bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Contributions on Heteropoly Compounds as Suitable Catalysts in Selective
Oxidation of Organic Substrates
Authors: Palermo Valeria , Martinez José J. , Romanelli Gustavo Pablo
Published: October 2023

Organic transformations under suitable environment-friendly conditions have a great
impact on the Green Chemistry area. In this context, heteropoly compounds (HPCs) have received
considerable attention due to their ability to act as solid catalysts, with the advantage of
being used and reused for different organic transformations without appreciable loss of their
catalytic activity. In this review article, we report the recent results (2010-2022) obtained for the
selective oxidation of organic substrates using a clean oxidant, such as oxygen or aqueous hydrogen
peroxide, and HPCs as catalysts. Some of the investigated substrates correspond to the
families of hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, amines, and sulfides, among
others.
The Enzymatic Role in Honey from Honey Bees and Stingless Bees
Authors: Farooq Saba , Ngaini Zainab
Published: October 2023

A variety of biomolecules known as enzymes are found in honey and originated from bees and plant
nectars. The plant yields nectar that aids bees in producing honey. Diastases, invertases, glucosidases, glucose
oxidases and proteases are the common enzymes present in honey and highly sensitive toward UV-vis light, heat,
and microwave energy. Among all enzymes, invertase and diastase have been used for assessing the freshness of
honey. The enzyme's capacity to transform amylose into glucose enhances the sweetness and flavor of honey.
The role of enzymatic reactions in two types of honey, based upon bee sting morphology, namely honey from
honey bees (HB) and stingless bees (SB) are discussed in this review. Enzymes that act as the main ingredient in
honey production are comprehensively discussed for their significance in producing good quality and therapeutic
properties of honey.
Frontiers in Copper-promoted C1-functionalization of Tetrahydroisoquinoline Using
Cross-dehydrogenative Coupling
Authors: Upadhyay Rachana , Patel Amit B.
Published: October 2023

The site-selective diversification of molecules is a pertinent unresolved issue within
the area of organic chemistry. The functionalization of Csp3-H has changed the landscape of synthetic
chemistry by enabling effective direct coupling of compounds and reducing chemical
waste by avoiding the usage of pre-functionalized compounds. The 1,2,3,4-
tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ), a molecule with potential bioactivity, has a stereoselective center
at the C1 position. However, there is still a fundamental problem with the C1-functionalization of
THIQs. To address this, transition metal-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) has
evolved into an essential tool because such reactions can be carried out with enantio-, regio-, and
stereoselectivity. In particular, copper-promoted CDC reactions have undoubtedly made substantial
progress in THIQ chemistry as a selective protocol. The α-Csp3-H bond adjacent to the Natom
of THIQs is activated using copper catalysts, followed by dehydrogenative coupling with various alkynyl,
alkane, and alkene groups to form the Csp-Csp3, Csp3-Csp3, and Csp3-Csp2 bonds and produce optically active
C1-substituted THIQs. The A3 coupling strategies also produce the endo-yne-THIQs with higher selectivity.
This critical discussion highlights all recent advancements (between 2010 and 2022) in CDC reactions to
THIQs with the substrate scope and plausible mechanistic routes. This study may be extremely useful to scientists
and researchers working on copper-promoted CDC.
Design, Synthesis of Novel N-Substituted 6α-Piperazinomethyl-Δ4-3,17-diketosteroids
and their Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation
Authors: Davydova Nadejda K. , Sergeev Vladimir N. , Peregudov Alexander S. , Kuvarina Anastasia E. , Sadykova Vera S. , Savinova Tatiana S.
Published: October 2023

This report presents the synthesis of three innovative N-substituted 6α-
piperazinomethyl-Δ4-3,17-diketo-steroids via the region-directed three-component condensation
method. The compounds were produced from N-substituted piperazine derivatives and androst-
4-en-3,17-dione (AD). Comprehensive physicochemical methods of analysis were employed to
characterize the synthesized products. The study involved antibacterial testing of the synthesized
compounds against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, and Staphylococcus
aureus 209P FDA, with a comparison to the amoxicillin/clavulanic acid composition. It
further assessed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger INA 00760, with results compared
to amphotericin B and nystatin. Initial assessment of the antibacterial and antifungal activities
exhibited by the synthesized compounds suggests that this series of N-substituted 6α-piperazinomethyl-Δ4-3,17-
diketo-steroids holds great potential for further biological investigation.
Asymmetric Construction of γ-lactams Displaying All-carbon, Aza-, Thia- and Oxaquaternary
Chiral Centers
Authors: Orena Mario , Rinaldi Samuele
Published: October 2023

γ-lactams, bearing one or more chiral centers are important scaffolds and widely occur in many natural
and synthetic products of clinical interest, but the synthetic approaches mainly focus on the preparation of
rings that display trisubstituted carbons, whereas only a few examples concern the construction of chiral γ-
lactams that display tetrasubstituted carbon atoms. However, in recent years, the broad potential of these latter
compounds was recognized and deserved high interest, owing to their complex three-dimensional features and
structural rigidity. Thus, several efforts were engaged in the pursuit of new synthetic strategies towards γ-lactam
rings that contain tetrasubstituted carbons that pose a particular challenge, and the present review gathers advances
reported since 2015 about the enantioselective preparation of these molecules, carried out to exploit both
internal and external asymmetric induction.
Tinosporae radix: A Review of Traditional Use, Botany, Phytochemistry,
Bioactivity, and Quality Marker
Authors: Jia Xiaotong , Ma Xiaogen , Liu Pengfei
Published: October 2023

Background:

Tinosporae radix is the root tuber of Tinospora capillipes Gagnep of
the Menispermaceae family. It has the effects of clearing away heat and toxins, benefiting the
throat, relieving pain, and treating sore throat, carbuncle and boils, and other diseases in clinical
practice.

Methods:

The related references about T. radix in this review were collected by online databases,
including PubMed, Elsevier, Web of Science, Willy, SciFinder, SpringLink, Google
Scholar, Baidu Scholar, ACS publications, Scopus, and CNKI. The other information about T.
radix was acquired from ancient books and classical works.

Results:

T. radix is an important medicinal plant with a variety of traditional uses according to
the theory of Chinese medicine. Previous studies revealed that T. radix contained a variety of
chemical components, including diterpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, cinnamic acid derivatives, and
other compounds. Many pharmacological researches have exhibited that T. radix possesses various
biological activities, including anti-cancer, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial,
anti-ulcer, and anti-oxidant activities. Furthermore, the quality markers of T. radix were summarized
and analyzed in this paper.

Conclusion:

The traditional use, botany, phytochemistry, bioactivity, and quality markers of T.
radix were reviewed in this paper. It will not only provide an important clue for further studying
T. radix, but also supply an important theoretical basis and a valuable reference for in-depth
research and exploitations of this plant in the future.
A Review of miRNA Regulation in Japanese Encephalitis (JEV) Virus
Infection
Authors: Kumar Maneesh , Sahoo Ganesh Chandra , Das Vidya Nand Rabi , Singh Kamal , Pandey Krishna
Published: October 2023

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne disease that causes neuronal damage
and inflammation of microglia, and in severe cases, it can be fatal. JE infection can resist cellular
immune responses and survive in host cells. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infects macrophages
and peripheral blood lymphocytes. In addition to regulating biological signaling pathways,
microRNAs in cells also influence virus-host interactions. Under certain circumstances,
viruses can change microRNA production. These changes affect the replication and spread of the
virus. Host miRNAs can contain viral pathogenicity by downregulating the antiviral immune
response pathways. Simultaneous profiling of miRNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) could help
us detect pathogenic factors, and dual RNA detection is possible. This work highlights important
miRNAs involved in human JE infection. In this study, we have shown the important miRNAs
that play significant roles in JEV infection. We found that during JEV infection, miRNA-155,
miRNA-29b, miRNA-15b, miRNA-146a, miRNA-125b-5p, miRNA-30la, miRNA-19b-3p, and
miRNA-124, cause upregulation of human genes whereas miRNA-432, miRNA-370, miRNA-
33a-5p, and miRNA-466d-3p are responsible for downregulation of human genes respectively.
Further, these miRNAs are also responsible for the inflammatory effects. Although several other
miRNAs critical to the JEV life cycle are yet unknown, there is currently no evidence for the role
of miRNAs in persistence.
FDA-approved CAR T-cell Therapy: A Decade of Progress and Challenges
Authors: Ong Melissa Z. , Kimberly Sharon A. , Lee Wen-Hwei , Ling Marcus , Lee Michael , Tan Ke-Wei , Foo Jhi-Biau , Yow Hui-Yin , Sellappans Renukha , Hamzah Sharina
Published: October 2023

CAR T-cell therapy is a promising approach for cancer treatment, utilizing a patient's
own T-cells (autologous cell) or T-cells from a healthy donor (allogeneic cell) to target and destroy
cancer cells. Over the last decade, significant advancements have been made in this field,
including the development of novel CAR constructs, improved understanding of biology and
mechanisms of action, and expanded clinical applications for treating a wider range of cancers.
In this review, we provide an overview of the steps involved in the production of CAR T-cells
and their mechanism of action. We also introduce different CAR T-cell therapies available, including
their implementation, dosage, administration, treatment cost, efficacy, and resistance.
Common side effects of CAR T-cell therapy are also discussed. The CAR T-cell products highlighted
in this review are FDA-approved products, which include Kymriah® (tisagenlecleucel),
Tecartus® (brexucabtagene autoleucel), Abecma® (Idecabtagene vicleucel), Breyanzi® (lisocabtagene
maraleucel), and Yescarta® (axicabtagene ciloleucel). In conclusion, CAR T-cell therapy
has made tremendous progress over the past decade and has the potential to revolutionize cancer
treatment. This review paper provides insights into the progress, challenges, and future directions
of CAR T-cell therapy, offering valuable information for researchers, clinicians, and patients.
How do Mutations of Mycobacterium Genes Cause Drug Resistance in
Tuberculosis?
Authors: Hou Kaiying , Jabeen Riffat , Sun Lin , Wei Jianshe
Published: October 2023

A steady increase in the prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) has already
been reported in Pakistan. In addition, DR-TB is gradually changing from one-drug resistance
to multi-drug resistance, which is a serious challenge for tuberculosis treatment. This
review provides an overview of the anti-tuberculosis drugs and focuses on the molecular mechanisms
of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with the hope that it will contribute to
the study of drug resistance in response to the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
Effect of Nigella sativa Intake on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Hosseini Hossein , Ghavidel Farideh , Aliyari Mahdieh , Hashemy Seyed Isaac , Jamialahmadi Tannaz , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: October 2023

Background:

Several studies have shown that the intake of N. sativa has a beneficial effect on metabolic syndrome and related disorders. In this meta-analysis, our primary objective was to assess the impact of Nigella sativa consumption on inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers among individuals diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and its associated conditions.

Methods:

Our search was conducted on prominent online databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and EMBASE, utilizing relevant keywords until August 2023.

Results:

This meta-analysis was performed on 16 RCTs comprising 1033 participants. Our results showed that intake of Nigella sativa significantly decreased CRP (SMD: -0.60; (95% CI: from -0.96 to -0.23); P = 0.00), TNF-α (SMD: -0.53; (95% CI: from -0.74 to -0.53); P = 0.00); IL-6 (SMD: -0.54 ; (95% CI: from -1.01 to -0.07); P = 0.02), and MDA: (SMD: -1.28; (95% CI: from -2.11 to -0.46); P = 0.00) levels. In addition, SOD: (SMD: 1.35; (95% CI, from 0.77 to 1.93); P = 0.00) and TAC (SMD: 2.82; (95% CI, from 0.55 to 5.084); P = 0.01) levels significantly increased in the intervention group compared to the placebo group.

Conclusion:

Our results showed that THE consumption of N. sativa could be associated with improved oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders.
The Progress of Small Molecule Targeting BCR-ABL in the Treatment of
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Wu Xin , Sun Xueyan , Yang Jun , Liu Chang , Tang Guotao , Lei Xiaoyong , Huang Honglin , Peng Junmei
Published: October 2023

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a malignant myeloproliferative disease. According
to the American Cancer Society's 2021 cancer data report, new cases of CML account for
about 15% of all leukemias. CML is generally divided into three stages: chronic phase, accelerated
phase, and blast phase. Nearly 90% of patients are diagnosed as a chronic phase. Allogeneic stem
cell transplantation and chemotherapeutic drugs, such as interferon IFN-α were used as the earliest
treatments for CML. However, they could generate obvious side effects, and scientists had to seek
new treatments for CML. A new era of targeted therapy for CML began with the introduction of
imatinib, the first-generation BCR-ABL kinase inhibitor. However, the ensuing drug resistance and
mutant strains led by T315I limited the further use of imatinib. With the continuous advancement of
research, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and BCR-ABL protein degraders with novel structures
and therapeutic mechanisms have been discovered. From biological macromolecules to classical
target protein inhibitors, a growing number of compounds are being developed to treat chronic myelogenous
leukemia. In this review, we focus on summarizing the current situation of a series of candidate
small-molecule drugs in CML therapy, including TKIs and BCR-ABL protein degrader. The
examples provided herein describe the pharmacology activity of small-molecule drugs. These drugs
will provide new enlightenment for future treatment directions.
The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Efferocytosis
Authors: Panahi Susan , Yazdi Zohreh , Sanchouli Mahboubeh , Sajadi Fatemehsadat , Motavasselian Fateme , Maghareh Abed Hedyeh , Beygi Zahra , Gheibihayat Seyed Mohammad
Published: October 2023

Efferocytosis is the physiological process of phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells by
both professional phagocytic cells, such as macrophages, and non-professional phagocytic cells,
such as epithelial cells. This process is crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis in normal physiology.
Any defects in efferocytosis can lead to pathological consequences and result in inflammatory
diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic vesicles
(ApoVs), play a crucial role in proper efferocytosis. These EVs can significantly impact efferocytosis
by affecting the polarization of macrophages and impacting calreticulin (CRT), TAM
receptors, and MFG-E8. With further knowledge of these effects, new treatment strategies can be
proposed for many inflammatory diseases caused by efferocytosis disorders. This review article
aims to investigate the role of EVs during efferocytosis and its potential clinical applications in inflammatory
diseases.
Roles of lncRNA-MALAT1 in the Progression and Prognosis of Gliomas
Authors: Ji Yu-Long , Kang Kai , Lv Qiao-Li , Wang Da-Peng
Published: October 2023

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a large subgroup of RNA transcripts that
lack the function of coding proteins and may be essential universal genes involved in carcinogenesis
and metastasis. LncRNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (lncRNAMALAT1)
is overexpressed in various human tumors, including gliomas. However, the biological
function and molecular mechanism of action of lncRNA-MALAT1 in gliomas have not yet been
systematically elucidated. Accumulating evidence suggests that the abnormal expression of
lncRNA-MALAT1 in gliomas is associated with various physical properties of the glioma, such as
tumor growth, metastasis, apoptosis, drug resistance, and prognosis. Furthermore, lncRNAs, as tumor
progression and prognostic markers in gliomas, may affect tumorigenesis, proliferation of glioma
stem cells, and drug resistance. In this review, we summarize the knowledge on the biological
functions and prognostic value of lncRNA-MALAT1 in gliomas. This mini-review aims to deepen
the understanding of lncRNA-MALAT1 as a novel potential therapeutic target for the individualized
precision treatment of gliomas.
Recent Advances in Natural Products with Anti-Leukemia and Anti-
Lymphoma Activities
Authors: Sun Zhi-Gang , Yao Cheng-Jie , Ullah Inam , Zhu Hai-Liang
Published: October 2023

Leukemia and lymphoma are the most common blood cancers, which pose a critical
threat to the health of adults and children. The total incidence and mortality rates of both are approximately
6% globally. Compared with the expensive cost of CAR T cell therapy, natural products
from animals, plants and microorganisms have the characteristics of wide-range sources and costeffectiveness
in the treatment of cancer. Moreover, the drug resistance that emerged in leukemia and
lymphoma treatments shows an urgent need for new drugs. However, in addition to the natural
products that have been marketed in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma, there have been a
large number of studies on natural products that fight blood cancer in recent years. This review
summarized the recent studies on natural compounds with anti-lymphoma and anti-leukemia activities,
hoping to provide novel weapons into the drug development arsenal.
A Review on Novel Applications of Nanotechnology in the Management of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Khanam Arshi , Singh Gurvirender , Narwal Smita , Chopra Bhawna , Dhingra Ashwani K.
Published: October 2023

Background:

Prostate cancer continues to be a serious danger to men's health, despite advances in the field of cancer nanotechnology. Although different types of cancer have been studied using nanomaterials and theranostic systems derived from nanomaterials, they have not yet reached their full potential for prostate cancer due to issues with in vivo biologic compatibility, immune reaction responses, accurate targetability, as well as a therapeutic outcome related to the nano-structured mechanism.

Method:

The ultimate motive of this article is to understand the theranostic nanotechnology-based scheme for treating prostate cancer. The categorization of diverse nanomaterials in accordance with biofunctionalization tactics and biomolecule sources has been emphasized in this review so that they might potentially be used in clinical contexts and future advances. These opportunities can enhance the direct visualization of prostate tumors, early identification of prostate cancer-associated biomarkers at extremely low detection limits, and finally, the therapy for prostate cancer.

Result:

In December 2022, a thorough examination of the scientific literature was carried out utilizing the Web of Science, PubMed, and Medline databases. The goal was to analyze novel applications of nanotechnology in the treatment of prostate cancer, together with their structural layouts and functionalities.

Conclusion:

The various treatments and the reported revolutionary nanotechnology-based systems appear to be precise, safe, and generally successful; as a result, this might open up a new avenue for the detection and eradication of prostate cancer.
Nanoformulations Insights: A Novel Paradigm for Antifungal Therapies
and Future Perspectives
Authors: Ahuja Ashima , Bajpai Meenakshi
Published: October 2023

Currently, fungal infections are becoming more prevalent worldwide. Subsequently, many
antifungal agents are available to cure diseases like pemphigus, athlete’s foot, acne, psoriasis, hyperpigmentation,
albinism, and skin cancer. Still, they fall short due to pitfalls in physiochemical properties.
Conventional medications like lotion, creams, ointments, poultices, and gels are available for
antifungal therapy but present many shortcomings. They are associated with drug retention and poor
penetration problems, resulting in drug resistance, hypersensitivity, and diminished efficacy. On the
contrary, nanoformulations have gained tremendous potential in overcoming the drawbacks of conventional
delivery. Furthermore, the potential breakthroughs of nanoformulations are site-specific
targeting. It has improved bioavailability, patient-tailored approach, reduced drug retention and hypersensitivity,
and improved skin penetration. Nowadays, nanoformulations are gaining popularity
for antifungal therapy against superficial skin infections. Nanoformulations-based liposomes, niosomes,
nanosponges, solid lipid nanoparticles, and potential applications have been explored for antifungal
therapy due to enhanced activity and reduced toxicity. Researchers are now more focused on
developing patient-oriented target-based nano delivery to cover the lacunas of conventional treatment
with higher immune stimulatory effects. Future direction involves the construction of novel nanotherapeutic
devices, nanorobotics, and robust methods. In addition, for the preparations of nanoformulations
for clinical studies, animal modeling solves the problems of antifungal therapy. This review
describes insights into various superficial fungal skin infections and their potential applications,
nanocarrier-based drug delivery, and mechanism of action. In addition, it focuses on regulatory considerations,
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, clinical trials, patents, challenges, and
future inputs for researchers to improve antifungal therapy.
Ethnopharmacology, Nutritional Value, Therapeutic Effects,
Phytochemistry, and Toxicology of Salvia hispanica L.: A Review
Authors: Amtaghri Smail , Eddouks Mohamed
Published: October 2023

Aim:

The purpose of this review was to emphasize the nutritional value, and pharmacological
and phytochemical properties of Salvia hispanica, as well as its toxicological evaluation.

Background:

Salvia hispanica L. (S. hispanica), also called chia seeds, is an annual herbaceous
plant belonging to the family Lamiaceae. It is a species of medicinal and dietary plant used since
ancient times by the Maya and Aztecs. Its product is an indehiscent dry fruit that is commonly
called a seed. It is utilized for its health benefits and uses in cooking.

Objective:

The study aimed to investigate the pharmacological, phytochemical, and toxicological
properties of S. hispanica seeds. The research also attempted to explore and compile all existing
knowledge and data on these seeds' nutritional value and medical applications.

Materials and Methods:

The current review was conducted using numerous scientific databases,
including Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, etc. The correct plant name was verified
from plantlist.org. The results of this search were interpreted, analyzed, and documented
based on the obtained bibliographic information.

Results:

S. hispanica is a pseudo cereal that is consumed by the world’s population because of its
preventive, functional, and antioxidant characteristics, attributable to the presence of lipids, dietary
fiber, protein, phenolic compounds, vitamins, and minerals. According to research, chia offers
hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihypersensitive,
anti-obesity, and cardioprotective properties. Chia consumption has grown because of its favorable
benefits on obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and several forms of cancer. These advantages
are mostly due to the high concentration of essential fatty acids, dietary fiber, antioxidants,
flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamins, carotenoids, and minerals found in this seed. Based on
the beneficial components, chia seeds have enormous potential in the areas of health, food, animal
feed, medicines, and nutraceuticals. Finally, toxicological investigations have indicated the greater
doses of chia seed extracts as safe.

Conclusion:

The current evaluation has focused on the distribution, chemical composition, nutritional
value, and principal uses of S. hispanica in order to determine future research requirements
and examine its pharmacological applications through clinical studies.
Targeting Various Pathogenic Pathways for the Development of Antialzheimer’s Drugs: An Update
Authors: Ambreen Subiya , Fatima Naurin , Umar Mohammad , Shaququzzaman Mohd , Alam Mohammad Mumtaz , Ali Ruhi
Published: October 2023

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been recognized as the most important cause of dementia,
which is estimated to contribute more than 2 trillion USD in medical costs. AD patients encounter
progressive neurodegenerative dementia associated with behavioural, linguistic, and visuospatial
deficits. Although studies on the discovery of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau (the essential elements
of plaques and tangles in AD) have shed light on the molecular pathological processes of
AD, the exact cause of the condition is still largely unknown. The involvement of various proteins,
such as amyloid-β, prion protein, tau, and α-synuclein has been linked to AD pathogenesis.
The current AD treatments are mainly based on symptomatic management and restoration of neurotransmitters’
balance. There is a significant need to develop medications that can alter the underlying
disease process and prevent its progression. The present manuscript provides a review of
various hypotheses that have been proposed for AD pathogenesis. The manuscript has also explored
the development of novel anti-AD drugs based on various pathogenic pathways, which are
recently under various clinical trial phases.
A Review of the Azasteroid-type 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors for the Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Authors: Arya Girish Chandra , Rathee Ankit , Mehla Shefali , Bisht Preeti , Sharma Rajiv
Published: October 2023

Background:

Prostate cancer is one of the most complex cancer and most common in
elderly males. The prostate gland's malignant growth known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is
associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such as frequency hesitancy, and urgency.
Various treatment strategies have been employed for management of prostate cancer. Due to its prolonged
treatment, varying clinical treatment and high association with treatment related morbidity
raise serious questions about the ideal treatment strategy for the patients. Except for skin cancer,
prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer among men.

Introduction:

Prostate cancer cases were estimated at 14, 14,259 and 3, 75,304 persons were died
globally in 2020. It is the fourth most frequent type of cancer to be discovered worldwide. It impacts
over 75% of people by the time they turn 65 and its prevalence increases with age. It seems sensible
that 5-alpha reductase inhibitors prevent the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
and would be used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia because high levels of the 5-alpha reductase
enzymes in humans lead to excessive levels of dihydrotestosterone in peripheral tissues.

Methods:

Finasteride (Proscar) and dutasteride (Avodart) are 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs)
used in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) with prostatic enlargement as these
suppress the androgens. Finasteride in clinical trials shows a 25% reduction in prostate cancer in
randomized trials. Dutasteride (Avodart) shows the reduction in risk of prostate cancer by 23 % (approx.)
but it also affects the detection of prostate cancer by affecting the levels of prostate-specific
antigen.

Results:

The structural requirements for potential 5-alpha reductase inhibitors might be revealed via
ligand-based comparative pharmacophore research employing the known strong inhibitors. These
approaches can generate data can be utilized to create more effective and selective inhibitors that
pharmaceutical industries can produce at a lesser price.

Conclusion:

5-alpha reductase inhibitors are useful in the management of prostate cancer. However,
further studies are needed to elucidate the optimal utilization, long-term effects and potential risks in
prostate cancer treatment. All 5-alpha reductase inhibitor subcategories have been addressed in this
review.
Acute Bronchiolitis: The Less, the Better?
Authors: Virgili Fabrizio , Nenna Raffaella , Di Mattia Greta , Matera Luigi , Petrarca Laura , Conti Maria Giulia , Midulla Fabio
Published: October 2023

Background:

Acute bronchiolitis is a viral infection of the lower respiratory tract affect-
ing infants aged under 12 months, variably presenting with respiratory distress, diffuse crackles
and inflammatory wheezing. The main causative agent is Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). The
diagnosis is clinical and treatment mainly supportive. Despite the availability of more than 30 in-
ternational guidelines, consistent management recommendations are lacking and considerable vari-
ability in patients’ care persists among different providers.

Objective:

To review and describe current knowledge about epidemiology, physiopathology, clin-
ic, diagnosis and management of acute bronchiolitis, with particular emphasis on updated evidence and future perspectives in terms of treatment and prevention.

Methods and Results:

We searched Cochrane for systematic reviews and PubMed for scientific ar-
ticles published in the last 10 years, using a combination of the following search terms: “bronchi-
olitis”, “respiratory syncytial virus”, “epidemiology”, “risk factors”, “severity”, “diagnosis”, “clin-
ic”, “diagnostic imaging”, “management”, “asthma”, “wheezing”, “bronchodilator”, “steroids”,
“hypertonic saline”, “oxygen”, “blood gas analysis”, “HHHFNC”, “rehydration”, “enteral feed-
ing”, “parenteral hydration”, “prevention”, “vaccine” and “COVID-19 or SARS-CoV2”. We ac-
cordingly performed a deep and extensive selection of the most updated and considerable litera-
ture on the matter, summarizing the most significant evidence concerning all aspects of acute bron-
chiolitis (epidemiology, clinic, diagnosis, management and prevention). Furthermore, we ex-
amined references and available guidelines from UK, USA, Canada, Italy and Spain. Results are
extensively discussed below.

Conclusion:

Although acute bronchiolitis has been a widely known disease for decades, its thera-
peutic approach remained unchanged and essentially limited to respiratory and metabolic support.
Despite the abundance of studies, there is no significant evidence concerning therapeutic alterna-
tives (e.g. steroids, inhaled hypertonic solution), which are therefore not recommended. Accord-
ing to most recent data, “acute bronchiolitis” definition encompasses a plethora of different clini-
cal entities related to each subject’s genetic and immune predisposition. Therefore, future research
should focus on the precise characterization of such subcategories in order to individualize thera-
peutic management and ensure the most appropriate evidence-based care.
Novel Approaches for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Update
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Mazumder Rupa , Rani Anjna , Pandey Pratibha , Khurana Navneet
Published: October 2023

Diabetes mellitus is an irreversible, chronic metabolic disorder indicated by hyperglycemia. It is now considered a worldwide pandemic. T2DM, a spectrum of diseases initially caused by tissue insulin resistance and slowly developing to a state characterized by absolute loss of secretory action of the β cells of the pancreas, is thought to be caused by reduced insulin secretion, resistance to tissue activities of insulin, or a combination of both. Insulin secretagogues, biguanides, insulin sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, incretin mimetics, amylin antagonists, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are the main medications used to treat T2DM. Several of these medication’s traditional dosage forms have some disadvantages, including frequent dosing, a brief half-life, and limited absorption. Hence, attempts have been made to develop new drug delivery systems for oral antidiabetics to ameliorate the difficulties associated with conventional dosage forms. In comparison to traditional treatments, this review examines the utilization of various innovative therapies (such as microparticles, nanoparticles, liposomes, niosomes, phytosomes, and transdermal drug delivery systems) to improve the distribution of various oral hypoglycemic medications. In this review, we have also discussed some new promising candidates that have been approved recently by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of T2DM, like semaglutide, tirzepatide, and ertugliflozin. They are used as a single therapy and also as combination therapy with drugs like metformin and sitagliptin.
Contribution of Pelvic Ultrasonography in Perimenopausal Abnormal
Uterine Bleeding
Authors: Achour Radhouane , Mkadmi Hiba , Hmid Rim Ben
Published: October 2023

Background:

About 70% of gynecological consultations for women in perimenopause
are due to metrorrhagia. In most cases, they are only the witness of hormonal disturbances resulting from a luteal deficiency. Transvaginal ultrasound is the first innocuous and available additional examination that is requested as part of an etiological assessment.

Objective:

Our study aims to evaluate the contribution of ultrasonography in perimenopausal metrorrhagia and investigate possible clinical-ultrasound correlation.

Methods:

This analytical descriptive study was carried out on 50 treated for perimenopausal metrorrhagia in the emergency department of the Tunis Maternity and Neonatology Center for four
months (November 1, 2017, to February 28, 2018). We included in our study patients who were
not yet postmenopausal who were ≥ 45 years of age, and who sought care for breakthrough bleeding. All patients in our study initially underwent endovaginal ultrasonography, sometimes coupled
with suprapubic ultrasonography.

Results:

The mean age of our patients was 46.3 years. Pelvic ultrasonography revealed an enlarged uterus in 16 patients (32%), with 14 of them having fibromatous uteri measuring between 3
to 10 centimeters. The findings indicate no significant correlation between ultrasound results and
bleeding abundance (P = 0.321), pelvic pain (P = 0.108), and general condition (P = 0.437).

Conclusion:

Endovaginal pelvic ultrasonography is a quick, painless test and is the first test to be
done first in an emergency department with perimenopausal vaginal bleeding. The correlation between clinical and ultrasound findings is highly random, making it impossible to assume a well--
coded diagnostic and therapeutic presumption.
An Overview of Various Rifampicin Analogs against Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and their Drug Interactions
Authors: Asif Mohammad , Qusty Naeem F. , Alghamdi Saad
Published: October 2023

The success of the TB control program is hampered by the major issue of drug-resistant
tuberculosis (DR-TB). The situation has undoubtedly been made more difficult by the widespread
and multidrug-resistant (XDR) strains of TB. The modification of existing anti-TB medications to
produce derivatives that can function on resistant TB bacilli is one of the potential techniques to
overcome drug resistance affordably and straightforwardly. In comparison to novel pharmaceuticals
for drug research and progress, these may have a better half-life and greater bioavailability, be more
efficient, and serve as inexpensive alternatives. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is drugsusceptible
or drug-resistant, is effectively treated by several already prescribed medications and
their derivatives. Due to this, the current review attempts to give a brief overview of the rifampicin
derivatives that can overcome the parent drug's resistance and could, hence, act as useful substitutes.
It has been found that one-third of the global population is affected by M. tuberculosis. The
most common cause of infection-related death can range from latent TB to TB illness. Antibiotics
in the rifamycin class, including rifampicin or rifampin (RIF), rifapentine (RPT), and others, have a
special sterilizing effect on M. tuberculosis. We examine research focused on evaluating the safety,
effectiveness, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, risk of medication interactions, and other
characteristics of RIF analogs. Drug interactions are especially difficult with RIF because it must be
taken every day for four months to treat latent TB infection. RIF continues to be the gold standard
of treatment for drug-sensitive TB illness. RIF's safety profile is well known, and the two medicines'
adverse reactions have varying degrees of frequency. The authorized once-weekly RPT regimen
is insufficient, but greater dosages of either medication may reduce the amount of time needed
to treat TB effectively.
Synthetic Methods for Various Chromeno-fused Heterocycles and their
Potential as Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Agrawal Neetu , Goswami Radhika , Pathak Shilpi
Published: October 2023

Chromenes are a significant family of heterocyclic chemicals that have a wide range of
biological applications, a simple chemical structure, and only mildly undesirable side effects. The
synthesis of a wide range of chromene analogs that displayed unexpected behaviors via numerous
mechanisms was investigated by a number of different research teams, which led to the discovery
of multiple pathways for their synthesis. In addition, different chromene-fused heterocycles exhibit
a wide variety of fascinating biological actions, including those that are anticancer, anticonvulsant,
antibacterial, anticholinesterase, antituberculosis, and anti-diabetic. In light of this, the
purpose of this study is to highlight the many synthesis techniques and antibacterial activity associated
with chromene-fused heterocyclic compounds. Moreover, such research can open avenues
for exploring other therapeutic applications of these compounds in various disease areas, as their
biological activities extend beyond antibacterial effects.
Prodigiosin: An In-depth Exploration of a Bioactive Compound from
Serratia sp.
Authors: Sahoo Sameer Ranjan , Pradhan Arun Kumar
Published: October 2023

Background::

The rising interest in natural pigments as alternatives is a result of the
expanding usage of synthetic colorants and the negative consequences that go along with them.
Noble natural pigments with higher stability and productivity are becoming popular in the food
industry, and their diverse biological characteristics make them valuable for pharmaceutical applications.
Microbes, especially gram-negative and positive bacteria, are considered attractive
sources for replacing synthetic dyes. Prodigiosin, a tripyrrole red pigment produced as secondary
metabolites by these bacteria, exhibits unusual properties and has potential as an effective proapoptotic
agent against cancer and multi-drug resistant cells.

Objective::

This review aims to highlight the characteristics of prodigiosin and explore its potential
applications as a therapeutic drug.

Results::

The review investigates the biosynthetic cluster genes of prodigiosin identified using the
EZ-Tn5 transposon approach in different bacteria, including the pig gene cluster in Serratia sp.,
red gene cluster in S. coelicolor, and hap gene cluster in Hahella chejuensis. It is also described
compound nature for producing host survival physiology. Prodigiosin has a common pyrrolyl
Promethean structure and is a member of the tripyrrole family. Numerous tri-pyrrole derivatives
have been used in antibiotics and have demonstrated promise as pro-apoptotic agents against cancer
and drug-resistant cells.

Conclusion::

Prodigiosin is an intriguing subject for investigating biosynthesis and exploitation
through biotechnological methods due to its distinctive properties and potential as a medicinal
medication. Future investigation and bioengineering on producing strains may synthesize functional
derivatives with diverse applications.
Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of L-Glu and NAC against CCl4-induced Oxidative Damage in Rats. Biochemical and Histopathological Evaluation
Authors: Salyha Nataliya , Salyha Yuriy
Published: October 2023

Background:

The imbalance between free radical formation and antioxidant defence leads to the development of oxidative stress. The search for substances that would mitigate or prevent the effects of oxidative stress remains relevant.

Objective:

Our goal was to compare the antioxidant and mitigation effects of L-glutamic acid (LGlu) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) alone or in combination using a battery of biomarkers of oxidative stress such as reduced glutathione (GSH) superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione transferase (GST) and lipid peroxidation, determined as a content of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Histopathological examination of the liver was also performed.

Methods:

Experimental rats were divided into five experimental groups. Exp.1: was treated with CCl4 only, Exp. 2: was treated with CCl4/L-Glu, Exp. 3: was treated with CCl4/Glu/NAC. Exp. 4: was treated with CCl4/NAC, Control 5: served as the control rats.

Results:

These findings suggest that the CCl4 leads to oxidative stress by depleting the antioxidant enzyme activities and increasing peroxidation products. The studied biochemical parameters were altered by the introduction of CCl4, which was normalised (to one degree or another) by L-Glu, LGlu/ NAC and NAC treatment.

Conclusion:

The most remarkable protective effect was observed in groups of rats that were treated with L-Glu only. This conclusion was confirmed by histopathological findings which showed less severe hepatocellular necrosis, fibrosis and inflammation in CCl4/L- Glu and CCl4/L-Glu/NAC treated group, compared to the CCl4 group.
Spectroscopic and Chromatographic Estimation of Some Sartans and
their Combinations with Thiazide Diuretics: A Review
Authors: Baviskar Kajal P. , Kachave Ramanlal N.
Published: October 2023

Sartans are often used as antihypertensives. They are also available in combination
with thiazide diuretics for the management of hypertension. Analytical method development is
a crucial part of successful drug development and characterization. Bioanalytical studies are of
paramount importance while establishing pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic data while forced
degradation studies are important to elucidate degradation pathways and to establish stability of
the drugs.

:

Different methods have been developed for the analysis of sartans and their combination with
thiazide diuretics. We thought it imperative to summarize them so the data could be useful for
analysis of newer sartans. The review describes various methods for analysis of some frequently
employed sartans as well as the latest sartans and their combination with thiazide diuretics.
The article also focuses on their analysis of biological fluids. Forced degradation studies have
also been covered in the article.

:

Article is divided into three sections. First section covers introduction, second section focuses
on different methods developed, including bioanalytical methods, while third section presents
forced degradation studies carried out on the drugs. Important parameters of the analytical
methods developed have been summarized in tabular form.
Development of Simple HPLC-UV Method for the Simultaneous
Determination of Repaglinide, Dexamethasone, and Remdesivir, and its
Application to Synthetic Mixture and Human Plasma
Authors: Smerikarova Miglena , Bozhanov Stanislav , Mateeva Alexandrina , Maslarska Vania
Published: October 2023

Background::

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic caused numerous difficulties in
the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. A persistent risk of developing
severe complications and increased mortality from the COVID-19 infection has been reported.
In the clinical studies, patients receiving remdesivir and dexamethasone as COVID-19 combination
therapy simultaneously with some type II diabetes therapeutic regimens had been reported
to have a considerably better state and recover faster. Unfortunately, there is not enough
information on the combination of meglitinides, remdesivir, and dexamethasone, and therefore,
careful monitoring of the patients' everyday health condition is needed.

Objectives::

The present study aimed to describe a high-performance liquid chromatographic
method for the determination of repaglinide, dexamethasone, and remdesivir in laboratoryprepared
mixtures and human plasma by UV detection.

Methods::

Isocratic elution of the mobile phase (consisting of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water
and acetonitrile in the ratio 70:30 v/v) was set at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and the developed
analytical procedure has been found to be fast and simple. Chromatographic determination was
performed on a Purospher® RP – 18 column at room temperature and a UV detector was set at
235 nm.

result:

The developed method was validated for linearity in the range 2-32 μg/ml. Calibration
curves were linear over the selected range with correlation coefficients (R2) greater than 0.996.
The coefficients of variation for intraday and interday assay were <2% and the recovery percentages
from plasma ranged from 93.83 to 106.49%.

Conclusion::

The developed effective and specific method can be applied in routine quality
control and clinical laboratory practice.
NBTI Effect Survey for Low Power Systems in Ultra-Nanoregime
Authors: Kajal  , Sharma Vijay Kumar
Published: October 2023

Background:

Electronic device scaling with the advancement of technology nodes
maintains the performance of the logic circuits with area benefit. Metal oxide semiconductor
(MOS) devices are the fundamental blocks for building logic circuits. Area minimization with
higher efficiency of the circuits motivates the researchers of very large-scale integration (VLSI)
design. Moreover, the reliability of digital circuits is one of the biggest challenges in VLSI technology.
A major issue in reliability is negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) degradation.
NBTI affects the efficiency and reliability of electronic devices

Methods:

This paper presents a review of NBTI physical-based mechanisms. NBTI's impact on
VLSI circuits and techniques has been studied to mitigate and compensate for the effect of
NBTI.

Results:

This review paper presents an idea to relate the NBTI and leakage mitigation techniques.
This study gives an overview of the efficiency, complexity, and overhead of NBTI mitigation
techniques and methodologies.

Conclusion:

This survey provides a brief idea about NBTI degradation by using reliability simulation.
Moreover, the extensive aging effect is discussed in the paper.