bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The flavor problem of soybean oil. IV. Structure of compounds counteracting the effect of prooxidant metals
Authors: Dutton Herbert J. , Schwab Arthur W. , Moser Helen A. , Cowan John C.
Published: March 2007

A study has been made of the effectiveness of various polycarboxylic acids and polyhydric alcohols in improving the stability of soybean oil. Certain observations have been made regarding the structural groups required and the possible mechanism of reaction. Since salts and esters of organic acids are inactive, free carboxyl groups are required. Among the four carbon atom dicarboxylic acids activity increases with the number of hydroxyl groups. Within the polyalcohols activity increases with the increase in number of hydroxyl groups. Steric immobility and loss of hydroxyl groups by dehydration reduces activity. Evidence is presented which attributes to citric acid and certain polyhydric alcohols the role of metal scavenger. For example, it has been demonstrated that the addition of citric acid and sorbitol to soybean oil containing prooxidant metallic salts effectively increases the oxidative and flavor stability of the oil. By using a sample of treated soybean oil with no detectable tocopherols, in order to eliminate synergistic effects of citric acid, it has been shown that the prooxidant effect of iron stearate is counteracted by the presence of citric acid. The demonstration that polyhydric alcohols increase the flavor and oxidative stability is compatible with their known metal complexing properties. Evidence is presented which indicates a relationship between flavor stability and oxidative stability.
Dismantling institutional racism: theory and action
Authors: Griffith Derek M. , Mason Mondi , Yonas Michael , Eng Eugenia , Jeffries Vanessa , Plihcik Suzanne , Parks Barton
Published: April 2007

Despite a strong commitment to promoting social change and liberation, there are few community psychology models for creating systems change to address oppression. Given how embedded racism is in institutions such as healthcare, a significant shift in the system's policies, practices, and procedures is required to address institutional racism and create organizational and institutional change. This paper describes a systemic intervention to address racial inequities in healthcare quality called dismantling racism. The dismantling racism approach assumes healthcare disparities are the result of the intersection of a complex system (healthcare) and a complex problem (racism). Thus, dismantling racism is a systemic and systematic intervention designed to illuminate where and how to intervene in a given healthcare system to address proximal and distal factors associated with healthcare disparities. This paper describes the theory behind dismantling racism, the elements of the intervention strategy, and the strengths and limitations of this systems change approach.
Industrially Produced trans Fat in Foods in Australia
Authors: Wijesundera Chakra , Richards Amy , Ceccato Claudio
Published: April 2007

Selected foods sampled from Australian supermarkets and fast food outlets were analyzed for trans fat (TF) content. The product with the highest amount of TF (6.3 g/100 g product) was a household shortening. The TF contents in spreads were remarkably low (average 0.5, range 0.2–1.3 g/100 g product) with only 3 out of 15 exceeding the maximum level (2.0 g/100 g fat) permitted in Denmark. Ready‐to‐eat French fries purchased from all but one (1.5 g/100 g product) fast food outlet contained generally low levels of TF (average 0.4, range 0.3–0.7 g/100 g product), and the majority of the outlets appeared to have used non‐hydrogenated vegetable oils for frying. Frozen French fries and ready‐to‐eat potato chips purchased from supermarkets were also low in TF (average 0.1 and 0.2 g/100 g product, respectively). So were the bakery products (biscuits, cakes, bread, cake and muffin mixes) except for croissants. However, 9 out of the 103 products tested would have been prohibited from sale in Denmark, while 25 and 12 products would have failed to qualify for ‘trans fat‐free’ claims according to the mandatory labeling regulations currently in force in Canada the USA, respectively.
Epithelial‐stromal transition of MMP‐7 immunolocalization in the rat ventral prostate following bilateral orchiectomy
Authors: Felisbino Sergio L. , Junior Luis A. Justulin , Carvalho Hernandes F. , Taboga Sebastião R.
Published: April 2007

Epithelial cells from involuting rat ventral prostate (VP) express Matrilysin (MMP‐7) mRNA. Herein, we investigated by immunohistochemistry the MMP‐7 protein location and its association with tissue changes following castration in the VP. Normal and castrated adult male Wistar rats were sacrificed at different times after surgery. VP was examined by immunocytochemistry and immunoprecipitation. Castration promoted a shrinking of prostate ducts with an extensive stromal remodeling. In the VP from normal rats, MMP‐7 immunoreactivity was found in epithelial secretory granules. Three days after castration, immunostaining for MMP‐7 was found in both the epithelial secretory granules and in the stroma just below the epithelium, mainly at the distal ductal tips. At seven and 21 days after castration, the immunostaining for MMP‐7 was found only in the stromal space. Immunoprecipitation confirmed the specificity of the primary antibody by rescuing a pro‐enzyme form (28 kDa) in the prostate extracts. The present results suggest that MMP‐7 participates in the epithelial‐stromal interface remodeling of the ventral prostate during the involution achieved by castration, probably in the degradation of components of the epithelial basement membrane.
Homocysteine reduces cholinesterase activity in rat and human serum
Authors: Scherer Emilene B.S. , Stefanello Francieli M. , Mattos Cristiane , Netto Carlos Alexandre , Wyse Angela T.S.
Published: April 2007

In the present study we investigated the effect of homocysteine administration, the main metabolite accumulating in homocystinuria, on cholinesterase activity in rat and human serum. For the in vivo study, 8‐, 15‐ and 60‐day‐old rats received one subcutaneous injection of homocysteine (0.3, 0.4 or 0.6 μmol/g of body weight, respectively) or saline (control) and were sacrificed 1 h later, when serum was collected in order to determine cholinesterase activity. For the in vitro studies, serum of 8‐, 15‐ and 60‐day‐old untreated rats or 20–25‐ and 52–60‐day‐old human beings (healthy volunteers) were incubated with 10–500 μM homocysteine. Results showed that acute hyperhomocysteinemia (in vivo study) significantly reduced cholinesterase activity in the serum of rats of all ages tested. We also observed that 500 μM homocysteine added to the incubation medium (in vitro study) significantly inhibited cholinesterase activity both in serum of rats and humans. Our findings seem to reinforce the proposed associations of cholinesterase activity with hyperhomocysteinemia.
Diffusion tensor imaging of the corpus callosum: a cross‐sectional study across the lifespan
Authors: McLaughlin Nicole C.R. , Paul Robert H. , Grieve Stuart M. , Williams Leanne M. , Laidlaw David , DiCarlo Margaret , Clark C. Richard , Whelihan William , Cohen Ronald A. , Whitford Thomas J. , Gordon Evian
Published: April 2007

Previous studies have demonstrated strong developmental trends of white matter using in vivo neuroimaging. However, few studies have examined white matter using diffusion tensor imaging across the lifespan. In the present study we examined fractional anisotropy and volume in the corpus callosum in four groups (children, adolescents, young adults, and elderly). Results revealed a curvilinear relationship in the analysis of the fractional anisotropy values for these four groups, with fractional anisotropy values increasing in childhood and adolescence, reaching their peak in young adulthood, followed by a non‐significant decline in the elderly. Volumetric analysis of corpus callosum regions revealed a similar pattern, with an increase in volume from childhood and adolescence through young adulthood, and a non‐significant decrease in volume in the elderly group. These results define the microstructural development of the white matter across the lifespan. Future studies are required to examine the neurobehavioral correlates of these neuroimaging indices.
“Iglesia me Llamo”: Church Asylum and the Law in Spain and Colonial Spanish America
Authors: Uribe-Uran Victor M.
Published: April 2007

“Iglesia me llamo” (“church is my name”) was the only phrase uttered over and over by numerous criminals during judicial interrogations that took place at various times throughout the Iberian kingdoms that ultimately became Spain, and their American colonies. This expression meant that even after committing heinous crimes, those outlaws received shelter at local churches and thereby felt entitled not to disclose any information to justice officials about their conduct. Such criminals were confident that it would not be easy to remove them from the church for punishment. Indeed, groups of wrongdoers turned churchyards, churches, their cloisters, and their adjoining cemeteries into permanent residences. They were alleged to move freely in and out of church buildings under cover of night and to bring friends, lovers, and liquor in for enjoyment. Their presence terrorized neighbors and passersby, and inconvenienced priests and parishioners alike.
Paulus und der Herodianische Tempel
Authors: HORN FRIEDRICH WILHELM
Published: April 2007

Paulus wird mehrheitlich als weiterer Exponent einer frühchristlichen Tempel- oder Tempelkultkritik neben Jesus und dem Stephanuskreis betrachtet, obwohl er in seinen Briefen niemals eine direkte Kritik formuliert. In der Forschung verbindet sich mit dieser Annahme die These einer Opposition, weitergehend auch die einer Substitution des Herodianischen Tempels durch Christus oder durch die Gemeinde. Demgegenüber möchte dieser Beitrag aufzeigen, dass Paulus auch als Apostel, etwa in der Ablegung eines Nasiräats, Möglichkeiten der Tempelfrömmigkeit wahrnimmt und dass er angefangen von der Verwendung der Tempelmetapher in der Korintherkorrespondenz (1 Kor 3.16; 6.19; 2 Kor 6.16) bis hin zum Missionskonzept des Römerbriefs (Röm 15.16) eine positive Zuordnung auch der Heidenchristen zum Tempel sucht.
The Meaning of the Phrase τα στοιχεια του κοσμου in Galatians
Authors: DE BOER MARTINUS C.
Published: April 2007

This article seeks a fresh answer to the difficult question of the meaning of the phrase τα στοιχεια του κοσμου in Gal 4.3. The answer is sought by paying close attention to (1) the argumentative context of Paul's use of the phrase in the letter (he posits some sort of equivalence between the veneration of τα στοιχεια του κοσμου and the observance of the Law; he does so for contextually relevant theological and rhetorical reasons), and (2) the cultural-historical context of the addressees, the Gentile believers in Galatia (τα στοιχεια are ‘the gods’ they once venerated; this veneration involved calendrical observances).
Spatial language in Williams Syndrome: Evidence for a special interaction?
Authors: LUKÁCS ÁGNES , PLÉH CSABA , RACSMÁNY MIHÁLY
Published: April 2007

We present data on the language of space in Hungarian individuals with Williams syndrome (WS; 19 in the first, 15 in the second study, between 8;0 and 21;11) and a verbal control (VC) group of typically developing (TD; 19 in the first, 15 in the second study, between 3;5 and 10;7) children from: (1) a study of elicited production and comprehension of spatial terms; and (2) a sentence completion task on case markers in their spatial and non-spatial use. The first study showed poorer performance in the WS group, but similar performance patterns and a special difficulty of SOURCE terms in both groups. We did not find overall group differences in the second study. We argue that WS performance patterns reflect WS spatial abilities and seem to be constrained by the same factors in WS as in TD. Results also lead us to conclude that, contrary to most previous claims, there is no selective deficit of spatial terms within WS language, and they also suggest that not all uses of spatial terms require activation of mental models of space.
French children's use and correction of weird word orders: A constructivist account
Authors: MATTHEWS DANIELLE , LIEVEN ELENA , THEAKSTON ANNA , TOMASELLO MICHAEL
Published: April 2007

Using the weird word order methodology (Akhtar, 1999), we investigated children's understanding of SVO word order in French, a language with less consistent argument ordering patterns than English. One hundred and twelve French children (ages 2;10 and 3;9) heard either high or low frequency verbs modelled in either SOV or VSO order (both ungrammatical). Results showed that: (1) children were more likely to adopt a weird word order if they heard lower frequency verbs, suggesting gradual learning; (2) children in the high frequency conditions tended to correct the ungrammatical model they heard to the closest grammatical alternative, suggesting different models activated different grammatical schemas; and (3) children were less likely to express the object of a transitive verb than were English children in an equivalent study, suggesting object expression is more difficult to master in French, perhaps because of its inconsistency in the input. These findings are discussed in the context of a usage-based model of language acquisition.
Opening Pandora's Box: Some Reflections on the Constitutional Effects of the Decision in Pupino
Authors: Spaventa Eleanor
Published: April 2007

Constitutional issues arising from the ruling in the Pupino case – Court of Justice holds that the duty of consistent interpretation applies also in relation to framework decisions – Analysis of the extent to which the doctrine of consistent interpretation can (and should) be transposed to the area of police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters – Consequences for possible extension of other constitutional doctrines elaborated in the context of the first pillar to the third pillar – Extent to which third pillar acts can become a vehicle for the enforceability of fundamental rights as general principles of Union law – The possibility of invoking Francovich damages for breaches of Union law – To what extent can the Pupino reasoning be extended to the second pillar?
Presidential Elements in Government The Czech Republic
Authors: Kysela Jan , Kühn Zdeněk
Published: April 2007

History of the Czech presidency – Constitutional status of the President – Personal powers and powers subject to countersignature by the Premier – Presidency of V. Havel and V. Klaus – Emerging constitutional conventions – Appointment of judges – Resignation of Ministers and Appointment of Premier – Legislative veto – Moderation of the constitutional system rather than implementation of a political programme – Importance of the political context – Parliamentarianism with a relatively influential President.
Access to State-Held Information as a Fundamental Right under the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Hins Wouter , Voorhoof Dirk
Published: April 2007

Access to state-held information essential in a democratic society – Traditional reluctance of the European Court of Human Rights to apply Article 10 European Convention on Human Rights in access to information cases – Positive obligations and new perspectives: initiatives within the Council of Europe – Parallel with the Inter-American Court of Human Rights – Sdruženi Jihočeské Matky decision of the European Court: the beginning of a new era?
Lawyers and the legal system on TV: the British experience
Authors: Robson Peter
Published: April 2007

This essay seeks to shed some light on the portrayal of law and lawyers on television. Whilst it focuses principally on the British experience, it is written in the wake of American television’s extensive output and comments on these products. It indicates where the impetus for this work has come from and examines the changes in the portrayal of small screen lawyers. It notes the scholarship carried out in the United States and seeks to build on this pioneering work. It assesses the schemes used by the analysts of American TV law and notes their limited applicability to the British context. It constructs a typology of TV law programmes based on the development of distinctive styles of programming. This typology covers legal procedurals, legal dramas, legal comedies and legal reality shows. It notes the potential for analysis of the development of TV law programmes to shed light on areas such as the globalisation of culture and debates on legal education as well as on the nature and image of the legal profession and its socio-political function. It suggests that this process of mapping out the domain of small screen legal justice requires to be supplemented by detailed readings of the wealth of material which is revealed in the overview of the British experience and complemented by studies in other jurisdictions. It concludes that there seems to be a paradox at the heart of lawyer programmes. The dominant ethos of the vast majority of the material has been essentially reflective rather than refractive. The protagonists have been anti-establishment whilst the underlying trope has been the attainment of justice through the vehicle of the heroic lawyer.
Submarine lava flow emplacement and faulting in the axial valley of two morphologically distinct spreading segments of the Mariana back‐arc basin from Wadatsumi side‐scan sonar images
Authors: Asada Miho , Deschamps Anne , Fujiwara Toshiya , Nakamura Yasuyuki
Published: April 2007

High‐resolution, deep‐tow side‐scan sonar data were collected over two distinct spreading segments in the central part of the Mariana back‐arc basin. These data allow mapping of small fissures and faults and the distinguishing of hummocky from smooth lava flows. Using these data, we observe spatial variations in seafloor deformation and volcanic activity within each segment, and also significant differences in the degree of tectonic deformation between the two segments. One segment, characterized by an hourglass shape suggestive of magmatic processes dominating over tectonic processes, is in fact currently dominated by intense deformation rather than volcanism. The other segment, which exhibits morphology (wide and deep linear axial valley) typical of magma‐starved segments, is subjected to very limited deformation and is covered by mostly unfaulted, recent flows. Each segment also displays along‐axis variations in the degree of tectonic deformation and in lava flows freshness. We observe a decrease of lava effusion rate from segment centers toward their ends. We also investigated the apparent asymmetry of the Mariana basin. On the southern segment of the study area, azimuths of tectonic structures are divided into two groups, one segment‐parallel and one ∼15° oblique to strike of the segment. These two trends of linear features developed synchronously with volcanic activity. Currently oblique structures seem to be the most active ones. The tectonic structures that are parallel to the overall valley trend are distributed over the entire valley, whereas the oblique structures are only located proximal to the eastern valley wall. They are likely related to changes in the local stress field related to the obliquely trending eastern axial valley wall. Asymmetric character, such as nonuniform spacing and throw of faults, was not observed. These observations suggest that the asymmetry of the basin is not due to asymmetric spreading, but rather to eastward ridge jumps of several kilometers. Such small‐amplitude ridge jumps likely occurred frequently during basin development because the asymmetric character of the basin is strongly pronounced and no abandoned rift valley is recognizable within the entire basin.
Evidence of optimal water use by vegetation across a range of North American ecosystems
Authors: Emanuel Ryan E. , D'Odorico Paolo , Epstein Howard E.
Published: April 2007

We present empirical evidence for a relationship between the modal (most frequent) soil moisture level and the soil moisture level at which maximum evapotranspiration occurs for twenty‐four flux tower sites in North America. We considered correlations and linear regressions between these two variables at annual, seasonal, bimonthly and monthly time scales for unimodal distributions of soil moisture, and found significant relationships between these two soil moisture variables at all time scales. Correlation was stronger during the summer than the winter, suggesting stronger coupling during the growing season. This coupling of modal soil moisture and soil moisture of maximum evapotranspiration suggests that vegetation may be optimizing productivity with respect to water use across different systems.
Modeling atmospheric effects of the September 1859 solar flare
Authors: Thomas B. C. , Jackman C. H. , Melott A. L.
Published: March 2007

We have modeled atmospheric effects, especially ozone depletion, due to a solar proton event which probably accompanied the extreme magnetic storm of 1–2 September 1859. We use an inferred proton fluence for this event as estimated from nitrate levels in Greenland ice cores. We present results showing production of odd nitrogen compounds and their impact on ozone. We also compute rainout of nitrate in our model and compare to values from ice core data.
Using the level set method to model endogenous lava dome growth
Authors: Hale A. J. , Bourgouin L. , Mühlhaus H. B.
Published: March 2007

Modeling volcanic phenomena is complicated by free surfaces often supporting large rheological gradients. Analytical solutions and analogue models provide explanations for fundamental characteristics of lava flows. However, more sophisticated models are needed, incorporating improved physics and rheology to capture realistic events. To advance our understanding of the flow dynamics of highly viscous lava in Peléean lava dome formation, axisymmetrical finite element method models of generic endogenous dome growth have been developed. We use a novel technique, the level set method, which tracks a moving interface, leaving the mesh unaltered. The model equations are formulated in an Eulerian framework. In this paper we test the quality of this technique in our numerical scheme by considering existing analytical and experimental models of lava dome growth which assume a constant Newtonian viscosity. We then compare our model against analytical solutions for real lava domes extruded on Soufrière, St. Vincent, West Indies in 1979 and Mount St. Helens in October 1980 using an effective viscosity. The level set method is found to be computationally light and robust enough to model the free surface of a growing lava dome. Also, by modeling the extruded lava with a constant pressure head this naturally results in a drop in extrusion rate with increasing dome height, which can explain lava dome growth observables more appropriately than when using a fixed extrusion rate. From the modeling point of view, the level set method will ultimately provide an opportunity to capture more of the physics while benefiting from the numerical robustness of regular grids.
Observations and proxies of the surface layer throughflow in Lombok Strait
Authors: Susanto R. Dwi , Gordon Arnold L. , Sprintall Janet
Published: March 2007

Seasonal to interannual variability of the Lombok Strait surface layer transport is investigated. The geostrophic transport within the surface layer is estimated from the cross‐channel pressure gradient measured by a pair of shallow pressure gauges positioned on opposing sides of Lombok Strait during 1996‐1999. The Ekman transport through Lombok Strait, derived from scatterometer winds, is less than 10% or ∼0.15 Sv of the estimated surface layer geostrophic transport. Monsoonal forcing is clearly evident in the regional sea surface height anomalies (SSHA) as derived from the satellite altimeter measurements. During the southeast monsoon, relatively low sea level is observed to the south of Lombok Strait, with relatively high sea level to the north; conditions reverse during the northwest monsoon. Estimated transports from the cross‐channel pressure gradient, winds, SSHA and thermocline depth anomalies all reveal interannual variability associated with ENSO. Both the thermocline depth anomaly and the SSHA to the south of the East Java coast correlate significantly (r = 0.7) with the Lombok Strait total surface layer throughflow. The difference of SSHA from the south of the East Java coast minus the SSHA north of Lombok shows a higher correlation (r = 0.84). These high correlation values suggest that SSHA and thermocline depth anomalies can be used as proxies for the Lombok Strait surface layer throughflow. Qualitatively, such proxy transports agree with the surface transport inferred from the pressure gauges and Ekman transport in Lombok Strait from 1996 to 1999, and also with direct velocity measurements from current meter data obtained in 1985 and 2004‐2005.
Optimal estimation of the soil uptake rate of molecular hydrogen from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment and other measurements
Authors: Xiao X. , Prinn R. G. , Simmonds P. G. , Steele L. P. , Novelli P. C. , Huang J. , Langenfelds R. L. , O'Doherty S. , Krummel P. B. , Fraser P. J. , Porter L. W. , Weiss R. F. , Salameh P. , Wang R. H. J.
Published: April 2007

Hydrogen (H2), a proposed clean energy alternative, warrants detailed investigation of its global budget and future environmental impacts. The magnitudes and seasonal cycles of the major (presumably microbial) soil sink of hydrogen have been estimated from high‐frequency in situ AGAGE H2 observations and also from more geographically extensive but low‐frequency flask measurements from CSIRO and NOAA‐GMD using the Kalman filter in a two‐dimensional (2‐D) global transport model. Hydrogen mole fractions exhibit well‐defined seasonal cycles in each hemisphere with their phase difference being only about 3 months. The global production rate of H2 is estimated to be 103 ± 10 Tg yr−1 with only a small estimated interannual variation. Soil uptake (84 ± 8 Tg yr−1) represents the major loss process for H2 and accounts for 81% of the total destruction. Strong seasonal cycles are deduced for the soil uptake of H2. The soil sink is a maximum over the northern extratropics in summer and peaks only 2 to 3 months earlier in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. Oxidation by tropospheric OH (18 ± 3 Tg yr−1) accounts for 17% of the destruction, with the remainder due to destruction in the stratosphere. The calculated global burden is 191 ± 29 Tg, indicating an overall atmospheric lifetime of 1.8 ± 0.3 years. Hydrogen in the troposphere (149 ± 23 Tg burden) has a lifetime of 1.4 ± 0.2 years.
Inventory of boreal fire emissions for North America in 2004: Importance of peat burning and pyroconvective injection
Authors: Turquety Solène , Logan Jennifer A. , Jacob Daniel J. , Hudman Rynda C. , Leung Fok Yan , Heald Colette L. , Yantosca Robert M. , Wu Shiliang , Emmons Louisa K. , Edwards David P. , Sachse Glen W.
Published: April 2007

The summer of 2004 was one of the largest fire seasons on record for Alaska and western Canada. We construct a daily bottom‐up fire emission inventory for that season, including consideration of peat burning and high‐altitude (buoyant) injection, and evaluate it in a global chemical transport model (the GEOS‐Chem CTM) simulation of CO through comparison with MOPITT satellite and ICARTT aircraft observations. The inventory is constructed by combining daily area burned reports and MODIS fire hot spots with estimates of fuel consumption and emission factors based on ecosystem type. We estimate the contribution from peat burning using drainage and peat distribution maps for Alaska and Canada; 17% of the reported 5.1 × 106 ha burned were located in peatlands in 2004. Our total estimate of North American fire emissions during the summer of 2004 is 30 Tg CO, including 11 Tg from peat. Including peat burning in the GEOS‐Chem simulation improves agreement with MOPITT observations. The long‐range transport of fire plumes observed by MOPITT suggests that the largest fires injected a significant fraction of their emissions in the upper troposphere.
Shipboard multisensor merged wind profiles from the New England Air Quality Study 2004
Authors: Wolfe D. E. , Brewer W. A. , Tucker S. C. , White A. B. , White D. E. , Welsh D. C. , Ruffieux D. , Fairall C. W. , Ratterree M. , Intrieri J. M. , McCarty B. J. , Law D. C.
Published: April 2007

The New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) was a regional portion of the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) planned by groups in North America and Europe to develop a better understanding of the factors that shape air quality in their respective regions and the remote North Atlantic. The NOAA research vessel Ronald H. Brown was only one of a number of platforms given the task of monitoring the emissions of aerosol and ozone precursors and the atmosphere in which they reside. Two remote and one in situ sensor were used to measure wind profiles. A radar wind profiler (RWP) permanently deployed on the ship and corrected in real time for ship motion provided continuous hourly profiles at 60‐ and 100‐m vertical resolutions. A high‐resolution Doppler lidar (HRDL) was also operated during the experiment and provided continuous low‐level wind profiles. Rawinsondes were launched 4–6 times daily and provided a detailed profile of winds. Initial results show that the RWP, HRDL, and rawinsonde data compare very well. The ability of HRDL to monitor low‐level winds below the minimum range gate of the RWP, while the RWP wind data extend to a much greater height than can be reached by HRDL, make the two systems complementary. Single merged profiles were generated using the RWP and HRDL data, which in turn were used to calculate trajectories to help better understand the transport of pollutants within the Gulf of Maine.
An algorithm that retrieves aerosol properties from dual‐wavelength polarized lidar measurements
Authors: Nishizawa Tomoaki , Okamoto Hajime , Sugimoto Nobuo , Matsui Ichiro , Shimizu Atsushi , Aoki Kazuma
Published: March 2007

We developed two types of algorithms, backward and forward, to estimate vertical profiles of extinction coefficient at a wavelength ofλ= 532 nm for each aerosol type, using information from three‐channel Mie‐lidar measurements, i.e., copolarization and cross‐polarization components atλ= 532 nm and total component (copolarization and cross polarization) atλ= 1064 nm. The mode radii, standard deviations, and refractive index for each aerosol type are assumed in the algorithms. The algorithms have the following main features: (1) Extinction coefficient of total aerosols at a far end is estimated in the backward algorithm, while the value at a far end is prescribed as the boundary condition in the Fernald method. (2) They determine aerosol types, i.e., water soluble, sea salt, or dust, for each layer. (3) The vertical profiles of microphysical properties of aerosols such as lidar ratio are also estimated. The backward algorithm is first applied to the lidar signals only calibrated for the spectral ratio to the total components to derive the calibration constant and aerosol properties under clear‐sky condition. Next, the forward algorithm is used to retrieve aerosol properties under cloud bottom. We performed intensive error analyses. The errors for each aerosol component in the extinction coefficient are found to be smaller than 20% (50%) for the backward (forward) algorithms, respectively, when measurement errors are ±5%. The validation of the algorithms from the comparison against sky radiometer measurements over ocean shows that the optical thickness agrees within 2% (10%) for the backward (forward) algorithms.
Histamine H3‐receptor agonists and imidazole‐based H3‐receptor antagonists can be thermodynamically discriminated
Authors: Harper E A , Black J W
Published: April 2007

Background and purpose:

Studies suggest that measurement of thermodynamic parameters can allow discrimination of agonists and antagonists. Here we investigate whether agonists and antagonists can be thermodynamically discriminated at histamine H3 receptors.

Experimental approach:

The pKL of the antagonist radioligand, [3H]‐clobenpropit, in guinea‐pig cortex membranes was estimated at 4, 12, 21 and 30°C in 20mM HEPES‐NaOH buffer (buffer A), or buffer A containing 300mM CaCl2, (buffer ACa). pKI′ values for ligands with varying intrinsic activity were determined in buffer A and ACa at 4, 12, 21 and 30°C.

Key results:

In buffer A, the pKL of [3H]‐clobenpropit increased with decreasing temperature while it did not change in buffer ACa. The Bmax was not affected by temperature or buffer and nH values were not different from unity. In buffer A, pKI′ values for agonists remained unchanged or decreased with decreasing temperature, while antagonist pKI values increased with decreasing temperature; agonist binding was entropy‐driven while antagonist binding was enthalpy and entropy‐driven. In buffer ACa, temperature had no effect on antagonist and agonist pKI values; both agonist and antagonist binding were enthalpy and entropy‐driven.

Conclusions and implications:

The binding of H3‐receptor agonists and antagonists can be thermodynamically discriminated under conditions where agonist pKI′ values are over‐estimated (pKI′≠pKapp). However, under conditions when agonist pKI ∼pKapp, the thermodynamics underlying the binding of agonists are not different to those of antagonists.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 504–517; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707243
The emergence of shape: notions from the study of the Drosophila tracheal system
Authors: Casanova Jordi
Published: April 2007

The generation of bodies and body parts with specific shapes and sizes has been a longstanding issue in biology. Morphogenesis in general and organogenesis in particular are complex events that involve global changes in cell populations in terms of their proliferation, migration, differentiation and shape. Recent studies have begun to address how these synchronized changes are controlled by the genes that specify cell fate and by the ability of cells to respond to extracellular cues. In particular, a notable shift in this research has occurred owing to the ability to address these issues in the context of the whole organism. For such studies, the Drosophila tracheal system has proven to be a particularly appropriate model. Here, my aim is to highlight some ideas that have arisen through our studies, and those from other groups, of Drosophila tracheal development. Rather than providing an objective review of the features of tracheal development, I intend to discuss some selected notions that I think are relevant to the question of shape generation.
Interactions between short-term and long-term cardiovascular control mechanisms
Authors: Hoyer Dirk , Frank Birgit , Götze Christine , Stein Phyllis K. , Żebrowski Jan J. , Baranowski Rafal , Palacios Manuel , Vallverdú Montserrat , Caminal Pere , Bayés de Luna Anthony , Schmidt Georg , Schmidt Hendrik
Published: March 2007

The cardiovascular system incorporates several controlling mechanisms acting as feedback loops over different time horizons. Because of their complex interrelationships, information-based methods such as autonomic information flow (AIF) functions promise to be useful in identifying normal and pathological behavior. Optimal adjustment between those controllers is necessary for healthy global behavior of the organism. We investigated the question as to whether there are typical relationships between short-term and long-term AIF by means of a meta-analysis of several of our own clinical studies of the mortality of patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, heart failure, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, and the length of stay in hospital after abdominal aorta surgery. We found a fundamental association of increased short-term randomness (decreased AIF) and decreased long-term randomness (increased AIF) due to pathology. A systems theoretic validation of this fundamental type of association was done by an appropriate mathematical model using a dissipative system with two feedback loops over different time horizons. The systematic simulation of an increasing collapse of the short feedback loop confirmed the inverse association between short-term and long-term information flow as a fundamental, system inherent type of readjustment that occurs under pathological conditions.
Effect of switching field gradient for thermally assisted magnetic recording
Authors: Akagi F. , Matsumoto T. , Nakamura K.
Published: April 2007

The effects of the switching field gradient and the optimal head-field intensity for thermally assisted magnetic recording were investigated using the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, which adds a stochastic thermal field to an effective field. The switching field gradient was defined as the product of a space gradient of temperature dT∕dx and a temperature gradient of anisotropy field dHk∕dT under condition of the uniform head-field intensity. The signal-to-noise ratio at 1000kfci was found to improve with increasing dT∕dx and by applying the optimal dHk∕dT.
Focused-ion-beam milling based nanostencil mask fabrication for spin transfer torque studies
Authors: Özyilmaz B. , Richter G. , Müsgens N. , Fraune M. , Hawraneck M. , Beschoten B. , Güntherodt G. , Bückins M. , Mayer J.
Published: March 2007

Focused-ion-beam milling is used to fabricate nanostencil masks suitable for the fabrication of magnetic nanostructures relevant for spin transfer torque studies. Nanostencil masks are used to define the device dimensions prior to the growth of the thin film stack. They consist of a wet etch resistant top layer and an insulator on top of a prepatterned bottom electrode. The insulator supports a hard mask and gives rise to an undercut by its selective etching. The approach is demonstrated by fabricating current perpendicular to the plane Co∕Cu∕Co nanopillar junctions, which exhibit current induced magnetization dynamics.
Four-probe measurements of the in-plane thermoelectric properties of nanofilms
Authors: Mavrokefalos Anastassios , Pettes Michael T. , Zhou Feng , Shi Li
Published: March 2007

Measuring in-plane thermoelectric properties of submicron thin films has remained a challenging task. Here we report a method based on a suspended microdevice for four-probe measurements of the Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and thermoelectric figure of merit of patterned indium arsenide (InAs) nanofilms assembled on the microdevice. The contact thermal resistance and intrinsic thermal resistance of the 40nm thick InAs nanofilm sample were measured by using the nanofilm itself as a differential thermocouple to determine the temperature drops at the contacts. The microdevice was also used to measure a 190nm thick silicon dioxide (SiO2) film and the results were compared with those reported in the literature. A through-substrate hole under the suspended microdevice allows for transmission electron microscopy characterization of the nanofilm sample assembled on the device. This capability enables one to correlate the measured thermoelectric properties with the crystal structures of the nanofilm.
A highly integrated FPGA-based nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer
Authors: Takeda Kazuyuki
Published: March 2007

The digital circuits required for a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer, including a pulse programmer, a direct digital synthesizer, a digital receiver, and a PC interface, have been built inside a single chip of the field-programmable gate-array (FPGA). By combining the FPGA chip with peripheral analog components, a compact, laptop-sized homebuilt spectrometer has been developed, which is capable of a rf output of up to 400 MHz with amplitude-, phase-, frequency-, and pulse-modulation. The number of rf channels is extendable up to three without further increase in size.
Conducting grain boundaries in the high-dielectric-constant ceramic CaCu3Ti4O12
Authors: Chen K. , Li G. L. , Gao F. , Liu J. , Liu J. M. , Zhu J. S.
Published: April 2007

To clarify the electrical property of grain boundaries, the fine-grained ceramics CaCu3Ti4O12 have been treated with the hydrofluoric acid to remove the parts of grain boundaries. The dielectric response difference between the etched samples and the pristine ones indicates that the ceramic CaCu3Ti4O12 consists of insulating or semiconducting grains with conducting grain boundaries. Therefore, the giant dielectric phenomenon is supposed not to derive from the grain boundary barrier layer capacitance effect. The possible mechanism is discussed.
Increasing lifetime of the plasma channel formed in air using picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses
Authors: Narayanan V. , Singh V. , Pandey Pramod K. , Shukla Neeraj , Thareja R. K.
Published: April 2007

We report experiments on a pump-probe configuration to elucidate the formation of a plasma channel by the hydrodynamic evolution of air breakdown in laser focus. A stable air breakdown was produced by focusing a picosecond laser pulse to create a shock driven plasma channel in the laser focus for propagating a nanosecond pulse. A four fold increase in the lifetime of the channel estimated by monitoring the temporal evolution of the fluorescence of a spectral line at 504.5nm of N+ transition 3pS3−3sP03 is reported. Assuming plasma in local thermal equilibrium plasma temperature of ∼8.2eV and an electron density of ∼1.4×1018cm−3 were determined using a Stark broadening of 649.2nm line of NII transition 3dD03−4pD3 in the channel. An enhancement in the electron density of the plasma channel was observed at the 7ns delay of the nanosecond laser pulse relative to the picosecond laser pulse.
Swift heavy ion-induced swelling and damage in yttria-stabilized zirconia
Authors: Costantini Jean-Marc , Trautmann Christina , Thomé Lionel , Jagielski Jacek , Beuneu François
Published: April 2007

Yttria-stabilized zirconia single crystals were irradiated with a variety of different swift heavy ions (from 145MeV C to 2.6GeV U) in a broad fluence range (between 1011 and 1015cm−2). Surface profilometry measurements show that the out-of-plane expansion of the samples increases versus ion fluence up to an asymptotic value of about 0.2%; the larger the ion mass, the smaller the fluence needed to reach saturation. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry data on irradiated crystals under channeling conditions give clear evidence of lattice damage creation for ions heavier than Br corresponding to a threshold electronic stopping power about 20keVnm−1. In contrast, no threshold is found for the swelling data which scale fairly well with the number of displacements per atom (except for the irradiation with U ions). In all cases we find a linear increase of the out-of-plane expansion versus the concentration of F+-type centers (singly ionized oxygen vacancies) measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in as-received and thermochemically reduced samples, regardless of crystal orientation. The nature of the lattice disorder and the respective effects of elastic collisions and electronic excitations on the ion-induced volume expansion and damage are discussed.
The electric field dependence of Cu migration induced dielectric failure in interlayer dielectric for integrated circuits
Authors: Hwang Sang-Soo , Jung Sung-Yup , Joo Young-Chang
Published: April 2007

The Cu migration-induced failure of the interlayer dielectric in integrated circuits was studied using the time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) test and one dimensional (1D) finite difference method (FDM) simulation. A metal-insulator-semiconductor structure with a Cu electrode was used for the TDDB tests. A 1D FDM simulation was performed while considering the space charge effect due to the Cu ions that migrated into the dielectric. Both the TDDB and FDM simulation showed the linear dependence of the times to failure (TTFs) on the applied electric field in accelerating conditions. However, the extrapolation of the lifetime under low field service conditions using the 1D FDM showed a deviation from the E model in the case of the TTFs.
Unique chemical reactivity of a graphene nanoribbon’s zigzag edge
Authors: Jiang De-en , Sumpter Bobby G. , Dai Sheng
Published: April 2007

The zigzag edge of a graphene nanoribbon possesses a unique electronic state that is near the Fermi level and localized at the edge carbon atoms. The authors investigate the chemical reactivity of these zigzag edge sites by examining their reaction energetics with common radicals from first principles. A “partial radical” concept for the edge carbon atoms is introduced to characterize their chemical reactivity, and the validity of this concept is verified by comparing the dissociation energies of edge-radical bonds with similar bonds in molecules. In addition, the uniqueness of the zigzag-edged graphene nanoribbon is further demonstrated by comparing it with other forms of sp2 carbons, including a graphene sheet, nanotubes, and an armchair-edged graphene nanoribbon.
Investigation of ablation and implosion dynamics in linear wire arrays
Authors: Ivanov V. V. , Sotnikov V. I. , Haboub A. , Sarkisov G. E. , Presura R. , Cowan T. E.
Published: March 2007

Ablation and implosion dynamics were investigated by optical probing in linear wire arrays of different geometry. Formation of ablation jets begins on the outermost wires. In the beginning of implosion plasma bubbles arise in breaks on the outer wires. Implosion bubbles move to the next wire in the array and hit the plasma column with the speed >250km∕s. Imploding plasma moves to the center of the array cascading from wire to wire. Configuration of magnetic fields in the linear array can be changed by variation of wire spacing. The regimes of ablation and implosion in the wire arrays are found to differ with different wire spacing.
Comment on “Low Schottky barrier to etched p-GaN using regrown AlInGaN and InGaN contact layer” [J. Appl. Phys. 99, 026106 (2006)]
Authors: Ho C. Y.
Published: April 2007

In the Hsueh et al. article [J. Appl. Phys. 99, 026106 (2006)], the authors discussed changes in Schottky barrier heights of Ni/Au contacts to the regrown contact layer on etched p-GaN and adopted the thermionic emission model to analyze their current-voltage data. In this comment we point to the principal theoretical flaw in the analysis of this work.
Bleaching and diffusion dynamics in optofluidic dye lasers
Authors: Gersborg-Hansen Morten , Balslev Søren , Mortensen Niels Asger , Kristensen Anders
Published: April 2007

The authors have investigated the bleaching dynamics that occur in optofluidic dye lasers where the liquid laser dye in a microfluidic channel is locally bleached due to optical pumping. They find that for microfluidic devices, the dye bleaching may be compensated through diffusion of dye molecules alone. By relying on diffusion rather than convection to generate the necessary dye replenishment, their observation potentially allows for a significant simplification of optofluidic dye laser device layouts, omitting the need for cumbersome and costly external fluidic handling or on-chip microfluidic pumping devices.