bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nationalité et préférence gustative du lait. Une expérience auprès de consommateurs allemands et français
Authors: D'Hauteville François , Perrouty Jean-Philippe , Schaer Burkhard
Published: November 2009

The effects of familiarity on taste preference for milk: an experiment on french and german populations - The authors question the links between culture and preferences for food. Through an experimental blind test on milk with german and french consumers, they show that respondants show significantly a preference for local milks. The authors conclude that practionners should pay attention to local taste variations in their international product policies. The research suggests a validation of nationality as a variable which may enter as a synthetic and explicative factor of sensory preference for food.
Le terroir: un avantage concurrentiel à l'exportation? Le cas des entreprises agro-alimentaires du Languedoc-Roussillon
Authors: Fort Fatiha , Couderc Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2009

Dans les nouvelles formes de concurrence qui caractérisent aujourd'hui la sphère agro-alimentaire, l'axe stratégique de différenciation par le terroir semble offrir aux PME agro-alimentaires des opportunités nouvelles à explorer. Cet article montre que l'ancrage territorial de ces entreprises en région Languedoc-Roussillon constitue un facteur de développement sur les marchés national et international. L'analyse des résultats d'une enquête menée dans cette région auprès des pme agro-alimentaires met en évidence de meilleures performances à l'export des produits de terroir. Ces résultats tendent à montrer la pertinence des stratégies d'articulation entre production locale et marché global développées par les pme agro-alimentaires.
L'ancrage territorial d'une filière fromagère d'AOC. L'exemple du système Roquefort
Authors: Frayssignes Julien
Published: November 2009

The territorial footing of an aoc cheese industry: the example of the roquefort system - This article intends to study the evolution of the relationships between an old cheese industry - Roquefort - and its territory. In spite of deeply divergent logics and recurrent crisis, the economic and institutional pereniality of this system is a reality. In accordance with us, the territorial footing of the industry is a foundation of its pereniality, so, this complex notion must be clarified, notably in order to highlight its numerous dimensions.
La déqualification des OGM aux yeux des consommateurs: des attitudes aux conceptions
Authors: Sylvander Bertil , Leusie Marc
Published: November 2009

GMO and consumers: from the attitudes to the conceptions - In the current framework of food industry, recent crisis show that agriculture is less and less «qualified» in the eyes of consumers. In the meanwhile, high quality supply chains (as red label, organic farming or designations of origin) resist quite well. An hypothetic «ogm less» supply chain seems not to be feasible, as it has to face a deep crisis of consumer's opinions towards agriculture and technology. Thus, what needs to be better analysed is less consumer's attitudes or representations than their basic conceptions. This approach taken from the theory of pedagogy states that consumers shape real theory about the world. Those conceptions have to be transformed by learning in order to contribute to a basic solving of the problems. They are here analysed out from the results of a consumer survey carried out in June 1999 in the framework of a aqs project (French government's Food, Quality and Safety Program).
Les politiques de stabilisation des prix du coton en Afrique de la zone franc sont-elles condamnées?
Authors: Araujo Bonjean Catherine , Brun Jean-François
Published: November 2009

ENG: price stabilization! volatility! price cycle! unit root tests with break! cotton!
Les pays en développement et les négociations de l'OMC sur la libéralisation des échanges agricoles
Authors: Matthews Alan
Published: November 2009

Cet article présente les attentes des pays en développement dans les négociations de l'omc sur les échanges. Ils souhaitent tout d'abord un meilleur accès au marché pour leurs exportations; une plus grande égalité de traitement avec les pays développés en particulier en ce qui concerne le soutien interne; des concessions significatives sur le traitement spécial afin de satisfaire les intérêts divergents de pays en développement exportateurs et de ceux qui importent leur nourriture; de nouvelles garanties, plus fiables, face aux risques de volatilité des prix mondiaux.
Les effets indirects des monopoles en matière de protection et de subvention
Authors: Borzeix Véronique , Marette Stéphan
Published: November 2009

Cet article analyse l'influence du commerce d'état sur les échanges mondiaux. Après la présentation de différentes statistiques concernant les importations ou les exportations de produits agricoles, le rôle de la Commission canadienne du blé est plus particulièrement détaillé. Les principaux effets des entreprises d'État à l'exportation sont par la suite introduits en insistant sur le mécanisme de détermination des prix tant à l'exportation que sur le marché domestique. L'équivalence entre le système de péréquation des prix lié à ce type d'organisation et des subventions à l'exportation est tout particulièrement étudié.
Le système américain de sécurité des aliments: science, précaution et réponse aux demandes sociales
Authors: Macé Anne-Gaëlle
Published: November 2009

Les négociations internationales dans le domaine des échanges commerciaux de produits alimentaires constituent un terrain d'affrontement pour l'Union Européenne et les États-Unis, avec notamment comme enjeu la reconnaissance du principe de précaution. L'objectif de cet article est de comprendre les arguments défendus par les représentants américains en étudiant le système juridique national encadrant la sécurité des aliments. Après en avoir décrit les principes directeurs et l'organisation institutionnelle, d'ailleurs en voie de révision, l'article s'arrête sur une disposition surprenante. La Delaney Clause est une disposition datant de 1958 et qui pose un principe de zéro tolérance pour les additifs alimentaires comportant des substances cancérigènes. À l'inverse du principe fondamental du système américain qu'est l'exigence d'un fondement scientifique valable, cette disposition paraît être l'exemple parfait de la manière dont les États- Unis font aussi place à la demande sociale.
Agriculture et industrie agro-alimentaire françaises
Authors: Petit Michel
Published: November 2009

Les performances économiques passées du secteur agricole et agro-alimentaire au cours des cinquante dernières années, en particulier la conquête des débouchés sur les marchés internationaux, ont constitué un large succès dans l'ensemble. Pourtant l'intervention publique dans ce secteur est controversée. Un nouveau contrat social impliquant des dimensions nombreuses et diverses est en cours d'élaboration ; il ne fait pas encore l'objet d'un consensus profond.
Nouvelles orientations de la politique agricole française: quelques questions à propos du contrat territorial d'exploitation
Authors: Kroll Jean-Christophe
Published: November 2009

The new french farm bill of July 1999 aims to improve the multifonctionnality of agriculture and put forward for this purpose a new purview called the «Farming Territorial Contract» (ftc). The comparison between the objectives announced in the bill, the effective implementation and the noted results of FTC leads to put any basic questions about the trends of french and european agricultural policies.
Décentralisation et politique agricole en France
Authors: Berriet-Solliec Marielle
Published: November 2009

This article sets out the main reasons which can explained political and administrative decentralization in the 80's in France and points up the development of agricultural supports at departmental and regional tiers. First we identify these supports and propose an analyse of their grounds. We stress the evolution of agricultural subsidies towards integrated rural measures. Then some assumptions about evolution of the roles of sub- national government in the agricultural sector follow.
Répartition des compétences de politique agricole entre Lander, État fédéral et Union européenne
Authors: Thoroe Carsten
Published: November 2009

In Germany the various governmental levels (federal government, federal states, municipal authorities) form a sturdy "network". In the field of agricultural policy this networking is superimposed by the incorporation of the EU. Against the background of changed underlying conditions for integration and increased integration of European agriculture in world trade, the extensive transfer of agricultural policy responsibilities of the EU is in need of revision.
Politique des structures agricoles et programmes agri-environnementaux en RFA
Authors: Mehl Peter , Plankl Reiner
Published: November 2009

La politique des structures agricoles relève en Allemagne d'une configuration institutionnelle associant État fédéral, Lander et Union européenne. Cette configuration est qualifiée de double interdépendance politique et critiquée par la théorie selon laquelle l'expression de politiques adaptées n'est pas formulée, minimisant les conflits et favorisant le statu quo ante. Cet article, par une analyse empirique de l'évolution de la politique des structures agricoles et la politique agri-environnemen- tale en RFA, aboutit à des résultats plus nuancés que ceux de la théorie.
Économie patrimoniale et répartition des moyens de production dans l'agriculture française
Authors: Barthélemy Denis
Published: November 2009

Farm structure policy and administrative management of production rights in France play a significant part in the distribution of the means of production in agriculture. This common patrimonial management, implemented by farmers and their representatives, limits the usual field of activity of market economy, in order to promote principles of equality between farmers of the same generation and solidarity betweens generations. This play between patrimonial economy and market economy, here higlighted in the case of France, is at work by other ways in Germany and United Kingdom.
Droit d'héritage, droit du fermage et contrôle des structures agricoles en Allemagne
Authors: Doll Helmut , Fasterding Ferdinand , Klare Klaus
Published: November 2009

According to the prevailing inheritance regulations, respectively the laws of inheritance for agricultural property, heirs to farms are favoured in Germany because one heir takes over the entire property whereas the retreating heirs are often compensated with relatively small sums of money. This can contribute to take over without sharing competitive farms but also farms without any chance of development, what will delay structural change of farm size which is necessary for the improvement of competitiveness of agriculture. On the other hand, the prevailing laws for the selling of agricultural land as well as the law of land lease and land lease transaction do not obstruct agri- structural change, because they are only used carefully.
Le cycle des profits en économie agro-alimentaire: comparaison internationale
Authors: Körner Julia , Weiss Christoph
Published: November 2009

Dans le cadre de l'approche structure-conduite- performance, cet article analyse les facteurs déterminants et le caractère cyclique des profits de différentes branches du secteur agro-alimentaire en Allemagne, aux usa ainsi qu'aux Pays-Bas. La variation des profits dans le temps donne, pour une structure de marché donnée, des indications sur l'intensité de la concurrence et donc sur le comportement des entreprises. Les résultats de l'analyse économétrique d'un panel montrent des variations pro-cycliques des profits en Allemagne dans des branches extrêmement concentrées alors que l'ampleur des variations dans les branches à faible concentration en Allemagne ainsi que dans toutes les branches aux États-Unis est faible. En Allemagne, les observations indiquent une augmentation de l'intensité de la concurrence en période de récession. L'estimation des modèles économétriques appliqués aux Pays-Bas donne des résultats insatisfaisants.
Agenda 2000 et modulation des aides directes de la pac en Allemagne et en France
Authors: Chateluer Vincent , Kleinhanss Werner
Published: November 2009

Le règlement horizontal (article 4), institué dans le cadre de la réforme de la pac (Agenda 2000), ouvre la possibilité aux États membres de l'Union de mettre en œuvre un dispositif de modulation des paiements compensatoires de la pac. En s'appuyant sur les données du Réseau d'information comptable agricole (rica) et de l'élaboration d'un modèle de simulation de l'accord de Berlin, cet article présente une analyse comparée France-Allemagne de l'évolution des aides directes versées aux exploitations agricoles entre 1991 et 2008, puis une évaluation des conséquences économiques du dispositif français de modulation.
Discussion pratique et discussion stratégique au nom de l'environnement. Différents modes de concertation pour définir des règles de gestion des marais
Authors: Candau Jacqueline , Ruault Claire
Published: November 2009

Deux dispositifs de concertation, renvoyant à des acteurs et à des modes de discussion différents, ont été mis en place à partir des années quatre-vingt- dix à propos de la gestion des marais en Charente- Maritime. Ils ont produit des résultats différents: légitimation de relations de collaboration jusque-là difficiles d'un côté, formulation d'une problématique technique de l'autre. Ces résultats sont complémentaires pour faire avancer la définition de nouvelles règles d'action. Mais leur articulation difficile interroge les conditions de la prise en compte du savoir des praticiens, ainsi que les possibilités d'adapter les dispositifs en fonction de l'évolution des discussions. Le caractère pragmatique et évolutif des dispositifs s'avère une condition d'une concertation productive sur le plan des idées.
Renforcement des conditions de production laitière dans les aoc fromagères dites « de plaine »: le cas de l'Époisses
Authors: Risoud Georges , Parguel Pierre
Published: November 2009

De nombreuses AOC fromagères ont entrepris de redéfinir leurs conditions de production laitière. L'expérience menée par le Syndicat de Défense de l'Époisses est l'occasion pour les producteurs de lait et les fromagers de construire de nouvelles relations professionnelles autour du métier de chacun. La méthode de travail proposée par l'Institut de l'Élevage aux aoc «de plaine» pour élaborer de nouvelles règles de production, est basée sur une analyse fine par l'éleveur de ses gestes quotidiens dans ce qu'ils ont d'AOC. Les premiers résultats obtenus en matière de liens au terroir participent au renforcement de la typicité du fromage d'AOC, et plus encore à l'ancrage social de la filière dans son environnement proche. Ils permettent en outre d'alimenter la réflexion des autres aoc ayant engagé des démarches similaires.
L'influence des cultures du risque sur l'expertise scientifique. Le cas des ogm
Authors: Roy Alexis
Published: November 2009

A travers le cas des organismes génétiquement modifiés, cet article montre comment des cultures épistémiques structurent les activités d'évaluation du risque mises en œuvre au sein de l'expertise scientifique. S'appuyant sur une approche du risque dominante en biologie moléculaire, cette culture a ainsi contribué à organiser le rôle de l'expertise autour d'une philosophie pragmatique de la sécurité où il s'agit d'encadrer sans entraver le développement technique. L'exemple d'une controverse scientifique montre que cette approche des risques a fonctionné à partir de principes normatifs où le risque participe à la définition des propriétés socio-économiques de l'innovation.
Éthiques, sciences et sociétés: pour de nouvelles figures de dialogue
Authors: Hottois Gilbert
Published: November 2009

Part I analysis the difficulties of dialog in the most pluridisciplinary context which might exist - i.e. bioethico-taking into account the claim for pluralism and the specific expectations of scientists and philosophers. Part II explains the author's prints of view (agnosticism, anthropocentrism and methodological materialism, wild operture of space and time framework). Part III explores the substitution of the complex paradigm of the "ethics committee" to the old simply modern concept of "scientific community" as a model for the whole society.
Organisation des chaînes d'approvisionnement et commerce électronique
Authors: Hafsa Sarra , Hovelaque Vincent , Soler Louis-Georges
Published: November 2009

This article deals with the impact of BtoC on supply chain organization. First, we identify several organisational forms set up to manage simultaneously electronic and physical markets. Then, we propose a model designed to analyze the ordering and inventory policies in chains. Finally, we compare different organisational forms.
Le paradigme multifonctionnel : outil et arme dans la renégociation de la PAC
Authors: Massot-Marti Albert
Published: November 2009

Multifunctionality: instrument and weapon for the re-negotiation of the CAP - The EU cannot pretend that the CAP already has fully developed the "multifunctional" nature of the European Farming Model. Multifunctionality can thereby be understood as: a) an excuse in favour of greater border protection justified by the specific nature of the agricultural sector (closed mul- tifunctionnality inside the Dependent Agriculture paradigm); b) an argument in favour of greater use of rural developement measures (within the so- called Green Box measures) (rural multifunctionality inside the Competitive paradigm); c) recognition of the links between trade and non economic objectives (Multifunctional Agriculture paradigm strictu sensu). The debate continues in the WTO and in the EU as to which of the three interpretations will prevail during the agricultural trade négociations and the reform process of the CAP.
Multifonctionnalité agricole : biens non marchands ou biens identitaires ?
Authors: Barthélemy Denis , Nieddu Martino
Published: November 2009

Agricultural multifunctionality: non market concerns or identity production? - In the international discussions, the analytical framework about agricultural multifunctionality usually puts great emphasis on the separation between commodity outputs and « non market concerns ». But these two aspects seem not to be accurately specified. Economists use to analyse non market products as joint products, externalities or public goods, what in our opinion induces a lose of substance in multifunctionality notion. We are holding the opinion that market relationship requires some necessary counterweight relationship, whose aim is to produce or to maintain peculiar « states of things » according to time and space. The concerned goods are devoted to satisfy need for each group to build up own identity. They give to these groups ability to persist is as much as they constitute the material of their heritages : historic and cultural, natural, professional patrimony... In this way, multifunctionality as a concept would be to understand as the necessary connection between commodity production and identity production.
Pratiques paysannes de la multifonctionnalité Nordeste brésilien et Nouvelle-Calédonie
Authors: Sabourin Éric , Djama Marcel
Published: November 2009

Peasants practices of multifonctionnality. Two no european cases: northeast of brazil and new Caledonia - This paper considers how multifunctional aspects of agriculture still remains in countries where public or private resources allocation for multifonc- tionality are not available. After discussing the problems raised by supporting multifonctionality as a national policy in many developing countries, it investigates the way multifonctionality works at the community level. Examples from peasants communities in Brazil and New Caledonia are analysed to illustrate the social, environmental, but also economical integration capacity of non market relationship, generally governed by reciprocity rules. They illustrate, on a local level, the apprehension of agriculture as a public good.
Multifonctionnalité de l'agriculture et modèles de l'exploitation agricole
Authors: Laurent Catherine , Maxime Françoise , Mazé Armelle , Tichit Muriel
Published: November 2009

Multifunctionality of agriculture and farm models - A literature reviews allows to identify four major ways of conceiving and modelling the farm. They représenta wide basis for studying changes in agricultural production. However, the analysis of three research programmes shows the need for adaptations in these models to address the new issues arising in the recent debates on the multifunc- tionality of agriculture.
L'agriculture grecque : multifonctionnalité, politique agricole et réseaux sociaux informels
Authors: Vounouki Eleftheria
Published: November 2009

Greek agriculture: multifunctionauty, agricultural policy and social informal networks - Greek agriculture seems to follow a different evolution compared with the other countries of the eu. It is sustainable because it is already multifunctional. Its productive structure reflects and maintains the logic of the Greek agricultural family's functioning and of the social informal networks into which it is integrated. In fact, these networks have been reinforced by the CAP's implementation.
La traçabilité comme un standard de production
Authors: Charlier Christophe
Published: November 2009

Cet article défend l'idée selon laquelle, avec l'attention portée à la sécurité alimentaire, la traçabilité a été délogée du champ de la différenciation des produits, où elle est née, pour être appliquée dans un nouveau champ: celui de la standardisation de la production. Au départ utilisée dans la perspective d'une stratégie de niche par un petit nombre de producteurs de produits agricoles de qualité supérieure, la traçabilité est aujourd'hui présentée comme une politique au service de la sécurité alimentaire utilisée par l'ensemble des producteurs. À partir de ce constat, cet article souligne le problème de la coordination nécessaire entre producteurs sur un système de traçabilité. La question particulière est de déterminer dans quelle mesure l'issue de cette coordination peut desservir l'objectif de sécurité alimentaire. Enfin, dans ce contexte, l'impact d'une réglementation relevant les exigences du système de traçabilité minimal obligatoire est envisagé.
Transmission des prix dans la filière fruits: une approche hédonique
Authors: Hassan Daniel , Monier-Dilhan Sylvette
Published: November 2009

Comment les intermédiaires transmettent-ils au consommateur les prix des attributs de la qualité des produits ? Cette question est examinée à partir de l'exemple du raisin de table, en considérant deux catégories d'intermédiaires : les grossistes traditionnels et la grande distribution. On met en évidence deux modes de transmission des prix, associés à des modalités distinctes de formation des marges. Ces résultats illustrent le positionnement de la grande distribution par rapport à la qualité des fruits et légumes : faible différenciation verticale et forte différenciation horizontale. Ils mettent également en évidence la réticence du consommateur à payer le signe AOC.
Le bilan d'un contrat de rivière: le cas de la Reyssouze
Authors: Brun A. , Marette Stéphan
Published: November 2009

The assessment of a river agreement: the case of the river Reyssouze - For 20 years, "river contracts " have been widely used in France. They aim at making agents aware of their responsabilities via a decentralized water management. The "river contract Reyssouze" (a river in Ain, France) studied in this paper has led to civil engineering (water purification plants, hydraulic structures...). However, this river is still quite polluted (hypertrophication) and many agents have not modified their behaviour regarding the river. We show that the efficiency of this kind of contract is very limited because of a lack of measures to enforce the laws in the farm sector.
De la multifonctionnalité à la multi-évaluation de l'activité agricole
Authors: Allaire Gilles , Dupeuble Thierry
Published: November 2009

A partir d'une discussion des enjeux politiques autour de la multifonctionnalité et du caractère public des activités multifonctionnelles, cet article suggère que la prise en compte de la multifonctionnalité dans les politiques agricoles renvoie à la conception de processus décentralisés de normalisation dans trois registres : public, privé et collectif. L'analyse du dispositif CTE, vu comme l'esquisse d'un tel nouveau modèle d'action publique, souligne l'enjeu de la transformation des compétences professionnelles comme condition de son efficacité.
Les effets des politiques des prix dans les filières coton en Afrique zone franc: analyse empirique
Authors: Hugon Philippe , Mayeyenda Abel
Published: November 2009

Effects of price policy in cotton network in francophone Zone Africa: an empirical analysis - Price instability is a characteristic of agricultural markets. The reduction of that instability has been for a long time a major objective in many countries. The integrated subsidiary cotton organization in many Francophone Zone Africa (FZA) countries has intented to alleviate this instability. The purpose of this paper is to analyze relationship between integrated cotton organization and stability of real prices. There is also a contribution to the debate in progress between opponents and followers of the privatization of the integrated cotton organization in FZA. The stabilization-support device of the integrated subsidiary cotton in FZA is operative in the production organization, the management of farms and the technical innovations. The decomposition of effects of price instability into anticipated and non-anticipated shocks shows they have an impact on the cotton organization in certain producer countries.
Estimation de la demande en eau d'irrigation sous incertitude
Authors: Bontemps Christophe , Couture Stéphane , Favard Pascal
Published: November 2009

Dans cet article, nous considérons un agriculteur averse au risque, évoluant dans un contexte d'incertitude climatique, face à des décisions séquentielles d'irrigation. Dans ce cadre complexe, notre but est d'estimer la demande en eau d'irrigation. L'originalité de ce travail est d'une part, d'intégrer un modèle biophysique (EPIC-Phase), dans un modèle de programmation et d'autre part d'utiliser les méthodes non-paramétriques d'estimation. Au prix de cette complexité, nous invalidons les résultats de la littérature. En effet, la demande en eau d'irrigation que nous obtenons n'est pas convexe, ce qui devrait avoir des implications en termes de politique de l'eau.
Économie néo-institutionnelle et politique de la concurrence les cas des formes organisationnelles hybrides
Authors: Ménard Claude
Published: November 2009

New institutional economics and competition policy: the case of hybrid organizations - This paper intends to examine how recent developments in new institutional economics should provide incentives for revising substantial aspects of competition policies. The core argument is based on recent developments in the analysis of organizational arrangements identified as "hybrids ". The paper is organized in three sections. Section I look at the main characteristics of these organizational forms. Section II develops a model designed for providing a better understanding of the impact of regulatory and competition policies on these arrangements. Section III explores the substantial questions that the characteristics of hybrids raise for competition policies that are deeply anchored in the binary logic of "markets vs. integrated firms".
Concurrence, coopératives de producteurs et Marketing Orders aux États-Unis
Authors: M. Crespi John , J. Sexton Richard
Published: November 2009

Bien que l'économie américaine soit soumise à diverses lois antitrust, les coopératives agricoles et les « marketing orders » bénéficient d'exemptions partielles par rapport à ces lois. Ces institutions autorisent leurs membres à déterminer conjointement le volume de la production qui est commercialisée. Cet article examine dans quelle mesure ces institutions ont obtenu un authentique pouvoir de marché. Les auteurs présentent l'histoire et la logique sous-jacentes aux lois adoptées par le Congrès et qui ont facilité le développement des coopératives et institué les Marketing Orders fédéraux. Les auteurs discutent ensuite les limites que rencontrent ces institutions pour se constituer un authentique pouvoir de marché.
Approches théoriques des rapports de force entre producteurs et distributeurs
Authors: Allain Marie-Laure , Chambolle Claire
Published: November 2009

L'évolution récente du secteur de la grande distribution et de ses relations avec ses fournisseurs témoigne de la nécessité d'une réflexion économique sur les rapports de force entre producteurs et distributeurs. Cet article propose une revue de la littérature théorique centrée sur la question des relations verticales. Nous mettons en évidence les lacunes de la littérature que quelques avancées récentes viennent partiellement combler. Nous insistons sur les interactions entre structures de marché et rapports de force.
Les rapports producteurs-distributeurs : fondements et implications de la puissance d'achat
Authors: Bergès-Sennou Fabian , Caprice Stéphane
Published: November 2009

On assiste depuis de nombreuses années à la dénonciation des pratiques de la grande distribution à l'égard de ses fournisseurs, au point que l'on peut douter de la pertinence des nombreuses lois (Royer, Raffarin, Galland) censées limiter le pouvoir croissant des distributeurs. Une analyse plus fine des relations « producteurs- distributeurs » semble nécessaire avant de légiférer. La première partie de l'article revient sur les fondements de la puissance d'achat des distributeurs en mettant l'accent sur les mouvements de concentration et le développement des marques de distributeurs. La seconde partie regarde l'impact de cette puissance d'achat sur les relations contractuelles entre l'amont et l'aval en s'interrogeant sur l'efficacité des différentes mesures qui ont été prises afin de limiter le pouvoir des distributeurs.
Proximité et innovation
Authors: Boschma Ron
Published: November 2009

Qu'est-ce que la proximité et quelles en sont les formes distinctes ? Dans cet article, après avoir clarifié ce concept, cinq formes de proximité sont d'abord présentées, qui répondent aux dimensions suivantes : cognitive, organisationnelle, sociale, institutionnelle et géographique. Pour chacune de ces cinq dimensions, sont ensuite analysés les impacts aussi bien positifs que négatifs de la proximité sur l'économie, en particulier sur l'apprentissage et l'innovation. Enfin, à partir de la constatation de l'existence de liens entre les différentes formes de proximité, on se demande quelles pourraient être les combinaisons possibles et de ces dernières dans le but d'améliorer les processus d'apprentissage et de production d'innovations. Quelques pistes de réflexion sont formulées à ce sujet.
Proximité et localisation
Authors: Rallet Alain , Torre André
Published: November 2009

Proximity and location - The objective of this article is to pave the way for an analysis of the relations between proximity and localization. (I) We distinguish two types of proximity (geographical proximity and organized proximity) and propose a grid of analysis of the main models of geographic organization of activities by articulating both types of proximity. We then introduce the phenomenon of tension between geographical proximity and organized proximity. (II) Organized proximity offers powerful mechanisms of longdistance coordination which constitute the foundation of the increasing geographic development of socio- economic interactions. (III) We then show that there is a disjunction between the need for geographical proximity and co-localization of actors, by introducing professional mobility and temporary geographical proximity. We also emphasize the ability of big organizations to manage their presence in different whereas smaller organizations are more constrained by fixed co-localizations which are only needed for certain phases of their interactions. (IV) Finally, we raise the question of the negative effects of geographical proximity. In the case of limited support- goods, geographical proximity creates tensions between the actors who use them and tends to damage the local relations. In this case geographical proximity plays against organized proximity. However the negative externalities of geographical proximity can be limited by integrating them within organizations or institutions, that is through a re- composed organized proximity.
Proximité et capture de la réglementation. Le cas de la banane martiniquaise
Authors: Angeon Valérie , Pecqueur Bernard
Published: November 2009

Proximity and capturing the regulator - The case of the banana producers in Martinique The European banana market generates regulated advantages. These advantages (called rent) are appropriated by producers by the mean of their influence on the regulator. These strategies of capture result from a collective process. The aim of this paper is to understand how the producers lead this collective action. The analysis relies both on the contributions of the economics of proximity and the economics of regulation. An empirical illustration is provided by the case of the banana producers in Martinique.
La gouvernance locale, un retour à la proximité
Authors: Bertrand Nathalie , Moquay Patrick
Published: November 2009

Local governance analysed through proximity - Economic and political analysis allows to study the theme of governance in regards of development dynamics and types of actors coordination involved. It questions directly the local dimension of the process. According to its theoretical background and operational implementation, governance is analysed through the notion of proximity, identifying problems and limits of its contribution to development objectives.
1-(4-Alkyloxybenzyl)-3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium organic backbone: A versatile smectogenic moiety
Authors: Dobbs William , Douce Laurent , Heinrich Benoît
Published: November 2009

The merger of ionic liquid and liquid crystal fields, obtained by using the imidazolium ring as a common element, has allowed us to tailor a new set of materials which associate specific functionalities. These functionalities are consequences of the original properties of the component, ionic liquids, liquid crystals and their association in a single compound. The study of this interesting association led us to elaborate environment-flexible cationic architectures from which mesomorphic properties emerge. Moreover, we have also explored the influence of different anions on the mesomorphic properties.
LASIK Outcomes Following Multifocal and Monofocal Intraocular Lens Implantation
Authors: Piñero David P. , Espinosa María José Ayala , Alió Jorge L.
Published: November 2009

Purpose:

To evaluate the efficacy, predictability, and safety of LASIK to correct residual refractive error following cataract surgery using multifocal and monofocal intraocular lenses (IOL).

Methods:

Included in this retrospective, comparative study were 100 consecutive eyes with residual refractive error that had undergone cataract surgery with monofocal or multifocal IOL implantation. Two groups were studied according to the implanted IOL—multifocal group (50 eyes, mean age 57.8±9.9 years) and monofocal group (50 eyes, mean age 51.0±10.0 years). In all cases, LASIK was performed using the SCHWIND ESIRIS excimer laser.

Results:

A statistically significant improvement was observed in uncorrected distance (
P
<.01) and corrected distance (
P
<.01) visual acuity at 6 months postoperatively in both groups. A statistically significant reduction was also observed in defocus equivalent and cylinder (
P
<.01) postoperatively. No statistically significant differences in the percentage of eyes losing lines of corrected distance visual acuity were found between groups (14% multifocal vs 4% monofocal,
P
=.40). When comparing eyes undergoing hyperopic LASIK in each group, a difference in the limit of statistical significance was found in the percentage of eyes with a spherical equivalent refraction within ±0.50 diopters (70% multifocal vs 84% monofocal,
P
=.06). No significant differences in predictability were found between multifocal and monofocal myopic subgroups (
P
=.25).

Conclusions:

Laser in situ keratomileusis refinement after cataract surgery with monofocal IOL implantation provides a more accurate refractive outcome than after multifocal IOL implantation. Predictability of LASIK correction is limited in hyperopic eyes implanted with multifocal IOLs.
Un cargo para el duque de Medina Sidonia: Portugal, el Estrecho de Gibraltar y el comercio indiano (1578-1584)
Authors: Salas Almela Luis
Published: November 2009

Este artículo descubre e interpreta la negociación que se produjo en torno a la candidatura del duque de Medina Sidonia para presidir tanto el Consejo de Indias como la Casa de la Contratación en torno a 1580. A partir de la coyuntura histórica de aquellos años, tanto para la Casa señorial como para la Corona y sus instituciones, analizamos los argumentos a favor y en contra de la idoneidad del duque para los cargos. De este modo, el rechazo de Medina Sidonia arroja nueva luz sobre el significado de aquella crucial coyuntura.
Los nudos de la desunión: conflictos y divergencias en la dirigencia del ejército realista durante la emancipación del Perú, 1810-1824
Authors: Mazzeo de Vivó Cristina Ana
Published: November 2009

El presente artículo trata sobre los conflictos que se sucedieron en el ejército realista durante la Guerra de Independencia del Perú, a partir de la utilización de una fuente inédita que son las cartas que, los generales La Serna, Canterac, Ramírez, Ricafort, enviaron al intendente Juan Bautista de Lavalle de Arequipa. La tesis central es que dichos conflictos suscitados en el seno del ejército socavaron la institución militar debilitándola y provocaron la desunión, lo que contribuyó a la pérdida de las colonias.
Online Instructional Design Approaches Utilizing a Tablet PC
Authors: Lowry Pam
Published: November 2009

Online students can experience what instructional strategies can be utilized using a Tablet PC in online courses. This paper summarizes how inking in Word, Powerpoint, and Windows Journal can be effective in an online course both asynchronously and synchronously. Approaches concerning assignments, discussion boards, presentations, note taking are discussed and how they can be more effective for faculty members and students using a Tablet PC. Students actually experience how a Tablet PC can be utilized in an asynchronous and synchronous environment. In summary, preliminary data will be discussed from the students and professorâ??s point of view and next steps.

As content and assignments are being designed and developed for an online graduate course, it is important to keep in mind teaching styles, studentâ??s learning styles, and a faculty memberâ??s approach to promoting a Tablet PC in an online course. Even though graduate students were not required to have a Tablet PC, the course enabled them to understand how effective a Tablet PC could be in an online course whether it was delivered asynchronous or synchronously.

Powerpoint presentations were created to delivery asynchronously and synchronously content to students by utilizing a Tablet PC to illustrate concepts within the presentation. Assignments were created such as evaluating e-learning products, creating a Blackboard unit, evaluating online courses, group instruction sessions, and weekly discussion boards. As these assignments were graded, comments were written on their Word and Powerpoint files using Tablet PC inking.

As the Tablet PC initiative is less than one year old at Lawrence Technological University, preliminary data is being collected from faculty members and students. After this class is taught summer 2008, additional research on the efforts of course design and student learning will be explored. The Tablet PC has the potential for enhancing online course delivery.
Historic Disposal of Munitions in U.S. and European Coastal Waters, How Historic Information Can be Used in Characterizing and Managing Risk
Authors: Carton Geoffrey , Jagusiewicz Andrzej
Published: November 2009

AbstractSea disposal of wastes from industry and government was accepted internationally as a safe and efficient practice until the 1970s. Options available for addressing excess, obsolete, and unserviceable munitions prior to the 1970s were limited to salvage, destruction
by open detonation or open burning, or burial on land or at sea. Sea disposal of conventional and chemical munitions and other waste material was considered appropriate until the enactment of the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter in 1972
and its 1996 Protocol prohibiting sea disposal of chemical and biological agents. The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention contains a similar ban. Sea-disposed munitions pose two types of risk. These are acute—injury or death caused by either detonation or direct exposure to chemical agents—and
chronic—adverse health impacts resulting from prolonged exposure to munition constituents. The type and configuration of sea-disposed munitions, disposal location, water body properties (e.g., depth, current), and its usage (e.g., commercial fishing, recreation, pipeline construction)
are factors in determining the relative risk posed by munitions. The collection, analysis, and sharing of historical information allow more efficient investigation and management of risks from sea-disposed munitions.
Site Assessment and Risk Management Framework for Underwater Munitions
Authors: Sayle Stephen , Windeyer Tom , Charles Michael , Conrod Scott , Stephenson Malcolm
Published: November 2009

AbstractThere are thousands of underwater sites off the North American coasts, and many more worldwide, that contain munitions and chemical warfare agents on the seabed. These sites have resulted from historical sources such as military firing ranges, shipwrecks, and offshore
munition disposal. An approach is recommended to manage underwater munition sites, which involves a management framework, site characterization, risk assessment, survey/verification, remedial options analysis, monitoring, and stakeholder consultation. This paper presents a review of historical
literature addressing potential health, safety, and environmental issues associated with underwater munition sites. A framework has also been described for risk-based management of underwater munition sites that was developed for a Canadian Department of National Defense underwater Unexploded
Ordnance Legacy Site program. The approach is composed of historical and archival research, desktop mapping, identification of data limitations and gap analysis, and development of a preliminary priority risk-based ranking of underwater munition sites in Atlantic Canada.
An Overview of Underwater Technologies for Operations Involving Underwater Munitions
Authors: Schwartz Andrew , Brandenburg Erika
Published: November 2009

AbstractStudies to understand the potential risks associated with underwater munitions are still in their infancy. Response actions are normally driven by risk. From an explosives safety perspective, the Department of Defense believes leaving underwater munitions in place
is often the safest course of action. Additionally, the risks posed by underwater munitions (e.g., sea disposal sites) remain largely unknown. Thus, it is unlikely that munition responses requiring the recovery of underwater munitions will occur in the near future. The exception is where such
munitions are determined to pose an imminent and substantial threat to human health and the environment.This article discusses technologies that can be used to characterize underwater munition sites, including bounding the site and sampling for any release of munition constituents. It
also addresses technologies that can be used for recovery operations and for the disposal of any munitions. Navigation and underwater positioning are integral to all of these operations and are discussed separately.
Case Study: Skagerrak Wrecks and Measures to Reduce the Environmental Risk
Authors: Hansen Carl Magne , Hagen Per Espen , Lågstad Petter , Tørnes John Aasulf
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Norwegian Coastal Administration (NCA) is responsible for monitoring the environmental risk created by shipwrecks in Norwegian waters. If the risk is found to be unacceptable, corrective measures will be recommended to the Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal
Affaires. Approval and funding of such corrective measures will be decided by the Ministry.The NCA has been tasked to execute a program to find the shipwrecks that constitute the highest environmental risk from substances other than oil. The NCA’s Wreck Data Base (2,300 wrecks) is
the basis for the study.The emphasis of this article is on activities connected to ships loaded with chemical weapons (CWs) dumped in the Skagerrak. The article gives information on the surveys carried out by the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (FFI) in 1989 and 2002. A number
of the wrecks containing CWs are unaccounted for. FFI recommended in the 2002 report that an effort should be made to find the remaining CW wrecks. To find and possibly identify the missing CW wrecks in Skagerrak, a search program will be developed. The NCA is testing a new concept this autumn:
is it possible to identify a sunken ship by class or name based on information from an underwater vehicle? The test of FFI’s HUGIN 1000 HUS autonomous underwater vehicle is expected to provide information on the suitability of the vehicle in providing data for wreck location and identification.
Detection, Recovery, and Destruction System for Sea-Disposed Chemical Munitions: Port Kanda, Japan
Authors: Asahina Joseph K. , Shimoyama Hisamitsu , Hayashi Koichi , Shinkai Atsushi
Published: November 2009

AbstractAt Port Kanda, Japan, a systematic project for detection, recovery, and destruction of sea-disposed chemical munitions is ongoing. This project is unique in its size, scope, and the complexity of operations, and, therefore, provides an excellent case study. The systems
used include a high efficiency magnetometer system for detection and identification of chemical munitions, a chemical agent resistant diving gear, a double-walled container for chemical munitions recovery and transport, and a DAVINCH® float detonation system. The development
of the systems is described together with the testing results and operating record.The surveyed and cleaned-up area is 650 ha, and over 2,700 chemical munitions have been recovered and destroyed. The pre- and post-recovery sampling and analysis results are disclosed to the public to gain
their acceptance and assure them that no contamination remains. The potential impacts to seafood from arsenic-bearing compounds were a concern and are briefly discussed.A deep sea operation system involving a remote recovery sealing-up container, and DAVINCH®, a floating
detonation system on the recovery site, are proposed. The authors introduce the concept of “Critical Depth” for the munitions clean-up. This is the reasonable depth to which recovery of a potential source of contamination should be considered and beyond which it should not.
Economic globalisation and economic justice: Covenanting for action between the Reformed churches of South Africa and Germany
Authors: Damon Malcolm
Published: November 2009

The premise of this article is that ethical moral formation or ‘covenanting for justice’ leads to action. The covenanting church itself, in conjunction with other movements, works for justice in all areas of life. The article uses the six aspects of ethical moral formation of Heinz Tödt to analyse some aspects of economic globalisation in order to form moral judgements that will lead to joint action. These six aspects are: assessing the problem as a moral issue; analysing the problem to determine to what extent it challenges the affected; weighing different behavioural responses to the problem; ascertaining what norms, goods and perspectives could play a role in the different moral choices; communicating ethical decisions to stakeholders; and the moral decision and actions themselves.