bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Schrödinger Equations as Limit of Discrete Filtering
Authors: Gough John , Sobolev Andrei
Published: November 2004

We consider an open model possessing a Markovian quantum stochastic limit and derive the limit stochastic Schrödinger equations for the wave function conditioned on indirect observations using only the von Neumann projection postulate. We show that the diffusion (Gaussian) situation is universal as a result of the central limit theorem with the quantum jump (Poissonian) situation being an exceptional case. It is shown that, starting from the correponding limiting open systems dynamics, the theory of quantum filtering leads to the same equations, therefore establishing consistency of the quantum stochastic approach for limiting Markovian models.
Optimal Allocation of Heat Exchanger Investment
Authors: Burzler J. M. , Amelkin S. A. , Tsirlin A. M. , Hoffmann K. H.
Published: November 2004

The optimal allocation of a given investment capital to the heat exchanging inventory is studied for heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps. The study is based on an endoreversible model operating between two constant temperature heat reservoirs at optimal thermodynamic performance, which is either minimal entropy production or maximum power production. The analysis accounts for the fact that the actual costs of heat exchangers equipment is subject to the material, design and operating conditions of the heat exchangers so that the dependence between the costs and heat transfer coefficients generally needs to be considered as nonlinear and different for the hot and cold side of the system. Contrary to existing results showing no difference between cyclic and stationary operation for Newtonian heat transfer we find one. This result also pertains to non-Newtonian heat transfer.
Effects of a clutter suppression cut‐fence with a metallic disk on low‐elevation sidelobes of lower‐troposphere radar
Authors: Rao Qinjiang , Hashiguchi Hiroyuki , Fukao Shoichiro , Matsuda Tomoya
Published: November 2004

A novel polyhedral cut‐fence is proposed to reduce low‐elevation sidelobes and maintain smaller radome size for lower‐troposphere radars (LTRs). To optimize the design, radiation sidelobes of the LTR equipped with a cut‐fence and a metallic circular disk on the top of a hemispheric radome were studied with high‐frequency techniques. Special attention has been paid to the effect of the proposed structure on the LTR radiation sidelobes. The obtained results show that a suitable cut‐fence can not only minimize radome size but also maintain the desired low‐elevation sidelobes. Additionally, the disk on the top of a hemispheric radome needs to be taken into account for accurate far‐field prediction. The proposed structure has been used successfully in designing fences and radomes for wind profiler radars throughout the Japanese islands. Our general conclusions may also be applicable to other radar systems.
Apatite fission‐track dating of fault‐related rocks along the Nojima and Kusumoto faults and its tectonic significance
Authors: Ito Hisatoshi
Published: November 2004

The tectonic history of the Nojima fault, a ∼10 km‐long active fault whose movement caused the disastrous 1995 Kobe earthquake, was studied by the apatite fission‐track (AFT) dating method. AFT ages of 63–83 Ma from a thermally undisturbed uplifted block indicate relatively minor uplift since ∼65 Ma with an estimated total exhumation of ∼3.6 km assuming a geothermal gradient of 25°C/km. AFT ages of 44–54 Ma and the nature of the track length distribution from fault‐related rocks indicate that fault‐related hydrothermal minerals, such as laumontite and chlorite, and foliated cataclasite were formed by ancient fault activity that occurred before ∼44 Ma. It is inferred that the Quaternary fault activity of the Nojima fault is a relatively major phase in the entire tectonic history of the Nojima fault.
Reinterpretation of mirror modes as trains of slow magnetosonic solitons
Authors: Stasiewicz Krzysztof
Published: November 2004

It is shown that large amplitude periodic oscillations of the magnetic field measured frequently by spacecraft in the magnetosheath, and interpreted as mirror‐mode waves/structures, represent trains of slow‐mode magnetosonic solitons. Nonlinear magnetosonic wave‐trains with properties attributed previously to mirror‐mode structures are obtained as exact solutions of Hall‐MHD equations with anisotropic ion pressure. The theoretically derived properties of magnetosonic solitons are compared with multipoint measurements on Cluster satellites in the magnetosheath with plasma beta (plasma/magnetic pressure) ∼10. The computed properties of nonlinear waves: amplitudes, spatial scales, periodicity, and propagation velocities are consistent with in situ measurements in space.
Who Wants to be a Woman? Young Women's Reflections on Transitions to Adulthood
Authors: Gordan Tuula , Lahelma Elina
Published: November 2004

The focus of this article is on how Finnish young women construct their transitions to adulthood and how they imagine their futures as women. Tensions in this process are analysed: many young women want to accelerate their shifts towards independent adult status. At the same time, some of them attempt to postpone the point of being locked into the lives of adult women. They look forward to acquiring the legal status of an adult citizen and to moving to homes of their own. But they want to stay young, which means time for relationships, studying, work and travel, and definitely not children at an early age. Being an adult woman does not seem to be a very tempting position for some young women; being a girl is considered by them to open more possibilities. Those young women who are keener to embrace female adulthood are also discussed, focusing on ways in which they envisage their futures, and what contradictions they experience. These tensions are explored drawing from the research project ‘Tracing Transitions — Follow-Up Study of Post-16 Students’. In the study, 40 young women and 23 young men aged around 18 years were interviewed individually, in paris or in groups of three. The project is grounded on ethnographic research in which the same young people were followed when they started secondary school at the age of 13 years.
Considering the Role of Men in Gender Agenda Setting: Conceptual and Policy Issues
Authors: Ertürk Yakin
Published: November 2004

The international gender equality agenda evolved into one of mainstreaming a gender perspective into all policies and programmes. Within this process, the role of men gained increasing attention in the debates on gender equality. This resulted in the inclusion of ‘men's role’ as one of the themes of the agenda of the Commission on the Status of Women for the year 2004. While this is another step forward in the global efforts for achieving equality between women and men, its potential risks should not be overlooked. Therefore, it is necessary to revisit the concept of gender and carefully assess and monitor how the role of men is included in the agenda. This article starts with the premise that gender inequalities are the product of historically determined gender order in which the differentially assigned male female attributes are unequally structured in layers of privileged and subordinate positions of masculinities and femininities. The concept of patriarchy is brought back into the analysis to capture the interlinkages between the various status hierarchies that lead to shifts in hegemonic forms of masculinity that reproduces itself under diverse and changing conditions. Thus, while the article attempts to account for the generic and universal characteristics of gender inequality, at the same time, it draws attention to its specific socio-cultural manifestations. Finally, policy guidelines are offered for the consideration of the role of men in gender agenda setting. Accordingly, it is suggested that men's initiatives for alternative masculinities are acknowledged and that the questions regarding which men, in what kinds of alliances and for which end are reflected upon in formulating policies.
Compressible Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities in supernova remnants
Authors: Ribeyre X. , Tikhonchuk V. T. , Bouquet S.
Published: November 2004

Partial modeling of the hydrodynamic evolution of the supernovae is one of the prominent applications of laboratory astrophysics. In particular the role of Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) in supernova evolution needs to be explained. In this paper we analyze the compressibility effects on the RTI in the linear regime. We compare the compressible isothermal and stratified incompressible RTI growth rates and analyze the vorticity generation at the interface. We show that for several configurations the effect of compressibility can be significant in supernovae remnants.
Turbulent scales of dilute particle-laden flows in microgravity
Authors: Groszmann Daniel E. , Rogers Chris B.
Published: November 2004

The work described in this paper attempts to characterize the effects of inertia, isolated from gravity, on the dispersion of solid particles in a turbulent air flow. The experiment consisted of releasing particles of various sizes in an enclosed box of fan-generated, near-homogeneous, isotropic, and stationary turbulent airflow and examining the particle behavior in a microgravity environment. The turbulence box was characterized in ground-based experiments using laser Doppler velocimetry techniques. Microgravity was established by free floating the experiment apparatus during the parabolic trajectory of NASA’s KC-135 reduced-gravity aircraft. The microgravity generally lasted about 20 s, with about 50 parabolas per flight and one flight per day over a testing period of four days. To cover a broad range of flow regimes of interest, particles with Stokes numbers St of about 1–100 were released in the turbulence box. The three-dimensional measurements of particle motion were made with a particle-tracking algorithm using a three-camera stereo imaging system. Digital photogrammetric techniques were used to determine the particle locations from the calibrated camera images. The epipolar geometry constraint identified matching particles from the three different camera views and a direct spatial intersection scheme determined the coordinates of particles in three-dimensional space. Since particle loadings were light, velocity and acceleration constraints allowed particles in a sequence of frames to be matched, resulting in particle tracks and dispersion measurements. The goal was to compare the dispersion of different Stokes number particles in zero gravity and thereby decouple the effects of gravity from inertia on the dispersion. Results show that higher inertia particles disperse less in isotropic, nondecaying turbulent flows under zero gravity, in agreement with current models. Measurements show that particles with St≈1 dispersed about ten times more than the St≈100 particles.
Vessel eddy current measurement for the National Spherical Torus Experiment
Authors: Gates D. A. , Menard J. E. , Marsala R. J.
Published: November 2004

A simple analog circuit that measures the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) axisymmetric eddy current distribution has been designed and constructed. It is based on simple circuit model of the NSTX vacuum vessel that was calibrated using a special axisymmetric eddy current code which was written so that accuracy was maintained in the vicinity of the current filaments [J. Menard, J. Fusion Tech. (to be published)]. The measurement and the model have been benchmarked against data from numerous vacuum shots and they are in excellent agreement. This is an important measurement that helps give more accurate equilibrium reconstructions.
Temporally resolved Schwarzschild microscope for the characterization of extreme ultraviolet emission in laser-produced plasmas
Authors: Tao Y. , Nakai M. , Nishimura H. , Fujioka S. , Okuno T. , Fujiwara T. , Ueda N. , Miyanaga N. , Izawa Y.
Published: November 2004

A temporally resolved monochromatic extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imager has been developed for use in EUV radiation source research. The imager consists of a Schwarzschild microscope, with near-normal-incident Mo/Si multilayer mirrors adjusted for 13.5 nm and 4% bandwidth, and an x-ray streak camera (XSC). The spatial resolution of the microscope was limited by the image detector’s resolution to 3.5 μm for the CCD camera and 15 μm for the XSC, respectively, for a field of view of 1.2 mm. With the high photon collection efficiency, clear streak images could be obtained on a single-shot basis with laser pulse energy as low as 50 mJ at an intensity of 1×1010 W/cm2. Expansion behavior of the EUV emission region was successfully observed for laser-produced Sn plasmas.
High-power short-pulse laser repetition rate improvement by adaptive wave front correction
Authors: Wattellier B. , Fuchs J. , Zou J. P. , Abdeli K. , Haefner C. , Pépin H.
Published: November 2004

Dynamic wave front correction is applied before each shot on a 100 TW, 30 J/300 fs high power laser facility using an adaptive optics system. This system allows one to increase the repetition rate of high-energy lasers while maintaining excellent and constant beam focusability with a Strehl ratio >0.75 despite the amplifiers not being in thermal equilibrium. Best results in terms of highest Strehl ratio and intensities are obtained when locking the system on wave front sensing after pulse recompression.
Precision short-pulse damage test station utilizing optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification
Authors: Jovanovic Igor , Brown Curtis , Wattellier Benoit , Nielsen Norman , Molander William , Stuart Brent , Pennington Deanna , Barty C. P. J.
Published: November 2004

The next generation of high-energy petawatt (HEPW)-class lasers will utilize multilayer dielectric diffraction gratings for pulse compression, due to their high efficiency and high damage threshold for picosecond pulses. The peak power of HEPW lasers will be determined by the aperture and damage threshold of the final dielectric grating in the pulse compressor and final focusing optics. We have developed a short-pulse damage test station for accurate determination of the damage threshold of the optics used on future HEPW lasers. Our damage test station is based on a highly stable, high-beam-quality optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier (OPCPA) operating at 1053 nm at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. We present the design of our OPCPA system pumped by a commercial Q-switched pump laser and the results of the full system characterization. Initial short-pulse damage experiments in the far field using our system have been performed.
Design and calibration of a cryogenic blackbody calibrator at centimeter wavelengths
Authors: Kogut A. , Wollack E. , Fixsen D. J. , Limon M. , Mirel P. , Levin S. , Seiffert M. , Lubin P. M.
Published: November 2004

We describe the design and calibration of an external cryogenic blackbody calibrator used for the first two flights of the Absolute Radiometer for Cosmology, Astrophysics, and Diffuse Emission (ARCADE) instrument. The calibrator consists of a microwave absorber weakly coupled to a superfluid liquid helium bath. Half-wave corrugations viewed 30° off axis reduce the return loss below −35 dB within a compact footprint. Ruthenium oxide resistive thermometers embedded within the absorber monitor the temperature across the face of the calibrator. The thermal calibration transfers the calibration of a reference thermometer to the flight thermometers using the flight thermometer readout system. The calibrator thermometry is stable in time over four years, with statistical uncertainty in the temperature calibration of order 2 mK near 2.7 K, limited primarily by thermal fluctuations in the liquid helium bath. Observations of the superfluid transition demonstrate that the absolute temperature scale is accurate within 0.3 mK.
A simple noise subtraction technique
Authors: Douarche F. , Buisson L. , Ciliberto S. , Petrosyan A.
Published: November 2004

Measuring very low level signals at low frequency is a tedious task, because environmental noise increases in this frequency domain and it is very difficult to filter it efficiently. In order to counteract these major problems, we propose a simple and generic noise subtraction technique, which mixes several features of traditional feedback techniques and those of noise estimators. As an example of application, large band measurements of the thermal fluctuations of a mechanical oscillator are presented. Our results show that the proposed noise subtraction technique is easy to implement and gives good results.
Lhx2–/–mice develop liver fibrosis
Authors: Wandzioch Ewa , Kolterud Åsa , Jacobsson Maria , Friedman Scott L. , Carlsson Leif
Published: November 2004

Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing response to chronic injury of any type and is characterized by a progressive increase in deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, the major source of which are activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Because theLIMhomeobox geneLhx2is expressed in HSCs and liver development inLhx2–/–mice is disrupted, we analyzed liver development inLhx2–/–embryos in detail.Lhx2–/–embryos contain numerous activated HSCs and display a progressively increased deposition of the ECM proteins associated with liver fibrosis, suggesting that Lhx2 inhibits HSC activation. Transfection of Lhx2 cDNA into a human HSC line down-regulates expression of genes characteristic of activated HSCs. Moreover, theLhx2–/–liver display a disrupted cellular organization and an altered gene expression pattern of the intrahepatic endodermal cells, and the increased deposition of ECM proteins precedes these abnormalities. Collectively these results show that Lhx2 negatively regulates HSC activation, and its inactivation in developing HSCs appears therefore to mimic the signals that are triggered by the wound-healing response to chronic liver injury. This study establishes a spontaneous and reproducible animal model for hepatic fibrosis and reveals that Lhx2 expression in HSCs is important for proper cellular organization and differentiation of the liver.
Against Vlastos on complex irony
Authors: Gordon Jill
Published: November 2004

At a point not long after Anytus has been introduced in Plato's dialogue, Meno, we learn two things in particular: (i) that good and virtuous men often have despicable sons, despite their efforts to give them the finest educations (91a–95a), and (ii) that public affairs are not governed by knowledge; Athenian statesmen and those who elect them are ignorant even though they sometimes might get lucky and rule by true opinion (96d–99d).
Heliodoros: serious intentions
Authors: Dowden Ken
Published: November 2004

What merit should we find in Heliodoros' novel? Towards its end Hydaspes, agonizing over whether to save Charikleia from human sacrifice, sees before him an internal audience stirred by π⋯θη (emotions, feelings) equal to his and ‘weeping through pleasure and pity at Fortune's stage-management’ (10.16.3). This is a popular audience, a demos, evincing a popular reaction, but one which Heliodoros anticipated and doubtless welcomed. Their reaction is characterized by simple, direct emotions and some limited awareness of the larger processes that have been going on in this novel. For them this is a world of τ⋯χη (Fortune) and amazement. Does the novel invite any deeper critical reaction than this?
Hirtius and the Bellum Alexandrinum
Authors: Hall Lindsay G. H.
Published: November 2004

Caesar left off writing de Bello Gallico at the end of the Alesia campaign in 51 B.C., and his account of the civil war begins in January 49. There was therefore a gap ofa year and more between the narratives in the two collections of Caesar's own Commentaries. Some time soon after Caesar's death, his officer A. Hirtius decided toknit together these unlinked narratives, supplying a preface to account for hisprocedure. It is usually assumed, and it is assumed here, that this Preface, whichappears at the start of B.G. 8 in the MSS, should be taken to mean that its author wasthe author too of the book immediately following, which connects de Bello Gallico with de Bello Civili by narrating, essentially, the transactions of the year 50.
Virgil, Aeneid 5.835–6
Authors: Sansone David
Published: November 2004

This has all the appearance of being a straightforward, even conventional, transition. Indeed, the conceit of Night′s chariot is common and has a history stretching back at least as far as the beginning of the fifth century B.C. Night is elsewhere described by Virgil as umida, the epithet reflecting the traditional view that Night, like Dawn (cf. Theocr. 2.148), arises from and sinks back into the stream of Ocean. In fact, the chariot of Night had been referred to as recently as lines 721 and 738 of this book, in the latter instance with the epithet umida applied to Night. What is new and interesting in our passage is the ‘meta caeli’ round which Night′s chariot turns. The effect of this novelty is to make of Night′s vehicle a racing chariot, as it is the chariots in the Circus that must negotiate a meta. The programmatic reasons for Virgil′s having done this in Book 5 are obvious. Earlier in the book Virgil had described the games held in honour of the anniversary of Anchises′ death. The first and most elaborately portrayed event in these games had been the boat-race, which is plainly modelled on the chariot-race in Iliad 23, the first and most elaborately portrayed event in the funeral games for Patroclus. Just as Achilles had required the competing chariots to race once around a distant turning-post, so Aeneas requires the competing ships to race once around a rock out at sea, which rock is three times called a meta (5.129, 159, 171). A simile comparing the sailors and their ships to charioteers and their teams (5.144–7) makes the connection explicit.
‘Marcellinus'’ Life of Thucydides: criticism and criteria in the biographical tradition
Authors: Maitland Judith
Published: November 2004

The focus of this paper will be the critical material in the particular Life of Thucydides which is attributed to ‘Marcellinus’.1 After some preliminary remarks about the extant Lives, I shall identify the critical material to be discussed, and proceed to examine its composition and possible origin. I shall suggest that, like the biographical material, the critical passages are a compilation of material from different sources and show a variety of approaches. In discussing these approaches, I shall show that the critical passages contain different emphases, analytical skills and priorities, and vocabulary.
A note On pseudo-Xenophon, The Constitution of the Athenians 1.11
Authors: Bechtle Gerald
Published: November 2004

Amongst the numerous difficult passages of the anonymous Constitution of the Athenians the present one, as a whole, has particularly tenaciously resisted attempts at interpretation or elucidation in spite of progress made as to a number of details. One major obstacle to a real understanding of this sentence (but by no means the only one) is the corrupt phrase in the final clause.
Two problems in Martial
Authors: Watson P. , Watson L.
Published: November 2004

‘Some of Martial's shortest epigrams are also the obscurest’, observes P. T. Eden, apropos of 1.102. This two-line poem has certainly generated a remarkable diversity of interpretations. All the critics are agreed that the portrait of Venus owned by the courtesan Lycoris (‘Venerem tuam, Lycori’) is in some way botched or unattractive, but, beyond this, their explanations differ widely.
Achilleae Comae: hair and heroism according to Domitian
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn
Published: November 2004

For a homicidal tyrant Domitian was disconcertingly droll. A number of examples of is ‘sardonic wit’ survive. One of them was so good that Marcus Aurelius supposedly repeated it, and attributed it to Hadrian rather than Domitian on the grounds that good sayings had no moral force if they came from tyrants.3 Domitian also possessed a talent for writing. Suetonius (Dom.2.2, 20) and Tacitus (Hist.4.86.2) claim that his interest in literature was merely a pretence, but Domitian′s contemporaries claim for him genuine ability, and here for once they seem much closer to the mark, as Coleman argues.
Aphrodite and the Pandora complex
Authors: Brown A. S.
Published: November 2004

What have the following in common: Epimetheus, Paris, Anchises, and the suitors of Penelope? The ready answer might be that it must have something to do with women, for it requires no great thought to see that the attractions of femininity proved the undoing of three of them, while for Anchises life was never to be the same again after his encounter with Aphrodite. But suppose we add to our first group such figures as Zeus, Priam, Polynices, and Eumaeus? The fates of all these characters as they, appear at certain points in the poetry of Homer, Hesiod, and others give expression i to a network of interrelated sexual and economic anxieties that seem to underlie a { great deal of what the Archaic poets say about the female sex. In this article I 1 propose to explore a particular part of that network, which I have called the ? ‘Pandora complex’, since it is Hesiod′s version of the Pandora myth which provides the classic statement of the male dilemma over women, poised between the conflicting desires for sexual gratification and domestic stability.1
Birds, grandfathers, and neoteric sorcery in Aeneid 4.254 and 7.412
Authors: Dyson Julia T.
Published: November 2004

On his way to convey Jupiter's rebuke to Aeneas, Mercury passes by his maternal grandfather Atlas, a mountain vividly personified as an old man with snowy beard/frozen rivers running down his chin (4.249–51). Here he pauses, then flings himself into the waves (4.253–4):
Two adynata in Horace, Epode 16
Authors: Hollis A. S.
Published: November 2004

Horace had good reason to know these lines (quoted by Diodorus Siculus 8.21) since they come from the foundation oracle of one of his favourite places, Tarentum, delivered to the founder Phalanthus whom Horace mentions in Odes 2.6.11–12, ‘regnata petam Laconi | rura Phalantho’. It is a regular feature of such oracles that, however absurd and impossible they may seem, they will be fulfilled in a quite unexpected way.
Notes on Eugenius of Toledo
Authors: Alberto Paulo F.
Published: November 2004

Eug. carm. 70 (Vollmer)

At the end of line 3, all the extant manuscripts offer -melos. This has been accepted by the editors without discussion. But is it plausible to accept camels in this bucolic landscape?
Two textual notes on Ps.-Sen. Octavia (458; 747)
Authors: Ferri Rolando
Published: November 2004

At the peak of this heated confrontation between Nero and Seneca, in which the latter exhorts the emperor to seek the people's love and trust rather than their hatred, Nero retorts that it is meet for the people to fear their prince (457–8). This is unsurprising and represents Nero as merely the latest in a long line of tragic tyrants (in the wake of Atreus' oderint dum metuant in Accius [203–4 R.]). In the exchange that follows, however, is the slightly puzzling (458): ‘metuant necesse est’:: ‘quicquid exprimitur graue est’. It is not only that Nero simply reiterates a concept already asserted in the line before (’decet timeri Caesarem’) which had prompted Seneca's ‘at plus diligi’. More than that, Seneca's exprimitur (‘all which is extorted is disliked’) is a non sequitur after ‘metuant necesse est’. exprimere is to ‘squeeze out’, ‘to extort’, ‘to elicit’, but in Latin metus is hardly ever ‘extorted’, exprimere, on the other hand, is commonly said of sincere or pretended assent, applause, jubilation, or forced admission. The verb occurs again at 494 ‘humiles … uoces exprimit nostri metus’; 581 ‘exprimere ius est, ferre quod nequeunt preces?’; elsewhere in Sen. Oed. 529 ‘ulline poena uocis expressae fuit’; Clem. 1.1.7 ‘omnibus … nunc ciuibus tuis … haec confessio exprimitur esse felices’; Plin. Pan. 2.2 ‘uoces illas quas metus exprimebat’.
Silius Italicus 10.108 and Jupiter's eagles
Authors: Eden P. T.
Published: November 2004

(The text is that of the most recent edition of Silius Italicus: Punica, by Josef Delz [Stuttgart, 1987].)
Iliad and Aethiopis on the Stage: Aeschylus and Son
Authors: West M. L.
Published: November 2004

Aeschylus, according to a famous report, described his tragedies as ‘cuts from Homer's great banquets’. The anecdote has the ring of truth, particularly as ‘Homer’ here must include the Epic Cycle, which would hardly have been possible after the fifth century; and there is an obvious source from which Athenaeus might have taken the story, the ’Eπιδημαι of Ion of Chios, which he cites in three other places. This work had the character of a personal memoir describing notable Athenian statesmen, poets, and philosophers whom Ion had known. The emphasis was on their personalities as revealed in their public speeches and private conversation. One of Athenaeus’ quotations from it is about Sophocles, and we know from other evidence that as a young man Ion had met Aeschylus too. The anecdote would have been perfectly in place in such a book.
What did Virgil's swallows eat?
Authors: Beare Rhona
Published: November 2004

Juturna drives Turnus’ chariot now here now there, hoping to throw off Aeneas’ pursuit, but he follows the twisted circles (tortos orbes, 12. 481) of her course. Virgil compares her to a black hirundo flying through a rich man's house out into the colonnades and then round the pools or fishtanks. Hirundo can mean swallow, martin, or even swift. All these birds eat insects and air-borne spiders; they do not eat human food. The common swallow chiefly eats flies, and feeds the nestlings on flies; it also eats wasps and bees. Its average prey size is much greater than the house martin's. Virgil's hirundo gathers pabula parua for the nestlings. W F. J. Knight in the Penguin translation writes ‘tiny scraps of food’; C. Day Lewis translates ‘crumbs of food’. If Virgil meant scraps of meat or crumbs of bread, stolen from the rich man's dinner table, then Virgil did not know what these birds eat.
Justin on tribunates and generalships, Casares, and Augusti
Authors: Yardley J. C.
Published: November 2004

Little, if anything, in Justin scholarship has been as controversial as the dating of the so-called Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. Suggested dates have varied from the time of Antoninus Pius through the third century to the end of the fourth. The latter was proposed in 1988 by Sir Ronald Syme, but has in fact received little support in subsequent literature on Justin, which has tended to accept the earlier dating (late second/early third centuries). An exception is T. D. Barnes, who has voiced support for a later dating based on a linguistic parallel to Justin in the Historia Augusta.

Barnes observes that Oscar Hey, author of the article ducatus in TLL (5.2129.30–2131.42), drew attention to the similarity between Justin 30.2.5 Agathocles regis lateri iunctus civitatem regebat, tribunatus et praefecturas et ducatus mulieres ordinabant and HA Heliog. 6.2 militaribus… praeposituris et legationibus et ducatibus venditis. Hey, he notes, refers at the head of that particular section of the article (Section 2 [2130.5–63]) to Seeck's article on dux. Seeck had demonstrated—and this is now taken for granted by scholars—that from the time of Diocletian dux is used technically as a formal title, and, in drawing attention to the parallel between HA Heliog. 6.2 and Justin, Hey must have been intimating that Justin is, like the author of Heliog. 6.2, using ducatus as a (post-Diocletianic) formal title. He then seems to suggest that Hey was right and Justin is to be dated to at least some time after 260.
Recent Studies on Memory and Representation
Authors: Langer Lawrence L.
Published: November 2004

Words and Witness: Narrative and Aesthetic Strategies in the Representation of the Holocaust, Lea Wernick Fridman (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000), xiii + 177 pp., $16.95.

Traumatic Realism: The Demands of Holocaust Representation, Michael Rothberg (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), xi + 323 pp., $19.95.

Holocaust Representation: Art within the Limits of History and Ethics, Berel Lang (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), xiv + 175 pp., $38.00.

Spectacular Suffering: Theatre, Fascism, and the Holocaust, Vivian M. Patraka (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), x + 159 pp., $35.00.

The Claims of Memory: Representations of the Holocaust in Contemporary Germany and France, Caroline Wiedmer (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1999), x + 244 pp., $39.95.

At Memory's Edge: After-Images of the Holocaust in Contemporary Art and Architecture, James E. Young (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000), viii + 248 pp., $35.00.
Who Died in the Holocaust? Recovering Names from Official Records
Authors: Anders Edward , Dubrovskis Juris
Published: November 2004

The names of most Holocaust victims from Central and East Europe have remained unknown, but can be retrieved from official records, as illustrated here for the town of Liepāja, Latvia. Drawing on thirteen different sources, the authors have recovered the names and fates of about 7,000 of the ∼7,140 Jews once living there. The main source (5,700 names) is a census conducted during August 1941, the second month of the German occupation. Other sources are victims' lists compiled by Yad Vashem and by the Soviet Extraordinary Commission, house books, police and camp records, telephone and business directories, lists of deportees to the USSR, survivor reports, etc. All sources are incomplete and many are error-ridden, but they usually can be reconciled. Coverage of victims from Liepāja thus has increased from ∼20% to over 95%. For most victims, accurate data are now available on birth dates and places, prewar and wartime addresses, occupations, etc., permitting analysis of demography, survival patterns, and other trends. The authors' methodology should apply to other countries where detailed residence records were kept.
The Holocaust and American Public Memory, 1945–1960
Authors: Baron Lawrence
Published: November 2004

Until the 1960s, many scholars assert, most Americans' awareness of the Holocaust was based upon vague, trivial, or inaccurate representations. Yet the extermination of the Jews was remembered in significant ways, this article posits, through World War II accounts, the Nuremberg trials, philosophical works, comparisons with Soviet totalitarianism, Christian and Jewish theological reflections, pioneering scholarly publications, and mass-media portrayals. These early postwar attempts to comprehend the Jewish tragedy within prevailing cultural paradigms provided the foundation for subsequent understandings of that event.
Public Policy in the Cayman Islands: Driving a Cart and (Unruly) Horses Through the Recognition Legislation
Authors: Davies Mitchell C
Published: November 2004

Resort to public policy in order to impugn a foreign judgment or to negate the effects of the application of foreign law has correctly been given a narrow compass by the English courts. In the sphere of common law choice of law rules in contract and tort this approach has been encouraged by the in-built forum bias of the rules themselves which reduces significantly the need for circumvention of foreign law. At common law a tort, for example, is never actionable in England unless the cause of action is recognised as a tort by English law.1 The common law choice of law rules in contract, ostensibly less parochial, are so open textured however as to leave a judge minded to apply English law rarely without legal justification for doing so. An increase in the resort by English courts to the safety mechanism of public policy is therefore anticipated by most commentators to be a direct result of placing the choice of law rules in contract and tort on a statutory footing, respectively, by the Contracts (Applicable Law) Act 1990 and the Private International Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1995.2 What was achieved openly through an application of the rules themselves may now be arrived at less ingenuously by more indiscriminate resort to the mechanism of public policy. At one extreme a danger exists that public policy may become a badge of partiality resorted to for no better reason than to protect the perceived innate superiority of the forum's rules. At another, a misplaced desire to promote international comity may lead to an exclusion of public policy where it ought properly to be invoked; a balance must be struck. The delicate question of the correct weight to be accorded to the doctrine of public policy recently fell to be determined by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands3 in Wheeler v. Wheeler.4
Free Movements of Goods
Authors: McMahon Joe , Weatherill Stephen
Published: November 2004

Since the expiry of the deadline for the completion of the internal market at the end of 1992, the Commission has shifted its focus away from piloting an intense rule-making burst through the Community legislative system. As part of its quest to establish reliable methods for managing the internal market, the Commission is now overtly concerned to improve the quality of those adopted laws, for example by securing simplification and consolidation, and it is intent on investigating more rigorously how a closer match may be made between the relevant laws on paper and their practical application on the ground.1 In short, the Commission is focusing its energies on ensuring that the legal framework which has been adopted is treated by commercial operators and consumers in the market as a viable and trustworthy basis for an integrated market. Accordingly much of the Commission's work since the last survey of the law relating to the free movement of goods has been at first sight relatively unglamorous. It largely concerns soft law initiatives and attempts to improve administrative co-ordination designed to underpin the practice of market management, both vertically (Commission/Member State) and horizontally (Member State/Member State). This forms the core of the strategy for the internal market covering the next five years, published on 24 November 1999.2 Nonetheless, even though these initiatives might not immediately strike the lawyer accustomed to a fountain of legislative activity as worthy of close inspection, it is clearly the case that the Commission regards its medium-term mission to stabilise the management of the internal market as best pursued by a gradual approach designed to improve practical compliance.
III. Social Policy
Authors: Szyszczak Erika
Published: November 2004

Since the 1997 Amsterdam Intergovernmental Conference a sea-change in the formulation and implementation of European Union Social Law and Policy has taken place in response to the demands made by economic, political and monetary union. The evolution of EU social law is an area which has developed within a process or framework of “differentiated integration”,1 not only between the Member States, but also the regions of the EU. Since its emergence in the EU Council's Conclusions of 22 June 19842 the concept of a “European Social Area” has slowly been created by the processes of “Europeanisation”3 of social policy whereby through EU-led processes a “re-nationalisation”4 of domestic policies has taken place. The process is similar to the ideas of “re-regulation” of national law in relation to the basic economic freedoms of the EC Treaty whereby a measure of national autonomy can only be retained through European Community law standards. It is striking how the Amsterdam IGC has led to a definite shift in the paradigm of EU social policy law with distinctive aims, values, processes, new legal tools and new political actors.
Family Law
Authors: Kennett Wendy
Published: November 2004

Once again cases concerned with the threshold questions of private international law, such as characterisation and jurisdiction, have dominated the scene.
From Nuremberg to Rome: Restoring the Defence of Superior Orders
Authors: McCoubrey Hilaire
Published: November 2004

A plea of superior orders in response to charges founded upon violations of the international laws of armed conflict has since 1945 been treated as a plea in mitigation of sentence rather than as a defence, a position founded upon article 8 of the 1945 Charter of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. In 1998 the draft Statute of the proposed permanent International Criminal Court appeared, by article 33, to “restore” superior orders as a defence, a move deprecated by some as an apparent softening of the international legal approach to war crimes in an age in which such violations are all too prominently before the world's scrutiny. In fact both the formerly received “Nuremberg” doctrine and the appearance of a radical change, or reversion, in the 1998 Statute can be argued to be erroneous. It is the contention of this paper that far from advancing a new and stricter doctrine, the Charter of the IMT at Nuremberg correctly applied pre-existing doctrine in extreme and unusual circumstances but was mistakenly taken to have developed a new approach which was then applied with potentially distorting effect for the generality of circumstances. In this view the 1998 Statute has merely recognised the essential doctrine of superior orders as it existed prior to 1945 and which, properly understood, should not have been thought essentially to have been changed even in 1945.
A “Special Court” for Sierra Leone?
Authors: Cryer Robert
Published: November 2004

The conflict in Sierra Leone began in 1991 and still continues. It has led to over 50,000 deaths. The fighting has been characterised by the use of child combatants and widespread mutilation of civilians by amputation. When the conflict began, it would have seemed improbable that any UN response would include a forum for the trial of international crimes. After all, even the high tide of international enforcement of international criminal law, the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal, had begun to be excised from mainstream treatments of international law.1The possibility of a permanent international criminal court had recently been revived, and sent to the International Law Commission for consideration, but the record of the ILC with controversial projects would not have led to an expectation of quick progress.2Yet, nearly 10 years on, the UN is now involved in setting up a fourth criminal court,3the “Special Court” for Sierra Leone. Despite the selectivity inherent inad hocreactions, and the continuing opposition to the Rome Statute in some quarters, it is now difficult to deny that progress is being made towards a new form of international criminal order where the improbability of prosecution for international crimes can ne longer be presumed.
Pragmatism Rules
Authors: Ho Look Chan
Published: November 2004

Article 6(1) of the Lugano Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters set out in Schedule 3C to the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 19821 provides that “[a] person domiciled in a Contracting State may also be sued where he is one of a number of defendants, in the courts for the place where any one of them is domiciled”. The House of Lords in Canada Trust Company v. Stolzenberg (No. 2)2 decided that first, in an action where jurisdiction is asserted under Article 6(1), the relevant standard of proof on the domicile issue is that of a “good arguable case” second, the correct date for determining if the anchor defendant3 is domiciled in England is the date of the issue of proceedings against the anchor defendant; and third, Article 6(1) does not require service on the anchor defendant prior to issue or service of proceedings against other defendants.
I. Constitutional Aspects
Authors: Boyron Sophie , McMahon Joe
Published: November 2004

The Commission resigned on 16th March 1999 shortly after the publication of the First Report of the Committee of Independent Experts.1 The Committee had been created by common agreement between the European Parliament and the Commission in order to address the persistent allegations of fraud, mismanagement and nepotism levelled at the Commission.2 The First Report investigated allegations of fraud against individual commissioners and the Commission as a whole.3 Although most of the allegations of fraud against individual commissioners were discarded as unfounded, the Committee held the Commission responsible for a series of mismanagement, administrative irregularities and a general failure to oversee the work it had contracted out.4 The conclusions of the report were damning and it became clear that resignation of the whole Commission was the only way forward. The events came at an all-time low for the Commission and will have lasting effects on the institution and its legitimacy.
The Brussels I Regulation
Authors: Kennett Wendy
Published: November 2004

On 22 December 2000, the Council of the European Union finally adopted Regulation 44/2001, which transforms the Brussels I Convention into a Community law instrument, pursuant to Arts. 61(c) and 67(1) of the EC Treaty. The basic framework of the Regulation remains similar to that of the Convention, although there are numerous changes on points of detail and some on matters of substance.
International Corporate Regulation: Listing Rules and Overseas Companies
Authors: MacNeil Iain , Lau Alex
Published: November 2004

Listingrules have always played a significant role in corporate regulation by controlling the manner in which companies raise capital through the issue of securities and the subsequent trading of those securities between investors. The regulatory role of listing rules can be characterised as the top-tier in a system of regulation for listed companies in which the lower tiers are represented by securities law and general corporate law. Company law represents the bottom tier of regulation as it applies to all companies, albeit with some distinctions made between public and private companies. While company law does contain a substantial body of rules which are subject to change by share-holders (‘default rules’), it also contains a core of mandatory rules (not subject to change by shareholders) which are regulatory in their nature.
European Community Law
Authors: McMahon Joe , Greaves Rosa
Published: November 2004

The previous contribution on the current developments in Transport focused on problems of financing new infrastructure and on the allocation of the true costs of transport among those who generated them.1 In 1999 a directive on charging heavy vehicles for the use of certain infrastructures was finally adopted.2 During the period under review, infrastructure matters and safety and environmental concerns remained high on the agenda of the Common Transport Policy. As far as individual modes of transport are concerned the most significant developments have been in rail transport where a package of measure to open up this market has finally been adopted. The required legislation to liberalise all modes of transport has also now been adopted.