bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tell Baghouz reconsidered : a collection of "Classic" Samarra sherds from the Louvre
Authors: Nieuwenhuyse Oliver
Published: September 2009

Situé le long de l'Euphrate syrien, Tell Baghouz demeure un site clé pour la culture de Samarra. Cet article examine la céramique de ce site qui est conservée au Louvre. Après une introduction retraçant la formation de cette collection suit la description de celle-ci. Il apparaît alors qu'en plus de la Samarra Fine Ware, la collection inclue un exemple de Orange Fine Ware, connu depuis la fin du Néolithique à Tell Sabi Abyad. Nous concluons alors que la frontière entre la poterie de Samarra et la poterie de transition de Tell Sabi Abyad est moins précise qu'on ne l'a souvent pensé.
Notes d'archéologie et d'architecture orientales: Architecture circulaire dans l'univers syro-mésopotamien au début du IIIe millénaire (NAAO,10)
Authors: Margueron Jean-Claude
Published: September 2009

This study deals with a reassessment of the architectural features of two circular buildings, tell Gubba and tell Razuk, excavated in the Hamrin valley, and dated from the beginning of the third millennium. For each one, an analysis of the data found in publications and drawings pointed out interesting characteristics concerning superstructures, in order to get a clear idea of it. Finally, tell Gubba appears as a kind of castle with a donjon twelve or fifteen meters high, built on a circular and larger two levelled basement, surrounded by a circular defensive wall. Tell Razuk is a very different building, planed like a crown around a central circular space ; two levels and a roof above the central space give a good habitable area. Clearly, the first one was a sort of military structure to control the Diyala road (river) at the opening of the Hamrin valley near a mountain pass, while the second appears to be a well- protected storehouse in the middle of a cultivated area. These two buildings give useful information about the political and economic situation in the Eastern limits of the Mesopotamian plain, at the time of first urbanization.
Les Metrokomiai de Syrie du Sud
Authors: Sartre Maurice
Published: September 2009

Some metrokomiai are attested in Southern Syria during the Hnd-IVth century B.C. This official status, unknown elsewhere, was given by the Roman authorities to the main villages of Northern Batanea and Trachon instead of the status of polis because this part of the country was an imperial estate as a new Greek inscription from Sanamein testifies. These urban communities became episcopal sees as early as the IVth century, like the other cities of Arabia. But Rome did not want to give them the rank of city to save the emperor' s income.
The new inscription from Rasun in Jordan
Authors: Bowersock G.W.
Published: September 2009

Présentation d'une insription grecque de la région d'Ajloun, avec plusieurs rectifications de l'interprétation de Yeditio princeps. Il ne s'agit pas de Zeus Hypsistos, comme l'a dit l'auteur du commentaire. Le nom sémitique Aitanos correspond à Eytan et non pas à une racine arabe qtti signifie crier. Le village ne porte pas le nom Rhesousr qui est la forme genitive d'un nom propre féminin Rheso. Cette dame aurait été la propriétaire du village.
Quelques remarques sur le complexe Palatial de Qatna
Authors: Dardaillon Ella
Published: September 2009

En 1992, les archives de R. Du Mesnil Du Buisson, fouilleur de l'antique Qatna, furent déposées au département des Antiquités orientales du musée du Louvre.

L'étude architecturale du palais au IIe millénaire présentée ici se base sur ces nouvelles données pour proposer un plan de l'état final de ce complexe avant sa destruction.
Fouilles de Khirbet Edh-Dharih (Jordanie), I : le cimetière au Sud du Wadi Sharheh
Authors: Lenoble Patrice , Auge Christian , Nehme Laila , Le Mort Françoise
Published: September 2009

N • j \ • •

'J U LJI JI D

ioil jl»Ij-UI dUi JU 'Jx; U ,^LJIj ^iLJI ùy u> L» {Jj- jÇi *\j3 uyitej jU* ii- IS U^U& Uij

LUI l^ .ùCiUI ûy.*>UJI ^t I4JU Jl, I ol>ûJI Jl
L'écrit et le "figuré" dans le domaine religieux des Nabatéens : le sanctuaire rupestre du Sadd al-Mrériyyeh à Pétra
Authors: Janif Moulay Mhamed
Published: September 2009

L'objectif de cette étude est double : examiner le rôle de l'écrit et du « figuré » dans le domaine religieux des Nabatéens à travers quelques exemples, en particulier à Pétra ; reconsidérer la place, souvent trop prééminente, accordée par les chercheurs à l'écrit pour interpréter le « figuré ». À cette fin, un intérêt particulier a été prêté au sanctuaire rupestre du Sadd al-Mrēriyyeh à Pétra, dont les données épigraphiques et iconographiques sont extrêmement intéressantes.
Symptomatic Lower Extremity Vasculitis in Giant Cell Arteritis: A Case Series
Authors: KERMANI TANAZ A. , MATTESON ERIC L. , HUNDER GENE G. , WARRINGTON KENNETH J.
Published: September 2009

Objective.

To describe the clinical features and outcomes of 19 patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) and symptomatic lower extremity (LE) vasculitis.

Methods.

We reviewed medical records of all patients diagnosed with GCA and symptomatic LE involvement between January 1, 1983, and June 30, 2007, for clinical features, laboratory and radiographic findings, and outcomes.

Results.

From 6212 people evaluated for GCA at our institution between 1983 and 2007, we identified 19 cases of GCA with LE vasculitis, all women. Mean age at GCA diagnosis was 70 years (± standard deviation 7.99). Sixteen patients (84.2%) had LE symptoms preceding the diagnosis of GCA, median interval 3 months (range 1–48). Three patients (15.8%) had GCA prior to developing LE claudication, median interval 16 months (range 9–34). Cranial symptoms were absent in 42.1%. No patient had permanent visual loss. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was elevated in 16 patients (84.2%), with median ESR 42.5 mm/h (range 8–103). Imaging studies revealed stenotic, occlusive, or aneurysmal disease that was frequently bilateral and consistent with vasculitis. The superficial femoral arteries were most commonly affected. Five patients (26.3%) had upper extremity involvement. Hypertension was the most common cardiovascular risk factor. All patients received glucocorticoid therapy, with clinical improvement in 15 patients (79%). Median length of followup was 41 months (range 11–180 mo). Five patients (26.3%) underwent LE revascularization surgery. Two patients required LE amputation and 1 patient underwent toe amputation. Five patients received additional immunosuppressive therapy.

Conclusion.

Symptomatic LE vasculitis from GCA is rare. Patients typically present with rapidly progressive LE claudication and elevated inflammatory markers, while cranial symptoms may be absent. GCA with LE involvement is associated with significant morbidity; prompt diagnosis and treatment is essential.
Laser monitoring of non‐Newtonian liquids during dip coating
Authors: Michels Alexandre F. , Lovato Pedro , Horowitz Flavio
Published: September 2009

Dip coated films, widely used in the coating industry, are usually measured by capacitive methods with micrometric precision. In this work, interferometric determination of thickness evolution in real time, for the first time to our best knowledge, is applied to volatile non‐Newtonian liquids with several viscosities and distinct dip withdrawing speeds. Thickness evolution during the process depends on time as predicted by a power law model. Comparison with measured results (uncertainty of ± 0.007 μm) showed very good agreement after initial steps of the process. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Connective tissue involvement in two patients with features of cranioectodermal dysplasia
Authors: Fry Andrew E. , Klingenberg Claus , Matthes Jean , Heimdal Ketil , Hennekam Raoul C.M. , Pilz Daniela T.
Published: September 2009

Cranioectodermal dysplasia (CED) is an infrequently described autosomal recessive disorder characterized by craniofacial, ectodermal and skeletal abnormalities, and associated with increased risk of chronic renal failure. A degree of joint laxity has been noted in some CED patients, but significant skin and soft‐tissue laxity has not previously been highlighted as part of the syndrome. We report on two unrelated patients with CED and significant connective tissue involvement, including cutis laxa, hernias, and joint laxity. We conclude with a brief discussion of the differential diagnosis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial Cluster Detection for Repeatedly Measured Outcomes while Accounting for Residential History
Authors: Cook Andrea J. , Gold Diane R. , Li Yi
Published: September 2009

Spatial cluster detection has become an important methodology in quantifying the effect of hazardous exposures. Previous methods have focused on cross‐sectional outcomes that are binary or continuous. There are virtually no spatial cluster detection methods proposed for longitudinal outcomes. This paper proposes a new spatial cluster detection method for repeated outcomes using cumulative geographic residuals. A major advantage of this method is its ability to readily incorporate information on study participants relocation, which most cluster detection statistics cannot. Application of these methods will be illustrated by the Home Allergens and Asthma prospective cohort study analyzing the relationship between environmental exposures and repeated measured outcome, occurrence of wheeze in the last 6 months, while taking into account mobile locations.
Genetic dissection of dopaminergic and noradrenergic contributions to catecholaminergic tracts in early larval zebrafish
Authors: Kastenhuber Edda , Kratochwil Claudius F. , Ryu Soojin , Schweitzer Jörn , Driever Wolfgang
Published: September 2009

The catecholamines dopamine and noradrenaline provide some of the major neuromodulatory systems with far‐ranging projections in the brain and spinal cord of vertebrates. However, development of these complex systems is only partially understood. Zebrafish provide an excellent model for genetic analysis of neuronal specification and axonal projections in vertebrates. Here, we analyze the ontogeny of the catecholaminergic projections in zebrafish embryos and larvae up to the fifth day of development and establish the basic scaffold of catecholaminergic connectivity. The earliest dopaminergic diencephalospinal projections do not navigate along the zebrafish primary neuron axonal scaffold but establish their own tracts at defined ventrolateral positions. By using genetic tools, we study quantitative and qualitative contributions of noradrenergic and defined dopaminergic groups to the catecholaminergic scaffold. Suppression of Tfap2a activity allows us to eliminate noradrenergic contributions, and depletion of Otp activity deletes mammalian A11‐like Otp‐dependent ventral diencephalic dopaminergic groups. This analysis reveals a predominant contribution of Otp‐dependent dopaminergic neurons to diencephalospinal as well as hypothalamic catecholaminergic tracts. In contrast, noradrenergic projections make only a minor contribution to hindbrain and spinal catecholaminergic tracts. Furthermore, we can demonstrate that, in zebrafish larvae, ascending catecholaminergic projections to the telencephalon are generated exclusively by Otp‐dependent diencephalic dopaminergic neurons as well as by hindbrain noradrenergic groups. Our data reveal the Otp‐dependent A11‐type dopaminergic neurons as the by far most prominent dopaminergic system in larval zebrafish. These findings are consistent with a hypothesis that Otp‐dependent dopaminergic neurons establish the major modulatory system for somatomotor and somatosensory circuits in larval fish. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:439–458, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
D2 receptors receive paracrine neurotransmission and are consistently targeted to a subset of synaptic structures in an identified neuron of the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system
Authors: Oginsky Max F. , Rodgers Edmund W. , Clark Merry C. , Simmons Robert , Krenz Wulf‐Dieter C. , Baro Deborah J.
Published: September 2009

Dopamine (DA) modulates motor systems in phyla as diverse as nematodes and arthropods up through chordates. A comparison of dopaminergic systems across a broad phylogenetic range should reveal shared organizing principles. The pyloric network, located in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG), is an important model for neuromodulation of motor networks. The effects of DA on this network have been well characterized at the circuit and cellular levels in the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus. Here we provide the first data about the physical organization of the DA signaling system in the STG and the function of D2 receptors in pyloric neurons. Previous studies showed that DA altered intrinsic firing properties and synaptic output in the pyloric dilator (PD) neuron, in part by reducing calcium currents and increasing outward potassium currents. We performed single cell reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) experiments to show that PD neurons exclusively expressed a type 2 (D2αPan) DA receptor. This was confirmed by using confocal microscopy in conjunction with immunohistochemistry (IHC) on STG wholemount preparations containing dye‐filled PD neurons. Immunogold electron microscopy showed that surface receptors were concentrated in fine neurites/terminal swellings and vesicle‐laden varicosities in the synaptic neuropil. Double‐label IHC experiments with tyrosine hydroxylase antiserum suggested that the D2αPan receptors received volume neurotransmissions. Receptors were further mapped onto three‐dimensional models of PD neurons built from Neurolucida tracings of confocal stacks from the IHC experiments. The data showed that D2αPan receptors were selectively targeted to approximately 40% of synaptic structures in any given PD neuron, and were nonuniformly distributed among neurites. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:255–276, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axonal Guidance by Surface Microstructuring for Intracellular Transport Investigations
Authors: Pelzl Carina , Arcizet Delphine , Piontek Guido , Schlegel Jürgen , Heinrich Doris
Published: September 2009

Intracellular transport, a complex interplay of diverse processes, is fundamental for the development, function and survival of cells. Passive diffusion and active transport phases alternate in living cells, with active phases arising from molecular motors, such as kinesin or dynein, pulling cargoes along microtubules. A better understanding of stochasic mechanisms involved in motor–microtubule interactions and in diffusion processes, which enable efficient active transport over long distances in motor neurons, requires a better link between theoretical models and live‐cell experiments. Herein, we establish one‐dimensional (1D) intracellular transport geometries, suitable for comparing experimental findings with recent theoretical 1D model predictions, by guiding axonal outgrowth of pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells along predefined chemical surface structures with a strip width of 2 μm, fabricated by means of microscale plasma‐initiated patterning (μPIP method). Quantification of the intracellular transport of quantum dots (QDs) in straight axons, which exhibit almost parallel microtubules, is obtained by our recently developed algorithm based on a time‐resolved mean‐square displacement (MSD) analysis. Such a thorough dissection of experimental data will be useful for validation and clarification of current theoretical transport models.
Robust signal detection in 3D fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Allalou Amin , Pinidiyaarachchi Amalka , Wählby Carolina
Published: September 2009

Robust detection and localization of biomolecules inside cells is of great importance to better understand the functions related to them. Fluorescence microscopy and specific staining methods make biomolecules appear as point‐like signals on image data, often acquired in 3D. Visual detection of such point‐like signals can be time consuming and problematic if the 3D images are large, containing many, sometimes overlapping, signals. This sets a demand for robust automated methods for accurate detection of signals in 3D fluorescence microscopy. We propose a new 3D point‐source signal detection method that is based on Fourier series. The method consists of two parts, a detector, which is a cosine filter to enhance the point‐like signals, and a verifier, which is a sine filter to validate the result from the detector. Compared to conventional methods, our method shows better robustness to noise and good ability to resolve signals that are spatially close. Tests on image data show that the method has equivalent accuracy in signal detection in comparison to visual detection by experts. The proposed method can be used as an efficient point‐like signal detection tool for various types of biological 3D image data. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Commentary on ‘Interventions for Unilateral Refractive Amblyopia’
Authors: Rahi Jugnoo S.
Published: September 2009

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Shotton K, Powell C, Voros G, Hatt Sr. Interventions for unilateral refractive amblyopia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4, Art. No.: CD005137. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005137.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
The Cochrane Library and Treatment for Community Acquired Pneumonia in Children: An Overview of Reviews
Authors: Russell Kelly , Robinson Joan , Yorke Diane , Axelsson Inge
Published: September 2009

Background

Globally, pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children and also results in significant morbidity. The most common treatment options include anti‐pyretics and antibiotics. Other treatments include vitamins and over‐the‐counter cough syrup.

Objective

This overview presents a summary of the results of previous Cochrane reviews on the treatment of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children.

Methods

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was searched for all systematic reviews examining the treatment of pediatric pneumonia or lower respiratory tract infections. All reviews that were under the heading “pneumonia” on the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) Group's Topic List and the ARI group were consulted. Data were extracted and entered into tables; data were synthesized using qualitative and quantitative methods.

Main Results

Eight reviews and one protocol were identified and data were available from seven reviews. Azithromycin and amoxicillin‐clavulanate appeared to be equivalent for CAP in developed countries. In comparing beta‐lactams, one small low‐quality trial showed a higher cure rate with amoxicillin‐clavulanate than with amoxicillin. In comparing macrolides, the efficacy of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin appeared to be equal. Azithromycin was better tolerated than was amoxicillin‐clavulanate. For CAP in developing countries, the failure rate was lower for amoxicillin than for co‐trimoxazole. Initial therapy with oral or parenteral antibiotics were equivalent in children with non‐severe pneumonia. A 3‐day course of amoxicillin or of co‐trimoxazole had an equivalent clinical cure rate, treatment failure rate and relapse rate when compared to a 5‐day course. Inconsistent outcomes were shown in studies of vitamin A for therapy of non‐measles pneumonia. There were insufficient children in the studies of over‐the‐counter medications for cough in children with pneumonia to reach meaningful conclusions.

Conclusions

Although thousands of children have been enrolled in trials of CAP treatments, limited conclusions can be reached about the ideal treatment, route and duration in developed or developing countries and for children of various ages. The primary reason for this is the multitude of interventions studied in diverse populations. Another major problem is that the diagnosis of pneumonia was often clinical rather than radiographic—often by necessity in developing countries. Even when pneumonia was diagnosed radiographically, differentiating viral from bacterial pneumonia was often not practical. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Aberrant DNA methylation profile and frequent methylation of KLK10 and OXGR1 genes in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lu Chang‐Yi , Hsieh Sen‐Yung , Lu Yen‐Jung , Wu Chi‐Sheng , Chen Lih‐Chyang , Lo Shao‐Jung , Wu Cheng‐Tao , Chou Min‐Yuan , Huang Tim Hui‐Ming , Chang Yu‐Sun
Published: September 2009

Investigating aberrant DNA methylation in the cancer genome may identify genes that play an important role in tumor progression. In this study, we combined differential methylation hybridization and a CpG microarray platform to characterize methylation profiles and identify novel candidate genes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The genomic DNA of 21 paired adjacent normal and HCC samples was used, and results were analyzed by hierarchical clustering. Twenty‐seven hypermethylated candidates and 38 hypomethylated candidates were obtained. Six candidate genes from the hypermethylated group were validated by combined bisulfite restriction analysis; two genes, human kallikrein 10 gene (KLK10) and oxoglutarate (α‐ketoglutarate) receptor 1 gene (OXGR1), were further analyzed by bisulfite sequencing. The DNA hypermethylation status of KLK10 and OXGR1 were subsequently examined in HCC cell lines and clinical samples using methylation‐specific PCR. In 49 HCC samples, 46 (94%) showed that at least one of these two genes was highly methylated. Moreover, KLK10 and OXGR1 mRNA levels were inversely correlated (r = −0.435 and −0.497, P < 0.05) with DNA methylation as examined in paired adjacent normal and tumor samples. Statistical analyses further indicated that KLK10 hypermethylation was significantly associated with cirrhosis (P = 0.042) and HCV infection (P = 0.017) as well as inversely associated with HBV infection (P = 0.023). Furthermore, restoration of KLK10 and OXGR1 expression reduced the ability of anchorage‐independent growth, and sensitized HCC cells to doxorubicin‐ or 5‐fluorouracil‐induced cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that the hypermethylated KLK10 and OXGR1 are frequent in HCC and may be useful as markers for clinical application. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic alterations in primary breast cancers compared with their sentinel and more distal lymph node metastases: An aCGH study
Authors: Wang Chunjie , Iakovlev Vladimir V. , Wong Vietty , Leung Stephanie , Warren Keisha , Iakovleva Gaiane , Arneson Nona C. R. , Pintilie Melania , Miller Naomi , Youngson Bruce , McCready David R. , Done Susan J.
Published: September 2009

Metastatic potential of breast cancer may be associated with specific genomic alterations and the earliest metastases are likely to be found in the sentinel lymph nodes (SLN). Using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), we compared the genomes of primary breast invasive duct carcinomas (IDCs), their sentinel and more distal lymph node metastases, and IDCs without nodal metastasis. Thirty‐three samples from 22 patients with IDC were subjected to aCGH: 8 IDC samples from patients without lymph node metastasis, 11 IDCs associated with SLN metastases out of which 7 had paired samples of metastases, and 14 samples of lymph node metastases out of which 8 were sentinel‐distal pairs from 4 patients. aCGH data were analyzed by correlation of genomic profiles, cluster analysis, segmentation, and peak identification. Quantitative real‐time PCR was used for data validation. We observed high genomic similarity between primary tumors and their nodal metastases as well as between metastases to the sentinel and distal lymph nodes. Several recurrent alterations were detected preferentially in IDC associated with SLN metastases compared to IDCs without metastasis. Amplification within the 17q24.1‐24.2(59.96–62.76 Mb) region was associated with presence of sentinel or distal lymph node metastases; larger tumor size and higher histological grade. In our samples, there were genomic events associated with metastatic progression, which could be detected in both primary tumors and LN metastases. Gain on 17q24.1‐24.2 is a candidate region for further testing as a predictor of nodal metastasis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radial groundwater flow to a finite diameter well in a leaky confined aquifer with a finite‐thickness skin
Authors: Yang Shaw‐Yang , Yeh Hund‐Der
Published: September 2009

A mathematical model that describes the drawdown due to constant pumpage from a finite radius well in a two‐zone leaky confined aquifer system is presented. The aquifer system is overlain by an aquitard and underlain by an impermeable formation. A skin zone of constant thickness exists around the wellbore. A general solution to a two‐zone leaky confined aquifer system in Laplace domain is developed and inverted numerically to the time‐domain solution using the modified Crump (1976) algorithm. The results show that the drawdown distribution is significantly influenced by the properties and thickness of the skin zone and aquitard. The sensitivity analyses of parameters of the aquifer and aquitard are performed to illustrate their effects on drawdowns in a two‐zone leaky confined aquifer system. For the negative‐skin case, the drawdown is very sensitive to the relative change in the formation transmissivity. For the positive‐skin case, the drawdown is also sensitive to the relative changes in the skin thickness, and both the skin and formation transmissivities over the entire pumping period and the well radius and formation storage coefficient at early pumping time. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of climate change on hydrological processes over a basin scale in northern Taiwan
Authors: Yu Pao‐Shan , Wang Yu‐Chi
Published: September 2009

This study investigates the impact of climate change on rainfall, evapotranspiration, and discharge in northern Taiwan. The upstream catchment of the Shihmen reservoir in northern Taiwan was chosen as the study area. Both observed discharge and soil moisture were simultaneously adopted to optimize the HBV‐based hydrological model, clearly improving the simulation of the soil moisture. The delta change of monthly temperature and precipitation from the grid cell of GCMs (General Circulation Models) that is closest to the study area were utilized to generate the daily rainfall and temperature series based on a weather generating model. The daily rainfall and temperature series were further inputted into the calibrated hydrological model to project the hydrological variables. The studies show that rainfall and discharge will be increased during the wet season (May to October) and decreased during the dry season (November to April of the following year). Evapotranspiration will be increased in the whole year except in November and December. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keeping an eye on retinoblastoma control of human embryonic stem cells
Authors: Conklin Jamie F. , Sage Julien
Published: September 2009

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold great promise in regenerative medicine. However, before the full potential of these cells is achieved, major basic biological questions need to be addressed. In particular, there are still gaps in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the derivation of hESCs from blastocysts, the regulation of the undifferentiated, pluripotent state, and the control of differentiation into specific lineages. Furthermore, we still do not fully understand the tumorigenic potential of hESCs, limiting their use in regenerative medicine. The RB pathway is a key signaling module that controls cellular proliferation, cell survival, chromatin structure, and cellular differentiation in mammalian cells. Members of the RB pathway are important regulators of hESC biology and manipulation of the activity of this pathway may provide novel means to control the fate of hESCs. Here we review what is known about the expression and function of members of the RB pathway in hESCs and discuss areas of interest in this field. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 1023–1030, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Therapist empathy and client anxiety reduction in motivational interviewing: “She carries with me, the experience”
Authors: Angus Lynne E. , Kagan Fern
Published: September 2009

In this article, we examine the use of motivational interviewing (MI) to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) by means of case illustration that focuses on four categories drawn from the client's experience of the key ingredients in MI therapy. The case illustration, drawn from the York study on combining MI and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of GAD (uses the client's pre‐ and post‐therapy narrative interviews) to arrive at categories representative of the client's experience of MI therapy. The results of the qualitative analysis highlight the key contributions to positive client outcomes and readiness for change in brief MI therapy for GAD. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65: 1–12, 2009.
Calculus of variations and descriptive set theory
Authors: Sofronidis Nikolaos E.
Published: September 2009

If X is a locally compact Polish space, then LSC(X, ℝ) denotes the compact Polish space of lower semi‐continuous real‐valued functions on X equipped with the topology of epi‐convergence.

Our purpose in this article is to prove the following: if –∞ < α < β < ∞ and –∞ < a < b < ∞, while r ∈ ℕ \ {0}, then the set CV of all f ∈ LSC([α, β ] × [a, b ] × ℝ, ℝ) for which there is u ∈ Cr ([α, β ], [a, b ]) such that for any v ∈ Cr ([α, β ], [a, b ]) we have that ∫αβ f (x, u (x), v ′(x))dx ≥ ∫αβ f (x, v (x), v (x))dx is not Borel (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Commutative rings whose ideals form an MV‐algebra
Authors: Belluce Lawrence P. , Nola Antonio Di
Published: September 2009

In this work we introduce a class of commutative rings whose defining condition is that its lattice of ideals, augmented with the ideal product, the semi‐ring of ideals, is isomorphic to an MV‐algebra. This class of rings coincides with the class of commutative rings which are direct sums of local Artinian chain rings with unit (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Proper and piecewise proper families of reals
Authors: Gitman Victoria
Published: September 2009

I introduced the notions of proper and piecewise proper families of reals to make progress on a long standing open question in the field of models of Peano Arithmetic [5]. A family of reals is proper if it is arithmetically closed and its quotient Boolean algebra modulo the ideal of finite sets is a proper poset. A family of reals is piecewise proper if it is the union of a chain of proper families each of whom has size ≤ ω1.

Here, I investigate the question of the existence of proper and piecewise proper families of reals of different cardinalities. I show that it is consistent relative to ZFC to have continuum many proper families of cardinality ω1 and continuum many piecewise proper families of cardinality ω2 (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of reduced risk pesticides for use in greenhouse vegetable production on Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Gradish Angela E , Scott‐Dupree Cynthia D , Shipp Les , Harris C Ron , Ferguson Gillian
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND: Bumble bees [Bombus impatiens (Cresson)] are widely used for supplemental pollination of greenhouse vegetables and are at risk of pesticide exposure while foraging. The objective of this study was to determine the lethal and sub‐lethal effects of four insecticides (imidacloprid, abamectin, metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole) and three fungicides (myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate and cyprodinil + fludioxonil) used or with potential for use in Ontario greenhouse vegetable production to B. impatiens.

RESULTS: Imidacloprid, abamectin, and metaflumizone were harmful to worker bees following direct contact, while chlorantraniliprole and all fungicides tested were harmless. Worker bees fed imidacloprid‐contaminated pollen had shortened life spans and were unable to produce brood. Worker bees consumed less pollen contaminated with abamectin. Metaflumizone, chlorantraniliprole and all fungicides tested caused no sub‐lethal effects in bumble bee micro‐colonies.

CONCLUSION: We conclude that the new reduced risk insecticides metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole and the fungicides myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate and cyprodinil + fludioxonil are safe for greenhouse use in the presence of bumble bees. This information can be used preserve greenhouse pollination programs while maintaining acceptable pest management. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Additivity and transferability of exchange energy
Authors: Rico Jaime Fernández , López Rafael , Ema Ignacio , Ramírez Guillermo
Published: September 2009

Exchange energy of molecules at equilibrium geometries is shown to be highly independent of the basis set and nearly equal to the sum of the exchange energies of isolated atoms. Furthermore, molecular exchange can be predicted along a chemical series with high accuracy in terms of empirical exchange contributions associated to the constituent atoms, whose values, obtained by fitting, are similar to those of the isolated atoms. It is concluded that molecular exchange is essentially a sum of atomic contributions whose differences from those of the isolated atoms are small and characteristic of the neighboring atoms. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Optical properties of the Si(111):H surface with adsorbed Ag clusters
Authors: Ramirez Jessica J. , Kilin Dmitri S. , Micha David A.
Published: September 2009

Systems composed of small Ag clusters adsorbed on the Si(111):H surface have been computationally studied by methods of density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT, to obtain information on properties of photoexcitations and electronic structure. The systems have been modeled as slabs with varying numbers of layers, and an increasing number of Ag atoms in the adsorbed clusters. Ab initio electronic structure, atomic conformations, excitation energies, electron binding energies, and electronic oscillator strengths are obtained using two different implementations of DFT, as provided by the Vienna Ab‐initio Simulation Package and Gaussian03 computational packages. Time‐independent results from extended and finite models establish a general trend regarding the energy band gaps increase with slab thickness and decrease with cluster sizes. Resulting trends in oscillator strength versus photon energies, from time‐dependent calculations, establish a consistent picture with an increase of light absorption at the lower photon energies as the size of clusters and number of slab layers is increased. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Survival and fidelity of an enclosed white‐tailed deer population using capture–recapture‐reporting data
Authors: Webb Stephen L. , Gee Kenneth L. , Wang Guiming
Published: September 2009

The number of animal populations enclosed by impermeable fences has increased, which poses issues related to the behavior of individuals and populations. Despite the increased number of fenced enclosures, there is a paucity of survival and fidelity data on white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from fenced enclosures. Therefore, we examined marked deer recaptures and resightings over 13 years for an enclosed population of white‐tailed deer in Oklahoma, USA, to estimate survival and fidelity parameters. We found that a step model was the best model of survival for both sexes. Survival of females and males was greater after hunting was suspended. Average female survival was 77% before hunting was suspended but increased to 98% after. Male survival was also greater after (99%) hunting was suspended compared to before (58%). Females exhibited greater site fidelity (84–94%) than males for all age groups except old individuals, which showed similar site fidelities for males and females. Fidelity was highest for old males (85%), followed by adult (74%), fawn (61%), and yearling males (56%). Our high‐tensile electric fence allowed management goals to be achieved through increased survival while potentially maintaining genetic diversity through the exchange of limited numbers of individuals from surrounding areas. However, if the goal is to confine deer to limit disease spread or protect sensitive areas (e.g., airports) from deer encroachment, then other fence designs may be necessary, because our fence was not completely effective at controlling deer movements for these purposes.
Spinale Muskelatrophien
Authors: Rudnik-Schöneborn S. , Zerres K.
Published: September 2009

Spinale Muskelatrophien (SMA) umfassen eine klinisch und genetisch heterogene Gruppe erblicher neuromuskulärer Erkrankungen, die durch einen progredienten Untergang von Vorderhornzellen im Rückenmark und z. T. auch der motorischen Hirnnervenkerne charakterisiert sind. Die autosomal-rezessive proximale SMA des Kindes- und Jugendalters (SMA 5q) stellt mit etwa 80–90% die große Mehrheit aller spinalen Muskelatrophien und wird in Abhängigkeit vom Schweregrad in die Typen I–III eingeteilt. Da mehr als 90% der Patienten eine homozygote Deletion des SMN1-Gens auf Chromosom 5q aufweisen, steht eine einfache molekulargenetische Diagnostik zur Verfügung. Inzwischen ist auch eine sichere Einordnung von heterozygoten Anlageträgern möglich, sodass Risikopersonen entsprechend genetisch beraten werden können. Mit der zunehmenden Aufklärung anderer SMA-Formen wächst das Verständnis für die Pathogenese und mögliche Therapieansätze von Vorderhornerkrankungen. Eine kausale Therapie der SMA steht bislang nicht zur Verfügung, wenngleich klinische und genetische Studien sowie Untersuchungen am Tiermodell neue Hoffnungen geweckt haben.
Perioperative Implications of the Joint Commission's 2009 Accreditation Requirements
Authors: Kusler‐Jensen Jane
Published: September 2009

Facilities that are accredited by the Joint Commission are deemed as meeting the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services certification requirements. The accreditation requirements have undergone recent changes.

In January 2009, the Joint Commission issued new and revised accreditation requirements. The new requirements have been reviewed by surveyors since April 6, 2009, and are being scored as of July 1, 2009.

The revised requirements add additional specifics to the elements of performance. Perioperative nurses will need to understand how these new and revised accreditation requirements will be enforced within their workplaces. This article provides an overview and some ideas for implementation. AORN J 90 (September 2009) 417‐429. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Infantile and Juvenile Scoliosis: The Crooked Path to Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Wick Jane Maureen , Konze Julie , Alexander Kelly , Sweeney Chris
Published: September 2009

Most cases of scoliosis are diagnosed and treated during adolescence; many are detected in school screening programs. For a small percentage of children, however, the onset of scoliosis occurs much earlier than adolescence.

Infantile scoliosis (ie, onset from birth to two years of age) and juvenile scoliosis (ie, onset from three to nine years of age) involve very different diagnoses and treatment regimens than adolescent scoliosis. Early onset scoliosis may resolve with growth or may require nonsurgical treatment (eg, orthosis, body cast); surgical intervention (eg, halo traction, growing rods, vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib); or a combination of both. AORN J 90 (September 2009) 347‐376. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
A People to People Nursing Experience in Poland
Authors: Knapp Karen , Norton Elizabeth , Rihn Cheryl
Published: September 2009

Introductory note by Cynthia Spry, RN, MA, MSN, CNOR, column coordinator:Since 1956, the People to People Citizen Ambassador Programs have offered unique travel opportunities that foster local and global networking and provide opportunities for professionals from around the world to interact and engage in cultural activities, seminars, and humanitarian efforts. Since the 1980s, several AORN leaders have led perioperative nurses on People to People trips to China, Russia, and other countries where they have shared and learned much about perioperative practice and once again confirmed that, despite differences in available resources, perioperative nurses around the world have much in common. Just as perioperative nurses in the United States are proud of their contributions to patient safety, the ongoing movement to evidence‐based practice, and their commitment to advancing the profession, nurses in less developed countries are too.

This is the second of a two‐part column about a People to People experience shared by several AORN members who traveled to Russia and Poland. The experience in Russia was detailed in the July 2009AORN Journal. This column focuses on the experience in Poland.
Site‐specific N‐glycosylation regulates the GPS auto‐proteolysis of CD97
Authors: Hsiao Cheng-Chih , Cheng Kai-Fong , Chen Hsin-Yi , Chou Yi-Hua , Stacey Martin , Chang Gin-Wen , Lin Hsi-Hsien
Published: September 2009

Auto‐proteolysis at the G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) proteolytic site (GPS) is a hallmark of adhesion‐GPCRs. Although defects in GPS auto‐proteolysis have been linked to genetic disorders, information on its regulation remains elusive. Here, we investigated the GPS proteolysis of CD97, a human leukocyte‐restricted and tumor‐associated adhesion‐GPCR. We found that CD97 is incompletely processed, unlike its close homolog, epidermal growth factor‐like module‐containing mucin‐like hormone receptor 2. A unique pattern of N‐glycosylation within the GPS motif of related adhesion‐GPCRs was identified. The use of N‐glycosylation inhibitors and mutants confirm site‐specific N‐glycosylation is an important determinant of GPS proteolysis in CD97. Our results suggest that N‐glycosylation may regulate the processing of adhesion‐GPCRs leading to the production of either cleaved or uncleaved molecules.
Adenosine mediates transforming growth factor‐beta 1 release in kidney glomeruli of diabetic rats
Authors: Roa H. , Gajardo C. , Troncoso E. , Fuentealba V. , Escudero C. , Yáñez A. , Sobrevia L. , Pastor-Anglada M. , Quezada C. , San Martin R.
Published: September 2009

Up regulation of the transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) axis has been recognized as a pathogenic event for progression of glomerulosclerosis in diabetic nephropathy. We demonstrate that glomeruli isolated from diabetic rats accumulate up to sixfold more extracellular adenosine than normal rats. Both decreased nucleoside uptake activity by the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 and increased AMP hydrolysis contribute to raise extracellular adenosine. Ex vivo assays indicate that activation of the low affinity adenosine A2B receptor subtype (A2BAR) mediates TGF‐β1 release from glomeruli of diabetic rats, a pathogenic event that could support progression of glomerulopathy when the bioavailability of adenosine is increased.
Membrane binding requirements for the cytolytic activity of Leishmania amazonensis leishporin
Authors: Castro-Gomes Thiago , Almeida-Campos Flávia Regina , Calzavara-Silva Carlos Eduardo , da Silva Rosiane Aparecida , Frézard Frédéric , Horta Maria Fátima
Published: September 2009

To lyse cells, some pore‐forming proteins need to bind to receptors on their targets. Studying the binding requirements of Leishmania amazonensis leishporin, we have shown that protease‐treated erythrocytes are as sensitive to leishporin‐mediated lysis as untreated cells, indicating that protein receptors are dispensable. Similarly, carbohydrate receptors do not seem to be needed, since several sugars do not inhibit leishporin‐mediated hemolysis. Conversely, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), but not cholesterol, completely inhibits leishporin‐mediated lysis. DPPC liposomes, with or without cholesterol, are lysed by leishporin and remove its lytic activity. Our results demonstrate that leishporin is a cholesterol‐independent cytolysin that binds directly to phospholipids.
Glutathione disulfide and S‐nitrosoglutathione detoxification by Mycobacteriumtuberculosis thioredoxin system
Authors: Attarian Rodgoun , Bennie Chelsea , Bach Horacio , Av-Gay Yossef
Published: September 2009

Mycobacterium tuberculosis resides within alveolar macrophages. These phagocytes produce reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates to combat the invading pathogens. The macrophage glutathione (GSH) pool reduces nitric oxide (NO) to S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Both glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and GSNO possess mycobactericidal activities in vitro. In this study we demonstrate that M. tuberculosis thioredoxin system, comprises of thioredoxin reductase B2 and thioredoxin C reduces the oxidized form of the intracellular mycothiol (MSSM) and is able to efficiently reduce GSSG and GSNO in vitro. Our study suggests that the thioredoxin system provide a general reduction mechanism to cope with oxidative stress associated with the microbe's metabolism as well as to detoxify xenobiotics produced by the host.
Large‐scale movement of functional domains facilitates aminoacylation by human mitochondrial phenylalanyl‐tRNA synthetase
Authors: Yadavalli Srujana S. , Klipcan Liron , Zozulya Alexey , Banerjee Rajat , Svergun Dmitri , Safro Mark , Ibba Michael
Published: September 2009

Structural studies suggest rearrangement of the RNA‐binding and catalytic domains of human mitochondrial PheRS (mtPheRS) is required for aminoacylation. Crosslinking the catalytic and RNA‐binding domains resulted in a “closed” form of mtPheRS that still catalyzed ATP‐dependent Phe activation, but was no longer able to transfer Phe to tRNA and complete the aminoacylation reaction. SAXS experiments indicated the presence of both the closed and open forms of mtPheRS in solution. Together, these results indicate that conformational flexibility of the two functional modules in mtPheRS is essential for its phenylalanylation activity. This is consistent with the evolution of the aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases as modular enzymes consisting of separate domains that display independent activities.
Klotho is a substrate for α‐, β‐ and γ‐secretase
Authors: Bloch Laura , Sineshchekova Olga , Reichenbach Daniela , Reiss Karina , Saftig Paul , Kuro-o Makoto , Kaether Christoph
Published: September 2009

Klotho is an anti‐aging protein with different functions of the full‐length membrane protein and the secreted hormone‐like form. Using overexpression and knock‐down approaches as well as embryonic fibroblasts of knock‐out mice we present evidence that Klotho is shedded by the α‐secretases ADAM10 and 17 as well as by the β‐secretase β‐APP cleaving enzyme 1. The remaining membrane‐bound fragment is a substrate for regulated intramembrane proteolysis by γ‐secretase. Our data suggest that therapeutic approaches targeting these proteases should be carefully analyzed for potential side effects on Klotho‐mediated physiological processes.
Perinatal exposure to music protects spatial memory against callosal lesions
Authors: Amagdei Anca , Balteş Felicia Rodica , Avram Julia , Miu Andrei C.
Published: September 2009

Several studies have indicated that the exposure of rodents to music modulates brain development and neuroplasticity, by mechanisms that involve facilitated hippocampal neurogenesis, neurotrophin synthesis and glutamatergic signaling. This study focused on the potential protection that the perinatal exposure to music, between postnatal days 2 and 32, could offer against functional deficits induced by neonatal callosotomy in rats. The spontaneous alternation and marble‐burying behaviors were longitudinally measured in callosotomized and control rats that had been exposed to music or not. The results indicated that the neonatal callosotomy‐induced spontaneous alternation deficits that became apparent only after postnatal day 45, about the time when the rat corpus callosum reaches its maximal levels of myelination. The perinatal exposure to music efficiently protected the spontaneous alternation performance against the deficits induced by callosotomy. The present findings may offer important insights into music‐induced neuroplasticity, relevant to brain development and neurorehabilitation.