bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Situational, Psychosocial, and Physical Health—Related Correlates of HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviors in Homeless Men
Authors: Stein Judith A. , Nyamathi Adeline M. , Zane Jazmin I.
Published: November 2007

A biopsychosocial perspective is employed to assess associations among situational and psychosocial variables related to health, health care, and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors among 479 homeless men (aged 18-64 years). Poor health was not significantly associated with sexual risk behaviors and was only modestly associated with injection drug use (IDU). Health care was not significantly associated with sexual risk behavior or IDU. HIV/AIDS risk behaviors were highly associated with homelessness severity and posttraumatic stress disorder. IDU was significantly associated with greater emotional distress and was more likely among younger men and among White men. Sexual risk behavior was more frequent among those who had particularly poor-quality housing such as living on the street or in abandoned buildings. Because interactions with the medical community are limited and not associated with HIV/AIDS risk, outreach in areas in which homeless men congregate, mental health and substance abuse treatment, and permanent supportive housing may help reduce HIV risk among homeless men more effectively.
Personality Characteristics of Chinese Male Batterers: An Exploratory Study of Women's Reports From a Refuge Sample of Battered Women in Hong Kong
Authors: Ling Chan Ko , Brownridge Douglas A.
Published: November 2007

This study examined the personality characteristics of Chinese male batterers in a cohort of 210 Chinese battered women drawn from a refuge in Hong Kong. Participants were interviewed using a standard questionnaire to examine the prevalence and incidence of violence they experienced. The incidence of battering in the preceding year was compared against the characteristics of male batterers using independent t tests. Logistic regression was preformed with the personality characteristics and battering. The results showed that a number of personality characteristics, in particular poor anger management and approval of the use of violence, were more frequent among batterers who were physically assaultive toward their partners. The findings of this study suggested the possibility of an association between child abuse and battering. The results have important implications for interventions with batterers in terms of the assessment and provision of batterer intervention programs.
State of the Art Reviews: Intervening to Improve Outcomes for Adolescent Mothers and Their Children
Authors: Schwarz Donald F. , O'Sullivan Ann L.
Published: November 2007

Adolescent births have declined substantially in the past 15 years, especially with the increase in use of e fective contraception by young women. Longitudinal data have shown that previously identified disadvantages of early parenting for young women, particularly those from communities with high rates of poverty, may not be substantial. There are indications that higher order births carry a much greater burden than do first births to females younger than 20 years. For those interested in minimizing the burden for these young women, interventions to prevent second births are important. Studies have looked at how best to provide care to these women and infants and how to reduce rates of higher order births. These programs provide ideas on factors that can help identify those at greatest risk for second births and give models for working with young mothers to maximize career and life chances. Particular attention should be paid to contraception use, infant stimulation, school and work participation, postpartum depression, and breastfeeding when working with adolescent mothers.
Physical Activity and Obesity: Their Interaction and Implications for Disease Risk and the Role of Physical Activity in Healthy Weight Management
Authors: Zoeller Robert F.
Published: November 2007

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing at an epidemic rate. Increased adiposity, especially central or visceral adiposity, is predictive of cardiovascular disease/coronary heart disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The increased risk for cardiovascular disease/coronary heart disease and metabolic abnormalities associated with abdominal obesity may be mediated, at least in part, by increased systemic inflammation. Greater physical activity and/or fitness may reduce inflammation associated with greater visceral adiposity. Increased adiposity and low levels of physical activity and/or fitness are risk factors for atherosclerotic disease and type 2 diabetes, as well as the increased mortality associated with them. Increased physical activity/fitness reduces disease and mortality risk regardless of body mass index but does not completely abrogate the risks associated with obesity. Both moderate to vigorous physical activity and weight loss independently reduce the risk for type 2 diabetes and improve glucose/insulin metabolism via di ferent mechanisms. Physical activity on the order of 2500 to 2800 kcal/wk may be necessary to prevent weight gain or maintain weight loss. Strength training is recommended as an adjunct to regular aerobic exercise but not as the primary mode of exercise for weight loss. Individuals are strongly encouraged to engage in regular physical activity because of the known health benefits, regardless of whether that activity results in weight loss.
Pharmacy Review: Lifestyle Management of Obesity: Considerations for Pharmacists
Authors: Prevost Rebecca R.
Published: November 2007

The pharmacists' medication knowledge adds a unique perspective to obesity management. When counseling individuals interested in weight loss, the pharmacist should perform a review of current medications. The pharmacist may identify medication-related causes for weight gain. Also, pharmacists can play a supportive role in helping consumers choose safe and appropriate weight-loss supplements. The Food and Drug Administration's final ruling on dietary supplements requires that companies adhere to strict guidelines for manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and storing of products, as well as identification of all ingredients, plus purity, strength, and composition. In addition, the pharmacist may refer patients to their physicians for diagnosis of an underlying medical disorder responsible for weight gain. As members of the health care team, pharmacists should embrace, participate in, and support lifestyle measures such as a healthy diet, portion control, and exercise for personal maintenance of a healthy weight.
BiRD (Biaxin [clarithromycin]/Revlimid [lenalidomide]/dexamethasone) combination therapy results in high complete- and overall-response rates in treatment-naive symptomatic multiple myeloma.
Authors: Niesvizky Ruben , Jayabalan David S. , Christos Paul J. , Furst Jessica R. , Naib Tara , Ely Scott , Jalbrzikowski Jessica , Pearse Roger N. , Zafar Faiza , Pekle Karen , LaRow April , Lent Richard , Mark Tomer , Cho Hearn J. , Shore Tsiporah , Tepler Jeffrey , Harpel John , Schuster Michael W. , Mathew Susan , Leonard John P. , Mazumdar Madhu , Chen-Kiang Selina , Coleman Morton
Published: November 2007

This trial determined the safety and efficacy of the combination regimen clarithromycin (Biaxin), lenalidomide (Revlimid), and dexamethasone (BiRD) as first-line therapy for multiple myeloma. Patients received BiRD in 28-day cycles. Dexamethasone (40 mg) was given orally once weekly, clarithromycin (500 mg) was given orally twice daily, and lenalidomide (25 mg) was given orally daily on days 1 to 21. Objective response was defined by standard criteria (ie, decrease in serum monoclonal protein [M-protein] by at least 50%, and a decrease in urine M-protein by at least 90%). Of the 72 patients enrolled, 65 had an objective response (90.3%). A combined stringent and conventional complete response rate of 38.9% was achieved, and 73.6% of the patients achieved at least a 90% decrease in M-protein levels. This regimen did not interfere with hematopoietic stem-cell harvest. Fifty-two patients who did not go on to receive transplants received continued therapy (complete response, 37%; very good partial response, 33%). The major adverse events were thromboembolic events, corticosteroid-related morbidity, and cytopenias. BiRD is an effective regimen with manageable side effects in the treatment of symptomatic, newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00151203.
Calreticulin expression in the clonal plasma cells of patients with systemic light-chain (AL-) amyloidosis is associated with response to high-dose melphalan
Authors: Zhou Ping , Teruya-Feldstein Julie , Lu Ping , Fleisher Martin , Olshen Adam , Comenzo Raymond L
Published: November 2007

In high doses with stem-cell transplantation, melphalan is an effective but toxic therapy for patients with systemic light-chain (AL-) amyloidosis, a protein deposition and monoclonal plasma cell disease. Melphalan can eliminate the indolent clonal plasma cells that cause the disease, an achievement called a complete response. Such a response is usually associated with extended survival, while no response (a less than 50% reduction) is not. Gene-expression studies and a stringently supervised analysis identified calreticulin as having significantly higher expression in the pretreatment plasma cells of patients with systemic AL-amyloidosis who then had a complete response to high-dose melphalan. Calreticulin is a pleiotropic calcium-binding protein found in the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus whose overexpression is associated with increased sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining also showed that expression of calreticulin was higher in the plasma cells of those with a complete response. Furthermore, wild-type murine embryonic fibroblasts were significantly more sensitive to melphalan than calreticulin knock-out murine embryonic fibroblasts. These data have important implications for understanding the activity of melphalan in plasma-cell diseases and support further investigation of calreticulin and its modulation in patients with systemic AL-amyloidosis receiving high-dose melphalan.
Transgenic blockade of interleukin 6 transsignaling abrogates inflammation
Authors: Rabe Björn , Chalaris Athena , May Ulrike , Waetzig Georg H. , Seegert Dirk , Williams Anwen S. , Jones Simon A. , Rose-John Stefan , Scheller Jürgen
Published: November 2007

The immunoregulatory cytokine interleukin6 (IL6) acts in a pro- and anti-inflammatory fashion. Synthesized by myeloid cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells, IL6 on target cells, binds to the IL6 receptor (IL6R) and signals via complex formation with the ubiquitously expressed gp130 receptor. Paradoxically, most cells that respond to IL6 during inflammatory states do not express the IL6R and are themselves not directly responsive to the cytokine. A naturally occurring soluble form of the IL6R renders all cells responsive to IL6. This alternative signaling process is called IL6 transsignaling. Here we developed a transgenic strategy based on the overexpression of the soluble form of gp130, which specifically blocks all IL6 responses mediated by the soluble IL6R but does not affect IL6 responses via the membrane bound IL6R. In these mice, inflammatory processes are blocked as in IL6−/− mice, strongly arguing for a major role of the soluble IL6R during inflammation in vivo.
Interleukin-18 production and pulmonary function in COPD
Authors: Imaoka H. , Hoshino T. , Takei S. , Kinoshita T. , Okamoto M. , Kawayama T. , Kato S. , Iwasaki H. , Watanabe K. , Aizawa H.
Published: November 2007

Interleukin (IL)-18 production and pulmonary function were evaluated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in order to determine the role of IL-18 in COPD.

Immunohistochemical techniques were used to examine IL-18 production in the lungs of patients with very severe COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage IV, n = 16), smokers (n = 27) and nonsmokers (n = 23). Serum cytokine levels and pulmonary function were analysed in patients with GOLD stage I–IV COPD (n = 62), smokers (n = 34) and nonsmokers (n = 47).

Persistent and severe small airway inflammation was observed in the lungs of ex-smokers with very severe COPD. IL-18 proteins were strongly expressed in alveolar macrophages, CD8+ T-cells, and both the bronchiolar and alveolar epithelia in the lungs of COPD patients. Serum levels of IL-18 in COPD patients and smokers were significantly higher than those in nonsmokers. Moreover, serum levels of IL-18 in patients with GOLD stage III and IV COPD were significantly higher than in smokers and nonsmokers. There was a significant negative correlation between serum IL-18 level and the predicted forced expiratory volume in one second in patients with COPD. In contrast, serum levels of IL-4, IL-13 and interferon-γ were not significantly increased in any of the three groups.

In conclusion, overproduction of interleukin-18 in the lungs may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Inferring genome-scale rearrangement phylogeny and ancestral gene order: a Drosophilacase study
Authors: Bhutkar Arjun , Gelbart William M , Smith Temple F
Published: November 2007

A simple, fast, and biologically inspired computational approach for inferring genome-scale rearrangement phylogeny and ancestral gene order has been developed. This has been applied to eight Drosophila genomes. Existing techniques are either limited to a few hundred markers or a small number of taxa. This analysis uses over 14,000 genomic loci and employs discrete elements consisting of pairs of homologous genetic elements. The results provide insight into evolutionary chromosomal dynamics and synteny analysis, and inform speciation studies.
FOXP3 expressing CD127lo CD4+ T cells inversely correlate with CD38+ CD8+ T cell activation levels in primary HIV-1 infection
Authors: Ndhlovu Lishomwa C , Loo Christopher P , Spotts Gerald , Nixon Douglas F , Hecht Frederick M
Published: November 2007

During the course of HIV-1 infection, the status of immune activation has been determined to be a powerful indicator of disease progression. The immune system has adopted self-regulatory mechanisms to counterbalance undesirable immune responses. CD25+CD4+ T regulatory (Treg) cells that express the transcription regulator, forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), play an important role in this immunosuppression. Using a combination of Treg cell discriminatory markers (FOXP3, CD25, CD127), we predicted that an expansion of Treg cell subsets would negatively correlate with immune activation during the early stages of HIV-1 infection. We report that FOXP3+CD127lo expressing CD4+ T cells increases in primary HIV-1 infection over time. Furthermore, the FOXP3+CD127lo CD4+ T cells may, in fact, reduce the levels of T cell activation following primary infection. It is interesting that the positive correlation between FOXP3+CD127lo CD4+ and CD25+CD127lo CD4+ T cells noted in HIV-uninfected persons is not only lost but may also be reversed in early, chronic HIV-1 infection. Unlike FOXP3+CD127lo CD4+, the level of FOXP3+CD25+CD127lo CD4+ T cells did not correlate with T cell activation, suggesting that these cells were not effective in reducing T cell activation. These observations suggest that different Treg populations may have different effects on reducing immune activation in HIV-1 infection and that the FOXP3+CD127lo CD4+ T cell population may be particularly important in limiting immune activation.
Detection of immune danger signals by NALP3
Authors: Martinon Fabio
Published: November 2007

The innate immune system in animals has been forged to detect microbes, coordinate symbiotic responses, and mount immune defenses against pathogens. Recently, innate immunity was shown to detect signals released by damaged cells or tissues such as uric acid or ATP. These danger signals were proposed to be important in promoting and regulating inflammation upon trauma or pathogen insults. The physiological relevance of these signals in the immune response and their mechanisms of action are still unclear. Recent findings suggest that some danger signals activate the NALP3 inflammasome, an innate immune complex that controls inflammatory caspases and IL-1 activation.
Numerical study of influence of inlet turbulence parameters on turbulence intensity in the flow domain: Incompressible flow in pipe system
Authors: Jensen B. B. B.
Published: November 2007

The prediction of cleaning in pipe-lines is important for equipment manufacturers, who wish to optimize designs with respect to hygienic performance. Degree of cleaning correlates with the level of fluctuations in the signal recorded in discrete points during wall shear stress measurements using an electrochemical method. For optimization of process equipment with respect to cleaning, the levels of local fluctuations across entire surfaces are needed. Trends of fluctuations in the geometries used can be predicted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Two sensitivity studies were carried out to investigate the robustness of the CFD predictions: one with the zone of interest located two 90° bends and a straight pipe with a length to diameter ratio of 14:8 downstream of the inlet (full geometry) and one with only a straight pipe with a length to diameter ratio of 1:7 between the inlet and the zone of interest (shortened geometry). Both studies having a fully developed turbulent velocity inlet profile with changing turbulence parameters: turbulence intensity 0.01-30 per cent and turbulence length scale 7.5-30 per cent of inlet pipe diameter. For the full geometry no sensitivity in the fluctuation profile trend estimated by use of CFD was found, whereas for the shortened geometry a great sensitivity in the estimated fluctuation profile trend when changing inlet conditions was seen. In the process Star-CD and Fluent (used in the present study) were compared and showed comparable predictions of turbulence intensity.
Local instrumentation for the investigation of multi-phase parameters in a packed bed
Authors: Revankar S. T. , Olenik H , Jo D , Motil B
Published: November 2007

Local two-point conductivity probe and film-thickness probes were developed for measurement of two-phase flow parameters in a packed bed containing spherical packing. The probes were calibrated and installed in a packed bed with minimal flow disturbance. A flush and two parallel wire film-thickness probes were used to measure the liquid film thickness on the packing. The conductivity probe and impedance meter were used to measure local and bed wise void fraction, respectively, for trickle, wavy, transitional, pulsing, and bubbly flow.
Computation of Fan Noise Radiation through an Engine Exhaust Geometry with Flow
Authors: Richards S.K. , Chen X.X. , Huang X. , Zhang X.
Published: November 2007

This paper outlines a computational model of noise radiation from a realistic engine exhaust geometry with flow. The computational model described allows acoustic waves, propagating inside the bypass duct of a generic aircraft engine, to be admitted into a computational domain that includes the aft duct section, the exit plane of the duct, and the jet flow immediately downstream. The method has three parts: a matching process to admit acoustic waves into the induct propagation region; near field propagation inside the duct and diffraction at the lip of the exhaust duct; and an integral surface for far field directivity. In this model the near field propagation is determined by a numerical solution of a 2.5D form of the linearised Euler equations. The mean flow about which the equations are linearised is assumed to be axisymmetric. The proposed method is illustrated through a case study on the radiation of a typical fan assembly generated acoustic wave from a generic engine bypass duct. Inside the duct, an acoustic wave of circumferential order m = −13 and comprising five radial modes ( n = 1 – 5) is admitted into the model as inputs on the boundary of the computation domain. The radiation of the acoustic wave through the exhaust geometry and mean flow is determined, with the effect of acoustic treatment through the inclusion of lined duct sections also examined.
The Effect of Thermal Barriers on Sound Wave Propagation
Authors: Tarau Calin , Ötügen Volkan , Sheverev Valery , Vradis George , Raman Ganesh
Published: November 2007

Sound propagation through regions of non-uniform temperature distribution in a gas is studied numerically. The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of temperature gradients on the sound wave parameters and to evaluate the effectiveness of using regions of hot gas as sound barrier. Such regions of hot gas (low acoustic impedance) can be generated by remotely depositing energy into a selected volume of gas, for example, by means of electrical discharge. Sound attenuation through the hot gas region is studied systematically for a range of sound wave and thermal field parameters by solving the two-dimensional unsteady compressible Euler's equations along with the ideal gas state equation using a finite volume scheme. Particular attention is given to the practical case when sound wavelength is comparable to the thickness of the thermal barrier. The present two-dimensional model indicates that considerable sound attenuation can be achieved at large incidence angles and a critical angle for total internal reflection is possible.
Analysis of Jet-Noise-Reduction Concepts by Large-Eddy Simulation
Authors: Shur Michael L. , Spalart Philippe R. , Strelets Michael Kh. , Garbaruk Andrey V.
Published: November 2007

The paper outlines the latest improvements to a CFD/CAA numerical system developed by the authors starting in 2001, and presents its application to the evaluation of three noise-reduction concepts. The improvements include a two-step RANS-LES approach to represent complex nozzles much more faithfully, and an accurate algorithm for shock capturing in LES, now based on local automatic activation of flux-limiters. The noise-reduction concepts considered are: beveled nozzles, dual nozzles with fan-flow deflection, and chevron nozzles. The simulations are carried out on PC clusters with at most six processors and on rather modest grids (2–4 million nodes). Nonetheless, in most cases the system is close to the 2–3 dB target accuracy both in terms of directivity and spectrum, while limited in terms of frequency (to a diameter Strouhal number that ranges from 2 to 4, depending on the grid used and the flow regime). Although this limitation is significant, especially for chevron nozzles, the overall message of the paper is that the available CFD/CAA numerical and physical models, properly combined, are capable of predicting the noise of rather complex jets with affordable computational resources, and already today can be helpful in the rapid low-cost analysis of noise-reduction concepts.
Assessment of Computational Models for the Effect of Aeroelasticity on BVI Noise Prediction
Authors: Bernardini Giovanni , Serafini Jacopo , Lanniello Sandro , Gennaretti Massimo
Published: November 2007

This paper deals with the computational analysis of acoustic fields generated by helicopter rotors when Blade-Vortex Interactions (BVI) occur. The prediction procedure starts from the determination of the steady periodic blade deformations. Then, the BVI-affected, unsteady aerodynamics solution is obtained by a potential-flow boundary integral formulation suited for aeronautical configurations experiencing blade-wake impingements. It is applicable to blades with arbitrary shape and motion and evaluates both wake distortion and blade pressure field. Finally, the noise field radiated by the rotor is computed through an aeroacoustic tool based on the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation. The numerical investigation examines the sensitivity of BVI noise prediction on the aeroelastic model applied for the calculation of blade deformations, and assesses the accuracy of the results through correlation with experimental data concerning a helicopter main rotor in descent flight. Noise predicted is examined in terms of both acoustic pressure signatures and noise radiation characteristics.
Numerical Simulation of Incompressible Flow Problems Using an Unstructured Staggered Mesh Method
Authors: Shala Mehmet , Pericleous Koulis A. , Patel Mayur K.
Published: November 2007

A number of two dimensional staggered unstructured discretisation schemes for the solution of fluid flow and heat transfer problems have been developed. All schemes store and solve velocity vector components at cell faces with scalar variables solved at cell centres. The velocity is resolved into face-normal and face-parallel components and the various schemes investigated differ in the treatment of the parallel component. Steady-state and time-dependent fluid flow and thermal energy equations are solved with the well known pressure correction scheme, SIMPLE, employed to couple continuity and momentum. The numerical methods developed are tested on well known benchmark cases: the Lid-Driven Cavity, Natural Convection in a Cavity and Melting of Gallium in a rectangular domain. The results obtained are shown to be comparable to benchmark, but with accuracy dependent on scheme selection.
Fractional Differential Analysis for Texture of Digital Image
Authors: Yi-Fei PU
Published: November 2007

This paper discusses the capabilities of the fractional differential approach for the detection of textural features in two-dimensional digital images and the involved Lateral Inhibition Principle, and fractional differential masks and algorithms of digital image. Firstly, the kinetic physical meaning of fractional differential and the relationship between fractional calculus and classical time-frequency analysis and the separability of two-dimensional fractional calculus on certain conditions are deduced. Secondly, the difference between two Gaussians receptive fields for fractional differential of digital image involved signal processing and biologic vision nerve model is discussed. An analysis of its Mach band is also included. Thirdly, the implements and parameters of eight n × n fractional differential masks, which are mutual central symmetric, on negative x-coordinate, positive x-coordinate, negative y-coordinate, positive y-coordinate, left lower diagonal, left upper diagonal, right lower diagonal, right upper diagonal respectively are discussed. Lastly, the numerical implementation algorithms of fractional differential mask for digital image are discussed. Numerical experiments show that the textural details enhance capabilities of fractional differential-based texture operator and are better than that of integral differential based one for rich-grained digital images.
Two Pass Improved Encoding and its Parallel Processing for Fractal Image Compression
Authors: Ong Ghim-Hwee , Ching Kin-Wah Eugene
Published: November 2007

An improvement scheme, so named the Two-Pass Improved Encoding Scheme (TIES), for the application to image compression through the extension of the existing concept of fractal image compression (FIC), which capitalizes on the self-similarity within a given image which is to be compressed, is proposed in this paper. This paper first briefly explores the existing image compression technology based on FIC, before exploring the areas which can be improved and hence establishing the concept behind the TIES algorithm. An effective encoding and decoding algorithm for the implementation of TIES is developed, through the consideration of the domain pool, block scaling and transformation, range block approximation using linear combinations and arithmetic encoding for storing data as close to source entropy as possible. The performance of TIES is then explicitly compared against that of FIC under the same conditions. Finally, due to the long encoding time required by TIES, this paper then proceeds to propose parallelized versions of the two TIES algorithms, before finally concluding with an empirical analysis of the speedup and scalability of the parallelized TIES algorithms, as well as compare the effect of parallelization between the two.
Numerical Computation of Subsonic Oscillatory Airforce Coefficients for Wing-Winglet Configurations
Authors: Cheung C.W.
Published: November 2007

This paper presents the theoretical development and numerical results of a lifting-surface theory for calculating oscillating airforce coefficients for wing-winglet configurations and it follows the author's previous paper on the extension of Davies' T-tail theory for cruciform-tail configurations. The wing-winglet configurations are assumed to vibrate in a simple harmonic motion of infinitesimal amplitude in a subsonic airstream such that linearised aerodynamic theory is applicable for the analysis of the motion. The modes of displacement of the wing-winglet configuration may be either symmetric or antisysmmetric with respect to the centre-line of the configuration in the direction of the flow.

A computer program has been developed for the evaluation of oscillatory airforce coefficients for wing-winglet configurations. Aerodynamic stiffness and damping matrices which are normally used for aeroelastic calculations have been obtained for a typical transport aircraft wing-winglet configuration at two winglet dihedral angles and comparisons have been made against those calculated by an alternative doublet-lattice method. The comparisons have been shown to be satisfactory.
The Acoustic Resonance of Rectangular and Cylindrical Cavities
Authors: Rona A
Published: November 2007

An investigation is conducted on the acoustic resonance that develops in rectangular and cylindrical cavities with rigid walls. An analytical model for the small amplitude acoustic perturbations inside an enclosure with rigid walls is developed from classical linerized acoustics. The method is first applied to a rectangular geometry and the normalized mode shapes and frequencies of the first six standing wave modes are given. The results are used to diagnose whether coupling is likely to occur between the first two Rossiter modes and the acoustic standing waves, which may lead to a reinforcement of the flow instability. At the selected test conditions, the method indicates that the second Rossiter mode can couple with the first longitudinal acoustic mode. The acoustic resonant mode predictions for a cylindrical cavity of length to depth ratios 0.71 and 2.5, tested at near-incompressible speeds, suggest that the acoustic resonant modes and the main fluid dynamic instability in the enclosure are sufficiently apart in frequency not to strongly interact with one another. The parametrized analytical solutions developed in this study enable the aero-acoustic engineer to diagnose whether coupling between a given fluid dynamic instability and acoustic resonance is likely to affect a rectangular or cylindrical cavity component.
The Structure and Culture of Developing a Mathematics Tutoring Collaborative in an Urban High School
Authors: Walker Erica N
Published: November 2007

This conceptual article describes a model of a school-based, student-led initiative that uses peer tutoring to address underachievement in mathematics. The model is three pronged: a) it suggests a site-based approach to building on existing student excellence in mathematics to drive improved student mathematics achievement; b) it seeks to address the lack of teacher knowledge about urban students and their mathematics understanding; and c) it aims to deepen existing mathematics knowledge, confidence and interest among high school students. In the article, I share analyses of the interactions among tutors, tutees, advisors, and teacher; the mathematical discourse within those interactions; and the hierarchical and collaborative relationships that emerged over time.
The Structure and Culture of Information Pathways: Rethinking Opportunity to Learn in Urban High Schools during the Ninth Grade Transition
Authors: Cooper Robert , Liou Daniel D
Published: November 2007

Despite efforts to bridge the racial achievement gap, far too many school children continue to fare poorly in our nation's public schools. Oftentimes urban and low income students are negatively labeled as low-achieving, disadvantaged, and struggling. Because of this, such students frequently receive inferior or deficient information from school officials. This study examines the role of high school counselors as distributors of information and the role they play in influencing students' ninth grade success. This three-year case study reports how the structure and culture of schools shapes educational reform, and the importance of "high-stakes" information as a critical strategy in developing students' college-going identities.
Examining Disparities in Mathematics Education: Achievement Gap or Opportunity Gap?
Authors: Flores Alfinio
Published: November 2007

The so-called achievement gap in mathematics is reframed as a problem of unequal opportunities to learn experienced by many low-income students and many Latino and African American students. First, data are presented showing striking and persistent differences on standardized tests among students of different ethnic groups, and socioeconomic levels. Then evidence is presented demonstrating that opportunities to learn mathematics are not equally distributed among all students. Specifically, data show that African American, Latino, and low-income students are less likely to have access to experienced and qualified teachers, more likely to face low expectations, and less likely to receive equitable per student funding. The final section discusses how teachers and schools can provide more equitable opportunities to learn mathematics for all students.
Beyond Missionaries or Cannibals: Who Should Teach Mathematics to African American Children?
Authors: Martin Danny Bernard
Published: November 2007

Guided by a general critique that asks, Highly qualified for whom?, I problematize recent characterizations of highly qualified mathematics teachers by focusing on the question, Who should teach mathematics to African American children? I discuss how responses to this question in mainstream mathematics education research and policy contexts have drawn on discursive frames that support color-blind racism, that focus only on achievement outcomes, and that propose "missionaries" and "cannibals" as the kinds of teachers most appropriate for African American children. I propose a refocusing of mathematics education research and policy that gives meaningful attention to the ways that African American children experience mathematics in schools and life as African Americans.
Characterization of mtDNA Haplogroups in 14 Mexican Indigenous Populations
Authors: Peñaloza-Espinosa Rosenda I , Arenas-Aranda Diego , Cerda-Flores Ricardo M , Buentello-Malo Leonor , González-Valencia Gerardo , Torres Javier , Álvarez Berenice , Mendoza Irma , Flores Mario , Sandoval Lucila , Loeza Francisco , Ramos Irma , Muñoz Leopoldo , Salamanca Fabio
Published: November 2007

In this descriptive study we investigated the genetic structure of 513 Mexican indigenous subjects grouped in 14 populations (Mixteca- Alta, Mixteca-Baja, Otomi, Purépecha, Tzeltal, Tarahumara, Huichol, Nahua- Atocpan, Nahua-Xochimilco, Nahua-Zitlala, Nahua-Chilacachapa, Nahua- Ixhuatlancillo, Nahua-Necoxtla, and Nahua-Coyolillo) based on mtDNA haplogroups. These communities are geographically and culturally isolated; parents and grandparents were born in the community. Our data show that 98.6% of the mtDNA was distributed in haplogroups A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, and D2. Haplotype X6 was present in the Tarahumara (1/53) and Huichol (3/15), and haplotype L was present in the Nahua-Coyolillo (3/38). The first two principal components accounted for 95.9% of the total variation in the sample. The mtDNA haplogroup frequencies in the Purépecha and Zitlala were intermediate to cluster 1 (Otomi, Nahua-Ixhuatlancillo, Nahua- Xochimilco, Mixteca-Baja, and Tzeltal) and cluster 2 (Nahua-Necoxtla, Nahua-Atocpan, and Nahua-Chilacachapa). The Huichol, Tarahumara, Mixteca-Alta, and Nahua-Coyolillo were separated from the rest of the populations. According to these findings, the distribution of mtDNA haplogroups found in Mexican indigenous groups is similar to other Amerindian haplogroups, except for the African haplogroup found in one population.
One World, One Faith: The Quest for Unity in Julian Huxley's Religion of Evolutionary Humanism
Authors: Phillips Paul T.
Published: November 2007

Sir Julian Huxley (1887-1975), celebrated British scientist and philosopher, strove through most of his career to establish a non-theistic, rationalist belief system to replace Christianity and other world religions. Believing that the twentieth century provided a unique opportunity for this to happen, evolutionary humanism, as he termed his secular faith, gave direction to most of Huxley's diverse activities as a public intellectual. Rooted in evolutionary science, combined with Idealism, liberal values and a profound belief in progress, Huxley's vision was also suffused with a strong desire for unity in human affairs. This paper examines that quest for unity, the purposes it served, and its reception.
Leo Strauss on ''German Nihilism'': Learning the Art of Writing
Authors: Altman William H. F
Published: November 2007

The year Leo Strauss published "Persecution and the Art of Writing" (1941), he prepared a lecture ("German Nihilism") that he never published. An analysis of this lecture shows that Strauss hadn't fully mastered the art of writing he'd discovered in others: his secrets are too exposed. In the context of "German Nihilism," it becomes clear that "Persecution and the Art of Writing" is about liberal persecution of authoritarianism, no the reverse, as liberals would assume. In response to recent apologias presenting Strauss as a liberal who didn't "write between the lines," a Strauss-style reading of "German Nihilism" disproves both claims.
Jeremy Bentham on Fallibility and Infallibility
Authors: Schwartzberg Melissa
Published: November 2007

Jeremy Bentham's arguments regarding fallibility and infallibility comprise a fundamental and distinctive dimension of his democratic theory. Writing against the assertion of infallibility in religious, political, and legal contexts, Bentham claimed that authorities encouraged a popular belief in their own infallibility as a means of corrupting the people's faculties of judgment. In so doing, rulers were able to secure their own interests against the public welfare and to inhibit the possibility of utilitarian reform. Such arguments may have influenced John Stuart Mill's well-known discussions of fallibility and infallibility in works including On Liberty.
Countering, Transposing, or Negating the Enlightenment? A Response to Robert Norton
Authors: Lestition Steven O.
Published: November 2007

This essay is a response to Robert Norton's "The Myth of the Counter-Enlightenment". Norton's essay raises two issues. Is Isaiah Berlin's interpretation of Hamann and Herder based on one-sided and faulty scholarship, naively putting itself in the service of an anti-liberal myth about those figures originated by early twentieth-century German ideologues? A second issue flows from the first: if Berlin was mistaken in his reading of the work of Hamann and Herder, mistaking what they contributed to the Enlightenment, is Berlin's very notion of a Counter-Enlightenment a fiction-a myth? Thorough analysis of those issues would require several essays. Instead, I try to sketch an alternative reading of Berlin's style of doing intellectual history, while highlighting the limitations of Norton's critique.
Intellectual History and Democracy: An Interview with Pierre Rosanvallon
Authors: Fernández Sebastián Javier , Rosanvallon Pierre
Published: November 2007

Interview with Pierre Rosanvallon, conducted by Javier Fernández Sebastián, in Madrid, September 28, 2006.
Spinoza sinicus: An Asian Paragraph in the History of the Radical Enlightenment
Authors: Weststeijn Thijs
Published: November 2007

Departing from Pierre Bayle's discussion of Spinoza in the entry 'Japan' in his Dictionaire, this article discusses how debates about the Far East functioned as a foil for the polemics generated by the Radical Enlightement. The central point of investigation is a debate between Gerard Vossius and Georg Hornius, integrating three main issues where ideas about the East challenged accepted European authority: sacred history, republicanism, and natural philosophy. The article demonstrates that the onset of radicalism involved a plethora of old, new and exotic ideas, from logic to linguistics and Hermeticism, before crystallizing into the scientific and political notions now associated with modernity.
Intellectual History and Democracy: An Interview with Pierre Rosanvallon: Introduction
Authors: Moyn Samuel
Published: November 2007

Brief introduction to an interview with Pierre Rosanvallon, conducted by Javier Fernández Sebastián, in Madrid, September 28, 2006.
The Myth of the Counter-Enlightenment
Authors: Norton Robert Edward
Published: November 2007

Use of the word "Counter-Enlightenment" has become increasingly frequent in scholarly and journalistic writing. The word was almost certainly invented by the late Sir Isaiah Berlin, and it is owing to his enormous prestige and on-going influence that it has gained its current familiarity. In Berlin's view, two of the most important sources of the supposed Counter-Enlightenment are J. G. Hamann and J. G. Herder. But as I show, Berlin's numerous accounts of their thought are profoundly flawed and reflect not Herder's or Hamann's own thought, but rather that of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century German historians, who wished to legitimate their own anti-democratic, and hence anti-Enlightenment, ideology through the construction of a false historical genealogy.
Defining the History of Ideas
Authors: Parsons Jotham
Published: November 2007

A comparison of the recently-published New Dictionary of the History of Ideas (2005) with its predecessor, The Dictionary of the History of Ideas (1973), reveals much about the development of the history of ideas itself over the last half century. Generally, there has been a movement from a defense of the "Western tradition" against illiberal forces of left and right to an attempt to explore and understand the immense variety of post-colonial identities. Some failings of the New Dictionary, however, suggest that the discipline has yet fully to solve the problems posed by this new orientation.
Effects of a Small, Century-old Dam on a Secondorder Stream in the Virginia Piedmont
Authors: Ambers Rebecca K. R
Published: November 2007

The geomorphology, hydrology, and ecology of a second-order stream in central Virginia were compared to that of an adjacent reference stream in order to determine the impact of a small, 100-yrold dam. The dam had little effect on stage hydrographs, but surface release of water resulted in temperatures 2–5°C warmer than the reference stream during spring and summer months. Stream geomorphology was not highly altered by the dam, being influenced more strongly by valley geology and topography, but riffle sediment size distributions were affected by sediment trapping in the reservoir. Macroinvertebrate populations just below the dam appeared impaired, while sites 1 km downstream and on the reference stream scored well on ecological metrics. Bluegill fish (Lepomis macrochirus) which likely originate in the lake were abundant in the dammed creek, whereas the reference stream was dominated by native dace (Phoxinus and Rhinichthys spp.) and creek chubs (Semotilus atromaculatus). Overall, the impact of the dam on the creek is only moderate and declines significantly within 1 km downstream.
Healthcare Utilization, Deprivation, and Heart-Related Disease in Kentucky
Authors: Barcus Holly R , Hare Timothy
Published: November 2007

Kentucky is a rural southern state with the third highest heart disease rate and one of the highest poverty rates in the country, a situation that often leads to decreased access to and utilization of healthcare facilities. We assess the relationship between patterns of healthcare facility utilization for heart-related disease and material deprivation for 2002 using data from the Kentucky Discharge Database, and explore the geographic clustering and possible overlaps among material deprivation, heart disease prevalence, healthcare facility utilization, and incidence severity. We find significant clustering of healthcare facility utilization in southeastern Kentucky that corresponds with high levels of socio-economic deprivation and high rates of heart-related disease mortality. The findings suggest the need for increased services and interventions to lower the risk and prevalence of heart disease and increased research to understand better who utilizes healthcare services and their relationships to gaps in service delivery and utilization.
Walking with the Dead: The Place of Ghost Walk Tourism in Savannah, Georgia
Authors: Gentry Glenn W
Published: November 2007

Ghost-themed walking tours are increasingly popular in the United States and globally. Although walking tours are often perceived as structured with pre-determined direction and content, this study of ghost walk tours in Savannah, Georgia alludes to something strikingly different. Although the tours are not usually free-form, interviewed ghost walk tour guides speak openly about how the tour experience is often negotiated and altered by the tour participants. Places visited, the length of visit, and the stories told all vary between tour groups. Surveyed tour participants suggest, both explicitly and implicitly, that the act of walking grants them more control over the tour experience. This paper introduces ghost walk tourism as a mobile form of dark tourism; discusses the role of walking in the formation of sense of place and relates the negotiation of the tour experience between guide and participants in terms of performance.
Hydrochory and Successional Changes in Abandoned Rice Fields, Georgetown County, South Carolina
Authors: Gielstra Dianna , Runyon Cassandra , Waldron John D
Published: November 2007

Field methods, a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and a geographic information system (GIS) were used to analyze the recovery of wetland plant communities altered by historic agricultural disturbance. Rice fields abandoned at 3, 30, 75, and 132 yr prior to fieldwork were compared to an uncultivated control site for this study. Site physical characteristics and treatments were used to postulate mechanisms that facilitate changes in wetland plant communities. Abundance and dominance data for each species were recorded. Results show that disturbed communities did not return to the referenced control community composition. Areas disturbed by past agriculture are dominated by a mixture of Zizania aquatica, Zizaniopsis miliacea, and Juncus roemerianus. Dispersal trends of woody species in disturbed areas occurred methodically from riverside embankments to the island interiors. While woody patch distributions are greatest near riverside embankments, there is also evidence of an increase in woody patch distribution dispersing into island interiors.
The End of the Eternal? Restructuring the Georgia Granite Industry
Authors: Graves William , Berry M. Victoria , Wheeler James O
Published: November 2007

The southern economy has long been perceived as dependent upon scores of extra-regional capital, skilled workers and technology. Economic development efforts geared to ending this dependence have found limited success. The granite processing industry of Elbert County, Georgia, however, presents a compelling, and often overlooked, example of a successful, locally owned manufacturing complex. While the Elbert County granite monument industry has shown itself to be resilient in the face of technological and economic change, recent global, national and local forces have brought this manufacturing center to a point of crises. This paper focuses on the historical evolution of this production complex, the role of localization economies in monument manufacturing, and the current threats to the industry driven by the arrival of global competition and cultural change.