bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Reinvented Life in the United States as a Teacher, Innovator, and Woman, 1939–1956
Authors: Chalfa Ruyter Nancy Lee
Published: May 2020

This chapter begins with La Meri and Carreras settling into New York City, and the continuation of their professional work. It then focuses on La Meri’s schools and teaching—particularly her Ethnologic Dance Center, which existed from 1942 to 1956. The last section covers her relationships with the three important men in her life: Carreras, who left her in 1944; Charles James Miller, a student and then member of her company; and Peter di Falco, who also began as a student and member of her company. The personal relationship between La Meri and di Falco ran from 1946 to the late 1950s, and they taught, performed, and toured together.
Migrations in Late Mesoamerica
Authors: Beekman Christopher S.
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses recent research that identifies migration as a specific form of human movement in which social groups move into new social contexts. Migration is inherently disruptive to people’s lives, and it occurs embedded within political, economic, or social processes that make it highly context-specific. I discuss the history of theory in migration research, including recent shifts away from a concern with ethnicity in favour of communities of practice. Late Mesoamerica is a data-rich environment for the study of migration within its social context. The Classic period saw regional political systems that extended their reach economically or militarily and frequently had a demographic component. The widespread disruption of the Epiclassic or Terminal Classic periods included environmental change, political collapse, and a major reorganization of the social landscape. The Postclassic witnessed the re-emergence of complex societies claiming descent from migrant populations. The contributions to this volume come from many different disciplines and assess the timing, causes, perceptions, and impacts of migrations across a variety of social contexts. Political disruption, environmental change, and migration are frequently interrelated in ways reminiscent of our world today.
“Then They Pressed On”
Authors: Schroeder Susan
Published: May 2020

Chimalpahin’s Nahuatl-language annals afford an indigenous and often-personal perspective on the importance of women, family, and community to the history of Nahua migration and settlement in early central Mesoamerica. Most remarkable, perhaps, is the diversity of peoples and accounts, the undertakings themselves, and the extraordinary realization of accomplishment at each journey’s end.
Classic Period Migration in the Maya Area
Authors: Aubry B. Scott
Published: May 2020

This study addresses long-standing issues regarding the nature of interregional interaction between central Mexico and the Maya area through the analysis of dental variation. In total, 23 sites were included in this study, 20 Maya sites, and the Teotihuacán, Tula, and Cholula sites. The large number of sites allows for a more comprehensive picture of population structure within the Maya area and between these two regions. This study estimates biological distances between sites, and it identifies individual Maya sites that are more genetically variable than expected. This would indicate that they might have been recipients of differential interaction from external populations. The results of this study support hypotheses about widespread interaction between the Maya and Central Mexico.
The Murals of Cacaxtla
Authors: Turner Andrew D.
Published: May 2020

The sudden appearance of Maya-style characteristics in the art of Epiclassic sites in Central Mexico has sparked debate regarding the relationship between the polity of Cacaxtla and the distant Maya Lowlands. Early studies linked these developments, described in ethnohistoric sources, to migrations of the Olmeca-Xicalanca of the southern Gulf Coast. Recent studies assert that Cacaxtla’s artists adopted an “eclectic” assortment of foreign stylistic elements in order to proclaim ties to distant sources of wealth and power that were not necessarily rooted in historic reality. This study argues that Cacaxtla’s artists deployed stylistic, technical, and iconographic conventions in a manner that reflects deep and sustained engagement with specific Maya cities rather than superficial claims of aggrandizement. Evaluation through current anthropological understandings of how and why people migrate and how group identity is expressed in the midst of population movements suggests that Cacaxtla’s monumental art programs constitute an additional line of evidence in support of Epiclassic migration from the southern Gulf Coast, or western Maya Lowlands, to Central Mexico.
The Pipil Migrations in Mesoamerica
Authors: Fowler William R.
Published: May 2020

Drawing on comparative studies of migrations from the U.S. Southeast and Southwest, I propose a new model for the interpretation of the Pipil migrations from central Mexico to southeastern Mesoamerica. These studies indicate that identity politics associated with cultural construction (sensu Pauketat) are often closely related to historical processes of migration, population movements, and displacements. Assuming the essential accuracy of this model, material culture traits often taken as direct archaeological data on the Pipil migrations are reinterpreted as evidence of the daily practices, social identities, and political differentiations of immigrant groups and their construction of new landscapes and cultural traditions.
Island Chain Coastlines
Authors: Ardren Traci , Fitzpatrick Scott , Thompson Victor D. , Thompson Victor D.
Published: May 2020

The Florida Keys are a small island chain along the Atlantic coast that preserve unique data on human-environmental interactions in prehistory, overlooked in earlier research but now the focus of new investigations. These investigations were spurred in part by the threat of sea level rise and the need to better understand human adaptations to changing ecosystems. This chapter presents a summary of previous research as well as preliminary results of new investigations into human adaptation in the Florida Keys during the pre-Columbian period.
The Public Health Nurses of Jim Crow Florida
Authors: Ardalan Christine
Published: May 2020

During the Jim Crow era, Florida’s public health nurses, mostly white and a few black women, tackled the state’s public health issues born of race, climate, geography, and poverty. These pioneering professional women were often the only ones available to deliver current health improvement information into the homes of people who were out of the reach of modern medical care. From Florida’s Panhandle to the Everglades and on to the Keys, they faced a number of challenges to reach both white and African American people in rural communities. Like the nurses in other states of the South and the North, they drew strength from their professional identity, but in confronting Florida’s unique challenges, their determination to save lives set them apart as they battled the state’s daunting environmental and cultural obstacles. They found innovative ways to build a bridge between the communities they served and public health policies, both state and federal, that addressed the threats of infection and the high infant and maternal mortality levels. Competing cultural constructions of health shaped their groundbreaking efforts to reach and serve underprivileged members of each race, whether to prevent illness and disease or to improve childbirth and general wellbeing.
Introduction
Authors: Ardalan Christine
Published: May 2020

The introduction provides a background of the first public health nurses to begin work for the State Board of Health under Jim Crow laws by highlighting the dire need for their outreach, particularly in the rural areas among both black and white folk who were out of reach of medical care. Public health nursing came of age in the Progressive era, but Florida was behind Northern public health initiatives. Once Florida’s new group of black and white professional nurses began work, they illuminated how attitudes among national, regional, and state nursing leaders, as well as medical and public health authorities, created a wide variety of opportunities for them to grow their profession and deliver a service. White and black public health nurses were active agents for change, but cultural mores informed their practices differently. Professional patterns and social customs influenced the manner they could exert power to improve health and literally save people’s lives.
Linking to Public Health Nursing the Red Cross Way, 1919 to 1930
Authors: Ardalan Christine
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the influence of the Red Cross Nursing Service in Florida after World War I when the American Red Cross focused on public health nursing. Central leadership from its Washington, DC headquarters directed policies and values that guided Red Cross nurses into the southernmost state. The policies and the nurses themselves illuminated the connections between the Red Cross, race, class, and a population in dire need of healthcare. Becuase the Red Cross was to some extentcolorblind with its policies and nurse recruitment, it paved the way for black public health nurses to forge new paths. From local Red Cross chapters, the white and few black nurses began to establish links with the communities. The Home Hygiene and Care of the Sick classes offered a particularly important means to serve all, regardless of race. The aftermath of Florida’s 1928 hurricane highlighted the more racially open policy towards the employment of African American nurses. Rosa Brown demonstrated the need for public health nurses to improve health in the neglected rural areas of Palm Beach County.
Deadly Virtue
Authors: Martel Heather
Published: May 2020

Deadly Virtue argues that the history of the French Calvinist attempt to colonize Florida in the 1560s is key to understanding the roots of American whiteness in sixteenth-century colonialism, science, and Protestantism. The book places the history of Fort Caroline, Florida, into the context of Protestant colonialism and understandings of the body, emotion, and identity held in common by travelers throughout the early Atlantic world. Protestants envisioned finding a rich and powerful Indigenous king, converting him to Christianity, and then establishing a Protestant-Indigenous alliance to build an empire under Indigenous leadership that would compete with European monarchies. However, when the colony was wiped out by the Spanish, these Protestants took this as a condemnation from their god for this plan of collaborating with Indigenous people and developed separatist strategies for future Protestant colonial projects. By introducing the reader to the humoral model of the body, this book shows how race, gender, sexuality, and Christian morality came to intersect in modern understandings of whiteness.
Health
Authors: Martel Heather
Published: May 2020

According to early European understandings of the body and identity, love could cause a fundamental transformation: a personality change or a change of cultural, spiritual, and political allegiance. With a change in hygienic customs, the human body would change form, color, and even gender. This chapter explains the larger framework of health and identity common to all early modern Europeans, humoralism (or Galenic medicine), an ancient science that defined human bodies as mutable and expected to change with the environment, diet, behavior, and emotion. Seemingly ethnographic descriptions of Indigenous people applied this framework in order to anticipate and prevent the transformation of Christians by Indigenous people and the environments of the Atlantic world and Florida.
Power
Authors: Martel Heather
Published: May 2020

Protestants at first expressed kinship with Indigenous people also subjugated by the Spanish, seeking an alliance initiated by an agent of Fort Caroline with a neighboring Indigenous King Houstaqua. Identifying as refugees caused the French leader Laudonnière to lie to his superiors, including Indigenous leader King Saturiwa, but especially to his patrons in France, by concealing his dependence on Indigenous kings, as well as relationships with Indigenous people that might cause identity issues. This chapter will develop this analysis through a broader look at French Protestant relations of power, dependence, and the contagion of identity, as played out with Indigenous people and in the Fort Caroline colonial order, including several mutinies among the French and a hostage crisis and war with Indigenous people.
A Hint of Things to Come …
Authors: Cobb Charles R.
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides an overview of landscape studies in archaeology, particularly as practiced in the southeastern United States. There is an extended discussion justifying historical anthropology as an important point of departure for this study, in particular because of its usefulness for exploring processes of colonialism. The chapter provides summaries of the major Native American groups and European powers that appear in the remainder of the volume. Generally speaking, the three major European players, or the Spanish, English, and French had different goals and methods of colonization. These methods cumulatively spurred a highly ramified history of landscape transformations for Native Americans. The chapter’s approach resonates well with post-colonial approaches that attempt to decolonize the past by removing Europeans as the primary lens by which we view the actions of Indigenous peoples. Working under rubrics such as “Native-lived colonialism” and “decolonizing the past,” archaeologists increasingly are seeking to integrate European texts, the archaeological record, oral histories, and the perspectives of Native peoples to try and achieve a plural perspective on past lifeways.
Migration and Displacement
Authors: Cobb Charles R.
Published: May 2020

This chapter makes the case that displacement was one of the major responses by Native Americans to the encroachment of European powers. It first considers the nature of Native American movements in the Southeast during the centuries immediately prior to the arrival of the first Spaniards in Florida. Then, displacement is further broken down into several categories of population relocation: serial migration, diaspora, and flows to frontiers. Reasons for displacement vary greatly: destructive wars, depredations of slave trading, and incursions of colonial settlements undermined settlement stability to a historically unprecedented degree, while perceived opportunities provided yet another major stimulus for migration and relocation, as families and towns moved to locations advantageous for trade, travel, and communication. This examination of population movement opens social, environmental, and political discussions concerning the paths of Native American peoples in North America.
Eruptions and Disruptions
Authors: Cobb Charles R.
Published: May 2020

This chapter takes on a long-term perspective on key trends in the historical ecology and political ecology of Native American landscapes during the colonial era. It examines how climate change may have impacted landscape adaptation both prior to and after the arrival of Europeans. There is a detailed overview of Native American plant and animal exploitation, and how subsistence patterns changed from the 1500s to the 1800s.The chapter also devotes considerable attention to the importance of the deerskin trade in Indigenous landscape economies, and the rise of enclosure and private farms following the American Revolution. These trends are explained in terms of transformations in ideological as well as materialist views of the landscape.
Introduction
Authors: Odom Brian C.
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overall introduction for the volume and its collection of diverse essays intended to promote a deeper, interdisciplinary exploration of the social history of NASA during the age of Apollo, developed around the ideas advocated by Jacquelyn Dowd Hall in her 2005 essay, “The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past,” which called upon historians to place civil rights movement histories “in the context of a longer story,” one that would make that history “harder to simplify, appropriate, and contain.” The introduction concludes with a call for further research on the topic.
Bringing Mankind to the Moon
Authors: Blount P. J. , Molina David Miguel
Published: May 2020

In this chapter, P. J. Blount and David Molina trace NASA’s attempted counternarrative of social value and a policy of liberal equality rooted in the concept of “all mankind.” They consider whether this argument for NASA’s value remains a salient one at present as the continued inequalities in American life are increasingly highlighted in the media, and as we face a historical moment in which activists and astronauts alike will be challenged to bridge the distance between Black Lives Matter and Mars.
NASA, the Association of Huntsville Area Contractors, and Equal Employment Opportunity in the Rocket City, 1963–1965
Authors: Odom Brian C.
Published: May 2020

Brian Odom surveys the implementation of Equal Employment Opportunity at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Odom contends that Marshall’s strategy focused on recruiting qualified African American engineering students outside Alabama and developing a partnership with the Association of Huntsville Area Contractors (AHAC) locally. By serving as both a catalyst for technical educational programs in the Huntsville community and clearinghouse for job opportunities and racial dialogue, AHAC facilitated a modicum of progress toward minority gains. During the civil rights movement, local activists such as Dr. Sonnie Hereford III and aerospace executives, including Brown Engineering Company’s Milton K. Cummings, brokered “backroom” agreements meant to improve Alabama’s “image” problem.
The Congressional Black Caucus and the Closure of NASA’s Satellite Tracking Station at Hartebeesthoek, South Africa
Authors: Snedegar Keith
Published: May 2020

Keith Snedegar explores the impact of the civil rights movement on decisions related to NASA facilities outside the United States. Snedegar maintains that when Charles C. Diggs Jr., one of the founders of the Black Congressional Caucus, visited the NASA satellite tracking station at Hartesbeesthoek, South Africa, in 1971, he discovered a racially segregated facility where technical jobs were reserved for white employees and black Africans essentially performed menial labor. Upon his return to the United States, the Detroit congressman embarked on a two-year struggle, first to improve workplace equity at the tracking station, and later, for the closure of the facility. NASA administration under James Fletcher was largely indifferent to demands for change at the station. It was only after Representative Charles Rangel proposed a reduction in NASA appropriations did the agency announce plans to end its working relationship with the white minority regime of South Africa. NASA’s public statements suggested that a scientific rationale lay behind the station’s eventual closure in 1975, but this episode clearly indicates that NASA was acting only under political pressure, and its management remained largely insensitive to global issues of racial equality.
“A Competence Which Should Be Used”
Authors: Mody Cyrus C. M.
Published: May 2020

Cyrus Mody argues that NASA and Johnson Space Center experienced the 1970s through the paradox of “existential success.” The Apollo Program convinced other organizations that NASA engineers had “a competence which should be used,” and therefore hired those engineers away and/or tapped NASA’s expertise for their own organizational objectives. Meanwhile, the gap between Apollo and the space shuttle meant NASA had reasons to accede to such demands, and few political resources to resist them. As a result, the possibility emerged, if briefly, for NASA to re-orient its mission to the issues given currency by the civil rights movement: poverty (especially among ethnic minority communities), environmental justice, the urban dysfunctions created by white flight to the suburbs, etc. That that possibility soon disappeared, though, says much about the changing politics of race and civil rights in the 1980s and beyond.
“Petite Engineer Likes Math, Music”
Authors: Roberts Christina K.
Published: May 2020

Christina Roberts explores the perception that NASA performed poorly in hiring women during the long civil rights era, arguing that that argument is based on low recruitment numbers by comparison with many other federal agencies. Others blame NASA’s poor recruitment efforts on an entrenched white male corporate culture that resisted hiring women and minorities into the early 1970s. While not denying NASA difficulties in the area, Roberts argues that what is missing from the historiography is a discussion of gender including NASA’s actual public outreach efforts for equal employment opportunity for women scientists and engineers. Roberts contends that during the late 1950s to mid-1960s NASA sought to transmit a message that women such as Nancy Grace Roman were welcome to apply and would attain professional science and engineering careers at NASA.
Living on the Border
Authors: Whitmore Katie Marie , Buzon Michele R. , Smith Stuart Tyson
Published: May 2020

Tombos is located at the Third Cataract of the Nile River in modern-day Sudan and marks an important literal and figurative boundary between Egyptian and Nubian interaction. During the New Kingdom Period (1400–1050 BCE), the cemetery at Tombos in Upper Nubia exhibits the use of Egyptian mortuary practices, including monumental pyramid complexes, likely used by both immigrant Egyptians and local Nubians. Despite the influence of Egyptian culture during this colonial period, there are several public displays of Nubian identity in burial practices found at Tombos. This mixture of Egyptian and Nubian burial practices extends into the postcolonial period at Tombos. Paleopathological analyses indicate that the Nubian and Egyptian individuals living at colonial Tombos enjoyed access to nutritional food resources and displayed low levels of skeletal markers of infection, traumatic injury, and strenuous physical activity. While the Tombos sample is likely not representative of all Egyptian-Nubian interaction during the New Kingdom, the individuals examined appear to have benefited from the relationship. In contrast with many situations of frontier interaction, the bioarchaeological evidence indicates a relatively peaceful coexistence between Egyptians and Nubians at Tombos, and the construction of a new biologically and culturally entangled community.
A Line in the Sand
Authors: Woods Aaron R. , Harrod Ryan P.
Published: May 2020

This chapter features a bioarchaeological examination of traumatic injuries and pathological conditions on human skeletal remains from the Fremont and Virgin Branch Puebloan cultures of the pre-contact American Great Basin and Southwest. This study indicates that there were differences across the borders of these regions, which share a boundary along the southern portions of Utah and Nevada. The Fremont and Puebloan borders considered in this chapter include the boundary between Parowan Valley and the St. George Basin, and the Canyons of the Escalante River and the Kaiparowits Plateau, all in the state of Utah. Additional Ancestral Puebloan bioarchaeological data will be discussed from southern Nevada to help illustrate differences between Fremont and Ancestral Puebloan skeletons. The skeletal evidence allows us to infer that the borders between the Fremont and Virgin Branch Puebloans and the Fremont and the Kayenta Puebloans were very distinct, and results demonstrated that there was a much higher rate of trauma and pathology among the Fremont.
Between Civilization and Barbarism
Authors: Ramos E. Carmen
Published: May 2020

Art historian and curator E. Carmen Ramos focuses on the pioneering but problematic work of the nineteenth-century Spanish painter and caricaturist, Víctor Patricio de Landaluze, who spent much of his adult life in colonial Cuba. Despite his opposition to Cuba’s independence from Spain, Landaluze was one of the leading practitioners of costumbrismo (genre painting, or the literary and artistic representation of local customs) on the island, portraying human “types” such as Creole landowners, slaves, former slaves, mulatas, and guajiros (peasants). By the end of the nineteenth century, Landaluze had documented many aspects of Afro-Cuban daily life—including religion, music, and dance—all while, according to Ramos’s analysis, perpetuating the racial stereotypes of African savagery that was common in other former slave societies such as Brazil, the United States, and Puerto Rico. A close look at one of Landaluze’s most famous paintings, Corte de caña (Cutting Sugar Cane, 1874), reveals the racial anxieties among the peninsular Spanish, as well as some members of the Creole elite, provoked by the slaves’ emancipation and the war of national liberation in Cuba.
The Cuban Avant-Garde and the International Art Community
Authors: Cernuda Ramón
Published: May 2020

Art collector Ramón Cernuda discusses how Cuban art was consolidated during the first half of the twentieth century, especially after the emergence of two generations of modern artists that are now considered the core of the vanguardia (also known as the Havana School). Cernuda notes that the international art market increasingly valued the work of Cuban artists such as Amelia Peláez, Víctor Manuel García, René Portocarrero, and Wifredo Lam. These artists appeared in numerous individual and collective exhibitions in major museums and private galleries, as well as in specialized art magazines and books. As Cernuda underlines, Cuban vanguardia painters reached a broad audience with Alfred Barr Jr.’s 1944 exhibition, Modern Cuban Painters, at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City. Ironically, the wide success of Cuban artists abroad led Cuban collectors to pay attention to them.
Women Not Successful Here
Authors: Damian Carol
Published: May 2020

Art historian Carol Damian laments the scarcity of Cuban women artists from the early nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century. Damian explains that this trend was based on both women’s traditional exclusion from art academies and exhibition circuits and difficulties in traveling abroad and establishing their own studios. Yet she documents the work of eight major women artists during the first half of the twentieth century in Cuba, including Mirta Cerra and Gina Pellón. Most of these artists were associated with the San Alejandro Academy of Fine Arts in Havana, participated in numerous exhibitions, and received critical acclaim during their lifetime. However, most critics now neglect them—except for Amelia Peláez—in favor of the canonized male leaders of the Cuban vanguardia. Damian concludes with a call for further research and reflection on the careers of lesser-known female figures and their contributions to Cuban art before and after the country’s independence in 1902.
Concrete Cuba
Authors: McEwen Abigail
Published: May 2020

Art historian Abigail McEwen focuses on the so-called concretos, a generation of abstract Cuban painters that emerged during the 1950s and included Luis Martínez Pedro, Mario Carreño, José M. Mijares, and the Romanian-born Sandú Darié. According to McEwen, the concretos saw themselves as the last generation of the island’s artistic avant-garde, which contradicted their predecessors’ quest for a vernacular expression of national identity in the visual arts while striving for modernization and cosmopolitanism. She shows that the abstract turn in Cuba was both an aesthetic revolt against figurative art and a political protest against the Batista regime. The abstract art movement gradually waned after the triumph of the Cuban Revolution, with its preference for narrative and representational art.
Cuban Photography after 1959
Authors: Cepero Iliana
Published: May 2020

Art historian and curator Iliana Cepero analyzes how some photographers deviated from the official discourse of the 1959 Revolution as an epic and messianic process of liberation from imperialism and class oppression. Instead, as Cepero highlights, several artists (such as the 1960s artists María Eugenia Haya, aka Marucha, and José Alberto Figueroa) used photography both as a medium of self-expression and as a way to explore alternative narratives of daily life in Cuba. More recently, a new generation of photographers—among them, Eduardo García—has documented the material scarcity, poverty, marginalization, racial discrimination, and other intractable problems of contemporary Cuban society. Cepero concludes: “Cuban photography today, both in its documentary and conceptual approaches, aspires to dismantle the epic paradigm with which the Revolution came to be known as a visual phenomenon.”
The Ecotourist Question
Authors: Jones Barbara K.
Published: May 2020

The ecosystem services model as a valuation tool for cultural capital relies on human well-being as the metric for assigning nature a value that makes sense in a world full of competing choices. If the entire added value of a forest that includes wildlife habitat, recreation, and carbon sequestration is calculated, its continued existence as an intact forest ecosystem can more effectively compete against alternative uses that could either destroy the forest or diminish its services to us. Without a measurable value determined through marginal cost-benefit analysis and the consumer’s willingness to pay, however, the forest ecosystem would be assigned a dollar value of zero, making development the easy default choice. Since outdoor recreation in nature contributes to our well-being, it becomes one of the tools we can use to assign nature value. Responsible travel as ecotourists involves taking visitors into natural areas to educate them about a region’s natural and cultural heritage, as well as to sustain the well-being of local people. Ecotourism can change our relationship with the natural world, as well as teach us how to be better tourists.
The Question of Charisma
Authors: Jones Barbara K.
Published: May 2020

Charismatic fauna can play a critical role in how we navigate the challenges of natural resource preservation and conservation. Their highly relatable appeal makes them ideal candidates for conservation campaigns, branding, and marketing, while their easy identification is valuable for ecotourist experiences. The revenue generated from both ecotourism and conservation campaigns (donations indicate a willingness to pay) can help assign a recognized value to our natural world and all its natural capital, making conservation rather than development our economic choice. For many people, the plight of highly recognizable charismatic species embodies the biodiversity crisis, as relying on their appealing faces as proxies for habitat protection makes sense. Their presence has the potential to generate ecotourist dollars that can be used to preserve and protect ecosystems and habitats beyond their own terrains, creating an umbrella effect. The benefit of utilizing charismatic fauna as surrogates for larger ecological issues is how effectively these animals can be used to protect the landscapes and biodiversity of entire ecosystems.
CONDIÇÕES DE TRABALHO DOCENTE NA ESCOLA PÚBLICA DE TEMPO INTEGRAL
Authors: Kasper Samanta Antunes , Rinaldi Renata Portela
Published: May 2020

This article is an excerpt from the Master's research entitled “Malaise in teacher work in full-time public school” that addresses the complexity of teacher malaise among teachers in the public school system through the Cidadescola Integral Education Program in the municipality of Presidente Prudente. We aimed to investigate and analyze the working conditions of teachers who work full-time in the refered Program. The qualitative approach was used as the methodological design of the study, more specifically, the field research. As instruments of data collection the questionnaire and the semi-structured interview were used. The data analysis procedure was based on the proposal of Miles, Huberman and Saldaña (2014), systematized through 1) data condensation, (2) data display, and (3) conclusion drawing/verification. The results showed that three categories related to teacher working conditions prevailed, namely: teacher participation in the process of implementation of the Cidadescola Integral Education Program; school infrastructure and teacher work development and organizational, social and economic conditions of teachers. We concluded that teacher working conditions at the Cidadescola Program demand some improvement. It is necessary to pay attention to the relationship between working conditions and effects on teachers’ health, suffering at work and teachers' quality of life.
Planning for War
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

The sudden North Korean attack across the 38th Parallel in June 1950 caught Far East Command and the world unaware. As the Army worked quickly to shore up the defense in the Pusan Perimeter manned by the Eight Army under Lt. Gen. Walton Walker, Almond formed a planning group called Force X that became the nucleus of a new X Corps headquarters that would lead the UN counterattack into Korea at Inchon. The military had been reduced drastically after World War II, and both the Army and the Marines experienced great difficulty marshaling enough forces. Almond’s caustic personality brought him into conflict with other key leader such as Walker and Marine Maj. Gen. O.P. Smith.
Boy on the Bridge
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

John Shalikashvili: From Boy on the Bridge to Top American General tells the captivating tale of how John Shalikashvili, a penniless, stateless World War II refugee achieved the American dream by being appointed the thirteenth chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the highest-ranking officer in the US military, during the Clinton administration. Through a gripping narrative covering his wartime upbringing, aristocratic family background, parental influence, immigrant experience, and betrayals by loved ones—particularly by his high school girlfriend and by his father’s affiliation with the Waffen-SS, which came to light during Shalikashvili’s confirmation process—the biography explores the themes of nature vs. nurture and the role of agency vs. luck (i.e., the influence of his own actions vs. factors beyond his control) in determining Shalikashvili’s character, leadership abilities, and career success.
How Many Shalikashvilis Can There Be in the World?!
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

Set on nomination eve in Fallbrook, California, the chapter captures the reaction of John Shalikashvili’s high school classmate and former girlfriend Donna Bechtold (“Blondie”) to the media reports of his nomination as chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff. It hints at her vibrant personality and outlines some of the qualities she admired in Shalikashvili. It ends with the teaser about luck as a determinant of success: that because she’d betrayed him over 40 years earlier, she’d actually helped keep him on the path to the chairmanship.
Will It Play in Peoria?
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

The chapter is set in June 1952 in Peoria, Illinois, on the eve of high school graduation. Told from the perspective of Donna Bechtold, John Shalikashvili’s girlfriend, the chapter raises the theme of nature vs. nurture by introducing Shalikashvili as a newly arrived refugee in the United States, showing his capacity for empathy and tenderness, and giving a sense of the aristocratic ideals he brought with him to the New World. By contrasting Bechtold’s terrible home life, particularly her abusive mother, with her guesses at how wonderful Shalikashvili’s family must be, it introduces the theme of the influence that parents and upbringing have on our development. It also prepares the reader for the following three chapters, each of which is told mainly from the perspective of a different Shalikashvili relative.
Countess Julie Pappenheim
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

Set in Pappenheim, Germany, in 1947, the chapter continues the theme of nature vs. nurture by introducing John Shalikashvili’s great aunt, Countess Julie Pappenheim. As European aristocracy, the countess symbolizes the rights and responsibilities of power and nobility (noblesse oblige) as well as the question of identity and commitment—all key themes for an officer, particularly one of foreign birth, rising through the US armed forces. It also touches upon John Shalikashvili’s troubled youth, outlines the continued struggles faced by the family as war refugees in post-World War II Germany, and introduces Dimitri Shalikashvili, John Shalikashvili’s father.
Oma and the Passing of the Old World
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

The chapter is set in a hospital room in Pappenheim, Germany, in November 1952, with the Shalikashvili family, set to leave for America, saying final goodbyes to John Shalikashvili’s grandmother, or Oma, Countess Marie Rudiger-Bielaieff. Told from the perspective of Oma, who is on her deathbed, the chapter continues the theme of nature vs. nurture by describing her European aristocratic breeding, overviews the “riches to rags” fall from privilege of her family line, and shows how she instilled the best of aristocratic family values in her child and grandchildren. It also describes the unusual circumstances of how the Shalikashvili family came to be emigrating to the New World—which raises theme of love/commitment and foreshadows Dimitri Shalikashvili’s betrayal of son John.
Betrayal
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

Returning to Peoria, Illinois, on the morning after the June 1952 high school graduation, the chapter tells, through Donna Bechtold’s eyes, how John Shalikashvili fought to assimilate to life in the United States, how manipulative and strategic he could be and how this helped him to be well-liked at school, and how he struggled with demons from his wartime past (post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD). It also reveals that Bechtold, despite all he has done for her, is set to betray him.
Savior of the Kurds?
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

The chapter begins on April 18, 1991, during Operation Provide Comfort commander Lieutenant General John Shalikashvili’s first overflight of the Iraqi-Turkish border. It lays out the scope of this post-Gulf War humanitarian crisis—over 500,000 Kurdish refugees trapped within deadly border mountains—and explains how especially fear of Saddam Hussein’s chemical attacks prompted the Kurds to flee Iraq. The chapter’s second half flashes back to Shalikashvili’s first assignment as an officer, in Alaska in 1959–60, to show his exceptional job performance, his struggles with arrogance and ambition, and his incipient development of a leadership style based on the “three pillars of leadership” or “love, character, and professionalism.” It also shows his loneliness and search for belonging—including how, five years since being betrayed by her, Shalikashvili tracks down Blondie and offers a marriage proposal that is rebuffed, further raising the theme of unrequited love.
Mushroom Cloud
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

The chapter is set on April 19, 1991, when Operation Provide Comfort (OPC) commander Lieutenant General John Shalikashvili is changing aircraft on a runway in Diyarbakir, eastern Turkey. The chapter overviews both the geopolitics of how the crisis occurred and how the rapidly growing scope and internationalization of the problem led Shalikashvili to take over the international humanitarian mission from the first commander, US Air Force major general Jim Jamerson. The chapter explains how during his career Shalikashvili developed leadership skills of logistics mastery and diplomacy (including during Operation Steel Box and the movement of the VII Corps to the Persian Gulf) as well as turned being an immigrant soldier from a liability to a strength, and in the process developed an international mystique about him. Told through the eyes of OPC staff member US Air Force colonel Eugene J. Ronsick, who thinks it was a mistake to replace the original commander with Shalikashvili, the chapter also demonstrates how Shalikashvili’s persona can quickly change people’s attitude toward him from negative to positive.
Huddled Masses
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

The chapter is set on April 19, 1991, during Lieutenant General John Shalikashvili’s very first inspection of a mountain refugee camp (Isikveren). The chapter demonstrates the absolute misery of life in the camps and outlines the suffering and looming potential for massive death. It reviews the progress the international humanitarian mission has accomplished so far and the upcoming shift in mission goal from “humanitarian assistance” to “humanitarian intervention,” which means Shalikashvili now faces the herculean task of moving all 500,000+ Kurds out of the mountains. Seeing the misery in the camp, Shalikashvili recalls his own suffering when he’d lost people he loved, particularly his loss, within weeks of each other, of both his premature baby girl and his cancer-stricken wife. It explains how all these blows—these “betrayals” by people he loved—are what helped push him to make the military his closest family, to make caring for and even loving the military community an inherent part of his leadership modus operandi.
A World Figure?
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

The chapter is set on April 19, 1991, during Lieutenant General John Shalikashvili’s discussion with international media following the Operation Provide Comfort commander’s meeting with Iraqi military just outside the Iraqi border customs house. The chapter overviews Shalikashvili’s reputation for putting the interests of others before himself and not politicking for career and explores to what extent he kept his ambition hidden. By examining his leadership of the 9th Infantry Division (and it’s experimental mechanized brigade) and then his subsequent seemingly “dead end” promotion (at the behest of General John “Jack” Galvin) to be General Crosbie “Butch” Saint’s deputy at US Army Europe (USARER), the chapter highlights Shalikashvili’s commitment to being a team player. It ends by discussing how the unexpected opportunity of Operation Provide Comfort once again shows the role of luck in determining success.
Briefing Congress
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

Set at the September 4, 1991, congressional hearing at the Rayburn Office Building, Washington, D.C., the chapter uses Lieutenant General John Shalikashvili’s testimony to a House Armed Services Committee defense panel on military operations other than war (MOOTW) to thumbnail how Operation Provide Comfort was successfully concluded. It also describes how the success of the mission led to Shalikashvili’s current position as Assistant to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Colin Powell. It also flashes back to Shalikashvili’s tour as a major in the Vietnam War, when he served as a senior district advisor for Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV). In that posting he was heavily involved in pacification efforts (increasing rice production, building roads, constructing hospitals, etc.) as well Operation Fisher, another significant refugee resettlement program. Shalikashvili’s Vietnam experience would be a major developmental step leading him to being more open to the use of force than Colin Powell.
The Ghost of Dimitri
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

This chapter is set during the September 22, 1993, Senate Armed Services Committee confirmation hearing to review General John Shalikashvili’s nomination to serve as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It first explores the development of a controversy that breaks out after General John Shalikashvili’s nomination when a Defense Daily report and a Simon Weisenthal Center press release, based on a reading of Dimitri Shalikashvili’s own memoirs housed at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution, announce that Dimitri served under the Waffen-SS during World War II. This is followed by a flashback, from Dimitri’s point of view, of how and why he joined the German war cause and what he did while serving for them. The chapter ends with an overview of the Senate confirmation hearing where Shalikashvili denies knowledge of his father’s SS association and the committee okays Shalikashvili’s confirmation, subject to a suitable replacement being found to take over his current position as SACEUR.
To Become an Officer?
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

The chapter is set in January 1958, the night of the first day of Field Artillery Officer Candidate School (FA-OCS), at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, when John Shalikashvili is considering quitting, given the insanity of the program. The chapter explains how he joined the US military through the “peacetime draft” as well as why, despite not desiring a career in the military, the call of the family business is motivating him, as it did his brother Othar Joseph Shalikashvili before him, to prove he can measure up to his ancestors, particularly his father, whom he greatly admires, by becoming an officer.
Film's First Family
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

The story of the Costellos is the story of the twentiethcentury’s second most accomplished family of actors—second only to the Barrymores, with whom they intermarried to beget a dynasty of unrivaled importance tothe stage and screen. Maurice Costello became what Photoplay called “the first recognized star in movies,” as well as the first screen heartthrob and the first truly modern screen actor. His daughter Helene was the first actress to star in an all-talking picture, The Lights of New York, in 1928. His daughter Dolores was a major star in her own right before marrying John Barrymore and bearing him a son to carry on the Barrymore name to successive generations of famous actors.
The inner narrative is the story of not just what Hollywood does to actors, but what actors do to themselves. Maurice entangled himself in the movies’ first career-destroying scandal. Successive scandals continued to reduce the family fortunes, as, one by one, the Costellos’ brilliant achievements were eclipsed by their own immutable penchant for self-destruction.
Pittsburgh and North
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

A look at the impoverished working-class city of Pittsburgh that Maurice Costello was born into in 1877. Amid devastating economic and social unrest, his Irish immigrant mother struggles to support herself and her infant son after the death of his father in the steel mills. As Maurice reaches adulthood, the rise of Irish Americans in the entertainment world offers a way out. He cuts his professional teeth with the Harry Davis Company inthe heart of the city’s vibrant theatrical district, before striking out on his own as a traveling actor.
East to Eden
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

Dolores is born in Pittsburgh’s Soho, one of America’s most dangerous neighborhoods for an infant. Typhoid runs rampant, and tenement life is horrific. Maurice ison the road at the time of her birth, working his way up from tent shows to stock companies. As soon as financially possible, he moves his growing family to New York, where he is eventually hired by the Spooner Company of Brooklyn. The Spooner sisters have fast become a powerhouse in the male-dominated theatrical world, and as a member of their company Maurice firmly establishes himself as a legitimate stage actor. Mae’s second pregnancy and her growing dissatisfaction with Maurice’s incomeforce him to consider having a go at the movies.
Great Days
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

Mae becomes jealous of the adulation Maurice is getting from thousands of female moviegoers. Maurice lets success go to his head, drinking more and giving his already “angry temperament” full vent. Maurice’s popularity continues to increase, thanks to the groundbreaking film A Tale of Two Cities; overseas distributionof the film establishes him as an international star. In 1913, Vitagraph sends the Costello family and several other company employees on a round-the-world movie-making venture, beginning in the Far East and ending in Europe. In Italy Maurice is mobbed by adoring fans.