bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in 131 Chinese families with dystrophinopathy
Authors: Wang Huanhuan , Xu Yan , Liu Xiaoqing , Wang Lei , Jiang Wenting , Xiao Bing , Wei Wei , Chen Yingwei , Ye Weiping , Ji Xing
Published: February 2017

Objectives

The objective of this study is to report 6‐year clinical prenatal diagnosis experience of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)‐affected families evaluated at a single prenatal diagnosis center in China and establish a reliable and rational prenatal diagnosis procedure for DMD families.

Methods

The prenatal diagnosis data of 146 at‐risk pregnancies in 131 DMD families referred to our center from 2010 to 2016 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

The mutation detection rate of the probands was greater than 99%. In the 131 families, 50 mothers showed negative results during carrier testing, and de novo exon deletions arose in 51.1% of the probands. Of the 146 pregnancies, 91 were male fetuses, 34 of which were affected. Germline mosaicism was identified three times in this cohort, and recombination of the DMD gene was detected in nine cases.

Conclusions

Accurate genetic diagnosis of the proband is important for preventing recurrence in at‐risk families. The present results demonstrate the importance of considering maternal germline mosaicism in the genetic assessment. Prenatal diagnosis should be suggested to the parent with a DMD proband whether carrier testing found the causative mutation in the mother's blood or not. Finally, we have developed a prenatal diagnosis algorithm for dystrophinopathies that combines multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification, quantitative PCR, sequencing and linkage analyses. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvent‐ and catalysts‐free immobilization of tannic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone onto PMMA surface by DBD plasma
Authors: Klébert Szilvia , Károly Zoltán , Késmárki András , Domján Attila , Mohai Miklós , Keresztes Zsófia , Kutasi Kinga
Published: February 2017

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and tannic acid (TAN) macromolecules were attached to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) surface in a two‐step approach in order to establish a tailored tissue‐friendly surface layer. First PMMA surface was activated by an air diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge plasma and subsequently coated with these macromolecules. PVP and TAN which has antibacterial effects are widely used in food and drug industry, however, have never applied for polymer surface modification. Throughout characterization measurements confirm that during plasma treatment oxygen containing functional groups (OH, CO, COOH) incorporate in the surface. 1HNMR spectroscopy verified the strong H‐bonds between PVP and TAN, which rendered the layer‐by‐layer assembly of these molecules. The roughness increased considerably during plasma treatment, which can promote the further reactions with organic molecules.
Scale interaction during an extreme rain event over southeast India
Authors: Krishnamurti T. N. , Dubey S. , Kumar V. , Deepa R. , Bhardwaj A.
Published: February 2017

The major rains and floods over southeast India (during October through to December 2015) are addressed in the context of atmospheric scale interactions in the frequency domain. Some of the salient observational features of this period include: (i) the major El Niño of 2015, (ii) the stretch of lower tropospheric easterlies from the region of the warm sea‐surface temperature anomalies westwards to the east coast of India, (iii) presence of shear flow instability, in the presence of convection, along a long stretch of the easterly wind belt from the eastern Pacific Ocean to the eastern Bay of Bengal, (iv) large conversions of horizontal shear vorticity to curvature vorticity along this stretch of easterly trades, where these rain‐producing storms were forming, (v) an active IntraSeasonal Oscillation (ISO) time‐scale oscillation in the wind field that alternated between cyclonic and anticyclonic phases over southeast India during this period of heavy rains, and (vi) an active quasi‐biweekly oscillation that provides alternating onshore and offshore winds during this same period. The ISO and the quasi‐biweekly components contribute to the enhancement of the moisture supply from the Bay of Bengal during the extreme rain events. The synoptic scale receives its energy largely from organized convection within these disturbances on horizontal scales of the order of 2500 km. Other aspects such as the role of the sea‐surface temperatures of the Bay of Bengal and the role of Gill's antisymmetric heat source of the El Niño are also examined in this study.
Two‐dimensional mass spectrometry in a linear ion trap, an in silico model
Authors: van Agthoven Maria A. , O'Connor Peter B.
Published: February 2017

Rationale

Two‐dimensional mass spectrometry (2D MS) is a technique that correlates precursor and product ions in a sample without requiring prior ion isolation. Until now, this technique has only been implemented on Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers. By coupling 2D MS techniques in linear ion traps (LITs) with a mass analyser with a fast duty cycle (e.g. time‐of‐flight), data‐independent tandem mass spectrometry techniques can be compatible on a liquid chromatography (LC) or gas chromatography (GC) timescale.

Methods

The feasibility of 2D MS in a LIT is explored using SIMION ion trajectory calculations.

Results

By applying stored waveform inverse Fourier transform techniques for radial excitation on a LIT, the sizes of ion clouds were found to be modulated according to the ions' resonant frequencies in the LIT. By simulating a laser‐based fragmentation at the centre of the LIT after the radius modulation step, product ion abundances were found to be modulated according to the resonant frequency of their precursor.

Conclusions

A 2D mass spectrum could be obtained using the results from the simulation. This in silico model shows the feasibility of 2D MS on a LIT. 2D MS in a LIT allows for tandem mass spectrometry without ion isolation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When the Dust Settles: The Four Behaviors of LiDAR in the Presence of Fine Airborne Particulates
Authors: Phillips Tyson Govan , Guenther Nicky , McAree Peter Ross
Published: February 2017

This paper describes the behavior of a commercial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor in the presence of dust. This work is motivated by the need to develop perception systems that must operate where dust is present. This paper shows that the behavior of measurements from the sensor is systematic and predictable. LiDAR sensors exhibit four behaviors that are articulated and understood from the perspective of the shape‐of‐return signals from emitted light pulses. We subject the commercial sensor to a series of tests that measure the return pulses and show that they are consistent with theoretical predictions of behavior. Several important conclusions emerge: (i) where LiDAR measures dust, it does so to the leading edge of a dust cloud rather than as a random noise; (ii) dust starts to affect measurements when the atmospheric transmittance is less than 71%–74%, but this is quite variable with conditions; (iii) LiDAR is capable of ranging to a target in dust clouds with transmittance as low as 2% if the target is retroreflective and 6% if it is of low reflectivity; (iv) the effects of airborne particulates such as dust are less evident in the far field. The significance of this paper lies in providing insight into how better to use measurements from off‐the‐shelf LiDAR sensors in solving perception problems.
Research Trends in Security and DDoS in SDN
Authors: Dayal Neelam , Maity Prasenjit , Srivastava Shashank , Khondoker Rahamatullah
Published: February 2017

Software‐Defined Networks (SDNs) are emerging as one of the most promising new era network technologies with its centralized and easily programmable nature. Many security issues with legacy networks could easily be resolved using SDNs central management and control; at the same time, security vulnerabilities of this technology are still the biggest concern of researchers and industries for adapting this technology.

In this paper, a comprehensive review on security aspects of SDN is presented, considering how researchers are utilizing its features for providing security as well as their concerns about its security. Further, a critical comparison of existing countermeasures against SDN security including distributed denial of service (DDoS) is presented. This analysis includes the research works that have been done since the origin of OpenFlow protocol till 2015, including the contributions made by industries as well as universities towards securing the SDN framework. We have also compared our survey with existing surveys.

The motivation behind this survey is to identify security concerns of SDN and ongoing research in this field. We have focused on DDoS in SDN mainly, which has not been much targeted by research surveys. By highlighting the current state of the art in this domain, we could facilitate researchers with a broad overview of advancement of research in SDN security and DDoS. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying the bias in the estimated treatment effect in randomized trials having interim analyses and a rule for early stopping for futility
Authors: Walter S. D. , Han H. , Briel M. , Guyatt G. H.
Published: February 2017

In this paper, we consider the potential bias in the estimated treatment effect obtained from clinical trials, the protocols of which include the possibility of interim analyses and an early termination of the study for reasons of futility. In particular, by considering the conditional power at an interim analysis, we derive analytic expressions for various parameters of interest: (i) the underestimation or overestimation of the treatment effect in studies that stop for futility; (ii) the impact of the interim analyses on the estimation of treatment effect in studies that are completed, i.e. that do not stop for futility; (iii) the overall estimation bias in the estimated treatment effect in a single study with such a stopping rule; and (iv) the probability of stopping at an interim analysis.

We evaluate these general expressions numerically for typical trial scenarios. Results show that the parameters of interest depend on a number of factors, including the true underlying treatment effect, the difference that the trial is designed to detect, the study power, the number of planned interim analyses and what assumption is made about future data to be observed after an interim analysis. Because the probability of stopping early is small for many practical situations, the overall bias is often small, but a more serious issue is the potential for substantial underestimation of the treatment effect in studies that actually stop for futility.

We also consider these ideas using data from an illustrative trial that did stop for futility at an interim analysis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improve efficiency and reduce bias of Cox regression models for two‐stage randomization designs using auxiliary covariates
Authors: Yang Xue , Zhou Yong
Published: February 2017

Two‐stage randomization designs are broadly accepted and becoming increasingly popular in clinical trials for cancer and other chronic diseases to assess and compare the effects of different treatment policies. In this paper, we propose an inferential method to estimate the treatment effects in two‐stage randomization designs, which can improve the efficiency and reduce bias in the presence of chance imbalance of a robust covariate‐adjustment without additional assumptions required by Lokhnygina and Helterbrand (Biometrics, 63:422‐428)'s inverse probability weighting (IPW) method. The proposed method is evaluated and compared with the IPW method using simulations and an application to data from an oncology clinical trial. Given the predictive power of baseline covariates collected in this real data, our proposed method obtains 17–38% gains in efficiency compared with the IPW method in terms of overall survival outcome. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Three Component Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐3‐imidamide Substituted 1,2‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones
Authors: Mandal Arkalekha , Patel Bhisma K.
Published: February 2017

An efficient one‐pot three component synthesis of 2‐aryl‐3‐imidamide substituted 1,2‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones has been described herein using o‐aminobenzhydrazide, 2‐pyridine/pyrazinecarbonitrile and arylaldehydes as the coupling partners. In the resultant product the 2‐position is substituted with various aromatic or heterocyclic groups and substituents at the 3‐position are picolinimidamide, 5‐phenylpicolinimidamide and pyrazine‐2‐carboximidamide groups, thus generating an array of compounds. The present synthetic protocol is greener and superior to the existing methods.
Preventive effects of Ophiocordyceps sinensis mycelium on the liver fibrosis induced by thioacetamide
Authors: Wu Yi‐Hsieng Samuel , Tseng Jung‐Kai , Chou Chung‐Hsi , Chiu Chih‐Hsien , Lin Yi‐Ling , Chen Yi‐Chen
Published: February 2017

Thioacetamide (TAA), usually used as a fungicide to control the decay of citrus products, itself is not toxic to the liver, but its intermediates are able to increase oxidative stress in livers and further cause fibrosis. Ophiocordyceps sinensis mycelium (OSM) which contains 10% polysaccharides and 0.25% adenosine decreased (P < 0.05) the lipid accumulation and increased (P < 0.05) antioxidative capacity in livers of thioacetamide (TAA) injected rats. Meanwhile, the increased (P < 0.05) liver sizes, serum alanine transaminase (AST) and aspartate transaminase (ALT) values in thioacetamide (TAA)‐injected rats were ameliorated (P < 0.05) by OSM supplementation. Moreover, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as the tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), were also reduced (P < 0.05). The fibrosis phenomena in pathological (Masson's trichrome and H&E stainings) and immunohistochemical [α‐smooth actin (αSMA) and CD86/ED1] observations in TAA‐treated rats were reduced (P < 0.05) by OSM cotreatment. The protective effect of OSM against TAA‐induced liver inflammation/fibrosis may be via downregulations (P < 0.05) of TGF‐β pathways and NFκB which further influenced (P < 0.05) the expressions of fibrotic and inflammatory genes (i. e., αSMA, Col1α, COX2). Therefore, OSM shows preventive effects on the development of TAA‐induced hepatic fibrosis.
Increased anxiety‐like phenotype in female guinea pigs following reduced neurosteroid exposure in utero
Authors: Cumberland Angela L. , Palliser Hannah K. , Crombie Gabrielle K. , Walker David W. , Hirst Jonathan J.
Published: February 2017

Neurosteroids are essential for aiding proper fetal neurodevelopment. Pregnancy compromises such as preterm birth, prenatal stress and intrauterine growth restriction are associated with an increased risk of developing behavioural and mood disorders, particularly during adolescence. These pathologies involve the premature loss or alteration of trophic steroid hormones reaching the fetus leading to impaired neurodevelopment. While the specific programming mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated, in adult life, dysfunctions of allopregnanolone action are prevalent in individuals with depression, post‐traumatic stress disorder and anxiety disorders. The objective of this study was to assess if changes in concentrations of the neurosteroid, allopregnanolone, may be a fetal programming factor in priming the brain towards a negative behavioural phenotype during the childhood to adolescent period using a guinea pig model. Pregnant guinea pigs received either vehicle (45% (2‐hydroxypropyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin) or the 5α‐reductase inhibitor, finasteride (25 mg/kg maternal weight) from gestational age 60 until spontaneous delivery (∼71 days gestation). Male and female offspring from vehicle and finasteride treated dams were tested at postnatal day 20 (juvenile‐equivalence) in an open field arena, and hippocampus and amygdala subsequently assessed for neurological changes in markers of development and GABA production pathways 24 h later. Females with reduced allopregnanolone exposure in utero displayed increased neophobic‐like responses to a change in their environment compared to female controls. There were no differences in the neurodevelopmental markers assessed; MAP2, NeuN, MBP, GFAP or GAD67 between intrauterine finasteride or vehicle exposure, in either the hippocampus or amygdala whereas GAT1 staining was decreased. This study indicates that an intrauterine reduction in the supply of allopregnanolone programs vulnerability of female offspring to anxiety‐like disorders in juvenility without impacting long term allopregnanolone concentrations.
Psychosocial determinants of clustering health-compromising behaviors among Saudi male adolescents
Authors: Alzahrani Saeed G. , Sheiham Aubrey , Tsakos Georgios , Watt Richard G.
Published: February 2017

Background and objectives:

To assess whether the clustering of six specific health-compromising behaviors, namely, low fruit consumption, high sweet consumption, infrequent tooth brushing, physical inactivity, fighting and smoking, varied by different psychosocial determinants such as life satisfaction, peer relationships, self-confidence, and future orientation among male adolescents in Saudi Arabia.

Patients and methods:

A representative stratified cluster random sample of 1335 Saudi Arabian male adolescents living in the city of Riyadh answered a questionnaire on health-related behaviors. Poisson regression models were constructed separately for younger (13-14-years-old) and older (17-19-years- old) adolescents to assess variations between explanatory psychosocial variables and the clustering of six health-compromising behaviors, adjusting for father's education.

Results:

Older adolescents who perceived high levels of life satisfaction had a lower rate of clustering of multiple health-compromising behaviors compared to those reporting lower levels (RR: 1.22; 95%CI: 1.09–1.37), and the respective difference between those with high and those with middle levels of satisfaction was marginally non-significant (RR: 1.08; 95%CI: 0.98–1.19). Younger adolescents who reported that they felt "less than always” self-confident were more likely to have high clustering of health compromising behaviors compared to those who were always confident (RR: 1.08; 95%CI: 1.01–1.21). The clustering of multiple health-compromising behaviors was marginally associated with the frequency of evening meetings among older adolescents (RR: 1.03; 95%CI: 1.01–1.04 for each extra meeting), while the respective association among younger adolescents was marginally non-significant (RR: 1.02; 95%CI: 0.99–1.05). The association between clustering of health-compromising behaviors and future orientation was non-significant among both younger and older adolescents.

Conclusions:

Clustering of health-compromising behaviors was found to be associated with perceived life satisfaction and peer relationships among older male Saudi adolescents and with self-confidence among younger male Saudi adolescents in Riyadh.
Prevalence of celiac disease in Saudi children with Down syndrome
Authors: AlRuwaily Fawzah , Kattan Hoda A. , AlMehaidib Ali M. , AlDekhail Wajeeh
Published: February 2017

Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disease affecting the small intestine secondary to gluten exposure. The currently available treatment is lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). Several disorders are known to be associated with celiac disease, including Down syndrome (DS). In several studies, the prevalence of CD in DS ranged between 4 and 17%.

CD is prevalent in Arabs; however, few studies have been performed to determine the prevalence of CD in DS patients. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of CD in Saudi Down syndrome patients using serological markers and small bowel biopsy.

This is a retrospective study in which files relating to Down syndrome patients who were followed up in a general pediatric clinic at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center were reviewed regarding demographic data, serological markers and biopsy results.

Of the total number of patients reviewed (91), 7 were excluded because data were missing; the remaining 84 patients included 35 females and 49 males. The age range of the patients at the time of screening was from 1 to 18 years. Patient demographic data are shown in Table 1. Among the studied patients, antigliadin antibody (AGA) IgA was high in 27 patients (32.14%), and AGA IgG was high in 44 patients (52.38%). Twelve patients (14.28%) tested positive and 58 (69.04%) tested negative for anti- endomysial antibodies. Anti-tissue glutaminase antibody IgA was found to be high in 13 patients (15.5%) and normal in 54 patients (64.28%). Serum IgA levels were normal in 36 patients (43%) and low in 1 patient (1.2%). Biopsy was performed in 22 patients who tested positive for anti-endomysial or antitissue transglutaminase antibodies. The biopsies provided positive results in 9 patients (10.7%).

Our study showed a confirmed prevalence of 10.7% for celiac disease in Saudi patients with Down syndrome based on serology and biopsy; together with previous cases reported in the literature, this result indicates a need to screen these patients for celiac disease.
Homogenization of almost periodic monotone operators
Authors: Braides Andrea , Chiadò Piat Valeria , Defranceschi Anneliese
Published: February 2017

We determine some sufficient conditions for the G-convergence of sequences of quasi-linear monotone operators, together with an asymptotic formula for the G-limit. We then prove a homogenization theorem for quasiperiodic monotone operators and, eventually, extend this result to general almost periodic monotone operators using an approximation result and a closure lemma.

Nous déterminons quelques conditions suffisantes pour la G-convergence de suites d’opérateurs monotones quasi linéaires, avec une formule asymptotique pour la G-limite. Ensuite nous démontrons un théorème d’homogénéisation pour les opérateurs monotones quasipériodiques et, enfin, nous extendons ce résultat aux opérateurs monotones presque périodiques en utilisant un résultat d’approximation.
A Few Thoughts on Conceptual Analysis 30 Years Later
Authors: Jickling Bob
Published: February 2017

I am enormously grateful to the readers of this journal for their kind attention to this work over the past 30 years. Conceptual analysis, the subject of my article, is primarily about clarifying meanings of those key concepts that are central to our collective work. Given the number of nebulous concepts in environmental education, and in education in general, this work has never ceased to be important — though, sadly, it is often neglected. Take, for example, a concept currently in vogue, social learning. Two ways of approaching this sometimes fuzzy concept would be, first, for authors to provide a clear articulation of the term, in their own view. What exactly does the idea of social learning involve for an author, and what are the implications for its use in the particular context in which it is used? This is a lot like clarifying one's own assumption about a concept for the benefit of the author and reader alike, and something we should be able to expect from all authors. Second, researchers can analyse the scope of a concept's usage within a body of literature, such as Rodela (2012) has done with social learning. This kind of analysis can provide a kind of heuristic for other researchers to navigate the extant usage of a key concept, and to point in future directions.
Re-Negotiating Cultural Discourses
Authors: Whitehouse Hilary
Published: February 2017

This article documents the efforts of three women who undertook environmental action in their respective schools in the late 1990s. Two young women pushed through a number of barriers, including peer and family pressure, to create a recycling program. A principal defended her teachers to give students space for environmental learning within school grounds. One of the barriers they encountered was a persistent cultural discourse, through which those who embodied an ethics of care were positioned pejoratively as ‘greenies’. In response, the women positioned themselves as ‘not greenies’, in order to legitimise their environmental work. Ten years later, Neus Evans and I revisited this phenomenon (see Whitehouse & Evans, 2010). Dedicated educators, who saw their task as educating young people for their future, were again careful to constitute themselves as ‘not greenies’, while they innovated sensitive and sensible action in far northern schools. I remain interested in how cultural discourses both enable and act as barriers to sustainability practice, and in how environmental educators find themselves negotiating certain discourses in order to act.
Nature of the Farm: Revisited
Authors: Elliott Matthew , James Harvey S.
Published: February 2017

We empirically test separation of ownership and control (SOC) and the interaction of SOC with farmer effort on farm success using data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Resource Management Survey. We use a two-stage least-squares approach with instrumental variables that proxy for participation constraints in binding incentive contracts. We find that the interaction has a significantly positive effect on success for grain farms and an insignificant effect for livestock farms. The results are consistent with hypotheses by Allen and Lueck (1998), but our model predicts that farms with SOC are likely to be more successful than farms without SOC despite exogenous uncertainty and agency costs.
Applying Hospital Evidence to Paramedicine: Issues of Indirectness, Validity and Knowledge Translation
Authors: Bigham Blair , Welsford Michelle
Published: February 2017

The practice of emergency medicine (EM) has been intertwined with emergency medical services (EMS) for more than 40 years. In this commentary, we explore the practice of translating hospital based evidence into the prehospital setting. We will challenge both EMS and EM dogma—bringing hospital care to patients in the field is not always better. In providing examples of therapies championed in hospitals that have failed to translate into the field, we will discuss the unique prehospital environment, and why evidence from the hospital setting cannot necessarily be translated to the prehospital field. Paramedicine is maturing so that the capability now exists to conduct practice-specific research that can inform best practices. Before translation from the hospital environment is implemented, evidence must be evaluated by people with expertise in three domains: critical appraisal, EM, and EMS. Scientific evidence should be assessed for: quality and bias; directness, generalizability, and validity to the EMS population; effect size and anticipated benefit from prehospital application; feasibility (including economic evaluation, human resource availability in the mobile environment); and patient and provider safety.
Understanding the Behaviour of Children in Care before and after Parental Contact
Authors: Ainsworth Frank , Hansen Patricia
Published: February 2017

It is not uncommon to hear foster carers and child protection case workers comment about a child's behaviour both before and after parental contact. Frequently these comments are negative, the view being expressed that contact should be reduced because the children get upset at seeing their parents for a limited time, and then at having to separate from them. The child's resultant distress seems too difficult to manage for foster carers. Some foster parents even go so far as to suggest that parental contact should completely cease. This article sets out the rationale for parent–child contact after a Children's Court has ruled that there is “no realistic possibility of restoration” of a child to parental care. In doing so, the article revisits many of the old arguments put forward for reducing parent contact. However, alternative ways of approaching children's difficult behaviours both pre- and post-contact are also proposed to suggest different ways of managing these behaviours. The legislation and child protection practice in New South Wales provides the frame of reference for this article.
Decision Making in Child and Family Welfare: The Role of Tools and Practice Frameworks
Authors: Gillingham Philip , Harnett Paul , Healy Karen , Lynch Debby , Tower Marion
Published: February 2017

In this article, the findings of research that had, as one aim, the exploration of the role of decision-making tools and practice frameworks in supporting the decision making of practitioners working with children and families in non-government agencies in Queensland are presented. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 frontline practitioners in three agencies in five different locations. A general finding was that practitioners used a range of different tools and frameworks and found them supportive. The pertinence of these findings is discussed in relation to recent developments in the provision of services for children and families in Queensland, namely the new funding of non-government agencies to provide early intervention supportive services to children and families and the implementation of a single practice framework to guide practice across the sector. Areas for future research in Queensland are identified to further investigate the role of tools in frontline practice with children and families and which may also contribute to debates more broadly about the development and implementation of practice frameworks to support practitioners.
Assisting Carers to Respond to the Mental Health Needs of Children
Authors: Fergeus Josh , Humphreys Cathy , Harvey Carol , Herrman Helen
Published: February 2017

Across the developed world, efforts are being made to identify and develop effective interventions that will reduce the prevalence and severity of mental health problems among children and young people in out-of-home care. Foster and kinship carers have been identified as critically important in this process. In order to develop an understanding of what interventions and/or supports assist carers in responding effectively to the mental health needs of the children and young people in their care, a scoping review was undertaken. Using the scoping study method, 1064 publications were identified, and 82 publications were selected for further analysis. The review shows that promising interventions that aim to improve the mental health of children and young people living in out-of-home care have been developed and trialled both in Australia and internationally. However, the review also highlights the lack of research specifically focused on the role of the carer.
Editorial – What's in a room?
Authors: Sanders Rachael
Published: February 2017

Welcome to the first issue of Children Australia for 2017. This year we hope to continue to bring you a range of content to do with children and young people's health, care and wellbeing. This issue covers a variety of topics, and the next will be a themed issue based on presentations given at the 2016 Australian Childhood Foundation conference on trauma. As always, we welcome and encourage submissions from both new and seasoned researchers, as well as those of you working in the field who may like to share your thoughts and innovations in a practice commentary. While on the topic of working in the field, I thought I would take a moment to consider the ways that space or the built environment can impact upon children when engaging with services.
Snowflakes in the atmospheric surface layer: observation of particle–turbulence dynamics
Authors: Nemes Andras , Dasari Teja , Hong Jiarong , Guala Michele , Coletti Filippo
Published: February 2017

We report on optical field measurements of snow settling in atmospheric turbulence at $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}=940$. It is found that the snowflakes exhibit hallmark features of inertial particles in turbulence. The snow motion is analysed in both Eulerian and Lagrangian frameworks by large-scale particle imaging, while sonic anemometry is used to characterize the flow field. Additionally, the snowflake size and morphology are assessed by digital in-line holography. The low volume fraction and mass loading imply a one-way interaction with the turbulent air. Acceleration probability density functions show wide exponential tails consistent with laboratory and numerical studies of homogeneous isotropic turbulence. Invoking the assumption that the particle acceleration has a stronger dependence on the Stokes number than on the specific features of the turbulence (e.g. precise Reynolds number and large-scale anisotropy), we make inferences on the snowflakes’ aerodynamic response time. In particular, we observe that their acceleration distribution is consistent with that of particles of Stokes number in the range $St=0.1{-}0.4$ based on the Kolmogorov time scale. The still-air terminal velocities estimated for the resulting range of aerodynamic response times are significantly smaller than the measured snow particle fall speed. This is interpreted as a manifestation of settling enhancement by turbulence, which is observed here for the first time in a natural setting.
Comparative drilling predation on time-averaged phosphatized and nonphosphatized assemblages of the minute clypeasteroid echinoidEchinocyamus stellatusfrom Miocene offshore sediments (Globigerina Limestone Formation, Malta)
Authors: Grun Tobias B. , Kroh Andreas , Nebelsick James H.
Published: February 2017

Fossilized tests of 1,053Echinocyamus stellatus(Capeder, 1906) from the Miocene Globigerina Limestone Formation exposed on the northern coast of Gozo (Maltese Islands) were analyzed for predation traces. Specimens mixed by time-averaging processes can be clearly separated into two distinct samples according to their preservation as phosphatized or nonphosphatized individuals. Overall, 11.1% of the tests reveal holes that are referred to the ichnospeciesOichnus simplex(Bromley, 1981). Because of the hole morphology and diameter, the holes are interpreted as predatory drill holes, most likely produced by cassid gastropods. Redeposited phosphatized echinoids derived from an earlier period of reduced sedimentation rates show drilling frequencies of 20.5%. Younger, autochthonous, nonphosphatized echinoids show drilling frequencies of 8.1%. In both samples, predators predominantly targeted the aboral side of the echinoid test, particularly on the petalodium.
Phylogeny and morphologic evolution of the Ordovician Camerata (Class Crinoidea, Phylum Echinodermata)
Authors: Cole Selina R.
Published: February 2017

The subclass Camerata (Crinoidea, Echinodermata) is a major group of Paleozoic crinoids that represents an early divergence in the evolutionary history and morphologic diversification of class Crinoidea, yet phylogenetic relationships among early camerates remain unresolved. This study conducted a series of quantitative phylogenetic analyses using parsimony methods to infer relationships of all well-preserved Ordovician camerate genera (52 taxa), establish the branching sequence of early camerates, and test the monophyly of traditionally recognized higher taxa, including orders Monobathrida and Diplobathrida. The first phylogenetic analysis identified a suitable outroup for rooting the Ordovician camerate tree and assessed affinities of the atypical dicyclic family Reteocrinidae. The second analysis inferred the phylogeny of all well-preserved Ordovician camerate genera. Inferred phylogenies confirm: (1) the Tremadocian genera Cnemecrinus and Eknomocrinus are sister to the Camerata; (2) as historically defined, orders Monobathrida and Diplobathrida do not represent monophyletic groups; (3) with minimal revision, Monobathrida and Diplobathrida can be re-diagnosed to represent monophyletic clades; (4) family Reteocrinidae is more closely related to camerates than to other crinoid groups currently recognized at the subclass level; and (5) several genera in subclass Camerata represent stem taxa that cannot be classified as either true monobathrids or true diplobathrids. The clade containing Monobathrida and Diplobathrida, as recognized herein, is termed Eucamerata to distinguish its constituent taxa from more basally positioned taxa, termed stem eucamerates. The results of this study provide a phylogenetic framework for revising camerate classification, elucidating patterns of morphologic evolution, and informing outgroup selection for future phylogenetic analyses of post-Ordovician camerates.
William Walker, Irish Labour and ‘Chinese slavery’ in South Africa, 1904–6
Authors: Emmet O’Connor
Published: February 2017

In 1903 the governor of South Africa, Lord Alfred Milner, agreed to proposals from the owners of the Transvaal gold mines to alleviate the labour shortage caused by the recent war by recruiting workers from China. The Conservative government of Arthur Balfour gave its approval in May 1904, and had overall responsibility for the scheme until it yielded power to the Liberals in December 1905. The so-called ‘coolies’ were to be indentured on a three-year contract, paid less than the blacks, and quarantined from the local population. Well before the first shipment arrived on the Witwatersrand in June 1904, British trade unionists were alarmed that a precedent was being set for the importation of cheap labour closer to home, and Britain’s ‘Non-conformist conscience’ was disturbed at the spectre of ‘nameless practices’ developing in compounds of young men separated from their families. Events seemed to bear out the apprehensions.
Fenians, Ribbonmen and popular ideology’s role in nationalist politics: east Tyrone, 1906–9
Authors: McCluskey Fergal
Published: February 2017

Irish nationalist politics between 1906 and 1909 revolved around the twin demands of self-government and a resolution of the land issue; as such, the period was demarcated by two pieces of Liberal government legislation: the May 1907 Irish Council Bill and Birrell’s December 1909 land act. The latter was partially a response to western Irish Republican Brotherhood (I.R.B.)-inspired ‘agrarian militancy’ on the part of the United Irish League (U.I.L.) and the emerging Sinn Féin movement’s ability to ‘outfank’ the Irish Parliamentary Party (I.P.P.) on the issue, which effectively forced Irish Party leader John Redmond ‘to adopt a radical agrarian policy in June 1907’. However, outside Connacht, the U.I.L. could not be regarded as ‘the Land League reborn’. In east Tyrone, the demand for self-government dominated the nationalist agenda, a situation reinforced by the fact that local politics had been ‘cast in the denominational mould which has characterised them ever since’. As a result, the Board of Erin section of the Ancient Order of Hibernians (A.O.H.) was the motor of popular nationalist mobilisation, leaving the U.I.L.
Conceiving and constructing the Irish workhouse, 1836–45
Authors: Gray Peter
Published: February 2017

The Irish workhouse has had a troubled history, attracting mostly negative commentary from the inception of the national poor law system after 1838 to the final abolition of the poor law in Northern Ireland in 1948. The popular historian of the institution opens his account with the bald statement that ‘the workhouse was the most feared and hated institution ever established in Ireland’. While one might quibble with this (the penitentiaries and asylums of the nineteenth century were surely as much feared, and perhaps with more reason; the record of the industrial schools and Magdalene asylums has more recently attracted the appalled attention of Irish society), the statement contains a kernel of truth. Designed with the deterrent principle of ‘less eligibility’ to the forefront, and irrevocably associated with the horrors of mass mortality during the Great Famine, the workhouses became in Irish popular memory (and in the bulk of historical commentary) associated with the suffering and degradation of their inmates. Nevertheless, the early history of the poor law and its associated workhouses is more complex than this suggests and deserves closer attention.
Truth and calumny in Baroque Rome: Richard O'Ferrall and theCommentarius Rinuccinianus, 1648–1667
Authors: Campbell Ian W. S.
Published: February 2017

Richard O'Ferrall's claim of 5 March 1658 that the Stuart monarchy had no right to rule Ireland was made almost in passing. The real purpose of the report made by this Capuchin friar and courtier at the congregation of Propaganda Fide, the committee of cardinals whose jurisdiction included nearly all those missions and churches under non-Catholic governments, was to exclude all Irish Catholics of English descent from high ecclesiastical office. At the centre of his argument was the confederate Catholic association of the 1640s and the place within it of the Old English community. The Capuchin argued that the confederates had remained too closely bound to the Stuart monarchy, and that the Old English had betrayed the confederate cause to Charles I's lord lieutenant of Ireland, James Butler, earl, marquis and later duke of Ormond. Many of O'Ferrall's Catholic contemporaries saw him as a dangerous member of a radical tradition: a clerical assembly at Dublin in June 1666 burned his report along with a copy of Conor O'Mahony's Disputatio apologetica of 1645, which had argued that all Ireland's Protestants should be killed or expelled and a native king elected. The Commentarius Rinuccinianus, begun by O'Ferrall, developed the argument of the 1658 report on a grand scale.
“Nothing is so bad for the Irish as Ireland alone”: William Keogh and Catholic loyalty
Authors: Keogh Richard A.
Published: February 2017

William Nicholas Keogh (1817–1878) has long been remembered as the placehunting lawyer who betrayed his country and wrecked the political fortunes of Irish constitutional nationalism for a generation. As a member of the fifty-strong Irish Independent Party of the early 1850s, Keogh pledged himself to independent opposition, only to accept ministerial office in 1852 as solicitor-general for Ireland. For this act Keogh has long been represented as a man who succumbed to personal ambition at the expense of a popular cause, which he allegedly supported with the sole objective of extracting political capital. Such was the ignominy with which he came to be regarded in later years that his name became a byword for betrayal, as evidenced by the fact that members of John Redmond’s Edwardian Irish Parliamentary Party were characterised as the Keoghs and Sadleirs of their day. Keogh’s infamy was exacerbated further by the inflammatory judgment he issued when presiding over the Galway election petition of 1872, for which he would be labelled ‘villifier-in-ordinary of the Irish priests’.
‘England owes something to these people’: the Anglo-Irish Unemployment Insurance agreement, 1946
Authors: Kelly Bernard
Published: February 2017

On 19 December 1946, the Irish President, Seán T. O'Kelly, signed the Unemployment Insurance Act into law. This innocuous-sounding piece of legislation has received very little attention from historians, but was of great importance to one section of post-war Irish society. Under its terms, Dublin and London entered into a special scheme whereby Irish men and women who had served with the British forces during the Second World War were allowed to claim British unemployment insurance payments, while still resident in the twenty-six counties of independent Ireland. Coming at a time of unemployment and economic slump in Ireland, this was of crucial importance to many exservicemen. This article will explore the background, negotiation and implementation of the unemployment insurance agreement, and will speculate on the reasons why the Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera, agreed to it. It will also examine the British side of the scheme and explore London's motives, both concrete and notional.
The Irish Government and the Sunningdale Council of Ireland: a vehicle for unity?
Authors: McDaid Shaun
Published: February 2017

In December 1973, the British and Irish governments and the Northern Ireland Executive designate agreed to the formal establishment of a ‘Council of Ireland’ as part of the historic Sunningdale Agreement. This council was to have executive functions and co-ordinate the provision of certain services on both sides of the border; it would have ‘executive and harmonising functions and a consultative role, and a consultative assembly with advisory and review functions’. The Council of Ireland proposal was the British government's formal recognition of the ‘Irish dimension’ which it had accepted in the March 1973 White Paper, the Northern Ireland Constitutional Proposals. The proposed council was one of the most divisive issues in Northern Ireland politics during the 1972–4 period, and was strongly resisted by a majority of unionists. The council issue led to the collapse of the power-sharing Executive which had taken office in January 1974. Loyalist opponents of Sunningdale argued that the Council of Ireland, if allowed to operate, would be a stepping-stone to a united Ireland. Recently, some scholars have retrospectively endorsed this interpretation of the council, arguing that the Irish government, in concert with the nationalist Social Democratic and Labour Party (S.D.L.P.), sought a particularly strong institution – with the goal of Irish reunification. But was the proposed Council of Ireland really intended as a vehicle for future Irish unity?
Towards a ‘modern progressive society’: the National Coalition and social reform, 1973–7
Authors: Meehan Ciara
Published: February 2017

The 1970s was a time of crisis internationally, when governments struggled to cope with rising inflation and public indebtedness in the aftermath of the first oil shock. It was also a period of social change, of demands for divorce and abortion, and second-wave feminism campaigned for greater rights for women. But as many of the contributors toThe shock of the globalhave shown, amidst the political, social and economic turmoil, there was development and transformation. Ireland was not isolated from many of these trends that marked the 1970s. This article is concerned with the Fine Gael–Labour government of 1973 to 1977, in particular with the social reform agenda pursued by a coalition of one party (Fine Gael) that had advocated a ‘Just Society’ in the 1960s, and another (Labour) that had declared that the seventies would be socialist. They presented themselves at the 1973 general election as the socially progressive parties in the political system, attempting to outflank Fianna Fáil, which, in contrast, emphasised the Northern Ireland security question during the campaign. As the National Coalition grappled with fiscal expansion and the effects of stagflation, important changes occurred in the realm of social policy. Legislation affecting the status of women, recognising female heads of household and offering support to families of physically and mentally disabled children were all indicators of change.
‘Publick and solemn acknowledgements’: occasional days of state-appointed worship in Ireland, 1689–1702
Authors: Forbes Suzanne
Published: February 2017

Since the English Reformation, occasional days of thanksgiving, prayer and fasting were appointed by royal authority in response to an array of exceptional circumstances varying from outbreaks of disease to bad weather, and popish conspiracies to military successes. Details of these days of religious observance, their inspiration and purpose were communicated to the public by printed proclamation and reinforced by the publication of specially prepared forms of prayer for use in Anglican services on these occasions. The reign of William III (1689–1702) saw these days of occasional fasting and thanksgiving take place with unprecedented frequency. For the most part, this intensification of state-appointed public worship corresponded with the king's struggle against Louis XIV during the War of the Grand Alliance (1688–97). Such days of occasional fasting and thanksgiving provided an opportunity for the Williamite court to promote the legitimacy of the new regime as part of a larger strategy of ‘courtly reformation’.