bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of lactose and citrate by mutants of Lactococcus lactis producing excess carbon dioxide
Authors: EL ATTAR AISHA , MONNET CHRISTOPHE , CORRIEU GEORGES
Published: July 2002

Mutants of Lactococcus lactis producing excess carbon dioxide could be
isolated on LDHA-20 agar (described by El Attar et al. Journal of Dairy Research67
641–646 2000). The use of these mutants in the manufacture of Roquefort cheese has
the potential to improve the formation of openings in this cheese. The aim of this
work was to examine the stability of these mutants, their enzymic activities and
their metabolism of lactose and citrate during growth in milk. They produced less
l-lactate than the parent strain and their lactate dehydrogenase activity was lower.
Nevertheless none of the mutants produced no L-lactate at all and the most active
gas generators among them generally produced 30–50 mM-L-lactate. Unexpectedly,
all the strains produced some D-lactate, some > 10 mM. We found that carbon
dioxide production by the mutants could be determined indirectly by assaying
acetoin, citrate and 2,3-butanediol by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Generally, spontaneous mutants were more stable than those obtained after treating
with nitrosoguanidine or u.v. irradiation.
Studies on the supply of immunoglobulin G to newborn camel calves (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: KAMBER ROLF , FARAH ZAKARIA , RUSCH PETER , HASSIG MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

A major problem in camel productivity is the high mortality rate of camel
calves in the first 3 months. The causes for mortality are mainly poor management
practice and infectious diseases. The purpose of this research, carried out on a ranch
in Kenya, was to determine the immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration in camel
colostrum as well as the extent of the calves' passive immunization by maternal
antibodies. IgG concentration in colostrum and in the serum of the calf were
measured during the first 3 d of life. Evaluation was carried out by comparing the
respective values with those for horses and cattle. The average IgG concentration in
the camel colostrum was higher than that found in literature for horses and cattle.
IgG concentration in the serum of the camel calves reached its maximum 24 h after
birth. In 39% of the examined calves, this maximum concentration was below 4 g/l,
which is considered to be the critical value in horses and cattle. 61% of the calves
achieved an IgG concentration of over 4 g/l. Since there is no correlation between
IgG level in colostrum and early mortality, the results indicate that low colostrum
intake during the first 24 h of life and not low IgG concentration in colostrum is
presumably one of the main causes of early calf mortality. Therefore, it was
recommended that the care of the newborn calves by herdsmen should be improved.
Effect of pH and time on the quantity of readily available water
within fresh cheese curd
Authors: RAMKUMAR CHIKKANNA , CREAMER LAWRENCE K. , JOHNSTON KEITH A. , BENNETT RODNEY J.
Published: July 2002

Some of the textural changes that occur early in cheese maturation
may
be related to the redistribution of water within the cheese matrix. To
examine this,
a model cheese curd system was devised and explored. Initially, cheese
curd was
prepared using starter and chymosin and the curd pH was controlled by varying
the
draining and salting pH values. The quantity of serum that could be centrifuged

from the resultant curd was less for lower pH curd and decreased in volume
with
time. The curd pH decreased with time. In the protocol finally adopted,
milk was
acidified with lactic acid and coagulated with Rennilase 46L. After cheddaring,

salting and light pressing, the samples of this curd were finely diced
and mixed with
glucono-δ-lactone to give curd samples with comparable
moisture contents, similar
casein proteolysis rates but different pH values. The quantity
of serum that could be
centrifuged from these samples was greater for pH 5·6 curd
than for pH 5·2 curd and
decreased faster for the lower pH curd. Neither the curd moisture nor the
pH
changed significantly during curd storage and the casein proteolysis was
low. These
results for the model curd system are consistent with known water absorption

characteristics of casein curd under ‘equilibrium’
conditions and the effects of pH
and mineral salts on this absorption. It was concluded that, during the
early stages
of cheese ripening, there may be a redistribution of moisture within the
cheese,
related to the basic properties of the protein matrix and the
transient effects of curd
salting, rather than as a direct consequence of glycolytic and proteolytic
changes.
Sterol oxidation in infant milk formulas and milk cereals
Authors: ZUNIN PAOLA , CALCAGNO CLAUDIO , EVANGELISTI FILIPPO
Published: July 2002

7-Ketocholesterol and 7-ketositosterol were chosen as reliable
markers of
the oxidation of cholesterol and phytosterols in infant milk formulas and
infant milk
cereals. A reversed-phase HPLC method was developed to measure them simultaneously
in infant formulas. This method was then tested on a wide range of
infant milk formulas and milk cereals on sale in Italy whose lipid composition
is
representative of the most common commercial formulas. The analytical results
revealed no significant differences in the extent of oxidation of cholesterol
and
sitosterol. As the level of 7-ketocholesterol often followed the cholesterol
level, a
cholesterol content similar to that of human milk produced amounts of cholesterol
oxides with possible negative effects on infant health. In contrast, the
low cholesterol
content of milk cereals never produced amounts of cholesterol oxides high
enough to
cause concern. The contents of phytosterols and hence their oxides were
always low.
Reconciliation and Retirement in the
Restoration Scottish Church: The
Neo-Stoicism of Robert Leighton
Authors: ALLAN DAVID
Published: July 2002

Religious politics in Scotland during the middle decades of the
seventeenth century have always attracted much historical
attention. The conflict of the Covenant, the tensions of the
Cromwellian occupation and the troubled Restoration period have
understandably drawn scholars like moths to the flame. Many heroes
have been discovered, ranging from Alexander Shields at one extreme to
Archbishop James Sharp at the other, some of them with an apparent
significance, intellectual or political, far beyond the supposedly purblind
world of Restoration Scotland. But no contemporary has emerged more
enhanced in the eyes of subsequent scholarship, nor more frustrated in his
own time, than Robert Leighton – ‘the outstanding bishop of the period’
– bishop of Dunblane from 1661 to 1672 and for two more years the most
reluctant archbishop of Glasgow ever to wear the mitre. A number of
historians have trawled the evidence of a career which oscillated between
failed attempts at accommodation between Episcopalians and Presbyterians
and periods of disappointed withdrawal. His moderation and
humanity, chief among the qualities noted by intimates such as Gilbert
Burnet and opponents including Robert Wodrow, have inevitably loomed
largest in most subsequent assessments of his actions. A few later scholars,
particularly those strongly sympathetic to the Covenanters, have taken
the opposite tack, regarding Leighton's excessive posthumous reputation
as sufficient excuse for sometimes perverse contradiction. And yet the
evidence offered by the celebrated library founded by the bishop in
Dunblane has never been properly weighed. How far do the volumes
accumulated during his lifetime and bequeathed to the Bibliotheca
Leightoniana cast light upon its founder's philosophical interests? And do
they help explain those peculiar responses, a remarkable commitment to
both public reconciliation and private retirement, with which Leighton
approached Scotland's troubled religious situation? These are the
intertwined questions with which this essay is concerned.
Slow flow of a Bingham fluid in a shallow channel of finite width
Authors: MEI CHIANG C. , YUHI MASATOSHI
Published: July 2002

We present a theory for the three-dimensional flow of a Bingham-plastic fluid in a
shallow and wide channel. Focusing attention on slow flows appropriate for gentle
slopes, low discharge rates or the final stage of deposition, we ignore inertia and
apply the long-wave approximation. For steady flows, the velocity distribution, total
discharge, and section-averaged flux are obtained analytically in terms of the fluid
property and the geometry of the channel cross-section. Nonlinear stationary waves,
which connect a uniform depth upstream to another uniform depth downstream,
are then investigated, for both wet and dry beds. A numerical scheme is applied to
calculate the transient flow evolution. The final development of the stationary wave
due to steady discharge upstream is obtained numerically and the relation between
the tongue-like shape of the wave front and the fluid property is discussed. The
phase speed of the stationary wave is also derived analytically. Finally, the transient
spreading of a finite fluid mass released from a reservoir after a dam break is simulated
numerically. The transient development of the front and the final extent of deposition
are examined.
Virtual origin correction for lazy turbulent plumes
Authors: HUNT G. R. , KAYE N. G.
Published: July 2002

The location of the asymptotic virtual origin of positively buoyant turbulent plumes
with a deficit of initial momentum flux when compared with equivalent pure plumes
is investigated. These lazy plumes are generated by continuous steady releases of momentum,
buoyancy and volume into a quiescent uniform environment from horizontal
sources (at z = 0) of finite area, and are shown to be equivalent to the far-field flow
above point source pure plumes, of buoyancy only, rising from the asymptotic virtual
source located below the actual source at z = −zavs.

An analytical expression for the location of the asymptotic virtual source relative
to the actual source of the lazy plume is developed. The plume conservation equations
are solved for the volume flow rate, and the position of the asymptotic virtual origin
is deduced from the scaling for the volume flow rate at large distances from the
source.

The displacement zavs of the asymptotic virtual origin from the actual origin scales
on the source diameter and is a function of the source parameter Γ ∝
Qˆ20Fˆ0/Mˆ5/20
which is a measure of the relative importance of the initial fluxes of buoyancy
Fˆ0, momentum Mˆ0, and volume Qˆ0 in the plume.
The virtual origin correction developed is valid for Γ > 1/2 and is therefore applicable to lazy plumes for
which Γ > 1, pure plumes for which Γ = 1, and forced plumes in the range
1/2 < Γ < 1. The dimensionless correction z*avs decreases as Γ increases, and for
Γ [Gt ] 1, z*avs → 0.853Γ−1/5.
Comparisons made between the predicted location of the
asymptotic virtual origin and the location inferred from measurements of lazy saline
plumes in the laboratory show close agreement.
Motion stability of a periodic system of bubbles in a liquid
Authors: VOINOV OLEG V.
Published: July 2002

Wave-like motion in a periodic structure of bubbles that steadily moves through
ideal incompressible liquid is considered. The wavelength is microscopically short.
Some general local properties containing general information about two-phase flow
are found. The dynamics of small-amplitude disturbances is studied in linear systems
(called trains) and in spatial structures (such as a cubic lattice). The behaviour of one-dimensional
waves in various structures is shown to differ widely: one-dimensional
waves in the train do not magnify, whereas in the three-dimensional structure there
may be stability and instability of one-dimensional waves. In the continuum limit the
one-dimensional instability is demonstrated not to be related to the mean parameters
of two-phase flow. The long-wave dynamics is shown to depend significantly on the
relative velocity vector orientation in the lattice, but orientation is not included in the
usual equations for the two-phase continuum. One result of this study is the relation
between the short-wave-type instability of the periodic structure, on the one hand,
and the instability of one-dimensional flow of inviscid bubbly liquid discovered by
van Wijngaarden on the other. Long microscopic waves are analysed to determine
the coefficients of one-dimensional equations for a two-phase continuum model. The
velocity orientation at which the coefficients of the traditional one-dimensional model
are obtained is found. Short waves in a stationary structure are studied by using the
system of equations based on the equation of motion of a small sphere in a general
potential flow. A refined equation for the force applied on a sphere in a non-uniform
potential flow is derived.
Gravity currents in rotating channels. Part 1. Steady-state theory
Authors: HACKER J. N. , LINDEN P. F.
Published: July 2002

A theory is developed for the speed and structure of steady-state non-dissipative gravity
currents in rotating channels. The theory is an extension of that of Benjamin (1968)
for non-rotating gravity currents, and in a similar way makes use of the steady-state
and perfect-fluid (incompressible, inviscid and immiscible) approximations, and supposes
the existence of a hydrostatic ‘control point’ in the current some distance away
from the nose. The model allows for fully non-hydrostatic and ageostrophic motion
in a control volume V ahead of the control point, with the solution being determined
by the requirements, consistent with the perfect-fluid approximation, of energy and
momentum conservation in V, as expressed by Bernoulli's theorem and a generalized
flow-force balance. The governing parameter in the problem, which expresses the
strength of the background rotation, is the ratio W = B/R, where B is the channel
width and R = (g′H)1/2/f
is the internal Rossby radius of deformation based on the
total depth of the ambient fluid H. Analytic solutions are determined for the particular
case of zero front-relative flow within the gravity current. For each value of W there is a unique
non-dissipative two-layer solution, and a non-dissipative one-layer solution which is specified by the value of the
wall-depth h0. In the two-layer case, the non-dimensional propagation speed
c = cf(g′H)−1/2 increases smoothly
from the non-rotating value of 0.5 as W increases, asymptoting to unity for W → ∞. The
gravity current separates from the left-hand wall of the channel at W = 0.67 and thereafter
has decreasing width. The depth of the current at the right-hand wall, h0, increases,
reaching the full depth at W = 1.90, after which point the interface outcrops on both
the upper and lower boundaries, with the distance over which the interface slopes being 0.881R. In the
one-layer case, the wall-depth based propagation speed Froude number c0
= cf(g′h0)−1/2 = 21/2,
as in the non-rotating one-layer case. The current separates from the left-hand wall of the channel at
W0 ≡ B/R0 = 2−1/2, and thereafter
has width 2−1/2R0, where
R0 = (g′h0)1/2/f is the
wall-depth based deformation radius.
Vortex/inflectional-wave interactions with
weakly three-dimensional input
Authors: TIMOSHIN S. N. , SMITH F. T.
Published: July 2002

The subtle impact of the spanwise scaling in nonlinear
interactions between oblique
instability waves and the induced longitudinal vortex field
is considered theoretically
for the case of a Rayleigh-unstable boundary-layer flow, at large Reynolds
numbers.
A classification is given of various flow regimes on the basis of Reynolds-stress
mechanisms of mean vorticity generation, and a connection between low-amplitude
non-parallel vortex/wave interactions and less-low-amplitude
non-equilibrium critical-layer flows is discussed in more detail than
in previous studies. Two new regimes of
vortex/wave interaction for increased spanwise lengthscales
are identified and studied.
In the first, with the cross-scale just slightly larger than the
boundary-layer thickness,
the wave modulation is governed by an amplitude equation with a convolution
and an ordinary integral term present due to nonlinear contributions from
all three
Reynolds-stress components in the cross-momentum balance. In the second
regime
the cross-scale is larger, and the wave modulation is found to be governed
by an
integral/partial differential equation. In both cases the main-flow
non-parallelism contributes significantly to the coupled
wave/vortex development.
Binary collision of drops in simple shear flow by
computer-assisted video optical microscopy
Authors: GUIDO S. , SIMEONE M.
Published: July 2002

The collision of two equi-sized drops immersed in an immiscible
liquid phase
undergoing a shear flow in a parallel plate apparatus has been investigated
over a range
of capillary numbers. The drops were observed along the vorticity direction
of shear
flow by video enhanced contrast optical microscopy. Images of the colliding
drops
were processed by image analysis techniques. The distance Δy

between the drop centres along the velocity gradient direction was
measured as a function of time during
approach, collision and separation of the two drops. It was found
that Δy increases
irreversibly after collision, thus providing a mechanism for drop dispersion
in a
concentrated system. Drop shape evolution during collision was characterized
by
measuring a deformation parameter and the angle made by the drop major
axis with
respect to the velocity gradient direction. The extent of the near-contact
region when
the drops are sliding on each other was also estimated. Coalescence was
a rare event
and was observed in the extensional quadrant of the shear flow. The experimental

results show good agreement with numerical simulations recently reported
in the
literature.
A low-dimensional approach for the minimal flow unit
Authors: PODVIN BÉRENGÈRE , LUMLEY JOHN
Published: July 2002

The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is applied to the minimal
flow unit
(MFU) of a turbulent channel flow. Our purpose is to establish a numerical

validation of low-dimensional models based on the POD. The simplest (two-mode)
model
possible is built for the simplified flow in the minimal unit. The dynamical
behaviour
predicted by the model is compared with that actually occurring in the
direct
numerical simulation of the flow. The various modelling assumptions which
underlie the
construction of low-dimensional models are examined and confronted with

numerical evidence. The relationship between intermittency in the MFU and
intermittent
low-dimensional parameters is investigated closely. The agreement observed
is quite
satisfactory, especially given the crudeness of the truncation considered.
To further
demonstrate the adequacy of the model, we develop a dynamical filtering
procedure
to recover information from realistic (partial) measurements. The success
obtained
illustrates the versatility of the low-dimensional paradigm.
Dynamics of two interacting bubbles in
an acoustic field
Authors: BARBAT TIBERIU , ASHGRIZ NASSER , LIU CHING-SHI
Published: July 2002

This paper contains theoretical and experimental results on the relative motion of
two pulsating spherical bubbles along their line of centres, in a liquid subjected to an
acoustic field. The motion is caused only by the secondary Bjerknes forces. The linear
theory for the secondary Bjerknes forces is modified by introducing a model for the
coupling between the pulsations of the interfaces. The secondary effects introduced by
this model are determined by the frequency indices of the bubbles, defined as the ratio
of the forcing frequency to the resonance frequency of each bubble. The equations of
motion are set up with the conservative Lagrangian formalism. This approach allows
an analytical study of all the possible patterns of motion and the identification of
the set of governing parameters: total energy and interaction coefficient. A pair of
bubbles driven far from their resonance frequencies may attract or repel, depending
on whether their frequency indices are respectively on the same side or on either side
of unity. For forcing frequencies close to resonance, the proposed model predicts a
new pattern of relative motion, namely a periodic motion (oscillations) around an
equilibrium bubble separation. The experimental study identifies this new periodic
pattern of motion, for acoustically levitated bubbles of nearly equal sizes, forced
near their resonance frequency. A quantitative study on the variation of the relative
velocity with the separation between the bubbles shows that the conservative model
for the motion holds for large and moderate separations. The following information is
reported: (a) a classification of the pairs of bubbles, based upon their phase difference
in oscillations; (b) a model for the coupling of the pulsations of two bubbles; (c)
formulas for the interaction force field of two pulsating bubbles, for all of the
categories; (d) a study of all possible patterns of relative motion (collisions, scattering
and oscillations), with their conditions of occurrence; (e) experimental data for two
attracting bubbles; (f) experimental data for two oscillating bubbles.
An experimental insight into the effect of
confinement on tip vortex cavitation
of an elliptical hydrofoil
Authors: BOULON OLIVIER , CALLENAERE MATHIEU , FRANC JEAN-PIERRE , MICHEL JEAN-MARIE
Published: July 2002

The present paper is devoted to an analysis of tip vortex cavitation under confined
situations. The tip vortex is generated by a three-dimensional foil of elliptical planform,
and the confinement is achieved by flat plates set perpendicular to the span, at an
adjustable distance from the tip. In the range of variation of the boundary-layer
thickness investigated, no significant interaction was observed between the tip vortex
and the boundary layer which develops on the confinement plate. In particular, the
cavitation inception index for tip vortex cavitation does not depend significantly
upon the length of the plate upstream of the foil. On the contrary, tip clearance has
a strong influence on the non-cavitating structure of the tip vortex and consequently
on the inception of cavitation in its core. The tangential velocity profiles measured
by a laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV) technique through the vortex, between the
suction and the pressure sides of the foil, are strongly asymmetric near the tip. They
become more and more symmetric downstream and the confinement speeds up the
symmetrization process. When the tip clearance is reduced to a few millimetres, the
two extrema of the velocity profiles increase. This increase results in a decrease of
the minimum pressure in the vortex centre and accounts for the smaller resistance to
cavitation observed when tip clearance is reduced. For smaller values of tip clearance,
a reduction of tip clearance induces on the contrary a significant reduction in the
maxima of the tangential velocity together with a significant increase in the size
of the vortex core estimated along the confinement plate. Hence, the resistance to
cavitation is much higher for such small values of tip clearance and in practice, no tip
vortex cavitation is observed for tip clearances below 1.5 mm. The cavitation number
for the inception of tip vortex cavitation does not correlate satisfactorily with the
lift coefficient, contrary to classical results obtained without any confinement. Owing
to the specificity introduced by the confinement, the usual procedure developed in
an infinite medium to estimate the vortex strength from LDV measurements is not
applicable here. Hence, a new quantity homogeneous to a circulation had to be
defined on the basis of the maximum tangential velocity and the core size, which
proved to be better correlated to the cavitation inception data.
Visco-plastic models of isothermal lava domes
Authors: BALMFORTH N. J. , BURBIDGE A. S. , CRASTER R. V. , SALZIG J. , SHEN A.
Published: July 2002

The dynamics of expanding domes of isothermal lava are studied by treating the
lava as a viscoplastic material with the Herschel–Bulkley constitutive law. Thin-layer
theory is developed for radially symmetric extrusions onto horizontal plates. This
provides an evolution equation for the thickness of the fluid that can be used to
model expanding isothermal lava domes. Numerical and analytical solutions are
derived that explore the effects of yield stress, shear thinning and basal sliding on the
dome evolution. The results are briefly compared with an experimental study. It is
found that it is difficult to unravel the combined effects of shear thinning and yield
stress; this may prove important to studies that attempt to infer yield stress from
morphology of flowing lava.
Giant squid beaks: implications for systematics
Authors: Roeleveld M.A.C.
Published: July 2002

The systematic position of the giant squid Architeuthis remains unresolved but comparison of beak morphometrics is an approach that has not been attempted before. Additional data for the relationship between mantle length (ML) and lower beak rostral length (LRL) suggest that Architeuthis sp. in the North Atlantic, South Africa and New Zealand are parts of the same asymptotic relationship. Comparison of beak dimensions of Architeuthis from the North Atlantic, South Africa and New Zealand with those of two distinct species of Todarodes, from the Mediterranean and southern Africa, indicate that there may be only one species of Architeuthis in these three regions. No consistent morphological evidence has yet been found to indicate more than one species of Architeuthis in the Atlantic or in the southern hemisphere.
The International Media and the Domestic Political Coverage of the Thai Press
Authors: McCargo Duncan
Published: July 2002

Although the Thai electronic media remain subject to considerable state control, newspapers in Thailand have gained some latitude to report and comment on political developments. The Thai press is one of the freest and most outspoken in Pacific Asia. In particular, the Thai language press frequently engages in antagonistic exchanges with political office-holders, and has often been credited with contributing to major upheavals. Most recently, the press was involved in the downfall of the Democrat-led government coalition over a land reform scandal in May 1995. Traditionally, however, Thai newspapers have been regarded as platforms for articulating the political views of their owners. Politicians have typically cultivated close personal ties to newspaper editors and columnists in order to further their own objectives. In recent years, the character of some Thai newspapers has changed. Whereas old-style newspapers such as Thai Rath and Daily News remain private family companies, newspapers such as Matichon, Phujatkarn, and Siam Post are part of larger corporate entities.
Depletion of CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells prevents Plasmodium
berghei induced cerebral malaria in end-stage disease
Authors: HERMSEN C. , VAN DE WIEL T. , MOMMERS E. , SAUERWEIN R. , ELING W.
Published: July 2002

The role of T-cells in development of experimental cerebral malaria
was analysed in C57B1/6J and C57B1/10 mice infected with Plasmodium
berghei K173 or Plasmodium berghei ANKA by treatment with
anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 mAbs. Mice were protected against cerebral malaria
(CM) when anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 mAbs were injected before or during infection.
Even in mice in end-stage disease, i.e. with a body temperature below 35·5
°C, treatment with anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 antibodies or the combination
protected against CM, whereas chloroquine treatment was completely ineffective
in inhibiting further development of the cerebral syndrome.
Direct analysis of the secretions of the potato cyst
nematode Globodera rostochiensis
Authors: ROBERTSON L. , ROBERTSON W. M. , JONES J. T.
Published: July 2002

Secretions were induced from second (invasive) stage juveniles (J2s) of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis
by exposing them to 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl tryptamine oxalate (DMT). Secretions were collected from J2s in sufficient
quantity to allow direct analysis. Gel electrophoresis followed by monochromatic silver staining demonstrated the presence
of at least 10 proteins. The presence of several enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and proteases, was demonstrated
using Western blots and activity assays. Antisera raised against the secretions recognized bands on Western blots consistent
in molecular mass with those identified on silver stained gels. The antisera recognized structures implicated in the
production of secretions including the subventral gland cells and surface of J2s.
Freshwater fish trypanosomes: definition of two types,
host control by antibodies and lack of antigenic variation
Authors: OVERATH P. , HAAG J. , MAMEZA M. G. , LISCHKE A.
Published: July 2002

Haemoflagellates of the genus Trypanosoma are prevalent in freshwater fishes and are transmitted by leeches as vectors.
As demonstrated by sequence comparisons of nuclear small subunit rRNA genes, trypanosomes isolated from several fish
species at different localities can be divided into at least 2 closely related types, designated Type A and Type B. A clone
derived from a Type A isolate from carp (Cyprinus carpio) was used to study the anti-parasite immune response in specified
pathogen-free outbred carp. Infection leads to an initial rise in parasitaemia in the blood followed by a sharp decline in
all fish (acute phase). Thereafter, in some carp, parasites become undetectable both in the blood and in internal organs
while, in others, low numbers can be found in the blood for up to 1 year (chronic phase). Fish that have controlled an acute
infection with the clone are not only protected against an homologous challenge infection, but also against the infection with
parasite lines derived from carp in the chronic phase of infection. Passive immunization experiments with IgM purified
from serum of recovered carp indicate that the infection is controlled by antibodies. The anti-parasite antibody level in
recovered carp remains high for many months although the parasitaemia is controlled at very low levels and the half life
of IgM, t1/2=22·5 days, is comparatively short. The effective control of trypanosomes in laboratory infections is in contrast
to the high prevalence in natural and farmed freshwater fish populations.
Value of present diagnostic methods for gastrointestinal nematode infections in ruminants
Authors: EYSKER M. , PLOEGER H. W.
Published: July 2002

In this paper the different options for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematode infections are discussed. Diagnostic tests
have a role in confirming the clinical diagnosis of parasitic gastroenteritis, but are more important for herd health
monitoring of nematode infections, in particular for cattle. Therefore, emphasis is placed on discussing the available
diagnostic parameters on their usefulness for that purpose. For clinical diagnosis the clinical signs, combined with the
history of the animals is usually sufficient and a laboratory confirmation is not required. Faecal egg counts are, with two
exceptions, not suitable for confirmation of the clinical diagnosis, because correlation between faecal egg counts and
infection levels is usually low. These exceptions are the diagnosis of haemonchosis in small ruminants and the detection
of anthelmintic resistance. This also limits the value of DNA-based tests of faecal material; even quantitative tests of
nematode species specific DNA will have little value for diagnosis and monitoring. Pasture larval counts and worm counts
are useful parameters for basic epidemiological studies on nematode infections. However, they are too laborious to be used
for either routine diagnosis or monitoring. Blood parameters, such as gastrin and pepsinogen and serology are valuable
tools for diagnosis. Pepsinogen and ELISAs based on recombinant proteins show most promise as parameters for herd
health monitoring. However, extensive epidemiological studies are still needed before these parameters can be implemented
in routine herd health monitoring schemes for parasitic gastroenteritis.
Mothers with anorexia nervosa who underfeed their

children: their recognition and management
Authors: RUSSELL G. F. M. , TREASURE J. , EISLER I.
Published: July 2002

Background. Women with anorexia nervosa have a reduced

fertility but they may have borne

children before the onset of their illness or after partial

recovery. Little is known on how to identify

the anorexic mothers who underfeed their children and how to manage

them. This article aims to remedy these gaps.

Methods. The clinical scientific method is the only

means of identifying the children of anorexic

mothers who are at risk. Eight such mothers were identified as

a result of obtaining serial

measurements of the children's weights and heights over time.

Tanner–Whitehouse charts were used

to plot weight for age and height for age. A simple rating scale

was devised to measure the

acceptance of treatment involving both mother and child.

Results. Nine children (eight boys and one girl) were

found to have suffered food deprivation: with

severe reduction in weight-for-age in six and in height-for-age in

eight. Five siblings were not

affected. Catch-up growth was correlated with the degree of

engagement in treatment of both

mother and child. Long-term treatment of one mother, combining

family therapy with admissions

to hospital, resulted in catch-up growth in her two sons.

Conclusions. The mechanisms underlying the privation of

the children stem from the anorexic

mother's abnormal concerns with body size extending to her

children. The children may become

unduly accepting of the underfeeding. It is essential to obtain

the confidence of anorexic mothers

suspected of underfeeding their children and to adopt a whole

family approach to treatment.
Misattribution of sensory input reflected in dysfunctional target[ratio ]non-target ERPs in schizophrenia
Authors: BROWN K. , GORDON E. , WILLIAMS L. , BAHRAMALI H. , HARRIS A. , GRAY J. , GONSALVEZ C. , MEARES R.
Published: July 2002

Background. While numerous studies have found disturbances in the Event-Related Potentials
(ERPs) of patients with schizophrenia linked to task relevant target stimuli (most notably a
reduction in P300 amplitude), few have examined ERPs to task irrelevant non-targets. We
hypothesize, from current models of dysfunction in information processing in schizophrenia, that
there will be less difference between ERPs to targets and non-targets in patients with schizophrenia
than in controls.

Methods. EEGs were recorded for 40 subjects with schizophrenia and 40 age and sex matched
controls during an auditory oddball reaction time task. ERPs to the targets and non-targets
immediately preceding the targets were averaged separately.

Results. There was a disturbance in ERPs to targets but also to non-targets (reduced N100
amplitude and earlier P200 latency) and the difference between target and non-target ERP
components (N100 and P200 amplitude and P200 latency), was significantly reduced in the
schizophrenic group compared with controls.

Conclusions. These findings suggest a disturbance in processing task relevant and irrelevant stimuli,
consistent with Gray's (1998) hypothesis of misattributions in the ‘match[ratio ]mismatch’ of novel
(target) and familiar (non-target) sensory input compared with stored information.
The prevalence of sleep-related eating disorder in psychiatric and
non-psychiatric populations
Authors: WINKELMAN J. W. , HERZOG D. B. , FAVA M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Sleep-related eating disorder is a little-described syndrome combining features of sleep
disorders and eating disorders. The behaviour consists of partial arousals from sleep followed by
rapid ingestion of food, commonly with at least partial amnesia for the episode the following day.
The aim of this study was to provide an estimate of the prevalence of sleep-related eating disorder.

Methods. The Inventory of Nocturnal Eating, a self-report questionnaire addressing nocturnal
eating and sleep disturbance, was administered to out-patients (N=126) and in-patients (N=24)
with eating disorders, obese subjects (N=126) in a trial of an anorexic agent, depressed subjects
(N=207) in an antidepressant trial, and an unselected group (N=217) of college students. Sleep-related eating disorder was operationally defined as nocturnal eating with a self-reported reduced
level of awareness, occurring at least once per week.

Results. Almost 5·0% (33/700) of the sample described symptoms consistent with sleep-related
eating disorder. The in-patient eating disorders group had nearly twice the prevalence (16·7%) of
the out-patient eating disorder sample (8·7%), which had nearly twice the prevalence of the next
highest group, the student sample (4·6%). Subjects with sleep-related eating disorder endorsed more
symptoms consistent with sleep disorders and had higher levels of depression and dissociation than
those without nocturnal eating.

Conclusions. Sleep-related eating disorder is more common than is generally recognized, especially
in those with a daytime eating disorder. Sleep disorder symptoms are often associated with sleep-related eating disorder, as are depression and dissociation. Evaluation of individuals with eating
disorders should include assessment for sleep-related eating.
The relationship among three models of personality
psychopathology: DSM-III-R personality disorder,
TCI scores and DSQ defences
Authors: MULDER R. T. , JOYCE P. R. , SULLIVAN P. F. , BULIK C. M. , CARTER F. A.
Published: July 2002

Background. Current systems of describing personality pathology have significant shortcomings. A
polydiagnostic approach is used to study the relationship between psychological, psychoanalytical
and psychopathological models of personality.

Methods. The subjects were 256 patients enrolled in treatment studies of major depression and
bulimia nervosa. Subjects were assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the
Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DMS-III-R
personality disorders (SCID-II).

Results. Subjects had high rates of DSM-III-R personality disorders with 52% having at least one
personality disorder. Cluster A personality disorders were correlated with low reward dependence,
high harm avoidance and low self-directedness and cooperativeness. Cluster B personality disorders
were related to high novelty seeking and low self-directedness and cooperativeness. Cluster C
personality disorders were correlated with high harm avoidance and low novelty seeking and low
self-directedness. Immature defences were related to DSM-III-R personality symptoms, but
individual defences were not related to personality clusters in a predictable way. Immature defences
were strongly related to low self-directedness and cooperativeness. Both TCI self-directedness scores
and immature defence scores were moderately predictive of the presence and number of personality
disorders.

Conclusion. A widely accepted clinical nosology (DSM-III-R personality disorders) rated using a
clinical interview correlates reasonably predictably with two theoretical models derived from
different paradigms and rated using self-reports. This might be seen as providing concurrent validity
for all three models. However, serious methodological shortcomings confront studies of this type,
including sample selection and measurement of personality dysfunction. One way to begin to
resolve these problems is to study which personality measures are best related to treatment response
and prognosis.
A theory of religion revised
Authors: STONE JIM
Published: July 2002

This essay is a revision of my earlier effort to overturn the prevailing
view that there is merely a ‘family resemblance’ between religions. A religion is a
system of practices rationalized by beliefs according to which the practices place the
practitioner in a relation-of-value to a supermundane reality so grand that it can
figure centrally in the satisfaction of substantial human needs. A ‘supermundane
reality’ is one that exceeds the mundane world revealed by sense perception. The
theory generates a useful taxonomy of practices and theories closely related to, but
substantially different from, religions.
Speaking and revealing
Authors: HELM PAUL
Published: July 2002

I argue on three distinct grounds that the contrast between speaking
and revealing is nothing like so sharp as Wolterstorff maintains in Divine Discourse.
Speaking may be revealing: in speaking a person may reveal much about himself.
Putative divine speaking can only be made intelligible given a background of what I
refer to as INIS revelation, and in revealing, or more exactly, in having revealed,
God may still speak.
The Dynamics of Being Disabled
Authors: BURCHARDT TANIA
Published: July 2002

In recent years, the dynamics of poverty and unemployment have come
under increasing scrutiny, but another of the risks with which the welfare
state concerns itself – disability – is still largely understood only in a static
sense. This article uses longitudinal data from the British Household
Panel Survey to investigate the complexity behind a cross-sectional snapshot.
First, a breakdown is given of the working-age population who are
disabled at any one time by the ‘disability trajectories’ they follow over a
seven-year period. Second, the expected duration of disability for those
who become disabled during working life is examined. The results show
that only a small proportion of working-age people who experience
disability are long-term disabled, although at any one time, long-term
disabled people make up a high proportion of all disabled people. Over
half of those who become limited in activities of daily living as adults have
spells lasting less than two years, but few who remain disabled after four
years recover. Intermittent patterns of disability, particularly due to mental
illness, are common. Failing to distinguish the different disability trajectories
people follow has led to policies which marginalise disabled people
and are costly to the state.
Jan Nuyts & Eric Pederson (eds.), Language
and conceptualization. (Language, culture and cognition
series, 1.) Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1997. Pp. viii, 281. Hb $59.95.
Authors: Yaeger-Dror Malcah
Published: July 2002

This book is the first in a series, edited by Stephen
Levinson, which (according to the dust jacket) “focuses
on the role that language, in both its universal psychological
aspects and its variable cultural aspects, plays in human
cognition ... [as well as] the relation of speech
production and comprehension to other kinds of behavior
in cultural context.” Each chapter focuses on one
point of contact between linguistic and conceptual representation.
Since the goal of the series is of central concern to readers
of LiS, the first book in the series should be
especially interesting, as a harbinger of relevant studies
to come.
Some counter-examples to Page's notion of “localist”
Authors: Berkeley Istvan S. N.
Published: July 2002

In his target article Page proposes a definition of the term “localist.” In this commentary I argue that his definition does not serve to make a principled distinction, as the inclusion of vague terms make it susceptible to some problematic counterexamples.
Inclusive versus exclusive approaches to sleep and dream research
Authors: Stickgold Robert
Published: July 2002

By assuming that REM sleep either plays a critical role in all memory consolidation or no role in any, Vertes & Eastman have chosen to reject, rather than explain, robust experimental findings of a role for sleep in memory and learning. In contrast, Nielsen has attempted to integrate conflicting findings in the dispute over REM versus NREM mentation. Researchers must trust the data more and the theories less, and build integrative rather than exclusionary models if they hope to resolve these knotty problems effectively.

[Nielsen; Vertes & Eastman]
Deictic codes, embodiment of cognition, and the real world
Authors: Epelboim Julie
Published: July 2002

It is unlikely that Ballard et al.'s embodiment
theory has general applicability to cognition because it is based on
experiments that neglect the importance of meaning, purpose, and
learning in cognitive tasks. Limitations of the theory are illustrated
with examples from everyday life and the results of recent experiments
using cognitive and visuomotor tasks.
Controversies and issues in developmental theories of mind: Some constructive remarks
Authors: Quartz Steven R. , Sejnowski T. J.
Published: July 2002

As the commentaries reveal, cognitive neuroscience's
first steps toward a theory of development are marked by vigorous
debate, ranging from basic points of definition to the fine details of
mechanism. In this Response, we present the neural constructivist
position on this broad spectrum of issues, from basic questions such
as what sets constructivism apart from other theories (particularly
selectionism) to its relation to behavioral theories and to its
underlying mechanisms. We conclude that the real value of global
theories at this stage of cognitive neuroscience is not just their
answers but the new set of research questions they pose.
Language, tools, and brain revisited
Authors: Greenfield Patricia M.
Published: July 2002

The target article presented a model to stimulate further
research and ultimately, a more definitive theory of the ontogeny
and phylogeny of hierarchically organized sequential activity.
Methodologically, it was intended to stimulate methods for integrating
data from different neuropsychological techniques. This response to
Givon and Swann focuses on several substantive areas: (1) the role
of automaticity in hierarchically organized activity and its neural
substrate, (2) the neural ontogeny of planning, (3) cognitive and
neural architecture for language functions, and (4) the role of
environmental input and interaction in the ontogeny and phylogeny
of language, tools, and brain.
Modelling imitation with sequential games
Authors: Colman Andrew M.
Published: July 2002

A significant increase in the probability of an action
resulting from observing that action performed by another agent
cannot, on its own, provide persuasive evidence of imitation. Simple
models of social influence based on two-person sequential games
suggest that both imitation and pseudo-imitation can be explained by
a process more fundamental than priming, namely, subjective utility
maximization.
A methodological behaviourist model for imitation
Authors: Jorion Paul J. M.
Published: July 2002

Byrne & Russon's target article displays all the
difficulties encountered when one fails to take a methodological
behaviourist approach to imitation. Their conceptual apparatus
is grounded in a mixture of introspection and folk psychology. Their
distinction between action-level and program-level
imitation falters on goal imputation for sequential acts. In an
alternative gradient descent model, behaviour can be
simulated as a frustration/satisfaction gradient descent in the
animal's “potentiality space,” as defined by
knowledge, inventiveness, and the surrounding environment.
An even stronger case for the cognitive impenetrability of visual perception
Authors: Krueger Lester E.
Published: July 2002

Pylyshyn could have strengthened his case by avoiding side
issues and by taking a sterner, firmer line on the unresolved (and
perhaps unresolvable) problems plaguing the sensitivity (d')
measure of top-down, cognitive effects, as well as the general (nearly
utter!) lack of convincing evidence provided by proponents of the
cognitive penetrability of visual perception.