bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anxiety and Caffeine
Authors: Hire Jerome N.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between anxiety and caffeinated beverages was studied using Spielberger's questionnaire and additional questions concerning the consumption of alcohol, cigarettes, and the students' estimated GPA. Subjects were 68 female and 23 male students. Consistent with previous studies, small correlations were found between anxiety, coffee, alcohol, and estimated GPA.
Creativity, Satisfaction, and Orientation of College Freshmen
Authors: Maxwell Beth A. , Reilley Robert R.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated differences in creativity among the following groups of college students: probationary, average, distinguished, and undecided as to college major. Also, the relationship of creativity to college satisfaction and student orientation to college was examined. Differences in creative ability among the groups were found. Probationary students earned the highest group mean on the creativity measure and their mean was significantly greater than for the undecided group. Differences and correlations among the variables of creativity, college satisfaction, and student orientation were presented and discussed.
Forgetting of Matching-to-Sample in Pigeons
Authors: Rodewald H. Keith , Donn Paul D.
Published: September 2011

A 10-wk. rest between acquisition and relearning sessions produced a clear decline in performance on a matching-to-sample task. The pigeons relearned matching quickly, and savings scores based on errors ranged from 0.43 to 0.62.
Current Developments in Leadership Training Simulations
Authors: Hunsaker Phillip L.
Published: September 2011

Three behavioral simulations have been developed to aid in the training and evaluation of ROTC cadets and OCS candidates in the area of leadership effectiveness. This paper summarizes the nature, applications, and results of this program over the last three years and previews future directions. Examples of techniques for data collection, anticipated problem areas, and relevant research paradigms are provided.
Ineffectiveness of an Aversion Therapy Technique in Treatment of Obsessional Thinking
Authors: Blue Richard
Published: September 2011

The rubber band as a technique in aversion therapy has been used in the reduction of obsessional thinking and compulsive acts. In two case studies not only was this approach ineffective in reducing obsessional thinking but actually led to an increase in the obsessive thoughts of both patients. Pain from the snap of the rubber band became a cue to ruminate further about the undesired thoughts.
Sex and Age Effects on Choice-Sequence Preferences of Preschool Children
Authors: Hughes R. N. , Daley V. A.
Published: September 2011

Choice-sequence preferences of 20 preschool children were examined in relation to their sex and age. Females generally adopted fewer repeating sequences than males but this difference was largely dependent upon the age of the subjects and stimulus characteristics of the choice task. Older children appeared to show weaker preferences for repetition. The results were discussed in terms of age-related preference changes and females' developmental precocity.
Comparison of the WAIS and Leiter International Performance Scale in a Large Urban Community Mental Health Setting
Authors: Duvall Sheryl W. , Maloney Michael P.
Published: September 2011

The present study sought to investigate the efficacy of the Leiter in a sample of 35 culturally disadvantaged psychiatric patients. Correlations between Leiter and Wechsler Scales ranged from .62 to .71. Mean Leiter IQs were 12.77 points lower than WAIS Full Scale IQs. Implications of this difference are discussed.
Sex Differences in Self-Concepts of Adolescents
Authors: Stoner Sue , Kaiser Lynn
Published: September 2011

The Tennessee Self-concept Scale was administered to 29 males and 33 females who were high school juniors. Significant differences were found on 3 of the 10 subscales; males scored significantly higher on personal self, social self, and self-criticism.
Learned Helplessness, Immunization and Importance of Task in Humans
Authors: Dyck Dennis G. , Breen Lawrence J.
Published: September 2011

Prevention of laboratory induced learned helplessness in college students was demonstrated. Three groups of 20 subjects received failure, success, or success followed by failure (immunization) on blocks taken from the WISC and WAIS block design tests. Half of the subjects in each condition were informed that the task was valid in predicting IQ and college success (high task importance) while the other half was simply told that the task involved concept-formation learning (low importance). Following pretreatment all subjects were tested on a series of 20 patterned anagrams. High task importance—failure subjects had longer latencies on the anagrams relative to the high task importance—immunization subjects. The superior performance of the immunization condition relative to the failure condition indicates that learned helplessness in humans, as in infra-humans, can be prevented by prior success on a similar task. High task importance was generally associated with poorer anagram performance thereby supporting Roth and Kubal's (1975) findings which relate helplessness to the impact of “no control.”
Self-Concept Disturbance among Mothers Who Abuse Their Children
Authors: Rosen Barbara
Published: September 2011

The problem addressed here was whether self-concept disturbance significantly distinguished abusive from non-abusive mothers. 60 women with children under 5 yr. were divided into 2 groups of 30 each on the basis of known abuse or non-abuse of the child. All participants completed a Personal Data Sheet containing relevant background information, and Weed-man, Warren, and Marx's unpublished Self-concept Incongruence Scale, to assess positive self-concept, self-concept incongruence, and self-concept inconsistency. Women who abused their children had lower and more inconsistent self-concepts than non-abusers. They also experienced greater incongruence between the way they viewed themselves and the way they would like to be. These disturbances were seen as both the sources and consequences of the extreme frustration which leads to violence when socially appropriate outlets are unavailable.
Continuous Repertoire: Multiple-Response Control by a Continuous Stimulus Dimension
Authors: Wildemann Donald G.
Published: September 2011

Three points of correspondence were trained between a continuous stimulus dimension and a quasi-continuous response dimension. Human subjects were then tested with novel test stimuli from the stimulus continuum to determine whether appropriate new mapping responses would be emitted. A procedure was developed to allow a fine-grain analysis of the mapping responses. Data indicated that use of continuous stimulus and response dimensions results in significant positive transfer to untrained values.
Female Sex-Role Expectations and Authoritarianism
Authors: Yonge George D. , Regan Mary C.
Published: September 2011

38 male and 38 female university students were classified by a median split on the Autonomy scale from the Omnibus Personality Inventory as authoritarian and non-authoritarian. Subjects also completed a modified version of a questionnaire developed by Hawley (1971) dealing with traditional versus androgynous female sex-role expectations. The five scores derived from this questionnaire are: Woman as Partner, Woman as Ingenue, Woman as Homemaker, Woman as Competitor, and Woman as Knower. As anticipated, authoritarian subjects held more traditional expectations. Men were significantly more traditional than women on two of the five scores, Woman as Homemaker and Woman as Competitor.
Learning, Transfer, and Retention of Errorless Fading versus Trial-and-Error Teaching
Authors: Ellis William D. , Ludlow Barbara L. , Walls Richard T.
Published: September 2011

Although several investigators have used prompting and fading techniques to teach tasks with few or no errors, there has been disagreement about subsequent transfer and retention as compared with trial-and-error learning. Fourth grade students in an errorless fading condition learned a symbol discrimination task by a prompting and fading program in which relevant characteristics of the line drawings were emphasized. Another group learned the same discrimination by trial-and-error with right-and-wrong feedback. Findings indicated that percentage of errors was less for errorless fading than trial-and-error in initial learning but did not differ during transfer or retention. However, in terms of time, a history of prompting-fading learning did not transfer to trial-and-error learning as well as one of trial-and-error learning.
Analysis of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale as a Faceted Instrument
Authors: Levin Joseph , Karni Eliezer , Frankel Yaacov
Published: September 2011

The Tennessee Self-concept Scale is a two-faceted instrument, one of which is the internal modality of the self-concept and the other one is the self as an external referent. The smallest space analysis of the subscales intercorrelation matrix yielded a definite pattern replicated in 8 studies. The order of the subscales of the internal selves was Am, Act, Accept, and of the external selves was Physical, Social, Personal, Family, Moral/ethical. Psychological interpretations of the order are suggested, and possible effects of some particular features of the instrument are discussed.
Perception of Risk as Related to Choice in a Two-Dimensional Risk Situation
Authors: Dickson John W.
Published: September 2011

A risky choice was created by manipulating two dimensions of risk for 21 managers attending a conference. The first dimension varied risk by altering the difference in expected value between two alternatives of widely differing variance. The second dimension varied the expectancy of achieving a particular outcome. Whereas choice was significantly related to both dimensions of risk, it was not significantly related to estimates of the subjective risk inherent in the choice situation. It appears that subjective risk does not mediate between objective risk and choice.
Sex Differences, Dominance, and Physical Attractiveness in the Use of Nonverbal Emblems
Authors: Poling Tommy H.
Published: September 2011

40 male and 40 female subjects were selected according to high and low levels of dominance and physical attractiveness. Each subject was assigned to a male or female interviewer who verbally administered a 3-min. biographical questionnaire while an observer made a frequency count of the nonverbal emblems used by the subjects. In general, female subjects expressed more emblems than males and subjects of high dominance expressed more emblems than low dominant subjects. Findings were qualified by the following: highly attractive women used more emblems than did women of low attractiveness or men, use of emblems did not differ as a function of attractiveness for men, in same-sex dyads use of emblems did not differ as a function of dominance but in cross-sex dyads highly dominant men and women showed more use than did men and women low in dominance.
The Bem Sex-Role Inventory: Use with Caution If at All
Authors: Yonge George D.
Published: September 2011

A critical evaluation is made of the measure of psychological androgyny (difference, scores) derived from the Bern Sex-role Inventory. On the basis of this evaluation and an illustration of the shortcomings of this measure, it is recommended that the inventory not be used as a measure of androgyny.
Self-Monitoring in the Treatment of an Acute Mania
Authors: Blue F. Richard
Published: September 2011

A behavioral self-monitoring program was successfuly utilized to treat continuing manic episodes in a 47-yr.-old male. Although lithium carbonate was effective in reducing the severity of the attacks, two episodes occurred weekly before the behavioral self-monitoring program was initiated. After training, the patient was able successfully to monitor his thoughts and keep from engaging in hypomanic behavior.
Morale of Curriculum Directors as Related to Perceptions of Leadership of Superintendents
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

209 curriculum directors in Georgia public schools responded to the School Administrator Morale Measure, a 9-variable scale, and the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire, which measures perceptions of their superintendent's behavior in two dimensions, Consideration and Initiating Structure. A canonical R e of .72 was obtained with the subscale Superordinate Relations correlating .69 with Consideration. Few differences in morale or perceptions of leader's behavior due to sex, race, certification status, and length of service were found. On five subscales and the Total Morale measure, means were significantly higher for directors from small systems with those from medium and large systems having lower scores in that order. Initiating Structure of superintendents was perceived by directors as significantly higher than Consideration.
Information Contained in the Encoded Representation of the Stimulus
Authors: Chiesi Harry L. , Pellegrino James W.
Published: September 2011

Aspects of stimulus encoding were assessed in two experiments by comparing confidence ratings given to actual stimuli with ratings given to variants of the stimuli that systematically distorted identity and position information about individual components. The results indicated that even after a single trial the encoded representation of the stimulus contained information about the identity and position of all individual components and the relationships among components. While neither higher degrees of associative learning nor additional learning trials altered the relative importance of various types of information contained in the encoding, signal detection analyses indicated that both factors increased the subject's over-all sensitivity to the stimulus. Response-similarity had no effect on stimulus learning when trials were controlled. The results are discussed with respect to previous studies on selection of stimuli and independence of components.
Comparative Study of Delinquent and Non-Delinquent Mexican-American Youths
Authors: Martinez Maria Elena , Hays J. Ray , Solway Kenneth S.
Published: September 2011

Delinquent and non-delinquent Mexican-American youths were compared on factors which correlate with juvenile delinquency including self-concept, perception of family environment, attitude toward school, and level of aspiration. Mexican-American males (30 delinquents and 30 non-delinquents) were matched on age and socio-economic status, and the Piers-Harris Self-concept Scale, the Family Environment Scale, and the School Attitude Scale were administered. The aspired and expected level of educational and occupational status was measured by direct questions. Non-delinquent Mexican-Americans scored higher on self-concept, school attitude, and level of aspiration than delinquents. There was no significant difference between groups on the perception of family environment. These results support research conducted on other ethnic groups. Cultural and social-class biases must be considered in evaluating the self-concepts of minority delinquent youth.
Suicidal Behavior among Heroin Addicts: A Brief Report
Authors: Emery Gary D. , Steer Robert A. , Beck Aaron T.
Published: September 2011

The occurrence of past suicide attempts by 142 male and 49 female heroin addicts was 9–9%, and 18.3% reported current suicidal ideation; the rate of past attempts was lower than previously reported for heroin addicts. The findings suggested that the incidence of suicidal behavior in heroin addicts may not be as high as previously believed.
Comparison of Locus of Control in Freeloaders versus Nonfreeloaders
Authors: Raimondo P. A. , Littell M. L. , Bourgeois A. E. , Barto S. , Cantini S. F.
Published: September 2011

To determine the incidence of freeloading by college students and to compare the locus of control of freeloaders versus nonfreeloaders, 25 female and 20 male volunteers from introductory psychology were administered Levenson's Locus of Control Scale and were fingerprinted. The subjects were then allowed to cleanse their hands. Unobtrusive measures of whether the subjects obtained paper towels by operation of a crank towel dispenser or freeloaded from a stack of folded towels placed above the dispenser were obtained. 25 nonfreeloaders and 15 freeloaders were identified and compared on Levenson's Internal, Powerful Others, and Chance Scales. Freeloaders were significantly lower on the Chance Locus of Control scale than were the nonfreeloaders.
Parental Self-Actualization and Children's Self-Concept
Authors: King Mark
Published: September 2011

The relation between parental self-actualization and the self-concept of the junior high-school-aged child was investigated. The subjects were 154 families (39 of whom had 2 children). Self-actualization was measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory and self-concept by the Tennessee Self-concept Scale. Girls showed a stronger relationship to their parents than did boys; fathers had a greater influence on their children than did mothers, and the strongest sex combination was father-daughter. Few rs were significant; all were low and accounted for small amounts of common variance.
Psychological Factors in Violent Persons
Authors: Breiner Sander J.
Published: September 2011

The psychoaggressive aspect of mental development is examined, showing that problems in identification and unresolved aggressive conflicts are expressed by violent persons. Sociologic and psychologic profiles of violence and clinical material presented tend to confirm the hypothesis.
Correlates of Loneliness among Widows Bereaved in a Mining Disaster
Authors: Bahr Howard M. , Harvey Carol D.
Published: September 2011

From interviews with 44 widows of victims of the 1972 Sunshine Mine disaster (Idaho) and comparison samples of wives of survivors of the fire and of miners employed in other mines two types of loneliness were identified—one (personal loneliness) referring to whether respondents felt “very lonely and remote from other people” and the other (community underinvolvement) to whether they felt as involved in community life as they wanted to be. The widows manifested very high levels of personal loneliness but not of perceived community underinvolvement. An hypothesized link between loneliness and low income did not appear, but education was related to both kinds of loneliness. Participation in organizations seems related to low personal loneliness. Contacts with friends and relatives, belonging to a variety of voluntary organizations, having satisfying daily employment, and participating in religious organizations are related to satisfaction with level of involvement in community. Both types of loneliness are inversely related to high morale, happiness, and perceived high quality of life among widows. There may be many dimensions of loneliness as the present two types have different correlates; successful prescriptions for these often differ.
Psychometric Properties and Underlying Assumptions of Two Measures of Masculinity/Femininity
Authors: Bohannon Wayne E. , Mills Carol J.
Published: September 2011

The psychometric properties and assumptions underlying the terms masculinity and femininity were examined using two psychometrically and conceptually different measures of masculinity/femininity, the Femininity Scale from the California Psychological Inventory and the Bern Sex-role Inventory. Participants were 221 male and 221 female undergraduate and graduate college students. The results of principal components and correlational analyses indicated that (a) the Femininity Scale is not a unidimensional, bipolar measure, (b) the scale primarily measures stereotypic sex-role orientations, (c) the Bern scale measures two independent, unipolar personality styles (an instrumental and agentic personality style and an expressive and communal personality style), as well as social maturity, and (d) the two scales share a stereotypic notion of masculinity/femininity. It was also suggested that the Femininity Scale may be utilized to index changes in society's definitions of masculinity and femininity and that the investigation of the role which social maturity plays in regulating sex-role related behaviors is warranted.
Wais Verbal-Performance Differences among Elderly When Controlling for Fatigue
Authors: Rust James O. , Barnard Danna , Oster Gerald D.
Published: September 2011

Older subjects show consistent declines on Performance Scale scores of the WAIS. Data were collected from 22 men and 22 women over 65 yr. to determine whether the lower scores were due to decreased abilities or to task-related fatigue. Fatigue was controlled by counterbalancing the order of presentation of the WAIS scales. The Performance Scale was administered first on one-half of the protocols. Although the Verbal IQs were significantly higher than the Performance IQs, no significant difference was noted for order of presentation.
Decision Making as a Function of Locus of Control and Cognitive Dissonance
Authors: Wheeler R. Wade , Davis John M.
Published: September 2011

Students with internal, as contrasted with external, locus of control showed greater difficulty arriving at decisions when those decisions had serious consequences for someone else.
Influence of Decision-Makers' Characteristics on Outcome of a Selection Process in Medical School
Authors: Arnold Louise , Calkins Virginia , Brumwell Mary
Published: September 2011

In the evaluation of selection of students for medical school, little systematic effort has been given to the influence of the characteristics of decision-makers on the outcomes of the selection process. This paper addresses that issue by exploring whether decision-makers' demographic, social, or psychological characteristics, either singly or together with companion characteristics of applicants, played a role in the final outcomes of the process. The decision-makers were interviewers and admission committee members who selected 80 students from a pool of 245 applicants to a B.A.—M.D. degree program. The findings suggest that future work on selection needs to take the characteristics of decision-makers into account to ascertain a more complete evaluation of the process.
Restoring Freedom When Pressured Not to Select Alternatives
Authors: Goldman Morton , Wallis Donna
Published: September 2011

40 college students majoring in art and 40 college students not majoring in art, role-playing, were pressured while selecting one of four similar watercolor paintings. Reactance theory would make two predictions: one, the paintings where pressure was exerted not to select would be chosen more frequently by the art majors than by the non-art majors; and two, the paintings which the subjects were pressured not to select would be chosen more frequently. The results supported the first prediction and the second prediction was supported for art majors but not for non-art majors. Thus, only in an area of concern to the individual does the reduction of his freedom to select alternatives produce behavior to restore that freedom.
Actor-Observer Differences in Attribution: A Replication
Authors: Solano Cecilia H.
Published: September 2011

Nisbett, et al., (1973) presented evidence that male actors use more situational than dispositional explanations for their own behavior and use more dispositional than situational attributions for their best friend. The present study replicated this finding for male actors ( n = 41), and demonstrates that female actors ( n = 41) produce the same pattern. A close examination of this data and Nisbett, et al.'s shows, however, that a different interpretation of the data is possible for a familiar other. Dispositional attributions are made equally to the self and to the best friend. Situational attributions are made primarily to the self.
Personalities of Addicts
Authors: Collins Hardin A.
Published: September 2011

To investigate personality types among a group of drug abusers participating in a VA voluntary treatment program MMPI profiles were obtained for 59 male veterans. Three most frequently appearing types were obtained. The results suggest that these veterans are not a unique group of drug abusers. They are similar to classifications of 40 years ago.
Further Analysis of Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale
Authors: Dobson Cynthia , Goudy Willis J. , Keith Patricia M. , Powers Edward
Published: September 2011

Further factor analysis of responses to Rosenberg's 10-item self-esteem scale by 1,332 older men living in small communities suggested this was not a unidimensional scale.
Instrumental Conditioning Using Attitudinal Reinforcement as a Function of Locus of Control
Authors: Feinberg Richard A. , Lombardo John P. , Miller Franklin G. , Steigleder Michele K.
Published: September 2011

34 subjects who scored internally and 34 externally on locus of control learned an instrumental response the reinforcement for which was listening to another person yield (large magnitude of reinforcement) or disagree (small magnitude of reinforcement). Contrary to previous evidence locus of control did not influence conditioning of response speed.
Rorschach Card Rejection and its Relationships to Defensiveness, Intelligence, and Sex
Authors: Tamkin Arthur S.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to replicate several earlier findings concerning the relationships of Rorschach card rejection to intelligence, defensiveness, and sex. The subjects were 27 males and 48 females who were inpatients at an acute treatment, psychiatric hospital, and who had been tested with the Rorschach, MMPI, and WAIS. The measures of defensiveness were the Q and K scales of the MMPI and F% from the Rorschach. The subjects were divided into rejecting and non-rejecting groups, and t tests were computed for IQ, K, and F%, and chi-squared tests were computed for Q and sex. Analysis of variance was computed for IQs as a function of amount of card rejection. IQ was inversely related to card rejection. Sex, Q, K, and F% were not related to card rejection.
Effect of Variability of Bogus Feedback and Contingency of Reward on Self-Reinforcement and Self-Punishment
Authors: Newman Alexander
Published: September 2011

This study tested the prediction that variability of bogus feedback and contingency of reward would produce divergent causal ascriptions which would differentially affect self-reinforcement and self-punishment. While conditions did not lead to differential causal attributions, variability of feedback reduced self-reinforcement but did not affect self-punishment. History of contingent reward resulted in less self-punishment than non-contingent reward but had no effect on self-reinforcement. Self-evaluation, self-reinforcement, and self-punishment were not related to causal attributions. Thus, subjects appeared to respond directly to information about feedback and configurations of reward rather than to the expected causal attributions.
Relationship of Endorsement of Rational Beliefs, Age, Months in Treatment, and Intelligence to Overt Behavior of Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Wasserman Theodore H. , Vogrin Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the relationship between endorsement of the 11 irrational beliefs described by Ellis (1962) and overt behavior by 27 emotionally disturbed and learning disabled children. Additional variables included were IQ, age, and months in treatment. Prior to involvement in the study all children received a standardized training program. Analysis indicated that knowledge of the therapy was directly correlated but not strongly with behavioral measures of self-reliance, control, and ability to take initiative in school situations. However, endorsement of the beliefs alone only predicts overt behavior (the child's willingness to blame external events for his problems) when the child's age was taken into account. Intelligence and months in treatment did not correlate with the behavioral demonstration of knowledge of the beliefs. Age appears to have specific bearing on the feasibility of using a cognitively based treatment as a psychotherapeutic intervention.
Conservatism and Cognitive Complexity
Authors: Schneider Johann F. , Kohler André , Wachter Hanne
Published: September 2011

The study explored the relationship between conservatism and a number of indices of cognitive complexity obtained from the same grid material when 90 nurse students rated 13 role figures on 13 provided bipolar constructs. Several indices of cognitive complexity were constructed. Neither the indices computed over the constructs nor the indices computed over the role figures correlated significantly with the scores of the Wilson-Patterson C. Scale.
Personality Factors in a Random Sample of the Population
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

A Gallup Poll quota sample of 600 English males and 598 English females was administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and a factor analysis made of the intercorrelations between items, for men and women separately. The results were compared with the results obtained from the original standardization groups, in order to study the influence that attention to sampling might have on factor composition, reliabilities, factor intercorrelations, etc. Indices of factor comparison were all above .98, and all other comparisons, including means and SDs, showed very similar results for the two samples. Correlations between personality factors and socio-economic status were very small; those with age somewhat larger and in the same direction as those in the original sample.
Effects of Self-Imposition and Experimenter Imposition of Achievement Standards on Performance
Authors: Schuldt W. John , Bonge Dennis
Published: September 2011

This research assessed the effects of imposition of achievement standards on crank-turning within conditions in which apparent reinforcements were present. Subjects were assigned to one of four experimental conditions: self-imposition of achievement standards, experimenter's imposition of achievement standards, apparatus-feedback control, and baserate control. A steady decline in cranking over the period was noted. Subjects given experimenter's standards cranked faster than did subjects in the baserate condition but did not differ significantly from subjects in the apparatus-feedback condition. Subjects under self-imposition cranked faster than did subjects in any other conditions.
Suspected Neurological Impairment and Cognitive Abilities: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Gold Patricia
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between suspected neurological impairment (SNI) and cognitive abilities. Performances on cognitive measures administered between 8 mo. and 8 yr. of age were compared employing two different impaired groups and a neurologically normal group. One group demonstrated deviance at Age 1 and neurological normalcy at Age 7 (SNI-1) whereas the other group demonstrated normalcy at Age 1 and neurological deviance at Age 7 (SNI-7). The former evidenced particular difficulty with verbal mental skills, whereas, the latter demonstrated a global pattern of depressed cognitive impairment. However, impairment extended to academic skills at Age 8 for both groups. Deviation was identified at 8 mo. for the former and at 4 yr. for the latter group. The serial use of psychological measures for early screening of the former group was effective, therefore, but more discerning measures are needed to detect subtle deviations which may have existed for one group at Age 7 yr. The need for the identification or development of effective language measures for use with young children was also indicated.
Bystander's Intervention in Situations of Violence
Authors: Schreiber Elliott
Published: September 2011

There has been a great deal of violence in communities within the past few years. Criticism of people's attitudes toward violence and the lack of intervention has included apathy, indifference, fear, and withdrawal. Various studies have produced conflicting results with regard to the reasons for lack of intervention in emergencies. Despite prior work, study of over 200 college students in situations of violence shows that the size of the group is not significant in affecting intervention. Study of numerous simulated situations of assault or murder indicated that bystander's intervention depends on the dynamics of the group and the personality of the individual member who impulsively gives aid to a victim. This individual's personality characteristics are given and suggestions for further research on aggression and violence are reported.
Personality Correlates of Predisposition to Fashion: Dogmatism and Machiavellianism
Authors: Pinaire-Reed J. Ann
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that predisposition to fashionable clothing would reflect underlying personality. Data for 202 female undergraduates indicated that persons with high predisposition were significantly higher in dogmatism, higher in Machiavellian tactics, and lower in Machiavellian cynicism than were persons with low predisposition. However, the relationships were not strong.
Uncontrollability and Psychiatric Symptoms
Authors: Joe Victor C. , Miller Paul M. , Joe Jean K.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the hypotheses that (1) external subjects would report a greater number of life changes than internal subjects, (2) external subjects would perceive a greater number of life changes to be uncontrollable, and (3) uncontrollable life events would be associated with psychiatric symptoms. Not high levels of change per se but life changes perceived as uncontrollable may bring on psychiatric symptoms.
Word Association: Grammatical, Semantic, and Affective Dimensions of Associates to Homonyms
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Scoring schema of word associations for grammatical form, affective and semantic-syntactic associates were developed using factor analyses of logically developed schema. The schema evolved over the past 20 yr. with hundreds of ambiguous words and a thousand subjects of several normal and patient categories. The procedures, rationales, and results of the three schema are presented with the factor structures obtained with 100 normal adult males with mean education at the high school level. The interactions between these dimensions that relate to the organization and size of the associative networks with a number of nomothetic and psychometric variables were examined. Virtually no cross-over between the affective and semantic associative networks was noted. A significant difference was noted, however, in the faulting behaviors with the two networks.
Investigation of Periodicity in Crisis Intervention Calls over an Eight-Year Span
Authors: Michelson Larry , Wilson James , Michelson Joyce
Published: September 2011

Over an 8-yr. period 36,268 calls were received by the Crisis Intervention Center of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between lunar phases and crisis calls. Pearson correlations were performed but no significant values were obtained. Exploratory Fourier analyses showed trends in the data not related to lunar phases. Findings appear consistent with those of other investigations of lunar influence on human behavior.
Statistical Theory and Clinical Practice in Predicting Rare Phenomena
Authors: Reinhardt H. E.
Published: September 2011

The statistical theory contained in Bayes's theorem provides insight into some of the difficulties encountered by clinicians in predicting rare phenomena.
Effects of Phencyclidine on Isolation-Induced Aggression in Mice
Authors: Burkhalter John E. , Balster Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Mice, isolated 6 to 8 wk. to induce aggression, were injected with either saline, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg phencyclidine (PCP) i.p. After 30 min., an untreated, group-housed mouse (intruder) was introduced into the home cage of each isolated mouse (resident) for a 3-min. period. The frequency of resident mouse attack bites, tail rattles, nasal contacts, locomotions, and rearings was recorded by time sampling. The 1.0 mg/kg PCP dose increased the attack bites and decreased nasal contacts while the high dose produced no change in these behaviors. Locomotions were increased at both doses of PCP. This drug's effects on agonistic and related behaviors are similar to the reported bi-phasic effects of d-amphetamine on aggression.
Therapist's Office is a Treatment Variable
Authors: Ryan William P.
Published: September 2011

How the spatial organization of the therapist office affects outcome is overlooked. The theoretical groundwork for conceptualizing in this area and the minimal pertinent research data are discussed. Questions are raised about the awareness of therapists regarding this variable.
Machiavellianism: Some Problems with a Dutch Mach V Scale
Authors: Vleeming R. G.
Published: September 2011

In this research note technical properties of a Dutch triadic forced-choice Machiavellianism scale are examined. Data from 64 and 53 male college students in two surveys indicate that the reliabilities are in the .30s and rather low. Besides, the Dutch Mach V is not insensitive to a social desirability response-set; correlations in the .30s were found with a Social Desirability scale. Some solutions are mentioned.
Prospective Teachers' Attitudes toward the Rights and Roles of Contemporary Women in Two Cultures
Authors: Tan-Willman Conchita
Published: September 2011

Attitudes toward the rights and roles of contemporary women of prospective teachers in two cultures were measured and compared. Results indicated both cultural and sex differences with the 193 Canadian subjects showing more liberal attitudes toward women than their 245 Philippine counterparts and with the females in both cultural groups ( ns = 119 and 221) reflecting more egalitarian attitudes than the males ( ns = 74 and 24).
Word Association and Formal Training of the Written Language: B. Changes in Syntactic and Semantic Relationships of Associates
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , Dufilho Joanne H. , Dawson Nancy E.
Published: September 2011

This study combined a cross-sectional and a longitudinal approach with children from kindergarten through Grade 5 responding in free word association on four occasions to stimulus words introduced at each of the first six grade levels. These responses were analyzed for meaningfulness, syntagmatic-paradigmatic relationship, and for idiodynamic response set. As previously reported with grade level the meaningfulness of responses increased, and the syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift was observed. This “shift” was complex and the idiodynamic set scores showed that it is largely a function of the didactic techniques and of the grade of introduction of written words in our elementary schools. The longitudinal data indicated marked individual differences in the time and course of the changes. Some children were strongly influenced by these didactic procedures while others were not influenced at all or were only transiently influenced. Most children entered school with a pre-established set but a few developed no set within the time frame of the study. It was emphasized that the correlation between word associations and didactic techniques and sequencing may reflect teachers' experience of maturational readiness in children of different ages.
Fertility Attitudes and the Fear of Death
Authors: Hoelter Jon W. , Whitlock John L. , Epley Rita J.
Published: September 2011

The present study was an attempt to test empirically the general proposition that fear of death is related to certain attitudes about fertility, particularly expected number of children. Analysis of data collected at a midwestern university ( N = 355) showed this proposition to be generally supported and dependent, in part, on respondents' sex. Although the interrelationships of the variables appear somewhat complex, they provide an empirical reference for further research linking mortality to fertility.
An Attempt to Enhance Moral Judgment of Offenders
Authors: Copeland Terry F. , Parish Thomas S.
Published: September 2011

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory suggests that there are qualitative differences or levels of moral judgment. This study attempted to enhance the moral judgments of 134 young men incarcerated in a military training program. It failed. These findings indicate that, while the theory of moral development is appealing to those working in correctional settings, its application may be fruitless.
Role of the Father in Normal Psychosexual Development
Authors: Mead Shasta L. , Rekers George A.
Published: September 2011

One of the more important functions that the father fulfills in the family is to promote appropriate sex-typing in his children. The father who is either physically or psychologically absent from the home can have a detrimental effect on the psychosexual development of his children. On the other hand, the father who is nurturant, dominant, and actively involved in child care is most likely to have masculine sons and feminine daughters.
Further Validation of the Ethical Reasoning Inventory
Authors: Bode James , Page Roger
Published: September 2011

To assess its utility with high school subjects and further assess its construct validity, the Ethical Reasoning Inventory was administered to two student samples. 78 high school boys received both the Ethical Reasoning Inventory and the Kohlberg Moral Judgment Interview while 31 male and 38 female college students were given the inventory along with the Short-form Dogmatism Scale. The results indicate that the Ethical Reasoning Inventory does possess construct validity, is able to discriminate high school from college groups, and can be used with subjects at least as young as 14 yr. old.
Effect of Speakers' Sex and Size of Audience on Heart-Rate Changes during Short Impromptu Speeches
Authors: Baldwin Sandra F. , Clevenger Theodore
Published: September 2011

This study was carried out to determine whether over-all heart rate and heart-rate arousal pattern ate similar for 10 male and 10 female speakers and in speaking situations with both a large as well as a small audience. Equal numbers of male and female subjects were exposed to normal-sized audiences of 21 and very small audiences of 3 during a short impromptu speech, and their heart rates monitored continuously before, during, and after speaking. With limited exception, patterns of heart-rate increment corresponded with those established in previous studies, although females conformed less closely to established patterns. Females experienced greater increment, on the average, than males, and their patterns of arousal differed in certain minor details. Before a small audience slightly greater increments were elicited than before a normal audience, and there were some indications that males and females responded differently to the two speaking situations.
Role of Trait Anxiety and Induced Arousal in Two-Flash Threshold of Neurotic Patients
Authors: Jea R. G. Chatter , Chattopadhyay P. K. , Roy A. R. , Biswas P. K. , Bhattacharyya A. K. , Basu A. K.
Published: September 2011

To examine the effects of trait anxiety and induced arousal on two-flash threshold 10 neurotic patients and 10 normal students were tested in aroused (70 dB white noise) and non-aroused conditions. Patients had higher state and trait anxiety than normals. A significant difference in two-flash threshold was observed between the groups during non-arousal only.
Aggressive and Socially Disruptive Behavior among Maximum Security Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Rogers Richard , Ciula Bryan , Cavanaugh James L.
Published: September 2011

The study examines retrospectively selected environmental variables and the frequency of aggressive and socially disruptive behaviors within a 42-bed maximum security psychiatric setting. Perceived “violent” patients showed a low incidence of aggressive behavior in a controlled setting. Significant variables associated with these behaviors were the time of day and availability of professional staff.
Hypnotherapy for Weight Control
Authors: Davis Sally , Dawson Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

A survey of weight control techniques indicates need for a weight-loss program which integrates appropriate eating behavior into everyday life and research that follows up patients to see if weight loss is maintained. A successful hypnotherapeutic program is described and illustrated through six case histories. Beginning, end-of-treatment, and follow-up data are presented and compared to summarized results of behavioral techniques; hypnotherapy showed shorter length of treatment and greater loss at follow-up. Patients' success with the adjunct of a taped induction was interpreted as failure to internalize suggestions, increased relaxation with resultant reduction in desire to eat, or a booster effect, similar to but not as powerful as, a return session.
Death Anxiety of Rehabilitation Counselors and Clients
Authors: Johnson Jeanine C.
Published: September 2011

For 52 rehabilitation counselors and 50 rehabilitation clients, means and standard deviations on Templer's (1969, 1970) Death Anxiety Scale were comparable to those for the general population. Death anxiety and age were not related for the counselors but a significant inverse relationship was found for the clients.
MMPI Two-Point Code-Type Frequencies of Drug Abusers in a Therapeutic Community
Authors: Patalano Frank
Published: September 2011

Two-point MMPI code-types of drug abusers in a psychiatric, residential, drug-free therapeutic community were obtained to identify the most frequent two-point codes of drug abusers and see if a large proportion of the protocols could be classified into a small number of two-point codes. Responses indicated that the 48/84 and 49/94 codes were most frequent, and 80.6% of the MMPI protocols could be classified into only seven two-point codes, 48/84, 49/94, 24/42, 89/98, 46/64, 78/87 and 28/82.
Religious and Unity Criteria of Baptists and Nones in Reports of Mystical Experience
Authors: Morris Ronald J. , Hood Ralph W.
Published: September 2011

40 Baptists and 40 persons who had no religious membership were asked to give experience ratings on religious and unity criteria of mysticism. Both Nones and Baptists acknowledged mystical experience in religious language; an experience of unity was a major characteristic of both religious and non-religious mysticism.
Relationships between Subjectively and Statistically Determined Contributors to Life Satisfaction for Male University Faculty
Authors: Soper W. Barlow
Published: September 2011

Male faculty at a large southeastern university were surveyed to determine their feelings of satisfaction with 15 specific areas of life and with their lives in general (life satisfaction). Respondents were also asked to rank each of the 15 specific areas as to its importance to life satisfaction. The mean subjective rankings were correlated with several statistically determined sets of contributors to life satisfaction with no relationships being found. People subjectively determine the importance of contributors to life satisfaction differently than do multivariate analyses derived from satisfaction ratings for those contributors. Suggestions for additional research are provided.
Biofeedback and Control of Skin Cell Proliferation in Psoriasis
Authors: Benoit Larry J. , Harrell Ernest H.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to determine the effect of skin-temperature-biofeedback training on cellular proliferation in three psoriasis patients. It was hypothesized that (a) psoriasis patients would be able consciously to decrease skin temperature of psoriatic tissue and (b) there would be a positive correlation between rate of cellular proliferation and temperature change. Results obtained indicated biofeedback training to be effective in decreasing the surface temperature of psoriatic tissue. Temperature-training effects generalized from the location of the thermistor to the contralateral limb. Rate of cellular proliferation decreased from pretraining to post-training biopsies. Dramatic improvement in psoriatic plaques was usually observed up to 4 mo. posttraining.