bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Vacation Travel in Response to Motor Fuel Shortages and Higher Prices
Authors: Corsi Thomas M. , Harvey Milton E.
Published: November 2009

This study presents findings from a survey administered in November 1975 among a sample of households in southeastern Wisconsin to determine, among other things, the shifts in travel vacations that occurred in response to the higher fuel prices that developed between 1973 and 1975 and that might occur in response to the alternative futures of still higher fuel prices and restricted fuel availability.

Specific socioeconomic variables significantly distinguished between households that changed vacation plans and those that did not make changes between 1973 and 1975. We found that the following variables significantly influenced vacation travel: occupation of the household head, household income, education level of the household head, age of the household head, number of children in the household aged 15 and under, and geographic location of the household.

Under futuristic alternatives of either higher prices or restructed fuel availability households were willing to experiment with various vacation adjustment strategies. This indicates a lack of clear preference among households for any one strategy.
An Assessment of the Image of Mexico as a Vacation Destination and the Influence of Geographical Location Upon That Image
Authors: Crompton John L.
Published: November 2009

A sample of 617 student respondents was drawn from 12 universities, in different parts of the United States. Semantic differential instruments were used to measure respondents' descriptive and importance dimensions of thei.- image of Mexico.

The analysis indicated major differences between the two image dimensions. Those image attributes which respondents considered to be important when considering a vacation in Mexico were related primarily to sanitation and safety. The most positive attributes respondents reported about Mexico related to climate and low costs.

Measurement of respondents' descriptive image of Mexico indicated that the farther away respondents resided from Mexico, the more favorable was their image of that country as a vacation destination. Analysis indicated that the regional differences were not significant. However, significant differences were found on 12 of the 30 individual attributes which were used to measure image.
A Conceptual Framework for Ordered Logistic Regression Models
Authors: Fullerton Andrew S.
Published: November 2009

Ordinal-level measures are very common in social science research. Researchers often analyze ordinal dependent variables using the proportional odds logistic regression model. However, this ‘‘traditional’’ method is one of many different types of logistic regression models available for the analysis of ordered response variables. In this article, the author identifies 12 distinct models that rely on logistic regression and fit within a framework of three major approaches with variations within each approach based on the application of the proportional odds assumption. This typology provides a degree of conceptual clarity that is missing in the extant literature on logistic regression models for ordinal outcomes. The author illustrates the similarities and differences among the different models with examples from the General Social Survey and the American National Election Study.
Antihypertensive Drug Adherence Among 6408 Chinese Patients on Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Hong Kong: A Cohort Study
Authors: Wong Martin C. S. , Jiang Johnny Y. , Griffiths Sian M.
Published: November 2009

Few studies have addressed the profile of adherence among ethnic Chinese patients. This study evaluated the factors associated with adherence with angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), an increasingly common antihypertensive drug of choice. The authors included all adult patients who were prescribed an ACEI and paid at least 2 consecutive visits to any primary care clinics of one large territory of Hong Kong from January 2004 to June 2007. The determinants of good adherence to ACEI, as defined by a medication possession ratio ≥80%, were evaluated by multivariate regression analysis. From 6408 eligible patients, 88.0% were adherent. Patients attending family medicine specialist clinics (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–1.91, P = .005) and follow‐up visitors (AOR = 2.98, 95% CI: 2.49–3.55, P < .001) were significantly more likely and attendees of staff clinics (AOR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.25–0.94, P = .033) were less likely to be adherent to ACEIs. Patients' age, gender, socioeconomic status, district of residence, and the number of comorbidities were not found to be associated with good adherence. Adherence‐enhancing strategies should therefore be particularly focused on the new visitors (likely to be drug naive), and future research directions should delineate the best health service setting that could facilitate adherence to ACEIs.
Valacyclovir Pharmacokinetics and Exploratory Pharmacodynamics in Young Adults With Epstein‐Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Vezina Heather E. , Balfour Henry H. , Weller Dennis R. , Anderson Bruce J. , Brundage Richard C.
Published: November 2009

Primary Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection often results in infectious mononucleosis and is associated with serious sequelae. No treatment is approved for EBV infection, and an antiviral intervention would be significant. The objectives of this study are to characterize the pharmacokinetics and explore the pharmacodynamics of acyclovir in plasma and oral washings of 8 subjects receiving 7 days of valacyclovir 1500 mg twice daily for EBV infectious mononucleosis. Virologic and clinical responses are assessed over 12 days. Acyclovir is measured by liquid chromatography/ ultraviolet detection. EBV DNA is quantitated by TaqMan polymerase chain reaction. NONMEM VI and linear regression are used for data analysis. Acyclovir profiles in plasma and oral washings are consistent with a 1‐compartment model. Final model estimates of clearance, volume of distribution, and fraction of acyclovir in oral wash supernatant are 49.9 L/h, 74.1 L, and 1.14%, respectively. The quantity of EBV DNA in oral washings and blood, and the severity of illness, measured by a graded scale, decrease during treatment. After treatment, viral rebound occurs in oral washings but not in blood, and the severity of illness continues to decline. Acyclovir pharmacokinetic parameters do not correlate with response metrics. These results support further studies of valacyclovir for EBV infectious mononucleosis.
Ionic Urethanes
Authors: Rembaum A.
Published: November 2009

Synthetic procedures for the preparation of a large variety of ionic urethanes are outlined. The mechanical properties, e.g., the increase in tensile strength, the occurrence of elasticity and permanent elongation in linear cationic urethanes can be interpreted in terms of hydrogen and ionic bonding. The solution properties in polar and non-polar solvents and the formation of aqueous dispersions can be understood, in a similar way, on the basis of solvent interactions with primary and secondary bonds. The present and potential applications are summarized.
Morphology Considerations in Heterogeneous Latexes for Impact Polymers
Authors: Williams David J.
Published: November 2009

Recent developments in our laboratories have led to major advances in elucidating the factors controlling latex particle morphology in styrene-polystyrene systems. This paper discusses the relevance of these advances to the preparation of impact polymers from heterogeneous latexes. The results of some studies on the dynamic mechanical behavior of heterogeneous latexes is also reviewed. A thorough understanding and complete correlation of the influence of syntesis variables on impact behavior remains to be established.
Polyphenylene Oxides - the Oxidative Coupling Polymerization of 2,6 Dimethylphenol With CuCl2 — Amine Complex
Authors: Kresta J. , Tkáč A. , Păikryl R. , Malík L.
Published: November 2009

The preparation of polyphenylene oxides by the oxidative coupling polymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol with CuCl2 -amine complexes has been described. The reaction mechanism was studied by means of ESR and NMR spectroscopy and conductivity measurements. It was established that the CuCl2 -amine complex exhibited high selectivity in the formation of polyphenylene oxides via a cationic mechanism.
Pyrolysis of Polymers
Authors: Wall Leo A.
Published: November 2009

The nature of their pyrolysis products, monomer, oligomers and carbonaceous residues enables one to group polymers into three classes, those that decompose by net main chain scission; by stripping of the main chain, for example the thermal dehydrochlorination of polyvinyl chloride; and by crosslinking of the main chain followed by some production of volatiles. Highly unsaturated or aromatic chains tend to follow the latter course.

At the present time a theoretical framework exists which permits, provided adequate experiments are performed, the elucidation of the decompositions of the first type. For most of the well-known polymers in this class, this framework of knowledge gives very acceptable mechanistic explanations or interpretations of the decomposition process based on observations of rate of weight loss, of molecular weight changes and composition of volatile products.

Knowledge of the decomposition of the second class of polymers is at an intermediate state development. However, an important practical research objective would be the acquisition of methods for converting the mechanisms of decomposition of class one substances to that for class two type.

For the third class of materials, knowledge of their pyrolysis mechanisms is nonexistent. This is largely due to the fact that methods for quantitatively following solid-phase processes of decomposition are relatively difficult and unsatisfactory.
Synthesis of Monomers That Expand on Polymerization
Authors: Bailey William J.
Published: November 2009

For a number of industrial applications, such as strain-free composites, potting resins, and binders for solid propellants, it was highly desirable to have monomers that have essentially zero shrinkage on polymerization. However, for many other applications, such as precision castings, high strength adhesives, prestressed castings and dental fillings, it would be highly desirable to have monomers that would undergo expansion on polymerization. Ring-opening polymerizations usually involves somewhat less shrinkage than either addition or condensation polymerization because for every new bond that is formed involving a shift from a Van der Waals' distance to a covalent distance, another bond is broken involving a shift from a covalent distance to a near Van der Waals' distance. There is reason, therefore, to believe that if monomers were utilized in which two or more bonds were broken for every new bond that is formed in the polymerization process, near zero shrinkage or even expansion would be possible. Among the monomers that do indeed give essentially zero contraction or some expansion on polymerization are the spiro ortho esters, such as 2,4,6-trioxaspiro[4,4] nonane, spiro orthocarbonates, and bicyclo ketal lactones.
Nylon 6/Graphite Fiber Composites by in Situ Polymerization
Authors: Litt Morton H. , Brinkmann Allan W.
Published: November 2009

The in situ polymerization of caprolactam to Nylon 6 was investigated as a method for making graphite fiber composites. It was necessary to find a co-catalyst (using sodium caprolactam as catalyst) which could be mixed at about 100°C and where the final mixture had a long enough pot life to allow for mixing and application to the fibers. The temperature could then be raised to 200°C to initiate rapid polymerization.

Co-catalysts tested were all esters as these had earlier been shown to have appropriate lifetimes. They were phenyl acetate, benzyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, t-butyl acetate and ∈-caprolactone. Benzyl derivatives gave brittle polymerizates, while the others gave tough materials. Phenyl was excluded as potentially reacting too rapidly. t-Butyl gave good polymers at 190°C but expanded into a foam when heated to 210° due to volatilization of the t-butanol. ∈-Caprolactone initiated well and produced no residues, so it was chosen as the major co-catalyst.

Jigs were designed on which graphitic fiber could be wound at various tensions. These were put in tubes containing precatalyzed monomer at 100°C. The whole was degassed several times and then heated to 200°C for polymerization.

Several samples of composites were made with fiber densities of 25 to 40 volume % using Thornel 50 S and 75 S fibers. The samples still had some voids due to lack of complete penetration of monomer. The samples varied widely in their tensile strengths and moduli due mainly to variations in fiber density, but also to some voids. The best samples achieved about 70% transfer of properties. This is a respectable figure when one considers that these are the first samples made at these fiber densities.

Scanning electron microscope photographs show the best samples had excellent adhesion of matrix to fiber. This resulted in essentially no pull-out, and the areas examined showed multiple fracture of fibers at the fracture surface with extensive deformation of the matrix. Such composites should have high impact strength.
Preparation of Elastomer Sheets From Flexible Urethane Foam Formulations
Authors: Corbett G.E. , Wadie B.J.
Published: November 2009

A technique has been developed for the compression of conventional foams to tough, snappy elastomer sheets. This permits direct measurement of the properties of the polymer, without any effects of foam cell structure. The elastomer properties depended mainly on the basic formulation (polyol, water and isocyanate index), but also to a small extent on foam processing factors and the temperature at which the foam was pressed to the elastomer. Auxiliary blowing agent did not affect polymer properties. Correlations were found between elastomer properties and the expected properties of the corresponding slabstock foams.
Nomenclature of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks
Authors: Klempner D. , Frisch K.C. , Frisch H.L.
Published: November 2009

A nomenclature scheme for various types of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) based on morphology, topology, and method of synthesis is presented. In this scheme, IPN is the generic name of all polyblends of this type, regardless of their origin, as opposed to Sperling's recent classification of polyblends and graft copolymers, (Polymer Preprints, 14, (2), August, 1973), in which the various types of IPN's are given separate classifications under the generic heading of polyblends.
Reflections on Defining the Public Interest
Authors: King Stephen M. , Chilton Bradley S. , Roberts Gary E.
Published: November 2009

The definition and nature of the public interest is an ongoing area of debate and controversy among public administration scholars and practitioners. This article’s main thesis is that there exists an identifiable public interest entailing both normative and pragmatic elements that should be a foundational concern of every practicing public administrator. The administrator’s duty entails three factors: (a) the fiduciary duties to the commons as defined and constrained by constitutional principles, (b) policies that are congruent with our democratic values, and (c) the practice of nonidiosyncratic and universalized ethical administrative leadership and decision making. The article addresses this much maligned and dismissed topic by tracing its historical development focusing on the various lenses, working definitions, characteristics, and typologies of the public interest and illustrating their application in a case study of the Federal Communications Commission. The authors conclude with summary reflections and implications for public administration and public policy.
The “Passion” of John the Baptist and Jesus before Pilate: Mark's Warnings about Kings and Governors
Authors: McVann Mark
Published: November 2009

This article compares the the fates of John the Baptist and Jesus in Mark's Gospel by examining the parallel structures of their enounters with unjust authority: Herod and Pilate. It is argued that Herodian and Roman (in) justice are indistinguishable and that Mark warns his readers that they should expect no better treatment from the authorities with whom they may have to deal than John and Jesus had. It is also argued that because of this portrayal of both Judean and Roman authorities as shameless, Mark is not in any way trying to illustrate that Jesus is politically neutral and that Rome therefore has no reason to regard Christians with suspicion: the last thing Mark does in his Gospel is flatter unjust and shameless men, no matter their social rank. His objective is instruction in discipleship, nothing less.
Why Didn't John the Baptist Commit Himself to Jesus as a Disciple?
Authors: Crosby Michael H.
Published: November 2009

In the Synoptic Gospels a significant interval seems to exist between the time John the Baptist was arrested, his hermeneutic suspicion about Jesus' messiahship, and his killing. John's Gospel notes how two of John's disciples join Jesus as his disciples and yet how after this both John and Jesus continued functioning with their respective communities of disciples and, indeed, if you follow one redaction, with their respective baptisms. There is no biblical evidence indicating that John the Baptist ever became a disciple of Jesus, even though it seems he had plenty of time to do so. In fact, to this day, a community of disciples of John the Baptist still exists in the Middle East. A more critical reading of Luke and, especially, Matthew points to the possibility that John's “pre-understanding” vis-à-vis the Messiah kept him from making the leap of faith to become a disciple of Jesus.
God Has Made It Plain to Them: An Indictment of Rome's Hermeneutic of Homophobia
Authors: Pizzuto Vincent
Published: November 2009

Roman Catholic exegesis is carried out in an explicitly ecclesial context involving formally recognized methods of interpretation and a long history of tradition, theology, culture and religiously authoritative teaching. Within this framework, the issue of homosexuality and same-gender marriage is evaluated with particular attention to Paul's indictment of the gentiles in Romans I. This article attempts to highlight the dissonance between the Church's historical-critical approach to biblical exegesis and the authoritative teachings on homosexuality that have been disseminated from Rome. The root of this dissonance is located in an identifiable and systemic homophobia pervasive throughout the Roman Catholic hierarchy. A solution to the problem is suggested in the application of Reimund Bieringer's hermeneutic of the “Normativity of the Future.” The article concludes by highlighting the most salient elements of this study in a pointed critique of the tragic pastoral ramifications of Rome's current position on homosexuality.
A Procedure for Explaining Experiments Involving Deception
Authors: Mills Judson
Published: November 2009

When an experiment involves deception, the investigator is obliged by ethical principles to provide the participants with full clarification upon its completion. The clarification procedure or debriefing may itself have harmful effects unless conducted with great care and sensitivity. Satisfactory debriefing requires considerable preparation and skill. This paper presents a debriefing procedure, including a specific example or debriefing scenario, which has been developed over 20 years of debriefing and which can be adapted to explain any experiment using deception. It is hoped that its presentation will help to improve the general quality of debriefing by providing a guide which will be useful for novice experimenters and by stimulating thought and discussion about how a debriefing should be conducted.
The Job Market in Psychology: A Survey of Despair
Authors: Kessler Suzanne , McKenna Wendy , Russell Victor , Stang David J. , Sweet Sheila
Published: November 2009

In recent years, applicants for academic psychology jobs have increasingly exceeded available jobs, and projections indicate this trend will worsen over the decade. A survey of applicants and employers using the Eastern Psychological Association Placement Service in 1974 was conducted to learn more about characteristics of applicants and employers and of the search procedures they use. Descriptive data are reported and suggestions are offered for improving the placement procedure.
Commitment and Voluntary Energy Conservation
Authors: Pallak Michael S. , Cummings William
Published: November 2009

Homeowners were interviewed and expected to be either personally identified (public commitment) or not identified (private commitment) as having agreed to attempt energy conservation. The response measure of energy usage was provided by utility-meter readings for the month following the interview. Homeowners under public commitment showed a lower rate of increase in the use levels for both natural gas (Experiment I) and electricity (Experiment II) than under private commitment or in the control (no interview condition). Results from a set of self-monitoring conditions suggested that conservation may be related to increased attention to energy use levels.
Must We Always Think Before We Act?
Authors: Thorngate Warren
Published: November 2009

It is argued that the role of thought in social interaction has been overstressed. In view of the cost of thought and the redundancy of social interaction, it is argued that habit is a much more common determinant of social behaviour than cognition. Implications are discussed.
Polarization of Attitudes: Belief Inference From Consonant Behavior
Authors: Pallak Michael S. , Kleinhesselink Randall R.
Published: November 2009

The present study investigated the conditions under which shifts to more extreme attitudes may result from attitude-consistent behavior. Subjects agreed to deliver arguments favoring stricter controls on water pollution (a consonant position) either to passersby on a street corner (Proselytizing Act) or to a tape recorder for research use (Tape Recording Act). Half the time a confederate agree to perform the same act (about a different issue) either because he believed in the issue (Belief-Relevant Cue) or because he wanted to help the study along (Belief-Irrelevant Cue). Subjects in the Proselytize-Belief Relevant condition adopted a more extreme attitude favoring controls on water pollution relative to subjects in the remaining conditions, consistent with our analysis.
On the Recall of Initial Attitudes following Counterattitudinal Advocacy: An Experimental Reexamination
Authors: Aderman David , Brehm Sharon S.
Published: November 2009

The possibility that choice subjects in the Bem and McConnell study knew their initial attitudes but chose not to report them was investigated in the present research. Subjects were first induced to write a counterattitudinal essay under either choice or no-choice conditions, and then were either provided or not provided a monetary incentive for being accurate in recalling their initial attitudes (obtained a week earlier). As hypothesized, the attitude-recall error in the choice-no-incentive condition was found to be considerably greater than in the other three conditions. It was concluded that, contrary to the claim of self-perception theory, initial attitudes are not overwhelmed by counterattitudinal advocacy.
Group-Induced Polarization in Simulated Juries
Authors: Myers David G. , Kaplan Martin F.
Published: November 2009

Group-induced shift effects observed on other response dimensions were extended to a simulated jury setting. Subjects first responded to eight hypothetical traffic cases which varied in the implication of guilt (high or low), then discussed half of these cases (two high guilt and two low guilt) in small groups, and finally responded again to all eight cases. As predicted, the simulated jury deliberations polarized the mean judgment of discussed cases. After discussing low guilt cases, subjects were, on the average, more extreme in their judgments of innocence and more lenient in recommended punishment, and after discussing high guilt cases shifted toward harsher judgments of guilt and punishment. These effects were not observed for cases which were not discussed.
Self-esteem, Similarity, Liking and Helping
Authors: Karylowski Jerzy
Published: November 2009

112 Female students both liked and helped similar more than dissimilar partners. Liking for similar partners correlated positively with subject's self-esteem, but no such relationship existed in the case of a dissimilar partner, or between liking and helping.
Environmental Psychology and Social Psychology
Authors: Altman Irwin
Published: November 2009

This paper examines the newly developing field of Environmental Psychology and its relationship to Social Psychology. Some major research topics concerned with environment and behavior are summarized, along with an analysis of dominant research values of this emerging field. The paper also considers some possible ways in which Environmental Psychology can enhance social psychological research and theorizing, and ways in which the study of environment and behavior can make salient (and perhaps call into question) certain assumptions implicit in present day Social Psychology.
A Survey of Social Psychological Methods, Techniques and Designs: A Response to Helmreich
Authors: Lowe Rosemary H.
Published: November 2009

This paper addresses two problems which may prevent social psychology from incorporating some of the methodological advances described by Helmreich. Pressures to publish discourage the conduct of large-scale and long-term multivariate research, and social psychologists may be unfamiliar with the sophisticated techniques necessary for the study of complex reality. Data from a small survey of social psychologists are presented in support of the latter argument.
Ignorance, Arrogance, and Social Psychology: A Response to Helmreich
Authors: Thorngate Warren
Published: November 2009

It is proposed that social psychological research can be justified in at least two complementary ways: First, as an attempt to reduce ignorance; second, as an attempt to reduce arrogance. Problems of the first and prospects for the second are discussed, and their implications for applied social psychology are stressed.
Fulfilling the Promise: A Response to Helmreich1
Authors: Bickman Leonard
Published: November 2009

It is argued that there is little evidence to support Helmreich's conclusion that there currently exists a pernicious conflict between applied and theoretical social psychology. The development of new journals, applied graduate programs and changes in the funding policy of federal agencies instead indicate that at present there is a rapprochement between applied and theoretical social psychology.
Research Methods in Personality Five Years After Carlson's Survey
Authors: Levenson Hanna , Gray Morris J. , Ingram Arnette
Published: November 2009

This study examined the degree to which research published in 1973 avoided the methdological and ethical problems found by Carlson in 1968. Findings are reported on 304 individual studies published in the 1973 volumes of Journal of Personality and Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Contrary to expectation, research published in 1973 as compared with that from 1968 (a) included less information on sex differences, (b) focused as heavily on undergraduate samples, (c) used fewer interactionist designs, (d) employed more one-shot sessions, and (e) involved as much deception. The one area of improvement is that increases in the incidence of debriefing were observed. Differences in findings between the two journals are delineated, and suggestions for improving research procedures are outlined.
Punishment for One's Misdeeds as a Function of Having Suffered From Them
Authors: Upshaw Harry S. , Romer Daniel
Published: November 2009

Experimental support was found for the hypothesis that injury to a wrongdoer in the course of his misdeeds reduces punishment of the offender. Models were compared which attributed the effect: 1) directly to attraction toward the offender; 2) to effects on the judgment scale that are induced by attraction; and 3) to scale effects that are not mediated by attraction. The third model fit best.
Interaction Level and Acquaintance as Mediators of Density Effects
Authors: McClelland Lou
Published: November 2009

147 subjects (college students), in mixed-sex groups of 6, spent 30 minutes in an experimental situation in which 2 factors hypothesized to affect perceived crowding and stress, room size and level of interpersonal interaction and interference, were orthogonally varied. Also varied were 2 subject factors, sex and previous acquaintance with other group members, resulting in a 24 design. The small room-high interaction condition did not lead to stress (measured both behaviorally and by verbal scales) as hypothesized, but rather to a view of the situation as amusing or comical. The large room-low interaction condition, conversely, was stressful, primarily because it was extremely boring. Previously acquainted subjects reacted with dissatisfaction to both the very low and very high interaction conditions, while unacquainted subjects did not generally respond differentially to condition. Perceptions of crowding were influenced both by density and by interaction level.
The Effect of Commitment and Reactance On Action-Taking
Authors: Sullivan John J. , Pallak Michael S.
Published: November 2009

In reactance terms, commitment to a position may reduce freedom concerning the attitude position. Without an explicit request (Experiment 1) subjects under public commitment avoided further commitment-related behavior, suggesting that committed subjects may attempt freedom restoration by avoiding further involvement. Private commitment subjects complied less with a consonant request that implied high rather than low threat to freedom and this effect was attenuated under public commitment (Experiment 2), suggesting that freedoms lost by commitment involve the freedom to refuse an explicit request for attitude-consistent compliance.
Ethical Issues in Artificial Nutrition and Hydration: A Review
Authors: Geppert Cynthia M. A. , Andrews Maria R. , Druyan Mary Ellen
Published: November 2009

Healthcare professionals often face clinical and ethical challenges when charged with making decisions related to provision or lack of provision of artificial nutrition and hydration. The intent of this review is to supply a framework of clinical practices, ethical principles, legal precedents, and professional guidelines that will impart information and can assist decision making regarding artificial nutrition and hydration. Comprehensive understanding of the theory and practice of informed consent for competent adults, decisionally incompetent adults, and minors is necessary for making valid clinical judgments and for guiding patients and their families or surrogates in choosing options related to initiating, withholding, or withdrawing artificial nutrition and hydration. The framework offered in this review can serve as a basis for evaluation of appropriateness of artificial nutrition and hydration in 3 common conditions in which decision making is particularly challenging: terminal illness, advanced dementia, and a persistent vegetative state. The framework facilitates guidance for institutional policy makers and individual nutrition support professionals dealing with situations in which personal values often create ethical dilemmas related to artificial nutrition and hydration and its utility.
Authoritarian Parenting and Asian Adolescent School Performance: Insights from the US and Taiwan
Authors: Pong Suet-ling , Johnston Jamie , Chen Vivien
Published: November 2009

Our study re-examines the relationship between parenting and school performance among Asian students. We use two sources of data: wave I of the Adolescent Health Longitudinal Survey (Add Health), and waves I and II of the Taiwan Educational Panel Survey (TEPS). Analysis using Add Health reveals that the Asian-American/European-American difference in the parenting—school performance relationship is due largely to differential sample sizes. When we select a random sample of European-American students comparable to the sample size of Asian-American students, authoritarian parenting also shows no effect for European-American students. Furthermore, analysis of TEPS shows that authoritarian parenting is negatively associated with children’s school achievement, while authoritative parenting is positively associated. This result for Taiwanese Chinese students is similar to previous results for European-American students in the US.
Support and conflict in ethnically diverse young adults’ relationships with parents and friends
Authors: Moilanen Kristin L. , Raffaelli Marcela
Published: November 2009

We examined support and conflict with parents and close friends in a sample of ethnically diverse young adults (European-, Asian-, Cuban-, Latin-, and Mexican Americans). College students ( N = 495) completed six subscales from the Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI; Furman & Buhrmester, 1985). Friends were rated higher than parents on global support by Asian- and European Americans, but not by the three Latino groups. Regardless of ethnic group, friends and parents provided different types of support, and conflict with parents was more frequent than conflict with friends. No differences due to age, gender, or generation of immigration emerged for European-, Cuban-, or Asian Americans; differences emerged attributable to gender among Mexican Americans (support and conflict), and generation of immigration among Latin Americans (support). Findings reveal ethnic group similarities in how college students’ social relationships are structured, but also highlight unique within-group experiences.
Cultural differences in emotional responses to success and failure
Authors: Lewis Michael , Takai-Kawakami Kiyoko , Kawakami Kiyobumi , Sullivan Margaret Wolan
Published: November 2009

The emotional responses to achievement contexts of 149 preschool children from three cultural groups were observed. The children were Japanese ( N = 32), African American ( N = 63) and White American of mixed European ancestry ( N = 54). The results showed that Japanese children differed from American children in expressing less shame, pride, and sadness, but more of both exposure and evaluative embarrassment. African American and White American children did not differ from one another. American children however showed more evaluative as opposed to exposure embarrassment. This finding supports the idea that success and failure are interpreted differently by Japanese children during the preschool years. The low amount of sadness and shame expression, and the limited range of number of different expressions observed in the Japanese children agree with the general finding that East Asian infants and young children differ from Western infants and children primarily in the display of negative expressions. These results demonstrate that cultural differences, whether due to temperament or direct socialization of cultural values, influence how children respond to achievement situations.
Increased Prevalence of Aortic Fatty Streaks in Cholesterol-Fed Rabbits Administered Intravenous Cocaine: The Role of Vascular Endothelium*1
Authors: Kolodgie Frank D. , Wilson Patricia S. , Cornhill J. Fredrick , Herderick Edward E. , Mergner Wolfgang J. , Virmani Renu
Published: November 2009

Several recent postmortem studies suggest an increased prevalence of atherosclerosis in young habitual cocaine abusers. However, little is known about the effects of cocaine abuse on the vascular endothelium and its relationship to atherosclerosis. Therefore, the consequence of chronic administration of intravenous cocaine on the induction of aortic sudanophilia was examined. Male New Zealand White rabbits were fed a 0.5% cholesterol diet for 10 wk. During this period, animals were randomized to receive either cocaine-hydrochloride (0.25 mg/kg) intravenously (n = 17) twice daily; or an equivalent volume of 0.9% physiologic saline, control group (n = 16). Mean values for total circulating leukocytes and platelets and total plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were similar in both groups throughout the protocol. At the completion of the study, aortic sudanophilia was measured and expressed as a percentage of regional involvement (R1 = proximal 4 cm, R2 = middle 6 cm, and R3 = distal 10 cm). Statistical significance among groups was achieved in the proximal thoracic aorta (p = 0.057). No significant differences in sudanophilia were noted in the middle and distal segments. When animals were placed in subgroups according to percent total plaque involvement, there was a significant increased distribution of rabbits with a greater extent of sudanophilia in the cocaine-treated group as compared with control (p = 0.01, chi-square analysis). Immunocytochemical studies using the macrophage-specific and muscle actin-specific monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that sudanophilic areas in both groups were predominantly composed of macrophage-derived foam cells. Evaluation of plaque morphology showed an increase in intimal plaque thickness and in the number of macrophages and smooth muscle cells in cocaine-treated animals; however, group differences were not statistically significant. Because no significant differences were found in the cellular composition of atherosclerotic plaques between groups, further studies were performed to assess the effects of cocaine on the permeability function of cultured endothelial cell monolayers as a possible mechanism of increased sudanophilia. Cocaine (100 μM)-treated endothelial cell monolayers demonstrated an increased permeability to horseradish peroxidase during all time intervals studied (0-6 hr). Permeability differences were statistically significant at 30 min and 1 hr (p = 0.003 and 0.02, respectively). Collectively, these observations suggest that administration of cocaine to cholesterol-fed rabbits increases the prevalence of aortic sudanophilia via at least one possible mechanism involving enhanced vascular permeability.
Limited Role of the Intestinal Microflora in the Nephrotoxicity of Hexachloro-1,3-Butadiene in Rats
Authors: Wallin Alf , Ormstad Kari , Midtvedt Tore
Published: November 2009

The nephrotoxicity of hexachlorobutadiene has been investigated in germ-free rats and compared to conventional rats that have a normal intestinal microflora. Presynthesized mercapturate intermediates of hexachlorobutadiene, the glutathione and the cysteine S-conjugate, were also administered. Germ-free rats appeared to be slightly more susceptible to hexachlorobutadiene by judging the extent of morphological changes compared to conventional ones. A similar response was also observed after treatment with the glutathione and cysteine S-conjugates. However, no significant difference between germ-free and conventional animals was monitored in the extent of elevation of blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine after treatment with hexachlorobutadiene or the glutathione and the cysteine S-conjugates. The urinary excretion of marker enzymes was monitored and showed that γ-glutamyl transferase was significantly more increased in the germ-free rats when treated with the cysteine S-conjugate. In addition, no difference in the rate of glutathione conjugation of hexachlorobutadiene was measured between the two groups. Although a tendency toward a protective effect by the presence of an intestinal microflora was observed, the role of the intestinal microflora in detoxifying hexachlorobutadiene seems to be of limited importance in rats.
Pituitary and Thyroid Gland Lesions Induced by 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole (2-MBI) Inhalation in Male Fischer-344 Rats
Authors: Norford Derek C. , Meuten Donald J. , Cullen John M. , Collins Jeffrey J.
Published: November 2009

2-Mercaptobenzimidazole (2-MBI) is a member of the thioureylene compound family known for their potent antithyroid activity. Male Fischer-344 rats were exposed to 0.0, 3.13, 12.5, and 50.0 mg/m3 of 2-MBI via inhalation for 13 wk. Follicular cell hyperplasia occurred in the thyroid glands of rats from the 3 2-MBI treatment groups. Thyrotrophs in the pituitary glands from rats in these 3 groups were hyperplastic, and they had varying numbers of hypertrophic cells with either eosinophilic stippled cytoplasm or with eosinophilic globules within 1 or more large vacuoles that displaced the nucleus. These cells were compared by immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural examination to "thyroidectomy cells" within the anterior pituitary glands of thyroparathyroidectomized rats and were determined to be identical to them. Immunohistochemical staining for the β-chain of thyroid-stimulating hormone confirmed that the hyperplastic and hypertrophic cells were thyrotrophs. Ultrastructurally, hypertrophic cells in 2-MBI-treated rats and thyroidectomy cells in thyroparathyroidectomized rats had expanded cytoplasm containing either increased profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) or one or more widely dilated cisternae of RER, which displaced other cellular organelles. 2-MBI appears to act comparably to other thioureylene compounds that have been shown to produce low serum concentrations of triiodothyronine and thyroxine, which results in thyrotroph hypertrophy and hyperplasia, resultant thyroid hyperplasia, and subsequent goiter.
Lung Injury after Experimental Smoke Inhalation: Particle-Associated Changes in Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Moores Harold K. , Janigan David T. , Hajela Rajendra P.
Published: November 2009

The role of smoke particles in the pathogenesis of smoke inhalation lung injury is enigmatic. We report an experimental model that facilitates study of this issue. Mice were exposed over a 30-min period to smoke released from a flexible polyurethane foam, heated at 400°C. The smoke was initially rich in spherical, isocyanate-containing particles of respirable sizes. Respirations were labored at the end of the exposure and worsened with time and were accompanied by increases in lung water. Bronchoalveolar lavage revealed a significant reduction in the total number of alveolar macrophages in the fluid recovered from the lungs as early as 2 hr after exposure. Macrophage cytoplasm contained numerous smoke particles and decreased numbers of lysosomal-like granules, and the nuclei were often pyknotic. The same recovered lavage fluid contained numerous smoke particles, free lysosomal-like granules, cytoplasmic and nuclear debris, and significant increases in the soluble activity of both the lysosomal marker enzyme and total protein. These findings indicate that there was cell breakdown, including macrophages. Free-radical isocyanates are toxic compounds, and we suggest that after being phagocytized these compounds contribute to the breakdown of macrophages. A pathogenic relationship between these macrophage changes and the acute lung injury can next be explored in this model.
Incidence of Spontaneous Neoplastic and Nonneoplastic Lesions in Charles River CD-1® Mice Varies with Breeding Origin
Authors: Engelhardt Jeffery A. , Gries Christian L. , Long Gerald G.
Published: November 2009

Three separate control lifetime studies were conducted with untreated Crl: CD-1 ®(ICR)BR mice using a total of 400 mice/sex maintained to 21 mo of age. Similar husbandry practices and environmental conditions were used for all 3 studies. It was noted after study initiation that the Charles River breeding facility of origin was different for each study. The aggregate range of survival and incidence of neoplasms for the combined studies was similar to that previously reported. However, these 3 groups of mice had prominent variation in survival and in the incidence of pulmonary adenomas and systemic amyloidosis in males and females and in the incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms in males. The present studies indicate that consistent procurement of test animals is an additional variable to be considered in the establishment of a valid database within a test facility when using an outbred mouse.
Phototoxic Lesions Induced by Quinolone Antibacterial Agents in Auricular Skin and Retina of Albino Mice
Authors: Shimoda Kohji , Yoshida Mitsuyoshi , Wagai Nobuhiko , Takayama Satoshi , Kato Michiyuki
Published: November 2009

The phototoxic effects ofquinolone antimicrobial agents on mouse auricular skin and retina were examined histologically. Sparfloxacin at 50 or 100 mg/kg, which alone causes no histologic change, was orally administered to albino Balb/c mice, which were irradiated with ultraviolet A for 4 hr immediately after administration. In the auricle, degeneration of basal epidermal cells was sporadically observed at 2 hr (during the irradiation). Foci of slight edema with degenerated fibroblasts were seen in the dermis at 4 hr. Edema and neutrophil infiltration in the dermis became severe up to 96 hr. Initial changes in the retina were observed at 2 hr. Vacuolation of the photoreceptor segments (particularly the inner segment) was occasionally associated with swelling of retinal pigment epithelial cells. The segments became disorganized with time, and the outer nuclear layer showed reduced cellularity. The segments and layer were partially thinned and lost 96 hr later. Enoxacin at 400 and 800 mg/kg induced similar lesions to those of sparfloxacin. Levofloxacin caused similar lesions in the auricle but no change in the retina. The combination of oral administration of quinolone and ultraviolet A irradiation, which never caused apparent morphological changes alone, was shown to be able to induce phototoxic lesions in albino mice. Therefore, this method is thought to be useful to examine morphological changes caused by quinolone phototoxicity.
The Preparation and Development of Secondary School Administrators
Authors: Brandewie Donald , Johnson Thomas , Trump J. Lloyd
Published: November 2009

This article has two thrusts-the first, to present the model and guidelines developed at the Purdue NASSP-PSSAS Conference, and the second, to summarize reactions from the field to the proposed model.
Competency Development and University Methodology
Authors: Mccleary Lloyd E. , Mcintyre Kenneth E.
Published: November 2009

The intent of the authors here is to assist professors of school administration by presenting , a planning framework in which the type and level of learning desired can be matched with the most appropriate and effective processes for attaining that learning.
Performance Objectives for Administrative Internships
Authors: Barrilleaux Louis
Published: November 2009

Standards of performance for administrative interns have not been developed, the author contends, with the result that effective evaluation cannot be made. He proposes performance objectives for such internships to reduce the uncertainty and irrelevance of what an intern learns by doing.
A Skill-Strategy Approach to the Principal's Development
Authors: Nicholson Everett W. , Nelson Norbert J.
Published: November 2009

After his pre-service preparation for administration, the principal develops his "effective level" behaviors and refines them in his day-to-day experiences. This article attempts to explain how principals can best achieve effective behaviors in their professional development.
Certification of the Principal One City's Experience
Authors: Redmond James F. , Elenbogen Morton L. , Gardner Frank W.
Published: November 2009

Closely akin to the subject of foregoing articles is certification of principals. The topic has become a vital issue in many school systems today. Chicago's experience in developing a new certification process for principals is explained in this article.
Macromarketing: A Social Systems Perspective Macromarketing: A Social Systems Perspective
Authors: Dixon Donald F.
Published: November 2009

The marketing system is a differentiated subsystem of the society, performing functions necessary if society is to adapt to its material environment. In the performance of these functions, the marketing system has an impact on other social systems, the cultural system, and the material environment. This dual relationship is derived from a modified social systems paradigm.