bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ulrichs, Karl Heinrich (1825–1895)
Authors: Sigusch Volkmar
Published: April 2015

For Karl Heinrich Ulrichs the urning/homosexual was a stubborn, natural, and healthy sexual subject, while Euro‐American medicine construed man‐manly love for one hundred years as a disease. Ulrichs stood for something historically new in two respects: as a deliberate sexual subject, in a sense historically prematurely “the first gay man of the world” (Sigusch, Volkmar. 2000.
Karl Heinrich Ulrichs. Der erste Schwule der Weltgeschichte
[
The First Gay Man of the World
]. Berlin: Rosa Winkel); and, at the same time, his ideas and actions as a pioneer of sex research pioneers.
Unwed mothers
Authors: Kinzelman Cara A.
Published: April 2015

Unwed mothers have historically represented a perceived threat to the moral stability of society. While benevolent organizations attempted to redeem unwed mothers by focusing on their spiritual health, the state traditionally identified a vested interest in curtailing illegitimacy and rehabilitating unwed mothers due to the economic and social implications of single motherhood. These methods varied over time in tactic and severity; they included legal sanctions during the colonial period to incarceration in state facilities during the twentieth century.
Vagina dentata
Authors: Dane Penelope
Published: April 2015

The motif of vagina dentata, a toothed vagina, is found in folklore, psychoanalysis, and popular culture. Psychoanalysis presents vagina dentata as a representation of male fears of women's sexuality; feminist understandings of vagina dentata argue that it is a symbol of psychological and cultural fears about women's sexuality. Lesbian writers present vagina dentata as a symbol of sexual passion.
Vaginal lubricants, cross‐cultural perspectives
Authors: Hilber Adriane Martin
Published: April 2015

Cross‐culturally, vaginal lubrication takes on varying meanings, ranging from a sign of infection or infidelity to necessary for an exchange of body fluids. Societies use various means of either drying the vagina or ensuring its moisture.
Venereal disease, history of
Authors: Hall Lesley A.
Published: April 2015

The venereal diseases, transmitted by sexual contact, have long presented both medical and moral problems, often conflated. The developing medical understanding of syphilis and gonorrhea (in particular) is described, along with the various strategies of preventive disease control deployed. The impact of the rise of bacteriological science and of therapeutic innovation are considered.
Vibrators
Authors: Maines Rachel P.
Published: April 2015

Vibrators of the modern electromechanical form were invented in the late nineteenth century as medical devices. They became popular personal‐care devices by 1900, and began to appear in pornography as sex toys in the 1920s. In the 1960s and 1970s they became symbols of feminist views of sexuality. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, four states banned their sale; all but one of these laws has been successfully challenged.
Virginity proof
Authors: Scorgie Fiona
Published: April 2015

Virginity proof refers to the idea that virginity can be sought and evidenced on the body. Since virginity is widely considered more easily verifiable in women than men, most examples of virginity testing focus on girls and women and involve inspection of the hymen, although critics question the reliability of such inspections. Common signs of virginity proof include the presence of blood on a bedsheet on the wedding night. Examples of “counterfeiting” virginity are widespread and include the use of surgical procedures to reconstruct the hymen. Motivations for virginity testing include a desire to prove the “honor” of a woman and her family, the deterring of premarital pregnancy, and the attempt to curtail the spread of sexually transmitted infections. Current research on virginity testing practices emphasizes its human rights dimensions and potential to be used as forms of state‐sanctioned surveillance and violence against women.
Vulval modification
Authors: Hull Terence H.
Published: April 2015

Female genitals combine the power of social symbol, sexual pleasure, and personal identity, making them a major, though secret, site of bodily modification and decoration. Cultural vaginal practices have long histories and great varieties, but in recent decades industrialized countries have produced an upsurge in surgical vulval modifications. Recent comparative research sponsored by the World Health Organization has documented seven types of vaginal practice. Increasing concerns about HIV/AIDS motivates researchers to focus on health impacts of both traditional and modern vaginal practices.
Xanith (Oman)
Authors: Wikan Unni
Published: April 2015

The Arabic word
xanith
carries the sense of effeminate, impotent, soft. Xanith (sometimes also transcribed from the Arabic as
khanith
or
khaneeth
) is the name for effeminate men who act the passive part in homosexual relationships in the northeastern coastal region of Oman. They are socially classified with women with respect to the strict rules of segregation and speak of themselves as “women.” Many are prostitutes. The character of xanith is most clearly shown in counterpoint to male and female roles.
Exposure to Air Pollutants and Disease Activity in Juvenile‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients
Authors: Fernandes Elisabeth C. , Silva Clovis A. , Braga Alfésio L. F. , Sallum Adriana M. E. , Campos Lúcia M. A. , Farhat Sylvia C. L.
Published: April 2015

Objective

To investigate the association between exposure to air pollutants in the Sao Paulo metropolitan area and disease activity in juvenile‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.

Methods

A longitudinal panel study based on 409 consecutive visits of juvenile‐onset SLE patients living in the Sao Paulo metropolitan area was carried out. Disease activity was evaluated in accordance with the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI‐2K), and the patients were divided into 2 groups: those with SLEDAI scores ≤8 and those with SLEDAI scores >8. Daily concentrations of inhaled particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone, and carbon monoxide (CO) were evaluated on the 21 days preceding the medical visits. A generalized estimation equation model was used to assess the impact of these measurements on SLEDAI‐2K scores, considering the fixed effects for repetitive measurements. The models were adjusted for erythrocyte sedimentation rate, corticosteroid use (daily and cumulative doses), antimalarial use, the use of immunosuppressive agents, the presence of infection 20 days preceding the medical appointment, and the minimum temperature and relative humidity outdoors.

Results

PM10, NO2, and CO were risk factors for juvenile‐onset SLE disease activity (SLEDAI‐2K score >8) approximately 2 weeks after exposure. A 13.4 μg/m3 increase in the PM10 moving average (from lag 12 to lag 15) was associated with a 34% increase (95% confidence interval 7.0–68.0) in the risk of a SLEDAI‐2K score >8.

Conclusion

This is the first study to show that exposure to inhaled pollutants may increase the risk of disease activity in children with juvenile‐onset SLE in a large urban center.
A Versatile Buffer Layer for Polymer Solar Cells: Rendering Surface Potential by Regulating Dipole
Authors: Zhong Wei , Chen Lie , Xiao Shuqin , Huang Liqiang , Chen Yiwang
Published: April 2015

Spin‐coated film of poly(vinylidenefluoride‐hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF‐HFP)) acts as a cathode/anode buffer layer in polymer solar cells (PSCs) with conventional/inverted device structures. Such devices show optimized performances comparable with the controlled device, making P(VDF‐HFP) a good substitute for LiF/MoO3 as a cathode/anode buffer layer. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and Kelvin force microscope (KFM) measurements show that increased surface potential of active layers improves cathode contact. In piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) measurement, P(VDF‐HFP) responds to applied bias in phase curve, showing tunable dipole. This tunable dipole renders surface potential under applied bias. As a result, open‐circuit voltage of devices alters instantly with poling voltage. Moreover, positive poling of P(VDF‐HFP) together with simultaneous oxidation of Ag gradually improves performance of inverted structure device. Integer charge transfer (ICT) model elucidates improved electrode contacts by dipole tuning, varying surface potential and vacuum level shift. Understanding the function of dipole makes P(VDF‐HFP) a promising and versatile buffer layer for PSCs.
Thin Films of Dendritic Anatase Titania Nanowires Enable Effective Hole‐Blocking and Efficient Light‐Harvesting for High‐Performance Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Wu‐Qiang , Huang Fuzhi , Chen Dehong , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Caruso Rachel A.
Published: April 2015

To achieve high‐performance perovskite solar cells, especially with mesoscopic cell structure, the design of the electron transport layer (ETL) is of paramount importance. Highly branched anatase TiO2 nanowires (ATNWs) with varied orientation are grown via a facile one‐step hydrothermal process on a transparent conducting oxide substrate. These films show good coverage with optimization obtained by controlling the hydrothermal reaction time. A homogeneous methyl­ammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite thin film is deposited onto these ATNW films forming a bilayer architecture comprising of a CH3NH3PbI3 sensitized ATNW bottom layer and a CH3NH3PbI3 capping layer. The formation, grain size, and uniformity of the perovskite crystals strongly depend on the degree of surface coverage and the thickness of the ATNW film. Solar cells constructed using the optimized ATNW thin films (220 nm in thickness) yield power conversion efficiencies up to 14.2% with a short‐circuit photocurrent density of 20.32 mA cm−2, an open‐circuit photovoltage of 993 mV, and a fill factor of 0.70. The dendritic ETL and additional perovskite capping layer efficiently capture light and thus exhibit a superior light harvesting efficiency. The ATNW film is an effective hole‐blocking layer and efficient electron transport medium for excellent charge separation and collection within the cells.
Stimuli‐Responsive Materials Based on Interpenetrating Polymer Liquid Crystal Hydrogels
Authors: Stumpel Jelle E. , Gil Elda Renedo , Spoelstra Anne B. , Bastiaansen Cees W. M. , Broer Dirk J. , Schenning Albertus P. H. J.
Published: April 2015

Stimuli‐responsive materials based on interpenetrating liquid crystal‐hydrogel polymer networks are fabricated. These materials consist of a cholesteric liquid crystalline network that reflects color and an interwoven poly(acrylic acid) network that provides a humidity and pH response. The volume change in the cross‐linked hydrogel polymer results in a dimensional alteration in the cholesteric network as well, which, in turn, leads to a color change yielding a dual‐responsive photonic material. Furthermore a patterned coating having responsive and static interpenetrating polymer network areas is produced that changes both its surface topography and color.
Aryne Reaction with γ‐Arylallenylcarboxyamides: Unexpected Diels–Alder Cycloaddition
Authors: Fu Haixing , Yang Yupo , Wei Zhibin , Zhang Zhengjuan , Wu Chunrui , Shi Feng
Published: April 2015

When γ‐arylallenylcarboxyamides react with arynes, their arylallene moiety reacts in a Diels–Alder fashion, leaving the amide functionality intact.
Regioselective Syntheses of 1,2‐Benzothiazines by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Annulation Reactions
Authors: Cheng Ying , Bolm Carsten
Published: April 2015

Rhodium‐catalyzed directed carbene insertions into aromatic CH bonds of S‐aryl sulfoximines lead to intermediates, which upon dehydration provide 1,2‐benzothiazines in excellent yields. The domino‐type process is regioselective and shows a high functional‐group tolerance. It is scalable, and the only by‐products are dinitrogen and water. Three illustrative transformations underscore the synthetic value of the products.
Designed Enclosure Enables Guest Binding Within the 4200 Å3 Cavity of a Self‐Assembled Cube
Authors: Ramsay William J. , Szczypiński Filip T. , Weissman Haim , Ronson Tanya K. , Smulders Maarten M. J. , Rybtchinski Boris , Nitschke Jonathan R.
Published: April 2015

Metal–organic self‐assembly has proven to be of great use in constructing structures of increasing size and intricacy, but the largest assemblies lack the functions associated with the ability to bind guests. Here we demonstrate the self‐assembly of two simple organic molecules with CdII and PtII into a giant heterometallic supramolecular cube which is capable of binding a variety of mono‐ and dianionic guests within an enclosed cavity greater than 4200 Å3. Its structure was established by X‐ray crystallography and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. This cube is the largest discrete abiological assembly that has been observed to bind guests in solution; cavity enclosure and coulombic effects appear to be crucial drivers of host–guest chemistry at this scale. The degree of cavity occupancy, however, appears less important: the largest guest studied, bound the most weakly, occupying only 11 % of the host cavity.
Efficacy and Safety of Etanercept in Patients With the Enthesitis‐Related Arthritis Category of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Results From a Phase III Randomized, Double‐Blind Study
Authors: Horneff Gerd , Foeldvari Ivan , Minden Kirsten , Trauzeddel Ralf , Kümmerle‐Deschner Jasmin B. , Tenbrock Klaus , Ganser Gerd , Huppertz Hans‐Iko
Published: April 2015

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of etanercept in patients with enthesitis‐related arthritis (ERA) in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).

Methods

This was a 2‐phase study in JIA patients with active, refractory ERA. Phase I was an open‐label, uncontrolled 24‐week study period in which all patients were administered etanercept. Patients considered to be treatment responders at week 24 according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Pediatric 30 (Pedi 30) criteria for improvement in juvenile arthritis entered the second phase, a 24‐week randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled withdrawal study, for an additional 24 weeks, for evaluation of the primary end point, occurrence of a disease flare from week 24 to week 48, based on the ACR preliminary definition of disease flare in juvenile arthritis.

Results

Forty‐one patients were enrolled. At week 24, treatment with etanercept resulted in response rates of 93%, 93%, 80%, 56%, and 54% based on the ACR Pedi 30, Pedi 50, Pedi 70, Pedi 90, and Pedi 100 criteria, respectively. In addition, a marked decrease in all disease activity measures was observed. The mean number of tender joints, swollen joints, and joints with active arthritis decreased by 91%, 97%, and 94%, respectively. Physician's global assessment of disease activity, parent's assessment of patient's overall well‐being, and the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index improved by 91%, 80%, and 86%, respectively. The number of tender enthesis sites and total scores for back pain, nocturnal pain, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, and Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score based on 10‐joint counts (JADAS10) decreased by 75%, 72%, 81%, 72%, 85%, and 87%, respectively. In phase II, 38 patients were randomly assigned to receive placebo (n = 18) or to continue receiving etanercept (n = 20). Up to week 48, 12 disease flares occurred, in 9 patients receiving placebo and 3 patients receiving etanercept (odds ratio 6.0, P = 0.02). There were no serious infections, malignancies, or deaths.

Conclusion

In this study of patients with the ERA category of JIA, etanercept proved effective, as indicated by high ACR Pedi response rates and JADAS10 response rates at week 24. Patients who continued treatment with etanercept had significantly fewer flares than those who received placebo, although 50% of patients in the placebo group did not experience a flare. Treatment suspension may be a consideration for patients with the ERA category of JIA who achieve remission.
Detection of Inflammatory Sacroiliitis in Children With Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Is Gadolinium Contrast Enhancement Necessary?
Authors: Weiss Pamela F. , Xiao Rui , Biko David M. , Johnson Ann M. , Chauvin Nancy A.
Published: April 2015

Objective

In adults, gadolinium contrast enhancement does not add incremental value to fluid‐sensitive sequences for evaluation of bone marrow edema. This study was undertaken to determine if magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast is necessary to assess lesions consistent with inflammatory sacroiliitis in children.

Methods

Patients with clinically suspected or diagnosed juvenile spondyloarthritis (SpA) underwent pelvic MRI consisting of multiplanar fluid‐sensitive and postgadolinium T1‐weighted fat‐saturated sequences including dedicated sacral imaging. Three radiologists independently evaluated the fluid‐sensitive sequences, and later, the complete study (including postcontrast images). With postcontrast imaging as the reference standard, we calculated the test properties of fluid‐sensitive sequences for depiction of acute and chronic findings consistent with sacroiliitis.

Results

The 51 patients had a median age of 15 years, and 57% were male. Nineteen patients (22 joints) were diagnosed as having sacroiliitis based on postcontrast imaging, and none had synovitis in the absence of bone marrow edema. All 22 joints demonstrated bone marrow edema on both fluid‐sensitive and postgadolinium T1‐weighted fat‐saturated sequences. Eighteen percent of joints with sacroiliitis had capsulitis, which was observed on both noncontrast and postcontrast imaging. Fifty‐nine percent of joints with sacroiliitis had synovitis on postcontrast imaging. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of fluid‐sensitive sequences for the detection of acute inflammatory lesions consistent with sacroiliitis using postgadolinium imaging as the reference standard were excellent. Interrater reliability was substantial for all parameters.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that fluid‐sensitive sequences are sufficient to detect acute and chronic lesions consistent with inflammatory sacroiliitis in children.
Effective Host Materials for Blue/White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes by Utilizing the Twisted Conjugation Structure in 10‐Phenyl‐9,10‐Dihydroacridine Block
Authors: Liu Xiang‐Yang , Liang Feng , Cui Lin‐Song , Yuan Xiao‐Dong , Jiang Zuo‐Quan , Liao Liang‐Sheng
Published: April 2015

Two new 10‐phenyl‐9,10‐dihydroacridine derivatives attached by dibenzothiophene (DBT) and dibenzofuran (DBF) were synthesized. The influence of the substituents of these materials was studied by theoretical calculations (DFT calculation) and experimental measurements. Owing to the twisted N‐phenyl ring, both molecules possess sufficiently high triplet energies and are suitable as hosts for phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes. To evaluate the electroluminescent (EL) performance of these materials, FIrpic‐based blue PHOLEDs and two‐color white PHOLEDs (FIrpic and PO‐01 as the dopants) were fabricated using the common device structures. High external quantum efficiencies (EQE) of 21.1 % and 20.9 % for FIrpic‐based blue PHOLEDs were achieved by FPhAc and TPhAc, respectively. The white device based on the host FPhAc achieved a higher performance, with a maximum EQE of 24.7 % than the device with TPhAc as host material.
Detection of low‐frequency organized structures in night‐time air flow within a spruce canopy on the upwind and downwind sides of a mountain ridge
Authors: Potužníková K. , Sedlák P. , Koucká Knížová P.
Published: April 2015

In this paper, a wavelet‐based methodology is proposed to study the main features of turbulence data collected within the crown layer of an even‐aged Norway spruce forest at the Bílý Kříž site. The site is situated on a steep (25%) south‐southwest‐facing slope near the top of a mountain ridge. The periods of organized structures detected when the site is on the downwind (leeward) side of the ridge are significantly shorter than those detected when the site is on the upwind side of the ridge. However, the ‘leeward’ structures have a relatively higher persistence and frequency of occurrence in the 30‐min time series.
Is the pipeline hydro‐transport of wheat straw and corn stover to a biorefinery realistic?
Authors: Vaezi Mahdi , Nimana Balwinder , Kumar Amit
Published: April 2015

Pipeline hydro‐transport is an alternative to truck delivery of agricultural residue (lignocellulosic) biomass. Pipeline hydro‐transport benefits from economies of scale, reduces total delivery costs, and enables bio‐based energy facilities to achieve higher capacities. In this study, the empirical correlation based on experimentally developed data for pipeline transport of agricultural residue‐water mixtures (slurry) was used to develop a data‐intensive techno‐economic model to estimate the cost of pipeline hydro‐transport of wheat straw and corn stover to a bioethanol refinery. The total cost of pipeline hydro‐transport was found to be lowest at 8.8% dry matter slurry solid mass content and 2.5 m s−1 slurry velocity. At this biomass slurry solid mass content and velocity, the pipeline hydro‐transport of biomass was found to be economically more viable than truck delivery at capacities of 0.45 M dry t yr−1 or more for a one‐way pipeline and 1.4 M dry t yr−1 or more for a two‐way pipeline (with the return of the carrier liquid). The ability to economically hydro‐transport agricultural residue biomass in pipes offers the opportunity to develop large‐scale bioethanol plants. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Water response to intense electric fields: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Marracino Paolo , Liberti Micaela , d'Inzeo Guglielmo , Apollonio Francesca
Published: April 2015

This paper investigated polarization properties of water molecules in close proximity to an ionic charge in the presence of external electric fields by using an approach based on simulations at the atomic level. We chose sodium and chloride ions in water as examples of dilute ionic solutions and used molecular dynamics simulations to systematically investigate the influence of an external static electric field on structural, dipolar, and polarization properties of water near charged ions. Results showed that a threshold electric field higher than 108 V/m is needed to affect water polarization and increase mean dipole moment of water molecules close to the ion. A similar threshold holds for water permittivity profiles, although a field 10× higher is needed to ensure that water permittivity is almost constant independently of the position close to the ion. Electric fields of such intensities can greatly enhance polarizability of water in hydration shells around ions. Bioelectromagnetics. 36:377–385, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative anatomical analysis of facial expression using a 3D motion capture system: Application to cosmetic surgery and facial recognition technology
Authors: Lee Jae‐Gi , Jung Su‐Jin , Lee Hyung‐Jin , Seo Jung‐Hyuk , Choi You‐Jin , Bae Hyun‐Sook , Park Jong‐Tae , Kim Hee‐Jin
Published: April 2015

The topography of the facial muscles differs between males and females and among individuals of the same gender. To explain the unique expressions that people can make, it is important to define the shapes of the muscle, their associations with the skin, and their relative functions. Three‐dimensional (3D) motion‐capture analysis, often used to study facial expression, was used in this study to identify characteristic skin movements in males and females when they made six representative basic expressions. The movements of 44 reflective markers (RMs) positioned on anatomical landmarks were measured. Their mean displacement was large in males [ranging from 14.31 mm (fear) to 41.15 mm (anger)], and 3.35–4.76 mm smaller in females [ranging from 9.55 mm (fear) to 37.80 mm (anger)]. The percentages of RMs involved in the ten highest mean maximum displacement values in making at least one expression were 47.6% in males and 61.9% in females. The movements of the RMs were larger in males than females but were more limited. Expanding our understanding of facial expression requires morphological studies of facial muscles and studies of related complex functionality. Conducting these together with quantitative analyses, as in the present study, will yield data valuable for medicine, dentistry, and engineering, for example, for surgical operations on facial regions, software for predicting changes in facial features and expressions after corrective surgery, and the development of face‐mimicking robots. Clin. Anat. 28:735–744, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Implement effective strategies to address the decrease in women coaches
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: April 2015

It's no surprise that three decades of Title IX have led to a significant increase in opportunities for female college student‐athletes. After all, that was the intention. But that same time period has brought another significant change — one that seems quite contradictory and unexpected in contrast — the significant decrease in the percentage of women's coaches in college sports. Those facts aren't debatable.
Boost success by encouraging servant leadership
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: April 2015

KEITH SPATARO, ATHLETICS DIRECTOR, MENLO COLLEGE
Follow these steps to have a good meeting every time
Authors: Spalding Dan
Published: April 2015

You can make all of your meetings more productive by implementing key steps. The following steps work best for smaller meetings of individuals working together on an ongoing basis, perhaps five to 15 people on a committee.
Was volleyball player's dismissal from team a retaliatory action?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: April 2015

Emily Frazer attended Temple University on a volleyball scholarship. She dated another Temple student, Andrew Cerett, who allegedly threatened to kill his roommate in November 2010.
Treatment progress in medium security hospital settings for women: Changes in symptoms, personality and service need from admission to discharge
Authors: Long Clive G. , Dolley O. , Hollin Clive R.
Published: April 2015

Background

Service evaluations of medium secure hospital facilities for women are underrepresented in the extant literature.

Hypothesis

That positive changes in symptoms, personality traits and service need would be evident between admission and discharge among women in a medium security hospital service.

Methods

A pre‐test/post‐test design was used, with comparisons made between admission and pre‐discharge points on a variety of measures of psychiatric symptoms and personality traits.

Results

There were significant improvements in mood according to Beck Depression Inventory scores, mood and other symptoms of mental disorder and distress as measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Modified Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale, personality traits recorded using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III and service need as measured by the Camberwell Assessment of Need, Forensic Version.

Conclusions/implications for practice

Significant positive change during treatment, in all clinical areas, is encouraging given poor outcomes for women reported in other research. Findings cannot, however, be unequivocally attributed to the treatments given. Further work is needed to improve early engagement and tailor treatment more specifically to the needs of a heterogeneous population. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantiospecific Total Syntheses and Assignment of Absolute Configuration of Cannabinol‐Skeletal Carbazole Alkaloids Murrayamines‐O and ‐P
Authors: Dethe Dattatraya H. , Das Saikat , Dherange Balu D. , Mahapatra Samarpita
Published: April 2015

First enantiospecific total syntheses of the cannabinol‐skeletal carbazole alkaloids murrayamines‐O and ‐P isolated from root barks of Murraya euchrestifoli, have been accomplished by highly diastereoselective, Lewis acid catalyzed coupling reactions of commercially available monoterpenes with carbazole derivative, which in addition to confirming the structure also established the absolute configuration of the natural products. Synthesis of both natural products and their enantiomers was achieved with high atom economy, in a protecting‐group free manner and in six steps longest linear sequence from commercially available aniline derivative and verbenol.
Seamless Rim‐Functionalization of h‐BN with Silica—Experiment and Theoretical Modeling
Authors: Furlotti Michele , Caputo Riccarda , Krumeich Frank , Nesper Reinhard
Published: April 2015

Boron nitride contains six‐ring layers, which are isostructural to graphene, and it exhibits similar extraordinary mechanical strength. Unlike graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) is an insulator and has some polar features that make it a perfect material for those applications graphene is not suitable for, for example, purely ionic conductors, insulating membranes, transparent coatings, composite ceramics, high oxidation resistance materials. We report here a selective rim‐functionalization of h‐BN with SiO2 by using the Stöber process. A closed, protruding ring of SiO2 is formed covering all edges perpendicular to the [001] zones of the h‐BN stacks and thus shield the most reactive centers of BN layers. SEM and HAADF‐STEM images, X‐ray spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy confirm the rim‐functionalization by SiO2. XRD demonstrates the absence of any intercalation phenomenon of BN and reveals the glassy nature of the SiO2 rims. Selected variations of synthesis and theoretical modeling both confirm that rim activation by water prior to the Stöber condensation is crucial. First‐principles calculations also confirm that dangling bonds of clean BN edges merge to give interlayer bonds that make further functionalization much more difficult. The reported reaction pathway should allow for other new functionalizations of pure BN and of the rimmed SiO2/h‐BN composites.
Formal Asymmetric Organocatalytic [3+2] Cyclization between Enecarbamates and 3‐Indolylmethanols: Rapid Access to 3‐Aminocyclopenta[b]indoles
Authors: Lebée Clément , Kataja Antti O. , Blanchard Florent , Masson Géraldine
Published: April 2015

A highly enantio‐ and diastereoselective synthesis of 3‐aminocyclopenta[b]indoles has been developed through formal [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of enecarbamates and 3‐indolylmethanols. This transformation is catalyzed by a chiral phosphoric acid that achieves simultaneous activation of both partners of the cycloaddition. Mechanistic data are also presented that suggest that the reaction occurs through a stepwise pathway.
Ion‐Exchange Adsorption of Proteins: Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Liang Juan , Fieg Georg , Jakobtorweihen Sven
Published: April 2015

The adsorption of serum albumin and hemoglobin onto Q Sepharose FF was investigated, where the single and binary adsorption were considered. Both experiments and molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to study the adsorption from macroscopic and microscopic points of view. The steric mass‐action model was applied to describe the single adsorption isotherms and to predict the binary isotherms. The results of the experiments and simulations were connected and compared by two parameters of the steric mass‐action model. Both results present a preferential adsorption of serum albumin.
Impact of psychological capital on innovative performance and job stress
Authors: Abbas Muhammad , Raja Usman
Published: April 2015

We investigated the impact of psychological capital (PsyCap) on supervisory‐rated innovative performance and job stress. Data collected from a diverse sample (N = 237 paired responses) of employees from various organizations in Pakistan provided good support for the hypotheses. The results indicate that PsyCap is positively related to innovative job performance and negatively related to job stress. High PsyCap individuals were rated as exhibiting more innovative behaviours by their supervisors than low PsyCap individuals. Particularly, we found that high PsyCap individuals were more likely to generate, acquire support for, and implement novel ideas in their workplace. Similarly, individuals with high PsyCap reported lower levels of job stress as compared to their low PsyCap counterparts. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modified Na‐Montmorillonite With Quaternary Ammonium Salts: Application for Removal of Salicylic Acid From Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Meng Zilin , Lv Fengzhu , Zhang Yihe , Zhang Qian , Zhang Zhilei , Ai Shutao
Published: April 2015

Na‐montmorillonite (Mont) modified by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB‐Mont) and tetramethylammonium bromide (TMAB‐Mont) was used to remove salicylic acid (SA) under batch kinetic and different solution conditions. The adsorption capacity of CTAB‐Mont (202.1 mg/g) was larger compared to TMAB‐Mont (10.2 mg/g) under the same conditions. Characterization of the modified Monts was performed with X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, zeta potential, and molecular simulation by the Forcite module of Materials Studio 5.0 software. The Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model fit the experimental data well. The results indicated that the adsorption mechanism of SA absorbed on CTAB‐Mont is based on strong interaction of SA with the exposed siloxane surface and also on π–π interaction of SA with the absorbed SA molecules in the interlayer. The arrangement of molecules in the interlayer was studied by molecular simulation and the results were consistent with the experimental results. The consistency verified the hypothesized adsorption mechanism.
Performance Characterization of Pharmaceutical Removal by Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands Using Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Zhang Dongqing , Ni Wangdong , Gersberg Richard M. , Ng Wun Jern , Tan Soon Keat
Published: April 2015

Three horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands and three sand filters (without plants) were set up at the campus of Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Eight pharmaceuticals including carbamazepine, naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, caffeine, ketoprofen, salicylic acid, and clofibric acid were enriched in the wetland inflow. Three factors, namely, with/without the presence of vegetation, operational modes (batch and continuous), and hydraulic residence time were investigated by a polynomial regression model with analysis of variance, including factorial design, to find the relationships between contaminant removal and the affecting factors, as well as to determine the dominant variables and how each of them interact for each parameter. The objective of this study was to compare the removal efficiencies of selected pharmaceuticals under different wetland retention times, planted versus unplanted modes, and feeding strategies.
New insights into the pathophysiology and therapy of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Jabbour Elias , O'Brien Susan , Konopleva Marina , Kantarjian Hagop
Published: April 2015

Significant advances have been made in the last decade toward a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis and the development of novel therapies that target specific subsets of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Risk‐adapted strategies are transforming the disease treatment and prognosis. With current treatment regimens, long‐term survival is achieved by approximately 50% of patients with B‐cell ALL, 50% to 60% of patients with Philadelphia chromosome–positive ALL, and approximately 80% of patients with Burkitt's leukemia. Genomic profiling in ALL has identified new prognostic markers, new therapeutic targets, and novel ALL subtypes. These may be amenable to future targeted therapies that can further improve outcomes. The early recognition of early precursor T‐cell ALL, a distinct pathobiological entity with a poor prognosis, is essential for the development of an effective clinical management strategy. The role of monoclonal antibodies and cytotoxic T‐cell therapies continues to be defined. Many of the approaches are currently being evaluated for ALL salvage. Their incorporation into frontline adult ALL therapy, in concomitant or sequential strategies, may increase the cure rates to levels achieved in pediatric ALL and may reduce the need for prolonged intensive and maintenance chemotherapy. Cancer 2015;121:2517–2528. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
One‐Step Electrodeposition of Polyallylamine‐Functionalized Gold Nanodendrites and Their Application in Sensing
Authors: Li Pan , Huang Tan , Yang Jie , Wei Shaohua , Cai Chenxin , Chen Yu , Lee Jong‐Min
Published: April 2015

The three‐dimensional polyallylamine (PAH)‐functionalized gold nanodendrites (PAH‐3D‐Au‐NDs) were successfully synthesized through a simple, one‐step electrodeposition method. SEM, TEM, energy‐dispersive spectrum mapping, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were used to characterize the morphology, structure, and composition of PAH‐3D‐Au‐NDs. The PAH‐3D‐Au‐NDs were then used as the functional interface to effectively immobilize the ruthenium(III) ion through coordination interactions between the ruthenium(III) ion and PAH. The obtained RuIII/PAH‐3D‐Au‐NDs/Au electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic activity towards iodate reduction. With the use of PAH‐3D‐Au‐NDs, the proposed iodate electrochemical sensor displayed a fast response (less than 3 s), wide linear range (4.99×10−8 to 8.50×10−4 M), and low detection limit (1.66×10−8 M).
Niobium Doping Effects on TiO2 Mesoscopic Electron Transport Layer‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Kim Dong Hoe , Han Gill Sang , Seong Won Mo , Lee Jin‐Wook , Kim Byeong Jo , Park Nam‐Gyu , Hong Kug Sun , Lee Sangwook , Jung Hyun Suk
Published: April 2015

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the most promising candidates as next‐generation solar energy conversion systems. To design a highly efficient PSC, understanding electronic properties of mesoporous metal oxides is essential. Herein, we explore the effect of Nb doping of TiO2 on electronic structure and photovoltaic properties of PSCs. Light Nb doping (0.5 and 1.0 at %) increased the optical band gap slightly, but heavy doping (5.0 at %) distinctively decreased it. The relative Fermi level position of the conduction band is similar for the lightly Nb‐doped TiO2 (NTO) and the undoped TiO2 whereas that of the heavy doped NTO decreased by as much as ∼0.3 eV. The lightly doped NTO‐based PSCs exhibit 10 % higher efficiency than PSCs based on undoped TiO2 (from 12.2 % to 13.4 %) and 52 % higher than the PSCs utilizing heavy doped NTO (from 8.8 % to 13.4 %), which is attributed to fast electron injection/transport and preserved electron lifetime, verified by transient photocurrent decay and impedance studies.
Hydrogen Production from Aqueous Solutions of Urea with Ruthenium‐based Catalysts
Authors: Furukawa Shinya , Suzuki Ryohei , Ochi Kazuyoshi , Yashima Tatsuaki , Komatsu Takayuki
Published: April 2015

An efficient catalytic system for hydrogen production from aqueous solution of urea was developed using ruthenium‐based catalysts as an alternative for existing systems based on several H2 carriers. Ru/SiO2 showed the highest H2 yield among various SiO2‐supported transition‐metal catalysts. Optimization of the catalyst support revealed that Ru/Al2O3 exhibited the best catalytic performance, with a minimum amount of CO formed as a by‐product (1.8 mol %). A mechanistic study suggested that the reaction proceeds mainly via two steps: urea hydrolysis (H2NCONH2+H2O→2 NH3+CO2) followed by NH3 decomposition (2 NH3→3 H2+N2).
Electron Bottleneck in the Charge/Discharge Mechanism of Lithium Titanates for Batteries
Authors: Ventosa Edgar , Skoumal Marcel , Vazquez Francisco Javier , Flox Cristina , Arbiol Jordi , Morante Joan Ramon
Published: April 2015

The semi‐solid flow battery (SSFB) is a promising storage energy technology featured by employing semi‐solid fluid electrodes containing conductive additive and active Li‐ion battery materials. The state of art anode material for SSFB is Li4Ti5O12 (LTO). This work shows that LTO improves drastically the performance in fluid electrode via hydrogen annealing manifesting the importance of the electrical conductivity of the active material in SSFBs. On the other hand, the properties of fluid electrodes allow the contributions of ionic and electrical resistance to be separated in operando. The asymmetric overpotential observed in Li4Ti5O12 and TiO2 is proposed to originate from the so‐called electron bottleneck mechanism based on the transformation from electrically insulator to conductor upon (de‐)lithiation, or vice versa, which should be considered when modelling, evaluating or designing advanced materials based on Li4Ti5O12, TiO2 or others with insulating‐conducting behavior materials.
The new German soundproofing standard: Comparison between DIN 4109:1989 and E DIN 4109:2013 / Die neue Schallschutznorm: Vergleich DIN 4109:1989 und E DIN 4109:2013
Authors: Kornadt Oliver , Vogel Albert
Published: April 2015

In 2013, a new draft of a complete standard for DIN 4109 “Soundproofing in buildings” was issued in 4 parts – “Requirements”, “Method of calculation”, “Parts catalogue” and “Testing acoustics in buildings”. It includes several increases in the requirements for protection against airborne noise and impact sound by comparison to DIN 4109:1989. The increases are based on the grades from monitored buildings of standard construction periodically noted in recent years. Significant changes are also included in Part 2 “Input data for verifying the requirements by calculation”. A detailed computation of all transmission paths is carried out here, taking into account the special vibration reducing indices. For a brick wall, the specific indices for the weighted sound reduction index R’w,R are shown that arise for various formations of the joints. When compared with the calculated values according to DIN 4109:1989 there are differences of up to 10 dB.
Seasonal cycles, phylogenetic assembly, and functional diversity of orchid bee communities
Authors: Ramírez Santiago R. , Hernández Carlos , Link Andres , López‐Uribe Margarita M.
Published: April 2015

Neotropical rainforests sustain some of the most diverse terrestrial communities on Earth. Euglossine (or orchid) bees are a diverse lineage of insect pollinators distributed throughout the American tropics, where they provide pollination services to a staggering diversity of flowering plant taxa. Elucidating the seasonal patterns of phylogenetic assembly and functional trait diversity of bee communities can shed new light into the mechanisms that govern the assembly of bee pollinator communities and the potential effects of declining bee populations. Male euglossine bees collect, store, and accumulate odoriferous compounds (perfumes) to subsequently use during courtship display. Thus, synthetic chemical baits can be used to attract and monitor euglossine bee populations. We conducted monthly censuses of orchid bees in three sites in the Magdalena valley of Colombia – a region where Central and South American biotas converge – to investigate the structure, diversity, and assembly of euglossine bee communities through time in relation to seasonal climatic cycles. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that phylogenetic community structure and functional trait diversity changed in response to seasonal rainfall fluctuations. All communities exhibited strong to moderate phylogenetic clustering throughout the year, with few pronounced bursts of phylogenetic overdispersion that coincided with the transition from wet‐to‐dry seasons. Despite the heterogeneous distribution of functional traits (e.g., body size, body mass, and proboscis length) and the observed seasonal fluctuations in phylogenetic diversity, we found that functional trait diversity, evenness, and divergence remained constant during all seasons in all communities. However, similar to the pattern observed with phylogenetic diversity, functional trait richness fluctuated markedly with rainfall in all sites. These results emphasize the importance of considering seasonal fluctuations in community assembly and provide a glimpse to the potential effects that climatic alterations may have on both pollinator communities and the ecosystem services they provide.
Synthesis of Enantiopure 1,5‐Enynes and 1,5‐Diynes with Propargylic Quaternary Centers
Authors: Pérez Ignacio , Yuste Francisco , Sánchez‐Obregón Rubén , Toscano Rubén A. , Alemán José , Marzo Leyre , Martín Castro Ana M. , Alonso Inés , García Ruano José Luis
Published: April 2015

Diastereoselective quaternization of ortho‐sulfinylbenzyl‐methylpropargylic carbanions has been carried out with various allylic, propargylic, and benzylic halides. The stereoselectivity is efficiently controlled by the sulfinyl group, acting as a remote chiral auxiliary. Desulfinylation of the resulting compounds with tBuLi provides access to enantiopure 1,5‐enynes, 1,5‐diynes, and 4‐arylalkynes bearing all‐carbon quaternary propargylic centers.
Highly Enantioselective SPINOL‐Derived Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Diverse C=N‐Containing Heterocycles
Authors: Zhang Yiliang , Zhao Rong , Bao Robert Li‐Yuan , Shi Lei
Published: April 2015

A highly efficient and enantioselective hydrogenation of diversely substituted C=N‐containing heterocyclic compounds such as 3‐aryl‐1,4‐benzoxazines and 2‐arylquinolines was experimentally explored by using 1,1′‐spirobiindane‐7,7′‐diol‐derived chiral phosphoric acids as the catalyst. This method provides straightforward access to the corresponding tetrahydroquinolines and dihydro‐2H‐1,4‐benzothiazines in high yields (85–99 %) with excellent enantioselectivities (91–99 %). The attractive features of this procedure, which include mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity, relatively low catalyst loading (1 mol‐%), and high levels of enantioselectivities, make it a useful approach for the practical synthesis of optically active nitrogen‐containing aromatic heterocycles.
Square‐Wave Voltammetry of Electroinactive Surfactants
Authors: Jadreško Dijana , Zelić Marina
Published: April 2015

Under the influence of previously published and some new theoretical results, potential‐ dependent adsorption and desorption of model electroinactive surfactants Triton X‐100 (T‐X‐100 or polyethylene glycol p‐(1,1,3,3‐tetramethylbutyl)‐phenyl ether) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the static mercury drop electrode (SMDE) were studied by square‐wave voltammetry (SWV). Although (according to the theory) the resulting current – potential curve should consist of two highly separated peaks, only desorption signal could be seen on each experimentally obtained voltammogram, most probably because of the limitations concerning the available potential range. Different properties of the recorded peak are in good agreement with the theory indicating that square‐wave voltammetry could be treated as a potential tool for tensammetric studies of electroinactive surface active substances.