bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistome, Virulome, and Clonal Variation in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Healthy Swine Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Silva Vanessa , Silva Adriana , Barbero Raquel , Romero Mario , del Campo Rosa , Caniça Manuela , Cordeiro Rui , Igrejas Gilberto , Poeta Patricia
Published: April 2024

This cross-sectional study investigates the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): its prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characteristics in healthy swine populations in central Portugal. A total of 213 samples were collected from pigs on twelve farms, and MRSA prevalence was assessed using selective agar plates and confirmed via molecular methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were performed to characterize resistance profiles and genetic determinants. Among the 107 MRSA-positive samples (83.1% prevalence), fattening pigs and breeding sows exhibited notably high carriage rates. The genome of 20 isolates revealed the predominance of the ST398 clonal complex, with diverse spa types identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents, including penicillin, cefoxitin, and tetracycline. WGS analysis identified a diverse array of resistance genes, highlighting the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, virulence gene profiling revealed the presence of genes associated with pathogenicity. These findings underscore the significant prevalence of MRSA in swine populations and emphasize the need for enhanced surveillance and control measures to mitigate zoonotic transmission risks. Implementation of prudent antimicrobial use practices and targeted intervention strategies is essential to reducing MRSA prevalence and safeguarding public health. Continued research efforts are warranted to elucidate transmission dynamics and virulence potential, ultimately ensuring food safety and public health protection.
Population Genomics of Commercial Fish Sebastes schlegelii of the Bohai and Yellow Seas (China) Using a Large SNP Panel from GBS
Authors: Zhu Beiyan , Gao Tianxiang , He Yan , Qu Yinquan , Zhang Xiumei
Published: April 2024

Sebastes schlegelii is one of the most commercially important marine fish in the northwestern Pacific. However, little information about the genome-wide genetic characteristics is available for S. schlegelii individuals from the Bohai and Yellow Seas. In this study, a total of 157,778, 174,480, and 188,756 single-nucleotide polymorphisms from Dalian (DL), Yantai (YT), and Qingdao (QD) coastal waters of China were, respectively, identified. Sixty samples (twenty samples per population) were clustered together, indicating shallow structures and close relationships with each other. The observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, polymorphism information content, and nucleotide diversity ranged from 0.14316 to 0.17684, from 0.14035 to 0.17145, from 0.20672 to 0.24678, and from 7.63 × 10−6 to 8.77 × 10−6, respectively, indicating the slight difference in genetic diversity among S. schlegelii populations, and their general genetic diversity was lower compared to other marine fishes. The population divergence showed relatively low levels (from 0.01356 to 0.01678) between S. schlegelii populations. Dispersing along drifting seaweeds, as well as the ocean current that flows along the western and northern coasts of the Yellow Sea and southward along the eastern coast of China might be the major reasons for the weak genetic differentiation. These results form the basis of the population genetic characteristics of S. schlegelii based on GBS (Genotyping by Sequencing). In addition to basic population genetic information, our results provid a theoretical basis for further studies aimed at protecting and utilizing S. schlegelii resources.
Domestic Accidents of Children in the Orodara District of Burkina Faso: Mothers’ Knowledge of First-Aid Practices
Authors: Coulibaly Abou , Sogo Armel Emmanuel , Bara Anata , Wildhaber Barbara E. , Inglin Sophie
Published: April 2024

First-aid practices after a domestic accident are not always known, especially in Africa. This study aimed to measure mothers’ knowledge of emergency procedures and attitudes in the event of domestic accidents in children. We conducted a cross-sectional study in the Orodara health district, Kénédougou province, Burkina Faso, among mothers of children aged 0–14 years. The dependent variable was the mothers’ knowledge of domestic accident first-aid practices, and the independent variables were the sociodemographic characteristics of the households and the mothers. Determinants were identified using linear regression with a threshold of 5%. A total of 798 mothers were surveyed. The mean knowledge score was 6.9 (standard deviation = 1.5) out of 19. Upon our multivariate analysis, the factors associated with the mothers’ knowledge about first-aid practices were the mothers’ age, the number of children under 14 years old living in the same household, the household size, the score for knowledge of non-recommended attitudes, the mothers’ level of education, and the place of residence. This study showed that awareness campaigns, especially in rural areas, seem important in improving mothers’ knowledge of first-aid practices in domestic accidents and, therefore, reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with domestic accidents.
The Types of Psychosocial Factors Associated with Suicidality Outcomes for People Living with Bipolar Disorder: A Scoping Review
Authors: Dempsey Robert C. , Dodd Alyson L. , Gooding Patricia A. , Jones Steven H.
Published: April 2024

Bipolar Disorder is associated with high rates of suicidal thoughts, behaviors, and outcomes, yet the lived experience of suicidality and Bipolar Disorder is not particularly well understood. Understanding the role of psychosocial aetiologies in suicidality outcomes for those living with Bipolar Disorder is key for developing appropriately targeted interventions focusing on factors that are amenable to change. In line with PRISMA guidance, we conducted a scoping review to identify the types of psychosocial factors studied in relation to the experience of suicidality for people living with Bipolar Disorder diagnoses. Systematic literature searches identified a sample of 166 articles from which key study data were extracted and charted. A narrative synthesis of the reviewed literature is presented ordered by the factors investigated across studies, a frequency count of the types of psychological/social aetiologies studied, and a brief overview of the key findings for each aetiology. Most of the identified literature took the form of quantitative cross-sectional studies, with only one qualitative study and 18 quantitative prospective studies. The most studied aetiologies were trauma (specifically early adverse experiences and childhood traumas) and stressful life events, impulsivity (primarily subjective self-reported trait impulsivity), social support and functioning, and personality/temperament factors. Only six studies in the final sample reported basing their research questions and/or hypotheses on an explicit theoretical model of suicide. The literature was primarily focused on using self-report measurements of key aetiologies and on factors which lead to worsened suicidality rather than focusing on potentially protective or buffering factors. Future research needs to better justify the aetiologies investigated in relation to suicidality outcomes for people living with Bipolar Disorder, including a firmer basis in theory and hypothesis testing, more prospective designs, and the use of alternative assessments of psychosocial aetiologies in addition to self-report questionnaires.
Host–Microbiome Crosstalk in Chronic Wound Healing
Authors: Mihai Mara Mădălina , Bălăceanu-Gurău Beatrice , Ion Ana , Holban Alina Maria , Gurău Cristian-Dorin , Popescu Marius Nicolae , Beiu Cristina , Popa Liliana Gabriela , Popa Mircea Ioan , Dragomirescu Cerasella Cristiana , Preda Mădălina , Muntean Alexandru-Andrei , Macovei Ioana Sabina , Lazăr Veronica
Published: April 2024

The pathogenesis of chronic wounds (CW) involves a multifaceted interplay of biochemical, immunological, hematological, and microbiological interactions. Biofilm development is a significant virulence trait which enhances microbial survival and pathogenicity and has various implications on the development and management of CW. Biofilms induce a prolonged suboptimal inflammation in the wound microenvironment, associated with delayed healing. The composition of wound fluid (WF) adds more complexity to the subject, with proven pro-inflammatory properties and an intricate crosstalk among cytokines, chemokines, microRNAs, proteases, growth factors, and ECM components. One approach to achieve information on the mechanisms of disease progression and therapeutic response is the use of multiple high-throughput ‘OMIC’ modalities (genomic, proteomic, lipidomic, metabolomic assays), facilitating the discovery of potential biomarkers for wound healing, which may represent a breakthrough in this field and a major help in addressing delayed wound healing. In this review article, we aim to summarize the current progress achieved in host–microbiome crosstalk in the spectrum of CW healing and highlight future innovative strategies to boost the host immune response against infections, focusing on the interaction between pathogens and their hosts (for instance, by harnessing microorganisms like probiotics), which may serve as the prospective advancement of vaccines and treatments against infections.
The Immune Response of OAS1, IRF9, and IFI6 Genes in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19
Authors: Gajate-Arenas Malena , Fricke-Galindo Ingrid , García-Pérez Omar , Domínguez-de-Barros Angélica , Pérez-Rubio Gloria , Dorta-Guerra Roberto , Buendía-Roldán Ivette , Chávez-Galán Leslie , Lorenzo-Morales Jacob , Falfán-Valencia Ramcés , Córdoba-Lanús Elizabeth
Published: April 2024

COVID-19 is characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations, where aging, underlying diseases, and genetic background are related to worse outcomes. In the present study, the differential expression of seven genes related to immunity, IRF9, CCL5, IFI6, TGFB1, IL1B, OAS1, and TFRC, was analyzed in individuals with COVID-19 diagnoses of different disease severities. Two-step RT-qPCR was performed to determine the relative gene expression in whole-blood samples from 160 individuals. The expression of OAS1 (p < 0.05) and IFI6 (p < 0.05) was higher in moderate hospitalized cases than in severe ones. Increased gene expression of OAS1 (OR = 0.64, CI = 0.52–0.79; p = 0.001), IRF9 (OR = 0.581, CI = 0.43–0.79; p = 0.001), and IFI6 (OR = 0.544, CI = 0.39–0.69; p < 0.001) was associated with a lower risk of requiring IMV. Moreover, TGFB1 (OR = 0.646, CI = 0.50–0.83; p = 0.001), CCL5 (OR = 0.57, CI = 0.39–0.83; p = 0.003), IRF9 (OR = 0.80, CI = 0.653–0.979; p = 0.03), and IFI6 (OR = 0.827, CI = 0.69–0.991; p = 0.039) expression was associated with patient survival. In conclusion, the relevance of OAS1, IRF9, and IFI6 in controlling the viral infection was confirmed.
RAF and MEK Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Adamopoulos Christos , Papavassiliou Kostas A. , Poulikakos Poulikos I. , Papavassiliou Athanasios G.
Published: April 2024

Lung cancer, despite recent advancements in survival rates, represents a significant global health burden. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most prevalent type, is driven largely by activating mutations in Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KRAS) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), and less in v-RAF murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) and mitogen-activated protein-kinase kinase (MEK), all key components of the RTK-RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Learning from melanoma, the identification of BRAFV600E substitution in NSCLC provided the rationale for the investigation of RAF and MEK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy. The regulatory approval of two RAF-MEK inhibitor combinations, dabrafenib–trametinib, in 2017, and encorafenib–binimetinib, in 2023, signifies a breakthrough for the management of BRAFV600E-mutant NSCLC patients. However, the almost universal emergence of acquired resistance limits their clinical benefit. New RAF and MEK inhibitors, with distinct biochemical characteristics, are in preclinical and clinical development. In this review, we aim to provide valuable insights into the current state of RAF and MEK inhibition in the management of NSCLC, fostering a deeper understanding of the potential impact on patient outcomes.
Claudins in Cancer: A Current and Future Therapeutic Target
Authors: Hana Caroline , Thaw Dar Nyein Nyein , Galo Venegas Michael , Vulfovich Michel
Published: April 2024

Claudins are a family of 27 proteins that have an important role in the formation of tight junctions. They also have an important function in ion exchange, cell mobility, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, the latter being very important in cancer invasion and metastasis. Therapeutic targeting of claudins has been investigated to improve cancer outcomes. Recent evidence shows improved outcomes when combining monoclonal antibodies against claudin 18.2 with chemotherapy for patients with gastroesophageal junction cancer. Currently, chimeric antigen receptor T-cells targeting claudin 18 are under investigation. In this review, we will discuss the major functions of claudins, their distribution in the normal as well as cancerous tissues, and their effect in cancer metastasis, with a special focus on the therapeutic targeting of claudins to improve cancer outcomes.
Anti-Nociceptive Effects of Sphingomyelinase and Methyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin in the Icilin-Induced Mouse Pain Model
Authors: Horváth Ádám , Steib Anita , Nehr-Majoros Andrea , Kántás Boglárka , Király Ágnes , Racskó Márk , Tóth Balázs István , Szánti-Pintér Eszter , Kudová Eva , Skoda-Földes Rita , Helyes Zsuzsanna , Szőke Éva
Published: April 2024

The thermo- and pain-sensitive Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 3 and 8 (TRPM3 and TRPM8) ion channels are functionally associated in the lipid rafts of the plasma membrane. We have already described that cholesterol and sphingomyelin depletion, or inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis decreased the TRPM8 but not the TRPM3 channel opening on cultured sensory neurons. We aimed to test the effects of lipid raft disruptors on channel activation on TRPM3- and TRPM8-expressing HEK293T cells in vitro, as well as their potential analgesic actions in TRPM3 and TRPM8 channel activation involving acute pain models in mice. CHO cell viability was examined after lipid raft disruptor treatments and their effects on channel activation on channel expressing HEK293T cells by measurement of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration were monitored. The effects of treatments were investigated in Pregnenolone-Sulphate-CIM-0216-evoked and icilin-induced acute nocifensive pain models in mice. Cholesterol depletion decreased CHO cell viability. Sphingomyelinase and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin reduced the duration of icilin-evoked nocifensive behavior, while lipid raft disruptors did not inhibit the activity of recombinant TRPM3 and TRPM8. We conclude that depletion of sphingomyelin or cholesterol from rafts can modulate the function of native TRPM8 receptors. Furthermore, sphingolipid cleavage provided superiority over cholesterol depletion, and this method can open novel possibilities in the management of different pain conditions.
Dolutegravir and Folic Acid Interaction during Neural System Development in Zebrafish Embryos
Authors: Zizioli Daniela , Quiros-Roldan Eugenia , Ferretti Sara , Mignani Luca , Tiecco Giorgio , Monti Eugenio , Castelli Francesco , Zanella Isabella
Published: April 2024

Dolutegravir (DTG) is one of the most prescribed antiretroviral drugs for treating people with HIV infection, including women of child-bearing potential or pregnant. Nonetheless, neuropsychiatric symptoms are frequently reported. Early reports suggested that, probably in relation to folic acid (FA) shortage, DTG may induce neural tube defects in infants born to women taking the drug during pregnancy. Subsequent reports did not definitively confirm these findings. Recent studies in animal models have highlighted the association between DTG exposure in utero and congenital anomalies, and an increased risk of neurologic abnormalities in children exposed during in utero life has been reported. Underlying mechanisms for DTG-related neurologic symptoms and congenital anomalies are not fully understood. We aimed to deepen our knowledge on the neurodevelopmental effects of DTG exposure and further explore the protective role of FA by the use of zebrafish embryos. We treated embryos at 4 and up to 144 h post fertilization (hpf) with a subtherapeutic DTG concentration (1 μM) and observed the disruption of the anterior–posterior axis and several morphological malformations in the developing brain that were both prevented by pre-exposure (2 hpf) and rescued by post-exposure (10 hpf) with FA. By whole-mount in situ hybridization with riboprobes for genes that are crucial during the early phases of neurodevelopment (ntl, pax2a, ngn1, neurod1) and by in vivo visualization of the transgenic Tg(ngn1:EGFP) zebrafish line, we found that DTG induced severe neurodevelopmental defects over time in most regions of the nervous system (notochord, midbrain–hindbrain boundary, eye, forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, spinal cord) that were mostly but not completely rescued by FA supplementation. Of note, we observed the disruption of ngn1 expression in the dopaminergic regions of the developing forebrain, spinal cord neurons and spinal motor neuron projections, with the depletion of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+ dopaminergic neurons of the dorsal diencephalon and the strong reduction in larvae locomotion. Our study further supports previous evidence that DTG can interfere with FA pathways in the developing brain but also provides new insights regarding the mechanisms involved in the increased risk of DTG-associated fetal neurodevelopmental defects and adverse neurologic outcomes in in utero exposed children, suggesting the impairment of dopaminergic pathways.
Characterization of Human B Cell Hematological Malignancies Using Protein-Based Approaches
Authors: Jiménez Cristina , Garrote-de-Barros Alba , López-Portugués Carlos , Hernández-Sánchez María , Díez Paula
Published: April 2024

The maturation of B cells is a complex, multi-step process. During B cell differentiation, errors can occur, leading to the emergence of aberrant versions of B cells that, finally, constitute a malignant tumor. These B cell malignancies are classified into three main groups: leukemias, myelomas, and lymphomas, the latter being the most heterogeneous type. Since their discovery, multiple biological studies have been performed to characterize these diseases, aiming to define their specific features and determine potential biomarkers for diagnosis, stratification, and prognosis. The rise of advanced -omics approaches has significantly contributed to this end. Notably, proteomics strategies appear as promising tools to comprehensively profile the final molecular effector of these cells. In this narrative review, we first introduce the main B cell malignancies together with the most relevant proteomics approaches. Then, we describe the core studies conducted in the field and their main findings and, finally, we evaluate the advantages and drawbacks of flow cytometry, mass cytometry, and mass spectrometry for the profiling of human B cell disorders.
Learning Circuits and Coding with Arduino Board in Higher Education Using Tangible and Graphical User Interfaces
Authors: Tselegkaridis Sokratis , Sapounidis Theodosios , Papakostas Dimitrios
Published: April 2024

The integration of the Arduino board into educational settings has penetrated across various educational levels. The teaching of this subject can be accomplished by (a) using real components in breadboards, (b) prefabricated modular boards that snap together, and (c) utilizing computer simulations. Yet, it is unknown which interface offers a more effective learning experience. Therefore, this experimental study aims to compare the effectiveness of these interfaces in a series of three laboratory exercises involving 110 university students, who were divided into three groups: (a) the first group used a tangible user interface, implementing circuits on breadboards, (b) the second group also used a tangible interface but with modular boards, and (c) the third group used a graphical user interface to simulate circuits using Tinkercad. For each laboratory exercise, students completed both pretests and posttests. Also, they provided feedback through five Likert-type attitude questions regarding their experiences. In terms of data analysis, t-tests, ANOVA, and ANCOVA, along with bootstrapping, and principal component analysis were employed. The results suggest that among the participants, those who used a graphical user interface stated that their understanding of the interconnection of components in microcontroller circuits was enhanced, while students with previous experience in microcontroller labs found the circuit creation process easier than students without experience.
A Study on the Removal of Impurity Elements Silicon and Zinc from Rubidium Chloride by Vacuum Distillation
Authors: Cui Xi , Zhang Wenzheng , Ji Rui , Yang Mingliang , Wang Shichao , Qu Tao
Published: April 2024

With the rapid development of high and new technology, rubidium and its compounds show broad application prospect and market demand with their unique characteristics. At present, the production of rubidium metal is mainly prepared by calcium thermal reduction of rubidium chloride. Rubidium metal obtained by reduction requires multi-step vacuum distillation to obtain high-purity rubidium metal. The purity of rubidium metal depends on the purity of the raw material rubidium chloride. Rubidium metal is relatively active and is easy to oxidize and explode in air. Therefore, a method combining vacuum decomposition and vacuum distillation to reduce impurity elements in rubidium chloride from raw materials is proposed in this paper. The experimental results show that under the conditions of pressure of 5–10 Pa, distillation temperature of 823 K and vacuum distillation time of 60 min, the contents of Si and Zn impurities are reduced from 1206 mg/kg and 310 mg/kg to less than 0.1 mg/kg, and the removal rates are 99.99% and 99.97%, respectively. Rubidium chloride has almost no loss, and through one-step vacuum distillation, the impurity elements silicon and zinc can be deeply removed, reducing the flammability and explosiveness, high cost, long process and other problems caused by the subsequent preparation of high-purity rubidium metal.
Advanced Triboelectric Applications of Biomass-Derived Materials: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Park Chan Ho , Kim Minsoo P.
Published: April 2024

The utilization of triboelectric materials has gained considerable attention in recent years, offering a sustainable approach to energy harvesting and sensing technologies. Biomass-derived materials, owing to their abundance, renewability, and biocompatibility, offer promising avenues for enhancing the performance and versatility of triboelectric devices. This paper explores the synthesis and characterization of biomass-derived materials, their integration into triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), and their applications in energy harvesting, self-powered sensors, and environmental monitoring. This review presents an overview of the emerging field of advanced triboelectric applications that utilize the unique properties of biomass-derived materials. Additionally, it addresses the challenges and opportunities in employing biomass-derived materials for triboelectric applications, emphasizing the potential for sustainable and eco-friendly energy solutions.
Superhard and Superconducting Bilayer Borophene
Authors: Zhong Chengyong , Sun Minglei , Altalhi Tariq , Yakobson Boris I.
Published: April 2024

Two-dimensional superconductors, especially the covalent metals such as borophene, have received significant attention due to their new fundamental physics, as well as potential applications. Furthermore, the bilayer borophene has recently ignited interest due to its high stability and versatile properties. Here, the mechanical and superconducting properties of bilayer-δ6 borophene are explored by means of first-principles computations and anisotropic Migdal–Eliashberg analytics. We find that the coexistence of strong covalent bonds and delocalized metallic bonds endows this structure with remarkable mechanical properties (maximum 2D-Young’s modulus of ~570 N/m) and superconductivity with a critical temperature of ~20 K. Moreover, the superconducting critical temperature of this structure can be further boosted to ~46 K by applied strain, which is the highest value known among all borophenes or two-dimensional elemental materials.
Effect of Modified and Unmodified Oak Bark (Quercus Cortex) on the Cross-Linking Process and Mechanical, Anti-Aging, and Hydrophobic Properties of Biocomposites Produced from Natural Rubber (NR)
Authors: Smejda-Krzewicka Aleksandra , Mrozowski Konrad , Strzelec Krzysztof
Published: April 2024

The study explores the novel use of oak bark (Quercus cortex) as a bio-filler in elastomeric composites, aligning with the global trend of plant-based biocomposites. Both modified and unmodified oak bark were investigated for their impact on the physicochemical properties of natural rubber (NR) composites. The bio-filler modified with n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane exhibited enhanced dispersion and reduced aggregates in the elastomeric matrix. NR composites containing more than 20 phr of unmodified and modified oak bark demonstrated an increased degree of cross-linking (αc > 0.21). Mechanical properties were optimal at 10–15 phr of oak bark and the sample with modified bio-filler (10 phr) achieved the highest tensile strength (15.8 MPa). Silanization and the addition of the bio-filler increased the hardness of vulcanizates. The incorporation of oak bark improved aging resistance at least two-fold due to phenolic derivatives with antioxidant properties. Hydrophobicity decreased with added bark, but silanization reversed the trend, making samples with a high content of oak bark the most hydrophobic (contact angle: 129°). Overall, oak bark shows promise as an eco-friendly, anti-aging filler in elastomeric composites, with modification enhancing compatibility and hydrophobicity.
Corrosion Study on Duplex Stainless Steel UNS S31803 Subjected to Solutions Containing Chloride Ions
Authors: de Souza Lucas Menezes , Pereira Elaine , Amaral Thiago Barreto da Silva , Monteiro Sergio Neves , de Azevedo Afonso Rangel Garcez
Published: April 2024

In the present work, the influence of a corrosive environment and temperature on the corrosion resistance properties of duplex stainless steel S31803 was evaluated. The corrosive process was carried out using solutions of 1.5% HCl (m/m) and 6% FeCl3 (m/m), at temperatures of 25 and 50 °C. The microstructure of UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel is composed of two phases, ferrite and austenite, oriented in the rolling direction, containing a ferrite percentage of 46.2% in the rolling direction and 56.1% in the normal direction. Samples, when subjected to corrosive media and temperature, tend to decrease their mechanical property values. It was observed, in both corrosive media, that with increasing test temperature, there is an increase in the corrosion rate, both uniform and pitting. The sample in HCl solution obtained a uniform corrosion rate of 0.85% at 25 °C and 0.92% at 50 °C and pitting rates of 0.77% and 1.47% at the same temperatures, respectively. When tested in FeCl3 solution, it obtained uniform corrosion of 0.0006% and 0.93% and pitting of 0.53% and 18.5%, at the same temperatures. A reduction in dissolution potentials is also noted, thus characterizing greater corrosion in the samples with increasing temperature.
Research on the Solid–Liquid Composite Casting Process of Incoloy825/P110 Steel Composite Pipe
Authors: Gui Hailian , Hu Xiaotong , Liu Hao , Zhang Chen , Li Qiang , Hu Jianhua , Chen Jianxun , Gou Yujun , Shuang Yuanhua , Zhang Pengyue
Published: April 2024

Bimetallic composites have a wide range of application prospects in various industries. Different bonding temperatures, as one of the influencing factors, directly affect the bonding effectiveness as well as the performance and application of the materials. Using metallurgical bonding techniques ensures a strong bond at the interface of bimetallic materials, resulting in high-quality composite pipe billets. This paper describes an Incoloy825/P110 steel bimetal composite material made by the solid–liquid composite method. By utilizing ProCAST 14.5 software for simulation and deriving theoretical formulas, an initial range of temperatures for bimetallic preparation has been tentatively determined. And this temperature range will be utilized for on-site experiments to prepare bimetallic samples. After the preparation process is completed, samples will be selected. The influence of the external mold temperature on the interface bonding of Incoloy825/P110 steel solid–liquid composite material is studied using an ultra-depth three-dimensional morphology microscope and a scanning electron microscope. Through research, the optimal preheating temperature range for the solid–liquid composite outer mold of Incoloy825/P110 bimetallic composite material has been determined. The casting temperature of the inner mold has a significant impact on the interface bonding of this bimetal composite material. As the casting temperature of the inner mold increases, the interface thickness gradually increases. At lower temperatures, the interface thickness is lower and the bonding is poorer. At higher temperatures, melting may occur, leading to coarse grains at the interface. When the temperatures of the inner and outer molds are within a certain range, a new phase appears at the interface. Indeed, it increases the strength of the interface bonding. Due to co-melting of the bimetal near the interface, element migration occurs, resulting in increased Ni and Cr content at the interface and enhanced corrosion resistance.
Preparation of Filter Paper from Bamboo and Investigating the Effect of Additives
Authors: Karchangi Zahra Kazemi , Nazarnezhad Noureddin , Labidi Jalel , Sharifi Seyed Hassan
Published: April 2024

As air pollution escalates, the need for air filters increases. It is better that the filters used be based on natural fibers, such as non-wood fibers, which cause low damage to the environment. However, the short fiber lengths, low apparent densities, and high volumes of non-wood materials can make it challenging to prepare filter paper with the required mechanical and physical properties. In that context, this study focused on utilizing bamboo fibers to fabricate filter paper by employing the anthraquinone soda pulping method. The pulp underwent bleaching and oxidation processes, with the incorporation of cationic starch (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to enhance resistance properties, resulting in the creation of handmade filter papers. The findings revealed that the tear, burst, and tensile strength of filter paper increased with the oxidation and addition of CS and PVA. Air permeability increased with addition of PVA and combination of CS and PVA. FTIR demonstrated the conversion of hydroxyl groups in cellulose chains to carboxyl groups due to oxidation. SEM images illustrated alterations in the fiber structure post-oxidation treatment, with CS reducing pores while PVA and the CS-PVA combination enlarged pore size and enhanced porosity. The BET surface area surface area expanded with oxidation and the addition of the CS-PVA blend, indicating heightened filter paper porosity. Notably, the combined inclusion of CS and PVA not only augmented mechanical strength but also increased porosity while maintaining pore size.
Inhibition of Prostate Cancer Cell Survival and Proliferation by Carnosic Acid Is Associated with Inhibition of Akt and Activation of AMPK Signaling
Authors: Nadile Matteo , Sze Newman Siu Kwan , Fajardo Val A. , Tsiani Evangelia
Published: April 2024

Prostate cancer, accounting for 375,304 deaths in 2020, is the second most prevalent cancer in men worldwide. While many treatments exist for prostate cancer, novel therapeutic agents with higher efficacy are needed to target aggressive and hormone-resistant forms of prostate cancer, while sparing healthy cells. Plant-derived chemotherapy drugs such as docetaxel and paclitaxel have been established to treat cancers including prostate cancer. Carnosic acid (CA), a phenolic diterpene found in the herb rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) has been shown to have anticancer properties but its effects in prostate cancer and its mechanisms of action have not been examined. CA dose-dependently inhibited PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell survival and proliferation (IC50: 64, 21 µM, respectively). Furthermore, CA decreased phosphorylation/activation of Akt, mTOR, and p70 S6K. A notable increase in phosphorylation/activation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and its upstream regulator sestrin-2 was seen with CA treatment. Our data indicate that CA inhibits AKT-mTORC1-p70S6K and activates Sestrin-2-AMPK signaling leading to a decrease in survival and proliferation. The use of inhibitors and small RNA interference (siRNA) approaches should be employed, in future studies, to elucidate the mechanisms involved in carnosic acid’s inhibitory effects of prostate cancer.
Amino Acids during Pregnancy and Offspring Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Health
Authors: Tain You-Lin , Hsu Chien-Ning
Published: April 2024

Amino acids are essential for normal pregnancy and fetal development. Disruptions in maternal amino acid metabolism have been associated with various adult diseases later in life, a phenomenon referred to as the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). In this review, we examine the recent evidence highlighting the significant impact of amino acids on fetal programming, their influence on the modulation of gut microbiota, and their repercussions on offspring outcomes, particularly in the context of cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome. Furthermore, we delve into experimental studies that have unveiled the protective effects of therapies targeting amino acids. These interventions have demonstrated the potential to reprogram traits associated with CKM in offspring. The discussion encompasses the challenges of translating the findings from animal studies to clinical applications, emphasizing the complexity of this process. Additionally, we propose potential solutions to overcome these challenges. Ultimately, as we move forward, future research endeavors should aim to pinpoint the most effective amino-acid-targeted therapies, determining the optimal dosage and mode of administration. This exploration is essential for maximizing the reprogramming effects, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic health in offspring.
Investigating the Influence of Processing Conditions on Dissolution and Physical Stability of Solid Dispersions with Fenofibrate and Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Baumgartner Ana , Dobaj Nina , Planinšek Odon
Published: April 2024

The study aimed to enhance the solubility of the poorly water-soluble drug, fenofibrate, by loading it onto mesoporous silica, forming amorphous solid dispersions. Solid dispersions with 30% fenofibrate were prepared using the solvent evaporation method with three solvents (ethyl acetate, acetone, and isopropanol) at different temperatures (40 °C, boiling point temperature). Various characteristics, including solid-state properties, particle morphology, and drug release, were evaluated by different methods and compared to a pure drug and a physical mixture of fenofibrate and silica. Results revealed that higher solvent temperatures facilitated complete amorphization and rapid drug release, with solvent choice having a lesser impact. The optimal conditions for preparation were identified as ethyl acetate at boiling point temperature. Solid dispersions with different fenofibrate amounts (20%, 25%, 35%) were prepared under these conditions. All formulations were fully amorphous, and their dissolution profiles were comparable to the formulation with 30% fenofibrate. Stability assessments after 8 weeks at 40 °C and 75% relative humidity indicated that formulations prepared with ethyl acetate and at 40 °C were physically stable. Interestingly, some formulations showed improved dissolution profiles compared to initial tests. In conclusion, mesoporous silica-based solid dispersions effectively improved fenofibrate dissolution and demonstrated good physical stability if prepared under appropriate conditions.
Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds: Exploring Neuroprotective, Metabolic, and Hepatoprotective Effects for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Authors: Direito Rosa , Barbalho Sandra Maria , Sepodes Bruno , Figueira Maria Eduardo
Published: April 2024

There is a growing trend among consumers to seek out natural foods and products with natural ingredients. This shift in consumer preferences had a direct impact on both food and pharmaceutical industries, leading to a focus of scientific research and commercial efforts to meet these new demands. The aim of this work is to review recent available scientific data on foods of interest, such as the artichoke, gooseberry, and polygonoideae plants, as well as olive oil and red raspberries. Interestingly, the urgency of solutions to the climate change emergency has brought new attention to by-products of grapevine bunch stem and cane, which have been found to contain bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. There is a pressing need for a faster process of translating scientific knowledge from the laboratory to real-world applications, especially in the face of the increasing societal burden associated with non-communicable diseases (NCDs), environmental crises, the post-pandemic world, and ongoing violent conflicts around the world.
Characterization of Oil-in-Water Emulsions Prepared with Triblock Copolymer Poloxamer 407 and Low-Molecular-Mass Surfactant Mixtures as Carriers of Grape Pomace Waste Polyphenols
Authors: Krstonošić Veljko S. , Sazdanić Darija B. , Ćirin Dejan M. , Nikolić Ivana R. , Hadnađev Miroslav S. , Atanacković Krstonošić Milica T.
Published: April 2024

Background: Natural antioxidants, such as grape pomace polyphenols, can be extracted by a surfactant-based green technology and incorporated into various emulsions. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the physical stability and rheological characteristics of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with poloxamer 407 (P407) and its mixtures with the low-molecular-mass surfactants Brij S20 (BS20) and Tween 60 (T60). Also, the influence of polyphenolic grape pomace extracts on the physical stability and rheological characteristics of the emulsions was examined. Methods: Grape pomace polyphenols were extracted by aqueous solutions of P407 and BS20/P407 and T60/P407 mixtures. Two different types of oil-in-water emulsions were examined: emulsions prepared with pure surfactants and emulsions prepared with surfactant-based polyphenol extracts of grape pomace. Both types contained 20% sunflower oil. Characterization of the emulsions comprised droplet size evaluation, rheology characteristics and creaming stability. Results: All the emulsions showed shear-thinning flow, while the rheological characteristics and creaming instability depended on the proportion of P407 in the emulsifier mixtures. Incorporation of grape pomace extracts had no effect on the investigated properties of the emulsions. Conclusion: The presence of extracted polyphenols in emulsifier mixtures had no significant effects on the emulsions’ physico-chemical characteristics and stability. Therefore, the investigated emulsions can be considered suitable carriers for polyphenol-rich extracts.
Colloidal and Biological Characterization of Dual Drug-Loaded Smart Micellar Systems
Authors: Herman Hildegard , Rata Delia , Cadinoiu Anca , Atanase Leonard , Hermenean Anca
Published: April 2024

Smart polymeric micelles (PMs) are of great interest in drug delivery owing to their low critical micellar concentration and sizes. In the present study, two different pH-sensitive poly(2-vinyl pyridine)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (P2VP-b-PEO) copolymer samples were used for the encapsulation of paclitaxel (PTX), ursolic acid (UA), and dual loading of PTX and UA. Based on the molecular features of copolymers, spherical PMs with sizes of around 35 nm and 140 nm were obtained by dialysis for P2VP55-b-PEO284 and P2VP274-b-PEO1406 samples, respectively. The micellar sizes increased after loading of both drugs. Moreover, drug encapsulation and loading efficiencies varied from 53 to 94% and from 3.2 to 18.7% as a function of the copolymer/drug ratio, molar mass of copolymer sample, and drug type. By FT-IR spectroscopy, it was possible to demonstrate the drug loading and the presence of some interactions between the polymer matrix and loaded drugs. In vitro viability was studied on 4T1 mammary carcinoma mouse cells as a function of time and concentration of drug-loaded PMs. UA-PMs and free PMs alone were not effective in inhibiting the tumor cell growth whereas a viability of 40% was determined for cells treated with both PTX- and PTX/UA-loaded PMs. A synergic effect was noticed for PTX/UA-loaded PMs.
A Broadband Information Metasurface-Assisted Target Jamming System for Synthetic Aperture Radar
Authors: Li Hua , Li Zhenning , Liu Kaiyu , Xu Kaijiang , Luo Chao , Lv You , Deng Yunkai
Published: April 2024

In recent years, jamming strategies for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) pertaining to target detection and identification, such as the creation of false targets, electromagnetic (EM) deception, and signal spoofing, have been increasingly emphasized. Distinct from traditional SAR jamming approaches, the introduction of an innovative artificial material cloak in SAR target jamming presents augmented capabilities. These methods demonstrate a proficient redirection of incident EM waves in specific or arbitrary directions, effectively masking the vital information linked to critical targets. This study introduces a broadband SAR target jamming system employing an information metasurface that incorporates intelligent information processing algorithms in conjunction with a space-time-coding digital metasurface, endowing it with the capacity to adeptly modulate incident EM waves. This integration facilitates a versatile approach to jamming, enabling the deployment of multi-mode protective measures against critical targets. The conducted simulation and experiment results validate the system’s ability to adjustably produce EM deception and generate multiple false targets independently of the SAR system. The outcomes of this research significantly advance the practicality of SAR protection strategies, pushing the boundaries toward more dynamic, broadband, and controllable scenarios, thereby substantially improving the concealment of critical targets in highly sensitive conflict areas.
A Hierarchical Heuristic Architecture for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Coverage Search with Optical Camera in Curve-Shape Area
Authors: Liu Lanjun , Wang Dechuan , Yu Jiabin , Yao Peng , Zhong Chen , Fu Dongfei
Published: April 2024

This paper focuses on the problem of dynamic target search in a curve-shaped area by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with an optical camera. Our objective is to generate an optimal path for UAVs to obtain the maximum detection reward by a camera in the shortest possible time, while satisfying the constraints of maneuverability and obstacle avoidance. First, based on prior qualitative information, the original target probability map for the curve-shaped area is modeled by Parzen windows with 1-dimensional Gaussian kernels, and then several high-value curve segments are extracted by density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN). Then, given an example that a target floats down river at a speed conforming to beta distribution, the downstream boundary of each curve segment in the future time is expanded and predicted by the mean speed. The rolling self-organizing map (RSOM) neural network is utilized to determine the coverage sequence of curve segments dynamically. On this basis, the whole path of UAVs is a successive combination of the coverage paths and the transferring paths, which are planned by the Dubins method with modified guidance vector field (MGVF) for obstacle avoidance and communication connectivity. Finally, the good performance of our method is verified on a real river map through simulation. Compared with the full sweeping method, our method can improve the efficiency by approximately 31.5%. The feasibility is also verified through a real experiment, where our method can improve the efficiency by approximately 16.3%.
A Chlorophyll-a Concentration Inversion Model Based on Backpropagation Neural Network Optimized by an Improved Metaheuristic Algorithm
Authors: Wang Xichen , Cui Jianyong , Xu Mingming
Published: April 2024

Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration monitoring is very important for managing water resources and ensuring the stability of marine ecosystems. Due to their high operating efficiency and high prediction accuracy, backpropagation (BP) neural networks are widely used in Chl-a concentration inversion. However, BP neural networks tend to become stuck in local optima, and their prediction accuracy fluctuates significantly, thus posing restrictions to their accuracy and stability in the inversion process. Studies have found that metaheuristic optimization algorithms can significantly improve these shortcomings by optimizing the initial parameters (weights and biases) of BP neural networks. In this paper, the adaptive nonlinear weight coefficient, the path search strategy “Levy flight” and the dynamic crossover mechanism are introduced to optimize the three main steps of the Artificial Ecosystem Optimization (AEO) algorithm to overcome the algorithm’s limitation in solving complex problems, improve its global search capability, and thereby improve its performance in optimizing BP neural networks. Relying on Google Earth Engine and Google Colaboratory (Colab), a model for the inversion of Chl-a concentration in the coastal waters of Hong Kong was built to verify the performance of the improved AEO algorithm in optimizing BP neural networks, and the improved AEO algorithm proposed herein was compared with 17 different metaheuristic optimization algorithms. The results show that the Chl-a concentration inversion model based on a BP neural network optimized using the improved AEO algorithm is significantly superior to other models in terms of prediction accuracy and stability, and the results obtained via the model through inversion with respect to Chl-a concentration in the coastal waters of Hong Kong during heavy precipitation events and red tides are highly consistent with the measured values of Chl-a concentration in both time and space domains. These conclusions can provide a new method for Chl-a concentration monitoring and water quality management for coastal waters.