bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Substrate‐Independent Magnetic Bistability in Monolayers of the Single‐Molecule Magnet Dy2ScN@C80 on Metals and Insulators
Authors: Krylov Denis S. , Schimmel Sebastian , Dubrovin Vasilii , Liu Fupin , Nguyen T. T. Nhung , Spree Lukas , Chen Chia‐Hsiang , Velkos Georgios , Bulbucan Claudiu , Westerström Rasmus , Studniarek Michał , Dreiser Jan , Hess Christian , Büchner Bernd , Avdoshenko Stanislav M. , Popov Alexey A.
Published: December 2019

Magnetic hysteresis is demonstrated for monolayers of the single‐molecule magnet (SMM) Dy2ScN@C80 deposited on Au(111), Ag(100), and MgO|Ag(100) surfaces by vacuum sublimation. The topography and electronic structure of Dy2ScN@C80 adsorbed on Au(111) were studied by STM. X‐ray magnetic CD studies show that the Dy2ScN@C80 monolayers exhibit similarly broad magnetic hysteresis independent on the substrate used, but the orientation of the Dy2ScN cluster depends strongly on the surface. DFT calculations show that the extent of the electronic interaction of the fullerene molecules with the surface is increasing dramatically from MgO to Au(111) and Ag(100). However, the charge redistribution at the fullerene‐surface interface is fully absorbed by the carbon cage, leaving the state of the endohedral cluster intact. This Faraday cage effect of the fullerene preserves the magnetic bistability of fullerene‐SMMs on conducting substrates and facilitates their application in molecular spintronics.
Effect of metal type on the metallocene‐catalyzed oligomerization of 1‐hexene and 1‐octene to produce polyα‐olefin‐based synthetic lubricants
Authors: Jalali Aazam , Nekoomanehs‐Haghighi Mehdi , Dehghani Sevda , Bahri‐Laleh Naeimeh
Published: December 2019

1‐Hexene and 1‐octene oligomerization reactions were performed with Cp2ZrCl2 and Cp2HfCl2 in the presence of methylaluminoxane as cocatalyst at 25 and 80 °C to produce polyα‐olefin‐type oils. By examining the molecular weight results, obtained from gel permeation chromatography, the oligomeric structure of the products was confirmed. Hafnocene produced oligomers with higher molecular weights in comparison with zirconocene under the same reaction condition. In addition, with increasing temperature, the molecular weight decreased. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis of the poly1‐hexene‐ and poly1‐octene‐type oligomers confirmed their amorphous nature. 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis was performed to study the mechanism of termination reactions. The results obtained from the 1H‐NMR analysis confirmed the vinylidine form (vd) as the only unsaturated structure in all synthesized oligomers. Therefore, in the 1‐hexene and 1‐octene oligomerization reactions with these two catalytic systems, the chain termination is totally accomplished by β‐hydride elimination at both reaction temperatures.
CuI‐catalyzed direct synthesis of diaryl thioethers from aryl boronic acids and arylsulfonyl chlorides
Authors: Huang Keke , Yang Min , Lai Xiao‐Jing , Hu Xin , Qiu Guanyinsheng , Liu Jin‐Biao
Published: December 2019

A CuI‐catalyzed direct coupling of aryl boronic acids with arylsulfonyl chlorides for the preparation of diaryl thioethers was developed. The reaction is initiated by a PPh3 reduction of the arylsulfonyl chloride, followed by a CuI‐catalyzed C–S coupling with an aryl boronic acid. Various arylsulfonyl chlorides can directly serve as a sulfur source in this mild and efficient reaction giving the desired products in moderate to good yields. Moreover, this practical method has also been applied to the thioetherification of aryl iodides and acetylacetones.
Synthesis of Alkyl Sulfur‐Functionalized Oleic Acid‐Based Polymethacrylates and Their Application as Viscosity Index Improvers in a Mineral Paraffinic Lube Oil
Authors: Lomège Juliette , Negrell Claire , Robin Jean‐Jacques , Lapinte Vincent , Caillol Sylvain
Published: December 2019

This work describes the synthesis of alkyl sulfur‐functionalized polymethacrylate‐based Viscosity Index Improvers (VII) derived from oleic acid (OLA) for mineral paraffinic lubricating oils. In this strategy, OLA was first quantitatively ramified by alkyl thiols containing long aliphatic chains through thiol‐ene coupling as demonstrated by 1H NMR spectroscopy with the complete consumption of OLA internal double bonds. The resulting alkyl sulfur‐functionalized OLA‐based derivatives were methacrylated through Steglich esterification in order to afford highly suitable hydrophobic OLA‐based monomers which, as far as we know, have not been described yet in the current literature. High polymethacrylate molecular weights were reached through radical polymerization despite the long alkyl pendant chains contained in their backbones. Finally, the resulting alkyl sulfur‐functionalized OLA‐based polymethacrylates have been blended in a mineral paraffinic oil (MPO) of reference at 5 wt% and evaluated as VII. Rheological measurements revealed that polymer thickening powers were significantly improved in oil with temperature and promoted by increasing the pendant alkyl thiol contained in polymer backbones. Moreover, the viscosity index of MPO was significantly improved with the addition of both synthesized homopolymers which confirmed their efficiency as VII. In the meantime, these results have been compared with a previously reported polymer, the poly(2‐[methacryloyloxy]ethyl oleate) (PMAEO), which demonstrated a lower VII efficiency compared with its analogous polymethacrylates containing an additional alkyl chain in their pendant chains.
Preparation and application of poly(ethylene oxide)‐based all solid‐state electrolyte with a walnut‐like SiO2 as nano‐fillers
Authors: Li Xiaolong , Yang Li , Shao Dingsheng , Luo Kaili , Liu Lei , Wu Zhenyu , Luo Zhigao , Wang Xianyou
Published: December 2019

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is one of the most promising candidates in polymer solid‐state electrolyte. However, the polymer matrix has a high degree of crystallinity and thus manifests low conductivity, which restricts its application in all solid‐state lithium‐ion battery. Herein, a new composite polymer electrolyte (PLWLS), which is comprised of PEO, LiClO4, and the independently synthetized walnut‐like SiO2 (WLS) as nano‐fillers, is designed and prepared by the tape‐casting way. The optimum mass fraction of walnut‐like SiO2 is determined by physical and electrochemical characterization. The result shows that the PLWLS‐15 with 15 wt % walnut‐like SiO2 nanoparticles has a crystallinity of 13.7%. Similarly, the maximum tensile strength is improved greatly. The assembled all‐solid‐state lithium‐ion battery with LiFePO4/PLWLS‐15/Li exhibits a higher discharge capacity of 167 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C (1C = 170 mAh g−1) and 143 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C in first cycle, lower voltage polarization and better cycle performance. Therefore, adding nanoparticle into PEO‐based solid‐state electrolyte could effectively promote the mechanical property and electrochemical performance, and thus provide a possibility of application for PLWLS‐15 in next generation all solid‐state lithium battery. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48810.
Factors affecting mortality after traumatic brain injury in a resource-poor setting
Authors: Okidi R , Ogwang D M , Okello T R , Ezati D , Kyegombe W , Nyeko D , Scolding N J
Published: December 2019

Background

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of long-term disability and economic loss to society. The aim of this study was to assess the factors affecting mortality after TBI in a resource-poor setting.

Methods

Chart review was performed for randomly selected patients who presented with TBI between 2013 and 2017 at St Mary's Hospital, Lacor, northern Uganda. Data collected included demographic details, time from injury to presentation, and vital signs on arrival. In-hospital management and mortality were recorded. Severe head injury was defined as a Glasgow Coma Scale score below 9.

Results

A total of 194 patient charts were reviewed. Median age at time of injury was 27 (i.q.r. 2–68) years. The majority of patients were male (M : F ratio 4·9 : 1). Some 30·9 per cent of patients had severe head injury, and an associated skull fracture was observed in 8·8 per cent. Treatment was mainly conservative in 94·8 per cent of patients; three patients (1·5 per cent) had burr-holes, four (2·1 per cent) had a craniotomy, and three (1·5 per cent) had skull fracture elevation. The mortality rate was 33·0 per cent; 46 (72 per cent) of the 64 patients who died had severe head injury. Of the ten surgically treated patients, seven died, including all three patients who had a burr-hole. In multivariable analysis, factors associated with mortality were mean arterial pressure (P = 0·012), referral status (P = 0·001), respiratory distress (P = 0·040), severe head injury (P = 0·011) and pupil reactivity (P = 0·011).

Conclusion

TBI in a resource-poor setting remains a major challenge and affects mainly young males. Decisions concerning surgical intervention are compromised by the lack of both CT and intracranial pressure monitoring, with consequent poor outcomes.
Belief in the miracles of Lourdes: A voxel‐based morphometry study
Authors: Schienle Anne , Höfler Carina , Wabnegger Albert
Published: December 2019

Background

It has been shown that particular religious beliefs and practices are associated with brain function and structure. The present voxel‐based morphometry study investigated the correlation between the belief in the miracles of Lourdes (a major Catholic pilgrimage site) and gray matter volume in specific brain regions associated with theory of mind (ToM).

Method

Structural brain data from 84 women (mean age: 25 years; no current somatic illness; 80% Roman‐Catholic) were correlated with self‐report measures on belief in miracles, religious–spiritual well‐being, and psychological problems. Selected brain regions of the ToM network included the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), hippocampus, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC).

Results

The belief in the miracles of Lourdes was positively correlated with general religiousness and with feelings of connectedness; there was no association with psychological problems. Belief in miracles of Lourdes correlated positively with TPJ volume and negatively with MPFC volume.

Conclusion

Belief in the miracles was associated with brain volume in regions involved in mentalizing and self‐control.
Diffusion tensor imaging tractography reveals altered fornix in all diagnostic subtypes of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Valdés Cabrera Diana , Stobbe Robert , Smyth Penelope , Giuliani Fabrizio , Emery Derek , Beaulieu Christian
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has shown abnormalities of the fornix and other limbic white matter tracts in multiple sclerosis (MS), mainly focusing on relapsing‐remitting MS.

Methods

The goal here was to evaluate the fornix, cingulum, and uncinate fasciculus with DTI tractography at 1.7 mm isotropic resolution in three MS subgroups (11 relapsing‐remitting (RRMS), nine secondary progressive (SPMS), eight primary progressive (PPMS)) versus 11 controls, and assess correlations with cognitive and clinical scores.

Results

The MS group overall showed extensive diffusion abnormalities of the fornix with less volume, lower fractional anisotropy (FA), and higher mean and radial diffusivities, which were similarly affected in all three MS subgroups. The uncinate fasciculus had lower FA only in the secondary progressive subgroup, and the cingulum had no DTI differences in any MS subgroup. The FA and/or volumes of these tracts correlated negatively with larger total lesion volume. The only DTI‐cognitive correlation was lower right cingulum FA and greater depression over the entire MS cohort.

Conclusions

Diffusion tractography identified abnormalities in the fornix that appears to be affected early and consistently across all three primary MS phenotypes of RRMS, SPMS, and PPMS regardless of Expanded Disability Status Scale, time since diagnosis, or cognitive scores.
Development and validation of a simple risk model to predict major cancers for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Wei Zihan , Ren Zhigang , Hu Shuang , Gao Yan , Sun Ranran , Lv Shuai , Yang Guojie , Yu Zujiang , Kan Quancheng
Published: December 2019

Objective

To recognize risk factors and build up and validate a simple risk model predicting 8‐year cancer events after nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study. Patients with NAFLD (n = 5561) were randomly divided into groups: training (n = 1254), test (n = 627), evaluation (n = 627), and validation (n = 3053). Risk factors were recognized by statistical method named as a Cox model with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. This prediction score was established based on the training group and was further validated based on the testing and evaluation group from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2009 and another 3053 independent cases from January 1, 2010 to February 13, 2014.

Results

The main outcomes were NAFLD‐related cancer events, including those of the liver, breast, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, prostate and colon, within 8 years after hospitalization for NAFLD diagnosis. Seven risk factors (age (every 5 years),LDL, smoking, BMI, diabetes, OSAS, and aspartate aminotransferase (every 5 units)) were identified as independent indicators of cancer events. This risk model contained a predictive range of 0.4%‐37.7%, 0.3%‐39.6%, and 0.4%‐39.3% in the training, test, evaluation group, respectively, with a range 0.4%‐30.4% for validation groups. In the training group, 12.6%, 76.9%, and 10.5% of patients, which corresponded to the low ‐, moderate ‐, and high‐risk groups, had probabilities of, <0.01, <0.1, and 0.23 for 8‐year events.

Conclusions

Seven risk factors were recognized and a simple risk model were developed and validated to predict the risk of cancer events after NAFLD based on 8 years. This simple risk score system may recognize high‐risk patients and reduce cancer incidence.
Find ways to build community by getting out of squad cars, sponsoring activities
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: December 2019

Rick Tanksley brought a fresh perspective to community policing when he became the Director of Campus Safety and Emergency Preparedness at Occidental College in 2018. Before his time at Occidental, Tanksley was Vice President of Law Enforcement Consulting at Hillard Heintze, where he oversaw, among other initiatives, a project on community‐based policing. He brought those strategies to Occidental so students, staff, and faculty would see the work of his department as a resource and not just view the department as disciplinary. “Many people view us as being associated with the police, and that's not our mission,” Tanksley said. “We're here to be a resource; we're not just looking to arrest someone.”
Study finds four main characteristics that fit nearly all mass shooters
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: December 2019

The largest ever study of mass shooters has found four main characteristics that nearly all mass shooters since 1966 embody. The study, funded by the Department of Justice and compiled by the Violence Project in a searchable database, looked at mass shootings (defined as events in which four or more people were killed in a public place) since that time.
Time to retire the concept of brand personality? Extending the critique and introducing a new framework
Authors: Oklevik Ove , Supphellen Magne , Maehle Natalia
Published: December 2019

In consumer behaviour literature, there is a growing concern about the construct validity of brand personality. We extend this critique and introduce a new approach for the conceptualisation and measurement of human brand associations (HBA). A qualitative study of free associations to six brands in different categories and cultures reveals that brand personality traits, as defined in the literature, are practically non‐existent in real associative networks for brands. The responses are, however, in line with the new HBA framework. The findings suggest that consumer researchers should retire the concept of brand personality and use the new approach instead.
Juvenile polyposis syndrome
Authors: Hussain Tasadooq , Church James M.
Published: December 2019

Juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) patients can have a significantly high burden of polyposis. Patient who undergoes prophylactic colectomy for polyps not amenable to endoscopic treatments requires close clinical surveillance to negate risk of malignancy from interval polyposis.
Recent Advances in Rare‐Earth Polypnictides
Authors: Qiao Lei , Zhang Chao , Zhang Xiang‐Wen , Wang Zi‐Chuan , Yin Haolin , Sun Zhong‐Ming
Published: December 2019

The polypnictide complexes of rare earth cations have drawn the attention of the scientific community for their uncommon bonding modes and potential applications. Herein, we present a systematic and comprehensive summary on recent advances in the field of rare earth polypnictides, focusing on their synthesis, structures, and reactivities. The structural stabilizing effects imposed by the electropositive rare earth cations as well as the reducing capability of rare earth precursors in the synthesis of these polypnictide complexes are described in this review. We also disscuss in detail the bonding interactions and coordination modes between rare earth cations and polypnictide clusters as well as the similarities and the peculiarity of some structures.
Life after ruxolitinib: Reasons for discontinuation, impact of disease phase, and outcomes in 218 patients with myelofibrosis
Authors: Palandri Francesca , Breccia Massimo , Bonifacio Massimiliano , Polverelli Nicola , Elli Elena M. , Benevolo Giulia , Tiribelli Mario , Abruzzese Elisabetta , Iurlo Alessandra , Heidel Florian H. , Bergamaschi Micaela , Tieghi Alessia , Crugnola Monica , Cavazzini Francesco , Binotto Gianni , Isidori Alessandro , Sgherza Nicola , Bosi Costanza , Martino Bruno , Latagliata Roberto , Auteri Giuseppe , Scaffidi Luigi , Griguolo Davide , Trawinska Malgorzata , Cattaneo Daniele , Catani Lucia , Krampera Mauro , Lemoli Roberto M. , Cuneo Antonio , Semenzato Gianpietro , Foà Robin , Di Raimondo Francesco , Bartoletti Daniela , Cavo Michele , Palumbo Giuseppe A. , Vianelli Nicola
Published: December 2019

Background

After discontinuing ruxolitinib, the outcome of patients with myelofibrosis reportedly has been poor. The authors investigated whether disease characteristics before the receipt of ruxolitinib may predict drug discontinuation in patients with myelofibrosis and whether reasons for drug discontinuation, disease phase at discontinuation, and salvage therapies may influence the outcome.

Methods

A centralized electronic clinical database was created in 20 European hematology centers, including clinical and laboratory data for 524 patients who received ruxolitinib for myelofibrosis.

Results

At 3 years, 40.8% of patients had stopped ruxolitinib. Baseline predictors of drug discontinuation were: intermediate‐2–risk/high‐risk category (Dynamic International Prognostic Score System), a platelet count <100 ×109 per liter, transfusion dependency, and unfavorable karyotype. At last contact, 268 patients (51.1%) had discontinued therapy, and the median drug exposure was 17.5 months. Fifty patients (18.7%) died while taking ruxolitinib. The reasons for discontinuation in the remaining 218 patients were the lack (22.9%) or loss (11.9%) of a spleen response, ruxolitinib‐related adverse events (27.5%), progression to blast phase (23.4%), ruxolitinib‐unrelated adverse events (9.2%), and allogeneic transplantation during response (5.1%). The median survival after ruxolitinib was 13.2 months and was significantly better in the 167 patients who discontinued ruxolitinib in chronic phase (27.5 vs 3.9 months for those who discontinued in blast phase; P < .001). No survival differences were observed among patients who discontinued ruxolitinib in chronic phase because of lack of response, loss of response, or ruxolitinib‐related adverse events. The use of investigational agents and/or ruxolitinib rechallenge were associated with improved outcome.

Conclusions

The survival of patients with myelofibrosis after discontinuation of ruxolitinib is poor, particularly for those who discontinue in blast phase. Salvage therapies can improve outcome, emphasizing the need for novel therapies.
Nodal positivity decreases with age in women with early‐stage, hormone receptor–positive breast cancer
Authors: Downs‐Canner Stephanie M. , Gaber Charles E. , Louie Raphael J. , Strassle Paula D. , Gallagher Kristalyn K. , Muss Hyman B. , Ollila David W.
Published: December 2019

Background

Despite data demonstrating the safety of omitting axillary surgery in older women with early‐stage breast cancer, the incidence of axillary surgery remains high. It was hypothesized that the prevalence of nodal positivity would decrease with advancing age.

Methods

The National Cancer Data Base was used to construct a cohort of adult women with early‐stage, clinically node‐negative, estrogen receptor–positive (ER+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative breast cancer treated between 2013 and 2015. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between age and nodal positivity, and this was stratified by the axillary surgery category. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate the proportion of women receiving adjuvant therapy according to age and nodal status.

Results

The incidence of axillary surgery among women aged 70 and older (n = 51,917) remained high nationwide (86%). There was a significant decrease in nodal positivity with advancing age in women with early‐stage, ER+, clinically node‐negative breast cancer from the youngest cohort up to patients aged 70 to 89 years, and this was independent of histologic subtype (ductal vs lobular), race, comorbidities, and socioeconomic factors. Overall, less than 10% of women aged 70 or older who underwent surgery had node‐positive disease, regardless of axillary surgery type, and almost 95% of node‐positive patients aged 70 or older were at pathological stage N1mi or N1.

Conclusions

Axillary surgery may be safely omitted for many older women with ER+, clinically node‐negative, early‐stage breast cancer. Nodal positivity declines with advancing age, and this suggests varied biology in older patients versus younger patients.
UniIndex: An index and query middleware for parallel file systems
Authors: Cheng Peng , Wang Yong , Lu Yutong , Du Yunfei , Chen Zhiguang
Published: December 2019

As data analysis scenarios keep increasing on high‐performance computing systems, the ability to select a small fraction of data from a large volume of scientific data sets is vital to accelerate scientific discovery. However, parallel file systems lack the ability to provide efficient data locating services at the granularity of both a file and a record. Existing methods for identifying and indexing data are often domain‐specific and do not scale to large scientific data sets. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of UniIndex framework, which combines our proposed techniques for user‐annotation extraction, in‐memory cache layer, in‐situ indexing, and parallel query processing. Acting as middleware on top of production file systems, UniIndex enables efficient data locating services with minimal user effort. Our evaluations show that UniIndex can locate target files from directories containing millions of files in microseconds. By applying in situ indexing and the lightweight range‐bitmap index, record‐level index building time can be dramatically reduced while maintaining up to two orders of magnitude query speedup than scanning the entire data set.
Analysis of multi‐input multi‐output transactions in the Bitcoin network
Authors: Phetsouvanh Silivanxay , Datta Anwitaman , Oggier Frédérique
Published: December 2019

Distinct transactions among different and unrelated users are combined together to create a single Bitcoin transaction (mixing transaction) to obfuscate the relationships among the actual participants (more specifically, the wallet addresses used for the transactions). We consider multi‐input multi‐output transactions with at least two inputs and three outputs as proxy, to analyze four characteristic periods of ∼50 days each, representing periods before the introduction of mixing, in its early days, during its growth, and after the volume of such multi‐input multi‐output transactions became more or less stabile. Structural properties and characteristics of the transaction and wallet address networks are computed and compared, through standard tools, but also via the introduction of two novel techniques that provide indicators of mixing‐like behaviors: (1) an entropy characterization to detect abnormally uniform inputs and/or outputs and (2) a connected component analysis of subgraphs formed by only multi‐input multi‐output transactions (showing cascades of such transactions). The contributions of this exploratory Bitcoin network analysis paper can thus be seen as two‐fold. At a macroscopic level, the growth and stabilization periods are shown to stand out with respect to most considered metrics, while at a microscopic level, chains of multi‐input multi‐output transactions, and transactions with outlier behavior in terms of input/output entropies are identified for further investigation.
Recent Progress in Organic Phototransistors: Semiconductor Materials, Device Structures and Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Huang Xianhui , Ji Deyang , Fuchs Harald , Hu Wenping , Li Tao
Published: December 2019

The front cover artwork is provided by the group of Prof. Tao Li at the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (China). The image shows recent advances of organic phototransistors with a planet‐satellite system. Read the full text of the Review at10.1002/cptc.201900198.
An investigation into structural behaviors of skulls chewing food in different occlusal relationships using FEM
Authors: Kim Hee‐Sun , Park Jae‐Yong , Lee Yeo‐Kyeong , Chun Youn‐Sic
Published: December 2019

Objectives

This study aims to investigate the effect of different occlusal relationships on skull structural and mechanical behaviors through simulation of chewing food.

Methods

Finite element (FE) skull models of occlusion for Class I, end‐on Class II, and full‐cusp Class II were generated. End‐on Class II and full‐cusp Class II were chosen as mild and severe Class II occlusions, respectively. A simplified food bolus was introduced between the upper and lower dentition of the right molars. Chewing food was simulated in the skulls by moving the mandible. An experiment was conducted to measure strains at selective locations and compared them to the analytical results for validation.

Results

In the early stages of mandibular movement, masticatory forces predicted from the skull models without food were lower than the skull models with food but increased drastically after occluding teeth full enough. As a result, the relationship between masticatory force and mandible movement shows that there is no significant difference between the skull models with food and without food in the range of human masticatory force, approximately 250 N. In all the cases of skulls including a food bolus, stress was similarly propagated from the mandible to the maxilla and concentrated in the same regions, including the mandibular notch and alveolar bone around the lower molars.

Conclusion

It is predicted that there is no significant difference of bite force–mandible movement relationships and stress distributions of skull and teeth, between end‐on Class II and full‐cusp Class II models. When simulating chewing activities on candy and carrot, it is also found that there is no difference of masticatory performance between Class II occlusions, from structural as well as mechanical perspectives.
Elucidating cryptic dynamics of Theileria communities in African buffalo using a high‐throughput sequencing informatics approach
Authors: Glidden Caroline K. , Koehler Anson V. , Hall Ross S. , Saeed Muhammad A. , Coppo Mauricio , Beechler Brianna R. , Charleston Bryan , Gasser Robin B. , Jolles Anna E. , Jabbar Abdul
Published: December 2019

Increasing access to next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technologies is revolutionizing the life sciences. In disease ecology, NGS‐based methods have the potential to provide higher‐resolution data on communities of parasites found in individual hosts as well as host populations.

Here, we demonstrate how a novel analytical method, utilizing high‐throughput sequencing of PCR amplicons, can be used to explore variation in blood‐borne parasite (Theileria—Apicomplexa: Piroplasmida) communities of African buffalo at higher resolutions than has been obtained with conventional molecular tools.

Results reveal temporal patterns of synchronized and opposite fluctuations of prevalence and relative abundance of Theileria spp. within the host population, suggesting heterogeneous transmission across taxa. Furthermore, we show that the community composition of Theileria spp. and their subtypes varies considerably between buffalo, with differences in composition reflected in mean and variance of overall parasitemia, thereby showing potential to elucidate previously unexplained contrasts in infection outcomes for host individuals.

Importantly, our methods are generalizable as they can be utilized to describe blood‐borne parasite communities in any host species. Furthermore, our methodological framework can be adapted to any parasite system given the appropriate genetic marker.

The findings of this study demonstrate how a novel NGS‐based analytical approach can provide fine‐scale, quantitative data, unlocking opportunities for discovery in disease ecology.
Failure characteristics and control technology for large‐section chamber in compound coal seams—A case study in Tashan Coal Mine
Authors: Tai Yang , Xia Hongchun , Kuang Tiejun
Published: December 2019

The coal production exploited from extra‐thick coal seams accounts for 45% of China's total coal production. With large coal output, the extra‐thick coal seams require that the chamber section be more than 100 m2. In case of parting (the noncoal rock, usually mudstone, sandwiched in the coal seam) in the extra‐thick coal seams, the integrity of the coal seams will be damaged and the large‐section chamber is extremely easy to occur rib spalling and roof leakage, which will increase the chamber's supporting difficulty. To solve such problems, this paper took the electromechanical chamber in Tashan Coal Mine as the engineering background and analyzed the deformation and failure characteristics of this chamber surrounding rocks by the numerical simulation method during the excavation process. The results indicated that the failure areas of surrounding rocks were mainly in partings, chamber ribs, and chamber dome with the failure depths of 15 m, 10 m, and 5 m, respectively. Based on the obtained deformation and failure characteristics, the supporting method of grouting integrated with high‐strength bolts and anchor cables was put forward. The grouting method was firstly used to improve the integrity of the chamber surrounding rocks, and the high‐strength bolts and anchor cables were used for supporting. Then, the supporting parameters of the bolts and anchor cables and the grouting parameters were optimized by the numerical simulation method. The optimized parameters were applied in the electromechanical chamber in Tashan Coal Mine, and the on‐site chamber ribs lateral displacement and roof separation amounts were only 0.018 m and 0.012 m, respectively, indicating that the surrounding rocks were controlled effectively.
Co‐evolution of coarse grain structuring and bed roughness in response to episodic sediment supply in an experimental aggrading channel
Authors: Hassan Marwan A. , Saletti Matteo , Zhang Chendi , Ferrer‐Boix Carles , Johnson Joel P.L. , Müller Tobias , von Flotow Claudia
Published: December 2019

We use flume experiments to better understand how gravel‐bed channels maintain bed surface stability in response to pulses of sediment supply. Bed elevations and surface imagery at high spatial resolutions were used to quantify the co‐evolution of surface grain‐size distribution (GSD), bed roughness statistics, and bed surface structures (clusters, cells and transverse features). Using a new semi‐automated method, we identified individual stone structures over a 2 m × 1 m area throughout the experiments. After an initial coarsening, surface GSD and armouring ratio remained nearly stable as sediment pulses caused net bed aggradation. In contrast, individual grain structures continued to form, increase or decrease in size, and disappear throughout the experiments. The response of the bed to sediment pulses depended on the history of surface roughness evolution and bed surface structure development, as these factors changed much more in response to supply perturbations earlier in the experiments compared to later, even as the bed continued to aggrade. We interpret that the dynamic production and destruction of bed surface structures can act as a ‘buffer’ to sediment supply pulses, maintaining a stable bed surface during aggradation with minimal change in grain size or armouring. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling for body size leads to inferential biases in the biological sciences
Authors: Rogell Björn , Dowling Damian K. , Husby Arild
Published: December 2019

Many traits correlate with body size. Studies that seek to uncover the ecological factors that drive evolutionary responses in traits typically examine these responses relative to associated changes in body size using multiple regression analysis. However, it is not well appreciated that in the presence of strongly correlated variables, the partial (i.e., relative) regression coefficients often change sign compared to the original coefficients. Such sign reversals are difficult to interpret in a biologically meaningful way, and could lead to erroneous evolutionary inferences if the true mechanism underlying the sign reversal differed from the proposed mechanism. Here, we use simulations to demonstrate that sign reversal occurs over a wide range of parameter values common in the biological sciences. Further, as a case-in-point, we review the literature on brain size evolution; a field that explores how ecological traits relate to the evolution of relative brain size (brain size relative to body size). We find that most studies show sign reversals and thus that the inferences of many studies in this field may be inconclusive. Finally, we propose some approaches to mitigating this issue.
Tectonic geomorphology of the Aras drainage basin (NW Iran): Implications for the recent activity of the Aras fault zone
Authors: Saber Reza , Isik Veysel , Caglayan Ayse
Published: December 2019

Complex geology and tectonics of the NW Iran, the Caucasus region, and Eastern Turkey, are responsible for the present‐day landscapes of the region. The Aras drainage basin located in Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia borders, provides an appropriate geographical environment for systematically studying the landforms produced or modified by active tectonic processes. Several morphometric indices were calculated for 114 sub‐basins to assess relative tectonic activity levels. Results were evaluated using two different methods; Index of Active Tectonics (IAT) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. IAT results show that 2% of the sub‐basins belong to very high, 25% to high, 46% to moderate and 27% to low tectonic activity classes. AHP results, display that 12% of the sub‐basins belong to very high, 25% to high, 43% to moderate, and 20% to low tectonic activity classes. Results of both methods show approximate consistency and indicate that the tectonic activity along the Aras drainage basin is moderate to high and decreases from southwest to the northwest which is probably due to terminating fault branches in young unconsolidated deposits or strain partitioning processes. The major fault zones (e.g., Aras, Pambak–Sevan–Sunik, Akera, and Moghan fault zones) include areas with very high and high tectonic activity classes. Accordingly, the uplift rates have been estimated as >0.5 mm/yr for central and western parts, whereas the uplift rates are relatively less in the eastern part (<0.5 mm/yr). The Aras fault zone includes five active structural segments that the main Aras and Horadiz segments of them show relatively higher tectonic activity.
Zircon geochronological and geochemical study of the Baogaigou Tin deposits, southern Great Xing'an Range, Northeast China: Implications for the timing of mineralization and ore genesis
Authors: Mi Kui‐Feng , Lü Zhi‐Cheng , Yan Ting‐Jie , Yao Xiao‐Feng , Ma Yi‐Xing , Lin Cheng‐Gui
Published: December 2019

Tin deposits in China mainly occur in South China, while extensive Sn mineralization also occurred in the southern Great Xing'an Range (SGXR) of Northeast China. The Baogaigou deposit is a small typical greisen‐type Sn deposit in the SGXR, yielding 1,136 t of Sn reserves with an average grade of 0.48% Sn. New whole‐rock geochemical, zircon geochronological, whole‐rock Sr–Nd isotope and zircon in situ Hf–O isotopic data are presented for granites from Baogaigou deposit. Two granite samples from the Baogaigou deposit yield identical secondary ion mass spectrometry zircon U–Pb ages of 145.6 ± 0.8 Ma and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ages of 145.6 ± 0.4 Ma, consistent with regional magma activity relating to Sn mineralization ages and prior to regional Sn mineralization ages (142–135 Ma) in the SGXR. The granites are strongly peraluminous, calc‐alkaline granites enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs), with fractionation of light over heavy REEs (LREE/HREE = 10.1–7.6) and strong negative Eu anomaly with Eu/Eu* values of 0.03–0.04. Primitive‐mantle‐normalized granitoid compositions display negative Ba, Nb, Ta, Pb, Sr, P, Eu and Ti anomalies, and positive Th, U and Nd anomalies. The granites have initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios, εNd(t) values, and TDM(Nd) ages of 0.70532–0.70325, +2.5 to +2.1, and 783–743 Ma, respectively, with zircon εHf(t) values of 5.1–1.6, TDM2 model ages of 1,086–880 Ma, and δ18O values of 5.70–4.91‰. Geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf–O isotopic data for the Baogaigou granites indicate they are A2‐type peraluminous granites and were probably formed through partial melting of juvenile lower crust originating from a depleted mantle. The Baogaigou granite with Sn content (5.7–13.7 ppm; average = 9.6 ppm) contributed most of the ore‐forming materials, while the highly fractionated and low magma fO2 (Ce4+/Ce3+ and Eu/Eu* range from 1.0 to 49.3 and 0.03 to 0.04) nature of the Baogaigou granites would have facilitated development of Sn mineralization. Under extensional environment, the asthenosphere upwelling would result in large‐scale transport of magma and heat from the mantle, and then extensive re‐melting of the crust, generating magma and fluid to form a tectonic–magmatic–fluid metallogenic system.
Moesin, an Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin Family Member, Regulates Hepatic Fibrosis
Authors: Karvar Serhan , Ansa‐Addo Ephraim A. , Suda Jo , Singh Shweta , Zhu Lixin , Li Zihai , Rockey Don C.
Published: December 2019

Background and Aims

Moesin, an ezrin/radixin/moesin family member, is involved in the regulation of cell adhesion, polarity, and migration by cross‐linking between the actin cytoskeleton and plasma membrane. The primary effector cell in hepatic fibrosis is the hepatic stellate cell (HSC), which undergoes activation during liver injury leading to increased extracellular matrix production.

Approach and Results

Here, we have hypothesized that moesin plays a critical role in linking the HSC cytoskeleton to the fibrogenic cascade during HSC activation. Moesin phosphorylation was up‐regulated during HSC activation and fibrogenesis. Using moesin wild‐type (WT) and mutant constructs (phosphomimicking T558D and nonphosphorylatable T558A), we found that cellular motility and contraction were increased in moesin WT‐infected and T558D‐infected cells, paralleled by an increase in smooth muscle α‐actin and collagen 1 expression. In contrast, overexpression of nonphosphorylatable moesin and moesin knockout (KO) decreased cellular motility and contraction. Most importantly, moesin KO led to abrogation of liver fibrosis. The mechanism of moesin's effect was a reduction in myocardin‐related transcription factor‐A and serum‐response factor (SRF)–mediated changes in the actin cytoskeleton, which in turn modulated the expression of matrix genes.

Conclusions

Taken together, our findings suggest that the linkage between cytoskeletal dynamics and the correlated MRTF/SRF signaling pathway has a pivotal role in HSC activation and fibrogenesis.
Genetic Burden Contributing to Extremely Low or High Bone Mineral Density in a Senior Male Population From the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS)
Authors: Chen Shan , Jain Mahim , Jhangiani Shalini , Akdemir Zeynep C , Campeau Philippe M , Klein Robert F , Nielson Carrie , Dai Hongzheng , Muzny Donna M , Boerwinkle Eric , Gibbs Richard A , Orwoll Eric S , Lupski James R , Posey Jennifer E , Lee Brendan
Published: December 2019

Worldwide, one in five men aged over 50 years will experience osteoporosis or a clinical bone fracture, with a greater fracture‐related mortality rate than women. However, the genetic etiology of osteoporosis in men is still poorly understood. We aimed to identify the genetic variants and candidate genes associated with extremely low or high BMD for a better understanding of the biology underlying low bone density that may point to potential therapeutic targets for increasing bone mass. Subjects from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS) cohort were evaluated by age and BMI‐adjusted total hip BMD. Those with BMD values 3 SDs away from the mean were selected and the remaining individuals whose adjusted BMD ranked at the highest or lowest 100 were included. Men with the lowest adjusted BMD (N = 98) and highest adjusted BMD (N = 110) were chosen for exome sequencing. Controls (N = 82) were men of Northern and Western European descent from the US Utah population of the 1000 Genomes Project. Fisher's exact test was performed to compare low‐ or high‐BMD subjects with controls for single‐gene associations. Additionally, sets of candidate genes causative of heritable disorders of connective tissue, including osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome (EDS), were grouped for multigene and mutation burden analyses. No single‐gene associations with rare variants were found for either the low BMD group (33 genes) or high BMD group (18 genes). In the group of OI genes, we detected a significant threefold increased accumulation of rare variants in low‐BMD subjects compared with controls (p = 0.009). Additionally, genes associated with EDS had a twofold increased frequency in low‐BMD subjects compared with controls (p = 0.03). These findings reveal a rare variant burden in OI and EDS disease genes at low BMD, which suggests a potential gene‐panel approach to screen for multivariant associations in larger cohorts. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Coadsorption of gaseous xylene, ethyl acetate and water onto porous biomass carbon foam pellets derived from liquefied Vallisneria natans waste
Authors: Sun Lei , Yuan Dan , Liu Rurong , Wan Shungang , Lu Xianju
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND

Only a few studies have focused on the purification of waste gas containing a mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with engineered biochar. The adsorption behaviors of gaseous xylene and ethyl acetate (EA) individually and in binary mixture onto porous biomass carbon foam pellets (BCFPs) were studied by static headspace gas chromatography.

RESULTS

The removal efficiency nearly reached 100% for 17.32 mg L−1 xylene and 18.02 mg L−1 EA within 120 min at a BCFP dosage of 0.2 g L−1, a temperature of 40 °C and a relative humidity of 30%. The adsorption behavior followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model for single and binary mixtures of xylene and EA. The coexistence of xylene had considerable influence on the adsorption performance of EA, whereas the coexistence of EA exhibited minimal effect on the adsorption performance of xylene. The monolayer adsorption capacities of sole xylene and EA were 250.63 and 206.61 mg g−1 respectively. The total adsorption capacity reached 322.36 mg g−1 for the binary mixture, but the adsorption capacity for sole xylene and EA decreased because of competitive adsorption. The adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. Pore filling was involved in the adsorption of xylene and EA onto BCFPs. Meanwhile, xylene adsorption was involved in the hydrophobic interaction and π–π electron dispersion interaction.

CONCLUSION

BCFPs are an effective adsorbent for VOC adsorptive removal from waste gas. Competitive adsorption between xylene and EA on BCFPs was determined. Results indicated that the physicochemical properties of VOCs had an effect on the adsorption performance. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Papillary endothelial hyperplasia (Masson's tumor) developed in the capsule of the implant in a breast cancer patient treated with mastectomy and radiation therapy
Authors: Lorente‐Ramos Rosa M. , Azpeitia Armán Javier , Martínez Izquierdo María A. , Pérez Quintanilla Almudena
Published: December 2019

Papillary endothelial hyperplasia (PEH) is an uncommon benign vascular proliferation appearing in soft tissues in different body areas including the breast, which may be related to radiation therapy. A 48‐year‐old woman previously treated for breast cancer with mastectomy followed by radiation therapy and reconstruction with an implant presented with a newly developing mass in the implant capsule. Pathological diagnosis was PEH. Imaging features of this rare entity are described, and lesions included in differential diagnosis are discussed.
Synthesis of pyrazine‐2,3‐dicarbonitriles via the one‐pot three‐component reaction of 4‐benzoyl‐5‐phenylamino‐2,3‐dihydrothiophene‐2,3‐dione, diaminomaleonitrile, and functionalized alcohols in acetonitrile
Authors: Shahnaei Roya , Kabirifard Hassan , Fathololoomi Parinaz
Published: December 2019

An efficient one‐pot three‐component reaction of 4‐benzoyl‐5‐phenylamino‐2,3‐dihydrothiophene‐2,3‐dione, diaminomaleonitrile, and alcohols with hetero‐atom substituents or several hydroxyl groups in acetonitrile solvent under reflux led to the formation of 5‐(2‐substituted ethoxy or propoxy‐2‐phenyl‐1‐N‐phenylthiocarbamoylethenyl)‐6‐oxo‐1,6‐dihydropyrazine‐2,3‐dicarbonitrile derivatives in good yields.