bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LGBT Issues in Norwegian Textbooks
Authors: Smestad Bjørn
Published: December 2018

In Norway, a model for schools’ teaching about LGBT issues is chosen where the responsibility is divided between different school subjects: social science, natural science, RLE2 (religion, philosophies of life and ethics), Norwegian and English. This article looks at how this is implemented in the textbooks. 129 text-books in Norwegian primary and lower secondary education (grades 1–10) are analysed. Of these, 246 textbook pages included LGBT issues. In this article, I discuss how LGBT issues are included in Norwegian textbooks and how the divided responsibility between school subjects work. The most striking finding is that of the five subjects, English and Norwegian have the least demanding curriculum goals, but still the largest number of pages related to LGBT issues. The inclusion of fictional voices makes possible a nomadic perspective (observing issues from multiple perspectives). It is also striking that about half of the textbook pages are in 10th grade textbooks. Heteronormativity is still a problem, and bisexual and transgendered people are far less visible than lesbian and gay people are.
Book review of: Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics
Authors: Panić Biljana
Published: December 2018

Book review of: Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics (2015). By Richard H. ThalerW.W. Norton Company, Inc. 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110, 434 pages, ISBN 978-0-393-08094-0, ISBN 978-0-393-24677-3 (e-book)
The Impact of Inflation and Operating Cycle on the Corporate Cash Holdings in South-East Europe
Authors: Naumoski Aleksandar , Juhász Péter
Published: December 2018

Determining optimal cash holding is one of the most crucial issues in the corporate financial management aiming to maximise the shareholder value. The optimum of corporate cash amount is not only dependent on many company-specific factors, but it is also associated with both the corporate governance structure and the institutional and macroeconomic environment. Earlier research papers showed that at the macro level, companies adjust their cash holdings to the changes in the level of the inflation and, at the micro level, to the changes of the operating cycle linked to the turnover of the corporate cash flow. This paper investigates the determinants of corporate cash holdings for a sample of 868 firms from ten South-East European countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Croatia, Greece, Romania, Macedonia, Slovenia, Serbia and Turkey). More specifically, we investigate the influence of the inflation and the corporate operating cycle on the corporate cash holdings. Using company financial data and the country CPI for the period 2006-2015, we apply a balanced panel regression model involving the yearly change of the cash ratio as a dependent variable, and country CPI, operating cycle and other firm-specific control variables as explanatory variables.  Results confirm that both the inflation rate and the operating cycle have substantial influence on the change of the corporate cash holdings also in the region. The relationship of the change in cash and the inflation is non-linear and best described by a U-shaped curve. That means that corporate cash holdings decrease as the level of inflation increases to a critical point but beyond that, the cash holdings start to increase. At the same time, we identified a straight linear relationship between the change in cash holdings and the length of the operating cycle. Also, we found that the change in the corporate cash holdings is positively related to the size of the company, the operating cash flow and the capital expenditures. In addition, it is inversely associated with both the change of the net working capital and the change of short and long-term debt.
Feeding response of the tropical copepod Acartia erythraea to short-term thermal stress: more animal-derived food was consumed
Authors: Hu Simin , Liu Sheng , Wang Lingli , Li Tao , Huang Hui
Published: December 2018

The objective of this study was to explore the feeding response of tropical copepods to short-term thermal shock and provide insight into the potential impact of coastal power plants on the trophic dynamics of tropical coastal ecosystems. Feeding experiments were conducted at three different temperatures (29 °C, 33 °C, and 35 °C) using the copepod Acartia erythraea, collected from Sanya Bay, China. The grazing rate of A. erythraea decreased dramatically in the high temperature treatment. Analysis of 18S rDNA clone libraries revealed that the diet of copepods from different treatments was mainly comprised of diatoms, metazoans, and protozoans; A. erythraea exhibited an obvious feeding preference shift with temperature, with a change from a diatom-dominated diet at 29 °C to a metazoan-dominated diet at 35 °C, and the omnivory index shifted from 0.1 to 2.84 correspondingly. Furthermore, A. erythraea showed a positive feeding response to plant food (i.e., phytoplankton and land plants) in the control treatment (29 °C), but a positive response to animal prey (i.e., metazoans and protozoans) at temperatures exceeding 33 °C, as evaluated by the Ivlev’s selectivity index. Our results suggest that copepods could regulate their food intake by considering their energy demands when exposed to short-term thermal stress, which might influence the pathway of materials moving up the trophic system. However, further studies are required to elucidate the effects of elevated temperature on feeding of different organisms in order to predict the influence of thermal pollution on the food web of tropical coastal ecosystems.
MODELO CINÉTICO VERSÁTIL DE OXIDAÇÃO BASEADO EM DADOS DE DQO E COT: APLICAÇÃO À DEGRADAÇÃO DE FENOL PELO PROCESSO FENTON
Authors: Vieira Valnei V. S. , Wenzel Bruno München
Published: December 2018

As dificuldades dos processos convencionais de tratamento de águas residuárias em degradar compostos com características recalcitrantes têm impulsionado pesquisas de processos oxidativos avançados (POAs). Os POAs são baseados na formação in situ de radicais hidroxila ( ), que possui alto poder oxidante, promovendo a degradação dos poluentes. Para um dimensionamento racional destas operações, torna-se importante o conhecimento das velocidades de transformação dos compostos envolvidos. Neste trabalho foi proposto e ajustado um novo modelo cinético para os POAs capaz de utilizar dados de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e carbono orgânico total (COT). Foi proposta uma interpretação dos significados reacionais destes parâmetros, permitindo o estabelecimento de relações com as seguintes espécies genéricas: matéria orgânica (MO), carbono orgânico (CO) e carbono recalcitrante (REC). A validação do modelo foi realizada com base em dados experimentais de degradação de fenol pelo processo Fenton obtidos na literatura. O ajuste dos dados experimentais ao modelo foi realizado por meio de um algoritmo para minimização da função objetivo dos mínimos quadrados, utilizando a solução de um sistema de equações diferenciais ordinárias. Foram comparados os valores preditos pelo modelo com os dados experimentais do comportamento de Fe2+, Fe3+, H2O2, DQO e COT ao longo do tempo. Os coeficientes de determinação mostraram um satisfatório ajuste e forneceram os valores de três constantes cinéticas das reações de oxidação propostas.
Bioreactor Scale‐Up
Authors: Xu Sen , Bowers John , Seamans T. Craig , Nyberg Gregg
Published: December 2018

Large‐scale bioreactors are used for producing biological products (e.g., monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins, enzymes) expressed in mammalian cells. Compared with small‐scale bioreactors, they are intrinsically more challenging in mixing and mass transfer and require more optimization. Proper bioreactor scale‐up is needed to ensure productivity and product quality. Here, common approaches and challenges in industrial mammalian cell culture scale‐up are covered. These are different from the scale‐up challenges and methodologies typically used in microbial bioreactors, since cell‐culture bioreactors operate in different agitation power and gas flow regimes. Engineering considerations including mass transfer, mixing, and hydrodynamic stress are presented in detail. Single‐use bioreactors are focused due to their rapid adoption by industry in clinical and commercial production. Though the main body of this article is on suspension cultures, special considerations in scaling‐up microcarrier‐based cultures are also briefly discussed. Finally, new challenges and desired improvements in scaling up high density cultures are presented.
Social Fact
Authors: Herzog Patricia Snell
Published: December 2018

A social fact consists of collective thoughts and shared expectations that influence individual actions. Examples of social facts include social roles, norms, laws, values, beliefs, rituals, and customs. Violating social facts confirms their existence because people who act against social facts are typically sanctioned. Sociology is one of the primary disciplines in which social facts are studied.
Evaluating the Perception Among Rheumatologists of Maintenance of Board Certification in the US
Authors: Sawalha Amr H. , Coit Patrick
Published: December 2018

Objective

There continues to be a debate about the value and purpose of maintenance of certification (MOC) programs in the US. The goal of this study is to assess the impact, value, and purpose of MOC programs in rheumatology.

Methods

A survey was sent to 3,107 rheumatologists in the US. The survey addressed how rheumatologists perceive the value and impact of MOC programs on rheumatology practice and patient care.

Results

A total of 515 rheumatologists completed this survey. The majority (74.8%) believed there was no significant value in MOC, beyond what is already achieved from continuing medical education. Most rheumatologists did not believe MOC was valuable in improving patient care (63.5%), and the majority felt that the primary reason for creating MOC was either the financial well‐being of board‐certifying organizations (43.4%) or to satisfy administrative requirements in health systems (30%). Although 65.6% perceived that staying current with new medical knowledge was a positive impact of MOC programs, the MOC was perceived to result in time away from providing patient care (74.6%) and time away from family (74%). When asked about potential effects of requiring MOC, 77.7% reported physician burnout, 67.4% early physician retirement, and 63.9% anticipated an effect on reducing the overall number of practicing rheumatologists.

Conclusion

The majority of rheumatologists do not believe there is significant value for MOC programs. There is evidence for lack of trust in board‐certifying organizations, and rheumatologists believe MOC programs contribute to physician burnout, early retirement, and loss in the rheumatology workforce.
Risk of Hospitalized Infection and Initiation of Abatacept Versus Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors Among Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Propensity Score–Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Chen Sarah K. , Liao Katherine P. , Liu Jun , Kim Seoyoung C.
Published: December 2018

Objective

We aimed to evaluate the comparative risk of hospitalized infection among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who initiated abatacept versus a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi).

Methods

Using claims data from Truven MarketScan database (2006–2015), we identified patients with RA ages ≥18 years with ≥2 RA diagnoses who initiated treatment with abatacept or a TNFi. The primary outcome was a composite end point of any hospitalized infection. Secondary outcomes included bacterial infection, herpes zoster, and infections affecting different organ systems. We performed 1:1 propensity score (PS) matching between the groups in order to control for baseline confounders. We estimated incidence rates (IRs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for hospitalized infection.

Results

We identified 11,248 PS‐matched pairs of patients who initiated treatment with abatacept and TNFi with a median age of 56 years (83% were women). The IR per 1,000 person‐years for any hospitalized infection was 37 among patients who initiated treatment with abatacept and 47 in those who initiated treatment with TNFi. The HR for the risk of any hospitalized infection associated with abatacept versus TNFi was 0.78 (95% CI 0.64–0.95) and remained lower when compared to infliximab (HR 0.63 [95% CI 0.47–0.85]), while no significant difference was seen when compared to adalimumab and etanercept. The risk of secondary outcomes was lower for abatacept for pulmonary infections, and similar to TNFi for the remaining outcomes.

Conclusion

In this large cohort of patients with RA who initiated treatment with abatacept or TNFi as a first‐ or second‐line biologic agent, we found a lower risk of hospitalized infection after initiating abatacept versus TNFi, which was driven mostly by infliximab.
Lineage‐Specific Commitment of Stem Cells with Organic and Graphene Oxide–Functionalized Nanofibers
Authors: Portone Alberto , Moffa Maria , Gardin Chiara , Ferroni Letizia , Tatullo Marco , Fabbri Filippo , Persano Luana , Piattelli Adriano , Zavan Barbara , Pisignano Dario
Published: December 2018

Controlling the differentiation to certain lineages is the main goal of current stem cell research, which might exploit new routes based on the interaction of cells with nanomaterials. Here it is shown that primary neurospheres from dental pulp stem cells grown on combinatorial surfaces with different fibrous morphology and graphene oxide functionalization exhibit different differentiation propensity. The developed materials strongly influence the stem cell fate, as highlighted by morphological, immunofluorescence, molecular biology, and functional analyses. Instructive cues lead to the increased expression of markers that are characteristic of selective differentiation into osteoblasts, glial cells, fibroblasts, and neurons even in basal medium conditions, and randomly oriented fibers are found to revert neuronal precommitment and to trigger osteoblastic differentiation. Graphene oxide coatings lead instead to the relatively enhanced expression of genes typical of either glial or neuronal commitment, depending on the underlying nanofibrous morphology. The mechanisms addressing cell fate are investigated, highlighting the correlation of wetting anisotropy and protein adsorption capacity of different surfaces, ultimate cell conformational changes reflected by skeletal and nuclear elongation, and directed cell commitment. Cues from the different surfaces are therefore lineage‐specific, unveiling remarkable potentialities for cellular programming by means of nanomaterials.
High‐Quality Cuboid CH3NH3PbI3 Single Crystals for High Performance X‐Ray and Photon Detectors
Authors: Ye Fei , Lin Hong , Wu Haodi , Zhu Lu , Huang Zhanfeng , Ouyang Dan , Niu Guangda , Choy Wallace C. H.
Published: December 2018

Organic–inorganic halide hybrid perovskite materials are promising materials for X‐ray and photon detection due to their superior optoelectronic properties. Single‐crystal (SGC) perovskites have increasingly attracted attention due to their substantially low crystal defects, which contribute to improving the figures of merit of the devices. Cuboid CH3NH3PbI3 SGC with the naturally favorable geometry for device fabrication is rarely reported in X‐ray and photon detection application. The concept of seed dissolution‐regrowth to improve crystal quality of cuboid CH3NH3PbI3 SGC is proposed and a fundamental understanding of the nucleation and growth is provided thermodynamically. The X‐ray detector fabricated from cuboid CH3NH3PbI3 SGC demonstrates the firstly reported high sensitivity of 968.9 µC−1 Gy−1 cm−2 under −1 V bias. The results also show that the favorable crystal orientation and high quality of cuboid CH3NH3PbI3 leads to better responsivity and faster response speed than the more common dodecahedral CH3NH3PbI3 in photodetection. Consequently, the work paves a way to synthesize high‐quality perovskite SGCs and benefits the application of MAPbI3 SGCs with preferred crystal orientation and favorable crystal geometry for emerging device applications.
Humidity‐Driven Mechanical and Electrical Response of Graphene/Cloisite Hybrid Films
Authors: Castaldo Rachele , Lama Giuseppe Cesare , Aprea Paolo , Gentile Gennaro , Ambrogi Veronica , Lavorgna Marino , Cerruti Pierfrancesco
Published: December 2018

Humidity‐driven and electrically responsive graphene/cloisite hybrid films are obtained by casting water dispersions of graphene oxide and cloisite Na+. Coupling hydrophilicity and a high water vapor barrier in a homogenous film enables to realize humidity‐driven actuators which exploit the water gradient generated across the film section under asymmetric exposure to humidity. The hybrid films are self‐standing, flexible, and exhibit fast humidity‐triggered bidirectional bending up to 75°, which is tuned by varying the relative amount of the two components. Up to 60% of the bending angle can be preserved at the steady state, providing a large and reliable response to humidity. Moreover, thermal treatment results in the reduction of graphene oxide, endowing the films with humidity‐dependent electrical conductivity, which increases from 1.5 × 10−6 S at 20% relative humidity (RH) up to 2.7 × 10−5 S at 90% RH. The films are used to realize a humidity‐sensitive electrical switching system in which the reversible actuation is due to water desorption induced by the Joule effect. Due to their ease of preparation and tunable properties, this new class of graphene‐based materials is suitable for the realization of humidity‐driven and electrically responsive actuators and sensors.
Electrochromic Switch Devices Mixing Small‐ and Large‐Sized Upconverting Nanocrystals
Authors: Martínez Eduardo D. , Brites Carlos D. S. , Carlos Luís D. , García‐Flores Alí F. , Urbano Ricardo R. , Rettori Carlos
Published: December 2018

The hasty progress in smart, portable, flexible, and transparent integrated electronics and optoelectronics is currently one of the driving forces in nanoscience and nanotechnology. A promising approach is the combination of transparent conducting electrode materials (e.g., silver nanowires, AgNWs) and upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs). Here, electrochromic devices based on transparent nanocomposite films of poly(methyl methacrylate) and AgNWs covered by UCNPs of different sizes and compositions are developed. By combining the electrical control of the heat dissipation in AgNW networks with size‐dependent thermal properties of UCNPs, tunable electrochromic transparent devices covering a broad range of the chromatic diagrams are fabricated. As illustrative examples, devices mixing large‐sized (>70 nm) β‐NaYF4:Yb,Ln and small‐sized (<15 nm) NaGdF4:Yb,Ln@NaYF4 core@shell UCNPs (Ln = Tm, Er, Ce/Ho) are presented, permitting to monitor the temperature‐dependent emission of the particles by the intensity ratio of the Er3+ 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 emission lines, while externally controlling the current flow in the AgNW network. Moreover, by defining a new thermometric parameter involving the intensity ratio of transitions of large‐ and small‐sized UCNPs, a relative thermal sensitivity of 5.88% K−1 (at 339 K) is obtained, a sixfold improvement over the values reported so far.
Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis and Ammonia Fuel Cells
Authors: Jiao Feng , Xu Bingjun
Published: December 2018

Ammonia is a promising platform molecule for the future renewable energy infrastructure owing to its high energy density (when liquefied) and carbon‐free nature. In particular, the interconversion between the chemical and electrical energies leveraging the nitrogen cycle could be an effective approach in mitigating the intermittency of renewable electricity production. However, efficient methods to store and release energy into and from ammonia, respectively, are still under development. Here, the latest developments in electrochemical ammonia synthesis and ammonia fuel cells are presented, and perspectives in the technical challenges and possible remedies are outlined. N2 electrolysis, plasma‐enabled N2 activation, and electro‐thermochemical looping are three potential approaches for electrochemical ammonia synthesis; however, achieving high selectivity and energy efficiency remains challenging. Direct ammonia fuel cells are suitable for a broad range of mobile and transportation applications but are limited by the lack of active catalysts for ammonia oxidation.
Carrier Transfer Behaviors at Perovskite/Contact Layer Heterojunctions in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Lu Chunyan , Hu Ziyang , Wang Yanyan , Sun Kai , Shen Baihui , Gao Can , Yang Cheng , Zhang Jing , Zhu Yuejin
Published: December 2018

Hybrid halide perovskite based on CH3NH3PbI3 and related materials has emerged as the most exciting development in the next generation photovoltaic technologies. There is still requirement for an effective method to establish a relationship between the charge transfer behaviors and photovoltaic properties. This study presents Kelvin probe force microscopy and conductive atomic force microscopy measurements of versatile perovskite films that participate in the formation of different heterojunctions, exploring local current, contact potential difference (CPD), and charge activities at the nanoscale. By comparing the values of CPD and current of these perovskite films in dark and under illumination, the charge transfer behaviors are locally illustrated, suggesting that the perovskite roles in these heterojunctions are strictly dependent on the contact layers. Furthermore, the average difference (ΔV) of the CPD values obtained in dark and under illumination for each heterojunction can be set to analyze the efficacy of the perovskite/contact layer interfaces. The ΔV polarity is related to the type of charge carrier (hole or electron), while the ΔV magnitude is related to the number of charge carrier. These results emphasize the importance of understanding of these heterojunction systems that could guide the design and optimization of the photovoltaic configuration.
Food Sweetener Saccharin in Binary Organocatalyst for Bulk Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Lactide
Authors: Wei Fulan , Zhu Hui , Li Zhenjiang , Wang Haixin , Zhu Yuejia , Zhang Lei , Yao Zhiwei , Luo Zikun , Zhang Chan , Guo Kai
Published: December 2018

Polylactic acid or polylactide (PLA) is the leading commercialized bio‐based polyester widely used in biomedical apparatus and disposable food packaging materials, among others. Desirable features of green and environmentally friendly ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide (LA) by organocatalysts were bulk ROP at high temperature; the organocatalyst should be inexpensive, readily available, and biosafe in the produced PLA; and the ROPs should afford PLA of precisely controlled molecular weights with no transesterifications, nor epimerizations. An organocatalyst that met all these desirable merits has, to the best of our knowledge, not been reported to date. We proposed pyridinium saccharinate binary organocatalyst for industrially feasible ROPs of lactide, carbonates, and lactones. Pyridinium saccharinates of three commercial pyridines including 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 4‐pyrrolidinopyridine, and pyridine were prepared in one step by quantitative yields. An optimal DMAP saccharinate (DMAP ⋅ Sac) as the catalyst successfully promoted ROPs of l‐lactide (LLA) and δ‐valerolactone (VL) with benzyl alcohol (BnOH) as an initiator. The bifunctional DMAP ⋅ Sac coordinated to living polymer chain‐end with enolate oxygen to hydrogen of the hydroxyl, and to monomer with pyridinium N−H to oxygen of the carbonyl that successfully catalyzed efficient polymerization of LLA. High relative growth rate (RGR>90%) of the DMAP ⋅ Sac containing poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) ensured the desirable biocompatibility and biosafety.

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Broad Scale and Structure Fabrication of Healthcare Materials for Drug and Emerging Therapies via Electrohydrodynamic Techniques
Authors: Mehta Prina , Zaman Aliyah , Smith Ashleigh , Rasekh Manoochehr , Haj‐Ahmad Rita , Arshad Muhammad S. , van der Merwe Susanna , Chang M.‐W. , Ahmad Z.
Published: December 2018

The engineering of advanced healthcare materials provides a platform to address challenges facing interdisciplinary scientists, clinicians, pharmacists, biomaterial scientists, and biomedical engineers. Niche, timely developments arising from the synthesis or extraction of more biocompatible materials, new biologically active components, clearer insights into disease mechanisms, and novel therapies provide several timely opportunities. These include enhanced therapies with greater patient compliance, improved disease targeting, better diagnosis, and bespoke medications for individuals. Electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) comprises several processes making use of electric fields interplaying with several forces. Coupled to advanced materials and specifically configured apparatuses, effective and controlled fabrication of various structures on various scales possessing various dimensions is readily achieved. The processes have distinct advantages compared to established engineering methods (ambient environment engineering, low shear, scalability, compartmentalization, etc.). This detailed review focuses on key concepts and developments in EHDA engineering pertaining to underlying principles, enabling tools and engineered structures specifically for healthcare remits. From initial experiments involving the behaviour of non‐formulated liquids on charged amber to recent developments in complex 3D matrix printing, the EHDA route has progressed significantly in the last two decades, and is capable of providing timely platform opportunities to tackle several global healthcare challenges.
Polymerization Data Mining: A Perspective
Authors: Mohammadi Yousef , Penlidis Alexander
Published: December 2018

Polymerization data mining is the art of revealing insights and developing new knowledge from huge amounts of data routinely generated in polymerization systems and polymer characterization (polymerization processes and properties of polymer materials are the specific topic of this article). This becomes possible via development and implementation of robust and versatile intelligent data classifiers/clusterers for precise (numerical) processing of any given large theoretical/experimental datasets. Data mining is capable of effectively “cracking” recipe–microstructure–property interrelationships in modern macromolecular reaction engineering. This work offers a perspective, which contains a brief overview of the current state‐of‐the‐art and history of the area, along with current developments and trends in the data mining field (for polymerizations) with several conceptual examples. All in all, and similar to what is happening in other areas, polymerization data mining is becoming a necessity. The first applications seem promising. Applying molecular simulation approaches and artificial intelligence techniques, the design and establishment of powerful simulators for characterization and processing of virtually synthesized macromolecules are open to future developments, being of paramount importance to both industry and academia.
Broadband Spin‐Driven Anomalous Surface Plasmon Polariton Steering via V‐Shaped Aperture Metasurfaces
Authors: Yang Hui , Cao Guangtao , Ou Kai , Li Guanhai , Chen Xiaoshuang
Published: December 2018

Numerically and theoretically the realization of broadband spin‐driven anomalous surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) steering via a V‐shaped aperture metasurface is demonstrated. With various orientation angles, asymmetrical phase profiles can be achieved on the left and right sides of the V‐shaped aperture, which also exhibit spin sensitive character. Spin‐driven anomalous SPP steering such as SPP launching and focusing are numerically demonstrated by properly arranging the V‐shaped apertures, and enabling extra degrees of freedom in controlling the propagation of SPPs. It is worth noting that spin‐driven anomalous SPP launching can be achieved within a broad bandwidth (800–1100 nm), being more conducive to practical applications. Moreover, an improved theoretical model is established as a physical interpretation of anomalous SPP wavefront steering and the theoretical results agree well with numerical results. These results will largely enhance the flexibility and tunability to steer the wavefront of SPPs, giving rise to broad applications in plasmonic circuits, polarization sensitive beam splitting, and near‐field imaging.
High‐Performance Yarn Supercapacitor Based on Metal–Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Electrode for Wearable Electronics
Authors: Yang Chao , Liu Qifan , Zang Limin , Qiu Jianhui , Wang Xue , Wei Chun , Qiao Xuan , Hu Lei , Yang Jun , Song Ge , Liu Chanjuan
Published: December 2018

A flexible all‐solid‐state yarn supercapacitor (YSC) based on metal–inorganic–organic ternary hybrid structure is fabricated by assembling polypyrrole@manganese oxide nanosheets@stainless steel yarn (PMS) yarn electrode of core/sheath/sheath configuration. The PMS yarn electrode combines the advantages of each component and shows excellent electrochemical performance, mechanical flexibility, and flame retardance owing to its unique structure and synergistic effect. The as‐fabricated YSC exhibits a high areal specific capacitance of 181 mF cm−2, areal energy density of 16.1 µWh cm−2, and areal power density of 10.3 mW cm−2. Moreover, the device possesses desirable voltage/current scalability and outstanding mechanical stability, which maintains 95.8% capacitance retention after 1000 bending cycles. As a demonstration, four YSCs are connected in series and then charged for 10 s to drive a light‐emitting diode (LED) digital watch. The outstanding overall performance of the YSC indicates that it is an ideal flexible power source for safe wearable electronics.
Strategic Selection of the Oxygen Source for Low Temperature‐Atomic Layer Deposition of Al2O3 Thin Film
Authors: Jin Hyun Soo , Kim Dae Hyun , Kim Seong Keun , Wallace Robert M. , Kim Jiyoung , Park Tae Joo
Published: December 2018

The influence of two oxygen source types, H2O and O3, on residual C‐related impurities in atomic‐layer‐deposited (ALD) Al2O3 film is systematically examined. ALD Al2O3 film grown using H2O contains negligible C‐related impurities irrespective of growth temperature. However, the C‐related impurity in film grown using O3 exhibits strong dependence on growth temperature; only Al carbonate (Al‐CO3) is present in film grown at 300 °C, but C‐related impurities with lower oxidation states, such as Al‐COOH and Al‐CHO, appear as the temperature decreases to 150 °C. This suggests that the reactivity of O3 and H2O in the ALD process has a different temperature dependence; from a residual impurity perspective, compared to O3, H2O is a beneficial oxygen source for low temperature processes. Electrical properties, such as charge trapping and gate leakage current, are also examined. For a growth temperature of 300 °C, the film grown using O3 is slightly superior to the film grown using H2O due to its high film density. However, the film grown using H2O demonstrates better electrical characteristics at low growth temperature, 150 °C.
Rational Design of Hierarchically Open‐Porous Spherical Hybrid Architectures for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yun Sol , Bak Seong‐Min , Kim Sanghyeon , Yeon Jeong Seok , Kim Min Gyu , Yang Xiao‐Qing , Braun Paul V. , Park Ho Seok
Published: December 2018

Controlling the internal microstructure and overall morphology of building blocks used to form hybrid materials is crucial for the realization of deterministically designed architectures with desirable properties. Here, integrative spray‐frozen (SF) assembly is demonstrated for forming hierarchically structured open‐porous microspheres (hpMSs) composed of Fe3O4 and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The SF process drives the formation of a radially aligned microstructure within the sprayed colloidal droplets and also controls the overall microsphere morphology. The spherical Fe3O4/rGO hpMSs contain interconnected open pores, which, when used as a lithium‐ion battery anode, enables them to provide gravimetric and volumetric capacities of 1069.7 mAh g−1 and 686.7 mAh cm−3, much greater than those of samples with similar composition and different morphologies. The hpMSs have good rate and cycling performance, retaining 78.5% capacity from 100 to 1000 mA g−1 and 74.6% capacity over 300 cycles. Using in situ synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, the reaction pathway and phase evolution of the hpMSs are monitored enabling observation of the very small domain size and highly disordered nature of FexOy. The reduced capacity fade relative to other conversion systems is due to the good electrical contact between the pulverized FexOy particles and rGO, the overall structural integrity of the hpMSs, and the interconnected open porosity.
A modular engineering strategy for high‐level production of protopanaxadiol from ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Zhao Fanglong , Bai Peng , Nan Weihua , Li Dashuai , Zhang Chuanbo , Lu Chunzhe , Qi Haishan , Lu Wenyu
Published: December 2018

Ethanol is a more reduced substrate than sugars. Here, 13C‐metabolic flux analysis (MFA) revealed that ethanol catabolism could supply sufficient acetyl‐CoA and reducing equivalent for PPD biosynthesis. Then, we described modular engineering strategy to optimize a multigene pathway for protopanaxadiol (PPD) production from ethanol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PPD biosynthesis was divided into four modules: mevalonate (MVA) pathway module, triterpene biosynthesis module, sterol biosynthesis module, and acetyl‐CoA formation module. Combinatorially overexpressing every gene in MVA pathway and optimizing metabolic balance in triterpene biosynthesis module led to significantly enhanced PPD production (42.34 mg/L/OD600). In sterol biosynthesis module, fine‐tuning lanosterol synthase gene (ERG7) expression using TetR–TetO gene regulation system enabled further production improvement (51.26 mg/L/OD600). Furthermore, increasing cytoplasmic acetyl‐CoA supply by overexpressing a Salmonella ACS (acetyl‐CoA synthetase gene) mutant ACSseL641P improved PPD production to 66.55 mg/L/OD600. In 5 L bioreactor, PPD production of the best‐performing strain WLT‐MVA5 reached 8.09 g/L, which has been the highest titer of plant triterpene produced in yeast. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 866–874, 2019
Mental illness, drinking, and the social division and structure of labor in the United States: 2003‐2015
Authors: Prins Seth J. , McKetta Sarah , Platt Jonathan , Muntaner Carles , Keyes Katherine M. , Bates Lisa M.
Published: December 2018

Background

We draw on a relational theoretical perspective to investigate how the social division and structure of labor are associated with serious and moderate mental illness and binge and heavy drinking.

Methods

The Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the Occupational Information Network were linked to explore how occupation, the productivity‐to‐pay gap, unemployment, the gendered division of domestic labor, and factor‐analytic and theory‐derived dimensions of work are related to mental illness and drinking outcomes.

Results

Occupations involving manual labor and customer interaction, entertainment, sales, or other service‐oriented labor were associated with increased odds of mental illness and drinking outcomes. Looking for work, more hours of housework, and a higher productivity‐to‐pay gap were associated with increased odds of mental illness. Physical/risky work was associated with binge and heavy drinking and serious mental illness; technical/craft work and automation were associated with binge drinking. Work characterized by higher authority, autonomy, and expertise was associated with lower odds of mental illness and drinking outcomes.

Conclusions

Situating work‐related risk factors within their material context can help us better understand them as determinants of mental illness and identify appropriate targets for social change.
Molecular analysis provides further evidence that Chitayat syndrome is caused by the recurrent p.(Tyr89Cys) pathogenic variant in the ERF gene
Authors: Caro‐Contreras Alan , Alcántara‐Ortigoza Miguel A. , Ahumada‐Pérez Juan F. , González‐del Angel Ariadna
Published: December 2018

Chitayat syndrome (CHYTS, MIM #617180) is a rare autosomal dominant clinical condition caused by a single missense pathogenic variant in the ERF gene (19q13.2, MIM*611888), which encodes the ETS2 Repressor Factor (ERF) protein. The characteristic features reported to date for this condition are facial dysmorphism, hyperphalangism and respiratory complications during the newborn period. Herein, we report the sixth patient worldwide with a confirmed molecular diagnosis of CHYTS. Our documentation of pectus carinatum, hypoplastic phalanges (as in two previously described patients), and lack of hyperphalangism broadens the phenotypic spectrum of CHYTS. Moreover, our identification of a heterozygous mutation [c.266A>G or p.(Tyr89Cys)] [rs886041001] in this patient provides further evidence that this condition is caused by a recurrent pathogenic variant in ERF.
Periconceptional folic acid supplementation in Southern Brazil: Why are not we doing it right?
Authors: da Rosa Ernani B. , Silveira Daniélle B. , Correia Jamile D. , Grapiglia Carolina G. , de Moraes Samir A. G. , Nunes Mauricio R. , Zen Tatiana D. , Oliveira Ceres A. , Correia Elisa P. E. , Alcay Cristiane T. , Lisboa Marli L. , da Cunha Andre C. , Zen Paulo R. G. , Rosa Rafael F. M.
Published: December 2018

Several countries, as Brazil, have public policies for periconceptional folic acid supplementation (FAS) in order to prevent unfavorable outcomes. Our aim was to evaluate the FAS situation in a public reference hospital from Southern Brazil. This study included all mothers who had children born at the Hospital Materno Infantil Presidente Vargas, RS, Brazil, in a 1‐year period. Data collection was conducted through interviews with application of a clinical protocol and analysis of the patients' records. FAS was defined as the use of folic acid in any period of the periconceptional period, irrespective of the duration and amount. We also classified those mothers who correctly followed the national recommendation proposed by the Health Ministry of Brazil. The sample consisted of 765 mothers evaluated soon after childbirth. Their ages ranged from 12 to 45 years (mean 25.2 years). The overall level of FAS was 51.5%, and the use according to the national recommendation occurred in only 1.6%. Factors associated with non‐FAS consisted of lower maternal age (p= .009) and maternal schooling (p= .023), higher number of pregnancies (p= .003), fewer prenatal visits (p= .050) and later prenatal care onset (p= .037). Periconceptional FAS in our midst seems to be very far from the ideal goal. Susceptible groups appeared to be mothers who were younger, less educated, multiparous, and had inadequate prenatal care. We believe that efforts of education and awareness should be especially targeted for these groups. These recommendations should also be strengthened among those who prescribe the FAS.
Recurrent mosaic MTOR c.5930C > T (p.Thr1977Ile) variant causing megalencephaly, asymmetric polymicrogyria, and cutaneous pigmentary mosaicism: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Handoko Maureen , Emrick Lisa T. , Rosenfeld Jill A. , Wang Xia , Tran Alyssa A. , Turner Alicia , Belmont John W. ,   Undiagnosed Diseases Network, Lee Brendan H. , Bacino Carlos A. , Chao Hsiao‐Tuan
Published: December 2018

Genetic alterations leading to overactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling result in brain overgrowth syndromes such as focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and megalencephaly. Megalencephaly with cutis tri‐color of the Blaschko‐linear type pigmentary mosaicism and intellectual disability is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder attributed to the recurrent mosaic c.5930C > T (p.Thr1977Ile) MTOR variant. This variant was previously reported at low to intermediate levels of mosaicism in the peripheral blood of three unrelated individuals with consistent clinical findings. We report a fourth case of a 3‐year‐old female presenting with megalencephaly, obstructive hydrocephalus due to cerebral aqueductal stenosis, asymmetric polymicrogyria, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, hypotonia, developmental delay, and cutaneous pigmentary mosaicism. Oligonucleotide and SNP chromosomal microarray (CMA), karyotype, and trio whole exome sequencing (WES) in the peripheral blood, as well as a targeted gene variant panel from fibroblasts derived from hyperpigmented and non‐hyperpigmented skin did not detect any abnormalities in MTOR or other genes associated with brain overgrowth syndromes. Unlike the previously reported cases, the de novo c.5930C > T (p.Thr1977Ile) MTOR variant was detected at 32% mosaicism in our patient only after WES was performed on fibroblast‐derived DNA from the hyperpigmented skin. This case demonstrates the tissue variability in mosaic expression of the recurrent p.Thr1977Ile MTOR variant, emphasizes the need for skin biopsies in the genetic evaluation of patients with skin pigmentary mosaicism, and expands the clinical phenotype associated with this pathogenic MTOR variant.
A Chemogenetic Approach for the Optical Monitoring of Voltage in Neurons
Authors: Sundukova Mayya , Prifti Efthymia , Bucci Annalisa , Kirillova Kseniia , Serrao Joana , Reymond Luc , Umebayashi Miwa , Hovius Ruud , Riezman Howard , Johnsson Kai , Heppenstall Paul A.
Published: December 2018

Optical monitoring of neuronal voltage using fluorescent indicators is a powerful approach for the interrogation of the cellular and molecular logic of the nervous system. Herein, a semisynthetic tethered voltage indicator (STeVI1) based upon nile red is described that displays voltage sensitivity when genetically targeted to neuronal membranes. This environmentally sensitive probe allows for wash‐free imaging and faithfully detects supra‐ and sub‐threshold activity in neurons.
A Versatile Halide Ester Enabling Li‐Anode Stability and a High Rate Capability in Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Wang Di , Zhang Fan , He Ping , Zhou Haoshen
Published: December 2018

Li‐O2 batteries are promising candidates for next‐generation high‐energy‐density battery systems. However, the main problems of Li–O2 batteries include the poor rate capability of the cathode and the instability of the Li anode. Herein, an ester‐based liquid additive, 2,2,2‐trichloroethyl chloroformate, was introduced into the conventional electrolyte of a Li–O2 battery. Versatile effects of this additive on the oxygen cathode and the Li metal anode became evident. The Li–O2 battery showed an outstanding rate capability of 2005 mAh g−1 with a remarkably decreased charge potential at a large current density of 1000 mA g−1. The positive effect of the halide ester on the rate capacity is associated with the improved solubility of Li2O2 in the electrolyte and the increased diffusion rate of O2. Furthermore, the ester promotes the formation of a solid–electrolyte interphase layer on the surface of the Li metal, which restrains the loss and volume change of the Li electrode during stripping and plating, thereby achieving a cycling stability over 900 h and a Li capacity utilization of up to 10 mAh cm−2.
Metal–Organic‐Framework‐Derived Hollow N‐Doped Porous Carbon with Ultrahigh Concentrations of Single Zn Atoms for Efficient Carbon Dioxide Conversion
Authors: Yang Qihao , Yang Chun‐Chuen , Lin Chia‐Her , Jiang Hai‐Long
Published: December 2018

The development of efficient and low energy‐consumption catalysts for CO2 conversion is desired, yet remains a great challenge. Herein, a class of novel hollow porous carbons (HPC), featuring well dispersed dopants of nitrogen and single Zn atoms, have been fabricated, based on the templated growth of a hollow metal–organic framework precursor, followed by pyrolysis. The optimized HPC‐800 achieves efficient catalytic CO2 cycloaddition with epoxides, under light irradiation, at ambient temperature, by taking advantage of an ultrahigh loading of (11.3 wt %) single‐atom Zn and uniform N active sites, high‐efficiency photothermal conversion as well as the hierarchical pores in the carbon shell. As far as we know, this is the first report on the integration of the photothermal effect of carbon‐based materials with single metal atoms for catalytic CO2 fixation.
Eisenporphyrin‐katalysierte C‐H‐Funktionalisierung von Indol mit Diazoacetonitril für die Synthese von Tryptaminen
Authors: Hock Katharina J. , Knorrscheidt Anja , Hommelsheim Renè , Ho Junming , Weissenborn Martin J. , Koenigs Rene M.
Published: December 2018

Die Funktionalisierung von C‐H‐Bindungen mit Nichtedelmetallkatalysatoren ist ein wichtiges Forschungsgebiet für die Entwicklung effizienter und nachhaltiger Synthesemethoden. In diesem Artikel beschreiben wir die Entwicklung Eisenporphyrin‐katalysierter Reaktionen von Diazoacetonitril mit N‐Heterocyclen um so einen Zugang zu wertvollen Vorläufern zu Tryptaminen zu erhalten. Darüberhinaus berichten wir über experimentelle mechanistische Studien sowie über konzeptionelle Studien zu einer enzymatischen Synthese mit dem Enzym YfeX. Mit dem leicht zugänglichen FeTPPCl‐Katalysator konnten wir hoch effiziente C‐H‐Funktionalisierungsreaktionen von Indol und Indazol‐Heterocyclen zeigen. Diese Reaktionen können unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen, mit exzellenten Ausbeuten und großer Toleranz funktioneller Gruppen inklusive Anwendungen im Grammmaßstab durchgeführt werden und eröffnen so einen einzigartigen, effizienten Zugang zu Tryptaminen.
Furo[3,2‐b]pyridine: A Privileged Scaffold for Highly Selective Kinase Inhibitors and Effective Modulators of the Hedgehog Pathway
Authors: Němec Václav , Hylsová Michaela , Maier Lukáš , Flegel Jana , Sievers Sonja , Ziegler Slava , Schröder Martin , Berger Benedict‐Tilman , Chaikuad Apirat , Valčíková Barbora , Uldrijan Stjepan , Drápela Stanislav , Souček Karel , Waldmann Herbert , Knapp Stefan , Paruch Kamil
Published: December 2018

Reported is the identification of the furo[3,2‐b]pyridine core as a novel scaffold for potent and highly selective inhibitors of cdc‐like kinases (CLKs) and efficient modulators of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Initially, a diverse target compound set was prepared by synthetic sequences based on chemoselective metal‐mediated couplings, including assembly of the furo[3,2‐b]pyridine scaffold by copper‐mediated oxidative cyclization. Optimization of the subseries containing 3,5‐disubstituted furo[3,2‐b]pyridines afforded potent, cell‐active, and highly selective inhibitors of CLKs. Profiling of the kinase‐inactive subset of 3,5,7‐trisubstituted furo[3,2‐b]pyridines revealed sub‐micromolar modulators of the Hedgehog pathway.
Umpolung Reactivity of Ynamides: An Unconventional [1,3]‐Sulfonyl and [1,5]‐Sulfinyl Migration Cascade
Authors: Prabagar B. , Mallick Rajendra K. , Prasad Rangu , Gandon Vincent , Sahoo Akhila K.
Published: December 2018

A regioselective sulfonyl/sulfinyl migration cycloisomerization cascade of alkyne‐tethered ynamides is developed in the presence of XPhosgold catalyst. This reaction is the first example of a general [1,3]‐sulfonyl migration from the nitrogen center to the β‐carbon atom of ynamides, followed by umpolung 5‐endo‐dig cyclization of the ynamide α‐carbon atom to the gold‐activated alkyne, and final deaurative [1,5]‐sulfinylation. This process allows the synthesis of peripherally decorated unconventional 4‐sulfinylated pyrroles with broad scope from N‐propargyl‐tethered ynamides. In contrast, N‐homopropargyl‐tethered ynamides undergo intramolecular tetradehydro Diels–Alder reaction to provide 2,3‐dihydro‐benzo[f]indole derivatives. Control experiments and density‐functional theory studies were used to study the reaction pathways.