bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Hearing Decrement Among U.S. Air Force Aviation-Related Personnel
Authors: Greenwell Brandon M. , Tvaryanas Anthony P. , Maupin Genny M.
Published: February 2018

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to analyze historical hearing sensitivity data to determine factors associated with an occupationally significant change in hearing sensitivity in U.S. Air Force aviation-related personnel.METHODS: This study was a longitudinal,
retrospective cohort analysis of audiogram records for Air Force aviation-related personnel on active duty during calendar year 2013 without a diagnosis of non-noise-related hearing loss. The outcomes of interest were raw change in hearing sensitivity from initial baseline to 2013 audiogram
and initial occurrence of a significant threshold shift (STS) and non-H1 audiogram profile. Potential predictor variables included age and elapsed time in cohort for each audiogram, gender, and Air Force Specialty Code. Random forest analyses conducted on a learning sample were used to identify
relevant predictor variables. Mixed effects models were fitted to a separate validation sample to make statistical inferences.RESULTS: The final dataset included 167,253 nonbaseline audiograms on 10,567 participants. Only the interaction between time since baseline audiogram and
age was significantly associated with raw change in hearing sensitivity by STS metric. None of the potential predictors were associated with the likelihood for an STS. Time since baseline audiogram, age, and their interaction were significantly associated with the likelihood for a non-HI hearing
profile.DISCUSSION: In this study population, age and elapsed time since baseline audiogram were modestly associated with decreased hearing sensitivity and increased likelihood for a non-H1 hearing profile. Aircraft type, as determined from Air Force Specialty Code, was not associated
with changes in hearing sensitivity by STS metric.Greenwell BM, Tvaryanas AP, Maupin GM. Risk factors for hearing decrement among U.S. Air Force aviation-related personnel. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018; 89(2):80–86.
Excitation of Wet Perovskite Films by Ultrasonic Vibration Improves the Device Performance
Authors: Ahmadian-Yazdi Mohammad-Reza , Habibi Mehran , Eslamian Morteza
Published: February 2018

In this work, a novel, facile, and low-cost mechanical post treatment technique, i.e., ultrasonic substrate vibration post treatment (SVPT) is applied on wet spun perovskite layers. The effect of varying the time of the SVPT on the characteristics of the perovskite crystals and the perovskite film is studied, in order to achieve the optimum time duration of the SVPT. Among the results, it is found that the application of only three minutes of the SVPT (for the ultrasonic vibration assembly used in this study, operated at 40 kHz) brings about significant improvement in the film coverage, and the contact between the perovskite and the m-TiO2 layers, owing to the effective penetration of the perovskite solution into the pores, leading to a superior charge transfer, and a significant increase in the device power conversion efficiency (PCE), when compared to the control device. This unprecedented effect is repeatable when applied on both single and mixed halide perovskites, putting forward a reliable and low-cost mechanical technique for the fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in the lab and beyond, which could reduce or eliminate the tedious and expensive chemical optimization treatments, commonly used to increase the PCE.
Chemical Vapor Transport Deposition of Molybdenum Disulfide Layers Using H2O Vapor as the Transport Agent
Authors: Zhao Shichao , Weng Jiaxin , Jin Shengzhong , Lv Yanfei , Ji Zhenguo
Published: February 2018

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) layers show excellent optical and electrical properties and have many potential applications. However, the growth of high-quality MoS2 layers is a major bottleneck in the development of MoS2-based devices. In this paper, we report a chemical vapor transport deposition method to investigate the growth behavior of monolayer/multi-layer MoS2 using water (H2O) as the transport agent. It was shown that the introduction of H2O vapor promoted the growth of MoS2 by increasing the nucleation density and continuous monolayer growth. Moreover, the growth mechanism is discussed.
Alkoxylated β-Naphthol as an Additive for Tin Plating from Chloride and Methane Sulfonic Acid Electrolytes
Authors: Zajkoska Simona P. , Mulone Antonio , Hansal Wolfgang E. G. , Klement Uta , Mann Rudolf , Kautek Wolfgang
Published: February 2018

β-naphthol was one of the first additives introduced for smooth and homogeneous tin electrodeposition. Although it can be oxidized under the plating conditions, forming either 1,2-napthoquinone or polymeric materials based on naphthioxides, it is still in use. In this work, an investigation of its more stable form, alkoxylated β-naphthol (ABN), on tin plating is undertaken. For this purpose, chloride based (pH ~5) and methane sulfonic acid (MSA, pH ~0.5) electrolytes, including ABN, were prepared. Reaction kinetics were studied by polarization, Tafel measurements, and cyclic voltammetry. Tin electrodeposits were obtained on flat brass substrates. Surface morphology and preferred crystal orientation were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). In both studied electrolytes ABN acts as an inhibitor but in the case of the chloride electrolyte it is more pronounced. In the MSA electrolyte this effect was overlaid by the presence of tin-citrate complexes. In the chloride-based electrolyte, ABN has a grain refining effect, while in the MSA electrolyte an increase of ABN concentration leads to a slight enlargement of the average grain size. X-ray analysis shows a constant decrease of the (101) intensity with increasing concentration of ABN for the sample deposited from both baths.
Engine Load Effects on the Energy and Exergy Performance of a Medium Cycle/Organic Rankine Cycle for Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery
Authors: Liu Peng , Shu Gequn , Tian Hua , Wang Xuan
Published: February 2018

The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) has been proved a promising technique to exploit waste heat from Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). Waste heat recovery systems have usually been designed based on engine rated working conditions, while engines often operate under part load conditions. Hence, it is quite important to analyze the off-design performance of ORC systems under different engine loads. This paper presents an off-design Medium Cycle/Organic Rankine Cycle (MC/ORC) system model by interconnecting the component models, which allows the prediction of system off-design behavior. The sliding pressure control method is applied to balance the variation of system parameters and evaporating pressure is chosen as the operational variable. The effect of operational variable and engine load on system performance is analyzed from the aspects of energy and exergy. The results show that with the drop of engine load, the MC/ORC system can always effectively recover waste heat, whereas the maximum net power output, thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency decrease linearly. Considering the contributions of components to total exergy destruction, the proportions of the gas-oil exchanger and turbine increase, while the proportions of the evaporator and condenser decrease with the drop of engine load.
Optimal Capacity Configuration of a Hybrid Energy Storage System for an Isolated Microgrid Using Quantum-Behaved Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Wang Hui , Wang Tengxin , Xie Xiaohan , Ling Zhixiang , Gao Guoliang , Dong Xu
Published: February 2018

The capacity of an energy storage device configuration not only affects the economic operation of a microgrid, but also affects the power supply’s reliability. An isolated microgrid is considered with typical loads, renewable energy resources, and a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) composed of batteries and ultracapacitors in this paper. A quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm that optimizes the HESS capacity is used. Based on the respective power compensation capabilities of ultracapacitors and batteries, a rational energy scheduling strategy is proposed using the principle of a low-pass filter and can help to avoid frequent batteries charging and discharging. Considering the rated power of each energy storage type, the respective compensation power is corrected. By determining whether the charging state reaches the limit, the value is corrected again. Additionally, a mathematical model that minimizes the daily cost of the HESS is derived. This paper takes an isolated micrgrid in north China as an example to verify the effectiveness of this method. The comparison between QPSO and a traditional particle swarm algorithm shows that QPSO can find the optimal solution faster and the HESS has lower daily cost. Simulation results for an isolated microgrid verified the effectiveness of the HESS optimal capacity configuration method.
Biofilm Formation by the Acidophile Bacterium Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans Involves c-di-GMP Pathway and Pel exopolysaccharide
Authors: Díaz Mauricio , Castro Matias , Copaja Sylvia , Guiliani Nicolas
Published: February 2018

Acidophile bacteria belonging to the Acidithiobacillus genus are pivotal players for the bioleaching of metallic values such as copper. Cell adherence to ores and biofilm formation, mediated by the production of extracellular polymeric substances, strongly favors bioleaching activity. In recent years, the second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) has emerged as a central regulator for biofilm formation in bacteria. C-di-GMP pathways have been reported in different Acidithiobacillus species; however, c-di-GMP effectors and signal transduction networks are still largely uncharacterized in these extremophile species. Here we investigated Pel exopolysaccharide and its role in biofilm formation by sulfur-oxidizing species Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. We identified 39 open reading frames (ORFs) encoding proteins involved in c-di-GMP metabolism and signal transduction, including the c-di-GMP effector protein PelD, a structural component of the biosynthesis apparatus for Pel exopolysaccharide production. We found that intracellular c-di-GMP concentrations and transcription levels of pel genes were higher in At. thiooxidans biofilm cells compared to planktonic ones. By developing an At. thiooxidans ΔpelD null-mutant strain we revealed that Pel exopolysaccharide is involved in biofilm structure and development. Further studies are still necessary to understand how Pel biosynthesis is regulated in Acidithiobacillus species, nevertheless these results represent the first characterization of a c-di-GMP effector protein involved in biofilm formation by acidophile species.
In a quest for engineering acidophiles for biomining applications: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Gumulya Yosephine , Boxall Naomi , Khaleque Himel , Santala Ville , Carlson Ross , Kaksonen Anna
Published: February 2018

Biomining with acidophilic microorganisms has been used at commercial scale for the extraction of metals from various sulfide ores. With metal demand and energy prices on the rise and the concurrent decline in quality and availability of mineral resources, there is an increasing interest in applying biomining technology, in particular for leaching metals from low grade minerals and wastes. However, bioprocessing is often hampered by the presence of inhibitory compounds that originate from complex ores. Synthetic biology could provide tools to improve the tolerance of biomining microbes to various stress factors that are present in biomining environments, which would ultimately increase bioleaching efficiency. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art tools to genetically modify acidophilic biomining microorganisms and the limitations of these tools. The first part of this review discusses resilience pathways that can be engineered in acidophiles to enhance their robustness and tolerance in harsh environments that prevail in bioleaching. The second part of the paper reviews the efforts that have been carried out towards engineering robust microorganisms and developing metabolic modelling tools. Novel synthetic biology tools have the potential to transform the biomining industry and facilitate the extraction of value from ores and wastes that cannot be processed with existing biomining microorganisms.
Environmental Temperature Controls Accumulation of Transacting siRNAs Involved in Heterochromatin Formation
Authors: Pirritano Marcello , Götz Ulrike , Karunanithi Sivarajan , Nordström Karl , Schulz Marcel , Simon Martin
Published: February 2018

Genes or alleles can interact by small RNAs in a homology dependent manner meaning that short interfering (siRNAs) can act in trans at the chromatin level producing stable and heritable silencing phenotypes. Because of the puzzling data on endogenous paramutations, their impact contributing to adaptive evolution in a Lamarckian manner remains unknown. An increasing number of studies characterizes the underlying siRNA accumulation pathways using transgene experiments. Also in the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia, we induce trans silencing on the chromatin level by injection of truncated transgenes. Here, we characterize the efficiency of this mechanism at different temperatures showing that silencing of the endogenous genes is temperature dependent. Analyzing different transgene constructs at different copy numbers, we dissected whether silencing efficiency is due to varying precursor RNAs or siRNA accumulation. Our data shows that silencing efficiency correlates with more efficient accumulation of primary siRNAs at higher temperatures rather than higher expression of precursor RNAs. Due to higher primary levels, secondary siRNAs also show temperature dependency and interestingly increase their relative proportion to primary siRNAs. Our data shows that efficient trans silencing on the chromatin level in P. tetraurelia depends on environmental parameters, thus being an important epigenetic factor limiting regulatory effects of siRNAs.
Controlled Surface Modification of Polyamide 6.6 Fibres Using CaCl2/H2O/EtOH Solutions
Authors: Rietzler Barbara , Bechtold Thomas , Pham Tung
Published: February 2018

Polyamide 6.6 is one of the most widely used polymers in the textile industry due to its durability; however, it has rather limited modification potential. In this work, the controlled surface modification of polyamide 6.6 fibres using the solvent system CaCl2/H2O/EtOH was studied. The effects of solvent composition (relative proportions of the three components) and treatment time on fibre properties were studied both in situ (with fibres in solvent) and ex situ (after the solvent was washed off). The fibres swell and/or dissolve in the solvent depending on its composition and the treatment time. We believe that the fibre–solvent interaction is through complex formation between the fibre carbonyl groups and the CaCl2. On washing, there is decomplexation and precipitation of the polymer. The treated fibres exhibit greater diameters and surface roughness, structural difference between an outer shell and an inner core is observable, and water retention is higher. The solvent system is more benign than current alternatives, and through suitable tailoring of the treatment conditions, e.g., composition and time, it may be used in the design of advanced materials for storage and release of active substances.
Electrospun Gelatin–Chondroitin Sulfate Scaffolds Loaded with Platelet Lysate Promote Immature Cardiomyocyte Proliferation
Authors: Saporito Francesca , Sandri Giuseppina , Bonferoni Maria Cristina , Rossi Silvia , Malavasi Lorenzo , Fante Claudia Del , Vigani Barbara , Black Lauren , Ferrari Franca
Published: February 2018

The aim of the present work was the development of heart patches based on gelatin (G) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) to be used as implants to improve heart recovery after corrective surgery for critical congenital heart defects (CHD). Patches were prepared by means of electrospinning to obtain nanofibrous scaffolds and they were loaded with platelet lysate (PL) as a source of growth factors to further enhance the repair process. Scaffolds were characterized for morphology and mechanical properties and for the capability to support in vitro adhesion and proliferation of dermal fibroblasts in order to assess the system’s general biocompatibility. Adhesion and proliferation of endothelial cells and cardiac cells (cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts from rat fetuses) onto PL-loaded patches was evaluated. Patches presented good elasticity and high stiffness suitable for in vivo adaptation to heart contraction. CS improved adhesion and proliferation of dermal fibroblasts, as proof of their biocompatibility. Moreover, they enhanced the adhesion and proliferation of endothelial cells, a crucial mediator of cardiac repair. Cell adhesion and proliferation could be related to elastic properties, which could favor cell motility. The presence of platelet lysate and CS was crucial for the adhesion and proliferation of cardiac cells and, in particular, of cardiomyocytes: G/CS scaffold embedded with PL appeared to selectively promote proliferation in cardiomyocytes but not cardiac fibroblasts. In conclusion, G/CS scaffold seems to be a promising system to assist myocardial-repair processes in young patient, preserving cardiomyocyte viability and preventing cardiac fibroblast proliferation, likely reducing subsequent uncontrolled collagen deposition by fibroblasts following repair.
mIoT Slice for 5G Systems: Design and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Trivisonno Riccardo , Condoluci Massimo , An Xueli , Mahmoodi Toktam
Published: February 2018

Network slicing is a key feature of the upcoming 5G networks allowing the design and deployment of customized communication systems to integrate services provided by vertical industries. In this context, massive Internet of Things (mIoT) is regarded as a compelling use case, both for its relevance from business perspective, and for the technical challenges it poses to network design. With their envisaged massive deployment of devices requiring sporadic connectivity and small data transmission, yet Quality of Service (QoS) constrained, mIoT services will need an ad-hoc end-to-end (E2E) slice, i.e., both access and core network with enhanced Control and User planes (CP/UP). After revising the key requirements of mIoT and identifying major shortcomings of previous generation networks, this paper presents and evaluates an E2E mIoT network slicing solution, featuring a new connectivity model overcoming the load limitations of legacy systems. Unique in its kind, this paper addresses mIoT requirements from an end-to-end perspective highlighting and solving, unlike most prior related work, the connectivity challenges posed to the core network. Results demonstrate that the proposed solution, reducing CP signaling and optimizing UP resource utilization, is a suitable candidate for next generation network standards to efficiently handle massive device deployment.
Evaluation of the Efficiency of Limestone Powder in Concrete and the Effects on the Environment
Authors: Kim Yoo-Jae , Leeuwen Ryno van , Cho Bum-Yean , Sriraman Vedaraman , Torres Anthony
Published: February 2018

The major environmental impact of concrete comes from the CO2 emissions, produced during the cement manufacturing process. The main goal of this research project is to evaluate the efficiency of limestone powder as a partial cement replacement, in order to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions. This study utilizes limestone powders, with different particle sizes, to replace a portion of Portland cement using various ratios. Due to the dilution effect when partially replacing cement, there is a reduction in the concrete’s physical properties. To assess the dilution effect, a modification to Féret’s equation is used to calculate an efficiency factor for the limestone powder when compared to cement. To measure the environmental impact, a life cycle assessment is conducted on concrete made with limestone powder combined with cement. This allows for an evaluation of the various cement/limestone powder ratios that will maximize the environmental benefit, with minimal reduction in concrete strength. Additional microstructural analysis using petrographic examination was completed to provide a visual understanding of the distribution of the limestone particles within the cement paste. The results indicate that the efficiency of limestone powder in partially replacing cement can be achieved by particle packing and particle distribution in the concrete and the benefits of emission reductions exceed the loss in compressive strength when higher levels of limestone powder is used to replace cement.
Characteristics of GPs responding to an educational intervention to minimise inappropriate prescriptions: subgroup analyses of the Rx-PAD study
Authors: Rognstad Sture , Brekke Mette , Mdala Ibrahimu , Fetveit Arne , Gjelstad Svein , Straand Jørund
Published: February 2018

Background

Interventions aimed at improving GPs’ prescribing practice usually apply a 'one size fits all' when analysing intervention effects. Few studies explore intervention effects by variables related to the GPs’ age, sex, specialist status, practice type (single-handed versus group), practice setting (urban versus rural), and baseline performance regarding the target of an intervention.

Aim

To explore the characteristics of the GPs responding to a comprehensive educational intervention.

Design & setting

A secondary analysis of a cluster, randomised educational intervention in Norwegian general practice. Pre-intervention data were captured from January 2005 to December 2005, and post-intervention data from June 2006 to June 2007. The intervention was carried out from January to June 2006.

Method

Eighty continuing medical education (CME) groups, including 449 GPs aged 27–68 years, were randomly allocated to either an education intervention arm (41 groups, 250 GPs) or a control arm (39 groups, 199 GPs). The primary outcome was GPs' change in potentially inappropriate prescriptions (PIPs) per 100 prescriptions issued to patients aged ≥70 years. The interaction between intervention outcome and variables related to the GPs and their practices were tested.

Results

Improvements in prescribing were highest among GPs aged 57–68 years (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.77 [95% confidence interval {CI} = 0.73 to 0.81]), those who were specialists (IRR = 0.80 [95% CI = 0.78 to 0.82]), and those who worked in single-handed practices (IRR = 0.75 [95% CI = 0.68 to 0.83]), among GPs with 2.4 to 2.9 PIPs per 100 prescriptions at baseline (IRR = 0.74 [95% CI = 0.70 to 0.78]), and GPs with ≥15 prescriptions per patient per year at baseline (IRR = 0.77 [95% CI = 0.73 to 0.80]).

Conclusion

The GPs with the lowest adherence to recommended practice at baseline improved their practice most.
Long Noncoding RNA FGFR3-AS1 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Carcinogenesis via Modulating the PI3K/AKT Pathway
Authors: Zhuang Juhua , He Saifei , Wang Guoyu , Wang Guangdong , Ni Jing , Zhang Suiliang , Ye Ying , Xia Wei
Published: February 2018

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as one of the most refractory cancers leads to high mortality worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs have been widely acknowledged as important biomarkers and therapeutic targets in HCC. In this study, we investigated the effects of long noncoding RNA FGFR3-AS1
on tumor growth and metastasis in HCC. First, we found that the expression of FGFR3-AS1 was upregulated about threefold in HCC samples and cell lines. We knocked down FGFR3-AS1 in Huh7 and Hep3B cells and found that FGFR3-AS1 knockdown significantly inhibited cell proliferation but induced
apoptosis. Moreover, FGFR3-AS1 knockdown led to more HCC cells arrested in the G0 stage. FGFR3-AS1 knockdown significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion. Additionally, we found that FGFR3-AS1 silencing dramatically delayed tumor growth in vivo. We found that, mechanistically,
FGFR3-AS1 silencing decreased the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Taken together, our data demonstrated the pro-oncogenic role of FGFR3-AS1 in HCC and suggested that FGFR3-AS1 may serve as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis and therapeutic target for HCC treatment.
Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. in North Lebanon
Authors: Osman Marwan , Benamrouz Sadia , Guyot Karine , El Safadi Dima , Mallat Hassan , Dabboussi Fouad , Hamze Monzer , Viscogliosi Eric , Certad Gabriela
Published: February 2018

Cryptosporidium spp. are enteroparasites with worldwide distribution that infect the gastrointestinal tract of several vertebrates including humans. Human to human, zoonotic, foodborne and waterborne are reported as the main transmission routes of this parasite. Cryptosporidium spp. have been recognized as the predominant cause of waterborne and foodborne outbreaks. However, the epidemiological situation of cryptosporidiosis is not well known in Lebanon, a developing country with a population often affected by intestinal parasitic infections.

This study was devoted to determine the prevalence and the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in symptomatic hospitalized patients and in two children populations with different socio-economic level in North-Lebanon, as well as the risk factors associated with cryptosporidiosis.

Fecal samples obtained from these populations were examined microscopically by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining as well as nested PCR were done for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts.

Out of 163 symptomatic hospitalized patients and 249 children, Cryptosporidium was present in 11% and 10.4% respectively according to microscopy examination and/or molecular tests. The genotyping showed the predominance of Cryptosporidium hominis in both populations. Subgenotype analysis of the isolates at the gp60 locus identified three subtypes IdA19, IbA10G2 and IaA18R3 for C. hominis and two subtypes IIaA15G1R1 and IIaA15G2R1 for C. parvum. Moreover, cryptosporidiosis was correlated with having meals outside home and presence of gastrointestinal symptoms especially diarrhea (p <0.05).

This work constitutes the first molecular epidemiology study outlining risk factors associated with cryptosporidiosis in Lebanon. These findings support a need of a control program to prevent the circulation of this parasite.
Hepatitis C in Lebanon: burden of the disease and value of comprehensive screening and treatment
Authors: Abou Rached Antoine , Abou Kheir Selim , Saba Jowana , Assaf Salwa , Kassis Georges , Sanchez Gonzalez Yuri , Ethgen Olivier
Published: February 2018

Introduction: As few reliable data on the burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) are available from the Middle East, we analyzed HCV burden in the Lebanese population and the value of comprehensive screening and treatment at different age groups and fibrosis stages.

Methodology: A multi-cohort, health-state-transition model was developed to project the number of HCV patients achieving a sustained virologic response 12 weeks after treatment (SVR12) or progressing to compensated cirrhosis (CC), decompensated cirrhosis (DCC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver-related death (LrD) from 2016 to 2036. Epidemiology and mortality data were extracted from the Ministry of Health bulletin while costs were collected from insurance claims. The proportion of patients screened for HCV was projected to increase to 60%/85%/99% (low/medium/high screening scenarios) in 2036, with a new cohort being diagnosed each year. SVR12 rates were extracted from clinical trials. Separate models were used for 18-39 and 40- 80 age groups to account for different prevalence and screening rates.

Results: Low, medium and high HCV screening scenarios showed that 3,838, 5,665 and 7,669 individuals would be diagnosed with HCV infection from 2016 to 2036, 40% aged 18-39 and 60% aged 40-80. In the absence of treatment, the projected number of patients reaching CC, DCC, HCC and LrD in 2036 was 899, 147, 131 and 147 respectively for the 18-39 age groups. In the 40-80 age groups, these projections were substantially greater: 2,828 CC, 736 DCC, 668 HCC and 958 LrD. The overall economic burden of these complications would reach 150 million €. However, introducing direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for F0-F4 patients would increase by 43% and 62% the proportion of remaining life-years (LYs) spent in SVR12 compared to DAAs given to F2-F4 or to F3-F4 only, respectively. Although DAAs for F0-F4 increase the cost of HCV treatment, they also provide the greatest health benefit and lowest cost per LY gained in SVR12. Compared to no treatment and screening, adopting the high screening variant and DAAs access to F0-F4 would cost an additional 1,957 € for every LY gained in SVR12 for patients aged 18-39 and -168 € for the 40-80 age group.

Conclusion: An enhanced screening policy coupled with broader access to DAAs will diminish the future burden of HCV in the Lebanese population and provide the greatest health benefits among middle-aged and elder adults with net cost savings.
ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in two major Lebanese hospitals: molecular epidemiology and correlation with consumption
Authors: Obeid Anas , Maliha Peter , Abdallah Samah , Akl Estelle , Deeb Maria , El Moussawi Hassan , Salem-Sokhn Elie , Matar Ghassan , Daoud Ziad
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Extended-spectrum – beta lactamases (ESBLs) are increasingly detected globally among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The correlation between antibiotics use and resistance, though not fully described, has been addressed and shown in several studies. In this study, the profiles of ESBLs in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolated from two Lebanese hospitals and their relationship to antibiotic consumption were determined.

Methodology: A total of 205 E. coli and 67 K. pneumoniae isolates resistant to third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins were collected between January 2011 and January 2012. Antibiotic susceptibility and consumption data were also collected from 2010–2012. Double-disk synergy and Etest ESBL assays were performed, followed by PCR for ESBL genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed for representative isolates. Statistical analysis for consumption and susceptibility data over 3 years was performed.

Results: As expected, CTX-M-15 was predominant. In both hospitals, strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae harbored at least one ESBL, and in some cases (23%) harboured four different ESBLs. A significant correlation was detected between total use of antimicrobial agents and resistance to various antibiotics. This was obvious for the use of penicillins and resistance to aztreonam, ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin, and use of third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins and resistance to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cefoxitin and ciprofloxacin in both bacteria.

Conclusions: This study shows the predominance of CTX-M-15 among cephalosporin-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae in Lebanese hospitals and highlights the direct relationship between the use of antibiotics and the emergence of resistance in bacteria.
Evaluating ginger extract, wild blueberry extract, and polysorbates (PS20, PS80) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation
Authors: Miari Mariam , Rasheed Sari S , Haidar-Ahmad Nathaline , Abou Fayad Antoine , Matar Ghassan M
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a biofilm forming pathogen that challenges clinical and industrial settings. Many natural products and surfactants have been screened and valued for their anti-biofilm capacity. In this study we assessed the inhibitory effect and molecular mechanism of action of ginger extract (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), wild blueberry extract (Vaccinium angustifolium), and polysorbates (PS20/PS80) on biofilm formation.

Methodology: Ginger and wild blueberry extractions were done using ethanol and distilled water, respectively. Hexane and methanol were used for extracts’ liquid-liquid portioning. LC-HRMS was performed to obtain extract fractions. Efficacy of the crude extracts, fractions, and polysorbates was assessed on P. aeruginosa PAN14 growth and biofilm. Transcription levels of biofilm encoding genes ndvB, pelC, algC and quorum sensing genes lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR were evaluated by RT-qPCR.

Results: Extracts and polysorbates concentrations did not affect P. aeruginosa growth. Biofilm assay showed a reduction in biofilm when 5% ginger, 25% wild blueberry extracts, 0.2% PS20, and 0.25% PS80 were added. LC-HRMS analysis of ginger extract showed abundant gingerol in the hexane layer. Wild blueberry chromatograms showed various constituents differing between their peel and pulp, and pulp extracts. RT-qPCR showed decreased transcription levels of exopolysaccharide and quorum sensing genes with a 363.6 folds reduction in ndvB upon treatment with 25% wild blueberry peel and pulp extract.

Conclusion: These results shed light on the mechanism of action of ginger and wild blueberry constituents as well as PS20/80 on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. Future mouse model experiments are useful to test biofilm inhibition in-vivo.
Infected diabetic ulcers, when to amputate
Authors: Harb Mario , Greige Wafaa , Ephrem Christelle
Published: February 2018

Introduction: In 2030 diabetes will cause one amputation every 20 seconds. Currently 10 to 20% of all diabetic patients develop infected foot ulcers that recur 40% of the time within one year, even when adequately treated by antibiotics, angioplasty or bypass. Therefore, factors other than infection and peripheral artery disease must be incriminated in wound healing in diabetic patients. The identification of those factors is the subject of our study.

Methodology: A retrospective study done at CHU-NDS (Centre Hospitalier Notre Dame De Secours) included all patients with infected diabetic ulcers between 2012 and 2017. Age was recorded as well as: gender, HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c), coronary heart disease, antihypertension treatment, creatinine, CRP (C reactive protein), ejection fraction, total cholesterol level and previous amputations. All our patients were followed by an infectious disease specialist, an orthopedist and a vascular surgeon.

Results: 139 diabetic ulcers in total were recorded; 83were infected and 36 underwent amputation (25.9%). Amongst the amputated patients, 25 were males, 22 were > 65YO, 14 had HbA1c > 8, 31 had CAD, 23 had previous amputations, 25 had CRP > 80, 14 had an EF < 50% and 17 were treated by dihydropyridine.

Conclusions: We concluded that HbA1c > 8%, coronary heart disease, ejection fraction < 50%, CRP above 80 mg/L, as well as history of previous amputations were risk factors for amputation. Moreover, patients treated with dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers showed less ulcer prevalence and less amputation procedures.
Colistin monotherapy v/s colistin combination therapy for treatment of Acinetobacter infections, a systematic review
Authors: Salameh Myriam , Abou Daher Layal Mahmoud , Chartouny Marwan , Abi Hanna Pierre
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Acinetobacter baumanii is currently responsible of many nosocomial life threatening infections, and growing multiple types of resistance mechanisms causing a great therapeutic challenge. Colistin has been used for the treatment of Acinetobacter infections after the emergence of resistant strains as an alternative and salvage therapy. Our study’s aim is to compare the efficacy of colistin monotherapy versus colistin in combination therapy, its safety in terms of nephrotoxicity and potential resistance emergence.

Methodology: Online electronic databases were searched for studies evaluating colistin in monotherapy compared to colistin in combination therapy. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria after eliminating duplicates according to a Prism flow chart. Endnote and Review Manager 5.3 softwares were used.

Results: we found that there is no significant difference in the mortality between the group treated with colistin alone compared to colistin in combination with other antibiotics (OR: 0. 87 95% CI= 0.62, 1.24 P=0.45), we also found no difference in terms of clinical cure or nephrotoxicity, however, microbiological eradication was found to be superior in the combination therapy group (OR: 1.88 95% CI = 1.13, 3.12 p = 0.01).

Conclusion: Colistin is a safe and effective option in monotherapy as in combination therapy for the treatment of Acinetobacter baumanii infections. Larger RCTs are needed.
« Schisme à Grignon » autour de la comptabilité agricole, durant les années 1870
Authors: Lemarchand Yannick , Levant Yves , Zimnovitch Henri
Published: February 2018

Durant sept ans, une controverse, parfois très vive, à propos de l’utilisation de la comptabilité en partie double dans l’agriculture agite le milieu des agronomes français. Elle oppose Paul-Claude Dubost, professeur d’économie rurale à l’École d’agriculture de Grignon, aux partisans du modèle comptable de Mathieu de Dombasle, développé dans les années 1820, repris dans de nombreux ouvrages et enseigné dans les écoles d’agriculture. Lui reprochant sa complexité, sa lourdeur et le caractère arbitraire de ses évaluations, Dubost lui dénie également toute pertinence en matière d’appréciation de la rentabilité des exploitations, en raison de l’interdépendance des diverses productions au sein d’un système de culture donné. Il propose une alternative simplifiée que ses adversaires considèrent comme trop rudimentaire. Plus d’une quinzaine d’auteurs participent à une discussion sans équivalent dans le monde industriel français au xix e siècle. Sa teneur témoigne de l’importance accordée à la comptabilité par les agronomes, pour lesquels elle est avant tout un moyen de tester leurs hypothèses et de vérifier le bien-fondé de leurs options techniques. Il ne s’agit pas, 150 ans après, de départager les opposants, mais de souligner le caractère récurrent de la question de l’adaptation des outils comptables aux besoins de leurs utilisateurs et de l’inanité de toute solution prétendument universelle.
Success and failure in portuguese Colonial Africa: the case of the Cazengo agricultural company (1900-1945)
Authors: Mata Maria Eugénia , Fernandes Ferreira Leonor , Pereira dos Santos João
Published: February 2018

Au début du xx e siècle, la direction des entreprises dans le domaine agroalimentaire faisait face à de nombreux défis. Bien qu’il existe une importante littérature sur cette question, le cas du Portugal présente des spécificités qui ont été peu analysées jusqu’à présent. Les pratiques de management utilisées par l’aristocratie dans l’administration territoriale de la métropole ont été transférées dans les colonies africaines pour la gestion des plantations tropicales, dont la banque d’émission du Portugal était le principal actionnaire. Cet article analyse le cas de la compagnie agricole Cazengo, une importante société de café fondée en 1900 en Angola. Il met en évidence l’inventivité des directions pour gérer les risques élevés liés à un environnement commercial inconnu. Il apporte des éléments nouveaux à l’historiographie en la matière en prenant en considération les rapports financiers, la performance de la production et les aspects organisationnels de l’entreprise. Les liens étroits tissés entre la compagnie et les autorités financières et politiques de l’époque permettent d’expliquer son succès. Des difficultés d’ajustement dans l’organisation, une incapacité d’anticipation à long terme et un manque de vision stratégique sont les raisons de son échec.
Valuation of life: genetic models and the making of markets
Authors: Labatut Julie
Published: February 2018

Quel prix attribuer au vivant et aux biens immatériels ? Le développement de marchés de la génétique animale (spermes, embryons, etc.) visant l’amélioration de la production mondiale constitue un des principaux exemples de l’économisation de la nature. Différentes innovations scientifiques et techniques (insémination artificielle, évaluation de la valeur génétique animale via des modèles scientifiques et des index génétiques, plus récemment la génomique) ont contribué à ce processus. Mais si l’expression « marchandisation du vivant » est récente, l’amélioration et le commerce de la génétique des animaux d’élevage sont l’un des piliers historiques de la modernisation de l’agriculture. Comment la génétique des animaux est-elle devenue un bien marchand ? Comment a-t-elle été évaluée ? Quel est le rôle des outils scientifiques dans ce processus ? Cet article vise à mettre en avant quelques aspects clés de celui-ci, du xviii e au xx e siècle.
Les coopératives d’affermage comme outil de modernisation des campagnes : le modèle italien et ses résonances internationales
Authors: Mignemi Niccolò
Published: February 2018

Les débats sur la modernisation des campagnes ont longtemps opposé la collectivisation à l’entreprise individuelle et familiale, sans envisager de solution médiane. La mission de la coopération agricole résiderait alors soit dans l’accompagnement technique et commercial d’unités indépendantes, soit dans la gestion en commun assurant l’efficacité des grandes exploitations et la redistribution des profits générés. Cependant l’intérêt que les coopératives d’affermage suscitent au tournant du xx e siècle montre à quel point cette distinction est fictive. Identifiée comme le berceau de cette pratique associative dans les années qui précèdent la Première Guerre mondiale, l’Italie devient une sorte de laboratoire observé avec intérêt de l’étranger. Mettant au second plan la question des conflits politiques, cet article présente la genèse de ce modèle d’accès au foncier et l’analyse sous l’angle des débats internes sur la modernisation des campagnes et des échos que ceux-ci suscitent par-delà les frontières italiennes. Il explore ensuite le développement de ce phénomène dans l’ensemble de l’Italie au prisme des systèmes agraires d’implantation, afin de rendre compte des différentes déclinaisons possibles des coopératives d’affermage suivant les formes d’organisation interne (exploitation unique ou divisée), ainsi que les catégories sociales impliquées (ouvriers agricoles, petits fermiers ou métayers). Enfin, s’appuyant sur des exemples localisés, l’article entre dans le détail des mécanismes de fonctionnement des coopératives et montre ainsi comment les agriculteurs-coopérateurs peuvent se réapproprier cette pratique d’action collective en fonction de leurs propres préoccupations et des défis locaux.
Inventing water lilies: Latour-Marliac and the social dynamics of market creation
Authors: Sheldon Robert Charles
Published: February 2018

Le présent article étudie les processus employés par Bory Latour-Marliac à la fin du xix e siècle pour créer le marché des nénuphars rustiques colorés. Il met en parallèle la méthode d’invention du produit et la création d’un marché de consommateurs associé en se fondant sur les archives de l’entreprise pour la période 1881-1891. Celles-ci permettent de mettre en lumière l’usage habile et réfléchi que Latour-Marliac fit de son réseau professionnel et personnel afin de créer le marché des nénuphars hybrides colorés. Notre recherche s’inscrit dans le développement d’analyses historiques dans le domaine de la sociologie économique en apportant une contribution empirique originale grâce à l’analyse d’archives inédites. L’article contribue aussi au débat théorique en recourant à la théorie des trous structuraux pour analyser les données recueillies. Il permet de montrer que le choix de l’échelle d’analyse employée dans l’analyse de processus d’innovation liés à la création d’un marché – entreprise ou entrepreneur – a une incidence significative sur les conclusions tirées de l’observation des processus sociaux à l’œuvre.
Relationship between competitiveness and operational and financial performance of firms: An exploratory study on the European brewing industry
Authors: Zanotti Claudio , Reyes Fabiola , Fernandez Brian
Published: February 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide the underlying constructs that connect the operational and financial performance of firms with the competitive environment surrounding the brewing industry in Europe.Design/methodology/approach: The selected method of study is exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and subsequently applying structural equations modelling. We have sampled 214 brewing companies distributed in over 12 European economies.Findings: The study provides a comparison between different antecent studies, including contextual contrast in both an industry and a methodologic perspective. The study shoes that the competitive construct of the industry is significantly related with the financial performance of firms, however not necesarilly to the operational results. Additionally, the operational structure of the firm does not necesarilly provide significant relationship to the firms' financial results.Research limitations/implications: The research is segmented within the European brewing industry, hence we find potentian geographic delimiations in terms of the conclusions of this paper.Originality/value: Significant relationships between competitive variables and financial performance in the brewing industry remains evasive in research thus far. Additionally, sustained in the potential the brewing industry represents within Europe, it is significant to identify these relationships for readers on both an academic and industrial background.
Projeto alfa tuning América Latina: entre a elaboração e a implementação nas universidades brasileiras participantes
Authors: Pereira Puziol Jeinni Kelly , Barreyro Gladys Beatriz
Published: February 2018

Este artigo discute a implementação do projeto Alfa Tuning América Latina (Patal) no Brasil, bem como se, e de que maneira, suas diretrizes foram incorporadas ao contexto da prática das universidades participantes. O referencial teórico está fundamentado no ciclo de políticas (Bowe, & Ball, 1992) e no contexto socioeconômico do modo de produção capitalista (Harvey, 2013), de forma a compreender a relação do Patal com seus contextos de influência, elaboração e prática. A metodologia baseou-se na análise dos documentos e relatórios oficiais do Patal e na realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com participantes do Patal no Brasil. Os resultados evidenciaram que o Patal faz parte das ações de territorialização, desterritorialização e reterritorialização de políticas de educação superior da União Europeia, que superam fronteiras nacionais a fim de suprir demandas de mercado no cenário de governança multiescalar. No Brasil, o Patal foi introduzido fora dos marcos regulatórios do Estado, sendo acordado a partir de redes políticas entre docentes e universidades, e a implementação de suas diretrizes ocorreu, predominantemente, de forma pontual e discursiva, todavia o Patal pode influir nas políticas nacionais por meio da adoção de conceitos, diagnósticos e metodologias, bem como legitimar outras políticas, especialmente por defender um curriculum organizado em competências.