bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffusion‐weighted signal models in healthy and cancerous peripheral prostate tissues: Comparison of outcomes obtained at different b‐values
Authors: Mazzoni Lorenzo N. , Lucarini Silvia , Chiti Stefano , Busoni Simone , Gori Cesare , Menchi Ilario
Published: May 2013

Purpose

To evaluate the dependence on the b‐values adopted of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), perfusion fraction (PF), slow and fast diffusion coefficient (Dslow, Dfast), corrected diffusion coefficient (D) and kurtosis (K), in healthy peripheral (HP) and peripheral cancerous (PCa) prostate tissues.

Materials and Methods

Patients who underwent multiparametric prostate MR examination were retrospectively evaluated for possible inclusion. ADC, PF, Dslow, Dfast, D, and K were estimated both in HP and PCa tissues, using three different ranges of b‐values: 0–2300, 0–1800, 0–800 s/mm2 (group A, B and C, respectively). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were performed, to establish differences among groups and to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of every parameter in distinguishing HP and PCa tissues when calculated with different b‐values.

Results

In all, 57 patients were included. ANOVA showed significant differences of all parameters between group A‐B vs. C, both in HP and PCa tissues. In ROC analysis K showed the best area under the curve (AUC) when calculated in groups A and B (0.87 and 0.86), while it was comparable with the ADC one in group C (both 0.82).

Conclusion

A significant dependence on the adopted b‐values of DWI parameters is shown. The best performance in distinguishing HP from PCa tissues was obtained by K, calculated using a high b‐value sequence. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:512–518. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Equality and Diversity in the Health Service
Authors: Ali Shahnaz , Burns Christine , Grant Loren
Published: May 2013

Nine years after the first human rights legislation came into effect, many public sector organizations struggle to demonstrate meaningful and sustainable outcomes for protected groups. The workforce stubbornly fails to reflect the diversity of the communities it serves. Equality stakeholders report that services ignore the specific needs of their section of the communities, resulting in poor outcomes. To redress this, National Health Service (NHS) North West developed an evidence‐based strategy, supported by the introduction of tools and best practice methods. It applied cultural change management, defined the leadership competencies required, and introduced a consistent and objective framework for measuring outcomes across a range of 13 key areas. Three years into the strategy, outcomes include the national adoption of a leadership competency framework and outcome‐based performance measurement tool, as well as demonstrable improvements in the cultural competencies of NHS bodies in the region. Within 18 months, the number of primary care trusts able to evidence tangible “achieving” outcomes affecting at least three equality target groups has doubled.
Isolation of immunoglobulin G from bovine milk whey by poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐based anion‐exchange cryogel
Authors: Dong Shasha , Chen Liang , Dai Bin , Johnson Wilfred , Ye Jialei , Shen Shaochuan , Yun Junxian , Yao Kejian , Lin Dong‐Qiang , Yao Shan‐Jing
Published: May 2013

Bovine milk whey contains several bioactive proteins such as α‐lactalbumin, β‐lactoglobulin, and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Chromatographic separation of these proteins has received much attention in the past few years. In this work, we provide a chromatographic method for the efficient isolation of IgG from bovine milk whey using a poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐based anion‐exchange cryogel. The monolithic cryogel was prepared by grafting 2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate onto the poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐based cryogel matrix and then employed to separate IgG under various buffer pH and salt elution conditions. The results showed that the buffer pH and the salt concentration in the step elution have remarkable influences on the purity of IgG, while the IgG recovery depended mainly on the loading volume of whey for a given cryogel bed. High purity IgG (more than 95%) was obtained using the phosphate buffer with pH of 5.8 as the running buffer and the salt solution in as the elution liquid. With suitable loading volume of whey, the maximum IgG recovery of about 94% was observed. The present separation method is thus a potential choice for the isolation of high‐purity IgG from bovine milk whey.
Preparation of a dual‐enzyme co‐immobilized capillary microreactor and simultaneous screening of multiple enzyme inhibitors by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Lin Pingtan , Zhao Shulin , Lu Xin , Ye Fanggui , Wang Hengshan
Published: May 2013

A CE method based on a dual‐enzyme co‐immobilized capillary microreactor was developed for the simultaneous screening of multiple enzyme inhibitors. The capillary microreactor was prepared by co‐immobilizing adenosine deaminase and xanthine oxidase on the inner wall at the inlet end of the separation capillary. The enzymes were first immobilized on gold nanoparticles, and the functionalized gold nanoparticles were then assembled on the inner wall at the inlet end of the separation capillary treated with polyethyleneimine. With the developed CE method, the substrates and products were baseline separated within 3 min. The activity of the immobilized enzyme can be directly detected by measuring the peak height of the products. A statistical parameter Z′ factor was recommended for evaluation of the accuracy of a drug screening system. In the present study, it was calculated to be larger than 0.5, implying a good accuracy. Finally, screening a small compound library containing two known enzyme inhibitors and 20 natural extracts by the proposed method was demonstrated. The known inhibitors were identified, and some natural extracts were found to be positive for two‐enzyme inhibition by the present method.
Efficient failure prediction in autonomic networks based on trend and frequency analysis of anomalous patterns
Authors: Abed Hesham J. , Al‐Fuqaha Ala , Khan Bilal , Rayes Ammar
Published: May 2013

We describe an efficient failure prediction system based on new algorithms that model and detect anomalous behaviors using multi‐scale trend analysis of multiple network parameters. Our approach enjoys many advantages over prior approaches. By operating at multiple timescales simultaneously, the new system achieves robustness against unreliable, redundant, incomplete and contradictory information. The algorithms employed operate with low time complexity, making the system scalable and feasible in real‐time environments. Anomalous behaviors identified by the system can be stored efficiently with low space complexity, making it possible to operate with minimal resource requirements even when processing high‐rate streams of network parameter values. The developed algorithms generate accurate failure predictions quickly, and the system can be deployed in sa distributed setting. Prediction quality can be improved by considering larger sets of network parameters, allowing the approach to scale as network complexity increases. The system is validated by experiments that demonstrate its ability to produce accurate failure predictions in an efficient and scalable manner. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Failing to Professionalise, Struggling to Specialise: The Rise and Fall of Health Promotion as a Putative Specialism in England, 1980–2000
Authors: Duncan Peter
Published: May 2013

Significant attention has been paid to the history of public health in England during the final part of the twentieth century. Within this, however, the field that came to be known as specialist health promotion (SHP) has been relatively neglected. Between 1980 and 2000 those working in this field, generally known as health promotion specialists (HPSs), enjoyed a relative rise in policy and practice prominence before SHP was effectively abandoned by government and others charged with developing and sustaining public-health structures. This paper seeks to explain why the fall of SHP is important; to move towards explaining its rise and decline; and to argue for greater historical attention to be paid to an important but neglected field within health and health care. Essentially, SHP emerged from a set of loose and contingent practices known as health education. A range of important social, economic, organisational and political influences contributed to the slow construction of a putative specialism in health promotion, accompanied by the desire on the part of some (but not all) HPSs to ‘professionalise’ their role. Finally the projects of both specialisation and professionalisation failed, again as a result of then prevailing organisational and political influences. The importance of such a failure in a so-called era of public health is discussed. In the light of this, the paper concludes by briefly setting out an agenda for further research related to the history of SHP.
A ‘Textbook Pattern’? Malaria Control and Eradication in Jamaica, 1910–65
Authors: Jones Margaret
Published: May 2013

In 1965 Jamaica was declared free of malaria by the World Health Organisation (WHO), thus ending centuries of death and suffering from the disease. This declaration followed the successful completion of the WHO’s Malaria Eradication Programme (MEP) on the island, initiated in 1958. This account first explores the antecedent control measures adopted by the government up to the MEP. These, as advocated by the previous malaria ‘experts’ who had reported on the disease on the island concentrated on controlling the vector and the administration of quinine for individual protection. Although Jamaica suffered no catastrophic epidemics of island-wide scope, malaria was a constant cause of mortality and morbidity. Major change came in the wake of the Second World War within the changing political context of national independence and international development. In 1957 the Jamaican government joined the global WHO programme to eradicate malaria. The Jamaican campaign exposes many of the problems noted in other studies of such top–down initiatives in their lack of attention to the particular circumstances of each case. Despite being described as ‘a textbook pattern’ of malaria eradication, the MEP in Jamaica suffered from a lack of sufficient preparation and field knowledge. This is most obviously illustrated by the fact that all literature on the programme sent to Jamaica in the first two years was in Spanish. That the MEP exploited the technological opportunity provided by dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) with advantage in Jamaica is not disputed but as this analysis illustrates this success was by no means guaranteed.
A New Moral Paradox?
Authors: ROSELL SERGI
Published: May 2013

In “Taking Offence” (2010), John Shand presents a challenge to the intuitive view that a wrong act performed intentionally is always morally worse, and then more culpable, than that same act performed unintentionally, so that the opposite can hold in certain circumstances. My aim here is to dissolve any appearance of paradox or counter-intuitiveness of the phenomenon in question by articulating an alternative explanation which rests upon a (plausible and helpful) distinction between two significantly different kinds of moral assessment.
The Origin, Context and Function of Consular Diptychs
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: May 2013

Members of the late Roman élite commemorated the holding of certain offices by the distribution of ivory diptychs. This paper attempts to show how diptychs came to play this rôle; that they were not originally distributed by consuls but by any official who provided games; that they had nothing to do with the ecclesiastical diptychs that are first heard of at about the same time; that the custom spread from east to west, not from west to east; and that the earliest western consular diptychs are not illustrated with scenes from games because there were no multi-day consular games at Rome before the fifth century.
Long-term performance and herbivory of tree seedlings planted into primary and secondary forests of Central Amazonia
Authors: Benítez-Malvido Julieta , Martínez-Ramos Miguel
Published: May 2013

Plant survival and growth in tropical rain forest are affected by different biotic and abiotic forces. As time elapses and plants grow the relative importance of such forces as regeneration inhibitors and/or facilitators may change according to habitat and species. To detect within- and among-species divergences in performance over time in different habitats we followed, for nearly a decade, the survival, growth and herbivory of seedlings of the native tree species: Chrysophyllum pomiferum, Micropholis venulosa and Pouteria caimito. In Central Amazonia, young seedlings were planted into old-growth and secondary forests dominated by Vismia spp. One year after planting, C. pomiferum ranked first (i.e. fast growth, fewer dead and less herbivory) for both habitats, followed by M. venulosa and P. caimito. Initial trends changed over time. In the long term, M. venulosa ranked first for both habitats, followed by C. pomiferum and P. caimito ranked consistently lowest. Within-species divergences in growth and herbivory were greater in secondary forest. Initial seedling responses cannot always be used to predict species persistence in the long term. Contrary to previous estimations, old-growth-forest species can persist under Vismia spp. stands, at least when planted.
Thinking-for-speaking in early and late bilinguals
Authors: LAI VICKY TZUYIN , RODRIGUEZ GABRIELA GARRIDO , NARASIMHAN BHUVANA
Published: May 2013

When speakers describe motion events using different languages, they subsequently classify those events in language-specific ways (Gennari, Sloman, Malt & Fitch, 2002). Here we ask if bilingual speakers flexibly shift their event classification preferences based on the language in which they verbally encode those events. English–Spanish bilinguals and monolingual controls described motion events in either Spanish or English. Subsequently they judged the similarity of the motion events in a triad task. Bilinguals tested in Spanish and Spanish monolinguals were more likely to make similarity judgments based on the path of motion versus bilinguals tested in English and English monolinguals. The effect is modulated in bilinguals by the age of acquisition of the second language. Late bilinguals based their judgments on path more often when Spanish was used to describe the motion events versus English. Early bilinguals had a path preference independent of the language in use. These findings support “thinking-for-speaking” (Slobin, 1996) in late bilinguals.
Uniqueness and overlap: Characteristics and longitudinal correlates of native Chinese children's writing in English as a foreign language
Authors: ZHANG JUAN , McBRIDE-CHANG CATHERINE , WAGNER RICHARD K. , CHAN SHINGFONG
Published: May 2013

Longitudinal predictors of writing composition in Chinese and English written by the same 153 Hong Kong nine-year-old children were tested, and their production errors within the English essays across ten categories, focusing on punctuation, spelling, and grammar, were compared to errors made by ninety American nine-year-olds writing on the same topic. The correlation between quality of the compositions in Chinese and English was .53. In stepwise regression analyses examining early predictors at ages between five and nine years, tasks of speed or fluency were consistently uniquely associated with Chinese writing composition; measures of English vocabulary knowledge, word reading, or both were consistently uniquely associated with English writing quality. Compared to the American children, Chinese children's writing reflected significantly higher proportions of errors in all grammatical categories but did not differ in punctuation or spelling. Findings underscore both similarities and differences in writing at different levels across languages.
A sparkling apéritif or old wine in new bags?
Authors: MUYSKEN PIETER
Published: May 2013

In the keynote article “Language contact outcomes as the result of bilingual optimization strategies” (Muysken, published online May 31, 2013; henceforth KA), I have tried to accomplish three things:

(a)

linking a number of fields of language contact research (code-switching, Creole studies, contact-induced language change, bilingual production), by

(b)

assuming four roles that the contributing languages may play ((i) first language dominant, (ii) second language dominant, (iii) neither language dominant – patterns common to the two languages, and (iv) neither language dominant – language-neutral communicative strategies), and

(c)

modeling these four roles in terms of bilingual optimization strategies, which may be implemented in an Optimality Theoretic (OT) framework.

Bilingual strategies are conditioned by social factors, processing constraints of speakers’ bilingual competence, and perceived language distance. Different language contact outcomes correspond to different interactions of these strategies in bilingual speakers and their communities.
Bilingual strategies from the perspective of a processing model
Authors: HARTSUIKER ROBERT J.
Published: May 2013

Muysken argues for four general “strategies” that characterize language contact phenomena across several levels of description. These strategies are (A) maximize structural coherence of the first language (L1); (B) maximize structural coherence of the second language (L2); (C) match between L1 and L2 patterns where possible; and (D) use universal language processing principles. These strategies are seen as choices that bilingual speakers make, individually and collectively, and that are influenced by multiple social, individual, and linguistic factors. This account has the clear advantage of unifying a seemingly very diverse set of language contact phenomena using a limited set of principles. One such phenomenon is cross-linguistic structural priming, the tendency of bilingual speakers to copy grammatical structures from a language recently used to another language (e.g., Hartsuiker, Pickering & Veltkamp, 2004), which Muysken considers an example of “bilingual interference”. In this domain, I will explore how these strategies can be realized in terms of a psycholinguistic processing model, and whether these strategies can be reduced to even more basic principles.
Optimization in bilingual language use
Authors: BHATT RAKESH M.
Published: May 2013

Pieter Muysken's keynote paper, “Language contact outcomes as a result of bilingual optimization strategies”, undertakes an ambitious project to theoretically unify different empirical outcomes of language contact, for instance, SLA, pidgins and Creoles, and code-switching. Muysken has dedicated a life-time to researching, rather successfully, various sub-fields of language contact, so I am very pleased to see him develop a synergistic model that reduces the complexities of different bilingual contact phenomena to four optimization strategies, the specific permutations of which yield the different, linguistically significant, generalizations. Such attempts are necessary, certainly, if the field of language contact has to make progress, theoretically. The success of such a theoretical unification, however, depends to a large extent on (i) the empirical mileage such unification receives; (ii) how well the assumptions underlying the logic of unification are theoretically motivated, to yield precise predictions about the orderliness of bilingual behavior; and (iii) the conceptual clarity required to understand the various links among the outcomes of language contact. On all these counts, Muysken's paper comes close to achieving success, though one notices several areas of fuzziness that need to be addressed for a competent model to fully emerge. In this short essay, I will point out two areas that need theoretical attention so that subsequent revisions of the present version of the model can address them. I will restrict my comments to code-switching, an extremely productive area of language contact, with which I am most familiar.
Characterization of Rotating Gantry Micro-CT Configuration for theIn VivoEvaluation of Murine Trabecular Bone
Authors: Arentsen Luke , Hui Susanta
Published: May 2013

The objective of this study is to determine the optimal physical parameters of a rotating gantry micro-CT system to assessin vivochanges to the trabecular bone of mice. Magnification, binning, peak kilovoltage, beam filtration, and tissue thickness are examined on a commercially available micro-CT system. The X-ray source and detector geometry provides 1.3×, 1.8×, or 3.3× magnification. Binning is examined from no binning to 2 to 4. Energy is varied from 40 to 80 kVp in 10 kVp increments and filter thickness is increased from no filtration to 1.5 mmAl in 0.5 mmAl increments. Mice are imaged at different magnifications and binning combinations to evaluate changes to image quality and microstructure estimation. Increasing magnification from 1.3× to 3.3× and lowering binning from 4 to 1 varies the spatial resolution from 2.5 to 11.8 lp/mm. Increasing the beam energy or filtration thickness decreases Hounsfield unit (HU) estimation, with a maximum rate of change being −286 HU/kVp for 80 kVp. Images for murine trabecular bone are blurred at effective pixel sizes above 60 μm. By comparing resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and radiation dose, we find that a 3.3× magnification, binning of 2.80 kVp beam with a 0.5 mmAl filter comprises the optimal parameters to evaluate murine trabecular bone for this rotating gantry micro-CT.
Feline HER2 Protein Expression Levels and Gene Status in Feline Mammary Carcinoma: Optimization of Immunohistochemistry (IHC) andIn SituHybridization (ISH) Techniques
Authors: Soares Maria , Correia Jorge , Rodrigues Pedro , Simões Margarida , de Matos Alves , Ferreira Fernando
Published: May 2013

Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) is a tumor biomarker that when overexpressed and/or amplified is associated with a poor prognosis for women with breast cancer. This specific tumor subtype is eligible for a specific immunotherapy that increases survival period. However, in feline oncology, only a few studies have been performed on molecular characterization of feline (fHER2) in feline mammary carcinoma (FMC), and the available data are inconsistent. In this study,fHER2 protein levels and gene status in FMC were evaluated by immunohistochemistry andin situhybridization. After being optimized, these techniques revealed thatfHER2 is overexpressed in 33% of FMC cases, althoughfHER2 andfTOP2A gene amplification could not be observed. Our results support the possibility of using FMC as a natural model for comparative oncology. Additional data obtained may also improve the diagnostics, and consequently the treatment, of this type of tumor in veterinary medicine.
A Hidden Curriculum? Examining the Gender Content in Introductory-Level Political Science Textbooks
Authors: Cassese Erin C. , Bos Angela L.
Published: May 2013

Gender mainstreaming is a curricular reform emphasizing the inclusion of gendered perspectives into required coursework for the political science major. The burden of mainstreaming gendered content (along with other diversity subjects) ultimately lies with the instructor, who must provide a rigorous, comprehensive, and intellectually challenging course. To the extent that instructors rely on textbooks to structure (and even streamline) course development, the textbook is an important entry point for exploring the prevalence of gender content in the political science curriculum. Given the symbolic status of textbooks as “repositories of official knowledge” for the discipline (Ferree and Hall 1996), the exploration of content on women in introductory-level American politics textbooks offers insight into the messages students commonly receive about the role of women in American political life.
Music Therapy in China
Authors: Zhou Ye
Published: May 2013

Contemporary music therapy has to be regarded as an interdisciplinary system combining medicine, psychology, musicology, and further social and cultural sciences. According to historical medical records, music was already being used in ancient times for health purposes. During recent decades, music therapy has become more and more important for clinical, educational, preventive, and wellness-associated purposes. This article focuses on introducing a description of the situation regarding music therapy in China, including historical theories, education, and associations; analyzing specific problems that have arisen during developments in music therapy in China; and finally, suggesting crucial points for improvements of music therapy in the future. In addition to the scientific evidence presented in this article, the author hopes to contribute to the prosperous development of music therapy as a clinical method as well as a profession in China.
Bicycle synthesis through peptide macrocyclization using aziridine aldehydes followed by late stage disulfide bond installation
Authors: Chung Benjamin K. W. , Hickey Jennifer L. , Scully Conor C. G. , Zaretsky Serge , Yudin Andrei K.
Published: May 2013

We present a method that can be applied to generate medium-sized peptidomimetic macrocycles equipped with disulfide bonds.
Influence of crystal characteristics on the shock sensitivities of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine, cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine, and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazatetra-cyclo[5,5,0,03,115,9]dodecane immersed in liquid
Authors: Li Hongzhen , Xu Rong , Kang Bing , Li Jinshan , Zhou Xiaoqing , Zhang Chaoyang , Nie Fude
Published: May 2013

The shock sensitivities of differently qualified cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine(HMX), and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazatetra-cyclo[5,5,0,03,1105,9]dodecane (CL-20) immersed in liquid were determined by the large-scale gap tests, for systemic discussion on the influences of crystal characteristics on them. As a result, it shows that (1) the immersion of crystals in liquid leads to an obvious sensitivity decrease; (2) for all three explosives, their shock sensitivities are lowered with increasing their crystal apparent densities or decreasing their particle sizes, and almost not affected by particle morphologies; (3) the crystal twins are readily formed for HMX and the most distinct factor influencing its shock sensitivities; (4) it is found that the crystal apparent density affects most obviously the shock sensitivities for RDX and CL-20; and (5) CL-20, HMX, and RDX are less and less sensitive to shock, suggesting chemical components are also a determining factor.
Bridging single and multireference coupled cluster theories with universal state selective formalism
Authors: Bhaskaran-Nair Kiran , Kowalski Karol
Published: May 2013

The universal state selective (USS) multireference approach is used to construct new energy functionals which offer a possibility of bridging single and multireference coupled cluster theories (SR/MRCC). These functionals, which can be used to develop iterative and non-iterative approaches, utilize a special form of the trial wavefunctions, which assure additive separability (or size-consistency) of the USS energies in the non-interacting subsystem limit. When the USS formalism is combined with approximate SRCC theories, the resulting formalism can be viewed as a size-consistent version of the method of moments of coupled cluster equations employing a MRCC trial wavefunction. Special cases of the USS formulations, which utilize single reference state specific CC [V. V. Ivanov, D. I. Lyakh, and L. Adamowicz, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11, 2355 (2009)]10.1039/b818590p and tailored CC [T. Kinoshita, O. Hino, and R. J. Bartlett, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 074106 (2005)]10.1063/1.2000251 expansions are also discussed.
Microscopic structure of water in a water/oil emulsion
Authors: Mancinelli R. , Bruni F. , Ricci M. A. , Imberti S.
Published: May 2013

We have determined the microscopic structure of water within a water/oil emulsion, by combining neutron diffraction data, exploiting the isotopic H/D substitution, and a fully atomistic Monte Carlo simulation of a portion of a water droplet, containing the water/oil interface. The dependence of the data on the simulation box size and the reliability of the water-water radial distribution functions are discussed. Although water in the emulsion forms shorter and stronger hydrogen bonds compared to pure bulk water, its overall microscopic structure looks more disordered.
Three terminal magnetic tunnel junction utilizing the spin Hall effect of iridium-doped copper
Authors: Yamanouchi Michihiko , Chen Lin , Kim Junyeon , Hayashi Masamitsu , Sato Hideo , Fukami Shunsuke , Ikeda Shoji , Matsukura Fumihiro , Ohno Hideo
Published: May 2013

We show a three terminal magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) with a 10-nm thick channel based on an interconnection material Cu with 10% Ir doping. By applying a current density of less than 1012 A m−2 to the channel, depending on the current direction, switching of a MTJ defined on the channel takes place. We show that spin transfer torque (STT) plays a critical role in determining the threshold current. By assuming the spin Hall effect in the channel being the source of the STT, the lower bound of magnitude of the spin Hall angle is evaluated to be 0.03.
Irradiation-induced tailoring of the magnetism of CoFeB/MgO ultrathin films
Authors: Devolder T. , Barisic I. , Eimer S. , Garcia K. , Adam J.-P. , Ockert B. , Ravelosona D.
Published: May 2013

We study perpendicularly magnetized Ta/CoFeB/MgO films and investigate whether their irradiation with light ions can improve their properties by inducing a different crystallization dynamics. We report the magnetization, anisotropy, g-factor, and damping dependence upon irradiation fluence and discuss their evolutions with collisional mixing simulations and its expected consequence on magnetic properties. We show that after a short irradiation at 100 °C, the anisotropy increases close to the value obtained by conventional high temperature annealing. Higher irradiation-induced increase of anisotropy can be obtained but with a detrimental effect on the damping that can be understood from spin-orbit contributions.
A perspective on time: loss frequencies, time scales and lifetimes
Authors: Prather Michael J. , Holmes Christopher D.
Published: May 2013

Environmental context
The need to describe the Earth’s system or any of its components with a quantity that has units of time is ubiquitous. These quantities are used as metrics of the system to describe the response to a perturbation, the cumulative effect of an action or just the budget in terms of sources and sinks. Given a complex, non-linear system, there are many different ways to derive such quantities, and careful definitions are needed to avoid mistaken approximations while providing useful parameters describing the system.

Abstract
Diagnostic quantities involving time include loss frequency, decay times or time scales and lifetimes. For the Earth’s system or any of its components, all of these are calculated differently and have unique diagnostic properties. Local loss frequency is often assumed to be a simple, linear relationship between a species and its loss rate, but this fails in many important cases of atmospheric chemistry where reactions couple across species. Lifetimes, traditionally defined as total burden over loss rate, are mistaken for a time scale that describes the complete temporal behaviour of the system. Three examples here highlight: local loss frequencies with non-linear chemistry (tropospheric ozone); simple atmospheric chemistry with multiple reservoirs (methyl bromide) and fixed chemistry but evolving lifetimes (methyl chloroform). These are readily generalised to other biogeochemistry and Earth system models.
Photodegradation of three benzotriazoles induced by four FeIII–carboxylate complexes in water under ultraviolet irradiation
Authors: Liu You-Sheng , Ying Guang-Guo , Shareef Ali , Kookana Rai S.
Published: May 2013

Environmental context
Benzotriazoles are chemicals widely used to inhibit corrosion in various industrial processes and in household products. They persist in aquatic environments, even under UV irradiation, and thus there is a need to improve their photolytic degradation to minimise the environmental exposure risks. We investigated the effects of four iron–carboxylate complexes on the UV photodegradation of three benzotriazoles in aqueous solutions and show that they significantly increase the degradation rates of benzotriazoles.

Abstract
The effects of FeIII–carboxylate complexes on the photodegradation of three benzotriazoles (BTs), i.e. benzotriazole (BT), 5-methylbenzotriazole (5-TTri) and 5-chlorobenzotriazole (CBT) in aqueous solutions were investigated under exposure to UV irradiation at 254nm in the presence of FeIII and four carboxylate ions (oxalate, tartrate, succinate and citrate). The results showed that the presence of FeIII–carboxylate complexes significantly enhanced the photodegradation rates of all three selected BTs. The photodegradation of BT, 5-TTri and CBT followed first-order reaction kinetics with half-lives ranging from 0.57 to 3.98h for BT, 6.08 to 8.25h for 5-TTri and 2.63 to 5.50h for CBT in the four systems of the FeIII–carboxylate complexes. In comparison, the half-lives ranged between 3.40 and 4.81h for BT, 6.42 and 11.55h for 5-TTri and 4.13 and 6.79h for CBT in pure aqueous solution and in the presence of FeIII or carboxylate. The degradation rates of these BTs were dependent on the pH values, type of carboxylate and FeIII/carboxylate ratios. Both BT and CBT showed the highest photodegradation rates with the shortest respective half-lives of 0.57 and 2.63h at the initial FeIII/oxalate ratio of 10/200µmolL–1 in aqueous solutions at pH 3, whereas 5-TTri had the highest photodegradation rate with the shortest half life of 6.08h at the initial FeIII/succinate ratio of 10/10µmolL–1.
Markesinis and Deakin's Tort Law
Authors: Deakin, FBA Simon , Johnston Angus , Markesinis QC, FBA Sir Basil
Published: May 2013

Markesinis and Deakin’s Tort Law, now in its 7th edition, provides a general overview of the law and discussion of the academic debates on all major topics, highlighting the relationship between the common law, legislation, and judicial policy. In addition, the book provides a variety of comparative and economic perspectives on the law of tort and its likely development, always placing the subject in its socio-economic context, thereby giving students a deep understanding of tort law. The book is composed of eight parts. Part I starts by setting the scene, Part II looks at the tort of negligence. Part III turns to special forms of negligence. This is followed by Part IV which examines interference with the person. Part V turns to intentional interferences with economic interests. The next part looks at stricter forms of liability. Part VII examines the protection of human dignity which includes looking at defamation and injurious falsehood and human privacy. The last part looks at defences and remedies.
4. Liability for Fault: Breach
Authors: Deakin Simon , Johnston Angus , Markesinis Basil
Published: May 2013

This chapter examines the principal element of the cause of action in negligence, namely breach of duty. The issue of breach of duty is concerned with whether the defendant was careless, in the sense of failing to conform to the standard of care applicable to him. The discussions cover the concept of breach of duty; the objective standard; professional and regulatory standards; weighing the risk and gravity of harm against the cost of prevention; and proof of carelessness.
6. Liability For Occupiers and Builders
Authors: Deakin Simon , Johnston Angus , Markesinis Basil
Published: May 2013

Occupier’s liability is, essentially, part of the law of negligence in statutory form, which has materialised in the shape of successive legislative accretions. This means that prime importance must be attached to the wording of the statutes, assisted wherever necessary by reference to the preparatory publications of the Law Commission. This chapter discusses the Occupiers’ Liability Acts 1957 and 1984, and liability of non-occupiers: vendors, landlords, and builders.
13. Lesser Interference With Land: Nuisance
Authors: Deakin Simon , Johnston Angus , Markesinis Basil
Published: May 2013

Private nuisance is defined as any substantial and unreasonable interference with the claimant’s land or any right over or in connection with its enjoyment. This chapter discusses the basis of liability; unreasonable interference; who can sue and who can be sued; defences; remedies; public nuisance; nuisance and other forms of liability; and nuisance and protection of the environment.
14. Deceit
Authors: Deakin Simon , Johnston Angus , Markesinis Basil
Published: May 2013

This chapter discusses the tort of deceit. The common-law rules concerning liability for dishonesty were synthesised to create the tort of deceit at the end of the eighteenth century in Pasley v. Freeman, and the tort takes its modern form from the decision of the House of Lords in Derry v. Peek in 1889. Most of the cases concern non-physical damage, that is to say, financial or pure economic loss, although the tort can also extend to cover personal injuries and damage to property. The requirements of liability are as follows: the defendant must make a false statement of existing fact with knowledge of its falsity and with the intention that the claimant should act on it, with the result (4) that the claimant acts on it to his detriment.
19. Vicarious Liability
Authors: Deakin Simon , Johnston Angus , Markesinis Basil
Published: May 2013

Vicarious liability is liability imposed on an employer to a third party for the tort of his employee committed in the course of employment. Vicarious liability is another instance of stricter liability in the sense that the employer who is not at fault is made responsible for the employee’s default. It thereby gives the injured party compensation from the person who is better able to pay and spread the cost of the injury, namely the employer. Anyone who wishes to hold an employer vicariously liable must prove: that the offender was his employee; that he committed a tort; and that he committed it in the course of his employment. This chapter discusses each of this in turn. It also considers the Contribution between employer and employee; liability for the torts of independent contractors; and the changing contours of employers’ liability.
21. Defamation and Injurious Falsehood
Authors: Deakin Simon , Johnston Angus , Markesinis Basil
Published: May 2013

This chapter begins with an introduction to defamation, covering the meaning of ‘defamatory’ and libel and slander. It then discusses elements of liability; defences; damages; mitigation of damage; and injurious falsehoods and passing off.
25. Other Remedies and Multiple Liabilities
Authors: Deakin Simon , Johnston Angus , Markesinis Basil
Published: May 2013

This chapter discusses the following: injunctions, damages in lieu of an injunction, and joint and concurrent liability. An action for damages lies after a tort has been committed. An injunction is sought to prevent the continuance of a tort or in anticipation of a threatened tort. It is an order commanding the discontinuance of some activity or forbidding the causing of damage. Where a court could issue an injunction, but decides against doing so, it may award damages in lieu. This power was originally conferred by section 2 of the Chancery Amendment Act 1858 (Lord Cairns’ Act) and has been continued by later legislation.
4. Leasehold ownership
Authors: Gray Kevin , Francis Gray Susan
Published: May 2013

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels.
This chapter focuses on leasehold ownership (or ownership of a ‘term of years absolute’). It discusses the following: the definition and characteristics of the leasehold estate; the creation, disposition, and termination of leases; the principal obligations that arise in the leasehold context; the remedies available to the landlord in the event of tenant default; the framework of enforcement relationships generated within the leasehold structure; leasehold enfranchisement and extension; and the corpus of protective and regulatory legislation which governs the relations of landlord and tenant.
6. Security interests in land
Authors: Gray Kevin , Francis Gray Susan
Published: May 2013

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels.
Land is a potential source for a number of important security interests. In particular, a ‘mortgage’ (or ‘charge’) of land initiates one of the most significant kinds of credit relationship in the modern world. This chapter discusses the following: the creation and termination of various kinds of mortgage or charge over land; the means by which the law affords protection to the borrower (or ‘mortgagor’); the means by which the law affords protection to the lender (or ‘mortgagee’); the remedies available to the mortgagee in the event of default by the mortgagor; the priority of mortgages inter se; and other forms of security interest in land such as rentcharges and rights of entry.
8. Dealings and their effect
Authors: Gray Kevin , Francis Gray Susan
Published: May 2013

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels.
This chapter considers the problem of conveyancing, and examines both the process of dealing with title and the principles that govern the priority of pre-existing interests in relation to disponees of estates in registered and unregistered land. It also analyses the major changes likely to result from the scheme of electronic conveyancing envisaged by the Land Registration Act 2002. The discussions cover: the process of contract and transfer; the effect of dealings with registered estates; and the effect of dealings with unregistered estates.
Orgasmic Headaches
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris
Published: May 2013

Headache arising during intercourse is, of course, one of the most unsettling headache presentations. The differential diagnosis for sudden headache (e.g., subarachnoid hemorrhage, arterial dissection, cerebral venous thrombosis) is discussed as well as the gamut of exertional headaches. Treatment of orgasmic headache is also summarized.
White Matter Abnormalities on Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris
Published: May 2013

Abnormalities of the white matter are frequently seen on the magnetic resonance images of patients under evaluation for their headaches. These findings are seen in a number of conditions. The differential diagnosis, significance, and etiology of these lesions are discussed in this chapter.
Giant Cell Arteritis
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris
Published: May 2013

Giant cell arteritis is the most common primary arteritis in the elderly. This chapter reviews the clinical features, diagnostic criteria, work-up, and treatment options for this disorder, including the work-up when preliminary results are normal or equivocal.
Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris
Published: May 2013

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension results from an occult leak of cerebrospinal fluid. The clinical features, diagnostic investigations, and treatment options are fully reviewed in this chapter.
Migraine with Persistent Aura
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris
Published: May 2013

The migraine aura may be simple or complex and usually lasts 60 minutes or less. Rarely, the aura of migraine may be prolonged. This chapter reviews the clinical features of the typical migraine aura and discusses the features and treatment options for the two subtypes of prolonged aura.
Migrainous Vertigo
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris
Published: May 2013

It has become clear that vertigo is a common migraine aura symptom. There are some migraine disorders with prominent vertigo, such as basilar-type migraine and benign positional vertigo of childhood. The diagnosis of migrainous vertigo in the absence of the accompanying headache is a bit challenging but crucial if these patients are to receive effective treatment. Criteria are summarized in this chapter. The differential diagnosis of vertigo is discussed as well.
Migraine Treatment and the Serotonin Syndrome
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris
Published: May 2013

The FDA warning of the potential for life-threatening interactions between the triptans and other medications has been a cause of great concern. This chapter discusses the clinical features of the serotonin syndrome, reviews the criteria needed for diagnosis, and outlines the risk of the syndrome.
School Issues
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris
Published: May 2013

Rarely, children and adolescent headache sufferers miss school on a frequent basis. This chapter reviews the various reasons for school absence and avoidance and outlines strategies to deal with these issues.
Use of Triptans in Elderly Patients
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris
Published: May 2013

Although usually a disorder of the young, approximately 3%–10% of older patients continue to suffer from migraine. Because this age group has more medical comorbidity, treatment options may be limited. This chapter reviews the indications, contraindications, and work-up required to safely prescribe triptans in older migraine sufferers.
Clinical Neurophysiology
Authors: Daube Jasper R. , Rubin Devon I.
Published: May 2013

This resource provides a didactic, yet accessible, presentation of electrophysiology that describes the analysis of electrophysiological waveforms, the various methods and techniques of electrophysiological testing, and recommendations of symptom complexes and disease entities using electroencephalography, evoked potentials, and nerve conduction studies.
Volume Conduction
Authors: Lagerlund Terrence D. , Rubin Devon I. , Daube Jasper R.
Published: May 2013

This chapter reviews the principles of volume conduction as applied to the potentials recorded in clinical neurophysiologic studies. Knowledge of these principles is necessary for proper interpretation of EEG, EMG, NCS, SEP, VEP, and BAEP recordings in order to extract information concerning the function and location of the neural structures that generate the recorded activity or waveforms.
Electroencephalography: Adult, Normal, and Benign Variants
Authors: Westmoreland Barbara F.
Published: May 2013

In conclusion, this chapter provides an overview of the different types of normal EEG activity and benign variants that are seen in the EEG. One needs to be aware of the normal variability at different ages and different states of wakefulness, drowsiness, and sleep. Dr. Klass has stated that the “detection and interpretation of the EEG data derived from visual analysis involve matters of judgment and experience, which render clinical EEG an art as much as a science.”5
Adult EEG: Abnormal Nonepileptiform Activity
Authors: Westmoreland Barbara F.
Published: May 2013

Abstracts and keywords to be supplied.
Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Potentials in Peripheral Acoustic Disorders
Authors: Bauch Christopher D.
Published: May 2013

Hearing sensitivity in the 2000–4000 Hz range is important to BAEP assessment. Absolute latencies and interaural latency differences are often affected by increasing degrees of hearing loss in this frequency range, whereas interpeak intervals are relatively stable measures, even for patients with moderate-to-severe degrees of peripheral hearing loss. However, the reduction in amplitude or the absence of a measurable wave I associated with peripheral hearing losses often makes it difficult or impossible to measure I–III or I–V intervals. Overall sensitivity of BAEP is 92% for patients with a CN VIII tumor. The false-positive rate for patients with cochlear hearing loss is 12%. Tumor size influences BAEP test results: the sensitivity is 100% for CN VIII tumors larger than 2 cm, but it is only 82% for CN VIII tumors 1 cm or smaller.