bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insurrection as a post-millennial, clandestine, network of cells
Authors: Loadenthal Michael
Published: January 2018

Chapter 3 explores the post-millennial history of insurrectionary anarchism as seen thought the formation, expansion and exporting of clandestine, cells focused on carrying out attacks which are subsequently contextualized though digital communiqués. The historical account aims to present a record of a militant social movement that is still in its formative stage. This is done through an investigation of the wider movement’ three most identifiable components: the Informal Anarchist Federation (FAI), the Conspiracy of Cells of Fire (CCF), and emergent networks in Mexico such as the Práxedis G. Guerrero Autonomous Cells for Immediate Revolution (CARI-PGG) and Individualists tending Towards the Wild (ITS). Following these network-specific histories the chapter explores a case study of an internationalized call to action—The Phoenix Project—carried forth by insurrectionary cells. In exploring this single campaign, the reader may begin to understand the process through which group monikers deterritorialize, expand and diffuse.
Insurrection as warfare, terrorism, and revolutionary design
Authors: Loadenthal Michael
Published: January 2018

The aim of this chapter is to position insurrectionary methods within a more diverse history of militant resistance; specially those socio-political movements employing urban guerrilla warfare. This discussion begins by outlining the strategy of insurrectionary warfare based in the more centrally located movements texts such as The Coming Insurrection authored by the Invisible Committee. These strategic proscriptions are compared to Marxist-Leninist and national-separatist movements of the mid to late twentieth century to both demonstrate the similarity and highlight difference. This approach argues that modern insurrectionary methods can be understood as a rearticulation of the strategy of urban guerrilla warfare based in the model of the affinity group, and adoptable moniker popularized during the period of anti-globalization summit hopping. This chapter also examines key inter-movement questions such as ‘Is insurrectionary violence considered terrorism?’, and ‘Clandestine cells carrying out attacks claim responsibility for their actions?’
Insurrection as theory, text, and strategy
Authors: Loadenthal Michael
Published: January 2018

This chapter continues the genealogical account of illegalism, propaganda of the deed, revolutionary warfare, and post-millennial, insurrectionary networks of attack. To this end, the chapter explores the strategy of Paris communard Louis Auguste Blanqui, the contribution of ‘classical anarchists’ and the twentieth century, the influence of European theorists such as Alfredo Bonanno, Tiqqun and The Invisible Committee, and the contributions anonymous thinkers who have frequently authored key texts. In the latter portion of the chapter, the focus shifts towards the contributions of Queer insurrectionary praxis and the experience of rejectionist, anti-assimilationists. Finally, the chapter revisits the question of canonization in preparation for the subsequent chapter, which outlines the insurrectionary tendency discursively.
The fragmented legacies of Chartist moral politics
Authors: Scriven Tom
Published: January 2018

The final chapter will discuss the legacy of this moral politics, arguing that the post-Chartist period shows no neat continuity within working-class culture and politics. While the late Chartist movement turned towards socialism and abandoned individual moral improvement in favour of political revolutionary and economic nationalisation, many other Chartists turned to co-operation, trade unionism, and self-help.
Race, utopia, perpetual peace: Andrew Carnegie’s dreamworld
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: January 2018

Duncan Bell considers the extraordinary vision of an “Anglo-world” developed in the last decades of the 19th century by the Scots-American magnate Andrew Carnegie. Bell situates Carnegie’s writings of the 1880s and 1890s in the context of what he describes as “social dreaming on both sides of the Atlantic”, both in terms of Utopian literature and in those of more politicised theses current in elite intellectual circles: “democratic war” (HG Wells and William James); “empire peace” (JA Hobson and DG Ritchie), and “racial peace”.
Realist exceptionalism: philosophy, politics and foreign policy in America’s ‘second modernity’
Authors: Tjalve Vibeke Schou , Williams Michael C.
Published: January 2018

Vibeke Schou Tjalve and Michael C. Williams reflect on one of the most persistent and controversial themes in the intellectual history of US foreign policy: American exceptionalism. But the exceptionalism under investigation here is not the familiar account inspired by a mixture of early modern Puritan theology and nineteenth century expansionist myths of Manifest Destiny. Rather, their main concern is with a second strain of exceptionalism that took shape during the first half of the twentieth century, in response to a series of political crises triggered by a variety of phenomena such as the rise of mass society, bureaucratization, atomization, secularization, social differentiation and changes in modes of economic production. In this later form, what is exceptional was the ability of American institutions to cope with the political, economic and socio-cultural challenges that led to the backlash against liberal modernization in European states during the 1930s and 1940s. The main thesis that the authors then proceed to develop is that the origins and evolution of the American realist tradition must be re-interpreted in the context of this second exceptionalist moment in US history.
Mega-events, urban space and social change: Expos, parks and cities
Authors: Roche Maurice
Published: January 2018

This chapter is concerned with association of mega-event projects with pro-ecological (‘green’) aspects of urban regeneration projects host cities and it illustrates this in relation to the urban impacts and legacies of historical and contemporary Expos. The chapter argues that there are strong, if often overlooked, parallels and indeed tangible inter-connections, between what we can refer to as ‘the urban park-building movement’ on the one hand and the ‘urban Expo movement’ on the other. The body of the chapter explores the history of Expos as urban park-building projects, and thus as both space-creating and ‘green’ projects. It covers both of the two main phases of modernisation and urbanisation, namely the primary phase from the mid-19thC to the late 20thC and the secondary phase from the late 20thC to the early 21stC. The discussion in the final section moves to the contemporary period and focuses on a set of case studies of Expos as urban policy projects, particularly in terms of their space-creating, park-building and ‘green’ aspects. The cases are those of Western (European) set of contemporary-era Expos, namely Seville 1992 and particularly Lisbon 1998 and Zaragoza 2008.
Toward multinational enterprise (1969–80)
Authors: Wieters Heike
Published: January 2018

The final chapter sheds light on CARE’s second internationalization throughout the 1970s, the establishment of CARE Canada and CARE Europe, as well as CARE’s drive towards multinational non-profit enterprise. It analyses CARE’s organizational development, programming innovation and CARE’s drive towards an even closer integration of food aid and long-term development planning and its stance towards the ongoing multilateralization of food aid during the so called world food crisis and afterwards.
The rise and fall of ‘King Coffee’
Authors: McCarthy Angela , Devine T.M.
Published: January 2018

James Taylor’s eventual fame undeniably came from his achievements as a tea planter. Yet, for several years, cultivating coffee, the main enterprise in Ceylon during his early years on the island, was his prime responsibility. The first sections of this chapter describe the broad context of the coffee industry, before focusing on Taylor’s role within it. Our analysis includes the importance of the West Indian connection, Ceylon’s plantation labour force (both Tamil and Sinhalese), the devastating coffee leaf disease, and innovations in manuring, pruning, and engineering and surveying.
A planter’s life
Authors: McCarthy Angela , Devine T.M.
Published: January 2018

Ceylon’s natural environment underwent huge changes during the nineteenth century due to the importation of new crops, above all the coffee tree from Ethiopia, cinchona from the Andes, and tea from the Himalayas. We evocatively examine transformations to Taylor’s environs including his natural surroundings, health, living conditions, and social relations.
Afterword
Authors: McCarthy Angela , Devine T.M.
Published: January 2018

We summarise this study’s contribution to several levels of historical understanding: the British commercial empire in Asia; the story of tea as a global commodity; Sri Lanka’s economic development in the nineteenth century; the experience of British Asian planters in the Victorian era; the history of the Scottish diaspora; and last, but by no means least, in providing the first biography of James Taylor, the pioneer of Ceylon tea. In addition, we summarise Taylor’s personality and character.
Hospitals and charity: history and context
Authors: Brasher Sally Mayall
Published: January 2018

Chapter one locates the rise of the hospital movement in northern Italy within the context of the changing religious, social, and political environment of the city-states. It traces the evolution of the ideas of charity and poverty from the early to high Middle Ages suggesting that a fundamental shift occurred in both the mechanisms of collecting and distributing charity, and in the perception of poverty and need. The chapter introduces the hospital’s central function in this distribution and administration of charity and illustrates how the hospital and other charitable organizations played a role in the appropriation of power and influence by urban citizens.
Introduction: picturing Charlotte Brontë
Authors: Regis Amber K. , Wynne Deborah
Published: January 2018

This introduction explores the circulation and appropriation of Charlotte Brontë’s image, from her professional portrait sketched by George Richmond in 1850, through to the re-discovery of Branwell’s family portraits in the early twentieth century and a host of subsequent discoveries, forgeries and adaptations. Recognisable iconography is a valuable commodity, but Brontë portraiture must (re-)construct Charlotte’s image from the evidence and narratives of a dual biographical tradition, caught between competing claims and representations of private domesticity and public authorship. Brontë’s face may now seem familiar to public audiences, but she is a mutable and malleable icon: she is constantly seen anew, bespeaking our persistent desire to re-imagine her life and work. Brontë’s bicentenary in 2016 provides the cue and occasion for a critical re-assessment of these legacies and cultural afterlives, and this introduction concludes with a survey of research themes identified and explored by the collection’s contributors.
The path out of Haworth: mobility, migration and the global in Charlotte Brontë’s Shirley and the writings of Mary Taylor
Authors: Piesse Jude
Published: January 2018

Following Elizabeth Gaskell’s defence of her friend’s posthumous reputation in The Life of Charlotte Brontë, Brontë has frequently been associated with ideas of static and feminised local place. In Shirley, however, the extent of Brontë’s preoccupation with a more expansive vision of global space and mobility becomes apparent. This chapter explores Shirley’s sophisticated understanding of global space and mobility and reveals Brontë’s topical fascination with labour migration for single, middle-class women in the light of her friendship and correspondence with the emigrant Mary Taylor, the model for Shirley’s Rose Yorke. It concludes by showing how Taylor’s own powerful fiction and travel writing can be viewed as one of Brontë’s most radical legacies; one which has been obscured by Gaskell’s more famous memorialisation.
Brontë countries: nation, gender and place in the literary landscapes of Haworth and Brussels
Authors: Mathieson Charlotte
Published: January 2018

This chapter assesses the legacy of Charlotte Brontë as it is bound up with a legacy of place. It seeks to reassert the overlooked afterlife of Brontë in Brussels through analyses of literary tourists’ accounts of journeys to and around the Pensionnat Heger from the late nineteenth to early twentieth century. This chapter argues that Brussels offers a counterpart to the Brontë legacy at Haworth by providing a space where Charlotte Brontë could forge an independent female identity away from England and the domestic home-place, and it explores how literary tourists sought out this idea of Brontë in their traversals through the city streets. At the moment of Brontë’s bicentenary these accounts offer a valuable framework through which to reassess the intersecting themes of gender, nation and place in Brontë’s works, and to reassert the presence of Brussels in the future trajectory of Brontë’s cultural legacies and afterlives.
Introduction
Authors: Shaked Nizan
Published: January 2018

The introduction addresses two intersecting trajectories in American art between the late 1960s and the early twenty-first-century century. On the one hand, it traces the ways in which disciplinary Conceptual Art, with a capital “C”, expanded into the diverse set of practices that have been characterised generally as conceptualism. On the other hand, it shows how the expansion of a critical conceptualism has been strongly informed by the turbulent rights-based politics of the 1960s. Initially, first generation Conceptual artists responded to preceding art movements within disciplinary boundaries, examining the definition of art itself and engaging abstract concerns. Artists then applied the basic principles of Conceptual Art to address a range of social and political issues. This development reflects the influence of Civil Rights, Black Power, the student movement, the anti-war movement, second wave feminism, and the gay liberation movement. Central in the American context, the multiple identity-based mobilisations that came to be known as “identity politics” were further articulated in the 1970s. The artists addressed in this book: Adrian Piper, Joseph Kosuth, David Hammons, Renée Green, Mary Kelly, Martha Rosler, Silvia Kolbowski, Daniel Joseph Martinez, Lorna Simpson, Andrea Fraser, Hans Haacke, and Charles Gaines expanded the propositions of Conceptual Art.
The political referent in debate: identity, difference, representation
Authors: Shaked Nizan
Published: January 2018

This chapter offers a specific set of distinctions made in the debates about political art in the 1980s and 1990s by observing a constellation of anthologies, symposia, and exhibitions as a backdrop to understanding the curatorial agenda and reception of the 1993 Whitney Biennial for American Art, as well as a comprehensive examination of the exhibition contributions of Daniel Joseph Martinez, Andrea Fraser, and Lorna Simpson. The 1993 Biennial provides an ideal case study to examine the representation of socio-political issues in art, as it consolidated perspectives on two key terms for the later part of the twentieth century: identity politics and multiculturalism. A for-or-against debate gives way to understanding identity politics and multiculturalism as modes of describing a historical stage and/or a political strategy. Many artists concerned with these frameworks sought ways of showing how identities worked, not what they looked like. Significant in this respect was the landmark exhibition Difference: On Representation and Sexuality (1985), which highlighted a set of constructivist approaches to the formation of subjectivity and the subject, underscoring the social, ideological, psychological, economic, and linguistic structures of identity over essentialist definitions reliant upon notions of inherent communality. Silvia Kolbowski’s Model Pleasure I-VIII 1982-1984 (1982-84), included in Difference, is discussed.
Refining studio realism
Authors: Hewett Richard
Published: January 2018

By the early 1960s television was more established and widespread, and its conventions were beginning to be tacitly understood by audiences and performers alike. While the introduction of videotape pre-recording, as employed on Doctor Who, did little to change the ‘outside’ rehearsal and multi-camera studio performance template of the live era, it also meant that actors were for the first time able to watch their own performances, and adapt them to the medium. While still arriving at television via a multiplicity of routes, actors now typically shared the same degree of screen experience, leading to a greater uniformity in studio realism. At the same time, the growth of social realism meant a subtle shift in the style of acting that would be acceptable to audiences of the time. Despite its perceived outlandishness in narrative terms, reports show that Doctor Who was more than acceptable to contemporary audiences in terms of performance style.
Introduction
Authors: Hewett Richard
Published: January 2018

Creative and interpretive work demands concentration … The effort is apparent when experienced actors are watched in rehearsal. Often the labour is a contradiction of the effortlessness that is eventually shown to the audience in performance. Indeed, at times, the rehearsal process may seem to be by far the most interesting part of the work....
East meets the West: Fiqh al-Aqalliyat (Muslim jurisprudence on minorities); Dina de-Malchuta Dina (the law of the kingdom is the law); Dar al-Islam (abode of Islam); Dar al-Harb (abode of war)
Authors: Nachmani Amikam
Published: January 2018

For 2000 years Jews have lived in exile as viable Jewish minority communities by recognizing the “law of the kingdom” (Dina de Malchuta) as their law alongside a system of rabbinic rulings (Responsa) whenever the demands of Jewish law (Halachah) and state laws contradict one another. Historically Muslims, however, have rarely experienced life among non-Muslims until relatively recently. Only since the post-World War II period have Muslims voluntarily chosen to leave the Dar al-Islam (the Abode of Islam) and live in the West or Dar al-Harb (the Abode of War) for economic, political and educational reasons. Mass migration has caused Muslim philosophers and theologians both in Muslim lands and abroad to adapt Sharia law to the new reality – Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat (the jurisprudence on minorities). The need to preserve the rules of the Muslim religion and to protect the unity of the Muslim nation (ummah) are critical given that one third of Muslims presently live as minorities in non-Muslim countries. Jewish legal precedents elaborated in this chapter point to similarities but also to differences between Jews and Muslims who encounter life as minorities within a Christian majority.
Conclusion: brighter European–Muslim–Jewish futures?
Authors: Nachmani Amikam
Published: January 2018

The present shape of Europe’s “triangle” of Christians, Jews and Muslims is in flux, and its future shape is difficult to predict. Over the past twenty years fewer Muslims feel discontented and alienated in their receiving countries. The adjustment of the Jews and their theology to the sovereignty and jurisprudence of Europe does not accord with the Muslim experience. The so-called “silent Holocaust” raises the rate of Jewish inter-marriage and assimilation exponentially. Meanwhile, Islamophobia helps Muslim migrants to remain culturally and religiously segregated as required by Islam. As for the Europeans, especially in the wealthy north, their passive and even impotent Christianity and politically correct approach to their minorities invites active, energetic Muslim agenda to flourish. Yet, Muslims residing in Europe see the positive facets of Western culture: free enterprise, education, political tolerance, human rights, etc. Their views of Jews are less hostile than among Muslims in the sending countries. The attitudes of the three sides of Europe’s demography suggest that exposure to each other leads to improved understanding, common interests, mutual values and positive civic activity. And regarding the very recent influx, the past serves as a warning, as if it tells us: do not repeat me.
‘The bomb plot of Zurich’: Indian nationalism, Italian anarchism and the First World War1
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk
Published: January 2018

This essay explores the so-called ‘Bomb Plot of Zürich’, in which the Indian nationalists Virendranath Chattopadhyaya and Abdul Hafiz of the Indian Independence Committee collaborated with the German Foreign Office and a band of Swiss-based Italian anarchists led by Arcangelo Cavadini and Luigi Bertoni to smuggle German-manufactured bombs, weapons and poison into Switzerland and Italy in the summer of 1915. This was a prime example of the solidarities and overlaps between, in principle, conflicting ideologies of Indian nationalism, German imperialism and Italian anarchism. The essay draws primarily on proceedings from the Swiss Federal Court and aims to situate the event within both the histories of the Indian nationalist movement abroad as well as the Italian anarchist movement. It argues that, during the geo-political context of the First World War, the Indian nationalists forged strategic alliances with strange bedfellows to overthrow the British Empire.
At war with empire: the anti-colonial roots of American anarchist debates during the First World War
Authors: Zimmer Kenyon
Published: January 2018

America’s multi-ethnic anarchist movement had a rich history of supporting anti-imperial struggles and national revolutions. The three positions that anarchists took on the war—antimilitarist neutrality, qualified support for the Allies, or calculated endorsement of a German defeat of Russia—all had their roots in earlier discourses regarding anti-colonial and nationalist causes. They also engaged in a running dialogue with anarchists in Europe such as Peter Kropotkin and Errico Malatesta. Drawing on American anarchist writings in English, Italian, Spanish, and Yiddish, this chapter outlines the earlier positions anarchists took regarding struggles such as Middle Eastern and South Asian independence movements, the Boer War, the Cuban War of Independence and Spanish-American War, and Zionism and Jewish territorialism. It then examines how the different anarchist factions drew on these previous discussions to make anti-imperialist arguments in support of their stances, and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of these arguments.
‘A balance of terror’: Callan (ITV, 1967–72) as an existential thriller for television
Authors: Oldham Joseph
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Callan (ITV, 1967-72), an early television reworking of the ‘existential’ strand of spy thriller associated with John Le Carré and Len Deighton. It characterises the series as converging of two areas in which ITV had previously played an innovative role, specifically plays which placed a new focus on the realities of working-class life and glamorous, escapist adventure series, using the former to partially subvert the latter and develop a much more pessimistic incarnation of the spy genre. Through close analysis, it examines how Callan was able to utilise its predominately studio-based style to create a psychologically intense drama rooted in continuous performance. Finally, it describes the circumstances in which the series became an unexpected break-out hit in 1969, attributing this to its innovative use of serial narrative techniques. Though this it illustrates the power of the shared culture of broadcasting in a period of limited channels.
The precinct is political: espionage as a public service in Spooks (BBC 1, 2002–11)
Authors: Oldham Joseph
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Spooks (BBC 1, 2002-11), procedural spy series focused on MI5. Widely understood as British television’s primary dramatic response to the ‘war on terror’, this chapter conversely traces the series’ substantial development prior to 9/11. Spooks is characterised as epitomising trends in the deregulated era of British television, commissioned as part of an investment in cutting-edge new drama to assert BBC 1’s competitiveness in the multi-channel landscape, and developed by the independent production company Kudos Film and Television. Responding to ‘openness’ drives by the real MI5, this reworked the spy series according to the tradition of the precinct drama, situating national security activities within the familiarised culture of the workplace family. This chapter argues that, through self-consciously challenging attitudes to headline issues the series demonstrated continuity with earlier radical BBC traditions, but this was tamed by its procedural format and stylised aesthetics.
Conclusion
Authors: Oldham Joseph
Published: January 2018

This conclusion surveys the history and evolution of the spy and conspiracy dramas over the preceding decades, summing up the arguments from the main chapters of the book. This is framed by discussion of some of the most recent programmes in these traditions, most notably the BBC’s return to John Le Carre with their adaptation of The Night Manager (BBC 1, 2016). It explores how these are increasingly made through complex co-production arrangements, with both the independent production sector and transatlantic co-production partners playing more dominant roles. This is linked to shift in trends back towards a ‘novelistic’ serial form, and new moral ambiguity whereby it seems increasingly difficult to distinguish the spy and conspiracy genres. It argues that this this responds to the critical agenda set American ‘quality’ television, with discourses of ‘quality’ emanating from pay-per-view threatening to supplant those associated with public service broadcasting.
Writing the Welsh Borderlands in Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Brady Lindy
Published: January 2018

Writing the Welsh borderlands in Anglo-Saxon England is the first study of the Anglo-Welsh border region in the period before the Norman arrival in England, from the fifth to the twelfth centuries. Its conclusions significantly alter our current picture of Anglo/Welsh relations before the Norman Conquest by overturning the longstanding critical belief that relations between these two peoples during this period were predominately contentious. Writing the Welsh borderlands in Anglo-Saxon England demonstrates that the region which would later become the March of Wales was not a military frontier in Anglo-Saxon England, but a distinctively mixed Anglo-Welsh cultural zone which was depicted as a singular place in contemporary Welsh and Anglo-Saxon texts. This book studies how the region of the Welsh borderlands before 1066 was depicted in a group of texts from early medieval Britain which have traditionally been interpreted as reflecting a clear and adversarial Anglo/Welsh divide. Chapters focus on some of the most central literary and historical works from Anglo-Saxon England, including Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, Latin and Old English Lives of St. Guthlac, the Old English Exeter Book Riddles, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. These texts depict the Welsh borderlands region differently than the rest of Wales — not as the site of Anglo/Welsh conflict, but as a distinct region with a mixed culture. Writing the Welsh borderlands in Anglo-Saxon England alters our understanding of how the Anglo-Saxons and Welsh interacted with one another in the centuries before the Norman arrival. It demonstrates that the region of the Welsh borderlands was much more culturally coherent, and the impact of the Norman Conquest on it much greater, than has been previously realised.
The ‘dark Welsh’ as slaves and slave raiders in Exeter Book riddles 52 and 721
Authors: Brady Lindy
Published: January 2018

Chapter three argues that a group of Old English riddles located in the borderlands between Anglo-Saxon England and Wales reflect a common regional culture by depicting shared values of a warrior elite across the ostensible Anglo-Welsh divide. These riddles, which link the ‘dark Welsh’ to agricultural labour, have long been understood to depict the Welsh as slaves and thus reflect Anglo-Saxon awareness of both ethnic and social division. Drawing upon understudied Welsh legal material, this chapter argues that these riddles have a multilayered solution in which the Welsh are both slaves and slave traders, complicating readings of negative Anglo/Welsh relations. This polysemic solution reveals that the Welsh, like the Anglo-Saxons, were stratified by class into the enslaved and a warrior elite with less distance from the Anglo-Saxons than has been understood. The location of these riddles on the mearc further characterises the Welsh borderlands in the early period as a distinctive region which was notorious for cattle raiding. These riddles counter the common perception that the Welsh borderlands were defined by Offa’s Dyke, suggesting that this region is better understood as a space which both Anglo-Saxons and Welsh permeated on raids.
The Welsh borderlands in the Anglo‑Saxon Chronicle
Authors: Brady Lindy
Published: January 2018

Chapter four argues for a significant pattern of political alliance in the Welsh borderlands in the later Anglo-Saxon period, beginning in the tenth century, where half a dozen raids carried out jointly by Mercian earls and northern Welsh rulers have gone unnoticed because they are recorded largely in Welsh sources. This pattern of political cohesion within the Welsh borderlands continues in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle throughout the eleventh century, both before and after the Norman arrival in 1066. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle represents the Welsh borderlands as a region which acted as an independent political force throughout the eleventh century. Chapter four also argues that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle represents the military culture of the Welsh borderlands in a distinctive way which aligns its inhabitants with outlaws.
Paternalism
Authors: Fives Allyn
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, I introduce the central themes of the book. These themes can best be presented as questions, as follows: When parents exercise power over their children, what are the various forms power takes and what forms of power can be morally justified? When we evaluate the legitimacy of parental power, can we be faced with moral dilemmas, and if so how can we resolve such conflicts? Finally, in what ways may parents exercise power over children who lack the qualities of an agent, those who are capable of agency but are incompetent, and those who are fully competent? I do not claim to answer all of these questions in full in this chapter. However, by examining two competing definitions of paternalism (liberal and pluralist) I think we can highlight what are the pertinent issues that we must explore further, while I will also endeavour to make clear the arguments to be made in the coming chapters.
Children and the provision of informed consent
Authors: Fives Allyn
Published: January 2018

When researchers try to recruit children as participants in a scientific study or when physicians recommend a course of medical treatment for children, a question then arises as to who may authorise such activity. May parents make these decisions on behalf of their children? May children make them independently of their parents? Or should such decisions be made jointly? To address these questions, in this chapter I explore the topic of informed consent, and more precisely, how it is that informed consent authorises children’s research participation and medical treatment. I first ask how we should define competence. In this chapter, I will argue that a person is competent to make a decision if she is able to reflect on the alternative courses of action and the likely consequences of each, and also, crucially, she is aware of the plurality of moral values and the possibility for conflict between those values, and reasonable in the face of such conflicting moral claims. We shall also consider voluntariness. In this chapter, I argue that a person acts voluntarily if she wills the action without being under the liberty-infringing influence of another. One issue to examine here is whether and in what ways parents can, through the exercise of their power, help their children become more competent and yet without limiting their children’s voluntariness.
Belgian refugees during the First World War (France, Britain, Netherlands)
Authors: Amara Michaël
Published: January 2018

The German invasion of Belgium in August-October 1914 led to the flight of more than 1.5 million Belgian civilians. The vast majority sought asylum in the Netherlands, France and Britain. In total, more than 600,000 Belgians – some 10 percent of the Belgian population at the time – settled abroad during the First World War. In France, they received financial support throughout the war, enabling the poorest refugees to avoid utter destitution. In Britain, committees sprang up to help resettle refugee families. In the Netherlands, where large camps were set up to house refugees, support for the refugees remained more limited. The war saw a gradual dwindling of the support offered to refugees. Many had no other choice but to find a job. In France, thousands were put to work in factories and farms. In Britain, 30,000 Belgian refugees, nearly one-quarter of them women, played an important role in the manufacture of munitions. Most refugees kept to themselves. Recreational activities strengthened the bonds to their homeland. Anxious to prevent them from permanently settling in their host countries, the Belgian authorities in exile promoted a strong sense of national identity among the refugees. By mid-1919, most Belgian refugees had returned home.
Adaptive/appropriative reuse in neo-Victorian fiction: having one’s cake and eating it too
Authors: Kohlke Marie-Luise
Published: January 2018

Marie-Luise Kohlke’s chapter on ‘Adaptive/Appropriate Reuse in Neo-Victorian Fiction: Having One’s Cake and Eating it Too’ argues that historical fiction writers’ persistent fascination with the long nineteenth century enacts a simultaneous drawing near to and distancing from the period, the lives of its inhabitants, and its cultural icons, aesthetic discourses, and canonical works. Always constituting at least in part as a fantasy construction of ‘the Victorian’ for present-day purposes, the process of re-imagining involves not just a quasi resurrection (of nineteenth-century historical persons, fictional characters, traumas, aesthetics, values, and ideologies) but also a relational transformation – a change in nature, a conversion into something other, namely what we want ‘the Victorian’ to signify rather than what it was. Hence adaptive practice in the neo-Victorian novel, applied both to Victorian literary precursors and the period more generally, may be better described as adaptive reuse (to borrow a term from urban planning’s approach to historic conservation) or, perhaps, appropriative reuse. Drawing on a range of neo-Victorian novels Kohlke explores the prevalent perspectival frames and generic forms employed in neo-Victorian appropriative reuse and their divergent effects on present-day conceptions of Victorian culture.
The Massacre of the Innocents: infanticide and solace in the seventeenth-century Low Countries
Authors: Bussels Stijn , Van Oostveldt Bram
Published: January 2018

In this chapter a specific body will take centre-stage: the body of the child. Focusing on both theatre and visual arts in the Dutch Republic this contribution will discuss the most cruel and loathsome form of violence, i.e. violence inflicted on innocent children. For this, one passage from the Bible was often used, the massacre of the Innocents in Bethlehem from the Gospel of Matthew. This contribution concentrates on the popularity of this biblical passage in the visual arts of the early modern Netherlands and will clarify how diverse the solace can be. Therefore, this chapter will focus on the thirties of the seventeenth century, when the Dutch Republic had consolidated itself as a crucial economic and cultural player and when the Spanish Netherlands were dominated by counter-reformational discourses. Daniel Heinsius’s Latin tragedy Herodes infanticida (1632), an illustration from Jacob Cats’ Trov-ringh (1637), Rubens’ Massacre of the Innocents (1637) and Joost van de Vondel’s history play Gysbrecht van Aemstel (1638) will be discussed. A detailed comparative analysis of these examples will reveal how artists, writers, painters and actors, used hurt bodies on stage, page or canvas as a means to feature the most profound fears and doubts of an era.
‘I feel your pain’: some reflections on the (literary) perception of pain
Authors: Sawday Jonathan
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, Jonathan Sawday looks at some examples of the representation of pain on the renaissance stage, concentrating on the language which is deployed to reproduce the sensation of both physical and mental pain. Using Shakespeare’s King Lear as his source text, Sawday looks at the way in which eighteenth-century commentators (chiefly Dr Johnson) responded to the play’s ‘painfulness’. Sawday argues that, rather than seeing Johnson’s response as ‘excessive,’ it faithfully rehearses a theory of pain derived (in part) from Locke. Sawday goes on to examine the nature of ‘word-induced’ pain which has become a feature of modern cognitive studies of pain, and which might suggest that Johnson’s reaction to the play may, in fact, have some somatic basis. He concludes by suggesting the possibility that 16th- and 17th-century rehearsals of pain via the medium of metaphoric and devotional language may also have a somatic basis, and one which, with the arrival of new technologies for understanding the location and nature of pain, we are only just beginning to (re-)discover.
Theatrical torture versus dramatic cruelty: subjection through representation or praxis1
Authors: Korsten Frans-Willem
Published: January 2018

The distinction between the theatrical and the dramatic is pivotal for different modes of subjection in the early modern era. Institutionally speaking, society was organized ideologically, theatrically by the introjection of what was shown publicly to private, but equally collective, theatres of the mind. This could be described as a logic of torture. In contrast, and on the other hand, the dramatic application of punishment on ships, and the pain it involved, served what Robert Cover called a ‘balance of terror’, based on a logic of what Deleuze defined as ‘cruelty’. In order to clarify this distinction, and the implication it has for our ideas on gouvernmentalité, this chapter will propose a close reading of a painting by Lieve Verschuier that either depicts a peculiar case of keelhauling or, allegorically, the lynching of the brothers De Witt in 1672. Although the painting is clearly theatrical, formally speaking, it superimposes a dramatic logic on the traumatic political event of the lynching of the brothers De Witt. This will be considered in the chapter as one instance of a more general shift in the seventeenth century: a shift away from the theatrical logic of torture to the dramatic logic of cruelty.
Working-class culture in Britain and Germany, 1870–1914: a comparison
Authors: Geary Dick
Published: January 2018

Dick Geary, in a wide-ranging essay, contrasts the lives of the British and German working classes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He poses the notion that there were marked differences between the two lifestyles. Britain emerges as a more liberal society in which in religion, societies and leisure brought the working classes and the middle classes came close together. The standard of living of the British working class was higher than the German, their housing provision better – encouraging domesticity – and their absorption of the growing leisure industry more marked. In contrast the German state was far more interventionist and presided over the workers living in seriously overcrowded tenement in a low wage economy in which consumption taxes, in the absence of an effective income tax, which bore deeply upon them. In this climate the German Social Democratic Party throve and produced its own range of independent, rather than commercially-run, leisure activities. Although seriously challenged by the Catholic Church and employers, the SDP became much more class conscious than their class status and political concerns, as driven from a home life their aired their grievances in the pubs, which Karl Kautsky referred to as ‘the solitary bulwark of proletarian freedom’. In the end Dick Geary contrasts that he difference a class-conscious tension in Germany against the more liberal, and less class-conscious culture of Britain.
Women at work: activism, feminism and the rise of the female office worker during the First World War and its immediate aftermath
Authors: Robertson Nicole
Published: January 2018

Focussing upon one group of workers, Nicole Robertson deals with the Association for Women’s Clerks and Secretaries (AWCS), which emerged in 1912 from earlier roots to become an all-female trade union representing lower middle-class female clerks. Concentrating upon the First World War and the immediate post-war years she establishes that female clerkship was already well established before the Great War, that the AWCS fought against inequalities unemployment and the inequalities of pay but gradually became much more involved in the fight for equality and justice, and was part of a feminist movement which did not, as many writers have suggested, fall away during the Great War and afterwards. Above all, Robertson’s work challenges the view that there was a lack of collective identity and action amongst the lower middle classes in early twentieth-century Britain.
Phenomenological Commitments
Authors: Inkpin Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter identifies some general features that characterize a conception of language as phenomenological. Taking Heidegger’s nondualist view of ‘being-in-the-world’ as a model, it suggests that this involves conceiving language as ‘language-in-the-world’, as characterized by an antireductionist attitude and rejection of the ideas that language is a ‘formal’ system of signs and that it sustains an inside-outside opposition. It is then argued that critically assessing the significance of a phenomenology of language in relation to other philosophical conceptions of language requires a specific focus, and that this is provided by Heidegger’s emphasis (chapter 1) on the derivative nature of predication and the possibility of prepredicative language use. Hence the chapter also examines the idea of prepredicative foundation, arguing that this refers to factors that are functionally and structurally presupposed by propositional content.
Phenomenology and Semantics
Authors: Inkpin Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on Heidegger’s claim (chapter 2) that propositional content has a prepredicative foundation to assess the relationship between a phenomenological approach to language and standard semantics-based approaches that assume the primacy of propositional content. Having clarified the distinction between these two approaches and various possibilities for interpreting Heidegger’s claim, it argues against a weak foundation claim, according to which prepredicative factors do not affect the philosophical adequacy of the semantic notions of propositional and conceptual content, and instead defends a stronger claim – ‘moderate’ functional foundation – based on differences in the functioning of prepredicative factors and semantic properties. This claim is then situated in the context of a debate between Hubert Dreyfus and John McDowell about the role of concepts in prereflective intelligence, in which it offers a midway between their respective extremes of nonconceptual coping and pervasive conceptualism.
Introduction: The Interplay of Embodiment, Enaction, and Culture
Authors: Tewes Christian , Durt Christoph , Fuchs Thomas
Published: January 2018

While traditional theories of cognition tend to conceive of mental capacities as disembodied or merely supervenient on brain states, in recent decades the insight has spread that mental processes cannot be confined to activities inside the skull alone. The paradigm of enactive embodiment endeavors to overcome the limitations of traditional cognitive science by reconceiving the cognizer as an embodied being and cognition as enactive. According to a well-known early definition, cognition depends on “the kinds of experience that come from having a body with various sensorimotor capacities” (...
Thin, Thinner, Thinnest: Defining the Minimal Self
Authors: Zahavi Dan
Published: January 2018

What is a self? Plenty of competing and complementary definitions abound. Over the years, I have articulated and defended am experientially based minimal conception of selfhood. In the following short text, I reply to some objections and suggestions for revisions that Ratcliffe as well as Ciaunica and Fotopoulou offer in their contributions to this volume. Is it a viable proposal to suggest that the minimal self is interpersonally constituted? My answer is negative.
Accounts
Authors: Nelms Taylor C.
Published: January 2018

Focusing on middle class Ecuadoreans, this chapter explores the paper ephemera and other accoutrements that surround cash payments: account books, receipts, cloth storage sacks, digital calculators, graph paper, and notebooks. It focuses on a rotating savings and credit association of a particular family, and shows how under president Rafael Correa, Ecuador adopted an explicit policy of recognizing and leveraging such informal credit associations toward its vision of a “popular and solidary economy.” Despite efforts to stabilize or fix such informal arrangements, however, they remain open-ended, involving a plurality of practices and ideas which also involved formal banking. In fact, the receipt and the account book are at the intersection of informal credit associations’ connection to formal banking. The chapter argues that the technologies of the formal banking system, far from dominating or subsuming the informal, in fact get bent to its purposes and concerns.
Cash
Authors: Lippman Alexandra
Published: January 2018

This chapter juxtaposes two artistic interventions into money: one, an “occasional coffee shop” where patrons are exhorted to “throw $$ on the floor;” the other, the work of artist MáximoGonzálzez, who creates installations out of cut and folded decommissioned banknotes. This juxtaposition allows the author so discuss the relationships among money, waste, art and payment. Venturing into “Squamuglia,” a pop-up coffee shop and/or artistic performance in Los Angeles presents an occasion to reflect on physical banknotes, art and philosophy with Squamuglia’s host, Ben Turner. Merging sound, objects, refuse, trees and branches, plastic, wooden beams and other items, Turner’s coffee shop went through diverse, always different iterations, each one, however, centered around serving espresso coffee drinks, and an exhortation to pay—or not—by throwing money on the floor. Ben would collect the money, which would usually have become dirty, and wash it with soap and a sponge before recirculating it. Yet he felt that this made the bills less “vibrant.” Money’s dirtiness or vibrancy also has to do with its relationship to the state, a theme explicit in González’s art.
Receipts
Authors: Guyer Jane I.
Published: January 2018

The author remembers examples from her childhood and her adult life of the collection, management and curation of paper receipts: in so-called cash railways, mechanical devices used to move cash and receipts around a store; and the cigar box a relative used to store receipts. Receipts and their containers spotlight money as a unit of account, and the social, business, and personal significance of accountings and record keeping. Receipts are memories, not just of business transactions but of interpersonal relationships and values beyond the material. Receipts provoke conversation, and in so doing restore the symbolic and political dimension to otherwise impersonal economic transactions.