bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of an Enhanced Crayfish Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Zhang Yi , Liu Pengtao , Li Yanhong
Published: June 2024

This paper presents an enhanced crayfish optimization algorithm (ECOA). The ECOA includes four improvement strategies. Firstly, the Halton sequence was used to improve the population initialization of the crayfish optimization algorithm. Furthermore, the quasi opposition-based learning strategy is introduced to generate the opposite solution of the population, increasing the algorithm’s searching ability. Thirdly, the elite factor guides the predation stage to avoid blindness in this stage. Finally, the fish aggregation device effect is introduced to increase the ability of the algorithm to jump out of the local optimal. This paper performed tests on the widely used IEEE CEC2019 test function set to verify the validity of the proposed ECOA method. The experimental results show that the proposed ECOA has a faster convergence speed, greater performance stability, and a stronger ability to jump out of local optimal compared with other popular algorithms. Finally, the ECOA was applied to two real-world engineering optimization problems, verifying its ability to solve practical optimization problems and its superiority compared to other algorithms.
Automated Counting of Steel Construction Materials: Model, Methodology, and Online Deployment
Authors: Chen Jun , Huang Qian , Chen Wenhao , Li Yang , Chen Yutao
Published: June 2024

Construction material management is crucial for promoting intelligent construction methods. At present, the manual inventory of materials is inefficient and expensive. Therefore, an intelligent counting method for steel materials was developed in this study using the object detection algorithm. First, a large-scale image dataset consisting of rebars, circular steel pipes, square steel tubes, and I-beams on construction sites was collected and constructed to promote the development of intelligent counting methods. A vision-based and accurate counting model for steel materials was subsequently established by improving the YOLOv4 detector in terms of its network structure, loss function, and training strategy. The proposed model provides a maximum average precision of 91.41% and a mean absolute error of 4.07 in counting square steel tubes. Finally, a mobile application and a WeChat mini-program were developed using the proposed model to allow users to accurately count materials in real time by taking photos and uploading them. Since being released, this application has attracted more than 28,000 registered users.
Topical and Intralesional Immunotherapy for the Management of Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Fernández-Galván Aurora , Rodríguez-Jiménez Pedro , González-Sixto Beatriz , Abalde-Pintos María Teresa , Butrón-Bris Beatriz
Published: June 2024

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of cancer among the white population. Individuals with fair skin have an average lifetime risk of around 30% for developing BCC, and there is a noticeable upward trend in its incidence rate. The principal treatment objectives for BCC involve achieving the total excision of the tumor while maximizing the preservation of function and cosmesis. Surgery is considered the treatment of choice for BCC for two main reasons: it allows for the highest cure rates and facilitates histological control of resection margins. However, in the subgroup of patients with low-risk recurrence or medical contraindications for surgery, new non-surgical treatment alternatives can provide an excellent oncological and cosmetic outcome. An evident and justified instance of these local therapies occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, a period when surgical interventions carried out in hospital settings were not a viable option.
Transfer Learning in Cancer Genetics, Mutation Detection, Gene Expression Analysis, and Syndrome Recognition
Authors: Ashayeri Hamidreza , Sobhi Navid , Pławiak Paweł , Pedrammehr Siamak , Alizadehsani Roohallah , Jafarizadeh Ali
Published: June 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI), encompassing machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), has revolutionized medical research, facilitating advancements in drug discovery and cancer diagnosis. ML identifies patterns in data, while DL employs neural networks for intricate processing. Predictive modeling challenges, such as data labeling, are addressed by transfer learning (TL), leveraging pre-existing models for faster training. TL shows potential in genetic research, improving tasks like gene expression analysis, mutation detection, genetic syndrome recognition, and genotype–phenotype association. This review explores the role of TL in overcoming challenges in mutation detection, genetic syndrome detection, gene expression, or phenotype–genotype association. TL has shown effectiveness in various aspects of genetic research. TL enhances the accuracy and efficiency of mutation detection, aiding in the identification of genetic abnormalities. TL can improve the diagnostic accuracy of syndrome-related genetic patterns. Moreover, TL plays a crucial role in gene expression analysis in order to accurately predict gene expression levels and their interactions. Additionally, TL enhances phenotype–genotype association studies by leveraging pre-trained models. In conclusion, TL enhances AI efficiency by improving mutation prediction, gene expression analysis, and genetic syndrome detection. Future studies should focus on increasing domain similarities, expanding databases, and incorporating clinical data for better predictions.
Functional Investigation of IGF1R Mutations in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Heredia-Guerrero Sofia Catalina , Evers Marietheres , Keppler Sarah , Schwarzfischer Marlene , Fuhr Viktoria , Rauert-Wunderlich Hilka , Krügl Anne , Nedeva Theodora , Grieb Tina , Pickert Julia , Koch Hanna , Steinbrunn Torsten , Bayrhof Otto-Jonas , Bargou Ralf Christian , Rosenwald Andreas , Stühmer Thorsten , Leich Ellen
Published: June 2024

High expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) and RTK mutations are associated with high-risk/worse prognosis in multiple myeloma (MM). Combining the pIGF1R/pINSR inhibitor linsitinib with the proteasome inhibitor (PI) bortezomib seemed promising in a clinical trial, but IGF1R expression was not associated with therapy response. Because the oncogenic impact of IGF1R mutations is so far unknown, we investigated the functional impact of IGF1R mutations on survival signaling, viability/proliferation and survival response to therapy. We transfected four human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs) with IGF1RWT, IGF1RD1146N and IGF1RN1129S (Sleeping Beauty), generated CRISPR-Cas9 IGF1R knockouts in the HMCLs U-266 (IGF1RWT) and L-363 (IGF1RD1146N) and tested the anti-MM activity of linsitinib alone and in combination with the second-generation PI carfilzomib in seven HMCLs. IGF1R knockout entailed reduced proliferation. Upon IGF1R overexpression, survival signaling was moderately increased in all HCMLs and slightly affected by IGF1RN1129S in one HMCL, whereby the viability remained unaffected. Expression of IGF1RD1146N reduced pIGF1R-Y1135, especially under serum reduction, but did not impact downstream signaling. Linsitinib and carfilzomib showed enhanced anti-myeloma activity in six out of seven HMCL irrespective of the IGF1R mutation status. In conclusion, IGF1R mutations can impact IGF1R activation and/or downstream signaling, and a combination of linsitinib with carfilzomib might be a suitable therapeutic approach for MM patients potentially responsive to IGF1R blockade.
The Comprehensive Characterization of B7-H3 Expression in the Tumor Microenvironment of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Asakawa Ayaka , Yoshimoto Ryoto , Kobayashi Maki , Izumi Nanae , Maejima Takanori , Deguchi Tsuneo , Kubota Kazuishi , Takahashi Hisashi , Yamada Miyuki , Ishibashi Sachiko , Onishi Iichiroh , Kinowaki Yuko , Kurata Morito , Kobayashi Masashi , Ishibashi Hironori , Okubo Kenichi , Ohashi Kenichi , Kitagawa Masanobu , Yamamoto Kouhei
Published: June 2024

Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is refractory to various therapies for non-small cell cancer; therefore, new therapeutic approaches are required to improve the prognosis of LSCC. Although immunotherapies targeting B7 family molecules were explored as treatments for several cancer types, the expression and significance of B7-H3 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and its relationship with other immune checkpoint molecules have not yet been investigated in detail. We used high-throughput quantitative multiplex immunohistochemistry to examine B7-H3 expression in the TME. We investigated the relationship between B7-H3 expression and prognosis as well as changes in the TME with B7-H3 expression using 110 surgically resected pathological specimens retrospectively. We examined the correlation between B7-H3 and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in single cells. High B7-H3 expression in tumor cells was associated with a better prognosis and a significant increase in the number of CD163+PD-L1+ macrophages. Quantitative analysis revealed that there is a positive correlation between B7-H3 and PD-L1 expression in tumor and stromal cells, as well as in intratumoral tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophages in the same cells. CD68+, CD163+, and CK+ cells with PD-L1+ phenotypes had higher B7-H3 expression compared to PD-L1− cells. Our findings demonstrate a correlation between B7-H3 and PD-L1 expression in the same cells, indicating that therapies targeting B7-H3 could provide additional efficacy in patients refractory to PD-L1-targeting therapies.
Directed Acyclic Graph-Based Datapath Synthesis Using Graph Isomorphism and Gate Reconfiguration
Authors: Shang Liuting , Lu Sheng , Zhang Yichen , Jung Sungyong , Pan Chenyun
Published: June 2024

Datapath synthesis is a crucial step in synthesis flow and aims at globally minimizing an area by identifying shareable logic structures. This paper introduces a novel Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)-based datapath synthesis method based on graph isomorphism and gate reconfiguration. Unlike algorithms that identify common specification logic, our approach simplifies the problem by focusing on searching for common topology. Leveraging the concept of gate reconfiguration, our algorithm extends the applicability of DAG-based datapath synthesis by transforming a topology-equivalent network into a specification-equivalent network. Experimental results demonstrate up to 23.6% improvement when optimizing the adder–subtractor circuit, a scenario not addressed by existing DAG-based datapath synthesis algorithms.
Azospirillum brasilense Inoculation in a Maize–Urochloa–Rice Cropping System Promotes Soil Chemical and Biological Changes and Increases Productivity
Authors: Silva Philippe Solano Toledo , Garcia Nayara Siviero , Galindo Fernando Shintate , Arf Orivaldo , Nogueira Thiago Assis Rodrigues , Jani Arun Dilipkumar , Cassiolato Ana Maria Rodrigues
Published: June 2024

Large quantities of cover crop residues in the soil, combined, or not, with the inoculation of seeds with diazotrophic bacteria, can increase organic matter (OM) and protect soil microorganisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi. Thus, the use of these sustainable biotechnologies can benefit microbial interactions, soil fertility and rice production in the Brazilian Cerrado region. In this study, we evaluated the effects of maize and Urochloa ruziziensis, intercropped or individually, as cover crops and an inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense on the chemical (fertility) and biological (C–microbial biomass and C–CO2 released) attributes of soil and the effects of root colonization by AMF and DSE on the yield of rice grown in succession in highlands. The experiment was conducted under field conditions, in a typical dystrophic Red Oxisol. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks arranged in strips, incorporating a combination of eight residual cover crops: ((1) maize, (2) maize–I (I = inoculation of seeds with A. brasilense), (3) Urochloa (U. ruziziensis), (4) Urochloa–I, (5) maize + Urochloa–I, (6) maize + Urochloa–I, (7) maize–I + Urochloa and (8) maize–I + Urochloa–I). This was accompanied by two treatments of rice as a successor crop (inoculated or not with A. brasilense), with four replicates, totaling 64 experimental units. A cover crop and rice seed inoculation prompted increases in OM and AMF relative to DSE, while the inoculation of rice, regardless of the cover crop treatment, increased the soil’s P content. The combination of maize + Urochloa–I and inoculated rice as the next crop generated increases in its sum of bases (SBs) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). There was a 19% increase in rice grain yields when the seed was inoculated.
Spatial, Temporal, and Interspecific Differences in Composition of Stable Isotopes in Fishes in Maryland Coastal Bays
Authors: Richardson Chelsea , Chigbu Paulinus , Ishaque Ali
Published: June 2024

Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes were used to evaluate spatial, temporal, and interspecific differences in trophic relationships of four fish species (Paralichthys dentatus, Anchoa mitchilli, Leiostomus xanthurus, and Bairdiella chrysoura) in Maryland’s coastal bays. The δ13C values for all species were more enriched in 2017 than in 2018, a year of higher-than-average rainfall that likely caused higher amounts of terrestrial carbon to enter the estuary. There were significant differences among species in the δ13C values, with L. xanthurus being the least depleted (−17.2‰ in 2017; −18.8‰ in 2018). Spatially, the δ13C values of the species, particularly P. dentatus and B. chrysoura, were more depleted in the northern bays, which have a higher nutrient content and receive more freshwater inflow directly from tributaries, than the southern bays. The observed δ13C values (−19.5 ± 0.2‰ to –17.2 ± 0.3‰), however, indicate that marine phytoplankton was the primary carbon source of the fishes. Overall, A. mitchilli was the most enriched in δ15N (13.0‰), and L. xanthurus was the most depleted (10.2‰). δ15N was more enriched in fish from the more human-impacted northern bays than in fish from the southern bays, though this might also have stemmed from the differences in the diet composition of the species in the northern and southern bays. A. mitchilli had the highest trophic level, while L. xanthurus and P. dentatus had the lowest trophic levels. Niche breadth was widest in L. xanthurus compared to the other fish species, suggesting a higher variability in diets among L. xanthurus individuals, leading to specialized diets. There was a high niche overlap between B. chrysoura, A. mitchilli, and L. xanthurus, which indicates they fed on similar prey resources.
A New Method of UAV Swarm Formation Flight Based on AOA Azimuth-Only Passive Positioning
Authors: Kang Zhen , Deng Yihang , Yan Hao , Yang Luhan , Zeng Shan , Li Bing
Published: June 2024

UAV swarm passive positioning technology only requires the reception of electromagnetic signals to achieve the positioning and tracking of radiation sources. It avoids the active positioning strategy that requires active emission of signals and has the advantages of good concealment, long acting distance, and strong anti-interference ability, which has received more and more attention. In this paper, we propose a new UAV swarm formation flight method based on pure azimuth passive positioning. Specifically, we propose a two-circle positioning model, which describes the positional deviation of the receiving UAV using trigonometric functions relative to the target in polar coordinates. Furthermore, we design a two-step adjustment strategy that enables the receiving UAV to reach the target position efficiently. Based on the above design, we constructed an optimized UAV swarm formation scheme. In experiments with UAV numbers of 8 and 20, compared to the representative comparison strategy, the proposed UAV formation scheme reduces the total length of the UAV formation by 34.76% and 55.34%, respectively. It demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method in the application of assigning target positions to UAV swarms.
Adaptation of the Short Dark Triad (SD3) to Spanish Adolescents
Authors: Penado Abilleira María , Rodicio-García María-Luisa , Ríos-de-Deus María-Paula , Alonso del Hierro Tara
Published: June 2024

(1) Background: The dark triad refers to a personality configuration mainly characterized by the presence of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. Even though adolescence is a critical stage in the development of dark triad traits, to date, this construct has not been studied among adolescents, mainly due to the lack of a measurement instrument adapted to this population. (2) Methods: Using a sample of 1642 adolescents, an adaptation of the Short Dark Triad (SD3) is proposed for this population. To this end, we performed a confirmatory factor analysis of the scale and examined its reliability and the intensity of the dark triad components by sex and sexual orientation. (3) Results: The adapted version of the scale (The Short Dark Triad—Adolescent Version; SD3-A) yielded good psychometric results. Confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the theoretical model of the three factors of dark personality. The results confirmed the greater presence of dark traits in male adolescents, and differences were observed based on sexual orientation. (4) Conclusions: The Short Dark Triad—Adolescent Version (SD3-A) is an effective and comprehensive instrument for the estimation of dark traits in adolescents and can be used as a screening test for this population.
Cytokine Signatures in Inflamed Mucosa of IBD Patients: State-of-the-Art
Authors: Peruhova Milena , Miteva Dimitrina , Kokudeva Maria , Banova Sonya , Velikova Tsvetelina
Published: June 2024

The process of development, recurrence, and exacerbation of the inflammatory process depends on the cytokine levels in IBD. For that reason, many cytokine therapies have been developed for treating IBD patients. Researchers employ various techniques and methodologies for cytokine profiling to identify cytokine signatures in inflamed mucosa. These include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), multiplex immunoassays, flow cytometry, and gene expression analysis techniques (i.e., microarray, RNA-seq, single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), mass cytometry (CyTOF), Luminex). Research knowledge so far can give us some insights into the cytokine milieu associated with mucosal inflammation by quantifying cytokine levels in mucosal tissues or biological fluids such as serum or stool. The review is aimed at presenting state-of-the-art techniques for cytokine profiling and the various biomarkers for follow-up and treatment.
Climate Change May Threaten the Production of Bettelmatt Cheese: Environmental and Regulatory Challenges
Authors: Pennazio Rossana , Ruga Alessia , Ferrero Enrico
Published: June 2024

Bettelmatt cheese, a cherished Italian culinary gem hailing from the picturesque Val d’Ossola region, is deeply intertwined with its natural environment. This article explores the intricate relationship between the organoleptic attributes of Bettelmatt cheese and the challenges posed by climate change. The sensory qualities of this cheese, including its flavor profile, texture, and aroma, are profoundly influenced by the alpine pastures where the cows graze, the unique terroir, and the traditional production methods. However, as climate change continues to impact ecosystems and weather patterns, it raises questions about the resilience and adaptability of this traditional cheese. In addition to these challenges, the article studies, also through producers’ testimonies, the rules in order to protect this cheese, which is crucial for food and gastronomic sciences.
A Framework for a Hazard Taxonomy to Support Risk Assessment of Tangible Outdoor Heritage
Authors: Battisti Alessandra , Figliola Angelo , Santarelli Maria Laura
Published: June 2024

The variety of hazards with a potential impact on cultural heritage requires a multidisciplinary approach and a preliminary overview of the existing methods for risk assessment in order to define a comprehensive hazard taxonomy. The starting point of the research thus aims to build a multidisciplinary framework to support the risk assessment process according to the classification of cultural heritage based on the harmonization of European vocabularies’ definitions and protocols. To collect the necessary information, such as hazard classification, indicators, indices and thresholds, a series of methodologies was adopted: analysis of the main international protocols and the EU Research projects related to risk assessment in cultural heritage, expert-based knowledge and a systematic literature review. The research aims to fill a gap in the field of quantitative and indicator-based risk assessment that does not present a unique and all-encompassing framework capable of collecting the main natural and anthropic risks along with the related taxonomy in a single repository. The framework has been set up to be consulted by researchers, professionals and public administrations to support the evaluation process of potential risks on tangible outdoor heritage enabling users to incrementally add exposure and vulnerability data for each specific risk.
Response to Various Water Regimes of the Physiological Aspects, Nutritional Water Productivity, and Phytochemical Composition of Bush Tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.) Grown under a Protected Environment
Authors: Rumani Muneiwa , Mabhaudhi Tafadzwanashe , Ramphinwa Maanea Lonia , Ramabulana Anza-Tshilidzi , Madala Ntakadzeni Edwin , Magwaza Lembe Samukelo , Mudau Fhatuwani Nixwell
Published: June 2024

The influence of water regimes on plants is crucial for integrating bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.) into strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa to tackle food and nutritional insecurity by considering physiological aspects, nutritional yield, nutritional water productivity, and metabolite composition. The objective of the study was to determine the physiological aspects, including leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence, nutritional yield, nutritional water productivity, and metabolite composition of bush tea under varying water regimes. The tunnel experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with treatments consisting of three water regimes: 100% of crop water requirement (ETa), 30% of ETa, and a control (no irrigation), all replicated three times. The morphological aspects were recorded on a weekly basis. However, yield, nutrient content, nutritional water productivity (NWP), and phytochemical composition were determined at harvest. The phytochemical analysis by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), coupled with visualization of the detected chemical spaces through molecular networking, indicated Athrixia phylicoides DC. to be rich in various bioactive compound derivatives, including methyl chlorogenate, flavonoids, tartaric acid, caffeoylquinic acid, and glutinane. The results showed that 30% ETa enhanced plant growth, nutrient content, and nutritional water productivity compared to other water treatments. Nevertheless, 100% ETa yielded more (95.62 kg ha−1) than 30% ETa (60.61 kg ha−1) and control (12.12 kg ha−1). The accumulation of chlorogenic acids was higher under 30% ETa compared to 100% ETa and control. Therefore, this study is the first to determine the accumulation of various bioactive compounds in bush tea leaf extracts under varying water regimes. This confirms that in areas with low water availability, bush tea is well adapted for production without limiting nutrients.
Levosimendan’s Effects on Length-Dependent Activation in Murine Fast-Twitch Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Haug Michael , Michael Mena , Ritter Paul , Kovbasyuk Larisa , Vazakidou Maria Eleni , Friedrich Oliver
Published: June 2024

Levosimendan’s calcium sensitizing effects in heart muscle cells are well established; yet, its potential impact on skeletal muscle cells has not been evidently determined. Despite controversial results, levosimendan is still expected to interact with skeletal muscle through off-target sites (further than troponin C). Adding to this debate, we investigated levosimendan’s acute impact on fast-twitch skeletal muscle biomechanics in a length-dependent activation study by submersing single muscle fibres in a levosimendan-supplemented solution. We employed our MyoRobot technology to investigate the calcium sensitivity of skinned single muscle fibres alongside their stress–strain response in the presence or absence of levosimendan (100 µM). While control data are in agreement with the theory of length-dependent activation, levosimendan appears to shift the onset of the ‘descending limb’ of active force generation to longer sarcomere lengths without notably improving myofibrillar calcium sensitivity. Passive stretches in the presence of levosimendan yielded over twice the amount of enlarged restoration stress and Young’s modulus in comparison to control single fibres. Both effects have not been described before and may point towards potential off-target sites of levosimendan.
Prognostic Assessment of HLM Score in Heart Failure Due to Ischemic Heart Disease: A Pilot Study
Authors: D’Amato Andrea , Severino Paolo , Mancone Massimo , Mariani Marco Valerio , Prosperi Silvia , Colombo Lorenzo , Myftari Vincenzo , Cestiè Claudia , Labbro Francia Aurora , Germanò Rosanna , Pierucci Nicola , Fanisio Francesca , Marek-Iannucci Stefanie , De Prisco Andrea , Scoccia Gianmarco , Birtolo Lucia Ilaria , Manzi Giovanna , Lavalle Carlo , Sardella Gennaro , Badagliacca Roberto , Fedele Francesco , Vizza Carmine Dario
Published: June 2024

Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) represents the main cause of heart failure (HF). A prognostic stratification of HF patients with ischemic etiology, particularly those with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), may be challenging due the variability in clinical and hemodynamic status. The aim of this study is to assess the prognostic power of the HLM score in a population of patients with ischemic HF and in a subgroup who developed HF following ACS. Methods: This is an observational, prospective, single-center study, enrolling consecutive patients with a diagnosis of ischemic HF. Patients were stratified according to the four different HLM stages of severity, and the occurrence of CV death, HFH, and worsening HF events were evaluated at 6-month follow-up. A sub-analysis was performed on patients who developed HF following ACS at admission. Results: The study included 146 patients. HLM stage predicts the occurrence of CV death (p = 0.01) and CV death/HFH (p = 0.003). Cox regression analysis confirmed HLM stage as an independent predictor of CV death (OR: 3.07; 95% IC: 1.54–6.12; p = 0.001) and CV death/HFH (OR: 2.45; 95% IC: 1.43–4.21; p = 0.001) in the total population of patients with HF due to IHD. HLM stage potentially predicts the occurrence of CV death (p < 0.001) and CV death/HFH (p < 0.001) in patients with HF following ACS at admission. Conclusions: Pathophysiological-based prognostic assessment through HLM score is a potentially promising tool for the prediction of the occurrence of CV death and CV death/HFH in ischemic HF patients and in subgroups of patients with HF following ACS at admission.
Exploring Emotional Stimuli Detection in Artworks: A Benchmark Dataset and Baselines Evaluation
Authors: Chen Tianwei , Garcia Noa , Li Liangzhi , Nakashima Yuta
Published: June 2024

We introduce an emotional stimuli detection task that targets extracting emotional regions that evoke people’s emotions (i.e., emotional stimuli) in artworks. This task offers new challenges to the community because of the diversity of artwork styles and the subjectivity of emotions, which can be a suitable testbed for benchmarking the capability of the current neural networks to deal with human emotion. For this task, we construct a dataset called APOLO for quantifying emotional stimuli detection performance in artworks by crowd-sourcing pixel-level annotation of emotional stimuli. APOLO contains 6781 emotional stimuli in 4718 artworks for validation and testing. We also evaluate eight baseline methods, including a dedicated one, to show the difficulties of the task and the limitations of the current techniques through qualitative and quantitative experiments.
On the Directionality of Conversion: A New Perspective from Category Mismatch under VP-Ellipsis
Authors: Sato Yosuke
Published: June 2024

In this paper, I address the directionality issue posed by conversion in English through an investigation of category mismatch under VP-ellipsis, a less-studied type of ellipsis mismatch. For example, certain nouns, such as graduateN and sneezeN, allow the ellipsis of the VP headed by their morphologically related verbal counterparts, graduateV and sneezeV, but not vice versa. I argue that this kind of directional asymmetry, which would be mysterious under a purely semantic identity approach to ellipsis, based on truth-conditional equivalence and mutual entailment, is accounted for in terms of the syntactic identity condition to the effect that the structure of an ellipsis site must be properly contained within the structure of its intended antecedent expression. I will then use this syntactic account of category-mismatched VP-ellipsis as a critical probe into the internal syntax of zero-related N-V pairs and show that both N→V and V→N word-based derivations, in addition to the root-based derivation, must be admitted to account for conversion in English. To the extent that my proposed analysis is on the right track, the kind of asymmetries observed in N-V conversion furnishes an excellent testing ground for an abstract syntactic derivation for these morphologically related word pairs.
Influence of Zirconium on the Microstructure, Selected Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Resistance of Ti20Ta20Nb20(HfMo)20−xZrx High-Entropy Alloys
Authors: Glowka Karsten , Zubko Maciej , Świec Paweł , Prusik Krystian , Szklarska Magdalena , Stróż Danuta
Published: June 2024

The presented work considers the influence of the hafnium and molybdenum to zirconium ratio of Ti20Ta20Nb20(HfMo)20−xZrx (where x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 at.%) high-entropy alloys in an as-cast state for potential biomedical applications. The current research continues with our previous results of hafnium’s and molybdenum’s influence on a similar chemical composition. In the presented study, the microstructure, selected mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance were investigated. The phase formation thermodynamical calculations were also applied to predict solid solution formation after solidification. The calculations predicted the presence of multi-phase, body-centred cubic phases, confirmed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The chemical composition analysis showed the segregation of alloying elements. Microhardness measurements revealed a decrease in microhardness with increased zirconium content in the studied alloys. The corrosion resistance was determined in Ringer’s solution to be higher than that of commercially applied biomaterials. The comparison of the obtained results with previously reported data is also presented and discussed in the presented study.
High Performance Mg Alloy with Designed Microstructure and Phases
Authors: Yang Zhao , Xu Chao , Song Shengnan , Nakata Taiki , Kamado Shigeharu
Published: June 2024

A high strength and ductile Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy was designed and fabricated. The local strain evolution of the alloys during plastic deformation was analyzed using high-resolution digital image correlation (DIC). The results showed that the β particles, nano-sized γ’ phases, and LPSO phases were distributed in the as-extruded alloy and a bimodal microstructure was exhibited, including elongated un-dynamic recrystallized grains and fine dynamic recrystallized grains. With increasing extrusion ratio, the grain size remained, with the volume fraction of dynamic recrystallization of the as-extruded alloy increasing from 30% to 75%, and the as-extruded alloy exhibited a high strength-ductility synergy, which is attributed to the grain refinement, extensive β particles, and elongated block-shaped LPSO phases. The strain evolution analysis showed that a strain-transfer from un-DRXed regions to adjacent DRXed regions and LPSO phases can promote uniform plastic deformation, which tends to improve the ductility of the alloy.
Fracture Behavior and Mechanism of Nb-Si-Based Alloys with Heterogeneous Layered Structure
Authors: Wang Sheng , Wang Xiaoli , Wang Zhiming , Sun Zhiping , Ye Weicheng , Zhao Qihu
Published: June 2024

Novel Nb-Si-based alloys with heterogeneous layers that have the same composition (Nb-16 at.%Si) but different phase morphologies were designed in this work. Heterogeneous layered structure (HLS) was successfully fabricated in Nb-16Si alloys by layering composite powders after various degrees of mechanical alloying (6 h, 12 h, 18 h, and 24 h) alternately and subsequent spark plasma sintering (SPS). The influence of HLS on the fracture behavior at both room and elevated temperature was investigated via single-edge notched bending (SENB) and high-temperature compression, respectively. The results show that the diversified HLS is obtained by combining hard layers containing fine equiaxed crystals and/or soft ones with coarse lamellar niobium solid solution (Nbss). By affecting the crack propagation in SENB, HLS is favorable for improving the fracture toughness and exhibits a significant increase compared with the corresponding homogenous microstructure. Moreover, for the same HLS, a more excellent performance is achieved when the initial crack is located in the soft layer and extended across the interface to the hard one through crack bridging, crack deflection, crack branching, and shielding effect. Fracture starts in the soft layer (from powders of ball-milled for 12 h) of a 12–24 alloy, and a maximum KQ value (14.89 MPa·mm1/2) is consequently obtained, which is 33.8% higher than that of the homogeneous Nb-16Si alloy. Furthermore, the heterogeneous layered alloys display superior high-temperature compression strength, which is attributable to the dislocation multiplication and fine-grained structure. The proposed strategy in this study offers a promising route for fabricating Nb-Si-based alloys with optimized and improved mechanical properties to meet practical applications.
Functionalised Fibres as a Coupling Reinforcement Agent in Recycled Polymer Composites
Authors: Črešnar Klementina Pušnik , Plohl Olivija , Zemljič Lidija Fras
Published: June 2024

This study addresses the structure–property relationship within the green concept of wood fibres with cellulose nanofibre functionalised composites (nW-PPr) containing recycled plastic polyolefins, in particular, polypropylene (PP-r). It focuses especially on the challenges posed by nanoscience in relation to wood fibres (WF) and explores possible changes in the thermal properties, crystallinity, morphology, and mechanical properties. In a two-step methodology, wood fibres (50% wt%) were first functionalised with nanocellulose (nC; 1–9 wt%) and then, secondly, processed into composites using an extrusion process. The surface modification of nC improves its compatibility with the polymer matrix, resulting in improved adhesion, mechanical properties, and inherent biodegradability. The effects of the functionalised WF on the recycled polymer composites were investigated systematically and included analyses of the structure, crystallisation, morphology, and surface properties, as well as thermal and mechanical properties. Using a comprehensive range of techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential measurements, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), this study aims to unravel the intricate interplay of factors affecting the performance and properties of the developed nanocellulose-functionalised wood fibre–polymer composites. The interfacial adhesion of the nW-PPr polymer composites, crystallisation process, and surface properties was improved due to the formation of an H-bond between the nW coupling agent and neat PP-r. In addition, the role of nW (1.0 wt%) as a nucleating agent resulted in increased crystallinity, or, on the other hand, promoted the interfacial interaction with the highest amount (3.0% wt%, 9.0% wt%) of nW in the PP-r preferentially between the nW and neat PP-r, and also postponed the crystallisation temperature. The changes in the isoelectric point of the nW-PPr polymer composites compared to the neat PP-r polymer indicate the acid content of the polymer composite and, consequently, the final surface morphology. Finally, the higher storage modulus of the composites compared to neat r-PP shows a dependence on improved crystallinity, morphology, and adhesion. It was clear that the results of this study contribute to a better understanding of sustainable materials and can drive the development of environmentally friendly composites applied in packaging.
Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Models for the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Short-Chain Peptides of Goat Milk Using Quasi-SMILES
Authors: Toropova Alla P. , Toropov Andrey A. , Roncaglioni Alessandra , Benfenati Emilio
Published: June 2024

The inhibitory activity of peptides on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a measure of their antihypertensive potential. Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models obtained based on the analysis of sequences of amino acids are suggested. The average determination coefficient for the active training sets is 0.36 ± 0.07. The average determination coefficient for validation sets is 0.79 ± 0.02. The paradoxical situation is caused by applying the vector of ideality of correlation, which improves the statistical quality of a model for the calibration and validation sets but is detrimental to the statistical quality of models for the training sets.
Bayesian Networks for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diseases: A Scoping Review
Authors: Polotskaya Kristina , Muñoz-Valencia Carlos S. , Rabasa Alejandro , Quesada-Rico Jose A. , Orozco-Beltrán Domingo , Barber Xavier
Published: June 2024

Bayesian networks (BNs) are probabilistic graphical models that leverage Bayes’ theorem to portray dependencies and cause-and-effect relationships between variables. These networks have gained prominence in the field of health sciences, particularly in diagnostic processes, by allowing the integration of medical knowledge into models and addressing uncertainty in a probabilistic manner. Objectives: This review aims to provide an exhaustive overview of the current state of Bayesian networks in disease diagnosis and prognosis. Additionally, it seeks to introduce readers to the fundamental methodology of BNs, emphasising their versatility and applicability across varied medical domains. Employing a meticulous search strategy with MeSH descriptors in diverse scientific databases, we identified 190 relevant references. These were subjected to a rigorous analysis, resulting in the retention of 60 papers for in-depth review. The robustness of our approach minimised the risk of selection bias. Results: The selected studies encompass a wide range of medical areas, providing insights into the statistical methodology, implementation feasibility, and predictive accuracy of BNs, as evidenced by an average area under the curve (AUC) exceeding 75%. The comprehensive analysis underscores the adaptability and efficacy of Bayesian networks in diverse clinical scenarios. The majority of the examined studies demonstrate the potential of BNs as reliable adjuncts to clinical decision-making. The findings of this review affirm the role of Bayesian networks as accessible and versatile artificial intelligence tools in healthcare. They offer a viable solution to address complex medical challenges, facilitating timely and informed decision-making under conditions of uncertainty. The extensive exploration of Bayesian networks presented in this review highlights their significance and growing impact in the realm of disease diagnosis and prognosis. It underscores the need for further research and development to optimise their capabilities and broaden their applicability in addressing diverse and intricate healthcare challenges.
Overweight, Obesity, and Associated Risk Factors among Students at the Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University
Authors: Alqassimi Sameer , Elmakki Erwa , Areeshi Areej Siddiq , Aburasain Amani Baker Mohammed , Majrabi Aisha Hassan , Masmali Enas Mohammed Ali , Refaei Eman Adel Ibrahim , Mobaraki Raghad Abdu Ali , Qahtani Reem Mohammed A. , Oraibi Omar , Darraj Majid , Madkhali Mohammed Ali , Mohrag Mostafa
Published: June 2024

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and the associated risk factors among medical students at Jazan University in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 228 medical students from their second to sixth academic years at the Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data regarding sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity, dietary habits, comorbidities, medication use, family history, and lifestyle factors. Anthropometric measurements including height, weight, and waist circumference were recorded. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to identify the risk factors associated with obesity. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among the participants was 13.3% and 15%, respectively. Hence, the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity is 28.3%. The mean weight was 63.39 ± 18.93 kg, and the mean height was 163.48 ± 9.78 cm. On the other hand, 17.3% of participants were underweight, whereas 54.4% had normal BMI. Most of the participants (61%) did not engage in regular exercise. A high proportion consumed fruits (82.9%) and vegetables (58.8%) 3 or fewer days per week, and 84.2% consumed 3 or fewer meals per day. Fast-food consumption more than 3 days per week was reported by 42.1% of participants. Obesity was not significantly associated with sociodemographic factors, physical activity, dietary habits, comorbidities, medication use, or family histories. However, those with a monthly family income of SAR 15,000–24,999 had significantly lower odds of obesity than those in the lowest income group (OR 0.230, p = 0.045). Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among medical students at Jazan University is high. Although no significant associations were found between obesity and most risk factors, this study highlights the need for interventions that promote healthy lifestyles among medical students. Further research is needed to identify effective strategies for preventing and managing obesity in this population.
Effect of Treating Periodontal Disease in Pregnant Women to Reduce the Risk of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight: An Umbrella Review
Authors: Arbildo-Vega Heber Isac , Padilla-Cáceres Tania , Caballero-Apaza Luz , Cruzado-Oliva Fredy Hugo , Mamani-Cori Vilma , Cervantes-Alagón Sheyla , Vásquez-Rodrigo Hernán , Coronel-Zubiate Franz Tito , Aguirre-Ipenza Rubén , Meza-Málaga Joan Manuel , Luján-Valencia Sara Antonieta , Castillo-Cornock Tania Belú , Serquen-Olano Katherine
Published: June 2024

Background: The aim of this review was to evaluate the effects of periodontal disease (PD) treatment in pregnant women to reduce the risk of preterm birth (PB) and low birth weight (LBW) by conducting an umbrella review. Methods: A comprehensive search for the literature up to April 2024 was conducted across multiple databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, EMBASE, Scielo, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Proquest Dissertations and Theses, and OpenGrey. We specifically targeted systematic reviews (SRs) with or without meta-analyses, irrespective of language or time constraints, focusing on primary studies examining the effect of PD treatment in pregnant women to reduce the risk of PB and LBW. Various types of non-systematic reviews, intervention studies, observational studies, preclinical and basic research, summaries, comments, case reports, protocols, personal opinions, letters, and posters were excluded from consideration. The quality and overall confidence of the included studies were assessed using the AMSTAR–2 tool. Results: After the initial search, 232 articles were identified, of which only 24 met the selection criteria after exclusion. The majority of these studies indicated that periodontal treatment reduces the risk of PB and LBW. Conclusions: According to the findings and conclusions drawn from the SRs with a high overall confidence level, PD treatment in pregnant women reduces the risk of PB and LBW.
Measures to Reduce the Discharge of tire Wear into the Environment
Authors: Neupert Johannes Wolfgang , Venghaus Daniel , Barjenbruch Matthias
Published: June 2024

The environmental impact of tire wear emissions has become increasingly apparent, and efforts to reduce their impact on the environment are on the rise. To minimise the generation of tire wear, it is essential to consider the influencing factors. However, as it cannot be entirely prevented, measures to reduce immissions are also necessary. This paper summarises possible measures derived from the literature, stakeholder workshops, and the authors’ own conclusions, taking into account the different perspectives: tire, vehicle, road, sustainable mobility and emissions treatment. The presentation of the entry paths of tire wear into the environment and the hotspots of generation can be used to prioritise reduction measures. Measures should be implemented at a political level, technical solutions applied, and awareness raised among the general public. It is evident that reducing tire wear is a complex task that requires a transdisciplinary approach.
Sound of the Police—Virtual Reality Training for Police Communication for High-Stress Operations
Authors: Murtinger Markus , Uhl Jakob Carl , Atzmüller Lisa Maria , Regal Georg , Roither Michael
Published: June 2024

Police communication is a field with unique challenges and specific requirements. Police officers depend on effective communication, particularly in high-stress operations, but current training methods are not focused on communication and provide only limited evaluation methods. This work explores the potential of virtual reality (VR) for enhancing police communication training. The rise of VR training, especially in specific application areas like policing, provides benefits. We conducted a field study during police training to assess VR approaches for training communication. The results show that VR is suitable for communication training if factors such as realism, reflection and repetition are given in the VR system. Trainer feedback shows that assistive systems for evaluation and visualization of communication are highly needed. We present ideas and approaches for evaluation in communication training and concepts for visualization and exploration of the data. This research contributes to improving VR police training and has implications for communication training in VR in challenging contexts.