bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Grieve Victoria M.
Published: June 2018

Nostalgic narratives of the 1950s obscure a different history of post–World War II childhood, when American youth were mobilized and politicized by the federal government, private corporations, and individual adults to fight the Cold War both at home and abroad. American children actively fought the Cold War, engaging in cultural diplomacy as semi-official diplomats and cultural ambassadors of the United States through art exchange programs, letter-writing campaigns, patriotic pageants, fundraising activities, and international educational exchanges. At the heart of this study is a paradox: children’s innocence constituted the basis for their political activities on behalf of the state. On the one hand, children were imagined as the potential victims of communist indoctrination and nuclear war, the most precious, and endangered, resources of democratic society. But their presumed innocence was also deployed as a political weapon in a global struggle against communism.
Conclusion
Authors: Schimpfössl Elisabeth
Published: June 2018

The conclusion summarizes key themes in the rich Russians’ stories: their origins both in the transition to a market economy and in earlier Soviet history, and their subsequent search for social distinction. This book has been grounded in the assumption that the upper-class individuals analyzed wish to be convinced that they deserve their position because of who they are and their superior qualities. It has stressed the importance of the view of fellow bourgeois peers in the outlook of the bourgeoisie, rather than the issue of social legitimacy in the eyes of the Russian population, which is a task that lays ahead of the second generation of bourgeoisie. Current moves away from crude ostentation toward more etiquette, more family, and some degree of modesty, philanthropy, and patriotism are essential if the bourgeoisie is to reproduce itself and if it is to keep its place in a post-Putin Russia.
A Procedural Approach to Quality Peace
Authors: Melander Erik
Published: June 2018

This chapter lays out the measure of peace developed by Erik Melander. As he sees it, peace concerns the conduct of politics with respect for physical integrity rights, using consensual decision making, on the basis of strong equality values. He draws on the work of Carl von Clausewitz for his insights, following Clausewitz’s trinity of dimensions of war but finding parallels in an evaluation of quality peace. To measure the concept, he employs the three dimensions to develop a map of quality peace in countries in the period from 1981 to 2008. Using data from a variety of sources, including CIRI data, his mapping leads to seven insights into the state of quality peace over the long term and around the world. The chapter concludes with discussion of further implications and considerations of the mappings’ limitations, encouraging further study.
The Public Health Crisis Survival Guide
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: June 2018

Firefighters fight fires. Police officers race to crime scenes, sirens blaring. And health officials? Health officials respond to crises. There are infectious disease crises, budget crises, environmental health crises, human resources crises—and many more. At such critical moments, what happens next really matters. A strong response can generate greater credibility and authority for a health agency and its leadership, while a bungled response can lead to humiliation and even resignation. Health officials must be able to manage and communicate effectively as emotions run high, communities become engaged, politicians lean in, and journalists circle. In popular imagination, leaders intuitively rise to the challenge of a crisis: Either they have what it takes or they do not. In fact, preparation is invaluable, and critical skills can be learned and practiced. Students and health officials alike can prepare not only to avoid catastrophe during crises, but to take advantage of new opportunities for health improvement. The Public Health Crisis Survival Guide provides historical perspective, managerial insight, and strategic guidance to help health officials at all levels not just survive but thrive in the most challenging of times.
Introduction
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: June 2018

Starting on day 1, public health officials encounter crises of all kinds. These may seem a distraction from the regular work of public health. In fact, managing crises is a key part of the job. Crises are not defined by objective criteria; there is no formula with a cutoff score. Rather, a crisis is defined by the sense of urgency and importance at pivotal moments. The history of public health demonstrates the central role of crises in shaping policy. Public health students and practitioners should learn four key steps of crisis response: identifying the crisis, managing the crisis, addressing communications and politics, and pivoting to long-lasting change.
Elixir Sulfanilamide
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: June 2018

In the fall of 1937, patients began to die soon after consuming a new therapy called the Elixir Sulfanilamide. In response, the fledgling agency known as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) jumped into action. The agency recovered the remaining 700 bottles and saved the lives of an estimated 4,000 Americans. The FDA also advocated for the landmark Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which, among other major steps, authorized the FDA to establish the world’s first advance review for safety of medications. The story of the Elixir Sulfanilamide exemplifies how much in public health has been shaped by crisis. Strong preparation, a well-managed response, and astute legislative strategy made all the difference in turning crisis to opportunity. If, as Louis Pasteur has famously said, chance favors the prepared mind, then the story of the Elixir Sulfanilamide shows that crisis favors the prepared agency.
Recognizing a Crisis
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: June 2018

The first order of business in crisis management is figuring out that there is a crisis. Once a brewing crisis is recognized, health officials can organize a coherent response, limit its impact, and even make an early pivot to achieve long-lasting change. Unfortunately, spotting a crisis early is far easier said than done. It’s the rare crisis that announces itself with a phone call 12 hours in advance. Most crises go unnoticed even as clues emerge, lost in the stream of the daily activity of an agency or hidden by biases, assumptions, and wishful thinking. To be successful, officials and their agencies should pursue a proactive strategy to identify crises early. There are three elements of effective crisis detection: spotting signals, pulling in data and assessing the situation, and developing a space and culture to put the pieces of the puzzle together.
Responsibility and Blame
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: June 2018

Issues of responsibility and blame are very rarely discussed in public health training, but are seldom forgotten in practice. Blame often follows a crisis, and leaders of health agencies should be able to think strategically about how to handle such accusations before being faced with the pain of dealing with them. When the health agency is not at all at fault, officials can make the case for a strong public health response without reservation. When the agency is entirely to blame, a quick and sincere apology can allow the agency to retain credibility. The most difficult situation is when the agency is partly to blame. The goal in this situation is to accept the appropriate amount of blame while working quickly to resolve the crisis.
Opportunity in Crisis
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: June 2018

Public health has no burning buildings, no sirens, and no heroic surgeries. Our ideas frequently draw the ire of entrenched interests opposed to safety measures. Many of those whose health we are seeking to advance have little political capital of their own. Yet the history of public health is replete with examples of the politically impossible becoming possible during crisis. As a result, crisis offers an unique opportunity for health officials. Those who are reluctant to arouse a sense of crisis—even when there is ample justification—are potentially squandering one of their most important tools for change. Those who embrace crisis leadership and management can achieve significant gains in health for their communities.
Torture, Exile, and the Citizen
Authors: Schmidt, Jr Ronald J.
Published: June 2018

Machiavelli wrote The Prince and the Discourses in exile, after three weeks being imprisoned and tortured because he was falsely suspected of being involved in an assassination attempt against the Medici. Reading those works, and particularly the former, through the light cast by torture, casts a new light on Machiavelli’s argument about new regimes and on the use of torture in the US foreign policy in the twenty-first century. Drawing on Elaine Scarry’s The Body in Pain and Hannah Arendt’s Origins of Totalitarianism, the chapter argues that torture is designed as an ideological process, a way to disrupt potential political communities and to replace them with audiences for the “fiction of power” and authority that new regimes create through physical torture and the displacement of populations.
Exhortations
Authors: Schmidt, Jr Ronald J.
Published: June 2018

The chapter argues that Machiavelli does not make the task of exhorting people to a political life easy, but that his work should be read as exhortatory, and the chapter attempts to follow suit. Returning to the books three central issues, it looks again at “conspiracy” through the cry of “I Can’t Breathe” by those protesting a continuing wave of unaccountable killings of African Americans by the police; at “prophecy” by talking about the vein of apocalyptic (rather than Mosaic) prophecy favored by American conservatives, and its impact on policy; and the public policy planning thus far advocated for by the Trump administration regarding torture and refugees. The chapter closes by advocating closer attention to the alternative type of democratic vision that Machiavelli opaquely and uncannily models.
Preferential Trade Agreements as Development Policy
Authors: Bermeo Sarah Blodgett
Published: June 2018

Preferential access to industrialized country markets can provide an important development opportunity for poorer countries. The targeted development framework suggests that industrialized states will be particularly interested in negotiating such agreements when they value development in a developing state and when the country is in a position to use trade as a catalyst for growth. This chapter analyzes the case of the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) to demonstrate the difficulty of understanding the signing of such agreements through traditional political economy explanations and the advantage of incorporating targeted development considerations. It then proceeds to a dyadic analysis of the signing of trade agreements, finding that agreements are more likely with countries where development is a high priority for the industrialized country and those that have reached a sufficient level of development to benefit from preferential market access.
Conclusion: Rethinking Development
Authors: Bermeo Sarah Blodgett
Published: June 2018

The evidence throughout the book illustrates that industrialized states view development promotion as a key component in foreign policy. The concluding chapter offers synthesis and considers the potential impact of these findings for related areas of research. The shift toward targeted development implies that there may be changes over time in the effectiveness of development policy. Additionally, it suggests that while development promotion has increased in some countries, those not targeted may find themselves left even further behind. Finally, the desire for targeting calls for a rethinking of the role of multilateral institutions on development issues. It is useful to think of bilateral and multilateral development efforts as complements that can capitalize on the desire for bilateral development promotion while using multilateral channels to provide development assistance that is left off the bilateral foreign policy agenda.
Resentment
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H.A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter introduces the concept of resentment by delineating the two most influential and significant models of it as a practice—resentment as a moral impetus to justice and resentment as a disabling spitefulness and envy. After first examining how resentment has been employed as a concept in contemporary philosophy after Strawson elucidated it as an exemplary “reactive attitude,” the chapter discerns how it has been represented in two literary works—one from the classical world, Sophocles’ Philoctetes, and one from nineteenth-century Europe, Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground—to show the dynamic features of resentment, which can be understood not only as an individual ailment but also as a social disease.
The Continental Cultural Tradition
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H.A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues that Continental existentialist philosophers of the nineteenth century—especially Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Max Scheler—developed another model of resentment as an emotion that was less focused on its possibly stimulating the desire for justice and more focused on self-involved spitefulness, envy, and rancor. In this philosophical tradition, philosophers who were both explicitly Christian and emphatically anti-Christian in their outlook examined resentment as a brooding antisocial passion whose origins they variously traced to the post-Napoleonic world, the first Abrahamic faith, or humanist Europe. Implied in their models of resentment is that it is a cultural and collective malaise.
Private Apologies
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H.A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses two philosophical approaches to understanding the dynamics and work of private apologies: either as performative speech acts or as remedial exchanges. Drawing on the writings of J. L. Austin, an ordinary language philosopher, and Erving Goffman, a sociologist, this chapter examines the different ways of conceiving of apology as an illocutionary act, that is, an utterance that performs an action, or as a rehabilitative ritual, involving bodily gestures and facial expressions in addition to the utterance itself. It then explores how these theories from the 1950s and 1960s can shed light on contemporary writers on apology who wish more dogmatically to identify the categorical features of an apology.
Introduction
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: June 2018

This chapter introduces this book’s main issues and questions. How were hagiographic texts used in the discourse of creating or recreating monastic identities? Was there a change in the social function of monasteries, and how did this come about? What was innovative about Jonas’s Vita Columbani, and how did he seek to establish new concepts of sanctity based on the community rather than on the individual holy man? It broaches these questions while framing the principal characters and subjects of the book—the life and works of Jonas of Bobbio, Columbanus, and the Columbanian monastic network—within the wider context of the religious and cultural developments of Late Antiquity. It also provides a historiographical introduction to previous scholarship on Jonas and an overview of Jonas’s three saints’ Lives.
The Miracle Accounts
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides a semiological interpretation of the reading of miracle accounts in Jonas’s hagiography in seeking to understand the function that these accounts played within the texts. It argues that miracle accounts functioned differently with different texts and over time. It builds on the work of French historian Jean-Louis Derouet, who advanced a semiological interpretation of miracle accounts by contrasting them in two different hagiographical corpora from the seventh century. It categorizes miracles according to function, not type, following Pierre-André Sigal’s seminal methodological work on miracles in French saints’ Lives from the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Sigal’s classification system of miracles is applied with Derouet’s semiological interpretation to provide a new reading of the miracle accounts in Jonas’s hagiography.
Functional Role Theories and Tracking Theories Again
Authors: Mendelovici Angela
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers functional role theories of intentionality, on which original intentionality is a matter of a representation's functional roles. According to short-arm functional role theories, these functional roles only include functional relations between representations, while according to long-arm versions of the theory, the relevant functional roles can include relations to items in the external environment. This chapter argues that short-arm theories face in-principle difficulties: they cannot attribute content determinately, and it is not clear why functional roles should give rise to intentionality in the first place. This motivates long-arm versions of the theory. However, these versions inherit the tracking theory's mismatch problem. The chapter closes by arguing that the fundamental problem with both tracking and functional role theories is that neither tracking relations nor functional roles are sufficient for giving rise to intentionality.
The Phenomenal Intentionality Theory
Authors: Mendelovici Angela
Published: June 2018

This chapter introduces the phenomenal intentionality theory (PIT), on which all original intentionality arises from phenomenal consciousness. It argues that PIT succeeds precisely where its main competitors, the tracking and functional role theories discussed in previous chapters, fail. The version of PIT that this chapter and the remainder of the book defends is strong identity PIT, on which all intentionality arises from phenomenal consciousness (strong PIT), and (roughly) phenomenal states give rise to intentional states simply by being identical to them (identity PIT). In short, according to strong identity PIT, every intentional state is identical to a phenomenal state. This chapter closes by previewing how later chapters handle certain challenging cases for PIT, including those of thoughts, states with broad or object-involving contents, standing states, and nonconscious occurrent states. The recommended treatment rejects derived intentionality and so qualifies as a version of strong PIT.
Conclusion: Intentionality and Other Related Phenomena
Authors: Mendelovici Angela
Published: June 2018

This concluding chapter reviews the view of intentionality argued for in this book, which is an aspect-theoretic version of strong identity PIT. On this view, roughly, every intentional state is identical to some non-relational phenomenal state. Chapter 1 rejected various ways of fixing reference on intentionality via its role in folk psychological or scientific theories, helping us navigate the world, or securing conditions of truth and reference, arguing that it might turn out that something other than intentionality plays these roles. This chapter returns to these ways of fixing reference on intentionality and argues that the arguments presented in this book suggest that what plays these roles is either intentionality together with further ingredients or something else entirely. The chapter closes by articulating a core intuition behind internalism and suggesting that the view developed in this book, despite being compatible with externalism, is radically internalistic.
Time, Rationality, and Self-Governance
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: June 2018

Is there a diachronic rationality constraint on an agent’s intentions over time, one that favors stability of intention? I argue that there is reason to think that there is some such diachronic rationality constraint and that a plausible approach to this matter draws on our understanding of a planning agent’s self-governance over time. On natural assumptions, we normally have a reason of diachronic self-governance to conform to this constraint. This argues against what we can call brute shuffling in cases (of a sort discussed by John Broome) of continued incomparability over time. And we can embrace this norm without endorsing unacceptable forms of bootstrapping of normative reasons. In this way we extend the self-governance strategy for supporting basic norms of plan rationality from a focus on synchronic norms to this focus on a diachronic norm.
The Inclusivist Anomaly and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides a sustained critique of the evoconservative view. It argues that no adequate evolutionary explanation has been given for the inclusivist features of contemporary human morality—most notably, the abolitionist, civil rights, human rights, and animal welfare movements—and it shows that these explanatory limitations indicate that the strong evolutionary psychological constraints thesis is mistaken. Simplistic evoconservative assumptions about the environment of evolutionary adaptation, or the circumstances in which human morality supposedly arose, are called into question, laying the groundwork for an alternative, biocultural theory of morality and moral progress to be developed over the next two chapters.
Bolivia
Authors: Corrales Javier
Published: June 2018

This chapter looks at Bolivia in the 2000s to illustrate what happens when power asymmetry ends up being significantly lower than expected. The result is a negligible expansion of presidential powers. In addition, this chapter expands on the concept of power asymmetry by adding a different—more structural—type of power asymmetry: ethno-demographic and economic resource differences. When political cleavages follow ethnic or economic divisions, it matters how those assets are distributed. In Bolivia, the Opposition was able to counter the rise of the Incumbent’s power by mobilizing its own ethno-demographic and economic assets. The equal matching between the Incumbent and the Opposition forces nearly led Bolivia to civil war. Conflict was averted with the adoption of a final constitutional draft, which realigned table and at-large asymmetries.
Term Limits
Authors: Corrales Javier
Published: June 2018

The case-study chapters looked at all presidential powers within a given constitution. This looks at one presidential power—term limits—across all constitutions to provide one final test for the book’s power asymmetry argument. I conduct a statistical test to show how power asymmetry, this time measured by approval rates, lead to presidential success in relaxing term limits. Across Latin America since the 1980s, term limits became one of the most active and contentious areas of constitutional change. The chapter reveals, first, that not all popular presidents pursue efforts to change term limits, but those who do have a higher chance of prevailing the more popular they are. Second, the only political actors capable of preventing the expansion of term limits, other than the courts, is the ruling party. Popular presidents interested in expanding presidential power thus face incentives to weaken the same political machine that brought them to office.
Conclusion
Authors: Corrales Javier
Published: June 2018

The chapter presents a summary of main findings and discusses their implications. The book’s main finding is that extreme power asymmetry on behalf of the Incumbent creates the conditions for institutional change that empowers mostly the executive branch. A large power differential between the Incumbent and the Opposition encourages the Incumbent to seize the advantage to initiate bold, self-serving institutional change, sometimes even a constitutional overhaul. If the latter gets underway, and power asymmetry stays pro-Incumbent, chances are the new constitution will expand the powers of the Executive branch. This outcome, in turn, can spread discontent across Opposition forces and sometimes encourage the Incumbent to govern more unilaterally. This presents a potential threat to democracy. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of this finding for different literatures: democratization, constitution-making, presidential powers, and government-Opposition relations.
Persuasive Violence
Authors: Wasdin Katherine
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses the connection between sexual violence and persuasion, first by identifying a grouping of similar poems that narrate female defloration. Defloration poems displace accounts of violence onto female narrators and downplay them in the voices of the official (male) narrators. Such accounts are found in both wedding and erotic poetry, indicating a point of cultural overlap. Physical force does appear as eroticized titillation in other erotic poems, especially those of Latin love elegy, and this topos is borrowed by Claudian in a wedding poem for the emperor Honorius. In all of these texts, physical violence works together with verbal persuasion to sexually coerce women, both brides and beloveds.
The Suspended Spectacle of History
Authors: Tweedie James
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines both the history of the tableau vivant as an art form and its remarkable revival in the cinema of the late twentieth century. At once a quotation of an existing work of art and an always imperfect copy, the tableau vivant recognizes the persistent power of the original but transforms or parodies its source, creating something new even when it returns to old and familiar models. The chapter charts the development of a cinema of painters in the late twentieth century and identifies the tableau as one of its key strategies precisely because it exists at the threshold between citation and innovation. Focusing on the work of Jean-Luc Godard and especially Derek Jarman’s 1986 film Caravaggio, it emphasizes the archaeological and social possibilities of this return to painting, as filmmakers confront both the aging of cinema and the necessity of radical historical models in a moment of political retrenchment.
Sacred Stimulus
Authors: Noga-Banai Galit
Published: June 2018

This book is about the effect Jerusalem had on the formulation of Christian art in Rome during the fourth and fifth centuries. It deals with the visual Christianization of Rome from an almost neglected perspective: not in comparison to pagan art in Rome, not as reflecting the struggle with the emergence of New Rome in the East (Constantinople)—topics that have both been studied extensively—but rather as visual expressions of the idea of Jerusalem and its holy sites. Contesting the ownership of the historical events and their mythical venues, Rome, as suggested in Sacred Stimulus, constructed its own set of holy sites and foundational myths and, already in the second half of the fourth century, expropriated, for its own use, some of Jerusalem’s sacred sites and legends. The selective analysis suggested here is based mostly on visual sources. The book addresses a series of artistic products of various media, shapes, compositions, and combinations, which together make sense—or better, make a point. The accumulative evidence points to a clear Roman attitude toward Jerusalem in the second half of the fourth century, and to a change of attitude during the fifth century. Sacred Stimulus uncovers and defines this shift and suggests an explanation for it. It does not deal with new or unpublished artistic evidence. Rather, it analyzes well-known and central works of art, including mosaic decoration, sarcophagi, wall paintings, portable art, and architecture, and exposes the role played by Jerusalem in the genesis of Christian art in Rome.
The Impact of Jerusalemite Traditions on Early Christian Roman Art
Authors: Noga-Banai Galit
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses visual initiatives in fourth-century Rome that responded to contemporary narratives emerging from Palestine. It argues that the Roman scene of the Adoration of the Elevated Christogram by Peter and Paul was composed in the wake of the accounts published by Cyril of Jerusalem, highlighting the prominence of Jerusalem as the home of the Cross. The chapter will show that new composition developed in three visual stages: the appearance of the elevated Christogram at the center of the so-called Passion sarcophagi; the appearance of the more representative composition, the Adoration of the Elevated Christogram by Peter and Paul; and the combined appearance of the Adoratio group with the Crossing of the Red Sea. The chapter will then highlight a group of Roman sarcophagi, the so-called Bethesda sarcophagi that feature biblical scenes connected with specific sites in Jerusalem and the Galilee.
Concluding Notes
Authors: Pencavel John H.
Published: June 2018

Among the proposed explanations for the decline in hours in America and Britain since the midnineteenth century, the author identifies the influence of trade unions as the principal cause and offers evidence for this assessment. The author summarizes the arguments earlier in the book including the distinction between nominal hours and effective hours, the relevance of work effort, and the two expressions for the production function that allow hours to affect output in a flexible fashion. The author presents conjectures regarding the shape of workers’ labor supply functions. Although economists usually assume that employers are well-informed about the production function in their workplace, their strong resistance to cuts in hours suggests otherwise. The author suggests means by which employers can become better informed. Proposals are offered for further research on hours of work.
Decomposing Complementizers
Authors: Baunaz Lena
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses the morphosyntax of French, Modern Greek, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian complementizers equivalent to English that. From long-distance wh-extractions across complementizers in these languages, it is shown that (i) the morpheme complementizer is composed of features that are hierarchically ordered according to a functional sequence (fseq) (see Baunaz 2015, 2016a; Baunaz and Lander to appear); (ii) the complementizer morpheme lexicalizes structures of different sizes; (iii) the distribution of complementizers is governed by veridicality (see Baunaz 2015, 2016a); (iv) the complementizer morpheme is syntactically active. The basic template for complementizers that I argue for is F4 > F3 > F2 > F1. Evidence in favor of this template comes from crosslinguistic patterns of syncretism and featural Relativized Minimality (Starke 2001; Rizzi 2004; Haegeman 2010, among others). Evidence in favor of different realizations of the complementizer is provided by means of long-distance extractions across declarative embedded clauses.
Functional Sequence Zones and Slavic L>T>N Participles
Authors: Medová Lucie Taraldsen , Wiland Bartosz
Published: June 2018

This chapter makes a case for morphemes as zones of functional sequence (fseq zones) in nanosyntax. Under such an approach, morphemes that compete for insertion with each other form the same fseq zone, whereas morphemes that co-occur together form different fseq zones. We illustrate this on the basis of the participle zone that is projected on top of verb stems in Slavic languages. We argue that in Polish and Czech, this participle zone spells out as L, T, or N, depending on its size and internal constituent structure. The constituent structure of this zone provides a direct solution to a long-standing puzzle in Polish and Czech morphology, namely why only unaccusative verbs build adjectival L-passives whereas all types of verbs build active L-participles.
Monism and the Problem of the Ignorance and Badness in Chinese Buddhism and Zhu Xi’s Neo-Confucianism
Authors: Makeham John
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues that an understanding of the Buddhist models Zhu Xi had at his disposal can yield new insights into how he constructed and defended the monistic ontology that is the centerpiece of his metaphysics, ethics, and philosophy of mind. The author advances two main theses linking Zhu Xi to the Awakening of Faith. The first concerns the ti-yong polarity, demonstrating that Zhu’s understanding of ti-yong is consistent with the model found in the Awakening of Faith and as described by various Huayan thinkers. The second and main thesis concerns the problem of the origin of ignorance and badness. The chapter concludes that Zhu Xi provided a new solution to the problem of badness—one that avoided the radical proposals entailed in Huayan and Tiantai attempts to deal with the issue for over half a millennium.
Who Supports Women’s Ordination in America?
Authors: Knoll and Benjamin R. , Bolin Cammie Jo
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines the “who” of support for women’s ordination: who supports and who opposes female clergy in their congregations? It examines the nationwide Gender and Religious Representation Survey to uncover which factors are associated with support and which with opposition, paying special attention to things like personal demographics, religious behavior and attitudes, congregational context, and political orientations. The results show that support for female ordination is much more a function of congregational context and religious and political orientations than it is of demographics, most notably gender. Political and theological liberals as well as those currently attending congregations that admit female clergy support women’s ordination regardless of whether they are male or female. Also, those who have lower levels of sensitivity to “sanctity/purity” moral reasoning are more supportive of women’s ordination.
Conclusion
Authors: Knoll and Benjamin R. , Bolin Cammie Jo
Published: June 2018

The final chapter reviews the evidence that is presented throughout the book and discusses its implications for current conversations regarding female ordination in American congregations as well as wider societal forces at play. It also assesses the evidence in light of previous research on female ordination—finding, for example, empirical support for the idea that politics can drive religious behavior, and empirical disconfirmation of the notion that having female clergy will reduce religious attendance and involvement. In fact, levels of attendance and other religious behaviors are slightly higher in congregations that ordain women and moderately higher for younger women in congregations with a female pastor or priest. The chapter concludes by offering some thoughts on the issue of women’s ordination to religious congregational leaders and decision-makers who control access to leadership positions.
Prologue
Authors: Fassin Didier
Published: June 2018

In his 1926 essay, “Primitive Crime and Its Punishment,” often considered the foundational text of legal anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski recounts an episode that occurred during his fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands and profoundly influenced his views on law and order in “savage society,” as he calls it....
Who Gets Punished?
Authors: Fassin Didier
Published: June 2018

Who gets punished? We believe that punishment should be both just, i.e. proportionate to the offense, and fair, i.e. equitably distributed across society. Yet this is frequently not the case, and there are considerable excesses and disparities in practice. This observation therefore leads to a second question: What do we think should be punished? Statistical and observational data indicate that the differences in severity are related not to the seriousness of the offense but to the social characteristics of the offenders. The final question then becomes: Whom do we deem punishable, and whom do we want to spare? Following Foucault, one can see that punishment serves not only to reduce crime or dispense justice but also, and perhaps above all, to differentiate society.
What Is a Critique of Punishment?
Authors: Fassin Didier
Published: June 2018

Acknowledging the merits of the three commentators, Fassin restates the crucial distinction between normative and critical analysis of punishment, affirms the legitimacy of both approaches, but warns against the common confusion between them. While admitting that his analysis is not exempt of values, expressed in the criticism of inequality, indignity or cruelty, he defends the importance of understanding punishment from the perspective of its social meaning rather than through an a priori definition. While recognizing the tragic reality of crime in poor neighborhoods, he insists on the necessity to distinguish national contexts since differences are considerable on that matter. He concludes by a call for a public social science, punishment being too important to be left to the lawyers and criminologists.
Visually Attending to Fictional Things
Authors: Currie Gregory
Published: June 2018

There is a kind of perceptual-imaginative experience we have when we watch screen-based fictions. In such situations it is natural to think of ourselves as “watching Robin Hood” rather than as watching Errol Flynn dressed as Robin Hood. Screen-based fictions are not the only fictions that allow this kind of experience but they encourage it in ways that theatrical dramas cannot quite match, while still photographs do a poor job in this regard. This chapter offers an explanation of this kind of experience, partly by reference to features of the screen medium and partly by reference to aspects of human perceptual-cognitive architecture. The architectural story will tell us something about imagination that reflection on the phenomenology of imaginative experience fails to disclose. The resulting picture may also help us to understand certain kinds of delusions.
The Material History of the Novel I: 1940–1973
Authors: Nash Andrew
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the material history of the novel from 1940 to 1973. It argues that while the prevailing market structures seemed to provide little encouragement or reward for the serious novelist, beneath the surface there were publishing policies that allowed the novel to flourish in spite of economic constraints and the competition of new media. Throughout the period there was constant rhetoric that the novel was in crisis — the victim of escalating costs of production and an institutional structure of publishing and reading that appeared to promote only popular genres. Novelists and publishers, however, were able to persist in spite of wartime and post-war constraints. The material history of the novel from this period is thus one of persistent threat and survival.
The Novel and the End of Empire
Authors: McLeod John
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues that the end of empire is not entirely lacking in mid-twentieth-century British fiction. While established writers tied exclusively to the British Isles may not have prioritized empire and decolonization in their work, colonial concerns might be detected obliquely in the ‘memory-traces’ of former histories. They can also be seen in metaphors of decline, crisis, disorder, and identity (of race, of nation) which are rhetorically linked to larger public debates about the end of empire. Cushioned by the transition from empire to Commonwealth and lacking a clear cultural or critical articulation of the impact of British rule abroad, many Britons have yet to work through the grim details of imperial and colonial history. Nor have they been able to transform paralyzing guilt into a more productive shame that would be conducive to the building of a multicultural nationality.
Movement Fiction and Englishness
Authors: Leader Zachary
Published: June 2018

This chapter contends that the literary influence of the Movement poets — Philip Larkin, Kingsley Amis, Thom Gunn, Donald Davie, John Wain, D. J. Enright, Elizabeth Jennings, and Robert Conquest — was more than merely poetical. It also helped to shape the fiction of post-war Britain, from the 1950s onwards. Four of the Movement poets not only wrote novels, but reviewed fiction in the broadsheet press and the weeklies. They brought to their novels the themes and values of their poetry, in particular a view of England and Englishness which was often characterized by their detractors as regressive or reactionary. Nationhood and literature were interconnected for the Movement writers, and they thought of this interconnection as vital to literary health, as in John Wain’s view of the decline of W. H. Auden’s poetry: ‘what smashed it was not the war, but Auden’s renunciation of English nationality’.
Detectives, Spies, and Heroes: From the Cold War to the War on Terror
Authors: Priestman Martin
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers the transmutations of the crime genre’s endlessly reproducible heroes in the wake of the Second World War. More or less created by Arthur Conan Doyle (despite a few partial forerunners), series centred round the repeated exploits of a single figure — usually a detective such as Sherlock Holmes or an undercover agent such as James Bond — have dominated bestseller lists throughout the twentieth century and the beginning of this one. But such stories have only an uneasy relationship with what we might normally think of as literary history. It is a form centred not around individual books but around their heroes. However, detective or secret agent series-heroes can be very effective weathervanes of public anxieties: of what, at particular times, we fear most and most need to feel that someone, somewhere can resolve.
The Feminist Novel
Authors: Eagleton Mary
Published: June 2018

This chapter defines ‘the feminist novel’ as a novel produced within an awareness of contemporary feminist debates, but by no means promoting any party line. It focuses on three particular concerns that have resonated throughout the post-1968 novel — the desire to become ‘free women’, the rewriting of culture and history, and the interest in female relationships. The chapter shows that, though the women of the feminist novel are not ‘free’, they certainly test the boundaries of proper femininity. In addition, feminist rewriting of cultural and literary narratives has both reconceptualized ‘woman’ and her history and led to experimentation with different modes, narrative structures, and voices. And finally, alongside uncertainties about new modes of social relation, the feminist novel continues to express hopefulness.
Cosmic Loops
Authors: Nolan Daniel
Published: June 2018

This paper explores a special kind of loop of grounding: cosmic loops. A cosmic loop is a loop that intuitively requires us to go “around” the entire universe to come back to the original ground. After describing several kinds of cosmic loop scenarios, the chapter discusses what can be learnt from these scenarios about constraints on grounding; the conceivability of cosmic loops; the possibility of cosmic loops; and the prospects for salvaging local reflexivity, asymmetry, and transitivity of grounding in a world containing a cosmic loop of ground. The considerations raised in this paper also bear on what we should think about relations that are meant to support grounding relations: in particular, revisions to theories of the part–whole relation are discussed.
Metaphysical Interdependence, Epistemic Coherentism, and Holistic Explanation
Authors: Thompson Naomi
Published: June 2018

This paper argues for an alternative to orthodox foundationalist accounts of metaphysical structure as characterized by grounding relations. There are good reasons to take grounding to be a non-symmetric (rather than an asymmetric) relation, and to take facts to be related in complex networks of ground. These networks are closely analogous to the networks of justified beliefs characteristic of coherentism about justification. This position is called metaphysical interdependence. The chapter argues that grounding is an explanatory relation (rather than merely a relation which backs explanations), and that there are good reasons to resist the contention that explanation is asymmetric, including cases seemingly best described as cases of holistic metaphysical explanation. Metaphysical interdependence is a promising account of the metaphysical structure of reality.
Buddhist Dependence
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: June 2018

Many issues in Western philosophy were discussed with great sophistication in the Eastern philosophical traditions. A prime example of this is metaphysical dependence. This is absolutely central to Buddhist metaphysics. Indeed, there is a wide variety of views about the structure of metaphysical dependence. This paper explains some of these views and discusses some of their connections with issues in Western philosophy. Three Buddhist views, in particular, are discussed. The first is the oldest tradition, Abhidharma, which was foundationalist. The second is the Madhyamaka view, which is infinitist. The third is the Chinese Huayan view, which is coherentist. Issues from Western philosophy discussed include mereology, causation, and universals. The paper presupposes no knowledge of the history and philosophy of Buddhism.
The Structure of Physical Reality
Authors: Morganti Matteo
Published: June 2018

This paper explores alternatives to metaphysical foundationalism, the view that grounding relations determine vertical chains that terminate in something fundamental and ungrounded. Rather than offering an exhaustive taxonomy or wide-ranging claims about metaphysical structure per se, the goal is to offer an initial investigation of non-conventional models of the metaphysical architecture of reality. Examples are provided with a view to illustrating that, and how, physics may avail itself of both ‘infinitist’ and ‘coherentist’ models—the former dropping the idea of a fundamental level, the latter abandoning the view that the world must have a hierarchical structure.
Extended Epistemology
Authors: Carter J. Adam , Clark Andy , Kallestrup Jesper , Palermos S. Orestis , Pritchard Duncan
Published: June 2018

First, a theoretical background to the volume’s topic, extended epistemology, is provided by a brief outline of its cross-disciplinary theoretical lineage and some key themes. In particular, it is shown how and why the emergence of recent and more egalitarian thinking in the cognitive sciences about the nature of human cognizing and its bounds—viz., the so-called ‘extended cognition’ program, and the related idea of an ‘extended mind’—has important and interesting ramifications in epistemology. Second, an overview is provided of the papers included as chapters in the volume. The sixteen contributions are divided (broadly) into two categories: those that engage with foundational issues to do with extended epistemology, and those that pursue applications of extended epistemology to new areas of research.
Access Internalism and the Extended Mind
Authors: Smithies Declan
Published: June 2018

The main goal of this chapter is to argue that accessibilism in epistemology is incompatible with vehicle externalism in the philosophy of mind (also known as “the extended mind thesis”). As we shall see, however, there are strong arguments for both of these positions. On the one hand, there is a compelling argument for vehicle externalism: the parity argument from Clark and Chalmers (1998). On the other hand, there is a compelling argument for accessibilism: the Moorean argument from Smithies (2012). If accessibilism is incompatible with vehicle externalism, then both arguments cannot be sound. I resolve the tension by arguing that the Moorean argument succeeds, while the parity argument fails, and hence that vehicle externalism should be rejected on broadly epistemological grounds.