bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-Intensive Care Syndrome in a Cohort of School-Aged Children and Adolescent ICU Survivors: The Importance of Follow-up in the Acute Recovery Phase
Authors: Hall Trevor A. , Greene Rachel K. , Lee Justin B. , Leonard Skyler , Bradbury Kathryn R. , Drury Kurt , Recht Grace , Randall Julie , Norr Megan E. , Williams Cydni N.
Published: May 2022

Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) survivors experience a collection of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social symptoms named post-intensive care syndrome (PICS). We aimed to quantify PICS morbidities from multiple stakeholder perspectives across domains. Using physician, neuropsychologist, and parent/caregiver-completed outcome measures across domains in a cross-sectional analysis of 186 children between the ages of 8 and 19 years with data from a PICU follow-up clinic 1 to 3 months after PICU discharge, we quantified PICS morbidities and used Spearman correlation to evaluate interdependence of PICS domains. Compared with pre-hospitalization functioning, new PICS-related morbidities were observed and significant correlations were identified between the PICS domains. Results highlight the need to identify and support patients and families for multiple morbidities simultaneously across all relevant PICS domains; moreover, an important divergence between caregiver report, physician, and neuropsychologist assessment was also found, showcasing the importance of multiple assessments and perspectives. New PICS morbidities across domains are common after discharge from the PICU, and timely follow-up care is needed that involves collaboration/integration of physicians, neuropsychologists, youth, and families to effectively identify and treat PICS-related issues.
Microfluidics could improve early-stage drug development
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: May 2022

A review shows how microfluidics can be used in high-throughput screening to advance drug discovery methods.
The impact of microfluidics in high-throughput drug-screening applications
Authors: De Stefano Paola , Bianchi Elena , Dubini Gabriele
Published: May 2022

Drug discovery is an expensive and lengthy process. Among the different phases, drug discovery and preclinical trials play an important role as only 5–10 of all drugs that begin preclinical tests proceed to clinical trials. Indeed, current high-throughput screening technologies are very expensive, as they are unable to dispense small liquid volumes in an accurate and quick way. Moreover, despite being simple and fast, drug screening assays are usually performed under static conditions, thus failing to recapitulate tissue-specific architecture and biomechanical cues present in vivo even in the case of 3D models. On the contrary, microfluidics might offer a more rapid and cost-effective alternative. Although considered incompatible with high-throughput systems for years, technological advancements have demonstrated how this gap is rapidly reducing. In this Review, we want to further outline the role of microfluidics in high-throughput drug screening applications by looking at the multiple strategies for cell seeding, compartmentalization, continuous flow, stimuli administration (e.g., drug gradients or shear stresses), and single-cell analyses.
Barriers to older Pacific peoples’ participation in the health-care system in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Neville Stephen , Wrapson Wendy , Savila Faasisila , Napier Sara , Paterson Janis , Dewes Ofa , Soon Hoy Neng Wong , Tautolo El-Shadan
Published: May 2022

Introduction Participation in the health-care system is a key component of healthy ageing strategies. The number of Pacific people aged ≥65 years in Aotearoa New Zealand will increase significantly over the next decade. Addressing the considerable health inequities and unmet need for care Pacific Island people experience when compared to other ethnicities in Aotearoa New Zealand should be a priority. Aim To identify barriers to older Pacific people’s participation in the health-care system in Aotearoa New Zealand. Methods A participatory action research design was utilised. In total, 104 Pacific co-researchers contributed to focus groups using Talanoa, a traditional method of conversational dialogue deeply rooted in Pacific Island culture. Data were collected in Pacific Island languages from storytelling and conversations shared within the focus groups. Data were translated into English and analysed using a collaborative approach. Results Three main themes captured older Pacific peoples’ barriers to participation in the health-care system: accessing health care; relationships with health-care providers; and understanding the health-care system. Discussion Older Pacific people have the capacity to influence locally driven programmes to be more responsive to their needs and aspirations. Improving older Pacific peoples’ participation in health care will require a commitment to partnership and inter-sectoral collaboration identified in recent ageing strategies. The findings will inform local communities, and policy and practice aimed at improving the health and wellbeing of Pacific peoples who are ageing in Aotearoa New Zealand.
A tale of two key species in a subtropical mudflat: four-fold density increases produce minimal ecological response in macrofauna
Authors: Dissanayake Navodha G. , Caswell Bryony A. , Frid Christopher L. J.
Published: May 2022

Context Understanding how ecosystems function to deliver services is essential if we are to limit the impacts off human activities. Aim We hypothesised that increased densities of whelk, Pyrazus ebeninus, and crab, Macrophthalmus setosus, up to four times (given their large body-size and ecological roles, e.g. consuming deposits and disturbing sediments) would affect the macrofaunal community and how it functions in a south-eastern Queensland mudflat. Method The biota and physical environment of the field-deployed cages (three density treatments, caged and control plots) were sampled up to 90 days. Results After 90 days, the redox discontinuity layer was deeper and sediment organic matter was higher in all density treatments. This is consistent with enhanced burrowing, surface disturbance, mucus and pellet production. However, no significant changes in the taxonomic composition of the unmanipulated portion of the macrofaunal resident assemblage were observed. Conclusion Whereas some communities change structurally when perturbated and then revert, this community remained in the new manipulated configuration for at least 90 days. Implications Limited understanding of the ecological relationships in these systems, such as the processes operating to support this large increase in deposit-feeding biomass constrains evidence-based management. These systems may be able to, at least temporally, support enhanced biomasses and levels of ecosystem services.
The enigmatic tropical alpine flora on the African sky islands is young, disturbed, and unsaturated
Authors: Kandziora Martha , Gehrke Berit , Popp Magnus , Gizaw Abel , Brochmann Christian , Pirie Michael D.
Published: May 2022

Significance

Resilience is required to withstand or mitigate the effect of human-induced climate change. Today whole ecosystems are affected by climate change, but our understanding of their evolution and natural response is limited, often restricted to individual populations or species. The enigmatic flora on the tops of the African sky islands is isolated and unique, showing striking adaptations to the harsh tropical alpine conditions. Here we analyze genome data from a large fraction of afroalpine plants and show that this remarkable flora has a dynamic history with frequent colonizations and extinctions, most likely caused by previous natural climate changes during the ice-age cycles. The flora will be particularly vulnerable to human-induced climate warming, reducing alpine habitat into successively smaller areas.
Pruning recurrent neural networks replicates adolescent changes in working memory and reinforcement learning
Authors: Averbeck Bruno B.
Published: May 2022

Significance

Adolescence is a period during which there are important changes in behavior and the structure of the brain. In this manuscript, we use theoretical modeling to show how improvements in working memory and reinforcement learning that occur during adolescence can be explained by the reduction in synaptic connectivity in prefrontal cortex that occurs during a similar period. We train recurrent neural networks to solve working memory and reinforcement learning tasks and show that when we prune connectivity in these networks, they perform the tasks better. The improvement in task performance, however, can come at the cost of flexibility as the pruned networks are not able to learn some new tasks as well.
The Semiotics of Multilingual Desire in Hong Kong and Singapore’s Elite Foodscape
Authors: Theng Andre Joseph , Lee Tong King
Published: May 2022

This article considers a form of marketing strategy among upmarket food and beverage establishments in Hong Kong and Singapore involving the use of Chinese text in their decor. Although the two cities have a majority Chinese population, English is widely considered the language of social mobility and an unmarked language in the discursive construction of eliteness. In asking, “Why Chinese?” we consider how the indexical value of a vernacular language can be rescaled in upmarket commercial spaces for an emergent group of consumers known as “cultural omnivores.” Through the process of indexical selectivity, the invocation of Chinese in these establishments taps into the unique disposition of cultural omnivores by feeding their multilingual desires, and more specifically their desire to consume relatively more or less prestigious languages omnivorously in indexing social distinction. Such alternative readings of the prestige value of the vernacular by a privileged group of consumers point to the ambivalent indexicality of language.
Papo Reto: The Politics of Enregisterment amid the Crossfire in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Silva Daniel N.
Published: May 2022

This essay studies papo reto (straight talk) activist register as an enregistered social formation that indexes practices, relations, and personae belonging in Brazil’s favelas (low-income neighborhoods). Drawing from fieldwork in the Complexo do Alemão favelas in Rio de Janeiro, I discuss three case studies that showcase prototypical pragmatic features of papo reto (suspension of face concerns; directness; and indexically valued tropism). In juxtaposing findings from the sociology of violence in Brazil with my informants’ ethnopragmatics, I conclude that papo reto activist register is a crucial language game for surviving the “crossfire,” that is, the violent dispute between the normative regimes of the state and the “world of crime” in favelas. Further, in its rewording of the “convoluted” language of bureaucracy and other upscale registers to a “direct” and more participatory speech level, papo reto activist register is a fundamental weapon for the political participation of Blacks and other minorities in one of the world’s most unequal countries.
Secret Language as a “Weapon of Defense”: The Problem of Opacity in Italian Colonial Libya
Authors: La Mattina Nicco A.
Published: May 2022

This article examines the role of referential directness and community emblematization in the documentation of Libyan sign processes construed by Italian colonial ethnographers as secretive. I examine the key texts on these practices to show that colonial ethnographers metasemiotically framed the so-called argots of Libya in terms of what was understood to be their occulting function of hiding one’s intentions and their anti-language function of opposing established society. I show that Italian colonial-ethnological preoccupations with clarity and moral unity were articulated against the discursive background of French colonial ethnology of Algeria as well as Italian racist criminology anchored in the metaphor of relative opacity.
Joint gravity and magnetic inversion with trans-dimensional alpha shapes and autoregressive noise models
Authors: Ghalenoei Emad , Dettmer Jan , Ali Mohammed Y , Kim Jeong Woo
Published: May 2022

Typical geophysical inverse problems are ill-posed and non-unique which causes challenges for interpretation. To address these issues, deterministic inversion methods often apply constraints to parameter values, which control the effective number of parameters. However, such approaches can inhibit inference on complex structural boundaries. Bayesian trans-dimensional (trans-D) parametrizations for Earth structure partition space based on data information with the ability to adapt the parametrization locally to data information. Therefore, trans-D approaches can avoid under- or over-parametrizing regions of the model. Nonetheless, these parametrizations depend on the choice of partitioning types, such as Voronoi nodes or wavelet decomposition. In addition, trade-offs exist between spatial resolution and correlated data errors. We present a hierarchical model that treats both spatial and data noise parametrizations as trans-D to better incorporate trade-offs between noise and structure into uncertainty quantification. This includes a hierarchical spatial partitioning based on linear and nearest-neighbor interpolations and alpha shapes. The alpha shapes provide advantages for the inversion of potential field data by permitting flexibility in the shapes of structures of interest. The trans-D autoregressive noise model quantifies the impact of correlated noise on geophysical parameter estimates. We compare these methods with nested Voronoi partitioning and show differences in uncertainties, data fit, and parsimony of the parametrizations. Studies on simulated data show well-resolved structures and successful decorrelation of data residuals while requiring few parameters. The inversion of field data infers basement and salt broadly consistent with previous studies, but results show additional details that are consistent with independent geological knowledge.
Rare decays of the B

s
–meson into four charged leptons in the framework of the Standard Model
Authors: Danilina A V , Nikitin N V
Published: May 2022

In the framework of the Standard Model we present new theoretical predictions for the branching ratios, double and single differential distributions and forward—backward leptonic asymmetries for the

B
¯

s

→

μ

+

μ

−

e

+

e

−

decay. In our consideration we take into account the

ϕ

(
1020
)

—resonance contribution; the main contributions of four charmonium resonances :

ψ

(
3770
)

,

ψ

(
4040
)

,

ψ

(
4160
)

and

ψ

(
4415
)

;

u

u
¯

—resonant contribution from

ρ

(
770
)

and

ω

(
782
)

;

‘tails’ contributions from

J
/
ψ

and

ψ

(
2
S
)

resonances; non—resonant contribution of the

b

b
¯

- pairs, bremsstrahlung and the contribution of the weak annihilation. We provide the prediction for the branching ratio of

B
¯

s

→

μ

+

μ

−

e

+

e

−

decay with and without the

ϕ

(
1020
)

—resonance contribution. We use the model of vector meson dominance (VMD) for calculation of resonances contributions and take into account all substantive terms in

B
¯

s

→

μ

+

μ

−

e

+

e

−

amplitude that was not considered in the previously papers.
Calibration process and uncertainty estimation for 3D pitot tubes to enhance greenhouse gas emission measurements in smokestacks
Authors: Nguyen Doan Trang , Choi Yong Moon , Im Sunghyuk , Shin Jinwoo , Kang Woong
Published: May 2022

Carbon dioxide emissions made up from fossil fuel is a weighted contribution to the total carbon dioxide emissions in Korea. To keep on track of the long-term mitigation pathway, the new solution for enhancing the emission flow measurements more accurately in industrial smokestacks is urgent. Thus, along with the popular instrument, an S-type pitot tube, three-dimensional (3D) pitot tubes have been introduced to determine the emission flow in smokestacks by international standards and Korean regulations. To comply with the regulations mandated in Korea, the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science established the 3D pitot tube calibration system for stack flow measurements assembled to the airspeed standard system. This calibration system can produce accurate pitch and velocity calibration curves for 3D pitot tubes in the range of testing pitch angle within ±30°, and have an expanded uncertainty attributed to the calibration curves (0.005–0.086) and (1.3–2.9)% for the prism pitot tube and (0.008–0.175) and (1.6–3.1)% for the spherical pitot tube.
Assessing the vulnerability to tidal-induced flooding of the low-income coastal community in the Mekong Delta: a case study in Bac Lieu Province, Vietnam
Authors: Linh P T T , Huan V D
Published: May 2022

The coastal region in Vietnam is the region most directly affected and severely damaged by climate change and sea-level rise, including in the Mekong Delta. The low-income coastal community is one of the most vulnerable populations to disaster risks because of limited adaptability and unsustainable livelihoods. Since 2005, people living along the 56 km coastline of Bac Lieu have faced high tides tending to rise over alarming levels III, damaging to life and production. This study used the community-based disaster risk assessment framework to identify the extent of vulnerabilities and its factors driving forces. It was conducted using mixed methods, including in-depth interviews of nine experts, questionnaire interviews of 233 households, and six focus groups at six coastal communes in Bac Lieu province. The study finds that the low-income coastal households are exposed to high levels of vulnerability about livelihood, residence safety, access to clean water and sanitation, food, and medical services due to a lack of adaptive capacity to the climate changes.
Impact of core electron temperature on current profile broadening with radio-frequency wave heating and current drive in EAST
Authors: ZHANG Jiayuan , QIAN Jinping , GONG Xianzu , ZHANG Bin , WU Muquan , LI Miaohui , CHEN Jiale , ZANG Qing , LIN Shiyao , CHAO Yan , ZHAO Hailin , LIANG Ruirong , JIA Tianqi , HU Yunchan
Published: May 2022

In recent EAST experiments, current profile broadening characterized by reduced internal inductance has been achieved by utilizing radio-frequency current drives (RFCD). In contrast to previous density scan experiments, which showed an outward shift of the current density profile of lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) in higher plasma density, the core electron temperature (T
e(0)) is found to affect the LHCD current profile as well. According to equilibrium reconstruction, a significant increase in on-axis safety factor (q
0) from 2.05 to 3.41 is observed by careful arrangement of RFCD. Simulations using ray-tracing code GENRAY and Fokker–Planck code CQL3D have been performed to thoroughly analyze the LHCD current profile, revealing the sensitivity of the LHCD current profile to T
e(0). The LHCD current density tends to accumulate in the plasma core with higher current drive efficiency benefiting from higher T
e(0). With a lower T
e(0), the LHCD current profile broadens due to off-axis deposition of power density. The sensitivity of the power deposition and current profile of LHCD to T
e(0) provides a promising way to effectively optimize current profile via control of the core electron temperature.
Advances in engineered exosomes towards cancer diagnosis and therapeutics
Authors: Tanziela Tanziela , Dong Xiawei , Ye Jing , Guo Zengchao , Jiang Hui , Lu Zuhong , Liu Xiaohui , Wang Xuemei
Published: May 2022

Exosomes have emerged as natural nanocarriers and are advantageous in the field of nanomedicine due to their lipid bilayer membrane comprising many proteins, nucleic acids and cell debris. Exosomes are secreted from all types of living cells and play a role in cancer diagnosis and therapy because of their biological properties, such as intercellular communication, modulation of immune responses, biocompatibility and target specificity. Many studies have shown that exosomes can be engineered or modified with different therapeutic substances, including nucleic acids, proteins, drugs and other nanomaterials, to improve their specificity, efficiency and safety in nanomedicine. In this review, we summarize the methodologies of exosome biogenesis, purification, the possible mechanisms of cellular uptake and the important role of exosomes in cancer diagnosis, followed by the role of engineered exosomes in cancer therapy. Also, future trends and challenges are discussed. We strongly suggest that a clear articulation of the fundamental principles for the creation of exosome-based theranostic platforms will help reveal the unique powers of exosomes in early cancer diagnosis and therapeutics, including chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy and phototherapy.
MEMS sensor for detection and measurement of ultra-fine particles
Authors: Pachkawade Vinayak , Tse Zion
Published: May 2022

This paper investigates the performance of the micro-electro-mechanical systems resonant sensor used for particle detection and concentration measurement. The fine and ultra-fine particles such as particulate matter (PM), ferrous particles, and nanoparticles are known to contaminate the atmosphere, fluids used in industrial machines, and food, respectively. The physical principles involved in the target particles accumulating on the sensor are presented. Micro-gravimetric resonators that use primarily piezoelectric and thermally actuated transducers for particle detection and concentration measurement in air and high-viscosity liquids are analysed. Critical sensor features, such as maximum possible parametric sensitivity, the detection limit of particle size and mass concentration, linear dynamic range, and output stability, are thoroughly evaluated.
Responses of a resident group to an outsider in the blue-breasted quail: a paradigm for studying social resettlement of dispersers
Authors: Zi Shumei , Gao Lifang , Chen Xiaoxue , Wang Qian , Liu Fangyuan , Li Jianchuan , Du Bo
Published: May 2022

Dispersal is an individual life-history trait that can influence the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of both the source and recipient populations. Current studies of animal dispersal have paid little attention to how the responses of residents in a recipient population affect the social resettlement of dispersers into a new habitat. We addressed this question in the blue-breasted quail Synoicus chinensis by designing an outsider introduction experiment to simulate a scenario of interaction between residents and dispersers. In the experiment, we introduced an unfamiliar quail into a group of 3 differently ranked residents and then examined their behavioral responses to the arrival of the outsider. We found that all residents made negative responses by pecking at the outsider to maintain their pecking order, in which high-ranked residents displayed significantly greater intensity than those of lower ranks. This result highlighted that adverse behavioral responses of residents would prevent outsiders from obtaining hierarchical dominance in the recipient group. Moreover, the residents’ sex ratio, their relative ages to the outsiders, and whether outsiders counter-pecked at the residents all influenced the probability of outsiders prevailing against the residents. Those outsiders that displayed counter-peck courage were more likely to gain higher dominance and hence resettle into the recipient group successfully. Our findings suggest that resident groups may impose a selection among dispersers via adverse behavioral responses. Therefore, social factors that can influence the resettlement step of dispersers in a new habitat should be accounted for in future studies of animal dispersal.
Declining metabolic scaling parallels an ontogenetic change from elongate to deep-bodied shapes in juvenile Brown trout
Authors: Sánchez-González Jorge-Rubén , Nicieza Alfredo G
Published: May 2022

Body shape and metabolic rate can be important determinants of animal performance, yet often their effects on influential traits are evaluated in a non-integrated way. This creates an important gap because the integration between shape and metabolism may be crucial to evaluate metabolic scaling theories. Here, we measured standard metabolic rate in 1- and 2-years old juvenile brown trout Salmo trutta, and used a geometric morphometrics approach to extricate the effects of ontogeny and size on the link between shape and metabolic scaling. We evidenced near-isometric ontogenetic scaling of metabolic rate with size, but also a biphasic pattern driven by a significant change in metabolic scaling, from positive to negative allometry. Moreover, the change in metabolic allometry parallels an ontogenetic change from elongate to deep-bodied shapes. This is consistent with the dynamic energy budget (DEB) and surface area (SA) theories, but not with the resource transport network theory which predicts increasing allometric exponents for trends towards more robust, three-dimensional bodies. In addition, we found a relationship between body shape and size independent metabolic rate, with a positive correlation between robustness and metabolic rate, which fits well within the view of Pace-of-Life Syndromes (POLS). Finally, our results align with previous studies that question the universality of metabolic scaling exponents and propose other mechanistic models explaining the diversity of metabolic scaling relationships or emphasizing the potential contribution of ecological factors.
Why Should You Become a Mental Health Professional?
Authors: Garland Ann F.
Published: May 2022

This initial chapter introduces readers to the rewards and challenges of a mental health career and previews central themes of the book. Practicing professionals offer examples of what they have found most rewarding about their careers, as well as the biggest challenges. Topics discussed include the poignancy of sharing in clients’ joys and sorrows, inspiration drawn from clients’ resiliency, and opportunities for personal growth that come from training and practicing as a mental health professional. Career challenges such as disappointment when clients continue to struggle and the risk of burnout are also discussed. The chapter concludes by introducing a central theme of this book, illustrating how mental healthcare capitalizes on both the healing arts and innovative science. Exciting developments in the science of psychotherapy are previewed to inspire readers to expand their perspectives of how psychotherapy works and to envision their own role in this evolving field.
Is This Career a Good Fit for You?
Authors: Garland Ann F.
Published: May 2022

This chapter is designed to help the reader determine how well their personal strengths and potential weaknesses align with the realities of this career path. Ten personal strengths associated with success in this career are described, as well as seven potential weaknesses. Readers are encouraged to self-reflect on their strengths and weaknesses by answering exploratory questions. Suggestions to build skills where needed are provided. In addition, readers are encouraged to delve deeper into examining how their specific motivation to pursue this career may impact their path. Given that many people are motivated by personal or family mental health challenges, the extent to which such personal experience is a strength and a potential liability for this career is discussed directly. Finally, readers are encouraged to test their potential fit with this career path through recommended work and volunteer experiences.
Choosing a Discipline and Degree to Pursue
Authors: Garland Ann F.
Published: May 2022

One of the biggest challenges for someone interested in pursuing a career in mental health is to determine which discipline and degree path is the best fit for their particular interests, academic background, timeline, and budget. The goal of this chapter is to provide the information needed to make this decision. A summary of each of the following major disciplines is provided: counseling, marital/couples and family therapy, psychology, psychiatry, psychiatric nursing, and social work. For each discipline there is an overview of what makes it distinct from the others, as well as details on graduate school admissions criteria for that discipline, licensure pathways, subspecialties, and suggestions regarding the best fit with specific interests. Implications of master’s versus doctoral degrees are also presented. Finally, resources for learning more about each discipline and the associated professional organizations are recommended.
The Business of Mental Healthcare
Authors: Garland Ann F.
Published: May 2022

The goal of this chapter is to introduce the financial and administrative implications of different career paths in mental health. Many mental health professionals express regret over their lack of preparation for the business implications of this career, given that these issues are not covered in graduate school. This chapter includes a discussion of how to prepare for the business of mental healthcare, including a summary of funding sources, a review of factors that impact the costs of graduate school, as well as factors that impact salary. In addition, trainees are often surprised by the administrative demands of practice, such as documentation requirements; this chapter prepares students for these demands. Given that private practice is a very popular career goal for many, this chapter highlights the pros and cons of a private practice career. Finally, the importance of professional networking is highlighted, with suggestions for maximizing networking opportunities.
Occupational Hazards and How to Manage Them
Authors: Garland Ann F.
Published: May 2022

A career in mental healthcare can be exceptionally rewarding, but like any career, there are also numerous stressors and challenges. This chapter addresses the sources of stress for therapists, including those related to clients, work environment, personal life events or internal personal stress, as well as the stress associated with an inability to help all clients. Indicators of career burnout are reviewed, as well as strategies to minimize the risks. Important concepts related to burnout, such as vicarious or secondary trauma and compassion fatigue, are discussed. The importance of practicing self-compassion is highlighted, with recommendations about identifying unique strategies. Likewise, readers are urged to participate in their own therapy to gain self-awareness and experience the role of the client. The chapter concludes by describing more inspiring experiences of vicarious resilience and compassion satisfaction as a counterbalance to the occupational hazards.
Shared Wisdom and Suggested Inspiration
Authors: Garland Ann F.
Published: May 2022

This chapter reinforces and expands on some of the key themes in the book and offers numerous recommendations for further inspiration and career preparation. Using the ancient Daoist yin/yang figure as a symbolic metaphor, several dualities that mental health professionals need to balance are described. These include nature versus nurture, feeling versus thinking, flexibility versus structure, empathy versus confrontation, authenticity versus boundary maintenance, and humility versus confidence. In addition, the challenge of balancing career and family life is highlighted with poignantly honest advice from professionals. Experts also share advice about finding good mentors, fostering collaborative professional relationships, treating clients respectfully, and identifying a specialization. The chapter ends with recommendations of books, podcasts, websites, and other content that can help to prepare the reader for a deeply meaningful and successful career as a mental health professional.
Gender, Sex, and the Prosecution of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Cox Jennifer , MacNeil Elizabeth , Lind Hannah
Published: May 2022

In US criminal justice proceedings, prosecutors are tasked with representing the government and pursuing justice. This chapter reviews theory and research regarding prosecutorial decision-making within the context of alleged intimate partner violence (IPV), including the legal and extralegal factors that are associated with prosecutorial decisions. Traditionally, researchers, policymakers, and treatment providers have conceptualized IPV as a “gendered” crime, with men as the abusers and women as the abused. We review prosecutorial decision-making within this limited framework and also consider “gender-inverted” (woman aggressor/man victim) and same-sex IPV, as there are high rates of IPV within these dyads. We highlight the intricacies of research findings, which overwhelmingly highlight nuances in perception and prosecution of IPV as it relates to gender and sexual orientation. Finally, we summarize research implications and provide recommendations for practice and future research.
Jury Decision-Making
Authors: Russell Brenda , McKimmie Blake
Published: May 2022

Jurors bring their previous knowledge, experience, and stereotypes with them into the courtroom. The gendered nature of intimate partner violence (IPV) can lead to assumptions and stereotypes (often unconsciously) that lead to differential treatment of others who may not fit the stereotype of a victim of IPV. This chapter addresses the potential for inherent bias in jury decision-making and provides insight into how jurors make decisions; it provides an in-depth review of empirical research on jury decision-making in cases of assault, self-defense, and intimate partner homicide. Topics include defendant typicality/atypicality, various forms and motivations for IPV, battered woman syndrome stereotypes, juror gender, and the use of expert testimony. We conclude with ways to reduce potential bias and areas of future research.
Holding Perpetrators Accountable
Authors: Hamel John , Ennis Liam
Published: May 2022

The adjudication of intimate partner cases within the criminal justice system has been found inadequate in many respects, both to the safety of victims and the legal rights of perpetrators. Also, interventions with offenders have not always been based on evidence-based practice, given the limitations and guidelines imposed on treatment providers in state statutes. Suspects should be held responsible for the violence in such a way that their legal rights are upheld and that the court-mandated interventions required of them, typically in the form of batterer intervention groups, are carried out as efficaciously as possible. Central to these goals is using evidence-based interviewing protocols based on a correct understanding of the empirical data regarding the causes, dynamics, and consequences of Intimate partner violence. These are discussed in this chapter, including a review of the most methodologically sound, contemporary risk assessment instruments.
Restorative Justice Alternatives
Authors: Barocas Briana , Shimizu Rei
Published: May 2022

Domestic violence (DV), including violence among intimate partners (IPV), is a global public health phenomenon negatively affecting individuals, families, and communities. In the United States, every state now criminalizes DV and mandates offenders to complete a course of counseling typically in the form of psychoeducational groups known as batterer intervention programs (BIPs). Restorative justice has emerged as an alternative approach to traditional BIPs. It is practiced in different forms (e.g., peacemaking circles, victim-offender dialogues, and conferencing) and has been used across the world to address a variety of crimes and issues that call for healing. This chapter presents an overview of restorative justice theory and practice and its applications to addressing domestic violence crimes and, more specifically, intimate partner violence. It highlights research on the use of restorative justice for IPV cases and focuses on challenges and future considerations.
History
Authors: Craig Errol
Published: May 2022

Humans have been afflicted by scabies for millennia, though exactly when scabies was recognized as being a disease in its own right is unknown. Dating back to antiquity, scabies has long been popularly recognized to be a contagious illness. However, according to ancient theories, it was regarded as being caused by an imbalance of body humours. The exact discovery of the scabies mite is not clear, however the first formal description of scabies being caused by a mite was made in Renaissance Italy, by Giovanni Cosimo Bonomo and Diacinto Cestoni in the seventeenth century. Their findings however were either rejected or ignored. Because it was not understood that the mite resided at the leading edge of the burrow, it was usually searched for fruitlessly in the wong location, the surrounding pustule. Understandably this led to confusion and impaired the general understanding of scabies for several additional centuries. This chapter covers the history of scabies from prehistory to its formal scientific discovery.
Introduction
Authors: Greenblatt Samuel H.
Published: May 2022

Our modern neurological paradigm was initiated in the 1860s by Jean-Martin Charcot in Paris and John Hughlings Jackson in London. We have a comprehensive biography of Charcot, but the only full-length biography of Jackson is neither analytical nor chronological. His will instructed his executor to burn his papers and books, but his voluminous published writings are a valuable alternative source for historical analysis of how his theories developed. Part of that development was aided by Jackson’s adherence to the evolutionary theories of the pre-Darwinian philosopher Herbert Spencer, who was also in the tradition of the association psychology. Because of the inadequacies of their contemporary neuroscience, both Charcot and Jackson had to use the clinico-pathological method in a ‘reverse’ manner to try to understand normal neurological function
Laying the Foundations, Starting a Career, 1861–1864
Authors: Greenblatt Samuel H.
Published: May 2022

In the early 1860s clinical neurology and basic neuroscience were both premodern—in limbo between the outmoded Galenic system and an embryonic localization paradigm. Recognizing the need for improved neural pathophysiology, in 1863 Jackson published his Suggestions for Studying Diseases of the Nervous System on Professor Owens’ Vertebral Theory. He acknowledged its failure immediately, and he vowed to do better. Before he knew about the contemporary work of Paul Broca (1824–1880), in 1864 Jackson began to publish studies on ‘loss of speech’ (aphasia), including its correlation with right hemiplegia and the syndrome of the middle cerebral artery. After he took notice of Broca, in May 1864, Jackson began to establish his intellectual independence by dissociating his view from Broca’s faculty psychology. In mid-1864 he encountered Herbert Spencer and the associationist psychology, and he declared his neutrality in the controversies about the laterality of aphasia and cerebral dominance.
Aphasia, Localization, and a National Reputation, 1868–1869
Authors: Greenblatt Samuel H.
Published: May 2022

Jackson was appointed Physician at Queen Square in 1867. In the 1860s his work on aphasia brought him national recognition, especially after his ‘debate’ with Paul Broca about aphasia at the Norwich meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1868. Broca and Jackson each gave papers there, but otherwise that purportedly direct confrontation probably never happened. By the late 1860s he had the beginnings of a unified cerebral physiology and pathophysiology. It was constructed from the underpinnings of theoretical evolutionary associationism and the clinical data of aphasia and Jacksonian seizures. Those combined components began to lead him toward localization of motor functions in the hemispheric cortices, but there were only hints about it. Before 1870 Jackson considered the corpus striatum to be the rostral extent of the motor tract. In November 1868 he published his first extended attempt to explain the ‘duality’ of thought and language, which involved roles for both hemispheres.
‘A Study of Convulsions’, 1870: Background and Analysis
Authors: Greenblatt Samuel H.
Published: May 2022

In 1870 Jackson published a long paper on ‘A study of convulsions’. It became the foundational document of modern epileptology, because it received experimental support quite quickly (see Chapter 7). In essence, even before the instantiation of the neuron theory (1891), Jackson created our modern concept of a seizure focus by combining his clinical data (mainly Jacksonian seizures) with Spencer’s ‘physiological unit’ and Lockhart Clarke’s ‘minute tissue changes’. From there he argued for the unitary etiology of all epileptic seizures, thus disestablishing ‘genuine’ epilepsy as a separate nosological entity. He originated the idea that a seizure arising in a focus of unstable tissue results in a clinical exaggeration of that tissue’s normal function. Given associationism’s view of all neurological functions as fundamentally sensori-motor, it followed that there must be motor functions in cortical tissue that is higher in evolution than the corpus striatum (cortical motor localization). All of this was made easier by the increasing secularization of British culture and by Herbert Spencer’s standing in it.
An Unfinished Book on Epilepsy and Irreplaceable Loss, 1874–1876
Authors: Greenblatt Samuel H.
Published: May 2022

In October 1874 through December 1876 Jackson published a series of 20 papers, ‘On the scientific and empirical investigation of the epilepsies’, in the Medical Press and Circular. They were intended to be chapters in a book. It was never completed, but the existing papers constitute a review of his ideas about epilepsy and other related subjects as of the mid-1870s. The subjects included: the mind-brain problem (parallelism), consciousness and the spread of the discharge, the histo-pathophysiology of the seizure focus, comparison of manias as release phenomena in epilepsy and insanity, and the ‘duality’ of brain function (object and subject consciousness). The series was interrupted in May 1876 by Mrs. Jackson’s unexpected death due to cerebral thrombosis. Her loss left Jackson a lonely widower for the rest of this life. After her passing he completed only two more papers in his ‘book’, although his production of other publications increased again after a few years. Before her death, in May 1875 to January 1876 he had published a series on brain tumors ‘bearing on the experiments of Hitzig and Ferrier’, albeit bearing indirectly. And in 1876–1877 Jackson introduced his concept of ‘re-re-representation’ of sensori-motor functions in the highest of his three levels of the brain. The embryonic idea of levels can be found in his ‘Study’ of 1870, but here it was clearly elaborated.
Brain Surgery, Ophthalmology, Evolution, and an Active Professional Life, 1884–1888
Authors: Greenblatt Samuel H.
Published: May 2022

Early modern brain surgery was founded on the three technologies of general anesthesia, Listerian antisepsis/asepsis, and cerebral localization. The latter depended on Jackson’s conception of the discharging seizure focus and Ferrier’s localization data. This tripartite technology was first used to localize and remove a subfrontal meningioma by William Macewen in Glasgow in 1879. In London in 1884 Alexander Bennett (physician) and Rickman Godlee (surgeon) localized and ‘removed’ a glioma in a widely publicized operation. That was followed in 1886 by Victor Horsley’s series of cases with largely successful outcomes. Jackson was directly involved in most of Horsley’s cases as admitting physician or consultant. In his other professional activities, he defended specialization in the Bowman Lecture at the Ophthalmological Society in 1885, and especially at the founding of the Neurological Society of London in 1886, where he was the first President. At the cultural level, Jackson’s conception of dissolution was consistent with late Victorian angst about societal degeneration, but there is no evidence that his ideas contributed directly to that part of the larger culture. In lectures and papers of 1887 Jackson was also concerned with ‘Concomitance’ (psycho-physical parallelism), and the neurological basis of consciousness. He interpreted the postural abnormalities of decerebration as ‘lowest level fits’.
Last Years
Authors: Greenblatt Samuel H.
Published: May 2022

Jackson’s early encounters with the dreamy state occurred in the 1870s. In 1886–1889 there were autopsies that were inconclusive for his localizing suspicions about the medial temporal lobes. At autopsy in 1894 his patient Z (‘Quærens’) was found to have a small patch of softening in the left uncinate gyrus. In 1894–1899 Jackson worked out his understanding of the ‘uncinate group of fits’. In Before that, in February 1888 he addressed the Medico-Psychological Association, postulating that some postictal phenomena are forms of insanity, so they could be analyzed as such. In August 1889, at the British Medical Association, Jackson offered evolution and dissolution as the bases for ‘the comparative study of diseases of the nervous system’. In March 1890 he gave the prestigious Lumleian Lectures at the Royal College of Physicians, on ‘convulsive seizures’. He discussed clinical types that correlate with each of his three levels. In June 1894 he offered ‘The Factors of Insanities’, i.e., the parameters of depth, individuals, rates, and internal and external circumstances, in dissolution of the highest centers. In December 1897 he had the honor of giving the first Hughlings Jackson lecture for the Neurological Society, ‘On the relations of different divisions of the central nervous system to one another and to parts of the body’. In 1899 and 1902 he went back to the problems of lowest level fits and midline cerebellar tumors (1906). Jackson died on October 7, 1911. The cause of death was listed as ‘Arterio Sclerosis Cerebral Thrombosis Coma’.
Cognitive screens short and sweet—and when more is needed
Authors: Konopacki Kelly L. , Weisenbach Sara L.
Published: May 2022

Cognitive screening should be conducted at least annually among adults aged 65 years and older, and when there is observation or report of cognitive change. Cognitive screening should utilize a reliable, valid, sensitive, specific, and standardized instrument, and should not be used for diagnostic purposes. Commonly used screens include the Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MocA), and the Mini-Cog, among others. Standardized scoring should be used, and adjusted where appropriate for educational and cultural factors. These instruments should be administered by trained individuals to yield consistent, valid results. When more extensive neurocognitive work-up is needed, longer and more comprehensive neuropsychological testing can provide diagnostic clarity and guidance for treatment planning.
What’s normal and what’s not? Putting it all together
Authors: Dholakia Saumil , Benjamin Sophiya , Ho Joanne
Published: May 2022

To make an accurate diagnosis of a major neurocognitive disorder (MNCD), a clinician must synthesize a variety of sources of information rather than relying on a single observation, test or biomarker. This process begins with obtaining a detailed clinical history, including reports of the extent and course of neurocognitive changes. The clinical examination follows, and includes a thorough mental status examination with the addition of a cognitive screen and then, when indicated, neuropsychological testing. State-of-the-art assessment of a variety of biomarkers includes blood tests, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and several neuro-imaging modalities. The diagnostic process should confirm (or rule out) not only the presence of a MNCD but also hone in on the most likely subtype.