bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of apolipoprotein E isoforms on phosphorylation at specific sites on tau by glycogen synthase kinase‐3β identified by nano‐electrospray mass spectrometry
Authors: Gibb Graham M , Pearce Janice , Betts Joanna C , Lovestone Simon , Hoffmann Michael M , Maerz Winfried , Blackstock Walter P , Anderton Brian H
Published: July 2002

Previously published data have shown an allele‐specific variation in the in vitro binding of apolipoprotein E (apoE) to tau, which prompted the hypothesis that apoE binding may protect tau from phosphorylation, apoE3 being more efficient than apoE4. We have, therefore, investigated the effects of apoE on tau phosphorylation in vitro by the proline‐directed kinase, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‐3β. The phosphopeptide maps of tau alone, of tau with apoE3 and of tau with apoE4 were very similar. When apoE2 was present a further four spots were evident. Additionally, of the 15 peptides phosphorylated in the presence or absence of apoE, subtle differences, some isoform‐specific, in the relative amounts of phosphorylation were observed.
Opposite effects of the Hsp90 inhibitor Geldanamycin: induction of apoptosis in PC12, and differentiation in N2A cells
Authors: López-Maderuelo M.Dolores , Fernández-Renart Margarita , Moratilla Carmen , Renart Jaime
Published: July 2002

The inhibitor of the Hsp90 chaperone Geldanamycin has been reported to have several cellular effects, such as inhibition of v‐src activity or destabilization of Raf‐1 among others. We show now that Geldanamycin treatment induces different phenotypes in different cell lines. In PC12 cells, it triggers apoptosis, whereas in the murine neuroblastoma N2A, it induces differentiation with neurite outgrowth. Geldanamycin effects cannot be mimicked by inhibition of the c‐src protein tyrosine kinases, and nerve growth factor does not protect PC12 cells from apoptosis. Mitogen‐activated protein kinase activities ERK and JNK are activated differently according to cell type: in PC12 cells JNK is activated, and its inhibition abolishes apoptosis, but not ERK; in N2A cells, both ERK and JNK are activated, but with peak activities at different times.
Co‐elevation of brain natriuretic peptide and proprotein‐processing endoprotease furin after myocardial infarction in rats
Authors: Sawada Yoshie , Inoue Masahiro , Kanda Tsugiyasu , Sakamaki Tetsuo , Tanaka Shigeyasu , Minamino Naoto , Nagai Ryozo , Takeuchi Toshiyuki
Published: July 2002

We investigated the expression of the yeast Kex2 family endoproteases furin and PACE4, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the atrium and ventricle after infarction as well as the conversion of the BNP precursor γBNP to BNP‐45. In a rat heart failure model, plasma BNP rose in two phases – first at day 3, and again at day 14. BNP mRNA, as measured by Northern blot analysis, increased strongly at day 3, then at days 14 and 28 less strongly in the atrium, and in the ventricle it increased weakly at day 3, then strongly at days 14 and 28. Furin mRNA showed the same pattern of expression as that of BNP message, whereas PACE4 message stayed unchanged after the infarction. Both furin and BNP were immunostained in the myocardium adjacent to the infarcted tissue. We suggest that after myocardial infarction, furin is co‐expressed with BNP in both the atrium and ventricle, and that furin may be responsible for the conversion of γBNP to BNP‐45.
Siroheme biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the products of both the MET1 and MET8 genes
Authors: Hansen Jørgen , Muldbjerg Marianne , Chérest Hélène , Surdin-Kerjan Yolande
Published: July 2002

Siroheme is a uroporphyrinogen III‐derivative used by sulfite reductase as a prosthetic group. We investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the possible involvement in siroheme biosynthesis of three genes, MET1, MET8 and MET20. The MET1 gene from S. cerevisiae was cloned and shown to be the same gene as MET20. Sequence similitudes as well as complementation studies indicate that Met1p and Met8p are both involved in siroheme biosynthesis. In addition, we show formally that S. cerevisiae does not need vitamin B12 for growth.
Erythrocyte thiol status regulates band 3 phosphotyrosine level via oxidation/reduction of band 3‐associated phosphotyrosine phosphatase
Authors: Zipser Yehudit , Piade Adi , Kosower Nechama S.
Published: July 2002

Oxidative stress‐induced tyrosine phosphorylation has been ascribed to activation of phosphotyrosine kinase or to inhibition of phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTP). We have previously identified a PTP associated with band 3 in the human erythrocyte membrane, a PTP that is normally highly active and prevents the appearance of band 3 phosphotyrosine. Here we show that treatment of erythrocytes with the thiol‐oxidizing agent diamide leads to the formation of PTP disulfides (PTP‐band 3 mixed disulfides) and inhibition of dephosphorylation, allowing the accumulation of band 3 phosphotyrosine. Upon reduction of the disulfides, the band 3 phosphotyrosine is dephosphorylated. Erythrocyte thiol alkylation by N‐ethylmaleimide results in irreversible PTP inhibition and irreversible phosphorylation. The results are consistent with the notion that alterations in cellular thiol status affect the cell phosphotyrosine status and that oxidative stress‐induced tyrosine phosphorylation involves inhibition of PTP.
`Yellow' laccase of Panus tigrinus oxidizes non‐phenolic substrates without electron‐transfer mediators
Authors: Leontievsky Alexey , Myasoedova Nina , Pozdnyakova Natalia , Golovleva Ludmila
Published: July 2002

Yellow and blue forms of laccase from solid‐state and submerged cultures of Panus tigrinus were isolated. Both laccases had similar molecular masses and specific activity, but yellow laccase had no `blue' maximum in the absorption spectrum. Blue laccase oxidized veratryl alcohol and a non‐phenolic dimeric lignin model compound only in the presence of 2,2′‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) as electron‐transfer mediator. Yellow laccase catalyzed these reactions without any additional compounds. It is supposed that yellow laccase is formed as a result of blue laccase modification by products of lignin degradation. These compounds might play a role of natural electron‐transfer mediators for the oxidation of non‐phenolic substances, catalyzed by yellow laccase.
Expression and analysis of heparin‐binding regions of the amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Mok Su San , Sberna Gian , Heffernan Damien , Cappai Roberto , Galatis Denise , Clarris Heidi J , Sawyer William H , Beyreuther Konrad , Masters Colin L , Small David H
Published: July 2002

Deletion mutagenesis studies have suggested that there are two domains within APP which bind heparan sulphate. These domains have been cloned and expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Both recombinant proteins bound to heparin. One domain (APP316–447) was further characterised by binding studies with peptides encompassing this region. Peptides homologous to APP316–346 and APP416–447 were found to bind heparin. Circular dichroism studies show that APP416–447 shifted towards an α‐helical conformation in the presence of heparin. This study suggests that heparin‐binding domains may lie within regions high in α‐helical structure.
Proteasome‐dependent degradation of oxidized proteins in MRC‐5 fibroblasts
Authors: Sitte Nicolle , Merker Katrin , Grune Tilman
Published: July 2002

Fibroblasts were exposed to various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and the removal of oxidized proteins was followed by determining protein‐bound carbonyls. Fibroblasts are able to increase the turnover of metabolically radiolabeled proteins after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. It was demonstrated for the first time, that the increased protein turnover was accompanied by a removal of protein‐bound carbonyl groups. The proteasome‐specific inhibitor lactacystin was able to inhibit the elimination of protein‐bound carbonyl groups. Therefore, the key role of the proteasome in the degradation of oxidized proteins in fibroblasts could be demonstrated.
Human rights to safe motherhood
Authors: Cook R.J , Dickens B.M
Published: July 2002

Each year an estimated 515 000 women die of complications of pregnancy and childbirth, 7 million more suffer serious health problems and 50 million suffer adverse health effects. Over 98% of deaths occur in resource‐poor countries. However, poverty alone neither justifies nor necessarily explains death rates. The Inter‐Agency Group for Safe Motherhood, composed of six leading international agencies, has identified major medical causes of unsafe motherhood, and their origins in medical and health system failures, and in the failures of social justice that underlie them. These include women's ‘inadequate education, low social status, and lack of income and employment opportunities.’ This paper addresses the role of human rights to redress inequities that condition unsafe motherhood, and identifies five critical rights the observance of which would facilitate safe motherhood. These are women's rights to life, to liberty and security of the person, and to health, maternity protection and non‐discrimination.
Relative impacts of gypsy moth outbreaks and insecticide treatments on forest resources and ecosystems: An experimental approach
Authors: Leroy Benjamin M. L. , Lemme Hannes , Braumiller Philipp , Hilmers Torben , Jacobs Martin , Hochrein Sophia , Kienlein Sebastian , Müller Jörg , Pretzsch Hans , Stimm Kilian , Seibold Sebastian , Jaworek Jessica , Hahn W. Andreas , Müller‐Kroehling Stefan , Weisser Wolfgang W.
Published: February 2021

1. Gypsy moth outbreaks cause severe defoliation in Holarctic forests, both in North America where it is invasive, and in its native range in Eurasia. Defoliation can hamper timber production and impact ecological communities and processes. Aerial insecticide applications are regularly performed in outbreak areas to mitigate economic losses. These operations can be financially costly and harmful to non‐target species and may disrupt species interaction networks. However, replicated studies of the relative impacts of gypsy moth outbreaks and insecticide application on forest growth and animal communities are rare and have yet to be carried out in the species' indigenous range.

2. Here, we review the pathways in which gypsy moth outbreaks and the chemical control of these outbreaks affect forest ecosystems. We then present an experimental design established in South Central Germany in early 2019, aiming to study the ecological and economic consequences of gypsy moth eruptions and insecticide application in oak forests. The study's full factorial design comprises forest stands at high and low defoliation risk, either treated with tebufenozide or left unsprayed, within 12 experimental blocks. Measurements of forest growth and structure, tree mortality, gypsy moth density, and composition of lepidopteran, bird, bat, ground beetle, and canopy arthropod communities will be conducted for several years.

3. One‐year intensive monitoring of gypsy moth populations and damage across the selected sites showed substantial differences in population density between plots at high and low defoliation risk and high efficacy of tebufenozide in suppressing gypsy moth populations in treated plots. In the first year of the experiment, gypsy moth density and defoliation in predicted outbreak plots differed strongly, confirming the importance of using many replicates and blocking to control spatial heterogeneity. The experiment will be running continuously during the coming years to produce short‐ and medium‐term economic and ecological data to improve our understanding and management of gypsy moth outbreaks.
Lexis Diagram
Authors: Keiding Niels
Published: February 2021

A
Lexis diagram
in its standard form is a coordinate system with calendar time as abscissa and age as ordinate, representing individual lives by line segments with slope 1, starting at (date of birth, 0) and ending at (date of death, age at death). Lexis diagrams are important tools in demography and epidemiology (
age–period–cohort models
). This article outlines the history of the diagram from the age of the German mathematician and economist W. Lexis and mentions generalizations and applications up to the present day.
Aging and Positive Dependence
Authors: Spizzichino Fabio
Published: February 2021

Multivariate survival models for vectors of dependent lifetimes also typically manifest a phenomena of aging. This article presents a discussion about the connections existing between these types of properties and points out some aspects that they have in common, from a conceptual point of view. On this purpose, some basic notions of positive dependence and some notions of multivariate aging are being recalled. Furthermore, some special types of multivariate dependence models are reviewed and briefly discussed.
Financial Stability Data
Authors: Flood Mark D.
Published: February 2021

Data for the analysis of financial stability are as diverse as the financial system itself. Traditional information sources focused heavily on key macroeconomic and financial aggregates as well as financial reports from the banking sector. More recently, highly granular data have become more widely available, enabling the detailed analysis of risks at the portfolio level. These expanding data resources also imply significant big‐data scalability concerns.
Current Status of Research on the Oxidation Behavior of Refractory High Entropy Alloys
Authors: Gorr Bronislava , Schellert Steven , Müller Franz , Christ Hans-Jürgen , Kauffmann Alexander , Heilmaier Martin
Published: February 2021

Refractory high entropy alloys (RHEA) are considered as novel promising high‐temperature materials for structural applications at ultrahigh temperatures primarily due to their attractive mechanical properties. By contrast, the oxidation behavior of RHEA has raised concern owing to pest oxidation, significant weight changes, scale spallation, or even complete oxidation at elevated temperatures. Herein, the currently available literature on high‐temperature oxidation behavior of RHEA is reviewed with respect to alloy composition, mass changes, corrosion products, and scale constitution. While many RHEA indeed suffer from poor oxidation resistance similar to that of pure refractory metals, some RHEA exhibit very good protectiveness, which is attributed to the formation of either well‐known protective scales such as α‐Al2O3 or rarely encountered complex oxides such as CrTaO4. Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of oxide formation and growth are discussed to understand the oxidation mechanisms typical of RHEA. Further research directions with respect to additional in‐depth studies elucidating the oxidation mechanisms as well as the further consequent improvement of the oxidation resistance of RHEA are developed from the current intermediate stage of research in the field.
Pseudobinary Phase Diagrams of Eutectic Reaction for Pt‐containing and Pt‐free 718Plus Alloys
Authors: Shen Yu , Wang Minqing , Xia Hui , Zheng Lei , Ta Na , Meng Ye , Cui Fenge
Published: February 2021

The pseudobinary phase diagrams of Pt‐containing and Pt‐free 718Plus alloys are constructed to better understand how Pt affects the eutectic reaction. The phase transition temperature is obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The compositions of γ phase, eutectic phase, and Laves phase are obtained by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Nb is set as the independent variable in the phase diagram as Nb is the most susceptible to concentration of eutectic phase during solidification. The reliability of the pseudobinary phase diagrams is verified by the results reported. According to the diagrams, on one hand, Pt increases the concentration of Nb required for the (Laves + γ) eutectic reaction by increasing lattice space. On the other hand, the increased concentration of Nb and the slow diffusion rates of Pt and Nb cause the decrease in the temperature of the eutectic reaction. As a result, the eutectic point in the pseudobinary phase diagram moves down and shift to the right. Herein, experimental data are provided for enriching the phase diagram of 718Plus alloy.
Intergrowth Bonding Mechanism and Mechanical Property of Linear Friction Welded Dissimilar Near‐Alpha to Near‐Beta Titanium Alloy Joint
Authors: Guo Zhenguo , Ma Tiejun , Li Wenya , Zhang Yong , Zhao Zhipeng , Tao Jun , Kang Wenjun
Published: February 2021

Linear friction welding (LFW) of dissimilar near‐alpha TA19 (Ti–6Al–2Mo–4Zr–2Sn) to near‐beta TB2 (Ti–5Mo–5V–8Cr–3Al) titanium alloys is conducted with two preset axial shortenings to further explore the bonding mechanism of LFW. The microstructure evolution of the joints is analyzed by using an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. The tensile properties and Vickers hardness of the joints are tested. The results show that there are obvious differences in the macro‐ and microstructure characteristics on both TA19 and TB2 sides of the joint resulting from the different thermomechanical coupling effects, and different dynamic recovery/recrystallization behaviors due to their differences in high‐temperature strength, thermal conductivity, and alloying elements. It is found that for a sound joint (larger axial shortening), a large number of high‐angle grain boundaries are formed in the weld zone (WZ) on the TA19 side through continuous dynamic recrystallization, and a large number of low‐angle grain boundaries are obtained in the WZ on the TB2 side via dynamic recovery. The mutual migration of grain boundaries on both sides of the weldline leads to the formation of intergrowth grains, making the dissimilar TA19 to TB2 joint a reliable bonding.
Boosting the Pseudocapacitive and High Mass‐Loaded Lithium/Sodium Storage through Bonding Polyoxometalate Nanoparticles on MXene Nanosheets
Authors: Chao Huixia , Qin Haiquan , Zhang Mengdi , Huang Yunchun , Cao Linfang , Guo Hailing , Wang Kai , Teng Xiaoling , Cheng Jingkang , Lu Yukun , Hu Han , Wu Mingbo
Published: February 2021

Achieving rate‐capable and high mass‐loaded lithium/sodium storage plays a pivotal role in promoting real world applications of many emerging electrode materials. Herein, such an electrode material is reported made of Mo and Fe‐based polyoxometalates firmly bonded on MXene nanosheets through a mild in situ growth procedure. The polyoxometalate nanoparticles can efficiently prevent the restacking of the MXene nanosheets, enabling an electrolyte‐permeable architecture at high mass loadings while the metallic conductivity of MXenes allows rapid electron transfer contributing to the full exploration of the rich redox capability of polyoxometalates even at high rates. The optimal structure delivers a high capacity of 297 and 191 mA h g–1 at 1.0 A g–1 for lithium and sodium storage, respectively, even after a thousand of cycles. The kinetic analysis suggests high capacitive contributions of 81.6% and 67.4% for lithium and sodium uptake/release at 1.0 mV s–1, respectively. Moreover, a decent capacity remains even after 13.5‐fold increase of loading mass. The lithium/sodium‐ion hybrid supercapacitors based on this composite deliver remarkable energy density and power capability. The results demonstrated in this work may offer an alternative selection of electrodes based on rationally designed polyoxometalates and MXenes.
Enhanced Hole‐Carrier Selectivity in Wide Bandgap Halide Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices for Indoor Internet of Things Applications
Authors: Lee Minwoo , Choi Eunyoung , Soufiani Arman Mahboubi , Lim Jihoo , Kim Moonyong , Chen Daniel , Green Martin Andrew , Seidel Jan , Lim Sean , Kim Jincheol , Dai Xinchen , Lee‐Chin Robert , Zheng Bolin , Hameiri Ziv , Park Jongsung , Hao Xiaojing , Yun Jae Sung
Published: February 2021

Halide perovskite‐based photovoltaic (PV) devices have recently emerged for low energy consumption electronic devices such as Internet of Things (IoT). In this work, an effective strategy to form a hole‐selective layer using phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) salt is presented that demonstrates unprecedently high open‐circuit voltage of 0.9 V with 18 µW cm−2 under 200 lux (cool white light‐emitting diodes). An appropriate post‐deposited amount of PEAI (2 mg) strongly interacts with the perovskite surface forming a conformal coating of PEAI on the perovskite film surface, which improves the crystallinity and absorption of the film. Here, Kelvin probe force microscopy results indicate the diminished potential difference across the grain boundaries and grain interiors after the PEAI deposition, constructing an electrically and chemically homogeneous surface. Also, the surface becomes more p‐type with a downshift of a valence band maximum, confirmed by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurement, facilitating the transport of holes to the hole transport layer (HTL). The hole‐selective layer‐deposited devices exhibit reduced hysteresis in light current density–voltage curves and maintain steadily high fill factor across the different light intensities (200–1000 lux). This work highlights the importance of the HTL/perovskite interface that prepares the indoor halide perovskite PV devices for powering IoT device.
Direct Observation of Fe‐Ge Ordering in Fe5−xGeTe2 Crystals and Resultant Helimagnetism
Authors: Ly Trinh Thi , Park Jungmin , Kim Kyoo , Ahn Hyo‐Bin , Lee Nyun Jong , Kim Kwangsu , Park Tae‐Eon , Duvjir Ganbat , Lam Nguyen Huu , Jang Kyuha , You Chun‐Yeol , Jo Younghun , Kim Se Kwon , Lee Changgu , Kim Sanghoon , Kim Jungdae
Published: February 2021

Microscopic structures and magnetic properties are investigated for Fe5−xGeTe2 single crystal, recently discovered as a promising van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnet. An Fe atom (Fe(1)) located in the outermost Fe5Ge sublayer has two possible split‐sites which are either above or below the Ge atom. Scanning tunneling microscopy shows √3 × √3 superstructures which are attributed to the ordering of Fe(1) layer. The √3 × √3 superstructures have two different phases due to the symmetry of Fe(1) ordering. Intriguingly, the observed √3 × √3 ordering breaks the inversion symmetry of crystal, resulting in substantial antisymmetric exchange interaction. The temperature dependence of magnetization reveals a sharp magnetic anomaly suggesting helical magnetism of the Fe5−xGeTe2 due to its non‐centrosymmetricity. Analytical study also supports that the observed ordering can give rise to the helimagnetism. The work will provide essential information to understand the complex magnetic properties and the origin of the new vdW ferromagnet, Fe5−xGeTe2 for future topology‐based spin devices.
Ultra‐Sensitive and Stretchable Ionic Skins for High‐Precision Motion Monitoring
Authors: Kim Jeong Hui , Cho Kyung Gook , Cho Dae Hyun , Hong Kihyon , Lee Keun Hyung
Published: February 2021

Stretchability and sensitivity are essential properties of wearable electronics for effective motion monitoring. In general, increasing the sensitivity of strain sensors based on ionic conductors trades off elasticity, which results in low sensitivity of the strain sensors at large mechanical deformations. To address this, ion‐permeable conducting polymer electrodes with low contact resistance are utilized in ionic gel‐based strain sensors. Using a rectangular‐shaped ionic gel and ion‐permeable electrodes significantly increase the gauge factor of the strain sensor, similar to the theoretical value at a given strain. To further increase the sensitivity of the strain sensor, the ionic gel is patterned with zigzagged tracks that gap apart as the gel stretches, and the gaps close as the gel contracts, leading to a large variation in the relative resistance upon stretching. By combining the zigzagged ionic gel and the ion‐permeable electrodes, highly sensitive stretchable sensors are realized with a record‐high gauge factor of 173, compared to existing ionic conductor‐based stretchable strain sensors. The zigzag‐patterned ionic sensor can successfully monitor various motions when attached to the human body. These results are expected to afford promising strategies for developing highly sensitive, stretchable sensing systems for E‐skin sensors and soft robotics.
Epitaxial Growth of 2D Bi2O2Se Nanoplates/1D CsPbBr3 Nanowires Mixed‐Dimensional Heterostructures with Enhanced Optoelectronic Properties
Authors: Fan Chao , Dai Beibei , Liang Huikang , Xu Xing , Qi Zhuodong , Jiang Haotian , Duan Huigao , Zhang Qinglin
Published: February 2021

The 2D/1D mixed‐dimensional van der Waals heterostructures have great potential for electronics and optoelectronics with high performance and multifunctionality. The epitaxy of 1D micro/nanowires on 2D layered materials may efficiently realize the large‐scale preparation of 2D/1D heterostructures, which is critically important for their practical applications. So far, however, only the wires of Bi2S3, Te, and Sb2Se3 have been epitaxially grown on MoS2 or WS2. Here, it is reported that the epitaxial growth of 1D CsPbBr3 nanowires on 2D Bi2O2Se nanoplates through a facile vertical vapor deposition method. The CsPbBr3 wires are well aligned on the Bi2O2Se plates in fourfold symmetry with the epitaxial relationships of [001]CsPbBr3||[200]Bi2O2Se and [1‐10]CsPbBr3||[020]Bi2O2Se. The photoluminescence results reveal that the emission from CsPbBr3 is significantly quenched in the heterostructure, which implies the charge carriers transfer from CsPbBr3 to Bi2O2Se. The waveguide characterization shows that the epitaxial CsPbBr3 wires may efficiently confine and guide their emission, which favors the light absorption of Bi2O2Se. Importantly, the photocurrent mapping and spectra of the devices based on these 2D/1D heterostructures prove that the epitaxial CsPbBr3 wires remarkably enhances the photoresponse of Bi2O2Se, which indicates these heterostructures can be applied in high‐performance optoelectronic devices or on‐chip integrated photonic circuits.
Thermal Controlled Tunable Adhesive for Deterministic Assembly by Transfer Printing
Authors: Luo Hongyu , Wang Suhao , Wang Chengjun , Linghu Changhong , Song Jizhou
Published: February 2021

Transfer printing techniques based on tunable adhesives that enable heterogeneous integration of materials in desired layouts are essential for developing existing and envisioned systems such as flexible electronics and micro‐LED (µ‐LED) displays. Here, a novel thermal controlled tunable adhesive, which not only has the ability of eliminating the interfacial adhesion for printing but also provides a new strategy for enhancing the interfacial adhesion for pick‐up is reported. The tunable adhesive features cavities filled with air on the surface. This simple construct offers thermal controlled suction and thrust with their amplitudes on the order of a few tens of kPa within 100 °C temperature change, which enables a reliable damage‐free transfer printing. Systematically theoretical and experimental studies reveal the underlying thermal induced pressure change mechanism and provide insights into the design and operation of the thermal controlled tunable adhesive. Demonstrations of this smart adhesive in manipulation of various surfaces and transfer printing of micro‐scale Si inks and µ‐LEDs illustrate its unusual capabilities for deterministic assembly by transfer printing.
Current‐Induced Spin Torques on Single GdFeCo Magnetic Layers
Authors: Céspedes‐Berrocal David , Damas Heloïse , Petit‐Watelot Sébastien , Maccariello Davide , Tang Ping , Arriola‐Córdova Aldo , Vallobra Pierre , Xu Yong , Bello Jean‐Loïs , Martin Elodie , Migot Sylvie , Ghanbaja Jaafar , Zhang Shufeng , Hehn Michel , Mangin Stéphane , Panagopoulos Christos , Cros Vincent , Fert Albert , Rojas‐Sánchez Juan‐Carlos
Published: February 2021

Spintronics exploit spin‐orbit coupling (SOC) to generate spin currents, spin torques, and, in the absence of inversion symmetry, Rashba and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions. The widely used magnetic materials, based on 3d metals such as Fe and Co, possess a small SOC. To circumvent this shortcoming, the common practice has been to utilize the large SOC of nonmagnetic layers of 5d heavy metals (HMs), such as Pt, to generate spin currents and, in turn, exert spin torques on the magnetic layers. Here, a new class of material architectures is introduced, excluding nonmagnetic 5d HMs, for high‐performance spintronics operations. Very strong current‐induced torques exerted on single ferrimagnetic GdFeCo layers, due to the combination of large SOC of the Gd 5d states and inversion symmetry breaking mainly engineered by interfaces, are demonstrated. These “self‐torques” are enhanced around the magnetization compensation temperature and can be tuned by adjusting the spin absorption outside the GdFeCo layer. In other measurements, the very large emission of spin current from GdFeCo, 80% (20%) of spin anomalous Hall effect (spin Hall effect) symmetry is determined. This material platform opens new perspectives to exert “self‐torques” on single magnetic layers as well as to generate spin currents from a magnetic layer.
Unveiling the Local Atomic Arrangements in the Shear Band Regions of Metallic Glass
Authors: Mu Xiaoke , Chellali Mohammed Reda , Boltynjuk Evgeniy , Gunderov Dmitry , Valiev Ruslan Z. , Hahn Horst , Kübel Christian , Ivanisenko Yulia , Velasco Leonardo
Published: February 2021

The prospective applications of metallic glasses are limited by their lack of ductility, attributed to shear banding inducing catastrophic failure. A concise depiction of the local atomic arrangement (local atomic packing and chemical short‐range order), induced by shear banding, is quintessential to understand the deformation mechanism, however still not clear. An explicit view of the complex interplay of local atomic structure and chemical environment is presented by mapping the atomic arrangements in shear bands (SBs) and in their vicinity in a deformed Vitreloy 105 metallic glass, using the scanning electron diffraction pair distribution function and atom probe tomography. The results experimentally prove that plastic deformation causes a reduction of geometrically favored polyhedral motifs. Localized motifs variations and antisymmetric (bond and chemical) segregation extend for several hundred nanometers from the SB, forming the shear band affected zones. Moreover, the variations within the SB are found both perpendicular and parallel to the SB plane, also observable in the oxidation activity. The knowledge of the structural–chemical changes provides a deeper understanding of the plastic deformation of metallic glasses especially for their functional applications and future improvements.
Sandwich‐Like Heterostructures of MoS2/Graphene with Enlarged Interlayer Spacing and Enhanced Hydrophilicity as High‐Performance Cathodes for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Shengwei , Liu Yongchang , Zhao Xudong , Shen Qiuyu , Zhao Wang , Tan Qiwei , Zhang Ning , Li Ping , Jiao Lifang , Qu Xuanhui
Published: February 2021

Layered materials have great potential as cathodes for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) because of their facile 2D Zn2+ transport channels; however, either low capacity or poor cycling stability limits their practical applications. Herein, two classical layered materials are innovatively combined by intercalating graphene into MoS2 gallery, which results in significantly enlarged MoS2 interlayers (from 0.62 to 1.16 nm) and enhanced hydrophilicity. The sandwich‐structured MoS2/graphene nanosheets self‐assemble into a flower‐like architecture that facilitates Zn‐ion diffusion, promotes electrolyte infiltration, and ensures high structural stability. Therefore, this novel MoS2/graphene nanocomposite exhibits exceptional high‐rate capability (285.4 mA h g−1 at 0.05 A g−1 with 141.6 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1) and long‐term cycling stability (88.2% capacity retention after 1800 cycles). The superior Zn2+ migration kinetics and desirable pseudocapacitive behaviors are confirmed by electrochemical measurements and density functional theory computations. The energy storage mechanism regarding the highly reversible phase transition between 2H‐ and 1T‐MoS2 upon Zn‐ion insertion/extraction is elucidated through ex situ investigations. As a proof of concept, a flexible quasi‐solid‐state zinc‐ion battery employing the MoS2/graphene cathode demonstrates great stability under different bending conditions. This study paves a new direction for the design and on‐going development of 2D materials as high‐performance cathodes for AZIBs.
Layered Heterostructure Ionogel Electrolytes for High‐Performance Solid‐State Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hyun Woo Jin , Thomas Cory M. , Luu Norman S. , Hersam Mark C.
Published: February 2021

Ionogel electrolytes based on ionic liquids and gelling matrices offer several advantages for solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries, including nonflammability, wide processing compatibility, and favorable electrochemical and thermal properties. However, the absence of ionic liquids that are concurrently stable at low and high potentials constrains the electrochemical windows of ionogel electrolytes and thus their high‐energy‐density applications. Here, ionogel electrolytes with a layered heterostructure are introduced, combining high‐potential (anodic stability: >5 V vs Li/Li+) and low‐potential (cathodic stability: <0 V vs Li/Li+) imidazolium ionic liquids in a hexagonal boron nitride nanoplatelet matrix. These layered heterostructure ionogel electrolytes lead to extended electrochemical windows, while preserving high ionic conductivity (>1 mS cm−1 at room temperature). Using the layered heterostructure ionogel electrolytes, full‐cell solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries with a nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite anode are demonstrated, exhibiting voltages that are unachievable with either the high‐potential or low‐potential ionic liquid alone. Compared to ionogel electrolytes based on mixed ionic liquids, the layered heterostructure ionogel electrolytes enable higher stability operation of full‐cell lithium‐ion batteries, resulting in significantly enhanced cycling performance.
Functional Skeletal Muscle Regeneration with Thermally Drawn Porous Fibers and Reprogrammed Muscle Progenitors for Volumetric Muscle Injury
Authors: Jin Yoonhee , Shahriari Dena , Jeon Eun Je , Park Seongjun , Choi Yi Sun , Back Jonghyeok , Lee Hyungsuk , Anikeeva Polina , Cho Seung‐Woo
Published: February 2021

Skeletal muscle has an inherent capacity for spontaneous regeneration. However, recovery after severe injuries such as volumetric muscle loss (VML) is limited. There is therefore a need to develop interventions to induce functional skeletal muscle restoration. One suggested approach includes tissue‐engineered muscle constructs. Tissue‐engineering treatments have so far been impeded by the lack of reliable cell sources and the challenges in engineering of suitable tissue scaffolds. To address these challenges, muscle extracellular matrix (MEM) and induced skeletal myogenic progenitor cells (iMPCs) are integrated within thermally drawn fiber based microchannel scaffolds. The microchannel fibers decorated with MEM enhance differentiation and maturation of iMPCs. Furthermore, engraftment of these bioengineered hybrid muscle constructs induce de novo muscle regeneration accompanied with microvessel and neuromuscular junction formation in a VML mouse model, ultimately leading to functional recovery of muscle activity.
Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries with Extended Cycling Enabled by Dynamic Adaptive Solid‐State Interfaces
Authors: Liu Shujie , Zhao Yun , Li Xiaohan , Yu Jianyong , Yan Jianhua , Ding Bin
Published: February 2021

Improving the long‐term cycling stability of solid‐state lithium (Li)‐metal batteries (SSBs) is a severe challenge because of the notorious solid–solid interfacial contact loss originating from the repeated expansion and contraction of the Li anodes. Here, it is reported that high‐performance SSBs are enabled by constructing brick‐and‐mortar electrolytes that can dynamically adapt to the interface changes during cycling. An electrolyte film with a high mechanical strain (250%) is fabricated by filling viscoelastic (600% strain) and piezoelectric block‐copolymer electrolytes (mortar) into a mixed conductor Li0.33La0.56TiO3‐x nanofiber film (brick). During Li‐plating, the electrolytes can homogenize the interfacial electric field and generate piezoelectricity to promote uniform Li‐deposition, while the mortar can adhere to the Li‐anode without interfacial disintegration in the reversed Li‐stripping. As a result, the electrolytes show excellent compatibility with the electrodes, leading to a long electrochemical cyclability at room temperature. The symmetrical Li//Li cells run stably for 1880 h without forming dendrites, and the LiFePO4/Li full batteries deliver high coulombic efficiency (>99.5%) and capacity retention (>85%) over 550 cycles. More practically, the pouch cells exhibit excellent flexibility and safety for potential practical applications.
Atomistic Site Control of Pd in Crystalline MnO2 Nanofiber for Enhanced Electrocatalysis
Authors: Liu Mengmeng , Hu Shang , Zhang Yaojia , Zhao Chuyi , Jiang Wenqian , Qi Chunhong , Zhu Xiaohang , Qiu Pengpeng , Sun Yu , Kato Kenichi , Zhao Yonghui , Li Xiaopeng , Yamauchi Miho , Luo Wei
Published: February 2021

Oxides supported precious metals have wide applications in (electro‐)catalysis. Although single atom dispersion is known as the most efficient metal utilization strategy, the dependence of the catalytic activity on different sites consisted of various anchoring sites for single atoms is largely unknown. Here, the electrocatalytic activities of crystalline α‐MnO2 with atomistic Pd locating at different sites including substitutional, tunnel, and surface‐bound sites are first predicted, and then experimentally validated by applying different synthetic methods including hydrothermal reaction and impregnation‐calcination. The quantum chemistry calculations together with experimental characterization suggest that substitutional Pd/MnO2 possesses higher activity than the other samples due to the favorable geometric and electronic structures. Substitutional Pd can work synergistically with vicinal Mn sites toward cleavage of OO bonds. This work provides a comprehensive understanding on the impact of atomistic anchoring site and advances the reliable control over the electrocatalytic performance of oxide‐supported single atoms.
High‐Sensitivity Profilometry for Measurement of Multilayer Structure with Low‐Coherence Composite Interferometer
Authors: Lin Yu‐Kai , Cheng Chi‐Chu , Hsu I‐Jen
Published: February 2021

High‐sensitivity profilometry provides valuable tools for measurement of the surface structure of a device. On the other hand, tomographic techniques such as ultrasound imaging or optical coherence tomography can be used to measure the inner structure of a device with micrometer resolution. However, the multilayer structure of a device such as a display panel cannot be measured with nanometer sensitivity using conventional profilometry and tomographic techniques. For this purpose, a new type of profilometry based on the technique of low‐coherence composite interferometer is proposed and demonstrated. With the phase compensation mechanism of the technique, phase fluctuation resulted from the instability of scanning component and environment can be significantly reduced and a high axial sensitivity can be achieved. The technique is demonstrated by measuring nine interfaces of a display panel with a displacement sensitivity of 11.73 nm without requiring any preknowledge on the structure and has the potential to become a new technique for inspecting the multilayer structure of a packaged device in industry.
Near‐Infrared‐II Nanomaterials for Fluorescence Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Lin Hongxin , Lin Zexi , Zheng Konghua , Wang Chenlu , Lin Lisheng , Chen Jianxin , Song Jibin
Published: February 2021

Fluorescence (FL) imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are popular in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, respectively, especially in cancer. The excitation of the laser in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window can effectively avoid the interference of spontaneous fluorescence and light scattering of tissues, obtaining high‐resolution images at deeper penetration depth. Due to their ideal spectral absorbance and high conversion efficiency, nanomaterials with emission at NIR‐II window not only overcome the absorption or emission of NIR‐II light by endogenous biomolecules, but also facilitate NIR‐II FL imaging and the application of photodynamic therapy (PDT). The research progress of NIR‐II nanomaterials for FL imaging and PDT in recent years is reviewed. First, the NIR‐II FL imaging of several representative organic and inorganic materials is introduced, including their remarkable properties and synthesis methods. Then, the use of NIR‐II nanomaterials in PDT, such as NIR‐II FL imaging‐guided PDT, and PDT combined with photothermal therapy is described. Finally, some critical challenges and open problems are proposed that need to be addressed in synthetic technology and clinical application.
Photoluminescence of Singlet/Triplet Self‐Trapped Excitons in Sb3+‐Based Metal Halides
Authors: Jing Yuyu , Liu Ying , Li Mingze , Xia Zhiguo
Published: February 2021

Emerging lead‐free metal halides with low toxicity and unparalleled optoelectronic properties have attracted growing research interests, also demonstrating extensive application potentials. Among these, Sb3+‐based all‐inorganic/organic–inorganic hybrid metal halides become a vital group due to the special energy level distribution along with diverse optical properties. However, there remains a gap in understanding the relationship between the crystal structure and the radiation process of involved Sb3+ emission. Herein, the existing reports about Sb3+‐based luminescent metal halides are revisited and their structure–luminescence–application relationship is explored, and it is further established that the triplet self‐trapped excitons (STEs) emission of Sb3+ varies in different crystallographic environments and endows tunable luminescent performance. This work aims to provide constructive strategies in the further exploitation of Sb3+‐based metal halides, and also guides the structural design and photoluminescence tuning of doped metal halide materials.
Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Rotationally Hindered C12‐Naphthylated Tribenzo[a,c,j]xanthenes through Catalytic Tricyclization of Yne‐Allenones
Authors: Zhu Shan‐Shan , Li Heng , Fu Rong , Hao Wen‐Juan , Wang Shu‐Liang , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Jiang Bo
Published: February 2021

A Lewis acid‐catalyzed tricyclization of yne‐allenones with 1‐alkynylnaphthalen‐2‐ols has been developed, and used to produce a wide range of rotationally hindered tribenzo[a,c,j]xanthenes with generally good yields and stereoselectivity. This process involves a complex [2+2] cycloaddition relay and [4+2] cyclization cascade, enabling scission/recombination of C−C triple bonds to access unprecedented hexaheterocyclic architectures. The reaction also features good compatibility with different types of substituents, triple annulation cascade and the efficient control of regio‐ and stereochemistry.

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Graphene Oxide Membranes for Tunable Ion Sieving in Acidic Radioactive Waste
Authors: Wu Tong , Wang Zhe , Lu Yuexiang , Liu Shuang , Li Hongpeng , Ye Gang , Chen Jing
Published: February 2021

Graphene oxide (GO) membranes with unique nanolayer structure have demonstrated excellent separation capability based on their size‐selective effect, but there are few reports on achieving ion–ion separation, because it is difficult to inhibit the swelling effect of GO nano sheets as well as to precisely control the interlayer spacing d to a specific value between the sizes of different metal ions. Here, selective separation of uranium from acidic radioactive waste containing multication is achieved through a precise dual‐adjustment strategy on d. It is found that GO swelling is greatly restricted in highly acidic solution due to protonation effect. Then the interlayer spacing is further precisely reduced to below the diameter of uranyl ion by increasing the oxidation degree of GO. Sieving uranyl ions from other nuclide ions is successfully realized in pH =3–3 mol L−1 nitric acid solutions.
A Single‐Nucleotide Mutation in a GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR‐LIKE Gene Confers Resistance to Fusarium Wilt in Gossypium hirsutum
Authors: Liu Shiming , Zhang Xiaojun , Xiao Shenghua , Ma Jun , Shi Weijun , Qin Tao , Xi Hui , Nie Xinhui , You Chunyuan , Xu Zheng , Wang Tianyi , Wang Yujing , Zhang Zhennan , Li Jianying , Kong Jie , Aierxi Alifu , Yu Yu , Lindsey Keith , Klosterman Steven J. , Zhang Xianlong , Zhu Longfu
Published: February 2021

Fusarium wilt (FW) disease of cotton, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov), causes severe losses in cotton production worldwide. Though significant advancements have been made in development of FW‐resistant Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in resistance screening programs, the precise resistance genes and the corresponding molecular mechanisms for resistance to Fov remain unclear. Herein it is reported that Fov7, a gene unlike canonical plant disease‐resistance (R) genes, putatively encoding a GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR‐LIKE (GLR) protein, confers resistance to Fov race 7 in Upland cotton. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (C/A) in GhGLR4.8, resulting in an amino acid change (L/I), is associated with Fov resistance. A PCR‐based DNA marker (GhGLR4.8SNP(A/C)) is developed and shown to cosegregate with the Fov resistance. CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockout of Fov7 results in cotton lines extremely susceptible to Fov race 7 with a loss of the ability to induce calcium influx in response to total secreted proteins (SEPs) of Fov. Furthermore, coinfiltration of SEPs with GhGLR4.8A results in a hypersensitive response. This first report of a GLR‐encoding gene that functions as an R gene provides a new insight into plant–pathogen interactions and a new handle to develop cotton cultivars with resistance to Fov race 7.
Design of Block‐Copolymer Nanoporous Membranes for Robust and Safer Lithium‐Ion Battery Separators
Authors: Yang Hao , Shi Xiansong , Chu Shiyong , Shao Zongping , Wang Yong
Published: February 2021

Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) suffer from unsatisfied performance and safety risks mainly because of the separators. Herein, a block copolymer (BCP) composed of robust and electrolyte‐affinitive polysulfone (PSF) and Li+‐affinitive polyethylene glycol (PEG) is rationally designed to prepare a new type of LIB separator. The copolymer is subjected to selective swelling, producing nanoporous membranes with PEG chains enriched along the pore walls. Intriguingly, when used as LIB separators, thus‐produced BCP membranes efficiently integrate the merits of both PSF and PEG chains, endowing the separators thermal resistance as high as 150 °C and excellent wettability. Importantly, the nanoporous separator is able to close the pores with a temperature of 125 °C, offering the battery a thermal shutdown function. The membrane exhibits ultrahigh electrolyte uptake up to 501% and a prominent ionic conductivity of 10.1 mS cm−1 at room temperature. Batteries assembled with these membranes show excellent discharge capacity and C‐rate performance, outperforming batteries assembled from other separators including the extensively used Celgard 2400. This study demonstrates a facile strategy, selective swelling of block copolymer, to engineer high‐performance and safer LIB separators, which is also applicable to produce advanced copolymer‐based separators for other types of batteries.