bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PULMONARY DAMAGE DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE OXYGEN BREATHING IN RATS
Authors: Jamieson Dana , Ladner Kathryn , Brenk HAS
Published: December 2007

The sulphydryl and disulphide contents of rat lungs were measured before and after exposure of rats to oxygen at 5 atmospheres absolute (OHP). After 45 minutes at this pressure lung damage occurred, and a decrease in ‐SH groups together with an increase in ‐SS‐ groups was found, such that the ‐SH/‐SS‐ ratio in the lung tissue was halved. Injections of pentobarbital sodium, which protect against OHP lung damage, reduce auto‐oxidation of ‐SH content of lung homogenate exposed to air in euro and also reduce ‐SH oxidation in lungs of OHP exposed rats.
SPLEEN GRAFT GROWTH IN SPLENECTOMISED MICE
Authors: Metcalf Donald
Published: December 2007

Isologous subcutaneous spleen grafts attained a two to five times greater size in splenectomised hosts than in sham‐operated hosts. This size difference was greatest when donor spleens were from mice aged less than twenty‐four hours. Isologous thymus grafts grew equally well in splenectomised und sham‐operated mice. The percentage of lymphoid tissue and lymphocyte mitotic activity were higher in spleen grafts in splenectomised hosts than in grafts in control animals.

No changes were observed in the host lymphoid tissues in any of the mice carrying spleen grafts.
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID BILIRUBIN AND ICTERUS OF THE RABBIT BRAIN
Authors: Watson D , Szego G
Published: December 2007

Intracerebral injection of the alkylating agent N‐ethyl maleimide facilitated the entry of albumin‐bound bilirubin into the cerebrospinal fluid of adult rabbits.

Animals in which very high CSF‐bilirubin levels (> 10 μg./ml.) had been induced showed cerebral icterus. In other animals, no correlation was observed between the CSF‐bilirubin concentration (in the range 1–4 μg./ml.) and the degree of cerebral icterus.

The rabbit brain made hypersensitive by experimental allergic encephalomyelitis showed no abnormal entry of bilirubin.

The type and degree of change is different from that observed in kernicterus. However, present observations are presented to demonstrate the kind of factor which can affect the normal blood‐CSF barrier.
THE EFFECTS OF A NEW BETA ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENT (NETHALIDE; ALDERLIN) UPON THE GENERAL AND CORONARY HAEMODYNAMICS OF THE INTACT ANIMAL
Authors: Maxwell GM , Robertson Evelyn , Elliott RB
Published: December 2007

A beta‐adrenergic blocking agent, Alderlin (2‐isopropyl‐amino‐1‐(2 naphthyl) ethanol hydrochloride), was given intravenously to intact anaesthetised dogs. The following changes were noted: increase in heart rate and cardiac output; decrease in systemic and pulmonary arterial blood pressure and resistances. Coronary blood flow decreased, with an increase in cardiac oxygen consumption. Cardiac efficiency was maintained.
ACTIONS OF METAL CHELATES OF SUBSTITUTED 1,10‐PHENANTHROLINES ON VIRUSES AND CELLS
Authors: White David O , Harris Alan W , Dwyer Francis P , Shulman Albert
Published: December 2007

Some metal chelates of substituted 1, 10‐phenanthrolines inactivate the infectivity of certain viruses. Other viral properties, including haemagglutination, antigenicity and the capacity to adsorb to host cells, are also affected, though to a lesser extent.

The interaction between virus and chelate is partly reversible, since the haemagglutinating capacity of treated virus can be restored by washing.

The relation between chemical structure and activity of various chelates as well as the sensitivity of viruses of differing chemical constitution, indicates that the chelates act purely physically following adsorption to the viral surface.
ACTIONS OF METAL CHELATES OF SUBSTITUTED 1,10‐PHENANTHROLINES ON VIRUSES AND CELLS
Authors: White David O , Harris Alan W , Shulman Albert
Published: December 2007

An assay system has been developed for the rapid and accurate titration of the virus‐inhibitory activity of antiviral agents.

Metal chelates of substituted 1,10‐phenanthrolines, at concentrations well below those lethal to virus, inhibit the growth of influenza virus in chick embryo allantois‐on‐shell in vitro by acting on the host cell.

Amongst a Large group of metal chelates there are significant relationships between chemical structure and virus‐inhibitory activity.

The most active compound, [Ru(3,5,6,8‐tetramethylphen)2acetylacetone]+, at a con centration as low as 10−6M, completely and irreversibly inhibits the growth of up to 10,000 ID50 of virus within 20 minutes of contact with cells. It has no effect on adsorption or penetration of virus into the cell, but acts during the eclipse period to prevent the synthesis of new virus.

All concentrations of [Ru(3,5,6,8‐tetramethylphen2acetylacetone]+ inhibiting viral repro duction also depress the utilization of oxygen by the cells.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE ADHERENCE OF S. TYPHIMURIUM C5 AND MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Auzins Ieva , Rowley D
Published: December 2007

A technique has been evolved whereby the rate of attachment or adherence of bacteria to mouse peritoneal macrophages can be studied.

The aim of the technique was to obtain samples, taken at intervals after mixing a suspension of bacteria and macrophages, which contained bacteria not yet associated with cells. This was achieved by passing the test suspensions through filters holding back macrophages but allowing tin‐ free passage of bacteria not attached to these cells.

Using this method no association of S. typhimurium C5 with macrophages occurs unless the organisms have been opsonised. It has also been shown that there are one or more heat‐labile antigens present on the surface of this organism. These must be covered before the organism will adhere to the surface of mouse macrophages.
STUDIES OF THE MECHANISM OF CATION TRANSPORT
Authors: Charnock JS , Post RL
Published: December 2007

The distribution and activity of adenosine‐triphosphatase in homogenates and subtractions of guinea pig kidney cortex has been examined. A portion of the activity associated with particulate fractions could be further stimulated, in the presence of magnesium ions, by the combined addition of sodium and potassium ions but not by the addition of either cation alone or in combination with choline.

Treatment of the heavy microsome subfraction with deoxycholate resulted in a large increase in the specific activity of this enzyme, which now required sodium and potassium ions in a ratio of 4 : 1 for over 85 p.c. of its total activity. Under such conditions of cation stimulation, optimum pH was found to be between 7.5 and 8.0, and the enzyme also exhibited considerable temperature dependence and was stable up to 55°C.

The cardiac glycoside Ouabain completely inhibited that portion of enzyme activity stimulated by monovalent cations but was without effect on the activity observed in the presence of magnesium ions alone.

The effect of other reagents and hormones on the cation stimulated adenosine‐triphosphatase activity was also examined, with a discussion of the possible significance of this enzyme in active cation transport.
EGG YOLK PHOSPHOLIPIDS INCLUDING PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS IN BLOOD COAGULATION
Authors: Fantl P , Ward HA
Published: December 2007

The coagulation activity of an ether extract of the acetone‐insoluble material from yolks of eggs of domestic fowl was very low in comparison with a similar extract prepared from mammalian brain.

The ether‐soluble material was Chromatography on silica gel using chloroform‐methanol for elution with stepwise increases in the methanol concentration.

Fractions eluted with chloroform‐methanol, 90:10 (v/v), contained phosphatidic acids and showed considerable coagulation activity.

Phosphatidylethanolamines were only slightly active.

Phosphatidylcholines were inactive.

Heating of ether‐soluble egg yolk phospholipids in air increased coagulation activity and resulted in a decrease in the amino N:P ratio but no significant alteration in unsaturation.

Pure phosphatidylethanolamine heated in air did not show an increase in coagulation activity.

Admixture of phosphatidylcholines with phosphatidylethanolamines did not result in any increase in activity.

Enzymatically prepared phosphatidates were less active than the active fraction of egg yolk phospholipids.
A FREEZE‐DRYING ASSEMBLY FOR LABORATORY USE
Authors: Annear DI
Published: December 2007

A description is given of freeze‐drying apparatus which can be assembled in a laboratory workshop. The apparatus employs a mechanically refrigerated coil which can also be used to cool a tank for freezing experiments. The assembly permits considerable flexibility in the arrangement of component parts.
THE LABELLING OF HUMAN PLATELETS WITH RADIOCHROMATE
Authors: Davey MG , Lander Harry
Published: December 2007

A technique for the labelling of human blood platelets with radioactive sodium chromate is described, und is compared with those previously in use. The uptake of radiochromate by platelets is greatest when the platelet suspension is of small volume, plasma protein is absent, and the sodium chromate concentration is 0·2 to 3·0 μg. per 1010 platelets. The rate of the reaction is not affected by its duration up to 40 minutes, but is enhanced by an increase in temperature. About one‐third of platelets in suspensions labelled as described are viable, and survive in the circulation for 8–10 days.
GENETIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE VIRULENCE OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM FOR MICE
Authors: Krishnapillai V , Reeves PR , Rowley D
Published: December 2007

From a mouse virulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium C5 a leucine‐requiring mutant was obtained by ultra‐violet irradiation. The mutant was found to be relatively avirulent. On transduction of the mutant to prototrophy it still retained its avirulence therefore the leucine mutation appears to be unrelated to virulence.

On the basis of the genetic investigations it was suspected that a single genetic difference existed between the two strains. A qualitative antigenic difference could not be demonstrated using serum bactericidal tests or by intravenous clearance of radioactive bacteria. However, a quantitative difference in some heat‐labile antigenic component was suggested by studying the survival characteristics of both the bacterial strains in the mouse peritoneum using suitably absorbed sera to preopsonise the bacteria.
OPSONINS IN PIG SERUM AND THEIR PURIFICATION
Authors: Turner KJ , Rowlky Derrick
Published: December 2007

The opsonins in pig scrum to S. typhimurium C5 have been prepared by three methods and shown to be 19S macroglobulins. The opsonins isolated by chromatography on DEAE cellulose contained in addition activity towards E. coli 2206, L. monocytogenes and agglutinated mouse red blood cells. By adsorption of pig serum proteins onto and subsequent elution off C5 cell walls, opsonins specific for this organism could be obtained. While recovery of activity by such procedures was only 10 p.c. the activity per mg. protein was 100‐fold that of pig serum.
MICROELECTRODE MEASUREMETS OF MEMBRANE RESISTANCE AND CAPACITANCE IN THE SARTORIUS MUSCLE OF THE TOAD (BUFO MARINUS)
Authors: Pugsley ID
Published: December 2007

Electrical impedance measurements using two inserted microelectrodes have confirmed that the properties of the toad sartorius muscle fibre, over its liner range, may by represented by a core‐conductor model. It was found that for small values of applied current the voltage‐length relation was exponential, with a length constant averaging 0·15 cm. The voltage response to a step function of current was similar to the error function of the squre root of time, with an average membrane time constatat of 20 msec. Input resistance measurments averaged 500,000 ohm, fibre diameter 60 micron, and saline resistivity 69 ohm cm., leading to the values:

membrane conductivity 3·5 × 10−4 mho/cm.2

membrane resistivity 2,800 ohm. cm.2

membrane capacity 7·1 μF/cm.2

myoplasm resistivity 190 ohm. cm.

It was shown that the difference between a two‐path and three‐path model for the cell membrane admittance cannot be accurately analysed by means of a time‐response method.
THE EFFECT OF VASOPRESSIN ON WATER AND ELECTROLYTE EXCRETION BY THE SHEEP
Authors: Cross RB , Thornton WM , Tweddell ED
Published: December 2007

The acute effects of vasopressin (40 mU) were studied in the conscious sheep.

Vasopressin caused consistent increases in K and C1 excretion and variable increases in Na and total solute output. These changes occurred within 10 min., reached a peak within 30 min. and subsided within 60 min.

When the urine was initially dilute (< 800 μosmoles/ml.) vasopressin caused an antidiuresis. When the original concentration exceeded 1000 (μosmoles/ml. vasopressin caused small increases in urine flow.

Vasopressin always increased water reabsorption relative to solute reabsorption.
ADOPTIVE TRANSFER OF ANTIBODY PRODUCTION IN THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Lind Patricia E , Ernyei Susi
Published: December 2007

A study has been made of the conditions under which antibody to bacteriophage is produced in the chick embryo chorio‐allantoic membrane (CAM), following the direct inoculation of spleen cells from an adult fowl previously inoculated with bacteriophage.

Antibody is produced in the CAM when spleen cells are transferred 48 hours after a primary in vivo antigenic stimulus, and in greater amounts following transfer 24 hours after a secondary in vivo stimulus. High titres of antibody also appear in the blood and spleen of the recipients.

Cells transferred after a primary stimulus given either in vitro or by simultaneous injection of cells and antigen produced very small amounts of antibody.

The transfer of spleen cells from stimulated adult fowls to genetically dissimilar recipients is accompanied by the appearance of proliferative lesions on the CAM. These are characteristic of the Simonsen phenomenon, and are a manifestation of the graft versus host reaction. When the donor and recipient are derived from the same highly inbred strains of fowls, few, if any, lesions develop. There is no macroscopic evidence for the proliferation of the donor cells, but antibody, in comparable amounts to that produced in outbred systems, appears in the recipient membranes.
STUDIES OF THE MECHANISM OF CATION TRANSPORT
Authors: Charnock JS , Rosenthal AS , Post RL
Published: December 2007

Membrane‐bound cation stimulated adenosine‐triphosphatase is thought to he closely associated with active ion transport phenomena. As this enzyme system requires the combination of both sodium and potassium ions for full activation its mechanism of action has been investigated under these conditions. Using adenosine triphosphate labelled with P32 only in the terminal position as substrate for the reaction we have been able to show that ATP32 is hydrolysed to adenosine diphosphate and radioactive orthophosphate via a phosphorylated intermediate. Sodium but not potassium ions are required for the formation of this intermediate and adenosine diphosphate; potassium ions are subsequently required for dephosphorylation of the intermediate complex with the release of P32 orthophosphate — that is, both sodium and potassium ions arr required for the turnover of the intermediate in a two step reaction.

The cardiac glycoside ouabain (Strophanthin‐G) is without effect upon the formation of this intermediate complex, but can completely inhibit the K+ — requiring dephosphorylation reaction. Preliminary experiments indicate that sodium ions are bound to the enzyme system during the phosphorylation reaction and are released when this complex is broken down. Solvent extraction procedures designed to remove phospholipid components did not decrease the specific activity of the phosphorylated intermediate which suggests that it is phosphoprotein in nature.

These results support the belief that Na+ + K + activated ATPase participates in active cation transport in a physical as well as chemical sense, and a possible biochemical mechanism of active cation transport is suggested.
APPLICATION OF A TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUE TO SCREEN COMPOUNDS FOR THE PREVENTION OF LIPOID DEPOSITION IN AORTA CELLS
Authors: Curtis RG , Galvin Margaret P
Published: December 2007

An in vitro technique is described which is suitable for testing the ability of compounds to protect aorta cells against cholesterol‐induced lipoid deposition. However, some compounds known to be active in reducing the serum cholesterol level in humans were not effective in preventing lipoid deposition in vitro.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF IRON FOLLOWING PARENTERAL INJECTION OR ORAL INGESTION
Authors: Walsh RJ , Cantrill Shirley , Sanford Rona
Published: December 2007

Tracer doses of iron salts containing 59Fe were administered to rats by mouth and by intravenous injection. At various intervals 59Fe in the blood and organs was measured by radioassay. The distribution was similar after intravenous injection to that following oral ingestion. An increase of storage iron in the liver and spleen, produced by injections of iron‐dextran or of red cell iron, resulted in an increased amount of the tracer dose in the tissues. Stimulated haemopoiesis following haemolysis of red cells increased the 59Fe in the blood, and transfusion polycythaemia, which depressed haemopoiesis, diverted absorbed tracer iron to the tissues. It is noted that two factors influencing the distribution of absorbed iron in the body ‐ the size of the iron stores and the rate of haemopoiesis ‐ also regulate the amount of iron absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Iron absorbed from haemoglobin and liver in food is distributed in the same way as iron absorbed from iron salts. Iron from haemoglobin injected intravenously or subcutaneously ill distributed in a different manner.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF SKIN, HAIR AND EYE COLOURS IN AN AUSTRALIAN POPULATION
Authors: Keogh EV , Read G
Published: December 2007

The distributions are recorded of the colours of the skin, hair and eyes in a sample of 4,843 Australians. A genetic analysis of the data on a multifactorial hypothesis is attempted and is illustrated by two models.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Mitchell Judith , McDonald Wendy , Nossal GJV
Published: December 2007

Rats were given a single intravenous injection of 3H‐thymidine in order to study two related questions, namely, the extent of reutilization of DNA amongst lymphoid cells and the relative rates of proliferation in various lymphoid organs. Autoradiographs of thymus, spleen and mesenteric and popliteal lymph nodes were prepared from rats killed five minutes to 20 days after the single administration of isotope. They were exposed for a length of time sufficient to give readily detectable labelling of the blast cells.

It was shown that the kinetics of fall of the mean grain count in blast cells was not consistent with the generally‐accepted view for the source of labelling. Rather, they supported the view that continuous, but diminishing, reutilization of DNA occurred and that the greater part of the label seen amongst blast cells at three days after the administration of the isotope and thereafter was in fact ascribable to this source. The mean grain count of thymic blasts was three to four times lower than that of blast cells from other lymphoid organs.

The thymus contained about five times as many cells capable of DNA synthesis as did the mesenteric lymph node or spleen, which in turn contained about four tunes as many as unstimulated popliteal nodes. Further, the rate of proliferation in the thymus was such that by one day, 50 p.c., and by four days over 90 p.c. of thymic cells were labelled. By contrast, the proportion of labelled cells in the other organs rose much more slowly. This finding raised an important issue about the fate of thymic small lymphocytes, which is the subject of further investigation.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Nossal GJV , Mitchell Judith , McDonald Wendy
Published: December 2007

The primary immune response in rat popliteal lymph nodes to Salmonella flagella was studied by a combination of autoradiographic and single‐cell micromanipulatory techniques from the following three points of view: the cellular proliferative changes in the nodes; the kinetics of appearance of serum antibody; and the functional potential of small lymphocytes.

It was shown that changes in cellular proliferation in the node occurred virtually without lag. Blast cells divided exponentially, giving rise to the exponential appearance of plasma cells and of cells forming antibody detectable by single cell techniques. Mature plasma cells, active single cells and the first trace of detectable scrum antibody all made their appearance simultaneously shortly after three days. The results suggested that antigen has the dual function of causing certain cells to proliferate and simultaneously to differentiate into massive protein producers, capable of accelerated antibody synthesis. Considerable net immigration of cells into the nodes during the first days was also suggested.

The rise in serum antibody titres was exponential for two days or so following its first appearance. The lower the dose of antigen given, the earlier did the first traces of detectable antibody appear in the serum.

The pattern of labelling of the first‐appearing plasmablasts did not favour the view that they were derived by dedifferentiation of small lymphocytes, as has been suggested in homograft situations. Rather, they suggested derivation from primitive lymphocytes, as in our previous studies on the secondary response. However, in view of the problems of reutilization discussed in the previous paper of this series, formal proof of a lack of participation of small lymphocytes could not be obtained.
THE AUTONOMOUS BEHAVIOUR OF NORMAL THYMUS GRAFTS
Authors: Metcalf Donald
Published: December 2007

The growth of individual thymus grafts in isologous mice was unaffected by the presence of as many as twenty‐three other thymus grafts in the same host animal. The lymphoid organs of mice bearing multiple thymus grafts showed little deviation from normal.

Thymus fragments, as small as 0·5 mg., were successfully grafted, but all successful grafts contained medullary tissue. The percentage of medullary tissue in all types of thymus grafts was constant and the size attained by a thymus graft appeared to be determined by the size of the surviving medullary tissue from the original graft.
THE INFLUENCE OF SPLENECTOMY IN NZB MICE
Authors: Holmes Margaret C , Burnet FM
Published: December 2007

Splenectomy has been performed in mice of the “autoimmune” strain NZB either at one to four months of age (early) or after eight months of age when the Coombs positive state is established (late).

Early splenectomy increased the incidence of lethal nephritis in both males and females but significantly diminished survival time only in females. It also delayed conversion to the Coombs positive state and diminished other manifestations of the haemolytic process in males.

Late splenectomy showed no significant results in these respects.
CELL CHANGES IN ECTROMELIA VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Burgh PM
Published: December 2007

The changes resulting from massive intravenous doses of ectromelia virus have been studied in the liver. The growth of virus and the changes in the composition of whole liver and of its cytoplasmic components, in various biochemical functions of the liver, and in its histology are described. A drop in the rate of synthesis of some proteins by the liver has been found at a time when the rate of virus synthesis is increasing. Luria's theory of virus‐produced repressors of host function is discussed in relation to findings in this host‐ virus system.
ANTIBODY IN THE RENAL TUBULES AND URINE OF MICE
Authors: Faine S
Published: December 2007

An agar‐gel immune haemolysis method was developed for detecting antibody in the lumen of tubular structures in tissue sections. It was used to show haemolytic antibody in renal tubules and blood‐vessels in immunized mice. Globulins and antibody were also found by gel‐diffusion precipitin and immunoelectrophoresis techniques in concentrates of urine from normal or from immunized mice.
SEDIMENTATION AND DIFFUSION STUDIES ON PURIFIED HAEMOGLOBIN H
Authors: Curtain CC , Pye J
Published: December 2007

A purified sample of haemoglobin H of New Guinea origin was examined in the analytical ultracentrifuge and by diffusion. The results indicated that, within the limits of the methods used, the haemoglobin preparation was homogeneous. A value of 66,000 was obtained for the molecular weight.
THE EFFECTS OF CALCIUM DEPLETION OF CARDIAC MUSCLE UPON THE RELATION BETWEEN STIMULUS PATTERN AND ACTION POTENTIAL, ANALYSED IN TERMS OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Authors: Gibbs CL
Published: December 2007

The effects of reducing the external calcium concentration to one quarter normal have been studied on action potentials from the rabbit right ventricle. It has been shown that calcium reduction has little effect on the relationship between the steady state action potential area and the frequency of stimulation. It does, however, greatly increase the rate at which the action potential area alters upon changing from one constant stimulus rate to another. These effects are examined in terms of a mathematical model proposed by Gibbs, Johnson and Tille (1963). The ability of this type of experimental approach to reveal changes in the mechanisms responsible for the generation of the cardiacaction potential is demonstrated.
INDIRECT TRANSFER OF RADIOGENIC LYMPHOMA
Authors: Ilbery PLT , Winn SM
Published: December 2007

An incidence of generalised lymphoma of twenty‐two per cent has been seen in mice surviving neonatal inoculation with cell‐free extracts of radiation‐induced lymphomas. The median time to lymphoma induction was 600 days, compared with a mean induction time of some 200 days in the propositi following a leukaemogenic schedule of irradiation. Chromosome abnormalities which were seen in high frequency in radiogenic lymphoma were also observed in the lymphomas which followed inoculation with cell‐free extracts.
STUDIES OF ARTHROPOD‐BORNE VIRUS INFECTIONS IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Doherty RL , Carley JG , Gorman BM , Buchanan Patricia , Welch JS , Whitehead RH
Published: December 2007

The group‐reactive haemagglutination‐inhibition (HI) test applied to sera collected from children and sentinel fowls detected a series of infections with group B arboviruses in the Carpentaria‐Cape York Peninsula area between 1957 and 1961. The more specific neutralization test suggested that the infecting viruses included kunjin (several centres in 1958–1959), Kokobera (Mapoon, 1957–1959) and Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) (Mitchell River, 1960), Neutralization tests of egg‐yolks confirmed the occurrence of group B arbovirus infection at several centres in north and north‐west Queensland in 1959–60 and 1960–61.

Mitchell River had evidence of a very high incidence of group B infection, in that 177 of 204 human survey sera were positive to MVE by the HI test. Neutralization tests on these sera provided additional evidence that Kunjin and Kokobera can infect man.

Group B antibody was less frequent in human sera collected on the east coast of Queensland. Evidence of Kokobera and possibly Kunjin infection was found in man at Lockhart River. Some sera collected in Brisbane from patients with various diagnoses and human survey sera from Murray, Yama and Yorke Islands in Torres Strait had group B antibodies suggesting previous infection with dengue.

Group B antibody was found in sera from horses (central and north Queensland), cattle (north and western Queensland), kangaroos (western Queensland), wallabies (south‐east Queensland) and domestic fowls (north Queensland). Neutralization tests suggested that the kangaroo antibody was to Kokobera and the wallaby antibody to Edge Hill. MVE and Kokobera appeared to be responsible for antibody in horses and cattle, and MVE (at Normanton and Townsville) and Kunjin (at Dunbar) for antibody in domestic fowls.
THE EFFECT OF URETHANE ON MITOTIC CELLS OF MICE OF DIFFERENT AGES AND STRAINS
Authors: Wakonig‐Vaartaja R
Published: December 2007

In the four mouse strains used (A, Gowan A, E × H and C3H), the incidence of aberrant metaphases in bone marrow and spleen was recorded. Both tissues in the Gowan A mice showed a higher susceptibility to urethane than did those of the other three strains.

The effect of urethane on the mitotic cells of mice of different ages and strains is shown. By studying ttie incidence of abnormal metaphases in the spleen, 2–12 day old mice were found to be more susceptible to urethane than older mice.

An estimation of the mitotic index in the spleen of mice of different ages showed a marked decline from two to 12 days old, and then maintained a steady level.
THE APPLICATION OF THE FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE TO THE DETECTION OF CANDIDA ALBICANS IN ORAL PATHOLOGICAL MATERIAL
Authors: Schamschula RG
Published: December 2007

The fluorescent antibody technique was applied to the detection of Candida albicans in oral smears. C. albicans was identified by cultural methods in 44 of 50 cases of suspected Candidiasis. When the fluorescent antibody technique was used, the organism was detected and identified in the original pathological material in 42 cases (95·4 per cent). This technique appears to be superior to other commonly‐used microscopical methods as far as the facility of detection of the organism is concerned and has the added advantage of serological specificity.
THE EFFECT OF TRAUMATIC SHOCK ON METABOLISM OF ETHYL ALCOHOL IN MICE
Authors: Lykke AWJ , Kosche ER
Published: December 2007

In a controlled experiment using 27 pairs of litter‐mate white mice matched for weight, the rates of whole body metabolism of ethyl alcohol after intraperitoneal injection of ethyl alcohol were found to be significantly slower in animals in which a closed fracture of the femur was produced at the time of ethyl alcohol injection. Significant depressions of ethyl alcohol metabolism were found at 1, 1½ and 2 hours after production of the fracture. There was no significant interaction between treatments (i.e. the fracture versus the control) and the times at which estimations were made, but the rates of ethyl alcohol metabolism in control and fractured animals were significantly slower in the period 1½‐2 hours than in the period 1–1½ hours after ethyl alcohol injection.

There was no significant sequestration of ethyl alchol in the fracture site, nor was there a significant difference between control and fractured animals in the whole‐body concentration of endogenous produced ethyl alcohol.
THE SYNTHESIS OF LIPID FROM ACETATE‐2‐14C IN THE ISOLATED PERFUSED NORMAL AND CHOLINE‐DEFICIENT LIVER OF THE RAT
Authors: Mishkel MA , Morris Bede
Published: December 2007

The synthesis of liver lipids from atetate‐2‐14C and the oxidation of acetate‐2‐14C were studied in the isolated perfused liver from rats fed either on normal or choline‐deficient diets. Lipogenesis and oxidation of 14C acetate to CO2 were significantly lower in livers from rats fed a choline‐deficient diet than in livers from rots fed a normal diet. Livers from rats fed on a choline‐deficient diet added esterified fat to the perfusate at about the same rate as did livers from normal rats. Fatly acids synthesized from 14C acetate were also retransported into the perfusate by livers from rats fed on the choline‐deficient diet. Although retransport of lipid from the liver is not blocked in choline deficiency, the fractional rate of turnover of liver lipids due to retransport is significantly reduced.
A QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE SHORT TERM CHANGES IN THE FORCE OF CONTRACTION OF RABBIT PAPILLARY MUSCLE WITH THE PATTERN OF STIMULATION
Authors: Johnson EA , Rowe MJ , Vaughan PC
Published: December 2007

The peak isometric tension developed during a twitch of isolated rabbit papillary muscle has been measured. The rapid short‐term changes in the peak tension produced by changes in the rate of stimulation have been investigated in experiments designed to avoid the irreversible effects of anoxia and fatigue. The experimental results have been shown to be well described by a hypothetical system in which the peak isometric tension, F, developed in a twitch is directly proportional to the magnitude, just prior to the twitch. of a hypothetical quantity, P; thus,     where K, a and b air constants and γ0 is tht‐ value of γ at t = P declines suddenly in a twilch and is subsequently regenerated in way described by equation (2), where γ is another quantity which increases suddenly in a twitch by an amount Δγ, and declines in between twiches according to equation (3).
SERUM AND LIVER FOLATE ACTIVITY IN THE RAT
Authors: Kelly A , Davis RE
Published: December 2007

Rats fed a folic acid‐deficient diet were found to have markedly diminished liver and serum folate activity. The body/liver weights ratio was significantly increased compared with a group of normal controls. All the folic acid‐deficient rats excreted the histidine metabolite formiminoglutamic acid, but this material was not excreted by any of the control groups.
THE BASIS FOR IMMUNITY TO MOUSE TYPHOID
Authors: Jenkin CR , Rowley D , Auzins I
Published: December 2007

A study has been made of the carrier state in mouse typhoid. The carrier state was induced using an avirulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium. The results indicate that the enhanced resistance to superinfection with the virulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium during this period is due to the production of specific antibody and not to any specific peculiarity of the phagocytic cells. The persistence of bacteria in tho reticulo‐endothelial system has been shown to be due to a heterogeneity in the bactericidal properties of the population of phagocytic cells. The importance of these observations with reference to the concept of cellular immunity is discussed.
THE BASIS FOR IMMUNITY TO MOUSE TYPHOID
Authors: Rowley D , Turner KJ , Jenkin CR
Published: December 2007

The data presented show that the capacity to transfer immunity to mouse typhoid passively by phagocytic cells harvested from the peritoneal cavity of immune mice is due to the presence of cell‐bound antibody. This antibody, which may be fluted from the “immune” cells, has been shown to be a 19S macroglobulin. The pertinence of these observations iu relation to the concept of cellular immunity is discussed.
THE EXPRESSION OF HETEROPHILE ANTIGENICITY BY SALMONELLAE
Authors: Collins FM , Rowley Derrick
Published: December 2007

S. enteritidis and S. pullorum‐gallinarum were grown in mouse or fowl liver homogenate in 30 per cent serum broth for 10 successive subcultures. Fowls were immunised with suspensions of these organisms after one subculture in a defined casamino acid medium. Increased titres of haemagglutinating antibodies against mouse and rabbit red cells were detected in the fowl antisera. Cultures of both organisms grown in 30 per cent horse, pig, shark, kangaroo, rabbit or human serum broth all strongly absorbed the fowl serum haemagglutinins. The original strain of S. enteritidis could absorb the fowl serum haemagglutinins after one subculture in 30 per cent horse serum broth. This absorptive ability decreased sharply after one subculture in the synthetic medium.
THE EFFECT OF THE GROWTH RATE ON THE COMPOSITION OF S. ENTERITIDIS CELL WALLS
Authors: Collins FM
Published: December 2007

S. Enteritidis Se 795 was grown in a chemostat under carefully controlled environmental conditions. Cells were grown at progressively faster dilution rates and the chemical composition of the cell walls was determined quantitatively. The total nitrogen and protein content of the walls decreased significantly as the growth rate increased. Chromatographic examination of hydrolysed cell walls showed a decrease in the mannose, rhamnose and tyvelose content of the walls with increasing rate of growth. Agglutination tests revealed that the fastest growing cells underwent a partial smooth to rough antigenic variation which was reversed when the growth rate was again reduced.
ENZYME CHANGES IN THE PLASMA AND PERITONEAL EXUDATE OF THE RAT FOLLOWING PANCREATIC DUCT OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Herriott BA , Palmer AA
Published: December 2007

Amylase and lipase activity in the plasma and amylase activity in the peritoneal exudate have been followed in female albino rats after pancreatic duct obstruction with bile bypass and after obstruction to the common pancreaticobiliary duct.

The enzyme activities rose rapidly to a maximum in 6 to 12 hours after operation; thereafter in rats with pancreaticobiliary duct ligation the levels fell at first rapidly and then more slowly; when the pancreatic duet alone was obstructed a second peak of activity occurred at 24 hours.

When the enzyme levels were raised the ratio of amylase activity in the peritoneal exudate to that in the plasma became reversed from the normal and remained fairly steady at the altered value of about 14:1. With obstruction to the pancreatic duct alone there was a close correlation between peritoneal exudate amylase and plasma amylase in rats killed at the same time after operation; the correlation was not so close when the pancreaticobiliary duct was obstructed.

The ratio of plasma amylase to plasma lipase fluctuated with time after operation.
ANTIGENS IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Nossal GJV , Ada GL , Austin Caroline M
Published: December 2007

An investigation of the immunogenicity of three flagellar preparations, namely, intact flagella, polymerized flagellin and the soluble, low molecular weight protein flagellin, was performed in rats. Despite the similarity of in vitro serological behaviour of these three antigens, important differences in their in vivo immunological effectiveness were noted. While flagella and polymerized flagellin caused first 19S antibody formation and later prolonged 7S antibody formation, flagellin appeared to be quite incapable of inducing a 19S primary response. Further, the peak titres achieved with Hagellin were lower than those with the other antigens. Polymerized flagellin was somewhat less immunogenic than were flageila.

The study covered a dosage range of 10 logs.10, i.e., from 10–12 g. to 10–2 g. Clear‐cut dose‐response relationships could be observed for the shortlived 19S response caused by flagella or polymerized flagellin, over the dose range 10 ng. (0·01 μg.) to 10 μg. For the 7S response, particularly with flagellin, dose‐response relationships were not established. Remarkably small doses, namely, 100 ng. (0·1 μg.) of flagella, 1 μg. of polymerized flagellin and 10 μg. (0·01 μg.) of flagellin caused peak 7S titres to appear. Doses as small as 100 pg. (0·0001 μg.) occasionally caused antibody production.

Doses of antigen too small to cause a detectable 19S response were followed by a lag period of about two weeks during which serum antibody levels remained below the threshold of our test. Then antibody litres rose steadily until six or eight weeks after injection, Peak levels were maintained for over six weeks, and fell slowly. At 34 weeks, when the experiments were stopped, antibody litres were still quite high, The lag period with doses which caused 19S antibody production was much shorter, generally less than four days. In such animals, 19S antibody was gradually replaced by 7S antibody during the second week, and again it took several weeks for peak 7S litres to be leached.

These results emphasized the need to use small doses in any meaningful study of antigen distribution, localization, behaviour and fate.
ANTIGENS IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Ada GL , Nossal GJV , Pye J
Published: December 2007

Antigens of various kinds were trace‐labelled with 131I or 125I and small amounts injected into the hind foot‐pads of rats. The distribution of antigen between the major lymphoid organs of the body was studied after killing rats at various intervals after antigen injection and estimating the amount of radioactivity.

The preparations used were flagella and flagellin from Salmonella bacteria, bovine serum albumin, horse ferritin, diphtheria toxoid, insulin, gelatin, whole rat serum, rat albumin, rat 7S globulin, rat haemoglobin, rat red cells and chick red cells. The dose injected varied between 16 μg. and 16 nanogram (ng), a range of 1,000‐fold, except with red cells where the dose was 1–4 × 108 red cells. Iodination was carried out mainly by direct oxidation with chloramine‐T. The levels of iodination achieved varied but were usually within the range 0·01–0·3, and never higher than 0·85 g. atom iodide per 30,000 g. of protein. Flagellar antigens labelled in this way retained their immunogenicity.

After injection, the distribution of antigen through the body varied according to the nature of the antigen but in no case was more than 2 per cent found in the major lymphoid organs. With flagellin, detectable antibody formation was thus induced by less than 109 molecules. In the popliteal node, which drained the injection site, the relative concentration of antigen was 10 times higher than in the aortic node, and 100 times higher than in the spleen.

When flagella were used as test antigen, the popliteal nodes were found to trap a relatively constant proportion of antigen irrespective of the dose injected, or the volume of the inoculum. The size of the nodes appeared not to influence the uptake.

The popliteal nodes trapped different antigens to different extents and retention also varied. For some antigens, the half life of persistence in the nodes was calculated, and results varied from three weeks for flagella to four days for diphtheria toxoid. No correlation was found between immunogenicity of an antigen and the extent to which it was trapped by the popliteal nodes.
ANTIGENS IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Nossal GJV , Ada GL , Austin Caroline M
Published: December 2007

Isolated flagella from Salmonella bacteria were trace‐labelled with carrier‐free 125I or 131I, and small amounts of antigen of high specific activity were injected into the hind foot‐pads of rats. The pattern of antigen localization and the series of cellular changes induced were subsequently followed by killing rats at various intervals and preparing autoradiographs of their popliteal and aortic lymph nodes. Excellent autoradiographs could be obtained with doses as small as 16 ng., which is in the vicinity of the lowest immunizing dose.

The antigen localized predominantly in two sites: in the macrophages of the medullary sinuses of the nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles. The pattern of labelling over the follicles suggested that, here too, the antigen was contained in macrophages, but that those in the follicles had long dendritic branches closely associated with the lymph node reticulum.

Typical germinal centres developed immediately deep to the labelled follicles within five to seven days. Though lines of grains extended into the germinal centre, it appeared more likely that this label was between, rather than in, the blast cells. In the medulla of the node, plasmacytopoiesis proceeded rapidly between the third and fifth day, after which plasma cells could be seen in the medullary cords in excessive numbers for at least 10 weeks. While macrophages in the medulla were heavily labelled, and there was thus some problem of “spray” of grains, especially when 131I was used, it was clear that the majority of the plasma cells formed during the immune response exhibited background labelling only. This indicated that very little, if any, antigen was present in the antibody‐producing cells themselves.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF NUCLEIC ACID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM IN LYMPHOID CELLS
Authors: Mitchell Judith
Published: December 2007

In vitro studies with antibody‐producing cells in culture showed that blast cells were much more active in continuous incorporation of the RNA precursor, 3H‐uridine, than were either mature plasma cells or small lymphocytes. After one hour of incubation, blast cells had incorporated more than 100 times the amount of labelled uridine taken up by plasma cells. Nuclease‐digested smears showed that in blast cells, nuclear RNA was rapidly labelled, while there was a slower rise in labelled cytoplasmic RNA and nuclear DNA. No DNAase‐sensitive incorporation was detected in small lymphocytes or mature plasma cells. Despite their low uptake of labelled uridine, mature plasma cells showed active protein synthesis at about 70 per cent the level of blast cells. The ratios of uridine uptake per mole of lencine incorporated by mature phasma cells were: blasts, 93; small lymphocytes, 8; mature plasma cells, 1. This indicated the lack of dependence of protein synthesis in mature plasma cells on concomitant RNA synthesis.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF NUCLEIC ACID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM IN LYMPHOID CELLS
Authors: Mitchell Judith
Published: December 2007

Short pulse labelling of lymph node cells with 3H‐uridine in vitro showed that blast cells retained the label they had acquired for at least a further six hours in non‐radioactive medium. However, within the cell, a decrease in labelled nuclear RNA was observed, with a corresponding increase in labelled cytoplasmic RNA and nuclear DNA.

3H‐leucine pulse experiments showed that the mature plasma cells secrete labelled protein faster than blast cells, whilst small lymphocytes appear to make only small amounts of fairly stable protein. The differences between the behaviour of the lymph node cells in protein synthesis in vitro were confirmed in vivo.

Studies with actinomycin D showed that all RNA synthesis in blast cells could be uncoupled from 70 per cent of the protein synthesis during three hours′ exposure to the drug. Of the blast cell's RNA, 25 per cent seemed to be more sensitive than the rest to low concentrations of the drug.
THE ECOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF REOVIRUS
Authors: Stanley NF , Leak Pamela J , Grieve Gillian M , Perret Dorothy
Published: December 2007

Tests for VN and HI antibodies against reoviruses in the sera of quokkas of Bald Island, wallabies of the Abrolhos Islands, sheep, bats, rainbow trout, and humans of different age groups, have confirmed the apparent extraordinary ubiquity of reoviruses. HI and VN antibody to all three types of reovirus are present in a high percentage of sera of quokkas inhabiting Bald Island, As far as historical records show, these marsupials have had little contact with humans. These findings do not support the concept that man is the major reservoir of reovirus infection. Possible explanations for the widespread occurrence of reovirus “antibody” in vertebrates are considered.
THE ESTIMATION OF TESTOSTERONE IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS:
Authors: Dulmanis Ausma , Coghlan JP , Wintour Marelyn , Hudson B
Published: December 2007

A method is described for the estimation of testosterone in urine. This is a double isotope dilution derivative procedure similar to the method previously described for the estimation of testosterone in peripheral plasma.

Testosterone is found in three fractions from urine—in the free fraction extracted at neutral pH, in a pH 1 fraction in which testosterone is released after incubation with mineral acid at pH 1 at 40°, and following incubation with β‐glucuronidase. Values from a series of normal males and females art; given as well as from a series of patients with a variety of endocrine disorders.
SOME ACTIONS OF CATECHOLAMINES ON THE SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE GUINEA‐PIG VAS DEFERENS
Authors: Holman Mollie E , Jowett Alison
Published: December 2007

The potentiating action of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the contractions of the isolated guinea‐pig vas deferens in response to hypogastric nerve stimulation was, reversed in the presence of low (i.e., non‐blocking) concentrations of tlie α adrenergic blocking drugs. Reduction in amplitude of the nerve‐induced contractions also occcurred when isoprenaline was added to the organ bath. DCI blockd the inhibition caused by isoprenaline and by adrenaline in the presence of α blocking drugs. These catecholamines also reduced the contractions of the vas deferens in response to acetylcholine. It is suggested that these results can be explained by the presence of both α and β receptors in this non‐Spontaneously active smooth muscle.