bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Research on the Production and Sale of Online Game Hacks Behavior Conviction
Authors: Du Jiachun , Lin Jun
Published: October 2023

The endless emergence of online game hacks affects the development environment of the entire online games, damaging the interests of the developers and operators while also hitting the enthusiasm of social innovation. This paper will adopt empirical research method and comparative research method based on the data of previous court judgements and combined with the current relevant legal regulations. The objective of this research is to expose the problems in judicial practice by analysing the existing case judgments on the criminal law system of making and selling online game hacks, distinguishing different crimes according to the legal benefits, and providing corresponding suggestions. The results of the study reveal that there are different definitions of online game plug-ins, mismatches between legal and technical knowledge, unclear thresholds of offence, and confusing identification of crimes in the current judicial practice. To sum up, firstly, we can learn from the way of dealing with this problem in other countries. Secondly, the offence should be identified more accurately by making an accurate distinction between specific legal interests in practice. Finally, the above problems can be solved by analysing the nature of infringement from a technical perspective and combining it with the law in depth.
Mothers' Experiences of Having Children with Autism in A Special School (SLB) Negeri Jepara
Authors: Sri Hindriyastuti
Published: October 2023

Background: Autism or ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) is a range of conditions characterized by some degree of impaired social behavior, communication and language, and a narrow range of interests and activities that are unique to the individual and performed repetitively. The majority of the phenomenon of maternal stress is higher than paternal stress. The purpose of this study was to explore more deeply the experiences of mothers who have children with autism in SLB Negeri Jepara. Methods: This study used a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The informants of this study are mothers who have children with autism. The selection of informants was carried out using purposive sampling technique (nonprobability sampling). The data collection technique used is in-depth interviews and data collection tools used such as interview guideline formats, notebooks, pens and other supporting tools such as cellphones as recording devices during interviews. Results: The results of this study are in accordance with the themes that the researcher has identified. According to the participants, it was not easy to immediately accept the child's condition when diagnosed with autism, so they experienced a variety of feelings, participants also made efforts to seek treatment for the child, during the process of caring for the child, participants said that the child had special care and some received social support. Conclusion: In this study it can be seen that there are four corresponding themes in the results. However, the four themes are less varied, so further research needs to be done on the experiences of mothers who have children with autism by developing these themes.

 

autism
Industrial Property Development in Dublin 1960 - 1982
Authors: MacLaran Andrew , Beamish Cecil
Published: October 2023

Geographical investigations of land use in the city have traditionally concentrated upon the characteristics and locational requirements of space users, primarily with respect to commercial and industrial enterprises. Yet in the process of equipping physical space for particular functions the property development industry performs a key role. More recently concern has broadened to include investigations of the manner in which the development industry operates and the role of the built environment as an investment. This paper concerns itself with the restructuring of industrial space on industrial estates and multiple unit complexes in the Dublin area from 1960 to mid-1982. noting that particular areas have failed to benefit significantly from the two periods of large-scale output that took place.
An appraisal of SPOT imagery to investigate landuse in the River Main drainage basin, N. Ireland
Authors: Essery C. L , Wilcock D. N.
Published: October 2023

The study described here was designed to test the use of SPOT imagery for the mapping and assessment of landuse. Unlike England & Wales, no landuse maps are available in N. Ireland and as such all testing is achieved by Field ground truth.Numerous techniques, ranging from the use of single band (3) through ratios and vegetation indices to maximum-likelihood, were used to enable a successful classification. The major problem was the similarity of bare soil (arable landuse) and heather. The solution to this problem involved the use of a 3/2 ratio to give landuse classes augmented by an “edited” box classification which gives an estimate of the bare soil/arable component. This problem may not be significant in future studies, provided the fly-over occurs during the period of growth for arable crops.Testing of the classification developed from SPOT data was undertaken using field ground truth and agricultural statistics for the year 1984. Landuse derived from the classification was shown to agree with ground truth on 97% of all cases, while the areal estimates of landuse types produced an r2 value of 0.9607 when plotted against estimates derived from official 1984 Agricultural Statistics.Production of this classification would have been virtually impossible with other available imagery for several reasons, the prime reason being the relatively small field size in Northern Ireland. Standard Landsat-3 imagery was found to be of little use in comparison with that from SPOT imagery.
Fossil Ice and Sand Wedges in South-Central Ulster, Northern Ireland
Authors: Dardis G. F.
Published: October 2023

Spatial and temporal variations in the development of periglacial wedge structures in south-central Ulster. Northern Ireland can be related to climatic change during the earlier part of the late Glacial period. Ice wedges formed in the early stages of deglaciation (c.18,000 — 14,000 yrs B.P.) when cold and relatively humid periglacial conditions prevailed. Sand wedges formed during the later stages of deglaciation (c. 14,000 — 13,500 yrs B.P.?) and suggest a change to colder (?) and relatively drier climatic conditions.
Regional Differences in Attitude to Abortion in Northern Ireland
Authors: Compton P. , Coward J. , Power J.
Published: October 2023

Data from the Northern Ireland Fertility Survey are utilised to examine attitudes to abortion in Northern Ireland from a broad regional perspective. A variety of techniques are used, including cross-tabular and binary correlation/regression analyses. Overall, the majority of respondents were against any change in abortion legislation for Northern Ireland. However, there were marked differences in attitude by region (with the inhabitants of the west most strongly opposed to pro-abortion legislation) as well as by some major population composition variables such as religion, social class and education. Geographical variability in these particular compositional variables by no means fully account for the regional differences in attitude and the paper discusses the possible role of other, less easily measured, factors.
Crisis-Response and Retail Change in Belfast City Centre
Authors: Brown Stephen
Published: October 2023

In recent years there have been dramatic changes in retail organisation, location and technique. While various models of retail evolution have been used to describe organisational and technological trends, changes in retail location have attracted little conceptual discussion hitherto. This paper describes recent locational developments in the commercial structure of a major Northern Irish city. Belfast, in terms of a crisis-response model of retail change. All four stages of the process: shock, defensive retreat, acknowledgement and adaption are discernible in the reaction of city traders to the perceived threat of planned shopping centres in outlying locations.
Reviews of Books
Authors: Clout Hugh , Aalen F. H. A. , O'Connor Patrick J. , Buchanan R. H. , Mac Aodha Breandán S. , Buckmaster E. , Horner A. A.
Published: October 2023

CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL IRELAND, edited by Proinnsias Breathnach and Marv E. Cawley. Geographical Society of Ireland. Special Publications No. I. 1986. 92pp. IR£3.00. ISBN 0 9510402 1 9. Reviewed by HUGH CLOUTTHE COMPARATIVE HISTORY OF URBAN ORIGINS IN NON-ROMAN EUROPE: IRELAND, WALES, DENMARK, GERMANY, POLAND AND RUSSIA FROM THE NINTH TO THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY, edited by H. B. Clarke and Anngret Simms. Osney Mead, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 2S5(i), 1985. 2 vols. 748pp. £40.00 stg. ISBN 0 86054 326 9. Reviewed by F. H. A. AALENANGLO-NORMAN SETTLEMENT IN IRELAND, by B. J. Graham. Athlone: Group for the Study of Irish Historic Settlement. Irish settlement studies No. I, 1985. 40pp. No price stated. No ISBN. Reviewed by PATRICK J. O'CONNORTIPPERARY: HISTORY AND SOCIETY. INTERDISCIPLINARY ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF AN IRISH COUNTY, edited by William Nolan, associate editor, Thomas G. McGrath. Dublin: Geography Publications, 1985. 493pp. IR£35.00. ISBN 0 9066 2033. Reviewed by R. H. BUCHANANMAPPING SOUTH CONNEMARA: PARTS 1–29 CASHEL, CARNA AND CILL CHIARAIN. by Tim Robinson. Roundstone, Co. Galwav: Folding Landscapes, 1985.60pp. IR£3.50 ISBN 0 9504002 38. Reviewed by BREANDÁN S. MAC AODHATHE ORDNANCE SURVEY ROAD ATLAS OF IRELAND. Dublin: Gill and Macmillian, 1985. IR£8.95. ISBN 7171 1404X. Reviewed by E. BUCKMASTERTHIS PROTEAN SUBJECT: THE GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT IN TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN 1936–1986, by Gordor L. Herries Davies. Dublin: Department of Geography, Trinitv College Dublin, 1986. 48pp. IR£3.50. NO ISBN. Reviewed by A. A. HORNER
The Urban Heat Island of Dublin City
Authors: Sweeney John
Published: October 2023

Automobile traverses revealed an intense urban heat island in Dublin city during winter nights with light winds and clear skies. Urban rural contrasts of over 6.5°C may be anticipated, and a close correspondence between building density and temperature exists. The city's location close to warm sea and cold uplands appears to be responsible for the generation of active mesoscale air movement during such nights. These circulations bring both cold mountain air into the southern suburbs and warmer oceanic air into the eastern fringes and are responsible for creating substantial variations in temperature within the urban area itself. Cold air drainage along surprisingly gentle slopes occurs, channelled along the valleys of small streams particularly in the south of the city. Considerable intra-urban differences in aggregate energy demand may be anticipated as a consequence.
Soil formation on coastal beach and dune sands at Magilligan Point Nature Reserve, Co. Londonderry
Authors: Wilson Peter
Published: October 2023

The degree and areal extent of soil formation has been assessed on a sequence of marine beach ridges and aeolian dunes at Magilligan Point Nature Reserve, Co. Londonderry. These landforms span a period of c. 35 years and show significant pedological changes and trends. Profile morphology and chemistry classify the initial dune soils as raw sands and the beach soils as raw alluvial soils. After c. 16 years these have developed into sand-pararendzinas and rendzina-like alluvial soils respectively. Surface soil samples from successive dune ridges show a rapid build-up of organic matter to >7% after 31 years and a decline in CaC03 content from >11% to 5.5% over the same period. These data are compared with the results of previous dune soil studies and the differences considered to be due in part to differences between other soil forming factors as well as variations in sampling depths and/or the possible overestimation of dune age by earlier workers.
Analysis and Prediction of Air Pollution in the Dublin Area
Authors: McGrath R.
Published: October 2023

Smoke and sulphur dioxide (S02) levels recorded at 16 sites in Dublin during the period 1982–1987 were analysed and correlated with the weather observed at Dublin Airport. Background smoke levels were found to have changed significantly at many of the sites over the six year period; in some areas there is evidence of a substantial increase (e.g. 100% in Ballyfermot) but in others the levels appear to have fallen. In industrial and non-residential areas daily smoke levels were found to be typically 10–25% lower over weekends, a possible indication of die contribution made by traffic and industry to the pollution load. Both smoke and SO2 levels were found to depend on wind direction to some extent but me effects are generally small and probably arise from differences in local exposure or from cross contamination between sites. A forecast model for smoke pollution is described and its performance during the 1987/88 winter season evaluated.
The ‘Night of the Big Wind’ in Ireland, 6–7 January 1839
Authors: Shields Lisa , Fitzgerald Denis
Published: October 2023

The notorious storm of 6–7 January 1839 is re-examined, and its effect on Ireland outlined. The countrywide damage as reported by contemporary newspapers and observers is described, source material is listed, and consideration is given to the social and cultural legacy of the storm. The meteorological situation of the night of 6–7 January has been reconstructed from the available data, and displayed in map form. A comparison with the recent storm of 9 February 1988 is made. The much greater damage caused by the 1839 storm suggests that there could have been thundery or even tornado-type activity in places at the height of the storm.
Reviews of books
Authors: Aalen F. H. A. , Horner A. A. , Nolan William , Hourihan Kevin , Parker A. J.
Published: October 2023

COMMON GROUND: ESSAYS ON THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF IRELAND Presented to T. Jones Hughes, edited by W. J. Smyth and K. Whelan, Cork: Cork University Press, 1988. 332pp. IR£24.00 ISBN 0 902561 53 7. Reviewed by F. H. A. AALENPLANTATION ACRES: AN HISTORICAL STUDY OF THE IRISH LAND SURVEYOR, by J. H. Andrews. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 1985. 462pp. £20stg. ISBN 0 901 905 35 6. Reviewed by A. A. HORNERHISTORIC DUBLIN MAPS, compiled by Noel Kissane. Dublin: The National Library of Ireland (Historic Documents Series), 1988. 12pp text + 14 maps in a folder. IR£7.50. ISBN 0 907328 14 8. Reviewed by WILLIAM NOLANPLANNING: THE IRISH EXPERIENCE 1920–1988, edited by Michael J. Bannon. Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 1989. 200pp. IR£9.95 pb. ISBN 0 863278 212 6. Reviewed by KEVIN HOURIHANLOCAL SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GALWAY GAELTACHT, by M. S. O Cinneide and J. J. Keane. Gal way: Social Sciences Research Centre U.C.G., Research Report No. 3, 1988. 88pp. IR£6.00. No ISBN. Reviewed by A. J. PARKER
The Role of Farm Woodland in Northern Ireland: An Appraisal
Authors: Guyer C. F. , Edwards C. J. W.
Published: October 2023

This paper examines the role of farm woodland in Northern Ireland, one of the most sparsely wooded areas of Europe. Census data reveals that woodland occupies only 1.01 per cent of all agricultural land: less than one quarter hectare per holding. Furthermore under CAP pressures to increase agricultural land a scarcely adequate resource declined by nearly 18 per cent between 1975 and 1986. though rates of change arc seen to vary spatially. The paper reviews past farm woodland policies and assesses their success, finally introducing and speculating upon the likely effects of recently introduced woodland policy.
An Analysis of the ‘Friends and Neighbours’ Effect in an Irish Urban Constituency
Authors: Johnson Nuala C.
Published: October 2023

The literature on the ‘friends and neighbours’ effect on voting behaviour has focused almost exclusively on the analysis of predominantly rural constituencies. This paper examines the influence of a ‘friends and neighbours’ type of voting in Dublin West, in the 1981 General Election. Dublin West is an urban constituency, and this analysis suggests that a ‘friends and neighbours’ analysis offers some insights into the basis of electoral support for individual candidates in an urban context.
Reviews of Maps
Authors: Horner Arnold
Published: October 2023

REPRODUCTIONS OF ORDNANCE SURVEY OF IRELAND TOWN PLANS. (1) ‘The Godfrey Edition’. Gateshead: Alan Godfrey, 19867ndash;1989. 12 maps, folded, originally issued 1843–1931 at scales between 1: 1056 and 1: 2500, now reproduced at between 1: 2640 and 1: 4340. IR£2.00 each. ISBN 0 85054 xxxx (xxxx = numbers vary with each map). (2) ‘The Phoenix Maps Series’. Dublin: Phoenix Maps, 1989. 26 maps, folded, originally issued 1842–1912 at scales between 1: 500 and 1: 10,560, now reproduced at between 1: 1700 and 1: 12,000. IR£7.00 each. ISSN 0791-1912. ISBN 1 872259 xxxx (xxxx = numbers vary with each map). Reviewed by ARNOLD HORNERJOHN ROCQUE'S POCKET PLAN DUBLIN 1757. Reduced from the original scale of 1: 6802 and reproduced at 1: 9748, with a note by J. H. Andrews. Dublin: Phoenix Maps, 1988. IR£3.00. No ISBN. JOHN TAYLORS MAP OF THE ENVIRONS OF DUBLIN 1816. Reproduced at the scale of the original, 1: 40, 320, and accompanied by a booklet (18 pp.) by J. H. Andrews. Dublin: Phoenix Maps, 1989. IR£7.00. ISBN I 872259 02 2. Reviewed by ARNOLD HORNER
The Hydrology of the Burren, County Clare
Authors: Drew David
Published: October 2023

The Burren plateau of northwest Co. Clare is extensively karstified, surface water being confined to short reaches of ephemeral streams, seasonal turloughs and drainage from adjacent non-carbonate rocks. Annual precipitation is c. 1500mm of which c.980mm is not evapotranspired. Recharge is rapid, either via concentrated inputs from sinking streams at the boundary between Namurian and Visean rocks or via diffuse inputs over the limestone plateau. The limestone aquifer is characterised by low storage and rapid transmission of water. Discharge at the periphery is via a few large springs - one set of which in the valley of the upper River Fergus drains more than a third of the area. There are also important submarine springs draining the northern and western flanks of the Burren. The hydrogeomorphological history of the Burren is complicated, encompassing the decay of a surface fluvial network and the effect of changes in base level. Problems of water supply and in the maintenance of high standards of water quality are current and are likely to increase in the near future.
Evolution, Present Condition and Future Potential of the Smit hf'ield Area of Dublin
Authors: McCarthy L. M.
Published: October 2023

This study traces the evolution of the Smithfield market area of Dublin's inner city from the lime of the Vikings to the present. The market was established in the sixteenth century. From the seventeenth century the area was steadily developed but failed to become the prime residential location originally envisaged. Instead it attracted institutional buildings and working class families and became increasingly congested. The relocation of middle and upper socio-economic groups. Dublin Corporation tenants, and commercial activity to the urban periphery subsequently resulted in serious dereliction. The results of a building fabric study comprising over seven hundred buildings is presented and the impacts and effectiveness of Dublin Corporation's Development and Draft Development Plans are analysed. Having evaluated the area's evolution, present condition and existing planning legislation, recommendations for improvement are put forward.
Retail Change in Belfast City Centre: 1950-1970
Authors: Brown Stephen
Published: October 2023

Despite the enormous amount of research effort that the geography of retailing has generated in recent years, there have been comparatively few long term studies of retail change. This paper explores the processes and patterns of change in the central shopping district of Belfast between 1950 and 1970. The extent and characteristics of these changes are described, a simple model of city centre retailing change is presented and the limitations of the study are discussed.
Peatland in Northern Ireland: inventory and prospect
Authors: Cruickshank M. M. , Tomlinson R. W.
Published: October 2023

Peatland has been classified and mapped at 1:20.000 throughout Northern Ireland using air photographs. The distribution is tabulated for six survey blocks and presented in maps showing percent cover of total and intact peatland; only 12% of both major types of peatland has survived intact. In addition, samples from the original survey maps show different peatland landscapes. Lowland peatland, only 15% of the total, is equally spread between east and west; the largest bogs are small on an all Ireland basis. The much more extensive blanket peat is concentrated in the west; it is all hill peat, except for a small area in west Fermanagh. The survey is a framework for conservation; a benchmark to monitor future losses, notably by machine cutting in the 1980s, and could be further developed using Geographical Information Systems (G1S).
Recent Trends in Urbanisation and Rural Repopulation in Northern Ireland
Authors: Stockdale A.
Published: October 2023

For some considerable time the principal demographic trend identified within Northern Ireland has related almost exclusively to the deconcentration of population out of Belfast into neighbouring districts. Unfortunately, little direct attention has been devoted to changes occurring further down the settlement hierarchy and indeed within essentially rural environments. Thus, despite, considerable investigation into the emerging rural trends in other parts of the United Kingdom and Ireland, little is known of the changing patterns within Northern Ireland in recent years. This paper intends to review such changes. Importantly, while rural repopulation, rural rejuvenation or counterurbanisation trends elsewhere have been associated with urban or metropolitan population decline and, accordingly, a weakening of the urbanisation process, evidence from Northern Ireland suggests that both processes can occur simultaneously.
A Flood Chronology for Cork City and its Climatological Background
Authors: Tyrrell John G. , Hickey Kieran J.
Published: October 2023

A flood chronology for the city of Cork is presented for the period 1841 -1988. The 292 floods which are reported are classified into six flood types primarily based on the relative role of rainfall and tidal conditions in each flood event. Changes over the 148 years in flood frequencies and flood types are outlined and assessed, primarily with respect to the significance of the atmospheric circulation patterns and wind direction, but also with reference to the occurrence of river discharge levels and tidal surges. The major cause of flooding is shown to be excessive rainfall, although high tides are also of considerable significance, especially those accompanied by storm surges.
The Socio-Spatial Structure of Belfast in 1837: evidence from the First Valuation
Authors: Royle Stephen A.
Published: October 2023

As with many other cities, upon the full impact of industrialisation Belfast's once preindustrial socio-spatial structure inverted and it developed a recognisably Burgess/Hoyt style industrial city structure by the end of the 19th century. This paper considers Belfast's position by 1837, using the records of the First Valuation, and finds elements of a 'mercantile city' transitional phase.
A Regional Analysis of Enterprise Substitution in Irish Agriculture in the context of a changing Common Agricultural Policy
Authors: Walsh James A.
Published: October 2023

In the 1980s a number of measures were introduced in order to curb the growing problem of surpluses in production in many sectors of European agriculture. In responding to these measures, farmers have had to reconsider questions of enterprise choice and levels of specialisation in their farming operations. This paper examines the resultant regional patterns of enterprise substitution which have occurred in Ireland. It is demonstrated that, while there has been some continuity between the 1980s and previous decades in relation to intensification processes, there has been a reversal of the trend towards greater regional specialisation, so that by the end of the 1980s the production system in each region was more diversified. Shift and share analysis is used to disaggregate the components of change for each region.
Reviews of Books
Authors: Breathnach Proinnsias , Whelan Kevin , Buchanan R. H. , Royle Stephen A.
Published: October 2023

THE DEATH OF THE IRISH LANGUAGE, by Reg Hindley. London: Routledge, 1990. 335pp. IR£11.00 (Pb.). ISBN 0 415 06481 3.IRISH EMIGRATION AND CANADIAN SETTLEMENT: PATTERNS, LINKS AND LETTERS, by Cecil J. Houston and WJ. Smyth. Toronto and Belfast: University of Toronto Press and Ulster Historical Foundation, 1990. 370pp. £19.50stg. $Can45.00. ISBN 0 901905 45 3.KILKENNY: HISTORY AND SOCIETY, edited by William Nolan and Kevin Whelan. Dublin: Geography Publications, 1990. 715pp. IR£37.00. ISBN 0 906602 1 30.ACHILL ISLAND: THE DESERTED VILLAGE AT SLIEVEMORE, by Bob Kingston. Privately published, by Bob Kingston, Achill Island, 1990. 86pp. IR£7.50. ISBN 0 9516067 0 0.
Reviews of Maps
Authors: Bartlett Darius , Horner Arnold , Ferguson Paul , Royle Stephen A.
Published: October 2023

SURVEYING AND MAPPING IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND, by Kevin Mooney and Frank Prendergast. Dublin: a study commissioned by the Society of Chartered Surveyors, 1991. 32pp (mimeographed). IR£10.00. No ISBN.ORDNANCE SURVEY OF IRELAND 1:50,000, The Rambler Series, First Edition, Sheet 78, The Reeks. Dublin: Ordnance Survey of Ireland, 1990. IR£3.50. Sheet size 760 × 990mm (frame of map 645 × 845mm).THE ONE‐INCH ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP OF IRELAND. Facsimile of the 205 hill‐shaded sheets published between 1855 and 1894. Dublin: Phoenix Maps. 1990. IR£3.00 each. ISBN 1872259 xx x (xxx = numbers vary according to particular map).A MAP OF THE COUNTY OF MEATH IN THE PROVINCE OF LEINSTER IN IRELAND, by William Larkin [1812]. Dublin: Phoenix Maps, 1989. 2 sheets IR£10.00. ISBN 1 85593 1915. WILLIAM LARKIN'S MAP OF COUNTY GALWAY, 1819. Dublin: Phoenix Maps, 1989. 2 sheets. IR£10.00. ISBN 185593 1060. HENRY PELHAM'S MAP OF COUNTY CLARE 1787. Dublin: Phoenix Maps, 1989. 4 sheets. IR£16.00. ISBN 1 85593 111 7.MAP AND GUIDE: ACHILL ISLAND, by Hob Kingston. Privately published, Bob Kingston, Achill Island, 1988. No price recorded.
The North Antrim Flood of October 1990
Authors: Betts Nicholas L.
Published: October 2023

The frontal depression of the 27-28 October 1990 was responsible for remarkable rainfall intensities and record floods in northeast Ireland. The synoptic event is described, and the dynamic and orographic influences responsible for the highly localized nature of the mesoscale precipitation signatures outlined. Intense precipitation had its most dramatic impact in Ballycastle and Cushendall, where flooding was widespread. Extreme precipitation was the causal factor, but the event draws attention to perceived changes of flow regimes and landuse in the upper catchments of rivers in North Antrim. A need exists to closely monitor the hydrological characteristics of these catchments in order to calibrate more precisely the flood hazard in this part of northeast Ireland.
Organic Agriculture in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Wilier Helga , Gillmor Desmond A.
Published: October 2023

This paper comprises a review of the development of organic agriculture and a survey of organic producers in the Republic of Ireland. Organic agriculture in Europe was initiated by individual enthusiasts; organisational structures subsequently evolved and increasingly its development is being promoted by official policy, especially within the context of the changing Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This sequence came later in the Republic of Ireland and is described in (his paper. Much of the paper is based on a survey of an 81% sample of the producers who were officially recognised as organic symbol holders in 1988, before recent state promotion began. Immigrants played an important role initially. Respondents in the survey were motivated mainly by ideological reasons. The spatial distribution and size structure of organic holdings were found to be quite uneven. As compared with conventional Irish agriculture, organic holdings were of more mixed character, with greater emphases on horticulture and arable crops and less on livestock production. Marketing channels were quite diversified, with direct marketing having predominated although selling through supermarkets is increasing. Subsequent expansion of organic agriculture has occurred and the paper provides a base to which future development can be related.
Population Change in Irish Cities, 1981-86: County Boroughs, Suburbs and Daily Urban Systems
Authors: Hourihan Kevin
Published: October 2023

Changes in population distribution in Irish cities between 1981 and 1986 were a further development on the changes which had been occurring during the 1960s and '70s. The heavy population losses in the city centres and decreases in the cities overall were more than compensated for by the increases in the city suburbs and commuting areas outside. Quantitative models of these trends show the process of change with continued flattening of the density profiles. Patterns of change in the commuting areas are described by first order polynomial curves which peak at different distances. The models suggest probable changes in the future. These developments have many implications for transport in particular, and also for the administration and planning of the cities.
Reviews of Books
Authors: Buttimer Anne , King Russell , Royle Stephen A. , Whelan Kevin , Davies Mary , DUFFY P. J.
Published: October 2023

PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF MARGINAL AREAS, edited by Micheál O Cinnéde and Seamus Grimes. Galway: Centre for Development Studies, University College Galway, 1992. 179pp. IR£12.00. ISBN 1 874570 02 7. Reviewed by Anne ButtimerIRLANDA: SVILUPPO E CONFLITTO ALL A PERIFERIA D'EUROPA (Ireland: Development and Conflict at the Periphery of Europe), by Emilio Biagini. Genoa: Nuove Edizioni del Giglio, 1992. 420pp. Lit. 40,000 [IR£20 approx.]. Reviewed by Russell KingEMIGRATION AND LANDSCAPE: THE CASE OF ACHILL ISLAND, by Fiona McGrath. Trinity Papers in Geography No.4, Dublin: Department of Geography, Trinity College, 1991. 19pp. IR£2.50. ISBN 0 9507851 5 6. Reviewed by Stephen A. RoyleMEMENTOES OF MORTALITY: THE CENOTAPHS AND FUNERARY CAIRNS OF ARAINN, by Tim Robinson. Roundstone: Folding Landscapes, 1990.40pp. IR£15.00hb./IR£10.00pb. ISBN 0 9504002 6 2. Reviewed by Kevin WhelanTHE WALLED TOWNS OF IRELAND, by Avril Thomas. Blackrock. Co.Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1992. Volume 1: x + 214pp. IR£35.00. ISBN 0-7165-2474-0. Volume 2: 257pp. IR£45.00. ISBN 0-7165-2475-9. Reviewed by Mary DaviesDUBLIN CITY AND COUNTY: FROM PREHISTORY TO PRESENT – STUDIES IN HONOUR OF J.H.ANDREWS, edited by F.H.A. Aalen and Kevin Whelan. Dublin: Geography Publications, 1992.450pp. IR£29.00. ISBN 0 90660219 X. Reviewed by P. J. Duffy
Questions of Coastal Protection and the Human Response to Sea-level Rise in Ireland and Britain
Authors: Devoy Robert J.N
Published: October 2023

Ireland's long coastline (>6.500km) and its vulnerable position in the track of storm and wave activity from the North Atlantic present serious questions for the conservation of coastal environments. Consideration is given here to the physical environmental constraints and data that underpin an understanding of the changes to the coastline that may take place as a consequence of any increased global climate warming. Both the concepts and practical responses to such changes that may be used in managing coastal resources in Ireland and elsewhere are discussed.
Adoption and Diffusion Processes in the Mechanisation of Irish Agriculture
Authors: Walsh James A.
Published: October 2023

Mechanisation is an important component of the modernisation of agricultural production. It involves the adoption and diffusion of many innovations. The processes which affect the adoption and spatial diffusion of innovations in Irish agriculture have been subjected to very little systematic analysis. This paper traces the introduction and spread of tractors in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland from the 1920s to the present. A strong hierarchical effect is evident in the adoption and diffusion pattern which extends westwards from some key clusters of early adopters in the east and south. The distributions of farm sizes, tillage, and hired agricultural labourers, are suggested as important influences on the spatial pattern. Also of importance were the locations of distributors and the networks established by the main suppliers, though this factor requires more research.
Branch Plant Closures in the West of Ireland
Authors: Walker Sheila
Published: October 2023

Although the number of branch plant closures in the west of Ireland increased significantly in the 1980s, there has been little investigation of the macro-economic forces and corporate strategies underlying closure. In this paper, branch plant closures are considered within a framework which emphasises these wider issues and distinguishes between motivation and selection, cessation and selective closures, and plant and area characteristics. It is shown that changes in the market and lack of competitiveness were the most common motives foreclosure, while the selection of the Irish plant for closure reflected a wide range of plant and area characteristics which must be viewed from a corporate perspective. In particular, important differences exist between large and small companies in terms of the reasons for closing plants in the west of Ireland.
Vacancy and housing in Dublin: 1798-1911
Authors: Kearns Gerry
Published: October 2023

The related issues of vacancy, redundancy and dereliction in the city, raise questions about the conflict between private profit and social use, between exchange values and use values. This paper offers a typology of the causes and forms of vacancy and is the first attempt to map this phenomenon for nineteenth-century Dublin. It also reviews some of the contemporary debates about the management of empty and decrepit buildings and sites. The charge of wastefulness was weighty and suggested strategies that are relevant yet today. These include compulsory purchase, a tax on emptiness, informal occupation, and the temporary appropriation of un-used spaces for socially-useful purposes
“What's the Story Buddleia?”: A public geography of dereliction in Dublin City
Authors: O’Mahony Eoin , Rigney Stephen
Published: October 2023

Since 2007, like many other places, Ireland has experienced a series of economic and social shocks. These were brought on by an over-reliance on property development and debt as a means of development. One of the ways in which these shocks were made evident was through the over-production of housing and other properties across the island. While there has been research conducted on this form of overproduction, there has been less on longer standing forms of dereliction and vacancy. Such derelict buildings and vacant sites are a prominent feature of Dublin city’s landscape. They remain part of a city that has undergone significant transformation in the last two decades. In an effort to understand why they remain in place, we undertook a survey of this dereliction in 2013 and 2014. In the first part of the paper, we outline the origins and aims of our survey: to understand why dereliction persists particularly in one part of Dublin city. In the second part, we describe the methods we used to gather data on individual derelict sites and our attempts to engage a wider audience through an online collaborative process. Our research shows that the collection of data on derelict sites in Dublin is often made difficult by opaque planning practice. The paper concludes that the apparent disorder of the city seen in derelict properties can be recast if we more fully understand what the relationship between use, or usefulness, and that order might be. Possible uses for these sites are often elided in favour of the ordered practices of a network of actors. Re-thinking Dublin city after the crisis requires us to understand how public engagement for planning purposes can be improved.
An Introduction to Franciscan Questing in Twentieth Century Ireland
Authors: Duddy Cathal
Published: October 2023

During the twentieth century, members of religious orders visited homes and farms on an annual basis seeking material support for their continued presence in a locality. Known to Franciscan friars as questing or simply the quest, it was essential for the existence of friaries across Ireland. Most friaries accommodated on average ten friars, and some such as the Novitiate in Killarney and the city friaries of Dublin and Cork had larger communities. Without an alternative income, questing for alms amongst the local population was a necessity for the friars but also met needs in the lives of the people. In practice, both parties gave and received according to their different roles and means and usually within the context of a shared faith. In times before modern or private transport, the customary visits of questors to rural homesteads forged an enduring bond between country people and town-based friaries evident in the testimonies of those who recall them. Nonetheless, questing seems to have fallen victim to the myriad of changes that prevailed in Ireland from the 1960s onwards, including improved standards of living, rising car ownership and a decline in religious vocations.
The green ‘signature’ of Irish cities: An examination of the ecosystem services provided by trees using i-Tree Canopy software
Authors: Mills Gerald , Anjos Max , Brennan Michael , Williams Jean , McAleavey Clare , Ningal Tine
Published: October 2023

Urban areas profoundly alter the local atmosphere, hydrology and biology, usually for the worse. Increasing the vegetative cover in urbanised areas is considered an effective way of offsetting many of the undesirable outcomes of urbanisation and is often incorporated as Green Infrastructure into urban development plans. In this paper we present a first assessment of the green cover in Irish city centres (Belfast, Cork, Derry, Dublin, Galway, Limerick and Waterford) and evaluate the environmental benefits of trees for air quality using the i-Tree Canopy software. This online software is used to conduct a spatial sample of the urban landscape and estimate tree canopy cover from which potential air quality benefits are calculated. The results show significant differences between and within city centre areas in terms of vegetative (and tree) cover; Belfast and Dublin, with less than 10% vegetative cover are in marked contrast to other cities where the average is close to 30%. Based on the findings we discuss place-based policies for improving green infrastructure in Irish cities and the evidence needed to support policies.Urban areas profoundly alter the local atmosphere, hydrology and biology, usually for the worse. Increasing the vegetative cover in urbanised areas is considered an effective way of offsetting many of the undesirable outcomes of urbanisation and is often incorporated as Green Infrastructure into urban development plans. In this paper we present a first assessment of the green cover in Irish city centres (Belfast, Cork, Derry, Dublin, Galway, Limerick and Waterford) and evaluate the environmental benefits of trees for air quality using the i-Tree Canopy software. This online software is used to conduct a spatial sample of the urban landscape and estimate tree canopy cover from which potential air quality benefits are calculated. The results show significant differences between and within city centre areas in terms of vegetative (and tree) cover; Belfast and Dublin, with less than 10% vegetative cover are in marked contrast to other cities where the average is close to 30%. Based on the findings we discuss place-based policies for improving green infrastructure in Irish cities and the evidence needed to support policies.
The Riccobono Seminar of Roman Law in America: The Lost Years
Authors: Kearley Timothy
Published: October 2023

The Riccobono Seminar of Roman Law in America was the preeminent source of intellectual support for Romanists in the United States during the middle of the twentieth century (1930-1956). It was named in honor of the great Italian Romanist Salvatore Riccobono, who was a visiting professor at the Catholic University of America (CUA) in 1929. His lectures at the CUA inspired American Romanists to create an organization that would foster the study and teaching of Roman law in the United States following his departure. In the course of the Seminar's existence, many of the era's greatest Roman law scholars, both foreign and domestic, gave presentations at the Riccobono Seminar. The history of the Seminar after it came under the aegis of the CUA in 1935 has been readily available, but that is not the case for the years 1930-1935, when it moved among several law schools in the District of Columbia. This paper uses archival information and newspaper sources to describe the Seminar's activities in those "lost years."
Implementasi Fungsi Pengawasan dan Pengendalian Bank Syariah di Indonesia
Authors: Rusmiati Rusmiati , Nurnasrina Nurnasrina , Sunandar Heri
Published: October 2023

Perkembangan Keuangan Syariah Indonesia termasuk perbankan syariah merupakan salah satu wujud komitmen Otoritas Jasa Keuangan untuk terus mendorong perkembangan industri keuangan syariah melalui penyusunan informasi yang lengkap dan menyeluruh tentang perkembangan industri keuangan syariah serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya sepanjang tahun. OJK dalam menjalankan tugasnya sebagai pengawas perbankan syariah tidak melakukan pengawasan tehadap semua aktivitas lembaga syariah itu, melainkan ada beberapa aspek yang secara khusus diawasi oleh lembaga lain, dalam hal ini adalah DPS (Dewan Pengawas Syariah). DPS adalah bagian dari Lembaga Keuangan Syariah, yang bersangkutan yang penempatannya atas persetujuan Dewan Syariah Nasional (DSN). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah literature review. Hasil penelitian ini adalah Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) merupakan lembaga independen yang memiliki fungsi, tugas dan wewenang dalam mengatur sistem regulasi dan melakukan pengawasan terhadap kegiatan jasa keuangan. Tujuan dibentuknya OJK ini adalah untuk memenuhi dan melindungi kebutuhan dan kepentingan masyarakat, mewujudkan sistem keuangan yang stabil dan berkelanjutan, dan terselenggaranya sistem keuangan yang berdasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip tata kelola yang baik, yang meliputi akuntabilitas, transparansi, independensi.Lembaga yang mengatur dan mengawasi bank syariah sebelum tahun 2014 diatur dan diawasi Bank Indonesia kemudian sejak tahun 2014 diatur dan diawasi OJK. Selain itu bank syariah diatur dan diawasi oleh DSN yang kemudian mewakilkan DPS di perbankan syariah untuk mengawasi kegiatan bank syariah sesuai atau tidak dengan prinsip-prinsip syariah.
Pengaruh Current Ratio Terhadap Gross Profit Margin pada PT. Mayora Tbk. Periode 2010-2022
Authors: Hadi Eko Supriyanto , Amzul Teuku Alexander Azwani
Published: October 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Current Ratio terhadap Gross Profit Margin pada PT. Mayora, TbkPeriode 2010-2022. Metode yang digunakan adalah explanatory research. Teknik analisis menggunakan analisis statistik dengan pengujian regresi, korelasi, determinasi dan uji hipotesis. Hasil penelitian ini variabel Current Ratio diperoleh nilai rata-rata sebesar 364,66%. Variabel Gross Profit Margin diperoleh nilai rata-rata 51,01%. Current Ratio berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap Gross Profit Margin dengan nilai persamaan regresi Y = 77,336 - 0,072X, dan nilai koefisien korelasi -0,675 atau memiliki tingkat hubungan yang negati kuat dengan nilai determinasi 45,6%. Uji  hipotesis diperoleh signifikansi 0,016 < 0,05.
Peran Pemerintah Nagari dalam Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Petani di Nagari Canduang Koto Laweh Kecamatan Canduang
Authors: Luthfi Hamzah , Basir Gusril
Published: October 2023

Artikel ini membahas tentang peran pemerintah nagari dalam pemberdayaan ekonomi petani di nagari canduang koto laweh kecamatan canduang, pokok masalah yang dikemukakan dalam artikel ini adalah adanya keterbatasan modal yang dialami petani, masih banyaknya hama seperti tikus, burung dan keong menyerang lahan pertanian warga, dan tidak ada jaminan harga ketika panen raya. Dilihat dari kondisi geografis Nagari Canduang memiliki potensi yang besar untuk pertanian baik budidaya tanaman pangan, hortikultura maupun perkebunan. Meskipun memiliki lahan sawah seluas 836 hektar, namun menghadapi berbagai kendala dan kinerja pertanian yang kurang optimal, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh data dari Balai Penyuluhan Pertanian Kabupaten Canduang. Salah satu faktor yang mempengharuhi perkembangan perekonomian, dan akhirnya akan berpengaruh pada perkembangan tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat adalah pertanian. Penelitian ini menngunakan metode kualitatif yang mana peneliti akan berusaha mencari informasi atau data di lapangan, yang mana menjadi sumber data dari penelitian ini adalah Bapak Syahhendra (Wali Nagari Canduang Koto Laweh), Mahdoni (Ketua Lembaga Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Nagari/LPMN Canduang koto laweh), Katik Saf (Ketua Gabungan kelompok Tani/GAPOKTAN Canduang Koto Laweh), Edwar (Petani), Mirnawati (Petani), Badri (petani). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa peran pemerintah nagari dalam pemberdayaan ekonomi petani di Nagari Canduang Koto Laweh Kabupaten Canduang telah berperan sangat baik dalam meningkatkan pertanian di Nagari Canduang yaitu memberikan penyuluhan kepada kelompok tani. Sebagai fasilitator, hal itu menunjukkan bahwa ia memenuhi peran-peran berikut. Membantu kelompok tani, pengawas, memotivasi pelaksana, mendampingi petani, pembimbing dan direktur dalam penyaluran pupuk bersubsidi pemerintah. Terapkan langkah-langkah pelatihan untuk petani tentang produksi kompos dan berikan pelatihan tentang cara menggunakan mesin pertanian modern Hand Traktor binaan Dinas Pertanian.
Analisis Penilaian Aspek Agunan pada Pembiayaan Murabahah di PT. BSI Tbk Afo (Area Financing Operation) Bukittinggi
Authors: Syaputri Ayu , Miswardi Miswardi
Published: October 2023

Agunan merupakan  salah satu aspek penting dalam pembiayaan murabahah, karena untuk mencegah terjadinya resiko pembiayaan bermasalah ini perlu menilai objek agunan yang akurat supaya menghindari kerugian jika terjadi pembiayaan bermasalah. Agunan berfungsi dalam melindungi pemberian pinjaman dana  dan resiko yang terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan yaitu bagaimana penilaian aspek agunan pada pembiayaan murabahah di PT. BSI Tbk AFO Bukittinggi menghadapi risiko atau gagal bayar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dalam pengumpulan  data dengan teknik wawancara, observasi,  dan dokumentasi. Selain itu, menganalisis data dengan metode  deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan teori Huberman & Miles, sehinggga hasil yang ditemukaan dapat disimpulkan secara objektif. Dari hasil analisis evaluasi aspek sisi  pembiayaan murabahah di PT. BSI Tbk AFO Bukittinggi dapat dilihat objek hukum, klausal, subjek dalam kondisi halal atau sah berdasarkan kontrak yan telah diperjanjikan. Agunan yang dapat diagunankan/dijaminkan berdasarkan  Sertifikat, Surat Girik, Surat Hak Milik (SHM), dan BPKB. Barang  agunan sebagai jaminan untuk mendapatakan pembiayaan dari pihak bank  oleh calon nasabah harus di crosschek atau memeriksa kembali oleh penilai atau appraisal officer, baik dari segi legalitasnya. Legalitas memiliki pengikatannya. Maksudnya yaitu berupa hak tanggungan, fudusia, gadai, dan cessie. Tujuan dilakukan pengkitan agunan, supaya dari segi legalitas dapat dipertanggung jawabakan apabila wanprestasi.