bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Counselling in China
Authors: Higgins Louise T. , Davey Gareth , Gao Xiang , Zheng Richang , Ni Zijun , Lang Lijun
Published: May 2008

This article reviews the development of psychological counselling in China. It consists of three parts: counselling in ancient China, counselling in China today, and counselling in the future. Counselling ideas can be traced back to ancient China, 2,500 years ago, but Western counselling theories have only recently been introduced into China. Counselling has become more and more popular in China, developing rapidly from schools to hospitals, communities, armies and companies. Although Western approaches are popular, some Chinese psychologists are developing indigenous counselling approaches. Government support for the control of professional counselling training programmes is needed. Despite counselling in China lagging behind the West at present, it is likely that in the future it will help people cope with the stresses and strains of living in such a rapidly modernising and changing society.
Does Direct Investment in Complementary Businesses make Business Sense to	Foreign Companies in an Emerging Economy? Case of British American Tobacco	in India, 1906–2004
Authors: Nayak Amar K.J.R.
Published: May 2008

The objective of this article is to find out if direct investment in complementary businesses is important for success of a foreign company in the context of an emerging economy like India. The article analyses the case of British American Tobacco (BAT) with regard to its nature, timing and scope of investment in India from 1906 to 2004 to explain the determinants of its success in India. From a sample of 51 foreign companies that have been operating in India prior to 1991 and that showed consistency in their financial performance, the case of BAT was chosen for the study. While the study shows the importance of holistic investment approach for success of a foreign firm in an emerging economy, it argues that investments in complementary businesses contributes significantly to the success of direct investment in the context of an emerging economy.
Cointegration of Asian Markets with US Markets
Authors: Srivastava Aman
Published: May 2008

International diversification of portfolios has always been an area of great concern for international fund managers and researchers. There is considerable academic research that documents the benefits of international diversification. There is a large body of financial literature, which studies the existence of inter-linkages among international capital markets since such linkages have serious implications for portfolio diversification as well as macroeconomic policies of the countries concerned. Investors who buy shares in foreign as well as domestic companies seek to reduce market risk and reap rewards through global diversification. Such diversification pays so long as various national markets are not perfectly correlated. There are studies marking the beginning of an extensive literature in financial economics on international diversification. Over the last decade, it is found that the international diversification benefits to global investing are not constant, and due to process of globalization and global linkage among the global markets, they are diminishing compared to the rest of capital market history. The increasing correlation among the developed and emerging markets has restricted the scope for international diversification over last few years. This article attempts to examine the integration structure of the major world equity markets in the era of globalization. The study suggests that integration vary considerably through time and are highest during last few years. The analysis suggests that the periods of globalization have both benefits and drawbacks for international investors. They expand the opportunity set, but diversification relies increasingly on investment in emerging markets.
‘Internetization Management’
Authors: Abouzeedan Adli , Busler Michael
Published: May 2008

In the traditional economy, partnership forms are managed through classical styles. However, the traditional economy is successively being transferred into an IT-based economy where classical globalization is shifting towards e-Globalization. We argue, in this article, for a different type of management paradigm which has the potential to be used in the management of strategic alliance structuring. The new form is designated as ‘Internetization Management’. This new term was first suggested by Abouzeedan et al. (2003). In our analysis, we found that this new form of management can be a potential tool to construct and operate strategic alliances.
Pain and Stress in Learning Organizations
Authors: Akella Devi
Published: May 2008

This article adopts the middle perspective, the fluorescent light model to examine the painful and stressful experiences, which employees face in the course of their working lives in learning organizations. The article provides insights on why such abuses are accepted and tolerated by the organizational members without any form of external confrontation and resistance against the management of the learning organizations.
International Mobility of Australian University Students: 2005
Authors: Olsen Alan
Published: May 2008

Australia as a destination for international students is well researched. However, less is known about the numbers of Australian students who undertake international study experiences during their courses, the characteristics of those students, their types of experiences, their fields of education, and their destinations. This study finds that nearly 5% of undergraduates in Australian universities undertake an international study experience by the time they complete their degrees. Most students go overseas on exchanges or other semester- or year-long programs, more than on short-term programs or work placements. Of international study experiences in 2005, 59% were undertaken by women. Arts and business were the most common fields of education, and Europe and the Americas were the most popular destinations.
Long-Term, Open-Label Safety and Efficacy of Atomoxetine in Adults With ADHD
Authors: Adler Lenard A. , Spencer Thomas J. , Williams David W. , Moore Rodney J. , Michelson David
Published: May 2008

Objective: Previously, data from 97 weeks of open-label atomoxetine treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were reported. This final report of that study presents results from over 4 years of treatment. Method: Results were derived from the study of 384 patients (125 patients remaining in the open-label trial since the interim report), receiving up to 221 weeks of treatment. Primary efficacy measure was the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale—Investigator Rated: Screening Version (CAARS-Inv:SV) Total ADHD Symptom score. Adverse events and vital signs were assessed. Results: CAARS-Inv:SV Total ADHD Symptom scores decreased 30.2% ( p < .001) during treatment. Similar, significant decreases were noted for the secondary efficacy measures, including the Sheehan Disability Scale Total score, which improved 25.3% ( p < .001). Adverse events consisted primarily of pharmacologically (noradrenergic) expected effects. Conclusions: Results of this open-label study support the long-term efficacy, safety, and tolerability of atomoxetine for the treatment of adult ADHD. (J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 12(3) 248-253)
Omega-3/Omega-6 Fatty Acids for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Johnson Mats , Östlund Sven , Fransson Gunnar , Kadesjö Björn , Gillberg Christopher
Published: May 2008

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess omega 3/6 fatty acids (eye q) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: The study included a randomized, 3-month, omega 3/6 placebo-controlled, one-way crossover trial with 75 children and adolescents (8—18 years), followed by 3 months with omega 3/6 for all. Investigator-rated ADHD Rating Scale—IV and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale were outcome measures. Results: A majority did not respond to omega 3/6 treatment. However, a subgroup of 26% responded with more than 25% reduction of ADHD symptoms and a drop of CGI scores to the near-normal range. After 6 months, 47% of all showed such improvement. Responders tended to have ADHD inattentive subtype and comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders. Conclusion: A subgroup of children and adolescents with ADHD, characterized by inattention and associated neurodevelopmental disorders, treated with omega 3/6 fatty acids for 6 months responded with meaningful reduction of ADHD symptoms. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; 12(5) 394-401)
The influence of cultural images and other people on young women's embodied agency
Authors: Liimakka Satu
Published: May 2008

Drawing on young Finnish women's group discussions and individual written accounts of their body experiences, this article discusses the role of cultural images and other people in young women's body experiences, and the spaces available for young women's embodied agency. Through using insights from Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1945/2003) and George H. Mead (1934/67), it is shown how other people play a significant role in a young woman's relation to cultural body ideals and to her own body. The situation of a young woman, her own body being often compared by others and by herself to the image of the ideal woman, and as such, becomes an inhabited and presented visual space (Frost, 2005), a spectacle (Tseëlon, 1995), which creates a context of living as an objectified body. However, this context also allows possibilities for particular forms of agency, which are discussed in the article.
Change versus Development in External Speech: Truck-Puzzle Experiments Re-evaluated
Authors: Berducci Domenic F.
Published: May 2008

This research critiques Wertsch's truck-puzzle experiments by first questioning if those results constituted linguistic artifacts, and questioning if the resulting referential continuum comprised a legitimate developmental form. The participants in the original truck-puzzle experiments interacted using American English and Portuguese. To determine if the results were linguistic artifacts, they were compared with those of functionally related Japanese data, which were found to verify the original findings. Additionally, from this comparison, a new referential form was discovered. Finally, the original referential continuum was found to consist of forms that constitute change rather than development. Wertsch's work is valuable in that it refines and supplements Vygotsky's notion of external speech. This current research partially verifies Wertsch's findings, uncovers an additional referential form, argues for new developmental continua, and appends the results to Vygotsky's original developmental continuum, generating a more sensitive tool with which to analyze microgenesis.
Commentary: Mother—Child Interaction Reconsidered: Commentary on Berducci
Authors: Takahashi Noboru
Published: May 2008

In this commentary, I reexamine the truck-puzzle task to evaluate the actual significance of Berducci's formulation. I indicate the diversity of situation definition, the co-constructiveness of the situation, the ontogeny of the active and intentional agent who participates in the situation, and its cultural constraints. Although Berducci's formulation is not restricted to a specific task setting and is a general one, the participants in the tasks he analyzed actively interpret a diverse situation and co-construct it as active and intentional agents under the constraint of cultural norms. Therefore, we need to know the ontological status of his formulation; it is a theoretical problem as well as an empirical one.
Jeepneys: Values in the Streets
Authors: Güss C. Dominik , Tuason Ma. Teresa G.
Published: May 2008

Cross-cultural psychological studies mostly focus on differences between countries. This study uniquely focuses on intracultural variations of values based on descriptors of artifact data, jeepneys (public transportation vehicles), and on interviews with jeepney drivers. The sample consisted of 200 jeepneys and their drivers in Manila and Davao, northern and southern regions of the Philippines, respectively. Results indicated that Manila jeepneys featured more decorations and accessories concerned with religion, identity, and Western commercialism, while Davao jeepneys featured more political and civic themes. In interviews about their problems and wishes, Manila drivers expressed more financial and road-related problems and wishes that centered on family and happiness, whereas Davao drivers expressed more family and other people-related problems and wishes dealing with finances and work. Results are discussed focusing on inter-and intracultural variation.
Review Essay: Social Knowledge and Social Representations: Boon and Bane of Complex Integrative Concepts
Authors: Thommen Beat
Published: May 2008

Sandra Jovchelovitch claims to evaluate knowledge in reference to social contexts and functions. She develops a widespread social-psychological approach. Central in her conceptual framework is the construct of representation. Representations are the matter and substance of knowledge and situated at the intersection of self, social interactions and objective world. The excellence of the contribution consists in its integrative power. On the other hand the central concepts of knowledge and representation often remain ambiguous and inconsistent. Actual developments in constructivism and systems theory (e.g. the work of Niklas Luhmann) could offer a theoretical framework to capture the dialectic and dynamic relationship between the individual and the social.
The tip of the iceberg: Evidence of seasonality in institutional maternal mortality and implications for health resources management in Burkina Faso
Authors: Hounton Sennen H. , Sombie Issiaka , Townend John , Ouedraogo Thomas , Meda Nicolas , Graham Wendy J.
Published: May 2008

Aims: The aims of this study were to investigate seasonal patterns of institutional maternal deaths and complications, and to test for an association with malaria seasons, rainfall, and household income. Methods: A systematic case review of hospital records in the Boucle du Mouhoun health region (Burkina Faso) was conducted over a 2-year period. A statistical smoothing procedure (T4253H) and Freedman's test were used to investigate seasonality and association with malaria, rainfall or household income variations. Results: The data consistently showed the greatest rates of maternal deaths, eclampsia and haemorrhage cases during the dry season, which is the low malaria transmission season, and the period of the year when households have most money available and the lowest opportunity cost of travelling to seek medical attention, suggesting that financial and geographical barriers may be major underlying factors. Conclusions: The management both of health resources in hospital and of referral systems should accommodate cyclical variations in the presentation of maternal complications. Effective mechanisms are needed to help reduce the significant barriers to uptake faced by women and their families at particular times of the year.
Resources and quality of care in services for the elderly
Authors: Winsløw Jacob Hilden , Borg Vilhelm
Published: May 2008

Aims: To investigate the association between resources of the workplace and the quality of care in municipal long-term care. At the municipal level, the resources comprised the proportion of care workers with a long period of professional training and the relative availability of care-giving manpower. At the level of the organizational unit, the resources comprised aspects of the psychosocial working environment. Methods: A survey of 7,500 care workers in 36 municipalities in Denmark was performed. Quality of care was measured by seven standardized questions in a questionnaire. Data on the psychosocial resources of the workplace were aggregated responses from the care workers to questions from the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire. Data on the training and relative availability of care workers were derived by combining information from payroll lists and data available from government databases. Results: There was a positive association between psychosocial resources at the level of the organizational unit and the quality of care provided by the individual care worker. There was no association between the level of professional training of the municipal workforce of care-givers and the quality of care provided by the individual care worker. There was a complex relationship between the relative availability of care-giving manpower at the municipal level and the quality of care provided by the individual care worker. Conclusions: Improving the psychosocial working environment of care workers is one key to securing sufficient caring staff for the long-term care sector; increasing manpower or increasing the proportion of highly trained staff are not in themselves such keys.
Large-scale alcohol use and socioeconomic position of origin: Longitudinal study from ages 15 to 19 years
Authors: Andersen Anette , Holstein Bjørn E. , Due Pernille
Published: May 2008

Aim: To examine socioeconomic position (SEP) of origin as predictor of large-scale alcohol use in adolescence. Methods: The study population was a random sample of 15-year-olds at baseline (n=843) with a first follow-up 4 years later (n=729). Excess alcohol intake was assessed by consumption last weekend, dichotomized at 14 drinks. Results: The univariate analyses showed no association between SEP at age 15 years and alcohol drinking at age 19 years. The multivariate analyses showed an association between low SEP and excess alcohol drinking among boys (odds ratio=1.76). Conclusions: This longitudinal study found a weak association between low family SEP at age 15 years and excess alcohol drinking at age 19 years, but the association was not significant.
The significance of policy documents in municipal child health promotion
Authors: Guldbrandsson Karin , Bäck Henry , Bremberg Sven
Published: May 2008

Aims: To investigate municipal utilization of policy documents in child health-promoting activities with reference to document types, substance in the documents and timing in the policy process. Methods: Fifty semi-structured interviews were performed using the snowball method, and content analyses of written documentation were made. Data were categorized by means of a policy process matrix, and nine case studies were written. Triangulation was used as a validating method, and the coding reliability was assessed. Statements related to various policy documents were categorized according to document types, substance in the documents, and timing in the policy process. Results: Various policy documents were spontaneously mentioned by 33 of 50 interviewees, in eight of nine case studies, and in all stages of the policy process. Well-defined statements concerning which content in the policy documents that actually impacted on the policy process development were uncommon. Conclusions: This study shows that policy documents are present in policy processes related to child health-promoting activities in Swedish municipalities. As Swedish municipalities are autonomous and not forced to pursue governmental recommendations, this probably demonstrates that policy documents are significant in the development of such processes.
Survival, family conditions and nutritional status of motherless orphans in the West Bank, Palestine
Authors: Al-Adili Nadim , Shaheen Mohammad , Bergstrom Staffan , Johansson Annika
Published: May 2008

Aims: This study describes survival, family care and growth of the orphans of women dying at reproductive age (15—49 years) in the West Bank, Palestine, in 2000 and 2001. Methods: One hundred and sixty-seven children who were below 5 years of age at the time of the mother's death were identified. Three had died soon after birth. The family situation for the remaining 164 children was recorded. A planned baseline study could not be done at that time, due to the escalating political violence in the study area. In 2004, an average of 3 years after the mother's death, all orphan families were contacted. Of the 164 orphans, six had left the country with their fathers, and six could not be reached, due to restricted mobility. Home interviews were conducted with the 148 orphans' custodians/care-takers. Family situation and orphans' health status as judged by the interviewees were investigated, and are presented in descriptive statistics. Orphan weight and height were measured, and rates of wasting and stunting were calculated and analysed by gender. Results: The most striking finding is the high survival rate among the orphans. With the exception of the three neonatal deaths, all orphans who could be reached were alive. Almost all lived with their fathers, most of whom had remarried shortly after the death of their wives, and a stepmother had joined the family in 85% of the cases. Of the orphans under 5 years of age at the time of the interview, 8.8% and 17.6%, respectively, suffered from wasting and stunting, all of whom were girls. These rates were higher than those in the national data from 2003 for Palestinian children. Conclusions: Early family reconstruction is suggested to be a contributing factor to the high survival rate. Close monitoring of motherless orphans' health and nutritional status, with a special emphasis on orphan girls, should be ensured.
The Big Dry
Authors: Alston Margaret , Kent Jenny
Published: May 2008

The long-running Australian drought has had significant economic and environmental consequences, not least its impact on water supplies for major cities. What is less well understood are the social consequences affecting the farm families and communities reliant on agricultural production. In this article we focus on the mental health outcomes for farm men, noting that they are more vulnerable to extreme measures such as suicide. We argue that a dominant form of hegemonic masculinity in rural areas, which has served men well in good times, allowing them power and privilege, is inherently unhealthy in times of significant stress such as the current drought. The stoicism so typical of normative rural masculinity prevents men from seeking help when their health is severely compromised. We argue that attending to the health of rural men during drought requires attention not just to health outcomes but also to hegemonic masculinity.
Who enters, where and why? The influence of capabilities and initial resource endowments on the location choices of de novo enterprises
Authors: Pe'er Aviad , Vertinsky Ilan , King Andrew
Published: May 2008

Some geographical locations have characteristics that create opportunities for de novo enterprises, but not all new firms can access the benefits presented by a potential location. The ability of new firms to appropriate benefit and avoid risk depends on the resources that entrepreneurs can marshal for their enterprise. This article develops a model of the interplay between the attributes of de novo entrants and their founding locations. The model assumes that de novo entrants tend to appear in the region where their founders live, but that founders choose among locations within their regions.The test of the model, using data on all de novo entrants in the Canadian manufacturing sector during 1984—98, reveals that entrants with greater resource and capability endowments are more likely to locate in areas with an agglomeration of similar firms, but this effect reverses at high endowment levels. Additionally, larger entrants are less likely to locate in areas characterized by intense local competition and potential entry deterrence, while smaller and well-endowed entrants tend to locate in areas where entry barriers are lower and asset turnover higher. These findings suggest that entrants choose locations strategically within their founding regions.They also indicate that the strategic imperatives of de novo entrants differ significantly from those of geographically diversifying firms, and thus suggest amendments to theories of location choice when modeling the decisions of new ventures.
Perspectives on a Community-Based Course for Public Health Students
Authors: Brown Natasha A. , Hulsey Eric G. , Wing Yvette M. , Hall Anna T. , Ramachandran Shruti , DeLuca Mara E. , Butler James , Burke Jessica G.
Published: May 2008

In recent years, there has been an increase in collaborations between universities and local community agencies. During the 2005-2006 academic year, the Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences at the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health began a community—university partnership with Hosanna House Inc., a local community service center. The initial phase of this partnership included holding a departmental community development course at the community service center. Information from student journals, course evaluations, and key informant interviews were used to describe the attitudes and perspectives of the students, course instructor, and key informants toward this experience. Overall, this experience positively affected the personal and professional development of the students and was well received by faculty and staff within the academic department and community service center. The authors anticipate that this information will promote and serve as a reference for similar community—university partnerships at other schools of public health.
The Mediated Metropolis as Medium and Message
Authors: Burd Gene
Published: May 2008

Cities and communication have been historically inseparable, and the new communication technologies and globalization are changing the boundaries of multicentered, multicultural and multimediated urban regions. The `communicative city' is a medium with a traditional local and internal geographic space and place, while conveying its message into a virtual external cyberspace. The impact of social divergence and media convergence on urban identity raises questions about consensus, community and the `communicative' function of the city if it is digitized, dematerialized and deterritorialized in a new urban geography.
Urban Encounters
Authors: Georgiou Myria
Published: May 2008

This article explores the communicative interface of global cities, especially as it is shaped in the juxtapositions of difference in culturally diverse urban neighbourhoods. These urban zones present powerful examples, where different groups live cheek by jowl, in close proximity and in intimate interaction — desired or unavoidable. In these urban locations, the need to manage difference is synonymous to making them liveable and one's own. In seeking (and sometimes finding) a location in the city and a location in the world, urban dwellers shape their communication practices as forms of everyday, mundane and bottom-up tactics for the management of diversity. The article looks at three particular areas where cultural diversity and urban communication practices come together into meaningful political and cultural relations for a sustainable cosmopolitan life: citizenship, imagination and identity.
An Urban Communication Audit
Authors: Jeffres Leo W.
Published: May 2008

Treating communities as communication systems, this article applies the concept behind the International Communication Association (ICA) Communication Audit for describing communication within organizations, mapping out the turf and providing a sample of measures. Network and systems theory are merged as it is asked to what extent the communication network links people into a community social system, one of several potential goals that may be modified to fit a community analysis or attend to particular problems. Ten methods are offered as tools, from quantitative surveys, content analyses and inventories to qualitative methods employing in-depth interviews with informants and influentials, observations and examinations of critical events.
Urban Conflict and Communication
Authors: Hamelink Cees J.
Published: May 2008

The article argues that conflict is inherent to urban life. With the increasing economic, political and cultural importance of cities, the management of urban conflict becomes essential to the well-being of the majority of the world's people. Communication in the sense of `disarming conversation' can play a crucial role in preventing low-intensity disputes escalating towards violent and deeply damaging conflicts. A key element of the `right to the city' should be the `right to a communicative city'.
The Wall Is Down: New Openings in the Study of Poetry
Authors: Brisman Leslie
Published: May 2008

The question considered here is not what are the most interesting or most discussed recent movements in literary criticism, but what are the methodological innovations that might actually contribute to a better understanding of a specific poem? I look in two directions, the one attempting to enrich a poem's setting in its cultural context, the other attempting to complicate a poem's relation to its literary background. For the former, I attempt to read Donne's “Valediction: Forbidding Mourning” with the combination of attention to nonliterary texts contemporaneous with the poem and analysis of cultural bias that has characterized New Historical readings. For the latter, I attempt to read Stevens's “Puella Parvula” as a crisis lyric and battleground for the anxieties of influence as elaborated by Harold Bloom. I conclude by comparing the two modes of “unknowing” that these methods invoke—Donne's culturally determined sense of female anatomy (his obliviousness to the fundamental difference between male and female genitalia, which we take for granted), and Stevens's repression of the human cry at the core of his interest in imagination. The article acknowledges that the great masters of older methodologies, here represented by John Freccero and Helen Vendler, may have more to tell us than any methodological innovation as such could hope to convey.
The distribution of hand preference is discrete: A taxometric examination
Authors: Dragovic Milan , Milenkovic Sanja , Hammond Geoff
Published: May 2008

The dominant genetic models of human handedness (Annett, 1985; McManus, 1985a) have contrasting views on its nature. Whereas Annett's model proposes that handedness is distributed continuously (following the distribution of performance asymmetries of the hands), McManus's model proposes that handedness is distributed dichotomously. The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of the underlying distribution. The taxonomy of hand preference was analysed by two independent taxometric procedures, ‘mean‐above–mean‐below‐a‐cut’ and ‘maximum‐eigenvalue’, separately in two geographically, demographically, and culturally distinct samples; one of Australian adults (N=787), and the other of Serbian high school students (N=1,224). The analyses revealed a latent categorical structure in both samples, with estimated mean base‐rates of a right‐handed taxon of 0.80 and 0.94 from the two analyses of the adult sample and of 0.79 and 0.93 from the two analyses of the high school sample. Subsequent analyses showed that the initial right‐handed class could be subdivided into consistent and inconsistent right‐handed subclasses in both samples. A supplementary analysis, including a measure of hand proficiency in a subset of the sample of Australian adults (N=596), also revealed a latent categorical structure, showing evidence for a categorical latent structure from a continuous measure of hand performance. We conclude that the distribution of hand preferences in humans is discrete and not continuous.
Anthropology and Environment Section
Authors: Ogden Laura
Published: May 2008

•Ethnographic Study of Computer‐Implemented Decision Support Systems
 Eric T Jones, Gregory Hill
Association for Africanist Anthropology
Authors: Coffman Jennifer E
Published: May 2008

•AAA Panel in Washington, DC
 Hudita Mustafa  •AfAA Award Nominations Due May 15th
Association for Political and Legal Anthropology
Authors: Krause Elizabeth , Bahn Mona
Published: May 2008

•The Undercover Anthropologist and the Smuggling of Field Data
 Roc?o Maga?a
Central States Anthropological Society
Authors: Dean Evelyn , Glaros Angela
Published: May 2008

•Conference News
 
•Scholarship and Prize Deadlines in April
 
•Vote on Proposed Changes to Bylaws
 
•Member News
Council on Anthropology and Education
Authors: Bialostok Steve
Published: May 2008

•Risk and Education
 
•Outstanding Higher Education Professional Award for 2008
Evolutionary Anthropology Society
Authors: Ziker John P
Published: May 2008

•Focus the Nation
 
•Noble What?
 
•Collective Action Models
Society for the Anthropology of North America
Authors: Hyatt Susan B
Published: May 2008

•SANA Celebrates 15 Years: Looking Back as We Move Forward
 Maria D Vesperi
Society for the Anthropology of Religion
Authors: Selby Jennifer
Published: May 2008

•Accepting the Geertz Prize
 Heonik Kwon
Society for the Anthropology of Work
Authors: Jancius Angela
Published: May 2008

•Re‐Examining African American and Latino Immigrant Job Competition
 David Karjanen
Society of Lesbian and Gay Anthropologists
Authors: Houston David LR
Published: May 2008

•April Fools: Love and Fear as Ethnographic Challenges
Society for Psychological Anthropology
Authors: Chapin Bambi
Published: May 2008

•Perspectives on Autism: A Report from the 2007 AAA Meeting
 Nancy Bagatell, Olga Solomon
Intrauterine Immunoglobulin in the Prevention of Neonatal Hemochromatosis
Authors: Brodsky Dara
Published: May 2008

Neonatal hemochromatosis (NH), although rare, is the most common cause of liver failure in the neonate. This disorder is associated with extrahepatic siderosis and has been called neonatal iron storage disease. The pathogene sis was a mystery until 2004, when Peter Whitington hypothesized that NH may be an immune-mediated disorder. Clinical and laboratory findings demonstrate liver failure but usually are nonspecific. Evidence of extrahepatic siderosis by magnetic resonance imaging with decreased intensity of T2-weighted sequences of specific organs confirms the diagnosis. Treatment of NH is challenging, and survival rates are dismal despite medical agents (ie, iron chelators and antioxidants) or liver transplantation. Recently, NH has been prevented in subsequent pregnancies by administering intrauterine immunoglobulin to pregnant women, changing NH from a lethal to a nonlethal disease.
Lower Stress Responses After Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program Care During Eye Screening Examinations for Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Randomized Study
Authors: Kleberg Agneta , Warren Inga , Norman Elisabeth , Mörelius Evalotte , Berg Ann-Cathrine , Mat-Ali Ezam , Holm Kristina , Fielder Alistair , Nelson Nina , Hellström-Westas Lena
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE. Screening examination for retinopathy of prematurity is distressing and painful. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program intervention during a retinopathy of prematurity examination results in less adverse behavioral, pain, and stress responses as compared with standard care.

METHODS. The first 2 eye examinations in 36 preterm infants were evaluated. The infants were randomly assigned at the first eye examination to receive either Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program care or standard care. At the second examination, crossover of subject assignment was performed. The assessments included behavioral responses; recordings of heart rate, respiration, and oxygenation; pain scores (premature infant pain profile); and salivary cortisol at defined time points up to 4 hours after the eye examination. The nursing support given during the eye examinations (intervention score) were scored using predefined criteria.

RESULTS. Altogether, 68 examinations were evaluated. Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program care was associated with better behavioral scores during the examination but there was no difference in heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygenation, or premature infant pain profile score between the 2 care strategies before or after the eye examination. Salivary cortisol increased from baseline to 30 minutes after the eye examination independent of care strategy and decreased significantly between 30 and 60 minutes when infants were subjected to Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program care but not after standard care. During the study period the intervention score for standard care increased and approached the score for Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program care at the later eye examinations.

CONCLUSION. A Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program-based intervention during eye examination does not decrease pain responses but results in faster recovery, as measured by lower salivary cortisol 60 minutes after the examination. The differences were seen despite the influence from the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program intervention on the standard care treatment that occurred during the study period.
Newborn Hearing Screening and Detection of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection
Authors: Stehel Elizabeth K. , Shoup Angela G. , Owen Kristine E. , Jackson Gregory L. , Sendelbach Dorothy M. , Boney Linda F. , Sánchez Pablo J.
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVES. The objectives were to determine the frequency of congenital cytomegalovirus infection among newborns who did not pass hearing screening tests or had confirmed hearing loss and to determine how often abnormal hearing screening results were the only manifestation of congenital cytomegalovirus infection.

METHODS. Retrospective chart review was performed for newborns who had abnormal hearing screening results and positive urine cytomegalovirus culture results at Parkland Memorial Hospital between September 1, 1999, and August 31, 2004.

RESULTS. During the 5-year study period, 572 of 79047 newborns (7 of 1000 live births) did not pass hearing screening tests. Cytomegalovirus infection was identified in 24 (5%) of 483 tested infants and 16 (6%) of the 256 infants with subsequently confirmed hearing impairment. Of those 16 infants, 12 (75%) were identified as having congenital cytomegalovirus infection only because of failure to pass newborn hearing screening tests.

CONCLUSIONS. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection was present for 6% of newborns with confirmed hearing impairment, and the majority of those infants were identified on the basis of abnormal newborn hearing screening results.
Injuries Among Infants Treated in Emergency Departments in the United States, 2001–2004
Authors: Mack Karin A. , Gilchrist Julie , Ballesteros Michael F.
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to present a detailed examination of unintentional injuries in infants ≤12 months of age treated in emergency departments.

METHODS. We conducted a retrospective analysis of data for infants ≤12 months of age from the National Electronic Surveillance System-All Injury Program for 2001–2004. Sample weights provided by the National Electronic Surveillance System-All Injury Program were used to make national estimates.

RESULTS. An estimated 1314000 injured infants were treated in US emergency departments for nonfatal unintentional injuries during the 4-year period of 2001–2004, ∼1 infant every 1.5 minutes. Falls were the leading cause of nonfatal unintentional injuries for infants. Overall, the patients were more likely to be male (55.2%) than female (44.8%). Contusions/abrasions were the leading diagnosis overall (26.7%). Contusion/abrasion, laceration, hematoma, foreign-body, and puncture injuries occurred most frequently to the head or neck region. More than one third of fractures (37.2%) were to the arm or hand. Bed was the product most frequently noted as being involved in the injury event for every age except 2 and 12 months (car seat was the most frequently noted product at 2 months of age, and stairs were top ranked at 12 months). Product rank changed markedly as age increased.

CONCLUSIONS. The influences of the social environment, the physical environment, and products change as infants mature in the first year of life; this was substantiated in our study by the shift in the relative importance of products involved in injuries according to month of age. The concept that aspects of safety must adapt in anticipation of developmental stage is critical.
Bedside Ultrasound in Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Authors: Levy Jason A. , Noble Vicki E.
Published: May 2008

Bedside emergency ultrasound has been used by emergency physicians for >20 years for a variety of conditions. In adult centers, emergency ultrasound is routinely used in the management of victims of blunt abdominal trauma, in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and biliary disease, and in women with first-trimester pregnancy complications. Although its use has grown dramatically in the last decade in adult emergency departments, only recently has this tool been embraced by pediatric emergency physicians. As the modality advances and becomes more available, it will be important for primary care pediatricians to understand its uses and limitations and to ensure that pediatric emergency physicians have access to the proper training, equipment, and experience. This article is meant to review the current literature relating to emergency ultrasound in pediatric emergency medicine, as well as to describe potential pediatric applications.
Risk Factors for Neonatal Mortality Due to Birth Asphyxia in Southern Nepal: A Prospective, Community-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Lee Anne CC. , Mullany Luke C. , Tielsch James M. , Katz Joanne , Khatry Subarna K. , LeClerq Steven C. , Adhikari Ramesh K. , Shrestha Shardaram R. , Darmstadt Gary L.
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to identify antepartum, intrapartum, and infant risk factors for birth asphyxia mortality in a rural, low-resource, population-based cohort in southern Nepal.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. Data were collected prospectively during a cluster-randomized, community-based trial evaluating the impact of newborn skin and umbilical cord cleansing on neonatal mortality and morbidity in Sarlahi, Nepal. A total of 23662 newborn infants were enrolled between September 2002 and January 2006. Multivariable regression modeling was performed to determine adjusted relative risk estimates of birth asphyxia mortality for antepartum, intrapartum, and infant risk factors.

RESULTS. Birth asphyxia deaths (9.7/1000.0 live births) accounted for 30% of neonatal mortality. Antepartum risk factors for birth asphyxia mortality included low paternal education, Madeshi ethnicity, and primiparity. Facility delivery; maternal fever; maternal swelling of the face, hands, or feet; and multiple births were significant intrapartum risk factors for birth asphyxia mortality. Premature infants (<37 weeks) were at higher risk, and the combination of maternal fever and prematurity resulted in a 7-fold elevation in risk for birth asphyxia mortality compared to term infants of afebrile mothers.

CONCLUSIONS. Maternal infections, prematurity, and multiple births are important risk factors for birth asphyxia mortality in the low-resource, community-based setting. Low socioeconomic status is highly associated with birth asphyxia, and the mechanisms leading to mortality need to be elucidated. The interaction between maternal infections and prematurity may be an important target for future community-based interventions to reduce the global impact of birth asphyxia on neonatal mortality.
Early Diagnosis of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
Authors: Kaplan Frederick S. , Xu Meiqi , Glaser David L. , Collins Felicity , Connor Michael , Kitterman Joseph , Sillence David , Zackai Elaine , Ravitsky Vardit , Zasloff Michael , Ganguly Arupa , Shore Eileen M.
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is a rare and disabling genetic condition characterized by congenital malformation of the great toes and by progressive heterotopic ossification in specific anatomic patterns. Most patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva are misdiagnosed early in life before the appearance of heterotopic ossification and undergo diagnostic procedures that can cause lifelong disability. Recently, the genetic cause of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva was identified, and definitive genetic testing for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is now available before the appearance of heterotopic ossification.

METHODS. We recently evaluated 7 children for diagnosis of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva before the onset of heterotopic ossification. A medical history, physical examination, and skeletal survey were obtained on all of the patients, as well as clinical genetic testing for the canonical fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva mutation.

RESULTS. All 7 of the children (4 girls and 3 boys; ages 3 months to 6 years) had congenital malformations of the great toes, but none had radiographic evidence of heterotopic ossification at the time of evaluation. Five of the 7 children had soft tissue lesions of the neck and back, suggestive of early fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva flare-ups, 3 of whom had undergone invasive diagnostic procedures that exacerbated their condition. Two children had no history or signs of soft tissue swelling or flare-ups. DNA sequence analysis found that all 7 of the children had the recurrent fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva missense mutation, a single nucleotide substitution (c.617G>A) at codon 206 in the glycine-serine activation domain of activin receptor IA, a bone morphogenetic protein type 1 receptor.

CONCLUSION. Clinical suspicion of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva early in life on the basis of malformed great toes can lead to early clinical diagnosis, confirmatory diagnostic genetic testing, and the avoidance of additional harmful diagnostic and treatment procedures. This is the first report of genetic confirmation of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva before the appearance of heterotopic ossification. Pediatricians should be aware of the early diagnostic features of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, even before the appearance of heterotopic ossification. This awareness should prompt early genetic consultation and testing and the institution of assiduous precautions to prevent iatrogenic harm.
Epidemiologic Features of Antipsychotic Prescribing to Children and Adolescents in Primary Care in the United Kingdom
Authors: Rani Fariz , Murray Macey L. , Byrne Patrick J. , Wong Ian C. K.
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to investigate the epidemiologic features of antipsychotic prescribing to children and adolescents in general practice in the United Kingdom.

METHODS. A total of 384 participating general practices from the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database were used to identify patients 0 to 18 years of age who were prescribed ≥1 antipsychotic medication between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 2005. Annual age-specific prevalences and incidences of antipsychotic prescribing were calculated.

RESULTS. The overall prevalence of use of all antipsychotics increased from 1992 (0.39 users per 1000 patient-years) to 2005 (0.77 users per 1000 patient-years). The prescribing prevalence for patients 7 to 12 years of age almost tripled between 1992 (0.23 users per 1000 patient-years) and 2005 (0.61 users per 1000 patient-years). Atypical antipsychotic prescribing increased 60-fold from 1994 (0.01 users per 1000 patient-years) to 2005 (0.61 users per 1000 patient-years). However, typical antipsychotic prescribing decreased significantly from 2000 (0.44 users per 1000 patient-years) to 2005 (0.18 users per 1000 patient-years). The incidences for typical and atypical antipsychotics showed trends similar to those of the respective prevalences. However, the overall incidence (number of new starters) for all antipsychotics was relatively stable between 1992 and 2005, which suggests that patients remain on treatment longer.

CONCLUSIONS. The overall prevalence of antipsychotics almost doubled between 1992 and 2005; however, the rate of increase was much lower than the reported figures in the United States. The prescribing of atypical antipsychotic drugs has increased despite the lack of conclusive evidence showing their superiority over older conventional antipsychotics. Additional investigation is required to evaluate their efficacy and safety in children and adolescents.