bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Arctic vessel Gjøa
Authors: Kjær Kjell-G.
Published: September 2005

The Arctic vessel Gjøa was the first ship that sailed through the Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, a voyage captained by Roald Amundsen. Gjøa was launched in 1872 and for 10 years was captained by Asbjørn Sexe while transporting fish products from northern Norway to ports on the west coast. She was wrecked in 1882 and sold to Captain Hans Chr. Johannesen, under whose ownership she sailed for 18 years as a sealer in Arctic waters including voyages to the Kara Sea, Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, and northeast Greenland. In 1892 she was the expedition ship for the Axel Hamberg expedition to Spitsbergen, and in 1900 she was a tender for the Svensksund expedition to Spitsbergen. The following year she was sold to Amundsen. On 17 June 1903, Amundsen and his companions sailed from Kristiania (present-day Oslo) and three years later they completed the transit of the Northwest Passage. In 1909 Gjøa was put ashore in the Golden Gate Park in San Francisco. In 1972 — 100 years after Gjøa was launched — she returned to Oslo and was made a permanent exhibit outside the maritime museum (Norsk Sjøfartsmuseum), where she can be seen today.
Nelson and the bear: the making of an Arctic myth
Authors: Lewis-Jones Huw W.G.
Published: September 2005

Recent biographers of Horatio Nelson (1758–1805) have begun the job of attempting to differentiate the man from the ‘myth.’ A necessary stage in the assessment of any historical figure is the identification of the legendary aspects that make up that figure's reputation. The tale of the young Nelson engaging a huge polar bear on an ice floe off Spitsbergen in 1773 has been met with varying degrees of delight and dismissal through the years, and is one of the events an examination of which could improve an understanding of Nelson and his reputation. This paper draws upon a study of primary and secondary materials: original manuscripts and correspondence, early nineteenth-century popular biographies, souvenirs and pamphlets, periodical reviews, and a wide selection of adult and juvenile literature. This paper examines the developments of Nelsonian biography and hagiography. In a broader sense, an extended examination of the literary and visual manifestations of Nelson's encounter with the bear becomes a useful historiographical exercise into the genesis of a myth.
Perception, history, and science: coherence or disparity in the timing of the Little Ice Age maximum in southeast Iceland?
Authors: Mckinzey Krista M. , Ólafsdóttir Rannveig , Dugmore Andrew J.
Published: September 2005

In Iceland, studies that integrate local perceptions about the landscape with scientific evidence of change have been few. This article presents a case study from southeast Iceland that has two main objectives. Firstly, ethnographic data is used to explore the human dimension of the Little Ice Age through perceptions of landscape and climatic change and to describe the impacts that these changes had on life and livelihood. Secondly, the paper critically assesses the coherence of the scientific record regarding the Little Ice Age glacial maximum with evidence gained from the ethnographic survey and the local historical record. Although climatic deterioration from the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries ultimately affected farming viability, it was the interplay of climate with concomitant cultural and socio-economic factors that ensured effective strategies were emplaced to preserve life and livelihood in southeast Iceland. Furthermore, despite different trajectories of perception emanating from either the scientific or the local points of view, data from all sources are strongly coherent and point to a Little Ice Age maximum during the late eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries. This study also illustrates that sensitive landscapes can ‘store memories’ through the cumulative accumulation of disturbances during periods of climatic variability, eventually reaching a critical threshold and inducing landscape instability, such as occurred during the nineteenth century.
the fontan operation 30 years later
Authors: di donato roberto m.
Published: September 2005

based on the revolutionary concept of the dispensable right ventricle, the fontan operation stands as the extreme example of physiologic repair in pediatric cardiac surgery, serving as the common surgical denominator for the entire spectrum of functionally univentricular conditions. also called ortho-terminal repair, it makes allowance for a circulatory arrangement that is in-series by effectively driving the pumpless systemic venous return directly through the pulmonary circulation. if this arrangement is to work, then two conditions must be fulfilled. first, there must not be any anatomical or functional hindrance along the whole fontan pathway, from the caval venous inflows to the aortic outflow. second, there must be a well-suited systemic pump, essentially recruited to the dual function of drawing blood from and, simultaneously, driving blood through, the lungs. this latter function, driving the blood through the lungs, takes place during the venous phase of the systemic output.
Decay of interplanetary coronal mass ejections and Forbush decrease recovery times
Authors: Penna Robert F. , Quillen Alice C.
Published: September 2005

We investigate the relation between Forbush cosmic ray decrease recovery time and coronal mass ejection transit time between the Sun and Earth. We identify 17 Forbush decreases from ground‐based neutron count rates between 1978 and 2003 that occur during the same phase in the solar cycle and can be associated with single coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in the SOHO LASCO CME Catalog or previously published reports and with specific interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) crossing the vicinity of Earth. We find an anticorrelation between Forbush recovery times and CME transit time that contradicts the predictions of simple cosmic ray diffusive barrier models. The anticorrelation suggests that the decay rate of ICMEs is anticorrelated with their travel speed. Forbush recovery times range from seven times the transit time for the fastest disturbance to a fifth the Sun‐Earth transit time for the slowest. To account for the large range of measured recovery times, we infer that the slowest disturbances must decay rapidly with radius, whereas the fastest ones must remain strong. The longest recovery times suggest that the fastest disturbances in our sample decayed less rapidly with radius than the ambient solar wind magnetic field strength.
Extent of the South Pacific Superswell
Authors: Adam Claudia , Bonneville Alain
Published: September 2005

The South Pacific Superswell is known as a broad area beneath French Polynesia characterized by numerous volcanic chains and very shallow seafloor compared to the depth predicted for its age by classical seafloor subsidence models. So far, its exact extent has not yet been established. Thanks to better bathymetric coverage and a specially adapted filtering method, we present here a new, complete, and precise mapping of the superswell. We show that the superswell covers a region broader than previously expected. It extends between latitudes 10°N and 30°S and longitudes 130°W and 160°W and has a maximum amplitude of 680 m. It is composed of two branches that display different characteristics when compared to other geophysical observations. Under the southern branch a dip in the geoid is observed which could be linked to upwelling in a convective mantle where the low‐velocity zone is located immediately below the lithosphere as indicated by tomography models. Under the northern branch, there is a 12 m high in the geoid surface anomaly that may be explained by isostatic compensation of a mass deficiency located in the mantle at 300 km depth. The northern branch could also be related to another superplume that is now going down but which was rising up 30–90 m.y. ago, when it initiated the secondary plumes which created the Line Islands.
Surface mass redistribution inversion from global GPS deformation and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravity data
Authors: Kusche J. , Schrama E. J. O.
Published: September 2005

Monitoring hydrological redistributions through their integrated gravitational effect is the primary aim of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission. Time‐variable gravity data from GRACE can be uniquely inverted to hydrology, since mass transfers located at or near the Earth's surface are much larger on shorter timescales than those taking place within the deeper Earth and because one can remove the contribution of atmospheric masses from air pressure data. Yet it has been proposed that at larger scales this may be achieved independently by measuring and inverting the elastic loading associated with redistributing masses, e.g., with the global network of the International GPS Service (IGS). This is particularly interesting as long as GRACE monthly gravity solutions do not (yet) match the targeted baseline accuracies at the lower spherical harmonic degrees. In this contribution (1) we describe and investigate an inversion technique which can deal jointly with GPS data and monthly GRACE solutions. (2) Previous studies with GPS data have used least squares estimators and impose solution constraints through low‐degree spherical harmonic series truncation. Here we introduce a physically motivated regularization method that guarantees a stable inversion up to higher degrees, while seeking to avoid spatial aliasing. (3) We apply this technique to GPS data provided by the IGS service covering recent years. We can show that after removing the contribution ascribed to atmospheric pressure loading, estimated annual variations of continental‐scale mass redistribution exhibit pattern similar to those observed with GRACE and predicted by a global hydrology model, although systematic differences appear to be present. (4) We compute what the relative contribution of GRACE and GPS would be in a joint inversion: Using current error estimates, GPS could contribute with up to 60% to degree 2 till 4 spherical harmonic coefficients and up to 30% for higher‐degree coefficients.
Gaseous mercury emissions from natural sources in Canadian landscapes
Authors: Schroeder W. H. , Beauchamp S. , Edwards G. , Poissant L. , Rasmussen P. , Tordon R. , Dias G. , Kemp J. , Van Heyst B. , Banic C. M.
Published: September 2005

Field measurements of mercury air‐surface exchange from natural settings were made in various Canadian landscapes. Soil and water samples were analyzed for mercury concentrations, and air‐surface exchange fluxes from these substrates were determined using dynamic chamber, micrometeorological, or modeling methods. Environmental variables, including air and soil/water temperature, solar radiation, humidity, and wind speed, were monitored concurrently with the air‐surface exchange to better understand the processes affecting the environmental cycling of mercury. Average mercury fluxes from aquatic landscapes ranged from 0.0 to 5.0 ng m−2 h−1 with total mercury concentration in water ranging from 0.3 to 6.5 ng L−1. A significant correlation (R2 = 0.47) was found between gaseous Hg fluxes and total Hg concentration in water. Mean gaseous Hg fluxes from forest soils varied from −0.4 to 2.2 ng m−2 h−1, while those from agricultural fields ranged from 1.1 to 2.9 ng m−2 h−1. Non‐mineralized bedrock, sand, and till sites yielded fluxes ranging from −0.03 to 5.9 ng m−2 h−1. Mean fluxes from mercuriferous geological substrates at various locations were large compared to non‐mercuriferous sites, ranging from 9.1 to 1760 ng m−2 h−1, and represent natural emissions. The corresponding total mercury substrate concentrations ranged from 0.360 to 180 ppm. A significant correlation (R2 = 0.66) was found between Hg fluxes and total Hg concentrations in mineralized and non‐mineralized substrates. These gaseous Hg flux measurements represent a significant contribution to understanding natural mercury cycling, but there are still insufficient data and knowledge of processes to properly scale up fluxes from natural sources in Canada.
First simultaneous global measurements of nighttime stratospheric NO2 and NO3 observed by Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS)/Envisat in 2003
Authors: Hauchecorne A. , Bertaux J.‐L. , Dalaudier F. , Cot C. , Lebrun J.‐C. , Bekki S. , Marchand M. , Kyrölä E. , Tamminen J. , Sofieva V. , Fussen D. , Vanhellemont F. , Fanton d'Andon O. , Barrot G. , Mangin A. , Théodore B. , Guirlet M. , Snoeij P. , Koopman R. , Saavedra de Miguel L. , Fraisse R. , Renard J.‐B.
Published: September 2005

The Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) stellar occultation instrument on board the Envisat European satellite provides global coverage of ozone and other stratospheric species with good vertical resolution and a self‐calibrating method. In this paper we present the first simultaneous global distribution of stratospheric NO2 and NO3 from 1 year of nighttime GOMOS data in 2003. Most previous NO2 satellite observations have been made using the solar occultation technique. They are difficult to interpret due to the fast photochemical evolution of NO2 at sunrise and sunset. There are no published observations of NO3 from space because this constituent is rapidly photodissociated during daytime and is not observable by solar occultation. It is shown that the NO2 mixing ratio reaches a maximum around 40 km with values between 14 and 16 ppbv at low and middle latitudes. The global distribution of NO2 observed by GOMOS is very similar to the NO + NO2 Halogen Occultation Experiment climatology deduced from sunset measurements from 1999 to 2004. At high latitude a high mixing ratio is observed in the north vortex in November 2003 after a strong solar proton event and in the south vortex in July 2003. The NO3 mixing ratio peaks at 40–45 km. NO3 follows a semiannual variation at low latitudes with maxima at equinoxes and an annual variation at middle and high latitudes with a maximum in summer. In the upper stratosphere the mixing ratio of NO3 is strongly correlated with temperature due to the thermal dependence of its formation rate.
ORILAM, a three‐moment lognormal aerosol scheme for mesoscale atmospheric model: Online coupling into the Meso‐NH‐C model and validation on the Escompte campaign
Authors: Tulet Pierre , Crassier Vincent , Cousin Frederic , Suhre Karsten , Rosset Robert
Published: September 2005

Classical aerosol schemes use either a sectional (bin) or lognormal approach. Both approaches have particular capabilities and interests: the sectional approach is able to describe every kind of distribution, whereas the lognormal one makes assumption of the distribution form with a fewer number of explicit variables. For this last reason we developed a three‐moment lognormal aerosol scheme named ORILAM to be coupled in three‐dimensional mesoscale or CTM models. This paper presents the concept and hypothesis of a range of aerosol processes such as nucleation, coagulation, condensation, sedimentation, and dry deposition. One particular interest of ORILAM is to keep explicit the aerosol composition and distribution (mass of each constituent, mean radius, and standard deviation of the distribution are explicit) using the prediction of three‐moment (m0, m3, and m6). The new model was evaluated by comparing simulations to measurements from the Escompte campaign and to a previously published aerosol model. The numerical cost of the lognormal mode is lower than two bins of the sectional one.
Geologic and mineralogic mapping of Aram Chaos: Evidence for a water‐rich history
Authors: Glotch Timothy D. , Christensen Philip R.
Published: September 2005

The Aram Chaos crater on Mars contains gray, crystalline hematite within a stack of layered sediments. The Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (MGS‐TES) and Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) were used in conjunction with data from the MGS Mars Orbital Laser Altimeter (MOLA) and the MGS Mars Orbital Camera (MOC) instruments to investigate the nature of the hematite deposits in Aram Chaos. Superposition relationships indicate that the layered sediments in Aram Chaos were deposited subsequent to the formation of the chaotic terrain. This observation, along with the possible detection of sulfates and relatively high abundance of phyllosilicates associated with the layered units in Aram Chaos, provides evidence for the formation of the hematite‐bearing units in Aram Chaos in a water‐rich environment. Although there are several similarities between the hematite‐bearing units in Aram Chaos and Meridiani Planum, an estimated age difference of 0.7–1.0 Gyr exists between them. This indicates that either a stable, thick atmosphere was present well into the Hesperian, or, more likely, that episodic catastrophic release of water provided a temporary environment for deposition of the Aram Chaos hematite unit similar to what existed for the deposition of the Meridiani Planum hematite unit close to 1 Gyr earlier.
Problems with paleoproductivity proxies
Authors: Anderson Robert F. , Winckler Gisela
Published: September 2005

Difficulties associated with reconstructing past changes in export production were highlighted recently by Averyt and Paytan (2004), who reported substantial disagreement among records developed using different paleoproductivity proxies extracted from two equatorial Pacific piston cores. Proxies included the accumulation rates of barite, excess Ba, and excess Al, as well as elemental ratios of Al/Ti and Ba/Ti. Here we build upon their work by presenting evidence for two factors that contributed to these discrepancies. First, elemental (Ba/Ti and Al/Ti) ratios are influenced by variability in space and time of the flux of Ti to equatorial Pacific sediments, so these proxies cannot be expected to hold a constant relationship to export production. Second, the late Holocene increase in CaCO3 dissolution has caused concentrations of barite, excess Ba, and excess Al to be enriched in surface sediments relative to the depth interval over which sediment accumulation rates were evaluated in developing the algorithms used by Averyt and Paytan (2004). This produces an error in the accumulation rates of these proxies that varies from core to core, ranging from a few tens of percent to as much as a factor of 3. These errors would have been propagated into the export production algorithms on the basis of fluxes of barite, excess Ba, and excess Al. Furthermore, this bias created by the late Holocene increase in CaCO3 dissolution will affect the development of any algorithm based on fluxes of sedimentary constituents. These factors must be taken into account in future paleoceanographic reconstructions.
Modeling the influence of epikarst evolution on karst aquifer genesis: A time‐variant recharge boundary condition for joint karst‐epikarst development
Authors: Bauer Sebastian , Liedl Rudolf , Sauter Martin
Published: September 2005

The epikarst, a zone of increased weathering near the land surface, determines the distribution of recharge to a karst aquifer in both space and time. It links climatic and near‐surface geological conditions with the karstification of a limestone aquifer, defining both the hydraulic and the chemical boundary conditions for the development of the karst system. Realistic modeling of the epikarst is therefore a prerequisite for the simulation of karst aquifer genesis. A conceptual model of the joint karst‐epikarst evolution is presented in this paper. An epikarst module is developed and implemented in a numerical continuum‐discrete conduit flow model for karst genesis, which accounts for the joint evolution of the epikarst and the main karstic conduit network under unconfined conditions. The influence of epikarst genesis on the evolution of the underlying karst aquifer is investigated in four scenarios. It is found that only the interaction of epikarst and initial heterogeneity in the underlying carbonate rock leads to the development of a dendritic cave system. If no heterogeneity in the initial conduit network or in the recharge distribution is included, maze‐type caves develop.
A new numerical reduction scheme for fully coupled multicomponent transport‐reaction problems in porous media
Authors: Kräutle S. , Knabner P.
Published: September 2005

A new systematic approach for the efficient computation of the transport and reaction of a multispecies multireaction system is developed. The objective of this approach is to reduce the number of coupled nonlinear differential equations drastically, while splitting errors are avoided. The reduction mechanism is able to handle both kinetic reactions and heterogeneous equilibrium reactions and mobile and immobile species. It leads to a formulation of the nonlinear system with a Jacobian that has very few nonzero entries. Applications of the reduction mechanism to reaction networks, including a biodegradation problem which is modeled by the Monod approach, are given. Two numerical examples demonstrate the speed up of the presented reduction mechanism.
Recent distribution and accumulation of organic carbon on the continental margin west off Spitsbergen
Authors: Winkelmann Daniel , Knies Jochen
Published: September 2005

The study compiles the controlling factors for organic matter sedimentation patterns from a suite of organogeochemical parameters in surface sediments off Spitsbergen and direct seabed observations using a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). In addition we assess its storage rates as well as the potential of carbon sinks on the northwestern margin of the Barents Sea with short sediment cores from a selected fjord environment (Storfjord). While sedimentation in the fjords is mainly controlled by river/meltwater discharge and coastal erosion by sea ice/glaciers resulting in high supply of terrigenous organic matter, Atlantic water inflow, and thus enhanced marine organic matter supply, characterizes the environment on the outer shelf and slope. Local deviations from this pattern, particularly on the shelf, are due to erosion and out washing of fine‐grained material by bottom currents. Spots dominated by marine productivity close to the island have been found at the outer Isfjord and west off Prins Karls Forland as well as off the Kongsfjord/Krossfjord area and probably reflect local upwelling of nutrient‐rich Atlantic water–derived water masses. Accumulation rates of marine organic carbon as well as reconstructed primary productivities decreased since the middle of the last century. Negative correlation of the Isfjord temperature record with reconstructed productivities in the Storfjord could be explained by a reduced annual duration of the marginal ice zone in the area due to global warming. Extremely high accumulation rates of marine organic carbon between 5.4 and 17.2 g m−2 yr−1 mark the Storfjord area, and probably high‐latitude fjord environments in general, as a sink for carbon dioxide.
Determination of trace element partition coefficients between water and minerals by high‐pressure and high‐temperature experiments: Leaching technique
Authors: Koga Kenneth T. , Daniel Isabelle , Reynard Bruno
Published: September 2005

A refined approach for the experimental determination of fluid composition at elevated pressure and temperature conditions is developed. It effectively determines partition coefficients of trace elements between aqueous fluid and minerals. This approach is developed on top of many previously known technical achievements. However, it differs from the previous ones by the use of calibrated base and acid leaching of quenched samples to strip off the precipitates formed from the fluid during the quench. This permits the reconstruction of a fluid composition from an experimental charge that consists of a complete mixture of solid and fluid phases. This is a significant difference from the previous analogous studies, in which the fluid was separated from the solids all through the experiment. Mass balance calculations and error propagation assess the merits of the present method applied to a fluid‐antigorite system.
Patterns of Late Cenozoic exhumation deduced from apatite and zircon U‐He ages from Fiordland, New Zealand
Authors: House M. A. , Gurnis M. , Sutherland R. , Kamp P. J. J.
Published: September 2005

New apatite and zircon (U‐Th)/He ages from the Fiordland region of New Zealand's South Island expand on earlier results and provide new constraints on patterns of Late Cenozoic exhumation and cooling across this region. Zircon (U‐Th)/He cooling ages, in combination with increased density of apatite ages, show that in addition to a gradual northward decrease in cooling ages that was seen during an earlier phase of this study, there is also a trend toward younger cooling ages to the east. Distinct breaks in cooling age patterns on southwestern Fiordland appear to be correlated to the location of previously mapped faults. The northward decrease in ages may reflect asynchronous cooling related to migration in the locus of exhumation driven by subduction initiation, or it may reflect synchronous regional exhumation that exposed different structural levels across Fiordland, or some combination of these effects. In either case, differential exhumation accommodated by major and minor faults that dissect Fiordland basement rocks apparently played an important role in producing the resulting age patterns.
Growing typhoon influence on east Asia
Authors: Wu Liguang , Wang Bin , Geng Shuqin
Published: September 2005

Numerical model studies have suggested that the ongoing global climate change will likely affect tropical cyclone activity. Since the global warming has been underway, it is meaningful to ask: Are there evidences of observed changes in tropical cyclone activity? Using best‐track data from 1965 to 2003, we show for the first time that over the past four decades the two prevailing typhoon tracks in the western North Pacific (WNP) have shifted westward significantly; thus the subtropical East Asia has experienced increasing typhoon influence; but the typhoon influence over the South China Sea has considerably decreased. Our trajectory model simulation indicates that the long‐term shifts in the typhoon tracks result primarily from the changes in the mean translation velocity of typhoons or the large‐scale steering flow, which is associated with the westward expansion and strengthening of the WNP subtropical high.
On the field‐aligned currents in the vicinity of prenoon auroral arcs
Authors: Kozlovsky A. , Nilsson H. , Sergienko T. , Aikio A. T. , Safargaleev V. , Turunen T. , Kauristie K.
Published: September 2005

The EISCAT Svalbard radar (at 75° MLAT) was used to investigate the ionospheric plasma flows along auroral arcs in the 7–11 MLT sector with the radar beam directed along the L‐shell. In nine cases auroral arcs appeared in the immediate vicinity of the radar beam allowing for observations of plasma flow simultaneously at different distances across the arc. In eight cases the arcs were associated with a plasma flow shear indicating sheets of upward field‐aligned current (FAC) over the arcs. However, in one case the data indicate a downward net current in the region of the arc, with a flow shear and, especially, a downward FAC sheet adjoining the arc on the equatorial side. We suggest that in the downward FAC sheet, the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability can generate a series of auroral spots forming an arc, if the current sheet is co‐located with a plasma boundary inside the magnetosphere.
Improvement of ENSO prediction using a linear regression model with a southern Indian Ocean sea surface temperature predictor
Authors: Dominiak Sébastien , Terray Pascal
Published: September 2005

This study presents a detailed comparison between three ENSO precursors which can predict across the spring persistence barrier: the anomalous equatorial Pacific upper ocean heat content, the zonal equatorial wind stress anomaly in the far‐western Pacific and SST anomalies in the South‐East Indian Ocean (SEIO) during the late boreal winter. A new correlation analysis confirms that El Niño (La Niña) onsets are preceded by significant cold (warm) SST anomalies in the SEIO during the late boreal winter after the 1976–77 climate regime shift. Thus, the objective is to examine the respective potential of these three ENSO precursors to predict ENSO events across the boreal spring barrier during recent decades. Surprisingly, in this focus, cross‐validated hindcasts of the linear regression models based on the lagged relationship between Niño3.4 SST and the predictors suggest that SEIO SST anomalies during the late boreal winter is the more robust ENSO predictor.
Observed variability of sea surface salinity and thermal inversions in the Lakshadweep Sea during contrast monsoons
Authors: Gopalakrishna V. V. , Johnson Z. , Salgaonkar G. , Nisha K. , Rajan C. K. , Rao R. R.
Published: September 2005

The sea surface salinity (SSS) of the Lakshadweep Sea (LS) shows large seasonal variability due to horizontal advection of low (high) salinity waters from south (north) during winter (summer) monsoon. The measurements made in the LS during the Arabian Sea Monsoon Experiment (ARMEX), have shown a dramatic drop of 3.4 PSU in the SSS during the winter following an active (2003) monsoon that is double that of the drop of 1.7 PSU observed during the winter following a weak (2002) monsoon. The resultant near‐surface thermal inversions also have shown large differences in the life cycle and depth of occurrence between these two winters.
Validation of ECMWF global forecast model parameters using GLAS atmospheric channel measurements
Authors: Palm Stephen P. , Benedetti Angela , Spinhirne James
Published: September 2005

Satellite lidar (LIght Detection And Ranging) data from GLAS is used to ascertain the performance of the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts model predictions of cloud fraction, cloud vertical distribution, and boundary layer height. Results show that the model is reasonably accurate for low and middle clouds, but often misses the location and amount of high cirrus clouds. The model tends to overestimate high cloud fraction and this error grows with forecast length. The GLAS‐derived boundary layer height over the oceans is generally 200–400 m higher than the model predictions, but small‐scale and global patterns of PBL height show similar features.
A survey of flux transfer events observed by Cluster during strongly northward IMF
Authors: Fear R. C. , Fazakerley A. N. , Owen C. J. , Lucek E. A.
Published: September 2005

During Cluster's annual dayside seasons (November–June) the four spacecraft cross the magnetopause at high latitudes near local noon, and at lower latitudes further along the flanks. During these crossings, observations of flux transfer events (FTEs), a signature of transient or variable‐rate magnetopause merging, are often made. We have compiled a survey of FTEs observed by Cluster in the 2002/3 dayside season. A significant number of FTEs, presented here, were observed under strongly northward IMF. Multi‐spacecraft techniques enable more accurate velocities to be calculated than previously possible. The observed velocities are consistent with a long, component merging X‐line emanating from the antiparallel merging site in the lobe, but require a relaxation of the antiparallel merging hypothesis to allow the X‐line to extend to regions of lower shear on the flank. The velocities observed at lower latitudes are not consistent with a subsolar X‐line.
Dominance of organic aerosols in the marine boundary layer over the Gulf of Maine during NEAQS 2002 and their role in aerosol light scattering
Authors: Bates T. S. , Quinn P. K. , Coffman D. J. , Johnson J. E. , Middlebrook A. M.
Published: September 2005

Aerosol chemical, physical, and optical measurements were made aboard the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown off the coast of New England from July 12 through August 10, 2002, as part of the New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS). Measurements (generally 20 to 100 km from the coast) were made downwind of urban centers (New York City, Boston) and rural areas, and in air masses that had not been in contact with land for several days. On average during NEAQS, 75 ± 8% of the sub‐10 μm aerodynamic diameter dry aerosol mass sampled 18 m above the sea surface was in the sub‐1 μm fraction (size cut at 55% RH). The major submicrometer aerosol components were ammonium sulfate and particulate organic matter (POM, defined here as 1.6 times the mass concentration of organic carbon) comprising more than 92 ± 4% of the total mass. Under northwesterly flow with an average submicrometer total mass concentrations of 11 ± 4.5 μg m−3, POM was the dominant component (68 ± 8%) followed by (NH4)xHySO4 (23 ± 8%), inorganic oxidized material (IOM) (6 ± 4%), and EC (3 ± 1%). Under southwesterly flow with an average submicrometer total mass concentrations of 30 ± 11 μg m−3, (NH4)xHySO4 was the dominant component (54 ± 9%) followed by POM (41 ± 9%), IOM (3 ± 2%), and EC (2 ± 1%). Mie calculations using submicrometer nonrefractory (NR) POM and NR (NH4)xHySO4 + H2O size distributions to calculate submicrometer light scattering (σsp) at a wavelength of 550 nm suggest that POM was a dominant chemical component contributing to aerosol light scattering (haze) during NEAQS 2002, and contributed 60 ± 6 % and 57 ± 11 % to σsp at 55% RH during two pollution episodes off the New England Coast. These results are similar to those from the mid‐Atlantic states during TARFOX but contrary to the long‐term monitoring measurements over the continental northeast United States that show the New England haze is primarily a result of sulfate aerosol.
Latitudinal and seasonal models of stratospheric photochemistry on Saturn: Comparison with infrared data from IRTF/TEXES
Authors: Moses J. I. , Greathouse T. K.
Published: September 2005

The variation of hydrocarbon abundances with altitude, latitude, and season in Saturn's stratosphere is investigated using a one‐dimensional, time‐variable, photochemical model. The results indicate that hydrocarbon abundances at pressures less than ∼0.01 mbar are extremely sensitive to solar flux variations due to changes in season, latitude, orbital radius, solar cycle, and ring shadowing. Long vertical diffusion times in the 0.01–1 mbar region introduce phase lags in the response to insolation changes. At pressures greater than 1 mbar, vertical diffusion timescales are longer than a Saturnian year. Therefore, relatively long‐lived hydrocarbons like C2H2, C2H6, and C3H8 exhibit little seasonal variation in the lower stratosphere, and the yearly averaged solar insolation combined with vertical diffusion control species abundances in this region. Species with short photochemical lifetimes (e.g., CH3, C2H4) continue to experience seasonal variations, even at low altitudes. The model results are compared with infrared observations from the TEXES spectrometer at NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility. We find that the observed C2H2 mixing‐ratio variation with latitude is reasonably well predicted, whereas the C2H6 distribution is poorly predicted by the models. Meridional transport is likely affecting the distribution of C2H6, which has a long photochemical lifetime, whereas the distribution of shorter‐lived C2H2 is controlled by photochemistry and vertical diffusion. Given the different observed behavior of C2H2 and C2H6, we constrain meridional transport timescales at 2 mbar on Saturn to be in the range ∼100–700 years, corresponding to meridional wind or diffusion speeds of ∼0.4–2 cm s−1.
A theoretical exploration of catchment‐scale sediment delivery
Authors: Lu Hua , Moran C. J. , Sivapalan Murugesu
Published: September 2005

This paper proposes a theoretical explanation of the variations of the sediment delivery ratio (SDR) versus catchment area relationships and the complex patterns in the behavior of sediment transfer processes at catchment scale. Taking into account the effects of erosion source types, deposition, and hydrological controls, we propose a simple conceptual model that consists of two linear stores arranged in series: a hillslope store that addresses transport to the nearest streams and a channel store that addresses sediment routing in the channel network. The model identifies four dimensionless scaling factors, which enable us to analyze a variety of effects on SDR estimation, including (1) interacting processes of erosion sources and deposition, (2) different temporal averaging windows, and (3) catchment runoff response. We show that the interactions between storm duration and hillslope/channel travel times are the major controls of peak‐value‐based sediment delivery and its spatial variations. The interplay between depositional timescales and the travel/residence times determines the spatial variations of total‐volume‐based SDR. In practical terms this parsimonious, minimal complexity model could provide a sound physical basis for diagnosing catchment to catchment variability of sediment transport if the proposed scaling factors can be quantified using climatic and catchment properties.
Gardner Murphy's Double-Aspect Psychology
Authors: Barta William
Published: September 2005

The present article is a sympathetic appraisal of Gardner Murphy's (1895–1979) “biosocial” psychology. Biosocial psychology is presented not as a personality theory but as one attempt to conceptualize the respective influences of heredity and environment on behavior. Murphy's use of the term biosocial is differentiated from that of A. P. Weiss (1930) and other theorists. For Murphy, biosocial psychology referred to a double-aspect monism in the tradition of Spinoza and William James and informed by the contributions of Herbert Spencer and the emerging post-Euclidean worldview of his own era. Canalization and other tenets of biosocial psychology are outlined and related to contemporary findings. Murphy's views are distinguished from postmodern psychology, cognitive–representational theories, evolutionary psychology, and interactionism.
Concerning the Suitability of Recordkeeping for Validating and Generalizing about Reports of Health-Related Information
Authors: Smith Albert F.
Published: September 2005

Although the primary concern of validation studies is to assess the accuracy with which individuals report about behaviors or experiences, an important secondary concern of such studies is generalizability—the extent to which findings about the response validity of studied individuals are informative about the response validity of individuals who were not studied. Two recommendations are presented for assessing generalizability when participants contribute records to which subsequent reports are referred: (a) Reports should also be collected from a group of participants who do not keep such records and (b) control variables should be included in the design to evaluate the sensitivity of the studied measures to appropriate manipulations. These recommendations are described with examples of studies that have examined validity of reports about physical activity, menstrual distress, pain-related behaviors, and dietary intake.
Cholinergic innervation of the mouse isolated vas deferens
Authors: Cuprian Alina M , Solanki Pravesh , Jackson Margaret V , Cunnane Thomas C
Published: September 2005

Recently, a population of nerves has been described in the aganglionic mouse vas deferens, in which electrically evoked contractions were insensitive to high concentrations of the adrenergic neurone blocker, bretylium. In this paper, the pharmacology of this nerve‐evoked contraction has been examined in more detail.

Bretylium (20 μM) revealed, after 5 h exposure, a new residual neurogenic contraction (20 stimuli at 10 Hz) that was tetrodotoxin‐sensitive.

The muscarinic antagonist, cyclopentolate (0.1 and 1 μM), reduced this residual component and the inhibition was reversed by the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, neostigmine (1 and 10 μM).

Nicotine (30 μM) enhanced the residual component revealed by bretylium, suggesting that there are prejunctional nicotinic receptors (nAchRs) influencing acetylcholine (Ach) release.

In the presence of prazosin (0.1 μM), a selective α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist, and α,β‐methylene ATP (1 μM), a purinergic agonist that desensitise P2X receptors, neostigmine increased the hump component of contraction and yohimbine (0.3 μM), an α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist, enhanced both components of the electrically evoked stimulation. The contraction was blocked by cyclopentolate (1 μM).

In the absence of bretylium, neostigmine alone increased the hump component of contraction in a frequency‐dependent manner. This increase was reversed by atropine (1 μM) and cyclopentolate (1 μM) to control levels. However, in control experiments, atropine or cyclopentolate did not detectably influence the delayed neurogenic contraction.

Ach (10 μM) induced a contraction in the mouse vas deferens, either when applied alone or in the presence of neostigmine.

Thus, it has been demonstrated unequivocally that the mouse vas deferens is innervated by functional cholinergic nerves, whose action is terminated by cholinesterase. Furthermore, Ach release can be enhanced by activation of prejunctional nAchRs presumably located on the cholinergic nerve terminals.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 927–934. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706357
Inflammatory mechanisms underlying the rat pulmonary neutrophil influx induced by airway exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin type A
Authors: Desouza Ivani A , Franco‐Penteado Carla F , Camargo Enilton A , Lima Carmen S P , Teixeira Simone A , Muscará Marcelo N , De Nucci Gilberto , Antunes Edson
Published: September 2005

Association between staphylococcal infection and pathogenesis of upper airways disease has been reported. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the rat pulmonary inflammation induced by airway exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA).

SEA (0.3–10 ng trachea−1) caused dose‐dependent neutrophil accumulation in BAL fluid, reaching maximal responses at 4 h (25‐fold increase for 3 ng trachea−1). Significant accumulation of both lymphocytes and macrophages in BAL fluid was also observed at 4 h (2.1‐ and 1.9‐fold increase, respectively, for 3 ng trachea−1). At later times (16 h), neutrophil counts in bone marrow (immature forms) and peripheral blood increased by 63 and 81%, respectively. SEA failed to directly induce chemotaxis and adhesion of isolated neutrophils.

Analysis of mRNA expression for iNOS, COX‐2 and CINC‐2 in lung tissue showed an upregulation of these enzymes, which paralleled elevated levels of LTB4, PGE2, TNF‐α, IL‐6 and NO2− in BAL fluid. Expression of CINC‐1 was unchanged, whereas CINC‐3 was reduced in SEA‐treated rats. Incubation of isolated alveolar macrophages with SEA (3 μg ml−1) resulted in significant elevations of TNF‐α and NO2− levels in the cell supernatants.

Dexamethasone (0.5 mg kg−1), celecoxib (3 mg kg−1) and compound 1400 W (5 mg kg−1) markedly reduced SEA‐induced lung neutrophil influx and NO2− levels in BAL fluid. The lipoxygenase inhibitor AA‐861 (100 μg kg−1) partly inhibited the neutrophil influx in SEA‐treated rats without modifying the NO2− levels. None of these treatments reduced the number of mononuclear cells in BAL fluid (except of dexamethasone, which abolished the increased lymphocyte counts).

Our study shows that airways exposure to SEA results in marked neutrophil influx through mechanisms involving increased expressions of CINC‐2, iNOS and COX‐2, as well as enhanced production of NO, PGE2, LTB4, TNF‐α and IL‐6.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 781–791. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706393
Jasmonates induce nonapoptotic death in high‐resistance mutant p53‐expressing B‐lymphoma cells
Authors: Fingrut Orit , Reischer Dorit , Rotem Ronit , Goldin Natalia , Altboum Irit , Zan‐Bar Israel , Flescher Eliezer
Published: September 2005

Mutations in p53, a tumor suppressor gene, occur in more than half of human cancers. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that jasmonates (novel anticancer agents) can induce death in mutated p53‐expressing cells.

Two clones of B‐lymphoma cells were studied, one expressing wild‐type (wt) p53 and the other expressing mutated p53.

Jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate (0.25–3 mM) were each equally cytotoxic to both clones, whereas mutant p53‐expressing cells were resistant to treatment with the radiomimetic agent neocarzinostatin and the chemotherapeutic agent bleomycin.

Neocarzinostatin and bleomycin induced an elevation in the p53 levels in wt p53‐expressing cells, whereas methyl jasmonate did not.

Methyl jasmonate induced mostly apoptotic death in the wt p53‐expressing cells, while no signs of early apoptosis were detected in mutant p53‐expressing cells. In contrast, neocarzinostatin and bleomycin induced death only in wt p53‐expressing cells, in an apoptotic mode.

Methyl jasmonate induced a rapid depletion of ATP in both clones.

In both clones, oligomycin (a mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor) did not increase ATP depletion induced by methyl jasmonate, whereas inhibition of glycolysis with 2‐deoxyglucose did.

High glucose levels protected both clones from methyl jasmonate‐induced ATP depletion (and reduced methyl jasmonate‐induced cytotoxicity), whereas high levels of pyruvate did not.

These results suggest that methyl jasmonate induces ATP depletion mostly by compromising oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria.

In conclusion, jasmonates can circumvent the resistance of mutant p53‐expressing cells towards chemotherapy by inducing a nonapoptotic cell death.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 800–808. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706394
Heat shock proteins as emerging therapeutic targets
Authors: Sõti Csaba , Nagy Enikõ , Giricz Zoltán , Vígh László , Csermely Péter , Ferdinandy Péter
Published: September 2005

Chaperones (stress proteins) are essential proteins to help the formation and maintenance of the proper conformation of other proteins and to promote cell survival after a large variety of environmental stresses. Therefore, normal chaperone function is a key factor for endogenous stress adaptation of several tissues. However, altered chaperone function has been associated with the development of several diseases; therefore, modulators of chaperone activities became a new and emerging field of drug development. Inhibition of the 90 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp)90 recently emerged as a very promising tool to combat various forms of cancer. On the other hand, the induction of the 70 kDa Hsp70 has been proved to be an efficient help in the recovery from a large number of diseases, such as, for example, ischemic heart disease, diabetes and neurodegeneration. Development of membrane‐interacting drugs to modify specific membrane domains, thereby modulating heat shock response, may be of considerable therapeutic benefit as well. In this review, we give an overview of the therapeutic approaches and list some of the key questions of drug development in this novel and promising therapeutic approach.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 769–780. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706396