bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multimodal Treatment of Patients with Mental Symptom Load: A Pre–Post Comparison
Authors: Melchart Dieter , Fischer Volker , Dai Jingzhang , Hager Stefan , Dersch Lisa , Bachmeier Beatrice
Published: October 2019

The Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Hospital in Bad Kötzting, Germany, is treating chronically ill patients, covering a broad range of indications. The aim of this study was to prove the efficacy of a multimodal intervention combining mainstream medicine with TCM treatments on the severity of psychopathological symptoms. Out of 966 patients with chronic psychosomatic disease treated 2017 at the TCM Hospital, we selected 759 patients according to specific criteria and analyzed the outcomes after multimodal intervention. The patients completed a validated questionnaire (International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD) Symptom-Rating-(ISR)) at admission, discharge, and follow-up. The most frequent ICD-10 diagnoses were “diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue” (28.5%), “mental and behavioral disorders” (23.7%), and “diseases of the nervous system” (13.8%). Regarding ISR symptom load, “depressive syndrome” and “anxiety syndrome” were the leading burdens showing remissions of about 40%–60% with moderate (0.588) to strong (1.115) effect sizes (Cohen’s d) after treatment. ISR total scores at discharge and follow-up were remarkably lower after intervention (0.64 and 0.75, respectively) compared to 1.02 at admission with moderate to strong effect sizes (0.512–0.815). These findings indicate a clinically relevant relief from mental symptom load after intervention with lasting clinical effects for at least six months.
Determinants of Nocturnal Cardiovascular Variability and Heart Rate Arousal Response in Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)/Periodic Limb Movements (PLMS)
Authors: Sforza Emilia , Roche Frédéric , Pichot Vincent
Published: October 2019

Recent studies have suggested that restless legs syndrome is associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases mediated by sympathetic activation occurring during periodic limb movements. The aim of this study was to establish which factors affect the degree of sympathetic activation during the basal condition and during periodic limb movements that may contribute to increased vascular risk. Fifty untreated restless legs syndrome patients aged 62.6 ± 11.1 y, free of cardiovascular diseases, were examined. Heart rate variability was calculated during wakefulness and all sleep stages, during periods with and without periodic limb movements. Heart rate changes before and after periodic limb movement onset were analyzed to assess the arousal response to periodic limb movements. Both analyses took into account the effects of age, gender, periodic limb movement duration, periodic limb movement index, periodic limb movement interval and periodicity, and magnitude of muscular activity (electromyogram power). Compared to periods without periodic limb movements, a significant increase in sympathetic activity occurred in periods with periodic limb movements, independent of age, sex and periodic limb movement characteristics. Data obtained from the cardiac arousal response to periodic limb movements showed that electromyogram power is the factor affecting sympathetic tonus. These results suggest that other factors, such as electromyogram power and individual susceptibility, should be considered in the assessment of the vascular risk related to restless legs syndrome.
Native Nephrectomy before and after Renal Transplantation in Patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
Authors: Maxeiner Andreas , Bichmann Anna , Oberländer Natalie , El-Bandar Nasrin , Sugünes Nesrin , Ralla Bernhard , Biernath Nadine , Liefeldt Lutz , Budde Klemens , Giessing Markus , Schlomm Thorsten , Friedersdorff Frank
Published: October 2019

The aim of this study was 1) to evaluate and compare pre-, peri-, and post-operative data of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) patients undergoing native nephrectomy (NN) either before or after renal transplantation and 2) to identify advantages of optimal surgical timing, postoperative outcomes, and economical aspects in a tertiary transplant centre. This retrospective analysis included 121 patients divided into two groups—group 1: patients who underwent NN prior to receiving a kidney transplant (n = 89) and group 2: patients who underwent NN post-transplant (n = 32). Data analysis was performed according to demographic patient details, surgical indication, laboratory parameters, perioperative complications, underlying pathology, and associated mortality. There was no significant difference in patient demographics between the groups, however right-sided nephrectomy was performed predominantly within group 1. The main indication in both groups undergoing a nephrectomy was pain. Patients among group 2 had no postoperative kidney failure and a significantly shorter hospital stay. Higher rates of more severe complications were observed in group 1, even though this was not statistically significant. Even though the differences between both groups were substantial, the time of NN prior or post-transplant does not seem to affect short-term and long-term transplantation outcomes. Retroperitoneal NN remains a low risk treatment option in patients with symptomatic ADPKD and can be performed either pre- or post-kidney transplantation depending on patients’ symptom severity.
Survival of Self-Replicating Molecules under Transient Compartmentalization with Natural Selection
Authors: Laurent Gabin , Peliti Luca , Lacoste David
Published: October 2019

The problem of the emergence and survival of self-replicating molecules in origin-of-life scenarios is plagued by the error catastrophe, which is usually escaped by considering effects of compartmentalization, as in the stochastic corrector model. By addressing the problem in a simple system composed of a self-replicating molecule (a replicase) and a parasite molecule that needs the replicase for copying itself, we show that transient (rather than permanent) compartmentalization is sufficient to the task. We also exhibit a regime in which the concentrations of the two kinds of molecules undergo sustained oscillations. Our model should be relevant not only for origin-of-life scenarios but also for describing directed evolution experiments, which increasingly rely on transient compartmentalization with pooling and natural selection.
3-{[(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)amino]methyl}-5-(furan-2-ylmethylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione
Authors: Uwabagira Nadine , Sarojini Balladka Kunhana
Published: October 2019

The compound 3-{[(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)amino]methyl}-5-(furan-2-ylmethylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione has been designed, synthesized, and screened for its in vitro antibreast cancer activity, using human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MCF-7) and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. By hemolysis assay, it showed that it has a nonhemolytic and nontoxic effect on human blood cell. The title compound 5, subjected to in vitro activities, showed that it is cytotoxic with an IC50 of 42.30 µM and a good anti-inflammatory agent. The docking results against cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) (PDB ID: 3QQK) gave insights on its inhibitory activity.
Fatigue Assessment Strategy Using Bayesian Techniques
Authors: Castillo Enrique , Muniz-Calvente Miguel , Fernández-Canteli Alfonso , Blasón Sergio
Published: October 2019

Different empirical models have been proposed in the literature to determine the fatigue strength as a function of lifetime, according to linear, parabolic, hyperbolic, exponential, and other shaped solutions. However, most of them imply a deterministic definition of the S-N field, despite the inherent scatter exhibited by the fatigue results issuing from experimental campaigns. In this work, the Bayesian theory is presented as a suitable way not only to convert deterministic into probabilistic models, but to enhance probabilistic fatigue models with the statistical distribution of the percentile curves of failure probability interpreted as their confidence bands. After a short introduction about the application of the Bayesian methodology, its advantageous implementation on an OpenSource software named OpenBUGS is presented. As a practical example, this methodology has been applied to the statistical analysis of the Maennig fatigue S-N field data using the Weibull regression model proposed by Castillo and Canteli, which allows the confidence bands of the S-N field to be determined as a function of the already available test results. Finally, a question of general interest is discussed as that concerned to the recommendable number of tests to carry out in an experimental S-N fatigue program for achieving “reliable or confident” results to be subsequently used in component design, which, generally, is not adequately and practically addressed by researchers.
Preparation and Properties of Graphene/Nickel Composite Coating Based on Textured Surface of Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Xu Linhong , Wang Ruidong , Gen Meijie , Lu Luhua , Han Guangchao
Published: October 2019

This study carried out a novel duplex surface treatment on aluminum alloy base to explore the potential improvement of wear and corrosion resistance. Regular arrayed dimple surface texture (DST) and groove surface texture (GST) were fabricated by using laser processing on 6065 aluminum alloy matrix (6065Al). Electrochemical deposition of Ni and Graphene/Ni coatings on textured surface was then performed in electrolytes with concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg graphene. Surface morphology such as diameter of dimple and width of groove measured by C-PSCN stereo microscope presents addition of graphene helps to refine and homogenize the coating. Corrosion resistant properties of the duplex surface treatment were examined by electrochemical corrosion tests and wear resistant properties were tested by UMT-Tribo Lab friction and wear tester in a dry sliding condition at room temperature. Electrochemical corrosion tests results show that the corrosion resistance of samples is related to the specific surface texture and the dimple texture can improve the electrical corrosion parameters, such as the electrode potential, greatly. Friction and wear tests show that the textured Gr/Ni electroplating coating with the 1.5 mg graphene content has best wear properties under vertical friction and each index, such as the coefficient of friction and wear trace width, are superior to other conditions of samples.
Elastic Mechanical Properties of 45S5-Based Bioactive Glass–Ceramic Scaffolds
Authors: Baino Francesco , Fiume Elisa
Published: October 2019

Porosity is recognized to play a key role in dictating the functional properties of bioactive scaffolds, especially the mechanical performance of the material. The mechanical suitability of brittle ceramic and glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications is usually evaluated on the basis of the compressive strength alone, which is relatively easy to assess. This work aims to investigate the porosity dependence of the elastic properties of silicate scaffolds based on the 45S5 composition. Highly porous glass–ceramic foams were fabricated by the sponge replica method and their elastic modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio were experimentally determined by the impulse excitation technique; furthermore, the failure strength was quantified by compressive tests. As the total fractional porosity increased from 0.52 to 0.86, the elastic and shear moduli decreased from 16.5 to 1.2 GPa and from 6.5 to 0.43 GPa, respectively; the compressive strength was also found to decrease from 3.4 to 0.58 MPa, whereas the Poisson’s ratio increased from 0.2692 to 0.3953. The porosity dependences of elastic modulus, shear modulus and compressive strength obeys power-law models, whereas the relationship between Poisson’s ratio and porosity can be described by a linear approximation. These relations can be useful to optimize the design and fabrication of porous biomaterials as well as to predict the mechanical properties of the scaffolds.
Permeable Nanomontmorillonite and Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Binders
Authors: Papatzani Styliani , Grammatikos Sotirios , Paine Kevin
Published: October 2019

Clinker reduction in cementitious binders is of paramount importance today, and nanotechnology has extended permissible limits. In the present study, a reference binder consisting of 60% Portland cement, 20% limestone, 20% fly ash, 3% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibres and 2% superplasticizer is optimized with three different types of nano-montmorillonite (nMt) dispersions; two organomodified ones and an inorganic one at different proportions (0.5% to 4%). Flexural strength, measured on day 7, 28, 56 and 90, was improved after day 28 with the addition of inorganic nMt. Thermal gravimetric analyses carried out on day 7, 28, 56 and 90 coupled with x-ray diffraction (at day 28) showed a distinctively enhanced pozzolanic reaction. Backscattered electron imaging confirmed changes in the microstructure. Late age relative density measurements of the nMt cementitious nanocomposites showed higher values than these of the reference paste, which can be attributed to better particle packing. Mercury intrusion porosimetry measurements give support to the optimal nMt dosage, being 1% by total mass of binder and water impermeability tests (modified with BS EN 492:2012) suggest that inorganic nMt can be a viable option material where permeability constitutes a prerequisite. Suggestions for further activation of the nMt-fibre reinforced cementitious nanocomposites were also made.
Analysis of Cryogenic Impact Properties for a Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Dicyclopentadiene with a Different Amount of Decelerator Solution
Authors: Jeon Ji Ho , Lee Woo Il , Choi Jong Min , Choi Sung Woong
Published: October 2019

Composites using dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) as a matrix have gained significant popularity owing to their excellent impact and chemical corrosion resistance. In the present study, experiments addressing the impact behavior of glass-fiber-reinforced DCPD were conducted to quantitatively evaluate its impact properties. The glass-fiber-reinforced polydicyclopentadiene composite utilized in impact tests was manufactured using structural reaction injection molding (S-RIM) because of its fast curing characteristics and low viscosity. The impact properties of the glass-fiber-reinforced DCPD (GF/DCPD) were quantitatively evaluated by varying its fiber content and decelerator solution. The impact properties of neat DCPD and GF/DCPD composites were examined with different amounts of decelerator solution under various temperatures from room temperature to cryogenic temperature to observe the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT). With an increase in the fiber weight fraction of the GF/DCPD composite, the effect of the DBTT significantly decreased. However, the decreasing rate retarded as the weight fraction of the GF increased. The decreased DBTT with the addition of GF in the GF/DCPD can be attributed to the differences in the thermal expansion ratio and the interfacial force between neat DCPD and the fiber. A fractograph analysis demonstrates that the effect of the brittle (smooth) surface resulted in a lower impact absorbed energy when the temperature decreased, along with the increased amount of the decelerator.
NanoDefiner e-Tool: An Implemented Decision Support Framework for Nanomaterial Identification
Authors: Brüngel Raphael , Rückert Johannes , Wohlleben Wendel , Babick Frank , Ghanem Antoine , Gaillard Claire , Mech Agnieszka , Rauscher Hubert , Hodoroaba Vasile-Dan , Weigel Stefan , Friedrich Christoph
Published: October 2019

The European Commission’s recommendation on the definition of nanomaterial (2011/696/EU) established an applicable standard for material categorization. However, manufacturers face regulatory challenges during registration of their products. Reliable categorization is difficult and requires considerable expertise in existing measurement techniques (MTs). Additionally, organizational complexity is increased as different authorities’ registration processes require distinct reporting. The NanoDefine project tackled these obstacles by providing the NanoDefiner e-tool: A decision support expert system for nanomaterial identification in a regulatory context. It provides MT recommendations for categorization of specific materials using a tiered approach (screening/confirmatory), and was constructed with experts from academia and industry to be extensible, interoperable, and adaptable for forthcoming revisions of the nanomaterial definition. An implemented MT-driven material categorization scheme allows detailed description. Its guided workflow is suitable for a variety of user groups. Direct feedback and explanation enable transparent decisions. Expert knowledge is held in a knowledge base for representation of MT performance criteria and physicochemical particle type properties. Continuous revision ensured data quality and validity. Recommendations were validated by independent case studies on industry-relevant particulate materials. Besides supporting material identification and registration, the free and open-source e-tool may serve as template for other expert systems within the nanoscience domain.
Towards Image Classification with Machine Learning Methodologies for Smartphones
Authors: Zhu Lili , Spachos Petros
Published: October 2019

Recent developments in machine learning engendered many algorithms designed to solve diverse problems. More complicated tasks can be solved since numerous features included in much larger datasets are extracted by deep learning architectures. The prevailing transfer learning method in recent years enables researchers and engineers to conduct experiments within limited computing and time constraints. In this paper, we evaluated traditional machine learning, deep learning and transfer learning methodologies to compare their characteristics by training and testing on a butterfly dataset, and determined the optimal model to deploy in an Android application. The application can detect the category of a butterfly by either capturing a real-time picture of a butterfly or choosing one picture from the mobile gallery.
Gelatin and Antioxidant Peptides from Gelatin Hydrolysate of Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) Scales: Preparation, Identification and Activity Evaluation
Authors: Qiu Yi-Ting , Wang Yu-Mei , Yang Xiu-Rong , Zhao Yu-Qin , Chi Chang-Feng , Wang Bin
Published: October 2019

For full use of fish by-products, scale gelatin (TG) and antioxidant peptides (APs) of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) were prepared, and their properties were characterized using an amino acid analyzer, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electrospray ionization mass spectrometers (ESI-MS), and radical scavenging assays. The results indicate that TG with a yield of 3.46 ± 0.27% contained Gly (327.9 ± 5.2 residues/1000 residues) as the major amino acid and its imino acid content was 196.1 residues/1000 residues. The structure of TG was more unstable than that of type I collagen from scales of skipjack tuna (TC) and TG was more suitable for preparation of hydrolysate by protease than mammalian gelatins. Therefore, TG was separately hydrolyzed under five proteases (pepsin, papain, trypsin, neutrase, and alcalase) and ten APs (TGP1–TGP10) were isolated from the alcalase-hydrolysate. Among them, TGP5, TGP7, and TGP9 with high antioxidant activity were identified as His-Gly-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Glu (TGP5), Asp-Gly-Pro-Lys-Gly-His (TGP7) and Met-Leu-Gly-Pro-Phe-Gly-Pro-Ser (TGP9), respectively. Furthermore, TGP5, TGP7, and TGP9 exhibited a high radical scavenging capability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical (EC50 values of 1.34, 0.54, and 0.67 mg/mL, respectively), hydroxyl radical (EC50 values of 1.03, 0.41, and 0.74 mg/mL, respectively), and superoxide anion radical (EC50 values of 1.19, 0.71, and 1.59 mg/mL, respectively). These results suggest that three APs (TGP5, TGP7, and TGP9), especially TGP7, have a strong antioxidant activity and could act as potential antioxidant ingredients applied in functional products.
Infectious Complications Following Kidney Transplantation—A Focus on Hepatitis C Infection, Cytomegalovirus Infection and Novel Developments in the Gut Microbiota
Authors: Chan Samuel , Isbel Nicole M , Hawley Carmel M , Campbell Scott B , Campbell Katrina L , Morrison Mark , Francis Ross S , Playford E Geoffrey , Johnson David W
Published: October 2019

The incidence of infectious complications, compared with the general population and the pre-transplant status of the recipient, increases substantially following kidney transplantation, causing significant morbidity and mortality. The potent immunosuppressive therapy given to prevent graft rejection in kidney transplant recipients results in an increased susceptibility to a wide range of opportunistic infections including bacterial, viral and fungal infections. Over the last five years, several advances have occurred that may have changed the burden of infectious complications in kidney transplant recipients. Due to the availability of direct-acting antivirals to manage donor-derived hepatitis C infection, this has opened the way for donors with hepatitis C infection to be considered in the donation process. In addition, there have been the development of medications targeting the growing burden of resistant cytomegalovirus, as well as the discovery of the potentially important role of the gastrointestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of post-transplant infection. In this narrative review, we will discuss these three advances and their potential implications for clinical practice.
Progress and Perspectives on Ceramic Membranes for Solvent Recovery
Authors: Ruthusree Senthilnathan , Sundarrajan Subramanian , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: October 2019

With the increase in demand for commodities in the world, it is advisable to conserve resources. In the case of liquid wastes generated from pharmaceutical and petroleum industries, an unconventional solution is provided for the regeneration of solvents. However, this solvent recovery can be carried out using various efficient methods. Recently, Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMM) obtained by the addition of nanoparticles into a polymer matrix as reinforcements, or using a material with a well-defined inorganic network as a membrane like zeolite, silica based, Zeolite imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) and Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), were explored for a solvent recovery process. These membranes possess characteristics such as high selectivity, flux and stability at various environmental conditions for the solvent recovery process. In this review, we have covered the polymer, nanocomposites, and ceramic membranes for solvent recovery through the pervaporation and organic solvent nanofiltration processes. The key challenges faced by the materials such as MOFs, zeolite, silica, zeolite and ZIFs when they are fabricated (through in situ synthesis or secondary growth process) as membranes and separation of solvents to explore for the solvent recovery process are reviewed.
The Absence of Pyruvate Kinase Affects Glucose-Dependent Carbon Catabolite Repression in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Sousa Joana , Westhoff Philipp , Methling Karen , Lalk Michael
Published: October 2019

Pyruvate is a key intermediate of diverse metabolic pathways of central carbon metabolism. In addition to being the end product of glycolysis, pyruvate is an essential carbon distribution point to oxidative metabolism, amino acid and fatty acid syntheses, and overflow metabolite production. Hence, a tight regulation of pyruvate kinase (Pyk) activity is of great importance. This study aimed to analyze targeted metabolites from several pathways and possible changes in Bacillus subtilis lacking Pyk. Wild type and Δpyk cells were cultivated in chemically defined medium with glucose and pyruvate as carbon sources, and the extracted metabolites were analyzed by 1H-NMR, GC-MS, HPLC-MS, and LC-MS/MS. The results showed that the perturbation created in the pyruvate node drove an adaptation to new conditions by altering the nutritional compounds’ consumption. In Δpyk, pyruvate, which is subject to glucose-dependent carbon catabolite repression, did not comply with the hierarchy in carbon source utilization. Other metabolic alterations were observed such as the higher secretion of the overflow metabolites acetoin and 2,3-butanediol by Δpyk. Our results help to elucidate the regulatory transport of glucose and pyruvate in B. subtilis and possible metabolic reroute to alternative pathways in the absence of Pyk.
Lapping and Polishing of Crystalline KY(WO4)2: Toward High Refractive Index Contrast Slab Waveguides
Authors: van Emmerik Carlijn , Kooijman Roy , Dijkstra Meindert , Garcia-Blanco Sonia
Published: October 2019

Rare-earth ion-doped potassium yttrium double tungstate, RE:KY(WO4)2, is a promising candidate for small, power-efficient, on-chip lasers and amplifiers. Thin KY(WO4)2-on-glass layers with thicknesses ranging between 0.9 and 1.6 μm are required to realize on-chip lasers based on high refractive index contrast waveguides operating between 1.55 and 3.00 µm. The crystalline nature of KY(WO4)2 makes the growth of thin, defect-free layers on amorphous glass substrates impossible. Heterogeneous integration is one of the promising approaches to achieve thin KY(WO4)2-on-glass layers. In this process, crystal samples, with a thickness of 1 mm, are bonded onto a glass substrate and thinned down with an extensive lapping and polishing procedure to the desired final thickness. In this study, a lapping and polishing process for KY(WO4)2 was developed toward the realization of integrated active optical devices in this material.
A Novel Method for Improving Low-Temperature Flotation Performance of Nonpolar Oil in the Molybdenite Flotation
Authors: Wan He , Qu Juanping , Li Hui , He Tingshu , Bu Xianzhong , Yang Wei
Published: October 2019

Nonpolar hydrocarbon oil (NHO) is one of the most extensively used collectors in the flotation of molybdenite due to its excellent selectivity. However, NHO has low sensibility at pulp temperature. At low temperatures (<283 K), although more kerosene is used, the recovery of molybdenite flotation is still lower than at room temperature. In this study, magnetizing treatment, which is an efficient, low-cost, innovative, and environmentally friendly emulsification method, was used to improve the flotation performance of NHO in low-temperature molybdenite flotation. The test results showed that, compared with unmagnetized kerosene (UMK), the optimum dosage of magnetized kerosene (MK) could be reduced by 11% at 298 K. At the same dosage of kerosene, the flotation recovery of MK was 3% higher than UMK at 278 K. The surface tension measurement results showed that the surface tension of MK rose periodically as the magnetic field intensity increased, and there was a maximum surface tension within each period. Further, the magnetic field intensity had the maximum flotation recovery of molybdenite at the maximum surface tension of MK. Combined with the analysis based on the Girifalco–Good theory and the static drop volume method of interfacial tension, the interfacial tension of kerosene–water was shown to decrease with the increase of the surface tension of kerosene. This finding indicates that the dispersibility of kerosene in pulp could be improved by reducing the size of oil droplets, thereby improving the molybdenite flotation recovery of kerosene at low-temperature pulp. It is helpful to improve the flotation recovery of molybdenite using NHO as a collector for low-temperature pulp (<283 K).
Considerations when Measuring Biocatalyst Performance
Authors: Dias Gomes Mafalda , Woodley John M.
Published: October 2019

As biocatalysis matures, it becomes increasingly important to establish methods with which to measure biocatalyst performance. Such measurements are important to assess immobilization strategies, different operating modes, and reactor configurations, aside from comparing protein engineered variants and benchmarking against economic targets. While conventional measurement techniques focus on a single performance metric (such as the total turnover number), here, it is argued that three metrics (achievable product concentration, productivity, and enzyme stability) are required for an accurate assessment of scalability.
A Single Standard to Determine Multi-Components Method Coupled with Chemometric Methods for the Quantification, Evaluation and Classification of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix from Different Regions
Authors: Yu Xie-An , Li Jin , Azietaku John Teye , Liu Wei , He Jun , Chang Yan-Xu
Published: October 2019

An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry is used to identify 33 compounds in Notopterygii rhizoma and radix, after which a single standard to determine multi-components method is established for the simultaneous determination of 19 compounds in Notopterygii rhizoma and radix using chlorogenic acid and notopterol as the internal standard. To screen the potential chemical markers among Notopterygii rhizoma and radix planted in its natural germination area and in others, the quantitative data of 19 compounds are analyzed via partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS–DA). Depending on the variable importance parameters (VIP) value of PLS–DA, six compounds are selected to be the potential chemical markers for the discrimination of Notopterygii rhizoma and radix planted in the different regions. Furthermore, the Fisher’s discriminant analysis is used to build the models that are used to classify Notopterygii rhizoma and radix from the different regions based on the six chemical markers. Experimental results indicate that Notopterygii rhizoma and radix planted in the Sichuan province are distinguished successfully from those in other regions, reaching a 96.0% accuracy rating. Therefore, a single standard to determine multi-components method combined with a chemometrics method, which contains the advantages such as simple, rapid, economical and accurate identification, offers a new perspective for the quantification, evaluation and classification of Notopterygii rhizoma and radix from the different regions.
Differential Mechanism of ATP Production Occurs in Response to Succinylacetone in Colon Cancer Cells
Authors: Lee Phil Jun , Woo Seung Je , Yoo Hee Min , Cho Namki , Kim Hong Pyo
Published: October 2019

Our aim was to verify the potential ability of succinylacetone (SA) to inhibit mitochondrial function, thereby suppressing cancer cell proliferation. SA treatment caused apoptosis in HCT116 and HT29 cells, but not in SW480 cells, with mitochondria playing a key role. We checked for dysfunctional mitochondria after SA treatment. Mitochondria of HT29 cells were swollen, indicating damage, whereas in HCT116 cells, several mitochondria had a diminished size. Damaged mitochondria decreased ATP production and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells. To understand SA-induced reduction in ATP production, we investigated the electron transfer chains (ETC) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) activity, which prevents the transfer of acetyl-CoA to the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle by inhibiting PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase) activity. In each cell line, the inhibitory mechanism of ATP by SA was different. The activity of complex III consisting of the mitochondrial ETCs in HT29 cells was decreased. In contrast, PDH activity in HCT116 cells was reduced. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT)-removing reactive oxygen species (ROS) was upregulated in HT29 cells, but not in HCT116 cells, indicating that in HT29 cells, a defense mechanism was activated against ROS. Collectively, our study showed a differential mechanism occurs in response to SA in colon cancer cells.
Microwave-Assisted Brine Extraction for Enhancement of the Quantity and Quality of Lipid Production from Microalgae Nannochloropsis sp.
Authors: Zghaibi Nour , Omar Rozita , Mustapa Kamal Siti Mazlina , Awang Biak Dayang Radiah , Harun Razif
Published: October 2019

Toward attaining a sustainability and eco-friendly process, a green and low-cost solvent—brine (NaCl solution) is proposed, as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique solvent to extract lipids from microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. The effect of NaCl concentration on the quantity and quality of the extracted lipid was assessed, while MAE parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The content of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in the lipid was analyzed by using a gas chromatography—flame ionization detector (GC/FID). The highest lipid yield (16.1%) was obtained using 10% (w/v) brine at optimum extraction parameters of 5% (w/v) solid loading, 100 °C, and 30 min. The lipid extraction yield via optimized MAE-brine technique was thrice better than that Soxhlet extraction did and only 2% less than Bligh and Dyer (B&D) lipid extraction, which utilized harmful solvents. The proposed MAE-brine technique offered better quality lipids containing the highest amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (44.5%) and omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) (43%). Hence, the MAE-brine solvent technique appears to be a promising extraction method for cheaper, greener, and faster extraction of a high-quality lipid for specialty food applications.
Globular and Fibrous Proteins Modified with Deep Eutectic Solvents: Materials for Drug Delivery
Authors: Qu Wanwan , Häkkinen Riina , Allen Jack , D’Agostino Carmine , Abbott Andrew P.
Published: October 2019

Proteinaceous materials have numerous structures, many of which aid in the roles they perform. Some need to impart strength while others need elasticity or toughness. This study is the first to investigate the modification of both globular and fibrous protein, namely, zein, soy protein and gelatin, using deep eutectic solvents (DES) to form bioplastics, which may have application in drug delivery systems. The effects of DES content on the thermal and mechanical properties of the material were determined. Zein and soy are globular proteins, which both showed a significant change in the properties by the addition of DES. Both of these materials were, however, weaker and less ductile than the starch based materials previously reported in the literature. The material made from gelatin, a fibrous protein, showed variable properties depending on how long they were in contact with each other before pressing. Conductivity and NMR measurements indicate the existence of a continuous liquid phase, which are useful in the demonstrated application of transdermal drug delivery systems. It is shown that pharmaceutical DESs can be gelled with gelatin and this method is three times faster at delivering a pharmaceutical active ingredient across the skin barrier than from a corresponding solid formulation.
An Integrated Structural Air Electrode Based on Parallel Porous Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Arrays for Rechargeable Li–Air Batteries
Authors: Li Yu , Zhang Zhonglin , Duan Donghong , Han Yunxia , Wang Kunlei , Hao Xiaogang , Wang Junwen , Liu Shibin , Wu Fanhua
Published: October 2019

The poor discharge and charge capacities, and the cycle performance of current Li–air batteries represent critical obstacles to their practical application. The fabrication of an integrated structural air electrode with stable parallel micropore channels and excellent electrocatalytic activity is an efficient strategy for solving these problems. Herein, a novel approach involving the synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube (N-CNT) arrays on a carbon paper substrate with a conductive carbon-black layer for use as the air electrode is presented. This design achieves faster oxygen, lithium ion, and electron transfer, which allows higher oxygen reduction/evolution reaction activities. As a result, the N-CNT arrays (N/C = 1:20) deliver distinctly higher discharge and charge capacities, 2203 and 186 mAh g−1, than those of active carbons with capacities of 497 and 71 mAh g−1 at 0.05 mA cm−2, respectively. A theoretical analysis of the experimental results shows that the parallel micropore channels of the air electrode decrease oxygen diffusion resistance and lithium ion transfer resistance, enhancing the discharge and charge capacities and cycle performance of Li–air batteries. Additionally, the N-CNT arrays with a high pyridinic nitrogen content can decompose the lithium peroxide product and recover the electrode morphology, thereby further improving the discharge–charge performance of Li–air batteries.
Laser-Inscribed Stress-Induced Birefringence of Sapphire
Authors: Fan Hua , Ryu Meguya , Honda Reo , Morikawa Junko , Li Zhen-Ze , Wang Lei , Maksimovic Jovan , Juodkazis Saulius , Chen Qi-Dai , Sun Hong-Bo
Published: October 2019

Birefringence of 3 × 10 − 3 is demonstrated inside cross-sectional regions of 100 μ m, inscribed by axially stretched Bessel-beam-like fs-laser pulses along the c-axis inside sapphire. A high birefringence and retardance of λ / 4 at mid-visible spectral range (green) can be achieved using stretched beams with axial extension of 30–40 μ m. Chosen conditions of laser-writing ensure that there are no formations of self-organized nano-gratings. This method can be adopted for creation of polarization optical elements and fabrication of spatially varying birefringent patterns for optical vortex generation.
From Ethanolamine Precursor Towards ZnO—How N Is Released from the Experimental and Theoretical Points of View
Authors: Gómez-Núñez Alberto , Alonso-Gil Santiago , López Concepción , Roura-Grabulosa Pere , Vilà Anna
Published: October 2019

This work presents experimental and computational studies on ZnO formation after decomposition of a sol-gel precursor containing ethanolamine and Zn(II) acetate. The structural modifications suffered during decomposition of the monomeric and dimeric Zn(II) complexes formed, containing bidentate deprotonated ethanolamine and acetato ligands, have been described experimentally and explained via Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics. Additional metadynamics simulations provide an overview of the dimer evolution by the cleavage of the Zn–N bond, the structural changes produced and their effects on the Zn(II) environment. The results provide conclusive evidence of the relevance of ethanolamine used as a stabilizer in the formation of ZnO.
A Simple Method for Anchoring Silver and Copper Nanoparticles on Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: M. Silva Mariana , Ribeiro Daniel , Cunha Eunice , Proença M. Fernanda , Young Robert J. , Paiva Maria C.
Published: October 2019

Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were functionalized using the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of an azomethine ylide under solvent-free conditions, a one-pot procedure that yields pyrrolidine type of groups at the nanotubes surface. The functionalized SWCNT were further decorated with Ag and Cu nanoparticles by reduction of the corresponding metal salts in dimethylformamide. The extensive reduction of silver from its nitrate was observed, as well as the partial reduction of copper from its acetate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the functionalization of SWCNT with pyrrolidine that provided anchoring sites for the metal nanoparticles. Metal nanoparticles (NP) were formed at the surface of the organically functionalized SWCNT in higher yields as compared to the same procedure carried out with pristine SWCNT. This was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantified by XPS. Raman spectroscopy demonstrated that functionalization and metal decoration of the SWCNT did not induce structural damage to the SWCNT.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Zirconium Diselenide and Its Ultra-Fast Modulator Application
Authors: Wang Mengxiao , Zheng Yue , Guo Linguang , Chen Xiaohan , Zhang Huanian , Li Dengwang
Published: October 2019

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) materials have been widely studied by researchers due to their exceptional 2D structure and excellent optical characteristics. As one of the typically-layered 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) semiconductors from group IVB with a bandgap value of 0.9–1.2 eV (bulk to monolayer), the characteristics of zirconium diselenide (ZrSe2) have already been extensively investigated in many fields. However, the nonlinear absorption properties of ZrSe2 in ultra-fast lasers have not been previously demonstrated. In this work, we measured various parameters in order to investigate the characteristics of the nonlinear saturable absorption of ZrSe2. A ZrSe2–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film was successfully prepared, which was employed as a saturable absorber (SA) to demonstrate, for the first time, an erbium (Er)-doped passive mode-locking fiber laser with a ring cavity. The saturation intensity of the ZrSe2–PVA film-type SA is 12.72 MW/cm2, while its modulation depth is 2.3%. The stable soliton state with a maximum output power of 11.37 mW and a narrowest monopulse duration of 12.5 ps at a repetition frequency of 21.22 MHz was detected. The experimental results conclusively proved that ZrSe2, with its suitable bandgap value and excellent nonlinear absorption properties, as well as its high damage threshold, should have extensive potential applications within the field of ultra-fast pulse lasers.
Structural Evolution of AlN Nanoclusters and the Elemental Chemisorption Characteristics: Atomistic Insight
Authors: Nie Xi , Qian Zhao , Du Wenzheng , Lu Zhansheng , Li Hu , Ahuja Rajeev , Liu Xiangfa
Published: October 2019

A theoretical insight into the structural evolution of AlN atomic clusters and the chemisorption of several common alloying elements on a large cluster has been performed in the framework of state-of-the-art density functional theory calculations. We report the findings that the longitudinal growth takes precedence during the early stage of structural evolution of small AlN clusters, when the longitudinal dimension becomes stable, the AlN cluster proceeds with cross-growth and blossoms into the large-size Al60N60. Upon the growth of clusters, the structures tend to become well-knit gradually. As for the evolution of electronic structures of AlN clusters through the HSE06 calculations, the density of states curves become more and more nondiscrete with the atomic structures evolving from small to large size and tend to resemble that of the Wurtzite AlN. The chemisorption characteristics of the large Al60N60 cluster towards different elements such as Al, N, Fe and Cu are also theoretically unveiled, in which it is interestingly found that the N and Cu atoms are likely to be adsorbed similarly at the growth edge position of the Al60N60 cluster and the density of states curves of these two chemisorption systems near the Fermi level also show some interesting similarities.
Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Hidese Shinsuke , Ogawa Shintaro , Ota Miho , Ishida Ikki , Yasukawa Zenta , Ozeki Makoto , Kunugi Hiroshi
Published: October 2019

This randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover, and double-blind trial aimed to examine the possible effects of four weeks L-theanine administration on stress-related symptoms and cognitive functions in healthy adults. Participants were 30 individuals (nine men and 21 women; age: 48.3 ± 11.9 years) who had no major psychiatric illness. L-theanine (200 mg/day) or placebo tablets were randomly and blindly assigned for four-week administration. For stress-related symptoms, Self-rating Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-trait, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores decreased after L-theanine administration (p = 0.019, 0.006, and 0.013, respectively). The PSQI subscale scores for sleep latency, sleep disturbance, and use of sleep medication reduced after L-theanine administration, compared to the placebo administration (all p < 0.05). For cognitive functions, verbal fluency and executive function scores improved after L-theanine administration (p = 0.001 and 0.031, respectively). Stratified analyses revealed that scores for verbal fluency (p = 0.002), especially letter fluency (p = 0.002), increased after L-theanine administration, compared to the placebo administration, in individuals who were sub-grouped into the lower half by the median split based on the mean pretreatment scores. Our findings suggest that L-theanine has the potential to promote mental health in the general population with stress-related ailments and cognitive impairments.
Alpha-Linolenic and Linoleic Fatty Acids in the Vegan Diet: Do They Require Dietary Reference Intake/Adequate Intake Special Consideration?
Authors: Burns-Whitmore Bonny , Froyen Erik , Heskey Celine , Parker Temetra , San Pablo Gregorio
Published: October 2019

Good sources of the long-chain n-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) include cold-water fish and seafood; however, vegan diets (VGNs) do not include animal-origin foods. Typically, US omnivores obtain enough dietary EPA and DHA, but unless VGNs consume algal n-3 supplements, they rely on endogenous production of long-chain fatty acids. VGN diets have several possible concerns: (1) VGNs have high intakes of linoleic acid (LA) as compared to omnivore/non-vegetarian diets. (2) High intakes of LA competitively interfere with the endogenous conversion of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to EPA and DHA. (3) High somatic levels of LA/low ALA indicate a decreased ALA conversion to EPA and DHA. (4) Some, not all VGNs meet the Dietary Reference Intake Adequate Intake (DRI-AI) for dietary ALA and (5) VGN diets are high in fiber, which possibly interferes with fat absorption. Consequently, health professionals and Registered Dietitians/Registered Dietitian Nutritionists working with VGNs need specific essential fatty acid diet guidelines. The purpose of this review was: (1) to suggest that VGNs have a DRI-AI Special Consideration requirement for ALA and LA based on VGN dietary and biochemical indicators of status and (2) to provide suggestions to ensure that VGNs receive adequate intakes of LA and ALA.
Association between Food Store Availability and the Incidence of Functional Disability among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Results from the Japanese Gerontological Evaluation Cohort Study
Authors: Momosaki Ryo , Wakabayashi Hidetaka , Maeda Keisuke , Shamoto Hiroshi , Nishioka Shinta , Kojima Kaori , Tani Yukako , Suzuki Norimichi , Hanazato Masamichi , Kondo Katsunori
Published: October 2019

This study sought to clarify the association between food store availability and the incidence of disability in older adults. This study utilized a population-based cohort study of independent Japanese adults aged ≥65 years, which was a 6 year follow-up of participants in the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. A total of 31,273 respondents were extracted. Food store availability was evaluated based on the existence of food stores within 500/1000 m of the home. We utilized participant-reported subjective measurement as well as geographic information system-based objective measurement for the evaluation. The incidence of disability was determined using municipal data on eligibility for long-term care insurance benefits. There were 7643 (24.4%) community-dwelling participants with low subjective food store availability and 5673 (18.1%) with low objective food store availability. During the follow-up period of 6 years, the cumulative incidence of disability was 20.9%, with a significant association between low subjective food store availability and increased disability. Participants who reported low subjective food store availability had a significantly higher likelihood of developing disability (hazard ratio = 1.18, 95% confidence interval: 1.11–1.25) than those who reported high subjective food store availability after adjusting for age, sex, sociodemographic status, environmental status, walking and going out, dietary food intake, body mass index, and comorbidities. Low subjective food store availability was associated with early onset of disability. Accessibility of food stores might contribute to maintaining a disability-free life.