bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fate of Salmonella spp. in the Fresh Soft Raw Milk Cheese during Storage at Different Temperatures
Authors: Lobacz Adriana , Zulewska Justyna
Published: April 2021

The aim of this study was to determine the survival kinetics of Salmonella spp. in unripened, fresh raw milk cheese during storage at 5, 15 and 25 °C. Microbiological (coliforms and E. coli, S. thermophilus, Lactococcus sp., total microbial count and Enterobacteriaceae) and physicochemical (pH and aw) characteristics were also determined. Two primary models were used to estimate the kinetic parameters of Salmonella spp., namely Weibull and Baranyi and Roberts (no lag) models. Additionally, goodness-of-fit of the primary models was assessed by calculating the R-Square and mean square error. Salmonella spp. growth in the unripened raw milk cheese was inhibited during storage, but nevertheless bacteria survived at 5 °C for 33 days (2.5 log cfu/g) and 15 °C for 18 days (1.8 log cfu/g). A decrease in the number of Salmonella spp. populations from an initial concentration 6.6 log cfu/g to below a detection limit was observed at 25 °C after 7 days of storage of contaminated cheese samples. It was concluded that the storage temperature significantly influenced the inactivation rate of Salmonella spp. in fresh raw milk cheese and proceeded faster at 25 °C compared to remaining storage temperatures.
Editorial for Special Issue “Lactic Acid Bacteria, Biopreservation Agents for Fruit and Vegetables”
Authors: Remize Fabienne , Leneveu-Jenvrin Charlène , Garcia Cyrielle
Published: April 2021

Amongst the microbial diversity in the food chain, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are in the front row for their positive roles [...]
Next-Generation Probiotics and Their Metabolites in COVID-19
Authors: Gautier Thomas , David-Le Gall Sandrine , Sweidan Alaa , Tamanai-Shacoori Zohreh , Jolivet-Gougeon Anne , Loréal Olivier , Bousarghin Latifa
Published: April 2021

Since December 2019, a global pandemic has been observed, caused by the emergence of a new coronavirus, SARS CoV-2. The latter is responsible for the respiratory disease, COVID-19. The infection is also characterized by renal, hepatic, and gastrointestinal dysfunctions suggesting the spread of the virus to other organs. A dysregulated immune response was also reported. To date, there is no measure to treat or prevent SARS CoV-2 infection. Additionally, as gut microbiota composition is altered in patients with COVID-19, alternative therapies using probiotics can be considered to fight SARS CoV-2 infection. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge about next-generation probiotics (NGPs) and their benefits in viral respiratory tract infections and in COVID-19. We describe these bacteria, highlighted by studies using metagenomic approaches. In addition, these bacteria generate metabolites such as butyrate, desaminotyrosine, and secondary bile acid, suggested to prevent viral respiratory infections. Gut microbial metabolites transported via the circulation to the lungs could inhibit viral replication or improve the immune response against viruses. The use of probiotics and/or their metabolites may target either the virus itself and/or the immunologic process. However, this review showed that more studies are needed to determine the benefits of probiotics and metabolite products in COVID-19.
Elevated Expression of Toxin TisB Protects Persister Cells against Ciprofloxacin but Enhances Susceptibility to Mitomycin C
Authors: Edelmann Daniel , Leinberger Florian H. , Schmid Nicole E. , Oberpaul Markus , Schäberle Till F. , Berghoff Bork A.
Published: April 2021

Bacterial chromosomes harbor toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, some of which are implicated in the formation of multidrug-tolerant persister cells. In Escherichia coli, toxin TisB from the tisB/istR-1 TA system depolarizes the inner membrane and causes ATP depletion, which presumably favors persister formation. Transcription of tisB is induced upon DNA damage due to activation of the SOS response by LexA degradation. Transcriptional activation of tisB is counteracted on the post-transcriptional level by structural features of tisB mRNA and RNA antitoxin IstR-1. Deletion of the regulatory RNA elements (mutant Δ1-41 ΔistR) uncouples TisB expression from LexA-dependent SOS induction and causes a ‘high persistence’ (hip) phenotype upon treatment with different antibiotics. Here, we demonstrate by the use of fluorescent reporters that TisB overexpression in mutant Δ1-41 ΔistR inhibits cellular processes, including the expression of SOS genes. The failure in SOS gene expression does not affect the hip phenotype upon treatment with the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin, likely because ATP depletion avoids strong DNA damage. By contrast, Δ1-41 ΔistR cells are highly susceptible to the DNA cross-linker mitomycin C, likely because the expression of SOS-dependent repair systems is impeded. Hence, the hip phenotype of the mutant is conditional and strongly depends on the DNA-damaging agent.
Favipiravir Does Not Inhibit Chikungunya Virus Replication in Mosquito Cells and Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes
Authors: Jacobs Sofie , Wang Lanjiao , Rosales Rosas Ana Lucia , Van Berwaer Ria , Vanderlinden Evelien , Failloux Anna-Bella , Naesens Lieve , Delang Leen
Published: April 2021

Favipiravir (T-705) is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that inhibits RNA viruses after intracellular conversion into its active form, T-705 ribofuranosyl 5′-triphosphate. We previously showed that T-705 is able to significantly inhibit the replication of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, in mammalian cells and in mouse models. In contrast, the effect of T-705 on CHIKV infection and replication in the mosquito vector is unknown. Since the antiviral activity of T-705 has been shown to be cell line-dependent, we studied here its antiviral efficacy in Aedes-derived mosquito cells and in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Interestingly, T-705 was devoid of anti-CHIKV activity in mosquito cells, despite being effective against CHIKV in Vero cells. By investigating the metabolic activation profile, we showed that, unlike Vero cells, mosquito cells were not able to convert T-705 into its active form. To explore whether alternative metabolization pathways might exist in vivo, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were infected with CHIKV and administered T-705 via an artificial blood meal. Virus titrations of whole mosquitoes showed that T-705 was not able to reduce CHIKV infection in mosquitoes. Combined, these in vitro and in vivo data indicate that T-705 lacks antiviral activity in mosquitoes due to inadequate metabolic activation in this animal species.
Comparative Characteristics and Zoonotic Potential of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) Isolates from Chicken and Duck in South Korea
Authors: Jeong Jiyeon , Lee Ji-Youn , Kang Min-Su , Lee Hye-Jin , Kang Seong-Il , Lee O-Mi , Kwon Yong-Kuk , Kim Jin-Hyun
Published: April 2021

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis, which is an economically important disease in the poultry industry worldwide. The present study investigated O-serogroups, phylogenetic groups, antimicrobial resistance, and the existence of virulence-associated genes (VAGs) and antimicrobial resistance genes in 125 APEC isolates between 2018 and 2019 in Korea. The phylogenetic group B2 isolates were confirmed for human-related sequence types (STs) through multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). O-serogroups O2 (12.5%) and O78 (10.3%) and phylogenetic group B1 (36.5%) and A (34.5%) were predominant in chicken and duck isolates, respectively. Out of 14 VAGs, iucD, iroN, hlyF, and iss were found significantly more in chicken isolates than duck isolates (p < 0.05). The resistance to ampicillin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, and gentamicin was higher in chicken isolates than duck isolates (p < 0.05). The multidrug resistance (MDR) rates of chicken and duck isolates were 77.1% and 65.5%, respectively. One isolate resistant to colistin (MIC 16 μg/mL) carried mcr-1. The B2-ST95 APEC isolates possessed more than 9 VAGs, and most of them were MDR (82.4%). This report is the first to compare the characteristics of APEC isolates from chickens and ducks in Korea and to demonstrate that B2-ST95 isolates circulating in Korea have zoonotic potential and pose a public health risk.
Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions of In Situ-Generated Azoalkenes with Thioketones; Experimental and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Mlostoń Grzegorz , Urbaniak Katarzyna , Sobiecka Malwina , Heimgartner Heinz , Würthwein Ernst-Ulrich , Zimmer Reinhold , Lentz Dieter , Reissig Hans-Ulrich
Published: April 2021

The hetero-Diels-Alder reactions of in situ-generated azoalkenes with thioketones were shown to offer a straightforward method for an efficient and regioselective synthesis of scarcely known N-substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazine derivatives. The scope of the method was fairly broad, allowing the use of a series of aryl-, ferrocenyl-, and alkyl-substituted thioketones. However, in the case of N-tosyl-substituted cycloadducts derived from 1-thioxo-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutan-3-one and the structurally analogous 1,3-dithione, a more complicated pathway was observed. By elimination of toluene sulfinic acid, the initially formed cycloadducts afforded 2H-1,3,4-thiadiazines as final products. Advanced DFT calculations revealed that the observed high regioselectivity was due to kinetic reaction control and that the (4 + 2)-cycloadditions of sterically less unhindered thiones occurred via highly unsymmetric transition states with shorter C..S-distances (2.27–2.58 Å) and longer N..C-distances (3.02–3.57 Å). In the extreme case of the sterically very hindered 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutan-1,3-dione-derived thioketones, a zwitterionic intermediate with a fully formed C‒S bond was detected, which underwent ring closure to the 1,3,4-thiadiazine derivative in a second step. For the hypothetical formation of the regioisomeric 1,2,3-thiadiazine derivatives, the DFT calculations proposed more symmetric transition states with considerably higher energies.
Rh(I) Complexes in Catalysis: A Five-Year Trend
Authors: Medici Serenella , Peana Massimiliano , Pelucelli Alessio , Zoroddu Maria Antonietta
Published: April 2021

Rhodium is one of the most used metals in catalysis both in laboratory reactions and industrial processes. Despite the extensive exploration on “classical” ligands carried out during the past decades in the field of rhodium-catalyzed reactions, such as phosphines, and other common types of ligands including N-heterocyclic carbenes, ferrocenes, cyclopentadienyl anion and pentamethylcyclopentadienyl derivatives, etc., there is still lively research activity on this topic, with considerable efforts being made toward the synthesis of new preformed rhodium catalysts that can be both efficient and selective. Although the “golden age” of homogeneous catalysis might seem over, there is still plenty of room for improvement, especially from the point of view of a more sustainable chemistry. In this review, temporally restricted to the analysis of literature during the past five years (2015–2020), the latest findings and trends in the synthesis and applications of Rh(I) complexes to catalysis will be presented. From the analysis of the most recent literature, it seems clear that rhodium-catalyzed processes still represent a stimulating challenge for the metalloorganic chemist that is far from being over.
Molecular Simulation of Improved Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of Insulation Paper Cellulose by Modification with Silane-Coupling-Agent-Grafted Nano-SiO2
Authors: Zhang Zhengxiang , Zhou Haibin , Li Wentao , Tang Chao
Published: April 2021

Cellulose is an important part of transformer insulation paper. Thermal aging of cellulose occurs in long-term operation of transformers, which deteriorates the mechanical properties and thermal stability of cellulose, resulting in a decrease in the transformer life. Therefore, improvement of the mechanical properties and thermal stability of cellulose has become a research hotspot. In this study, the effects of different silane coupling agents on the mechanical properties and thermal stability of modified cellulose were studied. The simulation results showed that the mechanical parameters of cellulose are only slightly improved by KH560 (γ-glycidyl ether oxypropyl trimethoxysilane) and KH570 (γ-methylacrylloxy propyl trimethoxy silane) modified nano-SiO2, while the mechanical parameters of cellulose are greatly improved by KH550 (γ-aminopropyl triethoxy silane) and KH792 (N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-amino propyl trimethoxy silane) modified nano-SiO2. The glass-transition temperature of the composite model is 24 K higher than that of the unmodified model. The mechanism of the change of the glass-transition temperature was analyzed from the point of view of free-volume theory. The main reason for the change of the glass-transition temperature is that the free volume abruptly changes, which increases the space for movement of the cellulose chain and accelerates the whole movement of the molecular chain. Therefore, modifying cellulose with KH792-modified nano-SiO2 can significantly enhance the thermal stability of cellulose.
Accentuated Eccentric Loading in the Bench Press: Considerations for Eccentric and Concentric Loading
Authors: Taber Christopher B. , Morris Jared R. , Wagle John P. , Merrigan Justin J.
Published: April 2021

This study examined the effects of accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) on bench press velocities across a spectrum of concentric and eccentric loads. Ten strength trained men (bench press one-repetition maximum (1-RM): 124.3 ± 19.4 kg; relative strength ratio: 1.5 ± 0.2 kg∙body mass−1) participated. Subjects completed bench press repetitions using concentric loads from 30% to 80% 1-RM in 10% increments in each experimental session. The AEL protocols were implemented using 100% (AEL100) and 110% 1-RM (AEL110) loads during the eccentric action, while the eccentric load remained the same as the concentric for traditional loading (TRAD). Multilevel models analyzed the effects of each AEL protocol on concentric velocities across concentric loads (p < 0.05). Faster concentric velocities were observed at 30% 1-RM and 80% 1-RM with AEL100 compared to TRAD (p ≤ 0.05) but this effect was reduced for individuals moving the barbell through a greater displacement. Additionally, AEL110 presented a greater change in velocity from 30% to 80% 1-RM than TRAD (p ≤ 0.05). The AEL100 protocol resulted in faster concentric velocities throughout concentric loads of 30–80% 1-RM, but AEL110 may have been too great to elicit consistent performance enhancements. Thus, the efficacy of AEL at various concentric loads is dependent on the eccentric loading and barbell displacement.
Reactive Dual Magnetron Sputtering: A Fast Method for Preparing Stoichiometric Microcrystalline ZnWO4 Thin Films
Authors: Hermans Yannick , Mehmood Faraz , Lakus-Wollny Kerstin , Hofmann Jan P. , Mayer Thomas , Jaegermann Wolfram
Published: April 2021

Thin films of ZnWO4, a promising photocatalytic and scintillator material, were deposited for the first time using a reactive dual magnetron sputtering procedure. A ZnO target was operated using an RF signal, and a W target was operated using a DC signal. The power on the ZnO target was changed so that it would match the sputtering rate of the W target operated at 25 W. The effects of the process parameters were characterized using optical spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy, including energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that stoichiometric microcrystalline ZnWO4 thin films could be obtained, by operating the ZnO target during the sputtering procedure at a power of 55 W and by post-annealing the resulting thin films for at least 10 h at 600 °C. As FTO coated glass substrates were used, annealing led as well to the incorporation of Na, resulting in n+ doped ZnWO4 thin films.
In Silico Exploration of the Potential Role of Acetaminophen and Pesticides in the Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Furnary Tristan , Garcia-Milian Rolando , Liew Zeyan , Whirledge Shannon , Vasiliou Vasilis
Published: April 2021

Recent epidemiological studies suggest that prenatal exposure to acetaminophen (APAP) is associated with increased risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1 in 59 children in the US. Maternal and prenatal exposure to pesticides from food and environmental sources have also been implicated to affect fetal neurodevelopment. However, the underlying mechanisms for ASD are so far unknown, likely with complex and multifactorial etiology. The aim of this study was to explore the potential effects of APAP and pesticide exposure on development with regards to the etiology of ASD by highlighting common genes and biological pathways. Genes associated with APAP, pesticides, and ASD through human research were retrieved from molecular and biomedical literature databases. The interaction network of overlapping genetic associations was subjected to network topology analysis and functional annotation of the resulting clusters. These genes were over-represented in pathways and biological processes (FDR p < 0.05) related to apoptosis, metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and carbohydrate metabolism. Since these three biological processes are frequently implicated in ASD, our findings support the hypothesis that cell death processes and specific metabolic pathways, both of which appear to be targeted by APAP and pesticide exposure, may be involved in the etiology of ASD. This novel exposures-gene-disease database mining might inspire future work on understanding the biological underpinnings of various ASD risk factors.
Portable Electronic Nose for Analyzing the Smell of Nasal Secretions in Calves: Toward Noninvasive Diagnosis of Infectious Bronchopneumonia
Authors: Kuchmenko Tatiana , Shuba Anastasiia , Umarkhanov Ruslan , Chernitskiy Anton
Published: April 2021

The paper demonstrates a new approach to identify healthy calves (“healthy”) and naturally occurring infectious bronchopneumonia (“sick”) calves by analysis of the gaseous phase over nasal secretions using 16 piezoelectric sensors in two portable devices. Samples of nasal secretions were obtained from 50 red-motley Holstein calves aged 14–42 days. Calves were subjected to rectal temperature measurements, clinical score according to the Wisconsin respiratory scoring chart, thoracic auscultation, and radiography (Carestream DR, New York, USA). Of the 50 calves, we included samples from 40 (20 “healthy” and 20 “sick”) in the training sample. The remaining ten calves (five “healthy” and five “sick”) were included in the test sample. It was possible to divide calves into “healthy” and “sick” groups according to the output data of the sensor arrays (maximum sensor signals and calculated parameters Ai/j) using the principal component linear discriminant analysis (PCA–LDA) with an accuracy of 100%. The adequacy of the PCA–LDA model was verified on a test sample. It was found that data of sensors with films of carbon nanotubes, zirconium nitrate, hydroxyapatite, methyl orange, bromocresol green, and Triton X-100 had the most significance for dividing samples into groups. The differences in the composition of the gaseous phase over the samples of nasal secretions for such a classification could be explained by the appearance or change in the concentrations of ketones, alcohols, organic carboxylic acids, aldehydes, amines, including cyclic amines or those with a branched hydrocarbon chain.
On Modernization of Information Services for the National Economy Production Cluster
Authors:   LLC “Center for economic classifications”, Treyer Valfrid V.
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the present article is to draw the specialists' attention to the fact that in order to create a self-sufficient and competitive national economy, it is necessary to start developing a new generation information service, primarily for its production cluster. The submission discusses how this can be done.
Extended Substantiation of the Resource Provision Volumes for Russia’s Development National Projects
Authors:   State University of Management, Mishin Yuri V. , Kosterev Nikolay B. ,   JSC “Scientific Research Institute of the Aviation Industry Economy”, Sukharev Valery B. ,   JSC “Scientific Research Institute of the Aviation Industry Economy”
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this article is to concretize the main strategic goals formulated by the President of the Russian Federation in order to accelerate the country's economic development in terms of creating new production capacities in priority areas of economic and social development — national projects, as well as to substantiate a methodological approach to calculating the required volume of their resource provision. In addition to literary sources and official statistical reporting, normative and legal documents (strategies and government programs) in the field of strategic planning of the activities of the domestic defense industry branches were also used as an information base for the paper. The article addresses the following issues: 1) ranking according to the level of capital investments efficiency in various sectors of the Russian economy is made; 2) methodological approach to forming a forecast assessment of the required volumes of capital investments and labor resources to ensure the established rates of the country's economic development is proposed; 3) mechanism for identifying the volume of production depending on the capital investments amount is developed.
Primary evaluation of newly isolated strains of phosphate-mobilizing bacteria
Authors:   Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea, Baranskaya M.I. , Chaikovskaya L.A. ,   Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea
Published: April 2021

Isolation and screening of strains with increased phosphate-dissolving activity are necessary stages of research on the intensification of phosphorus nutrition of plants by pre-sowing inoculation of seeds with effective microorganisms. The purpose of the research was to study the phosphate-dissolving activity of newly isolated bacterial strains and their effect on the sowing qualities of winter wheat seeds. Phosphate-mobilizing bacteria were isolated in 2014–2019 from the сhernozem southern sampled in the fields of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Agro-Industrial College – structural unit of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Laboratory studies were carried out in 2019–2020 in the Department of Agricultural Microbiology of the Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea. The isolation of strains of soil phosphate-mobilizing bacteria was carried out based on the appearance of a clear zone around the colonies on agarized glucose-aspartic (GA) medium supplemented with Ca3(PO4)2. The coefficient of specific phosphate-dissolving activity (Kr) of the strains was calculated according to the method of I. M. Malinovskaya. The quantitative assessment of the phosphate-dissolving activity of bacteria in a liquid medium (P2O5 content) was determined by the colorimetric method. High Kr is typical for the predominant part of the studied strains (22 or 81.5 %). The highest Kr value (10) was noted for strain 0613. Twelve (44 %) strains demonstrated the highest ability to transform Ca3(PO4)2 into a soluble form. The maximum content of P2O5 (212 mg/l) was observed in the culture fluid of strain 1702. When winter wheat seeds were inoculated with strains 0890 and 1702, germination increased by 8–9 %. The same was with germination energy; it also increased compared to control (water) by 2.5 and 7.5 %, respectively. The use of strain 1303 contributed to a significant increase in the energy and germination rate of seeds: by 34.5, 6 and 5.6 %, respectively, compared to control. The strains provided a significant increase in the weight of seedlings compared to control: by 29 % – the reference strain; by 32, 38 and 29 % – newly isolated 0735, 1204, 1701, respectively.
Models of the production process of agricultural plants for the analysis of the elements of some farming systems
Authors:   Agrophysical Research Institute, Badenko V.L. , Topazh A.G. ,   “Bureau Hyperborea” Ltd., Medvedev S.A. ,   Agrophysical Research Institute, Zakharova E.T. ,   Agrophysical Research Institute
Published: April 2021

Currently, there are major changes in the concept of designing farming systems. They are associated with bridging the gap between socio-economic demands for increasing agricultural production and the scientific justification for sustainable agricultural land use. The article presents the results of solving this problem based on the use of an integrated system for modeling the production process of agricultural plants developed by the authors. This system was applied to analyze various agricultural technologies, in particular, alternative strategies for planning crop rotations in cropping systems. For this, the following tools existing in the environment of the developed system were used: 1) long-term analysis of a possible change in the fertility of agricultural fields when using different agricultural technologies; 2) substantiation of the selected crop rotation scheme, which includes various agricultural technologies and resource-saving measures; 3) model-based approach to assess the comparative effectiveness of alternative land use strategies. The first part of the article presents the results obtained using tools for assessment alternative agricultural technologies for harvesting associated with the abandonment or removal of plant residues from the agricultural field, as well as the impact of these agricultural technologies on the parameters of soil fertility in the long term. The results of the simulation show that the abandonment of crop residues has a positive effect on the dynamics of humus in the soil and on the nitrogen content in the meter soil layer. In the second part of the article, the results of the analysis of the comparative effectiveness of various crop rotation schemes and such agricultural activities as the application of organic fertilizers, the use of leguminous and winter catch crops are presented. The analysis made it possible to rank these measures in terms of the effectiveness of the impact on agricultural production; the use of organic fertilizers (manure) and including legumes in the crop rotation were the most effective ones. The presented results demonstrate the potential demand for the proposed methods and the developed integrated system for modeling the production process of agricultural plants to substantiate the elements of farming systems and analyze their impact on sustainable development.
Database of biological indicators of control of legume agrocenoses productivity
Authors:   Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea, Didovich S.V.
Published: April 2021

Experimental data gained through research requires systematization and interpretation of the effectiveness of applicable objects, methods and agricultural technologies. This data is of scientific and practical value for proper decision-making in agricultural practice. The purpose of the research is twofold: 1) to develop a structured database based on the results of long-term field experiments using various plant-microbial symbioses in legumes agrocenoses under soil and climatic conditions of the Crimea; 2) to generalize information to search for the possibility of biological control of plant productivity. The database has the minimum software requirements: Microsoft Office suite for Microsoft Windows operating systems (XP or higher OS) and software package for statistical analysis Statistica_10. Data collection, sorting and systematization, as well as matrix writing was carried out in Microsoft Excel; database structure development and design – using Microsoft Visual Basic for Application (VBA); data analysis and processing, as well as agrocenosis productivity modelling, were carried out with the help of Statistica (StatSoft) version 10. The database size is 8 MB. It has three structured VBA blocks: 1) biological activity of the soil, 2) physiological and biochemical status, productivity of plants and 3) matrices of indicators of biological activity of the soil and plant biology. Information on the structural and functional organization of the soil microbiocenosis, enzymatic activity and soil respiration, symbiotic efficiency, intensity and direction of microbiological and biochemical processes in the rhizosphere of legumes, as well as their physiological status, productivity and seed quality included sequentially. The Database is implemented on 23 electronic sheets in Microsoft Excel, integrates and interacts with the Statistica_10. The Database allows searching for interactive links in the system “microorganisms–plants–soil”, modelling the productivity of agrocenoses, identifying plant-microbial systems with the active interface when using polyfunctional microbial preparations in the technology of growing legumes under soil and climatic conditions of the Crimea. With the help of the database, we found that the use of polyfunctional microbial preparations causes different potential in the system “microorganisms–plants–soil”. Bacterization of plants with microbial preparations has 1.8 times factorial effect more on the physiology and productivity of legumes (76 %) compared to a factorial effect on the biological activity of the soil in the agrocenosis (42 %). The potential of the interaction of the cyanorhizobial consortium with legumes was revealed. It had a minimal total factor difference (29 %) between the physiological and biochemical state, productivity of legumes and indicators of biological activity of soil compared to ‘Rhizobofit’ (36 %), ‘Rhizobofit’, ‘Phosphoenterin’, ‘Biopolycid’ (33 %), ‘Rhizobofit’ and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (39 %).
Creation of clary sage cultivar using cell engineering methods. 1. Obtaining of plant-regenerants in callus culture in vitro
Authors:   Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea, Yegorova N.A. , Stavtzeva I.V. ,   Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea
Published: April 2021

To increase the efficiency in agricultural plant breeding, including clary sage – one of the main essential oil crops grown in Russia, it is necessary to use biotechnological methods. One of these techniques is based on the induction of somaclonal variability in the callus tissue culture. To develop it, it is necessary to optimize the conditions for obtaining plant-regenerants in vitro and their analysis. The aim of this work was to study the features of morphogenesis and regeneration of plants from callus cultures to develop cell technologies for creating an initial breeding material based on somaclonal variability in Salvia sclarea L. In the course of the research, we found that the optimal explants for obtaining morphogenic callus, from which shoots were regenerated, were segments of buds and stems with a node (isolated from seedlings in vitro). Cytological analysis of callus cultures revealed two types of morphogenesis – organogenesis (gemmogenesis) and somatic embryogenesis. The features of the morphogenic callus formation of six sage cultivars and samples during the long-term cultivation were studied. The maximum frequency of morphogenesis was noted in the 2nd passage (from 32.4 to 85.2 %, depending on the genotype). Then, to the 8–10th passage, this indicator decreased to 0.0–3.9 %.‘S-785’ and ‘Taigan’ cultivars showed the highest morphogenesis frequency (81.5–85.2 %) and duration of callus regeneration potential (up to the 10th passage). The analysis of callus cultures of six donor plants of ‘S-785’ cultivar helped us to reveal their heterogeneity in morphogenesis induction ability. The maximum frequency of morphogenic callus formation (76.3–91.5 % in the 2nd passage) and the duration of the morphogenic potential preservation (up to the 12th passage) were observed in plants No. 3 and 9, whereas in No. 2, regeneration with a frequency of 3.6–9.7 % was observed only during three passages. Analysis of plants obtained from calli showed their variability in morphology – up to 12.5 % of the samples had deviations compared to the initial cultivar ‘S-785’ in leaf shape, inflorescence structure, flower color, etc. Somaclonal changes in morphological and economically useful traits revealed in regenerants indicate that they are promising for use in sage breeding.
Análisis hidrológico e hidráulico del potencial de inundación
Authors: Bladés Benítez Mario Andrés , López Soto Juan Gabriel
Published: April 2021

La cuidad de Tarija – Bolivia enfrenta permanentes inundaciones en zonas urbanas producto de su crecimiento y desarrollo hacia las zonas naturales. Esta investigación se propuso realizar modelaciones hidrológicas e hidráulicas de las subcuencas de la quebrada El Monte que permitan determinar la vulnerabilidad de los terrenos y obras civiles próximas; mediante un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal y enfoque cuantitativo en el que se realizaron evaluaciones hidrológicas e hidráulicas a través de los programas HEC-HMS y HEC-RAS. Como resultado se determinaron zonas con mayor peligro de inundación: las zonas Cine la Torre y Tarija Tenis Club se afectan en un periodo de retorno de 10 años; la zona Hospital Obrero, en 25 años; y la zona Coliseo Universitario, en 50 años. Se concluyó la urgencia de tomar medidas que implican reordenamiento territorial de la ciudad y desarrollo de obras civiles, para prevenir daños significativos en la población en los próximos 10 años.
Modeling of Extreme Crude Oil Price using the Generalized Pareto Distribution: Brent and West Texas Benchmark Price
Authors: Amachukwu Ngozi J. , Obiora-Ilouno Happiness O. , Obisue Edwin I.
Published: April 2021

Background and objective: Crude oil is an essential commodity in many countries of the world. This work studies the risk involved in the extreme crude oil price, using the daily crude oil price of the Brent and the West Texas benchmark from year 1990 to 2019.

Materials and methods: The Peak Over Threshold (POT) approach of the Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) was used to model the extreme crude oil price while the value at risk and the expected shortfall was used to quantify the risk involved in extreme price of crude oil. The GPD, using the Q-Q plot was found to be a good model for the extreme values of the crude oil price.

Results: The Value at Risk (VaR) and the Expected Shortfall (ES) calculated at 90%, 95% and 99% with the Maximum Likelihood estimators of GPD parameters and the threshold values were found to decrease with increase in quantile for both benchmark. This shows that risk involved in extreme crude oil price will be borne only by the investors and public.

Conclusion: It was also found that the VaR and ES of the Brent are higher than that of West Texas. This implies that it is safer to invest in West Texas crude oil.
A Review on Impact of Chicken Egg Shell Powder on Strength Characteristics of Cement Concrete
Authors: M.S. Sugirtha , K Sargunan
Published: April 2021

This paper summarizes the upshot of various research papers deals with the investigations on cement concrete proportioned with eggshell powder as a substitute mantle for cement. Although, it aims to understand the approaches covered by main research streams in area so as to highlight the advantages and uses of calcium rich material. Developed, developing countries nowadays exploits the potentiality of chicken eggshell powder and in a way they were fruitfully cast it on as an ingredient of animal and poultry feed, land fertilizer and even an excellent substitute option in construction industries. These marginal usages fed in to the minimization of open land disposal scenarios which associates landfill problems, human and environmental health issues. This paper briefly reveals the investigations endured on strength and structural characteristics of conventional cement concrete that are evenly proportioned with calcium rich eggshell powder and their potential feasibilities were exemplified.
Research on Self Compacting Concrete: A Futuristic Concrete
Authors: J Abdul Bari , S Umamageshwaran
Published: April 2021

Concrete is most widely used in the construction industry and now-a-days Self compaction concrete is used because of its easy flow able properties and reduction in construction time. Self compacting concrete (SSC) is a basic type of concrete that does not required any kind of compaction or vibration. SCC was first developed by Okamura in Japan during the year 1980. This type of concrete flows easily around the reinforcement and into all corners of formwork and also it saves time, labor and energy. Different admixtures are used to produce effective self compacting concrete (SCC). The workability characteristics of SCC will be evaluated by the following tests like Slump Flow, V- Funnel, L-box Test. Many researches were carried out around the world with regards to different applications on properties and mix proportions. This paper includes the literature reviews related to behavior of self compacting concrete also deals with the strength and behavior of self compacting concrete using fibrous materials and mineral admixtures.
Study on Flexural strength of RC Beams Using Polymer Infiltrated Steel Fiber Laminates
Authors: T Pradeep , C Dhanendhra Prabhu
Published: April 2021

An experimental investigation is made for strengthening of RC beams. This research is currently being focused on the use of correct material for repair and strengthening of existing reinforced concrete structure and the research is also concern about the effective utilization of aggregate in construction industry due to scarcity of natural resources. Strengthening can be done by using polymer which includes high steel fiber. Here crimpled steel fiber is used having 0.5mm diameter and aspect ratio of 50. This study is meant for analyzing the flexural behavior of external bonded reinforced concrete beam. The external strengthening is need for increasing durability & serviceability of the member. In total four number of beam specimens were casted and tested less than two points loading. Out of four specimens, one was conventional and for the next beam laminates bonded at bottom and beam bonded at bottom and lateral faces and beam laminated by all the four sides. The cross sectional dimension of beam 1100 mm x 100 mm x 150 mm. Load deflection characteristics of the specimens were studied and energy absorption were calculated. An analytical model was created with ANSYS and the experimental results were compared with the software.
رهن المنقولات غير المادية
Authors: عبد الرضا حسين عبد الله
Published: April 2021

اذا كانت الفكرة التقليدية لتقسيم الاموال الى عقارات و منقولات قد صمدت امام الهزات العنيفة التي تعرضت لها ، فانه لا ينكر من ظهور طائفة من الاموال لم تستطع تلك الفكرة التقليدية ان تستوعبها و تخضعها للاجراءات الخاصة بها.

  ان هذه الطائفة من الاموال ظهرت نتيجة للتطور العلمي و التقني و الفني مما اضطر المشرعين للاعتراف بها في قوانين خاصة و ذلك لما تشكله من قيمة اقتصادية عالية تفوق احيانا القيمة المالية للعقارات و المنقولات ، و اطلق الفقه على هذه الطائفة الجديدة  الاموال غير المادية ( الاموال المعنوية ) مثل حقوق المؤلف ، و براءات الاختراع ، و برامج الحاسوب ، و الاصناف النباتية ، و المحل التجاري و ...الخ، من الاموال غير المادية.

  اذا كانت هذه الاموال غير المادية او المعنوية لها قيمة اقتصادية كما اسلفنا تفوق احيانا قيمة المنقولات و العقارات فانها و لدت رغبة جامحة لدى مالكيها للاستفادة منها ماديا من خلال بيعها او رهنها للحصول على الائتمان اللازم لتغطية قرض مالي او ضمان لوفاء دين معين مثلا.

  و اذا كانت هذه الاموال تصلح ان تكون محلا لعقد الرهن باعتبارها المال المرهون لما لها من قيمة مالية ، و لما تمنحه للدائنين من ثقة و ضمان بسب ارتفاع قيمتها الاقتصادية.

  فان ذلك بالمقابل ولد مشاكل قانونية في نظام التامينات العينية بصورة عامة ، و اخرى في نظام الرهن بصورة خاصة وذلك لعدم خضوع هذه الاموال تحت اي من نظامي الرهن الرسمي او الحيازي ، و ذلك لانها ليست بعقار لكي تخضع للرهن الرسمي فضلا عن عدم قابليتها او امكانية حيازتها حتى تخضع لنظام الرهن الحيازي.

  عليه و من هنا برزت اهمية البحث في هذا الموضوع الخاص برهن المنقولات غير المادية لمعالجة المشاكل الناشئة عن الطبيعة غير المادية لهذه الاموال و عدم قابليتها للحيازة.

  فضلا عن لجوء بعض المشرعين الى تنظيم احكام خاصة لرهن هذه المنقولات غير المادية في قوانينها الخاصة و هو مما ادى الى نشوء انظمة متعددة لرهن هذه المنقولات و من ثم تعددت الاجراءات الخاصة برهن كل مال من هذه الاموال.

  لذلك سوف نتناول هذا البحث في ثلاثة فصول ، نتناول في الفصل الاول ماهية المنقولات غير المادية حيث سنوضح المنقولات غير المادية التي يجوز رهنها ، ومن ثم نتناول الطبيعة القانونية للمنقولات غير المادية ، و في المبحث الثاني سنتناول شروط رهن المنقولات غير المادية حيث سنتناول الشروط العامة و الشروط الخاصة برهن هذه المنقولات و في المبحث الثالث سنتناول التكيف القانوني لعقد رهن المنقولات غير المادية حيث سنوضح فيه الاتجاهات القانونية السائدة لتكيف العقد ثم نحاول وضع تحليل قانوني مقترح لهذ العقد.
المسوؤلية عن انتهاكات التراث الثقافي في القانون الدولي
Authors: خلف حسام عبد الامير
Published: April 2021

ان انتشار الصراعات بين الاديان والاعراق لايعني فقط الهجمات ضد السكان المدنيين ولكن ايضا في كثير من الحالات، تدمير الاهداف او الممتلكات ذات الخصائص المدنية التي تشكل التراث الثقافي . اعمال التخريب او التدمير الموجهة ضد هذه الممتلكات شائعة لاسيما في مثل هذه النزاعات ، حيث ان مثل هذه الممتلكات عادة ماتعتبر بمثابة رمز للهوية الثقافية وتاريخ للطرف الخصم ، ولكن في نفس الوقت ، تعتبر جزءا من التراث الانساني ،أن واجب الحماية هنا لايقع على عاتق الدولة ذات العلاقة فحسب ، بل انها تشمل المجتمع الدولي ككل باعتبار انه التزام اتجاه الكافة والذي بدوره يرتب المسؤولية الجنائية الدولي والفردية بالنسبة الى الاطراف المخالفة.
Bilateral Temporal Kemik Fraktürüne Bağlı Sensörinöral İşitme Kaybı: Olgu Sunumu
Authors: İYNEN İsmail , ERDEMES Servet , AKBAŞ Ali , AYRAL Müslüm , ÇOBAN Mustafa
Published: April 2021

Temporal kemik fraktürü nedeniyle başvuran hastalarda timpanikmembranperforasyonu, orta kulak hasarı, sensörinöral işitme kaybı ve kemikçik kopuklukları gibi çok çeşitli otolojik problemler görülebilir. Temporal kemik fraktürü oluşan hastalarda dikkatli bir odyovestibüler değerlendirme yapılması gereklidir. Bu çalışmada bilateraltemporal kemik fraktürü nedeniyle timpanikmembran sağlam ve ileri derecede bilatralsensörinöral işitme kaybı olan bir olguyu sunduk. Hastaya medikal tedavi uygulandıktan sonra düzelme olmaması üzerine koklearimplantçerrahisi uygulandı. Bilateraltemporal kemik fraktürü sonucu bilateral ileri derecede sensörinöral işitme kaybı nadir görülür. Bu hastalar uygun medikal tedaviden sonra düzelme olmazsa koklearimplant uygulanabilir.
Las luchas por la justicia ambiental en la Argentina sojera
Authors:   Tulane University, Leguizamón Amalia
Published: April 2021

Este trabajo explora la distribución desigual de los beneficios, así como los costos sociales y ambientales del modelo sojero en Argentina y su impacto en el surgimiento de las luchas sociales por la justicia ambiental. En la década de 1990 Argentina adoptó un modelo agroindustrial neoliberal basado en la producción de soja transgénica para la exportación. Aunque celebrado como un éxito, la expansión de los monocultivos de soja transgénica ha acarreado graves impactos socioecológicos. Diversos actores sociales han comenzado a movilizarse en contra de la injusticia ambiental resultante. El artículo se centra en el movimiento campesino-indígena del norte de Argentina que pelea por sus derechos territoriales y en los movimientos en contra de las fumigaciones con agroquímicos en la región central pampeana. Dichos grupos, relativamente sin poder para controlar los recursos donde viven, reciben poco o ningún beneficio de la producción de soja transgénica en su entorno y, sin embargo, soportan la mayor parte de los costos sociales y ecológicos. Tales luchas vinculan el bienestar ambiental y social, convirtiéndose en pugnas por la sustentabilidad ecológica, la justicia social y la equidad.
¿De dónde viene el «neoestructuralismo latinoamericano»?
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Mallorquín Carlos
Published: April 2021

A partir de la obra de Sunkel, se aborda la ambigüedad de la acepción neoestructuralismo; paralelamente, se examinan autores primigenios y el vocabulario que manejan en torno a esa temática. Esto último no armoniza del todo con lo expuesto por Sunkel ni tampoco con Prebisch, antes del primer lustro de la década de 1970 hasta su culminación en Capitalismo periférico, crisis y transformación. En ese sentido, según la excursión conceptual realizada, se trata de uno de los frutos del progreso teórico del pensamiento latinoamericano, bajo la singularidad con la que Sunkel se integró a él. A lo largo del artículo se tratan diversos aspectos: a) vocabulario y postura del estructuralismo como posible alternativa ante los embates del neoliberalismo; b) evolución de la perspectiva de Sunkel; c) transición y debates contemporáneos, así como su postura teórica; d) elementos teóricos sobre el estructuralismo latinoamericano que pese a su preponderancia se han olvidado en la actualidad.
El fetiche del valor de la ciencia
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Foladori Guillermo
Published: April 2021

En las últimas décadas variados analistas y políticos coinciden en que la producción de conocimiento es clave para el desarrollo. Se habla de una economía del conocimiento. Estos autores provienen, en gran medida, de escuelas teóricas que consideran que valor y precio son lo mismo. La identidad entre precio y valor es explícita en quienes sostienen, por ejemplo, que las cibermonedas que se emiten sin respaldo material crean valor cuando aumenta su precio. En el presente artículo se analiza el valor del conocimiento desde la perspectiva de la teoría del valor de Marx, también se muestra el fetiche que representa la consigna de que el conocimiento crea valor y apoya el desarrollo. Esa última aseveración no debe conducir a equívocos, porque como economía mundial el conocimiento no aporta ningún valor y, por lo tanto, no colabora en el desarrollo capitalista, aunque lo pueda hacer en el ámbito local o nacional.
Cuando el turismo invade el Centro Histórico: Santiago de Querétaro
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Hiernaux-Nicolas Daniel , González Gómez Carmen Imelda ,   Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro
Published: April 2021

La búsqueda del crecimiento económico de las ciudades a partir del desarrollo de actividades turísticas se ha vuelto una constante en numerosas urbes del mundo. En este trabajo se analiza el proceso de «turistificación» del Centro Histórico de la ciudad de Querétaro. Inicialmente se partió de la hipótesis de un proceso de transformación de ese centro por una gentrificación convencional, el estudio permitió identificar las políticas turísticas como las principales responsables de la turistificación intensiva analizada a detalle en el Barrio de la Cruz. Se muestra la dependencia de esas políticas dentro de los planteamientos internacionales sobre patrimonio y su relación con el turismo, la carencia de propuestas originales de la clase política local y los crecientes efectos perversos que la invasión del espacio central queretano genera sobre la población, en particular sobre la de menores ingresos que es progresivamente expulsada del centro, con lo que se cumple de esta manera con una gentrificación inducida.
Actualidad y vigencia del marxismo en el siglo XXI
Authors:   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Montaño Carlos
Published: April 2021

El presente artículo tiene el propósito de analizar la actualidad y la vigencia del marxismo en el siglo XXI. A partir de las tres fuentes de la obra de Marx, de acuerdo con Lenin, y de la caracterización lukacsiana de la ortodoxia, en la introducción se aborda el tema del llamado «marxismo ortodoxo», fiel al método marxiano y a sus fundamentos. En la primera sección se analizan los fundamentos marxianos y los del «marxismo ortodoxo» (la ontología, el método y la concepción de la historia). En la segunda sección se abordan los cambios (continuidades y rupturas) del capitalismo en movimiento y cómo estos han sido tratados por el «marxismo ortodoxo», mostrando el movimiento del pensamiento marxista en conjunción con el movimiento de la realidad. Finalmente, a modo de conclusión, se considera la actualidad y la vitalidad del marxismo en el siglo XXI.