bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engaging with the self
Authors: Reddy Vasudevi , Williams Emma , Costantini Cristina , Lan Britta
Published: September 2010

Children with autism achieve mirror self-recognition appropriate to developmental age, but are nonetheless reported to have problems in other aspects of a sense of self. We observed behaviour in the mirror in 12 pre-school children with autism, 13 pre-school children with Down syndrome (DS) and 13 typically developing (TD) toddlers. Reliable differences in reflecting actions, social relatedness and positive affect towards themselves, and an absence of coy smiles differentiated the children with autism from the others. The children with DS showed the highest interest in their own faces. These differences were largely independent of mirror self-recognition (MSR), broadly supporting arguments for dissociation between interpersonal and conceptual aspects of self. Mirror behaviour may be a subtle but easily elicited measure of the social quality of a sense of self.
Individual differences in second language reading outcomes
Authors: Erdos Caroline , Genesee Fred , Savage Robert , Haigh Corinne A.
Published: September 2010

This study examined whether individual variance in letter-name knowledge and phonological processing assessed in English (L1) in kindergarten French immersion students predicts their French (L2) decoding and reading comprehension scores at the end of grade 1; whether L2 oral language factors also contribute significantly to predictions of variability in L2 reading outcomes beyond knowledge of the alphabet and phonological processing; and whether the Simple View of Reading — SVR — (Gough & Tunmer, 1986) applies cross-linguistically as well as intra-linguistically. We administered a comprehensive battery of predictor tests that have been correlated with L1 decoding and comprehension skills in English to English-speaking students in early total French immersion at the beginning and end of kindergarten. Tests of word and pseudo-word decoding and reading comprehension in French were given at the end of grade 1. The best kindergarten predictors of L2 decoding were knowledge of the alphabetic principle in English, phonological awareness in English, and knowledge of French at kindergarten entry. The same variables were significant predictors of French reading comprehension, with the added contribution of scores related to oral language skills in L1. The results provide support for the SVR intra-linguistically, but not cross-linguistically.
Importance of Validation of Accuracy of Duplex Ultrasonography in Identifying Moderate and Severe Carotid Artery Stenosis
Authors: Shakhnovich Irina , Kiser Dennis , Satiani Bhagwan
Published: September 2010

Background and Purpose: The accuracy of carotid duplex ultrasonography (CDU) in detecting moderate and severe carotid artery disease was evaluated in comparison with arteriography. Methods: Accuracy of CDU was correlated with arteriographic findings using North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) criteria in 147 internal carotid arteries. The duplex measurements consisted of peak systolic velocities (PSVs), end diastolic velocities (EDVs), and internal carotid PSV to common carotid artery PSV ratios (ICA/CCA). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy (OA) using the 3 parameters were determined. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed from the ultrasonographic data for detection of 50% or greater stenosis (moderate disease) and 70% or greater stenosis (severe disease). Results: CDU for detecting ≥50% stenosis had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 87.8%, and accuracy of 96.6%. The area under the ROC curves for PSV was 0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.80-0.93), for EDV was 0.86 (95% CI 0.80-0.92), and for ICA:CCA ratio was 0.95 (CI 0.91-0.99). CDU for detecting ≥70% stenosis had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 87.1%, and accuracy of 94.5%. The area under the ROC curves for PSV was 0.76 (95% CI 0.68-0.84), for EDV was 0.74 (95% CI of 0.65-0.82), and for ICA/CCA ratio was 0.89 (0.84-0.94). Conclusions: We conclude that ≥50% stenosis and ≥70% stenosis can be reliably determined by CDU in our vascular laboratory. Each vascular laboratory must validate their own criteria against the current gold standard of carotid arteriography. A high degree of confidence in CDU is critical before any institution uses the test as the sole diagnostic method prior to carotid intervention.
Surgical Management of Inferior Vena Cava Strut Penetration Causing Hydronephrosis: Case Report
Authors: Baskara Arunkumar , Ahmed Rafay , Domingo Orville , Ahmadinejad Ali , Raezer David
Published: September 2010

We present a case of penetration of inferior venacava (IVC) by primary struts of Cook Celect filter and impingement on right ureter, causing symptomatic hydronephrosis and hydroureter, which was managed surgically by ureterolysis, mobilization of the ureter by retroperitoneal approach, excision of the filter strut, and omental wrap around the ureter.
Lopinavir/Ritonavir Dosage Form Affects Quality of Life During Monotherapy in HIV-Positive Adults
Authors: Yeh Rosa F. , Lipman Bryan A. , Mayberry Carl , Miguel Bernie , Nemecek John J. , Gathe Joseph C.
Published: September 2010

This was a single-center, open-label study of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) single-agent therapy in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-infected participants initiating therapy with twice-daily soft-gelatin capsules (SGC) and switched to tablets after ≥4 weeks. The objective was to evaluate quality of life and tolerability of the 2 formulations. Participants quality of life, depression, and tolerability were measured using the Medical Outcomes Study-HIV (MOS-HIV), Modified Global Condition Improvement (GCI), and Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D), prior to and 4 weeks following switch. MOS-HIV showed significant improvements in general health perception (+6 (16), mean (SD); P = .047) and role functioning (+8 (19), mean (SD); P = .023) post-switch. GCI showed significant improvement in ease of taking medications with tablets (56.7% vs 83.3%; P = .021). No change was observed in CES-D. Tolerability improved in 47%. Reported diarrhea (grade 2) was higher during SGC (33.3% vs3.3%; P = .004). Quality-of-life measures, tolerability, and diarrhea improved with the LPV/r tablet formulation compared to SGC in HIV-positive patients not receiving other antiretroviral therapy (ART).
HIV-Associated Histoplasmosis in a Nonendemic Area of the United States During the HAART Era: Role of Migration From Endemic Areas and Lack of Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Anderson Albert M. , Mehta Aneesh K. , Wang Yun F. , Jing Qian  , Easley Kirk , Nguyen Minh Ly T.
Published: September 2010

Histoplasmosis is known to be an AIDS-associated infection, with scattered areas of endemicity throughout the world. Although the Atlanta, GA, metropolitan area is not a highly endemic area, a significant number of cases have been noted at our institution in recent years. Cases of histoplasmosis over a 4-year period were reviewed. All 27 patients (100%) were HIV infected. Thirty percent of patients with histoplasmosis were from Latin American countries. Patients from Latin America were younger than patients from the United States, tended to be more likely to have proven disease, and were exclusively male. Patients with proven disease had significantly higher urine histoplasma antigen levels, lower platelets counts, and lower neutrophil counts than patients with probable disease. The majority of patients survived after treatment with antifungals and initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Histoplasmosis is thus an important consideration in the workup of patients with advanced HIV in nonendemic areas of the United States.
Offering of HIV Screening to Men Who Have Sex With Men by Their Health Care Providers and Associated Factors
Authors: Wall Kristin M. , Khosropour Christine M. , Sullivan Patrick S.
Published: September 2010

Objective: In 2006, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended offering HIV testing at least annually to men who have sex with men (MSM), but few studies describe the extent to which routine offering occurred after 2006. Methods: Data were collected from March to April 2009 using an online survey of US MSM aged ≥18 years. Multivariable logistic regression estimated the odds of being offered HIV testing for demographic factors and for having disclosed male-male sex behavior to the health care provider. Results: Of 4620 MSM reporting visiting a health care provider in the past year, 1385 (30%) were offered HIV testing. Being offered testing was associated with disclosing male-male sex to the provider (decreasing odds by age from age 20: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 19.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.79-23.41) and other demographic factors. Conclusions: Less than one third of the MSM visiting a provider reported being offered HIV testing. Providers should actively assess male-male sex risk to potentially improve offering of HIV screenings.
Changes in Gait Symmetry and Velocity After Stroke: A Cross-Sectional Study From Weeks to Years After Stroke
Authors: Patterson Kara K. , Gage William H. , Brooks Dina , Black Sandra E. , McIlroy William E.
Published: September 2010

Background. There is little information about the quality of gait in the years following stroke. Long-term changes in mobility, using global indices of function, suggest a decline well after initial rehabilitation. However, global indices of mobility do not reveal more specific changes in walking competency or underlying gait-specific impairment. Objectives. The authors used a cross-sectional design with gait-specific measures (velocity and symmetry) to investigate whether deterioration in gait occurs over the long term poststroke. Methods. Data were abstracted from a standardized database containing clinical assessments and spatiotemporal gait analyses for 171 individuals with stroke. Velocity and 3 expressions of symmetry ratios (swing time, stance time, and step length) were calculated for each individual; they were then assigned to 1 of the 5 following groups: 0 to 3, 3 to 12, 12 to 24, 24 to 48, and >48 months poststroke. Results. Swing time, stance time, and step length symmetry demonstrated a systematic linear trend toward greater asymmetry in groups in the later stages poststroke, whereas velocity, neurological deficit, and lower-extremity (LE) motor impairment did not. Conclusions. The quality of gait, as measured by spatial and temporal symmetry, appears to worsen in later years. These results suggest a dissociation between quantitative measures of gait, such as velocity versus symmetry, and that these parameters may measure independent features. A longitudinal study is needed to confirm the presence and to interpret the clinical meaning of a long-term decline in specific parameters of poststroke gait.
Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Role of Value/Identity-Based Motivation
Authors: Lei Wang  , Howell Jon P. , Hinrichs Kim T. , Prieto Leonel
Published: September 2010

This study is one of the very limited empirical research efforts on the value/identity-based motivation (VIM) theory proposed by Shamir. In this research, the authors tested the relationships between VIM and the five dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) as well as the moderating effects of individualistic/collectivistic orientation on the relationships between VIM and OCB dimensions. Data were collected from employees and their immediate supervisors in organizations located in the Midwestern and Southwestern United States. The results supported the hypothesized relationships between VIM and sportsmanship, civic virtue, courtesy, and altruism but failed to support the expected relationship between VIM and conscientiousness and the moderating effects. The findings of this study provide evidence for the validity of VIM as a theory of motivation for organizational behaviors, particularly in “weak situations,” and contribute to the body of knowledge regarding the antecedents of OCB.
Racial Differences in Barriers to Blood Pressure Control in a Family Practice Setting
Authors: Scott Jonathan M. , Spees Colleen K. , Taylor Christopher A. , Wexler Randy
Published: September 2010

Objective: Hypertension prevalence in the African American community is greater than in all other ethnic groups. Cultural perceptions of health and disease introduce barriers to providing effective care. The purpose of this study was to identify racial differences in the perceived causes of hypertension, current behaviors performed to control blood pressure, and perceived barriers to preventing or treating hypertension. Methods: A self-administered survey of patients seen for medical care in a primary care network was conducted. The survey was developed to measure perceptions of hypertension etiology and treatments. Data from African American (n = 69) and Caucasian (n = 218) respondents were used to assess racial differences in perceptions of blood pressure control. Results: About half of respondents knew their current blood pressures. African American patients were significantly less likely to believe that hypertension was caused by a lack of exercise and obesity. Significantly more Caucasians were less likely to report cutting down on table salt and taking prescription medications for blood pressure control. Both African Americans and Caucasians believed that sodium reduction was the most easily changed behavior to control their blood pressure, while both groups identified weight loss as being the most difficult. Conclusion: Racial differences exist in the perceived causes and treatments of high blood pressure, indicating a need for further patient education. When treating and counseling patients, physicians and support staff members must be sensitive to racial diversity and strive to offer culturally relevant solutions, especially for behaviors perceived as most difficult to change.
Super carbon nanotubes, fractal super tubes and fractal super fibres
Authors: Yin Y. J. , Fan Q. S. , Yang F. , Li Y.
Published: September 2010

The present paper deals with the recent progresses in super carbon nanotubes, fractal super tubes, fractal super fibres and multifractal super fibres. The concept and main ideas about super carbon nanotubes are recalled first. The marvellous properties of the super carbon nanotubes are reviewed. Then, the super carbon nanotube is further extended to fractal super carbon nanotube and fractal super tube, and the necessary conditions for forming a fractal super tube are summarised. To explain the paradox in the fractal dimension of fractal super tubes, fractal super fibres are constructed. To depict the multifractal-like geometries of biological fibres, the multifractal super fibres are designed from the hybrid of various single fractal super fibres.
Effects of Fetal Bovine Serum deprivation in cell cultures on the production of Anticarsia gemmatalis Multinucleopolyhedrovirus
Authors: Mengual Gómez Diego L , Belaich Mariano N , Rodríguez Vanina A , Ghiringhelli Pablo D
Published: September 2010

Background

Anticarsia gemmatalis is a pest in South America's soybean crops, which could be controlled by the Multinucleopolyhedrovirus of A. gemmatalis (AgMNPV). Currently, its commercial production is based on infected larvae. However, the possibility of using modified baculoviruses in Integrated Pest Management programs has stimulated an interest to develop alternative multiplication processes. This study evaluated the AgMNPV production in UFL-Ag-286 cells previously deprived Fetal Bovine Serum.

Results

Culture media containing 1% FBS during the previous 48 hours achieved a synchronized condition where 90% of cells were found in G0/G1 stage, showing the presence of non-filamentous actin. All characteristics were estimated from cellular viability tests, cell actin detection trials and flow cytometer cell cycle analysis. AgMNPV production was tested by transcript studies and budded viruses (BVs) and occlusion bodies (OBs) yield quantitation. Results showed that the productivity in FBS deprived cells was 9.8 times more in BVs and 3.8 times more in OBs with respect to non-treated cells.

Conclusions

UFL-Ag-286 cells previously deprived in FBS shown to be a better host for AgMNPV propagation, increasing the useful for both in vitro bioinsecticide production and applications such as recombinant protein expression or gene delivery.
Nuclear export regulation of COP1 by 14-3-3σ in response to DNA damage
Authors: Su Chun-Hui , Zhao Ruiying , Velazquez-Torres Guermarie , Chen Jian , Gully Christopher , Yeung Sai-Ching J , Lee Mong-Hong
Published: September 2010

Mammalian constitutive photomorphogenic 1 (COP1) is a p53 E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in regulating p53 protein level. In plants, the dynamic cytoplasm/nucleus distribution of COP1 is important for its function in terms of catalyzing the degradation of target proteins. In mammalian cells, the biological consequence of cytoplasmic distribution of COP1 is not well characterized. Here, we show that DNA damage leads to the redistribution of COP1 to the cytoplasm and that 14-3-3σ, a p53 target gene product, controls COP1 subcellular localization. Investigation of the underlying mechanism suggests that COP1 S387 phosphorylation is required for COP1 to bind 14-3-3σ. Significantly, upon DNA damage, 14-3-3σ binds to phosphorylated COP1 at S387, resulting in COP1's accumulation in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic COP1 localization leads to its enhanced ubiquitination. We also show that N-terminal 14-3-3σ interacts with COP1 and promotes COP1 nuclear export through its NES sequence. Further, we show that COP1 is important in causing p53 nuclear exclusion. Finally, we demonstrate that 14-3-3σ targets COP1 for nuclear export, thereby preventing COP1-mediated p53 nuclear export. Together, these results define a novel, detailed mechanism for the subcellular localization and regulation of COP1 after DNA damage and provide a mechanistic explanation for the notion that 14-3-3σ's impact on the inhibition of p53 E3 ligases is an important step for p53 stabilization after DNA damage.
Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C virus in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected Gambians
Authors: Jobarteh Modou , Malfroy Marine , Peterson Ingrid , Jeng Adam , Sarge-Njie Ramu , Alabi Abraham , Peterson Kevin , Cotten Matt , Hall Andrew , Rowland-Jones Sarah , Whittle Hilton , Tedder Richard , Jaye Assan , Mendy Maimuna
Published: September 2010

Background

The prevalence of HIV/hepatitis co-infection in sub-Saharan Africa is not well documented, while both HIV and HBV are endemic in this area.

Objective

The aim of this study is to determine the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV virus in HIV-infected subjects in the Gambia.

Methods

Plasma samples from HIV infected patients (190 individuals with clinically defined AIDS and 382 individuals without AIDS) were tested retrospectively for the presence of HBV sero-markers and for serum HBV DNA, screened for HCV infection by testing for anti-HCV antibody and HCV RNA.

Results

HBsAg prevalence in HIV-positive individuals is 12.2%. HIV/HBV co-infected individuals with CD4 count of <200 cells uL-1 have a higher HBV DNA viral load than patients with higher CD4 count (log 4.0 vs. log 2.0 DNA copies/ml, p < 0.05). Males (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.0, 3.2) were more likely to be HBsAg positive than female. HCV seroprevalence was 0.9% in HIV-positive individuals.

Conclusion

The prevalence of HBsAg carriage in HIV- infected Gambians is similar to that obtained in the general population. However co-infected individuals with reduced CD4 levels, indicative of AIDS had higher prevalence of HBeAg retention and elevated HBV DNA levels compared to non-AIDS patients with higher CD4 count.
Longitudinal assessment of cyst-like lesions of the knee and their relation to radiographic osteoarthritis and MRI-detected effusion and synovitis in patients with knee pain
Authors: Hayashi Daichi , Roemer Frank W , Dhina Zineb , Kwoh C Kent , Hannon Michael J , Moore Carolyn , Guermazi Ali
Published: September 2010

Introduction

The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of cystic lesions and cyst-like bursitides in subjects with frequent knee pain and to assess their relation to radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) severity; to describe bilaterality and size fluctuation of the lesions over 6 months; and to assess relations between the prevalence of synovium-lined lesions communicating with the joint capsule and severity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected effusion and synovitis.

Methods

One hundred and sixty-three subjects (total 319 knees) aged 35 to 65 with chronic, frequent knee pain were included. Imaging with 3 Tesla MRI was performed at baseline and 6-month follow-up with the same protocols as those used in the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Severity of radiographic OA was assessed using the Kellgren-Lawrence grade (0 to 4). Severity of effusion and synovitis was graded 0 to 3 based on the Whole Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score system. The associations of cysts and cyst-like bursitides and severity of radiographic OA, MRI-detected effusion and synovitis were analyzed using logistic regression controlling for clustering by person. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to determine whether there was a significant change in the size of lesions between baseline and follow-up.

Results

At least one lesion (any type) was present in 222 (70%) knees. The most prevalent lesions were popliteal cysts (40%, 128/319), followed by subgastrocnemius bursitis (15%, 49/319) and proximal tibiofibular joint cysts (8%, 26/319). Bilateral lesions were seen in 49% of the subjects. Only popliteal cysts and subgastrocnemius bursitis showed a significant change in size (P < 0.001). No trend was observed between prevalence of any of the cyst-like lesions analyzed and the increasing radiographic OA severity. Increasing prevalence of subgastrocnemius bursitis was associated with increasing severity of effusion (P = 0.0072) and synovitis (P = 0.0033).

Conclusions

None of the cyst-like lesions analyzed seems to be a marker of radiographic OA severity in knees with chronic frequent pain. Subgastrocnemius bursitis may be used as a marker of effusion/synovitis severity. Bilateral cyst-like lesions are relatively commonly observed in people with chronic knee pain.
A perspective on 3D surface-related multiple elimination
Authors: Dragoset Bill , Verschuur Eric , Moore Ian , Bisley Richard
Published: September 2010

Surface-related multiple elimination (SRME) is an algorithm that predicts all surface multiples by a convolutional process applied to seismic field data. Only minimal preprocessing is required. Once predicted, the multiples are removed from the data by adaptive subtraction. Unlike other methods of multiple attenuation, SRME does not rely on assumptions or knowledge about the subsurface, nor does it use event properties to discriminate between multiples and primaries. In exchange for this “freedom from the subsurface,” SRME requires knowledge of the acquisition wavelet and a dense spatial distribution of sources and receivers. Although a 2D version of SRME sometimes suffices, most field data sets require 3D SRME for accurate multiple prediction. All implementations of 3D SRME face a serious challenge: The sparse spatial distribution of sources and receivers available in typical seismic field data sets does not conform to the algorithmic requirements. There are several approaches to implementing 3D SRME that address the data sparseness problem. Among those approaches are pre-SRME data interpolation, on-the-fly data interpolation, zero-azimuth SRME, and true-azimuth SRME. Field data examples confirm that (1) multiples predicted using true-azimuth 3D SRME are more accurate than those using zero-azimuth 3D SRME and (2) on-the-fly interpolation produces excellent results.
Surface-wave analysis for building near-surface velocity models — Established approaches and new perspectives
Authors: Socco Laura Valentina , Foti Sebastiano , Boiero Daniele
Published: September 2010

Today, surface-wave analysis is widely adopted for building near-surface S-wave velocity models. The surface-wave method is under continuous and rapid evolution, also thanks to the lively scientific debate among different disciplines, and interest in the technique has increased significantly during the last decade. A comprehensive review of the literature in the main scientific journals provides historical perspective, methodological issues, applications, and most-promising recent approaches. Higher modes in the inversion and retrieval of lateral variations are dealt with in great detail, and the current scientific debate on these topics is reported. A best-practices guideline is also outlined.
Surface and borehole ground-penetrating-radar developments
Authors: Slob Evert , Sato Motoyuki , Olhoeft Gary
Published: September 2010

During the past [Formula: see text], ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has evolved from a skeptically received glacier sounder to a full multicomponent 3D volume-imaging and characterization device. The tool can be calibrated to allow for quantitative estimates of physical properties such as water content. Because of its high resolution, GPR is a valuable tool for quantifying subsurface heterogeneity, and its ability to see nonmetallic and metallic objects makes it a useful mapping tool to detect, localize, and characterize buried objects. No tool solves all problems; so to determine whether GPR is appropriate for a given problem, studying the reasons for failure can provide an understanding of the basics, which in turn can help determine whether GPR is appropriate for a given problem. We discuss the specific aspects of borehole radar and describe recent developments to become more sensitiveto orientation and to exploit the supplementary information in different components in polarimetric uses of radar data. Multicomponent GPR data contain more diverse geometric information than single-channel data, and this is exploited in developed dedicated imaging algorithms. The evolution of these imaging schemes is discussed for ground-coupled and air-coupled antennas. For air-coupled antennas, the measured radiated wavefield can be used as the basis for the wavefield extrapolator in linear-inversion schemes with an imaging condition, which eliminates the source-time function and corrects for the measured radiation pattern. A handheld GPR system coupled with a metal detector is ready for routine use in mine fields. Recent advances in modeling, tomography, and full-waveform inversion, as well as Green’s function extraction through correlation and deconvolution, show much promise in this field.
Ten years of marine CSEM for hydrocarbon exploration
Authors: Constable Steven
Published: September 2010

Marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) surveying has been in commercial use for predrill reservoir appraisal and hydrocarbon exploration for [Formula: see text]. Although a recent decrease has occurred in the number of surveys and publications associated with this technique, the method has become firmly established as an important geophysical tool in the offshore environment. This is a consequence of two important aspects associated with the physics of the method: First, it is sensitive to high electrical resistivity, which, although not an unambiguous indicator of hydrocarbons, is an important property of economically viable reservoirs. Second, although the method lacks the resolution of seismic wave propagation, it has a much better intrinsic resolution than potential-field methods such as gravity and magnetic surveying, which until now have been the primary nonseismic data sets used in offshore exploration. Although by many measures marine CSEM is still in its infancy, the reliability and noise floors of the instrument systems have improved significantly over the last decade, and interpretation methodology has progressed from simple anomaly detection to 3D anisotropic inversion of multicomponent data using some of the world’s fastest supercomputers. Research directions presently include tackling the airwave problem in shallow water by applying time-domain methodology, continuous profiling tools, and the use of CSEM for reservoir monitoring during production.
Rock-physics diagnostics of depositional texture, diagenetic alterations, and reservoir heterogeneity in high-porosity siliciclastic sediments and rocks — A review of selected models and suggested work flows
Authors: Avseth Per , Mukerji Tapan , Mavko Gary , Dvorkin Jack
Published: September 2010

Rock physics has evolved to become a key tool of reservoir geophysics and an integral part of quantitative seismic interpretation. Rock-physics models adapted to site-specific deposition and compaction help extrapolate rock properties away from existing wells and, by so doing, facilitate early exploration and appraisal. Many rock-physics models are available, each having benefits and limitations. During early exploration or in frontier areas, direct use of empirical site-specific models may not help because such models have been created for areas with possibly different geologic settings. At the same time, more advanced physics-based models can be too uncertain because of poor constraints on the input parameters without well or laboratory data to adjust these parameters. A hybrid modeling approach has been applied to siliciclastic unconsolidated to moderately consolidated sediments. Specifically in sandstones, a physical-contact theory (such as the Hertz-Mindlin model) combined with theoretical elastic bounds (such as the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds) mimics the elastic signatures of porosity reduction associated with depositional sorting and diagenesis, including mechanical and chemical compaction. For soft shales, the seismic properties are quantified as a function of pore shape and occurrence of cracklike porosity with low aspect ratios. A work flow for upscaling interbedded sands and shales using Backus averaging follows the hybrid modeling of individual homogenous sand and shale layers. Different models can be included in site-specific rock-physics templates and used for quantitative interpretation of lithology, porosity, and pore fluids from well-log and seismic data.
PKCζ regulates cell polarisation and proliferation restriction during mammary acinus formation
Authors: Whyte Jacqueline , Thornton Laura , McNally Sara , McCarthy Sarah , Lanigan Fiona , Gallagher William M. , Stein Torsten , Martin Finian
Published: September 2010

Mammary epithelial cells organize in three dimensions and generate acini when supported on laminin-rich extracellular matrix. Acinus formation begins with the apicobasal polarisation of the outer cells of the assembly and the withdrawal of these cells from the cell cycle. Internal cells then clear out to form a hollow lumen. Here, we show that PKCζ is phosphorylated (at T410) and activated in the early stages of acinus formation in both primary cells and MCF10A cells, and during mammary tree maturation in vivo. Phospho-PKCζ colocalised with tight junction components and bound to the Par polarising complex in developing acini. To further investigate the importance of PKCζ phosphorylation in this context, acinus formation was studied in MCF10A cells overexpressing non-phosphorylatable (T410A) or ‘constitutively phosphorylated’ (T410E) PKCζ. In both cell types, acinus-associated cell polarisation and lumen clearance were compromised, emphasising the importance of regulated phosphorylation of PKCζ at T410 for successful acinus formation. PKCζ can be activated in a phosphorylation (at T410)-dependent and a phosphorylation-independent manner. Cells overexpressing a complete kinase-deficient PKCζ (K281W) displayed a cell polarising deficit, but also generated large ‘multi-acinar’ structures with associated early lumenal cell hyperproliferation. Therefore our data shows, for the first time, that two separable PKCζ activities (one phosphorylation-dependent, the other not) are required to support the cell polarisation and proliferation restriction that underpins successful acinus formation. Paralleling these contributions, we found that low levels of PKCζ mRNA expression are associated with more ‘poorly differentiated’ tumours and a poor outcome in a cohort of 295 breast cancer patients.
Jackknife Prevention for Articulated Vehicles Using Model Reference Adaptive Control
Authors: Chen L-K , Shieh Y-A
Published: September 2010

This paper investigates the use of differential breaking to prevent jackknifing of tractor—semi-trailer vehicles. The model reference adaptive control (MRAC) technique is used to design a controller that is able to address the effects caused by changes in the loading conditions of the semi-trailer. The MRAC controller is first evaluated using computer simulations which show that the controller is able to effectively respond to changes in loading conditions. A scale model of a tractor—semi-trailer vehicle is constructed to act as a platform on which to perform experiments. Using this scale model it is shown that differential braking is able to reduce the fifth wheel angle in a constant-speed turning manoeuvre. Furthermore, it is experimentally confirmed that the controller can adaptively provide control actions to respond to changes in the semi-trailer's loading conditions. It is also experimentally shown that braking while performing a turning manoeuvre is detrimental for fifth wheel angle stability, and that differential braking can create significant stability improvements in this situation.
Particle number and size distribution characteristics from diesel- and liquefied-natural-gas-fuelled buses for various emission certification modes in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Kwon S I , Hong J H
Published: September 2010

This study was primarily focused on the experimental comparison of the particle emission characteristics of diesel and liquefied-natural-gas (LNG) fuels for heavy-duty vehicles. Particulate matter from various heavy-duty engines and vehicles were analysed with a golden particle measurement system recommended by the Particle Measurement Program. This system consists of a constant-volume sampler, a particle number counter, and particle number diluters. To verify the particle number and size distribution characteristics of diesel-fuelled engines and buses, including LNG fuel, various dynamic operation modes, such as the European Transient Cycle (ETC) mode, the European Stabilized Cycle (ESC) mode, and the National Institute of Environmental Research mode, uniquely developed in Korea, were evaluated. The formation of the particles depended closely upon the vehicle speed and the load conditions of each mode. In particular, the particle number sharply increased for fast-transient-acceleration and high-load operation within a heavy-duty engine. The partial diesel particulate filter efficiency was evaluated under the ETC and ESC modes using both engine and vehicle dynamometers.
Prediction and analysis of sliding wear performance of fused deposition modelling-processed ABS plastic parts
Authors: Equbal A , Sood A K , Toppo V , Ohdar R K , Mahapatra S S
Published: September 2010

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is gaining distinct advantage in manufacturing industries because of their ability to manufacture parts with complex shapes without any tooling requirement and human interface. The properties of FDM-built parts exhibit high dependence on process parameters and can be improved by setting parameters at suitable levels. Resistance to wear is an important consideration for enhancing the service life of functional parts. Hence, the present work focuses on an extensive study to understand the effect of five important parameters such as layer thickness, part build orientation, raster angle, raster width, and air gap on the sliding wear of test specimen. Microphotographs are used to explain the mechanism of wear. The study not only provides insight into complex dependency of wear on process parameters but also develops a statistically validated predictive equation. The equation can be used by the process planner for accurate wear prediction in practice.
Mitiglinide: A Novel Agent for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Phillippe Haley M , Wargo Kurt A
Published: September 2010

Objective:

To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of mitiglinide, a rapid-acting insulin secretion-stimulating agent to determine its potential role in therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Data Sources:

A MEDLINE search (1966–May 2010) was conducted for English-language, human studies using the terms mitiglinide, KAD 1229, S 21403, and meglitinide analogs. Abstracts presented at the American Association and European Association for the Study of Diabetes annual meetings from 2005 to 2009 were also evaluated for relevant data.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

Articles pertinent to the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of mitiglinide were reviewed.

Data Synthesis:

Mitiglinide has been shown through small clinical studies (N <400) to modestly decrease hemoglobin A1c, postprandial hyperglycemia, and oxidative stress and inflammatory markers associated with postprandial hyperglycemia. Mitiglinide exerts its hypoglycemic activity by closing adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–sensitive potassium channels in the β-islet cells of the pancreas. This agent has a rapid onset and short duration of action, mimicking a physiologic pattern of insulin release in nondiabetic people. Studies suggest a starting dose of 5 mg 3 times daily with meals and a maximum dose of 20 mg 3 times daily. Overall, mitiglinide is well tolerated, with the most common adverse effect being hypoglycemia.

Conclusions:

Mitiglinide is the third agent in the class of meglitinides that targets postprandial hyperglycemia. Because of a more intensive dosing regimen, potential cost, and lack of studies assessing the clinical impact of mitiglinide therapy on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers secondary to postprandial hyperglycemia, we cannot recommend this therapy over currently approved therapies.
Efavirenz Plasma Concentrations and Cytochrome 2B6 Polymorphisms
Authors: Lindfelt Tristan , O'Brien John , Song Jessica C , Patel Rajul , Winslow Dean L
Published: September 2010

Background:

Interpatient variability in efavirenz concentrations may be due to CYP2B6 genetic polymorphisms. Efavirenz concentration and pharmacogenomic data are scarce in Latino patients.

Objective:

To evaluate the difference in trough and midpoint efavirenz plasma concentrations between HIV-positive Latino and white patients. In addition, this study evaluated the association between efavirenz concentrations and CYP2B6 polymorphisms in Latino and white HIV-positive subjects.

Methods:

This pilot study included 10 Latinos and 10 whites. Two efavirenz blood concentrations were determined: a trough and a midpoint. CYP2B6 genetic polymorphisms were analyzed at the 516 (G to T) and 785 (A to G) codons. The Mann-Whitney test was used to determine whether efavirenz concentrations varied with ethnicity. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine whether efavirenz concentrations varied with CYP2B6 genetic polymorphisms. Efavirenz concentrations were expressed as medians (minimum, maximum).

Results:

Midpoint concentrations were 1.58 μg/mL (1.36, 6.02) and 3.14 μg/mL (1.74, 7.72) for whites and Latinos, respectively (p < 0.05). Trough concentrations did not vary as a function of ethnicity. Ten percent of Latinos and whites tested positive for homozygous variants of CYP2B6-516 and CYP2B6-785. One white subject tested positive for the homozygous variant of CYP2B6-1459. Trough concentrations for 516TT, 516GT, and 516GG (wild type) were 5.13 μg/mL (4.13, 6.12), 2.13 μg/mL (1.33, 3.37), and 1.44 μg/mL (0.59, 2.92), respectively (p < 0.05). Trough concentrations for 785GG, 785AG, and 785AA (wild type) were 5.12 μg/mL (4.13, 6.12), 1.98 μg/mL (1.33, 3.37), and 1.27 μg/mL (0.59, 2.92), respectively (p < 0.05). None of the patients took concomitant medications that impacted CYP2B6 metabolism.

Conclusions:

Trough efavirenz concentrations were significantly higher in patients with the 785 (A to G) and 516 (G to T) variants. Midpoint efavirenz concentrations in Latinos were significantly higher than those of whites.
Pharmacists' Preferences for Providing Patient-Centered Services: A Discrete Choice Experiment to Guide Health Policy
Authors: Grindrod Kelly A , Marra Carlo A , Colley Lindsey , Tsuyuki Ross T , Lynd Larry D
Published: September 2010

Background:

In Canada, most pharmacists are not paid to provide patient-centered services. In other areas of the world these services have suffered from poor adoption by pharmacists.

Objective:

To determine pharmacists' preferences for providing patient-centered services.

Methods:

Senior pharmacy students and pharmacists in British Columbia and Alberta were recruited to complete a discrete choice experiment. In 18 different choice-sets, respondents were asked to choose 1 of 3 options that included 2 different hypothetical patient-centered services and a status quo option. For each hypothetical service, we described the following attributes: service type and setting, personal income and job satisfaction, professional fee, and educational requirements. Multinomial logit and latent class regression models determined respondents' relative preference weights for each attribute.

Results:

Of 539 respondents who completed the questionnaire, 49% were dispensary pharmacists or managers, 12% were dispensary owners or regional managers, 21% were clinical pharmacists, and 16% were students. When choosing new services, respondents were very averse to having their personal income or job satisfaction decrease. They also preferred a higher professional fee for the service (to be paid to the pharmacy) and preferred a weeklong course or a preceptorship over no education before embarking on new services. Respondents also preferred medication or disease management services, were not interested in screening, and were averse to typical pharmacy services. Finally, respondents preferred the clinic setting over the dispensary. Preferences differed according to several factors including respondents' employment and time in practice.

Conclusions:

Pharmacists prefer to provide patient-centered services over typical pharmacy services. Most will need to be assured that their income and job satisfaction will be maintained or increased and that they will have access to suitable advanced education. Decision-makers should carefully consider these preferences to improve program success and sustainability.
FDA's Recommendations on the Use of Long-Acting β2 Agonists in the Management of Asthma
Authors: Robinson Christie A
Published: September 2010

The revised labeling for long-acting β2 agonists (LABAs) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is controversial and in part is inconsistent with the 2007 National Asthma Education and Prevention Program asthma guidelines. Two large randomized controlled studies, the Serevent Nationwide Surveillance (SNS) study and the Salmeterol Multicenter Asthma Research Trial (SMART), and a 2008 meta-analysis conducted by the FDA were the main sources of information used to determine the label changes. A paucity of large, well-designed, controlled, prospective studies evaluating the asthma-related risks associated with LABAs makes it difficult to reach a consensus regarding how best to use LABAs in patients with asthma.
Prognostic Assessment of Elderly Patients with Symptoms of Heart Failure by Combining High-Sensitivity Troponin T and N-Terminal Pro–B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Measurements
Authors: Alehagen Urban , Dahlström Ulf , Rehfeld Jens F , Goetze Jens P
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND

N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a useful biomarker in heart failure assessment, whereas measurement of cardiac troponin is central in the diagnosis of patients with acute coronary syndromes. This report examined the prognostic use of combining high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and NT-proBNP measurements in elderly patients presenting to a primary care center with symptoms associated with heart failure.

METHODS

A total of 470 elderly patients (age range 65–86 years) presenting with symptoms of heart failure were recruited from primary healthcare. In addition to clinical examination and echocardiography, hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP plasma concentrations were measured. All patients were followed for 10 years, and cardiovascular mortality was registered.

RESULTS

By use of the hs-cTnT assay, 80.4% of the population had plasma concentrations above the lower detection limit of the assay. Of those displaying a plasma concentration of hs-cTnT >99th percentile of a healthy population, 43% also had an NT-proBNP concentration in the fourth quartile (>507 ng/L). In the multivariate analysis, we observed a 2.5-fold increased risk for cardiovascular mortality in individuals with a plasma NT-proBNP concentration >507 ng/L (P < 0.0001). Conversely, patients with hs-cTnT >99th percentile displayed an approximately 2-fold increased risk for cardiovascular mortality (P = 0.0002). Combining the 2 biomarkers, NT-proBNP concentrations >507 ng/L with hs-cTnT >99th percentile increased the risk 3-fold, even after adjustment for clinical variables such as age, sex, impaired estimated glomerular filtration rate, and anemia (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP measurements combined provide better prognostic information than using either biomarker separately in elderly patients with symptoms associated with heart failure.
The Effect of Reference Point Diagnosticity on Attractiveness and Intentions Ratings
Authors: Suk Kwanho , Yoon Song-Oh , Lichtenstein Donald R. , Song Sie Yeoun
Published: September 2010

Researchers have long been interested in understanding cognitive processing differences across consumer judgments and choices. Although it represents a focal outcome in much research, less attention has focused on the “choice-like” response of behavioral intentions. This research compares processing differences in the formulation of judgments of attractiveness and intentions. On the basis of the premise that different goals underlie these responses, the authors hypothesize that alternative reference points result from differential reference point diagnosticity. The authors test this prediction in the domain of price attractiveness and purchase intentions ratings. Study 1 provides evidence that endpoints of the range of alternative prices are more predictive of ratings of price attractiveness than of purchase intentions, while price rank and distribution mean are more predictive of purchase intentions ratings than of price attractiveness ratings. Study 2 replicates this effect using a different methodology. Finally, Study 3 provides a test of the external validity of these findings in a multicue setting.