bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ambulatory mental health data demonstrates the high needs of people with an intellectual disability: Results from the New South Wales intellectual disability and mental health data linkage project
Authors: Howlett Sophie , Florio Tony , Xu Han , Trollor Julian
Published: June 2014

Objective:

To investigate the ambulatory mental health service profile of persons with intellectual disability (ID) in a representative sample of New South Wales (NSW).

Methods:

A statistical linkage key was used to link the Disability Services Minimum Data Set (DS-MDS) and a community mental health services dataset (MH-COM) for a representative area of NSW for the period 2005–2010. Linkage was undertaken in four NSW local health districts (LHDs), covering 36.7% of the NSW population. The mental health profiles and service use characteristics of people with an ID were compared to mental health service users without an ID.

Results:

Of the 89,262 people in the MH-COM over this 6-year period, 1,459 people (1.6 %) were identified as having an ID. Compared to those without an ID, people with an ID were more likely to have psychotic disorders, developmental disorders and personality disorders, and more than twice as likely to have an ‘unknown’ diagnosis. Compared to those without an ID, people with an ID were less likely to have depressive disorders, adjustment disorders and other disorders. Service use profiles revealed that people with an ID had 1.6 times more face-to-face contacts, and a total face-to-face contact time which was 2.5 times longer than people without an ID.

Conclusions:

Ambulatory mental health data from NSW indicates that people with an ID receive care for a distinct range of mental disorders, and experience uncertainty regarding their diagnosis. People with an ID have higher service needs which require recognition and the allocation of specific resources. Such data provide a suitable baseline for future evaluation of the impact of ambulatory mental health reforms for people with an ID.
Effect of the addition of nanoclays on the water absorption and mechanical properties of glass fiber/up resin composites
Authors: Rull N , Ollier RP , Francucci G , Rodriguez ES , Alvarez VA
Published: June 2014

Mechanical performance of composite materials must remain satisfactory during their life in service. However, composite structures such as wind blades are usually exposed to humid and severe environments, and the absorbed water can degrade the fiber–matrix interface decreasing the composite overall performance. Dual scale (nano-micro) composites can be obtained by adding nanoparticles to the polyester resin and reinforcing that nanomaterial with a glass fiber mat. These materials have good potential in the production of composite parts such as wind blades because nanoparticles dispersed in the polymer matrix could lower the water absorption of the composites and improve their performance in humid environments. However, nanosized reinforcing particles have high internal surface and therefore they tend to agglomerate and are difficult to disperse homogeneously in the polymeric matrix. Moreover, the final properties of the nanocomposites are strongly influenced by clay particles’ morphology and dispersion. In this work, the effect of the addition of pristine and organomodified nanoclays on the water absorption and mechanical properties of glass fiber/unsaturated polyester resin composites was studied. Results showed that the chemical treatments were effective in improving clay dispersion, reducing water absorption, and increasing the composites’ performance in humid environments. In addition, this work presents a procedure to use water absorption tests as means of accelerated humidity absorption tests.
How Modernization Instigates Social Change
Authors: Hansen Nina , Postmes Tom , Tovote K. Annika , Bos Annemarie
Published: June 2014

This research examines how technology usage can instigate social change in a developing country. We expected that technology usage leads to changes in modern cultural values and attitudes toward gender equality while traditional values persist. This was tested in an information and communication technology (ICT) for Development Aid project among Ethiopian children who had received a laptop. A longitudinal field experiment compared children who received a laptop ( n = 573) with a matched control group without a laptop ( n = 485). Measures were taken before laptop introduction and 6 months later. Laptops had medium to strong effects on value and attitude change, particularly in rural areas. Children with laptops endorsed modern values more strongly, but traditional values were bolstered as well. Modern value change mediated the effect of laptop usage on the endorsement of gender equality. Theoretical and practical implications for cultural changes related to gender equality are discussed.
A stand-alone quantized state system solver for continuous system simulation
Authors: Fernández Joaquín , Kofman Ernesto
Published: June 2014

This article introduces a stand-alone implementation of the quantized state system (QSS) integration methods for continuous and hybrid system simulation. QSS methods replace the time discretization of classic numerical integration by the quantization of the state variables. These algorithms lead to discrete event approximations of the original continuous systems and show some advantages over classic numerical integration schemes.

For simplicity, most implementations of QSS methods were confined to discrete event simulation engines. The problem is that they were not fully efficient, as they wasted much of the computational load in the discrete event simulation mechanism. The stand-alone QSS solver presented here overcomes this problem, improving in more than one order of magnitude the computation times of the previous discrete event implementations.

Besides describing the solver structure and functionality, the article analyzes four different models and compares the performance of the new solver with that of the discrete event implementation, and with that of different classic solvers.
On Ambivalence and Hope in the Restless Search for Community: How to Work with the Idea of Community in the Global Age
Authors: Mulligan Martin
Published: June 2014

Sociologists have been debating the idea of community for over a century with some continuing to suggest that it has no relevance in the contemporary world. Attempts to turn to other terms – such as ‘social capital’ – have not worked and many scholars have suggested that the desire for community has increased in a world of global insecurities. Gerard Delanty’s work on the communicative construction of community is the best attempt to unpack the contemporary meaning of the word yet he underplays the dangers of community and he stops short of contemplating the ongoing importance of place. This article extends Delanty’s conception of community formation by suggesting a distinction between ‘grounded’ and ‘projected’ communities. It draws on the author’s research to highlight the importance of working more thoughtfully with the idea of community. It notes that the sociology of community has failed to take account of more than 40 years of community development practice.
Static and dynamic puncture failure behaviors of 3D needle-punched compound fabric based on Weibull distribution
Authors: Li Ting-Ting , Wang Rui , Lou Ching Wen , Lin Jan-Yi , Lin Jia-Horng
Published: June 2014

Through-thickness reinforcement structure of compound fabric was formed through a two-sided needle-punching and thermal-bonding processes. This study presents static and dynamic puncture resistances of compound fabric comprised of Kevlar®/PA6/low-melting PET nonwoven, low-melting PET/PET nonwoven and woven fabric. The effect of the staple fibers fraction on puncture resistance was investigated to assess optimal fiber content in the nonwoven layer. Static and dynamic puncture failure models of non-thermal-bonded and thermal-bonded compound fabrics were constructed using a Weibull probability distribution to predict puncture failure reliability. Result indicates that puncture forces increased and then decreased with low-melting PET fibers, but steadily improved with recycled Kevlar® fibers. Puncture failure probability models show that thermal-bonding largely improved failure reliability of the static puncture property, but slightly decreased dynamic puncture performance. Puncture failure mechanisms were respectively exposed according to SEM observations.
IFRS Adoption Among Private Companies
Authors: Cameran Mara , Campa Domenico , Pettinicchio Angela
Published: June 2014

EU gave the opportunity to each Member State to oblige/allow non-listed (i.e., private) companies to use international financial reporting standards (IFRS). Considering a sample of Italian private companies that switched to IFRS in the time span from 2005 to 2008, we compare financial reporting quality between IFRS adopters and a matched sample of companies still using local (Italian) generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). This should be of interest for the EU Commission in evaluating the impact of the current financial reporting regulation and for EU national regulators, who are left with a certain degree of flexibility in endorsing parts of the European legislation. Overall, our results show that IFRS adoption did not improve reporting quality among private companies but, on the contrary, decreased it. As companies can exploit the level of flexibility embedded in IFRS to pursue their own reporting interests, separate analyses were conducted taking into consideration firms’ incentives. In particular, assuming that entities controlled by listed companies might have switched to IFRS mainly for complying with parent company requirements and/or simplifying the financial reporting process, we run the analyses separately for this sub-sample and other firms. Findings reveal signs of earnings quality deterioration for both groups although the impact seems slightly worse for subsidiaries of listed companies.
Transient Elastography (FibroScan) Is Not Correlated With Liver Fibrosis but With Cholestasis in Patients With Long‐Term Home Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Van Gossum André , Pironi Loris , Messing Bernard , Moreno Christophe , Colecchia Antonio , D'Errico Antonietta , Demetter Pieter , De Gos Françoise , Cazals‐Halem Dominique , Joly Francisca
Published: June 2014

Background: Long‐term home parenteral nutrition (HPN) may induce liver disorders. Transient elastography (TE) has been proposed as a noninvasive alternative to liver biopsy analysis for assessment of the progression of hepatic fibrosis to cirrhosis. The goal of this study was to compare values from TE measurements to biopsy‐determined stages of histologic fibrosis in patients receiving HPN. Methods: In this multicenter prospective study, patients receiving long‐term HPN (≥6 months) who required a liver biopsy for clinical reasons were included. TE (FibroScan) values for each patient were compared with the degree of hepatic fibrosis measured from biopsy specimens based on the Brunt classification. TE values were also correlated to biochemical and histologic cholestasis. Two noninvasive indices for predicting liver fibrosis (APRI and FIB‐4) were also evaluated. Results: Thirty patients were included in this study (mean age, 42.1 years; 63% male). The mean duration of HPN was 100.7 months; 25 patients had a short bowel and 13 had an intestinal stoma. Biochemical cholestasis was described in 22 patients. Liver histologic features varied among these patients. There was no correlation between the values of TE and the stages of histologic fibrosis, but TE values were significantly correlated to serum bilirubin level and the severity of histologic cholestasis as well as APRI and FIB‐4 scores. Conclusions: In patients with long‐term HPN, TE failed to assess the degree of hepatic fibrosis. This could be due to the heterogeneity of liver histologic features observed in these patients and the presence of chronic cholestasis.
Emotional styles of power: corporate leaders in Finnish business media
Authors: Kantola Anu
Published: June 2014

Drawing from a growing body of research that focuses on emotions as social and cultural phenomena, this article examines how publicly performed emotions can be employed in the exercise of power. The article uses William Reddy’s ideas on emotional regimes. A qualitative analysis of Finnish business magazine Talouselämä tracks how corporate leaders have performed publicly in Finland from 1940 to 2005. I suggest that corporate capitalism developed an emotional regime of enthusiastic individualism, which challenged the previous regime of paternal managerialism. The article demonstrates how business media such as Talouselämä provided an emotional refuge that became a public platform through which rising corporate sectors could formulate the new emotional regime. The mediated performances of corporate leaders became rituals that borrowed from the affect economy of social movements and fuelled the rise of the new capitalism.
Between corporate development and public service: the cultural system reform in the Chinese media sector
Authors: Hong Yu
Published: June 2014

If the cultural system reform in the 1980s and 1990s was peripheral and sluggish, in the 21st century it has become a central part of China’s unswerving reform and noticeably gained velocity after 2008. Aiming to build up a cultural market economy, the reform is transforming the majority of cultural institutions into state-owned and even state-controlled shareholding corporations, while strengthening the public service obligation of state financing in a few non-profitable areas. By chronicling and contextualizing reform efforts, this article not only documents some major lines of market development but also examines why and how the state is realigning its public and corporate sectors in such a particular mode of synthesis, especially in two leading media sectors: film and TV broadcasting. While Chinese communication scholars have documented how the overlap between the state and market forces creates dominant cultural processes in China, focusing on the state’s straightforward efforts at commercialization, this article offers an updated understanding of verifiable policy and institutional changes—especially the ‘de-commercialization’ movement embodied by the return of public units.
Adolescent-Peer Relationships, Separation and Detachment From Parents, and Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors
Authors: Jager Justin , Yuen Cynthia X. , Putnick Diane L. , Hendricks Charlene , Bornstein Marc H.
Published: June 2014

Most research exploring the interplay between context and adolescent separation and detachment has focused on the family; in contrast, this investigation directs its attention outside of the family to peers. Utilizing a latent variable approach for modeling interactions and incorporating reports of behavioral adjustment from 14-year-old adolescents ( N = 190) and their mothers, we examine how separation and detachment relate to adolescent-peer relationships, and whether peer relationships moderate how separation and detachment relate to adolescent internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Positive peer relationships were both associated with lower detachment and sharply attenuated relations between detachment and higher adolescent internalizing and externalizing. Separation from parents was unrelated to peer relationships, and regardless of whether peer relationships were positive, separation was not related to adolescent internalizing and externalizing. We integrate these findings with those from family-focused investigations and discuss their substantive and clinical implications.
Teaching Through Interactions in Secondary School Classrooms
Authors: Hafen Christopher A. , Hamre Bridget K. , Allen Joseph P. , Bell Courtney A. , Gitomer Drew H. , Pianta Robert C.
Published: June 2014

Valid measurement of how students’ experiences in secondary school classrooms lead to gains in learning requires a developmental approach to conceptualizing classroom processes. This article presents a potentially useful theoretical model, the Teaching Through Interactions framework, which posits teacher-student interactions as a central driver for student learning and that teacher-student interactions can be organized into three major domains. Results from 1,482 classrooms provide evidence for distinct emotional, organizational, and instructional domains of teacher-student interaction. It also appears that a three-factor structure is a better fit to observational data than alternative one- and two-domain models of teacher-student classroom interactions, and that the three-domain structure is generalizable from 6th through 12th grade. Implications for practitioners, stakeholders, and researchers are discussed.
Teaching Yes, And … Improv in Sales Classes
Authors: Rocco Richard A. , Whalen D. Joel
Published: June 2014

In an application of experiential learning, assessment, and career development, this article reports a field experiment of teaching sales students adaptive selling skills via an Improvisational (Improv) Comedy technique: Yes, And. Students learn this well-established theatrical improv method via classroom lecture, demonstration, and role-playing exercises. A control group (no improv training) experienced all aspects of the class with the exception of the improv training. After the classroom instruction, both student groups (improv and no -improv trained) participated in a real-world, 4-week sales project selling tickets for professional sport teams that partner with the class. The study’s findings reveal increased ticket sales performance among the improv group students who learn Yes, And. Also students in the improv group gave higher class evaluations. Methods presented in this article could be utilized as an in-class exercise or as an integral part of a semester-long sales project.
The Marketplace of Life? An Exploratory Study of the Commercialization of Water Resources through the Lens of Macromarketing
Authors: Patsiaouras Georgios , Saren Michael , Fitchett James A.
Published: June 2014

Considering that marketing research has paid limited attention to water markets and water consumption, we examine the interrelationships among the ongoing crisis in water resources management and macromarketing theory and practice. Contrary to the dominant ideology of unlimited growth and increased global water markets, we discuss some of the consequences of commercial water trading indicating that the area of water marketing can be a useful and fertile context in which to further emphasise the importance of the macromarketing agenda. Employing the lens of macromarketing, we approach and examine the economic, technological, and political dimensions emerging from the commodification and marketization of water resources. We conclude that consideration of a water marketing system can have a positive effect on economic and social development by elaborating on the implementation of public policies for the sustainable consumption of water, commercializing environmental awareness, and communicating consumers’ responsibilities towards the use of water.
Activity Tolerance After Periacetabular Osteotomy
Authors: Bogunovic Ljiljana , Hunt Devyani , Prather Heidi , Schoenecker Perry L. , Clohisy John C.
Published: June 2014

Background:

Periacetabular osteotomy is a well-described surgical intervention for symptomatic acetabular deformities in skeletally mature patients. Data regarding return to athletic activity or sport after this procedure are still limited.

Purpose:

To evaluate the ability of patients to return to preoperative levels of activity after periacetabular osteotomy.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

This is a retrospective review of active patients treated with periacetabular osteotomy for acetabular deformity correction. Patients were identified as those with preoperative University of California–Los Angeles activity levels ≥7. Patient demographics, operative data, radiographic measures, and clinical outcomes were documented prospectively. The University of California–Los Angeles activity score, Harris Hip Score, Hip Dysfunction and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index were used to measure clinical outcomes, and details regarding activity and satisfaction were analyzed.

Results:

This study included 36 patients (39 hips; 15 males and 21 females) whose average age was 25 years (range, 15-45 years) and whose average body mass index was 24 ± 3.5 kg/m2. Mean follow-up was 33 months (range, 18-59 months). Preoperatively, the average lateral center edge angle, anterior center edge angle, and acetabular index were 10°, 14°, and 21°, respectively; 92% of patients had a Tönnis osteoarthritis grade of 0 or 1. One patient failed hip preservation surgery and went on to total hip arthroplasty 27 months after periacetabular osteotomy. Of the remaining patients, 71% reported an increase or no change in activity level postoperatively. The University of California–Los Angeles score was also unchanged (9.2 vs 8.8, P = .157), and the Harris Hip Score (63 vs 87, P < .001), Hip Dysfunction and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score–Quality of Life (38 vs 71, P < .001), and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (71 vs 92, P < .001) results improved from preoperative levels. There was a 97% rate of satisfaction with the surgery. Four patients (11%) reported hip pain as the primary factor limiting postoperative activity.

Conclusion:

The majority (71%) of active patients with hip dysplasia return to presurgical or higher activity levels after open hip preservation surgery with the periacetabular osteotomy.
Synergia effect of grafting polymer and coating on carbon fibers surface and interface of its composites
Authors: Zhang Huanxia , Li Wei
Published: June 2014

In this work, carbon fibers were treated with epoxy-polyurethane coating to improve the interfacial properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites. The treatment method was divided into three phases, i.e. oxidation with oxygen plasma and coating, graft with acid anhydride and coating, plasma-grafted-sizing. The physical and chemical changes were examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance technique. The tensile strength of carbon fiber and the interfacial adhesion of carbon fiber/epoxy composites were analyzed by Weibull analysis of the single fiber tensile test and by the filament fragmentation experiment of the single fiber composite. The experimental results showed that the sized carbon fiber with plasticizer had better wear-resistant properties. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed that the plasma-grafted-sizing samples showed a significant increase in oxygen-containing groups, such as C–OH, COOH, C–O–C, and COOR. The interfacial shear strength of the plasma-grafted-sizing carbon fiber increased more significantly than the carbon fiber with sizing. This demonstrated that the surfaces of the samples were more active, hydrophilic, and rough after plasma-grafted-sizing treatments using dielectric barrier discharges operating in ambient argon mixture with oxygen.
Recycling solid residues recovered from glass fibre-reinforced composites – A review applied to wind turbine blade materials
Authors: Beauson Justine , Lilholt Hans , Brøndsted Povl
Published: June 2014

For the sustainable development of modern societies, optimized life cycle management of any technologies must be considered, from their development and implementation to their end of life (EoL). This is of main concern for the wind energy sector. Rapidly growing, this industrial sector will have to face large amount of future wind turbine (WT) blades coming to EoL. Among the EoL solutions available for WT blades, i.e. reuse, remanufacturing, recycling, incineration or disposal, this literature review focuses on recycling and particularly the recycling of shredded composite (SC) materials and recovered glass fibre (GF) into new polymer composite. WT blades are mainly made of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) using thermosetting resins. Shredding this material and recovering GF are possible recycling solutions for WT blade. Based on a detailed literature review, the formulations of new composites elaborated with the residues are presented in a novel standardized way based on weight fractions. The mechanical properties of the composite manufactured are thereafter compared and discussed.
Characterization of biofiber breakage in composite processing using a capillary rheometer
Authors: Quijano-Solis C , Yan N
Published: June 2014

This study used a capillary rheometer to determine the impact that shear and elongational flow have on the breakage of aspen fibers in a polypropylene matrix. Composites were processed at different concentrations, temperatures, and rates of strain. The influence of the processing parameters was also analyzed. The difference in breakage of the fibers was assessed through their weight–average fiber length. Results showed that both types of flow exert influence on the total breakage of the fibers. In some cases, the percentage of breakage in the elongational flow is higher. The level of fiber breakage was similar for all fiber concentrations and shear rates. Temperature influence depended on the type of flow.
Effects of Pinealectomy and Short Day Lengths on Reproduction and Neuronal RFRP-3, Kisspeptin, and GnRH in Female Turkish Hamsters
Authors: Piekarski David J. , Jarjisian Stephan G. , Perez Luz , Ahmad Huzaifa , Dhawan Namita , Zucker Irving , Kriegsfeld Lance J.
Published: June 2014

Long days (LDs) stimulate and short days (SDs) inhibit reproduction in photoperiodic rodents by modifying nocturnal pineal melatonin secretion. In LD Turkish hamsters, unlike other rodents, pinealectomy induces reproductive quiescence comparable to that produced by SDs. We assessed whether SDs and pinealectomy induce similar or different patterns of kisspeptin and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (also known as RFamide-related peptide-3 [RFRP-3] in mammals) expression, important mediators of seasonal reproductive changes in other species. Brains were harvested from sham-operated female Turkish hamsters maintained in LDs and SDs and LD-pinealectomized (pinx) females, all housed in their respective photoperiods for 12 weeks. Uterine weights were substantially higher in LD-sham than in LD-pinx and SD-sham females. RFRP-3-immunoreactive(-ir) cells in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus were greater in number and size in the reproductively competent LD-sham hamsters than in both reproductively suppressed SD-sham and LD-pinx hamsters. LD-sham hamsters had more kisspeptin-ir cells in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus than did LD-pinx hamsters. Reproductive quiescence, whether induced by short-day lengths or pinealectomy, was generally accompanied by comparable changes in RFRP-3 and kisspeptin, suggesting that long-duration melatonin signaling and withdrawal of melatonin by pinealectomy may act through the same neural substrates to induce gonadal quiescence.
Circadian Rhythm Disorders and Melatonin Production in 127 Blind Women with and without Light Perception
Authors: Flynn-Evans Erin E. , Tabandeh Homayoun , Skene Debra J. , Lockley Steven W.
Published: June 2014

Light is the major environmental time cue that synchronizes the endogenous central circadian pacemaker, located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus, and is detected exclusively by the eyes primarily via specialized non-rod, non-cone ganglion cell photoreceptors. Consequently, most blind people with no perception of light (NPL) have either nonentrained or abnormally phased circadian rhythms due to this inability to detect light. Conversely, most visually impaired participants with some degree of light perception (LP) exhibit normal entrainment, emphasizing the functional separation of visual and “nonvisual” photoreception. The aims of the study were to identify the prevalence of circadian disorders in blind women, with the further aim of examining how eye disease may relate to the type of circadian disorder. Participants ( n = 127, age 50.8 ± 13.4 years) completed an 8-week field study including daily sleep diaries and sequential 4 to 8 hourly urine collections over 48 h on 2 to 3 occasions separated by at least 2 weeks. Circadian type was determined from the timing and time course of the melatonin rhythm measured by cosinor-derived urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin rhythm peak. Of the participants with NPL ( n = 41), the majority were abnormally phased (24%) or nonentrained (39%), with 37% classified as normally entrained. Of the participants with LP ( n = 86), the majority were normally entrained (69%). Eighteen LP participants (21%) were abnormally phased (8 advanced, 10 delayed). Nine LP participants (10%) were nonentrained. The eye conditions most associated with abnormal phase and/or nonentrained circadian rhythms were bilateral enucleation (67%) and retinopathy of prematurity (57%). By contrast, 84% of participants with retinitis pigmentosa and 83% of those with age-related macular degeneration were normally entrained. These findings suggest that the etiology of blindness in addition to LP status is related to an individual’s ability to process the circadian light signal.
Natural Populations of Drosophila melanogaster Reveal Features of an Uncharacterized Circadian Property
Authors: Maguire Sarah E. , Schmidt Paul S. , Sehgal Amita
Published: June 2014

Most cyclic biological processes are under control of a circadian molecular timing system that synchronizes these phenomena to the 24-h day. One generic property of circadian-controlled processes is that they operate within a specific temperature range, below which the manifestation of rhythm ceases. Little is known about the evolutionary relevance of the lower temperature limit of rhythmicity or about the mechanism underlying the loss of overt circadian behavior below this lower limit, especially in one model organism of chronobiology, Drosophila melanogaster. Natural populations of Drosophila are evolving under divergent selection pressures and so provide a source of diversity necessary to address these issues. Using lines derived from African populations, we find that there is natural variation in the expression of rhythmic behavior under low-temperature conditions. We found evidence that this variability is evolutionarily relevant at extremely low temperature (12 °C) because high-altitude populations exhibit selection for locally adapted genomes that contribute to rhythmic behavior. Lines resistant to 15 °C show an additional layer of diversity in their response to temperature extremes because some lines are resistant to low temperature (15 °C) only, whereas others are cross-resistant to high and low temperature (15 °C and 30 °C). Genetic analysis of one cold-resistant circadian line at 15 °C reveals that the phenotype maps to the X-chromosome but not to the core clock genes, per and sgg. Analysis of the central clock cells of this line reveals that maintenance of rhythm is associated with robust clock function, which is compromised in a standard laboratory strain. These data indicate that the cold-resistant circadian phenotype is clock based. This study highlights the importance of using natural populations to inform us of the basic features of circadian traits, especially those that might be under temperature-based selection.
Multi-labellisation socio-environnementale et consentement à payer du consommateur
Authors: Dufeu Ivan , Ferrandi Jean-Marc , Gabriel Patrick , Le Gall-Ely Marine
Published: June 2014

Dans un contexte où les logos apposés sur les emballages des produits alimentaires se multiplient, la présente recherche s’intéresse à l’influence de l’accroissement progressif du nombre de labels sur la valorisation du produit. Trois études empiriques ont permis de mesurer l’influence de l’addition des labels de qualité Agriculture Biologique, Fairtrade et Label Rouge sur le consentement à payer de 519 consommateurs français de miel. Elles mettent notamment en évidence un effet de complémentarité, dominant souvent les effets de redondance et de surcharge informationnelle. Cet effet diffère selon les caractéristiques et le nombre des labels associés et est fonction de la confiance accordée à ces labels. Les enseignements de cette recherche incitent les producteurs à associer des labels sur les emballages, lorsque ceux-ci sont concordants en termes de notoriété mais complémentaires en termes d’attributs.
La réponse à la question « Que pouvons-nous faire ? » : le marketing durable
Authors: Martin Diane M. , Schouten John W.
Published: June 2014

Critiquer le marketing, l’exercice est facile et bien mené par ses détracteurs. Mais aller au-delà et proposer une démarche, des outils, une vision, n’est pas simple. C’est à cet exercice que se sont attelé Diane Martin et John Schouten. Ils proposent d’explorer la voie d’un marketing durable au service d’une transformation des pratiques de consommation et plus largement d’une nouvelle culture matérielle au service des principes du développement durable.
L’efficacité de la participation consciente à promouvoir la durabilité sociale
Authors: Eckhardt Giana M. , Dobscha Susan
Published: June 2014

Dans cet article, Giana Eckhardt et Susan Dobscha abordent le construit du ‘conscious pricing’ et décrivent comment celui-ci est utilisé par les entreprises pour tenir compte des considérations sociales. Elles soulignent que les consommateurs ne sont pas prêts à supporter le coût de ces aspects sociaux. Ceux-ci doivent plutôt être pris en compte au niveau structurel.
Temporal analysis of dissolution by-products and genotoxic potential of spherical zinc–silicate bioglass: “Imageable beads” for transarterial embolization
Authors: Hasan MS , Kehoe S , Boyd D
Published: June 2014

Embolization of vascular tumors is an important tool in minimally invasive surgical intervention. Radiopaque, non-degradable, and non-deformable spherical zinc–silicate glass particles were produced in a range of 45–500 μm. Three size ranges (45–150, 150–300, and 300–500 μm) were used in the current study. The glass microspheres were eluted in polar (saline solution) and non-polar (dimethyl sulfoxide) medium, and ion release profiles were recorded using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Approximately 80% of Gaussian distribution was achieved by simple sieving. The ions released from the microspheres were dependent upon surface area to volume ratio as well as the nature of elution media. Greater ions were released from smaller particles (45–150 μm) having largest surface area in polar medium. For the genotoxicity bacterial mutation Ames assay, the concentrations of all the ions were well below their therapeutic concentration reported in the literature. No mutagenic effect was observed in the bacterial mutation Ames test. Hence, it can be concluded that the glass microspheres produced herein are non-mutagenic further supporting the materials potential as a suitable embolic agent.
Hygrothermal Durability and Thermal Aging Behavior Prediction of High-Temperature Polymer-Matrix Composites and Their Resins
Authors: Shin E. Eugene , Morgan Roger J. , Zhou Jiming , Lincoln Jason , Jurek Robert , Curliss David B.
Published: June 2014

Prediction of the cure-induced Tg increases and associated matrix and composite mechanical property deterioration of BMI systems in real service environments is attempted by network structure interrelations with mechanical and thermal properties as a function of composition (initial monomer ratio) and time-temperature cure cycles. Tensile and flexural properties of four BMI compositions at six different cure cycles (or degree of cure) have been determined at three temperatures, 230C, 1 770C, and 250'C, and correlated to Tg and density of the systems.

Systematic studies on hygrothermal durability of bismaleimide (BMI) and various polyimide (PI)-carbon fiber composites and neat resins were conducted. The combined effects of moisture and thermal exposures such as hygrothermal spikes up to 250'C and hygrothermal aging under various time-temperature-moisture conditions including accelerated aging at saturated steam environment (1 60'C and 1 10 psi) on microscopic damage, polymer-matrix physical structural state, and residual properties of those composites and neat resins are presented. The onset of blistering in moist K3B PI C fiber composites occurred at 2290C during the thermal spiking. It is evident that the hygrothermal performance stability is one of the prime guidelines in future aerospace applications, especially for PI composites. The physical and chemical structural state of PI matrices such as K3B and AFR700B as a function of hygrothermal exposure are discussed in terms of hydrolytic chemical degradation, moisture vapor-induced physical damage, and molecularly locked-in water. Those structural states are characterized by systematic weight monitoring 2H NMR, and various thermal, mechanical property measurements using D20 water environment.
Nondestructive Evaluation of the Effects of Thermal-Mechanical Aging on IM7/K3B Stiffness
Authors: Seale Michael D. , Madaras Eric I.
Published: June 2014

The introduction of new, advanced composite materials into aviation systems requires a thorough understanding of the long-term effects of combined thermal and mechanical loading on these types of materials. Ultrasonic Lamb waves offer a promising method of evaluating stiffness in composite materials. To help assess the effect of aging, a suitably designed Lamb wave measurement system is being used to obtain bending and out-of-plane stiffness coefficients of composite laminates undergoing thermal-mechanical loading. In this study, a series of 16-ply graphite-fiber-reinforced amorphous thermoplastic polyimide laminates, IM7/K3B, were aged in load frames equipped with special environmental chambers. The samples were subjected to both high and low strain profiles. The bending and out-of-plane shear stiffnesses as well as time-of-flight measurements for samples that have undergone up to 4,993 fatigue cycles of combined thermal and mechanical aging are reported. The Lamb wave generated elastic stiffness results show decreases of up to 20% with extended aging.
A Preliminary Investigation of Tensile Properties of Glass-Mat Woven-Fabric-Reinforced Thermoplastic Elastomer Composites
Authors: Shonaike Gabriel O. , Lang Y. Y. , Odusanya S.
Published: June 2014

Glass-mat woven-fabric-reinforced santoprene composites were fabricated at various temperatures and processing times. The molding temperatures were 190, 200, 210, 220 and 230'C, and the impregnation time was varied between 1 and 30 minutes. Samples were compression molded, and the effects of processing variables such as temperature and time on tensile properties were studied. The degree of impregnation of matrix resin into the reinforcing glass mat was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and tensile properties. In samples fabricated at 190'C, complete impregnation occurred before 10 minutes. The processing temperature had a pronounced effect on the composites; that is, degradation of the matrix resin occurred in samples fabricated at elevated temperatures. Evidence of degradation of the matrix resin processed above 190'C is confirmed by depression of the melting point of the matrix resin and reduction of the tensile strength. The tensile properties of the composites depend on the quantity of voids. Thus, the higher the void content, the lower the tensile properties.
Water Absorption and Fiber-Matrix Interface Durability in Carbon-PEEK
Authors: Zhang Li (Alex) , Piggott M. R.
Published: June 2014

Moldings have been prepared from carbon-PEEK prepreg (APC2) in which the fibers were unidirectional. Their transverse mechanical properties were compared with those of moldings made from unreinforced PEEK. In addition, the water absorption at 23°C, 60°C, and 90°C of the polymer and composite were measured, together with the mechanical properties after various durations of immersion in 90°C water. The results showed that the interface was not affected by the immersion, at least up to 8000 h. There was a slight loss of polymer strength (20%) and failure strain (25%), which was reflected in the composite properties. Water absorption was determined almost entirely by the amount of polymer present in the composite. However, there was a small additional absorption, probably due to the relief of residual stresses. The results with respect to the interface were far more clear cut than those obtained from single fiber tests, supporting the contention that single fiber tests should be phased out as soon as possible.
A Unified Micromechanical Model for the Mechanical Properties of Two Constituent Composite Materials. Part V: Laminate Strength
Authors: Huang Zheng Ming
Published: June 2014

This series of papers reports a new, general, and unified micromechanical model for estimating the three-dimensional mechanical properties of a composite made from two constituent materials, i.e., continuous fibers and matrix. Various mechanical properties, i.e., elastic, elasto-plastic, strength, and rubber-elastic properties, of unidirectional laminae made using different constituent materials have been simulated in Parts I-IV. The present paper addresses the problem of failure analysis and strength prediction of laminated composites consisting of different unidirectional laminae. By using the classical laminate theory, the stress shared by each lamina ply in the laminate can be determined, and the lamina analysis theory reported previously can be applied. The progressive failure process in the laminate is treated through stiffness reduction. As soon as one ply fails, it has no further contribution to the overall instantaneous stiffness matrix of the laminate, and the total strength of the laminate corresponds to a load level at which all the plies have failed. A generalized maximum normal stress criterion, which accounts for equibiaxial and equitriaxial tensions, is used to detect the lamina tensile failure, whereas the lamina compressive failure is controlled using a criterion similar to the original maximum normal stress criterion. The present modeling procedure has been applied to four different angle-ply laminates subjected to various biaxial load conditions. Favorable correlation between predictions and available test data has been found.
Characterization of Moisture Absorption and Its Influence on Composite Structures
Authors: Chou Peter J. C. , Ding Dawen
Published: June 2014

This work characterizes moisture absorption and its influence on elastic moduli for various composites. Three thermoset-matrix composites and one thermoplasticmatrix composite were examined. The first was a traditional carbon/epoxy composite; the second was similar except that the epoxy was a polyurethane-modified type. The third was an interleaved composite, adding a Nylon 6 non-woven fabric in between the carbon/epoxy plies. The last was a carbon/Nylon 6 composite made from commingled yarns. Composite panels with various fiber orientations were fabricated for material characterization. Based on these materials, prototypes of tennis rackets were fabricated for studying the loss of stiffness due to moisture absorption. Fabrication of the panels and rackets has been discussed. Two hygrothermal environments have been applied to the rackets; one is a normal condition and the other is a wet-and-hot condition. Histories of moisture absorption and the induced softening effect have been studied. Two standard tests of the racket flexibility have been adopted for measuring the loss of stiffness. The coefficients of hygroscopic diffusion were calculated for each material using the Fickian type of moisture diffusion. Compared with the thermoset composites, the carbon/Nylon 6 absorbed much more moisture and resulted in a much greater reduction in stiffness. Because of the non-woven layers, the interleaved composite was more prone to moisture absorption than the two epoxy-based composites. The relationship between moisture content and stiffness loss differs greatly for the material systems under different conditions.
Effect of Aspect Ratio and Volume Fraction on Properties of ABS + 20 wt% PC/A1 Flake Composites
Authors: Lin C. B. , Liu Chiang-Hsing , Feng Chi-Yuan
Published: June 2014

In this study, cross-winding equipment has been designed to produce ABS + 20 wt% PC/Al flake metallized plastic pellets with a high aspect ratio. There are two aspect ratios, 150 and 200, for the pellets, and each of them has three different weight percentages of Al flakes, 20 wt%, 27 wt%, and 33 wt%. Through injection molding, specimens for tensile and impact strength tests, and shielding effectiveness tests are produced from the metallized plastic pellets. The effects of Al flake content and aspect ratio on properties are also discussed. According to experiments, a high aspect ratio causes better impact strength, shielding effectiveness, heat distortion temperature, and volume resistivity but reduced tensile and impact strength. High Al flake content worsens tensile and impact strength but achieves better shielding effectiveness, heat deflection temperature, and volume resistivity.
Effects of Filler Content and Size on Drop-Weight Dart Impact Fracture Behavior of Glass Bead-Filled Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Liang J. Z. , Li R. K. Y. , Tjong S. C.
Published: June 2014

Three sizes of A-glass beads, 6000 (4 [im), 3000 (35 prm), and 1922 (219 μm), were chosen in this work to identify the effects of filler content and size on the drop-weight dart impact fracture behavior of filled polypropylene (PP) composites at room temperature. At higher filler concentration, the values of the maximum impact load and the crack initiation energy for the PP filled with smaller glass beads were higher than those of the unfilled PP and the systems filled with larger glass beads. However, the crack propagation energy of the former was lower than that of the latter. The influence of the filler content and size on the impact fracture energy of these composites was insignificant. Comparatively, the drop-weight dart impact resistance of the systems filled with smaller glass beads was somewhat improved. Furthermore, the impact fracture morphology of the specimens was observed and analyzed. The results indicated that the smaller particles were more beneficial to initiate and increase microcracks in the PP matrix interlayer around them and thus to improve the impact resistance of the composites at high filler concentrations.
Beam Finite Element for Analyzing Free Edge Delaminations
Authors: Pinheiro Marco A. , Sankar Bhavani V.
Published: June 2014

A method is proposed to obtain the strain energy release rate and the stresses ahead of the crack in a laminated composite plate due to free edge delamination under Mode I type loading situations. A shear deformable beam finite element with nodes offset to either the top or bottom side has been developed. The thermal effects originating from the curing process are included in the formulation of the problem. Two different methods are used to calculate the strain energy release rate. The first method uses the J-integral evaluated around a zero-area path surrounding the cracktip and the strain energy release rate is expressed in terms of the force and moment resultants in the elements surrounding the crack-tip. The second method is similar to the virtual crack closure method, and the strain energy release rate is expressed in terms of the forces transmitted by a rigid element placed at the crack-tip and the displacements of the nodes behind the crack-tip. The stresses ahead of the crack are obtained by using discrete spring elements in the uncracked portion of the beam. The results calculated are in good agreement with results obtained from other studies of the same problem. The advantage of the present method lies in its simplicity; in addition it requires less computational effort than the methods that use solid elements.