bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manifestoitis, 1979–1997
Authors: Thackeray David , Toye Richard
Published: April 2021

Labour’s internal crisis, which had led to clashes over the content of election manifestos in 1974 and 1979, worsened in the early 1980s with both the Left and the Right of the party claiming to act as ‘custodians of the manifesto’. Some of those unhappy with the growing authority of the Labour Left broke away to create the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981. While the SDP sought to ‘break the mould’ of British politics, the Alliance struggled to define a coherent progressive programme and identity. Labour’s disastrous ‘suicide note’ manifesto in 1983 led to a change of approach, from 1987 it stressed the moderate nature of its programme. Tony Blair drew inspiration from Thatcher’s approach, centring the New Labour programme in 1997 around a small series of pledges, which were presented as a ‘contract’ with the British people.
Beyond the Purview of International Criminal Judgments
Authors: Sander Barrie
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines three aspects of mass atrocity situations that have generally received little or no attention within the judgments of international criminal courts: first, the structural and slow violence that tends to exist prior to, during, and after the outbreak of situations of mass atrocity; second, the interventions of international actors, including the policies and practices of colonial powers, international financial institutions, and international peacekeeping forces; and finally, the roles performed by bystander communities and resisters during episodes of mass violence. By highlighting these blind spots, the chapter directs attention to the narrative limits of international criminal courts and highlights the risk that their judgments may undermine more nuanced understandings of human agency in mass atrocity contexts, whilst legitimating some of the structural and slow forms of violence and international interventions that they marginalise or exclude.
Conclusion
Authors: Sander Barrie
Published: April 2021

This chapter reflects on three strands of legitimation that pervade the judgments of the international criminal courts examined in this study. Specifically, the chapter suggests that the histories produced by international criminal courts have generally been apologetic to State interests, focused on spectacular forms of violence, and narrowly contextualised in ways that focus on localised systems of criminality rather than broader international networks, emphasise military and political figures at the expense of economic actors, and direct attention towards the ways in which the collective and systemic qualities of system crimes may expand individual agency to the neglect of the dilemmas and ambiguities of agency experienced within the spectrum of human relationships that exist in mass atrocity situations. The chapter concludes the study by offering two perspectives that may open up avenues for orienting the practices of international criminal courts towards a more emancipatory politics: first, a strategic expressivist perspective concerned with whether and how different actors may mobilise the expressive power of the vocabulary and practices of international criminal justice processes to advance their strategic agendas; and second, a critical perspective concerned with contextualising the historical narratives constructed within international criminal judgments, viewing them more modestly as moments of discursive beginning rather than instances of historical closure.
Structural Change and the Role of Demand
Authors: Araujo Ricardo Azevedo , Teixeira Joanílio Rodolpho
Published: April 2021

Structural economic dynamics is an approach that provides insights into the process of structural change, offering a synthesis between traditional supply and demand views of economic growth, with the supply side characterized by technological progress and the demand side driven by the Engel’s law. However, adequately considering structural change requires a framework for more fully accounting for the role of demand, and not leaving it as merely exogenous. With this inquiry dimensions of endogenous patterns of demand are selectively embedded in a Pasinetti multi-sector model, thus rendering structural changes endogenous. This stream of research provides a more inclusive and comprehensive panorama of the role of demand for structural change, connecting the evolving patterns of the demand with productivity growth.
Structural Transformation in General Equilibrium
Authors: Moro Alessio , Valdes Carlo
Published: April 2021

This chapter revises the main mechanisms at work in generating structural change in a multi-sector environment, which emerge due to an interaction between consumers’ preferences and technological change and to different income elasticities of goods and services. The chapter further discusses the issue of measurement. The typical assumption in multi-sector models is to define GDP as aggregate output in units of a numeraire good, often chosen to be the investment good. However, this procedure is equivalent to deriving nominal GDP in the data and does not provide a measure of real GDP. We then discuss how GDP in the model should be measured to provide a statistic that is comparable with the data in national accounts. The last part of the chapter shows how structural transformation from manufacturing to services, when appropriately compared to the data, generates a decline in GDP growth and volatility along the growth path of an economy.
Technical Progress and Structural Change
Authors: Nuvolari Alessandro , Russo Emanuele
Published: April 2021

This chapter traces long term patterns of technological change. In particular, we connect the long run patterns of structural change to the emergence and consolidation of the technological systems of the First, Second and the Third Industrial Revolutions. There is a long-run shift from agriculture to industry and services. But this transformation is less rapid than previously thought. In this context, we also reassess the literature on industrialization as an engine of growth. Manufacturing is still important, but less powerful than in the past, with many developing countries facing premature deindustrialization. The chapter documents sectoral differences in patterns of innovation, connecting Pavitt-type classifications with structural change to link technological system with sectors. In this way, our study provides new insights into the links between technical progress, structural change and economic growth.
Central Banking in Kenya
Authors: Were Maureen , Koori Charles , Bett Julius
Published: April 2021

The history of the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) dates back to the pre-colonial period when the East African Currency Board performed central banking functions before CBK was established in 1966. Over the first 20 years of its formation, the Bank focused on maintaining the external and internal value of the currency and financial stability. Liberalization reforms followed in early 1990s that led to a market-based economy and a shift in conduct of monetary policy from direct to indirect monetary policy instruments. Legislative amendments granted CBK operational independence and set out clear objective of price stability. The legal and regulatory framework has continued to evolve to reflect the changing domestic and global dynamics. Going forward, the future of central banking in Kenya will largely be shaped by the emerging financial and technological developments, regional integration initiatives, and the evolving global dynamics.
Introduction
Authors: McCall Thomas H.
Published: April 2021

Recent years have seen the flowering of something called the “theological interpretation of Scripture.” This is, very roughly, what happens when biblical scholars and theologians alike read the Bible to see what it tells us about God. For several centuries, the discipline of biblical studies has been not only distinguished but also separated from theological discourse. There have been many notable exceptions, of course, but the all-too-common results have been these: biblical scholars often interpret the texts with other aims in mind (sometimes reading with a theological lens has been discouraged as unscholarly and thus improper), and theologians often do their work of constructive theology without serious engagement with biblical scholarship or even with the Christian Scriptures. Recent years have also seen the rise (or perhaps re-birth) of something now called “analytic theology.” Analytic theology is, very roughly, what happens when philosophers who are interested in doctrine and theologians who think that there is (or might be) value in the appropriate use of philosophical tools get together. It is now a burgeoning movement, and analytic theologians are making contributions on a wide range of issues and topics, and from a variety of perspectives and approaches. We have not, however, witnessed a great deal of interaction between those who engage in the theological interpretation of Scripture and those who practice analytic theology....
The Submission of Christ
Authors: McCall Thomas H.
Published: April 2021

Chapter 4 addresses the issue of the Son’s submission to his Father, that has been the subject of intense theological debate in recent decades. Oddly, Hebrews 5:7-10 has not figured prominently in that debate. This chapter looks at the relevance of this passage for this issue in Christology. It does so in close conversation with two prominent theologians: Karl Barth and Thomas Aquinas. Accordingly, the chapter offers a summary of their views on this issue, investigates their interpretations of this passage, canvasses and evaluates some common criticisms of their respective positions, and then revisits the question of how a viable interpretation of Hebrews might impact these debates.
The Role of the Central American Bank for Economic Integration in Regional Integration and Development
Authors: Efraín Deras José , Cortés Alberto , Funes Guillermo
Published: April 2021

The Central American Bank of Economic Integration (CABEI) is one of the few modern regional institutions that has proved to be durable in the Central American context, despite the many hurdles the Bank has had to jump since its creation. Accumulated knowledge and the relationships with its main stakeholders have allowed it to develop strengths and to create an efficient and solvent entity in providing medium- and long-term finance to promote regional integration, and the economic and social development of the isthmus. The partners’ commitment and the Bank’s status achieved in international capital markets have turned the CABEI into the main regional development bank source of financing in the region and a strategic development institution for the future of the region. The underlying strength of CABEI lies in its balance sheet in terms of liquidity, capitalization, the quality of its assets, and the capacity to generate income—thus the support of its shareholders who are also beneficiaries as clients.
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Authors: Shields Stuart
Published: April 2021

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is not a regional development bank in the way that we might traditionally think of such institutions. This chapter sets out to explore what the implications of this might be in the context of two of the major themes that structure this edited volume: market promotion and regional integration. The chapter does this by outlining briefly the significance of the historical context of the constitutive moment when the EBRD was established. The chapter then utilizes these broad heuristics to analyse the social and intellectual context of transition amid the four policy shifts in the EBRD at various critical historical junctures: (1) Initial market construction; (2) institutional shock therapy; (3) the promotion of neoliberal competitiveness; and then (4) post-crisis re-invigoration; before offering some reflections on the EBRD as regional development bank within the wider framing of the principal agent problem.
Regional Development Banks and the Promotion of Public-Private Partnerships
Authors: Howarth David , Liebe Moritz
Published: April 2021

The European Investment Bank (EIB) has been at the vanguard of public-private partnership (PPP) promotion and has been followed by most regional development banks (RDB) and many national development banks around the world. EIB activism on the promotion of PPPs can best be understood through the lenses of policy and norm entrepreneurship. Operating strategically, the EIB repeatedly created a ‘policy window’ through which to promote PPPs in different contexts. The EIB developed unrivalled PPP expertise among public bodies globally—with the possible exception of the United Kingdom Treasury. While the EIB was potentially motivated by ‘rationalist’ institutional goals, ideational considerations motivated a small group of British and Irish norm entrepreneurs to promote PPPs. The EIB promoted PPP usage to other RDB through the sharing of expertise and the joint financing of projects.
Against Representationalism
Authors: Papineau David
Published: April 2021

In this chapter some initial arguments for representationalism are considered and dismissed. Naturalist representationalism is distinguished from phenomenal intentionalism and shown to be implausible. Appeals to the ‘transparency’ of experience are considered and shown to be problematic. These doubts are put on a more explicit footing and are shown to lead to a general argument that conscious sensory properties cannot possibly be essentially representational. Phenomenal intentionalism is argued to collapse into the qualitative view.
Introduction
Authors: Page Jamie
Published: April 2021

This chapter situates the book in relation to key questions relating to the themes of prostitution and subjectivity, explaining its contribution to existing scholarship on both and bringing the reader up to date on relevant historiography. It outlines several definitions of subjectivity as the term has been employed by historians and makes the case for the importance of seeing medieval prostitutes as ‘complex subjects’, both within the history of prostitution specifically and in the larger context of histories from below. A concluding section asks what ethical obligations might be at hand in the archival encounter with past subjects.
Conclusion
Authors: Page Jamie
Published: April 2021

This chapter returns to the issues surrounding ‘voices’ and subjectivities posed in the Introduction, and reflects on what the voices of medieval women like those whose cases make up Chapters 1–3 might play in present-day debates on sex work. The chapter reflects on the final difficulty of attributing ‘complex’ subjectivity to individuals and engaging meaningfully with their experience without at least some form of objectification, a vital concern for the history of prostitution.
Necessity and Proportionality and the Right of Self-Defence in International Law
Authors: O'Meara Chris
Published: April 2021

States invariably justify using force extraterritorially by reference to their inherent right of self-defence. In so doing, they accept that the exercise of such right is conditioned by the customary international law requirements of necessity and proportionality. To date, these requirements have received little attention. They are notorious for being normatively indeterminate and operationally complex. As a breach of either requirement renders ostensibly defensive action unlawful, increased determinacy regarding their scope and content is crucial to how international law constrains military force. This book examines the conceptual meaning, substance and practical application of necessity and proportionality as they relate to the right of self-defence following the adoption of the UN Charter in 1945. It provides a coherent and up-to-date description of the applicable contemporary international law and proposes an analytical framework to guide its operation and appraisal. This book contends that necessity and proportionality are conceptually distinct and must be applied in the foregoing order to avoid an insufficient ‘catch-all’ description of (il)legality. Necessity determines whether defensive force may be used to respond to an armed attack and where it must be directed. Proportionality governs how much total force is permissible and prohibits excessive responses. Both requirements are shown to apply on an ongoing basis throughout the duration of an armed conflict prompted by self-defence. Compliance with necessity and proportionality ensures that the purposes of self-defence are met (and nothing more) and that defensive force is not unduly disruptive to third-party interests and to international peace and security.
South Africa
Authors: Leibbrandt Murray , Ranchhod Vimal , Green Pippa
Published: April 2021

In this chapter the authors synthesize the findings from several recent studies on South Africa’s high income inequality. These studies use new datasets—including income tax data—and new empirical methods to investigate the drivers of household income and individual earnings inequality in South Africa. Increased returns to experience and an increased rate of return to tertiary qualifications are key drivers of a widening earnings distribution. Tax data merged with survey data show that those at the top of the earnings and income distributions have done well in both absolute and relative terms, thus increasing inequality. Direct taxes and social grants are progressive, indirect taxes are less progressive, and tax exemptions for health insurance and pension fund contributions are regressive. A significant proportion of the current middle class are vulnerable to falling into poverty. Overall, South Africa has not made progress in reducing its extreme inequality over the past decade.
Economic Inequality and Subjective Well-Being Across the World
Authors: Clark Andrew E. , D’Ambrosio Conchita
Published: April 2021

In this chapter the authors use repeated cross-section data from the Afrobarometer, Asianbarometer, Latinobarometer, and Eurobarometer to analyse the variables that are correlated with current and future evaluations of standards of living. They consider resource comparisons and the normative evaluation of distribution (conditional on these gaps), given by the Gini coefficient. The ‘typical’ pattern of a negative effect of gaps on the better-off but a positive effect of gaps on the worse-off is found only in Europe: gaps for the better-off in Africa and America have no correlation with current life evaluations and are associated with more positive expectations of the future. There is no positive estimated coefficient for gaps to the worse-off in Asia. The Gini coefficient is negatively correlated with current life evaluation only in Asia. On the contrary, future life evaluations are more positive in more unequal countries in Africa and America.
Accepting Moral Testimony
Authors: Wiland Eric
Published: April 2021

This chapter clarifies the putatively problematic phenomenon: what it is to accept moral testimony, and what seems to be the basic problem with it. It argues that you accept testimony that p, just in case 1) you believe the testimony that p for a testimonial reason, and 2) either a) the testimonial reason to believe p in fact makes the difference whether you believe p, or b) would alone be enough for you to believe p were there no nontestimonial reasons to believe (or disbelieve) p. To identify what seems to be the basic problem with accepting moral testimony, we need to understand how morality fits in to this formula. Philosophers often claim that accepting pure moral testimony is problematic. This chapter distinguishes three different ways of understanding purity and identifies the specific sense of purity that characterizes the alleged problem.
Free energies
Authors: Sethna James P.
Published: April 2021

Free energies ignore most of a system, to provide the emergent statistical ensemble describing things we care about. Free energies can ignore the external world. The cost of borrowing energy from the world is measured by the temperature, giving us the canonical ensemble and Helmholtz free energy. Similarly, borrowing particles and volume from the world gives us the grand canonical and Gibbs ensembles. Free energies can ignore unimportant internal degrees of freedom. These lead to friction and noise, and theories of chemical reactions and reaction rates. Free energies can be coarse-grained, removing short distances and times. Exercises apply free energies to molecular motors, thermodynamic relations, reaction rate theory, Zipf’s law for word frequencies, zombie outbreaks, and nucleosynthesis.
Politics, Ethics, and History in Just War
Authors: Lang Anthony F
Published: April 2021

The just war tradition can be used to ‘justify’ violence rather than limit it. If the tradition is understood as essentially a political rather than an ethical theory, one that requires consideration of questions about authority and justice as much as intentionality and proportionality, this enabling function might be limited. One important way to spell out the politics involved in the just war tradition is to focus on history and the function of historical examples drawn upon by theorists who write on war and peace. In this chapter, Anthony F Lang, Jr discusses how three theorists of just war—Hugo Grotius, Michael Walzer, and Cécile Fabre—use history in their evaluative work. Lang, Jr confronts these texts with postcolonial and feminist approaches as alternative ways to employ history in passing judgments on the use of collective force.
Capitalism, British Grand Strategy, and the Peace Treaty of Utrecht: Towards a Historical Sociology of War- and Peace-making in the Construction of International Order
Authors: Teschke Benno
Published: April 2021

Benno Teschke offers a specific focus on the historical sociology of normative change in the transition from early modernity to modernity in Europe. How can we explain international diplomacy and peace accords from within critical International Relations (IR) Theory? Teschke addresses this question by focusing on the Peace of Utrecht (1713) that concluded the War of the Spanish Succession. It tracks the relations between the domestic sources of the rise of Britain as a great power, the revolutionary transformations of its post-1688 foreign policy institutions, the formulation of a new British grand strategy—the blue water policy—in the context of the War of the Spanish Succession, and its strategic ability to impose through coercive and secret diplomacy a new pro-British ‘normative’ set of rules for post-Utrecht early modern international relations during the ‘long eighteenth Century’ (1688–1815). This British-led reorganization of early modern international order cannot be captured through prevailing IR concepts, including automatic power-balancing, off-shore balancing, hegemony, international society, formal or informal imperialism, or collective security.
Two systems of epistemic logic
Authors: Rosenkranz Sven
Published: April 2021

Drawing on the results of chapters 2 to 4, two non-normal, multimodal axiomatic systems for both knowledge (k) and being in a position to know (K) are introduced—an idealized system and a weaker, more realistic system. Both share important theorems governing the complex operators ‘¬K¬K’ and ‘¬K¬K’, whose availability will be of crucial importance in later chapters. Unlike the realistic system, the idealized system requires subjects to be logically omniscient and must therefore ultimately be rejected in favour of the realistic system. A semantic characterization of the idealized system is devised that shows it to be sound and allows us to invalidate principles we previously found unacceptable for independent reasons. Since the realistic system is weaker, this result implies that it too has these features. Both systems imply that each of ⌜¬K¬Kφ‎⌝, ⌜K¬Kφ‎⌝, and ⌜¬K¬Kφ‎⌝ encodes a luminous condition. The scenario of the unmarked clock presents a prima facie case against this implication. It is shown that the relevant anti-luminosity argument presupposes the principle that being in a position to know (K) distributes across provable conditionals—a principle that has been shown to be deeply problematic and that the realistic system is designed to flout.
What’s wrong with internalism?
Authors: Rosenkranz Sven
Published: April 2021

Extant internalists are either accessibilists or mentalists. Accessibilists standardly claim that whenever p is justified, one is in a position to know this fact by reflection alone or else this fact has grounds that are accessible in this way. The argument for this claim assumes that one ought to believe p only if p is justified; that therefore, grounds for justification must be luminous; and that only facts accessible by reflection fit the bill. It founders already because too few conditions are luminous. A non-standard version of accessibilism avoids this problem by conceiving of the grounds for justification as facts about what one is in a position to know by reflection alone. The argument marshalled in its favour fails to show why they cannot be facts about what one is in a position to know by other means. Mentalists claim that whenever p is justified this fact is grounded in facts about one’s mental states. One argument contends that only mentalism can account for certain structural features of justification. It founders because the present account explains these features equally well. Another argument contends that only mentalism heeds our intuitions about sceptical cases. It founders because mental states can help to confer justification only if they are arrived at in certain ways—a fact not itself determined by such states. Accessibilism and mentalism lack sufficient support and incur costs internalists do better without. The present account delivers all the goods that internalists should wish for, without making justification an internal condition.
Nobel Prize and international recognition
Authors: Kox A. J. , Schatz H. F.
Published: April 2021

Chapter 6 discusses the growing national and international recognition of Lorentz and his Nobel Prize of 1902, together with Pieter Zeeman, for their work in magneto-optics (in particular the Zeeman effect). The preparations are described for the journey to Stockholm and the actual ceremony and other celebrations. Lorentz began to travel, at first mainly in Europe, but later also to the United States, and became an international figure in physics, attending a variety of scientific meetings and meeting an array of international colleagues: Henri Abraham, Marcel Brillouin, Pierre and Marie Curie, Paul Langevin, Jean Perrin, Lord Rayleigh, and J. J. Thomson. Lorentz received several job offers at foreign universities, for instance, succeeding Ludwig Boltzmann first in Leipzig and then in Munich. He declined the offers, but used them as bargaining chips in his negotiations with Leiden University to relieve him of his teaching duties to medical students. Lorentz’s lengthier visits to Rome, Göttingen, and Paris are described in some more detail.
Quantum theory and the General Theory of Relativity
Authors: Kox A. J. , Schatz H. F.
Published: April 2021

Chapter 8 describes, in terms that are accessible to a general audience, the development of quantum theory and general relativity in the first decades of the twentieth century and in particular Lorentz’s contributions to these theories. Among other topics, it discusses radiation theory, the work of Max Planck, the work of Einstein, and the work of Niels Bohr. These scientific developments eventually led to the end of classical physics. Special attention is paid to Lorentz’s acceptance of Einstein’s general relativity.
Epilogue
Authors: Kox A. J. , Schatz H. F.
Published: April 2021

The epilogue contains an analysis of Lorentz as a giant among international physicists, but also as a man of flesh and blood. It describes him as highly intelligent, a sensible and reasonable personality, frugal, friendly by nature, not easily ruffled, but with his human weaknesses. They pale, though, in comparison with his importance for international science. As Einstein described him he was: “A living work of art.”
The Influence of Large Investment Funds
Authors: Pickford Helen Campbell
Published: April 2021

The adoption of the Economics of Mutuality will depend on institutional investors promoting it through active engaged investing. Chapter 18 describes how some investment funds are taking an active role in managing the companies in which they are invested. It involves them acquiring significant blocks of shares that are held for extended periods of time and managed directly by asset owners themselves instead of by intermediary asset managers. Critical to this is the way in which the performance of their investments is monitored and measured. Alongside measuring financial performance over longer periods of time than is conventionally the case, performance needs to be assessed in relation to other indicators of performance related to human, social, and natural capital.
Introduction
Authors: Henderson Ailsa
Published: April 2021

In this Introduction we outline the logic of the entire project. This includes an explanation of what we do and do not know about national identity and nationalism in England, as well as the need for a survey vehicle that addresses these topics. We then outline the structure of the book and explain its main arguments.
Protection of and Access to Data under European Law
Authors: Leistner Matthias
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on (1) keeping data exchange infrastructures freely accessible and (2) accommodating different existing or proposed access regimes with EU copyright law, in particular with sui generis protection of databases. Accordingly, the chapter mainly focuses on access issues rather than protection. Academic contributions with regard to the latter and also on necessary limitations to protection exist in abundance. By contrast, there is comparatively little literature on the different, recently proposed sector-specific access regimes and the consistent accommodation of such future access regimes with existing IP-protection. This even concerns sectors where overlap and possible contradictions are already imminent, such as the relation of EU sui generis protection for databases with the co-existing EU regime on access to public sector information. The chapter will focus on three aspects of the recent access discussion. First, free accessibility and availability of the infrastructural framework for data access, exchange, and trade in data will be discussed. Secondly, existing copyright protection of computer programs and compilations will be analysed to further identify specific access problems and hold-up potential. Thirdly, the chapter deals with EU sui generis protection for databases which, in this author’s view, is in need of imminent reform. This section also focuses on different areas and case groups, where access rights already exist or are discussed, and will categorize these access rights from an IP perspective as a sound basis for making specific reform proposals on the contextual accommodation of such future access rights with sui generis protection for databases.
Reading the Talmud in Prison
Authors: Grosby Steven
Published: April 2021

A corollary of Hebraism’s orientation to this world is law as the vehicle by which to organize this world. This chapter examines the Hebraic understanding of law, its relation to tradition, and its national jurisdiction in contrast to the universal jurisdiction of Roman law and canon law. Regarding this contrast, the Lex Salica, François Hotman’s Francogallia, and Hugo Grotius’ Antiquity of the Batavian Republic are discussed briefly. The contrast does not mean that universal principles of justice are absent in national law, but the relation between those principles and a national jurisdiction presents a problem, as Edward Coke saw. Within the Christian tradition, the prototype of national law is the law of ancient Israel and subsequently Jewish law. In his examination of Jewish law, especially the Noahide laws of the Talmud, John Selden recognized an affinity between Jewish and English common law that supports Hebraism as a cultural category.
Law, Virtue, and Public Health Powers
Authors: Ip Eric C
Published: April 2021

This article contributes to philosophical reflections on public health law by drawing on virtue jurisprudence, which rests on the straightforward observation that a political community and its laws will inevitably shape the character of its officials and subjects, and that an excellent character is indispensable to fulfilment. Thus, the law is properly set to encourage virtue and discourage vice. This opens a new perspective onto the ultimate purpose of public health law that is human flourishing. The means of pursuing this end is to entrust public health powers to officials to virtuously serve the common good, of which population health is one of its most important constituents, within the bounds of the law of the land. This article calls for the adoption of a Prudent Public Health Official standard into the law, in order to cultivate prudent, just, courageous and temperate characters in officialdom. Interestingly, this standard already chimes with certain pre-existing core principles of public health judicial doctrine in the USA, the European Union and the UK.
Acyl-CoA desaturase ADS4.2 is involved in the formation of characteristic wax alkenes in young Arabidopsis leaves
Authors: Sun Yulin , Hegebarth Daniela , Jetter Reinhard
Published: April 2021

Monounsaturated alkenes are present in the cuticular waxes of diverse plants and are thought to play important roles in their interactions with abiotic and biotic factors. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf wax has been reported to contain alkenes; however, their biosynthesis has not been investigated to date. Here, we found that these alkenes have mainly ω-7 and ω-9 double bonds in characteristically long hydrocarbon chains ranging from C33 to C37. A screening of desaturase-deficient mutants showed that a single desaturase belonging to the acyl-CoA desaturase (ADS) family, previously reported as ADS4.2, was responsible for introducing double bonds en route to the wax alkenes. ADS4.2 was highly expressed in young leaves, especially in trichomes, where the alkenes are known to accumulate. The enzyme showed strong activity on acyl substrates longer than C32 and ω-7 product regio-specificity when expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Its endoplasmic reticulum localization further confirmed that ADS4.2 has access to very-long-chain fatty acyl-CoA substrates. The upstream biosynthesis pathways providing substrates to ADS4.2 and the downstream reactions forming the alkene products in Arabidopsis were further clarified by alkene analysis of mutants deficient in other wax biosynthesis genes. Overall, our results show that Arabidopsis produces wax alkenes through a unique elongation–desaturation pathway, which requires the participation of ADS4.2.
Exploring the Roles and Function of Police Search and Rescue Teams in Canadian Agencies
Authors: Ferguson Lorna , Gaub Janne E , Huey Laura
Published: April 2021

Police search and rescue (SAR) teams play a vital part in the successful location of lost and missing persons; however, they remain an understudied policing component. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to improve and deepen scholarly knowledge of the police SAR aspects of missing persons cases. Specifically, this article aims to provide first insights into the roles and function of SAR teams in Canadian police services. With this research, we can begin to formulate a better understanding of their utility in police missing persons work. Through a thematic analysis of 34 in-depth, qualitative interviews with police SAR team members from 13 police services across Canada, we explore how SAR teams operate within police services and outline the varying roles police personnel comprise in these teams. Results reveal that police SAR teams operate with several distinct roles that have different functions within the larger police hierarchy. Furthermore, findings show that police SAR personnel are fulfilling a host of responsibilities in these teams while operating as a secondary duty, yet are called upon at any time and are required to respond immediately. These findings and their implications for police missing persons work are then discussed.
The Limits of Partial Doxasticism
Authors: Alonso Facundo M
Published: April 2021

Doxasticism is the thesis that intention is or involves belief in the forthcoming action (Velleman, Harman). Supporters claim that it is only by accepting that thesis that we can explain a wide array of important phenomena, including the special knowledge we have of intentional action, the roles intention plays in facilitating coordination, and the norms of rationality for intention. Others argue that the thesis is subject to counterexample (Davidson, Bratman). Yet some others contend that the thesis can be reformulated in a way that avoids such counterexamples and preserves its explanatory significance (Pears, Setiya). Their suggestion is that we view intention as involving partial—rather than full—belief. I argue that while the move from full to partial doxasticism helps to accommodate such counterexamples, it does so in a way that undermines the ability of the resulting view to explain the coordinating roles of and rationality norms for intention.
Canonical Nambu mechanics: Relevance to string/M-theory and approaches to quantization
Authors: Yoneya Tamiaki
Published: April 2021

We review some aspects of Nambu mechanics on the basis of works previously published separately by the present author. The main focuses are on three themes: the various symmetry structures, their possible relevance to string/M-theory, and a Hamilton–Jacobi-like reformulation. We try to elucidate the basic ideas, most of which were rooted in more or less the same ground, and to explain the motivations behind these works from a unified and vantage viewpoint. Various unsolved questions are mentioned. We also include a historical account of the genesis of Nambu mechanics, and discuss (in the appendix) some parallelism of various ideas behind Nambu’s paper with Dirac’s old works which are related to the description of vortical flows in terms of gauge potentials.
Self-actualization towards positive well-being: combating despair during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: del Castillo Fides A
Published: April 2021

The pandemic has brought great distress to the majority of the population in the world. Some adverse effects of the pandemic are depression and other mental illnesses. To attain positive well-being, self-actualization in the social determinants of health plays a crucial role. This paper hopes to contribute to the fight against despair during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Migration and Informal Insurance: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial and a Structural Model
Authors: Meghir Costas , Mobarak A Mushfiq , Mommaerts Corina , Morten Melanie
Published: April 2021

We document that an experimental intervention offering transport subsidies for poor rural households to migrate seasonally in Bangladesh improved risk sharing. A theoretical model of endogenous migration and risk sharing shows that the effect of subsidizing migration depends on the underlying economic environment. If migration is risky, a temporary subsidy can induce an improvement in risk sharing and enable profitable migration. We estimate the model and find that the migration experiment increased welfare by 12.9%. Counterfactual analysis suggests that a permanent, rather than temporary, decline in migration costs in the same environment would result in a reduction in risk sharing.
Disrupting Monolithic Thinking about Black Women and Their Mental Health: Does Stress Exposure Explain Intersectional Ethnic, Nativity, and Socioeconomic Differences?
Authors: Erving Christy L , Smith Monisola Vaughan
Published: April 2021

Guided by the intersectionality framework and social stress theory, this study provides a sociological analysis of Black women’s psychological health. Using data from the National Survey of American Life (N=2972), we first examine U.S. Black women’s psychological health through the intersections of their ethnicity, nativity, and socioeconomic status. Next, we assess the extent to which stress exposure (e.g., discrimination, financial strain, and negative interactions with family members) explains any discovered status differences in psychological health among Black women. Results reveal that foreign-born Afro-Caribbean women living in the United States experience a mental health advantage vis-à-vis their U.S.-born African American female counterparts. In addition, college-educated African American women experience fewer depressive symptoms but similar rates of lifetime PTSD relative to African American women without a college education. Last, though stress exposure was associated with poor mental health, it did not explain status differences in mental health. Overall, this study reveals that Black women, despite shared gendered and racialized oppression, are not a monolithic group, varying along other dimensions of stratification. The results suggest that other stress exposures and psychological resources should be explored in future work examining status differences in mental health among Black women.
How we assess mathematics degrees: the summative assessment diet a decade on
Authors: Iannone Paola , Simpson Adrian
Published: April 2021

Two previous studies mapping university mathematics students’ summative assessment diet in the UK revealed a clear picture. In general, there was a dominance of closed book examinations with a strong relationship to departmental league table position. The decade since then has seen many changes in higher education in the UK, particularly in the strength of the student voice. The study we report here replicated the earlier work to see if there has been an impact on the assessment diet. While the analysis shows a very small decrease in the use of closed book examinations, this may be accounted for by the addition of adjunct modules, rather than a broadening of the assessment diet across mainstream mathematics topics.
Changes in leaf functional traits with leaf age: when do leaves decrease their photosynthetic capacity in Amazonian trees?
Authors: Menezes Juliane , Garcia Sabrina , Grandis Adriana , Nascimento Henrique , Domingues Tomas F , Guedes Alacimar V , Aleixo Izabela , Camargo Plínio , Campos Jéssica , Damasceno Amanda , Dias-Silva Renann , Fleischer Katrin , Kruijt Bart , Cordeiro Amanda L , Martins Nathielly P , Meir Patrick , Norby Richard J , Pereira Iokanam , Portela Bruno , Rammig Anja , Ribeiro Ana Gracy , Lapola David M , Quesada Carlos A
Published: April 2021

Most leaf functional trait studies in the Amazon basin do not consider ontogenetic variations (leaf age), which may influence ecosystem productivity throughout the year. When leaf age is taken into account, it is generally considered discontinuous, and leaves are classified into age categories based on qualitative observations. Here, we quantified age-dependent changes in leaf functional traits such as the maximum carboxylation rate of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) (Vcmax), stomatal control (Cgs%), leaf dry mass per area and leaf macronutrient concentrations for nine naturally growing Amazon tropical trees with variable phenological strategies. Leaf ages were assessed by monthly censuses of branch-level leaf demography; we also performed leaf trait measurements accounting for leaf chronological age based on days elapsed since the first inclusion in the leaf demography, not predetermined age classes. At the tree community scale, a nonlinear relationship between Vcmax and leaf age existed: young, developing leaves showed the lowest mean photosynthetic capacity, increasing to a maximum at 45 days and then decreasing gradually with age in both continuous and categorical age group analyses. Maturation times among species and phenological habits differed substantially, from 8 ± 30 to 238 ± 30 days, and the rate of decline of Vcmax varied from −0.003 to −0.065 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 day−1. Stomatal control increased significantly in young leaves but remained constant after peaking. Mass-based phosphorus and potassium concentrations displayed negative relationships with leaf age, whereas nitrogen did not vary temporally. Differences in life strategies, leaf nutrient concentrations and phenological types, not the leaf age effect alone, may thus be important factors for understanding observed photosynthesis seasonality in Amazonian forests. Furthermore, assigning leaf age categories in diverse tree communities may not be the recommended method for studying carbon uptake seasonality in the Amazon, since the relationship between Vcmax and leaf age could not be confirmed for all trees.
Predicting Hearing Aid Satisfaction in Adults: A Systematic Review of Speech-in-noise Tests and Other Behavioral Measures
Authors: Davidson Alyssa , Marrone Nicole , Wong Bryan , Musiek Frank
Published: April 2021

Objectives:

Adults with hearing loss report a wide range of hearing aid satisfaction that does not significantly correlate to degree of hearing loss. It is not clear which auditory behavioral factors do contribute to hearing aid satisfaction. While poor speech understanding in noise is known to contribute to dissatisfaction, there are many categories of this type of assessment. The purpose of this systematic review is to answer the question, “Are behavioral pre-fitting measures using speech and nonspeech materials related to hearing aid satisfaction among adults?”

Design:

Six electronic databases were searched to find peer-reviewed studies published before June 2020. The included studies reported on the relationship between auditory behavioral measures and hearing aid satisfaction alone or globally with other outcome domains among adults with hearing loss. Six types of behavioral prefitting measures were evaluated: speech recognition in quiet (% correct), speech recognition in noise (% correct), reception thresholds for speech-in-noise, speech-based subjective ratings, dichotic speech tests, and tests using nonspeech material. Each relevant study was independently reviewed by two reviewers. Methodological quality was evaluated in each included study using the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association’s level of evidence ratings.

Results:

There were 1342 articles identified in the systematic review process. After duplicates were removed and specific inclusion criteria were applied, 21 studies were included. All studies included had a 0 to 4 methodological quality rating indicating weak to moderate internal validity. The tests that showed potential for clinical application due to significant correlations with satisfaction were the QuickSIN, the synthetic sentence identification, the hearing in noise test, and the acceptable noise level test. Audibility, as measured by degree of hearing loss, was not significantly correlated to hearing aid satisfaction in the 13 studies that reported on this measure.

Conclusions:

Based on this review, results indicated that speech-in-noise tests had the highest associations to hearing aid satisfaction, suggesting a greater role for assessment of speech-in-noise perception in auditory rehabilitation. This is an important finding for clinical practice, given that audibility was not a significant factor in predicting satisfaction. Overall, the results from this review show a need for well-designed, high-quality, prospective studies assessing the predictive value of prefitting measures on hearing aid satisfaction with current hearing aid models.