bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of automated microscopy for the detection of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow samples
Authors: Borgen Elin , Naume Bjørn , Nesland Jahn M. , Nowels Kent W. , Pavlak Nancy , Ravkin Ilya , Goldbard Simon
Published: August 2002

The use of automated microscopy has reached the maturity necessary for its routine use in the clinical pathology laboratory. In the following study we compared the performance of an automated microscope system (MDS™) with manual method for the detection and analysis of disseminated tumor cells present in bone marrow preparations from breast carcinoma patients. The MDS System detected rare disseminated tumor cells among bone marrow mononuclear cells with higher sensitivity than standard manual microscopy. Automated microscopy also proved to be a method of high reproducibility and precision, the advantage of which was clearly illustrated by problems of variability in manual screening. Accumulated results from two pathologists who had screened 120 clinical slides from breast cancer patients both by manual microscopy and by use of the MDS System revealed only two (3.8%) missed by the automatic procedure, whereas as many as 20 out of 52 positive samples (38%) were missed by manual screening. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:215–221, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Utility of intraoperative consultation touch preparations
Authors: Liu Yulin , Silverman Jan F. , Sturgis Charles D. , Brown Henry G. , Dabbs David J. , Raab Stephen S.
Published: August 2002

Although intraoperative touch preparations (TPs) often are performed in conjunction with frozen sections, the comfort level of using TPs in actual practice and the effect of TP quality and cytologic experience on diagnostic accuracy have not been measured. To investigate the utility of intraoperative TPs and to compare them with that of frozen sections, five pathologists of differing levels of cytologic experience retrospectively reviewed 122 intraoperative TPs and frozen sections. Accuracy rates for individual pathologists were calculated and the accuracy using TPs was compared to that of frozen sections. TP accuracy was correlated with TP quality and cytologic experience. The mean rates of correct, incorrect, and atypical TP diagnoses were 88.5%, 4.1%, and 7.4%, respectively. The mean rates of correct, incorrect, and deferred frozen section diagnoses were 86.1%, 2.5%, and 11.9%, respectively. For the four pathologists with cytologic experience, both TP and frozen section diagnostic accuracy rates were similar; however, the pathologist who lacked cytologic experience had lower TP diagnostic accuracy. All pathologists who had cytologic experience requested a frozen section for cases with an atypical or incorrect TP diagnosis. In cases with a correct TP diagnosis a frozen section was requested 46.3% of the time. TPs of greater technical quality were associated with higher diagnostic accuracy. In conclusion, the use of performing TP and frozen section are complementary and result in increased diagnostic accuracy. For some pathologists, TPs may replace frozen sections in over 50% of cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:329–333. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphologic predictors of papillary carcinoma on fine‐needle aspiration of thyroid with ThinPrep® preparations
Authors: Zhang Yilin , Fraser Jean L. , Wang Helen H.
Published: August 2002

Although the cytologic features of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid are well‐known, none is entirely specific. We conducted this study to determine the minimal criteria necessary to achieve 100% specificity for the diagnosis of papillary carcinoma on fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). Forty patients with histologically confirmed papillary carcinoma and 17 patients with other thyroid lesions who underwent preoperative FNA at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center during a 4‐yr period were included in the study. All cytology slides were prepared with the ThinPrep® processing technique. Various architectural and nuclear features were evaluated, with a score assigned to each feature, and correlated with the histologic diagnosis of papillary carcinoma. Intranuclear inclusions, papillary and/or sheet arrangements, nuclear grooves, powdery chromatin, nuclear molding, high cellularity, and small nucleoli were significantly associated with papillary carcinoma (P < 0.05). The requirement of any intranuclear inclusions and many nuclear grooves, or a minimum of sum of scores (of the above eight features) of 10, yields 100% specificity and approximately 70% sensitivity. Cases with fewer features can be reported as suspicious or indeterminate for papillary carcinoma. A quantitative/probabilistic approach in the reporting of thyroid FNA provides a practical guide for management of patients with thyroid nodules. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:378–383, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discovery and recognition of purine receptor subtypes on platelets
Authors: Hourani Susanna M.O.
Published: August 2002

The effects of purines on platelets have been known since the 1960s, when Born demonstrated aggregation induced by ADP and its inhibition by adenosine and by ATP. The inhibition by adenosine is not specific for ADP, and adenosine acts at a separate receptor to stimulate adenylate cyclase, which has an inhibitory effect on platelet function. Studies using selective agonists and antagonists have shown that the platelet receptor is of the A2A subtype and this has been confirmed using A2A knockout mice. The situation with ADP is more complex, and there has been controversy about the number of ADP receptors on platelets. ADP causes shape change, aggregation, mobilisation of calcium from intracellular stores, rapid calcium influx, and inhibition of adenylate cyclase, and the relationship between these is becoming clearer. Two cloned P2 receptors have been detected on platelets, P2X1 and P2Y1, and a third P2Y receptor is thought to exist. The P2X1 receptor is responsible for the rapid calcium influx and can be activated by ATP as well as by ADP, but is likely to be desensitised under normal experimental conditions and its pathophysiological role is uncertain. The P2Y1 receptor is responsible for calcium mobilisation, shape change, and the initiation of aggregation, and these responses are abolished in P2Y1 knockout mice, while the other P2Y receptor is responsible for inhibition of adenylate cyclase and is required for full aggregation. ATP is a competitive antagonist at both these P2Y receptors, while some nucleotide analogues can discriminate between them. Drug Dev. Res. 52:140–149, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stress‐induced sickness behaviors: An alternative hypothesis for responses during maternal separation
Authors: Hennessy Michael B. , Deak Terrence , Schiml‐Webb Patricia A.
Published: August 2002

During maternal separation, some primate and nonprimate species show a biphasic (active/passive) response. The second stage is characterized by reduced activity, a hunched body posture, and other behaviors. Traditionally, the second stage has been referred to as “despair” and is considered an animal model for human depression. Recent research in psychoneuroimmunology suggests an alternative hypothesis—that behaviors occurring during the second passive phase represent stress‐induced “sickness behaviors.” This perspective more readily accounts for findings in widely divergent species, does not require assumptions regarding the ability to express complex emotional states, is empirically testable, and aligns the separation model with recent hypotheses regarding the nature and ontogeny of depressive illness. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 76–83, 2001
The effect of early specific feeding on food conditioning in cats
Authors: Stasiak Maciej
Published: August 2002

Four cats were fed with beef only (beef cats) and 4 cats were fed with tuna only (tuna cats) during the first 6 months of their lives. Thus, they were deprived of a variety of food tastes. The cats then were trained in instrumental conditioning. After criterion performance was achieved, they were retrained with alternated food: In the beef cats, tuna was used, and in tuna cats, beef was used. There were six stages with alternated food. The beef cats acquired a pushing response markedly slower than the tuna cats because they often refused to eat the beef reward. Moreover, both the beef and the tuna cats preferred tuna in stages with alternated food. In contrast, there was no difference in attractiveness between beef or tuna in another 4 cats nondeprived of a variety of food tastes. Hence, early deprivation of a variety of food tastes may reveal an inborn food preference. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 207–215, 2001
Effects of imagery copy and product samples on responses toward the product
Authors: Fiore Ann Marie , Yu Hong
Published: August 2002

We examined the effects of imagery copy and product samples on responses toward an apparel catalog product. The addition of product samples with or without imagery copy to a catalog page enhanced pre-purchase attitude toward the product. These treatments did not, however, affect willingness to purchase, perceived accuracy of product information, post-purchase satisfaction, or likelihood of returns. We also examined whether aspects of experiential pleasure mediated responses toward the product. Both sensory pleasure and cognitive pleasure affected attitude toward and willingness to purchase the product. We discussed considerations regarding the effectiveness of imagery copy and product samples.
Cybersenior research: A practical approach to data collection
Authors: McMellon Charles A. , Schiffman Leon G.
Published: August 2002

A practical method of sample recruitment, data collection, and database development for Internet consumers is described. The method proved successful in identifying, recruiting, and tracking respondents drawn from a small segment of the general population. To illustrate the method, the authors focus on a case history of a survey research project involving older consumers who are active on the Internet. Along with the data collected for that specific research project, a database was developed containing demographic, psychographic, and personal characteristics that will be helpful for future research projects. This practical research approach allows researchers to accurately track each respondent, insuring more accurate records and a better understanding of the individuals who make up the sample.
A critical period for functional vestibular development in zebrafish
Authors: Moorman Stephen J. , Cordova Rodolfo , Davies Sarah A.
Published: August 2002

We have determined a critical period for vestibular development in zebrafish by using a bioreactor designed by NASA to simulate microgravity for cells in culture. A critical period is defined as the briefest period of time during development when stimulus deprivation results in long lasting or permanent sensory deficits. Zebrafish eggs were collected within 3 hours of being laid and fertilized. In experiment 1, eggs were placed in the bioreactor at 3, 24, 30, 36, 48, or 72 hours postfertilization (hPF) and maintained in the bioreactor until 96 hPF. In experiment 2, eggs were placed in the bioreactor immediately after they were collected and maintained in the bioreactor until 24, 36, 48, 60, 66, 72, or 96 hPF. Beginning at 96 hPF, all larvae had their vestibulo‐ocular reflexes (VOR) evaluated once each day for 5 days. Only larvae that hatched from eggs that were placed in the bioreactor before 30 hPF in experiment 1 or removed from the bioreactor later than 66 hPF in experiment 2 had VOR deficits that persisted for at least 5 days. These data suggest a critical period for vestibular development in the zebrafish that begins before 30 hPF and ends after 66 hPF. To confirm this, zebrafish eggs were placed in the bioreactor at 24 hPF and removed at 72 hPF. VORs were evaluated in these larvae once each day for 5 days beginning at 96 hPF. These larvae had VOR deficits that persisted for at least 5 days. In addition, larvae that had been maintained in the bioreactor from 24 to 66 hPF or from 30 to 72 hPF, had only temporary VOR deficits. In a final experiment, zebrafish eggs were placed in the bioreactor at 3 hPF and removed at 96 hPF but the bioreactor was turned off from 24 hPF to 72 hPF. These larvae had normal VORs when they were removed from the bioreactor at 96 hPF. Taken as a whole, these data support the idea that there is a critical period for functional maturation of the zebrafish vestibular system. The developmental period identified includes the timeframe during which the vestibular primary afferent neurons are born, innervate their central and peripheral targets, and remodel their central projections. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atlas of the developing inner ear in zebrafish
Authors: Bever Michele Miller , Fekete Donna M.
Published: August 2002

This report provides a description of the normal developing inner ear of the zebrafish, Danio rerio, with special focus on the pars inferior. Zebrafish specimens, ranging in age from 3 to 30 days postfertilization (dpf), were processed for standard histologic sections or with a paint‐fill method to show three‐dimensional morphogenesis of the membranous labyrinth. Adult zebrafish (age 2 years) were also processed for inner ear paint‐fills. Although development of the semicircular canals occurs rapidly (by 3 dpf), the pars inferior develops more gradually during days 5–20 postfertilization. A rudimentary endolymphatic duct emerges by 8 dpf. Differentiated hair cells of the lagenar macula are evident by 15 dpf, in a chamber located lateral and posterior to the saccule. By 20 dpf, the saccule itself is separated from the utricle, but remains connected by means of the utriculosaccular foramen. The maculae neglectae, each with differentiated hair cells, lie on the floor of the utricle near this foramen. A medial connection between the sacculi of right and left ears, the transverse canal, is also complete by 20 dpf. A ridge of mesenchyme, previously undescribed, bisects the saccule in zebrafish fry at 20–30 dpf. The images in the paint‐fill atlas should provide a baseline for future studies of mutant zebrafish ears. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the zebrafish inner ear
Authors: Whitfield Tanya T. , Riley Bruce B. , Chiang Ming‐Yung , Phillips Bryan
Published: August 2002

Abstract

Recent years have seen a renaissance of investigation into the mechanisms of inner ear development. Genetic analysis of zebrafish has contributed significantly to this endeavour, with several dramatic advances reported over the past year or two. Here, we review the major findings from recent work in zebrafish. Several cellular and molecular mechanisms have been elucidated, including the signaling pathways controlling induction of the otic placode, morphogenesis and patterning of the otic vesicle, and elaboration of functional attributes of inner ear. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endogenous electric current is associated with normal development of the vertebrate limb
Authors: Altizer Alicia M. , Moriarty Loren J. , Bell Sheila M. , Schreiner Claire M. , Scott William J. , Borgens Richard B.
Published: August 2002

A steady ionic current is driven out of both developing and regenerating amphibian limbs. In the developing limbs of anurans and urodeles, focal outwardly directed current (0.5–2 μA/cm2) predicts the location of mesenchyme accumulations producing the early bud. Here, we report measurements of a similar outwardly directed ionic current associated with the development of the limb bud in the mouse and chick embryo by using a noninvasive, self‐referencing electrode for the measurement of extracellular current. In both the mouse and chick embryo, flank currents were usually inwardly directed — the direction of Na+ uptake by ectoderm. Outward currents associated with the mouse limb bud ranged from 0.04–10.8 μA/cm2. Mouse limb bud and flank currents were similar to those measured in amphibian larvae, because they were reversibly collapsed and/or reversed by application of 30 μM amiloride, a Na+ channel blocker. Unlike the amphibian embryos, flank ectoderm adjacent to the mouse limb bud in the anterior/posterior axis was usually associated with outwardly directed ionic current. This raises the possibility of a different, or changing, gradient of extracellular voltage experienced by mesenchyme cells in this plane of development than that observed in other regions of the limb bud. In the chick flank caudal to the somites, a striking reversal of the inwardly directed flank currents to very large (∼100 μA/cm2) outwardly directed currents occurred three developmental stages before limb bud formation. We tested the relevance of this outwardly directed ionic current to limb formation in the chick embryo by reversing it by using an artificially applied “countercurrent” pulled through a microelectrode inserted just beneath the caudal ectoderm of the embryo. This application was performed for approximately 6 hr 2.5–3 developmental stages before hindlimb bud formation. This method resulted in abnormal limb formation by the tenth day of gestation in some embryos, whereas all control embryos developed normally. These data suggest an early physiological control of limb development. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zebrafish tiggy‐winkle hedgehog promoter directs notochord and floor plate green fluorescence protein expression in transgenic zebrafish embryos
Authors: Du Shao Jun , Dienhart Mary
Published: August 2002

Zebrafish tiggy‐winkle hedgehog (twhh) is a member of the hedgehog gene family that plays an important role in patterning brain, neural tube, somites, and eyes. To better understand the regulation of its tissue‐specific expression, the activity of the twhh promoter was determined in zebrafish embryos by transient and transgenic expression analysis. Transient expression studies revealed that the 5.2‐kb twhh promoter drove green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression in the notochord, floor plate, and branchial arches. Deletion analysis showed that distinct regions of the twhh promoter regulated the respective notochord or floor plate specific expression. To confirm the tissue specificity of the twhh promoter, transgenic zebrafish containing the twhh‐GFP transgene were generated. GFP expression was analyzed in the F1, F2, and F3 generations of the transgenic embryos. The results confirmed the tissue‐specific expression of the transgene in the notochord, floor plate, and branchial arches. In addition, GFP expression was also found in the pectoral fin buds, retina, and epithelial lining cells of the Kupffer's vesicle in the transgenic fish embryos. The expression pattern of the twhh‐GFP transgene mimicked the expression of the endogenous twhh mRNAs in the floor plate, fin buds, branchial arches, retina, and epithelial lining cells of the Kupffer's vesicle. The expression in the notochord, however, did not mimic the pattern of the endogenous twhh expression. To determine whether no tail (ntl) or floating head (flh) mutants that have developmental defect in the notochord or the Kupffer's vesicle may affect the GFP expression in these regions, GFP expression was analyzed in ntl or flh transgenic embryos. No GFP expression could be detected in the midline region of the ntl transgenic embryos. However, in flh transgenic embryos, although GFP expression was affected in the midline region, its expression in the Kupffer's vesicle appeared normal. Together, these data indicated that the 5.2‐kb twhh promoter contains regulatory elements for tissue‐specific expression of twhh in the floor plate, pectoral fin bud, branchial arches, retina, and Kupffer's vesicle. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatiotemporal and tissue specific distribution of apoptosis in the developing chick heart
Authors: Cheng Gang , Wessels Andy , Gourdie Robert G. , Thompson Robert P.
Published: August 2002

To investigate spatial and temporal distributions of apoptosis in the embryonic chick heart and its relation to different tissue types, we examined apoptosis in the embryonic chick heart from Hamburger and Hamilton stage 17 through 3 days after hatching. MF20 antibody, alpha‐smooth muscle actin (SMA) antibody and EAP‐300 antibody were applied to delineate specific cell types. During early development of the embryonic chick heart, very few apoptotic cells were detected. The first distinctive zone of apoptosis was observed in the outflow tract at stage 25. This focus was most prominent during septation of the pulmonary artery from the aorta (i.e., between stages 28 and 29), and diminished to virtually background level by stage 32, except in the subconal regions. Subsequently, remarkable apoptosis appeared in the atrioventricular cushions by stage 26, peaked at stages 29–31, and dropped significantly thereafter. Characteristic distribution patterns of apoptotic cells were also detected in the cardiac conduction tissues, including the His bundle, the bundle branches, and the ventricular trabeculae. After stage 36, cell death dropped to background level, except in developing coronary vessels. MF20 and TUNEL double staining revealed that apoptosis in cardiomyocytes was limited to a few specific regions, much less than in cushion tissues. SMA and TUNEL double staining demonstrated that vascular structures were the major foci of apoptosis from stage 40 to 44, whereas adjacent perivascular Purkinje cells displayed significantly less cell death at these stages. The characteristic spatiotemporal locations of apoptosis parallel the morphologic changes and tissue differentiation during heart development, suggesting that apoptosis is crucial to the transformation of the heart from a simple tube to a complex multichambered pump. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta‐analytic review
Authors: Groesz Lisa M. , Levine Michael P. , Murnen Sarah K.
Published: August 2002

Objective

The effect of experimental manipulations of the thin beauty ideal, as portrayed in the mass media, on female body image was evaluated using meta‐analysis.

Method

Data from 25 studies (43 effect sizes) were used to examine the main effect of mass media images of the slender ideal, as well as the moderating effects of pre‐existing body image problems, the age of the participants, the number of stimulus presentations, and the type of research design.

Results

Body image was significantly more negative after viewing thin media images than after viewing images of either average size models, plus size models, or inanimate objects. This effect was stronger for between‐subjects designs, participants less than 19 years of age, and for participants who are vulnerable to activation of a thinness schema.

Conclusion

Results support the sociocultural perspective that mass media promulgate a slender ideal that elicits body dissatisfaction. Implications for prevention and research on social comparison processes are considered. © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 1–16, 2002.
Personality, perfectionism, and attitudes toward eating in parents of individuals with eating disorders
Authors: Woodside D. Blake , Bulik Cynthia M. , Halmi Katherine A. , Fichter Manfred M. , Kaplan Allan , Berrettini Wade H. , Strober Michael , Treasure Janet , Lilenfeld Lisa , Klump Kelly , Kaye Walter H.
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study compares personality and eating‐related traits in parents of probands with eating disorders, with age‐band matched healthy normal controls.

Method

Data were abstracted from an international genetic study of anorexia nervosa. Information was available for the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Comparisons were done by multivariate analysis of variance.

Results

Mothers of probands showed elevated levels of perfectionism on the MPS and more concerns about weight and shape on the EDI compared with controls. Mothers who had daughters with diagnoses other than the restricting subtype of anorexia nervosa showed elevated levels of perfectionism on the MPS.

Conclusion

These data are compatible with the notion that some personality traits, such as perfectionism, and weight and shape concerns may cluster in families of probands with eating disorders. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 290–299, 2002; DOI:10.1002/eat.10032
Disordered eating and the transition to college: A prospective study
Authors: Vohs Kathleen D. , Heatherton Todd F. , Herrin Marcia
Published: August 2002

Objective

A longitudinal study was conducted to examine whether the transition to college changed eating disorder symptoms and related attitudes.

Method

Participants were 342 women who completed an in‐depth survey in the spring of their senior year of high school and again during their first year of college. We assessed changes in body self‐perception, eating‐related attitudes, and disordered eating classification (nondieter, dieter, problem dieter, subclinical eating disordered, or eating disordered on the basis of criteria for bulimia nervosa in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders).

Results

Although participants viewed themselves as significantly heavier in their first year of college, dieting frequency and disordered eating classification in college did not differ from high school assessment.

Discussion

Evidence from this study indicates that disordered eating symptoms and attitudes are established before college. However, our findings also reveal that poor self‐image, dieting behaviors, and eating disorder symptoms are common among many young women, both before and during college. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 280‐288, 2001.
Relationship between EDNOS and its subtypes and borderline personality disorder
Authors: Marino Margaret F. , Zanarini Mary C.
Published: August 2002

Objective

The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) and four well‐defined subtypes of this disorder found in a sample of female borderline patients.

Method

The lifetime prevalence of EDNOS and its various subtypes among 233 female borderline patients and 46 female Axis II comparison subjects was assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III‐R Axis I disorders.

Results

Thirty‐three percent of female borderline patients met DSM‐III‐R criteria for EDNOS at some point in their lives. Of these 76 women, 20% reported a pattern of restricting without low weight, 37% reported a pattern of binging without purging, 37% reported a pattern of purging without binging, and 33% reported a pattern of low weight without loss of menses. However, less than 25% of these 76 borderline women had ever met criteria for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that EDNOS is a separate cluster of eating disorders among borderline women, rather than a prodromal or residual form of a more clear‐cut case of anorexia or bulimia nervosa. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 349–353, 2001.
Test meal intake in obese binge eaters in relation to mood and gender
Authors: Geliebter Allan , Hassid Galia , Hashim Sami A.
Published: August 2002

Objective

We assessed test meal intake in men and women with and without binge eating disorder (BED) in relation to mood score (Zung scale).

Methods

Eighty‐five overweight subjects (24 males and 61 females) participated; 30 subjects with BED and 55 without BED. Following an 8‐hr fast, subjects consumed a liquid test meal until extremely full.

Results

BED subjects consumed significantly more (p = .009) of the test meal (1,032 g ± 429) than the non‐binge eaters (737 g ± 399). The men ingested more than the women (p = .002). BED subjects also had higher depression scores (p = .01), without differing by gender. However, depression scores were unrelated to test meal intakes (r = −.01).

Discussion

The larger meal intakes of the BED group may be due to the larger stomach capacity previously found in both bulimics and obese subjects. The findings also support the premise that BED, listed in the DSM‐IV appendix for further study, is found in a distinct subgroup of overweight individuals. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 488–494, 2001.
Emotional expression and body dissatisfaction
Authors: Hayaki Jumi , Friedman Michael A. , Brownell Kelly D.
Published: August 2002

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between emotional expression and body dissatisfaction in a sample of young women.

Method

Participants were 141 female undergraduates. They were assessed for emotional expression, body dissatisfaction, nonassertiveness, and depressive symptoms. The unique relation between emotional expression and body dissatisfaction was analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression.

Results

Emotional expression was related inversely to body dissatisfaction. This association was significant after controlling for body mass index, nonassertiveness, and depressive symptoms.

Discussion

This is the first study to examine the link between emotional expression and body dissatisfaction. Findings are discussed in terms of possible strategies for modifying shape‐ and weight‐related concerns in women. © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 57–62, 2002.
Assessing the costs of compliance: the Kyoto Protocol
Authors: Böhringer Christoph , Löschel Andreas
Published: August 2002

After the political agreement at the Bonn climate talks, the Kyoto Protocol is now ready for ratification. Key policy questions surrounding the ultimate implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and any follow‐up international agreement on climate protection require quantitative assessment, i.e. the use of analytical models that mimic the potential economic impacts of alternative emission reduction policies. In this paper, we assess the costs of compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. The simulation results reveal why the USA has withdrawn from the Kyoto Protocol, while several other Annex B countries have pushed for an implicit relaxation of their Kyoto targets. International trade in emissions significantly reduces the total costs of compliance with Kyoto. We also explore the robustness of results with respect to changes in the values of key elasticities as well as other major assumptions, such as the baseline growth path or the scope of the abatement coalition (Kyoto with and without the USA). The sensitivity analysis helps to create an understanding of key assumptions that determine the quantitative model results and the policy conclusions to be drawn. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Social comparison choices in the classroom: further evidence for students' upward comparison tendency and its beneficial impact on performance
Authors: Huguet Pascal , Dumas Florence , Monteil Jean M. , Genestoux Nicolas
Published: August 2002

Blanton and colleagues (1999) found that children who nominated a comparison‐target in several courses chose same‐sex students who slightly outperformed them in class. This had a beneficial effect on children's course grades, which were also independently predicted by comparative evaluation (i.e. how the children evaluated their relative standing in class). These phenomena were examined at two time periods with a more detailed record of comparison choices while including several psychological moderators (i.e. closeness to and identification with the comparison targets, perceived academic control, importance of academic domains). The present findings (1) replicate those found earlier by Blanton and colleagues, (2) offer evidence that children compare upward with close friends with whom they identify as a means of self‐improvement, (3) show that this identification is more likely to occur when children perceive control over their standing relative to the comparison target, and (4) suggest that the effects of comparison‐level choice (i.e. the level typical of the persons with whom one chooses to compare) diminish over time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extended quantitative structure–activity relationships for 80 aromatic and heterocyclic amines: Structural, electronic, and hydropathic factors affecting mutagenic potency
Authors: Hatch Frederick T. , Knize Mark G. , Colvin Michael E.
Published: August 2002

The mutagenic/carcinogenic heterocyclic amines formed during the cooking of protein foods have been determined to be probable or possible human carcinogens. As part of a comprehensive study of the food mutagens, our laboratory has produced a series of quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) of aromatic and heterocyclic amines, to attempt to elucidate the mechanisms of mutagenesis/carcinogenesis. Amines are genotoxically active only after activation by a series of reactions converting the parent compound to an electrophilic derivative, which is postulated to be a nitrenium ion that covalently binds to and damages DNA. An important agent in this conversion is cytochrome P450. In this report we develop a QSAR for 80 amines of diverse structure and a range of 10 orders of magnitude in mutagenic potency. New structural factors and quantum chemical ab initio and Hückel calculations are included. The results are interpreted to show that a main determinant of mutagenic potency is the extent of the aromatic π‐electron system. Small contributions are made by both the dipole moment and the calculated stability of the nitrenium ion. Multiple linear regression models account for nearly two‐thirds of the variance in potency, leaving room for additional unknown factors. The role of cytochrome P450 1A in amine toxification is supported, and further theoretical and experimental research on its reaction mechanisms and modeling of its active site are proposed. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:268–291, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lavage and nipple aspiration of breast ductal fluids: A source of biomarkers for environmental mutagenesis
Authors: Klein Pamela M. , Lawrence Julia A.
Published: August 2002

The acquisition of breast ductal fluid by nipple aspiration and ductal lavage are simple noninvasive procedures to sample breast tissue. Nipple aspiration fluid (NAF) obtained with gentle suction and a simple syringe‐adapted apparatus may evaluate the secretory components that bathe the ductal epithelial cells. Evaluations have included the quantification of soluble markers (carcinoembryonic antigen and prostatic‐specific antigen), DNA amplification, protein gel electrophoresis, and mutagenesis assays. It has been suggested that environmental mutagens in the breast ductal system may contribute to carcinogenesis. The feasibility of mutagenesis assays on NAF has been limited by the small size of the samples obtained. Three small clinical studies detected mutagens in 6–14% of the samples using the Salmonella Ames assay. Ductal lavage collects more of a cellular aspirate from the ductal system utilizing a microcatheter. Early studies on ductal lavage fluid have included cytology and methylation‐specific PCR. Ductal lavage in a high‐risk group has identified cellular atypia in 21% of those sampled. Samples obtained through the nipple, by aspiration or lavage, are the proteinaceous secretions from the ductal system and ductal epithelial cells. The fluid represents the cellular events and the dynamic secretory process of the breast and may include potential initiators of the carcinogenesis process in the cellular microenvironment. Fluid obtained by ductal lavage may allow for more detailed studies of the role of mutagens in breast cancer. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:127–133, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transplacental mutagenicity of N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea at the hprt locus in T‐lymphocytes of exposed B6C3F1 mice
Authors: Sussman Hillary E. , Bauer Michael J. , Shi Xiaochu , Judice Stephen A. , Albertini Richard J. , Walker Vernon E.
Published: August 2002

Previous studies have compared age‐related differences in total mutagenic burden in mice of differing age (preweanling, weanling, or young adult) after single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of ethylnitrosourea (ENU). The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effects of time elapsed since treatment on the frequency of hprt mutant T‐cells (Mf) from mice treated transplacentally with single acute vs. multiple split doses of ENU. To this end, pregnant C57BL/6 mice (n = 13–16/group), which had been bred to C3H males, were given i.p. injections of 40 mg ENU/kg bw in a single dose on day 18 of gestation, in a split dose of 6 mg ENU/kg bw on days 12 through 18 of gestation, or DMSO vehicle alone. Groups of pups were necropsied on days 10, 13, 15 (single dose only), 17, 20, 40, and 70 postpartum for T‐cell isolations and hprt Mf measurements using the T‐cell cloning assay. The time required to reach maximum Mfs in T‐cells isolated from thymus of transplacentally treated animals was 2 weeks, the same time span as previously observed after ENU treatment of adult, weanling, and preweanling mice. Mfs in T‐cells isolated from spleens of control animals averaged 2.1 ± 0.3 (SE) × 10−6. In spleens of mice treated transplacentally with ENU in a single dose, Mfs reached a maximum at 15 days postpartum [84.7 ± 15.8 (SE) × 10−6] and decreased to lower but still elevated levels at 40 days postpartum. In spleens of mice treated transplacentally with ENU in a split dose, Mfs reached a maximum at 13 days postpartum [74.0 ± 16.3 (SE) × 10−6] and decreased to background levels at 40 days postpartum. The areas under the curves describing the change in hprt Mfs over time for ENU‐treated vs. control mice estimate the mutagenic potency for transplacental single‐ and split‐dose exposures to be 1.9 and 0.8 × 103, respectively. Comparison of the mutagenic potency estimates for mice exposed to ENU in utero to 4‐week‐old mice given a similar dose of the same lot number of ENU indicates that the mouse is more susceptible to ENU‐induced mutagenesis during fetal life. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:30–37, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What does the performance of the Dow Jones Sustainability Group Index tell us?
Authors: Cerin Pontus , Dobers Peter
Published: August 2002

The Dow Jones Sustainability Group Index (DJSGI) is really a family of indexes used to identify and track the performance of sustainably run companies. When the DJSGI was introduced in September 1999, it was claimed to outperform the more generalized Dow Jones Global Index (DJGI) with respect to market capitalization growth. Corporations, NGOs and governmental agencies often refer to the DJSGI for illustrating that integrating economic, environmental and social factors into the operations and management of a company increases shareholder value and business activity transparency. The DJSGI is also used by global corporations to legitimize the efforts they put into sustainability. However, there have been no studies carried out to date that illuminate the business activity transparency of the DJSGI. This study investigates the structure and transparency of the DJSGI compared with the DJGI. The results of this study show that the DJSGI focuses more on the technology sector than the general DJGI does. The average market capitalization value of companies listed in the DJSGI was found to be two‐and‐a‐half times the corresponding average for those listed in the DJGI. This raises some legitimate questions. Does the superior performance of the DJSGI reflect the greater efforts DJSGI companies put into sustainability, or a dependence on asymmetric distributions in company sectors, world regions or market capitalization? This paper therefore endeavours to illustrate the transparency of the DJSGI. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Damage identification of structures with uncertain frequency and mode shape data
Authors: Xia Yong , Hao Hong , Brownjohn James M. W. , Xia Pin‐Qi
Published: August 2002

A statistical method with combined uncertain frequency and mode shape data for structural damage identification is proposed. By comparing the measured vibration data before damage or analytical finite element model of the intact structure with those measured after damage, the finite element model is updated so that its vibration characteristic changes are equal to the changes in the measured data as closely as possible. The effects of uncertainties in both the measured vibration data and finite element model are considered as random variables in model updating. The statistical variations of the updated finite element model are derived with perturbation method and Monte Carlo technique. The probabilities of damage existence in the structural members are then defined. The proposed method is applied to a laboratory tested steel cantilever beam and frame structure. The results show that all the damages are identified correctly with high probabilities of damage existence. Discussions are also made on the applicability of the method when no measurement data of intact structure are available. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative response analysis of conventional and innovative seismic protection strategies
Authors: Bruno S. , Valente C.
Published: August 2002

The paper presents a numerical investigation aimed at evaluating the improvements achievable through devices for passive seismic protection of buildings based on the use of shape memory alloys (SMA) in place of conventional steel or rubber devices. To get some generality in the results, different resisting reinforced concrete plane frames were analysed, either protected or not. ‘New’ and ‘existing’ buildings were considered depending on whether seismic provisions are adopted in the building design or not. Base isolation and energy dissipation were equally addressed for both conventional and innovative SMA‐based devices. Fragility analyses were performed using specific damage measures to account for comparisons among different damage types; the results were then used to estimate quantitatively the effectiveness of the various protection systems. More specifically, the assessment involved a direct comparison of the damage reduction provided by each protection system with respect to the severe degradation experienced by the corresponding non‐protected frame. Structural damage, non‐structural damage and damage to contents were used on purpose and included in a subsequent phase of cost analysis to evaluate the expected gains also in terms of economic benefits and life loss prevention. The results indicate that base isolation, when applicable, provides higher degrees of safety than energy dissipation does; moreover, the use of SMA‐based devices generally brings about better performances, also in consideration of the reduced functional and maintenance requirements. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holocene yardangs in volcanic terrains in the southern Andes, Argentina
Authors: Inbar Moshe , Risso Corina
Published: August 2002

Yardangs of different sizes were developed in the Payun Matru Volcanic Field, a semiarid area east of the southern Andes mountains. Yardangs from volcanic terrains have not been described previously from Earth, although studies from Mars interpreted linear ridges found by Mariner and Viking images as yardangs.

The Payun Matru Volcanic Field is an extensive plateau at 2000 m a.s.l. covered by basaltic lava and ignimbrite flows. Strong westerly winds affect the extensive plateau. Micro‐ and mesoyardangs are formed on the ignimbrite rock blanket, and macroforms or megayardangs, several kilometres in length, are developed in the basaltic lava flows as long parallel troughs. They all have a distinctive 320° azimuth, which is the prevailing wind direction. No yardang features are noted in the more recent lava flows, younger than 1000 years, indicating that their formation needed a longer time or they developed in earlier periods with stronger winds.

The yardang development is explained by the strong unidirectional winds, the poor vegetational cover due to the aridity of the region, the available quartz sand and volcanic ash particles as abrasive agents, and the volcanic lithology texture and flow structure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal variability of pore‐water pressures in residual soil slopes in a tropical climate
Authors: Rezaur R. B. , Rahardjo H. , Leong E. C.
Published: August 2002

It is critical to understand and quantify the temporal and spatial variability in hillslope hydrological data in order to advance hillslope hydrological studies, evaluate distributed parameter hydrological models, analyse variability in hydrological response of slopes and design efficient field data sampling networks. The spatial and temporal variability of field‐measured pore‐water pressures in three residual soil slopes in Singapore was investigated using geostatistical methods. Parameters of the semivariograms, namely the range, sill and nugget effect, revealed interesting insights into the spatial structure of the temporal situation of pore‐water pressures in the slopes. While informative, mean estimates have been shown to be inadequate for modelling purposes, indicator semivariograms together with mean prediction by kriging provide a better form of model input. Results also indicate that significant temporal and spatial variability in pore‐water pressures exists in the slope profile and thereby induces variability in hydrological response of the slope. Spatial and temporal variability in pore‐water pressure decreases with increasing soil depth. The variability decreases during wet conditions as the slope approaches near saturation and the variability increases with high matric suction development following rainfall periods. Variability in pore‐water pressures is greatest at shallow depths and near the slope crest and is strongly influenced by the combined action of microclimate, vegetation and soil properties. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human‐induced overbank sedimentation in the foreland of the Eastern Sudety Mountains
Authors: Klimek Kazimierz
Published: August 2002

Analysis of a 2–3 m thick vertical sequence of fine‐grained overbank alluvial sediments on the foreland of the Eastern Sudety Mountains reveals that these sediments resulted from human land use changes. Following the Holocene climatic amelioration the first farmers and breeders, migrating northward from the Danube Basin, crossed the limit of the Sudety–Carpathians and settled the loess‐covered Glubczyce Plateau about 7000 years ago. The farming and breeding tribes of Early Bronze Age created the compact settlement structure of the Lusitian culture here about 1600–1300 years BC. The first forest clearance began at this time. Slavic settlements existed here in Early Medieval times from at least the 6th and 7th centuries onwards. Later, economic expansion of the Opole Duchy and increased population density (up to 20–30 persons/km2) caused an increase in soil erosion and flood amplitudes.

Investigation of small‐radius palaeomeander infills adjacent to the main channels indicates that fossilization of organic material that filled these palaeochannels started in Early Medieval times due to more frequent flood waves and an increased rate of overbank sedimentation. In channel undercuts, ‘older’ alluvia have well‐developed cambic gleyo‐fluvisols while ‘younger’ homogenous alluvia do not have traces of soil processes. Analysis of heavy metal concentrations in ‘older’ and ‘younger’ deposits indicates very similar concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc. This indicates that the source of these alluvia was the transfer of sediments from the mainly deforested part of the drainage basin. Therefore, since at least Early Medieval times, and possibly even earlier, the Glubczyce Plateau has been a deforested region. Despite the mountainous character of the headwater area of rivers in the Eastern Sudety foreland, sediment transfer from sub‐mountainous loess‐covered uplands, induced by human activity, is clearly marked in the granulometric and geochemical properties of the vertical sequences of overbank deposits. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.