bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Powerful electron beam transport from a plasma–cathode electron source at forevacuum pressure
Authors: Zenin A A , Bakeev I Yu , Klimov A S , Oks E M
Published: January 2021

We discuss the results of our investigations on the transport of a powerful (up to 10 kW) low-energy electron beam generated by a plasma–cathode electron source in the forevacuum range of pressure (30 Pa). We have studied the processes of plasma generation by the electron beam and determined the conditions for initiation of a ‘beam-plasma discharge’. We show that at a working gas pressure of 30 Pa, the beam-plasma discharge manifests itself most clearly in the range of accelerating voltage of 6–10 kV at electron beam currents of more than 200 mA. The onset of the beam-plasma discharge is characterized by an increase in the density of the beam plasma by approximately an order of magnitude, up to 1016 m−3, and an increase in the plasma electron temperature from 2 to 4.0 eV.
Research on the variable mechanical properties and application in vibration control of soft magnetic entangled metallic wire material
Authors: Wang Yongfeng , Ma Yanhong , Hu Wenzhong , Hong Jie
Published: January 2021

A novel soft magnetic entangled metallic wire material (SM-EMWM) is investigated in this article, which is manufactured using the magnetoelectric-sensitive soft magnetic wires. The mechanical properties (tangent modulus, loss factor) of SM-EMWM can be tunable in the magnetic field rapidly and reversibly, and thus can be applied to vibration control systems. The quasi-static and dynamic tests in different magnetic fields were carried out, and the results show that the tangent modulus of SM-EMWM samples in a magnetic field of 500 mT can increase 2–7 times on average compared with no magnetic field condition, while the loss factor can be improved above 50%. Therefore, with the enhancement of the intensity of the magnetic field, the resonant frequency of the system with SM-EMWM increases, the peak value of response curves decreases dramatically as well. Based on the results of dynamic tests, one suitable adaptive vibration control strategy was developed and used in the tests to avoid the resonant frequency of the system, by controlling the magnetic field condition appropriately. The results show that the peak vibration transmissibility of the controlled SM-EMWM system decreases over 50%, which reveals the excellent application prospect of the SM-EMWM for the active or semi-active control vibration control in mechanical structures.
Data transmission by quantum matter wave modulation
Authors: Röpke R , Kerker N , Stibor A
Published: January 2021

Classical communication schemes exploiting wave modulation are the basis of our information era. Quantum information techniques with photons enable future secure data transfer in the dawn of decoding quantum computers. Here we demonstrate that also matter waves can be applied for secure data transfer. Our technique allows the transmission of a message by a quantum modulation of coherent electrons in a biprism interferometer. The data is encoded in the superposition state by a Wien filter introducing a longitudinal shift between separated matter wave packets. The transmission receiver is a delay line detector performing a dynamic contrast analysis of the fringe pattern. Our method relies on the Aharonov–Bohm effect but does not shift the phase. It is demonstrated that an eavesdropping attack will terminate the data transfer by disturbing the quantum state and introducing decoherence. Furthermore, we discuss the security limitations of the scheme due to the multi-particle aspect and propose the implementation of a key distribution protocol that can prevent active eavesdropping.
Dynamically tunable electro-optic switch and multimode filter based on twisted bilayer graphene strips
Authors: Liu Zhimin , Zhang Zhenbin , Zhou Fengqi , Zhang Xiao , Gao Enduo , Luo Xin
Published: January 2021

Twisted bilayer graphene strips are proposed to excite dual-plasmon-induced-transparency (DPIT). Coupled mode theory is employed to fit the transmission spectra of finite-difference time-domain numerical simulations. When the upper- and lower-layers graphene are perpendicular to each other, an electric-optic switch can be realized only by changing the Fermi level of graphene, and the modulation degree of amplitude reaches 55%. Interestingly, DPIT can be degenerated to single PIT and gradually disappeared by changing the angle between the upper- and lower-layers graphene, thus multimode filters can be designed. Therefore, this work provides new ideas for designing multifunctional electro-optic devices.
Tunable enhancement of spatial lateral shifts in periodic chiral metamaterials
Authors: Huang Yanyan , Zhu Qingqing , Zhang Xiaowei , Yu Zhongwei , Zhong Chonggui
Published: January 2021

In this paper co-polarization spatial Goos–Hänchen (GH) shifts (Δss/λ and Δpp/λ) of periodic chiral metamaterials are investigated. The numerical results show that the enhancement of GH shifts is affected by the incident frequency, the incident angle, the period and the volume fraction of the dispersive chiral layer. For s polarized waves, GH shifts are always enhanced negatively with one Brewster angle, but two Brewster angles arise when the period is large and specific. For p polarized waves there are two Brewster angles in general, at which the GH shifts can be greatly enhanced with negative and positive peaks. More Brewster angles appear when the period is sufficiently large and specific. The transition of negatively and positively enhanced GH shifts is sensitive to large frequencies, and can be tuned by changing the frequency slightly. The transition can also be adjusted by varying the volume fraction of the dispersive chiral layer and the period of the structure.
Many-body calculations for periodic materials via restricted Boltzmann machine-based VQE
Authors: Kanno Shu , Tada Tomofumi
Published: January 2021

A state of the art method based on quantum variational algorithms can be a powerful approach for solving quantum many-body problems. However, the research scope in the field is mainly limited to organic molecules and simple lattice models. Here, we propose a workflow of a quantum variational algorithm for periodic systems on the basis of an effective model construction from first principles. The band structures of the Hubbard model of graphene with the mean-field approximation are calculated as a benchmark, and the calculated eigenvalues obtained by restricted Boltzmann machine-based variational quantum eigensolver (RBM-based VQE) show good agreement with the exact diagonalization results within a few meV. The results show that the present computational scheme has the potential to solve many-body problems quickly and correctly for periodic systems using a quantum computer.
Ygr125w/Vsb1-dependent accumulation of basic amino acids into vacuoles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Kawano-Kawada Miyuki , Ichimura Haruka , Ohnishi Shota , Yamamoto Yusuke , Kawasaki Yumi , Sekito Takayuki
Published: January 2021

The Ygr125w was previously identified as a vacuolar membrane protein by a proteomic analysis. We found that vacuolar levels of basic amino acids drastically decreased in ygr125wΔ cells. Since N- or C-terminally tagged Ygr125w was not functional, an expression plasmid of YGR125w with HA3-tag inserted in its N-terminal hydrophilic region was constructed. Introduction of this plasmid into ygr125w∆ cells restored the vacuolar levels of basic amino acids. We successfully detected the uptake activity of arginine by the vacuolar membrane vesicles depending on HA3-YGR125w expression. A conserved aspartate residue in the predicted first transmembrane helix (D223) was indispensable for the accumulation of basic amino acids. YGR125w has been recently reported as a gene involved in vacuolar storage of arginine; and it is designated as VSB1. Taken together, our findings indicate that Ygr125w/Vsb1 contributes to the uptake of arginine into vacuoles and vacuolar compartmentalization of basic amino acids.
Fire-driven behavioral response to smoke in a Mediterranean lizard
Authors: Álvarez-Ruiz Lola , Belliure Josabel , Pausas Juli G
Published: January 2021

The evolutionary role of fire in animals has been poorly explored. Reptiles use sensory cues, such as smell (chemoreception), to detect threats and flee. In Mediterranean ecosystems, fire is a threat faced by reptiles. We hypothesized that the Mediterranean lizard Psammodromus algirus recognizes the threat of fire by detecting the smoke, which triggers a behavioral response that enhances survival in fire-prone ecosystems. We predicted that lizards from fire-prone ecosystems will be more sensitive to fire stimulus than those from ecosystems that rarely burn. We conducted a terrarium experiment in which lizards from habitats with contrasted fire regimes (fire-prone vs. non-fire-prone) were exposed to smoke versus control (false smoke) treatment. We found that, in populations from fire-prone habitats, more lizards reacted to smoke, and their behavioral response was more intense than in lizard populations from non-fire-prone habitats. Our results suggest that an enhanced response to smoke may be adaptive in lizards from fire-prone ecosystems as it increases the chance for survival. We provide evidence that fire is likely an evolutionary driver shaping behavioral traits in lizard populations exposed to frequent wildfires. Understanding ecological and evolutionary processes shaping animal populations is relevant for species conservation in a changing fire regime world.
BAGET 2.0: an updated web tool for the effortless retrieval of prokaryotic gene context and sequence
Authors: Hepp Benjamin , Da Cunha Violette , Lorieux Florence , Oberto Jacques
Published: January 2021

Motivation

The retrieval of a single gene sequence and context from completely sequenced bacterial and archaeal genomes constitutes an intimidating task for the wet bench biologist. Existing web-based genome browsers are either too complex for routine use or only provide a subset of the available prokaryotic genomes.

Results

We have developed BAGET 2.0 (Bacterial and Archaeal Gene Exploration Tool), an updated web service granting access in just three mouse clicks to the sequence and synteny of any gene from completely sequenced bacteria and archaea. User-provided annotated genomes can be processed as well. BAGET 2.0 relies on a local database updated on a daily basis.

Availability and implementation

BAGET 2.0 befits all current browsers such as Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Opera and Safari. Internet Explorer 11 is supported. BAGET 2.0 is freely accessible at https://archaea.i2bc.paris-saclay.fr/baget/
Keynes, capitalism and public purpose
Authors: Konzelmann Suzanne J , Chic Victoria , Fovargue-Davies Marc
Published: January 2021

When the same person is described as a 'Capitalist Revolutionary' and a ‘Bourgeois Marxist’, you know that there is a tug of war going on between opposing ideologies to claim the ideas of that person: in this case, John Maynard Keynes. James Crotty, in his recent book, Keynes against Capitalism, joins the game. Crotty takes issue with the conventional interpretation: that Keynes was trying to save capitalism. Instead, he argues that from the mid-1920s until his death in 1946, Keynes consistently argued for replacing capitalism with ‘liberal socialism’. Crotty also maintains that The General Theory was designed to provide the theoretical foundation in support of his case against capitalism, in favour of liberal socialism. We contend that these labels, however clear they might have been to Keynes, are now laden with all sorts of interpretive baggage, and that Keynes’s thinking was rather too subtle and complex to be comfortably described by them. To make this case, we examine the social purpose that Keynes’s theoretical and policy work was designed to achieve and the means by which he thought it could best be achieved, as his thinking developed in the context of the rapidly changing times through which he lived.
The Early Enlightenment roots of Keynes’ probability concept
Authors: Aristimuño Francisco , Crespo Ricardo
Published: January 2021

In the brief preface to A Treatise on Probability, Keynes states, ‘It may be perceived that I have been greatly influenced by W. E. Johnson, G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell, that is, by Cambridge, which, with great debts to the writers of Continental Europe, yet continues in direct succession the English tradition of Locke, Berkeley and Hume, of Mill and Sidgwick’ (J. M. Keynes, 1921, p. v). The authors who have recently stressed the relevance of Keynes ideas on probability have paid special attention to the influence of the former, but not to that of the latter. This article intends to show that the Treatise on Probability is deeply rooted in the history of probabilistic thinking, particularly in the Early Enlightenment (roughly between 1650 and 1750), before mathematicians claimed ownership over the subject. We find that important aspects of Keynes’ notions were already present in Locke and other Early Enlightenment writers, albeit with some note-worthy differences.
Impact of insulin adsorption in various containers during hyperkalaemia treatment
Authors: Robert Thomas , Vanelle Patrice , Brunet Philippe , Martin Nathalie , Burtey Stéphane , Curti Christophe
Published: January 2021

Background

Insulin–glucose therapy in hyperkalaemia treatment has a narrow therapeutic index for a safe and efficient use. We assess the variability of the effective delivered insulin under conditions used in the setting of hyperkalaemia treatment.

Methods

A range of simulated insulin infusions was studied using different containers (bag or syringes) according to the different hyperkalaemia treatment procedures of our institution. Insulin concentration was assayed using a chromatographic method on an automatic high-performance liquid chromatography. We calculated the effective delivered insulin and compared the time average of percentage delivered insulin (TAdi) between all the procedures.

Results

The TAdi was significantly decreased to 63.3% of the expected insulin delivery in the polyurethane (PE) bag compared with allover container. The procedure duration and the insulin concentration influenced the variability of the insulin delivery in the PE and glass bag. The polyvinyl chloride bag had the highest TAdi at 93.8%, without significant variation during the time. TAdi reaches ∼90% of the expected insulin with all the syringe procedure without variation according to the solute used to dilute insulin.

Conclusions

Clinically significant variations in intravenous insulin delivery occur in the setting of hyperkalaemia treatment according to the container. The use of propylene syringe limits the insulin delivery variation. In the future, clinical studies on hyperkalaemia treatment by insulin–glucose therapy should detail the procedure precisely.
Procedural efficiencies, lesion metrics, and 12-month clinical outcomes for Ablation Index-guided 50 W ablation for atrial fibrillation
Authors: O’Brien Jim , Obeidat Mohammed , Kozhuharov Nikola , Ding Wern Yew , Tovmassian Lilith , Bierme Cedric , Chin Shui Hao , Chu Gavin S , Luther Vishal , Snowdon Richard L , Gupta Dhiraj
Published: January 2021

Aims

The safety of Ablation Index (AI)-guided 50 W ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) remains uncertain, and mid-term clinical outcomes have not been described. The interplay between AI and its components at 50 W has not been reported.

Methods and results

Eighty-eight consecutive AF patients (44% paroxysmal) underwent AI-guided 50 W ablation. Procedural and 12-month clinical outcomes were compared with 93 consecutive controls (65% paroxysmal) who underwent AI-guided ablation using 35–40 W. Posterior wall isolation (PWI) was performed in 44 (50%) and 23 (25%) patients in the 50 and 35–40 W groups, respectively, P < 0.001. The last 10 patients from each group underwent analysis of individual lesions (n = 1230) to explore relationships between different powers and the AI components. Pulmonary vein isolation was successful in all patients. Posterior wall isolation was successful in 41/44 (93.2%) and 22/23 (95.7%) in the 50 and 35–40 W groups, respectively (P = 0.685). Radiofrequency times (20 vs. 26 min, P < 0.001) and total procedure times (130 vs. 156 min, P = 0.002) were significantly lower in the 50 W group. No complication or steam pop was seen in either group. Twelve-month freedom from arrhythmia was similar (80.2% vs. 82.8%, P = 0.918). A higher proportion of lesions in the 50 W group were associated with impedance drop >7 Ω (54.6% vs. 45.5%, P < 0.001). Excessive ablation (AI >600 anteriorly, >500 posteriorly) was more frequent in the 50 W group (9.7% vs. 4.3%, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Ablation Index-guided 50 W AF ablation is as safe and effective as lower powers and results in reduced ablation and procedure times. Radiofrequency lesions are more likely to be therapeutic, but there is a higher risk of delivering excessive ablation.
International Perspectives on Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Opinion Differences and Similarities Between Patients and Physicians From the IBD GAPPS Survey
Authors: Rubin David T , Sninsky Charles , Siegmund Britta , Sans Miquel , Hart Ailsa , Bressler Brian , Bouhnik Yoram , Armuzzi Alessandro , Afzali Anita
Published: January 2021

Background

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are complex disorders with multiple comorbidities. We conducted international patient and physician surveys to evaluate current experiences and perceptions of patients with CD or UC and physicians who treat IBD.

Methods

The IBD Global Assessment of Patient and Physician Unmet Need Surveys comprised a patient survey and a physician survey, fielded in North America and Europe between August 16, 2019, and November 10, 2019. Adults with CD or UC (targeted 1:1 ratio) were recruited from physicians, patient advocacy groups, and recruitment panels; physicians were recruited by recruitment agencies and panels.

Results

In total, 2398 patients with IBD (1368 CD, 1030 UC) and 654 physicians completed surveys. Anxiety and depression were the most common comorbidities among patients with IBD. Patients and physicians were generally aligned on treatment goals and patient-physician communication. Patients with IBD reported high quality-of-life impact by rectal urgency and need to use the toilet, which were rated as lower-impact by physicians. Patients defined remission based on symptoms; physicians defined remission based primarily on clinical tests. Patients expected current treatments to control their disease for a longer duration than did physicians. Patients expressed more concern about corticosteroid use compared with physicians; many physicians reported prescribing corticosteroids for more than 4 months per year in some patients.

Conclusions

Patients could benefit from education about disease remission and expectations for current therapies. High corticosteroid use is concerning to patients, and physicians should minimize the use of corticosteroids for extended periods of time.
Seascape heterogeneity modifies estuarine fish assemblages in mangrove forests
Authors: Henderson Christopher J , Gilby Ben L , Stone Edward , Borland Hayden P , Olds Andrew D
Published: January 2021

Mangroves are a dominant structural habitat within tropical and subtropical estuaries that provide a number of ecosystem services, including habitat for a range of crustaceans and fish. However, mangroves are one of the most threatened estuarine habitats globally, having been severely reduced in extent, and replaced by urban structures. Here, we test for the effects of both natural (e.g. seagrass, rock and mangroves habitat extent, and connectivity) and human (e.g. extent of urban area) landscape variables on the number and type of fish inhabiting mangroves forests. We used remote underwater video stations to quantify fish assemblages within mangroves at 150 sites in 30 estuaries across Queensland, Australia. Fish community structure was best explained by the extent of mangroves and seagrasses within an estuary, the distance to the estuary mouth, and the size of the estuary and catchment. Moderate catchment size and proximity to the estuary mouth increased species richness and abundance of harvestable fish at individual mangrove sites. In order to maintain mangrove fish assemblages and the functions they provide, management initiatives should focus on maintaining natural estuarine seascapes that are located closer to the mouth of estuaries, in particular, focusing on estuaries that have lower levels of catchment urbanization.
Association of first trimester anaesthesia with risk of congenital heart defects in offspring
Authors: Auger Nathalie , Carrier François M , Arbour Laura , Ayoub Aimina , Healy-Profitós Jessica , Potter Brian J
Published: January 2021

Background

A substantial number of pregnant women require anaesthesia for non-obstetric surgery, but the risk to fetal heart development is unknown. We assessed the relationship between first trimester anaesthesia and risk of congenital heart defects in offspring.

Methods

We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of 2 095 300 pregnancies resulting in live births in hospitals of Quebec, Canada, between 1990 and 2016. We identified women who received general or local/regional anaesthesia in the first trimester, including anaesthesia between 3 and 8 weeks post-conception, the critical weeks of fetal cardiogenesis. The main outcome measures were critical and non-critical heart defects in offspring. We estimated risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of first trimester anaesthesia with congenital heart defects, using log-binomial regression models adjusted for maternal characteristics.

Results

There were 107.3 congenital heart defects per 10 000 infants exposed to anaesthesia, compared with 87.2 per 10 000 unexposed infants. Anaesthesia between 3 and 8 weeks post-conception was associated with 1.50 times the risk of congenital heart defects (95% CI 1.11–2.03), compared with no anaesthesia. Anaesthesia between 5 and 6 weeks post-conception was associated with 1.84 times the risk (95% CI 1.10–3.08). Associations were driven mostly by general anaesthesia, which was associated with 2.49 times the risk between weeks 5 and 6 post-conception (95% CI 1.40–4.44).

Conclusions

General anaesthesia during critical periods of fetal heart development may increase the risk of congenital heart defects. Further research is needed to confirm that anaesthetic agents are cardiac teratogens.
Plasmodium vivaxFrom Duffy-Negative and Duffy-Positive Individuals Share Similar Gene Pools in East Africa
Authors: Kepple Daniel , Hubbard Alfred , Ali Musab M , Abargero Beka R , Lopez Karen , Pestana Kareen , Janies Daniel A , Yan Guiyun , Hamid Muzamil Mahdi , Yewhalaw Delenasaw , Lo Eugenia
Published: January 2021

Plasmodium vivax malaria was thought to be rare in Africa, but an increasing number of P. vivax cases reported across Africa and in Duffy-negative individuals challenges this dogma. The genetic characteristics of P. vivax in Duffy-negative infections, the transmission of P. vivax in East Africa, and the impact of environments on transmission remain largely unknown. This study examined genetic and transmission features of P. vivax from 107 Duffy-negative and 305 Duffy-positive individuals in Ethiopia and Sudan. No clear genetic differentiation was found in P. vivax between the 2 Duffy groups, indicating between-host transmission. P. vivax from Ethiopia and Sudan showed similar genetic clusters, except samples from Khartoum, possibly due to distance and road density that inhibited parasite gene flow. This study is the first to show that P. vivax can transmit to and from Duffy-negative individuals and provides critical insights into the spread of P. vivax in sub-Saharan Africa.
Interferon regulatory factor 6 correlates with the progression of non-small cell lung cancer and can be regulated by miR-320
Authors: Liu Yunpeng , Shao Guoguang , Yang Zhiguang , Lin Xingyu , Liu Xing , Qian Benxin , Liu Zihao
Published: January 2021

Objectives

The expression of interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) has been reported in several cancer types, but its roles underlying the progression of lung cancer have not been detailedly investigated.

Methods

The pairs of lung cancer tissues and para-carcinoma tissues and The Cancer Genome Atlas database were collected to detect IRF6 expression. Cell counting kit-8, transwell and terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase-mediated nick end labelling assays were used to evaluate cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis.

Key findings

A significant up-regulation of IRF6 in both lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues compared with normal non-tumor tissues. Subsequently, Immunostaining also revealed that canceration of lung tissues predisposed to evoke IRF6 expression. In vitro experiments revealed the antitumour effects, including growth and migration inhibition, of IRF6 siRNA transfection. Considering miR-320 as an endogenous inhibitor to IRF6, miR-320 mimics transfection led to the inhibition of proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells. However, overexpressed IRF6 neutralized the antineoplastic activities of miR-320 in lung cancer cells.

Conclusions

The miR-320/IRF6 signalling axis was implicated in pulmonary canceration. miR-320 as an endogenous inhibitor of IRF6 provided a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of lung cancer.
1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone promotes diuresis, renal protection and antiurolithic properties in normotensive and hypertensive rats
Authors: Mariano Luísa Nathália Bolda , Boeing Thaise , Cechinel Filho Valdir , Niero Rivaldo , Mota da Silva Luisa , de Souza Priscila
Published: January 2021

Objectives

This study investigated the prolonged diuretic and renal effects of 1,3,5,6- tetrahydroxyxanthone (THX) in rats.

Methods

Normotensive (NTR) and hypertensive rats (SHR) received orally the treatment with THX, hydrochlorothiazide or vehicle (VEH). Urine volume, urinary, plasma and kidney parameters were evaluated daily or at the end of 7 days of the experiment.

Key findings

The urinary volume of both NTR and SHR were significantly augmented with the THX treatment, an effect associated with increased levels of urinary Na+ and K+, besides a Ca2+-sparing effect. As well, THX decreased the quantity of monohydrate crystals in urines from NTR and SHR when compared with VEH-group. Regarding the renal analyses, the glutathione levels and the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase and myeloperoxidase in kidney homogenates of the SHR group were decreased. In contrast, the generation of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and catalase activity was significantly increased. THX reduced the content of LOOH and increased nitrite levels in kidney homogenates obtained from SHR. Additionally, THX also augmented the levels of nitrite in the plasma from the SHR group.

Conclusions

Therefore, THX can be highlighted as a natural diuretic agent with renal protective properties and antiurolithic action.
Introduction
Authors: Heilbrun Kirk , Wright H. Jean , Giallella Christy , DeMatteo David , Durham Kelley , Lankford Claire
Published: January 2021

This book’s major purpose is to offer detailed information about successful collaborations between universities and public behavioral health organizations in criminal justice contexts. This introductory chapter briefly describes the nine contributed chapters in this volume, each illustrating a particular collaboration. Each contributed chapter describes the collaboration in more detail, including purposes, beginning, leadership, who is served, services, operations, effectiveness measurement, financial arrangements, and lessons learned. This first chapter also defines relevant terms and reviews the literature relevant to this area. The particular focus is on collaborations that are relatively long-standing and successful, with the goal of aggregating the various aspects of the different projects into a larger model for success.
Peer Tutoring
Authors: Klingbeil David A. , January Stacy-Ann A. , Drachslin Lanae R.
Published: January 2021

Peer tutoring is a popular intervention in which students are trained to work together to improve their academic skills. This chapter focuses on two types of peer tutoring strategies: classwide peer tutoring and individual peer tutoring. These strategies share common characteristics, but differ in their scope and goals. Practical recommendations for implementing both types of peer tutoring strategies are included, as are considerations of diversity and equity in implementing peer tutoring in schools. A sample protocol for peer tutoring is also included.
Game-Based Cooperative Learning
Authors: McCallum Elizabeth B. , Yarbrough Jamie Leigh , Schmitt Ara J.
Published: January 2021

Many cooperative learning strategies involve game-based mechanics, wherein students are split into teams and participate in fun, engaging academic activities. The current chapter discusses game-based cooperative learning strategies such as Teams-Games-Tournaments, with a particular emphasis on how to select students for teams, whether to include competitive elements, and how to establish and maintain motivation and team cohesion. Sample scripts and training materials are included. Considerations of diversity and equity are also discussed in the context of game-based cooperative learning.
Peer-Mediated Social Skills Training
Authors: Simpson Jessica N. , Lewis Timothy J.
Published: January 2021

A number of studies have included typically developing peers and other nontarget peers in social skills groups with target students. These students often serve as models for appropriate behavior and provide opportunities for the target students to practice their social skills. This chapter discusses the utilization of peers in social skills training groups and discuss various ways to utilize peers (e.g., peer initiation, social network interventions). Guidelines for peer interventionist selection and training are included. This chapter also includes considerations for diversity and equity within peer-mediated social skills training.
Morphology of relaxed and merging galaxy clusters: analytical models for monolithic Minkowski functionals
Authors: Schimd C , Sereno M
Published: January 2021

Galaxy clusters exhibit a rich morphology during the early and intermediate stages of mass assembly, especially beyond their boundary. A classification scheme based on shapefinders deduced from the Minkowski functionals is examined to fully account for the morphological diversity of galaxy clusters, including relaxed and merging clusters, clusters fed by filamentary structures, and cluster-pair bridges. These configurations are conveniently treated with idealized geometric models and analytical formulas, some of which are novel. Examples from CLASH and LC2 clusters and observed cluster-pair bridges are discussed.
Analysis of Polycerate Mutants Reveals the Evolutionary Co-option of HOXD1 for Horn Patterning in Bovidae
Authors: Allais-Bonnet Aurélie , Hintermann Aurélie , Deloche Marie-Christine , Cornette Raphaël , Bardou Philippe , Naval-Sanchez Marina , Pinton Alain , Haruda Ashleigh , Grohs Cécile , Zakany Jozsef , Bigi Daniele , Medugorac Ivica , Putelat Olivier , Greyvenstein Ockert , Hadfield Tracy , Jemaa Slim Ben , Bunevski Gjoko , Menzi Fiona , Hirter Nathalie , Paris Julia M , Hedges John , Palhiere Isabelle , Rupp Rachel , Lenstra Johannes A , Gidney Louisa , Lesur Joséphine , Schafberg Renate , Stache Michael , Wandhammer Marie-Dominique , Arbogast Rose-Marie , Guintard Claude , Blin Amandine , Boukadiri Abdelhak , Rivière Julie , Esquerré Diane , Donnadieu Cécile , Danchin-Burge Coralie , Reich Coralie M , Riley David G , Marle-Koster Este van , Cockett Noelle , Hayes Benjamin J , Drögemüller Cord , Kijas James , Pailhoux Eric , Tosser-Klopp Gwenola , Duboule Denis , Capitan Aurélien
Published: January 2021

In the course of evolution, pecorans (i.e., higher ruminants) developed a remarkable diversity of osseous cranial appendages, collectively referred to as “headgear,” which likely share the same origin and genetic basis. However, the nature and function of the genetic determinants underlying their number and position remain elusive. Jacob and other rare populations of sheep and goats are characterized by polyceraty, the presence of more than two horns. Here, we characterize distinct POLYCERATE alleles in each species, both associated with defective HOXD1 function. We show that haploinsufficiency at this locus results in the splitting of horn bud primordia, likely following the abnormal extension of an initial morphogenetic field. These results highlight the key role played by this gene in headgear patterning and illustrate the evolutionary co-option of a gene involved in the early development of bilateria to properly fix the position and number of these distinctive organs of Bovidae.
Genomic Insights into the Origin and Evolution of Molluscan Red-Bloodedness in the Blood ClamTegillarca granosa
Authors: Bao Yongbo , Zeng Qifan , Wang Jing , Zhang Zelei , Zhang Yang , Wang Sufang , Wong Nai-Kei , Yuan Wenbin , Huang Yiyi , Zhang Weifeng , Liu Jing , Lv Liyuan , Xue Qinggang , Zha Shanjie , Peng Zhilan , Yao Hanhan , Bao Zhenmin , Wang Shi , Lin Zhihua
Published: January 2021

Blood clams differ from their molluscan kins by exhibiting a unique red-blood (RB) phenotype; however, the genetic basis and biochemical machinery subserving this evolutionary innovation remain unclear. As a fundamental step toward resolving this mystery, we presented the first chromosome-level genome and comprehensive transcriptomes of the blood clam Tegillarca granosa for an integrated genomic, evolutionary, and functional analyses of clam RB phenotype. We identified blood clam-specific and expanded gene families, as well as gene pathways that are of RB relevant. Clam-specific RB-related hemoglobins (Hbs) showed close phylogenetic relationships with myoglobins (Mbs) of blood clam and other molluscs without the RB phenotype, indicating that clam-specific Hbs were likely evolutionarily derived from the Mb lineage. Strikingly, similar to vertebrate Hbs, blood clam Hbs were present in a form of gene cluster. Despite the convergent evolution of Hb clusters in blood clam and vertebrates, their Hb clusters may have originated from a single ancestral Mb-like gene as evidenced by gene phylogeny and synteny analysis. A full suite of enzyme-encoding genes for heme synthesis was identified in blood clam, with prominent expression in hemolymph and resembling those in vertebrates, suggesting a convergence of both RB-related Hb and heme functions in vertebrates and blood clam. RNA interference experiments confirmed the functional roles of Hbs and key enzyme of heme synthesis in the maintenance of clam RB phenotype. The high-quality genome assembly and comprehensive transcriptomes presented herein serve new genomic resources for the super-diverse phylum Mollusca, and provide deep insights into the origin and evolution of invertebrate RB.
Hsp70 acts as a fine-switch that controls E3 ligase CHIP-mediated TAp63 and ΔNp63 ubiquitination and degradation
Authors: Wu H Helena , Wang Benfan , Armstrong Stephen R , Abuetabh Yasser , Leng Sarah , Roa Wilson H Y , Atfi Azeddine , Marchese Adriano , Wilson Beverly , Sergi Consolato , Flores Elsa R , Eisenstat David D , Leng Roger P
Published: January 2021

The major clinical problem in human cancer is metastasis. Metastases are the cause of 90% of human cancer deaths. TAp63 is a critical suppressor of tumorigenesis and metastasis. ΔNp63 acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor to block the function of p53 and TAp63. Although several ubiquitin E3 ligases have been reported to regulate p63 stability, the mechanism of p63 regulation remains partially understood. Herein, we show that CHIP, an E3 ligase with a U-box domain, physically interacts with p63 and promotes p63 degradation. Notably, Hsp70 depletion by siRNA stabilizes TAp63 in H1299 cells and destabilizes ΔNp63 in SCC9 cells. Loss of Hsp70 results in a reduction in the TAp63-CHIP interaction in H1299 cells and an increase in the interaction between ΔNp63 and CHIP in SCC9 cells. Our results reveal that Hsp70 acts as a molecular switch to control CHIP-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of p63 isoforms. Furthermore, regulation of p63 by the Hsp70-CHIP axis contributes to the migration and invasion of tumor cells. Hence, our findings demonstrate that Hsp70 is a crucial regulator of CHIP-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of p63 isoforms and identify a new pathway for maintaining TAp63 or ΔNp63 stability in cancers.
Dynamics of Ku and bacterial non-homologous end-joining characterized using single DNA molecule analysis
Authors: Öz Robin , Wang Jing L , Guerois Raphael , Goyal Gaurav , KK Sriram , Ropars Virginie , Sharma Rajhans , Koca Firat , Charbonnier Jean-Baptiste , Modesti Mauro , Strick Terence R , Westerlund Fredrik
Published: January 2021

We use single-molecule techniques to characterize the dynamics of prokaryotic DNA repair by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), a system comprised only of the dimeric Ku and Ligase D (LigD). The Ku homodimer alone forms a ∼2 s synapsis between blunt DNA ends that is increased to ∼18 s upon addition of LigD, in a manner dependent on the C-terminal arms of Ku. The synapsis lifetime increases drastically for 4 nt complementary DNA overhangs, independently of the C-terminal arms of Ku. These observations are in contrast to human Ku, which is unable to bridge either of the two DNA substrates. We also demonstrate that bacterial Ku binds the DNA ends in a cooperative manner for synapsis initiation and remains stably bound at DNA junctions for several hours after ligation is completed, indicating that a system for removal of the proteins is active in vivo. Together these experiments shed light on the dynamics of bacterial NHEJ in DNA end recognition and processing. We speculate on the evolutionary similarities between bacterial and eukaryotic NHEJ and discuss how an increased understanding of bacterial NHEJ can open the door for future antibiotic therapies targeting this mechanism.
Shared Environmental Influences on Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adolescent and Young Adult Females
Authors: Bares Cristina , Lopez-Quintero Catalina
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Electronic cigarettes are now the most commonly used form of tobacco product among youth in the United States. Current evidence suggests that although e-cigarettes are perceived as less harmful and preferred over combustible cigarettes by adolescents, adolescents who try e-cigarettes are at greater risk of transitioning to combustible cigarettes. The genetic and environmental contributions to liability for e-cigarette use have not yet been examined using a behavioral genetic design.

Methods

Behavioral genetic models of lifetime and current e-cigarette use and friends who use e-cigarettes were examined among female monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

Results

A total of 41 female twin pairs (65.9% monozygotic twins; age = 19.7, SD = 1.6) with complete data on the study variables were included in the present analyses. The majority of the sample (68.1%) had at least some friends who use e-cigarettes. Additive genetic effects on e-cigarette use were not present, but the shared environment explained 98.7% of the variance in lifetime e-cigarette use, 96.6% in current e-cigarette use, and 94.9% in affiliation with friends who use e-cigarettes.

Conclusion

This first study on the behavioral genetics of e-cigarette use among adolescents and young adults suggest that environmental factors shared by twins within a family seem to play a predominant role in the initial stages of e-cigarette use, a finding that is consistent with what has been found for tobacco. The findings emphasize the importance of continuing population-based tobacco control interventions to reduce the burden of e-cigarette use among adolescents.

Implications

The shared environment significantly influences the initiation and regular use of electronic cigarettes and affiliation with friends who use electronic cigarettes among adolescent and young adult females. These findings underscore the importance of formulating preventive interventions that mitigate the social effects of familial influences on e-cigarette use through social skills training, education on harms of e-cigarettes for young people, or altering social norms regarding initiation of novel tobacco products.
Use of various immunotherapies for refractory ulcerative colitis in a person living with HIV: a case report
Authors: Costiniuk Cecilia T , Bessissow Talat , Isnard Stéphane , Routy Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2021

Cancer therapies include several immune checkpoint or anticytokine therapies whereas ulcerative colitis treatments consist of anticytokine therapies. The development of tolerance and immunogical effects of these agents in people living with HIV are not well assessed as these persons are often excluded from clinical trials. Herein, we report a case of a Caucasian woman who received multiple sequential immunotherapies for severe ulcerative colitis. Due to steroid-refractory disease, receipt of maximal doses of mesalamine and initial repeated decline of surgical intervention, she went on to receive biologic immune inhibitors like tumor necrosis fator-α blockers infliximab and adalimumab, the α4β7integrin blocker vedolizumab, anti-interleukin 12/23 blocker ustekinumab and Janus Kinase inihibitor tofacitinib without achieving remission. Only minor infectious complications were encountered and no significant changes in CD4 count nor CD4/CD8 ratio occurred. This case provides support for the safety and tolerability of the above immunotherapies in people living with HIV with suppressed viral load on antiretroviral therapy.
Time-course observation of the reconstruction of stem cell niche in the intact root
Authors: Xu Meizhi , Gu Xu , Yu Qiaozhi , Liu Yuting , Bian Xinxin , Wang Renyin , Yang Meina , Wu Shuang
Published: January 2021

The stem cell niche (SCN) is critical in maintaining continuous postembryonic growth of the plant root. During their growth in soil, plant roots are often challenged by various biotic or abiotic stresses, resulting in damage to the SCN. This can be repaired by the reconstruction of a functional SCN. Previous studies examining the SCN’s reconstruction often introduce physical damage including laser ablation or surgical excision. In this study, we performed a time-course observation of the SCN reconstruction in pWOX5:icals3m roots, an inducible system that causes non-invasive SCN differentiation upon induction of estradiol on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root. We found a stage-dependent reconstruction of SCN in pWOX5:icals3m roots, with division-driven anatomic reorganization in the early stage of the SCN recovery, and cell fate specification of new SCN in later stages. During the recovery of the SCN, the local accumulation of auxin was coincident with the cell division pattern, exhibiting a spatial shift in the root tip. In the early stage, division mostly occurred in the neighboring stele to the SCN position, while division in endodermal layers seemed to contribute more in the later stages, when the SCN was specified. The precise re-positioning of SCN seemed to be determined by mutual antagonism between auxin and cytokinin, a conserved mechanism that also regulates damage-induced root regeneration. Our results thus provide time-course information about the reconstruction of SCN in intact Arabidopsis roots, which highlights the stage-dependent re-patterning in response to differentiated quiescent center.
Fever as a predictor of adverse outcomes in COVID-19
Authors: Chew N W , Ngiam J N , Tham S M , Lim Z Y , Li T Y W , Cen S , Yap E S , Tambyah P A , Santosa A , Cross G B , Sia C -H
Published: January 2021

Background/Introduction

There are little data on outcomes of COVID-19 patients with the presence of fever compared to the presence of symptoms.

Aim

We examined the associations between symptomology, presence of fever and outcomes of a COVID-19 cohort.

Design and Methods

Between 23 January and 30 April 2020, 554 COVID-19 patients were admitted to a tertiary hospital in Singapore. They were allocated into four groups based on symptomology and fever—Group 1: asymptomatic and afebrile, Group 2: symptomatic but afebrile, Group 3: febrile but asymptomatic and Group 4: symptomatic and febrile. The primary outcomes were intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and mortality. The composite end-point included ICU admissions, mortality or any COVID-19 related end-organ involvement.

Results

There were differences in ferritin (P=0.003), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (P<0.001) and lymphopenia (P=0.033) across all groups, with the most favourable biochemical profile in Group 1, and the least in Group 4. Symptomatic groups (Groups 2 and 4) had higher ICU admissions (1.9% and 6.0%, respectively, P=0.003) than asymptomatic groups (Groups 1 and 3). Composite end-point was highest in Group 4 (24.0%), followed by Group 3 (8.6%), Group 2 (4.8%) and Group 1 (2.4%) (P<0.001). The presence of fever (OR 4.096, 95% CI 1.737–9.656, P=0.001) was associated with the composite end-point after adjusting for age, pulse rate, comorbidities, lymphocyte, ferritin and CRP. Presence of symptoms was not associated with the composite end-point.

Discussion/Conclusion

In this COVID-19 cohort, presence of fever was a predictor of adverse outcomes. This has implications on the management of febrile but asymptomatic COVID-19 patients.
Disease activity and its predictors in early inflammatory arthritis: findings from a national cohort
Authors: Yates Mark , Ledingham Joanna M , Hatcher Paul Amlani , Adas Maryam , Hewitt Sasha , Bartlett-Pestell Sam , Rampes Sanketh , Norton Sam , Galloway James B
Published: January 2021

Objectives

We set out to characterize patient factors that predict disease activity during the first year of treatment for early inflammatory arthritis (EIA).

Methods

We used an observational cohort study design, extracting data from a national clinical audit. All NHS organizations providing secondary rheumatology care in England and Wales were eligible to take part, with recruitment from 215/218 (99%) clinical commissioning groups (CCGs)/Health Boards. Participants were >16 years old and newly diagnosed with RA pattern EIA between May 2018 and May 2019. Demographic details collected at baseline included age, gender, ethnicity, work status and postcode, which was converted to an area level measure of socioeconomic position (SEP). Disease activity scores (DAS28) were collected at baseline, three and 12 months follow-up.

Results

A total of 7455 participants were included in analyses. Significant levels of CCG/Health board variation could not be robustly identified from mixed effects modelling. Gender and SEP were predictors of low disease activity at baseline, three and 12 months follow-up. Mapping of margins identified a gradient for SEP, whereby those with higher degrees of deprivation had higher disease activity. Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic patients had lower odds of remission at three months follow-up.

Conclusion

Patient factors (gender, SEP, ethnicity) predict disease activity. The rheumatology community should galvanise to improve access to services for all members of society. More data are required to characterize area level variation in disease activity.