bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Size distribution of particles and zooplankton across the shelf-basin system in southeast Beaufort Sea: combined results from an Underwater Vision Profiler and vertical net tows
Authors: Forest A. , Stemmann L. , Picheral M. , Burdorf L. , Robert D. , Fortier L. , Babin M.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. The size distribution and mean spatial trends of large particles (>100 μm, in equivalent spherical diameter, ESD) and mesozooplankton were investigated across the Mackenzie Shelf (southeast Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean) in July–August 2009. Our main objective was to combine results from an Underwater Vision Profiler 5 (UVP5) and traditional net tows (200 μm mesh size) to characterize the structural diversity and functioning of the Arctic shelf-basin ecosystem and to assess the large-scale correspondence between the two methodological approaches. The core dataset comprised 154 UVP5 profiles and 29 net tows conducted in the shelf (<100 m isobath), slope (100–1000 m) and basin (>1000 m) regions of the study area. The mean abundance of total particles and zooplankton in the upper water column (<75 m depth) declined exponentially with increasing distance from shore. Vertical and latitudinal patterns in total particle concentration followed those of chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration, with maximum values between 30 and 70 m depth. Based on the size-spectra derived from the UVP5 dataset, living organisms (0.1–10 mm ESD) accounted for an increasingly large proportion of total particle abundance (from 0.1 % to >50 %) when progressing offshore and as the ESD of particles was increasing. Both the UVP5 and net tows determined that copepods dominated the zooplankton community (~78–94 % by numbers) and that appendicularians were generally the second most abundant group (~1–11 %). The vertical distribution patterns of copepods and appendicularians indicated a close association between primary production and the main grazers. Manual taxonomic counts and ZooScan image analyses shed further light on the size-structure and composition of the copepod community – which was dominated at ~95 % by a guild of 10 typical taxa. The size distributions of copepods, as evaluated with the 3 methods (manual counts, ZooScan and UVP5), showed consistent patterns co-varying in the same order of magnitude over the upper size range (>1 mm ESD). Copepods <1 mm were not well quantified by the UVP5, which estimated that only ~13–25 % of the assemblage was composed of copepods <1 mm ESD compared with ~77–89 % from the net tow estimates. However, the biovolume of copepods was overwhelmingly dominated (~93–97 %) by copepods >1 mm ESD. Our results illustrate that the combination of traditional sampling methods and automated imaging techniques is a powerful approach that enabled us to conclude on the prevalence of a relatively high productivity regime and dominant herbivorous food web over the shelf when compared with the low-productive recycling system detected offshore.
Dynamic versus static neural network model for rainfall forecasting at Klang River Basin, Malaysia
Authors: El-Shafie A. , Noureldin A. , Taha M. , Hussain A. , Mukhlisin M.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Rainfall is considered as one of the major components of the hydrological process; it takes significant part in evaluating drought and flooding events. Therefore, it is important to have an accurate model for rainfall forecasting. Recently, several data-driven modeling approaches have been investigated to perform such forecasting tasks as multi-layer perceptron neural networks (MLP-NN). In fact, the rainfall time series modeling involves an important temporal dimension. On the other hand, the classical MLP-NN is a static and has a memoryless network architecture that is effective for complex nonlinear static mapping. This research focuses on investigating the potential of introducing a neural network that could address the temporal relationships of the rainfall series. Two different static neural networks and one dynamic neural network, namely the multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLP-NN), radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) and input delay neural network (IDNN), respectively, have been examined in this study. Those models had been developed for the two time horizons for monthly and weekly rainfall forecasting at Klang River, Malaysia. Data collected over 12 yr (1997–2008) on a weekly basis and 22 yr (1987–2008) on a monthly basis were used to develop and examine the performance of the proposed models. Comprehensive comparison analyses were carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed static and dynamic neural networks. Results showed that the MLP-NN neural network model is able to follow trends of the actual rainfall, however, not very accurately. RBFNN model achieved better accuracy than the MLP-NN model. Moreover, the forecasting accuracy of the IDNN model was better than that of static network during both training and testing stages, which proves a consistent level of accuracy with seen and unseen data.
Detailed rock failure susceptibility mapping in steep rocky coasts by means of non-contact geostructural surveys: the case study of the Tigullio Gulf (Eastern Liguria, Northern Italy)
Authors: De Vita P. , Cevasco A. , Cavallo C.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. In this study, an engineering geological analysis for the assessment of the rock failure susceptibility of a high, steep, rocky coast was developed by means of non-contact geostructural surveys. The methodology was applied to a 6-km coastal cliff located in the Gulf of Tigullio (Northern Tyrrhenian Sea) between Rapallo and Chiavari. The method is based on the geostructural characterisation of outcropping rock masses through meso- and macroscale stereoscopic analyses of digital photos that were taken continuously from a known distance from the coastline. The results of the method were verified through direct surveys of accessible sample areas. The rock failure susceptibility of the coastal sector was assessed by analysing the fundamental rock slope mechanisms of instability and the results were implemented into a Geographic Information System (GIS). The proposed method is useful for rock failure susceptibility assessments in high, steep, rocky coastal areas, where accessibility is limited due to cliffs or steep slopes. Moreover, the method can be applied to private properties or any other area where a complete and systematic analysis of rock mass structural features cannot be achieved. Compared to direct surveys and to other non-contact methods based on digital terrestrial photogrammetry, the proposed procedure provided good quality data of the structural features of the rock mass at a low cost. Therefore, the method could be applied to similar coastal areas with a high risk of rock failure occurrence.
TOPAZ4: an ocean-sea ice data assimilation system for the North Atlantic and Arctic
Authors: Sakov P. , Counillon F. , Bertino L. , Lisæter K. A. , Oke P. R. , Korablev A.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. We present a detailed description of TOPAZ4, the latest version of TOPAZ – a coupled ocean-sea ice data assimilation system for the North Atlantic Ocean and Arctic. It is the only operational, large-scale ocean data assimilation system that uses the ensemble Kalman filter. This means that TOPAZ features a time-evolving, state-dependent estimate of the state error covariance. Based on results from the pilot MyOcean reanalysis for 2003–2008, we demonstrate that TOPAZ4 produces a realistic estimate of the ocean circulation and the sea ice. We find that the ensemble spread for temperature and sea-level remains fairly constant throughout the reanalysis demonstrating that the data assimilation system is robust to ensemble collapse. Moreover, the ensemble spread for ice concentration is well correlated with the actual errors. This indicates that the ensemble statistics provide reliable state-dependent error estimates – a feature that is unique to ensemble-based data assimilation systems. We demonstrate that the quality of the reanalysis changes when different sea surface temperature products are assimilated, or when in situ profiles below the ice in the Arctic Ocean are assimilated. We find that data assimilation improves the match to independent observations compared to a free model. Improvements are particularly noticeable for ice thickness, salinity in the Arctic, and temperature in the Fram Strait, but not for transport estimates or underwater temperature. At the same time, the pilot reanalysis has revealed several flaws in the system that have degraded its performance. Finally, we show that a simple bias estimation scheme can effectively detect the seasonal or constant bias in temperature and sea-level.
Seasonal speed-up of two outlet glaciers of Austfonna, Svalbard, inferred from continuous GPS measurements
Authors: Dunse T. , Schuler T. V. , Hagen J. O. , Reijmer C. H.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. A large part of the ice discharge from ice caps and ice sheets occurs through spatially limited flow units that may operate in a mode of steady flow or cyclic surge behaviour. Changes in the dynamics of distinct flow units play a key role in the mass balance of Austfonna, the largest ice cap on Svalbard. The recent net mass loss of Austfonna was dominated by calving from marine terminating outlet glaciers. Previous ice-surface velocity maps of the ice cap were derived by satellite radar interferometry (InSAR) and rely on data acquired in the mid-1990s with limited information concerning the temporal variability. Here, we present continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) observations along the central flowlines of two fast flowing outlet glaciers over 2008–2010. The data show prominent summer speed-ups with ice-surface velocities as high as 240% of the pre-summer mean. Acceleration follows the onset of the summer melt period, indicating enhanced basal motion due to input of surface meltwater into the subglacial drainage system. In 2008, multiple velocity peaks coincide with successive melt periods. In 2009, the major melt was of higher amplitude than in 2008. Flow velocities appear unaffected by subsequent melt periods, suggesting a transition towards a hydraulically more efficient drainage system. The observed annual mean velocities of Duvebreen and Basin-3 exceed those from the mid-1990s by factors two and four, respectively, implying increased ice discharge at the calving front. Measured summer velocities up to 2 m d−1 for Basin-3 are close to those of Kronebreen, often referred to as the fastest glacier on Svalbard.
Inclusion Relationships for Certain Subclasses of Meromorphic Functions Defined by Using the Extended Multiplier Transformations
Authors: El-Ashwah R. M.
Published: April 2012

Let denote the class of analytic functions in the punctured unit disc . Set , and define in terms of the Hadamard product by . In this paper, we introduce several new subclasses of analytic functions defined by means of the operator Inclusion properties of these classes and some applications involving integral operator are also considered.
Minimization of Radiation Exposure due to Computed Tomography in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Mc Laughlin Patrick D. , O’Connor Owen J. , O’Neill Siobhán B. , Shanahan Fergus , Maher Michael M.
Published: April 2012

Patient awareness and concern regarding the potential health risks from ionizing radiation have peaked recently (Coakley et al., 2011) following widespread press and media coverage of the projected cancer risks from the increasing use of computed tomography (CT) (Berrington et al., 2007). The typical young and educated patient with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may in particular be conscious of his/her exposure to ionising radiation as a result of diagnostic imaging. Cumulative effective doses (CEDs) in patients with IBD have been reported as being high and are rising, primarily due to the more widespread and repeated use of CT (Desmond et al., 2008). Radiologists, technologists, and referring physicians have a responsibility to firstly counsel their patients accurately regarding the actual risks of ionizing radiation exposure; secondly to limit the use of those imaging modalities which involve ionising radiation to clinical situations where they are likely to change management; thirdly to ensure that a diagnostic quality imaging examination is acquired with lowest possible radiation exposure. In this paper, we synopsize available evidence related to radiation exposure and risk and we report advances in low-dose CT technology and examine the role for alternative imaging modalities such as ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging which avoid radiation exposure.
La inestabilidad del empleo en las trayectorias laborales un análisis cuantitativo
Authors: Verd Pericás Joan Miquel , Lopez Andreu Martí
Published: April 2012

El objetivo de la nota de investigación es mostrar en qué medida es posiblehablar en España de la existencia de trayectorias laborales permanentementeprecarias o discontinuas, más allá del conocido efecto edad. Apartir de las variables disponibles para el período 2001-2006 del Panel deDesigualdades de la Fundació Jaume Bofi ll se ha desarrollado un análisisde conglomerados combinado con un análisis de regresión logística. Losresultados de este análisis muestran que el género y la edad se encuentranentre las variables más importantes a la hora de determinar los itinerariosprecarios. Los resultados también parecer indicar la existencia deuna ruptura generacional en las trayectorias laborales, aunque la escasalongitud de las series disponibles no permite afi rmar que esta ruptura seaextensible a cualquier tipo de perfi l social.
Una simulación multi-agente del mecanismo de generalización de una norma social
Authors: Linares Martínez Francisco
Published: April 2012

El presente artículo trata de abordar dos cuestiones interrelacionadas:¿qué es una norma social? y ¿cómo se generaliza? Se argumentaque una norma social no es ni mero comportamiento sancionador nitampoco comportamiento que tan solo se ajusta a las expectativas delos demás; sino que ambos requisitos deben cumplirse para que estaexista. A través de un modelo de simulación multi-agente se muestracómo una dinámica de refuerzo mutuo entre la ejecución de sancionesy la generalización de expectativas explica la generalización de unanorma social, dada la existencia de una masa crítica de sancionadoresincondicionales. Además se muestra que a mayor densidad social,menor el tamaño de la masa crítica requerida en la población.
Ingenierías de la subjetividad: el caso de la orientación para el empleo
Authors: Serrano Pascual Amparo , Fernández Rodríguez Carlos Jesús , Artiaga Leiras Alba
Published: April 2012

En las últimas décadas se ha producido una importante mutación en laconcepción del desempleo, reforzándose las interpretaciones que ponenel énfasis en el gobierno de las voluntades personales. Las políticasde activación han encarnado en gran medida este proceso de mutaciónde la noción de desempleo. Con la extensión de este paradigma deintervención, el centro de atención pasa a ser progresivamente el gobiernode la subjetividad. El objetivo de este artículo es el de presentaralgunos de los resultados de una reciente investigación de caráctercualitativo sobre las nuevas políticas activas de empleo. Con el estudiode las vivencias de estos modelos de intervención por parte de diversosactores que participan en estas experiencias, esta investigación indagaen los modos de gestión de las paradojas bajo las que se produce elsujeto en el paradigma de activación.
A Quality Assurance Study to Assess the One-Day Prevalence of Delirium in Elderly Hospitalized Patients
Authors: McAiney Carrie A. , Patterson Christopher , Coker Esther
Published: April 2012

BackgroundResearch indicates that 40% of hospital-acquired delirium cases may be preventable. However, despite its clinical significance, delirium often goes unrecognized or is misdiagnosed. The purpose of this study was to assess the need for delirium education in acute care hospitals in Hamilton, Ontario.MethodsApproximately 100 health professionals were trained as delirium screeners. On ‘Delirium Day’, all patients ≥ 65 years of age in non-critical care areas in all acute care sites in Hamilton were identified. Those willing to take part in the prevalence study were assessed for delirium using the Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination and the Confusion Assessment Method. The Research Ethics Boards at Hamilton Health Sciences and St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton approved this quality assurance project.ResultsOf the 562 patients eligible for screening, eight were excluded and six did not have sufficient data collected to assess for delirium. Of the 548 individuals screened for delirium, 10.6% screened positive. Prevalence estimates ranged by site from 0% to 21% and type of unit from 3.8% to 16%. Recognition of delirium by nursing staff was fair; but, documentation was usually absent.ConclusionWhile the prevalence rates were somewhat lower than in other studies, the results support the need for education among health-care providers in the prevention, identification, and management of delirium.
Frailty in Older Adults Using Pre-hospital Care and the Emergency Department: A Narrative Review
Authors: Goldstein Judah , Andrew Melissa K. , Travers Andrew
Published: April 2012

BackgroundOlder adults use more health-care services per capita than younger age groups and the older adult population varies greatly in its needs. Evidence suggests that there is a critical distinction between relative frailty and fitness in older adults. Here, we review how frailty is described in the pre-hospital literature and in the broader emergency medicine literature.MethodsPubMed was used as the primary database, but was augmented by searches of CINAHL and EMBASE. Articles were included if they focused on patients 60 years and older and implemented a definition of frailty or risk screening tool in the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) or Emergency Department setting.ResultsIn the broad clinical literature, three types of measures can be identified: frailty index measures, frailty scales, and a phenotypic definition. Each offers advantages and disadvantages for the EMS stakeholder. We identified no EMS literature on frailty conceptualization or management, although some risk measures from emergency medicine use terms that overlap with the frailty literature.ConclusionsThere is a paucity of research on frailty in the Emergency Medical Services literature. No research was identified that specifically addressed frailty conceptualization or management in EMS patients. There is a compelling need for further research in this area.
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Guidelines and Hospital Length of Stay, Readmission, Complications, and Mortality
Authors: Sauro Khara M. , Smith Christine , Ibadin Seremi , Thomas Abigail , Ganshorn Heather , Bakunda Linda , Bajgain Bishnu , Bisch Steven P. , Nelson Gregg
Published: June 2024

Importance

A comprehensive review of the evidence exploring the outcomes of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) guidelines has not been completed.

Objective

To evaluate if ERAS guidelines are associated with improved hospital length of stay, hospital readmission, complications, and mortality compared with usual surgical care, and to understand differences in estimates based on study and patient factors.

Data Sources

MEDLINE, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane Central were searched from inception until June 2021.

Study Selection

Titles, abstracts, and full-text articles were screened by 2 independent reviewers. Eligible studies were randomized clinical trials that examined ERAS-guided surgery compared with a control group and reported on at least 1 of the outcomes.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Data were abstracted in duplicate using a standardized data abstraction form. The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Risk of bias was assessed in duplicate using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool estimates for each outcome, and meta-regression identified sources of heterogeneity within each outcome.

Main Outcome and Measures

The primary outcomes were hospital length of stay, hospital readmission within 30 days of index discharge, 30-day postoperative complications, and 30-day postoperative mortality.

Results

Of the 12 047 references identified, 1493 full texts were screened for eligibility, 495 were included in the systematic review, and 74 RCTs with 9076 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Included studies presented data from 21 countries and 9 ERAS-guided surgical procedures with 15 (20.3%) having a low risk of bias. The mean (SD) Reporting on ERAS Compliance, Outcomes, and Elements Research checklist score was 13.5 (2.3). Hospital length of stay decreased by 1.88 days (95% CI, 0.95-2.81 days; I2 = 86.5%; P < .001) and the risk of complications decreased (risk ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.59-0.87; I2 = 78.6%; P < .001) in the ERAS group. Risk of readmission and mortality were not significant.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this meta-analysis, ERAS guidelines were associated with decreased hospital length of stay and complications. Future studies should aim to improve implementation of ERAS and increase the reach of the guidelines.
Individual and contextual‐level predictors of progression in the bystander intervention model
Authors: Nickerson Amanda B. , Jenkins Lyndsay N. , Yang Yanyun , Harrison Dylan S.
Published: June 2024

The situational model of bystander behavior is a validated 5‐step process for understanding intervention in bullying and sexual harassment, yet the individual‐level and contextual‐level factors that facilitate the progression from one step to the next are not well understood. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether individual characteristics (social‐emotional skills, affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and personal attitudes toward bullying and sexual harassment) and contextual‐level factors (school climate and perceived peer attitudes toward bullying and sexual harassment) explained the association between subsequent steps of the bystander intervention model. A sample of 788 high school students completed several validated measures of these constructs. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that each step significantly and positively predicted the next step, and the addition of a direct path from accepting responsibility to helping improved model fit. The mediational model indicated that individual‐level characteristics had significant direct effects on interpreting bullying and sexual harassment as problems, accepting responsibility, and helping, and indirect effects from noticing the bullying and sexual harassment to all subsequent steps except knowing. In contrast, contextual‐level effects contributed to accepting responsibility in an inverse direction.
Exposure to aggression in three contexts of emergency response: A longitudinal examination of the relationship with psychological characteristics of the emergency responder
Authors: van Reemst Lisa , Jongerling Joran
Published: June 2024

Some emergency responders are more often exposed to workplace aggression than others. Victimological theories and previous studies suggest that characteristics of the target may predict exposure to workplace aggression. This paper examines the relationship between negative affect, hostile attribution, dominance, empathy, self‐evaluations, and exposure to workplace aggression among emergency responders. Emergency medical workers, firefighters and police officers in the Netherlands filled in a survey during three measurement occasions (6 months apart). Results from the three occupational groups were presented separately. Results suggest that some psychological characteristics are related to exposure to workplace aggression, but that the contribution of these characteristics in the explanation of exposure to workplace aggression is limited. In addition, although differences between occupational groups could not be statistically tested due to differences in the factor structure of exposure to workplace aggression between the three groups of emergency response, differences seem to occur in models between emergency response contexts. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Tracing Immunological Interaction in Trimethylamine N‐Oxide Hydrogel‐Derived Zwitterionic Microenvironment During Promoted Diabetic Wound Regeneration
Authors: Li Zheng , Li Longwei , Yue Muxin , Peng Qingyu , Pu Xiong , Zhou Yongsheng
Published: June 2024

The diabetic wound healing is challenging due to the sabotaged delicate balance of immune regulation via an undetermined pathophysiological mechanism, so it is crucial to decipher multicellular signatures underlying diabetic wound healing and seek therapeutic strategies. Here, this work develops a strategy using novel trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO)‐derived zwitterionic hydrogel to promote diabetic wound healing, and explore the multi‐cellular ecosystem around zwitterionic hydrogel, mapping out an overview of different cells in the zwitterionic microenvironment by single‐cell RNA sequencing. The diverse cellular heterogeneity is revealed, highlighting the critical role of macrophage and neutrophils in managing diabetic wound healing. It is found that polyzwitterionic hydrogel can upregulate Ccl3+ macrophages and downregulate S100a9+ neutrophils and facilitate their interactions compared with polyanionic and polycationic hydrogels, validating the underlying effect of zwitterionic microenvironment on the activation of adaptive immune system. Moreover, zwitterionic hydrogel inhibits the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and promotes angiogenesis, thus improving diabetic wound healing. These findings expand the horizons of the sophisticated orchestration of immune systems in zwitterion‐directed diabetic wound repair and uncover new strategies of novel immunoregulatory biomaterials.
Quantifying Asymmetric Zinc Deposition: A Guide Factor for Designing Durable Zinc Anodes
Authors: Wang Shixun , Huang Zhaodong , Zhu Jiaxiong , Wang Yiqiao , Li Dedi , Wei Zhiquan , Hong Hu , Zhang Dechao , Xiong Qi , Li Shimei , Chen Ze , Li Nan , Zhi Chunyi
Published: June 2024

Zinc metal is recognized as the most promising anode for aqueous energy storage but suffers from severe dendrite growth and poor reversibility. However, the coulombic efficiency lacks specificity for zinc dendrite growth, particularly in Zn||Zn symmetric cells. Herein, a novel indicator (fD) based on the characteristic crystallization peaks is proposed to evaluate the growth and distribution of zinc dendrites. As a proof of concept, triethylenetetramine (TETA) is adopted as an electrolyte additive to manipulate the zinc flux for uniform deposition, with a corroborating low fD value. A highly durable zinc symmetric cell is achieved, lasting over 2500 h at 10 mA cm−2 and 400 h at a large discharge of depth (10 mA cm−2, 10 mAh cm−2). Supported by the low fD value, the Zn||TETA‐ZnSO4||MnO2 batteries overcome the sudden short circuit and fast capacity fading. The study provides a feasible method to evaluate zinc dendrites and sheds light on the design of highly reversible zinc anodes.
Gut Dysbiosis Drives Inflammatory Bowel Disease Through the CCL4L2‐VSIR Axis in Glycogen Storage Disease
Authors: Lan Jiaoli , Zhang Yuxin , Jin Cuiyuan , Chen Huan , Su Zexiong , Wu Jiaxing , Ma Ni , Zhang Xiaoyan , Lu Yiyun , Chen Yongxin , Zeng Xiaolu , Zhang Huiqiong , Zheng Guilang , Sun Yueyu , Wang Chun , Hu Yan , Wang Yifei , Liu Yumei , Zeng Zhaoyang , Shi Liyun , He Jun , Cao Aihua , Wang Yichao , Pan Xu , Jin Gulei , Wang Ying , Jiang Xun , Shen Huiqing , Tang Qing , Xie Xiaoli , Xiao Yuan , Zhong Xuemei , Zhang Xuchao , Zeng Liang , Ye Liping , Xie Jing , Geng Lanlan , Li Zhiling , Wu Xiaohui , Wang Ying , Mao Ren , Zhang Shaojun , Huang Siyuan , Liu Suling , Zeng Hanshi , Xu Wanfu , Gong Sitang , Guo Yuxiong , Yang Min
Published: June 2024

Patients with glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSD‐Ib) frequently have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). however, the underlying etiology remains unclear. Herein, this study finds that digestive symptoms are commonly observed in patients with GSD‐Ib, presenting as single or multiple scattered deep round ulcers, inflammatory pseudo‐polyps, obstructions, and strictures, which differ substantially from those in typical IBD. Distinct microbiota profiling and single‐cell clustering of colonic mucosae in patients with GSD are conducted. Heterogeneous oral pathogenic enteric outgrowth induced by GSD is a potent inducer of gut microbiota immaturity and colonic macrophage accumulation. Specifically, a unique population of macrophages with high CCL4L2 expression is identified in response to pathogenic bacteria in the intestine. Hyper‐activation of the CCL4L2‐VSIR axis leads to increased expression of AGR2 and ZG16 in epithelial cells, which mediates the unique progression of IBD in GSD‐Ib. Collectively, the microbiota‐driven pathomechanism of IBD is demonstrated in GSD‐Ib and revealed the active role of the CCL4L2‐VSIR axis in the interaction between the microbiota and colonic mucosal immunity. Thus, targeting gut dysbiosis and/or the CCL4L2‐VISR axis may represent a potential therapy for GSD‐associated IBD.
GbPP2C80 Interacts with GbWAKL14 to Negatively Co‐Regulate Resistance to Fusarium and Verticillium wilt via MPK3 and ROS Signaling in Sea Island Cotton
Authors: Zhao Nan , Guo Anhui , Wang Weiran , Li Bin , Wang Meng , Zhou Zixin , Jiang Kaiyun , Aierxi Alifu , Wang Baoliang , Adjibolosoo Daniel , Xia Zhanghao , Li Huijing , Cui Yanan , Kong Jie , Hua Jinping
Published: June 2024

Fusarium wilt (FW) is widespread in global cotton production, but the mechanism underlying FW resistance in superior‐fiber‐quality Sea Island cotton is unclear. This study reveals that FW resistance has been the target of genetic improvement of Sea Island cotton in China since the 2010s. The key nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, T/C) of gene Gbar_D03G001670 encoding protein phosphatase 2C 80 (PP2C80) results in an amino acid shift (L/S), which is significantly associated with FW resistance of Sea Island cotton. Silencing GbPP2C80 increases FW resistance in Sea Island cotton, whereas overexpressing GbPP2C80 reduces FW resistance in Arabidopsis. GbPP2C80 and GbWAKL14 exist synergistically in Sea Island cotton accessions with haplotype forms “susceptible–susceptible” (TA) and “resistant–resistant” (CC), and interact with each other. CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockout of GbWAKL14 enhances FW and Verticillium wilt (VW) resistance in upland cotton and overexpression of GbWAKL14 and GbPP2C80 weakens FW and VW resistance in Arabidopsis. GbPP2C80 and GbWAKL14 respond to FW and VW by modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) content via affecting MPK3 expression. In summary, two tandem genes on chromosome D03, GbPP2C80, and GbWAKL14, functions as cooperative negative regulators in cotton wilt disease defense, providing novel genetic resources and molecular markers for the development of resistant cotton cultivars.
Thermodynamics‐Guided High‐Throughput Discovery of Eutectic High‐Entropy Alloys for Rapid Solidification
Authors: Han Liuliu , Sun Zhongji , Xia Wenzhen , Tsai Shao‐Pu , Zhang Xukai , Rao Jing , Wang Pei , Ngo Andrew Chun Yong , Li Zhiming , Liu Yong , Raabe Dierk
Published: June 2024

Excellent castability, significantly refined microstructure, and good mechanical properties make eutectic high‐entropy alloys (EHEAs) a natural fit for rapid solidification processes, e.g., additive manufacturing. Previous investigations have focused on developing EHEAs through trial and error and mixing known binary eutectic materials. However, eutectic compositions obtained from near‐equilibrium conditions do not guarantee a fully eutectic microstructure under rapid solidifications. In this work, a thermodynamically guided high‐throughput framework is proposed to design EHEAs for rapid solidification. Empirical formulas derived from past experimental observations and thermodynamic computations are applied and considered phase growth kinetics under rapid solidification (skewed phase diagram). The designed alloy candidate, Co25.6Fe17.9Ni22.4Cr19.1Ta8.9Al6.1 (wt.%), contains nanostructured eutectic lamellar and shows a high Vickers hardness of 675 Hv. In addition to this specific composition, the alloy design toolbox enables the development of new EHEAs for rapid solidification without the limitation of previous knowledge.
Nanobody‐Engineered Biohybrid Bacteria Targeting Gastrointestinal Cancers Induce Robust STING‐Mediated Anti‐Tumor Immunity
Authors: Xu Xiaolong , Ding Youbin , Dong Yafang , Yuan Haitao , Xia Peng , Qu Chengming , Ma Jingbo , Wang Huifang , Zhang Xiaodong , Zhao Liang , Li Zhijie , Liang Zhen , Wang Jigang
Published: June 2024

Bacteria can be utilized for cancer therapy owing to their preferential colonization at tumor sites. However, unmodified non‐pathogenic bacteria carry potential risks due to their non‐specific targeting effects, and their anti‐tumor activity is limited when used as monotherapy. In this study, a biohybrid‐engineered bacterial system comprising non‐pathogenic MG1655 bacteria modified with CDH17 nanobodies on their surface and conjugated with photosensitizer croconium (CR) molecules is developed. The resultant biohybrid bacteria can efficiently home to CDH17‐positive tumors, including gastric, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers, and significantly suppress tumor growth upon irradiation. More importantly, biohybrid bacteria‐mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) induced abundant macrophage infiltration in a syngeneic murine colorectal model. Further, that the STING pathway is activated in tumor macrophages by the released bacterial nucleic acid after PTT is revealed, leading to the production of type I interferons. The addition of CD47 nanobody but not PD‐1 antibody to the PTT regimen can eradicate the tumors and extend survival. This results indicate that bacteria endowed with tumor‐specific selectivity and coupled with photothermal payloads can serve as an innovative strategy for low‐immunogenicity cancers. This strategy can potentially reprogram the tumor microenvironment by inducing macrophage infiltration and enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy targeting macrophages.
Stable and Lead‐Safe Polyphenol‐Encapsulated Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Dipta Shahriyar Safat , Christofferson Andrew J. , Kumar Priyank V. , Kundi Varun , Hanif Muhammad , Tang Jianbo , Flores Nieves , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kourosh , Uddin Ashraf , Rahim Md. Arifur
Published: June 2024

Lead (Pb) halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit impressive power conversion efficiencies close to those of their silicon counterparts. However, they suffer from moisture instability and Pb safety concerns. Previous studies have endeavoured to address these issues independently, yielding minimal advancements. Here, a general nanoencapsulation platform using natural polyphenols is reported for Pb‐halide PSCs that simultaneously addresses both challenges. The polyphenol‐based encapsulant is solution‐processable, inexpensive (≈1.6 USD m−2), and requires only 5 min for the entire process, highlighting its potential scalability. The encapsulated devices with a power conversion efficiency of 20.7% retained up to 80% of their peak performance for 2000 h and up to 70% for 7000 h. Under simulated rainfall conditions, the encapsulant rich in catechol groups captures the Pb ions released from the degraded perovskites via coordination, keeping the Pb levels within the safe drinking water threshold of 15 ppb.
Development of a prediction model for cognitive impairment of sarcopenia using multimodal neuroimaging in non‐demented older adults
Authors: Kim Sunghwan , Wang Sheng‐Min , Kang Dong Woo , Um Yoo Hyun , Yoon Han Min , Lee Soyoung , Choe Yeong Sim , Kim Regina EY , Kim Donghyeon , Lee Chang Uk , Lim Hyun Kook
Published: June 2024

INTRODUCTION

Despite prior research on the association between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment in the elderly, a comprehensive model that integrates various brain pathologies is still lacking.

METHODS

We used data from 528 non‐demented older adults with or without sarcopenia in the Catholic Aging Brain Imaging (CABI) database, containing magnetic resonance imaging scans, positron emission tomography scans, and clinical data. We also measured three key components of sarcopenia: skeletal muscle index (SMI), hand grip strength (HGS), and the five times sit‐to‐stand test (5STS).

RESULTS

All components of sarcopenia were significantly correlated with global cognitive function, but cortical thickness and amyloid‐beta (Aβ) retention had distinctive relationships with each measure. In the path model, brain atrophy resulting in cognitive impairment was mediated by Aβ retention for SMI and periventricular white matter hyperintensity for HGS, but directly affected by the 5STS.

DISCUSSION

Treatments targeting each sub‐domain of sarcopenia should be considered to prevent cognitive decline.

Highlights

We identified distinct impacts of three sarcopenia measures on brain structure and Aβ.

Muscle mass is mainly associated with Aβ and has an influence on the brain atrophy.

Muscle strength linked with periventricular WMH and brain atrophy.

Muscle function associated with cortical thinning in specific brain regions.

Interventions on sarcopenia may be important to ease cognitive decline in the elderly.
Systemic immune response of burns from the acute to chronic phase
Authors: Osuka Akinori , Shigeno Ayami , Matsuura Hiroshi , Onishi Shinya , Yoneda Kazuhiro
Published: June 2024

Immune responses that occur following burn injury comprise a series of reactions that are activated in response to damaged autologous tissues, followed by removal of damaged tissues and foreign pathogens such as invading bacteria, and tissue repair. These immune responses are considered to be programmed in living organisms. Developments of modern medicine have led to the saving of burned patients who could not be cured previously; however, the programmed response is no longer able to keep up, and various problems have arisen. This paper describes the mechanism of immune response specific to burn injury and the emerging concept of persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome.
Photoswitchable Carbamazepine Analogs for Non‐Invasive Neuroinhibition In Vivo
Authors: Camerin Luisa , Maleeva Galyna , Gomila Alexandre M. J. , Suárez‐Pereira Irene , Matera Carlo , Prischich Davia , Opar Ekin , Riefolo Fabio , Berrocoso Esther , Gorostiza Pau
Published: June 2024

A problem of systemic pharmacotherapy is off‐target activity, which causes adverse effects. Outstanding examples include neuroinhibitory medications like antiseizure drugs, which are used against epilepsy and neuropathic pain but cause systemic side effects. There is a need of drugs that inhibit nerve signals locally and on‐demand without affecting other regions of the body. Photopharmacology aims to address this problem with light‐activated drugs and localized illumination in the target organ. Here, we have developed photoswitchable derivatives of the widely prescribed antiseizure drug carbamazepine. For that purpose, we expanded our method of ortho azologization of tricyclic drugs to meta/para and to N‐bridged diazocine. Our results validate the concept of ortho cryptoazologs (uniquely exemplified by Carbazopine‐1) and bring to light Carbadiazocine (8), which can be photoswitched between 400–590 nm light (using violet LEDs and halogen lamps) and shows good drug‐likeness and predicted safety. Both compounds display photoswitchable activity in vitro and in translucent zebrafish larvae. Carbadiazocine (8) also offers in vivo analgesic efficacy (mechanical and thermal stimuli) in a rat model of neuropathic pain and a simple and compelling treatment demonstration with non‐invasive illumination.
Multiple Chirality Switching of a Dye‐Grafted Helical Polymer Film Driven by Acid & Base
Authors: Shi Aiyan , Wang Haoran , Yang Guojian , Gu Chang , Xiang Chaoyu , Qian Lei , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Zhang Ting , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: June 2024

A stimuli‐responsive multiple chirality switching material, which can regulate opposed chiral absorption characteristics, has great application value in the fields of optical modulation, information storage and encryption, etc. However, due to the rareness of effective functional systems and the complexity of material structures, developing this type of material remains an insurmountable challenge. Herein, a smart polymer film with multiple chirality inversion properties was fabricated efficiently based on a newly‐designed acid & base‐sensitive dye‐grafted helical polymer. Benefited from the cooperative effects of various weak interactions (hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interaction, etc.) under the aggregated state, this polymer film exhibited a promising acid & base‐driven multiple chirality inversion property containing record switchable chiral states (up to five while the solution showed three‐state switching) and good reversibility. The creative exploration of such a multiple chirality switching material can not only promote the application progress of current chiroptical regulation technology, but also provide a significant guidance for the design and synthesis of future smart chiroptical switching materials and devices.
Ultra‐Fast Selenol‐Yne Click (SYC) Reaction Enables Poly(selenoacetal) Covalent Adaptable Network Formation
Authors: Zhang Mengyao , Chen Sisi , Xu Guichuan , Lu Weihong , Li Jiajia , Zhang Jiandong , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhu Jian , Pan Xiangqiang
Published: June 2024

The emergence of covalent adaptable networks (CANs) based on dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs) presents a promising avenue for achieving resource recovery and utilization. In this study, we discovered a dynamic covalent bond called selenacetal, which is obtained through a double click reaction between selenol and activated alkynes. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the ΔG for the formation of selenoacetals ranges from 12 to 18 kJ mol−1, suggesting its potential for dynamic reversibility. Dynamic exchange experiments involving small molecules and polymers provide substantial evidence supporting the dynamic exchange properties of selenoacetals. By utilizing this highly efficient click reaction, we successfully synthesized dynamic materials based on selenoacetal with remarkable reprocessing capabilities without any catalysts. These materials exhibit chemical recycling under alkaline conditions, wherein selenoacetal (SA) can decompose into active enone selenide (ES) and diselenides. Reintroducing selenol initiates a renewed reaction with the enone selenide, facilitating material recycling and yielding a newly developed dynamic material exhibiting both photo‐ and thermal responsiveness. The results underscore the potential of selenoacetal polymers in terms of recyclability and selective degradation, making them a valuable addition to conventional covalent adaptable networks.
Clustering‐Resistant Cu Single Atoms on Porous Au Nanoparticles Supported by TiO2 for Sustainable Photoconversion of CO2 into CH4
Authors: Xie Zhongkai , Li Longhua , Gong Shanhe , Xu Shengjie , Luo Hongyun , Li Di , Chen Hongjing , Chen Min , Liu Kuili , Shi Weidong , Xu Dongbo , Lei Yong
Published: June 2024

Photocatalysts based on single atoms (SAs) modification can lead to unprecedented reactivity with recent advances. However, the deactivation of SAs‐modified photocatalysts remains a critical challenge in the field of photocatalytic CO2 reduction. In this study, we unveil the detrimental effect of CO intermediates on Cu single atoms (Cu‐SAs) during photocatalytic CO2 reduction, leading to clustering and deactivation on TiO2. To address this, we developed a novel Cu‐SAs anchored on Au porous nanoparticles (CuAu‐SAPNPs‐TiO2) via a vectored etching approach. This system not only enhances CH4 production with a rate of 748.8 μmol ⋅ g−1 ⋅ h−1 and 93.1 % selectivity but also mitigates Cu‐SAs clustering, maintaining stability over 7 days. This sustained high performance, despite the exceptionally high efficiency and selectivity in CH4 production, highlights the CuAu‐SAPNPs‐TiO2 overarching superior photocatalytic properties. Consequently, this work underscores the potential of tailored SAs‐based systems for efficient and durable CO2 reduction by reshaping surface adsorption dynamics and optimizing the thermodynamic behavior of the SAs.
Axial Ligand Enables Synthesis of Allenylsilane through Dirhodium(II) Catalysis
Authors: Li Wendeng , Wu Rui , Ruan Hao , Xiao Bo , Gao Xiang , Jiang Huanfeng , Chen Kai , Sun Tian‐Yu , Zhu Shifa
Published: June 2024

Described herein is a dirhodium(II)‐catalyzed silylation of propargyl esters with hydrosilanes, using tertiary amines as axial ligands. By adopting this strategy, a range of versatile and useful allenylsilanes can be achieved with good yields. This reaction not only represents a SN2′‐type silylation of the propargyl derivatives bearing a terminal alkyne moiety to synthesize allenylsilanes from simple hydrosilanes, but also represents a new application of dirhodium(II) complexes in catalytic transformation of carbon‐carbon triple bond. The highly functionalized allenylsilanes that are produced can be transformed into a series of synthetically useful organic molecules. In this reaction, an intriguing ON‐OFF effect of the amine ligand was observed. The reaction almost did not occur (OFF) without addition of Lewis base amine ligand. However, the reaction took place smoothly (ON) after addition of only catalytic amount of amine ligand. Detailed mechanistic studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the reactivity can be delicately improved by the use of tertiary amine. The fine‐tuning effect of the tertiary amine is crucial in the formation of the Rh−Si species via a concerted metalation deprotonation (CMD) mechanism and facilitating β‐oxygen elimination.
Sustainable sonochemical synthesis of N‐protected piperazine‐propargylamines using ionic liquids and CuI
Authors: Meeniga Indira , Shaik Farheen Banu , Mandapalli Sreeshitha , Peddiagari Vasu Govardhana Reddy
Published: June 2024

We present a simple method to prepare diverse benzimidazolium and imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) from common starting materials imidazole and benzimidazole. These green ILs promote the synthesis of N‐substituted piperazinyl propargylamines via a versatile CuI‐catalyzed coupling of aldehydes, secondary amines, and alkynes under ultrasound. Remarkably, the method works across a broad range of substrates, including diversely substituted aldehydes, heterocycles, cyclic amines, and phenylacetylenes. To understand this versatility, we investigated the influence of IL structure (N‐substitution, anion) on reactivity. Symmetrical long‐chain substituents on the benzimidazolium cation and bromide (Br−) anions led to the most efficient propargylamine formation. This approach offers a sustainable and efficient route to propargylamines with minimal waste and catalyst/IL recyclability over five cycles.