bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ABSORPTION, TRANSLOCATION AND EXUDATION OF DICHLOBENIL AND VERNOLATE IN FIELD HORSETAIL
Authors: COUPLAND D. , PEABODY D. V.
Published: March 2010

The absorption, translocation and exudation of 14C-labelled dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) and vernolate (S-propyl-dipropylthiocarbamate) in field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) were examined in glasshouse and laboratory experiments. When applied as a vapor, more dichlobenil was absorbed than vernolate, irrespective of whether the roots or shoots were exposed to the herbicide vapors. Neither herbicide was translocated to the shoots after root exposure to the 14C-vapor, but a small amount was translocated to the roots after shoot exposure. When applied in aqueous solution to the roots and rhizomes, more 14C was recovered from the rhizomes of plants treated with vernolate. Both herbicides were concentrated at the rhizome nodes. Small amounts of 14C (less than 0.5% of the applied activity) were found in the guttation fluid and in root exudates.
CONTROL OF GREEN FOXTAIL IN CEREALS WITH AC 206,784, ALONE AND IN MIXTURES WITH TRIALLATE FOR WILD OATS
Authors: O’SULLIVAN P. A. , CHOW P. N. P. , HUNTER J. H. , KIRKLAND K. J.
Published: March 2010

Control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) with AC 206,784 (2-chloro-N-isopropyl-2′,3′-acetoxylidide) was evaluated at four locations in western Canada. With soil applications, control was good at Lacombe in 1978 but poor at Lacombe and Regina during 1979. Control was good at Brandon and Scott in 1979. At two locations in 1979, soil surface (PE) applications were less effective for control of green foxtail than preplant-incorporated (PPI) treatments. PPI treatments to a depth of 5 cm were more effective than PPI to 10 cm. Soil applications of AC 206,784 did not control wild oats (Avena fatua L.) or injure wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions but did provide suppression of these species under greenhouse conditions. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) tolerance to AC 206,784 was good. Treating the soil zone containing the emerging coleoptiles of green foxtail and wheat caused more injury that treating the root zone. Application of AC 206,784 as a tank-mixture with triallate did not affect its activity on green foxtail or influence triallate activity on wild oats. In field and greenhouse experiments, control of green foxtail with AC 206,784 applied at the two-leaf stage was variable; at the four-leaf stage it was poor.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 55.: Ambrosia trifida L.
Authors: BASSETT I. J. , CROMPTON C. W.
Published: March 2010

Giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida L., is a weed of wet low-lying pastures, cultivated fields, orchards, roadside ditches, river banks, and waste places, particularly in southern areas of Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime provinces except Newfoundland. Original research and published information were incorporated into an account on the biology of this weedy, wind-pollinated species. The airborne pollen is known to cause considerable hay fever.
WATER REQUIREMENTS, AVAILABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT RESTRAINTS FOR INCREASED CROP PRODUCTIVITY IN CANADA
Authors: OOSTERVELD MARTIN , NICHOLAICHUK WALTER
Published: March 2010

When crop productivity is restricted because of the availability of water, the amount of water required to remove the limitation is known as the soil water deficit. Most regions of Canada have a water deficit even though annual precipitation may appear more than sufficient for maximum needs. Soils have insufficient storage capacity to take crops through extended periods without rain. All crops will suffer from a water deficit, but the impact on yield varies among species and the timing of the stress. Similarly, supplemental irrigation to eliminate the deficit results in varying yield response, depending on the severity and timing of stress. The greatest potential response from irrigation occurs in the southern Prairies and the interior valley in British Columbia. Productivity per unit area can be increased at least 400%. The long-term limitation to development on the prairies is a regional water shortage, which can only be overcome by huge investments in water diversions from north-flowing rivers. Irrigation development in Ontario is presently economically attractive and water sources can be developed locally. It is expected that geometric growth in irrigation development will take place, particularly if several dry years occur in succession. In the most humid portions of Canada, encompassing the five eastern provinces, irrigation development is likely to be limited to small areas of fruit and specialty crops where a small increase in yield justifies the cost of irrigation equipment.Key words: Irrigation, crop productivity, water deficit, water resources, development limitations
DISPOSITION OF NITROGEN AND SOLUBLE SUGARS IN MANITOU SPRING WHEAT AS INFLUENCED BY N FERTILIZER, TEMPERATURE AND DURATION AND STAGE OF MOISTURE STRESS
Authors: CAMPBELL C. A. , DAVIDSON H. R. , McCAIG T. N.
Published: March 2010

Manitou spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown at combinations of three different day/night temperatures (27/12 °C, 22/12 °C and 17/12 °C), three levels of fertilizer N (58, 116 and 174 kg N/ha), and three moisture stresses (nominally −0.03, −1.5 and −4.0 MPa) applied for four durations (viz., no stress throughout, stress from (i) four-tiller (Tg), (ii) boot (Bt), or (iii) flowering (Fl) stages to harvest (Hvst)). Plant and soil samples were analyzed at eight growth stages. Plants grown at 22/12 °C or 17/12 °C and given 116 or 174 kg N/ha lost some N between heading and flowering. Plant N content (dry weight × % N) was depressed by moisture stress in proportion to the duration of the stress even though N concentration was increased. Plant N content was not greatly affected by temperature due to the compensating effects of temperature on dry matter and N concentration. N content of heads was depressed most by moisture stress applied from the Bt stage. Between Fl and Hvst the roots, leaves and stems lost an average 27, 39 and 63% of their N content, respectively. Stems could have contributed a maximum of about 30%, roots 14%, leaves 10% and chaff 7% of the grain N content at Hvst; thus, almost 40% of the grain’s N was taken up during grain filling. An average 75% of the aboveground plant N was located in the grain. At 27/12 °C nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration in stems reached a maximum at Fl compared to dough stage at 22/12 °C, but it decreased rapidly thereafter. In contrast to N concentration, NSC concentration in stems was lowest at 27/12 °C; also, moisture stress from Bt or Tg stages decreased NSC concentration. Like N content, NSC content was reduced in proportion to the duration of moisture stress. High temperature, N fertilizer, and moisture stress from Tg or Bt stages (conditions favoring high grain protein) increased the proportion of the vegetative organs’ weight loss, between Fl and Hvst, that was N-linked. The amount of NSC-associated dry matter lost from stems during grain filling was generally greater for late or low moisture stressed plants, for plants grown under cooler conditions, and for plants grown at higher N rates (conditions favoring greater grain yields). Of the moisture treatments, stress applied from Fl increased NSC-associated dry matter lost from stems the most, probably suggesting that assimilate translocation was used by the plant to compensate for reduced flag-leaf-produced photosynthate. Respiration losses associated with NSC translocation from stems to heads was greater at 22/12° than at 17/12 °C; there was little NSC translocation apparent at T27/12 °C.Key words: Plant nitrogen, soluble sugars, nitrogen effect, temperature effect, moisture stress effect, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
AN EVALUATION OF SEVERAL CHEMICAL TESTS AS POSSIBLE SELECTION MEASURES FOR WINTERHARDINESS IN WHEAT
Authors: GUSTA L. V. , FOWLER D. B. , TYLER N. J.
Published: March 2010

Ten chemical characters and crown LT50s were measured on 14 cold-hardened cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) to determine their usefulness in winter survival prediction tests. Differences among genotypes with a range of cold hardiness potential (LT50 −13 °C to −20 °C) were significant for 6 to 10 characters evaluated. Crown LT50 was the best prediction of field survival (FSI). Cell sap viscosity, total crown nitrogen, crown ethanol, insoluble nitrogen, and crown uronic acid were highly correlated with both FSI and LT50. Proline, pH and ATP were not significantly correlated with either FSI or LT50.Key words: Chemical tests, selection, winterhardiness, wheat
YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF BROMEGRASS-ALFALFA AS AFFECTED BY AMMONIUM NITRATE AND AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS
Authors: HOLT N. W.
Published: March 2010

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer at rates to 44 kg/ha increased the dry matter yield of bromegrass-alfalfa at all levels of monoammonium phosphate application. Nitrogen fertilizer increased the yield of the grass and decreased the yield of alfalfa. As a result, N content of the forage was generally decreased while total uptake of nitrogen was increased with fertilizer. Rates of N to 22 kg∙ha−1∙yr−1 did not result in an accumulation of NO3–N in the 0- to 30-cm soil zone while higher rates only marginally increased soil NO3–N.Key words: Bromegrass, alfalfa, fertilizer
FALL AND SPRING APPLICATIONS OF EPTC AND TWO ANTIDOTES FOR WEED CONTROL IN CORN
Authors: MOYER J. R. , DRYDEN R. D. , CHOW P. N. P.
Published: March 2010

EPTC and the antidotes, R25788 (N, N-diallyldichloroacetamide) and R29148 (2, 2, 5-trimethyl-3-dichloroacetyl oxazolidine) were applied to field plots of corn (Zea mays L.) in the fall or spring from the fall of 1975 to the spring of 1978. Soil samples were taken from selected treatments in the fall of 1977 and spring of 1978. Residues of EPTC, R25788, and R29148 were measured by gas liquid chromatography. Much better weed control and higher corn yields were obtained with spring applications than with fall applications. EPTC at the highest rate of 13.4 kg/ha, without the antidotes, did not injure corn. Over 95% of the EPTC present in the soil on 24 Oct. 1977 had disappeared by 30 May 1978. Levels of EPTC on 30 May 1978 were appreciably higher following spring application. Neither R25788 nor R29148 disappeared faster than EPTC from the surface layer of soil.Key words: EPTC, R25788, R29148, soil residues, corn
SOD-SEEDING BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL IN ESTABLISHED ORCHARDGRASS WITH OVERALL OR BANDED HERBICIDES
Authors: NICHOLS R. L. , PETERS R. A.
Published: March 2010

Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L. ’Viking’) was seeded directly into a predominantly orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) sward following overall or banded applications of paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4, 4′-bipyridinium ion, as dichloride salt) or glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine, as isopropylamine salt] to determine the degree of sward control necessary for stand establishment without tillage. Effects of the herbicide treatments and the seeding on botanical composition and dry matter production were determined by a vertical intercept technique and by hand separations of harvests into botanical components. Trefoil establishment was proportional to the degree of sward control during the seeding year. Little trefoil was established by direct seeding without herbicides. The banded herbicide treatments were less effective than overall herbicide applications for trefoil establishment. Trefoil yield obtained following overall application of paraquat was approximately 65% of that obtained following overall glyphosate treatment.Key words: Dactylis glomerata, glyphosate, Lotus corniculatus, herbicide, no-tillage, paraquat
LIGHT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF GRAND RAPIDS LETTUCE
Authors: CRAKER L. E. , SEIBERT M.
Published: March 2010

The role of photoperiod and irradiance level on growth and development of lettuce was investigated at two stages of plant growth. Vegetative dry weights and the number of leaves are primarily influenced by length of the photoperiod with most growth occurring under long photoperiods and high irradiances. Leaf area of mature plants was related to the input of light energy suggesting a photoregulatory process in the plant that optimizes leaf size for intercepting a constant amount of photosynthetic light.Key words: Lactuca sativa, growth, development, photoperiod, irradiance, light energy
VARIABILITY IN POD FILLING CHARACTERISTICS OF PEAS (Pisum sativum L.) UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: MAHON J. D. , HOBBS S. L. A.
Published: March 2010

The average rates of pod dry weight increase, final pod weights and durations of pod growth were estimated for peas (Pisum sativum L.) growing in the field. The effects of plant genotype, field location and the time of season on these characters were studied in several populations of pea genotypes. Rate of pod filling and final pod weight were both affected by genotype, year and initiation time during the season. Effective duration of pod filling was not affected by any of these factors and final pod weight was always strongly related to the rate of filling. For 46 genotypes, the rate of pod filling ranged from 16 to 75 mg∙day−1 in a single location. Despite the large environmental and seasonal variation, the interactions with genotype were small and estimates of broad sense heritability were high. Across genotypes, rate of pod filling was correlated with weight per 100 seeds and final seed yields. The large changes in rate of pod filling during the season were similar in pattern in 2 yr. However, because this pattern was similar in populations with different flowering times, and because of the significant relationship to the changes in irradiance during both seasons, it is suggested that these seasonal changes in pod filling are of environmental rather than developmental origin.Key words: Pod bulking, seed development, pod development, seasonal changes, growth rate, duration
ASPEN POPLAR CONTROL WITH 2,4-D FORMULATIONS
Authors: BOWES GARRY
Published: March 2010

Aspen poplar (Populus tremuloides Michx.) control during 2 of 3 yr with 2.2 kg/ha of the butoxyethanol ester formulation of 2,4-D was as effective as with the mixed butyl esters. In the third year the mixed butyl esters were superior. At the same application rate, the dimethylamine salt and a mixture of the dodecyl and tetradecyl amine salts of 2,4-D did not control aspen poplar.Key words: Aspen poplar, 2,4-D
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE DURING GRAIN FILLING ON WHOLE PLANT AND GRAIN YIELD IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
Authors: BADU-APRAKU B. , HUNTER R. B. , TOLLENAAR M.
Published: March 2010

In a 2-yr study, plants of an adapted, short-season single cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid were grown outdoors until 18 days post-silking. At that stage, the plants were transferred to controlled-environment growth cabinets where temperature effects on leaf senescence, grain and whole plant dry matter (DM) production and DM distribution were studied. The day/night temperature regimes were 25/15 °C, 25/25 °C, 35/15 °C and 35/25 °C. Higher temperatures reduced whole plant DM accumulation during grain filling. The reduction in DM accumulation was primarily related to a reduction in the period of time from 18 days post-silking until 100% leaf senescence and, to a limited extent, to a lower rate of whole plant DM production. Grain yield per plant was also lower under higher temperatures. The decreases in grain yield were almost entirely determined by a shorter duration of grain filling, while no temperature effect was observed on kernel growth rates or on kernel number per ear. During rapid grain filling, the increase in kernel DM results from utilization of a combination of assimilates temporarily stored in the vegetative plant parts and assimilates produced through current photosynthesis. Under the highest temperature regime, assimilates remobilized from other plant parts accounted for a greater proportion of kernel weight gain. In addition, there was an indication that higher night temperatures resulted in an increased proportion of gain in kernel weight resulting from remobilization of stored DM.Key words: Corn, temperature, grain-filling period, grain growth, yield components, leaf senescence
INFLUENCE DU GENOTYPE ET DU LIEU SUR LE NOMBRE D’OVULES PRESENTS A LA FLORAISON CHEZ LE MAIS
Authors: DERIEUX M. , DUBURCQ J.-B. , BONHOMME R. , RUGET F. , VINCOURT P.
Published: March 2010

The number of ovules of the first ear of maize (Zea mays L.) at silking time was studied on three single crosses ranging from very early flint to late maturing, in three locations, from the northern limit of culture for grain to good irrigated conditions of the southeastern part of France. The results show that the ovule number is mainly determined by genotypes and increases with lateness; means are as follows: F7 × F2, 338; WH × WJ, 448; W64A × F546, 589 ovules. The variation among environments is characterized by a CV of 9% but is not significant. Nevertheless a part of this variation seems to be explained by the duration, in terms of heat units, of the sowing-silking period.Key words: Zea mays L., ovule number, genotype-environment interaction
THE DIGESTIBILITY BY PIGS OF DRY MATTER, ENERGY, PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS IN WHEAT CULTIVARS. I. GLENLEA, NEEPAWA, INIA-66, PITIC-62 AND TWIN, COMPARED WITH BONANZA BARLEY
Authors: ANDERSON D. M. , BELL J. M.
Published: March 2010

Wheat cultivars (Triticum vulgare L., ’Glenlea,’ ’Neepawa,’ ’Inia-66,’ ’Pitic-62’ and ’Twin’) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L., ’Bonanza’) were compared in digestion trials with six 40-kg barrows in a 6 × 6 latin square experiment. The diets contained 95.7% ground grain, 0.5% chromic oxide feces marker, mineral and vitamin supplements. Inia-66, Neepawa and Pitic-62 wheats had higher dry matter, energy and protein digestibility coefficients than Glenlea or Twin. Barley yielded the lowest values mainly because of having a higher fiber (hull) content and a lower protein content than the wheat samples. The digestible energy values (MJ/kg) also showed Glenlea and Twin wheats to be inferior (P < 0.05) to the other three cultivars. Differences in digestible crude protein (DCP) and in amino acid availability showed Neepawa and Pitic-62 to be superior to Twin. Lysine was the least available of the essential amino acids; 66–74% vs. 79% for the average of all amino acids in wheat. The variations in DCP and lysine availability in wheat may be more important nutritionally than the variations in DE.Key words: Digestibility, wheat, protein, energy, amino acids, pigs
THE DIGESTIBILITY BY PIGS OF DRY MATTER, ENERGY, PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS IN WHEAT CULTIVARS. II. FIFTEEN CULTIVARS GROWN IN TWO YEARS, COMPARED WITH BONANZA AND FERGUS BARLEYS, AND 3CW-GRADE HARD RED SPRING WHEAT
Authors: ANDERSON D. M. , BELL J. M.
Published: March 2010

Fifteen wheat cultivars (Triticum vulgare L.) and two barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.), some grown in two or three different years, were evaluated in two digestion trials with pigs of 40 kg initial weight. Some samples had frost damage. Each cultivar was measured for bulk weight (kg/hL), weight in g/1000 kernels, kernel plumpness and percent germination. The grains and feces were analyzed for gross energy, crude protein and amino acids. The diets comprised 95.7% ground grain, 0.5% chromic oxide, and mineral and vitamin supplements. Crude protein (N × 6.25) ranged from 11.1 to 19.7%. In terms of digestibility of energy, digestibility of protein, content of digestible crude protein (DCP), available lysine and digestible energy (DE), the wheat cultivars Inia-66 and Neepawa ranked highest, followed by Norquay, then Glenlea, Pitic-62 and PFW606A. Within cultivar, year-to-year differences were observed as well as some effects of frost damage. Cultivar differences in DE were found but DCP and available lysine were identified as the most important nutritional criteria for wheat to be used as the major grain in the animal diet. Environmental conditions affecting crop growth and seed maturity may be as important as genetic differences between cultivars in regard to nutritional quality evaluations as measured in these trials.Key words: Digestibility, wheat, protein, energy, amino acids, pigs
EFFECTS OF VEGETATION DECOMPOSITION AND CARBOFURAN ON ESTABLISHMENT AND YIELD OF SOD-SEEDED ALFALFA
Authors: DOWLING P. M. , LINSCOTT D. L.
Published: March 2010

The effect of varying degrees of sward decomposition and carbofuran at 1.1 kg a.i./ha on establishment and yield of sod-seeded alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ’Iroquois’) was assessed at Ithaca, N.Y. during 1980 on four sites differing in botanical composition and canopy architecture. Differential decomposition was achieved by applying the herbicide glyphosate (2.2 kg a.i./ha) at three sequential times before a late May seeding. The influence of lime and charcoal on alfalfa establishment was also evaluated. Seedling numbers generally increased with progressively earlier killing of vegetation, though the pattern differed at each site. Seedling numbers were lowest on the quackgrass sod and highest on the haysod sites. Carbofuran application increased seedling numbers, particularly at the latest glyphosate application time. Lime and charcoal had little effect. The influence of decomposition time was not transient since treatment differences up to 1 yr after planting were still apparent. The data presented suggest that allelopathic factors and to a lesser extent arthropod activity limit seedling numbers and the early growth of sod-seeded alfalfa.Key words: Decomposition, carbofuran, sod-seeding, alfalfa
A COMPARISON OF COLD HARDINESS AND ICE ENCASEMENT TOLERANCE OF TIMOTHY GRASS AND WINTER WHEAT
Authors: ANDREWS C. J. , GUDLEIFSSON B. E.
Published: March 2010

In the falls of 1979 and 1980 Salvo timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.) showed cold hardiness similar to Norstar winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) but significantly greater hardiness than Fredrick winter wheat. Ice tolerance of Salvo, with LI50 values of 29 and 45 days in the 2 yr, was more than twice that of the wheats. In controlled environments, seedlings of three timothy cultivars showed relatively low cold hardiness, but about threefold greater ice tolerance than the wheats. An Icelandic timothy cultivar, Korpa, showed greater ice tolerance than the Norwegian Engmo, and the Canadian cultivar Salvo. Fredrick wheat, and Korpa timothy cold hardened at a similar rate for 4 wk, but Korpa continued to harden to − 18 °C up to 6 wk of low temperature growth. Korpa rapidly attained a high tolerance to ice encasement in 2 wk of low temperature growth while Fredrick attained relatively low ice tolerance reaching a maximum at 3 wk of growth. There is little association between cold and ice tolerance in timothy, and there is a major difference in the ice tolerances of timothy and winter wheat. This high ice tolerance is likely to be a major cause of the superior survival of timothy in conditions of high winter stress. Key. words: Triticum, Phleum, acclimation, resistance, low temperature, frost
INFLUENCE DE LA FERTILISATION AZOTEE ET DE L’ECARTEMENT ENTRE LES RANGS DE CEREALES-ABRI RECOLTEES COMME FOURRAGE SUR L’ETABLISSEMENT DE LA LUZERNE
Authors: DEPUIS GILLES
Published: March 2010

The effect of companion crop management on the establishment of alfalfa was evaluated. The studied variables included species of cereals, row spacing and seeding rate of companion crop, stage of maturity of the companion crop at harvest, and an additional nitrogen fertilizer application. The cereals were harvested as forage. In the year after the seeding year, the first yield of alfalfa was determined. In seven trials, forage yields of a pure stand of alfalfa were 3350 kg/ha in the first cut of the seeding year. These yields averaged 60% of forage yields obtained from the combination of alfalfa and companion crop. However, cereals substantially reduced the total digestible nutrients, crude protein and calcium contents of the forage as compared to the pure alfalfa. The additional 38 kg/ha of nitrogen at tillering provided an extra yield of 600 kg/ha. Row spacing had little or no effect on forage yield. Even though wider spacings has considerably reduced seeding rates increased spacing from 18 to 54 cm did not affect barley yield while wheat was reduced by 400 kg/ha and oat increased by 300 kg/ha. Also, the average number of stems per meter of row increased by 89% with an average weight gain of 23% for each stem at the 54-cm spacing. At the first cut in the year following establishment, yields of alfalfa established with a companion crop were equal to or lower than those in pure stand. Yield reductions varied from 0 to 13% with barley and wheat but approached 30% when oats were seeded in 18-cm rows. However, the yield reduction was only 14% in the 54-cm row spacing of oats.Key words: Medicago sativa L., nitrogen fertilization, companion crop
GENETIC VARIATION AND CORRELATION OF AGRONOMIC TRAITS IN TALL FESCUE (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) GERMPLASM
Authors: ARAUJO M. R. A. de , COULMAN B. E. , FARIS M. A. , WROBEL C.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-seven accessions of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were studied for total genetic variability and phenotypic and genotypic correlations among eight traits. The traits were annual dry matter yield, height, spreading ability, volume, first cut recovery, second cut recovery, incidence of diseases and number of days to heading. Highly significant differences existed among accessions for all characters. The ratios of genetic to phenotypic variances were relatively high in magnitude for most of the traits, except first cut recovery and disease score, indicating that most of the characters were mainly under genetic control. However, the ratios of genotype × year interactions to phenotypic variances were quite large for some characters, particularly second cut recovery. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations were obtained between the different characters measured. Genotypic correlations were slightly higher than phenotypic correlations for most of the traits. Annual dry matter yield was significantly and positively correlated, with all traits measured with the exception of disease incidence where this association was negative. Selection for yield using heading date and height as an index may be possible in the development of superior tall fescue cultivars. Certain accessions appeared to have good yielding capacity, being superior to the check cultivar, Alta, in this character. These accessions were also as winterhardy as the check, and thus could prove useful as source material in a breeding program.Key words: Phenotypic correlation, genotypic correlation, genotype × year interactions
CROP COMPETITION AIDS EFFICACY OF WILD OAT HERBICIDES
Authors: SHARMA M. P. , BORN W. H. VANDEN
Published: March 2010

Field experiments were conducted over a 2-yr period to evaluate the need for competition by crop plants along with the application of postemergence herbicides for wild oat (Avena fatua L.) control in barley and wheat. Barban, difenzoquat, and barban plus difenzoquat were used in barley and barban, benzoylprop ethyl, diclofop methyl, flamprop methyl, and barban plus benzoylprop ethyl were used in wheat, at the two-leaf stage and the four-leaf stage of wild oats seeded alone or in a crop. Barban and diclofop methyl were effective for wild oat control at both the two-leaf and four-leaf stage of wild oats. Benzoylprop ethyl, difenzoquat and flamprop methyl alone or in combination with barban were more effective at the four-leaf than at the two-leaf stage of wild oats. Herbicide treatments increased barley yield up to 84% and wheat yield up to 177%. In the absence of herbicide treatments, crop competition from barley or wheat reduced the wild oat dry weight by about 50%. Competition by crop plants was essential for effective wild oat control with all foliage-applied wild oat herbicides included in this study.Key words: Competition, crop, wild oat, herbicides, wheat, barley
EFFECT OF CULTIVAR, MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE AND RAPESEED OIL ON RIPENING AND DECAY OF MATURE-GREEN TOMATOES
Authors: ANDERSON M. G. , POAPST P. A.
Published: March 2010

Mature-green fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum ’Cabot’ and ’Cal J’) were stored at 13 °C in air, or in a modified atmosphere (MA) formed by sealing five fruit in a 1-mil low-density polyethylene bag. MA fruit ripened more slowly and decayed less than those in air. Cal J fruit had a higher dry matter content, ripened more slowly, decayed less, and produced MA atmospheres with 2% lower carbon dioxide and 17 μL/L less ethylene than Cabot. Weight losses in storage were measured. The main rot organisms were Alternaria alternata and Fusarium spp. Coating the stem scars with rapeseed oil had little effect on ripening and resulted in more Penicillium expansum rot. MA storage could extend the field crop marketing period.Key words: Tomato, modified atmosphere, storage, diseases, ripening
INFLUENCE DE LA FERTILISATION N, P ET K SUR LA COMPOSITION CHIMIQUE DU TABAC A CIGARETTE
Authors: LAMARRE MICHEL
Published: March 2010

The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on the chemical composition of field grown flue-cured tobacco was studied for a 3-yr period. The study consisted of 64 treatments replicated three times. It was conducted on a Soulanges sandy loam and an Uplands sand. In both soils, nitrogen and potassium showed the same trends. Nitrogen fertilizer increased nicotine content, total nitrogen and total alkaloids and reduced the percentage of reducing sugars. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer decreased the nicotine content, total nitrogen and total alkaloids and increased the reducing sugars.Key words: Cigarette tobacco, chemical composition, alkaloids, nicotine, fertilization, Nicotiana tabacum L.
GROWTH AND MOLYBDENUM CONCENTRATION OF BURLEY TOBACCO AS INFLUENCED BY POTASSIUM, MOLYBDENUM, AND CHLORIDE IN TRANSPLANT FERTILIZER SOLUTIONS
Authors: EIVAZI F. , SIMS J. L. , CASEY M. , JOHNSON G. D. , LEGGETT J. E.
Published: March 2010

Burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. ’Ky 14’) was grown in greenhouse and field experiments at Lexington, Kentucky, on Maury silt loam soil (Typic Paleu-dalf) during 1979 and 1980. The purposes of the investigation were to evaluate the effect of liquid fertilizer (grade 10-34-0) with varying sources and amounts of K on growth and Mo uptake by tobacco, and to obtain information useful in developing a transplant fertilizer solution for tobacco production systems. In the field, plants were set by hand and 175 mL of fertilizer solution were applied directly to the root zone of each plant. An increase in dry weight of 19% over the water control was obtained at 50 days from additions of the N-P solution containing a total of 2.77 kg N and P in 378 L of transplant solution. An additional 19% increase in dry weight above the control was obtained from adding KCl (1.76 kg) and Mo (0.026 kg) to 378 L of the above N-P transplant solution. Application of transplant fertilizer markedly affected the Mo concentration of tobacco. Solutions containing KCl and KH2PO4 resulted in highest plant Mo concentrations and those containing K2SO4 had lowest Mo concentration. In the greenhouse, plant Mo concentration increased as rate of CaCl2∙2H2O fertilizer increased and the effect of CaCl2∙2H2O was greater at high than low additions of Na2MoO4∙2H2O fertilizer. The mechanism for the positive effect of chloride salts on Mo uptake by plants is unknown.Key words: Tobacco, fertilizer solution, molybdenum, potassium chloride, transplanting
DIFFERENTIAL EXCISED-LEAF WATER RETENTION CAPABILITIES OF Triticum CULTIVARS GROWN IN FIELD AND CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: CLARKE JOHN M.
Published: March 2010

There was a significant genotype × environment interaction for water retention capability of excised leaves in the cultivar Pitic 62, but not in Canuck, Pelissier or Hercules. The water retention capability of Pitic 62 was greater in the controlled than in the field environment. This difference was not caused by different stomate numbers under the two environments.Key words: Excised leaf, water retention, wheat
OAC WOODSTOCK OATS
Authors: REINBERGS E.
Published: March 2010

OAC Woodstock is a new, large-seeded, white hulled oat with high yield, low hull percent and excellent resistance to crown rust and smut in Eastern Canada. It was licensed for sale in Canada in April 1982. Breeder seed of OAC Woodstock is maintained by the Crop Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.Key words: Avena sativa L., crown rust resistance, smut resistance
DELAY OF ONSET OF LEAFROLL SYMPTOM EXPRESSION IN Vitis vinifera ’LIEMBERGER’ FROM RIBAVIRIN-TREATED IN VITRO CULTURES
Authors: STEVENSON J. H. , MONETTE P. L.
Published: March 2010

Ribavirin added at a concentration of 10 mg/L or more to in vitro cultures of Vitis vinifera ’Liemberger’ infected with grapevine leafroll delayed the onset of symptom expression by an average of 50 days. At the concentrations tested, the effect was independent of drug concentration and a 30-day treatment was as effective as a 90-day treatment.Key words: Ribavirin, tissue culture, grapevine leafroll
RIEGER ELATIOR BEGONIA SAANRED
Authors: LIN W. C. , MOLNAR J. M.
Published: March 2010

Saanred is a new begonia with attractive double bright red flowers, finely serrated leaves, and self-supporting stems. It has a compact growth habit and is suitable for year-round greenhouse production as a potted plant.Key words: Begonia, new cultivar, description
ALSTROEMERIA ALSAAN
Authors: LIN W. C. , MOLNAR J. M.
Published: March 2010

Alsaan is a new Alstroemeria cultivar suitable for greenhouse production as a cut flower. It has a vigorous growth habit, strong stems, and large attractive orange flowers.Key words: Alstroemeria, cultivar, description
COMPARISON OF GRAIN YIELD AND WHOLE-PLANT SILAGE PRODUCTION OF RECOMMENDED CORN HYBRIDS
Authors: VATTIKONDA M. R. , HUNTER R. B.
Published: March 2010

A 2-yr study was conducted at Elora and Brucefield, Ont. to examine the relationship between grain yield following grain physiological maturity and whole-plant dry matter (DM) yield and quality determined at the stage desirable for ensiling. Quality parameters analyzed include in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVD) of the stover, IVD of the whole plant, stover lignin content and stover protein content. There was a significant linear relationship between the performance of hybrids for grain yield production and their yield for silage production. However, the relationship was not complete enough to permit reliable selection of hybrids for silage production based on grain yield performance (coefficients of determination were 0.23 and 0.25 for Elora and Brucefield, respectively). Grain dry matter content, however, provided a satisfactory estimate of whole-plant maturity for silage production. Coefficients of determination between grain DM content and whole-plant DM content were 0.71 and 0.53 for Elora and Brucefield, respectively. There was considerable variation among hybrids for lignin content and IVD of stover. Differences were much less for whole-plant IVD. The findings of this study support the need for separate evaluation trials for corn grown for whole-plant silage production as opposed to grain production.Key words: Zea mays, corn silage, grain yield, hybrid performance
RENDEMENT EN GRAINS DE PARCELLES DE CEREALES DE PRINTEMPS ORIGINANT DE SEMENCES CONTAMINEES PAR DES Fusarium spp
Authors: COUTURE LUC
Published: March 2010

Seed lots from different cultivars of oats (Avena sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) were compared in yield tests at two sites in Quebec. For each cultivar, two seed lots were used, one with a low level of seed-borne Fusarium (average 4%) and the other with a high level (average 47%). Yield increases or decreases in the presence of Fusarium were observed according to cultivars. Positive or negative trend in yield was similar at both sites but with different magnitudes. Barley was the most affected cereal with three out of four cultivars undergoing yield decrease. One wheat cultivar out of three sustained yield decrease and none of the three oats suffered damage by Fusarium. Seed germination appears to be a factor to consider in selecting lots for such comparisons.Key words: Yield, Avena sativa, Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Fisarium, cultivars
BROMEGRASS AND ALFALFA ESTABLISHMENT WITH A WHEAT COMPANION CROP IN NORTHEASTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: WADDINGTON J. , BITTMAN S.
Published: March 2010

Yields of pure stands of alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.) and bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) established on summer fallow with and without a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) companion crop were compared at Melfort in three tests, each maintained for 4 yr. In two experiments out of three, yields over the 4-yr period were greater when the alfalfa or bromegrass was seeded alone; bromegrass produced more dry matter than alfalfa. Both forages produced much more dry matter in the seedling year when seeded without a cover crop, and this effect carried over into the first harvest year. In the second and third crop years, bromegrass seeded with wheat produced more dry matter than when seeded alone, whereas seeding method had no significant influence on alfalfa production. Seeding the wheat at 50 kg/ha, half the normal rate, did not improve forage establishment significantly, and made no consistent difference in the amount of grain produced. In all three experiments, soil fertility was high, and moisture was adequate for seedling establishment. It is argued that low light levels under the companion crop were the primary cause of poorer seedling growth in these conditions.Key words: Bromegrass, alfalfa, spring wheat, companion crops, forage yield, forage establishment
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 58. Galinsoga parviflora and G. quadriradiata (= G. ciliata).
Authors: WARWICK S. I. , SWEET R. D.
Published: March 2010

A summary of biological information is provided on two species of Galinsoga — G. parviflora (small-flowered galinsoga) and G. quadriradiata (hairy galinsoga). Originating in Central America, both species are weeds of disturbed habitats and agricultural areas, occurring in most of the temperate and subtropical regions of the world. In recent years the galinsogas have become troublesome weeds of low-growing vegetable crops in northeastern North America. The two species serve as alternate hosts for many insects, viruses and nematodes which affect crop species. Both species possess several features which predispose them to weediness and contribute to a rapid buildup of populations after an initial infestation. These include lack of seed dormancy, lack of special requirements for germination, rapid seedling development, the ability to flower after a short period of vegetative growth, the production of flowers and fruits throughout the growing season, the production of several generations in a single growing season, self-compatibility and the production of large numbers of viable seeds under a wide range of environmental circumstances.Key words: Galinsoga parviflora, G. quadriradiata, biology
THE RESPONSE OF EIGHT CORN (Zea mays L.) HYBRIDS TO ZERO TILLAGE IN MANITOBA
Authors: WALL D. A. , STOBBE E. H.
Published: March 2010

Studies were undertaken in 1980 and 1981 to determine whether selected corn hybrids varied in suitability for zero tillage cropping in Manitoba. Zero tillage resulted in reduced maximum soil temperatures at all depths examined. Delayed emergence, silking and maturity, and reduced plant dry weights and final plant populations were observed under zero tillage. The hybrids exhibited a differential response to tillage practice in the weight of grain produced per ear.Key words: Corn hybrids, zero tillage, soil temperature
SEPARABLE GRAIN CONTENT OF MATURE WHOLE-PLANT CORN SILAGE
Authors: GANESH D. , MOWAT D. N.
Published: March 2010

This study investigated the effects of various factors on the amount of grain that might be separated from mature whole-plant corn silage. Materials were stored well-sealed in miniature silos. A high proportion of original grain (81–94%) was present as sizeable fragments or potentially separable grain in silage from two varieties, two harvest dates and two finenesses of chop. Evidence suggested that hybrid variety could influence the amount of grain actually separated by weight classification due to differences in stover moisture content at a constant grain moisture level and/or differences in type of kernel. During storage even in these miniature silos, some translocation or partial equilibration of soluble nitrogen as well as moisture occurred between grain and stover fractions. The finer chop tended to have a slightly lower percentage of whole uncracked kernels. Also, kernel damage was greater when one variety was cut at a relatively low moisture level. The optimum stage for ensiling whole-plant corn for later fractionation would appear to be 30–35% kernel moisture. These results are significant in developing a system of obtaining in one harvest operation stover of high feed quality and grain (for high-producing livestock or ethanol production).Key words: Separable grain, mature corn silage
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 60. Polygonum convolvulus L.
Authors: HUME L. , MARTINEZ J. , BEST K.
Published: March 2010

Polygonum convolvulus L., wild buckwheat (Polygonaceae), is a common weed occurring throughout much of Canada. It is of European origin and has been associated with human agricultural activities since before recorded history. On the Canadian prairies, it is one of the most abundant weeds in crops, and can cause significant crop losses.Key words: Polygonum convolvulus, wild buckwheat
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 61. Sorghum halepense (L.) PERS.
Authors: WARWICK S. I. , BLACK L. D.
Published: March 2010

A review of biological information is provided for Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Johnson grass. A native of southern Eurasia to India, S. halepense occurs as a weed in most tropical and temperate areas of the world, and has recently become established in 10 counties in Southern Ontario. Listed as one of the world’s worst weeds, S. halepense infestations result in severe crop losses either from competition or alleleopathic effects and/or by serving as an alternative host for several crop pests. The species is, however, an important forage crop in the southeastern United States and other areas of the world. Johnson grass has several features which contribute to its success as a weed, including the production of extensively creeping rhizomes and large numbers of seeds, rhizomes which regenerate easily if cut into small pieces in cultivation procedures, self-compatibility, seed longevity, seed dormancy and vigorous growth under a wide range of environmental conditions. To date, one population of S. halepense from Brant County, Ontario is known to produce rhizomes which successfully overwinter in Canada. This population would appear to be distinct from the other Ontario populations and is characterized by smaller seeds and seedlings and lower rates of germination. A combination of repeated tillage, proper herbicides and crop rotation will give the best control of Johnson grass.Key words: Sorghum halepense, Johnson grass, biological review
INPUT TO SEED BANKS OF PROSO MILLET (Panicum miliaceum) IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: O’TOOLE JAMES J. , CAVERS PAUL B.
Published: March 2010

The production and dispersal of the black-seeded form of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) were investigated at five farm fields in Huron County, Ontario in 1980. Three crops (corn, barley and white beans), subjected to normal crop management practices, were represented. Seed traps were used to determine the period, the distance, and the direction of seed dispersal. Seed production (density), determined from a single harvest, averaged 92 seeds/m2 in barley, 2354 seeds/m2 in corn and 38 247 seeds/m2 in white beans. Seed dispersal began on 11 Aug. in the corn crop, 25 Aug. in white beans and 8 Sept. in barley. Most seeds were dispersed in September, though dispersal continued until the field was disturbed at harvest or with fall tillage. Seeds were dispersed in almost equal proportions in all directions. Only a very few seeds were dispersed further than the maximum lateral spread of the parent plants.Key words: Proso millet, seed dispersal, seed banks, seed production, Panicum miliaceum
COMPARISON OF THE EFFICACY AND SOIL CONCENTRATIONS OF FALL- AND SPRING-APPLIED TRIFLURALIN IN FLAX
Authors: PCHAJEK D. A. , MORRISON I. N. , WEBSTER G. R. B.
Published: March 2010

The efficacy of fall and spring treatments of trifluralin (α,α-trifluoro-2,6- dinitro-N, N-diproply-p-toluidine) applied to a sandy loam soil seeded to flax and the residual soil concentrations of trifluralin during the growing season were compared over 2 yr. Fall application of trifluralin at 1.12 kg/ha caused less crop injury and resulted in better green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) control than a spring application at 0.84 kg/ha. Initial soil concentrations were higher in plots treated in the fall at 1.12 kg/ha than in plots treated in the spring at 0.84 kg/ha. Six weeks after the experiments were seeded to flax and after harvest, more trifluralin persisted in the fall-treated plots. Calculated on the basis of the amount detected at the time of seeding, an average of 31 and 30% of the trifluralin persisted until after harvest in 1978 and 1979, respectively. In controlled environment studies in which yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca L. Beauv.) was seeded into soil collected six weeks after seeding, growth of the weed was reduced more in soil that was treated in the fall compared to the spring. In soil samples taken after harvest, growth of yellow foxtail was significantly reduced only in soil that had been treated the previous fall, with about a 50% reduction resulting from the 1.12-kg/ha rate and a 90% reduction occurring from the 2.24-kg/ha rate.Key words: Setaria viridis, flax tolerance, green foxtail control, trifluralin residues
ADAPTATION OF A FORAGE HARVESTER FOR HARVESTING SMALL PLOTS
Authors: MAINS W. H. , MAJOR D. J.
Published: March 2010

A high-capacity forage harvester was modified for harvesting small plots of corn and sorghum. Use of this machine sharply reduced labor requirements without reducing weighing accuracy when compared with less mechanized harvesting used previously. The modifications are described.Key words: Small plots, forage harvester, corn sorghum
BIRKA BARLEY
Authors: SHUGAR LESLIE
Published: March 2010

Birka is a new two-rowed, nonmalting, predominantly blue aleurone spring barley. It was developed by Weibullsholm Plant Breeding Institute in Sweden and introduced to Canada in 1978. It was tested as W6482 by W. G. Thompson and Sons Ltd. before entering the 1979 Eastern Co-operative 2-row Barley Trial as TB7902. It outyielded Herta by 7 and 5% in Ontario and the Maritimes. Birka is 6 cm shorter and 1 day later in maturity than Herta. Birka has improved lodging resistance and test-weight, but similar disease resistance to Herta.Key words: Barley, Canadian variety
A METHOD FOR EVALUATION OF CULTIVAR, NITROGEN AND PGR EFFECTS ON CEREAL STRAW STRENGTH
Authors: CALDWELL C. D.
Published: March 2010

The Ottawa Texture Measuring System (OTMS) was used to measure the force required to cut the straw from five field-grown cultivars of barley under two different nitrogen regimes and three plant growth regulation chemical (PGR) treatments. The method detected cultivar differences, the effect of N-fertilization and the effect of the PGR on the straw strength. There were distinct differences between cultivars in the gradient of force required to cut the straw at different internodes along the shoot. The gradient of strength may be indicative of lodging susceptibility. Increased N-fertilization decreased the overall force required to cut all five barley cultivars. The three PGR altered the required force in a fashion dependent on the cultivar.Key words: Barley, straw, OTMS, PGR, nitrogen, lodging