bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
H. Yunus Apaydın, Din ve Fıkıh Yazıları
Authors: GÜRLER Kadir
Published: December 2020

Tanıtım ve değerlendirmesini yapacağımız bu kitap; fıkıh usulü meselelerine ilişkin çeşitli sempozyumlarda sunulan bilimsel bildiri ve çok sayıda yayımlanan makalelerin konularına göre tasnif edilmesi sûretiyle hazırlanmış bir derlemedir. Bu derlemede, naslara ve geleneğe yaklaşım konusunda sağlıklı bir bakış ve bilinç oluşturma noktasında yararlı olacağı düşünülen akademik yazılar bir araya getirilmiştir. Bir “seri/dizi” halinde devam edeceği anlaşılan seçki türü bu çalışmanın ilk ürünü, “Din ve Fıkıh Yazıları” olarak yayın hayatına girmiştir. Kitabın içeriğine bakıldığında, genel olarak fıkıh usulünün mahiyeti, yöntem sorunu, tarihselliğin riskleri, anlam-yorum farkı, din-fıkıh ilişkisi, mezhebin işlevi ve kaynaklara dönüş gibi özellikle de “usûl” konularına dair pek çok hususun ele alındığı görülmektedir. Kitapta, yazıların kurgusu, ana yapısı ve içeriğinin korunduğu, yazıların ana fikrine önemli bir müdahalede bulunulmadığı belirtilmiştir. Ancak, fikrî gelişimin geldiği son nokta açısından pürüz teşkil edebileceği düşünülen birkaç yerde sınırlı da olsa yumuşak rötuşlar, küçük ekleme ve çıkarmalar yapıldığı da ifade edilmiştir.
Strategies for Increasing Teacher Competence through Structured Mentoring in Developing Local Wisdom-Based Curriculum in Az-Zahwa Playgroup
Authors: Putri Rahayu Dika
Published: December 2020

The curriculum is an absolute thing that must be owned by a teaching unit. The curriculum is the core of the learning process. Az-Zahwa Playgroup Trenggalek has five teachers with high-school educational background and has never received training or workshops. This condition has an impact on the course during the learning process. The learning process runs without a plan, and the activities taken during the learning process was not appropriate to the children's age. This research aims to describe the strategies in increasing teacher competence, especially in pedagogic and professionalism based on structured-mentoring. In this research, the structured-mentoring was conducted by providing alternately structured materials and practice using prepared learning-tools appropriate to curriculum 2013. This type of research was qualitative with a case-study design. The data were collected using observations, interviews, and documentation. This research's inhibiting factor was that the teachers have a high-school educational background and have not had teaching experience, resulting in a lack of knowledge and teaching skills. On the other hand, the supporting factor was that teachers were enthusiastic and creative in developing the learning tools based on local culture. The results achieved from this structured-monitoring research were the teachers were able to make the learning-tools start from PROTA, PROMES, RPPM, RPPH according to 2013 Curriculum based on local culture and ended by generating the score by using work-result oriented techniques, checklist, portfolio, and anecdotal notes.
Feedback from Ionized Outflows Traced Across the Nearly Edge-on Disk of the Nearby Seyfert 2 Galaxy NGC 4945*
Authors: Hamza Hasanein A. , Sadooni Ameerah Ab. Al , Loon Jacco Th. van
Published: December 2020

The aim of this work is to understand the impact of ionized outflows from H II regions in the nearby Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC4945. The study is based on long-slit optical spectra obtained at the Southern African large Telescope (SALT). The analysis focussed on recombination lines (Hα and Hβ) and forbidden lines ([N II]λλ6549,6583, [S II]λλ 6717,6731 and [O III] λλ4959,5007). The physical properties of 26 emission-line objects were determined from a diagnostic diagram. They are found to represent different physical environments normally encountered in supernova remnants, planetary nebulae (PNe) and classical HII regions, with electron densities varying between 16–3000 cm-3. Apart from tracing the galactic rotation, in some cases the line profiles show broadening or even line splitting – we take this as evidence that these regions will have an impact (feedback) onto the surrounding interstellar medium. The presentday chemical abundances were determined using the strong lines method (O3N2 and N2 indices). The oxygen abundances are constant between galactocentric distances of ~ 1–5 kpc, while the nitrogen abundance increases outwards. Taken together with a tentative positive correlation between oxygen and nitrogen abundance, a generally high metallicity but lower in the nucleus than expected from a comparison with the Milky Way, we explain this in terms of the inside–out build-up of the disk and present-day nuclear activity triggered by the accretion of relatively metal-poor gas.
A Cosmological View for the Time - Variation of the Fundamental Constants of Nature
Authors: AL-Mashhadani Layali Y. Salih , Abdullah Ahmed H.
Published: December 2020

Time variation of constants of nature is still a question of debate among astronomers, physicists, geologists, and palaeontologists. But are the fundamental physical constants really varying in space or time and how changing these parameters may occur?. Paul Dirac was interested in this question in the large number hypothesis (LNH). He arrived by coincidence at the revolutionary hypothesis that the gravitational constant G should be varied inversely with the cosmic time t. LNH sparked off many ideas and arguments about the possibility of time or space variations of the fundamental constants of nature. In this work, we review details and arguments regarding the time and space variation of dimensional and dimensionless constants based on a detailed comparison for the recorded literature over about one and a half-century.
Data in practice: A participatory approach to understanding pre-service teachers’ perspectives
Authors: Prestigiacomo Rita , Hunter Jane , Knight Simon , Martinez-Maldonado Roberto , Lockyer Lori
Published: December 2020

Data about learning can support teachers in their decision-making processes as they design tasks aimed at improving student educational outcomes. However, to achieve systemic impact, a deeper understanding of teachers’ perspectives on, and expectations for, data as evidence is required. It is critical to understand how teachers’ actions align with emerging learning analytics technologies, including the practices of pre-service teachers who are developing their perspectives on data use in classroom in their initial teacher education programme. This may lead to an integration gap in which technology and data literacy align poorly with expectations of the role of data and enabling technologies. This paper describes two participatory workshops that provide examples of the value of human-centred approaches to understand teachers’ perspectives on, and expectations for, data as evidence. These workshops focus on the design of pre-service teachers enrolled in teacher education programmes (N = 21) at two Australian universities. The approach points to the significance of (a) pre-service teachers’ intentions to track their students’ dispositions to learning and their ability to learn effectively, (b) the materiality of learning analytics as an enabling technology and (c) the alignment of learning analytics with learning design, including the human-centred, ethical and inclusive use of educational data in the teaching practice.

 

Implications for practice or policy:

Pre-service teachers ought to be given opportunities to engage and understand more about learning design, learning analytics and the use of data in classrooms.

Professional experience placements for pre-service teachers should include participatory data sessions or learning design workshops.

Teacher education academics in universities must be provided with ongoing professional development to support their preparation work of pre-service teachers’ data literacy, learning analytics and the increasing presence of data.
Learning Analytics: Pathways to Impact
Authors: Corrin Linda , Scheffel Maren , Gašević Dragan
Published: December 2020

The field of learning analytics has evolved over the past decade to provide new ways to view, understand and enhance learning activities and environments in higher education. It brings together research and practice traditions from multiple disciplines to provide an evidence base to inform student support and effective design for learning. This has resulted in a plethora of ideas and research exploring how data can be analysed and utilised to not only inform educators, but also to drive online learning systems that offer personalised learning experiences and/or feedback for students. However, a core challenge that the learning analytics community continues to face is how the impact of these innovations can be demonstrated. Where impact is positive, there is a case for continuing or increasing the use of learning analytics, however, there is also the potential for negative impact which is something that needs to be identified quickly and managed. As more institutions implement strategies to take advantage of learning analytics as part of core business, it is important that impact can be evaluated and addressed to ensure effectiveness and sustainability. In this editorial of the AJET special issue dedicated to the impact of learning analytics in higher education, we consider what impact can mean in the context of learning analytics and what the field needs to do to ensure that there are clear pathways to impact that result in the development of systems, analyses, and interventions that improve the educational environment.
Baltic-Black Sea Region as a Resilient Region: Political and Security Aspects
Authors: Gladysh Marianna , Krayevska Oksana , Holovko-Havrysheva Oksana
Published: December 2020

The conceptual bases of resilience in modern political science are analyzed, including the key conceptual approaches that are used in academic studies for understanding the policy of resilience, characterizing the reaction of subjects to stress or threat of any kind and origin. The concept of resilience is applied to analyze the cooperation among the Baltic-Black Sea countries as a regional interaction model which should be formed in order to reduce or avoid security crises.

The Baltic-Black Sea countries have developed and formed strong ties in different dimen­sions among one another, opening an opportunity for intellectual adventures in the area of the conceptualization of their interaction modes under the regional cooperation frameworks. Based upon the analyzed doctrinal views and available documentary backgrounds on resilience in the UN and the EU, the possible visions and scenarios for the creation of the Baltic-Black Sea region as a resilient one are given. The existing and potential obstacles to cooperation in the region are highlighted. The main threats and challenges for the Baltic-Black Sea region at present are investigated.
Saudi Arabia as a Regional Power and an Absolute Monarchy Undergoing Reforms. Vision 2030 – the Perspective of the End of The Second Decade of the 21st Century
Authors: Czornik Katarzyna
Published: December 2020

The research objective of this paper is an analysis of the determining factors which allow Saudi Arabia at the end of the second decade of the 21st century to hold the position of a regional power and to maintain it at least in the medium-term perspective. This paper also aims at an analysis of the potential effectiveness of the reforms which have been implemented by the authorities in Riyadh in order to build a new, modified image of the feudal monarchy – Saudi Arabia as an enlightened (but permanently absolute) monarchy undergoing reforms. The hypothesis formed in this paper is as follows: Saudi Arabia at the end of the second decade of the 21st century is a regional power and an absolute monarchy undergoing reforms, which intends to build a new, positive and friendly image of the kingdom by way of reforms introduced in the economic, political and social spheres. The reforms, however, actually take place only at the economic level, which results from the fact that they do not undermine the foundations of the sharia law and the doctrine of Wahhabism. In the political and social spheres the reforms are just a façade. The methods used in this paper include: content analysis, systemic analysis and comparative method. The findings: the hypothesis posed above has been verified positively. Saudi Arabia at the end of the second decade of the 21st century is a regional power and an absolute monarchy undergoing reforms, which intends to build a new, positive and friendly image of the kingdom in the international community through introduction of reforms. The reforms undertaken within the framework of the Vision 2030 initiative are revolutionary, but actually they take place only in the economic sphere. However, in the political and social spheres – especially as regards granting further privileges and rights to Saudi women – although they are extremely important and even of breakthrough character and the very fact of their existence should be recognised, in reality they are only a façade and their implementation meets resistance not only from a part of political elites and radical clergy but also from the society itself, which is not mentally prepared for such changes.
Institutional Mechanism to Ensure National Security in the Information Space of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Russian Federation
Authors: Bondarenko Sergii , Nagornyak Tetyana , Polovyi Mykola
Published: December 2020

The paper is devoted to an analysis of the institutional mechanisms that ensure national security in the information space of several leading countries – the United States, the United Kingdom and the Russian Federation. It is stated that institutional mechanisms that ensure national security in the information space of the leading countries all have a similar structure. The main components of these mechanisms involve public authorities (state leaders – president or prime minister, government, ministries, and agencies), local government bodies, civil society institutions, the academic community, business community, and the media. The gradual expansion of the system of institutions that ensure national security in the information space and increase in their powers occurs in all these states. The analysis also demonstrates the paradigm shifts in the development and implementation of US and UK information policy in the context of modern nonlinear processes. Paradigmatic shifts are currently being reoriented towards the interests and needs of target audiences, diversification of channels and mechanisms of the distribution of meaning (strategic narratives) in the information space, from vertical to horizontal interaction with internal and external audiences. Emphases are shifting to the involvement of a wide range of institutions and other stakeholders in the implementation of information policy and delegation of powers from the center to the periphery, while preserving the main parameters of the policy established by state structures.
Selling Insecurity via Twitter: Ukrainian President’s Posts and Modern Political Discourse
Authors: Steblyna Nataliia
Published: December 2020

In modern political discourse, the topics of foreign aggression and insecurity are strongly influencing voter perceptions. In the unpredictable and polarizing environment of Twitter, references to crisis events may be used without justification. The character of tweeting during the peak phase of a crisis may differ, and it is possible to identify such differences analyzingthe tweets.

To compare the pre-election period with the period of foreign aggression, and to study the manner of tweeting of a political leader, the Twitter account of the fifth Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko was observed between November 2018 (Azov crisis) and July 2019 (early presidential election). A total of 2,519 tweets were content-analyzed (the character of references to Russian aggression, newsbreaks, intensity, language justification were studied).

Tweeting during the Azov crisis was an everyday activity with a large number of tweets over a long period. Pre-election tweeting included commenting on specially created events (commemorations, celebrations) with a large number of mentions for short periods of time and constant online presence with a small number of tweets posted even without a special occasion.

Approximately one out of three tweets was written without reference to any newsbreak. Among the most popular newsbreaks, traditional subjects dominated (meetings, signings of laws etc.). Thus, the term “aggression” was mainly exploited during specially created events after the crisis.

Additionally, the stylistic features (authentic language, amateurism, unpredictability, breaking rules, incivility and impoliteness) that are widespread across social networks arenot typical of Poroshenko. A “polarization” of the political discourse, however, emerges. It is possible to observe it especially before the second round of elections, when the polls were predicting victory to Poroshenko’s opponent.
The Formation of the International Imperatives of the National (Food) Security Coefficient in Ukraine under Globalization
Authors: Khalatur Svitlana , Zhylenko Kateryna , Vinichenko Ihor , Trokhymets Olena , Kriuchko Lesia
Published: December 2020

The purpose of the study is to review the academic literature on food security issues in order to examine the indicators of rational and minimal nutrition, facilitating the analysis of the existing system of indicators by which to assess the state of the food security system in a country. The aim of the article is to investigate and demonstrate the imperatives behind the formation of Ukraine’s national (food) security in the context of globalization. National food security in the broad sense should be considered as the state of the economy, and more narrowly – as the guaranteed ability of a state to meet the needs of the population by providing each citizen with the required volume, range and quality of food at a level that ensures the health and intellectual development of the individual, based on the principles of self-sufficiency of basic products and their economic and physical accessibility, regardless of the influence of external and internal factors. The Global Food Security Index Ranks of the European Union and Ukraine are analyzed. Consumer expenditure on food consumed at home in Ukraine is analyzed in the article. Average food security indicators of the EU and Ukraine are analyzed for 2001–2018, in particular for food exports, food imports, food production index, food, beverages and tobacco. The dynamics and forecasts of wheat and maize harvest and crop production in Ukraine and the EU are compared. The analysis of the Suite of Food Security Indicators of the EU and Ukraine is presented alongside a comprehensive analysis of the multifactor regression model of Food Production Index from foreign direct investment, net inflows, GDP growth, GNI per capita growth, short-term debt, tax revenue, total natural resources rents, and trade. The analysis has shown that for the analysis of the food production index it is effective to build a regression model, because it allows not only to estimate the degree of influence of the factor on the result, but also to most effectively predict the size of the food production index for the future.
Iran, Terrorism, and ISIS. Radosław Fiedler’s Interview with Bruce Hoffman
Authors: Fiedler Radosław
Published: December 2020

Intervievs
Born in the Ashes: Nuclear Uncertainties ‘Increasing’ Strategic Stability
Authors: Sinovets Polina , Melnyk Tetiana
Published: December 2020

The article explores the challenges that strategic stability is facing under the new nuclear world order. These are conceptual deviations from Cold War-framed deterrence theory, technological breakthroughs and critical transformations of states’ nuclear postures. Contrary to the existing publications on this issue, we claim that strategic stability will continue under the new nuclear order and might even be strengthened by the complex combination of security challenges, given the growing impossibility to de-escalate war once it breaks out.
Sanctions, Accommodation, and Defiance. A Long Track of US Sanctions Targeted at Iran. Radosław Fiedler’s Interview with Richard Nephe
Authors: Fiedler Radosław
Published: December 2020

Interviews
Henryk Dembiński (1908-1941) i jego poglądy na istotę samorządu
Authors: Dobkowski Jarosław
Published: December 2020

The article presents Henryk Dembiński's views on the essence of local government through the prism of the notion of public-law personality. His key finding is that the ideological and sociological context is important, but not conclusive as to the legal essence of local government. In this respect, one can disagree on Henryk Dembiński's downgrading or even denying the public-law personality of the local government. His views are a particular point of view that must be taken into account all the time.
Hydra lernejska, czyli o braku możliwości pogodzenia wyroku Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z instytucją klauzuli przeciwko unikaniu opodatkowania
Authors: Drozdowski Edgar
Published: December 2020

Teza artykułu sprowadza się do konstatacji, że hipoteza normy obecnie obowiązującej klauzuli przeciwko unikaniu opodatkowania (art. 119a ust. 1 w zw. z art. 119c i 119d Ordynacji podatkowej) nie spełnia kryteriów konstytucyjności tej instytucji postawionych przez Trybunał Konstytucyjny w wyroku z 11 maja 2004r. (K 4/03). W tekście wykazano, że próby dookreślenia przesłanek materialnoprawnych zastosowania klauzuli zgodnie z wytycznymi TK nie powiodły się. Nowa klauzula przeciwko unikaniu opodatkowania jest o wiele bardziej złożona i niejasna od swojej poprzedniczki, stąd należy ją uznać za niezgodną z art. 2 w zw. z art. 217 Konstytucji RP. We wnioskach wskazano, że nie jest możliwe stworzenie klauzuli spełniającej warunki postawione przez TK, ponieważ oznaczałoby to efektywną eliminację klauzuli przeciwko unikaniu opodatkowania z polskiego porządku prawnego. W miejsce obecnie obowiązującej klauzuli przeciwko unikaniu opodatkowania należy wprowadzić zwartą klauzulę, biorąc za wzór objętość przywołanej w tekście klauzuli niemieckiej i uwzględniając wymogi unijne zawarte w art. 6 dyrektywy ATA. Prawa podatników zagwarantować powinna przede wszystkim budowa kultury prawnej opartej na zaufaniu pomiędzy podatnikiem a organami podatkowymi, niezależne sądownictwo i specyficzne rozwiązania proceduralne.
O potrzebie istnienia surowości kary jako samoistnej przesłanki stosowania tymczasowego aresztowania. Rozważania i wnioski na tle wykładni art. 258 § 2 k.p.k.
Authors: Kluza Jan
Published: December 2020

Artykuł 258 § 2 k.p.k. przewiduje, że tymczasowe aresztowanie może być stosowane w przypadku zarzucenia oskarżonemu popełnienia zbrodni lub występku, którego górna granica zagrożenia wynosi co najmniej 8 lat. Przepis ten budził liczne kontrowersje co do tego, czy może stanowić samoistną podstawę stosowania tymczasowego aresztowania bez zaistnienia pozostałych przesłanek szczególnych stosowania tego środka, co doprowadziło do wydania przez Sąd Najwyższy uchwały, w której stwierdził on, że przepis ten może być samodzielną podstawą stosowania tymczasowego aresztowania. Nie wyeliminowało to jednak wątpliwości co do tego przepisu, co doprowadziło z kolei do kontroli jego zgodności z Konstytucją. Autor stoi na stanowisku, że wbrew licznej krytyce tego przepisu, jego funkcjonowanie jest uzasadnione, jednakże słuszne jest wskazanie, że wymaga on interwencji ustawodawcy, która wymusiłaby na sądzie orzekającym w przedmiocie wniosku o tymczasowe aresztowanie wskazanie in concreto czynników uzasadniających zastosowanie tego środka.
Financial technologies in personal financial planning: robo-advice vs. human-advice
Authors: Waliszewski Krzysztof , Warchlewska Anna
Published: December 2020

The paper presents the essence of financial technologies in personal financial planning, especially robo-advice. The main aim of the paper is to describe the presumptions for the development of robo-advice. An analysis of robo-advice on personal finance management was made. The analysis was based on a review of the subject literature, and on primary and secondary research. Particular attention was paid to the intensification of activities in the implementation of modern solutions and tools supporting the management of personal finances and the gradual development of robo-advisors. Modern solutions are still struggling with great distrust on the part of their current and potential customers, and the development of modern technologies in liquidity and asset management still requires a human factor.
Samorząd terytorialny wobec zasady podziału władzy
Authors: Niżnik-Dobosz Iwona
Published: December 2020

W tekście prezentowany jest pogląd, że podział pionowy w obrębie samej władzy wykonawczej –determinowany zasadą decentralizacji – jest instrumentalny prawnie wobec zasadniczego podziału władzy poziomego i nie jest to podział niezależny, separowany od zasady podziału władzy. Warto określić miejsce samorządu terytorialnego z perspektywy podziału władzy wykonawczej i w nawiązaniu do zasady podziału władzy z uwagi na znaczenie, jakie mogą mieć te ustalenia dla koncepcji wielopoziomowego rządzenia w Unii Europejskiej. Ustrój organów i instytucji Unii Europejskiej nie opiera się na zasadzie podziału władzy, lecz na podziale instytucjonalnym, a także pionowym i poziomym otwarciu się porządków prawnych państw członkowskich na porządek prawa europejskiego. Jednocześnie w zakresie tworzenia i wykonywania prawa europejskiego jest widoczne wyżej wspomniane wielopoziomowe rządzenie. W tym wielopoziomowym rządzeniu na wysokości prawa krajowego jest jednak odpowiednio wpisana zasada podziału władzy, a w niej odpowiednio jest usytuowany samorząd terytorialny.
Środki nadzoru eliminujące wadliwe rozstrzygnięcia organów gminy – próba oceny przyjętych rozwiązań w świetle Europejskiej karty samorządu lokalnego
Authors: Ziemski Krystian
Published: December 2020

Demokratyczne państwo prawa cechuje samorząd terytorialny, odpowiadający założeniom zdefiniowanym w Europejskiej karcie samorządu lokalnego (dalej: Karta). Powierzenie mu realizacji zadań publicznych, wymaga sprawowania nad nimi nadzoru zapewniającego zgodność jego działań z prawem. Zgodnie z zasadą proporcjonalności ingerowanie w działania samorządu wymaga poszanowania zasady swobody realizacji jego działań, co przemawia za ograniczeniem nadzoru do niezbędnych rozmiarów. W opracowaniu analizie poddano zgodność polskich regulacji dotyczących samorządu z Kartą. Przyjęte w Konstytucji RP regulacje zasadniczo odpowiadają wymogom sformułowanym w Karcie. Szczegółowe rozwiązania ustawowe jednak nie w pełni realizują zasady sformułowane w art. 8 Karty. Środkiem zapewnić mającym legalność działań samorządu jest eliminowanie z obrotu jego wadliwych rozstrzygnięć. W polskich regulacjach stosowanie tych środków ograniczono do naruszeń prawa skutkujących nieważnością wadliwych aktów. Z wyjątkiem uchwał budżetowych wykluczono możliwość podejmowania przez organy gminy znanych np. w prawie niemieckim, działań autokontrolnych na wypadek naruszeń prawa wymagających korekty. Nie zapewniono możliwości stosowania środków nadzorczych adekwatnych do stwierdzonych naruszeń prawa. Nie zapewniono także realizacji wszystkich celów nadzoru, a zwłaszcza pełnej ochrony jednostki, a także samej gminy przed konsekwencjami istotnych, nieskutkujących nieważnością naruszeń prawa przez jej organy.
Крупнейшая в послевоенной истории конъюнктурная программа правительства ФРГ
Authors: Belov Vladislav
Published: December 2020

В начале июня 2020 года Коалиционный комитет правительства Германии одобрил крупнейшую в послевоенной истории программу мер конъюнктурной помощи экономике общим объёмом в 130 млрд евро. Её цель – не только вывести страну из экономического кризиса, обусловленного пандемией коронавируса, но и одновременно увеличить инвестиции в цифровую и энергетическую трансформацию – основу «двойного перехода» ЕС и ФРГ к «экономике будущего». Автор анализирует содержание пакета, эффективность предложенных мер, последствия для партийно-политических процессов и перспективу выхода немецкого народного хозяйства из кризиса.
Старт торговых переговоров США и Великобритании
Authors: Godovanuk Kira
Published: December 2020

В начале мая 2020 года в онлайн-режиме начались переговоры между США и Великобританией по Соглашению о свободной торговле. Эта сделка, призванная укрепить «особые отношения» двух стран, может столкнуться с серьезным вызовом в виде американского протекционизма в рамках концепции America First. В то же время Кабинет Соединенного Королевства, ориентированный на самостоятельную торговую политику после брекзита, заинтересован безотлагательно продемонстрировать успехи нового курса. Компромиссом для обеих сторон могла бы стать мини-сделка, которая будет регулировать лишь частные вопросы двусторонней торговли, но станет имиджевым ходом для правительств двух стран.
Значение коммунальных выборов в Северном Рейне-Вестфалии для партийно-политических процессов в ФРГ
Authors: Belov Vladislav
Published: December 2020

Прошедшие 13 сентября 2020 года в крупнейшей федеральной земле Германии Северном Рейне-Вестфалии коммунальные выборы подтвердили основные партийно- политические тенденции в ведущем государстве Евросоюза – укрепление позиций ХДС и партии «Зелёные/Союз 90», сохранение влияния «Альтернативы для Германии», продолжение кризиса СДПГ и поиск новой идентичности «левыми» и свободными демократами. В записке анализируются итоги голосования, даётся оценка политических перспектив премьер- министра земли А. Лашета, а также взаимодействия христианских демократов и «зелёных» на федеральном уровне и его значение для будущего российско-германского сотрудничества.
Новые тенденции в оборонной политике Швеции
Authors: Plevako Natalia
Published: December 2020

Новые тенденции в оборонной политике Швеции нашли свое отражение в законопроекте, подготовленном Комитетом по обороне. Согласно документу, оборонный бюджет в 2021-2025 гг. должен вырасти на 40% до 1,5% ВВП, а оборонная политика – приобрести новое качество. Значительное место в документе занимает политика безопасности, активизация которой связывается с ухудшением международной обстановки, в частности, на Севере Европы. Вина за рост напряженности возлагается на Россию: авторы законопроекта не исключают возможность её вооруженного нападения на Швецию. В связи с этим, упор делается на создание системы солидарной безопасности, партнером по которой будет не только Финляндия, как главный союзник Швеции, но и другие северные страны, а также США и НАТО. Автор приходит к выводу, что политические партии поддерживают идею роста такого сотрудничества, но правительство социал-демократов и «зеленых» не ставит задачу вступления в НАТО в ближайшую повестку дня.
Water productivity simulation for irrigated farmlands in the Brantas River Basin
Authors: Valiant Raymond , Nugroho Waego Hadi , Bisri Mohammad , Utomo Wani Hadi
Published: December 2020

Simulation of land and water management for the irrigated farmlands has become an interest to answer how agricultural productivity is related to the water use in a river basin. This research was undertaken in the Brantas River Basin in Indonesia, involving a modelling process with the virtual water concept as a tool to analyze water productivity. The research simulated the agricultural water demand and provided the results of the virtual water content of paddy and maize, based on the available farming land, water availability, cropping pattern and climatological conditions of the respective hydrological years of 1997 and 2011 as a benchmark. After which projections were made based on the low rainfall scenario for the years 2021 to 2025. The research concluded that the presence of excess irrigation in the tropical climates hinders the increase in agricultural productivity, and therefore, the irrigation in the Brantas River Basin needs to be improved by, among others, selecting plants with higher water productivity, developing water-sensitive cropping patterns, and water conveyance savings.
Microbial exploration of the origin of the Pandeglang cocoa plant (Theobroma cacao L.) rhizosphere as potential biofertilizer
Authors: Nurmayulis N , Eris Fitria Riany , Hastusi Dewi , Sodiq Abdul Hasyim , Denny Yus Rama , Susilowati Dwi Ningsih
Published: December 2020

This study aimed to determine the ability of microorganisms originating from the root ecosystem (Rhizosphere) of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) as a potential superior to biological agents. For the experiment, soil samples were observed from the rhizosphere of cocoa plants in Pandeglang Regency. At this stage, the research was focused on finding out the extent of microbe screening results from cocoa rhizosphere soil in producing phytohormones. The results from the initial selection showed a population of Azotobacter 2.8 x 105 cfu/mL, a population of Azospirillium of 0.3 x 102 cfu/mL, and a population of Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) 4.1 x 107 cfu/mL. In the hemolysis test conducted for 9 isolates, only 1 isolate showed a negative result. From the test of the ability to produce phytohormones showed respectively from the highest values were IAA 5.467 mg/L, gibberellin 3.768 mg/L, zeatin 1.321 mg/L, and kinetin 0.886 mg/L. The land rhizosphere of Pandeglang cocoa plant had superior potential microbes which could be used as biological fertilizers.
Soil chemical properties influences on the growth performance of Eucalyptus urophylla planted in dryland ecosystems, East Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Sadono Ronggo , Wardhana Wahyu , Wirabuana Pandu Yudha Adi Putra , Idris Fahmi
Published: December 2020

Understanding the relationship between soil chemical characteristics and forest productivity is importantly required to support sustainable forest management, mainly in eucalyptus plantation. This study investigated the influence of soil chemical properties on the growth performance of Eucalyptus urophylla which established in dryland ecosystems, East Nusa Tenggara. Forest inventory was undertaken by N-trees sampling in the priority locations for E. urophylla development, located in Buat, Fatukoto1, and Fatukoto2. Four parameters were selected to describe the growth performance of E. urophylla, comprising diameter, height, volume, and mean annual increment. In each sampling point, soil sample was collected at the depths of 0-10, 11-20, and 21-30 cm. Then, the sample was composited before brought to the laboratory for quality analysis. Six parameters were selected to quantify the soil chemical characteristics, namely soil acidity (pH), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (Av-P), exchangeable potassium (Exc-K), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Results found that soil chemical properties from three locations were significantly different in pH, SOC, Av-P, and CEC. However, this study recorded the content of TN and Exc-K were statistically equal among the three sites. Difference soil chemical properties were also followed by the variation growth of E. urophylla, particularly in diameter and height. The highest volume of eucalyptus stand was observed in Fatukoto1 (181.06+95.46 m3 ha-1), followed by Buat (142.67+27.19 m3 ha-1) and FatukotoII (99.09+62.46 m3 ha-1). There were four soil parameters that meaningfully affected the growth performance of E. urophylla, i.e. pH, Av-P, Exc-K, and CEC. Among those parameters, Av-P demonstrated a consistent effect on the growth performance of E. urophylla. According to these findings, this study concluded that Av-P substantially provided higher effect on the growth performance of E. urophylla than other soil chemical parameters.
Land-use changes and slope positions impact on the degradation of soil functions in nutrient stock within the Kalikungkuk micro watershed, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Fitria Anita Dwy , Sudarto S , Kurniawan Syahrul
Published: December 2020

Degradation of soil functions in storing and cycling nutrients may be related to topography and land-use change. The research aimed to analyze the impact of land-use changes and slope positions on soil function in nutrient stock within Kalikungkuk micro watershed of East Java, Indonesia. Four different land-uses such as vegetable crops, agroforestry, shrub and forest were selected with three slope positions (e.g. ridge, slope, and valley), and three replications of each. Soil samples were collected at 0-10, 10-30, 30-50, and 50-100 cm depth of soil. Variables measured included soil properties (e.g. bulk density, soil texture, pH, CEC, soil nutrients). Slope positions impact on differences in soil physical (i.e. soil bulk density, soil texture) and chemical (i.e. total N, exchangeable K) properties. In addition, forest conversion to other land-uses (i.e. agroforestry, shrub, vegetable crops) decreased soil nutrient concentration (i.e. total C, total N, Ca, Mg, Na), and consequently resulted in degradation of soil nutrient stocks of especially C and N. The strong positive correlation between soil nutrient stock (e.g. C and N) and vegetation cover such as canopy cover, basal area, and litter (r = 0.63 – 0.78, r table 1% = 0.39) showed the benefit of biodiversity in maintaining soil function on the nutrient stock.
Studies on Adhesive Wear Characteristics of Centrifugally Cast Functionally Graded Ceramic Reinforced Composite
Authors: Kartik Sriram K. , Radhika N. , Sam Manu , S Shrihari
Published: December 2020

Functionally graded material containing LM13 aluminium alloy as matrix and alumina as reinforcement (10 wt. %) was fabricated (Φout150 × Φin90 × 100 mm) by centrifugal casting. Samples were machined from the cylindrical cast along its longitudinal axis. Variation in hardness along the radial cross-sectional wall revealed 33.7% improvement at the outer periphery due to higher presence of alumina. This zone was preferred for dry sliding wear experiments, designed based on Taguchi L27 orthogonal array by varying the process parameters like sliding velocity, sliding distance and load using pin-on-disc tribometer. Analysis of variance revealed velocity as most influential wear factor, next to load. An optimal condition to minimise adhesive wear was determined at a load of 15 N, sliding velocity of 3.5 m/s and sliding distance of 1250 m. Scanning electron microscope analysis on abraded surfaces showed formation of tribolayer at high velocities and delamination at high loads.
Heat Transfer Rate Optimisation of Ionanofluid Based Heat Sink Using ANSYS
Authors: Bakthavatchalam Balaji , Habib Khairul , Hussein O. A. , Saidur R. , Irshad Kashif
Published: December 2020

Heat dissipation of various electrical and electronic devices has been a significant concern in the current years of modernisation. Many researchers proved that a liquid-cooled microchannel heat sink (MCHS) is an effective way of removing high heat load. Due to ionic liquids’ unique properties such as negligible volatility, non-flammability, high thermal stability, and ionic conductivity, this liquid is combined with nanofluids to synthesise a new class of potential fluids termed Ionanofluids (ionic liquid-based nanofluids). In this research, a numerical simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of MWCNT (Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes) based Ionanofluids as a coolant in a rectangular-shaped microchannel heat sink is analysed. The Two-step method is used for preparing the studied Ionanofluids consisting of 0.5 wt.% of MWCNT nanoparticles ultra-sonicated with a mixture of propylene glycol and 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim][Cl]-ionic liquid) fluids. Copper micro channelled heat sink comprising 1 m channel height, 25 μm of channel diameter, and 0.7 m channel width is modelled and simulated with ANSYS-Fluent. The results showed that the heat transfer coefficient increases about 11.4% while the thermal resistance decreases about 15.18% by using the proposed ionanofluids with the concentration of 0.5 wt.% at Re=2000 compared with that of an MCHS with propylene glycol. Moreover, the pressure drop along the studied MCHS increased up to a maximum of 30 kPa for higher heat gradients. Ionanofluids decreased the thermal resistance and temperature difference between the heated surface of the MCHS and Ionanofluids inlet to a greater extent when validated with pure base fluid and previous studies. From the simulated results, a better cooling performance is observed with Ionanofluids compared to pure propylene glycol (PG) for the proposed microchannel heat sink.
Structural and electrophysical properties of thermally expanded graphite prepared by chemical methods: comparative analysis
Authors: Kotsyubynsky V.O. , Boychuk V.M. , Rachiy B.I. , Hodlevska M.A. , Budzulyak S.I.
Published: December 2020

The aim of this paper is the comparison of structural, morphological and electrical properties of thermally extended graphite synthesized by chemical oxidation of graphite with sulfur of nitric acids at all other same conditions. Thermal treatments of graphite intercalation compounds were performed at a temperature of 600°C on the air for 10 min but additional annealing in temperature range of 100-600oC for 1 hour was done. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy. The evolution of structural ordering of thermally extended graphite samples at increasing of annealing temperature was traced. It was determined that the additional annealing allows to control the electrical conductivity and structural disordering degree of extended graphite samples that is useful for preparation of efficient current collectors for electrochemical capacitors.
Electronic properties of orthorhombic InI and TlI crystals taking into account the quasiparticle corrections and spin-orbit interaction
Authors: Syrotyuk S.V.
Published: December 2020

The electronic properties of InI and TlI crystals of an orthorhombic structure with a space group Cmcm are studied. Calculations of electron properties are performed on the basis of the projector augmented waves by means of the ABINIT program. Total and partial densities of electronic states are calculated. Electron energy spectra are found with the exchange-correlation functional GGA, without and taking into account the spin-orbital interaction. It was found that the bandgap of the InI, obtained without spin-orbital interaction, is less than the experimental value by 38%, and by 42%, taking into account the latter. For the TlI crystal, the corresponding values are 27% and 39%. The bandgap found from the quasiparticle equation in the GW approximation exhibits an excellent agreement with the experimental values for both crystals.
Intrinsic Diffusivities Ratio Analysis in the Al-Cu System
Authors: Yarmolenko M.V.
Published: December 2020

Copper and aluminium electric corrosion rates are investigated experimentally at room temperature and at temperature 100oC. It is founded that copper corrosion is higher than aluminium corrosion, and ratio of electric corrosion rates, kCu/kAl ,  decreases with temperature increasing. It is calculated that copper corrosion rate is approximately equal to aluminium corrosion at temperature about 300oC due to Cu2+ ions are less mobile than Cu+ ions. It is obvious physically: the higher temperature is, the grater atoms’ displacements in crystal lattice, Cu atoms can diffuse without two electrons, and Cu2+ ions more strongly interact with crystal lattice than Cu+ ions. A theoretical method to calculate intrinsic diffusivities ratio in double multiphase systems is proposed. The method involves the Kirkendall plane displacement and the general phases thickness only. Intrinsic diffusivities ratios in the Al-Cu system are calculated using literature experimental data. Diffusion activation energies and pre-exponential coefficients for the Cu-Al system are calculated combining literature experimental results. Analysis of literature data shows that  the Kirkendall shift changes sign at temperature about 460oC in the Cu-Al system because of intrinsic diffusivities ratio, DCu*/DAl*, dependence from temperature. Such result agrees with copper and aluminium electric corrosion rates investigation.
Estimation of photocatalytic degradation rate using smartphone based analysis
Authors: Danyliuk N. , Tatarchuk T. , Shyichuk A.
Published: December 2020

A simple approach to test photocatalyst activity has been described. Photocatalytic degradation of a model dye was measured using a smartphone. The color changes were registered directly in the micro-photoreactor. The model dye Rhodamine B was degraded under UV irradiation (365 nm). The effect of H2O2 concentration and titanium dioxide photocatalyst dosage has been studied. Among three color systems, RGB, CIE L*a*b* and HSV, the first one proved to be the most suitable for the dye determination. The reference measurements were carried out with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Two smartphones and two tablets with different camera resolutions have been examined. The best calibration curve was obtained using a Samsung Galaxy A6 smartphone with a 16MP camera. The t-test has shown with 95 % confidence that there are no significant differences between the dye concentrations measured with the smartphone and spectrophotometer. The values of the relative standard deviation of the smartphone measurements were less than 0.5 %. Therefore, the proposed method for fast estimation of photocatalyst activity can be used in the control of advanced oxidation reactions.
Towards a Progressive Fatwa: MUI's Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Sholeh M. Asrorun Ni’am
Published: December 2020

This study examines the Fatwās issued by the Indonesian Ulama Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia/MUI) on Indonesian Muslim attitudes and practical procedures towards their religious behaviors and public demands on the government appreciation and recognition. The fatwās present logical reasoning which has attracted the government’s attention to adopting them and issue legal products based on them. With a normative legal research approach, this study is considered as qualitative research which using critical legal theory to analyze the important points in the Fatwās. As a result, this study finds four important cases in the fatwā on religious attitudes and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic: first, the fatwa on COVID-19 has logical reasoning which is in line with paramedical advice; second, the fatwa on COVID-19 is consistent with the government political interests concerning physical and social restrictions; third, the fatwa on COVID-19 ends the negative stigma on the political role of religious actors; and fourth, the fatwa shows the increasing role of Kiai (religious figures) from cultural brokers to actors of Islamic legal scientism.     AbstrakPenelitian ini menguji fatwā hukum yang dikeluarkan oleh Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) tentang sikap dan prosedur praktis umat Islam Indonesia dalam beragama serta tuntutan publik atas penghargaan dan pengakuan pemerintah. Fatwā tersebut menghadirkan nalar logis sehingga menarik perhatian pemerintah untuk mengadopsi dan mengeluarkan produk hukum yang didasarkan pada fatwā tersebut. Dengan pendekatan penelitian hukum normatif, penelitian kualitatif ini menggunakan teori hukum kritis untuk menganalisis poin-poin penting dalam fatwā. Hasilnya, studi ini menemukan empat kasus penting dalam fatwā tentang sikap dan perilaku beragama selama pandemi COVID-19. Pertama, fatwā hukum tentang COVID-19 memiliki penalaran logis yang sejalan dengan nasihat paramedis; kedua, fatwā hukum tentang COVID-19 sejalan dengan kepentingan politik pemerintah mengenai pembatasan fisik dan sosial; ketiga, fatwā hukum tentang COVID-19 mengakhiri stigma negatif terhadap peran politik aktor agama; dan keempat, fatwā hukum menunjukkan semakin meningkatnya peran kiai dari calo budaya menjadi pelaku ilmu hukum Islam.