bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDI KRITIK TERHADAP PENENTUAN ARAH KIBLAT DAN AWAL BULAN QAMARIYAH PEMIKIRAN KH. AHMAD DAHLAN
Authors: Munfaridah Imroatul
Published: June 2016

This research tries to reveal and explain the KH. Ahmad Dahlan thoughts about the direction of Qibla and the beginning of the month Qamariyah terms of cosmography or astronomy. And for the authors use the approach of cosmography or astronomy that are characteristic of this research is supported by interviews and documentation to obtain representative data. From this approach can be found in the results, namely: First, KH. Ahmad Dahlan able to create a theory of determining the Qibla direction is using a globe, which was not very advanced technology, with the globe KH. Ahmad Dahlan considered that Qibla direction the city of Yogyakarta in general and in particular the Great Mosque is 240. And when compared with contemporary software calculation the Qibla is less oblique direction to the right

10 15’ 0” from the real direction, while the calculation formula of a triangle ball the Qibla is less oblique direction to the right 00 42’ 21.88”. Second, at first KH. Ahmad Dahlan determining the beginning of the month Qamariyah is to follow the teacher’s hakiki taqribi K. Dahlan Termas with book Tazkirul Ihwan which tends to geocentric. But once studied with Sheikh Taher Djalaluddin, Dahlan move to the hakiki Tahkiki using reference Matla’ al-Sa’id which tends to heliocentric.

 

Kajian ini berusaha untuk mengungkapkan dan menjelaskan tentang pemikiran KH. Ahmad Dahlan tentang arah kiblat dan awal bulan Qamariyah ditinjau dari ilmu falak atau astronomi. Dan untuk itu penulis menggunakan pendekatan ilmu falak atau astronomi yang merupakan ciri khas dari penelitian ini yang didukung dengan wawancara dan dokumentasi untuk mendapatkan data-data yang representatif. Dari pendekatan tersebut dapat ditemukan hasilnya yaitu; Pertama, KH. Ahmad Dahlan mampu menciptakan teori menentukan arah kiblat yaitu memakai bola dunia, yang saat itu teknologi belum begitu maju, dengan bola dunia itu KH. Ahmad Dahlan berijtihad bahwa arah kiblat kota Yogyakarta pada umumnya dan Masjid Agung pada khususnya adalah 240. Dan bila dibandingkan dengan perhitungan software kontemporer arah kiblatnya kurang serong ke kanan 10 15’ 0” (satu derajat lima belas menit nol detik) dari kiblat nyata, sedangkan dari perhitungan rumus segitiga bola arah kiblatnya kurang serong ke kanan 00 42’ 21.88”. Kedua, pada mulanya KH. Ahmad Dahlan menentukan awal bulan Qamariyah adalah dengan hakiki taqribi mengikuti gurunya K. Dahlan Termas dengan kitab Tazkirul Ihwan yang cenderung geosentris. Tetapi setelah berguru dengan Syekh Taher Djalaluddin, Dahlan berpindah ke hakiki Tahkiki dengan menggunakan referensi Matla’ al-Sa’id yang cenderung heliosentris.

 

 
HAK WARIS BAGI PEMOHON EUTHANASIA PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Rouf Abd.
Published: June 2016

This study aims at answering the problem of inheritance rights for the euthanasia applicant. In its legal istinbâth, researcher used killing act law that contains in hadith برقأ هثراوف ثراو هل نكي مل نإو ءيش لتاقلل سيل ائيش لتاقلا ثري لو هيلإ سانلا as Al-Aslu by deciding Illat within the hadith that is killing (killing motive). The original law contained in the Hadith is unlawful for the murderer to inherit from the person who has been killed and its al-far'u is passive euthanasia. From the result of this research, it is concluded that the legal status of the applicant's rights to inheritance for passive euthanasia, it is hindered for the applicant to inherit property from the heir to the respondent.

 

Penelitian ini adalah untuk menjawab permasalahan hak waris bagi pemohon euthanasia.. Dalam istinbâth hukumnya, peneliti menggunakan hukum tindakan pembunuhan yang terdapat dalam hadits ائيش لتاقلا ثري لو هيلإ سانلا برقأ هثراوف ثراو هل نكي مل نإو ءيش لتاقلل سيل sebagai al-Ashlu dengan menetapkan

‘illat yang terkandung di dalamnya yaitu menghilangkan nyawa (adanya motif pembunuhan). Adapun hukum asal yang terdapat dalam hadits tersebut adalah haram hukumnya bagi pembunuh mewarisi dari orang yang dibunuhnya dan al-far’u adalah euthanasia pasif. Dari hasil penelitian tersebut, maka diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa status hukum hak waris bagi pemohon euthanasia pasif adalah pemohon euthanasia terhalangi haknya untuk mewarisi harta dari pewaris yang menjadi termohon.

 

 
OTORITAS PEMERINTAH DALAM PENETAPAN AWAL BULAN QAMARIYAH PERSPEKTIF FIQH SIYÂSAH YUSUF QARDHAWI.
Authors: Hidayat M. Nur
Published: June 2016

The disparity of determining the early month of Qamariyah in Indonesia is a common phenomenon every year. Therefore, the government, through Ministry of Religious Affairs tries to find a solution for the problem. The focus of this study is to discuss the government’s authority in determining the early month of Qamariyah based on Yusuf Qardhawi’s Political Fiqh Perspective. As a result, the study shows that the government, the Ministry of Religious Affairs of Indonesia, has an authority in determining the early month of Qamariyah. Meanwhile, Islamic organizations or other mass organizations have no authority at all. But, they deserve in announcing after receiving the information from government. Furthermore, the government’s decision is considered as an obligation which has to be obeyed for those having no ability in determining the early month of Qamariyah (independent-ijtihad).

 

Perbedaan penetapan awal bulan Qamariyah di Indonesia menjadi sebuah fenomena dalam setiap tahun. Guna menjembatani perbedaan tersebut, pemerintah mengambil langkah solutif untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut. Fokus penelitian ini adalah untuk mendiskusikan otoritas pemerintah dalam penetapan awal bulan Qamariyah perspektif fiqh siyâsah Yusuf Qardhawi. Dari hasil penelitian, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa pemerintah dalam hal ini Kementerian Agama RI mempunyai otoritas dalam menetapkan (itsbât) awal bulan Qamariyah. Sedangkan organisasi ataupun ormas Islam di luar pemerintah pada hakikatnya tidak mempunyai otoritas dalam menetapkan awal bulan Qamariyah, akan tetapi hanya sekedar mengumumkan (ikhbâr) terkait dengan awal bulan qamariyah. Selanjutnya mengenai keputusan pemerintah, pada dasarnya wajib diikuti bagi mereka yang tidak mempunyai kemampuan untuk melakukan ijtihad sendiri dalam menentukan awal bulan Qamariyah.

 
Targeted reforestation could reverse declines in connectivity for understory birds in a tropical habitat corridor
Authors: Fagan Matthew E. , DeFries Ruth S. , Sesnie Steven E. , Arroyo‐Mora J. Pablo , Chazdon Robin L.
Published: June 2016

Re‐establishing connectivity between protected areas isolated by habitat clearing is a key conservation goal in the humid tropics. In northeastern Costa Rica, payments for environmental services (PES) and a government ban on deforestation have subsidized forest protection and reforestation in the San Juan–La Selva Biological Corridor (SJLSBC), resulting in a decline in mature forest loss and the expansion of tree plantations. We use field studies and graph models to assess how conservation efforts have altered functional connectivity over the last 25 years for four species of insectivorous understory birds. Field playback studies assessed how reforestation habitat quality affected the willingness ofMyrmeciza exsul,Henicorhina leucosticta,Thamnophilus atrinucha, andGlyphorynchus spirurusto travel outside forest habitat for territorial defense. Observed travel distances were greatest in nonnative and native tree plantations with high understory stem density, regardless of overstory composition. In contrast, tree plantations with low stem density had travel responses comparable to open pasture for three of the four bird species. We modeled landscape connectivity for each species using graph models based on varying possible travel distances in tree plantations, gallery forests, and pastures. From 1986 to 2011, connectivity for all species declined in theSJLSBClandscape (5825 km2) by 14% to 21% despite only a 4.9% net loss in forest area and the rapid expansion of tree plantations over 2% of the landscape. Plantation placement in the landscape limited their potential facilitation of connectivity because they were located either far from forest cover or within already contiguous forest areas. We mapped current connectivity bottlenecks and identified priority areas for future reforestation. We estimate that reforestation of priority areas could improve connectivity by 2% with only a 1% gain in forest cover, an impressive gain given the small area reforested. Results indicate key locations where spatial targeting ofPESwithin theSJLSBCstudy region would protect existing forest connectivity and enhance the connectivity benefits of reforestation.
Multi‐scale heterogeneity in vegetation and soil carbon in exurban residential land of southeastern Michigan, USA
Authors: Currie William S. , Kiger Sarah , Nassauer Joan I. , Hutchins Meghan , Marshall Lauren L. , Brown Daniel G. , Riolo Rick L. , Robinson Derek T. , Hart Stephanie K.
Published: June 2016

Exurban residential land (one housing unit per 0.2–16.2 ha) is growing in importance as a human‐dominated land use. Carbon storage in the soils and vegetation of exurban land is poorly known, as are the effects on C storage of choices made by developers and residents. We studied C storage in exurban yards in southeastern Michigan, USA, across a range of parcel sizes and different types of neighborhoods. We divided each residential parcel into ecological zones (EZ) characterized by vegetation, soil, and human behavior such as mowing, irrigation, and raking. We found a heterogeneous mixture of trees and shrubs, turfgrasses, mulched gardens, old‐field vegetation, and impervious surfaces. The most extensive zone type was turfgrass with sparse woody vegetation (mean 26% of parcel area), followed by dense woody vegetation (mean 21% of parcel area). Areas of turfgrass with sparse woody vegetation had trees in larger size classes (> 50 cm dbh) than did areas of dense woody vegetation. Using aerial photointerpretation, we scaled up C storage to neighborhoods. Varying C storage by neighborhood type resulted from differences in impervious area (8–26% of parcel area) and area of dense woody vegetation (11–28%). Averaged and multiplied across areas in differing neighborhood types, exurban residential land contained 5240 ± 865 g C/m2 in vegetation, highly sensitive to large trees, and 13 800 ± 1290 g C/m2 in soils (based on a combined sampling and modeling approach). These contents are greater than for agricultural land in the region, but lower than for mature forest stands. Compared with mature forests, exurban land contained more shrubs and less downed woody debris and it had similar tree size‐class distributions up to 40 cm dbh but far fewer trees in larger size classes. If the trees continue to grow, exurban residential land could sequester additional C for decades. Patterns and processes of C storage in exurban residential land were driven by land management practices that affect soil and vegetation, reflecting the choices of designers, developers, and residents. This study provides an example of human‐mediated C storage in a coupled human–natural system.
Extended density‐dependent mortality in mature conifer forests: causes and implications for ecosystem management
Authors: Gendreau‐Berthiaume Benoit , Macdonald S. Ellen , Stadt J. John
Published: June 2016

Understanding processes driving mortality in forests is important for comprehension of natural stand dynamics and for informing natural disturbance‐based ecosystem management. There has been considerable study of mortality in forests during the self‐thinning phase but we know much less about processes driving mortality in stands at later successional stages. We addressed this through study of five 1‐ha spatially explicit permanent plots in mature (111–186 yr old in 2012)Pinus contortastands in the Canadian Rocky Mountains using data from repeated measurements over a 45‐yr period, dendrochronological information, and point pattern analysis. We tested the hypothesis that these stands had completed the self‐thinning/density‐dependent mortality stage of succession. Contrary to our expectations, the self‐thinning phase can persist for more than 140 yr following stand establishment. Our findings suggest this was attributable to prolonged post‐fire establishment periods due to surface fires in three of the plots while in the other two plots moist conditions and slow growth most likely delayed the onset of competition. Several pieces of evidence indicated the importance of density‐dependent mortality in these stands over the study period: (1) The diameter distribution of individuals changed from initially right‐skewed toward normality as a result of mortality of smaller‐diameter stems. (2) Individuals of lower canopy positions were proportionally more affected by mortality. (3) When compared to the pre‐mortality pattern, surviving stems in all stands had an increasingly uniform spatial distribution. In two of the plots, recent windthrow and/or ingrowth initially hindered our ability to detect density‐dependent mortality but our dendrochronological sampling and permanent plot data allowed us to untangle the different processes at play; in doing so we demonstrate for the first time how density‐independent processes can mask underlying density‐dependent mortality processes in older stands. Mortality of larger dominant canopy trees increased over the study period and mortality of dominant stems was a random process in all stands suggesting these stands were approaching the end of the self‐thinning stage and that density‐independent processes might soon become more important. Our results provide an improved understanding of mortality processes that can be applied to natural disturbance‐based ecosystem management.
Grazing intensity differentially regulates ANPP response to precipitation in North American semiarid grasslands
Authors: Irisarri J. Gonzalo N. , Derner Justin D. , Porensky Lauren M. , Augustine David J. , Reeves Justin L. , Mueller Kevin E.
Published: June 2016

Grazing intensity elicits changes in the composition of plant functional groups in both shortgrass steppe (SGS) and northern mixed‐grass prairie (NMP) in North America. How these grazing intensity‐induced changes control aboveground net primary production (ANPP) responses to precipitation remains a central open question, especially in light of predicted climate changes. Here, we evaluated effects of four levels (none, light, moderate, and heavy) of long‐term (>30 yr) grazing intensity in SGS and NMP on: (1) ANPP; (2) precipitation‐use efficiency (PUE, ANPP : precipitation); and (3) precipitation marginal response (PMR; slope of a linear regression model between ANPP and precipitation). We advance prior work by examining: (1) the consequences of a range of grazing intensities (more grazed vs. ungrazed); and (2) how grazing‐induced changes in ANPP and PUE are related both to shifts in functional group composition and physiological responses within each functional group. Spring (April–June) precipitation, the primary determinant of ANPP, was only 12% higher in NMP than in SGS, yet ANPP and PUE were 25% higher. Doubling grazing intensity in SGS and nearly doubling it in NMP reduced ANPP and PUE by only 24% and 33%, respectively. Increased grazing intensity reduced C3 graminoid biomass and increased C4 grass biomass in both grasslands. Functional group shifts affected PUE through biomass reductions, as PUE was positively associated with the relative abundance of C3 species and negatively with C4 species across both grasslands. At the community level, PMR was similar between grasslands and unaffected by grazing intensity. However, PMR of C3 graminoids in SGS was eightfold higher in the ungrazed treatment than under any grazed level. In NMP, PMR of C3 graminoids was only reduced under heavy grazing intensity. Knowing the ecological consequences of grazing intensity provides valuable information for mitigation and adaptation strategies in response to predicted climate change. For example, moderate grazing (the recommended rate) in SGS would sequester the same amount of aboveground carbon as light grazing because ANPP was nearly the same. In contrast, reductions in grazing intensity in NMP from moderate to light intensity would increase the amount of aboveground carbon sequestrated by 25% because of increased ANPP.
Grain‐dependent responses of mammalian diversity to land use and the implications for conservation set‐aside
Authors: Wearn Oliver R. , Carbone Chris , Rowcliffe J. Marcus , Bernard Henry , Ewers Robert M.
Published: June 2016

Diversity responses to land‐use change are poorly understood at local scales, hindering our ability to make forecasts and management recommendations at scales which are of practical relevance. A key barrier in this has been the underappreciation of grain‐dependent diversity responses and the role that β‐diversity (variation in community composition across space) plays in this. Decisions about the most effective spatial arrangement of conservation set‐aside, for example high conservation value areas, have also neglected β‐diversity, despite its role in determining the complementarity of sites. We examined local‐scale mammalian species richness and β‐diversity across old‐growth forest, logged forest, and oil palm plantations in Borneo, using intensive camera‐ and live‐trapping. For the first time, we were able to investigate diversity responses, as well as β‐diversity, at multiple spatial grains, and across the whole terrestrial mammal community (large and small mammals); β‐diversity was quantified by comparing observed β‐diversity with that obtained under a null model, in order to control for sampling effects, and we refer to this as the β‐diversity signal. Community responses to land use were grain dependent, with large mammals showing reduced richness in logged forest compared to old‐growth forest at the grain of individual sampling points, but no change at the overall land‐use level. Responses varied with species group, however, with small mammals increasing in richness at all grains in logged forest compared to old‐growth forest. Both species groups were significantly depauperate in oil palm. Large mammal communities in old‐growth forest became more heterogeneous at coarser spatial grains and small mammal communities became more homogeneous, while this pattern was reversed in logged forest. Both groups, however, showed a significant β‐diversity signal at the finest grain in logged forest, likely due to logging‐induced environmental heterogeneity. The β‐diversity signal in oil palm was weak, but heterogeneity at the coarsest spatial grain was still evident, likely due to variation in landscape forest cover. Our findings suggest that the most effective spatial arrangement of set‐aside will involve trade‐offs between conserving large and small mammals. Greater consideration in the conservation and management of tropical landscapes needs to be given to β‐diversity at a range of spatial grains.
Experimental iron amendment suppresses toxic cyanobacteria in a hypereutrophic lake
Authors: Orihel Diane M. , Schindler David W. , Ballard Nathaniel C. , Wilson Lindsey R. , Vinebrooke Rolf D.
Published: June 2016

The effects of reducing nutrient inputs to lakes and reservoirs are often delayed by hysteresis resulting from internal phosphorus (P) loading from sediments. Consequently, controlling harmful algal blooms (HABs) in many eutrophic ecosystems requires additional management to improve water quality. We manipulated iron (Fe) concentrations in a hypereutrophic lake to determine if Fe amendment would suppress HABs by inhibiting P release from sediments. Our experiment consisted of 15 in situ mesocosms, 12 of which each received a different dose of Fe (ranging from 2 to 225 g/m2); the remaining three were unmanipulated to serve as controls. Iron amendment decreased P accumulation in porewaters and the flux of P from sediments, which significantly lowered P concentrations in the water column. Iron exerted significant dose‐dependent negative effects on the biomass of phytoplankton and periphyton, and reduced the dominance of cyanobacteria. Even at the lowest doses, Fe appeared to reduce the toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms, as measured by concentrations of hepatotoxic microcystins. Overall, our findings highlight the potential for Fe treatment as an effective strategy for minimizing HABs in eutrophic lakes and reservoirs. More broadly, our study reinforces the importance of Fe in regulating the trophic state of freshwaters, and the sensitivity of certain ecosystems to changes in Fe supply. Finally, we hypothesize that decreases in natural Fe supplies to lakes associated with anthropogenic activities may worsen outbreaks of toxic cyanobacteria.
Impacts of land use on Indian mangrove forest carbon stocks: Implications for conservation and management
Authors: Bhomia R. K. , MacKenzie R. A. , Murdiyarso D. , Sasmito S. D. , Purbopuspito J.
Published: June 2016

Globally, mangrove forests represents only 0.7% of world's tropical forested area but are highly threatened due to susceptibility to climate change, sea level rise, and increasing pressures from human population growth in coastal regions. Our study was carried out in the Bhitarkanika Conservation Area (BCA), the second‐largest mangrove area in eastern India. We assessed total ecosystem carbon (C) stocks at four land use types representing varying degree of disturbances. Ranked in order of increasing impacts, these sites included dense mangrove forests, scrub mangroves, restored/planted mangroves, and abandoned aquaculture ponds. These impacts include both natural and/or anthropogenic disturbances causing stress, degradation, and destruction of mangroves. Mean vegetation C stocks (including both above‐ and belowground pools; mean ± standard error) in aquaculture, planted, scrub, and dense mangroves were 0, 7 ± 4, 65 ± 11 and 100 ± 11 Mg C/ha, respectively. Average soil C pools for aquaculture, planted, scrub, and dense mangroves were 61 ± 8, 92 ± 20, 177 ± 14, and 134 ± 17 Mg C/ha, respectively. Mangrove soils constituted largest fraction of total ecosystem C stocks at all sampled sites (aquaculture [100%], planted [90%], scrub [72%], and dense mangrove [57%]). Within BCA, the four studied land use types covered an area of ~167 km2 and the total ecosystem C stocks were 0.07 Tg C for aquaculture (~12 km2), 0.25 Tg C for planted/ restored mangrove (~24 km2), 2.29 teragrams (Tg) Tg C for scrub (~93 km2), and 0.89 Tg C for dense mangroves (~38 km2). Although BCA is protected under Indian wildlife protection and conservation laws, ~150 000 people inhabit this area and are directly or indirectly dependent on mangrove resources for sustenance. Estimates of C stocks of Bhitarkanika mangroves and recognition of their role as a C repository could provide an additional reason to support conservation and restoration of Bhitarkanika mangroves. Harvesting or destructive exploitation of mangroves by local communities for economic gains can potentially be minimized by enabling these communities to avail themselves of carbon offset/conservation payments under approved climate change mitigation strategies and actions.
The Dating Violence Questionnaire: Validation of the Cuestionario de Violencia de Novios Using a College Sample From the United States
Authors: López-Cepero Javier , Fabelo Humberto Eduardo , Rodríguez-Franco Luis , Rodríguez-Díaz F. Javier
Published: June 2016

This study provides psychometric information for the Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ), an instrument developed to assess intimate partner victimization among adolescents and youths. This instrument, an English version of Cuestionario de Violencia de Novios, assesses both frequency and discomfort associated with 8 types of abuse (detachment, humiliation, sexual, coercion, physical, gender-based, emotional punishment, and instrumental).

Participant included 859 U.S. students enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses in a mid-Atlantic university (M = 19 years; SD = 1.5 years). One-third of the participants were males, and two-thirds were females. Regarding racial identity, around 55% of participants identified themselves as White, 22% as African American, 12% as Asian, whereas 11% selected other identities. Around 9% of participants identified themselves as Hispanic.

Confirmatory factor analysis shows that the DVQ achieved adequate goodness-of-fit indexes for the original eight-factor model (χ2/df <5; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] <.080), as well as higher parsimony when compared to simpler alternative models. The 8 scales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency indexes (α > .700), surpassing those found in the original Spanish validation. Descriptive analysis suggests higher victimization experience on subtle aggressions (detachment, coercion, and emotional punishment), with overt abuses (physical, instrumental) obtaining the smallest means; these findings were similar across gender, race identity, and ethnicity. Results of this validation study encourage the inclusion of DVQ in both research and applied contexts.
Morality and Intimate Partner Violence: Do Men in Court-Mandated Psychological Treatment Hold a Sacred Moral Vision of the World and Themselves?
Authors: Vecina María L. , Chacón José C.
Published: June 2016

This article examines the characterization of men in a court-mandated treatment for violence against their partners as holding a sacred vision of the 5 moral foundations and of their own morality. This characterization is compatible with the assumption that a sacred moral world is easily threatened by reality and that may be associated to violent defensive actions. The results from latent class analyses reveal (a) a 4-class distribution depending exclusively on the intensity with which all participants (violent and nonviolent) tend to sacralize the actions proposed in the Moral Foundations Sacredness Scale and (b) a greater prevalence of the violent participants among the classes that are more prone to sacralize. They also show that they hold an inflated moral vision of themselves: They think they are much more moral than intelligent than others who have never been charged with criminal behavior (Muhammad Ali effect).
Assessment Of Money Illusion Impact On Individuals’ Economic Behaviour In Lithuania
Authors: Jureviciene Daiva , Markelova Jekaterina
Published: June 2016

Behavioural economics was in a process of rapid development in the last century. One of behavioural phenomenon discovered by economists is money illusion – an inclination to make biased decisions based on nominal rather than real monetary values. This illusion influences individuals’ perception of money-related processes and, hence, their economic behaviour. Euro illusion concept, which represents money illusion in countries that adopted the euro, became commonly used after money illusion has been identified and studied in a number of Euro zone countries. Money illusion has not been deeply discussed in Lithuania. The euro introduction in 2015 provides an additional reason to study its impact on Lithuanian citizens. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate money illusion impact on individuals’ economic behaviour in Lithuania after assessment whether Lithuanians experience it. Analysis of scientific literature, experimental study and statistical methods were applied. It was found that citizens are prone to money illusion, which causes irrational economic behaviour. Despite difficult adaptation to the euro, Lithuanians do not experience euro illusion. Newly collected data on money illusion in Lithuania suggests critical evaluation of individuals’ economic behaviour. Performance of such experiment has some limitations as problems presented in a survey are hypothetical and decisions made by participant may not extend to real world. In addition participants may bear in mind their own assumptions like personal experience (e.g. income, savings, debts etc.) which could affect their decisions.
Effect of Trade Liberalization on Performance of Sugar Firms in Kenya: The Case of GovernmentOwned Firms
Authors: Owiye Peter O. , Naibei Isaac K. , Momanyi Gideon
Published: June 2016

This study focused on the Kenyan sugar industry in the changing Kenyan business environment. The study sought to establish why Kenyan sugar firms were finding it increasingly difficult to compete within the changing Kenyan business environment. The specific objectives of the study were: one, to establish factors undermining the competitiveness of the local sugar firms; two, to find out if the local sugar firms were making any strategic responses in reaction to the changing Kenyan business environment; and three, to identify what company managers and other stakeholders consider as important measures that need to be undertaken to enhance the competitiveness of government-owned sugar firms. This study involved all the government-owned sugar in Kenya. The study found out that Kenyan sugar firms were facing very stiff competition from imported sugar. As such, local sugar firms are reported to be seriously negatively affected currently. A number of factors were found to be undermining the competitiveness of local sugar firms: competition from imported sugar, inferior production facilities, and poor management of company resources, among others. This study points at a number of strategic measures that the local sugar should put in place in response to the changes currently taking place in the Kenyan business environment; Employee retrenchment, improvement in production efficiency, sub-contracting of services considered to be subsidiary to core functions, and increased marketing activities, are some of the prominently cited strategic measures being undertaken by local sugar firms in response to the changing Kenyan business environment.
L’interaction Micro-Assurances Et Assurés Dans Le Processus De Couverture Maladie En Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Memon Fofana , Komenan Kouame
Published: June 2016

The micro health insurance have greatly contributed to the medical coverage of the Ivorian population. This text is to question the social behavior of micro-insurance and insured to explain how they disrupt the disease process coverage of the individual. In terms of methodology, this article is based on a qualitative approach based on direct and indirect observation, document review and interviews. The results of the study indicate that microinsurance disease involved, certainly, to improve access of the population to health but the behavior of the insurer and the insured may hinder access to care health. This is the adverse selection behavior that the study seen at the micro-insurance and skilled behavior of moral hazard at the insured.
Agricultural Polices To Enhance The Development Of Fruit And Vegetable Subsectors In Uzbekistan
Authors: Hasanov Shavkat
Published: June 2016

Uzbekistan’s fertile land is highly suitable for growing fruits and vegetables, making it one of the main producers among the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. The location of Uzbekistan also provides a ready access to the growing Central Asian and Russian consumer markets. Since its independence, the country implemented a number of agricultural policies targeted at the development of agricultural sector, comprising institutional and structural reforms. The aim of the study is to review the agricultural sector of Uzbekistan and to identify the major constraints to the development of fruits and vegetables subsectors. In doing this, the objective is to put forward policy recommendations for the development of these sector. Fruit and vegetables supply chain potential of the Samarkand region is the key topic of investigation. The recent reforms have provided opportunities for liberalization in agricultural production, especially for the fruit and vegetable subsectors. Yet, modernization of agriculture per se and of the marketing system in Uzbekistan remain areas requiring continued attention for the overall sectorial development. Based on the analysis, the paper provides policy suggestions for implementation. Specific recommendations are outlined pertaining to the identified key constraints; namely, pertaining to agricultural production and productivity, quality of land resources, irrigation, reforms, R&D, and agricultural marketing.
Influence of Psycho-Demographic Variables on Psychological Well-Being of Undergraduates of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State
Authors: Adeniyi W. O. , Onadiji O.
Published: June 2016

The study investigated the influence of emotional intelligence on psychological well being of undergraduates as well as determined influence of demographic variables on psychological well being of undergraduates. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The sample consisted of 480 undergraduates selected from six selected faculties out of the thirteen Faculties in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, using convenience sampling technique. Two adapted instruments titled “Ryff’s Scale of Psychological Well-Being (RSP)” and “Questionnaire on Students’ Emotional Intelligence (QSEI)” were used to collect information from the students. The reliability tests of the instruments used were Spearman Brown Coefficients and Spearman Brown Split-half reliability tests for RSP yielded results of 0.81 and 0.90 while that, of QSEI had 0.85 and 0.80. Descriptive statistics and chi-square statistics were employed to analyse the data. The results showed that 95% of the undergraduates had high level of psychological well being. There was a significant influence of levels of emotional intelligence on psychological well being of undergraduates (χ2 = 0. 577 at p < 0.05). Furthermore, the results showed a significant influence of each of sex (χ2 = 0. 786; p < 0.05) and place of residence (χ2 = 0.624 at p = < 0.05) on psychological well being of undergraduates. However, there was no significant influence of age range on psychological well being of undergraduates (χ2 = 0. 365; p > 0.05). It was concluded that most undergraduates possessed high level of emotional intelligence and that had predisposed to high psychological well being.
Defining Health Mavens On Demographic Characteristics: A Pilot Study In Istanbul
Authors: Cengiz Emrah , Akyuz Irfan , Omay Gultuvin Gur , Bosat Merve
Published: June 2016

Market mavens are people who have general information about the market and share this information with other consumers even though they do not use the product or service. Market mavens are consumers who actively communicate with the market and every level of the product life cycle. In this study, it is aimed to define the demographic characteristics of health mavens who are a special type of market mavens. In the scope of the study, consumers that are aged 18 and above are included. 387 questionnaire forms are evaluated. People participated in the study are %52,4 female, %47,6 male; %49,8 single, %50,2 married and %35,9 18-28 aged, %26,1 29-39 aged, %22 40-50 aged and %16 51 and above. Employed people form %78,6, students %13,1, unemployed %8,3 of the sample. Lower income group %22,2, middle income group %60,5 and high income group %17,3 are classified on monthly basis. Besides, 387 people of the sample are high level %48,5, middle level %25,1 and low level %26,4 are health mavens. According to the correlation analysis, age, education and marital status are determining characteristics of health mavens. But, there is no meaningful relationship between gender, occupation and income levels of participants’ health maven levels statistically.
Caractérisations Structurale, Floristique Et Biomasse Ligneuse Du Peuplement À Hagenia abyssinica Du Parc National De Kahuzi-Biega (Rift Albertin, RDC)
Authors: Gérard Imani Mugisho , Louis Zapfack , Jean De Dieu Mangambu Mokoso , Pancrace Penedimanja , Jean-Claude Mwanga Mwanga Ithe , Faustin Boyemba , Christian Amani
Published: June 2016

Hagenia abyssinica is a characteristic species of mountain forests in the Albertine Rift. In Kahuzi Biega National Park, the species is found between 2000 and 2600 m altitude. This study intended to characterize Hagenia monospecific forest by providing an account for its floristic composition, structure and biomass. Data were collected from 9 different plots of 1 hectare each located in 3 different sites (Tshivanga 2000-2250m asl; Mugabe and Kasirusiru 2400-2600m asl). Parameters including tree diameter ≥ 10cm, height, dead individuals and young shoots of Hagenia abyssinica were wetting the plot. The results showed that species richness was significantly low, varying between 8-24 species (p < 0.05, Df = 35); while the specific density was 565 ± 121 individuals. The Richness decreased with the increment of the species density of Hagenia. The similarity analysis revealed the influence/impact of the site/altitude on the species composition. The diametric structure showed a regressive dynamism within the population found between 2000 and 2200 m altitude, in which Hagenia specimens were replaced by the specimens of secondary forest species such as Sapium ellipticum, Macaranga neomilbraediana, Neoboutonia macrocalyx. Whereas, between 2400-2600 m altitude, there was a progressive dynamism with several Hagenia young shoots, with no mortality (χ2 = 487, p < 0.001). The average woody biomass was estimated at 108t / ha. This increased as Hagenia density decreased and vegetation became heterogeneous. Human disturbance and climate change effects in the region, could be the causes of variability observed in this population in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park.
Typology Of Cattle Herds In Transhumance In The Classified Forest Of Upper Alibori Northern Benin
Authors: Seidou Alassan Assani , Traore Ibrahim Alkoiret , Houinato Marcel , Mensah Guy Apollinaire
Published: June 2016

To characterize the cattle herds in transhumance in the classified forest of upper Alibori (CFUA) north of Benin, an investigation of 132 cattle herds with a total of 11,020 head was carried out. Using the methods of factorial analysis of multiple correspondences (FAMC) and ascending hierarchical classification (AHC), a typology of four types of transhumant cattle herds were established. Cattle herds of type 1 (17.5% of the sample) were riparian of CFUA. They were led by young herdsmen (17 ± 3 years), all parents of herds’ managers to whom they use to make all decisions concerning these herds whose average size is low (44 ± 20 head). Type 2 cattle herds (28.8% of the sample) were from the neighboring commons of CFUA and were led by two relatively young herdsmen (26 ± 3 years) and mostly parents of herds’ managers with which they conferred to make decisions. These herds had an average size of 94 ± 20 head. The third type (43.9% of the sample) consisted of transhumant herds from distant commons, passing through the CFUA towards other protected areas. They had a high size (112 ± 13 head) and were conducted by two relatively young herdsmen (31 ± 4 years) and mostly parents of herds’ managers. Decisions were taken by the herds’ managers sometimes in consultation with the herdsmen. The migratory herds of type 4 (9.8% of the sample) from neighboring countries. They went through the CFUA towards protected areas further south with a very high size (144 ± 15 head). These herds were conducted generally by two or three herdsmen whose average age was 36 ± 4 years and were heavily involved in decision making in consultation with the herds’ managers. The typology implementation will allow us to analyze the different transhumance management modes in the CFUA.
Graphical User Interface Features In Building Attractive And Successful Websites
Authors: Abdo Ahmed Mahdee , Alali Sardar Hasan
Published: June 2016

The process involve in building a successful website goes beyond knowing web developing languages such as HTML and CSS. The success or failure of any website depends heavily on the use of some aspects of Graphical User Interface. These aspects are usually reserved for client’s wishes and desires. The content features of the GUI are used to stay in touch with visitors. Therefore, this article will highlight some important GUI features used in building an attractive and a successful website.
Comparison Between Different Endodontic Irrigating Protocols In Smear Layer Removal From Radicular Dentin
Authors: Vlad Ramona , Kovacs Monika , Sita Dragos , Pop Mihai
Published: June 2016

The aim of our study was to measure the cleaning efficiency of irrigating solutions used during endodontic treatment regarding smear layer removal from the root canal dentin walls. Ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid (EDTA) 17%, citric acid (CA) 10% and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 2,5 % solutions were tested as final irrigating solutions. The study was conducted on extracted teeth, divided in four groups according to the irrigation protocol used. The specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and the amount of smear layer present at apical, middle and coronal level was recorded, based on a scoring system. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman test and the level of significance was set at p<0.05. In the coronal and middle segments of dental roots we noticed no statistically significant difference between EDTA and CA in smear layer removing capacity. Final irrigation with 17% EDTA proved to be more efficient than 10% CA and 2,5% NaOCl in smear layer removal at apical level of the root canal, with p<0.05 (p=0.042), which is an important area for disinfection in endodontic treatment.
The Effect Of Video Based Simulation Training On Neonatal Examination Competency Among Turkish Nursing Students
Authors: Pinar Gul , Akalin Ayse , Abay Halime
Published: June 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of video based simulation training on nursing student’s competency of neonatal examination (NE) skill. Method: An experimental, randomized controlled design was used. This study conducted with 46 junior nursing students in Ankara, Turkey. Results: Average of the achievement test of experimental group after the video based simulation training was 13.48±1.44 and the mean score of OSCE was 18.43±2.46. The mean score of control group achievement test was 12.00±1.22 and the mean score of OSCE was 10.09±3.17. The results showed that simulation had a statistically significant effect on knowledge and skill of NE (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that video based simulation training improved NE competency in nursing students.
Molecular Analysis of Synedrela Nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Resistance Against Fomesafen using RAPD Markers
Authors: Dwiati Murni , Susanto Agus Hery
Published: June 2016

Both morphological and protein studies reveal that differences are observed between resistant Synedrella nodiflora against fomesafen and its susceptible wildtype. These are, however, more or less influenced by environmental factors, so that molecular analysis employing DNA markers is necessarily required. The methods involved total genomic DNA extraction using modified CTAB protocol following Doyle & Doyle (1990), RAPD marker amplification and visualization of RAPD markers prior to data analysis. Ten RAPD markers were used, but only seven of them showed polymorphism.  Calculation of genetic distance and variation was carried out employing PopGen software.Based on the RAPD markers used in this study, it can be concluded that genetic distance between susceptible and resistant S. nodiflora is higher than that within susceptible samples supporting our previous morphological and protein data, although genetic variation among susceptible individuals seems to be significantly high.
Beyond WhatsApp: Older people and smartphones
Authors: Rosales Andrea , Fernández-Ardèvol Mireia
Published: June 2016

This paper analyzes how older people, living in Spain, use smartphones and smartphone applications. Using a mixed methods approach, we compare quantitative results obtained by tracking mobile app usage amongst different generational samples with qualitative, focus-group discussions with active smartphone users. A sample of Spanish smartphone users were tracked during one month in the winter of 2014 (238 individuals, aged 20 to 76 years-old). This was followed by three focus group sessions conducted in the spring of 2015, with 24 individuals aged 55 to 81. As we learned, WhatsApp is currently the most popular application used by people of all ages, including older adults. Smartphones increasingly are playing a central role in the life of older participants, although the frequency of app access is negatively correlated with age. On the other hand, as our data indicates, older adults also use a number of different types of apps that are distinct from that of younger users. Older participants access personal information manager apps (calendar, address book and notes) more often than other age groups. And comparatively, older participants use the smartphone less often in stable locations (home, office, relatives’ home) with Wifi than somewhere else and with mobile data. As we argue, differences in age seem to reflect the evolution in personal interests and communication patterns that change as we grow older. Our study captures new trends in smartphone usage amongst this cohort. It also indicates how a combination of methods may help to assess the validity of the log and qualitative data. We highlight the relevance of conducting careful generational studies in smartphone use and some of the potentials and limitations of making predictive studies of ICT use as we change throughout the life course. Finally, we assert the value of the inclusion of older representatives within research, which ultimately may influence public decisions and the design of new technologies.
“Let’s Take a Look Together”: Walking Interviews in Domestic Spaces as a Means to Examine ICT Experiences of Women 60+
Authors: Ratzenböck Barbara
Published: June 2016

Although mobile methods are becoming more common within the social sciences (e.g. Ricketts Hein et al., 2008 and Wiederhold, 2015, p. 607), they mostly take place outdoors. This paper examines the potential of walking interviews conducted in small domestic spaces to explore the ICT experiences of women aged 60+ and to discuss the challenges and advantages of this method. This case study of indoor walking interview material is a part of a larger research project on the ICT experiences of women 60+ in the Austrian province of Styria. The advantages and challenges of conducting walking interviews in the homes of interviewees are identified and explored. As this case study demonstrates, walking interviews in homes give the researcher a glimpse into the private areas of everyday life, let the interviewees lead the researcher through the space, allow the participants to conduct the conversation, and thus invite a reflection on the power dynamics inherent in the interview situation. This method also compares the statements provided by participants in semi-structured interviews with the information gathered through an encounter with media and ICTs in the home. These comparisons yield a variety of insights on prior statements through the addition of emphases, “contradictions,” or minimizing the importance of previous interview statements. Moreover, interactions with the objects in the home that are encountered during the walking interview also provide important “prompts” to stimulate a detailed and multifaceted discussion of everyday life experiences with ICTs and other media.