bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Contribution to the Study of Autism: The Interrogative Attitude
Authors: Targowla R , Ziadeh Salaheddine
Published: February 2007

This paper clarifies the notion of "contact with reality" by
investigating one way in which lack of such contact can be expressed:
the interrogative attitude. The case of a socially withdrawn,
seventeen-year-old schoolboy is examined.
Paul C. had long been overly logical and precise in his style of
thinking. An acute disturbance began with mental fatigue along with
apparent obsessive symptoms (e.g., extreme monitoring of his own actions)
to the point that simple, everyday actions became very time-consuming;
he also developed a tendency to ask endless questions even about trivial
phenomena. However, unlike those of the true obsessive, Paul's monitoring,
doubting, and querying seemed to lack any emotional or personal
element; he was not anxious but, rather, apathetic. Also, Paul lacked
real curiosity: To him, everything had the same level of importance,
and his attention was not directed by any precise or personal goal.
This paper argues that Paul's interrogative attitude was actually a form
of autistic-schizophrenic thinking characterized by "pragmatic weakening"
and a loss of vital contact with reality, which are consequences of a
weakening of the "élan vital" with its "vital propulsion toward
the future." Such patients retain their intellectual powers but do not use
these powers in accord with the requirements of reality. The interrogative
attitude can be seen as a compensation mechanism—a way to maintain
some minimal contact with the world. The paper ends with psychotherapeutic
recommendations. (Abstract written by special issue editor: L.A.S.)
Phenomenology and Psychopathology of Schizophrenia: The Views of Eugene Minkowski
Authors: Urfer Annick
Published: February 2007

This paper, on the psychopathology and phenomenology
of schizophrenia, presents a selective summary of the work of the
French psychiatrist, Eugene Minkowski (1985-1972), one of the first
psychiatrists of an explicitly phenomenological persuasion. Minkowki
believed that the phenomenological essence of schizophrenia (what he
called the "trouble générateur") consists in a
loss of "vital contact with reality" (VCR) and manifests itself as
autism. Loss of vital contact with reality signifies a morbid change
in the temporo-spatial structure of experiencing, particularly in
the diminishment and modification of temporal-dynamic aspects and
a corresponding predominance of spatial-static factors. The patient
tries to compensate for this primary morbid process through a variety of
affective-cognitive preoccupations (rich autism) or sterile intellectuoid
attitudes (autisme pauvre). Autism signifies a morbidly modified
existential pattern that affects the domains of experience and expression
as well as action. Minkowski's psychopathological analyses are illustrated
by brief clinical vignettes of his patients.
The Impact of "Phenomenology" on North American Psychiatric Assessment
Authors: Gupta Mona , Kay L. Rex
Published: February 2007

North American psychiatric literature describes the
current method of psychiatric diagnostic assessment as "phenomenological";
however, it is unclear what phenomenology 1 means in this context. This paper investigates the meaning and impact of some of the major philosophical and psychiatric definitions of phenomenology on contemporary psychiatric assessment. Employing a comparative analysis of selected definitions of phenomenology, this paper argues that North American psychiatric assessment does not reflect any of these definitions of phenomenology. Instead, within the context of psychiatric assessment, phenomenology has taken on an idiosyncratic, clinical meaning of signs and symptoms. However, this does not mean that phenomenology has had no impact on North American psychiatry. This paper contends that phenomenology has made contributions to psychiatry, particularly in the area of psychotherapy and especially in self-psychological psychotherapy. The importance of the concept of empathy within psychotherapy is evidence of the continuing influence of philosophical phenomenology on psychiatry. This paper concludes that phenomenology can provide an important complementary perspective to the dominant methods of North American psychiatric practice.
Establishing Personal Identity in Cases of DID
Authors: Matthews Steve
Published: February 2007

In some recent criminal cases in the United States a defense has
been mounted based on an affliction known as Dissociative Identity
Disorder (DID) (formerly Multiple Personality Disorder). The
crux of the defense rests on the proposition that a dominant personality
was incapable of appreciating the nature and quality of wrongfulness of
conduct caused by an alter personality. This defense has been successful
in some cases, but not others, and so philosophers, lawyers, and
psychiatrists are now in debate in an attempt to clarify the issues. One
of the salient issues involves the question of personal identity between
the individual who allegedly committed the offense and the individual who
stands accused. Stephen Behnke and Walter Sinnott-Armstrong have recently
put forward a test for establishing personal identity in these cases. In
this discussion, I present reasons for rejecting their proposal.
Literature as Philosophy of Psychopathology: William Faulkner as Wittgenstein
Authors: Read Rupert J.
Published: February 2007

I argue that the language of some schizophrenic persons is akin to the
language of Benjy in Williams Faulkner's novel The Sound and the
Fury, in one crucial respect: Faulkner displays to us language
that, ironically, cannot be translated or interpreted into sense
. . . without irreducible 'loss' or 'garbling.' The same is true of
famous schizophrenic writers, such as Renee and Schreber. Such 'garbling'
is of an odd kind, admittedly: it is a garbling that inadvisably
turns nonsense into sense. . . . Faulkner's language is a language
of paradox, of nonsense masquerading beautifully as sense. When this
language works, it generates the powerful illusion that we can make
sense of the 'life-world' of a young child or an 'idiot'—or a
sufferer from chronic schizophrenia. But this remains, contrary to
Louis Sass's claims, an illusion.
Thus, drawing on the thinking of Wittgenstein (his On Certainty,
especially, with its incisive critique of the very idea of being able to
make claims or statements from within a sufficiently altered [non]state
of mind) and of the Wittgensteinian literary critic James Guetti
(who critiques the very idea of 'deranged language' being paraphrased
into sense), I argue that the most impenetrable cases of schizophrenia
may be cases not of a sense being made that we cannot grasp, nor of a
different form of life, but, despite appearances, of no sense, no
form of life, at all. This is an option that has not really been
considered in the literature of/on psychopathology to date. And it can
be tentatively established, not through a dubious scientism, but through
a careful attention to the literature of the insane and the literature
of Modernism.
Looking Under the Hood and Tinkering with Voter Cynicism: Ross Perot and "Perspective by Incongruity"
Authors: Tonn Mari Boor , Endress Valerie A
Published: February 2007

This essay examines Ross Perot's 1992 presidential bid as a comic catalyst
for a reinvigorated view of civic responsibility. Despite the Texas
maverick's political naivet� and penchant for miscalculation,
his very presence in the campaign reanimated Americans' conception of
grassroots democracy. By examining important and previously unexplored
distinctions between planned and unplanned incongruity, we probe the
means by which Perot invited consideration of alternative political
perspectives and offered an appealing glimpse into a dormant, more deeply
held democratic ideal.
Global Capitalism, National Sovereignty, and the Decline of Democratic Space
Authors: Brown Richard Harvey
Published: February 2007

The contraction of the public sphere is not simply a
local or national issue, but is a consequence of the structure of global
capitalism. This paper argues that resources for deliberative democracy
will emerge from an appreciation of the interdependence of the economic
structures and democratic possibilities.
FDR's First Inaugural Address: Text, Context, and Reception
Authors: Houck Davis W , Nocasian Mihaela
Published: February 2007

In the immediate aftermath of Franklin D. Roosevelt's first
inaugural address, many Americans sent their new president reactions
to the speech. Those reactions form the critical foundation of our
essay. Specifically, we argue that the threefold response engaging themes
of confidence, the Judeo-Christian religion, and dictatorship helps us
to make sense of drafts of the speech and how those drafts interact with
several important contexts.
Frederick Douglass on the Lyceum Circuit: Social Assimilation, Social Transformation?
Authors: Ray Angela G
Published: February 2007

By adapting dominant tenets of the mid-nineteenth-century United
States—such as the "common sense" of ordinary people, the value of
self-help, and the assumption of American exceptionalism—Frederick
Douglass, as a lyceum celebrity, produced a complex rhetoric that
promoted reformist ideals to a mass audience. This essay examines the
possibilities and limitations of assimilationist discourse proffered
for transformational ends.
"A Right to Speak on the Subject": The U.S. Women's Antiremoval Petition Campaign, 1829-1831
Authors: Theodore Alisse
Published: February 2007

In 1830-31, more than 1,400 women submitted petitions to Congress
protesting the federal government's plans to forcibly remove Native
Americans from their southern lands. In this essay I examine the
rhetorical strategies of this first national women's petition campaign,
calling attention to the ways these strategies enabled women's political
activism despite the seeming contradiction between petitioners' focus
on their sex and the cultural exclusion of women from the national
political sphere.
"We Want Americans Pure and Simple": Theodore Roosevelt and the Myth of Americanism
Authors: Dorsey Leroy G. , Harlow Rachel M
Published: February 2007

Issues of immigration and assimilation have always troubled the national psyche, with the native-born and immigrants wondering what it means to be an American. Theodore Roosevelt attempted to shape those issues, attempts that still resonate today in the public consciousness.1 This essay examines the mythic themes of Roosevelt's discourse in his narrative history The Winning of the West to explain how he used the Frontier Myth to lionize the immigrant in American culture. Moreover, the essay illuminates how his discourse not only provided a primer to immigrants about the expectations of American culture, but also worked to lessen the anti-immigrationist impulse.
Women, Work, Welfare: A Rhetorical History of Images of Poor Women in Welfare Policy Debates
Authors: Asen Robert
Published: February 2007

This article examines images of poor women that circulated in welfare
policy debates from the Progressive Era through the late 1960s. Although
competing demands for work and caregiving informed welfare policy debates
throughout this period, policymakers' views of poor single mothers
shifted principally from imagining these women as domestic caregivers
to imagining them as paid workers.
Governing Boards in Canadian Universities
Authors: Skolnik Michael L. , Jones Glen A
Published: February 2007

Using a national survey of Canadian university governing boards and
board members conducted in 1994-1995, this paper focuses on the
characteristics and work of board members, compares its findings
with American studies of governing boards, and discusses the roles
of boards and board members.
There's No "I" in "Team": Lessons from Athletics on Community Building
Authors: Wolf-Wendel Lisa , Toma J. Douglas , Morphew Christopher C
Published: February 2007

This study explores how athletics meets the challenges associated with creating a community out of difference and how its processes can serve as a model for higher education. Based on interviews with athletes, coaches, and athletic administrators from five NCAA division I institutions, this study reports traits that facilitate community-building: team members share a common goal; they engage in intense, frequent interaction; they share adversity; they have a common enemy; and they recognize that each individual has something important to contribute.
Uses of the University Redux
Authors: Birnbaum Robert
Published: February 2007

The first three chapters of the 2001 edition of The Uses of the University, originally published in 1963, are among the most brilliant, literate, and insightful essays in the higher education literature. The more recent chapters gathered in this fifth edition are informative but, for the most part, lack the sweep and poetry of the originals.
The Political Uses of the University
Authors: Pusser Brian
Published: February 2007

The fifth edition of Clark Kerr's The Uses of the University reflects on an original theme visited over four decades. Over time his views of American higher education became more somber. Although Kerr does not deal with the politics of university policy and governance, this book is useful as both record and forecast.
Impacts of Two-Year and Four-Year College Attendance on Learning Orientations
Authors: Pierson Christopher T , Wolniak Gregory C , Pascarella Ernest T , Flowers Lamont A
Published: February 2007

With statistical controls for an extensive array of confounding influences, including
precollege learning orientations, attendance at a two-year versus a
four-year college had modest but statistically significant positive effects on
student growth in first and second-year Openness to Diversity, second-year
Learning for Self-Understanding, and first-year Internal Locus of Attribution
for Academic Success. The generally positive impacts of two-year college attendance,
however, varied for such characteristics as race, sex, socioeconomic
background, academic ability, and English fluency.
Feminist Transformation in Higher Education: Discipline, Structure, and Institution
Authors: Safarik Lynn
Published: February 2007

Using a feminist poststructuralist perspective, this study investigates academic feminism as a case of transformation in higher education. Narrative analysis was used to examine the transformative role of feminist scholarship in the contexts of disciplines, departments, and the university, illustrated by the life histories of nine diverse feminists and their perceptions of transformation in sociohistoric, generational, and multiple structural contexts. Assessments of progress must consider the relative nature of a values shift in institutional transformation.
May Babies and Posttenure Babies: Maternal Decisions of Women Professors
Authors: Armenti Carmen
Published: February 2007

This research explores the maternal and career progression decisions of different generations of women professors in Canada. Nineteen women, interviewed in-depth, reveal how they carefully plan childbearing and childrearing experiences around their demanding work schedules, by having May babies or posttenure babies. Results demonstrate the need for alternative models of academic careers.
Expanding the University of California's Outreach Mission
Authors: Timar Thomas , Ogawa Rodney , Orillion Marie
Published: February 2007

In 1998-1999, the University of California added a new dimension to its K-12 outreach: partnerships between the university and educationally low-performing high schools. The program aimed to improve the academic performance of targeted high schools and their feeder middle and elementary schools. This paper examines the processes that led to the four-pronged outreach plan, the various political and organization processes that shaped outreach, and the institutional significance and impact of UC's foray into school reform.
Hydro-Peace in the Middle East: Why no Water Wars?: A Case Study of the Jordan River Basin
Authors: Allan J. A. (John Anthony)
Published: February 2007

Abstract: The Middle East is very poorly endowed with freshwater: the region
ran out of water resources to meet its strategic needs—for domestic
and industrial use as well as for food production—in 1970. Despite
depleted water resources and growing water demand pushed by population
growth, international relations over water have, if anything, become less
tense since 1970. The reason is that water has been available on the
international market in the form of "virtual water." Indeed, economies
that can import grain avoid having to mobilize scarce freshwater from
their own resource base to produce wheat themselves. By the year 2000,
the Middle East and North Africa were importing fifty million tons
of grain annually, satisfying the largest demand for water in the
region—food production. The remaining 10 percent of water demand
for drinking, domestic, and industrial use may soon be met through
low-cost desalinated seawater. The global political economy of water
use and trade has had important impacts on the way water is perceived in
the Middle East. But at the same time, the impact of the global system
has been perverse in that the availability of virtual water has slowed
the pace of reforms intended to improve water efficiency.
Daghestan and Chechnya: The Wahhabi Challenge to the State
Authors: Lanskoy Miriam
Published: February 2007

Abstract: The contrasts and relationships between the Daghestani and Chechen
Wahhabi groups are crucial to describing the circumstances that
produced the present war in Chechnya. During the 1990s, Daghestan adopted
increasingly repressive legislation against the adherents of the minority
Salafi (or Wahhabi) strain of Islam. In 1998, due to unrest in Daghestan,
several hundred Wahhabis left for Chechnya where they combined forces
with rogue Chechen gangs. This exacerbated internal Chechen struggles
that turned violent in the summer of 1998. By the following summer,
the Wahhabis had openly challenged Chechen President Maskhadov and had
staged several attempts to assassinate him. In August 1999, the Wahhabis'
return to Daghestan with the avowed aim of overthrowing the Daghestani
republican government triggered the second Russian-Chechen war.
U.S.-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement: Cementing a Geostrategic Economic Relationship
Authors: Fauver Robert C , Stewart Devin T
Published: February 2007

Since the 1980s, the idea of a U.S.-Japan free trade agreement has been
proposed every two years or so, only to be defeated by protectionists and
pessimists. Now, however, a new set of geopolitical as well as economic
circumstances make such an agreement not only desirable but necessary
if the United States and Japan wish to advance their common stake in
the future of East Asia. This paper discusses the historical background
and the new circumstances that make a free trade agreement increasingly
urgent, what such an agreement might look like, including its economic and
strategic benefits, and how actors in both countries might respond.
Glimpsing a "Lesbian Poetics" in Twelfth Night
Authors: Ake Jami
Published: February 2007

This essay argues that the interview scene between Olivia and the disguised Viola in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night (I.v) offers an often overlooked opportunity to witness the dynamics by which a language of female-female desire emerges from the materials of conventional heteroerotic discourses. Viola's successful wooing of Olivia in this scene allows us a glimpse of tentative "lesbian" poetics as one female character imagines and articulates the words that will seduce another and inspire her to erotic action.
Urban Misidentification in The Comedy of Errors and the Cony-Catching Pamphlets
Authors: Van Elk Martine
Published: February 2007

This essay argues that the cony-catching pamphlets of the 1590s form a central context for Shakespeare's early comedy. The play and the pamphlets point to an early modern fascination with misidentification as a gauge of the social order. Social exchange itself, fraught with cultural assumptions that inhibit communication, gives rise to misidentification. This allows criminals to insert themselves into social circles at will, while causing general chaos even in the absence of devious intent in Shakespeare's comedy. Both the play and the rogue texts leave us with the impression of a social order that is already destabilized from within.
"Ears Prejudicate" in Mariam and Duchess of Malfi
Authors: Green Reina
Published: February 2007

This essay examines the impact of gender on the speaker-listener relationship in Elizabeth Cary's Tragedy of Mariam and John Webster's Duchess of Malfi. Several characters demonstrate "ears prejudicate," preferring to hear views sympathetic with their own. However, while Mariam and the duchess are condemned for their listening behavior, they have no power to censure men who fail to listen to them. Moreover, these women are condemned in sexual terms as their listening behavior is considered a sign of sexual licentiousness. It is suggested that Webster and Cary may have particular reasons for exploring the impact of prejudicial listening.
Recent Studies in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Miller Andrew H.
Published: February 2007

An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the Nineteenth
Century and some general observations on the state of the profession.
A full bibliography and price list of the works received by
SEL for consideration follow.
The Dilemma of Wittenberg: Reflections on Tactics and Ethics
Authors: Feierstein Daniel , Sadow Stephen A.
Published: February 2007

This study explains how in the Vilna ghetto, the Nazis
made successful use of the tactic of "collective responsibility." By
threatening that if a certain resistance leader was not turned over to
them alive, they would annihilate the entire ghetto, they displaced the
responsibility for the extermination of the Jews onto their leader and, if
he were protected, on the Jewish resistance organizations. The resistance
faced an impossible dilemma: give up completely their principle of not
turning over individuals "to save the rest," or use all their efforts
to control their own people, instead of directing their energies against
the Nazis.
Can an Orthodox Jew Participate in the Public Life of the State of Israel?
Authors: Sapir Gidon
Published: February 2007

More than 20 percent of the residents of Israel are
observant Orthodox Jews. The first question facing them with respect to
"religion and state" is not whether they can support--or even accept--any
specific legal arrangement in the State of Israel, but rather whether
they can accept and participate in the legal system of a Jewish secular
state--a state that does not comply with the halakhic political model--at
all. In this paper I pursue the road less taken and try to demonstrate
that halakhah may be interpreted to allow not only passive
recognition but also active participation in the Israel secular system.
A Restatement of Judaism
Authors: Unger Erich
Published: February 2007

Unger's "Restatement of Judaism" sets out a possible rescue operation to
revitalize the Jewish People as bearers of Judaism's world view. Unger
argues that the process that led a people to lose its distinctive culture
and integrated religious ethos could be reversed. Defining Western
civilization in terms of (1) science and technology, (2) Christianity,
and (3) nationhood and politics, Unger shows where the relationship of
Judaism to these three dominant perceptions of society needs to change
radically. Unger takes into account the impact of antisemitism both in
its classic and its post-emancipation form. His concern is the Judaism of
the Jewish people—this includes but does not focus on the Jewish
State; it is "a political and religious view of the world with a vision
of the future course of the world and of the people in it."
"The Road to Stalin": Mandelstam's Ode to Stalin and "The Lines on the Unknown Soldier"
Authors: Brinkley Tony , Kostova Raina
Published: February 2007

"'The Road to Stalin'" introduces new transations of two late poems by Osip Mandelstam: the Ode to Stalin and the "Lines on the Unknown Soldier." The poems were written in 1937 toward the end of Mandelstam's exile in Voronezh. Both were intended for publication. In recent years, "The Unknown Soldier" has been acknowledtged as one of Mandelstam's major works. The Ode, for the most part, has been treated as an embarrassment. If publication had occurred at the time, however, the two poems would have been read in each other's terms—as complementary works by a poet whose dissent, arrest, and exile were celebrated. In publishing these translations together, our primary intention is also a very simple one, to offer a way in which the two poems can be read as companions.
The Ancient Origins of Sign Handshapes
Authors: Montgomery George
Published: February 2007

This article discusses the common origins of written scripts and sign
handshapes in tally scores, the board abacus, and finger counting.
The early roots of numbers in magic, prognostication, and religious
numerology are shown to have resulted in familiarity with alphanumeric
code switching particularly in the superstitious practice of fadic
addition.
The breakthrough of using handshapes for letters, not merely
numbers, occurred in eighth-century Northumbria, where Bede recorded
a one-hand finger alphabet and showed how number shapes
could be used as signs as well as for the transmission of spoken languages
by fingerspelling.
The possible links between the ancient Celtic Ogham script, the
seventeenth-century Century Scottish Glove Alphabet, and the present-day
two-hand British and Australian finger alphabet are given as
a particular example of the influence of number on the evolution of
handshapes.
Coercion, Reform, and the Welfare State: The Campaign Against “Begging” in Mexico City during the 1930s
Authors: Ochoa Enrique C.
Published: February 2007

On October 8, 1930, on her way to the Plaza Hidalgo in Mexico City to purchase alfalfa for her employer's poultry, Elvira C. was forced into a police truck. Despite her protests, she was taken to a detention center known as El Carmen. The 28 year old widow from Puebla was arrested for begging and placed in the custody of Mexico City's Public Welfare Agency. After four-and-a-half months in welfare institutions, a social worker recorded Elvira's work history, inquired into her living situation and drinking habits, and visited her place of residence and her place of work. The social worker finally concluded that Elvira was not a beggar and should be released. On March 18, 1931, over five months after being detained, Elvira was ordered released.
Invading Arcadia: Women Scientists in the Field in Latin America, 1900-1950
Authors: Henson Pamela M.
Published: February 2007

Let us keep a place where real research men can find quiet, keen intellectual stimulation, freedom from any outside distraction." This was the response of a prominent North American naturalist opposed to a 1924 proposal to build facilities for women at the Barro Colorado Island Biological Laboratory in Panama. In the first decades of the twentieth-century, in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War and as the United States built the Panama Canal, the American tropics became a major focus for North American politics and natural history, with government funding and logistical support from the military for scientific expeditions. As the North American western frontier closed, the New World tropics—or Neotropics—assumed the role that the West had played for an earlier generation of nineteenth-century explorers. In a post-Darwinian world, a field trip to the tropics with its rich biodiversity had become a rite of passage and a route to fame for young North American naturalists. And in the decades during and after the successful campaign for women's suffrage in the United States, tensions between men and women ran high, in the home, at the ballot box, and at the field station.
Our Lady in the Kernel of Corn, 1774
Authors: Taylor William
Published: February 2007

Marian apparitions and miraculous images in Mexico inevitably bring to mind one renowned figure — Our Lady of Guadalupe and its shrine at Tepeyac in the Valley of Mexico. Guadalupe is, indeed, a touchstone to the history of Catholicism and popular devotion in Mexico, and Mexico is a special case of a religious image becoming the main symbol for an emerging nation. As Jeannette Rodríguez recently wrote, “To be of Mexican descent is to recognize the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe.” But devotion to Our Lady of Guadalupe has a history. This image has not always been, and in some ways still is not, the dominant symbol throughout Mexico, and the location of its principal shrine on the edge of Mexico City is as much a key to its importance as is its association with the oldest Marian apparition officially recognized by the Catholic Church. Dozens of different shrines to other miraculous images have captured the hearts of thousands, sometimes millions of followers in Mexico. They still do.
The Medicalization of Nordestinos: Public Health and Regional Identity in Northeastern Brazil, 1889-1930
Authors: Blake Stanley S.
Published: February 2007

In his 1927 annual report to the Pernambucan state legislature, Governor Estacio de Albuquerque Coimbra wrote that “the economic, intellectual, moral and civic value of the Nation and the State is shaped, with the expression of human activity, in the excellence of physical and moral robustness of its population.” He believed that government was responsible for improving the condition of its citizens, and that “man, healthy or sick, … ought to fall under the knowing gaze of the Governments, preserving or restoring him to health, to benefit the Nation.” Under Coimbra's administrations, the Pernambucan government inaugurated public health, public assistance, and education programs designed to improve the material and physical well-being of Pernambucan citizens. This was not an easy task; regional economic underdevelopment and perennial budget crises threatened government-sponsored social programs. While public health programs could be implemented and administered with relative ease in the state's capital of Recife, transportation problems and low population density made the extension of such services to the residents of the state's interior almost impossible. Despite these obstacles, public health programs and the physical well-being of the state's populations had become the single most important concern of the Pernambucan government by the mid 1920s, and the expectation of future economic development and social progress was tied to the development of effective public health programs.
The Rockets' Red Glare: Technology, Conflict, and Terror in the Soviet Union
Authors: Siddiqi Asif A.
Published: February 2007

To date, scholars have treated the history of Soviet rocketry as a linear technological evolution interrupted only by the Great Purges of 1937-38 when the Soviet secret police arrested and shot several engineers at this institute. Lacking a substantial archival record, historians viewed the Purges as the singular break in rocketry work. Evidence available in the post-Soviet era suggests that bitter conflicts over the adoption of specific technologies plagued the institute before the Purges. These technical disagreements contributed to the terror at the institute. Although conflicts over technology are common in most research and development (R&D) milieux, Soviet R&D institutions in the 1930s were unable to resolve technical dissension in a way that facilitated radical innovation. These debates over technological choice affected the trajectory of Soviet rocketry more profoundly than the Purges. The new evidence provides for a broader understanding of how radical innovation evolves under great social, political, and economic strain.
Media Transformation and New Practices of Citizenship: The Example of Environmental Activism in Post-apartheid Durban
Authors: Barnett Clive
Published: February 2007

Clive Barnett examines the relationship between media restructuring
and new patterns of political mobilisation to assess the nature of
democratisation.
Everygirl's Good Deeds: The Heroics of Nancy Drew
Authors: Lundin Anne H.
Published: February 2007

Drawing on her own attachment to Nancy Drew and her reactions in her diary written when she was thirteen, Lundin suggests that Nancy Drew acted as her alter ego, a being who "inspired my imagination, literary ambitions, and ethical conscience." Despite being a fictional character in a series, Nancy Drew took on the trappings of the fifteenth-century allegory, allowing the child reader to test whether the world is a place to be trusted. Drew's benevolence and heroic deeds showed the possibilities of achievement for young women.
Magical Growth and Moral Lessons; or, How the Conduct Book Informed Victorian and Edwardian Children's Fantasy
Authors: Ostry Elaine
Published: February 2007

Victorian and Edwardian writers of children's fantasy appropriated the codes and forms of the conduct book in their works. Using the aegis of an adult guide and the medium of dialogue, authors such as Kingsley, Carroll and MacDonald applied these to the growth and development of their central characters. According to Ostry, Carroll mocks these conventions and later the children in E. Nesbit's works will develop their own morality in the absence of an adult guide. Thus the children in these fantasies progress from needing instructive, moral dialogues to independence, and self-control. The children learn to create their own dialogues and teach themselves.
The Monastic Life and the Warrior's Quest: The Middle Ages from the Viewpoint of Animals in Brian Jacques's Redwall Novels
Authors: Rostankowski Cynthia C
Published: February 2007

Although Jacque's Redwall novels have the potential for introducing young readers to the middle ages and for the cultivation of historical insight, they fail because of their incompleteness. One example is the elimination of Christianity. While the animals go on quests, nothing explains the motivation for defending good or even the basis for what good is. Jacques's works make use of the particulars of medieval society to create appealing and familiar novels but in the end, they remain a superficial introduction to medievalism.
Not in Kansas Anymore: Holocaust Films for Children
Authors: Baron Lawrence
Published: February 2007

As the Holocaust has been incorporated into the curricula of most American schools, the demand for age-appropriate stories and the increasing leniency of the movie ratings system have stimulated the production of feature films depicting Jewish youngsters facing persecution and genocide. This article analyzes how the films >A Friendship in Vienna, The Island on Bird Street, and The Devil's Arithmetic employ the narrative strategies of the children's novels on which they are based to convey positive messages while portraying the horrific plight of European Jewry under German rule.
Becoming an "All-of-a-Kind" American: Sydney Taylor and Strategies of Assimilation
Authors: Cummins June
Published: February 2007

Sydney Taylors series for children, known as the All-of-a-Kind
Family books, tells the story of five Jewish sisters and their brother living
in New York City in the early twentieth century. These books simultaneously depict positive cultural
identification and assimilation away from that identification.
Close examination of the first, best-known, book in the series
reveals that assimilation occurs as a result of intrinsic and extrinsic pressures on the text.
Intrinsically, Taylors narrative strategies subtly focus attention on non-Jewish
characters and events. Extrinsically, Taylors editor insisted that Taylors characters become Americans.
Editorial changes to the original manuscript of All-of-a-Kind Family reveal Taylors tactics in
response to her perceptions of the necessity of making her characters Americans.
Tax Competition in Wilhelmine Germany and Its Implications for the European Union
Authors: Hallerberg Mark
Published: February 2007

The twenty-five German states from 1871 to 1914 present a useful data set for examining how increasing economic integration affects tax policy. After German unification the national government collapsed six currencies into one and liberalized preexisting restrictions on capital and labor mobility. In contrast, the empire did not directly interfere in the making of state tax policy; while states transferred certain indirect taxes to the central government, they maintained their own autonomous tax and political systems through World War I. This paper examines the extent to which tax competition forced the individual state tax systems to converge from 1871 to 1914. In spite of a diversity of political systems, tax competition did require states to harmonize their rates on mobile factors like capital and high income labor, but it did not affect tax rates on immobile factors. In states where the political system guaranteed agricultural dominance, taxes on land were reduced, while in states with more open systems, tax rates remained higher. One unexpected result is that tax rates on capital and income converged upward instead of downward. The most dominant state, Prussia, served as the lowest-common-denominator state, but pressure from the national government, especially to increase expenditures, forced all states to raise their tax rates. These results suggest possible ways for the European Union to avoid a forced downward convergence of member state tax rates on capital and mobile labor.
Preference for Presidentialism: Postcommunist Regime Change in Russia and the NIS
Authors: Easter Gerald M.
Published: February 2007

The recent wave of democratic transitions has stimulated scholarly interest in a previously undeveloped area of study: comparative presidentialism. Comparative presidentialism seeks to define variant types of presidentialism that have emerged from transition processes, to identify the conditions that shape institutional choice and to understand more clearly the causal relationship between institutional choice and democratic regime outcomes. Using the postcommunist transitions, this paper contributes to the emerging comparative presidentialism literature by suggesting a revision to the argument that presidentialism leads to failed democratic transitions. The paper focuses attention away from the institutional rules of the game and toward the actors who actually make the institutional choice. Three postcommunist cases, distinguished by their different regime outcomes, are compared: Russia, Uzbekistan, and Estonia.
The Politics of Mothers' Employment: France in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Morgan Kimberly J.
Published: February 2007

Contemporary theories and typologies of welfare states in Western Europe assume that social democratic parties are the engine behind progressive policies on gender roles and on the participation of women in the labor force. The French case challenges these assumptions—this conservative welfare state, surprisingly, provides an extensive system of public day care along with other forms of support that facilitate mothers' employment. This article explains the existence of the French system through a comparative historical analysis of child care policy in France and other European welfare states. The mainfindingsconcern the role of organized religion in shaping contemporary public day care policies. In contrast to most conservative welfare regimes, the French welfare state has been shaped not by clericalism and Christian democracy but by secularism and republican nationalism—forces that influenced some of the earliest public policies for the education of young children in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and that later affected the founding of the contemporary day care system in the 1970s. In that latter period of propitious economic circumstances, pragmatic policy elites eschewed moralizing critiques of mothers' employment and established a system of financing that has enabled the long-term expansion of public day care. These findings have implications for our understanding of gender politics and welfare regimes in Western Europe. The secularization of political life—not social democratic power—best explains why public policies in France and in many Scandinavian countries have promoted the demise of the traditional family model.
Messing with the Idyllic: The Performance of Femininity in Kushner's Angels in America
Authors: Meisner Natalie
Published: February 2007

This article deals with Tony Kushner's two-part stage epic, Angels in America (1992) and the way it has been positioned as a source text for queer theory, performance studies, and postmodern theories of the stage. The article focuses on identity politics, the performance of "femininity," and gender activism as they intersect in the performing body. This allows for the interrogation of the complex relationship between gender, sexual identity, and non-normative sexual representations and demonstrates the continued necessity of a feminist critique of power in theatre even in a so-called post-feminist era.
Celebrity Erotics: Pepys, Performance, and Painted Ladies
Authors: Roach Joseph R.
Published: February 2007

From the medieval to the early modern period, funeral effigies-- images of deceased monarchs sculpted from wood or wax and dressed in their own clothes--accompanied the corpses of English kings. Although this quaint performance lapsed with the burial of Charles II, other methods of circulating personal images in the absence of the persons themselves proliferated during his reign. The diarist Samuel Pepys records the erotic dimensions of the experience of this early development of celebrity in the modern sense. He remarks on the appropriation of religious icons in so-called "role portraits" of fashionable women, on the increasing availability of these and other popular images as prints, and on the emergence of actors and actresses as living effigies.
"Not a translation but a mutilation": The Limits of Translation and the Discipline of Sexology
Authors: Bauer Heike
Published: February 2007

This article uses the discipline of sexology as a means to test the limits of translation. Specifically, I examine the translation and dissemination in English of works by three German sexologists, Ulrichs, Krafft-Ebing and Hirschfeld, focusing on what Benjamin termed issues of the "translatability" of a text. My analysis reveals that the binary model of "translatability" versus "un-translatability" does not suffice to describe the dissemination of sexological ideas. I introduce the notion of "a-translatability" to problematize the idea that certain concepts are without translation when they are disseminated among languages.
[Moysa] and Muse: Notes From a Collaboration
Authors: McKinsey Martin
Published: February 2007

In 1999, the author worked as Writer-in-Residence at Princeton's Program in Hellenic Studies with Cypriot poet Kyriakos Haralambidis on English versions of his work. The essay is based on the journal kept by the translator during that month-long collaboration. It explores the dynamics of the poet-translator relationship as it emerged in daily work sessions, as well as the geopolitical realities that loom over all such cultural transactions--above all those involving a "minor language" like Cypriot Greek and a dominant global language like American English.
Translating A Novel's Novelty: Yuri Andrukhovych's Perverzion In English
Authors: Naydan Michael M.
Published: February 2007

This article addresses the issues involved in translating complicated prose into English, focusing on the translation of Ukrainian writer Yuri Andrukhovych's postmodernist novel Perverzion. Andrukhovych's novel echoes elements of several genres--the philosophical novel, the saint's life (vita), the mystery novel, the picaresque, and the travelogue. The novel is replete with linguistic and stylistic complexities that require creative resolution by the translator. The major issues addressed include the translation of meaningful names, the translation of linguistically deformed text, and the translation of poetic passages. The translator concludes that creative resolution of these problems--the conveying of multiple and subsurface meanings as well as the effects of the original--gives an anglophone reading audience a better approximation of the author's true nature as a writer.
Smelling a Single Component of Male Sweat Alters Levels of Cortisol in Women
Authors: Wyart Claire , Webster Wallace W. , Chen Jonathan H. , Wilson Sarah R. , McClary Andrew , Khan Rehan M. , Sobel Noam
Published: February 2007

Rodents use chemosignals to alter endocrine balance in conspecifics. Although responses to human sweat suggest a similar mechanism in humans, no particular component of human sweat capable of altering endocrine balance in conspecifics has yet been isolated and identified. Here, we measured salivary levels of the hormone cortisol in women after smelling pure androstadienone (4,16-androstadien-3-one), a molecule present in the sweat of men that has been suggested as a chemosignal in humans. We found that merely smelling androstadienone maintained significantly higher levels of the hormone cortisol in women. These results suggest that, like rodents, humans can influence the hormonal balance of conspecifics through chemosignals. Critically, this study identified a single component of sweat, androstadienone, as capable of exerting such influence. This result points to a potential role for synthetic human chemosignals in clinical applications.
GABAergic Interneurons Facilitate Mossy Fiber Excitability in the Developing Hippocampus
Authors: Nakamura Michiko , Sekino Yuko , Manabe Toshiya
Published: February 2007

Profound activity-dependent synaptic facilitation at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses is a unique and functionally important property. Although presynaptic ionotropic receptors, such as kainate receptors, contribute partially to the facilitation in the hippocampus, the precise mechanisms of presynaptic regulation by endogenous neurotransmitters remain unclear. In this study, we report that axonal GABAAreceptors on mossy fibers are involved in the activity-dependent facilitation during development. In immature mouse hippocampal slices, short-train stimulation (five pulses at 25 Hz) caused frequency-dependent facilitation of not only postsynaptic responses but also presynaptic fiber volleys that represent presynaptic activities. This fiber volley facilitation was inhibited by selective GABAAreceptor antagonists, or by enkephalin that selectively suppresses excitability of interneurons. Furthermore, we directly demonstrated that this facilitation resulted from depolarization of mossy fibers in imaging experiments using a voltage-sensitive dye. This increased mossy fiber excitability caused by depolarizing action of GABA gradually decreased with development and eventually disappeared at around postnatal day 30. These results suggested that GABA released from interneurons acted on axonal GABAAreceptors on mossy fibers and contributed at least partially to the activity- and age-dependent facilitation in the hippocampus.