bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross‐talk between the insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) axis and membrane integrins to regulate cell physiology
Authors: Beattie James , McIntosh Lisa , van der Walle Christopher F.
Published: April 2010

The biology of cross‐talk between activated growth factor receptors and cell‐surface integrins is an area which has attracted much interest in recent years (Schwartz and Ginsberg, 2002). This review discusses the relationship between the insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) axis and cell‐surface integrin receptors in the regulation of various aspects of cell physiology. Key to these interactions are signals transmitted between integrins and the IGF‐I receptor (IGF‐IR) when either or both are bound to their cognate ligands and we will review the current state of knowledge in this area. The IGF axis comprises many molecular components and we will also discuss the potential role of these species in cross‐talk with the integrin receptor. With respect to integrin ligands, we will mainly focus on the well‐characterized interactions of the two extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins fibronectin (FN) and vitronectin (VN) with cell‐surface ligands, and, how this affects activity through the IGF axis. However, we will also highlight the importance of other integrin activation mechanisms and their impact on IGF activity. J. Cell. Physiol. 224: 605–611, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arachidonic acid inhibits neuronal nitric oxide synthase elicited by proinflammatory stimuli and promotes astrocyte survival with both exogenous and endogenous peroxynitrite via different mechanisms
Authors: Palomba Letizia , Cerioni Liana , Cantoni Orazio
Published: April 2010

Cytosolic phospholipase A2‐inhibited astrocytes respond to the cocktail lipopolysaccharide/interferon‐γ with an immediate formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO–) and a delayed lethal response. Low concentrations of arachidonic acid (ARA; i.e., <0.1 μM) cause tyrosine kinase‐dependent inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity, thereby suppressing formation of ONOO– and the ensuing lethal response. ARA promoted its effects only when given to the cultures just prior to, or in parallel with, the proinflammatory mixture. High concentrations of ARA, i.e., >3 μM, promoted cytoprotection when applied to the cultures up to 50 min after the formation of endogenous ONOO– had been completed or up to 30 min after addition of exogenous ONOO–. The mechanism(s) involved in these responses was, however, independent of tyrosine kinase activation and was in fact mediated by ARA metabolites of the lipoxygenase pathway. These results are consistent with a scenario in which astrocytes respond to low or high amounts of ARA with the triggering of different pathways involved in the inflammatory response. Early nNOS inhibition mediated by very low levels of ARA is indeed critical for nuclear factor‐κB activation, which is otherwise effectively inhibited by constitutive nitric oxide, and for preventing early formation of ONOO–. Greater ARA concentrations promote survival in astrocytes committed to death by ONOO–, a species extensively released under inflammatory conditions, via a mechanism dependent on lipoxygenase metabolism and inhibition of downstream events leading to cell demise. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung shows increased thymidylate synthase expression compared to other histotypes
Authors: Ibe Takashi , Shimizu Kimihiro , Nakano Tetsuhiro , Kakegawa Seiichi , Kamiyoshihara Mitsuhiro , Nakajima Takashi , Kaira Kyoichi , Takeyoshi Izumi
Published: April 2010

Background

Thymidylate synthase (TS) expression has been reported in various tumors, including non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), but not in high‐grade neuroendocrine (HGNE) carcinoma of the lung.

Methods

We measured TS expression in surgically resected pulmonary tumors, comparing HGNE carcinomas of the lung (13 large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, 8 small‐cell lung carcinomas) with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung using laser‐capture microdissection for tissue isolation, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunohistochemistry. We also measured TS mRNA expression in small‐cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and NSCLC cell lines using real‐time PCR.

Results

At both mRNA and protein levels, TS expression was significantly higher in squamous cell carcinoma compared to adenocarcinoma. Moreover, TS expression was significantly higher in HGNE carcinomas of the lung compared to squamous cell carcinoma. A significant correlation was found between mRNA and protein expression. TS mRNA expression in SCLC cell lines was significantly higher than in NSCLC cell lines.

Conclusions

TS expression was higher in HGNE carcinomas of the lung than in squamous cell carcinoma, which was higher than in adenocarcinoma. This information may be useful in predicting the effects of TS‐inhibiting agents in patients with NSCLC and HGNE carcinomas of the lung. J. Surg. Oncol. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Examining the potential relationship between multidisciplinary cancer care and patient survival: An international literature review
Authors: Hong Nicole J. Look , Wright Frances C. , Gagliardi Anna R. , Paszat Lawrence F.
Published: April 2010

Background and Objectives

The aim of this review is to examine the relationship between multidisciplinary cancer care and patient survival.

Methods

A literature review was undertaken between January 1950 and September 2009. Included studies described multidisciplinary cancer care and its relation to patient survival. Multidisciplinary care was defined as involvement of a team of clinical and allied specialists whose intent is individualized patient management. Studies were critically appraised for internal and external validity. All study designs were included.

Results

Twenty‐one studies met eligibility criteria for this review, including two systematic reviews, one abstract, and 18 original studies. Pooling of results was not possible due to heterogeneity of patient populations, disease sites, measured outcomes, and follow‐up periods. Twelve studies (one prospective and six retrospective cohort studies, five before–after series) reported statistically significant association between multidisciplinary care and patient survival.

Conclusions

Due to methodological limitations, this review is unable to assert a causal relationship between multidisciplinary care and patient survival. In order to better evaluate this relationship, the oncology community must first accept a common definition of multidisciplinary care. Future efforts can then elucidate which aspects of multidisciplinary care impact survival, with consideration of confounding patient and tumour factors. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:125–134. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser Markets in the USA
Authors: Belforte David A.
Published: April 2010

The world market for industrial laser materials processing systems experienced the steepest decline in the history of this sector that dates back to 1970. Over the past 25 years, which show the greatest growth for the technology, only one other period, 1990–1992, experienced a decline (16%) in laser revenues. Even in the U.S.‐ centered recession of 2000 laser sales did not go negative because of the global nature of the market. From the middle of 2008 until the end of 2009 the world market for industrial lasers experienced a sudden and deep decline. For 2009 industrial laser sales declined 24% and industrial laser system revenues declined 20% (note that laser systems for photolithography are not included in this number). As this article will also show there are signs of recovery of the industrial laser market.
Seshadri fibrations of algebraic surfaces
Authors: Syzdek Wioletta , Szemberg Tomasz
Published: April 2010

We refine results of [6] and [10] which relate local invariants – Seshadri constants – of ample line bundles on surfaces to the global geometry – fibration structure. We show that the same picture emerges when looking at Seshadri constants measured at any finite subset of the given surface (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Independence of group algebras
Authors: Conti R. , Hamhalter J.
Published: April 2010

It is shown that major independence conditions for left and right group operator algebras coincide. If Σ is a discrete ICC group, then the reduced left and right group algebras W*λ(Σ) and Wϱ*(Σ) are W*‐independent. These algebras are moreover independent in the product sense if, and only if, Σ is amenable. If A and B are subgroups of Σ, then the left and right reduced group (sub)algebras W*λ(A) and Wϱ*(B) are W*‐independent provided that any of the following two conditions is satisfied: (i) A and B have trivial intersection; (ii) A or B is ICC. The results indicate an interplay between intrinsic group‐theoretic properties and independence of the corresponding group algebras that can be further exploited. New examples of W*‐independent von Neumann algebras arising from groups are generated (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Oklahoma City Micronet
Authors: Basara Jeffrey B. , Illston Bradley G. , Fiebrich Christopher A. , Browder Phillip D. , Morgan Cynthia R. , McCombs Alexandria , Bostic Jared P. , McPherson Renee A. , Schroeder Amanda J. , Crawford Kenneth C.
Published: April 2010

The Oklahoma City Micronet (OKCNET) is an operational surface observing network designed to improve atmospheric monitoring across the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, metropolitan area. The 40 station network consists of 4 Oklahoma Mesonet stations and 36 micronet stations mounted on traffic signals at an average station spacing of approximately 3 km. Using several technical innovations as well as existing infrastructure in Oklahoma City, data are collected and quality assured in near real‐time at an interval of 1 min for the traffic signal sites and 5 min for the Mesonet sites. Because OKCNET also spans a land use gradient from rural to urban, the spatial and temporal densities of OKCNET observations have shed new insights on atmospheric processes (e.g. the urban heat island, severe thunderstorm evolution) across the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Midurethral sling procedures for stress urinary incontinence in women over 80 years
Authors: Stav Kobi , Dwyer Peter L. , Rosamilia Anna , Schierlitz Lore , Lim Yik N. , Lee Joseph
Published: April 2010

Aims

To compare the safety and efficacy of midurethral sling surgery for management of urinary stress incontinence in women over 80 years versus younger women.

Methods

1225 consecutive women with urodynamic stress incontinence had a synthetic midurethral sling (955 retropubic, 270 transobturator) at our institution between 1999 and 2007. Ninety one percent (n = 1112) of the patients were interviewed via phone call with a structured questionnaire and were included in the analysis. The mean follow‐up was 50 ± 24 months (range 12–114). Comparison between elderly (≥80 years, n = 96) and younger patients (<80 years, n = 1016) was performed.

Results

The overall subjective cure rate was 85% (elderly 81%, younger 85%,  = 0.32). There was no significant difference in cure rate between retropubic and transobturator sling in the elderly group (82% vs. 79.3%, P = 0.75). The bladder perforation rate was similar between the two groups (3%). The hospitalization time was significantly longer in the elderly (1.6 ± 1.7 days vs. 0.7 ± 1.1 days, P<0.001). However, major perioperative complications were uncommon (1%). Of the patients who had an isolated sling procedure, 37% of the elderly and 9% of the young patients failed their 1st trial of void (P < 0.001). However, the long‐term rate of voiding difficulty was similar between the two groups (elderly 8% vs. young 6%, P = 0.21). The rate of de novo urge incontinence was similar between the two groups (7%).

Conclusion

Retropubic and transobturator slings in women older than 80 years are effective and safe but are associated with an increased risk of transient postoperative voiding difficulty. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1262–1266, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diabetic cystopathy is associated with PARP/JNK/ mitochondrial apoptotic pathway‐mediated bladder apoptosis
Authors: Li Wen Ji , Oh Seung‐June
Published: April 2010

Aims

Diabetic cystopathy, a common complication of diabetes, is frequently associated with an increase in oxidative stress and apoptosis of the bladder. Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) is activated under such conditions of oxidative stress, and plays a critical role in cell apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the activation of PARP and subsequent activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway are involved in the development of diabetic cystopathy.

Methods

Bladder function was assessed in a streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rat model with or without 3‐aminobenzamide treatment, a PARP inhibitor. The degree of bladder apoptosis, expression of poly(ADP‐ribose) (PAR) in the bladder, phosphorylated JNK, the levels of Bcl‐2 and Bax, caspase 3 activity and nuclear translocation of the apoptotic inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria were investigated.

Results

Bladder dysfunction was significantly associated with an increase of bladder apoptosis, and a reduction of the Bcl‐2/Bax ratio. In addition, the amount of PAR, phosphorylated JNK, caspase 3 activity, and nuclear translocation of AIF were significantly increased in the diabetic rats. Inhibition of PARP significantly suppressed activation of PARP, JNK and restored the Bcl‐2/Bax ratio. Activation of caspase 3 and nuclear translocation of AIF were also significantly reduced by PARP inhibition. As a result, the bladder apoptosis was attenuated and the bladder function improved.

Conclusions

These results indicate that bladder apoptosis is involved in diabetic cystopathy via activation of the PARP/JNK/mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. These findings may be used to develop novel therapies for patients with diabetic bladder dysfunction. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1332–1337, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selection of a control rat for conscious spontaneous hypertensive rats in studies of detrusor overactivity on the basis of measurement of intra‐abdominal pressures
Authors: Jin Long‐Hu , Andersson Karl‐Erik , Kwon Yong‐Hyun , Yoon Sang‐Min , Lee Tack
Published: April 2010

Aims

We investigated which animal model is appropriate as a control for the spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) in studies of detrusor overactivity (DO).

Methods

Age‐matched SHRs (n = 10), Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats (n = 9), Wistar‐ST (Wistar) rats (n = 10), and Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats (n = 10) were studied. A balloon‐fitted catheter was positioned in the abdominal cavity to record intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP). Cystometric pressure‐ and volume‐related parameters and DO‐related ones during the filling phase were investigated. Of the intravesical pressure (IVP) rises above 2 cmH2O, DO was defined as a rise in IVP without a simultaneous change in IAP and was counted during the filling phase.

Results

Compared with SHRs, the WKY rats did not show a significant difference in pressure or volume parameters, but Wistar rats and SD rats showed a significant increase in volume parameters, such as bladder capacity, micturition volume, and micturition interval. Typical DO was seen in SHRs and WKY rats during the filling phase, but not in Wistar and SD rats. Furthermore, the frequency and increased amplitude of the DO were similar in WKY rats and SHRs.

Conclusion

Although WKY rats are an appropriate control for SHRs in studies of hypertension, they may be inappropriate as controls in studies of DO, because they have inherent DO of similar frequency and amplitude as found in SHRs. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1338–1343, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of phenazopyridine on rat bladder primary afferent activity, and comparison with lidocaine and acetaminophen
Authors: Aizawa Naoki , Wyndaele Jean‐Jacques
Published: April 2010

Aims

The clinical indication of phenazopyridine is unclear, it has been used clinically in conditions with increased bladder sensation as in cystitis and bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis. We explored the effect of phenazopyridine on afferent nerve activity by direct measurement of both Aδ‐ and C‐fibers in the rat, and compared the outcome with the effects of lidocaine (a local anesthetic) and of acetaminophen (an analgesic).

Methods

Female Sprague–Dawley rats were used. Under urethane anesthesia, single nerve fibers primarily originating from the bladder were identified in the L6 dorsal root by electrical stimulation of the left pelvic nerve and by bladder distention. By conduction velocity (2.5 m/sec) the fibers were defined as Aδ‐fiber or C‐fiber. The afferent activity in response to constant bladder filling was measured before the drug administration. Then, phenazopyridine (0.1–3 mg/kg) or lidocaine (0.3–3 mg/kg) or acetaminophen (1–10 mg/kg) was administrated intravenously. After drug administration, the afferent activity of bladder fillings was measured again.

Results

All drugs significantly increased bladder compliance, in a dose‐dependent way. Twenty‐eight single afferent fibers (Aδ‐fibers: n = 13, C‐fibers: n = 15) were isolated. Intravenous administration of phenazopyridine significantly decreased dose‐dependently only the Aδ‐fiber but not the C‐fiber activity. Also acetaminophen significantly decreased only Aδ‐fiber activity, but it was not dose‐dependently completely. Lidocaine inhibited both the Aδ‐ and C‐fiber activities.

Conclusions

This study shows that phenazopyridine can directly inhibit the mechanosensitive Aδ‐fibers in the normal rat bladder. This finding might explain its clinical effect in conditions of bladder hypersensitivity. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1445–1450, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Can be sphincter electromyography reference values shared between laboratories?
Authors: Podnar Simon , Gregory W. Thomas
Published: April 2010

Aims

Sphincter electromyography (EMG) is an important method in diagnosis of neuropathic sacral lesions. Quantitative EMG analysis increases utility of the test, but requires valid reference values. Although commonly employed, validity of sharing reference data between electrodiagnostic laboratories has not been confirmed. In this study, this approach was assessed by comparing the reproducibility of data sets obtained by the same and different laboratories.

Methods

Confidence intervals and sensitivity of motor unit potential (MUP) parameters in the external anal sphincter (EAS) muscles were calculated using data obtained from three different control groups of women (number of women: 41, 48, and 66), examined by the same (the first two groups) and another investigator (the third group). Sensitivities to diagnose neuropathic changes in a known patient group were compared.

Results

When compared to the first reference group, the MUP parameter means of 2/7 (same investigator) versus 3/7 (different investigator) were significantly different. Similarly, 3/14 versus 4/14 MUP parameter outliers were different. Finally, 6/14 versus 7/14 sensitivities (using a combination of MUP parameter means and outliers) were different.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated somewhat larger differences between confidence intervals obtained by different investigators, as compared to those obtained by a single investigator. However, most of these differences can be explained by differences in recruited groups of women, and slight inconsistencies in applied techniques. Presented data suggest that confidence intervals from other laboratories can be used, but only if exact protocols from original normative studies are strictly followed. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1387–1392, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Agreement between patients' self‐report and physicians' prescriptions on cardiovascular drug exposure: the PGRx database experience
Authors: Lamiae Grimaldi‐Bensouda , Michel Rossignol , Elodie Aubrun , Nabil El Kerri , Jacques Benichou , Lucien Abenhaim
Published: April 2010

Purpose

Patients' self‐reported drug exposure is subjected to memory errors and different sources of bias. Utilization of prescription records is impaired with non‐compliance and over‐the‐counter (OTC) drug utilization. This study compared patients' self‐report (PS) to physician's prescriptions of cardiovascular drugs (CVDs).

Methods

The PGRx database is constituted by networks of specialized centers that recruited cases of 15 different diseases including myocardial infarction (MI) cases, and a network of general practitioners recruiting a pool of potential referents. For MI cases and referents, data on all drug utilization within the 2 years preceding the index date were obtained from PS and from physician's report of their prescriptions (PP). Patients' reports were obtained using a structured telephone interview complemented with an interview guide containing names of diseases and pictures of drug packages. Comparisons were made on exposure to each class of CVDs, for different time‐windows, 2 months, 3–12 months and 13–24 months prior to the index date.

Results

The concordance between physician and patient report was assessed on 2702 patient–physician pairs. Agreement was excellent overall (κ = 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.81–0.85). Prevalences of exposure were very close between PS and PP for all classes of prescription CVDs.

Conclusion

Using a standardized and systematic collection of information on drug exposure directly from patients appeared to provide similar information to using physician prescription records over a 2‐year recall period. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution animal PET imaging of prostate cancer xenografts with three different 64Cu‐labeled antibodies against native cell‐adherent PSMA
Authors: Alt Karen , Wiehr Stefan , Ehrlichmann Walter , Reischl Gerald , Wolf Philipp , Pichler Bernd J. , Elsässer‐Beile Ursula , Bühler Patrick
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND

The prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is expressed by virtually all prostate cancers and represents an ideal target for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This article compares the in vivo behavior and tumor uptake of three different radiolabeled anti‐PSMA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and corresponding F(ab)2 and Fab fragments thereof.

METHODS

The mAbs 3/A12, 3/F11, and 3/E7 and fragments of 3/A12 were conjugated with the chelating agent DOTA and radiolabeled with 64Cu. For the microPET imaging studies, SCID mice bearing PSMA‐positive C4‐2 and PSMA‐negative DU 145 prostate cancer xenografts were used. Each animal received 20–30 µg radiolabeled mAb or fragment corresponding to an activity of 8–14 MBq. Imaging was performed 3, 24, and 48 hr post‐injection. After the last scan, mice were sacrificed and tracer in vivo biodistribution was measured by gamma‐counting.

RESULTS

Static microPET images of mice with PSMA‐positive tumors revealed a high uptake of the mAbs in the C4‐2 tumors at 24 and 48 hr after tracer injection and only a minimal distribution in the DU 145 tumors and other organs. In contrast, the F(ab)2 and Fab fragments of 3/A12 were detected at a high extend in the kidney but not in the C4‐2 tumors. These results were confirmed by gamma counting of dissected organs after the final imaging.

CONCLUSIONS

Due to the high and specific uptake of the 64Cu‐labeled mAbs in PSMA‐positive tumors, these antibodies represent excellent tools for prostate cancer imaging. Prostate 70: 1413–1421, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fitting Emax models to clinical trial dose–response data
Authors: Kirby Simon , Brain Phil , Jones Byron
Published: April 2010

We consider fitting Emax models to the primary endpoint for a parallel group dose–response clinical trial. Such models can be difficult to fit using Maximum Likelihood if the data give little information about the maximum possible response. Consequently, we consider alternative models that can be derived as limiting cases, which can usually be fitted. Furthermore we propose two model selection procedures for choosing between the different models. These model selection procedures are compared with two model selection procedures which have previously been used. In a simulation study we find that the model selection procedure that performs best depends on the underlying true situation. One of the new model selection procedures gives what may be regarded as the most robust of the procedures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fishway passage and post‐passage mortality of up‐river migrating sockeye salmon in the Seton River, British Columbia
Authors: Roscoe D. W. , Hinch S. G. , Cooke S. J. , Patterson D. A.
Published: April 2010

Adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were studied to assess the consequences of a dam and vertical‐slot fishway on mortality during their spawning migration in the Seton–Anderson watershed, British Columbia, Canada. Since previous research suggests fishway passage may be difficult, our main hypothesis was that the dam and fishway have post‐passage consequences that affect subsequent behaviour and survival. Eighty‐seven sockeye were caught at the top of the fishway, implanted with an acoustic telemetry transmitter, non‐lethally biopsied to obtain a small blood sample and released either upstream or downstream of the dam. Indices of physiological stress (i.e. plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate and ions) indicated that fish were not stressed or exhausted after capture from the fishway, and were not unduly stressed by transportation to release sites or net‐pen holding. Of 59 fish released downstream of the dam, 14% did not reach the dam tailrace. Overall passage efficiency at the fishway was 80%. Mortality in two lakes upstream of the dam was greater in fish released downstream of the dam (27%) compared to fish released upstream of the dam (7%; p = 0.04) suggesting that dam passage has consequences that reduce subsequent survival. Cumulative mortality of fish released downstream of the dam (n = 55) resulted in only 49% survival to spawning areas, compared to 93% of fish released upstream of the dam (n = 28). Survival was significantly lower for females (40%) than for males (71%; p = 0.03), a finding that has implications for conservation because spawning success of sockeye salmon populations is governed primarily by females. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sparse random graphs with clustering
Authors: Bollobás Béla , Janson Svante , Riordan Oliver
Published: April 2010

In 2007, we introduced a general model of sparse random graphs with (conditional) independence between the edges. The aim of this article is to present an extension of this model in which the edges are far from independent, and to prove several results about this extension. The basic idea is to construct the random graph by adding not only edges but also other small graphs. In other words, we first construct an inhomogeneous random hypergraph with (conditionally) independent hyperedges, and then replace each hyperedge by a (perhaps complete) graph. Although flexible enough to produce graphs with significant dependence between edges, this model is nonetheless mathematically tractable. Indeed, we find the critical point where a giant component emerges in full generality, in terms of the norm of a certain integral operator, and relate the size of the giant component to the survival probability of a certain (non‐Poisson) multi‐type branching process. While our main focus is the phase transition, we also study the degree distribution and the numbers of small subgraphs. We illustrate the model with a simple special case that produces graphs with power‐law degree sequences with a wide range of degree exponents and clustering coefficients. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 38, 269–323, 2011
Applying tribology to teeth of hoofed mammals
Authors: Schulz Ellen , Calandra Ivan , Kaiser Thomas M.
Published: April 2010

Mammals inhabit all types of environments and have evolved chewing systems capable of processing a huge variety of structurally diverse food components. Surface textures of cheek teeth should thus reflect the mechanisms of wear as well as the functional traits involved. We employed surface textures parameters from ISO/DIS 25178 and scale‐sensitive fractal analysis (SSFA) to quantify dental wear in herbivorous mammals at the level of an individual wear enamel facet. We evaluated cheek dentitions of two grazing ungulates: the Blue Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and the Grevy's Zebra (Equus grevyi). Both inhabit the east African grassland savanna habitat, but they belong to fundamentally different taxonomic units. We tested the hypothesis that the foregut fermenting wildebeest and the hindgut fermenting zebra show functional traits in their dentitions that relate to their specific mode of food‐composition processing and digestion. In general, surface texture parameters from SSFA as well as ISO/DIS 25178 indicated that individual enamel ridges acting as crushing blades and individual wear facets of upper cheek teeth are significantly different in surface textures in the zebra when compared with the wildebeest. We interpreted the complexity and anisotropy signals to be clearly related to the brittle, dry grass component in the diet of the zebra, unlike the wildebeest, which ingests a more heterogeneous diet including fresh grass and herbs. Thus, SSFA and ISO parameters allow distinctions within the subtle dietary strategies that evolved in herbivorous ungulates with fundamentally different systematic affinities but which exploit a similar dietary niche. SCANNING 32: 162–182, 2010. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Inducible Caspase 9 Suicide Gene to Improve the Safety of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapies
Authors: Ramos Carlos Almeida , Asgari Zahra , Liu Enli , Yvon Eric , Heslop Helen E. , Rooney Clio M. , Brenner Malcolm K. , Dotti Gianpietro
Published: April 2010

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been infused in hundreds of patients to date, with minimal reported side effects. However, follow-up is limited and long-term side effects are unknown. Because several animal models have raised safety concerns, we sought to develop a system allowing control over the growth and survival of MSCs used therapeutically. We have previously described a suicide system based on an inducible caspase-9 (iCasp9) protein that is activated using a specific chemical inducer of dimerization (CID), analogs of which have been safely tested in a phase I study. Here, we show that MSCs can be easily transduced with this system and selected to high purity (greater than 97%) with clinical grade immunomagnetic procedures. The transduced cells maintain their basic physiology, including expression of surface antigens (such as positivity for CD73, CD90, and CD105, and negativity for hematopoietic markers) and their potential to differentiate into diverse connective tissue lineages (adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondroblasts). Those cells and their differentiated progeny can be selectively eliminated in vitro or in vivo within 24 hours after exposure to pharmacological levels of CID, with evidence of apoptosis in more than 95% of iCasp9-positive cells. In conclusion, we have developed directed MSC killing to provide a necessary safety mechanism for therapies using progenitor cells. We believe that this approach will become of increasing value as clinical applications for MSCs develop further.
The mental representation of bilingualism
Authors: Riehl Claudia Maria
Published: April 2010

This article addresses the question of how different languages are represented in our memory and how bilingual speakers access these languages in language production. The first section discusses diverse approaches to language storage. It introduces a model that considers connections between different levels of language representation, i.e., conceptual and lexical features, morpho‐syntactic information, and phonological patterns. The second section is concerned with access to different languages: the focus here is on language production and models of interactive activation. The next section focuses on control mechanisms that are capable of inhibiting one language while the other is spoken. These theoretical assumptions are illustrated by authentic speech production data that provide insights into the cognitive workings of bilingual speakers. Finally, differences in mental representation due to age of acquisition or language proficiency are discussed and explained by dissimilarities in memory types and neural processes of knowledge activation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain
Upregulation of the PRB1 gene in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae rim101Δ mutant produces proteolytic artefacts that differentially affect some proteins
Authors: Pérez Jacqueline , Gómez Alberto , Roncero César
Published: April 2010

Proteolytic degradation during protein processing in yeast is usually prevented by the addition of protease inhibitors or strict cooling of the samples. In this report we show that, while these precautions are sufficient for some strains, they are clearly insufficient for others. Specifically, we show that the stability of some proteins, such as Slt2p or Chs4p, but not others, is severely compromised in the rim101Δ mutant due to the upregulation of the PRB1 gene, which leads to higher levels of proteinase B activity. This degradation can be almost completely prevented by an overdose of subtilisin‐like protease inhibitors, such as PMSF, or by avoiding cell freezing. Growth under other conditions that increase proteinase B activity also leads to the differential degradation of some proteins. Here, analysis of several commercial protease inhibitor cocktails indicated that all of them lacked enough subtilisin‐like protease inhibitors to prevent any excess of proteinase B activity. Therefore, much stricter experimental protocols than those routinely used are necessary to prevent the artefactual interpretation of protein levels in strains or conditions that increase proteinase B activity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanics of isotropic elastic‐plastic flow in pressure‐sensitive damaging bodies under finite strains – revisited
Authors: Raniecki B. , Nguyen H. V.
Published: April 2010

The general theoretical framework for modeling the plastic flow at finite strain is reconsidered. The Eckard‐Mandel concept of multiplicative decomposition of the total deformation tensor is used together with the logarithmic elastic strain measure as external state variable. The rate constitutive relations formulated in the mobile Lagrangian description are transformed to the form appropriate for application of updated Lagrangian numerical techniques. This exhibits the structure of plastic increment of total strain (defined in Hill‐Rice Lagrangian first order plasticity theory) following from application of multiplicative decomposition of the deformation tensor. The rate equations are reduced to the fairly simple form by making plausible physical assumptions concerning deformation behavior of real plastically deformed non‐rubber like materials. Since most of such materials exhibits small distortional elastic strains, and possibly large dilatational deformation under sufficiently high pressure, the postulated mathematical form of elastic shear strain energy function is the same as in usual infinitesimal theories. The general method for incorporation of the pressure sensitivity (including hydrodynamic behaviour of metals at high pressure) and possible damage into the framework of the usual theory of plasticity is discussed. The material (the derived non‐associated flow law) and the mechanical descriptions are combined through the relevant bridging equation and the simple choice of the orientation of material element in the conceptual unloaded configuration (vanishing spin of permanent strains). The general rate boundary value problem is formulated and estimation method of the primary bifurcation state is revived.
Causes and Treatment of Recurrent Hyperparathyroidism After Subtotal Parathyroidectomy in the Presence of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1
Authors: Balsalobre Salmeron Maria D. , Rodriguez Gonzalez Jose Manuel , Sancho Fornos Joan , Goday Albert , Torregrosa Perez Nuria Maria , Rios Zambudio Antonio , Parrilla Paricio Pascual , Sitges Serra Antonio
Published: April 2010

Background

Subtotal parathyroidectomy (SPTX) is the treatment of choice for hyperparathyroidism in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (HPT‐MEN‐1). There are scarce data on the causes, timing, and appropriate surgical treatment of patients with recurrent HPT‐MEN‐1. The aim of this study was to investigate the timing, causes, site of recurrence, and surgical treatment of recurrent HPT‐MEN‐1 in patients who underwent SPTX.

Methods

The study was a retrospective review of prospectively collected data on patients with HPT‐MEN‐1 with SPTX at two referral institutions. The data collected included the following: demographics, duration of follow‐up, weight of resected parathyroid tissue, type of remnant, time to reoperation, cause/site of recurrence, and surgical treatment. We studied prognostic factors of recurrence.

Results

A total of 69 patients underwent SPTX and were followed for a mean of 75.3 months. After the surgery, 15 patients were left with a single “normal” gland and 54 with a 50‐ to 70‐mg remnant of a partially excised abnormal gland. Nine patients (13%) had a recurrence within a mean of 85 months (12–144 months). Patients with a recurrence had been followed longer (115 vs. 66 months; p = 0.005). Five recurrences occurred in a parathyroid remnant, 3 in a previously “normal” gland; the fifth recurrence was in both a hyperplastic remnant and a fifth gland. Remedial surgery included five subtotal resections and four immediate parathyroid autotransplantations. Two patients had a second recurrence due to a supernumerary gland. Factors related with recurrence are the follow‐up time (p < 0.01) and thymectomy (p < 0.003).

Conclusions

Recurrence of HPTP‐MEN‐1 usually is located in preserved parathyroid tissue with no preference for a previously normal gland or a remnant. A second recurrence is most likely seen in a supernumerary gland. Recurrence is associated with the follow‐up time and thymectomy.
Functional characterization of the novel intronic nucleotide change c.288+9C>T within the BCKDHA gene: understanding a variant presentation of maple syrup urine disease
Authors: Fernández‐Guerra Paula , Navarrete Rosa , Weisiger Kara , Desviat Lourdes R. , Packman Seymour , Ugarte Magdalena , Rodríguez‐Pombo Pilar
Published: April 2010

Mutations in any of the three different genes—BCKDHA, BCKDHB, and DBT—encoding for the E1α, E1β, and E2 catalytic components of the branched‐chain α‐ketoacid dehydrogenase complex can cause maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). Disease severity ranges from the classic to the mildest variant types and precise genotypes, mostly based on missense mutations, have been associated to the less severe presentations of the disease. Herein, we examine the consequences at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level of the novel intronic alteration c.288+9C>T found in heterozygous fashion in a BCKDHA variant MSUD patient who also carries the nucleotide change c.745G>A (p.Gly249Ser), previously described as a severe change. Direct analysis of the processed transcripts from the patient showed—in addition to a low but measurable level of normal mRNA product—an aberrantly spliced mRNA containing a 7‐bp fragment of intron 2, which could be rescued when the patient's cells were treated with emetine. This aberrant transcript with a premature stop codon would be unstable, supporting the possible activation of nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay pathway. Consistent with this finding, minigene splicing assays demonstrated that the point mutation c.288+9C>T is sufficient to create a cryptic splice site and cause the observed 7‐bp insertion. Furthermore, our results strongly suggest that the c.288+9C>T allele in the patient generates both normal and aberrant transcripts that could sustain the variant presentation of the disease, highlighting the importance of correct genotyping to establish genotype–phenotype correlations and as basis for the development of therapeutic interventions.
Determination of In‐Shell Peanut Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Using Near‐Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy
Authors: Sundaram Jaya , Kandala Chari V. , Holser Ronald A. , Butts Christopher L. , Windham William R.
Published: April 2010

NIR reflectance spectroscopy was used to analyze the total oil and fatty acid concentration of Virginia and Valencia types of in‐shell peanuts rapidly and nondestructively. NIR absorbance spectra were collected in the wavelength range from 400 to 2,500 nm using a NIR instrument. Average total oil concentrations of all samples were determined by a standard Soxtec extraction method. Fatty acids were converted to the corresponding methyl esters and measured using gas chromatography. Partial least squares analysis was performed on the calibration set, and models were developed for predicting total oil and fatty acids. The best model was selected based on coefficient of determination (R2), standard error of prediction, and residual percent deviation (RPD) values. Virginia‐type in‐shell peanuts had RPD values of >5.0 for both absorbance and reflectance models, indicating that the method could be used for quality control and analysis. Valencia peanuts had an RPD value of 3.01, which indicates that the model is good for initial screening purposes. For both types of peanuts, fatty acid prediction gave RPD values of <5 for all the models, indicating they could be used for initial screening purposes.
Neuroticism and psychological distress: To what extent is their association due to person-environment correlation?
Authors: Ploubidis G.B. , Frangou S.
Published: April 2010

Objective

To examine to what extent the association between neuroticism and psychological distress is related to individuals’ inherent vulnerability or their tendency to self-select high-risk environments or situations.

Method

Data was drawn from both waves (1984/1985 and 1991) of the Health and Lifestyle Survey. Psychological distress was evaluated using the 30-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30) and neuroticism was assessed with the Eysenck Personality Inventory. A checklist of life events was completed in the second wave only. A Latent State Trait model was estimated to decompose psychological distress into its environmental-contextual and individual-specific components.

Results

Neuroticism accounted for 31 and 10% respectively of the variance of the environmental-contextual and individual-specific psychological distress components.

Conclusions

Our results favour the notion that individuals with high-levels of neuroticism tend to self-select situations likely to lead to adversity and distress.
Motor activity in depressed patients during therapeutic sleep deprivation
Authors: Brückner T.U. , Wiegand M.H.
Published: April 2010

Problem

Both sleep and motor activity have a bidirectional relationship with depression. The existing literature on motor activity during therapeutic sleep deprivation in depressed patients is inconsistent and fragmentary. In the present study we measured motor activity continuously during 40 hours of sleep deprivation in depressed patients.

Method

Thirty-four inpatients suffering from a major depression (DSM-IV) underwent sleep deprivation with a continuous waking period of 40 hours. Motor activity of the patients was continuously recorded using an actigraph on the non-dominant wrist. The effect of sleep deprivation was assessed by the Hamilton Depression Scale (six-item version), thus separating the group into responders and non-responders to sleep deprivation.

Results

We found no significant differences in motor activity between responders and non-responders on the day before sleep deprivation. During the night, responders to sleep deprivation exhibited a higher motor activity and less periods of rest. On the day after sleep deprivation, responders exhibited a higher activity, too.

Conclusions

Motor activity levels differ between the two groups, thus giving more insight into possible mechanisms of action of the therapeutic sleep deprivation. We suggest that higher motor activity during the night prevents naps and leads to better response to sleep deprivation.
Strategic Online and Offline Retail Pricing: A Review and Research Agenda
Authors: Grewal Dhruv , Janakiraman Ramkumar , Kalyanam Kirthi , Kannan P.K. , Ratchford Brian , Song Reo , Tolerico Stephen
Published: April 2010

In the increasingly complex retailing environment, more and more retailers operate in more than one channel, such as brick-and-mortar, catalogs, and online. Success in this dynamic environment relies on the strategic management and coordination of both online and offline pricing. This article provides an overview of findings from past research in both offline and online domains and presents an organizing framework, as well as an agenda to spur additional research.
Implementing a National Policy Initiative to Support Normal Birth: Lessons From the All Wales Clinical Pathway for Normal Labour
Authors: Hunter Billie
Published: April 2010

Introduction: This article discusses findings from an ethnographic study of a national policy initiative in Wales, United Kingdom. The policy aimed to decrease the caesarean section rate and increase the number of normal births by implementing a clinical pathway for normal labour. The aim of this study was to explore the real life experiences of those involved in the development and use of the policy.

Methods: A range of qualitative methods was used, including observation, semistructured interviews, focus groups, and documentary analysis. Data were collected from midwives, doctors, midwifery managers, and mothers. Field notes and transcripts were thematically analysed.

Results: The article discusses aspects of the findings related to the early stages of policy formation and development, including the initial phase of national implementation. It considers the challenges presented by creating national policies, discussing positive and negative aspects of the process.

Discussion: The key themes discussed are effective consultation and involvement, group processes, “ownership,” reaching consensus, and the need for ongoing support. Issues of relevance to maternity care providers in other cultural locations are discussed and recommendations are made.

J Midwifery Womens Health 2010;55:226–233 c̊ 2010 by the American College of Nurse‐Midwives.