bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sleep Disruption at Home As an Independent Risk Factor for Postoperative Delirium
Authors: Todd Oliver M. , Gelrich Lisa , MacLullich Alasdair M. , Driessen Martin , Thomas Christine , Kreisel Stefan H.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To determine whether sleep disruption at home or in hospital is an independent risk factor for postoperative delirium in older adults undergoing elective surgery.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

German teaching hospital.

Participants

Individuals aged 65 and older undergoing elective arthroplasty (N = 101).

Measurements

Preoperative questionnaires were used to assess sleep disruption at home (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). Actigraphy was used to objectively measure sleep disruption in the hospital before and after surgery. Delirium was assessed daily after surgery using the Confusion Assessment Method and, if there was uncertainty, validated according to International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD‐10), criteria.

Results

Twenty‐seven participants developed postoperative delirium. Those with sleep disruption at home were 3.26 times as likely to develop postoperative delirium as those without (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.34–7.92, P = .009). Participants with sleep disruption in hospital were 1.21 times as likely to develop postoperative delirium as those without (95% CI = 1.03–1.41, P = .02). When adjusting for other variables, risk remained significant for sleep disruption at home (risk ratio (RR) = 3.90, 95% CI = 2.14–7.11, P < .001) but not in the hospital (RR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.69–2.07). Jointly modeling sleep disruption at home and in the hospital, adjusted for covariates, resulted in significant contributions of both (home: RR = 3.10, 95% CI = 1.34–7.17, P = .008; hospital: RR = 1.38 95% CI = 1.13–1.68, P = .002).

Conclusions

Older people with sleep disruption at home are at significantly higher risk of developing postoperative delirium than those without. Sleep disruption in the hospital may further heighten this risk.
Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act: What do Geriatrics Healthcare Professionals Need to Know About the Quality Payment Program?
Authors: Unroe Kathleen T. , Hollmann Peter A. , Goldstein Alanna C. , Malone Michael L.
Published: March 2017

Commencing in 2017, the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA) of 2015 will change how Medicare pays health professionals. By enacting MACRA, Congress brought an end to the (un)sustainable growth rate formula while also setting forth a vision for how to transform the U.S. healthcare system so that clinicians deliver higher‐quality care with smarter spending by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). In October 2016, CMS released the first of what stakeholders anticipate will be a number of (annual) rules related to implementation of MACRA. CMS received extensive input from stakeholders including the American Geriatrics Society. Under the Quality Payment Program, CMS streamlined multiple Medicare value‐based payment programs into a new Merit‐based Incentive Payment System (MIPS). CMS also outlined how it will provide incentives for participation in Advanced Alternative Payment Models (called APMs). Although Medicare payments to geriatrics health professionals will not be based on the new MIPS formula until 2019, those payments will be based upon performance during a 90‐day period in 2017. This article defines geriatrics health professionals as clinicians who care for a predominantly older adult population and who are eligible to bill under the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule. Given the current paucity of eligible APMs, this article will focus on MIPS while providing a brief overview of APMs.
How Common Are Pulmonary and Hepatic Adverse Effects in Older Adults Prescribed Nitrofurantoin?
Authors: Claussen Karin , Stocks Edward , Bhat Deepa , Fish Jason , Rubin Craig D.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To determine the frequency of serious pulmonary and hepatic adverse events (AEs) in persons aged 65 and older prescribed nitrofurantoin.

Design

Retrospective electronic health record (EHR) audit of nitrofurantoin prescriptions and associated AEs.

Setting

Urban academic medical center.

Participants

All inpatients and outpatients aged 65 and older prescribed nitrofurantoin from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2014.

Measurements

The number of nitrofurantoin prescriptions and pulmonary and hepatic AEs associated with nitrofurantoin use was acquired by data extraction from EHRs.

Results

Of 3,400 individuals aged 65 and older prescribed nitrofurantoin during the study period, 641 were identified as possibly having one of five targeted symptoms or disease complications (pulmonary and hepatic) associated with nitrofurantoin. After a detailed chart audit, 89% were deemed to have no adverse reaction, 7% had a minor side effect or allergy, and 3.9% met criteria for suspicion of a nitrofurantoin‐induced AE, five of whom were rated as being highly suspicious for nitrofurantoin toxicity; four of the five were identified with pulmonary toxicity and one with hepatotoxicity. Four of five of these individuals used nitrofurantoin chronically.

Conclusion

Nitrofurantoin was prescribed for 3,400 individuals aged 65 and older during the 5‐year study period. Serious side effects appeared to be uncommon, but chronic use appeared to be at greater risk.
Exclusion of Elderly People from Randomized Clinical Trials of Drugs for Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Bourgeois Florence T. , Orenstein Liat , Ballakur Sarita , Mandl Kenneth D. , Ioannidis John P. A.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To measure exclusion of elderly adults from randomized trials studying drug interventions for ischemic heart disease (IHD) and describe the characteristics of these trials.

Design

Cross‐sectional analysis.

Setting

Interventional clinical trials studying a drug intervention for IHD that started in 2006 and after were identified in ClinicalTrials.gov. Data were extracted on study features, including age‐based inclusion criteria. Data on participants and their age distribution were collected from trial publications, investigator inquiry, and result data in ClinicalTrials.gov.

Participants

Individuals aged 65 and older.

Measurements

Proportion of trials excluding individuals based on age, mean age of trial participants, and proportion of enrolled participants aged 65 and older and 75 and older.

Results

Of 839 identified trials, 446 (53%) explicitly excluded elderly adults. The most‐frequent upper age limits were 80 (n = 164) and 75 (n = 114), with a median upper age limit of 80 (interquartile range 75–80). Trials with upper age limit exclusions tended to be smaller (median number of participants 100 vs 201, P < .001) and were more likely to be funded primarily by nonindustry sources (78.3% vs 70.0%, P = .006). The overall mean age of trial participants was 62.7 (mean maximum age 74). The estimated proportion of participants aged 65 and older was 42.5% and the estimated proportion aged 75 and older was 12.3%.

Conclusion

Despite the high burden of IHD in elderly adults, the majority of drug trials do not enroll participants reflective of age‐related prevalence of the disease.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Antipsychotic Use and Risk of Dementia in Veterans
Authors: Roughead Elizabeth E. , Pratt Nicole L. , Kalisch Ellett Lisa M. , Ramsay Emmae N. , Barratt John D. , Morris Philip , Killer Graeme
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To examine the risk of dementia associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the contribution of antipsychotic use to this risk.

Design

Retrospective cohort study

Setting

Australia. Administrative claims data from the Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs were used.

Participants

Male Vietnam veterans aged 55 to 65 at baseline (2001–02) with no preexisting dementia diagnosis (N = 15,612).

Measurements

The association between PTSD and dementia was assessed over 12 years of follow‐up. Dementia was identified as a hospital diagnosis, dementia record in service disability data, or dispensing of medicines for dementia. Cox‐proportional hazards models were used, with age as the time‐scale. Results were stratified according to baseline antipsychotic use.

Results

No greater risk of dementia was observed with PTSD. In veterans who received antipsychotics, dementia risk was significantly higher than in those who did not (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4–3.3). Dementia risk was significantly greater in veterans hospitalized for PTSD who received antipsychotics (HR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.1–4.6) and veterans without PTSD who received antipsychotics (HR = 4.3, 95% CI = 2.1–8.6) than in those without PTSD with no antipsychotic use.

Conclusion

Antipsychotic use may be a contributor to dementia risk. These findings should be interpreted with caution because the study design was observational. Further research using prospective study designs in settings where diagnostic data, cognitive function, and disease severity are available are required.
John A. Hartford Foundation Centers of Excellence Program: History, Impact, and Legacy
Authors: Reuben David B. , Kaplan Daniel B. , van der Willik Odette , O Brien‐Suric Nora
Published: March 2017

The John A. Hartford Foundation (JAHF) created the Centers of Excellence in Geriatric Medicine and Geriatric Psychiatry in 1988 with the goal of establishing academic training environments to increase geriatrics‐trained faculty. The initiative identified medical schools with the necessary components for training academic geriatricians. JAHF grants provided the resources to create a cadre of physicians whose research, teaching and practice leads to substantial contributions in geriatrics. Results from two evaluations show that the program has successfully increased geriatrics‐prepared faculty who have achieved promotion and institutional retention, success in winning competitive research grants, and positions of leadership. The initiative strengthened the national network of geriatrics programs and served as a major driver of increased prestige for the fields of geriatric medicine and psychiatry.
Protein Intake and Mobility Limitation in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults: the Health ABC Study
Authors: Houston Denise K. , Tooze Janet A. , Garcia Katelyn , Visser Marjolein , Rubin Susan , Harris Tamara B. , Newman Anne B. , Kritchevsky Stephen B. ,   the Health ABC Study
Published: March 2017

Objectives

The current Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein is based on short‐term nitrogen balance studies in young adults and may underestimate the amount needed to optimally preserve physical function in older adults. We examined the association between protein intake and the onset of mobility limitation over 6 years of follow‐up in older adults in the Health ABC study.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Memphis, Tennessee and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Participants

Community‐dwelling, initially well‐functioning adults aged 70–79 years (n = 1998).

Measurements

Protein intake (g/kg body weight/d) was calculated using an interviewer‐administered 108‐item food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Mobility limitation was assessed semi‐annually and defined as reporting any difficulty walking one‐quarter of a mile or climbing 10 steps on 2 consecutive 6‐month contacts. The association between protein intake and incident mobility limitation was examined using Cox proportional hazard regression models adjusting for demographics, behavioral characteristics, chronic conditions, total energy intake, and height.

Results

Mean (SD) protein intake was 0.91 (0.38) g/kg body weight/d, with 43% reporting intakes less than the RDA (0.8 g/kg body weight/d). During 6 years of follow‐up, 705 participants (35.3%) developed mobility limitations. Compared to participants in the upper tertile of protein intake (≥1.0 g/kg body weight/d), participants in the lower two tertiles of protein intake (<0.7 and 0.7 –<1.0 g/kg body weight/d) were at greater risk of developing mobility limitation over 6 years of follow‐up (RR (95% CI): 1.86 (1.41–2.44) and 1.49 (1.20–1.84), respectively).

Conclusion

Lower protein intake was associated with increased risk of mobility limitation in community‐dwelling, initially well‐functioning older adults. These results suggest that protein intakes of ≥1.0 g/kg body weight/d may be optimal for maintaining physical function in older adults.
The Attributable Burden of Clostridium difficile Infection to Long‐Term Care Facilities Stay: A Clinical Study
Authors: Karanika Styliani , Grigoras Christos , Flokas Myrto E. , Alevizakos Michail , Kinamon Tori , Kojic Erna M. , Mylonakis Eleftherios
Published: March 2017

Background

Advanced age, history of hospitalization, and antibiotic consumption are associated with the pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Long‐term care facilities (LTCFs) represent a setting where CDI has been increasingly reported. We aimed to estimate the actual attributable burden of CDI to LTCF stay and determine the characteristics of the disease epidemiology in this setting.

Design

IRB‐approved retrospective cohort study.

Setting

LTCF and community.

Participants

One thousand seven hundred and sixty‐one patients.

Measurements/Results

The prevalence of CDI among LTCF residents was 22.4%, whereas the prevalence of CDI among community residents was 6.7% (P < .001). The prevalence of CDI among LTCF residents was significantly higher in both the 18–64 (P < .001) and the ≥65 age groups (P < .010). Measures of hospital exposure and antibiotic consumption between LTCF and community residents prior to CDI diagnosis were non‐significant. A strict matching (1:2) between LTCF and community residents adjusting for age, total number of hospital admissions and antibiotic consumption showed that the odds of CDI for an LTCF resident were 6.89 times larger than the odds for a community resident (OR = 6.89, 95%, 4.67–10.17). For an LTCF resident with CDI, the odds of manifesting severe disease were 3.25 times larger than the odds for a community resident with CDI (OR = 3.25, 95%, 1.81–5.86). LTCF residents were more frequently hospitalized (P = .002) required longer hospital stays for their CDI management (P = .03) and had more recurrent CDI cases than community residents (P = .04).

Conclusions

Our study highlights the increased burden of CDI among LTCF residents independently of age, antibiotic, and hospitalization background. Severe CDI disease and recurrences are more frequent in LTCFs.
Psychiatric Diagnoses Among Older Recipients of Publicly Funded Mental Health Services
Authors: Stahl Sarah T. , Reynolds Charles F. , Whyte Ellen M. , Albert Steven M.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To compare the prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses among older recipients of publicly funded mental health services (county safety‐net base services and Medicaid) to psychiatric diagnoses in an insured population of older adults from the same county.

Design

Secondary analysis of county human services claims data and claims from an insured population in the same county.

Setting

Inpatient and outpatient clinics in Allegheny County, PA.

Participants

Adults aged 65 and older in the county who received treatment for a psychiatric diagnosis in 2012 (county base services, n = 1,457; Medicaid, n = 641; Health plan insurance, n = 5,595).

Measurements

Psychiatric diagnoses were classified using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision (ICD‐9).

Results

Episodic mood disorders and schizophrenia were more common among county‐funded and Medicaid recipients (50–54% vs 34%). Neurotic conditions were more common among older adults with health plan insurance (18% vs 8%). Nearly a quarter of older adults receiving county base services were classified as having “ill‐defined and unknown causes of morbidity and mortality,” compared <1% among insured and 6% among Medicaid recipients.

Conclusions

The prevalence of psychiatric conditions among older adults varies by insurance coverage, suggesting a role for social and economic factors associated with safety net coverage as well as system‐level differences in delivery of mental health services. Comparing the prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses across insurance types offers insight on social determinants of risk for mental disorders in late life.
Effect of Chronic Diseases and Multimorbidity on Survival and Functioning in Elderly Adults
Authors: Rizzuto Debora , Melis René J. F. , Angleman Sara , Qiu Chengxuan , Marengoni Alessandra
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To determine the effect of chronic disorders and their co‐occurrence on survival and functioning in community‐dwelling older adults.

Design

Population‐based cohort study.

Setting

Kungsholmen, Stockholm, Sweden.

Participants

Individuals aged 78 and older examined by physicians four times over 11 years (N = 1,099).

Measurements

Chronic diseases (grouped according to 10 organ systems according to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, code) and multimorbidity (≥2 coexisting chronic diseases) were evaluated in terms of mortality, population attributable risk of death, median years of life lost, and median survival time with and without disability (need of assistance in ≥1 activities of daily living).

Results

Approximately one in four deaths were attributable to cardiovascular and one in six to neuropsychiatric diseases. Malignancy was the condition with the shortest survival time (2.5 years). Malignancies and cardiovascular disorders each accounted for approximately 5 years of life lost. In contrast, neurosensorial and neuropsychiatric conditions had the longest median survival time (>6 years), and affected people were disabled for more than half of this time. The most‐prevalent and ‐burdensome condition was multimorbidity, affecting 70.4% of the population, accounting for 69.3% of total deaths, and causing 7.5 years of life lost. Finally, people with multimorbidity lived 81% of their remaining years of life with disability (median 5.2 years).

Conclusion

Survival in older adults differs in length and quality depending on specific conditions. The greatest negative effect at the individual (shorter life, greater dependence) and societal (number of attributable deaths, years spent with disability) level was from multimorbidity, which has made multimorbidity a clinical and public health priority.
WHY DO WE LIE? A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE DISHONESTY LITERATURE
Authors: Jacobsen Catrine , Fosgaard Toke Reinholt , Pascual‐Ezama David
Published: March 2017

Over the last decade, a massive body of research has been devoted to uncovering human dishonesty. In the present paper, we review more than a hundred papers from this literature and provide a comprehensive overview by first listing the existing theoretical frameworks, and then covering the common empirical approaches, synthesizing the demographic and personal characteristics of those who cheat, identifying the behavioural mechanisms found that affect dishonesty and finally we finish by discussing how the empirical evidence fit theory. Overall, the review concludes that many people behave dishonestly, but also that it is a highly malleable behavior sensitive to elements such as decision contexts, behaviour of others, state of mind and depletion. The review can be used as an overview of the dishonesty literature or as a guide or work of reference for selected topics of interest.
An International Survey among Prosthodontists of the Use of Mandibular Implant‐Supported Dental Prostheses
Authors: Kronstrom Mats , Carlsson Gunnar E.
Published: March 2017

Purpose

To evaluate the use of implant‐supported overdentures (IOD) and implant‐supported fixed dental prostheses (IFDP) in patients with edentulous mandibles among international prosthodontists.

Materials and Methods

A questionnaire was sent by e‐mail to all clinically active prosthodontists in the International College of Prosthodontists with questions related to implant treatment of the edentulous mandible performed in 2015.

Results

One hundred and sixteen prosthodontists from 33 countries responded to the questionnaire. The vast majority of the responding prosthodontists was faculty or worked in private practice, and the great majority had performed treatment with mandibular implant‐supported dental prostheses; however, two thirds of the respondents reported that <20% of the implant patients in their clinic had received treatment related to edentulous mandibles. The majority reported using 2 implants (84%), while 13% used 4 for overdenture retention. There were great variations regarding retention systems used for mandibular IODs; the most common was individual Locator attachments. Cost was considered the most common reason to choose mandibular IOD, There was a wide variation of materials used for mandibular IFDPs. The most common combination included milled titanium frameworks and acrylic resin teeth.

Conclusions

This survey, completed by 116 prosthodontists from 33 countries, showed that implant treatment for edentulous mandibles is common, but there was great variation among the respondents regarding amount of treatments performed, design, and materials used for the implant prostheses.
The Great Recession and Group‐Based Control: Converting Personal Helplessness into Social Class In‐Group Trust and Collective Action
Authors: Fritsche Immo , Moya Miguel , Bukowski Marcin , Jugert Philipp , de Lemus Soledad , Decker Oliver , Valor‐Segura Inmaculada , Navarro‐Carrillo Ginés
Published: March 2017

Economic crises can threaten individuals’ sense of control. At the same time, these crises often result in collective responses, such as class‐based protest (e.g., the 99%), but also nationalism or xenophobia. We investigated how personal consequences of economic crises lead to both intragroup and intergroup responses and the role of control for these effects. Studies 1 and 2 show that personal income and fear of economic descent reduce people's personal control, which, in turn, fosters hostile interethnic attitudes (Study 1), and in‐group trust toward one's own social class (Study 2). Study 3 tests the combined effect of personal control and salience of collective economic identity in an experimental field study in Germany and Spain. For Spanish participants, control deprivation increased collective efficacy when national economic identity was salient, which, in turn, increased collective action intentions. We discuss the conditions under which crisis‐induced threat to personal control elicits collective responses and the consequences for intergroup relations, including across class lines.
Perceptions of Low‐Status Workers and the Maintenance of the Social Class Status Quo
Authors: Volpato Chiara , Andrighetto Luca , Baldissarri Cristina
Published: March 2017

In this moment of increasing social inequalities after the Great Recession, studying the psychological processes that contribute to maintaining such inequalities is an urgent task for scholars. These processes include specific social‐class‐member perceptions that function to make these disparities seemingly fair. In particular, stereotypes and dehumanizing images of low‐status workers have become powerful means for perpetuating social disparities across history and cultures. In the present work, we aim to reveal the invariance of these images and their importance in maintaining the social hierarchies through an integrated approach that combines a historical perspective with an illustrative review of the empirical research. Further, we aim to show how the stigma of low‐status work affects the workers’ self‐view and may lead them to accept the status quo. We conclude by discussing the implications of this work for enriching the understanding of social‐class divides and suggesting avenues for future research.
Simultaneous recording of ultrasound and polysomnography during natural sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a pilot study
Authors: Chen Jeng‐Wen , Huang Chih‐Chung , Weng Chi‐Kai , Chang Chun‐Hsiang , Wang Shou‐Jen
Published: March 2017

Tongue base deformation may play a critical role in the phenomenon of obstructive sleep apnea, but polysomnography provides limited information regarding the effect of tongue motion during natural sleep. We reported on preliminary results of combining a novel ultrasound system and polysomnography for simultaneous recordings during natural sleep in volunteers and patients with obstructive sleep apnea. All participants underwent time‐synchronized polysomnography and submental transcutaneous ultrasound examinations. The wearable ultrasound device detected the air–mucosal interface of the tongue surface and automatically determined the maximum tongue base thickness in real time. All participants reported no sensation of heat, no sign of skin allergy, and an average of mild disturbance after the ultrasound recordings. In the individual patient with obstructive sleep apnea, we demonstrated a significant difference (P < 0.001) between the ultrasonic tongue base thickness measured during eupnea and that measured during snoring, hypopnea and apnea. The ultrasonic tongue base thickness increased and remained before the occurrence of obstructive apnea. On average, increased tongue base thicknesses of 2.5 (4.1%), 6.0 (9.8%) and 7.7 mm (12.5%) are associated with snoring, hypopnea and apnea, respectively. Our present data demonstrate that simultaneous examination of ultrasonic tongue base thickness and polysomnography is feasible for prolonged recording during natural sleep. The proposed method also enables the detection of significant differences in ultrasonic tongue base thickness between eupnea and obstructive respiratory events evaluated using polysomnography. This novel technique can be used to generate hypotheses for subsequent investigations of the underlying mechanisms and individualized combined therapy for obstructive sleep apnea. Clinical trial registration: This study has been registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry website with the registration number of ChiCTR‐DDT‐13003313. The date of registration was 13 July 2013.
Endothelial signaling and the dynamic regulation of arterial tone: A surreptitious relationship
Authors: Welsh Donald G. , Longden Thomas A.
Published: March 2017

The endothelium is an integrated layer of cells whose dynamic regulation governs arterial tone development and the matching of blood flow delivery to tissue energetic demand. Investigating the structural and electrical properties of native endothelial cells has been a challenging prospect, with efforts often restricted to traditional myographic techniques. Concerted experimental attention, along with recent technical advances, has broadened the investigative tool kit, deepening mechanistic insights. This overview in part of a STI centered on the endothelium and how key structural/electrical properties guide arterial tone development and integrated network behavior. Articles are written in a provocative, opinionated manner to provoke deeper thought and to highlight areas of investigative deficiency.
Influences of nationalisms on citizenship education: revealing a ‘dark side’ in Lebanon
Authors: Akar Bassel , Albrecht Mara
Published: March 2017

The development of education policies is in many aspects driven by nationalist aims, especially when demonstrating postcolonial autonomy. In the case of Lebanon, Arab and Lebanese forms of nationalism have framed education policy development when transitioning out of the French mandate to an independent republic and during pan‐Arab movements against colonialism. Following 15 years of armed conflict (1975–1990), the reformed national curriculum for citizenship drew on a negotiated compromise between advocates of Lebanese and Arab nationalism to foster a unifying national identity. The practices and outcomes of citizenship education, however, reveal degrees of social exclusion, barriers to learning active citizenship, infringement on intellectual freedoms and denial of thinking historically. Evidence is drawn from empirical studies, the state of affairs of history education and student registration figures in Lebanese and non‐Lebanese systems. The findings raise debates on the role of language in citizenship education and suggest a need to reconceptualise the implementation of nationalist aims in education policies, especially by incorporating elements of cosmopolitanism.
Alternative electron transport mediated by flavodiiron proteins is operational in organisms from cyanobacteria up to gymnosperms
Authors: Ilík Petr , Pavlovič Andrej , Kouřil Roman , Alboresi Alessandro , Morosinotto Tomas , Allahverdiyeva Yagut , Aro Eva‐Mari , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Shikanai Toshiharu
Published: March 2017

Photo‐reduction of O2 to water mediated by flavodiiron proteins (FDPs) represents a safety valve for the photosynthetic electron transport chain in fluctuating light. So far, the FDP‐mediated O2 photo‐reduction has been evidenced only in cyanobacteria and the moss Physcomitrella; however, a recent phylogenetic analysis of transcriptomes of photosynthetic organisms has also revealed the presence of FDP genes in several nonflowering plant groups. What remains to be clarified is whether the FDP‐dependent O2 photo‐reduction is actually operational in these organisms.

We have established a simple method for the monitoring of FDP‐mediated O2 photo‐reduction, based on the measurement of redox kinetics of P700 (the electron donor of photosystem I) upon dark‐to‐light transition. The O2 photo‐reduction is manifested as a fast re‐oxidation of P700. The validity of the method was verified by experiments with transgenic organisms, namely FDP knock‐out mutants of Synechocystis and Physcomitrella and transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing FDPs from Physcomitrella.

We observed the fast P700 re‐oxidation in representatives of all green plant groups excluding angiosperms.

Our results provide strong evidence that the FDP‐mediated O2 photo‐reduction is functional in all nonflowering green plant groups. This finding suggests a major change in the strategy of photosynthetic regulation during the evolution of angiosperms.
Anesthesia‐induced rhabdomyolysis or malignant hyperthermia: is defining the crisis important?
Authors: Gray Rebecca M.
Published: March 2017

Anesthesia‐induced rhabdomyolysis and malignant hyperthermia occur in response to the same agents and present with similar clinical features. Distinguishing between these diagnoses can be challenging in a clinical crisis yet making the distinction is critical as prompt appropriate management may be life‐saving, whereas delayed recognition and/or inappropriate management will almost certainly result in death. This focused review examines the differences between these conditions and focuses on the emergency management of anesthesia‐induced rhabdomyolysis.
Bias Compensation for Rational Function Model Based on Total Least Squares
Authors: Yu Anzhu , Jiang Ting , Guo Wenyue , Jiang Gangwu , Wei Xiangpo , Zhang Yi
Published: March 2017

When using the rational function model for the geometric orientation and geopositioning of satellite imagery, systematic bias compensation for vendor‐provided rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs) is very important. Most existing bias‐compensation models express systematic biases as a function of certain deterministic parameters, and least squares adjustment is used for estimating correction parameters. In this paper, the errors‐in‐variables model is introduced to take random errors in both the observation vector and the design matrix into consideration, based on a weighted total least squares adjustment. Experiments performed with two datasets demonstrate that the proposed method is reliable and the geopositioning accuracy improvement is better compared with a traditional least squares adjustment.
The analysis of the different functions of starch‐phosphorylating enzymes during the development of Arabidopsis thaliana plants discloses an unexpected role for the cytosolic isoform GWD2
Authors: Pirone Claudia , Gurrieri Libero , Gaiba Ivan , Adamiano Alessio , Valle Francesco , Trost Paolo , Sparla Francesca
Published: March 2017

The genome of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes three glucan, water dikinases. Glucan, water dikinase 1 (GWD1; EC 2.7.9.4) and phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD; EC 2.7.9.5) are chloroplastic enzymes, while glucan, water dikinase 2 (GWD2) is cytosolic. Both GWDs and PWD catalyze the addition of phosphate groups to amylopectin chains at the surface of starch granules, changing its physicochemical properties. As a result, GWD1 and PWD have a positive effect on transitory starch degradation at night. Because of its cytosolic localization, GWD2 does not have the same effect. Single T‐DNA mutants of either GWD1 or PWD or GWD2 have been analyzed during the entire life cycle of A. thaliana. We report that the three dikinases are all important for proper seed development. Seeds from gwd2 mutants are shrunken, with the epidermal cells of the seed coat irregularly shaped. Moreover, gwd2 seeds contain a lower lipid to protein ratio and are impaired in germination. Similar seed phenotypes were observed in pwd and gwd1 mutants, except for the normal morphology of epidermal cells in gwd1 seed coats. The gwd1, pwd and gwd2 mutants were also very similar in growth and flowering time when grown under continuous light and all three behaved differently from wild‐type plants. Besides pinpointing a novel role of GWD2 and PWD in seed development, this analysis suggests that the phenotypic features of the dikinase mutants in A. thaliana cannot be explained solely in terms of defects in leaf starch degradation at night.
Effects of positive emotion, extraversion, and dopamine on cognitive stability‐flexibility and frontal EEG asymmetry
Authors: Wacker Jan
Published: March 2017

The influence of positive emotions on the balance between cognitive stability and flexibility has been suggested to (a) differ among various positive emotional/motivational states (e.g., of varying approach motivation intensity), and (b) be mediated by brain dopamine (DA). Frontal EEG alpha asymmetry (ASY) is considered an indicator of approach motivational states and may be modulated by DA. The personality trait of extraversion is strongly linked to positive emotions and is now thought to reflect DA‐based individual differences in incentive/approach motivation. The present study independently manipulated positive emotion (high approach wanting‐expectancy [WE] vs. low approach warmth‐liking [WL]) and dopamine (placebo vs. DA D2 blocker sulpiride) to examine their effects on both cognitive stability‐flexibility and emotion‐related ASY changes. The results showed numerically lower stability‐flexibility in WE versus WL under placebo and a complete reversal of this effect under the D2 blocker, no differentiation between WE and WL groups in terms of emotion‐related ASY change, but an association between self‐reported WE and WL and ASY changes toward left and right frontal cortical activity, respectively. Finally, extraversion was positively associated with both stability‐flexibility and ASY changes toward left frontal cortical activity under placebo, and these associations were completely reversed under the D2 blocker. The results (a) support a dopaminergic basis for frontal EEG asymmetry, extraversion, and the modulating effect of positive emotions on stability‐flexibility, and (b) extend previous reports of cognitive differences between introverts and extraverts.
Geological and Geochemical Characteristics of the Intrusion‐Related Vein‐Type Gold Deposits in the El Morado District, Coastal Cordillera, Northern Chile
Authors: Kojima Shoji , Soto Iván , Quiroz Milenka , Valencia Paulina , Fernandez Iván
Published: March 2017

El Morado is the only auriferous district in the north Chilean coastal Cordillera, and has breccia‐associated Au–Fe–Cu vein‐type gold deposits, such as Beatriz and Lilianita. In addition to geological and mineralogical descriptions, geochemical characterization of the two vein deposits, and fluid inclusion and oxygen isotope analyses of the Lilianita quartz vein were performed with the objective to elucidate their ore‐forming characteristics.

The two deposits are hosted in Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous dioritic intrusions, and are characterized by the oxidized mineral association of electrum (Au75Ag25 to Au85Ag15), chalcopyrite, hematite and magnetite. Gold content of vein samples weakly correlates with Ag contents, but is not correlative with Cu contents. Fluid inclusion data of the vein quartz indicate relatively high‐trapping temperature (290 to 340°C) and low salinity (3.2 to 13.1 wt% NaCl) conditions with low‐pressure boiling evidence. The δ18O values of the corresponding quartz samples are in a narrow range of +11.1 to +12.5 ‰. These data combined with the fluid inclusion thermometric data suggest that the quartz‐mineralizing fluid with δ18O values between +4.9 and +6.2 ‰ was derived from primary magmatic water with lesser amounts of low‐temperature surface water, such as seawater or meteoric water. All these results show that the gold deposits in the El Morado district are intrusion‐related oxidized veins, which formed from magmatic‐hydrothermal fluids at relatively low‐pressure shallow conditions, compared to the Cu‐rich iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) vein deposits in the same province.
Fish for Dinner? Balancing Risks, Benefits, and Values in Formulating Food Consumption Advice
Authors: Rideout Karen , Kosatsky Tom
Published: March 2017

Many and complex factors underlie seemingly simple decisions about what to eat. This is particularly so for foods such as fish, which present consumers with both risks and benefits. Advice about what type of and how much fish to consume is abundant, but that advice is often confusing or contradictory, reflecting the differing mandates and orientations of those advising. We survey a range of issues that can and should be incorporated into dietary advice, and offer tools for health agencies tasked with providing it. We argue that risks and benefits should not be limited to direct physical health. Rather, socioeconomic and community factors, unintended or indirect effects, and nonhuman‐health outcomes such as animal welfare and planetary health should also be considered and weighed. We provide examples of existing fish consumption guidance to highlight the conflicting messages that emerge when different sources of advice with singular aims of avoiding risk, gaining nutritional benefit, or sustaining fish populations are juxtaposed. We then offer tools borrowed from health and other fields to guide health agencies toward developing more comprehensive advice and targeting that advice for specific populations.
Construction Safety Risk Modeling and Simulation
Authors: Tixier Antoine J.‐P. , Hallowell Matthew R. , Rajagopalan Balaji
Published: March 2017

By building on a genetic‐inspired attribute‐based conceptual framework for safety risk analysis, we propose a novel approach to define, model, and simulate univariate and bivariate construction safety risk at the situational level. Our fully data‐driven techniques provide construction practitioners and academicians with an easy and automated way of getting valuable empirical insights from attribute‐based data extracted from unstructured textual injury reports. By applying our methodology on a data set of 814 injury reports, we first show the frequency‐magnitude distribution of construction safety risk to be very similar to that of many natural phenomena such as precipitation or earthquakes. Motivated by this observation, and drawing on state‐of‐the‐art techniques in hydroclimatology and insurance, we then introduce univariate and bivariate nonparametric stochastic safety risk generators based on kernel density estimators and copulas. These generators enable the user to produce large numbers of synthetic safety risk values faithful to the original data, allowing safety‐related decision making under uncertainty to be grounded on extensive empirical evidence. One of the implications of our study is that like natural phenomena, construction safety may benefit from being studied quantitatively by leveraging empirical data rather than strictly being approached through a managerial perspective using subjective data, which is the current industry standard. Finally, a side but interesting finding is that in our data set, attributes related to high energy levels (e.g., machinery, hazardous substance) and to human error (e.g., improper security of tools) emerge as strong risk shapers.
Evaluating the Mental Models Approach to Developing a Risk Communication: A Scoping Review of the Evidence
Authors: Boase Nick , White Mathew , Gaze William , Redshaw Clare
Published: March 2017

Risk communication is fundamental in ensuring people are equipped with the knowledge needed to navigate varied risks. One generally well‐regarded framework for the development of such communications is the mental models approach to risk communication (MMARC). Developed during the 1990s, the MMARC has been applied to a range of health, technological, and environmental risks. However, as yet, we know of no attempt to collate and review articles that evaluated communications developed using the MMARC. This article took a first step at addressing this gap by conducting a scoping review that aimed to begin to explore the fidelity with which the approach has been applied, explore whether there appeared to be sufficient studies to warrant a future systematic review, and identify future research questions. Although the initial search found over 100 articles explicitly applying the MMARC, only 12 of these developed a risk‐related communication that was tested against a control (and thus included in the current review). All studies reported a positive effect of the MMARC versus control communication for at least some of the outcome measures (knowledge being the most prevalent). However, there was wide variation between studies including type of control, outcomes assessed, and only five studies reported adopting a randomized design. The review highlights both the need for greater fidelity in the way future studies operationalize the MMARC approach, and suggests that a full‐scale systematic review of the MMARC literature appears justified, especially given the possibility of a large gray literature in this area.
Risk Perception and Disaster Preparedness in Immigrants and Canadian‐Born Adults: Analysis of a National Survey on Similarities and Differences
Authors: Yong An Gie , Lemyre Louise , Pinsent Celine , Krewski Daniel
Published: March 2017

Research has documented that immigrants tend to experience more negative consequences from natural disasters compared to native‐born individuals, although research on how immigrants perceive and respond to natural disaster risks is sparse. We investigated how risk perception and disaster preparedness for natural disasters in immigrants compared to Canadian‐born individuals as justifications for culturally‐adapted risk communication and management. To this end, we analyzed the ratings on natural disaster risk perception beliefs and preparedness behaviors from a nationally representative survey (N = 1,089). Factor analyses revealed three underlying psychological dimensions of risk perception: external responsibility for disaster management, self‐preparedness responsibility, and illusiveness of preparedness. Although immigrants and Canadian‐born individuals shared the three‐factor structure, there were differences in the salience of five risk perception beliefs. Despite these differences, immigrants and Canadian‐born individuals were similar in the level of risk perception dimensions and disaster preparedness. Regression analyses revealed self‐preparedness responsibility and external responsibility for disaster management positively predicted disaster preparedness whereas illusiveness of preparedness negatively predicted disaster preparedness in both groups. Our results showed that immigrants’ risk perception and disaster preparedness were comparable to their Canadian‐born counterparts. That is, immigrant status did not necessarily yield differences in risk perception and disaster preparedness. These social groups may benefit from a risk communication and management strategy that addresses these risk perception dimensions to increase disaster preparedness. Given the diversity of the immigrant population, the model remains to be tested by further population segmentation.
Changes in muscle architecture of biceps femoris induced by eccentric strength training with nordic hamstring exercise
Authors: Alonso‐Fernandez D. , Docampo‐Blanco P. , Martinez‐Fernandez J.
Published: March 2017

Eccentric strength training alters muscle architecture, but it is also an important factor for the prevention of hamstring injuries. The purpose was to determine the architectural adaptations of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) after eccentric strength training with nordic hamstring exercise (NHE), followed by a subsequent detraining period. The participants in this intervention (n=23) completed a period of 13 weeks consisting of a first week of control and prior training, followed by 8 weeks of eccentric strength training with NHE, and concluding with a 4‐week period of detraining. The architectural characteristics of the BFlh were measured at rest using two‐dimensional ultrasound before (M1—week 1) and after (M2—week 9) the eccentric strength training, and at the end of the detraining period (M3—week 13). The muscle fascicle length significantly increased (t=−7.73, d=2.28, P<.001) in M2 compared to M1, as well as the muscle thickness (t=−5.23, d=1.54, P<.001), while the pennation angle presented a significant decrease (t=7.81, d=2.3, P<.001). The muscle fascicle length decreased significantly (t=6.07, d=1.79, P<.001) in M3 compared to M2, while the pennation angle showed a significant increase (t=−4.63, d=1.36, P<.001). The results provide evidence that NHE may cause alterations in the architectural conditions of the BFlh and may have practical implications for injury prevention and rehabilitation programs.
Differential Influence of the Great Recession on Political Participation Among Race and Ethnic Groups*
Authors: Huyser Kimberly R. , Pérez Jillian Medeiros , Ybarra Vickie D. , Hellwege Julia Marin , Sanchez Lisa
Published: March 2017

Objective

Our study seeks to understand the role of perceived economic stress of the Great Recession on political participation among blacks, whites, and Latinos.

Methods

We use the 2012 Collaborative Multi‐Racial Political Study and negative binomial regression to examine the impact of financial hardship on black, Hispanic, and white political participation.

Results

We find that political participation among whites is unaffected by the Great Recession and is largely motivated by political interest. Blacks are mobilized by financial hardship even after controlling for political enthusiasm and linked fate. Hispanics have the lowest level of political participation.

Conclusion

Overall, we conclude that the Great Recession did affect political behavior but differently across race and ethnic groups; specifically, Hispanics were least likely to politically engage if they experienced negative consequences of the Great Recession.