bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of the Modified Japanese 7C Readiness Scale for Parental Intentions of Child COVID-19 Vaccination
Authors: Tokiya Mikiko , Matsumoto Akiko , Furukawa Yutaro , Kobayashi Takaomi , Nakano Takashi , Hirota Yoshio , Hara Megumi
Published: December 2024

Parental willingness is a prerequisite for childhood immunization. This study evaluated whether parental vaccination readiness and willingness, measured using the modified Japanese 7C Vaccination Readiness Scale, predicted vaccination behavior. In December 2021, 2 months before the approval of COVID-19 vaccines for children aged 5–11 years in Japan, 1190 parents of children in this age group were surveyed regarding their intention to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. The survey utilized an online version of the modified 7C Vaccination Readiness Scale, comprising seven components: Confidence, Complacency, Constraints, Calculation, Collective Responsibility, Compliance, and Conspiracy. The modified 7C components were analyzed for model fit and their association with parental intention using structural equation modeling. The scale demonstrated good model fit (goodness-of-fit index: 0.98), with high standardized factor loadings for parental readiness (factor loadings: 0.84). In January 2024, the same parents were surveyed about their children’s COVID-19 vaccination status (valid responses: 536). The relationship between the components of the modified 7C scale and actual vaccination behavior was examined. Parents with low readiness to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 exhibited a significantly higher non-vaccination rate. These findings suggest that the modified 7C scale could support the development of targeted interventions to improve childhood vaccination uptake.
The Detection of Toxic Amyloid-β Fibril Fragments Through a Surface Plasmon Resonance Immunoassay
Authors: Beeg Marten , Rocutto Beatrice , Battocchio Elisabetta , Dacomo Letizia , Corbelli Alessandro , Fiordaliso Fabio , Balducci Claudia , Gobbi Marco
Published: December 2024

Amyloid-β1–42 (Aβ42) forms highly stable and insoluble fibrillar structures, representing the principal components of the amyloid plaques present in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. The involvement of Aβ42 in AD-associated neurodegeneration has also been demonstrated, in particular for smaller and soluble aggregates (oligomers). Based on these findings and on genetic evidence, Aβ42 aggregates are considered key players in the pathogenesis of AD and targets for novel therapies. Different approaches are currently used to detect the various aggregation states of Aβ peptide, including spectrophotometric methods, imaging techniques, and immunoassays, but all of these have specific limitations. To overcome them, we have recently exploited the peculiar properties of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to develop an immunoassay capable of selectively detecting monomers and oligomers, discriminating them also from bigger fibrils in a mixture of different aggregated species, without any manipulation of the solution. In the present study, we extended these previous studies, showing that the SPR-based immunoassay makes it possible to unveil the fibril fragmentation induced mechanically, a result difficult to be conveniently and reliably assessed with other approaches. Moreover, we show that SPR-recognized fibril fragments are more toxic than the larger fibrillar structures, suggesting the relevance of the proposed SPR-based immunoassay.
Alternative Splicing in the Heart: The Therapeutic Potential of Regulating the Regulators
Authors: Briganti Francesca , Wang Zilu
Published: December 2024

Alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce a variety of protein isoforms. Changes in splicing isoform usage characterize virtually every stage of the differentiation process and define the physiological differences between cardiomyocytes with different function, at different stages of development, and pathological function. Recent identification of cardiac splicing factors provided insights into the mechanisms underlying alternative splicing and revealed how these splicing factors impact functional properties of the heart. Alterations of the splicing of sarcomeric genes, cell signaling proteins, and ion channels have been associated with the development of pathological conditions such as cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia. RBM20, RBM24, PTBP1, RBFOX, and QKI play key roles in cardiac development and pathology. A better understanding of their regulation will yield insights into healthy cardiac development and inform the development of molecular therapeutics.
Comment on Borșa et al. Developing New Diagnostic Tools Based on SERS Analysis of Filtered Salivary Samples for Oral Cancer Detection. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 12125
Authors: Bratchenko Ivan , Bratchenko Lyudmila
Published: December 2024

This comment discusses a recent research paper on the classification of saliva samples with SERS by Borsa et al. The authors suggested utilizing PCA-LDA to detect oral cancer and claimed to achieve an accuracy of up to 77%. Despite the high prediction capability of the proposed approach, the demonstrated findings could be treated as unclear due to possible overestimation of the proposed classification models. Data should be provided for both the training and the validation sets to make sure that there were no repeated data from the same sample in either set. Moreover, the authors proposed to measure opiorphin in saliva with SERS as a potential biomarker of oral cancer. However, opiorphin in saliva is contained in ng/mL concentrations, and the proposed technique is most likely not capable of recording the real concentration of opiorphin.
Tetramethyl Cucurbit[6]uril–Porphyrin Supramolecular Polymer Enhances Photosensitization
Authors: Xiao Bo , Liao Yueyue , Zhang Jinyu , Chen Ke , Feng Guangwei , Feng Jian , Zhang Chunlin
Published: December 2024

Porphyrins serve as photosensitizers (PS) in the realm of cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT). Upon excitation by laser light, porphyrins are capable of converting molecular oxygen into highly cytotoxic singlet oxygen (1O2). However, the rigid π-conjugated structure of porphyrins frequently results in the formation of aggregates in aqueous solutions, which leads to the self-quenching of the excited state. Cucurbit[n]urils exhibit the capacity to stably bind with porphyrins via host–guest interactions, effectively inhibiting their aggregation and potentially enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of PDT. In this study, water-soluble tetramethyl cucurbit[6]uril (TMeQ[6]) was selected as the host, while four propionic acid group-appended porphyrin cationic (TPPOR) was utilized as guests to construct a supramolecular photosensitizer (TPPOR-2TMeQ[6]) in a molar ratio of 2:1. Further experimental findings demonstrate that the presence of TMeQ[6] inhibits the aggregation of TPPOR through non-covalent interactions. This inhibition reduces the energy difference between the excited singlet and triplet states, thereby enhancing the conversion efficiency of 1O2. Moreover, TPPOR-2TMeQ[6] exhibits favorable biocompatibility and minimal dark toxicity against breast cancer cells (4T1). Upon intracellular excitation, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly increase, inducing oxidative stress in 4T1 cells and leading to apoptosis. Consequently, the findings of this study suggest that the enhanced photosensitization achieved through this supramolecular approach is likely to promote the anticancer therapeutic effects of PDT, thereby broadening the application prospects of porphyrins within PDT systems.
Different Therapeutic Approaches for Dry and Wet AMD
Authors: Marchesi Nicoletta , Capierri Martina , Pascale Alessia , Barbieri Annalisa
Published: December 2024

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible loss of central vision in elderly subjects, affecting men and women equally. It is a degenerative pathology that causes progressive damage to the macula, the central and most vital part of the retina. There are two forms of AMD depending on how the macula is damaged, dry AMD and wet or neovascular AMD. Dry AMD is the most common form; waste materials accumulate under the retina as old cells die, not being replaced. Wet AMD is less common, but can lead to vision loss much more quickly. Wet AMD is characterized by new abnormal blood vessels developing under the macula, where they do not normally grow. This frequently occurs in patients who already have dry AMD, as new blood vessels are developed to try to solve the problem. It is not known what causes AMD to develop; however, certain risk factors (i.e., age, smoking, genetic factors) can increase the risk of developing AMD. There are currently no treatments for dry AMD. There is evidence that not smoking, exercising regularly, eating nutritious food, and taking certain supplements can reduce the risk of acquiring AMD or slow its development. The main treatment for wet AMD is inhibitors of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), a protein that stimulates the growth of new blood vessels. VEGF inhibitors can stop the growth of new blood vessels, preventing further damage to the macula and vision loss. In most patients, VEGF inhibitors can improve vision if macular degeneration is diagnosed early and treated accordingly. However, VEGF inhibitors cannot repair damage that has already occurred. Current AMD research is trying to find treatments for dry AMD and other options for wet AMD. This review provides a summary of the current evidence regarding the different treatments aimed at both forms of AMD with particular and greater attention to the dry form.
Sirtuins: Emergent Players in Tissue and Organ Regeneration
Authors: Núñez Ayla Kyler , Arenas-Gómez Claudia Marcela , Carbonell Medina Belfran Alcides
Published: December 2024

Sirtuins are a family of lysine deacetylases that regulate cellular homeostasis and energy sensing. Regeneration is the process that restores structural and functional homeostasis at the cellular, tissue, organ, and appendage levels. Several cellular processes, such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), proliferation, migration, and differentiation, contribute to restoration after an injury. This review highlights the role of sirtuins in tissue, organ, and anatomical structure regeneration, showing how sirtuins modulate signalling pathways by deacetylating targets such as transcription factors. Furthermore, understanding the role of this protein family could help elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration, which may hold significant potential for fields such as regenerative medicine. The review compiles evidence suggesting that sirtuins are emerging factors in the regeneration of various organs (e.g., skin, liver, heart) and tissues (e.g., bone, muscle, cornea, spinal cord).
Complexity Evaluation of Test Scenarios for Autonomous Vehicle Safety Validation Using Information Theory
Authors: Issler Maja , Goss Quentin , Akbaş Mustafa İlhan
Published: December 2024

The validation of autonomous vehicles remains a vexing challenge for the automotive industry’s goal of fully autonomous driving. The systematic hierarchization of the test scenarios would provide valuable insights for the development, testing, and verification of autonomous vehicles, enabling nuanced performance evaluations based on scenario complexity. In this paper, an information entropy-based quantification method is proposed to evaluate the complexity of autonomous vehicle validation scenarios. The proposed method addresses the dynamic uncertainties within driving scenarios in a comprehensive way which includes the unpredictability of dynamic agents such as autonomous vehicles, human-driven vehicles, and pedestrians. The numerical complexity calculation of the approach and the ranking of the scenarios are presented through sample scenarios. To automate processes and assist with the calculations, a novel software tool with a user-friendly interface is developed. The performance of the approach is also evaluated through six example driving scenarios, then through extensive simulation using an open-source microscopic traffic simulator. The performance evaluation results confirm the numerical classification and demonstrate the method’s adaptability to diverse scenarios with a comparison of complexity calculation ranking to the ratio of collision, near collision, and normal operation tests observed during simulation testing. The proposed quantification method contributes to the improvement of autonomous vehicle validation procedures by addressing the multifaceted nature of scenario complexities. Beyond advancing the field of validation, the approach also aligns with the broad and active drive of the industry for the widespread deployment of fully autonomous driving.
Age–Stage, Two-Sex Life Table Analysis of Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) Across Different Soybean Varieties
Authors: Cui Juan , Yin Jingxu , Tian Xinyue , Gao Yu , Shi Shusen , Li Wenbo
Published: December 2024

Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) is an economically important pest of soybeans, significantly affecting their quality and market value. This study aims to evaluate the adaptability of R. pedestris to different soybean varieties and provide a foundation for selecting resistant varieties and developing effective integrated pest management strategies. Seven widely planted varieties (Beidou No. 3, Jiyu 47, Jiyu No. 80, Jiyu No. 90, Jiyu 203, Kangxianchong No. 6, and Kangxianchong 12) were selected for testing, and the developmental and population parameters of R. pedestris were measured using an age–stage, two-sex life table method. Notable differences were found in the developmental period, female longevity, and total preoviposition period (TPOP) of R. pedestris across diverse varieties. For those feeding on Kangxianchong 12, the nymph stage (14.73 ± 0.11 days), total longevity (37.35 ± 1.12 days), total female longevity (38.83 ± 1.80 days), and fecundity (38.86 ± 3.27 eggs per female) were all remarkably longer than on the other varieties. Additionally, the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), net reproductive rate (R0), and average generation time (T) of R. pedestris varied significantly between soybean varieties. The lowest r (0.0789 ± 0.0075 per day) and λ (1.0821 ± 0.0081 per day) values were recorded for Kangxianchong No. 6, while the highest were for Jiyu 47 (r = 0.0933 ± 0.0070 per day, λ = 1.0978 ± 0.0076 per day). The R0 and T values for R. pedestris on Kangxianchong 12 (R0 = 16.33 ± 3.24 offspring per female, T = 31.18 ± 0.79 days) were remarkably higher than those of the other six varieties, suggesting that Kangxianchong 12 and Jiyu 47 are preferred hosts, whereas Kangxianchong No. 6 is less preferred. These results provide valuable insights for optimizing soybean cultivation and managing R. pedestris.
Natural Increases in Parasitoid and Predator Abundances and a Shift in Species Dominance Point to Improved Suppression of the Sorghum Aphid Since Its Invasion into North America
Authors: Bradicich Pius A. , Faris Ashleigh M. , Gordy John W. , Brewer Michael J.
Published: December 2024

Melanaphis sorghi (Theobald) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), commonly called the sorghum aphid, is an invasive pest of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (L.) in North America. It was first observed in 2013 along the Gulf Coastal Plains ecoregion of Texas, Louisiana (USA), and Mexico, where it quickly established itself as an economically important pest within a few years. This ecoregion contains an established complex of aphid natural enemies, including both predators and parasitoids. In the decade since its invasion, indicators of increased suppression observed across six years and five locations from south to north Texas were as follows: (1) aphid abundances trending downwards across the years, (2) overall natural enemy abundances trending upwards during the same time period, and (3) a key parasitoid and coccinellid species increasing in dominance. Two key taxa, Aphelinus nigritus (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and six species of coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were likely responsible for the majority of the pest’s suppression. In light of these findings, the importance of monitoring and stewarding natural enemies of invasive insect pests is discussed as part of a comprehensive strategy to measure and reduce the impact of a pest invasion in large-scale agroecosystems.
Understanding Factors Contributing to Glaucoma in Populations of African Descent
Authors: Anwar Raheel , Bellamy Plaice Gabriel , Geddes Andrew , Botfield Hannah F , Hill Lisa J , Masood Imran
Published: December 2024

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally, with the commonest subtype being primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). POAG is characterised by an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP), optic nerve damage and irreversible visual field loss. People of African descent (AD) are significantly more susceptible to POAG when compared to people of European descent (ED), and the reasons for this are complex and multifaceted. The vast level of genetic diversity in AD populations has allowed, through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), for the identification of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as well as differences in mitochondrial haplogroups, which could explain the pathophysiology underlying the increased susceptibility of AD populations to POAG. The altered expression of genes such as MYOC as well as the expression of inflammatory mediators influencing reactive astrocytes have also been implicated. There are also several differences in morphology between AD and ED eyes which must be considered, including differences in central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal hysteresis (CH) as well as variation in properties of optic discs. The link between all the aforementioned factors and the increased prevalence of POAG in AD populations will be explored in this review.
Prediction of Heat Transfer During Condensation in Annuli
Authors: Shah Mirza M.
Published: December 2024

Many applications involve condensation in annuli; therefore, accurate prediction of heat transfer is important. While there have been a large number of experimental studies on condensation in tubes and several well-verified correlations are available for them, there have been very few experimental studies on annuli, and no well-verified correlation is available for prediction of heat transfer during condensation in annuli. This research was done to identify reliable correlations for this purpose and to develop a new one if needed. Literature was surveyed to identify experimental studies, test data, and predictive methods. Test data was compared to general correlations which have had considerable verification with data for condensation in channels. None of them was found fully satisfactory. A new correlation was developed by modifying the present author’s published correlation for condensation in tubes. It gives a MAD of 19.2% with available data from eight sources. Deviations of other correlations were much higher. The occurrence of surface tension effects and mini/macro channel boundary are investigated. The results of this research are presented and discussed.
The Assessment of Knowledge About Cervical Cancer, HPV Vaccinations, and Screening Programs Among Women as an Element of Cervical Cancer Prevention in Poland
Authors: Wdowiak Krystian , Drab Agnieszka , Filipek Paulina , Religioni Urszula
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the fourth most commonly diagnosed malignant tumor in women and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among this population. Since it is asymptomatic in its early stages, preventive screening plays a crucial role in rapid diagnosis. Such screenings are conducted in many countries worldwide, although their popularity varies. Given that nearly all cases of cervical cancer are linked to high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection, vaccination against this virus could lead to a significant reduction in cancer incidence. It should be noted that the level of vaccination coverage against hrHPV varies significantly between countries, ranging from a few percent to over 90%. Globally, the vaccination coverage of the target population is estimated at only a few percent. Methods: This study was conducted using a proprietary, anonymous online questionnaire comprising 24 questions addressing various aspects of cervical cancer prevention. The newly designed questionnaire comprised 19 primary questions and 5 metric questions. The collected data were subjected to descriptive and statistical analysis. Results: The majority of respondents reported regularly participating in cervical cytology screening and gynecological visits. Non-participation in these screenings was primarily reported by younger respondents, not all of whom had indications for undergoing such examinations. Only 14% of the women surveyed had been vaccinated against hrHPV. However, it should be noted that, as the surveyed women were not covered by the relatively recently introduced vaccination program, they received their vaccinations through local programs conducted by certain cities or through private healthcare services. The respondents’ primary sources of information on cervical cancer are the internet and medical personnel. Conclusions: The level of knowledge among the women surveyed regarding cervical cancer prevention was satisfactory, though improvement is needed in some areas. Despite relatively good awareness of HPV’s role in cervical cancer development, the popularity of HPV vaccination remains unsatisfactory. The results should be interpreted with caution due to the small study group.
Optimizing Stroke Classification with Pre-Trained Deep Learning Models
Authors: Aksoy Serra , Demircioglu Pinar , Bogrekci Ismail
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Insufficient blood supply to the brain, whether due to blocked arteries (ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke), leads to brain cell death and cognitive impairment. Ischemic strokes, which are more common, occur when blood flow to the brain is obstructed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are essential for distinguishing stroke types, but precise and timely identification of ischemic strokes is crucial for effective treatment. Manual diagnosis can be difficult due to high patient volumes and time constraints in hospitals. This study aims to investigate the use of deep learning techniques for predicting ischemic strokes with high accuracy, enabling earlier diagnosis and intervention. Methods: The study utilized advanced deep learning algorithms, specifically ConvNeXt Base, to analyze large datasets of medical imaging data, focusing on MRI scans. The model was trained and validated on a labeled dataset to identify critical indicators and patterns associated with stroke risk. The performance of the model was evaluated based on accuracy metrics to determine its predictive capabilities. Results: ConvNeXt Base achieved an overall accuracy of 84% on the validation set, demonstrating its effectiveness in identifying ischemic strokes. The model was able to detect key patterns linked to stroke risk, highlighting its potential for use in clinical settings to aid in early diagnosis and decision-making. Conclusions: ConvNeXt Base reveals promise in improving stroke prediction accuracy, enabling earlier diagnosis and personalized treatment, which could lead to faster, more effective medical interventions.
Using In Silico Methods to Identify Protein Tyrosine Kinase A (PtkA) Homolog in Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)
Authors: Jaiswal Swati , Kumar Sanjay
Published: December 2024

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent a diverse group of mycobacterial species known for causing opportunistic infections, especially in individuals with underlying health conditions. Unlike Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, NTM species exhibit different pathogenic characteristics and drug resistance mechanisms, making them increasingly relevant in clinical settings. PtkA is a crucial protein tyrosine kinase that regulates bacterial growth, stress response, and virulence by phosphorylating various substrates in Mtb. Understanding whether PtkA homologs exist in NTM could provide insights into their virulence and resistance mechanisms. In silico approaches, which utilize computational tools for sequence alignment, structure prediction, and functional annotation, offer a powerful means to identify homologous proteins across different species. In this article, we have employed tools like BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), protein structure databases, and the NTM database to identify PtkA homologs in NTM genomes, providing a foundation for further studies.
A Revision of Dispersal Strategies in Freshwater Sponges: The Journey of the Ponto-Caspian Sponge Rosulaspongilla rhadinaea (Porifera: Spongillidae), a New Alien Species for Europe
Authors: Carballo José Luis , Cruz-Barraza José Antonio , García-Gómez José Carlos
Published: December 2024

Alien species constitute one of the main threats to freshwater ecosystems, negatively impacting biodiversity, economy, and ecosystem services. Here, we use morphological and genetic data to show the presence of a new alien freshwater sponge in Europe, Rosulaspongilla rhadinaea, a Ponto-Caspian species which recently has been found in the fluvial port of Seville (Guadalquivir River, Spain). We also reviewed the mechanisms and adaptations of freshwater sponges for dispersal. The gemmule is the key structure for understanding their life history, evolution, and dispersal capacity, since their high salinity tolerance may have made possible the spreading of these sponges on the hulls of ocean-going ships that frequent freshwater ports. Once established, they are dispersed via river currents and intraregional boat traffic through the network of interconnected channels, which act as invasion corridors. Transport via phoresy attached to mobile animal vectors such as birds (especially migrating birds) has also been demonstrated in several sponge species. Gemmules may be attached on the feathers and scales, or even to be transported in the guts of these animals, followed by defecation of viable gemmules. Transport associated with other invasive freshwater species, such as mussels, cannot be ruled out. The scarcity of taxonomic studies of freshwater sponges in the Iberian Peninsula might explain why the species had not been recorded.
Deep Learning-Assisted Analysis of GO-Reinforcing Effects on the Interfacial Transition Zone of CWRB
Authors: Yu Jiajian , Chen Zhiwei , Xu Xiaoli , Su Xinjie , Liang Shuai , Wang Yanchao , Hong Junqing , Zhang Shaofeng
Published: December 2024

Understanding the enhancing mechanisms of graphene oxide (GO) on the pore structure characteristics in the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) plays a crucial role in cemented waste rock backfill (CWRB) nanoreinforcement. In the present work, an innovative method based on metal intrusion techniques, backscattered electron (BSE) images, and deep learning is proposed to analyze the micro/nanoscale characteristics of microstructures in the GO-enhanced ITZ. The results showed that the addition of GO reduced the interpore connectivity and the porosity at different pore throats by 53.5–53.8%. GO promotes hydration reaction in the ITZ region; reduces pore circularity, solidity, and aspect ratio; enhances the mechanical strength of CWRB; and reduces transport performance to form a dense microstructure in the ITZ. Deep learning-based analyses were then proposed to classify and recognize BSE image features, with a high average recognition accuracy of 95.8%. After that, the deep Taylor decomposition (DTD) algorithm successfully located the enhanced features of graphene oxide modification in the ITZ. The calculation and verification of the typical pore optimization area of the location show that the optimization efficiency reaches 9.6–9.8%. This study not only demonstrated the deepening of the enhancement effect of GO on the pore structure in cement composites and provided new insights for the structural modification application of GO but also revealed the application prospect of GO in the strengthening of CWRB composites and solid waste recycling.
Rheological, Fresh State, and Strength Characteristics of Alkali-Activated Mortars Incorporating MgO and Carbon Nanoparticles
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Ali , Hossain Khandaker M. A.
Published: December 2024

This study presents a comprehensive assessment of the fresh state, rheological, and mechanical properties of alkali-activated mortars (AAMs) developed by incorporating magnesium oxide (MgO) and nanomaterials. A total of 24 AAM mixes with varying content of MgO, multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were developed following the one-part dry mix technique using powder-based activators/reagents. The effects of the types/combinations of source materials (binary or ternary)/reagents, MgO (0 to 5%), MWCNT (0 to 0.6%), and rGO (0 to 0.6%) were evaluated in terms of the mini-slump flow, setting times, viscosity, yield stress, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and microstructural properties. The results showed that the addition of finer MgO/nano-fillers produced a higher viscosity and yield stress accompanied by a lower slump flow and setting times. The addition of 5% MgO resulted in the lowest slump flow of 80 mm, 2–2.5 times higher viscosity, and the reduction in the initial and final setting times of about 21% and 16%, respectively. Mixes with MWCNT showed about 5–10% higher viscosity whereas for mixes with rGO, the values were noted to be 8% higher, on average, than the mixes with no MWCNT or rGO. All the developed AAMs exhibited shear-thinning behavior. The 28-day compressive strength of the AAMs ranged from 37 MPa to 49 MPa with 5% MgO and up to a 0.3% MWCNT/rGO addition increased the compressive strength. Correlations among the fresh state, rheological, and mechanical properties such as the viscosity, slump flow, setting time, compressive strength, and UPV are also described.
Measurement of Sorption Isotherms to Guide Mixed Display of Archaeological Iron, Bone, and Glass
Authors: Thickett David , Mėlinis Antanas , Shah Bhavesh
Published: December 2024

This study examines the preservation challenges of archaeological iron, bone, and glass within shared environments focusing on material-specific degradation mechanisms. The relative humidity (RH) requirements for these materials can vary significantly. Iron presents distinct stability groups at specific RH thresholds, albeit levels below 30% RH are recommended for sensitive artefacts. Little is known about the moisture response of bone, and the heterogeneity of the material poses additional challenges for its examination. Glass can undergo deterioration at both high and low RHs due to the threat of aqueous attack and transformation of the pristine glass or the crizzling and delamination of the already transformed glass. Experiments employing dynamic vapour sorption (DVS), acoustic emission (AE), and oxygen depletion analyses provided insights into the moisture response behaviours of these materials. It was found that the deleterious akageneite formation increases dramatically at RHs > 30% in archaeological iron, reinforcing the current guidelines. Bone exhibits significant hygroscopicity as well as isotherm steepening below 25% RH on desorption, suggesting this threshold could be advisable to avoid structural damage. In glass, there is evidence of significant mass fluctuations between c. 60 and 95% RH, as well as isotherm steepening around 30% RH on desorption, thus providing more empirical evidence to published storage recommendations. This work sheds more light on the risk assessment for mixed-material showcases and underscores the necessity of nuanced RH guidelines that consider the material-specific degradation mechanisms.
Prediction of the Stability of the Casting Process by the HPDC Method on the Basis of Knowledge Obtained by Data Mining Techniques
Authors: Brzeziński Marcin , Wiśniowski Jakub , Łucarz Mariusz , Kaczmarska Karolina , Pribulová Alena , Futáš Peter
Published: December 2024

High-pressure die casting (HPDC) of aluminum alloys is one of the most efficient manufacturing methods, offering high repeatability and the ability to produce highly complex castings. The cast parts are characterized by good surface quality, high dimensional accuracy, and high tensile strength. Continuous technological advancements are driving the increase in part complexity and quality requirements. Numerous parameters impact the quality of a casting in the HPDC process. The most commonly controlled parameters include plunger velocity in the first and second phases, switching point, and intensification pressure. However, a key question arises: is there a parameter that can predict casting quality? This article presents an exploratory analysis of data recorded in a modern HPDC casting machine, focusing on the thickness of the biscuit. The biscuit is the first component of the casting runner system, with a diameter equivalent to that of the injection chamber and a height linked to various processes and mold characteristics. While its diameter is fixed, the thickness varies. The nominal thickness value and tolerances are defined by the process designer based on calculations. Although the thickness of the biscuit does not affect the casting geometry, it influences porosity and cold-shot formation. This study aimed to determine the relationship between biscuit thickness and casting quality parameters, such as porosity. For this purpose, a series of injections was produced using automated gating, and biscuit thicknesses were examined. This article presents quality assessment tools and statistical analyses demonstrating a strong correlation between biscuit thickness and casting quality. The knowledge gained from the methodology and analyses developed in this study can be applied in support systems for the quality diagnostics of HPDC castings.
Coatings Based on Refractory Materials for Corrosion and Wear Applications
Authors: Shapagina Natalia A. , Dushik Vladimir V.
Published: December 2024

Coatings based on refractory metals and compounds have been used in various industries since the last century due to their high thermal and heat resistance, as well as their excellent mechanical and tribological properties. Advances have made it possible to apply high-tech methods for their production, which has improved their availability and expanded their range of applications. A promising area of use of coatings based on refractory systems is the anticorrosion protection of structural materials. The high wear resistance and anticorrosion ability of these materials will allow for the protection of critical units of equipment of various industries from the complex destructive effects of factors of chemical and mechanical nature. For the effective choice of coating composition, it is necessary to know the basic characteristics of refractory material layers and the method of their production. The purpose of this article is to summarize modern scientific data on methods of obtaining refractory coatings, as well as on their composition, structure, and protective properties. The information presented in this review will bridge the gap between research and industrial development and expand the niche area of utilization.
The Effect of Zirconium on the Microstructure and Properties of Cast AlCoCrFeNi2.1 Eutectic High-Entropy Alloy
Authors: Li Rongbin , Sun Weichu , Li Saiya , Cheng Zhijun
Published: December 2024

To improve the performance of AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high-entropy alloys (EHEA) to meet industrial application requirements, ZrxAlCoCrFeNi2.1 high-entropy alloys (x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1) were synthesized through vacuum induction melting. Their microstructures were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Additionally, the hardness, low-temperature compressive properties, nanoindentation creep behavior, and corrosion resistance of these alloys were evaluated. The results showed that AlCoCrFeNi2.1 is a eutectic high-entropy alloy composed of FCC and B2 phases, with the FCC phase being the primary phase. The addition of Zr significantly affected the phase stability, promoting the formation of intermetallic compounds such as Ni7Zr2, which acted as a bridge between the FCC and B2 phases. Zr addition enhanced the performance of the alloy through solid-solution and dispersion strengthening. However, as the Zr content increased, Ni gradually precipitated from the B2 phase, leading to a reduction in the fraction of the B2 phase. Consequently, at x = 0.1, the microhardness and compressive strength decreased at room temperature. Furthermore, a higher Zr content reduced the sensitivity of the alloy to loading rate changes during creep. At x = 0.05, the creep exponent exceeded 3, indicating that dislocation creep mechanisms dominated. In the ZrxAlCoCrFeNi2.1 (where x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1) alloys, when the Zr content is 0.1, the alloy exhibits the lowest self-corrosion current density of 0.034197 μA/cm2 and the highest pitting potential of 323.06 mV, indicating that the alloy has the best corrosion resistance.
Effects of Partially Filled EPS Foam on Compressive Behavior of Aluminum Hexagonal Honeycombs
Authors: Rojana Itsara , Manonukul Anchalee , Carmai Julaluk
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the compressive behavior of aluminum honeycombs partially filled with expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam, emphasizing the effects of filler area fractions and vertex contact locations on energy absorption and crush characteristics. Axial quasi-static compression tests evaluated energy absorption, mean crush force, specific energy absorption, and crush force efficiency. Results revealed that partially filled honeycombs significantly enhance energy absorption and mean crush force compared to their unfilled counterparts. However, higher filler area fractions increased mass, reducing specific energy absorption. Circular fillers exhibited lower energy absorption than hexagonal fillers due to their larger contact radius, which reduces stress concentration. The interaction between cell walls and fillers influenced densification strain, with wall–midpoint vertex contacts increasing peak force by reinforcing walls, while corner contacts reduced peak force but improved crush force efficiency. These findings underscore the potential of optimized, partially filled honeycombs for lightweight, energy-absorbing applications, particularly in automotive engineering.
Biomarkers and Seaweed-Based Nutritional Interventions in Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Valado Ana , Cunha Margarida , Pereira Leonel
Published: December 2024

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a complex, multifactorial condition characterized by risk factors such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension, which significantly contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death worldwide. Early identification and effective monitoring of MetS is crucial for preventing serious cardiovascular complications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of various biomarkers associated with MetS, including lipid profile markers (triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 (ApoB/ApoA1) ratio), inflammatory markers (interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin/adiponectin ratio, omentin and fetuin-A/adiponectin ratio), oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxides, protein and nucleic acid oxidation, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), uric acid) and microRNAs (miRNAs) such as miR-15a-5p, miR5-17-5p and miR-24-3p. Additionally, this review highlights the importance of biomarkers in MetS and the need for advancements in their identification and use for improving prevention and treatment. Seaweed therapy is also discussed as a significant intervention for MetS due to its rich content of fiber, antioxidants, minerals and bioactive compounds, which help improve cardiovascular health, reduce inflammation, increase insulin sensitivity and promote weight loss, making it a promising nutritional strategy for managing metabolic and cardiovascular health.
Hot Deformation Behavior and Hot Processing Map of 50CrVA Spring Steel
Authors: Zhao Yang , Zheng Jian , Liu Zhi , Chen Liqing
Published: December 2024

It is important to explore the hot deformation behavior and establish the hot processing map of steel to design and optimize the hot rolling process. In this paper, 50CrVA spring steel was used as the experimental material. Single-pass compression tests were performed at 850–1150 °C and 0.01–5 s−1 on an MMS-300 thermo-mechanical simulation testing machine to investigate the hot deformation behavior and establish the hot processing map. The results show that as the strain rate increases and the deformation temperature decreases, the flow stress of 50CrVA spring steel increases. The constitutive equation of 50CrVA spring steel is ε˙=1.01×1014[sinh(0.0094σp)]4.53exp(−364,470RT). The dynamic recrystallization critical strain model is εc=4.19×10−3Z7.31×10−2. A hot processing map of 50CrVA spring steel was constructed to determine the plastic instability region and optimal hot working region.
The Relationship of Pork Meat Consumption with Nutrient Intakes, Diet Quality, and Biomarkers of Health Status in Korean Older Adults
Authors: Jung Ah-Jin , Sharma Anshul , Chung Mei , Wallace Taylor C. , Lee Hae-Jeung
Published: December 2024

Background: Pork meat is a widely consumed protein food with the potential to differentially affect health and nutritional status across social and cultural contexts. Objectives: We evaluated the association between pork meat consumption and nutrient intake, diet quality, and biomarkers of health among older adults (age ≥ 65 years) in Korea. Methods: Our analyses utilized dietary and health examination data from the 2016–2020 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 2068). Comparisons between variables derived from the nutrition survey and health examination by pork consumption (consumers vs. non-consumers) were assessed using regression analyses for survey data. Results: Pork consumption was found to be associated with younger age, greater educational attainment, and lower likelihood of living in a rural area. Consumption was also associated with a higher intake of energy and all nutrients except vitamin B6, retinol, ⍵3, and zinc in males and vitamin B6 in females. Diet quality was modestly higher among male (67.91 ± 0.93 vs. 65.74 ± 0.74; p = 0.0308) and female (70.88 ± 0.96 vs. 67.00 ± 0.73; p < 0.0001) pork consumers. Differences in biomarkers were clinically irrelevant, with inconsistencies between genders. Handgrip strength was slightly higher among male (33.84 ± 0.52 vs. 31.91 ± 0.40; p < 0.0001) and female (20.76 ± 0.34 vs. 19.99 ± 0.22; p < 0.0001) pork consumers. Conclusions: In Korean older adults, pork consumption may contribute to a higher intake of energy and most nutrients, improved diet quality scores, higher vegetable intake, and small improvements in health biomarkers. Further well-designed studies are needed to confirm these findings.
The Mediterranean Diet, the DASH Diet, and the MIND Diet in Relation to Sleep Duration and Quality: A Narrative Review
Authors: Różańska Dorota
Published: December 2024

In 2022, healthy sleep was included as part of Life’s Essential 8, which are a cluster of fundamental factors for cardiovascular health. In many studies, sleep duration and/or quality have also been found to be related to human health. The purpose of this narrative review was to present the relationship between the Mediterranean diet, the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, and the MIND (Mediterranean–DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay) diet and sleep quality and duration in different populations. A literature search was conducted based on the phrases “Mediterranean diet”, “DASH diet”, and “MIND diet” appearing together with “sleep” or “insomnia” in papers’ titles or abstracts. Studies on obstructive sleep apnea or shift work were excluded. The electronic databases were searched via EBSCOhost. Main results: The vast majority of studies showed that there was a beneficial association between the three diets discussed in this review and sleep duration and/or quality; however, most of these results were obtained in cross-sectional analyses. There were only a few studies in which an association between sleep parameters and these diets was not observed. Direction for future studies: Taking into account the significant role of adequate sleep quality in various diseases, even in all-cause mortality, the implementation of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies seems to be necessary to provide further evidence that would allow these associations to be confirmed. In conclusion, the results obtained so far in various populations strongly suggest that healthy dietary patterns abundant in plant foods, are associated with better sleep quality, as well as with a more adequate length of sleep.
Efficacy and Safety of Anthocyanin-Rich Extract in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Biedermann Luc , Doulberis Michael , Schreiner Philipp , Nielsen Ole Haagen , The Frans Olivier , Brand Stephan , Burk Sabine , Hruz Petr , Juillerat Pascal , Krieger-Grübel Claudia , Leu Kristin , Leventhal Gabriel E. , Misselwitz Benjamin , Scharl Sylvie , Schoepfer Alain , Seibold Frank , Herfarth Hans , Rogler Gerhard
Published: December 2024

Background: Bilberries are effective in inducing clinical, endoscopic, and biochemical improvement in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of anthocyanin-rich extract (ACRE), the bioactive ingredient of bilberries, in a controlled clinical trial in moderate-to-severe UC. Methods: A multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study with a parallel group was conducted. Initially, the study was planned for 100 patients; nevertheless, it prematurely ended due to COVID-19. Patients had moderate-to-severe active UC at screening (a Mayo score of 6–12, an endoscopic sub-score ≥ 2) and were randomized at baseline. The primary endpoint was a clinical response (week 8, a total Mayo score reduction ≥ 3 points). Fecal calprotectin (FC) and a centrally read endoscopic response were among the secondary endpoints. Results: Out of 48 patients (6 Swiss centers), 34 were randomized. Eighteen ACRE and eight placebo patients could be analyzed (per protocol set). Half (9/18) of ACRE patients and 3/8 of placebo patients responded clinically (p = 0.278). An improvement in the Mayo score was observed in the ACRE arm (77.8% vs. 62.5% placebo). FC dropped from 1049 ± 1139 to 557 ± 756 μg/g for ACRE but not for the placebo group (947 ± 1039 to 1040 ± 1179; p = 0.035). Serious adverse events were rare. Conclusions: ACRE treatment did not yield significant superiority to the placebo. Furthermore, the placebo response was unusually high. Moreover, there was a significant calprotectin decrease at the end of treatment, indicative of ACRE efficacy in UC.