bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SOFT TISSUES BY CONTRAST-ENHANCED MICROCT AND HISTOLOGY: PERSPECTIVE AND LIMITS
Authors: Marchiori G. , Zaffagnini S. , Cavazza L. , Fabbro G. D. , Grassi A. , Lopomo N. F. , Giavaresi G. , Maglio M.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Histology is still considered the gold standard method for the evaluation of soft tissues in the musculoskeletal field, thanks to the possibility of studying structures using different staining and high magnification microscopy. To overcome the intrinsic limits of this method, contrast enhanced microtomographic (CE- microCT) protocols are constantly evolving to allow 3D study of soft tissues. However, no standardized approaches are available, and many concerns exist about the alterations induced to the samples.

Method

microCT/histology protocols were explored on human tendons and menisci. To enhance contrast tissues for microCT scanning 1) examethyldisilazane drying 2) 2% phosphotungstic acid (PTA) in alcoholic solution exposition and 3) 2% PTA in aqueous solution exposition were performed; to observe PTA contrast progression, three exposition and scanning times were selected. microCT images were compared to histological slices obtained from the same samples, after rehydration protocols, or from adjacent tissues portion, stained with Picrosirius red to highlight the peculiar collagenic structures.

Result

Exposition times influence PTA diffusion and tissue contrast; its specificity for collagenic structure allow a clearer contrast of the tissues. Histological processing on the same samples is possible: PTA removal requires careful washing in basic solution to reduce the hardening of the sample, while drying can be reverted applying inverse protocol. Comparison with microCT images is really accurate if histology is performed on the same sample, although all protocols induce tissue shrinkage with relative packing of collagen fibers.

Conclusion

The contrast approaches tested proved effective in highlighting the structures of both tendons and menisci, but the structural effects induced by tissue shrinkage do not allow a completely real microCT visualization of native tissue. Histology can be the reference method to monitor the efficacy of the contrast methods and the alterations induced to define the possibility of improvement of the technique.

Acknowledgement

PR23-PAS-P4 “ADJOINT 2”- INAIL
COMPARATIVE BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SUPERIOR CAPSULAR RECONSTRUCTION (SCR) AND LOWER TRAPEZIUS TRANSFER (LTT) IN TREATING MASSIVE ROTATOR CUFF TEARS
Authors: Mungalpara N. , Kim S. , Baker H. , Lee C. , Shakya A. , Chen K. , Athiviraham A. , Koh J. , Elhassan B. , Maassen N. H. , Amirouche F.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Treatment strategies for irreparable Massive Rotator Cuff Tears (MRCTs) are debatable, especially for younger, active patients. Superior Capsular Reconstruction (SCR) acts as a static stabilizer, while Lower Trapezius Transfer (LTT) serves as a dynamic stabilizer. This study compares the biomechanical effectiveness of SCR and LTT, hypothesizing that their combination will enhance shoulder kinematics.

Methods

Eight human shoulders from donors aged 55-75 (mean = 63.75 years), balanced for gender, averaging 219.5 lbs, were used. Rotator cuff and deltoid tendons were connected to force sensors through a pulley system, with the deltoid linked to a servohydraulic motor for dynamic force measurement.

Results

From intact to MRCT, deltoid force was reduced by 28% (p = 0.023). LTT increased deltoid force by 27.25 (p = 0.166). SCR decreased deltoid force by 34% (p = 0.208). Combining LTT with SCR increased deltoid force by 32.57% compared to SCR (p = 0.023) and decreased it by 13.6% compared to LTT alone (p = 0.017). Combined LTT and SCR reduced deltoid force by 20.9% from the control (p = 0.001). Subacromial contact pressure rose by 15% in MRCT over intact, but LTT decreased it by 7.6%, achieving nearly 50% correction. SCR increased subacromial space volume, raising pressure by 6.5%. The humeral head translation (HHT) increases with MRCT, reaching 3.33 mm (SD = 0.95) at 0 degrees, compared to 2.24 mm (SD = 0.78) in the intact. LTT and the combined LTT + SCR significantly reduce HHT, with combined LTT + SCR achieving HHT of 2.24 mm (SD = 0.63) at 0 degrees, comparable to the control.

Conclusion

Notable changes in deltoid force were observed. LTT outperformed the combined SCR and LTT in reducing deltoid force and subacromial peak pressure. Both SCR and LTT corrected HTT, with LTT being more effective. However, combining SCR and LTT optimally corrected HHT.
OPTIMIZING PATIENT-SPECIFIC BONE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS: MESH CONVERGENCE AND MATERIAL GROUPING STRATEGIES
Authors: Strack D. , Rayudu N. M. , Kirschke J. , Baum T. , Subburaj K.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Patient-specific biomechanical modeling using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is pivotal for understanding the structural health of bones, optimizing surgical procedures, assessing outcomes, and validating medical devices, aligning with guidance issued by standards and regulatory bodies. Accurate mapping of image-to-mesh-material is crucial given bone's heterogeneous composition. This study aims to rigorously assess mesh convergence and evaluate the sensitivity of material grouping strategies in quantifying bone strength.

Method

Subject-specific geometry and nonlinear material properties were derived from computed tomography (CT) scan data of one cadaveric human vertebral body. Linear tetrahedral elements with varying edge lengths between 2mm and 0.9mm were then generated to study the mesh convergence. To compare the effectiveness of different grouping strategies, three approaches were used: Modulus Gaping (a user-defined absolute threshold of Young's modulus ranging from 500 MPa to 1 MPa), Percentual Thresholding (relative parameter thresholds ranging from 50% to 1%), and Adaptive clustering (unsupervised k-means-based clustering ranging from 10 to 200 clusters). Adaptive clustering enables a constant number of unique material properties in cross-specimen studies, improving the validity of results.

Result

Mesh convergence was evaluated via fracture load and reached at a 1mm mesh size across grouping strategies. All strategies exhibit minimal deviation (within 5%) from individually assigned material parameters, except Modulus Gaping, with a 500 MPa threshold (32% difference). Computational efficiency, measured by runtime, significantly improved with grouping strategies, reducing computational cost by 82 to 94% and unique material count by up to 99%.

Conclusion

Different grouping strategies offer comparable mesh convergence, highlighting their potential to reduce computational complexity while maintaining accuracy in the biomechanical modeling of bones and suggesting a more efficient approach than individual element materials. The higher efficiency of FEA may increase its applicability in clinical settings with limited computational resources. Further studies are needed to refine grouping parameters and assess their suitability across different subjects.
Compact cavity-enhanced aerosol detector using incoherent light sources
Authors: Williamson Jacob , Muthukrishnan Pranav Chamakkad , Nandanwar Srushti , Guo Shuaifeng , Raman Chandra
Published: November 2024

We have realized a compact optical particle counter utilizing
enhancement of light scattering within a high finesse Fabry–Perot
optical cavity. In contrast with laser-based approaches such as cavity
ringdown spectroscopy, we use the light stream from superluminescent
and light-emitting diodes that have no longitudinal coherence. This
eliminates the vibration sensitivity that is
typical of laser-based cavity
methods. The use of the transmission mode of detection allows us to
reduce the cavity mirror separation to below 1 cm, with no
obvious limit to miniaturization. Typical light scattering instruments
are larger, in part due to their sensitivity to background signals
from the light source. Our approach paves the way toward what we
believe to be is a new generation of compact and portable instruments.
A simultaneous comparison of the scattering signals with a commercial
particle counter suggests that our cavity may be sensitive to
ultrafine particles below 300 nm diameter, which are typically
not recorded in such counters.
Method for designing highly efficient composite transmission gratings
Authors: Kotte T. P. S. , Nurmohamed A. , Zuidwijk T. , Horsten R. , Adam A. J. L.
Published: November 2024

We present and validate a new method for designing transmission gratings with high efficiency for the 1st diffraction order across the visible spectrum. The high efficiency is achieved by redirecting light to the 1st order via asymmetric composite elements, which scatter light in the same direction as the 1st diffraction order. By focusing on increasing the directional scattering of the grating elements, the design remains simple yet effective. As a result, the gratings are relatively easy to fabricate. Measurements of fabricated gratings show a relative increase of over 40% for a large part of the visible spectrum.
Defogging imaging using second-order correlations in the time domain
Authors: Duan Deyang , Li Yuge , Xia Yunjie
Published: November 2024

The traditional space-domain McCartney model simplifies fog as a time-invariant medium, as the fluctuation of light field introduced by time-varying fog is a noise for optical imaging. Here, an opposite finding to traditional idea is reported, i.e., the noise introduced by time-varying fog can be eliminated by itself. The space-time McCartney model is proposed to study the second-order correlations of the time-varying scattering light field in the time domain. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that the noise photons, which cause image degradation, lead to the absence of stable second-order correlations, while the signal photons, which produce ideal images, are opposite. The noise photons and signal photons are distinguished by measuring the temporal second-order correlations when fog is time-varying and time interval is longer than the coherence time of the light field, thereby reconstructing high-quality defogging images. Distinguishable images can be directly obtained even when the target is indistinguishable by conventional cameras, providing a prerequisite for subsequent high-level computer vision tasks. The space-time McCartney model provides a theoretical framework for studying the light field properties of time-varying media, and offers promise for anti-interference imaging.
240 Gb/s dynamic one-time-pad THz-coherent PON seamless integrated physical layer encryption scheme based on double chaotic models assistance
Authors: Zhong Qing , Zhang Jiao , Zhang Junhao , Xin Zhigang , Lei Mingzheng , Hua Bingchang , Cai Yuancheng , Chen Xingyu , Ding Junjie , Ren Jianxin , Liu Bo , Zhu Min
Published: November 2024

In order to ensure the data security of a fiber-terahertz seamless integrated communication system, this paper proposes a dynamic one-time-pad (OTP) terahertz (THz) -coherent passive optical network (PON) seamless integrated physical layer encryption scheme based on double chaotic models, which utilizes the ultra-high sensitivity of the chaotic model to realize the real sense of OTP in the digital domain. The chaotic sequence generated by auxiliary chaos is mapped to selection factors to control the main chaotic system so as to carry out a dynamic one-time selection of keys, and the obtained dynamic chaotic sequence is interleaving and regenerated to encrypt the original data. It is worth noting that the key corresponding to each original encrypted data is different, which can realize the dynamic OTP of the original data. In this paper, we successfully demonstrate the seamless integrated encryption transmission of THz-coherent PON based on optical frequency combs (OFC) that the 30 GBaud dual polarization 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (DP 16QAM) signals are successfully demodulated over a span of 25 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) and 10 m wireless link at 130 GHz and 150 GHz. The number of dynamic key updates reaches 8 × 1012. Compared with the typical three-dimensional Lorentz chaotic model, the initial value sensitivity of the chaotic model is 2 times, the sensitivity of the encryption system is more than E-14, and the key space is up to 8 × 10228. The performance of the encryption scheme at different baud rates is verified by experiments, and the feasibility of the scheme is further demonstrated. The experimental results show that the scheme has great application potential in future fiber-THz seamless integrated secure communication.
Using muscle-tendon load limits to assess unphysiological musculoskeletal model deformation and Hill-type muscle parameter choice
Authors: Nölle Lennart V. , Wochner Isabell , Hammer Maria , Schmitt Syn
Published: November 2024

Musculoskeletal simulations are a useful tool for improving our understanding of the human body. However, the physiological validity of predicted kinematics and forces is highly dependent upon the correct calibration of muscle parameters and the structural integrity of a model’s internal skeletal structure. In this study, we show how ill-tuned muscle parameters and unphysiological deformations of a model’s skeletal structure can be detected by using muscle elements as sensors with which modelling and parameterization inconsistencies can be identified through muscle and tendon strain injury assessment. To illustrate our approach, two modelling issues were recreated. First, a model repositioning simulation using the THUMS AM50 occupant model version 5.03 was performed to show how internal model deformations can occur during a change of model posture. Second, the muscle material parameters of the OpenSim gait2354 model were varied to illustrate how unphysiological muscle forces can arise if material parameters are inadequately calibrated. The simulations were assessed for muscle and tendon strain injuries using previously published injury criteria and a newly developed method to determine tendon strain injury threshold values. Muscle strain injuries in the left and right musculus pronator teres were detected during the model repositioning. This straining was caused by an unphysiologically large gap (12.92 mm) that had formed in the elbow joint. Similarly, muscle and tendon strain injuries were detected in the modified right-hand musculus gastrocnemius medialis of the gait2354 model where an unphysiological reduction of the tendon slack length introduced large pre-strain of the muscle-tendon unit. The results of this work show that the proposed method can quantify the internal distortion behaviour of musculoskeletal human body models and the plausibility of Hill-type muscle parameter choice via strain injury assessment. Furthermore, we highlight possible actions to avoid the presented issues and inconsistencies in literature data concerning the material characteristics of human tendons.
Agglomeration costs limit sustainable innovation in cities in developing economies
Authors: Estrin Saul , Hu Yuan , Shapiro Daniel , Zhang Peng
Published: November 2024

Theory and evidence from developed economies suggests that innovation activities benefit from agglomeration economies associated with urban economic density. However, despite the fact that eighteen of the world’s top twenty cities are in developing countries, we do not know whether agglomeration affects innovation in the same way in developing countries. We propose that, while there are still agglomeration benefits, the development path followed by cities in developing countries also creates significant agglomeration costs and these act to limit innovation. We build a unique database to measure consistently both urban economic density and innovation across a large number of developing countries. Based on geospatial information, we combine data on nightlights at the city level to proxy urban density with information on innovation activity at the firm level. We find that in developing countries, as urban economic density increases, innovation first increases and then begins to decrease beyond a certain point, with the decline being most prominent in the largest cities. That is, the largest cities in developing countries are not able to act as sustainable sources of innovation. Cities in developing countries therefore display different patterns of agglomeration from those documented in the literature focused on developed countries. Our analysis explores the relationship between UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 9 which fosters innovation, and SDG 11 which promotes sustainable and resilient cities. Our results suggest the importance of addressing urban agglomeration costs as a means to facilitate innovative activity.
Peatland organic matter quality varies with latitude as suggested by combination of FTIR and Ramped Pyrolysis Oxidation
Authors: Sparrow Katy J. , Chanton Jeffrey P. , Hanke Ulrich M. , Kurz Mark D. , McNichol Ann P.
Published: November 2024

We employed two compelling and distinct methods, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ramped Pyrolysis Oxidation (Ramped PyrOx), to examine the quality of organic matter (OM) stored in four peatlands located along a latitudinal gradient (Tropical (4˚N), Subtropical (27˚N), Boreal (48˚N), and Polar (68˚N)). FTIR was used to quantify the relative abundance of carbohydrates, a relatively labile compound class, and aromatics, which are more recalcitrant, in a sample set of four peat cores. These samples were then prepared using Ramped PyrOx, a second, independent method of determining OM quality that mimics the natural diagenetic maturation of OM that would take place over long timescales. Previous large-scale studies using FTIR to evaluate OM quality have observed that it generally increases with increasing latitude (more carbohydrates, less aromatics). Here, we demonstrate that the Ramped PyrOx approach both validates and complements the FTIR approach. The data stemming from each Ramped PyrOx preparation was input to a model that generates an estimated probability density function of the activation energy (E) required to break the C bonds in the sample. We separated these functions into three fractions (“low E,” “medium E,” and “high E”) to create Ramped PyrOx variables that could be quantitatively compared to the compound class abundance data from FTIR. In assessing the agreement between the two methods, we found three significant relationships between Ramped PyrOx and FTIR variables. Low E fractions and carbohydrate content were positively correlated (R2 = 0.51) while low E fractions were negatively correlated with aromatic content (R2 = 0.58). Medium E fractions were found to be positively correlated with aromatics (R2 = 0.69).
Camellia sinensis methanolic leaves extract: Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity against human liver cancer cells
Authors: Hanna Demiana H. , Al-Atmani Ahlam K. , AlRashidi Aljazi Abdullah , Shafee E. El.
Published: November 2024

Background

The study’s primary goal is to ascertain whether there is a relationship between the processed green tea methanolic extract’s (GTME) phytochemical components and its potential effectiveness against human liver cancer cells. The GTME’s phytochemical composition was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the extract’s capacity to lower cellular proliferation and cause apoptosis in HepG2 cancerous liver cell lines was checked.

Results

The findings of the gas chromatography-mass chromatogram showed that GTME included bioactive antioxidants and anticancer substances. Additionally, utilizing the MTT, comet assay, and acridine assay, GTME revealed a selective cytotoxic impact with a significant IC50 value (27.3 µg/ml) on HepG2 cells without any harmful effects on WI-38 healthy cells. Also, compared to untreated cells, the extract-treated HepG2 cells had an upsurge in the proportion of cells that have undergone apoptosis and displayed a comet nucleus, which is a sign of DNA damage. In addition, HepG2 cells treated with GTME revealed a stop in the G1 phase and sub-G1 apoptotic cells (37.32%) in a flow cytometry analysis. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species were shown to be responsible for HepG2 apoptosis, and the tested extract significantly reduced their levels in the treated cells. Lastly, compared to untreated cells in treated HepG2 cells, GTME significantly changed protein expression levels linked with cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and apoptosis.

Conclusion

These findings provided information about the processes through which the GTME inhibited the growth of HepG2. Therefore, it has potential as an effective natural therapy for the treatment of human liver cancer. However, to validate these findings, animal models must be used for in vivo studies.
Impact of special economic zones on socioeconomics and local development in Pakistan: Evidence from Allama Iqbal Special Economic Zone, Faisalabad
Authors: Karim Shahid , Xiang Kong , Hameed Abdul
Published: November 2024

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of SEZ on indigenous peoples’ socioeconomic status and local development in the study area. A quantitative approach to analyzing the socioeconomics of treatment and control groups. A structured questionnaire was designed and a field survey was undertaken to collect primary data from respondents. This study used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to create a socioeconomic index for two groups: those who sold their agricultural land and those who did not sell, and a two-sample independent t-test was used to determine the influence of SEZ on socioeconomic and local development. The results showed that the compensation amount for the acquired land not only improved the socio-economic living conditions of the indigenous population in short run, but also transformed their type of employment from agriculture to labor work, increased health expenditure, increased household wealth and minor changes in education expenditure and construction effected new houses, most of which is used for child marriage, vehicle purchased and dowary expenses in the special economic zone. This unproductive spending increases in the short term, which in the long run will convert skeikonicity into deprivation. Previous studies focused only on the geopolitics behind the geo-economy and the challenges and success factors for SEZs in Pakistan. This study is unique as it is the first attempt that uses statistical and economic tools to identify the positive and negative impacts of SEZ on the local development in the area. It makes an academic contribution to the literature to improve the knowledge of the effects of these special economic zones on the local development in any area.
Development of a lambda Red based system for gene deletion in Chlamydia
Authors: Wang Yibing , Suchland Robert , Hua Amy , Carrell Steven , Rockey Daniel , Hybiske Kevin
Published: November 2024

The ability to efficiently target loci in the Chlamydia trachomatis genome for deletion remains a desirable goal in the field and new strategies need to be developed and refined. Here we describe the development and application of a lambda red recombineering system for Chlamydia. Using a non-replicative plasmid encoding key lambda Red components and targeting sequences, we demonstrate the efficient deletion of numerous gene targets in the model chlamydial strains C. trachomatis L2/434 and C. muridarum. For initial development of the system, we targeted the incA gene of C. trachomatis for deletion. Deletion mutants containing a chloramphenicol resistance marker were recovered within 3 rounds of selection, or 2 rounds of passaging, in McCoy cells and the resulting clones (CTΔincA) were verified by PCR-based genotyping and whole genome sequencing. Phenotypic assessment of host cells infected with CTΔincA was performed by immunofluorescence microscopy and confirmed the lack of IncA expression and the uniform presence of nonfusogenic vacuoles (inclusions) across CTΔincA-infected monolayers. To explore the utility of this system, we deleted 5 additional candidate virulence factors in C. trachomatis and C. muridarum, including deletions of single and multiple genes. We expect lambda Red recombineering to offer a powerful new strategy for making gene deletion and/or replacement mutants in Chlamydia.
Individualised prediction of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with anticoagulation
Authors: Toft-Petersen Anne Pernille , J.-Y. Lee Christina , Phelps Matthew , Ozenne Brice , Gerds Thomas Alexander , Torp-Pedersen Christian
Published: November 2024

Background

Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation (AF) increases the risk of major bleeding. No predictive model has hitherto provided estimates of the absolute risk for individual patients.

Aim

To predict the individual 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with AF taking anticoagulants and evaluate the importance of individual risk factors.

Design

A nationwide register-based cohort study.

Participants

Danish patients with first-time non-valvular AF who redeemed anticoagulants within 7 days after diagnosis.

Method

The individual absolute risk of major bleeding was estimated from a logistic regression model (the Calculator of Absolute Bleeding Risk/CABS model) utilising the same risk factors as HAS-BLED, except allowing non-linear age effects, and allowing effect modification of all factors according to history of bleeding. The logistic regression was assessed in term of discrimination using the Area Under the ROC curve (AUC) and calibration.

Results

Among 76,102 patients with AF redeeming anticoagulants, 2,406 suffered a major bleeding within 1 year. History of bleeding was the strongest predictor, and age significantly modified the risk. The CABS model superseded HAS-BLED score with regards to discrimination (AUC 0.646 vs 0.615, p<0.001) and calibrated well. A typical male patient was 70-years old without any risk factors and he had a 1-year bleeding risk of 1.4% (1.2; 1.6) while a typical female patient was 73-years old, had hypertension and a 1-year bleeding risk of 2.2% (1.9;2.6).

Conclusion

We propose CABS as a tool for prediction of individual absolute risks of major bleeding in patients with AF taking anticoagulant. The predicted absolute risk can be used for patient counselling.
The impact of financial incentives promoting biosimilar products in oncology: A quasi-experimental study using administrative data
Authors: Itoshima Hisashi , Takada Daisuke , Goto Etsu , Sasaki Noriko , Kunisawa Susumu , Imanaka Yuichi
Published: November 2024

Background

Biosimilars have the potential to save a significant amount of money in cancer treatment costs. However, barriers exist in the adoption of biosimilar products. Japan introduced a new health policy in 2022 to promote the use of biosimilars in oncology by offering financial incentives to eligible hospitals. This study aims to examine the association between these financial incentives and prescription patterns.

Methods

The study analyzed Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC) data to assess the impact of the new health policy on the use of biosimilar products in oncology. The policy provided an additional fee for hospitals using biosimilar products. The study included patients with specific types of cancer and analyzed the proportion of monthly biosimilar prescriptions using the number of prescriptions of reference and biosimilar products. A generalized synthetic control method was used for analysis.

Results

From April 2020 to March 2023, the study involved 27,737 patients in 114 hospitals, with 63 eligible hospitals receiving financial incentives. The average number of prescriptions of the drugs (rituximab, trastuzumab, and bevacizumab) increased gradually in both eligible and ineligible hospitals. The financial incentives were associated with a significant increase in the proportion of biosimilar product prescriptions, with a monthly increase of 0.092 per month (95% CI, 0.040–0.145) [9.2%, 95% CI, 4.0–14.5] compared to ineligible hospitals.

Conclusion

Our study indicates that providing financial incentives to hospitals to utilize biosimilar products increased their prescriptions. Japan’s recent health policy of moderate financial incentives is an effective approach to increasing prescriptions of biosimilar products.
The relationship between spectral signals and retinal sensitivity in dendrobatid frogs
Authors: Walkowski Whitney G. , Richards-Zawacki Corinne L. , Gordon William C. , Bazan Nicolas G. , Farris Hamilton E.
Published: November 2024

Research on visually driven behavior in anurans has often focused on Dendrobatoidea, a clade with extensive variation in skin reflectance, which is perceived to range from cryptic to conspicuous coloration. Because these skin patterns are important in intraspecific and interspecific communication, we hypothesized that the visual spectral sensitivity of dendrobatids should vary with conspecific skin spectrum. We predicted that the physiological response of frog retinas would be tuned to portions of the visible light spectrum that match their body reflectance. Using wavelength-specific electroretinograms (ERGs; from 350-650 nm), spectrometer measurements, and color-calibrated photography of the skin, we compared retinal sensitivity and reflectance of two cryptic species (Allobates talamancae and Silverstoneia flotator), two intermediate species (Colostethus panamansis and Phyllobates lugubris), and two conspicuous aposematic species (Dendrobates tinctorius and Oophaga pumilio). Consistent with the matched filter hypothesis, the retinae of cryptic and intermediate species were sensitive across the spectrum, without evidence of spectral tuning to specific wavelengths, yielding low-threshold broadband sensitivity. In contrast, spectral tuning was found to be different between morphologically distinct populations of O. pumilio, where frogs exhibited retinal sensitivity better matching their morph’s reflectance. This sensory specialization is particularly interesting given the rapid phenotypic divergence exhibited by this species and their behavioral preference for sympatric skin reflectances. Overall, this study suggests that retinal sensitivity is coevolving with reflective strategy and spectral reflectance in dendrobatids.
Parents’ knowledge and practices of child eye health care: A scoping review
Authors: Ghani Nor Diyana Hani , Mohamad Fadzil Norliza , Mohammed Zainora , Abd Rahman Mohd Harimi , Che Din Normah
Published: November 2024

Background

Treating children’s eyes is not just a privilege for a child, it is an essential requirement for their visual health. Parents, as caregivers, have a paramount responsibility to make decisions regarding their children’s eye health. Thus, this review aims to identify and summarise published information about parents’ knowledge and practices on children’s eye health care.

Methods

Relevant articles searches were performed through a systematic search of databases (EBSCOhost, PubMed, and Scopus) using the keywords ‘knowledge’, ‘practice’, ‘parent’, ‘eye’, ‘problem’, and ‘children’. This review was conducted and reported in line with the PRISMA-ScR. The methodological quality of the listed studies was assessed using A Modified McMaster Critical Review form based on the total score.

Result

From a total of 235 studies retrieved through literature review and pearling, 219 remained after removing duplicates. After screening titles and abstracts, 204 irrelevant studies were excluded, leaving 15. After a detailed full-text review, four studies were excluded due to not meeting inclusion criteria. Thus, this review includes the remaining 11 studies. All eleven studies (n = 11) show that parents’s knowledge and practices vary. Some parents display good knowledge regarding children’s eye health care, for example, understanding the importance of wearing spectacles, the significance of children having normal vision, and where to seek eye examinations. Five studies (n = 5) showed that parents have good practices such as consulting doctors and seeking eye examinations and treatment at the hospital. Six studies (n = 6) showed that parents have misconceptions regarding knowledge, practices, and treatment of children’s eye health.

Conclusion

This scoping review found that parents’ knowledge and practices regarding children’s eye health are poor. Parents’ perceptions and practices about the cause and treatment of eye problems were tainted with misconceptions. Therefore, implementing structured programs to enhance awareness and promote the adoption of healthy practices for children’s eye health is required.
Ambient Teens Sleep Study: Protocol for a co-produced feasibility study in adolescents using a contactless radar-based sleep sensor
Authors: Caddick Lorna , Gaggioni Giulia , Haughton Dawn , Brown Judith , Inchley Joanna , Simpson Sharon Anne , Lyall Laura M. , Murray Aja , Romaniuk Liana , Krondorf Lukas , Lopez Lorna M. , Smith Daniel J. , Wyse Cathy , Whalley Heather
Published: November 2024

Sleep is crucial for the healthy development of adolescents, yet many suffer from chronic sleep deprivation. Over the transition to and course of adolescence there are known changes to sleep patterns e.g. shifts towards evening chronotypes. To study changes and patterns of sleep over these critical developmental time-points, detailed longitudinal data is required over months/years rather than weeks/days, a typical limitation of current technology. The implementation of novel contactless sleep sensors offers significant opportunities for longer term data collection, but their application has yet to be explored in young people in terms of feasibility, acceptability, performance and operability. The Ambient Teens Sleep Study will assess the feasibility of a contactless sleep sensor with approximately 45 adolescents aged 8–18 years, for 4 weeks. The device will be compared with accelerometery and sleep diary data, collected concurrently (2 weeks). Young people will provide feedback in the form of online calls and questionnaires as well as citizen scientist and product reviewer activities. Baseline questionnaires, conducted online, will be used to determine acceptability in different cohorts such as age, sex, gender and geographic location. We aim to assess completeness of data, participant experience and performance of sleep timing measures across all three methods of sleep assessment (contactless radar, accelerometery and sleep diary). The results will be used to inform longitudinal methods of sleep data collection in future adolescent health studies, at scale, to explore links between sleep and essential health outcomes across adolescent development.
Effect of sintering temperature on color stability and translucency of various zirconia systems after immersion in coffee solution
Authors: Giti Rashin , Mosallanezhad Sina
Published: November 2024

Background and aim

Achieving the aesthetic standards in tooth-colored restorative materials requires close attention to their color, translucency, and resistance to discoloration. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sintering temperature on color stability and translucency in zirconia systems with low, high, and ultra-high translucencies.

Methods

This experimental study was conducted on 60 zirconia disks with low, high and ultra-high translucencies (n = 20 per group), each group divided into subgroups to be sintered at either 1450°C or 1550°C (n = 10 per subgroup). Baseline color and translucency parameters were measured, the specimens were then immersed in coffee solution for 30 days, and the measurements were repeated post-immersion. Changes in color (ΔE) and translucency (ΔTP) were calculated via CIELAB formula and compared by using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test (α = 0.05).

Results

Results of two-way ANOVA showed that the ΔE was significantly different among the three zirconia translucencies (P<0.001), but no significant difference was found between the two sintering temperatures (P = 0.712). Additionally, the interaction between zirconia type and sintering temperature was not statistically significant for ΔE (P = 0.264). The low-translucency group showed significantly greater ΔE than the high-translucency and ultra-high-translucency groups (P<0.05), while the high- and ultra-high-translucency groups were not significantly different in this regard (P>0.05). Regarding the ΔTP, two-way ANOVA showed that the difference was not statistically significant either among the three zirconia types (P = 0.4430) or between the two sintering temperatures (P = 0.4544). Nor was the interaction between zirconia type and sintering temperature statistically significant (P = 0.5505).

Conclusion

It was concluded that sintering temperature had no effect on color and translucency changes after immersion in coffee. Whereas zirconia type significantly affected the color changes after immersion in coffee; with the higher-translucency zirconia types being significantly more color-stable than the low-translucency zirconia.
Influence of critical thinking on LLM usage among Universitat d’Andorra students
Authors: Bleda Bejar Marc , Dorca Josa Aleix , Oliveras Prat Begoña
Published: November 2024

As large language models continue to reshape educational practices, a comprehensive evaluation of critical thinking’s influence on large language models’ usage becomes essential. This study examines how students in the fields of education and computer science at the Universitat d’Andorra interact with large language models, with a particular focus on understanding their learning experiences, decision-making strategies, and problem-solving approaches. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, the research analyzes the frequency and purposes of using these technologies, as well as the critical thinking processes students employ to assess the reliability and relevance of content generated by artificial intelligence. Findings reveal a spectrum of attitudes towards large language models, ranging from enthusiastic adoption to skepticism. While many students appreciate the immediate and personalized academic support, content generation assistance, and writing skill improvement offered by these tools, concerns about the accuracy and potential biases of the outputs are prevalent. Notably, students demonstrate varying levels of the activation of their critical thinking skills when engaging with large language models, with some actively investigate the reliability of artificial intelligence generated information, while others exhibit a more passive reliance on these technologies. The study also highlights distinct usage patterns between computer science and education students. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of student behavior in the context of artificial intelligence enhanced education, providing valuable insights for educational institutions aiming to integrate these tools into their curricula effectively. Furthermore, this research emphasizes the need to enhance critical thinking skills within educational programs to empower students to navigate the complexities of large language models capabilities and limitations.
La utilidad de ChatGPT en la enseñanza universitaria a distancia de geoinformación para futuros docentes de enseñanza secundaria
Authors: De Lázaro Torres María Luisa
Published: November 2024

La enseñanza universitaria debe alfabetizar en las tecnologías más recientes. Con esa finalidad se ha integrado ChatGPT en la asignatura “Complementos para la Formación Disciplinar en Geografía” del Máster Universitario en Formación del Profesorado de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato, Formación Profesional y Enseñanzas de Idiomas en la UNED. La metodología seguida emplea técnicas cualitativas, cuantitativas y de triangulación a través del análisis de los trabajos elaborados por los estudiantes. Se solicitaba desarrollar una situación de aprendizaje en el contexto de la LOMLOE que integrara herramientas relacionadas con la geoinformación y sus fuentes. Se analizaron también los datos aportados por un ejercicio de revisión de pares ciegos. Con todo ello se han comparado los trabajos de los cursos académicos 2022-2023, en el que no se empleó ChatGPT, y los del curso 2023-2024, en el que el empleo de ChatGPT era obligado. Se aporta un análisis DAFO sobre los testimonios del estudiantado en el empleo de ChatGPT y una tabla de categorizaciones a partir de las observaciones realizadas en el ejercicio de revisión de pares ciego. Las conclusiones señalan que emplear ChatGPT resulta ventajoso en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje siempre que exista una supervisión que verifique la veracidad de la información recogida con algunas matizaciones en aspectos éticos y de reutilización de la (geo)información.
On the Initial Set of Constraints for Graph-Based Submodular Function Maximization
Authors: Csókás Eszter , Vinkó Tamás
Published: November 2024

A crucial problem in combinatorial optimization is the submodular function maximization (SFM), and in many cases it involves graphs on which the maximization is specified. The problem is well-studied and hence there are several proposed algorithms in the literature. The greedy strategy quickly finds a feasible solution that guarantees an approximation of (1-1/e). However, there are many applications that expect an optimal result within a reasonable computational time. One popular method for finding the global optimum is the constraint generation (CG) algorithm. Traditionally, the initial feasible solution of CG is given by the greedy algorithm. It turns out that choosing different starting point than the greedy solution might lead to better performance in terms of running time. In this paper we introduce such a strategy which is beneficial on non-complete bipartite graphs. Benchmarking results on different versions of the solution methods are shown to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methods.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on SMEs digital transformation journey –
Slovenian and Hungarian experiences
Authors: Marolt Marjeta , Pucihar Andreja , Kljajić Borštnar Mirjana , Lenart Gregor , Vidmar Doroteja , Szabó Ildikó , Fehér Péter , Kovács Tibor , Kő Andrea , Szabó Zoltán , Őri Dóra
Published: November 2024

This article investigates patterns in SMEs’ digital transformation journey during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether the lessons learnt from this crisis have influenced their future digital transformation objectives. Following a multiple case study design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with SME owners/managers in Slovenia and Hungary. The analysis within and across cases revealed that the majority of participating SMEs were not digitally ready but still managed to overcome various challenges by adopting or intensifying the use of digital technology. The usefulness of these technologies convinced them to engage more in digital transformation. Although they dealt with similar challenges, their response differed depending on the size and sector. This study contributes to current research by providing a more comprehensive understanding of SMEs’ COVID-19 related challenges, their responses to these challenges, and future digital transformation objectives, specifically, their future efforts towards a higher level of digital maturity.
Implementasi Just Energy Transition Partnership Indonesia menuju Net Zero Emissions tahun 2060
Authors: Hermawan Luky Tri , Prabhawati Adhiningasih
Published: November 2024

Ketergantungan terhadap energi fosil dalam upaya pemenuhan kebutuhan energi nasional berdampak kepada penyebaran emisi karbon yang besar di udara. Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang menyumbang emisi karbon terbesar di dunia. Kerja sama yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Indonesia dengan International Partners Group (IPG) telah menghasilkan sebuah kesepakatan dan program pendanaan Just Energi Partnership (JETP) transisi energi yang mencapai US$20 Miliar. Pendanaan ini memfokuskan untuk upaya transisi energi Indonesia dan menjadi program pendanaan terbesar di dunia. Langkah yang dilakukan oleh Indonesia untuk mencapai Net Zero Emissions (NZE) tahun 2060 dilakukan dengan memaksimalkan transisi energi yang berkeadilan melalui implementasi program JETP Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif untuk bisa menguraikan dan menjawab permasalahan yang ada. Penelitian ini menghasilkan bahwa upaya yang dilakukan oleh Indonesia untuk mencapai NZE tahun 2060 adalah dengan pengurangan terhadap ketergantungan energi fosil dan beralih menuju energi baru terbarukan dalam upaya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi nasional. Implementasi JETP Indonesia berfokus pada lima bidang investasi yang bertujuan untuk transisi energi dengan memanfaatkan energi baru terbarukan sebagai sumber energi yang dikembangkan sebagai bahan bakar utama bagi pembangkit listrik.
Pembuatan Gas Hidrogen dari Silika Hasil Ekstraksi Bottom Ash Batubara dan Serbuk Alumunium Limbah Kaleng Minuman
Authors: Setiawan Farah Kania , Junaidi Robert , Ekawati Linda
Published: November 2024

Alternatif bioenergi yang dapat digunakan salah satunya hidrogen. Hidrogen memiliki tingkat energi H2 286 kJ/mol merupakan sumber bahan baku yang melimpah dan juga bermanfaat bagi lingkungan. Hidrogen bisa dibuat menggunakan teknik menjadi biomassa, air, dan bahan bakar fosil. Dalam pembuatan hidrogen diperlukan silika, Bottom Ash mengandung senyawa silicate glass yang mengandung silika (34,29%). Tujuan dari penelitian ini menentukan morfologi silika yang terbentuk dari hasil ekstraksi, menganalisa pengaruh variasi massa silika dan alumunium dalam pembuatan hidrogen, menentukan konsentrasi optimum NaOH sebagai katalis untuk mengkonversi hidrogen, dan meningkatkan % Yield gas hidrogendengan cara menaikan variasi berat silika dan alumuium dan konsentrasi katalis NaOH. Pada penelitian ini juga ditambahkan alumunium dari limbah kaleng minuman dengan perbandingan silika dan alumunium 1:1, produksi gas hidrogen dilakukan dengan memvariasikan berat total dari alumunium dan silika sebesar 2,3,4,5 dan 6 gram, kemudian divariasikan konsentrasi NaOH 3,5 M dan 4 M. Pembuatan silika dilakukan dengan mengekstraksi Bottom Ash menggunakan NaOH dan dinetralkan menggunakan HCl. Jenis silika yang terbentuk dari hasil ekstrasi adalah jenis silika amorf.  Kemudian silika dan alumunium ditambahkan ke dalam fix bed reactor. Hasil terbaik pada pembuatan hidrogen dengan silika dan alumunium ini  berada pada berat sampel 6 gram dan konsenntrasi NaOH 4 M sebesar 41% dengan yield  10,06%.
Efectos de las noticias digitales en el GAP de expectativas de inflación: primeras evidencias para una economía emergente
Authors: Anzoategui Zapata Juan Camilo , Galvis Ciro Juan Camilo
Published: November 2024

El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar los efectos de los medios masivos de comunicación digitales en la formación de expectativas de inflación. En particular, este trabajo evalúa los efectos de las noticias digitales sobre la brecha o GAP de expectativas de inflación entre consumidores y expertos en pronóstico. Para ello, como estudio de caso, se utiliza la economía colombiana para el periodo 2010-2018. La metodología empleada consiste en evaluar los efectos de las noticias sobre inflación suministrada por cinco periódicos digitales representativos sobre el GAP de expectativas. Por medio de regresiones econométricas se encuentra que una mayor exposición de los consumidores a medios masivos de comunicación como los periódicos digitales, se convierte en un medio de información útil para su proceso de formación de expectativas de inflación. En particular, las noticias con un tono negativo ejercen mayor incertidumbre y amplifican el GAP, un tono positivo permite mejorar los pronósticos, mientras que las noticias con tono neutro tienden ampliar la brecha.