bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canine orbital meningiomas: a review of 22 cases
Authors: Mauldin E.A. , Deehr A.J. , Hertzke D. , Dubielzig R.R.
Published: September 2010

Clinical and pathologic features of primary orbital meningiomas in the dog were reviewed. Twenty‐two meningiomas, confined to the orbit, were identified from the Comparative Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin from 1981 to 1997. The dogs ranged in age from 3 to 17 years (mean = 9.2 years). The clinical presentation, reported in 20 cases, was indicative of a retrobulbar mass and included exophthalmos and orbital swelling (18/20), and papilledema or abnormalities of the posterior segment (7/20). Visual acuity was reported in 15 cases; of those, 12 dogs were blind in the affected eye. Follow‐up information was obtained on 17 cases; six dogs developed local recurrence of the neoplasm. Two dogs with recurrent neoplasms simultaneously developed blindness in the opposite eye. Extension along the optic nerve to the optic chiasm was suspected. No metastasis was found at the time of the study. Enucleation with excisional biopsy was effective therapy to date in 11 cases (0.2–4.5 years follow‐up time). All neoplasms were located within the vicinity of the optic nerve and, when sectioned through the optic nerve head, appeared to completely envelope the nerve. The neoplastic cells were arranged in tight whorls and bundles characteristic of meningiomas. Most tumors had islands of chondroid and osseous metaplasia (17/22). Ocular invasion was limited to small foci in the posterior choroid or optic nerve head of six dogs. Immunoperoxidase stains on 10 cases were positive for vimentin and S‐100, but negative for cytokeratin. Electron microscopy revealed complex interdigitations between cell membranes and few desmosomal intercellular attachments. Primary orbital meningiomas have a characteristic histologic appearance and may recur locally after surgical excision.
Aberrant conjunctival stricture and overgrowth in the rabbit
Authors: Allgoewer Ingrid , Malho Pedro , Schulze Heiko , Schäffer Ekkehard
Published: September 2010

Six dwarf rabbits with unilateral (n = 2) and bilateral (n = 4) aberrant conjunctival growth underwent surgical correction. The applied technique involved centrifugal incisions of the overgrowing conjunctiva to the limbus and a transpalpebral fixation of the conjunctiva. In this way the conjunctival fornix was reconstructed. No relapses were noted within the observation period (5–72 months).
Distinctive histopathologic features of canine optic nerve hypoplasia and aplasia: a retrospective review of 13 cases
Authors: Garcia da Silva Enry , Dubielzig Richard , Zarfoss Mitzi K. , Anibal Armien
Published: September 2010

Canine optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) and aplasia (ONA) are significant neuro‐ophthalmologic disorders that have been reported in several species. The purpose of this study was to describe the distinctive histopathologic features of ONH and ONA in canine patients identified from a collection of 20 000 ocular submissions at the comparative ocular pathology laboratory of Wisconsin from 1989 to 2006. The following information about ONH and ONA cases was collected: signalment, and clinical and gross findings, including unilateral vs. bilateral involvement. Microscopic evaluation was performed, with attention to optic nerve malformation, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) and nerve fiber layer (NFL) loss, and retinal disorganization. The distribution of retinal vasculature was recorded and a search for unusual findings of ONH and ONA was performed. Information and histologic documentation was available for 13 cases. Eight cases of ONH and five cases of ONA were identified. The average group age was 20.2 months and 16.1 months, respectively. The most common breed was the Shih Tzu (3/13). ONH usually presented bilaterally (7/8); all ONA cases presented as a unilateral disease (5/5). The morphologic findings in the optic nerve (ON) in ONH included variable degrees of ON hypoplasia and gliosis, as well as ectopic vestigial ON remnants within orbital nerves and connective tissues. The NFL was detected in the majority of the ONH cases; however, RGCs were rare or absent. Mild retinal disorganization was seen occasionally. Most cases of ONH were associated with regional peripheral retinal blood vessel extension into the vitreous, leaving the peripheral retina avascular. In ONA cases the retinal blood vessels, NFL and RGCs were totally absent and retinal disorganization was severe. Distinctive microscopic features encountered in ONA included anterior segment dysgenesis in some cases. The retina in these cases was stretched across the posterior lens capsule, never making contact with the posterior pole of the globe. The current study reviews the human and veterinary literature pertaining to ONH and ONA, compares ONH and ONA in dogs, and presents related ophthalmic histopathologic findings that have not been reported previously.
Isolation and characterization of primary canine lens epithelial cells
Authors: Long Amy C. , Agler Amanda , Colitz Carmen M. H. , Zhang Jin , Hayek Michael G. , Failla Mark L. , Bomser Joshua A.
Published: September 2010

Objective  The purpose of this study was to characterize the proliferation and differentiation of primary canine lens epithelial cells (LEC) under standard culture conditions.

Procedure  Canine LEC were isolated by mechanical dissection of the canine globe and enzymatic digestion of the lens capsule from fresh lenses. Isolated capsules and cell suspensions were seeded in laminin‐coated culture flasks. Canine LEC proliferated and formed monolayers, which could be passaged and maintained for approximately 2 weeks. Cells were characterized morphologically and cell lysates examined for expression of protein markers of epithelial origin and differentiation.

Results  Canine LEC exhibit morphologic characteristics of epithelial cells when cultured on laminin/lysine coated flasks. Expression of epithelial cell marker, cytokeratin 5, was highest at passage 1 and diminished with increasing passage number. Expression of γ‐crystallin, a protein found only in differentiated lens fiber cells, increased at passage 6. A laminin/lysine‐coated surface supported optimal proliferation of canine LEC. Both an initial seeding density of 1 × 105 cells/cm2 and culture in Dulbecco's modified essential media (DMEM) supplemented with 10% FBS supported a doubling time of less than 48 h in canine LEC.

Conclusion  This study demonstrates that primary canine LEC retain the characteristics of lens epithelial cells prior to passage 6 under the described culture conditions and represent a suitable in vitro model for investigating lens physiology and cataractogenesis.
Displaying Normalisation: The Paris Universal Exhibition of 1867
Authors: BARTH VOLKER
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The article deals with the 10th group of the Paris Exposition universelle de 1867 and its perception by the over 11 million visitors of the fair. This group was entitled “objects exposed for the physical and moral well‐being of the population” and displayed model dwellings for workers, model schools, and teaching methods for disabled people. I argue that the staging of these objects by the elite of the Second Empire contributed, on the one hand, to define a certain social normality and consolidated, on the other hand, existing hierarchies inside the French society.
“Difficult Times . . . between Veterinarians and Farmers”: Occupational Control in the New Zealand Veterinary Club System, 1930s–1960s
Authors: BURNS EDGAR
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The development of the New Zealand veterinary club system in the mid‐twentieth century departs from more conventional views of what constitutes professionalisation. It is studied here by examining the cautious contestation between farmers and veterinarians in expanding and controlling the provision of rural veterinary services. In describing the growth and consolidation of the club movement the concepts of state mediation and occupational heteronomy provide the theoretical context. A managed co‐operative rivalry was articulated in the structures and rhetorics of the farming community and veterinary profession, both groups gaining benefit from the club system. As control mechanisms changed, these structures and occupational discourses adapted in resistance or accommodation to the changing influences over the supply and consumption of veterinary care.
Discontinuity and/in the Early Twentieth Century Ontario Juvenile Court
Authors: HOGEVEEN BRYAN
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Canada's juvenile court has become axiomatic. As such, it demands critical and historical questioning of its hegemony. It is in this spirit of critique that I highlight its arbitrariness. Two ruptures in the ostensibly smooth telos of Ontario's juvenile courts are discussed in this paper. First, I examine the precarious and uncertain inauguration of the Juvenile Delinquents Act. Second, I explore the Act's implementation in Toronto; particularly as it relates to the adversity juvenile court judge E.W. Boyd experienced. This examination provides a convenient backdrop against which to highlight the juvenile court's foible. I conclude with a call for a socio‐historic strategy of open ended practico‐critique of law and juvenile courts; informed by the emancipatory logic of “justice” to come.
MARKET MAKING OLIGOPOLY*
Authors: LOERTSCHER SIMON
Published: September 2010

This paper analyzes price competition between market makers who set costly capacity constraints before they intermediate between producers and consumers. The unique equilibrium outcome with pure strategies at the capacity stage is the Cournot outcome. The paper thus provides a rationale for Cournot‐type competition between market makers. This contrasts with previous findings in the literature, where due to the absence of capacity constraints that are set ex ante the Bertrand result typically obtains.
THE EFFECT OF AUCTION FORMAT ON EFFICIENCY AND REVENUE IN DIVISIBLE GOODS AUCTIONS: A TEST USING KOREAN TREASURY AUCTIONS*
Authors: KANG BOO‐SUNG , PULLER STEVEN L.
Published: September 2010

This paper measures the efficiency and revenue properties of the two most popular formats for divisible goods auctions: the uniform‐price and discriminatory auction. We analyze bids into the Korean Treasury auctions which have used both formats. We find that the discriminatory auction yields statistically higher revenue. Unlike previous work that uses data from only one format, we are able to compare the efficiency properties of the two formats. We find that the discriminatory auction better allocates treasury bills to the highest value financial institutions. However, the differences in revenue and efficiency are not large because the auctions are very competitive.
PRICE DISCRIMINATION IN OLIGOPOLY: EVIDENCE FROM REGIONAL NEWSPAPERS*
Authors: ASPLUND MARCUS , ERIKSSON RICKARD , STRAND NIKLAS
Published: September 2010

Recent theoretical work has shown that the incentive to target rival firms' customers with low prices can increase price discrimination, and that the strength of the incentive depends on a firm's market position. Using data on Swedish newspaper subscriptions, we find strong support for these predictions. Newspapers with a local competitor sell a larger part of their circulation at a discount than monopoly newspapers. Moreover, in competitive markets, the use of discounts is inversely related to the newspaper's market share. We find no evidence that price discrimination based on observable and exogenous characteristics is influenced by the market structure.
MERGERS WITH BUNDLING IN COMPLEMENTARY MARKETS*
Authors: CHOI JAY PIL
Published: September 2010

This paper develops a simple model to analyze the effects of mergers in complementary system markets when the merged firm is able to engage in bundling. In particular, I analyze the impact of (mixed) bundling on pricing decisions for existing generations of products and derive welfare implications of mergers. The basic model is then extended to analyze industry dynamics where the implications of mergers for innovation incentives and technical tying/compatibility decisions are explored. I also consider the possibility of counter‐merger and derive implications of the policy prescription that prohibits bundling as a condition for merger.
INNOVATION AND COMPETITIVE PRESSURE*
Authors: VIVES XAVIER
Published: September 2010

I analyze the effects of competition on process innovation and product introduction and obtain robust results that hold for a range of market structures and competition modes. It is found that increasing the number of firms tends to decrease cost reduction expenditure per firm, whereas increasing the degree of product substitutability, with or without free entry, increases it—provided that the average demand for product varieties does not shrink. Increasing market size increases cost reduction expenditure per firm and has ambiguous effects on the number of varieties offered, while decreasing the cost of entry increases the number of entrants and varieties but reduces cost reduction expenditure per variety. The results are extended to other measures of competitive pressure and to investment in product quality. The framework and results shed light on empirical strategies to assess the impact of competition on innovation.
DISTANCE, BANK HETEROGENEITY AND ENTRY IN LOCAL BANKING MARKETS*
Authors: FELICI ROBERTO , PAGNINI MARCELLO
Published: September 2010

We examine the determinants of entry into Italian local banking markets during the period 1991–2002 and build a simple model in which the probability of branching in a new market depends on the features of both the local market and the potential entrant. Econometric findings show that banks are more likely to expand into those markets that are closest to their pre‐entry locations. Large banks are also more able to cope with distance‐related entry costs than small banks. Finally, banks have become increasingly able to open branches in distant markets, due to the advent of information and communication technologies.
ARE DISADVANTEGED BIDDERS DOOMED IN ASCENDING AUCTIONS?
Authors: PAGNOZZI MARCO
Published: September 2010

A bidder is said to be advantaged if she has a higher expected valuation of the auction prize than her competitor. When the prize has a common‐value component, a bidder competing in an ascending auction against an advantaged competitor bids especially cautiously and, hence, the advantaged bidder wins most of the time. However, contrary to what is often argued, a disadvantaged bidder still wins with positive probability, even if his competitor's advantage is very large and even if the disadvantaged bidder has the lowest actual valuation ex‐post. Therefore, the disadvantaged bidder has an incentive to participate in the auction, and the presence of a bidder with a small advantage does not have a dramatic effect on the seller's revenue.
CONTINUOUS CROSS SUBSIDIES AND QUANTITY RESTRICTIONS*
Authors: BEARD T. RANDOLPH , STERN MICHAEL L.
Published: September 2010

This article provides a model of loss leader pricing and quantity restrictions for a competitive multiproduct industry when individual consumers have continuous (and independent) demands for the set of available goods. Utilizing a generalization of the model proposed by Bliss [1988], we demonstrate the importance of consumer heterogeneity for the existence of cross subsidies when there is complete information and individual consumers have smooth, downward sloping demands. Continuous cross subsidies arising from consumer heterogeneity are also shown to exist in Hotelling models. Our use of continuous rather than ‘unit’ demands allows us to analyze issues related to welfare, which in turn exposes a strong incentive for the firm to place binding quantity restrictions on consumers. We also show how the presence of quantity restrictions can be used to distinguish between continuous cross subsidies arising from heterogeneous consumers versus those arising from classic demand complementarity with homogeneous agents.
TWO‐SIDED MARKETS WITH PECUNIARY AND PARTICIPATION EXTERNALITIES*
Authors: REISINGER MARKUS , RESSNER LUDWIG , SCHMIDTKE RICHARD
Published: September 2010

The existing literature on two‐sided markets addresses participation externalities, but it has neglected pecuniary externalities between platforms. In this paper we build a model that incorporates both externalities. In our set‐up, differentiated platforms compete in advertising levels and offer consumers a service free of charge that is financed through advertising. We show that advertising can exhibit the properties of a strategic substitute or complement. Surprisingly, we find that platform profits can increase with market entry and that there are cases in which the level of advertising rises with entry. We also consider endogenous entry and provide a welfare analysis.
PLATFORM COMPETITION WITH ‘MUST‐HAVE’ COMPONENTS*
Authors: HOGENDORN CHRISTIAAN , KA YAT YUEN STEPHEN
Published: September 2010

In platform‐component systems with indirect network effects, some ‘must‐have’ components are so popular with consumers that they create large, discrete indirect network effects when they become available on a platform. For example, ESPN is a must‐have component of cable TV platforms. This paper examines how platform market structures determine exclusive versus non‐exclusive contracts between platforms and components. It shows that a component provider is more likely to sign exclusive contracts with a single platform if its popularity is high, the platform market share difference is large, and cross‐platform indirect network effects are low.
PRICE DISCRIMINATION IN STACKELBERG COMPETITION*
Authors: KUTLU LEVENT
Published: September 2010

We examine the effects of price discrimination in the Stackelberg competition model for the linear demand case. We show that the leader does not use any price discrimination at all. Rather, the follower does all price discrimination. The leader directs all of its first mover preemptive advantage to attract the highest value consumers who pay a uniformly high price. We observe that profits and total welfare are larger and consumer surplus is smaller than those of the standard Stackelberg competition model.
Feral Beasts: An Introduction to Tony Blair's Reuters Speech on the Media
Authors: SEATON JEAN
Published: September 2010

One of Prime Minister Blair's last speeches was on his governments relationship to the media, and the at times damaging impact of the ‘sensation hungry media’ on every aspect of public life, many of whom were too frightened to take on the ‘feral beasts’. He argued that his government had to attempt to deal with the media power, that ‘spin’ is an attempt to handle that power, that the media attack private life and that in the end the media must manage themselves. The piece includes his speech, the revealing questions and answers, and commentary on them by a series of distinguished journalists and academics.
The Presidential Election of 2008*
Authors: BIRNBAUM NORMAN
Published: September 2010

Senators Barack Obama and John McCain each has severe problems. McCain must take his distance from the very unpopular President Bush while keeping the support of the core Republican voters, but suffers from lack of rapport with the Fundamentalist Protestants and traditionalist Catholics. In foreign policy, he is more devoted to US global hegemony (in a world which stubbornly refuses it) than the incumbent. Senator Obama knows that this is a dangerous illusion but thinks that it is unwise to say so. He supports Israel in exaggerated terms and repeats the fabrications of the war party about Iran. Obama has the difficulty of being part black and entirely intellectual, and he needs the votes of the working class men and women who are very reserved about him. McCain seeks low taxes and less government expenditure and intervention, but tens of millions of economically hard‐pressed citizens are ready to return to the ethos and practices of the New Deal. Obama promises to revive the regulatory and redistributive role of government to help them, but his reluctance to criticise the arms budget may makes him seem unrealistic. Obama's vision of the United States puts the achievement of the American Revolution in the future whereas McCain thinks of the nation as already perfected. In many respects, we have a classical conflict between left and right.
Black and White Unite? The Clinton–Obama Campaigns in Historical Perspective*
Authors: DUNNE MICHAEL
Published: September 2010

Senators Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama are battling to win the Democratic party's nomination as presidential candidate in 2008. Never has a white woman or a black man been so close to entering the White House. Standing in their way is Republican Senator John McCain, who would be the oldest white male ever to become US president. A possible spoiler for any of the three is the perennial campaigner, Ralph Nader. The political, social and economic histories of women and African Americans have been entwined, often to the cost of the other, since before the American Civil War. Before World War I the issue was the suffrage; then came the struggles for (women's) equal rights and (African American) civil rights, particularly after World War II. These narratives, with the related cross‐currents of class and ethnicity, are explored in relation to contemporary history and politics, especially the continuing gender and racial ‘gaps’ in US society.
Did Jamie Oliver Really Put School Dinners on the Agenda? An Examination of the Role of the Media in Policy Making
Authors: NAIK ASMITA
Published: September 2010

Healthy eating is high on the government's agenda in current times and to all intents and purposes the media appears to have played a crucial role in putting it there. While media focus is no doubt intense and playing a vital role in public education (take Jamie Oliver's 2005 Channel 4 documentary, ‘School dinners’, for example), the question that lies at the heart of this article, is whether the media has led the government agenda on healthy eating and school dinners as appears to be the case. A close examination of the evidence suggests otherwise: government policy was already well set before the media began to show a concerted interest and hence its influence on policy‐making is more limited than might be expected. Rather than setting agendas per se, the media's role has been to refine and energise existing policy areas and to facilitate implementation.
Schism on the Left: the Motivations and Impact of Ralph Nader's Candidacy
Authors: WHITMORE ANDY
Published: September 2010

In the United States there is noticeably less controversy over the third party candidacy of Ralph Nader in this year's election than there has been in the previous two. Nader was blamed by many on the left for the Democratic Party's loss of the 2000 election. He has further provoked the ire of the Democrats by claiming that there is no difference between the Democratic and Republican parties. This article will focus on addressing several of the emergent questions from the Nader candidacies, namely: is there a difference between the two parties in the United States? Did Ralph Nader cost the Democrats the election in 2000? Are citizens better off voting for the ideal candidate or settling for the best candidate who has a chance of victory?
The Strange Career of British Democracy: John Milton to Gordon Brown
Authors: MARQUAND DAVID
Published: September 2010

Political debate in modern Britain has been structured by four narratives or traditions, called here ‘Whig imperialist’, ‘Tory nationalist’, ‘democratic collectivist’ and ‘democratic republican’. The Whig imperialist tradition goes back to Edmund Burke; it is a tradition of responsive evolution, flexible statecraft, genial optimism and abhorrence of dogmatic absolutes. It prevailed for most of the nineteenth century, for most of the interwar period and for most of the 1950s and early‐1960s. Its Tory nationalist counterpart is tense, rebarbative and often shrill. At its core lies a primal fear of the dissolution of authority and a collapse of the social order. Its most notable exponents include Lord Salisbury, Enoch Powell and Margaret Thatcher. The democratic collectivist tradition stresses ineluctable progress towards a just and rational society, to be achieved by a strong, essentially technocratic central state, with the power and will to replace the wasteful, unjust chaos of the market place by planned co‐ordination. Formative influences on it were the great Fabian socialists, George Bernard Shaw and Sidney and Beatrice Webb; it achieved its apotheosis under the Attlee Government of 1945‐51. The democratic republican tradition is much more inchoate: its exponents have been the awkward squad of British democracy. The most glittering stars in the democratic republican firmament were probably John Milton, John Stuart Mill and R.H. Tawney. It stresses active self‐government and republican self respect, embodied in a vigorous civil society and strong local authorities. During the ninety‐odd years since Britain belatedly acquired a more‐or‐less democratic suffrage, the first three traditions have all been tested, almost to destruction. But though the fourth has had great influence on social movements of all kinds, governments at the centre have done little more than toy with it, usually for brief periods. The great question now is whether Britain is about to experience a democratic republican moment.
‘Irish Republic’, ‘Eire’ or ‘Ireland’? The Contested Name of John Bull's Other Island
Authors: COAKLEY JOHN
Published: September 2010

One of the less visible consequences of the Good Friday (Belfast) Agreement of 1998 was that it finally put to rest a fifty year dispute between Ireland and the United Kingdom about the names of the respective states. This article begins by outlining the constitutional background to this complex terminological dispute, and then examines it from three perspectives. The first is that of the Irish state itself, which in recent decades has opted unambiguously for ‘Ireland’. The second is the British government, which until the end of the twentieth century preferred the labels ‘Eire’ or ‘Irish Republic’. The third is the militant nationalist republican movement, whose terminology was designed to deny the legitimacy of the existing state. The article concludes by examining the political significance of this issue, arguing that while its most obvious importance is symbolic, it has also had real meaning for the identity and for the geographical definition of the state, as well as for the British‐Irish relationship.
Did Secularism Win Out? The Debate over the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill
Authors: KETTELL STEVEN
Published: September 2010

The debate over the 2008 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill marks the latest in a series of conflicts between secularism and religion in the public sphere. The failure of religiously motivated campaigners to alter the Bill's most substantive and controversial provisions, however, should not be seen as a victory for a homogeneous secular camp. Although campaigners motivated by religious belief were almost universally opposed to the Bill, secular campaigners reflected a more varied mix of opinion. Moreover, the degree of organisation and mobilisation shown by the religious lobby during the course of the debate, are a sign that attempts to secure a greater role for religion in the public sphere are likely to remain a prominent feature of British political life.
Revisiting the ‘Responsibility to Protect’
Authors: NEWMAN MICHAEL
Published: September 2010

The Declaration on ‘the responsibility to protect’ (R2P), unanimously endorsed by the Security Council in April 2006, identified both national and international responsibilities in relation to genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes and crimes against humanity. This was highly significant in appearing to accept that the prevention of mass atrocities was a legitimate international concern. Subsequently, there has been some disappointment about the limited practical impact of R2P, and also anxiety that its progress may be impeded by the fear that it is designed to legitimise military intervention. However, this article concentrates on a different concern. Arguing that an earlier version of R2P (in the International Commission on Intervention and Sovereignty of 2001) linked the issues with those of human security and development, it suggests that the contemporary focus is far narrower, undermining its critical potential with regard to the policies of the global North and reducing its appeal to developing countries.
Two Walks: Palestine and the Peak District. A Conversation between Raja Shehadeh and Marina Lewycka, September 2008
Authors: Shehadeh Raja , Lewycka Marina , Seaton Jean
Published: September 2010

In the summer of 2008 novelist Marina Lewycka and author and human rights lawyer Raja Shehadeh went on two walks: the first in Palestine near Ramallah near the Beit Eil Jewish settlement, the second on Kinder Scout in the Peak District, the site of the mass trespass in 1932 to reclaim the right to walk on the hills. This account of the conversation they recorded on the second walk includes observations by Marina on writing about Palestine and Israel and reflections by Raja about the effect of the Israeli occupation on the fragile Palestinian landscape. It also includes their discussions on writing, walking and the meaning it has to each of them, as well as political comments on the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict evoked by visiting these sites. They wonder whether a similar act of resistance would be possible in Palestine and what it would mean to the future of the conflict.
No Friends in the North? The Conservative Party in Northern England
Authors: RANDALL NICK
Published: September 2010

Having won just 19 of 162 seats in northern England at the 2005 general election, the Conservative party under David Cameron's leadership has made an electoral revival in the north of England a particular priority. This article first outlines the Conservatives' post‐war electoral record in the north and considers the significance of northern England to the party's strategy at the next general election. It then moves on to examine the potential for socio‐economics, identity, memory, ideology and party organisation to frustrate its current ambitions for revival. Finally, it outlines and evaluates the initiatives which the party has undertaken in the north of England since 2005.
‘Cometh the Hour, Cometh the Dave’: How Far is the Conservative Party's Revival All Down to David Cameron?
Authors: BALE TIM
Published: September 2010

While one can overstate the extent to which the Conservative party has changed since 2005, especially in the light of its response to the recession, the upturn in its electoral prospects is undeniable. Not surprisingly, the Conservative leader, David Cameron, is widely credited with turning around his party's fortunes. In fact, he started with several advantages over his predecessors: New Labour was well past its prime; the economy was running into trouble; and an increasingly desperate Conservative party was more willing to listen to the message that it needed to modernise and moderate. That said, Cameron has been crucial. His communication skills are unparalleled. Early success bought him time and ‘permission to be heard’. Most important though, has been his determination‐despite media criticism‐to stick with a staged strategy focused on conveying change and a move to the centre ground while at the same time reassuring and dividing the Tory right.
Vote Blue, Go Green? Cameron's Conservatives and the Environment
Authors: CARTER NEIL
Published: September 2010

How genuine is the Conservative party's rediscovery of the environment? Would a Conservative government led by David Cameron implement a wide‐ranging and progressive environmental policy? This article explores why Cameron has embraced the environment so enthusiastically when Conservative governments have had a poor record of environmental protection and the Conservative party has traditionally shown little interest in the issue. It assesses the impact of Cameron's strategy both on his own party and on the wider world of environmental politics and it evaluates the continuing commitment of the Conservatives to the issue by assessing what kind of policies a future Conservative government might implement. Although Cameron remains committed to the issue and he has already had a positive impact on Labour government policy, he has not yet convinced his party or its supporters, so a future Conservative government would probably represent continuity rather than significant change in environmental policy.
TOWARD AN EVOLUTIONARY CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY
Authors: Peters Karl E.
Published: September 2010

In order to develop a single narrative of God's continuing creation that includes salvation, this essay in theological construction focuses on the idea of transformation. Using the metaphor of conceptual maps in science and religion, it weaves together ideas about evolution, God working in the world, and how humans can be brought to wholeness in community in relation to God.
ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY AND THE CHALLENGE OF CLONING
Authors: Farimani Mohammad Motahari
Published: September 2010

Scientific achievements, especially in contemporary biology, have led and continue to lead to uncertainties for some believers with regard to their understanding of the role of God as the creator. This essay, avoiding philosophical jargon, expounds the stance of Islamic philosophy on this matter and argues that such anxiety and doubt are unfounded. Drawing upon the thousand‐year‐old distinction between two types of cause, real and preparatory, as formulated by Muslim philosophers, the argument demonstrates that seeing biological advances as rivaling God's creation, as traditionally understood in the Abrahamic religions, is a premature judgment based on a faulty conflation. This comes to light most clearly through Mulla Sadra's analysis of causality, the far‐reaching implications of which are briefly mentioned.
TEILHARD DE CHARDIN'S EVOLUTIONARY NATURAL THEOLOGY
Authors: Grumett David
Published: September 2010

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin develops, as is well known, a model of evolution as a convergent progression from primordial multiplicity through increasing degrees of complexity toward a final Omega point of spiritual consummation. I explore how Teilhard fuses Darwinian and Lamarckian theories of evolution in developing his own, and in particular his defense of the view that Lamarckism is fundamental to a proper understanding of evolution's human phase. Teilhard's scientific interpretation of evolution is inspired by Christian cosmological insights derived from patristic theology and contemporary Pauline scholarship and cannot be separated from them. His integration of science and theology provides the basis for a renewed evolutionary natural theology that supplants the traditional static models developed by William Paley and others. Teilhard's natural theology also provides a framework for theological ethical reflection on how humanity should act in its capacity as created co‐creator with God. In later work, he considers the implications of his evolutionary theology for the wider universe. Teilhard thus presents an invigorated natural theology grounded in evolution that confirms and completes a dynamic and teleological view of the cosmos.
Approaching Religious Guidelines for Chimera Policymaking
Authors: Modell Stephen M.
Published: September 2010

Recent developments in the use of cow egg cells to clone human somatic cells, and the grafting by researchers at several universities of human neurons into mice, bring the notion of the chimera, a mixture of several living organisms, from myth into reality. In his article “Cross‐Species Chimeras: Exploring a Possible Christian Perspective,” Neville Cobbe considers the religious arguments overlying the creation of human‐nonhuman chimeras. In my commentary I focus on the distinction between germline‐ and tissue transplant‐related chimeric techniques implicit in Cobbe's essay and argue that the former poses more serious moral difficulties than the latter if the chimeric product is brought to term. The substantive view of the imago Dei, or image of God, serves as a scaffold by which to judge the permissibility of chimera creation using stem cell and other tissue implants. While useful for judging the rights of such artificially generated beings, I argue that specific criteria such as proportion of tissue uptake, mental capacity, and adherence with the organism's telos are more appropriately considered within a composite image of the living being reflecting its unique integrality. Human co‐creativity with the Divine will inevitably prompt attempts to generate medically useful chimeras. Religious dialogue, combined with the categories of religious moral argument appearing in Cobbe's essay, will help to establish the outline of feasible policy guidelines addressing the complexities inherent in the creation of chimeras.
Strict Naturalism and Christianity: Attempt at Drafting an Updated Theology of Nature
Authors: Brun Rudolf B.
Published: September 2010

In the first part of this essay I sketch a view on cosmogenesis from the perspective of modern science, emphasizing, first, that the laws of nature are outcomes of the history of nature, not imposed on nature from outside of nature; and, second, that the universe, including human beings, is the result of a single, natural process. It consistently brings forth novelty through a probabilistic sequence of syntheses. Consequently, the new emerges from the unification of elements that were previously unified. This universal creative process is both probabilistic and nonlinear. It is probabilistic (historical) because each creative event occurs within a cohort of also possible events. It is nonlinear because the new has qualities that its elements in isolation do not possess. I refer to this model of understanding cosmogenesis as strict naturalism. In the second part of the essay I argue that deistic and theistic models of cosmogenesis cannot cope with strict naturalism because they exclude teleology and supernatural interference in the creative process. In contrast to deism and theism, I show that Christianity is capable of integrating strict naturalism. To do that I focus on the Christian notion of incarnation. At the center of this reflection is the attempt to increase the understanding of Christian faith that only the Word of God creates.
PRICING POLICY REACTIONS TO AGGLOMERATION IN A MARKET WITH SPATIAL SEARCH*
Authors: Miller Harvey J.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT. Price dispersion (variation) and agglomeration are common characteristics of spatial markets, in particular, markets with imperfect consumer information and search. However, pricing and location strategies in these markets are not well analyzed since spatial search is difficult to model without restricting the spatial dimension of the problem. This paper analyzes pricing and location strategies in a market with spatid search using a probabilistic modeling strategy that does not restrict search patterns in the plane. Specifically, the analysis considers the pricing strategy of an isolated firm in response to the agglomeration of competing firms. Results indicate that spatial and temporal price dispersion are effective responses to competitors'agglomeration. However, the relative effectiveness of these strategies varies with market conditions. In addition, agglomeration can have some counterintuitive effects. This paper also provides insights into existing theories of spatial search and spatial competition in spatially‐restricted (linear and circular) markets.
IMPACT OF RIGIONAL FACTORS ON PRODUCTIVITY IN CHINA*
Authors: Chen Yimin
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT. The regional production environment in China is decomposed into five regional factors: education endowment, foreign direct investment, agglomeration, producer's market accessibility, and consumer's market accessibility. The impacts of these regional factors on the Chinese machinery building industry and food manufacture industry are estimated across 30 regions. The estimates are highly significant and show that these regional factors substantially affect regional productivity. Across regions and over time, the capital return rate is positively related to the ratio of the total regional factor impact to the wage rate.
A LONG‐RUN INTERPRETATION OF REGIONAL INPUT‐OUTPUT ANALYSIS*
Authors: McGregor Peter G. , Swales J. Kim , Yin Ya Ping
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT. Regional input‐output (I‐O) analysis is traditionally motivated by a short‐run, extreme Keynesian vision of markets. In this paper we argue that an appropriately formulated, investment‐endogenous, I‐O system replicates the long‐run equilibria of a wide range of regional models, many of which do not operate as I‐O systems in the short run. In particular, we use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework to illustrate the impact of an aggregate demand disturbance on an I‐O and standard neoclassical model. When run forward over a number of periods, the results from the capacity‐constrained neoclassical model asymptotically approach the I‐O outcome. We use sensitivity analysis to examine the speed of adjustment of the neo‐classical system and investigate barriers to the attainment of the I‐O result.
IMPLEMENTING REPRESENTATIONS OF SPACE IN ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY*
Authors: Bivand Roger
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTSince spatial issues have become more important in economic theory, it is of interest to examine how space is represented. In empirical terms, this concerns at least the representation of distance and proximity. Both of these may be represented and operationalized in a number of ways, with possible consequences for inferences when modeling. This question is related to the representation of spatial entities, and itself plays into the treatment of spatial dependence as substantive and/or just a nuisance. Because other disciplines face similar questions—for example ecology or epidemiology, their conceptualizations and operationalizations of space will also be used for comparative purposes.
EVOLVING AGGLOMERATION IN THE U.S. AUTO SUPPLIER INDUSTRY*
Authors: Klier Thomas , McMillen Daniel P.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT Using nonparametric descriptive tools developed by Duranton and Overman (2005, Review of Economic Studies, 72, 1077–1106), we show that both new and old auto supplier plants are highly concentrated in the eastern United States. Conditional logit models imply that much of this concentration can be explained parametrically by distance from Detroit, proximity to assembly plants, and access to the interstate highway system. New plants are more likely to be located in zip codes that are close to existing supplier plants. However, the degree of clustering observed is still greater than implied by the logit estimates.
How Far Could Free Religious Thinking Go? The Case of Johann Rudolf Werdmüller, Zurich 1658
Authors: LOETZ FRANCISCA
Published: September 2010

In 1658, Johann(es) Rudolf Werdmüller, a renowned Zurich general and diplomat, was accused of blasphemy. As it referred to essential religious matters, the accusation had a considerable public impact. The court files of the case provide evidence of wider battles over the desirability and nature of religious tolerance. Instead of narrating a case story this analysis suggests a different approach to the history of religion. The sources are not taken as documents expressing a discursive system of philosophical points of view and their appearance in religious polemics. Rather, the court files stand for specific speech acts, i.e. verbal performances in the linguistic sense. Thus, Werdmüller's example is taken to demonstrate that those considered to be blasphemers in the era of confessionalisation did not simply express religious scepticism in the form of “discourses,” nor did they rebel against authority figures or resort to forms of magic. Rather, they provoked their society, discussed religious matters, entertained their audience and competed wittingly with those interested in religious issues. In conclusion, it is proposed that the history of religion should not be confined to a history of ideas and religious doctrines but should integrate linguistic approaches.
Anti‐Providentialism as Blasphemy in Late Stuart England: A Case Study of “the Stage Debate”*
Authors: MANNING DAVID
Published: September 2010

This article develops a cultural history of blasphemy as representation by exploring the nexus between conceptions and perceived manifestations of blasphemy in a theological context. Specifically it uses a case study of “the stage debate”, a controversy about the viability of the theatre in England at the turn of the eighteenth century, to argue that contemporary perceptions of anti‐providentialism informed a sense of practical blasphemy that was commensurate with the Thomistic conception of blasphemy as aggravated unbelief. This interpretation illuminates the theological sensitivity of contemporary godly critics to perceived instances of anti‐providentialism and their belief in the actual diabolism of the theatre.
The TCF7L2 Diabetes Risk Variant is Associated with HbA1C Levels: a Genome‐Wide Association Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Franklin Christopher S. , Aulchenko Yurii S. , Huffman Jennifer E. , Vitart Veronique , Hayward Caroline , Polašek Ozren , Knott Sara , Zgaga Lina , Zemunik Tatijana , Rudan Igor , Campbell Harry , Wright Alan F. , Wild Sarah H. , Wilson James F.
Published: September 2010

Genome‐wide association (GWA) studies have identified around 20 common genetic variants influencing the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Likewise, a number of variants have been associated with diabetes‐related quantitative glycaemic traits, but to date the overlap between these genes and variants has been low. The majority of genetic studies have focused on fasting plasma glucose levels; however, this measure is highly variable. We have conducted a GWA meta‐analysis of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) levels within three healthy nondiabetic populations. This phenotype provides an estimate of mean glucose levels over 2–3 months and is a more stable predictor of future diabetes risk. Participants were from three isolated populations: the Orkney Isles in the north of Scotland, the Dalmatian islands of Vis, and Korčula in Croatia (total of 1782 nondiabetic subjects). Association was tested in each population and results combined by meta‐analysis. The strongest association was with the TCF7L2 gene (rs7903146, P= 1.48 × 10−7). This is also the strongest common genetic risk factor for T2D but it has not been identified in previous genome‐wide studies of glycated haemoglobin.
The importance of body reserves for successful reproduction in the Tawny owl (Strix aluco)
Authors: Hirons G. J. M.
Published: September 2010

One‐quarter of Tawny owl nests fail to hatch young, mainly because the eggs are chilled and/or deserted. In 1973–74 automatic photography was employed at four nests near Oxford to relate the incubation behaviour of females to the ration of prey supplied to them by their mates. The eggs did not hatch in two nests and young fledged from only one of the others. Females were less attentive at the nests which failed during incubation and on average received less prey, but even at successful nests there were some nights when the female was supplied with less than her estimated daily food requirement. Female Tawny owls accumulate large reserves of fat and protein before laying. These buffer against any temporary inability of the male to provide sufficient food during incubation, and enable the female to stay on the nest rather than hunt for herself and risk the eggs becoming chilled. When prey are scarce, many females do not lay at all, and the ultimate factor determining whether breeding takes place may be the female's ability to acquire body reserves sufficient to provide a chance of breeding successfully.