bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Текстиль Старой Ладоги эпохи викингов
Authors:   Istitute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, Orfinskaya O. , Mikhailov K. ,   Istitute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, Platonova N. ,   Istitute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2021

Настоящее издание продолжает серию публикаций материалов и исследований Старой Ладоги, начатую ИИМК РАН с целью формирования Ладожского Корпуса археологических источников. Книга содержит полный каталог находок археологического текстиля, войлока и меха в культурном слое Старой Ладоги, за период с 1911 по 2013 год. Публикация этих материалов сопровождается детальным источниковедческим анализом по‑ левой документации, несущей информацию о находках текстиля, и всесторонним аналитическим исследованием технологии изготовления тканей. До сих пор наши знания об одежде эпохи викингов строились почти исключительно на материалах ряда престижных погребальных комплексов, дающих о ней не вполне адекватные представления. Публикация староладожской городской коллекции впервые вводит в науку многочисленный и хорошо датированный массовый материал с поселения — для дальнейших сравнительных исследований. Она позволяет увидеть воочию те широко распространенные в быту ткани и носильные вещи, которые использовались рядовыми жителями Восточной Европы в период формирования Руси. Эти материалы помогают воссоздать комплекс повседневной одежды IX–X вв. и приемов ее изготовления, долго остававшийся за пределами внимания исследователей. Книга богато иллюстрирована. Рассчитана на археологов, историков, этнографов, студентов‑гуманитариев и всех интересующихся отечественной историей.
Competing Selves in Madame de Lafayette’s La Princesse de Montpensier and the Nouvelle Historique
Authors: Patel Nupur
Published: January 2021

This article analyzes the different selves operating in Madame de Lafayette’s La Princesse de Montpensier. Contrary to scholarship, which tends to position the text as a mere precursor of La Princesse de Clèves, it is in La Princesse de Montpensier where one first locates the interior. Lafayette presented a princess coming to terms with her identity, debating with different selves against a backdrop of social, historical, and political ideals. The nouvelle historique was central to the development of selves; it was an important medium through which Lafayette could perceive, explore, and contest a woman’s identity in relation to society. The genre also enabled writers to examine themselves. Lafayette used it to test out her own authorial self and locate her place in the literary sphere.
From “letter” to “spirit”: the spiritual interpretation of the Apostle Paul and Origen’s αναγωγή
Authors: Кожухов Сергий
Published: January 2021

В данной статье рассматривается метод толкования Священного Писания, предложенный Оригеном. Этот метод основан на словах Христа и апостола Павла. Александриец рассматривает различные примеры толкования апостола Павла и старается следовать ему во всем. Метод заключается в умении найти в тексте Ветхого Завета, на основании буквального смысла, духовный смысл, что позволяло бы дать христианское прочтение ветхозаветных пророчеств. Ориген видит духовный смысл в «восхождении» (αναγωγή) от «буквы» к «духу». Также он полемизирует с разными заблуждениями относительно толкования Священного Писания. В особенности Ориген противостоит иудейскому метод толкования, которое отвергает, что пророчества Ветхого Завета исполнились на Христе. Ориген полагает, что всё Писание, в данном случае Ветхий Завет, имеет духовный смысл, как на это указывал апостол Павел и Сам Христос. Этот смысл необходимо найти, чтобы увидеть пророчества о Христе и Церкви. В связи с этим александрийский философ рассматривает разные тексты Ветхого Завета и предлагает метод их понимания.

This article discusses the method of interpreting the Holy Scripture proposed by Origen. This method was based on the words of Christ and the Apostle Paul. It was based on the ability to find in the text of the Old Testament, based on literal meaning, a spiritual meaning that would give a Christian reading of the Old Testament prophecies. Origen sees in it the «ascent» (αναγωγή) from «letter» to «spirit». In this he relies on the interpretations of the Apostle Paul, who in his Epistles uses different terminology to achieve this very spiritual meaning. Origen also committed to this, arguing with the various misconceptions relating to the interpretation of the Holy Scriptures. Origen opposes the Jewish method of interpretation, which rejects that the prophecies of the Old Testament were fulfilled in Christ. Origen believes that all Scripture, in this case the Old Testament, has a spiritual meaning, as pointed out by the Apostle Paul and Christ himself. This meaning must be found to see prophecies about Christ and the Church. In connection with these Origen examines different texts of the old Testament and offers a method to their understanding.
The doctrine of St. Nicetas Stethatus on the “four main virtues” in the context of ancient Byzantine literature. Part I
Authors: Шленов Дионисий
Published: January 2021

В XI в. монах Студийского монастыря прп. Никита Стифат в аскетико-богословском корпусе своих сочинений неоднократно пользовался выражениями «главные добродетели» и «главные страсти». В статье делается попытка раскрыть смысл выражения«главные добродетели», систематизировать представления автора о четырех главных добродетелях, известных ему от античной традиции через посредство христианских авторов, продолжавших и далее свободно пользоваться этим выражением. Общий контекст позволяет выявить своеобразие автора, который сравнивает «четыре главные добродетели» с четырехчастностью человеческой души как великого мира по сравнению с внешним, малым, миром, состоявшим, согласно античным представлениям, из четырех первоэлементов. Особо рассматривается еще более детализированное сравнение четырех добродетелей с четырьмя способностями высшей части души - разума. Наряду с этим, автор сопоставляет пять чувств тела и пять разумных сил души. Для прп. Никиты четыре главные добродетели являются основополагающими, что не исключает особого внимания автора к ряду других ключевых добродетелей, таких как смирение и любовь. Учение о четырех главных добродетелях отсутствует в корпусе сочинений учителя прп. Никиты - прп. Симеона Нового Богослова, что сильнее подчеркивает более«школьный» и компилятивный характер наследия Стифата. Учение Стифата рассматривается в контексте античной и византийской литературы.

In the XI century a monk of the Studite monastery St. Nicetas Stethatus in the ascetic-theological corpus of his writings repeatedly used the expressions “main virtues” and “main passions”. The article attempts to uncover the meaning of the expression “main virtues”, to systematize the author’s ideas about the four main virtues, known to him from the ancient tradition through Christian authors, who continued to use this expression freely. The general context makes it possible to reveal the originality of the author, who compares the “four main virtues” with the fourfold part of the human soul as a great world compared to the external, small, world, which, according to ancient concepts, consisted of four primary elements. Particularly, an even more detailed comparison of the four virtues with the four abilities of the higher part of the soul, the mind, is considered. Along with this, the A. compares the five senses of the body and the five rational powers of the soul. For St. Nicetas the four main virtues are fundamental, which does not exclude the A.’s special attention to a number of other key virtues, such as humility and love. The doctrine of the four main virtues is missing from the corpus of St. Nicetas/St. Simeon the New Theologian, which more strongly emphasizes the more “school-like” and compilative nature of St. Stethatus’ heritage. The doctrines of Stethatus are considered in the context of ancient Byzantine literature.
St. Nicetas of Kostroma, Serpukhov, Borovsk: problems of personal identification
Authors: Кашин Ферапонт
Published: January 2021

В настоящей статье автор рассматривает в полемическом жанре вопрос об отождествлении преподобного Никиты Костромского и преподобного Никиты Серпуховского, Боровского - ученика и «сродника» преподобного Сергия Радонежского. Возникновение исторической проблемы связано с событиями, происходившими в конце XIV - первой половине XV в. на территории Великого Московского княжества, а именно с междоусобными распрями князей, претендовавших на великое княжение, а также с их влиянием на становление монастырей Русской Православной Церкви в Серпуховско-Боровском и Костромском княжествах. При идентификации исторической личности применена методология сравнительного анализа архивных и библиографических источников XVI-XX вв. На примере изучения жизни преподобного Никиты Костромского, Серпуховского, Боровского автор представил процесс формирования, сохранения и воссоздания духовной памяти на территории нескольких регионов Центральной России.

In this article, the A. examines in a polemical manner the question of the identification of the St. Nicetas of Kostroma and St. Nicetas of Serpukhov and Borovsk - the disciple and “relative” of St. Sergius of Radonezh. The emergence of a historical problem is connected with the events that took place at the end of the XIV - first half of the XV century on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, namely the internecine feuds of the princes who claimed the throne, as well as their influence on the formation of monasteries of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Serpukhov-Borovsk and Kostroma principalities. In identifying the historical person, a methodology of comparative analysis of archival and bibliographic sources of the 16th - 20th centuries were applied. Using the example of studying the life of St. Nicetas of Kostroma, Serpukhov, Borovsk, the A. presented the process of formation, preservation and recreation of spiritual memory in several regions of Central Russia.
Origin of the Pentateuch: Tradition and еру documentary hypothesis
Authors: Скобелев Михаил Анатольевич
Published: January 2021

В статье рассматривается проблема происхождения Пятикнижия. Согласно традиционному церковному взгляду, Пятикнижие всегда считалось произведением пророка Моисея. Однако уже в XVII веке - первой половине XVIII века появились исследователи (Бенедикт Спиноза, Ришар Симон, Жан Астрюк), утверждавшие, что весь текст Пятикнижия или отдельные его части не принадлежат пророку Моисею. Эти предположения получили дальнейшее развитие в трудах протестантских ученых Вильгельма Де Ветте, Э. Рейсса, Карла Графа, Г. Гупфельда и Ю. Велльгаузена. В результате Ю. Велльгаузен сформулировал гипотезу, согласно которой текст Пятикнижия состоит из четырех источников (документов): Ягвиста (J), Элогиста (E), Девтерономиста (D) и Жреческого Кодекса (P). Эта гипотеза получила название Документальной. Важно отметить, что самый ранний из этих источников, Ягвист, датируется Ю. Велльгаузеном IX в. до Р. Х. Таким образом, налицо очевидное противоречие между традиционным и критическим взглядами на происхождение книг Закона. Автор статьи излагает основные аргументы адептов Документальной гипотезы, отстаивающих компилятивный характер Пятикнижия, и пытается проследить отношение к ней в отечественной дореволюционной библеистике, католицизме и традиционном иудаизме.

In the article the problem of Pentateuch’s origin is researched. According to the traditional Church position, the Pentateuch was always considered a work of the prophet Moses. But already in XVII century - first half of XVIII century they were scholars (Benedictus Spinoza, Richard Simon, Jean Astruc), who argued, that the entire text of Pentateuch or some of its parts do not belong to Moses. These assumptions received a development in the works of protestant scholars Wilhelm De Wette, E. Reuss, Karl Graf, G. Hupfeld and J. Wellhausen. As a result, J. Wellhausen formulated a hypothesis, that the Pentateuch’s text consists of four sources (documents) - Jahwist (J), Elohist (E), Deuteronomist (D) and Priesterkodex (P). This hypothesiswas called the Documentary hypothesis. It is important to notice, that the earliest of these sources was dated by Wellhausen to the IX century BC. So there is an obvious contradiction between the traditional and critical views on the Torah’s origin. The A. sets forth the main arguments of the followers of the documentary hypothesis, who argue a composite character of the Pentateuch, and tries to understand the attitude towards it in pre-revolotionary Russian biblical studies, in Catholicism and traditional Judaism.
Dos calas en el discurso del odio al andaluz, de la tradición libresca a la prensa digital
Authors: Carriscondo-Esquivel Francisco Manuel , El-Founti Zizaoui Amina
Published: January 2021

Este trabajo persigue como objetivo trazar un recorrido de la percepción de la variedad del español hablada en Andalucía, desde sus comienzos en el siglo xvi hasta su presencia en soportes tecnológicos actuales, como los que evidencia la prensa digital. Para ello, seleccionaremos una serie de muestras representativas: referencias librescas de los siglos xvi al xix, extractos audiovisuales procedentes de series de televisión y películas y, finalmente, textos periodísticos recogidos en la prensa digital española. El corpus surge como resultado de nuestra experiencia como investigadores de la representación literaria del andaluz y las actitudes lingüísticas reflejadas en los medios de comunicación, inventariadas estas últimas en un recurso disponible para toda la comunidad académica, como es la Hemeroteca Lingüística Virtual del proyecto Lengua y Prensa (www.lenguayprensa.uma.es). El análisis de algunos hitos cruciales servirá para reforzar una conclusión fundamental: pese al disfraz de inocencia con que suele arroparse (mediante su asociación a la gracia, al humor o a la simpatía como objeto de estudio antropológico), en otras ocasiones el discurso del odio al andaluz se despoja de todo ropaje para revelarse la más cruda intención de quien lo emite: la descalificación personal, el desprecio a una sociedad o la posición de superioridad.
Ideologías lingüísticas del español en comunidades y páginas de Facebook: políticas de lengua e identidad social en Chile contemporáneo
Authors: Alvarado Pavez Gabriel Eduardo
Published: January 2021

En el presente artículo se abordan los discursos acerca del español y su desenvolvimiento en el contexto de Chile en el siglo XXI mediante la observación de discursos sobre la lengua en Facebook entre los años 2009 y 2019. El estudio consistió en un rastreo de grupos y páginas con administración chilena donde se discuten políticas de lengua e identidad en el contexto chileno. Resultó en la detección de diversos fenómenos particulares, entre ellos, la minimización de los problemas de lengua como relevantes en el país; la escasa presencia de tropos ideológicos de orgullo nacional; y, notablemente, la emergencia de una renovación del ideologema en torno a que en Chile “se habla mal” a partir de urgencias de orden político e identitario. Hubo también casos en los que se detectó una revaloración del español chileno, en especial de las clases populares. Todo ello contrasta con una visión fuertemente positiva de la lengua mapuche o mapudungun, la lengua originaria más hablada del país, y una expansión de su alcance político.
Ecosistema digital durante la COVID-19: nueva normalidad, desescalada y desconfinamiento
Authors: Ballesteros-Aguayo Lucia , Escobar Borrego Francisco Javier
Published: January 2021

Este trabajo centra su objeto de estudio en la investigación de los flujos comunicativos que se producen en los espacios digitales y que incluyen una narrativa de los procesos periodísticos en virtud de herramientas innovadoras que alteran en cierta medida el lenguaje e introducen una variabilidad normativa a partir de los usos sociales. Ello resulta especialmente relevante en crisis como la COVID-19 en la que los soportes transmedia son imprescindibles a la hora de responder a las necesidades urgentes. Así constatamos que, a raíz de la emergencia sanitaria, se ha multiplicado el empleo de las plataformas digitales al tiempo que se ha avanzado en un proceso, en buena medida autodidáctico, de alfabetización masiva de la sociedad en red. Metodológicamente realizaremos, en fin, un análisis descriptivo, cualitativo y filológico de nuevos conceptos aparecidos a raíz de la COVID-19, que han sido asimilados velozmente por la ciudadanía en un click gracias a la tecnología digital. Categorías conceptuales como nueva normalidad, desescalada o desconfinamiento irrumpen con virulencia en los flujos comunicativos a partir de su uso gubernamental, algunas de las cuales quedarán completamente incorporadas en el campo semántico de los hablantes conforme al empleo que se hace de ellas desde el transmedio digital.
Marcadores discursivos y español coloquial en las redes sociales
Authors: Pano Alaman Ana
Published: January 2021

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de la presencia y funciones de los marcadores discursivos del español en Facebook, Twitter y YouTube. Los objetivos de esta investigación son identificar los principales usos de estas partículas en las redes sociales y determinar en qué medida relacionan el discurso en estas plataformas con la modalidad oral coloquial de la lengua. El análisis de un corpus de tuits y comentarios confirma que los más utilizados por los usuarios son los conectores contraargumentativo pero y aditivos además, encima e incluso, el comentador pues y los conversacionales claro, hombre, bueno y vamos con función interactiva reactiva. Estos marcadores suelen emplearse para argumentar la propia opinión y negociar la interacción  en espacios en los que predomina la polémica.
Migrantes europeos en la Costa del Sol: análisis de la audiencia alemana en el consumo de los medios extranjeros en el proceso de integración europea
Authors: Cuartero Antonio , De Vicente Domínguez Aida María , Báez de Aguilar González Francisco
Published: January 2021

El artículo analiza el papel que desempeñan en el proceso de integración y construcción europea aquellos medios en lengua extranjera publicados en la Costa del Sol para la población alemana residente en esta región. Los objetivos son conocer las características sociodemográficas de esta audiencia activa, identificar su dieta mediática, analizar el papel que desempeñan los medios que componen esta dieta mediática en la integración de la población de residentes alemanes en la sociedad española, especialmente desde el punto de vista del proceso de construcción europea. La encuesta y el grupo de discusión conforman la metodología central de este estudio. La principal conclusión explica que estos medios les ayudan parcialmente en su proceso de integración, si bien, podría aumentar este papel si atendiese a las demandas informativas y los problemas que obstaculizan su integración. Además, los alemanes residentes en la Costa del Sol demuestran un fuerte espíritu europeísta.
La autonomía informativa en Comunicación Nuclear: análisis de la legislación vigente
Authors: Cobos Urbina Enrique
Published: January 2021

La opinión pública en España se ha posicionado históricamente en contra de la energía nuclear. El sector atómico señala la falta de información y el  desconocimiento de la población como las causas principales de ese rechazo. El puente que une a la opinión pública y a la industria atómica debe trazarse con información transparente por parte de la autoridad responsable de informar (ya sea el Gobierno, el organismo regulador, o una central nuclear) para que los ciudadanos estén protegidos en caso de sucesos imprevistos, y para que puedan comprender las ventajas e inconvenientes de esta fuente de energía. En este sentido, la legislación en materia de Comunicación Nuclear contempla la transparencia como la base fundamental para esa interacción con la sociedad. En este artículo se revisa la normativa internacional, europea y nacional para conocer si la población está protegida por la ley en materia informativa en asuntos nucleares y para conocer la proyección e influencia que esa regulación tiene en la gestión de la comunicación de estas industrias.
Luxury tableware? Terra sigillata in the coastal region of the northern Netherlands
Authors:   University of Groningen, Nieuwhof Annet
Published: January 2021

With thousands of finds, Roman terra sigillata (TS) is a common find category in terp settlements of the Northern Netherlands. It is traditionally interpreted as luxury tableware of the local elites, who acquired it through their contacts with Romans, or who were able to buy it from traders who came to this area with their merchandise. This paper questions that interpretation. The reason is that the far majority of TS is found as sherds, which, despite their good recognisability, only rarely fit other sherds. Moreover, many of these sherds are worked or used in some way. They were made into pendants, spindle whorls and playing counters, or show traces of deliberate breakage and of use for unknown purposes. Such traces are found on 70–80% of the sherds. The meaning of TS hence seems to have been symbolic rather than functional. Rather than as luxury tableware, TS may have been valued for the sake of the material itself, and may have been imported as sherds rather than as complete vessels. A symbolic value also shows from its long-term use. Used or worked TS sherds from the 2nd and 3rd century AD are often found in finds assemblages that may be interpreted as ritual deposits, not only from the Roman Period but also from the early Middle Ages. There are striking parallels for such use in early modern colonial contexts. TS sherds may have been part of the diplomatic gifts by which the Romans attempted to keep peace north of the limes, or may even have been payments for local products. These sherds might thus be comparable to the trade beads of early-modern European colonial traders.
APOEɛ4 Allele and Financial Capacity Performance in Mild Alzheimer’s Disease: A Pilot Study
Authors: Giannouli Vaitsa , Tsolaki Magda
Published: January 2021

This study aims to explore a little investigated topic, i.e., whether the presence of the APOE e ɛ4 allele in patients with a diagnosis of mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can influence financial capacity. Twenty-eight elders with mild AD carrying the APOE ɛ4 allele and 28 matched non-carrier patients were examined with an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests, and a specific test measuring financial capacity: Legal Capacity for Property Law Transactions Assessment Scale (LCPLTAS). The presence of the APOE ɛ4 allele does not differentiate the group of mild AD patients regarding a number of cognitive domains necessary for financial capacity scores as measured by LCPLTAS.
Physico-chemical and Biological Properties of Groundwater Quality in Rural Settlement, Nadi, Fiji
Authors: Naidu Roselyn , Joseph Lionel , Ghani Syed Sauban
Published: January 2021

The current study investigated drinking water quality of samples taken from Arolevu village, a locality situated in Nadi, Fiji. The groundwater samples were collected and subjected to a comprehensive physicochemical and biological analysis. The analysis for the drinking water sample was conducted seasonally, six times a year, that is, three for the dry season and three for the wet season. The results retrieved from the analysis were compared to its maximum contamination levels (MCLs) based on the health-based guidelines provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO standards were used as an attribute to determine the sources of contaminants likely to be present at the study site. A degradation trend in drinking water quality in the context of climate change may lead to potential health impacts. Hence, it is important to understand seasonal variations in drinking water quality. A proper understanding of the drinking water quality through seasonal water analysis for nitrate, nitrite, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chlorine content as well as its microbiological presence to reduce preventable risks such as using calculated amounts of fertilisers and upgrading the sewerage system to alleviate drinking water contamination is devised through this study.
Development of Forest Shelterbelts Considering Statistical Forecasts Modelling of Local Weather
Authors: Volkova Irina , Pitulko Kseniia , Sergeeva Anzhelika , Pshidatok Saida
Published: January 2021

This work aims to study the effect of high temperatures and phytopathogenic bacteria on different types of trees in the forest shelterbelts. Therefore, in 2018, 17 tree species were studied from 50 sample sites in the Moscow oblast (Russia). Leaf scorching, diseases caused by phytopathogenic bacteria, and heat damage to the crowns were examined in 5224 tree species. Based on the degree of crown damage, the studied tree species were divided into four classes. It was found that the heat damage to tree crowns was identical between the three sampling aspects (correlation coefficient 0.99). The plant species composition must be considered when developing forest shelterbelts. A long-term forecast on structural changes of planted areas is possible, considering the species composition and climatic characteristics of the region. Class 5 includes only chestnut; class 4 includes three species; class 3 is represented by seven species. Class 2, includes six species, and is the most suitable in developing forest plantations. No tree species in class 1 were found (trees with no damage). There is a connection between pathologies and heat injuries in trees from classes 4 to 5 (correlation 0.89).
Identifying Potential Erosion-Prone Areas in the Indian Himalayan Region Using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)
Authors: Dawa Dorje , Arjune Vairaj
Published: January 2021

Soil erosion is one of the most critical environmental issues with severe consequences. Hence, it continues to be a significant limitation in the progress of many developing countries. Prediction and assessment of soil loss are, therefore, of utmost importance for soil fertility conservation, land and water management. Recent technological advances have provided useful models through which remotely-sensed data for a large scale area can be analysed and interpreted. The present study adopts a physiographically, biologically and climatically unique model for the assessment of soil erosion in the Indian Himalayan Region. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation model was applied in conjunction with Geographic Information System to estimate the average annual rate of soil erosion at both state and district levels in India. The model was deployed using coarse resolution datasets to identify specific areas vulnerable to soil erosion. In determining the spatial distribution of average annual soil erosion within the study region, all cell-based parameters of the model were multiplied in the specified 500 m × 500 m spatial resolution. The spatial pattern of annual soil erosion indicates that maximum soil loss occurs in northern and eastern states whereas low rates of erosion is observed in the eastern-most part of the study area.
Comparative Analysis of Existing and Optimal Maintenance Policy of Water Borehole Schemes in South Eastern States of Nigeria
Authors: Nwachukwu M.C. , Agunwamba J.C. , Okoro B.C. , Mama C.N.
Published: January 2021

A study optimising maintenance cost of water borehole schemes in South Eastern states of Nigeria (Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu and Imo States) was carried out. Data was collected from 260 boreholes spread across all local government areas in the states. Optimisation results showed that for boreholes (submersible pumps) pumping once per day, the optimal preventive maintenance frequency and resulting savings in cost are 2 and ₦521,076 for Abia; 2 and ₦783,963 for Anambra; 2 and ₦458,242 for Ebonyi; 2 and ₦740,964 for Enugu; 2 and ₦605,187 Imo. For boreholes pumping twice per day, the optimal preventive maintenance frequency and resulting savings in cost are 5 and ₦1,896,301 for Abia; 4 and ₦3,692,655 for Anambra; 5 and ₦786,913 for Ebonyi; 4 and ₦4,187,161 for Enugu; 4 and ₦2,477,609 for Imo; and for boreholes pumping thrice per day; 8 and ₦2,798,330 for Abia; 7 and ₦8,372,862 for Anambra; 7 and ₦6,485,293 for Ebonyi; 10 and ₦4,014,240 for Enugu; 10 and ₦6,021,503 for Imo; with no downtime as opposed to the wasteful current practice of no preventive maintenance with downtime of up to 12 months or more. As a recommendation for a borehole scheme, there should be a check on the type of submersible pump and generator capacity as the choice made directly affects the total operational cost.
Abiogenic and Biogenic Petroleum Origin: A Common Theory for Geological Surveys
Authors: Volkova Irina , Gura Dmitry , Aksenov Ilia
Published: January 2021

Biogenic and abiogenic origins of petroleum are a pertinent problem today, which have been examined in this article including the current state of theories and experimental facts. The paper provides an overview of works on this subject over the past decade. As analysis of scientific research efforts, majority of scientists suggest that petroleum is organic in origin. The second theory also includes reliable facts and hypotheses about the existence of abiogenic hydrocarbons. This origin is associated with tectonic geological processes, in particular, orogenesis, rifting, excessive releases, erosion, sediment deposition, deep gas releases, etc. The results of experimental studies, the existing concepts presented in this review, show that despite disagreements between the proponents of both theories, common beliefs remain prevalent, namely, about the process of hydrocarbons formation both on Earth and other objects of the solar system. The analysis concludes that the consolidation of these theories is of high scientific interest and has great potential for confirmation of numerous hypotheses, facts from the scientific point of view and the search for alternative energy sources due to environmental and economic issues associated with the impoverishment of natural resources. This review study is valuable for generalising various scientific theories, which can be used for future research efforts and modelling new ideas about the origin of hydrocarbons.
Ontological modeling of manufacturing resources
Authors: Sanfilippo Emilio M. , Terkaj Walter , Borgo Stefano
Published: January 2021

Standards and ontologies for manufacturing understand resources differently. Because of this heterogeneity, misunderstandings arise concerning the basic features that characterize them. The purpose of the paper is to investigate how to ontologically model resources with the goal of facilitating the development of knowledge representation models for manufacturing. By reviewing the literature, we discuss and compare three approaches for the representation of resources depending on whether they are conceived in connection to either processes, plans or goals. By addressing the advantages and shortcomings of each view, we present a unifying perspective to enable the modeling of resources in an integrated manner. In this way, the intended meanings of the used notions are harmonized and, as a result, one can facilitate multiple experts to interact e.g., via data sharing and/or data integration procedures. Differently, by keeping three separated views, there is no guarantee that data coming from different parties will share common meanings even if the same terms are used. By the end of the paper, we present a case study to show the application of our approach and to compare it with an existing ontology for manufacturing.
Effects of autogenic and reciprocal inhibition muscle energy techniques on isometric muscle strength in neck pain: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Osama Muhammad
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND: Neck is one of the most common sites of musculoskeletal symptoms, and muscle shortening and weakness is observed to be a common cause of neck pain and disability. OBJECTIVE: To compare the immediate and short term effects of static stretching (SS), autogenic inhibition (AI) and reciprocal inhibition (RI) muscle energy techniques (MET) on isometric muscle strength in the management of mechanical neck pain. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 78 participants with neck pain randomly allocated to SS, AI-MET and RI-MET groups. All the participants received Trans Cutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), hot pack and unilateral postero-anterior glide, followed by 3–5 repetitions of either SS, AI-MET or RI-MET for five consecutive sessions. Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and Modified Sphygmomanometer Dynamometry (MSD) were used as outcome measurement tools. One way ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA were used for inter-group and intra-group comparison. RESULT: In terms of MSD scores, a significant difference (p< 0.05) was observed between the groups. Both AI-MET and RI-MET were found to be comparatively more effective than SS, however AI-MET was found to be the most effective. CONCLUSION: AI-MET is more effective than SS and RI-MET in terms of improving isometric muscle strength in patients with mechanical neck pain.
Surgery Trauma Severity but not Anesthesia Length Contributes to Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Mice
Authors: Lai Zhongmeng , Min Jia , Li Jun , Shan Weiran , Yu Weifeng , Zuo Zhiyi
Published: January 2021

Background: Perioperative, modifiable factors contributing to perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) have not been clearly defined. Objective: To determine the contribution of anesthesia lengths and the degrees of surgical trauma to PND and neuroinflammation, a critical process for PND. Methods: Three-month-old C57BL/6J mice were subjected to 2 h or 6 h isoflurane anesthesia plus a 5 min or 15 min left common carotid artery exposure (surgery) in a factorial design (two factors: anesthesia with two levels and surgery with three levels). Their learning and memory were tested by Barnes maze and novel object recognition paradigms. Blood, spleen, and hippocampus were harvested for measuring interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β. Eighteen-month-old C57BL/6J mice (old mice) were subjected to 6 h isoflurane anesthesia or 2 h isoflurane anesthesia plus 15 min surgery and then had learning and memory tested. Results: Three-month-old mice with 15 min surgery (long surgery) under 2 h or 6 h anesthesia performed poorly in the learning and memory tests compared with controls. Anesthesia alone or anesthesia plus 5 min surgery did not affect mouse performance in these tests. Similarly, only mice with long surgery but not mice with other experimental conditions had increased IL-6 and IL-1β in the blood, spleen, and hippocampus and decreased spleen weights. Splenocytes were found in the hippocampus after surgery. Similarly, old mice with long surgery but not the mice with isoflurane anesthesia alone had poor performance in the Barnes maze and novel object recognition tests. Conclusion: Surgical trauma, but not anesthesia, contributes to the development of PND and neuroinflammation. Splenocytes may modulate these processes.
A new rapid synthesis of potassium borates by microwave irradiation
Authors: İla Sibel , Kipcak Azmi Seyhun , Derun Emek Moroydor
Published: January 2021

Potassium borates are one of the minor groups of boron minerals with its distinct non-linear optical properties. In this study, potassium borate compound of santite (KB5O8·4H2O) are synthesized using potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and boric acid (H3BO3) with a new and rapid method of microwave irradiation. The synthesized minerals are characterized by various analysis techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Three parameters of “microwave power level”, “reaction times” and “reaction stoichiometric constants (elemental potassium to boron ratios)” are determined for the optimum synthesis of potassium borate within the four step. At the end of the step 4, optimum products are obtained as santite type potassium borate. Synthesized potassium borates Raman bands are in mutual agreement with the boron compounds and the overall reaction yields to potassium borates are very high compared with the lower reaction times.
Antioxidant activity of the hazelnut plant determination by computational chemistry methods
Authors: Enisoğlu Atalay Vildan , Ölüç İbrahim Barış
Published: January 2021

Nowadays, it is known that the species defined as free radicals in our body increase due to the change in our eating / drinking habits, physical activities and environmental conditions. Free radicals cause especially canser and diseases affecting many systems such as nervous system, cardiovascular system and digestive system. The formation of free radicals causes cell / tissue damage or cell deaths that occur as a result of oxidative balance disruption due to the insufficient antioxidants defined as oxidative stress.

The purpose of this study is to determine the activity ranking of the compounds that give antioxidant properties to hazelnut plants by using quantum chemistry methods and to determine which hydroxyl groups cause the activity. In the antioxidant activity calculations, HAT, SET-PT and SPLET mechanisms are optimized with DFT//M062X/6-311++G(d,p) method, and single point energy as well as the EHOMO-ELUMO values were obtained with the Gaussian09 program in three different phases: gas, ethanol and water. According to the results, Riboflavin compound has been found to have the highest antioxidant potential and it was found that the antioxidant capacity of the compound originated from OH group at O4 position.
Utilization of petroleum sludge wastes for increasing productivity of ordinary portland cement
Authors: Khalil N.M. , Algamal Yousif
Published: January 2021

This work aims at maximum exploitation of petroleum waste sludge as additive to portland cement to prepare blended cements and hence increasing its production capacity without further firing. This will decrease the main cement industry problems involving environmental pollution such as releasing gases and high-energy consumption during industry and hence maximizes the production economics. Six batches of ordinary portland cement (OPC) mixed with different proportions of petroleum waste sludge (PWS) donated as C1 (control batch contains no PWS), C2 (contains 90 wt.% of OPC+10 wt.% of PWS), C3 (contains 80 wt.% of OPC+20 wt.% of PWS), C4 (contains 70 wt.% of OPC+30 wt.% of PWS), C4 (contains 60 wt.% of OPC+40 wt.% of PWS) and C6 (contains 50 wt.% of OPC+50 wt.% of PWS), were prepared and mixed individually with the suitable amount of mixing water. Cement mixes C2, C3 and C4 showed improved cementing and physicomechanical properties compared with pure cement (C1) with special concern of mix C4. Such improvement is due to the relatively higher surface area as well as the high content of kaolinite and quartz in the added PWS (high pozzalanity) favoring the hydration process evidenced by the increase in the cement hydration product (portlandite mineral (Ca (OH) 2).
The Eurostat business cycle clock: A complete overview of the tool
Authors: Ruggeri Cannata Rosa
Published: January 2021

Fluctuations of the economy between periods of expansion and contraction have been subject to business cycle analysis for many years. However, the understanding of different cycles, such as business, growth and acceleration cycles, and their representation in an intuitive way is not straightforward. Moreover, users are confronted with large sets of economic indicators without having synthetic information on the current evolution of the economy. In this paper, we introduce the Eurostat business cycle clock (BCC), a visualization tool designed to complement traditional economic statistics. We will present the full methodological framework underlying the clock, including the statistical detection of turning points, empirical dating and assessment. The clock is available for the euro area and its member countries, although our presentation will focus on the euro area aggregate. Some brief considerations on the impact of the current COVID-19 crisis on the clock are included.
Effect of an occupational health and safety management system based on KOSHA 18001 on industrial accidents
Authors: Kim Kwan Woo
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND: Many Korean enterprises have been operating an occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) based on Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) 18001 certification standards, which were developed in South Korea. OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed health and safety performance among enterprises operating KOSHA 18001. METHODS: Accident rates from 2010 to 2017 of 1,541 enterprises that implemented KOSHA 18001 and those that did not (N = 2,507,363) were analyzed by industry and size. The differences in the accident reduction rate before and after KOSHA 18001 implementation were analyzed in enterprises that implemented the system. RESULTS: Compared to before implementation, the accident reduction rate was greater after KOSHA 18001 was implemented. The year that an enterprise began operating KOSHA 18001 was defined as T. For industry-specific analysis, the accident reduction rate between T and T + 1 was greater than that between T-2 and T-1 increased among both manufacturing (p = 0.020) and other enterprises (p = 0.011). For size-specific analyses, the accident reduction rate between T and T + 1was greater than that between T-2 and T-1 among enterprises with 299 or fewer workers (p = 0.008) and enterprises with 300 or more workers (p = 0.043). However, the accident rates of enterprises that implemented KOSHA 18001 and those that did not varied by industry and size. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that enterprises that do not utilize an OHSMS should consider doing so to prevent and reduce industrial accidents, and industry- and size-specific features should be considered to boost safety performance through the implementation of OHSMS.
Nurses’ physical activity exploratory study: Caring for you so you can care for others
Authors: Das Bhibha M. , Adams Brianna C.
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND: Nurses report the greatest stress of all health care workers. Although physical activity (PA) is associated with health benefits among other populations, nurses have stressors that other occupations do not typically encounter. It is important for nurses to identify techniques for stress management since stressors negatively impact their health and patient care. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine the relationship between PA levels and physical, mental, and occupational health among nurses. METHODS: Nurses (N = 62) completed measures of anthropometrics, demographics, and domains of physical, mental, and occupational health. Pearson correlations determined the relationship between PA and measures health along with the relationship between PA and health among active versus inactive nurses. RESULTS: Fatigue was significantly correlated with moderate-to-vigorous PA (r = –0.27, p < 0.05). Relationships were found between mental health and light and moderate intensity PA (r = 0.40, p < 0.001; r = 0.30, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Stress is prevalent among nurses and negatively impacts a nurse’s health along with patient care. Findings suggest health benefits associated with PA among nurses. PA interventions among nurses may be needed to fully see the effects of PA on physical, mental, and occupational health, and ultimately patient health and safety.
Evaluation of a profile comparison system for the inclusion of people with disabilities in horticulture: A case study in Austria
Authors: Schaffernicht Sophie Kathrin , Moder Karl , Quendler Elisabeth
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND: To promote the successful and sustainable inclusion of people with disabilities in different activities such as work, more precise job matching efforts may be of value, especially because people with disabilities are employed at a lower rate than people without disabilities. Requirement profiles as well as profile comparisons have not yet been recorded for horticultural work processes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to document precisely the work process of the cuttings production of the flower tradescantia and to compare the capabilities of people with disabilities with the requirements for this work process for the purpose of verifying that the tool employed was usable. METHODS: A skilled worker performed the cuttings production of tradescantias according to good horticultural practice. Additionally, five people with disabilities participated in this study. On the one hand, a structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. On the other hand, the work processes were documented with video recordings and described related to REFA (Association for Work Design, Business Organization and Corporate Development) and evaluated according to IMBA (Integration of People with Disabilities into the Working Environment). RESULTS: Apart from the too long working hours, the work in the cuttings production was feasible for the five subjects who had different types of disabilities. There were situations of underchallenges of different degrees, but no overchallenges. It was necessary to assess each subject individually for the risk of accident. CONCLUSIONS: IMBA proved to be an effective tool to evaluate and analyse work activities for the purpose of including people with disabilities into horticultural work processes. Thus, it has the potential to facilitate a socially sustainable and skill-oriented work participation for persons with disabilities.
Predictive role of T2WI and ADC-derived texture parameters in differentiating Gleason score 3 + 4 and 4 + 3 prostate cancer
Authors: Kang Zhen , Xu Anhui , Wang Liang
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND: Since Gleason score (GS) 4 + 3 prostate cancer (PCa) has a worse prognosis than GS 3 + 4 PCa, differentiating these two types of PCa is of clinical significance. OBJECTIVE: To assess the predictive roles of using T2WI and ADC-derived image texture parameters in differentiating GS 3 + 4 from GS 4 + 3 PCa. METHODS: Forty-eight PCa patients of GS 3 + 4 and 37 patients of GS 4 + 3 are retrieved and randomly divided into training (60%) and testing (40%) sets. Axial image showing the maximum tumor size is selected in the T2WI and ADC maps for further image texture feature analysis. Three hundred texture features are computed from each region of interest (ROI) using MaZda software. Feature reduction is implemented to obtain 30 optimal features, which are then used to generate the most discriminative features (MDF). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis is performed on MDF values in the training sets to achieve cutoff values for determining the correct rates of discrimination between two Gleason patterns in the testing sets. RESULTS: ROC analysis on T2WI and ADC-derived MDF values in the training set (n = 51) results in a mean area under the curve (AUC) of 0.953±0.025 (with sensitivity 0.9274±0.0615 and specificity 0.897±0.069), and 0.985±0.013 (with sensitivity 0.9636±0.0446 and specificity 0.9726±0.0258), respectively. Using the corresponding MDF cutoffs, 95.3% (ranges from 76.5% to 100%) and 94.1% (ranged from 76.5% to 100%) of test cases (n = 34) are correctly discriminated using T2WI and ADC-derived MDF values, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that using T2WI and ADC-derived image texture parameters has a potential predictive role in differentiating GS 3 + 4 and GS 4 + 3 PCa.
Making it Better: Tips for Improving Oral Reason Scores IV.
Authors: Summerall Deborah , Umphrey James , Giesy Russ
Published: January 2021

This document is 4HDAJ04 of the Florida 4-H Youth Development Program, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published in May, 1997; reviewed June 2002.

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/4h216
Swine Project Manual Book II
Authors: Jordan Joy
Published: January 2021

This document is 4HSWM11 of the Florida 4-H Youth Development Program, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Reviewed June 2002.

4HSWM11/4H222: Swine Project Manual Book II (ufl.edu)