bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What the differences in conflict between online and face-to-face work groups mean for hybrid groups: A state-of-the-art review
Authors: Kahlow Jessica , Klecka Hanna , Ruppel Erin
Published: July 2021

Conflict has been a topic widely studied in communication and management studies literature. How groups handle conflict can affect group performance, satisfaction, and commitment (Martínez-Moreno, González-Navarro, Zornoza, & Ripoll, 2009; Pazos, 2012; Staples & Webster, 2007; Workman, 2007). Much of this literature focuses on online, task-oriented work groups, and how these groups differ from face-to-face (F2F) groups. However, hybrid groups (i.e., those that work both F2F and online) are increasingly common. To better understand conflict in hybrid groups, we review 68 articles regarding online, hybrid, and F2F groups that highlight the differences between F2F and online groups and consider what these differences mean for hybrid groups. In doing so, we identify several emergent themes related to how conflict is managed in online and hybrid groups. The literature suggests that there are many benefits to online and hybrid groups, such as the ability to assemble more diverse teams and work asynchronously, but that conflict is also more common in online than F2F groups. Strong norms and leadership behaviors that encourage trust and cohesion appear to reduce conflict and its effects on group performance and decision making, especially in online groups. These findings suggest that in hybrid groups, F2F meetings might be used to quickly establish group norms, trust, and cohesion, which can then improve online group interactions. However, more research is needed to understand how conflict occurs and is managed in hybrid groups. Future communication research should focus on examining conflict management in hybrid groups using computer-mediated communication perspectives.
Death-Related Grief and Disenfranchised Identity: A Communication Approach
Authors: Barney Kendyl A. , Yoshimura Stephen M.
Published: July 2021

The death of a significant person in one’s life forces individuals to engage in a number of grief-related tasks, including reconstructing a narrative about the relationship, resituating their relationship with the deceased individual, and developing a new sense of self post-loss. The dominant narrative of grief, however, generally assumes that the experience is a finite, linear process of detachment. Given past research challenging the reality of that experience, we draw upon Doka’s (2002) theory of disenfranchised grief to propose that grief is not only a possible temporary state of disenfranchisement, but rather a perpetual, ongoing state of being disenfranchised. This condition is primarily maintained by the need to constantly navigate the lines between the dominant narrative of grief upheld in a given culture and one’s personal experience and performance of it. We propose a narrative approach to the concept of grief as a potential solution to this problem, and outline several new potential avenues for research on grief.
Reviewing and Revising the Institutional Vision of U.S. Higher Education
Authors: Abelman Robert
Published: July 2021

This article reviews the literature on the institutional vision of higher education in the United States – that is, the philosophical template through which colleges and universities define and communicate the kinds of human beings they are attempting to cultivate. Key linguistic components found to constitute a well conceived, viable, and easily diffused institutional vision are identified and significant issues, controversies and problems associated with these guiding, governing, and self-promotional mission and vision statements are examined. Particular attention is given to those types of schools recognized in the literature as the most maligned in the academic community or misrepresented in the popular press. A comparative analysis revisits the data of a subset of these investigations with the intention of generating greater insight into the institutional vision of higher education and offering a prescription for how these statements can better serve their institutions.
Narrative Research in Communication: Key Principles and Issues
Authors: McDonald Daniel G.
Published: July 2021

A great deal of recent research on communication has been developed in the general area of narrative or narrative effects. The majority of this work has brought in older communication concepts without reconciling those concepts with what has been learned about narrative in other social sciences. This review covers some of the major points from research on narrative to help expand the knowledge base and suggest directions for additional work in the field of communication.
Mobile communication and network privatism: A literature review of the implications for diverse, weak, and new ties
Authors: Campbell Scott W.
Published: July 2021

Most of the research on the implications of mobile communication for social networks has focused on its uses and consequences in the intimate realm of close friends, family, and loved ones. A number of scholars have also become interested in ways that mobile communication helps and hinders the broader realm of network connectivity, including diverse, weak, and new ties. A collection of theoretical perspectives on mobile communication and diverse, weak, and new ties proposes that heightened connectivity in the intimate realm can come at the expense of being engaged more broadly – a scenario I characterize as network privatism. At the same time, the available empirical research in the literature tends to tell a different story, or rather stories. This analysis brings theory and empirical findings into closer conversation with one another by reviewing and synthesizing the literature in this area. Observed patterns in the literature offer new insight into questions of mobile communication and network privatism, while also pointing to opportunities for refinement of theory, analysis, and measurement as this line of inquiry further develops.
Music and intergroup relations: Exacerbating conflict and building harmony through music
Authors:   University of Arizona, USA, Jake Harwood Jake Harwood
Published: July 2021

This article describes the ways in which music is an important part of identity, and hence serves some similar functions to other forms of identity-related communication (e.g., language). It will describe how music is used to incite intergroup hatred (e.g., among soccer fans, military music) and to support valued identities (anthems, etc.). Relevant literature on stereotyping (including stereotyping of groups related to music) is included. The article also discusses how music is used to reduce intergroup hostility (e.g., via cross-cultural musical collaboration and contact). The article connects the various literatures from communication, social psychology, sociology, and ethnomusicology, providing a broad overview of the many connections between communication, music, and social identity. It closes with a research agenda for those interested in studying intergroup communication and music.
Thinking about the media: A review of theory and research on media perceptions, media effects perceptions, and their consequences
Authors: McLeod Douglas M. , Wise David , Perryman Mallory
Published: July 2021

This review explicates the past, present and future of theory and research concerning audience perceptions of the media as well as the effects that perceptions of media have on audiences. Before the sections that examine media perceptions and media effects perceptions, we first identify various psychological concepts and processes involved in generating media-related perceptions. In the first section, we analyze two types of media perceptions: media trust/credibility perceptions and bias perceptions, focusing on research on the Hostile Media Perception. In both cases, we address the potential consequences of these perceptions. In the second section, we assess theory and research on perceptions of media effects (often referred to as Presumed Influence) and their consequences (referred to as the Influence of Presumed Influence). As examples of Presumed Influence, we evaluate the literature on the Persuasive Press Inference and the Third-Person Perception. The bodies of research on media perceptions and media effects perceptions have been featured prominently in the top journals of the field of mass communication over the past 20 years. Here we bring them together in one synthetic theoretical review.
Rhythmic Control of Automated Traffic—Part I: Concept and Properties at Isolated Intersections
Authors: Chen Xiangdong , Li Meng , Lin Xi , Yin Yafeng , He Fang
Published: July 2021

Leveraging the accuracy and consistency of vehicle motion control enabled by the connected and automated vehicle technology, we propose the rhythmic control (RC) scheme that allows vehicles to pass through an intersection in a conflict-free manner with a preset rhythm. The rhythm enables vehicles to proceed at a constant speed without any stop. The RC is capable of breaking the limitation that right-of-way can only be allocated to nonconflicting movements at a time. It significantly improves the performance of intersection control for automated traffic. Moreover, the RC with a predetermined rhythm does not require intensive computational efforts to dynamically control vehicles, which may possibly lead to frequent accelerations or decelerations. Assuming stationary vehicle arrivals, we conduct a theoretical investigation to show that RC can considerably increase intersection capacity and reduce vehicle delay. Finally, the performance of RC is tested in the simulations with both stationary and nonstationary vehicle arrivals at both symmetric and asymmetric intersections.
RIO DE JANEIRO: CENÁRIO TURÍSTICO CARIOCA EM TEMPOS DE PANDEMIA
Authors: Costa Maria Angélica Maciel , Moraes Cláudia Correa de Almeida , Abreu Luciano Muniz , Botelho Eloise Silveira , Fogaça Isabela De Fátima , Trentin Fábia , Lima Matheus Gomes , Soares Carlos Alberto Lidizia , Elicher Maria Jaqueline , Queiros Jonas Machado de
Published: July 2021

Este artigo analisa os impactos da pandemia da Covid-19 nos fluxos turísticos e na economia do turismo carioca e procura compreender seus significados para o conjunto da sociedade, considerando a complexa engrenagem que caracteriza o fenômeno do turismo. O recorte espacial recai no município do Rio de Janeiro, para o qual o turismo tem sua importância revelada não apenas por sua classificação na categoria “A” no Mapa do Turismo Brasileiro, mas, sobretudo, por congregar importantes produtos e fluxos em escala nacional e internacional. Reflete, portanto, parte do clima de tensões e incertezas que o panorama pandêmico provoca no turismo brasileiro. A análise, de caráter qualitativo, é complementada por dados quantitativos relacionados aos fluxos turísticos e aos impactos econômicos, análise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas, tendo como recorte temporal os anos de 2019 e 2020. Os achados revelam diversos conflitos na condução da crise sanitária, com sérios impactos no turismo. A discussão divide-se em duas partes: (i) a contextualização do município do Rio de Janeiro e sua trajetória territorial turística e econômica nas três últimas décadas até a contemporaneidade; (ii) a análise dos impactos da crise sanitária no turismo carioca. Destaca-se que o Rio de Janeiro, como destino turístico, sofreu impactos econômicos significativos, devido ao fechamento de empresas, cancelamento de eventos e interrupção de fluxos devido à restrição instituída por decretos. Na esfera municipal, o Estado agiu para amenizar os impactos, enquanto empresas reinventaram serviços e operações, o que pode oferecer informações sobre a nova configuração do destino turístico.
DOSSIÊ “TURISMO EM TEMPOS DE PANDEMIA”
Authors: Tavares Maria Goretti Da Costa , Da Silva Simone Affonso , Guambe José Júlio Júnior
Published: July 2021

Esse Dossiê apresenta os resultados parciais das investigações feitas pelo  grupo de pesquisa “Turismo em Tempos de Pandemia”, do qual participam mais de 30 instituições e 100 pesquisadores de cinco países: Brasil, Argentina, Moçambique, Portugal e França. O objetivo geral das investigações é identificar e analisar impactos da pandemia sob uma perspectiva multi e trans-escalar, a partir de estudos de caso nas localidades com maior relevância da atividade turística nos referidos países e suas respectivas regiões.
Management of epistaxis: a guide for junior doctors
Authors: Ahmed Jake , Leopard Daniel , Teasdale Alex , Cheah Wilson , Marnane Conor
Published: July 2021

Epistaxis is commonly seen as an acute presentation to the emergency department. The level of severity can range from a minor ooze to a life-threatening bleed. The initial management is often the responsibility of junior doctors working in otolaryngology or the emergency department, so they must be familiar with the initial steps in treating this often distressing condition. The COVID-19 pandemic has complicated matters further as much of the management takes place in the upper airway. This article outlines the key considerations in the management of epistaxis, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Dionisos en las ciudades. El retorno del dios trágico en Eurípides, Nietzsche y Lefebvre
Authors: Delgado Ruiz Manuel , Contijoch Torres Marta
Published: July 2021

La mitología clásica y el orden ritual griegos recogen de manera recurrente el episodio en que Dionisos, como dios viajero o exiliado, regresa a la ciudad para inocular en ella la fuerza creativa de la vida desatada. Eurípides recoge ese tema en Las bacantes, la tragedia en que la divinidad del delirio y la embriaguez vuelve a Tebas para demostrar la fragilidad del orden que parece reinar en la polis. Esta imagen de Dionisos como dios venidero reaparece en el primer Romanticismo como encarnación divina de la promesa de superación de la racionalidad ilustrada, entendida entonces como asesina de dioses y mitos. De ahí surge parte la vindicación que Nietzsche hace de Baco para su desenmascaramiento del logos moderno y su papel en la nueva organización urbana, contemplada como desastre y promesa. Es esa misma vindicación de Dionisos la que vemos reaparecer en el siglo XX de la mano de Henri Lefebvre y su crítica a la reapropiación capitalista de las ciudades, al describir lo urbano como actualización del desafío liberador del dios. Con ello se pone de manifiesto la no siempre subrayada presencia activa de Nietzsche también en los trabajos de temática espacial del autor de El derecho a la ciudad.
En las fronteras de lo urbano: una exploración teórica de los espacios extremos
Authors: Benach Núria
Published: July 2021

Este artículo tiene como objetivo contribuir a una mejor comprensión de la situación, el funcionamiento y la problemática de los espacios que se hallan en los márgenes de las transformaciones urbanas, aquí denominados “espacios extremos” por estar en el margen y al margen de dichas transformaciones. Se traza un recorrido teórico por la teoría urbana crítica combinando elementos de la teoría urbana marxista y de la teoría postcolonial, y se contrasta con los resultados de la observación en márgenes urbanos tanto del centro como de la periferia barcelonesa.
Las alcaldesas de Robadors. Resistencia, compromiso y voz de las trabajadoras sexuales del Raval de Barcelona
Authors: Clua Anna
Published: July 2021

A partir de un estudio de caso en la Calle Robadors del barrio del Raval de Barcelona, este artículo centra su atención en el lugar de las trabajadoras sexuales en el espacio urbano y en la esfera pública de la ciudad. El estudio plantea el reto que actualmente supone la supervivencia del relato de “otra” cara de Barcelona, en particular cuando el relato tiene voz de mujer que también es “otra”. Enmarcado en una investigación más amplia sobre las estrategias de resiliencia y resistencia en los espacios extremos de la ciudad, el estudio de caso de la Calle Robadors incorpora la perspectiva de género en el replanteamiento de conceptos habituales en los estudios urbanos críticos, como “revanchismo” y “resistencia”. El artículo aporta también la descripción del uso del documental como técnica narrativa en pro de una metodología no estigmatizante y basada en la acción comunicativa.
Second harmonic generation enhancement and directional emission from topological corner state based on the quantum spin Hall effect
Authors: Guo Kai , Wu Jintao , Chen Fujia , Zhou Keya , Liu Shutian , Guo Zhongyi
Published: July 2021

Topological corner state has attracted much research interests since it does not obey the conventional bulk-edge correspondence and enables tightly confined light within small volumes. In this work, we demonstrate an enhanced second harmonic generation (SHG) from a topological corner state and its directional emission. To this end, we design an all-dielectric topological photonic crystal based on optical quantum spin Hall effect. In this framework, pseudospin states of photons, topological phase, and topological corner state are subsequently constructed by engineering the structures. It is shown that a high Q-factor of 3.66×1011 can be obtained at the corner state, showing strong confinement of light at the corner. Consequently, SHG is significantly boosted and manifests directional out-of-plane emission. More importantly, the enhanced SHG has robustness against a broad class of defects. These demonstrated properties offer practical advantages for integrated optical circuits.
Active Q-switching operation of a Tm:SrF2 single crystal fiber laser near 2 µm
Authors: Liu Wenxin , Zu Yuqian , Wang Yangxiao , Zhang Zhonghan , Liu Jie , Su Liangbi
Published: July 2021

Single crystal fiber (SCF) lasers have attracted extensive attention recently. In this paper, Tm:SrF2 SCF was successfully grown by the temperature gradient method. With a compact resonator, the acousto-optically Q-switched properties of a diode-pumped Tm:SrF2 SCF laser was investigated first. At the repetition rate of 500 Hz, a highest pulse energy of 1.32 mJ and a narrowest pulse width of 51 ns were acquired with the absorbed pump power of 2.60 W, resulting in the peak power of 25.85 kW. These results indicate that Tm:SrF2 SCF is a promising laser gain material for generating ∼2 µm region pulsed lasers.
Lattice Boltzmann model for multidimensional polarized radiative transfer: theory and application
Authors: Liu Xiaochuan , Wu Huihai , Zhu Keyong , Huang Yong
Published: July 2021

Polarimetric observations of planets are providing increasing details of the three-dimensional (3D) atmospheric structure. The one-dimensional plane-parallel approximation model neglects horizontally polarized radiative transfer. Multidimensional polarized radiative transfer models, especially 3D models, are required to contain the horizontal polarization mechanism. Here, we propose a lattice Boltzmann (LB) model for multidimensional polarized radiative transfer, which enables a simple solution of the multidimensional vector radiative transfer equation (VRTE) by performing collision and streaming processes. Through the Chapman–Enskog analysis, we rigorously derive the multi-dimensional VRTE from the proposed LB model. 2D and 3D numerical tests demonstrate that the proposed LB model is effective and accurate for simulating multidimensional polarized radiative transfer. Furthermore, we apply the proposed LB model to investigate the effects of multiple scattering on radiation intensity and degree of polarization in a 3D case and find that multiple scattering enhances the radiation intensity but dampens the degree of polarization throughout almost the whole angular space in multidimensional polarized radiative transfer. This work is expected to provide a simple and effective mesoscopic tool for multidimensional polarized radiative transfer.
Recognition and differentiation of dural puncture click sensation: A subjective and objective prospective study of dural puncture forces using fine-gauge spinal needles
Authors: Utsumi Isao , Hascilowicz Tomasz , Omi Sachiko
Published: July 2021

Background

We hypothesized that the click perceived when puncturing the dura-arachnoid with fine-gauge spinal needles can be subjectively identified, and investigated whether it may be distinguishable among different needle types.

Methods

Subjective and objective evaluations were performed. First, physicians punctured the polyamide film or porcine dura mater (n = 70 and n = 20, respectively) with seven types of spinal needles and numerically evaluated the perceived click sensations. Using an 11-point numerical rating scale (from “0” for “no click sensation” to “10” for “the strongest click perceived”) data, subjective differentiation among needle types was assessed. Second, in the objective part of the study, total forces elicited by polyamide film or porcine dura mater punctures with each needle were measured using a biomechanical testing device, and load-displacement curves evaluated. Third, the results of subjective and objective evaluations were compared.

Results

All participants recognized the click and could discriminate among needles of different tip shape. The load-displacement curves for polyamide film and porcine dura mater were similar and needle-specific. The subjective numerical rating scale values corresponded well with the objectively measured changes in total forces (R2= 0.862 andR2= 0.881 for polyamide film and porcine dura mater, respectively), indicating that an increase in the largest drop in total force value of 0.30 N or 0.21 N would produce an increase of numerical rating scale value of 1 for polyamide film and porcine dura mater, respectively.

Conclusions

We provide an objective proof of the click sensation felt upon dural puncture using different fine-gauge spinal needles. Click recognition could be used as an additional indicator of successful spinal puncture.
Histone deacetylase inhibitor induced pVHL-independent degradation of HIF-1α and hierarchical quality control of pVHL via chaperone system
Authors: Ni Jieming , Ni Anping
Published: July 2021

The mortality rate of ovarian cancer is increasing and the role of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in tumor progression has been confirmed. von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) binds HIF-1α and mediates proteasome degradation of HIF-1α. Besides, histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) mitigates tumor growth via targeting HIF-1α, whereas underlying mechanism still requires investigation. In this research, we exposed ovarian cancer cell lines OV-90 and SKOV-3 to escalating concentrations of HDACi LBH589. As a result, cell viability was significantly suppressed and expression of HIF-1α was remarkably reduced along with decreased levels of signal molecules, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) (P = 0.000). Interestingly, pVHL was expressed in a notably declining tendency (P = 0.000). Chaperone heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) was expressed in an ascending manner, whereas expression of chaperonin TCP-1α was reduced clearly (P = 0.000). Besides, co-inhibition of pVHL plus HDAC did not contribute to a remarkable difference in HIF-1α expression as compared with single HDAC inhibition. Furthermore, both cell lines were transfected with plasmids of VHL plus VHL binding protein-1 (VBP-1). Consequently, the expression of HIF-1α as well as lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDHA) was remarkably decreased (P = 0.000). These findings indicate HDACi may repress expression of HIF-1α via inhibiting PI3K and GSK3β and promote degradation of HIF-1α via HSP70, independent of pVHL. Additionally, a sophisticated network of HDAC and chaperones may involve in pVHL quality control.
Galactofuranose (Galf)-containing sugar chain contributes to the hyphal growth, conidiation and virulence of F. oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum
Authors: Zhou Hui , Xu Yueqiang , Ebel Frank , Jin Cheng
Published: July 2021

The ascomycete fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum causes vascular wilt diseases in cucumber. However, few genes related to morphogenesis and pathogenicity of this fungal pathogen have been functionally characterized. BLASTp searches of the Aspergillus fumigatus UgmA and galatofuranosyltransferases (Galf-transferases) sequences in the F. oxysporum genome identified two genes encoding putative UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM), ugmA and ugmB, and six genes encoding putative Galf-transferase homologs. In this study, the single and double mutants of the ugmA, ugmB and gfsB were obtained. The roles of UGMs and GfsB were investigated by analyzing the phenotypes of the mutants. Our results showed that deletion of the ugmA gene led to a reduced production of galactofuranose-containing sugar chains, reduced growth and impaired conidiation of F. oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum. Most importantly, the ugmA deletion mutant lost the pathogenicity in cucumber plantlets. Although deletion of the ugmB gene did not cause any visible phenotype, deletion of both ugmA and ugmB genes caused more severe phenotypes as compared with the ΔugmA, suggesting that UgmA and UgmB are redundant and they can both contribute to synthesis of UDP-Galf. Furthermore, the ΔgfsB exhibited an attenuated virulence although no other phenotype was observed. Our results demonstrate that the galactofuranose (Galf) synthesis contributes to the cell wall integrity, germination, hyphal growth, conidiation and virulence in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum and an ideal target for the development of new anti-Fusarium agents.
Comparability of estimates and trends in adolescent sexual and contraceptive behaviors from two national surveys: National Survey of Family Growth and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Authors: Lindberg Laura D. , Scott Rachel H. , Desai Sheila , Pleasure Zoe H.
Published: July 2021

Objective

To compare adolescents’ reports of sexual and contraceptive behaviors between the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS).

Methods

For each survey, we estimated the year- and sex-specific prevalence of sexual and contraceptive behaviors among a comparably defined sample of US respondents ages 15–19 currently attending high school. We used logistic regression to test for changes in prevalence from 2007–2019 and conducted sensitivity analyses to investigate between-survey differences.

Results

We found differences in both prevalence and trends between the YRBS and NSFG when limited to a comparably defined sample. Compared to the NSFG, adolescents in the YRBS were more likely to report being sexually experienced, less likely to report use of prescription methods for both sexes, and less likely to report condoms among males. Only the YRBS estimated significant declines in sexual experience for both sexes, and significant increases in prescription methods and declines in condom use among males. Differences between surveys in the prevalence of specific contraceptive methods reflected greater combined use of methods in the NSFG. We identified differences in question-wording and other aspects that may influence these differential patterns.

Conclusions

The NSFG and YRBS produced inconsistent prevalence estimates and trends for sexual and contraceptive behaviors among in-school adolescents. Further efforts to improve these national surveillance systems are critical to inform policy and research efforts that support adolescent sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing.
Body shape matters: Evidence from machine learning on body shape-income relationship
Authors: Song Suyong , Baek Stephen
Published: July 2021

The association between physical appearance and income has been of central interest in social science. However, most previous studies often measured physical appearance using classical proxies from subjective opinions based on surveys. In this study, we use novel data, called CAESAR, which contains three-dimensional (3D) whole-body scans to mitigate possible reporting and measurement errors. We demonstrate the existence of significant nonclassical reporting errors in the reported heights and weights by comparing them with measured counterparts, and show that these discrete measurements are too sparse to provide a complete description of the body shape. Instead, we use a graphical autoencoder to obtain intrinsic features, consisting of human body shapes directly from 3D scans and estimate the relationship between body shapes and family income. We also take into account a possible issue of endogenous body shapes using proxy variables and control functions. The estimation results reveal a statistically significant relationship between physical appearance and family income and that these associations differ across genders. This supports the hypothesis on the physical attractiveness premium in labor market outcomes and its heterogeneity across genders.
Methodology and applicability of the human contact burn injury model: A systematic review
Authors: Springborg Anders Deichmann , Wessel Caitlin Rae , Andersen Lars Peter Kloster , Werner Mads Utke
Published: July 2021

The contact burn injury model is an experimental contact thermode-based physiological pain model primarily applied in research of drug efficacy in humans. The employment of the contact burn injury model across studies has been inconsistent regarding essential methodological variables, challenging the validity of the model. This systematic review analyzes methodologies, outcomes, and research applications of the contact burn injury model. Based on these results, we propose an improved contact burn injury testing paradigm. A literature search was conducted (15-JUL-2020) using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Sixty-four studies were included. The contact burn injury model induced consistent levels of primary and secondary hyperalgesia. However, the analyses revealed variations in the methodology of the contact burn injury heating paradigm and the post-burn application of test stimuli. The contact burn injury model had limited testing sensitivity in demonstrating analgesic efficacy. There was a weak correlation between experimental and clinical pain intensity variables. The data analysis was limited by the methodological heterogenicity of the different studies and a high risk of bias across the studies. In conclusion, although the contact burn injury model provides robust hyperalgesia, it has limited efficacy in testing analgesic drug response. Recommendations for future use of the model are being provided, but further research is needed to improve the sensitivity of the contact burn injury method. The protocol for this review has been published in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42019133734).
Seismic response analysis of loess site under far-field bedrock ground motion of the Wenchuan earthquake
Authors: Chen Tuo
Published: July 2021

In this paper, considering the far-field seismic input, an accelerogram recorded in the bedrock at Wuquan Mountain in Lanzhou city during the 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake was selected, and numerical dynamic analyses were conducted. The one-dimensional equivalent linear method was implemented to estimate the ground motion effects in the loess regions. Thereafter, slope topographic effects on ground motion were studied by applying the dynamic finite-element method. The results revealed the relationship between the PGA amplification coefficients and the soil layer thickness, which confirmed that the dynamic response of the sites had obvious nonlinear characteristics. The results also showed that there was an obvious difference in the dynamic magnification factor between the short-period and long-period structures. Moreover, it was found that the amplification coefficient of the observation point at the free surface was greater than the point inside the soil at the same depth, which mainly occurred in the upper slope. Through this study, the quantitative assessment of ground motion effects in loess regions can be approximately estimated, and the amplification mechanism of the far-field ground motion mechanism can be further explained. In addition to the refraction and reflection theory of seismic waves, the resonance phenomenon may help explain the slope topographic effect through spectrum analysis.
HIV-related stigma and uptake of antiretroviral treatment among incarcerated individuals living with HIV/AIDS in South African correctional settings: A mixed methods analysis
Authors: Chimoyi Lucy , Hoffmann Christopher J. , Hausler Harry , Ndini Pretty , Rabothata Israel , Daniels-Felix Danielle , Olivier Abraham J. , Fielding Katherine , Charalambous Salome , Chetty-Makkan Candice M.
Published: July 2021

Background

Stigma affects engagement with HIV healthcare services. We investigated the prevalence and experience of stigma among incarcerated people living with HIV (PLHIV) in selected South African correctional settings during roll-out of universal test and treat.

Methods

A cross-sectional mixed-methods study design included 219 incarcerated PLHIV and 30 in-depth interviews were conducted with four different types of PLHIV. HIV-related stigma was assessed through survey self-reporting and during the interviews. A descriptive analysis of HIV-related stigma was presented, supplemented with a thematic analysis of the interview transcripts.

Results

ART uptake was high (n = 198, 90.4%) and most reported HIV-related stigma (n = 192, 87.7%). The intersectional stigma occurring due to individual and structural stigma around provision of healthcare in these settings mostly contributed to perceived stigma through involuntary disclosure of HIV status. Interpersonal and intrapersonal factors led to negative coping behaviours. However, positive self-coping strategies and relationships with staff encouraged sustained engagement in care.

Conclusion

We encourage continuous peer support to reduce stigmatization of those infected with HIV and whose status may be disclosed inadvertently in the universal test and treat era.
Do economic effects of the anti-COVID-19 lockdowns in different regions interact through supply chains?
Authors: Inoue Hiroyasu , Murase Yohsuke , Todo Yasuyuki
Published: July 2021

To prevent the spread of COVID-19, many cities, states, and countries have ‘locked down’, restricting economic activities in non-essential sectors. Such lockdowns have substantially shrunk production in most countries. This study examines how the economic effects of lockdowns in different regions interact through supply chains, which are a network of firms for production, by simulating an agent-based model of production using supply-chain data for 1.6 million firms in Japan. We further investigate how the complex network structure affects the interactions between lockdown regions, emphasising the role of upstreamness and loops by decomposing supply-chain flows into potential and circular flow components. We find that a region’s upstreamness, intensity of loops, and supplier substitutability in supply chains with other regions largely determine the economic effect of the lockdown in the region. In particular, when a region lifts its lockdown, its economic recovery substantially varies depending on whether it lifts the lockdown alone or together with another region closely linked through supply chains. These results indicate that the economic effect produced by exogenous shocks in a region can affect other regions and therefore this study proposes the need for inter-region policy coordination to reduce economic loss due to lockdowns.
Assessing national cervical cancer screening guidelines: Results from an HIV testing clinic also screening for cervical cancer and HPV in Soweto, South Africa
Authors: Hopkins Kathryn L. , Jaffer Maya , Hlongwane Khuthadzo E. , Otwombe Kennedy , Dietrich Janan , Cheyip Mireille , Olivier Jacobus , Doherty Tanya , Gray Glenda E.
Published: July 2021

Objective

A screening centre in Soweto, South Africa (SA), investigated high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV), HIV, cervical cancer risk amongst women.

Methods

This cross-sectional study (June 2018-March 2019) describes screening results (Roche Linear Array HPV test and Pap smear liquid based cytology) and history of screening (known HIV status, antiretroviral therapy [ART] use, previous Pap smears). Data were stratified by age group (18–29, 30+ years), HIV status, Pap smear results and tested for statistical significance.

Results

Of 280 women, 20.4% were HIV-positive, 18.2% had abnormal Pap smears, 41.8% had HR-HPV. Of older women, 48.2% (n = 78/162) had never had a Pap smear. Of younger women, 89.0% (n = 105/118) never had a Pap smear, but had significantly more low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and other HR-HPV infection than older women (12.7%[n = 15/118] vs 4.9%[n = 8/162], p = 0.0193; and 49.2%[n = 58/118] vs 29.0%[n = 47/162], p = 0.0006; respectively). HIV-positive women had more abnormal cytology results and infection with other HR-HPV types or co-infection with other HR-HPV type(s)/HPV-16 compared to HIV-negative women (35.1%[n = 20/57] vs 13.9%[n = 31/223], p = 0.0002; 56.1%[n = 32/57] vs 32.7%[n = 73/223], p = 0.001; and 12.3%[n = 7/57] vs 4.9%[n = 11/223], p = 0.044; respectively). Of 57 HIV-positive women, 45.6% (n = 26) already knew their HIV status; of which 69.2% were on ART and 34.6% never had a Pap smear.

Conclusion

South African women have high rates of HIV, Pap smear abnormalities and HR-HPV, with low cervical cancer screening coverage. SA cervical cancer screening policy excludes (undiagnosed) HIV-positive and HIV-negative women <30 years, both populations found to have high prevalence of HR-HPV. HPV-based primary screening from 25 years could improve outcomes.
COVID-19 vaccine access and attitudes among people experiencing homelessness from pilot mobile phone survey in Los Angeles, CA
Authors: Kuhn Randall , Henwood Benjamin , Lawton Alexander , Kleva Mary , Murali Karthik , King Coley , Gelberg Lillian
Published: July 2021

People experiencing homelessness (PEH) are at high risk for COVID-19 complications and fatality, and have been prioritized for vaccination in many areas. Yet little is known about vaccine acceptance in this population. The objective of this study was to determine the level of vaccine hesitancy among PEH in Los Angeles, CA and to understand the covariates of hesitancy in relation to COVID-19 risk, threat perception, self-protection and information sources. A novel mobile survey platform was deployed to recruit PEH from a federally qualified health center (FQHC) in Los Angeles to participate in a monthly rapid response study of COVID-19 attitudes, behaviors, and risks. Of 90 PEH surveyed, 43 (48%) expressed some level of vaccine hesitancy based either on actual vaccine offers (17/90 = 19%) or a hypothetical offer (73/90 = 81%). In bivariate analysis, those with high COVID-19 threat perception were less likely to be vaccine hesitant (OR = 0.34, P = 0.03), while those who frequently practiced COVID-19 protective behaviors were more likely to be vaccine hesitant (OR = 2.21, P = 0.08). In a multivariate model, those with high threat perception (AOR = 0.25, P = 0.02) were less likely to be hesitant, while those engaging in COVID-19 protective behaviors were more hesitant (AOR = 3.63, P = 0.02). Those who trusted official sources were less hesitant (AOR = 0.37, P = 0.08) while those who trusted friends and family for COVID-19 information (AOR = 2.70, P = 0.07) were more likely to be hesitant. Findings suggest that targeted educational and social influence interventions are needed to address high levels of vaccine hesitancy among PEH.
Cellular responses at the application site of a high-density microarray patch delivering an influenza vaccine in a randomized, controlled phase I clinical trial
Authors: Depelsenaire Alexandra C. I. , Witham Katey , Veitch Margaret , Wells James W. , Anderson Christopher D. , Lickliter Jason D. , Rockman Steve , Bodle Jesse , Treasure Peter , Hickling Julian , Fernando Germain J. P. , Forster Angus H.
Published: July 2021

Microarray patches (MAPs) have the potential to be a safer, more acceptable, easier to use and more cost-effective method for administration of vaccines when compared to the needle and syringe. Since MAPs deliver vaccine to the dermis and epidermis, a degree of local immune response at the site of application is expected. In a phase 1 clinical trial (ACTRN 12618000112268), the Vaxxas high-density MAP (HD-MAP) was used to deliver a monovalent, split inactivated influenza virus vaccine into the skin. HD-MAP immunisation led to significantly enhanced humoral responses on day 8, 22 and 61 compared with IM injection of a quadrivalent commercial seasonal influenza vaccine (Afluria Quadrivalent®). Here, the aim was to analyse cellular responses to HD-MAPs in the skin of trial subjects, using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. HD-MAPs were coated with a split inactivated influenza virus vaccine (A/Singapore/GP1908/2015 [H1N1]), to deliver 5 μg haemagglutinin (HA) per HD-MAP. Three HD-MAPs were applied to the volar forearm (FA) of five healthy volunteers (to achieve the required 15 μg HA dose), whilst five control subjects received three uncoated HD-MAPs (placebo). Local skin response was recorded for over 61 days and haemagglutination inhibition antibody titres (HAI) were assessed on days 1, 4, 8, 22, and 61. Skin biopsies were taken before (day 1), and three days after HD-MAP application (day 4) and analysed by flow-cytometry and immunohistochemistry to compare local immune subset infiltration. HD-MAP vaccination with 15 μg HA resulted in significant HAI antibody titres compared to the placebo group. Application of uncoated placebo HD-MAPs resulted in mild erythema and oedema in most subjects, that resolved by day 4 in 80% of subjects. Active, HA-coated HD-MAP application resulted in stronger erythema responses on day 4, which resolved between days 22–61. Overall, these erythema responses were accompanied by an influx of immune cells in all subjects. Increased cell infiltration of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T cells as well as myeloid CD11b+ CD11c+ and non-myeloid CD11b- dendritic cells were observed in all subjects, but more pronounced in active HD-MAP groups. In contrast, CD19+/CD20+ B cell counts remained unchanged. Key limitations include the use of an influenza vaccine, to which the subjects may have had previous exposure. Different results might have been obtained with HD-MAPs inducing a primary immune response. In conclusion, influenza vaccine administered to the forearm (FA) using the HD-MAP was well-tolerated and induced a mild to moderate skin response with lymphocytic infiltrate at the site of application.
Circulating levels of cell adhesion molecules and risk of cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Peres Bernardo U. , Hirsch Allen A. J. , Daniele Patrick , Humphries Karin H. , Taylor Carolyn , Laher Ismail , Almeida Fernanda , Jen Rachel , Sandford Andrew J. , van Eeden Stephan F. , Ayas Najib T.
Published: July 2021

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) are increased in OSA and CAM are also implicated in the development of CVD.

Research question

Do CAM (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin) have prognostic value in identifying risk of cardiovascular events in OSA?

Study design and methods

Patients with suspected OSA referred for a polysomnogram provided a fasting blood sample. Plasma levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin were determined by multiplex Luminex Assay (Milliporesigma ON, Canada). Cardiovascular events were determined by deterministic linkage to provincial health databases.

Results

418 patients were included in the analysis. Mostly male (68.2%), mean age of 50.7 yrs, median AHI 16.5 events/hour, and mean BMI of 31.7 kg/m2. 36 cardiovascular events occurred in 8-yrs of follow up. Higher levels of ICAM-1 were associated with developing CVD (HR = 3.65 95% CI 1.40–9.53, 2nd and 3rd tertiles vs. 1st tertile), including in patients with OSA (HR = 3.1 95% CI 1.16–8.25). E-selectin was significantly associated with cardiovascular events in patients with moderate to severe OSA (HR = 3.31 95% CI 0.94–11.72, 2nd and 3rd tertiles vs. 1st tertile) but not in patients without moderate to severe OSA (HR = 0.67 95% CI 0.19–2.38), p-value for interaction = 0.07.

Interpretation

In a suspected OSA cohort, patients with higher levels of ICAM-1 (>816 ng/ml) were significantly more likely to experience a cardiovascular event within 8 years after PSG. In moderate to severe OSA patients, a higher E-selectin (>36.4 ng/ml) was significantly associated with cardiovascular events.
Patient delay and associated factors among tuberculosis patients in Gamo zone public health facilities, Southern Ethiopia: An institution-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Arja Asrat , Godana Wanzahun , Hassen Hadiya , Bogale Biruk
Published: July 2021

Background

Delayed tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment increase morbidity, mortality, expenditure, and transmission in the community. Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment are essential for effective TB control. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the magnitude and factors associated with patient delay among tuberculosis patients in Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia from February to April 2019. Fifteen health facilities of the study area were selected randomly and 255 TB patients who were ≥18 years of age were included. Data were collected using a questionnaire through face-to-face interviews and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Patient delay was analyzed using the median as the cut-off value. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was fitted to identify factors associated with patient delay. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 with 95% CI was considered to declare a statistically significant association.

Results

The median (inter-quartile range) of the patient delay was 30 (15–60) days. About 56.9% of patients had prolonged patients’ delay. Patient whose first contact were informal provider (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.24; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29, 3.86), presenting with weight loss (AOR: 2.53; 95%CI: 1.35, 4.74) and fatigue (AOR: 2.38; 95%CI: 1.36, 4.17) and body mass index (BMI) categories of underweight (AOR: 1.74; 95%CI: 1.01, 3.00) were independently associated with increased odds of patient delay. However, having good knowledge about TB (AOR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.76) significantly reduce patients’ delay.

Conclusion

In this study, a significant proportion of patients experienced more than the acceptable level for the patient delay. Knowledge about TB, the first action to illness, presenting symptoms, and BMI status were identified factors associated with patient delay. Hence, raising public awareness, regular training, and re-training of private and public healthcare providers, involving informal providers, and maintenance of a high index of suspicion for tuberculosis in the vulnerable population could reduce long delays in the management of TB.