bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Preoperative Exercise on Cardiorespiratory Function and Recovery After Surgery: a Systematic Review
Authors: Lemanu Daniel P. , Singh Primal P. , MacCormick Andrew D. , Arroll Bruce , Hill Andrew G.
Published: January 2013

Background

This systematic review aims to investigate the extent to which preoperative conditioning (PREHAB) improves physiologic function and whether it correlates with improved recovery after major surgery.

Methods

An electronic database search identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the safety and efficacy of PREHAB. The outcomes studied were changes in cardiorespiratory physiologic function, clinical outcomes (including length of hospital stay and rates of postoperative complications), and measures of changes in functional capacity (physical and psychological).

Results

Eight low‐ to medium‐quality RCTs were included in the final analysis. The patients were elderly (mean age >60 years), and the exercise programs were significantly varied. Adherence to PREHAB was low. Only one study found that PREHAB led to significant improvement in physiologic function correlating with improved clinical outcomes.

Conclusion

There are only limited data to suggest that PREHAB confers any measured physiologic improvement with subsequent clinical benefit. Further data are required to investigate the efficacy and safety of PREHAB in younger patients and to identify interventions that may help improve adherence to PREHAB.
Use of carbon‐13 and carbon‐14 natural abundances for stream food web studies
Authors: Ishikawa Naoto F. , Hyodo Fujio , Tayasu Ichiro
Published: January 2013

We review the use of stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) and radiocarbon natural abundances (Δ14C) for stream food web studies. The δ13C value of primary producers (e.g., periphytic algae, hereafter periphyton) in streams is controlled by isotopic fractionation during photosynthesis and variable δ13C of dissolved CO2. When periphyton δ13C differs from that of terrestrial primary producers, the relative contribution of autochthony and allochthony to stream food webs can be calculated. Moreover, the variation in periphyton δ13C can reveal how much stream consumers rely on local resources because each stream habitat (e.g., riffle vs. pool, open vs. shaded) usually has a distinctive δ13C. However, periphyton δ13C often overlaps with that of terrestrial organic matter. On the other hand, periphyton Δ14C is less variable than δ13C among habitats, and reflects the Δ14C of dissolved CO2, which could be a mixture of “aged” (Δ14C < 0 ‰) and “modern” (Δ14C > 0 ‰) carbon. This is because the Δ14C is corrected by its δ13C value for the isotopic fractionation during photosynthesis. Recent studies and our data indicate that many stream food webs are supported by “aged” carbon derived from the watershed via autochthonous production. The combined use of δ13C and Δ14C allows robust estimation of the carbon transfer pathway in a stream food web at multiple spatial scales ranging from the stream habitat level (e.g., riffle and pool) to watershed level (autochthony and allochthony). Furthermore, the Δ14C of stream food webs will expand our understanding about the time frame of carbon cycles in the watersheds.
Regulation of Toll-Like Receptors in the Choroid Plexus in the Immature Brain After Systemic Inflammatory Stimuli
Authors: Stridh Linnea , Ek C. Joakim , Wang Xiaoyang , Nilsson Holger , Mallard Carina
Published: January 2013

The choroid plexus is the site of the blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB) and has also been considered as a possible route for peripheral immune signals and cells to transfer to the central nervous system. Infection/inflammation stimulates innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses via Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In this study, we have investigated the mRNA expression of TLRs, cytokines, and tight junction proteins in the choroid plexus in the immature brain after systemic inflammation, as well as accumulation of immune cells into the CSF. Specific ligands for TLR-1/2, TLR-3, and TLR-4 were administered to postnatal day 8 mice and mRNA expression for the targeted genes was examined in the choroid plexus. We found that mRNA for all four TLRs was detected in the choroid plexus under control conditions. Following immune stimulation, expression of all the TLRs was upregulated by their respective ligands, except for TLR-4 mRNA, which was downregulated by Pam3CSK4 (PAM; a TLR-1/2 ligand). In addition, we investigated BCSFB regulation after TLR stimulation and found that TLR-1/2 and TLR-4 activation was associated with changes in mRNA expression of the tight junction protein occludin in the choroid plexus. PAM induced choroid plexus transcription of TNF-α and resulted in the most dramatic increase in numbers of white blood cells in the CSF. The data suggest a possible mechanism whereby systemic inflammation stimulates TLRs in the choroid plexus, which may lead to disturbances in choroid plexus barrier function, as well as infiltration of immune cells through the plexus.
iBIG: An Integrative Network Tool for Supporting Human Disease Mechanism Studies
Authors: Sun Jiya , Pan Yuyun , Feng Xuemei , Zhang Huijuan , Duan Yong , Lei Hongxing
Published: January 2013

Understanding the mechanism of complex human diseases is a major scientific challenge. Towards this end, we developed a web-based network tool named iBIG (stands for integrative BIoloGy), which incorporates a variety of information on gene interaction and regulation. The generated network can be annotated with various types of information and visualized directly online. In addition to the gene networks based on physical and pathway interactions, networks at a functional level can also be constructed. Furthermore, a supplementary R package is provided to process microarray data and generate a list of important genes to be used as input for iBIG. To demonstrate its usefulness, we collected 54 microarrays on common human diseases including cancer, neurological disorders, infectious diseases and other common diseases. We processed the microarray data with our R package and constructed a network of functional modules perturbed in common human diseases. Networks at the functional level in combination with gene networks may provide new insight into the mechanism of human diseases. iBIG is freely available at http://lei.big.ac.cn/ibig.
Anti-Colonialism and Social Science: Georges Balandier, Madeira Keita, and “the Colonial Situation” in French Africa
Authors: Mann Gregory
Published: January 2013

Two young men met on a quay at the port in Conakry, Guinea in 1946. One, waiting dockside, was Mamadou Madeira Keita, a low-level civil servant and archivist. Years later, when he was a political prisoner in the Malian Sahara, some would argue that he was “the first francophone African ethnographer.” The other, descending the gangplank, was the Frenchman Keita had come to meet. Georges Balandier was unknown then, but would soon become a leading figure in the fields of sociology and anthropology. The encounter between Keita and Balandier was foundational for both men. Conakry incubated a canonical intervention—Balandier's 1951 article “La Situation Coloniale”—that some attribute an ancestral role in a particular francophone tradition of postcolonial thought. Conakry, and Guinea at large, was also the crucible in which a powerful anti-colonial politics were forged by Madeira Keita and his allies. In this particular corner of West Africa, anti-colonial politics and an emergent, politically engaged social science conditioned each other, like the two strands of a double helix, each a necessary yet ultimately contingent element of the other's structure. Though these links did not last long, they had important effects. This article, by emphasizing the contingencies of the two men's intertwined biographies, seeks to carry out Balandier's dictate to emphasize the “concrete” nature of this particular situation in order to understand how and why anti-colonial politics and an innovative sociology converged and ultimately diverged.
The Emergence of Authenticity Talk and the Giving of Accounts: Conversion as Movement of the Soul in South India, ca. 1900
Authors: Viswanath Rupa
Published: January 2013

In 2002, the Indian state of Tamil Nadu passed a law that illustrates the centrality of what may be called “authentic religious selves” to postcolonial Indian statecraft. It banned religious conversions brought about by what it termed “material allurement,” and it especially targeted those who might attempt to convert impoverished Dalits, descendants of unfree laborers who now constitute India's lowest castes. Conversion, thus conceived, is itself founded upon the idea that the self must be autonomous; religion ought to be freely chosen and not brought about by “allurement.” Philosophers like Charles Taylor have provided accounts of how selfhood of this kind became lodged in the Westernimaginaire, but how was it able to take hold in very different social configurations, and to what effect? By attending to this more specific history, this essay brings a correlated but widely overlooked question to center stage: under what distinctive circumstances areparticularselves called upon to actively demonstrate their autonomy and authenticity by divulging putatively secreted contents? In colonial South India, I will argue, the problem of authentic conversion only captured the public imagination when Dalit conversions to Christianity in colonial Madras threatened the stability of the agrarian labor regimes to which they were subject. And today, as in nineteenth-century Madras, it is Dalit selfhood that remains an object of intense public scrutiny and the target of legal interventions.
The Pareto Argument for Inequality
Authors: Cohen G. A.
Published: January 2013

Some ways of defending inequality against the charge that it is unjust require premises that egalitarians find easy to dismiss—statements, for example, about the contrasting deserts and/or entitlements of unequally placed people. But a defense of inequality suggested by John Rawls and elaborated by Brian Barry (who themselves reject the premises that egalitarians dismiss) has often proved irresistible even to people of egalitarian outlook. The persuasive power of this defense of inequality has helped to drive authentic egalitarianism, of an old-fashioned, uncompromising kind, out of contemporary political philosophy. The present essay is part of an attempt to bring it back in.
Reclaiming Our Past: Linking Theory and Practice
Authors: Radin Beryl A.
Published: January 2013

As others have done before me, I am honored to receive the APSA John Gaus Award. As I prepared this lecture, I realized that the Gaus award has been given by APSA 26 times; mine is the 27th. The first was awarded to Herbert Kaufman whose work set a very high standard for this honor. Reviewing the list of the other Gaus award recipients provides a picture of the development of our field. It includes a variety of individuals who represent different approaches to the intersection of public administration and political science. Among the recipients are seven individuals who had a major and personal influence on my work: Aaron Wildavsky, Frank Rourke, George Frederickson, Martha Derthick, Lou Gawthrop, Larry Lynn, and David Rosenbloom. Others are people who have been important to my own intellectual development.
Political Challenges of the Climate-Changed Society
Authors: Schlosberg David
Published: January 2013

We are at a turning point when it comes to the political implications of climate change. Given the reality of a future in a climate-changed world, it is time for us—broadly as a species, but particularly as academics—to move beyond the foci of the last few decades on the politics of preventing climate change through global agreements. There is a growing literature on the obvious need to slow the impacts of climate change, develop postcarbon energy systems, and design new forms of global environmental governance. Beyond these immediate needs, however, climate change poses a range of new problems and requires a broader research agenda for a climate-challenged politics.
The Real Challenge of Climate Change
Authors: Brooks Thom
Published: January 2013

Climate change is confirmed by a global scientific consensus. Although no serious disagreement about whether climate change exists, deep controversy remains about what should be done about its many harmful effects. These effects are wide-ranging and include, for example, the increasing threat to coastal wetlands from rising sea levels, the greater likelihood of droughts harming agricultural production, and the spread of tropical diseases (Pachauri and Reisinger 2008). One further effect is the increasing risk of triggering an environmental catastrophe, such as an ice age, that might result in major loss of human lives.
ECONOMIC EXPECTATIONS AND ELECTION OUTCOMES
Authors: Lockerbie Brad
Published: January 2013

At its most basic level, this forecast of the 2012 presidential election performed successfully. The model forecasted the reelection of President Obama. With 53.8% of the two-party vote; he ended up with 51.8% (as of November 28, 2012), yielding an error of 2.0 percentage points. Prior to 2012 the average out-of-sample forecasting error was 3.34 points. Here, the model does better than the average of the previous years by almost a point. Running the model with the added data point does not change matters appreciably. The economic item increases slightly and the logged time in the White House item weakens slightly. The overall fit of the model is just a bit lower.
Using exploratory factor analysis of FFQ data to identify dietary patterns among Yup'ik people
Authors: Ryman Tove K , Austin Melissa A , Hopkins Scarlett , Philip Jacques , O'Brien Diane , Thummel Kenneth , Boyer Bert B
Published: January 2013

Objective

An FFQ developed by the Center for Alaska Native Health Research for studies in Yup'ik people includes market foods and subsistence foods such as moose, seal, waterfowl and salmon that may be related to disease risk. Because the FFQ contains >100 food items, we sought to characterize dietary patterns more simply for use in ongoing pharmacogenomics studies.

Design

Exploratory factor analysis was used to derive a small number of ‘factors’ that explain a substantial amount of the variation in the Yup'ik diet. We estimated factor scores and measured associations with demographic characteristics and biomarkers.

Setting

South-west Alaska, USA.

Subjects

Yup'ik people (n 358) aged ≥18 years.

Results

We identified three factors that each accounted for ≥10 % of the common variance: the first characterized by ‘processed foods’ (e.g. salty snacks, sweetened cereals); the second by ‘fruits and vegetables’ (e.g. fresh citrus, potato salad); and the third by ‘subsistence foods’ (seal or walrus soup, non-oily fish). Participants from coastal communities had higher values for the ‘subsistence’ factor, whereas participants from inland communities had higher values for the ‘fruits and vegetables’ factor. A biomarker of marine intake, δ15N, was correlated with the ‘subsistence’ factor, whereas a biomarker of corn- and sugarcane-based market food intake, δ13C, was correlated with ‘processed foods’.

Conclusions

The exploratory factor analysis identified three factors that appeared to reflect dietary patterns among Yup'ik based on associations with participant characteristics and biomarkers. These factors will be useful for chronic disease studies in this population.
The Inversion of Social Dance Transfers Between Europe and the Americas at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Jacotot Sophie
Published: January 2013

This paper explores the field of choreographic transfers between Europe and America at the turn of the twentieth century. Focusing on the tremendous dynamism of social dance practice in Interwar France (1919–1939), it examines the context of this new type of migration, from North and South America to Europe. It also studies how the assimilation of social dances from the “New World” in the French dancing repertoire profoundly transformed body practices of the French society.
Migration and Regulation of the Female Dancing Body: Southeast Asian Bodies in Global Circulation
Authors: Larasati Rachmi Diyah
Published: January 2013

This paper focuses on Indonesian and Cambodian Court Dances and their relationship to state sponsorship in the formation of political identity in Southeast Asia. Both countries have actively participated in cultural exchange for the global market, and the author will emphasize the politics of narration by government or cultural agencies, based on the mystification and spiritualization of dance practices, while signaling the need for “preservation” of these practices. This analysis is extended to further examine different body regulation and socioeconomic and political pressure on the popular culture of Cambodia and Indonesia through the lens of “Diaspora Subjects” and the expectation of modernization.
Staging the Nation: Authenticity, Authentication, and Authority in the Ghana Dance Ensemble
Authors: Schauert Paul
Published: January 2013

This paper will explore the migration of local and global markers of authority as members of the Ghana Dance Ensemble (GDE) negotiate the ideologies of nationalism, attempting to re/create cultural forms that will be judged “authentic” by both indigenous and international communities. This will include examining how Western and local practices have merged to re/establish power relationships between choreographers and performers as they work to devise strategies that give an aura of authenticity to various dance forms.
Female Power and Gender Transcendence in the Work of Martha Graham and Mary Wigman
Authors: Cabeen Catherine
Published: January 2013

This paper contrasts the iconic embodiments of empowered femininity characteristic of Martha Graham's choreographic work and the gender ambiguity found in Mary Wigman's early solos. These modern dance pioneers both emancipated the female body from dominant Western culture's insistence on binary gender definitions. However, their differing approaches to how a liberated female body looks, moves, and dresses provides an opportunity to examine modern dance as a forum for diverse shifts in gender representation. This research draws on my personal experience dancing with the Martha Graham company and historic research investigating Wigman's solo concerts in Germany from 1917 to 1919. This paper makes the claim that modern dance, as a conscious fusion of body and mind, can embrace the fluid complexity of personal identity and encourage both conceptual and embodied transcendence of hegemonic male/female paradigms.
The “Effeminate Dancer” in Greco-Roman Egypt: The Intimate Performance of Ambiguity
Authors: Deagon Andrea
Published: January 2013

In the cosmopolitan Greco-Roman world of the second and third centuries CE, the termsmagodos, malakos, andkinaidos/cinaedusidentified a category of performer usually described (inadequately) as the “effeminate dancer.” This paper investigates the nature of the “effeminate dancer's” performance and his function in the various societies in which such entertainment is attested, focusing on Roman Egypt. In a world where men typically played women's roles in mainstream drama and dance, the “effeminate dancer's” performance eluded these accepted conventions of theatrical illusion. Raising the specter of distorted masculinities such as the passive homosexual and the eunuch, and evoking the ecstatic cults that were a mainstay of feminine religious experience in the ancient Mediterranean, the “Effeminate dancer” stirred up anxieties about social and sexual transgression and simultaneously allayed them through elegant performance.
”Fake Bullets [Can] Scar Me”: Revising a Hip-Hop Feminist Politic
Authors: Gilliam Tanji
Published: January 2013

Given the ephemeral nature of digital technology, alternative methods of recording hip-hop history must be developed. While I do not agree with dismantling the intergenerational oral tradition altogether, and would advocate for a reawakening of this historical convention as well, archiving hip-hop digital media, in both institutional archives, museums, and libraries as well as in alternative print, Internet, and video mediums, could be its own form of preservation and power in the hip-hop community. It would preserve a legacy of intergenerational cultural and historical inheritance that is currently threatened. It could also add institutional legitimacy and economic independence. Finally, it could promote education and artistic development. My lecture-demonstration featured an eighteen-minute filmed interview with breakdancer Rokafella, as well as a presentation of the larger project, set against the backdrop of a videotaped, commissioned, solo dance performance with Rokafella as well.
Mata Hari's Images of Femininity
Authors: Kolb Alexandra
Published: January 2013

The Dutch dancer Mata Hari (alias Margaretha Geertruida Zelle) has achieved an iconic status within twentieth-century dance history, partly due to her execution as a German spy in 1917. Although she lacked significant dance training, she successfully performed her works, primarily in eclectic oriental styles, before European audiences. My discussion considers Mata Hari's contributions against the backdrop of the pre–World War I European dance scene. It specifically explores the ideological and aesthetic framework within which she was embedded as a female artist in the context of related concurrent dance trends. Drawing on feminist theories, orientalism and postcolonialism (Edward Said), the paper examines how Mata Hari's on- and off-stage personae conformed to certain stereotyped images of women whilst also subverting social conventions.
Reclaiming the Feminine: Bellydancing as a Feminist Project
Authors: Moe Angela M.
Published: January 2013

Bellydancing is largely misunderstood and stereotyped. Few realize that it is an expressive, ancient, and woman-centered genre of movement, rooted in Middle/Near Eastern folk tradition and culture. Not surprisingly, it has received scant scholarship despite its increasing popularity throughout the world. This paper offers a feminist critique of hegemonic understandings of bellydance, based upon ethnographic research on American women's experiences. Findings are organized along five themes: discovery (of the dance and of self); healing (repair and respite from illness, injury, and victimization); spirituality (connectivity to each other, a higher power, and divine femininity); sisterhood (community, specifically woman-space); and empowerment (omnipresent sense of pride and self-confidence). I argue that bellydance is too easily dismissed as a means through which women are objectified via patriarchal views of beauty, sexuality, and performativity. These may be understood as byproducts of Western Orientalist renderings of the Middle/Near East and contextualized within our contemporary antifeminist society.
Performance of Possibilities: A Critical Analysis of Audience Responses toPipaashaaby Ananya Dance Theatre
Authors: Wilcox Hui Niu
Published: January 2013

This paper critically analyzes audience responses to Ananya Dance Theatre's workPipaashaa: Extreme Thirst. Ananya Dance Theater intervenes in colorblind racial politics through casting only women and girls of color. Different responses by audiences of different social locations constitute critical discourses about race and social justice—catalysts for personal and social transformation. An examination of the discourse aroundPipaashaademonstrates that materiality of both performing and viewing bodies are important factors in creating meaningful art that envisions and inspires change.
Coping in Collaborative Choreography: Why Coping Strategies Might Affect Learning
Authors: Breslin Jo , Cowley Jill
Published: January 2013

Collaborative practice in the choreographic context gives rise to behaviours that students create, modify, and abandon as they react to different situations. These behaviours are determined by a set of responses, some of which arise to cope with those of other people. The workshop presents and deconstructs a range of situations and responses, allowing participants to explore the impact of these on the collaborative process and individual learning. This is with the view of moving toward a radical proposal for assessment within the choreographic context, which prioritizes individual learning and experience over process.
A Neo-Structuralist Pedagogy for Contact Improvisation
Authors: Gough Matthew
Published: January 2013

This lecture demonstration outlines a pedagogy for teaching contact improvisation. Designed for educational settings (universities/schools), it teaches improvisation for performance and self-developed practice. The pedagogy eschews “structured” and “task-based” improvisation for “open scores” and “perceptual/spatial” harmonics. The basic curricula can be taught in a single semester module (twelve weeks, three hours per week) and is suitable for dance and “nondance” students without compromising “quality” or “depth” of engagement. This session covers the four areas of study students learn: philosophy and principles, practical skill sets, applied contextual and critical theory, and performance.
The Problem of “Feeling” in Dance Practice: Fragmentation and Unity
Authors: Leach Martin
Published: January 2013

This paper will attempt a reformulation of the concept of “feeling” in dance from a psychophysical perspective using ideas derived from F. M. Alexander and post-Heideggerian philosophy. It will seek to rearticulate the nature of human being as one that is vibrantly suspended between conscious subjectivity and a world illuminated by that consciousness. Viewed in this way, current prevailing ideas about “feeling” can be set aside and the practices of creation and spectatorship in dance can be reunited in a new way through a fresh understanding that takes into account the unreliability of “feeling” and its physiological and subjective reality.
Postural Configuration as a Missing Element in Reflective Epistemology
Authors: Door Victoria
Published: January 2013

Kinsella's metaphor of embodied reflection is extended into the context of performance pedagogy by exploring the implications of the work of F. M. Alexander in Dewey's notion of reflective thinking and the influence of Dewey's work on later thought on reflective practice. The perspective is that an experiential form of knowing underlies Deweyan reflection, which, if integrated into performance and its pedagogy, results in a different kind of qualitative value of both. Such integration could add to the concept of a critical and reflexive pedagogy, which “reflects the complexities of the interactions between teaching and learning.”
Expanding the Canon: South Asian Dance Training in British Universities
Authors: Prickett Stacey
Published: January 2013

An increasing emphasis on multicultural and contextual studies approaches to dance education is evident in curriculum developments, with South Asian dance attaining a stronger presence in courses at British universities. This paper considers a range of aesthetic and pedagogic issues about how South Asian dance technique is situated in dance courses in relation to its position as a contextual subject. To what extent does technical training inform a contextual and aesthetic understanding? How do classical forms sit alongside training in contemporary dance and choreography?
Evaluating Methods of Traditional Dances: Case Study in Nihon Buyo
Authors: Marumo Mieko , Shinoda Yukitaka , Mito Yuki
Published: January 2013

This paper proposes two evaluating methods of traditional dances to put traditional dances in school education, taking Nihon Buyo as an example. One is a skill evaluation method using motion capture equipment. Digitized data of movements could provide scientific pedagogy and appraisal in school education. The other is an impression evaluation method using Semantic Differential (SD) method. Impressions that spectators get from Nihon Buyo can be statistically and objectively evaluated. Though traditional dances have various styles, techniques, and representations, these two methods could be applied differently to understand them scientifically and put them in school education in perspective on a global basis.
Moving Beyond and in Between: Implications of Cross/Transdisciplinary Methodologies for Twenty-First-Century Pedagogies for Teaching Dance Studies
Authors: Farrugia Kathrina
Published: January 2013

This presentation outlines the application of cross-disicplinary and transdisciplinary epistemologies and pedagogies within the field of dance studies and the parameters of dance teacher education. Charting and challenging readings of the articulated and bodily knowledge, including dance disciplines (such as reading, writing, and embodying dance histories; performance analysis; and performance making), the enquiry presents an application of the three dimensions of academic disciplines within two case studies (dance histories/performance analysis and making). The paper presents epistemologies and pedagogies that facilitate methodologies for an embodied and articulated knowledge of balletic genres and histories, practices, and traditions.
Regulation of Veterinary Medicines
Authors: Woodward K. N.
Published: January 2013

Medicines, including veterinary medicines, are usually highly regulated in almost all jurisdictions. The universal criteria for regulation are quality, efficacy and safety. Medicines must be of adequate pharmaceutical quality, a heading which covers many aspects and is probably better described by the alternative terminology of the United States, “chemistry, manufacturing, controls” or CMC. This covers all aspects of chemistry of the active ingredient and other constituents in the formulation, stability, contaminants and breakdown products, including limits on these, a synopsis of manufacturing methods, and key information for the patient (or the patient's owner) such as expiry date. Efficacy is perhaps more self-evident. It refers to the body of evidence that demonstrates that the product actually works or, perhaps more subtly, that the product acts therapeutically or prophylactically in the manner claimed by the manufacturer or drug sponsor. “Safety” covers a range of issues, each of which is a topic in its own right. It includes safety for the animal patient, user safety, environmental safety and safety for consumers of food of animal origin and much of this comprises toxicity or ecotoxicity data. The result of studies required to satisfy the requirements of quality, efficacy and safety together constitute the dossier or regulatory submission required to eventually gain an approval, marketing authorisation or licence. In the European Union, several regulatory routes are available through which applicants may pursue marketing authorisations. Product evaluation does not stop with authorisation and adverse drug reaction reporting schemes now exist in most countries for veterinary products. These pharmacovigilance schemes are intended to provide a feedback system for regulatory authorities and product sponsors, so that safety and efficacy can be monitored after marketing has commenced. Depending on the territories concerned, pharmacovigilance may include adverse effects in the target animal and exposed humans, adverse effects in consumers of food of animal origin exposed to drug residues, adverse environmental effects, and violations of statutory residue limits.
Consumer Safety – Maximum Residue Limits
Authors: Woodward K. N
Published: January 2013

Veterinary medicines used in food producing animals may leave residues of veterinary drugs, low concentrations of the parent compound and its metabolites, in animal products such as meat, offal, milk, honey and eggs, and in some circumstances, these residues may be expected to elicit adverse effects in human consumers. In the European Union, the maximum residue limit (MRL) concept was introduced to assess consumer safety concerns. The legislation requires that all pharmacologically active substances, which may include colours, solvents and other excipients, be assessed. The assessments are based on the evaluation of a dossier of toxicology data (the “safety file”) and a dossier of residues depletion data (“the residues file”) and the MRL is expressed as a numerical value which constitutes the highest permissible and safe concentration for the commodity involved. Similar approaches are taken in other countries including Australia, Canada and the United States.
The Assessment of User Safety
Authors: Woodward K. N
Published: January 2013

Veterinary medicinal products are used by a variety of people including veterinary professionals, farmers and members of the pet-owning public. These users may become exposed to veterinary products and their constituents when animals are treated and has a result, they may experience adverse reactions. Hazards may arise from pharmacological or toxicological properties, or from physical characteristics such as the flammability of solvents used in the formulation. Prior to authorisation, veterinary medicinal products are evaluated for their potential to cause harm to users based on the biological and physical properties of the formulation. Hazards and associated risks are identified and the relevant information and protective measures to be adopted conveyed to users through labelling and descriptions in product literature. Restrictions on use or product availability may also be used to mitigate risks.
General Anaesthetics
Authors: Woodward K. N.
Published: January 2013

A number of general anaesthetics are available for use in veterinary surgery. These may be volatile agents for use by the inhalation route, or other product types which are normally given by injection. The older inhalation anaesthetics were recognised to have major disadvantages. For example, the flammability of ether, and the toxicity of chloroform. These agents were replaced by other volatile anaesthetics including nitrous oxide, halothane and isoflurane. The main health concerns with these substances are related to atmospheric contamination of the workplace air, and subsequent exposure of veterinary personnel. Active ingredients in veterinary injectable anaesthetics include propofol, ketamine and the barbiturates which are potent pharmacologically active agents which may produce harmful effects following accidental self-injection. Some of the volatile and the injectable anaesthetic agents may be subject to abuse.
Some Other Pharmacologically Active Drugs
Authors: Woodward K. N.
Published: January 2013

Some drugs, which do not conveniently fall into other categories, are reviewed in this chapter. They include some opiates (etorphine, butorphanol, buprenorphine and fentanyl), some drugs used for euthanasia, neuroactive steroids and sedative agents, the phenothiazines, butyrophenone neuroleptic agents, clenbuterol, some non-steroidal inflammatory drugs, local anaesthetics, tropane alkaloids and the steroid hormones. Some of these compounds are highly toxic and they pose a risk to occupational safety e.g. etorphine. Others may offer risks to consumers of food of animal origin and particularly if they are subject to abuse or misuse e.g. clenbuterol. These drugs and their toxicities are discussed in this chapter along with reference to occupational and consumer safety.
The Efficacy of a Vocabulary Intervention for Dual-Language Learners With Language Impairment
Authors: Restrepo Maria Adelaida , Morgan Gareth P. , Thompson Marilyn S.
Published: December 2012

Purpose

In this study, the authors evaluated the efficacy of a Spanish–English versus English-only vocabulary intervention for dual-language learners (DLLs) with language impairment compared to mathematics intervention groups and typically developing controls with no intervention. Further, in this study the authors also examined whether the language of instruction affected English, Spanish, and conceptual vocabulary differentially.

Method

The authors randomly assigned 202 preschool DLLs with language impairment to 1 of 4 conditions: bilingual vocabulary, English-only vocabulary, bilingual mathematics, or English-only mathematics. Fifty-four DLLs with typical development received no intervention. The vocabulary intervention consisted of a 12-week small-group dialogic reading and hands-on vocabulary instruction of 45 words. Postintervention group differences and linear growth rates were examined in conceptual, English, and Spanish receptive and expressive vocabulary for the 45 treatment words.

Results

Results indicate that the bilingual vocabulary intervention facilitated receptive and expressive Spanish and conceptual vocabulary gains in DLLs with language impairment compared with the English vocabulary intervention, mathematics intervention, and no-intervention groups. The English-only vocabulary intervention differed significantly from the mathematics condition and no-intervention groups on all measures but did not differ from the bilingual vocabulary intervention. Vocabulary growth rates postintervention slowed considerably. Results support the idea that bilingual interventions support native- and second-language vocabulary development.

Conclusion

English-only intervention supports only English. Use of repeated dialogic reading and hands-on activities facilitates vocabulary acquisition.
The Effects of Data Reduction in Determining the Schedule of Voicing Acquisition in Young Children
Authors: Hitchcock Elaine R. , Koenig Laura L.
Published: December 2012

Purpose

In this study, multiple measures of voicing acquisition were used to evaluate the extent to which developmental patterns based on voice onset time (VOT) mean data differed from those based on token-by-token analyses in typically developing 2-year-olds.

Method

Multiple repetitions of words containing initial /b p d t/ were elicited from 10 English-speaking children biweekly for 4 months. VOT was measured for each stop. For each child, consonant, and recording session, means and ranges were obtained, as were measures of accuracy, discreteness, and overshoot calculated for session means and for individual tokens.

Results

The token-by-token analyses suggested lower accuracy and more category overlap than the session means and revealed an overshoot phase for all children. They also showed examples of both abrupt and gradual changes that were not always evident in the means. Measures of range, accuracy, discreteness, and overshoot all continued to change after statistically significant VOT differences were observed.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that some aspects of voicing development may not be evident in analyses that rely on VOT mean data and patterns of statistical significance. Token-by-token measures provide a more complete picture of stages of voicing development than those based solely on mean VOT values.
Auditory Temporal-Organization Abilities in School-Age Children With Peripheral Hearing Loss
Authors: Koravand Amineh , Jutras Benoît
Published: December 2012

Purpose

The objective was to assess auditory sequential organization (ASO) ability in children with and without hearing loss.

Method

Forty children 9 to 12 years old participated in the study: 12 with sensory hearing loss (HL), 12 with central auditory processing disorder (CAPD), and 16 with normal hearing. They performed an ASO task in which they were asked to recall 2, 3, and 5 verbal and nonverbal stimuli with an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 425 ms as well as sequences of 2 elements with an ISI of 20 or 1,000 ms.

Results

No significant difference was found between the group of children with HL and the 2 other groups on nonverbal stimuli in all testing conditions. Regardless of ISI duration or number of elements in the sequence, children with HL had significantly fewer correct responses than children with normal hearing and children with CAPD for the verbal stimuli /ba/–/da/. Children with HL had significantly better performance than children with CAPD for the verbal a/–/da/ when the number of elements in the sequence varied.

Conclusions

Children with sensory HL showed impaired ASO ability when recalling verbal /ba/–/da/. Results suggest that hearing loss can induce a specific signature when processing these verbal stimuli.
Consonant Accuracy After Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Campbell Thomas F. , Dollaghan Christine , Janosky Janine , Rusiewicz Heather Leavy , Small Steven L. , Dick Frederic , Vick Jennell , Adelson P. David
Published: December 2012

Purpose

The authors sought to describe longitudinal changes in Percentage of Consonants Correct—Revised (PCC–R) after severe pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI), to compare the odds of normal-range PCC–R in children injured at older and younger ages, and to correlate predictor variables and PCC–R outcomes.

Method

In 56 children injured between age 1 month and 11 years, PCC–R was calculated over 12 monthly sessions beginning when the child produced ≥ 10 words. At each session, the authors compared odds of normal-range PCC–R in children injured at younger (≤ 60 months) and older (> 60 months) ages. Correlations were calculated between final PCC–R and age at injury, injury mechanism, gender, maternal education, residence, treatment, Glasgow Coma Score, and intact brain volume.

Results

PCC–Rs varied within and between children. Odds of normal-range PCC–R were significantly higher for the older than for the younger group at all sessions but the first; odds of normal-range PCC–R were 9 to 33 times higher in the older group in sessions 3 to 12. Age at injury was significantly correlated with final PCC–R.

Conclusion

Over a 12-month period, severe TBI had more adverse effects for children whose ages placed them in the most intensive phase of PCC–R development than for children injured later.
Cross-Linguistic and Cross-Cultural Effects on Verbal Working Memory and Vocabulary: Testing Language-Minority Children With an Immigrant Background
Authors: de Abreu Pascale M. J. Engel , Baldassi Martine , Puglisi Marina L. , Befi-Lopes Debora M.
Published: December 2012

Purpose

In this study, the authors explored the impact of test language and cultural status on vocabulary and working memory performance in multilingual language-minority children.

Method

Twenty 7-year-old Portuguese-speaking immigrant children living in Luxembourg completed several assessments of first (L1)- and second-language (L2) vocabulary (comprehension and production), executive-loaded working memory (counting recall and backward digit recall), and verbal short-term memory (digit recall and nonword repetition). Cross-linguistic task performance was compared within individuals. The language-minority children were also compared with multilingual language-majority children from Luxembourg and Portuguese-speaking monolinguals from Brazil without an immigrant background matched on age, sex, socioeconomic status, and nonverbal reasoning.

Results

Results showed that (a) verbal working memory measures involving numerical memoranda were relatively independent of test language and cultural status; (b) language status had an impact on the repetition of high- but not on low-wordlike L2 nonwords; (c) large cross-linguistic and cross-cultural effects emerged for productive vocabulary; (d) cross-cultural effects were less pronounced for vocabulary comprehension with no differences between groups if only L1 words relevant to the home context were considered.

Conclusion

The study indicates that linguistic and cognitive assessments for language-minority children require careful choice among measures to ensure valid results. Implications for testing culturally and linguistically diverse children are discussed.
A Motor Speech Assessment for Children With Severe Speech Disorders: Reliability and Validity Evidence
Authors: Strand Edythe A. , McCauley Rebecca J. , Weigand Stephen D. , Stoeckel Ruth E. , Baas Becky S.
Published: December 2012

Purpose

In this article, the authors report reliability and validity evidence for the Dynamic Evaluation of Motor Speech Skill (DEMSS), a new test that uses dynamic assessment to aid in the differential diagnosis of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS).

Method

Participants were 81 children between 36 and 79 months of age who were referred to the Mayo Clinic for diagnosis of speech sound disorders. Children were given the DEMSS and a standard speech and language test battery as part of routine evaluations. Subsequently, intrajudge, interjudge, and test–retest reliability were evaluated for a subset of participants. Construct validity was explored for all 81 participants through the use of agglomerative cluster analysis, sensitivity measures, and likelihood ratios.

Results

The mean percentage of agreement for 171 judgments was 89% for test–retest reliability, 89% for intrajudge reliability, and 91% for interjudge reliability. Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis showed that total DEMSS scores largely differentiated clusters of children with CAS vs. mild CAS vs. other speech disorders. Positive and negative likelihood ratios and measures of sensitivity and specificity suggested that the DEMSS does not overdiagnose CAS but sometimes fails to identify children with CAS.

Conclusions

The value of the DEMSS in differential diagnosis of severe speech impairments was supported on the basis of evidence of reliability and validity.
A Systematic Review of Assessments for Identifying Executive Function Impairment in Adults With Acquired Brain Injury
Authors: Mueller Jana A. , Dollaghan Christine
Published: December 2012

Purpose

To synthesize quantitative findings concerning measures of executive function (EF) in adults with acquired brain injury (ABI).

Method

Electronic databases were searched for studies of EF assessments in adults with ABI that reported any of 3 values: likelihood ratios (LRs), standardized group mean comparisons (
d
s), or correlations (
r
s) among EF tests. Forest plots were constructed for each value.

Results

Searches yielded 1,417 unique citations. Full texts of 129 articles were reviewed; 34 reported at least 1 value of interest. Nineteen positive and negative LRs were calculated from 8 studies of 8 EF measures; some point estimates were in the clinically informative range, but all confidence intervals extended beyond it. From 24 studies of 14 measures, 114
d
values were calculated;
d
values for only 11 measures had lower bounds > 0.80. From 8 studies involving 10 EF measures, 104 correlations were reported; in only 5 cases were
r
2
values > .5.

Conclusions

Strong evidence concerning diagnostic accuracy and concurrent validity of EF measures for adults with ABI is lacking. Better specification of the construct of EF as well as research aimed at improving the quality of evidence concerning EF tests are needed.