of the product in terms of stability and flow characteristics have been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), pressure DSC, rheometry and thermogravimetric analysis. In this modification of corn oil the data obtained indicate that the resulting poly‐hydroxylated acids are more stable than the native corn oil. Additionally, the obtained properties are unique and such that this product will be amenable to use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial uses especially as a lubricity enhancing additive in fuel applications.
Performance of Nanofiltration Membranes for Solvent Purification in the Oil Industry
Authors: Darvishmanesh Siavash , Robberecht Thomas , Luis Patricia , Degrève Jan , Van der Bruggen Bart
Published: February 2011

The extraction stage of edible oil in the oil industry is commonly performed by using toxic solvents (e.g. hexane) and processes with high energy consumption (e.g. distillation, evaporation) to recover the solvent, which represents around 70–75 wt% in the oil–solvent mixture. In this paper, a membrane‐based extraction method using nanofiltration (NF) membranes is presented. Commercial nanofiltration membranes made of different polymers (Desal‐DK‐polyamide NF from GE‐osmonics®, NF30 polyethersulfone NF from Nadir®, STARMEMTM122 polyimide from MET® and SOLSEP NF030306 silicone base polymer SOLESP®) were selected and tested to recover the solvent from soybean oil/solvent (10–20–30% w/w oil) mixtures at various separation pressures and constant temperature in a dead‐end filtration set up. The selection of the solvent was made in order to compare solvents obtainable from renewable resources, such as ethanol, iso‐propanol and acetone, with solvents traditionally used in the industry (i.e. cyclohexane and n‐hexane). The structural stability of the membranes towards the different solvents used in this work was verified visually, by the variation of the membrane area and by means of permeate flux assessments. Desal‐DK and NF30 showed poor filtration performance and even visible defects after exposure to acetone but a good performance was obtained for the nanofiltration membranes STARMEMTM122 and SOLSEP NF030306 with ethanol, iso‐propanol and acetone. For example, considering a mixture with 30% edible oil in acetone, STARMEMTM122 shows a flux and oil rejection of 16.8 L m−2 h and 70%, respectively. For the same conditions, SOLSEP NF030306 exhibited a flux of 4.8 L m−2 h with 78% rejection, which shows the potential application of nanofiltration membranes in the oil industry.
Locally advanced female urethral adenocarcinoma of enteric origin: The role of adjuvant chemoradiation and brief review
Authors: Chen Ling‐Ping , Lin Shyh‐Jer , Fu Ting‐Ying , Yu Ming‐Sun
Published: February 2011

Primary female urethral adenocarcinoma (FUA) is rare and has a poor prognosis. The common manifestations include urethrorrhagia, urinary frequency, dysuria, urethral obstructions, focal tenderness, and urinary tract infection. These symptoms are neither diagnostic nor pathognomonic; therefore, a delay in diagnosis and even a misdiagnosis is hardly uncommon. The histogenesis of FUAs may have derived from urethritis glandularis, Mullerian ducts, Skene's glands, or mixed origins. Tumors of different embryologic origins displayed heterogeneous pathological morphology and immunohistochemistical phenotypes. Because of its rarity and the lack of large‐scale studies, there is no current consensus on the optimal treatment of urethral adenocarcinomas. Here, we report two cases of locally advanced FUA of enteric origin. They manifested as slightest warning symptoms of urinary tract infection and stress urinary incontinence, respectively. One patient died of disease progression 2 months after curative operation. The other patient underwent surgery followed by adjuvant irinotecan‐containing chemoradiation, and the effect was at least modest. Hence, we recommend adjuvant chemoradiation in locally advanced FUA. Individualizing cancer care of chemoregimens in accordance with the tumor origins may probably be beneficial in FUAs.
Colonic necrosis in a young patient receiving oral kayexalate in sorbitol: Case report and literature review
Authors: Chou Yueh‐Hung , Wang Hsin‐Yi , Hsieh Min‐Shu
Published: February 2011

Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) is a cation‐exchange resin used to treat patients with hyperkalemia. Concomitant administration of kayexalate and sorbitol may induce gastrointestinal injury, which is potentially lethal. However, this well‐documented complication is often underrecognized both clinically and pathologically. We propose a typical case along with colonoscopic photos and microscopic pictures. Additionally, we also present a review of the literature on this rare drug‐induced side effect.
Polygenesis of diamonds in the Siberian Platform
Authors: Afanas’ev V.P. , Lobanov S.S. , Pokhilenko N.P. , Koptil’ V.I. , Mityukhin S.I. , Gerasimchuk A.V. , Pomazanskii B.S. , Gorev N.I.
Published: February 2011

Diamonds from the Siberian Platform have been studied in terms of their polygenesis, specifically their origin from different types of primary sources. Five groups of diamonds have been distinguished which might have originated from different sources, and their distribution over the platform has been shown. The sources of two groups of diamonds (kimberlitic and impact) are known. The former originated from Phanerozoic kimberlites, and the latter, from astroblemes. For the other groups, nonkimberlitic sources are suggested, including Precambrian ones.
Ultramafic and mafic magmatism in southwestern Tuva
Authors: Oidup Ch.K. , Lesnov F.P. , Yarmolyuk V.V. , Lebedev V.I. , Sal’nikova E.B.
Published: February 2011

This paper presents the results of the first comprehensive geological, petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical, and geochronological studies of ultramafic and mafic magmatism in the poorly explored southwestern Tuva (evidence from the Birdag and Khayalyg massifs). These massifs intrude ortho- and paraschists, which are presumably Middle Proterozoic. Amphibole gabbros in the Khayalyg massifs contain numerous relict host-rock xenoliths. The massifs are dominated by meso- and leucocratic amphibole gabbros with minor ultramafic (serpentinous plagioclase harzburgites and plagioclase lherzolites) and transitional (wehrlites, olivine clinopyroxenites, hornblendites, melanocratic olivine gabbronorites) rocks. The serpentinous plagioclase harzburgites and plagioclase lherzolites occur in the amphibole gabbros of the Birdag massif as small lenticular bodies. The latter are interpreted as xenoliths of ultramafic restites of earlier protrusion rather than mafic-melt differentiates. The wehrlites, olivine clinopyroxenites, hornblendites, and melanocratic olivine gabbronorites forming the outer zones of the xenogenic bodies of ultramafic restites are considered hybrid rocks. They resulted from the contact reactions of mafic melts and their fluids with the xenogenic bodies of ultramafic restites, which were feldspathized during this interaction. In the gabbros from both massifs, the chondrite-normalized content of MREE and HREE is lower and that of LREE is higher than those in N-MORB. The plagioclase peridotites, wehrlites, and olivine clinopyroxenites forming xenogenic bodies among the amphibole gabbros of the Birdag massif are richer in REE (especially LREE) than the ultramafic restites in ophiolite associations. This is because they were infiltrated by fluids enriched in these elements during their alteration under the influence of later mafic melts. The studies suggest that the Birdag and Khayalyg ultramafic–mafic massifs result from the spatial coexistence of (1) more ancient small protrusions of ultramafic restites, which occurred as allochthons among Middle Proterozoic(?) metamorphic rocks, (2) later gabbroic intrusions (from 494 ± 16 to 450–447.4 ± 5 Ma), and (3) hybrid transitional rocks (wehrlites, olivine clinopyroxenites, hornblendites, melanocratic olivine gabbros) making up contact-reaction zones along their boundaries.
Physicochemical modeling of mineral formation processes at the Badran gold deposit (Yakutia)
Authors: Obolensky A.A. , Gushchina L.V. , Anisimova G.S. , Serkebaeva E.S. , Tomilenko A.A. , Gibsher N.A.
Published: February 2011

The physicochemical modeling of mineral formation processes at the Badran subthrust gold-quartz deposit was performed, based on a study of fluid inclusions in quartz by Raman spectroscopy, gas chromatography, thermometry, and freezing. The results show that at stage I, highly productive gold-bearing quartz veins (gray quartz) of the deposit formed from heterogeneous fluid at <320 ºC and 2.0–0.1 kbar with the active participation of CO2, N2, and CH4; the salinity of this solution reached 10 wt.% NaCl-equiv. At stage II (Au-productive), milky-white quartz was produced from the homogeneous medium-chloride-sulfide solution which remained after the heterogenization of the initial fluid, at 300–100 ºC and 0.1 kbar. At stage III (with low Au production), clear quartz formed from homogeneous chloride solutions with salinity of <4.5 wt.% NaCl-equiv. at <200 ºC and <0.1 kbar. The physicochemical conditions of Au concentration within the complex geochemical system Au–Fe–Cu–Pb–Zn–As–Sb–Hg–Ag–H2O–Cl–H2S–CO2 at the Badran deposit was modeled using the Chiller software. The following models were used: (1) solution–rock interaction and (2) condensation of gas phase (for stage I); (3) simple cooling of medium-chloride-sulfide solution (for stage II); (4) simple cooling and (5) mixing of low-chloride-sulfide solution with acid meteoric waters (for stage III). The models show the sequence of vein formation in the ore-producing system and the host-rock metasomatism in the deep horizons of the deposit.
Jointing patterns and stress tensors in Cenozoic sediments of the Baikal rift: development of the structural-genetic approach
Authors: Seminsky K.Zh. , Cheremnykh A.V.
Published: February 2011

Mass measurements of joints in Cenozoic sediments from the Baikal rift have yielded statistical data suitable for processing with a new structural-genetic approach. In the course of processing, the new approach has been methodologically completed with formalized techniques for proceeding from local stress tensor reconstructions to regional-scale stress patterns. The jointing patterns in soft sediments of the area have been recognized to be basically of tectonic origin, and their seeming fuzziness to result from spatial and hierarchic variations during rifting-related stress and strain changes. The patterns vary in time, space, and hierarchy, the three kinds of variability being associated, respectively, with stages of rifting and failure dynamics, with control from the prerift tectonics, and with the existence of six hierarchic levels of stress tensors. For the latter, the complete hierarchy of six stress levels has been recognized for the first time in the Pribaikalian crust.
Democracy and Religion
Authors: Parry J. P.
Published: February 2011

This book relates the political history of mid-nineteenth-century Britain to the assumptions which then prevailed about the abstract moral purposes of political activity. A great number of mid-Victorian writers and politicians expressed far-reaching hopes for the future development of British society, indeed for its regeneration; and such hopes were inspired by their religious outlook. They contended that these aims would be promoted by the pursuit, by governments, of particular educational, ecclesiastical, Irish and other policies. Part I of this book examines at length the varying aspirations, in this direction, of the different elements of Gladstone's Liberal party. In addition to Gladstone's own views, those of whigs, broad churchmen, theist intellectuals, high churchmen's interests are all analysed, in an account which ranges far beyond the time limits suggested by the book's title. Part II recounts the disputes within the party which these conflicting aims provoked between 1867 and 1875. These years were marked by the rise and fall of Gladstone's first and most active government, by the disestablishment of Irish Church in 1869 and the passage of the 1870 Elementary Education Act. In addition, politicians were introduced to a long series of broader and more intangible problems with connotations for religious and political stability - including those thrown up by the 1867 Reform Act, the Vatican Council, the Franco-Prussian war, the progress of the free-thinking movement, the rise of the home rule party in Ireland, and the growth of ritualism within the Church of England. Dr Parry shows how the attempt to tackle these issues slowly paralysed the effectiveness of Gladstone's government, leading to its fall in 1874, and to a crisis about the identity of British Liberalism which was never subsequently resolved. A long introduction and conclusion reassess the history of the Liberal party between 1832 and 1886, in the light of the book's findings. Dr Parry's work offers a radically new synthesis of political, intellectual and ecclesiastical history. It challenges the view that nineteenth-century politics can be understood properly if it is treated in primarily secular terms.
Computational Models of Conditioning
Authors: Schmajuk Nestor
Published: February 2011

Since first described, multiple properties of classical conditioning have been discovered, establishing the need for mathematical models to help explain the defining features. The mathematical complexity of the models puts our understanding of their workings beyond the ability of our intuitive thinking and makes computer simulations irreplaceable. The complexity of the models frequently results in function redundancy, a natural property of biologically evolved systems that is much desired in technologically designed products. Experts provide the latest advancements in the field and present detailed descriptions of how the models simulate conditioned behaviour and its physiological bases. It offers advanced students and researchers examples of how the models are used to analyse existing experimental results and design future experiments. This volume is of great interest to psychologists and neuroscientists, as well as computer scientists and engineers searching for ideas applicable to the design of robots that mimic animal behaviour.
Fluid-Structure Interactions
Authors: Païdoussis Michael P. , Price Stuart J. , de Langre Emmanuel
Published: February 2011

Structures in contact with fluid flow, whether natural or man-made, are inevitably subject to flow-induced forces and flow-induced vibration: from plant leaves to traffic signs and to more substantial structures, such as bridge decks and heat exchanger tubes. Under certain conditions the vibration may be self-excited, and it is usually referred to as an instability. These instabilities and, more specifically, the conditions under which they arise are of great importance to designers and operators of the systems concerned because of the significant potential to cause damage in the short term. Such flow-induced instabilities are the subject of this book. In particular, the flow-induced instabilities treated in this book are associated with cross-flow, that is, flow normal to the long axis of the structure. The book treats a specific set of problems that are fundamentally and technologically important: galloping, vortex-shedding oscillations under lock-in conditions and rain-and-wind-induced vibrations, among others.
The International Law of Human Trafficking
Authors: Gallagher Anne T.
Published: February 2011

Although human trafficking has a long and ignoble history, it is only recently that trafficking has become a major political issue for states and the international community and the subject of detailed international rules. Anne T. Gallagher calls on her direct experience working within the United Nations to chart the development of new international laws on this issue. She links these rules to the international law of state responsibility as well as key norms of international human rights law, transnational criminal law, refugee law and international criminal law, in the process identifying and explaining the major legal obligations of states with respect to preventing trafficking, protecting and supporting victims, and prosecuting perpetrators. This book is a groundbreaking work: a unique and valuable resource for policymakers, advocates, practitioners and scholars working in this controversial and important field.
War, Religion and Empire
Authors: Phillips Andrew
Published: February 2011

What are international orders, how are they destroyed, and how can they be defended in the face of violent challenges? Advancing an innovative realist-constructivist account of international order, Andrew Phillips addresses each of these questions in War, Religion and Empire. Phillips argues that international orders rely equally on shared visions of the good and accepted practices of organized violence to cultivate cooperation and manage conflict between political communities. Considering medieval Christendom's collapse and the East Asian Sinosphere's destruction as primary cases, he further argues that international orders are destroyed as a result of legitimation crises punctuated by the disintegration of prevailing social imaginaries, the break-up of empires, and the rise of disruptive military innovations. He concludes by considering contemporary threats to world order, and the responses that must be taken in the coming decades if a broadly liberal international order is to survive.
Culture in Economics
Authors: Beugelsdijk Sjoerd , Maseland Robbert
Published: February 2011

Many economists now accept that informal institutions and culture play a crucial role in economic outcomes. Driven by the work of economists like Nobel laureates Douglass North and Gary Becker, there is an important body of work that invokes cultural and institutional factors to build a more comprehensive and realistic theory of economic behavior. This book provides a comprehensive overview of research in this area, sketching the main premises and challenges faced by the field. The first part introduces and explains the various theoretical approaches to studying culture in economics, going back to Smith and Weber, and addresses the methodological issues that need to be considered when including culture in economics. The second part of the book then provides readers with a series of examples that show how the cultural approach can be used to explain economic phenomena in four different areas: entrepreneurship, trust, international business and comparative corporate governance.
Homer between History and Fiction in Imperial Greek Literature
Authors: Kim Lawrence
Published: February 2011

Did Homer tell the 'truth' about the Trojan War? If so, how much, and if not, why not? The issue was hardly academic to the Greeks living under the Roman Empire, given the centrality of both Homer, the father of Greek culture, and the Trojan War, the event that inaugurated Greek history, to conceptions of Imperial Hellenism. This book examines four Greek texts of the Imperial period that address the topic - Strabo's Geography, Dio of Prusa's Trojan Oration, Lucian's novella True Stories, and Philostratus' fictional dialogue Heroicus - and shows how their imaginative explorations of Homer and his relationship to history raise important questions about the nature of poetry and fiction, the identity and intentions of Homer himself, and the significance of the heroic past and Homeric authority in Imperial Greek culture.