bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les débuts de l’affacturage en France, 1961-1973 : un secteur marginal en quête de reconnaissance
Authors: Effosse Sabine
Published: April 2015

En plein essor depuis la crise de 2007-2008, l’affacturage, c’est-à-dire la gestion et le paiement anticipé des créances, est longtemps resté une technique de financement confidentielle voire cachée. Pourtant, pratique alternative au crédit inter-entreprises, il permet de minimiser les risques liés à l’allongement des délais de paiement et aux créances impayées. En revenant sur les conditions d’implantation de l’affacturage en France au début des années 1960, cet article s’attache à en identifier les enjeux, les principaux acteurs, ainsi que les entreprises qui y recourent. Il apparaît ainsi que les affactureurs américains, soucieux de profiter du programme Kennedy de croissance des exportations, jouent un rôle majeur dans sa réimplantation en Europe lors de la construction du Marché commun. Face à ces initiatives visant la création de nouvelles sociétés de factoring, les autorités financières françaises sont partagées. Les risques d’inflation de crédit à court terme et de « dépersonnalisation » du crédit les conduisent à la plus grande prudence. Mais la nécessité d’encourager les exportations et la modernisation du crédit à court terme aboutissent à sa reconnaissance officielle en 1973. L’affacturage connaît toutefois un développement initial limité voire marginal. Les PME hésitent à utiliser un mode de financement plus coûteux que l’escompte. S’ajoute la crainte de l’immixtion de l’affactureur dans le « secret des affaires ». Aussi les entreprises qui y recourent le font-elles souvent en dernier recours. Devenu dès lors synonyme d’entreprises en difficultés, l’affacturage peine à combler ce déficit d’image. La restauration de cette image, qui soulève la question-clé de l’introduction d’un tiers dans la relation-clients, demeure ainsi jusqu’à aujourd’hui une préoccupation constante des acteurs d’un secteur en pleine mutation.
L’intégration économique de la Méditerranée par les réseaux maritimes et portuaires
Authors: Mareï Nora , Ducruet César
Published: April 2015

Suite au percement du canal de Suez à la fin du XIX e siècle, la Méditerranée devient un carrefour maritime majeur entre Europe, Asie et Afrique. La région portuaire connait dès lors un développement rapide et extraverti qui s’est accéléré ces dernières décennies, sous l’effet d’une nouvelle étape de la mondialisation. La participation des pays du Sud à cette économie mondialisée est le signe d’évolutions profondes que nous proposons d’aborder, d’une part à travers l’étude des réseaux maritimes et portuaires, et d’autre part à travers une réflexion plus conceptuelle sur l’intégration régionale et l’enracinement territorial des processus mondialisés.
La réaffirmation de l’identité palestinienne en Israël : Le rôle du mouvement islamique israélien dans le cadre éducatif
Authors: Edres Nijmi
Published: April 2015

Dans le contexte israélien, où le point de vue palestinien est souvent négligé et la langue arabe est réduite à un niveau précaire de vitalité ethnolinguistique, l’action de contraste commencée par le Mouvement Islamique dans le domaine éducatif se révèle particulièrement intéressante. En fait, au-delà des résultats obtenus sur le plan pratique, par le rapprochement de la population à son histoire et à sa culture d’origine, l’action du Mouvement a contribué à rapprocher le nationalisme palestinien, historiquement représente par la laïque OLP, à l’Islam politique.
Le ‘tiers inclus’ dans l’évangile de Luc
Authors: Wargnies Philippe
Published: April 2015

L’évangile de Luc prête une grande attention à la miséricorde. De nombreuses scènes et paraboles insistent sur cette disposition et laissent voir sa mise en œuvre. À cet égard, on rencontre, dans le fonctionnement narratif du troisième évangile, une configuration, typique et récurrente, de relations triangulaires entre personnages, réels ou paraboliques. Approfondies à travers quelques épisodes plus représentatifs, ces relations révèlent clairement l’invitation faite au lecteur : il s’agit d’accueillir ce don pour communier soi-même à la façon dont le Christ prodigue, à tous sans exception, la miséricorde du Père.
Les nouveaux mouvements religieux et la cosmologie
Authors: Carniaux Benoît
Published: April 2015

Les révolutions épistémiques du siècle dernier présentent un certain nombre d’adhérences conceptuelles avec le bouddhisme. La nébuleuse du Nouvel Âge tend à traduire ces correspondances en connexions et produit parfois des systématisations très élaborées extrêmement séduisantes pour l’esprit scientifique. Dans ce contexte, il est indispensable pour la foi chrétienne d’envisager une relecture à frais nouveaux de ses textes fondateurs sur l’origine divine de la création.
Le péché, offense de Dieu, et l’immutabilité divine
Authors: Chapelle Albert
Published: April 2015

Dieu est touché par nos péchés. L’Écriture le fait entendre en chacune de ses pages. Mais comment concilier cette affirmation scripturaire avec l’immutabilité divine ? La difficulté ne viendrait-elle pas d’une conception exclusivement formelle de celle-ci ? Dieu n’est pas immuable « par défaut » (« il ne peut changer »), mais « par excès ». L’acte trinitaire de Dieu comprend, comme tel, toutes les relations personnelles, il n’a pas besoin de changer pour les éprouver. Dans l’Actualité éternelle de sa Charité, Dieu vit, en sa Trinité sainte, la soumission et la disponibilité infinie à des acquiescements et à des refus qui, venant de nous, ses enfants créés et recréés dans son Esprit, le touchent au Cœur. Il les accepte si simplement et si totalement qu’Il n’en peut souffrir.
La Parole de Dieu dans la formation sacerdotale
Authors: Louzeau Frédéric
Published: April 2015

La formation sacerdotale doit non seulement promouvoir chez le candidat une familiarité avec la Bible, mais aussi lui apprendre à discerner la Parole de Dieu dans les Écritures, par une méthode analogue à celle des Exercices spirituels de saint Ignace (I). Par ailleurs, pareil discernement suppose l’engagement de la foi et le déploiement de la raison, capable de reconnaître la Parole de Dieu (II). Enfin, l’A. voit dans la doctrine des quatre sens la méthode rationnelle pour y parvenir.
L’apothéose de La Tour d’Auvergne
Authors: Le Bloas Alain
Published: April 2015

En 1841, Carhaix est le théâtre d’une des plus
grandes fêtes publiques organisées en Bretagne sous la monarchie de
Juillet. L’inauguration de la statue de La Tour d’Auvergne, héros
révolutionnaire et enfant du pays, en est le prétexte. Cette
commémoration voulue et préparée par le préfet Boullé est
l’aboutissement d’une mobilisation conjointe de l’État et d’une partie
des élites bretonnes. Le rassemblement puise dans les différents
registres de la fête publique : la fête funèbre romantique, la
statuomanie, la fête patriotique, la fête libérale. Elle est aussi à
travers celui qui est à cette occasion propulsé grand homme de la
Bretagne célébration de la région. Si le rassemblement est un succès
par sa fréquentation et son parfait déroulement, il ne parvient
cependant pas à fédérer pour le plus grand profit du régime comme
l’espéraient les organisateurs. L’Église se montre en effet hostile au
culte du héros et organise dans les campagnes cornouaillaises un
véritable boycottage de la cérémonie. Quant aux participants, ils ne
se laissent pas docilement manipuler par la propagande orléaniste.
L’enfant des villes. Considérations sur la place du jeu et la créativité de l’architecte face à l’émergence de la ville garantie
Authors: Breviglieri Marc
Published: April 2015

La présence des tout jeunes enfants dans la rue se manifeste parfois comme des gestes d’évasion et d’exploration arrachés à la surveillance parentale. A y regarder de près, la manifestation inspirée de ces « gestes d’échappement » semble dévoiler une dimension essentielle de la relation sensible au milieu urbain que l’architecte ne devrait en rien perdre de vue. L’enfant peut faire exister la ville autrement et en révéler une texture particulière que l’adulte tend à ne plus savoir lire. Mais cette ouverture au champ phénoménal de l’enfant, qui aide au travail imaginaire de l’architecte, subit une tension de sens opposé venant d’un ensemble de directives et de prescriptions techniques normatives liées au développement d’une politique de certification de la qualité particulièrement active dans le domaine de l’enfance et du design urbain. En voulant garantir l’utilisation raisonnable et informée de la ville, cette politique évacue bon nombre de possibilités d’irruption du jeu dans l’espace public, grâce auxquelles l’enfant apprend à vivre avec d’autres, potentialise des capacités remarquables et trouve parfois un incomparable lieu d’enchantement.
Évaluer le savoir lire
Authors: Aubret Jacques
Published: April 2015

Cet article pose le problème de l’hétérogénéité des méthodes d’évaluation du savoir lire en faisant apparaître les ambiguïtés qui s’y rattachent. Il montre comment une démarche de clarification cognitive permet de lever ces ambiguïtés.
Enquête de l’IEA sur le niveau en lecture – I
Authors: Linnakylä Pirjo
Published: April 2015

L’enquête sur la compréhension écrite conduite par l’IEA dans une trentaine de pays permet de comparer les objectifs et les pratiques pédagogiques à la fois sous l’angle du processus de compréhension et sous l’angle des choix de textes (genres, fonctions). Au-delà de la diversité des cultures d’enseignement et du hiatus fréquent entre les objectifs privilégiés et la réalité de l’enseignement, l’un des objectifs les plus largement partagés est de former des lecteurs pensants.
La lecture à voix haute
Authors: Victoria Reyzabal Maria
Published: April 2015

La lecture à voix haute apparaît comme une technique pour la compréhension active des textes, elle ajoute d’autres possibilités de compréhension à la lecture silencieuse et peut préparer à des pratiques créatives et des productions personnelles.
Lecture(s) et technologies
Authors: Portine Henri
Published: April 2015

L’auteur rappelle d’abord quels furent les supports de lecture de l’Antiquité à nos jours, du codex à l’ordinateur. Il montre que les modalités d’accès au texte évoluent en fonction de ces divers supports.
L’écrit fait écran
Authors: Malandain Jean-Louis
Published: April 2015

Inventaire des ressources offertes par les nouvelles technologies en matière de lecture-écriture. Ces ressources sont présentées par le biais de divers programmes et activités.
Enhance Network Intrusion Detection System by Exploiting BR Algorithm as an Optimal Feature Selection
Authors: Hashem Soukaena Hassan
Published: April 2015

This chapter aims to build a proposed Wire/Wireless Network Intrusion Detection System (WWNIDS) to detect intrusions and consider many of modern attacks which are not taken in account previously. The proposal WWNIDS treat intrusion detection with just intrinsic features but not all of them. The dataset of WWNIDS will consist of two parts; first part will be wire network dataset which has been constructed from KDD'99 that has 41 features with some modifications to produce the proposed dataset that called modern KDD and to be reliable in detecting intrusion by suggesting three additional features. The second part will be building wireless network dataset by collecting thousands of sessions (normal and intrusion); this proposed dataset is called Constructed Wireless Data Set (CWDS). The preprocessing process will be done on the two datasets (KDD & CWDS) to eliminate some problems that affect the detection of intrusion such as noise, missing values and duplication.
Real Time Internal Intrusion Detection
Authors: Al-Khanjari Zuhoor Abdullah Salim , Nayyef Asaad Abdulrahman
Published: April 2015

The increase of attacks on e-Government infrastructures led to the emergence of several information security techniques. Insider threat is one of the most complex problems in information security. It requires a sophisticated response to detect and protect the un-authorized use. This chapter provides a framework for developing a high level security management for e-Government website. The framework is based on the sensors and detectors, which consist of relatively small amounts of source code to detect all attacks in e-Government website against all threats in real time. In this chapter, the authors also provide a full illustration of how to design and protect all files used to implement a secure e-Government websites. This should contain a self- audit of the file and represent a kind of processes that are used to protect data in different types of files including: image, sound, string or any file within e-Government website.
Cryptographic Hash Function
Authors: Alshaikhli Imad Fakhri , AlAhmad Mohammad Abdulateef
Published: April 2015

Cryptographic hash function verifies data integrity and sender identity or source of information. The task is accomplished by taking a variable bit patterns as an input then produces a fixed bit patterns of output. This chapter provides a detailed overview to include classification, properties, constructions, attacks, applications and an overview of a selected dedicated cryptographic hash function.
Crime Profiling System
Authors: Zedan Hussein , Alruily Meshrif
Published: April 2015

Digital forensics aims to examine a wide range of digital media in a “forensically” sound manner. This can be used either to uncover rationale for a committed crime and possible suspects, prevent a crime from taken place or to identify a threat so that it can be dealt with. The latter is firmly rooted within the domain of intelligence counter measures. The authors call the outcome of the analyses subject profiling where a subject can be a threat or a suspect. In this Chapter the authors outline a process for profiling based on Self-organizing Map (SOM) and evaluating our technique by profiling crimes using a multi-lingual corpus. The development and application of a Crime Profiling System (CPS) is also presented. The system is able to extract meaningful information (type of crime, location and nationality), from Arabic language crime news reports. The system has two unique attributes; firstly, information extraction depends on local grammar, and secondly, automatic generation of dictionaries. It is shown that the CPS improves the quality of the data through reduction where only meaningful information is retained. Moreover, when clustering, using Self Organizing Map (SOM), we gain efficiency as the data is cleansed by removing noise. The proposed system is validated through experiments using a corpus collated from different sources; Precision, Recall and F-measure are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed information extraction approach. Also, comparisons are conducted with other systems.
Identity Is What We Sell
Authors: Horn Anette , Horn Peter
Published: April 2015

This chapter argues that the most efficient advertising strategy is one that addresses the identity of the customer and recognizes his or her social construction. The most generally accepted concept of “identity” sees the “identity” of a person determined by social attributes. But identities are far more mobile these days, and we deal with identities created and reinforced by the media and by advertising. Style is the way in which we present ourselves to others, with which we say who we are or, more importantly, who we want to be or to appear. Advertising, therefore, does not emphasize, in the first place, who we are but to what we aspire. Ads sell not only commodities but also desires and aspirations. It is advertising on the one hand and the stories produced by the media on the other hand that supply this ideology of happiness. On its own, consumption always ends in a certain emptiness.
Effective, Privacy-First Display Advertising
Authors: Orlandic Ratko
Published: April 2015

This chapter addresses the problem of architecting display ad networks for online social media. The basic question behind this work is: Can display advertising in social media be effective while providing rigorous privacy guarantees? The chapter exposes the problems that display advertising faces in social media, introduces a display ad-network architecture organized around the goals of effectiveness and privacy enforcement, and describes a type of social media for which the architecture is ideally suited. To deliver high effectiveness in a social media environment, the ad network must function as an embedded component of the environment with ambient intelligence. Moreover, the architecture must constrain data and mechanisms in order to deliver rigorous privacy guarantees as a baseline and an additional set of choices to enforce even stricter views on privacy. Ambient social media sites, described later in the chapter, are the most appropriate form of social media for the proposed architecture.
Advertising Ethics in the Social Media Age
Authors: Gülsoy Tanses Yasemin
Published: April 2015

Advertising ethics covers a wide range of issues, from the advertising of alcohol to misleading price claims. Advertising ethics research has traditionally concentrated on the influence of advertising on consumers or the society in general. New media tend to give rise to new ethical situations. This chapter aims to examine the issue of advertising ethics in the social media and offer suggestions for resolving some of the ethical concerns raised by social media advertising.
Dynamic Narrative Alignment
Authors: Wrobel Sophie , Kellden John
Published: April 2015

Effective social media presence is not determined by content creation, but rather by community creation. The trick to successful advertising presence, therefore, is to be able to lead a digital community. Drawing from phenomenology, sociomateriality, grounded theory, and practitioners' experiences in community sensemaking, this chapter explains why community management is necessary for brand survival given the rising trend of online collaboration. It presents dynamic narrative alignment as a framework for developing effective community management strategy, and discusses how narrative patterns shape and are shaped by the community during the conception, technical platform selection, project management, member management, brand management, and monetization phases of community development. Finally, the chapter analyses how strategies based on this framework drive brand equity using successful rhetoric and engagement for select case studies across diverse industries, sectors, branches, and audience sizes.
Simultaneous Perception of Parallel Streams of Visual Data
Authors: Brzezicki Marcin
Published: April 2015

This chapter presents a study of the perceptual processes that condition the parallel processing of visual data and thus could become a design tool to manage the transfer of information. This allows the designers to analyze and consciously plan this process, taking into account the perceptual mechanisms involved. The chapter combines knowledge from the fields of cognitive science, geometrical optics, graphic design, and—last but not least—it utilizes the author's experience in architecture gained from the study of transparency perception.
Duality of Natural and Technological Explanations
Authors: Ursyn Anna
Published: April 2015

This chapter provides visual interpretations of natural and human-made events as examples of cognitive solutions for knowledge visualization. Mathematical description of technological and art related solutions pertaining to the earthly and celestial events is followed by examination of physical concepts versus sports. After that, the chapter explores cell biology versus human habitats; description of natural and human-made new materials at macroscopic, molecular, and atomic scales; an account of carbon as a gem, a molecule, and a heart of nanotechnology; and finally, a text about geography and maps, along with objects and events they represent. The leading format of this chapter is integration of multiple disciplines toward developing an interdisciplinary way of delivering knowledge through visualization-related electronic visuals, needed in every discipline. Issues and materials comprised in this chapter indicate the importance of the visual part of knowledge presentation for cognitive learning.
Random Processes and Visual Perception
Authors: Constant Jean
Published: April 2015

The objective of this chapter is to help solve a classic stochastic problem using tools of the graphic environment. Stochastic processes are associated with the concepts of uncertainty or chance. They are a major focus of studies in various scientific disciplines such as mathematics, statistics, finance, artificial intelligence/machine learning, and philosophy. Visual Arts also depend on elements of uncertainly and chance. To explore the commonality of concern between Science and Art and better understand stochastic processes, the authors use a graph theory reference model called the “shortest route problem” and add additional elements specific to the art-making process to highlight the relevance of interdisciplinary studies in the field of randomness and visual perception.
Building a Computer
Authors: Liccardo Andrew , Grimes Cameron
Published: April 2015

This chapter describes the reasons and the task of building a computer, which might provide students with the understanding of the structure and functions involved in computing. The process of planning, acquiring, and building a computer is discussed as a cognitive way of learning and sharing information. This project was funded by the Art Director at the University of Northern Colorado. The process of building the computer was done by Sean Flannery, a student in Computer graphics, and recorded by a camera operator. The footage was edited into a video by a Computer Graphics and Marketing student. The final video can be seen at the following URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m28186QIsqM.
Visual Plan Construct Language (VPCL)
Authors: Ebrahimi Alireza
Published: April 2015

Teaching and learning programming can be enhanced by the incorporation of visualization. A system and method that the author created, known as Visual Plan Construct Language (VPCL), incorporates programming visualization for teaching, learning programming, and problem solving. VPCL contains a Plan Library that is accessible through the Web. A user can create and establish a working space and environment on the system to examine VPCL plan library and develop one's own plan library. VPCL consists of three phases: Plan Observation, Plan Integration, and Plan Creation. The observation phase rehearses how a program is broken down into smaller components with their integration relationship. The integration phase concentrates on how two plans are related to each other in building a program. The methods of integration are known as appended, interleaved, branched, and embedded. The creation phase concentrates on how a new plan is built using the existing plans from the plan library.
Digitally Mediated Art Inspired by Scientific Research
Authors: Labadie John Antoine
Published: April 2015

Artistic practice is a uniquely personal thing. Artistic activities and the products produced thereby often develop and unfold in highly idiosyncratic ways. In reading a comprehensive artistic biography one often becomes familiar with the who, what, where, when, how, and why of an individual's formative influences, education, and the development of their art. In this chapter, the author shows the progression of his artistic practice from pre- to post-digital activities. Perhaps through showing this range of influences, activities, and experiences, it will be possible to clearly illustrate how scientific illustration and computer science have inspired the author to move along a path from pencils to pixels and archeological sites to digital displays in museums internationally. It is the author's hope that this “personal history” can inspire others to see less obvious possibilities and move ahead into realms that might be difficult to predict at any point along the arc of one's artistic career.
What Does Learning Look Like?
Authors: Taylor Pamela G.
Published: April 2015

Drawing upon the data visualization work of Lev Manovich and Manuel Lima, in this chapter the author discusses ways for envisioning and representing the complex teaching and learning that is associated with the visual arts. Experiences and examples are shared that use new and old technologies to create and make connections among critically reflective collections of student learning artifacts such as research, journals, preliminary sketches, work in other classes, and realms of experience outside of school. Instead of relying on one final art product, the author explores embedded data mining and visualization as a viable approach to gauging student learning. Following the lead education notables Elliot Eisner (2002, 2004), John Dewey (1934), and Howard Gardner (1985), this research positions the visual arts as a common thread throughout disciplines. Such inherent and fundamental visual arts practices as portfolios, project-based instruction, and exhibition continue to expand instruction and learning in such classes as English, math, science, and history. The implications include the possibility that art education will lead the way to implementing authentic embedded assessment processes across education disciplines and grade levels.
Bringing the Arts as Data to Visualize How Knowledge Works
Authors: Xu Lihua , Diket Read , Brewer Thomas
Published: April 2015

Professional audiences, scholars, and researchers bring varied experiences and expertise to the acquisition of new understandings and to problem solving in visual art and literary contexts. The same breadth of experience and learning capability was found for students at eighth grade, sampled from the national population of students in the United States who were queried in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) about formal knowledge, technical skills, and abstract reasoning in visual art and in language arts. This chapter explores statistical data relating to the presence of art specialists in the sampled eighth grade classrooms. In particular, schools with specialists in place varied in density across the country as is demonstrated through geographic mapping. Secondary analysis of NAEP restricted data showed that students in schools with art specialists performed significantly better than students in schools with other types of teachers, or no teacher. The authors surmise that art specialists conveyed something fundamental to NAEP 2008 Response scores. An aspirational model of assessment assumes broad audience clarity through knowledge visualization technology, via thematic mapping. The authors explore through analog Deleuze and Guattari's double articulation of signs in natural and programming languages and demonstrate through knowledge representation the means by which complex primary and secondary statistical data can be understood in a discipline and articulated across disciplines. This chapter considers NAEP data that might substantiate a general model of aspirational learning and associates patterns in perception discussed by researchers and philosophers.
Social Constructionism
Authors: Closet-Crane Catherine
Published: April 2015

This chapter is organized into three main sections that are to provide the reader with a foundation for understanding how Social Constructionism (SC) offers a powerful theoretical lens for studying phenomena in the field of Information Science (IS). The first section defines social constructionism and discusses its fundamental assumptions and characteristics. The second section discusses the historical development of SC as a metatheory in Information Science. In it, the emergence of social constructionism and the theoretical underpinnings and characteristics of SC that are relevant to information science will be reviewed and critiques briefly examined. The last section discusses the implications of a social constructionist perspective for methodologies and research methods for IS research. Closing arguments are made supporting social constructionist approaches to the study of problems and phenomena arising along with the constant evolution of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the globalized information society.
Soft Systems Model (SSM)
Authors: Al-Harrasi Nabhan Harith
Published: April 2015

Soft Systems Model (SSM) is an action-oriented approach developed by Checkland (1981) to tackle complex and ill-defined social phenomena. It facilitates development of a model of inquiry for use in carrying out an investigation to understand, learn, and achieve changes in a social situation. These features provided justification for using SSM to tackle the problematical situation in library and information sciences. It has the capacity to deal with inter-organizational social phenomena and different worldviews. This chapter aims to understand the existing library and information science (LIS) literature that has been used in SSM applications. It focuses on the purposes and validity of using SSM. This chapter then discusses the using of two streams of SSM in LIS: the stream of logic-based enquiry and the stream of cultural enquiry. Moreover, the chapter reports the changes and action resulted by using SSM in the field of library and information management.
Teaching “Design-for-Corrosion” to Engineering Undergraduates
Authors: Kahraman Ramazan , Shakoor R. A.
Published: April 2015

This chapter briefly describes the challenges and developments in the field of corrosion focusing on the subject of materials science. A brief introduction was provided on corrosion damage and the importance of its prevention. The fundamentals of corrosion and different forms of corrosion were presented to understand the basics of the subject. By presenting novel Ni-B coatings as a case study, innovative, effective instructional approaches to deal with corrosion were illustrated. After going through this chapter, readers are guided on how to develop student understandings of the fundamentals of materials selection, coating design, and their characterization to combat corrosion. Finally, the chapter also described how the use of modern characterization tools such as AFM and TEM could be innovative powerful tools used in the class/training sessions to build real and clear concepts about materials.
Linking Materials Science and Engineering Curriculum to Design and Manufacturing Challenges of the Automotive Industry
Authors: Daver Fugen , Hadgraft Roger
Published: April 2015

Materials engineering applications are becoming more widespread, varied and sophisticated due to advances in science and increasing interdisciplinary cooperation. To be able to impart engineering graduates with the required technical background, educators need to update the course syllabus and the program curriculum continuously. Most importantly, in a world of constant change, educators need to develop the right graduate capabilities in engineering students. This calls for new, innovative teaching approaches to materials education. This chapter demonstrates the authors' teaching approach through the design and development of an Automotive Materials course at postgraduate level in an ‘International Automotive Engineering' program at RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia. To elucidate this teaching approach to materials education, the authors discuss in detail the need to impart an up-to-date understanding of new, alternative materials, the development of graduate capabilities, interdisciplinary systems thinking towards materials education, and the environmental sustainability of engineering materials.
Developing Deeper Understanding of Green Inhibitors for Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete
Authors: Ismail Mohammad , Raja Pandian Bothi , Salawu Abdulrahman Asipita
Published: April 2015

Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete is a very serious and significant problem in the construction industry. The primary cause of corrosion of reinforcing steel is chloride attack or carbonation. Among several protection measures for concrete corrosion, the usage of corrosion inhibitors is very attractive from the view of cost and ease of application. Though there are numerous organic and inorganic compounds that have been tested and applied industrially as corrosion inhibitors, restrictive environmental regulations have compelled and motivated researchers towards the development of cheap, non-toxic and environmentally benign natural or green corrosion inhibitors. Recent studies on green inhibitors have shown that they are more effective and highly environmentally benign compared to synthetic inhibitors used in the industries. This chapter contributes to developing awareness, understanding and innovative involvement of materials and engineering students in this area that is vital to reduce expenditure related to corrosion problems when they serve in the industries.
Materials and Mechanics
Authors: Gipson Kyle G. , Prins Robert J.
Published: April 2015

The Madison Engineering Department is an undergraduate non-discipline specific engineering program at James Madison University. The program acknowledges that future engineers should not be constrained by disciplinary boundaries but demonstrate the ability to adapt and work across disciplines within team atmospheres. The program blends engineering science fundamentals with sustainable design to integrate environmental, social, economic, and technical contexts plus systems thinking while maintaining the university-wide liberal arts core. Madison Engineering is dedicated to the development of engineering versatilists who can readily integrate knowledge from historically different fields of engineering. In support of this development, several courses within the curriculum integrate topics that are traditionally taught separately. This chapter described ENGR 314: Materials & Mechanics, a course that integrates concepts from the traditional content of stand-alone courses (materials science and mechanics of materials) via a semester long design project in which students must incorporate knowledge of both sets of content.
Integrating Industry Research in Pedagogical Practice
Authors: Kannoorpatti Krishnan , Surovtseva Daria
Published: April 2015

This chapter discusses how the issue of microbial corrosion can be incorporated in the Materials Engineering curriculum. Research in this field contributes to knowledge building in microstructural effect of corrosion, and development of advanced corrosion protection techniques, which aligns with the essence of Materials Science and Engineering. This chapter suggests an instructional approach where students undertake a project in which they produce a database summarizing the relationship between corrosion rate and factors as types of bacteria, functional genes, types of alloys, and welding procedures. The benefit of such approach is two-fold. First, discussion of this topic in the curriculum provides an opportunity to introduce approaches for efficient management of the current issues encountered in industry. Second, there is currently no comprehensive database on the microbial corrosion conditions. Additionally, this chapter provides some insights into the best instructional strategies for the efficient management of an online engineering course in higher education.
Cultural Heritage Career Paths for Materials Scientists and Corrosion Engineers
Authors: Golfomitsou Stavroula , Georgakopoulou Myrto , Rehren Thilo
Published: April 2015

The study and preservation of cultural heritage is a multidisciplinary field where Materials Science and Corrosion Science have a very significant role to play. This chapter discusses how materials and corrosion scientists can follow a career in cultural heritage. It highlights the particular challenges that these disciplines encounter in the study and preservation of cultural heritage materials and the exciting career paths offered in museums, monuments, and relevant academic and research institutions. The applications for science and engineering skills to cultural materials are diverse, including the reverse engineering necessary to reconstruct ancient technologies used for materials production, the examination and condition assessment of often complex finds and structures, and the development of innovative treatment methods for their protection and conservation for future generations. Within this range of challenges and materials, numerous career paths are available that lead to specialisations within the sub-fields of archaeological science and conservation science.
Teaching MSE Students to Teach
Authors: Berdanier Catherine G.P. , Zephirin Tasha , Cox Monica F. , Black Suely M.
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this chapter is to show how design-based research (DBR) methodologies can be implemented in technical programs. First, the authors provide a background of recent research in interdisciplinary education, Integrative Graduate Education Research Traineeship (IGERT) programs, and design-based research. Second, a brief summary the example case, a Pedagogy module which has been implemented with Materials Science and Materials Engineering students through an IGERT program, is discussed. The final portion of the chapter presents a new implementation model for DBR along with recommendations and strategies for interested faculty, department heads, or motivated graduate students to reform existing technical curricula using design-based research. The significance of the book chapter rests in the flexibility of this model to be adapted to any program, showing instructors the iterative process for developing a course to suit the needs of a department.
Development of Non-Technical Skills Required by Future Global Practitioners in MSE and Corrosion Engineering
Authors: Robertson-Begg John
Published: April 2015

Traditionally, engineers have been taught a subject specific curriculum that would have made them technically proficient in their specialist area. In this chapter, the author argues that currently a broader educational base is needed to prepare them for work in the global environment. Engineers need to become aware of, and be able to embrace, issues such as sustainability, ethics, human rights, social justice and at the same time develop their own skills through continuing professional development. They need to be able to continue keeping themselves technologically aware, take control over their own future career paths, and as their career progresses, they have to think strategically. The chapter covered the following subject matter: The Global Engineer, Strategic Thinking, Global Ethics (Engineering, Business, Social, and Environmental), sustainability, and career planning. It discussed the best approaches to deliver the materials on these topics to engineers from the author's reflections on his own experiences.
What Makes Them Stay and Go?
Authors: Lim Hwee Ling
Published: April 2015

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) petroleum industry harnesses resources to produce hydrocarbon products in a cost-effective manner. Besides developing new technologies, companies need technical professionals knowledgeable in materials science and engineering for ensuring integrity of critical production facilities and corrosion management. Companies also need non-technical operations personnel to support production and business activities. Their recruitment efforts transpire in a multi-generational labour market complicated by under-utilization of Generation/Gen Y females. This chapter presents findings from a recent study that investigated gender differences in life priorities and work preferences of Gen Y in UAE petroleum industry. In the study, 150 professionals were surveyed on their views of life priorities and work preferences. The findings in this chapter show that Conservation and Self-transcendence were most important life dimensions with intrinsic and extrinsic work motivators most valued. Changes in the importance of specific motivators, by each gender, in recruitment were found compared with retention. Finally, the chapter provides recommendations for recruitment and retention that would help personnel managers develop initiatives that cater to the specific requirements of each gender.
BYOD and Governance of the Personal Cloud
Authors: Dillon Stuart , Stahl Florian , Vossen Gottfried
Published: April 2015

Cloud services are increasingly being used for a variety of purposes, including e-mail, social networking, music streaming, calendar management, file storage etc. In recent times the evolution of cloud services from private applications to corporate usage has been observed. This has led to the question of how private and business cloud services can be dual-accessed through a single device, in particular a mobile device that is used as part of a BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) policy. This paper considers the issues that arise from a consolidation of private and professional applications when accessed from a single device and introduces the term “personal cloud” to characterise such situations. It also presents an approach to cloud governance from a business perspective focusing in particular on security tokens, hardware keys and smart containers.
Biological Self-Organization
Authors: Witzany Guenther
Published: April 2015

Biological organisation was long assumed to represent mechanical cause and effect reactions on a quantum theoretical basis following the laws of thermodynamics. Current empirical data show an abundance of signaling molecules that serve as information carriers in the exchange of information between biological agents. More recently an abundance of articles demonstrate successful research on communication processes inherent in the interactions of cells, tissues, organs and organisms in biological processes in all domains of life. Without such biological communication processes no coordination of organizational goals is possible. If biocommunication is disturbed, deformed or damaged organization will happen inappropriately or even incomplete. In contrast to former opinions about the essential features of natural communication recent empirical knowledge indicate a non-mechanistic explanation.
CD8+ TCR Bias and Immunodominance in HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Kløverpris Henrik N. , McGregor Reuben , McLaren James E. , Ladell Kristin , Harndahl Mikkel , Stryhn Anette , Carlson Jonathan M. , Koofhethile Catherine , Gerritsen Bram , Keşmir Can , Chen Fabian , Riddell Lynn , Luzzi Graz , Leslie Alasdair , Walker Bruce D. , Ndung’u Thumbi , Buus Søren , Price David A. , Goulder Philip J.
Published: April 2015

Immunodominance describes a phenomenon whereby the immune system consistently targets only a fraction of the available Ag pool derived from a given pathogen. In the case of CD8+ T cells, these constrained epitope-targeting patterns are linked to HLA class I expression and determine disease progression. Despite the biological importance of these predetermined response hierarchies, little is known about the factors that control immunodominance in vivo. In this study, we conducted an extensive analysis of CD8+ T cell responses restricted by a single HLA class I molecule to evaluate the mechanisms that contribute to epitope-targeting frequency and antiviral efficacy in HIV-1 infection. A clear immunodominance hierarchy was observed across 20 epitopes restricted by HLA-B*42:01, which is highly prevalent in populations of African origin. Moreover, in line with previous studies, Gag-specific responses and targeting breadth were associated with lower viral load set-points. However, peptide–HLA-B*42:01 binding affinity and stability were not significantly linked with targeting frequencies. Instead, immunodominance correlated with epitope-specific usage of public TCRs, defined as amino acid residue–identical TRB sequences that occur in multiple individuals. Collectively, these results provide important insights into a potential link between shared TCR recruitment, immunodominance, and antiviral efficacy in a major human infection.
The Free Radical Scavenger NecroX-7 Attenuates Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease via Reciprocal Regulation of Th1/Regulatory T Cells and Inhibition of HMGB1 Release
Authors: Im Keon-Il , Kim Nayoun , Lim Jung-Yeon , Nam Young-Sun , Lee Eun-Sol , Kim Eun-Jung , Kim Hyoung Jin , Kim Soon Ha , Cho Seok-Goo
Published: April 2015

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication associated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Despite the prominent role of the adaptive immune system, the importance of controlling the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of GVHD has recently been rediscovered. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a crucial damage-associated molecular pattern signal that functions as a potent innate immune mediator in GVHD. In the present study, we investigated treatment of experimental GVHD through HMGB1 blockade using the compound cyclopentylamino carboxymethylthiazolylindole (NecroX)-7. Treated animals significantly attenuated GVHD-related mortality and inhibited severe tissue damage. These protective effects correlated with the decrease in HMGB1 expression and lower levels of reactive oxidative stress. Additionally, NecroX-7 inhibited the HMGB1-induced release of TNF and IL-6, as well as the expression of TLR-4 and receptor for advanced glycation end products. We also observed increased regulatory T cell numbers, which may be associated with regulation of differentiation signals independent of HMGB1. Taken together, these data indicate that NecroX-7 protects mice against lethal GVHD by reciprocal regulation of regulatory T/Th1 cells, attenuating systemic HMGB1 accumulation and inhibiting HMGB1-mediated inflammatory response. Our results indicate the possibility of a new use for a clinical drug that is effective for the treatment of GVHD.
Involvement of CD300a Phosphatidylserine Immunoreceptor in Aluminum Salt Adjuvant–Induced Th2 Responses
Authors: Miki Haruka , Nakahashi-Oda Chigusa , Sumida Takayuki , Shibuya Akira
Published: April 2015

Aluminum salt (alum) has been widely used for vaccinations as an adjuvant. Alum not only enhances immunogenicity but also induces Th2 cell immune responses. However, the mechanisms of how alum enhances Th2 cell immune responses have been controversial. In an experimental allergic airway inflammation model, in which alum in conjunction with OVA Ag was i.p. injected for immunization, we found that apoptotic cells and inflammatory dendritic cells (iDC) expressing CD300a, an inhibitory immunoreceptor for phosphatidylserine (PS), significantly increased in number in the peritoneal cavity after the immunization. In contrast, apoptotic cells and iDCs were scarcely observed in the peritoneal cavity after injection of OVA alone. In CD300a-deficient mice, eosinophil infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serum IgE levels, and airway hyperreactivity were significantly decreased after immunization with alum plus OVA compared with wild-type mice. In vitro, iDCs purified from CD300a-deficient mice after the immunization induced significantly less IL-4 production from OT-II naive CD4+ T cells after coculture with OVA Ag. CD300a expressed on iDCs bound PS on apoptotic cells in the peritoneal cavity after injection of OVA plus alum. Blocking CD300a interaction with PS by injection of a neutralizing anti-CD300a Ab resulted in inhibition of the development of allergic airway inflammation. These results suggest that CD300a is involved in alum-induced Th2 skewing.