bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A test of the hypothesis that oxalate secretion produces proximal tubule crystallization in primary hyperoxaluria type I
Authors: Worcester Elaine M. , Evan Andrew P. , Coe Fredric L. , Lingeman James E. , Krambeck Amy , Sommers Andre , Phillips Carrie L. , Milliner Dawn
Published: October 2013

The sequence of events by which primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) causes renal failure is unclear. We hypothesize that proximal tubule (PT) is vulnerable because oxalate secretion raises calcium oxalate (CaOx) supersaturation (SS) there, leading to crystal formation and cellular injury. We studied cortical and papillary biopsies from two PH1 patients with preserved renal function, and seven native kidneys removed from four patients at the time of transplant, after short-term ( 2 ) or longer term ( 2 ) dialysis. In these patients, and another five PH1 patients without renal failure, we calculated oxalate secretion, and estimated PT CaOx SS. Plasma oxalate was elevated in all PH1 patients and inverse to creatinine clearance. Renal secretion of oxalate was present in all PH1 but rare in controls. PT CaOx SS was >1 in all nonpyridoxine-responsive PH1 before transplant and most marked in patients who developed end stage renal disease (ESRD). PT from PH1 with preserved renal function had birefringent crystals, confirming the presence of CaOx SS, but had no evidence of cortical inflammation or scarring by histopathology or hyaluronan staining. PH1 with short ESRD showed CaOx deposition and hyaluronan staining particularly at the corticomedullary junction in distal PT while cortical collecting ducts were spared. Longer ESRD showed widespread cortical CaOx, and in both groups papillary tissue had marked intratubular CaOx deposits and fibrosis. CaOx SS in PT causes CaOx crystal formation, and CaOx deposition in distal PT appears to be associated with ESRD. Minimizing PT CaOx SS may be important for preserving renal function in PH1.
Resistance exercise induces region-specific adaptations in anterior pituitary gland structure and function in rats
Authors: Kraemer William J. , Flanagan Shawn D. , Volek Jeff S. , Nindl Bradley C. , Vingren Jakob L. , Dunn-Lewis Courtenay , Comstock Brett A. , Hooper David R. , Szivak Tunde K. , Looney David P. , Maresh Carl M. , Hymer Wesley C.
Published: October 2013

The anterior pituitary gland (AP) increases growth hormone (GH) secretion in response to resistance exercise (RE), but the nature of AP adaptations to RE is unknown. To that end, we examined the effects of RE on regional AP somatotroph GH release, structure, and relative quantity. Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of four groups: 1) no training or acute exercise (NT-NEX); 2) no training with acute exercise (NT-EX); 3) resistance training without acute exercise (RT-NEX); 4) resistance training with acute exercise (RT-EX). RE incorporated 10, 1 m-weighted ladder climbs at an 85° angle. RT groups trained 3 days/wk for 7 wk, progressively. After death, trunk blood was collected, and each AP was divided into quadrants (ventral-dorsal and left-right). We measured: 1) trunk plasma GH; 2) somatotroph GH release; 3) somatotroph size; 4) somatotroph secretory content; and 5) percent of AP cells identified as somatotrophs. Trunk GH differed by group (NT-NEX, 8.9 ± 2.4 μg/l; RT-NEX, 9.2 ± 3.5 μg/l; NT-EX, 15.6 ± 3.4 μg/l; RT-EX, 23.4 ± 4.6 μg/l). RT-EX demonstrated greater somatotroph GH release than all other groups, predominantly in ventral regions ( P < 0.05-0.10). Ventral somatotrophs were larger in NT-EX and RT-NEX compared with RT-EX ( P < 0.05–0.10). RT-NEX exhibited significantly greater secretory granule content than all other groups but in the ventral-right region only ( P < 0.05–0.10). Our findings indicate reproducible patterns of spatially distinct, functionally different somatotroph subpopulations in the rat pituitary gland. RE training appears to induce dynamic adaptations in somatotroph structure and function.
Evaluation of Acute 13-Week Subchronic Toxicity and Genotoxicity of the Powdered Root of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifoliaJack)
Authors: Li Ching-Hao , Liao Jiunn-Wang , Liao Po-Lin , Huang Wei-Kuang , Tse Ling-Shan , Lin Cheng-Hui , Kang Jaw-Jou , Cheng Yu-Wen
Published: October 2013

Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) is an indigenous traditional herb in Southern Asia. Its powdered root has been processed to produce health supplements, but no detailed toxicology report is available. In this study, neither mutagenicity nor clastogenicity was noted, and acute oral LD50was more than 6 g/kg b.w. After 4-week subacute and 13-week subchronic exposure paradigms (0, 0.6, 1.2, and 2 g/kg b.w./day), adverse effects attributable to test compound were not observed with respect to body weight, hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, macropathology, or histopathology. However, the treatment significantly reduced prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and cholesterol levels, especially in males (P<0.05). These changes were judged as pharmacological effects, and they are beneficial to health. The calculated acceptable daily intake (ADI) was up to 1.2 g/adult/day. This information will be useful for product development and safety management.
Inner-Resonance Conditions for Honeycomb Paperboard Cushioning Packaging System with Critical Component
Authors: Wang Jun , Fan Zhi-geng , Hong Xiang , Lu Li-xin
Published: October 2013

A dynamic model was proposed for a honeycomb paperboard cushioning packaging system with critical component. Then the coupled equations of the system were solved by the variational iteration method, from which the conditions for inner-resonance were obtained, which should be avoided in the cushioning packaging design.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid Attenuates Renal Injury in Rats with Obstructive Nephropathy
Authors: Wongmekiat Orawan , Leelarungrayub Dolrawee , Thamprasert Kamthorn
Published: October 2013

This study was established to determine the possible protective effects of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a powerful antioxidant, on renal injury in obstructive nephropathy. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into sham-operated unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and UUO treated with ALA groups. ALA 60 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally 2 days before UUO induction and continued afterward for 7 days. Renal function, oxidative stress markers, nitric oxide, transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-β1), and histological changes were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Obstruction of the ureter resulted in renal dysfunction as indicated by significant increases in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. Nonobstructed contralateral kidneys in all groups examined did not show any morphological or biochemical alterations. In untreated UUO group, the obstructed kidney developed marked hydronephrosis, leukocyte infiltration, and severe interstitial fibrosis. These functional and structural changes were associated with significant increases in tissue levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and TGF-β1 but decreases in reduced glutathione and total antioxidant capacity. Pretreatment with ALA significantly minimized all the changes elicited by ureteral obstruction. These findings demonstrate that ALA supplementation attenuates renal injury in rats with obstructive nephropathy and further suggest that oxidative stress inhibition is likely to be involved in the beneficial effects of this compound.
A Numerical Analysis Method of Hydraulic Seals for Downhole Equipments
Authors: Xin Li , Gaoliang Peng , Qiang Wang , Yuhui Liu
Published: October 2013

The aim of this paper is to present a numerical method to predict the work performance of hydraulic seals used in downhole equipments. The impact of key factors, namely, compression rate and the number of seals, on the wearing behavior of seal components is studied. To simulate the wear process of sealing contact surface, a methodology is built with the iterative wear prediction procedure in which the geometry of the contact interfaceprogressively changes according to the wear model. In this method, the structural and the thermal coupled mechanism is investigated and the performance of seal structure containing different number of seals is discussed. By taking a gear pump used in the downhole robots as a case study, both numerical analysis with proposed method and practical experiment are presented. The simulation results of the worn volume of the seals are consistent with the experiment data. This work provides an effective computerized approach to aid seal components design and manufacturing for downhole equipments.
A Research on a Certain Family of Numbers and Polynomials Related to Stirling Numbers, Central Factorial Numbers, and Euler Numbers
Authors: Kang J. Y. , Ryoo C. S.
Published: October 2013

Recently, many mathematicians have studied different kinds of the Euler, Bernoulli, and Genocchi numbers and polynomials. In this paper, we give another definition of polynomialsŨn(x). We observe an interesting phenomenon of “scattering” of the zeros of the polynomialsŨn(x)in complex plane. We find out some identities and properties related to polynomialsŨn(x). Finally, we also derive interesting relations between polynomialsŨn(x), Stirling numbers, central factorial numbers, and Euler numbers.
Strong Duality and Optimality Conditions for Generalized Equilibrium Problems
Authors: Fang D. H. , Bao J. F.
Published: October 2013

We consider a generalized equilibrium problem involving DC functions. By using the properties of the epigraph of the conjugate functions, some sufficient and/or necessary conditions for the weak and strong duality results and optimality conditions for generalized equilibrium problems are provided.
Brain Tumor Classification Using AFM in Combination with Data Mining Techniques
Authors: Huml Marlene , Silye René , Zauner Gerald , Hutterer Stephan , Schilcher Kurt
Published: October 2013

Although classification of astrocytic tumors is standardized by the WHO grading system, which is mainly based on microscopy-derived, histomorphological features, there is great interobserver variability. The main causes are thought to be the complexity of morphological details varying from tumor to tumor and from patient to patient, variations in the technical histopathological procedures like staining protocols, and finally the individual experience of the diagnosing pathologist. Thus, to raise astrocytoma grading to a more objective standard, this paper proposes a methodology based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) derived images made from histopathological samples in combination with data mining techniques. By comparing AFM images with corresponding light microscopy images of the same area, the progressive formation of cavities due to cell necrosis was identified as a typical morphological marker for a computer-assisted analysis. Using genetic programming as a tool for feature analysis, a best model was created that achieved 94.74% classification accuracy in distinguishing grade II tumors from grade IV ones. While utilizing modern image analysis techniques, AFM may become an important tool in astrocytic tumor diagnosis. By this way patients suffering from grade II tumors are identified unambiguously, having a less risk for malignant transformation. They would benefit from early adjuvant therapies.
A Mathematical Model of Tumor Volume Changes during Radiotherapy
Authors: Wang Ping , Feng Yuanming
Published: October 2013

Purpose. To develop a clinically viable mathematical model that quantitatively predicts tumor volume change during radiotherapy in order to provide treatment response assessment for prognosis, treatment plan optimization, and adaptation. Method and Materials. The correction factors containing hypoxia, DNA single strand breaks, potentially lethal damage, and other factors were used to develop an improved cell survival model based on the popular linear‐quadratic model of cell survival in radiotherapy. The four‐level cell population model proposed by Chvetsov et al. was further simplified by removing the initial hypoxic fraction and reoxygenation parameter, which are hard to obtain in routine clinics, such that an easy‐to‐use model can be developed for clinical applications. The new model was validated with data of nine lung and cervical cancer patients. Results. Out of the nine cases, the new model can predict tumor volume change in six cases with a correlation index R2 greater than 0.9 and the rest of three with R2 greater than 0.85. Conclusion. Based on a four‐level cell population model, a more practical and simplified cell survival curve was proposed to model the tumor volume changes during radiotherapy. Validation study with patient data demonstrated feasibility and clinical usefulness of the new model in predicting tumor volume change in radiotherapy.
Children with Congenital Hypothyroidism Have Similar Neuroradiological Abnormal Findings as Healthy Ones
Authors: Rachmiel Marianna , Blaser Susanne , Widjaja Elysa , Rovet Joanne
Published: October 2013

Objective. To assess the neuroradiological findings of children with congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) compared to healthy controls (HC). Patients and Methods. Thirty children with CHT, mean age 12.5 ± 1.6 years, 14 (44.8%) males, were compared with 38 HC mean age 11.7 ± 1.7 years, 16 (45.7%) males. Clinical data were collected from medical charts and questionnaires seeking information on family history, birth and perinatal period events, medications, and overall health history. Neurocognitive function was assessed for global intelligence, visual and verbal memory, and executive functioning using standardized tests. Neuroimaging was performed using 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging and assessed by two pediatric radiologists. Results. Children with CHT had a similar proportion of incidental findings as did the children in the HC group, at 43.3% and 39.5%, respectively, P = 0.69. Abnormalities of the sellar region were reported in 13.3% of CHT group and 7.9% of HC group, P = 0.46. Other incidental findings included cerebellar ectopia, choroidal fissure and pineal cysts, and multiple increased signal intensity foci. Neuroradiological findings were not associated with clinical and neurocognitive abnormalities. Conclusion. Neuroimaging of children with CHT demonstrated a similar incidence of structural abnormalities as in the healthy population. There is no association between those findings and neurocognitive function.
Oxidized LDL Induces Alternative Macrophage Phenotype through Activation of CD36 and PAFR
Authors: Rios Francisco J. , Koga Marianna M. , Pecenin Mateus , Ferracini Matheus , Gidlund Magnus , Jancar S.
Published: October 2013

OxLDL is recognized by macrophage scavenger receptors, including CD36; we have recently found that Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor (PAFR) is also involved. Since PAFR in macrophages is associated with suppressor function, we examined the effect of oxLDL on macrophage phenotype. It was found that the presence of oxLDL during macrophage differentiation induced high mRNA levels to IL-10, mannose receptor, PPARγand arginase-1 and low levels of IL-12 and iNOS. When human THP-1 macrophages were pre-treated with oxLDL then stimulated with LPS, the production of IL-10 and TGF-βsignificantly increased, whereas that of IL-6 and IL-8 decreased. In murine TG-elicited macrophages, this protocol significantly reduced NO, iNOS and COX2 expression. Thus, oxLDL induced macrophage differentiation and activation towards the alternatively activated M2-phenotype. In murine macrophages, oxLDL induced TGF-β, arginase-1 and IL-10 mRNA expression, which were significantly reduced by pre-treatment with PAFR antagonists (WEB and CV) or with antibodies to CD36. The mRNA expression of IL-12, RANTES and CXCL2 were not affected. We showed that this profile of macrophage activation is dependent on the engagement of both CD36 and PAFR. We conclude that oxLDL induces alternative macrophage activation by mechanisms involving CD36 and PAFR.
Relationship between Weight, Body Mass Index, and Bone Mineral Density in Men Referred for Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Scan in Isfahan, Iran
Authors: Salamat Mohammad Reza , Salamat Amir Hossein , Abedi Iraj , Janghorbani Mohsen
Published: October 2013

Objective.Although several studies have investigated the association between body mass index (BMI) and bone mineral density (BMD), the results are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to further investigate the relation between BMI, weight and BMD in an Iranian men population.Methods.A total of 230 men 50-79 years old were examined. All men underwent a standard BMD scans of hip (total hip, femoral neck, trochanter, and femoral shaft) and lumbar vertebrae (L2-L4) using a Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scan and examination of body size. Participants were categorised in two BMI group: normal weight <25.0 kg/m2and overweight and obese, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2.Results.Compared to men with BMI ≥ 25, the age-adjusted odds ratio of osteopenia was 2.2 (95% CI 0.85, 5.93) and for osteoporosis was 4.4 (1.51, 12.87) for men with BMI < 25. It was noted that BMI and weight was associated with a high BMD, compatible with a diagnosis of osteoporosis.Conclusions.These data indicate that both BMI and weight are associated with BMD of hip and vertebrae and overweight and obesity decreased the risk for osteoporosis. The results of this study highlight the need for osteoporosis prevention strategies in elderly men as well as postmenopausal women.
Nonsmooth Multiobjective Fractional Programming with Local Lipschitz ExponentialB-p,r-Invexity
Authors: Ho Shun-Chin
Published: October 2013

We study nonsmooth multiobjective fractional programming problem containing local Lipschitz exponentialB-p,r-invex functions with respect toηandb. We introduce a new concept of nonconvex functions, called exponentialB-p,r-invex functions. Base on the generalized invex functions, we establish sufficient optimality conditions for a feasible point to be an efficient solution. Furthermore, employing optimality conditions to perform Mond-Weir type duality model and prove the duality theorems including weak duality, strong duality, and strict converse duality theorem under exponentialB-p,r-invexity assumptions. Consequently, the optimal values of the primal problem and the Mond-Weir type duality problem have no duality gap under the framework of exponentialB-p,r-invexity.
Predictability of Inverse Impact Force Location as Affected by Measurement Noise
Authors: El-Bakari Abdelali , Khamlichi Abdellatif , Dkiouak Rachid , Limam Ali , Jacquelin Eric
Published: October 2013

The impact force localization inverse problem is considered through a nonlinear optimization procedure. The objective function is derived in the particular case of elastic structures for which Maxwell-Betti theorem holds. Additional geometric constraints were introduced in order to stabilize optimum search. The solution of the constrained non linear mathematical problem was performed by means of two outstanding evolutionary algorithms that include Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization. Focus was done on the robustness aspect of force impact localization predictability when an additive white noise is assumed to perturbed strain measurement. It was found that the Genetic Algorithm fails to track the exact solution independently from the noise level as an error was systematically present in the solution. On the other hand, the Particle Swarm Optimisation based algorithm performed very well even for noise levels as high as 2% of the measured strain signal.
Ekeland Variational Principle for Generalized Vector Equilibrium Problems with Equivalences and Applications
Authors: Qu De-ning , Cheng Cao-zong
Published: October 2013

The aim of this paper is to introduce Ekeland variational principle with variants for generalized vector equilibrium problems and to establish some existence results of solutions of generalized vector equilibrium problems with compact or noncompact domain as applications. Finally, some equivalent results of the established Ekeland variational principle are presented.
Natural Frequencies of Shear Deformable Plates by Polyharmonic Splines
Authors: Ferreira A. J. M. , Zenkour A. M.
Published: October 2013

We use the third-order shear deformation theory and a collocation technique with polyharmonic splines to predict natural frequencies of moderately thick isotropic plates. The natural frequencies of vibration are computed for various plates and compared with some available published results. Through numerical experiments, the capability and efficiency of the present method for eigenvalue problems are demonstrated, and the numerical accuracy and convergence are thoughtfully examined.
A Microseismic/Acoustic Emission Source Location Method Using Arrival Times of PS Waves for Unknown Velocity System
Authors: Dong Longjun , Li Xibing
Published: October 2013

To eliminate the location error of MS/AE (microseismic/acoustic emission) monitoring systems caused by the measurement deviations of the wave velocity, a MS/AE source location method using P-wave and S-wave arrivals for unknown velocity system (PSAFUVS) was developed. Arrival times of P-wave and S-wave were used to calculate and fit the MS/AE source location. The proposed method was validated by numerical experimentations. Results show that the proposed method without the need for a premeasured wave velocity has a reasonable and reliable precision. Effects of arrival errors on location accuracy were investigated, and it shows location errors enlarged rapidity with the increase of arrival errors. It is demonstrated the proposed method can not only locate the MS/AE source for unknown velocity system but also determine the real time PS waves velocities for each event in rockmass.
The Effect of Anabolic Steroid Administration on Passive Stretching‐Induced Expression of Mechano‐Growth Factor in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Ikeda Satoshi , Kamikawa Yurie , Ohwatashi Akihiko , Harada Katsuhiro , Yoshida Akira
Published: October 2013

Background. Stretching of skeletal muscle induces expression of the genes which encode myogenic transcription factors or muscle contractile proteins and results in muscle growth. Anabolic steroids are reported to strengthen muscles. We have previously studied the effects of muscle stretching on gene expression. Here, we studied the effect of a combination of passive stretching and the administration of an anabolic steroid on mRNA expression of a muscle growth factor, insulin‐like growth factor‐I autocrine variant, or mechano‐growth factor (MGF). Methods. Twelve 8‐week‐old male Wistar rats were used. Metenolone was administered and passive repetitive dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the ankle joint performed under deep anesthesia. After 24 h, the gastrocnemius muscles were removed and the mRNA expression of insulin‐like growth factor‐I autocrine variant was measured using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Results. Repetitive stretching in combination with metenolone, but not stretching alone, significantly increased MGF mRNA expression. Conclusion. Anabolic steroids enhance the effect of passive stretching on MGF expression in skeletal muscle.
Accuracy of Positive Airway Pressure Device—Measured Apneas and Hypopneas: Role in Treatment Followup
Authors: Stepnowsky Carl , Zamora Tania , Barker Robert , Liu Lin , Sarmiento Kathleen
Published: October 2013

Improved data transmission technologies have facilitated data collected from positive airway pressure (PAP) devices in the home environment. Although clinicians’ treatment decisions increasingly rely on autoscoring of respiratory events by the PAP device, few studies have specifically examined the accuracy of autoscored respiratory events in the home environment in ongoing PAP use. “PAP efficacy” studies were conducted in which participants wore PAP simultaneously with an Embletta sleep system (Embla, Inc., Broomfield, CO), which was directly connected to the ResMed AutoSet S8 (ResMed, Inc., San Diego, CA) via a specialized cable. Mean PAP-scored Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) was 14.2 ± 11.8 (median: 11.7; range: 3.9–46.3) and mean manual-scored AHI was 9.4 ± 10.2 (median: 7.7; range: 1.2–39.3). Ratios between the mean indices were calculated. PAP-scored HI was 2.0 times higher than the manual-scored HI. PAP-scored AHI was 1.5 times higher than the manual-scored AHI, and PAP-scored AI was 1.04 of manual-scored AI. In this sample, PAP-scored HI was on average double the manual-scored HI. Given the importance of PAP efficacy data in tracking treatment progress, it is important to recognize the possible bias of PAP algorithms in overreporting hypopneas. The most likely cause of this discrepancy is the use of desaturations in manual hypopnea scoring.
Voluntary Exercise Prevents Lead‐Induced Elevation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Markers in Male Rat Blood
Authors: Mohammadi Mustafa , Ghaznavi Rana , Keyhanmanesh Rana , Sadeghipour Hamid Reza , Naderi Roya , Mohammadi Hossein
Published: October 2013

Regular mild exercise enhances antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory systems of the body. The present study investigates voluntary exercise effects on lead toxicity as a known oxidative stressor. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into 2 groups. Sedentary control: the animals were housed 7 weeks in the regular cages. Exercise group: the animals were housed 7 weeks in the running wheel equipped cages, that is, the animal model of voluntary exercise. During the 7th week, all animals were administered lead acetate. Blood samples were collected at the end of the 6th week and 7th week (before and after lead administrations). Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α) were measured in the samples. Our results showed that lead administration reduced blood SOD, GPx and CAT and increased TNF‐α; in the controls, but in the exercise group, changes were not statistically significant. MDA in both groups increased after lead injections but it was significantly lower in exercise group compared to the sedentary animals. We concluded that voluntary exercise may be considered as a preventive tool against lead‐induced oxidative stress and inflammation.
Impact of Physical Activity on Cancer-Specific and Overall Survival of Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Des Guetz Gaetan , Uzzan Bernard , Bouillet Thierry , Nicolas Patrick , Chouahnia Kader , Zelek Laurent , Morere Jean-François
Published: October 2013

Background. Physical activity (PA) reduces incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). Its influence on cancer-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS) is controversial.Methods. We performed a literature-based meta-analysis (MA) of observational studies, using keywords “colorectal cancer, physical activity, and survival” in PubMed and EMBASE. No dedicated MA was found in the Cochrane Library. References were cross-checked. Pre- and postdiagnosis PA levels were assessed by MET. Usually, “high” PA was higher than 17 MET hour/week. Hazard ratios (HRs) for OS and CSS were calculated, with their 95% confidence interval. We used more conservative adjusted HRs, since variables of adjustment were similar between studies. When higher PA was associated with improved survival, HRs for detrimental events were set to <1. We used EasyMA software and fixed effect model whenever possible.Results. Seven studies (8056 participants) were included, representing 3762 men and 4256 women, 5210 colon and 1745 rectum cancers. Mean age was 67 years. HR CSS for postdiagnosis PA (higher PA versus lower) was 0.61 (0.44–0.86). The corresponding HR OS was 0.62 (0.54–0.71). HR CSS for prediagnosis PA was 0.75 (0.62–0.91). The corresponding HR OS was 0.74 (0.62–0.89).Conclusion. Higher PA predicted a better CSS. Sustained PA should be advised for CRC. OS also improved (reduced cardiovascular risk).
Correlates of Caregiver Burden among Family Members of Patients with Schizophrenia in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Adeosun Increase Ibukun
Published: October 2013

Family members of patients with schizophrenia have enormous roles in the care of their patients, which could negatively impact their well being. Development of interventions targeted at alleviating the burden of informal care giving is hinged on the recognition of the factors associated with the various dimensions of burden. This study determined the correlates of caregiver burden among family members of patients with schizophrenia in Lagos, Nigeria. The study instruments included the Zarit burden interview (ZBI) and the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenia (PANSS). Exploratory factor analysis of the ZBI produced a five-factor structure with “financial/physical strain”, “time/dependence strain”, “emotional strain”, “uncertainty”, and “self-criticism” domains. On multiple regression analyses, total PANSS scores, poor social support, and lower educational levels of caregivers were predictive of higher burden scores on the “financial/physical strain”, “time/dependence”, and “emotional strain” domains. Longer duration of illness, shorter patient-caregiver contact time, and being a female caregiver were predictive of higher burden scores on the “uncertainty”, “self-criticism”, and “emotional strain” domains, respectively. There is need for interventions to alleviate the burden on caregivers of patients with schizophrenia in Nigeria. These strategies must include comprehensive social support and improve access to services for patients and their caregivers.
Leader-Following Consensus Stability of Discrete-Time Linear Multiagent Systems with Observer-Based Protocols
Authors: Xu Bingbing , Gao Lixin , Zhang Yan , Xu Xiaole
Published: October 2013

We consider the leader-following consensus problem of discrete-time multiagent systems on a directed communication topology. Two types of distributed observer-based consensus protocols are considered to solve such a problem. The observers involved in the proposed protocols include full-order observer and reduced-order observer, which are used to reconstruct the state variables. Two algorithms are provided to construct the consensus protocols, which are based on the modified discrete-time algebraic Riccati equation and Sylvester equation. In light of graph and matrix theory, some consensus conditions are established. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the obtained result.
Ciliated Hepatic Foregut Cyst: Two Case Reports in Children and Review of the Literature
Authors: Khoddami Maliheh , Kazemi Aghdam Maryam , Alvandimanesh Azadeh
Published: October 2013

Ciliated hepatic foregut cyst (CHFC) is a rare lesion which originates from detached hepatic diverticulum or from detachment and migration of buds from the esophageal and bronchial regions of the foregut which subsequently get entrapped by the liver during the early embryonic development of the foregut. CHFCs are mostly seen in adults and are rarely reported in children, with only about 10 cases reported in this age group. Hereby, we present two cases of CHFC in two 3.5-year-old boys; one of them had cystic lesion at medial segment of left lobe of liver (common site), and in the other one it was located at right lobe of liver (less common site). Histologically, both cysts had four layers composed of inner ciliated, pseudostratified, columnar epithelium; subepithelial connective tissue; smooth muscle layer; and an outer fibrous layer.
Use of Nanofluids for Improved Natural Cooling of Discretely Heated Cavities
Authors: Ben-Mansour R. , Habib M. A.
Published: October 2013

The present study is aimed at investigating the natural convection heat transfer from discrete heat sources to nanofluids. The behavior of nanofluids was investigated numerically inside a heated cavity to gain insight into convective recirculation and flow processes induced by a nanofluid. A computational model was developed to analyze heat transfer performance of nanofluids inside a cavity taking into account the solid particle dispersion. The model was validated through the comparison with available experimental data, and the results showed good agreement. The influence of the solid volume fraction and the aspect ratios on the flow pattern and heat transfer inside the cavity was investigated. The results show that the intensity of the streamlines increases with the volume fraction. The influence of the loading factor is more distinguished in the vicinity of the upper heaters and, in particular, at the highest heater. The heat transfer increases with the increase in the volume fraction of the nanoparticles in the range of 2 to 10%. As the aspect ratio (AR) increases (channel width is reduced), the streamlines change and the intensity of the streamlines increases slightly, showing flow in the middle of the channel. The stagnation region disappears, and interaction between the two boundary layers at the hot and cold walls is evident.
Third-Order Quadrature Oscillator Circuit with Current and Voltage Outputs
Authors: Chaturvedi Bhartendu , Maheshwari Sudhanshu
Published: October 2013

The paper presents a new quadrature oscillator of third order which can provide four quadrature current outputs and two quadrature voltage outputs. The new circuit employs three differential voltage current conveyors and six passive components, most of which are in grounded form. Circuit operation at high frequencies is verified along with nonideality and parasitic study. The circuit enhancement for generation of four phase clock waveforms is also given. The proposed circuit is a novel addition to the oscillator family.
Release of a Wound-Healing Agent from PLGA Microspheres in a Thermosensitive Gel
Authors: Machado H. A. , Abercrombie J. J. , You T. , DeLuca P. P. , Leung K. P.
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this research was to develop a topical microsphere delivery system in a thermosensitive 20% poloxamer 407 gel (Pluronic F127) to control release of KSL-W, a cationic antimicrobial decapeptide, for a period of 4–7 days for potential application in combat related injuries. KSL-W loaded microsphere formulations were prepared by a solvent extraction-evaporation method (water-oil-water), with poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) (50 : 50, low-weight, and hydrophilic end) as the polymeric system. After optimization of the process, three formulations (A, B, and C) were prepared with different organic to water ratio of the primary emulsion while maintaining other components and manufacturing parameters constant. Formulations were characterized for surface morphology, porous nature, drug loading,in vitrodrug release, and antimicrobial activity. Microspheres containing 20% peptide with porous surfaces and internal structure were prepared in satisfactory yields and in sizes varying from 25 to 50 μm. Gels of 20% Pluronic F127, which were liquid at or below 24.6°C and formed transparent films at body temperature, were used as carriers for the microspheres. Rheological studies showed a gelation temperature of 24.6°C for the 20% Pluronic F127 gel alone. Gelation temperature and viscosity of formulations A, B, and C as a function of temperature were very close to those of the carrier. A Franz diffusion cell system was used to study the release of peptide from the microspheres suspended in both, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and a 20% Pluronic F127 gel.In vitrorelease of greater than 50% peptide was found in all formulations in both PBS and the gel, and in one formulation there was a release of 75% in both PBS and the gel. Fractions collected from the release process were also tested for bactericidal activity againstStaphylococcus epidermidisusing the broth microdilution method and found to provide effective antimicrobial activity to warrant consideration and testing in animal wound models for treating combat-related injuries.
Oral Signs and HLA-DQB1*02 Haplotypes in the Celiac Paediatric Patient: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Erriu M. , Abbate G. M. , Pili F. M. G. , Novara F. , Orrù G. , Montaldo C. , Piras V. , Levrini L.
Published: October 2013

Celiac disease (CD) diagnosis can be extremely challenging in the case of atypical patterns. In this context, oral signs seem to play a decisive role in arousing suspicion of these forms of the disease. At the same time, the different expressions of the HLA-DQB1*02 allele apparently seem to facilitate the interpretation of signs and highlighted symptoms. The aim of this work was to verify whether it is possible to identify a correlation between the development of oral signs and different DQ2 haplotypes in celiac pediatric patients. 44 celiac patients with a medium age of 9.9 were studied. Oral examinations were performed in order to identify recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) and dental enamel defects (DED). The diagnosis of DED resulted as being related to allele expression ( value = 0.042) while it was impossible to find a similar correlation with RAS. When both oral signs were considered, there was an increase in correlation with HLA-DQB1*02 expression ( value = 0.018). The obtained results identified both the fundamental role that dentists can play in early diagnosis of CD, as well as the possible role of HLA haplotype analysis in arousing suspicion of atypical forms of the disease.
ϵ‐Henig Saddle Points and Duality of Set‐Valued Optimization Problems in Real Linear Spaces
Authors: Zhou Zhi-Ang
Published: October 2013

We study ϵ‐Henig saddle points and duality of set‐valued optimization problems in the setting of real linear spaces. Firstly, an equivalent characterization of ϵ‐Henig saddle point of the Lagrangian set‐valued map is obtained. Secondly, under the assumption of the generalized cone subconvexlikeness of set‐valued maps, the relationship between the ϵ‐Henig saddle point of the Lagrangian set‐valued map and the ϵ‐Henig properly efficient element of the set‐valued optimization problem is presented. Finally, some duality theorems are given.
Cardiovascular Disease Self-Care Interventions
Authors: Dickson Victoria Vaughan , Nocella Jill , Yoon Hye-Won , Hammer Marilyn , Melkus Gail D’Eramo , Chyun Deborah
Published: October 2013

Background. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of increased morbidity and mortality globally. Clinical practice guidelines recommend that individuals with CVD are routinely instructed to engage in self-care including diet restrictions, medication adherence, and symptom monitoring.Objectives. To describe the nature of nurse-led CVD self-care interventions, identify limitations in current nurse-led CVD self-care interventions, and make recommendations for addressing them in future research.Design. Integrative review of nurse-led CVD self-care intervention studies from PubMed, MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and CINAHL. Primary studies (n=34) that met the inclusion criteria of nurse-led RCT or quasiexperimental CVD self-care intervention studies (years 2000 to 2012) were retained and appraised. Quality of the review was assured by having at least two reviewers screen and extract all data.Results. A variety of self-care intervention strategies were studied among the male (57%) and Caucasian (67%) dominated samples. Combined interventions were common, and quality of life was the most frequent outcome evaluated. Effectiveness of interventions was inconclusive, and in general results were not sustained over time.Conclusions. Research is needed to develop and test tailored and inclusive CVD self-care interventions. Attention to rigorous study designs and methods including consistent outcomes and measurement is essential.
Salinity Tolerance Turfgrass: History and Prospects
Authors: Uddin Md. Kamal , Juraimi Abdul Shukor
Published: October 2013

Land and water resources are becoming scarce and are insufficient to sustain the burgeoning population. Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting agricultural productions across the world. Cultivation of salt‐tolerant turfgrass species may be promising option under such conditions where poor quality water can also be used for these crops. Coastal lands in developing countries can be used to grow such crops, and seawater can be used for irrigation of purposes. These plants can be grown using land and water unsuitable for conventional crops and can provide food, fuel, fodder, fibber, resin, essential oils, and pharmaceutical products and can be used for landscape reintegration. There are a number of potential turfgrass species that may be appropriate at various salinity levels of seawater. The goal of this review is to create greater awareness of salt‐tolerant turfgrasses, their current and potential uses, and their potential use in developing countries. The future for irrigating turf may rely on the use of moderate‐ to high‐salinity water and, in order to ensure that the turf system is sustainable, will rely on the use of salt‐tolerant grasses and an improved knowledge of the effects of salinity on turfgrasses.
Wet Chemical Controllable Synthesis of Hematite Ellipsoids with Structurally Enhanced Visible Light Property
Authors: Han Chengliang , Han Jie , Li Qiankun , Xie Jingsong
Published: October 2013

A facile and economic route has been presented for mass production of micro/nanostructured hematite microcrystals based on the wet chemical controllable method. The as‐prepared samples were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and UV‐Vis absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that the product was mesoporous α‐Fe2O3 and nearly elliptical in shape. Each hematite ellipsoid was packed by many α‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The values of vapor pressure in reaction systems played vital roles in the formation of porous hematite ellipsoids. Optical tests demonstrated that the micro/nanostructured elliptical hematite exhibited enhanced visible light property at room temperature. The formation of these porous hematite ellipsoids could be attributed to the vapor pressure induced oriented assembling of lots of α‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles.
Suppressions of Serotonin-Induced Increased Vascular Permeability and Leukocyte Infiltration byBixa orellanaLeaf Extract
Authors: Yong Yoke Keong , Sulaiman NurShahira , Hakim Muhammad Nazrul , Lian Gwendoline Ee Cheng , Zakaria Zainul Amirudin , Othman Fauziah , Ahmad Zuraini
Published: October 2013

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract ofBixa orellana(AEBO) leaves and its possible mechanisms in animal models. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was evaluated using serotonin-induced rat paw edema, increased peritoneal vascular permeability, and leukocyte infiltrations in an air-pouch model. Nitric oxide (NO), indicated by the sum of nitrites and nitrates, and vascular growth endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured in paw tissues of rats to determine their involvement in the regulation of increased permeability. Pretreatments with AEBO (50 and 150 mg kg−1) prior to serotonin inductions resulted in maximum inhibitions of 56.2% of paw volume, 45.7% of Evans blue dye leakage in the peritoneal vascular permeability model, and 83.9% of leukocyte infiltration in the air-pouch model. 57.2% maximum inhibition of NO and 27% of VEGF formations in rats’ paws were observed with AEBO at the dose of 150 mg kg−1. Pharmacological screening of the extract showed significant (P<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity, indicated by the suppressions of increased vascular permeability and leukocyte infiltration. The inhibitions of these inflammatory events are probably mediated via inhibition of NO and VEGF formation and release.
Necessary Conditions for Optimality for Stochastic Evolution Equations
Authors: Al-Hussein AbdulRahman
Published: October 2013

This paper is concerned with providing the maximum principle for a control problem governed by a stochastic evolution system on a separable Hilbert space. In particular, necessary conditions for optimality for this stochastic optimal control problem are derived by using the adjoint backward stochastic evolution equation. Moreover, all coefficients appearing in this system are allowed to depend on the control variable. We achieve our results through the semigroup approach.
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Type VIII: A Rare Cause of Leg Ulcers in Young Patients
Authors: Ronceray Sophie , Miquel Juliette , Lucas Antoine , Piérard Gérald E. , Hermanns-Lê Trinh , De Paepe Anne , Dupuy Alain
Published: October 2013

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VIII (EDS-VIII) is a very rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by early-onset periodontitis associated with features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. We report a 32-year-old man whose chronic leg ulcer led to the diagnosis of EDS-VIII. He had severe periodontitis with complete loss of permanent teeth and skin fragility with thin skin, atrophic scars, and brownish atrophic pretibial plaques. Leg ulcer is not a prominent feature of EDS-VIII. We suggest adding EDS-VIII to the list of rare diseases accounting for chronic leg ulcers, if this case report prompts others to report leg ulcers associated with EDS-VIII.
Sublethal Oxidative Stress Induces the Premature Senescence of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Endometrium
Authors: Burova Elena , Borodkina Aleksandra , Shatrova Alla , Nikolsky Nikolay
Published: October 2013

The specific responses of mesenchymal stem cells to oxidative stress may play a crucial role in regulation of tissue homeostasis as well as regeneration of organs after oxidative injury. The responses of human endometrium-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMESCs) to oxidative stress remain still unknown. Herein, we examined the impact of H2O2on cell viability, induction of premature senescence, and apoptosis. hMESCs were highly resistant to H2O2compared with human diploid fibroblasts. To test a hypothesis whether hMESCs may undergo oxidative stress-induced premature senescence, cells were briefly exposed to the sublethal H2O2doses. H2O2-treated cells were permanently arrested, lost Ki67 proliferation marker, and exhibited a senescent phenotype including cell hypertrophy and increased SA-β-Gal activity. Additionally, in stressed cells the expression levels of p21Cip1, SOD1, SOD2, and GPX1 were elevated. hMESCs survived under stress were not able to resume proliferation, indicating the irreversible loss of proliferative potential. While the low H2O2doses promoted senescence in hMESCs, the higher H2O2doses induced also apoptosis in a part of the cell population. Of note, senescent hMESCs exhibited high resistance to apoptosis. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time that hMESCs may enter a state of premature senescence in response to sublethal oxidative stress.
Neural Encoding of Acupuncture Needling Sensations: Evidence from a fMRI Study
Authors: Wang Xiaoling , Chan Suk-Tak , Fang Jiliang , Nixon Erika E. , Liu Jing , Kwong Kenneth K. , Rosen Bruce R. , Hui Kathleen K. S.
Published: October 2013

Deqiresponse, a psychophysical response characterized by a spectrum of different needling sensations, is essential for Chinese acupuncture clinical efficacy. Previous neuroimaging research works have investigated the neural correlates of an overalldeqiresponse by summating the scores of different needling sensations. However, the roles of individual sensations in brain activity and how they interact with each other remain to be clarified. In this study, we applied fMRI to investigate the neural correlates of individual components ofdeqiduring acupuncture on the right LV3 (Taichong) acupoint. We selected a subset ofdeqiresponses, namely, pressure, heaviness, fullness, numbness, and tingling. Using the individual components ofdeqiof different subjects as covariates in the analysis of percentage change of bold signal, pressure was found to be a striking sensation, contributing to most of negative activation of a limbic-paralimbic-neocortical network (LPNN). The similar or opposite neural activity in the heavily overlapping regions is found to be responding to different needling sensations, including bilateral LPNN, right orbitofrontal cortex, and bilateral posterior parietal cortex. These findings provide the neuroimaging evidence of how the individual needle sensations interact in the brain, showing that the modulatory effects of different needling sensations contribute to acupuncture modulations of LPNN network.