bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eradication of a Mature Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Biofilm From Acrylic Surfaces
Authors: Altieri Karen Tereza , Sanitá Paula Volpato , Machado Ana Lucia , Giampaolo Eunice Teresinha , Pavarina Ana Cláudia , Jorge Janaina Habib , Vergani Carlos Eduardo
Published: February 2014

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can grow as structured biofilm in different surfaces, including oral mucosa and denture surfaces. Such biofilms can be released into the oral fluids and aspirated, causing systemic infections such as aspiration pneumonia. This study evaluated the efficacy of two disinfectant solutions and microwave irradiation in disinfecting acrylic specimens contaminated with MRSA biofilm. Thirty-six acrylic specimens were made, sterilized and contaminated with MRSA (107 cfu/mL). After incubation (37 °C/48 h), the specimens were divided into 4 groups: not disinfected (positive control); soaking in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min; soaking in 2% chlorhexidine gluconate for 10 min; and irradiating by microwave for 3 min at 650 W. The viability of cells was evaluated by XTT reduction method. All specimens from the positive control group showed biofilm formation after 48 h incubation. The mean absorbance value of the control specimens was 1.58 (OD at 492 nm). No evidence of biofilm formation was observed on specimens after the disinfection methods. Disinfection by soaking in 1% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and irradiating by microwaves resulted in 100% reduction of MRSA biofilm metabolism. The use of chemical solutions and microwave irradiation was shown to be effective for eradicating mature MRSA biofilms on acrylic resin specimens.
A quitosana como fungistático no crescimento micelial de Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn
Authors: Freddo Álvaro Rodrigo , Mazaro Sérgio Miguel , Brun Eleandro José , Wagner Júnior Américo
Published: February 2014

Rhizoctonia solani é um fungo causador de tombamento de plântulas em várias espécies vegetais. A quitosana é um polímero derivado do processo de desacetilação da quitina, a qual é encontrada em grande quantidade na carapaça de crustáceos, insetos e parede celular de fungos. A quitosana tem sido testada para diversos usos, inclusive no controle de fitopatógenos em agricultura, já que apresenta atividade antimicrobiana, para controle de patógenos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito fungistático de diferentes concentrações de quitosana (0; 0,25; 0,5; 1 e 2%) no crescimento micelial do fungo R. solani in vitro. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram efeito significativo de quitosana nas diferentes concentrações utilizadas, na redução do crescimento micelial de R. solani. Observou-se também aumento do efeito fungistático da quitosana conforme o aumento da dose.
Toxicity of organic supplies for the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi
Authors: Silva Débora Mello da , Bueno Adeney de Freitas
Published: February 2014

Toxicity (dosage per hectare) of: 1) Baculovirus anticarsia 140x109 cpi; 2) Bacillus thuringiensis 16.8g; 3) Azadirachtin-A, azadirachtin-B, nimbina and salamina 9.6 ppm; 4) Rotenoids 4 liters; 5) Nitrogen 1.3%, phosphorus 3.0% and total organic carbon 8.0% 3 liters; 6) Sodium silicate 2% 4 liters; 7) Copper 7% + calcium 3.3% 1.8 liters; 8) Sulfur 20% + quicklime 10% 1.8 liters; 9) Chlorpyrifos 384g; 10) Distilled H2O (control) were evaluated for pupae and adults of Telenomus podisi. Treatments from 1 to 8 were in general harmless (class 1) to both pupae and adults of T. podisi. Among them, only treatment 5 and 7 presented slightly toxic to the parasitoid with a reduction in parasitism 5 days after F1 parasitoid emergence. Differently, the chlorpyrifos was classified as slightly harmful (class 2) or moderately harmful (class 3). Therefore, the use of the tested organic agricultural supplies in the production of organic soybean is viable, without impairing the natural biological control allowed by this egg parasitoid. Chlorpyrifos use, on the other hand, is not allowed in organic soybean, but even on convention crop production, could whenever possible, be replaced by other products more compatible with T. podisi preservation.
Morfogênese de gramíneas nativas do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) submetidas a pastoreio rotativo durante primavera e verão
Authors: Santos Aline Bosak dos , Quadros Fernando Luiz Ferreira de , Confortin Anna Carolina Cerato , Seibert Liane , Ribeiro Bruna San Martim Rolim , Severo Paula de Oliveira , Casanova Pedro Trindade , Machado Greice Kelly Gomes
Published: February 2014

O trabalho objetivou determinar a influência de intervalos de pastoreio rotativo sobre a morfogênese de cinco gramíneas nativas da região central do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), agrupadas segundo uma tipologia funcional, nas estações de primavera e verão. Foram avaliadas taxa de aparecimento, elongação e senescência foliares (TAF/TEF/TSF), filocrono e duração de vida e de elongação foliares (DVF/DEF) em Axonopus affinis, Aristida laevis, Andropogon lateralis, Paspalum notatum e Paspalum plicatulum, sob dois intervalos de pastoreio rotativo, definidos por somas térmicas (°C), 375 e 750 graus-dia, na primavera 2010 e verão 2010/2011. Não houve diferença significativa entre intervalos de pastoreio, mas houve entre espécies e entre estações. Paspalum notatum se destacou por apresentar adaptações bem marcadas ao pastejo. Axonopus affinis e P. notatum foram as espécies com maiores TAF e menores DVF, já A. lateralis apresentou características morfogênicas que contradizem a literatura. Quanto às estações, primavera se caracterizou como a estação de crescimento, e verão, como o início do florescimento. Pastejo afeta a morfogênese de forrageiras, no entanto, os intervalos de pastoreio usados não têm efeito sobre o desenvolvimento das espécies e a influência estacional é marcante no desenvolvimento dessas gramíneas.
Perfil lipídico da carne e gordura de suínos alimentados com milheto
Authors: Abreu Rodrigo Caetano de , Kiefer Charles , Alves Fabiana Villa , Coelho Roberta Gomes , Marçal Danilo Alves , Rodrigues Gabriela Puhl
Published: February 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar níveis de milheto na alimentação de suínos na composição lipídica e de colesterol da gordura subcutânea e da carne. Foram utilizados 48 animais, machos castrados, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro níveis de milheto na dieta (0; 25; 50 e 75%), seis repetições, sendo cada unidade experimental constituída por dois animais. Foram analisados os perfis lipídicos da gordura e da carne através de cromatografia gasosa e a quantidade de colesterol nas amostras de carne foi determinada seguindo a metodologia de extração. O aumento do nível de milheto na dieta dos suínos reduziu (P<0,05) a concentração dos ácidos mirístico, palmítico, palmitoleico, heptadecanoico e aumentou a concentração do ácido linoleico na gordura subcutânea. O nível de inclusão de 50,82% de milheto na dieta possibilita máxima deposição do ácido linolênico na gordura. Os níveis de milheto não modificam o perfil de ácidos graxos e o teor de colesterol na carne suína. O nível de 42,09% de inclusão de milheto na dieta resulta no maior índice trombogênico da carne.
Campylobacter fetus em bovinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Ziech Rosangela Estel , Machado Gustavo , Kirinus Jackeline Karsten , Libardoni Felipe , Kessler Julcemar Dias , Pötter Luciana , Vargas Agueda Castagna de
Published: February 2014

A campilobacteriose genital bovina (CGB) é uma doença infectocontagiosa causada por Campylobacter fetus, determina infertilidade temporária, endometrite leve e aborto em fêmeas, além de aumentar o intervalo entre partos. A ocorrência de CGB entre rebanhos no Brasil tem variado muito entre as diferentes regiões. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar, por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), a ocorrência de amostras positivas para C. fetus, oriundas de bovinos, no período de 1999 a 2010, no Rio Grande do Sul, e analisar a positividade em machos e fêmeas. Foram utilizadas 816 amostras procedentes de 37 municípios, localizados predominantemente nas mesorregiões sudoeste e centro ocidental rio-grandense, das quais 480 aspirados prepuciais (92 provenientes de duas centrais de inseminação artificial e 388 de estabelecimentos de criação - monta natural), 324 aspirados cervicais e conteúdo abomasal de 12 fetos bovinos abortados. Como resultado, 10,9% das amostras (89/816) foram positivas para C. fetus. Quando analisados os resultados em relação à origem das amostras, 6,5% (6/92) das coletadas de machos de centrais de inseminação foram positivas, e das obtidas de touros utilizados em monta natural, 9% (35/388). Já entre as fêmeas, esse percentual foi de 13,6% (44/324) e, nas amostras obtidas de fetos abortados, 33,3% (4/12) foram positivas. Quando analisados os 91 estabelecimentos de criação com monta natural e os 37 municípios, foram positivos 44,0% (40/91) e 63,2% (24/37), respectivamente. Com isso, foi demonstrada a importância da CGB para os rebanhos bovinos, e uma maior ocorrência de amostras positivas em fêmeas, quando comparadas às amostras provenientes de machos.
Avian IgY antibodies: characteristics and applications in immunodiagnostic
Authors: Munhoz Lívia Silveira , Vargas Gilberto D'Ávila , Fischer Geferson , Lima Marcelo de , Esteves Paulo Augusto , Hübner Silvia de Oliveira
Published: February 2014

Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is the major antibody isotype in birds, reptiles, amphibia, and lungfish, playing a similar biological role as mammal IgG. Due to its phylogenetic distance, immune diversification and presence in the egg yolk, IgY provide a number of advantages in immunodiagnostic compared to IgG from mammals. Moreover, IgY production is in agreement with international efforts to reduce, refine and if possible, to replace animals in experimentation, contributing substantially in favor of animal welfare. This article presents an overview about structural and functional features, production and applications of IgY in immunodiagnostic, as well as the advantages of chicken antibodies use.
Linhaça marrom e dourada: propriedades químicas e funcionais das sementes e dos óleos prensados a frio
Authors: Barroso Ana Karina Mauro , Torres Alexandre Guedes , Branco Vanessa Naciuk Castelo , Ferreira Andrea , Finotelli Priscilla Vanessa , Freitas Suely Pereira , Leão Maria Helena Miguez da Rocha
Published: February 2014

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a composição química e a capacidade antioxidante das sementes e dos óleos de linhaça marrom e dourada, e avaliar a estabilidade oxidativa dos óleos. Nas sementes, foram determinados: composição centesimal, capacidade antioxidante total e compostos fenólicos totais. Nos óleos, foram determinados: índice de acidez e peróxido, matéria insaponificável, composição em ácidos graxos, tocoferóis, capacidade antioxidante, compostos fenólicos totais e estabilidade oxidativa em quatro condições de estocagem por até um ano. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os tipos de sementes quanto às variáveis investigadas, e ainda entre os óleos quanto ao rendimento da prensagem, composição em ácidos graxos insaturados, índice de acidez, teores de insaponificáveis e compostos fenólicos totais. Apesar do declínio da estabilidade oxidativa de ambos os óleos durante o armazenamento, o óleo de linhaça marrom e os óleos estocados sob refrigeração apresentaram-se mais estáveis. O índice de peróxido foi maior no óleo de linhaça dourada. O teor de tocoferol total e capacidade antioxidante total foram maiores no óleo de linhaça marrom. Contudo, observou-se uma igualdade entre as sementes de ambas as variedades de linhaça e uma superioridade do óleo de linhaça marrom.
Os contenciosos comerciais e os principais casos de retaliação do Brasil à prática de subsídios agrícolas na Organização Mundial de Comércio
Authors: Bruno Flávio Marcelo Rodrigues , Azevedo André Filipe Zago de , Massuquetti Angélica
Published: February 2014

O artigo aborda a adoção de medidas de retaliação, através de direitos compensatórios, à prática de subsídios no comércio agrícola internacional, por meio da análise da evolução das diferenças comerciais submetidas à Organização Mundial de Comércio (OMC). Os resultados revelam que os Estados Unidos da América e a União Europeia são os membros que mais sofrem medidas de retaliação na OMC, em razão dos impactos de suas políticas de subsídios ao setor agrícola. Além disso, houve uma queda nos contenciosos comerciais submetidos à apreciação da OMC, especialmente em matéria de direitos compensatórios em relação ao setor agrícola.
Potential for large‐bodied zooplankton and dreissenids to alter the productivity and autotrophic structure of lakes
Authors: Higgins Scott N. , Althouse B. , Devlin S. P. , Vadeboncoeur Y. , Vander Zanden M. J.
Published: February 2014

While limnological studies have emphasized the importance of grazers on algal biomass and primary production in pelagic habitats, few studies have examined their potential role in altering total ecosystem primary production and it's partitioning between pelagic and benthic habitats. We modified an existing ecosystem production model to include biotic feedbacks associated with two groups of large‐bodied grazers of phytoplankton (large‐bodied zooplankton and dreissenid mussels) and estimated their effects on total ecosystem production (TEP), and the partitioning of TEP between phytoplankton and periphyton (autotrophic structure) across large gradients in lake size and total phosphorus (TP) concentration. Model results indicated that these filter feeders were capable of reducing whole‐lake phytoplankton production by 20–70%, and increasing whole‐lake benthic production between 0% and 600%. Grazer effects on TEP were constrained by lake size, trophic status, and potential feedbacks between grazing and maximum rates of benthic photosynthesis (BPMAX). In small (mean depth Z¯ < 10 m) oligotrophic and mesotrophic (TP < 100 mg P/m2) lakes, both large‐bodied zooplankton and dreissenids were capable of increasing the benthic fraction (Bf) by 10–50% of TEP. Small lakes were also the only systems where TEP had the potential to increase in the presence of large‐bodied grazers, but such increases only occurred if grazer‐induced changes in water clarity, macrophyte coverage, or nutrient availability stimulated specific growth rates of periphyton. In other scenarios, TEP declined by a maximum of 50%. In very large lakes (Z¯ > 100 m), Bf was minor (<10%) in the presence or absence of grazers, but increases in littoral habitat and the stimulation of benthic production in these ecosystems could be of ecological relevance because littoral zones in large lakes contain a relatively high proportion of within‐lake biodiversity and are important for whole‐lake food webs.
Association of Simvastatin and Hyperlipidemia With Periodontal Status and Bone Metabolism Markers
Authors: Magán‐Fernández Antonio , Papay‐Ramírez Lara , Tomás Juan , Marfil‐Álvarez Rafael , Rizzo Manfredi , Bravo Manuel , Mesa Francisco
Published: February 2014

Background: The objective of this study is to determine whether simvastatin consumption and hyperlipidemia are associated with a worse periodontal condition and specific bone activity biomarkers.

Methods: This cross‐sectional and analytic study includes 73 patients divided into three groups: 1) simvastatin‐treated patients with hyperlipidemia (n = 29); 2) patients with hyperlipidemia treated by diet alone (n = 28); and 3) normolipidemic patients (controls, n = 16). The periodontal clinical variables of all participants were gathered, a blood sample was drawn from each to determine the lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein, and high‐density lipoprotein), serum levels of acute‐phase reactants (C‐reactive protein), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and bone metabolism markers (osteoprotegerin [OPG], osteocalcin, procollagen type I N‐terminal propeptide, and C‐terminal telopeptide of type I collagen).

Results: The mean ESR was higher in the diet‐treated patients with hyperlipidemia than in the normolipidemic controls (P = 0.04). Serum OPG concentrations were significantly higher in the simvastatin‐treated patients with hyperlipidemia than in the diet‐treated patients with hyperlipidemia (P = 0.05). Multivariable linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, tobacco, and alcohol revealed that, compared with the normolipidemic patients, the simvastatin‐treated patients with hyperlipidemia showed a mean reduction of 0.8 mm (95% confidence interval = −1.5 to 0.0, P = 0.05) in clinical attachment loss.

Conclusions: Within the limits of this study, the findings suggest that the intake of simvastatin is associated with increasing serum OPG concentrations, and this could have a protective effect against bone breakdown and periodontal attachment loss. The baseline systemic inflammatory state of patients with hyperlipidemia is indicated by their increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Midlife Arterial Stiffness and Brain Activation During Working Memory Task
Authors: Steward Kayla A. , Pasha Evan , Goudarzi Katyoon , Elmenshawy Ahmed , Alkatan Mohammed , Villalpando Astrid , Tanaka Hirofumi , Haley Andreana P.
Published: February 2014

Objective:

Arterial stiffness is associated with cognitive decline and may serve as an early marker of brain vulnerability.
In search of potential early intervention targets, the present study examined the neural correlates of working
memory in relation to arterial stiffness in middle-aged, cognitively healthy adults.

Methods:

Twenty-eight adults, ages 40-
60 years, completed a 2-Back verbal working memory task during fMRI. Arterial stiffness was measured using the 􀀁-
stiffness index via simultaneous ultrasound and applanation tonometry on the carotid artery. Mean task-related activation
intensity was determined for 12 a priori regions of interest (ROI). Statistical analyses included partial correlations, controlling
for hypertension status and antihypertensive medication. Results: Arterial stiffness was correlated negatively with
task-related activation in 3 ROIs: left precentral gyrus/BA 6 (r=-0.64, p<0.001), left precentral/middle frontal gyrus
(r=-0.62, p=0.001) and left superior parietal lobule/BA 7 (r=-0.48, p=0.013). There was also a negative association between
arterial stiffness and task-related activation in the right superior frontal gyrus/BA 6 (r=-0.45, p=0.023).

Conclusions:

Greater arterial stiffness was significantly associated with decreased task-related brain activation during a verbal
working memory task, possibly reflecting increased vulnerability for cognitive impairment. Arterial stiffness should be
investigated further as an early marker of cognitive risk and a potential target for early intervention.
A modified random pore model for carbonation reaction of calcium oxide with carbon dioxide
Authors: Nouri Seyed , Ebrahim Habib , Nejad Bahram
Published: February 2014

In this work, the random pore model was modified for a general concentration
dependency and also bulk flow effect, in order to predict the carbonation
reaction of calcium oxide with carbon dioxide. This reaction is one of the
main methods for carbon dioxide capture from industrial flue gases.
Different kinetic rate concentration functions were tested with the various
literature experimental data for finding the best reaction constants and
rate functions. Moreover, an exponential function for the diffusion of
carbon dioxide through the product layer was proposed from the whole
experimental conversion-time profiles.
Microalbuminuria as a Risk Predictor in Diabetes: The Continuing Saga
Authors: Bakris George L. , Molitch Mark
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE

The rationale for this study was to review the data on microalbuminuria (MA), an amount of albumin in the urine of 30–299 mg/day, in patients with diabetes in the context of cardiovascular risk and development of kidney disease. The objective was to review the pathophysiology of MA in patients with diabetes and review the data from trials regarding MA in the context of risk for cardiovascular events or kidney disease progression.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Data sources were all PubMed-referenced articles in English-language peer-reviewed journals since 1964. Studies selected had to have a minimum 1-year follow-up and be either a randomized trial linking MA to cardiovascular or kidney disease outcome, a meta-analysis/systematic review, or a large observational cohort study.

RESULTS

The data suggest that MA is a risk marker for cardiovascular events and possibly for kidney disease development. Its presence alone, however, does not indicate established kidney disease, especially if the estimated glomerular filtration rate is >60 mL/min/1.73 m2. An increase in MA, when blood pressure and other risk factors are controlled, portends a poor prognosis for kidney outcomes over time. Early in the course of diabetes, aggressive risk factor management focused on glycemic and blood pressure goals is important to delay kidney disease development and reduce cardiovascular risk.

CONCLUSIONS

MA is a marker of cardiovascular disease risk and should be monitored per guidelines once or twice a year for progression to macroalbuminuria and kidney disease development, especially if plasma glucose, lipids, and blood pressure are at guideline goals.
Tourism, Farm Diversification and Plurality of Rurality: Case Study of Croatia
Authors: Lukić Aleksandar
Published: February 2014

Plurality is considered to be one of the most important indicators of rurality in the contemporary society. But in what sense can plurality and diversified geographic context of countryside make a difference for development of farm tourism, if any? This paper aims to explore the significance of rural diversity of Croatia for farm diversification into leisure-orientated activities. The main method is comparison of spatial distribution of those farms, on the one hand, and seven different types of rural areas, on the other. Among others, the results indicate the significance of overall (mass) tourism development along the coast for development of tourism on agricultural households. Furthermore, age and education are confirmed as important factor in the process.
Effect of anions on the structure and catalytic properties of a La-doped Cu-Mn catalyst in the water-gas shift reaction
Authors: He Run-Xia , Jiang Hao-Qiang , Wu Fang , Zhi Ke-Duan , Wang Na , Zhou Chen-Liang , Liu Quan-Sheng
Published: February 2014

Effects of the anion type on the structure, thermal stability, and catalytic performance of La-doped Cu-Mn catalysts prepared by co-precipitation were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, temperature-programmed reduction, temperature-programmed reduction of oxidized surfaces, and temperature-programmed desorption. The Cu-Mn catalyst was tested for the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction. The main crystalline phase of samples prepared with sulfate, acetate, chloride, and nitrate as the starting materials was a Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 spinel structure, following the WGS reaction, the main crystalline phases were transformed into Cu and MnO. The sample prepared with acetate as the starting material showed the most obvious MnCO3 characteristic diffraction peaks, with better synergistic effects of Cu and MnO, increased adsorption of CO2 and improved dispersion of Cu on the catalyst surface; also, the best thermal stability and the highest low temperature catalytic activity were observed. The sample prepared with nitrate as the starting material maintained high thermal stability and catalytic performance in the range of 400°C to 450°C, but CO conversion decreased below 350°C. Catalytic performance of the sample prepared with sulfate and chloride as the starting materials was poor, ranging from 200°C to 450°C.
Examination and Treatment of Patients With Unilateral Vestibular Damage, With Focus on the Musculoskeletal System: A Case Series
Authors: Wilhelmsen Kjersti , Kvåle Alice
Published: February 2014

Background and Purpose

Persistent dizziness and balance problems have been reported in some patients with unilateral vestibular pathology. The purpose of this case series was to address the examination and treatment of musculoskeletal dysfunction in patients with unilateral vestibular hypofunction.

Case Description

The musculoskeletal system was evaluated with the Global Physiotherapy Examination, dynamic balance was measured during walking with triaxial accelerometers positioned on the lower and upper trunk, and symptoms and functional limitations were assessed with standardized self-report measures. The 4 included patients had symptoms of severe dizziness that had lasted more than 1 year after the onset of vestibular dysfunction and a moderate level of perceived disability. Musculoskeletal abnormalities typically included postural misalignment, restricted abdominal respiration, restricted trunk movements, and tense muscles of the upper trunk and neck. The patients attended a modified vestibular rehabilitation program consisting of body awareness exercises addressing posture, movements, and respiration.

Outcomes

After the intervention, self-reported symptoms and perceived disability improved. Improvements in mobility and positive physical changes were found in the upper trunk and respiratory movements. The attenuation of mediolateral accelerations (ie, body oscillations) in the upper trunk changed; a relatively more stable upper trunk and a concomitantly more flexible lower trunk were identified during walking in 3 patients.

Discussion

The recovery process may be influenced by self-inflicted rigid body movements and behavior strategies that prevent compensation. Addressing physical dysfunction and enhancing body awareness directly and dizziness indirectly may help patients with unilateral vestibular hypofunction break a self-sustaining cycle of dizziness and musculoskeletal problems. Considering the body as a functional unit and including both musculoskeletal and vestibular systems in examination and treatment may be important.
Clinical Pressure Pain Threshold Testing in Neck Pain: Comparing Protocols, Responsiveness, and Association With Psychological Variables
Authors: Walton David M. , Levesque Lenerdene , Payne Martin , Schick Julie
Published: February 2014

Background

Quantitative sensory testing, including pressure pain threshold (PPT), is seeing increased use in clinical practice. In order to facilitate clinical utility, knowledge of the properties of the tool and interpretation of results are required.

Objectives

This observational study used a clinical sample of people with mechanical neck pain to determine: (1) the influence of number of testing repetitions on measurement properties, (2) reliability and minimum clinically important difference, and (3) associations between PPT and key psychological constructs.

Design

This study was observational with both cross-sectional and prospective elements.

Methods

Experienced clinicians measured PPT in patients with mechanical neck pain following a standardized protocol. Subcohorts also provided repeated measures and completed scales of key psychological constructs.

Results

The total sample was 206 participants, but not all participants provided data for all analyses. Interrater and 1-week test-retest reliability were excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients [2,1]=.75–.95). Potentially important differences in reliability and PPT scores were found when using only 1 or 2 repeated measures compared with all 3. The PPT over a distal location (tibialis anterior muscle) was not adequately responsive in this sample, but the local site (upper trapezius muscle) was responsive and may be useful as part of a protocol to evaluate clinical change. Sensitivity values (range=0.08–0.50) and specificity values (range=0.82–0.97) for a range of change scores are presented. Depression, catastrophizing, and kinesiophobia were able to explain small but statistically significant variance in local PPT (3.9%–5.9%), but only catastrophizing and kinesiophobia explained significant variance in the distal PPT (3.6% and 2.9%, respectively).

Limitations

Limitations of the study include multiple raters, unknown recruitment rates, and unknown measurement properties at sites other than those tested here.

Conclusions

The results suggest that PPT is adequately reliable and that 3 measurements should be taken to maximize measurement properties. The variance explained by the psychological variables was small but significant for 3 constructs related to catastrophizing, depression, and fear of movement. Clinical implications for application and interpretation of PPT are discussed.
Assessing the Patient-Specific Functional Scale's Ability to Detect Early Recovery Following Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Stratford Paul W. , Kennedy Deborah M. , Wainwright Amy V.
Published: February 2014

Background

The Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) has received considerable attention over the last 2 decades; however, validation studies have not examined its performance in patients after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of the PSFS to detect change in patients post-TKA by comparing PSFS change scores with Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) and pooled impairment change scores.

Methods

One hundred thirty-three patients participating in a post-TKA exercise class were assessed at their initial and discharge visits. Initial assessments occurred within 28 days of arthroplasty; follow-up assessments occurred within 80 days of surgery. At both assessments, participants completed the PSFS, LEFS, and the P4 pain measure, and their knee range of motion (ROM) and extensor strength were measured. The ability to detect change was expressed as the standardized response mean (SRM) and as a correlation between the PSFS change scores and 2 reference standards: (1) LEFS change scores and (2) pooled impairment change scores. The pooled impairment measure consisted of pain, ROM, and strength change scores.

Results

The SRMs were PSFS 4.60 (95% confidence interval [CI]=4.00, 5.36) for the PSFS and 2.28 (95% CI=2.04, 2.60) for the LEFS. The correlation between the PSFS and pooled impairment change scores was 0.12 (95% CI=−0.04, 0.25), and the correlation between the PSFS and LEFS changes scores was 0.18 (0.02, 0.34).

Limitations

The order of measure administration was not standardized, and fixed activity set does not reflect clinical application in many instances.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the PSFS is adept at detecting improvement in patients post-TKA but that the PSFS, like other patient-specific measures, is likely to be of limited value in distinguishing different levels of change among patients.
Intensified environmental surveillance supporting the response to wild poliovirus type 1 silent circulation in Israel, 2013
Authors: Manor Y , Shulman L M , Kaliner E , Hindiyeh M , Ram D , Sofer D , Moran-Gilad J , Lev B , Grotto I , Gamzu R , Mendelson E
Published: February 2014

An emergency response was triggered by recovery of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) of the South Asia (SOAS) lineage from sewage in southern Israel in April 2013 during routine environmental surveillance. Public health risk assessment necessitated intensification of environmental surveillance in order to facilitate countrywide monitoring of WPV1-SOAS circulation. This involved increasing sampling frequency and broadening the geographical area, for better coverage of the population at risk, as well as modifying sewage testing algorithms to accommodate a newly developed WPV1-SOAS-specific quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay for screening of RNA extracted directly from sewage concentrates, in addition to standard virus isolation. Intensified surveillance in 74 sites across Israel between 1 February and 31 August 2013 documented a sustained high viral load of WPV1-SOAS in sewage samples from six Bedouin settlements and two cities with Jewish and Arab populations in the South district. Lower viral loads and intermittent detection were documented in sampling sites representing 14 mixed communities in three of the five health districts in central and northern Israel. Environmental surveillance plays a fundamental role in routine monitoring of WPV circulation in polio-free countries. The rapid assay specific for the circulating strain facilitated implementation of intensified surveillance and informed the public health response and decision-making.
Development and validation of a real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay for investigation of wild poliovirus type 1-South Asian (SOAS) strain reintroduced into Israel, 2013 to 2014
Authors: Hindiyeh M Y , Moran-Gilad J , Manor Y , Ram D , Shulman L M , Sofer D , Mendelson E
Published: February 2014

Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
Border Dispute between Nepal and India
Authors: Paudyal Gyanendra
Published: February 2014

Boarder between countries is a sensitive issue, which may leads to dispute. Sometimes, debate on boarder creates the situation of war between two countries. Boarder dispute cannot only divide the people of two countries but also the national politics. In this article, boarder dispute of Nepal with its neighbors is analyzed through historical and cultural perspective. This study is based on documentary sources. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/researcher.v1i2.9884 Researcher 1(2) 2013: 35-48
Language of Saptariya Tharu
Authors: Chaudhary Mahesh Kumar
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this paper is to present a general overview of the Tharu language as it is spoken in Saptari District. Geographical distribution of Tharu, its genetic affiliation, linguistics characteristics; phonology, morphology and syntax are looked into brief. This paper is based mainly on primary sources along with secondary one. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/researcher.v1i2.9885 Researcher 1(2) 2013: 49-62
Concept of Sadhus in Nepalese Society
Authors: Khatiwada Som Prasad
Published: February 2014

The concept of Sadhus is an old Hindu tradition started long ago from the system of Ashram in Indian Sub-continent. In general, human life is divided into four stages and the last stage is known as Sanyasa. When an old person becomes free from his family responsibilities then he practices peaceful activities. This stage of life is called Sanyasa and it is a form of Sadhu. Sadhus generally live in Asharams or temples in the group. In the past, they were forced to take weapons in their hands for the protection of their life and religion. Therefore, Akhadas were established in the place of ashramas to keep militant Sadhus. They do not have to keep greed, love, exceptions and trishna and their Yajnas should relate on the well-being of the universe. They are the means of study and they should be utilized to attract tourists in modern economic world. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/researcher.v1i2.9888 Researcher 1(2) 2013: 81-103
Development and Application of Speed Breeding Technologies in a Commercial Peanut Breeding Program
Authors: O'Connor D. J. , Wright G. C. , Dieters M. J. , George D. L. , Hunter M. N. , Tatnell J. R. , Fleischfresser D. B.
Published: February 2014

Reducing the release time of new peanut varieties is a key objective of peanut breeding programs. In the Australian Peanut Genetic Improvement Program release time has traditionally taken 10 to 15 years; however, the relatively recent use of winter breeding and seed increase nurseries has significantly reduced release times. Despite these improvements, full-season maturity cultivars are still limited to two generations in a calendar year, when grown under optimal environmental conditions. This paper describes a new speed breeding technique, which combines controlled environment conditions, continuous light in conjunction with optimal temperature, and a single seed descent breeding strategy in a greenhouse environment. Speed breeding was successful in reducing generation time of full-season maturity cultivars from 145 to 89 days. Speed breeding can rapidly progress the inbreeding of F2, F3 and F4 generations in less than 12 months, and potentially accelerate the development of first cross to commercial release in around six to seven years.
An experimental study to determine and correlate choline acetyltransferase assay with functional muscle testing after nerve injury
Authors: Vathana Torpon , Nijhuis Tim H. J. , Friedrich Patricia F. , Bishop Allen T. , Shin Alexander Y.
Published: February 2014

Object

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is an enzyme synthesized within the body of a motor neuron whose role is to form the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Quantification of ChAT levels in motor or mixed nerves has been proposed to provide information regarding the viability of a proximal nerve stump for motor neurotization following brachial plexus injury. To do so requires information regarding normal ChAT levels and those in injured nerves, as well as the correlation of ChAT level determined at surgery with eventual motor recovery. The purpose of this study was to determine ChAT activity in the normal and injured sciatic/peroneal nerve in a rat model, evaluate the correlation between ChAT and motor recovery, find the relationship between ChAT activity and isometric muscle force, and elucidate the parallel between ChAT activity and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity.

Methods

Sixty animals were divided into 3 groups. The sciatic nerves in Group 1 were transected without repair. Nerves in Group 2 were transected and repaired. Nerves in Group 3 sustained a crush injury followed by transection and reconstruction. All animals were allowed 12 weeks of recovery followed by evaluation of ChAT levels in the peroneal nerve, correlated with measures of maximal isometric tibialis anterior muscle force and muscle weight (the operated side normalized to the control side). Karnovsky AChE staining of peroneal nerve segments was also compared with radiochemical assay of ChAT activity in the same nerve.

Results

A significant difference in the tibialis anterior isometric tetanic force and the tibialis anterior muscle weight index (TAMI) was noted between Group 1 and Groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.0001); no significant difference was found comparing Group 2 with Group 3. The correlation between the force measurement and the TAMI was 0.382. Both AChE measurement and ChAT activity demonstrated significantly fewer fibers in the operated nerve compared with the contralateral nerve. Intergroup variability could also be illustrated using these tests. The correlation coefficient between the isometric tetanic force measurement and the ChAT analysis in Groups 1 and 2 was 0.468. The correlation for the AChE staining and the isometric tetanic force measurement was 0.111. The correlation between the TAMI and the ChAT levels was 0.773. The correlation between the TAMI and the AChE-stained fibers was 0.640. Correlating AChE staining to the ChAT analysis produced a correlation of 0.712.

Conclusions

The great variability in all groups and weak correlations to the functional muscle assessments and the ChAT radiochemical assay made this technique an unreliable method of determining motor nerve viability.
Predicting Reactivities of Phenyl N-methylcarbamates in their Alkaline Hydrolysis
Authors: Atrache Latifa Latrous El , Essalah Khaled , Hamida Néjib Ben
Published: February 2014

The quality of predictions of reactivity coming from alternative theoretical approaches as related to the experimental values is examined for the hydrolysis of phenyl N-methylcarbamates. We have combined literature kinetic data for phenyl N-phenylcarbamates with our own kinetic data and have correlated them all with theoretically estimated reactivity indices: i.e. Hirshfeld and NBO atomic charges, the Parr electrophilicity index (Ω), and the electrostatic potential at the carbon and oxygen atoms of the reaction centre (VC, VO). The results show that the best correlation coefficients are obtained with the electrostatic potentials VO and VC and the electrophilicity index Ω. The variations of electronic structure in the phenolate ions (leaving groups) were also analysed. The results obtained illustrate the accuracy of theoretical description of local properties as provided by the electrostatic potential at the nuclei.
Mechanistic Aspects of Ligand Substitution on cis-diaqua-chloro-tris(Dimethyl Sulfoxide) Ruthenium(II) Complex by Adenosine and Cytidine in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Mandal Arup , Karmakar Parnajyoti , Bera Biplab K. , Ray Sumon , Mondal Subala , Ghosh Alak K.
Published: February 2014

The interaction of the cis-diaqua-chloro-tris(dimethyl sulfoxide)ruthenium(II) complex with selected nucleosides such as adenosine (L1H) and cytidine (L2H) has been studied spectrophotometrically in aqueous medium as a function of [substrate complex], [ligand] and temperature. The reaction has been monitored at 295 nm where the difference in spectra between the reactant and product is a maximum. At pH 5.0, the interaction with the two nucleosides shows two distinct consecutive steps, i.e., it shows a non-linear dependence on the concentration of the nucleosides: both steps are [ligand] dependent. The rate constants for the processes are: k1 ∼ 10–3 s–1 and k2 ∼ 10–5 s–1. The activation parameters were calculated from Eyring plots. Based on the kinetic and activation parameters, an associative interchange mechanism is proposed for the interaction processes. From the temperature dependence of the outer sphere association equilibrium constant, the thermodynamic parameters were also calculated, which gives a negative Δ G° value for both the steps at all temperatures studied, supporting the spontaneous formation of an outer sphere association complex. The product of the reaction has been characterised by IR and ESI-mass spectroscopic analysis.
Reaction Mechanisms for the Heterogeneous Hydrogenolysis of Biomass-Derived Glycerol to Propanediols
Authors: Feng Jian , Xu Bin
Published: February 2014

Biomass-derived glycerol is emerging as a renewable, cheap and versatile feedstock for the production of a variety of chemicals and fuels. In particular, hydrogenolysis of glycerol to other value-added chemicals over heterogeneous catalysts has been extensively studied in the past few years. The most desired products arising from this process are propanediols, i.e. 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol. Both diols are important industrial chemicals, being especially well-known as monomers for the production of many useful polymers. Although hydrogenolysis of glycerol is a promising new route for the production of propanediols, the design of applicable catalysts for its industrialisation is still a great challenge. In order to guide the rational development of efficient catalysts, several possible reaction mechanisms have been proposed based on experimental and theoretical investigations. A brief review is now presented on the reaction mechanisms for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediols over heterogeneous catalysts. The possible reaction mechanisms are summarised and classified. The main characteristics and general reaction conditions for each reaction mechanism are highlighted. Furthermore, the developing prospects and future direction of research are suggested.
Framework and Catalytic Activity of a Metallomicelle System Made from an Azacrown Ether, Lanthanum(III) Ion and a Cationic Surfactant
Authors: Feng Fa-mei , Cai Shu-lan , Liu Fu-an , Huang Sheng-tian , Xie Jiaqing
Published: February 2014

A metallomicelle system comprising an azacrown ether, lanthanum(III) ion and a cationic surfactant was constructed and used as catalyst in the hydrolysis of bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate ester (BNPP). The interaction between La(III) and the azacrown ether, and the resulting complex and BNPP, were analysed by fluorescence spectroscopy. The catalytic rate of BNPP hydrolysis was measured kinetically by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results indicated that the metallomicelle system exhibited relatively high stability and excellent catalytic function in BNPP hydrolysis, the rate of which, compared with the spontaneous hydrolysis, increased by a factor of ca 2 × 107 due to the catalytic effect of the active species and the local concentration effect of the micelle in the metallomicellar system. The results also showed that the complex, comprising La(III) ion, and the azacrown ether, is the active catalytic species, while the micelles provide a useful catalytic environment for reaction. On the basis of these results, a reaction mechanism for the catalytic hydrolysis of BNPP is proposed.
Performance Evaluation of an In-Wheel Motor Cooling System in an Electric Vehicle/Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Lim Dong , Lee Moo-Yeon , Lee Ho-Seong , Kim Sung
Published: February 2014

High power and miniaturization of motors in an in-wheel drive system, which is installed inside the wheels of a vehicle, are required for directly driving the wheels. In addition, an efficient cooling system is required to ensure high driving performance and durability. This study experimentally evaluated the heat dissipation performance of a 35-kW-class large-capacity in-wheel motor equipped with an internal-circulation-type oil-cooling system that exhibits high cooling performance and can be easily miniaturized to this motor. Temperatures of the coil and stator core of cooling systems with and without a radiator were measured in real time under in-wheel motor driving conditions. It was found that operating the cooling system at a continuous-rating maximum speed without the radiator was difficult. We confirmed that under continuous-rating base speed and continuous-rating maximum speed driving conditions, the cooling system with the radiator showed thermally stable operation. Furthermore, under maximum-rating base speed and maximum-rating maximum speed driving conditions, the cooling system with the radiator provided additional driving times of approximately 22 s and 2 s, respectively.
Pupillometry in Chinese Female Patients with Depression: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wang Jikun , Fan Yaodong , Zhao Xudong , Chen Nanhui
Published: February 2014

The pupillary responses to light in patients with depression and normal controls were evaluated among Chinese females. Four parameters related to the pupil were assessed using a video-based pupillometer. The results showed that there were significant differences in the pupil area in the darkness and the pupil area at the peak of constriction between depressed patients and normal controls.
Pattern Recognition Techniques Applied to the Study of Leishmanial Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Inhibition
Authors: Lozano Norka , Oliveira Rafael , Weber Karen , Honorio Kathia , Guido Rafael , Andricopulo Adriano , De Sousa Alexsandro , Da Silva Albérico
Published: February 2014

Chemometric pattern recognition techniques were employed in order to obtain Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) models relating the structures of a series of adenosine compounds to the affinity for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Leishmania mexicana (LmGAPDH). A training set of 49 compounds was used to build the models and the best ones were obtained with one geometrical and four electronic descriptors. Classification models were externally validated by predictions for a test set of 14 compounds not used in the model building process. Results of good quality were obtained, as verified by the correct classifications achieved. Moreover, the results are in good agreement with previous SAR studies on these molecules, to such an extent that we can suggest that these findings may help in further investigations on ligands of LmGAPDH capable of improving treatment of leishmaniasis.