bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sentient Ecology
Authors: Anderson David G
Published: November 2023

THE PROPER RELATIONSHIP of people to land has always been a central concern for Evenkis when hunting, travelling, or even living the stationary lifestyle of the villagers. In times past, before the redistributive state took responsibility for providing food and shelter for the citizens within its reach, Evenkis maintained an intense and constant relationship with the land both to subsist but also to gain technical and spiritual knowledge. The provision of central state subsidies through a complex and bureaucratized division of labour has displaced most Khantaika Evenkis from a day-to-day relationship with the land, but this has not made the land any less important in their lives. Apart from receiving salaries which are in some way underwritten by activities on the territories of the state farm, most Evenkis place the land prominently in discussions over their future when the talk turns to the centrally imposed policy known as privatization [privatizatsiia]. With more anxiety, but with less preciseness, there is also a growing worry over the chaotic movement of wild deer herds due to the airborne pollution from Noril’sk.
The Purification Ritual of Javanese Shadow Puppet Theatre
Authors: Headley Stephen C
Published: November 2023

The Murwa Kala, this play deemed so significant by the Dutch anthropologist W. H. Rassers, dramatizes a myth known as the Birth of Kala, one of a family of myths with branches throughout Austronesia. In Java a version of this myth, in either dramatic or narrative form, is a traditional vehicle for a ruwatan, or purification rite. The Birth of Kala myth and its ritual use have displayed remarkable vitality and adaptability through three centuries, surviving political upheavals, challenges from Islam, and a host of disruptive influences.
Four Performances Compared
Authors: Headley Stephen C
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the structure of agency in a victorious struggle with evil, as interpreted in the different performances of the Birth of Kala plays by four dhalangs in standard, contemporary shadow puppet theatre.1 How a dhalang can be the agent of purification is best examined by comparing their differences of approach to single out their similarities later.
The Cosmogony in the Mantras
Authors: Headley Stephen c.
Published: November 2023

My analysis of the role of the mantras at the end of the Birth of Kala myth relies on their references to a cosmogony. Although these references are found in the texts of the mantras, they have value purely for the scholar, because they remain largely incomprehensible to the ruwatan participants. When Javanese listen to these invocations, they focus on the origin of their bad destiny and not on the words used to accomplish the purification.

(Naipaul 1990: 81)
The Emergence of Philosophical Interest in Cognition
Authors: Lesher J H
Published: November 2023

IN the famous ‘autobiographical’ passage of Plato’s Phaedo Socrates mentions in passing some of the questions his predecessors used to ask concerning the physical substances and processes involved in thought: ‘Is it blood that we think with, or air or fire? Or is thought due to something else, namely the brain’s providing our senses of hearing, sight, and smell, which give rise to memory and opinion, and ultimately, when memory and opinion have acquired stability, to and the summaries of early views of the soul given by Aristotle and Theophrastus confirm the accuracy of Socrates’ (or Plato’s) listing. and in so far as Presocratic interests appear to have been focused on the physical elements and processes.
Kosman on Activity and Change
Authors: Heinaman Robert
Published: November 2023

IN a well-known paper L.A. Kosman has argued that Aristotle’s distinction between change and activity can be clarified by noting an important difference in their respective potentialities:

(A) the potentiality actualized in change is destroyed or ‘consumed’ at the end of the change, whereas the potentiality for an activity is not destroyed by its actuality but, on the contrary, is brought fully into being, preserved, and strengthened. This claim concerns the potentiality actualized by the subject of a change or activity rather than the potentiality actualized by the agent of a change or activity. For example, it asserts that the potentiality of bricks and stones to be built into a house disappears at the end of the process of housebuilding, not that the house-builder’s capacity for building houses must vanish at the same time.
Does the Evaluative Supervene on the Natural?
Authors: Smith Michael
Published: November 2023

One of the few claims accepted by nearly everyone writing about the nature of value is that the evaluative features of things supervene on their natural features. Take any two persons, actions) characters, or states of affairs that are identical in all of their naturalistic features: every naturalistic feature that is a feature of the one is a feature of the other, and vice versa. These two persons, actions, characters, or states of affairs must be identical in evaluative respects as well. There can be no evaluative difference without a naturalistic difference. So, at any rate, it is said.
The Central Conflict: Morality and Self-Interest
Authors: Raz Joseph
Published: November 2023

Reflection on the nature of morality, the sources of its normativity, and the motivation people have, or should have, to abide by it, often centres on the problems posed by the possibility of conflict between morality and self interest. It is sometimes said that the central question of morality is: why is it that we must conform with morality even when doing so involves significant sacrifice of our own interests?1 The answer, it is thought, would explain the normativity of morality. It would explain why it is binding, and why every person has reason to conform with it.
Self and Morality in Schopenhauer and Nietzsche
Authors: Cooper David E
Published: November 2023

In numerous passages, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche rather startlingly deny that there are selves, subjects or egos, even individuals or persons. They are, as I shall put it, ‘self-deniers’. As we will shortly see, Schopenhauer wants and needs to retain what we might refer to as the Self in the shape of his ‘knowing subject’.
Aristotle and Stoic Logic
Authors: Barnes Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Were Aristotle’s logical writings known to the early Stoic logicians, and did Aristotle’s logical ideas have any influence on the development of Stoic logic? The evidence which bears on this question is perplexing: there are numerous pertinent texts which favour an affirmative answer; yet as we approach them they seem, like so many will-o’-the-wisps, to retreat-and we are stumbling in a treacherous marsh.But the question is not without its fascination, in as much as it concerns the historical relations between two magnificent monuments to Greek philosophical acumen; and it may stand some discussion. Section I presents some general ruminations. Section II deals with the preliminary question of whether the Stoics could in principle have read Aristotle. Section III assembles a sample of the evidence which suggests that the Stoics did in fact read and study their Aristotle. And the remaining sections try to assess the value of this evidence.
Rules and Reasoning in Stoic Ethics
Authors: Inwood Brad
Published: November 2023

Stoic ethics is often criticized for its impractical rigidity and pointless idealism. Its most prominent feature seems to be its proneness to paradoxical theses, such as claims that all moral errors are equal, that only the wise man is free, and that all human passions should be eliminated rather than moderated. Stoic ethics demands that human beings achieve perfect virtue and act accordingly; the alternative is the complete unhappiness from which all of us suffer. And yet at first sight it appears to offer very little in the way of realistic hope or guidance for people who wish to be happy. It seems to be an abstract and Procrustean dogmatism, which deduces from general principles conclusions which have little bearing on the kind of striving and thinking which normally characterizes ethics. It seems to leave little room for progress in an ethics which (like most others in the ancient world) is centred on the improvement of human character.Since the mid-196os more sympathetic and sophisticated accounts of Stoic ethics have, of course, begun to tell a different story. But there is still a gap which remains to be filled. One of the issues on which the Stoics have seemed to be most inflexible and unrealistic has been the role of rules, or laws, in Stoic ethics.
Introduction
Authors: Stern Robert
Published: November 2023

The status of transcendental arguments within the current philosophical debate is curiously hard to fix unequivocally. On the one hand, in most theoretical or meta level treatments of them, there has been a considerable decline in the high hopes expressed for such arguments in the I96os and early I97os; on the other hand, there has nonetheless been an ever growing willingness by philosophers to use such arguments within epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, moral and political philosophy, and elsewhere, where these arguments have been proposed by those who are currently highly influential in the field (such as Davidson, Putnam, Searle, and Burge).
Self-Directed Transcendental Arguments
Authors: Cassam Quassim
Published: November 2023

Transcendental arguments aim to spell out the necessary conditions of thought or experience. Some arguments of this form are world-directed.I They start with the assumption that there is thought or experience of some particular kind, and argue that for thought or experience of this kind to be possible, the world in which these thoughts or experiences occur must be a certain way. World-directed transcendental arguments are generally intended as anti-sceptical, since the necessary conditions which they purport to uncover include the truth of propositions which have been called into question by familiar forms of scepticism.
Transcendental Arguments from Content Externalism
Authors: Brueckner Anthony
Published: November 2023

Is there a viable transcendental argument that proceeds from an externalist theory of the content of intentional mental states? According to such a theory, a thinker’s external, causal environment figures in the individuation of his mental states’ contents. The sort of transcendental argument I am looking for is anti-Cartesian in nature, in that its conclusion would be that there is an external world of mind-independent physical objects located in space. Insofar as the Cartesian sceptic denies that one can know that such a world exists, a viable transcendental argument of the desired kind would refute this sceptic.
Self-identity and Self-regard
Authors: Penelhum Terence
Published: November 2023

IN his discussion of personal identity Hume draws a distinction to which his readers have not paid much attention. It is a distinction between ‘personal identity, as it regards our thought or imagination, and as it regards our passions or the concern we take in ourselves’.1 I want in this paper, to examine this distinction and the use Hume makes of it. Although in doing so, I will be commenting some of the time on questions of Humean exegesis, my main concern is to try to throw some light on the role that the idea of oneself plays in our thinking about some of the areas of the emotional life that Hume considers.

Let us first see why Hume introduces this distinction where he does. It appears in the Section ‘Of Personal Identity’ (Section VI of Part IV of Book I of the Treatise), and he says he must make it in order to answer a question about self-identity which he says, correctly, will carry his readers ‘pretty deep’. The question he wants to ask is this:
Truth and Historicity
Authors: Campbell Richard
Published: November 2023

Richard Campbell elucidates the concept of truth by tracing its history: from the ancient Greek idea that truth is timeless, unchanging, and free from all relativism, up to the seventeenth-century crisis which led to the collapse of that idea, and then on through the emergence of historical consciousness to the existentialist, sociological, and linguistic approaches of our own time. He gives a scholarly but vivid and economical exposition of the views of a remarkably wide range of thinkers, always showing how their ideas engage with our contemporary concerns. He argues that current problems with truth arise from the way differing past conceptions continue to resound in our contemporary use of the word, and suggests that we must formulate a new conception of truth, compatible with awareness that through our actions we constitute who we are - with awareness of our own historicity.
Doing the Truth
Authors: Campbell Richard
Published: November 2023

Despite the difficulties encountered in the attempt to incorporate the Platonic Ideas within a Christian theology, the stature of Augustine was such that, through-out the medieval period, the identification of Truth with God remained sacrosanct. In this way, the Platonic conception of truth as a state of the really real continued to influence profoundly the development of Christian theology. Indeed, the kind of argument Augustine deployed to show the existence of God in his De Libero Arbitrio could only have been conceived by someone for whom truth was not fundamentally propositional in its logical status; only If he understood from the Platonic tradition that truth has this ‘objectual’ status, could it possibly have occurred to him that showing the existence of truth would amount to showing the existence of God. The Platonic strains in Augustine’s thinking are what made it possible for him to invoke with such familiarity the notion of truth in this way.
A ‘Philosophical Hero’? Anaxagoras and the Eleatics
Authors: Furth Montgomery
Published: November 2023

My title invokes a splendid image from David Furley: ‘My picture of Anaxagoras is of a kind of Ajax among the Presocratics, unable to appreciate the advantages of modern, more flexible ways, and heroically adhering to the strictest interpretation of the Parmenidean code.’ That seems to me excellent, but not sufficiently positive; on the account I shall recommend, Anaxagoras is hero enough, but deep and clever and definitely no thick-witted Ajax.
Socrates’ Elenctic Mission
Authors: Brickhouse Thomas C , Smith Nicholas D
Published: November 2023

At the heart of Socrates’ defence in Plato’s Apology is the claim that the very activities for which he has been brought to trial constitute what is actually a religious mission. As he presents his case to the jury, it becomes clear just how complex his mission is: he must free people from their pretence of wisdom (23 B 7, 37E 5–38A 6), exhort them to care for actually attaining wisdom by concerning themselves foremost with truth and the perfection of their souls (290 7–E 3), and similarly to exchange their predominant interests in material things, reputation, and honour (29E 3–3on 4) for the pursuit of the most precious of goods, virtue (30A 1–2, 31B 4–5). Given the evidence of the Apology and that of Plato’s other early dialogues, we know that Socrates performs his ‘service to the god’ by daily examining those around him, for he is convinced that ‘the unexamined life is not worth living for humans’ (38A 5–6).
Politics And Philosophy In Stoicism
Authors: Vander Waerdt Paul A
Published: November 2023

Stoic reflection on this subject aims to disarm Socrates’ paradox in the ‘third wave’ of the argument of Plato’s Republic-that until philosophers rule as kings, or kings philosophize, and political power and philosophy coincide, there will be no cessation of evils for the human race (5, 473 c—o). Plato’s formulation of this problem, if not his solution, set the agenda for subsequent reflection on the relation between politics and philosophy. Thus Aristotle’s doctrine concerning the form of rule most suited to promote the life of philosophy to which his best regime is dedicated represents an answer to this Platonic paradox. And each of the Hellenistic schools adopts a position on the question of whether the sage will participate in politics and, if so, under what cicumstances. The Stoics agree with Plato that only the wise possess the knowledge of good and evil that constitutes the natural title to rule (D.L. 7. 121-2), but they face none of his difficulties in explaining the sage’s motivation to take part in politics.
Individuals and Individuation in Aristotle
Authors: Gill Mary Louise
Published: November 2023

What is an Aristotelian individual, and what makes the individual numerically one? These questions cover several different issues, which we should begin by setting apart. One side of the debate insists that all individuals are non-repeatable; the other allows that some entities are individual and numerically one, because they are fully determinate; but they are none the less repeatable because they can inhere in more than one subject. To allow for the possibility that some Aristotelian individuals are repeatable, I shall use the word 'indivisible' to specify a fully determinate type that divides a wider determinable kind, and I shall confine the word 'particular' to things that are non-repeatable.
Parts, Compounds, and Substantial Unity
Authors: Haslanger Sally
Published: November 2023

In the Metaphysics, Aristotle articulates and defends two profound, though difficult, theses: (i) sensible substances are composites of matter and form, and (ii) primary substance is substantial form. I am concerned in this paper with two questions: first, in what sense is a sensible substance composite: How are we to understand the relevant notion of ‘part’, and the corresponding unity that results in the sensible individual? Second, how are Aristotle’s views about parts and unity related to his views about priority: Will an understanding of the composite nature of sensible substances lend insight into the priority of form? It is perhaps easiest to enter the tangle of issues motivating these questions throught the problem of unity.
Aristotle on the Relation between a Thing and its Matter
Authors: Lewis Frank A
Published: November 2023

Conspicuous entries in the early ontology of Aristotle’s Categories and Topics include individual substances, for example a, and their accidents, for example Φ. If some accounts are right, his ontology also makes room for accidental compounds of individual substances with their various accidents, for example a + Φ: in English, Socrates seated, musical Coriscus, and the like.
Aristotle Versus Protagoras on Relatives and the Objects of Perception
Authors: Gottlieb Paula
Published: November 2023

Protagoras is famous for the claim that man is the measure of all things. As explained in Plato’s Theaetetus and Aristotle’s Metaphysics Ꭲ, Protagoras’ doctrine of the measure is supported by a striking theory of perception: Each individual perceiver is the measure of what is perceived, and the relationship between perception and what is perceived is a symmetrical one, with neither term of the relation taking precedence over the other. Thus perception and the objects of perception are correlatives. The thesis has a startling consequence; none of the objects we perceive exists prior to our perceptions.
The Primacy of Self-Love in the Nicomachean Ethics
Authors: Politis Vasilis
Published: November 2023

According to Aristotle, each person ought to love himself above everything else (Nicomachean Ethics 9. 8). There are, certainly, other things that one can love besides oneself, above all one’s friends, whom one can love almost as much as oneself (see 8. 7,1159*11-12, for a first indication of the ‘almost’). It would be mistaken to suppose that because one ought to love oneself most, therefore one ought to love oneself only; Aristotle is not an advocate of that kind of egoism.
Carneades’ Pithanon: A Reappraisal of its Role and Status
Authors: Rett Richard
Published: November 2023

A perennial complaint against ancient sceptics, both Academic and Pyrrhonean, is that, if they really had adopted the attitude which they claimed to adopt, it would be impossible for them to act. Ancient sceptics claim to suspend judgement about everything, to refuse to commit themselves positively to the truth of any proposition; but this tends immediately to provoke the question ‘How, then, is any kind of human life possible for you and your kind?’ In antiquity this was known as the charge of apraxia, ‘inaction’, and a version of it was levelled at the earliest Academic sceptic, Arcesilaus.
The Unity of Plato’s Phaedrus
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: November 2023

IN the opening pages of his paper on the structure of Plato’s Phaedrus Christopher Rowe observes—quite correctly—that in it Plato ‘makes unity a sine qua non of excellence in written compositions’; but he proceeds at once to raise the question ‘whether there is any way of interpreting the strategy of the Phaedrus which provides for the proper integration of Socrates’ second speech into the structure of the whole’,1 without stopping to consider first what should be counted as proper integration in one of Plato’s dialogues. This is the question that I want to raise in this article.
The Unity of the Phaedrus: a Postscript
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: November 2023

christopher rowe has shown himself well able to come to the aid of his discourse; and I, certainly, have learnt much from the extended process of questioning and response that has produced these papers.1 That process is properly open-ended; the following notes are merely pointers, therefore, to some directions in which the discussion might be developed further.
Scientific Explanation and Empirical Data in Aristotle’s Meteorology
Authors: Freeland Cynthia A
Published: November 2023

In this paper I shall examine certain significant aspects of Aristotle’s scientific practice as recorded in his Meteorology. I shall not here pursue important questions concerning these first principles-in particular whether this treatise employs the deductive explanatory structure recommended in the Posterior Analytics.3 Instead, my focus will be on certain steps recorded in this treatise which are not mentioned in Aristotle’s model of pure science-steps which precede and follow upon his core explanations (definitions) of meteorological phenomena.
Plato and Nominalism
Authors: Bostock David
Published: November 2023

Terry Penner’s book is designed as the first of two volumes, the second to be entitled Plato and the Philosophers of Language. Its structure is complex. In the centre are two dialogues between Plato and Frege, first ‘The Nominalist’ (81 pages) and then ‘Aristotle’s Dilemma’ (39 pages). The first dialogue introduces Plato’s argument for the existence of Forms at Phaedo 74 B–C, and aims to clear away some preliminary difficulties that it confronts (sects. 1–5). It then turns to the task of arguing that all those who interpret Plato as committed to the literal self-predication of Forms are mistaken (sects. 6–11). The second dialogue returns to the argument of Phaedo 74 B–C and introduces what appears to be the main problem for it, viz. that it attempts to argue from the existence of mental states to the existence of the objects of those states
William Whewell’S Odyssey: From Mathematics to Moral Philosophy
Authors: Becher Harvey W
Published: November 2023

William Whewell was born on 24 May 1794, and died on 6 March 1866. What the ‘ruddy strapping divine’ crowded into his life brought forth from Sidney Smith, the satirist, a breakfast-party quip: ‘Science is his forte and omniscience is his foible.’ Smith’s epigram was clever, but it provided little insight into the object of his barb. Even today the name Whewell is ubiquitous in historical literature while the man himself remains an unresolved nebula, a testimonial to the difficulty of placing Whewell’s wide-ranging interests into some kind of fathomable pattern. Since Whewell was both a significant influence, and a reliable mirror, on his age, bringing him into focus is of historical importance, and the direction of this essay is towards that end.
Normative Logic
Authors: Gibbard Allan
Published: November 2023

I use the term “logic” in this chapter broadly. My aims are to state the norm-expressivistic analysis more explicitly and to correct some of its defects. In its first, rough formulation, the analysis was this: to call an act, belief, or emotion rational is to express one’s acceptance of a system of norms that permits it. Much more needs to be said. In the last chapter I argued for the psychological reality of the state of mind accepting a system of norms. So far, though, I have said little about what a “system of norms” is supposed to be. Many questions are left. How can we talk about systems of norms and their properties? What is it to express one’s acceptance of a system of norms, and what is it for a system of norms to permit or require something? What can be said about the structure of systems of norms? What it is for one norm to override another, or outweigh it? Then too, how can we cope with problems of information? In virtually any context, there are things the subject does not know and things the observer does not know.
Communities of Judgment
Authors: Gibbard Allan
Published: November 2023

The crucial puzzles in life are more or less local. What we need from day to day is not a global rationality, not a rationality all conceivable discussants could recognize, if only they were coherent. Our problem is what to treat as rational among neighbors and other conversants. A person needs to ask what to treat as rational or irrational within the small communities that most engage him. He needs also to ask how to regard the awkward large groups that bear on his life and the lives of those around him. Sometimes cooperation with them is vital. Some times he can enjoy other groups and learn from them. With them he can hope to enjoy a partial community, and so to reap some of the benefits of normative consensus. He cannot, though, hope for any thing like the full community of judgment he can look to with fellow spirits.
Aristotle on the Subjecthood of Form
Authors: Granger Herbert
Published: November 2023

The subjecthood of form as a criterion of its substantiality has come more to the foreground of discussion in recent years, in the belief that it is an important criterion in Aristotle’s development of his later metaphysics. In its subjecthood form is taken to be a subject of properties, of the sort that belong to things (concrete, particular objects), the first-order properties of, for example, colour, weight, size, and the like. In the Categories subjecthood was at the forefront of Aristotle’s thought about substance, but the tradition of Aristotelian scholarship holds that subjecthood was shunted aside in the Metaphysics, when, under the regime of hylomorphism, Aristotle came to think that matter met best the criterion of subjecthood, but for other reasons could not be substance in the primary sense. Frede, in ‘Substance in Aristotle’s Metaphysics’, and Frede and Patzig, in their commentary on Metaphysics Zeta, have recently endeavoured to reinstate the importance of subjecthood in Aristotle’s thought, and Shields has also recently mounted a vigorous deference of the importance of the subjecthood of form.
Meaning and Truth Theory
Authors: Foster J A
Published: November 2023

A speaker of English hears the sounds ‘the sun is hot’ and knows that they mean that the sun is hot. This episode of semantic insight is part of the general competence of an English speaker to interpret the expressions of his language on the basis of their physical makeup. Given the epistemic character of this competence, we may be led to seek for an explicit statement of the knowledge which sustains it. What facts about English does one who has mastered it thereby know? Since his competence spans an infinite number of expressions, the knowledge cannot be stated by listing his separate interpretations of each. Rather, we have to ascribe to him some general theory from which these intepretations flow, some finitely stated corpus of know ledge from which the meaning of each expression can be extracted.
Two Theories of Meaning
Authors: Loar Brian
Published: November 2023

The leading question in the general theory of meaning is what the form of a theory of meaning for a particular language should be. What is the empirical status of the semantical description of a language? How does it fit into our other empirical theories? What kind of apparatus is sufficient to do the job? There is no general agreement about these matters.

The account which I am going to give locates semantical notions within the general framework of propositional attitudes, and, hence, makes essential use of in tensional entities. But there is, these days, a not uncommon idea that empirical semantics can be done within a wholly extensional framework, without in tensional entities. This is due, in large part, to Davidson, who has claimed1 that the apparatus of (what we might call) extensional truth-condition semantics is sufficient for theories of meaning for natural languages.
Language-Mastery and the Sorites Paradox
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: November 2023

Throughout Frege’s writings are scattered expressions of the con ception that the vagueness of ordinary language, and especially the occurrence of predicates for which it is not always determinate whether or not they may truly be applied to an object, is a defect. His reason for such a view seems to have been that orthodox logical principles fail when applied to sentences containing expressions whose range of application has been defined only partially.1 Thus Frege seems not to have considered, or not to have thought worth considering, the possibility that vague terms might require a special logic.
Internal Clocks and the Representation of Time
Authors: Wearden J H
Published: November 2023

Time is represented in many ways. Our language, with its structure of tenses, and prepositions such as ‘before’ and “after’, embodies some temporal codes into its very structure (and different languages do this differently, see Bree, 1992). Language also employs temporal metaphors (‘time flies’ etc.) to give flavour to written and spoken discourse (see Jackson and Michon, 1992, for many examples).
Out of the Past: Episodic Recall as Retained Acquaintance
Authors: Martin M G R
Published: November 2023

When John Dean, fonner counsel to President Nixon, gave testimony before the House on the Watergate affair, his recall of particular incidents and the contents of conversations that had taken place in the Oval Office was so detailed and so complete that one of the senators dubbed him in disbelief ‘the human tape recorder’. Dean denied this, explaining that he claimed no accuracy for the words he used, but merely that he could recount what had gone on and the import of what had been said.
Apperception and the Unreality of Tense
Authors: Moore A W
Published: November 2023

My concern is with the issue whether tense is real. Broadly speaking, what this means is that I shall be investigating the metaphysics of tensed thought and talk. The sort of question on which I hope to cast light is this: can one and the same fact account both for the truth of a memory I have today, about how things were yesterday, and for the truth of a thought that I had yesterday, about how things were then? Eventually I shall be concerned with how such questions relate to various aspects of what Kant calls ‘the deduction of the categories’ in his Critique of Pure Reason.1 More specifically, I hope to see how the answers to such questions might depend on the answers to questions about (to use Kant’s phrase) the unity of apperception.
The Chinese Room from a Logical Point of View
Authors: Copeland B Jack
Published: November 2023

John Searle has complained—and not without justice—that stock responses to his 1980 paper ‘fail to come to grips with the actual Chinese room argument’ (1990: 24). This chapter looks closely at various versions of the Chinese Room Argument (CRA). There are four principal versions of the argument: the vanilla version, the outdoor version, the simulator version, and the gymnasium version1 The vanilla and outdoor versions (Searle 1980a) are directed against traditional symbol-processing AI; the simulator and gymnasium versions (Searle 1990) are directed against connectionism.
Change in the Rules: Computers, Dynamical Systems, and Searle
Authors: Wheeler Michael
Published: November 2023

The Chinese Room Argument (described elsewhere in this volume) is directed against what John Searle calls stronB artificial intelliBence ( StronB AI), an intellectual position according to which ‘the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather, the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states’ (Searle 1980: 4171 (B67), emphasis in original). Searle is thus famously opposed to the view that computation is sufficient for mind. Recently, some equally vocal opposition to the computational orthodoxy in AI and cognitive science has come from another quarter, namely the emerging dynamical systems approach to COBnition (henceforth DSC), which is the view that ‘[natural] cognitive systems are dynamical systems and are best understood from the perspective of dynamics’ (van Gelder and Port 1995: 5).
Dancing with Pixies: Strong Artificial Intelligence and Panpsychism
Authors: Bishop Mark
Published: November 2023

In 1994 John Searle stated (Searle 1994: 11-12) that the Chinese Room Argument (CRA) is an attempt to prove the truth of the premise: led him to the conclusion that ‘programs are not minds’ and hence that computationalism, the idea that the essence of thinking lies in computational processes and that such processes thereby underlie and explain conscious thinking, is false. The argument presented in this chapter is not a direct attack or defence of the CRA, but relates to the premise at its heart, that syntax is not sufficient for semantics, via the closely associated propositions that semantics is not intrinsic to syntax and that syntax is not intrinsic to physics.1 However, in contrast to the CRA’s critique of the link between syntax and semantics, this chapter will explore the associated link between syntax and physics.
James Barr’s Quest for Sound and Adequate Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Balentine Samuel e.
Published: November 2023

In 1961, at the age of 37, James Barr published his first book, The Semantics of Biblical Language. In the second sentence of the preface to this book Barr set forth the objective that has guided his career through more than three decades of biblical scholarship: ‘It is a main concern of both scholarship and theology that the Bible should be soundly and adequately interpreted.’ Over the next seven years he pursued this objective in two further publications, Biblical Words for Time (1962) and Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament (1968), arguing persuasively that if the Bible was to be adequately and soundly interpreted, the regnant approach to biblical language and theological exegesis would have to change. By the end of the decade of the 1960s James Barr had taken a leading role in the reconstructive effort which he saw as necessary.
Biblical Scholarship in the Seventeenth Century: A Study in Ecumenics
Authors: Childs Brevard s.
Published: November 2023

It is a pleasure to offer an essay in honour of Professor James Barr, who has been actively engaged in ecumenical discussions as a biblical scholar for well over forty years.

Upon first glance few centuries of the Christian era seem less suited for a study in ecumenics than the seventeenth century. The lines dividing Catholic and Prostestant had become sharply drawn by the end of the sixteenth century, and the long, bitter struggle from entrenched positions had begun. The seventeenth century is usually remembered as the age of the great religious wars and the harshest theological controversies. It is the era par excellence of the theological polemic. Of course, there were a few people who tried to overcome the impasse.
Prophecy and the Biblical Prophets
Authors: Sawyer John F A
Published: November 2023

Professor Sawyer first studies the phonemenon of prophecy in a wide context, the prophetic literature represented in the Bible, and the message of the prophets, and then he surveys all the prophets from Moses to Huldah, and the prophetic books from Isaiah to Malachi. He pays especial attention to legends about the propetis, both canonical and apocryphal, many of which have been considerably more influential in the history of western civilization than the prophets' original words. A final chapter in this revised edition continues the story of biblical prophecy into the early Church, and considers Jewish, Christian, and Muslim interpretation and the matter of fulfilment of prophecy. It also contains a new section on feminist interpretation. The revised bibliography supplements the brevity of discussion of so wide a range of topics in a small volume, and there is an index of passages discussed as well as a useful general index. Professor Sawyer has new things to say, as well as covering familiar ground authoritatively. Prophecy and the Prophets can be used as a basic text-book as well as a source of interest and suggestions for further research.
Augustine’s City Of God
Authors: O’Daly Gerard
Published: November 2023

The City of God is the most influential of Augustine's works, which played a decisive role in the formation of the Christian West. This book is the first comprehensive modern guide to it in any language. The City of God's scope embodies cosmology, psychology, political thought, anti-pagan polemic, Christian apologetic, theory of history, biblical interpretation and apocalyptic themes. This book is, therefore, at once about a single masterpiece and at the same time surveys Augustine's developing views through the whole range of his thought. The book is written in the form of a detailed, running commentary on each part of the work. Further chapters elucidate the early fifth century political, social, historical, and literary background, the work's sources, and its place in Augustine's writings. The book should prove of value to Augustine's wide readership among students of late antiquity, theologians, philosophers, medievalists, Renaissance scholars, and historians of Art and iconography.
‘Where Were the Gods?’: Books I-5
Authors: O’Daly Gerard
Published: November 2023

Although Augustine repeatedly refers to the first five books of the City of God as a distinct part of the work (5. 26, 6. pref.), dealing with the alleged benefits of Roman state religion, the first book stands apart from the others and from the rest of the work .1 It is more closely related to the sack of Rome and the issues which the sack and its aftermath raise. In that respect, it has a specific apologetic purpose. Yet it is also a prelude or overture to the whole work, and contains several of the motifs to be developed in the later books. It is the clearest indication that by the time Books r-3 were ready for publication Augustine had elaborated the overall plan of the City of God.
The History of the Two Cities: Books 15-18
Authors: O’Daly Gerard
Published: November 2023

Books 15-18 deal with the course (‘excursus’, ‘procursus’) of the two cities in human history. Augustine’s parameters are defined by the sequence of events in biblical narrative from Genesis 4 onwards. His selective exegesis continues, in effect, what has begun in City 11. His book shadows the books of the Bible.2 Augustine makes it clear from the outset that he is talking about kinds of human individual, and that the members of the city of God are those who live ‘according to God’s plan’ (‘secundum deum’), whereas the members of the other city live ‘according to human criteria’ (‘secundum hominem’).
A Short History of Modern Arabic Literature
Authors: Badawi M M
Published: November 2023

This is a concise and authoritative survey of the whole of modern Arabic literature since the mid-19th century with a view to helping the general reader as well as the student to form a clear picture of the literary achievements of the modern Arabs. the drive for modernization, which started in Egypt and Syria early in the 19th century and which gradually spread to the rest of the Arab world, resulted in the introduction of secular education, printing, journalism, and much translation of western thought and literature. Consequently, a new reading public and a new conception of literature emerged. Inspired by rising nationalism and the conflict between Islam and westernization, writers sought to reflect and indeed change social and political reality, instead of merely displaying their verbal skill. This book examines the attempts made by Arab authors to define this cultural identity and meet the needs of the modern world by adapting the imported forms of the novel, short story, and drama, as well as their indigenous poetic and prose tradition.
Poems to Entertain
Authors: Bailey Clinton
Published: November 2023

The need to adhere to convention as a requisite of survival in the desert has made the bedouin a highly conventional people. A man’s virtue is measured by his observance of convention; and, far from viewing convention as something imposed upon them, the bedouin regard it as natural.
Evaluative Criteria And Bayes’S Theorem
Authors: Prevost Robert
Published: November 2023

MY analysis to this point has suggested that Bayes’s theorem cannot account, in one way or the other, for the evidence of evil or for the explanatory power of theism with respect to evil. But, as we saw, Bayes’s theorem incorporates not only the probability of predictive power but also various prior probabilities. These probabilities have no correlate in causality, and, therefore, there is no obvious way, as in the case of predictive power, to calculate their values. For this purpose particular evaluative criteria are required. Swinburne accepts three: fit, scope, and simplicity.
Informal Reasoning And Religious Belief (1)
Authors: Prevost Robert
Published: November 2023

WE have, up to this point, discussed particular problems associated with the approach Swinburne adopts in his argument for the existence of God. We saw, in the first place, that his methodology is inadequate for evaluating the explanatory power of theism. Bayes’s theorem cannot account for the different kinds of evidence which are essential for assessing the evidential support for theism, nor can the theorem be readily applied to explanations which are not predictive in the way most scientific hypotheses are. A second problem arises from the use of evaluative criteria such as simplicity. Though the use of simplicity is warranted, there are several relevant senses of simplicity and various kinds of relevant evaluative criteria which together lead to conflicting judgements if applied to the same case. The resulting conflicts in turn are not amenable to a Bayesian resolution, and thus they constitute a practical limit to the usefulness of the theorem.
Informal Reasoning And Religious Belief (2)
Authors: Prevost Robert
Published: November 2023

I Have argued that the logic of informal reasoning is the best way to interpret Mitchell’s notion of cumulative-case reasoning. However, there are various ways to interpret Mitchell, and a number of different criticisms have been directed at his account of the rationality of religious belief. In this chapter I shall examine some of these criticisms in order to see whether they tell against the account of cumulative reasoning that I have constructed.
Introduction
Authors: Cunliffe Christopher
Published: November 2023

When Queen Caroline, who claimed to be an avid reader of the Analogy of Religion, assumed in conversation that its author was dead her interlocutor, Archbishop Blackburne of York, replied, ’No, madam, he is not dead, but he is buried.’ The knowledge of his continued physical existence stirred the queen to action on Butler’s behalf, setting his career on a more public trajectory.
Philosophy in the Heroic Period (1709–1713)
Authors: Berman David
Published: November 2023

Berkeley’s philosophical system, like his philosophical prose, is disarmingly and deceptively simple. For him, there are only two sorts of things in the world: ideas and spirits. The elements of his system are set out in the first two sections of the Principles of Human Knowledge. Ideas are dealt with in section 1, spirits in section 2. Berkeley’s use of the word ‘idea’ will probably strike a modern reader as unusually wide. For first and foremost amongst ideas, according to him, are ideas of sense, or sensible experiences, about which he writes:
Theology in the Heroic Period(1709—1713)
Authors: Berman David
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2 we were largely concerned with Berkeley’s attack on matter and with his alternative account of the physical world as collections of sensible ideas. This forms the basis of his philosophy. For positivists or phenomenalists, such as J. S. Mill and the late A. J. Ayer, this also constitutes Berkeley’s most valuable contribution. Indeed, phenomenalism has been defined as Berkeley’s philosophy without God.1 But Mill and Ayer recognized that Berkeley himself would never have accepted positivism or phenomenalism per se. For Berkeley also believed in minds or spirits which cannot be known or experienced by sense. There are, then, two components in Berkeley’s immaterialism. The first might be called ‘positivistic immaterialism’, the second ‘spiritualistic immaterialism’, the main part of which concerns the infinite spirit, God.
Epilogue: Ecce Homo
Authors: Berman David
Published: November 2023

‘When the multitude heard, they were astonished at his doctrine’; or so runs the inscription commemorating Berkeley in the Trinity College Chapel, an inscription which might be reformulated ‘When the biographers heard, they were fascinated by his life’; for George Berkeley, the man, has attracted many biographers. These include at least one major poet, a British Prime Minister, a psychoanalyst, and a famous novelist. And yet, amidst the diver., sity, the work of three biographers—Stock, Fraser, and Luce—stands out.
Part I
Authors: Heine Ronald E
Published: November 2023

After first diligently making myself conversant with the whole Book of the Psalms, I have thought it necessary to begin, not by examining the inscriptions, but by setting forth first an approach to the systematic observation of the concepts concerning the Psalter in its totality, through which approach the subject matter’ of the inscriptions will subsequently be made clear to us.
The Acts of the Apostles as an Apologetic Text
Authors: Alexander Loveday
Published: November 2023

Of all the books of the :’-Jew Testament, the one which has most persistently attracted the label ‘apologetic’ is the Acts of the Apostles. This designation seems to go back at least to 1721, when Heumann suggested that Luke’s work was an apologia, written in defence of Christianity to a pagan official named Theophilus.2 Since then, the label has recurred in a wide variety of guises, many of which, as Bruce observes, prefigure the concerns of the second-century Christian apologists. But the enthusiasm with which the term has been adopted masks a huge area of disagreement as to how exactly the apologetic situation of Acts is to be construed.