bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk of thyroid cancer after therapeutic irradiation in adult patients: An Age‐Based surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis
Authors: Dalwadi Shraddha M. , Dorman Clark , Fisher Sarah B. , Bonnen Mark , Grubbs Elizabeth , Ludwig Michelle S.
Published: November 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

One risk of radiation therapy exposure (XRTe) is second primary thyroid cancer (SPTC). Previous reports examined this in children, but no population‐based studies have explored XRTe and SPTC across all ages or stratified by histological subtypes.

Study Design

Database study.

Methods

We report patient characteristics of a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) dataset of SPTC (n = 4,669) using χ2 and t tests. Odds ratio (OR) for SPTC was determined based on age, histology, and XRTe compared to expected values in the SEER database. Kaplan‐Meier survival and Cox proportional hazard ratios were reported to determine factors influencing latent survival (LS; time from initial diagnosis to SPTC) and overall survival in univariate and multivariate models.

Results

Extrathyroid extension and node status based on XRTe were similar (P = .684 and P = .776, respectively). XRTe patients were more likely to have smaller tumors (17.6 vs. 19.3 mm, P = .007). XRTe patients were diagnosed with SPTC at younger ages (59.8 vs. 62.7 years, P < .001) without a difference in LS (7.45 vs. 7.50 years, P = .426). Patients aged 1 to 14 years and 15 to 29 years at diagnosis of first cancer are at higher risk of SPTC after XRTe (OR = 1.89, P = .005 and OR = 2.35, P = .001, respectively), unlike patients age 30 to 44 years and 45+ years (OR = 1.03, P = .823 and OR = 0.97, P = .624, respectively). This difference is not present for follicular and medullary SPTC.

Conclusions

Patients aged 30+ years receiving radiation therapy (XRT) do not have an increased risk of SPTC. Deliberation is necessary in recommending, planning, and delivering XRT to minimize risk of subsequent malignancy in younger patients.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 130: 2081–2086, 2020
Salty sensors, fresh ideas: The use of molecular and imaging sensors in understanding plankton dynamics across marine and freshwater ecosystems
Authors: Spanbauer Trisha Lyn , Briseño‐Avena Christian , Pitz Kathleen Johnson , Suter Elizabeth
Published: November 2019

Understanding plankton dynamics in marine ecosystems has been advanced using in situ molecular and imaging instrumentation. A range of research objectives have been addressed through high‐resolution autonomous sampling, from food web characterization to harmful algal bloom dynamics. When used together, molecular and imaging sensors can cover the full‐size range, genetic identity, and life stages of plankton. Here, we briefly review a selection of in situ instrumentation developed for the collection of molecular and imaging information on plankton communities in marine ecosystems. In addition, we interviewed a selection of instrumentation developers to determine if the transfer of sensor technology from marine to freshwater ecosystems is feasible and to describe the process of creating in situ sensors. Finally, we discuss the status of in situ molecular and imaging sensors in freshwater ecosystems and how some of the reviewed sensors could be used to address basic and applied research questions.
Natural Beauty
Authors: Benson Peter
Published: November 2019

This is a story of young love. A boy raised on baseball near the Bronx meets a farm girl who works and rides. Dorm days and nights are alternative music and playing hooky. Summer trips to the farm get him hooked. Set across a culture of higher education, this work of creative nonfiction with a soundtrack describes intimacies of cattle farming, horseback riding, campus life, and domesticity. About natural and cultural aesthetics, it is also an almanac entry for agrarian queerness and immense alternatives.
A 20th anniversary perspective on the life of RAFT (RAFT coming of age)
Authors: Moad Graeme , Rizzardo Ezio
Published: November 2019

RAFT (reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer) polymerization, making use of thiocarbonylthio transfer agents, was announced to the world just over 21 years ago. RAFT arose out of a desire to achieve perfection in polymers (or at least to define and limit the imperfections) and to invent living radical polymerization. However, living radical polymerization cannot be and never was. This perspective looks at RAFT after 21 years of development. Is RAFT a mature technology? We briefly summarize areas of current interest focusing on what is happening at CSIRO and point to where RAFT is going in areas such as RAFT free from exogenous initiators (photoRAFT, PET‐RAFT, eRAFT), new RAFT agents, RAFT for sequence‐defined polymers and RAFT single unit monomer insertion, RAFT emulsion polymerization and RAFT polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (PISA), RAFT‐crosslinking polymerization and the industrial applications of RAFT. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Tropical atmospheric drivers of wintertime European precipitation events
Authors: Li Ronald K. K. , Woollings Tim , O'Reilly Chris , Scaife Adam A.
Published: November 2019

From observations, we identify a wave‐like pattern associated with northwestern European seasonal precipitation events. These events are associated with tropical precipitation anomalies, prompting us to investigate if there are any tropical–extratropical teleconnections, in particular the role of tropical anomalies in driving extratropical dynamics through Rossby wave propagation. Using a hierarchy of models from ray tracing to barotropic and baroclinic models, we investigate the Rossby wave mechanism and test potential tropical drivers and yield qualitative results. Using a barotropic model, we identify potential Rossby wave source regions which are consistent between the observations and the model. These regions include the tropical western and eastern Atlantic, the subtropical eastern Atlantic and, to a smaller degree, the subtropical eastern Pacific. Zonal wavenumber 2 and 3 components of the barotropic model responses match well with the observations and ray tracing supports the importance of these components. We use a baroclinic model to investigate the link between the observed Rossby wave source anomalies and the observed tropical precipitation anomalies. The reduced precipitation observed in the tropical Atlantic just north of the Equator can generate some of the observed Rossby wave source anomalies in the tropical Atlantic, while the increased precipitation observed in the tropical eastern Pacific can generate some of the observed Rossby wave source anomalies in the subtropical eastern Pacific. Our results can also be applied to European drought events because of the qualitative linearity in the observations and in our linear methods.
Are all stem cells equal? Systematic review, evidence map, and meta-analyses of preclinical stem cell-based therapies for bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Augustine Sajit , Cheng Wei , Avey Marc T. , Chan Monica L. , Lingappa Srinivasa Murthy Chitra , Hutton Brian , Thébaud Bernard
Published: November 2019

Regenerative stem cell-based therapies for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the most common preterm birth complication, demonstrate promise in animals. Failure to objectively appraise available preclinical data and identify knowledge gaps could jeopardize clinical translation. We performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) of preclinical studies testing cell-based therapies in experimental neonatal lung injury. Fifty-three studies assessing 15 different cell-based therapies were identified: 35 studied the effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) almost exclusively in hyperoxic rodent models of BPD. Exploratory NMAs, for select outcomes, suggest that MSCs are the most effective therapy. Although a broad range of promising cell-based therapies has been assessed, few head-to-head comparisons and unclear risk of bias exists. Successful clinical translation of cell-based therapies demands robust preclinical experimental design with appropriately blinded, randomized, and statistically powered studies, based on biological plausibility for a given cell product, in standardized models and endpoints with transparent reporting.

Significance statement Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease that follows ventilator and oxygen therapy for acute respiratory failure after premature birth, is the most frequent complication of extreme prematurity. BPD is associated with long-term respiratory and neurological consequences reaching into adulthood and currently lacks effective therapy. Regenerative cell-based therapy, demonstrating therapeutic benefit in experimental neonatal lung injury, has now spawned clinical trials. Yet there has been no systematic review to assess the extent of current evidence regarding safety and efficacy of cell-based therapies in preclinical BPD and identify gaps that could jeopardize successful clinical translation.
Further Evidence on the Effect of Clean Indoor Air Laws on Smoking: The Italian Case
Authors: Celidoni Martina , Pieroni Luca , Salmasi Luca
Published: November 2019

The evidence about the effectiveness of anti‐smoking legislation on smoking behavior is mixed. We provide new estimates for Italy using unexplored data drawn from the Household Budget Survey. We show that the smoking ban introduced in 2005 has a significant effect on smoking incidence. According to our baseline specification, the ban reduces household‐based smoking prevalence by 1.3 percentage points. Results are robust to the various empirical strategies proposed in the literature, even accounting for seasonality.
On complexity and transparency: The limits of taxonomic ordering
Authors: Valentinov Vladislav , Verschraegen Gert , van Assche Kristof
Published: November 2019

This research note is a rejoinder to Steve Wallis' commentary on our paper "The limits of transparency: a systems theory view" (Valentinov, Verschraegen, van Assche, 2019)
Evaluation of improved detection method for damaged transmission line arresters using frequency characteristics of equivalent series resistance
Authors: Kawamura Hironao , Itamoto Naoki , Shinjo Kazuo
Published: November 2019

As an effective countermeasure against lightning faults on transmission lines, transmission line arresters (TLAs) have been installed. However, they have been damaged by lightning strokes with large electric charges, particularly in winter. Through the investigation of damaged TLAs, we found that some of the internal zinc oxide elements had been damaged despite the undamaged appearance of the arresters. Therefore, it is necessary to detect TLAs with damaged zinc oxide elements as soon as possible to prevent lightning faults with arrester failures. As reported in this paper, we have improved the previous method of detecting TLAs with damaged zinc oxide elements using the frequency characteristics of equivalent series resistance and evaluated the accuracy of the improved method. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Observer‐based controller for a class of Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy models with uncertainty
Authors: Han Hugang
Published: November 2019

Assuming all states are unavailable in a class of Takagi‐Sugeno (T‐S) fuzzy models with uncertainty, this article consists of designs of observers and controllers. Unlike the traditional state observer that is usually designed for the whole state once and for all, this article partitions the whole state into two parts: one is independent of the input and the uncertainty, and the other is not. Following some unique matrix transformations, an observer of the former part is first developed, based on which observers of the latter part and the uncertainty are derived. Using the observers, a controller that guarantees an asymptotically stable closed‐loop control system is proposed. Moreover, in order to determine the relevant design parameters more simply, it makes clear that the separate property is held in this case. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nutrient loading and nonstationarity: The importance of differentiating the independent effects of tributary flow and nutrient concentration
Authors: Stow Craig A. , Liu Qianqian , Anderson Eric J.
Published: November 2019

The “phosphorus loading concept,” or more generally the “nutrient loading concept,” arose from Richard Vollenweider's work in the 1960–1970s that showed correlations between phosphorus loads and various eutrophication symptoms. The initial success of target loads developed for the Great Lakes solidified the concept that nutrient loading causes eutrophication, and load targets have become common tools to reduce eutrophication. Using concepts from the field of causality, we offer additional context to the nutrient loading concept to show that the correlation between nutrient load and eutrophication is spurious; load and eutrophication have common drivers, tributary flow and tributary nutrient concentration, but load itself is not causal. Consequently, in‐lake conditions are not invariant to the same load delivered at differing flow‐concentration combinations. We then use a simulation model to evaluate the consequences of delivering the same load at various flow‐concentration combinations from the Maumee River into Lake Erie. We show that load reductions under increased tributary flows may cause in‐lake phosphorus concentration increases, potentially offsetting the anticipated effect of the load reduction. Thus, particularly under a scenario where climate change may cause systematic flow changes, it will be important to expand the nutrient loading concept to consider the independent effects of tributary flow and nutrient concentrations, to assess the effectiveness of nutrient reduction strategies.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes

Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems

Science of Water > Water Quality
Inferring efficient operating rules in multireservoir water resource systems: A review
Authors: Macian‐Sorribes Hector , Pulido‐Velazquez Manuel
Published: November 2019

Coordinated and efficient operation of water resource systems becomes essential to deal with growing demands and uncertain resources in water‐stressed regions. System analysis models and tools help address the complexities of multireservoir systems when defining operating rules. This paper reviews the state of the art in developing operating rules for multireservoir water resource systems, focusing on efficient system operation. This review focuses on how optimal operating rules can be derived and represented. Advantages and drawbacks of each approach are discussed. Major approaches to derive optimal operating rules include direct optimization of reservoir operation, embedding conditional operating rules in simulation‐optimization frameworks, and inferring rules from optimization results. Suggestions on which approach to use depend on context. Parametrization–simulation–optimization or rule inference using heuristics are promising approaches. Increased forecasting capabilities will further benefit the use of model predictive control algorithms to improve system operation.

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation

Engineering Water > Methods
Fatigue and extreme load reduction on two‐bladed wind turbines using the flexible hub connection
Authors: Luhmann Birger , Cheng Po Wen
Published: November 2019

The load reduction potential in regular operation and the design drivers of a flexible hub connection on two‐bladed turbines are presented in this paper. Developed for the two‐bladed Skywind 3.4 MW wind turbine, the flexible hub connection integrates an additional, multidirectional elasticity between the hub mount and the nacelle carrier to reduce the load transfer into the support structure. The stiffness and damping properties of the interface connection determine the load amplitudes of the system and influence the overall turbine dynamics. Consequently, the design relevant operating scenarios change due to a potential dynamic instability, resonance, or violation of deflection margins in comparison with a nonflexible hub connection. The system's capability to reduce fatigue and ultimate loads is assessed in several turbulent inflow conditions and transient operating states, while taking into account the operating limits of displacements. A permutation of the dynamic coupling parameters is conducted to characterize the sensitivity of load characteristics to the design variables. By identifying the critical operating conditions, it is possible to provide design guidelines for an effective optimization strategy.
A modular sewing kit for entanglement wedges
Authors: Czech Bartlomiej , de Boer Jan , Ge Dongsheng , Lamprou Lampros
Published: November 2019

Abstract

We relate the Riemann curvature of a holographic spacetime to an entangle- ment property of the dual CFT state: the Berry curvature of its modular Hamiltonians. The modular Berry connection encodes the relative bases of nearby CFT subregions while its bulk dual, restricted to the code subspace, relates the edge-mode frames of the cor- responding entanglement wedges. At leading order in 1/N and for sufficiently smooth HRRT surfaces, the modular Berry connection simply sews together the orthonormal co- ordinate systems covering neighborhoods of HRRT surfaces. This geometric perspective on entanglement is a promising new tool for connecting the dynamics of entanglement and gravitation.
Laparoscopic Major Hepatectomy: Do Not Underestimate the Impact of Specimen Extraction Site
Authors: Guilbaud Théophile , Feretti Carlotta , Holowko Waclaw , Garbarino Giovanni Maria , Marchese Ugo , Sarran Anthony , Beaussier Marc , Gayet Brice , Fuks David
Published: November 2019

Background

In laparoscopic major hepatectomy, analysis of outcomes according to specimen extraction site remains poorly described. The aim was to compare postoperative outcomes according to specimen extraction site.

Methods

From 2000 to 2017, all laparoscopic major hepatectomies were reviewed and postoperative outcomes were analyzed according to specimen extraction site: subcostal (Group 1), midline (Group 2), or suprapubic (Group 3) incision.

Results

Among 163 patients, 15 (9.2%) belonged to Group 1, 49 (30.1%) in Group 2, and 99 (60.7%) in Group 3. The proportion of right‐sided, left‐sided, or central hepatectomies, mortality, and overall and severe complications were comparable between groups. Group 1 had larger tumors (61 vs. 38 vs. 47 mm; P = 0.014), higher operative time (338 vs. 282 vs. 260 min; P < 0.008), higher adjacent organ resection rate (46.6 vs. 16.3 vs. 7.1%; P < 0.001), and tended to increase pulmonary complications (40.0 vs. 12.2 vs. 18.2%; P = 0.064). In Group 2, a previous midline incision scar was more frequently used for specimen extraction site (65.3 vs. 26.6 and 30.3%, Group 1 and 3; P < 0.001). Postoperative incisional hernia was observed in 16.4% (n = 23) and was more frequent in Group 2 (26.6 vs. 6.6% and 10.1%, Group 1 and Group 3; P = 0.030). Finally, Group 2 (HR 2.63, 95% CI 1.41–3.53; P = 0.032) was the only independent predictive factor of postoperative incisional hernia.

Conclusions

While using a previous incision makes sense, the increased risk of postoperative incisional hernia after midline incision promotes the suprapubic incision.
ISCEV extended protocol for the S-cone ERG
Authors: Perlman Ido , Kondo Mineo , Chelva Enid , Robson Anthony G. , Holder Graham E.
Published: November 2019

The International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) standard for full-field electroretinography (ERG) describes a minimum procedure for testing generalized retinal function but encourages more extensive testing. This extended protocol describes a method of assessing the function of the short-wavelength-sensitive cone (S-cone) retinal pathway, using a short-wavelength flash superimposed on a background that saturates the rods and adapts the L/M-cones to elicit a response, known as the S-cone ERG. Stimulus parameters such as the strength and luminance of the flash and background, respectively, and their spectral and temporal characteristics are specified. As a complement to the ISCEV standard, testing the S-cone ERG enables further characterization of light-adapted retinal function and may refine diagnosis of some retinal disorders. Typical applications are described including use in the diagnosis of rod monochromacy and S-cone monochromacy, identification and investigation of cone On-bipolar cell dysfunction and use of the technique to confirm the diagnosis of enhanced S-cone syndrome.
Performance of a capnodynamic method estimating cardiac output during respiratory failure - before and after lung recruitment
Authors: Sigmundsson Thorir Svavar , Öhman Tomas , Hallbäck Magnus , Redondo Eider , Sipmann Fernando Suarez , Wallin Mats , Oldner Anders , Hällsjö-Sander Caroline , Björne Håkan
Published: November 2019

Respiratory failure may cause hemodynamic instability with strain on the right ventricle. The capnodynamic method continuously calculates cardiac output (CO) based on effective pulmonary blood flow (COEPBF) and could provide CO monitoring complementary to mechanical ventilation during surgery and intensive care. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the ability of a revised capnodynamic method, based on short expiratory holds (COEPBFexp), to estimate CO during acute respiratory failure (LI) with high shunt fractions before and after compliance-based lung recruitment. Ten pigs were submitted to lung lavage and subsequent ventilator-induced lung injury. COEPBFexp, without any shunt correction, was compared to a reference method for CO, an ultrasonic flow probe placed around the pulmonary artery trunk (COTS) at (1) baseline in healthy lungs with PEEP 5 cmH2O (HLP5), (2) LI with PEEP 5 cmH2O (LIP5) and (3) LI after lung recruitment and PEEP adjustment (LIPadj). CO changes were enforced during LIP5 and LIPadj to estimate trending. LI resulted in changes in shunt fraction from 0.1 (0.03) to 0.36 (0.1) and restored to 0.09 (0.04) after recruitment manoeuvre. Bias (levels of agreement) and percentage error between COEPBFexp and COTS changed from 0.5 (− 0.5 to 1.5) L/min and 30% at HLP5 to − 0.6 (− 2.3 to 1.1) L/min and 39% during LIP5 and finally 1.1 (− 0.3 to 2.5) L/min and 38% at LIPadj. Concordance during CO changes improved from 87 to 100% after lung recruitment and PEEP adjustment. COEPBFexp could possibly be used for continuous CO monitoring and trending in hemodynamically unstable patients with increased shunt and after recruitment manoeuvre.
First record of the endoparasitic isopod Portunion maenadis (Giard, 1886) (Epicaridea: Entoniscidae) in shore crabs in the Wadden Sea and a review of its distribution in Europe
Authors: Cornelius Annika , Waser Andreas M. , Buschbaum Christian , Thieltges David W.
Published: November 2019

The knowledge on the distribution and abundance of marine parasites is still limited, even for those occurring on relatively well studied host species with high ecological importance. Here we report on the first record of the entoniscid Portunion maenadis (Giard, 1886) in European shore crabs (Carcinus maenas L., 1758) in the Wadden Sea and provide a quantitative review of the parasite’s distribution in Europe based on published literature and biodiversity database records. Our new record closes a distribution gap of P. maenadis between previous southern observations in Portugal and France and northern occurrences in Denmark and Sweden. The additional literature survey suggests that P. maenadis is not very common and only occurs at scattered localities with prevalence of infestations usually well below 10% in host crab populations. However, the 45% prevalence observed in our study in November 2018 in the southern Wadden Sea indicates that also higher prevalences can occur. As the adult parasites feed on their host’s hemolymph they are likely to have consequences for the host’s energy budgets. In addition, infestations lead to morphological changes in the form of feminisation of male crabs (i.e. broader pleon, slender claws, bulging carapace) which we observed in several individuals. With this new record and literature review, we hope to spark future research into the distribution of this intriguing parasite species as well as on the impacts of infestations on shore crab hosts.
Photocatalytic Activity of La-Containing Mixed- Metal Oxides Derived from Layered Double Hydroxides to Degrade Methylene Blue in the Presence of H2O2
Authors: Xu Minhong , Qian Mengxia , Pan Guoxiang , Guo Yuhua , Wu Tao
Published: November 2019

Photocatalytic degradation of polluted water by means of minerals, such as clays and oxides, which have surfaces that exhibit catalytic properties, has been suggested to be a useful new strategy to promote both organic and inorganic pollutant degradation. Nevertheless, much still remains to be studied about the capability of mixed metal oxides derived from lanthanum-containing layered double hydroxides to promote pollutant removal by means of photocatalytic degradation with the mineral surfaces. The objective of the present study was to investigate the synthesis of ternary MgAlLa mixed-metal oxides (MgAlLa-M) with various Mg/Al/La molar ratios through a hydrotalcite-like precursor route by co-precipitation of appropriate amounts of metal salts from homogeneous solution, followed by calcination at 600°C. The crystal structure, surface morphology, and optical properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Analysis by XRD showed that MgO, La2O3, MgAl2O4, and La10Al4O21 phases coexisted in calcined samples as MgAlLa-M. The samples showed a small band gap of 3.11–3.35 eV according to DRS. The photocatalytic activities of the samples were evaluated by degradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. MgAlLa-M had better photocatalytic properties than hydrotalcite precursors, and the MgAlLa-0.5-M possessed the best photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of MB dye with MgAlLa-0.5-M under visible light irradiation for 1 h was 99.89% in the presence of H2O2, which exceeded the binary MgAl-M (84.06%) under the same conditions. The high photocatalytic activity of the sample was attributed to the addition of La(III). In addition, the possible mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of MB by MgAlLa-M was discussed. The results showed that •O2– plays a major role in the MgAlLa-0.5-M/H2O2 system.
Amyloid‐β oligomers suppress subunit‐specific glutamate receptor increase during LTP
Authors: Tanaka Hiromitsu , Sakaguchi Daiki , Hirano Tomoo
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Amyloid‐β oligomers (AβOs) are assumed to impair the ability of learning and memory by suppressing the induction of synaptic plasticity, such as long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease. However, the direct molecular mechanism of how AβOs affect excitatory synaptic plasticity remains to be elucidated.

Methods

In order to study the effects of AβOs on LTP‐associated changes of AMPA (alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid)‐type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) movement, we performed live‐cell imaging of fluorescently labeled AMPAR subunit GluA1 or GluA2 with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.

Results

Incubation of cultured hippocampal neurons with AβOs for 1–2 days inhibited the increase in GluA1 number and GluA1 exocytosis frequency in both postsynaptic and extrasynaptic membranes during LTP. In contrast, AβOs did not inhibit the increase in GluA2 number or exocytosis frequency.

Discussion

These results suggest that AβOs primarily inhibit the increase in the number of GluA1 homomers and suppress hippocampal LTP expression.
The Re-making of Charles Rennie Mackintosh: A Study of the 1933 Memorial Exhibition
Authors: Dianat Alborz
Published: November 2019

This article examines the posthumous interpretation of Charles Rennie Mackintosh as a pioneer of the Modern movement using the 1933 Mackintosh memorial exhibition as a case study. The exhibition, held at the McLellan Galleries, Glasgow, was a major event in the re-popularisation of Mackintosh following his death in 1928. Using archival material only recently made available, the article focuses on the actions of the architectural critic Philip Morton Shand, Britain's highly influential ambassador for the Modern movement in the interwar period. Shand identified Mackintosh as the sole link in a linear history of the movement leading back to its putative origins in Britain. Attempting to intervene in the exhibition, Shand clashed with its organiser, William Davidson — a close friend and patron of Mackintosh. The correspondence between Shand and Davidson reveals new aspects of the Mackintosh historiography in the development of the British Modern movement.
The Civic and the Sacred: Alvar Aalto's Churches and Parish Centres in Wolfsburg, 1960–68
Authors: Singler Sofia , Sternberg Maximilian
Published: November 2019

This article considers Alvar Aalto's two church and parish centre projects in Wolfsburg in light of the architectural, political and sociocultural contexts that framed their design and construction in post-war Germany. The study interrogates how architect and parish came together to build the ecclesiastical complexes of Heilig-Geist (1960–62) and Stephanus (1963–68), and how the parties interacted and engaged with widely debated issues in church architecture and urban planning. Close analysis of the buildings and their design processes, based on site visits as well as the study of architectural drawings and models, shows that Heilig-Geist and Stephanus acquire sacred character primarily through the connections they establish between interior and exterior space. The dynamic between inside and outside relates the buildings to key ideas in contemporaneous church architectural theory concerning inward- and outward-looking church-building, part of the broader discourse on the relationship between the sacred and the profane.
The wealth→life history→innovation account of the Industrial Revolution is largely inconsistent with empirical time series data
Authors: Varnum Michael E. W. , Grossmann Igor
Published: November 2019

Baumard proposes a model to explain the dramatic rise in innovation that occurred during the Industrial Revolution, whereby rising living standards led to slower life history strategies, which, in turn, fostered innovation. We test his model explicitly using time series data, finding limited support for these proposed linkages. Instead, we find evidence that rising living standards appear to have a time-lagged bidirectional relationship with increasing innovation.
The other angle of Maslow's pyramid: How scarce environments trigger low-opportunity-cost innovations
Authors: Boudesseul Jordane , Rubiños Cathy
Published: November 2019

Is it true that innovation occurs only in abundant environments? Baumard defends that increased standards of living are a necessary condition for a change in life history strategy to help understand the Industrial Revolution. Here, we argue that many examples of innovations occur in scarce environments when there is near-zero opportunity cost. We suggest potential psychological pathways to explain this dual-cognitive process.
Psychology and the economics of invention
Authors: Allen Robert C.
Published: November 2019

Invention is an investment in which the costs of the Research and Development (R&D) project balance future returns. Those returns depend on objective factors like wage and capital costs but also on subjective factors because they are future projections. The more optimistic the inventor, the higher are the projected returns. Baumard uses Life History Theory (LHT) to relate optimism to the affluence of inventors and their societies.
Are both necessity and opportunity the mothers of innovations?
Authors: Greenbaum Gili , Fogarty Laurel , Colleran Heidi , Berger-Tal Oded , Kolodny Oren , Creanza Nicole
Published: November 2019

Baumard's perspective asserts that “opportunity is the mother of innovation,” in contrast to the adage ascribing this role to necessity. Drawing on behavioral ecology and cognition, we propose that both extremes – affluence and scarcity – can drive innovation. We suggest that the types of innovations at these two extremes differ and that both rely on mechanisms operating on different time scales.
Many causes, not one
Authors: Seabright Paul
Published: November 2019

This comment focuses on difficulties in establishing causality among various phenomena present in early modern Europe at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. It concludes that, rather than focus on a single cause out of many candidates, we should consider the possibility of a set of mutually reinforcing causes, among which those suggested by Life History Theory may be included.
What motivated the Industrial Revolution: England's libertarian culture or affluenceper se?
Authors: Atran Scott
Published: November 2019

What impelled the Industrial Revolution's spectacular economic growth? Life History Theory, Baumard argues, explains how England's world-supreme affluence psychologically fostered innovation; moreover, wherever similar affluence abounds, a “civilizing process” bringing enlightenment and democracy is apt to evolve. Baumard insightfully analyzes a “constellation of affluence” but proffers somewhat whiggish history given England's prior and unique proto-capitalist culture of economic liberty and individualism.
Psychological origins of the Industrial Revolution: Why we need causal methods and historians
Authors: Haushofer Johannes
Published: November 2019

Did affluence lead to psychological changes such as reduced discounting, and did these changes facilitate the innovation associated with the Industrial Revolution? I argue that claims of this sort are best made when they can be supported by causal evidence and good psychological measurement. When we have neither identifying variation nor adequate measures, the toolbox of psychologists is not useful.
Transport model for a transverse electron beam-pumped semiconductor laser
Authors: Wisniewski Denis Alexander , Prelas Mark
Published: November 2019

A transport model for a transverse electron beam-pumped semiconductor laser has been developed. The model incorporates spatial dependencies of the power deposition from the beam as well as a three-dimensional model of the gain medium and the field intensity of the photons produced by stimulated emission in the oscillation cavity. This model accounts for spatial inhomogeneities and has been solved for a variety of pumping strengths. The model was developed so that it can be benchmarked with electron beam pumping. The dominant mechanisms for the production of electron–hole pair production within the semiconductor material is similar to the dominant mechanisms for the production of electron–hole production using ion beams. Thus, the model can be extended to fission fragment ion pumping of semiconductor lasers in order to model a nuclear-pumped laser/reactor system.
Rising public piety and the status of women in Indonesia two decades after reformasi
Authors: Afrianty Dina
Published: November 2019

Indonesian women were at the forefront of activism during the turbulent period prior toreformasiand were a part of the leadership that demanded democratic change. Two decades after Indonesia embarked on democratic reforms, the country continues to face challenges on socio-religious and political fronts. Both the rise of political Islam and the increased presence of religion and faith in the public sphere are among the key features of Indonesia's consolidating democracy. This development has reinvigorated the discourse on citizenship and rights and also the historical debate over the relationship between religion and the state. Bearing this in mind, this paper looks at the narrative of women's rights and women's status in the public domain and public policy in Indonesia. It is evident, especially in the past decade, that much of the public conversation within the religious framework is increasingly centred on women's traditional social roles. This fact has motivated this study. Several norms and ideas that are relied on are based on cultural and faith-based interpretations - of gender. Therefore, this paper specifically examines examples of the ways in which social, legal, and political trends in this context affect progress with respect to gender equality and gender policy. I argue that these trends are attempts to subject women to conservative religious doctrines and to confine them to traditional gender roles. The article discusses how these developments should be seen in the context of the democratic transition in Indonesia.
Decadal‐Scale Aquifer Dynamics and Structural Complexities at a Municipal Wellfield Revealed by 25 Years of InSAR and Recent Groundwater Temperature Observations
Authors: Grapenthin Ronni , Kelley Shari , Person Mark , Folsom Matthew
Published: November 2019

Over the past 35 years the Buckman wellfield near Santa Fe, New Mexico, experienced production well drawdowns in excess of 180 m, resulting in ground subsidence and surface cracks. Increased reliance on surface water diversions since 2011 has reduced pumping and yielded water level recovery. To characterize the impact of wellfield management decisions on the aquifer system, we reconstruct the surface deformation history through the European Remote Sensing Satellite, Advanced Land Observing Satellite, and Sentinel‐1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) time series analysis during episodes of drawdown (1993–2000), recovery (2007–2010), and modern management (2015–2018) in discontinuous observations over a 25‐year period. The observed deformation generally reflects changes in hydraulic head. However, at times during the wellfield recovery, the deformation signal is complex, with patterns of uplift and subsidence suggesting a compartmentalized aquifer system. Recent records of locally high geothermal gradients and an overall warming of the system (~0.5°C during the water level recovery) obtained from repeat temperature measurements between 2013 and 2018 constrain a conceptual model of convective heat transfer that requires a vertical permeable zone near an observed fault. To reproduce observed temperature patterns at monitoring wells, high basal heat flow and convective cooling associated with downward flow of water from cool shallow aquifers during the drawdown period is necessary. The fault, however, appears to die out southward or may be locally permeable, as conceptual cross‐sectional hydrologic modeling reproduces the surface deformation without such a structure. Our work demonstrates the importance of incorporating well‐constrained stratigraphy and structure when modeling near‐surface deformation induced by, for instance, groundwater production.
Targeting TR4 nuclear receptor with antagonist bexarotene increases docetaxel sensitivity to better suppress the metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progression
Authors: Hu Linyi , Sun Yin , Luo Jie , He Xiang , Ye Meihua , Li Gonghui , Zhang Yong , Bai Jian , Zhang Dahong , Chang Chawnshang
Published: November 2019

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death in men in America, and there are no curative options for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Docetaxel (DTX) has been used as a standard chemotherapy for the mCRPC. However, resistance to DTX is a significant clinical problem as half of patients fail to respond to therapy. The TR4 nuclear receptor has been reported to play an important role in PCa progression, however, its linkage to the DTX resistance remains unclear. Here we found that TR4 was upregulated after DTX chemotherapy in the mCRPC cells and patients, and TR4 expression is correlated with DTX sensitivity with a higher level conferring chemo-resistance. Targeting TR4 with an antagonist bexarotene (Bex, a derivative of retinoid) suppressed the TR4 transactivation with increased DTX chemo-sensitivity. Mechanism dissection studies revealed that TR4 might alter the DTX chemo-sensitivity via modulating the TR4/lincRNA-p21/HIF-1α/VEGF-A signaling. Together, these results suggest that targeting this newly identified TR4/lincRNA-p21/HIF-1α/VEGF-A signaling with Bex, an FDA-approved drug, may increase the DTX chemo-sensitivity to better suppress the mCRPC progression.
Correction: Single-cell genomics shedding light on marine Thaumarchaeota diversification
Authors: Luo Haiwei , Tolar Bradley B , Swan Brandon K , Zhang Chuanlun L , Stepanauskas Ramunas , Moran Mary Ann , Hollibaugh James T
Published: November 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Rethinking calcium profiles around single channels: the exponential and periodic calcium nanodomains
Authors: Mironov Sergej L.
Published: November 2019

Many fundamental calcium-dependent physiological processes are triggered by high local calcium levels that are established around the sites of calcium entry into the cell (channels). They are dubbed as calcium nanodomains but their exact profiles are still elusive. The concept of calcium nanodomains stems from a linear model of calcium diffusion and is only valid when calcium increases are smaller than the concentration of cytoplasmic buffers. Recent data indicates that much higher calcium levels cause buffer saturation. Therefore, I sought explicit solutions of a nonlinear reaction-diffusion model and found a dichotomous solution. For small fluxes, the steady state calcium profile is quasi-exponential, and when calcium exceeds buffer concentration a spatial periodicity appears. Analytical results are supported by Monte-Carlo simulations. I also imaged 1D- and radial calcium distributions around single α-synuclein channels in cell-free conditions. Measured Ca profiles are consistent with theoretical predictions. I propose that the periodic calcium patterns may well arise under certain conditions and their specific functional role has to be established.
New bioresorbable wraps based on oxidized polyvinyl alcohol and leukocyte-fibrin-platelet membrane to support peripheral nerve neurorrhaphy: preclinical comparison versus NeuraWrap
Authors: Stocco Elena , Barbon Silvia , Macchi Veronica , Tiengo Cesare , Petrelli Lucia , Rambaldo Anna , Borean Alessio , Capelli Stefano , Filippi Andrea , Romanato Filippo , Parnigotto Pier Paolo , Grandi Claudio , De Caro Raffaele , Porzionato Andrea
Published: November 2019

Nerve wrapping improves neurorrhaphy outcomes in case of peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs). The aim of this preclinical study was to assess the efficacy of two novel biodegradable wraps made of a synthetic 1% oxidized polyvinyl alcohol (OxPVA) and a natural leukocyte-fibrin-platelet membrane (LFPm) versus the commercial product NeuraWrap. After rats sciatic nerve transection and neurorrhaphy, the wraps were implanted and compared for functional outcome, by sciatic function index assessment; structural characteristics, by histological/immunohistochemical analysis; ultrastructural features, by transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, a morphometric study was also performed and collagen distribution was observed by Second Harmonic Generation microscopy. After 12 weeks from implantation, all wraps assured nerve function recovery; no scar tissue/neuromas were visible at dissection. LFPm wraps were completely resorbed, while residues of OxPVA and NeuraWrap were observed. In all groups, biocompatibility was confirmed by the absence of significant inflammatory infiltrate. According to histological/immunohistochemical analysis and morphometric findings, OxPVA and LFPm wraps were both effective in preserving nerve integrity. These results assess that bioengineered OxPVA and LFPm wraps successfully guarantee favorable lesion recovery after PNI/neurorrhaphy and, in future, may be considered an interesting alternative to the commercial NeuraWrap.
Prognostic effects of clinical and CT imaging features on critically ill patients with interstitial lung disease hospitalized in respiratory intensive care unit
Authors: Shi Shenyun , Xiao Yonglong , Qiu Xiaohua , Li Yan , Qiu Yuying , Zhou Kefeng , Cai Hourong
Published: November 2019

The study aimed to evaluate the clinical and imaging features of critically ill patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) treated in respiratory intensive care unit (RICU) and assess the prognostic effects of these factors. A total of 160 severe ILD patients admitted to the RICU were finally enrolled in this study. The clinical, imaging and follow-up data of them were studied retrospectively. The in-hospital mortality and total mortality were 43.1% and 63.8% respectively. By multivariate cox regression analysis, shock (OR = 2.39, P = 0.004), pulmonary fibrosis on CT (OR = 2.85, P = 0.002) and non-invasive ventilation (OR = 1.86, P = 0.037) were harmful factors to survivals of critically ill patients with ILD. In contrast, oxygenation index (OR = 0.99, P = 0.028), conventional oxygen therapy (OR = 0.59, P = 0.048) and β-lactam antibiotics use (OR = 0.51, P = 0.004) were protective factors. There is significant difference of survivals between patients with and without fibrosing ILD on CT (Log-rank, p = 0.001). The prognosis of critically ill patients with ILD was poor. Shock, respiratory failure and fibrosing signs on chest CT affected the prognosis. Chest CT was considered as a valuable tool to indicate the prognosis.
Tetranitrile-anthracene as a probe for fluorescence detection of viscosity in fluid drinks via aggregation-induced emission
Authors: Xu Lingfeng , Ni Ling , Zeng Fang , Wu Shuizhu
Published: November 2019

An AIE-based fluorescent probe was developed for monitoring the viscosity change during the spoilage process of fluid drinks.
Methylations in complex carbapenem biosynthesis are catalyzed by a single cobalamin-dependent radicalS-adenosylmethionine enzyme
Authors: Sinner Erica K. , Lichstrahl Michael S. , Li Rongfeng , Marous Daniel R. , Townsend Craig A.
Published: November 2019

TokK and ThnK are cobalamin-dependent radical SAM enzymes that methylate a carbapenem precursor three or two times, respectively, in a sequential, non-processive fashion.
Polyamine transport system-targeted nanometric micelles assembled from epipodophyllotoxin-amphiphiles
Authors: Alliot Julien , Theodorou Ioanna , Ducongé Frédéric , Gravel Edmond , Doris Eric
Published: November 2019

Micelle-forming amphiphilic drug conjugates were synthesized starting from a biologically active epipodophyllotoxin derivative which was covalently inserted in between a hydrophilic targeting spermine unit, and a hydrophobic stearyl chain.
Fabrication of an N-doped mesoporous bio-carbon electrocatalyst efficient in Zn–air batteries by an in situ gas-foaming strategy
Authors: Wang Hong , Li Wei , Zhu Zhiwei , Wang Yijuan , Li Pan , Luo Hao , Xiao Zhuangwei , Wang Jianzhi , Tian Qifeng , Xue Yanan , Yu Faquan
Published: November 2019

An N-doped bio-carbon catalyst with a hierarchical interconnected macro/meso-porous structure and high specific surface area exhibited significantly enhanced electrocatalytic activity.
Synthon hierarchy in theobromine cocrystals with hydroxybenzoic acids as coformers
Authors: Gołdyn Mateusz , Larowska Daria , Nowak Weronika , Bartoszak-Adamska Elżbieta
Published: November 2019

Cocrystals, solids composed of molecular and/or ionic compounds connected by noncovalent interactions, are objects of interest in crystal engineering. Theobromine, as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, was used in cocrystallization with dihydroxybenzoic acids.
Seeded growth of silver nanoplates with rough edges and their applications for SERS
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Long Li , Zhang Gongguo , Li Zhi-Yuan , Zheng Yiqun
Published: November 2019

Silver nanoplates with rough edges have been successfully fabricated via seeded growth by manipulating surface diffusion and kinetics-controlled growth.