bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nozzle design parameters and their effects on rapid sample delivery in flow cytometry
Authors: Graves Steven W. , Nolan John P. , Jett James H. , Martin John C. , Sklar Larry A.
Published: August 2002

Background

Rapid kinetic and high throughput flow cytometry are emerging as valuable tools in biotechnology research applications ranging from mechanistic analysis of molecular assemblies to high throughput screening. Many of these new applications have been made possible by improved sample delivery capabilities, focusing increased attention on fluidic issues associated with rapid sample delivery.

Methods

Using basic fluidic premises, we derived a model that predicted the effect of nozzle parameters during rapid sample delivery. We tested the model using the rapid mix flow cytometer and modifications were made to the equipment to optimize performance.

Results

The model predicted that shorter nozzles with wide exit orifices decrease the delay before initial particle analysis and the fluidic stabilization time. Experimental results confirmed this prediction and model‐based modifications allowed analysis of particles within 55 ms or 600 ms after mixing, with or without electronic gating, respectively.

Conclusions

The model along with modifications to commercial equipment will allow rapid mix flow cytometry to analyze reactions in time frames threefold shorter than previously possible. The model allows for nozzle design predictions that should allow for analysis in the millisecond time frame. Furthermore, these findings are general for all rapid delivery applications, including high throughput flow cytometry. Cytometry 47:127–137, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A small‐volume technique for simultaneous immunophenotyping and apoptosis detection in rat whole blood by four‐color flow cytometry
Authors: Diaz‐Romero Jose , Vogt Gerard , Weckbecker Gisbert
Published: August 2002

Background

Cell permeabilization for the detection of intracellular molecules by flow cytometry is usually incompatible with whole blood. This article describes a new technique for the simultaneous detection of surface antigens and DNA content in rat whole blood.

Methods

In 20 μl of rat whole blood, DNA staining is obtained by permeabilization of cells using a standard red blood cell lysing reagent (Erythrolyse). Immunophenotyping and apoptosis detection by flow cytometry are achieved by using a combination of three surface markers (CD3, CD4, and CD8α) and a DNA binding dye (TO‐PRO‐3).

Results

After a 24‐h incubation of whole blood with 1 μM dexamethasone, apoptotic lymphocytes were clearly distinguishable from normal lymphocytes by their reduced size and DNA content. The dexamethasone‐induced percentage of apoptotic cells was 58.9 ± 4.6 for CD4+ and 77.4 ± 2.9 for CD8+ T cells, compared with 12.6 ± 2.7 for CD4+ and 17.2 ± 3.5 for CD8+ T cells in the absence of dexamethasone (data from 10 animals with duplicate samples).

Conclusions

We have developed a new technique to permeabilize nucleated cells in microsamples of rat whole blood. The methodology allows simultaneous immunophenotyping and apoptosis detection in rat whole blood. Cytometry 47:265–275, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Choroid plexus papilloma diagnosed by crush cytology
Authors: Pai Radha R. , Kini Hema , Rao Vatsala S. , Naik Ramadas
Published: August 2002

In a 32‐yr‐old man, an infratentorial cystic lesion with a mural nodule was interpreted to be either a hemangioblastoma or a cystic astrocytoma on CT scan. Intraoperative crush cytology revealed it to be a choroid plexus papilloma (CPP). The utility of crush cytology in the rapid diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) tumors and the differential diagnosis of CNS papillary lesions are highlighted in this report. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2001;25:165–167. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Considerations for treating dyslipidemia in special diabetic populations
Authors: Peters Harmel Anne
Published: August 2002

This is a review of the problem of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in special diabetic populations. Clearly all patients with diabetes are at increased risk for CVD compared to non‐diabetic populations. But within the subset that is patients with diabetes there are individuals who are particularly vulnerable. These groups include women, who are often overlooked and undertreated for their cardiovascular risk. Additionally, it includes those with fewer resources, many from minority populations, who are at very high risk for poor preventive care and serious cardiovascular morbidity. This review details the risk for CVD in a variety of different diabetic high‐risk groups. It then discusses treatment options and approaches that should be employed in these populations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opposing effects on TSC‐22 expression by BMP and receptor tyrosine kinase signals in the developing feather tract
Authors: Dohrmann Cord E. , Noramly Selina , Raftery Laurel A. , Morgan Bruce A.
Published: August 2002

TSC‐22 (transforming growth factor‐β–stimulated clone 22) belongs to a family of leucine zipper transcription factors that includes sequences from invertebrates and vertebrates. The single Drosophila family member, encoded by the bunched gene, serves to integrate opposing bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) signals during oogenesis. Similarly, mammalian TSC‐22 expression is regulated by several families of secreted signaling molecules in cultured cells. Here, we show that chick TSC‐22 is dynamically expressed in the condensing feather bud, as well as in many tissues of the chick embryo. BMP‐2/4, previously shown to inhibit bud development, repress TSC‐22 expression during feather bud formation in vivo. Noggin, a BMP antagonist, promotes TSC‐22 expression. EGF, TGF‐α, and fibroblast growth factor all promote both feather bud development and TSC‐22 expression; each can promote ectopic feather buds that are regularly spaced between existing feather buds. Thus, TSC‐22 is a candidate to integrate small imbalances in receptor tyrosine kinase and BMP signaling during feather tract development to generate stable and reproducible morphogenetic responses. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression ofzTlxA, aHox11‐like gene, in early differentiating embryonic neurons and cranial sensory ganglia of the zebrafish embryo
Authors: Andermann Peter , Weinberg Eric S.
Published: August 2002

We have isolated a cDNA encoding a member of theTlx/Hox11family of homeodomain factors from the zebrafish, most closely related to the vertebrateTlx‐1/Hox11andTlx‐3/Hox11L2proteins. The gene is expressed in a set of early differentiating neurons that project to a common tract, the lateral longitudinal fascicle. We show that the gene is specifically expressed in spinal cord Rohon Beard neurons, in nucleus of the posterior commissure neurons of the midbrain, in a set of hindbrain neurons that include RoL3 reticulospinal interneurons, and in the trigeminal, statoacoustic, anterior lateral line, glossopharyngeal, and vagal cranial sensory ganglia. Timing of expression of the gene in these neurons correlates with the phase of axonal outgrowth and target innervation. Expression of the gene is also observed in several non‐neural tissues, including the pharyngeal arches, budding gill filaments, outgrowing semicircular protrusions in the otic vesicle, and in the pectoral fin buds. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An examination of willingness to self‐disclose in women with bulimic symptoms considering the context of disclosure and negative affect levels
Authors: Evans Lynette , Wertheim Eleanor H.
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study explored the relationship between bulimic symptoms and self‐disclosure. It examined whether women who reported greater bulimic symptomatology were generally less willing to self‐disclose in intimate relationships or whether reluctance to disclose was confined to eating and weight concerns.

Method

Women with high and low scores on the Bulimia Test Revised (BULIT‐R) were compared on self‐disclosure about three topics (daily activities, eating, and weight) and sexual and relationship issues to three targets (mother, friend, and partner).

Results

There were significant main and interaction effects for BULIT‐R score, target, and topic of self‐disclosure. When depression was controlled for, it partially explained the association between bulimic behavior and self‐disclosure.

Discussion

Results supported a contextual model of self‐disclosure. Compared with nonbulimic women, women with bulimic symptoms were less willing to self‐disclose certain topics to particular targets. Levels of depression explained low willingness to disclose on topics unrelated to eating and weight to some targets. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 344–348, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10020
Pattern of birth in anorexia nervosa II: a comparison of early‐onset cases in the southern and northern hemispheres
Authors: Willoughby Kate , Watkins Beth , Beumont Pierre , Maguire Sarah , Lask Bryan , Waller Glenn
Published: August 2002

Objective

In the northern hemisphere, people with anorexia nervosa are more likely to be born in the spring and early summer, particularly when environmental temperature at assumed time of conception is warmer. This study investigates whether there is a comparable effect in the southern hemisphere (Australia), where seasonal and temperature patterns are reversed.

Method

Date of birth and temperature at assumed time of conception were collected for 199 Australian and 259 UK patients with early‐onset anorexia nervosa. Analyses determined patterns of birth and links to temperature at conception.

Results

There was little change across the year in the birth patterns of young people with anorexia nervosa in the southern hemisphere. However, there was a significant link between temperature at assumed time of conception and diagnostic subtype. Compared with anorexics of the binge/purge subtype, restrictive anorexics from the southern hemisphere were less likely to be conceived in relatively cool weather.

Conclusions

The findings support a temperature at conception hypothesis (modified for local temperature ranges), rather than suggesting a simple seasonal pattern of birth. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 18–23, 2002.
Coping style and disturbed eating attitudes in adolescent girls
Authors: García‐Grau Eugeni , Fusté Adela , Miró Anna , Saldaña Carmina , Bados Arturo
Published: August 2002

Objective

The main goal of this work was to explore the relationship between coping styles and predisposition to eating disorders in a sample of adolescent girls.

Method

The sample comprised 186 females (mean age 15.91 years) and the questionnaires used were the Eating Disorders Inventory‐2 (EDI‐2) and the Adolescent Coping Scale (ACS).

Results

The regression analyses indicated that the coping strategy most closely linked to the predisposition to develop an eating disorder was intropunitive avoidance, which explained the following percentage of variance: 29% of the total EDI‐2 score, 23% of the personal factor, 28% of the social factor, and 4% of the bodily factor. On the other hand, the scale of intropunitive avoidance dimension with the most explanatory power was the tension reduction, which reflects emotional reactions to problems such as crying, shouting, or taking drugs.

Discussion

A cultural hypothesis is presented in an attempt to account for the low percentage of variance of bodily factor explained by intropunitive avoidance and emphasis is placed on the need for prevention programs for adolescents, particularly those at risk. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 116–120 2002.
Prevalence of eating disorders and weight control practices in Germany in 1990 and 1997
Authors: Westenhoefer Joachim
Published: August 2002

Objective

To investigate whether the prevalence of bulimic behaviors and weight control practices changed between 1990 and 1997.

Method

In November 1997, we surveyed a representative sample of 2,130 adult subjects in West Germany and 2,155 subjects in East Germany. We asked subjects about binge eating, vomiting, use of laxatives, appetite suppressants and diuretics, and about dieting, weighing, and exercise. As the same questions had been used in a representative survey (N = 1,773) in autumn 1990 in West Germany, trend comparisons for prevalence between 1990 and 1997 are possible.

Results

The prevalence of severe eating binges twice a week dropped nonsignificantly between 1997 and 1990 from 3.1% to 2.4% in men and from 2.3% to 1.3% in women. In men, the prevalence of binge eating disorder dropped nonsignificantly from 2.4% to 1.5%, the prevalence of bulimia nervosa from 2.1% to 1.1%. In women, the prevalence of binge eating disorder dropped nonsignificantly from 1.5% to 0.7% and that of bulimia nervosa from 2.4% to 1.1%.

Conclusion

The prevalence of bulimic behaviors decreased slightly during 1990 and 1997 in the West German population. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 477–481, 2001.
Early environmental influences on restrictive eating pathology among nonclinical females: The role of temperature at birth
Authors: Waller Glenn , Meyer Caroline , van Hanswijck de Jonge Laurence
Published: August 2002

Objective

In eating‐disordered populations, restrictive pathologies are associated with a higher rate of births in the spring and early summer. The reasons for this relationship are not understood. The present study of a nonclinical group aimed to determine whether there is a link between being born in warmer months and the level of restrictive pathology in later years.

Methods

The participants (N = 117) were all young adult females who were conceived and born in England. Each completed the relevant scales of the Eating Disorders Inventory and provided demographic information. Temperature at birth was determined using national meteorological records.

Results

Restrictive attitudes were stronger among women born during the warmer part of the year (May–August), and those attitudes were dimensionally associated with temperature at birth. Body dissatisfaction showed some of the same relationships. Neither period of birth nor temperature at birth was related to bulimic attitudes or body mass index.

Conclusions

Being born during warmer months is significantly associated with restrictive eating attitudes among nonclinical females, although the link is relatively weak. Potential causal mechanisms are outlined, but further research is needed to explain this link in clinical and nonclinical groups. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 204–208, 2001.
Lossless transforms and lossy transforms using IIR filters and their application to image coding
Authors: Uto Toshiyuki , Kouno Yutaka , Okuda Masahiro , Ikehara Masaaki , Takahashi Shin‐ichi
Published: August 2002

It is known that an IIR filter can provide an excellent amplitude characteristic that is of lower order than an FIR filter. Further, the IIR filter using all‐pass circuits can realize an identical characteristic with fewer multipliers than in the conventional IIR filter. In this paper, a configuration and design method are given for a two‐channel filter bank consisting of IIR filters with all‐pass circuits. Lossless transforms and lossy transforms using these filter banks are proposed. One lossless transform is the S transform based on the Haar transform, but there is a problem that correlation remains in the output signals. In this paper, in place of the Haar transform in the S transform, a lossless transform based on two‐channel integer IIR filter banks consisting of delay lines and all‐pass circuits is proposed. On the other hand, the Haar transform is the only lossy transform based on the two‐channel FIR filter bank that offers linear phase and orthogonality. Also, there are no design methods and no proof of effectiveness in applications of the two‐channel IIR filter bank with both characteristics for image coding. In this paper, a two‐channel orthogonal linear‐phase IIR filter bank with a parallel structure of the all‐pass circuits is proposed in order to maximize the coding gain, with the order of regularities as the constraint. Finally, the proposed methods are applied to stationary image coding and the effectiveness of the present method is shown. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(7): 1–9, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10001
A quality engineering approach to human factors affecting software reliability in design process
Authors: Esaki Kazuhiro , Yamada Shigeru , Takahashi Muneo , Hihara Keisuke
Published: August 2002

To improve software quality and manufacturabilty, the software errors that are the human errors or defects affecting software reliability and the human factors causing these errors must be explained, and measures to prevent their generation must be devised. There has been some research on explaining the human factors affecting software reliability. However, this research only proposed models (hypotheses) to explain the cause‐and‐effect relationships with the software errors generated by the human factors and almost none of this research verified these models through testing. In this paper, we studied the software design process that has a substantial effect on removing and preventing software errors during software development, and performed development tests to explain the human factors affecting software reliability and their correlations. Here, we applied the quality engineering approach based on test planning methods, explained the relationship between software design and the generated software errors, and gained an understanding of the effects of the adopted human factors. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(3): 33–42, 2002
Electric field calculation in composite dielectrics by surface charge method based on electric flux continuity condition
Authors: Hamada Shoji , Takuma Tadasu
Published: August 2002

We propose a new surface charge method based on the continuity of electric flux passing through each partial area on the dielectric boundary. N partial areas divided on the boundary give the boundary equations for solving N unknown variables representing the surface charge density distribution. The electric flux is numerically calculated by integrating the normal component of electric flux density on each partial area. This method permits us to exclude the singularity of edge parts from the boundary equations because these parts do not contribute to the integration area. In this paper, we apply first‐order functions to simulate both triangular surface shape and charge density distribution on its surface as well.

First, we have computed the electric field for a spherical dielectric under a uniform field. The calculated results show that the accuracy of the electric field at the spherical center is almost equal to the accuracy of the total surface area of the polygon which represents the sphere. Furthermore, this method has improved the accuracy of the field by about one order compared with the conventional surface charge methods. Second, we have computed the electric field for a dielectric human model under a uniform field. The calculated results demonstrates that the proposed method works well for a complicated shaped object with a dielectric constant greatly different from that of an ambient medium. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(4): 10–17, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1133
Will we be working together again? The impact of future interdependence on group members' task motivation
Authors: Groenenboom Arieneke , Wilke Henk A.M. , Wit Arjaan P.
Published: August 2002

The extent to which group members contribute effort efficiently, i.e. to the extent that their efforts add to the group product, or equally to their fellow worker is investigated as a function of group members' expectations about future interdependence. An experimental set‐up was employed in which (1) participants were able to determine what would be an efficient and what would be an equal amount of effort to exert, and (2) in which efficiency and equality required different levels of effort: Participants worked on a physical motor‐production task and expected to work with a partner twice (continued interdependence) or only on the first task (no continued interdependence). Before working on the first task, they received information about their relative task ability (high versus low) and information about their partner's effort expenditure (high versus low). It is argued and demonstrated that group members expecting continued interdependence are likely to equal their fellow worker's effort expenditure, whereas group members expecting no continued interdependence are likely to exert effort efficiently. The results are discussed from various theoretical perspectives. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutagenicity of 2‐alkylpropenals in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 100: Structural influences
Authors: Eder Erwin , Deininger Christof
Published: August 2002

α,β‐Unsaturated aldehydes are a class of mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds that form promutagenic 1,N2‐propanodeoxyguanosine adducts. They are important industrial and environmental compounds, are formed endogenously, and are found in food. We recently published structure–mutagenicity relationships for 3‐alkyl substituted α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes (β‐alkylacroleins) and here we present structural influences on the mutagenicity of the 2‐alkyl substituted α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes (α‐alkylacroleins), 2‐methylacrolein, 2‐ethylacrolein, 2‐propylacrolein, and 2‐butylacrolein, in Salmonella typhimurium TA 100. All four alkylacroleins are mutagenic without S9‐mix; however, the results are strongly influenced by bacterial toxicity of the alkylacroleins. In general, toxicity increases with increasing length of the alkyl substituent. The increasing toxicity with increasing alkyl groups can be explained by increasing lipophilicity that allows the compounds to better penetrate into the bacterial cell. Other structural effects, such as steric hindrance of the deoxyguanosine binding (DNA–adduct formation) and the positive inductive effect of the alkyl groups, have only a slight effect on mutagenesis. Addition of S9‐mix leads to an increase in the absolute revertant peak values but a decrease in mutagenic activities, as expressed by revertants per micromol. This effect is also observed with heat‐inactivated S9‐mix and does not depend on metabolic activation. The effect of S9‐mix can be explained by partial detoxication of the substances by nucleophilic components of the S9‐mix such as glutathione. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:324–328, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A grey‐box model describing the hydraulics in a creek
Authors: Jónsdóttir Harpa , Jacobsen Judith L. , Madsen Henrik
Published: August 2002

The Saint‐Venant equation of mass balance is used here to derive a stochastic lumped model describing the dynamics of the flow in a river. The flow dynamics are described by the evolution of the cross‐sectional area of the flow at two locations in the river. The unknown parameters of the model are estimated by combining the physical equations with a set of data. This method is known as grey‐box modelling. The data consist of water level measurements, taken every minute at two locations in a river, over a period of nine days. The data are sub‐sampled to a sampling period of 15 minutes before further processing, and a maximum likelihood method is used to estimate the parameters of the model.

Three different models were applied to the data set. All three are linear reservoir models with an estimate of the dynamic lateral inflow as a function of precipitation. The first model is a single reservoir model, which proved to be too simple to adequately describe the effect of precipitation. The second model is also a single reservoir model, but the data from the downstream station were translated forward in time, corresponding to a time delay in the system (a retention time). This model responds in a physically reasonable manner to precipitation, capturing very well the flow peaks caused by rain events. The third model is based on two reservoirs, and like the second model, it responds reasonably to precipitation. Its description of the dynamics seems quite good, though it does not capture the flow peaks quite as well as the second model. However, it is shown, that this model statistically provides the best description of the system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of two fixed‐area (quadrat) sampling estimators in ecological surveys
Authors: Williams Michael S.
Published: August 2002

Many ecological surveys are conducted to collect information about organisms and environmental conditions dispersed across a continuous surface. In most situations, there is no natural division of the population into a finite collection of sampling units. Therefore, the sample is determined by randomly locating a series of m plots within the boundaries of the population and collecting information about one or more attributes that fall within the plots. These plots are usually referred to as fixed‐area plots in the forestry and sample survey literature and quadrats in the ecological literature. One method for determining the total number of organisms is to view the population as the realization of a point process and estimate the intensity, λ, which is the number of points per unit area. Then the estimator of the total number of organisms is given by $\hat{\lambda} |A|$, where $|A|$ is the area over which the organisms are dispersed. For the m plots there are two distinctly different estimators for $\hat{\lambda}$, which are the ratio‐of‐means and mean‐of‐ratios estimators. This article compares these estimators and gives the most basic conditions under which the estimator is expected to be model‐unbiased. It also shows that both estimators can exhibit very large biases when the population is subject to an edge‐effect, which is when conditions along the boundary of the population differ from those found in the interior. The ratio‐of‐means estimator also suffers from a poorly performing variance estimator, which required sample sizes of nearly 100 plots before the estimator was nearly unbiased regardless of the plot size. Results for these estimators are derived and the effects of plot size and the spatial arrangement of the population are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental power analysis – a new perspective
Authors: Fox David R.
Published: August 2002

Power analysis and sample‐size determination are related tools that have recently gained popularity in the environmental sciences. Their indiscriminate application, however, can lead to wildly misleading results. This is particularly true in environmental monitoring and assessment, where the quality and nature of data is such that the implicit assumptions underpinning power and sample‐size calculations are difficult to justify. When the assumptions are reasonably met these statistical techniques provide researchers with an important capability for the allocation of scarce and expensive resources to detect putative impact or change. Conventional analyses are predicated on a general linear model and normal distribution theory with statistical tests of environmental impact couched in terms of changes in a population mean. While these are ‘optimal’ statistical tests (uniformly most powerful), they nevertheless pose considerable practical difficulties for the researcher. Compounding this difficulty is the subsequent analysis of the data and the impost of a decision framework that commences with an assumption of ‘no effect’. This assumption is only discarded when the sample data indicate demonstrable evidence to the contrary. The alternative (‘green’) view is that any anthropogenic activity has an impact on the environment and therefore a more realistic initial position is to assume that the environment is already impacted. In this article we examine these issues and provide a re‐formulation of conventional mean‐based hypotheses in terms of population percentiles. Prior information or belief concerning the probability of exceeding a criterion is incorporated into the power analysis using a Bayesian approach. Finally, a new statistic is introduced which attempts to balance the overall power regardless of the decision framework adopted. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Random perturbation methods applied to multivariate spatial sampling design
Authors: Angulo J. M. , Bueso M. C.
Published: August 2002

The problem of estimating a multivariate spatial random process from observations obtained by sampling a related multivariate spatial random process is considered. A method based on additive perturbation of the variables of interest is proposed for the assignment of degrees of relative importance to the variables and/or locations of interest in the design of sampling strategies. In the case where the variables involved have a multivariate Gaussian distribution, some theoretical results are provided to justify the method proposed; in particular, it is proved that the amount of information contained in the data on the perturbed variables of interest is never higher than that contained in the original variables of interest. These results and the application of the method are illustrated with an empirical study, showing the variation of the effects of perturbation on spatial sampling design configurations and related ratios of information for different degrees of dependence according to the model specifications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A base isolation system for bridges subjected to seismic disturbances
Authors: Kaplan H. , Seireg A.
Published: August 2002

The study reported in this paper investigates the feasibility of developing an active base isolation system for the protection of bridges subjected to earthquakes. The proposed system incorporates spherical supports, cams and springs which can be optimally designed to minimize the transmissibility of the seismic disturbances to the bridge. The considered example shows that the proposed design is implementable and can provide an order of magnitude reduction in the maximum stress resulting from seismic waves acting on the bridge in the transverse or longitudinal direction.

Since the system performance is highly dependent on the rapid unlocking of the cams in the event of a seismic disturbance, careful consideration should be given to the design of a reliable cam release control. This can be achieved by spring loading each cam such that it would be normally unlocked. A hydraulic actuator would be used to force it to rotate to the locking position under fluid pressure which would be constantly maintained at the design level during normal conditions. The actuator would be equipped with a quick response release valve for rapidly releasing the pressure and consequently unlocking the cam as soon as an earthquake is detected. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk for binge eating in a nonclinical Swedish adolescent sample: a repeated measure study
Authors: Engström I. , Norring C.
Published: August 2002

In this study, the population ‘at risk’ for binge eating in late adolescents was estimated. The stability over time was studied by repeated measures. The EDI and a number of sociodemographic questions were administered to students in the last grade of secondary school in five Swedish cities in 1993 (n = 3855) and 1998 (n = 2925). Of the girls 3–4 per cent and 1–2 per cent of boys were found to be ‘at risk’ for binge eating with no change over time. An association was found between this risk and certain sociodemographic factors (living alone, moving away from home early, and experience of bullying). No differences were found between cities of different size. A considerable proportion of adolescents were thus found to exhibit attitudes and behaviour connected with binge eating. They may be considered as being ‘at risk’ for developing a clinical bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder. This proportion seems to be fairly stable over time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
HOMA‐modelling of insulin sensitivity and β‐cell function in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Hermans Michel P. , Lambert Michel J.
Published: August 2002

In order to assess insulin sensitivity (IS) and β‐cell function (B) in anorexia nervosa (AN) we measured fasting plasma glucose (FPG), immunoreactive insulin and C‐peptide levels in 33 consecutive subjects with AN for modelling with Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA). Mean (± 1 SD) fasting glucose and insulin levels were 71 ± 10 mg dl−1 and 7.3 ± 2.8 μU ml−1respectively. Median IS and B (% normal) were 143 (percentile 25–75: 95–194) and 127 (102–157). When subjects were stratified according to median IS, those with high insulin sensitivity were of similar age, AN duration, weight, BMI, and body composition to those with normal IS. However, FPG was significantly lower in the higher insulin sensitivity subgroup (67 ± 11 versus 75 ± 7 mg dl−1; p < 0.03), and two patients presented with symptomatic hypoglycaemia. We conclude that patients with AN exhibit a trend toward increased IS, which is not associated with any specific clinical characteristic. In the whole cohort, B was either normal or moderately increased. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
On‐site analysis of World War II cylinders and barrels with unknown contents
Authors: Davoli Enrico , Cappellini Luigi , Fanelli Roberto , Bonsignore Michele , Gavinelli Marco
Published: August 2002

An on‐site approach is presented to solve an analytical problem that had potential hazards. Some barrels and one cylinder, with unknown contents, were found underground. There were reasons to suspect that they might hold chemical warfare (CW) agents, but neither the class of compounds nor their physical state (solid, liquid, or gas) was known. Their conditions did not allow transport to a laboratory. It was decided to install an on‐site, direct sampling system so as to minimize sample handling risks, and to use mass spectrometry to analyze the vapors inside the barrels. A small commercial bench‐top quadrupole was adapted to sample the gas phase directly, possibly at high pressure. The whole system allowed the operators to open the barrels and the cylinder and to analyze and dispose of the contents safely, on‐site. Mass spectra indicated that most of the containers were empty, a few contained water and hydrocarbons, and one had phosgene gas. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 313–319, 2001; DOI 10.1002/fact.10009
Risk assessment of a timber frame building by using CRISP simulation
Authors: Björkman Jouni , Mikkola Esko
Published: August 2002

The fire risk assessment model CRISP2 was applied to a 4‐storey apartment building. The case building was an actual 4‐storey timber‐framed building. Partly predetermined design alternatives were used in sequential simulations. CRISP2 cannot take into account the frame‐material of the building in a satisfactory way, because the wall thickness, structural fire resistance or lining materials in the fire room cannot be modelled. It was found that adding smoke alarms almost halved the risk level. The risk levels 1–2×10−5 obtained are not far from comparable levels of fire death statistics from Finland, the United Kingdom, Sweden and Norway. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and odour characteristics of new derivatives from the carane system
Authors: Lochyński Stanisław , Kowalska Katarzyna , Wawrzeńczyk Czesław
Published: August 2002

Starting from (+)‐3‐carene, nine new odoriferous derivatives were obtained. In comparison with (+)‐3‐carene, compounds synthesized contain at C‐10 substituents such as methylcarbethoxy, 2‐hydroxyethyl and 2‐acetoxyethyl. The (+)‐3‐carenyl‐10‐acetaldehyde (10) and its acyclic and cyclic acetals were also synthesized. The odour characteristics of compounds obtained are presented. Some of them possess interesting and valuable odours; that of (+)‐2‐(3‐caren‐10‐yl)ethanol (8) is described as fruity‐floral with marked grapefruit note, whereas the odour of its acetate (9) is described as smoke‐woody with cured bacon note. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transition from vortex to wall driven turbulence production in the Taylor–Couette system with a rotating inner cylinder
Authors: Batten W. M. J. , Bressloff N. W. , Turnock S. R.
Published: August 2002

Axisymmetrically stable turbulent Taylor vortices between two concentric cylinders are studied with respect to the transition from vortex to wall driven turbulent production. The outer cylinder is stationary and the inner cylinder rotates. A low Reynolds number turbulence model using the k‐ω formulation, facilitates an analysis of the velocity gradients in the Taylor–Couette flow. For a fixed inner radius, three radius ratios 0.734, 0.941 and 0.985 are employed to identify the Reynolds number range at which this transition occurs. At relatively low Reynolds numbers, turbulent production is shown to be dominated by the outflowing boundary of the Taylor vortex. As the Reynolds number increases, shear driven turbulence (due to the rotating cylinder) becomes the dominating factor. For relatively small gaps turbulent flow is shown to occur at Taylor numbers lower than previously reported. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Valuation of Options with Restrictions on Preferences and Distributions
Authors: Câmara António
Published: August 2002

This article develops a discrete‐time, risk‐neutral valuation relation (RNVR) for the
pricing of contingent claims when preferences in the economy are characterized by decreasing absolute risk
aversion and the marginal distribution of the underlying is an inverse coshnormal. The RNVR is applied to obtain
closed‐form expressions for calls and puts written on nondividend‐paying stocks, futures
contracts, foreign currencies, and dividend‐paying stocks. Such pricing equations contain two parameters,
the threshold and rescale parameters, not contained in the Black–Scholes valuation equation.
Inverse‐coshnormal option values make the approach look interesting. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:1091–1117, 2001
The intra‐day price discovery process between the Singapore Exchange and Taiwan Futures Exchange
Authors: Roope Matthew , Zurbruegg Ralf
Published: August 2002

This paper focuses on the increasing competition between exchanges for listing similar index futures contracts
and the impact this has on information dissemination between various markets. Specifically, using both the
Hasbrouck and Gonzalo–Granger methodologies for extracting the information content held in each market, a
comparison of information efficiencies between the Singapore Exchange and the Taiwan Futures Exchange is examined
for Taiwan Index Futures listed in both markets. The results show not only a common stochastic trend between
index futures and their underlying indices, but also provide strong evidence to suggest price discovery primarily
originates from the Singapore futures market. There are direct implications of this result for both financial
exchanges and traders—in particular, that traders realize price determination can arise from both futures
markets, and the need for exchanges to maintain a reputation as an information center for these similarly traded
financial instruments. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22: 219–240, 2002
Suppression of the tumorigenic phenotype by chromosome 18 transfer into pancreatic cancer cell lines
Authors: Lefter Liviu P. , Furukawa Toru , Sunamura Makoto , Duda Dan G. , Takeda Kazunori , Kotobuki Noriko , Oshimura Mitsuo , Matsuno Seiki , Horii Akira
Published: August 2002

A number of lines of evidence have suggested that the long arm of chromosome 18 apart from SMAD4 may carry a tumor‐suppressor gene(s) that plays a role in the early stage of pancreatic ductal carcinogenesis. Thus, adenovirus‐mediated introduction of SMAD4 does not suppress in vitro growth in cells with completely inactivated SMAD4, and frequent loss of 18q at the SMAD4 locus is observed in pancreatic cancers but no abnormalities of the normal SMAD4 homolog have been detected. In this study, we introduced a normal copy of chromosome 18 into some pancreatic ductal carcinoma cells with and without a complete inactivation of SMAD4. Both anchorage‐dependent and ‐independent proliferation as well as invasiveness were significantly suppressed in the hybrid clones compared with that of their parental cells. Moreover, significant suppression of tumorigenesis was observed after inoculation in nude mice, irrespective of the SMAD4 status. Our present study provides the first functional evidence of the existence of an additional tumor‐suppressor gene(s), other than SMAD4 and DCC, that is responsible for the pathogenesis in the early stage of pancreatic ductal carcinogenesis.
Defining the region(s) of deletion at 6q16–q22 in human prostate cancer
Authors: Hyytinen Eija‐Riitta , Saadut Rega , Chen Ceshi , Paull Lindsay , Koivisto Pasi A. , Vessella Robert L. , Frierson Henry F. , Dong Jin‐Tang
Published: August 2002

Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 6 (6q) frequently occurs in many neoplasms, including carcinomas of the prostate and breast and melanoma, suggesting the location of a tumor‐suppressor gene or genes at 6q. At present, however, the region of deletion has not been well defined, and the target gene of deletion remains to be identified. In this study, we analyzed 44 primary prostate cancers with 16 polymorphic markers for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) by using PCR‐based techniques. We also examined 23 cell lines/xenografts of prostate cancer with 38 markers for LOH by the method of homozygosity mapping of deletion. LOH at 6q16–q22 was detected in 21 of 44 (48%) primary tumors and in 12 of 23 (52%) cell lines/xenografts. Two regions of LOH were defined. One was 7.5 cM at 6q16–q21 between markers D6S1716 and D6S1580, and the other was 4.3 cM at 6q22 between D6S261 and D6S1702. Whereas no correlation was found between LOH at 6q16–q22 and patient age at diagnosis or Gleason score, tumors at higher stage appear to have more frequent LOH. These findings suggest that deletion of 6q16–q22 is a frequent event in prostate cancer, and that the deletion originates from two distinct regions. These results should be useful in identifying the target gene(s) of deletion at 6q. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uncovering novel inter‐ and intrachromosomal chromosome 1 aberrations in follicular lymphomas by using an innovative multicolor banding technique
Authors: Lestou Valia S. , Gascoyne Randy D. , Salski Chris , Connors Joseph M. , Horsman Douglas E.
Published: August 2002

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is characterized by t(14;18)(q32;q21), which is the initial genetic perturbation in this disease. Additional genetic mutations are required to generate a fully malignant phenotype. Secondary chromosomal alterations seen in FL include prominent involvement of chromosome 1 in the form of balanced or unbalanced translocations, insertions, deletions, and duplications involving both the p and q arms. We investigated a diagnostically well defined set of 55 t(14;18)‐positive FL cases with complex karyotypes by means of multicolor karyotyping. Sixteen cases showed involvement of chromosome 1 and were analyzed in further detail by a novel multicolor banding technique for this chromosome. We defined three groups showing varying complexity of chromosome 1 alterations. The first group revealed simple translocations, such as t(1;2), t(1;6), t(1;8), and t(1;17), involving breakpoints on either the p or the q arm of chromosome 1. The second group showed more complex rearrangements with translocations, insertions, regional duplications, and involvement of more than one partner chromosome with either the p or the q arm of chromosome 1. The third group was defined by highly complex rearrangements involving translocations, regional duplications, amplifications, and intrachromosomal band relocations affecting the entire chromosome 1. All three groups shared interchromosomal rearrangements of chromosome 1 with chromosome 8, often involving the MYC protooncogene site, amplification involving region 1q21–q31, and deletion involving region 1p36. Thus, the use of sophisticated multicolor molecular cytogenetic assays in the investigation of malignant lymphoma allows precise characterization of chromosomal alterations and will provide a better understanding of their biology. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aberrant expression of cell‐cycle regulator cyclin D1 in breast cancer is related to chromosomal genomic instability
Authors: Lung Jia‐Chyi , Chu Jan‐Show , Yu Jyh‐Cherng , Yue Chung‐Tai , Lo Yen‐Li , Shen Chen‐Yang , Wu Cheng‐Wen
Published: August 2002

To account for the accumulation of genomic alterations required for tumor progression, it has been suggested that the genomes of cancer cells are unstable and that this instability results from defective mutators (the “mutator phenotype” theory). To examine the hypothesis that abnormal cell‐cycle regulators act as the mutators contributing to genomic instability, the present study, based on primary tumor tissues from 71 patients with breast cancer, was performed to determine whether there was an association between aberrant expression of cell‐cycle regulators (cyclin A, cyclin D1, cyclin E, RB1, p21, and p27) and chromosomal instability. Comparative genomic hybridization was used to measure chromosomal changes, reflecting genomic instability in individual tumors, whereas immunohistochemistry was used to detect aberrant expression of cell‐cycle regulators. Overexpression of cyclin D1 was found to be significantly correlated with increased chromosomal instability (defined as harboring more than 7 chromosomal changes), with 63% of tumors overexpressing and 27% of tumors not overexpressing, with cyclin D1 showing chromosomal instability (P < 0.05). Interestingly, this relationship was independent of cell outgrowth (as detected by the proliferation marker Ki‐67) and was particularly significant in tumors not expressing p27 or in tumors with detectable RB1. These results suggest that cyclin D1 plays an alternative role in the regulation of genomic stability. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mortality differences by APOE genotype estimated from demographic synthesis
Authors: Ewbank Douglas C.
Published: August 2002

The 4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is associated with increased risk of two major causes of death in low‐mortality populations: ischemic heart disease and Alzheimer’s disease. It is less common among centenarians than at younger ages. Therefore, it is likely that it is associated with excess risk of death. This article extends demographic models that estimate relative mortality risks from changes in gene frequencies with age. The resulting demographic synthesis combines gene frequencies with data on mortality by genotype from cohort studies. The model was applied to data from Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, Sweden, and the United States. Near age 50, the 3/4 genotype is associated with a risk of death of 1.34 times that of the 3/3 (95% CI 1.18–1.67). The relative risk for 4/4 is the square of the relative risk for 3/4, 1.81. The 2/3 genotype is protective with a relative risk of 0.84 (0.68–0.93) near age 50. These relative risks move toward 1.0 at the oldest ages and APOE genotype is associated with little variation in mortality over age 100. There are no significant differences in the relative risks by sex. There is little evidence of differences within Europe in the effects of APOE. This approach can be generalized to combine data on genetic risk factors for disease from a wide variety of study designs and sample characteristics. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:146–155, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.