bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imperial Boredom
Authors: Auerbach Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2018

Imperial Boredom offers a radical reconsideration of the British Empire during its heyday in the nineteenth century. Challenging the long-established view that the empire was about adventure and excitement, with heroic men and intrepid women settling new lands and spreading commerce and civilization around the globe, this analysis instead argues that boredom was central to the experience of empire. It looks at what it was actually like to sail to Australia, to serve as a soldier in South Africa, or to accompany a colonial official to the hill stations of India, arguing that for numerous men and women, from governors to convicts, explorers to tourists, the Victorian empire was dull and disappointing. Drawing on diaries, letters, memoirs, and travelogues, it demonstrates that all across the empire, men and women found the landscapes monotonous, the physical and psychological distance from home debilitating, the routines of everyday life wearisome, and their work unfulfilling. Ocean voyages were tedious; colonial rule was bureaucratic; warfare was infrequent; economic opportunity was limited; and indigenous people were largely invisible. The seventeenth-century empire may have been about wonder and marvel, but the Victorian empire was a far less exciting project. Combining individual stories of pain and perseverance with broader analysis, this book traces the emergence of boredom as a human emotion, while simultaneously explaining what these expressions of boredom reveal about the British Empire.
Settlers
Authors: Auerbach Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2018

Chapter 5 focuses on settlers, the men and women who spent significant portions of their lives overseas. Many migrated voluntarily; others, like the Australian convicts, involuntarily. Some settled permanently; others gave up and returned home. But time and again, these imperial travelers describe their experiences as dreary and disillusioning. Led to believe that life in the empire would be full of opportunity, many of them instead found only the monotony of daily routine. Life was particularly difficult for women, whether entertaining friends in the Indian hill stations or whiling away the hours in the Australian outback. The former suffered from vapid social rituals and prohibitions on contact with indigenous people; the latter from extreme isolation and loneliness. This chapter demonstrates that from Governors’ wives to governesses, from gold diggers to bushwhackers, boredom was omnipresent, and as a result many settlers were disappointed and depressed by their imperial experience.
Introduction
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: November 2018

Hermann Cohen was the last great thinker in the German idealist tradition. He was the final spokesman for the chief intellectual value of this tradition: the sovereignty of reason, the preeminence of reason not only in the spheres of epistemology and metaphysics, but also in those of ethics, politics, and religion. Cohen was the self-conscious heir of the Enlightenment, and he strived to maintain its cardinal values—critical rationality, toleration, and humanity—in a world which had reacted increasingly against them. As the last idealist, Cohen stood apart from his age and made a brave stand against (what he perceived as) its many irrationalist movements: historicism, materialism, nationalism, pessimism, antisemitism, existentialism, and Zionism. His stand was heroic but tragic: heroic, because it represented the highest moral and intellectual ideals; but tragic, because all his causes were defeated by history....
The Debut of a Neo-Kantian
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter is an interpretation, and assessment, of Cohen’s first publication on Kant, Kants Theorie der Erfahrung. This work, it is argued, breaks with the prevalent psychologistic interpretations of Kant’s philosophy and understands it in more epistemological terms as an investigation into the problem of knowledge. The crucial question was not how knowledge originates but how it can be justified. The chapter also investigates Cohen’s critique of Trendelenburg and the problem of the so-called “third alternative”.
Aesthetics of Pure Feeling
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter treats Cohen’s main work on aesthetics, Ästhetik des reinen Gefühls. For Cohen, the subject of aesthetics is feeling opposed to volition and cognition; but its concern is with a specific form or aspect of feeling, namely pure feeling. Pure feeling is that which is completely productive, i.e., feeling which is completely independent and does not depend on anything outside itself to create its object. The manifestation of pure feeling Cohen finds in love, and in the love for one particular object, which is man. As in his earlier work on aesthetics, Cohen attempts to delineate a neo-classical aesthetics. His aesthetic is one based solely on beauty, whose two main forms are the sublime and humor.
Acknowledging Others
Authors: Brewer Talbot
Published: November 2018

It is widely affirmed that human beings have irreplaceable valuable, and that we owe it to them to treat them accordingly. Many theorists have been drawn to Kantianism because they think that it alone can capture this intuition. One aim of this paper is to show that this is a mistake, and that Kantianism cannot provide an independent rational vindication, nor even a fully illuminating articulation, of irreplaceability. A further aim is to outline a broadly Aristotelian view that provides a more fitting theoretical framework for this appealing conception of human value. The critique of Kantianism is extended to contemporary theorists with a broadly Kantian orientation. The paper closes with an outline of a virtue-theoretic ethical theory that follows Aquinas in taking love to be a master virtue—one that refines the other virtues so as to provide a continuous practical sensitivity to the irreplaceable value of fellow human beings.
Animal Selves and the Good
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M.
Published: November 2018

If we would save a human in preference to another animal, does that show that we must think humans are more valuable than the other animals? If everything that is good must be good for someone, it makes almost no sense to say that humans are more important than the other animals. This paper defends a theory of the good according to which everything that is good must be good from the point of view of a self. But the extent to which an animal has a self is a matter of degree, and that makes the extent to which things may be good or bad for animals a matter of degree. This may explain our intuitions about cases in which we would give the preference to people or the higher animals without invoking the absurd idea that some animals are more important than others.
The Good Will Be First
Authors: Fernandez Patricio A.
Published: November 2018

Good-willed or morally worthy action is one that is morally right non-accidentally: as she performs it the agent is, in some way, responsive to its rightness. Several recent accounts have analyzed good-willed action in terms of a composition of right action plus some requirements on the agent’s psychological condition, but tend to leave unexamined the direction of conceptual dependence between right action and good-willed action. This chapter argues that significant difficulties arise when right action is taken as primary and intelligible independently of good-willed action, often relying on the standard causalist picture of agency. Inspired by Aristotle’s notion of virtuous action and Kant’s treatment of action from duty, the chapter sketches an alternative view in which the idea of mere rightness is conceptually dependent on that of a good-willed self-conscious action done for reasons.
Needing and Necessity
Authors: Fletcher Guy
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines claims about needs (including claims such as ‘Saskia needs medicine’, ‘Fergus needs water’). It shows how recent work on modal language—specifically work on ‘ought’ and ‘must’—can be applied to needs claims, yielding an improved ability to interpret and assess the full range of needs claims. This is the positive part. The chapter then uses this improved understanding of needs claims to assess various positions to the effect that needs are fundamentally, or distinctively, significant for moral thought and moral theorizing. The chapter argues that a proper understanding of claims about needs in fact undermines the idea that needs have such a special significance. This is the negative part. The chapter also discusses different proposals for understanding claims about needs as claims about harm and well-being.
A Grain of Faith
Authors: Hepburn Allan
Published: November 2018

During and after the Second World War, religion informed British literature and culture. Leading writers contributed to discussions about faith and spiritual life, inside and outside organized religion. Graham Greene, Muriel Spark, and Barbara Pym incorporated miracles, evil, and church-going into their novels, while Louis MacNeice, T. S. Eliot, and C. S. Lewis gave radio broadcasts about the role of Christianity in contemporary society. Certainly the war revived interest in aspects of Christian life: salvation and redemption were on many people’s minds. The Ministry of Information used images of bombed churches to stoke patriotic feeling, and King George VI led a series of Days of National Prayer that coincided with crucial events in the Allied cause. After the war and throughout the 1950s, approximately 1.4 million people converted to Roman Catholicism as a way of expressing their spiritual ambitions and solidarity with humanity on a world-wide scale. Eminent intellectuals, such as Paul Tillich, Ronal Niebuhr, Jacques Maritain, and Simone Weil, gave concerted thought to religion and statehood, often at the same time. The mid-century turn to religion offered ways to articulate statehood, not from the usual perspective of nationhood and politics, but from the perspective of moral action and improvement of the lot of humankind. Religion provided one way for writers to answer the question, ‘what is man?’ It also afforded ways to think about social obligation. Instead of being a retreat into seclusion and solitude, the mid-century turn to religion is a call to responsibility.
Introduction
Authors: Hepburn Allan
Published: November 2018

In the 1940s and 1950s, Britain was relatively uniform in terms of race and religion. The majority of Britons adhered to the Church of England, although Anglo-Catholic leanings—the last gasp of the Oxford Movement—prompted some people to convert to Roman Catholicism. Although the secularization thesis has had a tenacious grip on twentieth-century literary studies, it does not account for the flare-up of interest in religion in mid-century Britain. The ecumenical movement, which began in the 1930s in Europe, went into suspension during the war, and returned with vigour after 1945, advocated international collaboration among Christian denominations and consequently overlapped with the promotion of human rights, especially the defence of freedom of worship, the right to privacy, freedom of conscience, and freedom of expression.
High Participation Systems of Higher Education
Authors: Marginson Simon
Published: November 2018

The chapter introduces the remarkable worldwide growth of participation in higher education, defines higher and tertiary education, and discusses and critiques the principal explanations for educational growth, from the path-breaking study by Martin Trow of the transition from elite to mass to universal higher education, to institutional theory and economic explanations. After discussing methods of theorization and comparison it introduces the contents of the chapters that follow, delineating key themes explored in the book: the dynamics of growth, driven primarily by family aspirations for betterment, the convergence between higher education and society, the rise of the corporate multi-purpose university (the ‘multiversity’), the meanings of educational massification for individual agency, and social (in)equality.
Horizontal Diversity
Authors: Antonowicz Dominik , Cantwell Brendan , Froumin Isak , Jones Glen A. , Marginson Simon , Pinheiro Rómulo
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores horizontal diversity in higher education in the context of high participation systems (HPS), focusing on differences in institutional mission, form and type, and internal diversity within institutions. The chapter starts with an analysis of scholarly approaches to diversity. The dominance of the market diversity perspective (‘deregulate to create more choices’) indicates not its profound relevance to the diversity issue, but the tenacious hold of marketization narratives on the policy imagination. Competition in higher education is mostly associated with less, not more, diversity. The chapter discusses four propositions in relation to diversity in HPS, highlighting decline in the overall diversity of institutional form and mission despite growth in systems, the rise of large multi-purpose institutions as the dominant form, and increased internal institutional diversity. When HPS are rendered more competitive in government-fostered quasi-markets, horizontal distinctions of mission tend to become vertical.
What Creates a Vibrant Headquarters Economy?
Authors: Shaver J. Myles
Published: November 2018

A key argument in Chapter 3 is that low levels of outward migration accelerate the positive dynamic of managerial mobility across companies and industries within a region. This chapter examines the migration patterns of employed, highly educated, high-earning individuals (i.e., the demographic in which professional managerial talent belong) across the largest metropolitan areas in the United States. As expected, Minneapolis-St. Paul has the lowest or among the lowest rate of outward migration over forty years, and over that time period the region consistently adds to this talent pool. In addition, this migration pattern is pronounced for employed, highly educated, high-earning individuals with school-aged children. The chapter introduces the Talent Migration Map to help discern different migration dynamics.
The State and regional Order in East Asia
Authors: Chun Chaesung
Published: November 2018

Lacking strong multilateral institutions, the East Asian regional order essentially seems to function along the lines suggested by realist perspectives on international relations. However, growing economic interdependence has transformed the conflictual landscape in ways that facilitate international cooperation. This may help to explain why in East Asia no major war has taken place since 1979. In the future, US–China rivalry will likely affect all aspects of East Asian regional order, but this competition will take place within the framework of a heavily institutionalized regional order offering some anchors to hold the power shift within the bounds of certain norms and principles. This might leave room for maneuver for middle and small powers in the region. Both the USA and China have also tried to find a common basis on which they can pursue mutual interests and sustain cooperation, thus steering clear of the fearsome “Thucydides trap.”
Marital Trajectories, Women’s Autonomy, and Women’s Well-Being in Senegal
Authors: Lambert Sylvie , van de Walle Dominique , Villar Paola
Published: November 2018

Divorce is frequent and widowhood is a common predicament for women in Africa, due in particular to the fact that women marry older men. Remarriage appears to take place relatively rapidly: the median duration between widowhood and remarriage among those who remarry is one year. For those who are divorced it is two years. A key question is how such discontinuous marital trajectories affect women’s well-being. Women’s marital trajectories in Senegal are described and correlated with measures of voice, resource constraints, and consumption welfare. Considerable selection into divorce and widowhood as well as subsequent remarriage is documented. Poorer women are more vulnerable to both dissolutions and remarriage and hence bear more of the costs while being nevertheless afforded a safety net in the form of a male protector. Marital breakdowns and their aftermaths are far from neutral in terms of women’s well-being.
Why Do Women Co-Operate More in Women’s Groups?
Authors: Fearon James , Humphreys Macartan
Published: November 2018

A substantial amount of development programming assumes that women have preferences or aptitudes that are more conducive to economic development. For example, conditional cash transfer programmes commonly deliver funding to female household heads, and many microcredit schemes focus on women’s savings groups. This chapter examines a public goods game in northern Liberia. Women contributed substantially more to a small-scale development project when playing with other women than in mixed-gender groups, where they contributed at about the same levels as men. We try to explain this composition effect using a structural model, survey responses, and a second manipulation. Results suggest women in the all-women group put more weight on co-operation regardless of the value of the public good, the fear of discovery, or the desire to match others’ behaviour. We conjecture that players have stronger motivation to signal public-spiritedness when primed to consider themselves representatives of the women of the community.
The Impact of Social Mobilization on Health Service Delivery and Health Outcomes
Authors: Giné Xavier , Khalid Salma , Ghazala Mansuri
Published: November 2018

This chapter uses a randomized community development programme in rural Pakistan to assess the impact of citizen engagement on public service delivery and maternal and child health outcomes. The programme had a strong emphasis on organizing women, who also identified health services as a development priority at baseline. At midline, we find that the mobilization effort alone had a significant impact on the performance of village-based health providers. We detect economically large improvements in pregnancy and well-baby visits by female health workers, as well as increased utilization of pre- and post-natal care by pregnant women. In contrast, the quality of supra-village health services did not improve, underscoring the importance of community enforcement and monitoring capacity for improving service delivery.
Gender, Islam, and Law
Authors: Bowen John R.
Published: November 2018

This chapter considers arguments about Islam and women’s welfare, and, at greater length, how legal systems with Islamic elements treat women, focusing on how women fare in Islamic family courts. Key methodological issues include how to focus on real-world views and practices rather than only texts, disentangle the effects of patriarchal regional cultures from the effects of Islamic law, and compare the gendered effects of Islamic court practices with local alternatives. The Islamic legal tradition features both a broadly shared set of texts and traditions and a wide array of interpretations and practices. From the very beginning of Islam, rulers and judges developed new ways of applying the traditions to changing situations. Many of these new applications involved ways to grant women greater autonomy. The chapter looks in greater detail at three countries—Tunisia, Indonesia, and Iran—to detect probable mechanisms shaping women’s access to divorce and to property.
The Effect of China’s One Child Policy on Sex Selection, Family Size, and the School Enrolment of Daughters
Authors: Qian Nancy
Published: November 2018

A large economics literature provides evidence that parents trade-off the quantity of children with the quality of children, which implies that child ‘quality’ declines as family size increases. Child psychologists argue that increases in the number of children can increase the child quality because it provides children with opportunities to teach and learn from each other. Alternatively, there may simply be economies of scale in childcare costs for items such as clothes and textbooks such that an additional child lowers the marginal cost of quality for all children. Both China and India have experimented with different family planning policies to limit family size. This study addresses the effect of family size by examining the impact of increasing the number of children from one to two on school enrolment in rural China. To establish causality, the author exploits region and birth year variation in relaxations of the one child policy.
Are Caste Categories Misleading? The Relationship Between Gender and Jati in Three Indian States
Authors: Joshi Shareen , Kochhar Nishtha , Rao Vijayendra
Published: November 2018

Indian society is highly stratified and hierarchical. Caste, class, and gender all contribute to an individual’s status. A large body of literature explores the importance of each of these. This chapter examines the relationship between caste and gender inequality in three states in India. When households are grouped using conventional, government-defined categories of caste, we find patterns that are consistent with existing literature: lower-caste women are more likely to participate in the labour market, have greater decision making autonomy within their households, and experience greater freedom of movement. When households are grouped by the narrower sub-caste categories of jati, where caste is lived and experienced, we find the relationships are far more varied and nuanced. These results suggest that focusing on broad caste categories such as ‘scheduled castes’ and ‘scheduled tribes’ can be misleading for understanding the relationship between caste and gender.
A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe
Authors: Trencsenyi Balázs , Kopeček Michal , Lisjak Gabrijelčič Luka , Falina Maria , Baár Mónika
Published: November 2018

A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe is a two-volume synthetic overview, authored by an international team of researchers. Covering twenty national cultures and 250 years, it goes beyond the conventional nation-centered narratives and presents a novel vision especially sensitive to the cross-cultural entanglement of discourses. Its principal aim is to look at these cultures within the global “market of ideas” and also help rethink some of the basic assumptions about the history of modern political thought and modernity as such. The second volume starts with the repercussions of the collapse of multinational empires in the region (Habsburg, Hohenzollern, Ottoman, and Romanov) after the First World War, followed by multiple cycles of democratization and authoritarian backlash. Analyzing the intellectual paradigms and debates of the Stalinist and post-Stalinist decades it shows that although the imposed Sovietization had similar blueprints, it also entailed a negotiation with local intellectual traditions. At the same time, the book identifies paradigms, such as revisionist Marxism, which were eminently transnational and crossed the Iron Curtain. The phenomenon of dissidence is also analyzed from this perspective, paying attention both to local traditions and global trends. Last but not least, rather than achieving the coveted “end of history,” the liberal democratic order created in East Central Europe after 1989 became increasingly contested from left and right alike. Thus, instead of a comfortable conclusion pointing to the European integration of most of these countries, the book closes with pertinent questions about the fragility of the democratic order in this part of the world and beyond.
Late State Socialism: Consolidation, Legitimization, and Reform from Above
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs , Kopeček Michal , Lisjak Gabrijelčič Luka , Falina Maria , Baár Mónika , Janowski Maciej
Published: November 2018

Seeking to consolidate the state socialist framework of government, individual regimes developed, in dialogue with social scientific research, peculiar disciplines of state socialist governance and authoritarian socio-technics. With the help of political economy, socialist jurisprudence, political sociology, or “prognostics,” late socialist regimes tried hard to stabilize their rule. At the same time, knowledge production catalyzed from above gave rise to a critical potential that caused a majority of the experts to endorse wholeheartedly first perestroika and glasnost coming from the Soviet Union and later also the radical break with the state socialist political system. Another effort to boost the failing legitimacy of the regime was a reconfiguration of national communism. Whereas the earlier, “liberalizing” variant was turning to the liberal nationalist tradition for inspiration, linking the cause of individual and national liberty, the later, “homogenizing” version drew more on the romantic nationalist identification of the ethnic Other as the oppressor.
Dissidents and Opposition Movements
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs , Kopeček Michal , Lisjak Gabrijelčič Luka , Falina Maria , Baár Mónika , Janowski Maciej
Published: November 2018

The evolution of dissident political thought had markedly different dynamics in different countries. In the satellites the dissidents represented a key component of the emerging “democratic opposition” focusing on human rights. The discourse of human rights gave to the henceforth fractured opposition groups a unifying language to voice their criticism, yet it did not erase the deep fissures among them. The contradiction between the doctrine of human rights accompanied by a drive toward consensual politics and the rhetoric of anti-communism was mirrored by the growing rift between the project of civic or critical patriotism and the utilization of the notion of ethnocultural nationhood. Moreover, in the 1980s, new issues opened up such as religious freedom, economic liberalization, environmental pollution, or gender equality, foreshadowing the political differentiation of the post-oppositional spectrum after the democratic turns of 1989/91.
Gender Parity, Legal Pluralism, and Human Rights of Indigenous Women: An Outlook from Mexico
Authors: Estrada-Tanck Dorothy
Published: November 2018

Mexico is one of the world leaders in the move towards parity measures for women’s representation, through its constitutional requirement of equal gender representation in legislative candidacies. Mexico has also been on the frontlines of the trend to constitutionally recognize indigenous rights, including self-government. However, the link between the two movements remains controversial. On the one hand, electoral parity for women in state institutions has not translated into a significant increase in the representation of indigenous women. On the other, indigenous women have often been excluded from participating within indigenous forms of governance. Courts have been inconsistent in their interpretation of parity norms and participation rights. To address this challenge, indigenous women have appealed to gender equality, parity democracy, and international human rights, but also to context-specific goals, including the need to tackle violence against indigenous women as well as the grave poverty and vulnerability affecting indigenous peoples.
Hard Law or Soft Law—Does it Matter?
Authors: Nußberger Angelika
Published: November 2018

The European Court of Human Rights takes both hard law and soft law seriously, especially when it is necessary to adapt the wording of the European Convention on Human Rights to changed conditions in European societies and to explore what is called the ‘European consensus’. Nevertheless, the Court does not treat hard law and soft law in the same way. When clashes occur, it takes hard law more seriously than soft law. This finding can be linked to the acceptability and legitimacy of the Court’s jurisprudence. An interpretation of the Convention creating irreconcilable treaty obligations is generally not acceptable. An interpretation of the Convention going less far or further than rules of soft law might be criticized, but does not create unsolvable problems for member States. Thus, while there is no black-and-white scenario, the difference between hard law and soft law still matters in the Court’s jurisprudence.
Evolutive Interpretation in the Light of Other International Instruments
Authors: Ulfstein Geir
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses how the European Court of Human Rights uses international instruments in its evolutive interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights. It is argued that the Court, in its use of such instruments, goes beyond the bounds of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Article 31(3)(b) (subsequent practice) and (c) (systemic interpretation) and uses the instruments as guidance in giving effect to the original intention of the parties based on Article 31(1) (evolutive intention). However, this is not made clear in the Court’s reasoning. Moreover, the Court prefers extensive discretion in how it should use such instruments in its evolutive interpretation. This makes the Court vulnerable to allegations of extrajudicial approaches and activism. Therefore, certain guidelines for the interpretational use of international instruments are proposed.
Punitive Damages in Strasbourg
Authors: Pinto de Albuquerque Paulo , van Aaken Anne
Published: November 2018

‘Punitive damages’ have long been controversially discussed in national as well as in international law. This is not different for the European Court of Human Rights. Until now the Court has considered it officially inappropriate. One would thus expect that punitive damages are not used by the Court. But is this really the case? This chapter finds that the Court has been at the forefront of an international trend, using just satisfaction to prevent further violations of human rights and punish wrongdoing governments in several instances. The purpose of this chapter is, first, to argue that the Court uses punitive damages implicitly and, second, that there are well-established social-science reasons why punitive damages should be used. The idea of ‘punitive damages’ is strongly connected to the effectuation of law. Wherever the enforcement might be weak, ‘punitive damages’ can set the correct incentives for following the law.
The Myth of the Customary Nature of the United Nations Convention on State Immunity: Does the End Justify the Means?
Authors: Pavoni Riccardo
Published: November 2018

According to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), the not-yet-in-force 2004 UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (UNCSI) codifies the customary law of State immunity. This chapter challenges that unqualified view,which signals a superficial reading of the UNCSI process, background, and norms. A primary illustration is offered by Article 11 on the employment exception to State immunity which, taken as a whole, is simply not validated by uniform State practice. Nonetheless, the ECtHR has consistently relied on that UNCSI provision. The chapter does not lose sight of the high level of protection of embassy employees and similarly situated individuals, which derives from the ECtHR UNCSI-related jurisprudence, and accepts that such a level of protection may have been the ultimate end pursued by the Court. Yet it is open to question whether that end is worth every legal means, including reliance on a convention which, in various respects, might result in an undue ossification and regression of the law of State immunity as hitherto interpreted and applied by many States.
Moral Responsibility, Socially Embedded
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: November 2018

This chapter asks whether we can hold on to the picture of the morally responsible subject as we knew it in the face of evidence from social psychology about the impact of contexts on human behaviour. Some theorists have taken this to present a major challenge to moral theorizing. However, the chapter argues that, while we should acknowledge the malleability of human behaviour, we should not give up the notion of responsible agency. Rather, we need to broaden our theoretical horizon in order to include individuals’ co-responsibility for the contexts in which they act. This argument is a general one, but it is of particular relevance for organizations: it is our shared responsibility to turn them into contexts in which moral agency is supported rather than undermined.
Organizations: Hierarchies of Divided Labour
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses the features of organizations that will be analysed, from a normative perspective, in this book. Drawing on the ‘theory of the firm’, it argues that the rationale of organizations is the coordination of divided labour through hierarchies. This organizational form can be found in numerous, otherwise very different, organizations in the public and private realms. It creates the potential for specific forms of moral wrongs: in addition to moral wrongs of which organizations are the site, there are also moral wrongs of which organizations are the source. As is explained in the chapter, the four themes that will be discussed in Chapters 5 to 8—rules, knowledge, culture, and roles—are connected to organizations not by chance, but because the organizational form as such creates moral risks in these areas.
The Use of Knowledge in Organizations
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: November 2018

This chapter analyses the challenges for a responsible handling of knowledge in organizations, in which, as spaces of divided labour, divided knowledge needs to be integrated into processes of joint work. Gaps in the transmission of knowledge can create dangerous moral challenges. Another moral challenge, however, is the disrespect often shown to individuals as bearers of knowledge. The hierarchical structures of organizations present obstacles both to the smooth transmission of knowledge, and to a culture of respect for various kinds of knowledge. These two issues are closely intertwined, making ‘knowledge management’ a deeply moral affair, and creating the imperative to develop and maintain a supportive epistemic culture in organizations.
Organizations in Society: A ‘Non-ideal’ Approach
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: November 2018

This chapter asks what changes should be made, in the here and now, to improve the moral balance sheet of organizations. It introduces the notion of ‘bottom-up’ requirements on the basic structure of a society, which stem from the inner life of organizations and which aim at minimizing the risk of violations of basic moral norms. Two such ‘non-ideal’ proposals are discussed: first, improvements in the protection of individual rights against organizations, and second, a better match between organizational forms, and the pressures that come with them, and organizations with different kinds of task. For example, some organizations should be shielded from financial pressures in order to fulfil their tasks, such as care for patients, without creating grave moral risks. This is a matter of market regulation, but also of the line between public and private organizations.
Inquiry Agents and their Logics for Action
Authors: Stark Alastair
Published: November 2018

This chapter presents the final two components of the book’s theoretical framework. These relate to inquiry actors and their ‘logics for action’. Focusing on agency first, the chapter makes the case that a range of potentially important actors exist beyond ‘the usual suspects’ who are typically researched in inquiry scholarship. These actors are important because of their capacity to create, transfer, and legitimize policy ideas. The chapter then examines ‘logics for action’. These are preferences about what effective policy knowledge is and how inquiries should best go about capturing it. Some logics are more appropriate for learning about policy than others and when multiple logics are at work in an inquiry there is the potential for conflict.
Lesson-Learning and Resilience to Future Crises
Authors: Stark Alastair
Published: November 2018

This chapter begins the work of reporting the book’s main findings. It analyses key themes from the case study data that relate to the types of policy learning that each inquiry produced. The main argument of the book—that these inquiries produced lessons that enhanced resilience to future threats—emerges from this data. However, underneath this broad argument, two types of policy learning are emphasized as important in terms of the value of the public inquiry. The first is ‘instrumental learning’, which produces policy tools, and the second is ‘cognitive organizational learning’, which enhances policy coordination. These positive outcomes are contrasted against the types of learning that these inquiries struggled to produce, which included social and double loop learning. The chapter concludes with reflections on the extent to which the data allows these arguments to be generalized.
Policy Refiners and Street-Level Lesson Learners
Authors: Stark Alastair
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores agents who are influential in terms of inquiry lesson-learning but have not been examined before in inquiry literature. The key argument is that two types of agent—policy refiners and street-level bureaucrats—are important when it comes to the effectiveness of post-crisis lesson-learning. As they travel down from the central government level, street-level actors champion, reinterpret, and reject inquiry lessons, often because those lessons do not consider local capacities. Policy refiners, however, operate at the central level in the form of taskforces, implementation reviews, and policy evaluation processes. These refiners examine potentially problematic inquiry lessons in greater detail in order to determine whether and how they should be implemented. In doing so, these ‘mini-inquiries’ can reformulate or even abandon inquiry recommendations.
Why Mass Murder Happened
Authors: Bowd Stephen D.
Published: November 2018

The patchwork of states that constituted Renaissance Italy and the shifting alliances which characterized Italian politics encouraged the exploitation of state rivalries and predatory military behaviour, including sacks and massacres of towns and cities. A deliberate strategy of terror, which may be viewed as an expression of sovereign authority, was followed by successive princes. It is also the case that a massacre might be a manifestation of calculated punishment for supposed rebellion, revenge for an affront to honour or some other injury, but also as a consequence of an army’s thirst for plunder. The siege, sack, and massacre were often connected events and the process that led from one state to another was well known and shaped by precedent and the laws of war.
Conclusion
Authors: Bowd Stephen D.
Published: November 2018

The political and socio-economic impact of the Italian Wars, including massacres, was uneven across Italy. Lombardy, which was the wealthy setting for many key battles or sacks, suffered greatly with stagnant or declining populations for much of the sixteenth century. The impact of sacks and massacres could also vary according to religion and gender. Overall, the sacks and massacres are comparable in scale with such events during the Dutch Revolt and the Thirty Years War and these examples taken together suggest that the supposed state monopolization of power and military revolution did not restrain military violence and that many of the traditional justifications for war continued to operate. In some respects, the Renaissance massacre was an example of ‘total war’ and may also be said to constitute an example of ‘genocidal violence’, but in other respects it fails to fit these models of conflict.
Kaiserdämmerung
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: November 2018

As the war ends, Kaiser Wilhelm leaves Berlin for German military headquarters in Spa, Belgium, where his generals tell him that the troops will not follow him and that his life may even be threatened. He flees to the Netherlands in his private train, possibly after receiving an ‘all clear’ from Queen Wilhelmina. The Dutch Government persuades a local aristocrat, Count Bentinck, to take him in for a few days to his castle in Amerongen, but the visit ends up lasting nearly eighteen months. Britain’s Ambassador to The Hague sends his wife to spy on the Kaiser’s arrival, but attempts without success to conceal her identity from the Foreign Office.
Britain, France, and Italy Agree to Try the Kaiser
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: November 2018

The Attorney General, F. E. Smith, persuades an initially uncertain Imperial War Cabinet of the wisdom of putting Kaiser Wilhelm II on trial. When Georges Clemenceau and Vittorio Orlando meet David Lloyd George in London at the beginning of December 1918, they agree on trial of the Kaiser. The Italians are hesitant, however, with the Foreign Minister opposed to prosecution. The Americans do not send a representative to the meeting. Lloyd George writes to Woodrow Wilson, who is on board a ship on his way to France, but the American President prefers to wait before taking any decision about a trial.
An International Criminal Court
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: November 2018

The earliest proposals for an international criminal court emerge during the sessions of the Commission on Responsibilities. The French insist that it will offer a ‘greater stage’, something that is necessary if the former German Emperor is to be prosecuted. On this issue, too, the Americans are totally opposed. The Commission also debates whether or not the Kaiser may be able to invoke immunity as a Head of State. It also considers a notion of guilt by abstention, whereby a leader may be tried for the crimes of subordinates to the extent that he or she failed to intervene to prevent the punishable acts, a doctrine known today as ‘superior responsibility’.
The Council of Virgins
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: November 2018

All of the serious decision-making at the Peace Conference fell to four leaders, Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau, and Orlando. Known semi-officially as the Council of Four, they were sometimes called the ‘Council of Virgins’. Meeting in April 1919, they essentially discarded the recommendations of the Commission on Responsibilities. Lloyd George and Clemenceau returned to the idea of prosecuting the Kaiser for starting the war. After lengthy debate, Wilson abandoned US opposition to trial and on his own drafted a paragraph for the treaty. The new text that he prepared provided for an international tribunal that would be authorised to try Kaiser Wilhelm for a ‘supreme offence against international morality and the sanctity of treaties’, although it insisted that this was not to be viewed as a criminal offence.
Finalising the Treaty of Versailles
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: November 2018

Wilson’s text was polished by the Drafting Committee and then altered, upon the request of Lloyd George, so as to remove any suggestion that it did not provide for a proper criminal trial. The draft treaty was then submitted to the Germans for comment. A committee of German experts that included the famous sociologist Max Weber wrote a reply contesting the clauses about trial and punishment of Kaiser Wilhelm. For Germany, this was one of the few provisions in the Treaty of Versailles that were intolerable. But the Allies refused to budge and Germany found itself forced to sign.
Demand for Surrender
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: November 2018

When the Treaty of Versailles entered into force in January 1920, the British, French, and Italians sent their demand for surrender to the Dutch Government. When it was promptly rejected, the three Allied Powers prepared a reply protesting the Dutch decision. But they were already shifting their position in favour of some form of internment similar to what had been imposed upon Napoleon in 1815. Initially, they sought internment far from Europe, but the Dutch were not interested. After a series of unpleasant diplomatic exchanges, the Dutch Queen issued a decree confining the Kaiser to his new castle in Doorn. The Kaiser remained at Doorn for the rest of his natural life, dying in 1941. By then, Germany had occupied the Netherlands and his castle was guarded by Wehrmacht troops. Hitler had his local hatchet-man, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, attend the funeral and present a wreath on his behalf.
Introduction
Authors: Rose David C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter begins by introducing the broad argument that drives the analysis in the book. In short, the good life requires effective large-group cooperation, and that, in turn, requires a high-trust society. Culture matters most because it is the surest way to produce a high-trust society. How culture helped shape our species is discussed. The close relationship between culture and religion is discussed. Culture is then contrasted with institutions in order to highlight the limitations of purely institutional theories of social, political, and economic development. Reasons for continued resistance to cultural explanations for the differential success of societies are discussed. The plan of the book is then presented.
The Rise of Flourishing Societies
Authors: Rose David C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter explains how societies can climb a development ladder whereby each step leads to a larger set of transactions through which to increase the value of output per capita. Each step higher is harder because each step adds transactions that require higher levels of social trust. The problem is that many of the benefits of climbing the ladder are realized at the level of society as a whole, so individual adults and individual parents have much to gain by conserving on their own resources while allowing everyone else in society to invest into the inculcation of the required moral beliefs to produce a high-trust society. There is a public good problem associated with investing enough to best promote the common good. This problem is particularly daunting for the kind of moral beliefs required to produce trustworthy individuals and it worsens with societal success.
Neoformalism and Four Models of the Soundtrack
Authors: Buhler James
Published: November 2018

Chapter 5 considers the topic of formal theories and models, starting with the movement of so-called neoformalism in film studies. It opens by examining Kristin Thompson’s manifesto for the analytical approach of neoformalism, David Bordwell’s use of an analogy to musicology to formulate a research program for film studies, and Noël Carroll’s account of how music serves to modify the narrative situation. The chapter then considers four models of how the music subsystem works in relation to the other subsystems of film: Kathryn Kalinak’s “working model” for film music; Nicholas Cook’s model of pairwise multimedia interactions that is useful especially for disentangling and assessing the claims of other theories of media interaction; David Neumeyer’s model of the integrated soundtrack; and Annabel Cohen’s intricate cognitive model of how film music is perceived.
Psychoanalysis, Apparatus Theory, and Subjectivity
Authors: Buhler James
Published: November 2018

One of the aims of critical theories has been to reveal the systemic oppression that flows from the social structures of power, and critical theories have most typically turned to psychoanalysis to provide the theory for how these social structures work and reproduce themselves through the formation of their social subjects. Chapter 8 examines the influential film theory that derived from the intersection of semiotics, Marxism, and psychoanalysis called “apparatus theory.” This grand theory proved contentious but very influential, especially the concept of suture, which provided a model for film spectatorship and subjectivity. This chapter concludes with a section on neo-Lacanian theory and uses it to explicate the soundtrack theory of Michel Chion.