bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Color Associations to Mood Stories in First Grade Boys
Authors: Bourgeois-Bailetti Ann M. , Cerbus George
Published: September 2011

Choices of color crayons to portray mood stories were studied in a sample of first grade boys. The total sample (180) was divided into three treatment groups (60 subjects in each) who were told either the “Angry Boy” story, the “Happy Boy” story, or the “Sad Boy” story. Each subject selected one of six color crayons (red, yellow, green, blue, brown, or purple) to color the boy “to look” angry, happy, or sad. Racial, socioeconomic, and within-group differences were not significant, but significant differences were found between groups given angry and sad stories ( x2 = 22.23, df = 5, p < .01). Red was significantly associated with the angry boy when compared with the sad boy, while brown was significantly more often preferred for the sad boy than for the happy boy. By the age of first grade consequently the general preference for red by children is already significantly altered.
Black Teachers' Perceptions of the Ideal Pupil
Authors: Kaltsounis Bill , Higdon Gene
Published: September 2011

Torrance's Ideal Child Checklist was administered to 76 black teachers. A comparison of their 10 most and least valued traits with those of the expert panel on the creative personality showed that the two groups agreed only once on the 10 most valued traits and three times on the 10 least valued traits.
Birth Order and Perceptual Motor Performance
Authors: Bassett John E. , Blanchard Edward B. , Gayton William F. , Ozmon Kenneth L.
Published: September 2011

To examine the relationship between performance on the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception and birth order, 578 first-graders were tested. Later-born children performed significantly better than did firstborns on specific subtests of the Frostig (Visual-motor Coordination and Figure-ground Perception). There was a significant interaction on Perceptual Constancy which indicated that later-born males performed significantly better than did firstborn males. A secondary finding was a r of .547, a stronger relationship between intelligence level and global perceptual performance than previously reported.
Individual Differences in Self-Conception: A Multivariate Approach
Authors: Tzeng Oliver C. S.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the determinants of the affective and denotative semantic structures in the process of self-conception. Three-mode data of semantic differential ratings of 11 ego-related concepts on a representative set of scales were obtained from a homogeneous group of 29 male college sophomores. Results for the scale mode indicated that after Osgood's three affective components were recaptured, three other orthogonal dimensions were interpretable denotative features. The concept mode consisted of five distinctive factors representing the multidimensional nature of self concepts. Differences among four types of subjects in their interactions between meaning systems and concept factors were highlighted by the rotated core matrix. Characteristics of subject-type homogeneities were further identified by regressions of their factor coefficients on a set of variables representing personality development, social behaviors, and attitudes.
The Moon Illusion: A Test of the Vestibular Hypothesis under Monocular Viewing Conditions
Authors: Carter David S.
Published: September 2011

The results of earlier monocular experiments on the moon illusion have been either negative or confounded. To test the role of vestibular function, 24 subjects made forced-choice distance comparisons between stimuli mounted in translucent tubes. The stimulus tube for standard distance could be positioned in three viewing angles (45° up, horizontal, and 45° down). A comparison tube adjustable for distance was mounted horizontally. There was a greater perception of depth in the downward looking condition. The relatively weak effects are discussed in terms of a two-hypothesis explanation of the real-life moon illusion and the poor cues for depth perception in monocular viewing.
Correlations between Gesell Scores in Infancy and Performance on Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests in Early Childhood
Authors: Roe K. V.
Published: September 2011

Since infant developmental tests are heavily loaded with perceptual-motor items and are relatively free of auditory-verbal items, it was hypothesized that performance on infant tests would correlate higher with those later tests which measure non-verbal skills and lower with those tests that measure mostly verbal skills. The Gesell performance of 26 normal, male white infants at 7, 9 and 15 mo. correlated significantly and consistently with performance on the Merrill-Palmer Scale at 27 mo. and the visual-motor channel of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities at 5 yr. and showed consistently non-significant correlations with the Stanford Binet at 3 yr., the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test at 5 yr., and the auditory-vocal channel of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities at 5 yr.
Incidental Cues and Picture/Word Differences in Recall
Authors: Peeck J. , Van Dam G. , Uhlenbeck R. W. F.
Published: September 2011

80 university undergraduates attempted free recall of 20 objects presented as either (a) normally printed words, (b) words enriched with iconic sign characteristics, (c) normal line drawings, or (d) schematic line drawings constructed from a limited set of elements. Enriched words were better recalled than normal words, whereas differences in recall between the two types of line drawings just failed to reach significance. The results were discussed in reference to the dual coding- and incidental-cue hypothesis.
Abstraction and Use of Categorical and Physical Information: A Developmental Study
Authors: Connor Jane M. , Schackman Maxine
Published: September 2011

Children in nursery school and Grades 1, 3, and 5 (total N = 75) were asked to match one of two picture choices to a previously presented stimulus. Two types of matches were based upon the physical information in the stimuli and two types of matches were based upon categorical information. A comparison of mean reaction time for the two physical matches indicated a large change between nursery school and Grade 1 in the ability to use specific visual information in the matching of pictures of familiar objects. The efficiency of matches based upon category information showed a steady increase across the ages tested. Category matches based upon pictorial information were as efficient as category matches based upon verbal information for all groups.
Baseline Variability as a Predictor of EMG Biofeedback Performance
Authors: Malec James , Phillips Anne Marie , Sipprelle Carl N.
Published: September 2011

Data from two studies are presented which indicate a consistent negative correlation between EMG-baseline variability and subsequent biofeedback-assisted EMG reduction. The implications and utility of this finding are discussed.
Evaluation of a Modified Bronfenbrenner Questionnaire Assessing Children's Perceptions of Teachers' Behaviors
Authors: Koopman Elizabeth J. , Schroeder Nancy
Published: September 2011

A modification of the Bronfenbrenner Parent Behavior Questionnaire was evaluated as a research technique for assessing children's perceptions of how their teachers treat them. The questionnaire was administered to 78 male and 61 female children in Grades 4 to 6. Test-retest reliabilities ranged from .69 for the power variable to .85 for the expressive rejection variable. Three components of teachers' behavior were derived from a varimax rotational principal-component analysis: “loving,” “punishing,” and “demanding.” These data complement and corroborate Siegelman's principal-component analysis of the Bronfenbrenner Parent Behavior Questionnaire.
Sex Differences in Clerical Speed: Perceptual Speed versus Comparison and Decision Speed
Authors: Majeres Raymond L.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that sex differences in clerical speed are based on differences in perceptual speed was tested in an experiment using tachistoscopic presentation of pairs of items requiring same-different judgments. This procedure eliminated the attentional shifts from item to item as well as the repetitive nature of the task. 10 females still were signiifcantly faster than 10 males. Also no significant sex differences were found in an additional visual search task requiring rapid recognition and shifts in attention. Results were interpreted in terms of sex differences in comparison and decision time as opposed to perceptual speed.
Visual Masking by Translation Equivalents in Bilinguals
Authors: O'Neill Ward
Published: September 2011

Masking thresholds for common words as a function of the relationship between target and mask were assessed using French-English bilingual subjects. Five target-mask combinations were employed. Two control conditions involved unrelated pairs presented in either the same or both languages. The experimental conditions employed masks that were subordinate to the target, e.g., animal-horse, masks that were the translation equivalents of the targets, and masks which were homophones of the target. Homophones were superior masks compared to same-language, unrelated masks which were in turn superior to subordinately related masks. Translation equivalents were less effective masks than different-language unrelated masks but were similar to subordinate same-language masks. The results suggest that the relationship between the representations of translation equivalents is similar to that between same-language superordinate and subordinate words.
Effects of Social Reinforcement for Visual Attention on Classroom Learning by Disadvantaged Preschoolers
Authors: Serbin Lisa A. , Geller Marilyn I. , Geller Sanford E.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the relationship between visual attention and classroom learning in a disadvantaged preschool population students' attending was experimentally maintained at high levels, using a social reinforcement procedure, and recall of visual and auditory educational materials was examined. Subjects were 16 white children of low income whose mean age was 5.1 yr. and who were students at a Head Start center. A two-group, randomized-blocks design was employed. Reinforcement of attending resulted in greater recall of auditory stimuli by experimental subjects, while a decline was found in recall performance by control subjects. Recall of visual material was not significantly affected by the treatment. Correlations between attending and both auditory and visual recall were statistically significant.
Variability of Prior Practice in Learning and Retention of a Novel Motor Response
Authors: Magill Richard A. , Reeve T. Gilmour
Published: September 2011

The schema theory prediction that variability of practice would influence the strength of the motor response schema was investigated. Three groups of subjects, defined by much, little, or no variability of distances moved in prior practice on a linear-slide apparatus, completed 12 initial practice trials. Subjects then had 10 trials to estimate a novel distance from a new starting point. Knowledge of results was provided on the first three trials and withdrawn on the last seven trials. No differences in accuracy of production of the novel distance were noted although evidence for a stronger schema by the group with little variability was noted on the second transfer trial. On the trials on which knowledge of results was withdrawn this stronger schema group maintained performance while the other two groups showed a decrement in performance.
Perceived Approbation in Short, Medium, and Long Letters of Recommendation
Authors: Kleinke Chris L.
Published: September 2011

Mehrabian (1965) and Wiens, et al. (1969) found that subjects wrote longer letters of recommendation when the letter was for someone they liked rather than disliked. These results led Wiens, et al. to suggest that communication channels may provide a useful nonreactive measure of attitudes and motivations. The present research replicated the above encoding studies with a series of decoding experiments in which subjects rated short, medium-length, and long letters of recommendation written in English, German, or with deleted text. Short letters were evaluated as being least favorable toward the job applicant and long letters were evaluated as being most favorable toward the job applicant. It was concluded that attitudes attributed to length of letter are consistent with attitudes influencing length of letter. Subjects' limited awareness of the influence of length of letter on their evaluations was related to Nisbett and Wilson's (1977) argument about the weakness of introspection. Suggestions were made for future research.
The Projective Process: Inferences Derived from Structural Analysis
Authors: Wagner Edwin E. , Wagner Carol F.
Published: September 2011

It is hypothesized that projection is an organizational process involving a synthesis of psychological functions which results in a response which is uniquely representative of a class of important psychological experiences. Implications of this interpretation are discussed.
Response Time as a Function of Uncertainty
Authors: Newhouse Robert C. , Werner Braynard H.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare uncertainty among simple reaction time, compatible reaction time and disjunctive reaction time for 25 students. The results indicated variable differences in length of reaction time, i.e., simple RT < compatible RT < disjunctive RT. A sign test, performed for both mean and median scores, was significant. It was concluded that reaction time did increase as a function of uncertainty.
Inside-of-the-Body Test Drawings Performed by Patients with Neuromuscular Diseases: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Brumback Roger A. , Bertorini Tulio , Liberman Joseph
Published: September 2011

Inside-of-the-Body test drawings were obtained from 50 individuals with various neuromuscular diseases. A mean of 18.0 ± 5.1 body parts were identified in the drawings. Diseased body structures were emphasized by most patients; for example, thymus was only drawn by individuals with myasthenia gravis, while muscle was only identified by individuals with polymyositis. In contrast, drawings by individuals with neuropathic atrophy omitted the atrophic extremities.
Proportional Cell Frequencies in the 2 by 2 Analysis of Variance
Authors: Ramsey Philip H.
Published: September 2011

Unique problems are considered with the analysis of proportional frequencies in the 2 by 2 design due to the possibility of interchanging effects by rearranging cells. It is noted that the researcher must precisely state the hypotheses of interest, make a decision about population proportions, and determine the validity of the test of significance. Each of these decisions is considered in derail and an example presented by Gerjuoy and Myers (1964) is used to illustrate the different choices.
Relationship between Birth Order and Leadership Style for Nursery School Children
Authors: Hardy Robert C. , Hunt Joan , Lehr Eleonore
Published: September 2011

36 nursery school children were given a revised form of Fiedler's (1967) least preferred co-worker scale designated as the least preferred playmate scale. The purpose was to investigate the relationship between least preferred playmate scores and the birth order of young children. A 2 × 2 contingency table was constructed between birth order (first and later born) and leadership style (high and low). The resulting chi squares were insignificant for the total population and for males. However, for females the results were significant with a higher percentage of firstborns being task-oriented (low score) and a higher percentage of later borns being relation-oriented (high score).
Searching for Multiple Targets Simultaneously: Is it Really Possible?
Authors: Holmes Deborah Lott , Peper Richard , Olsho Lynne Werner , Raney Donald E.
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to clarify the findings of Neisser and his associates with respect to parallel processing of multiple target items in a visual search task, subjects were tested in a multiple-target search situation in which the various target sets were not nested. 20 sessions were run for each subject with 12 trials per day. The targets used were geometric forms, allowing for manipulation of the number of features in each form. The results do not confirm those of Neisser, in fact, the interaction of session × target-set size was in a direction opposite to that predicted by a parallel scan model. These findings indicate that what Neisser reported as parallel preattentive processing may in fact have reflected a tendency for subjects to scan for a master set of targets, regardless of which subset of that set was actually present on a given set.
Enjoyment of a Televised Sport Contest under Different Social Conditions of Viewing
Authors: Sapolsky Barry S. , Zillmann Dolf
Published: September 2011

50 male and 33 female subjects viewed the televised 1976 Olympic basketball championship game, U.S. vs Yugoslavia, under “natural conditions,” i.e., as they pleased at home or anywhere, and rated their enjoyment of scoring plays. Subjects were later grouped according to the social condition of viewing: alone, with another person, in a small group, or in a larger group. Counter to social facilitation expectations, the enjoyment of U.S. baskets was not affected by the social condition of watching. Moreover, in the large-group condition, increased enjoyment of, rather than disappointment with, Yugoslav scoring plays was observed.
The Lens Model: Computational Procedures and Applications
Authors: Beal Don , Gillis John S. , Stewart Tom
Published: September 2011

This paper is a general introduction to the lens model, written primarily for individuals in a variety of applied areas (Clinical Psychology, Nursing, Public Administration, Clinical Pharmacology, and Education). First the background issues of Social Judgment Theory, bivariate and multivariate regression are discussed; then the actual experimental procedures and analyses are demonstrated. Finally there is a brief discussion of the application of the model to the study of conflict resolution and interpersonal learning.
Cognitive Style and Children's Computational Errors
Authors: Engelhardt Jon M.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated whether for children with analytic-nonanalytic/impulsive-reflective cognitive styles the tendency to exhibit different types of computational errors in arithmetic are related. 198 students from Grades 3 and 6 were drawn from two school districts. Tests of cognitive style and a computation test were administered. Subjects' types of errors and cognitive styles only tentatively confirmed a relationship between the dimensions of cognitive style and types of errors.
Visual Perseveration in Normal and Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Hill A. Lewis , Silverman Wayne P.
Published: September 2011

Visual perseveration was investigated within mentally retarded and second, fifth, and eighth grade normal children ( Ns = 12 each group). Subjects matched an auditorially presented click to the onset and offset of visually presented stimuli. Time differences between visual stimulus offset and the point at which subjects reported simultaneity of the click and visual stimulus offset was assumed to reflect visual perseveration. Results showed: (a) no differences between the normal children as a function of age; (b) no difference between groups for stimuli of 100 msec, or longer duration; and (c) retarded subjects judged stimuli of 20 and 50 msec, to be of shorter duration than did normal subjects. This highly specific distinction between retarded and normal subjects suggests a difference in an early stage of perceptual processing.
Disturbances of Rhythm Formation in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: Part II. A Forced Oscillation Model
Authors: Nagasaki H. , Nakamura R. , Taniguchi R.
Published: September 2011

The origin of the characteristic disturbances of rhythm formation in patients with Parkinson's disease (the hastening phenomenon) was discussed, using a second-order system of the periodic response. The input signal was regarded as a pulse series of a Dirac function. The output process of the system had maximal errors of response at input frequencies of f = ω0/ n ( n = 1, 2, …), where ω0 was the intrinsic frequency of the system. Damping coefficient ε represented a function of an inhibiror against these maximal errors and the errors diverged to infinity when ε = 0. The solution of this forced oscillation system indicated that the intrinsic oscillation of the system had a possibility to be excited at these critical frequencies f = ω0/ n. Inferred from data on the tapping test, the frequency of an intrinsic oscillation was 5 Hz in the central nervous system, then the critical frequencies were predicted 5/ n = 5, 2.5, … Hz. On the tapping test the errors of response become maximum around 2.5 and 5 Hz (taps per second), and their peak heights increased from the minimum in well trained normal subjects to the maximum in patients. An inhibitory mechanism against the maximal error would function well, i.e., ε > 0, in normal subjects but so insufficiently (ε → 0) in patients that the excited intrinsic oscillation would control their response directly. Thus some patients could no longer maintain a synchronous tapping response at 2.5 Hz or 5 Hz and showed a hastened tapping of 5 ∼ 6 Hz independent of the signal frequency.
Hearing Test for a Profoundly Retarded Human Subject
Authors: Wyatt William J.
Published: September 2011

A profoundly retarded 28-yr.-old female was trained to avoid an aversive but harmless shock to the foot by withdrawing the foot upon presentation of a visual cue. She was later unable to learn to avoid the shock consistently upon presentation of an auditory cue, confirming the ward staff's contention that she had a hearing disability. The audiometric technique using negative reinforcement bridges the problems of (1) difficulty in finding positive reinforcers for patients of low functioning and (2) satiation which may result from the continued use of positive reinforcers. The use of aversive stimuli raises ethical concerns. The growing trend in research is that aversive stimuli are permissible for individuals for whom positive techniques have not been effective and when used by trained professionals under careful review.
Panic-Fear in Asthma: A Divergence between Subjective Report and Behavioral Patterns
Authors: Dahlem Nancy Wray , Kinsman Robert A.
Published: September 2011

The reported frequency of occurrence of Panic-Fear symptoms during asthmatic attacks varies widely and is related to treatment response independently of the objective severity of asthma. In a previous study, symptom minimizers (Low Panic-Fear) requested few as-needed (PRN) medications and treatments while hospitalized, even on days when significant airway obstruction was present. In contrast symptom emphasizers (High Panic-Fear) requested PRNs frequently, even on days when no airway obstruction was present. In the present study, these behavioral differences toward PRNs occurred despite the similar ability of patients in various Panic-Feat groups to perceive and report changes in airway obstruction. Together these results suggest that specific behavioral strategies, which do not derive from differences in symptom perception, influence the treatment response of asthmatic patients differing in Panic-Fear symptomatology.
Reinforcing Effects of Prerecorded Words and Delayed Speech Feedback on the Verbal Behavior of a Neologistic Schizophrenic
Authors: Allen Donna J. , Antonitis Joseph J. , Magaro Peter A.
Published: September 2011

The possibility of using prerecorded words and 2-sec. delayed speech feedback as reinforcement in the reconditioning of intelligible verbal responses in a chronic, neologistic schizophrenic patient was investigated. A test situation was devised which involved daily presentation of 100 stimulus word-picture cards to elicit verbal responses. The results indicated that both singly presented prerecorded words and delayed speech feedback apparently strengthened correct and intelligible verbal responding.
Relationship between Repression-Sensitization and Word Frequency Estimates for Pleasant and Unpleasant Words
Authors: Matlin Margaret W. , Derby Paul L.
Published: September 2011

College students (45 females and 12 males) estimated the frequency of pleasant and unpleasant English words. 28 subjects estimated how often they, personally, had seen the words (Personal condition), and 29 subjects estimated how often a “language expert” had encountered the words (Kučera-Francis condition). Byrne's Repression-Sensitization scores were obtained for all subjects. In both conditions repressors judged pleasant words to be more frequent, and sensitizers judged unpleasant words to be more frequent ( p < .01). The results may clarify some contradictions in the literature on frequency estimation and may help to explain the relationship between repression-sensitization and perceptual defense/vigilance.
No Evidence for Relationship between Biorhythms and Industrial Accidents
Authors: Persinger Michael A. , Cooke Walter J. , Janes Jean T.
Published: September 2011

According to the popular biorhythm model accidents are more likely to occur during the “critical days” of three sine wave-like cycles that display periodicities of 23 days, 28 days, and 33 days. Analyses of 400 mining accidents from two separate industries demonstrated that the number of employees who were involved with accidents on their individual critical days of the different cycles did not differ significantly from chance expectancy. Furthermore the number of employees involved in accidents when their cycles were in ascending phases (presumably associated with positive behaviors) did not differ significantly from the number of employees who were involved in accidents when their cycles were in the descending phases, presumably associated with negative behaviors. We have found neither empirical nor theoretical support for the biorhythm model.
Individual Differences in Reported Visual Imagery and Cognitive Performance
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J. , Rohrberg Mary M.
Published: September 2011

Selected on the basis of their scores on the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire, 16 High Visualizers and 14 Low Visualizers (equally divided by sex) completed various cognitive tasks thought to involve visual (Space Relations, Watch Rotation) and non-visual (Verbal Reasoning, Abstract Reasoning, Numerical Ability) processes. Although Low Visualizers (particularly males) were superior to High Visualizers in Numerical Ability, both groups performed equally well on the other tests. Since correlational analyses indicated that scores on the vividness questionnaire and the Gordon Controllability of Imagery Questionnaire were not independent, particularly for females, it was suggested that questionnaires ought to be developed better to differentiate the abilities to generate and control visual images.
Letter Discrimination as a Function of Culture, Orthography and Dimensionality of Letters
Authors: Fisher Virginia Lee
Published: September 2011

46 4-yr.-old children from the United States and 80 from Bangalore, India made fewer discrimination errors when letters were three-rather than two-dimensional. More errors were made on Kannada (Indian) than on English orthographic tasks, but there were relatively fewer errors made by Indian than American children. Younger subjects and boys made relatively more errors than other groups. The findings suggest visually perceived depth may activate the young child's enactive system dominant during the preoperational period and serve to increase accuracy of letter discrimination.
Authoritarianism and Social Distance Attitudes towards Offenders Released from Prison
Authors: Singh Avtar
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that authoritarian individuals maintain attitudes of greater social distance towards (a) violent offenders, (b) violent young offenders, (c) non-violent offenders, and (d) non-violent young offenders released from prison. Correlations of scores on Boehm's Legal Attitudes Questionnaire for the offender groups supported the hypothesis. Subjects were 48 students in management science. Apparently high authoritarians would like to maintain attitudes of greater social distance from violent offenders than non-violent offenders released from prison.
Perceived Exertion and the Field-Independence—Dependence Dimension
Authors: Robertson Robert J. , Gillespie Robert L. , McCarthy Jean , Rose Kenneth D.
Published: September 2011

Perceived exertion responses were compared between field-independent and field-dependent perceivers at three cycle-ergometer pedalling rates. 50 male subjects were classified according to mode of field approach on the basis of their performance on an embedded-figures test. Power output was held constant at 840 kpm/min., while pedalling rate was randomly set at 40, 60, or 80 rpm. Significant differences between the field-independent and -dependent groups were not found at the three pedalling rates for any of the physiological variables or for over-all, legs and chest ratings of perceived exertion. The extent of differentiated psychological functioning did not account for individual differences in perceptual reactance during muscular exertion.
On the Validity of Hypotheses Derived from the Rorschach: III. The Relationship between Shading and Anxiety
Authors: Frank George
Published: September 2011

Research was reviewed in an attempt to assess the validity of the hypothesis that shading on the Rorschach is related to anxiety. This research turned out to be replete with inconsistent and contradictory findings. The reasons for this are discussed. However, as a consequence of the kind of research that has been conducted in this area, we are unable to draw any conclusions except that we need more research. The methodological and epistemological issues in this research are discussed with the hope of providing some direction for that new research by correcting for the errors in the research done to date.
Sex Differences in the Perception of Touching
Authors: Maier Richard A. , Ernest Robert C.
Published: September 2011

Sex differences in the perception of touching were investigated by having 25 male and 25 female college students rate how likeable a touch would be under different conditions. The women produced a more favorable affect than the men when they touched, and women were perceived as liking to be touched mote than men. Perception of touching in general was correlated positively with Self-esteem for men, negatively with Machiavellianism for women, and positively with Trust for women. Results were discussed in terms of traditional sex-typing of touching behavior.
Eye Contact, Facial Expression, Sex, and the Violation of Personal Space
Authors: Hughes Jeff , Goldman Morton
Published: September 2011

Two experiments carried out in a public elevator examined how variations in eye contact, facial expression, sex of subject and of experimental confederate affected the violation of personal space. The first experiment “forced” subjects (79 females and 105 males) to violate the personal space of male of female confederates who were either directing their gazes at the subjects or were avoiding eye contact by having their backs to entering passengers. In the first condition the confederates were both male while in the second condition both confederates were female. For male subjects, as eye contact increased from male and female confederates, violations of personal space decreased. Male subjects preferred to violate the personal space of the confederates who had their backs to them, regardless of the sex of the confederates. Female and male subjects responded similarly when the confederates were males. However, when the confederates were females, female subjects preferred to violate the space of the female confederate who gazed at them rather than the female confederate who had her back to them. In the second experiment the subjects (86 females and 90 males) were again “forced” to violate the personal space of two confederates of the same sex. In each of two conditions one of the confederates avoided gazing at entering subjects but the second confederate smiled while gazing directly at the entering subjects. Male subjects again preferred to violate the personal space of the confederate whose back was to them, regardless of the confederate's sex. Female subjects, however, preferred to violate the personal space of confederates who smiled while gazing directly at the entering subjects. This occurred for both male and female confederates.
Effects of Differentially Modeled Stimuli on Vicarious Autonomic Arousal
Authors: Yamaguchi Shoji , Harano Kotaro , Egawa Binsei
Published: September 2011

The present study examined effects of variations in modeled pain cues on level of vicarious arousal, using heart rate and blood-volume amplitude as psychophysiological measures. Students were assigned randomly to one of four groups in which they either (a) underwent directly the cold-pressor test, (b) observed a model exposed to the cold-pressor test and expressing pain by facial and bodily movements, (c) heard only the modeled verbal expressions of pain, or (4) observed the model express neither verbal expressions nor physical movements while undergoing the painful stimulation. The results show aversive stimulation increases heart rate whereas vicarious aversive stimulation produces reductions in heart rate. The deceleration of heart rate was not found in response to all three forms of modeling. Both direct and vicarious aversive stimulation produced decreases in the amplitude of vasomotor responses. The size of the decrement between direct stimulation and the minimal modeling condition of vicarious arousal showed significant differences, but differences between direct stimulation and the maximal modeling condition were not significant. The vasoconstriction was found in response to two forms of modeling.
A Hypothetical Construct to Evaluate Intracranial Stimulation as a Source of Motivation
Authors: Hoover Thomas O.
Published: September 2011

An explanation is offered for the excessive continued responding found when intracranial stimulation is the primary source of motivation for learning. A response pattern appears which cannot be easily broken.
Channel Capacity and Locus of Interference under Dual Task Conditions
Authors: Helm Wade R. , Fishburne Robert P. , Waag Wayne L.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were performed in order to determine subjects' maximum information-processing capacity under dual task conditions and to provide empirical evidence regarding the localization of the divided attention effect. The results suggest that performance on the primary task deteriorates as a joint function of both primary and secondary task processing loads. These data support the locus of interference being within the control-processing (memory-dependent) and response-selection stages of the processing system.
Personality Dimensions and Reversible Perspective in Embedded Figures Test
Authors: Loo Robert
Published: September 2011

The study examined the relationship between performance on reversible-perspective items in individual and group embedded-figures tests and remaining items, personality and performance variables in two samples of normal females. Performance on the reversible-perspective items was better than on the remaining items in the individual test and as good as other items in the group test. Those who experienced difficulty in solving the reversible-perspective items had more “psychiatric” complaints and greater sociability than subjects who experienced little difficulty.
Inadequate and Adequate Readers' Performance on a Dichotic Listening Task
Authors: Mercure Roland , Warren Sue Allen
Published: September 2011

The performance of inadequate (19 boys, 8 girls) and adequate (14 boys, 16 girls) readers in Grade 3 was compared on a dichotic listening task involving conflicting pairs of nonsense syllables. Both groups were more efficient in reporting correctly the material presented to the right ear than to the left ear. Adequate readers performed significantly better than inadequate readers. When the effects of the articulatory features of the stimuli were examined in subjects' performance, the important difference between the two groups was associated with the features of voicing and unvoicing of the initial consonants.
Physical Fatigue and the Perception of Differences in Load: A Signal Detection Approach
Authors: Blitz Peter S. , Van Moorst Annemiek
Published: September 2011

Workload is an important factor related to perception of physical fatigue. Because a person engaged in physical activity eventually leading to painful exhaustion is in a payoff situation, the paradigm of signal detection might be applicable to the perception of differences in load. Two male track and field athletes, aged 22 and 24 yr., participated in two experiments. In Exp. 1 difference thresholds were determined with 25%, 50%, 60%, 65% and 70% of VO2 max as basic loads on a bicycle ergometer. Results showed a decreasing k over increasing work loads, contrary to Weber's law. In Exp. 2 a non-parametric signal detection procedure was used, with 25%, 40%, 50% and 60% of VO2 max as noise levels and a signal intensity of 1.5 watt in every condition A χ2 test for a 2-factor design showed only an effect of noise level. The converging results of both experiments led to the conclusion of a relative increasing sensitivity across increasing work loads. The main goal for future research will be to develop the signal detection method as a framework for research on fatigue.
Differentiation of Childhood Body Gestures
Authors: Rekers George A. , Rudy John P.
Published: September 2011

9 expressive body gestures were recorded while 180 boys and girls of three age groups (4—5 yr., 7—8 yr., and 10—11 yr.) individually performed a standardized play task. Analysis of variance showed a significant over-all difference in gestures between the sexes, and 5 of the gestures (“limp wrist,” “arm flutters,” “flexed elbow,” “hand clasp,” and “palming”) occurred significantly more frequently in girls than boys. There was an interaction between sex and age for the “hands-on-hips with fingers forward” gesture. No differences associated with sex of experimenter were found.
An Evaluation of Rational-Emotive Imagery as a Component of Rational-Emotive Therapy in the Treatment of Test Anxiety
Authors: Hymen Steven P. , Warren Ricks
Published: September 2011

This study evaluated the efficacy of rational-emotive imagery as a component of rational-emotive therapy in reduction of college students' test anxiety. 11 volunteers met for 6 1-hr. group treatment sessions over a 3-wk. period. After 2 initial treatment sessions subjects were randomly assigned to groups given either rational-emotive therapy with rational-emotive imagery or rational-emotive therapy without imagery. Contrary to predictions, improvement between groups on self-report and performance measures was nonsignificant. Failure to obtain differences was attributed to similarities in content of treatment sessions and short treatment time. Combined groups reported significant improvement on all dependent measures. Although the study did not yield the predicted benefits of the imagery, results lend further support to the efficacy of rational-emotive therapy procedures in the reduction of test anxiety.
Effects of Relative Frequency of Knowledge of Results on Retention of a Motor Skill
Authors: Ho Linda , Shea John B.
Published: September 2011

The effects of relative frequency of knowledge of results on the retention of a motor skill was studied. Adams' theory (1971) contends that the perceptual trace of a critetion position gains an increment of strength each time the feedback stimuli associated with the criterion position are experienced and that it is the strength of the perceptual trace that determines retention. Schmidt's theory (1975), however, suggests that the recognition schema is updated only on trials on which the feedback stimuli associated with the criterion position are experienced in conjunction with knowledge of results and that it is the precision of the recognition schema that determines retention. Two experiments were conducted. The results provided evidence contrary to Adams' theory. Schmidt's theory, however, was only partially supported.
Effects of Visual Accessibility and Hand Restraint on Fluency of Gesticulator and Effectiveness of Message
Authors: Lickiss Karen P. , Wellens A. Rodney
Published: September 2011

The role of hand gestures in human communication was examined in an experiment that manipulated communicator-receiver visual accessibility and freedom of the communicator's hand movements. While gesturing occurred primarily during periods of speech rather than silence, the visual availability of 10 speakers' hand gestures did not significantly enhance receivers' ability to decode and act upon task-related messages. Hand restraint did not significantly affect speakers' verbal fluency or total verbal output. The mere visual presence of an interactant had a greater impact on speech disfluency than did hand restraint.
Developmental Sequences in Perception and Interpretation of Ambiguous Sentences
Authors: Wiig Elisabeth H. , Gilbert Michele F. , Christian Sue Hirsch
Published: September 2011

The present research assessed the normal development of ability to perceive and interpret lexical and syntactic ambiguities in 40 grade school children, 10 kindergarteners, 10 second-graders, 10 fourth-graders, 10 sixth-graders, and 10 college students. Eight lexically ambiguous, eight syntactically ambiguous, and four unambiguous control sentences were presented for interpretation of their alternatives in meaning. Each experimental sentence was associated with four pictorial choices. Significant increases in the ability to perceive and interpret the alternative meanings of the lexical ambiguities occurred at or before the fourth grade (mean age 10 yr., 0 mo.) while significant changes for the syntactic and deep-structure ambiguities occurred at or before the sixth grade (mean age 12 yr., 0 mo.). Reaction times proved significantly shorter for the unambiguous than for the ambiguous sentences but remained stable over the present age range with the exception that the median reaction times between first and second responses decreased significantly between second grade and college level. The findings suggest that the ability to process lexical ambiguities increases and stabilizes during the concrete operational stage while the ability to process syntactic ambiguities stabilizes during the formal operational stage (Piaget & Inhelder, 1969).
Student Teachers' Affective Behavior and Selected Biorhythm Patterns
Authors: Buttery Thomas J. , White William F.
Published: September 2011

20 students enrolled in student teaching at the University of Georgia rated 11 concepts on a semantic differential with 12 adjective pairs. These ratings, obtained 15 times during a 7-wk. period of student teaching, suggest that student teachers showed affective states which corresponded to the phases of their emotional biorhythmic cycle.
Reported Self-Concept and Self-Actualizing Value Changes as a Function of Academic Classes with Wilderness Experience
Authors: Lambert Michael J. , Segger John F. , Staley John S. , Spencer Berkley , Nelson Douglas
Published: September 2011

This study examined changes in self-perception and actualizing values as a function of participation in college classes which included wilderness experience. Two separate wilderness programs were investigated: the first emphasized intense, sustained, physical and mental challenges and learning how to live off an inhospitable environment; the second emphasized traditional laboratory group activities in a wilderness retreat. Changes in students taking these courses were contrasted with changes in college students registered for either a lecture-type course or a course with lectures and time-limited, structured, experiential learning. Positive changes in self-concept as measured by the Tennessee Self-concept Scale were apparent in participants who had either wilderness program. Control subjects did not show significant gains. Changes from pre-to post-course were not found on the Personal Orientation Inventory. While limitations must be noted, the college courses which included a wilderness experience had a positive impact on participants.
Development of Information Processing in Normal and Disabled Readers
Authors: Lovegrove William , Brown Christina
Published: September 2011

8- and 11-yr.-old reading-disabled children were compared in two experiments with controls matched on intelligence and age. Exp. I measured duration of visual information store by means of a separation threshold technique. Exp. II determined the rate of transfer from visual information store to short-term memory using a backward masking technique. Results from Exp. I showed that at each age specific reading-disabled children had significantly longer durations of visual information store than controls. The difference between the reading ability groups decreased with increasing age. Exp. II demonstrated that rate of transfer of information was significantly slower for specific reading-disabled children than for controls at both age levels. In contrast to Exp. I, this difference increased with increasing age. The results are considered in terms of their possible relevance to developmental lag theories. The evidence indicates that the development of visual information processing in reading-disabled children is similar to that in controls but occurs at a slower rate.
The Horizontality Principle in Young Men and Women
Authors: Walker James T. , Krasnoff Alan G.
Published: September 2011

The Water Level Test is a cognitive-perceptual measure of the understanding of the horizontality principle, the idea that the surface of still water is always horizontal. In that test, the subject draws a line representing the water level in several drawings of tilted containers. The tilt of the containers influenced the performance of both sexes, but women made significantly greater errors than men. For both sexes, the scores correlated with those of the Concealed Figures Test. On the U-rube Test, which is designed to assess knowledge of a simple hydrostatic principle, there was no significant sex difference. A gender-related Adjective Checklist was also administered, and all measures were intercorrelated.
Intercorrelations among Tests of General Mental Ability and Achievement for Black and White Deaf Children
Authors: Hurley Oliver L. , Kavale Kenneth , Hirshoren Alfred , Hunt Jacob T.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare the relative effectiveness of two measures commonly used to predict school achievement of black and white deaf children. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and the Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude correlated significantly with Stanford Achievement Test scores for 23 black children but not for 36 white. Even though the groups differed significantly in WISC-R Performance IQ, Hiskey learning quotient, and in CA, they did not differ in achievement level. While the WISC-R and Hiskey appear to have some predictive validity for the black sample, the findings of no differences in achievement suggest little practical validity of these measures for grouping or placement or for making administrative or instructional decisions.
Autokinetic Movement as a Function of Target Shape in Austrian, British, and American Subjects
Authors: Borresen C. R.
Published: September 2011

30 Austrian, 30 British, and 30 American college students were compared in an autokinetic movement task involving 6 target shapes of differing levels of suggested movement. For some of the target shapes differences in responses to implied movement were found among the three groups. Generally, British subjects responded most and Austrian subjects least to implied movement as a function of target shape.