bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post Web 2.0 Media: Mobile Social Media
Authors: Cochrane Thomas , Antonczak Laurent
Published: October 2013

In this paper we explore the outcomes of a mobile community of practice (MOBCOP) reified in the development of a
mobile social media framework that we have implemented in the creation of a new mobile social media minor within the
faculty. The domain of the MOBCOP was a year-long investigation of the potential for mobile social media to act as a
catalyst for new pedagogies. The context of MOBCOP was an invited group of Bachelor of Graphics Design lecturers
interested in investigating the implications of mobile social media for collaborative curriculum design. MOBCOP
comprised six lecturers and an academic advisor as a technology steward. We argue that the resultant mobile social
media framework developed from the MOBCOP experience is potentially transferable to a range of educational contexts.
We illustrate the implementation of our mobile social media framework within the development of a new media minor
that explicitly integrates the unique technical and pedagogical affordances of mobile social media, with a focus upon
student-generated content and student-directed learning (heutagogy).
Improving student literacy in adult education through an immediate feedback tool
Authors: Geertsema Martie , Campbell Chris
Published: October 2013

Intelligibility is what every English language learner strives for. To have the correct pronunciation and to be understood
is a big part of the challenge to learning a new language. A contributing factor that makes correcting learner
pronunciation difficult is the fact that many learners are unable to hear their own pronunciation mistakes, so speech to
audio programs have limited value. A potential benefit of speech to text programs is that learners will be able to see their
mistakes and thereby correct their own pronunciation with a technology they always have with them, is familiar with and
is non-threatening. In addition, the fact that in remote areas 3G is more available than the Internet and mobile phones are
cheaper than other digital literacy tools like iPads or laptops makes mobile phones as a teaching tool an appealing
prospect. This project explores the possibilities DragonDictation, a free mobile phone app for voice recognition, brings
to the adult ESL classroom, not only for the learners but also for the teachers. The extent to which it could be useful as an
immediate feedback tool on pronunciation accuracy is explored, as are improvements to students speaking in English.
The extent to which continued and supervised exposure to this digital literacy changes adult learners’ beliefs on the place
of using mobile phones as a teaching and learning tool is also explored.
An Interactive Mobile Learning Method to Measure Students performance
Authors: Hamdan Khaed , Ben-Chaban Yazid
Published: October 2013

This work focuses on miscellaneous means to measure students� performance which requires hard work, commitment, collaborative and organizational skills, true communication and engagement. Using Mobile Learning and other technology is often challenging to students� capabilities and sometimes intimidating, especially for those who have never used it before. In this study, we will discuss how students� classroom use of the Mobile Learning can make a significant improvement when it is well integrated and adopted in students personal skills such as; using organization, communication , assuming responsibilities, critical reading and writing, , problem solving, class engagement, increasing learning interest, emphasizing communities contribution and self evaluation. We will also discuss students� struggle which is not academic, but rather a lack of individual and personal skills. We will discuss students� environment, delivery mode and the associated learning process that show a significant improvement in students� way of learning. This study is a sample of U.G.R.U. IT students selected in Fall Semester 2012 by U.A.E.U. Instructors.
The Dawn of Creation with Mobile Learning Technologies and Language Learning Pedagogy
Authors: Yates Nicholas
Published: October 2013

The learning design with mobile learning technologies, particularly the iPad, affords the creation of learning products. Combined with task-based language learning and project-based learning pedagogy, mobile learning technology can be utilized with great effect. This short paper will describe the nature of creating learning products with pedagogy including task-based language learning and project-based learning. Student examples from an English as a Second Language classroom setting and self-reported teacher journal entries will be used to illustrate. Stemming from the teacher observations noted in the journal entries, there are two fresh perspectives on the creation of learning products. The pedagogy of task-based language learning and project-based learning afforded the creation of learning products throughout the learning process culminating in a final learning product.
Integrating mLearning Language Application into University Course Content
Authors: Viberg Olga , Grönlund Åke
Published: October 2013

The idea that education can be considered as design science was brought up in the 1990s in order to bring the educational research from an experimental classroom into practice (Laurillard, 2012), at the time when the computers were introduced in educational settings. After that a number of theories focusing eLearning have arisen. Technologies are constantly changing, and new more pervasive mobile technologies increasingly influence individuals’ everyday lives. Among other things this influences humans’ social learning practices, and becomes an even more challenging task for educators. Design is critical to the successful development of any interactive learning environment (Mor & Winters, 2007). Mobile technology, as most other IT, is not primarily an educational phenomenon. It is a social phenomenon that happens in different parts of the world and in different ways. As emerging mobile technologies afford many advantages, such as flexibility and user-friendliness, researchers are exploring how to use them to support language learning (Huang et al., 2012). This paper presents a prototype for a cross-platform mobile language learning application developed for an online language course at Dalarna University in Sweden. The prototype is developed in order to support beginner second and foreign language learners in their vocabulary, listening and grammar learning. Considering mLearning to be a product of sociotechnical construction, the study applies a Design Science approach.
Targeting FRAME: A new tool for mLearning design
Authors: Power Robert
Published: October 2013

Various attempts have been made to offer advice and guidance to mobile learning (mLearning) instructional designers. However, there is still a distinct need for guidance that is concise, theoretically grounded, and applicable across a wide variety of instructional design types and purposes. The Framework for the Rational Assessment of Mobile Education (FRAME) model developed by Koole (2009) meets these requirements. This paper proposes the development of an interactive online tool based upon the FRAME model that will allow educators to effectively reflect upon their mLearning instructional design decisions and target areas for design improvement.
An ecology of mobile screens: iPads meet XOs in a desert school
Authors: Pegrum Mark , Oakley Grace , Clarke Jan , Sligar Jim
Published: October 2013

We increasingly operate in a multi-screen ecology, choosing the most appropriate devices for different purposes at different times. When educational institutions invest in mobile technologies, they often spend a great deal of time evaluating a range of devices. However, the devices themselves may matter less than their educational uses. This paper explores the case of an Aboriginal desert school in Western Australia which has adopted a mixture of XO laptops and, more recently, iPads. The background to the XO and iPad programmes is briefly outlined and the relative advantages and disadvantages of each device are indicated. It is demonstrated that, rather than the devices being in competition with each other, they are in many ways complementary. Teachers and students are able to work with both types of devices, as appropriate, to improve literacy, numeracy and other skills within a digital learning ecology.
Mobilogue – A Tool for Creating and Conducting Mobile Supported Field Trips
Authors: Giemza Adam , Hoppe H. Ulrich
Published: October 2013

Mobilogue is a tool to support educators and students in authoring and deploying learning support with location
awareness and guidance to mobile devices. The application area of the framework covers informal learning settings like
field trips, museum visits as well as formal classroom settings. The focus of the framework is on the simplicity and
flexibility of the domain independent content authoring and content deployment. We present an authoring tool that uses a
graph-based paradigm to model and author a path across different locations. Locations relate to physical places or
artefacts through QR codes and provide supportive information. The guidance takes place by identifying the user’s
location by scanning the QR codes and visualizing the appropriate information on the smartphone. Finally we describe
possible scenarios for such informal learning settings and report on an evaluation of the framework in a museum setting.
Large Scale Deployment of Tablet Computers in High Schools in Brazil
Authors: Farias Giovanni , Ally Mohamed , de Souza Pinto Claudia Alexandra , Spanhol Fernando José
Published: October 2013

Recently different sectors of society of many countries have been demanding significant improvements in their education
systems, and teaching and learning practices (Keller, 2008; Latchem & Hanna, 2001). The need for keeping up or
developing competitiveness has been the main reason for these improvements. These countries has been faced with
challenges in terms of lack of skilled workers, capacity of resilience from the labor market to deal with dramatic
economic changes, and the pursuit for more productivity based on the use of technology. Brazil is a good example of one
of these countries. It has been struggling to improve its public basic education in order to develop the workforce. One of
the initiatives to improve the education system is by changing the education paradigm in high schools with the use of
tablet computers in a large scale deployment. This paper describes the social scenario that led to this initiative and how it
has been made in a large country, as well as the research that is being carried out to investigate the impact of such
initiative in the learning outcomes in public high schools in Brazil.
Mobile Technology, Maths Education & 21C Learning
Authors: Tangney Brendan , Bray Aibhín
Published: October 2013

Technology in general, and mobile technology in particular, remains under-exploited in secondary school education systems. This paper argues that systemic reform is needed to make the use of mobile technology really meaningful in the classroom. The type of change envisaged falls under what is broadly termed 21st Century Learning which espouses a generally social constructivist pedagogical approach with an emphasis on skills such as collaboration, communication, creativity, problem solving etc. In such a milieu the affordances of mobile technology align seamlessly with classroom practice rather than, as at present, being circumscribed and restricted to use for content consumption, field exercises or one-off customised interventions.

To illustrate the way in which mobile technology could integrate into a 21C classroom a number of lesson plans from the area of math education are described. These are situated in a national second level education system which is undergoing systemic reform and in which teachers, and schools, are looking for exemplars of pragmatic models of 21C Learning which can be used to deliver both 21C skills and traditional curriculum content.
An Outlook on Future Mobile Learning in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Shehri Saleh
Published: October 2013

Saudi Arabia is witnessing a unique and rapid economic growth as well as beyond-oil comprehensive investments
relatively at most sectors including education and ICT. As part of the global pedagogical shift from teacher-centred
approaches to more learner-centred approaches, Saudi educational system already started to adopt distance and mobile
learning practices to support this shift. Saudi higher education sector, in particular, is investing heavily to promote
teaching and learning practices that can cope with students’ needs in the digital age. Moreover, the rapid advancement as
well as the enormous penetration of mobile technologies among Saudi youths have increased the interest in mobile
learning. In addition, young population in Saudi Arabia are the biggest users of mobile social media in the Arab World.
There are several challenges that accompanied this rapid development of economic and educational systems in Saudi
Arabia. Special and unique ‘version’ of mobile learning was formed as a response to these challenges. This paper will
review some of the challenges found in previous studies, and will highlight other challenges that are believed to have a
major impact on mobile learning in Saudi Arabia. A picture of the future of mobile learning in Saudi Arabia will then be
drawn.
Oscillation criterion for two-dimensional dynamic systems on time scales
Authors: Hassan Taher
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this paper is to prove oscillation criterion for dynamic system \begin{equation*} u^{\Delta }=pv,\qquad v^{\Delta }=-qu^{\sigma }, \end{equation*}% where $p>0$ and $q$ are rd-continuous functions on a time scale such that $% \sup \mathbb{T=\infty }$ without explicit sign assumptions on $q$ and also without restrictive conditions on the time scale $\mathbb{T}.$
Some remarks on reconstruction from local weighted averages
Authors: Ponnaian Devaraj
Published: October 2013

We solve the convolution equation of the type $f\star\mu=g,$ where $f\star \mu$ is the convolution of $f$ and $\mu$ defined by $(f\star \mu)(x)=\int_{{\mathbb{R}}}f(x-y)d\mu(y),$ $g$ is a given function and $\mu$ is a finite linear combination of translates of an indicator function on an interval.
Editorial - Revista Educação
Authors: Bellochio Cláudia Ribeiro , Hypolito Álvaro Moreira , Oliveira Dalila Andrade de , Ferreira Liliana Soares
Published: October 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984644410795 Editorial
Eles são apenas diferentes: a produção discursiva de masculinidades contemporâneas na obra criando meninos
Authors: Vargas Juliana Ribeiro de , Carvalho Rodrigo Saballa de
Published: October 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464446257 A partir dos aportes teóricos dos Estudos de Gênero, em sua vertente pós-estruturalista e das contribuições dos Estudos Culturais em Educação constituímos o presente artigo que tem como objetivo a problematização da produção discursiva de masculinidades na obra Criando Meninos, de autoria do escritor Steve Bidduph. A referida obra associa determinados comportamentos como típicos de meninos em diferentes faixas etárias. Tal obra apresenta também para mães, pais e professores, uma regulação de posturas as quais os mesmos devem em relação aos meninos a fim de favorecer o desenvolvimento desses sujeitos infantis, encaminhando-os, assim, para formas determinadas de vivenciar/experimentar a sexualidade. A partir dos aportes citados, buscamos problematizar esse livro como artefato cultural o qual desenvolve uma pedagogia cultural, que através da naturalização de algumas características apresentadas pelos meninos, acaba por regular a constituição da sexualidade masculina e ensinando aos adultos como promovê-la. Palavras – chave: Estudos Culturais, Masculinidades, Discurso.
Édipo rei: a formação do homem para a polis
Authors: Melo José Joaquim Pereira , Gomes Renan Willian Fernandes
Published: October 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464447000 Pretende-se, com este texto, discutir a proposta de formação do homem grego para a polis, conforme se entende que foi expressa por Sófocles em Édipo Rei. Nessa peça, ainda que de maneira não intencional, o autor apontou o ideal de homem que, em sua perspectiva, poderia vir a responder às necessidades da sociedade helênica do seu tempo, a qual, dividida entre o mito e a razão, contava com um homem em conflito que precisava de direcionamento. Sófocles, por meio de seu protagonista, representou a conduta que considerava ideal e, ao fazê-lo, abriu para o público uma possibilidade de reflexão e discussão a respeito das transformações econômicas, sociais e políticas de seu tempo. Assim, ele criou um herói que, para além do papel do cidadão, constituiu-se como um modelo de formação diferente do consagrado pelo período arcaico.
O caráter funcional do abandono do trabalho docente na Educação Física na dinâmica da cultura escolar
Authors: Pich Santiago , Schaeffer Pedro Augusto , Carvalho Lucas Prado de
Published: October 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464447269 Este trabalho situa-se no campo de estudos da cultura escolar, focalizando a cultura escolar da Educação Física. O conceito de cultura escolar tem sido uma importante chave de leitura teórico-metodológica para a compreensão internalista do dia-a-dia escolar, possibilitando des-velar suas tramas e estratégias, a partir de focalizar a interação dos atores da instituição escolar. Temos como objetivo compreender o caráter funcional do abandono do trabalho docente da Educação Física para a dinâmica da cultura escolar. Realizamos o trabalho de campo através de pesquisa etnometodológica em uma escola municipal de Curitiba –PR, utilizando como instrumentos para a coleta de dados o diário de campo e a entrevista biográfica. Observamos aulas de Educação Física das turmas do quarto e quinto ano do ensino fundamental. Ao final dos estudos, constatamos que o abandono do trabalho docente na Educação Física se torna funcional para a cultura escolar existente, sendo esse abandono sustentado pelos diferentes atores da comunidade escolar (professores, alunos e direção do colégio).
O mais importante da educação importante
Authors: Karwoski Acir Mário , Lima Regina
Published: October 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464447676 Em sua vasta vida de pesquisador e pensador, Pedro Demo concentra seus estudos nas questões mais críticas da educação, do ensino-aprendizagem principalmente nas escolas públicas e, nesta obra “O mais importante da educação importante” o ponto de partida foi um texto de comentários escrito pelo autor em 2011 a fim de analisar o último Plano Nacional de Educação – PNE (2011-2020). A obra apresenta interessantes reflexões para mudança das políticas e das práticas educativas visando à melhoria da qualidade da educação no Brasil.
Sindicalismo docente renascido
Authors: Weiner Lois
Published: October 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464448984 Nos últimos cinco anos temos testemunhado uma demonização dos sindicatos docentes que busca alcançar o seguinte objetivo: a destruição do mais estável e potencialmente poderoso defensor da educação pública de massas.
Mundialização e trabalho social do ser social professor pesquisador
Authors: Silva Junior João Dos Reis , Lucena Carlos , Ferreira Luciana Rodrigues
Published: October 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464448985 Este artigo tenta analisar o movimento da dimensão do tempo contemporâneo na sociedade capitalista. A existência da humanidade no presente e suas prerrogativas, utopias, sonhos e desejos aponta o desafio da percepção de um conceito de tempo como uma construção cultural de base materialista. Esses são pressupostos utilizados para uma crítica radical às condições de trabalho na Instituição Universitária Pública Brasileira. A mundialização da economia expressa pelo capital financeiro redefine o conceito de tempo, acelerando-o aos interesses da reprodução desenfreada do capital, impondo processos perversos no cotidiano educacional responsáveis pelo crescimento do estranhamento no trabalho dos professores. Palavras-chave: tempo contemporâneo; mundialização da economia; intensificação do trabalho; trabalho docente.
As relações entre mundo do trabalho e a escola: a alternância como possibilidade de integração
Authors: Kuenzer Acacia Zeneida , Lima Humberto Rodrigues de
Published: October 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464448989 Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar as possibilidades de diálogo entre educação profissional integrada ao ensino médio e pedagogia da alternância a partir da experiência que vem sendo desenvolvida no Paraná, mediante a articulação entre Estado e movimentos sociais, neste caso representados pela ARCAFAR/Sul. Os dados coletados por Rodrigues de Lima (2013), ao pesquisar a integração entre ensino médio integrado à educação profissional e a pedagogia da alternância em três das Casas Familiares que implantaram a integração da educação profissional ao ensino médio, no período de 2006 /2008 no Paraná, permitem analisar, em um caso concreto, as possibilidades  de avanço deste modelo no que diz respeito à formulação de políticas públicas  e a uma proposta pedagógica que, adotando as categorias do materialismo histórico, melhore as condições de emancipação humana no campo. E, ao mesmo tempo, analisar que dimensões desta experiência podem ser transferidas para o ensino médio integrado.
O trabalho docente e a produtividade: recuperando marcos fundadores
Authors: Ciavatta Maria
Published: October 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464449049 Neste texto, temos por objetivo fazer o resgate histórico de alguns marcos fundadores da produtividade no trabalho e na educação para melhor compreensão da lógica se legitima atingindo o âmago da atividade docente. O avanço dos critérios produtivos sobre a formação dos trabalhadores tem suas primeiras expressões nos anos 1940, ainda durante a Ditadura do Estado Novo. Em primeiro lugar, fazemos uma breve apresentação do conceito de produtividade; a seguir, alguns de seus marcos fundadores na história do país; e, por último, a particularidade de uma desses marcos, a presença da CBAI (Comissão Brasileiro-Americana de Ensino Industrial).
De quelques régimes de vérité (et de fausseté) littéraire
Authors: Schaeffer Jean-Marie
Published: October 2013

La question de la relation entre vérité et littérature se pose autrement selon qu’on aborde la littérature comme une forme d’art ou comme une forme de discours. Il faut aussi distinguer plusieurs régimes de vérité/fausseté, voire plusieurs types de réussite et d’échec littéraires qui ne peuvent peut-être pas tous être analysés en termes de vérité/non-vérité. À partir de là on peut envisager la relation entre valeur de vérité et fonction cognitive.
Pleurer et rire pour de vrai
Authors: Ferraris Maurizio
Published: October 2013

L’une des réponses au paradoxe de la fiction consiste à dire que les émotions que nous éprouvons face aux oeuvres de fiction ne sont pas véritables. Mais qu’est-ce que pleurer ou rire pour de vrai ? En fait, presque toutes les formes de rire ou de larmes, et de réactions émotionnelles, sont compatibles avec la fiction, y compris celles qui sont des émotions vraies. Ce qui pose problème dans le paradoxe est la prémisse selon laquelle nos croyances au sujet de la fiction doivent être vraies ou fausses.
Pleurer à chaudes larmes de crocodile
Authors: Barbero Carola
Published: October 2013

Je m’intéresse dans cet article aux émotions que nous ressentons lorsque nous lisons une oeuvre de fiction. Certains philosophes pensent que notre implication émotionnelle dans la fiction constitue un paradoxe, et implique soit une forme d’irrationalité, soit la participation à un jeu de « faire semblant ». Ici, je soutiendrai qu’une Théorie de l’Objet à la Meinong, en défendant une approche réaliste des émotions liées la fiction, permet de résoudre adéquatement ce paradoxe de la fiction.
La critique littéraire a-t-elle besoin du concept de vérité ?
Authors: Virvidakis Stelios
Published: October 2013

Dans cet article, je me pose la question de l’emploi du concept de vérité par la critique littéraire et je me concentre sur la théorie : « pas de vérité en littérature », élaborée par Peter Lamarque et Stein Haughom Olsen. Je tâche de développer et d’approfondir certaines critiques de leurs thèses et arguments, afin d’en proposer une évaluation d’ensemble. Je conclus que le problème principal avec Lamarque et Olsen est qu’ils veulent exclure toute considération de vérité en littérature — endossant ainsi une conception de la création littéraire plus ou moins expressiviste — tout en sauvegardant la reconnaissance de la vérité de nos croyances concernant une série de notions de ce qui est d’intérêt humain et des valeurs universelles non formelles. Leur approche risque ainsi de sombrer dans l’incohérence.
Stendhal : « La vérité, l’âpre vérité »
Authors: Lombardo Patrizia
Published: October 2013

Stendhal et Musil sont les deux écrivains par excellence qui se sont interrogés sur le type de connaissance qui vient de la littérature. Avant Musil et comme Musil, Stendhal répond à cette question fondamentale en montrant que le roman offre une connaissance des émotions humaines et de leur lien avec les valeurs. Il s’agit à la fois de valeurs éthiques — les situations morales dans lesquelles se trouvent les personnages — et des valeurs esthétiques et proprement littéraires — le tragique, le comique, le tragi-comique, le sublime, etc. Surtout, le roman n’est pas simple représentation du réel, mais aussi du possible. L’analyse de quelques phrases hypothétiques, conjectures et expériences de pensée dans Le Rouge et le Noir, confirme la thèse que la littérature propose une connaissance du possible à travers le travail de l’imagination.
Identités psychophysiques et inférence à la meilleure explication
Authors: Drapeau Vieira Contim Filipe , Ludwig Pascal
Published: October 2013

La plupart des théoriciens de l’identité des types souscrivent à un physicalisme a posteriori à l’égard des propriétés phénoménales. Selon cette conception, les énoncés d’identité esprit/cerveau peuvent être justifiés par une inférence à la meilleure explication (IME) partant du fait empirique des corrélations esprit/cerveau. Nous soutenons que la théorie de l’identité ne peut pas s’appuyer sur cette méthodologie abductive. Nous montrons tout d’abord que l’on ne peut pas justifier les énoncés d’identité esprit/cerveau au moyen d’une IME partant des corrélations esprit/cerveau car cette stratégie conduit à un dilemme : ou bien les corrélations ne sont pas desexplananda, ou bien les identités esprit/cerveau doivent être admises comme des faits bruts au même titre que les lois dualistes. Nous montrons ensuite que ces énoncés d’identité peuvent être néanmoins justifiés par une IME partant du pouvoir causal des états phénoménaux. Cette seconde stratégie n’est toutefois d’aucune aide pour la forme a posteriori de théorie de l’identité ici discutée dans la mesure où elle débouche sur un physicalisme de type a priori.
Increasing trends in primary NNRTI resistance among newly HIV‐1‐diagnosed individuals in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Rodriguez‐Rodrigues Nahuel , Duran Adriana , Bouzas María Belen , Zapiola Ines , Vila Marcelo , Indyk Debbie , Bissio Emiliano , Salomon Horacio , Dilernia Dario A
Published: October 2013

Objective

Our objective was to estimate primary resistance in an urban setting in a developing country characterized by high antiretroviral (ARV) coverage over the diagnosed population and also by an important proportion of undiagnosed individuals, in order to determine whether any change in primary resistance occurred in the past five years.

Design

We carried out a multi‐site resistance surveillance study according to WHO HIV resistance guidelines, using a weighted sampling technique based on annual HIV case reports per site.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from 197 drug‐naive HIV‐1‐infected individuals diagnosed between March 2010 and August 2011 at 20 HIV voluntary counselling and testing centres in Buenos Aires. Clinical records of enrolled patients at the time of diagnosis were compiled. Viral load and CD4 counts were performed on all samples. The pol gene was sequenced and the resistance profile determined. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by neighbour‐joining (NJ) trees and bootscanning analysis.

Results

We found that 12 (7.9%) of the 152 successfully sequenced samples harboured primary resistance mutations, of which K103N and G190A were the most prevalent. Non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) resistance mutations were largely the most prevalent (5.9%), accounting for 75% of all primary resistance and exhibiting a significant increase (p=0.0072) in prevalence during the past 10 years as compared to our previous study performed in 1997–2000 and in 2003–2005. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and protease inhibitor primary resistance were low and similar to the one previously reported.

Conclusions

Levels of primary NNRTI resistance in Buenos Aires appear to be increasing in the context of a sustained ARV coverage and a high proportion of undiagnosed HIV‐positive individuals.
Atlantic Midshipman, Porichthys plectrodon, in North Carolina
Authors: Schwartz Frank J.
Published: October 2013

A total of 2,910 Atlantic midshipman were collected, mainly by trawl, off North Carolina between 1911–2012. Only four were found in Pamlico Sound. Once abundant their numbers have declined after 1990 when ocean water temperatures changed from cool to warm. Today they are rarely caught or seen in North Carolina.
The Effect of Particle Sizes on Metal Accumulation in the Marine Sediments of Cape Town Harbour
Authors: Okoro Hussein K. , Fatoki Olalekan S. , Adekola Folahan A. , Ximba Bhekumusa J. , Snyman Reinette G. , Mdokwana Baxolele W.
Published: October 2013

This study was carried out to assess the elemental concentration in sediment samples collected from six locations in the Cape Town Harbour. The effect of size variation was considered determinant on metals accumulated in sediments. An Inductively coupled plasma-Mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrument was used for the analysis. The following metals were investigated Mn, Cr, V, Ni, Co, and As. The order of heavy metal concentration in sediments was Mn > Cr > V > Ni > Co > As. Strong correlation was found between these metals (Mn and V in sizes <75 and ≥150), (As and Co in size ≥150), (Ni and Cr in size ≥150 and <75).
Increased Coherence of White Matter Fiber Tract Organization in Adults with Asperger Syndrome: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
Authors: Roine Ulrika , Roine Timo , Salmi Juha , Nieminen‐Von Wendt Taina , Leppämäki Sami , Rintahaka Pertti , Tani Pekka , Leemans Alexander , Sams Mikko
Published: October 2013

To investigate whether there are global white matter (WM) differences between autistic and healthy adults, we performed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in 14 male adults with Asperger syndrome (AS) and 19 gender‐, age‐, and intelligence quotient‐matched controls. We focused on individuals with high‐functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD), AS, to decrease heterogeneity caused by large variation in the cognitive profile. Previous DTI studies of ASD have mainly focused on finding local changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), two indexes used to characterize microstructural properties of WM. Although the local or voxel‐based approaches may be able to provide detailed information in terms of location of the observed differences, such results are known to be highly sensitive to partial volume effects, registration errors, or placement of the regions of interest. Therefore, we performed global histogram analyses of (a) whole‐brain tractography results and (b) skeletonized WM masks. In addition to the FA and MD, the planar diffusion coefficient (CP) was computed as it can provide more specific information of the complexity of the neural structure. Our main finding indicated that adults with AS had higher mean FA values than controls. A less complex neural structure in adults with AS could have explained the results, but no significant difference in CP was found. Our results suggest that there are global abnormalities in the WM tissue of adults with AS. Autism Res 2013, 6: 642–650. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dependence of Si/SnO2 Heterojunction Properties on Growth Temperature and Type of Silicon**
Authors: Maleki M. , Rozati Seyed M.
Published: October 2013

Polycrystalline pure tin oxide thin films of tetragonal rutile structures are deposited on two kinds of single‐crystal and polycrystalline p‐type Si at three substrate temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 °C. Structural, electrical, and optical properties of these thin films are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), two‐point probe method, and UV‐vis spectrophotometry, respectively. I–V measurements of these heterojunctions show that the barrier height and series resistance will increase with increasing substrate temperature in single‐crystal Si, while in polycrystalline Si, they will decrease. These heterojunctions are found to be rectifying with a maximum forward‐to‐reverse current ratio of about 1000 in the applied voltage range −4 V to +4 V for single‐crystal Si/SnO2.
Constructing a Focal Formulation and Hypothesis in Family Therapy
Authors: Kinston Warren , Bentovim Arnon , Loader Peter
Published: October 2013

This paper is an account of the use of a focal formulation as part of a method of brief focal family therapy. The history of the focal approach is outlined and the concept of focal hypothesis examined. The theoretical basis of the approach is discussed by considering the way meaning in a family is expressed. Two forms of meaning are described: surface action, which is the current content of interaction, and depth structure, which is its context and is based in subjective history. A case example is provided to illustrate the application of the concepts, therapeutic implications, and the basis of outcome evaluation.
Preliminary electrochemical testing of some Zr–Ti alloys in 0.9% NaCl solution
Authors: Chelariu R. , Mareci D. , Munteanu C.
Published: October 2013

The aim of this study is to investigate the corrosion behaviour of three ZrTi alloys (denoted with Zr5Ti, Zr25Ti, and Zr45Ti) in 0.9% NaCl solution. For comparison, cp‐Ti was also investigated. In order to study the localized corrosion resistance and corrosion behavior at open circuit potential versus time, the open circuit potential (EOC) was recorded, and the cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations were made following the CPP tests. The Zr5Ti alloy was the most susceptible to localized corrosion. The Zr25Ti alloy presents a dangerous breakdown potential but have a sufficiently negative zero corrosion potential that the difference between them is sufficiently to provide a higher localized corrosion resistance in comparison with Zr5Ti. Among ZrTi alloys subjected to investigation, the Zr45Ti alloy had a much larger passive range in the polarization curve and was the most resistant to localized corrosion. For used test conditions, the localized corrosion was not found for the cp‐Ti. The EIS tests show that both investigated ZrTi alloys and cp‐Ti exhibit passivity after 168 h immersion in 0.9% NaCl solution, at open circuit potential.
Modeling cathodic shielding of sacrificial anode cathodic protection systems in seawater
Authors: Liu G. C. , Sun W. , Wang L. , Li Y.
Published: October 2013

Two kinds of cathodic shielding phenomena of the sacrificial anode cathodic protection systems, which are caused by a metal barrier, were investigated by numerical simulations and experiments in this paper. The results show that if the cathode current is completely shielded by the barrier, one side of the barrier would act as the anode leading to the occurrence of serious corrosion, while the protected components and the other side of the barrier would act as cathode being protected. However, if the cathode current is only partially shielded, both the metal components and the barrier would act as cathodes. Furthermore, this non‐full shielding effect of the barrier would be weakening by decreasing the mass transfer resistance between the sacrificial anode and the cathodically protected component.
Preparation and corrosion protective properties of titania‐containing modified self‐assembled nanophase particle (TMSNAP) sol–gel on AA2024 aluminum alloy
Authors: Parsa M. , Hosseini S. M. A. , Jamalizadeh E. , Saheb V.
Published: October 2013

A new method of preparing water‐based sol–gel containing titania nanoparticles for the protection of aluminum alloy AA2024 against corrosion was presented and performance of the coating in Harrison's solution was studied. The coating was prepared using alkoxysilanes, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and 3‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), and in additional metal alkoxide, titanium(IV) tetrapropoxide (TPOT), as a source of titania particles. Poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) polymer was utilized to create cross‐linking and also to improve the coating quality. In addition, the molar ratios and amount of components and factors affecting performance were assessed to improve coating properties and its performance. Potentiodynamic scan (PDS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed to evaluate the corrosion protection performance of coatings. Also, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to investigate surface morphology. The stability of the best prepared coating and its corrosion protective effects on the alloy were evaluated in Harrison's solution up to 15 days. The results revealed that this new sol–gel coating provides significant protection against corrosion of the AA2024 alloy in Harrison's solution.
Materials and Corrosion 1/2013
Authors: Collins M. N. , Reid M. , Dalton E. , Shannon K. , Garfias‐Mesias L. F.
Published: October 2013

Cover: Backscattered scanning electron microscopy cross sectional image of a Ni/NiPd/Au electronic connector after 10 days exposure to a Class III mixed flowing gas (MFG) corrosive atmosphere. This work was carried out at the Stokes Research Institute Laboratories, University of Limerick, Ireland with collaborators in Det Norske Veritas (U.S.A.), Inc and Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.

Further details on the performance of various connector coatings can be found in: M. N. Collins, M. Reid, E. Dalton, K. Shannon, L. F. Garfias‐Mesias, Mixed flowing gas (MFG) corrosion of various connector coatings, Materials and Corrosion  2013, 64, 7.
Investigation of the flow behavior of wrought magnesium alloy AZ31 using layer compression and tensile tests
Authors: Behrens B.‐A. , Bouguecha A. , Huinink T. , Peshekhodov I. , Matthias T. , Moritz J. , Schrödter J.
Published: October 2013

Die Prozessauslegung von Umformprozessen wird durch Simulationssoftware unterstützt. Um realitätsnahe Simulationsergebnisse zu erhalten, müssen die verwendeten Werkstoffmodelle jedoch mit Hilfe einer umfangreichen Werkstoffcharakterisierung aufgebaut werden. Insbesondere Magnesiumknetlegierungen sind hierbei noch nicht ausreichend untersucht. Besonders die Aufnahmen von Fließkurven bis zu höheren Umformgraden stellt eine Herausforderung dar. Dies ist jedoch notwendig, um die charakteristischen Verfestigungs‐ und Entfestigungsvorgänge zu beschreiben, wie sie bei Magnesiumwerkstoffen unter Belastung auftreten. In diesem Beitrag wird hierzu als Lösungsansatz die Ermittlung einer kombinierten temperaturabhängigen Fließkurve aus dem Zug‐ und dem Schichtstauchversuch vorgestellt. Hierfür werden die entsprechenden Werte experimentell aufgenommen, ausgewertet und mit Hilfe eines Arbeitsansatzes verknüpft. Anschließend wird die Anwendbarkeit in einem kommerziellen Finite‐Elemente‐Programm untersucht.
Development and optimization of a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the analysis of thermochemolytic degradation products of phthiocerol dimycocerosate waxes found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Nicoara Simona C. , Minnikin David E. , Lee Oona C. Y. , O'Sullivan Denise M. , McNerney Ruth , Pillinger Collin T. , Wright Ian P. , Morgan Geraint H.
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

The phthiocerol dimycocerosates (PDIMs) are certain stable and hydrophobic waxes found in the cell membrane of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, bacteria that cause an infectious disease of growing concern worldwide. Previous studies report the analysis of derivatives of the hydrolysed PDIMs from biological samples, following complex extraction and offline derivatization of PDIMs biomarkers, prior to their analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

METHODS

We developed and optimized a GC/MS method based on selected ion monitoring (SIM) to detect the derivatives produced via the thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM) of the PDIMs from the cell membrane of M. tuberculosis. The extraction of PDIMs from culture is simple, and their thermochemolysis is carried out automatically online, thus avoiding the time‐consuming derivatization steps of hydrolysis and esterification, usually performed offline.

RESULTS

For standard PDIMs in petroleum ether, our optimized method gave an excellent linearity (R2 = 0.99) at concentrations between 0.172 and 27.5 ng/mL, a good precision (RSD = 11.42 %), and a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 pg/mL. For the PDIMs extracted from dilutions of M. tuberculosis culture, the method gave good linearity (R2 = 0.9685) and an estimated LOD of 400 CFU/mL (CFU = colony forming units) in sterile distilled water.

CONCLUSIONS

A GC/MS(SIM) method is presented for the rapid and quantitative detection of M. tuberculosis, based on the online thermochemolysis of lipidic biomarkers extracted from the bacterial culture. The method has the potential to be applied in human and veterinary clinical laboratories for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis in infected biological samples. © 2013 The Authors. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐line triple oxygen isotope analysis of nitrous oxide using decomposition by microwave discharge
Authors: Mukotaka Arata , Toyoda Sakae , Yoshida Naohiro , Well Reinhard
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

The oxygen isotope anomaly, Δ17O, of N2O and nitrate is useful to elucidate nitrogen oxide dynamics. The previously developed method for Δ17O measurement presents difficulty in maintaining optimal conditions of the gold tube for thermal decomposition of N2O to O2 and the Δ17O value is also sample size dependent.

METHODS

Trace amounts (5–40 nmol) of N2O were decomposed quantitatively to O2 in a quartz tube by microwave discharge. The O2 was purified using gas chromatography. Triple oxygen isotopes were measured using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Each step was connected online and was applied to the analysis of nitrate in precipitation samples collected in Yokohama, Japan.

RESULTS

Precision (1σ) of Δ17O analysis was better than 0.26‰ when more than 20 nmol of N2O with a small Δ17O value (approx. 1‰) was measured. It was better than 0.76‰ when more than 60 nmol of nitrate was converted into N2O using the denitrifier method and then measured on the developed system. The obtained Δ17O values in precipitation samples (14.5–26.4‰) agreed with findings from previous studies.

CONCLUSIONS

A novel on‐line analytical method was developed to measure the triple oxygen isotopes of N2O using microwave discharge to decompose N2O. This easy‐to‐use method is free from conditioning of reaction devices, and is applicable to molecules other than N2O such as NO and NO2. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil denitrification potential and its influence on N2O reduction and N2O isotopomer ratios
Authors: Köster Jan Reent , Well Reinhard , Dittert Klaus , Giesemann Anette , Lewicka‐Szczebak Dominika , Mühling Karl‐Hermann , Herrmann Antje , Lammel Joachim , Senbayram Mehmet
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

N2O isotopomer ratios may provide a useful tool for studying N2O source processes in soils and may also help estimating N2O reduction to N2. However, remaining uncertainties about different processes and their characteristic isotope effects still hamper its application. We conducted two laboratory incubation experiments (i) to compare the denitrification potential and N2O/(N2O+N2) product ratio of denitrification of various soil types from Northern Germany, and (ii) to investigate the effect of N2O reduction on the intramolecular 15N distribution of emitted N2O.

METHODS

Three contrasting soils (clay, loamy, and sandy soil) were amended with nitrate solution and incubated under N2‐free He atmosphere in a fully automated incubation system over 9 or 28 days in two experiments. N2O, N2, and CO2 release was quantified by online gas chromatography. In addition, the N2O isotopomer ratios were determined by isotope‐ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and the net enrichment factors of the 15N site preference (SP) of the N2O‐to‐N2 reduction step (ηSP) were estimated using a Rayleigh model.

RESULTS

The total denitrification rate was highest in clay soil and lowest in sandy soil. Surprisingly, the N2O/(N2O+N2) product ratio in clay and loam soil was identical; however, it was significantly lower in sandy soil. The IRMS measurements revealed highest N2O SP values in clay soil and lowest SP values in sandy soil. The ηSP values of N2O reduction were between –8.2 and –6.1 ‰, and a significant relationship between δ18O and SP values was found.

CONCLUSIONS

Both experiments showed that the N2O/(N2O+N2) product ratio of denitrification is not solely controlled by the available carbon content of the soil or by the denitrification rate. Differences in N2O SP values could not be explained by variations in N2O reduction between soils, but rather originate from other processes involved in denitrification. The linear δ18O vs SP relationship may be indicative for N2O reduction; however, it deviates significantly from the findings of previous studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural analysis of 2‐arylidene‐1‐indanone derivatives by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Menezes José C. J. M. D. S. , Cavaleiro José A. S. , Domingues M. Rosário M.
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

2‐arylidene‐4‐methoxy (or hydroxy)‐7‐methyl‐1‐indanone derivatives inspired from donepezil, the current drug used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease as inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were studied for the first time by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Structurally, these arylidene‐indanone compounds are considered as cyclic analogues of chalcones.

METHODS

ESI‐MS and tandem mass spectra were acquired using a Q‐TOF 2 instrument. Fragmentation patterns were analyzed by CID‐MS2–3 spectra acquired in a Q‐TOF and in LXQ linear ion trap mass spectrometers using standard isolation and excitation procedures.

RESULTS

All the 2‐arylidene indanones have shown a common fragmentation pathway leading to a (21, 1')A+ product ion at m/z 187 and the retro‐aldol product ion [(2, 21)B+] that allow to establish the substitution in the B ring. The effect of electron‐donating and ‐withdrawing substituents on these fragmentation pathways was noticed. The presence of the OCH3, OH, NO2 and Br substituents gave typical fragmentation processes that allowed their unequivocal fingerprinting. The combined loss of the ortho substituent in the B‐ring plus hydrogen (H, OCH3, Br and F) is proposed to form a stable cyclic ring product.

CONCLUSIONS

Arylidene indanones with different substituents on the B ring are associated with a specific fragmentation pattern. In addition, differentiation between isomers with substituents in B ring at ortho and para positions were achieved using ESI‐MS/MS. These fragmentation pathways can be used to further identify and determine the fate of these molecules in all stages of drug discovery. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.