bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Masjid Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin Bima; Arsitektur, Misi Agama dan Kekuasaan
Authors: Kartini Retno
Published: May 2018

The article discusses the history of Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin Mosque in Bima, and it was written as an effort to preserve the cultural heritage of the Indonesian heritage, especially related to the historic mosque and its role in the development of Islam in the region of Bima, West Nusa Tenggara. This descriptive study focuses on writing about the history of the mosque's founding, its architecture and its historic objects inside the mosque, as well as the function of the mosque from time to time. The results were extracted from various sources, starting with interviews with key informants, document studies, and observations. This historic mosque was originally built by Sultan Abdul Kadim in 1737 AD, then continued by his successor, Sultan Abdul Hamid until it was completed in 1780 AD. This palace mosque is a symbol of the religiosity of the community of Bima and serves as a center of Islamic religious mission in his time. The mosque that was destroyed by an allied bomb in 1948 was then rebuilt from its original form and was named as Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin Mosque. Artikel hasil penelitian terhadap Masjid Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin Bima ditulis sebagai salah satu upaya untuk melestarikan warisan budaya Bangsa Indonesia, khususnya yang berkaitan dengan masjid bersejarah dan perannya dalam perkembangan Islam di wilayah Bima, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Penelitian diskriptif ini berfokus pada penulisan seputar sejarah pendirian masjid, arsitektur dan benda-benda bersejarah yang ada di dalamnya, serta fungsi masjid dari masa ke masa. Hasil penelitian digali dari berbagai sumber, dimulai dengan wawancara dengan informan kunci, studi  dokumen, dan observasi. Masjid bersejarah ini awalnya dibangun oleh Sultan Abdul Kadim pada pada tanggal tahun 1737 M, kemudian dilanjutkan penerusnya, Sultan Abdul Hamid sampai selesai pada tahun 1780 M. Masjid istana ini merupakan simbol religiu­sitas masyarakat Bima dan berfungsi sebagai pusat penyiaran agama Islam di masanya. Masjid yang pernah hancur terkena bom tentara sekutu pada tahun 1948 kemudian dibangun kembali sesuai bentuk aslinya dan dinamai sebagai Masjid Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin.Kata kunci: Masjid bersejarah; Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin; Bima
Tradisi Penulisan Tafsir Al-Qur’an Bahasa Jawa Cacarakan: Studi Atas Kur’an Jawen Muhammadiyah dan Tafsir Kur’an Jawen Pandam lan Pandoming Dumadi
Authors: Kiptiyah Siti Mariatul
Published: May 2018

The article discusses the writing of Qur’anic commentary in Javanese language or Cacarakan, especially in the Kur’an Jawen Muhammadiyah and Tafsir Kur’an Jawen Pandam lan Pandoming Dumadi. My focus is to explore the writing tradition of Qur’anic commentaries and interpretative context of the books. Considering both were published in 1927 and 1928, this study seeks to explain how the tradition of writing of the Qur’anic commentary in Java, especially in the era of colonialism before the event of Sumpah Pemuda in 1928. In my analysis, Kur’an Jawen Muhamma­diyah and Tafsir Kur’an Jawen Pandam lan Pandoming Dumadi although written  in the same language that is aksara cacarakan, they have different issues. The interpretation about jihad in Kur’an Jawen Muhammadiyah was a response to the Christian missionary activity and the tafsir was raising the issue of harmony among religious people. On the other hand, Tafsir Kur’an Jawen Pandam lan Pandoming Dumadi discusses more about how to make solidarity in Muslim society.Keyword:  cacarakan, Qur’anic commentary, Javanese, Muslim solidarity Artikel ini membahas tentang penulisan tafsir Al-Qur’an bahasa Jawa Cacarakan, utamanya pada Kur’an Jawen Muhammadiyah dan Tafsir Kur’an Jawen Pandam lan Pandoming Dumadi. Fokus saya adalah mengeksplorasi tradisi penulisan dan konteks penafsiran kedua kitab tafsir tersebut. Mengingat keduanya terbit pada tahun 1927 dan 1928, studi ini penting untuk melihat bagaimana geliat penulisan tafsir Al-Qur’an di Jawa, khususnya pada era kolonialisme menjelang diikrarkannya Sumpah Pemuda tahun 1928. Dari pembacaan saya, meski Kur’an Jawen Muhamma­­diyah dan Tafsir Kur’an Jawen Pandam lan Pandoming Dumadi ditulis dengan bahasa yang sama, keduanya memiliki pola penulisan yang berbeda dan menyasar konteks penafsiran yang berbeda pula. Kur’an Jawen Muhammadiyah (1927) secara penulisan berbentuk terjemah tafsiriyah dan merespon massifnya gerakan zending atau kristenisasi oleh pemerintah kolonial, dengan memberi penekanan pada dakwah secara damai untuk mencapai kerukunan antar umat beragama. Sedangkan Tafsir Kur’an Jawen Pandam lan Pandoming Dumadi (1928) secara penulisan menggunakan pola kitab tafsir sesuai dengan namanya, ia lebih banyak menyinggung perdebatan seputar furu’iyah dan menekankan pada kerukunan internal umat Islam.Kata kunci: cacarakan, tafsir Al-Qur’an, Bahasa Jawa, solidaritas Muslim
Tennessee Williams’s Becoming-Clown
Authors: Maruéjouls-Koch Sophie
Published: May 2018

A ubiquitous character in Tennessee Williams’s dramatic work, the clown has not yet attracted the critical attention it deserves. Often confined to the limits of the late plays, its role as a major common thread in the playwright’s oeuvre has somehow been overlooked by Williams scholars. The article analyses the clown’s evolution in a selection of plays through Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s notion of “becoming,” understood as an ever-changing process: a movement toward otherness achieved not through identification or imitation but through contamination or contagion. The aim is to reveal the aesthetic as well as ontological implications of the clown’s metamorphoses, implications that might lead to a better understanding of Williams’s sense of the tragic.
Amy Bryzgel, Performance Art in Eastern Europe since 1960
Authors: Jovićević Aleksandra
Published: May 2018

Covering the work of 250 artists and art historians, Amy Bryzgel’s Performance Art in Eastern Europe since 1960 is a pioneering work that explores unfamiliar aspects of and connections between performance art and politics in Eastern Europe. It is aimed primarily at performance-art scholars but could also be of interest to cultural studies and gender studies scholars as well as to a general public.
Sophie Duncan, Shakespeare’s Women and the Fin de Siècle
Authors: Bennett Susan
Published: May 2018

An ably researched examination of key performances of Shakespeare’s female characters in the fin-de-siècle period, Sophie Duncan’s Shakespeare’s Women and the Fin de Siècle is a ground-breaking book in its insistence on engaging Shakespearean productions in relation to the drama of the period and the broader scope of Victorian culture.
Goethes „Weltliteratur“: Begriff oder Diskurs?
Authors: Mannweiler Caroline
Published: May 2018

Based on Birus’ suggestion to understand Goethe as an “initiator of discursive practices”, the present study reconsiders the Goethean comments on World Literature (“Weltliteratur”) not in terms of a concept but rather in terms of a discourse. The initial point is the observation that Goethe’s comments on World literature share in two different notions of culture relevant at the time, namely culture as a technique of comparison that implies a competent and sober handling of cultural difference, as well as culture as ultimate foundation of a group that allows for enthusiastic reference on a community. By operating a combination of competence for comparison and enthusiasm, without however referring to a concrete community, Goethe’s comments constitute a new possibility of speech, the discourse of World literature.
Kropotkin
Authors: Kinna Ruth
Published: May 2018

This book is designed to remove Peter Kropotkin from the framework of classical anarchism. By focusing attention on his theory of mutual aid, it argues that the classical framing distorts Kropotkin's political theory by associating it with a narrowly positivistic conception of science, a naively optimistic idea of human nature and a millenarian idea of revolution. Kropotkin's abiding concern with Russian revolutionary politics is the lens for this analysis. The argument is that his engagement with nihilism shaped his conception of science and that his expeditions in Siberia underpinned an approach to social analysis that was rooted in geography. Looking at Kropotkin's relationship with Elisée Reclus and Erico Malatesta and examining his critical appreciation of P-J. Proudhon, Michael Bakunin and Max Stirner, the study shows how he understood anarchist traditions and reveals the special character of his anarchist communism. His idea of the state as a colonising process and his contention that exploitation and oppression operate in global contexts is a key feature of this. Kropotkin's views about the role of theory in revolutionary practice show how he developed this critique of the state and capitalism to advance an idea of political change that combined the building of non-state alternatives through direct action and wilful disobedience. Against critics who argue that Kropotkin betrayed these principles in 1914, the book suggests that this controversial decision was consistent with his anarchism and that it reflected his judgment about the prospects of anarchistic revolution in Russia.
Conclusion to Part 3
Authors: Kinna Ruth
Published: May 2018

In his critical, melancholy reminiscence of Kropotkin, Malatesta made a number of significant claims about his anarchism. First, it traced a progressive evolution, leading to emancipation understood as a singular condition. Like Malatesta, Kropotkin was an optimist, who saw ‘things rose-coloured’. They both hoped for ‘an early revolution which would realize our ideals’. But in Kropotkin’s work, this optimism fuelled a rigid theorisation of anarchy, for he was also a scientist and a ‘social reformer’, ‘pressed’ by ‘the desire to know and the desire to bring about the well-being of humanity’. Second, Kropotkin was fully immersed in the conventions of his time. He ‘professed the materialist philosophy which dominated the scientists of the second half of the nineteenth century’ and ‘wanted to reduce all to a unity’. Third, his ‘conception of the universe was rigorously mechanical’ and consequently deterministic. According to Kropotkin’s system, individual will ‘does not exist and is a mere illusion’. Malatesta continues:...
From Orthoepy to Activism: Orthographic Interventions
Authors: Bann Jennifer , Corbett John
Published: May 2018

The present chapter offers a historical survey of commentary on and attempted intervention in the practice of spelling Modern Scots. Four main groups are considered: orthoepists and linguistic scholars, lexicographers, literary commentators, and ‘language activists’. Each group has played a role – and most continue to play a role – in the development of Modern Scots orthography.
Applying Cluster Analysis to Scots Poetry
Authors: Bann Jennifer , Corbett John
Published: May 2018

As discussed previously, we analyse poetry and prose separately since it is easier to achieve reliable and useful results by comparing like with like. There are various reasons for assuming that spelling in poetry will be unlike spelling in prose; for example, the texts in this literary genre tend to be shorter than prose texts and so they invite formal experimentation, including orthographic experimentation. Our first series of graphs and analysis, therefore, is based on the poetry texts in our corpus. As we observed in the preceding chapter, the main point of cluster analysis is to give an indication of similarity and difference between the orthographic practices of different writers, with respect to the realisation of spelling choices in particular, frequently used lexical items. The analyses that make up Chapters 7 and 8 are by no means intended to offer the final word on the distribution of graphemes in Modern Scots; they are intended, rather, to offer a new technique for analysing such distributions in selected texts.
Promoting Literacy in Scots
Authors: Bann Jennifer , Corbett John
Published: May 2018

The final chapter briefly considers general implications and some potential educational applications that arise from the foregoing chapters. At the conclusion of a book such as this, a reader might expect the authors to produce a new suggested orthography for Modern Scots writers. We have resisted the temptation to do so.
Rather, this chapter puts the spelling of Scots in a more general context; we then consider a number of final issues: why a fixed spelling system is probably undesirable for writers of Modern Scots, why – despite this lack of desirability – there are often calls to ‘fix’ Modern Scots orthography, how a greater receptive and productive literacy in Scots might nevertheless be fostered, and ways in which the cluster analyses modelled in the last three chapters might be used to support literacy programmes in Scots.
Scottish Nationality in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Coleman James J.
Published: May 2018

Measured in terms of the symbols of nationality common across the rest of nineteenth-century Europe, there can be no doubt that the Scots held an assertive sense of themselves as a distinct nation. Rather than giving up their nationality in favour of British-national institutions, the Scots surrounded themselves with all the signs and symbols of a culturally and historically coherent nation. The Scots had a national museum and national gallery, national monuments, a national poet, national dress and national architecture, as well as a pantheon of national heroes, past and present.
Indeed, Scotland in the nineteenth century suffered not so much from a lack of focal points for its nationality than from a surfeit. In the Victorian era there existed a collective pride bordering on collective egotism, an imperial arrogance bound up with landscape, industry, education and Presbyterianism.
‘Not Servile and Conquered, but Free and Independent’: Commemorating William Wallace and Robert the Bruce
Authors: Coleman James J.
Published: May 2018

William Wallace is one of Scotland’s most enduring national heroes. Since the 1470s and the first appearance of Blind Harry’s epic poem, The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace, Wallace has occupied a central place in the collective memory of the Scots, a position he continues to hold, thanks in part to the enormous success of the 1995 film Braveheart. One of the reasons for Wallace’s enduring appeal is the simplicity of his story. Born as a commoner, urged on by his love of liberty and need to free Scotland from the chains and slavery of an oppressive neighbour, Wallace rose through the ranks of society to become Guardian of Scotland. He went on to lead the Scots to victory over the armies of the tyrannical English king, Edward I, at Stirling Bridge. Whilst attempting to place Scotland’s hard-fought independence on a more secure footing, Wallace was defeated, betrayed, and taken to London for trial and execution. In essence, this was the hero’s journey: from relatively lowly stock to victory, martyrdom, and permanent, illustrious memory.
Nasty resurrections
Authors: Walker Johnny
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3, in light of the broader international concerns outlined in the previous chapter, works towards locating cultural specificities within British horror at a time when it has drifted from its better known ‘English’ heritage. By considering the social and historical context during which many contemporary filmmakers grew up (namely, the late 1970s and 1980s), I reassess how recent British horror’s ‘heritage’ may be more immediate than we initially presume. To do this, I argue that several films responded to the typically negative British critical response to horror cinema (Petley 2002a), and, through textual analysis, argue that such films are products inspired by nostalgia for the video nasties panic of the 1980s. Through doing so, I consider how cultural specificity can be extracted from films by directors who not only have a passion for the horror film (that is, are self-confessed fans of the genre), but are also aware of how British horror (and horror in Britain) has been figured and derided within British culture.
American Independent Cinema
Authors: Backman Rogers Anna
Published: May 2018

Anna Backman Rogers argues that American independent cinema is a cinema not merely in crisis, but also of crisis. As a cinema which often explores the rite of passage by explicitly drawing on American cinematic heritage, from the teen movie to the western, American independent films deal in images of crisis, transition and metamorphosis, offering a subversive engagement with more traditional modes of representation. Examining films by Gus Van Sant, Jim Jarmusch and Sofia Coppola, this study sets forth that American indie films offer the viewer an ‘art experience’ within the confines of commercial, narrative cinema by engaging with cinematic time (as a mode of philosophical thought) and foregrounding the inherent ‘crisis’ of the cinematic image (as the mode of being as change). The subject of this book is how certain American independent films appropriate ritual as a kind of power of the false in order to throw into crisis images – such as the cliché – that pertain to truth via collective comprehension. In his study of genre, Steve Neale (2000) has outlined how certain images and sound tracks can function ritualistically and ideologically; cinema, according to Neale, both creates a horizon of expectations for an audience and also draws upon existing stratifications and categories in order to shore up established identities and modes of thought.
Chapter One
Authors: Backman Rogers Anna
Published: May 2018

Overtly, the film is about the trauma these boys suffer after the girls’ suicides and their inability to deal collectively with their deaths. On a formal level, however, the film is concerned with something quite different: the implicit violence of the adolescent rite of passage that pushes individuals into prescribed roles, and the irreparable harm that this can cause. It is this ‘implicit violence’ or reality that the boys truly cannot face up to. The film contains a lot of dreamlike and fantastical imagery; Coppola deliberately draws upon advertising campaigns from the 1970s and the photography from this period by William Eggleston and Sam Haskins in order to create instantly recognisable images that are evocative of a particular kind of feminine beauty that is at once both infantile and pornographic. The abundance of these fantastical kinds of images is one of the film’s most salient features.
Framing a History of the Present: or, Did the Pearls Scatter to the World’s Fair?
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers how a volume such as this was celebrated and advertised locally, and how Fawwaz’s contemporaries ‘blurbed’ it for audiences. How did such a framing contribute to the era’s discourse on women’s rights? It then turns to Fawwaz’s attempt to send her volume to Chicago for the 1893 World’s Fair and her correspondence with Berthe Honore Palmer, chair of the Board of Lady Managers. It sets this venture into the context of the Women’s Building and Library founded for the Fair and the American founders’ attitudes toward feminism, international collaboration, and the female populations of societies colonized by European powers. It traces Arab women’s response to the Chicago venture, focusing especially on Hanna Kurani who spoke at the Congress of Women. It also sets Arab women’s attempts to participate in the Exposition within the reaction in Egypt to the way Egypt was represented at the fair, and the controversial presence of dancers who were allegedly from Egypt, in the Midway’s Egyptian café.
Violent Romances: The Bodily Drama of Patriarchal Trauma
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the presence of violence in a volume of women’s biography, linking it to a critique of patriarchy that undergirds Fawwaz’s project as a public intellectual. It assesses the volume’s use of tragic romance as a political feminist strategy, drawing on work by Joan Wallach Scott, Helene Moglen, and others and theorizing a concept of ‘patriarchal trauma’. It focuses on biographies of the Egyptian singer Almas (or Almaz), Persian Babi activist Qurrat al-‘Ayn, legendary Frenchwoman Genevieve de Brabant, Cleopatra VII, Jane Digby, a Sicilian princess named Diya’, and others.
Elinor Glyn: Intermedial Romance and Authorial Stardom
Authors: Stead Lisa
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the career of bestselling author Elinor Glyn, a figure who
moved with relatively unique fluidity across a very broad spectrum of these different forms, as a writer, adapted and filmmaker. The chapter focuses on the underexplored final stage of her film career in the early 1930s in Britain. It delves into Glyn’s archives, considering how archival sources produce a new mapping of the strategies that she and her associates formulated to break into UK cinema culture, developed on the premise that one could create an intermedial star identity through popular culture, and through the manipulation of international discourses on femininity and romance. Such non-filmic traces and materials enlarge and illuminating Glyn’s star image, suggesting the framework that she was trying to construct around her films as a vehicle for her brand and ideas. While Glyn was not wholly unique as a literary/filmic star figure during this period, the chapter argues that the fluidity of her movement across diverse forms of labour, and her creation of new forms and modes of creative influence in cinema culture, offers a distinct new access point to understandings of women’s writing, film fictions and selfhood during this period.
Counsel for Kings: Wisdom and Politics in Tenth-Century Iran
Authors: Marlow L.
Published: May 2018

This two-volume work represents a textual and contextual study of an early Arabic mirror for princes, the book known as Naṣīḥat al-mulūk (‘Counsel for Kings’) and attributed to the jurist and polymath Abū l-Ḥasan al-Māwardī (d. 450/1058). Following earlier studies, Wisdom and Politics in Tenth-Century Iran finds the Arabic mirror’s traditional ascription to al-Māwardī to be unlikely, and proposes instead an early tenth-century dating, and an eastern Iran setting. On this assumption, Wisdom and Politics interprets the mirror as a product of and reflection on the political culture and social and cultural conditions of the early Samanid period, portrayed through the critical argument and counsel of an author, referred to as Pseudo-Māwardī, likely to have resided in or near the city of Balkh. Pseudo-Māwardī’s perceptions and opinions reflect a largely Ḥanafite legal affiliation and strongly Muʿtazilite patterns of thought, of a kind associated with Abū l-Qāsim al-Kaʿbī al-Balkhī (d. 319/931), who furthered the ‘Baghdadi’ branch of Muʿtazilite theology in eastern Iran. Naṣīḥat al-mulūk also displays an affinity with the philosophical perspectives of Abū Zayd al-Balkhī (d. 322/934), and a thorough familiarity with Arabic literary culture.
Volume I explores the context in which Naṣīḥat al-mulūk arose and to which it responds. Against an early tenth-century Samanid background, it studies Pseudo-Māwardī’s portrayal of kingship and governance, his arguments for the ruler’s optimal treatment of the various social groups, his references to the diversity of the region’s religious culture, his largely inclusive but also boundary-establishing assertions regarding religious beliefs and practices, the literary representations of heterodoxy that shaped his mentality and the resonance of his text in the setting that produced it.
Multiplicity and Rhetoric
Authors: Marlow L.
Published: May 2018

First in a series of chapters devoted to the religious-political context of Naṣīḥat al-mulūk, this chapter explores the confessional composition of the Samanid domains and the varied discourses related to religious cultures and the communities associated with them. Noting the region’s history of religious multiplicity, the chapter traces the inclusive approach to religious diversity evident in tenth-century encyclopaedic writings, as well as the contemporaneous production of a literature of refutation, directed against Muslim and non-Muslim groups. His mentality shaped by these factors, Pseudo-Māwardī emphasises the king’s need to develop skill in religious argumentation, particularly against heretics, whom he depicts as agents of political as well as religious dissent. After discussing paradigms of heterodoxy, the chapter ends with an account of the Ismāʿīlī mission active in the Samanid domains and its success in winning the support of the Amir Naṣr b. Aḥmad, during whose reign Naṣīḥat al-mulūk is likely to have been written, and whose conversion to Ismāʿīlism perhaps played a significant role in occasioning its composition.
“Every New Flower Arriving in the World”: Sa‘di and the Art of Ghazal Writing
Authors: Keshavarz Fatemeh
Published: May 2018

This chapter is dedicated to the strategies used by Sa’di to infuse his adopted traditional lyric forms with freshness and surprise. Poetic repetition, similarity and dissimilarities of the images, new application of old tropes, and suppressed laughter in the background are discussed in this chapter
Gazing at the Garden of Your Beauty: Love in the Garden
Authors: Keshavarz Fatemeh
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the garden imagery as a central trope in Sa’di’s work. The image of the garden is analysed as a reflection of the human inner blooming brought about by love. Love’s variety and its role in human growth and maturation is then discussed.
‘What is Established’?: Hume’s Social Philosophy of Opinion
Authors: Susato Ryu
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the theoretical connection between Hume’s arguments on imagination in theTreatise and opinion in Essays, Moral and Political, through which Hume’s keen awareness of the fragility of civilisation and the changeability of our social systems is elucidated. Although commentators have tended to base their understandings of Hume as a conservative thinker on his repeated emphasis on the importance of custom and habit to consolidate our beliefs, Hume’s anti-rationalism and emphasis on custom do not necessarily lead him to defend ‘tradition’ as such indiscriminately. Rather, his point lies in revealing that what is normally considered ‘tradition’ in fact consists of nothing but public opinion concerning what is thought to be established. This chapter will also reveal that this viewpoint is consistent with Hume’s criticism of the myth of the ancient constitution and social contract theory. This point is vital for our understanding of the ‘historical’ Hume, because some of his contemporaries criticised his History not only for his alleged Toryism, but also for his inconsistency with these earlier standpoints.
‘The Prince of Sceptics’ and ‘The Prince of Historians’: Hume’s Influence and Image in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Susato Ryu
Published: May 2018

This chapter deals with the reception of Hume in the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century. The subject of the contemporary and early nineteenth century receptions of Hume’s writings has already been addressed by James Fieser’s series of Early Responses to Hume. The problematic issue of the relationship between Hume as a philosopher and historian, however, is insufficiently addressed. The lack of a sustained analysis of the relationship between Hume’s philosophy and politics might be the result of the continued influence exerted by John Stuart Mill’s evaluation that Hume’s philosophical scepticism leads him to political conservatism. Through detailed analysis of British pamphlets and periodicals (such as The Edinburgh Review, The Quarterly Review, and The Annual Register) published at the turn of the eighteenth century, this chapter argues that Mill’s evaluation was not widely accepted among the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century writers and reviewers. Some radicals (Mary Wollstonecraft, Jeremy Bentham, the young James Mackintosh) left positive comments regarding Hume’s supposed liberal and anti-religious attitude in his History. Interestingly, some Romantics such as Coleridge suspected that Hume, as ‘infidel’ writer, was responsible for the French Revolution along with the philosophes.
The Scottish Soldier and Scotland, 1914–1918
Authors: Strachan Hew
Published: May 2018

This chapter addresses Scottish military service during the First World War, showing how from having underperformed before the war, Scotland overperformed during the war’s first two years. Particularly striking was how many recruits came from agricultural backgrounds, although in absolute terms the big cities still contributed more men. As the Territorial Army (TA) was the principal Scottish route into the army, the battle of Loos in October 1915 had an enormous local impact: this was Scotland’s equivalent of the Somme. Every Scottish infantry regiment was represented, and both the 9th and 15th Scottish Divisions were TA Lowland Divisions. From Loos came the literary representation of the war, especially Ian Hay’s The First Hundred Thousand and John Buchan’s war poetry. The effect of the First World War, with Scottish infantry regiments raising twenty-plus battalions, was to disseminate those regimental identities much more widely across Scottish society. An enhanced Scottish identity was created, and it emerged in a military context. Overwhelmingly this identity was set within the context of the Union and the empire.
Canada, Military Scottishness and the First World War
Authors: Noakes Jeff
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses how the outbreak of the First World War led to the widespread use of the imagery of ‘military Scottishness’ in Canada, not only as part of recruiting efforts, but also for other wartime purposes, including propaganda and fund-raising. In some cases, materials made use of Scottish cultural references, even when explicitly “Scottish” images were not present. In a country with numerous identified and self-identifying cultural identities, it is worth noting that many of the materials that made use of “Scottish” imagery were not explicitly targeting Scottish Canadians. This was not always the case for recruiting efforts using imagery associated with other identifiable groups, and suggests that for some at least a Scottish military identity could embrace non-Scots. Much of the chapter’s focus is on the uses and expressions of military Scottishness in First World War Canada, but it also places this experience within a wider context, including the Second World War and into the present day. Overall, this chapter addresses a number of questions about military identity and its relationship to other competing national and cultural identities within Canada.
The European Charter of Local Self-Government
Authors: Himsworth Chris
Published: May 2018

The first critical study of the 1985 international treaty that guarantees the status of local self-government (local autonomy). Chris Himsworth analyses the text of the 1985 European Charter of Local Self-Government and its Additional Protocol; traces the Charter’s historical emergence; and explains how it has been applied and interpreted, especially in a process of monitoring/treaty enforcement by the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities but also in domestic courts, throughout Europe. Locating the Charter’s own history within the broader recent history of the Council of Europe and the European Union, the book closes with an assessment of the Charter’s future prospects.
Charter Origins
Authors: Himsworth C. M. G.
Published: May 2018

The chapter explores the history of the European Charter of Local Self-Government’s emergence as a Council of Europe treaty. It includes discussion of Seelisberg Declaration (1950) and the (Versailles) European Charter of Municipalities (1953).
The Charter’s Text and Additional Protocol
Authors: Himsworth C. M. G.
Published: May 2018

This chapter provides a textual analysis of the European Charter of Local Self-Government’s provisions, article by article and includes the Charter’s complete text and of its Explanatory Report, along with discussion of how each article has been further interpreted in the subsequent process of monitoring by the Council of Europe. The chapter also includes discussion of the Charter’s one Additional Protocol (2009) (on public participation).
Charter Impact: Beyond European Local Self-Government
Authors: Himsworth C. M. G.
Published: May 2018

The impact of the European Charter of Local Self-Government can also be assessed by reference to its attributes as a remarkable treaty in its own right, especially its enforcement mechanisms discussed in chapter 4; its influence on steps taken to seek to guarantee regional autonomy (as opposed to local autonomy); and its influence on other “local charters” worldwide.
A Mass Doubling of Heroes: Post-human Objects of Queer Desire in Vladimir Sorokin and Ilya Khrzhanovsky’s 4
Authors: Mihailovic Alexandar
Published: May 2018

In their 2004 film 4, the contemporary Russian novelist and screenwriter Vladimir Sorokin and the filmmaker Ilya Khrzhanovsky create a nightmare fantasy about the intersection of two seemingly unrelated processes of production. In Moscow, a new corrupt industry of processing chemically injected and possibly cloned pig meat and, in the countryside, a community of elderly women who create a series of eerie life-size dolls out of masticated bread dough. Both processes address anxieties about body boundaries being breached or invaded, with the national body becoming tainted or jammed up by what it ingests. The symbolic palette of 4 paints a picture of queer intimacy that knowingly embraces sterility, while also encoding gay male sex as emasculating and unclean. Within the film, the fear of death through feminisation is projected onto the portrayal of the economic changes that wreak havoc with individual autonomy.
The Touch of History: A Phenomenological Approach to 1960s Czech Cinema
Authors: Sorfa David
Published: May 2018

The films of the Czechoslovak filmmakers, František Vláčil and Karel Kachyňa, employ distinctive formal features, such as shallow focus, action obscured by objects in the foreground and symmetrical image composition, that emphasise the experience of both spectators and characters. I map this haptic visuality onto the importance of phenomenology as the primary philosophical tendency during this period in Czechoslovakia, and particularly consider Jan Patočka’s work on history, freedom and the body. I also argue that this style is a reaction to the dictates of socialist realism. I consider three films in detail: Vláčil’s Marketa Lazarová (1967), often hailed as the most important masterpiece of Czech cinema, Kachyňa’s Kočar do Vidně (Coach to Vienna, 1966) and his Noc nevěsty (Night of the Bride / The Nun’s Night, 1967). All three films are linked by a consideration of Christianity as an institution of political freedom as well as oppression. I consider these films phenomenologically and argue that their concrete engagement with the experience of the spectator creates a strong connection between the historical and fictional plights of the vulnerable bodies of their characters.
Seeing through the Fingertips1
Authors: André Emmanuelle
Published: May 2018

Digital technologies lead us to question anew the opposition between flatness and depth: as with 19th century modernity (Edouard Manet’s paintings in particular), it produces perceptual uncertainties, but uncertainties that are specific to cinematic representation. This chapter focuses on Jean-Luc Godard’s use of three-dimensional effects in Goodbye to Language (2014), which aims to substitute for the fluid and homogeneous space sought after in mainstream 3D cinema a disjointed, multiple, heterogeneous space. The film thus continues the project started by Nicholas Ray in We Can’t Go Home Again (1973), in which Ray experimented with simultaneous projections and aesthetic effects reminiscent of watercolour painting. In turn, these hybrid images evoke the atlas and the associated process of ‘leafing through’, hence offering themselves as the anachronistic portrait of a filmmaker who has escaped our contemporary world.
The Entrepreneur as Moral Hero
Authors: Den Uyl Douglas J. , Rasmussen Douglas B.
Published: May 2018

This final chapter argues that there is an analogy between entrepreneurship and ethical conduct. Just as it is fundamental not to confuse entrepreneurial insight with an optimization process in a market setting, so too is ethical insight not primarily an optimization process. Perfecting or flourishing is not a passive state but an activity, and it requires virtually a constant reassessment of the adequacy and appropriateness of the means chosen and an openness and alertness to new opportunities amidst changing circumstances. Discontinuity, discovery, opportunity, risk, and disappointment are present for the ideal ethical actor just as we for the ideal entrepreneur. Overall, this chapter is not about the social benefits of entrepreneurship, but rather how the very activity of entrepreneurship is analogous to practical wisdom, which is central to individualistic perfectionism.
Introduction
Authors: Kennedy Philip F.
Published: May 2018

I’m going out of my mind. You must say something. She is my daughter, Riri. Tell me … I’m going crazy. I realize I’ve been despicable … Tell me the girl’s my daughter!

Naguib Mahfouz, Autumn Quail

The recognition scene is a feature of narrative that has shown extraordinary resilience in literary history and transformative power in works of literature. The evidence lies in its robust survival and reinventions from antiquity to the present time. It thrives in most traditions of storytelling, and across all narrative media, from primitive oral folklore to the most sophisticated contemporary novels and films. In quality it ranges from the artistically sublime to rude cliché. The recognition scene has several key features: in its commonest form, it gives resolving shape to the plot of a story, very often providing ‘the sense of an ending’, and stands for narrative knowledge and enlightenment. It can carry – within a relatively circumscribed moment – the signature of an entire narrative. It is the part of a story that is emblematic of the whole and can thus act as the very token and sterling stamp of fiction, even though it exists in tales that are both imagined and real. In its most classic form, the recognition scene is clearly both a theme and a structuring device – what we learn from and through it – can bring closure to a narrative....
‘I’m an adolescent. And that’s how I’m going to stay’: Lessing and Youth Culture 1956–1962
Authors: Bentley Nick
Published: May 2018

The mid-to-late 1950s saw an explosion of youth subcultures in Britain – teenagers, Teddy Boys, jazz fans, hipsters, beatniks, mods and rockers. This range generated a series of moral panics and media fascination. The New Left in particularly were split on whether to see these new youth groups as indicative of a consumer-led Americanization of traditional working-class British culture or as potential sites for cultural (and political) rebellion. Lessing’s representation of youth is particularly interesting in this context, and it is a recurring theme in a number of works from this period including her plays Each to His Own Wilderness and Play With a Tiger, her documentary novel In Pursuit of the English, and her novels A Ripple From the Storm and The Golden Notebook. This chapter traces Lessing’s engagement with youth culture and argues that she articulates concerns within the New Left and British culture more broadly. Her work is read against contemporary cultural commentary from the New Left, especially in a series of articles in the Universities and Left Review, and against other fiction and commentary from the period, including works by Lynne Reid Banks, Anthony Burgess, Shelagh Delaney, Richard Hoggart, Colin MacInnes, Alan Sillitoe, and Muriel Spark.
Readers of Fiction and Readers in Fiction: Readership and The Golden Notebook
Authors: Barnes Sophia
Published: May 2018

Doris Lessing’s The Golden Notebook is peopled by fictional readers who interpret and challenge the texts of others within a layered and ontologically unstable narrative frame. While the novel’s innovative portrayal of authorship and its implications for authority have long been a rich source of critical debate, the equally intriguing if less studied correlative of this portrayal is the particular pressures Lessing’s depictions of readership place on her readers. The Golden Notebook not only includes multiple types of readers but also invites, anticipates and critiques conflicting responses. The cumulative effect of the many acts of readership which take place within the novel is to challenge its readers to question the presuppositions upon which their own reading practice rests; the modes of reading they employ; and the ways in which these modes of reading are implicated in particular beliefs about the function of literature. This chapter examines how readership is depicted in The Golden Notebook to ask the question: what kinds of readers does Lessing want us to be?
The Arab Spring changes under the prism of international relations theory
Authors: Bustos Rafael
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyses what the political transformations following the Arab Spring mean from the perspective of different International Relations theories: neo-realism, institutionalism, social constructivism and critical theories. 
The chapter first points to the direct effects of foreign policy intervention in transitions to democracy worldwide, including the MENA region, notwithstanding the traditional support some non-democratic or aggressive regimes have received from consolidated democracies.  
Second, the chapter reviews the work of a number of prestigious International Relations’ scholars on the Arab Spring and reviews how leading International Relations journals of different theoretical leaning have treated the Arab Spring in the period 2011-15. The chapter illustrates how similar topics are treated in each theory in rather inverted ways. While neo-realists do not focus on the Arab Spring itself but rather on the possible threats that derive from it and their consequences, critical theorists reverse the analysis and locate it in the economic causes and implications of armed interventions as well as the excessive processes of vigilance and control. If liberals engage in a debate on the defence of the R2P doctrine, constructivists are more aware of the contradictory effects of democratic diffusion and cognitive uncertainty.
Finally, the chapter concludes on the prospects and need within International Relations for further theoretical development on the Arab Spring.
Parties and party system change
Authors: Storm Lise
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines parties and party system change across the MENA countries since December 2010. The discussion begins with a brief overview of party systems in the region on the eve of the Arab Spring, thereby providing a quick introduction to the selected cases as well as a benchmark against which to measure change. Party system change is determined via indicators such as the effective number of parties, party system fragmentation, electoral volatility and the entry of new parties into the system. The analysis of the indicators of party system change is coupled with a discussion of empirical data on the political environment during and in the immediate aftermath of the elections, including issues such as regime classification, rotation of power, coalition structures, prohibited parties, and societal cleavages. The author explains how - despite the fact that some old regimes fell and elections were held - the traditionally dominant or hegemonic political parties stayed preeminent in a number of MENA countries. Finally, this chapter shows what party system change tells us about the prospects for democracy some five years after the outbreak of the Arab Spring.
The political and security repercussions of Islamic State in the MENA region
Authors: Durán Marién , Bados Víctor
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the political, territorial and security repercussions of the self-proclaimed Islamic State (IS) for the MENA region, and particularly in Syria, Iraq and Libya. The proclamation of the IS, on 29 June 2014, has had a major impact on political and security alike. It has been given a new twist to the war in Iraq and Syria and the Libyan conflict on the following aspects: (i) amplifying and making the conflict more complex with related implications on security; (ii) establishing a new mode of governance in the conquered territories; and (iii) further producing a new security framework in MENA region.
After a brief contextualization about the origins and goals of IS, the chapter analyses the following sections: (i) the impact of IS in the security domain (type of conflict with its own signs of identity); (ii) the government exerted in the occupied territories; and (iii) the implications and impacts on the security realm throughout MENA region by focusing on two main domains: the international response to the threat provided by the international community, and the new configuration of regional and global alliances. The main contribution of this chapter dues to the scarcity of studies in this regard is the analysis of the IS’ conflict typology.
The foreign policy of the United States following the Arab Spring
Authors: Tovar Juan
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyses president Obama’s foreign policy in the MENA region. The first section focuses on the discourse and key strategic documents of the Obama administration. The purpose is to identify the place that the MENA region has in the order of priorities of his foreign policy. The second section analyses the US foreign policy towards some of the states affected by the Arab Spring; while the third analyses the participation of the US in various conflicts that have marked this change process. The fourth explores the question of the nuclear agreement with Iran and its effects on Israel, which is one of the main allies of the US in the region. The final chapter pulls together the conclusions.
In some cases the US used diplomatic tools to promote political change; this is the case of Tunisia, Egypt or Yemen. In other cases the American decision-makers defended a status quo policy, such as Bahrain. In the cases of Libya, Syria and Iraq, the US was involved in different military interventions to promote political change or to fight terrorist groups like the self-proclaimed Islamic State (IS), as a consequence of the Arab Spring.
The chapter concludes that the Obama Administration did not have a coherent strategy to the region, offering different reactions to different states with different contexts and interests. Nevertheless, the ascent of the IS and the Russian influence on the region, make that the MENA region retains its strategic and vital role for the American foreign policy.
Revolutions, Transformations, Civilisations: Prolegomena to a Paradigm Reorientation
Authors: Arnason Johann P.
Published: May 2018

The chapter deals with some enduring controversies and dilemmas in the comparative history and theory of revolutions. On the level of definitions, four major issues are considered: The distinction between relatively rapid transformations, politically induced and socially significant, and long-term transformative processes; the difference between revolutions from above and from below; the role of violence; and the relationship between revolution and progress. On the level of explanation and interpretation, the most prominent issue concerns the respective roles of power and ideology. This is further linked to questions of war and revolution, the changing combination of internal and international factors, and the problem of revolutionary agency. Finally, the civilisational approach to revolutions, as outlined by S.N. Eisenstadt, is discussed with particular reference to modernity as a new civilisation.