bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep-time climate legacies affect origination rates of marine genera
Authors: Mathes Gregor H. , Kiessling Wolfgang , Steinbauer Manuel J.
Published: September 2021

Significance

The effect of climate change on biodiversity is dependent on previous climatic trends. For example, climate warming is more deleterious when added to a long-term warming trend. We tested how the interaction of short- and long-term climate change affects origination rates through time. Using data from the marine fossil record, we show that origination rates in the last 485 million years tend to increase when climate cooling is superimposed on longer-term cooling trends. These findings might clarify the ongoing debate on the relationship between climate and origination and underline the complexity of evolutionary dynamics and the presence of intricate interactions in Earth’s system.
Inherent stochasticity during insulator–metal transition in VO
2
Authors: Cheng Shaobo , Lee Min-Han , Tran Richard , Shi Yin , Li Xing , Navarro Henry , Adda Coline , Meng Qingping , Chen Long-Qing , Dynes R. C. , Ong Shyue Ping , Schuller Ivan K. , Zhu Yimei
Published: September 2021

Significance

Emerging neuromorphic computing with resistive switching devices is one of the promising technologies toward hardware-based artificial intelligence. VO
2
has been demonstrated as a great candidate to emulate the spiking neurons because of the nature of its room-temperature metal–insulator transition and resistive switching. However, the fundamental understanding of the switching stochasticity in this strongly correlated material remains unaddressed. In this work, the inherent electrical and structural stochasticity in a VO
2
/TiO
2
device has been unambiguously revealed by combining in situ transmission electron microscopy experiments and ex situ resistive switching measurement on the same device. We conclude that the randomly oriented monoclinic domains in insulating VO
2
between each resistive switching is the key factor governing the stochasticity behavior.
Comparative genomics provides insights into the aquatic adaptations of mammals
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Zhang Yaolei , Zhang Peijun , Liu Chang , Wang Jiahao , Gao Haiyu , Hoelzel A. Rus , Seim Inge , Lv Meiqi , Lin Mingli , Dong Lijun , Gao Haoyang , Yang Zixin , Caruso Francesco , Lin Wenzhi , da Fonseca Rute R. , Wang Ding , Wang Xianyan , Rasmussen Marianne H. , Liu Mingming , Zheng Jinsong , Zhao Liyuan , Campos Paula F. , Kang Hui , Iversen Maria , Song Yue , Guo Xinyu , Guo Jiao , Qin Yating , Pan Shanshan , Xu Qiwu , Meng Lingfeng , A Yunga , Liu Shanshan , Lee Simon Ming-Yuen , Liu Xin , Xu Xun , Yang Huanming , Fan Guangyi , Wang Kun , Li Songhai
Published: September 2021

Significance

Divergent lineages can respond to common environmental factors through convergent processes involving shared genomic components or pathways, but the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we provide genomic resources and insights into the evolution of mammalian lineages adapting to aquatic life. Our data suggest convergent evolution, for example, in association with thermoregulation through genes associated with a surface heat barrier (NFIA) and internal heat exchange (SEMA3E). Combined with the support of previous reports showing that the UCP1 locus has been lost in many marine mammals independently, our results suggest that the thermostatic strategy of marine mammals shifted from enhancing heat production to limiting heat loss.
Energy penalties enhance flexible receptor docking in a model cavity
Authors: Kamenik Anna S. , Singh Isha , Lak Parnian , Balius Trent E. , Liedl Klaus R. , Shoichet Brian K.
Published: September 2021

Significance

The dynamic nature of biomolecules is typically neglected in docking screens for ligand discovery. The key to benefitting from various receptor conformations is not only structural but also thermodynamic information. Here, we test a general approach that uses conformational preferences from enhanced and conventional molecular dynamics simulations to account for the cost of transitions to high-energy states. Including this information as a conformational penalty term in a docking, scoring function, we perform retrospective and prospective screens and experimentally confirm predicted ligands with T
m
upshift and X-ray crystallography. This not only allows us to test the predicted ligands for binding, it also tests whether they bind to the conformation of the binding site for which they were predicted.
Quantitative evaluation of the feasibility of sampling the ice plumes at Enceladus for biomarkers of extraterrestrial life
Authors: New James S. , Kazemi Bahar , Spathis Vassilia , Price Mark C. , Mathies Richard A. , Butterworth Anna L.
Published: September 2021

Significance

The search for organic biosignatures indicative of life elsewhere in our solar system is an exciting quest that, if successful, will have a profound impact on our biological uniqueness. Saturn’s icy moon Enceladus is a promising location for a second occurrence of life due to its salty subsurface ocean. Plumes that jet out through the ice surface vents provide an enticing opportunity to sample the underlying ocean for biomarkers. The experiments reported here provide accurate modeling of our ability to fly through these plumes to efficiently and nondestructively gather ice particles for biomolecular analysis. Our measured efficiencies demonstrate that Saturn and/or Enceladus orbital missions will gather sufficient ice to make meaningful measurement of biosignatures in the Enceladus plumes.
Climate variability and density-dependent population dynamics: Lessons from a simple High Arctic ecosystem
Authors: Fauteux Dominique , Stien Audun , Yoccoz Nigel G. , Fuglei Eva , Ims Rolf A.
Published: September 2021

Significance

Whether the renowned population cycles of small mammals in northern food webs are driven by bottom-up (plant–herbivore) or top-down (predator–prey) interactions is still a debated question but crucial to our understanding of their ecological functions and response to climate change. A long-term study of a graminivorous vole population in an exceptionally simple High Arctic food web allowed us to identify which population dynamics features are present without top-down regulation. Unique features were high-amplitude, noncyclic population fluctuations driven by a combination of stochastic weather events and season-specific density dependence likely arising from plant–herbivore interactions. That such features are not present in more complex food webs points to the importance of top-down regulation in small mammal populations.
The vitellogenin receptor functionality of the migratory locust depends on its phosphorylation by juvenile hormone
Authors: Jing Yu-Pu , Wen Xinpeng , Li Lunjie , Zhang Shanjing , Zhang Ci , Zhou Shutang
Published: September 2021

Significance

During vitellogenesis of oviparous animals, vitellogenin receptor (VgR)–mediated endocytosis is crucial for the incorporation of yolk proteins into oocytes. VgR also serves as a gatekeeper for vertical transmission of pathogenic microbes and symbionts. Juvenile hormone (JH) acts as a gonadotrophic hormone and stimulates this process in many insect species, but the regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. We find that JH activates the GPCR-PLC-PKC-ι cascade and phosphorylates VgR in an EGF-precursor homology domain. Endosomal acidification leads to VgR dephosphorylation. Phosphorylation is essential for VgR to translocate from oocyte cytoplasm to the membrane to bind with vitellogenin on the membrane and to internalize vitellogenin in oocytes. Moreover, JH-promoted VgR phosphorylation for intracellular recycling and vitellogenin deposition is evolutionarily conserved across divergent insect orders.
Individualistic culture increases economic mobility in the United States
Authors: Leonard Bryan , Smith Steven M.
Published: September 2021

Significance

While previous cross-national comparisons have shown that individualistic societies are associated with more innovation, growth, and income mobility than collectivist societies, our analysis, operating at a finer spatial resolution, demonstrates the relationship also holds within a country and provides new insights into the mechanisms. Our finding—that children who grow up in US counties with a stronger historically determined culture of individualism have greater upward mobility—identifies a significant component of the persistent “causal effect of place” that is not explained by other political and economic variables. With suggestive evidence that informal channels explain more of the result, this study also highlights the need for ongoing work to measure culture and its transmission.
Two-step deswelling in the Volume Phase Transition of thermoresponsive microgels
Authors: Del Monte Giovanni , Truzzolillo Domenico , Camerin Fabrizio , Ninarello Andrea , Chauveau Edouard , Tavagnacco Letizia , Gnan Nicoletta , Rovigatti Lorenzo , Sennato Simona , Zaccarelli Emanuela
Published: September 2021

Significance

Microgels, colloidal-scale polymer networks, are the prototype soft colloids. When the constituent polymers are thermoresponsive, they undergo a volume phase transition (VPT) from a swollen to a collapsed state at a characteristic temperature, close to ambient one, of great appeal for several applications. To describe this phenomenon, microgels are usually treated as neutral, but here we show that electrostatics needs to be taken into account. In particular, deswelling occurs via a two-step, rather than a homogeneous, particle collapse, mainly driven by peripheral charges located on the microgel corona, for which we also establish a unifying framework encompassing all studied microgels. Our work thus provides a change of perspective to describe these fascinating systems.
Conceptual-based design of an ultrabroadband microwave metamaterial absorber
Authors: Qu Sichao , Hou Yuxiao , Sheng Ping
Published: September 2021

Significance

While microwave absorption is a widely pursued topic, a conceptual-based design can offer a theoretical basis for generalization and improvements. We offer a design recipe for ultrabroadband absorption based on the use of electrical dipole resonance in a metallic ring to generate, via interaction with its image resonance, two high-impedance resonances. Impedance matching over the frequency range in between the two resonances is obtained by adding resistance to the metallic ring. To extend the absorption to an ultrabroadband spectrum, we employ a double-layer self-similar structure in conjunction with absorption of the diffracted waves at the higher frequency end. The resulting absorber pushes the overall performance close to the causality limit over a large absorption bandwidth.
Bacterial endosymbionts protect beneficial soil fungus from nematode attack
Authors: Büttner Hannah , Niehs Sarah P. , Vandelannoote Koen , Cseresnyés Zoltán , Dose Benjamin , Richter Ingrid , Gerst Ruman , Figge Marc Thilo , Stinear Timothy P. , Pidot Sacha J. , Hertweck Christian
Published: September 2021

Significance

Soil is a complex and competitive environment, forcing its inhabitants to develop strategies against competitors, predators, and pathogens. Identifying and understanding the molecular mechanisms has translational value for medicine, ecology, and agriculture. In this study, we show that a member of important soil-dwelling fungi (
Mortierella
) forms a tight alliance with toxin-producing bacteria (
Mycoavidus
) that live within the fungal hyphae and protect their host from nematode attack. This discovery is relevant since
Mortierella
species correlate with healthy soils and are used as plant growth–promoting fungi in agriculture. Unraveling an ecological role for fungal endosymbionts in
Mortierella
, our results contribute to the understanding of a mainspring in fungal–endobacterial symbioses and open the possibility for the development of new biocontrol agents.
Engineering hydrogels with homogeneous mechanical properties for controlling stem cell lineage specification
Authors: Xue Bin , Tang Dehua , Wu Xin , Xu Zhengyu , Gu Jie , Han Yueying , Zhu Zhenshu , Qin Meng , Zou Xiaoping , Wang Wei , Cao Yi
Published: September 2021

Significance

Hydrogels are extensively used for cell culture, tissue engineering, and flexible electronics. In all of these applications, mechanical properties of hydrogels play an important role. Although tremendous studies have been devoted to optimizing the stiffness, strain, toughness, and dynamic mechanical response, the mechanical homogeneity of hydrogels has rarely been considered. By developing a general strategy to control the mechanical homogeneity of hydrogels, here we show that nanoscale variation in matrix stiffness can considerably affect the lineage specification of human embryonic stem cells. Inhomogeneous hydrogels suppress mechanotransduction and facilitate stemness maintenance, while homogenous hydrogels promote mechanotransduction and osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, engineering hydrogels with controllable and well-defined nanoscale homogeneity may have considerable implications in stem cell culture and regenerative medicine.
Interspecies activation correlations reveal functional correspondences between marmoset and human brain areas
Authors: Hori Yuki , Cléry Justine C. , Selvanayagam Janahan , Schaeffer David J. , Johnston Kevin D. , Menon Ravi S. , Everling Stefan
Published: September 2021

Significance

The common marmoset has enormous promise as a nonhuman primate model. While resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) has provided evidence for a similar organization of marmoset and human cortices, the technique cannot be used to map the functional correspondences of brain regions between species. Here, we used movie-driven fMRI in marmosets and humans to identify whole-brain functional correspondences between the two primate species. In particular, we describe functional correlates for the well-known human face, body, and scene patches in marmosets. We find that these networks have a similar organization in both species, suggesting a largely conserved organization of higher-order visual areas between marmoset monkeys and humans.
Monolayer graphene membranes for molecular separation in high-temperature harsh organic solvents
Authors: Lu Yanqiu , Zhang Liling , Shen Liang , Liu Wei , Karnik Rohit , Zhang Sui
Published: September 2021

Significance

Tremendous amounts of organic solvents are used in industry, requiring chemical-resistant membranes for energy-efficient solvent recovery. Currently, organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) is hindered by the instability of membranes in operation, in particular under high temperatures and in harsh solvents. In this research, we revealed the solvent transport across nanopores of single-layer graphene via molecular dynamics simulation and combined it with a resistance model to guide the design of a defect-tolerant graphene composite membrane for OSN. The graphene-covered membrane demonstrated high permeance and excellent resistance to DMF at high temperatures, offering possibilities for challenging separations.
Stagnation points control chaotic fluctuations in viscoelastic porous media flow
Authors: Haward Simon J. , Hopkins Cameron C. , Shen Amy Q.
Published: September 2021

Significance

Viscoelastic porous media flows become chaotic beyond critical flow conditions, impacting processes including enhanced oil recovery and targeted drug delivery. Understanding how geometric details of the porous medium affect the onset and strength of the chaotic flows can lead to fundamental insights and potential optimization of such processes. Recently, it has been argued that geometric disorder in the medium suppresses chaotic fluctuations. In contrast, we demonstrate that disorder can also significantly enhance fluctuations given a different originally ordered configuration. We show that the occurrence of stagnation points in the flow field is the vital factor controlling the onset and strength of fluctuation, providing a general and intuitive understanding of how pore geometry affects this important class of complex viscoelastic flows.
Spin-textured Chern bands in AB-stacked transition metal dichalcogenide bilayers
Authors: Zhang Yang , Devakul Trithep , Fu Liang
Published: September 2021

Significance

The long-wavelength moiré superlattices in twisted two-dimensional (2D) structures have emerged as a highly tunable platform for strongly correlated electron physics. In this work, we reveal the displacement field–induced topological moiré bands in AB-stacked transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) heterobilayer

M
o
T
e

2

/

W
S
e

2

. Valley-contrasting Chern bands with nontrivial spin texture are formed from interlayer hybridization between

M
o
T
e

2

and

W
S
e

2

bands of nominally opposite spins. The general mechanism for band inversion we uncovered in AB-stacked TMD bilayers is quite robust and can be applied to other material combinations as well. Our study establishes a recipe for creating topological bands in AB-stacked TMD bilayers in general, which provides a highly tunable platform for realizing quantum-spin Hall and interaction-induced quantum anomalous Hall effects.
Bidirectionality between modal and conditional constructions in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Kuo Yueh Hsin
Published: September 2021

This paper proposes that modal constructions can develop into conditional constructions in Mandarin Chinese and vice versa. Therefore, bidirectionality exists between these kinds of constructions diachronically. While bidirectionality is an apparent violation of unidirectionality, both directions of change are shown to be regular cases of procedural constructionalization, enabled by the fact that modal and conditional constructions can perform identical indirect speech acts (i.e., they are performatively equivalent) and instances of one may be morphosyntactically categorized as the other in Chinese (i.e., they are morphosyntactically vague). A crosslinguistically generalizable prediction is then proposed: bidirectionality is possible if instances of two constructions are performatively equivalent and morphosyntactically vague with respect to each other in certain contexts.
Grammatical gender in Spanish child heritage speakers
Authors: Martinez-Nieto Lourdes , Restrepo Maria Adelaida
Published: September 2021

This study examines grammatical gender (GG) production in young Spanish heritage-speakers (HSs) and the potential
effect of the children’s language use and their parents’ input. We compared four and eight-year-old HSs to same-age monolingual
children on their gender production. We measured GG production in determiners and adjectives via an elicited production task. HSs’
parents reported children’s time in each language and also completed the elicitation task. Results show that HSs’ scored
significantly lower than monolinguals in both grammatical structures in which the unmarked masculine default predominates.
However, older HSs had higher accuracy than younger HSs. Input from parents is not correlated with HSs’ performance and neither
Spanish use nor language proficiency predicts GG performance on HSs. For theories of language acquisition, it is important to
consider that although the linguistic knowledge of the HSs may differ from that of monolinguals, their grammar is protracted
rather than incomplete.
Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro
Published: September 2021

C. grandiflora is a highly invasive weed in semi-arid natural ecosystems, especially dry or monsoonal rainforest. It has the potential to spread much further, especially in Australia where it poses a threat to national parks. The historical evidence suggests that there is a significant lag period before the plant assumes an invasive status. Thus, those countries where the plant has been cultivated as an ornamental or as a crop, but where it has not yet become invasive, are at future risk of invasion.
Health Professionals’ Attitudes toward Medications for Opioid use Disorder
Authors: Brown Aaron R.
Published: September 2021

Background: Research has shown that medications, especially opioid agonist treatments, are an effective way to treat opioid use disorder (OUD); however, negative attitudes held by health professionals contribute to their underutilization. Methods: A 23-year review of studies that examined health professionals’ attitudes toward medications for OUD (MOUD) was conducted to describe the current state of knowledge and to inform future research and interventions. Results: Studies examined attitudes toward the use of methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone among various types of health professionals: prescribers, non-prescribing clinicians, pharmacists, and administrators. The characteristics and findings of the included studies were reviewed and synthesized. Findings indicate that attitudes toward MOUD affect access and utilization by influencing prescribing practices, referrals, and adoption within programs. Exposure, knowledge, and treatment orientation were found to be important factors related to attitudes toward MOUD across multiple studies of various types of health professionals. Conclusions: To increase access and utilization, continued efforts are needed to increase positive attitudes toward MOUD among various types of health professionals. Findings indicate that interventions should seek to increase knowledge about MOUD and foster interprofessional communication related to MOUD, especially between prescribers and behavioral health providers.
Tensor electrical impedance myography identifies clinically relevant features in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Schooling Chlöe N , Jamie Healey T , McDonough Harry E , French Sophie J , McDermott Christopher J , Shaw Pamela J , Kadirkamanathan Visakan , Alix James J P
Published: September 2021

Objective. Electrical impedance myography (EIM) shows promise as an effective biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). EIM applies multiple input frequencies to characterise muscle properties, often via multiple electrode configurations. Herein, we assess if non-negative tensor factorisation (NTF) can provide a framework for identifying clinically relevant features within a high dimensional EIM dataset. Approach. EIM data were recorded from the tongue of healthy and ALS diseased individuals. Resistivity and reactivity measurements were made for 14 frequencies, in three electrode configurations. This gives 84 (2 × 14 × 3) distinct data points per participant. NTF was applied to the dataset for dimensionality reduction, termed tensor EIM. Significance tests, symptom correlation and classification approaches were explored to compare NTF to using all raw data and feature selection. Main Results. Tensor EIM provides highly significant differentiation between healthy and ALS patients (p < 0.001, AUROC = 0.78). Similarly tensor EIM differentiates between mild and severe disease states (p < 0.001, AUROC = 0.75) and significantly correlates with symptoms (ρ = 0.7, p < 0.001). A trend of centre frequency shifting to the right was identified in diseased spectra, which is in line with the electrical changes expected following muscle atrophy. Significance. Tensor EIM provides clinically relevant metrics for identifying ALS-related muscle disease. This procedure has the advantage of using the whole spectral dataset, with reduced risk of overfitting. The process identifies spectral shapes specific to disease allowing for a deeper clinical interpretation.
The effectiveness of composter at the integrated waste treatment plant in the campus of engineering faculty Hasanuddin University
Authors: Lando A T , Rahim I R , Sari K , Djamaludin I , Arifin A N , Nurhidayanti D
Published: September 2021

The weight of domestic solid waste generation at the Faculty of Engineering of Hasanuddin University is 62.60 kg day−1. The percentage of organic waste generation is 28%, so the weight of organic waste generation on this campus is 17.66 kg. One way to utilize organic waste is by composting. There are three methods for composting, including (1) aerobic methods, (2) anaerobic methods, and (3) combining aerobic and anaerobic methods. The method used in measuring waste generation is the measurement of waste generation in ten buildings located on this campus for eight consecutive days, according to the procedures in the Indonesian National Standard. The data used in this study include primary and secondary data. Primary data in this study are the results of measurements of weight, volume, and composition of waste. Whereas, secondary data in this study is the number of the campus population of the Faculty of Engineering. From the primary and secondary data, composter space requirements, effectiveness, and investment evaluation through the Benefit-Cost Ratio of the three composting methods can be calculated. From the calculation results, the space requirements for aerobic composter are 16.08 m2, 16.08 m2 for the anaerobic composter, and 25.61 m2 for combination aerobic and anaerobic composter. The effectiveness values for each composter method were 98.7%, 98.47%, and 98.9% for aerobic, anaerobic composters, and the combination of the two, respectively. Furthermore, the value of the Benefit-Cost Ratio for each composter method is 1.20, 1.38, and 1.85 for aerobic, anaerobic composters, and the combination of the two, respectively.
Estimation of methane emissions from municipal solid waste landfill in makassar city based on ipcc waste model
Authors: Lando A T , Rahim I R , Sari K , Djamaluddin I , Arifin A N , Sari A M
Published: September 2021

One of the greenhouse gases, which is the cause of climate change and global warming is methane gas (CH4). One of the most significant sources of methane that contributes to emissions globally is landfills (anthropogenic sources). Methane emissions from waste are the result of the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in waste. The more garbage in the landfill without further treatment can lead to greater methane emissions. The site of this study was a municipal solid waste in Makassar city, named Tamangapa landfill, ±15 km from downtown Makassar city. The objectives of this study are to estimate methane emissions in the Tamangapa landfill and estimate methane emissions from the Tamangapa landfill over the next ten years using the 2006 IPCC Waste Model. The results showed that the waste generation in Makassar City, in 2016, was 0.449 kg/person/day with the composition of waste dominated by organic waste. The value of potential methane emissions at TPA Tamangapa Makassar in 2016 is 2.24 Gg/year and the projection in 2026 is 4.968 Gg/year. The mitigation and adaptation efforts that can be recommended are the socialization of 3R techniques (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) and construct a sanitary landfill in Makassar city following the mandate of Law No. 18 of 2008.
Behaviour of Mixed Expansive Soil and Additive Minerals as Subgrade Layer
Authors: Sitepu F , Harianto T , Ridwan R , Marfuah N
Published: September 2021

South Sulawesi is one of eastern Indonesia area covered with coastal line which have growth fast of industries. Infrastructure builds and developed in a row of industries population. Most coastal are lowland areas with expansive soil as primary soil forms. Exhaustive laboratory test conducts for clay taken from lowland area in south Sulawesi and lime up to 10% and volcanic up to 25% as stabilizers to know the Physical-mechanical properties and mineralogical when the expansive soil stabilized. The extensive soil stabilized with 5% lime + 15% Volcanic ash presents better performance and pass the roadbed materials requirements. Chemical reactions between soil and the stabilizers increase the pH and electrical conductivity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) confirmed new cementing agents’ findings regarding the results of chemical reactions. An explicit effect on controlling the soil deformation and the moisture change shows by the expansive soil stabilized with 5% lime + 15% volcanic ash. The research results find the optimum combination of stabilizers to reduce cost to improve expansive soil from the South Sulawesi lowland area.
The influence of energy-reducing structure placement on friction velocity distribution in open channel
Authors: Widyastuti I , Thaha M A , Lopa R T , Hatta M P
Published: September 2021

Energy Reducing Structure (ERS) is aimed at controlling the flow velocity that causes scouring on the main abutment structure of the bridge from its structural failure. It is needed information on the measurement of flow velocity and other parameters of flow, particularly in analyzing the friction velocity and shear stress on the channel bed to identify the effects of ERS placement on the scouring around the abutment area. The experiment was performed in a flume/channel with a length of 8.00 m, a width of 0.40 m, and a height of 0.40 m. The slope of the channel was 0.05% and 0.15%. The type of flow was uniform turbulent flow, using 3 (three) variation of inlet discharge (Q), with and without Energy Reducing Structure (ERS) in the form of a triangular plate with its height determined based on the average maximum rate of 0.6D from the average water surface of 0.06 m from the channel bed. In measuring the distribution of flow velocity with structure, the measurement was conducted in the upstream and downstream areas of the structure, where the structure was placed at x distance of = 4.00 m. Each measurement was performed at the distance of x = 3.50 m ; x = 4.25 m ; x = 4.50 m ; x = 5.00 and x = 5.50 m. The analysis of friction velocity follows the logarithmic law (log-low) applicable to the open channel. The results of the experiment showed that the smallest friction velocity value (u*) was on average happened at x distance = 4.25 m – x = 4.50 m ranging from 0.70 cm/sec – 1.37 cm/sec, as the friction velocity was decreasing. On the other hand, however, the constant of integration (Br) showed great values ranging from 19.27 – 48.79, which implied that the flow rate after passing ERS had the flow velocity beyond the normal range and it would be back to normal after moving away from ERS.
Factors of causing seawater intrusion in Kadatua Island, Southeast Sulawesi
Authors: Tamrin  , Maricar F , Hatta M P , Arsyad A
Published: September 2021

In the last decade, there has been an increase in the population very rapidly not only in urban areas but throughout the villages of the region in Indonesia. This led to a huge increase in the need for clean water where the availability of surface water has begun not meet the needs, and groundwater ultimately plays an important role in meeting those needs. However, along with the increase in water use soil, there are negative effects that arise when groundwater exploitation becomes excessive and one of the impacts is the occurrence of seawater intrusion which destroys the quality and quality groundwater quantity. It is hoped that the long-term objective of this research will be produced a report on the estimated intrusion of seawater that can be used as a reference to optimize the protection of groundwater resources. For that purpose short term in this research is to produce information/description regarding the current extent of seawater intrusion in Kadatua Island, Southeast Sulawesi based on data obtained from the identification results in the field.
Application of 2D numerical simulation for the analysis of July 2020 North Luwu flood
Authors: Hatta M P , Fadlin F , Harun R , Elfita Y , Renreng I
Published: September 2021

Massamba is a district in North Luwu that is continually flooded by the Massamba river. The flood lasts for several days with tons of suspended materials affecting important places in the city, drowning people, and swamping arable land. Two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulation Hec-RAS is one of the most popular hydraulic models which is proved to be an important tool for analyzing and understanding flood events. The new version of Hec-RAS (5.07) was released and including 2D models capabilities. This study applied the new Hec-Ras version 5.07 to simulate the July 2020 flood in North Luwu. The flood simulate shows good results compared with the observation of the satellite image of the flood event. The simulation result provides some information like velocity, depth, and inundation area. Over the flooded area the depth is lower than 3,88 meters, velocity lower than 2,4 m/s-1, and swamping over 2,3 square kilometers of Massamba city. The flood depth allows identifying areas exposed based to hazard levels based. The simulation result validated by comparing the simulation result to the satellite image and calculating the root mean square error (RMSE) of water depth from the simulation result and during a flood event. The validation result shows that the determination coefficient R2 is 83,66%. The study shows the applicability and the value of the 2D capabilities Hec-RAS for flood studies.
Human iPSC-derived mesodermal progenitor cells preserve their vasculogenesis potential after extrusion and form hierarchically organized blood vessels
Authors: Dogan Leyla , Scheuring Ruben , Wagner Nicole , Ueda Yuichiro , Schmidt Sven , Wörsdörfer Philipp , Groll Jürgen , Ergün Süleyman
Published: September 2021

Post-fabrication formation of a proper vasculature remains an unresolved challenge in bioprinting. Established strategies focus on the supply of the fabricated structure with nutrients and oxygen and either rely on the mere formation of a channel system using fugitive inks or additionally use mature endothelial cells and/or peri-endothelial cells such as smooth muscle cells for the formation of blood vessels in vitro. Functional vessels, however, exhibit a hierarchical organization and multilayered wall structure that is important for their function. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesodermal progenitor cells (hiMPCs) have been shown to possess the capacity to form blood vessels in vitro, but have so far not been assessed for their applicability in bioprinting processes. Here, we demonstrate that hiMPCs, after formulation into an alginate/collagen type I bioink and subsequent extrusion, retain their ability to give rise to the formation of complex vessels that display a hierarchical network in a process that mimics the embryonic steps of vessel formation during vasculogenesis. Histological evaluations at different time points of extrusion revealed the initial formation of spheres, followed by lumen formation and further structural maturation as evidenced by building a multilayered vessel wall and a vascular network. These findings are supported by immunostainings for endothelial and peri-endothelial cell markers as well as electron microscopic analyses at the ultrastructural level. Moreover, endothelial cells in capillary-like vessel structures deposited a basement membrane-like matrix at the basal side between the vessel wall and the alginate-collagen matrix. After transplantation of the printed constructs into the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) the printed vessels connected to the CAM blood vessels and get perfused in vivo. These results evidence the applicability and great potential of hiMPCs for the bioprinting of vascular structures mimicking the basic morphogenetic steps of de novo vessel formation during embryogenesis.
Tilting modules, dominant dimensions and Brauer-Schur-Weyl duality
Authors: Hu Jun , Xiao Zhankui
Published: September 2021

In this paper we use the dominant dimension with respect to a tilting module to study the double centraliser property. We prove that if

A
A

is a quasi-hereditary algebra with a simple preserving duality and

T
T

is a faithful tilting

A
A

-module, then

A
A

has the double centralizer property with respect to

T
T

. This provides a simple and useful criterion which can be applied in many situations in algebraic Lie theory. We affirmatively answer a question of Mazorchuk and Stroppel by proving the existence of a unique minimal basic tilting module

T
T

over

A
A

for which

A
=
E
n

d

E
n

d
A

(
T
)

(
T
)

A=End_{End_A(T)}(T)

. As an application, we establish a Schur-Weyl duality between the symplectic Schur algebra

S
K

s
y

(
m
,
n
)

S_K^{sy}(m,n)

and the Brauer algebra

B

n

(
−
2
m
)

\mathfrak {B}_n(-2m)

on the space of dual partially harmonic tensors under certain condition.
Lesion location and lesion creation affect outcomes after focused ultrasound thalamotomy
Authors: Segar David J , Lak Asad M , Lee Shane , Harary Maya , Chavakula Vamsidhar , Lauro Peter , McDannold Nathan , White Jason , Cosgrove G Rees
Published: September 2021

MRI-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy has been shown to be an effective treatment for medication refractory essential tremor. Here, we report a clinical-radiological analysis of 123 cases of MRI-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy, and explore the relationships between treatment parameters, lesion characteristics and outcomes.

All patients undergoing focused ultrasound thalamotomy by a single surgeon were included. The procedure was performed as previously described, and patients were followed for up to 1 year. MRI was performed 24 h post-treatment, and lesion locations and volumes were calculated.

We retrospectively evaluated 118 essential tremor patients and five tremor-dominant Parkinson’s disease patients who underwent thalamotomy. At 24 h post-procedure, tremor abated completely in the treated hand in 81 essential tremor patients. Imbalance, sensory disturbances and dysarthria were the most frequent acute adverse events. Patients with any adverse event had significantly larger lesions, while inferolateral lesion margins were associated with a higher incidence of motor-related adverse events. Twenty-three lesions were identified with irregular tails, often extending into the internal capsule; 22 of these patients experienced at least one adverse event.

Treatment parameters and lesion characteristics changed with increasing surgeon experience. In later cases, treatments used higher maximum power (normalized to skull density ratio), accelerated more quickly to high power, and delivered energy over fewer sonications.

Larger lesions were correlated with a rapid rise in both power delivery and temperature, while increased oedema was associated with rapid rise in temperature and the maximum power delivered. Total energy and total power did not significantly affect lesion size. A support vector regression was trained to predict lesion size and confirmed the most valuable predictors of increased lesion size as higher maximum power, rapid rise to high-power delivery, and rapid rise to high tissue temperatures. These findings may relate to a decrease in the energy efficiency of the treatment, potentially due to changes in acoustic properties of skull and tissue at higher powers and temperatures.

We report the largest single surgeon series of focused ultrasound thalamotomy to date, demonstrating tremor relief and adverse events consistent with reported literature. Lesion location and volume impacted adverse events, and an irregular lesion tail was strongly associated with adverse events. High-power delivery early in the treatment course, rapid temperature rise, and maximum power were dominant predictors of lesion volume, while total power, total energy, maximum energy and maximum temperature did not improve prediction of lesion volume. These findings have critical implications for treatment planning in future patients.
Defective cyclophilin A induces TDP-43 proteinopathy: implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Pasetto Laura , Grassano Maurizio , Pozzi Silvia , Luotti Silvia , Sammali Eliana , Migazzi Alice , Basso Manuela , Spagnolli Giovanni , Biasini Emiliano , Micotti Edoardo , Cerovic Milica , Carli Mirjana , Forloni Gianluigi , De Marco Giovanni , Manera Umberto , Moglia Cristina , Mora Gabriele , Traynor Bryan J , Chiò Adriano , Calvo Andrea , Bonetto Valentina
Published: September 2021

Aggregation and cytoplasmic mislocalization of TDP-43 are pathological hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia spectrum. However, the molecular mechanism by which TDP-43 aggregates form and cause neurodegeneration remains poorly understood. Cyclophilin A, also known as peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A (PPIA), is a foldase and molecular chaperone. We previously found that PPIA interacts with TDP-43 and governs some of its functions, and its deficiency accelerates disease in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Here we characterized PPIA knock-out mice throughout their lifespan and found that they develop a neurodegenerative disease with key behavioural features of frontotemporal dementia, marked TDP-43 pathology and late-onset motor dysfunction.

In the mouse brain, deficient PPIA induces mislocalization and aggregation of the GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran, a PPIA interactor and a master regulator of nucleocytoplasmic transport, also for TDP-43. Moreover, in absence of PPIA, TDP-43 autoregulation is perturbed and TDP-43 and proteins involved in synaptic function are downregulated, leading to impairment of synaptic plasticity. Finally, we found that PPIA was downregulated in several patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia, and identified a PPIA loss-of-function mutation in a patient with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . The mutant PPIA has low stability, altered structure and impaired interaction with TDP-43.

These findings strongly implicate that defective PPIA function causes TDP-43 mislocalization and dysfunction and should be considered in future therapeutic approaches.
Gray Matter Volume Variability in Young Healthy Adults: Influence of Gender Difference and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Genotype
Authors: Watanabe Hiraku , Kojima Sho , Nagasaka Kazuaki , Ohno Ken , Sakurai Noriko , Kodama Naoki , Otsuru Naofumi , Onishi Hideaki
Published: September 2021

Although brain gray matter (GM) plastically changes during short-term training, it is still unclear whether brain structures are stable for short periods (several months). Therefore, this study aimed to re-test the short-term variability of GM volumes and to clarify the effect of factors (gender and BDNF-genotype) expected to contribute to such variability. The subjects comprised 41 young healthy adults. T1-weighted images were acquired twice with an interval of approximately 4 months using a 3 T-MRI scanner. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to calculate GM volumes in 47 regions. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Test–retest variability (%TRV) were used as indices of variability. As a result, the ICCs in 43 regions were excellent (ICC > 0.90) and those in 3 regions were good (ICC > 0.80), whereas the ICC in the thalamus was moderate (ICC = 0.694). Women had a higher %TRV than men in 5 regions, and %TRV of the Val66Val group was higher than that of the Met carrier group in 2 regions. Moreover, the Female-Val66Val group had a higher %TRV than the Male-Met carrier group in 3 regions. These results indicate that although the short-term variability of GM volumes is small, it is affected by within-subject factors.
Determination of the Chemical Stability of Dapagliflozin by LC/DAD and MS/MS Methods
Authors: Chan-Jiang Emily , Godoy Ricardo , Mennickent Sigrid , Vergara Carola , de Diego Marta
Published: September 2021

A simple and fast stability-indicating liquid chromatographic method with diode array detection (DAD) was developed and validated for the determination of dapagliflozin (DAPA) in bulk and tablets, in the presence of its major degradation products (DP). The drug was subjected to hydrolytic, oxidative, photolytic, thermal and humidity/thermal stress conditions, showing significant degradation under humidity/thermal with the formation of two DP, which were preliminarily identified by liquid chromatography with diode array detector coupled with electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS). Chromatographic separation of dapagliflozin and its DP was achieved with a core-shell RP-18 column, using acetonitrile and water as mobile phase in isocratic elution mode. The described method was linear over a range of 50–150 μg/mL. For precision, the relative standard deviation (RSD) was <1.3%, the recovery was 99.64–100.11%, and the assay demonstrated adequate selectivity. The degradation kinetics of dapagliflozin was evaluated corresponding to first-order under thermal and humidity/thermal stress conditions. Dapagliflozin was well resolved from its drug products showing the power of stability-indicating of the method. The results showed that the proposed method was found to be suitable for routine analysis, quantitative determination and the stability study of dapagliflozin in pharmaceutical samples.
Vaccine Impact and Effectiveness of Meningococcal Serogroup ACWY Conjugate Vaccine Implementation in the Netherlands: A Nationwide Surveillance Study
Authors: Ohm Milou , Hahné Susan J M , van der Ende Arie , Sanders Elisabeth A M , Berbers Guy A M , Ruijs Wilhelmina L M , van Sorge Nina M , de Melker Hester E , Knol Mirjam J
Published: September 2021

Background

In response to the recent serogroup W invasive meningococcal disease (IMD-W) epidemic in the Netherlands, meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) conjugate vaccination for children aged 14 months was replaced with a MenACWY conjugate vaccination, and a mass campaign targeting individuals aged 14–18 years was executed. We investigated the impact of MenACWY vaccination implementation in 2018–2020 on incidence rates and estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE).

Methods

We extracted IMD cases diagnosed between July 2014 and December 2020 from the national surveillance system. We calculated age group–specific incidence rate ratios by comparing incidence rates before (July 2017–March 2018) and after (July 2019–March 2020) MenACWY vaccination implementation. We estimated VE in vaccine-eligible cases using the screening method.

Results

Overall, the IMD-W incidence rate declined by 61% (95% confidence interval [CI], 40 to 74). It declined by 82% (95% CI, 18 to 96) in the vaccine-eligible age group (individuals aged 15–36 months and 14–18 years) and by 57% (95% CI, 34 to 72) in vaccine-noneligible age groups. VE was 92% (95% CI, –20 to 99.5) in vaccine-eligible toddlers (aged 15–36 months). No IMD-W cases were reported in vaccine-eligible teenagers after the campaign.

Conclusions

The MenACWY vaccination program was effective in preventing IMD-W in the target population. The IMD-W incidence reduction in vaccine-noneligible age groups may be caused by indirect effects of the vaccination program. However, disentangling natural fluctuation from vaccine effect was not possible. Our findings encourage the use of toddler and teenager MenACWY vaccination in national immunization programs.
Imaging of the left atrium: pathophysiology insights and clinical utility
Authors: Smiseth Otto A , Baron Tomasz , Marino Paolo N , Marwick Thomas H , Flachskampf Frank A
Published: September 2021

Left atrial imaging and detailed knowledge of its pathophysiology, especially in the context of heart failure, have become an increasingly important clinical and research focus. This development has been accelerated by the growth of non-invasive imaging modalities, advanced image processing techniques, such as strain imaging, and the parallel emergence of catheter-based left atrial interventions like pulmonary vein ablation, left atrial appendage occlusion, and others. In this review, we focus on novel imaging methods for the left atrium, their pathophysiological background, and their clinical relevance for various cardiac conditions and diseases.