bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Halothane and Methoxyflurane Metabolites on Lipolysis In Vitro
Authors: Mäkeläinen A. , Rosenberg P.
Published: December 2008

The effects of halothane and methoxyflurane on lipid metabolism in rats were further analyzed by studying the effects of their metabolites on lipolysis in vitro. Trifluoroacetic acid sodium and trifluoroacetaldehyde hydrate caused no alterations in lipolysis in vitro. Trifluoroethanol (TFE) and sodium fluoride stimulated lipolysis in vitro seen as increased accumulation of free fatty acids (FFA) in the adipose tissue and increased release of glycerol into the incubation medium.

For trifluoroethanol the Emaxvalues were 3.85 μEq/g per hour of FFA and 1.10 μmol/g per hour of glycerol. The KAvalues were 5.3 times 10‐5M and 6.6 times 10‐5M, respectively. The Emaxvalues for sodium fluoride (NaF) were 2.23 μEq/g per hour of FFA and 0.38 μmol/g per hour of glycerol. The KAvalues were 1.4 times 10‐4M and 1.2 times 10‐4M, respectively. Propranolol (5 times 10‐6M) blocked the lipolytic action of TFE but had no effect on NaF‐induced lipolysis. On the basis of the results, it is suggested that these metabolites may be responsible for the alterations in lipid metabolism and the fatty changes in the liver caused by halothane and methoxyflurane anesthesia.

Die Wirkungen von Halothan und Methoxyfluran auf den Lipidstoffwechsel bei Ratten wurden durch das Studium der Wirkung ihrer Metaboliten auf die Lipolyse in vitro weiteranalysiert. Trifluoroessigsaures Natrium und Trifluoroazetaldehyd verursachten keine Änderungen der Lipolyse in vitro. Trifluoroäthanol und Natriumfluorid stimulierten die Lipolyse in vitro, erkennbar aus der erhöhten Anhäufung von freien Fettsäuren in den Fettgeweben und erhöhter Freisetzung von Glyzerol in das Inkubationsmedium.

Bei Trifluoroäthanol waren die Emax‐Werte 3,85 μEq/g/Stunde für die freien Fettsäuren und 1,10 μmol/g/Stunde für Glyzerol. Die KA‐Werte waren 5,3 × 10‐5M bzw. 6,6 × 10‐5M. Bei Natriumfluorid waren die Emax‐Werte 2,23 μEq/g/Stunde für die freien Fettsäuren und 0,38 μmol/g/Stunde für Glyzerol. Die KA‐Werte waren 1,4 × 10‐4M bzw. 1,2 × 10‐4M. Propanolol (5 × 10‐6M) blockierte die lipolytische Wirkung von Trifluoroäthanol, hatte aber keinen Effekt auf die durch Natriumfluorid induzierte Lipolyse. Auf Grund dieser Ergebnisse wird angenommen, daß die erwähnten Metaboliten für die Störungen des Lipidstoflwechsels und die Fettveränderungen in der Leber verantwortlich sein konnten, die nach Halothan‐ und Methoxyflurannarkosen beobachtet wurden.
Clinical Efficacy of Etidocaine for Intercostal Nerve Block and Lumbar Epidural Block: Double‐Blind Comparisons with Tetracaine and Lidocaine
Authors: Bridenbaugh P. O. , Moore D. C. , Bridenbaugh L. D. , Thompson G. E.
Published: December 2008

Etidocaine, a new long‐acting local anesthetic, was used in clinical double‐blind trials in 22 patients having elective abdominal surgery under bilateral intercostal block anesthesia and in 31 patients having elective lower abdominal surgery under lumbar epidural block anesthesia. Etidocaine proved to produce an onset of anesthesia equivalent to lidocaine and more rapid than tetracaine. The total duration of anesthesia with etidocaine for lumbar epidural anesthesia was approximately 6 h and for intercostal block the duration was approximately 11 h.

These studies would indicate the clinical effectiveness of etidocaine as a long‐acting local anesthetic agent worthy of additional clinical trials; also, that visceral pain is not always blocked in the classical fashion but is easily obtunded with light general anesthesia.

Etidocaine, ein neues langwirkendes Lokalanaesthetikum, wurde bei 22 Patienten während elektiver bauchchirurgischer Eingriffe in bilateralem Intercostalblock und bei 31 Patienten mit Unterbaucheingriffen unter lumbaler Epiduralanaesthesie im Doppelblindversuch getestet. Dabei stellte sich heraus, daß Etidocaine bezüglich des Wirkungseintrittes dem Lidocain gleichwertig, dem Tetracain überlegen ist. Die Gesamtdauer der Anaesthesie mit Etidocaine war bei der Lumbal‐Epiduralanaesthesie ungefähr 6, beim Intercostalblock ungefähr 11 Stunden. Diese Untersuchungen deuten auf die klinische Wirksamkeit von Etidocaine als langwirkendes Lokalanaesthetikum hin, das wert wäre, weiterhin klinisch untersucht zu werden. Obwohl der viszerale Schmerz nicht immer in der klassischen Weise blockiert ist, kann er leicht durch oberßächliche Allgemeinnarkose ausgeschaltet werden.
Atropine, Neostigmine and Airway Resistance
Authors: Kjellberg M. , Heinonen J.
Published: December 2008

This study was performed to find out whether the two common modes of administration of atropine and neostigmine used for reversal of neuromuscular blockade ‐ neostigmine preceded by atropine, or both drugs given simultaneously ‐ differ in their effects on airway resistance.

Peak expiratory flow (PEF) and airway resistance (Raw) were measured in eight healthy volunteers after intravenous administration of 1) a placebo, 2) atropine only (0.0075 mg/kg), 3) neostigmine (0.015 mg/kg) preceded by atropine and 4) atropine together with neostigmine. Airway resistance and thoracic gas volume (Vtg) were measured with a volume‐constant body plethysmograph. No statistically significant differences were found when the changes in PEF, Raw and Raw x Vts from the basal values were compared between the four experiments. At 30 min Raw was decreased by 28.6% after atropine, but this decrease is not significantly different from that after placebo (21.4%).

Diese Untersuchung wurde unternommen, um herauszufinden, ob die zwei gebräuchlichen Anwendungsarten von Atropin und Neostigmin zur Aufhebung einer neuromuskulären Blockade ‐ Atropin vor Neostigmin oder beide Mittel gleichzeitig ‐ in ihrer Wirkung auf den Atemwegswiderstand differieren.

Bei acht gesunden Probanden wurden PEF (ex‐spiratorischer Spitzenstrom) und Raw (Atemwegswiderstand) gemessen und zwar nach i.v. Verabreichung von 1) einem Plazebo, 2) Atropin allein (0,0075 mg/kg), 3) Neostigmin (0,015 mg/kg) im Anschluß an Atropin und 4) Atropin und Neostigmin gleichzeitig. Atemwegswiderstand und thorakales Gasvolumen (Vtg) wurden mittels volumenkonstantem Ganzkörper‐Plethysmographen bestimmt. Beim Vergleich der Veränderungen von PEF, Raw und Raw x Vtb gegenüber den Ausgangswerten ergab sich kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den vier Versuchsreihen. 30 Minuten nach Atropin war Raw um 28,6% vermindert, doch unterschied sich diese Abnahme nicht signifikant von der nach dem Plazebo gefundenen (21,4%).
Long‐Term Clinical Recording of Static and Dynamic Intra‐Arterial Blood Pressure
Authors: Magnæs B. , Nornes H.
Published: December 2008

A clinical setup and procedure for long‐term bedside recording of static and dynamic intra‐arterial blood pressure is described. The setup is based on a two‐part transducer with disposable fluid chamber. Only equipment with safely locked connections was used. Intra‐arterial blood pressure was continuously recorded in 48 patients with a recording time up to 16 days and a mean recording time of 5.4 days. There was no complication to the protracted arterial cannulation. The dynamic performance of the complete measuring system, examined by the step response test in 23 patients, was remarkably stable and sufficient for analysis of the arterial pulse wave. A proper arrangement for continuous flushing of the hydraulic system was found of importance in preventing arterial complications and in achieving and maintaining maximal frequency response. The significance of adding heparin to the flush solution is discussed.

Es wird das Gerät und die klinische Anwendung einer bettseitigen Langzeitregistrierung von statischem und dynamischem Blutdruck beschrieben. Das Gerät basiert auf einem zweiteiligen Druckmesser mit wegwerfbarer Flüssigkeitskammer. Es wurde nur ein Gerät mit Sicherheitsverschlüssen verwendet. Der intraarterielle Blutdruck wurde bei 48 Patienten kontinuierlich registriert und zwar bis zu einem Maximum von 16 Tagen, im Durchschnitt 5,4 Tage. Die Langzeitkatheterisation der Arterie war komplikationslos. Wie der bei 23 Patienten angewandte Stufen‐Antwort‐Test zeigte, blieb die dynamische Funktion des gesamten Meßsystems bemerkenswert stabil und erlaubte eine ausreichende Analyse der arteriellen Pulswelle. Wichtig zur Verhütung arterieller Komplikationen und zur Erzielung und Erhaltung maximaler Frequenzantworten war das sorgfältige kontinuierliche Durchspülen des hydraulischen Systems. Die Bedeutung des Heparinzusatzes zur Spülflüssigkeit wird in diesem Zusammenhang diskutiert.
Acidosis and Neuromuscular Blockade
Authors: Crul‐Sluijter E. J. , Crul J. F.
Published: December 2008

The effect of different types of acidosis on sensitivity to neuromuscular blocking agents was studied in vivo on the tibialis muscle of cats and in vitro in the phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation of the rat. In vivo metabolic acidification was caused by diffusion of weak organic acids, which penetrate easily into the cell and imitate closely the state of metabolic acidosis in man. Respiratory acidosis was caused by inhalation of 10% carbon dioxide in oxygen. In the in vitro experiments, acidification was caused by titration with the same acids as well as hydrochloric acid. pH was lowered to levels just above 7.0. Blank in vivo studies showed that the metabolic acidosis by itself causes no significant depression of indirect muscle contraction, while respiratory acidosis causes only a slight depression. A minor depression was seen in the blank in vitro metabolic acidosis studies.

Both succinylcholine and decamethonium blocks are strongly antagonised in vivo and in vitro by metabolic and respiratory acidosis. Pancuronium bromide block was potentiated by metabolic and respiratory acidosis both in the in vivo and in vitro experiments. It is most likely that changes in transmembrane potential are the cause for the changes in sensitivity seen in these experiments.

Der Einfluss verschiedener Arten von Azidose auf die Empfindlichkeit für muskelerschlaffende Mittel wurde mit Hilfe von in vivo Experimenten auf den Tibialis‐Muskel der Katze und in vitro Experimenten auf das Phrenicus‐diaphragma‐Präparat der Ratte untersucht.

Die metabole Azidose wurde in vivo durch schwache organische Säure hervorgerufen, welche schnell in die Zelle hineintreten und der metabolen Azidose beim Mensch am nächsten stehen. Respiratorische Azidose wurde durch Inhalation von 10% Kohlensäure im Sauerstoff hervorgerufen.

In den in vitro Experimenten wurde die Azidose durch Titration der Spülflüssigkeit mit den selben Säuren und mit Salzsäure hervorgerufen. Das pH wurde bis gerade oberhalb 7.0 herabgedrückt.

Blanke in vivo Experimente zeigten, dass die metabole Azidose selbst keine signifikante Erniedrigung der indirekten Muskelkontraktion ergibt und respiratorische Azidose nur eine leichte. Auch in den in vitro Experimenten wurde eine leichte Depression durch die metabole Azidose festgestellt.

Die Muskelerlahmung durch Succinylcholine und Decamethonium wurde durch metabole und respiratorische Azidose in vitro und in vivo stärkstens antagonisiert. Muskelerschlaffung durch Pancuronium wurde aber durch metabole und respiratorische Azidose in gleiche Weise in den in vitro und in vivo Experimenten potenziert. Die Änderungen des Ruhepotentials der Zellmembrane werden als verantwortlich für die Empfindlichkeitsveränderungen angesehen.
Molecular basis of the Rh antigen RH48 (JAL)
Authors: Hustinx H. , Poole J. , Bugert P. , Gowland P. , Still F. , Fontana S. , Scharberg E. A. , Tilley L. , Daniels G. , Niederhauser C.
Published: December 2008

Background and Objectives  RH48 (JAL) is a low‐incidence Rh antigen of unknown molecular background associated with weakened expression of RhCE antigens. The objective of this study was to establish the molecular basis of JAL.

Materials and Methods  Seventeen JAL+ samples, from seven black (one of them a Brazilian of mixed race: black/Caucasian), nine European Caucasians and one Asian individuals, were typed with anti‐D, ‐C, ‐c, ‐E and ‐e. Some samples were also tested for V/VS and ce (f). Titration studies and flow cytometry were used to analyse the expression of the JAL antigen and genomic DNA sequencing of all RHCE exons was conducted on all samples. Routine genotyping for RHCE was carried out on all samples. Screening of RHD exons 1–10, which included detection of the DAU allele, was carried out on all except one of the black samples. The Caucasian samples and remaining black sample were screened for the DAU mutation 1136C>T (T379M).

Results  Six black individuals had the Dce haplotype with RHCE mutations 340C>T (R114W) and 733C>G (L245V) [V/VS] and the RHD mutation T379M [DAU]. One mixed race individual had the Dce haplotype with the RHCE mutation 340C>T (R114W) but without the V/VS or DAU mutation. Eight Caucasians had the DCe haplotype with the 340C>T mutation. One Caucasian and one Asian had the Dce haplotype with a different mutation in an adjacent nucleotide, 341G>A (R114Q). All Caucasian individuals were negative for the DAU mutation 1136C>T (T379M). Previously described weakness of CE‐related Rh antigens when present in single dose on JAL+ samples of DCe and Dce haplotypes was observed. Weak expression of V/VS was observed in the three black samples tested and weakness of JAL was observed in the black samples compared to the Caucasian samples.

Conclusion  The same mutation (340C>T, R114W) in two different haplotypes (DCe and Dce) and another mutation (341G>A, R114Q) in one of these haplotypes (Dce) are associated with expression of the JAL antigen. One of the RHCE mutations detected in our samples (340C>T) has been previously described but not in association with the JAL antigen. Our results indicate that the previously described RhCeMA and ces(340) alleles encode the JAL antigen. Expression of V/VS antigen is weakened in the presence of JAL and expression of JAL is usually weaker when associated with the Dce haplotype compared to DCe.
Female‐biased mass trapping vs. bait application techniques against the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Dipt., Tephritidae)
Authors: Leza M. M. , Juan A. , Capllonch M. , Alemany A.
Published: December 2008

To develop new population control methods for the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, a study comparing bait application techniques (BAT) with a female‐biased mass trapping strategy was carried out in seven citrus orchards in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). In the BAT treatment, fenthion, lambda‐cyhalothrin and spinosad were applied separately in three of the orchards. In the other three, the mass trapping strategy (Probodelt traps baited with Biolure©) was adopted at a density of 50 traps/ha, reinforced when necessary with the same insecticide bait application (MTR). The seventh orchard was organically farmed and only mass trapping was used for control, but with a higher trap density (80 traps/ha). For pest monitoring, 2 traps/ha baited with Biolure© (for females and males) and 2 traps/ha baited with trimedlure (for males only) per orchard were inspected weekly. The most effective treatment was the MTR (with fenthion) programme, reducing the C. capitata female population by up to 68% [an average of 3.9 females/trap/day (f/t/d) were obtained vs. 12.6 f/t/d from BAT]. However, the lowest average C. capitata population (between the MTR programmes) was obtained by mass trapping supplemented with lambda‐cyhalothrin (only 3.3 f/t/d). When only BAT was applied, applications with lambda‐cyhalothrin proved to be the most effective (7.1 f/t/d). However, MTR carried out in the organic orchard resulted in the lowest female captures (2.0 f/t/d). Very little fruit damage was recorded in the treatment orchards. In all BAT treatments, the relative number of males and females was similar; however, in the MTR treatments fewer females than males were recorded in the same orchard.
Seasonality in the occurrence of the Mediterranean fruit fly [Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)] in the north‐east of Spain
Authors: Escudero‐Colomar L. A. , Vilajeliu M. , Batllori L.
Published: December 2008

Since the turn of the century, the populations of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) [Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)] (Dipt., Tephritidae) has steadily increase in the orchards of the Girona Province in the north‐east of Spain, a change which has brought with it considerable damage to fruit grown in that area. In a survey set up to detect the population dynamics of this insect, a large number of Maxitrap® traps containing food‐based lures were hung strategically in peach (224, 208 and 210 traps in the years 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively), Gala apple (154 traps in 2007) and Fuji apple orchards (97 traps in 2007) in the two main areas where these fruit trees were grown. The results showed a seasonal variation in the population dynamics of the medfly with a peak in September–October, and with adult activity ending in December or January, independently of the kind of host studied. The results take into account the climatic conditions prevailing in each year.
Organophosphosphate resistance‐related mutations in the acetylcholinesterase gene of Tephritidae
Authors: Kakani E. G. , Mathiopoulos K. D.
Published: December 2008

Tephritid insects comprise one of the most devastating families of insect pests worldwide. Organophosphate insecticides have been extensively used for their control during the last 40 years. Inevitably, this has led to the development of resistance. Acetylcholinesterase is the principal target of organophosphates (OP) and, consequently, its gene is the most likely locus where resistance mutations appear. In this review, OP resistance‐associated mutations in Tephritidae are described. Apart from the mutations that lie in the catalytic centre of the enzyme, those that lie at the C‐terminal of the protein are of particular interest as they indicate a possible new mechanism of resistance. Nonetheless, the number of resistance‐associated mutations in the catalytic centre of the Tephritidae ace gene is low, a fact that could be attributed to the fitness cost that any other mutations may have.
Effects of Maternal Undernutrition on the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis Function in Female Sheep Offspring
Authors: Kotsampasi B , Chadio S , Papadomichelakis G , Deligeorgis S , Kalogiannis D , Menegatos I , Zervas G
Published: December 2008

Contents

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of maternal undernutrition on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in female sheep offspring. Pregnant ewes were fed to 100% throughout pregnancy (Control) or to 50% from 0 to 30 (R1) or from 31 to 100 days of gestation (R2). Female lambs were selected and fed to appetite throughout the study. At 2, 5.5 and 10 months of age a GnRH challenge was conducted. At the age of 10 months lambs were synchronized and blood samples were collected at 3 h intervals for 72 h following sponge removal. At slaughter (10 months) ovaries were removed and examined macroscopically. Maternal undernutrition did not affect the time of the onset of puberty, defined as the first increase in plasma progesterone concentrations ≥1 ng/ml. The magnitude of the pre‐ovulatory gonadotrophin surge and the time to surge were unaffected by treatment. The LH and FSH response to GnRH challenge did not differ between groups at 2 and 5.5 months but at 10 months of age a higher (p < 0.05) FSH response was found in R1 group. Although the total number of visible follicles and corpora lutea did not differ between groups, a significant higher (p < 0.05) number of small (2–3 mm diameter) follicles in R1 group and a significant lower number (p < 0.05) of corpora lutea with diameter 8–11 mm and not even one with diameter >12 mm were detected in the ovaries of R2 lambs. In conclusion, maternal undernutrition during the first month of pregnancy resulted in increased pituitary sensitivity to GnRH and increased number of small follicles in the ovary, while during mid to late gestation resulted in a reduction of large corpora lutea in female offspring.
Spermatozoa Characteristics in Six Psittacine Species Using Light Microscopy
Authors: Stelzer G , Schmidt V , Sobiraj A , Krautwald‐Junghanns M‐E
Published: December 2008

Contents

Even though breeding of companion birds has increased continuously for years, the fecundity assessment of birds has hardly been acknowledged. Knowledge of the structure of spermatozoa is crucial for evaluation of the basic reproductive biology of any species as well as for phylogenetic research and cladistic analyses of internal relationships. Spermatozoa of six different psittacine species (Nymphicus hollandicus, Myiopsitta monachus, Agapornis roseicollis, Melopsittacus undulatus, Tanygnathus lucionensis, Guarouba guarouba) were examined using light microscopy. Head length (nucleus including acrosome), head width, midpiece length and tail length were measured and documented. Significant differences were obvious among almost all of the species for almost all four parameters. However, in all the six species a significant moderate correlation between spermatozoa midpiece lengths and tail lengths (r = 0.535, p ≤ 0.01), spermatozoa head lengths and midpiece lengths (r = 0.508, p ≤ 0.01) as well as tail lengths (r = 0.472, p ≤ 0.01) was found. The present results confirm that spermatozoa of cockatiels have shorter heads and midpieces than the other psittacines examined in this study. Spermatozoa characteristics in the monk parakeet, blue‐naped parrrot and golden conure are previously unreleased and documented for the first time.
Consequences of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition During Bovine Oocyte Maturation on Meiosis and Embryo Development
Authors: Schwarz KRL , Pires PRL , De Bem THC , Adona PR , Leal CLV
Published: December 2008

Contents

The importance of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in bovine oocyte maturation was investigated. Oocytes werein vitromatured with the NOS inhibitor Nw‐l‐nitro‐arginine methyl‐ester (10−7, 10−5and 10−3 m l‐NAME) and metaphase II (MII) rates and embryo development and quality were assessed. The effect ofl‐NAME (10−7 m) during pre‐maturation and/or maturation on embryo development and quality was also assessed.l‐NAME decreased MII rates (78–82%, p < 0.05) when compared with controls withoutl‐NAME (96%). Cleavage (77–88%, p > 0.05), Day 7 blastocyst rates (34–42%, p > 0.05) and total cell numbers in blastocysts were similar for all groups (146–171 cells, p > 0.05). Day 8 blastocyst TUNEL positive cells (3–4 cells) increased withl‐NAME treatment (p < 0.05). For oocytes cultured withl‐NAME during pre‐maturation and/or maturation, Day 8 blastocyst development (26–34%) and Day 9 hatching rates (15–22%) were similar (p > 0.05) to controls pre‐matured and matured without NOS inhibition (33 and 18%, respectively), while total cell numbers (Day 9 hatched blastocysts) increased (264–324 cells, p < 0.05) when compared with the controls (191 cells). TUNEL positive cells increased when NOS was inhibited only during the maturation period (8 cells, p < 0.05) when compared with the other groups (3–4 cells). NO may be involved in meiosis progression to MII and its deficiency during maturation increases apoptosis in embryos producedin vitro. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition during pre‐maturation and/or maturation affects embryo quality.
Effect of Luteinizing Hormone and Tumour Necrosis Factor‐Alpha on VEGF Secretion by Cultured Porcine Endometrial Stromal Cells
Authors: Kaczmarek MM , Blitek A , Schams D , Ziecik AJ
Published: December 2008

Contents

To cope with rising demands for increased blood supply during pregnancy, the vasculature of the uterus undergoes several adaptive changes, including increased permeability, angiogenesis and vasodilatation. Although it is clear that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a paramount role in achieving these adaptations, little is known about regulation of VEGF expression in endometrium during pregnancy. Thus, we have investigated whether luteinizing hormone (LH) and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNFα) may affect VEGF secretion by stromal cells during early pregnancy in pigs. Real‐time reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) of VEGF120 and VEGF164 gene expression revealed significantly higher levels of VEGF164 mRNA in cultured stromal cells (p < 0.0001). The LH‐stimulated secretion of VEGF was detected after 24 and 48 h of treatment when doses 50 and 100 ng/ml were used (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). The TNFα‐induced secretion of VEGF by stromal cells was detected only after 24‐h treatment with the highest dose used in the experiment (50 ng/ml; p < 0.05). Although the influence of LH on VEGF secretion was more visible compared with TNFα, both factors may be considered as potential modulators of adaptive changes in uterine vasculature occurring during pregnancy in the pig.
CALCITONIN GENE‐RELATED PEPTIDE MEDIATES THE CARDIOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF RUTAECARPINE AGAINST ISCHAEMIA–REPERFUSION INJURY IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS
Authors: Li Dai , Zhang Xiao‐Jie , Chen Lei , Yang Zhichun , Deng Han‐Wu , Peng June , Li Yuan‐Jian
Published: December 2008

It has been shown that calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) plays an important role in mediating the cardioprotection exerted by rutaecarpine in normal animals. The aim of the present study was to determine whether rutaecarpine is able to decrease the susceptibility of hypertensive animals to ischaemia–reperfusion injury by stimulating CGRP release.

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were pretreated with rutaecarpine (20 or 40 mg/kg per day, i.g.) for 18 days and then the heart and thoracic aorta were isolated for cardiac function and vascular relaxation analysis. Blood samples and coronary effluent were collected to measure CGRP levels and creatine kinase activity, respectively. The effect of 10 or 30 µmol/L rutaecarpine on CGRP release was also examined in isolated aortic rings set up in a homeothermal organ bath.

Rutaecarpine treatment resulted in a hypotensive effect in SHR concomitant with increases in plasma CGRP levels. In addition, rutaecarpine significantly stimulated the release of CGRP from aortic rings. Twenty minutes ischaemia and 30 min reperfusion resulted in a marked decrease in myocardial function and a significant increase in the release of creatine kinase in normal control (Wistar‐Kyoto) rats, an effect that was exacerbated in SHR. Similarly, the decreased vasodilator response to acetylcholine (3 ↔ 10−9to 10−6 mol/L) in isolated aortic rings from Wistar‐Kyoto rats was also aggravated in SHR. Both cardiac function and vasodilator responses were significantly improved in SHR after pretreatment with rutaecarpine.

The results of the present study suggest that the increased cardiac susceptibility to ischaemia–reperfusion injury in SHR is related to decreased plasma CGRP levels and that antihypertensive therapy with rutaecarpine reverses cardiac susceptibility to reperfusion injury by stimulating CGRP release.
Glomerulonephritis and Pneumonitis AN AUTOPSY CASE OF PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION*
Authors: Fujimoto Teruo
Published: December 2008

An autopsy case of pneumococcal subacute infection of a 19 month old young girl is presented. This case was characterized by diffuse glomerulonephritis as well as diffuse interstitial pneumonitis. The problem as to whether nephritis and pneumonitis are part of systemic capillary or angiomesenchymal tissue reactions due to bacterial infection has been discussed. Not only the causal and formal genesis of the characteristic organ inflammations but also the similarity of the tissue reactions in both organs have been considered.
AN AuTOPSY CASE OF “FAMILIAL CARDIOMEGALY”
Authors: Masugi Yozo , Suzuki Tsunemichi , Oami Hiroshi , Ito Shun
Published: December 2008

An autopsy case of a 27 year old male with gigantic heart of unknown etiology and with evidence of familial occurrence, which might be classified to “familial cardiomegaly” (EVANS) was reported.
INHIBITION OF SPERMATOGENESIS AND ATROPHY OF THE TESTIS CAUSED BY NITROFURAN COMPOUNDS
Authors: Miyaji Torn , Miyamoto Makoto , Ueda Yoshikyo
Published: December 2008

1. Cytotoxic effects on the testis of 5‐nitro‐2‐furaldehyde acetylhydrazone, 5‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furyl)‐l, 3, 4‐oxadiazoIine‐2‐one, N‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furfurylidene)‐3‐aminooxazoline‐2‐one and N‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furfurylidone)‐3‐amino‐5‐morpholinomethyloxazoline‐2‐one were described.

2. Similar activity of nitrofurazone was confirmed.

3. Atrophy and degeneration of the seminiferous tubules of rats caused by oral administration of these compounds were noted within a week.

4. A common molecular arrangement ‐C=N‐N‐C‐ attached to the 2‐position of furan ring among these effective compounds was noted.
HISTOPLASMOSIS OF THE KIDNY A CASE REPORT FROM IAPAN
Authors: Will D.W. , Hasegawa CM. , Kawauchi T. , Murashima S.
Published: December 2008

A case is presented of isolated renal histoplasmosis in a Nagasaki woman who died of pulmonary tuberculosis following massive X‐ray therapy for squamous carcinoma of the mouth. No primary pulmonary lesion was identified. While the patient's history includes a 40 year residence in malaysia and a brief internment in New Delhi where a few cases of histoplasmosis have been reported, she had been in Japan for 16 years prior to her death. In view of the presently‐known absence of viability of Histoplasma in old primary foci, it was concluded that the infection was acquired in Japan and represents the first case of H. capsulatum infection reported from Japan.
AN ATTEMPT OF, REMOVAL OF RADIOACTIVE STRONTIUM (85SR) DEPOSITED IN THE BONE BY MEANS OF PARATHYROID HORMONE AND A CHELATING AGENT
Authors: Takeuchi Tadashi , Seki Masatoshi , Takagi Chiyoji , Enomoto Yoshikazu , Matsuo Yuji , Kantake Naoshi , Mashimo Tadashi , Ishimochi Ryoji , Yoneyama Tatsuo
Published: December 2008

For the purpose of radioactive strontium removal, parathyroid hormone and citrate as a chelating solution were administered into the rats at appropriate intervals.

Counting the radioactivity of 8sSr in the urine, it became clear that the urinary output of 85Sr increased temporarily with a peak between 24 to 48 houis after PTH injection.

The best effective method, so far obtained, for removal of 85Sr was administration of 200 units of PTH, followed by administration of citrate.

Histologically, parathyroids showed a slight connotation of glandular formation. The bone trabeculae showed moderate thinning. The cause of hyaline casts in the Henle's loops and distal convoluted tubules and that of lymphocytic interstitial nephritis weve discussed in connection with the patho‐physiological roles of PTH.
Electron Microscopic and Histochemical Studies on Vacuolar Alteration of Proximal Convoluted Tubules of Rat Kidney after Hypertonic Sucrose Administration
Authors: Hazama Senzo
Published: December 2008

Changes of the proximal convoluted tubular epithelium of the rats which were sacrificed instantaneously at 5, 15, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 6, and 8 hours after intraperitoneal injections of 40 to 52 cc per kg of a 50 % aquenous solution of sucrose, were observed by electron microscopic and histochemical methods. The results obtained can be summarized as follows:

The vacuoles begin to appear 15 minutes after the injection in the apical portion of the tubular cytoplasm and become distinct in 30 minutes. After 6 hours, it is observed in the entire cytoplasm which is filled with large vacuoles.

The vacuoles originate from dilatation of simple pinocytotic vesicles which exist physiologically beneath the brush border microvilli. The small vacuoles of 1 to 1.5 microns in diameter reveal heavy acid phosphatase activity and have temporarily a character of so‐called lysosome or cytosome. With the enlargement of vacuoles, the surrounding single limiting membrane reveals discontinuity or rupture at numerous sites. At this stage, the vacuoles aggregate and fuse with each other to form larger ones of 4 to 4.5 microns in diameter and lose their acid phosphatase activity.

Vacuolar alteration of the proximal convoluted tubules and the role of lysosome and FCD are discussed.
Plastic Double Envelope for Preserving and Demonstrating Gross Specimens in Pathology
Authors: Mori Wataru
Published: December 2008

A method is described for preserving and demonstrating the gross tissue slices‐under double cover: an inner polyethylene bag and an outer plastic card‐holder. This‐is actually a modification of the technique documented by E. Lieb, and this improvement saves the space for storage and gives durability against rough handling. The cost for preparation is quite low.
ELECTRON AND LIGHT MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON EXPERIMENTAL THROMBOSIS*
Authors: Shirasawa Kenjiro
Published: December 2008

Ferric chloride and human thrombin solutions, either individually or mixed, were introduced into the right ventricle or into the auricular veins of 73 rabbits, and the subsequent changes in the pulmonary vessels and auriculer viens were examined by means of light and electron microscopy. Platlet plugs (pseudothrombi) formed immediately after the treatments are aggregation of platlets with apparently intact cell membranes and could be differentiated from the arethentic thrombi in that in the latter there was fibrin invasion of the endothelial cells. Release of the alpha granules from the platlets played a great role in fibrin formation and appeared to occur without disruption of the cell membranes. The endothelial cytoplasms were invaded by fibrin in an early phase of thrombosis and injury to the endothelial cells probably act as a trigger to the further development of the thrombi. So thrombosis pogressed, the platlet cytoplasms were also invaded by the fibrin. As an initiating factor in the development of thrombosis the author emphasizd the role of increased coagulability. ACTA PATH. JAP. 16:1‐36, 1966
A STUDY BY POSTMORTEM CORONARY ARTERIOGRAPHY AND GIANT SECTIONS OF THE ENTIRE HEARF†
Authors: Nishiyama Yasukazu
Published: December 2008

One hundred fifty‐four hearts were examined by postmortem coronary arteriography including ordinary and soft x‐ray exposure of the sliced hearts. Serial giant frozen sections of the entire heart were made to obtain the topographic view and quantitative observation of the ischemic lesions of the myocardium in connection with underlying changes of the coronary tree as well as electrocardiographic findings.

Anatomical characterisitcs of the coronary arteries such as tortuousness and right angle ramification of the myocardial branches running toward cardiac lumen were demonstrated. Their endarteric nature at the level of functionally efficient terminal zone of the myocardial branches was pointed out and its important role in the development of ischemic lesions was discussed. The reason why the inner layers of the myocardial wall possesses much disadvantage of coronary circulation was clarified from the aspects of morphological findings and on some physiological considerations.

The clinicopathological survey of the. cases indicated that the patients with hypertrophic hearts and coronary sclerosis are most vulnerable to the development of myocardial injury. The disadvantages of the hypertrophic state of the heart in the coronary circulation were emphasized.

It was concluded that the myocardial injury is directly proportional to hypertrophy, hypertension, heart rate and coronary sclerosis. Based on the tension theories of the hypertrophic heart, the conclusion was theoretically confirmed to be reasonable. Myocardial injury index was suggested for practical use. ACTA PATH. JAP. 16:37‐54, 1966
JUVENILE HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY IN IDENTICAL TWIN BROTHERS†
Authors: Amano Takehiko , Adachi Toshihiro , Honda Yukihiro , Midorikawa Osamu
Published: December 2008

The clinicail and pathological data of twin brothers suffering from presumably congenital hepatosplenomegalies with liver cirrhosis, congestive spleens, mental deficiency, and discoloration in retinae and papillae are reported. The etiological causes are discussed in relation to congenital metabolic disorders in children. ACTA PATH. JAP. 16:55‐68, 1966
AN AUTOPSY CASE OF SO‐CALLED “FLORID CIRRHOSIS” IN JAPAN†
Authors: Miyaji Hideki , Konya Hiroaki
Published: December 2008

An autopsy case of so‐called florid cirrhosis is firstly presented in Japan.

Brief clinical records, major gross and microscopic findings are described. This peculiar type of hepatic disease was characterized by a history of alcoholism and malnutrition, severe hepatic degeneration and necrosis with Mallory bodies, diffuse but irregular proliferation of membraneous connective tissue and spotty fatty metamorphosis.

A case at AFIP filed as typical “florid cirrhosis”, and 3 cases of diffuse “interstitial cirrhosis” in Mexico were carefully studied histologically to help for the diagnosis and analysis of the inducing process of this disease. ACTA PATH. JAP. 16:69‐78, 1966
IMMUNOPATHOLOGIC STUDIES ON THE FRIEND VIRUS‐INDUCED ASCITIC TUMOR†
Authors: Kobayashi Hiroshi
Published: December 2008

Friend virus‐induced tumor cells do not always require the presence of Friend virus for continued growth. A line of non‐virus producing (NVP) Friend tumor cells was established, but it still induces some antigens which will neutralize the Friend virus. The characteristics of this antigen were described. ACTA PATH. JAP. 16:79‐95, 1966
THYMIC LYMPH FOLLICLES A HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF 1,356 AUTOPSY CASES*
Authors: Okabe Haruo
Published: December 2008

1) Eighteen cases with definite thymic lymph follicles were found among 1,356 autopsies. Eight of those were cases of Basedow's disease and the remaining 10 consisted of 2 cases of asthma syndrome one of which was associated with a type of allergic granulomatous angiitis, 1 case each of Wegener‐like granulomatosis, periarteritis nodosa, rheumatoid arthritis, aplstic anemia, chronic glomerulonephritis, acute yellow liver atrophy, Ekiri syndrome and purulent necrotizing tracheo‐bronchitis.

2) No morphological differences were found between the thymic lymph follicles and lymph follicles in other organs. The folliculated thymus did not indicate any specific morphological features.

3) Basically, in cases with thymic lymph follicles, the lymphatic tissue of other organs showed lymphatic follicular hypoplasia.

4) Speculative explanation of the histogenesis and significance of thymic lymph follicle formation was attempted. ACTA PATH. JAP. 16:109‐130, 1966
ADJUVANT‐INDUCED POLYARTHRITIS IN RATS ‐ITS HISTOGENESIS†
Authors: Akamatsu Yasuyuki , Nishizawa Hideo , Watanabe Shinichiro , Kumagai Akira
Published: December 2008

Ten adult male rats, Wistar‐King strain, were injected in the foot pads with heat‐killed human type tubercle bacilli suspended in mineral oil. A high incidence of metastatic arthritis was noted in the other legs. Histological study of the primary focus and metastatic lesion was described. Acid‐fast stained sections revealed disseminated tubercle bacilli of intact form in the cutaneous lesion of the primary focus, lymph nodes of popliteal, inguinal, abdominal, para‐tracheal, axillary regions and the lungs. They were seen within adjuvant droplets. No bacilli were seen in the bone lesions, either of the injected limb or other legs. The dissemination of bacilli coated with oil droplets was suggestive that they were produced by spread through the lympatic channel. The pathogenesis of adjuvant arthritis was discussed.
AN AUTOPSY CASE OF RENAL DISEASE SIMILAR TO LIPOID NEPHROSIS MODIFIED BY STEROID TREATMENTZ†
Authors: Okazaki Etsuo , Kojima Kuniji , Kitamura Shiro , Nozawa Yukio , Morita Takashi
Published: December 2008

An autopsy case of a 20 year‐old female with lesion similar to those of lipoid nephrosis and given a large amount of steroid hormones was reported. The kidneys showed peculiar findings which were similar to those of diabetes mellitus and possibly modified by long‐standing use of steroids. In the present case, however, exudative lesions were prominent and nodular lesions were scanty in contrast with those of Kimmelsteil‐Wilson syndrome.
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN NORMAL AND DIABETIC HUMANS‐Ultrastructuer and histochemistry, with special reference to hyalinosis
Authors: Kawanishi Hidenori , Akazawa Yoshiharu , Machii Bungoro
Published: December 2008

The human islets of Langerhans, obtained from a patient with gastric ulcer and from two autopsied diabetics, were examined by means of electron‐microscopy and histochemistry. Development of three kinds of secretion granules were followed and certain characteristics in their formation were described. Physiological presence of fat granules and other cytoplasmic inclusions were recognized. The beta cells from the diabetics revealed a definite decrease in ribosomes, Golgi apparatuses and secretory granules on one hand, and accumulation of fat granules as well as alpha and delta cells on the other. The hyalinous deposits in the islets of diabetics were elecron‐microscopically and histochemically consistent with amyloid.
EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC HEPATITIS: CORRELATION BETWEEN THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES AND LIVER FUNCTION
Authors: Hamamoto Yuji
Published: December 2008

When the rabbits were sensitized intra‐venously against bovine red blood cells and a provocative injection of the same antigen was given by way of the portal vein or the hepatic artery, focal necrosis of the hepatic cells occurred in some instances and rather conspicuous periportal exudative process were seen in association with portal thrombosis and fibrinoid swelling of the hepatic arterial walls. Biochemical changes in the rabbit's sera indicated that the functional damages thus induced in the liver were slight.

Similar but far more prominent changes were observed in the liver when anti‐rabbit blood cell guinea‐pig sera were introduced in the same way. Intravascular fibrin deposition was thought to be responsible for the development of the hepatic damages. The functional damages to the liver as reflected in the biochemical data of the rabbit's blood, were severer than in the first experiment and took a longer course until certain similarity with human liver cirrhosis became apparent.

The findings may indicate that anaphylactic phenomena can play a role in the pathogenesis' hepatitis in human being.
A SERIOUSLY DEFORMED CHILD WITH DEFECT OF CEREBELLUM AND KIDNEYS
Authors: Matsuyama Mutsushi
Published: December 2008

A case of extremely deformed child with acerebellum, meningoencephalocele containing angiomatous mass, renal agenesis, defect of the postoccipital fossa, oesophagus and left part of the diaphragm, and other deformities is presented in this report. The literature hardly contains examples of acerebellum with bilateral renal agenesis.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MUTUAL ADHESIVENESS OF CELLS IN THE HISTOLOGICAL PATTERN OF CANCER TISSUES*
Authors: Hirono Iwa , Kachi Hideki
Published: December 2008

Utilizing trypsin and alkaline degradation methods the separation test of hepatoma islands was performed to evaluate mutual adhesiveness of ratascites hepatomas. The calcium contents of tumor cells were also studied by means of chemical analysis and microincineration method. Calcium contents were estimated in human cancer tissues and invasive omental tumors of ascites hepatomas by the microincineration method. It was found that intercellular adhesiveness was extremely important in determining the histologial architecture of the tumor and that it could be evaluated from their calcium contents. In addition, motility and permeability of tumor cells were studied, as they are possibly factors closely related with calcium contents or intercellular adhesiveness. The interrelationship between histological pattern and invasive growth, metastatic spread and drug susceptibility of tumor was also discussed.
EXPERMIMENTAL AMYLOIDOSIS INDUCED BY 20‐METHYLCHOLANTHRENE IN RABBITS†
Authors: Hirao Fumio , Fujisawa Tomoo , Tsubura Eiro , Akamatsu Yasuyuki , Yamamura Yuichi
Published: December 2008

In the course of repeated intrabronchial application of 20‐methylcholanthrene to the rabbits, many of them were found to die from uremia with nephrotic syndrome. Approximately 60 % of animals, 3 months or longer under the experiment, showed swollen kidneys with the glomerular tufts deposited with amyloid and tubules dilated with hyaline casts. These lesions in the kidneys as well as in the liver, spleen and adrenals seen in 24 rabbits were consistent with systemic amyloidosis. Autofluorescence similar to that of 20‐methylcholanthrene was observed in the unstained frozen sections of the kidney at the site of amyloid deposition. Amyloidosis developed only in one rabbit of each group which received either intrabronchial application of 4‐nitroquinoline N‐oxide or intravenous administration of 20‐methylcholanthrene. Experimental procedures for inducing amyloidosis and pathogenesis of experimental amyloidosis were discussed.
ANNULO‐AORTIC ECTASIA
Authors: Hosoda Yasuhiro , Mikata Atsuo
Published: December 2008

A case of annulo‐aortic ectasia was reported. The patient was a 44 year old Japanese female who expired shortly after the operative intervention against aortic aneurysm and aortic insufficiency. This is the first case of annulo‐aortic ectasia reported in Japan.

Histological findings of the resected aneurysm revealed pronounced cystic medial necrosis. At autopsy, similar medial necrosis was found in the remaining aorta, pulmonary artery and some of the major branches of the aorta. The aortic valve cusps also showed myxomatous accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharides and hypoplasia of annular connective tissue. The aortic ring was dilated with evidence of regurgitation.

Problems related to pathologic findings were discussed with special reference to a forme fruste manifestation of Marfan's syndrome. We believe cases, such as presented here, should not be considered as a forme fruste of Marfan's syndrome with the present knowledge of the disease, in spite of the morphologic similarity of lesions in our case with those described in classical Marfan's syndrome.
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF LIVER BIOPSY SPECIMENS
Authors: Ozawa Hirokuni
Published: December 2008

Histologic features characteristic for vorious diffuse and localized liver diseases were outlined and the diagnostic criteria for those lesions were described. A case, in which development of early cirrhosis from a stage of acute hepatitis was followed, was briefly described and histologically illustrated. Correlation of clinical and histological diagnosis was tabulated, frequency of diagnostic accordance was calculated and difficulty of diagnosis of chronic hepatitis was emphasized.
CARCINOMA ASOCIATED WITH IDIOPATHIC CHOLEDOCHUS CYST
Authors: Hizawa Kazuo , Fukuda Fukuhei , Akagi Go , Kitamuro Tadao , Tao Shigeru
Published: December 2008

Clinical and autopsy findings of a rare condition, carcinoma arising in the wall of an idiopathic choledochus cyst, are reported. Endogeneous carcinogen which is likely to be present in the bile, and coexisting chronic inflammation in the wall of the cyst are assumed to be significant causative factors for the development of carcinoma. The possibility of dysontogenetic development of carcinoma was also discussed.
AN AUTOPSY CASE OF LYMPHOPENIC HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
Authors: OHTA Goroku , TANIGUCHI Noboru
Published: December 2008

A case of an infant with severe developmental failure of the thymus and the lymphoid tissues, and with IgG globulin level of 120 mg per 100 ml and peripheral lymphocyte count of 500 per mm3 at the terminal stage of the illness is reported. A criterion of congenital lymphopenic hypogammaglobulinemia was briefly discussed. ACTA PATH. JAP. 17: 465–473, 1967