bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Al2O3/GaN interface properties by sub-bandgap photo-assisted capacitance-voltage technique
Authors: Irokawa Yoshihiro , Nabatame Toshihide , Yuge Kazuya , Uedono Akira , Ohi Akihiko , Ikeda Naoki , Koide Yasuo
Published: August 2019

Interfaces in Al2O3/n-GaN capacitors fabricated on free-standing GaN substrates were investigated using sub-bandgap photo-assisted capacitance-voltage measurements. After post-metallization annealing (PMA) at 300 °C, the metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices exhibited excellent capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics without frequency dispersion under dark conditions and a quite low interface state density (Dit) of ∼7×1010 cm-2 eV-1 for energies less than ∼1.2 eV from the conduction band edge. Despite the outstanding characteristics under dark conditions, it was found that sub-bandgap irradiation also resulted in shifts of the C-V curves toward the negative bias direction, which indicates the existence of donor-type interface traps. As a result, the Al2O3/n-GaN Dit distribution does not show the generally reported U-shape: for energies less than ∼1.2 eV from the conduction band edge, a Dit of ∼7×1010 cm-2 eV-1 was observed, although Dit rapidly increased to ∼2-4×1012 cm-2 eV-1 near the valence band edge. These interface states near the valence band edge are positively charged due to trapped holes when the states are located above the Fermi level.
Dysprosium substituted Ce:YIG thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy for silicon integrated optical isolator applications
Authors: Zhang Yan , Du Qingyang , Wang Chuangtang , Yan Wei , Deng Longjiang , Hu Juejun , Ross Caroline A. , Bi Lei
Published: August 2019

In this report, dysprosium substituted Ce1Y2Fe5O12 (Ce:YIG) thin films (Dy:CeYIG) with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) are successfully deposited on silicon and silicon-on-insulator waveguides by pulsed laser deposition. The structural, magnetic, and magneto-optical properties of Dy:CeYIG films are investigated. We find that increasing dysprosium concentration leads to a decreased out-of-plane magnetic saturation field. Dy2Ce1Fe5O12 and Dy2Ce1Al0.4Fe4.6O12 thin films show PMA dominated by magnetoelastic effects due to thermal mismatch strain. These films further exhibit high Faraday rotation and low optical loss. Our work demonstrates that Dy substitution is an effective way to induce PMA in Ce:YIG thin films without compromising their magneto-optical figure of merit, making this material promising for self-biased transverse electric mode optical isolator applications.
Neural networks for inverse design of phononic crystals
Authors: Liu Chen-Xu , Yu Gui-Lan , Zhao Guan-Yuan
Published: August 2019

Intelligent design of one-dimensional (1D) phononic crystals (PCs) by neural networks (NNs) is proposed. Two neural network models, supervised neural network (S-NN) and unsupervised neural network (U-NN), are used to realize the inverse design of PCs, concerning both geometric and physical parameter designs. Performances of the two models are compared and discussed. The results show that the bandgaps of the designed PCs by the two NNs are highly consistent with the target bandgaps. For the design of single or two parameters, the performances of the two NNs are excellent; while for the case of three-parameter design, U-NN works much better than S-NN due to the impact of non-uniqueness on S-NN. The present work confirms the feasibility of inverse design of PCs by NNs, and provides a useful reference for the application of NNs in the intelligent inverse design of 2D or 3D PCs.
Temperature-dependent phonon dynamics of supported and suspended monolayer tungsten diselenide
Authors: Carvalho Thais C. V. , Araujo Francisco D. V. , Costa dos Santos Clenilton , Alencar Luciana M. R. , Ribeiro-Soares Jenaina , Late Dattatray J. , Lobo Anderson Oliveira , Souza Filho Antonio Gomes , Alencar Rafael S. , Viana Bartolomeu C.
Published: August 2019

Two-dimensional materials exhibit great potential for high-performance electronics applications and the knowledge of their thermal properties is extremely necessary, since they are closely related to efficient heat dissipation and electron-phonon interactions. In this study we report the temperature-dependence of the out-of-plane A1g Raman mode of suspended and supported CVD-grown single-crystalline tungsten diselenide (WSe2) monolayer. The A1g phonon wavenumber is linearly red-shifted for temperature ranging from 98 to 513 K, with first-order temperature coefficients β of -0.0044 and -0.0064 cm−1/K for suspended and supported monolayer WSe2, respectively. The higher β module value for supported sample is attributed to the increase of the phonon anharmonicity due to the phonon scattering with the surface roughness of the substrate. Our analysis of the temperature-dependent phonon dynamics reveal the influence of the substrate on thermal properties of monolayer WSe2 and provide fundamental information for developing of atomically-thin 2D materials devices.
How to Make the Invisible Women of STEM Visible
Authors: Halili Maria A. , Martin Jennifer L.
Published: August 2019

Although women make up more than 50% of the population, they have long been an under-represented minority in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). In chemistry, for example, only five of a total of 181 Nobel prizes (2.8%) awarded over more than 100 years have been bestowed upon women. Closer to home, Professor Frances Separovic – the subject of this special issue of Aust. J. Chem. – was the first woman chemist elected to the Fellowship of the Australian Academy of Science. That happened very recently, in 2012. At that point in time, the Academy had been electing Fellows for nearly 60 years. The lack of visible female role models and the absence of women in prominent scientific positions may be one reason why girls and young women do not see STEM as a viable career option. After all, if you can’t see it, how can you be it? Here, we present personal accounts of our two quite different research career paths – one starting in 2010 that included a significant career disruption, the other starting 20 years earlier in 1990. We describe the challenges we have faced as women in a testosterone-rich environment, and the circumstances that allowed us to continue. We provide suggestions for addressing systemic, organisational, and social barriers to the progression of women in STEM.
Rapid synthesis of MXenes at room temperature
Authors: Cao Yingwen , Guo Chunsheng , Zou Yong
Published: August 2019

Ti3C2, one of the most studied MXenes (M is an early transition metal, and X is either C or N), has attracted considerable attention due to their excellent electrical conductivity, hydrophilicity, and catalytic activity. To date, most MXenes are prepared from powders and chemical etching under conditions of either long duration (generally ≥8 h) or high temperature (generally ≥35°C). In this study, Ti3C2 with –F and –O/–OH terminal groups was successfully obtained by electrochemically etching porous Ti3AlC2 sheet electrodes in NH4HF2 solution at room temperature. The reaction mechanism and the effect of voltage were demonstrated. Electrochemical etching could induce subsequent over-etching to generate carbide-derived carbons.
Simulation Of Coffee Stain Effects Using ANSYS Fluent
Authors: Singh Amardeep
Published: August 2019

The following project takes an investigative look in the commonly observed coffee stain effect in fluid dynamics that explains the arrangement and alignment of particles and droplets when subjected to an evaporative flux. The primary objective of the paper deals with the methodology and results obtained by the simulation of the effect in ANSYS fluent and the parameters used to produce the effect. The latter part of the project studies the relation between surface energies and contact angles for droplets and seeks to develop a relationship between both. The coffee stain effect has been further replicated using Surface Evolver, Energy 2D and the FEA Multiphysics Toolbox from MATLAB. Coffee stain simulations are a greater way of interpreting a widely known phenomenon that have captivated the interests of researchers and the following report intends to understand such dynamics and replicate them in software environments.
Development of Daptomycin Susceptibility Breakpoints for Enterococcus faecium and Revision of the Breakpoints for Other Enterococcal Species by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
Authors: Satlin Michael J , Nicolau David P , Humphries Romney M , Kuti Joseph L , Campeau Shelley A , Lewis II James S , Weinstein Melvin P , Jorgensen James H
Published: August 2019

Daptomycin is one of the few treatment options for infections caused by enterococci that are resistant to ampicillin and vancomycin, such as vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. The emergence and clinical significance of daptomycin-resistant enterococci and evolving microbiologic, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic, and clinical data indicated that the pre-2019 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) susceptible-only breakpoint of ≤4 μg/mL for daptomycin and enterococci was no longer appropriate. After analyzing data that are outlined in this article, the CLSI Subcommittee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing established new breakpoints for daptomycin and enterococci. For E. faecium, a susceptible dose-dependent (SDD) breakpoint of ≤4 μg/mL was established based on an increased dosage of 8–12 mg/kg/day (≥8 μg/mL-resistant). CLSI suggests infectious diseases consultation to guide daptomycin use for the SDD category. For Enterococcus faecalis and other enterococcal species, revised breakpoints of ≤2 μg/mL-susceptible, 4 μg/mL-intermediate, and ≥8 μg/mL-resistant were established based on a standard dosage of 6 mg/kg/day.
Development and prognostic validation of partition values to grade right ventricular dysfunction severity using 3D echocardiography
Authors: Muraru Denisa , Badano Luigi P , Nagata Yasufumi , Surkova Elena , Nabeshima Yosuke , Genovese Davide , Otsuji Yutaka , Guida Valentina , Azzolina Danila , Palermo Chiara , Takeuchi Masaaki
Published: August 2019

Aims

Transthoracic 3D echocardiography (3DE) has been shown to be feasible and accurate to measure right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction (EF) when compared with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). However, RV EF, either measured with CMR or 3DE, has always been reported as normal (RV EF > 45%) or abnormal (RV EF ≤ 45%). We therefore sought to identify the partition values of RV EF to stratify RV dysfunction in mildly, moderately, or severely reduced as we are used to do with the left ventricle.

Methods and results

We used 3DE to measure RV EF in 412 consecutive patients (55 ± 18 years, 65% men) with various cardiac conditions who were followed for 3.7 ± 1.4 years to obtain the partition values which defined mild, moderate, and severe reduction of RV EF (derivation cohort). Then, the prognostic value of these partition values was tested in an independent population of 446 patients (67 ± 14 years, 58% men) (validation cohort). During follow-up, we recorded 59 cardiac deaths (14%) in the derivation cohort. Using K-Adaptive partitioning for survival data algorithm we identified four groups of patients with significantly different mortality according to RV EF: very low > 46%, 40.9% < low ≤ 46%, 32.1% < moderate ≤ 40.9%, and high ≤ 32.1%. To make the partition values easier to remember, we approximated them to 45%, 40%, and 30%. During 4.1 ± 1.2 year follow-up, 38 cardiac deaths and 88 major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, ventricular fibrillation, or admission for heart failure) occurred in the validation cohort. The partition values of RV EF identified in the derivation cohort were able to stratify both the risk of cardiac death (log-rank = 100.1; P < 0.0001) and MACEs (log-rank = 117.6; P < 0.0001) in the validation cohort too.

Conclusion

Our study confirms the independent prognostic value of RV EF in patients with heart diseases, and identifies the partition values of RV EF to stratify the risk of cardiac death and MACE.
Cardiac mucormycosis: a case report
Authors: Krishnappa Darshan , Naganur Sanjeev , Palanisamy Dinesh , Kasinadhuni Ganesh
Published: August 2019

Background

Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection (IFI) most commonly seen in immunocompromised patients. Diabetic ketoacidosis, haematopoietic transplantation, iron overload states, and deferoxamine therapy are considered to be some of the classical risk factors. While cutaneous and rhino-sinusoidal forms may be seen in immunocompetent (IC) individuals, cardiac and mediastinal involvement is rare. In this report, we describe a young patient without predisposing factors who presented as mediastinal mucormycosis with extensive cardiac involvement.

Case summary

A 19-year-old male presented with complaints of dry cough and dyspnoea on exertion over the last 4 months. Echocardiography showed diffuse infiltration of both atria along with multiple pedunculated freely mobile masses. A computed tomography chest was done to further delineate the true extent of the disease and revealed diffuse infiltration of the mediastinum, bilateral atria and interatrial septum, pulmonary veins, and superior vena cava. A fine needle aspiration cytology from a mediastinal mass revealed broad aseptate fungal hyphae with right angled branching consistent with Mucor. Extensive evaluation could not find any predisposing factors. The patient was started on Amphotericin B and surgical debridement was contemplated. However, owing to the diffuse infiltration around the heart and mediastinal vasculature, debridement could not be performed and the patient eventually succumbed to the illness.

Discussion

Mediastinal mucormycosis though rare in IC patients, is a rapidly progressive condition with a high fatality. A high index of suspicion needs to be maintained in individuals presenting with infiltrative disorders of the mediastinum for early diagnosis and prompt treatment.
The Quiet Expansion of Universal Jurisdiction
Authors: Langer Máximo , Eason Mackenzie
Published: August 2019

Based on an original worldwide survey of all universal jurisdiction complaints over core international crimes presented between 1961 and 2017 and against widespread perception by international criminal law experts that universal jurisdiction is in decline, this article shows that universal jurisdiction practice has been quietly expanding as there has been a significant growth in the number of universal jurisdiction trials, in the frequency with which these trials take place year by year and in the geographical scope of universal jurisdiction litigation. This expansion is likely the result of, among other factors, the adoption of International Criminal Court implementing statutes, the creation of specialized international crimes units by states, institutional learning by states and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), technological changes, new migration and refugee waves to universal jurisdiction states, criticisms of international criminal law as neo-colonial and the search of new venues by human rights NGOs. The expansion of universal jurisdiction has been quiet because most tried defendants have been low-level, universal jurisdiction states have not made an effort to publicize these trials and observers have wrongly assumed that Belgium and Spain were representative of universal jurisdiction trends. The article finally assesses positive and negative aspects of the quiet expansion of universal jurisdiction for its defenders and critics.
Precision nomenclature for the new genomics
Authors: Lewin Harris A , Graves Jennifer A Marshall , Ryder Oliver A , Graphodatsky Alexander S , O'Brien Stephen J
Published: August 2019

The confluence of two scientific disciplines may lead to nomenclature conflicts that require new terms while respecting historical definitions. This is the situation with the current state of cytology and genomics, which offer examples of distinct nomenclature and vocabularies that require reconciliation. In this article, we propose the new terms C-scaffold (for chromosome-scale assemblies of sequenced DNA fragments, commonly named scaffolds) and scaffotype (the resulting collection of C-scaffolds that represent an organism's genome). This nomenclature avoids conflict with the historical definitions of the terms chromosome (a microscopic body made of DNA and protein) and karyotype (the collection of images of all chromosomes of an organism or species). As large-scale sequencing projects progress, adoption of this nomenclature will assist end users to properly classify genome assemblies, thus facilitating genomic analysis.
Wildlife Habitat Management and Changing Forest Practices in the Northeast
Authors: Crawford Hewlette S.
Published: August 2019

Increasingly intensive management of northeastern industrial forestlands will substantially affect wildlife habitat. Opportunities for increasing wildlife habitat values on the best forest sites may be impractical because high timber management costs preclude loss of wood products to favor wildlife. Wildlife habitat can be enhanced on low-quality timber sites, but inherent site productivity will limit gains. The most practical opportunity for increasing wildlife habitat values usually is on intermediate-quality sites. Increased habitat value can be accomplished by coordinating timber and wildlife-habitat management goals. Gains in wildlife habitat value must be quantified to help offset losses in timber values. Citation: Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, April 1984. NJ 1:12-14.
Inventory Design and the Ten-Plots-per-Stand Syndrome
Authors: Ek Alan R. , Rose Dietmar W. , Gregersen Hans M.
Published: August 2019

Common Lake States practices of stand description and inventory, and continuous forest inventory (CFI) are criticized. The origin of current practices is discussed and suggestions are made for refinement of practices in light of emerging forest sampling and managment decision-making techniques. Emphasis is placed on developing data of varying precision levels that meet the requirements for specific forest managment and planning problems. North. J. Appl. For. 1:76-79, Dec. 1984.
Willingness of Michigan Landowners to Sell Fuelwood
Authors: Parker Richard G.
Published: August 2019

Foresters who work with private landowners are involved almost daily with buying, selling, processing, and marketing fuelwood. In a Michigan case study, approximately 20% of the landowners questioned holding over 35% of the forest land said they would sell fuelwood immediately at the market price. Another 25% would sell now, but only at a higher price, whereas 20% were willing to sell but later, generally to meet economic goals. More than 30% said they would never sell fuelwood, but, given the opportunity, evidence suggests some would sell. Owners of small holdings and absentee owners were less willing to sell. Timber stand improvement and wildlife habitat improvement proved strong nonprice incentives. This information should be useful in assessing timber supplies and in designing efforts to interest landowners in improved forest practice. North, J. Appl. For. 1:85-87, Dec. 1984.
Variation in Diameter Growth of Red Maple Progenies Grown in Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota
Authors: Townsend Alden M. , Bentz Susan E. , Douglass Larry W.
Published: August 2019

Significant variation in diameter (dbh) growth was found among 19-yr-old red maple progenies grown in Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota, from seed collected in 50 provenances scattered throughout the species' range. Both the provenance of origin, and one-parent families within provenances, were significant sources of variation in all three plantations. The fastest growing trees in Ohio and Michigan generally were from north central or east central portions of the range, whereas the largest trees in the Minnesota plantation were from northern Maine, northern Michigan, northern Ontario, and northern Wisconsin. Trees from southern seedlots grew most slowly in all plantings. Average diameter growth rate of seedlings from the same provenance was most often similar in Ohio and Michigan; less consistency was found between Ohio and Minnesota and between Michigan and Minnesota. Provenances from near Bethel, Maine; Houghton, Michigan; Rhinelander, Wisconsin; and Chalk River, Ontario yielded trees which showed above-average growth in all three plantations. North. J. Appl. For. 10(1): 28-31.
Comparison of the Centroid Method and Taper Systems for Estimating Tree Volumes
Authors: Patterson David W. , Wiant Harry V. , Wood Geoffrey B.
Published: August 2019

There is a need to be able to accurately determine the volumes of trees. Current methods include the use of volume tables or taper systems which should be tested for applicability before use in a given stand. This can be costly and time consuming. The objective of this study was tocompare the estimates made using accepted taper systems and the more "generic" centroid method and determine which gives the best results. Twenty trees each of northern red oak and red pine and 19 yellow-poplar trees were harvested. Diameter measurements were taken every 4 in. with calipersfor the first 40 ft of each stem. These measurements were used to calculate the "true" or control volumes. The appropriate taper system for each species and the centroid method were used to estimate the tree volumes, and these estimates were compared with the control volumes. The centroidmethod was less biased than taper systems for all three species. Precision was better for the centroid method than taper systems for yellow-poplar and red pine, but not for northern red oak. North. J. Appl. For. 10(1): 8-9.
Management of Red Pine for Multiple Benefits Using Prescribed Fire
Authors: Dickmann Donald I.
Published: August 2019

An aspect of the silviculture of mature stands of red pine heretofore neglected by forestland managers in northeastern North America is prescribed burning (underburning). This paper presents a technical discussion of prescribed burning and its application to red pine managed for timber, wildlife habitat, aesthetics, or other purposes. The author draws on relevant conifer literature, as well as his own experience with burning under red pine. Topics addressed include the effects of prescribed fire on (1)overstory tree growth, (2) understory plants and pine regeneration, (3) soil properties, (4) soil organisms, pests and diseases, and (5) wildlife habitat. Also considered are the environmental impacts of prescribed underburning and its use in wildfire hazard reduction. Elements of the practical application of prescribed burning also are discussed, including proper weather and fuel conditions for burning. Burning under mature red pine stands can provide many benefits with little risk of overstory mortality, wildfire escape, or environmental damage. This paper should encourage managers to include prescribed underburning in the silvicultural palate of this important forest species. North. J. Appl. For. 10(2):53-62.
Effect of Seedling Age and Taproot Length on Performance of Oak
Authors: Chaney William R. , Byrnes William R.
Published: August 2019

White oak and northern red oak seedlings were planted in an old field site in Indiana and evaluated for 9 yr to determine if seedling age and initial taproot length affected growth performance. Both 1-0 and 2-0 seedlings were produced in specially designed containerized seedbeds that provided for root pruning to lengths of 23 and 30 cm through control of the level of water saturation in the rooting medium. Survival of both species was high, 95%-100%. Northern red oak growth was not significantly influenced by initial seedling age or taproot length. White oak, however, performed the best when seedlings were 2 yr old and had a 30 cm long taproot. Seedling age was the more important factor affecting growth. North. J. Appl. For. 10(4):175-178.
Pre-Outbreak Management Recommendation for 60-Year-Old Declining Oak Stands in the Ozarks
Authors: Dwyer John P. , Kurtz William B.
Published: August 2019

A pre-outbreak management strategy was developed for 60-yr-old declining natural stands of scarlet and black oak. The series of management alternatives which maximized the net present worth of these stands growing on a moderate-quality site specifies individual-tree selective thinnings at ages 40 and 50, shelterwood cut at age 60, and final harvest at age 63. This strategy yielded the highest NPW of $331.77/ac, 8.3 mbf of sawlogs, and approximately 15 cords of pulpwood while reducing tree mortality by 20% over unmanaged stands. Recommendations for forest managers include as first priority the removal of oaks with 30% or greater crown dieback, and secondly, the removal of smaller diameter, overtopped scarlet and black oaks. North. J. Appl. For. 11(3):98-101.
Control of White Pine Weevil in Young Jack Pine Plantations with Permethrin and Methoxychlor
Authors: de Groot Peter , Helson Blair V. , Zylstra Bert F. , McFarlane John W. , Comba Dave R.
Published: August 2019

The efficacy of mistblower applications of permethrin at 70 g and 140 g active ingredient (ai)/ha and methoxychlor at 1.1 kg ai/ha was evaluated for the control of white pine weevil in young jack pine plantations. The results from 2 yr of testing indicate that 1-3% of the leaders were weevil-damaged after insecticide treatment compared to 9-13% in untreated plantations. Generally, all three insecticide treatments were similarly effective in reducing weevil damage. Additional field trials with permethrin at 70 g ai/ha showed that effective applications can be made as late as 2 wk after the first weevils have emerged in the spring from the soil. Mistblower applications of permethrin and methoxychlor can be an effective method to control the weevil in high value jack pine plantations such as seed orchards and genetic test sites where silvicultural and cultural control techniques are impractical. North. J. Appl. For. 12(1):19-22.
Ten-Year Results of an Eastern Redcedar and Rocky Mountain Juniper Provenance Test in Eastern South Dakota
Authors: Schaefer Peter R.
Published: August 2019

One hundred eighteen sources of eastern redcedar and 26 sources of Rocky Mountain juniper were established as a provenance test near Brookings, SD, in 1980. Height, crown width, survival, branch angle, foliage density, number of terminal leaders, sex, flowering, and the incidence of three diseases were recorded after 10 yr. ANOVA, Chi-square, simple and rank correlation, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis techniques were used to analyze the data. Eastern redcedar exhibited better overall performance for windbreak purposes than Rocky Mountain juniper. Eastern redcedar originating in central Nebraska exhibited the best combination of height, survival and crown characteristics. Much of the eastern redcedar planted in the Great Plains 30 or more years ago appears to have been grown from seed collected in central Nebraska. Selection for fast growing sources may begin 2 or 3 yr after field planting, while the ability to select fast growing individuals within sources was only moderate after 5 yr. Correlations among traits after 10 yr were generally weak. North. J. Appl. For. 12(1):30-35.
Selection and Processing of Serotinous Pitch Pine Cones
Authors: Fimbel Robert A. , Fimbel Cheryl C. , Kuser John E.
Published: August 2019

We examined phenotypic characteristics of serotinous pitch pine cones from the dwarfed pine-oak forests of the New Jersey Pine Barren Plains, and three heat-application techniques to release their seeds, to evaluate the influence of these factors on seed germination and seedling development. One- and two-year-old mature cones averaged twice the number of germinating seeds/cone as green cones collected in late summer, and larger cones yielded higher quantities of viable seeds compared to smaller ones. Treating serotinous cones in boiling water or a convection oven yielded higher germination rates than using a microwave oven, especially with green cones. Thirty-two months following germination, cone characteristics and opening techniques did not predict seedling performance in the field. Parent tree influenced seedling height. We present recommendations to maximize the number of viable propagules collected during the selection and processing of serotinous, dwarfed pitch pine cones. North. J. Appl. For. 12(2):64-58.
Regeneration Patterns in Low-Site Oak and Oak-Pine Stands After Gypsy Moth Defoliation and Salvage Cutting
Authors: Sewall Edgar K. , Brown James H.
Published: August 2019

Regeneration patterns were studied in low-site oak and oak-pine stands in southeastern New England after gypsy moth defoliations in 1981-1982. Three oak and three oak-pine stands where tree mortality was high (HM) and two oak and two oak-pine stands where tree mortality was low (LM) were used. Salvage logging had occurred in the three HM oak stands. Despite average basal area losses of 68% in HM oak and 46% in HM oak-pine stands, oaks dominated overstories in 5 of the 6 HM stands. Oaks dominated overstories in all LM oak and oak-pine stands. Combined totals of oak saplings and more vigorous forms of regeneration (stump sprouts and seedling sprouts) indicated numbers sufficient to regenerate oaks in all stands. White pine seedling and sapling totals (561/ac) in HM oak-pine and 858/ac in LM oak-pine stands should ensure the continued strong presence of pine in the oak-pine stands. Results of regeneration surveys suggest that the future composition of the oak and oak-pine stands studied is unlikely to change. North. J. Appl. For. 12(3):109-114.
Characteristics of Trees with Excavated Cavities Used by Birds in Rhode Island
Authors: Kowal Daniel M. , Husband Thomas P.
Published: August 2019

Our study examined the specific characteristics of 58 trees with excavated cavities used by birds in Rhode Island. Forty-five percent of cavity trees used by cavity-nesting birds were red maple and American elm. Forty-one percent of cavity trees had ≥ 2 cavities. Most cavities were ≤0.9 m from a decay entry point such as a broken top or branch. The characteristics of trees most often used by cavity-nesting birds included: dead; broken tops; > 80% of bark cover; and low resistance to heartwood decay and ice damage. Trees with these characteristics pose little competition to crop trees and should be left standing. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):16-18.
Growth and Survival Functions for Three Planted Species in Northern Ontario
Authors: Payandeh Bijan
Published: August 2019

As a prelude to modeling forest regeneration in Ontario, growth and survival equations were developed for black spruce, white spruce, and jack pine. Large data sets from 18 operational outplanting and 23 plantation assessments in northern Ontario were used to construct predictive equations. These regression equations were derived by first identifying the factors affecting plantation performance via stepwise regression analysis, and then developing nonlinear regression models expressing plantation growth and survival as a function of silvicultural practices, management options, site productivity, and age. Management options included the choice of species, stock type, and planting site, while silvicultural practices consisted of site preparation, season of planting, and release operations. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):19-23.
Effects of Eutypella Canker and Sugar Maple Borer on Merchantable Volume Loss in Sugar Maple
Authors: Sendak Paul E. , Bove James R. , Bergdahl Dale R. , Tobi Donald R. , Huyler Neil K.
Published: August 2019

Eutypella canker, caused by Eutypella parasitica and sugar maple borer, Glycobius speciosus, affect sugar maple throughout its range. This study examines the effectiveness of visual inspection for assessing timber volume loss attributable to these two agents, estimates the value of that loss on a property in north central Vermont, and discusses how land managers can include control of E. parasitica and sugar maple borer in their management planning. Visual inspection alone does not appear to be reliable for estimating volume loss. The study site had an estimated loss of 3.4% of merchantable sugar maple sawtimber volume valued at $2000. This loss was not large enough to justify an intensive control program. However, a low-cost method for controlling these two agents consists of the removal of trees with Eutypella cankers and sugar maple borer scars whenever a stand is entered for silvicultural practices. North. J. Appl. For. 14(1):26-31.
Yarding Cost for the Koller K300 Cable Yarder: Results from Field Trials and Simulations
Authors: Huyler Neil K. , LeDoux Chris B.
Published: August 2019

This paper describes results from field studies and simulation that can be used to estimate the yarding cost for the Koller K300 cable yarder. Yarding costs can be estimated for clearcuts and light and heavy thinnings in eastern hardwoods. Yarding costs can be estimated with a handheld calculator, or the data can be incorporated into stump-to-mill desktop PC and mainframe computer programs. The results can be a valuable tool for loggers, managers, and planners considering the use of small-to medium-size cable yarders to extract timber from eastern hardwood stands. North. J. Appl. For. 13(4):5-9.
Helping Nonindustrial Forestland Owners Save Taxes on Timber Sale Income: The Role of the Basis
Authors: Stier Jeffrey C.
Published: August 2019

Taxpayers who want to minimize income taxes on the proceeds from a timber sale should take all deductions to which they are entitled, including deducting the "allowable basis for recovery" (or basis) in the timber being sold. A model and method are presented for providing a rough estimate of the value of state and federal taxes that might be saved as a result of taking this deduction under different tax circumstances. If the original cost basis in the timber was not established at the time of acquisition, the method can also be used to estimate how much the landowner can afford to pay someone to try to reconstruct the basis. While the method does have limitations, it can provide foresters with a useful tool for assisting forest landowners with their tax management decisions. North. J. Appl. For. 14 (2):84-89.
Overstory Density Affects Field Performance of Underplanted Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.) in Ontario
Authors: Dey Daniel C. , Parker William C.
Published: August 2019

Red oak seedlings were underplanted in a closed-canopy mature northern hardwood stand and an adjacent shelterwood in central Ontario. Overstory density effects on seedling survival and growth were assessed 2 yr after planting. After 2 yr, seedling survival was 90% in the uncut stand and over 99% in the shelterwood. Seedlings in the uncut stand experienced negligible or negative annual increments in stem diameter and height. Seedlings in the shelterwood were about 2 mm larger in diameter and nearly twice as tall as those in the uncut stand after 2 yr. Second-year stem diameter and height distributions of planted oak were significantly different in the shelterwood and the uncut stand. Root volume, area, and dry mass were substantially larger for seedlings grown in the shelterwood than those in the uncut stand. Loss of vigor, growth declines, and increased mortality of planted oak were largely a result of extremely low understory light levels in the uncut stand. Results of this study suggest that red oak underplanted in an uncut stand 2 or more years before a shelterwood harvest will be at a competitive disadvantage once they are released. Establishment and performance of underplanted red oak is promoted by shelterwoods that provide adequate light at the forest floor and should exhibit a strong positive growth response following final overstory removal. North. J. Appl. For. 14(3):120-125
The Accuracy of Differential Monorestitution Relative to Conventional Data Transfer Methods for Aerial Photographs
Authors: Bilodeau Jean-Marie , Lowell Kim
Published: August 2019

Forest maps are still today being constructed predominantly by transferring information from aerial photographs to maps using relatively imprecise manual tools such as a Sketchmaster. (Another name for this or a similar apparatus is a Zoom Transfer Scope.) Such devices correct for as much photographic distortion as possible using relatively crude manual methods. New geomatics¹ technologies like differential monorestitution (DM) coupled with modern computing power provide an efficient alternative for this data transfer which has the potential to improve the quality of the final forest maps. But the question remains: what is the magnitude of the locational improvement possible with DM and how is it affected by different topography? A study was undertaken to answer this question. Comparisons between DM and conventional data transfer/mapping methods were conducted for forest maps on which three different types of topography were present. The results from each method were also compared to GPS points recorded along a road. Results suggest that DM provides a considerable improvement in accuracy over conventional methods for transferring information from aerial photographs to orthographic maps in forestry. Moreover, DM requires a comparable amount of operator time as conventional methods to obtain this improvement. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):183-188.
Logging Residue Yield Equations from West Virginia Timber Harvests
Authors: Grushecky Shawn T. , Hassler Curt C. , Fajvan Mary Ann
Published: August 2019

Line intersect and fixed plot sampling methodologies were used to measure both logging residues and overstory structural characteristics on 101 harvested stands in West Virginia. Equations were developed for predicting total and species-specific postharvest residue volume based on two independent variables, average dbh, and basal area of harvested trees. Finally, yield tables were developed that present expected postharvest residue volumes. North. J. Appl. For. 15(1):14-16.
Ecosystem Management: Opportunities for Private Landowners in the Central Hardwood Region
Authors: Roberts Scott D. , Parker George R.
Published: August 2019

Ecosystem-based forest management approaches are being considered by forest managers and landowners throughout the United States. Being dominated by nonindustrial private forestland, the Central Hardwood Region poses some unique challenges to implementation of ecosystem management approaches. Patterns of ownership and land use make it difficult to incorporate many of the landscape-scale features of ecosystem management. In addition, the lack of institutional leadership among private landowners may hamper adoption of ecosystem-based management over any substantial portion of the region. Despite these challenges, there are factors favoring the use of ecosystem management in the region. Foremost among them is that private landowner objectives are often compatible with the goals of ecosystem management. The forests of the region are naturally quite diverse and possess the ability to recover from past management to provide many of the benefits of undisturbed forests. As more technical information becomes available concerning how to make ecosystem management approaches work, the prospect for adoption by some portion of private landowner community is encouraging. North. J. Appl. For. 15(1):43-48.
Inputs and Trade Flows for Michigan Solid Wood Manufacturers
Authors: Stevens James , Gregson J. Craig
Published: August 2019

Michigan sawmills, pallet mills, and component part manufacturers were surveyed to determine the source and volume of inputs, the volume and destination of outputs, and the channels of distribution of both. All of these manufacturers purchase the majority of their solid wood inputs from within the state. The principal out-of-state input is grade lumber. Sawmills in Michigan sell 53% of the high quality grade lumber out-of-state, pallet mills primarily sell to in-state markets, and component manufacturers sell 65% of their output out-of-state. Fifty percent of grade lumber purchased by component manufacturers was from outside Michigan. Due to increased direct sales, brokers' and wholesalers' assistance in facilitating sales is less important than in the past for all three industries. North. J. Appl. For. 15(2):86-89.
Soil-Site Relations for Trembling Aspen in Northwest Ontario
Authors: Carmean Willard H. , Li Janjun
Published: August 2019

Past harvesting in Northwest Ontario has produced increased regeneration and increased forest areas supporting trembling aspen stands, resulting in greatly increased utilization of aspen. Thus there is a critical need to accurately estimate site quality and growth and yield for trembling aspen and for identifying productive sites where more intensive aspen forest management can be practiced.

Soil-site relations were studied using 95 plots located in mature, fully stocked, evenaged, undisturbed trembling aspen stands. On each plot site index (SIBH50) estimation was based on stem analysis of three to five dominant and codominant trees. Each plot also had soil profile descriptions and soil analyses for four major soil horizons (A, B, BC, C). Plots were located on morainal soils, glaciofluvial soils, and lacustrine soils. Multiple regression analyses showed: (a) for morainal soils site index was correlated (adj R² = 0.63) to depth to a root restricting layer, silt plus clay content of the A horizon, and coarse fragment content of the C horizon; (b) for glaciofluvial soils site index was correlated (adj R² = 0.64) to depth to a root restricting layer and to drainage class: and (c) for lacustrine soils site index was correlated (adj R² = 0.65) to depth to mottles and to clay content of the C horizon.

Results are applicable only to medium and good sites where mature, fully stocked, merchantable trembling aspen stands commonly occur. North. J. Appl. For. 15(3):146-153.
Armillaria Root Disease Inoculum Remaining in Young Ontario Conifer Plantations Following Root Raking or Madge Rotoclearing
Authors: Bruhn Johann N. , Mihail Jeanne D. , Meyer Timothy R.
Published: August 2019

Armillaria ostoyae causes a destructive root disease in northern conifers. Most infections result from root invasions by rhizomorphs growing through the soil from previously colonized stump and woody root debris. Armillaria longevity in woody debris is related to the colonized volume. Stump and root removal by root raking alone often does not satisfactorily reduce subsequent root disease mortality. This investigation characterized residual woody debris volumes in three conifer seed orchards in northern Ontario. Site preparation for stump and root removal in two of the orchards consisted of root raking alone, vs. Madge Rotoclear™ treatment ("rotoclearing") in the third orchard. Fallow periods between site preparation and planting were 1, 5, and 8 yr in the three orchards, respectively. Mortality related to colonized residual woody debris is continuing in the raked orchards, but appears to have ended in the rotocleared orchard. Root systems of 32 orchard trees recently killed by Armillaria root disease and 9 apparently healthy (otherwise comparable) trees were excavated. Regardless of site preparation method, Armillaria-killed trees were associated with greater total volumes of residual woody debris (comprising larger pieces on average) than were healthy trees. Also, healthy trees in the rotocleared orchard were associated with smaller debris pieces on average than were healthy trees in the root-raked orchard. Size of individual woody debris pieces which contained viable A. ostoyae was highly variable. Even small pieces of colonized debris close to a root crown were apparently capable of causing lethal infection. Nevertheless, compared to root raking, rotoclearing apparently breaks A. ostoyae-colonized woody debris into smaller pieces resulting in more rapid displacement of A. ostoyae. We conclude that rotoclearing followed by a fallow period of 8 yr before planting merits consideration as an inoculum reduction treatment for site preparation. A 10 yr fallow period might have prevented nearly all root disease mortality under the conditions of this study. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):191-196.
Five-Year Performance of Three Conifer Stock Types on Fine Sandy Loam Soils Treated With Hexazinone
Authors: Pitt D. G. , Krishka C. Stern , Bell F. W. , Lehela A.
Published: August 2019

In May 1987, hexazinone (Velpar® L) was applied by helicopter at 0, 1, 2, and 4 kg active ingredient (a.i.) in 45 L of total solution per ha to a sandy loam site approximately 74 km northwest of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Container (FH408 paper pot)jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and container (FH408 paper pot) and bareroot (1½ + 1½) black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) were hot-planted 1 month and deferred-planted 12 months after herbicide application. Survival, height, and diameter growth were monitored annually, through the fall of 1991. Jack pine container stock planted 1 month after hexazinone treatment at 2 and 4 kg a.i./ha suffered 12% greater mortality than trees planted 1 yr later. However, the benefits of early establishment and herbaceous weed control offset these early losses and hot-planted areas supported equal volumes at age 4, and 2.3-fold more volume per ha than deferred-planted areas 5 growing seasons after herbicide treatment. Black spruce container and bareroot stock exhibited high tolerance to hexazinone throughout the range of rates tested. Overall, a 1 yr delay in planting resulted in stem and stand volumes that were less than half of those observed in hot-planted areas. Growth response was positively related to the level of herbaceous weed control achieved, with 4 kg treated areas supporting volumes 2- to 4-fold greater than those on untreated areas. The data illustrate significant growth advantages associated with early crop establishment and herbaceous weed control. North. J. Appl. For. 16(2):72-81.
Relative Density Guide for Norway Spruce Plantations in Central New York
Authors: Halligan J. P. , Nyland R. D.
Published: August 2019

Number of stems per acre, sum of diameters per acre, and sum of squared diameters per acre were taken from sixty-five, 0.1 ac plots in Norway spruce plantations within a six county area in central New York. These data were used to generate a maximum average density line plotted on a relative density guide following the format used by Gingrich (1967) and incorporating modifications suggested by Ernst and Knapp (1985). Crown width and diameter data for 27 open-grown Norway spruce indicated that the equation by Krajicek et al. (1961) could be used to calculate a minimum density line for the guide. The maximum density line extrapolates stand development past about 50 yr of age, but should prove useful as an interim guide for management until older Norway spruce plantations become available. North. J. Appl. For. 16(3):154-159.
Ice and Forest Health
Authors: Smith William H.
Published: August 2019

In January 1998, a major ice storm damaged millions of urban and rural forest acres in the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. A total of 37 counties across the four-state region were designated Federal disaster areas. This article evaluates the storm's influence on general northeastern forest health. It presents a diagnosis of the damage, a prognosis of short- and long-term effects, and a prescription for management and research opportunities. North. J. Appl. For. 17(1)16-19.