bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Large Sample Size Is Sufficient for Hydrologic Frequency Analysis?—A Rational Argument for a 30-Year Hydrologic Sample Size in Water Resources Management
Authors: Li Hongyan , Sun Jiaqi , Zhang Hongbo , Zhang Jianfeng , Jung Kwnasue , Kim Joocheol , Xuan Yunqing , Wang Xiaojun , Li Fengping
Published: April 2018

The calculation of hydrologic frequency is an important basic step in the planning and design stage of any water conservancy project. The purpose of the frequency analysis is to deduce the hydrologic variables under different guarantee rates, and to provide hydrologic information for water conservancy project planning and design. The calculation of hydrologic frequency requires that the sample size is large enough, as only then can the statistical characteristics of samples take the place of the total statistical eigenvalues. This means that the samples can reveal the statistical characteristics of hydrologic variables and identify the randomness rule of hydrologic phenomena. Many countries in the East Asian monsoon climate zone (China, Japan and South Korea) have stipulated a sample size of 30 years for hydrologic frequency analysis. In this paper the rationality of the 30-year sample size is proved by analyzing the periodic and random rules of hydrologic phenomenon and the influencing mechanism of solar activity, and by adopting the general conclusion of the sampling theorem. Then, using the wavelet analysis method to examine annual precipitation data in a long series generated from representative precipitation observation stations in China, the strong-weak cycle of solar activity is proved to be 10 years, which is consistent with the wet-dry cycle of the representative precipitation stations (10–12 years). Finally, adopting numerical modeling to analyze the normal distribution of randomly generated samples and long-range annual precipitation data collected from representative stations, hypothesis testing (u, F and t) is used to prove that a 30-year sample size is reasonable. This research provides a reference as to how to prove the necessary sample size for relevant statistical analyses (for example, how large the sample should be for analyzing hydrologic factors trend evolution, hydrologic data consistency and ergodicity of statistical samples), thus ensuring the reliability of the analytical results.
MEAN REVERSION: AN INVESTIGATION FROM KARACHI STOCK EXCHANGE SECTORS
Authors: VVEINHARDT Jolita , STREIMIKIENE Dalia , RIZWAN Ahmed Raheem , NAWAZ Ahmad , REHMAN Aniqe
Published: April 2018

This article analyses the sectors of Karachi stock exchange in order to determine if there is any presence of mean reversion phenomenon in the stock market sectors and also an attempt to determine the pace of mean reversion. To conduct this research, secondary data is collected from the State Bank Bulletin. The frequency of the data is monthly. The variables include the individual; the data was obtained from 24 sectors returns over the period of 17 years from January 1992 to June 2008. The GARCH (1, 1) model was used to find the outcomes and the effects. In the two sectors out of 24 sectors, the GARCH and ARCH effects were significant, namely, in the Jute and Banks & Investment Companies. We studied the mean reverting process in the KSE sectors over a specific time period. Since, the mean reversion varies over different time periods. Therefore, it would be a good area for future research to study the reasons, why the market reacts differently over different time periods and to determine the reasons for such variations. The paper contributes to Stock Prices returns and investment opportunities by studying the Mean Reversion Phenomenon.
The Envelope Kinematics and a Possible Disk around the Class 0 Protostar within BHR7
Authors: Tobin John J. , Bos Steven P. , Dunham Michael M. , Bourke Tyler L. , van der Marel Nienke
Published: April 2018

We present a characterization of the protostar embedded within the BHR7 dark cloud, based on both photometric measurements from the near-infrared to millimeter and interferometric continuum and molecular line observations at millimeter wavelengths. We find that this protostar is a Class 0 system, the youngest class of protostars, measuring its bolometric temperature to be 50.5 K, with a bolometric luminosity of 9.3 L
☉. The near-infrared and Spitzer imaging show a prominent dark lane from dust extinction separating clear bipolar outflow cavities. Observations of 13CO (

), C18O (

), and other molecular lines with the Submillimeter Array (SMA) exhibit a clear rotation signature on scales <1300 au. The rotation can be traced to an inner radius of ∼170 au and the rotation curve is consistent with an R
−1 profile, implying that angular momentum is being conserved. Observations of the 1.3 mm dust continuum with the SMA reveal a resolved continuum source, extended in the direction of the dark lane, orthogonal to the outflow. The deconvolved size of the continuum indicates a radius of ∼100 au for the continuum source at the assumed distance of 400 pc. The visibility amplitude profile of the continuum emission cannot be reproduced by an envelope alone and needs a compact component. Thus, we posit that the resolved continuum source could be tracing a Keplerian disk in this very young system. If we assume that the continuum radius traces a Keplerian disk (R ∼ 120 au) the observed rotation profile is consistent with a protostar mass of 1.0 M
☉.
GRMHD Simulations of Visibility Amplitude Variability for Event Horizon Telescope Images of Sgr A*
Authors: Medeiros Lia , Chan Chi-kwan , Özel Feryal , Psaltis Dimitrios , Kim Junhan , Marrone Daniel P. , Sa̧dowski Aleksander
Published: April 2018

The Event Horizon Telescope will generate horizon scale images of the black hole in the center of the Milky Way, Sgr A*. Image reconstruction using interferometric visibilities rests on the assumption of a stationary image. We explore the limitations of this assumption using high-cadence disk- and jet-dominated GRMHD simulations of Sgr A*. We also employ analytic models that capture the basic characteristics of the images to understand the origin of the variability in the simulated visibility amplitudes. We find that, in all simulations, the visibility amplitudes for baselines oriented parallel and perpendicular to the spin axis of the black hole follow general trends that do not depend strongly on accretion-flow properties. This suggests that fitting Event Horizon Telescope observations with simple geometric models may lead to a reasonably accurate determination of the orientation of the black hole on the plane of the sky. However, in the disk-dominated models, the locations and depths of the minima in the visibility amplitudes are highly variable and are not related simply to the size of the black hole shadow. This suggests that using time-independent models to infer additional black hole parameters, such as the shadow size or the spin magnitude, will be severely affected by the variability of the accretion flow.
Bow Shock in Merging Cluster A520: The Edge of the Radio Halo and the Electron–Proton Equilibration Timescale
Authors: Wang Qian H. S. , Giacintucci Simona , Markevitch Maxim
Published: April 2018

We studied the prominent bow shock in the merging galaxy cluster A520 using a deep Chandra X-ray observation and archival VLA radio data. This shock is a useful diagnostic tool, owing to its clear geometry and relatively high Mach number. At the “nose” of the shock, we measure a Mach number of

. The shock becomes oblique away from the merger axis, with the Mach number falling to ≃1.6 around 30° from the nose. The electron temperature immediately behind the shock nose is consistent with that from the Rankine–Hugoniot adiabat, and is higher (at a 95% confidence) than expected for adiabatic compression of electrons followed by Coulomb electron–proton equilibration, indicating the presence of equilibration mechanisms faster than Coulomb collisions. This is similar to an earlier finding for the Bullet cluster. We also combined four archival VLA data sets to obtain a better image of the cluster’s giant radio halo at 1.4 GHz. An abrupt edge of the radio halo traces the shock front, and no emission is detected in the pre-shock region. If the radio edge were due only to adiabatic compression of relativistic electrons in pre-shock plasma, we would expect a pre-shock radio emission detectable in this radio data set; however, an interferometric artifact dominates the uncertainty, so we cannot rule this model out. Other interesting features of the radio halo include a peak at the remnant of the cool core, suggesting that the core used to have a radio minihalo, and a peak marking a possible region of high turbulence.
Unlocking the Full Potential of Extragalactic Lyα through Its Polarization Properties
Authors: Eide Marius B. , Gronke Max , Dijkstra Mark , Hayes Matthew
Published: April 2018

Lyα is a powerful astrophysical probe. Not only is it ubiquitous at high redshifts, it is also a resonant line, making Lyα photons scatter. This scattering process depends on the physical conditions of the gas through which Lyα propagates, and these conditions are imprinted on observables such as the Lyα spectrum and its surface brightness profile. In this work, we focus on a less-used observable capable of probing any scattering process: polarization. We implement the density matrix formalism of polarization into the Monte Carlo radiative transfer code tlac. This allows us to treat it as a quantum mechanical process where single photons develop and lose polarization from scatterings in arbitrary gas geometries. We explore static and expanding ellipsoids, biconical outflows, and clumpy multiphase media. We find that photons become increasingly polarized as they scatter and diffuse into the wings of the line profiles, making scattered Lyα polarized in general. The degree and orientation of Lyα polarization depends on the kinematics and distribution of the scattering H i gas. We find that it generally probes spatial or velocity space asymmetries and aligns itself tangentially to the emission source. We show that the mentioned observables, when studied separately, can leave similar signatures for different source models. We conclude by revealing how a joint analysis of the Lyα spectra, surface brightness profiles, and polarization can break these degeneracies and help us extract unique physical information on galaxies and their environments from their strongest, most prominent emission line.
Amphibians and reptiles of the state of Durango, Mexico, with comparisons with adjoining states
Authors: Lemos-Espinal Julio A. , Smith Geoffrey R. , Gadsden-Esparza Hector , Valdez-Lares Rosaura , Woolrich-Piña Guillermo A.
Published: April 2018

A summary of the species of amphibians and reptiles of Durango, as well as their geographic distributions, habitat, and conservation status have been compiled. The herpetofauna of Durango consists of 36 species of amphibians and 120 species of reptiles. Durango shares the most species with Chihuahua (74.0%), and shares fewer species with Sinaloa (48.0%), Nayarit (48.7%), and Coahuila (48.0%). Arid-semiarid and Sierras habitat types have the most species, with valleys and Quebradas habitat types having fewer species. In Durango, there are several taxa of particular conservation concern including eleutherodactylid frogs, eublepharid, iguanid, phrynosomatid, and xantusid lizards, boid, colubrid, and natricid snakes, and emydid and testudinid turtles.
Taxonomic notes on Babinskaiidae from the Cretaceous Burmese amber, with the description of a new species (Insecta, Neuroptera)
Authors: Hu Jiahui , Lu Xiumei , Wang Bo , Liu Xingyue
Published: April 2018

Babinskaiidae is an extinct lacewing family of the superfamily Myrmeleontoidea. Hitherto, nine species of seven genera are described from the Lower and mid-Cretaceous. Here a new species of Babinskaiidae is described from Cretaceous Burmese amber, namely Parababinskaiamakarkini sp. n. The new species possesses an A2 vein in the hind wing, suggesting that the loss of this vein might not be an autapomorphy of Babinskaiidae. The female of Electrobabinskaiaburmana Lu, Zhang & Liu, 2017 is also described for the first time based on two specimens with their abdomens perfectly preserved, exhibiting a specialised sternum VI with paired elongate projections. A brief discussion of female genital characters is provided, which may increase our understanding of the morphology and phylogenetic position of Babinskaiidae.
Jusqu’ici , représentant modèle d’une sous-catégorie d’adverbes déictiques temporels
Authors: Borillo Andrée
Published: April 2018

L’étude porte sur jusqu’ici , cas d’espèce en français, puisqu’il s’agit pratiquement de la seule expression adverbiale dans laquelle ici fonctionne pleinement comme adverbe déictique temporel. Nous relevons un certain nombre de traits et de propriétés s’appliquant à jusqu’ici , nous intéressant plus particulièrement à l’usage contrastif qui tend à en être fait en discours et aux effets de sens restrictif qui l’accompagnent dans certaines formes de construction. Finalement, on peut considérer que jusqu’ici a tous les traits et les comportements qui caractérisent d’autres adverbes sémantiquement très proches, en particulier jusqu’à maintenant et jusqu’à présent , auxquels est spontanément attribué le statut d’adverbe déictique temporel.
Race, Ethnicity and the US Immigrants’ Rights Movement: Observations from Southern Arizona
Authors: Cohen James
Published: April 2018

À partir d’un travail de terrain sur le mouvement des droits des immigrés dans le sud de l’Arizona, cet article examine les dynamiques ethnoraciales et les mobilisations collectives à l’époque d’Obama. En quoi les formes de discrimination que subissent les immigrés sont-elles ethnoraciales ? En quoi les mouvements de défense des droits des immigrés sont-ils aussi des vecteurs d’antiracisme ? Quel rapport entre race, ethnicité et polarisation politique croissante aux États-Unis ? En posant ces questions l’article vise aussi à encourager la réflexion critique sur le statut des catégories ethnoraciales, leur usage et leurs abus possibles dans le travail d’interprétation de dynamiques socio-politiques concrètes.
Programme école-famille axé sur la littérature jeunesse à la maternelle
Authors: Boudreau Monica , Beaudoin Isabelle , Mélançon Julie
Published: April 2018

Cet article présente un programme intitulé Les mille et un plaisirs de lire avec toi qui a été offert à 59 parents et six enseignantes de maternelle 5 ans du Québec. Ce programme, qui avait notamment pour but de développer les compétences langagières et sociales des enfants, assurait le lien entre l’école et la famille par l’entremise de trousses littéraires qui circulaient dans les maisons. Des ateliers de formation étaient offerts aux parents et aux enseignantes afin d’assurer une cohérence entre leurs pratiques de lecture. Le principal objectif de la recherche était d’évaluer l’effet du programme sur la qualité des interventions des parents lors de la lecture interactive d’albums à leur enfant. Cet article explique la recherche quasi expérimentale à laquelle ont pris part les parents et les enseignantes et rapporte les résultats révélant que le programme a contribué à les sensibiliser à l’importance de susciter des interactions de qualité lors de la lecture interactive.
Méta-analyse des recherches empiriques sur le gouvernement électronique et implications pour les recherches futures
Authors: Wirtz Bernd W. , Daiser Peter
Published: April 2018

Si le gouvernement électronique est devenu une question importante pour les universitaires et les praticiens, et a conduit à une vaste production de savoir, c’est essentiellement en raison des attentes qu’il suscite et de ses faiblesses dans les faits. Cependant, des recherches empiriques quantitatives supplémentaires s’imposent pour étayer les élaborations théoriques. Face à cette situation, une analyse de la littérature s’impose, qui se penche sur les connaissances pertinentes, afin de mettre en place un fondement solide pour les recherches futures. Les méta-analyses disponibles n’apportent cependant pas les informations nécessaires pour faire face comme il se doit à l’absence de recherches empiriques quantitatives sur le gouvernement électronique. Par conséquent, dans la présente étude, nous nous intéressons explicitement à ce domaine bien particulier afin d’identifier de manière systématique les domaines qui nécessitent des études plus poussées et de définir les axes de recherche prometteurs, afin de pouvoir appuyer les recherches futures sur un fondement solide. Parmi les principales observations de la méta-analyse, on constate que les études quantitatives empiriques existantes sur le gouvernement électronique peuvent être rangées dans douze sous-catégories, évaluées sur la base de différents critères de classification permettant d’épingler les lacunes scientifiques, d’identifier les thématiques émergentes qui présentent un potentiel de recherche innovant, et que le gouvernement électronique est censé être un environnement de recherche permanente, ouvert, qui présente encore de multiples aspects à explorer. Sur la base de ces observations, nous formulerons quelques suggestions pour les recherches futures. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Dans le présent article, nous entendons non seulement examiner l’état actuel des recherches scientifiques quantitatives empiriques, mais aussi apporter des informations utiles aux professionnels qui travaillent dans la gestion et l’administration publiques. Nous commencerons par donner un aperçu détaillé des méta-analyses liées au gouvernement électronique, ce qui nous permettra d’identifier rapidement la littérature destinée à aborder certaines questions de gestion du gouvernement électronique. Nous poursuivrons en classifiant les études empiriques quantitatives qui existent, en définissant différents domaines thématiques et en étudiant les connaissances pertinentes, afin de faciliter la délimitation et la dénomination des activités de gouvernement électronique. Enfin, étant donné que ces éléments sont basés sur des études empiriques qui tirent leurs conclusions de perceptions de la réalité, les résumés et les classifications sont considérés comme particulièrement importants pour les gestionnaires publics.
Barriers to Practitioners' Endorsement of a Recovery Perspective
Authors: Kram-Fernandez Debra
Published: April 2018

This chapter is concerned with the impact of practitioner biases on the experience of a meaningful life for individuals who live with serious mental illness (SMI). Professional biases, systemic biases that originate in societal fear and lack of knowledge, and internalized stigma taken on by the consumer affect life decisions. Following a history of treatment initiatives experienced by consumers as abusive, it is important to understand how a system envisioned to protect and treat was often experienced as harmful. In the 1980s a movement emerged to transform the nature of mental health treatment to a client-centered, recovery-oriented model. In 1999, the Surgeon General proclaimed that all agencies serving this population should be recovery oriented. Yet, the shift to this approach to understanding people with SMI has not been complete. While there are many explanations why practitioners may not fully embrace this perspective, this chapter introduces the concept of “schemas” from cognitive behavioral theory as a way of examining professional biases in the field of SMI.
Fighting Stigma in the Community
Authors: Bosco Nicolina , Giaccherini Susanna , Petrini Fausto , Castagnoli Stefano , Meringolo Patrizia
Published: April 2018

This chapter will discuss action research conducted in Tuscany to fight stigma surrounding mental illness. Public mental health services (PMHS) in Italy are perceived as ascribing a mentally ill label to individuals who utilize these programs. Local associations, especially sports associations, can be used to fight this stigma. This chapter will present key aspects and results of a community social innovation intervention jointly performed by a PMHS and the University of Florence. The research will explore perceptions surrounding the role and value of the community sports association, participants' perceived improvements, effects of sports participation, and the role of the sports association as an instrument to promote mental health. Results will show that the sports association is perceived as an agent of social capital to reduce social barriers emerging from mental illness. In addition, stigma is deconstructed through improvements to individual and social wellbeing.
Communication and Media
Authors: Freeman Bradley
Published: April 2018

The field of communication is large and varied. There are different types and levels of communication. Mass communication allows for mass media: books, newspapers, magazines, recorded sound/music, film, radio, television, video games, and the internet. Scholars have identified a handful of common functions of the media. The chief function of media is that of entertainment – providing diversion. Though it varies from country to country, people are spending much more time with the media than at any time in history, often spending more time with media than sleeping. This chapter discusses a number of concepts and terms related to contemporary mass media: globalization, digitalization, convergence, consolidation, fragmentation, personalization, and (hyper) commercialization.
Media Literacy Facilitation as Service Learning and Public Engagement
Authors: Olson Christine , Scharrer Erica
Published: April 2018

This chapter offers insights from a 15-year partnership between a public university and local K-12 schools to explore how the facilitation of media literacy education (MLE) programs by university students can offer rewarding outcomes for both research and learning. The MLE program that serves as the case study for this chapter takes place at local elementary schools each spring in conjunction with an undergraduate communication course and includes interactive media analysis discussions as well as a culminating creative production activity. Reflections and written feedback from participating graduate, undergraduate, and elementary students emphasize the strengths of this pedagogical model for collaboration and learning while also acknowledging the practical constraints of such a partnership. By detailing the institutional-level support, instructional design, and practical implementation of this MLE program, the chapter enumerates the benefits and challenges of engaged research and service learning for advancing media literacy goals.
#Trump #Fakenews #Notmypresident
Authors: Haydel Sheryl M. Kennedy , Roberts Shearon D.
Published: April 2018

In the 2016 general elections, a Stanford University study found that American voters shared fake news stories at extraordinary high levels about the leading candidates, adding up to over 30 million times. While the primary researchers for this study noted that this number does not necessarily mean that fake news was persuasive, it suggests its accessibility, readability, and sharing was pervasive in the last election. This chapter looks at media and politics literacy for the millennial voter of color, who scholars describe as having low-levels of information, and media literacy. The irony is this is a group most in need of news and information for making informed decisions, as they are often first-time voters, now engaging with the political process. The classroom at an HBCU is part textbook and part bringing textbook to life, contextualizing the past and the present, and engaging young minds for making a positive difference in society.
Building a “Bridge” Between Theory and Practice
Authors: Coleman Loren Saxton
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores critical media literacy pedagogy. Using case study method, the author argues that The Washington Informer's, “Bridge” publication can be used as a practical pedagogical tool to teach students how to analyze and deconstruct media texts, and simultaneously inform students on how to produce alternative, counter-hegemonic media texts. This approach is consistent with literature on critical media literacy that calls for engaged and empowering pedagogy to encourage students to think critically about their roles in creating and maintaining a radical and participatory democracy.
Online and Face-to-Face Voice Instruction
Authors: Damon Mindy , Rockinson-Szapkiw Amanda J.
Published: April 2018

Traditionally, post-secondary-level voice training has relied upon face-to-face interaction. Concerns about the viability of the online environment to facilitate the interaction needed to teach discipline-specific vocal skills has delayed adoption of online voice teaching in online music programs. This chapter discusses online and face-to-face voice instruction and presents evidence of a research study examining the two delivery methods. The study examined the difference in pitch accuracy improvement scores of 78 female collegiate voice majors at a large university in the mid-Atlantic United States in an effort to determine efficacy of online voice instruction and traditional face-to-face voice instruction according to pitch accuracy improvement. These results demonstrate that no significant difference was found between pitch accuracy improvement scores of 37 voice majors trained and tested online versus 41 voice majors tested face-to-face, suggesting that online voice training is as effective as traditional face-to-face voice training pertaining to pitch accuracy instruction.
Open Inquiry as a Bridge Between Formal and Informal Lifelong Online Learning
Authors: Schmidt-Jones Catherine A.
Published: April 2018

Many music educators have noted a gulf between what is taught in music courses and students' own interests. Technology not only offers various means to help bridge that gulf; it has also created a fast-paced world in which success may depend on the ability to continue learning throughout life. Using online open education resources to support course projects involving open-ended inquiry can help bridge the gulf between curriculum and student goals in ways that prepare students for lifelong learning. The breadth of offerings on the open Internet make personalized course projects feasible, and students may need the guided practice in using them to reach their learning goals. This chapter discusses an action research project which facilitated the inquiries of self-motivated adult online music learners in order to better understand their needs and experiences. Communities of practice, flexible processes, and learner familiarity with inquiry emerged as key issues.
Using Interactivity to Improve Online Music Pedagogy for Undergraduate Non-Majors
Authors: Mosterd Eric James
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores two aspects of online music pedagogy. First, it covers the basic design considerations of offering an interactive music course online. This includes both pedagogical and technological aspects of online music instruction and delivery. After establishing the framework for online music course delivery, the chapter investigates the use of interactivity to improve undergraduate, non-music-major student performance in the author's online-music (jazz) appreciation course at the University of South Dakota (USD). The approach is evidence- and research-based, which is described in greater detail in the chapter. Furthermore, the tools used to enhance the interactivity of the course—specifically, adding game-based learning—are explored and connected to instructional research completed at USD.
Playing Together
Authors: Lock Jennifer V. , Johnson Carol
Published: April 2018

Music education, like many disciplines, is transitioning to the online environment, which impacts the learning landscape. This transition, along with a mindshift by instructors, requires careful consideration of the theoretical underpinnings needed to inform the design, facilitation and assessment to create conditions where students are actively engaged in learning and meaning making. The affordance of digital technologies (e.g., synchronous and asynchronous, multimedia) provides a means for creating and articulating knowledge. This chapter discusses online learning and explores the nature of constructivist and social-constructivist theories and how they can be applied in the design, facilitation, and assessment of online music education. Examples of constructivist learning in online music courses are shared for the purpose of examining how technology can be used to support the learning outcomes grounded on social constructivism. The chapter concludes with directions for future research and implications for practice.
A Model for Online Music Education
Authors: Cremata Radio
Published: April 2018

This chapter proposes a sustainable model for online music education in post-secondary contexts. This model is framed around the intersections and along the continua of formal and informal music teaching/learning, conscious and unconscious knowing/telling, synchronous and asynchronous musical e-spaces/places, currencies, and e-collaboration. The model maintains deterritorialization (i.e., an e-space or e-place without boundary) as a foundational underpinning. The purpose of this chapter is to interrogate notions of online music learning, challenge preconceptions, and leverage innovation and technological advancement to redefine and re-understand how music can be taught and learned in e-spaces and e-places. The chapter can serve to disrupt traditional conceptions of musical teaching/learning. By disrupting the cycle that perpetuates music education at the post-secondary level, this chapter seeks to leverage online innovation, draw out technological inevitabilities, and push the music education profession forward towards new frontiers.
Promoting Diversity
Authors: Mechler Hannah Mills
Published: April 2018

This chapter outlines the roles of family, community, and early child education learning objectives as they relate to promoting diversity within early child education environments. Specifically, concepts such as parenting approaches, the ecological systems theory, early child education program models, and diversity are all discussed in this chapter. Early child education learning objectives such as those outlined by the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) are also applied as they relate to promoting children's developmental domains (social, emotional, cognitive, social) while further encouraging the integration of diversity and appreciation of everyone's cultures and backgrounds within early child education environments.
Empowering Practitioners Through Training to Ensure Safety and Health of Early Childhood Development Learners
Authors: Modise Tshidi (Matshediso) Rebecca
Published: April 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to highlight importance of training Early Childhood Development (ECD) practitioners to ensure safety of learners in ECD centres, known as ECE in other countries. Several government departments have established policies to ensure effective implementation of health and safety practices in ECD centres. The problem with ECD policy implementation seems to be minimal training and support of practitioners and caregivers focusing on health and safety issues in ECD centres. Policy cannot always mandate what matters to outcomes at ECD centres because individual practices ought to be central to local responses. ECD policies in South Africa provide guidelines that direct the day-to-day practices of ECD practitioners. However, health and safety of young children appears to be in the hands of untrained practitioners and caregivers. Furthermore, ECD policy implementation reveals an uncertain relationship between policies and program implementation.
Early Childhood Education Schools in Brazil
Authors: Kishimoto Tizuko Morchida
Published: April 2018

This chapter investigates play and interculturality between Brazilian and Japanese children in early childhood education schools in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The research context is 27 schools in five cities with nursery and kindergarten. Three questions structure the article. The first deals with family motivations indicating Japanese education and culture as one of the reasons for choosing the schools. The second examines the objectives and educational practices, and the third explores the play and interculturality between Japanese and Brazilian children.
Enzymatic Research Having Pharmaceutical Significance
Authors: Raval Ishan H. , Chandel Arvind Kumar Singh
Published: April 2018

The enzymes' biocatalysts act by lowering the activation energy without getting consumed in the reaction. The immense number of enzymes acts as a correctly matched orchestra to ensure that enormously complex life mechanisms and processes occur in a right direction. Sufficient quantity and accurate function of enzymes results in proper functional maintenance of body. The enzymes play a major role in the diagnosis, curing, biochemical investigation, and monitoring of many dreaded diseases of the century. The development of recombinant DNA technology had a significant impression on production levels of enzymes. Around 50% of the enzyme market is covered by recombinant enzymes. Because of development in molecular biology tools, several pharmaceutically enzymes have been identified and are being actively used in the pharmaceutical industry either for diagnostic or treatment. Information on this topic is very insufficient, and thus, the present chapter is an attempt to compile information on the sources, properties and applications of important therapeutic enzymes.
Laccase Catalysis
Authors: Patel Helina , Gupte Akshaya
Published: April 2018

The search for cost-effective and environmental benign practices for the production of bioactive compounds has gained considerable attention since last decade, due to increasing demand of eco-friendly processes. Many industries have started adopting routes for the development of green chemistry by employing enzymatic approaches to overcome the limitations of physico-chemical methods and environmental concerns. Laccase is one such enzyme which has gained considerable attention in recent years as a biocatalyst in organic synthesis. Laccases possess versatile biochemical properties and the reactions catalyzed by laccase require only molecular oxygen with concomitant release of water as a byproduct. They have been widely used for reactions such as dimerization, polymerization, coupling, and grafting reactions and for antibiotic modifications. This chapter summarizes the advances that have been made in developing technologies based on laccase mediated reactions in the field of medicine, agriculture, food, and pharmaceuticals.
Laccase From White Rot Fungi Having Significant Role in Food, Pharma, and Other Industries
Authors: Kushwaha Ankita , Maurya Shweta , Pathak Ravi Kant. , Agarwal Sonam , Chaurasia Pankaj Kumar , Singh M. P.
Published: April 2018

Laccases (E.C. 1.10.3.2 benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase) are an interesting group of N glycosylated multicopper blue oxidase enzymes and the widely studied enzyme having a broad range of substrate specificity of both phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. They are widely found in fungi, bacteria plant, insects, and in lichen. They catalyze the oxidation of various phenolic and non-phenolic compounds, with the concomitant reduction of molecular oxygen to water. They could increase productivity, efficiency, and quality of products without a costly investment. This chapter depicts the applications of laccase enzyme from white rot fungi, having various industrial (such as textile dye bleaching, paper and pulp bleaching, food includes the baking, it also utilized in fruit juice industry to improve the quality and stabilization of some perishable products having plant oils), pharmaceutical (as it has potential for the synthesis of several useful drugs such anticancerous, antioxidants, synthesis of hormone derivatives because of their high value of oxidation potential) significance.
The Potential Application of Peroxidase Enzyme for the Treatment of Industry Wastes
Authors: Agarwal Sonam , Gupta Krishna Kumar , Chaturvedi Vivek Kumar , Kushwaha Ankita , Chaurasia Pankaj Kumar , Singh M. P.
Published: April 2018

Environmental pollution is becoming one of the major threats around the world because of the release of toxic and hazardous substances from food, pharmaceutical, and other industries as well. These wastes are mainly dumped indiscriminately which ultimately reached water bodies, thereby affecting marine ecosystem. Therefore, effective effluent treatment is an important step which can help in conserving our water resources. White rot fungus (WRF) have been shown to degrade and mineralize a wide variety of wastes because of their nonspecific extracellular lignin mineralizing enzymes (LMEs). These enzymes are used for the decolorization of synthetic dyes. They help in the degradation of pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pharmaceuticals wastes like- anti-inflammatory, lipid regulatory, antiepileptic drugs, endocrine disrupting chemicals, etc. They also help in degrading the food waste and convert them into useful products which can be used as food, feed, fodder; some of these wastes are lignocellulosic waste, viticulture waste, olive mill waste, molasses waste, etc.
Industrial Enzyme Technology
Authors: Osho Michael Bamitale
Published: April 2018

Biotechnology, being the application of biological organisms and their components in pharmaceutical and other industrial processes, has emerged as the basic transformation tool for starch hydrolysis enzyme. Several advantages over chemical catalysts under mild environmental conditions with efficiency and high specificity have been accrued to this fact. Such include ingredient substitution through continuous fermentation, increased products yield and plant capacity, processing aid substitution, more efficient processing, less undesirable products with improved products. This chapter reports on the molecular properties of thermostable enzymes such as alpha-amylases, alpha-glucosidases, glucoamylases pullulanases as relates to pharmaceutical industries; highlights various technology development, continuous solid-state fermentation, metabolic engineering, sol-gel immobilized enzyme arrays often use in enzyme industries. The new modern biotechnology leads to improvement in the effects of various physiological conditions which may allow various industrial processes to carry out lower energy consumption, harmless to the environment, high efficiency, and the product's properties enhancement.
The Use of Social Media in Facilitating Participatory Design
Authors: Alsaif Fatimah , Vale Brenda
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines the effectiveness of using social media as an aid to primary school students participating in the design of their classroom interior layout. It describes two different attempts to do this that achieved varying degrees of success. Where a blog and Facebook page were set up to provide a virtual space for classroom design to happen, and despite teachers' expressed enthusiasm for involving students in the design of their classroom layout, very few participants resulted. However, one school successfully used the virtual space to show the work of the children and this example is described in the chapter. Social media was of more use in a second example where it formed an additional channel of communication between the researcher in the role of architect and the students. However, here it built on face-to-face communication, suggesting social media can aid in participatory design but is not a substitute for the latter.
Affect in Online Learning
Authors: Fasso Wendy , Knight Bruce Allen
Published: April 2018

A learning design framework offered an integrated position on the learning objectives, tools, and social engagement in online learning. It was founded upon an integration of Bloom's taxonomy in the cognitive, affective, social, and sensori-motor domains of learning. This chapter builds upon this model, adding insight into the affective domain of learning. It negotiates and distinguishes the use of the term “affective” for multiple purposes that include links to learning outcomes, emotions, and affective states. A strengthening of the framework is outlined to show the potential relationships amongst the elements as students engage in online learning. Finally, an example of the use of learning objectives in the affective domain in planning is presented to illustrate its application in designing online courses.
Student and Instructors Perceptions of Helpful Feedback for Asynchronous Online Learning
Authors: Conrad Susan Shedd , Dabbagh Nada
Published: April 2018

Research into online courses suggests that instructor feedback is effective for student learning when the feedback is personalized, specific, and timely. However, even with the technical ability to receive feedback any time at any location through varied devices, students still report dissatisfaction with instructor feedback. This chapter describes a mixed-methods study examining instructor and student perceptions of feedback in asynchronous environments. The study's results showed that students find personal and corrective feedback most helpful while instructors identified corrective and Socratic feedback as most helpful. Students characterized helpful feedback to be personalized, specific, and timely. Students also reported that grades were a form of feedback measuring stages of understanding but also an incentive for them to revise their work in order to achieve higher grades. The chapter includes strategies instructors can use for integrating each feedback type into their course design along with digital communication methods that enhance the student learning experience.
Collaboration-Driven Management Education
Authors: Hall Jr. Owen P. , Ko Kenneth D.
Published: April 2018

Business leaders, accrediting bodies, and management educators alike are calling for a radical change in the delivery of management education because of globalization, unprecedented economic uncertainty, changing demographics, and new learning technologies. The traditional one-size-fits-all educational approach of the past is being replaced with a customized and flexible learning paradigm that focuses on student outcomes and performance. Collaboration networks can assist in this transformation. The primary function of a collaboration network is to provide the management education community with access to curriculum innovation, cloud-based resources, intelligent tutors, and implementation strategies. The purpose of this chapter is to outline the role of cloud-based collaboration networks in helping shape the future of management education.
An Optimized Reputation-Based Trust Management Scheme for MANET Security
Authors: Douss Aida Ben Chehida , Abassi Ryma , El Fatmi Sihem Guemara
Published: April 2018

Because mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have neither infrastructure support nor central administration, they imply their nodes in the routing process. Having that this latter is fundamental in a MANET deployment, it constitutes a privileged target of attackers. For instance, malicious nodes can refuse to route packets or modify their content in order to disrupt the network and to deteriorate the transmission quality. All these features raise several security challenges for the routing process making more difficult to design and implement security solutions for MANETs than for wired networks. The main contribution of this chapter is to propose a generic environment securing routing in MANETs on which a trust and reputation mechanism is defined. This environment is built upon a specific mobility-based clustering approach (MCA) organizing MANETs' nodes into clusters. Moreover, a trust management process and a delegation mechanism allowing the localization and the isolation of malicious nodes are used. The whole environment is baptized DTMCA (delegation trust MCA-based process).
Security in the Internet of Things
Authors: Maarof Ahmed , Senhadji Mohamed , Labbi Zouheir , Belkasmi Mostafa
Published: April 2018

In this chapter, the authors present a review of security requirements for IoT and provide an analysis of the possible attacks, security issues, and major security threats from the perspective of layers that comprise IoT. To overcome these limitations, the authors describe a security implementation challenges in IoT security. This chapter serves as a manual of security threats and issues of the IoT and proposes possible solutions and recommendations for improving security in the IoT environment.
IoT Security Based on Content-Centric Networking Architecture
Authors: Labbi Mohamed , Kannouf Nabil , Benabdellah Mohammed
Published: April 2018

The internet of things (IoT) is a concept that is revolutionizing our daily lives along with different areas of industry. All existing objects will be connected to the internet. All the possibilities offered by IoT are very promising. However, setting up these architectures poses various problems. The exponential increase in devices is a challenge to the current internet architecture and represents a major security weakness of the internet of things. Indeed, securing these devices poses a significant security challenge. Thus, the emergence of the internet of things requires the design and deployment of new solutions. In this chapter, the authors propose content-centric networking (CCN) as a potential alternative networking solution for the IoT. The authors show that the implementation of CCN architecture in IoT can address several IoT requirements including security challenges.
A Secure Routing Scheme Against Malicious Nodes in Ad Hoc Networks
Authors: Korba Abdelaziz Amara , Ferrag Mohamed Amine
Published: April 2018

This chapter proposes a new cluster-based secure routing scheme to detect and prevent intrusions in ad hoc networks. The proposed scheme combines both specification and anomaly detection techniques to provide an accurate detection of wide range of routing attacks. The proposed secure scheme provides an adaptive response mechanism to isolate malicious nodes from the network. A key advantage of the proposed secure scheme is its capacity to prevent wormhole and rushing attacks and its real-time detection of both known and unknown attacks which violate specification. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme shows high detection rate and low false positive rate compared to other security mechanisms.
Security in 4G
Authors: Belmekki Elmostafa , Brahim Raouyane , Belmekki Abdelhamid , Bellafkih Mostafa
Published: April 2018

IMS is a standardized service architecture defined by 3GPP, ETSI, and IETF to provide multimedia services such as videoconferencing, VoD, and voice over IP. IMS is mainly based on the SIP protocol for session initialization. The convergence to full IP has advantages but also disadvantages. The latter are mainly inherited from the weaknesses of the IP protocol, in particular the QoS and the security aspects. It is in this context that this chapter is written. It has as main objective to analyze security in IMS networks as service layer in 4G to identify the most vulnerable points and propose security solutions that can be implemented without degrading the QoS.
Critical Success Factors of Logistics Organizations
Authors: Bamrara Atul
Published: April 2018

To sustain the growing competition by the domestic players and the international players, these firms are implementing customer service standards to be wary of adopting easily achievable performance standards. But setting standards at unrealistically low levels will not help to establish a competitive advantage. Emphasis on total quality or on creation of the perfect order are very critical to any acceptable quality level set below 100%; the firm should develop customer service policies and standards through customer consultation; the firm should develop procedures to measure, monitor, and control the customer service quality called for by the firm's performance measures and standards. The chapter discusses the various tools, techniques, and highlights the critical success factors for a logistic firm by studying the five top-most logistics organizations on the globe.