bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translating Evidence‐Based Depression Management Services to Community‐Based Primary Care Practices
Authors: KILBOURNE AMY M. , SCHULBERG HERBERT C. , POST EDWARD P. , ROLLMAN BRUCE L. , BELNAP BEA HERBECK , PINCUS HAROLD ALAN
Published: December 2004

Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of using treatment models for major depression in primary care settings. Nonetheless, translating these models into enduring changes in routine primary care has proved difficult. Various health system and organizational barriers prevent the integration of these models into primary care settings. This article discusses barriers to introducing and sustaining evidence‐based depression management services in community‐based primary care practices and suggests organizational and financial solutions based on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Depression in Primary Care Program. It focuses on strategies to improve depression care in medical settings based on adaptations of the chronic care model and discusses the challenges of implementing evidence‐based depression care given the structural, financial, and cultural separation between mental health and general medical care.
Incorporating a Public Health Approach in Drug Law: Lessons from Local Expansion of Treatment Capacity and Access under California's Proposition 36
Authors: KLEIN DORIE , MILLER ROBIN E. , NOBLE AMANDA , SPEIGLMAN RICHARD
Published: December 2004

A major state drug abuse initiative, California's Proposition 36 of 2000, mandated that adults convicted of drug possession be offered treatment in lieu of incarceration. While the law expanded public treatment for arrestees, the counties were given discretion in structuring their systems of care and procedures to manage clients. Using data from a study of key informants in eight counties, this article examines local planning to increase drug treatment capacity and manage clients' access to treatment. In both these planning domains, it describes the counties' strategies and concerns, reasons for their differences in approaches, and whether and how this state initiative, which explicitly incorporated treatment objectives into penal drug law, will shift the debate over drug abuse policy toward greater consideration of public health goals.
POOR NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND INFLAMMATION: Serum Albumin: Relationship to Inflammation and Nutrition
Authors: Don Burl R. , Kaysen George
Published: December 2004

Hypoalbuminemia is the result of the combined effects of inflammation and inadequate protein and caloric intake in patients with chronic disease such as chronic renal failure. Inflammation and malnutrition both reduce albumin concentration by decreasing its rate of synthesis, while inflammation alone is associated with a greater fractional catabolic rate (FCR) and, when extreme, increased transfer of albumin out of the vascular compartment. A vicious cascade of events ensues in which inflammation induces anorexia and reduces the effective use of dietary protein and energy intake and augments catabolism of the key somatic protein, albumin. Hypoalbuminemia is a powerful predictor of mortality in patients with chronic renal failure, and the major cause of death in this population is due to cardiovascular events. Inflammation is associated with vascular disease and likely causes injury to the vascular endothelium, and hypoalbuminemia as two separate expressions of the inflammatory process. Albumin has a myriad of important physiologic effects that are essential for normal health. However, simply administering albumin to critically ill patients with hypoalbuminemia has not been shown to improve survival or reduce morbidity. Thus the inference from these clinical studies suggests that the cause of hypoalbuminemia, rather than low albumin levels specifically, is responsible for morbidity and mortality.
POOR NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND INFLAMMATION: Novel Approaches in an Integrated Therapy of Inflammatory‐Associated Wasting in End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Stenvinkel Peter , Lindholm Bengt , Heimbürger Olof
Published: December 2004

It is increasingly apparent that end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients carry an inflammatory burden, which may play a pivotal role in the evolution of not only wasting, but also the massive increase in the relative risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Thus wasting is strongly associated with a persistent systemic inflammatory response, CVD, and impaired patient survival in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD), as well as in other chronic diseases. Evidence suggests that a facilitative interaction between inflammatory cytokines and other factors such as poor appetite, comorbidity, acidosis, anemia, and hormonal derangements may cause wasting in this patient group. Clearly, isolated interventions in the form of nutritional energy and protein supplementation have seldom proven to be very effective in improving nutritional status and outcome in ESRD patients, presumably because of the need to attack other causative factors. Therefore, new treatment strategies must be evaluated. Strategies such as multiple appetite stimulants, various “anti‐inflammatory diets,” and new potentially useful anti‐inflammatory pharmacologic agents may be tested alone, or in combination, to evaluate if these new therapeutic modalities can improve the outcome of ESRD patients. As the etiology of wasting in ESRD is multifactorial, we propose that its treatment must include not one, but a number of concomitant measures to provide an integrated therapy against this devastating complication.
The relationship between potency of oxidative stress and severity of depression
Authors: Yanik Medaim , Erel Ozcan , Kati Mahmut
Published: December 2004

Background:

Oxidative stress is one of the suggested mechanisms in major depression.

Objective:

To determine the oxidative and antioxidative status of plasma of patients with major depression and to investigate whether there is a relationship between the potency of oxidative stress and the severity of depression.

Methods:

To determine the antioxidative status of plasma, total and individual antioxidant levels which are total antioxidant potential (TAOP), total protein, albumin, uric acid, vitamin C and total bilirubin were measured. To determine the oxidative status, total peroxide level of plasma was measured in patients with drug-free depressive patients and compared with those of controls. Per cent ratio of total peroxide to TAOP was evaluated as oxidative stress index (OSI).

Results:

Plasma TAOP and individual antioxidant levels were found to be lower in patients with depression than those of controls. On the contrary, the patients had high total plasma peroxide levels. OSI values of the patients were significantly higher than those of controls (P= 0.002), and a significant positive correlation between Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and OSI values was found (r= 0.54,P= 0.01).

Conclusions:

The patients with major depression are exposed to oxidative stress, and OSI may be useful to reflect the severity of the disease.
Protective Mechanism of Epigallocatechin‐3‐Gallate against Helicobacter pylori‐Induced Gastric Epithelial Cytotoxicity via the Blockage of TLR‐4 Signaling
Authors: Lee Kee‐Myung , Yeo Marie , Choue Jung‐Sun , Jin Joo‐Hyun , Park Soo Jin , Cheong Jae‐Youn , Lee Kwang Jae , Kim Jin‐Hong , Hahm Ki‐Baik
Published: December 2004

Background.  Helicobacter pylori infection leads to gastric mucosal damage by several mechanisms including the direct effect of virulence factors produced by H. pylori, propagation of inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and induction of apoptosis. (‐)‐Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), one of the green tea catechins, is known to suppress H. pylori‐induced gastritis through its antioxidative and antibacterial actions. In this study, we evaluated the protective mechanism of EGCG against H. pylori‐induced cytotoxicity in gastric epithelial cells.

Materials and Methods.  MTT assays and dye exclusion assays were performed to analyze the effect of EGCG on the viability of gastric epithelial cells. The degree of DNA damage was evaluated by Comet assay and apoptotic DNA fragmentation assay. To investigate the effect of EGCG on H. pylori‐induced toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR‐4) signaling, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis corresponding to glycosylated TLR‐4 were carried out. Lipoxygenase metabolites were measured with reverse‐phase, high‐performance liquid chromatography.

Results.  EGCG pretreatment effectively rescued gastric mucosal cells from the H. pylori‐induced apoptotic cell death and DNA damage, and administration of this catechin enhanced gastric epithelial cell proliferation. Helicobacter pylori infection stimulated the glycosylation of TLR‐4, which initiates intracellular signaling in the infected host cell, but the pretreatment with EGCG completely blocked the TLR‐4 glycosylation. The blockage of TLR‐4 activation by EGCG resulted in inactivation of extracellular signal response kinase 1/2 and of nuclear factor‐κB, the downstream molecules of TLR‐4 signaling induced by H. pylori. This disturbance of H. pylori‐induced host cell signaling by EGCG attenuated the synthesis of the proinflammatory mediator, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid.

Conclusions.  EGCG pretreatment showed significant cytoprotective effects against H. pylori‐induced gastric cytotoxicity via interference of the TLR‐4 signaling induced by H. pylori. Thus, our result implies that continuous intakes of green tea could prevent the deleterious consequences of H. pylori infection.
Usefulness of Non‐invasive Tests for Diagnosing Helicobacter pylori Infection in Patients Undergoing Dialysis for Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: López Thaïs , Quesada Mariela , Almirall Jaume , Sanfeliu Isabel , Segura Ferran , Calvet Xavier
Published: December 2004

Background.  Helicobacter pylori infection in chronic renal failure patients has been linked to peptic ulcer and gastric neoplasia after kidney transplantation. It may also contribute to the accelerated arteriosclerosis that is usual in this population. Few data are available on the usefulness of noninvasive diagnostic tests for H. pylori infection in dialyzed patients, especially regarding the new fecal antigen detection tests. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a noninvasive test for H. pylori infection in patients with chronic renal failure.

Methods.  Eighty‐six patients were included in a cross‐sectional study. Urea breath test, serology and three fecal tests – FemtoLab H. pylori (Connex, Germany), Premier Platinum HpSA (Meridian, USA) and Simple H. pylori (Operon SA, Spain) were performed. Helicobacter pylori status was determined by concordance of the tests. Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were calculated for each test.

Results.  Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 94%, 96%, 94% and 96% for the urea breath test; 97%, 64%, 66% and 97% for serology; 86%, 100%, 100% and 91%, for FemtoLab H. pylori; 58%, 96%, 91% and 76% for Premier Platinum HpSA and 61%, 78%, 74% and 67% for Simple H. pylori.

Conclusions.  The urea breath test seems to be the most reliable diagnostic method for H. pylori infection in patients with chronic renal failure. Serology has a low specificity, and the results of the fecal tests vary widely.
Evaluation of semiochemicals potentially synergistic to α‐pinene for trapping the larger European pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (Col., Scolytidae)
Authors: Poland T. M. , de Groot P. , Haack R. A. , Czokajlo D.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Col., Scolytidae) is an exotic pest of pine, Pinus spp., in North America. It is attracted strongly to host volatiles (±)‐α‐pinene, (+)‐3‐carene, and α‐terpinolene. Attraction to insect‐produced compounds is less clear. Other potential attractants include trans‐verbenol, myrtenol, myrtenal, nonanal and α‐pinene oxide. We conducted a series of field experiments to determine if any of these compounds would increase attraction of T. piniperda to α‐pinene, either individually or in various combinations. None of the individual compounds increased attraction. Although several combinations that included trans‐verbenol, nonanal, myrtenol, or myrtenal increased attraction, results were variable between experiments.
Rapid identification of Bactrocera latifrons (Dipt., Tephritidae) by real‐time PCR using SYBR Green chemistry
Authors: Yu D. J. , Zhang G. M. , Chen Z. L. , Zhang R. J. , Yin W. Y.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  The solanum fruit fly, Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel), is a major agricultural pest in Asia and Hawaii, and it is important to prevent its widespread invasion in plant quarantine. In this study we introduced a real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) essay, using SYBR Green I dye, to rapidly identify B. latifrons on an ABI PRISM 7700 sequence detection system. A latifron‐specific PCR primer set was obtained based on mtDNA COI gene of B. latifrons. Nine Bactrocera fruit flies, B. latifrons, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera papayae, Bactrocera carambolae, Bactrocera philippinensis, Bactrocera occipitalis, Bactrocera correcta, Bactrocera cucurbitae and Bactrocera tau, were used to determine the specificity of primers lati1 and lati2. A series of genomic DNA dilutions of B. latifrons (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 20, 40 and 100 ng) were used to assess the sensitivity of the SYBR Green PCR. Template DNA concentration was one of the sources of variability in cycle threshold values (CT) and the optimum DNA concentration was between 1 and 20 ng. Genomic DNA isolated from larvae, pupae and adult specimens of B. latifrons were used to assess the specificity of the SYBR Green PCR. Melting curve analysis and agarose gel electrophoresis was employed to check the specificity of PCR products. Similar amplification plots were obtained using DNA from the three different stages of B. latifrons with primer set lati1/lati2. The melting temperature (Tm) of PCR products was 77.5 ± 0.1°C, and the length of the amplified fragment 366 bp. Given the specificity and sensitivity of the assay, combined with high speed, low cost and the possibility of automating, SYBR Green PCR can be used as a rapid and specific technique for pest species identification in plant quarantine.
Light‐dependent Oospore Germination of Phytophthora cactorum in the Presence of Susceptible Host Plant
Authors: Banihashemi Z.
Published: December 2004

Oospores of Phytophthora cactorum were produced in cleared V‐8 broth supplemented with 30 mg/l β‐sitosterol in the dark at 20–22°C for 2–3 months. Environmental conditions during oospore formation or maturation such as light, low temperature and also ageing could not compensate the light requirement for oospore germination. Dark grown oospores did not infect hypocotyl of susceptible safflower seedlings, an indicator plant for the pathogen, if they were not photoactivated 3–15 days or longer prior to infection. If oospores are the sole source of survival of P. cactorum in soil, then the collar region of the plant would be the main site of infection. Thus any treatment which reduce the chance of oospore germination on the soil surface may support management of this disease.
A randomized, double‐blind comparison study of EMLA® and ELA‐Max® for topical anesthesia in children undergoing intravenous insertion
Authors: KOH JEFFREY L , HARRISON DALE , MYERS ROBERT , DEMBINSKI ROBERT , TURNER HELEN , McGRAW TERRENCE
Published: December 2004

Background : Topical anesthetics may help reduce discomfort associated with procedures involving needle‐puncture, such as intravenous (i.v.) insertions, in children. EMLA® cream has become a common, noninvasive therapy for topical anesthesia in children. ELA‐Max® is a recently introduced topical anesthetic cream marketed as being as effective in producing topical anesthesia after a 30‐min application as EMLA® is after a 60‐min application. The purpose of this research was to compare ELA‐Max® at 30 min with EMLA® at 60 min for providing topical anesthesia for i.v. insertions in children.

Methods : Sixty children, ages 8–17 years, requiring an i.v. were randomized to receive either the 30 min application of ELA‐Max® (n = 30) or the 60 min application of EMLA® (n = 30). Children rated any pain associated with the i.v. insertion using a 100‐mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The anesthesiologist assessed the presence of blanching at the site and rated the difficulty of placing the i.v.

Results : There was no clinically or statistically significant difference in pain ratings (P = 0.87) between the ELA‐Max® (mean = 25.7) and the EMLA® (mean = 26.8) groups. ELA‐Max® caused significantly (P = 0.04) less blanching than EMLA®, however there was no difference in the anesthesiologists’ rating of the difficulty of the i.v. placement between the groups (P = 0.73).

Conclusion : Results from this study support the claim that a 30‐min application of ELA‐Max® (with occlusion) is as effective as a 60‐min application of EMLA® (with occlusion) for producing topical anesthesia for i.v. insertion in children.
The effect of epidural vs intravenous analgesia for posterior spinal fusion surgery
Authors: O'Hara Jerome F. , Cywinski Jacek B. , Tetzlaff John E. , Xu Meng , Gurd Alan R. , Andrish Jack T.
Published: December 2004

Background : The study objective was to compare epidural vs intravenous postoperative analgesia in posterior spinal fusion surgery patients.

Methods : This prospective, double‐blinded, randomized study was performed in a tertiary care teaching hospital involving 31 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II adolescent/young adult patients scheduled for elective posterior spinal fusion surgery for idiopathic scoliosis. Patients were divided into three treatment groups according to the epidural solution infused: group 1 (n = 10) 0.1% bupivacaine + 5 μg·ml−1 fentanyl; group 2 (n = 12) 0.0625% bupivacaine + 5 μg·ml−1 fentanyl; group 3 (n = 9) 0.9% sodium chloride (placebo). During general anesthesia all patients received a directly placed midthoracic epidural catheter with a set infusion rate followed by morphine sulfate intravenous patient‐controlled analgesic device postoperatively. Morphine sulfate usage and visual analog scores were evaluated at 4 h intervals postoperatively for up to 96 h. Postoperative time to liquids, solid food, ambulation, length of stay, discontinuation of Foley catheter, and side effects were recorded.

Results : No consistent difference was detected on intravenous morphine dose usage, visual analog scores, or estimated pain scale over the whole follow‐up period. No difference was observed in the epidural groups in time to oral intake of liquids or solids, ambulation, bowel sounds, or length of stay when compared with placebo.

Conclusions : By evaluating morphine sulfate usage between groups, the analgesic effectiveness of continuous thoracic epidural analgesia bupivacaine and fentanyl doses used revealed no significant improvement over intravenous morphine sulfate analgesia alone in patients after posterior spinal fusion surgery.
Telemedicine in wound healing
Authors: Jones Sophie M , Banwell Paul E , Shakespeare Peter G
Published: December 2004

Better care for patients and improved health care depends on the availability of good information which is accessible when and where it is needed. The development of technology, more specifically the Internet, has expanded the means whereby information can be acquired and transmitted over large distances enabling the concept of telemedicine to become a reality. Telemedicine, defined as the practise of medicine at a distance, encompasses diagnosis, education and treatment. It is a technology that many thought would expand rapidly and change the face of medicine. However, this has not happened and during the last decade although certain telemedicine applications, such as video‐consulting and teleradiology, have matured to become essential health care services in some countries, others, such as telepathology, remain the subject of intensive research effort. Telemedicine can be used in almost any medical speciality although the specialities best suited are those with a high visual component. Wound healing and wound management is thus a prime candidate for telemedicine. Development of a suitable telemedical system in this field could have a significant effect on wound care in the community, tertiary referral patterns and hospital admission rates.
STUDY OF CHITOSAN COATINGS ON NANOPARTICLES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: TAN W. B. , ZHANG Y.
Published: December 2004

Of late, much work and interest had been generated in the fields involving nanoparticles. Due to their nanometer scale, these particles have been proven to be promising in diverse applications such as electronics and medicine, amongst others. In addition, an emerging and attractive use of nanoparticles as biotherapeutic delivery agents within the body was introduced. However, in order to use these nanoparticles in any biomedical application, they must be rendered biocompatible.

In this paper, we attempt to coat chitosan, a naturally-occurring polymer which is biocompatible, biodegradable and nontoxic, onto the surfaces of nanoparticles. 5 nm gold ( Au ) nanoparticles were chosen for our study as they are commercially available. The presence of a chitosan shell not only renders these nanoparticles biocompatible, the amino and hydroxyl groups of chitosan also allow the immobilization of many biotherapeutic agents. The relationship between the concentration of the chitosan used in the coating process and the thickness of the chitosan shell formed is investigated. It is hoped that the results of this study can also be applied to other nanoparticles, in addition to Au , that are intended to be used in bioapplications.
Neural induction inXenopusrequires early FGF signalling in addition to BMP inhibition
Authors: Delaune Emilie , Lemaire Patrick , Kodjabachian Laurent
Published: December 2004

Neural induction constitutes the first step in the generation of the vertebrate nervous system from embryonic ectoderm. Work with Xenopusectodermal explants has suggested that epidermis is induced by BMP signals,whereas neural fates arise by default following BMP inhibition. In amniotes and ascidians, however, BMP inhibition does not appear to be sufficient for neural fate acquisition, which is initiated by FGF signalling. We decided to re-evaluate in the context of the whole embryo the roles of the BMP and FGF pathways during neural induction in Xenopus. We find that ectopic BMP activity converts the neural plate into epidermis, confirming that this pathway must be inhibited during neural induction in vivo. Conversely,inhibition of BMP, or of its intracellular effector SMAD1 in the non-neural ectoderm leads to epidermis suppression. In no instances, however, is BMP/SMAD1 inhibition sufficient to elicit neural induction in ventral ectoderm. By contrast, we find that neural specification occurs when weak eFGF or low ras signalling are combined with BMP inhibition. Using all available antimorphic FGF receptors (FGFR), as well as the pharmacological FGFR inhibitor SU5402, we demonstrate that pre-gastrula FGF signalling is required in the ectoderm for the emergence of neural fates. Finally, we show that although the FGF pathway contributes to BMP inhibition, as in other model systems, it is also essential for neural induction in vivo and in animal caps in a manner that cannot be accounted for by simple BMP inhibition. Taken together, our results reveal that in contrast to predictions from the default model, BMP inhibition is required but not sufficient for neural induction in vivo. This work contributes to the emergence of a model whereby FGF functions as a conserved initiator of neural specification among chordates.
Multi-modal Interaction with Mobile Navigation Systems (Multimodale Interaktion mit Mobilen Navigationssystemen)
Authors: Wasinger Rainer , Krüger Antonio
Published: December 2004

Navigation systems have seen significant advancements in recent years. They now exist for desktop computers, automobiles, and mobile devices. They are able to adapt to many different situational contexts and now provide a solid foundation for a wide range of location based services. Mobile multi-modal interfaces have seen similar advancements over the past few years as technologies previously designed for powerful mainframe computers are gradually swept into the reach of mobile devices. This paper describes a multi-modal user interface that has been integrated into a pedestrian navigation service called the Personal Navigator, and a closely interleaved shopping assistant called the Mobile ShopAssist. We describe the wide range of input interaction and output presentation that we believe mobile systems should provide and describe the importance for context-aware systems to adapt their user interfaces to the surrounding environment.
Embodied Conversational Characters: Wandering between the Digital and the Physical World (Digitale Weltenwanderer: Synthetische Charaktere zwischen Realität und Virtualität)
Authors: André Elizabeth , Dorfmüller-Ulhaas Klaus , Rist Thomas
Published: December 2004

The objective to develop more human-centered, personalized, and at the same time more entertaining interfaces immediately leads to the metaphor of an embodied conversational agent that employs gestures, mimics, and speech to communicate with the human user. Looking at past and current projects, the current paper discusses an ongoing and manifold evolution of embodied conversational agents from conversational settings with single presenters to interactive performances where the user may participate both as an observer and a presenter. We report on new trends, such as the integration of characters in mixed realities as well as endeavours to endow characters with social behaviors.
Modeling Non-Verbal Behavior in Multimodal Conversational Systems (Modellierung nicht-verbalen Verhaltens in Multimodalen Dialogsystemen)
Authors: Pfleger Norbert , Alexandersson Jan
Published: December 2004

Non-verbal behavior is an integral part of conversational dialog. When people engage in dialogue they utilize non-verbal behavior both to structure the flow of the conversation as well as to provide feedback about their current understanding of the discourse while the other one is speaking. In this article, we investigate the function of non-verbal behavior and show how it is integrated into a discourse model used within a conversational dialogue system.
Accessible Multimedia: Status Quo, Trends and Visions (Barrierefreies Multimedia: Bestandsaufnahme, Trends und Visionen)
Authors: Wagner Susanne , Prinz Ronald , Bierstedt Christoph , Brodowsky Walter , Schlenker-Schulte Christa
Published: December 2004

In this paper, we discuss issues of accessibility of multimedia applications and web pages with respect to average as well as impaired computer users. The current situation of in-accessibility of multimedia applications and web pages is analyzed with respect to informational and technical deficits. Trends, laws and current research projects are discussed with respect to an improvement of accessibility of electronic media.
Asymmetrische Evolutionsstrategien (Asymmetrical Evolution Strategies)
Authors: Hildebrand Lars
Published: December 2004

Asymmetrische Evolutionsstrategien sind Optimierverfahren, die den evolutionären Algorithmen zuzuordnen sind. Durch Entwicklung einer asymmetrischen Verteilungsfunktion ist es möglich, die Leistungsfähigkeit und die Robustheit dieses Optimierverfahrens in Regionen zu bringen, die den evolutionären Algorithmen bisher vorenthalten waren. Insbesondere für ingenieur-wissenschaftliche Problemstellungen bietet sich die asymmetrische Evolutionsstrategie als schnelles, einfach zu implementierendes und robustes Optimierverfahren an.
Rethinking Ancient Maya Social Organization: Replacing "Lineage" with "House"
Authors: Gillespie Susan D.
Published: December 2004

Long‐standing disagreements concerning prehispanic Maya kinship and social organization have focused on the nature of their corporate groups, generally presumed to have been lineages. Specific debates center on whether the lineages were patrilineal or incorporated some kind of double‐descent reckoning, how descent was combined with locality to define a group, and the status of lineage‐outsiders within a group. It is argued here that Maya social organization is better approached within the contemporary critique of kinship, replacing "lineage" with Lévi‐Strauss's model of the "house"—a corporate group maintaining an estate perpetuated by the recruitment of members whose relationships are expressed "in the language" of kinship and affinity and affirmed by purposeful actions. In this perspective, the operation of corporate groups is the primary concern, and relationships construed in terms of consanguinity and affinity are seen as strategies pursued to enhance and perpetuate the group, [ancestor veneration, house society, kinship, Maya, social organization]
Eden in the East: The Drowned Continent of Southeast Asia
Authors: Terrell John Edward
Published: December 2004

Eden in the East: The Drowned Continent of Southeast Asia. Stephen Oppenheimer. London: Orion (Weidenfeld and Nicolson), 1998.560 pp.
Lexical Acculturation in Native American Languages
Authors: Bender Margaret
Published: December 2004

Lexical Acculturation in Native American Languages. Cecil H. Brown. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. 259 pp.
Structure and Contingency: Evolutionary Processes in Life and Human Society
Authors: Cachel Susan
Published: December 2004

Structure and Contingency: Evolutionary Processes in Life and Human Society, John Bintliff. ed. New York; Leicester University Press. 1999. 153 pp.
Money and Modernity: State and Local Currencies in Melanesia
Authors: Keane Webb
Published: December 2004

Money and Modernity: State and Local Currencies in Melanesia. David Akin and Joel Robbins. eds. ASAO Monograph Series, 17. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1999. 284 pp.
The Anthropology of Welfare
Authors: Hyatt Susan Brin
Published: December 2004

The Anthropology of Welfare. Iain R. Edgar and Andrew Russell. eds. New York: Routledge, 1998. 268 pp.
Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines
Authors: Thorp John P.
Published: December 2004

Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines. Thomas M. McKenna. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 364 pp.
Changing Perceptions of Risk: The Development of Agro‐Ecosystems in Southeast Asia
Authors: Kealhofer Lisa
Published: December 2004

New long‐term environmental sequences for Southeast Asia provide a basis for reevaluating the development of agroecosystems. Previous models depict agricultural development as a singular, relatively rapid response to various stimuli such as climate change and population growth. In contrast, the Southeast Asian data indicate that the development of tropical agro‐ecosystems are the result of stresses separated in time and not part of a unitary developmental process. Two phases are evident: At the end of the Pleistocene, environmental data indicate a significant climatic change that would have affected the distribution of food resources. In some areas, this encouraged food production as previous food resources decreased or disappeared. In the second phase, during the mid‐ Holocene, increased cultural and social risks led to shifts in strategies that created agro‐ecosystems—a more fundamental transformation of landscape ecology. This distinct two‐phase pattern suggests groups were responding to very different challenges in each period These findings underscore the need to reexamine agricultural models that conflate separate and distinct processes of cultural change. [Keywords: Southeast Asia, tropical land use, phytoliths, agriculture, Thailand]
Negotiating Dangerous Fields: Pragmatic Strategies for Fieldwork amid Violence and Terror
Authors: Kovats‐Bernat J. Christopher
Published: December 2004

As anthropology turns toward the cultural issues of the 21 st century, more and more ethnographic fieldwork is and will continue to be conducted in regions fraught with conflict, instability, and terror. Despite a growing literature that seeks to develop new theories and perspectives for the study of violence, little mention is made of the practical matters of survival in perilous field sites and how the anthropologist's experience of violence in the field should be considered. What is needed is a pragmatic strategy for dealing with threats to the safety, security, and well‐being of anthropologists and informants who work amid the menace of violence. Drawing on my own fieldwork in Haiti, I suggest the adoption of new tactics for ethnographic research and survival in dangerous fields—strategies that challenge the conventional ethics of the discipline, reconfigure the relationship between anthropologist and informant, and compel innovation in negotiating the exchange of data under hazardous circumstances. [Keywords: fieldwork, violence, methodology, ethics, Haiti]
"Strong Women" and "Pretty Girls": Self‐Provisioning, Gender, and Class Identity in Rural Galicia (Spain)
Authors: Roseman Sharon R.
Published: December 2004

In this article I examine expressions of class and gender identity in a worker‐peasant community in rural Galicia (Spain). While men who have worked for decades in migrant destinations define their own class positionality partly through reference to the unpaid, subsistence work that is performed mainly by women who remain in the community, these same women adeptly "code switch" between "strong woman" and '"pretty girl" demeanors through their work activities, dress, and use of domestic spaces. Using the example of ethnographic data from this one part of rural Europe, 1 argue for the broader importance of anthropologists considering how laboring bodies become gendered; the intersections between gender and class identities; and connections among mixed livelihood strategies, the continuity of self‐provisioning activities, and resistance to fully commoditized consumption. [Key words: class and gender identity, Galicia, Spain, unpaid provisioning work, consumption]
Silence and Solidarity across a Watershed of War: The Heritage of U.S. Complicity in Guatemala
Authors: Watanabe John M.
Published: December 2004

Finger in the Wound: Body Politics in Quincentennial Guatemala. Diane M. Nelson. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999. 427 pp.

Rigoberta Menchú and tile Story of All Poor Guatemalans. David Stoll. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999. 336 pp.
Water and Power in Highland Peru: The Cultural Politics of Irrigation and Development
Authors: Trawick Paul
Published: December 2004

Water and Power in Highland Peru: The Cultural Politics of Irrigation and Development. Paul H. Gelles. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000.233 pp.
A Population History of North America
Authors: Snow Dean R.
Published: December 2004

Population History of North America. Michael R. Haines and Richard H. Steckel. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 736 pp.
Beyond the Taboo: Imagining Incest
Authors: Meigs Anna , Barlow Kathleen
Published: December 2004

This article provides an overview of anthropology's 150‐year discussion of the incest taboo in light of the last 30 years of feminist and psychoanalytic discoveries about the incestuous abuse of children, it invites anthropologists to explore incest ethnographically and offers three suggested ways: one biosocial, a second social relational, and a third psychoanalytic, focusing on a connection between what psychologists call dissociation and what anthropologists call trance or possession. [Key words: incest taboo, childhood sexual abuse, dissociation, trance/possession, innate avoidance mechanism]
Fifty Years of Anthropology and Education 1950‐2000: A Spindler Anthology. George Spindler and Louise Spindler
Authors: Foley Douglas
Published: December 2004

Fifty Years of Anthropology and Education 1950‐2000:. Spindler Anthology. George Spindler and Louise Spindler. George Spindler, ed. Mahwah, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2000.434 pp.
The Four Subfields: Anthropologists as Mythmakers
Authors: Borofsky Robert
Published: December 2004

A survey of articles published in the American Anthropologist over a 100‐year period indicates that substantive collaboration across anthropological subfields is largely a myth—amounting toonly 311 of 3,264 articles surveyed (or 9.5 percent of the total). Working with the anthropological insights of Bronislaw Malinowski, Edward Tylor, and Claude Levi‐Strauss, this article considers why a myth of subf ield collaboration nonetheless exists within anthropology. This article concludes by calling for new forms of holism. [Keywords: American Anthropologist, subf ield collaboration, holism, public anthropology]
Linguistic Magic Bullets in the Making of a Modernist Anthropology
Authors: Briggs Charles L.
Published: December 2004

This article engages current debates about concepts of culture in U.S. anthropology by examining how assumptions about language shape them. Characterizing linguistic patterns as particularly inaccessible to conscious introspection, Franz Boas suggested that culture is similarly automatic and unconscious—except for anthropologists. He used this notion in attempting to position the discipline as the obligatory passage point for academic and public debate about difference. Unfortunately, this mode of inserting linguistics in the discipline, which has long outlived Boas, reifies language ideologies by promoting simplistic models that belie the cultural complexity of human communication. By pointing to the way that recent work in linguistic anthropology has questioned key assumptions that shaped Boas's concept of culture, the article urges other anthropologists to stop asking their linguistic colleagues for magic bullets and to appreciate the critical role that examining linguistic ideologies and practices can play in discussions of the politics of culture. [Keywords: Franz Boas, culture concept, linguistic anthropology, language ideologies, scientific authority]
A Gifted Amateur: The Case of George Washington Ellis
Authors: Williams Vernon J.
Published: December 2004

George Washington Ellis published Negro Culture in West Africa in 1914 in response to the social gospel prophets' racist and stereotypical perspectives of West Africa and Africans. In so doing. Ellis attempted to shift the discourse from one that emphasized African barbarism to one that repudiated the idea of African inferiority. Unwittingly, however, Ellis preached a brand of romantic racialism—a benign doctrine that was commonplace in the racial discourse of African American elites at the Turn of the Century. Asa consequence, his loyalties were divided between 19th‐century ethnological science and the "new ethnology" of Franz Boas. [Keywords: George Washington Ellis, history of racism, antiracism, African American anthropology, social gospel prophets]
Patch Choice Decisions among Ifaluk Fishers
Authors: Sosis Richard
Published: December 2004

Studies of patch choice decisions among human foragers have failed to explain why foragers do not exclusively exploit the patch with the highest mean profitability. One possible explanation is that profitability rankings are likely to vary daily; however, this instability is not captured when profitabilities are calculated as a sampled average over a longer time span. Here I present data on the patch choice decisions of Ifaluk fishers to evaluate whether men are responding to daily variation in the profitability of their primary fishing patch. Results show that men choose to fish most frequently in the patch with the highest mean profitability. Men fish in alternative patches (alternative from the most profitable patch) when, on that morning or the previous day, return rates in the most profitable patch are lower than the overall mean per capita return rate of alternative patches. Results also indicate that when fishers pursue alternative patches after fishing in the patch with the highest profitability, their mean per capita return rates are generally higher in the alternative patches exploited. However, variance in the profitability of the most profitable patch cannot explain why men exploit two patches, the Nine‐mile reef and the dogtoothed tuna patch, which on average have very low profitability. These results and directions for future research are discussed. [Keywords: human behavioral ecology, patch choice decisions, Micronesia]
Infanticide by Males and Its Implications
Authors: Fuentes Agustin
Published: December 2004

Infanticide by Males and Its Implications. Carel P. van Schaik and Charles H. Janson. eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.569 pp.
Narrating September 11: Race, Gender, and the Play of Cultural Identities
Authors: Mattingly Cheryl , Lawlor Mary , Jacobs‐Huey Lanita
Published: December 2004

This article considers the September 11 tragedy as an event that has created a powerful experience—an astonishing and unthinkable "breach" from the expected and routine—that has riveted the American public and provoked personal storytelling. September 11 and its aftermath have provided an occasion for rethinking and reworking cultural identity. We explore how September 11 and subsequent events have been experienced, constructed, and narrated by African American women, primarily from working‐class and low‐income backgrounds. These stories, and the commentaries and discussions that surround them, provide vehicles for these women to ponder what sort of social contexts they inhabit, within what sort of subject positions they are placed, and how these may be shifting in light of the attacks and America's "War on Terrorism. [Keywords: African American, narrative, gender, cultural identity]
The Natives Are Gazing and Talking Back: Reviewing the Problematics of Positionality, Voice, and Accountability among "Native" Anthropologists
Authors: Jacobs‐Huey Lanita
Published: December 2004

In this article, a linguistic anthropologist reviews the growing literature on the possibilities and problematics of understanding "native" anthropology and its implications for the construction of ethnographic knowledge. The author examines the centrality of language for "native" scholars in negotiating their legitimacy in the field. Confessions of failure by native scholars and their dilemmas with translation illuminate the dialogic and political nature of ethnographic inquiry, particularly when research is conducted in "home" communities. Moreover, native ethnographers' critical reflexivity regarding their subject positionings and "voice" may constitute a counterhegemonic rhetorical strategy for negotiating multiple accountabilities. Self‐identification as a native scholar is seldom a means through which researchers "play the native card" via a noncritical privileging of their "insider" status. Instead, claiming native status may act tactically as both a normalizing and an exclusivizing endeavor, as well as a signif ier of the decolonization of anthropological thought and practice. The author considers these and other critical implications of native anthropological research in relation to her own multisited research on African American linguistic and cultural practices focused on hair care. [Keywords: "native" anthropology, language, representation, reflexivity, translation]
Processes of State Formation in the Inca Heartland (Cuzco, Peru)
Authors: Bauer Brian S. , Covey R. Alan
Published: December 2004

This article addresses Inca state formation in the central highlands of Peru. Using ethnohistoric materials and new archaeological survey data from three areas surrounding Cuzco, the capital of the Inca empire, we argue that rapid Inca expansion after C.E. 1400 was made possible by long‐term processes of state formation and regional consolidation. From C.E. 1000‐1400, a centralized state developed in the Cuzco Valley, extending its direct administrative control over numerous neighboring groups. Less powerful neighboring polities accepted Inca adm nistration early on, perhaps even n tiating Inca patronage. Strong rivals to Inca control maintained their independence, at times depopulating intermediate areas and settling in defensive sites to protect settlements and resources. Finally, groups of intermediate complexity used alliances and violence to align themselves with the strongest regional competitors. Such variability in regional integration strategies reveals how Inca state formation processes influenced later patterns of imperial conquest and administraton. [Keywords: inca, state formation, imperialism, archaeology, ethnicityl
Touring Ancient Times: The Present and Presented Past in Contemporary Peru
Authors: Silverman Helaine
Published: December 2004

Peru offers important perspectives for understanding the presence of the past, particularly as expressed on various landscapes of national and local identity, social and political power, and economic development. As Peru's archaeological past is converted into a vast tourist project, contradictory, negotiated, and contested relationships are played out in a constantly changing drama, with ruins, indigenous people, ordinary city residents, foreign tourists, the Peruvian government, and the private sector as the actors. Concerned with how representations of the past are created and received differently by various groups in Peru, particularly in Cusco and Nazca, I show the importance of concentrating attention on the local context in which the pragmatics and poetics of archaeological tourism are orchestrated, demonstrating the insufficiency of studies focused exclusively on the role of nationalism/nationalist discourse in contemporary constructions of the past. [Keywords: Peru, tourism, authenticity, archaeological heritage, identity]
"Race"—Still an Issue for Physical Anthropology? Results of Polish Studies Seen in the Light of the U.S. Findings
Authors: Kaszycka Katarzyna A. , Strziko Jan
Published: December 2004

The racial paradigm, which became rooted in physical anthropology at its very beginning, was, for decades, treated as a concept needing no verification. It was only in the mid‐20th century that the first attempts were made to question the usefulness of the race concept in describing our species variation. Since then, an ever growing number of anthropologists, particularly in the United States, have rejected the concept (nearly seventy percent in 1999). In Poland, the situation is different—in the 2001 study, the race concept was rejected by only 25 percent; the remaining respondents differing widely as to the accepted meaning of race. Unlike the U.S. anthropologists, Polish anthropologists tend to regard race as a term without taxonomic value, often as a substitute for population. The discrepancy may stem from differences in the traditions of anthropological schools, the differing sociopolitical histories, education, semantics, and possible attitudinal factors. [Keywords: race, human variation, subspecies, anthropological schools]
Atom Egoyan's Steenbeckett—An Installation
Authors: Coombes Annie E.
Published: December 2004

Atom Egoyan's Steenbeckett—An Installation. Commissioned and produced by Artangel. Museum of Mankind, London, February 15—March 17, 2002.
The Shaping of American Ethnography: The Wilkes Exploring Expedition, 1832–1842
Authors: Barker John
Published: December 2004

The Shaping of American Ethnography: The Wilkes Exploring Expedition, 1832–1842. Barry Alan Joyce. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001,196 pp.
Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples: Mountain Minorities in the Southeast Asian Massif
Authors: Swain Margaret
Published: December 2004

Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples: Mountain Minorities in the Southeast Asian Massif. Jean Michaud. ed. Richmond, UK: Curazon Press, 2000. 255 pp.
Car Cultures
Authors: Wilk Richard R.
Published: December 2004

Car Cultures. Daniel Miller. ed. Oxford: Berg, 2001. 256 pp.