bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel method on thermal resistance prediction and thermo-physiological comfort of socks in a wet state
Authors: Mansoor Tariq , Hes Lubos , Bajzik Vladimir , Noman Muhammad Tayyab
Published: February 2020

The present study proposes a novel method to measure the thermal resistance and comfort properties of various sock samples under wet conditions. Theoretically, comfort properties are responsible for transporting moisture by our body with different rates. Therefore, plain socks with different fiber composition were wetted to a saturated level and after getting the required moisture content, the sock samples were characterized by Alambeta (for thermal resistance and thermal absorptivity) and Permetest instruments for relative water vapor permeability in the wet state. In addition, various skin models were utilized to make a comparison of thermal resistance in the dry state. Two different models were modified for analyzing the thermal resistance under wet conditions. According to the models used, the prediction of thermal resistance is a combined effect of the filling coefficient and thermal conductivity of wet polymers instead of dry polymers. With these modifications, the used models predicted the thermal resistance at different moisture levels with a significant correlation ( R2) value, that is, 0.84–0.97.
What Can You Do With a Single Case? How to Think About Ethnographic Case Selection Like a Historical Sociologist
Authors: Pacewicz Josh
Published: February 2020

Most social scientists agree that case studies are useful for “theory building,” but ethnographic methods papers often look to survey research for case selection strategies. This is due to a common but untenable distinction between theoretical and empirical generalization, which obscures how theoretically inclined ethnographers make implicit external validity claims. I analyze several exemplary ethnographies to show that (a) the distinction between theoretically and empirically oriented ethnography revolves around competing conventions for making claims that others accept as provisionally externally valid, (b) comparative-historical sociology provides a framework for evaluating how theoretically oriented ethnographies make such claims, and (c) each approach to making validity claims is optimized by different kinds of cases. Empirically oriented ethnographies make inductive claims via “pointy” cases wherein a phenomenon is pronounced or bifurcated. Theoretically oriented ethnographers are like post–Millian historical sociologist who triangulate past studies with resolutive or negative cases to make constitutive arguments.
Correlation between vaspin and PANSS scores in schizophrenia patients with obesity
Authors: Ertekin Hülya , Uysal Sema , Aydın Memduha , İlhan Bilge , Ertekin Yusuf Haydar
Published: February 2020

Objective

Metabolic abnormalities such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, and abnormal levels of plasma adipokines have been observed in patients with schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the differences and correlations of plasma vaspin levels with metabolic parameters in patients with schizophrenia and to compare with healthy controls.

Method

We measured plasma levels of vaspin and metabolic parameters of 100 patients with schizophrenia and 95 healthy controls. Patients with schizophrenia were evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and The Global Assessment of Functioning.

Results

Mean levels of body mass index, waist circumference, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of the patients were statistically higher than those of the healthy controls (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, p = 0.03, and p = 0.002, respectively). Plasma levels of vaspin were 0.96 ± 0.73 ng/ml in patients with schizophrenia and 0.29 ± 0.15 ng/ml in the healthy controls (p < 0.001). Plasma vaspin levels were statistically higher in patients with schizophrenia than healthy controls both in groups with and without metabolic syndrome and obesity (p < 0.001). Plasma vaspin levels showed a positive correlation with triglyceride in patients with schizophrenia (r = 0.26, p = 0.007). There were positive correlations between vaspin and PANSS scores in schizophrenia patients with obesity (PANSS Positive: r = 0.42, p = 0.01; PANSS Negative: r = 0.42, p = 0.01; PANSS General: r = 0.43, p = 0.01; PANSS Total: r = 0.47, p = 0.006).

Conclusions

Our study showed a significant relationship and positive correlation between vaspin and PANSS scores in schizophrenia patients with obesity. Vaspin may play an important role in the metabolic processes of patients with schizophrenia.
Depression, Immunosuppressant Levels, and Clinical Outcomes in Postlung Transplant Recipients
Authors: Chu Michael C , Smith Patrick J , Reynolds John M , Palmer Scott M , Snyder Laurie D , Gray Alice L , Blumenthal James A
Published: February 2020

Objective

Posttransplant depression has been linked to increased risk for adverse outcomes in lung transplant patients. Maintaining target serum immunosuppressant levels is also essential for optimal lung transplant clinical outcome and may be a crucial predictor of outcomes. Because depression could affect medication nonadherence, resulting in out-of-range immunosuppressant levels, we examined the relationship between posttransplant depression, immunosuppressant medication trough level variability, indexed by out-of-range values on clinical outcomes and coefficient of variability, and clinical outcomes.

Method

A consecutive series of 236 lung transplant recipients completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression two-month posttransplant. Immunosuppressant trough levels (i.e., tacrolimus or cyclosporine) within the range of individualized immunosuppressant targets were obtained at three-, six-, nine-month follow-up clinic visits. Clinical outcomes including hospitalizations and mortality were obtained from medical records.

Results

Fourteen percent of patients were classified as depressed (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression ≥16), 144 (61%) of patients had at least 25% out-of-range immunosuppressant values, and the average coefficient of variability was 36%. Over a median of 2.6 years (interquartile range = 1.2), 32 participants died (14%) and 144 (61%) had at least one unplanned, transplant-related hospitalization. Both depression (hazard ratio = 1.45 (1.19, 1.76), p < . 01) and immunosuppressant variation (immunosuppressant out-of-range: hazard ratio = 1.41 (1.10, 1.81), p < .01) independently predicted more frequent hospitalizations and higher mortality.

Conclusions

Early posttransplant depression was associated with significantly worse clinical outcomes. While immunosuppressant level variability is also related to adverse outcomes, such variability does not account for increased risk observed with depression.
Youth Perceptions of Law Enforcement and Worry About Crime from 1976 to 2016
Authors: Fine Adam D. , Donley Sachiko , Cavanagh Caitlin , Cauffman Elizabeth
Published: February 2020

Recent unjust interactions between law enforcement and youth of color may have provoked a “crisis” in American law enforcement. Utilizing Monitoring the Future’s data on distinct, cross-sectional cohorts of 12th graders from each year spanning 1976–2016, we examined whether youth perceptions of law enforcement have changed. We also traced youth worry about crime considering declining perceptions of law enforcement may correspond with increasing worry about crime. Across decades, White youth consistently perceived law enforcement the most positively and worried least about crime, followed by Hispanic/Latinx then Black/African American youth. During the 1990s, among all youth, perceptions of law enforcement declined while worry about crime increased. However, recently, such trends were limited to White youth; among youth of color, perceptions of law enforcement declined while worry about crime remained largely stable. Problematically, youth perceptions of law enforcement recently reached a decades-long low and racial/ethnic gaps in perceptions appear to be growing.
A Monte Carlo approach for improving transient dopamine release detection sensitivity
Authors: Bevington Connor WJ , Cheng Ju-Chieh (Kevin) , Klyuzhin Ivan S , Cherkasova Mariya V , Winstanley Catharine A , Sossi Vesna
Published: February 2020

Current methods using a single PET scan to detect voxel-level transient dopamine release—using F-test (significance) and cluster size thresholding—have limited detection sensitivity for clusters of release small in size and/or having low release levels. Specifically, simulations show that voxels with release near the peripheries of such clusters are often rejected—becoming false negatives and ultimately distorting the F-distribution of rejected voxels. We suggest a Monte Carlo method that incorporates these two observations into a cost function, allowing erroneously rejected voxels to be accepted under specified criteria. In simulations, the proposed method improves detection sensitivity by up to 50% while preserving the cluster size threshold, or up to 180% when optimizing for sensitivity. A further parametric-based voxelwise thresholding is then suggested to better estimate the release dynamics in detected clusters. We apply the Monte Carlo method to a pilot scan from a human gambling study, where additional parametrically unique clusters are detected as compared to the current best methods—results consistent with our simulations.
Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI histogram parameters predict progression-free survival in patients with advanced esophageal squamous carcinoma receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Xu Lulu , Ge Xiaolin , Sun Nana , Liu Xisheng
Published: February 2020

Background

There is increased interest in dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for predicting the outcomes of patients with advanced esophageal cancer.

Purpose

To explore whether DCE-MRI histogram parameters can predict 12-month progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with advanced esophageal squamous carcinoma receiving concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CRT).

Material and Methods

This retrospective study enrolled 134 patients with advanced esophageal squamous carcinoma who were receiving CRT. The pre-CRT DCE-MRI histogram parameters (median, mean, SD, skewness, kurtosis, and 10th and 90th percentiles) of Ktrans, Kep, and Ve were collected. PFS analyses were performed using the Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank tests to compute the survival curves. The significant prognostic predictors among the data characteristics and DCE-MRI parameters were determined using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses.

Results

There were 65 good responders (PFS ≥ 12 months) and 69 poor responders (PFS < 12 months). The median and mean values of Ktrans were higher, and the kurtosis value of Ktrans was lower in good responders. The median, mean, and 10th and 90th percentile values of Ktrans were higher, and the kurtosis values of Ktrans and Ve were lower in good responders. The PFS of patients aged ≥60 years, a CR effect, or a 10th percentile value of Ktrans ≥0.13 was increased ( P < 0.001, <0.001, and 0.014, respectively).

Conclusion

DCE-MRI histogram parameters can be used to evaluate the response to CRT in patients with advanced esophageal squamous carcinoma. The 10th percentile value of Ktrans has significant prognostic value for 12-month PFS.
The Relationship Between the Benton Face Recognition Test and Electrophysiological Unfamiliar Face Individuation Response as Revealed by Fast Periodic Stimulation
Authors: Dzhelyova Milena , Schiltz Christine , Rossion Bruno
Published: February 2020

A recent approach to implicitly study face recognition skills has been the fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS) coupled with electroencephalography (EEG). Its relationship with explicit behavioral measures of face individuation remains largely undocumented. We evaluated the relationship of the FPVS–EEG measure of individuation and performance at a computer version of the Benton Face Recognition Test. High-density EEG was recorded in 32 participants presented with an unfamiliar face at a rate of 6 Hz (F) for 60 s. Every five faces, new identities were inserted. The resulting 1.2 Hz (F/5) EEG response and its harmonics objectively indexed rapid individuation of unfamiliar faces. The robust individuation response, observed over occipitotemporal sites, was significantly correlated with speed, but not accuracy rate of the computer version of the Benton Face Recognition Test. This effect was driven by a few individuals who were particularly slow at the behavioral test and also showed the lowest face individuation response. These results highlight the importance of considering the time taken to recognize a face, as a complementary to accuracy rate variable, providing valuable information about one’s recognition skills. Overall, these observations strengthen the diagnostic value of FPVS–EEG as an objective and rapid flag for specific difficulties at individual face recognition in the human population.
How to beat the boss: Game Workers Unite in Britain
Authors: Woodcock Jamie
Published: February 2020

This article provides an overview of the growth of game worker organising in Britain. These workers have not previously been organised in a trade union, but over the last 2 years, they have developed a campaign to unionise their sector and launched a legal trade union branch. This is a powerful example of so-called ‘greenfield’ organising, beyond the reach of existing trade unions and with workers who have not previously been members. The article provides an outline of the industry, the launch of the Game Workers Unite international network, the growth of the division in Britain as well as their formation as a branch of the Independent Workers’ Union of Great Britain. The aim is to draw out lessons for both the videogames industry, as well as other non-unionised industries, showing how the traditions of trade unionism can be translated and developed in new contexts.
Post-discharge opioid use and handling in surgical patients: A multicentre prospective cohort study
Authors: Allen Megan L , Kim Charles C , Braat Sabine , Jones Karin , Winter Noam , Hucker Timothy R , Chia Angela , Lang Coran , Brooks Sally L , Williams Daryl L
Published: February 2020

Our aim was to determine the frequency and characteristics of post-surgery prescription of opioid medication and to describe patients’ handling of discharge opioid medications. We performed a multicentre prospective cohort study of adult patients undergoing elective or emergency surgery with a postoperative stay of one or more nights, with phone follow-up at two weeks after hospital discharge. The main outcome measures included the proportion of patients prescribed discharge opioid medications, post-discharge opioid use, opioid storage and disposal. Of the 1450 eligible surgical patients, opioids were dispensed on discharge to 858 (59%, 95% confidence interval (CI) (57%–62%)), with immediate-release oxycodone the most common medication. Of the 581 patients who were discharged with opioid medication and completed follow-up, 27% were still requiring opioids two weeks after discharge. Post-discharge opioid consumption was highly variable in the study cohort. The majority (70%) of patients had leftover opioids and only a small proportion (5%) reported disposal of the surplus. In a multivariate model, patients with characteristics of age 45 years or less (odds ratio, OR = 1.78, 95% CI (1.36–2.33) versus older than 45 years), American Society of Anesthesiologists’ physical status (ASA) scores of 1 or 2 (OR = 1.96, 95% CI (1.52–2.53) versus ASA score 3 to 5), higher anticipated surgical pain (OR = 1.45, 95% CI (1.08–1.94) severe versus moderate, OR = 17.48, 95% CI (5.79–52.69) severe versus nil/mild) and public funding status (OR = 1.89, 95% CI (1.36–2.64) versus other) were more likely ( P < 0.001) to receive discharge opioids. Post-surgery prescription of opioids is common and supply is often excessive. Post-discharge opioid handling included suboptimal storage and disposal.
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation and Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation Render Comparable Outcomes in the Setting of Failed Marrow Stimulation
Authors: Riff Andrew J. , Huddleston Hailey P. , Cole Brian J. , Yanke Adam B.
Published: February 2020

Background:

Marrow stimulation techniques (MSTs) such as subchondral drilling and microfracture are often chosen as first-line treatment options for symptomatic cartilage defects of the knee. When an MST fails, many cartilage restoration techniques are employed, including autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) and osteochondral allograft (OCA). However, a few series in the literature suggest that ACI after a failed MST results in inferior outcomes as compared with primary ACI.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate the clinical outcomes of ACI and OCA after a failed MST (secondary ACI and OCA) and compare them with the outcomes of primary ACI and OCA and (2) to compare clinical outcomes of secondary ACI and secondary OCA for refractory lesions involving the femoral condyle. The hypotheses were as follows: (1) secondary ACI will render inferior functional outcomes and an increased clinical failure rate as compared with primary ACI, (2) secondary OCA will render comparable results to primary OCA, and (3) secondary OCA will render superior outcomes to secondary ACI.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Patients were retrospectively identified who underwent ACI and OCA for symptomatic chondral lesions of the knee refractory to a previous MST. Age-, sex-, and body mass index–matched groups of patients undergoing primary ACI and OCA were used as controls. Postoperative data were prospectively collected using several subjective scoring systems (Tegner, Lysholm, International Knee Documentation Committee, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, 12-Item Short Form Health Survey). Groups were compared with regard to patient-reported outcomes, subjective satisfaction, clinical failure rate, and reoperation. Student t tests were used for continuous data, and chi-square tests were performed for categorical data.

Results:

A total of 359 patients were examined: 92 patients undergoing secondary ACI, 100 primary ACI, 88 secondary OCA, and 79 primary OCA. The mean patient age was 30.3 years (range, 14.9-49.9 years) at the time of ACI and 35.4 (range, 15-54.5) at the time of OCA. There was no difference between the primary and secondary groups with regard to postoperative functional scores, subjective satisfaction, reoperation rate, and clinical failure rate.

Conclusion:

ACI and OCA are both viable treatment options for chondral defects of the knee, even in the setting of a failed MST. Secondary ACI renders functional outcomes, subjective satisfaction, and reoperation and failure rates comparable with primary ACI and secondary OCA.
Early Radiographic Healing and Functional Results After Autologous Osteochondral Grafting for Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum: Introduction of a New Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Based Scoring System
Authors: Wang Kemble K. , Williams Kathryn , Bae Donald S.
Published: February 2020

Background:

Autologous osteochondral grafting (OG) is an option in the treatment of capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (COCD). However, radiographic healing after this procedure has not been well documented.

Purpose:

To develop a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–based scoring system specific for evaluating healing after single-plug OG in COCD and to evaluate correlation between radiographic healing and early clinical outcomes.

Study Design:

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Between 2014 and 2017, 183 elbows with COCD were enrolled in a prospective registry. A total of 61 elbows in 59 patients underwent single-plug OG. Of these, 52 elbows in 50 patients had pre- and postoperative MRI scans. Postoperative MRI and clinical outcome data from this group were used to develop the novel BOGIE score (Boston Osteochondral Graft Incorporation in the Elbow), with a possible range of 4 to 12.

Results:

Median age at surgery was 14.2 years (interquartile range, 13.1-15.0 years). Median clinical follow-up after OG was 12.4 months (interquartile range, 9.5-16.9 months; range, 6-53 months). Compared with before surgery, elbow function at 6 months after surgery and at latest follow-up was significantly improved as measured by the Timmerman and Andrews score (TAS; median: 145 before surgery, 185 at 6 months after surgery, 190 at latest follow-up; P < .001, before vs after surgery), as well as the short version of Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score; median: 21 before surgery, 7 at 6 months after surgery, and 0 at latest follow-up; P < .001 before surgery vs after surgery). Median BOGIE score at 6 months after surgery was 10 (range, 4-12). BOGIE score intraobserver reliability was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.82-0.94) for reader 1 and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.86-0.95) for reader 2. Interobserver reliability between the readers was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.78-0.92). Correlation was observed between the 6-month BOGIE score and the concurrent postoperative objective TAS ( P < .001) as well as total TAS ( P = .01) but not the subjective TAS ( P = .08). Patients who underwent subsequent secondary surgery for persistent symptoms had a significantly lower postoperative BOGIE score at 6 months than those who did not (median, 7.8 vs 10.3; P = .016)

Conclusion:

Quantitative evaluation for radiologic healing after single-plug OG in COCD is possible. The MRI-based BOGIE score appears to correlate with early clinical function and may be useful as an adjunct tool in decision making on activity progression. The use of a standardized MRI score may improve comparability of outcomes after OG in the literature.
Assessing the Relationship Between Nontraditional Factors and Academic Entitlement
Authors: Crone Travis S. , Babb Stephanie , Torres Francisca
Published: February 2020

The current study explores the intersection of two trends of interest in higher education: reported increases in academic entitlement (AE) and increases in the proportion of students considered nontraditional. AE has shown to have negative effects in the classroom and for students. Based on reports from educators, levels of AE may be lower for nontraditional students. The current study sought to understand the level of AE in nontraditional students, compare AE levels with traditional students, and investigate if specific nontraditional factors have larger impacts on AE. Four hundred and twenty-nine participants were assessed for nontraditional factors and their current level of AE. Nontraditional students were found to have lower levels of AE than traditional students, having more nontraditional factors predicted lower AE, and AE was found to vary within nontraditional grouping levels. Additionally, age and hours worked were found to be individual factors that best predicted AE levels.
Physical and rheological properties of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate)/Alfa fiber composites
Authors: Arabeche Khadidja , Abdelmalek Fatiha , Delbreilh Laurent , Zair Latéfa , Berrayah Abdelkader
Published: February 2020

Biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/Alfa fiber biocomposites were prepared through the compression molding method. Scanning electron microscopy images were acquired to assess the effects of reinforcement and homogenization of mixtures and to determine the characteristics of the microstructure. The rheological properties, melting, and crystallization behavior of neat PBS and its biocomposites were investigated. Regarding the thermal properties, it was observed that the presence of Alfa fibers facilitates the crystallization of the PBS matrix, which suggests that Alfa cellulose fiber acts as a nucleating agent. The rheological analysis suggests that the biocomposites show a better dynamic behavior with the addition of Alfa fibers. Indeed, the incorporation of fibers increased the complex modulus and complex viscosity of the composites. Also, increasing the percentage of fibers in the matrix induces percolation, the shift and change in the slope of Cole–Cole curve of the PBS/Alfa fiber composite compared to that of neat PBS indicate that the PBS microstructure has changed with the addition of fibers. Moreover, the improvement of biocomposites properties is believed to be largely attributable to the homogeneous dispersion of the Alfa fibers within the polymer matrix and also to the strong interfacial interactions between the two constituents.
Exposure–response modelling approaches for determining optimal dosing rules in children
Authors: Wadsworth Ian , Hampson Lisa V , Bornkamp Björn , Jaki Thomas
Published: February 2020

Within paediatric populations, there may be distinct age groups characterised by different exposure–response relationships. Several regulatory guidance documents have suggested general age groupings. However, it is not clear whether these categorisations will be suitable for all new medicines and in all disease areas. We consider two model-based approaches to quantify how exposure–response model parameters vary over a continuum of ages: Bayesian penalised B-splines and model-based recursive partitioning. We propose an approach for deriving an optimal dosing rule given an estimate of how exposure–response model parameters vary with age. Methods are initially developed for a linear exposure–response model. We perform a simulation study to systematically evaluate how well the various approaches estimate linear exposure–response model parameters and the accuracy of recommended dosing rules. Simulation scenarios are motivated by an application to epilepsy drug development. Results suggest that both bootstrapped model-based recursive partitioning and Bayesian penalised B-splines can estimate underlying changes in linear exposure–response model parameters as well as (and in many scenarios, better than) a comparator linear model adjusting for a categorical age covariate with levels following International Conference on Harmonisation E11 groupings. Furthermore, the Bayesian penalised B-splines approach consistently estimates the intercept and slope more accurately than the bootstrapped model-based recursive partitioning. Finally, approaches are extended to estimate Emax exposure–response models and are illustrated with an example motivated by an in vitro study of cyclosporine.
Effect of gamma irradiation on the adhesive property and antibacterial activity of blend polymer (abietic acid-EVA)
Authors: Elhady MA , Ghobashy MM , Mahmoud MA
Published: February 2020

Abietic acid (Aba) and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) were blended by mixing and dissolving in toluene. The copolymer blend (Aba/EVA 85:15 wt%) was subjected to varying doses of gamma irradiation (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 90 kGy). The crystallinity and the chemical structure of the polymeric blends were investigated by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy and their adhesive properties were verified through utilizing the tensile strength testing. According to the findings, the gamma irradiation was found to increase the adhesive power of the blend polymer (Aba/EVA). To achieve the optimal adhesive force, 30 kGy was used as the irradiation dose. The adhesive forces of both irradiated and unirradiated samples were 1084 and 411 kPa, respectively. For this reason, adhesive force went up to 263%. Moreover, the process also entailed an examination of the antibacterial activity of the aforementioned copolymeric adhesive blend for irradiated (30 kGy) and unirradiated samples. The outcome from the antibacterial study pointed out that this polymer blend does entail antibacterial activity, something that is safe and helpful in the context of food packaging.
Paeniclostridium (Clostridium) sordellii–associated enterocolitis in 7 horses
Authors: Nyaoke Akinyi C. , Navarro Mauricio A. , Fresneda Karina , Diab Santiago S. , Moore Janet , Lyras Dena , Awad Milena , Uzal Francisco A.
Published: February 2020

Enteric disease in horses may be caused by a variety of microorganisms, including several clostridial species. Paeniclostridium sordellii (previously Clostridium sordellii) has been frequently associated with gas gangrene in humans and several animal species, including horses. However, its role in enteric diseases of animals has not been fully determined. We describe herein 7 cases of enteric disease in horses associated with P. sordellii infection. Grossly, the small and/or large intestines were necrotic, hemorrhagic, and edematous. Microscopically, there was severe mucosal necrosis and hemorrhage of the small and/or large intestine of all horses. P. sordellii was isolated and/or demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and/or PCR in the intestine of all horses. All other known causes of enteric disease in horses were ruled out in these 7 cases. P. sordellii should be considered among the differential diagnoses in cases of enteric disease in horses.
Entrepreneurship and Poverty Alleviation: The Importance of Health and Children’s Education for Slum Entrepreneurs
Authors: Shepherd Dean A. , Parida Vinit , Wincent Joakim
Published: February 2020

Research has focused on the role of entrepreneurial action in alleviating poverty. However, there is a gap between individuals’ short-term outcomes from entrepreneurship overcoming immediate resource concerns and the large-scale impact of entrepreneurship on institutional and system change. Therefore, in this study, we explore entrepreneurs’ beliefs about how entrepreneurial action can alleviate poverty. To do so, we conducted a qualitative study of entrepreneurs of businesses located in Indian slums and identified the impact of expectations, role models, and the subjective value of their children’s education in attempts to alleviate poverty.
A Retrospective Mixed Longitudinal Study of Tooth Formation in Children With Clefts
Authors: Kimbrough Sarah B. , Parris William G. , Williams Richard A. , Harris Edward F.
Published: February 2020

Objective:

To test for systematic age changes in cleft children based on dental age.

Design:

Retrospective case–control longitudinal study.

Setting:

One orthodontic solo practice.

Patients:

Nonsyndromic, complete cleft lip and palateCLP cases, either unilateral or bilateral (102 children; 370 radiographs), between 4 and 16 years of age.

Interventions:

Children were treated with a team approach, but only orthodontic radiographs were studied.

Main Outcome Measure:

The principal outcome measure was dental age of the cleft cases compared to a sex-specific sample of phenotypically normal children (1107 children), from the same geographical region. Multiple panoramic radiographs taken during the course of orthodontic treatment were examined to track patterns of dental age as children matured. Analysis used linear mixed models primarily testing for sex, cleft type (unilateral, bilateral), and hypodontia differences. Initial expectation was that cleft children would exhibit delayed dental ages from postnatal stressors and would become more deviant with maturity.

Results:

In childhood (4-6 years), both sexes were significantly delayed ( P < .001), but dental age normalized around 8 to 10 years. Boys experienced faster maturation thereafter than girls ( P < .001). Only trivial differences occurred between unilateral CLP and bilateral CLP samples.Hypodontia further depressed maturation rates ( P < .001). Dental age improved in a decidedly curvilinear fashion ( P < .001), with greater change at earlier ages.

Conclusions:

This report agrees with other contemporary studies, showing childhood catch-up. Older studies observed that clefting caused significant delays that worsened with growth. This potential “seachange” suggests better recovery and quicker normalization of children with clefts, perhaps due to improved management.
Staff sensitisation to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies resulting from workplace exposure: A case report
Authors: Barrott Lisa , Foreman Emma
Published: February 2020

Monoclonal antibodies were introduced to clinical practice in 1980s and play a vital role in a variety of diseases and clinical interventions including cancer, inflammatory disease, and ophthalmologic disease. There is a lack of substantial research or evidence on the effect of occupational exposure on staff, leading many staff to have significant concerns about what is a safe level of exposure, especially given their increasing availability and use. This report describes a case in which a nurse became sensitised to monoclonal antibodies as a result of preparing and administering them in a clinical area, and the subsequent actions taken in response to the incident to reduce the risk to staff.
Nonlinear dynamic analysis of a sandwich plate with S-FGM face sheets and homogeneous core subjected to harmonic excitation
Authors: Singh Simran J , Nataraj C , Harsha Suraj P
Published: February 2020

In the present paper, for a sandwich plate with homogeneous core, the nonlinear dynamic response is analyzed in which material properties of functionally graded facesheets are varied in accordance with sigmoid law. The sandwich plate of various configurations is presumed to be built on Pasternak foundation and subjected to harmonic load. Equilibrium and compatibility equations are derived by taking into consideration the geometrical non-linearity in von Karman sense. The Airy’s stress function and Galerkin method are used to solve geometric nonlinearity and implement the different edge conditions, respectively, for sandwich sigmoid function plate. A few numerical examples validate the accuracy of the present formulation with the results of available theory for different geometric parameters, elastic foundation, and plate configuration. A convergence study is performed to determine the number of terms in order to converge the solution, and it is deduced that considering the first four terms provides sufficient accuracy with average error less than 0.22% which is acceptable for any computation. The present paper is the first proposal to analyze the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of sandwich sigmoid function plate with homogeneous core and functionally graded material face sheets in ambient conditions. This article is also new in its assessment of the plate behavior in terms of predicting the periodicity such as periodic, quasi-periodic, chaotic, etc. and analyzing the frequency-amplitude relation. The aforementioned prediction aids researchers in active control of plates and shells under dynamic loading. It is found that core thickness in the sandwich plate reduces the effect of the nonlinearity. Also, the plate configurations 1-0-1 and 1-8-1 show the sensitive features in the dynamic response with varying aspect factors and span-to-thickness ratios.
How hospital practitioners can support sofa surfing adolescents to access community mental health services: An English perspective
Authors: Quintyne Farrah , Harpin Scott B
Published: February 2020

Informal homelessness or, as Centrepoint describe, ‘the hidden homeless’ includes young people who may sleep on their friends’ or extended family’s couches or floor. They estimate that 103,000 people aged 16–24 in the United Kingdom presented to their Local Authority in 2017–2018 as being or at risk of being homeless. A proportion of young people who experience homelessness rely on their own resources rather than approaching their Local Authority for support. There are a number of barriers that make it harder for any homeless person to access services to enhance their emotional well-being. If a young homeless person presents at a hospital, there is an opportunity for them to be directed to the appropriate support required. This is even more critical when young people have an identified mental health need. The authors will outline ways in which hospital practitioners can support adolescents who are sofa surfing and who have an identified mental health need, to receive community-based support when planning for discharge from hospital.
The association between body weight dissatisfaction with unhealthy eating behaviors and lack of physical activity in adolescents: A systematic review
Authors: Duarte Luciane Simões , Palombo Claudia Nery Teixeira , Solis-Cordero Katherine , Kurihayashi Aline Yukari , Steen Mary , Borges Ana Luiza Vilela , Fujimori Elizabeth
Published: February 2020

A systematic review examined the association between body weight dissatisfaction with unhealthy eating behaviors and lack of physical activity in adolescents, since it represents an alert to adolescent’s health and well-being. Six electronic databases and gray literature were systematically searched from January 1980 to December 2018. A total of 11 articles met the inclusion criteria. Included studies assessed body weight dissatisfaction using different dimensions/components: satisfaction component of the attitudinal dimension was assessed in five studies, behavior component of the attitudinal dimension was assessed in two studies, perceptual dimension was assessed in two studies, and two studies were unclear about dimension. Behaviors: two assessed only unhealthy eating behaviors, six assessed lack of physical activity, and three assessed both behaviors. Only three studies found an association between body weight dissatisfaction with unhealthy eating behaviors, three with lack of physical activity, and one did not perform a statistical test for an association between body weight dissatisfaction with unhealthy eating behaviors and lack of physical activity. Few studies have reported an association between body weight dissatisfaction with one of these unhealthy behaviors. There was substantial heterogeneity related to unit of measures, both for body weight dissatisfaction and for behaviors studied.
A legitimate business? Representations of privatised probation in England and Wales
Authors: Carr Nicola , Robinson Gwen
Published: February 2020

The Transforming Rehabilitation reforms implemented in England & Wales in 2014 witnessed the transfer of responsibility for a large proportion of the work of the public sector probation service to 21 newly created Community Rehabilitation Companies (CRCs), which were contracted out to a range of providers dominated by private sector interests. This part-privatisation of probation services has raised important questions about the legitimacy of the new organisations in the eyes of both internal and external audiences, and about the ‘legitimation work’ that the CRCs might engage in to address any legitimacy deficits they themselves perceive. This article presents the findings of an analysis of the websites of all 21 CRCs, and considers what these externally facing representations of the CRCs suggest about legitimation work in the private probation sector. Our analysis suggests that CRCs use some of the same strategies of legitimation that have been found in another ‘tainted trade’ – the private security industry – and are similarly ambivalent about what – and to whom – they are marketing their ‘business’. We suggest that our analysis sheds new light on old questions about how the somewhat intangible goods of probation work can be captured and communicated to a mixed constituency of potential stakeholders, as well as raising new questions about the role of websites (and other marketing materials) in that endeavour.
Insights to correlations and discrepancies between impaired lung function and heart failure in Eisenmenger patients
Authors: Gumbiene Lina , Kapleriene Lina , Jancauskaite Dovile , Laukyte‐Sleniene Monika , Jureviciene Elena , Rudiene Virginija , Paleviciute Egle , Mataciunas Mindaugas , Sileikiene Virginija
Published: February 2020

Impaired lung function and spirometric signs of airway obstruction without common risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease could be found in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome. This study aimed to analyse the association between lung function parameters and disease severity (including heart failure markers, associated congenital heart defect) as well as the possible reasons for airflow obstruction in Eisenmenger syndrome. The data of 25 patients with Eisenmenger syndrome were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were divided into groups according to airflow obstruction and a type of congenital heart defect. Airflow obstruction was found in nearly third (32%) of our cases and was associated with older age and worse survival. No relation was found between airway obstruction, B‐type natriuretic peptide level, complexity of congenital heart defect and bronchial compression. Most of the patients (88%) had gas diffusion abnormalities. A weak negative correlation was noticed between gas diffusion (diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide) and B‐type natriuretic peptide level (r = −0.437, p = 0.033). Increased residual volume was associated with higher mortality (p = 0.047 and p = 0.021, respectively). A link between B‐type natriuretic peptide and lung diffusion, but not airway obstruction, was found. Further research and larger multicentre studies are needed to evaluate the importance of pulmonary function parameters and mechanisms of airflow obstruction in Eisenmenger syndrome.
Translating the Distant into the Present: How actors address distant past and future events through situated activity
Authors: Hernes Tor , Schultz Majken
Published: February 2020

Situated views demonstrate how ongoing activity is both framed by temporal structures and serves to reproduce those same structures. Yet, recent research on temporality shows that addressing distant events enables actors to reflect on and eventually transform the temporal structures that frame their ongoing activity. We develop a theoretical framework of how actors address distant events through situated activity in organizations in three steps. First, we discuss the notion of situated temporality to describe how actors go beyond, and potentially transform, the temporal structures within which they operate as they address distant events through situated activity. Second, we introduce the concepts of singular and exemplary events to show how distant pasts and futures comprise different combinations of events. Third, we discuss how certain areas of organization studies that advocate a situated view, notably practices, routines and materiality, may benefit from a situated temporal view. At the paper’s conclusion we suggest the concept of ‘temporal translation’ to describe the process of how actors may combine different temporalities through situated activity.
Kinematic and Dynamic Analysis of a 3-PRUS Spatial Parallel Manipulator
Authors: Thomas Mervin Joe , Joy M. L. , Sudheer A. P.
Published: February 2020

Parallel Kinematic Machines (PKMs) are being widely used for precise applications to achieve complex motions and variable poses for the end effector tool. PKMs are found in medical, assembly and manufacturing industries where accuracy is necessary. It is often desired to have a compact and simple architecture for the robotic mechanism. In this paper, the kinematic and dynamic analysis of a novel 3-PRUS (P: prismatic joint, R: revolute joint, U: universal joint, S: spherical joint) parallel manipulator with a mobile platform having 6 Degree of Freedom (DoF) is explained. The kinematic equations for the proposed spatial parallel mechanism are formulated using the Modified Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) technique considering both active and passive joints. The kinematic equations are used to derive the Jacobian matrix of the mechanism to identify the singular points within the workspace. A Jacobian based stiffness analysis is done to understand the variations in stiffness for different poses of the mobile platform and further, it is used to decide trajectories for the end effector within the singularity free region. The analytical model of the robot dynamics is presented using the Euler-Lagrangian approach with Lagrangian multipliers to include the system constraints. The gravity and inertial forces of all links are considered in the mathematical model. The analytical results of the dynamic model are compared with ADAMS simulation results for a pre-defined trajectory of the end effector.
Flow Resistance Modeling for Coolant Distribution within Canned Motor Cooling Loops
Authors: Wang Shengde , Yao Zhenqiang , Shen Hong
Published: February 2020

Taylor–Couette–Poiseuille (TCP) flow dominates the inner water-cooling circulation of canned motor reactor coolant pumps. Current research on TCP flow focuses on torque behaviors and flow regime transitions through experiments and simulations. However, research on axial flow resistance in a large Reynolds number turbulent state is not sufficient, especially for the various flow patterns. This study is devoted to investigating the influence of annular flow on the axial flow resistance of liquid in the coaxial cylinders of the stator and rotor in canned motor reactor coolant pumps, and predicting the coolant flow distribution between the upper coil cooling loop and lower bearing lubricating loop for safe operation. The axial flow resistance, coupled with the annular rotation, is experimentally investigated at a flow rate with an axial Reynolds number,Rea, from 2.6 × 103to 6.0 × 103and rotational Reynolds number,Ret, from 1.6 × 104to 4.0 × 104. It is revealed that the axial flow frictional coefficient varies against the axial flow rate in linear relation sets with logarithmic coordinates, which shift up when the flow has a higherRet. Further examination of the axial flow resistance, with theReaextending to 3.5 × 105andRetup to 1.6 × 105, by simulation shows gentle variation rates in the axial flow frictional coefficients against theRea. The relation curves with different Retvalues converge when theReaexceeds 3.5 × 105. A prediction model for TCP flow consisting of a polygonal approximation with logarithmic coordinates is developed to estimate the axial flow resistance against different axial and rotational Reynolds numbers for the evaluation of heat and mass transfer during transition states and the engineering design of the canned motor chamber structure.