bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functionalization of Cellulose Nanocrystals in Choline Lactate Ionic Liquid
Authors: Montes Sarah , Azcune Itxaso , Cabañero Germán , Grande Hans-Jürgen , Odriozola Ibon , Labidi Jalel
Published: June 2016

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are valuable nanomaterials obtained from renewable resources. Their properties make them suitable for a wide range of applications, including polymer reinforcement. However, due to their highly hydrophilic character, it is necessary to modify their surface with non-polar functional groups before their incorporation into a hydrophobic polymer matrix. In this work, cellulose nanocrystals were modified using a silane coupling agent and choline lactate, an ionic liquid derived from renewable resources, as a reaction medium. Modified cellulose nanocrystals were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, showing new peaks associated to the modification performed. X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the crystalline structure of functionalized cellulose nanocrystals and to optimize the amount of silane for functionalization. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposites containing 1 wt % of functionalized cellulose nanocrystals were prepared. They were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and mechanical tests. The use of choline lactate as reaction media has been shown to be an alternative method for the dispersion and silanization of the cellulose nanocrystals without the addition of an external catalyst.
Silk Fiber as the Support and Reductant for the Facile Synthesis of Ag–Fe3O4 Nanocomposites and Its Antibacterial Properties
Authors: Liu Xiaonan , Yin Guangfu , Yi Zao , Duan Tao
Published: June 2016

We report a facile and environmentally friendly approach to prepare Ag–Fe3O4–silk fiber nanocomposites. The Ag–Fe3O4–silk fiber acts as: (i) a biocompatible support for the silver nanoparticles; and (ii) a reducing agent for the silver ions. Neither additional reducing agents nor toxic organic solvents were used during the preparation process. The Ag–Fe3O4–silk fiber nanocomposites can be actuated by a small household magnet and have high antibacterial activities against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. These nanocomposites could be easily recycled without a decrease in their antibacterial activities due to the synergistic effects between the Ag NPs and Fe3O4 NPs with large amounts of active sites.
Coating Methods for Surface Modification of Ammonium Nitrate: A Mini-Review
Authors: Elzaki Baha , Zhang Yue
Published: June 2016

Using ammonium nitrate (AN) as a propellant oxidizer is limited due to its hygroscopicity. This review consolidated the available information of various issues pertaining to the coating methods of the surface modification of ammonium nitrate for reducing its hygroscopicity. Moreover this review summarizes the recent advances and issues involved in ammonium nitrate surface modification by physical, chemical and encapsulation coating methods to reduce the hygroscopicity. Furthermore, coating materials, process conditions, and the hygroscopicity test conditions are extensively discussed along, with summaries of the advantages and disadvantages of each coating method. Our findings indicated that the investigation and development of anti-hygroscopicity of AN, and the mechanisms of surface modification by coating urgently require further research in order to further reduce the hygroscopicity. Therefore, this review is useful to researchers concerned with the improvement of ammonium salts’ anti-hygroscopicity.
A Fast Response Ammonia Sensor Based on Coaxial PPy–PAN Nanofiber Yarn
Authors: Liu Penghong , Wu Shaohua , Zhang Yue , Zhang Hongnan , Qin Xiaohong
Published: June 2016

Highly orientated polypyrrole (PPy)–coated polyacrylonitrile (PAN) (PPy–PAN) nanofiber yarn was prepared with an electrospinning technique and in-situ chemical polymerization. The morphology and chemical structure of PPy–PAN nanofiber yarn was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which indicated that the PPy as the shell layer was homogeneously and uniformly polymerized on the surface of PAN nanofiber. The effects of different concentration of doping acid on the responses of PPy–PAN nanofiber yarn sensor were investigated. The electrical responses of the gas sensor based on the PPy–PAN nanofiber yarn to ammonia were investigated at room temperature. The nanoyarn sensor composed of uniaxially aligned PPy–PAN nanofibers with a one-dimensional structure exhibited a transient response, and the response time was less than 1 s. The excellent sensing properties mentioned above give rise to good potential application prospects in the field of ammonia sensor.
Comment on Gebhardt et al. MAD-MEX: Automatic Wall-to-Wall Land Cover Monitoring for the Mexican REDD-MRV Program Using All Landsat Data. Remote Sens. 2014, 6, 3923–3943
Authors: Mas Jean-François , Couturier Stéphane , Paneque-Gálvez Jaime , Skutsch Margaret , Pérez-Vega Azucena , Castillo-Santiago Miguel , Bocco Gerardo
Published: June 2016

Gebhardt et al. (2014) presented the Monitoring Activity Data for the Mexican REDD+ program (MAD-MEX), an automatic nation-wide land cover monitoring system for the Mexican REDD+ MRV. Though MAD-MEX represents a valuable first effort toward establishing a national reference emissions level for the implementation of REDD+ in Mexico, in this paper, we argue that this land cover system has important limitations that may prevent it from becoming operational for REDD+ MRV. Specifically, we show that (1) the accuracy assessment of MAD-MEX land cover maps is optimistically biased; (2) the ability of MAD-MEX to monitor land cover change, including deforestation and forest degradation; is poor and (3) the use of an entirely automatic classification approach, such as that followed by MAD-MEX, is highly problematic in the case of a large and heterogeneous country like Mexico. We discuss these limitations and call into question the ability of a land cover monitoring system, such as MAD-MEX, both to elaborate a national reference emissions level and to monitor future forest cover change, as part of a REDD+ MRV system. We provide some insights with the aim of improving the development of nation-wide land cover monitoring systems in Mexico and elsewhere.
Real-Time Visual Tracking through Fusion Features
Authors: Ruan Yang , Wei Zhenzhong
Published: June 2016

Due to their high-speed, correlation filters for object tracking have begun to receive increasing attention. Traditional object trackers based on correlation filters typically use a single type of feature. In this paper, we attempt to integrate multiple feature types to improve the performance, and we propose a new DD-HOG fusion feature that consists of discriminative descriptors (DDs) and histograms of oriented gradients (HOG). However, fusion features as multi-vector descriptors cannot be directly used in prior correlation filters. To overcome this difficulty, we propose a multi-vector correlation filter (MVCF) that can directly convolve with a multi-vector descriptor to obtain a single-channel response that indicates the location of an object. Experiments on the CVPR2013 tracking benchmark with the evaluation of state-of-the-art trackers show the effectiveness and speed of the proposed method. Moreover, we show that our MVCF tracker, which uses the DD-HOG descriptor, outperforms the structure-preserving object tracker (SPOT) in multi-object tracking because of its high-speed and ability to address heavy occlusion.
Fast Orientation of Video Images of Buildings Acquired from a UAV without Stabilization
Authors: Kedzierski Michal , Delis Paulina
Published: June 2016

The aim of this research was to assess the possibility of conducting an absolute orientation procedure for video imagery, in which the external orientation for the first image was typical for aerial photogrammetry whereas the external orientation of the second was typical for terrestrial photogrammetry. Starting from the collinearity equations, assuming that the camera tilt angle is equal to 90°, a simplified mathematical model is proposed. The proposed method can be used to determine the X, Y, Z coordinates of points based on a set of collinearity equations of a pair of images. The use of simplified collinearity equations can considerably shorten the processing tine of image data from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), especially in low cost systems. The conducted experiments have shown that it is possible to carry out a complete photogrammetric project of an architectural structure using a camera tilted 85°–90° ( φ or ω) and simplified collinearity equations. It is also concluded that there is a correlation between the speed of the UAV and the discrepancy between the established and actual camera tilt angles.
Sustainable Assessment of Aerosol Pollution Decrease Applying Multiple Attribute Decision-Making Methods
Authors: Čereška Audrius , Zavadskas Edmundas , Cavallaro Fausto , Podvezko Valentinas , Tetsman Ina , Grinbergienė Irina
Published: June 2016

Air pollution with various materials, particularly with aerosols, increases with the advances in technological development. This is a complicated global problem. One of the priorities in achieving sustainable development is the reduction of harmful technological effects on the environment and human health. It is a responsibility of researchers to search for effective methods of reducing pollution. The reliable results can be obtained by combining the approaches used in various fields of science and technology. This paper aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of the multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) methods in investigating and solving the environmental pollution problems. The paper presents the study of the process of the evaporation of a toxic liquid based on using the MADM methods. A schematic view of the test setup is presented. The density, viscosity, and rate of the released vapor flow are measured and the dependence of the variation of the solution concentration on its temperature is determined in the experimental study. The concentration of hydrochloric acid solution (HAS) varies in the range from 28% to 34%, while the liquid is heated from 50 to 80 °C. The variations in the parameters are analyzed using the well-known VIKOR and COPRAS MADM methods. For determining the criteria weights, a new CILOS (Criterion Impact LOSs) method is used. The experimental results are arranged in the priority order, using the MADM methods. Based on the obtained data, the technological parameters of production, ensuring minimum environmental pollution, can be chosen.
13. Culture, alphabétisation et enseignement au 18e siècle
Authors: Trenard Louis
Published: June 2016

13. Louis Trenard : Culture, Literacy and teaching in the 18th century.

This study does not set out to evaluate results ; given its narrow limits, it cannot constitute a real conceptual frame or methodology for the academic and university questions of the Enlightenment ; it is centred above all on the research of French scholars pursued over the last ten years or so ; it attempts to elucidate some of the dominant traits. For all Universities, research is concerned with the notion of decline, the sociology of students, the role of the Faculties in religious quarrels, the evolution of teaching, in particular the introduction of sciences into syllabuses. The pedagogy of the Colleges, the sociology of teachers and pupils, the text books in use, the cartography of scolarisation give rise to original works elaborated within the frame of a congregation of teachers, a State, a province, a town, an institution... The historian of the " Petites Ecoles " attempts to assemble evidence bearing on the rates at which schools were frequented, on the state of exercise books, on the training of teachers... The results of scolarisation are gauged by studying the signatures on the Catholic Registers. This history of teaching should be set in its socio-cultural context.
L'édition des œuvres de Prévost
Authors: Sgard Jean
Published: June 2016

Jean Sgard : Prevost's complete works.

The building of a text does not merely consist in revealing a latent image ; the editor takes part in the elaboration of the text, for which he gives a new image among others. Taking the edition of Prevost's works (now in progress) as an illustration, J. S. analyses the critical processes performed by the editor : selection of the works, working out of the plan of the issue, norms of the elaboration of the text, system of foot-notes.
L'âge néo-classique. Les expositions de Londres, 1972
Authors: Pariset François-Georges
Published: June 2016

Georges Pariset : The Neo classic age.

G. P. gives a detailed report of all the neo-classical exhibitions held in London in 1972, in order to emphasize its outstanding interest and to attract attention to some problems on history of this artistic movement, on the part France took in it, and on the importance it gathered particularly in the eyes of our contemporaries, in the evolution of artistic forms, and of sensibility.
Le barreau béarnais et la signification des Lumières en province (1770-1789)
Authors: Desplat Christian
Published: June 2016

Béarnais lawyers and the Significance of the Enlightenment in the Provinces (1770-1789).

The lawyers of Pau, conservative dignitaries of modest origins, can only be understood in relation to their position and the extent of their participation in the structures of the Ancien Régime. They mostly adopted the ideas of the Enlightenment but expressed them almost exclusively in literary and poetic forms. With one exception they ensured the spread of new ideas within the traditional framework. With the coming of the Revolution, political disillusionment was widespread and often precipitate ; 1789 halted the progress of the Enlightenment and sterilised thought in the provinces. The greater had been their participation in the spread of the Enlightenment, the briefer and more restrained was their participation in the Revolution.
La diffusion des Lumières dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle : Ch.-J. Panckoucke, un libraire éclairé (1760-1799)
Authors: Tucoo-Chala Suzanne
Published: June 2016

The Diffusion of Enlightenment in the second half of the 18th century : Ch.-J. Pancoucke, an enlightened Publisher (1760-1799).

This article examines, from his early beginnings to his development under the revolution, the career of one of the most celebrated French editor-publishers of the 18th century, Charles Joseph Pancoucke (born in 1736). It covers the complex relations between the defence of Enlightenment in a capitalistic sense and its political use by Bourgeois democratic thought. Attention is also drawn to the conditions and consequences of the ideological opposition between Enlightenment and Capitalism.
La politique de Novalis
Authors: Michaud Stéphane
Published: June 2016

The Politics of Novalis.

As early as 1798 F. Schlegel, in a famous passage, described the French Revolution as one of the three most important movements of his time. In spite of this warning, the standard interpretation by critics has long been to consider early German Romanticism as reactionary and anti-Enlightenment. Novalis, its most brilliant representative, became the symbol of counter-revolutionary thought. This article, based on recent studies by German critics, tries to re-establish the truth. Novalis had nothing to do with pietist circles hostile to the Revolution ; his thought combines that of Lessing, Schlegel, Kant and Fichte, to produce an original synthesis.
Une facétie inédite de Paul-Henri Thiry d'Holbach
Authors: Lizé Émile
Published: June 2016

Émile Lizé : D'Holbach 's Apologie de l'ennui et des ennuyeux.

Of the light-hearted essays by Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach, only two were presented by Grimm and Meister in their Correspondance littéraire ; the hitherto unknown text published here appeared between December 1790 and April 1793. In this amusing piece, d'Holbach demonstrates how boredom is the mainspring of human action and of the prosperity of nations, and how, without it, human society would founder.
Les pièges de la narration d'agrément dans Les Confessions de Rousseau
Authors: Duisit Lionel
Published: June 2016

Lionel Duisit : the pitfalls of humour in Rousseau's Confessions.

This article, a stylistic approach to Rousseau's Confessions, analyses the tension to be found in the first six books, between Rousseau's concern for self-justification and the ironic tone which he adopts when describing certain incidents of his youth (for example, the stolen ribbon) that would seem to exclude a humorous treatment. Through an analysis of several passages, the author shows how Rousseau's lack of concern for stylistic unity contributes, by the ensuing ambiguity, to psychological veracity.
J.-J. Rousseau lexicographe : «Danger, risque, péril»
Authors: Le Bouler Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2016

Jean-Pierre Le Bouler : J. -J. Rousseau as lexicographer.

The fragment by Rousseau beginning with the words " danger, risk, peril " is a preparatory note for the Social Contract, dating probably from the beginning of 1761. After compering it with the article signed by d'Alembert in the Encyclopédie, the author concludes that Rousseau was attempting to compete with the author of the article ' Synonyms ', in the hope that he would finally be recognised as a political theorist who was concerned with precision.
Les tombeaux de Vérone de L.-S. Mercier ou Roméo et Juliette aux Lumières de l'Orient
Authors: Gury Jacques
Published: June 2016

Jacques Gury : Les Tombeaux de Vérone by L. S. Mercier.

As a playwright, Mercier has still to be vindicated ; his Tombeaux de Verone, however, has an interest of its own. This play owes nothing to Shakespeare, most of it being lifted from C. F. Weisse's Romeo and Julia (1768) and its ano¬ nymous French adaptation (1772). But it is not a simple case of plagiarism, as Mercier gave the drama a new dimension, centring it round the physician Benvoglio (replacing Friar Lawrence), who fights for love and freedom, and sees the lovers reunited and the families reconciled. This is not yet another ' drame bourgeois ' about virtue rewarded, but a Masonic work ; Benvoglio, the exponent of masonic love, guides the couple through tests and trials which symbolise the initiation rites. Mercier, a Freemason, here staged for his brethren the triumph of Masonic ideals over the forces of darkness.
Oratoriens et jésuites dans le diocèse d'Arras. Une arme de combat : les petites écoles
Authors: Fouilleron Joël
Published: June 2016

Joël Fouilleron : Jesuits and jansenists : the schools in the diocese of ARRAS.

The spread of jansenism is illustrated by the example of a dispute in Douai in 1 7 1 8 over the elementary schools run by the Oratorians . The jesuits accused them of using unauthorised jansenist catechisms, and at their instigation the magistrates visited the schools and examined the books. The extent of janse¬ nist influence is thus revealed. Also published, an exchange of letters between the magistrate and the Bishop of Arras, a representative of the " tiers parti " (neither jansenist nor pro-jesuit). He protests against this interference in religious affairs.
Chronologie des Mémoires de Trévoux
Authors: Sgard Jean
Published: June 2016

Jean Sgard : Chronology of the «mémoires de trévoux ».

The important dates in the history of the M.T., from its foundation in 1701 up to the disparition of its last successor in 1782. Included are the dates of its editors, changes in staff, administrative reforms and the main crises.
Le renouvellement des Mémoires de Trévoux en 1734
Authors: Gilot Michel , Sgard Jean
Published: June 2016

Michel Gilot, Jean Sgard : The reorganisation of the «mémoires de Trévoux » in 1734.

In January 1734 the M. T. moved to Paris ; the Superiors of the S. J. took the opportunity to undertake a material, political and literary reform. Firstly, the editorial hierarchy was reestablished, frequency of publication was rein¬ forced, with a more literary, worldly and orthodox team ; secondly, it was placed under the Superiors' direct control, to develop a doctrinal counter-offensive and to attract a cultivated public ; thirdly, it was adapted to the new publishing market. From the Jesuits' declarations, readers' comments and the 1734 contents, one can see how the M. T. became an influential " literary " journal.
Note sur les archives romaines de la Compagnie
Authors: Armogathe Jean-Robert
Published: June 2016

Jean-Robert Armogathe : A note on the society's roman archives.

A review of the documents in the Society's Archives in Rome reveals the comparative lack of extant archives for 18th-century France and Spain. The author gives details of existing documents concerning France, including a rich section on missions and the important series of catalogues of Provinces.
Le Collège royal en 1724 et le projet de l'abbé Bignon
Authors: Jory David H.
Published: June 2016

David Jory : The collège royal in 1724. The abbé bignon's proposals.

In 1724 the abbé Bignon proposed to move the Collège Royal, which was in a poor state — academically, financially and physically — to new quarters next to the Bibliothèque du Roi, and to reorganise and modernise the subjects taught. Though changes were ordered by the Conseil du Roi, and progressive new rules drawn up, the order was opposed by some influential professors (in particular Couture and Rollin) and never carried out.
Montesquieu présent : études et travaux depuis 1960
Authors: Rosso Corrado
Published: June 2016

Corrado Rosso : Montesquieu studies since 1960.

A review of studies on Montesquieu and his work since 1960. Currently available editions and biographical works are assessed ; the Lettres persanes, the Considérations, the Esprit des lois and minor works are dealt with separately ; also works concerning M. in the fields of sociology, anthropology, political philosophy, law, biology, statistics and demography ; works on his language, literary doctrines and theatre ; on his influence in Italy and other countries ; on his sources and influence on leading European figures and on later cultural and political movements.
Un obstacle à la protection de la nature : le droit révolutionnaire
Authors: de Malafosse Jehan
Published: June 2016

Jehan de Malafosse : An obstacle to the protection of nature : revolutionary law.

Here certain effects of the law and mentality of the French Revolution on the protection of nature are analysed. The concern to destroy aristocratic privelege opened public land to exploitation by all and led to the consideration of natural resources as a res nullius, the property of all. The economic motives everywhere dominant can equally be seen in the attitude towards hedging in private land. As for the right to hunt, extended to all property owners, it was limited not by a concern to protect wild life, but by the fear of according to everyone the right to bear arms, and above all by economic motives, by the need to protect crops.
L'hygiène des troupes à la fin de l'Ancien Régime
Authors: Spivak Marcel
Published: June 2016

Marcel Spivak : Troop hygiene at the end of the ancien régime.

The question of troop hygiene has been neglected in the recent research into the life of soldiers. It is however of great importance even if only in connection with physical efficiency. There is also another more complex problem, that of the repercussions of the lamentable conditions in which soldiers lived on their behaviour when faced with revolutionary ferment. Influenced by a philosophy which encouraged them to improve some aspects of their troops' material conditions, the successive ministers for war, from Choi-seul to 1789, were perhaps aware of this problem. But it was not until the end of the 19th Century that strict regulations were introduced to put an end to practices which encouraged the propagation of fatal diseases.
L'air dans l'urbanisme des Lumières
Authors: Etlin Richard
Published: June 2016

Richard Etlin : Air and urban planning during the enlightenment.

The quality of the air was the main preoccupation of planning literarure from the 1740s onwards. Wherever numbers of people congregated, its salubrity was a problem which preoccupied doctors and architects seeking to provide a constant source of renewed air. The urban fabric was to be refa shioned with wide streets, numerous squares to serve as air reservoirs, bridges unencumbered by houses, parks with trees to purify the air and fountains which would also cleanse the streets. In addition, cemeteries, hospitals slaughterhouses and prisons were all sources of contagion to be relegated to the periphery of the city. For these institutions, likewise, the city constituted an obstacle to their proper functioning, and they could only find space for suitable ventilation outside it.
Les fonctions de l'alignement dans l'organisme urbain
Authors: Harouel Jean-Louis
Published: June 2016

Jean-Louis Harouel : Street alignment and the urban organism.

The alignment of streets, establishing legal frontiers between the public thoroughfare and the bordering properties, was extended to the French towns by the edict of December 1607. But its full impact was not felt until the 18th Century, in particular among the authorities responsible for urban planning. They made a more or less conscious association between the image of the circulation of the blood in an animal organism and the circulation of people and objects in the streets of a town. In the context of this organic conception of urban problems, alignment, which permitted the widening and régularisation of the streets, or circulatory channels, necessarily appeared as one of the primordial elements of the health of the urban organism.
La maîtrise de l'eau
Authors: Fortier Bruno
Published: June 2016

Bruno Fortier : The control of water.

Half a century at least before the works of Haussmann, transformations in water distribution policy, following decisions of the state and the Académie des Sciences, attempted to remedy the situation left by the Ancien Régime. Water distribution was no longer to be organised according to privilege but the needs of the population, to a «bio-policy » of the town and the habitat. Secondly, with a new conception of public works, the control of water was to be separated from that of food, thus opening the way for a homogeneous distribution of public utilities. Finally, the perfection of machines was to replace the empiricism of experts, so that new forms of efficient water distribution on a large scale could be invented.
Six lettres pour la correspondance de Voltaire
Authors: Sareil Jean
Published: June 2016

Jean Sareil : Six letters for Voltaire's correspondence.

This article presents the complete version of a letter from Mme de St. Julien in 1776 (Best.D.20197 is incomplete) ; a letter from Mme d'Argental to her husband in 1742, concerning Voltaire and Mme du Châtelet ; the complete version of a letter from Tressan (Best.D.506) and of one from Voltaire to Tressan in 1746 ; finally an unpublished letter from Tressan to Devaux in September 1755 concerning Le duc de Foix.
Gloire et déclin de Saint-Evremond de 1660 à 1800
Authors: Niderst Alain
Published: June 2016

Alain Niderst : The reputation of Saint-évremond (1660-1800).

This article studies editions of Saint-Evremond's works at the end of the 17th and during the 18th Centuries, as well as public reactions. From 1670 to 1703 the author was promoted by booksellers' publicity, which encouraged pirated editions. From 1705 to 1725 Des Maizeaux's edition was frequently reprinted and reactions continued favourable. From 1725 to 1789 he was either ignored or severely criticised. Even his rediscovery as an ancient historian by the revolutionary generation did not improve his image as a writer. This progression throws light on 18th-century mentality and shows the extent of his influence as a «bel esprit », confined to a particular generation in the face of a particular problem.
Érudition et humour : le Père Bougeant (1690-1743)
Authors: Dabezies André
Published: June 2016

André Dabezies : Erudition and humour : pere Bougeant (1690-1743).

The Jesuit G.-H. Bougeant, known, if at all, for Gresset's sarcasm or the biting criticisms of the Nouvelles ecclésiastiques, was in fact an erudite author whose interests ranged from physics to the theatre. He contributed to the Mémoires de Trévoux and was on their editorial committee. He also wrote several works in a lighter vein, such as a quite successful anti-Jansenist comedy, La Femme docteur (1730) followed by four others, including Le Saint déniché (1732) against the convulsionnists. His controversial Amusements philosophiques sur le langage des bêtes (1739) dealt with a lively contemporary issue. But his reputation as a theologian and historian is based on works which ran into many editions, such as his histories of the Thirty Years' War (1727) and of the Treaty of Westphalia (1744), and his Exposition de la doctrine chrétienne (1741).
La beauté de la femme selon Diderot
Authors: Hoffmann Paul
Published: June 2016

Paul Hoffman : female beauty according to Diderot.

On this question, Diderot's thought oscillated between a naturalistic interpretation and a moralising stance. In many texts the perception of female beauty is associated with moral ideas and emotions. The key concept of rapport, discussed here, allows him to reconcile judgements of reality and value. Female beauty is the sign of aptitude for the tasks of femininity, and a significant form, a regularity of sense. The final paradox is that women's beauty both announces a being in harmony with its function and implies that it has been preserved from life. The ideal is transposed from the model to the experience itself.
Un franc-maçon oublié : l'auteur des «Nouvelles de la Cour et de la Ville» (1734-1738)
Authors: Weil Françoise
Published: June 2016

Françoise Weil : A forgotten freemason.

The Nouvelles de la Cour et de la Ville (1734-1738), published in 1879, are unsigned, but thanks to a series of clues, we have been able to identify the author as a certain Pierre de Billy, a Lyon lawyer. The text shows that he was closely linked to the Prince of Carignan and his friends, in other words with the Free-Masons. In fact de Billy was one of the founders of Free-Masonry in Lyon and seems to have been the communicating link between Free-Masons in Paris and Lyon around 1737.
Les avatars du «sentiment de l'existence», de Locke à Rousseau
Authors: Spink John S.
Published: June 2016

John S. Spink : The «feeling of existing » from Locke to Rousseau.

To declare that we have an awareness of the self as the object of an «obscure idea » meant a preference for Malebranche, whereas to be content with an awareness of our existence as an «idea of reflexion » meant a preference for Locke. The French word sentiment was criticized by Locke, who preferred sensation and idea and concerned himself with the understanding and not with the affects. But sentiment de l'existence (feeling of existing) was used in France for an affective awareness of existing. In England, Hume also looked to the affects as a basis for personal existence which the understanding could not give, while the notion of a non-affective aperception , launched by Leibniz, dominated in Germany. The different conceptions of the feeling of existing in various French writers, from Boulainviller to Condillac and Maupertuis, are here reviewed. In the fifties a retreat from Locke to Malebranche appeared ; Locke was abandoned to the Encyclopédistes. Rousseau attempts to be compre hensive and gives a full literary development to the theme, while Condillac remains the precursor of the modern theory of reflective awareness.
Le somnambulisme. Un problème philosophique
Authors: Pomiers Guy
Published: June 2016

Guy Pomiers : Sleep-walking, a philosophical problem.

If during the first half of the 18th Century the problem of somnambulism was reduced to amusing anecdotes, it rapidly became the object of scientific concern. The Encyclopédie article, by Meuvret, placed the problem at the heart of the debate between materialism and idealism. The diverse texts studied here (notably by Musitan, Gastaldy, Boissier de Sauvages, La Mettrie, Kant, Marat, Puysegur, Victor de Sèze) show a strange mixture of illuminism and philosophy. On the philosophical plane we can see the birth of two opposing interpretations — physiological and psychological — which continued throughout the 18th Century and beyond. The problem of the origin of som¬ nambulism annexed all the main questions of the Enlightenment and anthropology. Also, by renewing attitudes to sleep and dreaming, it contributed to an awareness among the Romantics of man's dual nature.
Sur la ponctuation au 18e siècle
Authors: Lorenceau Annette
Published: June 2016

Annette Lorenceau : 18th-century punctuation.

The importance of punctuation has generally been neglected, and editors modernize punctuation of 18th-century texts without hesitation. This article, based on the writings of 18th-century grammarians and especially the Encyclopédie article by Beauzée, and illustrated with examples from literary texts, shows that there was a coherent theory of punctuation, founded on pauses for breath, as the texts were intended to be read aloud. The use of the colon, semicolon and comma are considered in particular, as well as the problems of quotation marks and dots, which are not discussed by the grammarians. The importance of a study of the evolution of punctuation is emphasized, and it is shown to be useful for the history of manuscripts and the localisation of printed books.
De l'absence au chant. Sur les Lettres à Guibert de Madame de Lespinasse
Authors: Dupont Jacques
Published: June 2016

Jacques Dupont : Julie de lespinasse's letters to guibert.

Julie de Lespinasse's letters are here studied as examples of amorous passion. Their existence, based on an impossibility to communicate with the object of her passion, betrays an excess of subjectivity. The feeling of alienation in the presence of the loved one leads to solitude and a withdrawal into oneself. From this there arises a particular awareness of duration ; emprisoned in the present, she is aware of herself as a violent passivity, a battlefield of contrasting moods, with no other solution than death. Thus these letters are not the story of a passion, for everything is decided from the outset. They are witness, in a reputedly frivolous age, to a tragic awareness of existence and passion.
Art engagé et néo-classicisme
Authors: Pariset François-Georges
Published: June 2016

François-Georges Pariset : Committed art and Neoclassicism.

A review of four exhibitions held in 1977 : French Gardens (1760-1820) at the Hôtel de Sully in Paris ; Greuze in Dijon, which also visited two American museums ; the Prints of the French Revolution at the Musee Carnavalet in Paris ; Topino-Lebrun and his friends at the Centre Pompidou.
Le roman en 1778
Authors: Versini Laurent
Published: June 2016

Laurent Versini : The novel in 1778.

The novel was flourishing, in quantity at least, but having become polymorphous, it was in danger of losing its character : it replaced the theatre, took over morality, went back to its poetical origins in the trou badour genre and the pastoral. Voltaire's philosophical story declined to become MarmontaTs and Baculard's moral story, and Rousseau's ethics, moralising sermons The novel of analysis and passionate self-questionning was replaced by concern for society and everyday life. The only dominating character is Rétifs strange genius ; but the novel has become a serious object of critical study, and it is adult enough to be questioned from within the text itself, as in Jacques le Fataliste.
Situation de la sculpture en France en 1778
Authors: Souchal François
Published: June 2016

François Souchal : Sculpture in 1778.

A few months before Voltaire's and Rousseau's deaths, the Superintendent of the King's Buildings, the count of Angivilleir, launched a programme of sculptures representing the great men who had honoured France by their genius ; those chosen were men of letters rather than soldiers. The greatest artists of the time took part (Pajou, Houdon, Olodion, Mouchy, Julien, etc.). The results were of unequal quality, and today these big official statues are at the Institute, the Louvre and Versailles. Thiey show a concern for historical veracity, little sympathy for the new neoclassical fashion of the heroic nude and, even before the Revolution, a desire to exalt civic virtues.
Diderot apologiste de Sénèque
Authors: Casini Paolo
Published: June 2016

Paolo Casini : Diderot as Seneca's apologist.

Diderot's Essai sur la vie de Sénèque le philosophe, published in December 1778, is linked with contemporary events, by its references to Voltaire and Rousseau. Seneca's experience with Nero is similar to Diderot's with Catherine II. Diderot is disgusted with politics and interested above all in Seneca's ethics — how to reconcile virtue with action. He refuses Stoical teaching and even questions his own systems. Emphasizing the perpetual contradiction between the sage's intellectual freedom and the general course of events, he finally reaches a sort of transcendence of virtue. He discovers that he has been all his life, unconsciously, a disciple of the Roman philosopher, and the apology far Seneca becomes a Consolatio ad Dionysium Diderot.
Treize lettres inédites de Fréron au Père Desbillons
Authors: Fréron Elie , Desné Roland
Published: June 2016

Roland Desné : Thirteen unpublished letters from Fréron to Desbillons.

Thirteen letters from Elie-Catherine Fréron to François-Joseph Terrasse Desbillons, a Jesuit who sought refuge at the court of the Elector of the PiaJiatinate in Mannheim after the abolition of the Company in France. The letters, conserved in the University Library in Mannheim were written between 1764 and 1768. Annexed is a forgotten letter from Fréron to DesbiliOn's brother, J.-P. Terrasse, dating from 1764.
Le gouvernement, le Parlement de Paris et l'attaque contre De l'esprit et l'Encyclopédie en 1759
Authors: Rogister John
Published: June 2016

John Rogister : The government, the parlement of Paris, and the attack on De l'Esprit and the Encyclopédie in 1759.

J. R. presents a new account of the events at court and in the Parlement which led to the condemnation of De l'Esprit (without entailing that of its author) and the suspension of the Encyclopédie. He argues that too much emphasis has been placed in the past on the conflictual aspect of the relations between the Government and the Parlement and, hence, that it is misleading to follow the usual practice of viewing the events of 1759 in that light. On the contrary, the attack on the two major philosophical works reveals the close understanding between some ministers and leading parlementaires, and it demonstrates the beliefs and attitudes which these men held in common. J. R. offers a number of new suggestions, including a rebuttal of the theory that the arrêt du parlement of 6 February 1759 constituted an attack on the privilège of the Royal Librairie.
La Harpe, Beaumarchais et les revendications des auteurs dramatiques (1777-1799)
Authors: Landy Rémy
Published: June 2016

Rémy Landy : La Harpe, Beaumarchais and playwrights' demands, (1777-1799).

After 1777, the authors of tragedies and comedies presented at the Comédie française waged a battle against the actors in an attempt to make the producer of a literary work the master of the produce of his labour. The Beaumarchais Archives enable us to follow La Harpe's vacillating attitude. Initially preferring personal success based on relations, patronage and journalism to Beaumarchais' search for a collective solution and foundation of the Dramatic Authors' Society, he later intervened constructively. When Beaumarchais' unpopularity made it impossible for him to stay at the head of the movement, La Harpe profited from the structural changes resulting from the Revolution to obtain from the Convention theatrical liberty.
Fréron dans l'intimité (1763-1768)
Authors: Balcou Jean
Published: June 2016

Jean Balcou : Fréron in private.

Fréron's letters to Triboudet in Bourges or Desbillons in Mannheim, together with his letters to his family, enable us to catch a glimpse of Fréron in private (1763-68). We see his Paris flat, his small country home, dinner parties and invitations, as well as the minor probfems and pleasures of life, not to mention the ever-present journalistic tribulations. The picture we form is of a gourmet, good Mend, man-about-town, linked to the Jesuits, spendthrift. But a constant theme, in view of attacks, is his exacerbated sense of his literary honour.
Amour et mariage
Authors: Flandrin Jean-Louis
Published: June 2016

Jean-Louis Flandrin : Love and mariage.

Love and mariage, traditionally separated, converge to a certain extent in the 18th Century, at least ideally, as can be seen in the titles of catechisms, dictionaries and so on. But inheritances and dowries still occupied too important a place to allow the desire for love matches to be completely realised. It is even doubtful whether, in popular practice, the distance between love and mariage did not increase between the 16th and 18th Centuries, as a result of the ban on prenuptual relations and the nullification of clandestine mariages. The rise in illegitimate births and prenuptual conception give us only ambiguous indications on this subject.
L'idée de Dieu chez Deschamps
Authors: Delhaume Bernard
Published: June 2016

Bernard Delhaume : The idea of god in deschamps.

This idea is reinserted in a comprehensive survey of Deschamp's philosophical system. The idea of God in classical theology is rejected by Deschamps as the pseudo-unity of a pseudo-idea, combining two contradictory concepts : god as creator or The Whole (Le Tout), and as non-creator or the All (Tout). The former is unity, balance, or the focus of the plus and minus signs whose interplay structures the phenomenal, rational world. The latter is unique beyond any possible determination (in this sense it is nothingness) since it maintains all determinations by negating them. What theologians call God has no reality and should be replaced by the term Existence ; Existence eludes any positive determination ; Existence, the All, or God, is the non-objec-tifiable fundamental of all beings and things.
Franc-maçonnerie et jacobinisme en Allemagne : le baron de Knigge (1752-1796)
Authors: Bois Pierre-André
Published: June 2016

Pierre-André Bois : Freemasonry and jacobinism in Germany ; baron Knigge (1752-1796).

Baron Knigge was successively courtier, independent writer, Hanoverian civil-servant, Freemason and one of the leaders of the Bavarian Illuminati, then enemy of secret societies ; he was an «enlightened » aristocrat and defended the ideals of the French Revolution until his death in 1796, but he wished to spare Germany a revolution. His life reveals in an exemplary manner the influences, hopes and contradictions which marked the revival of a German consciousness at the end of the 18th Century. His treatise, Über den Umgang mit Merischen, long considered as a code of etiquette, in fact preaches the liberation of the Third Estate. His judgements on the causes of the Revolution and its consequences for Germany make him one of the founders of German political thought.
Moshé Haïm Luzzatto, le guide des égarés de la raison et de l'exil
Authors: Neher André
Published: June 2016

Moshé Haïm Luzzato.

In the character and work of Moshé Haïm Luzzato (1707-1746), the two major intellectual currents of the eighteenth century, the rational and the irrational, meet and come into conflict. In Padua, in Amsterdam and finally in the Holy Land, where he makes his «alya » (pilgrimage), he creates Hebrew literature in its modern forms (drama, poetry and a rationalist moral philosophy), founds esoteric literary circles and produced mystical works that bridge the gap between Sabbatianism and Hasidism. He is the contemporary and Western counterpart of Baal Shem-Tov but is also the immediate precursor of Moses Mendelssohn. His Alya has a messianic and Utopian quality which ilinks sixteenth-century Jewish mystical theology to nineteenth-century Zionism. His Jewish venture demonstrates the conflicts typical of the eighteenth century.
Zalkind Hourwitz, Juif polonais
Authors: Malino Frances
Published: June 2016

Zalkind Hourwitz.

Zalkind Hourwitz, perhaps more than many of his non-Jewish contemporaries and assuredly far more than his coreligionists, sought through his sardonic attacks on the injustices and foibles of 18th-century France to transform a society to which he never fully belonged and a people from which he never fully estranged himself. This article focuses on some little known biographical details and subsequently explores the events surrounding Hourwitz's entering and winning the Metz competition on the question of making the Jews useful and happy citizens in France, the issues raised in his prize winning essay Apologie des Juifs and his uneasy interactions with the Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews of France.
Précurseurs de l'émancipation juive en Europe centrale
Authors: Pollack Herman
Published: June 2016

Harbingers of jewish emancipation in central Europe.

Jewish emancipation, which began around 1789, was the culmination of influences that prompted Jews to desire to become part of the general society. In their eagerness to gain social and politicial equality, they were willing to surrender their own historical uniqueness. Factors leading up to emancipation are singled out as : first, the shift from feudal to capitalist economy ; second, the change in dress in order to resemble the rest of the population ; third, the association between Jew and non-Jew ; fourth, the contacts with the main cultural currents of the Renaissance, and for illustrative purpose the Prague community is considered.
L'intendant d'Alsace et la centralisation de la Nation juive d'après les réformes de la fiscalité
Authors: Weill Georges
Published: June 2016

Georges Weill : The intendant d'Alsace (the steward of Alsace) and the centralisation of the jewish community.

The total amount paid in royal taxes by the Jews in Alsace shows little variation between 1744 and 1789. However, the rare lists of taxes imposed that have survived provide valuable information on the inequality of taxation and the rural settlements. A conflict which arose in 1777 between the tax-inspectors of the Jews and the communities of Hanau-Lichtenberg clarifies the fiscal reforms of the Intendant, on whom Cerf Berr exercises a certain influence up to 1778. The structures of the Jewish community are reinforced ; the 1777 ruling establishes the relative moralisation of tax declarations. The Intendant had relied on the notables, but will henceforth limit their powers.
La Comédie-Française (1756-1763)
Authors: Blanc André
Published: June 2016

La comédie-française (1756-1763).

At this point in the middle of the 18th century, the Comédie-Française is still the centre of theatrical life. The company, which is excellent, includes famous actors, but it is also turbulent and undisciplined. Kept tightly on the leash by royal authority, the actors also suffer from being excluded by the Church. The financial situation is bad : the costs of upkeep and production (orchestra, ballet) are considerable, the management is muddled. The company, in debt, strives for draconian economies. Apart from the inauguration of famous plays by Voltaire, Palissot, Diderot, Sedaine, the decade is marked by two important facts : the 1757 regulation which, with two accompanying decrees, gives the Comédie-Française its present-day appearance ; the removal of seats on the stage, in 1759, which will lead to a modification in the way plays are produced.
Le reflet de la guerre dans le théâtre français de l'époque
Authors: Truchet Jacques
Published: June 2016

The reflection of the seven years war in the french theatre of the period.

During this war the theatre played an important ideological role, as illustrated particularly by Diderot's Le Fils Naturel, Palissot's Les Philosophes, Favart's L'Anglais à Bordeaux and De BeMoy's Le Siège de Calais. This role displayed itself in two opposite directions : official propaganda (idealisation of the war, the rallying of the nation around the King, the conflict with the philosophes), and the expression of philosophical ideas (the philosophes were obliged to be prudent, but philosophie often found its way into the works of their enemies).