bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short-term effects of bottom trawling and a storm event on soft-bottom benthos in the eastern Bering Sea
Authors: McConnaughey Robert A. , Syrjala Stephen E.
Published: April 2014

A Before–After Control–Impact (BACI) experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a commercial bottom trawl on benthic invertebrates in a sandy and previously untrawled area of the eastern Bering Sea. Six pairs of experimental and control corridors were sampled with a research trawl before and after four consecutive tows with the commercial otter trawl. A major storm event occurred during the experiment, and it was possible to differentiate its effect from that of the trawling using the BACI model. Species composition changed very little; Asterias amurensis and Paralithodes camtschaticus comprised over 80% of the total invertebrate biomass (kg ha−1) during each year of the study. In general, the commercial trawl did not significantly affect the biomass of the benthic invertebrate populations. The trawling effect after 4–14 d was statistically significant in three of the 24 taxa that were analysed, which was, as expected, because of nothing more than random variation with α = 0.10. Biomass immediately after the trawling disturbance was lower for 15 of the taxa and higher for the other nine, with a median change of −14.2%. Similarly, the effect of trawling on invertebrate biomass after one year was not statistically significant for any of the taxonomic groups (p ≥ 0.23), indicating no evidence of a delayed response to the commercial-trawl disturbance. Further analysis suggests that storms have an overall greater effect on the benthos than do bottom trawls at this location. Both the numbers of taxa significantly affected by trawling and the storm (3 vs. 12), as well as the median sizes of these effects −14.2% vs. −22.0%), were greater for the storm event. Results from this study are combined with those from a related investigation of chronic trawling effects to propose an adaptive management strategy for the study region, including rotating area closures to mitigate for temporary trawling effects.
Demographic analysis of the shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus, in the Northwest Pacific using a two-sex stage-based matrix model
Authors: Tsai Wen-Pei , Sun Chi-Lu , Punt André E. , Liu Kwang-Ming
Published: April 2014

Most demographic models are single sex, and assume both sexes have the same vital rates. However, many species, including the shortfin mako shark, are sexually dimorphic in vital rates, which suggests the need for two-sex models. In this study, a two-sex stage-structured matrix model was constructed to estimate shortfin mako shark demography and population dynamics. Monte Carlo simulations were used to evaluate the impact of uncertainties on the estimate of population growth rate. The number of shortfin mako sharks is found to be dropping under current conditions, but will stabilize if size-limit management is implemented. The simulations indicated that population growth rate estimates are mainly influenced by the uncertainty related to survival rate and fecundity. The effects of uncertainty regarding the age at maturity and longevity were found to be relatively minor. Future research should focus on obtaining estimates of natural mortality and reproductive traits for this species to improve the accuracy of demographic estimates.
Implications of stock recovery for a neighbouring management unit: experience from the Baltic cod
Authors: Eero Margit , Hemmer-Hansen Jakob , Hüssy Karin
Published: April 2014

Cod in the Baltic Sea is assessed and managed as two separate stocks, i.e. eastern and western Baltic cod. The eastern Baltic cod has recently started to recover after several decades of severe depletion. In the present study, we suggest that the recovery of the eastern Baltic cod population has also substantially increased cod abundance in a specific area of the adjacent western Baltic management unit. This is investigated through long time-series of spatially resolved stock assessment data supplemented by genetic analyses of origin of the cod currently found in the transition area between the two populations. Due to immigrating cod from the east, there are currently large spatial differences in cod abundance and mean weight in the western Baltic management unit that raise new management concerns. First, the high abundance of cod of eastern origin found in the western Baltic management unit can mask the relatively poor state of the western Baltic cod population. Second, the current fishing mortality estimates for the entire western Baltic management unit, used as basis for fisheries management, are difficult to interpret as these are highly influenced by mixing of biological populations and the spatial distribution of fisheries.
Cyclonic entrainment? The ichthyoplankton attributes of three major
water mass types generated by the separation of the East Australian
Current
Authors: Matis Paloma A. , Figueira Will F. , Suthers Iain M. , Humphries Joshua , Miskiewicz Anthony , Coleman Ross A. , Kelaher Brendan P. , Taylor Matthew D.
Published: April 2014

The relationship between larval fish assemblages and coastal oceanography is the basis for much of our understanding of connectivity and productivity of fish populations. Larval fish assemblages were sampled from the upper mixed layer (<50 m depth) at three prominent circulation features [separation of the East Australian Current (EAC), anticyclonic eddy, and cyclonic eddy] off the southeast Australian coast across three bathymetric zones (shelf, slope and ocean) for each feature. The separation of the EAC from the coast at ∼32°S was characterized by warmer, less saline water compared with the cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies further to the south (∼34 and ∼35°S, respectively), which were both characterized by cooler Tasman Sea water and greater fluorescence. The anticyclonic eddy had separated from the EAC three months prior to sampling, which facilitated the movement of a cyclonic eddy from the Tasman Sea westwards to the shelf at ∼34°S. The larval assemblage in the EAC had high numbers of fish of the families Labridae and Stomiidae. The cyclonic eddy was characterized by larval clupeids, carangids, scombrids and bothids, indicating recent entrainment of shelf waters and proximity to major spawning regions. In contrast, the anticyclonic eddy had fewer larval fish, with little evidence for entrainment of shelf assemblages into the near-surface waters. Myctophids were found in high abundance across all oceanographic features and bathymetric zones. The evidence of selective entrainment of coastal larval fish into the near-surface waters of a cyclonic eddy compared with a similar anticyclonic eddy indicates a potential offshore nursery ground.
Stepwise Arms Race Between AvrPik and Pik Alleles in the Rice Blast Pathosystem
Authors: Wu Weihuai , Wang Ling , Zhang Shu , Li Zekang , Zhang Yu , Lin Fei , Pan Qinghua
Published: April 2014

A stepwise mutation that occurred in both pathogens and their respective hosts has played a seminal role in the co-evolutionary arms race evolution in diverse pathosystems. The process driven by rice blast AvrPik and Pik alleles was investigated through population genetic and evolutionary approaches. The genetic diversity of the non-signal domain of AvrPik was higher than that in its signal peptide domain. Positive selection for particular AvrPik alleles in the northeastern region of China was stronger than in the south. The perfect relationship between the functional lineages and AvrPik allele-specific pathotypes was established by ruling out the nonfunctional lineages derived from additional copies. Only four alleles conditioning stepwise pathotypes were detected in natural populations, which were likely created by only one evolutionary pathway with three recognizable mutation steps. Two non-stepwise pathotypes were determined by two blocks in a network constructed by all 16 possible alleles, indicating that a natural evolution process can be artificially changed by a combination of specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Assuming that AvrPik evolution has been largely driven by host selection, the co-evolutionary stepwise relationships between AvrPik and Pik was established. The experimental validation of stepwise mutation is required for the development of sustainable management strategies against plant disease.
Fusarium verticillioides SGE1 Is Required for Full Virulence and Regulates Expression of Protein Effector and Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Genes
Authors: Brown Daren W. , Busman Mark , Proctor Robert H.
Published: April 2014

The transition from one lifestyle to another in some fungi is initiated by a single orthologous gene, SGE1, that regulates markedly different genes in different fungi. Despite these differences, many of the regulated genes encode effector proteins or proteins involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites (SM), both of which can contribute to pathogenicity. Fusarium verticillioides is both an endophyte and a pathogen of maize and can grow as a saprophyte on dead plant material. During growth on live maize plants, the fungus can synthesize a number of toxic SM, including fumonisins, fusarins, and fusaric acid, that can contaminate kernels and kernel-based food and feed. In this study, the role of F. verticillioides SGE1 in pathogenicity and secondary metabolism was examined by gene deletion analysis and transcriptomics. SGE1 is not required for vegetative growth or conidiation but is required for wild-type pathogenicity and affects synthesis of multiple SM, including fumonisins and fusarins. Induced expression of SGE1 enhanced or reduced expression of hundreds of genes, including numerous putative effector genes that could contribute to growth in planta; genes encoding cell surface proteins; gene clusters required for synthesis of fusarins, bikaverin, and an unknown metabolite; as well as the gene encoding the fumonisin cluster transcriptional activator. Together, our results indicate that SGE1 has a role in global regulation of transcription in F. verticillioides that impacts but is not absolutely required for secondary metabolism and pathogenicity on maize.
Pseudomonas protegensPf-5 Causes Discoloration and Pitting of Mushroom Caps Due to the Production of Antifungal Metabolites
Authors: Henkels Marcella D. , Kidarsa Teresa A. , Shaffer Brenda T. , Goebel Neal C. , Burlinson Peter , Mavrodi Dmitri V. , Bentley Michael A. , Rangel Lorena I. , Davis Edward W. , Thomashow Linda S. , Zabriskie T. Mark , Preston Gail M. , Loper Joyce E.
Published: April 2014

Bacteria in the diverse Pseudomonas fluorescens group include rhizosphere inhabitants known for their antifungal metabolite production and biological control of plant disease, such as Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5, and mushroom pathogens, such as Pseudomonas tolaasii. Here, we report that strain Pf-5 causes brown, sunken lesions on peeled caps of the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) that resemble brown blotch symptoms caused by P. tolaasii. Strain Pf-5 produces six known antifungal metabolites under the control of the GacS/GacA signal transduction system. A gacA mutant produces none of these metabolites and did not cause lesions on mushroom caps. Mutants deficient in the biosynthesis of the antifungal metabolites 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and pyoluteorin caused less-severe symptoms than wild-type Pf-5 on peeled mushroom caps, whereas mutants deficient in the production of lipopeptide orfamide A caused similar symptoms to wild-type Pf-5. Purified pyoluteorin and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol mimicked the symptoms caused by Pf-5. Both compounds were isolated from mushroom tissue inoculated with Pf-5, providing direct evidence for their in situ production by the bacterium. Although the lipopeptide tolaasin is responsible for brown blotch of mushroom caused by P. tolaasii, P. protegens Pf-5 caused brown blotch–like symptoms on peeled mushroom caps through a lipopeptide-independent mechanism involving the production of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and pyoluteorin.
A Na+-coupled C4-dicarboxylate transporter (Asuc_0304) and aerobic growth of Actinobacillus succinogenes on C4-dicarboxylates
Authors: Rhie Mi Na , Yoon Hyo Eun , Oh Hye Yun , Zedler Sandra , Unden Gottfried , Kim Ok Bin
Published: April 2014

Actinobacillus succinogenes, which is known to produce large amounts of succinate during fermentation of hexoses, was able to grow on C4-dicarboxylates such as fumarate under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic growth on fumarate was stimulated by glycerol and the major product was succinate, indicating the involvement of fumarate respiration similar to succinate production from glucose. The aerobic growth on C4-dicarboxylates and the transport proteins involved were studied. Fumarate was oxidized to acetate. The genome of A. succinogenes encodes six proteins with similarity to secondary C4-dicarboxylate transporters, including transporters of the Dcu (C4-dicarboxylate uptake), DcuC (C4-dicarboxylate uptake C), DASS (divalent anion : sodium symporter) and TDT (tellurite resistance dicarboxylate transporter) family. From the cloned genes, Asuc_0304 of the DASS family protein was able to restore aerobic growth on C4-dicarboxylates in a C4-dicarboxylate-transport-negative Escherichia coli strain. The strain regained succinate or fumarate uptake, which was dependent on the electrochemical proton potential and the presence of Na+. The transport had an optimum pH ~7, indicating transport of the dianionic C4-dicarboxylates. Transport competition experiments suggested substrate specificity for fumarate and succinate. The transport characteristics for C4-dicarboxylate uptake by cells of aerobically grown A. succinogenes were similar to those of Asuc_0304 expressed in E. coli, suggesting that Asuc_0304 has an important role in aerobic fumarate uptake in A. succinogenes. Asuc_0304 has sequence similarity to bacterial Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporters and contains the carboxylate-binding signature. Asuc_0304 was named SdcA (sodium-coupled C4-dicarboxylate transporter from
A
. succinogenes).
Nuclear receptor 4 group A member 1 determines hepatitis C virus entry efficiency through the regulation of cellular receptor and apolipoprotein E expression
Authors: Zhu Wandi , Pei Rongjuan , Jin Rui , Hu Xue , Zhou Yuan , Wang Yun , Wu Chunchen , Lu Mengji , Chen Xinwen
Published: April 2014

Orphan nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1) is a transcription factor stimulated by many factors and plays pivotal roles in metabolism, proliferation and apoptosis. In this study, the expression of NR4A1 in Huh7.5.1 cells was significantly upregulated by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The silencing of NR4A1 inhibited the entry of HCV and reduced the specific infectivity of secreted HCV particles but had only minor or no effect on the genome replication and translation, virion assembly and virus release steps of the virus life cycle. Further experiments demonstrated that the silencing of NR4A1 affected virus entry through pan-downregulation of the expression of HCV receptors scavenger receptor BI, occludin, claudin-1 and epidermal growth factor receptor but not CD81. The reduced specific infectivity of HCV in the knockdown cells was due to decreased apolipoprotein E (ApoE) expression. These results explain the delayed spread of HCV in NR4A1 knockdown Huh7.5.1 cells. Thus, NR4A1 plays a role in HCV replication through regulating the expression of HCV receptors and ApoE, and facilitates HCV entry and spread.
Ultrastructure of pigmented eyes in Dorvilleidae (Annelida, Errantia, Eunicida) and their importance for understanding the evolution of eyes in polychaetes
Authors: Purschke Günter , Nowak Kathrin H.
Published: April 2014

Among polychaetes, the errant forms are the only group known so far possessing true multicellular eyes in adults which are preceded by bicellular larval eyes in many species. Most likely, two pairs of such eyes showing a specific structure belong to the ground pattern of Errantia = Aciculata. However, these eyes have primarily been investigated in only two subgroups of Errantia, but data on the third main taxon, Eunicida, are available for only two taxa. In the present investigation, the eyes in two additional species of Eunicida, the dorvilleids Protodorvillea kefersteini and Schistomeringos neglecta, were studied. In P. kefersteini, usually described as possessing one pair of small eyes, two pairs could be detected, whereas in S. neglecta only one pair was found. Each eye is made up of rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells, pigment cells and unpigmented supportive cells. Lenses or vitreous bodies are absent. From their structure most likely all eyes represent adult eyes and even the small anterior eyes in P. kefersteini structurally resemble miniaturized adult eyes. Neither persisting larval eyes nor unpigmented rhabdomeric ocelli were found in the two species. The observations in Dorvilleidae confirm the hypothesis of a common origin of adult eyes in Errantia.
Diversity of features of the female reproductive system and other morphological characters in leeches (Citellata, Hirudinida) in phylogenetic conception
Authors: Bielecki Aleksander , Świątek Piotr , Cichocka Joanna M. , Siddall Mark E. , Urbisz Anna Z. , Płachno Bartosz J.
Published: April 2014

An epistemological–evolutionary conception of leeches (Hirudinida) based on features of the female reproductive system in combination with other morphological characters is presented in the spirit of the cladistic school of taxonomy. Characters relating to the structure of the ovary and the course of oogenesis in leeches were interpreted in this manner, for the first time. Each study was conducted on type species of higher taxonomic groups of true leeches. Results of analyses using features of the reproductive system only as well as in combination with other morphological characters show Piscicolidae and Glossiphoniidae as sister clades making Rhynchobdellida a monophyletic group. Also, Hirudiniformes and Erpobdelliformes appeared to be sister clades within Arhynchobdellida. The relationship between the outgroup specimens and leeches remained unresolved, because both Acanthobdella peledina and branchiobdellidans appeared to be in an equivocal relationship to hirudinidans. Characters concerning the structure of the female reproductive system and course of oogenesis thus appeared to be useful, although conservative, for reconstruction of leech phylogeny, and they well reflect phylogenetic relationships of Hirudinida at the family level.
Normal values for heart rate variability parameters in children 6–8 years of age: the PANIC Study
Authors: Seppälä Santeri , Laitinen Tomi , Tarvainen Mika P. , Tompuri Tuomo , Veijalainen Aapo , Savonen Kai , Lakka Timo
Published: April 2014

Background

Measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) is a useful method for examining cardiac autonomic control. HRV has been measured in many studies among adults, but research on this topic among children is limited. We therefore defined reference values for a large number of HRV parameters among children.

Methods

The subjects were a population sample of 465 mainly prepubertal children 6–8 years of age. Electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded at rest, and 1‐ and 5‐min ECG samples were selected for HRV analyses. HRV data were analysed in boys and girls separately to study possible gender differences in HRV parameters. Pearson's coefficients for correlation of age, maturity stage, height, weight and body mass index – standard deviation score (BMI‐SDS) with HRV parameters were computed to study whether these factors confounded the definition of the reference values for HRV parameters.

Results

We found no statistically significant differences in HRV parameters between genders. Therefore, we defined the reference values for all HRV parameters as 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 95th percentiles from the ECG samples in all children, but not in boys and girls separately. Age, maturity stage, height, weight and BMI‐SDS had weak, if any, associations with HRV parameters, suggesting that they did not confound the definition of the reference values.

Conclusion

Same reference values for HRV parameters can be used in boys and girls. Although 5‐min ECG recordings are preferable for measuring HRV, also 1‐min recordings provide reliable data on most HRV parameters, especially those that mainly describe cardiac parasympathetic regulation.
Growth variability of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) in coastal maine
Authors: Kazyak David , Letcher Benjamin H. , Zydlewski Joseph , O'Donnell Matthew J.
Published: April 2014

Brook charr inhabit a wide variety of habitats and exhibit considerable growth variation within and among populations. We used biannual mark–recapture electrofishing surveys and PIT tags at two streams in coastal Maine to examine spatial and temporal variability in brook charr growth. We documented considerable stream‐to‐stream and year‐to‐year variation in the growth of coastal brook charr. Based on 2892 recaptures between 2006 and 2010, we developed a suite of linear mixed models to examine variation in individual growth rates at Stanley Brook as a function of environmental variables. We distilled physical habitat data from surveys in 2010 into principle components for entry into the growth model. Growth was related primarily to an interaction between season and body length, mean water temperature, and instream location. Growth rates were highest in the summer, and smaller individuals grew more rapidly than larger conspecifics in the same stream. Individuals using habitats closer to the head of tide grew faster than those in upstream locations. Physical habitat variation was not an important control of individual growth variation within Stanley Brook. We suggest local variability in growth rates should be considered when developing management strategies for coastal populations.
Use of Machine Learning Methods to Reduce Predictive Error of Groundwater Models
Authors: Xu Tianfang , Valocchi Albert J. , Choi Jaesik , Amir Eyal
Published: April 2014

Quantitative analyses of groundwater flow and transport typically rely on a physically‐based model, which is inherently subject to error. Errors in model structure, parameter and data lead to both random and systematic error even in the output of a calibrated model. We develop complementary data‐driven models (DDMs) to reduce the predictive error of physically‐based groundwater models. Two machine learning techniques, the instance‐based weighting and support vector regression, are used to build the DDMs. This approach is illustrated using two real‐world case studies of the Republican River Compact Administration model and the Spokane Valley‐Rathdrum Prairie model. The two groundwater models have different hydrogeologic settings, parameterization, and calibration methods. In the first case study, cluster analysis is introduced for data preprocessing to make the DDMs more robust and computationally efficient. The DDMs reduce the root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of the temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal prediction of piezometric head of the groundwater model by 82%, 60%, and 48%, respectively. In the second case study, the DDMs reduce the RMSE of the temporal prediction of piezometric head of the groundwater model by 77%. It is further demonstrated that the effectiveness of the DDMs depends on the existence and extent of the structure in the error of the physically‐based model.
Influence of Boundary Condition Types on Unstable Density‐Dependent Flow
Authors: Ataie‐Ashtiani Behzad , Simmons Craig T. , Werner Adrian D.
Published: April 2014

Boundary conditions are required to close the mathematical formulation of unstable density‐dependent flow systems. Proper implementation of boundary conditions, for both flow and transport equations, in numerical simulation are critical. In this paper, numerical simulations using the FEFLOW model are employed to study the influence of the different boundary conditions for unstable density‐dependent flow systems. A similar set up to the Elder problem is studied. It is well known that the numerical simulation results of the standard Elder problem are strongly dependent on spatial discretization. This work shows that for the cases where a solute mass flux boundary condition is employed instead of a specified concentration boundary condition at the solute source, the numerical simulation results do not vary between different convective solution modes (i.e., plume configurations) due to the spatial discretization. Also, the influence of various boundary condition types for nonsource boundaries was studied. It is shown that in addition to other factors such as spatial and temporal discretization, the forms of the solute transport equation such as divergent and convective forms as well as the type of boundary condition employed in the nonsource boundary conditions influence the convective solution mode in coarser meshes. On basis of the numerical experiments performed here, higher sensitivities regarding the numerical solution stability are observed for the Adams‐Bashford/Backward Trapezoidal time integration approach in comparison to the Euler‐Backward/Euler‐Forward time marching approach. The results of this study emphasize the significant consequences of boundary condition choice in the numerical modeling of unstable density‐dependent flow.
Analytical Solutions of Travel Time to a Pumping Well with Variable Evapotranspiration
Authors: Chen Tian‐Fei , Wang Xu‐Sheng , Wan Li , Li Hailong
Published: April 2014

Analytical solutions of groundwater travel time to a pumping well in an unconfined aquifer have been developed in previous studies, however, the change in evapotranspiration was not considered. Here, we develop a mathematical model of unconfined flow toward a discharge well with redistribution of groundwater evapotranspiration for travel time analysis. Dependency of groundwater evapotranspiration on the depth to water table is described using a linear formula with an extinction depth. Analytical solutions of groundwater level and travel time are obtained. For a typical hypothetical example, these solutions perfectly agree with the numerical simulation results based on MODFLOW and MODPATH. As indicated in a dimensionless framework, a lumped parameter which is proportional to the pumping rate controls the distributions of groundwater evapotranspiration rate and the travel time along the radial direction.
Groundwater Recharge Rate and Zone Structure Estimation Using PSOLVER Algorithm
Authors: Ayvaz M. Tamer , Elçi Alper
Published: April 2014

The quantification of groundwater recharge is an important but challenging task in groundwater flow modeling because recharge varies spatially and temporally. The goal of this study is to present an innovative methodology to estimate groundwater recharge rates and zone structures for regional groundwater flow models. Here, the unknown recharge field is partitioned into a number of zones using Voronoi Tessellation (VT). The identified zone structure with the recharge rates is associated through a simulation‐optimization model that couples MODFLOW‐2000 and the hybrid PSOLVER optimization algorithm. Applicability of this procedure is tested on a previously developed groundwater flow model of the Tahtalı Watershed. Successive zone structure solutions are obtained in an additive manner and penalty functions are used in the procedure to obtain realistic and plausible solutions. One of these functions constrains the optimization by forcing the sum of recharge rates for the grid cells that coincide with the Tahtalı Watershed area to be equal to the areal recharge rate determined in the previous modeling by a separate precipitation‐runoff model. As a result, a six‐zone structure is selected as the best zone structure that represents the areal recharge distribution. Comparison to results of a previous model for the same study area reveals that the proposed procedure significantly improves model performance with respect to calibration statistics. The proposed identification procedure can be thought of as an effective way to determine the recharge zone structure for groundwater flow models, in particular for situations where tangible information about groundwater recharge distribution does not exist.
Complexity vs. Simplicity: Groundwater Model Ranking Using Information Criteria
Authors: Engelhardt I. , De Aguinaga J.G. , Mikat H. , Schüth C. , Liedl R.
Published: April 2014

A groundwater model characterized by a lack of field data about hydraulic model parameters and boundary conditions combined with many observation data sets for calibration purpose was investigated concerning model uncertainty. Seven different conceptual models with a stepwise increase from 0 to 30 adjustable parameters were calibrated using PEST. Residuals, sensitivities, the Akaike information criterion (AIC and AICc), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), and Kashyap's information criterion (KIC) were calculated for a set of seven inverse calibrated models with increasing complexity. Finally, the likelihood of each model was computed. Comparing only residuals of the different conceptual models leads to an overparameterization and certainty loss in the conceptual model approach. The model employing only uncalibrated hydraulic parameters, estimated from sedimentological information, obtained the worst AIC, BIC, and KIC values. Using only sedimentological data to derive hydraulic parameters introduces a systematic error into the simulation results and cannot be recommended for generating a valuable model. For numerical investigations with high numbers of calibration data the BIC and KIC select as optimal a simpler model than the AIC. The model with 15 adjusted parameters was evaluated by AIC as the best option and obtained a likelihood of 98%. The AIC disregards the potential model structure error and the selection of the KIC is, therefore, more appropriate. Sensitivities to piezometric heads were highest for the model with only five adjustable parameters and sensitivity coefficients were directly influenced by the changes in extracted groundwater volumes.
Denitrification in a Deep Basalt Aquifer: Implications for Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Authors: Nelson Dennis , Melady Jason
Published: April 2014

Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) can provide a means of storing water for irrigation in agricultural areas where water availability is limited. A concern, however, is that the injected water may lead to a degradation of groundwater quality. In many agricultural areas, nitrate is a limiting factor. In the Umatilla Basin in north central Oregon, shallow alluvial groundwater with elevated nitrate‐nitrogen of <3 mg/L to >9 mg/L is injected into the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG), a transmissive confined aquifer(s) with low natural recharge rates. Once recovery of the injected water begins, however, NO3‐N in the recovered water decreases quickly to <3 mg/L (Eaton et al. 2009), suggesting that NO3‐N may not persist within the CRBG during ASR storage. In contrast to NO3‐N, other constituents in the recovered water show little variation, inconsistent with migration or simple mixing as an explanation of the NO3‐N decrease. Nitrogen isotopic ratios (δ15N) increase markedly, ranging from +3.5 to > +50, and correlate inversely with NO3‐N concentrations. This variation occurs in <3 weeks and recovery of <10% of the originally injected volume. TOC is low in the basalt aquifer, averaging <1.5 mg/L, but high in the injected source water, averaging >3.0 mg/L. Similar to nitrate concentrations, TOC drops in the recovered water, consistent with this component contributing to the denitrification of nitrate during storage.
Parallelization of MODFLOW Using a GPU Library
Authors: Ji Xiaohui , Li Dandan , Cheng Tangpei , Wang Xu‐Sheng , Wang Qun
Published: April 2014

A new method based on a graphics processing unit (GPU) library is proposed in the paper to parallelize MODFLOW. Two programs, GetAb_CG and CG_GPU, have been developed to reorganize the equations in MODFLOW and solve them with the GPU library. Experimental tests using the NVIDIA Tesla C1060 show that a 1.6‐ to 10.6‐fold speedup can be achieved for models with more than 105 cells. The efficiency can be further improved by using up‐to‐date GPU devices.
Pediatric Headache: Where Have We Been and Where Do We Need to Be
Authors: Singhi Samata , Jacobs Howard , Gladstein Jack
Published: April 2014

In this article, we hope to summarize current understanding of pediatric headache. We discuss epidemiology, genetics, classification, diagnosis, outpatient, emergency and inpatient treatment options, prevention strategies, and behavioral approaches. For each section, we end with a series of questions for future research and consideration.
Exploring the effects of organizational justice, personal ethics and sanction on internet use policy compliance
Authors: Li Han , Sarathy Rathindra , Zhang Jie , Luo Xin
Published: April 2014

Internet security risks, the leading security threats confronting today's organizations, often result from employees' non‐compliance with the internet use policy (IUP). Extant studies on compliance with security policies have largely ignored the impact of intrinsic motivation on employees' compliance intention. This paper proposes a theoretical model that integrates an intrinsic self‐regulatory approach with an extrinsic sanction‐based command‐and‐control approach to examine employees' IUP compliance intention. The self‐regulatory approach centers on the effect of organizational justice and personal ethical objections against internet abuses. The results of this study suggest that the self‐regulatory approach is more effective than the sanction‐based command‐and‐control approach. Based on the self‐regulatory approach, organizational justice not only influences IUP compliance intention directly but also indirectly through fostering ethical objections against internet abuses. This research provides empirical evidence of two additional effective levers for enhancing security policy compliance: organizational justice and personal ethics.
Changes in liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients following different outcomes with peginterferon plus ribavirin therapy
Authors: Labarga P. , Fernandez‐Montero J. V. , Barreiro P. , Pinilla J. , Vispo E. , de Mendoza C. , Plaza Z. , Soriano V.
Published: April 2014

There is scarce information about the impact of antiviral treatment on subsequent progression of liver fibrosis in HIV‐infected patients with chronic hepatitis C who experience different outcomes following peginterferon‐ribavirin therapy. We conducted a retrospective study of a cohort of HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients with longitudinal assessment of liver fibrosis using elastometry. Patients were split out into four groups according to the prior peginterferon‐ribavirin response: sustained virological response (SVR), relapse (R), partial response (PR) and null response (NR). A group of untreated, coinfected patients was taken as control. Significant liver fibrosis progression (sLFP) was defined as a shift from baseline Metavir estimates ≤F2 to F3‐F4, or by >30% increase in liver stiffness in patients with baseline F3‐F4. Conversely, significant liver fibrosis regression (sLFR) was defined as a shift from baseline Metavir estimates F3‐F4 to ≤F2, or by >30% reduction in liver stiffness in patients that kept on F3‐F4. A total of 498 HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients were examined. They were classified as follows: 138 (27.7%) SVR, 40 (8%) R, 61 (12.2%) PR, 71 (14.3%) NR and 188 (37.8%) naive. After a mean follow‐up of 53.3 months, sLFP occurred less frequently in patients with SVR (7.2%) compared with R (25%; P = 0.002), PR (23%; P = 0.002), NR (29.6%; P < 0.001) and naïve (19.7%; P = 0.002). Conversely, sLFR was 26.1% in SVR compared with 10% in R (P = 0.03), 14.8% in PR (P = 0.06), 16.9% in NR (P = 0.07) and 10.6% in naïve (P < 0.001). Sustained clearance of serum HCV‐RNA following a course of antiviral treatment is the major determinant of liver fibrosis regression in HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients.
Pharmacokinetics and safety of firocoxib after oral administration of repeated consecutive doses to neonatal foals
Authors: Hovanessian N. , Davis J.L. , McKenzie H.C. , Hodgson J.L. , Hodgson D.R. , Crisman M.V.
Published: April 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of firocoxib in neonatal foals. Seven healthy foals were administered 0.1 mg/kg firocoxib orally q24 h for nine consecutive days, commencing at 36 h of age. Blood was collected for firocoxib analysis using high‐pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection at 0 (dose #1 only), 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h after doses 1, 5, and 9. For all other doses (2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8), blood was collected immediately prior to the next dose (24 h trough). Elimination samples (36, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h) were collected after dose 9. Safety was assessed via physical examinations, body weight measurements, gastroscopy, complete blood count, plasma biochemistry and urinalysis. Firocoxib was rapidly absorbed following oral administration with minimal accumulation after repeat dosing. After the final dose, the terminal half‐life was approximately 11 h. Firocoxib was below the limit of detection (<2.5 ng/mL) in plasma 72 h after the final dose. No significant abnormalities were found on blood analyses, urinalysis, or gastroscopy. This study demonstrated that firocoxib is absorbed in neonatal foals with no demonstrable adverse effects after repeated doses of 0.1 mg/kg.
Repellent effectiveness of seven plant essential oils, sunflower oil and natural insecticides against horn flies on pastured dairy cows and heifers
Authors: LACHANCE S. , GRANGE G.
Published: April 2014

Plant essential oils (basil, geranium, balsam fir, lavender, lemongrass, peppermint, pine and tea tree), mixed with either sunflower oil or ethyl alcohol, were applied at 5% concentrations to the sides of Holstein cattle. Pastured cattle treated with essential oils diluted in sunflower oil had less flies than the untreated control for a 24‐h period. However, the essential oil treatments were not significantly different than the carrier oil alone. Barn‐held heifers treated with essential oils and sunflower oil alone had significantly less flies than the untreated control for up to 8 h after treatment. Basil, geranium, lavender, lemongrass and peppermint repelled more flies than sunflower oil alone for a period ranging from 1.5 to 4 h after treatments applied to heifers. All essential oils repelled > 75% of the flies on the treated area for 6 and 8 h on pastured cows and indoor heifers, respectively. Geranium, lemongrass and peppermint stayed effective for a longer duration. Essential oils mixed with ethyl alcohol demonstrated less repellence than when mixed with the carrier oil. Safer's soap, natural pyrethrins without piperonyl butoxide and ethyl alcohol alone were not efficient at repelling flies. Essential oils could be formulated for use as fly repellents in livestock production.
Bilateral ocular anomalies in a South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus)
Authors: Colitz Carmen M. H. , Rudnick Jens‐Christian , Heegaard Steffen
Published: April 2014

A female South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) began having obvious clinical ophthalmologic problems by 8 weeks of age. The initial clinical sign was diffuse corneal edema, which progressed to bullae formation and ulcers; the underlying cause of corneal edema and bullous keratopathy was not identified antemortem. An ophthalmological evaluation was performed when the fur seal was approximately 6 months of age, but due to the diffuse corneal edema, intraocular structures could not be easily evaluated. An underlying infectious etiology was suspected; therefore, appropriate diagnostics were pursued, but did not identify a cause. Initial improvement was noted, but the fur seal then became blind and eventually became very painful. Due to decreased quality of life and aggressive behavior, the fur seal was euthanized. Histopathological diagnoses were persistent tunica vasculosa lentis and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous with bilateral hypermature resorbed cataracts and retinal detachments with rosette formation.
Fabrication and Characterization of Zinc Oxide-Based Electrospun Nanofibers for Mechanical Energy Harvesting
Authors: Suyitno Suyitno , Purwanto Agus , Lullus Lambang G. Hidayat R. , Sholahudin Imam , Yusuf Mirza , Huda Sholiehul , Arifin Zainal
Published: April 2014

Doped and undoped zinc oxide fibers were fabricated by electrospinning at various solution flow rates of 2, 4, and 6 μl/min followed by sintering at 550 °C. The nanogenerators (NGs) fabricated from the fibers were examined for their performance by applying loads (0.25–1.5 kg) representing fingers taps on the keyboard. A higher solution flow rate resulted in a larger fiber diameter, thus reducing nanogenerator voltage. The maximum power density for undoped zinc oxide-based and doped zinc oxide-based nanogenerators was 17.6 and 51.7 nW/cm2, respectively, under a load of 1.25 kg. Enhancing nanogenerator stability is a topic that should be investigated further.
Life-Cycle Cost Assessment of Seismically Base-Isolated Large Tanks in Liquefied Natural Gas Plants
Authors: Wang Hao , Weng Dagen
Published: April 2014

A new methodology is being introduced to address the life-cycle cost (LCC) of base-isolated large liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanks. The relationship between LCC and seismic fortification intensity was established to evaluate how much earthquake force being isolated can minimize LCC. Each composition of LCC was analyzed including the initial cost, the isolators' cost, and the excepted damage cost. The isolators' cost consists of the cost of laminated lead rubber bearings (LLRB) and supplemental dampers. The cost of LLRB was proposed proportional to its volume and the proposed cost of supplemental dampers was not only related to its maximum displacement but also to its tonnage. The concept of seismic intensity was being used to estimate the expected damage cost, greatly simplifying the calculation. Moreover, a tank in a LNG receiving terminal in China was employed as an example, the LCC of which was assessed in isolated and nonisolated situation, respectively. The results showed that the proposed method was efficient and the expected damage cost was enormously reduced because of the application of isolation, which leaded to the reduction of the LCC of the tank.
Performance comparison of front- and back-illuminated modes of the AlGaN-based p-i-n solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors
Authors: Li Xiaojing , Zhao Degang , Jiang Desheng , Liu Zongshun , Chen Ping , Le Lingcong , Yang Jing , He Xiaoguang , Zhang Shuming , Zhu Jianjun , Wang Hui , Zhang Baoshun , Liu Jianping , Yang Hui
Published: April 2014

The authors report the comparison of front- and back-illuminated mode operations of Al0.4Ga0.6N positive-intrinsic-negative solar-blind photodetectors (PDs) grown on the double-side polished sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. It is shown that the responsivity in back-illumination mode of fabricated PDs can be almost three times as that in front-illumination mode under the same reverse bias. In addition, a wide spectral response between 300 nm and 370 nm is observed, which is not expected for solar-blind PDs in both illumination modes, while the PDs in back-illumination mode have a stronger ability to restrain the long-wavelength response, showing larger solar-blind/ultraviolet rejection ratio than front-illumination mode. The reasons for the performance differences are discussed.
Observation of radio frequency ring-shaped hollow cathode discharge plasma with MgO and Al electrodes for plasma processing
Authors: Ohtsu Yasunori , Matsumoto Naoki
Published: April 2014

Various high-density plasma sources have been proposed for plasma processing. Especially, the hollow cathode discharge is one of the powerful ones. In this work, radio-frequency (RF) driven ring-shaped hollow cathode discharges with high secondary-electron emission have been investigated, using an aluminum (Al) cathode, coated or not with magnesium oxide (MgO). The thickness of MgO thin film is approximately 200 nm. The RF discharge voltage for the coated cathode is almost the same as that for the uncoated one, in a wide range of Ar gas pressure, from 5.3 to 53.2 Pa. The results reveal that the plasma density has a peak at an Ar gas pressure of 10.6 Pa for both cathodes. The plasma density for the coated cathode is about 1.5–3 times higher than that for the uncoated one, at various gas pressures. To the contrary, the electron temperature for the coated cathode is lower than temperature obtained with the uncoated cathode, at various gas pressures. Radial profiles of electron saturation current, which is proportional to plasma flux, are also examined for a wide range of gas pressure. Radial profiles of electron temperature at various axial positions are almost uniform for both cathodes so that the diffusion process due to density gradient is dominant for plasma transport. The secondary electrons emitted from the coated cathode contribute to the improvement of the plasma flux radial profile obtained using the uncoated cathode.
Electrically Switchable Chiral Light-Emitting Transistor
Authors: Zhang Y. J. , Oka T. , Suzuki R. , Ye J. T. , Iwasa Y.
Published: April 2014

Controlling Chiral Light Emission

Circularly polarized light plays important roles in a number of applications such as displays, communication, and sensing. Thus, the ability to produce compact and readily controllable polarized light sources is important, and dichalcogenide materials such as tungsten diselenide may provide a route to such sources.

Zhang
et al.

(p.
725
, published online 17 April; see the Perspective by

Zaumseil

) formed an electric-double-layer transistor structure with WSe2 and used a gated ionic liquid to control the carrier density. Electrical control of the output light was achieved with the polarization being switched by reversing the polarity of the applied field and injected charge.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Streptomyces
sp. Strain PRh5, a Novel Endophytic Actinomycete Isolated from Dongxiang Wild Rice Root
Authors: Yang Huilin , Zhang Zhibin , Yan Riming , Wang Ya , Zhu Du
Published: April 2014

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Streptomyces
sp. strain PRh5 (China Center for Type Culture Collection [CCTCC] number 2013487), which is used to produce nigericin and nocardamine. The genome sequence will allow for the characterization of the molecular mechanisms underlying its beneficial properties.
Genome Sequence of Luminous Piezophile Photobacterium phosphoreum ANT-2200
Authors: Zhang Sheng-Da , Barbe Valérie , Garel Marc , Zhang Wei-Jia , Chen Haitao , Santini Claire-Lise , Murat Dorothée , Jing Hongmei , Zhao Yuan , Lajus Aurélie , Martini Séverine , Pradel Nathalie , Tamburini Christian , Wu Long-Fei
Published: April 2014

Bacteria of the genus
Photobacterium
thrive worldwide in oceans and show substantially varied lifestyles, including free-living, commensal, pathogenic, symbiotic, and piezophilic. Here, we present the genome sequence of a luminous, piezophilic
Photobacterium phosphoreum
strain, ANT-2200, isolated from a water column at 2,200 m depth in the Mediterranean Sea. It is the first genomic sequence of the
P. phosphoreum
group. An analysis of the sequence provides insight into the adaptation of bacteria to the deep-sea habitat.
Genome Sequence of Fusarium graminearum Isolate CS3005
Authors: Gardiner Donald M. , Stiller Jiri , Kazan Kemal
Published: April 2014

Fusarium graminearum
is one of the most important fungal pathogens of wheat, barley, and maize worldwide. This announcement reports the genome sequence of a highly virulent Australian isolate of this species to supplement the existing genome of the North American
F. graminearum
isolate Ph1.
Draft Genome Sequence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CUHK_188 (ST188), a Health Care-Associated Bacteremic Isolate from Hong Kong
Authors: Ip Margaret , Wang Zheng , Lam Wai Yip , Zhou Haokui , Tsui Stephen
Published: April 2014

We report the draft genome sequence of a methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
strain designated CUHK_188, isolated from a bacteremic patient undergoing treatment at a university teaching hospital in Hong Kong. This strain belongs to sequence type 188 (ST188), with
spa
type t189 and staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
type V.