bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Smart Detection Method of Sleep Quality Using EEG Signal and Long Short-Term Memory Model
Authors: Shi Min , Yang Chengyi , Zhang Dalu
Published: March 2021

Sleep is the most important physiological process related to human health. The development of society has accelerated the pace of people’s lives and has also increased people’s life pressure. As a result, more and more people suffer from reduced sleep quality, and the resulting diseases are also increasing. In response to this problem, this study proposes a sleep quality detection and management method based on electroencephalogram (EEG). The detection of sleep quality is mainly achieved by staging sleep EEG signals. First, wavelet packet decomposition (WPD) preprocesses the collected original EEG to extract the four rhythm waves of EEG. Second, the relative energy characteristics and nonlinear characteristics of each rhythm wave are extracted. The multisample entropy (MSE) values of different scales are calculated as the main features, and the rest are auxiliary features. Finally, the long short-term memory (LSTM) model is applied to classify the extracted sleep features, and the final result is obtained. Experiments were conducted in the MIT-BIH public database. The experimental results show that the method used in this article has a high accuracy rate for sleep quality detection. For the detected sleep quality data, the data are managed in combination with the mobile terminal software. Management is mainly embodied in two aspects. One is to query and display historical sleep quality data. The second is that when there are periodic abnormalities in the detected sleep quality data, the user will be reminded so that the user can respond in time to ensure physical fitness.
Factors Influencing the Survival of Preformed Zirconia Crowns in Children Treated under General Anesthesia
Authors: Alhissan Abdurahman S. , Pani Sharat Chandra
Published: March 2021

Aim. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the success of zirconia crowns placed in the anterior teeth of children and evaluate the impact of pulp therapy of the tooth on the rate of failure. Materials and Methods. A total of 70 anterior teeth of 20 children aged between 3 and 5 years who had undergone the placement of zirconia crowns under general anesthesia were followed up for 24 months. Kaplan–Meier Survival curves were plotted for the estimation of two-year survival time. The outcomes for teeth that had received pulp therapy were compared to those that had not received pulp therapy. Results. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of 70 crowns observed over a two-year period showed that mean survival time for the crowns was 38.7 months with a confidence interval ranging from 38.1 months to 39.3 months. When the survival of the crowns was observed based on the presence or absence of symptoms, it was observed that only 4 out of the 70 crowns were symptomatic (with or without crown loss) at the end of two years, giving a success rate of 94.3%. The mean survival time was also increased to 39.5 months (confidence interval 39.15–39.98 months). Conclusion. Zirconia crowns provide an acceptable level of success and longevity. Crowns placed on teeth after pulp therapy are more likely to fail than those placed on teeth without pulp therapy.
Degree-Based Indices of Some Complex Networks
Authors: Ding Lei , Ul Haq Bokhary Syed Ahtsham , Rehman Masood Ur , Ali Usman , Mubeen Hirra , Iqbal Quaid , Liu Jia-Bao
Published: March 2021

A topological index is a numeric quantity assigned to a graph that characterizes the structure of a graph. Topological indices and physico-chemical properties such as atom-bond connectivity

ABC

, Randić, and geometric-arithmetic index

GA

are of great importance in the QSAR/QSPR analysis and are used to estimate the networks. In this area of research, graph theory has been found of considerable use. In this paper, the distinct degrees and degree sums of enhanced Mesh network, triangular Mesh network, star of silicate network, and rhenium trioxide lattice are listed. The edge partitions of these families of networks are tabled which depend on the sum of degrees of end vertices and the sum of the degree-based edges. Utilizing these edge partitions, the closed formulae for some degree-based topological indices of the networks are deduced.
Screening of Novel Source for Genistein by Rapid and Sensitive UPLC-APCI-TOF Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bettaiah Aparna , Prabhushankar Hema Bommanamane
Published: March 2021

Genistein has been shown to have a broad spectrum of health advantages. Only legumes were reported to have a significant amount of genistein with the highest concentration in Soybean. Soybean was found to cause allergies in children with atopic dermatitis and in adults. Limited food sources have hindered the use of genistein in daily diets, medications, and nutraceuticals. The main objective of the current research work was to discover the novel source for genistein by the simple method of extraction and quantification. Genistein was extracted by solid-liquid extraction technique. Extraction parameters were optimized by a single factor test. Identification and quantification of genistein from the selected seeds of Apiaceae were carried out using UPLC-APCI-TOF-MS. UPLC-APCI-TOF-MS method was successfully developed, validated (linearity (

R

2

=
0.999

), precision (R.S.D. <5%), and accuracy (107.23%)), and used for the study. Remarkably, a high concentration of the genistein (811.57 μg/g) was found in the Cuminum cyminum. Solvent mixture (50 mL Methanol+25 mL Dimethyl sulphoxide+25 mL Water (

v
/
v
/
v

)), temperature (80°C), and time (1 h) were found to be the optimum extraction conditions. The concentration of genistein before optimization was 226.67 μg/g and after optimization is 811.57 μg/g. This shows the efficiency of the extraction method in the extraction of genistein without the need for hydrolysis. Novel source for genistein is identified in regular human food can be consumed in a regular diet which increases wellness of human health along with enhancing the taste of the food. The developed extraction method coupled with high throughput, sensitive, and selective UPLC-APCI-TOF-MS technique facilitates rapid quantification (8 minutes of run time) without primary purification of complex extract.
Simulation Study on Image Characteristics of Typical GPR Targets in Water Conservancy Projects
Authors: Cao Jie , Yuan Baoyuan , Bai Yun
Published: March 2021

With the development of the global economy, the deep leakage of reservoirs is still a serious threat to the foundation construction of key water conservancy projects such as dam foundations and bridges. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is an effective underground imaging and detection technology. In this paper, the Groundvue series of ground penetrating radars is introduced in Britain using the 948 project fund of the Ministry of Water Resources. It is a radar with the lowest frequency in the world at present, improving detection depths and helping to ensure the reliability of a reservoir dam’s foundation. Through a large number of field tests, simulation experiments, FDTD numerical simulations, and practical engineering applications, this paper summarizes the reservoir leakage analysis method based on the Groundvue radar. The successful application at the Nanmenxia Reservoir shows that this method can effectively detect the location and path of reservoir leakage and provide technical support for the design and construction of a reservoir reinforcement project.
Study on the Spectrum-Effect Relationship of the Traditional Effect of Saponins in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch
Authors: Xia Wenxin , Liu Qiansong , Zhou Hao , Hua Shiyao , Dong Lin , Han Xuebo , Fu Xueyan
Published: March 2021

Licorice is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for a long time in China and still in great use today. The effect of licorice on tonifying spleen and invigorating qi has been proved for thousands of years, but the material basis of its effect is not clear. In this paper, we established the fingerprints of 21 batches of licorice collected from different origins in China with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to identify the common peaks. Its effect of tonifying spleen and invigorating qi was confirmed through a series of praxiology experiments. The spectrum-effect relationship between HPLC fingerprints and its effect of tonifying spleen and invigorating qi of licorice was examined by gray relational analysis and partial least squares regression analysis. Results showed that the effect of licorice on tonifying spleen and invigorating qi resulted from various compounds and peaks. X2–X6 is presumed to be the main pharmacological substance base. This research successfully identified the spectrum-effect relationship between HPLC fingerprints and the effect of licorice on tonifying spleen and invigorating qi. The research method based on the spectrum-effect relationship helps provide new research ideas and strategies for the study of the basis of the medicinal materials and quality control of traditional Chinese medicine.
[Retracted] Molecular Mechanism of Secondary Endocrine Resistance in Luminal Breast Cancer
Authors: Wu Minhua , Ding Jinhua , Wen Limu , Zhou Yuxin , Wu Weizhu
Published: March 2021

Objective. The molecular mechanism of secondary resistance in Luminal breast cancer was studied to provide new ideas for the treatment of breast cancer. Methods. The sensitivity of the downregulation of myeloid leukemia factor 1‐interacting proteins (MLF1IP) to Tamoxifen (TAM) was tested by the Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8). The apoptosis of MLF1IP‐mediated resistance was analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) with/without TAM. Western blot was used in detecting various kinds of apoptosis and the expression of the protein related to the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway to study the molecular mechanism of secondary endocrine resistance in Luminal breast cancer. Results. The downregulation of MLF1IP could significantly increase the drug sensitivity of Michigan Cancer Foundation‐7 (MCF‐7) cells and also inhibit the proliferation of MCF‐7 cells under the stimulation of drugs. Western blot results showed that the expression of Bcl‐2‐associated X (BAX), Caspase3, Caspase7, and Caspase9 proteins increased when MLF1IP was downregulated. The results of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway revealed that the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) protein expression of MCF7‐shRNA was higher than that of MCF7‐NC cells, while the expression of p‐AKT was lower than that of MCF7‐NC cells. Conclusions. (1) MLF1IP‐related apoptosis resistance plays an essential role in MLF1IP‐mediated secondary resistance of breast cancer cells. (2) MLF1IP promotes AKT phosphorylation by inhibiting the PTEN expression, thus activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and causing the secondary resistance of Luminal breast cancer. (3) MLF1IP can be used as a factor to predict the endocrine resistance of Luminal breast cancer.
Experimental Study on Pile‐Soil Interaction Response in Saturated Sand under Long‐Term Horizontal Cyclic Loading
Authors: Xing Lei , Wang Duoyin , Wang Li , Fan Meiling , Duan Lunliang
Published: March 2021

To explore the pile‐soil interaction response in saturated sand under long‐term horizontal cyclic loading, a series of indoor 1 g model tests were carried out with self‐made loading equipment. In this paper, the self‐made loading system and test program are introduced firstly. Then, the long‐term horizontal cyclic loading‐induced pile top cumulative displacement, the rotation angle, the mono‐pile horizontal cyclic stiffness, the cyclic p-y curve, the pore water pressure, the soil settlement, and cracks around mono‐pile are fully studied. Based on the experimental results, the pile‐soil interaction response shows a two‐stage characteristic with the change in cycle (N), and the short‐term effects of horizontal cyclic loading are greater than the long‐term effects. In the first 1000 cycles, the cumulative displacement of pile top, the rotation angle of mono‐pile, and the pore water pressure could reach more than 90% of the final value. In addition, the cyclic p-y curve obtained by the test is generally smaller than the p-y curve calculated from the API specification, and the soil near the mono‐pile will settle with annular cracks under the cyclic loading.
Experimental Research on Bending Bearing Capability of Grouted Double Mortise‐Tenon Joint for Prefabricated Metro Station Structure
Authors: Yang Xiuren , Lin Fang , Huang Meiqun
Published: March 2021

The grouted mortise‐tenon joint, invented as the connection between the large prefabricated elements, is the most important component in the prefabricated underground structures. This paper conducts analysis of load‐carrying capacity performance and failure mode with 1 : 1 prototype test in key working direction of different double mortise‐tenon joint types for the prefabricated metro station. The resistance moment is developed and used to analyze the bending bearing characteristic curve, and the corresponding test results of each stage of the characteristic curve are described in detail. In addition, the bending bearing performance of different types of double‐tenon joints under different load conditions is compared. The test results clarify the ultimate failure mode of double‐tenon joint and the variable bearing capacity characteristics of the joint with the increase in axial load and explain the bearing performance of each stage. It is also found the auxiliary pretightening device is helpful to delay the appearance of cracks and improve the bearing capacity, especially when it is set on the tension side. The research results have important application value for the joint design of prefabricated metro station structures.
Mechanical Properties Test and Strength Prediction on Basalt Fiber Reinforced Recycled Concrete
Authors: Huang Min , Zhao Yuru , Wang Haonan , Lin Shihao
Published: March 2021

In order to study the mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced recycled concrete (BFRRC), nine groups of tests are designed with three different replacement rates of recycled aggregates (40%, 70%, and 100%) and volume fraction of basalt fibers (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%). Another group of tests on ordinary concrete without fiber and recycled aggregate is used as comparison. The workability, cubic compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of BFRRC are tested and analyzed. The effects of fiber content and recycled aggregate replacement ratio on the mechanical properties of concrete are studied. The strength development of fiber reinforced recycled concrete is predicted by using convolution neural network theory. The test results show that the fluidity of concrete mixtures decreases, while the cohesion and water retention are better than ordinary concrete with the increase of replacement ratio of recycled coarse aggregate and basalt fiber content. The compressive and flexural strength of recycled concrete first decrease and then increase slightly, while the splitting tensile strength of recycled concrete continue to decrease with the increase of replacement ratio of recycled aggregate. The flexural strength and splitting tensile strength of recycled concrete are obviously improved after adding basalt fiber, while the compressive strength increases first and then decreases with the increase of fiber content. A convolution neural network model for predicting the strength of basalt fiber reinforced recycled concrete is established. The predicted results are very close to the measured values and can be used as reference for the mix ratio of basalt fiber reinforced recycled concrete.
Measurement and Uniform Formulation of Soil‐Water Characteristic Curve for Compacted Loess Soil with Different Dry Densities
Authors: Wang Yu , Li Tonglu , Li Ping , Lei Yulu , Lawrence David D.
Published: March 2021

To investigate the effect of dry density on the soil‐water characteristics of compacted soil, loess used as filling in the land‐making project of the Yan’an new district was collected and compacted to five initial dry densities of 1.40, 1.50, 1.60, 1.70, and 1.80 g/cm3, respectively. The soil‐water characteristic curves (SWCCs) of all specimens in the range of 0–105 kPa were measured using the filter paper method. The measured data were fitted using the Fredlund and Xing equation for each initial dry density. The SWCCs have obvious differences in a suction range below 100 kPa and overlap when the suction range is higher. This suggests that the SWCC of compacted soil is independent of the initial dry density in the high suction range, but the correlation with the initial dry density exists in the low suction range. Therefore, the correlation functions of the parameters in the Fredlund and Xing equation with respect to the initial dry density were regressed, respectively. By substituting these functions into the Fredlund and Xing equation, the state surface function of θw − ψ − ρd was obtained and can reflect the SWCCs of all densities of the filled soil to support the further investigation of the unsaturated behavior of compacted soil.
Cytokines that Modulate the Differentiation of Th17 Cells in Autoimmune Uveitis
Authors: Guo Kailei , Zhang Xiaomin
Published: March 2021

Increasing evidence has suggested that T helper 17 (Th17) cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of ocular immune disease. The association between pathogenic Th17 cells and the development of uveitis has been confirmed in experimental and clinical studies. Several cytokines affect the initiation and stabilization of the differentiation of Th17 cells. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of related cytokines in the differentiation of Th17 cells is important for exploring the pathogenesis and the potential therapeutic targets of uveitis. This article briefly describes the structures, mechanisms, and targeted drugs of cytokines—including interleukin (IL)-6, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), IL-1β, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, IL-2, IL-4, IL-21, and interferon (IFN)-γ—which have an important influence on the differentiation of Th17 cells and discusses their potential as therapeutic targets for treating autoimmune uveitis.
Design and Collaborative Operation of Multimobile Inspection Robots in Smart Microgrids
Authors: Chen Nankai , Wang Yaonan
Published: March 2021

This paper investigates the substation inspection problems of multimobile robots for large power stations in smart microgrids. Most multirobot inspection robots generally face the challenge of path planning, while the current widely used biological excitation neural network (BENN) methods often have the defect of the neuronal active field near boundaries and obstacles. To end this, we propose an improved biological excitation neural network (IBENN) method for path planning based on a detailed architecture and ontology framework, through which the single‐point inspection, multipoint inspection, and full‐area inspection tasks of substations in smart microgrids can be well completed. Simulation results show that the designed IBENN‐based multirobot collaboration inspection (MRCI) system can effectively shorten the path as well as the number of turns and then show better performance than most existing results when implementing various substation inspection tasks.
A Novel Long Noncoding RNA, Lnc‐OAD, Is Required for Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2‐ (BMP‐2‐) Induced Osteoblast Differentiation
Authors: Wang Zonggui , Zhou Yanfang , Dai Zhong , Chen Xiuju , Li Chuyu , Lin Zhanying , Wu Huixing , Li Siqi , Zuo Changqing
Published: March 2021

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play very important roles in cell differentiation. Our recent study has demonstrated that a novel lncRNA named lnc‐OAD modulated 3T3‐L1 adipocyte differentiation. In the present study, we examined the roles of lnc‐OAD in bone morphogenetic protein 2‐ (BMP‐2‐) induced osteoblast differentiation. Lnc‐OAD expression was increased during BMP‐2‐induced osteoblast differentiation in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells and MC3T3‐E1 preosteoblast cells. Knockdown of lnc‐OAD expression by specific siRNA remarkably decreased early osteoblast differentiation. In addition, stable knockdown of lnc‐OAD by lentivirus vector also significantly inhibited late osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization in vitro. Conversely, stably overexpressed lnc‐OAD with lentiviral vector accelerated osteoblast differentiation. Mechanistically, knockdown of lnc‐OAD reduced significantly the phosphorylation of AKT and the expression of Osterix induced by BMP‐2, while overexpression of lnc‐OAD enhanced the phosphorylation of AKT and the expression of Osterix. Taken together, our study suggests that lnc‐OAD plays an important role in modulating BMP‐2‐induced osteoblast differentiation via, at least in part, regulating the AKT‐Osterix signaling axis.
Isolation of Actinomycetes with Cellulolytic and Antimicrobial Activities from Soils Collected from an Urban Green Space in the Philippines
Authors: Daquioag Jann Eldy L. , Penuliar Gil M.
Published: March 2021

Actinomycetes are one of the most important groups of soil bacteria that are recognized as sources of commercially important enzymes and antimicrobials. Actinomycetes, however, are largely underestimated and uncharacterized in underexplored habitats such as green spaces in urban areas. This study aimed to isolate actinomycetes from soils in the University of the Philippines Diliman campus and determine their cellulolytic and antimicrobial activities. A total of 235 isolates were purified from the soil samples collected. Cellulolytic and antimicrobial activities were observed in 114 and 18 isolates, respectively. The cell-free supernatants of 31 isolates exhibited high cellulolytic activities. Two isolates, in particular EWLG2 and EPNA9, had 0.596 FPU and 0.885 FPU cellulolytic activity, respectively. Seven isolates exhibited antimicrobial activities in the screening methods used. The crude extracts of isolates AWLG9, AWLG8, AWLG10, AULG1, APLG2, and AWLG13 had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values ranging from 31.25 µg/mL to 500 µg/mL against Candida spp. Isolates AULG1 and EPLG5 were active against the bacterial test microorganisms and had MIC values ranging from 250 µg/mL to 500 µg/mL. DNA sequencing identified the isolates which exhibited high cellulolytic and antimicrobial activities as Bacillus sp. and Streptomyces sp., with percent identities ≥98%. This study shows that green spaces are rich sources of soil microorganisms that have cellulolytic and antimicrobial activities. It is recommended that the isolates obtained in this study be examined further for possible applications in bioethanol production and pharmacology.
Hardware Decoding Accelerator of (73, 37, 13) QR Code for Power Line Carrier in UPIoT
Authors: Huang Jiye , Xie Shanggang , Guo Tongdong , Zhao Zhijin
Published: March 2021

The proposal of the ubiquitous power Internet of Things (UPIoT) has increased the demand for communication coverage and data collection of smart grid; the quantity and quality of communication networks are facing greater challenges. This brief applies (73, 37, 13) quadratic residue (QR) codes to power line carrier technology to improve the quality of local data communication in UPIoT. In order to improve the decoding performance of the QR codes, an induction method for the error pattern is proposed, which can divide the originally coupled error pattern into six parts and reuse the same module for decoding. This method greatly reduces the resource requirements, so that (73, 37, 13) QR code can be implemented on FPGA hardware. Notably, the hardware architecture is a modular framework, which can fit into an FPGA with different sizes. As an example (73, 37, 13), QR code is implemented on Intel Arria10 FPGA; the experimental result shows that the maximum decoding frequency of this architecture is 21.7 M Hz, which achieves 4121x speedup compared to CPU. Moreover, the proposed architecture benefits from high flexibility, such as modular design and decoding framework in the form of the pipeline which can be seen as an alternative scheme for decoding long‐length QR codes.
Overconsumption of Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) versus Deficiency of Omega-3 PUFAs in Modern-Day Diets: The Disturbing Factor for Their “Balanced Antagonistic Metabolic Functions” in the Human Body
Authors: Mariamenatu Abeba Haile , Abdu Emebet Mohammed
Published: March 2021

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) contain ≥2 double-bond desaturations within the acyl chain. Omega-3 (n-3) and Omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs are the two known important families in human health and nutrition. In both Omega families, many forms of PUFAs exist: α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from the n-3 family and linoleic acid (LA), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), and arachidonic acid (AA) from the n-6 family are the important PUFAs for human health. Omega-3 and Omega-6 PUFAs are competitively metabolized by the same set of desaturation, elongation, and oxygenase enzymes. The lipid mediators produced from their oxidative metabolism perform opposing (antagonistic) functions in the human body. Except for DGLA, n-6 PUFA-derived lipid mediators enhance inflammation, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstriction, while those of n-3 inhibit inflammation and platelet aggregation and enhance vasodilation. Overconsumption of n-6 PUFAs with low intake of n-3 PUFAs is highly associated with the pathogenesis of many modern diet-related chronic diseases. The volume of n-6 PUFAs is largely exceeding the volume of n-3PUFAs. The current n-6/n-3 ratio is 20-50/1. Due to higher ratios of n-6/n-3 in modern diets, larger quantities of LA- and AA-derived lipid mediators are produced, becoming the main causes of the formation of thrombus and atheroma, the allergic and inflammatory disorders, and the proliferation of cells, as well as the hyperactive endocannabinoid system. Therefore, in order to reduce all of these risks which are due to overconsumption of n-6 PUFAs, individuals are required to take both PUFAs in the highly recommended n-6/n-3 ratio which is 4-5/1.
Analysis of Debris Flow Reduction Effect of Check Dam Types considering the Mountain Stream Shape: A Case Study of 2016 Debris Flow Hazard in Ulleung‐do Island, South Korea
Authors: Kim Man-Il , Kim Namgyun
Published: March 2021

Ulleung‐do is a volcanic island located 130 km east of the Gangwon‐do province of South Korea. It is characterized by steep slopes covered with effusive rocks released from multiple volcanic activities. Having accumulated deep colluvium, Ulleung‐do Island manifests a high vulnerability to landslides frequently caused by heavy rains or typhoons, debris flow, rockfall, and other disaster hazards in mountainous areas. Therefore, facilities and residential areas located in the lower areas of the island sustain widespread damage. Hence, the installation of check dams designed to reflect the area’s local conditions is required to avoid further damage. In line with that, this study analyzes the disaster cases in Ulleung‐do’s mountain areas and the effect of check dams in debris flow reduction for each type using the KANAKO‐2D model. At observation point 1, the result shows that the maximum rate of debris flow is reduced by 48.5% with an open‐type check dam installed and 62.9% with a closed‐type check dam installed from the level without a check dam. For observation point 2, the maximum flow depth decreases by 49.7% with an open‐type check dam and 77.4% with a closed‐type check dam. Thus, this study suggests that the simple installation of check dams in a mountain stream that has experienced debris flow effectively mitigates damage brought by various disasters.
The Landscape of the Heritable Cancer Genome
Authors: Fanfani Viola , Citi Luca , Harris Adrian L. , Pezzella Francesco , Stracquadanio Giovanni
Published: March 2021

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have found hundreds of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with increased risk of cancer. However, the amount of heritable risk explained by SNPs is limited, leaving most of the cancer heritability unexplained. Tumor sequencing projects have shown that causal mutations are enriched in genic regions. We hypothesized that SNPs located in protein coding genes and nearby regulatory regions could explain a significant proportion of the heritable risk of cancer. To perform gene-level heritability analysis, we developed a new method, called Bayesian Gene Heritability Analysis (BAGHERA), to estimate the heritability explained by all genotyped SNPs and by those located in genic regions using GWAS summary statistics. BAGHERA was specifically designed for low heritability traits such as cancer and provides robust heritability estimates under different genetic architectures. BAGHERA-based analysis of 38 cancers reported in the UK Biobank showed that SNPs explain at least 10% of the heritable risk for 14 of them, including late onset malignancies. We then identified 1,146 genes, called cancer heritability genes (CHG), explaining a significant proportion of cancer heritability. CHGs were involved in hallmark processes controlling the transformation from normal to cancerous cells. Importantly, 60 of them also harbored somatic driver mutations, and 27 are tumor suppressors. Our results suggest that germline and somatic mutation information could be exploited to identify subgroups of individuals at higher risk of cancer in the broader population and could prove useful to establish strategies for early detection and cancer surveillance.

Significance:

This study describes a new statistical method to identify genes associated with cancer heritability in the broader population, creating a map of the heritable cancer genome with gene-level resolution.

See related commentary by Bader, p. 2586
Oral Health and Risk of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers in a Large Prospective Study from a High-risk Region: Golestan Cohort Study
Authors: Yano Yukiko , Abnet Christian C. , Poustchi Hossein , Roshandel Gholamreza , Pourshams Akram , Islami Farhad , Khoshnia Masoud , Amiriani Taghi , Norouzi Alireza , Kamangar Farin , Boffetta Paolo , Brennan Paul , Dawsey Sanford M. , Vogtmann Emily , Malekzadeh Reza , Etemadi Arash
Published: March 2021

Tooth loss and periodontal disease have been associated with several cancers, and poor oral health may be an important risk factor for upper gastrointestinal (UGI, i.e., esophageal and gastric) cancers. We assessed the relationship between oral health and UGI cancers using a large prospective study of over 50,000 adults living in Golestan Province, Iran, a high-incidence area for these cancers. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for the association between three different measures of oral health [frequency of tooth brushing; number of missing teeth; and the sum of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT)] and UGI cancers. During a median follow-up duration of 13 years, there were 794 incident UGI cancers (396 esophageal and 398 gastric cancers). Daily tooth brushing was associated with a decreased risk of developing both esophageal (HR = 0.670; 95% CI: 0.486–0.924) and gastric (HR = 0.741; 95% CI: 0.544–1.01) cancers (combined UGI cancer HR = 0.697; 95% CI: 0.558–0.871) compared with never brushing. Tooth loss in excess of the loess smoothed, age- and sex-specific median number of teeth lost was significantly associated with esophageal (HR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.08–2.47) and gastric cancers (HR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.05–2.38). There were some adverse associations between DMFT and UGI cancers but most were not statistically significant. These results suggest increased risk of developing UGI cancers among individuals with poor oral health, and those who do not perform regular oral hygiene.

Prevention Relevance:

Poor oral health is associated with the risk of upper gastrointestinal cancers, and oral hygiene practices may help prevent these cancers.
The 2020 Updated KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Ikizler Talat Alp , Cuppari Lilian
Published: March 2021

Over the last 2 decades, there has been a great accumulation of new evidence regarding the management of nutritional and metabolic aspects of kidney disease. The 2020 update to the KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD provides a comprehensive up-to-date information on the understanding and care of patients with CKD. It provides updated information on nutritional aspects of kidney disease for the practicing clinician and allied health-care workers. The current manuscript provides an overview of the updated guideline statements on major subjects including nutritional assessment, dietary protein and energy intake, nutritional supplementation, micronutrients, and electrolytes. The guidelines are focused on dietary management rather than all possible nutritional interventions.
Physiological Evaluation of Anomalous Aortic Origin of a Coronary Artery Using Computed Tomography–Derived Fractional Flow Reserve
Authors: Adjedj Julien , Hyafil Fabien , Halna du Fretay Xavier , Dupouy Patrick , Juliard Jean‐Michel , Ou Phalla , Laissy Jean‐Pierre , Muller Olivier , Wijns William , Aubry Pierre , Abi Khalil W. , Aguirre L. , Akesbi A. , Aubry P. , Banus Y. , Belle L. , Benamer H. , Biron Y. , Boiffard E. , Bouallal R. , Boudvillain O. , Bourkaïb R. , Brasselet C. , Bressollette E. , Brunel P. , Champagnac D. , Coco M. , Commeau P. , Cook S. , Couppie P. , de Poli F. , Delorme L. , Descoutures F. , Didier R. , Ducrocq G. , Dupouy P. , Durier C. , El Mahmoud R. , Estève J.‐B. , Faurie B. , Garbarz E. , Georges J.‐L. , Gérardin B. , Gibault‐Genty G. , Gilard M. , Godin M. , Goy J.‐J. , Haffner‐Debus C. , Halna du Fretay X. , Hanssen M. , Hascoët S. , Jacquemin L. , Jeanneteau J. , Joseph T. , Juliard J.‐M. , Karsenty B. , Koning R. , La Scala E. , Leddet P. , Lemesle G. , Leurent G. , Levy R. , Livarek B. , Loubeyre C. , Maillard L. , Mangin L. , Marlière S. , Nejjari M. , Ohlmann P. , Poulos N. , Py A. , Ranc S. , Rialan A. , Roriz R. , Rougier P. , Staat P. , Thuaire C. , Togni M. , van Rothem J. , Varenne O. , Voudris V.
Published: March 2021

Background

With the emergence of coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography, anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (ANOCOR) is more frequently diagnosed. Fractional flow reserve derived from CT (FFRCT) is a noninvasive functional test providing anatomical and functional evaluation of the overall coronary tree. These unique features of anatomical and functional evaluation derived from CT could help for the management of patients with ANOCOR. We aimed to retrospectively evaluate the physiological and clinical impact of FFRCT analysis in the ANOCOR registry population.

Methods and Results

The ANOCOR registry included patients with ANOCOR detected during invasive coronary angiography or coronary CT angiography between January 2010 and January 2013, with a planned 5‐year follow‐up. We retrospectively performed FFRCT analysis in patients with coronary CT angiography of adequate quality. Follow‐up was performed with a clinical composite end point (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and unplanned revascularization). We obtained successful FFRCT analyses and 5‐year clinical follow‐up in 54 patients (average age, 60±13 years). Thirty‐eight (70%) patients had conservative treatment, and 16 (30%) patients had coronary revascularization after coronary CT angiography. The presence of an ANOCOR course was associated with a moderate reduction of FFRCT value from 1.0 at the ostium to 0.90±0.10 downstream the ectopic course and 0.82±0.11 distally. No significant difference in FFRCT values was identified between at‐risk and not at‐risk ANOCOR. After a 5‐year follow‐up, only one unplanned percutaneous revascularization was reported.

Conclusions

The presence of ANOCOR was associated with a moderate hemodynamic decrease of FFRCT values and associated with a low risk of cardiovascular events after a 5‐year follow‐up in this middle‐aged population.
Associations Between Preoperative Glucose and Hemoglobin A1c Level and Myocardial Injury After Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: Park Jungchan , Oh Ah Ran , Lee Seung‐Hwa , Lee Jong‐Hwan , Min Jeong Jin , Kwon Ji‐Hye , Kim Jihoon , Yang Kwangmo , Choi Jin‐Ho , Lee Sang‐Chol , Gwon Hyeon‐Cheol , Kim Kyunga , Ahn Joonghyun , Lee Sangmin Maria
Published: March 2021

Background

Perioperative blood glucose level has shown an association with postoperative outcomes. We compared the incidences of myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) and 30‐day mortality, according to preoperative blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels.

Methods and Results

The patients were divided according to blood glucose level within 1 day before surgery. The hyperglycemia group was defined with fasting glucose >140 mg/dL or random glucose >180 mg/dL. In addition, we compared the outcomes according to HbA1c >6.5% among patients with available HbA1c within 3 months before surgery. The primary outcome was MINS, and 30‐day mortality was also compared. A total of 12 304 patients were enrolled and divided into 2 groups: 8324 (67.7%) in the normal group and 3980 (32.3%) in the hyperglycemia group. After adjustment with inverse probability of weighting, the hyperglycemia group exhibited significantly higher incidences of MINS and 30‐day mortality (18.7% versus 27.6%; odds ratio, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.18–1.42;
P
<0.001; and 2.0% versus 5.1%; hazard ratio, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.61–2.49;
P
<0.001, respectively). In contrast to blood glucose, HbA1c was not associated with MINS or 30‐day mortality.

Conclusions

Preoperative hyperglycemia was associated with MINS and 30‐day mortality, whereas HbA1c was not. Immediate glucose control may be more crucial than long‐term glucose control in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.

Registration

URL:
https://www.cris.nih.go.kr
; Unique identifier: KCT0004244.
Acute Ischemic Stroke in Patients With COVID-19
Authors: Srivastava Pratyaksh K. , Zhang Shuaiqi , Xian Ying , Xu Hanzhang , Rutan Christine , Alger Heather M. , Walchok Jason , Williams Joseph , de Lemos James A. , Decker-Palmer Marquita R. , Alhanti Brooke , Elkind Mitchell S.V. , Messé Steve R. , Smith Eric E. , Schwamm Lee H. , Fonarow Gregg C.
Published: March 2021

Background and Purpose:

Studies suggest an increased risk of adverse outcomes among patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Methods:

Using Get With The Guidelines–Stroke, we identified 41 971 patients (AIS/COVID-19: 1143; AIS/no COVID-19: 40 828) with AIS hospitalized between February 4, 2020 and June 29, 2020, from 458 Get With The Guidelines–Stroke hospitals with at least one COVID-19 case and evaluated clinical characteristics, treatment patterns, and outcomes.

Results:

Compared with patients with AIS/no COVID-19, those with AIS/COVID-19 were younger, more likely to be non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, or Asian, more likely to present with higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores, and had greater proportions of large vessel occlusions. Rates of thrombolysis and thrombectomy were similar between the groups. Door to computed tomography (median 55 [18–207] versus 35 [14–99] minutes,
P
<0.001), door to needle (59 [40–82] versus 46 [33–64] minutes,
P
<0.001), and door to endovascular therapy (114 [74–169] versus 90 [54–133] minutes,
P
=0.002) times were longer in the AIS/COVID-19 cohort. In adjusted models, patients with AIS/COVID-19 had decreased odds of discharge with modified Rankin Scale score of ≤2 (odds ratio, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.52–0.81],
P
<0.001) and increased odds of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 4.34 [95% CI, 3.48–5.40],
P
<0.001).

ConclusionS:

This analysis demonstrates younger age, greater stroke severity, longer times to evaluation and treatment, and worse morbidity and mortality in patients with AIS/COVID-19 compared with those with AIS/no COVID-19.
Religious Studies and the Spiritual Turn
Authors: Mosurinjohn Sharday , Watts Galen
Published: March 2021

This article surveys the range of positions from which religious studies scholars have generally responded to the spiritual turn. We classify these as: the sociology of religion approach, the critical religion approach, and the practical study for spirituality by professional fields like business, education, and healthcare. In light of recent cultural sociological and historical scholarship on the emic folk category “spirituality” we argue that, given their foundational assumptions, each of these approaches is inadequate for achieving an accurate empirical account of the spiritual turn. We argue that for sociology of religion and critical religion to adequately respond to the professional study for spirituality, they must begin to reckon with the minority consensus developed by cultural sociologists about the spiritual turn. The minority consensus holds that the spiritual turn comprises two components: first, a semantic shift from “religion” to “spirituality,” and second, the crystallization and spread of a shared cultural structure. Coming to terms with this approach will require scholars of religion to reconsider both their assumptions about the category “religion” as well as the limits of their discipline.
Correlated evolution between herbivory and gastrointestinal tract in a prolific lizard adaptive radiation
Authors: Pincheira-Donoso Daniel
Published: March 2021

Radiations of ectothermic vertebrates across cold climates depend on the coordinated evolution of multiple traits that compensate for the constraints imposed by limited and fluctuating resources, such as temperature, food and oxygen. One of nature’s most prolific such radiations, Liolaemus lizards, has diversified across the extreme cold climates of the Andes and Patagonia. Remarkably, the prevailing patterns of reptile herbivory are opposed by Liolaemus which, in contrast with lizards generally, have repeatedly evolved plant consumption across small-bodied species from cold climates. Herbivory is hypothesized to depend on the evolution of multiple traits that maximize absorption of nutrients from an intrinsically poor-quality diet, such as increases in gastrointestinal tract size and increases in the density of nematodes in the intestine that may assist with plant digestion. Here, a comparative phylogenetic approach across Liolaemus species is implemented to test these hypotheses, which have only been investigated nonphylogenetically. Results reveal that intestine length increases consistently with increasing herbivory, whereas stomach size or nematode load are not associated with plant consumption. Body size plays no role in herbivory either. Consequently, this evidence places emphasis on the enlargement of the intestine to facilitate the evolution of herbivory in cold climates.
Stagonosporopsis rhizophilae sp. nov. (Didymellaceae, Pleosporales), a new rhizospheric soil fungus associated with Populus deltoides Marsh
Authors: WEI HUANSHEN , HE XINGHUA , RICCARDO BARONCELLI , YANG YUZHAN , YUAN ZHILIN
Published: March 2021

In this work we describe Stagonosporopsis rhizophilae sp. nov. (Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Ascomycota), a new species isolated from the rhizospheric soil of Populus deltoides Marsh. Phylogenetic analyses based on combined multilocus sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS: ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2), and partial sequences of the large subunit 28S nrDNA region (LSU), β-tubulin (TUB), and RNA Polymerase II second-largest subunit (RPB2) clearly place this species within the genus Stagonosporopsis but distinguishes it from all known and closely related species such as S. nemophilae. Stagonosporopsis rhizophilae sp. nov. can also be differentiated from S. nemophilae by morphological characters and by the negative response of the NaOH spot test for the production of metabolite E.
Chrysosplenium fallax (Saxifragaceae), a new species from the Russian Far East
Authors: KOLDAEVA MARINA N.
Published: March 2021

A new species of Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae), C. fallax (ser. Pilosa), is described and illustrated from Primorsky Krai, the Far East of Russia. Chrysosplenium fallax forms specialized underground stolons during budding and early flowering. The largest leaves are located at the top of vegetative shoot and have a cuneate base and pubescence on the abaxial side. The top of vegetative shoot does not take roots. The distinguishing morphological features and the differences in the seasonal development of C. fallax from the closely related C. pilosum and C. villosum (ser. Pilosa) are listed.
Annotated list of Mimallonidae (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea) from Trinidad and Tobago, with the description of a new species of Cicinnus Blanchard, 1852 and taxonomic notes
Authors: LAURENT RYAN A. ST , COCK MATTHEW J. W.
Published: March 2021

We present the first list focused on Mimallonidae from Trinidad and Tobago and report seven genera and 13 species from Trinidad, and two genera and two species from Tobago, one species of which has not yet been found in Trinidad. All species found on these islands are figured, with the exception of the species known only from Tobago. Additionally, we describe a new species: Cicinnus trini, sp. n. This new species is closely allied to C. beta (Schaus, 1910), comb. n. and C. veigli (Schaus, 1934), comb. n. which we transfer to Cicinnus Blanchard, 1852 from Psychocampa Grote & Robinson, 1866 based on male genitalia characteristics. We designate lectotypes for C. beta, C. magnapuncta (Kaye, 1901), and Trogoptera guianaca Schaus, 1928.
Saying goodbye to monotypy in the poorly known genus Austrophyto Lopes, 1989 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae): new diagnosis and description of two new species
Authors: MULIERI PABLO RICARDO
Published: March 2021

The Argentinean endemic genus Austrophyto Lopes, 1989 is revised. The diagnosis of the genus is revised and circumscribed, especially focusing on the configuration of the male terminalia. The male of Austrophyto cordobensis is redescribed and two new species, A. noa sp. nov. and A. mariluisi sp. nov., are described. Structures of the male terminalia of all species are documented and compared. A key to the adult males of the species is presented. The genus Austrophyto Lopes is now represented by three species distributed in north-western Argentina.
Vietelmis jablonskii, a new species of riffle beetle from Laos and Thailand and new faunistic records on Vietelmis Delève, 1968 from Malaysia (Coleoptera: Elmidae)
Authors: KODADA JÁN , SANGPRADUB NARUMON , SOMNARK RUNGNAPA , GRUĽA DANIEL , ŽIAK DÁVID , FREITAG HENDRIK
Published: March 2021

A new species of riffle beetle, Vietelmis jablonskii, from Laos and Thailand is described and illustrated. Differences to other Vietelmis species are discussed and an identification key for the Vietelmis is presented. New faunistic records are provided for V. kovaci Kodada & Čiampor, 2000; the genus Vietelmis is newly recorded for Thailand.
2. Sustainability in the Anthropocene
Authors: Dolata Petra
Published: March 2021

Various meanings of sustainability emerged at specific historical times shaped by different prevailing energy systems. Even though sustainability in the Anthropocene always included views that saw nature as resource and hence linked sustainable practices to profit-making (yield), there are qualitative differences in the very meaning of sustainability and the ways it related to eighteenth-century forestry practices, nineteenth- and twentieth-century conservation efforts and twentieth-century environmental activism and global development goals. Some of these meanings may have been building on each other, others developed in opposition to previous understandings of sustainability. There is no straightforward, linear evolution of the term and it may be misleading to relate past meanings teleologically to today’s definitions as this may overshadow different meanings that were prominent at different times in history. A comparison over time and throughout the Anthropocene shows that the concept needs to be understood within its specific historical context.