bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multifunctional Nanochemistry: Ambient, Electroless, Template‐Based Synthesis and Characterization of Segmented Bimetallic Pd/Au and Pd/Pt Nanowires as High‐Performance Electrocatalysts and Nanomotors
Authors: Koenigsmann Christopher , Tan Zhibo , Peng Huiqing , Sutter Eli , Jacobskind Jared , Wong Stanislaus S.
Published: December 2012

Segmented noble‐metal nanowires (NWs) represent an exciting, multifunctional, one‐dimensional, structural architecture with a variety of potential applications. However, the widespread use of electrodeposition in the preparation of these systems has limited their potential to be produced on a large scale, since this protocol is costly and requires complex processes and caustic reaction media. Given the inherent limitations of electrodeposition, we report, for the first time, an ambient, surfactantless, template‐based approach that is not only sustainable but also efficient for the reliable production of Pd/Pt and Pd/Au segmented NWs, possessing two spatially separated, chemically distinctive, but elementally pure, axial subunits. Our simple two‐step synthetic approach allows for direct and predictable control over the relative segment lengths in these nanomaterials. Moreover, thorough structural characterization of these as‐prepared samples confirms that our segmented NWs maintain high‐quality, crystalline, elementally pure subunits with a well‐defined interface between the constituent metals. In the context of preparing segmented NWs as multifunctional nanostructures, we demonstrate that these as‐prepared NWs achieve high levels of performance when employed as both electrocatalysts and nanomotors.
Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain Algorithm for Quantifying Light Absorption in Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Ee Ho‐Seok , Song Kyung‐Deok , Kim Sun‐Kyung , Park Hong‐Gyu
Published: December 2012

We introduce an accurate and fast finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method for calculating light absorption in nanoscale optical systems. The dispersive FDTD update equations were derived from auxiliary differential equations (ADE), wherein dispersive media were fitted by various dispersion models including the Drude, Debye, Lorentz, and critical point models. Light absorption in the dispersive media was quantified by calculating polarization pole currents in the ADE. To verify this simulation method, the absorption spectrum of a 300 nm thick silicon film was calculated and compared to an analytic solution. In addition, the absorption cross‐section of a single silicon nanowire with a diameter of 300 nm was calculated using monochromatic and broadband light sources. We believe that this reformatted FDTD method is a powerful tool for the design of novel nanophotonic components, including nanowire photovoltaic devices.
Reaction Front Evolution during Electrochemical Lithiation of Crystalline Silicon Nanopillars
Authors: Lee Seok Woo , Berla Lucas A. , McDowell Matthew T. , Nix William D. , Cui Yi
Published: December 2012

The high theoretical specific capacity of Si as an anode material is attractive in lithium‐ion batteries, although the issues caused by large volume changes during cycling have been a major challenge. Efforts have been devoted to understanding how diffusion‐induced stresses cause fracture, but recent observations of anisotropic volume expansion in single‐crystalline Si nanostructures require new theoretical considerations of expansion behavior during lithiation. Further experimental investigation is also necessary to better understand the anisotropy of the lithiation process. Here, we present a method to reveal the crystalline core of partially lithiated Si nanopillars with three different crystallographic orientations by using methanol to dissolve the Li atoms from the amorphous Li‐Si alloy. The exposed crystalline cores have flat {110} surfaces at the pillar sidewalls; these surfaces represent the position of the reaction front between the crystalline core and the amorphous Li‐Si alloy. It was also found that an amorphous Si structure remained on the flat surfaces of the crystalline core after dissolution of the Li, which was presumed to be caused by the accumulation of Si atoms left over from the removal of Li from the Li‐Si alloy.
Effects of tapentadol on mechanical hypersensitivity in rats with ligatures of the infraorbital nerve versus the sciatic nerve
Authors: Michot B. , Bourgoin S. , Kayser V. , Hamon M.
Published: December 2012

Background

Convergent data showed that neuropathic pain has specific characteristics at cephalic versus extra‐cephalic level, where single‐targeted drugs differentially alleviate pain. Because the novel analgesic drug, tapentadol, is acting at two targets, μ‐opioid receptors (as agonist) and noradrenaline reuptake (as inhibitor), we tested its effects on neuropathic pain at both cephalic and extra‐cephalic levels.

Methods

Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent unilateral constriction injury (CCI) to the infraorbital nerve (ION; cephalic territory) or the sciatic nerve (SN; extra‐cephalic territory), and alleviation of nerve lesion‐induced mechanical allodynia/hyperalgesia was assessed after acute or repeated (for 4 days) treatment with tapentadol compared with morphine and/or reboxetine (noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor) 2 weeks after surgery. Possible changes in the expression of the neuroinflammatory markers activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by repeated tapentadol treatment were quantified by real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in ganglia and central tissues.

Results

Acute administration of tapentadol (1–10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced allodynia in both CCI‐SN and CCI‐ION rats. Although morphine (3 mg/kg, s.c.) or reboxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) alone was only marginally active, the combination of both drugs produced supra‐additive effects like those observed with tapentadol. In contrast to repeated morphine whose effects vanished, the anti‐allodynic effects of tapentadol remained unchanged after a 4‐day treatment. However, the latter treatment with tapentadol did not affect nerve lesion‐evoked overexpression of ATF3, IL‐6 and BDNF transcripts.

Conclusions

The dual synergistic pharmacological properties of tapentadol, which result in clear‐cut anti‐neuropathic pain effects at both cephalic and extra‐cephalic levels, probably involve mechanisms downstream of nerve injury‐induced neuroinflammatory reaction.
Primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with abnormal cortical and trabecular microstructure and reduced bone stiffness in postmenopausal women
Authors: Stein Emily M , Silva Barbara C , Boutroy Stephanie , Zhou Bin , Wang Ji , Udesky Julia , Zhang Chiyuan , McMahon Donald J , Romano Megan , Dworakowski Elzbieta , Costa Aline G , Cusano Natalie , Irani Dinaz , Cremers Serge , Shane Elizabeth , Guo X Edward , Bilezikian John P
Published: December 2012

Typically, in the milder form of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), now seen in most countries, bone density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and detailed analyses of iliac crest bone biopsies by histomorphometry and micro–computed tomography (µCT) show detrimental effects in cortical bone, whereas the trabecular site (lumbar spine by DXA) and the trabecular compartment (by bone biopsy) appear to be relatively well preserved. Despite these findings, fracture risk at both vertebral and nonvertebral sites is increased in PHPT. Emerging technologies, such as high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT), may provide additional insight into microstructural features at sites such as the forearm and tibia that have heretofore not been easily accessible. Using HRpQCT, we determined cortical and trabecular microstructure at the radius and tibia in 51 postmenopausal women with PHPT and 120 controls. Individual trabecula segmentation (ITS) and micro–finite element (µFE) analyses of the HRpQCT images were also performed to further understand how the abnormalities seen by HRpQCT might translate into effects on bone strength. Women with PHPT showed, at both sites, decreased volumetric densities at trabecular and cortical compartments, thinner cortices, and more widely spaced and heterogeneously distributed trabeculae. At the radius, trabeculae were thinner and fewer in PHPT. The radius was affected to a greater extent in the trabecular compartment than the tibia. ITS analyses revealed, at both sites, that plate-like trabeculae were depleted, with a resultant reduction in the plate/rod ratio. Microarchitectural abnormalities were evident by decreased plate-rod and plate-plate junctions at the radius and tibia, and rod-rod junctions at the radius. These trabecular and cortical abnormalities resulted in decreased whole-bone stiffness and trabecular stiffness. These results provide evidence that in PHPT, microstructural abnormalities are pervasive and not limited to the cortical compartment, which may help to account for increased global fracture risk in PHPT. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Hollow‐fiber membrane bioelectrochemical reactor for domestic wastewater treatment
Authors: Ge Zheng , Ping Qingyun , He Zhen
Published: December 2012

Background

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are potentially advantageous as an energy‐efficient approach to wastewater treatment; however, the quality of the MFC effluent has not been well addressed. In this study, a membrane bioelectrochemical reactor (MBER) was developed through integrating hollow‐fiber ultrafiltration membranes into a tubular MFC to improve the effluent quality.

Results

This MBER was operated with an acetate solution or domestic wastewater (primary effluent) for more than 200 days. The MBER removed 43–58% of total chemical oxygen demand (COD) from the acetate solution and achieved 30–36% coulombic efficiency. When treating the wastewater, the MBER was able to maintain almost 90% COD removal and an effluent turbidity <1 NTU. A strategy of periodic backwash and membrane relaxation led to a slow increase in the transmembrane pressure (TMP) from zero to 15 kPa in more than 40 days at hydraulic retention time (HRT) 36 h. However, both lower HRTs and high organic loading rates rapidly increased the transmembrane pressure.

Conclusion

A proof of concept of an MBER was presented and shown to be effective in contaminant removal. Preliminary energy analysis suggests that the MBER could theoretically produce sufficient energy from the acetate solution to support the pumping system. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the MBER concept and the challenges for further development of the MBER system. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Performance of purifying anaerobic fermentation slurry using microalgae in response to various LED light wavelengths and intensities
Authors: Yan Cheng , Luo Xingzhang , Zheng Zheng
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUND

Anaerobic fermentation slurry (AFS) is a type of high‐pollution load wastewater that can cause water eutrophication and algal blooms. The current study focused on the response of microalgae nutrient removal efficiency to various light‐emitting diode light wavelengths and intensities.

RESULTS

The microalgae Chlorella vulgaris was able to remove nutrients from AFS effectively. Furthermore, only moderate light intensities (800, 1300, 1800, and 2300 µmol m−2 s−1) were required to culture C. vulgaris and induce nutrient removal. Exposure to higher light intensities produced greater dry weight (DW) biomass and achieved higher nutrient removal efficiencies. The order of light wavelengths based on the DW biomass yield of C. vulgaris was red > white > yellow > blue. The order of light wavelengths, according to the nutrient removal efficiencies reached by C. vulgaris, was red > white > yellow > blue. Red light was also the light wavelength with the best economic efficiency for nutrient removal.

CONCLUSION

In this study, red light was used as the optimum light wavelength. Furthermore, the optimum light intensity range was from 1300 to 1800 µmol m−2 s−1 when both nutrient removal and economic efficiencies were considered.Moreover, the optimum treatment time was determined to be 120 h. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative myology of the mandibular and hyoid arches of sharks of the order hexanchiformes and their bearing on its monophyly and phylogenetic relationships (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii)
Authors: Soares Mateus C. , de Carvalho Marcelo R.
Published: December 2012

The order Hexanchiformes currently comprises two families, Chlamydoselachidae (frilled sharks) and Hexanchidae (six‐ and seven‐gill sharks), but its monophyly and relationships with other elasmobranchs are still discussed. Previous studies of hexanchiforms addressing these issues were based mainly on external morphology, teeth, skeletal features, and molecular data, whereas the employment of characters derived from variations in muscles has not been significantly explored. Dissections of four species of Hexanchiformes (includingChlamydoselachus anguineus) are reported here describing the mandibular (musculus adductor mandibulae dorsalis, m. adductor mandibulae ventralis, m. levator labii superioris, m. intermandibularis, and m. constrictor dorsalis) and hyoidean (m. constrictor hyoideus dorsalis and ventralis) arch muscles. Our results provide new data concerning the relationships of hexanchiforms to other elasmobranchs. The m. adductor mandibulae superficialis is described and illustrated inC. anguineus, contradicting previous accounts in which is was considered absent. The anteroposterior orientation of the m. adductor mandibulae superficialis inChlamydoselachusis similar to the pattern found in hexanchids, squaloids, and hypnosqualeans (including batoids), suggesting it was secondarily lost inEchinorhinus. This muscle therefore provides further support for the inclusion of the Chlamydoselachidae and Hexanchidae in the Squalomorphi, and not basal to all other elasmobranchs or nested within an all‐shark collective, as has been previously proposed. However, the m. adductor mandibulae superficialis originating at the jaw joint and with an aponeurotic insertion in hexanchids, squaliforms, and hypnosqualeans, may be a separate derived feature uniting these taxa. The insertion of the m. constrictor dorsalis is restricted to the postorbital articulation in hexanchids, whereas it extends farther anteriorly inC. anguineus. The insertion of the m. constrictor hyoideus dorsalis solely on the palatoquadrate is found exclusively in the Hexanchidae. We conclude that no specific pattern of mandibular or hyoid arch muscles support the monophyly of hexanchiforms (i.e., includingChlamydoselachus). J. Morphol., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconstruction of environmental changes using a multi‐proxy approach in the Ulleung Basin (Sea of Japan) over the last 48 ka
Authors: Zou Jianjun , Shi Xuefa , Liu Yanguang , Liu Jihua , Selvaraj Kandasamy , Kao Shuh‐Ji
Published: December 2012

Based on elemental geochemical data, we reconstructed the sediment provenance, surface productivity and bottom water redox conditions for the last 48 ka in the Ulleung Basin (Sea of Japan) and inferred the factors controlling them. Al2O3/TiO2 ratio and chemical index of alteration (CIA) suggest that sediment provenance changed during the glacial period (48–18 ka) compared to the deglacial (ca. 18–11 ka) and Holocene. Mass accumulation rates of total organic carbon (TOC), CaCO3, phosphorus, cadmium and excess barium reveal low paleoproductivity during low sea stand. During 18–11 ka, productivity increased due to increasing inflow of nutrient‐rich water masses – the Oyashio and the East China Sea coastal water – in tandem with the rising sea level. Maximum productivity occurred during Younger Dryas and Pre‐boreal periods when sea level was at ∼ −60 m and then gradually decreased as the Tsushima Warm Current inflow kicked off at ca. 9.3 ka, consistent with other paleoredox proxies, which reveal the presence of anoxic bottom water during ca. 12–9 ka. With the changes in paleoredox proxies and their ratios (TOC, Mo, U, Mn, C/S ratio and Uauthigenic and Mo contents), we hypothesized that the redox changes were mainly ventilation driven and were superimposed on the influence of circulation‐induced productivity changes. The global climate and sea‐level changes on a millennial timescale play a major role in enhancing paleoproductivity and restrict bottom water advection, subsequently driving the oxygenation of bottom water in the Ulleung Basin. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insolation and cross‐hemispheric controls on Australian monsoon variability over the past 180 ka: new evidence from offshore southeastern Papua New Guinea
Authors: Shiau Liang‐Jian , Chen Min‐Te , Huh Chih‐An , Yamamoto Masanobu , Yokoyama Yusuke
Published: December 2012

The Australian summer monsoon (ASM) is primarily a synoptic feature determined by the differential thermal response to solar insolation between the Australian continent and the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) in austral summer. Little is known about the process involved in driving long‐term ASM variability. Here we present a 180 ka record of terrestrial fluxes into offshore southeastern Papua New Guinea (PNG), a prevailing monsoon area in the WPWP. Terrestrial fluxes were estimated by a 230Th‐normalized method, indicating higher terrestrial inputs into the ocean during glacial stages. We argue that the higher terrestrial fluxes are mainly fluvial, which in turn are linked to stronger ASM precipitation on land, though the increased terrestrial flux could possibly also be due to the lowstand or glacial erosion of mountain glaciers. Cross‐spectral analysis indicates that the ASM precipitation maxima are controlled by local summer insolation maxima, WPWP sea‐surface temperature minima and East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) maxima in precession frequency bands (21 ka−1). This result suggests that the 21 ka components of the ASM in the past 180 ka are not only insolation driven but also a dynamic component strengthened by cross‐hemispheric pressure gradient resulted from the precession maxima forcing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climate and vegetation variations since the LGM recorded by biomarkers from a sediment core in the northern South China Sea
Authors: Zhou Bin , Zheng Hongbo , Yang Wenguang , Taylor David , Lu Yuehan , Wei Ganjian , Li Li , Wang Hui
Published: December 2012

Variations in stable carbon isotopic compositions of n‐alkanes (δ13Calk) and n‐alkane proxies (CPI, C31/C27 and ACL) from core MD05‐2905 (20° 08.17′ N, 117° 21.6′ E) in the northern South China Sea (SCS), provided evidence of biological responses on adjacent land areas in the form of changes in terrestrial vegetation and provenance of the remains of land plants during and since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Decreased values of n‐alkane proxies and δ13Calk over the last 28 ka marked the transition from glacial to interglacial conditions and indicated a greater extent of herbaceous vegetation at the LGM than present and an increased abundance in woody vegetation during the Holocene. Relatively larger δ13Calk values at the LGM indicated that n‐alkanes of terrestrial herbs in the sediment core were not only from the leaf waxes of C3 plants, such as herbs of Artemisia, growing on proximate parts of the exposed continental shelf, but also from C4 grasses likely from subtropical parts of southeastern China and Taiwan Island. Reconstructed sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs), based on $U_{37}^{K'} $ data from the same core, revealed that temperatures were ∼3°C lower than present during the LGM, with abrupt variations during both glacial and interglacial periods. During the LGM, lower temperature and sea level and greater aridity relative to present resulted in an expansion of herbaceous vegetation over an enlarged extent of exposed continental shelf. Following deglaciation, warming and enhanced summer monsoonal activity led to increased humidity and to an expansion of woody vegetation (mostly C3 plants) during the Holocene. Results also revealed rapid oscillations in C31/C27 ratios over millennial scales, with lower values associated with cold stages. These low C31/C27 ratios indicated increased input of woody plant material possibly from more extensive gallery forest and greater transport of their plant debris to the coring site, perhaps facilitated by enhanced runoff under a strengthened Northern Hemisphere winter monsoon during short‐duration cold events. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of phytase from Aspergillusniger on plant growth and mineral assimilation in wheat (Triticumaestivum Linn.) and its potential for use as a soil amendment
Authors: Gujar Pradnya D , Bhavsar Kavita P , Khire Jayant M
Published: December 2012

Background

Extensive use of non‐replenishable phosphate reserves as phosphate supplements in agriculture and animal feed poses a threat for environmental pollution and necessitated a search for alternative phosphate sources. Unlocking the phytate phosphorus using microbial phytase can provide an ecofriendly solution in agriculture. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of phytase from Aspergillus niger NCIM 563 in degradation of phytate phosphorus to benefit plant nutrition and soil amendment in comparison with chemical fertilizers.

Results

An enzyme dose of 12 IU was sufficient to hydrolyze phytate and increase assimilation of phosphorus by about 74%. Phytase supplementation leads to increase in shoot:total length ratio by about 200%, indicating its growth‐promoting effect. Consistency in phytase‐induced growth was reflected at pot and tray levels, wherein shoot:total length ratio was observed to be 2.01 and 2.12 respectively. Mineral assimilation due to phytase was more efficient as compared to chemical fertilizers, thus overcoming the constraints of practicability and economics in the agriculture industry. Phytase was efficient in reducing the phytic acid content of soil by about 30% while simultaneously increasing the phytate phosphate availability by 1.18‐fold.

Conclusion

Phytase from A. niger showed improvement in phytate phosphorus and mineral availability. Besides a plant growth‐promoting effect, reduction in use of chemical fertilizers and soil improvement could be achieved simultaneously for maintaining the sustainability of agriculture. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Malignant pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: A population level analysis of long‐term survival over two decades
Authors: Goffredo Paolo , Sosa Julie A. , Roman Sanziana A.
Published: December 2012

Background and Objectives

Pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and paraganglioma (PGL) are rare tumors. Aims of this study were to describe and to compare demographic, clinical, pathologic, and survival characteristics of malignant PHEO and PGL.

Methods

Patients were identified in SEER, 1988–2009. Analyses included chi‐square, ANOVA, Kaplan–Meier, and Cox proportional hazard regression.

Results

Gender distribution and mean age were similar for PHEO and PGL. Surgery was performed in 74.3% of PHEO and 78.9% of PGL; external beam radiation was administered in 8.0% of PHEO and 28.1% of PGL (P < 0.001). Compared to PGL, PHEO were larger (mean size 7.7 vs. 4.5 cm PGL, P = 0.001) and more were SEER‐staged as localized (17.3% vs. 49.6%, respectively, P < 0.001). PGLs were more often located in the trunk than in the head/neck (53.8% vs. 38.0%, P < 0.001). PHEO had lower overall and disease‐specific survival than PGL (54.0% and 73.5% vs. 73.3% and 80.5% for PGL, respectively, P < 0.001 and P = 0.118). Independent factors associated with mortality for PHEO included not undergoing surgery and metastases at diagnosis; for PGL, these were age 61–75 years, size ≥5 cm, and presenting with metastases.

Conclusions

Malignant PHEO has a more aggressive course than malignant PGL; long‐term survival has not improved over the last two decades. Multi‐institutional efforts should be pursued to seek novel treatments. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:659–664. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PDMS extraction bars for the determination of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in water and wastewater
Authors: da Silva Daiane S. , Brenner Carla G. B. , Mayer Francieli M. , Montipó Sheila , Martins Ayrton F.
Published: December 2012

In this study, the preparation and application of extraction bars of PDMS were investigated to preconcentrate and determine benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in water and wastewater by means of HPLC with fluorescence detection. Aliquot samples from hospital wastewater were used as the model effluent. The independent variables for the sorptive extraction were as follows: ionic strength (added amounts of NaCl); pH; temperature and time of absorption; temperature and time of desorption. Under optimized conditions, by using a factorial design, the suspended extraction bars could allow the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (1.20 ± 0.05 μg/L; 10.40 ± 0.02 μg/L; 1.80 ± 0.04 μg/L; 15.9 ± 0.04 μg/L, respectively) in hospital effluent (fortified samples), by recoveries of 71.9 ± 4.9 to 74.8 ± 5.6%. This procedure represents an innovation that eliminates the time‐consuming stage of vacuum microfiltration, and allows the determination of volatile organic compounds by HPLC. As far as we know, this procedure is original and represents an important contribution to the field.
Fast parallel detection of feline panleukopenia virus DNA by multi‐channel microchip electrophoresis with programmed step electric field strength
Authors: Nan He , Yoo Dong Jin , Kang Seong Ho
Published: December 2012

A multi‐channel microchip electrophoresis using a programmed step electric field strength (PSEFS) method was investigated for fast parallel detection of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) DNA. An expanded laser beam, a 10× objective lens, and a charge‐coupled device camera were used to simultaneously detect the separations in three parallel channels using laser‐induced fluorescence detection. The parallel separations of a 100‐bp DNA ladder were demonstrated on the system using a sieving gel matrix of 0.5% poly(ethylene oxide) (Mr = 8 000 000) in the individual channels. In addition, the PSEFS method was also applied for faster DNA separation without loss of resolving power. A DNA size marker, FPV DNA sample, and a negative control were simultaneously analyzed with single‐run and one‐step detection. The FPV DNA was clearly distinguished within 30 s, which was more than 100 times faster than with conventional slab gel electrophoresis. The proposed multi‐channel microchip electrophoresis with PSEFS was demonstrated to be a simple and powerful diagnostic method to analyze multiple disease‐related DNA fragments in parallel with high speed, throughput, and accuracy.
Incorporating harvest rates into the sex‐age‐kill model for white‐tailed deer
Authors: Norton Andrew S. , Diefenbach Duane R. , Rosenberry Christopher S. , Wallingford Bret D.
Published: December 2012

Although monitoring population trends is an essential component of game species management, wildlife managers rarely have complete counts of abundance. Often, they rely on population models to monitor population trends. As imperfect representations of real‐world populations, models must be rigorously evaluated to be applied appropriately. Previous research has evaluated population models for white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus); however, the precision and reliability of these models when tested against empirical measures of variability and bias largely is untested. We were able to statistically evaluate the Pennsylvania sex‐age‐kill (PASAK) population model using realistic error measured using data from 1,131 radiocollared white‐tailed deer in Pennsylvania from 2002 to 2008. We used these data and harvest data (number killed, age‐sex structure, etc.) to estimate precision of abundance estimates, identify the most efficient harvest data collection with respect to precision of parameter estimates, and evaluate PASAK model robustness to violation of assumptions. Median coefficient of variation (CV) estimates by Wildlife Management Unit, 13.2% in the most recent year, were slightly above benchmarks recommended for managing game species populations. Doubling reporting rates by hunters or doubling the number of deer checked by personnel in the field reduced median CVs to recommended levels. The PASAK model was robust to errors in estimates for adult male harvest rates but was sensitive to errors in subadult male harvest rates, especially in populations with lower harvest rates. In particular, an error in subadult (1.5‐yr‐old) male harvest rates resulted in the opposite error in subadult male, adult female, and juvenile population estimates. Also, evidence of a greater harvest probability for subadult female deer when compared with adult (≥2.5‐yr‐old) female deer resulted in a 9.5% underestimate of the population using the PASAK model. Because obtaining appropriate sample sizes, by management unit, to estimate harvest rate parameters each year may be too expensive, assumptions of constant annual harvest rates may be necessary. However, if changes in harvest regulations or hunter behavior influence subadult male harvest rates, the PASAK model could provide an unreliable index to population changes. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Impacts of weather on northern bobwhite sex ratios, body mass, and annual production in South Texas
Authors: Tri Andrew N. , Sands Joseph P. , Buelow Michael C. , Williford Damon , Wehland Erin M. , Larson Jon A. , Brazil Kyle A. , Hardin Jason B. , Hernández Fidel , Brennan Leonard A.
Published: December 2012

A landscape‐scale assessment of how bobwhite productivity varies in relation to weather does not exist for northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). We collected age and sex ratio and body mass data from hunter‐harvested bobwhites in 16 counties of South Texas (n = 72,797 bobwhites) during 2001–2009 hunting seasons. We evaluated annual bobwhite production (juvenile:adult age ratios) as a function of cumulative April–August rainfall using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather station data from Falfurrias and Hebbronville, Texas. We observed minimal among‐year change in percent males harvested (51.0–54.5% male) and mean mass (156–160 g) of bobwhites across South Texas. We found no relationship between percent male or body mass and weather. We documented a positive, linear relationship between cumulative April–August rainfall and bobwhite age ratios (r2 = 0.94); we also documented a negative, linear relationship between summer (Jun–Aug) mean maximum daily temperature and bobwhite age ratios (r2 = 0.38). Our results suggest that rainfall is a landscape‐scale indicator of annual bobwhite production in South Texas and can thus be used to manage annual expectations of quail hunters prior to the hunting season. © The Wildlife Society, 2012
The physical and chemical structure of lipids in relation to digestion and absorption
Authors: Gallier Sophie , Singh Harjinder
Published: December 2012

Lipids provide specific functional, nutritional and sensorial properties to foods. The main dietary source of lipids is triacylglycerols. Triacylglycerols can occur in different forms, such as free (oil), droplets (emulsions) or crystallised network (butter). Whatever the form consumed, the triacylglycerols are emulsified in the stomach, as lipolysis takes place at the oil‐water interface. If some emulsifiers are already present at the surface of the lipid droplets, they will affect the lipolysis process. Another crucial parameter is the size of the emulsified droplets, as smaller droplets, providing a larger surface area for lipase binding, will be digested faster. The chain length and degree of saturation of the fatty acids and their position on the triacylglycerol backbone influence their digestion, mode of transport and absorption. Thus the choice of emulsifiers, particle size and fatty acid composition are major factors to take into account when processing food to reduce or increase lipid digestion and absorption.
Perioperative estimation of the intracranial pressure using the optic nerve sheath diameter during liver transplantation
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Vijay , Beckmann Katharina , Mueller Mark , Sharma Deepak , Vavilala Monica S.
Published: December 2012

An elevation of the intracranial pressure (ICP) secondary to cerebral edema is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in acute liver failure. In addition, invasive ICP monitoring in this setting is controversial because coagulopathy predisposes patients to hemorrhagic complications. In this case report, we describe the novel use of optic nerve sheath diameter monitoring as a noninvasive modality for checking for acute elevations in ICP in this setting. Because of the merits of rapidly evolving ultrasound technologies, this may serve as a safe method for improving patient care in this setting.
Computer Study of the Association Behavior of Gradient Copolymers: Analysis of Simulation Results Based on a New Algorithm for Recognition and Classification of Aggregates
Authors: Kuldová Jitka , Košovan Peter , Limpouchová Zuzana , Procházka Karel
Published: December 2012

We present a computer study of the association behavior of copolymer chains with a gradient part and soluble tail of variable length. As a simulation method we use dynamic Monte Carlo simulation on a simple cubic lattice with pair interaction parameters. The solvent quality and selectivity is modeled by the variation of pair interaction parameters between nearest neighbors on the lattice. The role of the length of soluble part in the self‐assembly and its effect on the structure of aggregates was the main goal of this work. The size and structure of aggregates were analyzed using an improved topological classification method which has been developed and tested in the present study. The structure and association numbers of aggregates were compared with those of linear diblock copolymers.

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Unique secreted–surface protein complex of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, identified by phage display
Authors: Gagic Dragana , Wen Wesley , Collett Michael A. , Rakonjac Jasna
Published: December 2012

Proteins are the most diverse structures on bacterial surfaces; hence, they are candidates for species‐ and strain‐specific interactions of bacteria with the host, environment, and other microorganisms. Genomics has decoded thousands of bacterial surface and secreted proteins, yet the function of most cannot be predicted because of the enormous variability and a lack of experimental data that would allow deduction of function through homology. Here, we used phage display to identify a pair of interacting extracellular proteins in the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001. A secreted protein, SpcA, containing two bacterial immunoglobulin‐like domains type 3 (Big‐3) and a domain distantly related to plant pathogen response domain 1 (PR‐1‐like) was identified by screening of an L. rhamnosus HN001 library using HN001 cells as bait. The SpcA‐“docking” protein, SpcB, was in turn detected by another phage display library screening, using purified SpcA as bait. SpcB is a 3275‐residue cell‐surface protein that contains general features of large glycosylated Serine‐rich adhesins/fibrils from gram‐positive bacteria, including the hallmark signal sequence motif KxYKxGKxW. Both proteins are encoded by genes within a L. rhamnosus‐unique gene cluster that distinguishes this species from other lactobacilli. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a secreted‐docking protein pair identified in lactobacilli.
On the boundary value problem for the Sturm–Liouville equation with the discontinuous coefficient
Authors: Adiloglu Nabiev A. , Amirov R.Kh.
Published: December 2012

We consider a boundary value problem for the Sturm–Liouville equation with piecewise‐constant leading coefficient. We prove that some integral representations for the solutions of the considered equation can be obtained by using classical transformation operators for the Sturm–Liouville operator at the end points of a finite interval. We also investigate the spectral characteristics of the boundary value problem, prove the completeness and expansion theorem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling Polyolefin Properties by In‐Reactor Blending: 2. Particle Design
Authors: Ruff Martin , Paulik Christian
Published: December 2012

In‐reactor blends of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW‐PE) and high‐density medium molecular weight polyethylene (mMW‐PE) were prepared by precise multi‐stage slurry polymerizations. Correlations between polymerization conditions and polymer properties of the reactor powders were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), bulk density and particle size analysis. It is shown that changing the polymerization conditions influences the particle surface morphology as well as the bulk density and this can make the dispersion of UHMW‐PE in mMW‐PE increase, as proposed in a model.

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Design and Synthesis of Olefin Copolymers with Tunable Amounts of Comonomers Bearing Stabilizing Functionalities
Authors: Sacchi Maria Carmela , Losio Simona , Stagnaro Paola , Menichetti Stefano , Viglianisi Caterina
Published: December 2012

The aim of this work is to search for innovative solutions to avoid physical migration of the stabilizers from plastic films. New families of macromolecular additives bearing tuned amounts of a selected functionality were explored, in particular, novel random copolymers of ethylene with 1‐olefin co‐units bearing an efficient antioxidant and/or anti‐UV moiety covalently bonded to a mono‐ or disubstituted olefinic bond. Polyolefin blends containing the novel macromolecular additives showed higher degradation temperatures with respect to the neat matrix and its blends with 2,6‐t‐butyl‐4‐methoxyphenol (BHA). Aging tests showed that the novel antioxidants also constitute a protection against photo‐oxidation.

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High‐resolution Fourier‐encoded sub‐millisecond echo time musculoskeletal imaging at 3 Tesla and 7 Tesla
Authors: Deligianni X. , Bär P. , Scheffler K. , Trattnig S. , Bieri O.
Published: December 2012

Purpose

The feasibility of imaging musculoskeletal fibrous tissue components, such as menisci, ligaments, and tendons, with a conventional spoiled gradient echo technique is explored in vivo at 3 T and 7 T.

Methods

To this end, the echo time (TE1) of a conventional Fourier‐encoded multicontrast three‐dimensional SGPR sequence is minimized by using nonselective excitation pulses, highly asymmetric readouts, and a variable TE1 along the phase and slice encoding direction. In addition, a fully sampled second echo image (with TE2 >> TE1) can be used to highlight components with short transverse relaxation times in a difference image with positive contrast.

Results

Fourier‐encoded spoiled gradient echo sequences are able to provide sub‐millisecond TE1 of about 800 μs for typical in‐plane resolutions of about 0.5 x 0.5 mm2. As a result, high‐resolution positive contrast images of fibrous tissues can be generated within clinically feasible scan‐time of about 2–7 minutes.

Conclusion

After optimization, Fourier‐encoded spoiled gradient echo provides a highly robust and flexible imaging technique for high‐resolution positive contrast imaging of fibrous tissue that can readily be used in the clinical routine. Magn Reson Med 70:1434–1439, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contrast enhanced lung MRI in mice using ultra‐short echo time radial imaging and intratracheally administrated Gd‐DOTA‐based nanoparticles
Authors: Bianchi Andrea , Lux François , Tillement Olivier , Crémillieux Yannick
Published: December 2012

Purpose

To investigate the in vivo T1‐enhancement of the lung parenchyma in free‐breathing healthy mice following intratracheal administration of Gd‐DOTA‐based nanoparticles, to assess the enhancement kinetics of the instilled contrast medium and to identify its elimination pathways.

Methods

Ultrashort Echo Time (276 μs) proton MRI of the lung was performed (N = 14) at 4.7 T after the intratracheal instillation of 50 μL of seven different concentrations of contrast agent solution (from 2 to 100 mM of Gd3+). The signal enhancement (SE) in lungs, blood, liver, kidneys, and bladder was assessed (N = 3) for a 50 mM concentration solution at different time points.

Results

The largest SE in lungs (266 ± 14%) was observed for a 50 mM solution of Gd3+. In lungs, the SE was observed to decay exponentially with a time constant of 149 ± 51 min. The passage of the nanoparticles from lung tissue to blood and kidneys, and ultimately to the bladder, was observed. No significant hepatic enhancement was measured.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the feasibility of large SEs of lung tissue using intratracheally administrated solutions of Gd‐based contrast agents. In future applications, the SE in lungs could be used to image the biodistribution of coadministrated drug aerosols or to selectively enhance lung diseased tissues. Magn Reson Med 70:1419–1426, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Austausch auf Augenhöhe
Authors: Weitze Marc‐Denis
Published: December 2012

Dialog heißt das Zauberwort der Wissenschaftskommunikation. Doch wie können Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft am besten miteinander sprechen?
Das Deutsche passte nicht so gut
Authors: Henning Sietz
Published: December 2012

Stalins Chemiker synthetisierten in den 1940er Jahren den Nervenkampfstoff Sarin. Die Formel dafür hatten sie aus Deutschland.
Mikromesszelle für die Elektrochemie
Authors: Huber Benedikt , Drüschler Marcel , Roling Bernhard
Published: December 2012

Wenn neue Elektrolytmaterialien aus dem Labor nur in sehr geringen Mengen vorliegen, ist eine entsprechend kleine Messzelle erforderlich, um sie zu charakterisieren.
Influence of diaphragm wall installation on the numerical analysis of deep excavation
Authors: Burlon Sebastien , Mroueh Hussein , Shahrour Isam
Published: December 2012

This paper presents a numerical analysis of the influence of initial stress state on the response of deep excavation supported by retaining wall. Indeed, the influence of diaphragm wall installation prior to excavation works may affect the soil response and lateral wall deflection induced by excavation process. The first part of this paper gives a short review of the numerical methods aimed to reproduce the retaining wall installation. Numerical analysis of a deep excavation in two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional conditions is then performed according to the methods previously presented. In three‐dimensional conditions, diaphragm wall installation is performed considering a sequence of panels, described by their number and length. Results of three‐dimensional calculations confirm that stress state is disturbed by wall installation, which has a sensitive effect on the ground response induced by soil excavation. It is also noted that these results are not easily reproduced in two‐dimensional conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining the motivational factors behind charitable giving among young people in a prominent Islamic country
Authors: Opoku Robert A.
Published: December 2012

We explore the factors that motivate young people's charity giving, areas of donation and socio‐demographic differences in giving behavior among young adults in a booming economy and thriving population. Data for the study were collected through a survey conducted in the major Saudi cities by using a structured self‐administered questionnaire. Religiosity, altruism and personal satisfaction dimensions were identified as the most important motivators, whereas psychological benefits, commitment and self‐image constitute the least three. Significant differences were also found between genders in the areas of donation and frequency of donation preferences. We conclude with a discussion on the practical implications and recommendation for local charities.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correcting Big Five Personality Measurements for Acquiescence: An 18–Country Cross–Cultural Study
Authors: Rammstedt Beatrice , Kemper Christoph J. , Borg Ingwer
Published: December 2012

For groups of persons with low or medium levels of education, Big Five personality scales typically yield scores that poorly replicate the idealized Big Five factor pattern. On the basis of representative samples of German adults, Rammstedt et al. have demonstrated that correcting each person's score for acquiescence eliminates this problem. In the present 18–country study using large samples representative of each country's adult population, we found that, in all cases, correcting for acquiescence did indeed improve the congruence of factor loadings with an idealized Big Five pattern. However, although this correction led to acceptably high correspondence levels in all countries classified as individualistic, this was not always true for non–individualistic countries. Possible reasons for this finding are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intermediate‐band‐assisted hot‐carrier solar cells using indirect‐bandgap absorbers
Authors: Takeda Yasuhiko , Motohiro Tomoyoshi
Published: December 2012

We have revealed that a new type of solar cells, intermediate‐band‐assisted hot‐carrier solar cells using indirect‐bandgap absorbers, can solve serious issues involved in intermediate‐band solar cells (IB‐SCs) and hot‐carrier solar cells (HC‐SCs). We have analyzed energy dissipation processes in these cells using the detailed balance models. In an HC‐SC, energy dissipation related to entropy generation associated with hot‐carrier extraction is a major issue when the thermalization rate of hot carriers is too rapid, although energy dissipation caused by the thermalization is sufficiently reduced. An IB‐SC requires “photon selectivity,” where the spectral absorption ranges for the different interband transitions have no overlap with each other; otherwise, additional energy dissipation due to thermalization occurs. When hot carriers are extracted from an IB absorber, the feature that the current density is decreased because of the two‐step excitation via the IB significantly reduces the entropy generation and consequently relaxes the requisite for the thermalization time. Even though the photon selectivity is broken, the increasing carrier energy in excess of each bandgap is efficiently converted to electricity by extracting hot carriers. The current density is further decreased using an indirect‐bandgap absorber, leading to even higher efficiency. The limiting conversion efficiency of this new type with no photon selectivity has been calculated to be higher than those of IB‐SCs with perfect selectivity by around 10%, assuming the thermalization time being 1 ns. This improvement is contrasting to the fact that the efficiency of HC‐SCs is only slightly higher than the Shockley–Quisser limit at 1 sun. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SCHOOL DELINQUENCY AND SOCIAL BOND FACTORS: EXPLORING GENDERED DIFFERENCES AMONG A NATIONAL SAMPLE OF 10TH GRADERS
Authors: Hart Caroline O. , Mueller Christian E.
Published: December 2012

School delinquency has been linked to an array of negative educational outcomes, and if left unchecked, may lead to more serious problems in adulthood. Identifying the risk and protective factors that influence school delinquency is therefore crucial to develop effective intervention programs. Utilizing Hirschi's social bond theory as a framework, the authors investigated the relationships between social bonds (i.e., parental involvement, bond to school, beliefs, commitment to sport activities, commitment to non‐sport activities, and involvement) and school delinquency among a nationally representative sample of 10th graders. Special attention was given to gender differences. Results indicate that social bond measures account for a significant variance in school delinquency (11.2%, p < .001) above and beyond that predicted by socioeconomic status (1.5%, p < .001), and that the relationships between social bonds and school delinquency vary across gender. Practical and theoretical implications are for educators and researchers alike.