bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and the Mesolimbic Dopamine System: Regulation by Chronic Morphine and Lewis‐Fischer Strain Differences in the Rat Ventral Tegmental Area
Authors: Beitner‐Johnson Dana , Guitart Xavier , Nestler Eric J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— In this study we demonstrate that a 51‐kDa phosphoprotein, previously identified as morphine regulated and showing different basal levels among rat strains, is glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Chronic morphine increased levels of GFAP immunoreactivity by >70% in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of outbred Sprague‐Dawley rats. This increase in GFAP content was not observed in rats that were treated concomitantly with morphine and naltrexone, an opiate receptor antagonist, and did not occur in response to a single acute injection with morphine. No alterations in GFAP levels were observed in response to chronic morphine in several other regions of the CNS studied, including the substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, cerebral cortex, and spinal cord. There were also inherent differences in levels of GFAP immunoreactivity in the VTA of drug‐naive Fischer 344 and Lewis rats, two inbred rat strains that differ in their relative preference for morphine and other drugs of abuse. The VTA of drug‐naive Lewis rats contained more than twofold higher levels of GFAP compared with drug‐naive Fischer rats. This strain difference was also apparent in the locus coeruleus but not in several other brain regions or in spinal cord. Because the mesolimbic dopamine system is thought to play a critical role in mediating the reinforcing properties of opiates and other drugs of abuse, it is possible that the opiate induction of GFAP and inherent Lewis versus Fischer strain differences in GFAP levels in the VTA may be related to the reinforcing and/or addictive properties of opiates mediated by this brain region, as well as to genetic differences in drug preference.
Effects of Congenital Infection of Sheep with Border Disease Virus on Myelin Proteins
Authors: Möller J. R. , McLenigan M. , Potts B. J. , Quarles R. H.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Border disease (BD) of sheep is caused by a virus in the genus Pestivirus that results in decreased myelination throughout the CMS when acquired congenitally. Pregnant ewes were inoculated with BD virus at 50 days of gestation, and myelin proteins were quantified in several regions of the CNS during prenatal and postnatal development of infected lambs for comparison with age‐matched controls. Newborn field‐infected lambs were also examined. Myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG), and 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase (CNP) were measured by densitometric scanning of western blots. Deficiencies in the myelin proteins were detected as early as 116 days of gestation, and the deficiencies of myelin proteins were most pronounced in the cerebellum at all ages examined. PLP and MBP increased from 10–30% of normal in cerebellar white matter at birth to 40–60% of normal at 6 months, suggesting some catch‐up in the amount of compact myelin with development. MAG and CNP were between 70 and 80% of control levels in the cerebellum at birth and at 6 months. Similar results were obtained for the corpus callosum and spinal cord of infected lambs, but the deficiencies of myelin proteins were not as great. A common finding in all regions examined was that MBP and PLP were reduced more than MAG and CNP. This is probably explained by a greater deficit of compact myelin, in which MBP and PLP are localized, than of associated oli‐godendroglial membranes, in which MAG and CNP are concentrated. Similar results have been obtained in several dysmyelinating mutants, pointing to common factors in virally and genetically caused hypomyelination. Key Words: Border disease—Myelin—Hypomyelination—Development—Sheeo.
Human Myelin/Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein: A New Member of the L2/HNK‐1 Family
Authors: Burger Danielle , Steck Andreas J. , Bernard Claude C. A. , de Rosbo Nicole Kerlero
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a quantitatively minor component of CMS myelin. In this study, human MOG was found to express the L2/HNK‐1 epitope on N‐linked oligosaccharide structures. This carbohydrate epitope has been found previously in three other characterized human myelin glycoproteins: the my‐elin‐associated glycoprotein, P0, and the oligodendrocyte‐myelin glycoprotein. It seems, therefore, that the L2/HNK‐1 epitope is expressed frequently in human myelin glycoproteins. Serial lectin affinity chromatography of 14C‐glycopeptides indicated that MOG N‐oligosaccharide structures are mainly of the complex type, accounting for 77.8% of total radioactivity. In contrast with myelin‐asso‐ciated glycoprotein and P0, which express the L2/HNK‐1 epitope on fucosylated structures, in MOG the epitope was detected on all glycopeptide fractions obtained by serial lectin affinity chromatography, although a preferential expression of the L2/HNK‐1 epitope was observed on fucosylated structures. Finally, the data indicated that, as for other human myelin glycoproteins, only a subpopulation of MOG molecules expresses the L2/HNK‐1 epitope.
Detection of Proteins in Normal and Alzheimer's Disease Cerebrospinal Fluid with a Sensitive Sandwich Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: Vandermeeren Marc , Mercken Marc , Vanmechelen Eugeen , Six Jan , Van de Voorde André , Martin Jean‐Jacques , Cras Patrick
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Alzheimer's disease is a progressive degenerative dementia characterized by the abundant presence of neurofibrillary tangles in neurons. This study was designed to test whether the microtubule‐associated protein, a major component of neurofibrillary tangles, could be detected in CSF. Additionally, we investigated whether CSF levels were abnormal in Alzheimer's disease as compared with a large group of control patients. We developed a sensitive sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay using AT120, a monoclonal antibody directed to human, as a capturing antibody. With this technique, the detection limit for was less than 5 pg/ml of CSF. Using ATS, which recognizes abnormally phosphorylated ser‐ines 199–202 in, the detection limit was below 20 pg/ml of CSF. However, with AT8, we found no immunoreactiv‐ity in CSF, suggesting that only a small fraction of CSF contains the abnormally phosphorylated AT8 epitope. Our results indicate that CSF levels are significantly increased in Alzheimer's disease. Also, CSF levels in a large group of patients with a diversity of neurological diseases showed overlap with CSF levels in Alzheimer's disease.
A Possible Pathway of Phosphoinositide Metabolism Through EDTA‐Insensitive Phospholipase A1 Followed by Lysophosphoinositide‐Specific Phospholipase C in Rat Brain
Authors: Ueda Hiroshi , Kobayashi Tetsuyuki , Kishimoto Masaaki , Tsutsumi Tomonari , Okuyama Harumi
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Incubation of [2‐3H]glycerol‐labeled phosphatidylinositol with a crude cytosol fraction of rat brain in the presence of EDTA yielded [3H]lysophosphatidylinositol predominantly without accumulation of labeled monoacylglycerol and diacylglycerol. The pH optimum of this Phospholipase A activity was 8.0. The activity for phosphatidylinositol was twofold higher than for phosphatidylethanolamine, whereas phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid were not hydrolyzed significantly under the conditions used. The phospholipase A activity for phosphatidylethanolamine was resolved in part from that for phosphatidylinositol by ammonium sulfate fractionation of the cytosol, indicating the existence of at least two forms of EDTA‐insensitive phospholipase A. The positional specificity of the phosphatidylinositol‐hydrolyzing activity was found to be that of a phospholipase A1, as radioactive lysophosphatidylinositol was produced from 1 ‐stearoyl‐2‐[1‐14C]arachidonyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoinositol without release of free arachidonate. A phospholipase C activity specific for lysophosphoinositides was found in a membrane fraction from rat brain, which was similar to that characterized in porcine platelets. The phospholipase C was demonstrated to hydrolyze the 2‐acyl isomer as well as the 1‐acyl isomer of lysophosphatidylinositol. Taken together, our results suggest a possible pathway through which phosphatidylinositol is selectively degraded to the 2‐acyl isomer of lysophosphatidylinositol in a Ca2+‐independeht manner, and subsequently converted to 2‐monoacylglycerol in rat brain.
Gene Expression of the Neuropeptide‐Processing Enzyme Carboxypeptidase E in Rat Photoreceptor Cells
Authors: Nickells Robert W. , Schlamp Cassandra L. , Newton Alexandra C. , Williams David S.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: We characterized the spatial expression of mRNA for the enzyme Carboxypeptidase E (CPE) in the Long‐Evans rat retina. CPE is involved in the processing of neuroactive peptides to a mature form. A cDNA encoding the 3’ terminus of CPE mRNA was cloned by polymer‐ase chain reaction amplification of rat retina single‐stranded cDNA. The sequence of this cDNA was identical to a rat genomic clone for CPE and nearly identical (130/ 132 nucleotides) to a cDNA for rat brain CPE. In addition, the cDNA hybridized to a single allele on Southern blots and to a 2.1‐kb mRNA on northern blots of both rat brain and retina. These data support the conclusion of others that CPE is a single‐copy gene in the rat. In cell fractionation experiments, the majority of CPE mRNA fractionated with rod opsin mRNA, suggesting that CPE is expressed predominantly in rod photoreceptors. The high abundance of CPE mRNA in photoreceptors was confirmed by in situ hybridization studies, although CPE was detected at lower levels in other retinal cell types as well. The presence of abundant levels of the mRNA of a neuro‐peptide‐processing enzyme in photoreceptor cells suggests that photoreceptors may utilize neuropeptides for normal function.
Morphological and Biochemical Analyses of Amyloid Plaque Core Proteins Purified from Alzheimer Disease Brain Tissue
Authors: Roher Alex E. , Palmer Kenneth C. , Yurewicz Edward C. , Ball Melvyn J. , Greenberg Barry D.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Amyloid plaque cores were purified from Alzheimer disease brain tissue. Plaque core proteins were solubilized in formic acid which upon dialysis against guan‐idinium hydrochloride (GuHCI) partitioned into soluble (∼15%) and insoluble (∼85%) components. The GuHCI‐soluble fraction contained β‐amyloid1‐40, whereas the GuHCI‐insoluble fraction was fractionated into six components by size exclusion HPLC: S1 (>200 kDa), S2 (200 kDa), S3 (45 kDa), S4 (15 kDa), S5 (10 kDa), and S6 (5 kDa). Removal of the GuHCI reconstituted 10‐nm filaments composed of two intertwined 5‐nm strands. Fractions S5 and S6 also yielded filamentous structures when treated similarly, whereas fractions S1–S4 yielded amorphous aggregates. Chemical analysis identified S4–S6 as multimeric and monomeric β‐amyloid. Immunochemical analyses revealed α1‐antichymotrypsin and non‐β‐amyloid segments of the β‐amyloid precursor protein within fractions S1 and S2. Several saccharide components were identified within plaque core protein preparations by fluorescence and electron microscopy, as seen with fluores‐cein isothiocyanate‐and colloidal gold‐conjugated lectins. We have shown previously that this plaque core protein complex is more toxic to neuronal cultures than β‐amyloid. The non‐β‐amyloid components likely mediate this additional toxicity, imposing a significant influence on the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease.
Rapid Communication Guanylyl Cyclase Activity in Rat Brain Myelin and White Matter
Authors: Chakraborty Goutam , Ledeen Robert W.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Purified myelin from rat brainstem was found to have an appreciable level of guanylyl cyclase activity, as seen in the formation of 3′,5′‐cyclic GMP from [3H]GTP at a rate ∼45% that of whole brainstem. Freshly isolated myelin from pooled rat brain‐stems was incubated with GTP in an appropriate mixture. This gave rise to 29.9 ± 3.6 pmol of 3′,5′‐cyclic GMP/mg of protein/min measured by HPLC and a similar result (26.7 ± 2.6 pmol/mg/min) with 125l‐3′,5′‐cyclic GMP radioimmunoassay. The latter method applied to the reaction product from whole brainstem gave a value of 56.6 ± 3.4 pmol/mg/min. In analyzing brainstem products by HPLC we observed in most trials concurrent formation of a second radiolabeled product that comigrated with 2′,3′‐cyclic GMP but that, on further examination, proved not to be that product. Its identity remains unknown.
Rapid Communication: Human Peripheral Myelin Protein‐22 Carries the L2/HNK‐1 Carbohydrate Adhesion Epitope
Authors: Snipes G. Jackson , Suter Ueli , Shooter Eric M.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Molecular genetic studies have established that mutations in the gene encoding the 22‐kDa peripheral myelin protein (PMP‐22) are responsible for hereditary peripheral neuropathies in the trembler mouse and in a subset of humans with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease, type 1a. The function of the PMP‐22 protein remains unknown. Several studies on myelin proteins in the PNS have indicated that the L2/HNK‐1 epitope, which is believed to be both a ligand for cellular adhesion and a target for autoimmune monoclonal IgM neuritis, may be found on heretofore unidentified proteins with a molecular mass of 19–28 kDa. In this report, we provide immunological evidence that at least one of these proteins is PMP‐22.
Rapid Communication: Regional Variability in DNA Fragmentation After Global Ischemia Evidenced by Combined Histological and Gel Electrophoresis Observations in the Rat Brain
Authors: Héron A. , Pollard H. , Dessi F. , Moreau J. , Lasbennes F. , Ben‐Ari Y. , Charriaut‐Marlangue C.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: We have studied whether the delayed cell death induced by transient forebrain ischemia is associated with an inter‐nucleosomal cleavage of DNA into oligonucleosome‐sized fragments. The integrity of genomic DNA in various brain regions after a 20‐min four‐vessel ischemia was examined using gel elec‐trophoresis. We found typical ladders of oligonucleosomal DNA fragments in the striatum and in the Ammon's horn. In the latter we also often found a random DNA degradation as a smear pattern. These findings were reinforced by a specific in situ labeling of DNA breaks in tissue sections. A dark staining of nuclei was observed in the cell bodies of neurons—in particular in the head of the caudate and in the vulnerable CAl hippocampal area. With biochemical and histological approaches, there was no evidence of DNA degradation in regions that are resistant to the injury. We conclude that the association of multiple mechanisms of cell damage may occur after a global ischemia. The regional variability in DNA fragmentation stresses the importance of using histological approaches in parallel with gel electrophoresis.
Psychological Symptomatology Among Palestinian Adolescents Living with Political Violence
Authors: Al‐Krenawi Alean , Lev‐Wiesel Rachel , Mahmud A. Sehwail
Published: October 2006

Background:  The study examined the impact of the level of exposure to political violence on the psychological symptomatology of Palestinian adolescents in the West Bank, an area affected by the ongoing political violence between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.

Method:  A random sample of 1775 participants (54.1% males, 45.9% females) between the ages of 12–18 was administered a self‐report questionnaire consisting of three measures: demographic variables, domestic violence, political violence events and psychological symptomatology (BSI).

Results:  Results indicated that the average psychological symptomatology was higher among those who were exposed to political violence events compared to those who were not; the level of hostility was significantly higher in those who were exposed to each of the political violence events. However, the factors that contributed most to psychological symptomatology were parental violence toward children and violence among siblings.
Heritage, Identity and Belonging: African Caribbean Students and Art Education
Authors: Dash Paul
Published: October 2006

This article addresses the issue of Caribbean cultural under‐representation in school art departments. It argues that diasporic subjects are not seen and their cultures not recognised precisely because their contributions to the way we live are indivisible from the mainstream. This in contradistinction to some groups whose cultures and heritages are relatively distinct and separate from Western mores. Our ways of understanding culture do not take this into account. Yet diasporic contributions to the way we live have buttressed Western lifestyles since the beginning of the slave trade. The article argues that this relationship, characterised by multiple entanglements, must be recognised if Caribbean cultural identities are to be seen and valued. In doing so it challenges the way we construct notions of cultural heritage and belonging, and promotes the adoption of more risk‐taking pedagogies possibly based on contemporary practices.
Power, Freedom and Resistance: Excavating the Design Jury
Authors: Webster Helena
Published: October 2006

There can be little argument that the design jury features as a key symbolic event in the education of the architect. However, whilst the centrality of the design jury as a site for learning disciplinary skills, beliefs and values is now widely acknowledged, there continues to be considerable disagreement about what is learnt and how. While critical pedagogues argue that the design jury is a critic‐centred event that coerces students into conforming to hegemonic notions of habitus, those who promote reflective practice see it as a student‐centred event in which a critical dialogue with experts supports students' construction and reconstruction of their own habitus. This article, inspired by Michel Foucault's writings on the analytics of power, reports on the findings of a yearlong ethnographic study carried out in one British school of architecture that sought to excavate ‘what really goes on’ in the design jury.
Electrospinning Approaches Toward Scaffold Engineering—A Brief Overview
Authors: Boudriot Ulrich , Dersch Roland , Greiner Andreas , Wendorff Joachim H.
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  Tissue engineering involves the in vitro seeding of cells onto scaffolds which assume the role of supporting cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, and which define the three‐dimensional shape of the tissue to be engineered. Among the various types of scaffold architectures available, scaffolds based on nanofibers mimicking to a certain extent the structure of the extracellular matrix offer great advantages. Electrospinning is the technique of choice for the preparation of such scaffolds. Investigations have revealed that the nanofibrous structure promotes cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Parameters relevant for these processes such as fiber diameters, surface topology, porosity, mechanical properties, and the fibrous architecture of the scaffold can be controlled by electrospinning in a broad range.
Membrane Bioreactor for Cell Tissues and Organoids
Authors: Drioli Enrico , De Bartolo Loredana
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  Progresses in polymeric membrane preparation and in the understanding and control of their transport properties make possible the design of novel membranes to be used for cell culture (e.g., hepatocytes, lymphocytes, pancreatic islets) in biohybrid systems such as therapeutic device or as in vitro model systems for studying the effects of various drugs and chemicals on cell metabolism. Special attention is paid to the design of the membrane with defined microstructure and physicochemical properties as well as to the importance of transport and physicochemical properties of the membrane in contact with the cells. The development of new biomaterials and bioreactors able to activate a specific response of the cells and to maintain cell differentiation for a long time is one of the most pertinent issues in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Polymeric membranes are attractive for their selectivity and biostability characteristics in the use of biohybrid systems for cell culture. Semipermeable membranes act as a support for the adhesion of anchorage‐dependent cells and allow the specific transport of metabolites and nutrients to cells and the removal of catabolites and specific products. Moreover, new membrane systems that have been recently realized as the membrane contactors might also potentially contribute to regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
The Cardiovascular Tissue‐Reactor: A Novel Device for the Engineering of Heart Valves
Authors: Karim Najibulla , Golz Katrin , Bader Augustinus
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  The shortage of human donor valves and disadvantages of current mechanical and xenogenic valve grafts cause a growing demand for biologically engineered valves. We developed a bioreactor for in vitro transformation of porcine semilunar heart valves into human valves. The reactor design was optimized in order to achieve a complete removal of porcine cells by trypsinization and cellularization of the remaining matrix with human vascular cells. The physical parameters of the reactor were characterized. Based on these data, decellularization and cellularization protocols were developed and the successful application of protocols was investigated by immunhistochemistry. The resulting reactor consisted of two connectable and perfuseable modules. Heart valve structures of varying sizes could be mounted into the reactor and could be completely depopulated within 4 days by a sequence of enzymatic and mechanical treatments applied simultaneously to the valves. Complete cellularization with human cells could be achieved after optimizing the seeding design, density, and time.
Future of Regenerative Medicine: Challenges and Hurdles
Authors: Shastri V. Prasad
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  Tissue regeneration strategies such as tissue engineering, growth factor administration, and stem cell‐based therapies have undergone significant development over the past two decades. Most notably, we are much closer to realizing the engineering of whole organs and tissue with complex architecture than we were 5 years ago. A major driving force has been the demand placed by the scientific community at large and the public to go beyond simple engineering of tissues and demonstrate functionality in engineered tissues and functional recovery upon transplantation. Some recent advances include de novo engineering of bone, engineering of fully functional bladder, and vascularization of skeletal muscle constructs. Notwithstanding, several challenges lie ahead in making regenerative medicine a viable science of the future, the key being the evolution of programs and policies that promote a close relationship among government agencies, private sector, and academia, more specifically between materials scientists, biologists, and clinicians.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Chronic Headache
Authors: Baskin Steven M. , Lipchik Gay L. , Smitherman Todd A.
Published: October 2006

Although most individuals with recurrent headache disorders in the general population do not experience severe psychopathology, population‐based studies and clinical investigations find high rates of comorbidity between headache and mood and anxiety disorders. When present, psychiatric disorders may complicate headache treatment and portend a poorer treatment response. The negative prognosis associated with psychiatric comorbidity emphasizes the importance of the identification of psychopathology among those with headache beginning at an early age, and suggests that the treatment of psychiatric comorbidity is warranted to improve the outcome of headache management.

In this article we describe the mood and anxiety disorders most commonly associated with migraine, tension‐type headache, and chronic daily headache. We provide recommendations for the assessment of comorbid mood and anxiety disorders as well as a brief overview of treatment options. Last, we discuss the clinical implications of mood and anxiety disorders on the treatment and outcome of headache.
Medication Overuse Headache: Biobehavioral Issues and Solutions
Authors: Lake Alvin E.
Published: October 2006

This article reviews current research on medication‐overuse headache (MOH), and provides clinical suggestions for effective treatment programs. Epidemiological research has identified reliance on analgesics as a predictive factor in headache chronicity. MOH can be distinguished as simple (Type I) or complex (Type II). Simple cases involve relatively short‐term drug overuse, relatively modest amounts of overused medications, minimal psychiatric contribution, and no history of relapse after drug withdrawal. In contrast, complex cases often present with multiple psychiatric comorbidities and a history of relapse. Although limited, current research suggests that comorbid psychiatric disorders are more prevalent in MOH than in control headache conditions, and may precede the onset of MOH. There appears to be an elevated risk of family history of substance use disorders in MOH patients, and an increased risk of MOH in patients with diagnosed personality disorders. Current studies suggest a high rate of relapse at 3 to 4 years after drug withdrawal and pharmacological treatment, with most relapse occurring during the first year of treatment. Relapse is a greater problem with analgesics than ergots or triptans. The addition of behavioral treatment to prophylactic medication may significantly reduce the risk of relapse over a period of several years. Clinical recommendations include assessment and modification of psychological factors that may underlie MOH, provision of detailed educational information, and combining behavioral treatment with the current standard of drug withdrawal and use of prophylactic pharmacotherapy.
Basic Principles and Techniques of Cognitive‐Behavioral Therapies for Comorbid Psychiatric Symptoms Among Headache Patients
Authors: Lipchik Gay L. , Smitherman Todd A. , Penzien Donald B. , Holroyd Kenneth A.
Published: October 2006

Recent research on headache has focused on identifying the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in headache patients and discerning the impact of psychiatric comorbidity on treatment of headache. The presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders, especially anxiety and depression, in headache patients is now a well‐documented phenomenon. Existing but limited empirical data suggest that psychiatric comorbidity exacerbates headache and negatively impacts treatment of headache. Problematically, these findings have not yet eventuated in improved treatments for individuals suffering from both headache and a psychiatric disorder(s). The present article is an attempt to describe the application of cognitive‐behavioral therapies (CBT) for depressive and anxiety disorders to headache patients who present with psychiatric comorbidity. We discuss the origins of the chronic care model in relation to CBT, review basic cognitive‐behavioral principles in treating depression and anxiety, and offer clinical recommendations for integrating CBT into existing headache treatment protocols. Directions for future research are outlined, including the need for treatment outcome studies that examine the effects of treating comorbid psychiatric disorders on headache (and vice versa) and the feasibility of developing an integrated CBT protocol that addresses both conditions simultaneously.
Modifiable Risk Factors for Migraine Progression (or for Chronic Daily Headaches)—Clinical Lessons
Authors: Bigal Marcelo E. , Lipton Richard B.
Published: October 2006

Herein we summarize clinical issues gleaned from a full peer‐reviewed article on modifiable risk factors for migraine. Since migraine is progressive in some but not in most individuals, identifying patients at risk for progression is crucial. Key interventions include: (1) Decrease headache frequency with behavioral and pharmacologic interventions; (2) Monitor the body mass index and encourage maintenance of normal weight; (3) Avoid medication overuse; (4) Avoid caffeine overuse; (5) Investigate and treat sleep problems and snoring; (6) Screen and treat depression and other psychiatric comorbidities. These recommendations have not been demonstrated to improve outcomes in longitudinal studies.
Levator Labii Superioris Muscle Transposition to Treat Oromaxillary Sinus Fistula in Three Horses
Authors: BRINK PALLE
Published: October 2006

Objective— To describe surgical transposition of the levator labii superioris muscle to treat oromaxillary sinus fistula in horses.

Study Design— Clinical study.

Animals— Three horses with chronic oromaxillary sinus fistula.

Methods— After severing its tendinous insertion, the muscle belly of the levator labii superioris muscle was retracted and transposed through the oromaxillary sinus fistula. The tendon exited the oral cavity through a full‐thickness buccal incision created adjacent to the oral end of the fistula and was then tunneled subcutaneously in a ventral direction before being anchored by sutures to the cheek tissues.

Results— Fistulae healed with few complications and with good cosmetic and functional results.

Conclusions— Oromaxillary sinus fistula associated with molariform tooth loss in horses can be treated successfully by transposition of the levator labii superioris muscle.

Clinical Relevance— Transposition of the levator labii superioris muscle should be considered for resolution of chronic oromaxillary sinus fistula in horses.
Computed Tomographic Documentation of a Comminuted Fourth Carpal Bone Fracture Associated with Carpal Instability Treated by Partial Carpal Arthrodesis in an Arabian Filly
Authors: WASELAU MARTIN , BERTONE ALICIA L. , GREEN ERIC M.
Published: October 2006

Objective—To report treatment of a unilateral comminuted fourth carpal bone (C4) fracture associated with carpal instability by partial carpal arthrodesis (PCA) of the middle carpal joint (MCJ) and carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ).

Study Design—Case Report.

Animals—An 8‐month‐old Arabian filly.

Methods—A C4 slab fracture was diagnosed radiographically; however, fracture comminution was conclusively diagnosed after computed tomographic (CT) imaging. PCA of the MCJ and CMCJ was performed with 2 narrow dynamic compression plates.

Results—PCA provided appropriate carpal stability and correct limb alignment immediately after surgery. Complete bony fusion with substantial carpal flexion and no lameness at walk or light trot was observed 8 months after surgery.

Conclusions—Carpal CT was successfully used to define fracture configuration after standard radiographic examination failed to delineate comminution. PCA was selected because of joint instability and lateral carpal collapse of MCJ and CMCJ and can be successfully used to treat comminuted C4 slab fractures associated with carpal instability. Moderate MCJ osteoarthritis without radiocarpal joint involvement allows pain‐free, substantial carpal flexion and thus, return to low‐level pleasure riding may be possible.

Clinical Relevance—CT imaging may more adequately characterize traumatic carpal bone injury, particularly, when carpal bone fracture configuration cannot be determined on standard radiographs. Early PCA of the MCJ and CMCJ is an useful alternative to treat comminuted C4 slab fractures that cannot be reconstructed.
Standing Surgical Removal of Inspissated Guttural Pouch Exudate (Chondroids) in Ten Horses
Authors: PERKINS JUSTIN D. , SCHUMACHER JIM , KELLY GER , GOMEZ JORGE H. , SCHUMACHER JOHN
Published: October 2006

Objective—To report use of a modified Whitehouse approach in standing horses for management of inspissated guttural pouch empyema.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—Adult horses (n=10) with guttural pouch empyema.

Methods—Inspissated exudate in 1 or both guttural pouches was removed surgically through a modified Whitehouse approach, with the horses standing and sedated. Medical records of affected horses were reviewed to determine history; physical, endoscopic, and radiological examination findings; surgical technique; complications, and outcome.

Results—All horses had purulent nasal discharge; 3 horses had dysphagia, 2 had recurrent laryngeal neuropathy on the side affected by guttural pouch empyema, and 1 had persistent soft palate displacement. Inspissated exudate was removed safely without causing apparent discomfort. Eight horses returned to their previous level of athletic activity after surgery; 1 horse dysphagic before surgery, was euthanatized because of persistent dysphagia after surgery, and 1 horse died 1 week after surgery for unknown reasons.Streptococcus equisubspequiwas isolated from the affected guttural pouch of 3 horses.

Conclusions—Inspissated exudate can be removed surgically from the guttural pouch in standing horses through a modified Whitehouse approach.

Clinical Relevance—To eliminate risks associated with general anesthesia and avoid surgical suite contamination, removal of chondroids can be performed in standing sedated horses through a modified Whitehouse approach.
The validity of a questionnaire‐based epidemiological study of occupational dermatosis
Authors: Carstensen Ole , Rasmussen Kurt , Pontén Ann , Gruvberger Birgitta , Isaksson Marléne , Bruze Magnus
Published: October 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of a questionnaire and medical anamnesis to identify persons with dermatitis in an occupational setting. The design was a clinical epidemiological cross‐sectional study. The study was performed between the second and fourth week of January 2001. A questionnaire was followed a week later by a medical occupational interview and a clinical dermatological examination, including a comprehensive patch test with potential workplace chemicals. The anamnesis and the clinical examination were made independently by occupational and dermatological physicians, and the skin examination was performed blinded to anamnestic data. The setting was the mother plants of a Danish‐based international company producing wind turbine systems. The study population was a workplace cohort, highly exposed to epoxy resin systems and other chemicals, and totalled 724 production workers at 4 facilities. The rate of participation was 84.7%. Using enquete questions of current skin rash against the clinical presence of dermatitis, we found a sensitivity of 22% and a specificity of 89%, compared to 45% and 87%, respectively, when the anamnestic work history, taken by an occupational physician, was the screening parameter. Using ‘workplace periodic prevalence’ of dermatitis, we found sensitivities in the range of 63–76% by a questionnaire and 70–83% by medical anamnesis. Questionnaire screening by skin symptoms gave the highest values for redness, a sensitivity of 33% and a specificity of 76%, and decreasing validity parameters as more symptoms were added to the list of screening questions. We found that the use of a questionnaire and medical anamnesis were problematic, when the purpose was screening for contact dermatitis and allergy, in this industrial cohort manufacturing reinforced plastic products. But these instruments might be useful for epidemiological surveillance, when the questionnaire has been validated in the given occupational setting.
Contact allergy to sodium cocoamphoacetate present in an eye make‐up remover
Authors: Goossens A. , Bruze M. , Gruvberger B. , Gielen K. , Stoskute L.
Published: October 2006

This is a case report of a contact allergic reaction on the face due to a skin cleansing product containing the amphoteric surfactant sodium cocoamphoacetate, occurring in an atopic woman with multiple contact sensitivities. Because of its weak irritant properties, this surfactant is widely used in cosmetic products intended to be used for sensitive skin, including products for intimate, and baby hygiene.
Adverse skin reactions to personal protective equipment against severe acute respiratory syndrome – a descriptive study in Singapore
Authors: Foo Chris C. I , Goon Anthony T. J , Leow Yung‐Hian , Goh Chee‐Leok
Published: October 2006

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was first recognized in February 2003. It is the first severe and readily transmissible new disease to emerge in the 21st century. Healthcare workers in affected countries were exposed to the regular use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as the N95 mask, gloves, and gowns. Our aim was to study the prevalence of adverse skin reactions to PPE among healthcare workers in Singapore during the SARS outbreak. Healthcare staff in the National Skin Centre and Tan Tock Seng Hospital were surveyed using questionnaires. Of those asked to participate, 322 (94.7%) agreed. 14.3% of the respondents were doctors, 73.0% nurses, and 12.7% other ancillary staff. Mean age of respondents was 32.4 years, with the majority being women (85.7%) and Chinese (53.7%). 109 (35.5%) of the 307 staff who used masks regularly reported acne (59.6%), facial itch (51.4%), and rash (35.8%) from N95 mask use. 64 (21.4%) of the 299 who used gloves regularly reported dry skin (73.4%), itch (56.3%), and rash (37.5%). The use of PPE is associated with high rates of adverse skin reactions. There is a need to find suitable alternatives for affected staff and to encourage awareness among staff of the role of dermatologists in their care.
Cellular neurothekeoma with a plexiform morphology: a case report with a discussion of the plexiform lesions of the skin
Authors: Alkhalidi Hisham , Ghazarian Danny
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  Neurothekeoma is a rare benign dermal lesion that is commonly seen in children and teenagers. Despite its name, the true nature of this lesion is uncertain and controversial, particularly after the emergence of the cellular (spindle/epithelioid) variant. We describe the histological and immunohistochemical findings of a right thigh skin lesion in an 11‐year‐old girl. It consists of a dermal ill‐defined plexiform mass composed of nests and fascicles of spindle cells with pale eosinophilic cytoplasm that lie within a sclerotic stroma. The immunohistochemistry shows diffuse reactivity to CD68, matrix metalloproteinase‐II, CD10 and PGP9.5 with focal reactivity to CD57 and CD34. The lesion is negative for S100, factor XIIIa, smooth muscle markers and melanocytic markers. The features are compatible with a cellular variant of neurothekeoma with plexiform pattern that also exhibits an unusual pattern of fibrohistiocytic phenotype. Although such a lesion is benign, it has a wide but important differential diagnoses that are reviewed briefly together with a brief discussion about the origin of this rare entity.
Evaluation of the knowledge of tooth avulsion of school professionals from Adamantina, São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Mori Graziela Garrido , Turcio Karina Helga Leal , Borro Vivian Patrícia Baraldi , Mariusso Ângela Maria
Published: October 2006

Abstract –  Tooth avulsion is common in children, and emergency management in these cases is critical. This management can be made, not only by a dentist but by people who are present where the accident occurs. Consequently, knowledge of tooth avulsion is fundamental for school professionals working with children. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the knowledge of tooth avulsion of school professionals from Adamantina, São Paulo, Brazil. For that purpose a questionnaire, including questions regarding emergency procedures for tooth avulsion, was answered by 117 teachers. The results demonstrated that 75.2% of school professionals knew the importance of emergency management and 60.6% would look for a dentist for treatment of the cases; 18.8% would reimplant the tooth and 7.6% would keep it in milk. This study showed the lack of knowledge of teachers on tooth avulsion; educational campaigns are necessary to improve the emergency management of tooth avulsion.
The effect of calcium hydroxide root filling on dentin fracture strength
Authors: Rosenberg Brett , Murray Peter E. , Namerow Kenneth
Published: October 2006

Abstract –  This in vitro study measured the effect of calcium hydroxide root filling on the microtensile fracture strength (MTFS) of teeth. A total of 40 extracted human disease‐free permanent maxillary incisors were hand and rotary instrumented and vertically compacted with United States Pharmacopeia (USP) calcium hydroxide. The teeth were stored in a moist environment for 7, 28, and 84 days. As a control group, 10 teeth were vertically compacted with gutta percha and sealer. The MTFS of the teeth was measured (Mpa) using an Instron machine. Data were assessed statistically using an unpaired t‐test (P value). The intracanal placement of calcium hydroxide weakened the MTFS of teeth by 13.9 Mpa per 77 days: an average of 0.157 MPa day−1. Between 7 and 84 days, the MTFS of the dentin was reduced by 43.9%. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). A statistical difference (P < 0.05) was observed between the mean MTFS of the calcium hydroxide‐filled dentin between 7 days (45.7 MPa) and 28 days (35.6 MPa) and also between 7 and 84 days (31.8 MPa). There was also a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the MTFS of the calcium hydroxide‐filled dentin after 84 days (31.8 MPa) and the gutta percha‐filled dentin (41.3 MPa) when used as a control root filling material. The weakening of the dentin by 23–43.9% following root canal filling with calcium hydroxide provides compelling evidence to re‐evaluate the daily usage of this material in endodontic therapy.
Adiposity, fatty acid composition, and delta‐9 desaturase activity during growth in beef cattle
Authors: SMITH Stephen B. , LUNT David K. , CHUNG Ki Y. , CHOI Chang B. , TUME Ron K. , ZEMBAYASHI Meiji
Published: October 2006

Oleic acid (18:1n‐9) is the most abundant fatty acid in bovine adipose tissue. Because most of the lipid in bovine muscle is contributed by intramuscular adipocytes, oleic acid also is the predominant fatty acid in beef. In many species, the concentration of oleic acid in adipose tissue is dictated by the average concentration of oleic acid in the diet, but in ruminant species such as beef cattle, oleic acid is hydrogenated largely to stearic acid by ruminal microorganisms. In these species, the concentration of oleic acid in adipose tissue is dependent upon the activity of Δ9 desaturase, encoded by the stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) gene. Expression of the SCD gene is essential for bovine preadipocyte differentiation, and desaturase gene expression and catalytic activity increase dramatically as adipose tissue mass increases after weaning. Feeding a hay‐based diet to American Wagyu steers to a typical Japanese bodyweight endpoint (650 kg) markedly stimulated desaturase enzyme activity as well as the accumulation of both oleic acid and intramuscular lipid, but the increase in oleic acid and intramuscular lipid was much less in hay‐fed Angus steers. Increasing the concentration of oleic acid improves the palatability and healthiness of beef, and Korean Hanwoo and Japanese Black (and American Wagyu) seem especially well adapted to accumulate oleic acid in their adipose tissue.
Effects of fat coated rumen bypass lysine and methionine on performance of dairy cows fed a diet deficient in lysine and methionine
Authors: WATANABE Kazumasa , FREDEEN Alan H. , ROBINSON Peter H. , CHALUPA William , JULIEN William E. , SATO Hiroyuki , SUZUKI Hiroyuki , KATOH Kazuo , OBARA Yoshiaki
Published: October 2006

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of fat coated rumen bypass lysine (RPLys) and methionine (RPMet) on the lactation performance of dairy cows. In Experiment 1, three lactating cows were supplied with RPLys and fat coated DL‐Met which was highly protected (H‐RPMet) as an indigestible marker, and total fecal emission was collected for 72 h following administration. Measuring the proportional difference in fecal excretion of lysine derived from RPLys relative to methionine derived from H‐RPMet, the intestinal availability of RPLys was estimated to be 66.2%. In Experiment 2, 20 multiparous Holstein cows producing approximately 40 kg/day of milk were assigned to two treatments; fed RPLys (16 g/day as lysine) and RPMet (6.5 g/day as methionine) or none (control) from 5 to 21 weeks postpartum. The consumption of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were significantly more in the control cows throughout the experimental period. Their milk protein yield, the contents of their milk protein and milk fat were higher by 0.03 kg (P = 0.03), 0.06% (P < 0.001) and 0.11% (P = 0.07), respectively, in the treatment group compared to the control. These results suggest that the RPLys and RPMet used in this study improved the lactation performance of dairy cows.
Possibility of vancomycin‐resistant enterococci transmission from human to broilers, and possibility of using the vancomycin‐resistant gram‐positive cocci as a model in a screening study of vancomycin‐resistant enterococci infection in the broiler chick
Authors: SAKAI Yuri , TSUKAHARA Takamitsu , USHIDA Kazunari
Published: October 2006

In this study, vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE) from humans and vancomycin‐resistant gram‐positive cocci (VRPC) from pigs were examined for their ability to transmit in the chick intestine (Experiment 1). A model study on the spread speed of VRPC was also estimated from chick to chick under semi‐production conditions with different administration routes (not inoculated, oral administration to a chick, sprayed on the floor) (Experiment 2). Furthermore, the disappearance of VRPC from their litter with composting processes was examined (Experiment 3). Each of six chicks was inoculated with VRPC or VRE at 1 day old in Experiment 1. All the chicks had VRPC or VRE in their glandular stomach at 22 days of age. In Experiment 2, 6 floor pens covered with sawdust were prepared and 20 chicks were allotted to each pen. The chicks were inoculated with VRPC at 1 day of age. The VRPC were detected in each group in cloacal swabs at 2 days of age (detection rate; 20–80%). And they were also detected in the not‐inoculated group. The VRPC detection rate gradually decreased, and detection was rare (0–10%) in the packing chicks (50 days old). VRPC were detected in the litter of each pen in Experiment 2. A composting process was effectively used to eliminate VRPC by the 6th week (Experiment 3).
On the origin of the ultramassive white dwarf GD50
Authors: Dobbie P. D. , Napiwotzki R. , Lodieu N. , Burleigh M. R. , Barstow M. A. , Jameson R. F.
Published: October 2006

We argue on the basis of astrometric and spectroscopic data that the ultramassive white dwarf GD 50 is associated with the star formation event that created the Pleiades and is possibly a former member of this cluster. Its cooling age (∼60 Myr) is consistent with it having evolved essentially as a single star from a progenitor with a mass M > 6 M⊙, so we find no need to invoke a white dwarf–white dwarf binary merger scenario to account for its existence. This result may represent the first direct observational evidence that single-star evolution can produce white dwarfs with M > 1.1 M⊙, as predicted by some stellar evolutionary theories. On the basis of its tangential velocity, we also provisionally identify the ultramassive (M∼ 1.2 M⊙) white dwarf PG 0136 + 251 as being related to the Pleiades. These findings may help to alleviate the difficulties in reconciling the observed number of hot nearby ultramassive white dwarfs with the smaller number predicted by binary evolution models under the assumption that they are the products of white dwarf mergers.