bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forensics of digital librarianship
Authors: Fox Robert
Published: November 2011

Purpose

This paper seeks to examine important issues relating to digital preservation with a focus on file integrity and digital forensics.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a viewpoint paper.

Findings

This paper highlights important issues relating to digital preservation and offers suggestions on comprehensive approaches to achieving a high level of integrity with library digital repositories.

Practical implications

Libraries have always had as a part of their core mission the preservation of information and cultural heritage. The seriousness with which the challenges associated with digital preservation are met will determine the reputation of libraries as continuing to be a reliable preserver of cultural heritage and research data.

Social implications

Libraries play an important role in cultural heritage and preservation of research data. This role is manifested both generally and specifically within the academic context. It is important that libraries stay at the forefront of developing reliable means for digital preservation.

Originality/value

Several means of achieving a high degree of reliability in the area of digital preservation are suggested. If these and similar ideas suggested from others in the field are followed, it will assist libraries in maintaining a reputation as reliable preservers of cultural heritage and as important players in twenty‐first century research endeavors.
MXMLiszt: a preliminary MusicXML digital library platform built on available open‐source technologies
Authors: Arora Nitin
Published: November 2011

Purpose

The aim of this article is to describe the genesis and structural components for an open‐source MusicXML digital library platform.

Design/methodology/approach

After briefly discussing music information retrieval within the context of emerging approaches to digital music notation formats, specifically MusicXML, the article discusses how the author's graduate school project evolved into a search and delivery platform for MusicXML files and their manifestations, with particular emphasis on the platform's underlying software structure. A discussion of the platform's end user interface and administrative scripts provides further explanation regarding how the system functions.

Findings

Although work remains to be done, digital libraries are poised to use MusicXML and its supporting software for the advancement of music‐related services offered to patrons.

Originality/value

The paper discusses a proof‐of‐concept, open‐source MusicXML digital library platform that may be of interest to librarians with and without musical and/or programming backgrounds.
Seven basic strategic missteps and how to avoid them
Authors: Mezger Simon , Violani Maurice
Published: November 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to warn managers of the common missteps that can trip up strategy making and suggest how such pitfalls can be avoided.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on their experience and research, the authors identify seven key mistakes and describe the best practices that companies can follow.

Findings

The article offers a sophisticated how‐to process managers can use to seek a basis for advantage, say “no” to trying to do everything, focus on long‐term‐value creation, factor in competitor reactions, balance ambitious bets with caution, understand the organization's capabilities, and link vision to execution.

Practical implications

By avoiding these seven basic missteps managers can stay on the path to strategic success.

Originality/value

The authors highlight the best practices for making more effective strategic choices in an easy‐to‐remember and easy‐to‐teach format.
2011 Conversational Marketing Summit in New York
Authors: Grossberg Kenneth Alan
Published: November 2011

Purpose

The author listened to many major corporate players discuss the brave new world of brand conversations and content engagement at the 2011 CM (“Conversational Marketing”) Summit in New York. This paper aims to reveal his conclusion is that we have a lot of new lessons to learn about social media.

Design/methodology/approach

The author reports on eight conference presentations by leading marketers from Facebook, Twitter, PepsiCo, Sony, VISA and others.

Findings

The theme of scalable real time analysis of metrics and messages, and strategic implementation of user‐friendly and effective communication based on that endless river of data, ran through most of the comments made at the conference.

Practical implications

The social network business proposition can be driven by either of two approaches, hi‐tech artificial intelligence or the personal‐folksy local experience, each enriching the communication between marketer and consumer. Identify the conversation customers want to have and to support their interests so that companies can create an ad that is, more or less, a “content experience.”

Originality/value

The paper explains how, as companies race to keep pace with the meteoric rise of social networking as a central matrix for human communications, they are learning to master this new commercial universe.
Transportation Security SensorNet: a service‐oriented architecture for cargo monitoring
Authors: Kuehnhausen Martin , Frost Victor S.
Published: November 2011

Purpose

Security and accountability within the transportation industry are vital because cargo theft could amount to as much as $60 billion per year. Since goods are often handled by many different parties, it must be possible to tightly monitor the location of cargo and handovers. Tracking trade is difficult to manage in different formats and legacy applications Web services and open standards overcome these problems with uniform interfaces and common data formats. This allows consistent reporting, monitoring and analysis at each step. The purpose of this paper is to examine Transportation Security SensorNet (TSSN), the goal being to promote the use of open standards and specifications in combination with web services to provide cargo monitoring capabilities.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper describes a system architecture for the TSSN targeted for cargo monitoring. The paper discusses cargo security and reviews related literature and approaches. The paper then describes the proposed solution of developing a service‐oriented architecture (SOA) for cargo monitoring and its individual components.

Findings

Web services in a mobile sensor network environment have been seen as slow and producing significant overhead. The authors demonstrate that with proper architecture and design the performance requirements of the targeted scenario can be satisfied with web services; the TSSN then allows sensor networks to be utilized in a standardized and open way through web services.

Originality/value

The integration of SOA, open geospatial consortium (OGC) specifications and sensor networks is complex and difficult. As described in related works, most systems and research focus either on the combination of SOA and OGC specifications or on OGC standards and sensor networks. The TSSN shows that all three can be combined and that this combination provides cargo security and monitoring capabilities to the transportation and other industries that have not existed before.
Earnings management and the stock market response to the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act based on a measure of competitive strategy
Authors: Hunsader Kenneth J. , Pennywell Gwendolyn
Published: November 2011

Purpose

Conventional wisdom implies that firms manage earnings to maximize the wealth of the manager, the value of the firm and/or the amount of information in the market. The purpose of this paper is to offer an additional explanation.

Design/methodology/approach

Using companies from the Standard & Poor's 500 index and an annual report disclosure ranking, the authors employ a standard t‐test of means across groups to check for differences in disclosure based on a competitive strategy measure (CSM). The CSM classifies industry rivals into strategic complements or substitutes. The authors also test for differences in earnings management using discretionary accruals and using event study methodology examine how stock returns respond to the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act.

Findings

The authors show that earnings management is a tool used by firms based on the level of competitive strategy within the industry. It was found that firms competing as strategic substitutes are more likely to actively engage in earnings management through discretionary accruals when the informational environment permits. It was also found that substitute firms suffer greater negative wealth effects than complement firms in response to the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act.

Originality/value

This is one of the first empirical articles to examine how competitive strategy affects earnings management and the stock market response to the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002.
Leadership in tough times
Authors: Tarplett Paul
Published: November 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to offer insights into the nature of the challenges leaders across local government face, the skills and personal qualities they need in the present environment and how to develop them. Local authorities, in common with other parts of the public sector, are facing drastic reductions in funding, rising demand for services and government expectations that individuals and communities will do more for themselves. This degree of change is unprecedented and it is helpful to understand more fully the emotional, intellectual and practical challenges that it poses. This paper arose out of work with leaders across local government.

Design/methodology/approach

Senior managers were helped to explore what sort of leadership they would need to give, in this context, in order to best serve service users, local citizens and communities. They could see the importance of innovation and collaboration but also recognised that cost pressures could easily create conflict and drive people back into their silos. Working with groups of managers, it was felt that they faced the connected challenges of managing themselves, leading and managing others in their organisation and the wider system.

Findings

The author found that to be effective, individual leaders needed cognitive and emotional skills and sensitivity, particularly: self‐awareness and understanding of others; the ability to manage interpersonal relationships; and complexity and systems thinking. At the organisational or partnership level, leaders needed a shared understanding of the challenges they face, a shared language for describing them and some shared tools and approaches for tackling them. This was best developed through joint endeavour.

Originality/value

Language matters, it influences how we think and we can use it to build collective leadership or allow it to fracture our organisations and wider public sector systems. The more we need to work outside of our own professional groups, each of which has its own language, the more important it becomes to recognise this and to actively seek to create something that is shared.
Consumer profiles in reality vs fantasy‐based virtual worlds: implications for brand entry
Authors: Phillips Melancon Joanna
Published: November 2011

Purpose

Virtual environments (VEs) are computer‐based, three‐dimensional virtual worlds where users create avatars and interact socially and competitively within the environment. Users spend millions of dollars every year consuming items for their avatars. Marketers have begun offering branded items in these communities with mixed results. The purpose of this paper is to examine motivational, usage, and demographic differences in VEs across two popular VE types: reality and fantasy‐based platforms.

Design/methodology/approach

A sample of 106 users of reality and fantasy based VEs was collected using an online survey methodology.

Findings

Results indicate that both reality and fantasy worlds are outlets for escapism and immersion. Reality VE users are more motivated to seek social relationships with other users and are more highly involved in the VE than fantasy users. Fantasy‐users are motivated by achievement and manipulation of others and are slightly more likely to be male, younger, and engage in the VE with members of their household.

Practical implications

Studies suggest that message congruency with the gaming context leads to better attitudes toward advertising in online games. This study suggests that tailoring communications for differences due to VE type may produce more favorable outcomes for marketers. Implications for product and branding strategy are suggested.

Originality/value

Little empirical work addresses successful marketing strategy in VEs, although hundreds of brands have entered these worlds. This research is the first to consider VE type and user motivation, usage, and demographics in the framing of marketing messages.
Women managers' career progression: an Asia Pacific perspective
Authors: Jogulu Uma , Wood Glenice
Published: November 2011

Purpose

The increase in general managerial roles held by women has failed to translate into senior management positions in many countries. The paper aims to focus on the experiences of two groups of female and male managers in two diverse countries and how these groups of employees view career advancement and how this perspective may relate to the lack of women in senior managerial roles.

Design/methodology/approach

This study adopts deductive reasoning to understand social practice as a means by which and how senior management identities are perceived and whether these roles are attainable. A survey was administered to female and male managers in Malaysia and in Australia.

Findings

The findings indicate that women in two countries studied still have significant responsibilities for performing family duties, and bringing up children. In particular, the Malaysian respondents viewed family and personal responsibilities as their greatest impediment to attaining senior management positions. Hence, they are unable to contemplate both careers and families, a view strongly supported by the Australian women as well.

Originality/value

Societal expectations on women in certain cultures are still strongly entrenched because they believe that they are required to comply with the social roles by prioritising marital obligations over any desire for senior management careers.
Faith in one city: exploring religion, spirituality and mental wellbeing in urban UK
Authors: Gilbert Peter , Parkes Madeleine
Published: November 2011

Purpose

There are intense current debates about the place of belief systems in a secular society, and also whether the mechanistic approach to mental health care is sufficient for human beings. This paper aims to describe the Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health Foundation NHS Trust (BSMHFT) spirituality and mental health research programme within that context.

Design/methodology/approach

The research studies are placed within a discourse of current debates, but also within the specific context of the city of Birmingham. Birmingham is England's second city to London, and is an increasingly multi‐ethnic and multi‐cultural environment.

Findings

Those who use mental health services increasingly state that they wish to have the spiritual dimension of their lives attended to by professionals. The BSMHFT project reinforces this message and demonstrates the merits of close working with faith communities and engaging with staff in their understanding of spirituality.

Originality/value

The research by Professor Koenig et al. in the USA has demonstrated the physical and mental health benefits of belonging to a supportive faith community. The BSMHFT project is a rare UK example of research in this area and comes at a time of intense debate in England over the nature of society.
Sudden stops and currency crises
Authors: Efremidze Levan , Schreyer Samuel M. , Sula Ozan
Published: November 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine empirical characteristics of two commonly mentioned expressions of international financial crisis, “sudden stops” and currency crises.

Design/methodology/approach

Sudden stop and currency crisis events are identified and empirical regularities among them are analyzed based on the annual data of 25 emerging market countries from 1990 to 2003.

Findings

Puzzlingly, these two seemingly close expressions of crises overlap less than 50 percent of the time and sudden stops more frequently precede than follow currency crises. Also the two different sudden stop measures are not strongly correlated with each other.

Research limitations/implications

This shows that it can make a great deal of difference what measure is used and suggests that studies in this area should be sure to check the robustness of their results to different measures.

Practical implications

The authors think that the proper analysis should focus on how to use these different measures to understand the nature of the crises. Thus, sudden stop and currency crisis measures should be used as complements, rather than substitutes.

Social implications

The alarming frequency of the emerging market crises during the last three decades has motivated a large volume of theoretical and empirical literature on the subject. The paper's results advance understanding of these events.

Originality/value

A large body of studies on currency crises coexists with a growing literature on sudden stops yet a majority of the studies that investigate either one of these phenomena do not mention the other. The paper adds value by investigating empirical relationships between them.
A modified unbiased GM(1,1) model
Authors: Ji Peirong , Zhang Jian , Zou Hongbo , Zheng Wenchen
Published: November 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose a new grey system model used for prediction.

Design/methodology/approach

It had been proven that the GM(1,1) model is a biased exponential model, the model is fit for non‐negative raw data, which accord with or basically accord with the exponential form and do not have a quick growth rate. Based on the results, an unbiased GM(1,1) model was proposed. With the method of transforming every datum of raw data sequence into its 2‐th root, a new data sequence from the raw data sequence can be produced. The new data sequence is used to establish an unbiased GM(1,1) model and statistical experiments and a practical example in load forecasting are given in the paper.

Findings

The results of statistical experiments and a practical example in load forecasting show the proposed method is effective in increasing the accuracy of the model.

Practical implications

The model exposed in the paper can be used for constructing models of prediction in many fields such as agriculture, electric power, IT, transportation, economics, management, etc.

Originality/value

The paper succeeds in proposing a modified unbiased GM(1,1) model that has high accuracy. The model is applied to the field of load forecasting and the results show the model is better than the unbiased GM(1,1) model. The model proposed has great theoretical and practical value.
Enterocytes: active cells in tolerance to food and microbial antigens in the gut
Authors: Miron N , Cristea V
Published: November 2011

Enterocytes used to be studied particularly in terms of digestion protagonists. However, as the immune functions of the intestinal tract were better understood, it became clear that enterocytes are not mere bystanders concerning the induction of immune tolerance to dietary peptides and gut microbiota. In fact, enterocytes are involved actively in shaping the intestinal immune environment, designed for maintaining a non-belligerent state. This tolerant milieu of the gut immune system is achieved by keeping a balance between suppression and stimulation of the inflammatory responses. Our review presents the current state of knowledge concerning the relationship between enterocytes and immune cells (dendritic cells, lymphocytes), with emphasis on the enterocytes' impact on the mechanisms leading to the induction of oral tolerance.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with increased GHBP and reduced GH/IGF‐I levels
Authors: Fusco Alessandra , Miele Luca , D’Uonnolo Annalisa , Forgione Alessandra , Riccardi Laura , Cefalo Consuelo , Barini Angela , Bianchi Antonio , Giampietro Antonella , Cimino Vincenzo , Landolfi Raffaele , Grieco Antonio , De Marinis Laura
Published: November 2011

Introduction  Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been described in adult GH deficiency syndrome. Furthermore, chronic liver disease can be associated with significant changes in levels of IGF‐I, GH‐binding protein (GHBP), IGF‐binding proteins (IGFBPs) and acid‐labile subunit (ALS). However, the effect of liver steatosis on the GHBP production has not been investigated yet.

Aim of the study  To explore whether GH secretion and/or levels of IGF‐I, IGFBP‐3, ALS and GHBP could be altered in obese patients in relation to the presence of liver steatosis.

Materials and methods  A total of 115 obese patients (BMI > 30) were enrolled in the protocol (65 patients with liver steatosis and 50 age‐ and BMI‐matched controls). In all patients, the following parameters were studied: serum levels of glucose, insulin, the HOMA index, IGF‐I, GHBP, IGFBP‐3, ALS and GH after GHRH and arginine stimulation test.

Results  As expected, patients with NAFLD had blood glucose, insulin, HOMA‐R significantly higher than controls, indicating a more severe insulin‐resistance state in NAFLD. Furthermore, patients with NAFLD had higher levels of GHBP and IGFBP‐3 and lower GH peak and IGF‐I levels as compared to controls. No difference was found in ALS levels between the groups. In a multivariate analysis, GHBP was positively associated with hepatic steatosis while IGF‐1 was negatively associated with hepatic steatosis.

Conclusions  This study demonstrates that in patients with NAFLD, the GHBP levels are increased, and that the GH/IGF‐I axis is significantly altered probably leading to reduced IGF‐I bioavailability at tissue level.
Estimating the effects of Cry1F Bt‐maize pollen on non‐target Lepidoptera using a mathematical model of exposure
Authors: Perry Joe N. , Devos Yann , Arpaia Salvatore , Bartsch Detlef , Ehlert Christina , Gathmann Achim , Hails Rosemary S. , Hendriksen Niels B. , Kiss Jozsef , Messéan Antoine , Mestdagh Sylvie , Neemann Gerd , Nuti Marco , Sweet Jeremy B. , Tebbe Christoph C.
Published: November 2011

1. In farmland biodiversity, a potential risk to the larvae of non‐target Lepidoptera from genetically modified (GM) Bt‐maize expressing insecticidal Cry1 proteins is the ingestion of harmful amounts of pollen deposited on their host plants. A previous mathematical model of exposure quantified this risk for Cry1Ab protein. We extend this model to quantify the risk for sensitive species exposed to pollen containing Cry1F protein from maize event 1507 and to provide recommendations for management to mitigate this risk.

2. A 14‐parameter mathematical model integrating small‐ and large‐scale exposure was used to estimate the larval mortality of hypothetical species with a range of sensitivities, and under a range of simulated mitigation measures consisting of non‐Bt maize strips of different widths placed around the field edge.

3. The greatest source of variability in estimated mortality was species sensitivity. Before allowance for effects of large‐scale exposure, with moderate within‐crop host‐plant density and with no mitigation, estimated mortality locally was <10% for species of average sensitivity. For the worst‐case extreme sensitivity considered, estimated mortality locally was 99·6% with no mitigation, although this estimate was reduced to below 40% with mitigation of 24‐m‐wide strips of non‐Bt maize. For highly sensitive species, a 12‐m‐wide strip reduced estimated local mortality under 1·5%, when within‐crop host‐plant density was zero. Allowance for large‐scale exposure effects would reduce these estimates of local mortality by a highly variable amount, but typically of the order of 50‐fold.

4. Mitigation efficacy depended critically on assumed within‐crop host‐plant density; if this could be assumed negligible, then the estimated effect of mitigation would reduce local mortality below 1% even for very highly sensitive species.

5. Synthesis and applications. Mitigation measures of risks of Bt‐maize to sensitive larvae of non‐target lepidopteran species can be effective, but depend on host‐plant densities which are in turn affected by weed‐management regimes. We discuss the relevance for management of maize events where cry1F is combined (stacked) with a herbicide‐tolerance trait. This exemplifies how interactions between biota may occur when different traits are stacked irrespective of interactions between the proteins themselves and highlights the importance of accounting for crop management in the assessment of the ecological impact of GM plants.
Sedimentology, palaeoenvironments and biostratigraphy of the Pliocene–Pleistocene carbonate platform of Grande‐Terre (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles forearc)
Authors: CORNÉE JEAN‐JACQUES , LÉTICÉE JEAN‐LÈN , MÜNCH PHILIPPE , QUILLÉVÉRÉ FRÉDÉRIC , LEBRUN JEAN‐FRÉDÉRIC , MOISSETTE PIERRE , BRAGA JUAN‐CARLOS , MELINTE‐DOBRINESCU MIHAELA , DE MIN LYVANE , OUDET JULIEN , RANDRIANASOLO AURAN
Published: November 2011

Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits from Grande‐Terre (Guadeloupe archipelago, French Lesser Antilles) provide a remarkable example of an isolated carbonate system built in an active margin setting, with sedimentation controlled by both rapid sea‐level changes and tectonic movements. Based on new field, sedimentological and palaeontological analyses, these deposits have been organized into four sedimentary sequences (S1 to S4) separated by three subaerial erosion surfaces (SB0, SB1 and SB2). Sequences S1 and S2 (‘Calcaires inférieurs à rhodolithes’) deposited during the Late Zanclean to Early Gelasian (planktonic foraminiferal Zones PL2 to PL5) in low subsidence conditions, on a distally steepened ramp dipping eastward. Red algal‐rich deposits, which dominate the western part of Grande‐Terre, change to planktonic foraminifer‐rich deposits eastward. Vertical movements of tens of metres were responsible for the formation of SB0 and SB1. Sequence S3 (‘Formation volcano‐sédimentaire’, ‘Calcaires supérieurs à rhodolithes’ and ‘Calcaires à Agaricia’) was deposited during the Late Piacenzian to Early Calabrian (Zones PL5 to PT1a) on a distally steepened, red algal‐dominated ramp that changes upward into a homoclinal, coral‐dominated ramp. Deposition of Sequence S3 occurred during a eustatic cycle in quiet tectonic conditions. Its uppermost boundary, the major erosion surface SB2, is related to the Cala1 eustatic sea‐level fall. Finally, Sequence S4 (‘Calcaires à Acropora’) probably formed during the Calabrian, developing as a coral‐dominated platform during a eustatic cycle in quiet tectonic conditions. The final emergence of the island could then have occurred in Late Calabrian times.
T‐cell activation genes differentially expressed at birth in CD4+ T‐cells from children who develop IgE food allergy
Authors: Martino D. J. , Bosco A. , McKenna K. L. , Hollams E. , Mok D. , Holt P. G. , Prescott S. L.
Published: November 2011

To cite this article: Martino DJ, Bosco A, McKenna KL, Hollams E, Mok D, Holt PG, Prescott SL. T‐cell activation genes differentially expressed at birth in CD4+ T‐cells from children who develop IgE food allergy. Allergy 2012; 67: 191–200.

Background:  Presymptomatic immaturity in neonatal T‐cell function is a consistent antecedent of allergic disease, including reduced responsiveness to polyclonal activation.

Methods:  To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we examined for differences in T‐cell gene expression in longitudinal samples collected at birth and at 1 year of age in children with (n = 30) and without IgE‐mediated food allergy (n = 30). We employed a low‐level soluble anti‐CD3 stimulus to activate the T‐cell receptor (TCR) and surveyed gene expression by DNA microarray in purified CD4+ T‐cells. Allergen‐specific responses were assessed in parallel functional studies.

Results:  At birth, the allergic group showed a reduced number of genes up regulated in response to anti‐CD3 treatment on the microarray and a reduced lympho proliferative capacity, suggesting clear differences in T‐cell signalling pathways. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) validation of candidate genes confirmed significantly lower expression of a number of genes in the allergic group including RELB, NFKB2, LIF and FAS. By 12 months of age, there were marked changes in the anti‐CD3 response in all infants, culminating in upregulation of cytokine genes (IL‐5, IL‐13, IL‐17 and IL‐22). Neonatal differences were no longer apparent. Instead, the allergic group, all symptomatic by this age, showed differential expression of T‐cell lineage pathways including GATA‐3, MAL and FcER1 in unstimulated T‐cells. Allergen stimulation induced significantly higher cytokines production (IL‐5, IL‐13 and IFNγ) in the allergic group.

Conclusion:  Although transient, suboptimal neonatal T‐cell activation pathways that signal through the NF‐κB complex may affect the developmental transition of T‐cell phenotypes in the periphery shortly after birth and may increase the risk of food allergy.
Impaired mitochondrial biogenesis contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Sheng Baiyang , Wang Xinglong , Su Bo , Lee Hyoung‐gon , Casadesus Gemma , Perry George , Zhu Xiongwei
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 419–429.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a prominent feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain. Our prior studies demonstrated reduced mitochondrial number in susceptible hippocampal neurons in the brain from AD patients and in M17 cells over‐expressing familial AD‐causing amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutant (APPswe). In the current study, we investigated whether alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis contribute to mitochondrial abnormalities in AD. Mitochondrial biogenesis is regulated by the peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma‐coactivator 1α (PGC‐1α)‐nuclear respiratory factor (NRF)‐mitochondrial transcription factor A pathway. Expression levels of PGC‐1α, NRF 1, NRF 2, and mitochondrial transcription factor A were significantly decreased in both AD hippocampal tissues and APPswe M17 cells, suggesting a reduced mitochondrial biogenesis. Indeed, APPswe M17 cells demonstrated decreased mitochondrial DNA/nuclear DNA ratio, correlated with reduced ATP content, and decreased cytochrome C oxidase activity. Importantly, over‐expression of PGC‐1α could completely rescue while knockdown of PGC‐1α could exacerbate impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial deficits in APPswe M17 cells, suggesting reduced mitochondrial biogenesis is likely involved in APPswe‐induced mitochondrial deficits. We further demonstrated that reduced expression of p‐CREB and PGC‐1α in APPswe M17 cells could be rescued by cAMP in a dose‐dependent manner, which could be inhibited by PKA inhibitor H89, suggesting that the PKA/CREB pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of PGC‐1α expression in APPswe M17 cells. Overall, this study demonstrated that impaired mitochondrial biogenesis likely contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction in AD.
Headache Among Patients With HIV Disease: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Associations
Authors: Kirkland Kale E. , Kirkland Karl , Many Jr W. J. , Smitherman Todd A.
Published: November 2011

Background.— Headache is one of the most common medical complaints reported by individuals suffering from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), but limited and conflicting data exist regarding their prevalence, prototypical characteristics, and relationship to HIV disease variables in the current era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Objectives.— The aims of the present cross‐sectional study were to characterize headache symptoms among patients with HIV/AIDS and to assess relations between headache and HIV/AIDS disease variables.

Methods.— Two hundred HIV/AIDS patients (49% female; mean age = 43.22 ± 12.30 years; 74% African American) from an internal medicine clinic and an AIDS outreach clinic were administered a structured headache diagnostic interview to assess headache characteristics and features consistent with International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD)‐II diagnostic semiologies. They also completed 2 measures of headache‐related disability. Prescribed medications, most recent cluster of differentiation (CD4) cell count, date of HIV diagnosis, possible causes of secondary headache, and other relevant medical history were obtained via review of patient medical records.

Results.— One hundred seven patients (53.5%) reported headache symptoms, the large majority of which were consistent with characteristics of primary headache disorders after excluding 4 cases attributable to secondary causes. Among those who met criteria for a primary headache disorder, 88 (85.44%) met criteria for migraine, most of which fulfilled ICHD‐II appendix diagnostic criteria for chronic migraine. Fifteen patients (14.56%) met criteria for episodic or chronic tension‐type headache. Severity of HIV (as indicated by CD4 cell counts), but not duration of HIV or number of prescribed antiretroviral medications, was strongly associated with headache severity, frequency, and disability and also distinguished migraine from TTH.

Conclusions.— Problematic headache is highly prevalent among patients with HIV/AIDS, most of which conform to the semiology of chronic migraine, although with some atypical features such as bilateral location and pressing/tightening quality. A low frequency of identifiable secondary causes is likely attributable to reduced frequency of opportunistic infections in the current era of HAART. Disease severity is strongly predictive of headache, highlighting the importance of physician attention to headache symptoms and of patient adherence to treatment.

(Headache 2012;52:455‐466)
Cluster Headache in the United States of America: Demographics, Clinical Characteristics, Triggers, Suicidality, and Personal Burden*
Authors: Rozen Todd D. , Fishman Royce S.
Published: November 2011

Objective.— To present results from the United States (US) Cluster Headache Survey including data on cluster headache demographics, clinical characteristics, suicidality, diagnostic delay, triggers, and personal burden.

Background.— There are few large‐scale studies looking at cluster headache patients and none from the USA. This manuscript will present data from The US Cluster Headache Survey, the largest survey ever completed of cluster headache patients living in the USA.

Methods.— The total survey was composed of 187 multiple‐choice questions that dealt with issues related to cluster headache including demographics, clinical characteristics, comorbid medical conditions, family history, triggers, smoking history, and personal burden. The survey was placed on a Web site from October through December 2008.

Results.— A total of 1134 individuals completed the survey (816 male, 318 female). Some key highlights from the survey include the following: (1) diagnostic delay: there remains a significant diagnostic delay for cluster headache patients on average 5+ years with only 21% receiving a correct diagnosis at time of initial presentation. (2) Suicidality: suicidal ideations are substantial, occurring in 55%. (3) Eye color: the predominant eye color in cluster headache patients is brown and blue, not hazel as suggested in previous descriptions. (4) Laterality: cluster headache has a right‐sided predominance. (5) Attack profile: in US cluster headache sufferers, most attacks occur between early evening and early morning hours with peak time of headache onset between midnight and 3 am; the circadian periodicity for cluster headache is present but is not as predominant in the population as previously thought. (6) Triggers: beer is the most common type of alcohol trigger in US cluster headache patients; noted migraine triggers such as weather changes and smells are also very common cluster headache triggers. (7) Medical comorbidities: peptic ulcer disease does not have a high prevalence in US cluster headache patients as suggested by previous literature; cluster headache is associated with a low prevalence of cardiac disease as well as cerebrovascular disease even though the majority of patients are chronic heavy smokers. In US cluster headache sufferers, there appears to be comorbidity with restless leg syndrome, and this has not been demonstrated in non‐US cluster headache populations. (8) Personal burden: cluster headache is disabling to the individual as almost 20% of cluster headache patients have lost a job secondary to cluster headache, while another 8% are out of work or on disability secondary to their headaches.

Conclusion.— Some findings from the US Cluster Headache Survey expound on what is currently known about cluster headache, while some of the results contradict what has been previously written, while other information is completely new about this fascinating headache disorder.
Interictal Type 1 Cannabinoid Receptor Binding is Increased in Female Migraine Patients
Authors: Van der Schueren Bart J. , Van Laere Koen , Gérard Nathalie , Bormans Guy , De Hoon Jan N.
Published: November 2011

Objective.— To compare binding of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) between migraine patients and healthy volunteers

Background.— It has been suggested that endocannabinoid deficiency may play a role in the pathophysiology of migraine. Nonetheless, biochemical studies substantiating this idea remain scarce and are faced with methodological shortcomings partly because of the difficulty to perform measurements of endocannabinoids within the central nervous system itself.

Methods.— An observational cross‐sectional study was conducted in 20 female migraine patients and 18 healthy women matched for age and body mass index. Positron emission tomography acquisition was performed 90 minutes after intravenous injection of the radioligand [18F]MK‐9470 to assess binding of [18F]MK‐9470 to CB1R.

Results.— Binding of CB1 R was globally increased in migraine patients vs healthy controls (average gray matter difference +16%; P = .009, 2‐sample 2‐sided Student's t‐test). There were no correlations between CB1R binding and any predefined migraine characteristics. Increases in CB1R binding were most pronounced in the anterior cingulate, mesial temporal, prefrontal, and superior frontal cortices.

Conclusion.— The increased interictal CB1R binding, especially in brain regions that exert top‐down influences to modulate pain, supports the idea that endocannibinoid deficiency is present in female patients suffering from episodic migraine.

(Headache 2012;52:433‐440)
18F‐FDG PET/CT May Be Useful When Evaluating a Patient for Giant Cell Arteritis
Authors: Robertson Carrie E. , Michet Jr Clement J. , Hunt Christopher H. , Garza Ivan
Published: November 2011

(Headache 2012;52:491‐493)
Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Replacement Infections and Prevention: Results from the REPLACE Registry
Authors: USLAN DANIEL Z. , GLEVA MARYE J. , WARREN DAVID K. , MELA THEOFANIE , CHUNG MINA K. , GOTTIPATY VENKATESHWAR , BORGE RICHARD , DAN DAN , SHINN TIMOTHY , MITCHELL KEVIN , HOLCOMB RICHARD G. , POOLE JEANNE E.
Published: November 2011

Background:
 Infection following cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) replacement is a serious complication, and rates of infection have increased. Analysis of procedural and clinical data from device replacement procedures collected by the REPLACE Registry may provide insights into infection prevention strategies and outcomes.

Methods:
 We prospectively evaluated procedural complications in patients undergoing CIED replacement over 6 months from 72 U.S. sites. Major and minor infections were predefined and adjudicated by an independent blinded clinical events committee. Data regarding infection prevention strategies and infectious outcomes were analyzed for their potential relationships.

Results:
 A total of 1,744 patients were included in REPLACE. All patients received preoperative intravenous antibiotics and 68.7% received postoperative systemic antibiotic therapy. CIED infection developed in 22 patients (1.3%), of which 14 cases were major (0.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.4%–1.3%) and eight were minor (0.5%, 95% CI 0.2%–0.9%). Patients with infections were more likely to have had postoperative hematomas (five of 22 [22.7%] vs 17 of 1,722 [0.98%], P = 0.002). Participating sites experiencing infection rates >5% were more likely to use povidone‐iodine for topical antisepsis, had lower implantation volume, and had patients with higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (2.79 vs 2.32, 95% CI for difference 0.08–0.86, P = 0.019).

Conclusions:
 In this multicenter prospective study with 6 months of follow‐up, infections associated with CIED replacements were surprisingly infrequent, possibly due to the use of preoperative antibiotics. Patients with infections were more likely to have had a postoperative hematoma, and sites with higher infection rates had sicker patients and lower overall procedural volume. (PACE 2012; 35:81–87)
Relation of High‐Pass Filtered Unipolar Electrograms to Bipolar Electrograms during Ventricular Mapping
Authors: INADA KEIICHI , TOKUDA MICHIFUMI , ROBERTS‐THOMSON KURT C. , STEVEN DANIEL , SEILER JENS , TEDROW USHA B. , STEVENSON WILLIAM G.
Published: November 2011

Background
: A filtered bipolar electrogram (EG) amplitude <1.5 mV is a robust indicator of relatively dense scar, but is influenced by the wavefront direction. Unipolar recordings are not subject to directional influence. We hypothesized that high‐pass filtered unipolar EGs would provide similar information to bipolar EGs, without potential errors related to wavefront direction.

Methods
: Simultaneous bipolar filtered at 30–500 Hz and unipolar (high‐pass filtered at 30 Hz) signals were recorded during ventricular voltage maps in 24 patients (group A). In five subsequent patients, low voltage surface areas were compared in electroanatomic maps (group B).

Results
: Of 2,789 mapping points in group A, filtered unipolar EG amplitude correlated well with bipolar EG amplitude. Agreement of filtered unipolar recordings in classifying sites as >1.5 mV or <1.5 mV with bipolar EG amplitude was 83%. Discordance was due to unipolar > bipolar amplitude at 83% of the discordant sites, consistent with possible reduction of bipolar amplitude due to direction dependence. Discordance was more frequent during epicardial than endocardial mapping. Double potentials were more frequently observed in bipolar than in unipolar recordings (3.2% vs 1.8%, P < 0.0001). In group B, the mean low‐voltage surface area (<1.5 mV) was 70.1 ± 48.9 cm2 for bipolar and 61.3 ± 52.2 cm2 for filtered unipolar EG maps.

Conclusion
: Direction dependent effects on bipolar EG amplitude may influence the identification of substrate for arrhythmias. High‐pass filtered unipolar EGs might be a reasonable alternative to bipolar recordings for creation of voltage maps. (PACE 2012; 35:157–163)
Anti‐angiogenic Therapy: Concept to Clinic
Authors: YOUNG ROBIN J. , REED MALCOLM W.R.
Published: November 2011

Please cite this paper as: Young RJ and Reed MWR. Anti‐angiogenic Therapy: Concept to Clinic. Microcirculation 19: 115–125, 2012.

It has been 40 years since Folkman hypothesized the use of anti‐angiogenic therapy as a strategy in the treatment of cancer. Since then, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been identified as the most potent cytokine to induce angiogenesis and drugs targeting VEGF, principally the humanized monoclonal antibody bevacizumab and the tyrosine kinase inhibitors sunitinib and sorafenib, have proven therapeutic benefit. The initial high expectations of tumor vascular targeting agents, however, have yet to be fulfilled. In unselected patient populations, the benefits of these agents is often marginal, they cause harmful side effects, and drug resistance is quickly established. Biomarkers to identify patients suitable for anti‐angiogenic therapy will be key to the future development of these drugs.
The Sovereignty of Kin: Political Discourse in Post‐Ta’if Lebanon
Authors: Riskedahl Diane
Published: November 2011

The debate over sovereignty in Lebanon involves a battle among distinct and varying political imaginaries. This struggle is evident in the negotiation of the Syrian presence within Lebanon prior to the withdrawal of the Syrian military in the spring of 2005. I focus here on the early public call for change made by the Maronite Patriarch that preceded the broader national movement for Syrian withdrawal. I argue that this statement challenged previously entrenched concepts regarding the relationship between Syria and Lebanon and contributed to redefining Lebanese discourses of sovereignty. Specifically, I look at the metaphor of kin relations: aspects of a sibling relationship that embed Lebanon in a script of reciprocal obligations are contrasted with a more individuated notion of state rights. The rhetorical strategy of contrasting the rights and obligations of brotherhood relations through the use of marked terms of dependency and inequality became a means for revising the discussion of the political relationship between the two countries while still maintaining the trope of Arab brotherhood.
The “Trials and Errors” of Politics: Municipal Elections at the Lebanese Border
Authors: Obeid Michelle
Published: November 2011

This article examines the unprecedented victory of the Islamic Group in the 2004 municipal elections in a town on the northern border of Lebanon that was renowned for a history of leftist political activism. The article investigates local idioms of political representation and, using ethnographic material, demonstrates how the political process was framed in a discourse of “trial and error.” It explores the traditional idiom of `ā’ila (lineage) and, through a comparison of three municipal elections in their historical and political contexts, argues that `ā’ila served as a principal idiom of democracy through which residents sought to change their political landscape in the postwar context by aiming to elevate their politics to the national sphere. The article contributes to an understanding of the manner in which Muslims relate to Islamist politics and to the literature that focuses on democracy as an ethnographically emergent construct.
Human Rights Law and Military Aid Delivery: A Case Study of the Leahy Law
Authors: Tate Winifred
Published: November 2011

Explicitly prohibiting US military counternarcotics assistance to foreign military units facing credible allegations of abuses, Leahy Law creation and implementation illuminates the epistemological challenges of knowledge production about violence in the policy process. First passed in 1997, the law emerged from strategic alliances between elite NGO advocates, grassroots activists, and critically located Congressional aides in response to the perceived inability of Congress to act on human rights information. I explore the resulting transformation of aid delivery; rather than suspend aid when no “clean” units could be found, US officials convinced their Colombian allies to create new units consisting of vetted soldiers. I use the implementation of the law in Colombia to explore how the vetting process exposed the knowledge practices inherent in policy implementation, the social production of credibility, and ways in which some forms of political violence were made visible while others were erased.