bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uses and Implications of the Contextual Approach to Child Custody Decisions
Authors: Cotroneo Margaret , Hibbs B. Janet , Moriarty Helene
Published: August 2007

Child custody litigation signals parental conflicts that have serious implications for a child's long‐term development. The authors describe a family systems approach to child custody decision making—the contextual approach, derived from contextual family theory. A case study analysis and pilot study illustrate the use of the approach with a small group of families who turn to the legal system to resolve custody or visitation disputes. The findings suggest the approach's usefulness in helping families create alternatives to continued disputation. The findings also reinforce the need for further research to test the preventive potential of the approach in reducing returns to court.
Difficulties with Teens: Can Nursing Consultation Help?
Authors: Puskar Kathryn R. , Wargoe Kathryn
Published: August 2007

Child/youth problems and psychiatrie hospitalizations are increasing. A literature reuiew suggests that there is an increased needfor more nurses with the knowledge and skills necessary to work in this specialty area. The review also suggests that providing psychiatric nursing consultation services is one way to help direct care staff to strengthen or develop these skills. The authors describe a consultation project that took place on a newly developed 15‐bed adolescent program in a 30‐bed private psychiatrie hospital. They examine the effectiveness of consultation sessions, ascertained through both verbal and written evaluations of staff members. The outeome suggests that psychiatric nursing consultation services can be an important contribution in expanding the knowledge base of direct care staff (child care specialists and nurses) who work with the hospitalized adolescent psychiatrie patient.
Clinical Forum
Authors: Goren Suzanne
Published: August 2007

Clinical Forum presents brief reports on discussion of clinical issues or innovative practice, ideas, and programs.
A Symptom Management Program for Adolescents With Psychotic Illnesses: Theoretical Basis
Authors: Schepp Karen Gulseth
Published: August 2007

The author describes the theoretical basis of a nursing intervention program for adolescents who have experienced nondrug‐related psychotic episodes. The program is designed to empower mentally ill adolescents and to increase their level of functioning by assisting them to recognize and manage symptoms of their illnesses. The theoretical model predicts some factors that influence the adolescent's level of functioning.
A Symptom Management Program for Psychotically Ill Adolescents and Their Families: Preliminary Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Schepp Karen Gulseth
Published: August 2007

The author describes the preliminary results of a clinical pilot study of a symptom management program for adolescents who are recovering from a non‐drug‐induced psychotic episode. The program was designed as a follow‐up treatment for adolescents who are living at home with their families. Preliminary findings showed that the program was effective in increasing the adolescents' ability to recognize symptoms of their illnesses and to develop coping strategies to manage their symptoms.
In Defense of Genuine Ignorance: Supporting Vitality and Relevance in Graduate Curricula
Authors: Goren Suzanne , Peter Lori , Fischer Stacie
Published: August 2007

Genuine ignorance, defined by John Dewey as curiosity and openmindedness in opposition to repetition of catch phrases and familiar propositions, is nurtured in graduate nursing curricula in which the educational process is congruent with course content. Preparation for advanced practice in the mental health environment of the foreseeable future requires abandonment of the familiar medical model in favor of conceptual models consistent with current thinking in psychiatric nursing and exposure to current problems (homelessness, family violence, AIDS) and current problem solving strategies (brief treatment, family preservation). Involvement in practice‐based research and operationalizing new perspectives on familiar clinical problems, are suggested as strategies for developing the advanced practitioner. Two of the authors, former graduate students, describe the impact of changed perspectives and research activity on their own practice.

Genuine ignorance is profitable because it is likely to be accompanied by humility, curiosity, and openmindedness, whereas ability to repeat catch phrases, cant terms, and familiar propositions, gives the conceit of learning and coats the mind with varnish waterproof to new ideas.

           John Dewey
Commentary
Authors: Pothier Patricia
Published: August 2007

The only nursing organization whose major focus is the psychiatric mental health needs of severly emotionally disturbed children, adolescents and their families and the promotion of mental health of children, adolescents, and their families, has turned 20 this year. The author's purpose is to review the history and accomplishments of Advocates for Child Psychiatric Nursing, Inc. (ACPN), and to make some projections for future action by this nursing specialty organization.
Clinical Forum
Authors: Delaney Kathleen Ryan
Published: August 2007

Clinical Forum presents brief reports on discussion of clinical issues or innovative practices, ideas, and programs.

Bedtime on children's inpatient units taxes a staff's patience and energy. Many children are pressing their needs with great urgency. Unfortunately, by late evening staff members are frequently depleted and not emotionally available to the children. Inpatient nurses can address this situation by developing bedtime programs that focus on the particular nighttime needs of disturbed children. The Author details such a bedtime program and describes why it has been successful in helping patients get undisturbed sleep.
Tots and Teens: Similarities in Behavior and Interventions for Pediatric and Psychiatric Nurses
Authors: Puskar Kathryn R. , D'Antonio Irma J.
Published: August 2007

The separation‐individuation process is played out in similar ways by toddlers and teenagers. Child and adolescent psychiatric nurses may have a better appreciation of the subtleties and complexities in dealing with behaviors of these patients with a comparison of the two groups. This paper discusses similarities in behaviors of toddlers and teens and presents theory‐based guidelines for interventions with clients in these age groups.
Inpatient Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Childhood: A Case Study
Authors: Scahill Larry , Walker Robert D. , Lechner Sarah N. , Tynan Kathleen E.
Published: August 2007

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is now recognized as a relatively common disorder that often has its onset in childhood. Both behavior modification and newly available serotonin reuptake inhibitors have shown to be beneficial in reducing the primary symptoms of OCD in adults, but behavior therapy has not been well‐studied in children. This paper presents a case of a 13‐year‐old boy admitted to a child psychiatric inpatient service with severe OCD, psychotic features, and a history of Tourette's syndrome. The integration of standard behavior therapy techniques on a child inpatient service and barriers to implementing these techniques are discussed.
The Stigma of Mental Illness on Children of Color
Authors: Siantz Mary Lou de Leon
Published: August 2007

Children and adolescents who have been designated as mentally ill, mentally retarded, juvenile delinquent, poor, homeless, or sexually abused at some point in their lives experience a great deal of difficulty in removing such labels. Society has persisted in using these labels even when the designated person is engaged in many of the things taken for granted among “normal” persons of their age and culture. The author discusses the stigma that results from unreliable, invalid, unstandardized identification of psychiatric disorders, particularly among children from ethnic minority groups. Research is needed that improves clinical information processing, particularly among the multicultural population of the United States. For too long majority‐based norms have been the focus of research, with little consideration given to the creative adaptations that have occurred among ethnic minority groups.
Development of an Adolescent Inpatient Sexual Abuse Group: Application of Lewin's Model of Change
Authors: Riddle Connie Rosser
Published: August 2007

The development and implementation of an adolescent sexual abuse group on an inpatient psychiatric unit is described. Steps of Kurt Lewin's model of change are used as a framework for this planned change. Specific issues concerning group procedure and process are detailed. Recommendations for this group and broader use of the Lewin model are included.
Superkids: Short‐Term Group Therapy for Children With Abusive Backgrounds
Authors: Morris Patricia A.
Published: August 2007

Many children who are hospitalized have a history of physical or sexual abuse. A short‐term therapy group for children with abusive backgrounds, called Superkids, was led by nurse therapists using a combination of active role playing, masks, picture drawing, and discussion. The group was structured and covered five topics over a 2½ week period: shame, anger, fear, trust and love. Clinical observations suggest that the Superkids group structure helps children talk about their feelings and the abuse they have suffered. Through a brief intervention group, members learn they are not alone and that they are accepted by their peers.
A Look at Adolescent Treatment in a Time of Change
Authors: Peterson Ellen J. , Gray Kathleen A. , Weinstein Sharon R.
Published: August 2007

Multiple changes in the authors' inpatient adolescent unit—including unit mergers, increased patient acuity, and shorter length of stay—created the need and opportunity to implement a new Behavioral Milieu Program with two significant components: A positive Behavioral Points System and 15 nurse‐led groups. The authors describe this new program, which provides a safe and effective treatment modality and promotes each adolescent's sense of responsibility for his own behavior and life. Dramatic outcomes include decreased use of mechanical restraints by 56% in the first three months of implementation and by 82% in the second three months. This program has applications for inpatient units, community residences, and schools, and can even be adapted for home use by parents.
Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder—Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management
Authors: Shealy Anne H.
Published: August 2007

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a developmentally disabling disorder of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that affects 3%‐20% of school‐aged children. It affects the child at home, at school, and with peers, and persists into adolescence and young adulthood. The author reviews the diagnostic criteria, etiological considerations, evaluation process, and management of this handicapping disorder. Included is a discussion of the most frequently used medications and suggestions for home and classroom management strategies that assist the child to behave and achieve success in school. It is pertinent to all nurses, since children with ADHD are in all settings and nurses are often asked questions about this controversial health care issue in both professional and personal arenas.
Prevalence and Predictors of Adolescent Dating Violence
Authors: Symons Patricia Y. , Groër Maureen W. , Kepler‐Youngblood Patricia , Slater Victoria
Published: August 2007

This study of 561 rural North Carolina adolescents examined relationships among race, parental educational level, family structure, parental discipline, family violence exposure, and dating violence experiences. The sample was predominantly female (77%), with 40% black and 58% white. The subjects ranged in age from 15 to 20 years; 80% of the adolescents were 16–18. Dating violence experiences were assessed by a researcher‐constructed instrument measuring warning signs of potential violence and actual violent experiences. The results suggested that recognition of abusive relationships is difficult, with many adolescents denying such a relationship but actually reporting numerous abusive events. Sixty percent had experienced violent acts during dating relationships; 24% reported extreme violence (episodes of rape, use of weapons). More than 20% of the adolescents reported family violence and 2.2% reported family sexual abuse. The study suggests new avenues for research in adolescent date violence, and for interventions with high risk groups.
An Art Future Image Intervention to Enhance Identity and Self‐Efficacy in Adolescents
Authors: Walsh Sandra M. , Hardin Sally Brosz
Published: August 2007

The authors describe the content, implementation, and findings concerning an “Art Future Image Intervention” (AFI) for adolescents. The AFI was designed to help adolescents develop a positive identity and to enhance their self‐efficacy by encouraging them to consider their ideal future goals, vocation, and body image. Two randomly selected classes of South Carolina high school students participated in the AFI (N = 158). Vie data indicated that the future images of these teenagers included realistic and unrealistic future goals and self‐images. Ninety three percent of these teenagers evaluated the AFI positively. Eligible students who elected to participate in the AFI protocol had the lowest baseline self‐efficacy. Both intervention and control students' mean self‐efficacy scores decreased from baseline (fall 1990) to post‐intervention (spring 1991); however, intervention students had less of a decrease.
Transitional Objects: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Galligan Ann Costello
Published: August 2007

The author provides a historical overview of the literature on the topic of transitional objects and transitional phenomena. Specific attention is given to the literature that has focused on: (a) the meaning and significance of the concept, (b) its relation to psychological development, and (c) an exploration of cultural and gender differences among users of the transitional object. Implications for therapy and suggestions for further research in this area are also be addressed.
Relationship Between Patterns of Infant Temperament, Child Behavior Ratings, and Interactions During Toddlerhood
Authors: Koniak‐Griffin Deborah , Verzemnieks Inese
Published: August 2007

This longitudinal study examined the relationship of temperament ratings during infancy, subsequent child behavior problems, and mother‐child interaction. The authors considered the effect of change in mothers' perceptions of their infants' temperament during infancy (e.g., from easy to difficult or from difficult to easy) on subsequent developmental outcomes. Data from a predominantly middle‐class Caucasian sample of 49 mother‐child dyads are presented here. Findings revealed that children with discontinuities in 4 and 8‐month ratings on the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire (e.g, Easy/Difficult or Difficult/Easy) had significantly higher problem and intensity scores on the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory than those with stable temperament ratings (Carey & McDevitt, 1978a). No significant differences were found in maternal behaviors between mothers of children rated easy or difficult at 4 or 8 months. These results suggest that continuity of infant temperament ratings is an important factor for consideration in subsequent maternal identification of toddler behavior problems, and that difficult temperament alone may not predict such problems.
The Use of a Playroom as a Nursing Intervention With the Early Adolescent Age Group
Authors: Worthy Marian K.
Published: August 2007

Most interventions for adolescents have relied upon a group format. Early‐age adolescents who demonstrate hyperactivity, cognitive impairment, or regressive behavior often find the “talk” format of groups difficult. This article advocates the use of a classic playroom equipped with materials for the early adolescent as an adjunct intervention to individual and milieu therapy modalities. Two case examples illustrate the use of a playroom as an intervention.
Screening for Dissociative Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Pinegar Charlotte
Published: August 2007

This paper describes the concept of dissociation as it might be assessed in children. It compares the measurement of adult symptoms of dissociative disorders in an effort to propose an appropriate, age‐specific evaluation tool for children. The authors review several psychometric instruments that are utilized to screen for the effects of abuse in children. A thorough evaluation of children exhibiting early signs of a dissociative disorder provides the opportunity for prompt diagnosis and proper treatment. The primary impact of expeditious assessment is the significant reduction of the potential for the development of full‐blown chronic trauma symptomatology in adulthood such as multiple personality disorder.
Child Bereavement After Paternal Suicide
Authors: Grossman Janet A. , Clark David C. , Gross Deborah , Halstead Lois , Pennington James
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND. Studies of child suicide survivors are rare and often these studies have not included direct interviews with children.

OBJECTIVES. To describe the bereavement process in a sample of prepubertal children whose fathers died by suicide within the previous three years.

METHODS. Sixteen prepubertal children, their mothers, and a relative or caretaker were interviewed to examine grief, trauma, and behavior within 25 months of paternal suicide.

RESULTS. Reminiscing was the most frequently endorsed grief behavior. Males were more likely than females to score above the standard means for CBCL scores. PTSD scores were significantly related to parental threats of divorce and exposure to death by discovery of the body.

CONCLUSIONS. The concept of grief and trauma as separate and overlapping phenomena is supported by the study findings.
Menstrual Attitudes Among Black and White Premenarcheal Girls
Authors: Dashiff Carol J. , Buchanan Lillian A.
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM. To determine if a difference exists between black and white fifth‐grade girls' attitudes about menarche and menstruation.

METHODS. The Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire‐Adolescent Form (Brooks‐Gunn & Ruble, 1980) was used to collect data from 55 premenarcheal females, ages 10‐12 years.

FINDINGS. The findings indicated no difference between black and white girls in Affirmation or Worry. Like older samples, the girls were moderate in affirmation. Unlike older samples, they evidenced less worry.

CONCLUSION. Analysis of the instrument used in this study raises questions in general regarding its use as originally developed. In addition, specific questions were raised about its use with different cultural groups.
The 104th Congress at Midpoint of Year One
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: August 2007

Some months ago I referred child psychiatric nurses and other reader of the column to your investment in the reality of the new landscape in Washington. While startling results took place with the election of 1994 in the composition of our U.S. Congress, the proposed agenda is even more alarming for advocates of vulnerable groups, such as children and youth. The new language centers on reinventing government, deregulation, public $ for limited public targets that clearly show impact, and balanced budget. While these are not necessarily negative goals in and of themselves, the difficulty comes with the underlying losses in accomplishing them. The House Republican “Contract With America” which calls for 354 billion in tax cuts has received more press coverage than the “New Deal” from its inception to present time. At midpoint of year one the new congress has achieved most of the minor agenda scheduled. There is still balanced budget, welfare reform, government reengineering and state block grant programs to be accomplished. Unfortunately, politics has one again taken the spotlight from action for the constituents. In the forefront are candidates positioning for the 1996 Presidential election.
Selection and Use of Clinical Rating Instruments in Child Psychiatric Nursing
Authors: Scahill Lawrence , Ort Sharon I.
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. The selection of appropriate clinical rating instruments and integration of their findings in child psychiatric nursing practice may not be clear.

PURPOSE. To offer guidance concerning the selection and application of clinical rating instruments

SOURCES. A review of recent literature of commonly used parent and teacher checklists, clinician‐rated instruments, structured diagnostic interviews, and child self‐reports.

CONCLUSION. Clinical rating scales have an important place in clinical practice and research in child and adolescent psychiatric settings. Selecting an appropriate instrument depends on the purpose, developmental level of the child, and expertise of the clinician—and requires careful consideration.
What Maintains the Myth of the Wicked Stepmother?
Authors: Campbell A. Laura
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. A critical analysis of the myth of the wicked stepmother, its origins and social purposes, as well as factors that influence the myth and contribute to its maintenance.

PURPOSE. To explore the myth of the wicked stepmother as represented in literature for professionals, parents, and children regarding the dynamics of relationships between children and stop‐parents.

SOURCES. Published literature and clinical observations.

CONCLUSIONS. •A cyclical process can be identified by reviewing the influence of myth on relationships between stepchildren and stepmothers as well as the influence of stepfamily relationships on the maintenance of myth.

• Solutions for stepfamily relationships require broader possibilities than the dichotomous answers provided by myth.

• Answers to many of the questions raised concerning the complexities of stepfamily life require an increased focus on clinical research.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Scahill Lawrence , Lynch Kimberly A.
Published: August 2007

The SRIs represent a major breakthrough in the treatment of OCD. Recent studies suggest that these medications are safe and effective for children and adolescents with OCD, but the SRIs are not free of side effects. Frequent side effects include heartburn, diarrhea, and behavioral activation. The long half‐life of the SRIs mandates slow upward adjustment to avoid overshooting the optimal dose. Drugs that are metabolized in the liver, such as neuroleptics, can retard the processing of the SRIs, resulting in an increased dose of both drugs. Although the SRIs often are effective in the treatment of OCD in children and adolescents, they are not effective in all cases, and other treatments such as behavioral treatment may be needed as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy.
Teaching Kids to Cope: A Preventive Mental Health Nursing Strategy for Adolescents
Authors: Puskar Kathryn R. , Lamb Jacqueline , Tusaie‐Mumford Kathleen
Published: August 2007

TOPIC.The theoretical base, implementation, and effectiveness of Teaching Kids to Cope (TKCO).

PURPOSE.To inforin clinicians about the benefits nnd uses of TKCO, a 10‐week psychoeducational group interziention designed to enhance the coping repertoire of adolescents.

SOURCE.Authors' clinical experience.

CONCLUSIONS.Follozuing the TKCO intervention, students demonstrated less depressive symptomatology and improved coping behaviors. Further research is needed to test the intervention on a larger group and to determine its effectiveness.
Management of the Resistant Adolescent in the Milieu
Authors: Pearson Geraldine S. , Billian Cheryle , Delaney Kathleen R.
Published: August 2007

This column represents the first case study and discussion in a ntw JCAPN feature that will appear in the journal from time to time. The column will spotlight specific nursing care problems and subsequent intmentions for a variety of patient populations. The discussion that follows each case study will enhance the depth of the amlysis and lend a theoretical spin to the clinical intervention.

All clientlpatient names and situations are altered to preserve confidentiality. Readers are urged to submit cases that exemplify a nursing care problem or intervention. Discussants will be chosen for their expertise in the subject material.
Book Review
Authors: Barloon Linda Funk
Published: August 2007

Performance Breakthroughs for Adolescents With Learning Disabilities or ADD. G. Markel & J. Greenbaum.
“Sometimes You Don't Feel Ready to Be an Adult or a Mom:” The Experience of Adolescent Pregnancy
Authors: Lesser Janna , Anderson Nancy L. R. , Koniak‐Griffin Deborah
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM. To obtain a description of pregnant adolescents' responses to the preparation for motherhood class curriculum.

METHODS. The design of this study was based in the anthropological tradition of qualitative research, ethnography; N= 36.

FINDINGS. Within one category identified in this study, maternal role, three primary themes emerged: responsibility, respect, and reparation.

CONCLUSIONS. The findings of this study indicate that for some adolescents, pregnancy implies a desire and an opportunity to heal childhood wounds if relevant psychotherapeutic interventions can be provided. Nurses can identib pregnant teens who are already suffering with depression and encourage them to seek counseling prior to the birtk of tkeir baby before they are experiencing the added stressors inherent in new motherhood.
Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Neurodevelopmental Approach
Authors: Ludwikowski Kathleen , DeValk Marcia
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Attention‐deficitlhyperactivity disorder is frequently overdiagnosed when a complete evaluation by a knowledgeable clinician is not undertaken. Because of the recent negative media campaign regarding psychos t im ulan t medication, it becomes more imperative that a thorough and accurate evaluation be completed before starting children and adolescents on psychostimulant medications.

PURPOSE. To describe the neurodevelopmental perspective in the assessment and treatment of ADHD.

SOURCES. Published literature and clinical experience.

CONCLUSION. It is useful in practice to conceptualize the dmelopmental path of children with ADHD not as disordered but as delayed, and to build on each child's strengths. The neurodmeloprnental approach provides the child psychiatric nurse a child‐focused framework for assessment and development of individualized interventions.
Perceived Self‐Care Capabilities of Abused/Neglected and NonabusedjNon‐neglected Pregnant, Low‐Socioeconomic Adolescents
Authors: Warren Jacquelyn Kay
Published: August 2007

PURPOSE. The piirpose of this study was to determine zuhether abused and nonabused pregl‐iant, low‐socioeconomic adolescents differ in regard to perceived self‐care capabilities.

SAMPLE. The sample (N= 36) consisted of 18 abusedlneglected and 2 8 nonabusedlnon‐neglected adolescents.

DATA ANALYSIS. The adolescents' responses on the Denyes Self‐care Agency lizstrument zuere analyzed to determine significant differences between the two groups regarding self‐care agency.

FINDINGS. Significant differences Were found between the tzuo groups in regard to perceived relative valuing of health and perceived attention to health.

CONCLUSIONS. Alfhough abused adolescents had a higher level of relative valuing of health and lower attention to health than their nonabused counterparts, findings show that both groups are capable of performing self‐care and should be encouraged to do so.
An Eating Disorders Prevention Program
Authors: Chally Pamela S.
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM. To develop, implement, and evaluate a school personnel training program on eating disorders.

METHODS. The pretest‐posttest control group design zuas used to examine effects of this training with 117 high school personnel. Both experimental (n= 85) and control (n= 32) groups were given a pretest and a posttest on knowledge and attitudes. The experimental group participated in a training program. Both groups zuere asked to keep a 3‐month count of students at risk for eating disorders.

FINDINGS. Results included a significant difference in knowledge between the experimental and control groups. School personnel in the experimental group were more likely to identify students at risk for developing eating disorders.

CONCLUSIONS. Training school personnel to identify students at risk for eating disorders holds promise as a strategy for dealing with this disease. All at‐risk students for eating disorders should be further evaluated and additional treatment initiated as needed.
Time‐Out: An Overused and Misused Milieu Intervention
Authors: Delaney Kathleen
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. The basic logic of the time‐out, its conceptual underpinnings, its misuse in inpatient psychiatry, and suggestions for appropriate application.

PURPOSE. In the inpatient treatment setting, time‐outs can become an automatic response to any behavioral infraction. When this happens, time‐outs begin to lose their gectiveness because the interuention does not necessarily address the child's needs or the underlying mechanisms of the inappropriate behavior. They also can be misused when time‐outs escalate into a lengthy stay in a seclusion room. The author examines the dynamic underlying the misuse and overuse of the timeout.

SOURCES. Personal observations and published literature.

CONCLUSIONS. The time‐out is a useful tool, but only when employed with minded intent and understanding of how it is supposed to help the child.
Identification and Measurement of Maladaptive Behaviors in Preschool Children: Movement Toward a Preventive Model of Care
Authors: Seed Mary St. Jonn
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. The early identification and intervention of maladaptive behaviors in preschool children as a precedent to the prevention of psychiatric disorders across the life span.

PURPOSE. To inform clinicians of maladaptive behaviors in the preschool population and the current diagnostic classifications used.

SOURCES. A developmental psychopathology perspective. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Diagnostic Classification: 0‐3, and the Child Behavior Checklist/2‐3 classification systems.

CONCLUSIONS. Initial evidence indicates that maladaptive behaviors in preschool children can be predictive of later psychopathology. Further research is needed to refine and test the classification systems presented in order to identify and interuene with at‐risk preschool children.
Homeless Parents: Parenting Education to Prevent Abusive Behaviors
Authors: Gorzka Patricia A.
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM. This study sought to measure the efects of a short‐term parenting course for homeless parents to decrease their parenting stress and potential for abusive parenting behaviors.

SAMPLE. Nineteen homeless parents lived in a family emergency shelter for homeless families in Hillsborough County, FL. Their average length ofshelter stay was 3 weeks.

METHODS. Residents were invited to participate in a parenting education course consisting of three 1‐hour classes weekly for 3 consecutive weeks. Class content focused on the parent, the child, and discipline. Subjects' potential for child abuse was measured with the Adult Adolescent Parenting Invent0 y and their parenting stress with the Parenting Stress Index. A quasi‐experimental prelposttest design was used, with a t test statistic at the .05 level of significance. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze selected demographic data.

FINDINGS. Results revealed significant difuences in the scores of parenting stress originating from the child domain of the PSI and in the scores on the construct of unrealistic expectations of the child in the M I . Both scores had decreased on the posttest. CONCLUSIONS. Short‐term parenting education courses may be a useful intervention strategy.
Parental Murder and Suicide: Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children
Authors: Lovrin Mellen
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) dingnosed in a 9‐year‐old who zuitnessed her parents' rnurdcr and suicidr.

PURPOSE. To provide a historical ovmiezu of PTSD irz children in general and to discuss one case study irz particular.

SOURCES. Personal obseniations and experiences, and a review of both classic and corztsnpora y literature in child psychiatry and developnental psychology.

CONCLUSIONS. Supportiue psychotherapy for a traumatized child zoith clinical supmision for the caregiver showed evidence of the recovery process in one PTSD case study.
Beyond Cause and Effect: Some Thoughts on Researc and Practice in Child Psychiatric Nursing
Authors: Mohr Wanda K.
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. A comprehensizve concqhd framework that informs about the complexity of childhood psychopathology.

PURPOSE. To discuss the importance of a unifying conceptual framework and multiple partnerships in research and practice that can inform critical evmts and ejfects of intementions at various system levels in the treatment of children.

SOURCES. Literature review

CONCLUSIONS. The most informative research and intervention will occur by tising multiple measures and sources of information. As understanding of children and their problem in develoyment and in context grows, intmmtion research that zoill be both usefid, timely, and cost‐8ectiz)e inlist iizclude cross‐discipline teams of researchers and practitioners who will speak to these complexities.
Nurse‐Parent Relationship Building in Child Psychiatric Units
Authors: Scharer Kathleen
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM. The role of nursing with parents in child psychiatric units has undergone significant change over the years. Historically, nurses had minimal contact with parents; more recently, the nurse work with parents has intensified.

METHODS. A grounded theory study was undertaken to learn about the process of relationship building between nurses and parents on these units. Interviews and participant observation were used to collect data on 21 nurseparent interactions.

FINDINGS. Two phases in the relationship, four patterns of interactions in the working phase, and factors that influence these relationships were identified.

CONCLUSIONS. The results provide the practicing nurse with information that should facilitate engaging parents.
Peer Rejection and Neglect of Latency‐Age Children: Pathways and a Group Psychotherapy Model
Authors: Fopma‐Loy Joan
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Children's peer relations are one of the most powerful predictors of mental health

PROBLEMS. Peer rejection and neglect are associated with depression, academic problems, school withdrawal, and delinquency.

PURPOSE. To provide brief introductions to models of social development and peer rejection, and to introduce a developmental‐group psychotherapy model for children experiencing peer neglect or rejection.

SOURCES. Theoretical and empirical literature, as well as clinical experience.

CONCLUSIONS. Early identification and intervention with children vulnerable to peer rejection are essential. Research addressing affective experiences of peer‐rejected children and the relationships between self‐perception and treatment outcomes is needed.
Factors Associated With Self‐Concept in Children With Asthma
Authors: McNelis Angela M. , Huster Gertrude A. , Michel Marti , Hollingsworth Judy , Eigen Howard , Austin Joan K.
Published: August 2007

PURPOSE. To investigate the relationship of demographic asthma, family, and child factors with self‐concept in children with asthma.

METHODS. Data were collected twice approximately 4 years apart from both the afected children and their mothers (N = 134) via interviews and self‐report questionnaire.

FINDINGS. Children who demonstrated more negative attitudes toward their illness, had less satisfaction with family relationships, and used more negative coping behaviors had the poorest self‐concepts. Over time, the greatest improvement in self‐concept occurred in children whose attitudes and satisfaction with family relationships improved and whose use of negative coping behaviors decreased.

CONCLUSIONS. Results suggest that some children with asthma, especially girls with severe asthma, appear to be at risk for poor self‐concept
Adolescent Depression: Important Facts That Matter
Authors: Pullen Lisa M. , Modrcin‐McCarthy Mary Anne , Graf Ellen V.
Published: August 2007

PURPOSE. To determine if there are differences in adolescent depression using variables of age, gender, smoking, and alcohol use.

METHODS. A comparative, descriptive survey design was used. The adolescents (N = 217) completed either the Beck Depression Inventory or the Children's Depression Inventory and a demographic questionnaire.

FINDINGS. The 15‐ to 2 6‐year‐olds (p = .016), females (p = .003), and smokers (p = .001) scored significantly higher than the 12‐ to 14‐year‐olds on depression. The 15‐ to 16‐year‐olds who used alcohol were found to be twice as depressed as the nonusers (p = .002). No significant differences were found in the 17‐ to 19‐year‐old age group.

CONCLUSIONS. This study confirmed depression increased with age, in females, and with smokers. Nurses are in a unique position to provide interventions to promote healthy lifestyles and reduce the likelihood of depression and alcohol and nicotine abuse in adolescents.
Caregiver Understanding of Adolescent Development in Residential Treatment
Authors: Kools Susan , Spiers Jude
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM

Caretaker knowledge and understanding of adolescent development and its application to clinical practice with severely emotionally disturbed adolescents in residential treatment.

METHODS

Twenty child‐care workers and registered nurses participated in semistructured interviews analyzed using dimensional analysis, a grounded theory method.

FINDINGS

Three distinct categories of caregivers were identified based on level of expertise and engagement in developmentally appropriate treatment practices: inexperienced, party‐liners, and transcenders. Developmental issues identified included lack of resident preparation for puberty and staff discomfort with adolescent sexuality.

CONCLUSIONS

Caregiver, institutional, and social barriers to developmentally sensitive practice were identified. Practice recommendations include direct preparation of children and adolescents in residential treatment for pubertal changes and sexual development, and carefkl discernment of age‐appropriate and psycho‐pathological adolescent behaviors.
Survival Against Drugs: Education for School‐Age Children
Authors: Finke Linda , Williams Judy , Ritter Maroline , Kemper Diane , Kersey Susan , Nightenhauser Janet , Autry Kathaleen , Going Carla , Wulfman Gail , Hail Anna
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM Alcohol and drug use of young school‐age children continue to escalate. Comprehensive, effective interventions are needed to treat and prevent future alcohol and drug use.

METHODS The alcohol and drug use of 69 school‐age children participating in afterschool programs was explored; parents completed a family climate scale. An investigator‐developed educational program was evaluated for its effect on self‐efficacy of the children to prevent drug and alcohol use.

FINDINGS Although family climate scales indicated functioning families, 25% of the children indicated they have used drugs or alcohol and 49% indicated a possible problem with alcohol or drugs being used at home by parents. A significant correlation with a child's self‐efficacy and drug use was found.

CONCLUSIONS The educational program taught children survival skills to resist the use of alcohol and drugs. Children with a plan to resist the use of drugs were more likely not to use drugs.
On ADHD and Smoking
Authors: Killeen Maureen Reed
Published: August 2007

With the explosion in the number of professional journals in print and online, it has become more and more difficult to keep abreast of research published in nursing outlets, never mind that published in journals for related disciplines. Despite this, everyone occasionally runs across an article that he or she would like to share and discuss with others. JCPN is inaugurating this column to bring research from other journals to the attention of readers, and to offer a springboard for discussion of topical issues raised by the research. Focus on Research will provide a summary and commentary on a recently published study. We hope you will find this column informative and stimulating. The editor welcomes letters in response to the commentaries. Please let us know if you agree or disagree, or if you have interesting articles that you would like to see summarized here.
Psychotherapeutic Treatment Outcomes in Grandparent‐Raised Children
Authors: Leder Sharon , Grinstead Linda Nicholson , Jensen Susan , Bond Linda
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM Few studies have focused on grandparent‐raised children with behavioral/emotional problems. The present study examined the therapeutic progress of this population.

METHODS Data from this descriptive, correlational study were obtained from records of 207 children who received treatment at a child treatment center. Instruments included the Progress Evaluation Scales (PES) and an investigator‐constructed tool.

FINDINGS Children who had regular paternal contact, were younger when treatment started, and were raised by grandparents with adult partners had significantly more positive change in the PES scores.

CONCLUSIONS More thorough clinical assessment of these reconfigured families will lead to improved mental health outcomes for children and will enhance clinical records as sources of research data.
Acute Stress Disorder in Children Related to Violence
Authors: Jonker Barbara , Hamrin Vanya
Published: August 2007

TOPIC Unidentified and untreated acute stress responses in children may result in chronic post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), other serious psychiatric disorders, and/or developmental arrest.

PURPOSE To review and identify gaps in current literature on acute stress disorder (ASD) in children and examine current treatments.

SOURCES Review of the literature.

CONCLUSIONS More developmentally appropriate, standardized measurement instruments are needed. Future research must focus on prospective studies of children exposed to trauma in order to better understand the association between ASD and PTSD. Future studies must include children at different developmental stages.
School‐Based Mental Health Clinics
Authors: Costello‐Wells Brenda , McFarland Ladrienne , Reed Joan , Walton Kim
Published: August 2007

TOPIC The research, planning, implementation, and evaluation of school‐based mental health clinics located throughout a large metropolitan city, which were established in a joint project by four local mental health centers.

PURPOSE To explain the evolution of the idea of providing school‐based mental health to a large, inner‐city population, including the delineation of team roles and responsibilities.

SOURCES Nursing, medical, social work, and educational literature. Notes detailing the formation of InteCare, the school‐based mental health clinic system.

CONCLUSIONS Providing mental health services in inner‐city schools improves access and removes barriers to treatment for this population. Working collegially with school personnel and families significantly improves the academic function of the children, the functioning of the families, and the relationships between parents and schools.
Impact of War on American Adolescents: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official position of the Department of the Navy, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. government.
Authors: Hardin Sally Brosz , Hayes Eileen , Cheever Kerry H. , Addy Cheryl
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM The impact of the Persian Gulf war on adolescents in Columbia, Charleston, and Sumter, SC.

METHODS Four semiannual surveys measured adolescents' exposure to and evaluations of the Persian Gulf war, and the relationship between this exposure and mental distress.

FINDINGS Of the sample, 814 (65.9%) reported being distressed by the war and 849 (69%) reported feeling better after the war ended. More than half the sample had a friend or relative sent to the war (n = 725, 58.8%), and of these, 458 were African American. Nine percent (n = 111) of the sample had a mother, father, or both a mother and a father in the war.

CONCLUSIONS There was a positive correlation between adolescents' ratings on the Negative Impact of War Scores and Mental Distress Scores despite the easy victory and public support for the war in the United States. Females and African Americans viewed the war more negatively than did Caucasian males.
Long-term stability of Ru-based protection layers in extreme ultraviolet lithography: A surface science approach
Authors: Over H. , He Y. B. , Farkas A. , Mellau G. , Korte C. , Knapp M. , Chandhok M. , Fang M.
Published: August 2007

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is a leading candidate for next-generation lithography for the semiconductor industry. This technology uses EUV light with a wavelength of 13.5nm (92.5eV) to be able to produce features as small as 20nm in size. The short wavelength of EUV means that reflective optics is needed for lithography in the form of Si–Mo multilayer stacks. However, surface contamination by water and hydrocarbons together with EUV light reduces unacceptably the mirror reflectivity with time. In this article, the authors review the material properties of two promising capping layer materials, Ru and RuO2, for protecting the EUVL mirrors against oxidation, carbon uptake, and the permeation of hydrogen and oxygen. Special emphasis is put on the surface properties of these potential cap layer systems. For both materials the microstructure, the morphology, and the stability under oxidizing and reducing environments are reviewed to promote the search for a successful candidate for a capping layer material of EUV optics.
Adsorption mechanism of aligned single wall carbon nanotubes at well defined metal surfaces
Authors: Clair Sylvain , Rabot Caroline , Kim Yousoo , Kawai Maki
Published: August 2007

In situ dry deposition of individual single wall carbon nanotubes on metal surfaces has been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. The nanotubes are lying parallel over large areas, with a preferential adsorption along the substrate lattice directions, for which the nanotube-surface interaction is maximized. The authors propose a mechanism for the deposition process, where the aligned geometry results from a selective transfer of the nanotubes depending on their orientation relative to the substrate.
Influence of substrate morphology on growth mode of thin organic films: An atomic force microscopy study
Authors: Ribič Primož Rebernik , Bratina Gvido
Published: August 2007

Morphology of high-vacuum deposited thin films of pentacene and rubrene on annealed vicinal (0001) sapphire surfaces was studied by atomic force microscopy in non-contact mode. Pentacene molecules in the first monolayer form two-dimensional islands with an average height of 1.5nm. The majority of islands nucleate at the steps on the sapphire surface. Surface steps also act as nucleation sites for subsequent monolayers of pentacene. The terrace-and-step morphology of the substrate surface has a larger impact in the case of rubrene thin film growth. Rubrene grows in wire-like structures that follow the direction of the steps. In the case of rubrene films with a nominal thickness of 10nm, the typical widths and heights of the wires are 150 and 25nm, respectively. The separation between the wires is determined by the terrace width on the substrate surface. The difference in the morphology of pentacene and rubrene films may be explained by taking into account different geometries of the two molecules.