bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of subclinical Harlequin syndrome in pediatric patients
Authors: Rovner Michelle S. , Redding Amanda T. , Wolf Bethany Jacobs , Wharton Jeffrey Alexander , Risely Caitlyn J. , Furse Cory M.
Published: March 2020

Background

Harlequin syndrome presents as differences in facial coloring due to unilateral flushing. This is the result of the inability to flush on the affected side due to the disruption of vasomotor and sudomotor sympathetic activity. The neurologically intact side appears flushed. A 2°C temperature difference between the flushed and nonflushed sides of the face has been detected in patients presenting with Harlequin syndrome. This difference in temperature might be detectable even in the absence of unilateral flushing, and this subclinical manifestation of the syndrome may occur more often than realized.

Aim

To measure and compare the difference in the change in temperature on both sides of the face in patients with a thoracic epidural.

Methods

Fifteen pediatric patients receiving thoracic epidurals for the correction of pectus excavatum via Nuss procedure were enrolled. Temperature measurements on each side of the face were collected at three time points: prior to epidural placement in the holding area, one hour after epidural analgesia had been instituted, and after the patient awakened in the recovery area. The primary outcome is whether or not a temperature difference occurred between the two sides of the face over time.

Results

Comparing the pre‐op temperature change to post‐op temperature change for each side of the face, patient 2 had a large increase in temperature on the left side of the face with a decrease in temperature on the right side of the face. The largest observed difference between the changes in temperature from pre‐op to post‐op between the right and left sides of the face was 1.85°C in patient 2. This was more than two standard deviations from the mean difference in the patient population. Patient 15 also had a large difference in change in temperature from pre‐op to post‐op between the right and left sides of the face with an observed difference of 1.14°C, although this was not more than two standard deviations from the mean. None of the patients had unilateral facial flushing.

Conclusion

Asymmetric effects or distribution of local anesthetic used in thoracic epidurals may result in asymmetric blockade of efferent sympathetic nervous system activity. This may cause differences in temperature between the two sides of the face without unilateral flushing. This phenomenon has previously been termed subclinical Harlequin syndrome. Subclinical Harlequin syndrome may be more common than anticipated and may be detected by comparing temperature differences in patients.
Reintroduced bison diet changes throughout the season in restored prairie
Authors: Blackburn Ryan C. , Barber Nicholas A. , Jones Holly P.
Published: March 2020

Grazing as a management tool is often intended to alter plant community dynamics through preferential foraging. Bison diet in the western United States has been well studied, especially in short and mixed grass remnant prairies. However, there is little known about what bison consume in restored and tallgrass prairies. As bison reintroductions are used more commonly in eastern tallgrass prairies, it is important to understand their diet to predict future impacts on prairie plant communities. This study aims to understand bison diet across different seasons, and asks whether diet differs among male and female, and differently aged bison. We used stable isotope analysis to quantify δ13C and δ15N in plants and used a Bayesian isotope mixing model to estimate bison diet. We found bulls relied more heavily on C4 plants and wetland plants than cows, which relied more heavily on forbs, but no differences in diet between ages. Our analysis shows that bison primarily grazed on C4 grasses throughout the late spring and summer. However, bison foraged more on wetland species and forbs in the late summer and fall. This change in diet could have implications for wetland species and habitats, through dung inputs and trampling. The relatively high reliance on forbs for nearly one‐third of bison diet could mean intended impacts of reintroduced bison such as increased plant diversity through preferential grazing on grasses could be dampened. Managers reintroducing bison to restored prairie ecosystems should ensure adequate wetland and forb species, in addition to a mix of grasses.
Planning mine restoration through ecosystem services to enhance community engagement and deliver social benefits
Authors: Rosa Josianne C. S. , Morrison‐Saunders Angus , Hughes Michael , Sánchez Luis E.
Published: March 2020

Mining companies are expected to return land to a stable, productive, and self‐sustaining condition by rehabilitating degraded areas to also deliver social benefits, an essential dimension of sustainable land management. This research aimed to develop a framework for mine rehabilitation planning based on an integrated analysis of the social‐ecological system provided by the ecosystem services concept to facilitate community engagement and the delivery of social benefits. An Ecosystem Services Assessment for Rehabilitation framework was tested at two bauxite mines undergoing ecological restoration. The mines are operated by the same company in two countries. Key results showed that the framework can help companies, regulators, and community members alike identify whether biophysical restoration efforts translate into key human benefits. Overall the framework provides a means for enhancing community engagement to explicitly address social benefits that, with a business as usual focus on ecological goals, may not be delivered. The ecosystem services concept provides a practical approach to link ecological and social outcomes of mine restoration.
Mere claptrap jumble? Music and Tudor cheap print
Authors: Hyde Jenni
Published: March 2020

A Newe Ballade of a Louer Extollinge his Ladye, published in 1568 by William Griffith, is unusual because it contains a printed melody, ‘Damon and Pithias’. For many years it was seen as the epitome of printers’ incompetence when it came to publishing music. This article suggests that the melody has much in common with other vernacular song tunes of the time, including metrical psalms and thanksgiving songs. It provides possible alternative explanations for the incorrectly rendered musical notation, including the suggestion that the mistake was not necessarily made by the printer himself. It surveys other musical anomalies of the period, to argue that the presence of music on the broadside indicates that Griffith was willing to experiment with new genres. These combined aspects of the most popular vernacular songs of the day in order to appeal to a new market of musically‐literate amateurs.
The future of mobility and its impact on the automobile insurance industry
Authors: Gatzert Nadine , Osterrieder Katrin
Published: March 2020

Among the trends impacting most industries are new mobility concepts, digitalization, urbanization, rising environmental awareness, and demographic change. The automobile insurance industry, in particular, is strongly affected by new mobility concepts, including autonomous, shared, and electric vehicles, which are expected to increasingly impact the risk exposure and insurance demand in the future. Identifying and assessing the resulting risk and opportunity landscape from these trends thus becomes a major strategic challenge for insurers. The aim of this paper is to analyze the trends that impact the field of mobility and thus automobile insurers. Based on this, we derive a set of strategic response measures for insurers to enable them to be prepared for the future of mobility.
Comparison of the effects of hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration on left ventricular hypertrophy in end‐stage renal disease patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hameed Irbaz , Gaudino Mario , Naik Ajita , Rahouma Mohamed , Robinson N. Bryce , Ruan Yongle , Demetres Michelle , Bossola Maurizio
Published: March 2020

Whether hemodiafiltration (HDF) is better than conventional hemodialysis (HD) in improving left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), defined as reduction of the left ventricular mass index (LVMi) and increasing the ejection fraction (EF), is unclear. A systematic literature search was performed. Primary outcome was the mean difference between pre‐ and post‐procedural LVMi. Secondary outcome was the mean difference in EF. Seven studies with a total of 845 patients were included. The pooled mean difference between pre‐and post‐procedural LVMi was −8.0 g/m2 (95% confidence interval [CI] −13.1, −2.8). On subgroup analysis, the mean differences between pre‐ and post‐procedural LVMi for HD and HDF were −6.7 g/m2 (95% CI −14.5, 1.1) and −9.3 g/m2 (95% CI −16.3, −2.3), respectively (P for subgroups = .62). Pooled mean difference between pre‐ and post‐procedural EF was 2.4% (95% CI −1.8, 6.5). On subgroup analysis, the mean differences between pre‐ and post‐procedural EF for HD and HDF were 3.6% (95% CI −2.7, 9.8) and 2.0% (95% CI 2.9, 6.8), respectively (P for subgroups = .68). On meta‐regression, age (Beta −0.35 ± 0.05, P < .001) and longer dialysis duration (Beta −0.12 ± 0.02, P < .001) were associated with lower mean difference between pre‐and post‐procedural EF. No significant effects on changes in LVMi and EF were observed with HDF compared with conventional HD.
Prevalence of infections and antimicrobial use among hemodialysis outpatients: A prospective multicenter study
Authors: Wu Yi‐Le , Zhang Jing‐Jing , Li Ruo‐Jie , Cai Chao‐Yang , Zhang Ye‐Hong , Xu Tong‐Mei , Jiang Yan , Xu Li , Yang Li‐Qi , Yang Xi‐Yao
Published: March 2020

Hemodialysis patients are vulnerable to infectious diseases and frequent receipt of antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and characteristics of infections and antimicrobials use among hemodialysis outpatients. We utilized the dialysis event surveillance protocol developed by the National Healthcare Safety Network to conduct a prospective multicenter study in Anhui, China. A total of 41 dialysis centers involving 7393 outpatients were included. Fistula was the most common type of vascular access (85.3%), followed by tunneled central line (12.7%), and non‐tunneled central line (1.2%). There were 118 dialysis events with an overall pooled events rate of 1.60 per 100 patient‐months. Intravenous antimicrobial start, positive blood culture, and pus, redness, or increased swelling at the vascular access site were detected at rates of 0.91, 0.23, and 0.46 per 100 patient‐months, respectively. The prevalence of dialysis events was commonly higher in patients with a central line, and lower in patients with a fistula. Hemodialysis outpatients also had the noteworthy risks of nonaccess infections. Older age, female gender, and having a central line were associated with the increased risk of dialysis events. Findings recommend that regular monitoring and improvement strategies are warranted in management of infections among hemodialysis outpatients.
Exploring Work‐Related Characteristics as Predictors of Norwegian Sheep Farmers’ Affective Job Satisfaction
Authors: Muri Karianne , Tufte Per Arne , Coleman Grahame , Moe Randi Oppermann
Published: March 2020

Farmers’ satisfaction with their farm job can have far‐reaching implications, as farmer and livestock wellbeing is likely to be intertwined. The aim of this study was to explore how job satisfaction of Norwegian sheep farmers is associated with other work‐related traits, such as work motivation, perceived physical work environment, the performance of management routines, and the proportion of their income derived from farming. Overall, respondents to the questionnaire (n = 1206) reported high levels of job satisfaction, and they were more intrinsically than extrinsically motivated. Regression analyses revealed that the strongest predictor of job satisfaction was intrinsic work motivation. Routinisation of management practices was also positively associated with job satisfaction, whereas extrinsic motivation and negative physical work environment were negatively associated. In conclusion, job satisfaction of Norwegian sheep farmers is mainly predicted by their intrinsic work motivation. Knowledge of this kind can be of use in supporting farmers, and through that enabling them to be proficient stockpeople.
Cofilin‐1–induced actin reorganization in stored platelets
Authors: Dasgupta Swapan K. , Thiagarajan Perumal
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

During platelet storage, there are extensive changes in cytoskeleton and phosphatidylserine exposure. The intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, activated in stored platelets, is a major mediator these changes. Cofilin‐1 is an effector of actin reorganization. We examined the effect of cofilin‐1 deficiency on cytoskeleton and phosphatidylserine exposure during storage and following activation of apoptosis.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We assessed actin filaments by Alexa‐647‐phalloidin and phosphatidylserine exposure by fluorescein isothiocyanate–lactadherin by fluorescence microscopy. In fresh platelets, actin filaments are distributed in the subcortical region, and they do not express phosphatidylserine in the outer surface. In stored platelets, there is retraction of actin filaments from the subcortical region with increased phosphatidylserine expression. These changes are seen in 20% of platelets of 6 days old and increases further with storage. Treatment with ABT‐737, which activates the mitochondrial apoptosis, induces similar cytoskeletal changes in actin filaments with increased phosphatidylserine. Cofilin‐1 is activated in stored platelets as well as in ABT‐737 treated platelets by dephosphorylation. In cofilin‐1 deficient murine platelets actin filaments are abnormal and ABT‐737 induces less phosphatidylserine. Despite these changes in vitro, platelet survival of cofilin‐1 deficient platelets in mice was not significantly different from their wild‐type controls.

CONCLUSION

These results show that cofilin‐1 plays a role in apoptosis‐induced actin rearrangement and phosphatidylserine exposure during storage. Despite the defects in platelet cytoskeleton and phosphatidylserine exposure in cofilin‐1–deficient platelets, the in vivo life span of platelets is similar to littermate controls, indicating multiple redundant pathways for the clearance of platelets in vivo.
Efficiency of a novel biodegradable pyrolysis liquid‐amended mulch in weed control
Authors: Hagner Marleena Maaria , Hyvönen Terho , Mikola Juha , Kemppainen Riitta , Lindqvist Bengt , Suojala‐Ahlfors Terhi , Tiilikkala Kari
Published: March 2020

Agrochemicals and plastics represent a burden on natural ecosystems and there is an urgent need to introduce alternative plant protection measures that have fewer negative impacts on the environment. Replacement of plastic mulches and synthetic pesticides with their biodegradable alternatives offers a way to decrease chemical residues. Pyrolysis liquids (PL) have been suggested as easily degradable and residue‐free herbicides for agriculture. We tested the efficiency of PL (1%–10% of volume) containing peat mulch (PLM) in weed control under glasshouse and field conditions. We also estimated the length of the withdrawal period needed between PLM spreading and sowing/planting for crops and examined the light permeability and effects of PLM on soil temperature. In the glasshouse, the mulch amended with 5%–10% PL inhibited weed germination entirely. In the agricultural field, the number of weeds remained 44%–60% lower under PLM than under the control mulch. In a study performed in a city park, weed cover around the base of trees remained 64%–85% lower under PLM than without a mulch. However, a 7–21 d withdrawal period, depending on crop plant species, is needed to avoid injuring the crops. PLM inhibited sunlight effectively and the effects on soil heat sum across the growing season remained small. The weed‐inhibiting effect of PLM is probably a result of both the PL compounds and the solid cover, formed by the sticky PL and peat fibres, which acts as a mechanical barrier. We conclude that the PLM is a promising alternative to plastic mulches.
Quantifying the detrimental effect of airborne dust on herbicide efficacy
Authors: Asadi‐Sabzi Masoud , Keshtkar Eshagh , Mokhtassi‐Bidgoli Ali , Moss Stephen R.
Published: March 2020

One side effect of human activity and global climatic change is more airborne dust. This not only has undesirable effects on human health and the environment, but may also adversely affect many agricultural processes, including herbicide efficacy. This is particularly relevant in parts of the world where dust storms are common and limited rainfall means dust persists on plants for protracted periods. Accordingly, a series of greenhouse dose–response pot experiments was carried out to quantify the effect of a dust concentration of 1,500 µg/m3 on the performance of paraquat, glyphosate, sulfosulfuron and 2,4‐D+MCPA. Dust‐treated and untreated seedlings of Hordeum spontaneum and Sinapis arvensis were sprayed with sulfosulfuron and 2,4‐D+MCPA, respectively, while paraquat and glyphosate were applied to both weed species. The efficacy of glyphosate and paraquat decreased significantly in the presence of dust on both species. Similar results were observed for 2,4‐D+MCPA on S. arvensis. In contrast, the efficacy of sulfosulfuron on H. spontaneum was not affected by dust. In the presence of dust, the doses of glyphosate, paraquat and 2,4‐D+MCPA required for a 90% effect were enhanced by a factor of 1.9 to 2.6. The negative impact on glyphosate efficacy was more pronounced in S. arvensis than H. spontaneum, while it was similar for paraquat. Future studies should consider the amount, duration and composition of dust as well as its impact on other weeds and herbicides. Potential approaches to overcome the detrimental influence of dust on the performance of herbicides were also suggested for future studies.
Recognition of Structures Leading to Transition in a Low-Pressure Turbine Cascade: Effect of Reduced Frequency
Authors: Lengani D. , Simoni D. , Ubaldi M. , Zunino P. , Bertini F.
Published: March 2020

The boundary layer developing over the suction side of a low-pressure turbine cascade operating under unsteady inflow conditions has been experimentally investigated. Time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements have been performed in two orthogonal planes, the blade-to-blade and a wall-parallel plane embedded within the boundary layer, for two different wake-reduced frequencies. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) has been used to analyze the data and to provide an interpretation of the most significant flow structures for each phase of the wake passing cycle. Detailed information on the most energetic turbulent structures at a particular phase is obtained with a newly developed procedure that overcomes the limit of classical phase average. The synchronization of the measurements in the two planes allows the computation of the characteristic dimension of boundary layer streaky structures that are responsible for transition. The largest and most energetic structures are observed when the wake centerline passes over the rear part of the suction side, and they appear practically the same for both reduced frequencies. The passing wake forces transition leading to the breakdown of the boundary layer streaks. Otherwise, the largest differences between the low and high reduced frequency are observed in the calmed region. The postprocessing of these two planes allowed computing the spacing of the streaky structures and making it nondimensional by the boundary layer displacement thickness observed for each phase. The nondimensional value of the streaks spacing is about constant, irrespective of the reduced frequency.
Deformation-Induced Change in the Geometry of a General Material Surface and Its Relation to the Gurtin–Murdoch Model
Authors: Dai Ming , Schiavone Peter
Published: March 2020

Small deformation theory plays an important role in analyzing the mechanical behavior of various elastic materials since it often leads to simple referential analytic results. For some specific mechanical problems however (for example, those dealing with small-scale materials/structures with significant surface energies or soft solids containing gas/liquid inclusions with high initial pressure), in order to obtain sufficiently accurate solutions, the classical boundary conditions associated with small deformation theory often require modification to incorporate the influence of deformation on the geometry of the boundary. In this note, we provide first-order approximate expressions characterizing the change in the geometry (normal vector, curvature tensor, etc.) of a general surface during deformation. In particular, using these expressions we recover without difficulty, the stress boundary condition in the original Gurtin–Murdoch surface model for an (initially) spherical interface with constant interface tension. We believe that the expressions established here will find widespread application in the mechanical analysis of problems requiring an extremely high level of accuracy in the description of the corresponding boundary conditions. In addition, higher-order approximate expressions representing the change in the geometry of a general surface during deformation could be also obtained using the same procedure.
Lessons Learned in Supporting Women With Prediabetes Through Maintaining Diet and Exercise Behavior Changes Beyond a Diabetes-Prevention Counseling Program
Authors: Bean Corliss , Dineen Tineke , Jung Mary
Published: March 2020

Interventions involving exercise and diet can reduce the progression of Type 2 diabetes, yet they are often short-lived. Progressing toward self-managed maintenance is also challenging. If supports are in place to help individuals with behavior changes beyond immediate programming, they are more likely to maintain these changes. This is particularly the case for women, who often struggle to maintain diet and exercise changes and can benefit from social support. Small Steps for Big Changes is a 3-week counseling program housed in a local YMCA that aims to help people make exercise and diet changes. To understand how to best support women in maintaining these changes beyond program delivery, a knowledge-sharing event was held for 14 women who completed the intervention. The women engaged in a focus group to share challenges they had experienced in making diet and exercise changes and recommendations for continued support. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis, and three recommendation areas were identified: (a) establishing peer support networks, (b) creating platforms to communicate prediabetes-related information, and (c) providing ongoing trainer support. Several recommendations have been implemented to support these women, and other individuals, postprogram. This case provides insights and recommendations for integration of initiatives beyond delivery of a behavior-change program housed in a community organization.
Human Melioidosis
Authors: Gassiep I. , Armstrong M. , Norton R.
Published: March 2020

The causative agent of melioidosis,Burkholderia pseudomallei, a tier 1 select agent, is endemic in Southeast Asia and northern Australia, with increased incidence associated with high levels of rainfall. Increasing reports of this condition have occurred worldwide, with estimates of up to 165,000 cases and 89,000 deaths per year. The ecological niche of the organism has yet to be clearly defined, although the organism is associated with soil and water. The culture of appropriate clinical material remains the mainstay of laboratory diagnosis.
Complete Genome Sequence of Sporomusa termitida DSM 4440
T
Authors: Poehlein Anja , Hollensteiner Jacqueline , Dreyer Annika , Gavrilova Ivana , Daniel Rolf
Published: March 2020

Sporomusa termitida
type strain DSM 4440 was isolated from the intestinal content of the termite
Nasutitermes nigriceps
. The genome consists of one circular chromosome (5,185,220 bp) and a megaplasmid (131,121 bp) with an overall G+C content of 49.11%. It harbors 4,764 predicted protein-encoding genes.
Complete Genome Sequences of Two Strains of Streptococcus pyogenes Belonging to an Emergent Clade of the Genotype
emm
89 in Brittany, France
Authors: Devaere Marie , Boukthir Sarrah , Moullec Séverine , Roux Emeline , Lavenier Dominique , Faili Ahmad , Kayal Samer
Published: March 2020

The frequency of infections due to
Streptococcus pyogenes
M/
emm
89 strains is increasing, presumably due to the emergence of a genetically distinct clone. We sequenced two
emm
89 strains isolated in Brittany, France, in 2009 and 2010 from invasive and noninvasive infections, respectively. Both strains belong to a newly emerged
emm
89 clade 3 clone.
Genome Sequences of Five Type Strain Members of the Archaeal Family
Sulfolobaceae
, Acidianus ambivalens, Acidianus infernus, Stygiolobus azoricus, Sulfuracidifex metallicus, and Sulfurisphaera ohwakuensis
Authors: Counts James A. , Vitko Nicholas P. , Kelly Robert M.
Published: March 2020

Presented are five genomes from the polyextremophilic (optimal temperature of >65°C and optimal pH of <3.5) archaeal family
Sulfolobaceae
, greatly expanding order-wide genomic diversity. Included are the only obligate anaerobic species, several facultative sulfur utilizers, two metal mobilizers, one facultative chemolithoautotroph with robust metabolic versatility, and some of the most thermophilic thermoacidophiles reported to date.
Draft Genome Sequence of Bradyrhizobium elkanii BR 2003, an Efficient Rhizobium Strain for
Cajanus, Canavalia
,
Crotalaria
, and
Indigofera
Authors: Zilli Jerri Édson , Simoes-Araujo Jean Luiz , Rouws Luc Felicianus Marie , de Barros Soares Luis Henrique
Published: March 2020

We report here the annotated draft genome sequence of the rhizobium strain BR 2003. This strain is able to establish symbiosis and to fix nitrogen with a broad range of leguminous species. The estimation of the average nucleotide identity confirmed the strain as a member of
Bradyrhizobium elkanii
.
Draft Genome Sequences of 30 Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Isolates Associated with Multiple Outbreaks in Brazil
Authors: Cao Guojie , Balkey Maria , Jin Qing , Brown Eric , Allard Marc , de Melo Adma Nadja Ferreira , de Oliveira Tereza Cristina Rocha Moreira , Magnani Marciane , Macarisin Dumitru
Published: March 2020

Salmonella enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovar Enteritidis has been the prevalent serovar isolated from gastroenteritis cases in Brazil since the 1990s. Here, we report the draft genomes of 30
S
. Enteritidis isolates originating from a variety of patients and implicated foods during outbreaks between 1999 and 2006 in Brazil.
Nonclonal Emergence of Colistin Resistance Associated with Mutations in the BasRS Two-Component System in Escherichia coli Bloodstream Isolates
Authors: Janssen Axel B. , Bartholomew Toby L. , Marciszewska Natalia P. , Bonten Marc J. M. , Willems Rob J. L. , Bengoechea Jose A. , van Schaik Willem
Published: March 2020

Multidrug resistance among Gram-negative bacteria has led to the use of colistin as a last-resort drug. The cationic colistin kills Gram-negative bacteria through electrostatic interaction with the anionic lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharides. Due to increased use in clinical and agricultural settings, colistin resistance has recently started to emerge. In this study, we used a combination of whole-genome sequence analysis and experimental validation to characterize the mechanisms through which
Escherichia coli
strains from bloodstream infections can develop colistin resistance. We found no evidence of direct transfer of colistin-resistant isolates between patients. The lipid A of all isolates was modified by the addition of phosphoethanolamine. In four isolates, colistin resistance was experimentally verified to be caused by mutations in the
basRS
genes, encoding a two-component regulatory system. Our data show that chromosomal mutations are an important cause of colistin resistance among clinical
E. coli
isolates.
Comparative Molecular Biology Approaches for the Production of Poliovirus Virus-Like Particles Using
Pichia pastoris
Authors: Sherry Lee , Grehan Keith , Snowden Joseph S. , Knight Michael L. , Adeyemi Oluwapelumi O. , Rowlands David J. , Stonehouse Nicola J.
Published: March 2020

Although the current poliovirus immunization program has been extremely successful in reducing the number of cases of paralytic polio worldwide, now more cases are caused by vaccine-derived polioviruses than by wild poliovirus. Switching to inactivated poliovirus vaccines will reduce this over time; however, their production requires the growth of large amounts of virus. This biosafety concern can be addressed by producing just the virus capsid. The capsid serves to protect the genetic material, which causes disease when introduced into a cell. Therefore, empty capsids (virus-like particles [VLPs]), which lack the viral RNA genome, are safe both to make and to use. We exploit yeast as a versatile model expression system to produce VLPs, and here we specifically highlight the potential of this system to supply next-generation poliovirus vaccines to secure a polio-free world for the future.
Oral focal mucinosis of the palate: a rare disease entity
Authors: Cameron Alice , Webster James Edward Noctun , Wicks Catherine Elizabeth , Colbert Serryth Dominic
Published: March 2020

Oral focal mucinosis (OFM) is an extremely rare, benign oral soft tissue condition; less than 10 documented cases have been reported in the literature in patients under 18 years old. OFM has an unknown aetiology and predominantly presents in the fourth and fifth decades. The pathogenesis of OFM may be due to fibroblast overproduction of hyaluronic acid. Clinically, it remains almost impossible to diagnose definitively, due to its lack of pathognomonic features, therefore such lesions may have multiple differential diagnoses and histological analysis is essential to confirm OFM. We present an unusual presentation of OFM in a 14-year-old female patient. Following excision, focal myxoid degeneration of the connective tissue was apparent. This case highlights this rare condition for consideration in differential diagnosis of clinically similar lesions.
Prone positioning in a patient with fat embolism syndrome presenting as diffuse alveolar haemorrhage: new perspective
Authors: Banerjee Arnab , Aggarwal Richa , Dev Soni Kapil , Tirkha Anjan
Published: March 2020

Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH) is a rare complication of fat embolism syndrome leading to severe hypoxaemia due to the effusion of blood into the alveoli from the damaged pulmonary microvasculature. The management is usually supportive with patients being nursed in supine position. The use of prone position ventilation in a DAH has rarely been reported before. We report an interesting case of a 26-year-old male patient diagnosed with DAH caused by fat embolism in whom prone position ventilation improved the lung dynamics and oxygenation.
Identifying values and preferences around the choice of analgesia for patients with acute trauma pain in emergency and prehospital settings: using group concept mapping methodology
Authors: Nielsen Kristina Tomra , Rasmussen Marianne Uggen , Overgaard Anders Foehrby , Klokker Louise , Christensen Robin , Wæhrens Eva Ejlersen
Published: March 2020

Objectives

The main study aim was to examine the applicability of a novel method to assess the criterion of values and preferences within the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation evidence to decision framework. The group concept mapping (GCM) approach was applied to identify, organise and prioritise values and preferences in the example of health professionals’ choice of analgesia for patients with acute trauma pain.

Setting

Prehospital and emergency care centres in the Nordic countries of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland.

Participants

Acute care health professionals with qualifications to administer analgesic agents to patients in emergency and prehospital settings, including advanced ambulance assistants, rescue officers, paramedics, emergency physicians and emergency nurses, participated in an online survey in which statements were generated (n=40) and structured (n=11) and finally analysed and interpreted in a validation meeting (n=4).

Results

Using GCM, ideas were generated and structured through online participation. Results were interpreted at a validation meeting. In total, 111 unique ideas were identified and organised into seven clusters: drug profile, administration, context, health professionals’ preferences and logistics, safety profile, patient’s medical history and acute clinical situation.

Conclusions

Based on GCM, a conceptual model was developed, and values and preferences around choice of analgesia in emergency care were revealed. Health professionals within acute care can apply the conceptual model to support their decision-making when choosing the best available treatment for pain for their patients in emergency care.
Pattern of corneal astigmatism induced by primary pterygium in patients with cataract in a secondary hospital in Southern China: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Xu Guihua , Qi Wei , Hu Yijun
Published: March 2020

Objectives

To review the pattern of primary pterygium-induced corneal astigmatism in patients with cataract in a southern Chinese population.

Design

Clinic-based cross-sectional retrospective study.

Setting

A secondary hospital at southern China.

Participants

A group of 1689 eyes with primary pterygium (PT group) and the other group of 4062 eyes without pterygium (NPT group) were included.

Main outcome measures

Corneal power was measured by an autokeratorefractometer. Corneal astigmatism was calculated as the difference in corneal power between the steepest and flattest meridians. Distribution of corneal astigmatism was compared between eyes with pterygium and eyes without pterygium.

Results

Distribution of corneal astigmatism was different between PT group (skewness=2.548, kurtosis=8.237) and NPT group (skewness=2.778, kurtosis=15.52). Mean corneal astigmatism was significantly higher in the PT group (1.62±1.49D) compared with the NPT group (1.17±0.89D, p<0.0001). The prevalence of corneal astigmatism >1D (PT 52.3%, NPT 40.9%, p<0.0001), >2D (PT 22.4%, NPT 10.6%, p<0.0001) or >3D (PT 10.5%, NPT 3.2%, p<0.0001) was significantly higher in the PT group compared with the NPT group. Eyes in the PT group had significantly higher corneal astigmatism than the NPT group in almost every age group (all p<0.05), with the exception of patients ≥90 years. Moreover, eyes in the PT group had significantly higher with-the-rule (PT 1.72±1.59D, NPT 1.19±0.88D, p<0.0001) and against-the-rule (PT 1.63±1.46D, NPT 1.18±0.88D, p<0.0001) but similar oblique astigmatism (PT 1.11±1.00D, NPT 0.99±0.89D, p=0.065) corneal astigmatism compared with the NPT group. Power vector analysis indicated that the axis of corneal astigmatism was not significantly different between the two groups (J0, PT −0.01±0.74D, NPT 0.01±0.52D, p=0.48; J45, PT −0.03±0.82D, NPT 0.00±0.52D, p=0.54).

Conclusions

Pattern of corneal astigmatism in eyes with cataract and coexisting primary pterygium was different from eyes without pterygium. Pterygium is associated with higher magnitude but not different axis of corneal astigmatism.
Novel measure of lung function for assessing disease activity in asthma
Authors: Smith Nicholas M J , Couper John , Fullerton Christopher J , Richmond Graham , Talbot Nick P , Hancock Gus , Pavord Ian , Ritchie Grant A D , Robbins Peter A , Petousi Nayia
Published: March 2020

Introduction

In asthma, lung function measures are often discordant with clinical features such as disease activity or control.

Methods

We investigated a novel technique that provides a measure (σCL) of unevenness (inhomogeneity) in lung inflation/deflation. In particular, we compared σCL with FEV1% predicted (FEV1%pred) as measures of disease activity in the asthmatic lung.

Results

σCL correlated modestly with FEV1%pred. However, σCL is not simply a proxy for FEV1%pred as the effects of salbutamol on the two parameters were unrelated. Importantly, σCL reflected disease control better than FEV1.

Discussion

We conclude that σCL shows promise as an objective measure of disease activity in asthma.
Use of a rare disease registry for establishing phenotypic classification of previously unassigned GLA variants: a consensus classification system by a multispecialty Fabry disease genotype–phenotype workgroup
Authors: Germain Dominique P , Oliveira João Paulo , Bichet Daniel G , Yoo Han-Wook , Hopkin Robert J , Lemay Roberta , Politei Juan , Wanner Christoph , Wilcox William R , Warnock David G
Published: March 2020

Background

Fabry disease (α-galactosidase deficiency) is an X-linked genetic disease caused by a variety of pathogenic GLA variants. The phenotypic heterogeneity is considerable, with two major forms, classic and later-onset disease, but adjudication of clinical phenotype is currently lacking for many variants. We aimed to determine consensus phenotypic classification for previously unclassified GLA variants from the GLA-specific fabry-database.org database.

Methods

A Fabry disease genotype–phenotype workgroup developed a five-stage iterative system based on expert clinical assessment, published literature and clinical evidence of pathogenicity using a 2-point scoring system based on clinical hallmarks of classic disease. Kaplan–Meier (KM) analysis of severe clinical event-free survival was used as final validation. Results were compared with those from web-based disease databases and in silico pathogenicity prediction programmes.

Results

Final consensus on classifications of ‘pathogenic’ was achieved for 32 of 33 GLA variants (26 ‘classic’ phenotype, 171 males; 6 ‘later-onset’ phenotype, 57 males). One variant remained of uncertain significance. KM curves were similar for the known fabry-database.org database phenotypes and when workgroup consensus classifications were added, and the curves retained the same separation between ‘classic’ and ‘later-onset’ phenotypes.

Conclusion

The iterative system implemented by a Fabry disease genotype–phenotype workgroup achieved phenotypic classifications for variants that were previously unclassified. Clinical pathogenicity associated with a particular GLA variant defined in affected males appears to have predictive value and also generally correlates with risk for affected females. The newly established classifications can be of benefit to the clinical care of Fabry patients harbouring these variants.
MicroRNA-760-mediated low expression of DUSP1 impedes the protective effect of NaHS on myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: Ren Lin , Wang Qian , Ma Lixiang , Wang Dongmei
Published: March 2020

Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury (MIRI) is the leading cause of the poor prognosis for patients undergoing clinical cardiac surgery. Micro-RNAs are involved in MIRI; however, the effect of miR-760 on MIRI and the molecular mechanisms behind it have not yet been described. For our in-vivo experiments, 20 rats were randomly distributed between 2 groups (n = 10): the sham-treatment group and the ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) group. For our in-vitro experiments, H9C2 cells were subjected to hypoxia for 6 h, and then reoxygenated to establish an hypoxia–reoxygenation (H/R) model. High expression levels of of miR-760 were observed in the rats subjected to MIRI and the H9C2 cells subjected to H/R. Further, the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malonaldehyde (MDA) were increased, and the size of the myocardial infarct was notably greater in the rats subjected to MIRI, suggesting that miR-760 worsens the effects of MIRI. The inhibitory effects from NaHS on apoptosis were enhanced, as were the expression levels of cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved PARP in H9C2 cells exposed to H/R, and with low-expression levels of miR-760. TargetScan and dual luciferase reporter assays further confirmed the targeted relationship between dual-specificity protein phosphatase (DUSP1) and miR-760. Additionally, miR-760 overexpression and H/R treatment of H9C2 cells inhibited the expression of DUSP1, which further promoted apoptosis. Furthermore, DUSP1 enhanced the anti-apoptotic effects of NaHS in rats subjected to MIRI. Taken together, these findings suggest that miR-760 inhibits the protective effect of NaHS against MIRI.
Human hair catalyzed selective reduction of nitroarenes to amines
Authors: Gholinejad Mohammad , Esmailoghli Hamid , Sansano José M.
Published: March 2020

Nowadays, there is great demand to use natural, cheap, and biodegradable materials as catalysts in different organic reactions. In this work, we use human hair as a completely biodegradable, renewable, and available material for the reduction of nitroarenes in aqueous media at 50 °C. Using this new catalyst, structurally different aromatic nitro compounds, as well as heterocyclic compounds, are reduced to corresponding amines in high to excellent yields. The presented catalytic system is applicable for large-scale reduction of nitroarenes.
3D printing technologies applied to the manufacturing of aircraft components
Authors: Chung Kun-Chen , Shu Ming-Hung , Wang Yu-Cheng , Huang Jui-Chan , Lau Edwin M.
Published: March 2020

This study mainly aimed to make 3D printing technologies serve as the guidelines for the development of technology-oriented industries. The most important one was tasked to establish modeling technology applicable to 3D printing in view of technological development. For the substrate material of 3D printers, aside from commonly usable plastic, new carbon fiber composite substrates have been proposed. Substrates were selected for manufacturing dependent on different object characteristics. The components were manufactured mainly by focusing on small-sized aircraft components. Additionally, potential problems encountered during 3D printing were explored with feasible suggested solutions. In the aerospace industry, because of the extreme requirements for the weight reduction of aircraft components, in the past, this was limited by manufacturing difficulties. If specific shapes were required, it was highly difficult to produce a component in a single-cast production or cut from a single metal piece. Component manufacturing often had to be divided into several planning blocks, and then welding, assembly, or rivet connection was conducted. This situation was not only flawed with structural weaknesses but also extra weight. If metal powder was operable with 3D printing for integral molding, the above disadvantages could be avoided.
A study on two-dimensional temperature and concentration distribution of Propane-Air premixed flame using CT-TDLAS
Authors: Jeon Min-Gyu , Hong Jeong-Woong , Doh Deog-Hee , Deguchi Yoshihiro
Published: March 2020

To use supplying gases and energy resources efficiently, accurate measurement of irregular gas is necessary. The TDLAS (Tunable laser absorption spectroscopy) technique can be used to control and monitor the supplying gas conditions and combustion of industrial processes. Recently, CT-TDLAS (Computed tomography-tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy) has been developed to measure the temperature and concentration field of gases. In this study, the 2-dimensional temperature distribution of the Propane-Air premixed flame in several mixing conditions of fuel has been measured by the constructed CT-TDLAS system. 2-Dimensional temperature distributions are measured by 16 path cells. Further, the third-order polynomial regression analysis was applied to resolve the absorption spectra from the incident and transmitted light for a particular gas. The SMART (simultaneous multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique) algorithm has been adopted for reconstructing the absorption coefficients on the detecting area. As a result of comparing the temperature for the 2-dimensional detecting area using the thermocouple and CT-TDLAS technique, it has been verified that the relative error for the temperatures measured by the thermocouples and calculated by the CT-TDLAS was up to 8%.
Active particles methods and challenges in behavioral systems
Authors: Bellomo N. , Brezzi F. , Soler J.
Published: March 2020

This paper first provides an introduction to the mathematical approach to the modeling, qualitative analysis, and simulation of large systems of living entities, specifically self-propelled particles. Subsequently, a presentation of the papers published in this special issue follows. Finally, a critical analysis of the overall contents of the issue is proposed, thus leading to define some challenging research perspectives.
Multiple-acceleration in “W” waveform structure for high-order harmonic improvement
Authors: Liu Hui , Li Yi , Liu Hang , Feng A. Yuanzi , Feng Liqiang , Qiao Yan
Published: March 2020

Generally, high-order harmonic generation (HHG) from atoms and molecules can be explained by the “ionization-acceleration-recombination” model and the classical results are agreement with the quantum results. In this paper, we report a multiple-acceleration process in the “[Formula: see text]” waveform structure. It is found that due to the nonzero initial velocity in the multiple-acceleration process, the emitted photon energies from the quantum results are larger than those from the classical results. Moreover, with the optimization of this “[Formula: see text]” waveform structure, much more energy can be obtained for the accelerated electron, thus leading to the improvement of the HHG. Further, with the introduction of a half-cycle pulse, the effects of the two “[Formula: see text]” structures in the “[Formula: see text]” structure on the HHG are discussed. It shows that the latter “[Formula: see text]” structure plays the more important role in HHG modulation. Finally, through the Fourier transformation of the spectral continuum, a number of sub-40 as pulses with intensity enhancements of 1 order and 2 orders of magnitudes can be obtained, respectively.
Abdominal muscle activation: An EMG study of the Sahrmann five-level core stability test
Authors: Chan Ebby Waqqash Mohamad , Hamid Mohamad Shariff A. , Nadzalan Ali Md. , Hafiz Eliza
Published: March 2020

Background: Sahrmann five-level core stability test protocol has been used to evaluate the ability of the core muscles to stabilize the spine. However, validation studies on the Sahrmann protocol are limited.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the different levels of Sahrmann five-level core stability (levels 1–5) on the muscle activity of rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), and transverse abdominis/internal oblique (TrA/IO).

Methods: Twenty-two asymptomatic male participants aged 21.3[Formula: see text].59 years were recruited. Participants were instructed to perform maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and five levels of Sahrmann five-level core stability test guided with a pressure biofeedback unit (PBU). The surface electromyography (EMG) data of each muscle during five levels of Sahrmann five-level core stability test were normalized as a percentage of MVC.

Results: Results showed significant differences in the normalized EMGs of RA [[Formula: see text](4) = 64.80, [Formula: see text].001], EO [[Formula: see text](4) = 58.11, [Formula: see text].001], and TrA/IO [[Formula: see text](4) = 56.00, [Formula: see text].001] between the five levels of Sahrmann five-level core stability test. Post-hoc analysis revealed Sahrmann levels 5 and 3 have significantly higher abdominal EMG signals than levels 4, 2, and 1 ([Formula: see text].001).

Conclusion: In conclusion, the Sahrmann five-level core stability test differs according to the level of Sahrmann tests. Significantly higher abdominal muscle activities were observed during levels 3 and 5. Therefore, the classification exchange in levels 3 and 4 of the Sahrmann five-level core stability test should be reconsidered in the future.