bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ICF Core Sets for the assessment of functioning of adults with cerebral palsy
Authors: Noten Suzie , Selb Melissa , Troenosemito Lorenzo A A , Thorpe Deborah E , Rodby‐Bousquet Elisabet , van der Slot Wilma M A , Roebroeck Marij E ,   the ICF Core Set for Adults with CP Consensus Group
Published: November 2021

Aim

To report on the results of the online international consensus process to develop the comprehensive and brief International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets for adults with cerebral palsy (CP).

Method

An online iterative decision‐making and consensus process involved 25 experts, including clinicians and researchers working with adults with CP, an adult with CP, and the parents of adults with CP from all six regions of the World Health Organization. The most relevant categories were selected from a list of 154 unique second‐level candidate categories to develop the ICF Core Sets for adults with CP. This list resulted from evidence gathered during four preparatory studies, that is, a systematic literature review, a qualitative study, an expert survey, and an empirical study.

Results

The consensus process resulted in the comprehensive ICF Core Set containing 120 second‐level ICF categories: 33 body functions; eight body structures; 50 activities and participation; and 29 environmental factors, from which the most essential categories, 33 in total, were selected for the brief ICF Core Set. For body functions, most of the categories were mental functions and neuromusculoskeletal and movement‐related functions. Body structures were mostly related to movement. All the chapters of the activities and participation component were represented, with mobility and self‐care as the most frequently covered chapters. For environmental factors, most of the categories addressed products and technology and services, systems, and policies.

Interpretation

The comprehensive and brief ICF Core Sets for adults with CP were created using a new online version of an established ICF Core Set consensus process. These Core Sets complement the age‐specific ICF Core Sets for children and young people with CP and will promote standardized data collection worldwide.
Managing hyperglycaemia during antenatal steroid administration, labour and birth in pregnant women with diabetes – an updated guideline from the Joint British Diabetes Society for Inpatient Care
Authors: Dashora Umesh , Levy Nicholas , Dhatariya Ketan , Willer Nina , Castro Erwin , Murphy Helen R. ,   the Joint British Diabetes Societies In Patient group
Published: November 2021

This article summarises the Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care guidelines on the management of glycaemia in pregnant women with diabetes on obstetric wards and delivery units, Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for Inpatient Care Group, ABCD (Diabetes Care) Ltd. The updated guideline offers two approaches – the traditional approach with tight glycaemic targets (4.0–7.0 mmol/L) and an updated pragmatic approach (5.0–8.0 mmol/L) to reduce the risk of maternal hypoglycaemia whilst maintaining safe glycaemia. This is particularly relevant for women with type 1 diabetes who are increasingly using Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) and Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) during pregnancy. All women with diabetes should have a documented delivery plan agreed during antenatal clinic appointments. Hyperglycaemia following steroid administration can be managed either by increasing basal and prandial insulin doses, typically by 50% to 80%, or by adding a variable rate of intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII). Glucose levels, either capillary blood glucose or CGM glucose levels, should be measured at least hourly from the onset of established labour, artificial rupture of membranes or admission for elective caesarean section. If intrapartum glucose levels are higher than 7.0 or 8.0 mmol/L on two consecutive occasions, VRIII is recommended. Hourly capillary blood glucose rather than CGM glucose measurements should be used to adjust VRIII. The recommended substrate fluid to be administered alongside a VRIII is 0.9% sodium chloride solution with 5% glucose and 0.15% potassium chloride (KCl) (20 mmol/L) or 0.3% KCl (40 mmol/L) at 50 ml/hr. Both the VRIII and CSII rates should be reduced by at least 50% after delivery.
Corruption, gender, and small‐scale cross‐border trade in East Africa: A review
Authors: Klopp Jacqueline M. , Trimble Melissa , Wiseman Eleanor
Published: November 2021

Motivation

Small‐scale cross‐border trade is critically important to livelihoods and food security in East Africa, but bribes, harassment, and violence remain serious problems. Based on current research, we ask which anti‐corruption interventions tend to work to improve the conditions of these traders?

Purpose

This article critically and systematically reviews a growing literature on small‐scale cross‐border trade, corruption, and gender. The aim is to synthesize and assess the current state of knowledge, highlight progress, and gaps, and assess the potential of anti‐corruption programmes to address the needs of traders.

Methods and approach

A systematic literature review with supplementary interviews with traders and policy actors.

Findings

We found research is increasingly drawing on diversifying interdisciplinary methods and focusing on individual trader behaviours, networks, interactions with state actors, and, increasingly, on gendered dynamics; more work might focus on state actors, especially the police, and what determines how bribes function and their levels. Associations, civil society, and the platforms, both informal and formal, by which traders voice concern and confront government officials, as well as how traders choose between formal and informal pathways, and how these pathways interact, require more attention.

Policy implications

Government reforms like the One Stop Border Post, need to be better tailored to the specific, gendered needs of small‐scale cross‐border traders. Simplifying and reducing formal border procedures, reducing tariffs, improving information desks and complaints mechanisms are all needed to enhance access and accountability. Programmes that support access to capital, business support, networking, and knowledge around border procedures have positive impacts, as do those that promote strong associations to put to the government the specific needs of small‐scale traders. Police reform tailored to border areas is also required.
Elevated uric acid is related to the no‐/slow‐reflow phenomenon in STEMI undergoing primary PCI
Authors: Hu Xiangming , Yang Xing , Li Xida , Li Guang , Zhou Yingling , Dong Haojian
Published: November 2021

Background

No‐/slow‐reflow phenomenon (NRP) is a severe complication in patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). This study aimed to explore the relationship between elevated serum uric acid (SUA) and NRP in patients with STEMI undergoing pPCI, focusing on inflammation and angiographic findings.

Methods

A total of 610 patients who received pPCI for STEMI were retrospectively enrolled. Patients were divided into a hyperuricaemia group and a non‐hyperuricaemia group according to SUA levels. Clinical information and angiographic indicators were compared between the two groups. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow and TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) <3 after stent implantation were defined as TIMI‐NRP and TMPG‐NRP, respectively. A logistic model was used to analyse the relationship between hyperuricaemia and NRP.

Results

The hyperuricaemia group had a higher incidence of TIMI‐NRP (24.9% vs 14.0%, p < .001) and TMPG‐NRP (33.0% vs 24.9%, p = .03), higher levels of C‐reactive protein (7.2 vs 4.1 mg/L, p < .001) and worse left ventricular ejection fraction (51.5% vs 54.0%, p = .002) than the non‐hyperuricaemia group. As for angiographic findings, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of lesion characteristics measured by quantitative coronary angiography. After multivariable adjustment, elevated SUA was significantly associated with TIMI‐NRP (odds ratio: 1.94, 95% confidence interval: 1.24–3.01, p = .003). Subgroup analysis showed that the effect of hyperuricaemia in TIMI‐NRP was more pronounced in patients with delayed perfusion as well as in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Conclusions

Elevated SUA is associated with severe inflammation and has higher incidence of TIMI‐NRP in patients with STEMI undergoing pPCI, especially in those with delayed perfusion or diabetes mellitus.
Seattle's local minimum wage and earnings inequality
Authors: Long Mark C.
Published: November 2021

During the past 6 years, a wave of local minimum wage laws passed in the United States with policymakers and advocates framing the policy as a means of reducing income inequality. This report evaluates whether one of the first of these efforts, Seattle's $15 minimum wage ordinance, lowered inequality of earnings of workers in the city. I find that inequality among workers who earned less than the city's median wage was modestly reduced, yet overall earnings inequality substantially increased during the period in which the ordinance was phased in, likely for reasons unrelated to the minimum wage law.
Empathy and sibling relationship dynamics of women in emerging adulthood: Mixed‐method research
Authors: Gungordu Nahide , Ozturk Burcu , Hernandez‐Reif Maria
Published: November 2021

Objective

This study aimed to explore sibling relationship quality and empathy of women in emerging adulthood.

Background

The gender composition of siblings is a significant feature affecting their relationship dynamics. In particular, women, compared with men, report closer sibling relationships with their sisters and brothers. Similarly, women are better at understanding and experiencing empathy. However, it is unclear whether these empathic tendencies displayed by women are connected to their sibling relationship quality or whether affective and cognitive empathy skills may relate to sibling relationship dynamics.

Methods

A mixed‐method explanatory sequential design was used to evaluate sibling relationships of emerging adult women (N = 284) with standardized questionnaires and explain the reasons behind the results by interviewing a subsample of the participants (n = 9).

Results

Results indicated that affective empathy and cognitive empathy were linked to sibling relationship quality of women, and major issues in the family play a crucial role in sibling closeness and empathy.

Conclusion

The current study expands our understanding of the association between empathy and sibling relationship dynamics for emerging adult women.

Implications

Programs designed to improve sibling relationship quality may facilitate empathy development, particularly during family crises such as divorce, death, or disease.
Unexpected high retention of15N‐labeled nitrogen in a tropical legume forest under long‐term nitrogen enrichment
Authors: Mao Jinhua , Mao Qinggong , Gundersen Per , Gurmesa Geshere A. , Zhang Wei , Huang Juan , Wang Senhao , Li Andi , Wang Yufang , Guo Yabing , Liu Rongzhen , Mo Jiangming , Zheng Mianhai
Published: November 2021

The responses of forests to nitrogen (N) deposition largely depend on the fates of deposited N within the ecosystem. Nitrogen‐fixing legume trees widely occur in terrestrial forests, but the fates of deposited N in legume‐dominated forests remain unclear, which limit a global evaluation of N deposition impacts and feedbacks on carbon sequestration. Here, we performed the first ecosystem‐scale15N labeling experiment in a typical legume‐dominated forest as well as in a nearby non‐legume forest to determine the fates of N deposition between two different forest types and to explore their underlying mechanisms. The15N was sprayed bimonthly for 1 year to the forest floor in control and N addition (50 kg N ha−1 year−1for 10 years) plots in both forests. We unexpectedly found a strong capacity of the legume forest to retain deposited N, with 75 ± 5% labeled N recovered in plants and soils, which was higher than that in the non‐legume forest (56 ± 4%). The higher15N recovery in legume forest was mainly driven by uptake by the legume trees, in which15N recovery was approximately 15% more than that in the nearby non‐legume trees. This indicates higher N‐demand by the legume than non‐legume trees. Mineral soil was the major sink for deposited N, with 39 ± 4% and 34 ± 3% labeled N retained in the legume and non‐legume forests, respectively. Moreover, N addition did not significantly change the15N recovery patterns of both forests. Overall, these findings indicate that legume‐dominated forests act as a strong sink for deposited N regardless of high soil N availability under long‐term atmospheric N deposition, which suggest a necessity to incorporate legume‐dominated forests into N‐cycling models of Earth systems to improve the understanding and prediction of terrestrial N budgets and the global N deposition effects.
Long‐term trends in gastropod abundance and biodiversity: Disentangling effects of press versus pulse disturbances
Authors: Willig Michael R. , Presley Steven J.
Published: November 2021

Aim

Climate‐induced pulse (e.g., hurricanes) and press (e.g., global warming) disturbances represent threats to populations, communities, and the ecosystem services that they provide. We leveraged three decades of annual data on tropical gastropods to quantify the effects of major hurricanes, associated secondary succession, and global warming on abundance, biodiversity, and species composition.

Location

Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico.

Methods

Gastropod abundance, biodiversity, and composition were estimated annually for each of 27 years in a tropical montane forest that experienced three major hurricanes (Hugo, Georges, and Maria). Generalized linear mixed‐effects, linear mixed‐effects, and linear models evaluated population‐ and community‐level responses to year, ambient temperature, understorey temperature, hurricane, and time since hurricane. Variation partitioning determined the unique and shared variation in biotic responses associated with temperature, disturbance, and succession.

Results

Rather than declining, gastropod abundances generally increased through time, whereas the responses of biodiversity were weak and scale dependent. Hurricanes and associated secondary succession, rather than ambient atmospheric temperature, moulded long‐term trends in abundances and biodiversity.

Main conclusions

Global warming over the past 30 years has not progressed sufficiently to elicit significant responses by gastropods in the Luquillo Mountains. Rather, effects from pulse disturbances (i.e., hurricanes) and secondary succession currently drive long‐term variation in abundance and biodiversity. Gastropods evince high resilience in this tropical ecosystem. Historical exposure to recurrent hurricanes likely imbued the fauna with broad niches that make them resistant to current levels of global warming. We predict that biotic resiliency will be challenged once changes in temperature exceed interannual and inter‐habitat differences that typify this hurricane‐mediated system, or combine with an increased frequency of hurricanes and droughts to alter associations among environmental characteristics that define the fundamental niches of species. Only then might significant declines in abundance or the appearance of novel communities characterize the gastropod fauna in the Luquillo Mountains.
Key roles for the freezing line and disturbance in driving the low plant species richness of temperate regions
Authors: Rana Suresh K. , White Alexander E. , Price Trevor D.
Published: November 2021

Aim

At the macroscale, climate strongly correlates with species richness gradients, resulting from differences in in‐situ diversification and dispersal. One historical explanation for the pattern is that regions spanning temperate climates contain few species because past disturbances have generated high extinction rates, and species from tropical regions are unable to easily colonize temperate regions. We test these postulates for Himalayan plants, which span subtropical to temperate climates over steep elevational gradients.

Location

Himalaya.

Time period

Present day.

Major taxa studied

Angiosperms.

Methods

We use a comprehensive survey of 31 floras to document the elevational and geographical distributions of native Himalayan plants, augmented by field studies of trees in both the east and west Himalaya. We use grade of membership models to cluster species according to locations shared and phylogenetic analysis to evaluate diversification rates.

Results

Species fall into four cohesive biotas, organized by climate. Points of turnover between biotas occur where the mean minimum temperature of the coldest month is approximately 0 °C (2,000–2,500 m), and at the point of occasional annual freezing (1,000–1,500 m); these boundaries run the length of the Himalaya. The patterns are retained when we consider whole clades rather than species. All plants (and the subsets trees, herbs and shrubs) belonging to the biota above the 2,000–2,500 m line have higher recent speciation rates than those lower down.

Main conclusions

We attribute the high rate of recent speciation in temperate climates to high rates of turnover, creating ecological and geographical opportunity. The high elevation biota has few species, but spans the largest area, implying species numbers are far from any carrying capacity, at least with respect to accumulation of allopatric forms. This study thus links climatic restrictions of clades to differences in diversification rates, and by inference species numbers.
Regional polarization in Turkey
Authors: Yılmaz Ensar , Kaplan Zeynep
Published: November 2021

In this study using household data, we aim to track the trends in regional income polarization in Turkey and focus on the extent of and trends in regional income disparity. With the help of classical and newly developed indexes and decomposition methodologies, we estimate the polarization level, temporal trends and the decomposition within and between regions of the western and eastern regions in Turkey. We also analysed the impact of being in the east or in the west on income polarization, controlling for other individual and household characteristics. To shed more light on the underlying mechanisms behind the polarization between two regions, we performed an ordered logit regression.
Early experience of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma BCLC‐B stage patients classified as beyond up to seven criteria – Multicenter analysis
Authors: Hiraoka Atsushi , Kumada Takashi , Tada Toshifumi , Hirooka Masashi , Kariyama Kazuya , Tani Joji , Atsukawa Masanori , Takaguchi Koichi , Itobayashi Ei , Fukunishi Shinya , Tsuji Kunihiko , Ishikawa Toru , Tajiri Kazuto , Ochi Hironori , Yasuda Satoshi , Toyoda Hidenori , Ogawa Chikara , Nishimura Takashi , Hatanaka Takeshi , Kakizaki Satoru , Shimada Noritomo , Kawata Kazuhito , Naganuma Atsushi , Tanaka Takaaki , Ohama Hideko , Nouso Kazuhiro , Morishita Asahiro , Tsutsui Akemi , Nagano Takuya , Itokawa Norio , Okubo Tomomi , Arai Taeang , Imai Michitaka , Koizumi Yohei , Nakamura Shinichiro , Joko Kouji , Iijima Hiroko , Hiasa Yoichi , Kudo Masatoshi ,   the Real‐life Practice Experts for HCC (RELPEC) Study Group,   HCC 48 Group (Hepatocellular Carcinoma Experts from 48 Clinics in Japan
Published: November 2021

Background/Aim

Although systemic therapy is recommended for patients with multiple intermediate stage unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (u‐HCC) classified as beyond the up‐to‐7 criteria (UT‐7 out/multiple) as a transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) unsuitable condition, few reports have examined the therapeutic efficacy of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab combination therapy (Atez/Bev) in such cases. This study aimed to elucidate the therapeutic response of Atez/Bev in u‐HCC patients classified as UT‐7 out/multiple.

Material/Methods

From September 2020 to September 2021, 95 u‐HCC Japanese patients classified as UT‐7 out/multiple/Child‐Pugh A were enrolled from 21 institutions (median age 76 years, males 73, Child‐Pugh 5:6 = 68:27, TNM stage II:III = 17:78). Therapeutic response was retrospectively evaluated using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), ver. 1.1 and modified RECIST (mRECIST).

Results

Atez/Bev was given as first‐line treatment to 52 (54.7%). Objective response rate (ORR)/disease control rate (DCR) at six weeks of RECIST and mRECIST were 17.7%/84.7% and 42.5%/86.2%, respectively. Median PFS was 8.0 months (median observation period: 6.0 months). Child‐Pugh A/modified Albumin‐bilirubin grade (mALBI) 1 and 2a at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 weeks, were 100%/69.4%, 89.8%/57.3%, 94.8%/65.3%, and 91.4%/60.0%, respectively. Among adverse events (any‐grade, >10%) during the present observation period, general fatigue was most frequent (23.2%), followed by urine protein (21.1%), appetite loss (20.0%), and hypertension (13.7%).

Conclusion

Atez/Bev treatment showed favorable therapeutic response with less influence on hepatic function, suggesting it as a useful therapeutic option for patients with such condition.
Preparation of SiC coated graphite flake with much improved performance via a molten salt shielded method
Authors: Yin Yicheng , Wang Shijie , Zhang Shaowei , Cui Junyan , Liu Xinhong , Jia Quanli
Published: November 2021

Oxide‐based castables have been used in high‐temperature furnace linings, especially for steel and iron processing, however, the poor thermal shock resistance and corrosion resistance limited the further enhancement of their service life. Carbon possesses excellent performances including low wettability to slag, low thermal expansion coefficient, which can greatly improve thermal shock resistance and slag resistance of oxide‐based castables. However, it has poor water‐wettability and oxidation resistance, which limited its application in the castables. Many efforts have been attempted to improve water‐wettability of graphite flake used for carbon‐containing castables, but it is still a huge challenge. In this work, a facile method for fabricating silicon carbide (SiC) coated graphite flakes has been firstly proposed by using graphite flake and silicon powder as the precursors via a molten salt shielded synthesis technique in air atmosphere, KCl was chosen to be a salt encapsulation providing a liquid reaction medium and a shield against oxidation of air. Effects of firing temperature, holding time, and molar ratio of Si and graphite flake on the formation of SiC coatings were investigated. The results show that the as‐prepared SiC coated graphite powders were loose and non‐agglomerated, and the coatings with ∼5 μm in thickness were crack‐free and firmly grown on the surface of graphite flake, composed of SiC nanosized particles. Compared to uncoated graphite flake, the SiC coated graphite possessed significantly improved water‐wettability, dispersibility, and oxidation resistance, making it to be a prime carbon form for fabricating carbon‐containing castables.
Assessment of cognitive flexibility in personnel selection: Validity and acceptance of a gamified version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Authors: Hommel Björn E. , Ruppel Regina , Zacher Hannes
Published: November 2021

The present study contributes to the emerging field of gamification in personnel selection by examining validity and acceptance of the Gamified Set‐Shifting Task (GSST), which is based on a well‐established neuropsychological test of cognitive flexibility, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Results based on a sample of 180 participants in an online study provided preliminary support for construct and criterion‐related validity. The GSST was better accepted among test‐takers than both the WCST and a cognitive ability test. Overall, the findings suggest that the GSST may be an attractive and valid method to assist organizations in selecting employees who are able to adapt to changing environments.
Capacity of adherence, invasion and intracellular survival of Streptococcus uberis biofilm-forming strains
Authors: Moliva Melina V. , Campra Noelia , Ibañez Mercedes , Cristofolini Andrea L. , Merkis Cecilia I. , Reinoso Elina B.
Published: November 2021

Aim

Nine Streptococcus uberis strains with different biofilm-forming profiles in relation to their capacity of adherence and invasion to MAC-T cell lines were examined. Additionally, virulence genes were also linked to adherence and invasion.

Methods and Results

All S. uberis were able to adhere and invade the cells at different levels. UB56 strain showed the highest percentage of internalization (3.65%) and presented a moderate level of adhesion (4.6 × 106). In contrast, UB152, the most adherent strain (8.7 × 106) showed a low capacity to internalize (0.65%). Eight strains were able to persist intracellularly over 96 h regardless of their adherence or invasion level. Statistical analysis between biofilm-forming ability and the adhesion capacity showed no significant differences. Presence of virulence genes involved in the adhesion process (gapC, hasABC, lbp, pauA and sua) showed that the strains harboured different genes and seven patterns could be observed.

Conclusion

Statistical analysis showed no correlation between the virulence gene patterns and the adhesion capacity or the percentage of internalization. Biofilm-forming ability did not influence the invasion capacity. Likewise, adherence and invasion capacity may be strain dependent.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Findings from this study provide new insights on biofilm and invasion capacity of S. uberis strains. Results could help to design adequate control strategies.
Importance of melanin‐based colouration and environment in shaping intracellular glutathione levels in nestling and adult tawny owls Strix aluco
Authors: Emaresi Guillaume , Bize Pierre , Roulin Alexandre
Published: November 2021

Resources allocated in reproduction are traded off against those invested in self‐maintenance such as antioxidant response. Glutathione (GSH) is an intracellular antioxidant defence that scavenges reactive oxygen species, the deleterious byproducts of oxygen consumption. Given the role of intracellular GSH in pheomelanogenesis, a trade‐off in GSH allocation between resistance in oxidative stress and melanin production may take place. To investigate how intracellular GSH is regulated in differently coloured individuals at the time of reproduction (in adults) and of intense melanogenesis (in nestlings), we measured the total pool of GSH produced (tGSH), consumed (oxGSH) and available (redGSH) in adult tawny owls and their offspring which were cross‐fostered between randomly chosen nests. Our goal was to describe potential correlations between resistance in oxidative stress and colour morphs in natural conditions. Nestling GSH levels were correlated with GSH levels in their genetic and foster parents suggesting that producing GSH is genetically and environmentally determined (although the effect of the foster nest seemed stronger). This species shows continuous variation in pheomelanin reddish colouration, which is associated with life‐history strategies. Based on the hypothesis of GSH dependence of pheomelanism, we expected a greater amount of oxGSH in dark compared to light pheomelanic nestlings, which was not the case. In contrast, light melanic breeding adults had higher levels of tGSH and redGSH than dark breeders probably because of a higher investment in antioxidant capacity. The link between pheomelanism and GSH may therefore be due to the fact that differently colored individuals have different life‐history strategies rather than because the production of pheomelanin pigments requires GSH.
What time do you plan to sleep tonight? An intense longitudinal study of adolescent daily sleep self‐regulation via planning and its associations with sleep opportunity
Authors: Maskevich Svetlana , Shen Lin , Drummond Sean P. A. , Bei Bei
Published: November 2021

Background

Most adolescents are sleep deprived on school days, yet how they self‐regulate their sleep–wake behaviours is poorly understood. Using ecological momentary assessment, this intense longitudinal study explored patterns of adolescents’ daily bedtime and risetime planning and execution, and whether these behaviours predicted sleep opportunity.

Methods

Every afternoon, for 2 school weeks and the subsequent 2 vacation weeks, 205 (54.1% female, 64.4% non‐White) adolescents from year 10 to 12 (M ± SDage = 16.9 ± 0.9) reported their plans for bedtime (BT) that evening, and for risetimes (RT) the following day. Actual daily sleep was measured via actigraphy and sleep diary.

Results

Some adolescents never planned bedtime (school 19.5%, non‐school 53.2%) or risetime (school 1.5%, non‐school 24.4%). More adolescents planned consistently (≥75% of days) on school (BT = 29.9%, RT = 61.3%) compared to non‐school nights (BT = 3.5%, RT = 2.5%). On average, adolescents went to bed later than planned, with longer delays on non‐school (71 min) compared to school nights (46 min). Of those who executed their plans within ≤15 min, more did it consistently (≥75% of days) on school (BT = 40.9%, RT = 67.7%) than on non‐school nights/days (BT = 29.7%, RT = 58.6%). Mixed effects models utilizing daily data, controlling for sex, race, and study day, showed that bedtime planning predicted longer time in bed (TIB; p < .01) on school and shorter TIB on non‐school nights (p < .01); and greater delay in actual (compared to planned) BT predicted shorter TIB (p < .001).

Conclusions

Adolescents may require support during the transition from parent‐controlled to autonomous sleep self‐regulation. Bedtime planning on school nights and going to bed as planned are two modifiable sleep regulatory behaviours that are protective and potential therapeutic targets for increasing sleep opportunity in adolescents.
Editorial Perspective: Adverse childhood events causally contribute to mental illness – we must act now and intervene early
Authors: Linden Wolfgang , LeMoult Joelle
Published: November 2021

We synthesized critical evidence regarding causal inferences of Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) exposure and subsequent disease development. Extensive and high‐quality research supports causal inferencing and offers a solid ground for policy‐ and decision‐makers interested in translating science into societal action. There is ample evidence supporting system‐wide implementation of prevention and treatment even though research on mechanisms needs to and will continue to offer additional insights.
Coupling a land surface model with a hydrodynamic model for regional flood risk assessment due to climate change: Application to the Susquehanna River near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Authors: Modi Parthkumar A. , Czuba Jonathan A. , Easton Zachary M.
Published: November 2021

An increase in heavy precipitation associated with climate change has exacerbated flooding in the Eastern U.S. To assess regional flood risk with changing climatic conditions, we demonstrate the application of a novel hydrologic modeling framework that integrates climate projections with a coupled Noah‐MP land surface model and a two‐dimensional HEC‐RAS hydrodynamic model. We employ this framework along a 41 km reach of the Susquehanna River near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where recent flood damages exceeded $2 billion (2011 Irene and Lee floods). Historical and future 30‐year and 100‐year peak‐discharge estimates were compared to assess how flood risk might be altered due to climate change. Results indicate that precipitation increases from climate change do not always lead to increases in flood risk, because interplay of hydrological components in the watershed, which are considered by Noah‐MP, largely controls flooding severity. However, climate change is expected to increase the severity of extreme events; if a 50‐year flood (the recurrence interval of Tropical Storm Lee) occurred toward the end of the 21st century in the worst‐case emission scenario, then flood volume would increase by 40% and flood extent by 15%, due to an increase in soil moisture from a wetter overall climate.
Accuracy of self‐ and proxy‐rated hearing among older adults with and without cognitive impairment
Authors: Kim Alexander S. , Betz Joshua F. , Albert Marilyn , Deal Jennifer A. , Faucette Sarah P. , Oh Esther S. , Reed Nicholas S. , Lin Frank R. , Nieman Carrie L.
Published: November 2021

Background

Hearing loss is highly prevalent among older adults with cognitive impairment and may exacerbate neuropsychiatric symptoms and affect interactions with others. Although audiometry is the gold standard for measuring hearing, it is not always used in research or clinical settings focused on the care of individuals with cognitive impairment. Subjective assessments of hearing, both self‐ and proxy‐rated, are widespread but may not adequately capture the presence of hearing loss as compared to audiometry. This study investigates the concordance between subjective and objective hearing assessments among older adults with and without cognitive impairment and evaluates factors associated with concordance.

Methods

Participants were a subset of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study (ARIC‐NCS), a prospective cohort study representing four US communities with adjudicated cognitive diagnoses and audiometric data, totaling 3326 self‐rated and 520 proxy‐rated hearing assessments. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated, and multivariable logistic regression estimated the magnitude of the association between the concordance of hearing assessments and variables of interest.

Results

Sensitivity and specificity for self‐rated hearing status were 71.2% and 85.9% among cognitively normal older adults, 61.1% and 84.9% among persons with MCI, and 52.6% and 81.2% among persons with dementia, respectively. For proxy‐rated hearing, sensitivity and specificity were 65.7% and 83.3% for persons with MCI and 73.3% and 60.3% for persons with dementia, respectively. Female sex was positively associated with concordance for self‐rated hearing assessments.

Conclusions

The low sensitivity of self‐ and proxy‐rated hearing assessments compared to audiometry suggests that hearing loss among older adults with cognitive impairment may go underreported and unaddressed in subjective assessments. Clinicians and researchers should recognize the limitations of using self‐ and proxy‐rated hearing assessments as measures of hearing status and incorporate objective audiometric evaluation whenever possible.
COMFORT communication in the ICU: Pilot test of a nurse‐led communication intervention for surrogates
Authors: Chen Chiahui , Sullivan Suzanne S. , Lorenz Rebecca A. , Wittenberg Elaine , Li Chin‐Shang , Chang Yu‐Ping
Published: November 2021

Aim

This study was designed to investigate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a nurse‐led communication intervention among surrogates in the intensive care unit (ICU) guided by the COMFORT (Connect; Options; Making meaning; Family caregivers; Openings; Relating; Team) communication model.

Background

As frontline communicators, nurses experience communication difficulties with surrogates who face complex informational and emotional barriers when making decisions for critically ill patients in the ICU. However, research on effective nurse communication focusing on both curative and end‐of‐life (EOL) care is lacking in the literature.

Design

A single‐centre two‐group pretest‐posttest quasi‐experiment.

Method

The total sample included 41 surrogates of adult ventilated patients. Twenty participants were allocated to the intervention group who received a daily 20‐min telephone call with content based on the COMFORT communication model. Twenty‐one participants comprised the control group who received usual care. Participants completed a questionnaire before and after the study measuring satisfaction, anxiety and depression, decisional conflict, and quality of communication. The Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonrandomized Designs (TREND) checklist was followed for nonrandomised controlled trials.

Result

The intervention was feasible, with 19 of 20 surrogates completing the follow‐up surveys, and 48 telephone conversations completed (48% of the planned phone calls). Surrogates' satisfaction was higher in the intervention group than in the control group after adjusting for the selected covariates (25.43 and 24.15, respectively; p = .512). Preliminary efficacy outcomes favouring the intervention included quality of communication with healthcare providers, but not surrogates' perceived depression/anxiety and decisional conflicts.

Conclusion

Implementation of the intervention is feasible, acceptable, and favourable among surrogates to improve quality of communication with healthcare providers in the ICU. Further research is needed to determine whether the intervention could be implemented by nurses to improve surrogates' outcomes in other ICUs.
Extracellular vesicles miR‐210 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and survival prediction of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Bigagli Elisabetta , Locatello Luca Giovanni , Di Stadio Arianna , Maggiore Giandomenico , Valdarnini Francesca , Bambi Franco , Gallo Oreste , Luceri Cristina
Published: November 2021

Background

The identification of early diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an unmet clinical need. We hypothesized that extracellular vesicles miR‐210 expression (EV‐miR‐210) could be a potential biomarker for OSCC diagnosis and follow‐up.

Methods

The expression of EV‐miR‐210 was measured in the plasma of OSCC patients (n = 30) and compared to that of controls (n = 14).

Results

The median EV‐miR‐210 expression was significantly higher in OSCC patients compared to controls who had often, undetectable levels (p < 0.0001). We performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for discriminating OSCC cases from controls. EV‐miR‐210 yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.9513 with sensitivity 92.3% and specificity 86.6%. Kaplan‐Meier curves indicated that high EV‐miR‐210 expression was associated with worse 3 years’ survival (p < 0.05). Cox regression hazard model indicated that high EV‐miR‐210, G2, and G3 grading and pathological nodal status (pN)>1 were independent predictors of worse survival in OSCC patients.

Conclusion

These preliminary data suggest that EV‐mir‐210 may be a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in OSCC.
Public Health and Armed Conflict: Immunization in Times of Systemic Disruptions
Authors: Østby Gudrun , Shemyakina Olga , Tollefsen Andreas Forø , Urdal Henrik , Verpoorten Marijke
Published: November 2021

Armed conflicts are a concern for human development and public health and represent a major impediment for realizing Sustainable Development Goal #3: to ensure healthy lives and promote well‐being for all at all ages. Vaccination programs can be highly politicized and subjected to major security constraints in war zones, reducing their effectiveness. This article studies how armed conflict impacts immunization rates among children, combining two large datasets. We use health data for 15 conflict‐affected countries in sub‐Saharan Africa, including multiple Demographic and Health Survey rounds for most. We exploit the fact that age‐appropriate vaccinations should take place in the child's first year of life and compare children aged one to five with varying degrees of (local) conflict exposure in their first year of life within the same countries and communities. We differentiate between the effects of local and country‐level exposure to conflict on childhood immunization rates. The regression results show that conflict has a nonmonotonic effect on vaccination rates with minor (major) conflicts being associated with higher (lower) full immunization rates. We argue that in the case of minor conflicts, local‐level health care access drives the results, whereas for major conflicts it is mainly national channels that drive the result.
Impact of airway and a standardized recruitment maneuver on CT chest imaging quality in a pediatric population: A retrospective review
Authors: Bruins Suze , Powers Neil , Sommerfield David , von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta S
Published: November 2021

Introduction

When performing computerized tomography chest imaging in children, obtaining high quality, motion‐free images is important in the accurate diagnosis of underlying pathology. General anesthesia is associated with the development of atelectasis, which can impair accurate diagnosis by obscuring or altering the appearance of the lung parenchyma or airways. Recruitment maneuvers, performed by anesthesiologists, can be used to effectively re‐expand atelectatic lung.

Methods

The computerized tomography chest imaging in 44 children aged between 2 months and 7 years, undergoing serial imaging for monitoring of cystic fibrosis, were reviewed and graded for atelectasis. The first scan performed on each child was performed with a supraglottic airway device and a non‐standardized recruitment maneuver. The second scan on each child was performed with a cuffed endotracheal tube and a standardized recruitment maneuver.

Results

When a supraglottic airway device and a non‐standardized recruitment maneuver were used, 77% of patients demonstrated atelectasis of any degree on their computerized tomography chest imaging, compared with only 39% when a cuffed endotracheal tube and standardized recruitment maneuver were used. The percentage of computerized tomography chest scans that were scored acceptable (with either a total combined lung atelectasis score of 0 or 1) improved from 37% to 75% when a cuffed endotracheal tube and standardized recruitment maneuver were used. In particular, the mean atelectasis score for both lungs improved from 2.91 (SD ± 2.6) to 1.11 (SD ± 1.9), with a mean difference of 1.8 (95% CI 0.82–2.77; p: .0004).

Conclusion

The use of a cuffed endotracheal tube and a standardized recruitment maneuver is an effective way to reduce atelectasis as a result of general anesthesia. Anesthesiologists can actively contribute toward improved image quality through their choice of airway and recruitment maneuver.
Direct Detection of the Photorearrangement Reaction of Quinoline‐Protected Dialkylanilines†
Authors: Liang Runhui , Lan Xin , Asad Naeem , Dore Timothy M. , Zhang Qidi , Du Lili , Phillips David Lee
Published: November 2021

The photolysis reactions of (8‐cyano‐7‐hydroxyquinolin‐2‐yl)methyl (CyHQ)‐caged amines have been investigated using time‐resolved spectroscopy methods. Unexpectedly, an unconventional Hofmann‐Martius rearrangement reaction with high yield and regioselectivity occurred during the photolysis of some CyHQ‐protected dialkylanilines (such as compounds 1a and 2a). To have more insights into the mechanism of this unexpected photorearrangement reaction, we characterized the reaction intermediates directly using time‐resolved spectroscopy. Our new results showed that the anionic form of compound 1a was photoexcited to the singlet excited state, then a heterolytic cleavage of the C‐N bond took place to give CyHQ+ and the corresponding aniline. Thereafter, the recombined intermediate 6 was found to appear in about 19.7 and 44.3 ps for 1a (A) and 2a (A), respectively, before the generation of an ortho‐substituted aniline (1b and 2b) via the excited‐state deprotonation of 6. Thus, a logical photodynamic mechanism of this photoinduced Hofmann‐Martius rearrangement reaction was deduced. This new insight into the reaction mechanisms may be helpful for the design of novel related photoactivatable aniline molecules and for understanding other similar photorearrangement reaction mechanisms.
Metabolic reprogramming in crustaceans: A vital immune and environmental response strategy
Authors: Wang Zhongyan , Zhang Yueling , Yao Defu , Zhao Yongzhen , Tran Ngoc Tuan , Li Shengkang , Ma Hongyu , Aweya Jude Juventus
Published: November 2021

Most host organisms undergo metabolic changes in response to pathogens, environmental cues or simply to boost their immunity. Metabolic modulation has therefore been exploited by both host and pathogens to outwit the other during host–pathogen interactions. Recent studies have revealed that a growing number of metabolites and metabolic processes in crustaceans are crucial in host–pathogen interactions. Here, we reviewed recent work on metabolic changes during immune response of crustaceans and the metabolic reprogramming that takes place in the host induced by pathogens, environmental cues or as a host strategy to withstand these changes or clear the pathogen. In aquaculture crustaceans, limited studies exist on this subject; hence, we will also highlight themes for possible future research on metabolite reprogramming and how this strategy can be leveraged to improve sustainable aquaculture and enhance crustaceans’ response to pathogens and environmental changes.
An SEIR Model with Time‐Varying Coefficients for Analyzing the SARS‐CoV‐2 Epidemic
Authors: Girardi Paolo , Gaetan Carlo
Published: November 2021

In this study, we propose a time‐dependent susceptible‐exposed‐infected‐recovered (SEIR) model for the analysis of the SARS‐CoV‐2 epidemic outbreak in three different countries, the United States, Italy, and Iceland using public data inherent the numbers of the epidemic wave. Since several types and grades of actions were adopted by the governments, including travel restrictions, social distancing, or limitation of movement, we want to investigate how these measures can affect the epidemic curve of the infectious population. The parameters of interest for the SEIR model were estimated employing a composite likelihood approach. Moreover, standard errors have been corrected for temporal dependence. The adoption of restrictive measures results in flatten epidemic curves, and the future evolution indicated a decrease in the number of cases.
Digital inclusive finance and urban innovation: Evidence from China
Authors: Li Jingrong , Li Bowen
Published: November 2021

Previous studies are not unanimous on the effect of financial development on innovation. Digital inclusive finance is one mode of financial development, so its impact on urban innovation needs to be further tested. To develop digital inclusive finance, China implemented the Plan for Promoting the Development of Inclusive Finance (2016–2020) and the G20 High‐Level Principles on Digital Inclusive Finance in 2016. We take the implementation of the Plan and Principles as a quasi‐natural experiment and use the difference‐in‐difference model to estimate the pure effect of digital inclusive finance on urban innovation. The results show that implementing the Plan and Principles can increase the number of urban patents by 5.3%, indicating that digital inclusive finance has a positive effect on urban innovation. In addition, we find that digital inclusive finance can promote urban innovation by improving the allocation of credit resources, consumption, and industrial upgrading.