bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nota Científica: ultrafiltração de efluente da indústria de laticínios para recuperação de nutrientes: efeito da pressão e da velocidade tangencial
Authors: Brião Vandré Barbosa , Tavares Célia Regina Granhen
Published: October 2012

O processo de limpeza da indústria de laticínios gera elevados volumes de efluente, chegando-se a produzir 10 L de efluente por litro de leite processado. A água do primeiro enxágue pode arrastar de 1% a 3% de sólidos de leite, representando custos de produção. A ultrafiltração pode ser utilizada para recuperar estes sólidos, visando reinseri-los no processo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar o processo de ultrafiltração utilizando-se duas membranas com diferentes geometrias (tubular e espiral), em diferentes condições de pressão e velocidade tangencial, para recuperar e concentrar estes sólidos do leite, buscando obter um composto lácteo passível de ser reutilizado. O processo foi avaliado e otimizado utilizando-se uma água de enxágue modelo (1,7 g.L-1 de leite em pó integral diluído em água potável), alimentada por um sistema de ultrafiltração tangencial, variando-se a pressão (98; 196 e 294 kPa para ambas as membranas) e a velocidade tangencial (0,79; 1,42; 2,23 m.s-1 para a membrana tubular e 0,15; 0,27; 0,44 m.s-1 para a membrana espiral), por meio de um planejamento fatorial 3². Usou-se como variáveis de resposta o fluxo permeado e as concentrações de proteína, óleos e graxas, lactose, fósforo e cálcio do permeado, bem como a Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO). A condição experimental otimizada para a membrana tubular foi obtida com a pressão de 294 kPa (elevando a rejeição de lactose, obtendo-se 562 mg.L-1 deste composto no permeado) e a velocidade tangencial de 2,23 m.s-1 (elevando o fluxo permeado, obtendo-se 93,2 kg.m- 2.h-1, e reduzindo a concentração de óleos e graxas para 39 mg.L-1 no permeado). Quanto à membrana espiral, a pressão e a velocidade tangencial exerceram efeito somente sobre o fluxo permeado (obtendo-se 34,8 kg.m- 2.h-1), não havendo efeito significativo sobre as demais variáveis de resposta. O processo realizado com essa membrana foi otimizado com a pressão de 294 kPa e 0,44 m.s-1. A rejeição de ambas as membranas foi superior a 70% para a DQO, 94% para proteínas e acima de 85% para gordura. A concentração da água de enxágue foi realizada com a membrana espiral, reduzindo-se o seu volume inicial em 34 vezes. O concentrado lácteo foi obtido com 2,3% de sólidos totais, 1,1% de proteínas e 0,9% de gordura. A ultrafiltração demonstrou ser um processo viável para a recuperação de sólidos lácteos na indústria de laticínios.
Rational use of antioxidants in solid oral pharmaceutical preparations
Authors: Celestino Maísa Teodoro , Magalhães Uiaran de Oliveira , Fraga Aline Guerra Manssour , Carmo Flávia Almada do , Lione Viviane , Castro Helena Carla , Sousa Valeria Pereira de , Rodrigues Carlos Rangel , Cabral Lucio Mendes
Published: October 2012

Antioxidants are currently used as efficient excipients that delay or inhibit the oxidation process of molecules. Excipients are often associated with adverse reactions. Stability studies can guide the search for solutions that minimize or delay the processes of degradation. The ability to predict oxidation reactions in different drugs is important. Methods: This study was conducted to assess the rational use of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), sodium metabisulfite (SMB), propyl gallate (PG) and cysteine (CYS) in tablet formulations of simvastatin and ketoconazole. These antioxidants were evaluated according to stability parameters and the relationship between efficiency of the antioxidant and chemical structure of the drugs. Results were compared with DPPH tests and computational simulations. BHT was most efficient regarding simvastatin stability, and the most effective BHT concentrations for maintaining stability were 0.5 and 0.1%. In relation to ketoconazole, SMB was most efficient for maintaining content and dissolution profile. The evaluation by DPPH showed that the largest percentage of absorbance reduction was observed for PG, while SMB proved most efficient and had lower consumption of DPPH. The same pattern was observed, albeit with lower efficiency, for the other lipophilic antioxidants such as BHT and BHA. The results of the molecular modeling study demonstrated that electronic properties obtained were correlated with antioxidant activity in solution, being useful for the rational development of liquid pharmaceutical formulations but not for solid oral formulations. This study demonstrated the importance of considering stability parameters and molecular modeling to elucidate the chemical phenomena involved in antioxidant activity, being useful for the rational use of antioxidants in the development of pharmaceutical formulations.
WBC count and functional changes induced by co-administration of clofazimine and clarithromycin, in single and multiple doses, in Wistar rats
Authors: Paina Flávia Aparecida , Miranda Julise Cunha , Tavares Cristiane Fernandes de Freitas , Queiroz Regina Helena da Costa , Souza Ana Maria de
Published: October 2012

Clofazimine and clarithromycin are used to treat leprosy and infections caused by Mycobacterium avium complex. Little data on the toxicity of co-administration of these two drugs are available. Here we evaluated the potential adverse effects of polytherapy with these two drugs in male Wistar rats by determining WBCs counts and other blood cell counts, neutrophilic phagocytosis, and burst oxidative, by flow cytometry. We observed an increase in WBCs, in multiple-dose regimens, and in polymorphonuclear cells, in both single- clarithromycin only and multiple dose regimens. We also observed a reduction in mononuclear cell counts in single and multiple doses. The drugs seem to reverse the mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cell ratio. An increase in oxidative burst was observed in animals treated with the drugs administered either individually or combined. In conclusion, clofazimine and clarithromycin change WBCs counts. Our results may contribute for a better understanding of the mechanisms related to the effects of co-administrating the two drugs.
Medicinal plants with teratogenic potential: current considerations
Authors: Costa Kassiane Cristine da Silva , Bezerra Suzana Barbosa , Norte Clevanice Moreira , Nunes Luciana Macatrão Nogueira , Olinda Tiago Moreira de
Published: October 2012

The aim of this study was to present the implications of the use of herbs during pregnancy, pointing out those that should be avoided during this condition because of their abortifacient and/or teratogenic potential. We carried out searches in the databases ScienceDirect, Scielo and Google Scholar, adopting as criteria for inclusion: book chapters and/or complete articles (with abstract), available in English, Portuguese or Spanish, published from 1996 to in 2011. After a pre-selection of 83 articles, 49 bibliographies were used in the manufacturing end of the article, where 25 were from the Scielo database, 18 from ScienceDirect and 6 from Google Scholar. From the articles studied, we identified the four most commonly used plants as emmenagogue/abortifacient agents by patients of the Department of Prenatal SUS: senne, arruda, boldo and buchinha-do-norte or cabacinha. Thus, we conclude that people often adhere to the maxim "if it's natural, it does no harm" in their rational use of natural products, without the right guidance, believing that these products are safe to use. This usage is even more worrisome among the elderly, pregnant women and children. Regarding the safety of these products, some information and reliable data are scarce or contradictory.
Drug related problems associated with the psychoactive drugs used on geriatric, hospitalized patients
Authors: Irma Leonor Ortega López , Miguel Ernesto Verdecia Rosés
Published: October 2012

A prospective study was carried out, to identify the drug related problems and to prevent or to solve the negative outcomes associated with medication of the geriatric patients that consumed psychoactive drugs, who were hospitalized. The study was carried out according to the DADER Method of Pharmacotherapy Monitoring, adapted to the Hospital's environment and the theoretical rationale of the Third Consent of Granada was assumed, for the considerations related to the drug related problems and the negative outcomes associated with medication. Thirty five patients were included whose ages ranged between the 60 and 90 years. Thirty six negative associated outcomes were identified, in 34 patients that represented 97.14% incidence. A prevalence of the negative outcomes associated with the necessity was observed, followed by those associated with the security. The inadequate drug uses was the drug related problem that prevailed in the sample. The psychoactive drugs that were related with these results were mainly the anxiolytics, meprobamate and the neuroleptics. Some 82.35% of the interventions were accepted, achieving resolution of 47.06% of the negative outcomes associated with medication.
Physical profile of counterfeit tablets Viagra® and Cialis®
Authors: Ortiz Rafael Scorsatto , Mariotti Kristiane de Cássia , Limberger Renata Pereira , Mayorga Paulo
Published: October 2012

The profile of tablets containing an active pharmacological ingredient can be obtained using different sets of properties, including physical and chemical aspects. The first measurements carried out on tablets are the physical characteristics also called post-tabletting batch (post-TB) characteristics. These data may be valuable to assist in the detection of pharmaceutical product forgery and may also be used in a forensic intelligence perspective when inserted into databases. This work is focused on the physical characteristics of Cialis® and Viagra® tablets seized by the Brazilian Federal Police in the Rio Grande do Sul state. Using the F-test (ANOVA), all samples of counterfeit Viagra® (n = 28) and Cialis® (n = 40) were well distinguished from authentic samples by the following post-TB characteristics: length (major and minor), thickness, and mass. Using the exploratory statistical technique of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), tablets with similar physical profiles were grouped. This result may indicate a common illicit production. We observed the validity of using post-TB properties to generate - in a fast and reliable manner and with no sample preparation - a technological profile that joins itself to the other analytical methods assisting in routine forensic detection of counterfeit Viagra® and Cialis®.
Critical analysis of the regulations regarding the disposal of medication waste
Authors: Bellan Natalia , Pinto Terezinha de Jesus Andreoli , Kaneko Telma Mary , Moretto Lauro Domingos , Santos Junior Nelson dos
Published: October 2012

Expired or unused medication at people's homes is normally disposed of in normal garbage, sewage system or, in certain cases, returned to the public health system. There is still no specific legislation regarding this leftover medication to regulate and orient the handling and correct disposal of medication waste. However, there is defined regulation regarding health services' solid waste. This article has the objective of discussing management models for the disposal of medication waste and the recommendations made by pertinent national and international legislation. By means of literature reviews, the management structure for medication waste of international legislation and the regulations regarding the environment, as well as the national legislation for the solid waste from health services was analyzed. Through the analysis it was possible to present better clarifications as to the possible impacts to the environment, to the public's health and alternatives in order to obtain the efficient disposal of medication, reducing and/or avoiding sanitary risk, guaranteeing the quality and safety of public health.
Study of the variables which influence the impregnation of globules, compressed tablets and tablet triturates used in homeopathy
Authors: Souza Fernanda Santos de , Pirolli Mayara Marin , Diehl Eliana Elisabeth , Sonaglio Diva
Published: October 2012

Globules, compressed tablets and tablet triturates are solid dosage forms used in homeopathy. Divergences can be noted between the preparation techniques described in official compendiums as well as those applied in homeopathic pharmacies. The difficulty associated with standardization of the impregnation of these dosage forms occurs due to the lack of detail provided for the techniques in the literature, leaving it up to each pharmacy to decide on the exact method of preparation. The objective was to optimize the impregnation technique, through investigating the variables that influence the impregnation of globules, compressed tablets and tablet triturates, applying the statistical tool of factorial design. The independent variables were the dosage form, percentage and type of impregnation and drying temperature, and the dependent variables were the mass gain, disintegration time, friability and hardness. For the globules, the greatest mass gain was for 10% impregnation and drying at 20 ºC. For the tablet triturates and compressed tablets the greatest mass gain was for 15% impregnation and there was no difference between the results obtained using simple and triple impregnation or different drying temperatures. The results can contribute to improving the final product quality, besides aiding in the establishment of standardized techniques for the official compendiums.
Immediate and long-term effects of polysaccharides-based formulations on human skin
Authors: Camargo Junior Flavio Bueno de , Gaspar Lorena Rigo , Campos Patrícia Maria Berardo Gonçalves Maia
Published: October 2012

A new trend in cosmetic formulations is the use of biotechnological raw materials as the polysaccharides from Klebsiella pneumoniae, which are supposed to enhance cell renewal, improve skin hydration and micro-relief. Botanical extracts of Myrtus communis leaves contain different sugars, which may provide the same benefits. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate through objective and subjective analysis the immediate and long-term effects of cosmetic formulations containing polysaccharides biotechnologically-originated and / or the ones contained in Myrtus communis extracts. Three polysaccharide-based and placebo formulations were applied on the forearm skin of 40 volunteers. Skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), viscoelasticity and skin micro-relief measurements were made before and 2 hours after a single application and after 15 and 30 day-periods of daily applications. Answers to a questionnaire about perceptions of formulation cosmetic features constituted the subjective analysis. All polysaccharide-based formulations enhanced skin hydration. Formulations with isolated or combined active substances improved skin barrier function as compared to placebo, in the short and long term studies. Formulations containing Myrtus communis extracts had the highest acceptance. Results suggest that daily use of formulations containing these substances is important for protection of the skin barrier function.
Use of chondroitin sulphate and glucosamine sulphate in degenerative changes in TMJ: a systematic review
Authors: Machado Eduardo , Machado Patricia , Cunali Paulo Afonso
Published: October 2012

INTRODUCTION: Degenerative changes in Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) have increased in prevalence and severity over the years. Within this context, it's necessary to obtain safe and effective therapies for control and management of the patient in cases of osteoarthritis and osteoarthrosis of the TMJ. Therapeutic options range from intra-articular infiltration protocols, occlusal splints, pharmacological therapies and physiotherapy and educational measures. The alternative treatment with structure-modifying agents, like as chondroitin and glucosamine sulphates, showed promising results, and especially safety. Thus, through a systematic literature review, this study aimed to analyze and discuss effectiveness and safety of chondroitin and glucosamine in degenerative changes of the TMJ. METHODS: Survey in research bases MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, Pubmed, Lilacs and BBO, between the years of 1966 and January 2009, with focus in randomized clinical trial (RCTs) and quasi-randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews and meta-analysis. RESULTS: After application of the inclusion criteria 2 articles were selected, both randomized controlled double-blind clinical trials, which evaluated the effectiveness of chondroitin and glucosamine in degenerative changes of the TMJ. CONCLUSIONS: There is the necessity of further RCT, with representative samples and long follow-up time, to obtainment more precise cause-effect relationships and to achieve an effective and objective protocol involving chondroitin and glucosamine in cases of degenerative changes of the TMJ.
Assessment of shear bond strength of brackets bonded by direct and indirect techniques: an in vitro study
Authors: Shimizu Roberto Hideo , Grando Karlos Giovani , Shimizu Isabela Almeida , Andriguetto Augusto Ricardo , Melo Ana Cláudia Moreira , Witters Eduardo Leão
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVE: This in vitro study was designed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic metal brackets bonded by direct and indirect techniques. METHODS: Thirty healthy human maxillary premolar teeth were used. The teeth were divided into three groups of 10 teeth each: Group I - indirect bonding with SondhiTM Rapid-Set system (3M/Unitek), Group II - indirect bonding with TransbondTM XT adhesive system (3M/Unitek) and Group III - direct bonding with TransbondTM XT adhesive system (3M/Unitek). After bonding and obtaining the specimens for the study, the specimens were subjected to SBS testing in a universal testing machine (Emic, model DL-500). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to ascertain that the data had a normal distribution and the Bartlett test to check whether there was homogeneity of variance. One-factor analysis of variance was performed and, subsequently, Tukey's test for paired means. A 5% significance level was adopted. RESULTS: The results of Group I were 67.6 (N) and 5.9 (MPa); Group II, 68.9 (N) and 6.1 (MPa) and Group III (control), 92.5 (N) and 8.1 (MPa). CONCLUSION: It can therefore be concluded that the means for Group III were significantly higher compared with Groups I and II in both Newton (N) and Megapascal (MPa) values. The means attained by the indirect bonding technique used in Groups I and II, however, exhibited no statistically significant differences.
Optimization of orthodontic treatment using the Centrex System to retract anterior teeth
Authors: Meireles José Kleber Soares de , Ursi Weber
Published: October 2012

INTRODUCTION: In the end of 90's the adoption of mini-implants as Anchorage allowed a paradigm change influencing even the way of thinking orthodontic mechanics. The overlapping of the specialties of Orthodontics and Implantology started with orthodontic preparations for prosthetic implants insertion, aroused with the use of palatal implants and late with the introduction of mini-implants. The improvement of mini-implants insertion technique with the appearing of self-drilling screws has allowed orthodontists to plan and to place this precious Anchorage piece. Taking into account the versatility of positioning of these screws it was developed a concept that allows the construction of force action lines aiming at optimize the planning and predictability of orthodontic motion. OBJECTIVE: To present some clinical results treatments conduct using Centrex System of orthodontic treatment, approximating the force line action of resistance center of units to be moved. The traced way to its development, previously treated in this journal, will be detailed for better understanding of its functioning.
Stability of maxillary anterior crowding treatment
Authors: Quaglio Camila Leite , Freitas Karina Maria Salvatore de , Freitas Marcos Roberto de , Janson Guilherme , Henriques José Fernando Castanha
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the stability and the relapse of maxillary anterior crowding treatment on cases with premolar extraction and evaluate the tendency of the teeth to return to their pretreatment position. METHODS: The experimental sample consisted of 70 patients of both sex with an initial Class I and Class II maloclusion and treated with first premolar extractions. The initial mean age was 13,08 years. Dental casts' measurements were obtained at three stages (pretreatment, posttreatment and posttreatment of 9 years on average) and the variables assessed were Little Irregularity Index, maxillary arch length and intercanine. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to know if some studied variable would have influence on the crowding in the three stages (LII1, LII2, LII3) and in each linear displacement of the Little irregularity index (A, B, C, D, E) in the initial and post-retention phases. RESULTS: The maxillary crowding relapse ( LII3-2) is influenced by the initial ( LII1), and the teeth tend to return to their pretreatment position. CONCLUSION: The results underline the attention that the orthodontist should be given to the maxillary anterior relapse, primarily on those teeth that are crowded before the treatment.
Microbiological evaluation of bristles of frequently used toothbrushes
Authors: Ferreira Celso André , Savi Geovana Dagostim , Panatto Ana Paula , Generoso Jaqueline da Silva , Barichello Tatiana
Published: October 2012

INTRODUCTION: Brushing teeth is probably the practice of oral hygiene most common in the world; however, inadequate use can become a risk to the population health, once they may be contaminated with various microorganisms. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial contamination on toothbrush bristles using different methodologies. METHOD: We used 40 toothbrushes from healthy individuals aged 3 to 58 years. The samples were grown in test tubes containing trypticase soy broth sterile, and with the help of a tracking 0.1 μl samples were placed on plates containing sheep blood agar 5% and MacConkey agar then the samples were stored in a bacteriological incubator at 37°C for 24 hours for later analysis. It was counted the colony forming units and bacteria identification present in the brush. RESULTS: On the microbiological analysis, there was a growth of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus coagulase negative. CONCLUSION: According to the results presented in this study, we observed a high incidence of bacterial contamination in the brushes analyzed. The most frequent microorganisms were members of the Enterobacteriaceae. The usage time of toothbrushes may be related to contamination found and, therefore, not only good hygiene ensures the reduction of microbial load, but replacing the toothbrush can also ensure individuals better oral health.
Evaluation of enamel surface after bracket debonding and polishing
Authors: Pignatta Lilian Maria Brisque , Duarte Júnior Sillas , Santos Eduardo César Almada
Published: October 2012

INTRODUCTION: Preserving the dental enamel structure during removal of orthodontic accessories is a clinician's obligation. Hence the search for an evidence based debonding protocol. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate and compare, by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the effects of four different protocols of bracket debonding and subsequent polishing on enamel surface, and to propose a protocol that minimizes damage to enamel surface. METHODS: Twelve bovine permanent incisors were divided into four groups according to the instrument used for debonding and removal of the adhesive remnant. In groups 1 and 2, brackets were debonded with a straight debonding plier (Ormco Corp., Glendora, California, USA), and in groups 3 and 4, debonding was performed with the instrument Lift-Off (3M Unitek, Monrovia, California, USA). In groups 1 and 3, the adhesive remnant was removed using a long adhesive removing plier (Ormco Corp., Glendora, California, USA) and in groups 2 and 4, residual adhesive was removed with a tungsten carbide bur (Beavers Dental) at high-speed. After each stage of debonding and polishing, enamel surfaces were replicated and electron micrographs were obtained with 50 and 200X magnification. RESULTS: All four protocols of debonding and polishing caused enamel irregularities. CONCLUSION: Debonding brackets with straight debonding plier, removal of adhesive remnant with a tungsten carbide bur and polishing with pumice and rubber cup was found to be the protocol that caused less damage to enamel surface, therefore this protocol is suggested for debonding brackets.
Bracket/wire play: what to expect from tipping prescription on pre-adjusted appliances
Authors: Capelozza Filho Leopoldino , Machado Fabricio Monteiro de Castro , Ozawa Terumi Okada , Cavassan Arlete de Oliveira , Cardoso Mauricio de Almeida
Published: October 2012

INTRODUCTION: The opinion on the 'straight-wire' concept has been evolving since its origin, characterized by faithful followers or absolute skepticism. Currently, it seems reasonable to state that most professionals have a more realistic and critical viewpoint, with an attitude that reveals Orthodontics' maturity and greater knowledge on the technique. The most relevant criticisms refer to the impossibility of the both the Straight-Wire and the Standard systems to completely express the characteristics related to the brackets due to mechanical deficiencies, such as bracket/wire play. OBJECTIVES: A critical analysis of this relationship, which is unclear due to lack of studies, was the scope of this paper. METHODS: The compensatory treatment of two patients, using Capelozza's individualized brackets, works as the scenery for cephalometric evaluation of changes in incisor inclination produced by different dimensions of leveling archwires. RESULTS: The evaluation of these cases showed that, while the introduction of a 0.019 x 0.025-in stainless steel archwire in a 0.022 x 0.030-in slot did not produce significant changes in incisor inclination, the 0.021 x 0.025-in archwire was capable of changing it, mainly in mandibular incisors, and in the opposite direction to the compensation. CONCLUSION: Considering compensatory treatments, even when using an individualized prescription according to the malocclusion, the bracket/wire play seems to be a positive factor for malocclusion correction, without undesirable movements. Therefore, it seems reasonable to admit that, until a bracket system can have absolute individualization, the use of rectangular wires that still have a certain play with the bracket slot is advisable.
Mini-implant and Nance button for initial retraction of maxillary canines: a prospective study in cast models
Authors: Arantes Flávia de Moraes , Kina Juliana , Gonçalves Matheus José Bueno , Gurgel Júlio de Araújo , Silva Filho Omar Gabriel da , Santos Eduardo César Almada
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVE: Bone anchorage is a key factor for the successful management of some malocclusions for it allows the application of continuous forces, decreases treatment time and is independent from patient compliance. METHODS: The goal of this work was to establish a dental model comparison in order to measure the anchorage loss after the initial retraction of upper canines between the two groups. Group A used mini-implants and Group B used Nance button. All patients had two models cast (M1 and M2). The first models were taken on baseline (M1) and the other models were taken after canine retraction (M2). RESULTS: All measurements were pooled and submitted to statistical analysis. In order to verify the inter-examiner systematic error a paired t-test was performed. Dahlberg's formula was used to estimate the casual error. For comparison purposes between Before and After stages, a paired t-test was done. For the comparison between mini-implant and Nance button groups, a Student t-test was applied. All tests adopted a 5% (p<0.05) significance level. CONCLUSION: No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups when measurements and comparisons to assess molar anchorage loss after canine initial retraction were performed. Two different anchorage systems were applied on dental models (mini-implants and Nance's button) for each group.
Treatment of a Class III growing patient with mandibular prognathism and severe anterior crossbite
Authors: Cruz Ricardo Machado
Published: October 2012

The treatment of growing patients with Class III skeletal pattern represents one of the greatest clinical challenges for the orthodontist. Several treatment protocols have been proposed, almost all involving rapid maxillary expansion and maxillary protraction. However, there are cases where the maxilla is properly positioned in the anteroposterior direction and there is no transverse discrepancy, featuring only a mandibular prognathism. In such cases, when there is a set of favorable factors such as lack of laterognathism and lower mandibular plane angle, a viable option and which could prove quite interesting is the use of orthodontic chin cup during the night, aiming at trying to redirect the forward growth of the mandible. To have success, it is necessary that this procedure involves pubertal growth spurt and is extended to full skeletal maturation. This case was presented to the board of the Brazilian Board of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (BBO) as part of the requirements to become a BBO Diplomate.
Changes in occlusal plane through orthognathic surgery
Authors: Esteves Lucas Senhorinho , Ávila Carolina , Medeiros Paulo José
Published: October 2012

INTRODUCTION: A conventional ortho-surgical treatment, although with good clinical results, does not often achieve the desired functional outcomes. Patients with dentofacial deformities, especially those with increased occlusal planes (OP), are also affected by muscle, joint and breathing functional disorders, as well as facial esthetic involvement. The surgical manipulation of the OP in orthognathic surgery is an alternative to overcome the limitations of conventional treatment. OBJECTIVE: To report the importance of assessing the occlusal plane during diagnosis, planning and ortho-surgical treatment of patients with facial skeletal deformities and its main advantages. CONCLUSION: Although both philosophies of ortho-surgical treatment (conventional and by surgical manipulation of the OP) have presented good results, the selective correction of the OP allows a full treatment of these patients, providing better esthetic and functional results.
Inventario de las plantas vasculares del sur de la zona serrana de Córdoba, Argentina
Authors: Oggero Antonia Josefina , Arana Marcelo Daniel
Published: October 2012

Se presenta la biodiversidad de plantas vasculares del extremo sur de las Sierras Pampeanas Orientales, presentes en la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. El área relevada se ubica entre las localidades de Embalse de Río Tercero y Achiras, desde los 700 hasta los 1.200 m s.m. aproximadamente. En ella están representados los principales pisos de vegetación reconocidos para las serranías de la provincia: bosque, arbustal y pastizal. Se hallaron 734 entidades taxonómicas de niveles específico e infraespecífico, pertenecientes a 103 familias, que incluyen 93 endemismos de orden nacional y provincial, con una especie de distribución exclusiva en el área relevada. Se hallaron 39 citas nuevas para Córdoba, de las cuales tres constituyen novedades para la flora Argentina, Cotoneaster henryana y Pyracantha rogersiana (Rosaceae) y Scabiosa columbaria (Caprifoliaceae). El bosque presenta la mayor riqueza, con 525 taxones totales, de los cuales 318 son exclusivos de esta unidad vegetacional y el mayor número de entidades exóticas (63), ascendiendo éstas últimas a 74 en toda el área estudiada.
Vegetation mapping in an area of Ombrophilous Dense Forest at Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, São Paulo State, Brazil, and floristic composition of the tree component of some physiognomies*
Authors: Medeiros Maria Cláudia Melo Pacheco de , Mattos Isabel Fernandes de Aguiar , Kanashiro Marina Mitsue , Tamashiro Jorge Yoshio , Aidar Marcos Pereira Marinho
Published: October 2012

This study aimed to map phytophysiognomies of an area of Ombrophilous Dense Forest at Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar and characterize their floristic composition. Photointerpretation of aerial photographs in scale of 1:35,000 was realized in association with field work. Thirteen physiognomies were mapped and they were classified as Montane Ombrophilous Dense Forest, Alluvial Ombrophilous Dense Forest or Secondary System. Three physiognomies identified at Casa de Pedra streamlet's basin were studied with more details. Riparian forest (RF), valley forest (VF), and hill forest (HF) presented some floristic distinction, as confirmed by Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) conducted here. Anthropic or natural disturbances and heterogeneity of environmental conditions may be the causes of physiognomic variation in the vegetation of the region. The results presented here may be useful to decisions related to management and conservation of Núcleo Santa Virgínia forests, in general.
Geofungos no Córrego do Sapateiro, Parque Municipal do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Authors: Takahashi Juliana Possato , Schoenlein-Crusius Iracema Helena , Gruppi Vivian Tafarello , Moreira Carolina Gasch
Published: October 2012

No Córrego do Sapateiro, situado no Parque Municipal do Ibirapuera, na cidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil, amostras de água (50 mL) na profundidade de 10 centímetros foram coletadas em locais antes (local 1) e depois (local 2) da estação de tratamento de flotação, durante os meses da estação chuvosa e quente (janeiro, fevereiro e março) e da estação seca e fria (junho, julho e agosto) de 2008. Além disso, a temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade e pH da água foram medidos com um equipamento Horiba U10. Coliformes totais e fecais foram analisados com o kit Aquatest®. A partir de cada amostra de água, alíquotas de 1 mL foram inoculadas em meio batata-dextrose-ágar, totalizando 10 placas de Petri para cada local de coleta. Após incubação por 10 dias a 22 ºC, as colônias fúngicas foram quantificadas, purificadas e identificadas. Os parâmetros abióticos da água não foram limitantes para a presença de geofungos, sendo influenciados pelo tratamento de flotação. Nos dois locais o número de coliformes totais e fecais foi predominantemente superior a 8 NMP dL-1 durante o período estudado. Vinte e sete táxons de fungos foram obtidos, distribuídos em 136 ocorrências. De acordo com o índice de similaridade de Sörensen, a micota dos dois locais coletados foram consideravelmente diferentes, apesar da semelhança entre o número de táxons e ocorrências. Os resultados indicam que o tratamento da água do Córrego do Sapateiro pelo sistema de flotação possivelmente causa modificações na composição taxonômica e na quantidade de UFC de fungos, ao contrário do que ocorreu com os coliformes totais e fecais, cujos resultados apresentaram-se menos conclusivos.
The "selfish brain" hypothesis for metabolic abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Authors: Mansur Rodrigo Barbachan , Brietzke Elisa
Published: October 2012

Metabolic abnormalities are frequent in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD), leading to a high prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in this population. Moreover, mortality rates among patients are higher than in the general population, especially due to cardiovascular diseases. Several neurobiological systems involved in energy metabolism have been shown to be altered in both illnesses; however, the cause of metabolic abnormalities and how they relate to schizophrenia and BD pathophysiology are still largely unknown. The "selfish brain" theory is a recent paradigm postulating that, in order to maintain its own energy supply stable, the brain modulates energy metabolism in the periphery by regulation of both allocation and intake of nutrients. We hypothesize that the metabolic alterations observed in these disorders are a result of an inefficient regulation of the brain energy supply and its compensatory mechanisms. The selfish brain theory can also expand our understanding of stress adaptation and neuroprogression in schizophrenia and BD, and, overall, can have important clinical implications for both illnesses.
Prevalence and profile of daily smokers seen at three primary health care units in Pelotas, southern Brazil
Authors: Lopez Mariane Ricardo Acosta , Jansen Karen , Souza Luciano Dias de Mattos , Pinheiro Ricardo Tavares , Tomasi Elaine , Silva Ricardo Azevedo da
Published: October 2012

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of daily smoking among users of three primary health care units affiliated with a university hospital in the municipality of Pelotas, southern Brazil, and to identify factors associated with daily tobacco consumption. Methods: This cross-sectional study included all individuals over 14 years of age who sought treatment at the health care units between June 29, 2009, and February 23, 2010, and lived in the area covered by the unit. Interviews were conducted during home visits to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics and health behaviors; the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to assess the presence of mood disorders; and a question from the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) on the daily use of tobacco in the past 3 months was used to assess smoking. Results: The total sample comprised 1,848 individuals, mostly female (72.9%), aged between 46 and 60 years (28.5%), and belonging to socioeconomic class C (61%). The prevalence of daily smoking was 23.4% (n = 432), and there was a statistically significant difference between men and women: 27 vs. 22.1% (p < 0.050). Conclusion: Our findings confirm a high prevalence of smoking among users of primary health care units, underscoring the need for a more accurate process of diagnosis and treatment at these facilities.
Exact drained solution for cylindrical cavity expansion in modified Cam Clay soil
Authors: CHEN S.L. , ABOUSLEIMAN Y.N.
Published: October 2012

This work presents a novel, exact solution for the drained expansion of a cylindrical cavity in modified Cam Clay soil. Following the rigorous definitions for the mean and deviator stresses and therefore an exact constitutive relationship, the problem is formulated as a set of first-order simultaneous differential equations in the plastic zone with the aid of an auxiliary variable. The solution procedure proposed has the advantage over the conventional similarity method in that it is directly applicable to the cavity expansion problem of finite initial radius. Also the solution derived is sufficiently general to be applied to a more realistic situation of non-isotropic in situ stress condition and to the cavity contraction problem. Extensive parametric studies have been carried out to illustrate the effect of the overconsolidation ratio on the cavity expansion and stress distributions around the cavity, as well as on the stress path and specific volume change due to expansion. The present solution can and is used here as a benchmark for numerical solutions of cavity expansion in modified Cam Clay soil using Abaqus, the finite-element analysis commercial program.
Observation of microstructure formation process of cement paste using non-destructive methods
Authors: Liu Zhiyong , Zhang Yunsheng , Sun Guowen , Jiang Qian
Published: October 2012

Three types of non-destructive techniques including ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), non-contact electrical resistivity (NER) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) were employed continuously to monitor in situ the early microstructure evolution of fresh cement paste. The experimental results show that the ultrasonic method may effectively monitor solid phase changes occurring during hydration process. In comparison, the electrical resistivity is sensitive to the evolution of capillary pores involved in cement hydration. The two and three-dimensional information from CT provides visual insight into the microstructure formation process. In addition, three stages can be classified by the ultrasonic method, while five stages can be observed by NER. Two characteristic points are clearly identified from UPV curves. To aid in better understanding of cement hydration, an isothermal conduction calorimeter was also used to measure the release of heat of hydration. Finally, the correlation between the volume of phases and the evolution of UPV is explored.
Heat damage of steam curing on the surface layer of concrete
Authors: Long Guangcheng , He Zhimin , Omran Ahmed
Published: October 2012

In practice, the quality of concrete cover and the homogeneity of concrete are very important factors for the performance of structural concrete elements. Thus a series of experiments is carried out to investigate the excessive heat-damage effect of steam curing on the exposed surface layer of concrete in this study. Measures to prevent heat damage are also proposed. Results indicate that, due to the heat-damage effect caused by elevated temperature, there is a larger gradient distribution in the pore structure and water sorptivity between the exposed surface and the interior of the steam-cured concrete compared to normal-cured concrete. Using a moisture fabric sheet can effectively reduce such damage. The heating effect at elevated temperatures during the steam curing period results in excessive deformation of the exposed surface layer of concrete and thus more damage of the microstructure for the exposure surface than for the interior of the concrete.
In situ dynamic XCT imaging of the microstructure evolution of cement mortar in accelerated carbonation reaction
Authors: Han Jiande , Sun Wei , Pan Ganghua
Published: October 2012

The microstructure evolution of cement mortar in accelerated carbonation reaction was investigated by in situ dynamic X-ray computed tomography (XCT) at different accelerated carbonation ages: 0 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days and 28 days. Three-dimensional and two-dimensional carbonation front progress images and grey values distribution were determined using XCT VG Studio MAX 2·1 software. The carbonation degrees of different time were measured by the volume fraction of uncarbonated and carbonated parts. In addition, the porosity and pore volume distribution of macro-pore were measured at different carbonation ages.
Sample size for determining in situ strength of concrete in structures
Authors: Kog Yue Choong
Published: October 2012

One of the most important tasks in the appraisal of an existing concrete structure is to establish the characteristic in situ strength for checking the structural adequacy of the structure for its intended usage. Existing codes of practice on the assessment of in situ concrete strength have addressed most of the important issues for carrying out this task, but one of the gaps is the appropriate size for the random sample. The approach taken by the codes at present is to leave this important decision to the judgement of engineers. This is not satisfactory. This paper presents a statistical study using a non-parametric method based on order statistics to establish the appropriate sample size of cores and non-destructive tests for determining in situ concrete strength. The statistical study reveals a relationship for the size of the random sample so that a desired fraction of the sample yields in situ strengths in a required range with a desired probability. An example is included to show the application of this relationship to determine sample size for the assessment of in situ strength for a multi-storey concrete building.
Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor β1/Smad3 Signaling Decreases Hypoxia‐Inducible Factor‐1α Protein Stability by Inducing Prolyl Hydroxylase 2 Expression in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells
Authors: Watanabe Teppei , Yasue Akihiro , Tanaka Eiji
Published: October 2012

Background: Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α), the α subunit of the heterodimeric transcription factor HIF‐1, maintains oxygen homeostasis by regulating gene expression. Under normoxic conditions, HIF‐1α expression is maintained at low steady‐state levels by the critical oxygen sensor prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2). Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1) activates Smad3 signaling and contributes to HIF‐1α stabilization under normoxic conditions. In chronic periodontitis, HIF‐1α is expressed highly in gingival fibroblasts and upregulates inflammatory factor transcription, which promotes periodontal inflammation. Here, the authors investigated the effect of TGF‐β1/Smad3 signaling and its blockade by the specific inhibitor of Smad3 (SIS3) on HIF‐1α expression and stability in human periodontal ligament cells.

Methods: The authors investigated the effect of TGF‐β1 on HIF‐1α protein stability using cycloheximide. Furthermore, they analyzed HIF‐1α expression, PHD2 expression, and Smad3 phosphorylation following TGF‐β1 stimulation in the presence or absence of SIS3.

Results: The half‐life of HIF‐1α was prolonged in TGF‐β1–treated cells. TGF‐β1 treatment induced HIF‐1α gene expression and enhanced HIF‐1α protein stability while decreasing PHD2 expression and activating Smad3 phosphorylation. Notably, HIF‐1α protein expression was not detectable prior to TGF‐β1 stimulation. Furthermore, SIS3 treatment abrogated Smad3 phosphorylation, impaired TGF‐β1–induced HIF‐1α gene expression and protein stability, and stimulated TGF‐β1–mediated PHD2 inhibition.

Conclusion: These results demonstrate that HIF‐1α transcription and protein synthesis are controlled by TGF‐β1/Smad3 signaling, whereas HIF‐1α protein stability is controlled by PHD2, which is regulated by TGF‐β1/Smad3 signaling.
Timing and Outcome of Renal Replacement Therapy in Patients with Congenital Malformations of the Kidney and Urinary Tract
Authors: Wühl Elke , van Stralen Karlijn J. , Verrina Enrico , Bjerre Anna , Wanner Christoph , Heaf James Goya , Zurriaga Oscar , Hoitsma Andries , Niaudet Patrick , Palsson Runolfur , Ravani Pietro , Jager Kitty J. , Schaefer Franz
Published: October 2012

Background and objectives

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the leading cause of ESRD in children, but the proportion of patients with individual CAKUT entities progressing to ESRD during adulthood and their long-term clinical outcomes are unknown. This study assessed the age at onset of renal replacement therapy (RRT) and patient and renal graft survival in patients with CAKUT across the entire age range.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Patients with CAKUT were compared with age-matched patients who were undergoing RRT for other renal disorders on the basis of data from the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association Registry. Competing risk and Cox regression analyses were conducted.

Results

Of 212,930 patients commencing RRT from 1990 to 2009, 4765 (2.2%) had renal diagnoses consistent with CAKUT. The proportion of incident RRT patients with CAKUT decreased from infancy to childhood and then increased until age 15–19 years, followed by a gradual decline throughout adulthood. Median age at RRT start was 31 years in the CAKUT cohort and 61 years in the non-CAKUT cohort (P<0.001). RRT was started earlier (median, 16 years) in patients with isolated renal dysplasia than in those with renal hypoplasia and associated urinary tract disorders (median, 29.5–39.5 years). Patients with CAKUT survived longer than age- and sex-matched non-CAKUT controls because of lower cardiovascular mortality (10-year survival rate, 76.4% versus 70.7%; P<0.001).

Conclusions

CAKUT leads to ESRD more often at adult than pediatric age. Treatment outcomes differ from those of acquired kidney diseases and vary within CAKUT subcategories.