bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
N-Acylethanolamine Signaling in Tobacco Is Mediated by a Membrane-Associated, High-Affinity Binding Protein
Authors: Tripathy Swati , Kleppinger-Sparace Kathryn , Dixon Richard A. , Chapman Kent D.
Published: April 2003

N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are fatty acid derivatives found as minor constituents of animal and plant tissues, and their levels increase 10- to 50-fold in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves treated with fungal elicitors. Infiltration of tobacco leaves with submicromolar to micromolar concentrations ofN-myristoylethanolamine (NAE 14:0) resulted in an increase in relative phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) transcript abundance within 8 h after infiltration, and this PAL activation was reduced after co-infiltration with cannabinoid receptor antagonists (AM 281 and SR 144528). A saturable, high-affinity specific binding activity for [3H]NAE 14:0 was identified in suspension-cultured tobacco cells and in microsomes from tobacco leaves (apparent K  d of 74 and 35 nm,respectively); cannabinoid receptor antagonists reduced or eliminated specific [3H]NAE 14:0 binding, consistent with the physiological response. N-Oleoylethanolamine activatedPAL2 expression in leaves and diminished [3H]NAE 14:0 binding in microsomes, whereasN-linoleoylethanolamine did not activatePAL2 expression in leaves, and did not affect [3H]NAE 14:0 binding in microsomes. The nonionic detergent dodecylmaltoside solubilized functional [3H]NAE 14:0-binding activity from tobacco microsomal membranes. The dodecylmaltoside-solubilized NAE-binding activity retained similar, but not identical, binding properties to the NAE-binding protein(s) in intact tobacco microsomes. Additionally, high-affinity saturable NAE-binding proteins were identified in microsomes isolated from Arabidopsis and Medicago truncatula tissues, indicating the general prevalence of these binding proteins in plant membranes. We propose that plants possess an NAE-signaling pathway with functional similarities to the “endocannabinoid” pathway of animal systems and that this pathway, in part, participates in xylanase elicitor perception in tobacco.
Distribution of Fucose-Containing Xyloglucans in Cell Walls of the mur1 Mutant of Arabidopsis
Authors: Freshour Glenn , Bonin Christopher P. , Reiter Wolf-Dieter , Albersheim Peter , Darvill Alan G. , Hahn Michael G.
Published: April 2003

The monoclonal antibody, CCRC-M1, which recognizes a fucose (Fuc)-containing epitope found principally in the cell wall polysaccharide xyloglucan, was used to determine the distribution of this epitope throughout the mur1 mutant of Arabidopsis. Immunofluorescent labeling of whole seedlings revealed that mur1 root hairs are stained heavily by CCRC-M1, whereas the body of the root remains unstained or only lightly stained. Immunogold labeling showed that CCRC-M1 labeling within themur1 root is specific to particular cell walls and cell types. CCRC-M1 labels all cell walls at the apex of primary roots 2 d and older and the apices of mature lateral roots, but does not bind to cell walls in lateral root initials. Labeling with CCRC-M1 decreases in mur1 root cells that are undergoing rapid elongation growth such that, in the mature portions of primary and lateral roots, only the walls of pericycle cells and the outer walls of epidermal cells are labeled. Growth of the mutant on Fuc-containing media restores wild-type labeling, where all cell walls are labeled by the CCRC-M1 antibody. No labeling was observed in mur1hypocotyls, shoots, or leaves; stipules are labeled. CCRC-M1 does label pollen grains within anthers and pollen tube walls. These results suggest the Fuc destined for incorporation into xyloglucan is synthesized using one or the other or both isoforms of GDP-d-mannose 4,6-dehydratase, depending on the cell type and/or developmental state of the cell.
Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of Sorbitol Transporters from Developing Sour Cherry Fruit and Leaf Sink Tissues
Authors: Gao Zhifang , Maurousset Laurence , Lemoine Remi , Yoo Sang-Dong , van Nocker Steven , Loescher Wayne
Published: April 2003

The acyclic polyol sorbitol is a primary photosynthetic product and the principal photosynthetic transport substance in many economically important members of the family Rosaceace (e.g. almond [Prunus dulcis (P. Mill.) D.A. Webber], apple [Malus pumila P. Mill.], cherry [Prunus spp.], peach [Prunus persicaL. Batsch], and pear [Pyrus communis]). To understand key steps in long-distance transport and particularly partitioning and accumulation of sorbitol in sink tissues, we have cloned two sorbitol transporter genes (PcSOT1 andPcSOT2) from sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) fruit tissues that accumulate large quantities of sorbitol. Sorbitol uptake activities and other characteristics were measured by heterologous expression of PcSOT1 andPcSOT2 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Both genes encode proton-dependent, sorbitol-specific transporters with similar affinities (K  m sorbitol of 0.81 mm for PcSOT1 and 0.64 mm for PcSOT2). Analyses of gene expression of these transporters, however, suggest different roles during leaf and fruit development. PcSOT1 is expressed throughout fruit development, but especially when growth and sorbitol accumulation rates are highest. In leaves, PcSOT1 expression is highest in young, expanding tissues, but substantially less in mature leaves. In contrast, PcSOT2 is mainly expressed only early in fruit development and not in leaves. Compositional analyses suggest that transport mediated by PcSOT1 and PcSOT2 plays a major role in sorbitol and dry matter accumulation in sour cherry fruits. Presence of these transporters and the high fruit sorbitol concentrations suggest that there is an apoplastic step during phloem unloading and accumulation in these sink tissues. Expression of PcSOT1 in young leaves before completion of the transition from sink to source is further evidence for a role in determining sink activity.
Breakdown of Self-Incompatibility in a Natural Population ofPetunia axillaris Caused by Loss of Pollen Function
Authors: Tsukamoto Tatsuya , Ando Toshio , Takahashi Koichi , Omori Takahiro , Watanabe Hitoshi , Kokubun Hisashi , Marchesi Eduardo , Kao Teh-hui
Published: April 2003

Although Petunia axillaris subsp.axillaris is described as a self-incompatible taxon, some of the natural populations we have identified in Uruguay are composed of both self-incompatible and self-compatible plants. Here, we studied the self-incompatibility (SI) behavior of 50 plants derived from such a mixed population, designated U83, and examined the cause of the breakdown of SI. Thirteen plants were found to be self-incompatible, and the other 37 were found to be self-compatible. A total of 14 S-haplotypes were represented in these 50 plants, including two that we had previously identified from another mixed population, designated U1. All the 37 self-compatible plants carried either an SC1- or anSC2-haplotype.SC1SC1andSC2SC2homozygotes were generated by self-pollination of two of the self-compatible plants, and they were reciprocally crossed with 40 self-incompatible S-homozygotes (S1S1throughS40S40) generated from plants identified from three mixed populations, including U83. TheSC1SC1homozygote was reciprocally compatible with all the genotypes examined. The SC2SC2homozygote accepted pollen from all but theS17S17homozygote (identified from the U1 population), but theS17S17homozygote accepted pollen from theSC2SC2homozygote. cDNAs encoding SC2- and S17-RNases were cloned and sequenced, and their nucleotide sequences were completely identical. Analysis of bud-selfed progeny of heterozygotes carrying SC1 orSC2 showed that the SI behavior of S  C1 and S  C2 was identical to that of S  C1 andS  C2 homozygotes, respectively. All these results taken together suggested that the S  C2-haplotype was a mutant form of the S  17-haplotype, with the defect lying in the pollen function. The possible nature of the mutation is discussed.
Arabidopsis haiku Mutants Reveal New Controls of Seed Size by Endosperm
Authors: Garcia Damien , Saingery Virginie , Chambrier Pierre , Mayer Ulrike , Jürgens Gerd , Berger Frédéric
Published: April 2003

In flowering plants, maternal seed integument encloses the embryo and the endosperm, which are both derived from double fertilization. Although the development of these three components must be coordinated, we have limited knowledge of mechanisms involved in such coordination. The endosperm may play a central role in these mechanisms as epigenetic modifications of endosperm development, via imbalance of dosage between maternal and paternal genomes, affecting both the embryo and the integument. To identify targets of such epigenetic controls, we designed a genetic screen in Arabidopsis for mutants that phenocopy the effects of dosage imbalance in the endosperm. The two mutants haiku 1 andhaiku 2 produce seed of reduced size that resemble seed with maternal excess in the maternal/paternal dosage. Homozygoushaiku seed develop into plants indistinguishable from wild type. Each mutation is sporophytic recessive, and double-mutant analysis suggests that both mutations affect the same genetic pathway. The endosperm of haiku mutants shows a premature arrest of increase in size that causes precocious cellularization of the syncytial endosperm. Reduction of seed size in haikuresults from coordinated reduction of endosperm size, embryo proliferation, and cell elongation of the maternally derived integument. We present further evidence for a control of integument development mediated by endosperm-derived signals.
Insertional Inactivation of the Methionine S-Methyltransferase Gene Eliminates the S-Methylmethionine Cycle and Increases the Methylation Ratio
Authors: Kocsis Michael G. , Ranocha Philippe , Gage Douglas A. , Simon Eric S. , Rhodes David , Peel Gregory J. , Mellema Stefan , Saito Kazuki , Awazuhara Motoko , Li Changjiang , Meeley Robert B. , Tarczynski Mitchell C. , Wagner Conrad , Hanson Andrew D.
Published: April 2003

Methionine (Met) S-methyltransferase (MMT) catalyzes the synthesis of S-methyl-Met (SMM) from Met andS-adenosyl-Met (Ado-Met). SMM can be reconverted to Met by donating a methyl group to homocysteine (homo-Cys), and concurrent operation of this reaction and that mediated by MMT sets up the SMM cycle. SMM has been hypothesized to be essential as a methyl donor or as a transport form of sulfur, and the SMM cycle has been hypothesized to guard against depletion of the free Met pool by excess Ado-Met synthesis or to regulate Ado-Met level and hence the Ado-Met toS-adenosylhomo-Cys ratio (the methylation ratio). To test these hypotheses, we isolated insertional mmtmutants of Arabidopsis and maize (Zea mays). Both mutants lacked the capacity to produce SMM and thus had no SMM cycle. They nevertheless grew and reproduced normally, and the seeds of the Arabidopsis mutant had normal sulfur contents. These findings rule out an indispensable role for SMM as a methyl donor or in sulfur transport. The Arabidopsis mutant had significantly higher Ado-Met and lowerS-adenosylhomo-Cys levels than the wild type and consequently had a higher methylation ratio (13.8 versus 9.5). Free Met and thiol pools were unaltered in this mutant, although there were moderate decreases (of 30%–60%) in free serine, threonine, proline, and other amino acids. These data indicate that the SMM cycle contributes to regulation of Ado-Met levels rather than preventing depletion of free Met.
Knowledge production, consumption and impact: policy indicators for a changing world
Authors: Rowlands Ian
Published: April 2003

This paper provides a high‐level overview of some of the main research themes and preoccupations that are reported in this special ciber issue of Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives. The research activities of ciber are drawn together in the quest for a better understanding of the policy implications of large‐scale knowledge production systems against the backdrop of profound technical change, uncertainty over business models, and new forms of consumer behaviour. The paper presents a series of conceptual frameworks that aim to contextualise ciber’s work in bibliometrics, cybermetrics, research evaluation, scholarly communication, user studies, publishing strategies and policy analysis. The transparency that metrics can bring to the evaluation debate and the pivotal role of human information behaviour in determining those metrics, are discussed.
Information metrics and user studies
Authors: Tenopir Carol
Published: April 2003

Three questions – what can be studied; how can studies be done; and what can be measured – drive research methods and help to identify information metrics for user studies. User studies can investigate user needs, search strategies, or preferences. Observing and asking, the two main methods for conducting user studies, yield quantitative and qualitative data through studying patterns of behavior and insights into motivation. ciber (Centre for Information Behaviour and the Evaluation of Research, City University, London) is in a good position to continue supporting information user behavior studies that use a variety of methods to gather both qualitative and quantitative data and help establish consistent metrics.
(Mis)understanding the digital media revolution
Authors: Withey Richard
Published: April 2003

Describes recent confusion about the nature of the digital revolution and the impact of this on commercial and academic behaviour. Illustrates that the nature of the digital revolution in consumer use of information has shown phenomenal uptake in usage, if not revenues and that this has already begun to change the nature of consumer behaviour. Argues that the power of the Web to disintermediate and provide scale economies could well apply to STM publishing models and that consequential changes could be significant.
Digital information consumers, players and purchasers: information seeking behaviour in the new digital interactive environment
Authors: Nicholas David , Dobrowolski Tom , Withey Richard , Russell Chris , Huntington Paul , Williams Peter
Published: April 2003

Sketches the key characteristics of the newly information enfranchised general public (the digital information consumers). Portrays the digital consumer as all‐conquering/powerful, short on attention, promiscuous, untrusting and – above all – interested in speed of delivery. Argues for a fundamental re‐think of the concept of the information “user”. The Web, search engines etc. are creating a level‐playing field and a homogeneity which results in academics behaving more like the general consumer and the general consumer behaving more like an academic. Considers the overall outcomes and benefits of information acquisition.
Beyond outputs: new measures of biomedical research impact
Authors: Lewison Grant
Published: April 2003

Biomedical research evaluation has traditionally been based on analysis of outputs and their citations by other papers. However we should try to map the routes by which research actually improves patient care and reduces illness, and develop indicators for them. We must allow for the lengthy time‐scales involved and the importance of researchers being physically close to healthcare professionals, whose practice can be improved through international and governmental regulations and through approved guidelines. Each of these will depend on a body of research evidence. We must also evaluate the effects of research on policy makers and the public, who often learn about it through the World Wide Web and through the mass media, particularly newspapers. The latter provide a major bibliometric resource but one that needs to be tapped in individual countries using common standards in order to provide internationally‐comparable indicators.
Comparing the use of two DiTV transmission services: same service, different outcomes
Authors: Huntington Paul , Nicholas David , Williams Peter
Published: April 2003

NHS Direct Digital was available to almost exactly the same number of users in both Hull and London via two different transmission DiTV companies: Kingston Interactive Television (KIT) and HomeChoice. This paper employs metrics based on server generated logs to compare use and user differences between the two services. Server logs that record user activity on a real‐time and continuous basis were made available and used to make comparisons between the two services. The data were collected for both services over a similar period, February 2002 to May 2002. During this period the NHS Direct Digital service was visited by approximately 3,000 people and more than 5,000 NHS Direct videos were viewed. Making the study probably the largest analysis of health videos ever conducted.
Home electronic health information for the consumer: user evaluation of a DiTV video‐on‐demand service
Authors: Williams Peter , Nicholas David , Huntington Paul
Published: April 2003

Reports on a qualitative study exploring a highly innovative digital TV pilot service. Focus groups of medical and health information professionals, “condition‐specific” subjects and “general interest” volunteers were recruited to obtain views about the videos generally, in terms of their content and presentation. Issues such as terminology used and the appropriateness of using video to deliver various types of information were also explored; the latter in the light of log statistics indicating relatively low use of videos as compared to text‐based services. Results indicated that those who used the services tended to be avid seekers of information, who saw the service as a first port of call to obtain general information for wider consultation later. Differences emerged between medical professionals and the lay public regarding the use of language and involvement of patients in the videos. Text was regarded as a better medium for conveying some types of information, such as simple facts that might need to be consulted on a regular basis.
Modelling the diffusion of specialised knowledge
Authors: Warner Julian
Published: April 2003

This paper reviews developments from a study of the reception of the Research Assessment Exercise 1996. Research evaluation, including the value of citation analysis and the responsibilities attaching to publication of citation analyses, is considered. The distinctions made in the communication model for analysing reception, between dissemination and diffusion and between esoteric and exoteric media and communities, are developed further. Information transfer is represented as an explicable process. Possible further developments, including the appropriate relation to disciplines with related interests in the social communication of knowledge, are anticipated.
Digital journals, Big Deals and online searching behaviour: a pilot study
Authors: Nicholas David , Huntington Paul , Watkinson Anthony
Published: April 2003

Evaluates, through deep log analysis, the impact of “Big Deal” agreements on the online searching behaviour of users of the Emerald digital library Web site, which provides access to more than 150 journals in the fields of business and information science. The purpose of the evaluation was to map the online information seeking behaviour of the digital library user and to see whether those signed‐up to a Big Deal arrangement behaved any differently from the others. In general they did. The real surprise proved to be the strong consumer traits of the library’s users. Research reported here refers to the first stage of a three‐stage research project.
Personal style and behaviours
Authors: Reid Penny , Reid Tony
Published: April 2003

Presents a behavioural development product specifically validated for use in the UK and Ireland, based on a learning instrument that has been used successfully world‐wide for more than 30 years and by more than 40 million people. The article describes the history of the model, the methodology used for country validation, and a specific application in a UK organisation. By applying the same stringent psychometric criteria as for behavioural assessments that require third‐party interpretation, Inscape Publishing offers a user‐friendly and cost‐effective self‐assessment tool for use throughout organisations to provide a consistent language for defining and addressing behavioural, interpersonal and managerial issues.
The productivity and skills challenge
Authors: Giles Lesley , Campbell Mike
Published: April 2003

Levels of economic performance and prosperity, whilst historically high, are below those in some other countries. Relatively low productivity is a major determinant of this economic performance and increasing skill levels can have an important function in raising productivity. It is in this area that the new Skills for Business Network of Sector Skills Councils, supported by the Sector Skills Development Agency, intends to play a key role and hopes to make a real difference. This article discusses the productivity challenge within the UK and undertakes a brief assessment of the main skills priorities for this new UK‐wide network launched in 2002. The article considers the relationship between skills and workforce development and economic performance and discusses the issues this presents for the new network. It is clear that the UK productivity and skills challenge is great, but then so is the prize.
The power‐added manager: strategic leaders for the new millennium
Authors: Rowley Jennifer
Published: April 2003

The article defines the concept of the “power‐added” manager as a manager with exceptional competence and expertise in relation to their engagement with both knowledge and people, and links this concept to strategic leadership. Three areas of competence characterise the power‐added manager: knowledge management, social acumen, and global orientation. A model is proposed that identifies some of the key underlying competencies that will be exhibited by the power‐added manager in each of these areas.
Socio‐technical and ergonomic aspects of industrial technologies
Authors: Ahasan Rabiul , Imbeau Daniel
Published: April 2003

The growing global market means that new technologies, and even new industries, are constantly being introduced to new geographic areas. Often, these new areas have different backgrounds, languages and cultures than the area from which the technology is imported. This can give rise to tensions, which can result in strong resistance to the introduction of the technology at one level, or simply less than optimal operation of the technology at another. In order to avoid such problems, it is important to understand the environment in which the technology must operate, and to ensure that its introduction is carried out with a sensitivity to local cultural values. This paper explores these socio‐technical factors, and describes how the application of ergonomics, in its broadest sense, can be used to identify and remove barriers to successful technology transfer.
A review of improvement methods in manufacturing operations
Authors: Grünberg Thomas
Published: April 2003

There is a range of methodologies and techniques aimed at improving the effectiveness and efficiency of operational activity. Examples are business process reengineering, total quality management and organisation development. Such methods differ from each other in how “improvement” should be achieved and implemented and even what to improve. In this paper a number of improvement methods, together with their aims and implementation processes, are discussed. It becomes apparent from a review of these methods, based on the literature available, that none of the methods presented is particularly adept at identifying what to improve – how to find potential improvement areas. The paper describes a performance factor model and a measurement model designed to fill this gap; they are guides as to what to analyse and how to measure in improvement work.
Implementing wireless communications
Authors: O'Callaghan Jim
Published: April 2003

Engineers across many disciplines are becoming interested in wireless communication, however the plethora of standards, frequencies and technologies can lead to considerable confusion. This article presents some decision criteria to assist the reader selecting the most suitable technology. Further, it highlights other issues to prepare for integrating RF.
Radar is set to revolutionise road safety
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: April 2003

Solutions for using radar to alert drivers to obstacles in their path and possible collision already exist but they are too expensive. In most cases, only the more luxury models on the market offer the option of an adaptive cruise control system that uses radar. But the potential market and road safety benefits are massive. And much work is in progress to lower the cost of radar. This the reviews paper current state‐of‐the‐art in radar technology and highlights two notable developments for cutting the cost.
Wireless – introducing wireless proximity switches
Authors: Apneseth Christoffer , Dzung Dacfey , Kjesbu Snorre , Scheible Guntram , Zimmermann Wolfgang
Published: April 2003

Sensors and actuators are found in large numbers on every production line in every industry. And each and every one of them requires data and power cabling. Not only are these cables costly to install, they are also a frequent source of failure. ABB is introducing a novel wireless proximity switch that incorporates a communication module for the power supply, signal transmission and man‐machine communication, and so has no need for cables.
Vision systems feature at TEAM
Authors: Rooks Brian
Published: April 2003

A report on the vision systems featured at the new TEAM exhibition. The products and applications of three companies are highlighted. Two exhibitors have contrasting approaches to the application of vision: DVT takes the integrated route with “all in” intelligent cameras while Data Translation follows the PC‐based philosophy with separate frame grabbers. The third company discussed is Leica Geosystems and its laser tracker mobile measurement systems used for inspection of large components as well as the control and calibration of robots, machine tools and the like. Leica introduced a new handheld probe for inspecting deep cavities and a new laser radar system that, unlike the tracker, needs no reflectors mounted on the object under inspection.
Wireless capsule endoscopy
Authors: Glukhovsky Arkady
Published: April 2003

With the introduction of the flexible fiber optic endoscope in 1950s visualization of the esophagus, stomach, upper small bowel and colon became possible. The flexible shaft of the instrument carried the fiber optic light bundles, power and the optical elements. It also contained cables, which allowed for control over the direction of the instrument. Therefore, the instrument was of relatively large diameter, making gastroscopy, small bowel endoscopy and colonoscopy an uncomfortable procedure requiring sedation. Recent advances in development of low power complementary metal‐oxide silicon (CMOS) imagers, mixed signal application specific integrated circuit (ASICs) and white light emitting diodes (LEDs) made possible development of a new type of endoscope – the swallowable video capsule. We describe the development of a video‐telemetry capsule endoscope that is small enough to swallow (11×26 mm) and has no external wires, fiber optic bundles or cables. Extensive clinical and healthy volunteer trials have proved the effectiveness of the wireless endoscope in detection of pathologies in the GI tract.
A new low‐cost high‐performance quartz tuning‐fork temperature sensor
Authors: Jin He , Zhaoyang Chen , Jiang Lin , Jingmin Dai
Published: April 2003

This paper describes a new method designed for a quartz tuning‐fork temperature sensor. This sensor is designed with a new cut ZYtw(115°/15°) and it is shown that this worked best in flexural vibration mode. The way for raising signal to noise ratio and reducing equivalent resistor of the sensor were analyzed in theory. A manufacturing method has been determined to form and adjust the precise frequency, which could improve sensitivity and reduce non‐linearity.
Generation of frequency output for instrumentation applications using digital hardware
Authors: Zamora Mayela , Henry Manus , Peter Christian
Published: April 2003

The use of frequency output for measurement transmission remains common in the design of smart transmitters. Conventional methods of frequency generation, based on counting clock cycles, have a precision which is inversely proportional to the frequency to be generated. Consequently, frequency output precision could be much lower than the measurement precision. This paper describes a simple frequency generation technique which, when implemented in low‐cost hardware, provides a precision of 10−6 per cent for all frequencies. The method represents an intermediate non‐available frequency by dithering between two exact frequencies. Averaging over some reasonably short timescale provides the desired frequency to high precision.
Miniature mass spectrometry: implications for monitoring of gas discharges
Authors: Taylor S. , Gibson J.R. , Srigengan B.
Published: April 2003

In the last 10 years there has been an increasing trend towards miniaturisation in mass spectrometry. Miniature versions of magnetic sector, time of flight (TOF) and quadrupole mass spectrometers (QMS) have all been developed. Some of these systems use silicon microengineering technology, e.g. MEMS, to achieve the small geometries necessary, other systems use conventional engineering but on a reduced scale. The scientific advantages of miniaturisation include the ability to measure and monitor at higher vacuum pressures than hitherto (>10−2 mbar). Miniaturisation also offers advantages due to the reduced cost and resulting portable nature of the smaller instruments.
Risk and liability for consultants advising on the built heritage
Authors: Reyers John
Published: April 2003

Professional consultants are liable for damage resulting from negligent advice, design or acts. This research examines the perspectives of professionals involved in advice on the built heritage. It examines the risks for consultants as perceived by conservation advisory bodies, insurers, legal consultants and conservation consultants. The paper explores the risks assumed in conservation of the built heritage and control measures generally adopted. Results indicate two types of consultancy advice that incur different risk levels. Conservation consultancy can be separated by the knowledge and experience of the consultant(s) involved, either conservation awareness or general property and construction awareness only. The former can be further subdivided by the particular nature of their advice: advice relating to survey and valuation, and advice relating to repair and refurbishment. Consultants perceive clients to be divided into two categories: informed and uninformed. A typology of clients and professional consultants is presented, which indicates broad risk categories.
Constructionline: a review of current issues and future potential
Authors: Steele Andrew , Todd Stephen , Sodhi Dianne
Published: April 2003

Reviews the early years of the operation of the “one‐stop” approved list for public sector construction work in the UK. The findings of questionnaire studies of clients and contractors/consultants suggest that a majority of users are satisfied with the system but that some fine‐tuning is required to ensure further take‐up of Constructionline.
Cost factors affecting the design of ground‐ supported floors
Authors: Mills Anthony , Ashford Peter
Published: April 2003

The cost of concrete ground‐supported floor slabs represents a significant proportion of the total capital cost of industrial projects. There are many structural design issues that impact on the concrete contractors’ method of construction. This is becoming more apparent with the use of new high‐technology levelling and trowelling equipment, which has significantly increased the pour and finishing rates, resulting in much faster slab construction times compared with the traditional methods of construction. Selection of both the design and the construction methods exerts a large influence on the initial cost. According to the results of the research reported in this paper, it may be possible to save between 2‐4 per cent of the building cost if high technology solutions are incorporated into the design and construction process. This paper investigates cost issues that impact on the design and construction of ground‐supported floors for industrial buildings.
Proliferation of PVC‐U replacement windows and the ramifications for domestic vernacular detailing
Authors: Lane John H.
Published: April 2003

PVC‐U replacement windows are being installed in domestic property across the developed world. It could be argued that this is a result of vigorous marketing, a need for energy conservation and possibly creative advertising. Citizens in Europe, the USA, even former Soviet countries are embracing this material as a suitable remedy for corroded mild steel and decayed timber original sash windows within residential properties. This paper seeks to try to quantify the phenomenon of PVC‐U replacement windows and also to explore the aesthetic effects of such replacements and argues that they constitute a permanent heritage loss to vernacular architecture in maturing towns and cities within the UK and examines the implications across Europe.
Selection of demolition techniques: a case study of the Warren Farm Bridge
Authors: Anumba Chimay , Abdullah Arham , Fesseha Tewedros
Published: April 2003

There are numerous demolition techniques available to the demolition contractor from the well‐known blasting techniques to the less known hydrodemolition techniques. It is essential for the demolition contractor to be aware of the various types of demolition techniques available in the demolition industry and to know their advantages and disadvantages. It is also equally important for the demolition contractor to have a set of criteria to follow in order to arrive at the most appropriate demolition technique to employ on projects. This paper outlines the case study of the demolition of Warren Farm Bridge over the M1 motorway in the UK. The demolition was closely followed from the planning stage until the actual execution on‐site with the co‐operation of the demolition contractors and site agents. The paper also discusses the selection criteria for demolition techniques and as a result some guidelines for selecting a demolition technique have been produced.
Facilities management and planning for heritage sites: lessons learnt from a pilot study on disused military sites
Authors: Wai‐chung Lai Lawrence , Chi‐wing Ho Daniel
Published: April 2003

This short paper presents the lessons learnt for conservation planning of heritage sites from a pilot study on disused military structures on Devil’s Peak, Hong Kong. Stakeholders’ interest and surveying as facilities management factors should be well considered in the planning stage for heritage conservation. Thus, public education and involvement and on‐site land surveying is essential for future project success.
Are women “better” than men?
Authors: Guthrie James P. , Ash Ronald A. , Stevens Charles D.
Published: April 2003

Using data from 1,080 study participants, this study simulates a hiring scenario in which personality measures are used to screen candidates for a hypothetical expatriate (expat) position. On the basis of recent research indicating that selected “big five” personality variables are related to expat assignment success, an expatriate composite score was computed‐based on NEO personality inventory and Hogan personality inventory scale scores. Across these two personality instruments, four samples, and eight selection ratios, a greater proportion of women versus men are consistently “selected”. Statistical tests confirm that the use of personality criteria results in gender being significantly associated with selection outcomes. These results are consistent with arguments that women are dispositionally advantaged with respect to international assignments. These findings contrast sharply with extant evidence indicating that women hold relatively few expat positions.
Expatriate career intentions of women on foreign assignments and their adjustment
Authors: Selmer Jan , Leung Alicia S.M.
Published: April 2003

Despite an increasing demand for international executives, only the most determined women may get assigned abroad. Will this resolve for a career abroad also help them to become successful in their foreign assignment? To answer this question, Western female business expatriates in Hong Kong responded to a mail survey about their expatriate career intentions and their international adjustment. Controlling for the time they had been assigned to Hong Kong, the results show that the more determined the women are to pursue an expatriate career, the better is their interaction adjustment. This is a fundamental finding, as both the other two dimensions of sociocultural adjustment, general adjustment and work adjustment, are based on interpersonal interactions. Implications of these findings for globalizing firms as well as for their female employees are discussed.
An analysis of an incentive problem considering non‐monetary utility
Authors: Matsumura Ryohei , Kijima Kyoichi , Nakano Bumpei , Takahashi Shingo
Published: April 2003

The present paper describes a new approach to the agency model, which is a cybernetic model designed to analyze the situation in which an economic actor (the principal) controls the behavior of another actor (the agent), by including the factor of non‐monetary utility (intrinsic motivation). The new model addresses an incentive problem in an organization. An organization is considered to be a system constituted by the principal and the agent. Two state variables of this system, namely productivity and intrinsic motivation, are the focus of the present study. The effect of these variables on how to offer incentive is analyzed. The following results were obtained: when productivity is high and the strength of intrinsic motivation and uncertainty of output are low, organizations should introduce performance‐based incentive system.
E‐government in practice
Authors: Criado J. Ignacio , Carmen Ramilo M.
Published: April 2003

This article studies the experience of Web site use within the local level of government in Spain. It presents an empirical study supported by direct observation of the Web sites of all local councils in two Spanish regions, the Basque Country and Madrid, and it provides primary data about dimensions and indicators that measure their orientation to the citizens. Results confirm a preliminary level of Web site use, which means information prevalence over interaction, unidirectional relations over transactions online, and lacks in Web site management and style design. Finally, it discusses the impact of these results addressing our theoretical framework, including questions for future analysis about relations with new public management reform and local e‐government.
The importance of expectations on negotiation results
Authors: Cohen William A.
Published: April 2003

Investigation into negotiation has shown that there is a correlation between high expectations and the results attained: “the higher the expectations, the better the results”. This study investigates other effects of expectations on results including the influence of equally high expectations by both negotiators, the influence of the fallback position at which a negotiator is willing to settle, and the relative influence of high and low expectations on outcome, all of which are critical to managers who are negotiating either purchases or sales. In this study, negotiation experiments encompassing a total of 24 negotiations were conducted. The study demonstrated that the negotiator with the highest aspiration level did not necessarily win when both sides had similar aspiration levels. Moreover, it was found that maximum aspiration has a greater influence on positive outcome than minimum aspiration (fallback position) and that high aspiration has a greater influence on positive outcome than low aspiration.
Universal Model of theories determining FDI. Is there any dominant theory? Are the FDI inflows in the CEE countries and especially in Bulgaria a myth?
Authors: Bitzenis Aristidis
Published: April 2003

The paper refers to “a theoretical model” created by the author, named Universal Model, in which have been included most of the theories determining foreign direct investment (FDI). What derives from the literature review is that no theory dominates the decision‐making process of FDI. The opportunities a country has to offer change through time, and the different ways in which multinational enterprises (MNEs) evaluate the opportunities led the author to conclude that the concept of globalization is not valid for the theory of FDI. Special attention to the case of Bulgaria has been given. The main reason why the case of Bulgaria is of great interest is the fact that the conditions in the country at the beginning of its transition were some of the worst among the Central and Eastern European countries (CEEs). The conclusion is of extreme interest since economists, MNEs and entrepreneurs have a strong interest in countries that open their economies and target their efforts towards stabilizing and liberalizing their macro‐economic environment.
Why large local conglomerates may not work in emerging markets
Authors: Bhattacharyya Sanjay K. , Rahman Zillur
Published: April 2003

Some strategy authors suggest that in an emerging market a local conglomerate enjoys certain potential advantages over a smaller focused firm. It can leverage its corporate image to build customer loyalty and raise funds from the capital market. It can mobilise resources from within the group companies to invest in enhancing the corporate image, in developing its own management‐training centre, and for liaison with the government and bureaucracy. It can also avoid retrenchment of surplus employees by transferring them across the group companies. The authors, however, contend that many of the advantages mentioned above cannot be realised in practice and the top management finds it difficult to effectively manage a large conglomerate. They suggest a model, which will help a conglomerate decide which businesses to retain or divest. They also highlight certain strategies adopted by Indian firms to combat foreign competition in the domestic market.
Retailing and the regulatory state: a case study of lap dancing clubs in the UK
Authors: Jones Peter , Shears Peter , Hillier David
Published: April 2003

During the past decade research into retail regulation has become one of the key themes in the “new retail geography” but most of the work in this genre has been focussed on the retailing of goods and more particularly on food retailing. This paper is based in the retail services sector and provides a case study of local authority regulation of lap dancing clubs within the UK. The paper outlines the characteristics of lap dancing clubs, examines some of the issues that have influenced and informed the planning and licensing policies and regulations affecting such clubs, and discusses some of the issues raised by the regulation process.
Multi‐channel mistake: the demise of a successful retailer
Authors: Lightfoot William
Published: April 2003

Egghead Software, Inc. was a successful computer software and hardware multi‐channel retailer in the USA until the mid 1990s. Then, in 1998, they closed down their retail operations and Egghead Software, Inc. became Egghead.com – an eCommerce only retailer. This paper presents the key decisions, management changes, and environmental factors resulting in Egghead.com’s ultimate demise. Conclusions are made that can help retail and other sales channel managers and executives learn from Egghead’s mistakes, so that they can increase their market presence, strengthen their relationship with customers, and increase their power in the supply chain.
An asset‐based youth development model for preventing teen pregnancy: illustrations from the HEART of OKC project
Authors: Kegler Michelle , Rodine Sharon , Marshall LaDonna , Oman Roy , McLeroy Kenneth
Published: April 2003

Evidence is accumulating to suggest that positive youth development may be an effective approach to preventing teen pregnancy. Studies show that selected protective factors or “youth assets” are associated with lower levels of adolescent sexual risk behavior. This paper describes the development of “Healthy, empowered and responsible teens of Oklahoma City” (HEART of OKC), one of 13 CDC‐funded demonstration projects designed to mobilize community resources to prevent teen pregnancy. During a two‐year planning phase, HEART of OKC conducted needs and assets assessments in five, very diverse, inner‐city neighborhoods. Data collection methods included geocoding and mapping of teen birth rates and census data, over 100 key informant interviews, and 23 focus groups with 168 teens from the priority neighborhoods. Focus group findings suggested numerous opportunities for asset‐based interventions. Assessment findings were used to develop a conceptual model that served as the foundation of the project. Assessment findings were also helpful in the development of a survey instrument used in a major research project to provide baseline data for HEART of OKC and to examine the relationship between specific “youth assets” and several adolescent risk behaviors, including sexual activity.
The role of HIV knowledge on HIV‐related behaviours: a hierarchical analysis of adults in Trinidad
Authors: Norman Lisa R. , Carr Robert
Published: April 2003

The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of HIV knowledge on HIV‐related behaviours by developing an exploratory model based on social‐psychological theories of behaviour change. Data were analyzed from 1,351 male and female adults, both married and single, from Trinidad using hierarchical logistic regression. Higher levels of formal education were associated with higher levels of HIV knowledge while HIV knowledge was associated with concern about personal risk of HIV. HIV knowledge was also associated with both communicating with sex partners about HIV and condom possession as persons with higher levels of knowledge were more likely to talk to partners and to possess condoms. While HIV knowledge did not emerge as having a direct association with consistent condom use, both communication and condom possession (which are associated with HIV knowledge) did. The results suggest those HIV prevention programmes employing a poly‐theoretical approach could be effective in increasing talking about safer sex, possessing condoms and ultimately using condoms consistently.
A literature review of the health of Gypsy/Traveller families in Scotland: the challenges for health promotion
Authors: Smart Helen , Titterton Mike , Clark Colin
Published: April 2003

In this paper, findings from a detailed literature review (which was commissioned in March 2002 by Queen Margaret University College, UK) on Gypsy/Travellers’ health are presented as well as suggestions on where “gaps” exist in related empirical research. The review found that much of the existing research is out of date and found few thorough empirical studies of the health of Gypsy/Traveller communities in Scotland. The authors found that a predominant focus within the literature concerns health beliefs and cultural practices, with far less discussion about the material problems of poverty and social exclusion which affect Traveller communities. Emphasis is given in this paper to problems of access, health inequalities and wider concerns with social inclusion/exclusion. The authors identify the main challenges for health promotion among Gypsy/Traveller families in Scotland and argue that a key route to tackling social exclusion may lie in adopting a community development approach.