bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrospective comparison of two different approaches for ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein cannulation in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Treglia Antonio , Musone Dario , Amoroso Francesco
Published: December 2016

Background

Prevalent hemodialysis patients with vascular access consisting of a central venous catheter (CVC) are continuously increasing over the years. Improvement in evolution and CVC placement procedures represents therefore an essential tool to enhance performance and reduce intraoperative and long-term CVC complications. Internal jugular vein (IJV) catheterization techniques are different according to ultrasound probe position in relation to vein axis and to needle direction in relation to ultrasound beam. Lateral in-plane (LIP) approach has been proposed to be advantageous compared to traditional anterior out-of-plane (AOP) technique.

Methods

In this retrospective nonrandomized study we evaluated outcomes of 337 hemodialysis CVCs positioned in our center (Dono Svizzero Hospital) between 2011 and 2016, 237 using the AOP technique and 100 using the LIP approach.

Results

We found no significant differences among considered outcomes (procedure success, arterial puncture, pneumothorax, first-use malfunction, kinking/pinching) between the two approaches.

Conclusions

In our experience AOP and LIP approaches have shown the same outcomes. However, we believe that the LIP technique has potential benefits and it should be considered in the decision process of IJV cannulation.
Vascular access types in patients starting hemodialysis after failed kidney transplant: does close nephrology follow-up matter?
Authors: Haq Naveed Ul , Abdelsalam Mohamed Said , Althaf Mohammed Mahdi , Khormi Abdulrahman Ali , Al Harbi Hassan , Alshamsan Bader , Albaqumi Mamdouh Nasser , Broering Dieter Clemens , Alkorbi Lutfi , Aleid Hassan Ali
Published: December 2016

Background

Native arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) are preferred while central venous catheters (CVCs) are least suitable vascular access (VA) in patients requiring hemodialysis (HD). Unfortunately, around 80% of patients start HD with CVCs. Late referral to nephrologist is thought to be a factor responsible for this. We retrospectively analyzed the types of VA at HD initiation in renal transplant recipients followed by nephrologists with failed transplant. If early referral to nephrologist improves AVF use, these patients should have higher prevalence of AVF at HD initiation.

Methods

All patients who failed their kidney transplants from January 2002 to April 2013 were included in the study. Data regarding planning of VA by nephrologist, documented discussion about renal replacement therapy (RRT), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 6 months and last clinic visit before HD initiation, time of VA referral, and subsequent VA at dialysis initiation were gathered and analyzed.

Results

Eighty-three patients failed their transplants during study period. Data were inaccessible in six patients. Eleven patients started peritoneal dialysis (PD) while 66 started HD. Thirty-two had previous functioning VA while 34 needed VA. There were 11/34 patients (32%) with eGFR <15 mL/min at six months while 21/34 (61%) had eGFR <15 mL/min at last clinic visit before HD initiation. Only 11/34 (32%) had documented RRT discussion, 8/34 (24%) had VA referral, and 7/34 (21%) had vein mapping. A total of 30/34 (88.3%) started HD with CVC while 4/34 (11.3%) started HD with AVF (p<0.0001).

Conclusions

Early referral to nephrologist by itself may not improve VA care amongst patient with end-stage renal disease.
Gemcitabine-induced Thrombocytosis as a Potential Predictive Factor in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Analysis of 318 Patients
Authors: Canova Stefania , Cicchiello Federica , Agustoni Francesco , Bianchini Giampaolo , Abbate Maria Ida , Bidoli Paolo , Cortinovis Diego Luigi
Published: December 2016

Introduction

In spite of the progress in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the majority of patients with advanced disease still receive chemotherapy. Gemcitabine alone or combined with a platinum compound is a valid option. Thrombocytosis is a recognized prognostic factor in lung cancer and an adverse event that may occur during gemcitabine infusion.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated all patients with NSCLC treated with first-line gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in two Italian hospitals. We assessed the onset of thrombocytosis within the third cycle of therapy and the relation between thrombocytosis and survival.

Results

We included 318 patients. Thrombocytosis occurred in 156 patients (49.1%). Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.6 months (95% CI, 4.7-6.9 months) in patients who developed thrombocytosis versus 6 months (95% CI, 5.1-7.2 months) in patients without thrombocytosis (p = 0.21). Median overall survival (OS) was 11.2 months (95% CI, 9.8-13.4 months) in patients with thrombocytosis versus 12 months (95% CI, 10.1-14.4 months) in patients without thrombocytosis (p = 0.25). We observed no difference in terms of PFS or OS according to age, sex, stage, chemotherapy (single-agent versus combination chemotherapy) and thrombocytosis.

Conclusions

Thrombocytosis is neither a prognostic nor a predictive factor for PFS or OS in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with first-line gemcitabine-based chemotherapy.
Phase II Multi-institutional Clinical Trial on a New Mixed Beam RT Scheme of IMRT on Pelvis Combined with a Carbon Ion Boost for High-risk Prostate Cancer Patients
Authors: Marvaso Giulia , Jereczek-Fossa Barbara A. , Vischioni Barbara , Ciardo Delia , Giandini Tommaso , Hasegawa Azusa , Cattani Federica , Carrara Mauro , Ciocca Mario , Bedini Nice , Villa Sergio , Morlino Sara , Russo Stefania , Zerini Dario , Colangione Sarah Pia , Panaino Costanza Maria Vittoria , Fodor Cristiana , Santoro Luigi , Pignoli Emanuele , Valvo Francesca , Valdagni Riccardo , De Cobelli Ottavio , Orecchia Roberto
Published: December 2016

Purpose

Definition of the optimal treatment schedule for high-risk prostate cancer is under debate. A combination of photon intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) on pelvis with a carbon ion boost might be the optimal treatment scheme to escalate the dose on prostate and deliver curative dose with respect to normal tissue and quality of dose distributions. In fact, carbon ion beams offer the advantage to deliver hypofractionated radiotherapy (RT) using a significantly smaller number of fractions compared to conventional RT without increasing risks of late effects.

Methods

This study is a prospective phase II clinical trial exploring safety and feasibility of a mixed beam scheme of carbon ion prostate boost followed by photon IMRT on pelvis. The study is designed to enroll 65 patients with localized high-risk prostate cancer at 3 different oncologic hospitals: Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, and Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica. The primary endpoint is the evaluation of safety and feasibility with acute toxicity scored up to 1 month after the end of RT. Secondary endpoints are treatment early (3 months after the end of RT) and long-term tolerability, quality of life, and efficacy.

Results

The study is not yet recruiting; in silico studies are ongoing and we expect to start recruitment by 2017.

Conclusions

The present clinical trial aims at improving the current treatment for high-risk prostate cancer, evaluating safety and feasibility of a new RT mixed-beam scheme including photons and carbon ions. Encouraging results are coming from carbon ion facilities worldwide on the treatment of different tumors including prostate cancers. Carbon ions combine physical properties allowing for high dose conformity and advantageous radiobiological characteristics. The proposed mixed beam treatment has the advantage to combine a photon high conformity standard of care IMRT phase with a hypofractionated carbon ion RT boost delivered in a short overall treatment time.
What is the Impact of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy on Semen Parameters? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Radfar Mohammad H. , Simforoosh Nasser , Sotoudeh Mehdi , Ramezani Mehdi H. , Mollakoochakian Mohammad J. , Nikravesh Maryam , Shemshaki Hamidreza
Published: December 2016

Background

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is an important tool for the management of urolithiasis. The effects of shockwaves on tissues are established. The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the microscopic semen characteristics of young men before and after ESWL treatment for lower ureteral calculi.

Methods

Literature searches were performed following the Cochrane guidelines. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis that included six trials that investigated the effects of ESWL on semen parameters, including sperm concentration, motility, and hematospermia. Meta-analyses were performed using fixed and random-effects models with tests for publication bias and heterogeneity.

Results

Significant worsening was detected in sperm concentration and motility after ESWL between case and control groups (mean difference -17.23, 95% confidence interval -22.53 to -11.93, p<0.00001, mean difference -10.82, 95% confidence interval -18.56 to -3.07, p = 0.006). Rate of microscopic and macroscopic hematospermia was significantly higher after ESWL between case and control groups [risk ratio (RR) 40.00, 95% confidence interval 10.11-158.30, p<0.00001, RR 14.33, 95% confidence interval 2.82-72.90, p = 0.001]. All parameters recovered after 3 months.

Conclusions

This study showed sperm concentration, motility, and rate of hematospermia (microscopic and macroscopic) were affected by ESWL that was used for the treatment of lower ureteral stone. Long-term studies with a focus on male fertility (i.e., pregnancy rates) after ESWL are warranted.
Evaluation of Bone Metastases by 18F-Choline PET/CT in a Patient with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Treated with Radium-223
Authors: Scalzi Piera , Baiocco Cinzia , Genovese Sabrina , Trevisan Antonella , Sirotova Zuzana , Poti Carlo
Published: December 2016

Background

To date, bone metastases remain the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Therefore, the combination of accurate early detection of bony disease and effective treatment of these lesions is crucial in the management of mCRPC patients, but clinical trials specifically designed to test novel approaches are currently lacking.

Case Description

This report describes the case of a 74-year-old male with bone mCRPC and symptomatic and biochemical progression, who underwent radium-223 therapy, following previous treatment failure. 18F-choline positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) was used to assess changes in skeletal tumor activity before and after radium-223. Changes in prostate-specific antigen and alkaline phosphatase were also determined. 18F-choline PET/CT showed that treatment with radium-223 was able to effectively reduce bone metastatic disease, and this was accompanied by an excellent metabolic response.

Conclusions

In clinical practice, metabolic assessment of lesions by 18F-choline PET/CT following radium-223 seems a valid approach to monitor treatment response. Until results from clinical trials become available, reporting of single cases relating to data on the use of this technique remains paramount.
Growth decline assessment in Pinus sylvestris L. and Pinus nigra Arnold. forest by using 3-PG model.
Authors: Navarro-Cerrillo Rafael M. , Beira Jesus , Suarez Juan , Xenakis Georgios , Sánchez-Salguero Raúl , Hernández-Clemente Rocío
Published: December 2016

Aim of the study: We assessed the ability of the 3-PG process-based model to accurately predict growth of Pinus sylvestris and P. nigra plantations across a range of sites, showing declining growth trends, in southern Spain.Area of study: The study area is located in “Sierra de Los Filabres” (Almería).Material and methods: The model was modified in fifteen parameters to predict diameter (DBH, cm), basal area increment (BAI, cm2 yr-1) and leaf area index (LAI, m2 m-2) in healthy trees and trees showing declining growth. We assumed that a set of specific physiological parameters (stem partitioning ratio-pFS20, maximum litterfall rate-γFx, maximum canopy conductance-gCx, specific leaf area for mature aged stands-σ1, age at which specific leaf area = ½ (σ0 + σ1), age at full canopy cover-tc, and canopy boundary layer conductance-gB) included in 3-PG would be suitable for predicting growth decline related to climate conditions. The calibrated model was evaluated using dendrochronological and LAI data obtained from plots.Main results: Observed and simulated DBH showed a high correlation (R2 > 0.99) between modelled and measured values for both species. In contrast, modelled and observed BAI showed lower correlation (R2 < 0.68). Sensitivity analysis on 3-PG outputs showed that the foliage parameters - maximum litterfall rate, maximum canopy conductance, specific leaf area for mature aged stands, age at which specific leaf area, and age at full canopy cover - were important for DBH and BAI predictions under drought stress.Research highlights: Our overall results indicated that the 3-PG model could predict growth response of pine plantations to climatic stress with desirable accuracy in southern Spain by using readily available soil and climatic data with physiological parameters derived from experiments.Keywords: Hybrid process model; forest management models; growth prediction; Pinus spp, Parameterization; forest decline.
Distribution of dead wood volume and mass in mediterranean Fagus sylvatica L. forests in Northern Iberian Peninsula. Implications for field sampling inventory
Authors: Herrero Celia , Monleon Vicente José , Gómez Natividad , Bravo Felipe
Published: December 2016

Aim of study: The aim of this study was to 1) estimate the amount of dead wood in managed beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stands in northern Iberian Peninsula and 2) evaluate the most appropriate volume equation and the optimal transect length for sampling downed wood.Area of study: The study area is the Aralar Forest in Navarra (Northern Iberian Peninsula).Material and methods: The amount of dead wood by component (downed logs, snags, stumps and fine woody debris) was inventoried in 51 plots across a chronosequence of stand ages (0-120 years old).Main results: The average volume and biomass of dead wood was 24.43 m3 ha-1 and 7.65 Mg ha-1, respectively. This amount changed with stand development stage [17.14 m3 ha-1 in seedling stage; 34.09 m3 ha-1 inpole stage; 22.54 m3 ha-1 in mature stage and 24.27 m3 ha-1 in regular stand in regeneration stage], although the differences were not statistically significant for coarse woody debris. However, forest management influenced the amount of dead wood, because the proportion of mass in the different components and the decay stage depended on time since last thinning. The formula based on intersection diameter resulted on the smallest coefficient of variation out of seven log-volume formulae. Thus, the intersection diameter is the preferred method because it gives unbiased estimates, has the greatest precision and is the easiest to implement in the field.Research highlights: The amount of dead wood, and in particular snags, was significantly lower than that in reserved forests. Results of this study showed that sampling effort should be directed towards increasing the number of transects, instead of increasing transect length or collecting additional piece diameters that do not increase the accuracy or precision of DWM volume estimation.Keywords: snags; downed logs; stumps; fine woody debris; beech; line intersect sampling.
Effect of fuel treatments and backfiring on the recovery of an obligate seeder-dominated heathland
Authors: Fernández Filgueira Cristina , Vega Hidalgo José A.
Published: December 2016

Aim of study: To evaluate how a plant community responded to a backfire that occurred four years after application of different types of fuel-reduction treatments.Area of study: Erica umbellata Loefl. (L.)-dominated heathland in Galicia (NW Spain).Materials and Methods: Shrub cover surveys in 16 experimental plots from 2006 to 2014. Fuel reduction treatments (prescribed burning, clearing and mastication) were applied in the spring of 2006 and the area was burned by a wildfire in the summer of 2010.Main results: Shrub total cover recovered quickly after the backfire in both the treated and untreated areas, and the pre-treatment values were reached four years after the fire. Post-wildfire resprouting species cover recovery was not affected by fuel treatments. As a contrast,  Erica umbellata cover reached levels similar to those in the untreated plots only in the areas treated by prescribed burning. After the wildfire, grasses cover recovery was greater in the treated than in the untreated areas and the effect lasted until the end of the study.Research highlights: Prescribed fire and backfire was favourable for Erica umbellata regeneration compared to clearing and mastication.Keywords: prescribed burning; clearing; mechanical shredding; Erica; wildfire.
Nanoceria and bulk cerium oxide effects on the germination of asplenium adiantum-nigrum spores
Authors: Gomez-Garay Aranzazu , Pintos Beatriz , Manzanera José Antonio , Prada Carmen , Martin Luisa , Gabriel y Galan José María
Published: December 2016

Aim of study: The effect of cerium oxide engineered nanoparticles on the spore germination of the fern. Asplenium adiantum-nigrum.Area of study: France, Britanny Region, Finistére Department, Plougonvelin, in rocks near the sea.Material and methods: Asplenium spores were cultured in vitro on agar medium with Nano-CeO2 (less than 25 nm particle size) and bulk-CeO2. The addition of each nano- and bulk particles ranged from 0 to 3000 mg L-1. Observations on rhizoidal and prothallial cells during first stages of gametophyte development were made. The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect concentration (NOAEC) and Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Concentration (LOEC) values for spore germination rate data were analyzed. Main results: Germination was speeded up by 100 to 2000 mg L-1 nanoceria, while bulk cerium oxide had the same effect for 500 to 200 mg L-1 concentrations. Present results showed cellular damage in the protonema while rhizoid cells seemed not to be affected, as growth and membrane integrity remained.Research highlights: Both nanosized and bulk cerium oxide are toxic for the fern Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, although diverse toxicity patterns were shown for both materials. Diverse toxic effects have been observed: chloroplast membrane damage and lysis, cell wall and membrane disruption which leads to cell lysis; and alterations in morphology and development.Keywords: Nanoparticles; rhizoid; prothallus; chloroplast; fern.
Conservation of food tree species in Niger: towards a participatory approach in rural communities
Authors: Agúndez Leal Dolores , Douma Soumana , Madrigal Javier , Gómez-Ramos Almudena , Vicenti Barbara , Alía Ricardo , Mahamane Ali
Published: December 2016

Aim of study: Indigenous woody species play an important role as a complement on the diet of rural populations in Niger, especially in periods of food scarcity. However, these species are nowadays overexploited and management programmes are necessary to conserve them. In order to design a conservation programme for edible woody species, this paper presents a sociological analysis about the use of edible woody species and their products during shortage periods in Niger.Area of study: Four villages in two distinct agro-ecological regions were selected to conduct structured enquiries based on focus group discussions and surveys with key informants.Material and Methods: Perceptions of the conservation status of these species were identified; as well the factors affecting food values, perceptions, management and collection practices.Main results: Results show that B. senegalensis was a staple food in the driest areas, and M. crassifolia was used for fodder and human consumption in the most critical situations. The local communities related the drivers of species conservation status specific to the agro-ecological regions, and gender and ethnic differences were also identified.Research highlights: Understanding these factors constitutes a first step towards adaptive management strategies for the conservation of woody food species in rural communities of Niger.Keywords: Africa; biodiversity; cultural preferences; food; NTFPs.
Enhanced tools for predicting annual stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) cone production at tree and forest scale in Inner Spain
Authors: Calama Rafael , Gordo Javier , Madrigal Guillermo , Mutke Sven , Conde Mar , Montero Gregorio , Pardos Marta
Published: December 2016

Aim of the study: To present a new spatiotemporal model for Pinus pinea L. annual cone production with validity for Spanish Northen Plateau and Central Range regions. The new model aims to deal with detected deficiencies in previous models: temporal shortage, overestimation of cone production on recent years, incompatibility with data from National Forest Inventory, difficulty for upscaling and ignorance of the inhibitory process due to resource depletion.Area of study: Spanish Northern Plateau and Central Range regions, covering an area where stone pine occupies more than 90,000 haMaterial and methods: Fitting data set include 190 plots and more than 1000 trees were cone production has been annually collected from 1996 to 2014. Models were fitted independently for each region, by means of zero-inflated log normal techniques. Validation of the models was carried out over the annual series of cone production at forest scale.Results: The spatial and temporal factors influencing cone production are similar in both regions, thus the main regional differences in cone yield are related with differences in the phenological timing, the intensity of the influent factors and forest intrinsic conditions. A significant inhibition of floral induction by resource depletion was detected and included into the model. Upscaling the model results in accurate prediction at forest scale. Research highlights: [1] The new model for annual cone production surpass the detected deficiencies of previous models, accurately predicting recent decay in cone production; [2] Regional differences in cone production are due to phenological and seasonal climatic differences rather than to between provenances genetic differencesKeywords: zero-inflated models; pine nut; conelet losses; Leptoglossus occidentalis; forest upscaling.
Comparison of height-diameter models based on geographically weighted regressions and linear mixed modelling applied to large scale forest inventory data
Authors: Quirós Segovia María , Condés Ruiz Sonia , Drápela Karel
Published: December 2016

Aim of the study: The main objective of this study was to test Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) for developing height-diameter curves for forests on a large scale and to compare it with Linear Mixed Models (LMM).Area of study: Monospecific stands of Pinus halepensis Mill. located in the region of Murcia (Southeast Spain).Materials and Methods: The dataset consisted of 230 sample plots (2582 trees) from the Third Spanish National Forest Inventory (SNFI) randomly split into training data (152 plots) and validation data (78 plots). Two different methodologies were used for modelling local (Petterson) and generalized height-diameter relationships (Cañadas I): GWR, with different bandwidths, and linear mixed models. Finally, the quality of the estimated models was compared throughout statistical analysis. Main results: In general, both LMM and GWR provide better prediction capability when applied to a generalized height-diameter function than when applied to a local one, with R2 values increasing from around 0.6 to 0.7 in the model validation. Bias and RMSE were also lower for the generalized function. However, error analysis showed that there were no large differences between these two methodologies, evidencing that GWR provides results which are as good as the more frequently used LMM methodology, at least when no additional measurements are available for calibrating.Research highlights: GWR is a type of spatial analysis for exploring spatially heterogeneous processes. GWR can model spatial variation in tree height-diameter relationship and its regression quality is comparable to LMM. The advantage of GWR over LMM is the possibility to determine the spatial location of every parameter without additional measurements. Keywords: Spatial analysis; Pinus halepensis Mill; forest modelling.Abbreviations: GWR (Geographically Weighted Regression); LMM (Linear Mixed Model); SNFI (Spanish National Forest Inventory).
Bitter pit in apples: pre- and postharvest factors: A review
Authors: Jemrić Tomislav , Fruk Ivan , Fruk Mladen , Radman Sanja , Sinkovič Lovro , Fruk Goran
Published: December 2016

Bitter pit is a physiological disorder that significantly reduces the quality of apples. Although it has been detected since the beginning of the last century, still there is little known about the mechanism of its occurrence. According to numerous studies, bitter pit is formed as a result of calcium deficiency in the fruit. Some authors cite the high concentration of gibberellins, later in the production season, most probably caused by excessive activity of the roots, as the chief causative factor. Beside Ca, there are several factors that can also contribute to its development, like imbalance among some mineral elements (N, P, K and Mg), cultivar, rootstock, the ratio of vegetative and generative growth, post-harvest treatments and the storage methods. There are some prediction models available that can estimate the risk of bitter pit in apples, but even those are not always reliable. The aim of this review was to encompass the pre and postharvest factors which cause bitter pit and point out the directions for solving this problem.
Effects of sewage sludge on bio-accumulation of heavy metals in tomato seedlings
Authors: Elloumi Nada , Belhaj Dalel , Jerbi Boutheina , Zouari Mohamed , Kallel Monem
Published: December 2016

The proposal to use sewage sludge (SS) on agricultural fields as a sustainable way to dispose of the waste is based on its high organic and nutrients content. However, the presence of heavy metals (HMs) in sludge can contaminate crops and accumulate in the food chain. The aim of this study was to assess changes in soil fertility, biochemical responses of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Rio Grande) seedlings and the availability of HMs with increased rate application of SS (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5%). Leaf chlorophyll content, nutritional status, proline, membrane peroxidation, stomatal conductance and HM accumulation were investigated. Results showed that the soil pH decreased, whereas soil salinity, organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable Na, Ca, K and HM content increased significantly with increasing application rates of SS. Among the three HMs (Zn, Cu and Cr), Zn had the highest capacity for transferring from soil into plants. Low metal translocation was observed from roots to leaves. The 7.5% SS dose decreased biomass production and caused a decline in chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance. However, lipid peroxidation and proline contents increased. Therefore, the use of 2.5 and 5% doses of sewage sludge in agriculture would be an efficient and cost-effective method to restore the fertility of soil and an environment-friendly solution for disposal problems.
Addition of arginine and leucine to low or normal protein diets: performance, carcass characteristics and intramuscular fat of finishing pigs
Authors: Tous Núria , Lizardo Rosil , Vilà Borja , Gispert Marina , Font-i-Furnols Maria , Esteve-Garcia Enric
Published: December 2016

The effect of dietary crude protein (CP) reduction, supplementation with arginine or leucine on intramuscular fat (IMF) content was evaluated in (Landrace × Duroc) × Pietrain pigs. One-hundred and eight barrows (67 ± 4 kg) were assigned to six diets (n=6 pens of 3 pigs each): four normal CP diets containing 16% CP from 60 to 90 kg and 13% CP from 90 to 115 kg live weight (normal protein; normal protein high Arg, normal protein high Leu or normal protein high Arg and Leu) and two low CP diets containing 14% CP from 60 to 90 kg and 11.8% CP from 90 to 115 kg live weight (with or without supplementation of both amino acids). The high Leu and Arg diets were supplemented to obtain ratios of standard ileal digestible Leu/Lys and Arg/Lys of 4 and 2, respectively. While feed to gain ratio tended to increase (p<0.05), final weight (p<0.01), average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05) and average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.01) were reduced in animals fed low-protein diets supplemented with Arg and Leu compared to the ones fed low-protein diet unsupplemented. Marbling and IMF content in loin were reduced when Arg was supplemented (p<0.05) in normal protein diets. Supplementing these diets with Arg also reduced belly weight (p<0.01) and increased lean meat percentage (p<0.05). Contrary to the initial hypothesis, reduction of CP or dietary supplementation with Leu had no effect on IMF content and supplementation with Arg reduced it.
Selection and evaluation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria from grapevine rhizospheres for use as biofertilizers
Authors: Liu Min , Liu Xu , Cheng Bao-Sen , Ma Xue-Lei , Lyu Xiao-Tong , Zhao Xian-Fang , Ju Yan-Lun , Min Zhuo , Fang Yu-Lin
Published: December 2016

Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) have the ability to solubilize insoluble phosphorus (P) and release soluble P. Extensive research has been performed with respect to PSB isolation from the rhizospheres of various plants, but little is known about the prevalence of PSB in the grapevine rhizosphere. In this study, we aimed to isolate and identify PSB from the grapevine rhizosphere in five vineyards of Northwest China, to characterize their plant-growth-promoting (PGP) traits, evaluate the effect of stress on their phosphate-solubilizing activity (PSA), and test their ability to stimulate the growth of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. From the vineyard soils, 66 PSB isolates were screened, and 10 strains with high PSA were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Sequence analysis revealed that these 10 strains belonged to 4 genera and 5 species: Bacillus aryabhattai, B. megaterium, Klebsiella variicola, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, and Enterobacter aerogenes. The selected PSB strains JY17 (B. aryabhattai) and JY22 (B. aryabhattai) were positive for multiple PGP traits, including nitrogen fixation and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, chitinase, and protease. JY17 and JY22 showed strong PSA under stress conditions of high pH, high salt, and high temperature. Therefore, these two isolates can be used as biofertilizers in saline-alkaline soils. The inoculation with PSB significantly facilitated the growth of V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon under greenhouse conditions. Use of these PSB as biofertilizers will increase the available P content in soils, minimize P-fertilizer application, reduce environmental pollution, and promote sustainable agriculture.
Reproductive potential of a vole pest (Arvicola scherman) in Spanish apple orchards
Authors: Somoano Aitor , Miñarro Marcos , Ventura Jacint
Published: December 2016

Fossorial water voles, Arvicola scherman, feed on tree roots causing important damages in European apple orchards. Since the intensity of crop damage produced by rodents ultimately depends on their inherent capacity to increase their population, the main goal of this study was to determine the reproductive potential of the subspecies A. scherman cantabriae in apple orchards from Asturias (NW Spain), where voles breed over the whole year. Our results were compared with those reported for the subspecies A. scherman monticola from the Spanish Pyrenees (where reproduction ceases in winter). Sexual characteristics, body condition, relative age class and number of embryos were recorded from 422 females caught in apple orchards along two years. We found pregnant females all along the year, which were able to produce a high number of litters per year (7.30) although litter size was relatively moderate (first year: 3.87 embryos/female; second year: 3.63 embryos/females). The potential number of pups per female and year (first year: 28.25; second year: 26.50) was substantially higher than that reported for Pyrenean voles, what is probably related with differences in the length of the breeding season and in life histories between subspecies. In our population, the number of implanted embryos correlated positively with the body condition of the mother. Our results reveal that management efforts should not be seasonal as they used to be so far and invite to explore the physiological consequences of management practices.
Wind Energy Potentials and Its Trend in the South China Sea
Authors: Osinowo Adekunle Ayodotun , Lin Xiaopei , Zhao Dongliang , Wang Zhifeng
Published: December 2016

Using a 30year (1976-2005) daily high-resolution reanalysis wind field dataset assimilated from several meteorological data sources, the wind speed and power characteristics of the South China Sea (SCS) were investigated using the Weibull shape and scale parameters. The region in general showed good wind characteristics. This is shown by high annual mean wind speed and power density values which are 5.93 m/s and 273.84 W/m2 respectively.  The calculated annual mean wind power resource attributes the region to a relatively high potential site for large- scale grid connected wind turbine applications. The wind power ranged between 96.27 W/m2 in May and 527.03 W/m2 in December. Furthermore, spatio-temporal variations showed that strong trends in wind power exist in Luzon strait in the northern SCS and Xisha, Zhongsha, Luzon, Liyue bank in the central SCS which are evaluated as high wind potential regions and may be rated as locations excellent for installation of large wind turbines for electrical energy generation. Non-significant and negative trends dominate the southern SCS and may therefore, be suitable for small wind applications. The wind power density exhibited a significant increasing trend of 1.4 W/m2 yr-1 in the SCS as a whole throughout the study period. The trend is strongest (2.8 W/m2 yr-1) in winter.
Identification of Land Subsidence and Management Using Cadastral Techniques, Mining Area of Raniganj, Barddhaman District, India
Authors: Mondal Sonjay , Chakravarty Debashish , Bandyopadhyay Jatisankar , Maiti Kunal Kanti
Published: December 2016

Coal mining, open crest/underground adversely affects the Eco-system. Raniganj area known as mining zone, but several time natural hazards (land subsidence) occurs in the area, Subsidence in old workings leads to severe   damage to surface structures. it is very much important that suitable assessment studies to learn the potential adverse impact of mining on environmental ecosystem (flora, fauna). In the subsequent discussions an attempt has been made to clarify the coal mining activities and its outstanding impact on environment and agricultural activities. The study area region being the foremost coal producing region country, it’s also ranked high in the list of environmentally degraded areas, in mining area have seen that  waste materials are usually stacked as huge dumps in  surroundings. After that those dumps were coupled with coal dumps, because this significant effect impact on land.  The environmental awareness is given our society brought life from mining area another concerted effort for reclamation of the subsided land.
Anthropology of virtual worlds: history, current debates and future possibilities
Authors: Kerschbaumer Lea-Maria Margaretha
Published: December 2016

The research of virtual worlds has become an increasingly important part of digital anthropology in recent years and offers promising possibilities for social science, such as conducting experiments in virtual worlds. However, the field is far from being unified on a lot of topics and the discussion about definitions, uses and important terms is not yet finished. This article provides an introduction to virtual worlds, anthropological involvement with that topic and current anthropological discourses, finishing with a discussion of the prospects of researching perceptions and practices of violence within virtual worlds.
Avaliação de treinamento em suporte básico de vida para médicos e enfermeiros da atenção primária
Authors: Meira Júnior Luiz Ernani , Souza Fabiane Mendes , Almeida Leonardo Canela , Veloso Gilson Gabriel Viana , Caldeira Antônio Prates
Published: December 2016

Objetivo: Foram avaliados conhecimentos e habilidades sobre reanimação cardiopulmonar antes e após a capacitação em Suporte Básico de Vida (SBV) para médicos e enfermeiros que atuam na atenção primária. Métodos: Estudo quasi-experimental, com amostra aleatória de profissionais. Inicialmente, avaliou-se o desempenho cognitivo em um teste de múltipla escolha sobre o atendimento a uma parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) e, em seguida, conduziu-se um atendimento simulado de PCR, para a avaliação de habilidades, usando um checklist baseado nas recomendações da American Heart Association (AHA). Após avaliação inicial, todos os profissionais participaram de curso teórico-prático em SBV, durante três encontros. Após o curso, todos se submeteram a nova avaliação. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 32 profissionais. O nível de conhecimentos e habilidades foi insatisfatório antes do curso. Após a capacitação, a média de acertos na avaliação teórico-prática apresentou aumento significativo (p<0,001). Conclusão: Registrou-se impacto positivo da capacitação em SBV para os profissionais da atenção primária.
Metformin Reduces Oxidative Stress Status and Improves Plasma Insulin Level in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Umar Zayyanu Usman  , Ainul Bahiyah Abu Bakar  , Mahaneem Mohamed
Published: December 2016

Background: Oxidative stress induced by hyperglycaemia plays a crucial role in the development of diabetic complications and metformin is commonly used in treating diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of this study was to investigate whether metformin at the dose of 100 mg/kg/day could ameliorate oxidative stress and improve plasma insulin level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Methods: Twenty one rats (8-10 week old; weighing 190-220 g) were assigned into three groups (n=7 rats per group) i.e. non-DM, DM and DM+metformin (100 mg/kg/day metformin) groups. DM was induced using streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) intraperitoneally and treatments were given daily by oral gavage for four weeks. The levels of plasma biomarkers such as fasting blood glucose, oxidant-antioxidant markers and insulin levels were analysed.Results: Fasting blood glucose, malonyldehyde and protein carbonyls levels were significantly higher while insulin, total antioxidant capacity, catalase and glutathione peroxidase levels were significantly lower in DM group compared to non-DM group. The levels of fasting blood glucose, malonyldehyde and protein carbonyls were significantly lower while levels of total antioxidant capacity, catalase and insulin were significantly higher in DM+metformin group compared to DM group.Conclusion: This study may suggest that metformin at the dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks reduces oxidative stress status and improves plasma insulin level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats possibly through its antihyperglycaemic action.
Prevalence of under Nutrition and Associated Factors among Khat Chewers in Khat Chewing Shops at Gulalle Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Tesfaye Girma Legesse  , Debela Gemeda Bedane
Published: December 2016

There is studies limitation regarding the effect of khat chewing on nutritional status. Community based comparative cross-sectional study had been conducted from March to June, 2015; with cluster sampling and systematic random sampling techniques for khat chewers and non-khat chewers respectively. The data was collected by using interview administered questionnaire, observation and weight scale measurement among 504 study participants.The study revealed that from entire khat chewers 52(20.5%) of them and of non-khat chewers 34(13.5%) of them were underweight. Khat chewers were 2.102 times more likely underweight compared to those non-khat chewers. khat chewers who had meal twice per day were 2.856 time more likely underweight. Khat chewers who used animal and animal products as their main meal component daily were 0.413 times less likely to be underweight; Whereas the odds of underweight was 26% times less likely among khat users who intake two liters of fluid per chewing session. In other case, those who chewed khat for 2-3 hours per session were 0.231 times less likely to be underweight.Under nutrition is a public nutritional status problem in which khat chewers are more affected. Khat chewing conditions and meal conditions including amount of fluid consumed per chewing session are factors that affect the nutritional status of the khat chewers. Minimizing amount of khat consumed per session, shortening of khat chewing session length and increasing amount of fluid intake more than two liters per chewing session and nutritional management with nutritionist advices are important points.
Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link: Chemical Bioactive Compounds and Pharmacological Activities
Authors: Do Hai Lan  , Nguyen Thi Kim Thu  , Pham Thi Lan  , Pham Van Nha  , Bui Thanh Tung
Published: December 2016

Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link is an important medicinal mushroom used in traditional medicine for treatment of many diseases and improving human health. C. militaris are now widely used in many modern pharmaceutical dosages. It contains many bioactive compounds such as cordycepin, adenosine, sterols, polysaccharides, etc. These compounds provided many beneficial biological activities such as anticancer, antiproliferative, pro-sexual, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, immunomodulatory, antiinflammatory and others for C. militaris. The present review highlights the chemical bioactive compounds and pharmacological activities of this medicinal mushroom C. militaris.
Pulse Phytonutrients: Nutritional and Medicinal Importance
Authors: Jagdish Singh  , Rajni Kanaujia  , N.P. Singh
Published: December 2016

Pulses are important food crops which offer significant nutritional and health advantages due to their high protein content and a unique nutritional profile, i.e., low fat source of digestible protein, dietary fibre, complex carbohydrates, resistant starch and a number of essential vitamins, especially, the B-group vitamin B9 (folate). In addition to these vitamins and minerals contributing to a healthy diet, pulses contain a number of non-nutritive bioactive substances including enzyme inhibitors, lectins, saponins, phytates, phenolic compounds and oligosaccharides. The latter contributes beyond basic nutritional value and is particularly helpful in the fight against non-communicable diseases often associated with diet transitions and rising incomes. Phytic acid exhibits antioxidant activity and protects DNA damage, phenolic compounds have antioxidant and other important physiological and biological properties, and galacto-oligosaccharides may elicit prebiotic activity. Research findings on different phytochemicals in pulse seeds and their role in preventing the lifestyle diseases has been discussed. Encouraging awareness of the nutritional value of pulses can help consumers adopt healthier diets and also could be an important dietary factor in improving longevity.
Can Better Law Be Married with Corrective Justice or Evil Laws?
Authors: Peari Sagi
Published: December 2016

This article offers an innovative understanding of the better law approach to choice of law. Through addressing the terminological fallacies of traditional and contemporary choice of law literature, depicting the conceptual distinction between the two versions of better law, and making a link between the better law approach and two central notions of legal theory—corrective justice and evil laws—this article provides a comprehensive analysis of the nature of better law.
Non-Linear Innovation
Authors: Shur-Ofry Michal
Published: December 2016

Contemporary intellectual property theory concentrates on the cumulative and incremental nature of innovation and creation. A prevalent image depicts authors and inventors as “standing on the shoulders of giants.” This article focuses on a different type of innovation that has been largely overlooked by intellectual property theory and doctrine: innovation in the domains of science and art that breaks with convention, disputes existing paradigms, and “steps off” giants’ shoulders. I term it “non-linear innovation”.

Drawing on multidisciplinary research ranging from the history of science, through network analysis of radical inventions, to studies of creativity, this article illuminates an embedded socio-cultural preference for incremental and linear novelty over paradigm-changing innovation. It then inquires whether intellectual property doctrine reflects this bias and whether the intellectual property regime can better foster non-linear innovation. The examination yields a series of counterintuitive recommendations concerning numerous patent and copyright law doctrines. More broadly, the analysis indicates that neither the “shoulders of giants” metaphor nor the opposite image of the “lone genius” adequately capture the dynamics of non-linear innovation. It further suggests that expanding intellectual property’s narrative of progress to accommodate non-linear innovation, alongside cumulative innovation, could significantly contribute to the ecosystem of innovation and creation.
O território na Constituição da República Portuguesa (1976-2005): dos preceitos fundadores às políticas de território do futuro
Authors: Ferrão João
Published: December 2016

This paper analyses the relationship between territorial issues and the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic (CRP) from three standpoints: (i) how is territory considered in the original 1976 version of the CRP?; (ii) what lasting changes did the 2005 revision make?; and (iii) to what extent is the current CRP affecting the design and implementation of a new generation of territorial policies? A comparison of the 1976 and 2005 texts identifies nine main changes, including the growing “Europeanisation” of a number of key principles and concepts and the emergence of spatial planning as an autonomous public policy. Despite its shortcomings, the current version of the Constitution does not seem to be an obstacle to the formulation of a new generation of more efficient and democratic and fairer territorial policies. However, the current political-administrative organisation influences the participation of different public entities in the design and implementation of those policies.
Análise de citações de periódicos científicos de turismo no Brasil: subsídios para a estimação de indicadores de impacto
Authors: Santos Glauber Eduardo de Oliveira , Panosso Netto Alexandre , Wang Xuanyi
Published: December 2016

O artigo apresenta a análise de todas as referências feitas pelos artigos publicados nas quatro principais revistas de turismo do Brasil. Foram identificadas 28.767 referências nos 1.254 artigos publicados desde o primeiro volume de cada revista até o fim de 2014. As referências foram analisadas quanto ao tipo de material (periódico, livro, tese, trabalho em evento e outros), local de publicação (Brasil ou exterior) e autoria. Nos casos de referências feitas a artigos científicos, foram identificados os nomes dessas publicações específicas. Os resultados apontam os autores, livros, artigos e periódicos mais citados. Foram também estimados os fatores de impacto dos periódicos e os índices h de Hirsch (2005) dos autores. Além disso, foram utilizadas técnicas de análise de redes sociais para representar as relações existentes entre os autores e entre os periódicos, além de estimar índices complexos de centralidade desses agentes. Os resultados apontam tendências de mudança do cenário atual decorrentes do fortalecimento de novos autores e periódicos.