bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Underbalanced Drilling, Logging & Completion Operation Leads to 4.5 Times Production Improvement as Compared to Offset Wells
Authors: UlHaque Muhammad Moawwaz , Saboor Abdul , Bouarfetine Djillali , Hammoudi Abdelmalek , Serhane Hassen
Published: January 2020

Underbalanced drilling technology is widely used to reduce formation damage in the reservoir section and improve productivity with the resulting ancillary benefit of improved drilling performance. It involves drilling with a fluid whose equivalent hydrostatic pressure is lower than that of the formation being drilled. As a consequence of this lower hydrostatic pressure there is a continuous flow of hydrocarbons to surface which is handled by separation equipment and exported thru pipelines where they exist or burned at the flare if no transportation infrastructure is located near rig-site.

The most prevalent method of implementing UBD drilling operations in Hassi Messaoud field for Sonatrach, involve using the concentric casing method to inject Nitrogen. Doing so ensures that downhole motor and MWD tools performance is not adversely affected by the presence of nitrogen gas lowering their performance. Concentric casing injection insures that the open hole section is only exposed to native crude further reducing the potential for reservoir formation damage. This is achieved by injecting single phase crude down the drill string and nitrogen is injected thru the well head between the tie back liner and previously set casing.

The introduction of nitrogen in the main annulus is achieved by means of concentric casing injection ports this has the desired effect of lightening the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid to lower than the reservoir pressure thereby leading to inflow of hydrocarbons while drilling ensues. The excess produced hydrocarbon is exported to nearby production facility. Drilling underbalance drastically reduced formation damage when compared to offset wells which was evident from production testing results. The well was drilled to TD, logged and completed underbalance as well, leading to crude production rate that is 4.5 times greater than average production rate of the nearest four offset wells in same production area which were drilled conventionally.

Additionally, by producing the crude during underbalanced drilling operations prior to being handed over to production department, the well was able to recover 40% drilling cost which substantially offset the cost of UBD operations. This paper examines how the implementation of underbalance techniques resulted in successfully drilling, logging and completing the well in underbalance conditions resulting in significant productivity gains for the operator.
Sand Production Tendency in the World's Largest Clastic Oil Reservoir - An Evolving Experience
Authors: Al Zankawi Omran , Al Ghareeb Aisha , Singh Hemant , Imtiaz Saad , Khaksar Abbas , Perumalla Satya
Published: January 2020

The mature Greater Burgan field has the largest clastic oil reservoir in the world producing from multiple units for more than 70 years. Wara and Burgan are the two main sandstone reservoirs in the field with several sub-units of varying mineralogical and mechanical properties. Continuous oil production from some low strength reservoir units has resulted in pressure depletion and the associated water encroachment has led to the initiation of sand production in few wells. This paper presents an approach to analyze rock mechanics, reservoir and production data to predict the sanding tendency in a heterogeneous rock of the world's largest clastic oil reservoir.

Analytical poro-elastic geomechanical sanding evaluation approach was used to study rock failure and sand production. A number of wells (both with sand production and without sand production) were selected for geomechanical analysis based on the data availability and their respective location across the field. Various types of rock mechanical tests were performed with stringent quality control criteria to determine the mechanical characteristics of the rocks. Field calibrated geomechanical model along with reservoir and production data were used to build a calibrated sanding model for the Wara reservoir. The sanding model was then utilized to create sanding evaluation logs; perforation optimization and safe operating envelop plots for existing and future wells.

As per the calibrated geomechanical model, the reservoir units comprise intervals of variable rock strengths. The sanding model calibrated from offset wells suggested that drawdown and rock strength are the most sensitive parameters in failing the rock and sand production. The wells with and without sanding had mixed response to water breakthrough and there does not seem to be any obvious pattern of sanding observed with respect to the onset of water production in the wells. It was also noticed that few offset wells did not exhibit sand production despite strength and stress conditions in these wells were favorable for early sand production. Potential explanation was found for those cases. These models helped to identify selective intervals to optimize sand-free production with limited drawdowns. However, for wells with very high drawdowns (installed with artificial lift pumps and 1000 psi drawdown pressure), none of the prolific sand interval could be stable and downhole sand control measures may be required.

The combination of measured and modelled parameters have helped to understand the sanding tendency and behaviors of a highly heterogeneous reservoir. This analysis has produced guidelines on the best and worst well trajectories and optimum perforation orientations to mitigate well-life sanding risks with a rock strength sensitivity. Furthermore, data priorities have been identified in order to come up with holistic sand management strategy.
Needs for Improving Asphaltene Treatment Programs
Authors: Jennings David , Breitigam Justin , Kim Jihye , Jankowski Szymon , Grutters Mark
Published: January 2020

Asphaltenes are a global flow assurance problem that can cause significant production losses and high operational costs. This paper provides an overview of asphaltene problems and various treatment solutions. Operations affected with asphaltene issues could benefit greatly with improvements in the asphaltene management programs. In many of these fields, even small improvements have the potential for significant financial returns. Acquisition of reliable field data quantifying the extent of asphaltene problems has been a limitation towards improving asphaltene programs. This paper presents five case histories on different asphaltene chemical treatment programs in which evaluation of the programs was enabled by having appropriate field data. Discussion on how additional field data can further enhance monitoring programs and improve asphaltene treatment programs is included with the case histories. A primary goal of this paper is to advocate for more focus on acquiring reliable field data that quantifies asphaltene problems and validates the performance of treatment programs. More collaboration is urged between operators and service providers to obtain and use field data more effectively to improve asphaltene treatment and management programs.
Microscopic Scale Experimental Investigation into Fracturing Fluid Uptake Pathways for Tight Carbonate Source Rocks
Authors: Liang Feng , Zhang Jilin , Liu Hui-Hai , Zhang Shawn
Published: January 2020

Hydraulic fracturing has been widely used in stimulating unconventional reservoirs, including tight carbonate formations, to improve oil and gas production. The stimulation process requires massive volumes of fracturing fluid to crack the formation; however, only a small percentage of the fluid is recovered during the fluid flow back process. Where the remaining fluids reside in the formation is still not clear. This work strives to use microscale radiographic imaging to study the fluid uptake pathways.

The spontaneous imbibition of fracturing fluid into organic-rich carbonate source rock was experimentally investigated on the microscopic scale. A thin-section sample, with a dimension of 22×11×3.3 mm (length × width × thickness), was sliced using a trim saw and attached onto a glass slide with epoxy. This sample was composed of two distinguished zones, an organic matter-rich zone and a calcite-rich zone. Iodide containing aqueous-based fluid was used as the source fluid to treat the thin section rock sample from one end. The spontaneous imbibition test was conducted for 100 minutes with one radiographic image taken per minute to capture the dynamic fluid front.

The iodide containing aqueous-based fluid was used in this study to enhance the contrast in microscale radiographic imaging. Microfractures were observed by radiographic imaging in the thin-section sample with 5.48 μm and 2.79 μm resolutions before the fluid treatment, both in the organic matter-rich zone and the calcite-rich zone. Three fluid uptake features have been revealed in this dynamic fluid imbibition study: (1) the fluid moved very fast and reached the other end of the sample in less than 4 minutes in the microfractures within the organic matter-rich zone; (2) the fluid moved very fast and reached the other end of the sample in less than 4 minutes in microfractures within the calcite-rich zone; and (3) in a calcite-rich matrix, the water front progressed very slowly, to about 120 μm penetration in 100 minutes. The fast water uptake through microfractures in the organic-rich zone and fracture networks in the calcite-rich zone correspond to imbibition-controlled transport in the strongly water-wet pore space. The slow water uptake through the calcite-rich matrix could be a combination of weakly water-wet imbibition and slow flow process due to large viscous flow resistance (or small permeability) in small-sized pores.

During the slick water fracturing process in unconventional reservoirs, only a small percentage of fracturing fluids is generally recovered. Where the remaining fluids reside in the formation is still an open question in the industry. This study experimentally reveals that the imbibition into the rock matrix is much slower than into microfractures. Therefore, it is very likely that natural and induced microfractures are the major areas where the fluids remain after the flow back.
Smart Autopilot Drone System for Surface Surveillance and Anomaly Detection via Customizable Deep Neural Network
Authors: Zhai Xiang , Liu Kui , Nash William , Castineira David
Published: January 2020

Copter-based unmanned aerial vehicle (drone) systems are being utilized for surveillance, inspection and security purposes for well sites, gathering centers, pipelines, refineries, and other surface facilities. However, most of the practices largely rely on humans, including drone operation, data transfer, image analysis, etc. In this paper, we present a comprehensive, cloud-enabled, human-free autopilot drone system and its application in field surveillance and anomaly detection powered by customizable deep neural network and computer vision models.

The proposed system consists of customized quadcopter drones equipped with high-definition cameras, thermal imaging and gas sensing devices, autopiloted by cloud-connected onboard computers. A series of advanced algorithms are developed and deployed onboard and over the Cloud for processing and diagnosing the image/thermal/gas sensing data collected by the drones in real-time or near real-time, including accurate 2D geospatial aerial mapping, anomaly detection and classification for events like oil leak, gas leak, facility failure, human activities, etc. Object detection deep learning models are customized and parallelized for low-profile multi-core single board computers.

In our case study, a pre-configured drone flew along the same path twice at a 6-month gap. A robust, iterative image registering algorithm is developed to precisely align and overlay images taken at different days at the same or similar GPS locations, even with significant changes to the environment due to season shift, human activities, camera angles or height variations. Local changes are filtered and selected based on their sizes and magnitudes in the residual images by subtracting pairs of perfectly overlaid scenes. Pre-trained Residual Convolutional Neural network (He et al. 2015) is rapidly re-trained to further classify the type of changes using the techniques of transfer learning and data augmentation. An ROC of 99% was achieved in the multi-task binary classification, wherein the detected changes are divided into positive anomalies (such as oil/gas leak, facility failures, unauthored human activities) and negative (natural/insignificant) signals. Comparing against a support vector machine baseline with a ROC=92%, the ResNet model demonstrates significant, more promising detection accuracy at a faster training time.

This innovative integrated platform is presented that combines physical drone, onboard imaging/sensing devices, cloud connectivity, onboard and back-end control system, deep learning and computer vision architecture for situational awareness of oil & gas fields and the mining industry. It achieves full automation of mass surveillance, data acquisition and storage, diagnostics and asset situational understanding. The system architecture, especially the onboard and cloud computation engines, can be readily transferred and applied to other common drone platforms.
A Novel Polymer to Create a New Approach of Hole Cleaning
Authors: Alshalan Meshari , Alolayan Abeer , Al-Rubaii Mohammed Murif , Moellendick Timothy
Published: January 2020

A new type of drilling fluid based on a cross-linker was developed using polymer chemistry to create a superior hole cleaning product that moves drill cuttings, metal, shaving and other debris out of the well bore. In addition, the new polymer is capable of transporting cuttings when drilling metallic junk or partial losses formation. The gel is generated by adding Crosslinker (Borax) to the drilling fluid and then spotting the second component (PVA) diluted with water at designed percentages. The gel is spotted in the wellbore and then washed out. The strong carrying capacity of the gel is expected to remove all cuttings and debris from the wellbore. The other conventional hole cleaning pills contain big solids and/or are expensive. The other method to clean excessive junk from wellbore is mechanically by running many hole cleaning trips that consumes a lot of rig time. This practice has saved time by reducing the clean out trips. Moreover, the product coined "POLYSWEEP" can provide a potential solution to hole cleaning when milling metallic junk or drilling at partial circulation. POLYSWEEP has been successfully trial tested in a deviated well (with partial losses). During the field trial it was observed thatPOLYSWEEP was effective in carrying all the shaving debris and cuttings out from the wellbore throughout drilling operation with no troubles. Also, POLYSWEEP has shown good compatibility for use in water based drilling fluid. POLYSWEEP brings value though both its cost effective, simple formaulation as well as its ability to reduce the number of wiper trips. Besides that, it is environmentally friendly as all the components of the fluid are not toxic. The new composition has potential of producing modified fluids for several different applications, including, hole cleaning sweeps, LCMs and fracturing fluids.
Deep Reinforcement Learning: Reservoir Optimization from Pixels
Authors: Miftakhov Ruslan , Al-Qasim Abdulaziz , Efremov Igor
Published: January 2020

The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods in the petroleum industry gain traction in recent years. In this paper, Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) by pixel data is used to maximize the Net Present Value (NPV) of waterflooding by changing the water injection rate. This work is the first step towards showing that learning from pixel information offers many benefits, for example, understanding the reservoir's physics directly by measuring changes in pressure and saturation distribution without taking into consideration reservoir petrophysical property and the total amount of wells with corresponding locations.

The optimization is tested on the 2D model, which is a vertical section of the SPE 10 model. It has been shown that RL is able to optimize waterflooding in a 2D compressible reservoir with the 2-phase flow (oil-water) by means of pixel data. In the first few thousands of updates, optimization remains in the baseline NPV since it takes more time to converge from raw pixel data than to use classical well production/injection rate information.

The reservoir NPV increased by 15 percent as a result of optimization, where the optimum scenario results in less watercut and more stable production. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of choosing the action set for optimization and examined two cases where water injection well can change injection pressure with a step of 200 psi and 600 psi. The results show that in the second case, AI optimization is exploiting the limitation of the reservoir simulator and tries to imitate a cycled injection regime, which results in a 7% higher NPV than the first case.
A Date Tree Fiber-Based LCM for Severe Loss Control
Authors: Amanullah Md , Alouhali Raed , AlArfaj Mohammed
Published: January 2020

Different types of conventional and unconventional fibrous LCMs have been used in the design of loss control slurry and/or LCM pill to overcome the loss circulation problems. Almost all of these fibrous LCM products are imported from overseas countries. Hence, the objective of this pioneering research is to develop an eco-friendly fibrous LCM product using a locally available raw materials that has a sustainable source of supply in the Kingdom or in this region to ensure continuous support for exploration and exploitation of oil and gas resources in the region.

Review of all locally available natural resources lead to the identification of a sustainable source of high fiber containing raw materials for localization of fibrous LCM production to combat moderate to severe loss of circulation. A physio-mechanical process involving collection, washing, drying, chopping and grinding were used to prepare the fibrous LCM product using the whole date tree wastes. Several widely used water-based muds such as bentonite mud, NaCl-polymer mud, KCl-Polymer mud and CaCl2-Polymer mud were used to evaluate the sealing and plugging performance of the Fibrous LCM. 10 and 30 ppb novel fibrous LCM were added to each mud system and then mixed properly to make a homogenous loss control slurry.

Test conducted using PPT apparatus and 2-mm slotted disc at 1500 psi pressure and 250° F temperature showed effective sealing and plugging performance with all the mud systems. Test conducted using a 20-30 mm pebble bed simulating a rubble type super-K loss zone under 100 psi overbalance pressure also showed effective sealing and blocking potential for the newly developed LCM product when incorporated in a 65 pcf bentonite mud. Two high performing commercial LCM products such as STOPLOSS and Soluseal also showed similar performance. However, test conducted with an in-house developed Vug Test apparatus with a 10mm circular hole simulating an equivalent vug showed effective sealing and plugging for the newly developed LCM product. But the two high performing commercial LCM products mentioned before failed to seal the 10-mm vug. This indicates that the newly developed date tree waste-based LCM product has superior sealing and blocking capacity than the commercial products used for comparative evaluation. Hence, it could be concluded that the eco-friendly and biodegradable date palm industry waste can provide a sustainable source of local supply of fibrous LCM product to meet the industry demand.
Mitigating Drilling Hazards in a High Differential Pressure Well Using Managed Pressure Drilling and Cementing Techniques
Authors: Egbe Peter , Iturrios Carlos
Published: January 2020

Formation pressure heterogeneity in a reservoir can represent a significant challenge when a high overbalance condition is created in a zone with low pore pressure; leading to total losses, and potential stuck pipe events which subsequently increase well costs and non-productive time. This paper describes a case involving high differential pressure between the heel of the reservoir, and toe of the lateral, and where drilling in an up dip direction increased the complexity of the operation.

The original well design considered drilling the entire reservoir section in one 6 1/8–in. section. However, to mitigate identified operational challenges, the 7-in. liner depth was adjusted to cover the high pressure section of the reservoir, thus isolating the weaker reservoir zones at well total depth. Managed pressure drilling (MPD) was deployed to drill both sections to reduce the overall overbalance condition and to provide an additional method to determine the pore pressure. Furthermore, the 7-in. liner was run in MPD mode to minimize the chances of differential sticking; and cemented in place using Managed Pressure Cementing (MPC) technique to mitigate against inducing downhole losses during the cementing operation which would have impacted zonal isolation efficiency, and the long term well integrity leading to possible sustained casing pressures (SCP).

Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) is an adaptive drilling technique that is used to precisely assess the formation pressure and manage the bottomhole pressure accordingly. MPD allows the use of a lighter mud density to reduce the overbalance condition and by manipulating the annular surface pressure a condition of constant bottom-hole pressure can be maintained. MPD was implemented to determine the formation pressure and define the optimal mud density for the operation during drilling, and while running and cementing the liner, thus mitigating the risk of potential losses and differential stuck pipe.
SOfPD Subsea Pipelines Technical Assessment
Authors: Alanazi Abdullah , Al-Daej Omar
Published: January 2020

The assessment approach for the study utilized a semi-quantitative risk-based methodology designed to identify, analyze and evaluate risk associated with each subsea pipeline. The risk calculation combines the Probability of Failure (PoF) and the Consequence of Failure (CoF). The PoF calculations considered different factors, which believed to have direct impact on the likelihood of pipelines failure including: internal corrosion, hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) susceptibility and mechanical integrity.

In general, the risks levels are High, Medium-High, Medium and Low. The High and Medium-High risks level is mainly driven by the high CoF due to significant economic and environment impacts and high PoF due to internal corrosion, HIC cracking susceptibility and mechanical integrity. In order to lower the risks both PoF and CoF should be reduced.
Prediction and Mapping of Karst Features in Mishrif Carbonate Reservoir Through Neural Net Process - Zubair Field
Authors: Cossa Alessandro , Guglielmelli Andrea , Rotelli Fabiana , Bazzana Michele , Callegaro Chiara , Raimondi Cominesi Nicola , Bigoni Francesco , Pirrone Marco , Ali Hassan Al Attwi Maher , Ibrahim Uatouf Kubbah Salma
Published: January 2020

Carbonate reservoirs are often characterized by karst features occurrence, usually related to a significant permeability enhancement in presence of low porosity and low permeability matrix type sediments. The distribution of such karst features is generally highly heterogeneous and difficult to predict, making the reservoir management challenging.

In Zubair Field (Iraq), there are numerous evidences of karst events within the Upper interval of Mishrif Formation. The production behavior of Upper Mishrif is therefore very heterogeneous, moving from wells with relatively low flow capacity, as expected from petrophysical interpretation, to wells with a very high flow capacity, hence related to karst enhanced permeability. The integration of petrophysical interpretation, well test and multi-rate production logging allowed to preliminary highlight the improved permeability intervals associated to karst. In addition, accurate image log analysis on the same wells investigated a possible relationship between vug densities and production data, to be extended also to wells lacking the latter data. This process allowed to define a karst flag in more than 60 wells.

Then, correlations between karst features and different seismic and geological attributes were identified. The most meaningful parameters were used as input data for a Neural Net Process, leading to the definition of a probability 3D Volume of karst occurrence.

The final outcomes of the workflow are karst probability maps, used as a driver for the definition of new wells targets and associated trajectories. The recent drilled wells, with optimized paths according to these prediction-maps, have demonstrated the reliability of this approach intercepting the desired karst intervals. This study represents a valuable opportunity in terms of understanding of the reservoir behavior and impact on the ongoing intensive drilling campaign and related field performance.
Pé diabético: avaliação dos fatores de risco relacionados a amputações maiores e menores
Authors: Santos de Gois Janeide Pereira dos , Chaves Arlane Silva Carvalho
Published: January 2020

Objetivo: Identificar os fatores de risco que contribuíram para amputação maior e menor em pacientes com pé diabético no Hospital Municipal de Imperatriz. Métodos: Trata de um estudo analítico de abordagem quantitativa. Foi utilizado um questionário contendo variáveis sociodemográficas, aspectos socioeconômicos e aspectos clínicos. A amostra foi de 40 pacientes com pé diabético que sofreram tratamento cirúrgico. Resultados: Dos entrevistados 55% foi sexo feminino. Com idade entre 38 a 93 (65,08%) anos. Com renda de até dois salários mínimos (87,5%), procedentes de Imperatriz (32,5%). Como fatores de risco para amputação: 65% eram tabagistas, 42,5% etilista e 65% tinha história de diabetes mellitus na família. Quanto as comorbidades 57,5% tinha hipertensão arterial sistêmica, 52,5% dislipidemia e 27,5% doença coronariana. Sobre os cuidados e orientação: 32,5% não tinham o hábito de caminhar descalço, 72,5% nunca tiveram seus pés examinados por profissional de saúde e 87,5% nunca receberam orientação de cuidados por profissional de saúde. Conclusão: A maioria dos fatores que colaboram para a amputação de pé diabético, podem ser evitados ou controlados com medidas de prevenção, tais como cuidados simples e orientação para o autocuidado, de modo que corrobore para evitar o aparecimento do pé diabético e/ou complicações, sobretudo das amputações.
Doença de Castleman axilar: Relato de Caso
Authors: Gusmão Lorena Vieira , Pinho Paula Dandara Correia de , Dota Vanessa Olímpia Moura Guimarães , Boa Sorte Érica Manuela da Silva , Ferreira Luísa Malheiro , Filho José Antônio Chaves de Aguiar , Barbosa Gessandro Elpídio Fernandes , Reis Claudiojanes dos
Published: January 2020

Objetivo: Relatar caso de doença de Castleman em região axilar, que se trata de um distúrbio linfoproliferativo raro, e revisar aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos da doença, enfatizando a importância do seu diagnóstico diferencial com patologias infecciosas e neoplásicas. Relato de caso: Trata-se de paciente assintomática apresentando nódulos mamário e axilar palpáveis, considerados suspeitos à ultrassonografia, sendo submetidos à core biopsy e punção aspirativa, respectivamente, apresentando-se benignos à microscopia. Realizada, todavia, exérese do nódulo axilar devido crescimento significativo ao exame clínico e ultrassonográfico após seis meses de acompanhamento, sendo o diagnóstico de doença de Castleman concluído após estudos histopatológico e imuno-histoquímico. Considerações finais: O diagnóstico da referida doença, ainda que raro, deve ser sempre aventado diante de desordens linfoproliferativas, devido às semelhanças clínicas e radiológicas com variadas doenças infecciosas e malignas. A paciente apresentava a doença localizada, para a qual a exérese da lesão, fornece subsídio diagnóstico e representa o tratamento curativo.
Exploring the Multiple Benefits of CSR on Organizational Performance: Case of Lebanon
Authors: Hejase Hussin , Farha Cybelle , Haddad Ziad , Hamdar Bassam
Published: January 2020

Companies around the globe are recognizing the importance of engaging in Corporate SocialResponsibility (CSR) that is crucial to their survival and growth. It is evident that when anorganization integrates appropriate CSR practices in its strategy that embed the societal andenvironmental concerns, these practices undoubtedly bring tangible benefits to the business alongwith a sustainable competitive advantage.

In Lebanon, there is a consistent need for the Lebanese community to live in a safe, clean andhealthy environment. Companies can no longer act as isolated entities that can run separately fromthe society and the environment in which they operate and with which they interact, disregardingthe impact of their activities on the economy, the society, and the environment; these companies areassuming and acknowledging their responsibility not only towards shareholders through profitmaximization but also towards all stakeholders through enhancing the welfare of the society andadopting environmentally-based behavior.However, there exists a substantial lack of awareness of CSR among Lebanese companies. Thecurrent practices in Lebanon have suffered from the lack of responsible behavior towards theemployees, the economy, the society, and the environment. Consequently, the current researchaddresses the urgent managers’ need to understand what CSR is and assess the multiple benefits ofits programs, and how they may help and end up in a win-win situation if CSR is implementedadequately.

This research is exploratory in nature and uses a survey questionnaire distributed to a convenientsample of Lebanese managers and employees working in Lebanon. The purpose is to assess theknowledge and the implementation of CSR programs at selected number of Lebanese firms. Thisresearch attempts to define the gap between the existing socio-economic and environmentalproblems and the responsiveness levels of Lebanese firms to such problems.
The Theory of Development in Islamic Economy
Authors: Alwadi Hazem
Published: January 2020

Islamic economy depends on the theory economic development hypotheses through finding its supports which are: Implement Allah's legislation that ensure the happiness, and economic welfare, and which is the cause for long benevolent and live, hood, rains, knowledge. The implementation of Allah's legislation means: Every Muslim must be workable and effective, every Muslim must request the knowledge too, implement the economic function for Islamic nation, and to evaluate every productive project has effective issues for the whole Muslims, save the secure sense and safety for every Muslims, Islamic necessitate the implementation of economic independency away of economic. versatilities, and Islamic allow us getting personal possessiveness, physical inventiveness for encourage increasing productivity, creativeness, and enhancement qualitative productivity, necessitate the preservation of physical and conceptual ambience depend on the Islamic base " no damage no damage", and the systematic of ethical values. Necessitate the gathering reserves for investment, implement the regimental Islamic markets though values, Islamic ethical principles.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Diaphragm: From Normal to Pathologic Findings
Authors: Cicero Giuseppe , Mazziotti Silvio , Blandino Alfredo , Granata Francesca , Gaeta Michele
Published: January 2020

The diaphragm is a musculotendinous structure that divides the chest from the abdomen. Its motility, unintentional or voluntary, is crucial for the physiologic respiratory function due to its contribution to lung volume expansion and contraction. Therefore, diaphragmatic dysfunction may cause a respiratory failure without any pathology of the lungs. Different imaging modalities can be employed for diaphragmatic evaluation. Among all, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has demonstrated to be the most accurate technique in providing a morphologic and functional assessment of the diaphragm as well as information about the adjacent structures. However, its diagnostic value is still underrated and its performance is often far from the daily clinical practice. Backward, physicians and radiologists should be aware of the undoubted advantages of MRI and confident about the normal or pathologic imaging features, to avoid misdiagnosis.
The Reaction of Sulfur Dioxide Radical Cation with Hydrogen and Its Relevance in Solar Geoengineering Models
Authors: Satta Mauro , Cartoni Antonella , Catone Daniele , Castrovilli Mattea Carmen , Bolognesi Paola , Zema Nicola , Avaldi Lorenzo
Published: January 2020

In recent years solar geoengineering has been proposed as a promising strategy to contrast global warming induced by anthropogenic CO2 emissions. These technologies design to inject in the stratosphere massive amounts of molecular species, which can act as precursors for aerosol formation able to partially reflect sunlight. SO2 is one of these species. Since in the atmosphere several natural ionization sources, such as cosmic rays and corona discharge, are active, we have considered that SO2+ ions can be formed in the stratosphere in a significant amount after being injected by balloons or aircrafts. The SO2+ chemistry could play a role in the dynamics of aerosol formation as a cooling agent. We have studied theoretically and experimentally the reaction of SO2+, produced by tunable synchrotron radiation, with H2 leading to HSO2+ and H, the latter being involved in the ozone depletion by producing O2 and OH. This is an ionic possible alternative to OH formation during the nighttime, when the common sunlight process of OH generation cannot occur. In order to explain the experimental reactivity we propose a new non-thermal version of the Variational Transition State Theory. We provide analytic expressions for the temperature dependent rate coefficients, which should be tested in atmospheric kinetic models to fully explore the stratospheric solar geoengineering strategies.
4-Step Total Synthesis of (−)-Pavidolide B
Authors: Zhu Yaoqiu , Romero Elkin L. , Srinivas Kolluru , Noriega Elizabeth
Published: January 2020

(−)-Pavidolide B is a complex tetracyclic diterpenoid with seven contiguous stereocenters, and classical total syntheses have recently been reported. In this work, an annulation strategy of carbanion cascade reaction is formulated for accomplishing an asymmetric total synthesis of (−)-pavidolide B in just 4 linear steps. The key reaction is a tandem intramolecular Michael addition, which constructs two 5-membered rings and five stereocenters in a highly selective fashion in one step. This work represents one of the most efficient cases of total synthesis and demonstrates that synthetic access to complex therapeutic natural product can be greatly simplified.
Simple, Scalable Mechanosynthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks Using Liquid-Assisted Resonant Acoustic Mixing (LA-RAM)
Authors: Titi Hatem M. , Do Jean-Louis , Howarth Ashlee J. , Nagapudi Karthik , Friscic Tomislav
Published: January 2020

We present a methodology for the rapid and readily scalable mechanosynthesis of diverse metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in the absence of milling media, typically required for other types of mechanochemical syntheses. We demonstrate the use of liquid-assisted resonant acoustic mixing (LA-RAM) methodology for the synthesis of two- and three-dimensional MOFs based on Zn, Co(II) and Cu(II), including single- and mixed-ligand systems, imidazolate or carboxylate ligands. The LA-RAM approach also allowed the synthesis of the ZIF-L, a framework never previously obtained in a solventless environment, as well as its Co(II) analogue. Straightforward scale-up from milligrams to at least 25 grams is demonstrated using ZIF-L as the model.
Ester Transfer Reaction of Aromatic Esters with Haloarenes and Arenols by a Nickel Catalyst
Authors: Isshiki Ryota , Inayama Naomi , Muto Kei , Yamaguchi Junichiro
Published: January 2020

A catalytic ester transfer reaction of aromatic esters with aryl halides/arenols was developed. The present reaction can transfer an ester functional group from certain aromatic esters to haloarenes. This ester transfer reaction involves two oxidative additions­­— one from the C–C bond of the aromatic ester and one from the C–halogen bond of haloarenes— onto a nickel catalyst. The utilization of a Ni/dcypt catalyst capable of cleaving both chemical bonds was a key for the reaction progress. Furthermore, naphthol-based aryl electrophiles were also applicable to the catalytic system via C–O bond activation.
Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) and starling (Sturnus vulgaris) syntopics in a Mediterranean urban park: evidence for competition in nest-site selection?
Authors: Dodaro Giuseppe , Battisti Corrado
Published: January 2020

Introduced species may compete with indigenous ones, e.g. for space resources, but evidence for syntopic cavity-nester birds is limited, at least for Mediterranean urban parks. In this work we report data on nest-site habitat use, availability and selection in two species: the introduced rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) and the autochthonous starling (Sturnus vulgaris) nesting in ornamental tree (Cedrus libanotica) patches occurring in an historical urban park (Rome, central Italy). In particular, in our study we hypothesize that parakeets negatively affect starling nest-site selection. On 55 trees, we detected 73 available holes for nesting (38.4 % of which hosted nests: 9 of rose-ringed parakeet, 16 of starling, 3 of house sparrow). Birds utilized for nesting only a limited number (< 20%) of the ornamental trees (all larger than 80 cm in diameter). Compared to the total number of available trees, nesting trees had a significantly larger diameter at breast height. We observed a shift in the frequency distribution of nest hole height classes between starlings and parakeets suggesting competition for nesting sites between these two species. Starlings located their nests significantly lower than did rose-ringed parakeets, resulting in a higher specialization for starlings (as measured by the Feinsinger index) than for rose-ringed parakeets. The analysis of co-occurrence highlights a spatial segregation in nest holes. We argue that these differences in preferred nest height are indicative of parakeet dominance over starlings in cavity selection for nesting.
Mapping bird assemblages in a Mediterranean urban park: Evidence for a shift in dominance towards medium-large body sized species after 26 years
Authors: Battisti Corrado , Dodaro Giuseppe
Published: January 2020

We assessed the structure of the breeding bird assemblage in a Mediterranean urban park in 2012, and compared it with data gathered in the same area in 1986. Since 1986, Wryneck (Jynx torquilla) territories have disappeared from the study area, while breeding pairs of Green Woodpecker (Picus viridis) and the introduced Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri) have colonized the park. We observed a significant decrease in density of the Italian Sparrow (Passer italiae) and a significant increase in Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). At the assemblage level, overall bird densities decreased but total bird biomass increased due to the increase in density of (often cavity-nesting) medium to large body sized species (such as woodpeckers, Rose-ringed Parakeet and Starling). A presumed increase in mature tree availability and in predation by synanthropic species (e.g. crows) may explain the high density and biomass of primary and secondary cavity nesters characterized by medium-to-large body sizes. The decline of Sparrows and Wryneck may reflect the decreasing trend at the continental scale.
Movements and habitat use of the invasive species Lithobates catesbeianus in the valley of the Grote Nete (Belgium)
Authors: Descamps Sarah , De Vocht Alain
Published: January 2020

Nine adult American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) were tagged with an internal radio transmitter and tracked during one year in the valley of the Grote Nete (Belgium). The mean ± SD core range area (KDE50) was 15.00 ± 22.41m2. The home range area (KDE95) had a mean ± SD of 429.78 ± 510.97m2. Shores of larger eutrophic ponds and small temporary pools in alluvial forest were chosen as habitat. The total area used (MCP95) had a mean of 11,086.73 ± 12,239.00m2. The study revealed a mean action radius of 270.78 ± 199.17m and individuals moved up to 742m in a single displacement. These results show that the dispersion of the American bullfrog in a valley system such as the Grote Nete can proceed very rapidly. A positive correlation between weight and distance covered within one movement was found, which could suggest that dominant individuals are capable of covering greater distances in search of optimal habitat for reproduction, foraging or hibernation.
Investigation of ancient DNA to enhance natural history museum collections: misidentification of smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) specimens across multiple museums
Authors: Barbanera Filippo , Moretti Beatrice , Guerrini Monica , Al-Sheikhly Omar F. , Forcina Giovanni
Published: January 2020

Historical and modern natural museum collections are storehouses of extraordinary value for scientific research in a wide range of fields. Recent advances in molecular biotechnology (e.g., next generation genomics) have increased the range of collection material employable for DNA-based analyses to unprecedented levels. Nevertheless, the value of museum specimens strictly depends on reliability of data associated with them. We report on investigations of ancient DNA from specimens of smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata, Mustelidae), the largest otter species living in Asia, in US and European mammal collections. Mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome-b gene sequencing proved that the studied specimens were not the expected taxon. Indeed, they actually belonged to three different species, namely the Asian small-clawed (Aonyx cinereus), Eurasian (Lutra lutra) and African clawless (Aonyx capensis) otters. This represents the first record of mustelid misidentification from museum collections. Detection of errors can be extremely difficult when based only on collectors’ notes and data. Hence, we warn scientists involved in otter research about potential challenges when dealing with museum specimens. We recommend curators pursue a multidisciplinary approach, including DNA analyses, to accurately catalogue the resources under their management and uphold the value of biodiversity information.
Trophic interactions between two neustonic organisms: insights from Bayesian stable isotope data analysis tools
Authors: Lepoint Gilles , Bernard Laurent , Gobert Sylvie , Michel Loïc N.
Published: January 2020

The by-the-wind sailor Velella velella (Linnaeus, 1758) and its predator, the violet snail Janthina globosa (Swainson, 1822) are both floating neustonic organisms. Despite their global oceanic distribution and widespread blooms of V. velella in recent years, many gaps remain in our understanding about prey/predator interactions between these two taxa. Using stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen, we aimed to study the trophic relationship between V. velella and J. globosa and investigate diet variation of V. velella and J. globosa in relation to individuals’ size. Bayesian approaches were used to calculate isotopic niche metrics and the contribution of V. velella to the J. globosa diet. Our data showed that the isotopic niche of V. velella differed markedly from that of J. globosa. It was larger and did not overlap that of the J. globosa, indicating a more variable diet but at a lower trophic level than J. globosa. The isotopic niche of V. velella also varied according to the size class of the individual. Small individuals showed a larger isotopic niche than larger animals and low overlap with those of the larger individuals. J. globosa displayed very low isotopic variability and very small isotopic niches. In contrast, there were no isotopic composition nor isotopic niche differences between J. globosa of any size. This very low isotopic variability suggested that J. globosa is a specialist predator, feeding, at least in this aggregation, principally on V. velella. Moreover, outputs of a stable isotope mixing model revealed preferential feeding on medium to large (> 500 mm2) V. velella colonies. While our isotopic data showed the trophic relationship between V. velella and J. globosa, many questions remain about the ecology of these two organisms, demonstrating the need for more fundamental studies about neustonic ecosystems.
The adult mortality profile by cause of death in 10 Latin American countries (2000–2016)
Authors: Calazans Júlia Almeida , Queiroz Bernardo Lanza
Published: January 2020

Objective. To investigate the adult mortality profile from eight causes of death in 10 Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay) from 2000 to 2016.

Methods. The cause of death effect in adult mortality was calculated as the hypothetical gain in the average number of years lived in adulthood (15 to 60 years old), in a cause-deleted life table. Mortality information by cause, sex, and age group came from the World Health Organization.

Results. Although the adult mortality levels are very different among the 10 countries, the pattern of mortality by cause of death is very similar. All the countries are in the intermediate stages of the epidemiological transition, with chronic degenerative diseases being predominant. Among males, circulatory system diseases and external causes are the most important causes of death in terms of the average number of years lived in adulthood. Among females, the leading causes are circulatory system diseases and neoplasms.

Conclusions. Some studies have pointed out that Latin America exhibits severe difficulties in moving through some epidemiological transition phases, given the continuing high mortality from chronic diseases and violent deaths. However, between 2000 and 2016, there was a convergence among the 10 analyzed countries around the theoretical limit in the average number of years lived in adulthood. Countries that include Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, and Peru are still further away from this limit, but they have an enormous potential to increase the number of years lived in adulthood in the future.
Nuevos retos para la planificación en salud: el Plan Nacional de Cáncer en Chile
Authors: Villalobos Dintrans Pablo , Hasen Felipe , Izquierdo Catalina , Santander Sylvia
Published: January 2020

Este artículo describe el proceso de elaboración del Plan Nacional de Cáncer de Chile. Este proceso incluyó una etapa inicial de diagnóstico en la que se convocó a diversos actores relevantes en el tema, con el fin de recoger distintas perspectivas y propuestas. Más tarde, la información recopilada fue sistematizada y estructurada por el Ministerio de Salud a través de un plan de acción, en el que se detallan sus iniciativas, objetivos e indicadores asociados. El Plan se definió en función de cinco líneas estratégicas a partir de las cuales se desprenden todas las acciones propuestas para los siguientes 10 años.

El objetivo del artículo es describir el proceso de elaboración del Plan, con el fin de extraer diversas lecciones que pueden ser útiles para la elaboración de otros planes de características similares en Chile y otros países de la Región.

Las principales lecciones aprendidas tienen relación con la necesidad de establecer un diagnóstico claro que permita hacer propuestas basadas en la evidencia, y la importancia de realizar este tipo de planificación a través de un proceso participativo y con una mirada interdisciplinaria, que potencie la solidez de las propuestas y facilite su validación y sostenibilidad.