bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VIVEIROS EDUCADORES COMO FERRAMENTA DE EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL NO BRASIL E SUAS QUESTÕES JURÍDICAS
Authors: Rocha André Gomes da , Ruffino Paulo Henrique Peira , Reis Matheus Gonçalves dos
Published: November 2014

A Educação Ambiental é uma ferramenta fundamental para o enfrentamento da crise socioambiental e tem valorizado, cada vez mais, os espaços pedagógicos que possibilitam o contato entre o ser humano e o meio natural, como os viveiros de mudas educadores. Estes, conquanto se destaquem como um bom instrumento em potencial para a promoção da educação ambiental, requerem uma análise sob a perspectiva de viabilidade e regularização jurídicas, demandando um estudo da legislação brasileira de sementes e mudas. Desse modo, o presente estudo buscou encontrar a inserção dos viveiros educadores nos marcos das bases legais que fundamentam a questão jurídica de mudas e sementes, e desenvolver um material de apoio para a criação de viveiros que estejam cientes de suas responsabilidades jurídicas. Por meio de: fundamentação teórica e conceitual de viveiros; da busca de informações junto a órgãos governamentais e a instituições relacionadas à produção de mudas; e de análise jurídica da legislação de sementes e mudas, foi possível concluir que a inviabilização de viveiros educadores por parte do Ministério de Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento não deve ser encarada como inexorável, pois não há garantias de que esta categoria de viveiros deva ou não ser isenta das demandas burocráticas previstas na nova lei de sementes e mudas.
ESTUDO FLORÍSTICO DE SEGMENTO DE MATA ATLÂNTICA EM PARELHEIROS, SÃO PAULO, SP, PARA SOLTURA DE BUGIO-RUIVO, Alouatta clamitans (Cabrera, 1940)
Authors: Garcia Ricardo José Francischetti , Honda Sumiko , Fries Brígida Gomes
Published: November 2014

A fim de minimizar os efeitos da pressão da urbanização sobre bugios-ruivos, Alouatta clamitans (Cabrera, 1940), a Divisão de Fauna em parceria com o Herbário Municipal realiza, desde 1996, o Programa de Reintrodução de Bugios, com o objetivo de viabilizar o retorno à vida livre dos indivíduos aptos. Entre várias áreas prospectadas para possível soltura de bugios-ruivos, o Sítio Roda d’Água, distrito de Parelheiros, município de São Paulo, foi selecionado para realização do presente estudo. Todos os componentes da mata, em uma área de 89,9 hectares, foram amostrados para avaliação da disponibilidade de alimentos. Foram registradas 251 espécies vasculares, sendo 13 pteridófitas, uma gimnosperma e 237 angiospermas. O material testemunho está depositado no Herbário Municipal. Na área estudada foram registradas duas espécies ameaçadas e quatro quase ameaçadas. As espécies dos componentes arbóreo-arbustivo e epifítico, que constituem o hábitat preferencial dos bugios-ruivos, correspondem a 73,7% do total levantado. Dentro deste grupo de espécies, 17,8% já foram registradas como fontes alimentares para a espécie-alvo. Dentre as espécies já referidas na dieta de bugios-ruivos, registradas na área de estudo, todas apresentam distribuição geográfica ampla. Desta forma, a área estudada foi considerada apropriada para a soltura de bugios-ruivos, quanto à disponibilidade de recursos para alimentação.
The response of the equatorial tropospheric ozone to the Madden–Julian Oscillation in TES satellite observations and CAM-chem model simulation
Authors: Sun W. , Hess P. , Tian B.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the dominant form of the atmospheric intra-seasonal oscillation, manifested by slow eastward movement (about 5 m s−1) of tropical deep convection. This study investigates the MJO's impact on equatorial tropospheric ozone (10° N–10° S) in satellite observations and chemical transport model (CTM) simulations. For the satellite observations, we analyze the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) level-2 ozone profile data for the period of January 2004 to June 2009. For the CTM simulations, we run the Community Atmosphere Model with chemistry (CAM-chem) driven by the Goddard Earth Observing System Model, Version 5 (GEOS-5)-analyzed meteorological fields for the same data period as the TES measurements. Our analysis indicates that the behavior of the total tropospheric column (TTC) ozone at the intra-seasonal timescale is different from that of the total column ozone, with the signal in the equatorial region comparable with that in the subtropics. The model-simulated and satellite-measured ozone anomalies agree in their general pattern and amplitude when examined in the vertical cross section (the average spatial correlation coefficient among the eight phases is 0.63), with an eastward propagation signature at a similar phase speed as the convective anomalies (5 m s−1). The model ozone anomalies on the intra-seasonal timescale are about 5 times larger when lightning emissions of NOx are included in the simulation than when they are not. Nevertheless, large-scale advection is the primary driving force for the ozone anomalies associated with the MJO. The variability related to the MJO for ozone reaches up to 47% of the total variability (ranging from daily to interannual), indicating that the MJO should be accounted for in simulating ozone perturbations in the tropics.
Lifted Temperature Minimum during the atmospheric evening transition
Authors: Blay-Carreras E. , Pardyjak E. R. , Pino D. , Hoch S. W. , Cuxart J. , Martínez D. , Reuder J.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Observations of Lifted Temperature Minimum (LTM) profiles in the nocturnal boundary layer were first reported by Ramdas and Atmanathan (1932). It was defined by the existence of a temperature minimum some centimeters above the ground. During the following decades, several research studies analyzed this phenomenon verifying its existence and postulating different hypothesis about its origin. The aim of this work is to study the existence and characteristics of LTM during the evening transition by using observations obtained during the Boundary Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence (BLLAST) campaign. Data obtained from two masts instrumented with thermocouples and wind sensors at different heights close to the ground, and a mast with radiometers are used to study the role of mechanical turbulence and radiation in LTM development. The study shows that LTM profiles can be detected under calm conditions during the day–night transition, several hours earlier than reported in previous work. These conditions are fulfilled under weak synoptic forcing during local flow shifts associated with a mountain–plain circulation in relatively complex orography. Under these special conditions, turbulence becomes a crucial parameter in determining the ideal conditions for observing LTM profiles. Additionally, LTM observed profiles are also related to a change in the atmospheric radiative characteristics under calm conditions.
Analytical finite element matrix elements and global matrix assembly for hierarchical 3-D vector basis functions within the hybrid finite element boundary integral method
Authors: Li L. , Wang K. , Li H. , Eibert T. F.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. A hybrid higher-order finite element boundary integral (FE-BI) technique is discussed where the higher-order FE matrix elements are computed by a fully analytical procedure and where the gobal matrix assembly is organized by a self-identifying procedure of the local to global transformation. This assembly procedure applys to both, the FE part as well as the BI part of the algorithm. The geometry is meshed into three-dimensional tetrahedra as finite elements and nearly orthogonal hierarchical basis functions are employed. The boundary conditions are implemented in a strong sense such that the boundary values of the volume basis functions are directly utilized within the BI, either for the tangential electric and magnetic fields or for the asssociated equivalent surface current densities by applying a cross product with the unit surface normals. The self-identified method for the global matrix assembly automatically discerns the global order of the basis functions for generating the matrix elements. Higher order basis functions do need more unknowns for each single FE, however, fewer FEs are needed to achieve the same satisfiable accuracy. This improvement provides a lot more flexibility for meshing and allows the mesh size to raise up to λ/3. The performance of the implemented system is evaluated in terms of computation time, accuracy and memory occupation, where excellent results with respect to precision and computation times of large scale simulations are found.
Transiente Abstrahlung, Einkopplung und Streuung der Schlitzantennen im EMV-Umfeld
Authors: Ehlen T.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. The radiation, reception and reradiating of the thin slot antenna with arbitrary transient time waveforms are derived in time domain and compared with numerical field simulation results. The equations are suitable for estimating typical pulsed EMI-Interference responses and penetration through loaded and not loaded slots in metal shields like bluetooth and wlan antennas including the radiation impedance. Examples are given for LEMP, NEMP and HPEM waveforms. The derived formulas are transferred in system theory based block diagrams.
Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) solar spectral irradiance (SSI) for ionospheric application – history and contemporary state-of-art
Authors: Schmidtke G. , Jacobi Ch. , Nikutowski B. , Erhardt Ch.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. After a historical survey of space related EUV measurements in Germany and the role of Karl Rawer in pursuing this work, we describe present developments in EUV spectroscopy and provide a brief outlook on future activities. The group of Karl Rawer has performed the first scientific space project in Western Europe on 19th October 1954. Then it was decided to include the field of solar EUV spectroscopy in ionospheric investigations. Starting in 1957 an intensified development of instrumentation was going on to explore solar EUV radiation, atmospheric airglow and auroral emissions until the institute had to stop space activities in the early nineteen-eighties. EUV spectroscopy was continued outside of the institute during eight years. This area of work was supported again by the institute developing the Auto-Calibrating Spectrometers (SolACES) for a mission on the International Space Station (ISS). After more than six years in space the instrument is still in operation. Meanwhile the work on the primary task also to validate EUV data available from other space missions has made good progress. The first results of validating those data and combine them into one set of EUV solar spectral irradiance are very promising. It will be recommended for using it by the science and application community. Moreover, a new low-cost type of an EUV spectrometer is presented for monitoring the solar EUV radiation. It shall be further developed for providing EUV-TEC data to be applied in ionospheric models replacing the Covington index F10.7. Applying these data for example in the GNSS signal evaluation a more accurate determination of GNSS receiver positions is expected for correcting the propagation delays of navigation signals traveling through the ionosphere from space to earth. – Latest results in the field of solar EUV spectroscopy are discussed, too.
Measurement and evaluation of radar cross section for furniture in an indoor propagation channel
Authors: Maw M. M. , Supanakoon P. , Promwong S. , Takada J.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. This paper has attempted to evaluate the radar cross section (RCS) of two furniture items in an indoor environment in a frequency range of 3–7 GHz of the ultra-wideband (UWB) range. The RCS evaluation is achieved through an extended version of the radar equation that incorporates the channel transfer function of scattering. The time-gating method was applied to remove the multipath effect, a phenomenon which typically occurs in the indoor environment. Two double-ridged waveguide horn antennas for both vertical and horizontal polarizations were used to obtain the transfer function of scattering of the furniture prior to analysis in order to derive their bistatic RCS. The RCS results validate the applicability of the proposed extended radar equation to the indoor propagation prediction.
Systematic design of output filters for audio class-D amplifiers via Simplified Real Frequency Technique
Authors: Hintzen E. , Vennemann T. , Mathis W.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. In this paper a new filter design concept is proposed and implemented which takes into account the complex loudspeaker impedance. By means of techniques of broadband matching, that has been successfully applied in radio technology, we are able to optimize the reconstruction filter to achieve an overall linear frequency response. Here, a passive filter network is inserted between source and load that matches the complex load impedance to the complex source impedance within a desired frequency range. The design and calculation of the filter is usually done using numerical approximation methods which are known as Real Frequency Techniques (RFT). A first approach to systematic design of reconstruction filters for class-D amplifiers is proposed, using the Simplified Real Frequency Technique (SRFT). Some fundamental considerations are introduced as well as the benefits and challenges of impedance matching between class-D amplifiers and loudspeakers. Current simulation data using MATLAB is presented and supports some first conclusions.
Untersuchung der Störwirkung von LTE auf SRD Anwendungen bei 868 MHz
Authors: Welpot M. , Wunderlich S. , Gaspard I.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Moderne Hausautomatisierungssysteme, Alarmanlagen oder auch Funk-Zugangssysteme in Haus und Automobil setzen auf frei nutzbare Frequenzen in ISM/SRD-Bändern. Die rasante Zunahme an privaten und kommerziell genutzten Applikationen im SRD-Band bei 868 MHz und der Ausbau der LTE-Mobilfunknetze im Frequenzbereich unterhalb von 1 GHz ("Digital Dividend") wirft zunehmend die Frage nach der Funkverträglichkeit dieser Systeme untereinander auf. Während die SRD-Funkmodule auf eine geringe Sendeleistung von ~ +14 dBm beschränkt sind (Ralf and Thomas, 2009), beträgt die maximale LTE-Sendeleistung im Uplink nach (ETSI-Norm, 2011) +23 dBm. Zusammen mit der Einführung von LTE im Frequenzbereich unterhalb 1 GHz als DSL-Ersatz vor allem in ländlichen Gebieten, ergibt sich damit als mögliches Störszenario, dass durch die Aussendung des LTE-Endgerätes im Bereich von ca. 850 MHz die SRD-Funkverbindungen bei 868 MHz insbesondere dann gestört werden, wenn die Antennen beider Funksysteme räumlich nahe zueinander angeordnet sind und folglich nur eine geringe zusätzliche Entkopplung der Systeme bieten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das LTE-Störpotential auf SRD-Empfänger praxisnah untersucht.
Analytical calculation of intrinsic shielding effectiveness for isotropic and anisotropic materials based on measured electrical parameters
Authors: Kühn M. , John W. , Weigel R.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. This contribution contains the mechanisms for calculation of magnetic shielding effectiveness from material samples, based on measured electrical parameters. For this, measurement systems for the electrical conductivity of high and low conductive material samples with respect to the direction of current flow are presented and discussed. Also a definition of isotropic and anisotropic materials with electrical circuit diagrams is given. For prediction of shielding effectiveness for isotropic and anisotropic materials, several analytical models are presented. Also adaptions to gain a near field solution are part of this contribution. All analytical models will also be validated with an adequate measurement system.
Increasing the time resolution of a pulse width modulator in a class D power amplifier by using delay lines
Authors: Weber M. , Vennemann T. , Mathis W.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. In this paper, we present a method to increase the time resolution of a pulse width modulator by using delay lines. The modulator is part of an open loop class D power amplifier, which uses the ZePoC algorithm to code the audio signal which is amplified in the class D power stage. If the time resolution of the pulse width modulator is high enough, ZePoC could also be used to build an high accuracy AC power standard, because of its open loop property. With the presented method the time resolution theoretically could be increased by a factor of 16, which means here the time resolution will be enhanced from 5 ns to 312.5 ps.
An enhanced BSIM modeling framework for selfheating aware circuit design
Authors: Schleyer M. , Leuschner S. , Baumgartner P. , Mueller J.-E. , Klar H.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. This work proposes a modeling framework to enhance the industry-standard BSIM4 MOSFET models with capabilities for coupled electro-thermal simulations. An automated simulation environment extracts thermal information from model data as provided by the semiconductor foundry. The standard BSIM4 model is enhanced with a Verilog-A based wrapper module, adding thermal nodes which can be connected to a thermal-equivalent RC network. The proposed framework allows a fully automated extraction process based on the netlist of the top-level design and the model library. A numerical analysis tool is used to control the extraction flow and to obtain all required parameters. The framework is used to model self-heating effects on a fully integrated class A/AB power amplifier (PA) designed in a standard 65 nm CMOS process. The PA is driven with +30 dBm output power, leading to an average temperature rise of approximately 40 °C over ambient temperature.
An ontology for the generalisation of the bathymetry on nautical charts
Authors: Yan J. , Guilbert E. , Saux E.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. On nautical charts, undersea features are portrayed by sets of soundings (depth points) and isobaths (depth contours) from which map readers can interpret landforms. Different techniques were developed for automatic soundings selection and isobath generalisation from a sounding set. These methods are mainly used to generate a new chart from the bathymetric database or from a large scale chart through selection and simplification however a part of the process consists in selecting and emphasising undersea features on the chart according to their relevance to navigation. Its automation requires classification of the features from the set of isobaths and soundings and their generalisation through the selection and application of a set of operators according not only to geometrical constraints but also to semantic constraints. The objective of this paper is to define an ontology formalising undersea feature representation and the generalisation process achieving this representation on a nautical chart. The ontology is built in two parts addressing on one hand the definition of the features and on the other hand their generalisation. The central concept is the undersea feature around which other concepts are organised. The generalisation process is driven by the features where the objective is to select or emphasise information according to their meaning for a specific purpose. The ontologies were developed in Protégé and a bathymetric database server integrating the ontology was implemented. A generalisation platform was also developed and examples of representations obtained by the platform are presented. Finally, current results and on-going research are discussed.
A Hybrid GWR-Based Height Estimation Method for Building Detection in Urban Environments
Authors: Wei X. , Yao X.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. LiDAR has become important data sources in urban modelling. Traditional methods of LiDAR data processing for building detection require high spatial resolution data and sophisticated methods. The aerial photos, on the other hand, provide continuous spectral information of buildings. But the segmentation of the aerial photos cannot distinguish between the road surfaces and the building roof. This paper develops a geographically weighted regression (GWR)-based method to identify buildings. The method integrates characteristics derived from the sparse LiDAR data and from aerial photos. In the GWR model, LiDAR data provide the height information of spatial objects which is the dependent variable, while the brightness values from multiple bands of the aerial photo serve as the independent variables. The proposed method can thus estimate the height at each pixel from values of its surrounding pixels with consideration of the distances between the pixels and similarities between their brightness values. Clusters of contiguous pixels with higher estimated height values distinguish themselves from surrounding roads or other surfaces. A case study is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. It is found that the accuracy of the proposed hybrid method is better than those by image classification of aerial photos along or by height extraction of LiDAR data alone. We argue that this simple and effective method can be very useful for automatic detection of buildings in urban areas.
Considering the dynamic refueling behavior in locating electric vehicle charging stations
Authors: Liu K. , Sun X.H.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Electric vehicles (EVs) will certainly play an important role in addressing the energy and environmental challenges at current situation. However, location problem of EV charging stations was realized as one of the key issues of EVs launching strategy. While for the case of locating EV charging stations, more influence factors and constraints need to be considered since the EVs have some special attributes. The minimum requested charging time for EVs is usually more than 30minutes, therefore the possible delay time due to waiting or looking for an available station is one of the most important influence factors. In addition, the intention to purchase and use of EVs that also affects the location of EV charging stations is distributed unevenly among regions and should be considered when modelling. Unfortunately, these kinds of time-spatial constraints were always ignored in previous models. Based on the related research of refuelling behaviours and refuelling demands, this paper developed a new concept with dual objectives of minimum waiting time and maximum service accessibility for locating EV charging stations，named as Time-Spatial Location Model (TSLM). The proposed model and the traditional flow-capturing location model are applied on an example network respectively and the results are compared. Results demonstrate that time constraint has great effects on the location of EV charging stations. The proposed model has some obvious advantages and will help energy providers to make a viable plan for the network of EV charging stations.
Discrete EKF with pairwise Time Correlated Measurement Noise for Image-Aided Inertial Integrated Navigation
Authors: Gopaul N. S. , Wang J. G. , Hu B.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. An image-aided inertial navigation implies that the errors of an inertial navigator are estimated via the Kalman filter using the aiding measurements derived from images. The standard Kalman filter runs under the assumption that the process noise vector and measurement noise vector are white, i.e. independent and normally distributed with zero means. However, this does not hold in the image-aided inertial navigation. In the image-aided inertial integrated navigation, the relative positions from optic-flow egomotion estimation or visual odometry are pairwise correlated in terms of time. It is well-known that the solution of the standard Kalman filter becomes suboptimal if the measurements are colored or time-correlated. Usually, a shaping filter is used to model timecorrelated errors. However, the commonly used shaping filter assume that the measurement noise vector at epoch k is not only correlated with the one from epoch k – 1 but also with the ones before epoch k – 1 . The shaping filter presented in this paper uses Cholesky factors under the assumption that the measurement noise vector is pairwise time-correlated i.e. the measurement noise are only correlated with the ones from previous epoch. Simulation results show that the new algorithm performs better than the existing algorithms and is optimal.
Creating a three level building classification using topographic and address-based data for Manchester
Authors: Hussain M. , Chen D.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Buildings, the basic unit of an urban landscape, host most of its socio-economic activities and play an important role in the creation of urban land-use patterns. The spatial arrangement of different building types creates varied urban land-use clusters which can provide an insight to understand the relationships between social, economic, and living spaces. The classification of such urban clusters can help in policy-making and resource management. In many countries including the UK no national-level cadastral database containing information on individual building types exists in public domain. In this paper, we present a framework for inferring functional types of buildings based on the analysis of their form (e.g. geometrical properties, such as area and perimeter, layout) and spatial relationship from large topographic and address-based GIS database. Machine learning algorithms along with exploratory spatial analysis techniques are used to create the classification rules. The classification is extended to two further levels based on the functions (use) of buildings derived from address-based data. The developed methodology was applied to the Manchester metropolitan area using the Ordnance Survey‟s MasterMap®, a large-scale topographic and address-based data available for the UK.
An Integrated Method for Mapping Impervious and Pervious Areas in Urban Environments Using Hyperspectral and LiDAR Data
Authors: Hashemi Beni L. , McArdle S. , Khayer Y.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. As urbanization continues to increase and extreme climatic events become more prevalent, urban planners and engineers are actively implementing adaptive measures to protect urban assets and communities. To support the urban planning adaptation process, mapping of impervious and pervious areas is essential to understanding the hydrodynamic environment within urban areas for flood risk planning. The application of advance geospatial data and analytical techniques using remote sensing and GIS can improve land surface characterization to better quantify surface run-off and infiltration. This study presents a method to combine airborne hyperspectral and LiDAR data for classifying pervious (e.g. vegetation, gravel, and soil) and impervious (e.g. asphalt and concrete) areas within road allowance areas for the City of Surrey, British Columbia, Canada. Hyperspectral data was acquired using the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) at 1 m ground spatial resolution, consisting of 72 spectral bands, and LiDAR data acquired from Leica Airborne LiDAR system at a density of 20 points/m2. A spectral library was established using 10 cm orthophotography and GIS data to identify surface features. In addition to spectral functions such as mean and standard deviation, several spectral indices were developed to discriminate between asphalt, concrete, gravel, vegetation, and shadows respectively. A spectral analysis of selected endmembers was conducted and an initial classification technique was applied using Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM). The classification results (i.e. shadows) were improved by integrating LIDAR data with the hyperspectral data.
Progressive Transmission of 3D Building Models based on String Grammars and Planar Half-Spaces
Authors: Kada M.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. As there are numerous applications for 3D city models with a wide range of model requirements regarding geometric accuracy and granularity, there is also a high demand for such models at different levels of detail (LOD). And although their reconstruction and cartographic generalization has been widely studied, particularly with regard to 3D building models, their encoding for a progressive storage and transmission is up to now not profoundly explored and sufficiently solved. Most often building models at different LODs are considered as discrete entities that are not related to each other. In this paper we present a progressive encoding and transmission scheme for 3D building models that is easy to understand and implement for the end user as well as flexible and extensible for the model producer. The progressive scheme is based on string grammars and describes a sequence of successive LODs as a dynamic set of production rules. In order to restrict the effects of LOD changes on a local range of the progressive string representation, we use a solid modelling approach based on planar half-spaces to construct 3D buildings. The generation of such progressive string grammars is shown and examples are given.
Finding recurrence networks' threshold adaptively for a specific time series
Authors: Eroglu D. , Marwan N. , Prasad S. , Kurths J.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Recurrence-plot-based recurrence networks are an approach used to analyze time series using a complex networks theory. In both approaches – recurrence plots and recurrence networks –, a threshold to identify recurrent states is required. The selection of the threshold is important in order to avoid bias of the recurrence network results. In this paper, we propose a novel method to choose a recurrence threshold adaptively. We show a comparison between the constant threshold and adaptive threshold cases to study period–chaos and even period–period transitions in the dynamics of a prototypical model system. This novel method is then used to identify climate transitions from a lake sediment record.
Course Redesign: An Evidence-Based Approach
Authors: Nomme Kathy , Birol Gülnur
Published: November 2014

A first year non-majors biology course, with an enrollment of around 440 students, has been redesigned from a course of traditional content and teaching style to one that emphasizes biological concepts in current global issues and incorporates active learning strategies. We were informed by the education literature incorporating many aspects of established curriculum redesign principles and extended its application to a biology course. Systematic measurement of student attitudes and collection of student feedback through a series of surveys as well as focus group interviews proved to be invaluable in the course redesign process. The information gathered over a two-year period enabled us to fine-tune the course content and teaching strategies effectively to better meet the interests of students in the non-majors course as was documented by the evidence gathered in this research.
Un cours de biologie de première année pour étudiants qui ne se spécialisent pas dans ce domaine, dans lequel étaient inscrits 440 étudiants, a été remanié. Ce cours, dont le contenu et le style d’enseignement étaient traditionnels, est devenu un cours où les concepts de biologie ont été mis en valeur dans le contexte des questions globales d’actualité, et des stratégies d’apprentissage actif y ont été incorporées. Nous avons puisé nos ressources dans les publications consacrées à l’éducation qui incorporent les principes établis de remaniement des programmes de cours et nous avons appliqué ces principes à un cours de biologie. La mesure systématique des attitudes des étudiants, les commentaires recueillis auprès des étudiants par le biais de plusieurs sondages, ainsi que les entrevues de groupes témoins, se sont avérés inestimables au cours du processus de remaniement du cours. Les renseignements recueillis pendant une période de deux ans nous ont permi d’affiner de façon efficace le contenu du cours ainsi que les stratégies d’enseignement afin de mieux répondre aux intérêts des étudiants dans des cours qui ne s’adressent pas à des spécialistes du sujet enseigné, tel que documenté par l’évidence recueillie au cours de cette recherche.
The Transfer of Learning Associated with Audio Feedback on Written Work
Authors: Martini Tanya , DiBattista David
Published: November 2014

This study examined whether audio feedback provided to undergraduates (N=51) about one paper would prove beneficial in terms of improving their grades on another, unrelated paper of the same type. We examined this issue both in terms of student beliefs about learning transfer, as well as their actual ability to transfer what had been learned on one assignment to another, subsequent assignment. Results indicated that students believed that they would be able to transfer what they had learned via audio feedback. Moreover, results also suggested that students actually did generalize the overarching comments about content and structure made in the audio files to a subsequent paper, the content of which differed substantially from the initial one. Both students and teaching assistants demonstrated very favourable responses to this type of feedback, suggesting that it was both clear and comprehensive.
Cette étude examine la question de savoir si le feedback audio donné à des étudiants de premier cycle (N=51) concernant un travail écrit pouvait les aider à améliorer leur note pour un autre travail d’un autre ordre mais du même type. Nous avons examiné la question à la fois en termes des croyances des étudiants concernant le transfert des connaissances, ainsi qu’en termes de leur capacité réelle à transférer ce qu’ils avaient appris à propos d’un travail à un autre travail rédigé ultérieurement. Les résultats ont indiqué que les étudiants pensaient être capables de transférer ce qu’ils avaient appris par le biais d’un feedback audio. De plus, les résultats ont également indiqué que les étudiants avaient effectivement généralisé les commentaires principaux sur le fond et la forme présentés dans les fichiers audio et les avaient appliqués à un travail ultérieur dont le contenu était considérablement différent du premier. Tant les étudiants que les assistants enseignants ont fourni des réponses très favorables à ce type de feedback, suggérant que le tout était clair et compréhensible.
Faith and Scepticism in Private International Law: Trust, Governance, Politics, and Foreign Judgments
Authors: Whytock Christopher
Published: November 2014

Faith and Scepticism in Private International Law: Trust, Governance, Politics, and Foreign Judgments

In both the European Union (EU) and the United States (US), the law governing the enforcement of foreign judgments is evolving, but in different directions. EU law, especially after the elimination of exequatur by the 2012 ’Recast’ of the Brussels I Regulation, increasingly facilitates enforcement in member states of judgments of other member states’ courts, reflecting growing faith in a multilateral private international law approach to foreign judgments. In US law, on the other hand, increasingly widespread adoption of state legislation based on the 2005 Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act (2005 Act), which adds new case-specific grounds for refusing enforcement, suggests growing scepticism. In this essay, I explore possible reasons for these diverging trends. I begin with the most obvious explanation: the Brussels framework governs the effect of internal EU member state judgments within the EU, whereas the 2005 Act governs the effect of external foreign country judgments within the US. One would expect more mutual trust – and thus more faith in foreign judgment enforcement – internally than externally. But I argue that this mutual trust explanation is only partially satisfactory. I therefore sketch out two other possible explanations. One is that the different trends in EU and US law are a result of an emphasis on ’governance values’ in EU law and an emphasis on ’rights values’ in US law. Another explanation – and perhaps the most fundamental one – is that these trends are ultimately traceable to politics.
Amino Phenolics from the Fruit of the Argan Tree Argania spinosa (Skeels L.)
Authors: Klika Karel D. , Khallouki Farid , Owen Robert W.
Published: November 2014

A new phenolic-type compound containing a nitrogenous, heterocyclic-fused ring from the fruit of the argan tree, Argania spinosa (Skeels L.), is described. This and another already known compound also isolated in the course of the work belong to an obscure and rare class of natural products, the amino phenolics.
Modeling Manganese Removal in a Pilot‐Scale Postfiltration Contactor
Authors: Bierlein Kevin A. , Knocke William R. , Tobiason John E. , Subramaniam Archana , Pham Minh , Little John C.
Published: November 2014

A model of manganese (Mn) adsorption and subsequent oxidation by chlorine was applied to experimental data from two pilot‐scale postfiltration Mn contactors to estimate the oxidation rate constant. Experiments showed the ability of the contactors to adequately remove soluble Mn under varying operating conditions. A pseudo first‐order rate expression was found to be more appropriate than a second‐order rate expression. The fitted, pseudo first‐order rate constant ranged from 2.8 × 10–4 to 5.2 × 10–4/s and from 1.1 × 10–4 to 1.8 × 10–4/s in the two pilot‐scale postfiltration contactors. A sensitivity analysis showed the model was most sensitive to the adsorption isotherm constants and the oxidation rate constant, suggesting that these two processes controlled the removal of soluble Mn in the contactor. Combined with bench‐scale experiments, the model described in this article could be used to predict the performance of a postfiltration contactor across a range of influent Mn concentrations and chlorine dosages that might be encountered in a water treatment facility.
A stress assembly that confers cell viability by preserving ERES components during amino-acid starvation
Authors: Zacharogianni Margarita , Aguilera-Gomez Angelica , Veenendaal Tineke , Smout Jan , Rabouille Catherine
Published: November 2014

Nutritional restriction leads to protein translation attenuation that results in the storage and degradation of free mRNAs in cytoplasmic assemblies. In this study, we show in Drosophila S2 cells that amino-acid starvation also leads to the inhibition of another major anabolic pathway, the protein transport through the secretory pathway, and to the formation of a novel reversible non-membrane bound stress assembly, the Sec body that incorporates components of the ER exit sites. Sec body formation does not depend on membrane traffic in the early secretory pathway, yet requires both Sec23 and Sec24AB. Sec bodies have liquid droplet-like properties, and they act as a protective reservoir for ERES components to rebuild a functional secretory pathway after re-addition of amino-acids acting as a part of a survival mechanism. Taken together, we propose that the formation of these structures is a novel stress response mechanism to provide cell viability during and after nutrient stress.
Uncovering the origins of a niche
Authors: Bernitz Jeff M , Moore Kateri A
Published: November 2014

Multiple cell types that share a common origin cooperate to form a supportive niche for stem cells that give rise to blood and to the cells of the immune system.
Model of Earth's plasmasphere is incompatible with measurements
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: November 2014

A widely used model of Earth's plasmasphere does not match observations, a new study indicates. Electron density in the plasmasphere—the region of cold, dense plasma that lies above about 1000 kilometers in altitude—plays a key role in space weather and affects how electromagnetic signals propagate.
Triggering of tremor and inferred slow slip by small earthquakes at the Nankai subduction zone in southwest Japan
Authors: Han Jiangang , Vidale John E. , Houston Heidi , Chao Kevin , Obara Kazushige
Published: November 2014

The correlation of earthquakes with tremor and slow slip has not been clearly quantified. We investigate 12 year earthquake and tremor catalogs for southwest Japan and find that nearby small intraslab earthquakes are weakly correlated with tremor. In particular, the intraslab earthquakes with magnitudes ≥2.7 tend to be followed by tremor more often than expected at random by a factor of 2 to 6. The excess number of tremor before earthquakes is not as significant, although marginally more than expected. The underlying physical mechanism of the observed triggering of tremor and inferred slow slip by earthquakes is most likely to be the dynamic stress changes (several to several tens of kilopascals) rather than the much smaller static stress changes. The rate of triggering of tremor by earthquakes is similar to, although somewhat lower than, rates observed for similar amplitude stress changes due to the lower‐frequency teleseismic surface waves and tidal stressing.
The seismic structure beneath the Yellowstone Volcano Field from ambient seismic noise
Authors: Seats Kevin J. , Lawrence Jesse F.
Published: November 2014

We evaluate Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion (5–40 s) around the Yellowstone Volcano Field with ambient noise tomography, measured from vertical component noise correlation functions. We include broadband data from 239 seismic stations (1999–2012), including USArray's Transportable Array and the Noise Observatory for Imaging the Subsurface beneath Yellowstone (NOISY). Short‐period (<13 s) group velocity anomalies are imaged for the Bighorn Basin (~25% slow) and Range (~20% fast), and the Yellowstone Plateau (~10% fast). Beneath the Yellowstone caldera, Rayleigh wave group velocities are ~25% slower than the regional average with slow anomalies (<−15%) observed from 5 to 24 s. These values are consistent with a magmatic body being heated from below by an underlying plume.
The 2014 Mw 6.0 Napa earthquake, California: Observations from real‐time GPS‐enhanced earthquake early warning
Authors: Grapenthin Ronni , Johanson Ingrid , Allen Richard M.
Published: November 2014

Recently, progress has been made to demonstrate feasibility and benefits of including real‐time GPS (rtGPS) in earthquake early warning and rapid response systems. Most concepts, however, have yet to be integrated into operational environments. The Berkeley Seismological Laboratory runs an rtGPS‐based finite fault inversion scheme in real time. This system (G‐larmS) detected the 2014 Mw 6.0 South Napa earthquake in California. We review G‐larmS' performance during this event and 13 aftershocks and present rtGPS observations and real‐time modeling results for the main shock. The first distributed slip model and magnitude estimates were available 24s after the event origin time, which, after optimizations, was reduced to 14s (≈8s S wave travel time, ≈6s data latency). G‐larmS' solutions for the aftershocks (that had no measurable surface displacements) demonstrate that, in combination with the seismic early warning magnitude, Mw 6.0 is our current resolution limit.
The morphology of small fresh craters on Mars and the Moon
Authors: Daubar Ingrid J. , Atwood‐Stone C. , Byrne S. , McEwen A. S. , Russell P. S.
Published: November 2014

The depth/diameter ratio for new meter‐ to decameter‐scale Martian craters formed in the last ~20 years averages 0.23, only slightly deeper than that expected for simple primary craters on rocky surfaces. Large variations in depth/diameter (d/D) between impact sites indicate that differences between the sites such as target material properties, impact velocity, angle, and physical state of the bolide(s) are important in determining the depth of small craters in the strength regime. On the Moon, the d/D of random fresh small craters with similar diameters averages only 0.10, indicating that either the majority of them are unrecognized secondaries or some proportion are degraded primaries. Older craters such as these may be shallower due to erosional infilling, which is probably not linear over time but more effective over recently disturbed and steeper surfaces, processes that are not yet acting on the new Martian craters. Brand new meter‐ to decameter‐scale craters such as the Martian ones studied here are statistically easily distinguishable as primaries, but the origins of older craters of the same size, such as the lunar ones in this study, are ambiguous.
On the Super‐Elastic and Phase Transformation of a Novel Ni‐Rich/NiTiCu Bi‐Layer Thin Film
Authors: Mohri Maryam , Nili‐Ahmadabadi Mahmoud , Ivanisenko Julia
Published: November 2014

Shape memory Ni–Ti‐based thin films were deposited on glass substrates at room temperature by DC magnetron sputtering system from alloy targets. Two discs of Ti‐rich targets (Ni41Ti54Cu5 and Ni47Ti53) were used to deposit two single‐layers with chemical compositions of Ni45Ti50Cu5 and Ni50.8Ti49.2 and one bi‐layer thin films with different chemical compositions similar to the single layers on glass substrates. The as‐deposited Ni–Ti thin films were annealed to transform the amorphous to a crystalline material. Subsequently, the structures, phase transformations, and mechanical properties were characterized using grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction (GIXRD), field emission electron microscope (FESEM), electrical resistance, and nanoindentation. The developed bi‐layer thin film exhibited a two‐step transformation B2 ↔ R ↔ B19’ during cooling and heating with a narrow thermal hysteresis as compared to the single‐layers. Moreover, super‐elasticity effect and partial permanent strain appeared in the bi‐layer because of composite structure.
Nanofragmentation of Ferroelectric Domains During Polarization Fatigue
Authors: Guo Hanzheng , Liu Xiaoming , Rödel Jürgen , Tan Xiaoli
Published: November 2014

The microscopic mechanism for polarization fatigue in ferroelectric oxides has remained an open issue for several decades in the condensed matter physics community. Even though numerous models are proposed, a consensus has yet to be reached. Since polarization reversal is realized through ferroelectric domains, their behavior during electric cycling is critical to elucidating the microstructural origin for the deteriorating performance. In this study, electric field in situ transmission electron microscopy is employed for the first time to reveal the domain dynamics at the nanoscale through more than 103 cycles of bipolar fields. A novel mechanism of domain fragmentation is directly visualized in polycrystalline [(Bi1/2Na1/2)0.95Ba0.05]0.98La0.02TiO3. Fragmented domains break the long‐range polar order and, together with domain wall pinning, contribute to the reduction of switchable polarization. Complimentary investigations into crystal structure and properties of this material corroborate our microscopic findings.
Dielectric Coating‐Induced Absorption Enhancement in Si Nanowire Junctions
Authors: Solanki Amit , Gentile Pascal , Boutami Salim , Calvo Vincent , Pauc Nicolas
Published: November 2014

The efficient photon management in nanowires coupled with tunable absorption can provide a significant advancement in the current solar cell technology. Adding a shell on the nanowire (NW) offers an extra degree of freedom for tailoring the NW absorption. Calculations are performed to study the shell‐induced changes in the core absorption of an ideal Si nanocylinder after enclosing it with conformal dielectrics of different thicknesses and permittivities. The calculation shows that coating the Si nanowires with nonabsorbing or weakly absorbing dielectric shells can significantly improve the mean spectral absorption efficiency of the Si core for optimized thickness and extinction. Experimental data are brought from a neighboring system consisting of individual NW junctions sandwiched between an oxidized planar Si substrate and a top‐deposited oxide layer. The measured absorption spectra show a good agreement with the theoretical spectra, with a mean spectral absorption enhancement after oxide coating as high as 5.7 in axial junctions, exceeding its theoretical counterpart that is limited to ≈1.5. Coating the nanowires with an optimized oxide shell provides a new approach to significantly enhance the light harvesting in nanowires and will lead to more efficient photovoltaics.