bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3d Transition metal doping induced charge rearrangement and transfer to enhance overall water-splitting on Ni3S2(101) facet: a first-principles calculation study
Authors: Zhang Minghao , Shao Xiaodong , Liu Lu , Xu Xiaoyong , Pan Jing , Hu Jingguo
Published: September 2022

Cost-efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts with good stability and high activity are in great demand to replace noble-metal-based catalysts for overall water-splitting.
An ESIPT-ICT steered naphthylthioic-based ionic probe with dual emissive channels exhibiting CHEF and CHEQ effects
Authors: Amputu Martha N. , Naimhwaka Johannes , Uahengo Veikko
Published: September 2022

A naphthylthioic-based emissive probe (M) bearing a hydroxyl and amine group was designed and synthesized via a one-step Schiff base reaction process.
Mn-doped Co3O4 for acid, neutral and alkaline electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Silva Ana Luisa , Esteves Laura M. , Silva Ludmila P. C. , Ramos Vitor S. , Passos Fabio B. , Carvalho Nakédia M. F.
Published: September 2022

This work reports the application of Mn-doped Co3O4 oxides in the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in different pH electrolytes. Higher Co : Mn molar ratio presented lower electron transfer resistance and the most promising activity.
Synthesis and characterization of aramid composites reinforced with silanized graphene platelets
Authors: Alhendal Abdullah , Shiju Jessy , Rashad Mohamed , Al-Sagheer Fakhreia , Ahmad Zahoor
Published: September 2022

The synthesis and characterization of aramid composites reinforced with graphene platelets are reported.
Organocatalytic diastereo- and enantioselective conjugate addition of pyrazol-3-ones to 3-trifluoroethylidene oxindoles with a newly developed squaramide catalyst
Authors: Han Zhao , Jin Jiaping , Woldegiorgis Alemayehu Gashaw , Lin Xufeng
Published: September 2022

Organocatalytic diastereo- and enantioselective conjugate addition of pyrazol-3-ones to 3-trifluoroethylidene oxindoles with a newly developed squaramide catalyst has been developed.
Development of Cu(ii)-specific peptide shuttles capable of preventing Cu–amyloid beta toxicity and importing bioavailable Cu into cells
Authors: Okafor Michael , Gonzalez Paulina , Ronot Pascale , El Masoudi Islah , Boos Anne , Ory Stéphane , Chasserot-Golaz Sylvette , Gasman Stéphane , Raibaut Laurent , Hureau Christelle , Vitale Nicolas , Faller Peter
Published: September 2022

The synthetic peptide AKH-αR5W4NBD was designed as a shuttle to counteract copper imbalance in Alzheimer’s disease. In vitro, this shuttle is able to abstract Cu(ii) selectively from amyloid-β and transport it into cells in a bioavailable form.
A highly contorted push–pull naphthalenediimide dimer and evidence of intramolecular singlet exciton fission
Authors: Bansal Deepak , Kundu Arup , Singh Vijay Pal , Pal Arun K. , Datta Ayan , Dasgupta Jyotishman , Mukhopadhyay Pritam
Published: September 2022

We report for the first-time intramolecular singlet fission (SF) in the naphthalenediimide (NDI) scaffold constrained in a cyclophane architecture, while individually the NDI units does not satisfy the requisite energy criterion for SF.
Tailoring charge reconfiguration in dodecahedral Co2P@carbon nanohybrids by triple-doping engineering for promoted reversible oxygen catalysis
Authors: Li Luhan , Zhang Lei , Nie Zhicheng , Ma Wenyu , Li Nianpeng , Wågberg Thomas , Hu Guangzhi
Published: September 2022

A robust and advanced N/P co-doped carbon-based dodecahedron catalyst with confined Fe-doped Co2P particles was successfully prepared through a multi-doping engineering strategy.
β- and γ-NiFeOOH electrocatalysts for an efficient oxygen evolution reaction: an electrochemical activation energy aspect
Authors: Lin Zheng , Bu Pengpeng , Xiao Ye , Gao Qiulu , Diao Peng
Published: September 2022

The low activation energy on β-NiFeOOH is the key origin of its superior OER activity to other NiFe-based electrocatalysts.
Graphite–metal composite electrodes with a tunable work function for use in optoelectronic devices
Authors: Kesavan Arul Varman , Khot Atul C. , Dongale Tukaram D. , Son Kyung Rock , Ramamurthy Praveen C. , Kim Tae Geun
Published: September 2022

In electronic devices, the work function (WF) of the electrodes must be tailored to achieve a well-aligned Ohmic or Schottky contact.
Outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding performance in hydrothermally derived vanadium pentoxide–polyaniline aerogels
Authors: Narayanan Aparna Puthiyedath , Surendran Kuzhichalil Peethambharan
Published: September 2022

High EMI shielding and green index observed for hydrothermally derived V2O5-PANI aerogels.
Speech-Evoked Envelope Following Responses in Children and Adults
Authors: Easwar Vijayalakshmi , Purcell David , Lasarev Michael , McGrath Emma , Galloy Mary
Published: September 2022

Purpose:

Envelope following responses (EFRs) could be useful for objectively evaluating audibility of speech in children who are unable to participate in routine clinical tests. However, relative to adults, the characteristics of EFRs elicited by frequency-specific speech and their utility in predicting audibility in children are unknown.

Method:

EFRs were elicited by the first (F1) and second and higher formants (F2+) of male-spoken vowels /u/ and /i/ and by fricatives /ʃ/ and /s/ in the token /suʃi/ presented at 15, 35, 55, 65, and 75 dB SPL. The F1, F2+, and fricatives were low-, mid-, and high-frequency dominant, respectively. EFRs were recorded between the vertex and the nape from twenty-three 6- to 17-year-old children and 21 young adults with normal hearing. Sensation levels of stimuli were estimated based on behavioral thresholds.

Results:

In children, amplitude decreased with age for /ʃ/-elicited EFRs but remained stable for low- and mid-frequency stimuli. As a group, EFR amplitude and phase coherence did not differ from that of adults. EFR sensitivity (proportion of audible stimuli detected) and specificity (proportion of inaudible stimuli not detected) did not vary between children and adults. Consistent with previous work, EFR sensitivity increased with stimulus frequency and level. The type of statistical indicator used for EFR detection did not influence accuracy in children.

Conclusions:

Adultlike EFRs in 6- to 17-year-old typically developing children suggest mature envelope encoding for low- and mid-frequency stimuli. EFR sensitivity and specificity in children, when considering a wide range of stimulus levels and audibility, are ~77% and ~92%, respectively.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21136171
Low complexity duty cycle modulation model predictive current control of permanent magnet synchronous motor
Authors: Yu Deliang , Zhang Chuanchang , Guo Qingbo , Zhou Minghao
Published: September 2022

This study proposes a model predictive current control algorithm for the synchronous permanent magnet motor with low complexity duty cycle modulation. Three single‐phase voltage vectors are simulated to synthesize the target voltage vector that enables the current to achieve deadbeat control. The algorithm can change the amplitude and direction of the synthesized vector and extend the selection range of the synthesized vector to the whole hexagonal region. That is to say, this method can realize the deadbeat control of the d‐axis and q‐axis currents, and reduce the current pulsation. Moreover, this method only needs one action time operation, which can directly convert the action time of the voltage vector into a three‐phase duty cycle after equivalent processing and over‐modulation of the action time of the voltage vector. It is not necessary to traverse multiple sectors for optimization, which simplifies the modulation method and reduces the computational complexity. The effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method are verified by theoretical derivation and experimental results.
Fast diagnosis strategy for open‐circuit fault of switch devices in open‐winding PMSM system based on voltage error estimation
Authors: Yuan Guofeng , Zhang Chenguang , Zhang Xiaoguang , Xu Chi
Published: September 2022

In the dual inverter topology of open‐winding permanent magnet synchronous motor system, due to the symmetry of the topology, switch devices have high similarity in working characteristics, which undoubtedly increases the difficulty in locating faulty devices. In this paper, by analysing the difference of inverter output characteristics before and after switch devices open‐circuit fault, the relationship between the inverter output voltage error and fault location is found, and a fault diagnosis strategy is proposed. In this strategy, a construction method of fault phase characteristic current and the estimation equation of inverter output‐voltage error are designed. Then, the real‐time diagnosis of single device fault and two devices with the same characteristics fault at the same time is realized. Since the strategy proposed in this paper does not need additional voltage sensors, it has the same applicability as the traditional current method. In addition, the diagnosis method based on voltage information reduces the diagnosis time. Besides, this method is independent of the PWM strategy and is not sensitive to the phenomena of dead time and delayed insulated gate bipolar transistors switching. Finally, experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fault diagnosis strategy.
Wind power forecast based on broad learning system and simplified long short term memory network
Authors: Han Li , Li Mengjie , Wang Xiaojing , Lu Panpan
Published: September 2022

Due to its strong randomness and volatility, the modes of wind power are complex. After decomposing wind power time series into three subseries, the complex modes are deconstructed and each subseries maintain unique characteristics. Aiming at the characteristics of each subseries, a wind power forecast method based on Broad Learning System (BLS) and Simplified Long Short Term Memory (SLSTM) is proposed. Firstly, the decomposed subseries is analysed. The first layer subseries reflects the main amplitude changes caused by ramp events and the second represents the local fluctuations accompanying ramp events. Due to the randomness of ramp events, new modes appear frequently in the two subseries. The third layer subseries consists of continuous irregular jitter. Then, the BLS is introduced to forecast the first and second layer subseries. By adjusting its structure dynamically, various modes of ramp events can be learned from amplitude change and accompanying fluctuation. Additionally, according to the characteristics of the third layer subseries, continuous jitter needn't be transmitted in long‐term memory. Setting the forget gate to 0, SLSTM is proposed to forecast the third layer subseries. Finally, the wind power data from the Belgian ELIA website is used to verify the superiority of the proposed method.
Satellite shadows through stellar occultations
Authors: Groot Paul J.
Published: September 2022

Aims. The impact of mega-constellations of satellites in low-Earth orbit during nighttime optical observations is assessed.

Methods. Orbital geometry is used to calculate the impact of stellar occultations by satellites on the photometry of individual stars as well as the effect on the photometric calibration of wide-field observations.

Results. Starlink-type satellites will have occultation disks several arcseconds across. Together with occultation crossing times of 0.1−100 ms, this will lead to photometric ‘jitter’ on the flux determination of stars. The level of impact for a given star depends on the ratio of the integration time of the frame over the occultation crossing time. In current-day CCD-based synoptic surveys, this impact is negligible (≪1%), but with future CMOS-based wide-field surveys obtaining data at frequencies >1 Hz, the impact will grow towards complete dropouts. At integration times similar to the occultation crossing time, the orbit of a satellite can be traced using the occultation method. At even shorter integration times, the shape of the occulting satellite can be deduced.

Conclusions. Stellar occultations by passing satellites, enabled by high-speed CMOS technology, will be a new method for studying orbiting satellites. Large-scale monitoring programs will be needed to independently determine and update the orbits of satellites.
Evaluation of digital maturity for agricultural organizations based on DMPTSC analysis
Authors: Safiullin Niyaz A. , Kurakova Chulpan M. , Valeeva Gulnara A. , Yachina Luiza T.
Published: September 2022

It is impossible to perceive modern agricultural production without information and communication technologies. The authors analyze the modern state of agriculture in Russia and provide data confirming that agricultural organizations are the main producers of goods. The paper describes the departmental project “Digital Agriculture”, which is designed to increase the efficiency of agricultural production based on the introduction of digital technologies. The digital gap in rural areas is proved based on indicators of the use of information and communication technologies in urban and rural areas. The term “digital maturity” is defined in the aspect of digital transformation of agricultural organizations. The paper proposes the methodology to assess the digital maturity by groups of factors. A survey of the heads of large agricultural organizations was conducted according to the DMPTSC analysis, and measures were proposed to increase the efficiency of digital transformation of agricultural enterprises.
Synthesis of spatial five- and six-letter mechanisms with rotational pairs by the movement of the output link
Authors: Mudrov Alexander P. , Khabibullin Fanil F , Pikmullin Gennadi V. , Gurgenidze Zurab D.
Published: September 2022

The article discusses spatial mechanisms with rotational pairs that allow the movement of the output link or working body with a given accuracy while ensuring the necessary rigidity and reliability of the structure. Its durability is also significantly increased, energy losses are reduced, since all hinge assemblies (rotational kinematic pairs) are made on rolling bearings and are reliably isolated from the external environment. The article is also devoted to the synthesis (design) of functional spatial six-branch mechanisms with rotational pairs reproducing with a given accuracy the linear function of the change in the angle of rotation of the output link, provided it is fully rotatable. The objective function and dependencies necessary for the design of such mechanisms are obtained and an algorithm for solving this problem in CAD is developed.
Development and theoretical study of the impact of the working body on the soil
Authors: Kalimullin Marat , Salimzyanov Marat , Pervushin Vladimir , Latypov Rafkat , Ayugin Nikolay , Sharipov Renat
Published: September 2022

The article presents the theoretical results of the performance indicators of the defoliator. They depend on the parameters and modes of the defoliator operation. It operates on the basis of the description of the justification, which is provided in the work. The combined defoliator is aimed at removing potato tops with working bodies. They are multiple in number and they combine the consistency of their rotation including their vertical axis. Moreover, with the horizontal axis they are in the zone of their interaction without touching each other.
Pas-à-pas : trachéostomie temporaire par sonde chez le chien et le chat
Authors: Dekerle Bastien , Manassero Mathieu
Published: September 2022

La trachéostomie temporaire assure le rétablissement de la perméabilité des voies respiratoires en cas d’obstruction aiguë ou anticipée des voies respiratoires hautes. Les indications les plus fréquentes regroupent donc le syndrome obstructif des races brachycéphales, la paralysie laryngée, les traumatismes cervicaux, les corps étrangers laryngés, l’œdème laryngé et les néoplasies pharyngées, laryngées ou trachéales supérieures. L’abord chirurgical et la technique de mise en place sont relativement aisés mais plusieurs astuces doivent être adoptées pour faciliter la gestion postopératoire des animaux en soins intensifs. En effet, des complications à court terme très fréquentes, comme les obstructions et délogements de sonde, peuvent survenir brutalement et s’avérer mortelles. Dans ce sens, l’utilisation de sondes à double lumière et le fait de réserver le gonflement des ballonnets aux cas nécessitant une ventilation mécanique facilitent grandement la gestion postopératoire et diminuent la survenue de complications. En général, la surveillance rapprochée et le retrait de la sonde dès que possible confèrent aux animaux opérés d’une trachéostomie temporaire un bon pronostic, bien que celui-ci reste dépendant de la condition initiale et de la survenue de complications à long terme comme les sténoses trachéales.
Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy breast cancer planning: An evaluation study comparing two techniques using homemade phantom
Authors: Saeed M.K. , Sulieman A. , Abdullah Y.M. , Yousef M. , Ali A.S.A.M. , Alzoubi A.S.
Published: September 2022

Anthropomorphic phantoms, which can provide equivalent human tissue densities, are one of the best solutions for verifying the quality of radiotherapy treatment plans produced by treatment planning systems. The goal of this work was to develop and fabricate a breast phantom to estimate radiation doses to the breast, lung, and surface using radiochromic films (EBT3) for basically two techniques of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) treatment planning. Thirty-two acrylic slices were used to construct the phantom. Cork and Teflon were used to mimic the lung and bone, respectively. Four slots were drilled for dosimetry purposes to allow access to the areas of ionization chamber installation. Both wedged and open of two tangential beams techniques were applied. With a mean deviation of 1.02 ± 1.1, the variation between estimated point doses and measurements using the three ionization chambers ranged from 2.9 to 1.4%. Using 0, 5 and 10 mm boluses, the mean percentage doses on the target surface were 54.7, 88.6 and 91.7% of the prescribed dose (PD), respectively. The homemade phantom was appropriate for conducting quality control (QC) tests for 3D-CRT planning techniques for breast radiotherapy.
Uncovering Discrepancies in IV Vancomycin Infusion Records between Pump Logs and EHR Documentation
Authors: Tung Tsan-Hua , DeLaurentis Poching , Yih Yuehwern
Published: September 2022

Background Infusion start time, completion time, and interruptions are the key data points needed in both area under the concentration–time curve (AUC)- and trough-based vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). However, little is known about the accuracy of documented times of drug infusions compared with automated recorded events in the infusion pump system. A traditional approach of direct observations of infusion practice is resource intensive and impractical to scale. We need a new methodology to leverage the infusion pump event logs to understand the prevalence of timestamp discrepancies as documented in the electronic health records (EHRs).

Objectives We aimed to analyze timestamp discrepancies between EHR documentation (the information used for clinical decision making) and pump event logs (actual administration process) for vancomycin treatment as it may lead to suboptimal data used for therapeutic decisions.

Methods We used process mining to study the conformance between pump event logs and EHR data for a single hospital in the United States from July to December 2016. An algorithm was developed to link records belonging to the same infusions. We analyzed discrepancies in infusion start time, completion time, and interruptions.

Results Of the 1,858 infusions, 19.1% had infusion start time discrepancy more than ± 10 minutes. Of the 487 infusion interruptions, 2.5% lasted for more than 20 minutes before the infusion resumed. 24.2% (312 of 1,287) of 1-hour infusions and 32% (114 of 359) of 2-hour infusions had over 10-minute completion time discrepancy. We believe those discrepancies are inherent part of the current EHR documentation process commonly found in hospitals, not unique to the care facility under study.

Conclusion We demonstrated pump event logs and EHR data can be utilized to study time discrepancies in infusion administration at scale. Such discrepancy should be further investigated at different hospitals to address the prevalence of the problem and improvement effort.
Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)-Guided Paravalvular Leak (PVL) Closure: Expanding Horizons Beyond Operating Room
Authors: Singh Rashmi , Kapoor Poonam Malhotra
Published: September 2022

Paravalvular leak (PVL) is a common, yet challenging entity occurring due to dehiscence of the annular tissue around the prosthetic valve, resulting in regurgitation of blood retrogradely. Although any prosthetic valve can be subjected to the risk of developing PVL, it is most commonly reported with the mitral valve followed by the aortic valve. The incidence of mitral PVL is around 7 to 17%, whereas with the aortic valve it is 5 to 10%. Symptomology can vary from asymptomatic patients with mild PVL to disabling symptoms pertaining to heart failure and hemolysis. TEE plays a pivotal role in the overall assessment along with procedural guidance for their closure. Multiple two-dimensional (2D) imaging views are required to scan the entire sewing ring diameter of a prosthetic valve. Three-dimensional (3D) TEE can give crucial information such as the number, size, shape, and circumference of the defects. 3D mitral en face view can give anatomical localization of the defect. During the procedure, TEE can assist in the confirmation of the position of the guidewire through the defect and not through the prosthetic valve. It also helps to conform to the adequate positioning of the vascular plug device and unrestrictive movement of the native prosthetic heart valve. TEE when combined with fluoroscopy can help in real-time guidance of passage of the guidewire and transcatheter device in relation to the prosthetic valve. Recently, Ahmed et al have named this technology as “Fusion Technique,” where they have combined real-time 2D and 3D TEE with fluoroscopy to facilitate the closure of PVL. Now that the time of minimally invasive surgery has taken over conventional surgery and fast tracking and enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) is the need of the moment, percutaneous PVL closure is preferred over surgical PVL closure. A study done by Gakrinho et al showed that percutaneous PVL closure has a reasonable success rate along with a low complication rate and the results are comparable to surgical treatment in high-risk patients. We hereby share our experience of the successful closure of PVL via the transcatheter technique using various 2D and 3D techniques.
Sepsis Associated with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Jain Aashish , Mehta Yatin
Published: September 2022

Sepsis in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) remains a serious complication. Its presence is a poor prognostic marker and increases overall mortality. Adult patients with prolonged duration on ECMO are at high risk of developing sepsis. Ventilator-associated pneumonia and bloodstream infections are the main sources of infection these patients. A strong early suspicion, drawing adequate volume for blood cultures, and early and timely administration of empirical antibiotics can help control the infection and decrease the morbidity and mortality. The diagnostic and the treatment are both challenging. Cardiac patients have increased risk of nosocomial infection while on ECMO, which may be in part due to longer cannulation times, as well as increased likelihood of undergoing major procedures or having an open chest.
An improved compressed sensing method for dynamic impact signals based on cubic spline interpolation
Authors: Xu Fujing , Wang Yuting , Jia Tingwei , Jing Ruirui , Zhang Qianqian
Published: September 2022

During the dynamic acquisition of impact signals, a high sampling frequency brings significant challenges to the analog-to-digital converter and other test systems. To address this issue, in this study, an improved compressed sensing (CS) method is proposed for the measurement of impact signals based on cubic spline interpolation (CSI). According to the characteristics of the dynamic impact signal, a random non-uniform sampling strategy combining CS and CSI is presented. The CSI obviously reduces the number of observation points required by the traditional CS. To resolve the problem that the traditional orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm can only guarantee the local optimal solution but cannot obtain the global optimal solution, an improved orthogonal matching pursuit (IOMP) algorithm is proposed. First, n atoms related to residuals are selected to build a local atomic dictionary. Subsequently, the atom most relevant to the signal observation result is selected from the local atomic dictionary. The iteration process is repeated until enough atoms are selected. The IOMP algorithm effectively improves the success rate of reconstruction. Finally, an impact signals test platform based on the Machete hammer is established. The results of theoretical simulations and several experiments indicate that the data reconstruction error of the proposed improved CS method for impact signals is approximately 5.0%.
Beam-driven whistler mode nonlinear saturation and turbulence in the magnetopause
Authors: Jyoti  , Sharma Suresh C. , Pathak Neha , Sharma R. P.
Published: September 2022

This work presents a model to understand the generation of whistler turbulence in the magnetic reconnection region of magnetopause by the energetic electron beams (generated by magnetic reconnection process) as observed by magnetospheric multiscale mission [Zhao et al., J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys. 126, e2020JA028525 (2021)]. In this model, the magnetic reconnection process has been replaced by the energetic electron beam source. Hence, the beam-driven whistler-mode dynamical equation has been set up by anticipating that it will grow from noise level due to beam energy and then will attain large amplitude such that nonlinear effects due to ponderomotive force will lead to the localization of whistler waves, and finally, this will lead to the turbulent state. For this, a non-linear two-dimensional fluid model is developed in which nonlinear interaction between high-frequency whistler wave and low-frequency ion acoustic wave (IAW) is pertinent to the magnetopause region. Due to large-amplitude whistler waves, ponderomotive force components emerge, which are included in IAW's nonlinear dynamics. The system of the dimensionless equations consists of the dynamics of whistler wave and IAW, and this has been solved by the numerical method. The results of the simulation show that the whistler's temporal evolution results in localized structures that eventually lead to turbulence. The relevance of the present investigation to the recent observations has also been pointed out.
Quasilinear theory of general electromagnetic fluctuations including discrete particle effects for magnetized plasmas: General analysis
Authors: Schlickeiser R. , Yoon P. H.
Published: September 2022

The general quasilinear Fokker–Planck kinetic equation for the gyrophase-averaged plasma particle distribution functions in magnetized plasmas is derived, making no restrictions on the energy of the particles and on the frequency of the electromagnetic fluctuations and avoiding the often made Coulomb approximation of the electromagnetic interactions. The inclusion of discrete particle effects breaks the dichotomy of nonlinear kinetic plasma theory divided into the test particle and the test fluctuation approximation because it provides expression of both the non-collective and collective electromagnetic fluctuation spectra in terms of the plasma particle distribution functions. Within the validity of the quasilinear approach, the resulting full quasilinear transport equation can be regarded as a determining nonlinear equation for the time evolution of the plasma particle distribution functions.
Local structure analysis of disordered materials via contrast variation in scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Kimoto Koji , Shiga Motoki , Kohara Shinji , Kikkawa Jun , Cretu Ovidiu , Onodera Yohei , Ishizuka Kazuo
Published: September 2022

The crystallographic structures of disordered materials are typically analyzed using diffractometry techniques, such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), neutron diffraction (ND), and electron diffraction (ED). Here, we demonstrate a novel technique to analyze the local structure of disordered materials via scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) under a contrast variation scheme. Contrast variation is a scheme used for the analysis of bulk materials, which combines two different diffractometry techniques with discrete scattering factors, such as ND and XRD. The STEM image contrasts of annular dark-field (ADF) and annular bright-field (ABF) imaging, which are characterized by different atomic number dependences, are simultaneously utilized. Simulated STEM images of amorphous SiO2 are examined using Fourier transform and autocorrelation operations, revealing that the Fourier transforms of ADF and ABF images are consistent with the results of conventional XRD/ED and ND techniques, respectively. The autocorrelation of the ABF image indicates the short-range ordering of light elements, which cannot be accomplished using conventional TEM, ED, and XRD techniques. As such, employing the contrast variation scheme in STEM imaging paves the way for analyzing the local crystallographic structure of non-monoatomic materials.
Effects of Growth and Reproductive History on the Egg Size–Fecundity Trade‐off in Steelhead
Authors: Quinn Thomas P. , Seamons Todd R. , Vøllestad Leif Asbjørn , Duffy Elisabeth
Published: September 2022

The allocation of energy by females into different components of reproduction is critical and includes trade‐offs between egg size and number. In anadromous salmonids, it is unclear whether the allocation patterns are determined by the growing conditions experienced when the fish are in freshwater or at sea or by the female's reproductive history. We collected data on length, egg size, and fecundity from female steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss that had spent 1 year in freshwater and then 2 (designated 1.2) or 3 years at sea (1.3) before spawning for the first time. We also collected the same data from females spawning for the second time but of the same age as those spawning after 3 years for the first time (1.1S1). The older females were longer than the younger ones, but there was considerable overlap in length. The repeat‐spawning fish were shorter than fish of the same age that were spawning for the first time, which reflected the reduction in growth associated with the previous spawning migration and reproductive event. Fish length was positively correlated with egg size and fecundity, but the 1.2 females had smaller eggs for their size than did the 1.3 fish, which implied an effect of growth rate at sea. We then measured scales from a subset of the fish as an index of individual fish size at the time of seaward migration and size after their first year of growth at sea. Fish that matured first after 2 years at sea were slightly larger as smolts but grew significantly more in their first year at sea than did those maturing a year later. However, neither measure was related to egg size or egg number after adjustment for length. The processes controlling the egg size–fecundity trade‐off in steelhead and other salmonid species remain unclear, but the present evidence is incompatible with the hypothesis that growth in freshwater as juveniles determines reproductive trade‐offs at maturity by females.
Estimation of Genetic Diversity within and among Populations of Oncorhynchus mykiss in a Coastal River Experiencing Spatially Variable Hatchery Augmentation
Authors: Heggenes Jan , Beere Mark , Tamkee Patrick , Taylor Eric B.
Published: September 2022

The allelic variation at 10 microsatellite loci was assayed in potentially wild rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout) collected from 11 tributaries and three upper main‐stem river sites (n = 547) in the Kitimat River, central British Columbia, and compared with the variation in steelhead from areas within the lower river (n = 333), where a hatchery has operated since 1984. The objective was to see whether the genetic structure of O. mykiss in the upper river was influenced by hatchery‐reared fish stocked in the lower river. Measures of genetic diversity indicated that tributary and upper‐river diversity were similar to what has previously been documented for wild populations. The level of genetic subdivision (θ) was significant (θ = 0.031), indicating that genetic structure exists, and was higher than that among sites located in the lower main‐stem river where the hatchery operates (θ = 0.004). Bayesian assignment clustering suggested the existence of a genetic structure (K = 3) in O. mykiss in the upper river. The overall spatial pattern, however, identified no clearly separate genetic populations; rather, the genetic structure appeared to be an overlapping mosaic of modestly genetically divergent localities. We conclude that indigenous wild O. mykiss populations exist in the tributaries and the upper main‐stem river and its tributaries. These upper‐river populations appear to have retained genetic diversity and differentiation despite extensive releases of hatchery fish in the lower river.
Diel Turnover of Assemblages of Fish and Shrimp on Sandbanks in a Temperate Floodplain River
Authors: Roach Katherine A. , Winemiller Kirk O.
Published: September 2022

Seven sandbanks in the main channel of the Brazos River, Texas, were sampled a total of 35 times during both day (1800–1900 hours) and night (2200–2300 hours) in June and July 2008 to examine the diel turnover of fish assemblages. Day samples had an average of 10.1 species, whereas night samples had an average of 12.9 species. Average abundance (catch per unit effort, here defined as the number of individuals per 10‐m seine haul) for day samples was 41.5, compared with 80.5 for night samples. Species richness and abundance were significantly greater on sandbanks at night. Additionally, nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis and cluster analysis indicated consistent differences in assemblage structure between day and night samples. Most of the diel change in assemblage structure was due to ictalurids and palaemonids (freshwater decapod crustaceans) that were only common on sandbanks nocturnally. Catastomids, clupeids, cyprinids, and poeciliids were present on sandbanks both diurnally and nocturnally. Species that exclusively use sandbank habitats may be foraging during the day and seeking refuge from predators at night. Nocturnal species apparently move onto sandbank habitats at night for foraging and then migrate to deeper, more structurally complex habitats during the day to escape predation. Diel turnover of sandbank fish assemblages may be a general phenomenon in lotic ecosystems, but it is apparently not as pronounced in temperate rivers as in tropical rivers. Diel changes in habitat use deserve greater study because species assemblage structure and habitat use are the basis for ecological niche models used to predict species distributions based on climate change scenarios as well as physical habitat simulation models designed to determine instream flows.
Distinguishing between Natural and Hatchery Snake River Fall Chinook Salmon Subyearlings in the Field Using Body Morphology
Authors: Tiffan Kenneth F. , Connor William P.
Published: September 2022

We used body morphology to distinguish between natural‐ and hatchery‐origin subyearling fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in rearing areas of the Snake River and at a downstream dam during seaward migration. Using subjective eye and body shape characteristics, field personnel correctly classified 88.9–100% of natural subyearlings (N = 626) and 90.0–100% of hatchery subyearlings (N = 867) in rearing areas from 2001 to 2008. The morphological characteristics used by these personnel proved to have a quantitative basis, as was shown by digital photography and principal components analysis. Natural subyearlings had smaller eyes and pupils, smaller heads, deeper bodies, and shorter caudal peduncles than their hatchery counterparts during rearing and at the dam. A discriminant function fitted from this set of morphological characteristics classified the origin of fish during rearing and at the dam with over 97% accuracy. We hypothesize that these morphological differences were primarily due to environmental influences during incubation and rearing because it is highly probable that a large portion of the natural juveniles we studied were the offspring of hatchery × hatchery mating in the wild. The findings in this paper might provide guidance for others seeking to differentiate between natural and hatchery fish.
Gonad Development in Triploid Ornamental Koi Carp and Results of Crossing Triploid Females with Diploid Males
Authors: Gomelsky Boris , Schneider Kyle J , Anil1 Ammu , Delomas Thomas A
Published: September 2022

Gonad development in 4-year-old triploid and diploid ornamental koi, a variant of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio, from corresponding heat-shocked and control progenies was investigated. Diploid males were normally mature. Triploid males from heat-shocked progeny demonstrated development of testes typical for triploid fish; triploid males did not release sperm and their testes had a pinkish color and were significantly reduced in size. Diploid females were normally mature and their gonadosomatic indices (GSIs) varied from 7.5% to 30.7% and the mean value was 21.3%. Triploid females had unexpectedly well-developed ovaries, which were filled with fully grown oocytes; their GSIs varied from 4.2% to 30.1% and the the mean value was 17.0%. Four triploid koi females released large quantities (from 260,000 to 394,500 eggs per female) of ovulated eggs after hormonal injection. Eggs from triploid females were fertilized with sperm from normal diploid koi males. Mass mortality of hatched larvae occurred at the swim-up stage, but about 32,000 swim-up larvae were obtained and stocked for further rearing. A total of 248 juveniles (or less than 1% from the number of stocked larvae) were collected from outdoor tanks. Ploidy analysis of juveniles (n = 110) showed that most of them were aneuploid with ploidy ranging from 2.3n to 2.9n with a mean value of 2.6n; two juveniles were diploid (2n). This shows that triploid koi females produced aneuploid eggs with a ploidy range from haploid to diploid level with the modal ploidy level around 1.5n, similar to the production of aneuploid spermatozoa observed earlier for triploid males in fish.
Situated Language Understanding as Filtering Perceived Affordances
Authors: Gorniak Peter , Roy Deb
Published: September 2022

We introduce a computational theory of situated language understanding in which the meaning of words and utterances depends on the physical environment and the goals and plans of communication partners. According to the theory, concepts that ground linguistic meaning are neither internal nor external to language users, but instead span the objective‐subjective boundary. To model the possible interactions between subject and object, the theory relies on the notion of perceived affordances: structured units of interaction that can be used for prediction at multiple levels of abstraction. Language understanding is treated as a process of filtering perceived affordances. The theory accounts for many aspects of the situated nature of human language use and provides a unified solution to a number of demands on any theory of language understanding including conceptual combination, prototypicality effects, and the generative nature of lexical items.

To support the theory, we describe an implemented system that understands verbal commands situated in a virtual gaming environment. The implementation uses probabilistic hierarchical plan recognition to generate perceived affordances. The system has been evaluated on its ability to correctly interpret free‐form spontaneous verbal commands recorded from unrehearsed game play between human players. The system is able to “step into the shoes” of human players and correctly respond to a broad range of verbal commands in which linguistic meaning depends on social and physical context. We quantitatively compare the system's predictions in response to direct player commands with the actions taken by human players and show generalization to unseen data across a range of situations and verbal constructions.
Combining Versus Analyzing Multiple Causes: How Domain Assumptions and Task Context Affect Integration Rules
Authors: Waldmann Michael R.
Published: September 2022

In everyday life, people typically observe fragments of causal networks. From this knowledge, people infer how novel combinations of causes they may never have observed together might behave. I report on 4 experiments that address the question of how people intuitively integrate multiple causes to predict a continuously varying effect. Most theories of causal induction in psychology and statistics assume a bias toward linearity and additivity. In contrast, these experiments show that people are sensitive to cues biasing various integration rules. Causes that refer to intensive quantities (e.g., taste) or to preferences (e.g., liking) bias people toward averaging the causal influences, whereas extensive quantities (e.g., strength of a drug) lead to a tendency to add. However, the knowledge underlying these processes is fallible and unstable. Therefore, people are easily influenced by additional task‐related context factors. These additional factors include the way data are presented, the difficulty of the inference task, and transfer from previous tasks. The results of the experiments provide evidence for causal model and related theories, which postulate that domain‐general representations of causal knowledge are influenced by abstract domain knowledge, data‐driven task factors, and processing difficulty.
From discreet resistances to Yellow Vests protests in platform capitalism? An ethnographic survey among bicycle delivery workers
Authors: Rubert Aldo
Published: September 2022

Based on ethnographic fieldwork with Parisian food delivery riders during 2018–2019, this article describes how these gig economy workers appropriate their own work to collectively resist the more restrictive dimensions of digital application control. These forms of resistance are often expressed as the refusal to ‘accept everything’. I show that domination is thus rejected by modelling a sense of labour respectability. These silenced resistances make it possible to recode an otherwise unpleasant job. Furthermore, I highlight how psychotropic substances appear to riders as a means of coping and escaping total capture. In a group composed mostly of men who claim a virile self-image, competition combines with peer solidarity in order to numb suffering while involuntary mystifying exploitation. Finally, I explore resistances against the State and the tax system, by introducing some riders who joined the Yellow Vests movement.
The low-density lipoprotein receptor–mTORC1 axis coordinates CD8+ T cell activation
Authors: Bonacina Fabrizia , Moregola Annalisa , Svecla Monika , Coe David , Uboldi Patrizia , Fraire Sara , Beretta Simona , Beretta Giangiacomo , Pellegatta Fabio , Catapano Alberico Luigi , Marelli-Berg Federica M. , Norata Giuseppe Danilo
Published: September 2022

Activation of T cells relies on the availability of intracellular cholesterol for an effective response after stimulation. We investigated the contribution of cholesterol derived from extracellular uptake by the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor in the immunometabolic response of T cells. By combining proteomics, gene expression profiling, and immunophenotyping, we described a unique role for cholesterol provided by the LDLR pathway in CD8+ T cell activation. mRNA and protein expression of LDLR was significantly increased in activated CD8+ compared to CD4+ WT T cells, and this resulted in a significant reduction of proliferation and cytokine production (IFNγ, Granzyme B, and Perforin) of CD8+ but not CD4+ T cells from Ldlr −/− mice after in vitro and in vivo stimulation. This effect was the consequence of altered cholesterol routing to the lysosome resulting in a lower mTORC1 activation. Similarly, CD8+ T cells from humans affected by familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) carrying a mutation on the LDLR gene showed reduced activation after an immune challenge.
Viral proteases activate the CARD8 inflammasome in the human cardiovascular system
Authors: Nadkarni Rhea , Chu Wern Cui , Lee Cheryl Q.E. , Mohamud Yasir , Yap Lynn , Toh Gee Ann , Beh Sheryl , Lim Radiance , Fan Yiyun Michelle , Zhang Yizhuo Lyanne , Robinson Kim , Tryggvason Karl , Luo Honglin , Zhong Franklin , Ho Lena
Published: September 2022

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NBD), leucine-rich repeat (LRR) containing protein family (NLRs) are intracellular pattern recognition receptors that mediate innate immunity against infections. The endothelium is the first line of defense against blood-borne pathogens, but it is unclear which NLRs control endothelial cell (EC) intrinsic immunity. Here, we demonstrate that human ECs simultaneously activate NLRP1 and CARD8 inflammasomes in response to DPP8/9 inhibitor Val-boro-Pro (VbP). Enterovirus Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3)—the most common cause of viral myocarditis—predominantly activates CARD8 in ECs in a manner that requires viral 2A and 3C protease cleavage at CARD8 p.G38 and proteasome function. Genetic deletion of CARD8 in ECs and human embryonic stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (HCMs) attenuates CVB3-induced pyroptosis, inflammation, and viral propagation. Furthermore, using a stratified endothelial–cardiomyocyte co-culture system, we demonstrate that deleting CARD8 in ECs reduces CVB3 infection of the underlying cardiomyocytes. Our study uncovers the unique role of CARD8 inflammasome in endothelium-intrinsic anti-viral immunity.
An examination of two Indian megajournals
Authors: XIA Jingfeng
Published: September 2022

This study analyzes two online open access peer‐reviewed Indian journals that each published more than 2,000 articles in 2013. It examines various characteristics of these journals, including their publishing policies, author profiles, and quality of articles with regard to language and presentation. The paper recommends taking megajournal publishing in the developing world into consideration of an ecosystem of scholarly communities.
Hawking radiation from an evaporating black hole via Bogoliubov transformations
Authors: Eyheralde Rodrigo
Published: September 2022

We study Hawking radiation on a Vaidya space-time with a gravitational collapse followed by evaporation. The collapsing body is a null thin-shell and the evaporation is induced by a negative energy collapsing null-shell. This mimics the back-reaction to the Hawking radiation. Using Hawking’s original method of Bogoliubov transformations we characterize the radiated spectrum in the near horizon approximation due to spherically symmetric modes as dominated by a thermal emission with an increasing effective temperature. We compute this time dependent temperature and find numerical agreement with results obtained by other techniques. The known divergences at the evaporation time are explained by the divergent nature of the effective temperature. As a consistency check, we re-derived the results from a zero mass limit of a remnant black hole scenario.