bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen Adsorption/Desorption Isotherms on Supported Platinum Nanoparticles Determined by in‐situ XAS and ΔXANES Analysis
Authors: Fujita Masami , Yamamoto Akira , Tsuchiya Naoki , Yoshida Hisao
Published: December 2021

Hydrogen atoms on supported metal nanoparticles (NPs) play a significant role in heterogeneous catalysis. Despite the extensive previous research, however, the adsorption of hydrogen onto practical supported NP catalysts is still unclear especially in the atmospheric pressure conditions. In this study, adsorption/desorption isotherms of hydrogen on Pt NPs supported on alumina (Al2O3) were obtained in gas‐flow conditions using the analysis of the difference spectra of Pt LIII‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at 303 K. From the analysis of extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), a positive linear relationship was observed between the hydrogen coverage and Pt−Pt bond distance. Additionally, the re‐adsorption experiment of hydrogen after the first adsorption/desorption cycle and the transient change of dispersive XAS spectra in the hydrogen adsorption suggests that the hydrogen adsorption induces the surface reconstruction of Pt NPs on Al2O3 at around room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
Transient Modeling and Simulation of a Multiple‐Stage Evaporator in the Paper Industry
Authors: Pati Smitarani , Verma Om Prakash , Arya Raj Kumar , Tiwari Anurag Kumar
Published: December 2021

The present work investigates the energy performance analysis of a heptad‐based multiple‐stage evaporator (MSE) under steady and transient conditions, integrated with different energy reduction schemes (such as steam split, feed split, and feed preheater). The steady‐state analysis was performed to optimize the steam economy subjected to the developed steady‐state energy models as the equality constraints. The simulated optimization is a maximization problem and is solved by Interior‐Point Optimizer and Gray Wolf Optimizer on two different platforms, GAMS and MATLAB, respectively. Further, transient and stability analyses were performed by developing and representing the nonlinear dynamic energy models to the state‐space representation using linearization.
Centralized Proportional Integral Controller Design for the Activated Sludge Process
Authors: Anchan Sanjith S. , Sankar Rao Chinta
Published: December 2021

The design of a centralized proportional integral controller for a single‐tank activated sludge process is presented. The relative normalized gain array (RNGA) and dynamic relative gain array (dRGA) were adopted for enhancing the closed‐loop performance of a multivariable system. The dRGA method gave superior and acceptable responses compared to the RNGA method. The designated error indices decreased significantly for the dRGA method compared with the RNGA method. The dRGA method is simple and effective, since it considers the process dynamics to provide an accurate interaction assessment. The designed centralized controller overcomes the limitations of the decoupler for stability challenges when compared with decentralized controllers.
Glass facades: present and future challenges
Authors: Blandini Lucio
Published: December 2021

Nowadays facade designers are challenged by a considerable number of performance requirements challenge, among others the continuing search for more transparency, often in combination with restrictive energy requirements or with extreme loading conditions such as bomb blasts: Four selected projects presented in this paper demonstrate how these challenges can be successfully addressed in the design process. However, despite the sophisticated engineering tools available nowadays, the article also shows where (and why) more innovation and research work is needed in the future. These innovations are required to allow for significant reductions in the consumption of resources and in the production of emissions and other forms of waste by the building industry. One way to tackle this challenging task is the use of more dynamic, adaptive facades, which are able to react to changes in environmental conditions and in user comfort requirements. Even if this approach requires a certain input of energy and a higher degree of complexity, it is expected to substantially contribute to a more sustainable use of resources in the future.
Breathing Lessons: Development of a Custom Motorized Facade
Authors: Nuiding Xaver , Lorenz Thomas , Herreiner Philipp , Engelmann Michael
Published: December 2021

For a new corporate headquarters in San Francisco's Mission Bay district, SHoP Architects designed a semi‐conditioned atrium space inside the external glazed envelope known as “the commons.” To ventilate this space, the facade contractor developed a transparent, steel‐framed glazing system featuring motorized bi‐fold units. These operable window units, 3.0 m wide by 4.4 m tall, are computer‐controlled in conjunction with operable skylights to maintain comfortable temperatures in the atrium and significantly reduce the need for mechanical ventilation. This paper describes the engineering and design development of this dynamic facade. A number of kinematic options were studied, resulting in the final configuration whereby window operation is guided in the visible upper and lower rails. In the upper rails, the self‐weight is resolved via newly developed double vertical hybrid rollers. The necessary lateral stability is provided by scissor arms mounted on both sides at the top and bottom, which prevent the window from moving sideways on one side over the entire opening stroke. The windows are operated via two of the currently largest chain drives on the market (lift/pull force 1500 N). In addition, a linear locking drive moves a push rod with three double claws, which additionally keep the window in the “closed” position. The chain drives are synchronized and internally controlled with the linear locking drive. All components are integrated and concealed in the central mullion. A complete opening takes approximately 155 seconds. Safety strips integrated circumferentially in the frame protect the device, while closing, from objects that are accidentally left in the window rebate and will switch off the device automatically. The units are constructed according to the European Machinery Directive 2006/42/EG, and a risk analysis was carried out in advance. The drive technology and all electrical components are UL‐certified.
Timber‐glass composite: concepts for glued bracing floor elements
Authors: Fadai Alireza , Holzinger Katharina , Hochhauser Werner
Published: December 2021

The objective of several research projects was to investigate alternative constructions of stiffening glass fronts, which replace St. Andrew's cross wind bracings and costly frameworks. These are only suitable for vertical use and for absorbing the horizontally acting forces in the directions of the panes. A follow‐up research project was started with the aim of developing calculation and design concepts for glued bracing floor and roof elements. Taking into consideration short‐term behaviour and seismic performance the practical applications considered is to develop bracing composite elements. These transparent and light‐weight elements could substitute the conventional bracing elements and/or heavy massif constructions. The research project “Timber‐glass composite: concepts for glued bracing floor and roof elements” is going to develop highly transparent and load‐bearing composite floor structures. These shall stiffen the building at floor and roof level and should be able to withstand loads in combined pane‐ and panel loading. In the research project composite timber and glass sections for load bearing and stabilizing purposes will be developed. The special feature of such a further development of existing timber‐glass composite elements is the presence of an interrupted formation of adhesive joints. The compressive stresses occurring in the glued joints will be reduced by the punctiform blocking of the glass panes. From this, a transmission of shear stresses can be achieved, which is currently only possible to a very limited extent but is absolutely necessary for use. The glass has not a stiffening bearing function, merely functions as an outer cover in the same time. For the development of new composite elements made of timber, glass and adhesives the identification of relevant material properties and setting up of requirement specifications for adhesive bonding of glass to timber is substantial and are addressed in the research project together with issues like moisture and temperature fluctuations. In order to counteract summer overheating and protect privacy, the glass elements should be equipped with switchable panes. Thus, light architecture that is integrated into the environment should still be easy to realize.
Distortional‐dilatational strain failure mode concept for hyperelastic materials
Authors: Rosendahl Philipp L. , Drass Michael , Schneider Jens
Published: December 2021

This work presents a universal, generally applicable, phenomenological failure criterion that describes a single, smooth, and convex hypersurface in principal strain space. It provides a strain‐based description of the bulk material failure of nearly incompressible hyperelastic elastomers and captures both distortional and volumetric failure in a single criterion.
Reinterpretation of Dalí's »Vidriera Hipercubica« designed by Pérez Piñero in 1971
Authors: Peña Martino , Wirfler Katja , López Sebastián Andrés , Reißaus Henrik , Weimar Thorsten
Published: December 2021

In 1971, the Spanish architect Emilio Pérez Piñero designed a foldable system of glass panels to separate the stage from the inner courtyard of the Dalí'Theatre‐Museum in Figueras. It is one of his last projects, before his early death by a car accident, ended abruptly this very creative period of the extraordinary constructor. The project is directly appointed by the artist Salvador Dalí himself, who was enthusiastic about Piñero's filigree constructions and called the foldable structure »Vidriera Hipercubica«, making a reference to the 4th dimension as a constant theme in the art of the 20th century. Analogous to the 4th dimension in physics – time, movement stands for the 4th dimension in architecture. The invention of the last system is patented in 1976, four years after the death of the architect under the description »System of Articulated Planes«. It can be read like a construction manual for the hypercubic glass. In the seminar »Movable Structures«, which takes place every summer semester since 2015 at the Institute of Structural Design at Universität Siegen, the realisation of a reinterpretation of the »Vidriera Hipercúbica« is the content of the current course. Following the assembly instructions of different patents by Pérez Piñero, it is possible to use the movement as a design tool, which allows to interpret the 4th dimension in architecture. One of the objectives is to pass the technical limits of that time and to integrate new possibilities in manufacturing. In particular, new types of glazing material will be used as well as digital production processes for connecting details. The reinterpretation focuses not only in its architectural interest, but also in the further development of the research work started by Piñero 50 years ago as well as to achieve innovative options of application. Hence, the imaginable use of foldable structures for the mobile installation of solar collectors could be one of them.
Review of commercial software tools for facade acoustics
Authors: Balderrama Alvaro , Arztmann Daniel , Schulz Jens‐Uwe
Published: December 2021

Environmental noise is an important public health issue in cities worldwide and building facades play an essential role since they occupy a significant amount of vertical surfaces in the urban fabric. Facade acoustics deals with the interaction of sound and the building envelope, and specialists in the field use digital tools to perform calculations and predictive analysis required to fulfil project goals or meet construction regulations. This review aims to give an overview of the different commercial software tools that can be relevant in facade acoustics, pointing out their general information such as their developer, their type of software and license, and the categories within facade acoustics where these tools can be applied. The tools are classified in five categories: Environmental noise modelling, sound insulation, noise mapping, auralization and 3D geometry manipulation. Design tools for acoustics that cannot address any aspect of facades specifically are excluded. A total of 17 software tools are reviewed including 13 standalone programs, three plugins and one online tool.
Curved and Large Format Insulating Glass in Architectural Applications
Authors: Rubel Christoph
Published: December 2021

To produce insulating glass that meets today's rising demands for thermal insulation, aesthetics and transparency, the traditional way of producing such insulating glass becomes more and more difficult if not impossible, as more and more large formats and complex curved insulating glass is being requested. Standard insulating glass production lines are not designed to handle insulating glass in complete sheet sizes of 6.3 × 3.21 m. Yet, the requirements of designers and constructions that want to fulfil the rising demand for maximum transparency and higher needs for thermal insulation even request glass sheet sizes of sometimes more than 15 m to give architectural projects the openness and the least frame and seal interruptions that are possible. Larger glass sizes also means thicker glass. As it is impossible to process curved glass fully automatically, and even more out of scope to process this to insulating glass, this has to be done in manual assembly operation and with a lot of hands on experience. The larger the glass panes become, the more difficult it gets to find appropriate automatic processing machinery that can handle these large sheets. But even more one wants at least the highest possible machine support on large format plane or flat insulating glass. This is now possible. For both applications, large format insulating glass and curved insulating glass that also can become fairly large and heavy, there are now edge seal systems in place and proven in both artificial aging and in real service life experience available. This even make the production of complex and unordinary insulating glass easy. These insulating glass systems define new borders of sizes and design. A number of actual and recent projects in the presentation show what is possible and lead the way to further stress the borders of the possibilities in architectural design.
Perceiving university students' opinions from Google app reviews
Authors: Ranjan Sakshi , Mishra Subhankar
Published: December 2021

Google app market captures the school of thought of users from every corner of the globe via ratings and text reviews, in a multilinguistic arena. The critique's viewpoint regarding an app is proportional to their satisfaction level. The potential information from the reviews cannot be extracted manually, due to its exponential growth. So, sentiment analysis, by machine learning and deep learning algorithms employing NLP, explicitly uncovers and interprets the emotions. This study performs the sentiment classification of the app reviews and identifies the university students' behavior toward the app market via exploratory analysis. We applied machine learning algorithms using the TP, TF, and TF‐IDF text representation scheme and evaluated its performance on Bagging, an ensemble learning method. We used word embedding, GloVe, on the deep learning paradigms. Our model was trained on Google app reviews and tested on students' app reviews (SAR). The various combinations of these algorithms were compared among each other using F‐score and accuracy and inferences were highlighted graphically. SVM, among other classifiers, gave fruitful accuracy (93.41%), F‐score (0.89) on bi‐gram + TF‐IDF scheme. Bagging enhanced the performance of LR and NB with accuracy 87.88% and 86.69% and F‐score 0.86 and 0.78 respectively. Overall, LSTM on Glove embedding recorded the highest accuracy (95.2%) and F‐score (0.88).
Biofortified wheat: Harnessing genetic diversity for improved nutritional quality to eradicate hidden hunger
Authors: Kaur Kuldeep , Sharma Achla , Mavi Gurvinder Singh , Srivastava Puja , Kaur Harinderjeet , Sharma Himanshu , Singh Satinder , Kushwah Ashutosh , Sohu Virinder Singh
Published: December 2021

The present study is based on backcross introgression lines carrying high grain zinc (Zn) quantitative trait loci (QTL) introgressed from domestic einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.) and wild einkorn wheat (T. boeoticum) in the background of high‐yielding wheat (T. aestivum L.) cultivars of India. Initially, individual trials each for BC1F3 and BC2F3 progenies from different cross combinations were evaluated for grain Zn concentration, yellow pigment content (YPC) and agronomic traits. Highly promising BC1F3 and BC2F3 progenies were identified and advanced in off‐season as ear to progeny rows. A total of 42 BC1F5 and 43 BC2F5 derivatives were evaluated in a single trial where the BC1F5 progenies from recipient parent WH1105 and tetraploid parent Donor 2 were recorded with highest grain Zn (64.1–67.9 ppm) showing up to 35.8% enhancement over recipient. The highest grain YPC (5.35 ppm) was observed for BC1F5 progenies from the cross involving PBW703 (3.34 ppm) as recipient and Donor 7 (6.32 ppm) as tetraploid donor parent. Monitoring of backcross derivatives with the marker YP7A‐2 linked to yellow pigment gene Psy‐A1, also revealed nine lines positive for high yellow pigment allele (Psy‐A1c) indicating introgression from durum wheat (T. durum Desf.). Nineteen high Zn derivatives were shortlisted and selfed for 2 yr (2017–2018 and 2018–2019) to get desirable homozygosity and preliminary yield evaluation was conducted for two consecutive years (2019–2020 and 2020–2021). Introgression lines in the background of PBW698 (IL8 and IL17) were recorded with the highest Zn concentration (51.37 and 51.30 ppm) indicating 55.90% increment over recipient parent with good agronomic performance. These biofortified introgression wheat lines can contribute to mitigating the malnutrition among the masses in developing countries.
The role of endoscopy in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Kuribayashi Shiko , Hosaka Hiroko , Nakamura Fumihiko , Nakata Ko , Sato Keigo , Itoi Yuki , Hashimoto Yu , Kasuga Kengo , Tanaka Hirohito , Uraoka Toshio
Published: December 2021

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease that may cause a huge economic burden. Endoscopy is performed not only to rule out other organic diseases but also to diagnose reflux esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus. Non‐erosive GERD (non‐erosive reflux disease [NERD]) is called endoscopy‐negative GERD; however, GERD‐related findings could be obtained through histological assessment, image‐enhanced endoscopy, and new endoscopic modalities in patients with NERD. Moreover, endoscopy is useful to stratify the risk for the development of GERD. In addition, endoscopic treatments have been developed. These techniques could significantly improve patients’ quality of life as well as symptoms.
Participation and politics in transboundary hydropower development: The case of the Pak Beng dam in Laos
Authors: Suhardiman Diana , Geheb Kim
Published: December 2021

Hydropower development in the lower Mekong Basin is being rapidly developed. Taking the Pak Beng hydropower project in Laos as a case study, this paper looks at participation and politics in transboundary hydropower development, how the latter is revealed by multiple, parallel institutional architectures in hydropower decision‐making across scales, and its implications for transboundary environmental governance. We look at the institutional disjuncture in hydropower decision‐making, how it is (re)produced by powerful, albeit conflicting narratives at respectively national and transboundary levels, power relations shaping these narratives, and how these translate into local community's limited ability to convey their voices and represent their development needs. Conceptually, the paper sheds light on the underlying politics in transboundary environmental governance by bringing to light the structural factors that prevent participation, including how these factors are justified, sustained and to a certain extent reproduced as an integral part of legal, policy, and institutional landscapes that govern hydropower decision‐making across scales (e.g., local to transboundary).
Brisk walking can be a maximal effort in heart failure patients: a comparison of cardiopulmonary exercise and 6 min walking test cardiorespiratory data
Authors: Mapelli Massimo , Salvioni Elisabetta , Paneroni Mara , Gugliandolo Paola , Bonomi Alice , Scalvini Simonetta , Raimondo Rosa , Sciomer Susanna , Mattavelli Irene , La Rovere Maria Teresa , Agostoni Piergiuseppe
Published: December 2021

Aims

Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and 6 min walking test (6MWT) are frequently used in heart failure (HF). CPET is a maximal exercise, whereas 6MWT is a self‐selected constant load test usually considered a submaximal, and therefore safer, exercise, but this has not been tested previously. The aim of this study was to compare the cardiorespiratory parameters collected during CPET and 6MWT in a large group of healthy subjects and patients with HF of different severity.

Methods and results

Subjects performed a standard maximal CPET and a 6MWT wearing a portable device allowing breath‐by‐breath measurement of cardiorespiratory parameters. HF patients were grouped according to their CPET peak oxygen uptake (peakV̇O2). One hundred and fifty‐five subjects were enrolled, of whom 40 were healthy (59 ± 8 years; male 67%) and 115 were HF patients (69 ± 10 years; male 80%; left ventricular ejection fraction 34.6 ± 12.0%). CPET peakV̇O2 was 13.5 ± 3.5 mL/kg/min in HF patients and 28.1 ± 7.4 mL/kg/min in healthy subjects (P < 0.001). 6MWT‐V̇O2 was 98 ± 20% of the CPET peakV̇O2 values in HF patients, while 72 ± 20% in healthy subjects (P < 0.001). 6MWT‐V̇O2 was >110% of CPET peakV̇O2 in 42% of more severe HF patients (peakV̇O2 < 12 mL/kg/min). Similar results have been found for ventilation and heart rate. Of note, the slope of the relationship between V̇O2 at 6MWT, reported as a percentage of CPET peakV̇O2 vs. 6MWT V̇O2 reported as the absolute value, progressively increased as exercise limitation did.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the last minute of 6MWT must be perceived as a maximal or even supramaximal exercise activity in patients with more severe HF. Our findings should influence the safety procedures needed for the 6MWT in HF.
Ligand Field Theory for Linear ML2Complexes
Authors: Deeth Robert J.
Published: December 2021

Point‐charge crystal field theory (CFT) for linear ML2systems guarantees dz2>dxz/dyz>dxy/dx2‐y2 (i. e. dσ>dπ>dδ). This is not what is found for CuCl2and other linear, divalent MX2complexes where dπ>dσ. This failure of CFT has also been attributed to its successor, ligand field theory (LFT). However, taking LFT to be parameterised CFT, any d orbital sequence is possible. The real test is whether the LFT parameters make chemical sense. A new cellular ligand field (CLF) analysis of CuCl2, including the equatorial toroidal void, which affects all the d orbitals, confirms eπ(Cl)>eσ(Cl). To account for this, the ‘distributed donation’ model is proposed linking σ and π bonding such that enhanced π donation is at the expense of reduced σ bonding and vice versa. This is the π‐donor analogue of the Dewar‐Chatt‐Duncanson model for π‐acceptor ligands. Ab initio LFT (AI LFT) calculations support a progressive π‐donation increase/σ donation decrease from Cu(II) to Sc(II) with eσfinally becoming negative. The model further predicts that adding equatorial ligands will force the π density back into the σ bond which is also confirmed by AI LFT calculations fortrans‐[CuCl2(NH3)4] where eσ(Cl)>eπ(Cl) even though the CuCl2unit is unchanged. The distributed donation model for linear σ‐only [MII(Lσ)2]nsystems (Lσ=NH3, H), where increasing π donation is not possible, implies that the M−L bonding in linear systems should be inherently weak.
Predictors of non‐completion of a day treatment program for adults with eating disorders
Authors: Thaler Lea , Booij Linda , Burnham Nuala , Kenny Samantha , Oliverio Stephanie , Israel Mimi , Steiger Howard
Published: December 2021

Although treatment dropout is common among patients with eating disorders, very few studies have examined predictors of non‐completion in day treatment. We investigated various potential predictors of dropout from adult day treatment. Participants were 295 adult patients with a diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa (restricting or binge‐eating/purging subtype), Bulimia Nervosa (BN), Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder, or Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder. Predictors included eating‐disorder characteristics, motivation at the commencement of treatment, Body Mass Index (BMI), time spent in treatment and personality dimensions. Logistic regression analyses showed that for patients with a BMI of less than 20 at the start of treatment, low BMI was a significant predictor of staff‐initiated termination due to not meeting weight gain goals. Furthermore, completing less than 6 weeks of treatment was associated with staff‐initiated termination. For the whole sample, those with higher changes in weight over the course of treatment were less likely to terminate prematurely. None of the other predictor variables yielded significant results. Results of the current study highlight characteristics of patients who are more likely not to complete day treatment and can help identify patients who may be at risk for not succeeding in multi‐diagnostic day treatment programs.
Modelling the effects of normal faulting on alluvial river meandering
Authors: Woolderink Hessel A. G. , Weisscher Steven A. H. , Kleinhans Maarten G. , Kasse Cornelis , van Balen Ronald T.
Published: December 2021

The meandering of alluvial rivers may be forced by normal faulting due to tectonically altered topographic gradients of the river valley and channel at and near the fault zone. Normal faulting can affect river meandering by either instantaneous (e.g. surface‐rupturing earthquakes) or gradual displacement. To enhance our understanding of river channel response to tectonic faulting at the fault zone scale we used the physics‐based, two‐dimensional morphodynamic model Nays2D to simulate the responses of a laboratory‐scale alluvial river with vegetated floodplain to various faulting and offset scenarios. The results of a model with normal fault downstepping in the downstream direction show that channel sinuosity and bend radius increase up to a maximum as a result of the faulting‐enhanced valley gradient. Hereafter, a chute cutoff reduces channel sinuosity to a new dynamic equilibrium value that is generally higher than the pre‐faulting sinuosity. A scenario where a normal fault downsteps in the upstream direction leads to reduced morphological change upstream of the fault due to a backwater effect induced by the faulting. The position within a meander bend at which faulting occurs has a profound influence on the evolution of sinuosity; fault locations that enhance flow velocities over the point bar during floods result in a faster sinuosity increase and subsequent chute cutoff than locations that enhance flow velocity directed towards the floodplain. This upward causation from the bend scale to the reach and floodplain scale arises from the complex interactions between meandering and floodplain and the nonlinearities of the sediment transport and chute cutoff processes. Our model results provide a guideline to include process‐based reasoning in the interpretation of geomorphological and sedimentological observations of fluvial response to faulting. The combination of these approaches leads to better predictions of possible effects of faulting on alluvial river meandering.
Frequent origins of traumatic insemination involve convergent shifts in sperm and genital morphology
Authors: Brand Jeremias N. , Harmon Luke J. , Schärer Lukas
Published: December 2021

Traumatic insemination is a mating behavior during which the (sperm) donor uses a traumatic intromittent organ to inject an ejaculate through the epidermis of the (sperm) recipient, thereby frequently circumventing the female genitalia. Traumatic insemination occurs widely across animals, but the frequency of its evolution, the intermediate stages via which it originates, and the morphological changes that such shifts involve remain poorly understood. Based on observations in 145 species of the free-living flatworm genus Macrostomum, we identify at least nine independent evolutionary origins of traumatic insemination from reciprocal copulation, but no clear indication of reversals. These origins involve convergent shifts in multivariate morphospace of male and female reproductive traits, suggesting that traumatic insemination has a canalizing effect on morphology. We also observed sperm in both the sperm receiving organ and within the body tissue of two species. These species had intermediate trait values indicating that traumatic insemination evolves through initial internal wounding during copulation. Finally, signatures of male-female coevolution of genitalia across the genus indicate that sexual selection and sexual conflict drive the evolution of traumatic insemination, because it allows donors to bypass postcopulatory control mechanisms of recipients.
Comprehensive 3D reservoir modelling and basin analysis: An insight into petroleum geology to re‐evaluate the hydrocarbon possibilities in the Siwa Basin, North‐Western Desert, Egypt
Authors: Reda Mohamed , Fathy Mohamed , Gawad Esam A.
Published: December 2021

Three‐dimensional (3D) reservoir modelling and basin analysis were performed for the Siwa Basin in the North‐Western Desert of Egypt. An integrative study from the available data were done, including geochemical data to construct a 1D basin model, petrophysical data to realize the characteristics of the reservoir, and geological data to understand the subsurface geologic setting, has been undertaken. Basin modelling was done for the Siwa A1‐X well to determine the burial and thermal history, sedimentation rate, level of maturity, and finally the event chart for the petroleum system. Siwa Basin comprises one petroleum system. The source rock is represented by the Palaeozoic Dhiffah, Desouky, and Zeitoun formations, with fair to good organic richness, producing oil and gas, which entered the oil window in 143.91, 162.87, and 167.31 Ma, and entered the wet gas in 138.75, 141.82, and 143.63 Ma, with sedimentation rate varying from low to high 543.96, 22.79, and 1,404.46 m/Ma, respectively. The Safa Member (Khatatba Formation) is the main reservoir, with hydrocarbon saturation reaching up to 80%, and with a low subsidence rate of 76.43 m/Ma. The Original Oil In Place for the new prospects is 197.177 Stock Tank Barrel (STB), while for the oil reserve is 50.618 Stock Tank Barrel (STB).
Thermophoretic particle deposition and heat generation analysis of Newtonian nanofluid flow through magnetized Riga plate
Authors: Madhukesh Javali K. , Varun Kumar Ravikumar S. , Punith Gowda Ramanahalli J. , Prasannakumara Ballajja C. , Shehzad Sabir A.
Published: December 2021

The Riga surface is composed of an electromagnetic actuator that comprises a span‐wise associated array of discontinuous electrodes and an everlasting magnet mounted over a planer surface. The electro‐magneto‐hydrodynamic has an attractive role in thermal reactors, fluidics network flow, liquid chromatography, and micro coolers. Inspired by these applications, a laminar, two‐dimensional nanofluid flow with uniform heat sink‐source, thermophoretic depositions of the particles, and the Newtonian heating effect are investigated. The equations that describe the fluid motion are reduced into a system of ordinary differential equations with the help of spatial similarity variables. Numeric solutions of ordinary differential equations are executed through the Runge–Kutta–Felhberg 45 order technique via a shooting scheme. The role of various nondimensional factors on physically interesting quantities is elaborated graphically. The velocity profile rises for modified Hartmann number and decreases for porosity parameter. Thermal enhancement is high in the common wall temperature condition comparative to the case of the Newtonian heating conditions. The concentration profile is enhanced with Schmidt number, but the reverse trend is observed for the thermophoretic parameter. The rate of mass transfer is increased with Schmidt number.
The interplay between ASMase signaling pathway and NLRP3 in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition of HBE cells induced by silica
Authors: Li Yupei , Li Meiling , Wang Yuting , Guan Lan , Liu Xinmin , Zeng Ming
Published: December 2021

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important part of pulmonary fibrosis. Our earlier study illustrated that the acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) pathway plays significant role in silica (SiO2)‐induced transformation of lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. The metabolite of ASMase, ceramide (Cer), activates the inflammatory response by activating Nod‐like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) in macrophages, and NLRP3 is also involved in the EMT process. However, whether ASMase and NLRP3 are involved in regulating SiO2‐induced EMT has not been confirmed. In this study, an in vitro model of EMT in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells was established by SiO2 dust staining to investigate the role of ASMase and NLRP3 in EMT and to provide new clues for the molecular mechanism of silicosis. HBE cells were stained with 100 μg/ml SiO2 dust for 72 h to establish the EMT model. The ASMase inhibitor desipramine decreased the level of S1P and the expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and NLRP3 in SiO2 dust‐stained HBE cells, whereas the expression of E‐cadherin (E‐cad) increased. The NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 inhibited the secretion of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and decreased the expression of NLRP3, Caspase‐1, and α‐SMA in SiO2 dust‐stained HBE cells, whereas E‐cad expression increased and ASMase activity and S1P levels decreased. It was concluded that SiO2 dust increases the release of the inflammatory factor and induces EMT in HBE cells. Inhibition of ASMase activity or NLRP3 expression reduced the SiO2 dust‐induced cell inflammatory response and slowed the occurrence of EMT in HBE cells. Therefore, NLRP3 and ASMase may interact in SiO2 dust‐induced EMT in HBE cells.
Bone-Targeted Bortezomib Inhibits Bortezomib-Resistant Multiple Myeloma in Mice by Providing Higher Levels of Bortezomib in Bone
Authors: Tao Jianguo , Srinivasan Venkat , Yi Xiangjiao , Zhao Yingchun , Zhang Hengwei , Lin Xi , Zhou Xichao , Boyce Brendan F , Villalta Peter W , Ebetino Frank H , Ho Koc Kan , Boeckman Robert K , Xing Lianping
Published: December 2021

Limited treatment options exist for cancer within the bone, as demonstrated by the inevitable, pernicious course of metastatic and blood cancers. The difficulty of eliminating bone-residing cancer, especially drug-resistant cancer, necessitates novel, alternative treatments to manipulate tumor cells and their microenvironment, with minimal off-target effects. To this end, bone-targeted conjugate (BP-Btz) was generated by linking bortezomib (Btz, an anticancer, bone-stimulatory drug) to a bisphosphonate (BP, a targeting ligand) through a cleavable linker that enables spatiotemporally controlled delivery of Btz to bone under acidic conditions for treating multiple myeloma (MM). Three conjugates with different linkers were developed and screened for best efficacy in mouse model of MM. Results demonstrated that the lead candidate BP-Btz with optimal linker could overcome Btz resistance, reduced tumor burden, bone destruction, or tumor metastasis more effectively than BP or free Btz without thrombocytopenia and neurotoxicity in mice bearing myeloma. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies showed that BP-Btz bound to bone matrix, released Btz in acidic conditions, and had a higher local concentration and longer half-life than Btz in bone. Our findings suggest the potential of bone-targeted Btz conjugate as an efficacious Btz-resistant MM treatment mechanism. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Immunometabolic signatures predict recovery from thyrotoxic myopathy in patients with Graves' disease
Authors: Setoyama Daiki , Lee Ho Yeop , Moon Ji Sun , Tian Jingwen , Kang Yea Eun , Lee Ju Hee , Shong Minho , Kang Dongchon , Yi Hyon‐Seung
Published: December 2021

Background

Thyroid hormone excess induces protein energy wasting, which in turn promotes muscle weakness and bone loss in patients with Graves' disease. Although most studies have confirmed a relationship between thyrotoxicosis and muscle dysfunction, few have measured changes in plasma metabolites and immune cells during the development and recovery from thyrotoxic myopathy. The aim of this study was to identify specific plasma metabolites and T‐cell subsets that predict thyrotoxic myopathy recovery in patients with Graves' disease.

Methods

One hundred patients (mean age, 40.0 ± 14.2 years; 67.0% female), with newly diagnosed or relapsed Graves' disease were enrolled at the start of methimazole treatment. Handgrip strength and Five Times Sit to Stand Test performance time were measured at Weeks 0, 12, and 24. In an additional 35 patients (mean age, 38.9 ± 13.5 years; 65.7% female), plasma metabolites and immunophenotypes of peripheral blood were evaluated at Weeks 0 and 12, and the results of a short physical performance battery assessment were recorded at the same time.

Results

In both patient groups, methimazole‐induced euthyroidism was associated with improved handgrip strength and lower limb muscle function at 12 weeks. Elevated plasma metabolites including acylcarnitines were restored to normal levels at Week 12 regardless of gender, body mass index, or age (P trend <0.01). Senescent CD8+CD28−CD57+ T‐cell levels in peripheral blood were positively correlated with acylcarnitine levels (P < 0.05) and decreased during thyrotoxicosis recovery (P < 0.05). High levels of senescent CD8+ T cells at Week 0 were significantly associated with small increases in handgrip strength after 12 weeks of methimazole treatment (P < 0.05), but not statistically associated with Five Times Sit to Stand Test performance.

Conclusions

Restoring euthyroidism in Graves' disease patients was associated with improved skeletal muscle function and performance, while thyroid hormone‐associated changes in plasma acylcarnitines levels correlated with muscle dysfunction recovery. T‐cell senescence‐related systemic inflammation correlated with plasma acylcarnitine levels and was also associated with small increases in handgrip strength.
Reliability of methods to determine cutaneous evaporative water loss rate in furred and fleeced mammals
Authors: Fonsêca Vinícius de França Carvalho , Gomes da Silva Roberto , Moura Gustavo A. B. , Snelling Edward P. , Fuller Andrea , Mitchell Duncan , Costa Cíntia C. de Melo , Milan Hugo M. , Maia Alex S. C.
Published: December 2021

We used a high‐precision weighing system and flow‐through respirometry to quantify cutaneous evaporative water loss rates in woolly sheep (wool thickness, ca. 6.5 cm) and haired goats (coat thickness, ca. 2.5 cm), while simultaneously recording parallel data obtained from (1) a flow‐through ventilated capsule, (2) a closed hand‐held electronic evaporimeter chamber, and (3) a closed colorimetric paper disc chamber. In comparison to the weighing system and respirometry, used here as a “gold standard” measure of cutaneous evaporative water loss rate, we found relatively good agreement with data obtained from the flow‐through ventilated capsules. However, we found poor agreement with data obtained from the closed electronic evaporimeter chambers (underestimated by 60%, on average) and the closed colorimetric paper disc chambers (overestimated by 52%, on average). This deviation was likely associated with a requirement for shaved skin in the closed chamber methods. Our results therefore cast doubt on the validity of the closed chamber methods for measurement of cutaneous evaporative water loss rates in furred and fleeced mammals, and instead show that more accurate values can be obtained using flow‐through ventilated capsules.
Microfinance outreach and aggregate welfare
Authors: Ahmed Ishraq , Kitenge Erick
Published: December 2021

This study investigates the impact of microfinance outreach on aggregate economic well‐being. We specifically examine the effect of microfinance outreach on aggregate welfare, as measured by income and household consumption growth, across 108 countries over the period 2005–2015. Our empirical results confirm the aptitude of microfinance outreach to enhance aggregate welfare. Mainly, the average loan balance per borrower and the percentage of women borrowers positively impacted aggregate welfare. Additionally, outreach affects consumption growth strongly. Therefore, this study upholds the incorporation of microfinance into policies targeting aggregate welfare and economic development.
Dimensional changes in free epithelialized gingival/mucosal grafts at tooth and implant sites: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Monje Alberto , Blasi Gonzalo , Amerio Ettore , Sanz‐Martin Ignacio , Nart José
Published: December 2021

Background

A study was made of the dimensional changes in free epithelialized gingival/mucosal grafts (FEGs) used to augment keratinized tissue (KT) at tooth and implant sites, and of the confounders influencing the dynamic changes over 6 months of follow‐up.

Methods

A prospective cohort interventional study was made of implant and tooth sites needing KT augmentation by means of an apically positioned flap and FEG. Six intraoperative variables were recorded at baseline (T0). In addition, graft width (GW), graft length (GL), and graft dimension (GD) were assessed at 3 weeks (T1), 3 months (T2), and 6 months of follow‐up (T3). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to explore associations between the demographic and intraoperative variables and the outcomes over the study period.

Results

Based upon an a priori power sample size calculation, a total of 56 consecutive patients were recruited, of which 52 were available for assessment. A total of 73 graft units were included in 122 sites. At T3, the mean change in GD in FEG was 40.21%. In particular, the mean changes in GL and GW were 12.13% and 33.06%, respectively. Statistically significant changes in GD were recorded from T0 to T1 (P < 0.0005) and from T1 to T2 (P < 0.0005), but not from T2 to T3 (P = 0.13). The change in GD at T3 was 33.26% at tooth and 43.11% at implant site level (P = 0.01). Age and GW assessed at T0 proved to be related to the changes in GD and GW in the univariate and multivariate analyses. The univariate analysis showed the avascular area (AA) to be related to the changes in GD and GW at the implant sites, whereas graft thickness (GT) was associated to changes in GD and GW at the tooth sites in the univariate and multivariate analyses.

Conclusion

Free epithelialized grafts are exposed to dimensional changes that result in a reduction of approximately 40% of the original graft dimension–the changes being approximately 10% greater at the implant sites than at the tooth sites (NCT04410614).
Soil amendments for improving grain quality of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) under drought
Authors: Mondal Subham C. , Gogoi Nirmali , Nath Dhrubajyoti , Gayan Anjuma
Published: December 2021

Background

Use of soil amendments in agriculture is an old practice and with increase in demand of organic agriculture, it is gaining more attention. Work on the quality of the produce more particularly if crop faces any adverse situation like drought are scarce. This paper provides a comparative assessment of organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic (biochar) soil amendments on grain quality of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) when crop faces drought. Different grain quality parameters were studied along with crop health and grain yield under the application of soil amendments during drought.

Results

Biochar and farm yard manure (FYM) lowered drought‐induced leaf water potential (upto 22%) and root nitrate reductase activity (by 62% and 67% respectively). Both inorganic and organic soil amendments improved in vitro protein digestibility (up to 16% and 37% respectively). Whereas higher grain phytic acid content (increased up to 40%) was noted from application of organic amendment (FYM) compared to inorganic (16% increase in biochar treated plots). Protein yield is enhanced (8%) under the application of Biochar‐enhanced protein yield by 8% when crops experienced drought at vegetative stage, whereas FYM reduced it by 9% under the same situation.

Conclusion

Tested soil amendments can improve grain quality of grass pea. However, they were not equally efficient when the crop experienced drought at either stage of growth. Thus, screening of soil amendment is important when added under stressful situation like drought to ascertain better grain quality for consumers.
Consequences of migratory strategy on habitat selection by mule deer
Authors: Peterson Collin J. , DeCesare Nicholas J. , Hayes Teagan A. , Bishop Chad J. , Mitchell Michael S.
Published: December 2021

Ungulate behavior is often characterized as balancing selection for forage and avoidance of predation risk. Within partially migratory ungulate populations, this balancing occurs across multiple spatial scales, potentially resulting in different exposure to costs and benefits between migrants and residents. We assessed how availability and selection of forage and risk from predators varied between summer ranges of migrant and resident mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus; a species in which individual migratory strategies are generally fixed for life) in 3 study areas in western Montana, USA, during summers 2017–2019. We hypothesized that mule deer would face a tradeoff between selecting forage and avoiding predation risk, and that migration and residency would pose contrasting availability of forage and risk at a broad (summer range) spatial scale. We hypothesized deer exposed to lower forage at a given spatial scale would compensate for reduced availability by increasing selection of forage at the cost of reduced avoidance of predators, a mechanism whereby migrants and residents could potentially achieve similar exposure to forage despite disparate availability. We compared the availability of forage (kcal/m2) and predation risk from wolves (Canis lupus) and mountain lions (Puma concolor) between summer ranges of each migratory strategy, then assessed how selection for those factors at the home range (second order) and within‐home range (third order) scales varied using resource selection functions (RSFs). As forage availability increased among mule deer summer ranges and individual home ranges, selection for forage decreased at the second‐order (P = 0.052) and third‐order (P = 0.081) scales, respectively, but avoidance of predators varied weakly. In 1 study area, summer range of residents contained lower forage and higher risk than summer range of migrants, but residents compensated for this disadvantage through stronger selection of forage and avoidance of risk at finer spatial scales. In the other 2 study areas, summer range of migrants contained lower forage and higher risk than residents, but migrants did not compensate through stronger selection for beneficial resources. The majority of mule deer in our study system were migratory, though the benefits of migration were unclear, suggesting partial migration may persist in populations even when exposure to forage and predation risk appears unequal between strategies.