bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High prevalence of minor symptoms in tattoos among a young population tattooed with carbon black and organic pigments
Authors: Høgsberg T. , Hutton Carlsen K. , Serup J.
Published: June 2012

Background  The prevalence of mild adverse reactions, i.e. complaints, in tattoos is sparsely described.

Objective  The demography of tattoos in a young population representing an index population of the recent trend was studied. The prevalence of complaints related to tattoos, and tattoos by number, size, localization and colour were registered.

Methods  The data were collected through personal interviews and examinations of consecutive individuals who spontaneously attended a clinic of venereology.

Results  Of 154 participants with 342 tattoos, 27% reported complaints in a tattoo beyond 3 months after tattooing. The complaints were predominantly related to black and red pigments. The participants reported complaints in 16% of their tattoos. Fifty‐eight per cent of those complaints were sun induced. The complaints varied in intensity but were mainly minor. Skin elevation and itching were most frequent. The responders stated overall satisfaction with 80% of all tattoos. Eight per cent of tattoos were situated on anatomical sites prohibited by Danish law.

Conclusion  We found a remarkably high prevalence of tattoo complaints, including photosensitivity, among young individuals tattooed with carbon black and organic pigments especially red.
Extending the shelf life of fresh ewe’s cheese by modified atmosphere packaging
Authors: DEL CARO ALESSANDRA , SANGUINETTI ANNA M , FADDA COSTANTINO , MURITTU GAVINO , SANTORU ANGELA , PIGA ANTONIO
Published: June 2012

This study evaluated the effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) in extending the shelf life of a fresh ewe’s cheese stored at 4 °C for 21 days. Three batches were prepared with 20, 30 or 50% CO2 with N2 as filler gas. MAP controlled well the microbial growth, and the best result was obtained with 50% CO2. Pathogens were not detected in any sample. Softening of cheese was best reduced by 30% or 50% CO2. The sensory characteristics of the cheeses markedly decreased during storage. Only the sample stored with 50% CO2 obtained an overall score above the acceptability at 14 days.
Huntingtin associated protein 1 regulates trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein and modulates amyloid beta levels in neurons
Authors: Yang Gui‐Zhi , Yang Miao , Lim Yoon , Lu Jian‐Jun , Wang Ting‐Hua , Qi Jian‐Guo , Zhong Jin‐Hua , Zhou Xin‐Fu
Published: June 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 122, 1010–1022.

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. It is axonally transported, endocytosed and sorted to different cellular compartments where amyloid beta (Aβ) is produced. However, the mechanism of APP trafficking remains unclear. We present evidence that huntingtin associated protein 1 (HAP1) may reduce Aβ production by regulating APP trafficking to the non‐amyloidogenic pathway. HAP1 and APP are highly colocalized in a number of brain regions, with similar distribution patterns in both mouse and human brains. They are associated with each other, the interacting site is the 371–599 of HAP1. APP is more retained in cis‐Golgi, trans‐Golgi complex, early endosome and ER‐Golgi intermediate compartment in HAP1−/− neurons. HAP1 deletion significantly alters APP endocytosis and reduces the re‐insertion of APP into the cytoplasmic membrane. Amyloid precursor protein‐YFP(APP‐YFP) vesicles in HAP1−/− neurons reveal a decreased trafficking rate and an increased number of motionless vesicles. Knock‐down of HAP1 protein in cultured cortical neurons of Alzheimer’s disease mouse model increases Aβ levels. Our data suggest that HAP1 regulates APP subcellular trafficking to the non‐amyloidogenic pathway and may negatively regulate Aβ production in neurons.
The apoptotic effect of hesperetin on human cervical cancer cells is mediated through cell cycle arrest, death receptor, and mitochondrial pathways
Authors: Alshatwi Ali A. , Ramesh E. , Periasamy V.S. , Subash‐Babu P.
Published: June 2012

Hesperetin, a flavonoid from citrus fruits, has several bioactivities such as anti‐inflammatory, antihypertensive, antiatherogenic effects. However, studies elucidating the role and the mechanism(s) of action of hesperetin in cervical cancer are sparse. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of the antiproliferative and apoptotic actions exerted by hesperetin on human cervical cancer SiHa cells. The viability of SiHa cells was evaluated using the MTT assay, apoptosis by acridine orange/ethidium bromide, propidium iodide, TUNEL assay, and Annexin V‐Cy3, cell cycle distribution and mitochondrial transmembrane potential using flow cytometry, and apoptotic marker genes using quantitative real‐time PCR. The treatment of SiHa cells with hesperetin (IC50, 650 μm) showed a marked concentration‐ and time‐dependent inhibition of proliferation and induced the G2/M phase in a dose‐dependent manner after 24 h. There was an attenuation of mitochondrial membrane potential with increased expression of caspase‐3, caspase‐8, caspase‐9, p53, Bax, and Fas death receptor and its adaptor protein Fas‐associated death domain–containing protein (FADD), indicating the participation of both death receptor– and mitochondria‐related mechanisms. Furthermore, hesperetin‐induced apoptosis was confirmed by TUNEL and Annexin V‐Cy3. This study shows that hesperetin exhibits a potential anticancer activity against human cervical cancer cell lines in vitro through the reduction in cell viability and the induction of apoptosis. Altogether, these data sustain our contention that hesperetin has anticancer properties and merits further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent.
Antibodies Anti‐Caga Cross‐React with Trophoblast Cells: A Risk Factor for Pre‐Eclampsia?
Authors: Franceschi Francesco , Di Simone Nicoletta , D'Ippolito Silvia , Castellani Roberta , Di Nicuolo Fiorella , Gasbarrini Giovanni , Yamaoka Yoshio , Todros Tullia , Scambia Giovanni , Gasbarrini Antonio
Published: June 2012

Background

Previous studies reported an epidemiological association between CagA‐positive
H. pylori strains and pre‐eclampsia. As antibodies anti‐CagA cross‐react with endothelial cells and trophoblast cells show an endothelial phenotypic profile, we hypothesized that anti‐CagA antibodies may recognize antigens of cytotrophoblast cells, thus impairing their function.

Materials and Methods

Placenta samples were obtained from healthy women. Cytotrophoblast cells were cultured in a medium containing increasing concentration of polyclonal anti‐CagA antibodies. Binding of anti‐CagA antibodies to cytotrophoblast cells was evaluated by cell ELISA and immunofluorescence assay. Invasive potential of those cells was assessed by an invasion culture system and by measuring of MMP‐2. Protein sequencing was performed on antigens precipitated by anti‐CagA antibodies. Measurement of phosphorylated ERK expression and NF‐kB DNA‐binding activity in trophoblast cells incubated with anti‐CagA or irrelevant antibodies was also performed.

Results

Anti‐CagA antibodies recognized β‐actin of cytotrophoblast cells, showing a dose‐dependent binding. Incubation of cytotrophoblast cells with increasing doses of anti‐CagA antibodies significantly reduced their invasiveness and determined a significant decrease in phosphorylated ERK expression and a reduced NF‐kB translocation activity.

Conclusions

This study shows that anti‐CagA antibodies recognize β‐actin of cytotrophoblast cells, reducing their invasiveness ability, possibly giving a biological explanation for the epidemiological association.
In Vitro Comparison of a Single‐Layer (Continuous Lembert) versus Two‐Layer (Simple Continuous/Cushing) Hand‐Sewn End‐to‐End Jejunoileal Anastomosis in Normal Equine Small Intestine
Authors: Lee Wesley L. , Epstein Kira L. , Sherlock Ceri E. , Mueller P.O. Eric , Eggleston Randall B.
Published: June 2012

Objectives

To compare in vitro physical and mechanical characteristics of 1‐layer and 2‐layer end‐to‐end jejunoileostomy.

Study Design

In vitro experimental study.

Animals

Adult horses (n = 6).

Methods

Harvested equine jejunum and ileum was used to create 1‐ and 2‐layer end‐to‐end jejunoileostomy specimens. Construction time, bursting pressure, and relative lumen diameter (anastomosis diameter expressed as a percentage of the lumen diameter of adjacent jejunum and ileum) were compared. Construction time and relative lumen diameters were compared using a paired t‐test. Bursting pressure for anastomoses and control jejunal segments were compared using a repeated‐measure ANOVA. Statistical significance was set at P < .05.

Results

Mean (±SEM) construct completion times were shorter for 1 layer (21 ± 0.91 minutes) than 2 layers (26.71±1.16 minutes; P = .005). Relative lumen diameters (percentage of jejunal diameter) were larger for 1 layer (77.67 ± 4.46%) than for 2 layers (69.37 ± 2.8%; P = .035). There were no significant differences in bursting pressures between the 2 groups and the control jejunum (P =.155) or relative lumen diameters (percentage of ileal diameter; P =.118).

Conclusions

One‐layer jejunoileostomy can be created in a shorter time and maintain a larger anastomosis luminal diameter without compromising maximum bursting pressure when compared to 2‐layer jejunoileostomy.
Effect of Sequential Removal of Parts of the Second Metacarpal Bone on the Biomechanical Stability of the Equine Carpus
Authors: Seabaugh Kathryn A. , Hubert Jeremy D. , Kawcak Christopher E. , McGilvray Kirk C. , Santoni Brandon G. , Rao Sangeeta , Baxter Gary M.
Published: June 2012

Objective

To quantify changes in biomechanical stability and stiffness within the equine carpus after removal of 50%, 80%, and 100% of the second metacarpal bone (MC2).

Study Design

In vitrobiomechanical study.

Methods

Cadaveric equine forelimbs (n = 16) were evaluated. Intact constructs were loaded in axial compression from 0 to 5000 N and compression + torsion (5000 N ± 20°) for 5 cycles. This was repeated after removal of 50%, 80%, and 100% ofMC2. The primary biomechanical outcome variables were the compressive stiffness and compressive + torsional stiffness of the carpus. Relative kinematic motion was also evaluated between the second carpal bone (C2) and the radial carpal bone (RC),C2 and the third metacarpal bone (MC3) andC2 and the third carpal bone (C3).

Results

A significant decrease in compressive + torsional stiffness was found after 100% removal ofMC2. Compressive stiffness of the carpus did not change after 100%MC2 removal. A significant increase in relative rotation around the z‐axis (rotation around the long axis) was observed forC2 versusMC3 andC2 versusC3 when 100% ofMC2 was removed as compared to 80%, 50%, and 0% removal. No significant difference in relative rotation betweenC2 andRCwas detected.

Conclusions

The biomechanical results reported here suggest that the torsional stability of the equine carpus is significantly decreased only after complete resection ofMC2.
Credible Comparisons Using Interpersonally Incomparable Data: Nonparametric Scales with Anchoring Vignettes
Authors: Wand Jonathan
Published: June 2012

Comparisons of individuals based on their selections from an ordinal scale traditionally assume that all respondents interpret subjective scale categories in exactly the same way. Anchoring vignettes have been proposed as a method to replace this homogeneity assumption with individual‐specific data about how each respondent uses the ordinal scale. However, improving interpersonal comparisons with anchoring vignettes also requires a new set of assumptions. In this article, I derive the assumptions needed to make credible nonparametric comparisons using anchoring vignettes, and propose a new nonparametric scale that does not assume homogeneity among respondents. I also provide methods for evaluating empirically whether a set of anchoring objects can produce credible nonparametric interpersonal comparisons. Two empirical studies illustrate the importance of accounting for differences in the use of ordinal scales by showing how our inferences about interpersonal comparisons may change as a function of the assumptions we accept.
Gubernatorial Midterm Slumps
Authors: Folke Olle , Snyder James M.
Published: June 2012

This article studies gubernatorial midterm slumps in U.S. state legislative elections. We employ a regression discontinuity design, which allows us to rule out the hypothesis that the midterm slump simply reflects a type of “reversion to the mean” generated by simple partisan swings or the withdrawal of gubernatorial coattails or “anticipatory balancing.” Our results show that the party of the governor experiences an average seat‐share loss of about 3.5 percentage points. We also find evidence suggesting that a large share of the variation in gubernatorial midterm slumps can be accounted for by (1) crude partisan balancing and (2) referendums on state economic performance, with approximately equal weight given to each.
Qualities of fatigue in patients on chronic hemodialysis
Authors: Bossola Maurizio , Di Stasio Enrico , Antocicco Manuela , Tazza Luigi
Published: June 2012

We aimed to assess the relationship among fatigue qualities (FQ) and the association of FQ with various characteristics of chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. In 68 HD patients, we assessed the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), the Geriatric Depression Scale score (GDS), the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE), and measured the laboratory parameters. In addition, patients answered to six questions about FQ (Tiredness: Do you feel tired much of the time? Emotional: Do you feel that life is empty? Cognitive: Do you have trouble concentrating? Sleepiness: Have you had difficulty sleeping in the past month? Weakness: Have you had muscle weakness in the past month? Lack of energy: Do you feel full of energy?). At least one FQ was reported by 62 patients. Muscle weakness (61.7%) was the most frequent and cognitive fatigue (22%) the least. Physical FQ were all more common than the mental ones. Correlation between the two mental FQ (emotional and cognitive) was 0.381 (p = 0.002). Six patients reported none of the FQ, 20 one FQ, 13 two FQ, and 29 three or more FQ. CCI and GDS were associated with all FQ and MMSE with all FQ but sleepiness. Patients reporting ≥3 FQ were older, had more comorbidities, more symptoms of depression, and a lower MMSE score. At multivariate linear regression analysis, the GDS was the only significant predictor of the number of FQ. HD patients report a variety of qualities of fatigue and the number of FQ is independently associated with symptoms of depression.
Simulating Climate Change Negotiations: Lessons from Modeled Experience
Authors: Penetrante Ariel Macaspac
Published: June 2012

Studies of the negotiation process in the context of climate change have been limited. This report argues that it is necessary to cope not only with the complexity of the substantial issues related to climate change (scientific, technical, economic, political, and social) but also with the complexity of this multiparty international negotiation process and with the uncertainty of the negotiation outcome. Preparing decision makers for negotiations requires developing a tool kit that includes strategies for dealing with complexity; creating such a tool kit requires collecting knowledge through the systematic study of relevant negotiations.

Analyzing the documents and transcripts from previous climate change negotiations is necessary but insufficient. In this report, I argue the need to employ innovative approaches to understanding the complexity of the climate change negotiation. For this reason, I conducted a series of games that simulated United Nations–sponsored climate change negotiations.

In these games, variables were manipulated to explore the impact of various conditions on negotiating behaviors, processes, and outcomes. The results offer insights that may help researchers and negotiators develop practical strategies to cope with the complexity of international climate change negotiations. Among these are propositions about reframing the “North–South divide” and about encouraging “threshold states” to assume the role of the bridge between various groups and coalitions in the international system.
Crestal bone resorption after the application of two periodontal surgical techniques. A randomized, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Kyriazis Thomas , Gkrizioti Sofia , Mikrogeorgis Georgios , Tsalikis Lazaros , Sakellari Dimitra , Lyroudia Kleoniki , Konstantinides Antonios
Published: June 2012

Aim

To radiographically assess, by means of digital subtraction radiography, crestal bone loss following two periodontal surgical techniques, over a period of 6 months.

Material and methods

A total of 30 chronic periodontitis patients participated in this randomized controlled clinical trial and were separated into two groups. Modified Widman flap was applied in the control group and apically positioned flap, without intervention to the bone, in the experimental group. Clinical measurements (plaque index, gingival bleeding index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level) were recorded at baseline, 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months after surgery. Digital radiographs were taken at baseline, 1, 3, 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months after surgical treatment and subtracted digitally in pairs.

Results

Both groups showed statistically significant improvement of clinical parameters. Statistically significant differences between the two groups were observed only in probing pocket depth (PPD) at 6 weeks interval, where the test group showed more reduction (smallest statistically significant differences observed, SSSDO = 0.64). Both groups showed the same rate of crestal bone resorption.

Conclusions

Bone resorption of the alveolar crest is a phenomenon that is observed as a consequence of periodontal surgical treatment without significant differences between the two techniques. Furthermore, both surgical techniques lead to satisfactory clinical results, indicating that bone removal during periodontal surgical treatment is not always necessary.
Expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 is associated with an increased risk of death in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Brady Anna , Gibson Sarah , Rybicki Lisa , Hsi Eric , Saunthararajah Yogen , Sekeres Mikkael A. , Tiu Ramon , Copelan Edward , Kalaycio Matt , Sobecks Ronald , Bates Jennifer , Advani Anjali S.
Published: June 2012

Background

Constitutive activation of STAT5 (by phosphorylation) has been identified in a number of malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Objectives

We investigated whether the level of phosphorylated STAT5 (pSTAT5) expression correlates with clinical outcome in AML.

Methods

Adult patients with newly diagnosed AML receiving induction chemotherapy and with an available diagnostic bone marrow were evaluated.

Results

Forty‐two percent of patients had pSTAT5 expression >0 on immunohistochemical analysis of fixed bone marrow core biopsies. In multivariable analyses, controlling for age, history of antecedent hematologic disorder, cytogenetic risk, and WBC at diagnosis, pSTAT5 expression was significantly associated with an increased risk of death (HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.19–3.23,
P
 = 0.008) and of relapse after achieving complete remission (HR 2.31, 95% CI 1.16–4.63, P = 0.018).

Conclusions

Validation of pSTAT5's prognostic value requires additional study in a larger group of uniformly treated patients. However, our data suggests that targeting this signaling pathway in AML may improve the outcome of patients.
Advantages of histamine H4 receptor antagonist usage with H1 receptor antagonist for the treatment of murine allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Matsushita Ayuko , Seike Masahiro , Okawa Haruka , Kadawaki Yayoi , Ohtsu Hiroshi
Published: June 2012

Histamine facilitates development of eczematous lesions in chronic allergic contact dermatitis. In addition to the well‐known corticosteroid treatments, H1 receptor (H1R) antagonists also have been used. This study observed effects of histamine H4 receptor (H4R) antagonist usage with H1R antagonist in a murine chronic allergic contact dermatitis model, developed by repeated percutaneous challenge to the dorsal skin with 2,4,6‐trinitro‐1‐chlorobenzene (TNCB). The H1R antagonist olopatadine hydrochloride and/or the H4R antagonist JNJ7777120 was then administered. Combination therapy was more effective than H1R antagonist monotherapy. Serum IgE and levels of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐6 (Th2 cytokines) in eczematous lesions decreased with combined therapy. Combined therapy with H1R and H4R antagonists counteracts the disadvantages of each as monotherapeutic agents and potentially represents a new strategy for the treatment of chronic allergic contact dermatitis.
Highly pigmented Tg(Grm1) mouse melanoma develops non‐pigmented melanoma cells in distant metastases
Authors: Schiffner Susanne , Chen Suzie , Becker Jürgen C. , Bosserhoff Anja‐Katrin
Published: June 2012

Murine model systems are critically required tools for the investigation of unknown mechanisms of melanoma development and metastasis and for developing more efficient therapies. The Tg(Grm1)EPv melanoma mouse model is characterized by spontaneous development of pigmented cutaneous melanomas at hairless skin regions, with a short latency and 100% penetrance. Local metastasis was described in initial analyses; however, melanoma cells were not observed in distant organs. Here, we demonstrate that the established Tg(Grm1)EPv melanoma mouse model exhibits more extensive metastasis into distant organs than previously described. Disseminated cells undergo phenotypic changes, as we observed high numbers of non‐pigmented Grm1‐expressing melanoma cells within distant organs. As such changes during metastasis are common in human melanoma, our findings demonstrate that this mouse model represents an even more useful tool to study unknown mechanisms of metastasis in human melanoma than previously assumed.
In situ effect of sodium fluoride or titanium tetrafluoride varnish and solution on carious demineralization of enamel
Authors: Comar Livia P. , Wiegand Annette , Moron Bruna M. , Rios Daniela , Buzalaf Marília A. R. , Buchalla Wolfgang , Magalhães Ana C.
Published: June 2012

This study evaluated the effect of titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) formulations on enamel carious demineralization in situ. Thirteen subjects took part in this cross‐over, split‐mouth, double‐blind study performed in three phases of 14 d each. In each subject, two sound and two predemineralized specimens of bovine enamel were worn intra‐orally and plaque accumulation was allowed. One sound and one predemineralized specimen in each subject was treated once with sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish or solution (Treatment A); TiF4 varnish or solution (Treatment B); or placebo varnish or no treatment (Treatment C). The initially sound enamel specimens were exposed to severe cariogenic challenge (20% sucrose, eight times daily for 5 min each time), whereas the predemineralized specimens were not. Eleven subjects were able to finish all experimental phases. The enamel alterations were quantified by surface hardness and transversal microradiography. Demineralization of previously sound enamel was reduced by all test formulations except for the NaF solution, while both TiF4 formulations were as effective as NaF varnish. For the predemineralized specimens, enamel surface hardness was increased only by TiF4 formulations, while subsurface mineral remineralization could not be seen in any group. Within the experimental protocol, TiF4 was able to decrease enamel demineralization to a similar degree as NaF varnish under severe cariogenic challenges, while only TiF4 formulations remineralized the enamel surface.
Counteractive effect of antacid suspensions on intrinsic dental erosion
Authors: Turssi Cecilia P. , Vianna Lídia M. F. F. , Hara Anderson T. , do Amaral Flávia L. B. , França Fabiana M. G. , Basting Roberta T.
Published: June 2012

This in vitro study aimed to investigate the anti‐erosive effect of antacid suspensions applied to enamel after exposure to hydrochloric acid (HCl). Ninety bovine enamel slabs were embedded, flattened, and polished. Reference areas were created and specimens were divided into six groups. They were exposed to 0.01 M HCl (pH 2) for 2 min, followed by immersion for 1 min in one of the following test suspensions: magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide, sodium alginate/sodium bicarbonate/calcium carbonate, or hydrated magnesium aluminate. Artificial saliva was used as a negative control. Specimens were subjected to a total of five cycles of erosion/antacid treatment. Enamel surface loss was measured (in micrometers) by optical profilometry. In addition, baseline and final surface microhardness (SMH) values of enamel were obtained. It was found that antacid suspensions significantly reduced enamel loss, and that similar protection was afforded by all formulations. No differences were observed between the final enamel SMH values among groups. Antacid suspensions counteracted HCl‐induced enamel loss, although they were not effective in reducing enamel softening. Mouth rinsing with antacid suspensions after vomiting can potentially represent a promising strategy to counteract enamel loss caused by erosion.
A Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task evokes stress and differential effects on masseter‐muscle activity and haemodynamics
Authors: Tanosoto Tomohiro , Arima Taro , Tomonaga Akio , Ohata Noboru , Svensson Peter
Published: June 2012

This study aimed to determine autonomic and jaw‐muscle activities, and haemodynamic responses, to acute experimental mental stress in humans. Eleven healthy men (25.2 ± 3.0 years of age) and five healthy women (23.0 ± 3.7 years of age) performed a standardized mental stress task, the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT). Autonomic function, such as heart rate variability (HRV), and haemodynamic changes were recorded simultaneously. The success rate of the PASAT decreased with increased pace and duration. Low‐frequency (5.8 ± 1.1 ms2) and high‐frequency (5.3 ± 0.6 ms2) components of HRV decreased during the PASAT (to 5.0 ± 0.9 ms2 and 4.6 ± 1.1 ms2, respectively) as an indication of acute stress. Oxygenated haemoglobin in the masseter muscle (14.6 ± 2.2 104 units mm−3) remained at an elevated level during the PASAT (15.5 ± 2.5 104units mm−3), whereas deoxygenated haemoglobin (7.8 ± 2.3 104 units mm−3) showed a consistent decrease (to 6.8 ± 2.1 104 units mm−3). Total haemoglobin and jaw‐muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity did not change during the PASAT. Thus, PASAT‐induced mental stress changed the parasympathetic/sympathetic balance of the heart and had an acute influence on jaw‐muscle haemodynamics, but not on jaw‐muscle EMG activity. This non‐invasive experimental set‐up can be applied to study the effects of repeated or longer‐lasting mental stress in order to further the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms in craniofacial pain conditions.
Discriminative power of visual attributes in dermatology
Authors: Giotis Ioannis , Visser Margaretha , Jonkman Marcel , Petkov Nicolai
Published: June 2012

Background/purpose

Visual characteristics such as color and shape of skin lesions play an important role in the diagnostic process. In this contribution, we quantify the discriminative power of such attributes using an information theoretical approach.

Methods

We estimate the probability of occurrence of each attribute as a function of the skin diseases. We use the distribution of this probability across the studied diseases and its entropy to define the discriminative power of the attribute. The discriminative power has a maximum value for attributes that occur (or do not occur) for only one disease and a minimum value for those which are equally likely to be observed among all diseases.

Results

Verrucous surface, red and brown colors, and the presence of more than 10 lesions are among the most informative attributes. A ranking of attributes is also carried out and used together with a naive Bayesian classifier, yielding results that confirm the soundness of the proposed method.

Conclusion

proposed measure is proven to be a reliable way of assessing the discriminative power of dermatological attributes, and it also helps generate a condensed dermatological lexicon. Therefore, it can be of added value to the manual or computer‐aided diagnostic process.
Sulfur mustard cutaneous injury characterization based on SKH‐1 mouse model: relevance of non‐invasive methods in terms of wound healing process analyses
Authors: Cléry‐Barraud Cécile , Nguon Nina , Vallet Virginie , Sentenac Catherine , Four Elise , Arlaud Carine , Coulon David , Boudry Isabelle
Published: June 2012

Background

To date, sulphur mustard (SM) cutaneous toxicity has been commonly assessed on account of several animal models such as pigs and weanling pigs. Few experiments however, have been carried out on mice so far. In this study, we aimed at quantifying spontaneous wound healing processes after SM exposure on a SKH‐1 mouse model through non‐invasive methods over an extended period of time.

Methods

Animals were exposed to 10 μL net SM in a vapor cup system. Measurements of barrier function (Transepidermal water loss), elasticity, skin color exposed to SM vapors were determined by evaporimetry, cutometer and image analysis on 23 animals up to 28 days. Results were subsequently correlated with histological and biochemical analyses.

Results

The TEWL parameter stands as a top‐ranking criterion to keep track of skin barrier restoration after SM cutaneous intoxication in our SKH‐1 mouse model. The R2 and R6 elasticity parameters or L° for the skin color exhibited their ability to be restored after 28 days of SM exposure.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that bio‐engineering methods are eligible to evaluate new treatments on SM‐induced skin SKH‐1 mouse lesions, thus making an allowance for less invasive methods such as histological, genomic or proteomic approaches.
The Real World Journey of Implementing Fall Prevention Best Practices in Three Acute Care Hospitals: A Case Study
Authors: Ireland Sandra , Kirkpatrick Helen , Boblin Sheryl , Robertson Kim
Published: June 2012

Background

Globally, falls are the second leading cause of unintentional injury. In Canada, falls that occur in hospitals have been ranked second as an area of patient safety concern. Many Canadian hospitals seeking to achieve patient safety, accreditation and resource containment goals are implementing evidence‐based practices in fall prevention. However, best practices are reported to be only variably effective in reducing hospital fall rates, indicating a potential gap in our understanding of the implementation process. This study was designed to provide insight into the real world of implementation of best practices in fall prevention in acute care Canadian hospitals.

Approach

Using case study methodology, ninety‐five administrative and point‐of‐care nurses at three hospitals participated in interviews or focus groups and provided documents and artifacts that described their implementation of a falls prevention guideline.

Findings and implications

Four recommendations with potential to guide others in fall prevention were identified: (1) the need to listen to and recognize the expertise and clinical realities of staff, (2) the importance of keeping the implementation process simple, (3) the need to recognize that what seems simple becomes complex when meeting individual patient needs, and (4) the need to view the process as one of continuous quality improvement.
Supporting the Uptake of Nursing Guidelines: What You Really Need to Know to Move Nursing Guidelines into Practice
Authors: Matthew‐Maich Nancy , Ploeg Jenny , Dobbins Maureen , Jack Susan
Published: June 2012

Background

There is a current push to use best practice guidelines (BPGs) in health care to enhance client care and outcomes. Even though intensive resources have been invested internationally to develop BPGs, a gap in knowledge exists about how to consistently and efficiently move them into practice.

Methods

Constructivist grounded theory was used to explore the complex processes of a breastfeeding BPG implementation and uptake in three acute care hospitals. Interviews (n = 120) with 112 participants representing clients, nurses, lactation consultants, midwives, physicians, managers, administrators, and nurse educators as well as document and field note analysis informed this study. Data were analyzed using constant comparison and coding steps outlined by Charmaz: initial coding, selective (focused) coding, then theoretical coding. Triangulation of data types and sources were used as well as theoretical sampling. Data were collected from 2009 to 2010.

Results

Two sites showed BPG uptake while one did not. Factors present in the uptake sites included, ongoing passionate frontline leaders, the use of multifaceted strategies, and processes that occurred at organizational, leadership, individual and social levels. Particularly noteworthy was the transformation of individual nurses to believing in and using the BPG. Impacts occurred at client, nurse, unit, inter‐professional, organizational and system levels.

Conclusions

A conceptual framework: Supporting the Uptake of Nursing Guidelines, was developed that reveals essential processes used to facilitate BPG uptake into nursing practice and a process of nurse transformation to believing in and using the BPG.
Habit Displaced: The Disruption of Skilful Performance
Authors: BISSELL DAVID
Published: June 2012

This paper develops ideas in cultural geography around bodily capacities and their limits to think about the sustainability of skilful performance. Taking golf as its empirical moment and affective theorisations of habit as its conceptual lure, the paper outlines how the bodily proficiencies required for skilful sporting performance are acquired through intensive processes of transformation that emerge through repetition, which make bodily movements easier and more intuitive over time. However, a phenomenon known as the yips intrudes on these trajectories of increasing ease and proficiency where, suddenly and inexplicably, skilful performance breaks down. Where current medicalised debates on the etiology of the yips are quick to attempt to separate the apparently psychological from the physical genesis, this paper draws principally on the writings of Félix Ravaisson to consider how the symptoms of the yips signal changes in the brain–body–environment circuits of habit. The bodily thresholds that these changes give rise to invite us to embrace an appreciation of skilful performance that is much more contingent on its immanent disruption, and an apprehension of habit that acknowledges the volatilities inherent to it.
How does Conflict in Migrants’ Country of Origin Affect Remittance-Sending? Financial Priorities and Transnational Obligations among Somalis and Pakistanis in Norway
Authors: Carling Jørgen , Erdal Marta Bivand , Horst Cindy
Published: June 2012

This article examines how conflict in the country of origin interacts with other factors in shaping migrants’ remittance-sending practices. Our data come from a survey of 10 immigrant groups in Norway and semi-structured interviews with Somali and Pakistani remittance-senders and receivers. First, we conduct an in-depth comparison to explore the differences in how Somali and Pakistani migrants decide about remittance-sending. Second, we use survey data on all 10 migrant groups to evaluate whether the differences that are not explained by socioeconomic characteristics, may partly reflect whether or not there is ongoing conflict in the country of origin. In our analyses we differentiate between (1) the effect of migrants’ capacity to remit and their prioritizing of local and transnational expenditures, and (2) the impact of state collapse and absence of human security on migrants’ and refugees’ desire to remit. We find that ongoing conflict in the country of origin exerts an upward pressure on remittance-sending.
Foreign Workforce in the Arab Gulf States (1930–1950): Migration Patterns and Nationality Clause
Authors: Errichiello Gennaro
Published: June 2012

The modern migration pattern of international migration in the Arab Gulf States (AGSs) began to take shape with the discovery of oil resources. The early development of the oil industry in the 1930s became the driving force behind the first organized import of foreign workers to the oil-producing countries of the AGSs. The historical approach of this article explains the impact that the early oil concessions had on the migration patterns in the AGSs. The nationality clause provoked, not only a circulation of manpower from one sheikhdom to another and international migration, but also created a segmentation of the labor market on the grounds of nationality.
Relationship between composite fracture toughness and bond strengths to enamel and dentine
Authors: Adebayo OA , Burrow MF , Tyas MJ
Published: June 2012

Background:  This study aimed to evaluate the association between the fracture toughness of two nanofilled‐hybrid resin composites (Clearfil Majesty Esthetic [CME], Kuraray Medical, Japan; Estelite Σ [ES], Tokuyama, Japan) and their bond strengths to enamel and dentine mediated by a self‐etching primer system (Clearfil SE Bond [CSE]; Kuraray).

Methods:  Twenty‐four permanent human molars were sectioned into enamel and dentine specimens and finished with 600‐grit silicon carbide paper, bonded with CSE and either CME or ES, for μ‐shear bond strength (μSBS) and μ‐tensile bond strength (μTBS). The specimens were tested until failure at a cross‐head speed of 1 mm/min, failure loads recorded, bond strengths calculated and results analysed using independent samples t‐tests. Eight single‐notched bar‐shaped specimens, 30 mm × 5.2 mm × 2.2 mm, were prepared for each resin composite and fracture toughness measured using four‐point bending at a cross‐head speed of 0.5 mm/min. Results were analysed using independent samples t‐tests.

Results:  For μSBS and μTBS, there was no significant difference between the resin composites for enamel or dentine. The fracture toughness of CME was significantly higher than that of ES.

Conclusions:  For both enamel and dentine, resin composite fracture toughness affected neither μTBS nor μSBS to enamel or dentine.
Genotyping of Bacillus anthracis Isolated from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Steiner I. , Račić I. , Špičić S. , Habrun B.
Published: June 2012

Anthrax is a serious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. Humans can become infected by handling products from infected animals, by breathing spores and rarely by eating undercooked meat from infected animals. The genome of B. anthracis is highly monomorphic and thus shows very low DNA sequence variation. We analysed the molecular characteristics of 12 B. anthracis isolates from outbreaks in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, which have occurred during the past 10 years along with two vaccine strains. Genotyping system based on variable‐number tandem repeat analysis at six loci revealed that six isolates belong to genotype from the A1.a cluster whilst six isolates relate to the B2 cluster, compared to 89 previously described genotypes. The distribution of two evolutionarily distant clusters suggests an introduction of B. anthracis to this area in at least two separate events.
Acute myeloblastic leukemia with associated BCR‐ABL translocation in a dog
Authors: Figueiredo Josely F. , Culver Sarah , Behling‐Kelly Erica , Breen Matthew , Friedrichs Kristen R.
Published: June 2012

An 8‐year‐old male neutered Labrador Retriever was referred to the University of Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with a presumptive diagnosis of leukemia. Hematologic abnormalities included normal neutrophil count with a left shift, monocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, and circulating immature mononuclear cells. Bone marrow was effaced by immature hematopoietic cells of various morphologic appearances. In addition, large multinucleated cells were observed frequently. Flow cytometric analysis of nucleated cells in blood revealed 34% CD34+ cells, consistent with acute leukemia. By immunocytochemical analysis of cells in blood and bone marrow, some mononuclear cells expressed CD18, myeloperoxidase, and CD11b, indicating myeloid origin; some, but not all, large multinucleated cells expressed CD117 and CD42b, the latter supporting megakaryocytic lineage. The diagnosis was acute myeloblastic leukemia without maturation (AML‐M1). To identify genetic aberrations associated with this malignancy, cells from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded bone marrow were analyzed cytogenetically by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Co‐localization of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing BCR and ABL was evident in 32% of cells. This confirmed the presence of the canine BCR‐ABL translocation or Raleigh chromosome. In people, the analogous translocation or Philadelphia chromosome is characteristic of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and is rarely reported in AML. BCR‐ABL translocation also has been identified in dogs with CML; however, to our knowledge this is the first report of AML with a BCR‐ABL translocation in a domestic animal.
The two sides of competition: Competition‐induced effort and affect during intergroup versus interindividual competition
Authors: Wittchen Marion , Krimmel Anna , Kohler Mischa , Hertel Guido
Published: June 2012

Competition strongly affects individual effort and performance for both individuals and groups. Especially in work settings, these effort gains might come at the cost of individual well‐being. The present study tested whether competition increases both effort (as indicated by task performance) and stress (in terms of cardiovascular reactivity and affective response), and whether this effect is further qualified by the type of competition (interindividual vs. intergroup), using a cognitive computer‐based task and a 2 (Group: Yes, No) × 2 (Competition: Yes, No) × 2 (Gender) factorial design (N= 147). All participants either worked as a representative of a group or as an individual, and were offered performance‐related incentives distributed in a lottery. In the competition conditions, participants were informed that they competed with someone else, and that only the winning person/team would take part in the lottery. Consistent with expectations, competition increased both individual effort and cardiovascular reactivity compared to non‐competitive work. Moreover, for female participants, intergroup competition triggered increased effort and more positive affect than interindividual competition. Aside from documenting costly side‐effects of competition in terms of stress, this study provides evidence for a stress‐related explanation of effort gains during intergroup competition as compared to interindividual competition.
Modeling and Simulation of the Cooling Process of Borosilicate Glass
Authors: Barth Nicolas , George Daniel , Ahzi Saïd , Rémond Yves , Doquet Véronique , Bouyer Frédéric , Bétremieux Sophie
Published: June 2012

For a better understanding of the thermomechanical behavior of glasses used for nuclear waste vitrification, the cooling process of a bulk borosilicate glass is modeled using the finite element code Abaqus. During this process, the thermal gradients may have an impact on the solidification process. To evaluate this impact, the simulation was based on thermal experimental data from an inactive nuclear waste package. The thermal calculations were made within a parametric window using different boundary conditions to evaluate the variations of temperature distributions for each case. The temperature differences throughout the thickness of solidified glass were found to be significantly non-uniform throughout the package. The temperature evolution in the bulk glass was highly responsive to the external cooling rates applied; thus emphasizing the role of the thermal inertia for this bulky glass cast.
Gear Dynamics Analysis With Turbulent Journal Bearings Under Quadratic Damping and Nonlinear Suspension—Bifurcation and Chaos
Authors: Chang-Jian Cai-Wan
Published: June 2012

This study performs a systematic analysis of the dynamic behavior of the gear for the gear-bearing system with the turbulent flow effect, quadratic damping effect, nonlinear suspension effect, nonlinear oil-film force, and complicated gear mesh force. The dynamic orbits of the system are observed using bifurcation diagrams plotted using the dimensionless unbalance coefficient and the dimensionless rotational speed ratio as control parameters. The onset of chaotic motion is identified from the phase diagrams, power spectra, Poincaré maps, Lyapunov exponents, and fractal dimension of the gear-bearing system. The ignorance of quadratic damping effect for turbomachineries especially in turbulent cases may cause significant errors. The proposed simulation model and theory may provide some useful information for engineers in designing or controlling some turbomachineries particularly in turbulent flow cases.
Knock In Various Combustion Modes in a Gasoline-Fueled Automotive Engine
Authors: Vavra Jiri , Bohac Stanislav V. , Manofsky Laura , Lavoie George , Assanis Dennis
Published: June 2012

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) offers great potential for improved fuel economy and dramatically reduced NOx emissions, compared to typical spark ignition (SI) combustion. However, the benefits of HCCI are limited to low and medium loads by the simultaneous occurrence of combustion instability and knock at a maximum load that is too low for conventional SI combustion. To provide smooth operation in the intermediate range between HCCI and SI requires alternative combustion strategies. One such strategy is spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI), which uses a spark plug to initiate a flame that consumes a portion of the mixture, followed by autoignition of the remaining charge. This moderates the rapid heat release and allows higher loads to be achieved without exceeding knock and stability limits. In a recent study, we have explored this region and have found that spark assist at first dramatically reduces knock as load is raised above the HCCI limit; however, with further load increase, knock returns but in a form that resembles spark ignited knock rather than the HCCI knock. This study investigates in detail the knocking conditions observed in that work. The objectives of this study are twofold: first, to explore the differences between the two forms of knock and second, to apply and compare a number of commonly used metrics for knock and noise over the range of HCCI, SACI, and SI combustion. Experimental data were acquired on a single-cylinder DI research engine equipped with a fully flexible valve actuation (FFVA) system and fueled by research-grade gasoline. Cycle to cycle results based on filtered pressure traces are shown and compared with a number of knock measures including a widely used correlation for ringing intensity for HCCI combustion. Although based on a limited set of data, the results identify important qualitative features of the two forms of knock and point out significant differences among the knock metrics. The results suggest that further investigations are needed to fully understand both the knocking phenomenon and how best to quantify it.