bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robert Musil and Classical Sociology
Authors: Harrington Austin
Published: July 2003

The article argues for the thesis that the Austrian novelist and essayist Robert Musil (1880-1942) may be read as an exemplary kind of social theorist, a philosopher and critic of European civilization who exploits the literary devices of irony, ambivalence and aesthetic distance in order to communicate a particular style of thinking about the social conditions, movements, ideologies and contradictory identities of modernity that could not otherwise be expressed in the abstract discursive language of social science. The article explores a number of respects in which Musil’s writing can be seen as ironizing our frequent perception of modernity as dominated by the evils of alienation, anonymity, fragmentation and occupational specialization, by exposing the extent to which this perception expresses elements of naïvety and complacency inherent in classical European humanistic discourses centring on values of Bildung and the ‘many-sided personality’.
Religion and the Changing Intensity of Emotional Solidarities in Durkheim’s The Division of Labour in Society (1893)
Authors: Fish Jonathan S.
Published: July 2003

This article re-reads the six evolutionary stages contained in The Division of Labour so as to uncover the key importance of human emotion in Durkheim’s early views on the nature and social role of religion. This important, yet hitherto neglected, thematic link in Durkheim’s early writings will be used to defend Nisbet’s (1972[1966]) belief that it is the religious and emotional foundations of order that provide the true germinative link between Durkheim’s early and later work, and not structural functional differentiation, as commentators like Wallwork (1984, 1985) had otherwise suggested.
Blood Feud and Modernity
Authors: Grutzpalk Jonas
Published: July 2003

Modernity and vendetta are contradictory social phenomena, and yet globalization brings to light the existence of blood feud in a modernized world. In this article, Weber’s and Durkheim’s theories of modernization are reread in order to understand what modernity has to do with vendetta.
Snips and Snails and Theorists’ Tales
Authors: Marshall Barbara L.
Published: July 2003

This article locates classical sociology within the context of widely circulating scientific ‘truths’ about sexed bodies, exploring how the emerging discipline of sociology both drew on and contributed to the construction of a scientifically grounded sexual dimorphism. Through an examination of Durkheim’s theory of conjugal society and Weber’s writings on the routinization of sexual conduct, the extent to which anxieties about masculine sexuality animated classical conceptions of the shifting mind/body relationship in modernity is illuminated. This is read alongside a shared problematic in the sexual science of the time - concern over the relationship between ‘modern’ life and male sexual dysfunction. I argue that the manner in which both sociology and sexual science problematized male sexuality as a pivotal issue of modernity is illustrative of the construction of a fundamentally gendered ontology of the social. I argue that the actively internalized struggle of mind and body in sociology’s men renders them universally individual, whilst its women are collectively particular, and that this is a legacy with which social theory continues to struggle.
Gramsci on Politics and State
Authors: Fontana Benedetto
Published: July 2003

This article argues that Gramsci’s notion of the state is historically and conceptually rooted within a political and theoretical discourse that first emerged with the ideas and practice of the classical politics of the Greeks and Romans, a political and philosophical tradition that was later transformed and reformulated with the advent of a Christianized politics as embodied in the thought of Augustine. The article further argues that Gramsci’s conception rests on the idea that man is pre-eminently political in a double sense: as the ground for community and society, defined by the search for the ‘good life’; and as struggle and conflict, where such a search is defined by competition over a multiplicity of goods.
Beyond authenticity
Authors: Lacy Julie A. , Douglass William A.
Published: July 2003

This article argues that tourism performances, sights and sites communicate more than ‘truth’ about a ‘real’ culture. An examination and comparison of several touristic displays in the French and Spanish Basque areas suggest that the identity of European Basques is regularly transformed, articulated, contested and communicated in furtherance of cultural, political and economic goals.
Brambuk living cultural centre
Authors: Spark Ceridwen
Published: July 2003

The article examines the production of tourist space in relation to Brambuk, an Aboriginal cultural centre in Victoria, Australia. In doing so, it draws on Tim Edensor’s discussion of heterogeneous and enclavic spaces, and the narratives of staff and visitors at the cultural centre. The article demonstrates the positive outcomes of heterogeneous space and the limitations of enclavic space for indigenous people seeking to represent themselves within the tourist domain. This exploration produces critical commentary about a range of subjects, including Aboriginal involvement in cultural tourism and visitor responses to Aboriginal cultural centres, both of which are underresearched fields of inquiry. In addition, the significance of indigenous ownership to the representation of Aboriginality in the tourist domain is noted.
Localization and global reach in rural tourism
Authors: Cawley Mary , Gaffey Sheila , Gillmor Desmond A.
Published: July 2003

‘Localization’, defined as capitalizing on the cultural, economic, social, and physical resources of particular places, coupled with local organization and networking, is receiving considerable attention as a method of enabling rural economies to survive the various challenges posed by the increased internationalization of investment. Links to the global are, however, often necessary and desirable for the effective development of rural economies. Rural tourism provides a particularly apposite context for investigating localization and links between the local and the global through ‘glocalization’. This article investigates the operation of glocalization in the context of 57 quality rural tourism businesses and 23 related organizations in western Ireland, with reference to the development and use of quality as a niche attribute and networking at local and international scales as part of promotion and marketing.
Cancun’s tourism development from a Fordist spectrum of analysis
Authors: Torres Rebecca
Published: July 2003

Tourism scholars in recent years have posited a global paradigmatic shift from Fordist to more post-Fordist and neo-Fordist modes of tourism production and consumption. This article provides a brief literature review of transformations in global tourism production and consumption from a Fordist spectrum of analysis. Following a discussion of tourism development in Cancun and the surrounding state of Quintana Roo, this article draws on empirical data from a survey of 615 visitors to the Yucatan Peninsula and 60 Cancun hotels to provide a contextual application of the Fordist spectrum in understanding the nature of tourism production and consumption in the region. Cancun is situated as a predominately Fordist mass tourism resort, however, analysis reveals that the region’s tourism landscape, which is experiencing processes of diversification, is in reality a complex combination of both Fordist and post-Fordist elements manifest in different ‘shades’ of mass tourism, ‘neo-Fordism’ and ‘mass customization’. The article concludes that the Fordist spectrum of analysis provides a useful perspective from which to examine the changing nature of tourism production and consumption.
Burial and the dead in ancient Egyptian society
Authors: Baines John , Lacovara Peter
Published: July 2003

Ancient Egypt offers a paradigm contrast between ideals of respectful care for the dead, on the one hand, and realities of medium- and long-term neglect, destruction and reuse on the other. Ideals are expressed in normative mortuary monuments and in texts; the archaeological record, together with relatively few skeptical texts, testifies to realities. Death was as socially riven as the realm of the living. Vast amounts were invested in royal and elite monuments, while cemeteries as a whole cannot account for more than a fraction of the population. Preservation of the body was essential for conventional conceptions of an afterlife - often envisaged to take place away from the tomb - but embalming practices cannot have been required for all. The contradictions implied by divergences from the ideal were negotiated over very long periods. Such processes of accommodation may be particularly necessary in complex societies and civilizations. They emphasize that, even if the actors may present the matter otherwise, treatment of the dead relates as much to the living as to the deceased.
Is what you see all you get?
Authors: Bauer Alexander A.
Published: July 2003

Archaeologists wishing to interpret the meanings of artifacts, both symbolic and functional, have increasingly drawn from Saussure-inspired linguistic models as a way to ‘read’ the archaeological record. Such models, however, may not be appropriate for a number of reasons, and should be discarded in favor of a discourse-centered approach, which investigates meaning through practice, currently gaining popularity among American linguistic anthropologists. Using the semiotic theory developed by Charles Sanders Peirce, this article focuses on how people use and interpret material signs such as the artifacts we excavate and analyze to produce knowledge, and how those meanings shift across contexts. Specifically, the semiotic mediation of artifacts is examined in the present context of museum displays to illustrate how the interpretation of artifacts crucially depends on their recognition as meaningful signs by knowing agents.
Built space and bad subjects
Authors: Hutson Scott R.
Published: July 2003

This article examines the creation, renovation and negotiation of built space at Monte Albán, Oaxaca, Mexico, from 500 BC to AD 700, in order to document power relations and the construction of identity at the ancient site. Specifically, I detect strategies of domination in the deployment of monumental constructions in residential areas of the site, and coeval strategies of resistance in alterations of domestic space. These alterations reappropriate the experience of lived space in ways that contest the tones of authority read and misread from monuments. Heeding the critique that the rich lives of ancient subjects exceeded the simplistic binary of domination and resistance, I also explore the ways in which burials, both as ceremonies and as durable landmarks, contribute to identity. This approach treats burials as speech acts and as such builds from advances in the philosophy of speech. This case study underlines the importance of theoretical stances that appreciate the active roles played by all people, more powerful and less powerful, in the constitution of society.
Representations of women in Spanish Levantine rock art
Authors: Mateu Trinidad Escoriza
Published: July 2003

Key diagnostic features allow the sexual identification of figures in Spanish Levantine rock art in a great number of cases. The analysis conducted here suggests the existence of a sexual division of labour, and that inequalities in this indicate that women were a socially exploited group. The emphasis on hunting found in the paintings responds to an ideology imposed by the dominant patriarchal order, and underscores the fact that masculine activities had greater social value. I argue that control over women is reflected in the scarcity of representations such as maternity, the cancellation of sexual attributes, and the invisibility of female activities. The politico-ideological strategy of concealment gave limited social value to women and their role in creating the conditions for social life.
The political economy of archaeological cultures
Authors: Matthews Christopher N. , Leone Mark P. , Jordan Kurt A.
Published: July 2003

The application of Marxist theory in American historical archaeology has expanded greatly over the past 20 years. More than just a theoretical tool, the rise of Marxism reflects an emerging consciousness within historical archaeology that its subject matter is capitalism, an interest obviously shared with Marx himself. We propose, however, that historical archaeology has proceeded to study the emergence of the modern culture of capitalism without engaging Marx’s critique of the political economy of cultural production in any direct way. Instead, much of historical archaeology reifies past cultural formations in place of maintaining a focus on the dialectical social processes through which those formations emerged. We illustrate how a Marxist approach to cultural production improves the foundational historical archaeologies of the colonial American state and African-American ethnogenesis and is the basis for archaeologically-based critiques of dominant American society.
Beyond the belly of the house
Authors: Maceachern Scott
Published: July 2003

The northeastern Mandara Mountains of Cameroon and Nigeria are occupied at high population densities, with households spread across an abrupt mountain landscape. Ritual and political power in this area inheres to a great extent to the physical being of the mountains themselves. The exercise of such power is dispersed within mountain households, with few opportunities for aggregation of authority through control of communal activity in public spaces. The plains around these mountains are occupied at lower densities, by nucleated Islamic communities integrated within the Wandala state. Fewer roles for household ritual remain, and communal activity in public spaces is controlled by Wandala elites. Archaeological data indicate that the predecessors of both mountain and plains societies were iron-using communities in the plains around the massif.

This article discusses the evolution of ritual and political systems over the last two millennia, from the plains to the mountains above them, and the implications of those changes for our understanding of how prehistoric groups in this area would have used public and private spaces.
The grant and the grid
Authors: Church Minette C.
Published: July 2003

A narrow focus on architecture and surrounding features, situated in predominately political and economic reconstructions of historical context, has limited our understanding of Native and non-native occupations of the Plains in southeastern Colorado. Anglo, Hispano and Native groups came to the territory with different ideas as to the land’s promise, and therefore engaged in different subsistence strategies. Influenced by the terrain and by each other, they created new cultural landscapes. Large blocks of federally-owned land provide opportunities for archaeologists to look at such anthropogenic landscapes writ large. Researchers can combine archaeological data and historical documents in order to examine culturally constituted perceptions of land and landscape, and the effects of such perceptions on land use: in short, the transformation of land into homeland.
Outside of houses
Authors: Robin Cynthia
Published: July 2003

This article examines the social construction and experience of everyday life in one socially salient place, the late Classic Maya farm-steads of Chan Nòohol, Belize. Men, women and children worked around the house and the ‘domestic’ and agricultural domains were neither socially or spatially segregated. Nor was everyday life a strictly inside or outside, private or public affair. These points underscore the fact that rigid Western taxonomizing is inappropriate for understanding life cross-culturally. Beyond farmers’ houses and agricultural terraces, Chan Nòohol was largely devoid of the physical surface traces that archaeologists often excavate. But this lack of architecture ended up being a blessing in disguise, because the entwined paths of people left visible traces in the porous soil surfaces. The imprints of people’s daily walking and working documents some of their diverse lifeways and experiences. By integrating an analysis of the social construction of place with an analysis of living experiences, this article seeks to move beyond the impasse of theoretical polarities that have historically divided our field.
What a tangled web he weaves
Authors: Graves Joseph L.
Published: July 2003

The last decade of the 20th century experienced a resurgence of genetically based theories of racial hierarchy regarding intelligence and morality. Most notably was Herrnstein and Murray's The Bell Curve (1994), that claimed genetic causality for long-standing racial differences in IQ. In addition, it raised the time worn argument that the over-reproduction of genetically deficient individuals within our population would lead to a serious decline in average American intelligence. These authors provided no specific rationale for why these genetic differences should exist between human `races'. Instead, they relied heavily on the work of Canadian psychologist J. Philipe Rushton (in The Bell Curve, 1994, Appendix 5: 642—3). Rushton has advanced a specific evolutionary genetic rationale for how gene frequencies are differentiated between the `races' relative to intelligence. He claims that human racial differences result from natural selection for particular reproductive strategies in the various racial groups. Rushton's theory is based entirely on the concept of r- and K-selection, first explicitly outlined by MacArthur and Wilson in 1967. This article examines both the flaws in the general theory, and specifically Rushton's application of that same theory to human data. It concludes that neither Rushton's use of the theory nor the data that he has assembled could possibly test any meaningful hypotheses concerning human evolution and/or the distribution of genetic variation relating to reproductive strategies or `intelligence', however defined.
`The truth is alive'
Authors: Rapport Nigel
Published: July 2003

Kierkegaard argued that the scientific method was inappropriate for gaining an understanding of human experience; the natural science of the physical world and the social philosophy of the human condition must, he felt, be clearly differentiated if one hoped to take account of the richness, the inwardness and the individuality of human experience. This article takes Kierkegaard's stance against a certain kind of scientism as the starting point for a discussion of the nature of scientific knowledge and an elaboration on the place of the individual agent in the social-scientific accounting of that agent's behaviour. Aspects of Kierkegaard's argument are first introduced, followed by the pointing up of some of its more contemporary anthropological resonances. Criticisms of a Kierkegaardian position are next mooted, such as might be made from the `scientific' standpoints of Ernest Gellner and Karl Popper. From this triangulation the article offers some conclusions on the kind of truth sufficient for a personal anthropology of experience.
Bourdieu and phenomenology
Authors: Throop C. Jason , Murphy Keith M.
Published: July 2003

This article sets out to examine and critically evaluate Bourdieu's critique of phenomenology as presented in his Outline of a Theory of Practice (1977) and The Logic of Practice (1990). Since it is not possible to properly understand Bourdieu's critique without situating it within the context of his broader theoretical orientation, the article begins with an exploration of some of the key concepts underpinning his version of practice theory. Of particular importance for this article are his notions of habitus, body hexis and doxa. Having reviewed these central constructs, the article turns to discuss Bourdieu's critique of phenomenology. Following this, some of the problems with his critique are examined in light of the work of Edmund Husserl and Alfred Schutz. The article concludes with two points: a brief discussion of how Bourdieu's project, while at times richly nuanced, can itself be criticized for being an overly deterministic rendering of human thought, feeling and behavior; and a call for anthropologists to rethink the potential benefits offered by phenomenology for anthropological research.
The literary project and representations of anthropology
Authors: Trencher Susan
Published: July 2003

In the 1980s, the publication of three works, `Ethnographies as Texts', Writing Culture, and Anthropology as Cultural Critique, signaled the arrival of a significantly literary project claimed as a critique of anthropology, widely reviewed and discussed at the time (both pro and con). These works have continued to have a major impact on anthropological practice, particularly in the United States. In this article, I return to these `early works' in the literary project, as well as to Geertz's `Thick Description', which I see as seminal to their production. I argue that the `crisis of representation' claimed in these works is a misrepresentation of the core intentions and efforts of the anthropological enterprise. The perspective presented here is one in which the focus on representation is seen as having encumbered rather than enlightened the work of anthropologists, and argues for an anthropology grounded in life, not literature.
Beyond the Intention–Behaviour Mythology
Authors: Davies Janette , Foxall Gordon R. , Pallister John
Published: July 2003

This paper presents a critique of the multi-attribute models of Fishbein and Ajzen and the social–psychological model of altruistic behaviour proposed by Schwartz. The purpose is to understand better the capacity of these theories of behavioural response to predict and explain observed consumer behaviour. The authors argue that the evaluation of such models cannot proceed in abstract contexts. The development, implementation and maintenance of a kerbside recycling programme by the Cotswold District Council in the UK provided an opportunity to examine the cognition–behaviour links proposed by these theories. Unlike mostother tests of these models, the authors’ research employs independent measures of behaviour as well as behavioural intention and other alleged cognitive precursors of behaviour. The results indicate that cognitive variables, notably intention, fail topredict actual behaviour and that a more elaborate integrated model of recycling is required in order to accomplish this. The research suggests that, at least in the context in which the investigation was undertaken, the intention–behaviour hypothesis, which lies at the heart of so much psychological and marketing theorizing, must be abandoned.
Teaching Marketing Theory
Authors: November Peter
Published: July 2003

There is no consensus on what to teach in marketing theory or how to teach it: no established syllabus, no standard textbook and no standard teaching method. In addition academics seem to have little interest in teaching marketing theory and students have even less interest in learning about it. This article describes how anacademic, asked to teach a new marketing theory course at short notice, overcame these difficulties by designing and implementing an innovative marketing theory course using a hermeneutic approach.
Academic and Practitioner Theories of Marketing
Authors: Cornelissen Joep
Published: July 2003

The relationship between the marketing academy through the conduct of marketing scientific research and marketing practice has been at the centre of a series of debates throughout the 1980s and carried on into the early 1990s. The main outcome of these debates has been a heightened attention to academic and practitioner orientations to marketing research, while conspicuously leaving unexplored how both academics and practitioners theorize upon their observations as well as deal with, evaluate and use marketing theory. An extended example illustrates the divergent orientations to the development and use of marketing theory by academics andpractitioners.
Marketing Sadism: Super-Cannes and Consumer Culture
Authors: Fitchett James
Published: July 2003

This article examines the possibilities and futures of consumer society and the progression of a post-moral marketing paradigm through a critical review of J.G. Ballard’s Super-Cannes.
Consumer Lifestyles: A Social Stratification Perspective
Authors: Lawson Rob , Todd Sarah
Published: July 2003

Although a link between lifestyles and social class has long been acknowledged, marketers have more closely identified lifestyles with psychographics and therefore with psychological segmentation. We propose that the origins of lifestyle are more correctly reflected in Weber’s approach to status and that it can be viewed more appropriately as the most relevant form of social stratification for a contemporary society. Evidence from an ongoing national study of consumer lifestyles is used to demonstrate how consumer lifestyle segmentation can be used to reflect structural inequalities within society. The ability of lifestyle measurements to evolve and adapt is illustrated. In this sense, lifestyle segmentation is found to be related to, but different from, class and the term psychographics is arguably redundant.
Consumer Culture and the Culture of poverty: Implications for Marketingtheory and Practice
Authors: Hill Ronald Paul
Published: July 2003

This paper explores the influence of the larger material culture on consumers living within the culture of poverty so that the scholarly community mightbetter understand the actual as well as potential role marketing plays in the lives of the poor. The data are a series of short stories based explicitly on six distinct subpopulations of impoverished people, and these stories are used as ethnographic data for the purposes of analysis. An interpretation emerges that emphasizes five inter-related thematic categories: meager possessions, consumer restrictions, role of the media, consumer reactions, and survival strategies . The paper closes with a summary of findings and specific implications for the marketing community with regard to theory and practice.
Reading Wroe: On the Biopoetics of Alderson’s Functionalism
Authors: Brown Stephen
Published: July 2003

Wroe Alderson (1898–1965) is generally considered to be one of the giants of post-war marketing scholarship, a titanic thinker who did much to legitimize the study of marketing theory and thought. He is also widely regarded as someonewho was incapable of communicating his ideas cogently. As Holbrook (2001: 37) unequivocally observes, ‘here was a writer who could not express himself clearly to save his soul’. The present article seeks to challenge this regrettable scholarly stereo-type by showing that Alderson was a gifted literary stylist whose reputation as aprodigious academician is partly attributable to his allegedly ‘unreadable’ writing. It utilizes the tools and techniques of biopoetics, an emerging school of literary criticism, to provide a reflexive reading of Wroe’s published works. That is to say, it adopts a functionalist approach to functionalism by applying Alderson’s concepts to himself.
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of a Course Taught via Classroom and Internet Chatroom
Authors: Schoech Dick , Helton David
Published: July 2003

Human services distance education research has traditionally focused on pre-post testing of students to discover if distance education methods are comparable to traditional classroom methods in terms of student learning and satisfaction. This focus on comparability using quantitative research techniques ignores the substantial amount of information automatically captured when using some distance education (DE) methods. By combining quantitative, qualitative, and graphic techniques, educators can not only address comparability issues, but can also identify what classroom or DE methods result in higher or lower student learning and satisfaction. This research uses NUD*IST, SPSS, and Excel to illustrate the type of analysis needed for a masters social work course on administration taught via classroom and chat-room. Findings from the analysis support previous research on the comparability of DE methods to classroom methods and the qualitative and graphic analysis of chatroom text helps explain why this is so. We discuss the potential of this multi-technique DE approach for course improvement and for achieving student-defined quality.
Mirroring Meaning Making
Authors: Crawford Frances , Dickinson Julie , Leitmann Sabina
Published: July 2003

This article illustrates the use of students’ personal narratives and ‘thick description’ in reflecting on field and research experiences in a social work programme. Narrative as an educational tool enabled the authors to collaborate with students, field supervisors and each other in building reflexive links between past, present and future actions. In telling and retelling stories of lived experience around the tasks of social work, all players were able to come together and dialogue at deepening levels of understanding. The complexities involved in taking effective action were brought to the fore by the use of ‘thick description’ in students’ narratives of an identified learning moment. In the history of social work, stories abound of the struggles involved in consciously learning by doing. Our project allowed for such stories, written by students, to be used in facilitating the development of critical reflexivity as an integral part of becoming a practitioner. Subsequently, with student permission, some of these narratives were used in field educators’ workshops. This exercise has made for a weaving of theory, practice and reflection from the perspectives of students, academics and field educators to the shared ends of improving practice.
Involving Young People as Co-Researchers
Authors: Smith Roger , Monaghan Maddy , Broad Bob
Published: July 2003

This article reflects on some of the issues arising in research involving young people as co-researchers. It addresses the challenges faced by one research team in implementing a lottery-funded project in England that addressed young people’s health needs. The researchers judged that a collaborative approach would be appropriate in this context, and considerable attention is paid to the role of young people as ‘co-researchers’. A number of significant methodological issues were identified, associated with key themes:- practicalities; ethics; validity; and value. The article addresses a number of challenges in each area, exploring the implications for projects that involve young people as co-researchers. The article discusses the strategies adopted by the researchers in order to resolve these concerns. The article concludes that there are real benefits to be gained from participatory research, which clearly offset the additional demands involved.
A Review of the Use and Potential of Focus Groups in Social Work Research
Authors: Linhorst Donald M.
Published: July 2003

Over the last 15 years, social scientists increasingly have used focus groups as a method for collecting qualitative data. With focus groups, a moderator uses the group process with a small number of participants to stimulate discussion and obtain information on the beliefs, attitudes, or motivations of participants on a specific topic. Based upon a review of a sample of social work articles, researchers used focus groups to study a wide range of topics, with diverse and vulnerable populations, and in combination with other qualitative or quantitative methods. Although focus groups have limitations, they have the potential to be an important qualitative data collection method to capture information about the variety of issues and populations dealt with by the social work profession. In addition, social work researchers have the potential to further develop focus groups as a qualitative research method.
‘I Cannot See Flowers but I Can Smell Them’
Authors: Lee Eun-Kyyoung ‘Othelia’ , Brennan Mark
Published: July 2003

We examined self-reported coping strategies used by older visually impaired adults as related to age and gender. Narrative data from two previous studies of adaptation to vision impairment ( n = 155 and n = 343, respectively) were analyzed with qualitative methods. Results indicated that both age and gender were related to the coping strategies reported. The old-old were less motivated to use rehabilitation training and withdrew socially. Women were more likely to utilize non-family social supports, while men relied on immediate family. These findings underscore the complexity of needs in the older visually impaired population. Implications of these findings for practitioners working with this population are discussed.
Art, Irony and Ambiguity
Authors: Gray Mel
Published: July 2003

This article examines Howard Goldstein’s contribution to social work, not least his enduring interest in social work as a humanistic endeavour wherein artistry, morality, spirituality, and values feature prominently. He believed that social work could be greatly enriched by literature and the arts and by what the humanities had to teach, and he constantly reminded us of the need to balance our scientific and humanistic projects. He was and will continue to be a source of great inspiration to many, for through his passion for writing he has left us many wonderful books, scholarly articles and essays. Through his wisdom he enriched the social work landscape. He lifted our minds and our souls and made us appreciate the complexities of the human condition that only artists could truly understand. ‘The social worker as a performing artist has the talent and will to move beyond the constraints of method and technique and respond imaginatively and creatively to the impromptu, unrehearsed nature of the special human relationship’ (Goldstein, 1998b: 250). For this she needs wisdom, which she gains when she begins to respect knowledge and information as incomplete and provisional, ‘when it is tempered by scepticism, curiosity, and perhaps a sense of irony, [by] the processes of reflective and analytic thought’ (Goldstein, 1998b: 251). There is no better way to understand the art of helping than to read what Howard has to say about passion, imagination, creativity, reasoning, judgment, reflective wisdom, morality, and choice. Such literature can only come from one who has involved himself in critical life situations, one who enlisted in the search for meaning at a moment when meanings were no longer fixed, one who enlisted in the quest for principle and ideal when the codes were no longer given (Green, 1966).
Fostering Action Research and Action Research in Fostering
Authors: Metcalfe Fiona , Humphreys Cathy
Published: July 2003

Action research by social work practitioners provides a particularly direct means of overcoming the often cited practice/research divide within the profession. This article draws from a project within a UK local authority fostering recruitment team that examined aspects of recruitment including the impact of foster carer involvement. Characteristics of the project that contributed to its effectiveness as an action research process are discussed. These include: the important role of ‘critical conversations’ that shift and define the research direction; the advantages created by an ‘insider perspective’; maintaining flexible, but identifiable, research aims and objectives; maximizing the links between action research and practice; maintaining enthusiasm; a supportive organizational context; and the attention to ‘diffusing’ the research findings through the organization and beyond.
Child Welfare or Child Protection
Authors: Khoo Evelyn G. , Hyvönen Ulf , Nygren Lennart
Published: July 2003

This article details our findings from focus groups with social workers in Sweden and Canada illuminating similarities and differences in the process of social intervention in child mal-treatment. We identified six categories that form the bases for hypothesizing different orientations of child welfare and child protection: Gate Keeping; Skills in Context; Client Identity; Decision Points; Compulsion; and Measures. We analysed participants’ descriptions and uncovered how these descriptions of social intervention in child maltreatment connect to model orientations in both countries. In Swedish child welfare, there is a greater readiness to intervene with more resources and measures, intervention is assessment driven and focuses on family preservation. In Canadian child protection, only the most needy children are eligible for a limited range of services, intervention is structure driven and more narrowly focused on protection and permanency planning. The implications of these findings to social work are discussed.
Analyzing HRD Metaphor-in-Use
Authors: Shindell Tom , Willis Verna
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. Improvement in the understanding of metaphors in HRD involves identifying and analyzing not only those embedded in the literature but also those actually used by HRD professionals in their teaching, practice, and research. This chapter offers the findings and inferences drawn from a preliminary survey of HRD metaphors-in-use. It illustrates the variety and type of current metaphors and explores implications for future HRD research and analysis.
Metaphors for Professional Learning
Authors: Daley Barbara J.
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. Learning in professional practice is inherently a complicated, multifaceted endeavor. It requires professionals to construct new knowledge within the context of their work environment. Can metaphors be used to understand professional learning processes and the differences that exist across professions? This chapter reports findings of such research and illustrates one approach to using metaphor in the analysis and reporting of HRD research.Education,research, and practice implications for HRD are drawn.
Three Metaphors for the Lives and Work of HRD Consultants
Authors: Ardichvili Alexander
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. Can metaphors be used to better understand how consultants think,what skills and knowledge they use,and why they structure their work and daily activities in a certain fashion? Can those metaphors guide the education and development of HRD consultants and future research? This chapter reports findings of research and illustrates the use of metaphor to collect and analyze data.It introduces the metaphors of HRD consultants as farmers,magicians spinning plates, and people on a journey.
The Role of Metaphors in (Re)producing Organizational Culture
Authors: Basten Floor M.R.C.
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. To design effective organizational change interventions, HRD professionals must first understand the history and culture of the organization. They must also understand how existing paradigms influence how employees define problems and design solutions,and the difference between employees’ espoused theories and theories-in-action. Can metaphors be used to analyze and describe cultures and to highlight employees’ paradigms,espoused theories, and theories-in-action? This chapter answers this question and illustrates the application of metaphor in organizational change using the case study of a university business school.
Metaphors and Paradigms for HRD Research and Practice
Authors: Kuchinke K. Peter
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. HRD research and practice rest on fundamental assumptions about the nature of organizations and the individuals within them.Where HRD professionals are aware of these deeply held beliefs,their range of understanding and options for practice increases.Can metaphors help HRD professionals by providing a window onto this realm of paradigms that shape HRD research and practice? This chapter extends the discussion of metaphor by describing and contrasting alternative paradigms,illustrating the implication for the role and function of HRD, and highlighting the potential for using metaphors to identify and change paradigms-in-use.
Just-in-time Training
Authors: Jones Michael J.
Published: July 2003

The Problem and the Solution. There has emerged a need to make learning and working even more seamless than ever before. Most forms of planned on-the-job training address this need, but will current conceptualizations be sufficient to meet future organizational needs? This chapter discusses just-in-time training as a variant of planned on-the-job training, but with a greater emphasis on attaining an even greater proximity between the need and the delivery of the training. Just-in-time training is an emerging concept that derives much of its meaning from using the in regards to the scheduling and production in manufacturing settings.
Planned on-the-Job Managerial Training
Authors: Mafi Shirine L.
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. Despite sizable investments in managerial training, the effectiveness of this type of training has often come into question. That is, do employees actually learn information useful for meeting organizational goals? Recent efforts have sought to improve the relevance of managerial training, such as connecting managerial training with business goals in a timely manner. However, most managerial training continues to be conducted in classrooms, detached from the organization and the trainee’s goals. This chapter proposes that managerial training conducted on the job, used in combination with classroom training, and aligned with business goals could improve the overall effectiveness of managerial training. Until recently, planned training on the job has mostly focused on technical training rather than managerial training.
Cascade Training and Institutionalizing Organizational Change
Authors: Jacobs Ronald L. , Russ-Eft Darlene
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. Until recently, planned training on the job has been primarily used to achieve individual training objectives. How to use planned training on the job as part of the change management process to achieve broader organizational goals has recently emerged as an issue of importance. Specifically, planned training on the job has been suggested as a means to deliver cascade training. Cascade training has been defined as the process of providing the competence required to ensure the institutionalization of organizational change. Connecting planned training on the job and cascade training for the purpose of institutionalizing organizational change has implications for both human resource development (HRD) theory and practice.
Planned Training on the Job: A Typology
Authors: de Jong Jan A. , Thijssen Jo G. L. , Versloot Bert M.
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. What are the different types of planned training on the job? And how do they match with types of intended learning processes? This chapter proposes four models of planned training on the job. Each model is connected to one type of learning process and one corresponding set of roles for trainee and trainer. Types of training objectives and training procedures are discussed per model. Finally, the chapter discusses the implications of the typology for human resource development (HRD) research and practice.
Situated Learning and Planned Training on the Job
Authors: Stein David S.
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. A prominent feature of planned training on the job is that it occurs in the actual work context. That working and learning occur in the same location is often viewed as a potential advantage of this training approach. However, the interaction of working and learning in the same context has seldom been explained beyond the claim of increased relevance. This chapter proposes that situated learning constructs can be used to explain how trainees construct knowledge from job performance. Of importance in situated learning are the constructs of work content; the work context; and the availability of a work community to guide and assist in planning, interpreting experience, and constructing learning.
Using Expert Employees to Train on the Job
Authors: Johnson Scott D. , Leach James A.
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. The importance of on-the-job training (OJT) for enhancing workforce knowledge and skills is undisputed. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of OJT varies widely due to unstructured approaches and unprepared trainers. A critical component of effective OJT is the development of experts as effective trainers. This article reviews the nature of employee expertise in terms of its importance for instructional effectiveness and discusses the value of using employees to pass along what they know and can do directly to others. Training principles and strategies for better preparing content experts to be effective on-the-job trainers are presented.
Deductive and Inductive on-the-Job Training Strategies
Authors: Lohman Margaret C.
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. Planned training on-the-job programs have historically used deductive training strategies as a means to deliver the training content. However, the changing nature of work in today’s organizations demands that employees be more effective problem solvers and independent learners than ever before. Therefore, alternative training strategies, such as an inductive approach, must be considered to respond to these changing job demands. Although inductive training strategies hold much promise for developing higher level cognitive skills, they are not without their limitations. This chapter compares deductive and inductive training strategies and presents factors to consider when selecting a strategy for planned on-the-job training.
Implications of near and Far Transfer of Training on Structured on-the-Job Training
Authors: Kim Jin Hyuk , Lee Chan
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. It is commonly believed that because structured on-the-job training (OJT) programs feature a close match between the training and the job, this training approach should only be used in near transfer of training situations. This chapter proposes that structured OJT can be used in both near and far transfer of training. Yet, how to design structured OJT programs to achieve far transfer, especially when the task is relatively unknown, remains an issue for future human resource development (HRD) research and development.
Cross-Cultural Implications of Planned on-the-Job Training
Authors: Osman-Gani Ahad M. , Zidan Suhail S.
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. There is growing awareness that cultural mismatches may inhibit training effectiveness and that these undesirable effects may become even more pronounced when the training is done on the job and when the trainer and the trainee come from different cultural backgrounds. This chapter addresses these issues as they relate to planned training on the job.
Learning Bays in German Manufacturing Companies
Authors: Dehnbostel Peter
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. Concepts such as lean production, the fractal factory, and the learning organization characterize the upheavals currently taking place in our industrial systems. In the framework of these new work approaches, the ways of learning the work are changing as well. The quest for forward-looking training approaches such as learning bays is part of this fundamentally changing world of work.
The Use of Technology in the Digital Workplace: A Framework for Human Resource Development
Authors: Benson Angela D. , Johnson Scott D. , Kuchinke K. Peter
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. The advancement of technology in the global workplace is having a profound impact on the roles of human resource development (HRD) professionals. In the past, technology in HRD was primarily educational media used to support training. Current forms of sophisticated technology, coupled with the expanded role of HRD in the global organization, are now used by HRD professionals to support learning at work,enhance job performance,and facilitate organizational development and change. This chapter presents a conceptual framework for thinking about the role of technology in the digital workplace and highlights the challenges faced by HRD professionals in promoting individual and organizational learning and performance improvement.