bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurological complications of systemic disease
Authors: Scolding Neil
Published: February 2020

This chapter describes how various systemic inflammatory or immunological disorders systemic inflammatory or immunological disorders can affect the nervous system. Such autoimmune rheumatological disorders include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Reiter’s disease; vasculitic disorders include giant cell arteritis, vasculitic disorders include giant cell arteritis and the primary and secondary vasculitides. Other autoimmune and inflammatory conditions diseases affecting the nervous system include ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, Whipple’s disease, coeliac disease, Other autoimmune diseases affecting the nervous system include Behçet’s disease, and sarcoidosis, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, Whipple’s disease and coeliac disease. Thyroid disease may also be associated with immunologically driven neurological complications including dysthyroid eye disease—Graves’ ophthalmoplegia and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis-associated encephalopathy.
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes
Authors: Rees Jeremy
Published: February 2020

Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes are disorders caused by the presence of an underlying tumour, but not due to either direct or metastatic invasion, or to recognized metabolic or endocrine complications. They are thought to arise from an autoimmune response to ‘onconeural’ tumour antigens which are also expressed by cells of the central or peripheral nervous systems. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes are rare but important because (1) they often develop before the cancer has been identified, (2) serological testing for specific antineuronal (onconeural) antibodies may identify a neurological disorder as paraneoplastic and the results may suggest the location of the underlying tumour and/or predict its prognosis. In some cases, the identity of the antibody predicts an immunotherapy-responsive disease.
The eye in general medicine
Authors: Braithwaite Tasanee , Lee Richard W. , Khaw Peng T.
Published: February 2020

The integrity of ocular anatomy and physiology, the function of the visual system, and the perception of vision, our most prized sense, are intimately connected with our general health. Subtle visual signs and symptoms may therefore be the first manifestation of occult systemic disease. With a basic history and examination of the eyes and vision, the physician can narrow the differential diagnosis and ascertain whether there is any immediate threat to vision or even life. The major focus of this chapter is the eye in the context of a range of vascular, haematological, neoplastic, inflammatory, endocrine, genetic, metabolic, toxic, and nutritional disorders. This chapter also considers the leading causes of blindness globally, and common ocular presentations in primary care and general medical practice. Other isolated ocular conditions are excluded and neuro-ophthalmological conditions are referred to elsewhere in this book (Chapters 24.6.1 and 24.6.2).
General introduction
Authors: Sharpe Michael
Published: February 2020

All physicians experience situations in which they need the knowledge, skills, and attitudes commonly thought of as belonging to psychiatry. This section of the book aims to help physicians to acquire these. It includes: (1) guidance on how to assess medical patients for psychiatric illness; (2) information about psychiatric presentations and the differential diagnoses most relevant to general medical practice; (3) brief reviews of the psychiatric disorders most commonly seen in general medical practice and the practical management of these; (4) guidance on the use of psychotropic drugs and psychological treatments when given as part of general medical care; (5) evidence-based strategies for helping patients who are smoking, using alcohol excessively, or who are overweight.
The psychiatric assessment of the medical patient
Authors: Walker Jane , Smyth Roger , Sharpe Michael
Published: February 2020

Medically ill patients often have psychiatric illness. Physicians can and should detect and diagnose these illnesses during their standard medical assessment. All that is required is knowledge of key questions to ask patients, awareness of the clinical signs that may be observed, and an appreciation of the value of additional information from relatives, other clinicians, and the medical record. The aims are to detect and diagnose psychiatric disorders; assess the risk of self-harm or harm to others; establish the need for treatment or referral for a psychiatric opinion; provide the basis for clear and effective communication with a psychiatrist; and to communicate to the patient that you are interested in all aspects of their suffering and thereby establish a clinically effective relationship with them.
Low mood
Authors: Walker Jane
Published: February 2020

Low mood is a very common symptom that is often considered a normal, understandable reaction to serious, disabling, or disfiguring illnesses or treatment. While low mood may indeed be part of the adjustment to adverse circumstances, it may also be the presentation of serious psychiatric and medical illnesses requiring active treatment. The most common of these is major depressive disorder, which is a complicating illness in about 10 per cent of patients with chronic medical conditions. Simple questioning can clarify the diagnosis, but sometimes a more detailed psychiatric and medical assessment is required so that the appropriate treatment can be provided.
Dementia
Authors: Sheehan Bart
Published: February 2020

Dementia is a clinical syndrome, not a specific disease. It is characterized by impairment of mental functions leading to memory loss, behavioural changes, and impairment in the activities of daily living. It may be caused by several different diseases, the most common being Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia. There are other potentially treatable causes, including depression, which must be excluded. Drug treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors may reduce the progression of dementia for a period, especially in Alzheimer’s disease. Antipsychotic drugs should be used with great care. The associated impairment and behavioural problems often requires social care, sometimes in institutions, and will place an increasing burden on medical services and society.
Depressive disorder
Authors: Cerimele Joseph , Chwastiak Lydia
Published: February 2020

Depression is a common psychiatric illness seen by physicians. It not only greatly impairs quality of life, but also frequently complicates chronic medical conditions such as diabetes. Despite being common and clinically important it is frequently insufficiently treated, hence it is important to seek the symptoms of depression in all patients with chronic medical conditions. When found, the physician has an important role in explaining the nature of depression and its treatment to the patient. Treatment is with antidepressant drugs and/or psychological treatment. When assessing depressed patients, it is always important to assess for suicide risk. Complex cases, failure to respond to initial treatment, or concern about suicide risk, indicate the need for referral to a psychiatrist.
Acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Bisson Jonathan I.
Published: February 2020

Acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder are all psychiatric consequences of traumatic experiences. Because trauma is so common in medical practice, in the form of accidents, severe illness, and sometimes medical and surgical treatments, these disorders are commonly seen by physicians. An initial severe reaction to a traumatic event such as severe accident is an acute stress disorder and is commonly characterized by dissociation. A more long-lasting emotional reaction to ongoing stress such as a new diagnosis of life-threatening illness is termed an adjustment disorder. An often longer-lasting and more severe psychological reaction associated with repeated mental re-experiencing of the traumatic event is called post-traumatic stress disorder. These trauma-related disorders are not only an important cause of suffering but may also complicate medical care, hence they require recognition and appropriate treatment.
Brief interventions for excessive alcohol consumption
Authors: O’Donnell Amy , Kaner Eileen , Heather Nick
Published: February 2020

The treatment and prevention of alcohol-related harm requires that attention is paid not only to alcohol dependence, but also to hazardous and harmful drinking. The prevalence of these problems is high, amounting to about one in four of the adult population of the United Kingdom. The usual goal of intervention is to reduce drinking to low-risk levels, although it may also be abstinence. Screening patients for alcohol problems and providing brief interventions to those identified are potentially effective ways of improving patients’ health and reducing their risk of future harm. The intervention of simple, structured advice can be delivered without extensive training in 3 to 5 minutes. More intensive brief behavioural counselling requires training and takes 20 to 30 minutes, often with follow-up visits.
Obesity and weight management
Authors: Jebb Susan , Aveyard Paul
Published: February 2020

Obesity is a major public health issue. It is common and a strong risk factor for many medical conditions, including Type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and cancer. Obesity results from an energy intake that exceeds energy expenditure. Cheap, readily available, energy-dense food and sugary drinks together with a sedentary lifestyle are fuelling the rise in obesity. There is growing evidence that interventions to aid weight loss are effective in reducing the risk to health associated with being obese, especially if they combine change in both diet and physical activity. There is only a limited role for drug treatment of obesity in routine care. For individuals at the highest risk of comorbid conditions, bariatric surgery is an appropriate option.
Forensic and legal medicine
Authors: Payne-James Jason , Marks Paul , Bouhaidar Ralph , Karch Steven B.
Published: February 2020

Forensic and legal medicine focuses on the interaction between law and medicine. All medical practitioners should have knowledge about the basics of forensic and legal medicine to call upon in the absence of specialists; hence, it is important for any practitioner to be fully aware of laws, statutes, codes of practice, regulations, and professional standards within their own geographic region of practice. This chapter focuses on (1) diagnosis and forensic aspects of death, including death certification and the role (in the United Kingdom) of the coroner; (2) assessment of allegations of physical and sexual abuse, and of torture; (3) how to perform a postmortem (where pathology services may be limited); and (4) forensic use of medical biological tests, particularly genetic tests that can be helpful in determining the likely cause of otherwise unexplained deaths.
Practical procedures
Authors: Jolly Elaine , Coggle Sian , Firth John D.
Published: February 2020

Key practical clinical procedures are described in this chapter, along with clear anatomical diagrams to enable the reader to fully understand the processes involved. These procedures are clearly organized in the following sections: cannulation and invasive monitoring, cardiac procedures (including pacing), arterial blood gas measurement and interpretation, and airway and respiratory procedures.
Ethics in obstetrics and gynaecology
Authors: Chervenak Frank A. , McCullough Laurence B.
Published: February 2020

Obstetrician-gynaecologists confront a wide range of ethical challenges in clinical practice. To guide obstetrician-gynaecologists in responding to these challenges in a responsible way, this chapter provides a concise overview based on the professional responsibility model of ethics in obstetrics and gynaecology. This model is based on the transformative contributions of Drs John Gregory (1724–1773) and Thomas Percival (1740–1804) to the global history of medical ethics. This model requires three commitments of physicians: to scientific and clinical competence; to the primacy of the patient’s health-related interests; and to sustaining medicine as a public trust rather than a self-interested merchant guild. This model emphasizes the professional virtues of doctors and ethical principles and the obligations to patients generated by these virtues and principles. The result is a model for ethics in obstetrics and gynaecology that is ethically sound and clinically comprehensive and practical. Taking a preventive ethics approach, this chapter provides ethically justified, practical guidance on the professional responsible management of clinical ethical challenges in gynaecology, in obstetrics, and in professionally responsible advocacy.
Genetics for the obstetrician and gynaecologist
Authors: Ioannides Adonis
Published: February 2020

The field of human genetics examines the structure and function of the human genome, the transmission of the information it contains between generations, and the way its perturbations can lead to disease. The application of genetics in clinical practice relies on the accurate identification of genetic variation and the interpretation of its significance. Genetic concepts are prominent in obstetric and gynaecological consultations, particularly in relation to reproductive issues and, more recently, to aspects of gynaecological oncology. This chapter uses examples from these areas to illustrate how genetics can influence clinical practice and provides an overview of commonly used and newly developed laboratory techniques that support investigation and diagnosis. Relevant aspects of genetic counselling are also discussed.
Clinical governance
Authors: Edozien Leroy C.
Published: February 2020

Clinical governance is the totality of structures and processes that are in place to ensure that, as far as practicable, the right person receives the right treatment, in the right way, at the right time, in the right place, with the right outcome. This goal does not happen by chance; it has to be secured by conscious effort, and that effort—creating and sustaining the required structures and processes—has to be actively and efficiently managed. This chapter describes the basic principles of clinical governance and provides a framework—the RADICAL framework—for delivering and monitoring clinical governance. The framework comprises the following domains: Raise awareness, Apply quality improvement methodology, Design for quality (including safety), Involve service users, Collect and Analyse data, and Learn from experience. The lofty aims of achieving optimal clinical outcomes and the best possible patient experience are best achieved when clinical practice addresses these integrated domains.
The placenta
Authors: Jauniaux Eric , Bhide Amarnath , Burton Graham J.
Published: February 2020

Abnormal placental development and function are widely recognized as having immediate consequences on the outcome of a pregnancy, and more recently to influence the lifelong health of the offspring. The development of the placenta starts from implantation, when the embryonic pole of the blastocyst enters into contact with the maternal uterine epithelium. The placenta provides the fetus with all essential nutrients, water, and oxygen, and a route for clearance of fetal excretory products, but it also produces a vast array of protein and steroid hormones and factors necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy. Placental-related disorders of pregnancy affect around a third of human pregnancies, primarily including miscarriages, pre-eclampsia, and fetal growth restriction. Placental and umbilical cord structural anomalies that are associated with perinatal complications can now be diagnosed from early in pregnancy with ultrasonography and the antenatal detection of anomalies such as placenta praevia and placenta accreta has a direct impact on the outcome of pregnancy.
Fetal growth
Authors: Hirst Jane E. , Papageorghiou Aris T.
Published: February 2020

Fetal growth is a complex and highly orchestrated process. Monitoring fetal growth is one of the cornerstones of the evaluation of fetal well-being. This chapter explores the global epidemiology of poor fetal growth, the controversies around the definition of the condition, and the scientific validity of the multitude of growth charts and approaches to fetal growth currently in use around the world. In 2014, the accepted approaches to fetal growth were challenged by the findings of the international INTERGROWTH-21st Project. This major international project demonstrated that the growth of babies in utero and the size of babies around the world are remarkably similar if maternal environmental, social, and medical conditions are relatively optimal. From this study, the first standards for fetal and newborn growth have been produced. The management of babies detected to be large for gestational age (LGA) also remains controversial and a clinical challenge. With increasing rates of maternal obesity and gestational diabetes, a growing proportion of babies are born LGA or detected to be LGA in utero. Other than the treatment for gestational diabetes, the evidence for effective interventions to prevent the development of LGA during pregnancy is limited. Key issues regarding the management of LGA include the most appropriate timing and mode of delivery to prevent shoulder dystocia and birth trauma.
Haematological disorders in pregnancy
Authors: Ali Amanda , Shehata Hassan
Published: February 2020

During the last four decades, there have been major advances in the understanding and management of the haematological disorders associated with pregnancy. This chapter aims to help update the management and knowledge of some of these conditions. The section on anaemia in pregnancy addresses its prevention, diagnosis, and management. Sickle cell disease is discussed, with its associated complications and the role of preconception and antenatal care in the appropriate set-up. The section on thalassemia highlights the advances in antenatal screening and the management of the different types in pregnancy. A concise updated review on antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy is included, addressing its diagnosis and management. Early pregnancy loss is the most common pregnancy complication and its occurrence in association with a thrombophilia is discussed in detail. Women with inherited bleeding disorders and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy may face several haemostatic challenges during pregnancy and childbirth. Pregnancy in these women requires specialized and individualized care. This section covers the management of maternal and fetal complications as well as prenatal diagnosis including new advances for haemophilia carriers. The section on thrombocytopenia outlines the management of low platelets in pregnancy, and the association with severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome. There is a section devoted to management of haematological malignancies in pregnancy, which is complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach. An attempt has been made to cover as many subjects in a way that will be of interest and value to both obstetricians and haematologists involved in the care of pregnant women.
Neonatal care and neonatal problems
Authors: Vasu Vimal , Modi Neena
Published: February 2020

The birth of a healthy baby is a cardinal pregnancy outcome, and one that is best brought about by midwifery, obstetric, and neonatal teams working in partnership with the expectant mother. The last decades have seen considerable improvement in the management of high-risk pregnancies and this has resulted in better condition of the infant at birth, thus optimizing chances for intact survival. Very often, decisions that need to be made are not black and white, such as the timing of preterm delivery when the health of the mother must be weighed against the risks for the infant. This chapter aims to provide an overview for obstetricians of the basic principles of newborn management, and wider aspects such as the organization of services, evaluating practice, and reducing uncertainties, that are also integral to high-quality care.
Menopause
Authors: Sassarini Jenifer , Ann Lumsden Mary
Published: February 2020

In the United Kingdom, menopause occurs in women at around the age of 51 years, and is part of the normal ageing process. It occurs as a result of a decrease in the number of primordial follicles after the age of 40 years, but can occur prematurely in 1% of women secondary to a number of aetiologies. This chapter covers the definition, and staging, of menopause and, using recently published guidance from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, gives recommendations on making a diagnosis. Hot flushes and night sweats (vasomotor symptoms) are the most commonly reported symptoms, but menopause may also be associated with urogenital atrophy, and long-term consequences include osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and dementia. Hormone therapy is effective in reducing flushing, but it is not suitable for all women and the evidence for its benefit and long-term consequences is controversial. Non-hormonal therapies are available, but best evidence must be considered when suggesting these alternatives.
Laparoscopy
Authors: Andriputri Stephanie S. , Lyons Stephen D. , Abbott Jason A.
Published: February 2020

A minimal access approach has been one of the most substantial changes to surgery in the last century with most specialties recognizing the endoscopic technique as one that reduces patient morbidity, improves postoperative recovery, and may reduce costs associated with healthcare delivery. In gynaecological laparoscopy, all surgical procedures may be undertaken by this method, although approaches vary and the evidence for individual techniques is qualitatively disparate. Whenever possible, it is recommended that an evidence-based practical application of surgery be followed and this chapter considers the evidence about gynaecological laparoscopy. It will follow options for managing the laparoscopy patient, rather than focusing on individual procedures. The evidence will be addressed according to both quality and volume. It is outside of the scope to consider all possible surgical techniques and the chapter appraises the various aspects of care that are common to gynaecological laparoscopy in a logical and sequential manner.
Benign disease of the uterus
Authors: Gupta Sahana , Manyonda Isaac
Published: February 2020

The benign diseases of the uterus compromise endometrial polyps, adenomyosis, and uterine fibroids or leiomyomas. Polyps are often asymptomatic, or may cause intermenstrual bleeding, and recent technological developments allow for rapid diagnosis (transvaginal sonography) and treatment (outpatient hysteroscopy and polypectomy with or without local anaesthesia). Precious little progress has been made over the past few decades in the understanding of the pathophysiology of adenomyosis, or its effective management beyond hysterectomy. Until as recently as two decades ago, the only treatment options for fibroids were hysterectomy and myomectomy, but the advent of radiological interventions (uterine artery embolization and focused ultrasound surgery) has revolutionized uterine-preserving management options of fibroid disease, while the recent emergence of selective progesterone receptor modulators has, at long last, heralded effective medical therapy for fibroids. This rapid expansion in fertility-preserving treatments for fibroids could not have been more timely since in recent years there has been a dramatic shift in the demography of childbirth, with many women postponing childbirth to their late 30s and early 40s, when fibroids are more prevalent and more symptomatic. Parallel developments in assisted reproduction technology now allow women to achieve pregnancies at an age that was unthinkable three decades ago. Even when child bearing is not an issue, hysterectomy no longer need be the only effective treatment for the menstrual disturbance and other symptoms associated with benign diseases of the uterus—new minimally invasive procedures now allow for equally effective interventions that improve women’s quality of life.
Childbirth trauma
Authors: Doumouchtsis Stergios
Published: February 2020

Pelvic floor disorders are strongly associated with childbirth and are more prevalent in parous women. Pelvic floor trauma commonly occurs at the time of the first vaginal childbirth. Conventionally, childbirth trauma refers to perineal and vaginal trauma following delivery and the focus has been on the perineal body and the anal sphincter complex. However, childbirth trauma may involve different aspects of the pelvic floor. Pelvic floor trauma during vaginal childbirth may involve tissue rupture, compression, and stretching, resulting in nerve, muscle, and connective tissue damage. Some women may be more susceptible to pelvic floor trauma than others due to collagen weakness. Childbirth trauma affects millions of women worldwide. The incidence of perineal trauma is over 91% in nulliparous women and over 70% in multiparous women. A clinical diagnosis of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS) is made in between 1% and 11% of women following vaginal delivery. Increased training and awareness around OASIS is associated with an increase in the reported incidence. Short- and long-term symptoms of childbirth trauma can have a significant effect on daily activities, psychological well-being, sexual function, and overall quality of life.
Pathology of tumours of the female genital tract
Authors: Prat Jaime
Published: February 2020

Pathology reports include not only histopathological diagnoses but also specific information relating to prognosis and treatment; thus, pathologists must have sufficient familiarity with the staging classification and management of gynaecological cancers to assure that their reports communicate clinically relevant information. On the other hand, full understanding of the pathology report by the gynaecologist requires familiarity with the terminology used in gynaecological pathology. This chapter summarizes the pathological features of the most common gynaecological tumours.
XMM–Newton observations of a gamma-ray pulsar J0633+0632: pulsations, cooling and large-scale emission
Authors: Danilenko A , Karpova A , Ofengeim D , Shibanov Yu , Zyuzin D
Published: February 2020

We report results of XMM–Newton observations of a γ-ray pulsar J0633+0632 and its wind nebula. We reveal, for the first time, pulsations of the pulsar X-ray emission with a single sinusoidal pulse profile and a pulsed fraction of 23 ± 6 per cent in the 0.3–2 keV band. We confirm previous Chandra findings that the pulsar X-ray spectrum consists of thermal and non-thermal components. However, we do not find the absorption feature that was previously detected at about 0.8 keV. Thanks to the greater sensitivity of XMM–Newton, we get stronger constraints on spectral model parameters compared to previous studies. The thermal component can be equally well described by either blackbody or neutron star atmosphere models, implying that this emission is coming from either hot pulsar polar caps with a temperature of about 120 eV or from the colder bulk of the neutron star surface with a temperature of about 50 eV. In the latter case, the pulsar appears to be one of the coolest among other neutron stars of similar ages with estimated surface temperatures. We discuss cooling scenarios relevant to this neutron star. Using an interstellar absorption–distance relation, we also constrain the distance to the pulsar to the range of 0.7–2 kpc. Besides the pulsar and its compact nebula, we detect regions of weak large-scale diffuse non-thermal emission in the pulsar field and discuss their possible nature.
Evolution of dwarf galaxy observable parameters
Authors: Ledinauskas Eimantas , Zubovas Kastytis
Published: February 2020

We present a semi-analytic model of isolated dwarf galaxy evolution and use it to study the build-up of observed correlations between dwarf galaxy properties. We analyse the evolution using models with averaged and individual halo mass assembly histories in order to determine the importance of stochasticity on the present-day properties of dwarf galaxies. The model has a few free parameters, but when these are calibrated using the halo mass–stellar mass and stellar mass–metallicity relations, the results agree with other observed dwarf galaxy properties remarkably well. Redshift evolution shows that even isolated galaxies change significantly over the Hubble time and that ‘fossil dwarf galaxies’ with properties equivalent to those of high-redshift analogues should be extremely rare, or non-existent, in the local Universe. A break in most galaxy property correlations develops over time, at a stellar mass $M_* \simeq 10^7 \, {\rm M_{\odot }}$. It is caused predominantly by the ionizing background radiation and can therefore in principle be used to constrain the properties of reionization.
Resonance libration and width at arbitrary inclination
Authors: Namouni F , Morais M H M
Published: February 2020

We apply the analytical disturbing function for arbitrary inclination derived in our previous work to characterize resonant width and libration of mean motion resonances at arbitrary inclination obtained from direct numerical simulations of the three-body problem. We examine the 2:1 and 3:1 inner Jupiter and 1:2 and 1:3 outer Neptune resonances and their possible asymmetric librations using a new analytical pendulum model of resonance that includes the simultaneous libration of multiple arguments and their second harmonics. The numerically derived resonance separatrices are obtained using the mean exponential growth factor of nearby orbits (megno chaos indicator). We find that the analytical and numerical estimates are in agreement and that resonance width is determined by the first few fundamental resonance modes that librate simultaneously on the resonant time-scale. Our results demonstrate that the new pendulum model may be used to ascertain resonance width analytically, and more generally, that the disturbing function for arbitrary inclination is a powerful analytical tool that describes resonance dynamics of low as well as high inclination asteroids in the Solar system.
Effects of radiation pressure on the evaporative wind of HD 209458b
Authors: Debrecht Alex , Carroll-Nellenback Jonathan , Frank Adam , Blackman Eric G , Fossati Luca , McCann John , Murray-Clay Ruth
Published: February 2020

The role of radiation pressure in shaping exoplanet photoevaporation remains a topic of contention. Radiation pressure from the exoplanet’s host star has been proposed as a mechanism to drive the escaping atmosphere into a ‘cometary’ tail and explain the high velocities observed in systems where mass-loss is occurring. In this paper, we present results from high-resolution 3D hydrodynamic simulations of a planet similar to HD 209458b. We self-consistently launch a wind flowing outwards from the planet by calculating the ionization and heating resulting from incident high-energy radiation, and account for radiation pressure. We first present a simplified calculation, setting a limit on the Lyman-α flux required to drive the photoevaporated planetary material to larger radii and line-of-sight velocities. We then present the results of our simulations, which confirm the limits determined by our analytic calculation. We thus demonstrate that, within the limits of our hydrodynamic simulation and for the Lyman-α fluxes expected for HD 209458, radiation pressure is unlikely to significantly affect photoevaporative winds or to explain the high velocities at which wind material is observed, though further possibilities remain to be investigated.
Between the Signposts: Thematic Interpolation and Structural Defamiliarization in Prokofiev’s Sonata Process
Authors: Perry Rebecca
Published: February 2020

This article explores the manner in which Prokofiev’s interpolation of unrelated material in the middle of a traditional theme-space ironizes a seemingly normative sonata process in the first movement of his Second Piano Sonata (1912). By serving as the motivic, tonal, and rhetorical source of much that follows, this interpolation launches a quietly subversive counternarrative that threatens to undermine the traditional sonata narrative upon which the P theme had embarked. I invoke Russian Formalist literary theory as a framework for clarifying and contextualizing the disruptive structural function of Prokofiev’s interpolations within his larger sonata text.
Gender differences in giving and the anticipation regarding giving in dictator games*
Authors: Chowdhury Subhasish M , Grossman Philip J , Jeon Joo Young
Published: February 2020

Research on altruistic behaviour and associated anticipatory beliefs, as well as related gender differences, is limited. Using data from Chowdhury and Jeon, who vary a common show-up fee and incentivize recipients to anticipate the amount given in a dictator game, we find that the show-up fee has a positive effect on dictator-giving for both genders. While female dictators are more generous than males, male recipients anticipate higher amounts than the amount male dictators give. As the show-up fee increases, the female dictators become a more generous social type, whereas males do not show this effect. There is no gender difference in anticipation about dictator social type by the recipients.
Identification of the Distal Dural Ring and Definition of Paraclinoid Aneurysms According to Bony Landmarks on 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography Angiography: A Cadaveric and Radiological Study
Authors: Scerbak Jelena , Lapteva Ona , Sahin Omer S , Ksanas Ugnius , Barkauskiene Alina , Lengvenis Givi , Ozaydin Burak , Cikla Ulas , Baskaya Mustafa K
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND

Determining if paraclinoid aneurysms are intradural or extradural is critical for surgical planning.

OBJECTIVE

To create an easily reproducible diagnostic method based on bony anatomy that precisely locates the distal dural ring (DDR) to determine the position of paraclinoid aneurysms as intradural, transitional, or extradural.

METHODS

Bilateral anatomic dissections of 10 cadaveric heads (20 sides) were performed to evaluate DDR anatomy. We observed a plane that reflects the position of the DDR passes through 4 bony landmarks: 1) The anterior clinoid-internal carotid artery intersection, 2) the optic strut, 3) the optico-carotid elevation, and 4) the base of the posterior clinoid process. This landmark-based plane can thus define the location of the DDR using 3-dimensional computed tomography angiography (CTA). This was confirmed in 27 surgical patients with intradural/transitional aneurysms and 7 patients with extradural aneurysms confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The DDR plane method easily classified aneurysm locations as intradural (above the DDR plane), extradural (below the DDR plane), or transitional (the DDR plane crosses the aneurysm). The aneurysm's location was subsequently confirmed intraoperatively or with MRI.

RESULTS

The DDR plane method determined if paraclinoid aneurysms were intradural, transitional, or extradural in all 34 cases examined. The visibility of the anatomic features that define the DDR plane was also verified in 82% to 89% of CTA images from 100 patients.

CONCLUSION

The DDR plane method provides a useful diagnostic tool to evaluate the position of the DDR and determine the anatomic location of paraclinoid aneurysms.
Why Inflicting Disability is Wrong: The Mere-Difference View and the Causation-Based Objection
Authors: Mosquera Julia
Published: February 2020

In her widely known paper “Valuing Disability, Causing Disability” Elizabeth Barnes defends the view that disability is a mere difference (Mere-Difference View, or MDV). Her paper is a response to critics who argue that the MDV implies the permissibility of inflicting disability. Barnes defends the view that inflicting disability is nevertheless morally wrong because of (1) the transition costs of becoming disabled, and (2) the Principle of Non-Interference (PNI). This chapter argues that although Barnes is right in affirming that inflicting disability is morally wrong, the arguments she provides in support of this conclusion are unsuccessful in a number of cases. Absent better defense, the MDV remains susceptible to permitting the infliction of disability.
Fair Difference of Opportunity
Authors: Cureton Adam , Kaufman Alexander
Published: February 2020

According to Rawls, Fair Equality of Opportunity requires that those who have the same native abilities and motivations have the same chance of securing offices and positions, regardless of their social class of origin, family background or other social circumstances. Despite its name, this principle does not guarantee equal opportunity for everyone because it allows people with various kinds of physical and psychological impairments and diseases to have lower chances at securing those positions once the adverse influences of their social circumstances have been corrected for. Our alternative principle is partially inspired by Rawls’ Difference Principle. What we call Fair Difference of Opportunity says that the default position should be true equality of opportunity, but if there are ways to improve the opportunities of all by allowing more and better opportunities to some, without violating the other principles of justice, then such arrangements would be just. Fair Difference of Opportunity, we argue, is more faithful to Rawls’s basic framework and more friendly to disabled people than Fair Equality of Opportunity.
Parent–Child Value Similarity
Authors: Knafo-Noam Ariel , Barni Daniela , Schwartz Shalom H.
Published: February 2020

Parent–child value similarity is often considered a hallmark of successful intergenerational socialization. Traditional approaches to the study of relationships among generations view value socialization as a top-down phenomenon in which parents transmit their values to their children in a unidirectional and often deterministic manner. Instead, in this chapter, the authors argue for considering parent–child value similarity as the result of a complex network of mutual influences among parents, children, and their shared environments. In particular, we propose a framework that considers four interdependent pathways to parent–child value similarity: parental influence, child influence, genetic effects, and overlap among the environmental antecedents of values. For each of these pathways, as well as for their interactions and correlations, the authors provide and discuss some examples for a better understanding of the shared value development.
The Development of Moral Self-Awareness
Authors: Thompson Ross A.
Published: February 2020

Moral self-awareness concerns how people perceive themselves as moral actors in the world. Its developmental origins begin early with the growth of empathy and emotion understanding and young children’s sensitivity to the effects of people’s actions on another’s feelings, goals, and intentions. Moral self-awareness continues to unfold with the development of conscience, moral emotions such as shame and guilt, and the emergence of the “moral self” in the preschool years. This chapter discusses these achievements, their developmental origins in parent–child relationships and in the growth of psychological understanding, and their connections to later advances in moral self-awareness, including moral identity in adolescence.
Surveillance and Security Practices in Schools
Authors: Nance Jason P.
Published: February 2020

Criminal justice–oriented security measures, while uncommon decades ago, are now more commonplace in schools. The primary aim of this chapter is to help the reader understand the implications of adopting tight security measures in schools. It first discusses the reasons underlying why schools have implemented tighter security measures in recent decades. It then describes the permissible legal backdrop that has made the proliferation of surveillance measures in schools feasible. Next, it synthesizes the available empirical studies measuring the effectiveness of tight security measures, concluding that their effectiveness is far from clear. It then analyzes the consequences of tight security measures on students and the learning environment, maintaining that these measures facilitate more student involvement in the criminal justice system and may contribute to dysfunctional learning climates. Next, it discusses the available empirical studies documenting that schools with higher concentrations of minority students are more likely to rely on tighter surveillance measures than other schools and the consequences of those troubling trends. Finally, it discusses alternative measures that school officials should consider implementing to create safe schools.
Race and Racism in US Campaigns
Authors: Parker Christopher Sebastian , Towler Christopher C. , Collingwood Loren , Oskooii Kassra AR
Published: February 2020

Lately, much has been made about the state of disrepair of American democracy. Oddly enough, race and racism are almost always absent from these accounts. If campaigns, elections, and representation remain central to American democracy, and some researchers think they do, the impact of racial difference must be considered. This chapter undertakes to examine work in this vein, hoping to shed light on the continuing significance or race and racism. In the end, it shows that appeals to race and racism continues to play a key role in the American democratic experiment.
Time Rules and Time Budgets in Legislatures
Authors: Koß Michael
Published: February 2020

This chapter examines the impact of the alleged acceleration of social life on legislatures. Theoretically, acceleration can be regarded as a constraint or an opportunity. Conceptually, a number of time rules granting various subgroups of legislators different time budgets are used to cope with acceleration. The most important of these rules are those regarding agenda control and committee power. Different time rules and time budgets culminate in two procedural ideal types, talking and working legislatures. Empirically, both ideal types are clearly identifiable and have distinct consequences for public policies. A tentative long-term analysis shows no evidence for an ever-increasing acceleration of lawmaking in five lower chambers.
Michael Oakeshott,On Human Conduct
Authors: Boyd Richard
Published: February 2020

This chapter surveys some of the main themes of Michael Oakeshott’s On Human Conduct (1975). Despite Oakeshott’s reputation as a conservative thinker, an examination of his theory of civil association reveals how extensively the book anticipated subsequent developments in contemporary liberal political philosophy. On Human Conduct offers many insights into questions of liberal neutrality, civility, agonistic pluralism, and radical individuality that have come to dominate the writings of leading contemporary exponents of liberalism. Notwithstanding these enduring influences, however, the book proves much less helpful in clarifying thorny questions about the distribution of membership in bounded political communities.
Identities and Identification In Work Contexts
Authors: Ashforth Blake E. , Moser Jordana R. , Bubenzer Philipp
Published: February 2020

The lion’s share of research on identification in organizations reflexively continues to focus on the organization itself as the centrepiece of individuals’ work-related identity. In this chapter the authors argue that this focus is misplaced because: (1) even in relatively stable organizations, individuals tend to identify more strongly or as strongly with proximal targets such as their occupation and workgroups, and with artefacts and practices that are personally meaningful in their own right; and (2) work environments are becoming more virtual, temporary/project-based, and pluralistic, creating challenges of salience, stability, and authenticity. Given these challenges, the authors argue that individuals are increasingly vesting their identities in a mix of external foci (social identities in the form of roles, networks, projects/gigs, and third places) and internal foci (personal identities in the form of personal brands and protean selves). In making these arguments, the authors emphasize the importance of holding environments for both external and internal foci.
Anchored in the Past
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: February 2020

This chapter starts with an exanimation of the emotion of nostalgia drawn from different fields, including psychology, politics, and organization studies and identifies some current points of agreement as well as disagreement. After a brief discussion of current conceptualizations of identity, especially in relation to emotions, the author looks at the literature that seeks to link nostalgia to identity both as a group phenomenon and as an individual experience. The chapter examines in turn nostalgia in relation to individual identity, organizational identities, and more broadly social and national identities. It is argued that nostalgia aims to maintain a sense of continuity in the face of discontinuity and disruption, both at the individual and group levels. It is an emotion that can strengthen communal bonds but can also assume aggressive forms against ‘othered’ social groups that are cast in the role of wreckers or disruptors. Within organizations, nostalgia can support employee resistance against modernizing forces, but can also be appropriated by modernizing management regimes to legitimize changes ostensibly aimed at restoring desirable qualities of the past. The chapter concludes by proposing that nostalgia can be viewed as an anchor to the past, one that stops identities from drifting or being overwhelmed or wrecked by a changing world and offers some reflections for future research.
Autobiographical Memory and Identities in Organizations
Authors: Suddaby Roy , Schultz Majken , Israelsen Trevor
Published: February 2020

Current theories of identity in organizations assume and valorize stability of identity over time. In this chapter the authors challenge this assumption by introducing contemporary understandings of the fluidity of time in the construction of autobiographical memory. They argue that, both in individual and organizational memory, narrative constructions of the self fluidly incorporate episodes from the past, present, and future in an ongoing effort to create a coherent autobiography. They elaborate the construct of autobiographical memory as constituted by autonoetic consciousness, life narrative, and collective memory and discuss the implications for identities in organizations.
Crafting Philanthropic Identities
Authors: Maclean Mairi , Harvey Charles
Published: February 2020

A salient if under-researched feature of the new age of global inequalities is the rise to prominence of entrepreneurial philanthropy, the pursuit of social goals through philanthropic investment in projects animated by entrepreneurial principles. This chapter proposes a typology of the philanthropic identities that wealthy individuals craft during their philanthropic journeys. The scale of philanthropic ambition is closely linked to the type of identity assumed, allied to the dominant philanthropic orientation adopted, whether institutional or transformational. Some philanthropists, who assume a localized perspective, seek to re-embed disadvantaged communities to which they feel allegiance. Others, desiring social transformation, aspire to re-set current systems through the scale of their endeavours. Four generic philanthropic identities are explored, labelled ‘local hero’, ‘pillar of society’, ‘social crusader’, and ‘game changer’ respectively. In making sense of philanthropic identities, this chapter extends theoretical approaches to the study of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy, still at a pre-paradigmatic, embryonic stage.