bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electron Spin Polarization Engineering in Ferromagnetic Bioheterojunction for Sonotherapy of Osteomyelitis
Authors: Ding Tiexin , Li Yan , Liu Fuwei , Chen Jun , Chen Yicheng , Kong Liang , Han Yong , Zhang Lan
Published: April 2024

Electron spinning polarization has garnered increased attention for its potential to enhance device properties. However, its application in life health, specifically in anti‐infection and tissue repair, remains under‐explored. In this study, a ferromagnetic heterojunction CF (Fe3O4/TiO2) is constructed with spin‐polarized electrons, demonstrating efficient antibiosis performance with ultrasound (US) assistance. The antibacterial mechanism is elucidated as follows: spin‐polarized metallic states of Fe3O4 induce an asymmetric distribution in the electron spin state of TiO2, increasing the density of states of spin‐polarized electrons near the Fermi level of CF. Under US treatment, the built‐in electric field and spin‐polarized electrons in CF synergistically suppress the recombination of sono‐activated carriers, promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Simultaneously, the bacterial membrane is influenced by the micromagnetic field induced by spin‐polarized electrons, causing a severe disturbance in the bacterial respiratory chain. The combined damage from ROS and disturbed respiratory chain results in bacterial death. Fortunately, the micromagnetic field built by CF activates specific mechanosensitive ion channels, including TREK1, Piezo1, and related pathways, enhancing osteoblast differentiation. Sonotherapy using CF exhibits an excellent therapeutic effect in treating osteomyelitis. This study provides novel insights into manipulating spin electrons for applications in life health.
Topological Phase Transformation and Collapse Dynamics of Spin Textures in a Non‐Centrosymmetric D2d System
Authors: Jena Jagannath , Koraltan Sabri , Bruckner Florian , Holst Konstantin , Tangi Malleswararao , Abert Claas , Felser Claudia , Suess Dieter , Parkin Stuart S.P.
Published: April 2024

Recently a large variety of non‐collinear spin textures have been revealed in various crystals with different symmetry groups. Of particular interest are crystals with D2d symmetry that exhibit a complex variety of stable and metastable spin textures that includes antiskyrmions, elliptical Bloch‐skyrmions, fractional‐antiskyrmions, fractional Bloch‐skyrmions, and type‐II trivial‐bubbles. The observation of these structures necessitates their stabilization via magnetic field and temperature protocols which demands a thorough understanding of their creation, transformation, and collapse dynamics. Utilizing the real‐space imaging capabilities of Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, the generation and annihilation of diverse spin textures in a single D2d Heusler compound are demonstrated. It is showed that antiskyrmions and elliptical Bloch‐skyrmions can be deformed into more elaborate elongated magnetic nano‐objects through a collapse mechanism. Their elongation is governed by the intrinsic antisymmetric Dzyaloshinskii‐Moriya vector exchange interaction and dipolar energy present in the system. Furthermore, antiskyrmions are found to be metastable at all temperatures on field‐cooling, while a topological phase transformation from elliptical Bloch‐skyrmions to antiskyrmions rather takes places on field‐heating. These results are corroborated by micromagnetic simulations and demonstrate the efficient manipulation of different spin textures in a D2d compound by varying field and temperature protocols and represents a critical step toward the application of magnetic skyrmions.
A Natural Casein‐Based Separator with Brick‐and‐Mortar Structure for Stable, High‐Rate Proton Batteries
Authors: Li Rui , Yang Mingsheng , Ma Huige , Wang Xinyu , Yu Haiping , Li Mengxiao , Wang Zhihui , Zheng Liping , Li Hongwei , Hao Yuxin , Hu Mingjun , Yang Jun
Published: April 2024

Rechargeable aqueous proton batteries with small organic molecule anodes are currently considered promising candidates for large‐scale energy storage due to their low cost, stable safety, and environmental friendliness. However, the practical application is limited by the poor cycling stability caused by the shuttling of soluble organic molecules between electrodes. Herein, a cell separator is modified by a GO‐casein‐Cu2+ layer with a brick‐and‐mortar structure to inhibit the shuttling of small organic molecules. Experimental and calculation results indicate that, attributed to the synergistic effect of physical blocking of casein molecular chains and electrostatic and coordination interactions of Cu2+, bulk dissolution and shuttling of multiple small molecules can be inhibited simultaneously, while H+ transfer across the separators is not almost affected. With the protection of the GO‐casein‐Cu2+ separator, soluble small molecules, such as diquinoxalino[2,3‐a:2',3'‐c]phenazine,2,3,8,9,14,15‐hexacyano (6CN‐DQPZ) exhibit a high reversible capacity of 262.6 mA h g−1 and amazing stability (capacity retention of 92.9% after 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1). In addition, this strategy is also proved available to other active conjugated small molecules, such as indanthrone (IDT), providing a general green sustainable strategy for advancing the use of small organic molecule electrodes in proton cells.
Two‐Photon Printing of Base‐Catalyzed Resins Involving Thiol‐Michael Network Formation
Authors: Jeske Madelyn P. , Bonino Mark J. , Huang Xi , Harding David R. , Lu Yongfeng , Anthamatten Mitchell
Published: April 2024

Two‐photon printing is accomplished using a photobase generator, 2‐(2‐nitrophenyl)‐propyloxycarbony tetramethyl guanidine, to locally catalyze thiol‐ene coupling between multifunctional monomers while mitigating chain‐growth polymerization with free radical scavengers. Microstructures printed from base‐catalyzed resins exhibit higher resolution (linewidths < 400 nm) and lower print error (<3%) than analogous microstructures printed using a photosensitive, free radical initiator. Further, Raman spectroscopy reveals that resins polymerized using the photobase generator in the presence of free radical scavengers exhibit higher selectivity of thiol‐ene coupling over radical polymerization, resulting in stiffer, more uniform polymer networks. The base‐catalyzed resins are capable of producing 3D microstructures printed with high accuracy and minimal post‐processing defects. A direct comparison between free radical and base‐initiated resins highlights the need for mindful consideration of how chemical reaction pathway influences printability and network end‐properties when designing resins.
Xolography for the Production of Polymeric Multimaterials
Authors: Corrigan Nathaniel , Li Xichuan , Zhang Jin , Boyer Cyrille
Published: April 2024

Three‐dimensional (3D) printed multimaterials have quickly grown in interest as researchers aim to mimic the material chemistry and geometric complexity of natural materials. While some exceptional multimaterial 3D printing systems have been developed, there is still a shortfall in the scope and production of these materials. More recently, the introduction of xolography as a single‐step, auxiliary‐free additive manufacturing approach has enabled rapid production of materials with geometries inaccessible via other additive manufacturing techniques. However, previous systems required resins with high transparency for effective material formation, and multimaterial formation has not been demonstrated. In this work, reversible deactivation radical polymerization is used and resin composition, viscosity, and processing parameters are explored to develop new resins capable of application to visible light‐mediated xolography. After optimization, non‐transparent resins containing thiocarbonylthio species are applied to xolography to manufacture geometrically complex, auxiliary‐free materials. The resulting 3D printed polymer network materials can be functionalized via the embedded thiocarbonylthio moieties to impart new functionality to the printed materials. Finally, the unique 3D printing capabilities of xolography are demonstrated to manufacture multimaterials featuring chemically disparate domains with high 3D‐spatial control. This two‐step overprinting approach is operationally simple and provides a new avenue for manufacturing polymeric multimaterials via 3D printing.
Universal Surface Repairing Strategy Enabling Suppressed Auger Recombination in CsPbBr3 Perovskite Quantum Dots for Low Threshold Lasing in a Superlattice Microcavity
Authors: Yang Hongyu , Li Jingzhou , Wang Zhanpeng , Zhong Yichi , Yang Hanhuai , Dong Hongxing , Zhang Long
Published: April 2024

Lead halide perovskite quantum dots (LHP QDs) emerge as versatile photonic sources in electroluminescence and laser devices. Their applications in optoelectronic devices are hindered by surface distortion and ligand stripping during the purification process. In addition, the device performance roll‐off suffers from the ultrafast non‐radiative Auger recombination (AR). To address these issues, herein, CsPbBr3 QDs are prepared with sizes ranging from 6.5 to 9.2 nm and the universal surface repairing strategy is proved to efficiently increase the biexciton lifetime and quantum yield up to 1.4 and 3 times, respectively. The strategy provides a PbBrx rich surface and strong binding didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) ligands to achieve near‐unity photoluminescence efficiency, which significantly improves their stability against anti‐solvents and aging in ambient conditions. A single‐mode laser device is realized by self‐assembling the QDs into superlattice as optical microcavity, with low threshold of 9.45 µJ cm−2, quality factor of 2187 and ultrafast lifetime of 3.22 ps. The superlattice laser is demonstrated as an optical encoder with large coding bandwidth of 0.133 THz. This work proposes new insight into the non‐radiative AR process in these single‐component CsPbBr3 QDs, and will pave the way for optoelectronic devices working in intense conditions.
Catalysts Based on Ni and Mg Oxides for the One‐Pot Production of High Added‐Value Products from Furfural
Authors: Maderuelo‐Solera Rocío , Jiménez‐Gómez Carmen Pilar , Cecilia Juan Antonio , García‐Sancho Cristina , Moreno‐Tost Ramón , Jesús Maireles‐Torres Pedro
Published: April 2024

A family of NiO‐MgO samples with Ni/Mg molar ratio between 0.10 and 0.30 are synthesized by co‐precipitation and subsequent calcination. The characterization of the samples show the formation of a solid solution with a periclase structure in such a way that the Ni2+species are poorly reducible. After the reduction of the NiO‐MgO samples at 500 °C, the catalysts are tested in the furfural (FUR) hydrogenation to obtain valuable products in a one‐pot reaction. The catalysts are highly selective toward tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) with a yield above 50% in most cases as well as 1,2‐pentanediol (1,2‐PeD) and 1,5‐pentanediol (1,5‐PeD) with maximum yield of 22 and 23% after 22 h of reaction at 170 °C and 4 MPa of H2, respectively. The present work also suggests the presence of two routes in the furfuryl hydrogenation. The first one is associated with the reduction of furfural to furfuryl alcohol (FOL) and the hydrogenation of the ring yielding THFA. In the second route, once FOL is formed, the furanic ring is open to form 1,2‐PeD and 1,5PeD.
Multi‐Purpose Improvements in Catalytic Activity for Li‐Ion Deposited TiO2, SnO2, and CeO2 Nanoparticles through Oxygen‐Vacancy Control
Authors: Hoang Dung Thanh , Lim Donghoon , Kang Myung Jong , Yu Hyejin , Pham Vy Ngoc , Park Joon Ho , Ihm Kyuwook , Kim Hyun Sung , Ahn Hyun S. , Lee Hangil
Published: April 2024

Controlling the number of oxygen vacancies (Vos) in metal‐oxide nanoparticles (MO NPs; TiO2, SnO2, and CeO2) using Li‐ions has been shown to endow MO NPs with improved photocatalytic and electrocatalytic properties. Increasing the number of Vos in nanostructures provides a foundation for efficient multi‐use catalyst designs that facilitate biomass oxidation reactions and improve electrocatalytic activity. Herein, the trends in the properties of MO‐based catalysts are investigated with varying amounts of Vos achieved by Li‐ion deposition. The controlled introduction of Vos into MO NPs tunes the band structures and surface chemistry, leading to enhanced activities of the NPs as photocatalysts for the selective oxidation of 2,5‐hydroxymethylfurfural and as electrocatalysts for acidic hydrogen evolution. It is believed that Li‐ion deposition in the MO matrix provides a novel approach for optimizing oxide‐based catalyst defect engineering, thereby enabling more efficient biomass conversion and water splitting. These findings contribute significantly to the field of multi‐purpose catalysis and are expected to inspire new catalyst designs for a more sustainable future. The results provide a pathway for the facile and efficient engineering of surface defect structures on catalytic metal oxide NPs toward designing high‐performance photocatalysts.
Theoretically Insight into Co and S Pairs Dispersed on N‐Doped Graphene: Promising Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction/Evolution Reactions
Authors: Zhang Ji , Yu Aimin , Li Dongsheng , Sun Chenghua
Published: April 2024

Single atom catalysts (SACs) are considered as efficient catalysts for hydrogen‐based energy conversion and storage because of their excellent catalytic performance for oxygen evolution reactions (OER) and oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). In the present work, a new concept of SACs is proposed with the capacity to form d‐p orbital hybridization. These computationally designed SACs contain a metal and non‐metal pair embedded in the N‐doped graphene framework (MX@N6). Based on the overpotential evaluation by the first principle theory calculations, CoS@N6 containing Co and S atom pair possessed a low overpotential of 0.37 V/0.29 V when used as a bifunctional ORR/OER catalyst. These overpotentials are much lower than Co@N6 without S atom. The electronic structure analysis revealed that non‐metal atoms of the catalyst can regulate the electronic structure of active metal sites and facilitate the adsorption and charge transfer between intermediates and the catalyst resulting in enhanced catalytic performance. This work demonstrates an alternative way to further improve the catalytic activity of SACs by introducing a non‐metal atom that may shed light on the rational design of advanced SACs for ORR/OER with high efficiency and stability.
Beyond von Neumann Architecture: Brain‐Inspired Artificial Neuromorphic Devices and Integrated Computing
Authors: Seok Hyunho , Lee Dongho , Son Sihoon , Choi Hyunbin , Kim Gunhyoung , Kim Taesung
Published: April 2024

Brain‐inspired parallel computing is increasingly considered a solution to overcome memory bottlenecks, driven by the surge in data volume. Extensive research has focused on developing memristor arrays, energy‐efficient computing strategies, and varied operational mechanisms for synaptic devices to enable this. However, to realize truly biologically plausible neuromorphic computing, it is essential to consider temporal and spatial aspects of input signals, particularly for systems based on the leaky integrate‐and‐fire model. This review highlights the significance of neuromorphic computing and outlines the fundamental components of hardware‐based neural networks. Traditionally, neuromorphic computing has relied on two‐terminal devices such as artificial synapses. However, these suffer from significant drawbacks, such as current leakage and the lack of a third terminal for precise synaptic weight adjustment. As alternatives, three‐terminal synaptic devices, including memtransistors, ferroelectric, floating‐gate, and charge‐trapped synaptic devices, as well as optoelectronic options, are explored. For an accurate replication of biological neural networks, it is vital to integrate artificial neurons and synapses, implement neurobiological functions in hardware, and develop sensory neuromorphic computing systems. This study delves into the operational mechanisms of these artificial components and discusses the integration process necessary for realizing biologically plausible neuromorphic computing, paving the way for future brain‐inspired electronic systems.
Sulfonated Polystyrene/Polybenzimidazole Bilayer Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Ikhsan Muhammad Mara , Abbas Saleem , Do Xuan Huy , Ha Heung Yong , Azizi Kobra , Henkensmeier Dirk
Published: April 2024

Polybenzimidazole has been widely examined as a separator for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) due to its low vanadium permeability. Its low conductivity can be tackled by combining 1–4 µm thin dense PBI layers with highly conductive mechanically supporting layers, either by lamination or loose stacking. While gel‐PBI is very soft and conductive, the shadow effect of the non‐conductive pore walls of porous supports adds resistance. In this work, these issues are addressed by coating a 25 µm thick highly conductive sulfonated polystyrene layer (S) with a 1 µm thin selective PBI layer (P) to block vanadium crossover. To reduce the number of potential defects, two bilayer membranes can be stacked. A 52 µm thick stack of two membranes (PS–SP, PBI faces the electrodes) shows an area‐specific resistance of 144.8 mΩ cm2 in VO2+‐containing electrolyte and a permeability of 6.85 × 10−14 m2 s−1, both lower than the values for Nafion 212. A VRFB cell test over 3500 charging cycles (1660 h) with an energy efficiency of up to 88.5% at 100 mA cm−2 is shown. Performance losses are reversed by electrolyte rebalancing. With material costs of 1.84 USD m−2, the PSSP(1‐25‐25‐1) membrane promises high performance at low costs.
Molecular‐Level Design of High Flash Point Solvents Enables High‐Safety and Dual‐Function Chemical Presodiation of Hard Carbon and Alloy Anodes for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Man Quanyan , Wei Chuanliang , Tian Kangdong , Shen Hengtao , Zhang Xinlu , Bai Xuexiu , Xi Baojuan , Xiong Shenglin , Feng Jinkui
Published: April 2024

Hard carbon (HC) is subjected to low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and unsteady solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), which limits the energy density and cycling performance. Meanwhile, studies related to emerging chemical presodiation have specifically focused on proper redox potential and overlooked its safety hazard. To address these drawbacks of HC and chemical presodiation, a series of high‐safety chemical presodiation solutions based on tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) are proposed for uniform and fast presodiation of HC and Bi anodes. Among them, Na‐4‐methylbiphenyl in TEGDME solution exhibits the lowest redox potential (0.146 V vs Na+/Na), which achieves the inhibition of initial irreversible sodium uptake. Meantime, the potential‐driven decomposition of fluoroethylene carbonate endows presodiated HC (pNa‐HC) a fast‐ion conducting and robust F‐rich SEI. Accordingly, pNa‐HC delivers an ideal ICE of 99.1% compared to HC (65.28%). Meanwhile, pNa‐HC exhibits significantly enhanced rate performance and cycling life (193.39 mAh g−1 after 2300 cycles at 1000 mA g−1) benefiting from reduced kinetic energy barriers. When pNa‐HC pairs with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode, the full cell demonstrates a desirable ICE of 91.25%. This work provides a novel and universal solvent design strategy to realize high‐safety chemical pre‐metallation.
Ruthenium Single Atomic Sites Surrounding the Support Pit with Exceptional Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Tao Yu , Guan Jianping , Zhang Jian , Hu Shouyao , Ma Runze , Zheng Huanran , Gong Jiaxin , Zhuang Zechao , Liu Shoujie , Ou Honghui , Wang Dingsheng , Xiong Yu
Published: April 2024

Single‐metal atomic sites and vacancies can accelerate the transfer of photogenerated electrons and enhance photocatalytic performance in photocatalysis. In this study, a series of nickel hydroxide nanoboards (Ni(OH)x NBs) with different loadings of single‐atomic Ru sites (w‐SA‐Ru/Ni(OH)x) were synthesized via a photoreduction strategy. In such catalysts, single‐atomic Ru sites are anchored to the vacancies surrounding the pits. Notably, the SA‐Ru/Ni(OH)x with 0.60 wt % Ru loading (0.60‐SA‐Ru/Ni(OH)x) exhibits the highest catalytic performance (27.6 mmol g−1 h−1) during the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 (CO2RR). Either superfluous (0.64 wt %, 18.9 mmol g−1 h−1; 3.35 wt %, 9.4 mmol−1 h−1) or scarce (0.06 wt %, 15.8 mmol g−1 h−1; 0.29 wt %, 21.95 mmol g−1 h−1; 0.58 wt %, 23.4 mmol g−1 h−1) of Ru sites have negative effect on its catalytic properties. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with experimental results revealed that CO2 can be adsorbed in the pits; single‐atomic Ru sites can help with the conversion of as‐adsorbed CO2 and lower the energy of *COOH formation accelerating the reaction; the excessive single‐atomic Ru sites occupy vacancies that retard the completion of CO2RR.
Differential Substrate Sensing in Terpene Synthases from Plants and Microorganisms: Insight from Structural, Bioinformatic, and EnzyDock Analyses
Authors: Schwartz Renana , Zev Shani , Major Dan T.
Published: April 2024

Terpene synthases (TPSs) catalyze the first step in the formation of terpenoids, which comprise the largest class of natural products in nature. TPSs employ a family of universal natural substrates, composed of isoprenoid units bound to a diphosphate moiety. The intricate structures generated by TPSs are the result of substrate binding and folding in the active site, enzyme‐controlled carbocation reaction cascades, and final reaction quenching. A key unaddressed question in class I TPSs is the asymmetric nature of the diphosphate‐(Mg2+)3 cluster, which forms a critical part of the active site. In this asymmetric ion cluster, two diphosphate oxygen atoms protrude into the active site pocket. The substrate hydrocarbon tail, which is eventually molded into terpenes, can bind to either of these oxygen atoms, yet to which is unknown. Herein, we employ structural, bioinformatics, and EnzyDock docking tools to address this enigma. We bring initial data suggesting that this difference is rooted in evolutionary differences between TPSs. We hypothesize that this alteration in binding, and subsequent chemistry, is due to TPSs originating from plants or microorganisms. We further suggest that this difference can cast light on the frequent observation that the chiral products or intermediates of plant and bacterial terpene synthases represent opposite enantiomers.
Incorporation of dendritic silica nanoparticles for the preparation of high‐performance thin‐film nanocomposite membranes
Authors: Huang Huawei , Hu Yiwen , Song Xiuduo , Kang Jian , Chen Dandan
Published: April 2024

The development of thin‐film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes with high performance is conducive to efficient desalination and wastewater treatment. In this work, dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DLSiO2) were synthesized by a dual‐templating strategy. Afterward, they were introduced into the aqueous phase to fabricate TFN membranes via in situ interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction. Powerful techniques as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Nano zetasizer‐DLS, x‐ray photoelectron microscopy, electrokinetic analyzer, and contact angle were used in the characterization of dendritic structures and nanocomposite membranes. Results revealed that DLSiO2 with special structural characteristics can effectively regulate the IP process, promoting the enhancement of the crosslinking degree, surface hydrophilicity, and surface negative charge of polyaimde (PA) selective layers. It is also beneficial for constructing extra water channels within the PA selective layer to boost the transport of water molecules. As a consequence, the prepared TFN membrane with 0.3 mg/mL DLSiO2 exhibits optimal separation performance and good pressure resistance, acid–base resistance, and anti‐fouling properties. It also exhibited a water permeability of 4.17 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 (increased by 61.7% compared with thin film composites (TFC) membrane) and a NaCl rejection of 99.0%, which were better than those of TFN membranes prepared by introducing other types of silica in other studies.
pH‐Responsive Calcium Ions and Crocetin Releasing Hydrogel for Accelerating Skin Wound Healing
Authors: Wang Li , Ma Xuemei , Pan Yanan , Ye Haoxiang , Liu Zike , Kuang Zaoyuan , Zhao Zhongxiang , Liu Aijun , Ji Yuxing
Published: April 2024

The ideal and highly anticipated dressing for skin wounds should provide a moist environment, possess antibacterial properties, and ensure sustained drug release. In the present work, a hyaluronic acid‐based hydrogel was formed by cross‐linking crocetin and CaCO3@polyelectrolyte materials (CaCO3@PEM) microspheres with HA hydrogels via hydrogen bond and amido bonding (CaCO3@PEM@Cro@HA hydrogel, CPC@HA hydrogel). Moreover, the CPC@HA hydrogel had the capability of sustained, controlled release of calcium ions and crocetin via pH‐sensitive and accelerated skin wound healing. The experiment results showed that the CPC@HA hydrogel exhibited porous network structures, stable physical properties, and had antibacterial properties and biocompatibility in vitro. In addition, the CPC@HA hydrogel covering on the skin wound could reduce inflammation and promote wound healing. The high expression of angiogenic cytokines (CD31) and epidermal terminal differentiation markers (Loricrin) of wound healing tissue suggested the CPC@HA hydrogel also had the function of promoting the remodeling of regenerated skin. Overall, CPC@HA hydrogel has promising potential for clinical applications in accelerating skin wound repair.
Microflow, Sequential Coupling and Cyclization Approach for Synthesis of Cyclic Phosphotriesters from PCl3
Authors: Nakabayashi Kohei , Kitamura Hiroshi , Fuse Shinichiro
Published: April 2024

An approach for the synthesis of cyclic phosphotriesters with various ring sizes (5‐ to 8‐membered rings) from phosphorus trichloride and diols was developed. The major challenge in developing this approach is the suppression of the undesired reactions caused by substrates containing multiple highly reactive sites. These undesired reactions were successfully suppressed by microflow technology, which can precisely control the reaction time and temperature. Two optimal conditions were developed, depending on the speed of cyclization. Fifteen cyclic phosphotriesters and their analogs were synthesized. A plausible mechanism for suppressing undesired reactions is proposed.
Robustly exponentially almost sure stabilization of uncertain discrete‐time composite switched systems
Authors: Gao Wenshuai , Song Yang
Published: April 2024

This paper is concerned with the robustly exponentially almost sure (EAS) stabilization of uncertain discrete‐time composite switched systems (CSSs), in which the dominant signal subjects to a semi‐Markov chain, while the subordinate signals follow a family of different Markov chains. Norm‐bounded uncertainties impacting the state and input matrices of the system are taken into account. Utilizing numerical computation methods, bounds on the transient statistical properties of Markov chain are provided. Based on this, sufficient conditions for robustly EAS stabilization are established by combining an estimate of the sojourn time for modes in a semi‐Markov chain. Our result is the discrete counterpart of prior work concerning continuous‐time dual‐switching systems. Two examples are provided to validate the effectiveness of developed results.
Observer‐based adaptive event‐triggered containment control of linear multiagent systems with non‐autonomous leaders
Authors: Zhao Xiao‐Wen , Deng Dong‐Dong , Ge Ming‐Feng , Liu Zhi‐Wei
Published: April 2024

This paper investigates the containment control problem of linear multiagent systems (MASs) with multiple non‐autonomous leaders on a directed graph. First, an event‐triggered compensator is designed for each follower to estimate the convex combination of non‐autonomous leaders' states. The compensator is designed with the following three features: (1) It can estimate the convex combination of non‐autonomous leaders' states over directed graphs; (2) it is fully distributed; and (3) the designed event‐triggered mechanisms (ETMs) are composite dynamic ETMs, and each follower does not have to monitor the sampling errors continuously. Then, a state observer is developed for each follower based on the output feedback. Based on the designed compensator and state observer, an event‐triggered controller is developed, ensuring that each follower's state converges exponentially to an arbitrarily small neighborhood centered on the convex combination of leaders' states. Additionally, the proposed DETMs are free of Zeno behavior. Finally, the effectiveness of the developed control protocol is verified by two simulation examples.
‘I am not what you label me’: Senses of belonging in a mainland Chinese university among cross‐border Hong Kong students
Authors: Gao Fang
Published: April 2024

China's grand strategies (i.e., the Belt and Road Initiative and the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area) have expedited the popularity of full‐time degree‐bearing study in mainland China. Associated with the exponential growth of inward student populations are proliferating concerns about the capacity of non‐majority/non‐local students to ‘integrate’ and belong in their host universities/colleges. The extant literature on university/college belonging often positions non‐majority/non‐local students as being academically and culturally deficient and subsequently being otherised in the host university community. Yet, their agency in managing the prevailing image and ‘otherisation’, and constructing their own sense of belonging to university, has received scant attention. This qualitative study is a substantive and theoretical contribution to the literature on university belonging, which has been preoccupied with non‐majority/non‐local students in the classic South–North international student mobility. This study deployed the concepts of politics of belonging and place‐belongingness and canvassed the senses of belonging to university among inbound Hong Kong students in mainland higher education, which has witnessed a growing Hong Kong student population in recent years. The collected interview data indicated that these border‐crossing Hong Kong students found themselves categorised as ‘underachievers’ with ‘poor mathematics’ yet ‘proficient in English’ in the mainland campus setting, where they did not feel they fully belonged. Responding to the paradoxical identity/belonging politics, they performed three forms of place‐belongingness by dismantling, accommodating or counter‐stereotyping the ascribed classifications in order to legitimate their own participation in the mainland Chinese university.
The effects of sensory integration on stereotypy of preschool students with autism
Authors: Nuzzolo Robin , Walker Hannah
Published: April 2024

The purpose of the current study was to systematically replicate the independent variable used in Moore et al.'s (2015) experiment using sensory integration therapy (SIT) as a treatment for automatically maintained stereotypy. According to sensory integration theory, providing certain sensory experiences to individuals with autism can change their repetitive behavior. Despite the lack of research supporting SIT as a valid treatment to reduce episodes of stereotypy in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it remains a common treatment in most schools and centers designed for these individuals. The study was conducted with three preschool students with ASD using a multiple baseline design across participants to test for a functional relation between the independent variable, the participants' individualized, prescribed sensory diets and the dependent variable, their episodes of stereotypy in morning and afternoon sessions. The results do not support the use of a sensory diet as a treatment for stereotypy.
LC–MS/MS method for quick detection of vonoprazan fumarate in human plasma: Development, validation and its application to a bioequivalence study
Authors: Chen Xinyan , Chen Tao , Huang Yunzhe , Wang Minhui , Wang Yaqin , Wu Ping , Xia Xiaocui , Du Pengfei , Wu Jianbang , Shen Jie , Jia Yuanwei
Published: April 2024

A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method with vonoprazan fumarate‐d4 as a stable isotope‐labeled internal standard was developed and validated aiming at quantification of vonoprazan fumarate in human plasma for a bioequivalence study. Chromatographic separation was achieved by acetonitrile one‐step protein precipitation using a gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile with a run time of 3.65 min. Detection was carried out on a tandem mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode via a positive electrospray ionization interface. The multiple reaction monitoring mode of precursor–product ion transitions for vonoprazan fumarate and vonoprazan fumarate‐d4 were m/z 346.0 → 315.1 and 350.0 → 316.0, respectively. The linear range was 0.150–60.000 ng/ml. This method was fully validated with acceptable results in terms of selectivity, carryover, lower limit of quantification, calibration curve, accuracy, precision, dilution effect, matrix effect, stability, recovery and incurred sample reanalysis. A successful application of this method was realized in the bioequivalence study of vonoprazan fumarate tablet (20 mg) among healthy Chinese volunteers.
Digital application for drug product potency target evaluation in biopharmaceutical manufacturing
Authors: Shen Darrick , Panjwani Shyam , Spetsieris Konstantinos
Published: April 2024

Biopharmaceutical manufacturing entails a series of highly regulated steps. The manufacturing of safe and efficacious drug product (DP) requires testing of critical quality attributes (CQAs) against specification limits. DP potency concentration, which measures the dosage strength of a particular DP, is a CQA of great interest. In order to minimize the DP potency out‐of‐specification (OOS) risk, sterile fill finish (SFF) process adjustments may be needed. Varying the potency targets can be one such process adjustment. To facilitate such evaluation, data acquisition and statistical calculations are required. Regularly conducting the OOS risk assessment manually using commercial statistical software can be tedious, error‐prone, and impractical, especially when several alternate potency targets are under consideration. In this work, the development of a novel framework for OOS risk assessment and deployment of cloud‐based statistical software application to facilitate the risk assessment are presented. This application is intended to streamline the assessment of alternate potency targets for DP in biologics manufacturing. The major aspects of this potency targeting application development are presented in detail. Specifically, data sources, pipeline, application architecture, back‐end and front‐end development as well as application verification are discussed. Finally, several use cases are presented to highlight the application's utility in biologics manufacturing.
Metal‐Organic Framework‐Based Composites for Rapid and Sensitive Virus Detection: Current Status and Future Prospective
Authors: ElGazar Aya , Sabouni Rana , Ghommem Mehdi
Published: April 2024

The current spread of various viruses has negatively affected human life and health. Developing enhanced virus diagnostic techniques to mitigate future outbreaks is becoming vital. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained significant attention for their potential applications in virus detection because of their outstanding features, including high surface area, tunable properties, and adjustable pore size. Integrating nanomaterials with MOFs can also further enhance these properties, creating a new class of materials referred to as MOF‐based nanocomposites. This review paper provides an overview of the MOF‐based nanocomposites' status and future prospects for enhanced virus detection. The recent advances in the synthesis and functionalization of MOF and MOF‐based nanocomposites for virus detection are discussed. The paper describes the different types of detection platforms, including nucleic acid and immunological detection, as well as the mechanisms of MOF‐based sensors and the techniques used to synthesize MOFs and MOF‐based nanocomposites for virus detection. Additionally, the review paper explores the potential of integrating MOFs into real sensing devices and their prospects in real‐life applications. Finally, the paper examines the current challenges of these biosensing platforms. Overall, the review paper highlights the capability of MOFs and MOF‐based nanocomposites as versatile and practical platforms for virus detection and provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in this area of research.
Subcutaneous fibroblastoma resembling hemangioma: A case of benign tumor of the chest wall
Authors: Zubair Rabbia , Zulfi Muhammad Hassan , Yaqoob Úzair , Lee Ka Yiu
Published: April 2024

Key Clinical Message

Desmoplastic fibroma presents similar to other soft tissue tumors to such an extent that even a gold standard investigation can miss.

This is to report a mass in a 47‐year‐old male arising from the chest wall, which was first thought to be a hemangioma but was later diagnosed as a case of desmoplastic fibroblastoma with the help of a biopsy.
A case of secondary pseudohypoaldosteronism that presented as poor weight gain
Authors: Goshima Keisuke , Tamura Hiroshi , Hidaka Yuko , Furuie Keishiro , Kuraoka Shohei
Published: April 2024

Key clinical message

Pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) carries a good prognosis if treated early and appropriately, but some cases can have life‐threatening events. We underscored the need to consider secondary PHA as one of the differential diagnoses of hyponatremia and hyperkalemia in infancy.

Pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) type 1 has two classifications; the primary type, caused by genetic abnormalities that develop during neonatal and infancy periods, and the secondary type, caused by urinary tract malformation and urinary tract infection. Secondary PHA, if treated early and appropriately, has a good prognosis; however, some cases can present life‐threatening events. Therefore, early diagnosis is crucial. We present a case of early infancy secondary PHA presented with marked hyponatremia and poor weight gain. The patient's growth and development improved with secondary PHA treatment. Here, were demonstrated the value of prompt action against infection and electrolyte imbalance and the importance of imaging for diagnosis, and underscore the need to consider secondary PHA as a differential diagnoses of hyponatremia and hyperkalemia in infancy. However further studies, including basic research, to elucidate the diseases pathology is warranted.
Successful treatment of a high‐risk diabetic foot ulcer by ozone therapy and collagen powder: A case report
Authors: Talebi Hooman Mohammad , Javaheri Javad , Fakhari Mohammad Sadegh
Published: April 2024

Key Clinical Message

A high risk diabetic foot ulcer is treated by ozone therapy and collagen powder. The goal of this study was to report a high risk case, treated by ozone therapy, and collagen powder. Ozone therapy and collagen powder can improve healing process of diabetic foot ulcers.

This case report presents a successful nonsurgical outpatient approach for managing a high‐risk diabetic foot ulcer with tendon exposure in an older adult with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and severe heart failure. Due to the patient's comorbidities, surgical intervention was not an option, leading to the utilization of ozone therapy, collagen powder, and Phenytoin ointment. The significance of this case lies in the treatment of a high‐risk foot ulcer through a nonsurgical approach, considering the patient's uncontrolled diabetes and severe heart failure. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are debilitating and life‐threatening complications, often resulting in amputations, socio‐psychological burdens, and lifestyle changes. Conventional treatment methods have shown limited success, necessitating the exploration of new and innovative approaches. The use of ozone therapy has emerged as a potential treatment, but its safety and efficacy in DFUs require further investigation. The positive outcomes observed in this case report suggest that ozone therapy may be a viable option for treating DFUs, and further studies are recommended to evaluate its effectiveness.
Removal of Metal Ions from Wastewater Using Co‐integrated Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Vishnu Dhanya , Dhandapani Balaji , Vijayasimhan Sivapriya , Rajendran Arasi , Mukunthan Madhav , Pandiyan Mohan , Shankar Aadithya , Senthilkumar K.
Published: April 2024

The column performance of silica‐coated, amino‐functionalized, superparamagnetic nanoparticles co‐integrated with Cynodon dactylon and Murraya koenigii plant extracts for the removal of CuII ions was evaluated. The co‐integrated nanoparticles were used as sorbent materials in fixed‐bed column studies, and the effects of inlet concentration, adsorbent bed depth, and flow rate were analyzed. Breakthrough time was calculated for various CuII inlet concentrations, depths of the adsorbent bed, and volumetric flow rates. Models such as Thomas, Yoon‐Nelson, and the bed depth model were evaluated to determine the experimental fit. The maximum breakthrough time for CuII ions of 1200 min was attained for a CuII inlet concentration of 100 mg L–1, sorbent bed depth of 3 cm, and volumetric flow rate of 1 mL min–1.
Source Apportionment and Pollution Assessment of Heavy Metals in an Urban Waterbody
Authors: Priya Lakshmi , Siddik A Muhammed , Varghese George K.
Published: April 2024

With increasing contamination of waterbodies, access to clean drinking water has become a challenge. Preventing further contamination and cleaning up of existing contamination are the immediate steps to address this challenge. For this, the sources of contamination and their relative contributions need to be ascertained. The bottom sediments from an urban waterbody named “Conolly Canal” was analyzed for heavy metal contamination. The level of contamination of the waterbody was assessed using Pollution Load Index. A Monte Carlo analysis (MCA) was performed on the heavy metals concentrations measured to apportion the contribution among the identified sources. The results of MCA were used to proportion the concentration of chemicals among the responsible parties based on the concentration of the contaminants in the waterbody. The study presents a robust procedure for source apportionment, which can be adopted in similar situations.
Emergent Properties in Chemistry ‐ Relating Molecular Properties to Bulk Behavior
Authors: Sieroka Norman , Lossau Tammo , Neudecker Tim
Published: April 2024

Certain properties of an object only emerge when a sufficient number of those objects are present in a definite arrangement. For example, one or two water molecules cannot said to be in a liquid state, but a drop of water can be. This concept of emergence has been studied extensively, but only occasionally discussed explicitly in the context of chemistry. In this paper, we aim to show the fruitfulness of the concept of emergence for chemical inquiry by considering four case studies of emergent chemical properties, i. e., the liquidity and freezing of water, structural properties of crystals, thermodynamical phase transitions and quantum mechanical phenomena. We show that some of these properties emerge gradually, some at discrete points, and some should be taken to emerge only when the number of constituents tends to infinity. We argue that studying the way in which chemical properties emerge presents a useful avenue for research that promises greater insight into the nature of those properties.
Electron Donor‐Acceptor Complex Driven Photocatalyst‐Free Trifluoromethylation of Heterocycles
Authors: Li Yufei , Hou Jie , Zhang Pei , Dai Peng , Gu Yu‐Cheng , Xia Qing , Zhang Weihua
Published: April 2024

Heterocyclic trifluoromethylation is efficiently initiated through a photochemical reaction utilizing an electron donor–acceptor (EDA) complex, proceeding smoothly without the use of photocatalysts, transition‐metal catalysts, or additional oxidants. This method has been optimized through extensive experimentation, demonstrating its versatility and efficacy across various substrates, including quinoxalinones, coumarins, and indolones. Notably, this approach enables the practical synthesis of trifluoromethylated quinoxalinones on a gram scale. Mechanistic investigations that incorporate radical trapping and ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy, confirmed the formation of the an EDA complex and elucidated the reaction pathways. This study highlights the crucial role of EDA photoactivation in trifluoromethylation, significantly expanding the application scope of EDA complexes in chemical synthesis.
Syntheses of α(2,8) Sialosides Containing NeuAc and NeuGc by Using Double Carbonyl‐Protected N‐Acyl Sialyl Donors
Authors: Takeuchi Yutaka , Tohda Kazuki , Tanaka Hiroshi
Published: April 2024

We report on the syntheses of NeuAc and NeuGc‐containing glycosides via the use of double carbonyl‐protected N‐acetyl sialyl donors. The 7‐O,9‐O‐carbonyl protection of an N‐acyl‐5‐N,4‐O‐carbonyl‐protected sialyl donor markedly increased the α‐selectivity during glycosylation, particularly when glycosylating the C‐8 hydroxyl group of sialic acids. The N‐acyl carbamates were selectively opened with ethanethiol under basic conditions to provide N‐acyl amines. It is noteworthy that N‐glycolyl carbamate was more reactive to nucleophiles by comparison with the N‐acetyl carbamate due to the electron‐withdrawing oxygen in the N‐acyl group and however, allowed selective opening of the carbamates without the loss of N‐glycolyl groups. To demonstrate the utility of the approach, we began by synthesizing α(2,3) and α(2,6) sialyl galactosides. Glycosylation of the hydroxy groups of galactosides at the C‐6 position with the NeuAc and NeuGc donors provided the corresponding sialyl galactoses in good yields with excellent α‐selectivity. However, glycosylation of the 2,3‐diol galactosyl acceptor selectively provided Siaα(2,2)Gal. Next, we prepared a series of α(2,8) disialosides composed of NeuAc and NeuGc. Glycosylation of NeuGc and NeuAc acceptors at the C‐8 hydroxyl group with NeuGc and NeuAc sialyl donors provided the corresponding α(2,8) disialosides, and no significant differences were detected in the reactivities of these acceptors.
Flexible PLA Copolymers with Low Melt Flow Index for Blown Film Applications
Authors: Rodríguez Hernández Benjamín , Lieske Antje
Published: April 2024

A series of strategies are investigated, which allow internally plasticized polylactide (PLA)‐polyether block copolymers to be effectively melt‐processed through blown film extrusion in the semi‐technical scale. Among the strategies presented are the use of tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite (TNPP) as a chain extender during the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide and the application of ε‐caprolactone (CL) as a plasticizing comonomer. The produced films have a significantly higher flexibility than pure PLA films and are in a comparable range to the flexibility of fossil‐based, film‐grade low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) films.
Electrochemical Hydrogenation of Aliphatic Aldehydes and Acids using Pentlandite Catalysts
Authors: Kleinhaus Julian T. , Umer Salman , Pellumbi Kevinjeorjios , Wickert Leon , Wolf Jonas , junge Puring Kai , Siegmund Daniel , Apfel Ulf‐Peter
Published: April 2024

Electrochemical hydrogenations are considered a sustainable alternative to classical thermocatalytic processes prevalent in industrial conversions. Using a base metal sulfide of the pentlandite class, the hydrogenation of glutaraldehyde and propionic acid was investigated. While propionic acid could not be converted, glutaraldehyde was conveniently transformed to the semi‐ and fully hydrogenated products 5‐hydroxypentanal and 1,5‐pentanediol with a partial current density of up to 34 mA cm−2 and a Faraday efficiency of 34 %. Crucial factors for a stable and efficient reaction were found to be the use of an appropriate buffer, avoidance of low pH and the used membrane type. The reaction was implemented into a zero‐gap cell reaching a single pass conversion of up to 22 %, underlining the potential for future application.