bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a pediatric hospitalist sedation service: Training and implementation
Authors: Turmelle Michael , Moscoso Lisa M. , Hamlin Kim P. , Daud Yasmeen N. , Carlson Douglas W.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE:

There is growing demand for safe and effective procedural sedation in pediatric facilities nationally. Currently, these needs are being met by a variety of providers and sedation techniques, including anesthesiologists, pediatric intensivists, emergency medicine physicians, and pediatric hospitalists. There is currently no consensus regarding the training required by non‐anesthesiologists to provide safe sedation. We will outline the training method developed at St. Louis Children's Hospital.

METHODS:

In 2003, the Division of Pediatric Anesthesia at St. Louis Children's Hospital approached the Division of Pediatric Hospitalist Medicine as a resource to provide pediatric sedation outside of the operating room. Over the last seven years, Pediatric Hospitalist Sedation services have evolved into a three‐tiered system of sedation providers. The first tier provides sedation services in the emergency unit (EU) and the Center for After Hours Referral for Emergency Services (CARES). The second tier provides sedation throughout the hospital including the EU, CARES, inpatient units, Ambulatory Procedure Center (APC), and Pediatric Acute Wound Service (PAWS); it also provides night/weekend sedation call for urgent needs. The third tier provides sedation in all of the second‐tier locations, as well as utilizing propofol in the APC.

RESULTS:

This training program has resulted in a successful pediatric hospitalist sedation service. Based on fiscal year 2009 billing data, the division performed 2,471 sedations. We currently have 43 hospitalists providing Tier‐One sedation, 18 Tier‐Two providers, and six Tier‐Three providers.

CONCLUSIONS:

A pediatric hospitalist sedation service with proper training and oversight can successfully augment sedation provided by anesthesiologists. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Contarini's syndrome: Bilateral pleural effusion, each side from different causes
Authors: Porcel José M. , Civit M. Carmen , Bielsa Silvia , Light Richard W.
Published: October 2011

Bilateral pleural effusions usually have a single causative factor, such as heart failure or malignancy. Contarini's syndrome refers to the occurrence of bilateral pleural fluid accumulation which can be explained by a different cause for each side. Literature search finds, along with 5 new descriptions from our center, totaled 12 cases. A frequent combination is that of a parapneumonic effusion that triggers heart failure, which in turn produces a contralateral transudate. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Unbinding forces of single pertussis toxin–antibody complexes measured by atomic force spectroscopy correlate with their dissociation rates determined by surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Moreno Nadège , Chevalier Michel , Ronzon Frédéric , Manin Catherine , Dupuy Monique , Krell Tino , Rieu Jean‐Paul
Published: October 2011

An inactivated form of pertussis toxin (PTX) is the primary component of currently available acellular vaccines against Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. The PTX analyzed here is purified at industrial scale and is subsequently inactivated using glutaraldehyde. The influence of this treatment on antibody recognition is of crucial importance and is analyzed in this study. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments using PTX and its inactivated form (toxoid) with 10 different monoclonal antibodies were conducted. PTX was found to recognize the antibodies with an average affinity of 1.34 ± 0.50 nM, and chemical inactivation caused only a modest decrease in affinity by a factor of approximately 4.5. However, glutaraldehyde treatment had contrary effects on the kinetic association constant ka and the dissociation constant kd. A significant reduction in ka was observed, whereas the dissociation of the toxoid from the bound antibody occurred slower than PTX. These data indicate that the chemical inactivation of PTX not only reduces the velocity of antibody recognition but also stabilizes the interaction with antibodies as shown by a reduction in kd. The same interactions were also studied by dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS). Data reveal a correlation between the kd values determined by SPR and the mean unbinding force as measured by DFS. The unbinding forces of one complex were determined as a function of the loading rate to directly estimate the kd value. Several interactions were impossible to be analyzed using SPR because of ultratight binding. Using DFS, the unbinding forces of these interactions were determined, which in turn could be used to estimate kd values. The use of DFS as a technique to study ultratight binding is discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation by lipocalin‐2 of neuronal cell death, migration, and morphology
Authors: Lee Shinrye , Lee Won‐Ha , Lee Myung‐Shik , Mori Kiyoshi , Suk Kyoungho
Published: October 2011

A secreted protein, lipocalin‐2 (LCN2), has been previously shown to regulate a variety of cellular phenotypes such as cell death, migration, and morphology. The role of LCN2, however, appears to be different depending on the cellular context. Here, we investigated how LCN2 influences neuronal phenotypes by using primary cortical neuronal cell cultures and neuroblastoma cell lines as a model. When exposed to LCN2 protein, neurons and neuroblastoma cells were sensitized to cell death evoked by nitric oxide, oxidative stress, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). A forced expression of lcn2 in glia enhanced neuronal cell death in cocultures of glia and neurons, indicating that both exogenous protein addition and endogenous expression of lcn2 give rise to similar results. Iron and BCL2‐interacting mediator of cell death (BIM) protein were involved in LCN2‐induced cell death sensitization, based on the studies using iron donor, chelator, siderophore, and short hairpin RNA (shRNA)‐mediated knockdown of bim expression. Furthermore, cell migration assay and immunofluorescence microscopic observation revealed that LCN2 accelerated neuronal motility and process extension, suggesting multiple roles for LCN2 in the regulation of neuronal cell death, migration, and morphology. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A numerical study of the Urban Heat Island over Madrid during the DESIREX (2008) campaign with WRF and an evaluation of simple mitigation strategies
Authors: Salamanca Francisco , Martilli Alberto , Yagüe Carlos
Published: October 2011

Nowadays, mesoscale meteorological models coupled to Urban Canopy Parameterizations (UCP) can be used to complement and interpret the information gathered from intensive meteorological campaigns on the behaviour of the Urban Boundary Layer (UBL). Moreover, the impact of the air conditioning (AC) systems on the air temperature, the relationships existing between energy consumption (EC) and meteorological conditions, and the evaluation of strategies to mitigate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon can be evaluated using detailed UCP. In this work, a new UCP implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (version V3.2) has been tested over the city of Madrid using two different turbulent parameterisations of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) under atmospheric conditions that were favourable for a large UHI. Two selected days were analysed coinciding with the Dual‐use European Security IR Experiment (DESIREX) campaign that took place in the summer of 2008, and focused on Urban Heat Island (UHI) and Urban Thermography (UT) monitoring and assessment. For the two simulated days (30 June and 1 July) a high UHI intensity (5‐6 °C) was observed and modelled. Numerical results for the surface air temperature and wind speed were compared against measurements showing a global satisfactory performance of the model. Some differences in the air temperature predictions were observed within the two turbulent schemes. Subsequently, the impact of the AC systems and the EC were evaluated for the simulated period. The heat fluxes coming from AC systems were responsible of an increase in the air temperature up to 1.5–2 °C in some dense urban areas. Effects of modifications in the roof albedo and building material properties reduced the total EC by 4.8 and 3.6%, respectively, affecting the intensity of the UHI. When AC systems were not ejecting the heat fluxes out in the atmosphere, the EC was reduced to 2.5%. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Biomechanical properties of the transverse carpal ligament under biaxial strain
Authors: Holmes Michael W.R. , Howarth Samuel J. , Callaghan Jack P. , Keir Peter J.
Published: October 2011

The transverse carpal ligament (TCL) influences carpal stability and carpal tunnel mechanics, yet little is known about its mechanical properties. We investigated the tissue properties of TCLs extracted from eight cadaver arms and divided into six tissue samples from the distal radial, distal middle, distal ulnar, proximal radial, proximal middle, and proximal ulnar regions. The 5% and 15% strains were applied biaxially to each sample at rates of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1%/s. Ligament thickness ranged from 1.22 to 2.90 mm. Samples from the middle of the TCL were thicker proximally than distally (p < 0.013). Tissue location significantly affected elastic modulus (p < 0.001). Modulus was greatest in the proximal radial samples (mean 2.8 MPa), which were 64% and 44% greater than the distal radial and proximal ulnar samples, respectively. Samples from the middle had a modulus that was 20–39% greater in the proximal versus more distal samples. The TCL exhibited different properties within different locations and in particular greater moduli were found near the carpal bone attachments. These properties contribute to the understanding of carpal tunnel mechanics that is critical to understanding disorders of the wrist. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:757–763, 2012
Investigation of factors affecting loosening of ilizarov ring‐wire external fixator systems at the bone‐wire interface
Authors: Donaldson Finn E. , Pankaj Pankaj , Simpson A. Hamish R.W.
Published: October 2011

The potential for peri‐implant bone yielding and subsequent loosening of Ilizarov ring‐wire external fixation systems was investigated using non‐linear finite element (FE) analyses. A strain‐based plasticity model was employed to simulate bone yielding. FE models also incorporated contact behavior at the wire‐bone interface, orthotropic elasticity, and periosteal‐endosteal variation of bone properties. These simulations were used to determine the extent and location of yielding with change in age‐related bone structure and properties for the bone‐Ilizarov construct at the tibial midshaft. At critical wire‐bone interfaces, the predicted volume of yielded bone with four wires (on either side of the fracture) was ∼40% of that with two wires. Old‐aged cases showed considerably greater bone yielding at the wire‐bone interface than young cases (1.7–2.2 times greater volumes of yielded bone). The volume of yielded bone at all wire‐bone interfaces decreased with an increase in wire pre‐tension. The absence of continuous through‐thickness yielding offers an explanation for the clinical observation that Ilizarov ring‐wire fixation can provide stable fracture fixation even in bone with high porosity. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:726–732, 2012
Graft copolymer composed of cationic backbone and bottle brush‐like side chains as a physically adsorbed coating for protein separation by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Zhou Dan , Xiang Lina , Zeng Rongju , Cao Fuhu , Zhu Xiaoxi , Wang Yanmei
Published: October 2011

To stabilize electroosmotic flow (EOF) and suppress protein adsorption onto the silica capillary inner wall, a cationic hydroxyethylcellulose‐graft‐poly (poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (cat‐HEC‐g‐PPEGMA) graft copolymer composed of cationic backbone and bottle brush‐like side chains was synthesized for the first time and used as a novel physically adsorbed coating for protein separation by capillary electrophoresis. Reversed (anodal) and very stable EOF was obtained in cat‐HEC‐g‐PPEGMA‐coated capillary at pH 2.2–7.8. The effects of degree of cationization, PEGMA grafting ratio, PEGMA molecular mass, and buffer pH on the separation of basic proteins were investigated. A systematic comparative study of protein separation in bare and HEC‐coated capillaries and in cat‐HEC‐g‐PPEGMA‐coated capillary was also performed. The basic proteins can be well separated in cat‐HEC‐g‐PPEGMA‐coated capillary over the pH range of 2.8–6.8 with good repeatability and high separation efficiency, because the coating combines good protein‐resistant property of bottle brush‐like PPEGMA side chains with excellent coating ability of cat‐HEC backbone. Besides its success in separation of basic proteins, the cat‐HEC‐g‐PPEGMA coating was also superior in the fast separation of other protein samples, such as protein mixture, egg white, and saliva, which indicates that it is a promising coating for further proteomics analysis.
Determination of some organophosphorus pesticides in water and watermelon samples by microextraction prior to high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Wang Chun , Wu Qiuhua , Wu Chunxia , Wang Zhi
Published: October 2011

A novel method based on simultaneous liquid–liquid microextraction and carbon nanotube reinforced hollow fiber microporous membrane solid–liquid phase microextraction has been developed for the determination of six organophosphorus pesticides, i.e. isocarbophos, phosmet, parathion‐methyl, triazophos, fonofos and phoxim, in water and watermelon samples prior to high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Under the optimum conditions, the method shows a good linearity within a range of 1–200 ng/mL for water samples and 5–200 ng/g for watermelon samples, with the correlation coefficients (r) varying from 0.9990 to 0.9997 and 0.9986 to 0.9995, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) were in the range between 0.1 and 0.3 ng/mL for water samples and between 1.0 and 1.5 ng/g for watermelon samples. The recoveries of the method at spiking levels of 5.0 and 50.0 ng/mL for water samples were between 85.4 and 100.8%, and at spiking levels of 5.0 and 50.0 ng/g for watermelon samples, they were between 82.6 and 92.4%, with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) varying from 4.5–6.9% and 5.2–7.4%, respectively. The results suggested that the developed method represents a simple, low‐cost, high analytes preconcentration and excellent sample cleanup procedure for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water and watermelon samples.
Compound CVT‐E002 attenuates allergen‐induced airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, in vivo
Authors: Ebeling Cory , Wu Yingqi , Skappak Christopher , Gordon John R. , Ilarraza Ramses , Adamko Darryl J.
Published: October 2011

Immune modulation has been a sought after means of therapy for atopic diseases. CVT‐E002 is an extract derived from North American Ginseng shown to promote T‐helper‐1‐like responses. We determined what effect CVT‐E002 could have in a mouse model of atopic asthma. We report that oral CVT‐E002 inhibited the development of allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. This correlated with an increased presence of interferon‐γ in the lung, and also increased regulatory T cells and IL‐10. The ability of CVT‐E002 to induce regulatory T‐cell development was also seen in human in vitro co‐cultures.
A moderate red wine intake improves blood lipid parameters and erythrocytes membrane fluidity in post myocardial infarct patients
Authors: Rifler Jean‐Pierre , Lorcerie Fanny , Durand Philippe , Delmas Dominique , Ragot Kévin , Limagne Emeric , Mazué Frédéric , Riedinger Jean‐Marc , d'Athis Philippe , Hudelot Bernard , Prost Michel , Lizard Gérard , Latruffe Norbert
Published: October 2011

While the cardioprotective effect of moderate and regular wine consumption in primary prevention has been well documented, the goal of the present investigation was to explore the effect of wine intake on blood parameters (lipid, anti‐oxidant capacity, and erythrocyte membrane potential and fluidity) in post myocardial infarct patients to evaluate perspectives in secondary prevention. A clinical intervention trial has been undertaken on a group of selected post myocardial infarct patients who gave written informed consent for participation in this study prior to enrolment. This two‐week study has been conducted on hospitalized patients during a cardiac readaptation period. During this period, patients were submitted to a “Western prudent” diet (inspired by the Mediterranean diet) and two groups have been compared on a drawn basis: patients receiving red wine (250 mL daily) to patients receiving water. Physical, clinical, and blood parameters were evaluated on Days 1 and 14. The data show a positive effect of low wine consumption on blood parameters (decrease in total cholesterol and LDL; increase in erythrocyte membrane fluidity and antioxidant status). The results show that a moderate consumption of red wine even for a short period associated with a “Western prudent” diet improves various blood parameters in lipid and anti‐oxidative status in patients with previous coronary ischemic accidents.
Beneficial effects of mangiferin on hyperlipidemia in high‐fat‐fed hamsters
Authors: Guo Fuchuan , Huang Conghui , Liao Xilu , Wang Yemei , He Ying , Feng Rennan , Li Ying , Sun Changhao
Published: October 2011

Scope: Mangiferin, a natural polyphenol, has been shown to have hypolipidemic effect in rat and mouse. However, the mechanism of action is not well understood. This study was conducted to determine the effect and mechanism of action of mangiferin on hyperlipidemia induced in hamsters by a high‐fat diet.

Methods and results: Forty male hamsters were randomly assigned to normal control, high‐fat control, and high fat with mangiferin (50 and 150 mg/kg BW) groups. Mangiferin treatment significantly decreased final body weight, liver weight and visceral fat‐pad weight, serum triglyceride (TG) and total free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations, hepatic TG levels and hepatic and muscle total FFA contents. Mangiferin upregulated mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α (PPAR‐α), fatty acid translocase (CD36) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT‐1), but downregulated mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1c (SREBP‐1c), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), acyl‐CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT‐2) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) in liver. Mangiferin also stimulated mRNA expression of PPAR‐α, CD36, CPT‐1 and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in muscle.

Conclusions: The results suggest that mangiferin may ameliorate hypertriglyceridemia partly by modulating the expression levels of genes involved in lipid oxidation and lipogenesis.
Radical polymerization of novel N‐substituted‐N‐vinylformamide derivatives with bulky chiral substitutents
Authors: Ajiro Hiroharu , Akashi Mitsuru
Published: October 2011

A series of novel N‐substituted‐N‐vinylformamides were synthesized, and the effect of bulky substituents on their radical polymerizability and polymer structure were investigated. N‐(p‐Methoxybenzyl)‐N‐vinylformamide (3) and N‐cyclohexylmethyl‐N‐vinylformamide (4) generated polymers, while it was known that their N‐vinylacetamide derivatives did not. 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses of poly(3), however, revealed almost no difference among the various polymerization conditions, implying that the substituent bulkiness did not influence the polymer structures. On the other hand, the chiral polymers, which were obtained by the radical polymerization of N‐(S)‐2‐methylbutyl‐N‐vinylformamide ((S)‐5) and N‐(S)‐2,3‐dihydroxypropyl‐N‐vinylformamide ((S)‐7) at 0 °C, showed sharper spectral patterns than those obtained at higher polymerization temperatures. Furthermore, the intensities of their positive cotton effects on circular dichroism increased when the polymerization temperature was low, suggesting that the substituent bulkiness of (S)‐5 and (S)‐7 influenced the polymer structures, such as their stereoregularity and regioregularity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Novel amphiphilic block copolymers derived from the selective fluorination and sulfonation of poly(styrene‐block‐1,3‐cyclohexadiene)
Authors: Huang Tianzi , Messman Jamie M. , Hong Kunlun , Mays Jimmy W.
Published: October 2011

Diblock copolymers of polystyrene‐block‐(1,3‐cyclohexadiene) (PS‐b‐PCHD), with varied molecular weights and compositions, were synthesized by sequential polymerization of styrene and 1,3‐cyclohexadiene (CHD) initiated by sec‐butyllithium in cyclohexane in the presence of appropriate additives during formation of the PCHD block. The residual double bonds in the PCHD block were saturated by addition of in situ generated difluorocarbene and/or hydrogen to enhance thermal and chemical stability. The fluorinated and/or hydrogenated polydiene blocks were chemically stable, allowing for controlled sulfonation of the PS blocks using acetyl sulfate. 1H NMR and FT‐IR characterization confirmed successful fluorination/hydrogenation and sulfonation of the respective blocks. The resulting amphiphilic block copolymers consist of a semiflexible fluorine‐containing hydrophobic block having a bridged double ring structure and a hydrophilic sulfonated PS block. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Layer‐by‐layer ionomer films made from poly(styrene‐co‐styrenesulfonic acid) and poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) in tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Chen Wenjie , Hara Masanori
Published: October 2011

Thin films were fabricated layer‐by‐layer (LbL) via ionic bonds formed between a cationic ionomer and an anionic ionomer, which were produced via proton transfer from poly(styrene‐co‐styrenesulfonic acid) to poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) in an organic solvent, tetrahydrofuran. Ionic contents of the ionomers were very low down to 5.6 mol %, much lower than usual polyelectrolytes. The build up of the LbL films was demonstrated by UV/vis spectroscopy: the absorbance of the phenyl rings in styrene residues increased with the number of depositions (thus the number of layers). Transmission electron microscopy observation of strained thin films showed unique deformation mode, involving many bands that developed both in the parallel and perpendicular directions to the stress axis. This is quite different from the deformation modes seen for ionomer blend films and for coextruded polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) multilayer tapes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 50: 101–105, 2012
Theoretical consideration and modeling of self‐healing polymers
Authors: Zhang Ming Qiu , Rong Min Zhi
Published: October 2011

Bioinspired self‐healing polymers have attracted more and more interests. Imparting self‐healing ability to existing polymers or developing new polymeric materials capable of self‐healing is considered to be a solution for improving their long term stability and durability. This article reviews achievements in the field of theoretical researches on re‐establishment of bonding between broken surfaces of self‐healing polymers from microscopic and macroscopic point of view. Chains interaction, mechanical models related to healing procedures and effect of healing, design of novel self‐healing composite systems, and so forth are summarized and analyzed in detail. Both thermoplastics and thermosets are included to offer a comprehensive knowledge framework of the smart function. The scientific challenges are also highlighted, which are related to the production of more advanced self‐healing polymers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
In situ current voltage measurements for optimization of a novel fullerene acceptor in bulk heterojunction photovoltaics
Authors: Shuttle Christopher G. , Treat Neil D. , Fan Jian , Varotto Alessandro , Hawker Craig J. , Wudl Fred , Chabinyc Michael L.
Published: October 2011

The evaluation of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of new materials for organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photovoltaics is difficult due to the large number of processing parameters possible. An efficient procedure to determine the optimum conditions for thermal treatment of polymer‐based bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices using in situ current‐voltage measurements is presented. The performance of a new fullerene derivative, 1,9‐dihydro‐64,65‐dihexyloxy‐1,9‐(methano[1,2] benzomethano)fullerene[60], in BHJ photovolatics with poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was evaluated using this methodology. The device characteristics of BHJs obtained from the in situ method were found to be in good agreement with those from BHJs annealed using a conventional process. This fullerene has similar performance to 1‐(3‐methoxycarbonyl)propyl‐1‐phenyl‐[6,6]‐methano fullerene in BHJs with P3HT after thermal annealing. For devices with thickness of 70 nm, the short circuit current was 6.24 mA/cm2 with a fill factor of 0.53 and open circuit voltage of 0.65 V. The changes in the current‐voltage measurements during thermal annealing suggest that the ordering process in P3HT dominates the improvement in power conversion efficiency. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Controllable photopatterning and photochemical properties of novel copolymer containing dianthracene langmuir–blodgett films
Authors: Li Tiesheng , Xu Wenjian , Tang Caiqin , Zhang Min , Wu Yangjie , Miyashita Tokuji
Published: October 2011

A new series of copolymer poly(N‐hexadecylmeth acrylamide‐co‐bis(anthracen‐9‐ylmethyl) 2‐allylmalonate) [poly(HDMA‐co‐DAnMAMA)]s containing swallow‐tailed double anthracenyl groups and long alkyl group are designed and synthesized. The main route of the photochemical reaction of the p(HDMA‐DAnMAMA)copolymer Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films is dimerization reaction between the anthracenyl groups under the irradiation of both 365 and 248 nm for limiting irradiation time, resulting to a fine negative‐tone pattern. On the other hand, the anthracenyl groups act just as photodecomposition group under 248 nm for longer irradiation time, resulting to a fine positive‐tone pattern. Consequently, positive‐tone and negative‐tone pattern are obtained by choosing not only a suitable irradiation light wavelength, but the irradiation time at 248 nm. Moreover, it is found that the exposed and unexposed regions of copolymer LB films irradiated at 248 nm have solubility differentiation in gold etchant (I2/NH4I/C2H5OH/H2O), that is to say, the gold photopatterns with the maximal resolution of the used mask can be obtained easily without any development process. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 50: 139–147, 2012
Objective identification and tracking of multicentre cyclones in the ERA‐Interim reanalysis dataset
Authors: Hanley John , Caballero Rodrigo
Published: October 2011

We present a novel cyclone identification and tracking method that explicitly recognizes ‘multicentre cyclones’ (MCCs), defined as a cyclonic system with two or three sea‐level pressure minima within its outermost contour. The method allows for the recognition of cyclone merger and splitting events in a natural way, and provides a consistent measure of the cyclone extent. Using the ERA‐Interim reanalysis dataset, we compute a climatology using this method and show that MCCs occur in about 32 of all cyclone tracks and are much more prevalent in more intense storms. We also show that the method permits reconnection of tracks that would have been spuriously split using a conventional method. We present spatial maps of cyclone mergers, splitting, genesis and lysis using the method and also compute statistics of precipitation falling within cyclones, showing that it is strongly concentrated in the most intense cyclones. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A global blended tropopause based on ERA data. Part I: Climatology
Authors: Wilcox L. J. , Hoskins B. J. , Shine K. P.
Published: October 2011

A new tropopause definition, based on a flow‐dependent blending of the traditional thermal tropopause with one based on potential vorticity, has been developed. The benefits of such a blending algorithm are most apparent in regions with synoptic‐scale fluctuations between tropical and extratropical air masses. The properties of the local air mass determine the relative contributions to the location of the blended tropopause, rather than this being determined by a specified function of latitude.

Global climatologies of tropopause height, temperature, potential temperature and zonal wind, based on European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA) ERA‐Interim data, are presented for the period 1989–2007. Features of the seasonal‐mean tropopause are discussed on a global scale, alongside a focus on selected monthly climatologies for the two high‐latitude regions and the tropical belt. The height differences between climatologies based on ERA‐Interim and ERA‐40 data are also presented.

Key spatial and temporal features seen in earlier climatologies, based mainly on the World Meteorological Organization thermal tropopause definition, are reproduced with the new definition. Tropopause temperatures are consistent with those from earlier climatologies, despite some differences in height in the extratropics. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Assembly of Graphene Oxide–Enzyme Conjugates through Hydrophobic Interaction
Authors: Zhang Yan , Zhang Jingyan , Huang Xuelei , Zhou Xuejiao , Wu Haixia , Guo Shouwu
Published: October 2011

Biochemical and biomedical applications of graphene oxide (GO) critically rely on the interaction of biomolecules with it. It has been previously reported that the biological activity of the GO–enzyme conjugate decreases due to electrostatic interaction between the enzymes and GO. Herein, the immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and oxalate oxidase (OxOx) on chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) are reported. The enzymes can be adsorbed onto CRGO directly with a tenfold higher enzyme loading than that on GO, and maximum enzyme loadings reach 1.3 and 12 mg mg−1 for HRP and OxOx, respectively. Significantly, the more CRGO is reduced, the higher the enzyme loading. The CRGO–HRP conjugates also exhibit higher enzyme activity and stability than GO–HRP. Excellent properties of the CRGO–enzyme conjugates are attributed to hydrophobic interaction between the enzymes and the CRGO. The hydrophobic interaction mode of the CRGO–enzyme conjugates can be applied to other hydrophobic proteins, and thus could dramatically improve the performance of immobilized proteins. The results indicate that CRGO is a potential substrate for efficient enzyme immobilization, and is an ideal candidate as a macromolecule carrier and biosensor.
Psi4: an open‐source ab initio electronic structure program
Authors: Turney Justin M. , Simmonett Andrew C. , Parrish Robert M. , Hohenstein Edward G. , Evangelista Francesco A. , Fermann Justin T. , Mintz Benjamin J. , Burns Lori A. , Wilke Jeremiah J. , Abrams Micah L. , Russ Nicholas J. , Leininger Matthew L. , Janssen Curtis L. , Seidl Edward T. , Allen Wesley D. , Schaefer Henry F. , King Rollin A. , Valeev Edward F. , Sherrill C. David , Crawford T. Daniel
Published: October 2011

The Psi4 program is a new approach to modern quantum chemistry, encompassing Hartree–Fock and density‐functional theory to configuration interaction and coupled cluster. The program is written entirely in C++ and relies on a new infrastructure that has been designed to permit high‐efficiency computations of both standard and emerging electronic structure methods on conventional and high‐performance parallel computer architectures. Psi4 offers flexible user input built on the Python scripting language that enables both new and experienced users to make full use of the program's capabilities, and even to implement new functionality with moderate effort. To maximize its impact and usefulness, Psi4 is available through an open‐source license to the entire scientific community. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Software > Quantum Chemistry
Fractional differentiability for the stress velocities to the solution of the Prandtl‐Reuss problem
Authors: Frehse J. , Specovius‐Neugebauer M.
Published: October 2011

We consider the loading of an elastic perfectly plastic body governed by the Prandtl‐Reuss law. It is shown that the stress velocities of the body have fractional derivatives of order ${1 \over 2}$ ‐ δ up to the boundary in the direction of the loading parameter, and of order ⅓ ‐ δ in the interior of the body in direction of the space variables.
A New Institutional Approach to Entrepreneurship and Inequality in Rural Russian Villages: Survey Findings from 1991 to 2006,
Authors: O'Brien David J.
Published: October 2011

New Institutional Economics (NIE) and New Institutional Sociology (NIS) provide complementary paradigms with which to understand the relationship between formal institutional changes in a reform period and informal institutional structures with which household economies adapt to reform policies. Survey data gathered from rural Russian households from 1991 to 2006 provide an empirical test of hypotheses drawn from NIE and NIS. The most important finding is that in the absence of secure formal property rights informal institutional elements played the dominant role in entrepreneurship and inequality between households in the Russian countryside, but that as formal institutions became legitimized, and the overall economy stabilized, households that made use of these new institutional arrangements had significant advantages vis-à-vis other households. At the same time, regions which have provided opportunities for households to develop a “mixed economy” that combines household enterprise production, which relies to a significant degree on informal institutional elements, and wages and salaries (i.e., working for others), which is based on the legitimization of formal institutional arrangements, have produced substantially higher mean household incomes than have other regions.
Molecular‐targeted nanotherapies in cancer: Enabling treatment specificity
Authors: Blanco Elvin , Hsiao Angela , Ruiz-Esparza Guillermo U. , Landry Matthew G. , Meric-Bernstam Funda , Ferrari Mauro
Published: October 2011

Chemotherapy represents a mainstay and powerful adjuvant therapy in the treatment of cancer. The field has evolved from drugs possessing all‐encompassing cell‐killing effects to those with highly targeted, specific mechanisms of action; a direct byproduct of enhanced understanding of tumorigenic processes. However, advances regarding development of agents that target key molecules and dysregulated pathways have had only modest impacts on patient survival. Several biological barriers preclude adequate delivery of drugs to tumors, and remain a formidable challenge to overcome in chemotherapy. Currently, the field of nanomedicine is enabling the delivery of chemotherapeutics, including repositioned drugs and siRNAs, by giving rise to carriers that provide for protection from degradation, prolonged circulation times, and increased tumor accumulation, all the while resulting in reduced patient morbidity. This review aims to highlight several innovative, nanoparticle‐based platforms with the potential of providing clinical translation of several novel chemotherapeutic agents. We will also summarize work regarding the development of a multistage drug delivery strategy, a robust carrier platform designed to overcome several biological barriers while en route to tumors.
Scaling the circulation shed by a pitching panel
Authors: Buchholz James H. J. , Green Melissa A. , Smits Alexander J.
Published: October 2011

A new scaling parameter is developed for the circulation shed by a rigid, rectangular panel pitching periodically about its leading edge. This parameter is the product of a kinematic and a geometric component. The kinematic component describes the relationship between the mean vorticity flux from the panel surface and the panel motion. The geometric component depends on the ratio of pitching amplitude to the span of the panel. The kinematic component is developed based on the connection between the surface pressure distribution and the resulting surface vorticity flux, which are supported in a stroke-averaged sense by pressure measurements on the surface of the panel. The parameter gives a robust scaling for the total spanwise circulation shed in a half-cycle by the panel. It provides a useful predictive tool, in that it can be either complementary to the formation number or provide an alternative scaling parameter when vortex saturation and pinch-off do not occur.
Characterisation and objective monitoring of balance disorders following head trauma, using videonystagmography
Authors: Naguib M B , Madian Y , Refaat M , Mohsen O , El Tabakh M , Abo-Setta A
Published: October 2011

Objective:

To characterise balance disorders occurring after head trauma, using videonystagmography, and to test the efficiency of videonystagmography as a diagnostic and monitoring tool.

Method:

Prospective, cohort analysis of 126 head trauma patients managed with vestibular evaluation, monitoring and treatment, in a tertiary referral centre. Analytical parameters included: head injury severity; balance disorder type, severity and time of onset; and patient recovery and outcome.

Results:

Head trauma was minor in 31.7 per cent, mild in 36.6 per cent, moderate in 19 per cent and severe in 12.7 per cent. Balance disorder symptoms included vertigo in 42.9 per cent, unsteadiness in 15.9 per cent, dizziness in 9.5 per cent and none in 31.7 per cent. Videonystagmographic balance disorder diagnosis type was peripheral vestibular in 23.8 per cent, central in 7.9 per cent, mixed in 12.7 per cent, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in 4.8 per cent and no findings in 50.8 per cent. Balance disorder was immediate in 47.6 per cent (this included all moderate and severe trauma cases). Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo developed within the first week in two-thirds of cases. More severe trauma cases had longer recovery times. Peripheral, mixed and central balance disorders recovered within the first three months. Early rehabilitation of acute balance disorders led to early recovery regardless of diagnosis.

Conclusion:

Videonystagmography enables precise, simple, cost-effective monitoring of balance disorders after head trauma, and improves care and outcomes.
International cooperation in the Northern Forum: emerging new norms in international law?
Authors: Hasanat Md. Waliul
Published: October 2011

The Northern Forum has been in existence for more than two decades. The cooperative initiatives implement through the forum allow sub-national governments from different parts of the world to improve the quality of life of northern inhabitants and to support their sustainable development. Over time, the forum has established a clear structure with self-created rules and guidelines. However, its legal status is somewhat ambiguous: it has neither fulfilled the essential criteria of an international organisation nor that of an intergovernmental cooperative body. Nevertheless, these shortcomings are not immense obstacles to the forum's ability to serve the well being of residents of the northern regions. The forum has granted membership to business organisations, as well as to sub-national governments, which is an innovative concept in international cooperation. This article examines the evolution, administrative system, and legal status of the forum along with its contribution to the development of international law. The article concludes with observations on how this unique international regional co-operation forum could be characterised under international law and whether it has any influence in creating new norms in international administrative and environmental law.
MEN WITHOUT HOPE
Authors: Roth Ulrike
Published: October 2011

The article argues that the passages typically employed to document the Romans' exploitation of chained slaves in the Italian countryside from the mid-Republic into the Principate actually have a quite different meaning. Theservus vinctusmentioned by Columella, Pliny and others is a label that became attached to slaves who were subjected (at least once) to punishment through chaining. The punishment reduced the value of the slave and, hence, it was a requirement upon sale to indicate whether a slave had been subjected to such chaining, that is whether they wereservi vinctiorservi soluti. What the passages in question do not show is how the Romans worked these or other slaves. Whatever their working conditions, the fate ofservi vinctibecame worse in the Empire as a result of thelex Aelia Sentiathat decreed thatservi vincticould not receive Roman citizenship upon manumission: they had thus become men without hope.
THE ROMAN CERAMIC MATERIAL FROM FIELD WALKING IN THE ENVIRONS OF NEPI
Authors: Mills Philip , Rajala Ulla
Published: October 2011

This paper explores the ceramic assemblage of the Nepi Survey Project from the third centurybcto the seventh centuryad. The surface collection allows the detailed characterization of chronology, ware, fabric supply and functional characteristics. The assemblage shows a settlement explosion in the early second centurybc,with another major rise from the Augustan period. The sharp decline in the late second to early third centuriesadis visible here, as it is throughout the region. The later peaks of the late fourth to mid-fifth and the mid-sixth centuriesadconform to the late Roman sequence from Mola di Monte Gelato. The dominant pottery class is oxidized coarse-wares, at 73%. The distribution of the different fabrics, including some of regional supply, suggests a number of different marketing mechanisms. Fine-wares andterra sigillatacombined at 3% is what would be expected in the fringes of the Empire. The amphora class makes up over 5% of the assemblage, with the most variety exhibited at large villas and suburban halos. The most important supply originated from North Africa, with fish sauce as the main import. The functional analysis allows the definition of a ritual structure in the proximity of the cemeteries of the Massa area with highly varied types related to eating and drinking. The ceramic building material shows the importance of Campanian contacts, although the lack of imbrices suggests that many tile scatters derive from reused material.
EXCAVATING THE ROMAN PEASANT I: EXCAVATIONS AT PIEVINA (GR)
Authors: Ghisleni Mariaelena , Vaccaro Emanuele , Bowes Kim , Arnoldus Antonia , MacKinnon Michael , Marani Flavia
Published: October 2011

Begun in 2009, the Roman Peasant Project was designed to excavate the smallest sites found in field survey and to analyse the diet, economies, land use and landscapes of the Roman peasant. The Project's excavations at the site of Pievina are presented here, and suggest a more complex image of Roman peasant life in the late Republic and late antiquity than current assumptions would anticipate, including surplus production, a high degree of monetization and ties to urban markets.
THE ‘MINERVA MEDICA’ AND THE SCHOLA MEDICORUM: PIRRO LIGORIO AND ROMAN TOPONYMY
Authors: Campbell Ian
Published: October 2011

The article explores how, when and why Pirro Ligorio (c. 1513–83) chose to link a sanctuary dedicated to Minerva Medica, listed in the fourth-century ad Regionary Catalogues of the monuments of Rome as being on the Esquiline, with the late antique decagonal pavilion, near Termini, which had the second largest dome in Rome after the Pantheon. It establishes that the catalyst was the unearthing of several statues, including one of Minerva, in 1552. The fate of these finds is examined, as well as Ligorio's attempt to locate the mysterious Schola Medicorum on the same site.
NOMOS, IDENTITY AND OTHERNESS: CIRO POGGIALI'S DIARIO AOI 1936–1937 AND THE REPRESENTATION OF THE ITALIAN COLONIAL WORLD
Authors: Burdett Charles
Published: October 2011

The article begins by looking at the body of written and visual material that was produced on the colonial world in the interwar years. It considers various reading strategies that can be applied to this body of work and how it can be addressed through post-colonial criticism. The article argues that the work of the sociologist Peter Berger offers a series of insights into the way in which this material represents the social world, and the notions of collective identity and alterity that are central to that world. In the light of Berger's thinking on the socially constructed nomos, the essay examines some of the definitions of the relation between metropolitan and subject communities that recur in writings on the reality of colonialism. The essay explores the relationship of an individual author to the nomos of his or her time by looking in detail at one text: the journalist Ciro Poggiali's diary of the time he spent in Ethiopia in the immediate aftermath of the Italian conquest of the country. It examines how Poggiali's diary can be interpreted as a complex account of how the coerciveness of the social world is experienced by individual consciousness and how its definitions of racial and cultural belonging can be appropriated or challenged. The essay concludes by arguing that the analysis of strategies for defining identity and otherness within the Italian colonial context can be taken further by working within a comparative framework.
Constructing Roads, Washing Feet, and Cutting Cane for thePatria: Building Bolivia with Military Labor, 1900–1975
Authors: Shesko Elizabeth
Published: October 2011

This article reveals the range of tasks performed by military laborers in twentieth-century Bolivia, distinguishing between martial and nonmartial labor to understand how productive tasks became central to the military's mission. The detailed exploration of soldiers' laboring lives shows that their work as strikebreakers, builders, agriculturalists, and domestic servants reinforced social hierarchies and supported private capital. Despite hopes that military service would unify a diverse populace, soldiers on the indigenous end of the spectrum disproportionally performed the more abject labors. The first section charts the development of nonmartial labor and shows how some soldiers objected to working conditions by invoking the dissonance between martial discourse and nonmartial experiences. The article then turns to the increasing legibility of nonmartial labor in the aftermath of the Chaco War (1932–1935). The final section details the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement's efforts to fold the army into the 1952 Revolution by emphasizing soldiers' productive labor.
Making the Household, Making the State: Colonial Military Communities and Labor in German East Africa
Authors: Moyd Michelle
Published: October 2011

This essay uses German East Africa as a historical example to illustrate some of the complex interrelationships between colonial labor and military practices. Analysis of African soldiers' roles in colonial labor regimes underscores the degree to which colonial militaries, labor, and punitive structures reinforced each other on a daily basis. Colonial states depended on their African soldiers, and the free and unfree laborers they recruited, conscripted, and supervised, for preservation of the German colonial state's political authority and economic viability. Moreover, these military labor practices tied soldiers' households to colonial state interests, laying the basis for new colonial cultures and campaign communities.