bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Build a Better Bridge!”
Authors: Westbrook Donald
Published: December 2018

This chapter surveys themes from 1976 to 2018 and begins with an overview of Hubbard’s final years that set the stage for the shape of the contemporary church. It was during this time that the controversial Guardian’s Office (GO) was disbanded. The institutional outcome of the GO’s expulsion was the reorganization of all Scientology organizations. David Miscavige currently heads one of these corporations, the Religious Technology Center (RTC), and is also considered the “ecclesiastical leader of the Scientology religion.” His influence on the post-Hubbard church is examined, including the victory to secure tax-exempt status from the IRS in 1993; debates over the “brainwashing thesis”; Scientologists’ engagement with the media; and, finally, recent theological developments and the church’s ongoing interface with the broader culture through social betterment and humanitarian programs.
Genius in the Raw
Authors: Keyser Catherine
Published: December 2018

In his popular science fiction serial Black Empire, published pseudonymously in the Pittsburgh Courier from 1936 to 1938, the satirist George Schuyler associates the light-skinned love interest with hydroponic produce and science kitchens. The tragic mulatta, an icon of nineteenth-century fiction, becomes in twentieth-century fiction a racial representative pointing the way to a hybrid future. However, the raw foods diet also generates a paradox: the modern mulatta is both pure and primitive, abnegating and appetitive; Schuyler’s fiction and his mixed-race daughter Philippa’s childhood celebrity both reveal a discomfort with women’s bodies and desires that might exceed the bounds of rational control.
Food Insecurity and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Aidala A , Yomogida M , Leigh J
Published: December 2018

Populations with food and nutrition challenges are also those with highest rates of HIV infection. Rates of food insecurity are exceptionally high among people living with HIV. Although there have been advances in access to prevention, treatment, and care including nutrition support in resource-poor countries, recent studies continue to document prevalence of food insecurity among people living with HIV. This chapter contextualizes food insecurity as part of national HIV epidemics and provides a comprehensive treatment of possible solutions to the seemingly intractable and global problem. Topics covered include prevalence and predictors; bidirectional pathways linking food insecurity and HIV/AIDS; and responding to food insecurity and nutrition needs, including via a systems approach. It also includes practice examples.
Introduction
Authors: Kaplan Lindsay
Published: December 2018

This intellectual history focuses on racism: discriminatory concepts and practices that produce, accompany, or follow the (fictive) idea of race. The author identifies inferiority as a primary category of analysis, arguing that the creation of a hierarchy in which one group represents itself as superior to another constitutes a necessary element of racism. Attending to the tropes of subordinating differentiation helps trace racism’s history in drawing a line from medieval forms to contemporary white supremacism. The figural concept of cursed Jewish slavery developed in medieval Christian theology serves to construct racial inferiority. The introduction stresses the importance of theology in the history of race: the many studies of medieval discourses that articulate racial identities for Jews and Muslims do not focus on the theological texts from which these constructions emerge. Medieval Christian theology creates a status of hereditary inferiority, a concept that continues to shape modern racism.
The Mark of Cain and Embodying Inferiority
Authors: Kaplan Lindsay
Published: December 2018

Although hereditary inferiority initially defines a status absent a corporeal effect, the figure of Cain provides a means by which the Jews’ subjection could be embodied. Medieval Christian theologians employ the marked and cursed figure of Cain in the invention of a divinely inflicted curse of bleeding that functions to humiliate and subordinate male Jewish bodies. The author demonstrates that Jacques de Vitry’s account of this disease in his Historia Orientalis very closely traces the logic of papal decretals referencing Cain and Jewish servitude. Following the objective of legal attempts to define and enforce Jewish inferiority, the discourse of Jewish bleeding, whether described as menstrual or hemorrhoidal in subsequent texts, seeks to embody inferiority by means of demeaning disease. The theological concept of servitus Judaeorum influences discourses of natural philosophy and medicine that represent materially inferior Jewish bodies through the force of shaming infirmity.
Making Darkness Visible
Authors: Kaplan Lindsay
Published: December 2018

This chapter demonstrates how figural inferiority shapes visual representations of Passion scenes in which dark-skinned Jews attack Jesus. These portrayals emerge in a period when accounts of the Passion increasingly emphasize Jesus’s suffering at the hands of his Jewish enemies. Scholars have explained English psalter illuminations of dark Jews as participating in negative patristic associations of the “Ethiopian.” This chapter argues that dark colors connoting death and damnation provide another explanatory context. The author considers representations of the damned and of devils portrayed as blue, gray, and brown to interpret images of similarly toned Jews in thirteenth-century psalters. In attacking Jesus, whose sacrifice secures redemption from eternal death, the Jews bring upon themselves not only the curse of a servile life, but also the damnation of the soul that leads to everlasting death. The images embody the Jews’ spiritual abjection as infernal: not only hellish, but inferior.
Jewish Ham
Authors: Kaplan Lindsay
Published: December 2018

Many scholars have considered how the curse of Ham in Genesis serves as a justification for the enslavement of Africans. However, in seeking for the origin of Ham’s purported blackness, they overlook his association with Jewish hereditary inferiority. Originating in patristic exegesis, this idea circulates widely in medieval visual arts and popular discourses. While medieval Christian commentaries on Genesis that link Ham to Africa do not mention Noah’s curse, the idea of Jewish cursed servitude appears adjacent to these considerations, thus paving the way for a transfer of hereditary inferiority from one group to the other. The association of Jews with Ham continues into the Reformation, but subsides as the imperative to subordinate Jews gives way to intra-Christian enmity. The figure of Ham as representing a curse of Jewish perpetual slavery is eclipsed by a more profitable, opportunistic application to Africans that justifies their enslavement.
Introduction
Authors: Connie Elliott E.
Published: December 2018

Over the past two decades, solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) has become a popular therapeutic model for marriage and family therapist, professional counselors, and social work educators and practitioners. This chapter will provide a historical overview of how SFBT was developed inductively from a multidisciplinary team of clinicians working at the Mental Research Institute in the 1970s, the development of the Brief Family Therapy Center in the 1980s by de Shazer and Kim-Berg, and the development of the Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Association in the 2000s. This chapter will also cover the basic tenets of SFBT, an overview of the process of a SFBT session, and serve as an introduction to the rest of the book
SFBT and Violent Crime
Authors: von Cziffra-Bergs Jacqui
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses using SFBT with clients that have been victims of a violent crime. The chapter provides an alternative to the traditional trauma debriefing model and purposes a strength-based resilient outlook on trauma. Seeing clients as resourceful and capable and not as victims of the trauma allows clients the opportunity to take control, and practically and pragmatically create change. The chapter discusses solution-focused questions of hope, resilience, pride, and coping: thus, turning the therapist into a resilientologist and not a victimologist. This chapter also looks at the importance of building a relationship with the person and not the trauma and highlights the need to stay hopeful toward the person and not get distracted by the traumatic event.
Preventing Suicide in the Aftermath of Trauma
Authors: Fiske Heather
Published: December 2018

This chapter describes utilizing a SFBT approach with clients that have experienced a trauma and are thinking of ending their lives. This chapter describes how hope feeds positive therapeutic change, especially when a client is hopeless and sees no way out. The chapter describes the skill that underlies all other solution-focused practices; constructive listening and observation and describes how watching and listening for the clients’ strengths, capacities, good intentions, and improvements or successes are paramount when working with suicidal clients. This chapter is full of useful solution-focused questions that can be asked by therapists in their work to prevent suicide.
Interpersonal Violence
Authors: Crosswhite Dawn , Kim Johnny S. , Williams Stacey Anne
Published: December 2018

This chapter presents an overview on interpersonal violence and how SFBT can be used with clients who have experienced violence as an adult or child. Along with a description of the various forms of interpersonal violence, global information on the prevalence of interpersonal and domestic violence is presented. The impact and consequences of interpersonal violence that many victims, in both heterosexual and homosexual relationships, experience is discussed. A case example where the client was the perpetrator rather than a victim is provided to demonstrate how SFBT approach can be used with clients who are typically forced into more problem-focused or punitive approaches to behavioral change.
Substance Abuse and Recovery Through SFBT
Authors: Reddy Swathi M. , Bolton Kristin , Franklin Cynthia , Suitt Karla Gonzalez
Published: December 2018

This chapter describes how SFBT has been used in the treatment of substance use and relies on the clinical literature to illustrate interventions. Specific ways to engage clients with substance use will be covered, including the questions to ask in order to promote change. In addition, this chapter will describe a case where SFBT has been used with a client with alcohol use disorder and explain how SFBT may be used in groups to treat substance use. Finally, this chapter will discuss the emerging outcome literature on SFBT with clients who have substance use including studies that assess substance use and trauma.
Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Crosswhite Dawn , Kim Johnny S.
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on sexual abuse, its negative impact, and how SFBT can be used with clients who have experienced this trauma. This chapter provides an updated definition of child sexual abuse, along with the wide range of sexual activities that children may experience, and discusses the complicating factors in identifying sexual abuse internationally. Along with international prevalence rates of child sexual abuse, this chapter discusses the negative impact children and their family members experience. The chapter concludes with a case example to illustrate ways to use solution-focused brief therapy approach with a client who had experienced sexual abuse.
Loss, Grief, and Bereavement
Authors: Smith Carla P. , Froerer Adam S.
Published: December 2018

This chapter will discuss the concepts of loss, grief, and bereavement, with a special emphasis on cultural awareness, and will outline how SFBT therapists can help clients manage these pervasive feelings and experiences. Ambiguous loss will also be explored and linked to the reasons clients often struggle throughout the bereavement journey. This chapter will also highlight the non-judgmental stance that is held by SFBT therapists and how this stance can contribute to healing and growth for clients. Finally, a case presentation will be presented to illustrate how a SFBT clinician can work with individuals and families while they progress through bereavement after loss and grief.
Soviet-American Cultural Encounters in Late Stalinism
Authors: Magnúsdóttir Rósa
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses Soviet efforts to “tell the truth about Soviet socialism” at home and abroad, showing how not only Soviet anti-Americanism but also American McCarthyism stood in the way of the development of Soviet-American cultural relations in the early years of the Cold War. It surveys the way Soviet cultural institutions as well as Soviet front organizations in the United States were organized in the late Stalin era. It puts the spotlight on the most famous American visit in the postwar period, namely the Steinbeck-Capa 1947 tour. It is a remarkable story of how Soviet propaganda authorities tried to explain postwar socialism and control the visitors’ experiences in the Soviet Union, but it also details Steinbeck’s fascination with Soviet knowledge and understanding of the United States (or lack thereof).
The Possibilities of Peaceful Coexistence, 1958–1959
Authors: Magnúsdóttir Rósa
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on the official cultural exchange agreement from 1958 and its immediate outcome. The focus is first on Soviet reactions to the American National Exhibition in Moscow in 1959 and then Khrushchev’s trip to the United States, which aptly illustrates the changes in both official and popular discourses on America that had taken place since 1945. In 1959, Khrushchev emphasized the demonstrated capabilities of the Soviet and American people to fight for peace together: the Soviet-American alliance again entered the Soviet narrative of the Great Patriotic War, and even if hopes for a real thaw in Soviet-American relations came to nothing in the early 1960s, culminating in 1962 with the Cuban Missile Crisis, there was never again such a strong effort to control and contain images of the United States in the Soviet Union as there had been during the early Cold War.
Epidemiology of Homelessness Among Veterans
Authors: Brignone Emily , Fargo Jamison , Culhane Dennis
Published: December 2018

Accurately estimating the incidence, prevalence, and composition of the population of Veterans who experience homelessness is important for planning and evaluating prevention and intervention strategies. However, several methodological considerations exist that are relevant to establishing and interpreting epidemiological estimates of homelessness among Veterans. These issues include the conceptual definition of homeless and Veteran status; the various time frames used in enumeration efforts and the implications of these time frames on resulting estimates; and the strengths and limitations of primary and administrative data sources. This chapter discusses methodological issues and present a national epidemiological estimates based on various sources and methodologies. Recent point prevalence, period prevalence, and incidence estimates are summarized, as are segmentation of estimates by demographic, geographic, and housing status characteristics, and trends over time. In the past decade, several indicators have suggested that homelessness among Veterans has decreased substantially. Since 2009, point-in-time estimates have declined nearly 50%, and 1-year estimates have declined by 11%. Despite these improvements, Veterans continue to be overrepresented among the population of homeless adults in the United States.
Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders Among Homeless Veterans
Authors: Gabrielian Sonya , Gores Ashton M. , Gelberg Lillian , Tsai Jack
Published: December 2018

Mental illness and substance use disorders (SUDs) are strong risk factors for homelessness, regardless of Veteran status. This chapter describes the interplay between mental illness, SUDs, the co-occurrence of these disorders (CoD), and homelessness among Veterans; the authors consider military-specific experiences (e.g., combat) and factors associated with homelessness for both Veteran and non-Veteran adults (e.g., childhood adversity). They present epidemiology data on mental illness and SUDs among homeless Veterans, considering specific diagnoses (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder) and experiences (e.g., military sexual trauma) that are highly prevalent within or unique to persons who served in the United States Armed Forces. In addition, the authors present qualitative and quantitative data on pathways to homelessness for Veterans with mental illness, SUDs, and/or CoD, considering distinct pathways seen in special populations (e.g., women Veterans, who have high rates of trauma, and the newest cohort of Veterans who served in Iraq or Afghanistan). Last, the authors discuss supported housing outcomes for homeless Veterans with psychiatric disorders and SUDs. They discuss the utility of these programs for homeless Veterans with mental health problems and explore the influence of psychiatric disorders and SUDs among Veterans with poor supported housing outcomes.
Primary Care for Homeless Veterans
Authors: O’Toole Thomas P.
Published: December 2018

In many ways homelessness is both a health issue and a reflection of the viability of our social safety net and health care system. Despite advances made in our understanding of how to best provide care and assist homeless persons, significant health disparities and gaps in care persist, as does the conundrum of chronic and persistent homelessness. Primary care tailored to homeless persons provides a unique opportunity to address some of these health disparities and vulnerabilities as well as the platform on which to engage them in an array of additional services over a continuum of time and need. Core tenets of the most successful models capture several key elements: (1) availability of care based on an open-access, on-demand, and non-contingent model; (2) one-stop, wrap-around services that are integrated and coordinated; (3) capacity for intensive, longitudinal and community/social service–linked case management; (4) high-quality, evidence-based, and culturally sensitive care that both destigmatizes seeking care and supports professionalism among the providers delivering that care; and (5) accountability to specific measurable goals and outcomes. However, it will not happen without deliberate planning and organization and a commitment to the capacity needed to bring services to scale.
Supported Housing
Authors: O’Connell Maria J. , Rosenheck Robert A.
Published: December 2018

Supported housing, providing both financial housing subsidies and case management support, is widely recognized as the most effective approach to ending homelessness for individuals with psychiatric and/or addictive disorders. The joint US Department of Housing and Urban Development–Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) program is the largest and perhaps longest running supportive housing initiative for any group of homeless persons, worldwide. Since its inception in 1992, HUD-VASH has assisted more than 146,000 Veterans, most of whom have successfully exited from homelessness, and currently serves more than 80,000 Veterans nationwide each year. Guided by principles such as rapid placement into housing, no prerequisites for abstinence for entering housing, and minimal requirements for engagement in clinical care, HUD-VASH stands apart from traditional homeless service programs. Research over the past 25 years, including the first and one of few experimental cost-effectiveness studies of supportive housing, and an extensive series of longitudinal studies have documented the benefits of this program in reducing homelessness as well in leading to greater social connectedness, higher quality of life, and reduced alcohol and drug use. In recent years, HUD-VASH researchers have been exploring ways to modify, augment, or adapt the program to better meet the needs of Veterans through the use of peers, telehealth, and group support. Official VA documents suggest that HUD-VASH has played a major role in the nationwide reduction in the number of homeless Veterans in recent years.
Down the Rabbit Hole We Go!
Authors: Uscinski Joseph E.
Published: December 2018

Conspiracy theories are not fringe ideas, tucked neatly away in the dark corners of society. They are politically, economically, and socially relevant to all of us. They are intertwined with our everyday lives in countless ways. Just like other ideas, they have consequences which can sometimes be deadly. Conspiracy theories can also encourage good behavior and uncover wrongdoing. Beyond shaping the composition and nature of governments through democratic processes, conspiracy theories exert a profound effect on policy choices. Sometimes this is a top-down process by which political elites use conspiracy rhetoric to justify or propagate particular policies; in other instances conspiracy theories can percolate from the bottom up, and affect policy through direct democracy or by influencing the actions of otherwise nonconspiratorial elites. Conspiracy theories are often discussed, but much less understood. What do we know about conspiracy theories and what answers continue to elude us? What makes conspiracy theories so important now?
Media Marginalization of Racial Minorities
Authors: Orr Martin , Husting Ginna
Published: December 2018

The term “conspiracy theorist” is commonly used in social political discourse as a way to silence, trivialize, or demonize critics of the abuse of power. Nowhere does this become more evident than when used to discount marginalized groups, where the claims of individuals are not only treated as unworthy of consideration, but cast as the result of weaknesses of mind innate to certain races, ethnicities, and nations. The discourse surrounding two historical events—African-American responses to allegations of CIA complicity in drug trafficking, and the concerns among peoples in nations with Muslim majorities in the context of the “War on Terror”—exemplify the reduction of knowledge claims in conspiracy theories to motives so as to push them beyond the bounds of reasoned discourse.
Conspiracy Theory Phobia
Authors: Räikkä Juha , Basham Lee
Published: December 2018

Many scholars and journalists have recently questioned why people believe in conspiracy theories. Perhaps equal consideration should be given to the opposing question, why do people not believe in conspiracy theories. People who refuse to evaluate conspiracy theories evenly and openly may suffer from conspiracy theory phobia. This phobia manifests when a person rejects conspiracy theories out of hand without an appropriate evaluation of the available evidence, or if her reaction toward conspiracy theories is one of mockery, contempt, or hostility. Conspiracy theory phobia is likely explained by non-rational psychological mechanisms. In this chapter, we show how confirmation bias and pragmatic hypothesis testing can drive the rejection of conspiracy theories. Arguably, conspiracy theory phobia can distort social science and undermine political accountability within functional democracies.
Don’t Trust the Scientists! Rejecting the Scientific Consensus “Conspiracy”
Authors: Pasek Josh
Published: December 2018

Scholars assessing the public understanding of science have long regarded informing Americans about scientific facts as key to raising Americans’ scientific literacy. But many Americans appear to be aware of the scientific consensus and nonetheless reject it. The individuals who are aware of the scientific consensus and reject its tenets tend to distrust scientists. They also focus their rejection on particular issues for which they may be otherwise motivated. This rejection may be driven by elites, who argue against the scientific consensus on issues like climate change by asserting either that the science is unsettled or by contending that the scientific consensus is itself a conspiratorial ploy. Individuals’ patterns of beliefs seem to imply that they view scientific evidence they dislike as the result of a conspiracy.
The Conspiracy Theory Pyramid Scheme
Authors: Goertzel Ted
Published: December 2018

The conspiracy theory pyramid scheme has three tiers. First, writers and intellectuals who reinforce and legitimate conspiracy memes, sometimes without explicitly endorsing conspiracy theories. Second, people with a psychological affinity for conspiracy theories. And third, people who feel threatened by a specific issue and become persuaded that a conspiracy is at work. The pyramid metaphor should not be taken to imply that the top tier is in control and dominates the second and third tiers of the pyramid. Interaction between the tiers is reciprocal, not hierarchical. The authors examined in this chapter have played an important role on the first tier of the conspiracy theory pyramids: Andrew Wakefield, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Frederick Seitz, James Inhofe, Vandana Shiva, Noam Chomsky, and Edward Herman.
Conspiracy Theory Psychology
Authors: Wood Michael J. , Douglas Karen M.
Published: December 2018

Conspiracy theories tend to be taken more seriously by people who are mistrustful and prone to certain forms of magical thinking, have a worldview that generally fits with conspiratorial interpretations of events, feel alienated from society and its norms, and frequently come into contact with other topics outside of the mainstream such as alternative medicine. Conspiracy theories are less plausible when the audience has a positive attitude toward the group implicated as the conspirators, when they are engaged in analytical, detail-focused thinking, and when they feel like they are generally in control of their own fate.
Why the Powerful (in Weak States) Prefer Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Radnitz Scott
Published: December 2018

Why do politicians promote conspiracy theories in weak states? Not simply because they or their constituents believe them. Unlike established democracies, in which politics works through institutions, in weak states, politicians need to find alternative ways of advancing their agendas. Two steps are usually necessary for conspiracy theories to become prominent in political discourse: first, national narratives about insecurity make claims of conspiracy plausible. Second, when politicians cannot keep their internal struggles secret or when unexpected events occur, they are likely to make a decisive turn toward conspiracy-tinged rhetoric. This chapter shows how these factors operate with examples from Russia, Turkey, and Afghanistan.
Conspiracy Theories in Post-Soviet Russia
Authors: Yablokov Ilya
Published: December 2018

Throughout the post-Soviet period various conspiracy theories, most of which have been anti-Western, have moved from the margins of intellectual life to the mainstream of Russian politics. The trauma of the Soviet collapse enabled political elites to offer a conspiratorial reading of the event, and use this both for the purpose of nation-building and for suppressing democratic opposition by accusing its proponents of having destroyed the Soviet Union from within. Russian political elites use conspiracy theories to tackle emerging challenges by dividing Russian society into a majority loyal to the Kremlin, and a minority which is supposedly out to destroy Russia. The state authorities, including top-ranking politicians, seem to be the main producers of this conspiracy discourse; however, they use it with great care, with much reliance on the support of intellectuals who take part both in the production and dissemination of these theories to the general public. Studying conspiracy theories in Russia provides us with a means to comprehend domestic politics and to explain the strategies of the Russian political elite on both the domestic and international levels.
The Credulity of Conspiracy Theorists
Authors: Keeley Brian L.
Published: December 2018

Where does entertaining (or promoting) conspiracy theories stand with respect to rational inquiry? According to one view, conspiracy theorists are open-minded skeptics, being careful not to accept uncritically common wisdom, exploring alternative explanations of events no matter how unlikely they might seem at first glance. Seen this way, they are akin to scientists attempting to explain the social world. On the other hand, they are also sometimes seen as overly credulous, believing everything they read on the Internet, say. In addition to conspiracy theorists and scientists, another significant form of explanation of the events of the world can be found in religious contexts, such as when a disaster is explained as being an “act of God.” By comparing conspiratorial thinking with scientific and religious forms of explanation, features of all three are brought into clearer focus. For example, anomalies and a commitment to naturalist explanation are seen as important elements of scientific explanation, although the details are less clear. This paper uses conspiracy theories as a lens through which to investigate rational or scientific inquiry. In addition, a better understanding of the scientific method as it might be applied in the study of events of interest to conspiracy theorists can help understand their epistemic virtues and vices.
Empowerment as a Tool to Reduce Belief in Conspiracy Theories
Authors: van Prooijen Jan-Willem
Published: December 2018

Conspiracy theories can be harmful for public health, global warming, safety, conflict, and political polarization. What interventions help reduce the appeal of conspiracy theories? It is well-known that conspiracy theories flourish among citizens who feel powerless and out of control, however I argue that the opposite is also true: that feeling empowered and in control of one’s social environment reduces belief in conspiracy theories. Given this, authorities can reduce conspiracy beliefs among the public by installing procedural justice principles in decision-making processes. Procedural justice increases feelings of empowerment and trust, even among followers who disagree with the decision outcomes.
Models of Citizenship Requirements
Authors: Tripkovic Milena
Published: December 2018

Starting from the premise that criminal disenfranchisement sanctions the unsatisfactory performance of citizenship duties, this chapter develops three different models that account for different kinds of duties that citizens of contemporary democracies may have toward their polities. The “sense of justice” model, related to the liberal tradition of democratic political thought, demands that citizens have a basic capacity for a sense of justice—a capacity to respect the negotiated and widely accepted fundamental values of the polity. The “civic virtue” model, connected to republicanism, requires that self-governing citizens are devoted to political cooperation and appreciate the inherent value of the polity. The “common good” model, associated with communitarianism, expects strict adherence to specific values and a particular interpretation of the good life, which is shared by members of a polity and which is mirrored in its legal norms.
Conclusion
Authors: Tripkovic Milena
Published: December 2018

The last chapter summarizes the main conclusions of the book. The empirical findings have demonstrated that although many countries increasingly adopt pro-enfranchisement policies, most still impose electoral restrictions. The book has also reached three theoretical conclusions. First, disenfranchisement is conceptually different from criminal punishment and represents a citizenship sanction whose purpose is to undermine one’s status of equal membership. While punishment sanctions offenders as humans, disenfranchisement sanctions the unsatisfactory performance of citizenship duties. Second, only immoral offenders who have, by committing serious crimes against the polity, irreparably severed co-citizenship ties may be legitimately excluded. This conclusion is further specified by analyzing crimes that could activate the restriction, its length, and the manner of imposition. Third, by generating a frame for thinking about duties that citizens have toward their polities, the book has also created a theoretical structure within which other citizenship-altering sanctions that exist in contemporary democracies could be normatively assessed.
Distributive Effects of the Crisis in the European Periphery
Authors: Matsaganis Manos , Leventi Chrysa
Published: December 2018

This chapter aims to provide an assessment of the distributional implications of the economic crisis in Greece, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Latvia, Lithuania, and Romania in the period 2009−2013. On the one hand, the recession has caused unemployment to rise and household incomes to fall, which are both changes that raise the demand for social protection. On the other hand, austerity policies and program reforms affect the capacity of welfare states to provide social protection. We use a microsimulation model to disentangle the first-order effects of tax–benefit policies from the overall effects of the crisis. Moreover, we estimate how the burden of the crisis has been shared across income groups and how the differential impact of the crisis may have altered the composition of the population in poverty. We conclude by discussing the methodological pitfalls and policy implications of our research.
Toward Adequate Minimum Incomes
Authors: Cantillon Bea , Marchal Sarah , Luigjes Chris
Published: December 2018

Involvement in poverty reduction at the European Union level remains mainly limited to soft governance initiatives, such as the formulation of nonbinding outcome targets and the monitoring of Member States’ progress toward these targets in the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) Social Inclusion and more recently in the revised European Semester. This chapter asks how to give more bite to European social governance and how to further “socialize” the existing Europe 2020 strategy and the European Semester. It argues that binding input governance in the field of minimum income protection is the place to start. As a first step, the chapter proposes augmenting the so-called auxiliary output indicators with relevant input indicators.
Cheiron the Centaur
Authors: Gregory Justina
Published: December 2018

The first teacher attested in the Greek literary tradition is Cheiron the centaur, who from his cave on Mount Pelion in Thessaly dispensed an elite, one-on-one education to some of mythology’s greatest heroes. Because the centaur has left few traces in epic and tragedy, it is necessary to assemble his pedagogic persona from disparate sources. After defining Cheiron as an anti-centaur who differs from his fellows in lineage as well as character, this chapter discusses the centaur’s position vis-à-vis the human community; the Precepts of Cheiron, a collection of injunctions attributed to Hesiod; and Cheiron’s relationship with his pupils Achilles, Jason, Asclepius, and Actaeon, as well as with his daughter Hippo. In his failures as well as his successes, the centaur sets the pattern for subsequent teachers in the ancient Greek literary tradition.
Odyssey
Authors: Gregory Justina
Published: December 2018

In the Odyssey the educational theme (whose prominence was already recognized in antiquity) takes a distinctive turn, probably because Odysseus’ son Telemachus has grown up without a father’s guidance and advice. The chapter begins by considering the childhood and youth of Odysseus, which share elements with the normative heroic education adumbrated in the Iliad. It then turns to Telemachus who, raised by his mother, Penelope, in his father’s absence, is adept at offering xenia (guest-friendship) but otherwise uncertain of his heroic identity. Assuming the disguise of the first Mentor in Western literature, the goddess Athena undertakes to remedy Telemachus’ educational deficits by sending him on a tour of the Peloponnese. When Telemachus returns home and reunites with his father, the two must quickly forge a productive relationship and learn to function as a pair.
De Facto Segregation
Authors: Rothstein Richard
Published: December 2018

The United States’ ability to desegregate metropolitan areas is hobbled by historical ignorance. Believing that segregation is de facto, resulting mostly from private prejudice and income differences, policymakers have failed to consider aggressive initiatives that are constitutionally required to remedy state-sponsored de jure segregation. First with the Public Works Administration, later with war housing built for defense-plant workers during World War II, and still later with the explicit acceptance of racial segregation by the 1949 Housing Act, the federal government created separate neighborhoods for blacks and for whites, often in cities that had not previously known such extreme racial segregation. Subsequently, whites left public housing when the Federal Housing Administration financed suburban development with requirements that builders exclude African Americans. Many other federal, state, and local government policies purposefully contributed to segregation but have never been remedied because policymakers are unfamiliar with this history and the obligations it has generated.
The Community Reinvestment Act as a Catalyst for Integration and an Antidote to Concentrated Poverty
Authors: Taylor John , Silver Josh
Published: December 2018

Policymakers tend to focus on federal programs as remedies to poverty. While important, the largest of these programs do not combat poverty’s geographic aspects. The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) imposes an affirmative obligation on banks to meet the credit needs of low- and moderate-income (LMI) neighborhoods. The act is designed to promote affordable housing and economic development by combating lending discrimination, thereby alleviating poverty and building wealth in LMI areas. Federal CRA exams rate banks on their loans and investments in LMI neighborhoods. By promoting responsible lending, the CRA has increased homeownership and small-business ownership in those neighborhoods. However, the act’s full potential to combat concentrations of poverty has not been realized. This chapter explores how improved examination procedures can make the CRA more effective in promoting integration in gentrifying and distressed neighborhoods and how the CRA can be combined with the US Department of Housing and Urban Development’s recent fair housing rule and other anti-poverty programs to combat concentrations of poverty.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Albright Ann
Published: December 2018

This introduction situates How to Land: Finding Ground in an Unstable World as an interdisciplinary book that weaves together the fields of phenomenology, cognitive studies, contemporary politics, and somatic education to demonstrate how moving is linked to thinking. It foregrounds the questions that provoked the original inquiry such as: How are our bodies affected by repeated images of falling bodies, bombed-out buildings, and displaced peoples, as well as recurring evocations of global economies in “free fall,” governments “dissolving,” health disasters “spiraling” out of control, and ice caps “melting”? and What kind of fear gets lodged in our neurological system when we live with an underlying anxiety that certain aspects of our world are in danger of falling apart? In addition to giving synopses of each chapter, the introduction introduces two important conceptual triads: the 3Rs of responsiveness, resistance, and resilience; and the 3Ps of perception, practice, and politics. The introduction presents the experience of embodiment as a critical methodology which can transform moments of personal disorientation and national crisis into opportunities to reflect on the critical relationship between individual resiliency and communal responsibility. Physical skills have metaphysical implications, and these can guide our corporeal sensibilities as well as our ethical responsibilities.
The Theological Mediation
Authors: Viladesau Richard
Published: December 2018

Enlightenment thinkers like Thomas Jefferson and Rousseau presented a version of Christianity in which Jesus is seen more as a teacher of morality than as a divine savior. Rationalist thinkers presented radical objections to the classical “satisfaction” theory of salvation. This chapter surveys major responses by theologians and philosophers, some attempting to defend traditional doctrine, others proposing new interpretations.
The Aesthetic Mediation
Authors: Viladesau Richard
Published: December 2018

In the visual arts of the Romantic period the crucifixion of Christ often became a representation of the sufferings of humanity. Caspar David Friedrich’s paintings placed the cross in the context of the immensity of nature. Toward the end of the nineteenth century there was an increasing tendency to portray Jesus’ suffering in the genre of naturalistic realism. Some painters consciously attempted to incorporate the findings of modern biblical scholarship, rather than follow traditional models. Early film representations, on the other hand, tended to rely on classical types and popular piety.
From Public Reason to the Democratic Decision-Making Process
Authors: Hertzberg Benjamin R.
Published: December 2018

This chapter criticizes the ideal of public reason, showing that even when it is specified in several plausible ways, it does not provide citizens with sufficient guidance in evaluating religious politics. Instead, the ideal must be placed within a larger, way-of-life conception of democracy that considers religion’s roles in citizens’ civic lives. The chapter develops a minimal conception of public reason and analyses two criticisms of it: that public reason is a culturally protestant political approach that ignores crucial aspects of religion and that public reason violates religious citizens’ integrity. It then assesses two predominant responses to the second criticism: restricting the domain of public reason norms and adopting the convergence conception of public justification. Both responses demonstrate public reason’s inability to offer citizens sufficient guidance in evaluating religion’s political influence.
Exemplars of Truth
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: December 2018

This monograph is both an intellectual summation as well as a philosophical advancement of key themes of the work of Keith Lehrer on several key topics—including knowledge, self-trust, autonomy, and consciousness. He here attempts to integrate these themes and develop an intellectual system that can constructively solve philosophical problems. The system is indebted to the modern work of Sellars, Quine, and Chisholm, as well as historically to Hume and Reid. At the core of this system lies Lehrer’s theory of knowledge, which he previously called a coherence theory of knowledge but now calls a defensibility theory. Lehrer argues that knowledge requires the capacity to justify or defend the target claim of knowledge in terms of a background system. Defensibility is an internal capacity supplied by that system to meet objections to the claim. This theory however leaves open the problem of “experience,” noted by other philosophers, of how to explain the special role of experience in a background system even granted we are fallible in describing it. Lehrer offers a solution to the problem of experience, arguing that reflection on experience converts the experience itself into an exemplar, something like a sample that becomes a vehicle or term of representation. The exemplar represents itself and extends to represent the external world. It exhibits something about evidence and truth concerning experience that, as Wittgenstein noted, cannot be fully described but can only be shown. Exemplar representation is the missing link of a background system to truth about the world.
Introduction
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: December 2018

A review of Keith Lehrer’s work over more than half a century suggested a system that motivated the present manuscript. He has written about knowledge, autonomy, self-trust, and consciousness. Many books and volumes of journals have collected deeply insightful articles about his work, including Bogdan (1980); Bender (1989); Brandl, Gombocz, and Pillar (1991); Olsson (2003); and Fürst and Melchior (2012). This posed the question of how it could all fit together into one system. Science, art, and practice challenge us to evaluate and reconsider what we desire, what we believe, and how we represent the world, ourselves in the world, and the world in ourselves. We must make ourselves worthy of our trust and the trust of others in our defensible and autonomous quest for truth and evidence. We embody that defensible system of truth, evidence, theory, meaning, and science. The book is the articulation of the Lehrer’s system.
Perceptual Knowledge of the External World
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: December 2018

This chapter explains how exemplarization of experience can provide representational evidence for perceptual claims. The perceptual subject experiences a smell of the spray of a skunk and knows what the sensation is like before he learns the origin of it. To know what the sensation is like in itself requires the subject has some conception or representation of what it is like. The representation of the experience is the result of using the experience as a reflexive exemplar representation of a kind of sensation of which it is an instance. As the subject learns that the exemplar sensation is the odor of the spray of a skunk, it becomes part of the meaning and, consequently, evidence for external object description by exhibiting what the objects are like for us. The evidence of truth is fallible but when not defeated by error it provides defensible knowledge of external things.
Intuition and Coherence in the Keystone Loop
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: December 2018

Is knowledge and justification a matter of isolated intuition or coherence with a background system? One intuitionist, Thomas Reid, failed to acknowledge the controversy. He argued that knowledge was a matter of first principles, which drive intuition, but also claimed that the first principles depended on each other like links in a chain, as a coherentist might. Wilfrid Sellars, a famous coherentist, argued that all knowledge was explained by coherence with a background system, but, on the other hand, conceded that some knowledge claims were justified noninferentially, as an intuitionist might. This book suggests a resolution to the conflict in terms of a kind of knowledge requiring the knower be able to defend the target knowledge claim. The defense rests on exemplar representation of experience, yielding intuition, tied together in a keystone loop within a system to defend that representation, yielding coherence.
Renunciation of Vocation and Renunciation within Vocation
Authors: Rambachan Anantanand
Published: December 2018

This chapter addresses the question of whether some people might be called to renounce a vocation and turn away from their callings because of some moral, relational, or religious demand. Drawing on various elements in the Hindu tradition, the author suggests an alternative: renunciation within vocation. Focusing on various interpretations of the Bhagavadgita (and in particular, the story of Arjuna’s struggle as to whether he should fight against his cousins), the chapter argues that it may be possible to separate ourselves from attachment to certain fruits of our labors without renouncing the work itself. This, in turn, may have a number of additional benefits for various aspects of vocational reflection and discernment—including greater attention to the process of discernment (rather than its result), as well as relief from the anxiety that is generated by the demand that one’s vocation be demonstrably “productive.”