bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CdS Quantum Dots Sensitized 2D La2Ti2O7 Nanosheets as Support for Visible Light‐Assisted Electrocatalytic Methanol Oxidation in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Wang Yuan , Hu Jiayue , Zhai Chunyang , Gao Haifeng , Liu Zhao-Qing , Du Yukou , Zhu Mingshan
Published: March 2019

The heterojunction of cadmium sulfide (CdS)/La2Ti2O7 (CdS/LTO) attracts great attention in the application of photocatalysis. Here, it is used as a visible light–activated support and extends to the application of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). First, uniform CdS quantum dots (QDs) are deposited on the surface of 2D perovskite‐type LTO nanosheets to form the CdS QDs/LTO heterojunction. Then, Pt electrocatalysts are deposited on the as‐prepared CdS QDs/LTO heterojunction and used as a working electrode for the application of the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). With the assistance of visible light irradiation, the as‐prepared electrode shows 2.2 times enhanced activity toward MOR than that under the dark condition. Moreover, compared to Pt on the surface of LTO, the introduced CdS QDs not only improve the electrode's visible light response, but also facilitate charge separation via a type II heterojunction structure. This work provides a new insight into the development of highly efficient CdS/La2Ti2O7 for applications in DMFCs and beyond.
Intercalated Graphite between Ni Foam and Ni3S2 Nanocrystals for the Activity Promotion in Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Ma Biao , Guo Xiaomeng , Zhang Xiaopeng , Chen Ying , Fan Xiaobin , Li Yang , Zhang Fengbao , Zhang Guoliang , Peng Wenchao
Published: March 2019

Herein, a novel 3D free‐standing electrode is synthesized, consisting of Ni3S2 supported on a Ni foam (NF) with a graphite foam (GF) intercalated between them (Ni3S2@GF@NF). The hydrothermally synthesized Ni3S2 has a hierarchical structure with abundant active sites exposed, and intimate interfacial contact can be formed during the in situ synthesis process. Moreover, the intercalated GF has a large surface area and good electric conductivity, which can create a new short route to facilitate electron transfer onto the active surface of Ni3S2. The Ni3S2@GF@NF electrode exhibits an excellent hydrogen evolution reaction performance with an early overpotential of 99 mV vs reversible hydrogen electrode at 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 98.2 mV dec−1 in alkaline solutions. However, the overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope for the oxygen evolution reaction are 240 mV and 62.4 mV dec−1 in alkaline solutions. Using Ni3S2@GF@NF as both anode and cathode, only a small cell voltage of 1.63 V is needed to obtain 10 mA cm−2 for overall water splitting, comparable with the best free‐standing materials. Moreover, it exhibits a good stability due to the protection of GF. The free‐standing Ni3S2@GF@NF electrode contains no noble metals and should have a great potential in electrochemical water splitting.
Investigating dune‐building feedback at the plant level: Insights from a multispecies field experiment
Authors: Mullins Elsemarie , Moore Laura J. , Goldstein Evan B. , Jass Theo , Bruno John , Durán Vinent Orencio
Published: March 2019

Coastal foredunes provide the first line of defense against rising sea levels and storm surge and for this reason there is increasing interest in understanding and modeling foredune formation and post‐storm recovery. However, there is limited observational data available to provide empirical guidance for the development of model parameterizations. To provide guidance for improved representation of dune grass growth in models, we conducted a two‐year multi‐species transplant experiment on Hog Island, VA, U.S.A. and measured the dependence of plant growth on elevation and distance from the shoreline, as well as the relationship between plant growth and sand accumulation. We tracked total leaf growth (length) and aboveground leaf length and found that Ammophila breviligulata (American beachgrass) and Uniola paniculata (sea oats) grew more than Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordgrass) by a factor of 15% (though not statistically significant) and 45%, respectively. Our results also suggest a range of basal/frontal area ratios (an important model parameter) from 0.5‐1 and a strong correlation between transplant growth and total sand deposition for all species at the scale of two years, but not over shorter temporal scales. Distance from the shoreline and elevation had no effect on transplant growth rate but did have an effect on survival. Based on transplant survival, the seaward limit of vegetation at the end of the experiment was approximately 30 m from the MHWL and at an elevation of 1.43 m, corresponding to inundation less than 7.5% of the time according to total water level calculations. Results from this experiment provide evidence for the dune‐building capacity of all three species, suggesting S. patens is not a maintainer species, as previously thought, but rather a moderate dune builder even though its growth is less stimulated by sand deposition than A. breviligulata and U. paniculata. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental and Full-Life Cycle Exposures to Guanylurea and Guanylurea–Metformin Mixtures Results in Adverse Effects on Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes)
Authors: Ussery Erin , Nielsen Kristin M. , Pandelides Zacharias , Kirkwood Andrea E. , Guchardi John , Holdway Douglas
Published: March 2019

Metformin is currently thought to be the highest drug by weight released into the aquatic environment, as a direct result of its widespread use in the treatment of a number of human health disorders. The removal of metformin from wastewaters is directly related to the formation of guanylurea (metformin's only known persistent degradation product), which is generally present at higher concentrations in surface waters than the parent compound. With metformin use rising steadily, it is important to characterize the effects of guanylurea on nontarget aquatic organisms. We recently demonstrated the effects of developmental exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of metformin on the growth of early life stage (ELS) medaka as well as effects on the body weight of adult male fish following full-life cycle exposures. In the present study, we describe similar effects of guanylurea exposure on these endpoints and life stages. Guanylurea led to effects on growth in a 28-d ELS assessment that were similar to those of metformin; however, these effects occurred at concentrations in the ng/L range compared with the μg/L range for metformin. A possible sex-dependent association with body weight changes was also observed in adults following a 165-d full-life cycle exposure to guanylurea alone or in a mixture with metformin. To our knowledge, the present is the first study to report the toxicity of guanylurea to nontarget aquatic organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;00:1–6. © 2019 SETAC
Conflict within species determines the value of a mutualism between species
Authors: Sun Syuan-Jyun , Horrocks Nicholas P. C. , Kilner Rebecca M.
Published: March 2019

Mutually beneficial interactions between species play a key role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function. Nevertheless, such mutualisms can erode into antagonistic interactions. One explanation is that the fitness costs and benefits of interacting with a partner species vary among individuals. However, it is unclear why such variation exists. Here, we demonstrate that social behavior within species plays an important, though hitherto overlooked, role in determining the relative fitness to be gained from interacting with a second species. By combining laboratory experiments with field observations, we report that conflict within burying beetles Nicrophorus vespilloides influences the fitness that can be gained from interacting with the mite Poecilochirus carabi. Beetles transport these mites to carrion, upon which both species breed. We show that mites help beetles win intraspecific contests for this scarce resource: mites raise beetle body temperature, which enhances beetle competitive prowess. However, mites confer this benefit only upon smaller beetles, which are otherwise condemned by their size to lose contests for carrion. Larger beetles need no assistance to win a carcass and then lose reproductive success when breeding alongside mites. Thus, the extent of mutualism is dependent on an individual's inability to compete successfully and singlehandedly with conspecifics. Mutualisms degrade into antagonism when interactions with a partner species start to yield a net fitness loss, rather than a net fitness gain. This study suggests that interactions with conspecifics determine where this tipping point lies.
Taxonomy of Draparnaldia Bory and Draparnaldiopsis G.M. Sm. and Klyver (Chaetophoraceae): recircumscription, new species, new combinations and nomen novum
Authors: Mandal Manasi , Maity Debabrata
Published: March 2019

The taxonomic status of Draparnaldiopsis G.M. Sm. & Klyver is discussed and the circumscription of the genus is readdressed. Draparnaldia yajnavalkyae Manasi Mandal & D. Maity sp. nov., from Sikkim Himalaya is described and illustrated. This new species was discovered in the high mountains of Lhonak Valley, North Sikkim and is known only from the type locality. A detailed description of the species along with an illustration and other images is provided. The new species is compared with its most similar and closely related species Draparnaldia mutabilis (Roth) Bory. The characters of the new species bridge those of the genera Draparnaldia Bory and Draparnaldiopsis and thus Draparnaldiopsis is considered a synonym of Draparnaldia. An amplified diagnosis of Draparnaldia is provided. New combinations are made for the names of the nine previously described taxa under the genus Draparnaldiopsis. There is already a Draparnaldia simplex K. I. Mey. and therefore, Draparnaldiopsis simplex C. Jao requires a new name in that genus. Draparnaldia forestii Manasi Mandal & D. Maity nom. nov. is thus provided.
Anti‐obesity and hypolipidemic effect of water extract from Pleurotus citrinopileatus in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Sheng Yao , Zhao Changhui , Zheng Shujuan , Mei Xiaohong , Huang Kunlun , Wang Guoyi , He Xiaoyun
Published: March 2019

Obesity has become one of the most important health problems worldwide requiring urgent need for efficient control. Pleurotus citrinopileatus (P. citrinopileatus)—a type of edible mushroom with abundant bioactive molecules—is a promising source for achieving this goal. In the present study, we evaluated the anti‐obesity and hypolipidemic effect of P. citrinopileatus water extract (PWE) using a series of biochemical assays in randomized high‐fat diet‐induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6J mice, which were gavaged daily with low or high levels of PWE (400 or 800 mg/kg of body weight, respectively) in addition to high‐fat diet for 12 weeks. Results showed that PWE significantly reduced the weight gain, fat accumulation, and food intake of DIO mice within 12 weeks. PWE also decreased the serum triglycerides, cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein, aspartate transaminase, nonesterified fatty acid, and creatinine, but increased high‐density lipoprotein. Additionally, PWE improved the glucose tolerance of mice fed with high fat. From above, we conclude that PWE has great potential as functional foods for management of obesity and/or associated metabolic disorders.
Effects of combined high pressure and enzymatic treatments on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of peanut proteins
Authors: Dong Xin‐hong , Li Jing , Jiang Guo‐xiang , Li Hai‐yun , Zhao Mou‐ming , Jiang Yue‐ming
Published: March 2019

Isolated peanut protein (PPI) dispersions were pretreated by high pressure at 100, 300, and 500 MPa prior to enzymatic hydrolysis with alkaline protease (Alcalase). The degree of hydrolysis (DH) was determined by the pH‐stat method, the hydrolysates profiles were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the molecular weight distribution (MWD) was analyzed by gel filtration chromatogram (GFC), and content of SH/S‐S and antioxidant activity of hydrolysates were evaluated. Results showed that HP pretreatment improved effectively the enzymatic hydrolysis of PPI, with an effective sequence of 300 > 100 > 500 MPa. However, no significant differences were observed in the peak pattern of HPLC profiles, but the peak times were earlier in HPLC profiles of the HP‐treated protein. GFC analysis showed that more peptide fractions with low molecular weight appeared in the hydrolysates of the HP‐treated PPI with increasing pressure. Moreover, the level of free SH of hydrolysates of the HP‐treated PPI was relatively higher than non‐HP‐treated PPI. The hydrolysates of the HP‐treated PPI exerted higher antioxidant activity (reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging) than the hydrolysates of non‐HP‐treated PPI. The results indicated that high pressure treatment affected the enzymatic hydrolysis of peanut protein and some protein structure properties and improved antioxidant activity of PPI hydrolysates.
Microplastics in Freshwater Biota: A Critical Review of Isolation, Characterization, and Assessment Methods
Authors: O'Connor James D. , Mahon Anne Marie , Ramsperger Anja F. R. M. , Trotter Benjamin , Redondo‐Hasselerharm Paula E. , Koelmans Albert A. , Lally Heather T. , Murphy Sinéad
Published: March 2019

Freshwater systems provide key pathways for microplastic (MP) pollution, and although existing studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of freshwater biota to ingestion, translocation, and trophic transfer, specific challenges pertaining to methodological standardization remain largely unresolved, particularly with respect to isolating, characterizing, and assessing MPs. Here, a critical review is performed outlining the challenges and limitations currently faced by freshwater MP researchers, which may well apply across the MP research spectrum. Recommendations are provided for methodological standardization, particularly in MP characterization, quality assurance, and quality control (QA/QC) procedures as well as reporting. Considerations for the assessment of MPs in freshwater biota as a means of improving comparisons between studies are discussed. Technological advancements, including the improvement of laboratory infrastructure for identifying MPs within the smaller size range as well as methodological standardization are essential in providing policy makers with tools and measures necessary to determine the distribution of MPs within freshwater ecosystems, while also allowing for comparability and providing compliance for future monitoring requirements.
A strontium isoscape of north‐east Australia for human provenance and repatriation
Authors: Adams Shaun , Grün Rainer , McGahan David , Zhao Jian‐Xin , Feng Yuexing , Nguyen Ai , Willmes Malte , Quaresimin Michael , Lobsey Brett , Collard Mark , Westaway Michael C.
Published: March 2019

It has been estimated that up to 25% of Indigenous human remains held in Australian institutions are unprovenanced. Geochemical tracers like strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) have been used globally for over 40 years to discern human provenance and provide independent data to aid in repatriation efforts. To reliably apply this technology, landscape 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio variability must be quantified. In Australia, only a few studies have used this technique and they are lacking in detail. Here, we present Australia's first regional strontium isotope ratio variability study. We measured strontium isotope ratios in soil, plant, water, and faunal material throughout Cape York, Queensland, the most northerly point of mainland Australia. Results show a close correlation between surface soil leachates, vegetation, surface water, and faunal 87Sr/86Sr results with extremely high values (0.78664) associated with ancient Precambrian geology. Our study suggests that measuring 87Sr/86Sr in soil and plant samples offer a reliable approach for assessing regional Sr isotope distribution, although the inclusion of mammal and freshwater samples is also important to assess exogenous inputs. This study provides an important tool for modern and prehistoric provenance studies and may aid in answering some of Australia's most enduring archaeological questions.
Transformed follicular lymphoma in the rituximab era: A report from the Spanish Lymphoma Oncology Group
Authors: Méndez Miriam , Torrente Maria , Sánchez‐Beato Margarita , González‐Rincón Julia , Royuela Ana , Gómez‐Codina José , de la Cruz‐Merino Luis , Rueda Antonio , Llanos Marta , Quero Cristina , Rodríguez‐Abreu Delvys , Gumá Josep , Monsalvo Silvia , Sabin Pilar , Provencio Mariano
Published: March 2019

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the second most common non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subtype. The histological transformation (HT) of FL is an event considered frequent in the natural history of this tumor. We studied the transformation rates, predictive factors, and treatment characteristics that may impact in the survival of patients with FL and HT. A total of 1074 patients diagnosed with FL were prospectively enrolled from 1990 to 2016 in a Spanish registry. Sixty‐four HTs were recorded based on clinical criteria (55%) or histological confirmation (45%). The cumulative incidence rate of transformation at 5 years is 7.3%. The 5‐year overall survival (OS) without HT was 85% (95% confidence interval [CI], 70%‐90%) vs 66% (95% CI, 51%‐76%; P = 0.0012) with HT. Factors associated with HT were elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (odds ratio [OR] 1.83), intermediate‐high Follicular lymphoma international prognostic index (FLIPI) (OR 2.16‐OR 3.21), B symptoms (OR 2.46), or Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 1 (OR 2.35). Treatment options related to HT were “watch and wait” or no rituximab or anthracyclines initially. A 5‐year OS for patients treated with chemotherapy before HT was 55% (95% CI, 38%‐69%) versus 81% (95% CI, 53%‐93%; P = 0.009) for those who had not received it. The HT rate has decreased after the introduction of rituximab, as has been previously described. The timing of this treatment had an impact on the survival of these patients.
Improvement of a simplified process‐based model for estimating transpiration under water‐limited conditions
Authors: Liu Na , Buckley Thomas N. , He Xinguang , Zhang Xinping , Zhang Cicheng , Luo Zidong , Wang Hailong , Sterling Nasrin , Guan Huade
Published: March 2019

Plant transpiration depends on environmental conditions, and soil water availability is its primary control under water deficit conditions. In this study, we improve a simplified process‐based model (hereafter “BTA”) by including soil water potential (ψsoil) to explicitly represent the dependence of plant transpiration on root‐zone moisture conditions. The improved model is denoted as the BTA‐ψ model. We assessed the performance of the BTA and BTA‐ψ models in a subtropical monsoon climate and a Mediterranean climate with different levels of water stress. The BTA model performed reasonably in estimating daily and hourly transpiration under sufficient water conditions, but it failed during dry periods. Overall, the BTA‐ψ model provided a significant improvement for estimating transpiration under a wide range of soil moisture conditions. Although both models could estimate transpiration (sap flow) at night, BTA‐ψ was superior to BTA in this regard. Species differences in the calibrated parameters of both models were consistent with leaf‐level photosynthetic measurements on each species, as expected given the physiological basis of these parameters. With a simplified representation of physiological regulation and reasonable performance across a range of soil moisture conditions, the BTA‐ψ model provides a useful alternative to purely empirical models for modelling transpiration.
Development and validation of a cycle‐specific risk score for febrile neutropenia during chemotherapy cycles 2–6 in patients with solid cancers: The CSRFENCE score
Authors: Aagaard Theis , Reekie Joanne , Roen Ashley , Daugaard Gedske , Specht Lena , Sengeløv Henrik , Mocroft Amanda , Lundgren Jens , Helleberg Marie
Published: March 2019

The absolute risk reduction by prophylaxis in chemotherapy‐induced febrile neutropenia (FN) is largest in patients at highest underlying risk. Therefore, reliable predictive models are needed. Here, we develop and validate such a model for risk of FN during chemotherapy cycles 2–6. A prediction score for risk of FN during the first cycle has recently been published. Patients with solid cancers initiating first‐line chemotherapy in 2010–2016 were included. Cycle‐specific risk factors were assessed by Poisson regression using generalized estimating equations and random split sampling. The derivation cohort included 4,590 patients treated with 15,419 cycles, wherein 326 (2.1%) FN events occurred. Predictors of FN in multivariable analyses were: higher predicted risk of FN in the first cycle, platinum‐ or taxane‐containing therapies, concurrent radiotherapy, treatment in cycle 2 compared to later cycles, previous FN or neutropenia and not receiving granulocyte colony‐stimulating factors. Each predictor added between −2 and 8 points to each patient's score (median score 4; interquartile range, 1–6). The incidence rate ratios for developing FN in the intermediate (score 1–4), high (score 5–6) and very high risk groups (score ≥7) were 7.8 (95% CI, 2.4–24.9), 18.6 (95% CI, 5.9–58.8) and 51.7 (95% CI, 16.5–162.3) compared to the low risk group (score ≤0), respectively. The score had good discriminatory ability with a Harrell's C‐statistic of 0.78 (95% CI, 0.76–0.80) in the derivation and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.72–0.78) in the validation cohort (patient n = 2,295, cycle n = 7,670). The Cycle‐Specific Risk of FEbrile Neutropenia after ChEmotherapy score is the first published method to estimate cycle‐specific risk of FN.
tRNA‐based prognostic score in predicting survival outcomes of lung adenocarcinomas
Authors: Kuang Muyu , Zheng Difan , Tao Xiaoting , Peng Yizhou , Pan Yunjian , Zheng Shanbo , Zhang Yang , Li Hang , Yuan Chongze , Zhang Yawei , Xiang Jiaqing , Li Yuan , Chen Haiquan , Sun Yihua
Published: March 2019

As the most abundant noncoding RNA in cells, tRNA plays an important role in tumorigenesis and development. The report of tRNA on the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma is rare. It is of great clinical significance to explore the relationship between tRNA expression and prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. The expression level of tRNAs in lung adenocarcinoma tissues and paracarcinoma tissues was detected using a tRNA RT‐qPCR array. A total of 104 lung adenocarcinomas were included in the analysis of the correlation between candidate tRNAs expression and prognosis. A tRNA‐based prognostic model was constructed and validated using Cox proportional hazards regression. A nomogram was built to help clinicians develop treatment strategies. We screened a series of differentially expressed tRNAs between lung adenocarcinoma tissues and paracarcinoma tissues. Among these tRNAs, tRNAAsnATT, tRNAIleAAT, tRNALeuTAA, mt‐tRNATrpTCA, mt‐tRNALeuTAA, tRNAProAGG, tRNALysCTT‐1 and tRNALeuAAG were associated with the clinicopathological characteristics of lung adenocarcinoma. tRNALysCTT‐1, mt‐tRNASerGCT and tRNATyrATA were associated with cancer‐specific survival. We constructed a prognostic model for lung adenocarcinoma using specific tRNA expression levels as reference factors. Multivariate analyses showed that tRNA‐based prognostic score was a significant and important prognostic factor. The prognostic model based on the tRNAs expression signatures can help predict the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
Science at the Chemistry Biology Interface, some Personal Thoughts
Authors: Marx Andreas
Published: March 2019

In this essay, I depict some personal thoughts and experience related to Chemical Biology. A particular emphasis is put on education and training of the new talents in the field and in consequence, I give the youngest generation the opportunity to express their opinion on Chemical Biology.
Chemistry Education Fostering Creativity in the Digital Era
Authors: Pagliaro Mario
Published: March 2019

Renewing undergraduate education in the chemical sciences to foster creativity using research, visualization and connectivity resources has substantial benefits, but requires changes in the curriculum and teaching methodology as well as in academic teaching and human resource conventional policies.
Renal primitive neuroectodermal tumor with elevated plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone levels: A case report
Authors: Shimizu Nobuaki , Hasumi Masaru , Hamano Tatsuya , Iijima Misa , Yoshioka Takako , Yamazaki Yuto , Sasano Hironobu
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors are small round‐cell tumors – Ewing sarcoma family, frequently occurring in the extremities, but rarely in the kidney.

Case presentation

A 58‐year‐old woman presented with whole‐body edema and weakness of lower limb muscles. Computed tomography revealed a left renal tumor, and the plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone level was elevated. The tumor was surgically removed without complications, her plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone reverted to normal levels, and symptoms disappeared after surgery. Histopathological examination revealed a primitive neuroectodermal tumor arising in her kidney. The patient was alive without metastasis 3 years after the surgery.

Conclusion

We report the first case of renal primitive neuroectodermal tumor accompanying elevated plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone levels which are thought to be produced and secreted in an ectopic fashion.
Dachengqi decoction alleviates acute lung injury and inhibits inflammatory cytokines production through TLR4/NF‐κB signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Hu XingXing , Liu Shang , Zhu Jin , Ni HaiBin
Published: March 2019

Background and Objectives

Sepsis that arises from uncontrolled pulmonary inflammation could induce acute lung injury (ALI), leading to the high death rate. Dachengqi decoction (DCQD) is a common traditional Chinese herbal medicine with strong anti‐inflammatory effects. The current study aimed to explore the effect of DCQD on the inflammatory cytokines production, the aquaporin‐1 (AQP‐1) and AQP‐5 protein expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced ALI models, and the potential mechanisms underlying its effects.

Methods

Sprague‐Dawley rats and HULEC‐5a cells were used as study models in the research. To detect related molecules in the study, the real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis, cell counting kit‐8 assay, Western blot analysis, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay were performed.

Results

DCQD could inhibit the expression of LPS‐induced inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐8, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), in lung tissues and could reduce pulmonary edema by upregulating the expression of AQP‐1 and AQP‐5 in rats with LPS‐induced ALI. Moreover, the results suggested that the toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF‐κB signaling is indispensable for DCQD to increase the expression of AQP‐1 and AQP‐5 and inhibits the production of IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNF‐α in LPS‐induced HULEC‐5a cells.

Conclusion

The results of our study suggested that DCQD suppresses the TLR4/NF‐κB signaling pathway, increases the protein expression of AQP‐1 and AQP‐5, and inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines, by which it may alleviate the inflammatory reactions in ALI and benefit the treatments.
Evaluating the intersection between “green events” and sense of community at Liverpool’s Lark Lane Farmers Market
Authors: Zhao Yahan , Wise Nicholas
Published: March 2019

More research needs to evaluate links between community psychology and event impacts. Events are not just entertainment focused economic drivers, but gatherings contributing to society, community, and local cultural identity. There is also a need to address “green” philosophies, while visible and widespread, are not just environmentally focused, but also local community focused—concerning elements of social sustainability, belonging and sense of community. This makes the discussion of “green events” relevant to community psychology and local well‐being researchers. The aim of this study is to find other possibilities of how green events could contribute to local community well‐being by investigating how farmer markets unite people to understand how such events reinforce and shape a sense of community. This paper is based on participant observations and semistructured interviews to explore the conceptual notion of sense of community. Three emerged themes are presented: local participation, social atmosphere, and a sense of belonging.
Utility of indirect sonographic signs (including cavum septum pellucidum ratio) in midgestational screening for partial agenesis of corpus callosum
Authors: Zhao Dan , Wang Bing , Cai Ailu
Published: March 2019

Purpose

This study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of indirect sonographic signs in detecting partial agenesis of the corpus callosum (pACC) at midgestation, focusing on the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) ratio.

Methods

A retrospective case‐controlled study of singleton pregnancies was conducted, examining fetuses diagnosed with isolated pACC and normal controls. At midgestational age, fetal head volumes were imaged with 3D US and stored for the evaluation of indirect sonographic findings in axial planes.

Results

Fifteen normal and 15 abnormal fetuses (with pACC) were analyzed. Based on a CSP ratio < 1.5, detection of pACC increased from 66.7% (10/15) to 80% (12/15). All indirect signs proved highly suspicious for pACC (risk ratios > 1).

Conclusion

Use of indirect sonographic signs to screen for pACC at midgestation is challenging. However, a low CSP ratio may improve the detection rate, serving as a new indirect sign.
Bone demineralization promotes superior spread of preosteoblast in culture
Authors: Manfredi Gustavo Gonçalves do Prado , Tokuhara Cíntia Kazuko , Salmeron Samira , de Carvalho Érika Beatriz Spada , Liboa‐Filho Paulo Noronha , Damante Carla Andreotti , Sant'Ana Adriana Campos Passanezi , Zangrando Mariana Schutzer Ragghianti , Greghi Sebastião Luis Aguiar , de Rezende Maria Lúcia Rubo
Published: March 2019

Previous studies have shown substances capable of similar effects of demineralization, accelerating the process of bone remodeling. This study investigated preosteoblasts behavior in cell culture after bone demineralization with citric acid and tetracycline. Seventy‐four Wistar rats provided 144 calvarial bone samples, 126 of which were randomly divided in seven groups according to the treatment given to the surface: no demineralization (C), citric acid (CA), tetracycline (TCN) during 15, 30, and 60 s. Each group received preosteoblasts cultured for 24, 48, and 72 hr. Eighteen remaining samples were analyzed for the atomic percentage (A%) by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) before and after demineralization. The average percentage of bone area covered by cells increased with time and it was significantly higher after 24 and 48 hr of culture in groups CA15s, CA30s, CA60s, TCN15s, and TCN30s than in groups TCN60 and C (p < 0.05). The cell morphology in all CA and TCN groups was shown to be compatible with more advanced stages of differentiation than in C group. The A% changed after demineralization. We conclude that demineralization with citric acid or tetracycline for 15–30 s increased the area of bone surface covered by preosteoblasts. The A% changes were not sufficient to impair the cells spreading and morphology. Bone demineralization may promote potential benefits in bone regenerative procedures.

Highlights

Low pH effects did not interfere on cell growth.

Bone demineralization favored the preosteoblasts growth.

A possible alternative to improve graft consolidation.
PGE2-induced migration of human brain endothelial cell is mediated though protein kinase A in cooperation of EP receptors
Authors: Khan Gausal A , Bhagat Saumya , Alam Md. Iqbal
Published: March 2019

PGE2 plays a critical role in angiogenesis, ischemic, and neuro-inflammatory disorders of the brain, which breakdown the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the effects of PGE2 on human brain endothelial cell (HBECs) migration, a key process in the angiogenic response and BBB stability, are not well defined. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of PGE2 in HBECs migration in vitro. Here we showed that PGE2 stimulated migration of HBECs in a dose-time and matrix-dependent manner, evaluated by the Boyden chamber assay, but other prostanoids failed to do so. PGE2 receptor (EP2; butaprost), EP3 (sulprostone), and EP4 (PGE1-OH) receptor agonists stimulated HBECs migration, but the silencing of EP significantly attenuated this effect. EP1 agonist (11-trinor PGE1) had no effect on HBECs migration on silencing of the EP1 receptor. We further showed that PGE2 stimulated cAMP production and activated protein kinase A (PKA), whereas pretreatment with the adenyl cyclase inhibitor (dideoxyadenosine; 1 μM) or PKA inhibitors, H89 (0.5 μM)/PKAI (1 μM), completely abrogated PGE2-induced migration. Furthermore, silencing of the EP2/EP4 receptors significantly inhibited PGE2-induced cAMP and PKA activation, whereas EP3 receptor silencing failed to do so. These results suggest that PGE2 regulates HBEC migration via cooperation of EP2, EP3, and EP4 receptors. Coupling of PGE2 to these receptors resulted in increased production of cAMP, which regulates HBEC migration via PKA pathway. The elucidation of molecular events involved is critical for the development of targeted strategies to treat cerebrovascular diseases associated with dysregulated angiogenesis.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of deuterated sofosbuvir analogs as HCV NS5B inhibitors with enhanced pharmacokinetic properties
Authors: Ao Wangwei , Ma Xueqin , Lin Youping , Wang Xiaojing , Song Wei , Wang Qinglin , Zhang Xiquan , Xu Hongjiang , Zhang Yinsheng
Published: March 2019

A series of deuterated sofosbuvir analogs were designed and prepared with the aim of improving their pharmacokinetic properties. The devised synthetic routes allow for site‐selective deuterium incorporation with high levels of isotopic purity. As expected, the deuterated analogs (37‐44) are as efficacious as sofosbuvir when tested in vitro inhibition of viral replication (replicon) assays. Compared with sofosbuvir, deuterated analog 40 displays improved in vivo pharmacokinetics profiles in rats and dogs in terms of the metabolite and the prodrug. The Cmax and area under the curve (AUC) of 40 in dogs were increased by 3.4‐ and 2.7‐fold, respectively. Due to the enhanced pharmacokinetic properties and the great synthetic advantage of an inexpensive deuterium source (D2O) for 40, it was chosen for further investigation.
Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir with or without sofosbuvir for patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection who failed a prior course of direct‐acting antiviral therapy
Authors: Poordad Fred , Bennett Michael , Sepe Thomas E. , Cohen Eric , Reindollar Robert W. , Everson Gregory , Phillips Raymond W. , Siddique Asma , Sullivan J. Greg , Pilot‐Matias Tami , Abunimeh Manal , Cohen Daniel E. , Younes Ziad
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Despite high efficacy of current direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs) in treating chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a small portion of patients fail treatment. QUARTZ‐I was a phase 2, open‐label, multicenter, two‐part study that assessed the safety and efficacy of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir (OBV/PTV/r) with dasabuvir (DSV) with or without the addition of sofosbuvir (SOF) and/or ribavirin (RBV) in DAA treatment‐experienced adults with chronic HCV GT1 infection.

Materials and Methods

Genotype 1 HCV‐infected patients with or without compensated cirrhosis had prior treatment failure to any DAA (part 1) or ledipasvir/SOF (part 2). Patients received OBV/PTV/r + DSV ± SOF with or without RBV for 12 or 24 weeks. The primary endpoint of this study is the percentage of patients achieving sustained virologic response at post‐treatment week 12 (SVR12).

Results

In part 1 of the study, 95.5% (21/22) of patients achieved SVR12, and in part 2, the SVR12 rate was 85.7% (6/7). Most adverse events (AEs) were mild and moderate in severity. Two serious AEs occurred and were assessed as not being related to study drug, of which one resulted in study drug discontinuation. Two patients experienced grade 3 elevations of serum alanine aminotransferase, and no other grade ≥3 laboratory abnormalities were observed.

Conclusion

The multi‐targeted regimen of OBV/PTV/r + DSV ± SOF with or without RBV was effective in the treatment of patients who failed previous DAA regimens including NS3/4A protease and NS5A and NS5B polymerase inhibitors. These results provide a promising outcome for patients that traditionally had limited treatment options.
Introduction of the Anspach drill as a novel surgical driller for creating calvarial defects in animal models
Authors: Guillaume Olivier , Schmid Tanja , Kluge Katharina , Weber Franz E. , Richards Robert Geoff , Eberli Ursula , Eglin David , Zeiter Stephan
Published: March 2019

Standardized and reproducible animal models are required for the assessment of bone healing mediated by biomaterials, cells, and drugs. Among the available bone‐fractured models, calvarial defect is a simple and adequate option when researchers investigate intra‐membranous bone formation and the influence of their regenerative solutions. However, the conventional surgical tools required to perform calvaria osteotomies (i.e., trephine bur mounted on a dental handpiece, DS) can affect the subjacent tissues of the skull, which are the dura mater and the brain. We hypothesized that the quality of the calvaria defect and the preservation of underlying tissues can be improved using a novel Anspach high‐speed drill with a Codman Neuro Disposable Perforator handheld (ACP). Using a rabbit cadaveric models, we performed calvarial defects with either conventional DS or the ACP system, and showed that both techniques allowed to create standardized defects with circular geometry. We demonstrated that the ACP had clear benefices in terms of DM preservation and absence of exothermic reaction upon drilling. Even though this comparative work was conducted on cadaver, it is of substantial importance as it introduces a novel technique, easily applicable to investigate calvaria bone healing, which brings clear advantages compared to the conventional dental station. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 9999:1–9, 2019.
Direct electromagnetic coupling for non‐invasive measurements of stability in simulated fracture healing
Authors: Labus Kevin M. , Sutherland Conor , Notaros Branislav M. , Ilić Milan M. , Chaus George , Keiser David , Puttlitz Christian M.
Published: March 2019

Diagnostic monitoring and prediction of bone fracture healing is critical for the detection of delayed union or non‐union and provides the requisite information as to whether therapeutic intervention or timely revision are warranted. A promising approach to monitor fracture healing is to measure the mechanical load‐sharing between the healing callus and the implanted hardware used for internal fixation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate a non‐invasive measurement system in which an antenna electromagnetically couples with the implanted hardware to sense deflections of the hardware due to an applied load and to investigate the efficacy of the system to detect changes in mechanical load‐sharing in an ex vivo fracture healing model. The measurement system was applied to ovine metatarsal bones treated with osteotomies, resulting in four different levels of bone stability which simulated various degrees of fracture healing. Computational finite element simulations supplemented these ex vivo experiments to compare the osteotomy model of fracture healing to a more clinically applicable callus stiffening model of healing. In the ex vivo experiments, the electromagnetic coupling system detected significant differences between the four simulated degrees of healing with good repeatability. Computational simulations indicated that the experimental model of fracture healing provided a good surrogate for studying healing during the early time period as the callus stiffness is increasing as well as when diagnostic monitoring of the healing process is most critical. Based upon the data reported herein, the direct electromagnetic coupling method holds strong potential for clinical assessments and predictions of fracture healing. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Dynamics of antioxidant properties, phenolic compounds, and transcriptional expression of key enzymes for the phenylpropanoid pathway in leaves of field‐grown winter wheat with different nitrogen fertilization schemes
Authors: Stumpf Beate , Yan Feng , Wen Gaiping , Eder Klaus , Honermeier Bernd
Published: March 2019

Wheat is a field crop with high relevance for food production worldwide. An adequate supply with nitrogen (N) is crucial for the grain yield and grain quality of wheat. However, little is known about the influence of N fertilization on phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, in the leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum cv. Genius) under field conditions. Therefore, a field experiment was set up with winter wheat grown under different N fertilization regimes to investigate the influence of N supply on antioxidant properties in general as well as on distinct phenolic acids and flavonoids in the leaves of wheat plants. In the present study, total phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity were negatively influenced by higher dosages of N fertilizer. Antioxidant properties were mainly determined by chlorogenic acid and homoorientin, a phenolic acid and a flavonoid, respectively. The production of these phenolic compounds was not limited by the gene transcription of phenylalanine ammonia lyase or cinnamate 4‐hydroxylse, the key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway, since the transcription of these enzymes was not significantly influenced by N fertilization.
Body surface area‐based vs concentration‐based perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy after optimal cytoreductive surgery in colorectal peritoneal surface malignancy treatment: COBOX trial
Authors: Lemoine Lieselotte , Thijssen Elsy , Carleer Robert , Geboers Karlien , Sugarbaker Paul , van der Speeten Kurt
Published: March 2019

Background and Objectives

Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal perioperative chemotherapy (HIPEC) are the standard of care for patients diagnosed with colorectal peritoneal surface malignancy (PSM). Despite a clearly defined standardization of CRS, a large variety of HIPEC modalities are still used in clinical practice.

Methods

Body surface area (BSA)‐ and concentration‐based HIPEC protocols were clinically and pharmacologically evaluated in a randomized phase III clinical pilot trial. Oxaliplatin dose was 460 mg/m
2 (BSA‐based) in 2 L/m
2 carrier solution (concentration‐based). Platinum quantification was performed using a validated inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method. Three‐month morbidity, mortality, and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) were assessed.

Results

Thirty‐one patients were randomized to either BSA‐ or concentration‐based HIPEC. Toxicity and efficacy were higher (P < 0.001) in patients receiving concentration‐based HIPEC. There was no difference in pharmacologic advantage between the two groups. A higher drug concentration in the tumor nodule at the end of HIPEC was found in the HIPEC‐concentration group. There was no difference in major morbidity and mortality between the treatment groups. HRQOL was decreased 3 months postoperatively in the HIPEC‐concentration group.

Conclusion

Concentration‐based chemotherapy delivers the drug in the most standardized way to the tumor nodule, resulting in increasing drug concentrations in the tumor nodule without increasing major morbidity.
Adjuvant chemotherapy and outcomes in patients with nodal and resection margin‐negative pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Flaum Nicola , Hubner Richard A. , Valle Juan W. , Amir Eitan , McNamara Mairéad G.
Published: March 2019

Adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) following pancreatic carcinoma (PC) resection improves overall survival (OS). A systematic review identified 10 phase‐2/3 studies investigating AC in 3644 patients looking at the influence of nodal and resection status. AC significantly improved disease free survival, OS and 5‐year odds of death risk. There was greater survival benefit in patients PS 0 and with body/tail tumors. There was a nonsignificant effect in N
− /N 
+ patients on OS and no difference between R0/R1 patients.
Comparative pharmacokinetics study of leonurine and stachydrine in normal rats and rats with cold‐stagnation and blood‐stasis primary dysmenorrhoea after the administration of Leonurus japonicus houtt electuary
Authors: Wen Yan‐qing , Gong Li‐ying , Wang Lin , Zhao Nan , Sun Qi , Kamara Mohamed Olounfeh , Ma Hai‐ying , Meng Fan‐hao
Published: March 2019

Leonurus japonicus houtt, a well‐known herb of traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used to treat gynaecological diseases. In this study, a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneously quantifying leonurine and stachydrine, the two main bioactive components in Leonurus japonicus houtt, was developed and validated. Plasma samples were prepared by protein precipitation with acetonitrile and separation by a Hewlett Packard XDB‐C8 column (150 × 4.6 mm, id, 5 μm) equipped with a gradient elution system containing methanol‐water and 0.1% formic acid at a flow‐rate of 0.4 mL/min. Components were then detected by a mass spectrometer in positive electrospray ionization mode. This method showed good linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, stability, and negligible matrix effects, which were within acceptable ranges. The method was successfully applied to compare the pharmacokinetics in normal rats and rats with cold‐stagnation and blood‐stasis primary dysmenorrhoea treated with Leonurus japonicus houtt electuary. The result showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the pharmacokinetic parameters between the primary dysmenorrhoea and normal groups. This result implied that Leonurus japonicus houtt electuary remained longer and was absorbed slower in rats with primary dysmenorrhoea and exhibited higher bioavailability and peak concentration.