bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Oxidation Agent on Pickling of 430 Stainless Steel
Authors: Shi Pei Yang , Wang Ying Zong , Liu Cheng Jun , Jiang Mao Fa
Published: May 2011

430 stainless steel is used as raw material and pickling in HCl-based electrolytes is adopted, and the effect of oxidation agent on removal behavior of the oxide layer on stainless steel is systematically studied; study found that the oxide layer of stainless steel after heat treatment in the lab is composed of iron oxide and chromium oxide, and outer oxide layer has dense structure while inner layer has multihole structure; with the increasing oxidation agent addition, corrosion potential of stainless steel after heat treatment increased; under 1.0% oxidation agent addtion condition, only few inner oxide remained and removal tendency of oxide layer is obvious when pickled for 200s; oxide on surface totally got removed, and a smooth surface obtained after pickled for 400s.
Cake Fouling Mechanism and Analysis of Synthetic Coke Wastewater Treatment by Membrane Bioreactor
Authors: Chen Gui E , Zhou Ying , Xu Zhen Liang , Lu Qiong
Published: May 2011

Cake fouling mechanism was studied for membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment of synthetic coke wastewater. Cake fouling characteristics of the aerobic activated sludge from MBR was investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that the cake governing equation fit the entire cake microfiltration (MF) process while cake fouling model was applicable to simulate the decrease in permeability and was used to predict the cake fouling development for both PVDF and PP MF membranes. Based on four-step development progresses, cake formation mechanism had been depicted with the increasing of TMP and the reduction of the cake porosity ratio. In addition, the comparison experiments under different operation modes were performed to further analyze the cake governing mechanism for MBR filtration.
Photocatalytic Degradation of p-Nitroaniline with Composite Photocatalyst H3P12W40/TiO 2
Authors: Huang Wei Hong , Liu Rui
Published: May 2011

The prepared composite photocatalyst H3PW12O40/TiO2 was synthesized by sol-gel impregnation method and characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS), Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrum(DRS) to investigate its optical, physical and chemical properties. The results indicated that the modified catalyst was coated with P and W element, still have uniform anatase structure. Meanwhile, there is a chemical interaction exists between the Keggin unit and the surface of the titania matrix. Compared with original H4PW12O40 or TiO2 matrix, the adsorption threshold onset of the composite extended to the visible region. Effects of H3PW12O40/TiO2 dosage, pH value, initial p-NA concentration on the photocatalytic degradation of p-NA under 250W UV irradiation were investigated. The optimal H3PW12O40/TiO2 dosage and pH value for degradation of 10mg/L p-NA were o.6g/L and 3.0, respectively. The degradation rate of p-NA by H3PW12O40/TiO2 process could be fitted pseudo-first-order kinetics. Moreover, 66% degradation of p-NA was still observed in the 5th recycle experiment. Futhermore, 4-Aminophenol, Phenol, Hydroquinone, 4-Benzoquinone and other intermediate products were indentifieded by GC/MS and a possible reaction mechanism is proposed on the basis of all the information obtained from the analysis of FT-IR and the above intermediates.
Phytochemical Screening and Alkaloid Identification of Cabomba furcata
Authors: Masturah Markom , Dewi Kurnia Harlina , Jalil Nursyairah , Jia Loh Wei , Sheikh Abdullah Siti Rozaimah , Mushrifah Idris
Published: May 2011

Ekor Kucing (Cabomba furcata) is a dominating water plant, which is rapidly proliferating in Lake Chini, Pahang, Malaysia. If left uncontrolled, the prevalence of this plant would threaten other plants, such as by inhibiting the growth of lotus (Nelumbo niciferaandNympae lotus). It is also suspected as being a cause of pollution in Lake Chini. Steps to eradicate or controlC. furcataplants first require a comprehensive study of its phytochemical content through methods of chemical screening, extraction/fractionation and analysis of individual compounds. Phytochemical screening carried out on the extracts detected flavonoid, saponin and alkaloid groups, but not triterpene and tannin. Different extraction yields were obtained from various plant parts, with the highest yield (%g/g sample) obtained before and after alkaloid fractionation were from the leaf (10.1%, 6.9%), followed by stem (9.6%, 4.5%) and flower (0.8%, 0.5%). Identification of alkaloids inC. furcataextracts by TLC showed the presence of nicotine, tomatine, thebaine and quinine.
Pulse Electrochemical Polishing of 304 Stainless Steel: Interactive Effects of Bath Temperature, Pulse Duty Ratio, Polishing Time, and Current Density on Surface Reflectivity and Morphology
Authors: Men Chuan Ling , Li Hong Qin , Zhang Hua
Published: May 2011

304 stainless steel is deemed an indispensable material in the industry. In many instances, the surface of the production equipment needs to be treated for low-corrosion passivation, lower surface roughness, good degree of finish and cleanliness. The process characteristics of pulse electrochemical polishing meet these requirements well. The current study investigates the effects of the major processing parameters on the surface reflectivity and the surface metallography. The electrolyte with 29.4% water content and a ratio between H2SO4and H3PO4of 2 and 4 has been proven to be successful, showing no corrosion pitting points on the specimen surface. The electrolyte temperature of 50~55°C, the pulse duty ratio of 33~50% and the electrical current density of 50 to 55A/dm2are found to be optimal. The addition of 2.4% glycerin and 2.2% glucose provides a very fine surface, surface reflectivity of stainless steel from 18% improve 89%.
Kinetics of Camphene Esterification to Isobornyl Acetate
Authors: Liu Dian Hua , Fang Ding Ye , Guan Qin Qin , Tao A Jian
Published: May 2011

The conventional process for isobornyl acetate synthesis from camphene and acetic acid is a batch process. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize isobornyl acetate in continuous process in a fixed bed reactor. The continuous reaction conditions were studied. The experiment was put into practice under the following conditions: 35-45, camphene/acetic acid feed ratio(wt%) from 1 to 2 and space velocity from 0.6 to 1.8 h-1. A kinetic model was developed which describes the experimental data well. A pilot fixed reactor was simulated by using the kinetic model.
Preparation and Characterization of Lignin-Phenolic Foam
Authors: Zhuang Xiao Wei , Li Shou Hai , Ma Yu Feng , Zhang Wei , Xu Yu Zhi , Wang Chun Peng , Chu Fu Xiang
Published: May 2011

In this paper, lignin could partly replaced phenol to prepare lignin-phenolic(LPF) foam.The effects of amount of lignin on mechanical properties, thermal stability, fire-retardant and micro-structure of LPF foam. The results indicated that the addition of lignin decreased the brittleness and flexibility of foam, and the foam hole became larger in diameter and distributed more unevenly. When the lignin replacement amount was lower, the foam had regular foam hole structure and even distribution of foam hole, the size of foam hole increased with an increase of lignin content, SEM observations were in accordance with the early research of the mechanical properties of foams. And the addition of lignin slightly affected the fire-retardant and thermal stability of foam. When lignin replacement amount was 30% and 40%, the critical oxygen index of foam was even slightly higher than the pure PF foam.
Research on Conditions of Solid-State Fermentation and Characters of Tannase by Aspergillus Niger B0201 with Gallnut
Authors: Wu Xin Ying , Qiu Shu Yi , Li Yang Zhen , Bao Yu Xin
Published: May 2011

Study is on the solid-state fermentation of tannase with the Gallnut by Aspergillus niger B-0201.The experiments involved in the process and conditions of solid-state fermentation and factors influencing characters of tannase. The results indicated that the unpasteurized method before fermentation was in favor of the higher enzymic activity than the sterilized method. With the unpasteurized method, the tannase activity got the best level(51.2U/gds) ,when 5.0g of culture medium containing the 1g of Gallnut powder, 4g of the bran powder, 1% (w/w) of (NH4)2SO4, 0.1%(w/w) of NaCl, 0.1%(w/w) of MgSO4·7H2O, 8ml of water, 1.6:1 of the solid-to-liquid ratio and 1ml（1×108spores per milliliter）of inoculum size to a 250 ml conical flask was incubated at 30°C, initial pH6.0 for 96 hours. At the same time, the conditions of fermentation were further optimized using the Response Surface Design(RSM). The tannase activity got at 56.2U/gds with the .Gallnut(17%,w/w) and the solid-to-liquid ratio(1.5：1) in the medium under 32°C. The optimum temperature and pH of tannase was respectively 40°C and 5.0. Fe3+，Cu2+，Fe2+, Ba2+，Mn2+，Ca2+，Al3+were the inhibitor of tannase at 2.0mM concentration. The optimum concentration of propylgallate as the substrate catalyzed by Tannase was 1mM. The value of Kmwas 0.514mM and Vmaxwas 71.8μmol·(L·min)-1.
Expression of Trichoderma reesei β-Xylanase in Escherichia coli and its Function in Degradation of Juncao Holocellulose
Authors: Liu Li Hua , Lin Zhi Wei , Lin Ling , Yang Yan Ling , Lin Zhan Xi , Wang Shi Hua
Published: May 2011

In this study, the xyn2 gene, which encodes an endo-β-1,4-xylanase, was isolated with holocellulose extracted from Juncao Miscanthus floridulu as an inducer. The xyn2 gene expressed in Escherichia coli, with the estimated yield of 349 U·mL-1. Zymogram analysis showed that the purified Xyn2 had only one band on SDS-PAGE with an estimated molecular mass of 28 kDa. Enzymology analysis demonstrated that its optimum activity was at pH 6.0 and 60°C, with stability at pH range 4.0~7.0 and temperature up to 50°C. The metal ions Cu2+ and Mg2+ showed some inhibition effects, while Fe2+ and Fe3+ had small stimulating effects. Its values of Km and Vmax are 2.85 mM and 50.2 mM/min, respectively. Based on our results, we propose a novel way to convert Juncao biomass into energy and other useful products.
Hydrogen Production from Ethanol Steam Reforming over Ni-Cu/ZnO Catalyst
Authors: Liu Li Ping , Ma Xiao Jian , Zhang Peng , Liu Ya Nan
Published: May 2011

Hydrogen production by ethanol steam reforming over Ni-Cu/ZnO catalyst in the temperatures range of 250-550°C was studied on a fixed bed reactor. The effects of reaction temperature and water/ethanol molar ratio on hydrogen production were investigated. The structure and surface characteristics of the catalyst were measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analyzer (TG-DSC). The results show that the Ni-Cu/ZnO catalyst has good catalytic performance with higher hydrogen yield of 4.87molH2/molEtOH reacted. A comparison of hydrogen production from ethanol steam reforming over Ni-Cu/ZnO catalyst with over a commercial catalyst was made in this paper.
Cloning and Prokaryotic Expression and Structure Prediction of Prx II the Differentially Expressed Gene under AFB1 Stress
Authors: Zhuang Zhen Hong , Zhang Feng , Li Yan Yun , Yuan Jun , Yang Yan Ling , Lin Ling , Wang Shi Hua
Published: May 2011

The gene, prx II, in mice liver was found to be up-regulated under the stress of AFB1 in our previous study. In this study, the total RNA from the mice liver was extracted, and followed by the synthesis of cDNA with the RNA as template by the method of reverse transcription. Then, prx II gene fragment was amplified by PCR with the cDNA as template. After double-digestion and ligation reaction, the prokaryotic expression vector pET28a (+)-prx II was successfully constructed and was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). The protein- Prx II was successfully expressed when induced byIPTG, and finally, Prx II was purified by Ni2+-NTA affinity chromatography. The molecule structure of Prx II, including its signal peptide, hydrophobicity, and its secondary and tertiary structure, was predicted by bioinformatics analysis. The results showed that no signal peptide was predicted in the molecule of Prx II; Five hydrohpobic domains were predicted in the protein molecule, and the average predictive value for its hydrophobicity was -0.151; There were 35% α-helix (69 residues) and 21% β-pleated sheet (42 residues) in the molecule; The tertiary structure of the protein was constituted by seven α-helices and seven β-pleated sheets.
Qualitative Characterization and Identification of Polylactic Fiber based on GC-MS, IR and Element Analysis
Authors: Du Zhao Qun , Luo Ya Fen , Xu Yun , Zheng Gang , Yu Wei Dong
Published: May 2011

Polylactic fiber is a new renewable and biodegradable polymer material for its better physical property and thermoplastic and biological properties, while there are no corresponding inspection method to characterize and identify polylactic fiber with other fibers. So, the present paper is to qualitative analyze the features of PLA fiber and identify it with general fibers, including Polyester, Polyamide, Polyacrylic, Diacetate, Cotton, Viscose and Silk fibers. Elementary analysis method is utilized to have the definite analysis of fiber purity degree and category by the corresoponding element contents of constructing elements. The experimental results show that there exist good accordance with the theoretical results, and is suitable for qualitative characterizaion and identification of fibers. Gas chromatography mass spectrum method is used to feature marker functional groups of these eight fibers, and to further have a qualitative analysis of each fiber. IR spectroscopy proves the qualitative identification on fiber category by the marker absorbing peaks of functional groups ranging from 650cm-1-2200cm-1. These results will be greatly helpful in the qualitative analysis and indectification of Polylactic fiber.
Study on Structure of Amphoteric Starch and Its Reinforcing Effect on Secondary Fiber
Authors: Zhang Hong Wei , Zheng Guo Ping
Published: May 2011

In the presented work, a series of the phosphate amphoteric cassava starch were synthesized by a two-step semi-dry process with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTA) as the cationic reagent and phosphate mixture as the anionic reagent. The structure of the amphoteric starch was characterized by FTIR and XRD. The reinforcing effects of the amphoteric starch on the secondary fiber were also studied. The results indicated that the reaction occurred not only in the amorphous region, but also in its crystalline region. When the cationic starch reacted with different amount of phosphates, the degree of cation substitution (DSc) of products was decreased with the dosage of the phosphates. When cationic starch with different DSc reacted with the same amount of phosphates, the degree of anion substitution (DSa) of products was decreased with the DSc. All the amphoteric starch showed reinforcing effect on the secondary fiber. The No. 7 sample showed better reinforcing effects on paper strength due to its higher total degree of substitution (0.095), proper DSa/DSc ratio (DSc = 0.067, DSa = 0.028) and interior modification of the starch granule. Compared with the control sample, the secondary fiber paper with 1.0 wt % (relative to dried pulp) of 7# modified starch showed 23.5%, 20.3% and 29.4% increases in tensile index, tearing index, and burst index, respectively.
Cleaner Production Technology on Controlling Emissions of Unintentionally Produced PCDD/Fs from Non-Wood Pulp and Paper Mills in China
Authors: Sun Guo Yu , Li Wei
Published: May 2011

As one of the main emission sources of PCDD/Fs, the pulp and paper industry has always been public concerns. In China, the consumption of non-wood fiber as raw material of pulp accounts for a relatively larger proportion in the total productivity. Here, the unintentionally produced PCDD/Fs emissions of five Chinese non-wood pulp and paper mills were investigated. The results showed that the increment of PCDD/Fs after bleaching with chlorine was about 1.71-28.19 times in pulp and 3.96-28.82 times in wastewater based on the existing technologies. In order to reduce the unintentional production of PCDD/Fs, the BAT/BEP transformation program was proposed as cleaner production initiatives featured by less or free use of chlorine in bleaching process, and evaluated by reduction effects and costs. The study showed the application of Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF) sequences in bleaching process with improving technologies in other production stages would effectively decrease the generation of PCDD/Fs, other pollutant load as well as the water consumptions.
Effects of Paper Properties and Printing Conditions on the Ink Penetration into Offset Paper
Authors: Yang Yong Gang , Liu Fu Ping
Published: May 2011

In order to predict and control the ink penetration depth, The base properties of 5 offset paper were firstly measured, namely, tightness、smoothness and K&N ink absorbency, etc. Then the penetration depth when offset magenta ink of the same volume entered into these papers was tested after printing. It was analyzed on the influences of offset paper and print processes on ink penetration depth. Finally, the relationships between the ink penetration depth under pressure and that under no pressure were studied. The results showed that both the tightness and smoothness of offset papers had impact on ink penetration into the paper internal structure, and the total ink penetration depth was about 1/5~1/3 of the thickness of the offset papers. In addition, the ink penetration depth under pressure was obviously lager than that under no pressure.
Properties of Flame-Retardant Cellulose Fibers Prepared from Cellulose[Amim]Cl Dope Solution
Authors: Gao Lei , Cheng Bo Wen , Song Jun , Guo Zeng Geng , Lu Fei , Liang Yi
Published: May 2011

This paper has studied the structure and flame-retardant properties of flame-retardant cellulose fiber with DDPSN as flame retardant. The flame retardants was uniformly dispersed in the cellulose /[Amim]Cl Solution to obtain the good spinnable dope, then the dope was wet-spun. Effects of the flame-retardant contention the fiber structure and properties were investigated. The surface of the flame-retardant cellulose fiber was observed using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Besides, through the Simultaneous thermal analysis, it has been shown that, with the increase of fame retardant, the degree of fame resistance was obviously improved. The flame retardant acted greatly in condensed phase during the fiber degradation and remained mainly in residues after degradation, the experiments show that the flame-retardant properties of flame-retardant cellulose fiber with 20wt% DDPSN was obvious.
Effects of Protective Colloid on the MF-UF Double Wall Micro-Encapsulation Containing Essence Oil
Authors: Zhen Zhao Hui
Published: May 2011

Essence oil is difficult to microencapsulate and difficult to envelop into wall to prepare pressure sensitive microcapsules. With styrene maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) as the protective colloid, the paper studied the effects of protective colloid and micro-encapsulation of pressure sensitive perfume microcapsules with melamine formaldehyde resin (MF) and urea formaldehyde resin (UF) as double wall first time by using the re-in situ polymerization method. The microcapsules and emusion process were characterized on morphologies, mean particle size and size distribution, zeta potebtial, wall thickness of microcapsules. It was found that the SMA seemed to be suitable for the emulsification and preparation of microcapsule with MF-UF resin as double wall containing essence oil. The results indicated the S/M mole ratio in MSA molecules affected the preparation and quality of microcapsules, pH value and the dosage of SMA had important impact on zeta value and encapsulation in the process of polymerization. The stirring time and stirring rate in emulsification process with MSA as protective colloid influenced the mean particle size and particle size distribution of microcapsules, SMA was one of the components of microcapsules, SMA amount used affected the mean particle size, size distribution and thickness of microcapsules.
Effect of Hot-Water Pre-Extraction on Alkaline Pulping Properties of Wheat Straw
Authors: Zhang Su Feng , Yang Heng
Published: May 2011

The alkaline pulping properties of wheat straw, which had been hemicelluloses pre-extracted with hot water, were studied. In this work, the process of hot-water extraction at various temperatures, reaction time and other conditions were investigated. The straws pre-extracted or not were made into pulp with NaOH-AQ at same conditions. Then the effects of pre-extraction on properties of straw pulp were studied. The results show that the yield, Kappa number and viscosity of the pulp are affected significantly by hemicelluloses pre-extraction process. The chemicals charge of the extracted straw in the pulping process is lower and shorter cooking time needed, the maximum pulping temperature reduced. These effects indicate that the action of hot-water pre-extraction before alkaline pulping is able to reduce effluent discharge and chemical demand to pulp, and it would be energy-saving. In this experiment, the optimum conditions of hot-water pre-extraction were: maximum temperature 140°C, heat-up time 30min, time at maximum temperature 60min and liquor ratio 1:10. The optimal pulping conditions were: alkali charge 12%, maximum temperature 155°C, heat-up time 90min, and holding time at maximum temperature 60min.
Analysis of Coating Pore Structure and its Effect on Printability of Low Gloss Coated Paper
Authors: Liu Yan Xin , Wang Yu Long , Qin Shen Tao , Liu Fei Fei
Published: May 2011

Coating pore structure of low gloss coated paper based on different pigment blends was analyzed using mercury intrusion method in this paper. The results show that pore size of coating layer structure of low gloss coated paper ranges from 20nm-500nm, and the range from 500nm-5000nm is mainly from base paper and interactions between coating color and base paper. Printability of coated paper can be well related with coating pore structure. Print gloss is strongly influenced by pore size and pore volume. Large pore diameters and small pore volume of coating layer structure can improve print gloss. Ink density increases with the increasing of pore diameter while the pore volume is kept constant. The increasing of pore volume of coat layer structure will improve capillary absorption and then improve ink absorption. The control of coating pore structure is very important for producing low gloss coated paper.
Application of Edible Canna Residue in the Papermaking
Authors: Gao Hong Xia , Guan Xiu Qiong , Liu Jian Rong , Yao Qing Song
Published: May 2011

In this paper, the components of edible canna residue and the refining conditions were studied. The refined edible canna residue mixed up corrugating medium was processed to corrugated base paper. The results show that the strength properties of corrugated base paper are optimal when the refining clearance is 2.4mm and the time is 4min. The corrugated base paper strength is best at the edible canna residue dosage 30%.
Research on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Poly(m-Phenyleneisophthalamide) Paper
Authors: Zhang Mei Yun , Li Tao , Lu Jin Bei
Published: May 2011

The dynamic mechanical properties of PMIA-Pulp applied paper were investigated. At the same time, the dynamic mechanical properties of DuPont T410 paper were compared. Measurements of the dynamic mechanical properties were carried out on samples of low crystallinity and low orientation over a temperature range from 20°C to +500°C, at a frequency of 110 Hz, at a heating rate of 3°C/min. As the temperature from low to high, three different mechanical states with glassy state, rubber state and fluid state were appeared on DMA temperature curve, it responded the different mode of molecular motion. Storage modulus and glass transition peak of DuPont T410 paper were higher than the self-made applied paper. It means DuPont T410 Paper had a high resistance to external forces and deformation, as well as a good rigidity. Molecular chain freedom movement was difficult and the energy required to move relatively larger.
The Research on Adjusting Color of Tinting Pigment and the Controlling of the Parameter
Authors: Zhao Chuan Shan , Wang Jing Jing , Li Quan Peng
Published: May 2011

More and more case boards were used in our society. Shade adjusting plays an important part in case board manufacturing. Tinting pigment can replace dyes used in color adjusting of paper making. Tinting pigment has the advantages of less dosage, better coverage, better stability and also lower cost. In this article, the shortages of dye used in adjusting color and the present situation of tinting pigment used in adjusting color were introduced. The factors of beating degree of soft wood, the additives of AKD, contact time and PH to the tinting pigment adjusting color were investigated also. The results showed that the effect of color adjusting was best when the beating degree of wood soft was 44°SR. AKD was good to color adjusting of pigment in papermaking. The best contact time of red pigment and yellow pigment choose 6 minutes. The best contact time of orange pigment choose 4 minutes. With the increasing of PH, the value of a* and b* improved first and then declined. The red pigment reached the maximum value when the PH was 5.5, while the yellow pigment and orange pigment reached the maximum value when the PH was 6. So the best PH of red pigment was 5.5. The best PH of yellow pigment and orange pigment were 6.
Effect of Paper’s Spectral Reflectance on the Printing’s Dot Gain
Authors: Zhao Chen Fei , Han Qing
Published: May 2011

Paper is the main print material, whose performance is a factor that effects the printing’s dot gain which is bad to image clarity and color reproduction. In the paper, Yule-Nielsen neugebauer spectral modal is analyzed , and the relation between paper’s spectral reflectance and the printing’s dot gain is discussed. By experiments, the paper’s spectral reflectance is adopted as correction index, which can reduce the dot gain value of the light color patch , and in the same printing conditions the dot gain is effected by the paper’s spectral reflectance, ink’s type, dot area percentage and wavelengths. The research has a certain significance for controlling printing quality and reducing the producing cost.
Characterization and Utilization of Corncob Lignocellulose for Adsorptive Removal of Basic Dyes from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Fang Run , Cheng Xian Su
Published: May 2011

This study evaluated the potential application of a biomass material, corncob lignocellulose (CL), as a novel adsorbent for the removal of basic dyes from aqueous solutions. The adsorption behavior and mechanism of basic dyes on CL was investigated via batch experiments. Both adsorption and desorption studies showed that the attachment of basic dyes onto CL was ascribed to a combined interaction involving electrostatic attraction and chemisorption. The decolorization efficiency of CL increased with increasing solution pH and temperature. Thermodynamic parameters demonstrated the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption. The dye uptake process was best described by the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption capacity of CL for Methylene blue, Crystal Violet and Malachite Green at 30°C was calculated to be 145.8, 121.8 and 65.7 mg/g, respectively.
Understanding the Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Flocculation Mechanism Induced by Starch through Population Balance Modeling
Authors: Sang Yi Zhou , Al Saifi Nayef M. , Englezos Peter
Published: May 2011

The precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) flocculation kinetics and floc structures induced by cationic tapioca starch were recorded by the Malvern Mastersizer 2000 (Malvern Instruments Inc, Malvern, UK). Of particular interest, a population balance model for PCC flocculation was employed to extract the flocculation constants, namely collision efficiency, magnitude of energy dissipation rate and restructuring rate. The model made an attempt to take aggregation, breakage and flocs restructuring into account simultaneously to describe the PCC flocculation by aggregation and breakage mechanism. Through a response surface methodology (RSM) involving a central composite design, the effects of temperature, polymer dosage, ionic strength, and shear rate on flocculation parameters were investigated in this paper.
Analysis of Calcium Sulphate Filler and its Application in Papermaking Process as Functional Filler
Authors: Wang Yu Long , Zhan Huai Yu , Liu Yan Xin , Liu Fei Fei
Published: May 2011

Calcium sulphate is rich in natural resources and by-product of many industrial processes. However, most calcium sulphate product was only used with low added value or treated as waste, harmful to environment. If the calcium sulphate can be used as papermaking filler, very high added value can be gained and also the environment problem can be solved. In this paper calcium sulphate from by product of industry was characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron micrograph (SEM), and then used as papermaking filler. The influence of calcium sulphate filler on pulp suspension and paper properties was studies. The results showed that the calcium sulphate fillers were composed of three crystal forms, dihydrate, hemihydrate, anhydrite, and it was needle or fiber shape, hollow in the middle; calcium sulphate showed high brightness and high conductivity in water, compared with talc or ground calcium carbonate(GCC) filler. When calcium sulphate filler was used in papermaking process the filler retention was very small because of its high solubility in water. Calcination at high temperature can lower the solubility of calcium sulphate and slightly increase the retention, but the retention was still quite small. The future work should focus on controlling the solubility of calcium sulphate.
Research on FTIR Analysis of Populus nigra L. Lignin Structure Changes in Different Bleaching Processes
Authors: Zhao Qiang , Sun De Zhi , Pu Jun Wen , Jin Xiao Juan , Xing Mian
Published: May 2011

To study the bleaching mechanisms of H2O2 bleaching, H2O2 displacement bleaching and H2O2 /TAED bleaching, three kinds of lignin bleached with above processes were obtained. Three types of treated Populus nigra L lignins structure were identified and the functional groups were quantitied by FTIR. In contrast, the deacetylation and the breakage of ester bonds in H2O2/TAED bleaching system was much more significant. The total carbonyl group of H2O2 bleached lignin decreased 6.6% while displacement bleached lignin and H2O2/TAED bleached lignin decreased 9.2% and 15.8% respectively. The PT bleaching process had stronger oxidability to destroy the syringyl units in lignin. The breakage of ether bonds and alcoholic hydroxyl dehydration in side chain increased after bleaching. In contrast, the stronger destroyed effection on guaiacyl dialkyl ether bond with PT bleaching processes. The conclusions obtained may interpret H2O2 displacementbleaching and H2O2/TAED bleaching systems have better bleaching efficiency than H2O2 bleachingsystem.
Gradient Intensified Alkali Extraction of Kraft Pulp by Oxygen-Containing Bleaching Agents
Authors: Pang Zhi Qiang , Wang Xiang Qiang , Chen Jia Chuan
Published: May 2011

The selectivity of delignification is disappointing in the conventional intensified alkali extraction by oxygen and H2O2. To improve the properties of the conventional intensified alkali extraction, the gradient intensified alkali extraction by oxygen-containing bleaching agents was presented, and effects of treatment conditions on properties of gradient intensified alkali extraction of kraft pulp by oxygen and/or H2O2 were investigated. In DEPD bleaching sequence, the optimal dosage of H2O2 in EP stage is 1.5% with higher brightness and lower loss in viscosity of bleached pulp. The addition time of H2O2 is better after 20 min of alkali extraction in DE/PD sequence to facilitate bleaching function of H2O2. In DP/ED sequence, the brightness is highest when alkali extraction carried through after 20 min of H2O2 bleaching. In EO stage, the optimal dosage of NaOH is 5.0% considering delignification and bleaching efficiency. As to alkali extraction intensified by oxygen and H2O2, the optimum dosage of H2O2 is 1.0%. Gadient intensified alkali extraction with oxygen and/or H2O2 was adopted for further bleaching and delignification, which can increase the brightness and selectivity of delignification by subtly adjusting the parameters.
The Effect of Microwave Treatment on the Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching of Soda-AQ Wheat Straw Pulp
Authors: Wu Chao Jun , Zhao Chuan Shan , Li Jun , Chen Ke FU
Published: May 2011

In this paper, the effect of microwave treatment on the hydrogen peroxide bleaching of Soda-AQ wheat-straw pulp was investigated. The results showed that microwave treatment could increase the brightness of the hydrogen peroxide bleached pulp. The fiber coarseness of microwave enhancing peroxide bleached pulp was higher than that of the peroxide bleached pulp. However, the arithmetic average fiber length, the length weighted average fiber length and weight weighted average fiber length of the former was lower than that of the latter. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra showed that CrI(%) crystallinity of microwave enhancing peroxide bleached pulp was similar as that of the peroxide bleached pulp but all higher than that of the Soda-AQ wheat-straw pulp. N·O′KI infra-red crystalline index of microwave enhancing peroxide bleached pulp were lower than that of the peroxide bleached pulp. The FTIR spectra of lignin showed that the microwave treatment had some influences on the methoxyl and phenolic group in lignin.
Study on Foamed Buffer Material with the Residues of Wheat Straw Pulping
Authors: Wang Dai Qi , Zhao Chuan Shan , Yu Dong Mei
Published: May 2011

The residues from wheat straw pulping mainly include uncooked chips and fiber bundles. In order to achieve high quality pulp, the residues require removal from the system. It was not necessary that the residues were re-cooked because of its high contents of non-cellulosic constituent. The achievement of low density foamed buffer material with the residues of wheat straw pulping would make the second pollution problem of the residues be solved, and achieve a replacer of foamed plastic material. The paper discussed the producing techniques of foamed buffer material with the residues of wheat straw pulping. The result showed that the best foamed properties of the residues were achieved with proper dosage of natural bonding agent like wheat flour, inorganic foamed agent, crosslink agent, and proper foamed temperature. The density and compression of foamed buffer material with the residues of wheat straw pulping were achieved with 60 kg /m3 and 60 kPa respectively at the optimum foaming condition.
On Structure and Heat-Transfer Mechanism for Multi-Channel Drying Cylinder of Energy-Saving Type
Authors: Dong Ji Xian , Zhang Zhen , Dang Rui , Lu Jian Xiao
Published: May 2011

In this paper, the authors explore the structure and operating mechanism of the energy- saving type multi-channel drying cylinder, which can be used in papermaking machine dryer section to effectively reduce the amount of condensate water, and tackle such problem as the water condensation in drying cylinder. This paper theoretically expatiates upon the heat transfer mechanism of the multi-channel drying cylinder of energy-saving type and verifies the theoretical results with numerical simulation approach, which proves that energy-saving type multi-channel drying cylinder can effectively improve the heat transfer efficiency, and increase the productivity of the papermaking machine while the drying cylinder is featured by high cost in manufacturing and non-uniformity in surface temperature because of its peculiarity of configuration, which need to be investigated and improved.
Preparation of New Alumina Silicate Refractory Fiberboard and Study on its Performance
Authors: Zhu Qing , Zhao Chuan Shan , Pang Jin Jiang
Published: May 2011

The preparation of alumina silicate refractory fiberboard by wet vacuum filter molding process, alumina silicate fibre is the matrix material, and high-temperature resistance adhesive is the agglutinant. Experiments made in conditions of no liquid glue, and not adding fiber, influence of cycling time on liquid glue concentration, density of fiberboard, and retention of cementing compound was studied; effect of density of fiberboard on thermal conductivity is also discussed. The results showed that the optimum liquid glue concentration is 9.41%, cycling time is 28h (replenish liquid glue after 28h). Density of alumina silicate fiberboard is 289kg/m3, and alumina silicate fiberboard can resistance to 1200 °C.
Study on the High Charge Density Polyamine System in Controlling Dissolved and Colloidal Substances of High-Yield Pulp
Authors: Chen Qi Jie , Wang Ping , Yan Yong Xiang
Published: May 2011

In recent years High yield pulp (HYP) is being used at an increasing rate to replace bleached hardwood kraft pulp in the manufacturing of high quality paper products. However, HYP has more dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS), when compared with fully bleached kraft pulp. In general these DCS have an anionic character, and they often disturb the papermaking process. In the paper, the effects of high charge density polyamine (PA) single, dual and triple system on DCS control in high yield pulp were studied. The results showed that the DCS control effects of the PA/HCS (high cationic starch)/CPAM (cationic polyacrylamide) triple system were better than the PA/HCS dual system and the PA single system. In the PA/HCS/CPAM triple system, when the dosage of the PA was 0.06% and the dosage was 0.1% and 0.05% for HCS and CPAM, respectively, the zeta potential of pulp increased by a certain degree, drainage property of pulp improved remarkably, the turbidity of the DCS water was near to zero, and the cationic demand of DCS water decreased by 70.8%. The microscope photograph of fibers also confirmed that the polymers in the PA/HCS/CPAM triple system had very good synergetic effects on the removal of DCS in high yield pulp.
Application of TiO2 to Improve the Brightness Stability of HYP Containing Coated Paper
Authors: Li Xing Long , Zang Yong Hua , Wu Zhen Juan , Xu Ying
Published: May 2011

Eco-friendly high-yield pulps (HYP) are becoming increasingly used to product high value-added fine paper that is traditionally produced exclusively with chemical pulps. However, due to the presence of a large quantity of photosensitive lignin in the HYP pulp to more effectively utilize woods resources, there is a concern on the long term brightness stability of HYP containing paper. In this research, various TiO2was added to coating colors to improve the light fastness properties of HYP containing coated paper. The effect on the stability of optical properties of coated paper including brightness, opacity, color difference and the degree of brightness reversion before and after accelerated aging were studied. It was shown that the brightness stability of the HYP containing coated paper increased with increased addition of TiO2. Rutile TiO2was especially more effective than other types of TiO2on yellowing inhibition of coated paper. At a dosage of 3 parts of rutile TiO2, the brightness stability of coated paper containing 20% of HYP was found to be even better than paper made of 100% chemical pulp coated with conventional coating color.
Application of near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Predict Paper Properties of Acacia
Authors: Song Shu Ping , Zhang Hao , Lang Qian , Pu Jun Wen
Published: May 2011

First attempt to predicting physical properties of paper by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (abbreviated as NIRS) mathematical model, Acacia is a kind of fast-growing tree which is a potential resource in pulp and paper industry. The mathematical models of physical properties of Acacia unbleached kraft paper were established by software OPUS6.5 of Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Spectral data of Acacia unbleached kraft paper were acquired by Near-Infrared. Physical properties, which include quality, whiteness, tensile index, burst index and tear index, of the paper were measured by GB methods. NIRS mathematical models between the spectral data and the laboratory reference values were established and optimized by software OPUS6.5 partial least squares (abbreviated as PLS). The NIRS mathematical models were evaluated by its parameters, and used to predict the physical properties of unknown samples rapidly and accurately. Compared with NIRS mathematical model of physical properties of Acacia unbleached kraft pulp, the NIRS mathematical models of paper have a better prediction on unknown samples; Compared with traditional laboratory methods, predicting properties of paper by the NIRS mathematical models of paper is rapid, accurate and non-destructive.
Treatment of NBKP with Cellulase to Reduce the Refining Energy Consumption in Production of Grease Proof Paper
Authors: Liu Jun , Hu Hui Ren
Published: May 2011

Refining is an energy-intensive papermaking process where energy consumption contributes about 18% of the total manufacturing cost. Through the application of cellulases before refining, mills can reduce their energy requirement for refining of pulps and realize the aim of energy consumption. In the present study, two kinds of cellulase within or wothout the cellulose binding domains (CBDs) were used to treat the pulp aimed at reducing the refining energy consumption in production of grease proof paper. In order to compare and evaluate these effects on reducing the pulp refining energy consumption, these two cellulases were compared based on their effects on Schopper-Riegler freeness (°SR), fiber morphology and paper properties ( tensile index, tear index). Orthogonal test was used to examine the interaction of enzyme dosages and contact time on the beatability of the pulp. Results showed that the cellulase of Refinase M (within the CBDs) was excellent in reducing the refining energy consumption, when pretreated with 0.02% of Refinase M about 18.5% of the refining energy can be saved, and the properties of paper were not affected obviously. Moreover, results showed that the existence of CBDs in cellulases play a significant role in reducing the energy consumption. Examination of the fiber surface by SEM show notable improvement in fibrillation.
The Influence of CMC on Paper Coating Properties
Authors: Du Yan Fen , Zang Yong Hua , Liu Su Fang , Xu Ying
Published: May 2011

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is the most widely used co-binder and rheology modifier in paper coating. This work presents an investigation on the effects of CMC on coating structure development by measuring viscosity of the coating colors and by characterizing properties of the dried coatings. The results showed that CMC addition increased coating color viscosity and impeded latex migration to the surface during drying. However brightness, porosity and K&N ink absorbency of the coatings increased. It was assumed that viscosity increase and colloidal interactions between CMC and pigment particles caused less latex to migrate to the surface during drying, which in turn results in higher brightness and porosity of the coatings.
Improving the Fermentation Quality and Nutritive Value of Barley Straw Silage by Adding Lactic Acid Bacteria and Cellulases
Authors: Zhang Jian Guo , Xu Chun Cheng , Cai Yi Min
Published: May 2011

In order to ensure better conservation and to increase the nutritive value of barley straw, the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and cellulase addition were studied. Two cellulases were Acremonium cellulase (AC) and Meiji cellulase (MC). Both cellulase and LAB addition decreased the pH values (P < 0.05) and increased lactic acid content when compared with the control, and their combination had further benefits over them alone. The efficiencies of improving fermentation quality were AC + LAB > MC + LAB > AC > MC > LAB. Cellulase addition significantly reduced ADF and crude fiber contents, and increased NFE content compared to the control (P < 0.05). The TDN contents of barley straw silages treated with AC, AC+LAB, MC and MC+LAB were increased by 11.9%, 15.5%, 7.0% and 10.8%, respectively.
Analysis and Synthesis of Surface Sizing Agent BLD-02
Authors: Wen Shuang Shuang , Chen Guang Xue , Chen Qi Feng , Qu Zhen Cai , Yan Jin
Published: May 2011

The chemical composition of surface sizing agent BLD-02 was researched, as well as its synthesis method. BLD-02 was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, and the main monomers were styrene, acrylate and acrylonitrile. In the process of synthesis, these monomers were prepared for copolymer latex by seed emulsion polymerization. Through a series of pre-trial, the results showed that when the contents of initiator and emulsifying agent were 0.3% and 3% (the percentage of total) respectively, the weight ratio of hard monomer to soft monomer was 2/3 and the reaction temperature was 75°C, the synthetic emulsion with higher viscosity, smaller particle size and well-dispersion was prepared. Results showed that the infrared spectrum and properties of the synthetic emulsion, to some extent, were as same as that of BLD-02.
Synthesis of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resol Resins Using Modified Alkaline Lignin with Laccase
Authors: Jin Xiao Juan , Yu Wu , Yu Zhi Ming
Published: May 2011

lignin (L)-based phenolic prepolymers with different phenol (P) substitution degrees were synthesized using the modified(M) L with laccase. It was found that the ML showed lower molecular value, polydispersity and higher reactivity compared to unmodified sample, and up to 30% of phenol can be substituted by MF to give LPF wood adhesive having better bonding strength in comparison to a control unmodified lignin phenol formaldehyde wood adhesive. MF was characterized using FTIR and GPC. FTIR showed that after the treatment of laccase, the methoxyl group increased, which was mainly due to the demethylation, and laccase/mediator system made the ether bonds of L cleave to produce more alcohol hydroxyl, as a result, the reactivity of ML was improved.
Preparing Process and Properties of Collagen Modified Cotton Fiber
Authors: Xu Yun Hui , Du Zhao Fang
Published: May 2011

In order to develop cotton fabric underwear with the health care function, the cotton fiber was modified with the collagen (CMCF) using periodate oxidation method. The aldehyde groups on the glucose chains of the oxidized cotton cellulose were reacted with the amino groups of collagen to obtain the CMCF, and the oxidized cellulose was crosslinked with collagen in aqueous acetic acid media. The effects of collagen concentration, treatment time, reaction temperature, pH value of solution and periodate concentration on the amount of collagen crosslinked on cotton fiber were respectively discussed, and the optimal reaction technology was obtained. XPS characterization of the modified cotton fiber showed a characteristic peak about 400.0–405.0 eV corresponding to collagen, which indicated that the collagen was combined on the surface of cotton fiber. The mechanical properties of the collagen modified cotton fiber were improved. The resulting CMCF is a new natural ecological fiber and has the extensive application as a carrier for the controlled release of drugs.