bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Status lies in the eye of the beholder: Evidence from eye-tracking data
Authors: Breton Audrey , Cheylus Anne , Baudouin Jean-Yves , Van der Henst Jean-Baptiste
Published: July 2018

Using eye-tracking methodology, the current study investigates how people look at faces in the context of a social hierarchy. The first goal of the study was to characterize how participants distribute their attentional resources to a set of faces displayed on a vertical hierarchical scale including three social ranks (high, middle and low). In the first phase of the experiment, participants had to learn a hierarchy based on performance in competitive games. The participants’ rank, the other players’ rank, and the spatial orientation of the scale (highest social rank at the top of the vertical scale vs. highest social rank at the bottom) were manipulated. The results revealed that participants looked more at other players who occupy the highest than the lowest social rank but did not look more at another player who was ranked higher than lower than themselves when that player was in the middle position. Hence, participants were more sensitive to the highest vs. lowest rank contrast than to the higher vs. lower rank contrast. The results also revealed an influence of spatial orientation of the scale: less visual attention was allocated to the highest-ranking players when they appeared at the bottom than at the top of the spatial scale. The second goal of the study was to investigate how participants explored the face of each player. This was addressed in the second phase of the experiment, in which participants were presented with each player’s face individually. The results did not show any effect of players’ rank but revealed that in some circumstances, participants in the higher-ranking position were less likely to allocate visual resources to other players.
A data-driven test for cross-cultural differences in face preferences
Authors: Zhang Lingshan , Holzleitner Iris Jasmin , Lee Anthony J , Fasolt Vanessa , Wang Hongyi , Han Chengyang , DeBruine Lisa Marie , Jones Benedict C
Published: July 2018

Previous research has shown strong cross-cultural agreement in facial attractiveness judgments. However, these studies all used a theory-driven approach in which responses to specific facial characteristics are compared between cultures. This approach is constrained by the predictions that can be derived from existing theories and can therefore bias impressions of the extent of cross-cultural agreement in face preferences. We directly addressed this problem by using a data-driven, rather than theory-driven, approach to compare facial attractiveness judgments made by Chinese-born participants who were resident in China, Chinese-born participants currently resident in the UK, and UK-born and -resident White participants. Analyses of the principal components along which faces naturally varied suggested that Chinese and White UK participants used face information in different ways, at least when judging women’s facial attractiveness. In other words, the data-driven approach used in the current study revealed some cross-cultural differences in face preferences that were not apparent in studies using theory-driven approaches.
Young Children Police Group Members at Personal Cost
Authors: Yudkin Daniel Alexander , Van Bavel Jay Joseph , Rhodes Marjorie
Published: July 2018

Humans’ evolutionary success has depended in part on their willingness to punish, at personal cost, bad actors who have not harmed them directly—a behavior known as costly third party punishment. Though this behavior has been widely observed in adults, important questions remain as to its underlying psychology. We approached these questions from a developmental perspective, using a novel, naturalistic experiment to study costly punishment in young children (age 3-6). Results showed that even the youngest children in our sample (age 3-4) enacted costly punishment. In addition, younger (age 3-4) children policed members of their own group when placed in a position of authority. These effects of group membership and authority, along with evidence of the emergence of costly punishment at an age prior to the development of reputational concerns, indicate that costly punishment is promoted in part by the desire to regulate the behavior of potential cooperative partners, not just by spite or reputation management. Overall, the results shed new light on a behavior critical for cooperation, with implications for theories of human development, altruism, and justice.
XCWG: Overconfidence Across Cultures
Authors: Moore Don A , Dev Amelia Shepley , Goncharova Ekaterina
Published: July 2018

Overconfidence is a robust cognitive bias with far-reaching implications, but prior research on cultural differences in overconfidence has been conflicting. We present two studies that measure the three forms of overconfidence across cultures, allowing us to paint a more complete picture of cross-cultural overconfidence than previous studies. In Study 1, we compare overconfidence among participants from cultures traditionally considered individualistic (the US and UK) with participants from cultures traditionally conceptualized as collectivistic (India and China). In Study 2, we employ a new task to compare overconfidence in participants from the US and India. Our first key result is the successful cross-cultural replication, in both studies, of the effect of task difficulty on overestimation and overplacement, which bolsters our faith that our measures operate similarly across cultures. Our second key finding is that, while we find evidence of higher overestimation in our Indian participants, neither overplacement nor overprecision show consistent cross-cultural differences. Taken as a whole, our results suggest that previous findings of increased overconfidence in participants from collectivistic cultures may not be as robust as previously reported.
How to make replications mainstream
Authors: IJzerman Hans , Brandt Mark John , Grahe Jon E.
Published: July 2018

Zwaan et al. (from here on Zea) integrated previous articles to promote making replications mainstream. We wholeheartedly agree. We extend their discussion by highlighting several existing initiatives – the Replication Recipe and the CREP - that aim to make replications mainstream. We hope this exchange further stimulates making replications mainstream.
Linking Memory Activation and Word Adoption in Social Language Use via Rational Analysis
Authors: Cole Jeremy , Ghafurian Moojan , Reitter David
Published: July 2018

This paper investigates how cognition facilitates the adoption of new words through a study of the large-scale Reddit corpus, which contains written, threaded conversations conducted over the internet. Parameters for the cognitive architecture are estimated. Using ACT-R's account of declarative memory, the activation of memory chunks representing words is traced and compared to usage statistics sampled from a year of data. Potential values for decay and retrieval threshold are identified according to model fit and growth rates of word adoption. The resulting estimate for the decay parameter, d, is 0.22, and the estimate for the retrieval threshold parameter, rt, lies between 3.4 and 4.5.
Parallel individuation supports numerical comparisons in preschoolers (in press)
Authors: Cheung Pierina
Published: July 2018

While the approximate number system (ANS) has been shown to represent relations between numerosities starting in infancy, little is known about whether parallel individuation – a system dedicated to representing objects in small collections – can also be used to represent numerical relations between collections. To test this, we asked preschoolers between the ages of 2 ½ and 4 ½ to compare two arrays of figures that either included exclusively small numerosities (< 4) or exclusively large numerosities (> 4). The ratios of the comparisons were the same in both small and large numerosity conditions. Experiment 1 used a between-subject design, with different groups of preschoolers comparing small and large numerosities, and found that small numerosities are easier to compare than large ones. Experiment 2 replicated this finding with a wider range of set sizes. Experiment 3 further replicated the small-large difference in a within-subject design. We also report tentative evidence that non- and 1-knowers perform better on comparing small numerosities than large numerosities. These results suggest that preschoolers can use parallel individuation to compare numerosities, possibly prior to the onset of number word learning, and thus support previous proposals that there are numerical operations defined over parallel individuation (e.g., Feigenson & Carey, 2003).
Chunking and redintegration in verbal short-term memory
Authors: Norris Dennis Graham , Kalm Kristjan
Published: July 2018

Memory for verbal material improves when words form familiar chunks. But how does theimprovement due to chunking come about? Two possible explanations are that the inputmight be actively recoded into chunks, each of which takes up less memory capacity thanitems not forming part of a chunk (a form of data compression), or that chunking is basedon redintegration. If chunking is achieved by redintegration, representations of chunks existonly in long-term memory and help to reconstructing degraded traces in short-termmemory. In six experiments using two-alternative forced choice recognition and immediateserial recall, we find that when chunks are small (two words) they display a patternsuggestive of redintegration, while larger chunks (three words), show a pattern consistentwith data compression. This is concurs with previous data showing that there is a costinvolved in recoding material into chunks in short-term memory. With smaller chunks thiscost seems to outweigh the benefits of recoding words into chunks. The main features ofthe serial recall data can be captured by a simple extension to the Primacy model of Pageand Norris (1998).
Retuning of lexical-semantic representations: Repetition and spacing effects in word-meaning priming.
Authors: Betts Hannah , Gilbert Rebecca Anne , Cai Zhenguang Garry , Okedara Zainab B. , Rodd Jennifer M
Published: July 2018

Current models of word-meaning access typically assume that lexical-semantic representations of ambiguous words (e.g. ‘bark of the dog/tree’) reach a relatively stable state in adulthood, with only the relative frequencies of the meanings in the language and immediate sentence context determining meaning preference. However, recent experience also affects interpretation: recently-encountered word-meanings become more readily available (Rodd et al., 2016; 2013). Here, three experiments investigated how multiple encounters with word-meanings influence the subsequent interpretation of these words. Participants heard ambiguous words contextually-disambiguated towards a particular meaning and, after a 20-30 minute delay, interpretations of the words were tested in isolation. We replicate the finding that one encounter with an ambiguous word biased later interpretation of this word towards the primed meaning for both subordinate (Experiments 1, 2, 3) and dominant meanings (Experiment 1). In addition, for the first time, we show cumulative effects of multiple repetitions of both the same and different meanings. The effect of a single subordinate exposure persisted after a subsequent encounter with the dominant meaning, compared to a dominant exposure alone (Experiment 1). Furthermore, three subordinate word-meaning repetitions provided an additional boost to priming compared to one, although only when their presentation was spaced (Experiments 2, 3); massed repetitions provided no such boost (Experiments 1, 3). These findings indicate that comprehension is guided by the collective effect of multiple recently activated meanings and that the spacing of these activations is key to producing lasting updates to the lexical-semantic network.
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Authors: Alexandr
Published: July 2018

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Thinking Clearly About Correlations and Causation: Graphical Causal Models for Observational Data
Authors: Rohrer Julia M.
Published: July 2018

Correlation does not imply causation; but often, observational data are the only option, even though the research question at hand involves causality. This article introduces readers to causal inference based on observational data with the help of graphical causal models, a powerful tool to think more clearly about the interrelations between variables. It expounds on the rationale behind the statistical control of third variables, common procedures for statistical control, and what can go wrong during their implementation. Certain types of third variables—colliders and mediators—should not be controlled for, because in these cases, statistical control can actually move the estimated association farther away from the underlying causal effect. More subtle variations of such “harmful control” include the use of unrepresentative samples that can undermine the validity of causal conclusions, and conceptual problems associated with mediation analysis. Drawing valid causal inferences on the basis of observational data is not a mechanistic procedure but rather always depends on assumptions that require domain knowledge and that can be more or less plausible. However, this caveat holds not only for research based on observational data, but for all empirical research endeavors.
LMS method for standarising language scores
Authors: Vamvakas George , Norbury Courtenay , Vitoratou Silia , Gooch Debbie , Pickles Andrew
Published: July 2018

Scores on six language indices assessing receptive and expressive functioning of children were obtained from the SCALES population survey. Participants were aged between 5 and 9 years. The LMS method of standardisation, which allows for skewed measurements, was used for the construction of language norms. We made use of probability weights that were produced from a two-step logistic model. Distributions of estimated z-scores from an intensively assessed sub-population and from the full population were contrasted to demonstrate the role of weights. Non-overlapping centile curves and standardised scores at each age were obtained. The use of weights was essential at retrieving the target distribution of the scores. An online calculator that estimates standardised scores for the language indices was constructed and made freely available.The findings highlight the usefulness and flexibility of the LMS method at dealing with the standardisation of linguistic and educational measures that are sufficiently continuous. The paper adds to the existing literature by providing population norms for a number of language tests that were calculated from the same group of individuals.
The Timing of Lexical Memory Retrievals in Language Production
Authors: Cole Jeremy , Reitter David
Published: July 2018

This paper explores the time course of lexical memory retrieval by modeling fluent language production. The duration of retrievals is predicted using the ACT-R cognitive architecture. In a large-scale observational study of a spoken corpus, we find that language production at a time point preceding a word is sped up or slowed down depending on activation of that word. This computational analysis has consequences for the theoretical model of language production. The data point to interference between lexical and phonological stages as well as a quantifiable buffer for lexical information.
Narcissist or Narcissistic? Evaluation of the Latent Structure of Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Authors: Aslinger Elizabeth N. , Manuck Stephen N. , Pilkonis Paul A. , Simms Leonard , Wright Aidan G.C.
Published: July 2018

We investigated the latent structure of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) by comparing dimensional, hybrid, and categorical latent variable models, using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), non-parametric (NP-FA) and semi-parametric factor analysis (SP-FA), and latent class analysis, respectively. We first explored these models in a clinical sample, and then pre-registered replication analyses in four additional datasets (with national, undergraduate, community, and mixed community/clinical samples) to test whether the best fitting model would generalize across different datasets with different sample compositions. A one-factor CFA outperformed categorical models in fit and reliability, suggesting the criteria do not serve to distinguish a “narcissist” class or subtypes; rather, a “narcissistic” dimension underlies the NPD construct. The CFA also outperformed hybrid models, indicating that people fall within the same continuous distribution, rather than composing homogenous groups of relative severity (NP-FA) or pulling apart into mixtures of discrete distributions (SP-FA) along that spectrum.
Urban Mobility Social Networks as Valid Sources for Collaborative Consumption Research
Authors: Correa Juan C.
Published: July 2018

Surveys and experiments are the standard data sources for consumer behavior research. As a consequence, few studies illustrate the relevance of social networks as a third data source. The aim of this paper is to provide a rationale on why social networks can be both scientifically useful and socially relevant for consumer research. The urban mobility of Bogotá, as a case study for collaborative consumption research, illustrates the use of novel variables and possible ways to analyze them for theory building. The paper discusses the implications of these data sources for future theoretical development.
Shifting prosocial intuitions: Neurocognitive evidence for a value based account of group-based cooperation
Authors: Hackel Leor M , Wills Julian Augustus , Van Bavel Jay Joseph
Published: July 2018

Cooperation is necessary for solving numerous social issues, including climate change, effective governance, and economic stability. Value-based decision models contend that prosocial tendencies and social context shape people’s preferences for cooperative or selfish behavior. Using functional neuroimaging and computational modeling, we tested these predictions by comparing activity in brain regions previously linked to valuation and executive function during decision-making—the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), respectively. Participants played Public Goods Games with students from fictitious universities, where social norms were selfish or cooperative. Prosocial participants showed greater vmPFC activity when cooperating and dlPFC-vmPFC connectivity when acting selfishly, whereas selfish participants displayed the opposite pattern. Norm-sensitive participants showed greater dlPFC-vmPFC connectivity when defying group norms. Modeling expectations of cooperation was associated with activity near the right temporoparietal junction. Consistent with value-based models, this suggests prosocial tendencies and contextual norms flexibly determine whether people prefer cooperation or defection.
Too Sweet To Eat: Exploring the Effects of Cuteness on Meat Consumption
Authors: Zickfeld Janis , Kunst Jonas R. , Hohle Sigrid Møyner
Published: July 2018

Although daily meat consumption is a widespread habit, many individuals at the same time put a high value on the welfare of animals. While different psychological mechanisms have been identified to resolve this cognitive tension, such as dissociating the animal from the consumed meat or denying the animal’s moral status, few studies have investigated the effects of the animal’s appearance on the willingness to consume its meat. The present article explored how the perception of cuteness influences hypothetical meat consumption. We hypothesized that cuter animals would reduce the willingness to consume meat, and that this relationship would be mediated by empathy felt towards the animal. Across four pre-registered studies sampling 1074 US and Norwegian participants, we obtained some support for this prediction in the US but to a lesser degree in Norway. However, in all studies an indirect mediation effect of cuteness on meat consumption going through empathy towards the animal was observed. We also explored possible moderating and additional mediating mechanisms of trait pro-social orientation, caretaking intentions and sex effects for which we found mixed evidence. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Формирование толерантности к дистрессу пациентов с цереброваскулярными заболеваниями
Authors: Chistyakov Ivan
Published: July 2018

30-minute session of ACT improves distress tolerance (F(1,22) = 5.20, p = .03, η^2 = 0.11), reduction in negative affect cannot explain observed effect (β = -0.16 [95% C. I. -0.37–0.05], p = .13).
Saccadic reaction times in infants and adults
Authors: Kenward Ben , Koch Felix-Sebastian , Forssman Linda , Brehm Julia , Tidemann Ida , Sundqvist Annette , Marciszko Carin , Hermansen Tone Kristine , Heimann Mikael , Gredebäck Gustaf
Published: July 2018

This repository contains the following:* A pre-print of the first article based on the data: Kenward, B., Koch, F., Forssman, L., Brehm, J., Tidemann, I., Sundqvist, A., Marciszko, C., Hermansen, T. K., Heimann, M., Gredebäck, G. (in press). Saccadic reaction times in infants and adults: spatiotemporal factors, gender, and inter-laboratory variation. Developmental Psychology.* The full experiment project files and instructions for running the experiment, which would enable anyone with the appropriate software, hardware, and expertise to replicate the experiment.* All raw data.* The analysis tools used for the first manuscript (insert reference upon publication) which firstly allow the extraction of the reactive saccades from the raw gaze data, and secondly create the statistical models for hypothesis testing.Note that as detailed in the “Running the experiment” and “Raw data folders”, there are methods and data reported in this repository which are not described in any detail in the first article.For enquiries contact Ben Kenward on ben.kenward@wolfson.oxon.org.Updated 23/3/2017
Rethinking Robust Statistics with Modern Bayesian Methods
Authors: Williams Donald Ray , Martin Stephen Ross
Published: July 2018

Developing robust statistical methods is an important goal for psychological science. Whereas classical methods (i.e., sampling distributions, p-values, etc.) have been thoroughly characterized, Bayesian robust methods remain relatively uncommon in practice and methodological literatures. Here we propose a robust Bayesian model (BHS t ) that accommodates heterogeneous (H) variances by predicting the scale parameter on the log scale and tail-heaviness with a Student-t likelihood (S t). Through simulations with normative and contaminated (i.e., heavy-tailed) data, we demonstrate that BHS t has consistent frequentist properties in terms of type I error, power, and mean squared error compared to three classical robust methods. With a motivating example, we illustrate Bayesian inferential methods such as approximate leave-one-out cross-validation and posterior predictive checks. We end by suggesting areas of improvement for BHS t and discussing Bayesian robust methods in practice.
Data Management in Psychological Science: Specification of the DFG Guidelines
Authors: Schönbrodt Felix D. , Gollwitzer Mario , Abele-Brehm Andrea
Published: July 2018

NOTE: A revised version of these recommendations has been published here: https://psyarxiv.com/24ncs/]. Calls for public access to research data have been ongoing for some time. For instance, in their “Recommendations for Secure Storage and Availability of Digital Primary Research Data” (2009) the German Research Foundation (“Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft”, DFG) demanded that publicly funded data are freely available after the completion of a project. In line with this, in 2010 the Alliance of Science Organizations in Germany called for long-term storage of and generally free access to research data. In September 2015, the DFG published data management guidelines that affirmed these goals and asked research associations to consider their data management regulations and to develop appropriate standards for discipline-specific use and sharing of research data. The German Psychological Society (DGPs) joins the DFG and the Alliance of Science Organizations in Germany in their mission to specify the DFG guidelines for the field of psychology. This document (a) emphasizes the importance of sustainable research data management, (b) defines what “primary data” are and how they should be stored, (c) defines standards and potential data sharing restrictions, and (d) defines the rights and duties of researchers that share data and researchers that use secondary data. The German Psychological Associations adopted these recommendations in September 2016.This is an English translation of the original German recommendations, which have been published here: Schönbrodt, F., Gollwitzer, M., & Abele-Brehm, A. (2017). Der Umgang mit Forschungsdaten im Fach Psychologie: Konkretisierung der DFG-Leitlinien. Psychologische Rundschau, 68, 20–35. doi:10.1026/0033-3042/a000341.
Differences in the Emotional Content in Different Bible Translations
Authors: Franklin Robert G
Published: July 2018

The Christian Holy Bible is the most translated document of all time. In this study, we used sentiment analysis to investigate whether common English translations varied in their emotionality, comparing how positive or negative they were. We predicted that more dynamic translations, which are not as constrained to the literal meaning of the text would have a more positive emotional sentiment than more formal translations, which are more focused on accurately conveying the literal meanings of individual words and syntax. More dynamic translations, including The Message and the New Living Translation were more emotionally positive and less negative than translations which mix formal and dynamic approaches. More formal translations, such as the New American Standard Bible and the English Standard Version, were significantly more negative. These findings illustrate that translations significantly vary in emotionality and indicate the importance of using many different translations to accurately assess the original meaning.
Constraints on Generality (COG): A Proposed Addition to All Empirical Papers
Authors: Simons Daniel J. , Shoda Yuichi , Lindsay D. Stephen
Published: July 2018

Psychological scientists draw inferences about populations based on samples—of people, situations, stimuli, etc.—from those populations. Yet, few papers identify their target populations, and even fewer justify how or why the tested samples are representative of broader populations. A cumulative science depends on accurately characterizing the generality of findings, but current publishing standards do not require authors to constrain their inferences, leaving readers to assume the broadest possible generalizations. We propose that the discussion section of all primary research articles specify Constraints on Generality (a “COG” statement), identifying and justifying target populations for the reported findings. Explicitly defining the target populations will help other researchers to sample from the same populations when conducting a direct replication, and it will encourage follow-up studies that test the boundary conditions of the original finding. Universal adoption of COG statements would change publishing incentives to favor a more cumulative science.
Graduate Student Employee Unionization: Considerations for the Future of Graduate Education in Psychology
Authors: Gutierrez Ian A , Bou-Malham Philippe
Published: July 2018

The graduate student employee (GSE) labor movement in the United States has grown rapidly in the past decade. GSEs have found cause to devote their time and energy towards organizing graduate students to support GSE unionization. The organization of GSE labor represents a historic shift in the relationship between trainees in the academy, the professoriate, and the university system. As social scientists, educators, and health professionals, psychologists can play a substantial role in shaping discourse on the labor movement in graduate education. To date, however, the field of psychology has remained mute with respect to organized GSE labor. We review recent developments in the debate concerning GSE labor organization and assess the impact of organized GSE labor on teaching, research, and clinical training. We contend that ongoing efforts to organize graduate student labor will have a significant impact on the future of psychological education that demands the voice and attention of the field. Finally, we conclude with a call to the action for psychologists in the training community and an invitation for further discussion on GSE unionization within the profession.
Credible Confidence: A pragmatic view on the frequentist vs Bayesian debate
Authors: Albers Casper J , Kiers Henk , van Ravenzwaaij Don
Published: July 2018

The debate between Bayesians and frequentist statisticians has been going on for decades. Whilst there are fundamental theoretical and philosophical differences between both schools of thought, we argue that in two most common situations the practical differences are negligible when off-the-shelve Bayesian analysis (i.e., using ‘objective’ priors) is used. We emphasize this reasoning by focusing on interval estimates: confidence intervals and credible intervals. We show that this is the case for the most common empirical situations in the social sciences, the estimation of a proportion of a binomial distribution and the estimation of the mean of a unimodal distribution. Numerical differences between both approaches are small, sometimes even smaller than those between two competing frequentist or two competing Bayesian approaches. We outline the ramifications of this for scientific practice.
Bayesian inference and testing any hypothesis you can specify
Authors: Etz Alexander , Haaf Julia M. , Rouder Jeffrey N. , Vandekerckhove Joachim
Published: July 2018

Hypothesis testing is a special form of model selection. Once a pair of competing models is fully defined, their definition immediately leads to a measure of how strongly each model supports the data. The ratio of their support is often called the likelihood ratio or the Bayes factor. Critical in the model selection endeavor is the specification of the models. In the case of hypothesis testing, it is of the greatest importance that we specify exactly what is meant by a "null" hypothesis as well as the alternative to which it is contrasted, and that these are suitable instantiations of theoretical positions. Here, we provide an overview of different instantiations of null and alternative hypotheses that can be useful in practice, while the underlying method of likelihood comparison is universal and identical in all cases. An associated app can be found via https://osf.io/mvp53/.
Group membership and the effects on visual perspective taking
Authors: Schneider Dana , Grigutsch Anne , Schurz Matthias , Zäske Romi , Schweinberger Stefan R.
Published: July 2018

It has been hypothesized that visual perspective-taking, a basic Theory of Mind mechanism, might operate quite automatically particularly in terms of ´what´ someone else sees. As such we were interested in whether different social categories of an agent (e.g., gender, race, nationality) influence this mental state ascription mechanism. We tested this assumption by investigating the Samson level-1 visual perspective-taking paradigm using agents with different ethnic nationality appearances. A group of self-identified Turkish and German participants were asked to make visual perspective judgments from their own perspective (self-judgment) as well as from the perspective of a prototypical Turkish or German agent (other-judgment). The respective related interference effects - altercentric and egocentric interferences - were measured. When making other-judgments, German participants showed increased egocentric interferences for Turkish compared to German agents. Turkish participants showed no ethnic group influence for egocentric interferences and reported feeling associated with the German and Turkish nationality to a similar extent. For self-judgments, altercentric interferences were of similar magnitude for both ethnic agents in both participant groups. Overall this indicates that in level-1 visual perspective-taking, other-judgments and related egocentric interferences are sensitive to social categories and are better described as a flexible, controlled and deliberate mental state ascription mechanism. In contrast, self-judgments and related altercentric interference effects are better described as automatic, efficient and unconscious mental state ascription mechanisms. In a broader sense the current results suggest that we should stop considering automaticity an all-or-none principle when it comes theory of mind processes.
Human Visual Perception of Two-Dimensional Symmetry
Authors: Cole Jeremy , Reitter David , Liu Yanxi
Published: July 2018

Most literature on symmetry perception has focused on bilateralreflection symmetry with some suggesting that it isthe only type of symmetry humans can perceive (Wilson &Wilkinson, 2002). Using image stimuli generated from themathematically well-defined seventeen wallpaper groups, thisstudy demonstrates that humans can discriminate various symmetriesfound in 2D wallpaper patterns (Liu, Hel-Or, Kaplan,Van Gool, et al., 2010). Furthermore, the results demonstratethe features which contribute to wallpaper pattern perception.All wallpaper groups but one were found to be reliably distinguishable(p < 0:05). Additionally, as wallpaper patterns canbe arranged in a hierarchy, we propose a metric to quantify thesimilarity of their perception using the shortest path in this hierarchy.This subgroup distance was found to be a factor in alikely model of pattern perception.
Understanding and analyzing multilevel data from real-time monitoring studies: An easily- accessible tutorial using R
Authors: Kleiman Evan
Published: July 2018

Although real-time monitoring methodology (also called ecological momentary assessment or experience sampling methodology) has become far more accessible in recent years, the methodologies to analyze data from real-time monitoring studies has not. The goal of this tutorial is to provide an easily-accessible overview of the basic theoretical concepts of multilevel modeling and the basics of conducting multilevel analyses in R. Topics in this tutorial include the theory behind multilevel modeling, structuring multilevel data, testing unconditional, two- and three-level models, logistic models, fixed and random effects, and centering data.
Action-Effect Sharing Induces Task-Set Sharing in Joint Task Switching
Authors: Yamaguchi Motonori , Wall Helen Joanne , Hommel Bernhard
Published: July 2018

A central issue in the study of joint task performance has been one of whether co-acting individuals perform their partner’s part of the task as if it were their own. The present study addressed this issue by using joint task switching. A pair of actors shared two tasks that were presented in a random order, whereby the relevant task and actor were cued on each trial. Responses produced action effects that were either shared or separate between co-actors. When co-actors produced separate action effects, switch costs were obtained within the same actor (i.e., when the same actor performed consecutive trials) but not between co-actors (when different actors performed consecutive trials), implying that actors did not perform their co-actor’s part. When the same action effects were shared between co-actors, however, switch costs were also obtained between co-actors, implying that actors did perform their co-actor’s part. The results indicated that shared action effects induce task-set sharing between co-acting individuals.
Real-Life Continuous Flash Suppression - Rendering The Real World Unconscious Using Augmented Reality Goggles
Authors: Korisky Uri , Hirschhorn Rony , Mudrik Liad
Published: July 2018

Notice: a peer-reviewed version of this preprint has been published in Behavior Research Methods and is available freely at http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13428-018-1162-0Continuous Flash Suppression (CFS) is a popular method for suppressing visual stimuli from awareness for relatively long periods. Thus far, it has only been used for suppressing two-dimensional images presented on-screen. We present a novel variant of CFS, termed ‘real-life CFS’, with which the actual immediate surroundings of an observer – including three-dimensional, real life objects – can be rendered unconscious. Real-life CFS uses augmented reality goggles to present subjects with CFS masks to their dominant eye, leaving their non-dominant eye exposed to the real world. In three experiments we demonstrate that real objects can indeed be suppressed from awareness using real-life CFS, and that duration suppression is comparable that obtained using the classic, on-screen CFS. We further provide an example for an experimental code, which can be modified for future studies using ‘real-life CFS’. This opens the gate for new questions in the study of consciousness and its functions.
Why a Focus on Eminence is Misguided: A Call to Return to Basic Scientific Values
Authors: Corker Katherine S.
Published: July 2018

The scientific method has been used to eradicate polio, send humans to the moon, and enrich understanding of human cognition and behavior. It produced these accomplishments not through magic or appeals to authority, but through open, detailed, and reproducible methods. To call something “science” means there are clear ways to independently and empirically evaluate research claims. There is no need to simply trust an information source. Scientific values thus prioritize transparency and universalism, emphasizing that it matters less who has made a discovery than how it was done. Yet, scientific reward systems are based on identifying individual eminence. The current paper contrasts this focus on individual eminence with reforms to scientific rewards systems that help these systems better align with scientific values.
Race, discrimination, cognitive ability and income: analysis of the Add Health dataset
Authors: Kirkegaard Emil O. W.
Published: July 2018

Self-reported discriminatory experiences differ slightly by US social racial groups, but why? Using the public-use Add Health dataset, the matter was investigated. It was found that when accounting for cognitive ability (IQ) that differs by social race group, there no longer seemed to be any detectable differences in self-reported discrimination, nor any differences related to skin tone. This seemed to be due to a slight correlation between self-reported discrimination and cognitive ability (r = -.14).Furthermore, the validity of social racial groups were examined for the prediction of self-reported income. It was found that other-perceived social race and skin tone did not predict income when IQ was included in the model, but self-perceived social race did. Results were overall congruent with meritocracy and incongruent with racial discrimination models.
Toward an Integrative Perspective on the Neural Mechanisms Underlying Persistent Maladaptive Behaviors
Authors: Diehl Maria M. , Lempert Karolina Maria , Parr Ashley C. , Ballard Ian , Steele Vaughn R. , Smith David Victor
Published: July 2018

A host of public health problems -- from drug addiction to obesity -- are associated with persistent, maladaptive behaviors. The underlying causes of such behaviors have received considerable attention from psychologists, clinicians, computational theorists, and neuroscientists. These diverse perspectives were showcased in a symposium at the University of Rochester entitled Persistent, Maladaptive Behaviors: Why We Make Bad Choices. Here, we synthesize novel findings and perspectives arising from the symposium and integrate those findings within the broader literature. We begin by reviewing theoretical models of maladaptive behaviors and their underlying neural circuitry. We then discuss the behavioral and clinical manifestations of maladaptive behaviors. Given the multifaceted nature of maladaptive behavior, we argue that a dimensional approach may help inform theoretical models and clinical interventions, particularly those that rely on brain stimulation to induce neuro-plastic changes that rescue and remediate aberrant neural responses. We conclude that an interdisciplinary approach to studying maladaptive behavior will help advance the field toward improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Samara, Singh, & Wonnacott (pre-print). Statistical learning and spelling: Evidence from an incidental learning experiment with children
Authors: Samara Anna , Singh Daniela , Wonnacott Elizabeth
Published: July 2018

Statistical learning processes–akin to those seen in spoken language acquisition (Saffran, Aslin, & Newport, 1996)–may be important for the development of literacy, particularly spelling development. One previous study provides direct evidence for this process: Samara and Caravolas (2014) demonstrated that 7-year-olds generalize over permissible letter contexts (graphotactics) in novel word-like stimuli under incidental learning conditions. However, unlike in actual orthography, conditioning contexts in Samara and Caravolas’ (2014) stimuli comprised perfectly correlated, redundant cues in both word-initial and word-final positions. The current study explores whether 7-year-olds can extract such constraints in the absence of redundant cues. Since theories of literacy development predict greater sensitivity to restrictions within word-final units, we also contrast learning in word-initial and word-final units. We demonstrate that–for 7-year-old learners in two linguistic contexts (English and Turkish)–there is substantial evidence for the learning of both types of restriction.
Pre-print: False alarm? A comprehensive reanalysis of “Evidence that psychopathology symptom networks have limited replicability” by Forbes, Wright, Markon, and Krueger.
Authors: Borsboom Denny , Fried Eiko I , Epskamp Sacha , Waldorp Lourens , van Borkulo Claudia D. , van der Maas Han , Cramer Angélique Odette Joanne
Published: July 2018

Forbes, Wright, Markon, and Krueger (2017) state that “psychopathology networks have limited replicability” and that “popular network analysis methods produce unreliable results”. These conclusions are based on an assessment of the replicability of four different network models for symptoms of major depression and generalized anxiety across two samples; in addition, Forbes et al. (2017) analyze the stability of the network models within the samples using split-halves. Our re-analysis of the same data with the same methods led to results directly opposed to those of Forbes et al. (2017): All network models replicate very well across the two datasets and across the split-halves. We trace the differences between Forbes et al.’s (2017) results and our own to the fact that they did not appear to accurately implement all network models, and used debatable metrics to assess replicability. In particular, Forbes et al. (2017) deviate from existing estimation routines for relative importance networks, do not acknowledge the fact that the skip-structure used in the interviews strongly distorted correlations between symptoms, and incorrectly assume that network structures and metrics should not only be expected to be the same across the different samples, but also across the different network models used. In addition to a comprehensive re-analysis of the data, we end with a discussion of best practices concerning future research into the replicability of psychometric networks.
The importance of environmental threats and ideology in explaining extreme self-sacrifice
Authors: Elnakouri Abdo , McGregor Ian , Grossmann Igor
Published: July 2018

We argue that Whitehouse’s group-based model neglects two key contextual variables: environmental threats and ideology. Environmental threats lead to extremism outside of group settings and predispose individuals towards joining ideologically-zealous groups. Ideologies and environmental threats can also explain why certain groups adopt norms that encourage violent self-sacrifice.
Opinions on the value of direct replication: A survey of 2,000 psychologists
Authors: Buttliere Brett , Wicherts Jelte M.
Published: July 2018

A major debatehas emerged in Psychology on the merits of direct replication, with much discussion but little empirical data. Here we conducted a survey among 2,056 psychologists to gather opinions on several important themes in the debate such as: whether direct replications are valuable, whether obtained results can be the outcome of context or expertise, the intentions and reputational interests of the researchers involved, the severity of methodological problems, and what should be done to help move the field forward. Descriptively, the results of our survey suggest that most psychologists trust the seminal findings in the field and are sensitive to the contextual variables which may lead to a failed replication of such a finding; while also agreeing that more direct replications should be done. Also of interest was what opinions were related to valuing direct replications. The application of structural equation models, developed on a subsample then confirmed across subfields, suggests that the respondents’ perceptions of the severity of the methodological problems positively predicts support for direct replication, while respondents’ view on replicator’s intentions (e.g., replication bullying) negatively predicts support for direct replication.
Analyzing cyclic patterns in psychological research_ a tutorial
Authors: Verboon Peter , Leontjevas Roeslan , Lataster Johan , van de Maat Robin
Published: July 2018

A growing number of studies on psychological phenomena employ the Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) method for obtaining intensive longitudinal data in daily life. Whereas cyclic processes may underlie different psychological and physiological outcomes, the cyclic model that describes such processes is rarely used for fitting EMA data. The aim of this paper is to introduce the cyclic model to researchers, and to demonstrate its use in an empirical data set. It is shown how the cyclic terms can be incorporated in multilevel models. Based on secondary analyses on an existing EMA data set, it can be concluded that adding cyclic terms in EMA analyses may improve model fit and may help understanding the dynamic processes.
Real-time lexical comprehension in young children learning American Sign Language
Authors: MacDonald Kyle Earl , LaMarr Todd , Corina David , Marchman Virginia A. , Fernald Anne
Published: July 2018

When children interpret spoken language in real time, linguistic information drives rapidshifts in visual attention to objects in the visual world. This language-vision interaction canprovide insights into children's developing efficiency in language comprehension. But how doeslanguage influence visual attention when the linguistic signal and the visual world are bothprocessed via the visual channel? Here, we measured eye movements during real-timecomprehension of a visual-manual language, American Sign Language (ASL), by 29 nativeASL-learning children (16-53 mos, 16 deaf, 13 hearing) and 16 fluent deaf adult signers. Allsigners showed evidence of rapid, incremental language comprehension, tending to initiate aneye movement before sign offset. Deaf and hearing ASL-learners showed similar gaze patterns,suggesting that the in-the-moment dynamics of eye movements during ASL processing areshaped by the constraints of processing a visual language in real time and not by differentialaccess to auditory information in day-to-day life. Finally, variation in children’s ASL processingwas positively correlated with age and vocabulary size. Thus, despite competition for attentionwithin a single modality, the timing and accuracy of visual fixations during ASL comprehensionreflect information processing skills that are fundamental for language acquisition regardless oflanguage modality.