bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STEINDLIAN MODELS OF GROWTH AND STAGNATION
Authors: Flaschel Peter , Skott Peter
Published: July 2006

Following an analysis of the relation between a standard Steindlian model of stagnation and Steindl’s own analysis, we modify the standard model by introducing endogenous changes in the mark‐up and a reformulation of the investment function. These extensions, which address significant weaknesses of the standard model, find support in Steindl’s writing and leave intact some of Steindl’s key results. In a further extension, we add a labour market and analyse the stabilizing influence of a Marxian reserve‐army mechanism. The implications of the extended model for the effects of increased oligopolization are largely in line with Steindl’s predictions.
MATURITY, STAGNATION AND CONSUMER DEBT: A STEINDLIAN APPROACH
Authors: Dutt Amitava Krishna
Published: July 2006

This paper extends a Steindlian model of growth and income distribution to incorporate borrowing by consumers. It shows that borrowing by consumers can improve growth prospects in the short run by increasing consumer demand. However, in the longer run the effects of increasing consumer borrowing are ambiguous because, by increasing consumer debt, it redistributes income towards the rich who have a higher propensity to save, thereby possibly depressing aggregate demand and growth despite the borrowing‐induced expansion. The problem may be exacerbated by financial considerations involving the increase of the interest rate due to greater borrowing, but these considerations are not necessary for it. The problem is more likely to occur when autonomous investment demand is weak, i.e. when borrowing‐induced consumption increases are most required to counter tendencies towards stagnation.
A MODEL OF INTERACTION BETWEEN THE VIRTUAL AND THE REAL ECONOMY
Authors: Bhaduri Amit , Laski Kazimierz , Riese Martin
Published: July 2006

This paper demonstrates through a formal model how the wealth effect created by a stock market boom leads to the expansion of demand and output mostly through debt‐financed private consumption. However, inherent in this expansion is the threat of a subsequent contraction caused by the rising burden of servicing debt and falling creditworthiness. The formal analysis captures more precisely these conditions; it shows that, even in the medium run, the growth rates of the wealth in the stock market and of the real economy may move in opposite directions.
FINANCIAL FRAGILITY AND FINANCIAL CRISIS IN MEXICO
Authors: Gallardo Julio López , Moreno‐Brid Juan Carlos , Anyul Martín Puchet
Published: July 2006

The objective of this paper is to show how Mexico’s strategy of financial deregulation and liberalization set the stage for the crisis that the country suffered in December 1994. The theoretical underpinning is Post‐Keynesian, and more precisely, a Minsky‐inspired analytical perspective extended to the open economy. In the first section the authors carry out a theoretical discussion dealing with some Post‐Keynesian theories of the business cycle. A second section is devoted to examining and identifying the stylized facts in the evolution of the Mexican economy, with special emphasis on the interaction between the financial and real variables. In the last section the authors propose a simplified model which shows how and why a strategy of financial deregulation and liberalization may lead to financial fragility and to a crisis.
Brazil as a debtor, 1824–19311
Authors: De PAIVA ABREU MARCELO
Published: July 2006

Internal rates of return of Brazilian loans floated between 1824 and 1931 fell below those of British and US government consols and bonds only for some of the loans floated after the beginning of the twentieth century. Higher volatility of yearly rates of return was rewarded by higher returns for all Brazilian Federal loans. Their spreads over consols in 1824–1943 are compared to those of Argentina and Chile and of Brazilian state and municipal loans for 1888–1930. In spite of some deterioration over time, Brazilian loans had a better performance than suggested by the literature, especially in the 1920s.
Am5‐HT7: molecular and pharmacological characterization of the first serotonin receptor of the honeybee (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Schlenstedt Jana , Balfanz Sabine , Baumann Arnd , Blenau Wolfgang
Published: July 2006

The biogenic amine serotonin (5‐HT) plays a key role in the regulation and modulation of many physiological and behavioural processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. These functions are mediated through the binding of serotonin to its receptors, of which 13 subtypes have been characterized in vertebrates. We have isolated a cDNA from the honeybeeApis mellifera(Am5‐ht7) sharing high similarity to members of the 5‐HT7receptor family. Expression of the Am5‐HT7receptor in HEK293 cells results in an increase in basal cAMP levels, suggesting that Am5‐HT7is expressed as a constitutively active receptor. Serotonin application to Am5‐ht7‐transfected cells elevates cyclic adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cAMP) levels in a dose‐dependent manner (EC50 = 1.1–1.8 nm). The Am5‐HT7receptor is also activated by 5‐carboxamidotryptamine, whereas methiothepin acts as an inverse agonist. Receptor expression has been investigated by RT‐PCR,in situhybridization, and western blotting experiments. Receptor mRNA is expressed in the perikarya of various brain neuropils, including intrinsic mushroom body neurons, and in peripheral organs. This study marks the first comprehensive characterization of a serotonin receptor in the honeybee and should facilitate further analysis of the role(s) of the receptor in mediating the various central and peripheral effects of 5‐HT.
Cell‐permeable peptide antioxidants as a novel therapeutic approach in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Petri Susanne , Kiaei Mahmoud , Damiano Maria , Hiller Andrew , Wille Elizabeth , Manfredi Giovanni , Calingasan Noel Y. , Szeto Hazel H. , Beal M. Flint
Published: July 2006

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. They are important contributors to necrotic and apoptotic cell death. A major proportion of cellular ROS is generated at the inner mitochondrial membrane by the respiratory chain. In the present study, we investigated a novel peptide antioxidant (SS‐31) targeted to the inner mitochondrial membrane for its therapeutic effects both in vitro and in vivo in the G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). SS‐31 protected against cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide in vitro in neuronal cells stably transfected with either wild‐type or mutant Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Daily intraperitoneal injections of SS‐31 (5 mg/kg), starting at 30 days of age, led to a significant improvement in survival and motor performance. In comparison with vehicle‐treated G93A mice, SS‐31‐treated mice showed a decreased cell loss and a decrease in immunostaining for markers of oxidative stress in the lumbar spinal cord. This further enhances the concept that pharmacological modification of oxidative stress is a therapeutic option for the treatment of ALS.
Parkinsonism genes: culprits and clues
Authors: Abeliovich Asa , Flint Beal M.
Published: July 2006

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a unique clinical constellation that includes: slowness, rigidity, gait difficulty, and tremor at rest. Pathological studies have linked this presentation to the loss of midbrain dopamine neurons (Gelb et al. 1999) although other neuronal populations are also targeted in PD. Epidemiological data implicate both genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of the disease. The identification of a series of genes that underlie relatively rare, familial forms of Parkinsonism (a clinical term that encompasses ‘sporadic’ PD, familial Parkinson's‐like forms, as well as other related syndromes) has brought excitement to the field. Three of the mutated familial Parkinsonism (FP) genes: Parkin, DJ‐1, and PINK1, typically present with apparent autosomal recessive inheritance and are implicated in mitochondria and oxidative stress‐related survival pathways. Two other FP genes: α‐Synuclein (αSyn) and LRRK2, present in an autosomal dominant pattern and are associated with prominent intracellular protein inclusions. A series of recent publications suggest novel pathways that may link the FP genes.
Oligodendroglial metabotropic glutamate receptors are developmentally regulated and involved in the prevention of apoptosis
Authors: Luyt Karen , Váradi Anikó , Durant Claire F. , Molnár Elek
Published: July 2006

Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are responsible for axon myelination and are the principal cells targeted in preterm white matter injury. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in white matter development and immature OL injury are incompletely understood. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) modulate neuronal development and survival, and have recently been identified in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Using the highly homogeneous CG‐4 OPC line and O4 marker‐immunoselected primary OLs, we established the differentiation stage‐specific expression profile of mGluR3 and mGluR5 mRNAs and proteins in the oligodendroglial lineage and type‐2‐astrocytes (ASTs). Our quantitative analysis indicated no changes in mGluR3, but a significant down‐regulation of mGluR5a mRNA and protein expression during differentiation of OPCs into OLs or ASTs. The down‐regulation of mGluR5a had functional consequences, with significantly fewer OLs and ASTs than OPCs responding to the group I mGluR agonist (RS)‐3,5‐dihydroxyphenylglycine with intracellular Ca2+concentration oscillations. Neither stimulation nor inhibition of mGluR3 or mGluR5 altered OPC migration, suggesting that these receptors do not play prominent roles in the regulation of OPC motility. The activation of mGluR5 completely protected OPCs and substantially reduced staurosporine‐induced apoptosis in OLs. This suggests that the down‐regulation of mGluR5 in premyelinating OLs is likely to contribute to their increased vulnerability, and that the targeting of mGluR5 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for future development.
Mesotrypsin, a brain trypsin, activates selectively proteinase‐activated receptor‐1, but not proteinase‐activated receptor‐2, in rat astrocytes
Authors: Wang Yingfei , Luo Weibo , Wartmann Thomas , Halangk Walter , Sahin‐Tóth Miklós , Reiser Georg
Published: July 2006

Proteinase‐activated receptors (PARs), a subfamily of G protein‐coupled receptors, which are activated by serine proteases, such as trypsin, play pivotal roles in the CNS. Mesotrypsin (trypsin IV) has been identified as a brain‐specific trypsin isoform. However, its potential physiological role concerning PAR activation in the brain is largely unknown. Here, we show for the first time that mesotrypsin, encoded by the PRSS3 (proteinase, serine) gene, evokes a transient and pronounced Ca2+ mobilization in both primary rat astrocytes and retinal ganglion RGC‐5 cells, suggesting a physiological role of mesotrypsin in brain cells. Mesotrypsin mediates Ca2+ responses in rat astrocytes in a concentration‐dependent manner, with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) value of 25 nm. The maximal effect of mesotrypsin on Ca2+ mobilization in rat astrocytes is much higher than that observed in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells, indicating that the activity of mesotrypsin is species‐specific. The pre‐treatment of cells with thrombin or the PAR‐1‐specific peptide TRag (Ala‐pFluoro‐Phe‐Arg‐Cha‐HomoArg‐Tyr‐NH2, synthetic thrombin receptor agonist peptide), but not the PAR‐2‐specific peptide, reduces significantly the mesotrypsin‐induced Ca2+ response. Treatment with the PAR‐1 antagonist SCH79797 confirms that mesotrypsin selectively activates PAR‐1 in rat astrocytes. Unlike mesotrypsin, the two other trypsin isoforms, cationic and anionic trypsin, activate multiple PARs in rat astrocytes. Therefore, our data suggest that brain‐specific mesotrypsin, via the regulation of PAR‐1, is likely to be involved in multiple physiological/pathological processes in the brain.
Sustained brain‐derived neurotrophic factor up‐regulation and sensorimotor gating abnormality induced by postnatal exposure to phencyclidine: comparison with adult treatment
Authors: Takahashi Makoto , Kakita Akiyoshi , Futamura Takashi , Watanabe Yuichiro , Mizuno Makoto , Sakimura Kenji , Castren Eero , Nabeshima Toshitaka , Someya Toshiyuki , Nawa Hiroyuki
Published: July 2006

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in synaptic development and plasticity, and alterations in BDNF expression or signaling are implicated in drug addiction and psychiatric diseases, such as depression and schizophrenia. In this study, we administered phencyclidine to postnatal and adult rats with different time schedules, and determined the correlations between BDNF expression and the behavioral effects. Both single and repeated phencyclidine injections into adult rats induced BDNF up‐regulation in the corticolimbic system and a decrease in prepulse inhibition, both of which were transient. In contrast, subchronic postnatal administration increased BDNF protein and mRNA levels in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, which were sustained until 8 weeks of age. In parallel, the postnatal rats treated with phencyclidine developed a persistent decrease in prepulse inhibition at the adult stage. The chronic BDNF increase appeared to contribute to the prepulse inhibition abnormality, as subchronic BDNF infusion into the hippocampus of normal rats mimicked the prepulse inhibition deficits. This study suggests that phencyclidine exposure during brain development induces sustained BDNF up‐regulation in the limbic system with a biological link to sensorimotor gating deficits.
N‐Arachidonyl‐glycine inhibits the glycine transporter, GLYT2a
Authors: Wiles Amy L. , Pearlman Rhonda‐Jo , Rosvall Mari , Aubrey Karin R. , Vandenberg Robert J.
Published: July 2006

N‐arachidonyl‐glycine is one of a series of N‐arachidonyl‐amino acids that are derived from arachidonic acid. N‐arachidonyl‐glycine is produced in a wide range of tissues with greatest abundance in the spinal cord. Here we report that N‐arachidonyl‐glycine is a reversible and non‐competitive inhibitor of glycine transport by GLYT2a, but has little effect on glycine transport by GLYT1b or γ‐amino butyric acid transport by GAT1. It has previously been reported that the activity of GLYT2a is down‐regulated by protein kinase C and therefore we investigated whether the actions of N‐arachidonyl‐glycine on GLYT2a are mediated by second messenger systems that lead to the activation of protein kinase C. However, the protein kinase C inhibitor, staurosporine, had no effect on the actions of N‐arachidonyl‐glycine on GLYT2a. Thus, the actions of N‐arachidonyl‐glycine are likely to be mediated by a direct interaction with the transporter. We have further defined the pharmacophore by investigating the actions of other N‐arachidonyl amino acids as well as the closely related compounds arachidonic acid, anandamide and R1‐methanandamide. Arachidonic acid, anandamide and R1‐methanandamide have no effect on glycine transport, but N‐arachidonyl‐l‐alanine has similar efficacy at GLYT2a to N‐arachidonyl‐glycine, and N‐arachidonyl‐γ‐amino butyric acid is less efficacious. These observations define a novel recognition site for the N‐arachidonyl amino acids.
Identification of a new functional target of haloperidol metabolite: implications for a receptor‐independent role of 3‐(4‐fluorobenzoyl) propionic acid
Authors: Kim Hyeon Soo , Song Minseok , Yumkham Sanatombi , Choi Jang Hyun , Lee Taehoon , Kwon Joseph , Lee Sung Jae , Kim Jong‐In , Lee Kang‐Woo , Han Pyung‐Lim , Shin Seung Woo , Baik Ja‐Hyun , Kim Yong Sik , Ryu Sung Ho , Suh Pann‐Ghill
Published: July 2006

Haloperidol, a dopamine D2 receptor blocker, is a classical neuroleptic drug that elicits extrapyramidal symptoms. Its metabolites include 3‐(4‐fluorobenzoyl) propionic acid (FBPA) and 4‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐4‐piperidinol (CPHP). Until now, the biological significance of these metabolites has remained largely unknown. Here, we report that the administration of FBPA to mice effected a suppression of locomotor activity and induced catalepsy in a manner similar to that observed with haloperidol, whereas CPHP had no significant effects. Neither of these two metabolites, however, exhibited any ability to bind to the dopamine D2 receptor. FBPA blocked dopamine‐induced extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation, and it specifically affected mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)1/2 activity in hippocampal HN33 cells. Moreover, FBPA was capable of direct interaction with MEK1/2, and inhibited its activity in vitro. We demonstrated the generation of haloperidol metabolites within haloperidol‐treated cells by mass spectrometric analyses. Collectively, our results confirm the biological activity of FBPA, and provide initial clues as to the receptor‐independent role of haloperidol.
Bone response adjacent to calcium phosphate electrostatic spray deposition coated implants: an experimental study in goats
Authors: Manders Peter J .D. , Wolke Joop G. C. , Jansen John A.
Published: July 2006

Background: A new technique to deposit calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings onto titanium substrates has been developed recently. This electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) technique seems to be very promising. It appears to have clinical advantages such as an inexpensive and simple set‐up, high deposition efficiency and the possibility to synthesize layers with a defined surface morphology.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine biological properties and osteoconductivity of ESD CaP coatings when inserted into the femoral condyle of a goat.

Material and methods: Twenty‐four implants with two gaps, i.e. 1 or 2 mm, were inserted into the femoral condyles of six goats. The implants were coated on one side with either a commercially available plasma‐sprayed hydroxyapatite (HAPS) coating or an ESD carbonate apatite (CAESD) coating. The other side of the implant was always left uncoated (Ti). Twelve weeks after implantation the animals were sacrificed and the characteristics of bone ingrowth and bone contact were evaluated.

Results: At 3 months, histological and quantitative histomorphometrical measurements demonstrated more bone ingrowth and bone contact for coated sites as compared with uncoated sites. Statistical testing revealed that for both the 1 and 2 mm gaps HAPS (plasma‐sprayed hydroxyapatite) as well as CAESD (ESD carbonate apatite) ‐coated surfaces always had a significantly higher (P<0.05) amount of bone contact than uncoated Ti surfaces. On HAPS surfaces always significantly more bone was present than on CAESD surfaces. Further statistical testing revealed a significant difference in bone ingrowth between the HAPS as well as CAESD and Ti 1+2 mm gap specimens (P<0.05). Further, HAPS 1 mm gaps showed more bone ingrowth than CAESD 1 mm gaps. No significant difference existed between HAPS and CAESD 2 mm gaps.

Conclusion: On the basis of our observations, we conclude that the used ESD technique is a promising new method to deposit CaP coatings onto titanium substrates. On the other hand, plasma‐spray HA‐coated implants have a still more favourable effect on the bone response.
Comparison between jaw bone augmentation by means of a stiff occlusive titanium membrane or an autologous hip graft: a retrospective clinical assessment
Authors: Molly Liene , Quirynen Marc , Michiels Katleen , Steenberghe Daniel van
Published: July 2006

Objectives: Patients in need of bone augmentation procedures can be treated with a traditional hip graft or by neogenesis under a stiff occlusive titanium membrane, custom‐fit on the basis of CT‐scan data.

Material and methods: Eighteen patients treated by means of a hip graft (H) were compared with 11 patients using a full titanium membrane (M) for the rehabilitation of upper jaws. In the H group, 17 patients (62 implants) in the anterior region (Ha) and 14 patients (23 implants) in the posterior region (Hp) were included. In the M group, nine patients (30 implants) in the anterior region (Ma) and seven patients (16 implants) in the posterior region (Mp) were included.

Results: In group Ha, the CFR was 13.3% after 14 years compared with group Ma where the CFR was 17.4% after 9 years. In group Hp, the CFR was 22.8% after 16 years compared with group Mp where the CFR was 23.4% after 6 years. The marginal bone loss for group Ha after 20 years was 2.7 mm, for group Ma it was not even 1 mm after 9 years; for group Hp, it was 2.5 mm after 15 years compared with less than 1 mm after 3 years in group Mp.

Conclusions: The success rate of alveolar ridge augmentation therapy is lower than in a classical approach. These augmentation procedures, however, show acceptable results. The titanium membrane augmentation leads to less marginal bone loss probably because neo‐formed bone has a better chance to adapt its mineralization to occlusal forces encountered. This technique could offer improvement if membrane exposure can be avoided.
Direct immunofluorescence in granuloma faciale: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Barnadas M. A. , Curell R. , Alomar A.
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  A 49‐year‐old male presented at our department with erythematous brownish plaques in the malar areas and left cheek of 9 years' evolution. Histopathological study revealed a dense, predominantly perivascular, inflammatory infiltrate in the reticular dermis. The infiltrate was composed of abundant neutrophils, lymphocytes, histiocytes, and eosinophils. Leukocytoclasia and fibrin in some vessel walls were also observed. The patient was diagnosed with granuloma faciale (GF). Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) study showed heavy immunoglobulin G (IgG) and less intense deposits of IgA, IgM, C3 and C1q surrounding superficial and deep vessels of the reticular dermis. Perivascular and diffuse fibrinogen deposits were also present. No deposits were detected at the dermoepidermal junction. Our findings lend support to the hypothesis that classical pathway activation of complement may be involved in the development of vasculitis in GF.
Ectopic sebaceous gland: a developmental anomaly
Authors: Tschen Jaime A. , Schulze Keith E. , Chiao Nor
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  We report the case of a 21‐year‐old white male with an ectopic sebaceous gland and duct located within the bulb of an anagen hair follicle. This is an incidental finding in one of two biopsies from his chin, performed as part of the workup for a recalcitrant perioral acneiform eruption. The embryogenesis and development of sebaceous glands in human scalp hair follicles are reviewed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such a developmental anomaly.
Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition alters rat cutaneous wound healing
Authors: Amadeu Thaís P. , Costa Andréa M. A.
Published: July 2006

Background:  Nitric oxide (NO) is an important molecule that participates in wound repair, but its effects on cutaneous wound healing are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of NO synthesis blockade on rat cutaneous wound healing by the administration of NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME), a non‐selective inhibitor of NO synthases.

Methods:  NO synthesis was inhibited by administration of l‐NAME (20 mg/kg/day) in drinking water. An excisional wound was done, and the animals were killed 7, 14, and 21 days later. Wound contraction and blood pressure were evaluated. The lesion and adjacent skin were formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. Mast cells were quantified, and vessels were evaluated using stereological methods.

Results:  l‐NAME‐treated animals presented delayed wound contraction, alterations in collagen organization, and neoepidermis thickness. The inhibition of NO synthesis increased mast cell migration 7 days after wounding, but decreased 21 days after wounding. Volume density of vessels was decreased in l‐NAME‐treated animals, 21 days after lesion. Surface density of vessels was frequently smaller in l‐NAME‐treated animals than in controls.

Conclusion:  The blockade of NO synthesis impaired cutaneous wound healing, acting in early and late phases of wound repair.
Lichenoid and granulomatous dermatitis associated with atypical mycobacterium infections
Authors: S. Breza Thomas , Magro Cynthia M
Published: July 2006

Background:  Lichenoid and granulomatous dermatitis defines a distinctive pattern of cutaneous inflammation that may be part of the morphologic spectrum of idiopathic lichenoid reactions such as lichen planus and as well may be seen with lichenoid drug reactions, endogenous T‐cell dyscrasias and as a feature of certain systemic diseases especially Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

Results:  We encountered three cases of lichenoid and granulomatous dermatitis in which the basis was one of primary cutaneous Mycobacterium infection. In all three cases acid fast stains revealed pathogenic organisms and as well cultures were positive for Mycobacterium kansasii in one case and Mycobacterium marinum in another. Other features included a prominent perineural and periadnexal lymphocytic infiltrate.

Conclusions:  The differential diagnosis of lichenoid and granulomatous dermatitis should also encompass primary cutaneous Mycobacterium infection in addition to the other more characteristic entities associated wtih this distinctive reaction pattern. Infection with Mycobacterium induces a TH1 dominant response which would hence produce an infiltrate.
Atypical pemphigus: discordance between clinicopathological findings and the antigenic profile in four cases
Authors: Herrero‐Gonzalez Josep E. , Mascaró José M. , Iranzo Pilar , Herrero Carmen
Published: July 2006

Background:  The diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus is usually based on clinical, histological, and immunofluorescence (IF) findings. In recent years, the antigenic profile of both diseases has been further defined by immunobiochemical techniques (ELISA, immunoblot, and immunoprecipitation).

Methods:  A retrospective study of 40 pemphigus patients was performed to determine the clinical, histological, and antigenic profile in patients with pemphigus followed at our Department. Charts review, clinical data, histological and IF findings, and antigenic analysis by ELISA were performed in all patients.

Results:  In most patients, there was a perfect correlation between the clinical and histological findings and their antigenic profile. In four patients (10%), clinicopathological features and antigenic findings were discordant.

Conclusion:  The antigenic profiles in pemphigus do not always correlate with the clinical diagnosis. Therefore, clinical and histological features should be considered as the mainstay for the diagnosis of pemphigus.
Sparganosis in wild‐caught baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis)
Authors: Nobrega‐Lee M. , Hubbard G. , LoVerde P. , Carvalho‐Queiroz C. , Conn D.B. , Rohde K. , Dick E.J. , Nathanielsz P. , Martin D. , Siler‐Khodr T. , Schlabritz‐Loutsevitch N.
Published: July 2006

Background  Sparganosis is the infection of a paratenic host with the plerocercoid metacestode of Spirometra spp. A 12‐year‐old captive, pregnant, wild‐caught baboon from Tanzania had multiple subcutaneous nodules.

Methods  Examination of the biopsied nodules revealed the presence of viable metacestodes. The histological morphology of the metacestodes was consistent with the genus Spirometra and other pseudophyllidean cestodes. Since species of Spirometra produce growth hormones that are active in mammals, we measured fetal and placental growth and hormone levels. Blood samples were taken from the mother and the cesarean‐derived fetus for hematological, biochemical, and hormonal analyses and to test for the presence of antispargana antibodies.

Results  Baboon placental weight and fetal hematological, biochemical, and morphometric parameters were within normal ranges. Antibody titers to spargana did not differ significantly between mother (1.08 OD405) and fetus (0.91 OD405). Baboon maternal insulin‐like growth factor and growth hormone values were also within the normal range. Estradiol and progesterone analysis in four of these animals (antibody titers ranged from 0.71 to 1.7 OD405) showed no statistically significant difference with age‐ or phase‐matched cycle parameters compared with antibody‐negative females.

Conclusions  Based on the results that have been obtained, sparganosis did not appear to affect the endocrinological profile of pregnant and cycling female baboons.
Blockage of urine by intravesical ejaculate in cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Chandolia R.K. , Luetjens C.M. , Wistuba J. , Semjonow A. , Pühse G. , Nieschlag E.
Published: July 2006

Background  The present communication reports intravesical semen coagulation and formation of a larger precipitate in two Cynomolgus monkeys.

Methods  Ultrasound of the urinary bladder and light microscopy of intravesical coagulates.

Results  These monkeys suffered from complete blockage of urine output and surgery was required to remove the sperm mass. Microscopic examination of the urine revealed millions of sperm as a cause of the mass and the blockage of urine output.

Conclusions  Retrograde ejaculation of sperm may cause coagulation of ejaculates in the bladder of the cynomolgus monkey Macaca fascicularis. However, involvement of sperm mass in blockage of urine passage has not been described in this species.
Laser burn wound healing in naso‐labial region of fetal and neonatal mice
Authors: Nakasone A , Shibata S , Suzuki S , Yamashita Y , Ohyama K
Published: July 2006

Objective:  To investigate the characteristics of wound healing in the mouse naso‐labial region in both the fetal and neonatal stages, histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed using a newly established laser burn wound healing system.

Materials and methods:  Fetal mice at embryonic day 14 (E 14) were wounded as a model of fetal wound healing. To compare it, neonatal mice at day 5 after birth (d 5) were adopted as a model of neonatal wound healing. The healing process was examined by van Gieson staining and immunohistochemistry for fibronectin and tenascin.

Results:  Relatively large damage remained after wound healing even in fetal mice. In both types of wound healing, rapid regeneration of muscle tissues were observed. Fibronectin and tenascin immunostaining was detected not only in wound healing region, but also in the endomysium of regenerating muscle tissues. Especially, tenascin showed a restricted expression pattern.

Conclusions:  Rapid regeneration of muscle tissues in the naso‐labial region in both the fetal and neonatal mice seemed to leave relatively large damage even in the fetal wound healing. Contracted force exerted by muscle tissues may be a reason for this phenomenon. Fibronectin and tenascin were closely related to the wound healing process including muscle regeneration in this region.
GLUT‐1 in oral benign vascular lesions
Authors: Johann ACBR , Salla JT , Gomez RS , De Aguiar MCF , Gontijo B , Mesquita RA
Published: July 2006

Aim:  To investigate the accuracy of histological diagnosis of oral hemangioma, oral vascular malformation and oral pyogenic granuloma according to immunohistochemical evaluation of the human erythrocyte‐type glucose transporter protein (GLUT‐1), and to observe the immunoexpression of this protein in oral varix.

Materials and methods:  Immunohistochemistry for GLUT‐1 was performed in 93 histologically diagnosed cases of oral benign vascular lesions: 17 vascular malformations, 19 hemangiomas, nine varix, and 48 pyogenic granulomas. Descriptive analyses were performed.

Results:  None of the cases of the oral benign vascular lesions evaluated were immunopositive to GLUT‐1. The 19 cases histologically diagnosed as oral hemangioma that showed negative staining to GLUT‐1 were reclassified as oral pyogenic granuloma or oral vascular malformations. The histological evaluation itself is not enough to obtain the correct diagnosis of oral HEM as none of the sample cases were true hemangioma. All sample cases with initial vascular malformation or pyogenic granulomas classification were negative to GLUT‐1, demonstrating the accuracy of histological diagnosis of these lesions itself. Oral varix showed negative staining to GLUT‐1 in blood vessels.

Conclusions:  GLUT‐1 is an useful, effective and important auxiliary marker for the diagnosis of oral benign vascular lesions.

Clinical relevance:  This study showed that histological diagnosis alone is not sufficient to correct diagnoses of oral hemangioma. Moreover, immunohistochemistry to GLUT‐1 is a useful and easy diagnostic method that may be used to avoid such misdiagnosis. Accurate diagnosis of these oral lesions has an important clinical relevance allowing: (1) correct management, (2) adequate communication among the multidisciplinary team (dentist, dermatologist, pediatrist, radiologist, pathologist, and surgeon), (3) understanding of the biological behavior of the lesions, and (4) facilitate the development of new therapeutic modalities. Thus, supporting the use of this marker in medical and dentistry communities is warranted.
Association of lip pigmentation with smoking and gingival melanin pigmentation
Authors: Haresaku S , Hanioka T , Tsutsui A , Watanabe T
Published: July 2006

Objective:  We investigated the association of lip pigmentation with smoking and melanin pigmentation in the gingiva.

Design:  Case–control study.

Setting:  Health check‐up in an institute.

Subjects and methods:  Photos of 213 males employed in an institution were assessed in terms of pigmentation in lip and gingiva.

Main outcome measures:  Prevalence and scores of lip and gingival pigmentation and smoking status.

Results:  Among subjects displaying lip and gingival pigmentation, 73% and 87% respectively, were current smokers, whereas 33% and 27% of individuals lacking pigmentation were current smokers respectively. Odds ratios of current smoking relative to lip and gingival pigmentation were 5.6 (95% confidence interval: 2.8–11.1) and 17.0 (8.1–36.0) respectively. Daily consumption, duration of smoking and lifetime exposure exhibited significant correlation with scores of lip and gingival pigmentation (P < 0.0001). Odds ratios increased in lip and gingival pigmentation upon exposure. In current smokers, scores of lip and gingival pigmentation demonstrated meaningful correlation (P < 0.0001); moreover, 95% of participants with lip pigmentation were positive for gingival pigmentation.

Conclusion:  These results indicated the presence of a striking association between smoking and pigmentation in the lip and gingiva, which was stronger with respect to gingival pigmentation. Health professionals could educate smokers, utilizing visible symptoms in the lip and gingiva.
Estrous cycle effects on behavior of C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ female mice: implications for phenotyping strategies
Authors: Meziane H. , Ouagazzal A.‐M. , Aubert L. , Wietrzych M. , Krezel W.
Published: July 2006

Systematic behavioral phenotyping of genetically modified mice is a powerful method with which to identify the molecular factors implicated in control of animal behavior, with potential relevance for research into neuropsychiatric disorders. A number of such disorders display sex differences, yet the use of female mice in phenotyping strategies has been a rare practice because of the potential variability related to the estrous cycle. We have now investigated the behavioral effects of the estrous cycle in a battery of behavioral tests in C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ inbred strains of mice. Whereas the performance of BALB/cByJ female mice varied significantly depending on the phase of the estrous cycle in the open field, tail flick and tail suspension tests, the behavior of C57BL/6J females, with the exception of the tail suspension performance, remained stable across all four phases of the estrous cycle in all of the tests including open field, rotarod, startle reflex and pre‐pulse inhibition, tail flick and hot plate. We also found that irrespective of the estrous cycle, the behavior of C57BL/6J females was different from that of BALB/cByJ groups in all of the behavioral paradigms. Such strain differences were previously reported in male comparisons, suggesting that the same inter‐group differences can be revealed by studying female or male mice. In addition, strain differences were evident even for behaviors that were susceptible to estrous cycle modulations, although their detection might necessitate the constitution of large experimental groups.
Familial loading in specific language impairment: patterns of differences across proband characteristics, gender and relative type
Authors: Conti‐Ramsden G. , Falcaro M. , Simkin Z. , Pickles A.
Published: July 2006

There is now little doubt that both environmental factors and genes are likely to make important contributions to the aetiology of specific language impairment (SLI). The most commonly proposed model for understanding these influences is the multifactorial model. In the present study we examine two expectations based on this model: that there will be a systematic relationship between the severity of proband language scores and the rate and severity of SLI in relatives and that relatives will be more strongly affected if they are relatives of a proband of the more rarely affected gender (female) because the latter require a higher genetic liability to become equally impaired. Ninety‐three probands and their 300 first‐degree relatives participated in this study. Results showed a relationship between proband severity at age 14 and an increased rate of SLI in relatives. This relationship was strong for child siblings and was significant with respect to both rate of SLI and severity over a range of language and literacy measures. In contrast, higher levels of SLI among relatives of female rather than male probands was entirely disproved.
DNA pooling: a comprehensive, multi‐stage association analysis of ACSL6 and SIRT5 polymorphisms in schizophrenia
Authors: Chowdari K. V. , Northup A. , Pless L. , Wood J. , Joo Y. H. , Mirnics K. , Lewis D. A. , Levitt P. R. , Bacanu S.‐A. , Nimgaonkar V. L.
Published: July 2006

Many candidate gene association studies have evaluated incomplete, unrepresentative sets of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), producing non‐significant results that are difficult to interpret. Using a rapid, efficient strategy designed to investigate all common SNPs, we tested associations between schizophrenia and two positional candidate genes: ACSL6 (Acyl‐Coenzyme A synthetase long‐chain family member 6) and SIRT5 (silent mating type information regulation 2 homologue 5). We initially evaluated the utility of DNA sequencing traces to estimate SNP allele frequencies in pooled DNA samples. The mean variances for the DNA sequencing estimates were acceptable and were comparable to other published methods (mean variance: 0.0008, range 0–0.0119). Using pooled DNA samples from cases with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders edition IV criteria) and controls (n = 200, each group), we next sequenced all exons, introns and flanking upstream/downstream sequences for ACSL6 and SIRT5. Among 69 identified SNPs, case–control allele frequency comparisons revealed nine suggestive associations (P < 0.2). Each of these SNPs was next genotyped in the individual samples composing the pools. A suggestive association with rs 11743803 at ACSL6 remained (allele‐wise P = 0.02), with diminished evidence in an extended sample (448 cases, 554 controls, P = 0.062). In conclusion, we propose a multi‐stage method for comprehensive, rapid, efficient and economical genetic association analysis that enables simultaneous SNP detection and allele frequency estimation in large samples. This strategy may be particularly useful for research groups lacking access to high throughput genotyping facilities. Our analyses did not yield convincing evidence for associations of schizophrenia with ACSL6 or SIRT5.
THIN LAYER METHOD ANALYSIS OF SPOUTED BED DRIED MALAYSIAN PADDY – CHARACTERISTIC DRYING CURVES
Authors: NG P.P. , TASIRIN S.M. , LAW C.L.
Published: July 2006

A lab‐scale spouted bed dryer was used for the drying of paddy. The Malaysian grown paddy is a sample of Geldart's Group D particle. Drying was carried out in the dryer at two different internal configurations, namely with or without the installation of a draft tube, and at several drying temperatures (60–90C), air flow rates (1.14–1.45 m/s) and bed heights (30–45 cm). Drying kinetics of paddy in spouted bed showed only induction and falling rate periods, without constant drying rate period. Thin layer method analysis shows characteristic drying rate curves of linear and exponential functions for the first and second falling rate period, respectively, in conventional spouted bed drying. A single power function was observed in spouted bed drying with a draft tube, mainly as a result of a better tempering effect that gave a lower drying rate gradient.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF SOYBEAN OIL PRODUCTION
Authors: LI YONG , GRIFFING EVAN , HIGGINS MATTHEW , OVERCASH MICHAEL
Published: July 2006

A life cycle assessment (LCA) case study was conducted on the processing of soybeans to soybean oil. Three stages of soybean oil processing are studied in detail: preprocessing, extraction and separation, and postprocessing. For extraction, hexane (current industrial process) and supercritical CO2 (research and development [R & D
] laboratory‐scale process) methods are compared in detail. The initial life cycle comparison found that the laboratory‐scale CO2 system was not as good in life cycle impacts as the hexane system. However, reasonable engineering improvements typical of scale‐up practices would make the CO2 technology better than hexane and eliminate the hexane emissions. Utilization of membrane techniques to separate the small molecular CO2 from the soybean oil hydrocarbon appears to be a much better R & D direction for development. This article illustrates the ability to use life cycle as an aid to R & D to select more advantageous directions for process improvement.
RAPID DETECTION OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI USING SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE BIOSENSOR
Authors: WASWA J.W. , DEBROY C. , IRUDAYARAJ J.
Published: July 2006

The Biacore surface plasmon resonance (SPR)‐based biosensor was used to detect Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Escherichia coli in spiked skim milk using specific antibodies. The optical SPR biosensor registers changes in the refractive index during binding of the analyte (bacteria) to the ligand (antibody) on the gold‐coated sensor chip surface. Immobilized protein A‐captured specific antibodies were used to detect the bacteria in less than an hour. The reaction was found to be specific, and the limits of detection of the assay were found to be 25 cfu/mL for E. coli and 23 cfu/mL for Salmonella. Because the assays were shown to be sensitive, reproducible and very specific, the SPR‐based Biacore biosensor has the potential for near real‐time, yet specific, detection and presumptive identification of bacteria in food and water.
The Impact of Interorganizational Internet Communication on Purchasing Performance: A Study of Chinese Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Cai Shaohan , Jun Minjoon , Yang Zhilin
Published: July 2006

This study investigated the effect of interorganizational Internet communication on purchasing performance. On the basis of a review of the relevant literature, three key dimensions of Internet communication behaviors were identified: frequency, diversity and formality. A model was developed to depict the antecedents of interorganizational Internet communication and the impact of such communication on purchasing performance. Responses from 284 Chinese manufacturing firms were used to test the study's hypotheses. Results revealed that the frequency, diversity and formality of Internet communication played an important role in determining the level of purchasing performance. Additionally, formality was critical to managing information flows over the Internet and preventing potential Internet information security risks. Further, results indicated that two factors, perceived Internet security risks and norms of Internet information sharing, significantly influenced Internet communication behaviors.
Managing Conflict of Interest Issues in Purchasing
Authors: Handfield Robert B. , Baumer David L.
Published: July 2006

One of the most important elements of ethical purchasing behavior is conflict of interest. In response to the heightened regulatory environment, many organizations have initiated reviews of their conflict of interest policies and ethical codes of behavior in supply management. The goal of the current exploratory study is to determine the most common approaches used to promote compliance with ethical codes of conduct (specifically conflict of interest policies) in supply management. Questionnaires were administered to eight “typical” Fortune 500 companies. Current conflicts of interest policies were identified, in addition to spotlighting common approaches to enforcing ethical behavior, including multiple communication and reporting channels, formal procedures, effective sanctions against violators and regular training of employees in ethical policies. Survey results were used to generate a scoring system that compares the overall level of ethics management maturity based on profiles of the companies studied in the research.
Microbial Decontamination of Tea (Camellia sinensis) by Gamma Radiation
Authors: Mishra B.B. , Gautam S. , Sharma A.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT: Processed dry tea leaves are prone to microbial contamination during post‐processing handling and storage. The dry tea leaves may thus carry bacteria and fungi of potential health risk to consumers. Also, during storage under high humidity, absorption of moisture may encourage fungal growth and result in caking of the product. Gamma radiation processing was tried as a method for microbial decontamination. A radiation dose of 5 kGy was found to be effective for this purpose. No significant effect was observed on total phenolics in radiation‐processed tea leaves. The antioxidant and biological properties of tea such as free radical scavenging activity, inhibition of xanthine oxidase and lipid peroxidation, and superoxide and nitrite scavenging activities were not affected due to radiation treatment within a dose of 10 kGy. The antimicrobial and sensory properties were also unaffected by the radiation treatment.
ESTIMATING THE EIGENVALUES ON QUATERNIONIC KÄHLER MANIFOLDS
Authors: HOMMA YASUSHI
Published: July 2006

We study geometric first order differential operators on quaternionic Kähler manifolds. Their principal symbols are related to the enveloping algebra and Casimir elements for Sp(1)Sp(n). This observation leads to anti-symmetry of the principal symbols and Bochner–Weitzenböck formulas for operators. As an application, we estimate their first eigenvalues.
THE FIRST COEFFICIENTS OF THE ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSION OF THE BERGMAN KERNEL OF THESpincDIRAC OPERATOR
Authors: MA XIAONAN , MARINESCU GEORGE
Published: July 2006

We establish the existence of the asymptotic expansion of the Bergman kernel associated to the spincDirac operators acting on high tensor powers of line bundles with non-degenerate mixed curvature (negative and positive eigenvalues) by extending [15]. We compute the second coefficient b1in the asymptotic expansion using the method of [24].
ELLIPTIC GENERA, TORUS ORBIFOLDS AND MULTI-FANS II
Authors: HATTORI AKIO
Published: July 2006

Rigidity theorems for orbifold elliptic genus of complete simplicial multi-fans are formulated and proved. Applications to n-dimesional Q-factorial toric varieties whose canonical divisors are divisible by n are given.