bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stabilisation des résidus solides de l’incinération par le procédé TREDI-ASH: Étape 1 : traitement des mâchefers
Authors: Venditti Danielle , Durecu Sylvain , Thauront Jacques , Fraysse Guy , Berthelin Jacques
Published: June 2015

lncineration of industrial wastes produces slags which, according to the future French regulations, will require to be stabilized prior to disposal. Portions of heavy metals contained in slags could indeed be solubilized and therefore constitute a toxic mobile fraction which has to be eliminated. Tredi-ASH is a chemical leaching process (exchange reaction with CaCI2, obtained from wet gas cleaning neutralization) used to extract mobile metal pollutants from slags. This process allows to detoxify and to stabilize an important fraction of slag's original weight (70 to 95% dry weight), reducing ultimate waste volume without transfer of pollution. Sludges generated by stirring and leaching (5 to 30% dry weight) can be recycled on waste incineration plants, to neutralize acid waters originating from wet gas cleaning.

La législation relative à la mise en décharge des mâchefers d'incinération de déchets industriels imposera dans un avenir proche la stabilisation de ces résidus comme préalable au stockage. Le procédé Tredi-ASH transforme par lixiviation chimique une fraction pondérale importante des scories traitées en résidus stables (70 à 95 % du poids sec). Les matières en suspension générées par le brassage mécanique (5 à 30 % du poids sec initial) sont séparées par filtration et peuvent être recyclées sur les unités d'incinération, en pré-neutralisation des eaux acides issues du lavage des fumées. Les métaux toxiques extraits dans les lixiviats sont traités par biosorption microbienne. Cette seconde partie du procédé fera l'objet d'un prochain article.
Utilisation de champignons filamenteux pour la dépollution de sols pollués par des polluants organiques
Authors: Mougin Christian , Chaplain Véronique , Rama-Mercier Rachel , Sohier Laurent , Sigoillot Jean-Claude , Asther Marcel
Published: June 2015

Filamentous fungi exhibit interesting abilities to remediate soils polluted by organic chemicals. This paper presents firstly the main fungal properties useful in remediation, then the research areas to develop, and finally the first results obtained by the authors.

Les champignons filamenteux font preuve de potentialités intéressantes pour la dépollution des sols pollués par des polluants organiques. Cet article présente tout d'abord les principales propriétés fongiques avantageuses en dépollution, puis les domaines de recherche à développer, et enfin les premiers résultats obtenus par les auteurs.
Biooxydation de minéraux sulfurés et dissolution de métaux par la bactérie acidophile : Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans
Authors: Bruschi Mireille , Cavazza Christine , Giudici Orticoni Marie Thérèse
Published: June 2015

The commercial extraction of metals from ores by microbial leaching turns to account the iron oxidation capabilities of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The iron oxidation involves an electron transfer chain localized in the periplasmic space of the cell. The characterization of the redox proteins involved the determination of their physiological role, together with genetic engineering programs, could have implications to increase the leaching capacity of these bacteria.

L'extraction industrielle de métaux à partir de minerais par biolixiviation met à profit la faculté d'oxyder le fer de Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. L'oxydation du fer fait intervenir une chaîne de transfert d'électrons localisée dans le périplasme de la cellule. La caractérisation des protéines d'oxydoréduction impliquées, la détermination de leur rôle physiologique et les techniques du génie génétique pourront permettre d'améliorer le processus de biolixiviation.
La communication sur les déchets industriels
Authors: Bernardet Elvire
Published: June 2015

This article brings up the conclusions of a socio-anthropological study, conducted with elected representatives, associations members and private individuals in the Lyon's area. The sleeping partner of this study was the « REseau COopératif de Recherche sur les Déchets » (Research Cooperative Network on Waste) which was interested in the communication on industrial waste.This study was aimed at estimating the level of vocabulary knowledge on the industrial waste classification and management. It also aimed at analysing the industrial waste social representations in the unfamiliar public.The industrial waste communication problem is set out in the conclusions at several levels: linguistic, social, political, and cultural.

Cet article présente les conclusions d'une étude socio-anthropologique menée auprès d'un public d'élus locaux, de membres d'associations et de particuliers de la région lyonnaise, dans le cadre d'une commande de l'association Record (« RÉseau COopératif de Recherche sur les Déchets ») sur le thème de la communication sur les déchets industriels.Cette étude visait à évaluer le niveau de connaissance du vocabulaire de la classification et de la gestion des déchets, mais également à analyser les représentations sociales des déchets industriels par des publics non spécialistes. Les conclusions présentées ici situent le problème de la communication sur les déchets industriels à différents niveaux : linguistique, social, politique et culturel.
Faut-il encore avoir peur de nos déchets ménagers ? Un risque redoutable : la dispersion incontrôlée
Authors: Tillier Claude
Published: June 2015

With real examples in a french department it is seen that household refuse and other similar refuses are not so ordinary that it can be thought. Their scattering dilutes discharges, but often goes with no treatment and then increases health and environment risks. This scattering concerns as much products as refuses which follows from them.

Par des exemples concrets sur un département, on voit que les déchets ménagers et assimilés ne sont pas aussi banals qu'on pourrait le penser. Leur dispersion dilue les rejets, mais s'accompagne souvent d'une absence de traitement et accroît alors les risques pour la santé et l'environnement. Cette dispersion concerne autant les produits d'origine que les déchets qui en découlent.
Déchets de chantier de bâtiment. Les actions de la Fédération nationale du bâtiment
Authors: FNB La.
Published: June 2015

For our modern society, waste management becomes more and more a priority. Meanwhile, the legal framework is old: law of July 15, 1975 - anybody producing or keeping waste (...) has to manage the waste disposal. In a first step, the public Authorities action was oriented towards domestic waste disposal and in a second time aimed to dangerous waste of the industrial activities. Due to their own specificity, construction and demolition waste (about 25 millions tuns a year) couldn’t take place among the above categories, leaving alone the building firms: closing down of the dumping waste, difficulties to find places to get rid of and as well, growth of elimination costs reaching about 1 to 6% of the turnover construction. ln this downward trend, building contractors and their professional Organization are involved to set up a management in order to eliminate construction and demolition waste at the best price.

La gestion des déchets, de leur production à leur élimination, est devenue pour nos sociétés modernes une préoccupation majeure. La réglementation relative à l'élimination des déchets est cependant ancienne : la loi du 15 juillet 1975 stipulait « toute personne qui produit ou détient des déchets (...) est tenue d'en assurer ou d'en faire assurer l'élimination ». L'action des pouvoirs publics s'est orientée dans un premier temps vers l'élimination des déchets des ménages, puis vers celle des déchets dangereux de l'industrie. De par leur spécificité, les déchets de chantier du bâtiment, évalués à 25 millions de tonnes par an, ne s'inscrivant dans aucune de ces catégories ont été trop souvent oubliés, mettant les entreprises de bâtiment dans des situations inconfortables : fermeture de décharges communales, problèmes pour trouver des lieux d'élimination, mais aussi et surtout risques d'augmentation importante des coûts d'élimination pouvant atteindre 1 à 6 % du chiffre d'affaires selon les professions. Dans ce contexte défavorable, les professionnels du bâtiment et leur organisation se mobilisent pour permettre la réalisation de structures de gestion afin d'éliminer les déchets du bâtiment à un coût optimisé.
L'électromigration appliquée à la dépollution des sols: Le cas d'une pollution fluorée
Authors: Costarramone Nathalie , Pomes Véronique , Tellier Sylvaine , Grano Bruno , Lecomte Didier , Astruc Michel
Published: June 2015

The aim of this study is to scale up the electrokinetic process. A methodology was then developed, in order to implement the adapted conditions for the fluorine polluted soil decontamination, by using an electromigration process. First, a laboratory experimental study was carried out in order to analyse the influence of different parameters (electrolyte type, soil granulometry, applied electrical potential). Then other studies have been performed, using three scales (0.8, 20 and 1500 litres) to observe the impact of the scale up on the removed fluorine amount, treatment time and the energy consumption parameters.

L'objectif de l'étude est l'application du procédé électrocinétique à l'échelle d'un pilote. Ainsi, une méthodologie est développée afin de définir et de mettre en œuvre des conditions adaptées à la décontamination d'un sol pollué en fluor par la technique d'électromigration. Tout d'abord, une étude expérimentale est réalisée à l'échelle du laboratoire, afin d'analyser préalablement le rôle de différents paramètres (nature de l'électrolyte utilisé, granulométrie du sol, gradient de potentiel imposé). Puis, des travaux sont réalisés avec les conditions prédéfinies, sur trois échelles différentes (0,8 et 20 litres ainsi que 1,5 m3), afin de mettre en évidence l'impact du changement d'échelle sur les paramètres : quantité de fluor récupérée, durée de traitement, consommation énergétique plus particulièrement.
Environnement et technico-économie des procédés industriels: Partie 2 : la rareté des ressources
Authors: Le Goff Pierre , Labidi Jalel
Published: June 2015

The rarity of energy reserves is shown to be a very relative criterion, which depends on the exploitation cost of the energy sources. An “ecological” price of energy is defined, which is about two to three times the present price, and which corresponds to the exploitation, without limits, of the renewable energy sources. The natural provision of ten chemical elements will be exhausted during the coming 50 years. The raw materials for the industries will come essentially from the recycled human scraps.

La « rareté » des réserves d'énergie est un critère très relatif qui dépend du coût d'exploitation des sources d'énergie. On définit un prix « écologique » de l'énergie (égal à environ 2 à 3 fois le prix actuel), correspondant à l'exploitation, sans limite, de sources d'énergies renouvelables. Les réserves de minerais naturels d'une dizaine des principaux éléments chimiques seront épuisées dans moins de 50 ans. Les matières premières de l'industrie proviendront alors principalement du recyclage des déchets des diverses activités humaines.
Évaluation environnementale du degré de centralisation d'installations de méthanisation de déchets organiques ménagers
Authors: Membrez Yves , Glauser Michel , Lmer Jean-Michel
Published: June 2015

The purpose of the study is to evaluate, from an environmental viewpoint, the influence of the centralization of the methanization installations which are needed to eliminate the organic waste produced by the population of a given region. Four scenarios of methanization organization are studied for the canton of Vaud, Switzerland (pop. 600,000) in the domains of waste collection, transport, treatment and use for agriculture. The method used is the « ecopoint method », where « ecofactors » are established, which take into account the current impact on the environment, and the critical value of this impact that would cause environ mental perturbation.

L'étude est destinée à évaluer, du point de vue de l'environnement, l'influence de la centralisation des installations de méthanisation nécessaires à la digestion des déchets organiques produits par les habitants d'une région. Quatre scénarios d'organisation du traitement sont étudiés sur un canton suisse (Vaud, 600 000 habitants) dans les domaines de la collecte des déchets, de leur transport, de leur méthanisation et de leur valorisation agricole. La méthode employée est celle dite des « écopoints » qui établit des « écofacteurs » tenant compte de la charge actuelle de l'environnement et de la charge critique qui le perturberait.
Comportement à long terme et écocompatibilité des déchets ultimes stabilisés: Vers une stratégie environnementale unifiée
Authors: Méhu Jacques
Published: June 2015

« Vous me dites qu'il n'y aura pas de pollution pendant 5000 ans, oui mais après ? »« La ceinture, les bretelles, le parapluie ...et quoi d'autre ? »
Les animateurs de collectes sélectives: Partie 2 : autres points d'appui ; complémentarité et concurrences
Authors: Bertolini Gérard
Published: June 2015

The creation of new jobs for young people in the frame of the development of separate collections of households refuse lets appear possible complementarity but (at the reverse) areas of competition with other actors, depending on the tasks and the local context. Another task is source reduction, i.e. home composting. From a more general viewpoint, the dynamics to organize is a matter of social engineering.

Les tâches nouvelles susceptibles d'être assurées par les emplois-jeunes dans le cadre du développement des collectes sélectives font apparaître, suivant les cas (suivant les fonctions précises et le contexte local), des complémentarités ainsi que des zones de concurrence possibles avec d'autres acteurs. D'autres fonctions ont trait à la réduction à la source, par exemple le compostage à domicile. D'une façon plus générale, la dynamique à organiser relève d'une véritable ingénierie sociale.
Evolução do desemprego feminino na região sul do Brasil: 2004 – 2008
Authors: Lima Débora Juliene Pereira , Silva Ana Márcia Rodrigues da
Published: June 2015

Este trabalho descreve a evolução do desemprego feminino no Sul do país para os anos de 2004 e 2008 utilizando a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios – PNAD do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE como base de dados. Analisa os determinantes das mudanças ocorridas com relação ao desemprego de mulheres pobres e não pobres através de decomposições logarítmicas para municípios não auto representativos, municípios representativos e nas regiões metropolitanas. O estudo revelou que a evolução da participação de mulheres pobres no desemprego da região, ocorreu de maneira heterogênea: houve elevação nos municípios auto representativos, devido ao comportamento da PEA do grupo em relação à PEA da região e queda nos municípios não auto representativos e regiões metropolitanas em função da redução da taxa de desemprego do grupo com relação à taxa de desemprego da região.  Com relação às mulheres não pobres, verificou-se um aumento da participação das mesmas no desemprego total em todos os municípios analisados o que foi impulsionado principalmente pela elevação da taxa de desemprego dessas mulheres em relação à taxa de desemprego da região.
Investigation of black and brown carbon multiple‐wavelength‐dependent light absorption from biomass and fossil fuel combustion source emissions
Authors: Olson Michael R. , Victoria Garcia Mercedes , Robinson Michael A. , Van Rooy Paul , Dietenberger Mark A. , Bergin Michael , Schauer James Jay
Published: June 2015

Quantification of the black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) components of source emissions is critical to understanding the impact combustion aerosols have on atmospheric light absorption. Multiple‐wavelength absorption was measured from fuels including wood, agricultural biomass, coals, plant matter, and petroleum distillates in controlled combustion settings. Filter‐based absorption measurements were corrected and compared to photoacoustic absorption results. BC absorption was segregated from the total light extinction to estimate the BrC absorption from individual sources. Results were compared to elemental carbon (EC)/organic carbon (OC) concentrations to determine composition's impact on light absorption. Multiple‐wavelength absorption coefficients, Angstrom exponent (6.9 to <1.0), mass absorption cross section (MAC), and Delta C (97 µg m−3 to ~0 µg m−3) were highly variable. Sources such as incense and peat emissions showed ultraviolet wavelength (370 nm) BrC absorption over 175 and 80 times (respectively) the BC absorption but only 21 and 11 times (respectively) at 520 nm wavelength. The bulk EC MACEC, λ (average at 520 nm = 9.0 ± 3.7 m2 g−1; with OC fraction <0.85 = ~7.5 m2 g−1) and the BrC OC mass absorption cross sections (MACBrC,OC,λ) were calculated; at 370 nm ultraviolet wavelengths; the MACBrC,OC,λ ranged from 0.8 m2 g−1 to 2.29 m2 g−1 (lowest peat, highest kerosene), while at 520 nm wavelength MACBrC,OC,λ ranged from 0.07 m2 g−1 to 0.37 m2 g−1 (lowest peat, highest kerosene/incense mixture). These MAC results show that OC content can be an important contributor to light absorption when present in significant quantities (>0.9 OC/TC), source emissions have variable absorption spectra, and nonbiomass combustion sources can be significant contributors to BrC.
Magnetic field line lengths inside interplanetary magnetic flux ropes
Authors: Hu Qiang , Qiu Jiong , Krucker Sam
Published: June 2015

We report on the detailed and systematic study of field line twist and length distributions within magnetic flux ropes embedded in interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). The Grad‐Shafranov reconstruction method is utilized together with a constant‐twist nonlinear force‐free (Gold‐Hoyle) flux rope model to reveal the close relation between the field line twist and length in cylindrical flux ropes, based on in situ Wind spacecraft measurements. We show that the field line twist distributions within interplanetary flux ropes are inconsistent with the Lundquist model. In particular, we utilize the unique measurements of magnetic field line lengths within selected ICME events as provided by Kahler et al. () based on energetic electron burst observations at 1 AU and the associated type III radio emissions detected by the Wind spacecraft. These direct measurements are compared with our model calculations to help assess the flux rope interpretation of the embedded magnetic structures. By using the different flux rope models, we show that the in situ direct measurements of field line lengths are consistent with a flux rope structure with spiral field lines of constant and low twist, largely different from that of the Lundquist model, especially for relatively large‐scale flux ropes.
Polywraplex, Functionalized Polyplexes by Post‐Polyplexing Assembly of a Rationally Designed Triblock Copolymer Membrane
Authors: Ge Xuemei , Duan Shiyue , Wu Fei , Feng Jia , Zhu Hua , Jin Tuo
Published: June 2015

A core–shell structured synthetic carrier, polywraplex, is reported to overcome the hurdles along the inter‐ and intracellular pathways of systemic delivery of siRNA, yet remain structurally simple and easy‐to‐formulate. The core is a cationic polyplex formed of siRNA with polyethylene imine (PEI) and polyspermine‐imidazole‐4,5‐imine (PSI), respectively, and the shell is a self‐assembled unilamella membrane of PEG45‐PCL20‐mototriose‐COO−, a triblock copolymer possessing multicarboxyl saccharide block to guide adsorption to each polyplex surface, a hydrophobic central block to form a protecting layer around the nucleic acid core, and a PEG block functioning as a steric stabilization out‐layer to extend in vivo circulation. The hydrophobic layer limits the anionic charges of the guiding block within a 2D surface to prevent them from penetrating into the polyplex, a common cause for prephagocytic siRNA leaking by polyelectrolytes in vivo. Cell targeting agents may be conjugated to the distal end of the PEG block and assembled on polyplex surface in optimal population. Chemical characterizations comprising consequent fluorescent imaging, dynamic laser scattering, zeta potential, as well as electrophoresis confirm polywraplex formation and its protection to siRNA against leaking and degradation in serum. Cellular and in vivo (mice) assays of biotin‐conjugated polywraplexes suggest prolonged circulation and tumor tissue targeting.
Controllable Fabrication of Transparent Macroporous Graphene Thin Films and Versatile Applications as a Conducting Platform
Authors: Sun Jinhua , Memon Mushtaque A. , Bai Wei , Xiao Linhong , Zhang Bin , Jin Yongdong , Huang Yong , Geng Jianxin
Published: June 2015

Graphene sheets have been demonstrated to be the building blocks for various assembly structures, which eventually determine the macroscopic properties of graphene materials. As a new assembly structure, transparent macroporous graphene thin films (MGTFs) are not readily prepared due to the restacking tendency of graphene sheets during processing. Here, an ice crystal‐induced phase separation process is proposed for preparation of transparent MGTFs. The ice crystal‐induced phase separation process exhibits several unique features, including efficient prevention of graphene oxide restacking, easy control on the transparency of the MGTFs, and wide applicability to substrates. It is shown that the MGTFs can be used as porous scaffold with high conductivity for electrochemical deposition of various semiconductors and rare metal nanoparticles such as CdSe, ZnO, and Pt, as well as successive deposition of different materials. Notably, the macroporous structures bestow the MGTFs and the nanoparticle‐decorated MGTFs (i.e., Pt@MGTF and CdSe@MGTF) enhanced performance as electrode for oxygen reduction reaction and photoelectrochemical H2 generation.
Reusable and Removable Directing Groups for C(sp2)−H Bond Functionalization of Arenes
Authors: Yadav M. Ramu , Rit Raja K. , Shankar Majji , Sahoo Akhila K.
Published: June 2015

This review highlights the importance of removable and reusable directing groups in C−H activation. The functionalization of unactivated sp2 C−H bonds assisted by removable directing groups is highlighted and summarized.
A one‐million‐year‐old hominid distal ulna from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Authors: Hlusko Leslea J. , Reiner Whitney B. , Njau Jackson K.
Published: June 2015

Objective

Our aim was to recover new evidence of the evolution of the hominid lineage.

Methods

We undertook paleontological fieldwork at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, in one of the richest paleoanthropological sites in the world, documenting the evolution of our lineage and its environmental contexts over the last 2 million years.

Results

During field work in 2012, the Olduvai Vertebrate Paleontology Project discovered the distal end of a hominid ulna (OH 82) on the north side of Olduvai Gorge a few meters west of the Third Fault, eroding from Bed III sediments that are ∼1 million years in age.

Discussion

The size and morphology of this distal ulna falls within the normal range of variation seen in humans, although at the larger end of the distribution. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:36–42, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Folding Construction of a Pentacyclic Quadruply fused Polymer Topology with Tailored kyklo‐Telechelic Precursors
Authors: Heguri Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Takuya , Tezuka Yasuyuki
Published: June 2015

A pentacyclic quadruply fused polymer topology has been constructed for the first time through alkyne–azide addition (click) and olefin metathesis (clip) reactions in conjunction with an electrostatic self‐assembly and covalent fixation (ESA‐CF) process. Thus, a spiro‐type, tandem tetracyclic poly(tetrahydrofuran), poly(THF), precursor having two allyloxy groups at the opposite positions of the four ring units was prepared by the click‐linking of one unit of an eight‐shaped precursor having alkyne groups at the opposite positions with two units of a single‐cyclic counterpart having an azide and an alkene group at the opposite positions. Both are obtainable through ESA‐CF. The subsequent metathesis clip‐folding of the tetracyclic precursor could afford a pentacyclic quadruply fused polymer product, of “shippo” form, in 19 % yield.
Insights into process–structure–property relationships of poly(ethylene terephthalate) industrial yarns by synchrotron radiation WAXD and SAXS
Authors: Liu Yatao , Yin Lixin , Zhao Huirong , Song Guangkun , Tang Fangming , Wang Lili , Shao Huili , Zhang Yaopeng
Published: June 2015

Synchrotron radiation wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) were performed to study the structures of four typical types of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) industrial yarns. Three‐dimensional structural models of the yarns and comprehensive insights into the process–structure–property relationships were gained. High spinning speed, low draw ratio, and high heat‐setting temperatures lead to HMLS yarns with high crystallinity, high amorphous orientation, densely packed lamellar stacks, and a small tilting angle of crystalline lamellae. High draw ratio tends to result in PET industrial yarns with large long period and a large tilting angle of lamellae. Heat‐setting process has a significant influence on the amorphous orientation and crystalline structures, such as crystallinity, crystallite size, as well as crystal grain number. Compared with other structure characteristics, amorphous orientation plays a more important role in determining the tenacity, initial modulus, part load elongation, ultimate elongation, as well as shrinkage of PET industrial yarns. The crystal grain number seems to have an effect on the initial modulus, while the long period influences the elongation of the yarns to some extent. In addition, the small tilting angle of crystalline lamellae may relate to the dimensional stability of PET yarns. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42512.
Does emotional intelligence change during medical school gross anatomy course? Correlations with students’ performance and team cohesion
Authors: Holman Michelle A. , Porter Samuel G. , Pawlina Wojciech , Juskewitch Justin E. , Lachman Nirusha
Published: June 2015

Emotional intelligence (EI) has been associated with increased academic achievement, but its impact on medical education is relatively unexplored. This study sought to evaluate change in EI, performance outcomes, and team cohesion within a team‐based medical school anatomy course. Forty‐two medical students completed a pre‐course and post‐course Schutte Self‐Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT). Individual EI scores were then compared with composite course performance grade and team cohesion survey results. Mean pre‐course EI score was 140.3 out of a possible 160. During the course, mean individual EI scores did not change significantly (P = 0.17) and no correlation between EI scores and academic performance was noted (P = 0.31). In addition, EI did not correlate with team cohesion (P = 0.16). While business has found significant utility for EI in increasing performance and productivity, its role in medical education is still uncertain. Anat Sci Educ 9: 143–149. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists.
Two‐Photon Probes for Lysosomes and Mitochondria: Simultaneous Detection of Lysosomes and Mitochondria in Live Tissues by Dual‐Color Two‐Photon Microscopy Imaging
Authors: Lim Chang Su , Hong Seung Taek , Ryu Seong Shick , Kang Dong Eun , Cho Bong Rae
Published: June 2015

Novel two‐photon (TP) probes were developed for lysosomes (PLT‐yellow) and mitochondria (BMT‐blue and PMT‐yellow). These probes emitted strong TP‐excited fluorescence in cells at widely separated wavelength regions and displayed high organelle selectivity, good cell permeability, low cytotoxicity, and pH insensitivity. The BMT‐blue and PLT‐yellow probes could be utilized to detect lysosomes and mitochondria simultaneously in live tissues by using dual‐color two‐photon microscopy, with minimum interference from each other.
Judging the Intensity of Emotional Expression in Faces: the Effects of Colored Tints on Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Whitaker Lydia , Jones Catherine R.G. , Wilkins Arnold J. , Roberson Debi
Published: June 2015

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often show atypical processing of facial expressions, which may result from visual stress. In the current study, children with ASD and matched controls judged which member of a pair of faces displayed the more intense emotion. Both faces showed anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness or surprise but to different degrees. Faces were presented on a monitor that was tinted either gray or with a color previously selected by the participant individually as improving the clarity of text. Judgments of emotional intensity improved significantly with the addition of the preferred colored tint in the ASD group but not in controls, a result consistent with a link between visual stress and impairments in processing facial expressions in individuals with ASD. Autism Res 2016, 9: 450–459. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, drug release, and biological evaluation of new anticancer drug–bioconjugates containing somatostatin backbone cyclic analog as a targeting moiety
Authors: Redko Boris , Ragozin Elena , Andreii Bazylevich , Helena Tuchinsky , Amnon Albeck , Talia Shekhter Zahavi , Mor Oron‐Herman , Genady Kostenich , Gary Gellerman
Published: June 2015

Peptide conjugates containing somatostatin (SST) cyclic analogs as a targeting moiety are able to deliver chemotherapeutic agents specifically to cancer cells expressing SST receptors (SSTRs), and hence increasing their local efficacy while limiting the peripheral toxicity. Here, we report on the synthesis and biochemical characterization of new SSTR‐specific anticancer peptide conjugates, with different anticancer payloads acting through different oncogenic mechanisms to evaluate their biological activities and to provide a comparative study of their drug release profiles. The SSTR2‐specific backbone cyclic peptide 3207‐86 was chosen for the synthesis of a variety of novel anticancer drug conjugates with a broad drug release capabilities. The N‐terminus of 3207‐86 was equipped with GABA to generate free amino group available for the conjugation of chlorambucil, Camptothecin (CPT), Combretastatin 4A, ABT‐751, and Amonafide through the formation of various biodegradable bonds. The chemo‐ and biostability/drug release of all the synthetic compounds was investigated at various pHs and in the presence of mouse liver homogenate, respectively. Their selective cytotoxic effect was evaluated on several human cancer cell lines that overexpress SSTR2. Compared with the free drugs, our peptide–drug conjugates exhibited considerable cytotoxic effect on cancer cell lines versus low SSTR2‐expressed human embryonic kidney cells. Functional versatility of the conjugates was reflected in the variability of their drug release profiles, whereas the conserved sequence of a selective binding to the SSTR2 likely preserved their binding to the receptor and consequently their favorable toxicity toward targeted cancer cells. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104: 743–752, 2015.
The use of ‘Omics technology to rationally improve industrial mammalian cell line performance
Authors: Lewis Amanda M. , Abu‐Absi Nicholas R. , Borys Michael C. , Li Zheng Jian
Published: June 2015

Biologics represent an increasingly important class of therapeutics, with 7 of the 10 top selling drugs from 2013 being in this class. Furthermore, health authority approval of biologics in the immuno‐oncology space is expected to transform treatment of patients with debilitating and deadly diseases. The growing importance of biologics in the healthcare field has also resulted in the recent approvals of several biosimilars. These recent developments, combined with pressure to provide treatments at lower costs to payers, are resulting in increasing need for the industry to quickly and efficiently develop high yielding, robust processes for the manufacture of biologics with the ability to control quality attributes within narrow distributions. Achieving this level of manufacturing efficiency and the ability to design processes capable of regulating growth, death and other cellular pathways through manipulation of media, feeding strategies, and other process parameters will undoubtedly be facilitated through systems biology tools generated in academic and public research communities. Here we discuss the intersection of systems biology, ‘Omics technologies, and mammalian bioprocess sciences. Specifically, we address how these methods in conjunction with traditional monitoring techniques represent a unique opportunity to better characterize and understand host cell culture state, shift from an empirical to rational approach to process development and optimization of bioreactor cultivation processes. We summarize the following six key areas: (i) research applied to parental, non‐recombinant cell lines; (ii) systems level datasets generated with recombinant cell lines; (iii) datasets linking phenotypic traits to relevant biomarkers; (iv) data depositories and bioinformatics tools; (v) in silico model development, and (vi) examples where these approaches have been used to rationally improve cellular processes. We critically assess relevant and state of the art research being conducted in academic, government and industrial laboratories. Furthermore, we apply our expertise in bioprocess to define a potential model for integration of these systems biology approaches into biologics development. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 26–38. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Production of active glycosylation‐deficient γ‐secretase complex for crystallization studies
Authors: López Andrés Ricardo , Dimitrov Mitko , Gerber Hermeto , Braman Virginie , Hacker David L. , Wurm Florian M. , Fraering Patrick C.
Published: June 2015

Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐associated γ‐secretase is a ubiquitously expressed multi‐subunit protease complex embedded in the lipid bilayer of cellular compartments including endosomes and the plasma membrane. Although γ‐secretase is of crucial interest for AD drug discovery, its atomic structure remains unresolved. γ‐Secretase assembly and maturation is a multistep process, which includes extensive glycosylation on nicastrin (NCT), the only γ‐secretase subunit having a large extracellular domain. These posttranslational modifications lead to protein heterogeneity that likely prevents the three‐dimensional (3D) crystallization of the protease complex. To overcome this issue, we have engineered a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line deficient in complex sugar modifications (CHO lec1) to overexpress the four subunits of γ‐secretase as a functional complex. We purified glycosylation‐deficient γ‐secretase from this recombinant cell line (CL1‐9) and fully glycosylated γ‐secretase from a recombinant CHO DG44‐derived cell line (SS20). We characterized both complexes biochemically and pharmacologically in vitro. Interestingly, we found that the complex oligosaccharides, which largely decorate the extracellular domain of fully glycosylated NCT, are not involved in the proper assembly and maturation of the complex, and are dispensable for the specific generation, in physiological ratios, of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage products. In conclusion, we propose a novel bioengineering approach for the production of functional glycosylation‐deficient γ‐secretase, which may be suitable for crystallization studies. We expect that these findings will contribute both to solving the high‐resolution 3D structure of γ‐secretase and to structure‐based drug discovery for AD. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2516–2526. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Stereochemical Course of the α‐Hydroxyphosphonate–Phosphate Rearrangement
Authors: Pallitsch Katharina , Roller Alexander , Hammerschmidt Friedrich
Published: June 2015

The phosphonate–phosphate rearrangement is an isomerisation of α‐hydroxyphosphonates bearing electron‐withdrawing substituents at the α‐carbon atom. We studied the stereochemical course of this rearrangement with respect to phosphorus. A set of four diastereomeric α‐hydroxyphosphonates was prepared by a Pudovik reaction from two diastereomeric cyclic phosphites. The hydroxyphosphonates were separated and rearranged with Et3N as base. In analogy to trichlorphon, which was the first reported compound undergoing this rearrangement. All four hydroxyphosphonates could be rearranged to 2,2‐dichlorovinyl phosphates. Single‐crystal X‐ray structure analyses of the α‐hydroxyphosphonates and the corresponding phosphates allowed us to show that the rearrangement proceeds with retention of configuration on the phosphorus atom.
A Highly Efficient Chirality Switchable Synthesis of Dihydropyran‐Fused Benzofurans by Fine‐Tuning the Phenolic Proton of β‐Isocupreidine (β‐ICD) Catalyst with Methyl
Authors: Wang Feng , Yang Chen , Xue Xiao‐Song , Li Xin , Cheng Jin‐Pei
Published: June 2015

A highly enantioselective β‐isocupreidine (β‐ICD) catalyzed synthesis of dihydropyran‐fused benzofurans through [4+2] cycloaddition of allenoates and benzofuranone alkenes was developed. Switchable chirality inversion of cycloaddition products was achieved by replacing the phenolic proton of the catalyst with a methyl, demonstrating an amazing effect of minimal structural variation on inverting enantioselectivity. DFT calculations were utilized to elucidate the origin of the observed phenomena. Computation also provided a clue for a rational design in which the multi‐hydrogen bond with the alcohol additive was found to improve the enantioselectivity of the cycloaddition. Finally, the substrate scope was examined, in which a number of functionalized dihydropyran‐fused benzofurans could be obtained in high yields (up to 97 %) with very good regio‐ (>20:1) and enantioselectivities (up to 98:2 e.r.).
Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin or alkylating agents for neuroendocrine tumors: Comparison of efficacy and search for predictive factors guiding treatment choice
Authors: Dussol Anne‐Sophie , Joly Marie‐Odile , Vercherat Cecile , Forestier Julien , Hervieu Valérie , Scoazec Jean‐Yves , Lombard‐Bohas Catherine , Walter Thomas
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

The alkylating agents (ALKYs) streptozotocin, dacarbazine, and temozolomide currently are the main drugs used in systemic chemotherapy for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The promising activity shown by gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (GEMOX) in previous studies prompted this study 1) to confirm the use of GEMOX in a larger population of NET patients, 2) to compare its efficacy with that of ALKYs, and 3) to explore whether the O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) status could help in selecting the chemotherapy regimen.

METHODS

One hundred four patients with metastatic NETs (37 pancreatic NETs, 33 gastrointestinal NETs, 23 bronchial NETs, and 11 NETs of other/unknown origin) were treated with GEMOX between 2004 and 2014. Among these patients, 63 also received ALKYs. MGMT promoter gene methylation was assessed via pyrosequencing in 42 patients.

RESULTS

Patients received a median of 6 courses of GEMOX. Twenty‐four (23%) had an objective response (OR). The median progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival were 7.8 and 31.6 months, respectively. In the 63 patients treated with both ALKYs and GEMOX, the ORs (22% and 22%) and the PFSs (7.5 and 7.3 months) were similar. The response was concordant in 53% of the patients. Promoter gene methylation of MGMT was associated with better outcomes with ALKYs (P = .03 for OR and P = .04 for PFS) but not GEMOX.

CONCLUSIONS

GEMOX is effective against NETs; its activity is comparable to that of ALKYs, and it is not influenced by the MGMT status. Our data suggest that GEMOX might be preferred for patients with unmethylated MGMT tumors. Cancer 2015;121:3435–43. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Runx3‐regulated expression of two Ntrk3 transcript variants in dorsal root ganglion neurons
Authors: Ogihara Yuuki , Masuda Tomoyuki , Ozaki Shigeru , Yoshikawa Masaaki , Shiga Takashi
Published: June 2015

Somatosensation is divided into proprioception and cutaneous sensation. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons project their fibers toward peripheral targets including muscles and skin, and centrally to the spinal cord. Proprioceptive DRG neurons transmit information from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs to the spinal cord. We previously showed that Runt‐related transcription factor 3 (Runx3) is expressed in these neurons and their projections to the ventral spinal cord and muscle spindles are lost in Runx3‐deficient (Runx3−/−) mouse embryos. Although Runx3 is likely to contribute to the fate decision and projection of proprioceptive DRG neurons, the precise roles for Runx3 in these phenomena are unknown. To identify genes regulated by Runx3 in embryonic DRGs, we performed microarray analyses using cDNAs isolated from wild‐type and Runx3−/− DRGs of embryonic day (E) 12.5 and selected two transcript variants of the tyrosine kinase receptor C (TrkC) gene. These variants, Ntrk3 variant 1 (Ntrk3‐v1) and variant 2 (Ntrk3‐v2), encode full‐length and truncated receptors of neurotrophin‐3, respectively. Using double in situ hybridization, we found that most of Ntrk3‐v1 mRNA expression in E14.5 DRGs depended on Runx3 but that more than half of Ntrk3‐v2 mRNA one were expressed in a Runx3‐independent manner. Furthermore, our data revealed that the rate of Ntrk3‐v1 and Ntrk3‐v2 colocalization in DRGs changed from E14.5 to E18.5. Together, our data suggest that Runx3 may play a crucial role in the development of DRGs by regulating the expression of Ntrk3 variants and that DRG neurons expressing Ntrk3‐v1 but not Ntrk3‐v2 may differentiate into proprioceptive ones. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 313–322, 2016
Synapse‐dependent and independent mechanisms of thalamocortical axon branching are regulated by neuronal activity
Authors: Matsumoto Naoyuki , Hoshiko Maki , Sugo Noriyuki , Fukazawa Yugo , Yamamoto Nobuhiko
Published: June 2015

Axon branching and synapse formation are critical processes for establishing precise circuit connectivity. These processes are tightly regulated by neural activity, but the relationship between them remains largely unclear. We use organotypic coculture preparations to examine the role of synapse formation in the activity‐dependent axon branching of thalamocortical (TC) projections. To visualize TC axons and their presynaptic sites, two plasmids encoding DsRed and EGFP‐tagged synaptophysin (SYP‐EGFP) were cotransfected into a small number of thalamic neurons. Time‐lapse imaging of individual TC axons showed that most branches emerged from SYP‐EGFP puncta, indicating that synapse formation precedes emergences of axonal branches. We also investigated the effects of neuronal activity on axon branching and synapse formation by manipulating spontaneous firing activity of thalamic cells. An inward rectifying potassium channel, Kir2.1, and a bacterial voltage‐gated sodium channel, NaChBac, were used to suppress and promote firing activity, respectively. We found suppressing neural activity reduced both axon branching and synapse formation. In contrast, increasing neural activity promoted only axonal branch formation. Time‐lapse imaging of NaChBac‐expressing cells further revealed that new branches frequently appeared from the locations other than SYP‐EGFP puncta, indicating that enhancing activity promotes axonal branch formation due to an increase of branch emergence at nonsynaptic sites. These results suggest that presynaptic locations are hotspots for branch emergence, and that frequent firing activity can shift branch emergence to a synapse‐independent process. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 323–336, 2016
YPEL1 overexpression in early avian craniofacial mesenchyme causes mandibular dysmorphogenesis by up‐regulating apoptosis
Authors: Tan Tiong Yang , Gordon Christopher T. , Miller Kerry A , Amor David J. , Farlie Peter G.
Published: June 2015

Background: The YPEL (Yippee‐like) gene family comprises five highly conserved members (YPEL1‐5), but their biological function remains largely unknown. Early studies of YPEL1 function suggested that it plays a role in the development of structures derived from the pharyngeal arches. Human YPEL1 localises to distal chromosome 22q11.2 and copy number changes at this locus lead to diverse phenotypes that include facial dysmorphism, facial asymmetry, and palatal anomalies comprising the distal 22q11.2 deletion/duplication syndromes (OMIM 611867). We therefore investigated the role of chick YPEL1 in craniofacial development using ex vivo and in vivo approaches in the avian model. Results: We found that retroviral‐mediated in vivo overexpression of YPEL1 causes abnormal mandibular morphogenesis associated with increased apoptosis and involvement of the BMP/MSX pathway. Conclusions: Our results suggest that YPEL1 expression is regulated by bone morphogenetic protein signaling and suggest a role for YPEL1 in the pathogenesis of the craniofacial abnormalities observed in humans with distal chromosome 22q11.2 deletions or duplications. Developmental Dynamics 244:1022–1030, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fe2+‐Responsive Bimodal MRI and Fluorescent Imaging Probe Based on a Gadolinium(III) Complex
Authors: Luo Jian , Zhu Xiao‐Feng , Chen Zhong‐Ning
Published: June 2015

An Fe2+‐responsive bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probe, Gd‐DTTA‐BPP (DTTA = diethylenetriamine‐N,N,N″,N″‐tetraacetate, BPP = 2‐{4‐[(2,2′‐bipyridin)‐5‐ylethynyl]phenoxy}‐N‐ethylacetamide), has been synthesized and characterized and its relaxivity and fluorescence properties examined. Gd‐DTTA‐BPP displays a high relaxation efficiency (10.3 mM–1 s–1 at 23 MHz and 25 °C) as a result of its rigid ligand and two inner‐sphere water molecules (q = 2). In the presence of 1.0 equiv. Fe2+, the relaxation efficiency increased from 10.3 to 13.6 mM–1 s–1 (23 MHz and 25 °C) due to the complexation of Gd‐DTTA‐BPP with Fe2+. The fluorescence emission of the Gd‐DTTA‐BPP complex is quenched by Fe2+ ions. The confocal fluorescence imaging experiments on living cells showed that the imaging probe is permeable to living cells and localizes in the cytoplasm.
Eringiacetal A, 5,6‐seco‐(5S,6R,7R,9S)‐5,6:5,7:6,9‐Triepoxyergosta‐8(14),22‐diene‐3β,7β‐diol, an Unusual Ergostane Sterol from the Fruiting Bodies of Pleurotus eryngii
Authors: Kikuchi Takashi , Masumoto Yuki , In Yasuko , Tomoo Koji , Yamada Takeshi , Tanaka Reiko
Published: June 2015

A new rearranged ergostane‐type steroid, named eringiacetal A (1), together with known compound 2, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus eryngii (Pleurotaceae). Its structure was fully elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. Eringiacetal A (1) features an unprecedented 5,6‐seco‐(5S,6R,7R,9S)‐5,6:5,7:6,9‐triepoxyergosta‐8(14),22‐diene‐3β,7β‐diol. This is the first report of a 5,6‐seco‐ergostane‐type steroid. A plausible biogenetic pathway of 1 from 2 is also described. Furthermore, isolated compounds were evaluated for inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide in macrophages. Compound 1 exhibited inhibitory activity on NO production (IC50 = 19.9 μM) accompanied by modest cytotoxicity (IC50 = 25.6 μM). Compound 2 did not have inhibitory effects on NO production or cytotoxicity (IC50 > 100 μM each).