bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A stop codon mutation in COL11A2 induces exon skipping and leads to non‐ocular Stickler syndrome
Authors: Vuoristo Mirka Marjanna , Pappas John Georgios , Jansen Valerie , Ala‐Kokko Leena
Published: September 2004

Mutations in COL11A2 cause a spectrum of phenotypes affecting chondrogenic tissues. We analyzed this gene by conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) and sequencing in a family with non‐ocular Stickler syndrome, and found a heterozygous C → T mutation in exon 57 + 13 in affected members, resulting in Arg893Stop codon. Since heterozygous nonsense mutations in COL11A2 do not usually lead to any obvious phenotype, all exons and exon boundaries of COL11A2 in the sample of the propositus were sequenced. Because no disease‐associated alterations were found, we performed RT‐PCR analysis on the RNA. Analysis showed skipping of exon 57 in one allele, resulting in an inframe deletion of 54 bp or 18 amino acids, which would explain the phenotype observed in the family. Thus, the exon skipping resulted from a nonsense‐associated altered splicing (NAS). This article contains supplementary material, which may be viewed at the American Journal of Medical Genetics website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0148‐7299/suppmat/index.html. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A newly recognized skeletal dysplasia with rhizomelic limbs and retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Mégarbané André , Melick Nancy , Daou Linda
Published: September 2004

A girl with severe pre‐ and post‐natal short stature, low‐pitched voice, retinitis pigmentosa, photophobia, short neck, broad thorax, platyspondyly, rhizomelic shortening of the long bones, bilateral subluxation of the hips, advanced maturation of the epiphyses, and apparently normal intellectual development is described. The girl's parents are first cousins. Two subsequent pregnancies had ended in spontaneous abortion with polyhydramnios and severe growth retardation. To the best of our knowledge, this association had not been previously reported, and may be considered a newly recognized syndrome. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The KBG syndrome: Confirmation of autosomal dominant inheritance and further delineation of the phenotype
Authors: Tekin Mustafa , Kavaz Aslı , Berberoğlu Merih , Fitoz Suat , Ekim Mesiha , Öcal Gönül , Akar Nejat
Published: September 2004

We report on a Turkish family in which the father and his two sons were diagnosed as having the KBG syndrome. Large upper central incisors were the diagnostic finding in all three patients along with mental retardation, cryptorchidism, skeletal abnormalities, and short stature. Our report clearly confirms that the inheritance is autosomal dominant in KBG syndrome, although a high male to female ratio has been observed in published cases. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The first Finnish patient with the Floating‐Harbor syndrome: The follow‐up of eight years
Authors: Ala‐Mello Sirpa , Peippo Maarit
Published: September 2004

We report the follow‐up data on the first Finnish patient with the Floating‐Harbor syndrome (FHS) reported by us in 1996 at the age of 6 years (Ala‐Mello and Peippo [1996: Clin Dysmorphol 5:85–88]). We also discuss the diagnostic criteria of FHS, with a critical review of the literature. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Septo‐optic dysplasia with digital anomalies—a recurrent pattern syndrome
Authors: Harrison Iain M. , Brosnahan Donal , Phelan Ethna , Fitzgerald Ray J. , Reardon William
Published: September 2004

A distinct form of septo‐optic dysplasia (SOD) comprises limb malformations in addition to the characteristic CNS and ocular abnormalities. To date, there have been 4 reports, citing 5 affected patients with this combined phenotype. We now add a further case and present neuroradiological images of the CNS findings in this condition. The striking consistency of the limb malformations and their overlap with the Streeter's band phenotype is emphasized. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐species amplification of human microsatellite markers using noninvasive samples from white‐handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)
Authors: Chambers Karen E. , Reichard Ulrich H. , Möller Asja , Nowak Katrin , Vigilant Linda
Published: September 2004

Analysis of the population genetic structure and reproductive strategies of various primate species has been facilitated by cross‐species amplification (i.e., the use of microsatellite markers developed in one species for analysis of another). In this study we screened 47 human‐derived markers to assess their utility in the white‐handed gibbon (Hylobates lar). Only eight produced accurate, reliable results, and exhibited levels of polymorphism that were adequate for individual identification. This low success rate was surprising given that human microsatellite markers typically work well in species (such as macaques) that are evolutionarily more distant from humans than are gibbons. In addition, we experienced limited success in using a set of microsatellite markers that have been reported to be useful in the closely‐related H. muelleri, and applying our set of microsatellite markers to samples obtained from one H. pileatus individual. Our results emphasize the importance of extensively screening potential markers in representatives of the population of interest. Am. J. Primatol. 64:19–27, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐sectional growth of pastoralist Karimojong and Turkana children
Authors: Gray Sandra J. , Wiebusch Brandi , Akol Helen A.
Published: September 2004

In this study, we compare cross‐sectional growth in two Nilotic pastoralist populations, the Turkana and Karimojong of northern East Africa. Until the middle of the 18th century, these two groups constituted one population, and their genetic affinities consequently are assumed to be strong. Known differences in their subsistence practices as well as their recent cultural history allow us to consider the genetic vs. environmental determinants of their growth patterns. Growth in stature of the two groups is remarkably similar, whereas the pattern of ponderal growth varies, particularly in infancy and adolescence. Both groups demonstrate the linear adult physique that is characteristic of savanna‐dwelling peoples in East Africa, but the Karimojong are heavier and fatter after early childhood. Linearity of physique is related to narrow skeletal breadth, a trait that emerges early in childhood among the Karimojong and is strongly correlated with weight: this finding supports the climatic hypothesis of human body shape and size. Extreme leanness, determined from body mass index, is correlated with fat stores, which are only weakly correlated with weight, height, or skeletal breadth. Linearity of physique appears to have a substantial genetic component, whereas fatness is hypothesized to relate to differences in subsistence strategies and exposure to environmental and cultural stress. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Grafting of natural rubber for preparation of natural rubber/unsaturated polyester resin miscible blends
Authors: Chuayjuljit S. , Siridamrong P. , Pimpan V.
Published: September 2004

Graft copolymers of natural rubber and polystyrene were synthesized by free‐radical grafting of styrene monomer onto natural rubber in latex form. The obtained graft copolymers and unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin were mixed and cast at room temperature using methyl ethyl ketone peroxide as an initiator and Co‐octoate as an accelerator. The samples prepared from ungrafted natural rubbers exhibited the aggregation of the rubber component, whereas the samples prepared from grafted natural rubbers showed good dispersion of the rubber component in a glassy matrix of UPE resin. It was found that the amount of polystyrene grafted onto natural rubber and the graft copolymer content in polymer blend significantly affect the mechanical properties of the blend samples. An increase in the amount of hard and brittle polystyrene in glassy matrix of UPE resin overshadowed the impact‐absorbing ability of the rubber component, causing the impact strength of the blend samples to be lower than that of pure UPE resin. On the other hand, an increase in easily elongated uncrosslinked rubber molecules, as the graft copolymer content in blend samples increased, resulted in a decrease in their flexural strength. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1496–1503, 2004
Mechanical properties of glass fiber and liquid crystalline polymer reinforced polypropylene hybrid composites toughened with elastomers
Authors: Tjong S. C. , Xu S. A.
Published: September 2004

A group of short glass fiber (SGF) and liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) reinforced polypropylene (PP) hybrid composites and toughened with maleic anhydride (MA)‐grafted styrene–ethylene butylene–styrene (SEBS‐g‐MA) elastomers with controlled morphology were designed and injection molded. MA was also grafted to PP (PP‐g‐MA) in which the mPP blend was prepared by compounding 95% PP and 5% PP‐g‐MA. The matrix of hybrid composites consisted of 80/20 (wt %) mPP/SEBS‐g‐MA. The fibrillation of LCP minor phase depended on the injection‐molded temperatures. The effects of LCP and SGF hybridization on the morphology and mechanical characteristics of quaternary hybrid composites were studied. Tensile measurements showed that hybridization of SGF and LCP fibrils were beneficial in improving the tensile strength and stiffness of hybrid composites prepared at 265 and 285°C. This was attributed to the fact that LCP minor phase can deform into fine and long fibrils at these temperatures. However, LCP minor phase was deformed to nonuniform ellipsoids at 220°C, leading to poorer mechanical performance of the hybrid composites. The correlation between the processing temperature and compatibilizer with the structure–mechanical property of hybrid composites is discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1539–1546, 2004
Non‐thiol Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors: Utilization of the Far Aryl Binding Site by 5‐Cinnamoylaminobenzophenones
Authors: Mitsch Andreas , Wißner Pia , Böhm Markus , Silber Katrin , Klebe Gerhard , Sattler Isabel , Schlitzer Martin
Published: September 2004

We recently described two novel aryl binding sites of farnesyltransferase. In this study, the cinnamoyl residue was designed as an appropriate substituent for our benzophenone‐based AAX‐peptidomimetic compound capable of occupying the far aryl binding site.
Evidence for coxsackievirus infection in primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Triantafyllopoulou Antigoni , Tapinos Nikos , Moutsopoulos Haralampos M.
Published: September 2004

Objective

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by activation of minor salivary gland (MSG) epithelial cells and B and T lymphocytic infiltrates. These findings have long encouraged the hypothesis that a persistent viral infection of the MSG epithelial cells may drive the autoimmune response; however, the identity of that virus has remained elusive. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis.

Methods

We applied the differential display protocol to MSG RNA samples from patients with primary SS and healthy controls. We then used seminested reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction to amplify the 5′‐noncoding region (5′‐NCR) of the enteroviral genome in 8 patients with primary SS, 9 patients with secondary SS, and 8 control subjects. Immunohistochemistry was performed to study the expression of the VP1 enteroviral capsid protein in MSG biopsy samples from 12 patients with primary SS, 8 patients with secondary SS, and 16 controls.

Results

Differential display analysis yielded a 94‐bp fragment of coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) P2A gene in the primary SS samples. The 5′‐NCR was amplified in 7 samples from patients with primary SS and in no samples from patients with secondary SS or controls. The 7 amplified products were sequenced; 4 of the sequences were found to be 98–99% identical to the 5′‐ NCR of CVB4, and 3 were found to be 97–98% identical to the 5′‐NCR of CVA13. Immunohistochemistry for the enteroviral capsid protein VP1 revealed positive staining in epithelial cells and lymphocytic infiltrates in 11 primary SS samples, 1 secondary SS sample, and no control samples.

Conclusion

We provide evidence that primary SS may be associated with coxsackievirus infection of the MSG epithelial cells and focal lymphocytic infiltrates. Our findings are formulated in a hypothesis concerning the possible role of coxsackieviruses in the induction and maintenance of autoimmunity in primary SS.
Reduced leukocyte–endothelial cell interactions in the inflamed microcirculation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor–deficient mice
Authors: Gregory Julia L. , Leech Michelle T. , David John R. , Yang Yuan H. , Dacumos April , Hickey Michael J.
Published: September 2004

Objective

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine with established roles in a range of inflammatory conditions. However, it is not known whether MIF influences inflammation via the direct promotion of leukocyte–endothelial cell interactions. Therefore, the aim of these experiments was to investigate the ability of MIF to regulate leukocyte–endothelial cell interactions in the inflamed microvasculature.

Methods

Intravital microscopy was used to examine postcapillary venules in the cremaster muscle and synovium of wild‐type and MIF−/− mice. Leukocyte–endothelial cell interactions (rolling, adhesion, emigration) were compared under a range of inflammatory conditions.

Results

In cremasteric postcapillary venules of MIF−/− mice, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–induced leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and emigration were significantly reduced relative to that in wild‐type mice. Similar responses were observed in response to tumor necrosis factor α and histamine. Examination of the synovial microvasculature following exposure to carrageenan revealed that leukocyte rolling and adhesion in synovial postcapillary venules and leukocyte entry into the joint space were also reduced significantly in MIF−/− mice. In each of these models, the level of P‐selectin–dependent rolling was reduced in MIF−/− mice. Despite this, no difference in P‐selectin expression was observed following LPS treatment. However, microvascular shear forces were elevated in MIF−/− mice, raising a possible mechanism to explain the reduced interactions in these animals.

Conclusion

MIF−/− mice consistently displayed a reduction in P‐selectin–dependent rolling, suggesting that MIF exerts proinflammatory effects, in part, via the promotion of P‐selectin–mediated rolling. Together, these data indicate that MIF promotes interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells, thereby enhancing the entry of leukocytes into sites of inflammation.
Rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid fibroblasts express TRAIL‐R2 (DR5) that is functionally active
Authors: Miranda‐Carús María‐Eugenia , Balsa Alejandro , Benito‐Miguel Marta , de Ayala Carlos Pérez , Martín‐Mola Emilio
Published: September 2004

Objective

To examine fibroblasts grown from the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients for TRAIL‐R2 expression, and for susceptibility to apoptosis induced by an agonistic anti–TRAIL‐R2 monoclonal antibody (mAb).

Methods

The expression of TRAIL‐R2 (DR5) was determined by flow cytometry on fibroblasts grown from the synovial fluid of patients with RA, osteoarthritis (OA), seronegative arthritis, and unclassified monarthritis or oligoarthritis, and on fibroblasts from the synovial membrane of RA and OA patients. Susceptibility to apoptosis mediated by an agonistic anti–TRAIL‐R2 mAb was determined by alamar blue bioassay, fluorescence microscopy (annexin V/propidium iodide staining), and caspase activation.

Results

Fibroblasts grew from 35 of 50 RA synovial fluid samples, of which 26 were DR5+ (mean [±SD] fluorescence intensity [MFI] 18.74 ± 2.5). Fibroblasts also grew from 15 of 30 seronegative arthritis synovial fluid samples, 28 of 40 OA synovial fluid samples, and 8 of 20 unclassified monarthritis or oligoarthritis synovial fluid samples; all of these were DR5− (MFI 0.32 ± 0.02). All 10 of the fibroblast lines from joint replacement surgery or synovectomy specimens of RA patients were DR5+ (MFI 20.3 ± 3.2). All fibroblast lines from the synovium of 10 OA patients were DR5−, as were fibroblasts from the skin of 5 healthy subjects. DR5+ fibroblast cultures underwent apoptosis when treated in vitro with an agonistic anti‐DR5 antibody.

Conclusion

Fibroblasts grown from the synovial fluid and synovial membrane of RA patients express TRAIL‐R2 that is functionally active. An agonistic anti–TRAIL‐R2 antibody that does not induce hepatocyte toxicity may be an alternative strategy for treatment of RA.
Enhanced neutrophil extravasation and rapid progression of proteoglycan‐induced arthritis in TSG‐6–knockout mice
Authors: Szántó Sándor , Bárdos Tamás , Gál István , Glant Tibor T. , Mikecz Katalin
Published: September 2004

Objective

To gain insight into the mechanisms of the antiinflammatory effect of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)–induced protein 6 (Tnfip6) in arthritis, using Tnfip6‐deficient animals.

Methods

TNFα‐stimulated gene 6 (TSG‐6) coding for Tnfip6 was disrupted. Tnfip6‐deficient mice were backcrossed into proteoglycan‐induced arthritis (PGIA)–susceptible BALB/c mice, and arthritis was induced by systemic immunization with cartilage proteoglycan (PG). Thioglycollate‐induced sterile peritonitis was also assessed, to monitor the early events of neutrophil extravasation in wild‐type and Tnfip6‐deficient mice in the presence or absence of treatment with recombinant murine Tnfip6.

Results

The onset of PGIA was similar, but progression and severity were significantly greater, in Tnfip6‐deficient mice compared with wild‐type BALB/c mice. However, this was not associated with enhanced T or B cell responses to cartilage PGs, but rather, an early and more extensive infiltration of the synovium with neutrophil leukocytes was the most prominent histopathologic feature of PGIA in Tnfip6‐deficient mice. This was accompanied by elevated serum levels of interleukin‐6 and amyloid A, and significantly increased activities of the enzymes plasmin, myeloperoxidase, and neutrophil elastase in the inflamed paw joints of Tnfip6‐null mice, when compared with that of the wild‐type littermates. Loss of control over several components of inflammation resulted in extensive and rapid cartilage degradation, bone erosion, joint ankylosis, and deformities in Tnfip6‐null animals. In support of the antiinflammatory effect of Tnfip6 via the inhibition of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell efflux, neutrophil invasion during thioglycollate‐induced peritonitis was 2‐fold higher in Tnfip6‐deficient animals than in wild‐type animals, but was dramatically suppressed by intravenous injection of recombinant murine Tnfip6.

Conclusion

Tnfip6 is a multifunctional antiinflammatory protein that is produced at the site of inflammation and can be retained by the hyaluronan‐rich extracellular matrix. A major effect of Tnfip6 is the inhibition of the extravasation of PMN cells, predominantly neutrophils, into the site of inflammation, most likely via a CD44/hyaluronan/Tnfip6‐mediated blocking mechanism.
The next generation of NWP: explicit forecasts of convection using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model
Authors: Done James , Davis Christopher A. , Weisman Morris
Published: September 2004

The performance of daily convection forecasts from 13 May to 9 July 2003 using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model is investigated. Although forecasts using 10‐km grid spacing and parameterized convection are not lacking in prediction of convective rainfall, fully explicit forecasts with a 4‐km grid spacing more often predict identifiable mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that correspond to observed systems in time and space. Furthermore, the explicit forecasts more accurately predict the number of MCSs daily and type of organization (termed convective system mode). The explicit treatment of convection in NWP does not necessarily provide a better point specific‐forecast, but rather a more accurate depiction of the physics of convective systems. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Geostatistical assessment of HadCM3 simulations via NCEP reanalyses over Europe
Authors: Lucio P. S.
Published: September 2004

This article attempts to quantify the spatial uncertainties associated with extreme temperature's response, by assessing extremes derived from climate model data. This is undertaken by a comparison of the spatial pattern of a long‐term time‐series aggregation (1960/61–1989/90) for extreme temperatures simulated by a particular GCM (HadCM3) to that of NCEP Reanalyses, which are considered as ‘truth’, over the MICE (Modelling the Impact of Climate Extremes—EU Project) spatial domain. Since evaluation of models is crucial to assessing future scenarios, the aim of this study is to investigate whether the extreme values predicted by the HadCM3 climate model can simulate those produced by NCEP Reanalyses, assuming that the extremes of both models are realisations of the same spatial stochastic process. To get more useful information about the uncertainties surrounding spatial climate projection, one also has to analyse the pattern of temperature extremes in terms of their anomalies. A common technical issue in the assessment of numerical spatial models is based on the geostatistical interpolation by kriging with the residual analysis. This methodology is very important and useful for guiding an evolutionary statistical model‐building process. This study leads to the conclusion that the HadCM3 Simulations do not realistically reproduce the NCEP Reanalyses, despite the fact that the climatology of extremes has demonstrated very similar spatial patterns. It is likely therefore that such instability may persist in the future. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Omphalocele and gastroschisis: Black‐white disparity in infant survival
Authors: Salihu Hamisu M. , Aliyu Zakari Y. , Pierre‐Louis Bosny J. , Obuseh Francis A. , Druschel Charlotte M. , Kirby Russell S.
Published: September 2004

BACKGROUND

Racial/ethnic variations in the occurrence of abdominal wall defects have been previously noted but it remains poorly understood whether race/ethnicity is a determinant of survival among affected infants.

METHODS

Study was conducted on cases of gastroschisis and omphalocele recorded for the years 1983‐1999 at the New York Congenital Malformation Registry. Adjusted and unadjusted hazard ratios were generated from a Proportional Hazards Regression model to compare survival among affected Blacks, Hispanics and Whites. The major end point of analysis was differences in all cause mortality among infants with abdominal wall birth defects across different racial/ethnic groups.

RESULTS

Among the three racial/ethnic groups, 1481 infants were diagnosed with either omphalocele (978 or 66%) or gastroschisis (503 or 34%). Overall infant mortality rate (IMR) was 182 per 1000, with 74% of the deaths occurring within the first 28 days of life. Omphalocele infants had significantly higher infant mortality (IMR = 215 per 1000) than infants with gastroschisis (IMR = 118 per 1000)[p < 0.0001]. Overall, Black infants with abdominal wall defects had lower mortality indices than Whites and Hispanics. However, when considered as separate disease entities, Black infants were twice as likely to survive as compared to Whites if they had omphalocele [Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR) = 0.52; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.37‐0.74], and twice as likely to die as Whites if they had gastroschisis instead (AHR = 2.23; 95% CI = 1.16‐4.28). For both defect subtypes, Hispanics have risks for infant mortality comparable to Whites.

CONCLUSIONS

The natural history of omphalocele and gastroschisis co‐varies with race. Black infants with gastroschisis have worse survival outcomes while those with omphalocele have better chances of survival than their White or Hispanic counterparts. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 70:586–591, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrostatic interaction between RNA and protein capsid in cowpea chlorotic mottle virus simulated by a coarse‐grain RNA model and a Monte Carlo approach
Authors: Zhang Deqiang , Konecny Robert , Baker Nathan A. , McCammon J. Andrew
Published: September 2004

Although many viruses have been crystallized and the protein capsid structures have been determined by x‐ray crystallography, the nucleic acids often cannot be resolved. This is especially true for RNA viruses. The lack of information about the conformation of DNA/RNA greatly hinders our understanding of the assembly mechanism of various viruses. Here we combine a coarse‐grain model and a Monte Carlo method to simulate the distribution of viral RNA inside the capsid of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus. Our results show that there is very strong interaction between the N‐terminal residues of the capsid proteins, which are highly positive charged, and the viral RNA. Without these residues, the binding energy disfavors the binding of RNA by the capsid. The RNA forms a shell close to the capsid with the highest densities associated with the capsid dimers. These high‐density regions are connected to each other in the shape of a continuous net of triangles. The overall icosahedral shape of the net overlaps with the capsid subunit icosahedral organization. Medium density of RNA is found under the pentamers of the capsid. These findings are consistent with experimental observations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Genetic Organization of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster for the Antitumor Angucycline Oviedomycin in Streptomyces antibioticus ATCC 11891
Authors: Lombó Felipe , Braña Alfredo F. , Salas José A. , Méndez Carmen
Published: September 2004

The oviedomycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces antibioticus ATCC 11891 has been sequenced and characterized. It contains all the necessary genes for oviedomycin biosynthesis, together with several genes for the generation of malonyl‐CoA extender units. Production of this unusual angucyclinone in its natural host occurs only in solid cultures in parallel with aerial mycelium and spore formation. A mutant that did not produce oviedomycin was generated by disruption of the β‐ketoacyl synthase gene ovmK. No other physiological process in the mutant appears to be affected; this rules out a direct relationship between oviedomycin production and cell differentiation in S. antibioticus.
Cover Picture: NMR Structural Model of the Interaction of Herbicides with the Photosynthetic Reaction Center from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (ChemBioChem 9/2004)
Authors: D'Amelio Nicola , Gaggelli Elena , Mlynarz Piotr , Molteni Elena , Valensin Gianni , Lubitz Wolfgang
Published: September 2004

The cover picture shows a model of the complex between the herbicide acifluorfen (yellow) and the bacterial reaction center of Rhodobacter sphaeroides as derived from paramagnetic NMR constraints. The paramagnetic iron is shown in silver surrounded by the histidine ligands (magenta). For more details on the conclusions that can be drawn from this model, see the article by G. Valensin et al. on p. 1237 ff. The picture was created by using WLViewerLite 4.0.
Unstable Operation in an Acetaldehyde Purification Tower
Authors: Abdolahi F. , Vatani A.
Published: September 2004

There are many reasons, such as an inappropriate control system, improper hydraulic design, and operational faults, which can make a tower unstable. In this case, with the aid of simulation and checks on the control system, it has been confirmed using the foaming test that instability is due to foaming in the system. The method described in this article can be used for any separation system with instability problems.
Enhancement of the Solubilization Capacity of Water in Triton X‐100/Cyclohexane/Water System by Compressed Gases
Authors: Shen Dong , Zhang Rui , Han Buxing , Dong Yu , Wu Weize , Zhang Jianling , Li Junchun , Jiang Tao , Liu Zhimin
Published: September 2004

The effect of compressed CO2 and ethylene on the properties of Triton X‐100/cyclohexane/water systems was studied at different temperatures and pressures. Surprisingly, it was discovered that the compressed gases had the functions of co‐surfactants. At suitable pressures, the water‐to‐surfactant molar ratio (W0) was enhanced significantly by the dissolution of the gas in the solution. The microenvironment in the reverse micelles was investigated by UV‐visible spectroscopy by using methyl orange (MO) as a probe. The influence of n‐hexane, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, H2C2O4, and CaCl2 at various concentrations on the solubilization of water in the absence of compressed gases was also investigated in order to obtain some information about the mechanism of the interesting phenomenon. This new route to stabilize reverse micelles may have potential applications to other similar systems. Moreover, the results of this work provide some useful information to get insight into the mechanism of co‐surfactants, because a conventional co‐surfactant usually contains both polar group and hydrocarbon chain, and it is very difficult to clarify the functions these two groups, while the gases used in this work are small nonpolar molecules, which solely have the function of the hydrocarbon chain in a co‐surfactant.
The Mechanism of Formation of Amide‐Based Interlocked Compounds: Prediction of a New Rotaxane‐Forming Motif
Authors: Leigh David A. , Venturini Alessandro , Wilson Andrew J. , Wong Jenny K. Y. , Zerbetto Francesco
Published: September 2004

Molecular modeling of four different reagent systems shows that the (free) energies of supramolecular interactions in the gas phase and in solution can explain the different reaction products (i.e., various sized macrocycles, catenanes, and linear oligomers) that are formed in classic amide‐catenane‐forming reactions. Self‐assembly of the catenanes requires the formation of ordered intertwined chains and is driven by bifurcated hydrogen bonds, with π stacking only playing a lesser role. The understanding gained from the computational study was used to predict the possibility of a new rotaxane‐forming system that does not permit catenane formation. The predictions were confirmed by the successful synthesis and characterization (including X‐ray crystallography) of two novel rotaxanes.
Packing Motifs and Magneto‐Structural Correlations in Crystal Structures of Metallo‐Tetrakis(1,2,5‐thiadiazole)porphyrazine Series, MTTDPz (M=H2, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn)
Authors: Suzuki Yosuke , Fujimori Masato , Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Awaga Kunio
Published: September 2004

Single crystals of tetrakis(thiadiazole)porphyrazine and the corresponding metal(II) derivatives, MTTDPz (M=H2, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) were grown by sublimation under reduced pressure with continuous N2 gas flow. Their structures, obtained by X‐ray crystallographic analysis, depend significantly on the central metal ion, and the M=Ni and Cu derivatives exhibit polymorphism. They can be classified into three forms, α, β, and γ. The α form (M=H2, Ni, and Cu) is composed of two‐dimensional hexagonal close packing formed by side‐by‐side contacts between thiadiazole rings, whereas the β form (M=Fe, Co, and Zn) crystallizes into a one‐dimensional coordination polymer. The γ form (M=Ni and Cu) consists of a ladder structure caused by π stacking, similar to the β form of phthalocyanine, and by side‐by‐side contacts between thiadiazole rings. Although the crystal structures of the MTTDPz series exhibited multi‐dimensional network structures, magnetic measurements revealed relatively weak exchange interactions, probably reflecting the long distances between the metal ions.
Cover Picture: Reversible Collapse of Brushlike Macromolecules in Ethanol and Water Vapours as Revealed by Real‐Time Scanning Force Microscopy (Chem. Eur. J. 18/2004)
Authors: Gallyamov Marat O. , Tartsch Bernd , Khokhlov Alexei R. , Sheiko Sergei S. , Börner Hans G. , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof , Möller Martin
Published: September 2004

The cover picture shows the visualization of single poly(n‐butyl acrylate) brush molecules in real time by scanning force microscopy as they transform reversibly from an extended wormlike state to a compact globular state. The reversible transformation is effected by co‐adsorption of water or ethanol resulting in modification of the surface energy of the mica substrate. When the extended tightly adsorbed macromolecules are exposed to ethanol vapour, they swell and contract to form compact globules (top). Exchanging the ethanol vapour for a humid atmosphere causes the molecules to extend again to a wormlike two‐dimensional conformation (bottom). For more details see the article by M. Möller et al. on p. 4599ff.
Coinage Metal Mercury Chalcogenide Halides. Part 5. Solvothermal Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the High Temperature Modification of AgHgSI.
Authors: Beck Johannes , Keller Hans‐Lothar , Rompel Matthias , Wimbert Lars , Ewald Bastian
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Yb2+3‐xPd12‐3+xP7 (x = 0.40): Different Ytterbium Species in a Substituted Structural Motif of the Zr2Fe12P7 Type.
Authors: Budnyk S. , Prots Yu. , Schmidt M. , Schnelle W. , Kuz'ma Yu. , Grin Yu.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ca2[BN2]H: The First Nitridoborate Hydride — Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Vibrational Spectra.
Authors: Somer Mehmet , Yaren Oezlem , Reckeweg Olaf , Prots Yurii , Carrillo‐Cabrera Wilder
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Characterization of La Doped MgB2 Superconductor.
Authors: Shekhar C. , Giri R. , Tiwari R. S. , Srivastava O. N.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heat Capacity and Thermodynamic Functions of TbBr3.
Authors: Rycerz Leszek , Gaune‐Escard Marcelle
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Mg2+ and Li+ Ion Insertion into the Mo6S8 Chevrel Phase.
Authors: Levi M. D. , Lancry E. , Gizbar H. , Lu Z. , Levi E. , Gofer Y. , Aurbach D.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photocatalytic Decomposition of H2O into H2 and O2 over Ga2O3 Loaded with NiO.
Authors: Yanagida Takashi , Sakata Yoshihisa , Imamura Hayao
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Towards Flexible Inorganic “Mesomaterials”: One‐Pot Low Temperature Synthesis of Mesostructured Nanocrystalline Titania.
Authors: Haseloh Soenke , Choi Sung Yeung , Mamak Marc , Coombs Neil , Petrov Srebri , Chopra Naveen , Ozin Geoffrey A.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Copper(I) Thiolate Catalysts in Asymmetric Conjugate Addition Reactions.
Authors: Arink Anne M. , Braam Thijs W. , Keeris Roy , Jastrzebski Johann T. B. H. , Benhaim Cyril , Rosset Stephane , Alexakis Alexandre , van Koten Gerard
Published: September 2004

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Intramolecular C—N Bond Formation Reactions Catalyzed by Ruthenium Porphyrins: Amidation of Sulfamate Esters and Aziridination of Unsaturated Sulfonamides.
Authors: Liang Jiang‐Lin , Yuan Shi‐Xue , Huang Jie‐Sheng , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: September 2004

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Reactivity of [1]Benzopyrano[4,3‐c][1,5]benzodiazepin‐7(8H)‐ones Towards Some N‐Binucleophiles.
Authors: Trimeche Belsem , Gharbi Rafik , El Houla Souhir , Martin Marie‐Therese , Nuzillard J. M. , Mighri Zine
Published: September 2004

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Highly Diastereoselective Epoxidation of Allyl‐Substituted Cycloalkenes Catalyzed by Metalloporphyrins.
Authors: Chan Wing‐Kei , Liu Peng , Yu Wing‐Yiu , Wong Man‐Kin , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: September 2004

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Ionic Liquid‐Accelerated N‐Arylation of Benzoazoles with Diaryliodonium Salts, an Efficient Method for the Synthesis of N‐Aryl Azoles.
Authors: Wang Feng‐Yan , Chen Zhen‐Chu , Zheng Qin‐Guo
Published: September 2004

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Catalytic Asymmetric Vinylation of Ketones.
Authors: Li Hongmei , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: September 2004

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Stereoselective Olefination of Unfunctionalized Ketones via Ynolates.
Authors: Shindo Mitsuru , Sato Yusuke , Yoshikawa Takashi , Koretsune Ryoko , Shishido Kozo
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis and Characterization of Pentaerythritol‐Derived Oligoglycol and Their Application to Catalytic Wittig‐Type Reactions.
Authors: Li Kai , Ran Li , Yu Yi‐Hua , Tang Yong
Published: September 2004

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Cobalt(II)‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Synthesis of Acetals from Aldehydes.
Authors: Velusamy Subbarayan , Punniyamurthy T.
Published: September 2004

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Dibromomethane as One‐Carbon Source in Organic Synthesis: A Versatile Methodology to Prepare the Cyclic and Acyclic α‐Methylene or α‐Keto Acid Derivatives from the Corresponding Terminal Alkenes.
Authors: Hon Yung‐Son , Liu Yu‐Wei , Hsieh Cheng‐Han
Published: September 2004

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Samarium Diiodide Coupling of Enones: A Remarkable Cascade Sequence.
Authors: Howells Dean M. , Barker Sarah M. , Watson Faye C. , Light Mark E. , Hursthouse Michael B. , Kilburn Jeremy D.
Published: September 2004

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Alkynylation of Benzonitriles via Nickel Catalyzed C—C Bond Activation.
Authors: Penney Jonathan M. , Miller Joseph A.
Published: September 2004

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Practical and Regioselective Brominations of Aromatic Compounds Using Tetrabutylammonium Peroxydisulfate.
Authors: Park Min Young , Yang Seung Gak , Jadhav Vidyadhar , Kim Yong Hae
Published: September 2004

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GaI3 Catalyzed Nucleophilic Addition of Allyltrimethylsilane to Aldehydes.
Authors: Sun Peipei , Xian Yufang , Xiao Yaping
Published: September 2004

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Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds with Xenon Difluoride in the Presence of Silicon Tetrafluoride.
Authors: Tamura Masanori , Matsukawa Yasuhisa , Quan Heng‐dao , Mizukado Junji , Sekiya Akira
Published: September 2004

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Sterically Bulky Thioureas as Air‐ and Moisture‐Stable Ligands for Pd‐Catalyzed Heck Reactions of Aryl Halides.
Authors: Yang Dan , Chen Ying‐Chun , Zhu Nian‐Yong
Published: September 2004

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Stereospecific Preparation of (2E,4Z)‐Monofluorodienyl Esters by the Heck Reaction of High E/Z Ratio 1‐Bromo‐1‐fluorostyrenes.
Authors: Xu Jianjun , Burton Donald J.
Published: September 2004

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Efficient Functionalization of Aromatic C—H Bonds Catalyzed by Gold(III) under Mild and Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Shi Zhangjie , He Chuan He Chuan
Published: September 2004

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The Sulfonation of Methyl and Prenyl Ethers of Naturally Occurring Phenols with Trimethylsilylchlorosulfonate as Sulfonating Agent.
Authors: Petit Philippe , Bourgeois Paul
Published: September 2004

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Pharmacophore‐Based Search, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Anthranilic Amides as Novel Blockers of the Kv1.5 Channel.
Authors: Peukert Stefan , Brendel Joachim , Pirard Bernard , Struebing Carsten , Kleemann Heinz‐Werner , Boehme Thomas , Hemmerle Horst
Published: September 2004

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Rhodium‐Catalyzed Addition of Aryldifluoromethylsilanes to N‐Sulfonylaldimines.
Authors: Oi Shuichi , Moro Mitsutoshi , Kawanishi Takanori , Inoue Yoshio
Published: September 2004

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Preparation and Catalytic Applications of Partially Fluorinated Binaphthol Ligands.
Authors: Yekta Shahla , Krasnova Larissa B. , Mariampillai Brian , Picard Christine J. , Chen Gang , Pandiaraju Subramanian , Yudin Andrei K.
Published: September 2004

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Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biaryls by Nickel‐Catalyzed Grignard Cross‐Coupling of Dibenzothiophenes.
Authors: Cho Yong‐Hwan , Kina Asato , Shimada Toyoshi , Hayashi Tamio
Published: September 2004

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Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions of γ‐Alkylidenebutenolides: Application to the Synthesis of Vulpinic Acid.
Authors: Ahmed Zafar , Langer Peter
Published: September 2004

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Catalytic Carbonylation of β‐Lactones to Succinic Anhydrides.
Authors: Getzler Yutan D. Y. L. , Kundnani Vinod , Lobkovsky Emil B. , Coates Geoffrey W.
Published: September 2004

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Novel Selectfluor and Deoxo‐Fluor‐Mediated Rearrangements. New 5(6)‐Methyl and Phenyl Methanopyrrolidine Alcohols and Fluorides.
Authors: Krow Grant R. , Lin Guoliang , Moore Keith P. , Thomas Andrew M. , DeBrosse Charles , Ross Charles W. III , Ramjit Harri G.
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis of cis‐2,5‐Disubstituted Pyrrolidines via Diastereoselective Reduction of N‐Acyl Iminium Ions.
Authors: Rudolph Alexander C. , Machauer Rainer , Martin Stephen F.
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis of Highly Branched Sulfur—Nitrogen Heterocycles by Cascade Cycloadditions of [1,2]Dithiolo[1,4]thiazines and [1,2]Dithiolopyrroles.
Authors: Barriga Susana , Fuertes Pedro , Marcos Carlos F. , Torroba Tomas
Published: September 2004

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Introduction of N‐Containing Heterocycles into Pyrazole by Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution.
Authors: Park Min‐Sup , Park Hyun‐Ja , Park Koon Ha , Lee Kee‐In
Published: September 2004

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Diastereoselectivity‐Switchable and Highly Enantioselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrones to Alkylidene Malonates.
Authors: Huang Zheng‐Zheng , Kang Yan‐Biao , Zhou Jian , Ye Meng‐Chun , Tang Yong
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis of Optically Active α,β‐Unsaturated Triazolyl Alcohols via Asymmetric NaBH4 Reduction of the Corresponding Ketones.
Authors: Zhou Zhenghong , Tang Yilong , Wang Lixin , Zhao Guofeng , Zhou Qilin , Tang Chuchi
Published: September 2004

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Vilsmeier—Haack Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds: Synthesis of Substituted Pyrones and Pyridines.
Authors: Thomas Ajith Dain , Josemin Josemin , Asokan C. V.
Published: September 2004

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SAR Study of a Subtype Selective Allosteric Potentiator of Metabotropic Glutamate 2 Receptor, N‐(4‐Phenoxyphenyl)‐N‐(3‐pyridinylmethyl)ethanesulfonamide.
Authors: Barda David A. , Wang Zhao‐Qing , Britton Thomas C. , Henry Steven S. , Jagdmann G. Erik , Coleman Darrell S. , Johnson Michael P. , Andis Sherri L. , Schoepp Darryle D.
Published: September 2004

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Elemental Fluorine. Part 15. Selective Direct Fluorination of Quinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Chambers Richard D. , Holling Darren , Sandford Graham , Batsanov Andrei S. , Howard Judith A. K.
Published: September 2004

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Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of anti‐HIV and Antitumor β‐Carbolines.
Authors: Kusurkar Radhika S. , Goswami Shailesh K.
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis of (4S*,5S*)‐Diphenyl‐1,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐2H‐[1]benzopyrano [4,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2‐thiones by Base‐Catalyzed Cyclocondensation of (E)‐3‐Benzylideneflavanones with Thiourea, and Determination of Their Monoacetylation Site.
Authors: Mallik Asok K. , Chattopadhyay Falguni , Dey Dilip Kumar , Patra Amarendra , Elmali Ayhan
Published: September 2004

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General Microwave‐Assisted Protocols for the Expedient Synthesis of Quinoxalines and Heterocyclic Pyrazines.
Authors: Zhao Zhijian , Wisnoski David D. , Wolkenberg Scott E. , Leister William H. , Wang Yi , Lindsley Craig W.
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis of 2‐Oxo‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,2‐d][1,5]benzoxazepines: A Kind of Novel Tricyclic O,N‐Heterocycles.
Authors: Li Zheng , Wang Quanrui , Tao Fenggang
Published: September 2004

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A General Method for Synthesis of Trifluoroacetyltrialkyl(aryl)silanes and the Sakurai Reaction of Fluorinated Acylsilanes with Allyl Silanes.
Authors: Chung Woo Jin , Welch John T.
Published: September 2004

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CAN Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of α‐Amino Phosphonates from Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Ravinder K. , Reddy A. Vijender , Krishnaiah P. , Venkataramana G. , Reddy V. L. Niranjan , Venkateswarlu Y.
Published: September 2004

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Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclic α‐Amino Phosphonates Using Masked Oxo Sulfinimines (N‐Sulfinyl Imines).
Authors: Davis Franklin A. , Lee Seung H. , Xu He
Published: September 2004

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Convenient Synthesis of Analogues of Aminomethylene gem‐Diphosphonic Acid from Amines Without Catalyst.
Authors: Wu Mingshu , Chen Ruyu , Huang You
Published: September 2004

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Fluorinated Stannanes. Part 1. The Stereospecific Synthesis of Fluorinated Stannanes via a Novel Transmetalation of Fluorinated Zinc and Cadmium Reagents.
Authors: Burton Donald J. , Jairaj Vinod
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis of Dammarane‐Type Triterpenoids with Antiinflammatory Activity in vivo.
Authors: Scholz Dieter , Baumann Karl , Grassberger Max , Wolff‐Winiski Barbara , Rihs Grety , Walter Hansrudolf , Meingassner Josef G.
Published: September 2004

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Absolute Stereostructures of Polypodane‐ and Octanordammarane‐Type Triterpenes with Nitric Oxide Production Inhibitory Activity from Guggul‐Gum Resins.
Authors: Matsuda Hisashi , Morikawa Toshio , Ando Shin , Oominami Hideo , Murakami Toshiyuki , Kimura Ikuko , Yoshikawa Masayuki
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis of OSW‐1 Analogues with Modified Side Chains and Their Antitumor Activities.
Authors: Deng Lehua , Wu Hao , Yu Biao , Jiang Manrong , Wu Jiarui
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis and X‐Ray Crystal Structure of 3‐Oxo‐23,24‐dinorchol‐4‐ene‐22‐cyanohydrin.
Authors: Cox Philip J. , Nahar Lutfun , Sarker Satyajit D. , Turner Alan B.
Published: September 2004

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Highly Efficient Enantiospecific Synthesis of Imidazoline‐Containing Amino Acids Using Bis(triphenyl)oxodiphosphonium Trifluoromethanesulfonate.
Authors: You Shu‐Li , Kelly Jeffery W.
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis of 4‐Monofluoromethylenyl‐ and cis‐4‐Monofluoromethyl‐L‐pyroglutamic Acids via a Novel Dehydrofluorination.
Authors: Qiu Xiao‐Long , Meng Wei‐Dong , Qing Feng‐Ling
Published: September 2004

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A New Strategy Toward Indole Alkaloids Involving an Intramolecular Cycloaddition/Rearrangement Cascade.
Authors: Padwa Albert , Brodney Michael A. , Lynch Stephen M. , Rashatasakhon Paitoon , Wang Qiu , Zhang Hongjun
Published: September 2004

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A Novel, Convenient Synthesis of the 3‐O‐β‐D‐ and 4′‐O‐β‐D‐Glucopyranosides of trans‐Resveratrol.
Authors: Learmonth David A.
Published: September 2004

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Facile Total Syntheses of Idarubicinone‐7‐β‐D‐glucuronide: Convenient Preparations of AB‐Ring Synthon Using Some Carboxylic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Rho Young S. , Park Jihyung , Kim Gyuil , Kim Hyesun , Sin Hongsig , Suh Pyoung Won , Yoo Dong Jin
Published: September 2004

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Conformationally Restricted Analogues of Deoxynegamycin.
Authors: Raju B. , et al. et al.
Published: September 2004

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