bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti-Money Laundering Regulations and the Effective use of Mobile Money in South Africa – Part 1
Authors: Kersop M , Du Toit SF
Published: March 2016

Mobile financial services, specifically mobile money, has the potential to expand access to financial services to millions of unbanked people in South Africa. As such, it looks very promising in terms of financial inclusion. However, concerns exist that mobile money can be detrimental to financial integrity since there are several proven risk factors linked to mobile financial services. These risk factors make mobile money very susceptible to money laundering. The potential for abuse and the need for appropriate controls is therefore something which cannot be ignored. While the South African legislator has made provision for comprehensive anti-money laundering preventative measures by means of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 of 2001, there exists no South African legislation explicitly concerned with mobile money. It is therefore difficult to determine what the regulatory stance is in terms of mobile money in South Africa. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is, however, currently focusing attention on the effect which mobile money may have on financial integrity. The latest FATF Recommendations make provision for several anti-money laundering controls which are specifically applicable to mobile money, including controls regarding money or value transfer services and new technologies. While it is always difficult to balance financial integrity and financial inclusion, the risk-based approach makes it possible for governments to implement effective antimoney laundering measures, thereby preserving financial integrity, without the need to compromise on financial inclusion objectives. The fact that South Africa has not fully adopted a risk-based approach is a problem which needs to be addressed if mobile money is to deliver on its promises for financial inclusion, without being detrimental to financial integrity.
The Right of the Child to Care and Constitutional Damages for the Loss of Parental Care: Some Thoughts On M v Minister of Police and Minister of Police v Mboweni
Authors: Robinson JA (Robbie) , Prinsloo Ronelle
Published: March 2016

In the a quo judgment in M v Minister of Police a radical new approach was followed in respect of claims for loss of parental care. The issue before court was whether a child whose parent has died as a result of the wrongful conduct of the South African Police Services may sue for damages arising from the child's constitutional right to parental care in terms of section 28(1)(b). The question which the Court had to answer was whether a claim for damages may be instituted on the grounds that children are as a result of the wrongful death of their father deprived of their constitutionally entrenched right to parental care. This contribution reflects on the reasoning of the different courts and the relevance of same for the debate regarding the care of children in terms of section 28(1)(b) of the Constitution and section 1 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005.
Evaluering van Regstellende Aksie in Konteks van Moontlike Onbillike Diskriminasie teen Subgroepe binne die Aangewese Groep
Authors: Stoffels MC
Published: March 2016

The implementation of affirmative action measures can give rise to unfair discrimination. In cases where members of the “designated groups” compete with one another for the same position, there can be allegations of unfair discrimination. The question arises as to how the employer needs to act in order to avoid unfair discrimination in cases where more than one person from the designated group applies for the same position. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the impact of unfair discrimination on the designated group, specifically with regard to the subgroup “black people” as well as how the employer can avoid unfair discrimination in the implementation of the affirmative action measures aimed at advancing “black people” by selecting the most suitably qualified person from the sub group black people based on the national and regional demographics.
The airborne mass spectrometer AIMS – Part 1: AIMS-H2O for UTLS water vapor measurements
Authors: Kaufmann Stefan , Voigt Christiane , Jurkat Tina , Thornberry Troy , Fahey David W. , Gao Ru-Shan , Schlage Romy , Schäuble Dominik , Zöger Martin
Published: March 2016

Abstract. In the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), the accurate quantification of low water vapor concentrations has presented a significant measurement challenge. The instrumental uncertainties are passed on to estimates of H2O transport, cloud formation and the role of H2O in the UTLS energy budget and resulting effects on surface temperatures. To address the uncertainty in UTLS H2O determination, the airborne mass spectrometer AIMS-H2O, with in-flight calibration, has been developed for fast and accurate airborne water vapor measurements. We present a new setup to measure water vapor by direct ionization of ambient air. Air is sampled via a backward facing inlet that includes a bypass flow to assure short residence times (< 0.2 s) in the inlet line, which allows the instrument to achieve a time resolution of  ∼ 4 Hz, limited by the sampling frequency of the mass spectrometer. From the main inlet flow, a smaller flow is extracted into the novel pressure-controlled gas discharge ion source of the mass spectrometer. The air is directed through the gas discharge region where ion–molecule reactions lead to the production of hydronium ion clusters, H3O+(H2O)n (n = 0, 1, 2), in a complex reaction scheme similar to the reactions in the D-region of the ionosphere. These ions are counted to quantify the ambient water vapor mixing ratio. The instrument is calibrated during flight using a new calibration source based on the catalytic reaction of H2 and O2 on a Pt surface to generate a calibration standard with well-defined and stable H2O mixing ratios. In order to increase data quality over a range of mixing ratios, two data evaluation methods are presented for lower and higher H2O mixing ratios respectively, using either only the H3O+(H2O) ions or the ratio of all water vapor dependent ions to the total ion current. Altogether, a range of water vapor mixing ratios from 1 to 500 parts per million by volume (ppmv) can be covered with an accuracy between 7 and 15 %. AIMS-H2O was deployed on two DLR research aircraft, the Falcon during CONCERT (CONtrail and Cirrus ExpeRimenT) in 2011, and HALO during ML-CIRRUS (Mid-Latitude CIRRUS) in 2014. The comparison of AIMS-H2O with the SHARC tunable diode laser hygrometer during ML-CIRRUS shows a correlation near to 1 in the range between 10 and 500 ppmv for the entire campaign.
The role of spatial scale and background climate in the latitudinal temperature response to deforestation
Authors: Li Yan , De Noblet-Ducoudré Nathalie , Davin Edouard L. , Motesharrei Safa , Zeng Ning , Li Shuangcheng , Kalnay Eugenia
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Previous modeling and empirical studies have shown that the biophysical impact of deforestation is to warm the tropics and cool the extratropics. In this study, we use an earth system model of intermediate complexity to investigate how deforestation on various spatial scales affects ground temperature, with an emphasis on the latitudinal temperature response and its underlying mechanisms. Results show that the latitudinal pattern of temperature response depends nonlinearly on the spatial extent of deforestation and the fraction of vegetation change. Compared with regional deforestation, temperature change in global deforestation is greatly amplified in temperate and boreal regions but is dampened in tropical regions. Incremental forest removal leads to increasingly larger cooling in temperate and boreal regions, while the temperature increase saturates in tropical regions. The latitudinal and spatial patterns of the temperature response are driven by two processes with competing temperature effects: decrease in absorbed shortwave radiation due to increased albedo and decrease in evapotranspiration. These changes in the surface energy balance reflect the importance of the background climate in modifying the deforestation impact. Shortwave radiation and precipitation have an intrinsic geographical distribution that constrains the effects of biophysical changes and therefore leads to temperature changes that are spatially varying. For example, wet (dry) climate favors larger (smaller) evapotranspiration change; thus, warming (cooling) is more likely to occur. Our analysis reveals that the latitudinal temperature change largely results from the climate conditions in which deforestation occurs and is less influenced by the magnitude of individual biophysical changes such as albedo, roughness, and evapotranspiration efficiency.
A reduced-complexity model for sediment transport and step-pool morphology
Authors: Saletti Matteo , Molnar Peter , Hassan Marwan A. , Burlando Paolo
Published: March 2016

Abstract. A new particle-based reduced-complexity model, CAST, to simulate sediment transport and channel morphology in steep streams is presented. CAST contains phenomenological parameterizations, deterministic or stochastic, of sediment supply, bed load transport, particle entrainment and deposition in a cellular-automaton space with uniform grain size. The model can reproduce a realistic bed morphology and typical fluctuations in transport rates observed in steep channels. Particle hop distances, from entrainment to deposition, are well-fitted by exponential distributions, in agreement with field data. The effect of stochasticity both in the entrainment and in the input rate is shown. A stochastic parameterization of the entrainment is essential to create and maintain a realistic channel morphology, while sediment transport in CAST shreds the input signal and its stochastic variability. A jamming routine has been added to CAST to simulate the grain-grain and grain-bed interactions that lead to particle jamming and step formation in a step-pool stream. The results show that jamming is effective in generating steps in unsteady conditions. Steps are created during high- flow periods and they survive during low flows only in sediment- starved conditions, in agreement with the jammed-state hypothesis of Church and Zimmermann (2007). Reduced-complexity models such as CAST can give new insight into the dynamics of complex phenomena (such as sediment transport and bedform stability) and be useful to test research hypotheses, being an effective complement to fully physically-based models.
Continuous seiche in bays and harbors
Authors: Park Joseph , MacMahan Jamie , Sweet William V. , Kotun Kevin
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Seiches are often considered a transitory phenomenon wherein large amplitude water level oscillations are excited by a geophysical event, eventually dissipating some time after the event. However, continuous small-amplitude seiches have been recognized which raises a question regarding the origin of continuous forcing. We examine six bays around the Pacific where continuous seiches are evident and, based on spectral, modal, and kinematic analysis, suggest that tidally forced shelf resonances are a primary driver of continuous seiches.
Relation of aggregate stability and microbial diversity in an incubated sandy soil
Authors: Büks Frederick , Rebensburg Philip , Lentzsch Peter , Kaupenjohann Martin
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Beside physico-chemical interactions between particulate organic matter (POM), mineral particles and dissolved molecules, microbial biofilms are an important factor of aggregate stability as a proxy of soil quality. Soil primary particles are linked by the highly viscous extracellular biofilm matrix known as extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Matrix composition depends on the community of biofilm producing species and environmental conditions affecting gene expression. This work investigates the influence of microbial biodiversity on soil aggregate stability under controlled environmental conditions. We hypothesized that the formation of different microbial populations would cause different aggregate stabilities. Therefor a sterile sandy agricultural soil with pyrochar amendment from pine wood was incubated for 76 days in pF-bioreactors. One variant was inoculated with a soil extract, whereas the other one was infected by airborne microbes. A control soil remained unincubated. During the incubation, soil samples were taken for taxon-specific qPCR to determine the abundance of eubacteria, fungi, archaea, acidobacteria, actinobacteria, α-proteobacteria and β-proteobacteria. After incubation soil aggregates were separated for aggregate stability measurement by ultrasonication, density fractionation and SOC analysis. As the eubacterial populations of both incubated variants reach a similar level after 49 days, the variant inoculated with the living soil extract shows a much higher fungal population compared to the air-born variant. Within the eubacterial population acidobacteria and β-proteobacteria differ significantly in their abundance between the variants. Although the variants show a strongly significant difference in eubacterial/fungal population structure, there are only marginal differences in aggregate stability.
Backwards in High Heels: Gender and Career in Danish Upper Secondary School Management
Authors: Abrahamsen Marianne , Hjort Katrin
Published: March 2016

We often describe Denmark and the other Nordic countries as successful when it comes to equality between the sexes. However, is this true? If we survey the management of Danish upper secondary schools, only one third of the top managers are women, an inequality that will not necessarily change in the coming years. The demand for management is increasing and should result in new career possibilities for all, but in fact we may see a new form of gendered division of labor, a scenario where men as top managers (COEs or A-leaders) deal with externally oriented economic and strategic tasks and women as middle managers (assistant managers or B-leaders) take care of internal “housewife work” relating to employees and students and teaching and learning.  [1] Referring to the dancer Ginger Rogers regarding her dancing with Fred Astaire
Practices, Policies and Prospects of Social Management in China: a Study based on “Shidu” Elderly People
Authors: Ma Guixia , Zhang Tianming , Nabi Ghulam
Published: March 2016

Against the backdrop of reforms in social management, there are more and more families that have lost their only child or whose only child got disabled due to external factors, bringing the group—“Shidu” [1]elderly to the focus of the society. When the late years of shidu parents arrive, a series of problems would follow. An investigation shows that shidu parents have diverse needs ranging from financial assistance, physical care, to mental consolation about psychological trauma. To satisfy their holistic needs, social work agencies have developed a “1+3” service mode. Based on an investigation of demands of shidu elderly and the available social management services, this study recommends to the relevant social management units and other social service organizations to establish a comprehensive social management service system for the effective service delivery to these “shidu” elderly known people. The study suggests a comprehensive study from the governmental interventions perspective in this field.[1] Shidu elderly people refers to aged parents 60 or above, who have lost their only child.
The Aqueduct of Tyre
Authors: Kahwagi-Janho Hany
Published: March 2016

A highly visible reminder of the ancient past, the Roman aqueduct of Tyre is represented in numerous travelers' accounts as well as in plans and illustrations. Many of its sections are well preserved, and the half that extends from Ras el-'Ain reservoirs to the Tell Maashouk region is still—remarkably—functioning. The other half, extending from Tell Maashouk to El-Bass, is only partially preserved and has been exposed to both natural and human encroachments. This article details the history and use of this well-known but understudied monument, describes its architectural patterns, and discusses its technical aspects and the construction and repairs that have taken place over the years.
The Greek Orthodox Cathedral of Saint George in Beirut, Lebanon: The Archaeological Excavations and Crypt Museum
Authors: Badre Leila
Published: March 2016

The history of the Greek Orthodox Cathedral of Saint George in Beirut, Lebanon, is well recorded in written documents and the material culture uncovered by archaeological excavations between 1994 and 1995. In 1995, Archbishop Elias Audeh, the metropolitan of Beirut began a restoration of the cathedral, heavily damaged by the civil war. This article details the archaeological excavation work done by the author underneath the cathedral prior to its restoration. The two objectives for this project were to: (1) investigate the historical sequence and continuous use of the location as a religious site even before the construction of the cathedral; and (2) locate the Byzantine Anastasis Church, which was known to be located near the Law School of Justinian.
Between Antiquity and Modernity: The Castle of Doubiyeh in South Lebanon
Authors: Yovitchitch Cyril
Published: March 2016

Located in a little valley of the Upper Galilee, the castle of Doubiyeh is a beautiful and yet almost unknown example of military architecture in a good state of preservation. It has remains from different periods of construction, which are difficult to date based solely on typology, given that the same building techniques were used from medieval to modern times. Three years ago, the castle became the object of a scientific study for the first time in its history. Archaeological investigations began with the objective of understanding the identity of its builder and the purposes behind its construction. After drawing plans of the building, excavations have gradually lifted the veil on the history of this enigmatic castle.
Regulatory uncertainties in the pharmaceutical sector: Perceptions among Nigerian pharmacists and policy implications for decision making
Authors: Anyika Emmanuel N.
Published: March 2016

Regulatory uncertainty (RU) is a component of general environmental uncertainties. Perceived regulatory uncertainties by Nigerian Pharmacists and policy implications were assessed using a questionnaire of 13-item inventory, self-administered to pharmacists in a captive situation during the Annual National Conference of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria in November 2014. Participants were given the context of RU to avoid ambiguity and improve the quality of response. Six items addressed pharmacists’ knowledge of impact of regulatory uncertainties in pharmacy practice; three addressed social regulation and policy issues in the pharmaceutical sector, three dealt with perceived policy implications, while one item was on demographic characteristics. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the results. A total of 507 pharmacists comprising: 42 (8.28%), 316 (62.33%), 37 (7.30%), 86 (16.96%) and 26 (5.13%) pharmacists in the industry, community, government (technocrats), hospital and academia respectively, completed the questionnaires. Vast majority (98%, 92% respectively) indicated that inadequate legislative control would increase business risk and that RU within professional body could cause varied enforcement decisions. A total of 95% were aware of the involvement of other stakeholders in pharmacy practice. Majority (73%) indicated correctly that an increase in RU would cause a decrease in predictability of law enforcement as well as a negative effect on the stimulation of investment in the pharmaceutical sector. Also a high majority recognized the role of politics on the outcomes in pharmaceutical sector. A high percentage (92.5%) recognized that collaborative approach to policy making, and implementation would reduce acrimony and cost of social regulation, and increase the benefits of essential products. Some responses did not reflect in-depth understanding of the influence of RU on investment decisions and policy implications in Nigeria. These prompt the need to educate pharmacists on regulatory issues, the adaptation of policy options, market dynamics, and their stake in the complex pharmaceutical sector to enable them achieve greater control on the management of uncertainty. Structures, systems and strategies should be matched with political and financial resources, and policy guidelines to achieve laudable health outcomes. Models of relationships for achieving best regulatory practices are presented.
Small Talk
Authors: Kanter Marjorie
Published: March 2016

Words matter.  Actions matter.  The same word, the same action can sometimes mean something quite similar to author and reader, yet at other times something very different from writer to reader and reader to reader, and yet still carry meaningful meaning.   At the outset, I write for myself, to help let go of, enjoy, work through, understand, save a thought, an experience, a gesture, an encounter... When I decide to share my writing formally, it is because I feel I have reached a corpus that will be meaningful to others, that it can stand alone without me.  Most of my writing is a reflection of real experience, either a short interact between several people or a reflection on life in feelings or thoughts.  This piece was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing on July 10th 2015, and published on February 21st 2016.
The Predictive Value of Government Accounting Information and the Secondary Brazilian Bond Market
Authors: Suzart Janilson Antonio da Silva , Santos Ariovaldo Dos
Published: March 2016

The international literature highlights evidence on the predictive ability of government accounting information in relation to bond markets, especially for sub-national governments’ bonds. However, there is little evidence in the literature about the role of accounting information from national governments. Having observed this gap, we aimed to identify how strongly the government accounting information affects the pricing of the government bonds issued by the Brazilian Federal Government and traded in the secondary market. In this research, we analyzed the transactions carried out without the direct participation of the federal government. The predictive ability of the accounting information of the Brazilian federal government was verified for the period from 2003 to 2012 on a monthly basis. Following the value relevance approach, we developed price and return models for the bond National Treasury Bills, Single Series. After analyzing the presence of unit roots in the price and return series, we estimated regressions using the ordinary least squares method. We showed that the accounting information of the Brazilian federal government has predictive ability regarding the pricing of bonds traded in the secondary market. However, this does not mean that the government accounting information is fully and directly used by investors, but rather that such information is intended as a proxy for information reviewed by investors when negotiating such bonds, these investors being considered as limited rational agents.
Strategies and Tools for Marketing Based on Mobile Services and Devices–An Overview
Authors: Leisenberg Manfred
Published: March 2016

The selection of appropriate tools has great influence on the success of mobile marketing. Monitoring and tracking make it possible to assess the results of the use of these tools. This article will compare what tools and monitoring methods can be used in target-oriented companies on the basis of their inclusion in social media optimization. Advantages of particular tools are discussed. A comparison of properties of mobile websites and native apps regarding development cost, change cycles, speed and other characteristics is provided. The continuous improvement of the mobile marketing processes by application of the Mobile Social Media Optimization is described. In order to determine the optimization success typical Key Performance Indicators are introduced. Different technical procedures that are used in order to determine these KPIs are presented.
WHERE FOCUS FORMULAS AND DISCOURSE MARKERS MEET
Authors: Válková Silvie , Tárnyiková Jarmila
Published: March 2016

Our paper, theoretically anchored in functional and systemic grammar, focuses on a relatively marginal type of focus formulas (FFs), referred to by Schmid (2001) as ‘N-bethat- constructions’ or constructions with shell-Nouns (cf. The trouble/problem/fact… is that people have short memories.). When we used corpus data (BNC, COCA) to verify the role of FFs in information packaging in text/discourse, we were faced with their two seemingly contrary manifestations: they occurred either (i) as relatively stable utteranceinitial templates or (ii) as looser confi gurations, co-occurring with various discourse markers (DMs). Our hypothesis is that in the latter case, namely when interlaced into clusters of DMs, the FFs tend to adapt to the communicatively regulative (Leech 1983) roles of surrounding DMs, and extend their role as focalising devices by an additive role, i.e. to participate in overt language manifestations of a number of pragmatically-based communicative strategies associated with facework. Our aim is to verify the validity of our hypothesis by authentic language data.
First record of the genus Dinotrema Foerster, 1862 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae) from the Neotropical region, with description of four new species and a key to the New World taxa
Authors: Peris-Felipo Francisco Javier , Belokobylskij Sergey A.
Published: March 2016

The present work provides the first record of the genus Dinotrema Foerster, 1862 in the Neotropical region. Four new Neotropical species are described and illustrated: D. multiareolatum Peris-Felipo sp. nov., D. plaumanni Peris-Felipo sp. nov., D. subbidentatum Peris-Felipo sp. nov., and D. teutoniaense Peris-Felipo sp. nov. The following new combinations are suggested for Nearctic species: Dinotrema angusticornis (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov., D. armillariae (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov., D. bucculatricis (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov., D. caudatulum (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov., D. clayensis (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov., D. communis (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov., D. disstriae (Fischer,1969) comb. nov., D. pauperum (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov., D. saileri (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov., D. shannoni (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov. and D. sylvaticae (Fischer, 1969) comb. nov. An identification key of the all New World Dinotrema species is provided.
New Romanticisms in Wilhelmine Germany
Authors: Frank Mitchell B.
Published: March 2016

This essay examines and connects two related issues in the literature on the history of art of the Wilhelmine Period: the canonical shift in German romantic painting from the Nazarenes to Phillip Otto Runge and Caspar David Friedrich; and the attempt to position the work of contemporary German artists (often called new idealists) as a new romanticism. At this time, art historians like Richard Muther and Cornelius Gurlitt take on a romantic sensibility in their attempts to position contemporary German art on the international scene. With the development of new idealism in German artwriting, two new romanticisms were thus founded. Modern German art (the work of Anselm Feuerbach, Hans von Marées, Arnold Böcklin, Max Klinger, and others) was claimed within a romantic tradition. And romantic painting was conceptualized anew with the focus increasingly on Friedrich and Runge, and less on the Nazarenes.
Hospitality and the Nation in Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark
Authors: Wawrzinek Jennifer
Published: March 2016

In the summer of 1795, when Mary Wollstonecraft journeyed to Scandinavia, she was disillusioned with human society and the possibility of meaningful relation with others. She had recently been in Paris, where she had seen many of her moderate revolutionary friends executed under Robespierre’s Reign of Terror, and by the time of her arrival in Scandinavia her unsatisfactory relationship with Gilbert Imlay was coming to an end. The book that resulted from this journey, A Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, is remarkable for its critique of sovereignty and the reification of difference inherent to the construction of national borders and the drives of commercial exchange. The article argues that Wollstonecraft insists upon openness to the people and cultures she encounters through configuring epistemology as a twin process of experiential contact and sceptical inquiry. This a process that remains inherently and necessarily ethical because it resists the structures of tyranny, domination, and control, which Wollstonecraft perceives to be afflicting late-eighteenth-century Europe, whilst simultaneously allowing for a re-conception of politics and justice according to the demands both of the present and the not-yet-formalised future.
A Design History of Design: Complexity, Criticality, and Cultural Competence
Authors: Williams Wayne A. , Rieger Janice
Published: March 2016

Les histoires de l’art et du design ont délaissé, au cours des quatre dernières décennies, l’étude canonique des objets, des artistes/concepteurs et des styles et se sont tournées vers des recherches plus interdisciplinaires. Nous soutenons néanmoins que les historiens et historiennes du design doivent continuer de pousser leur utilisation d’approches puisant dans la culturelle matérielle et la criticalité afin de combler des lacunes dans l’histoire du design et de développer des méthodes et des approches pertinentes pour son étude. Puisant dans notre expérience d’enseignement auprès de la génération des « milléniaux », qui sont portés vers un « design militant », nous offrons des exemples pédagogiques qui ont aidé nos étudiants et étudiantes à assimiler des histoires du design responsables, engagées et réflexives et à comprendre la complexité et la criticalité du design.
Nationalism and Modernism: Rethinking Scandinavian Design in Canada, 1950–1970
Authors: Hodges Margaret
Published: March 2016

Cet article considère le rôle du design scandinave dans la recherche d’une identité visuelle canadienne au cours des décennies suivant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Nous examinons le discours provenant d’instances gouvernementales et institutionnelles, ainsi que des revues professionnelles d’art et d’architecture : le « moderne scandinave » s’est ainsi vu recontextualisé et approprié par des institutions qui cherchaient à améliorer tant le goût du public que les industries du design au Canada, et est devenu un modèle pour un design canadien potentiellement « authentique ». Nous examinons le mobilier conçu par Sigrin Bülow-Hübe, née en Suède et installée au Canada, et le comparons à l’appropriation de styles scandinaves par des concepteurs nés au Canada, afin d’explorer les effets de ces emprunts sur le design canadien.
Le design comme vecteur de changement social, les initiatives de Julien Hébert au Québec dans les années 1960 et 1970
Authors: Racine Martin
Published: March 2016

This article examines a lesser-known dimension of the career and work of Julien Hébert, one of the most influential figures in Quebec and Canadian design from the 1950s to the 1980s. By revisiting Hébert’s archives, it sheds light on significant initiatives he developed in order to use design as a tool for cultural and social change. These are a project for a Montreal-based Institute of Design and another that aimed at tackling unemployment through design practice. These exemplify Hébert’s understanding of design as a discipline that offers more than the creation of beautiful products and functional furniture. For him, it was a means to change society and to improve the wellbeing of its citizens.
Is Sustainability Reorienting the Visual Expression of Architecture?
Authors: Cucuzzella Carmela
Published: March 2016

Bien que la durabilité soit aujourd’hui devenue un impératif et un concept clef motivant les réorientations que connaissent les pratiques et théories de la conception, peu de recherches se consacrent à la compréhension de son impact sur le « design thinking » et sur la culture. Cet article enquête sur le design durable entendu comme culture visuelle émergente en architecture. Nous explorons la façon dont les concepteurs vont au-delà des normes environnementales afin de conserver dans leurs projets un équilibre créatif entre forme et contenu, entre éthique et esthétique. Nous analysons un corpus de concours organisés récemment dans les champs de l’architecture, du paysage et de l’urbanisme et avançons que les concours sont à la fois des « laboratoires » pour les concepteurs et des dispositifs épistémologiques pour les chercheurs, à même de révéler les transformations majeures des pratiques et valeurs de design.
From Typographer to Graphic Designer: Typographic Exhibitions and the Formation of a Graphic Design Profession in Canada in the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Dipede Cheryl
Published: March 2016

Cet article explore le développement d’une communauté professionnelle de design au Canada pendant les années 1950 et 1960 en examinant deux collaborations entre graphistes : les expositions canadiennes Typography (1958–1964) et l’exposition internationale Typomundus 20 (1963–1966). Celles-ci contribuèrent à la publicisation d’un nouveau discours qui permit aux typographes et aux concepteurs de la communication canadiens de se penser comme faisant partie d’une communauté unifiée et distincte de « graphistes ». Elles encouragèrent cette cohésion professionnelle notamment en avançant des normes professionnelles, en lançant une réflexion sur le statut et le rôle du graphisme par rapport au « grand » art, à la communication de masse et à la société en général, et en facilitant l’échange d’idées entre les professionnels canadiens et la communauté internationale de graphistes.
Laquinimod Safety Profile
Authors: Sørensen Per Soelberg , Comi Giancarlo , Vollmer Timothy L. , Montalban Xavier , Kappos Ludwig , Dadon Yuval , Gorfine Tali , Margalit Maya , Sasson Nissim , Rubinchick Svetlana , Knappertz Volker
Published: March 2016

Background: Laquinimod 0.6 mg is a once-daily, oral, disease-modifying therapy in development for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) that was investigated in two double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials: ALLEGRO and BRAVO.

Methods: Data from these studies were pooled to assess the safety profile of laquinimod versus placebo. Adverse events (AEs), laboratory value changes, and potential risks identified in preclinical studies were evaluated in participants in ALLEGRO and BRAVO treated with at least one dose of laquinimod or matching placebo (1:1 random assignment).

Results: In total, 1988 patients received at least one dose of study drug (laquinimod: n = 983 [mean ± SD duration, 639 ± 190 days]; placebo: n = 1005 [mean ± SD duration, 627 ± 198 days]). Early terminations due to AEs were infrequent (laquinimod: 6.4%; placebo: 4.7%). Death was reported in four patients (laquinimod: n = 1; placebo: n = 3). Rates of serious AEs (including malignancies, infections, and cardiovascular AEs) were similar between groups. The most common AEs identified with laquinimod use were back and neck pain and appendicitis. Laquinimod was also associated with asymptomatic changes in liver enzyme levels, fibrinogen levels, and hematologic parameters that followed a consistent temporal pattern: mild, nonprogressive, and occurring within 90 days of treatment initiation, then stabilizing or reverting to baseline levels during continued treatment.

Conclusions: Data from these pivotal laquinimod studies demonstrate a safety profile comprising benign or manageable AEs and asymptomatic laboratory findings with a clear temporal pattern. Potential risks noted in preclinical studies were not observed.
Cryo-EM single particle analysis with the Volta phase plate
Authors: Danev Radostin , Baumeister Wolfgang
Published: March 2016

We present a method for in-focus data acquisition with a phase plate that enables near-atomic resolution single particle reconstructions. Accurate focusing is the determining factor for obtaining high quality data. A double-area focusing strategy was implemented in order to achieve the required precision. With this approach we obtained a 3.2 Å resolution reconstruction of the Thermoplasma acidophilum 20S proteasome. The phase plate matches or slightly exceeds the performance of the conventional defocus approach. Spherical aberration becomes a limiting factor for achieving resolutions below 3 Å with in-focus phase plate images. The phase plate could enable single particle analysis of challenging samples in terms of small size, heterogeneity and flexibility that are difficult to solve by the conventional defocus approach.
Magnetic-field-assisted electric-field-controlled rotation of magnetic stripe domains in a magnetoelectric Ni microbar/[Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.68–[PbTiO3]0.32 heterostructure
Authors: Chung Tien-Kan , Wang Hsin-Min , Chen Yu-Jen , Lin Shin-Hung , Chu Hou-Jen , Lin Po-Jung , Hung Chiao-Fang
Published: March 2016

We report a magnetic-field-assisted electric-field-controlled approach to rotate magnetic stripe domains in a magnetoelectric Ni-microbar/[Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.68–[PbTiO3]0.32 heterostructure. A magnetic field is applied for magnetizing the microbar’s stripe domains along the microbar’s short/magnetic-hard axis. Subsequently, an electric field is applied for induction of a transformation of domains through the converse magnetoelectric effect. Owing to the microbar’s geometry, the transformation causes the stripe domains to rotate away from the short/magnetic-hard axis toward the long/magnetic-easy axis. The rotation angle increases in proportion to the increasing electric field intensity. A maximal rotation of 90° is obtained at the electric field intensity of 0.8 MV/m. The rotation state persists after removing the electric field.
Closed-form analytical model of static noise margin for ultra-low voltage eight-transistor tunnel FET static random access memory
Authors: Fuketa Hiroshi , O’uchi Shin-ichi , Fukuda Koichi , Mori Takahiro , Morita Yukinori , Masahara Meishoku , Matsukawa Takashi
Published: March 2016

Variations of eight-transistor (8T) tunnel FET (TFET) static random access memory (SRAM) cells at ultra-low supply voltage (V
DD) of 0.3 V are discussed. A closed-form analytical model for the static noise margin (SNM) of the TFET SRAM cells is proposed to clarify the dependence of SNM on device parameters and is verified by simulations. The SNM variations caused by process variations are investigated using the proposed model, and we show a requirement for the threshold voltage (V
TH) variation in the TFET SRAM design, which indicates that the V
TH variation must be reduced as the subthreshold swing becomes steeper. In addition, a feasibility of the TFET SRAM cells operating at V
DD = 0.3 V in two different process technologies is evaluated using the proposed model.
Compact 0.3-to-1.125 GHz self-biased phase-locked loop for system-on-chip clock generation in 0.18 µm CMOS
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Liu Liyuan , Feng Peng , Liu Jian , Wu Nanjian
Published: March 2016

In this paper, we propose a compact ring-oscillator-based self-biased phase-locked loop (SBPLL) for system-on-chip (SoC) clock generation. It adopts the proposed triple-well NMOS source degeneration voltage-to-current (V–I) converter instead of the operational amplifier (OPAMP) based V–I converter and a proposed simple start-up circuit with a negligible area to save power and area. The SBPLL is implemented in the 0.18 µm CMOS process, and it occupies 0.048 mm2 active core. The measurement results show the SBPLL can generate output frequency in a wide range from 300 MHz to 1.125 GHz with a constant loop bandwidth that is around 5 MHz and a relatively low jitter performance that is less than 4.9 mUI over the entire covered frequency range. From −20 to 70 °C the rms jitter variation and loop bandwidth variation at 1.125 GHz are 0.2 ps and 350 kHz, respectively. The rms jitter performance variation of all covered frequency points is less than 10% in the supply range from 1.5 to 1.7 V. Such SBPLL shows robustness over environmental variation. The maximum power consumption is 5.6 mW with 1.6 V supply at an output frequency of 1.125 GHz.
Influence of precursor gas on SiGe epitaxial material quality in terms of structural and electrical defects
Authors: Ike Shinichi , Simoen Eddy , Shimura Yosuke , Hikavyy Andriy , Vandervorst Wilfried , Loo Roger , Takeuchi Wakana , Nakatsuka Osamu , Zaima Shigeaki
Published: March 2016

We have investigated the structural and electrical properties of n-type doped Si1−

x
Ge
x
epitaxial layers (x = 24–26%) grown by chemical vapor deposition with conventional [SiH2Cl2 (DCS)/GeH4] and high-order (Si2H6/Ge2H6) precursor combinations. X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements were performed for characterization. The crystalline properties and surface morphology of the Si1−

x
Ge
x
layer with Si2H6/Ge2H6 grown at temperatures as low as 550 °C show good structural quality similar to that with DCS/GeH4 grown at 615 °C. On the other hand, in terms of electrical properties, the DLTS measurement reveals the existence of vacancy-related complexes in the as-grown layer with Si2H6/Ge2H6. We found that post-deposition annealing at 200 °C for the Si1−

x
Ge
x
epitaxial layer is effective for annihilating vacancy-related defects with densities down to as low as that of conventional precursors.
Growth and fatty acid characterization of microalgae isolated from municipal waste-treatment systems and the potential role of algal-associated bacteria in feedstock production
Authors: Stemmler Kevin , Massimi Rebecca , Kirkwood Andrea E.
Published: March 2016

Much research has focused on growing microalgae for biofuel feedstock, yet there remain concerns about the feasibility of freshwater feedstock systems. To reduce cost and improve environmental sustainability, an ideal microalgal feedstock system would be fed by municipal, agricultural or industrial wastewater as a main source of water and nutrients. Nonetheless, the microalgae must also be tolerant of fluctuating wastewater quality, while still producing adequate biomass and lipid yields. To address this problem, our study focused on isolating and characterizing microalgal strains from three municipal wastewater treatment systems (two activated sludge and one aerated-stabilization basin systems) for their potential use in biofuel feedstock production. Most of the 19 isolates from wastewater grew faster than two culture collection strains under mixotrophic conditions, particularly with glucose. The fastest growing wastewater strains included the generaChlorellaandDictyochloris. The fastest growing microalgal strains were not necessarily the best lipid producers. Under photoautotrophic and mixotrophic growth conditions, single strains ofChlorellaandScenedesmuseach produced the highest lipid yields, including those most relevant to biodiesel production. A comparison of axenic and non-axenic versions of wastewater strains showed a notable effect of commensal bacteria on fatty acid composition. Strains grown with bacteria tended to produce relatively equal proportions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, which is an ideal lipid blend for biodiesel production. These results not only show the potential for using microalgae isolated from wastewater for growth in wastewater-fed feedstock systems, but also the important role that commensal bacteria may have in impacting the fatty acid profiles of microalgal feedstock.
Response diversity of free-floating plants to nutrient stoichiometry and temperature: growth and resting body formation
Authors: McCann Michael J.
Published: March 2016

Free-floating plants, like most groups of aquatic primary producers, can become nuisance vegetation under certain conditions. On the other hand, there is substantial optimism for the applied uses of free-floating plants, such as wastewater treatment, biofuel production, and aquaculture. Therefore, understanding the species-specific responses of floating plants to abiotic conditions will inform both management decisions and the beneficial applications of these plants. I measured the responses of three floating plant species common in the northeast United States (Lemna minor, Spirodela polyrhiza,andWolffia brasiliensis) to nutrient stoichiometry (nitrogen and phosphorus) and temperature in the laboratory. I also used survey data to determine the pattern of species richness of floating plants in the field and its relationship with the dominance of this group. Floating plant species exhibited unique responses to nutrient stoichiometry and temperature in the laboratory, especially under low temperatures (18 °C) and low nutrient conditions (0.5 mg N L−1, 0.083 mg P L−1). The three species displayed an apparent tradeoff with different strategies of growth or dormancy. In the field, water bodies with three or more species of floating plants were not more frequently dominated by this group. The response diversity observed in the lab may not be associated with the dominance of this group in the field because it is masked by environmental variability, has a weak effect, or is only important during transient circumstances. Future research to develop applied uses of floating plants should examine response diversity across a greater range of species or clones and environmental conditions.
Seasonal thermal fronts on the northern South China Sea shelf: Satellite measurements and three repeated field surveys
Authors: Jing Zhiyou , Qi Yiquan , Fox‐Kemper Baylor , Du Yan , Lian Shumin
Published: March 2016

Seasonal thermal fronts associated with wind‐driven coastal downwelling/upwelling in the northern South China Sea are investigated using satellite measurements and three repeated fine‐resolution mapping surveys in winter, spring, and summer. The results show that vigorous thermal fronts develop over the broad shelf with variable widths and intensities in different seasons, which tend to be approximately aligned with the 20–100 m isobaths. Driven by the prevailing winter/summer monsoon, the band‐shaped fronts were observed with a magnitude exceeding 0.1°C/km in the subsurface, and accompanied by energetic coastal downwelling/upwelling due to shoreward/offshore Ekman transport. The downward/upward tilting of seasonal thermoclines across the shelf exceeds 20 m, significantly contributing to the development of thermal fronts over the shelf. In addition, the diagnostic analysis of Potential Vorticity (PV) suggests that the summer frontal activities induced by the coastal upwelling are more stable to convection and symmetric instabilities in comparison to the winter fronts associated with downwelling‐favorable monsoon forcing. This is primarily due to their essential differences in the upper ocean stratification and horizontal buoyancy gradients arising from wind forcing. At the same time, the coastal currents are substantially regulated by the seasonal winds. An expected lag correlation between the velocity from mooring measurements and alongshore wind stress is detected near the frontal region. These results indicate that seasonal wind forcing plays an important role in the frontal activities and coastal water transport over the shelf.
Influence of upwelling on SST trends in La Guajira system
Authors: Santos F. , Gómez‐Gesteira M. , Varela R. , Ruiz‐Ochoa M. , Días J. M.
Published: March 2016

La Guajira upwelling system has shown a moderate cooling (∼−0.05°C dec−1) over the period 1982–2014 for the months with strong upwelling (JFM). This contrasts with the general warming observed for most of the Caribbean region (∼0.25°C dec−1) over the same period. Cooling is in good agreement with the upwelling increase (∼0.04 m2s−1dec−1) observed in the region during winter months, although the position of the peaks in upwelling and SST trends does not coincide exactly due to the presence of the Caribbean Coastal Undercurrent.