bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Pneumatic Pressure Bag Testing Machine for Applying a Uniform Load to Panels and Pallets
Authors: Mackes KH , Loferski JR , White MS
Published: February 2009

Methods for applying uniformly distributed loads to structures are evaluated. A detailed description is presented for a pneumatic pressure bag (airbag) testing machine built by researchers at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. A 48 in. (1.219 m) square steel plate with an average thickness of 0.498 in. (0.01265 m) was tested to determine whether the machine delivers a true uniformly distributed load. Experimental results are compared to an analytical solution obtained using the ABAQUS finite element program.

Results show that the deflection pattern of the plate along its length at midspan is parabolic, with deflections being greatest at the free edges and least at the plate center. Errors range from 0.6% at one free edge to 3.8% at the other. The error at the plate center is 1.4%. The close agreement between finite element and experimental values indicates that the load applied by the airbag testing machine is a good approximation of a truly uniform load.
A Modified Miniature Disk Test for Determining Material Mechanical Properties
Authors: Xu Y , Zhao Z
Published: February 2009

This paper briefly describes the apparatus and experimental procedure for the modified miniature specimen test (MMST). The primary focus is on the thought and methodology of converting data. The accuracy and reliability of test results are emphasized. The fundamental relations for converting experimental data are established via analysis of elastic-plastic bulge deformation behavior of a middle-thick circular plate loaded at the center for which the circumference is fixed and points at the boundary can move in a radial direction. The formulas for calculating materials strength and ductility have been derived from the relation. Three types of unirradiated materials whose strengths are different and one kind of 316 SS irradiated by protons were tested with MMST. The test results along with the standard deviations are presented. The comparison of these data with that for uniaxial tension tests is also given. The evaluation of material equivalent fracture strain was also performed with the MMST.
Effect of Carbide and Oxide Coating Thickness on Cutting Tool Wear in the Turning Process
Authors: Kim J-D
Published: February 2009

In this investigation, tool grade P20 WC was coated using the Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method. The specimen was coated uniformly with Al2O3 of 1.5 µm thickness over an additional coating of TiC. TiC coating thickness varied at four different thicknesses: 3 µm, 6 µm, 9 µm, and 12 µm. The investigation was conducted with a turning operation in high-strength steel at higher cutting speed. Using SEM and X-ray, the progress of crater wear was carefully observed.
Stiffening Effects of Photoelastic Coatings on Orthotropic Plates
Authors: Tew BW , Blackketter DM , Lemmon RK
Published: February 2009

Photoelastic coatings have been used successfully for years to help engineers understand the stress state within a test specimen or structural component under load. For very stiff specimens, the addition of a photoelastic coating does little to change the stress state within the specimens. However, photoelastic coatings used with relatively flexible specimens have a significant stiffening effect which has been quantified and documented for isotropic materials. Correction factors have been developed that allow the analyst to account for the stiffness added to the specimen by the coating. This technical note addresses the stiffening effect of isotropic photoelastic coatings on orthotropic specimens, and provides orthotropic correction factors needed to correctly interpret stress results obtained using photoelastic analyses. The derivation of these correction factors assumes that loads are applied only along principal planes. Consequently, shear stresses due to specimen orthotropy are not present.
Numerical Analysis of Ductile Fracture Experiments Using Single-Edge Notched Tension Specimens
Authors: Hollstein T , Schmitt W , Blauel JG
Published: February 2009

The elastic compliance C and the J-integral are investigated for single-edge notched tension specimens. The parameters are discussed with respect to crack length, thickness of specimen, load level, stress state, and loading system. Test results for a structural steel St E 460 (nickel-vanadium) at room temperature are presented together with two- and three-dimensional finite element calculations for some of these specimens. The overall specimen behavior including J for the 10-mm-thick specimens is reproduced by a plane stress model. Even the 40-mm-thick specimens are better modelled in plane stress than in plane strain. The strong influence of the angular stiffness of the loading system on the specimen behavior is demonstrated. For the experimental arrangement used in this study a single-specimen estimation procedure is developed to calculate J from the work done on the specimen.
On the Yield Loads of Plates with Array of Holes
Authors: Jindal UC , Mandal ML
Published: February 2009

Scientific and technical literature is full of research papers on the investigations of stress concentrations around holes and rows of holes in plates. All these stress concentrations have been determined in specimens where the stresses and strains away from the holes are well within the elastic limit of the material. Yet literature on the load bearing capacities up to yield point of plates with holes is not available. It is of academic and practical importance to determine the yield load of a machine component with holes, as yield load may be the criterion of failure for ductile materials. In the present work, yield loads of mild steel plates with one, three, five, and nine holes in different combinations and orientations have been determined experimentally using an Instron universal testing machine. The yield loads of these specimens were very close to the yield loads of the specimens without holes. It was further observed that for up to a 30% reduction in area in the critical section (along which final fracture takes place), the yield load remains the same. Specimens with a single hole were also studied under moderately dynamic strains, up to a strain rate of 0.42/min. It was observed that yield load and yield point elongation increased with increasing strain rate. This showed that a hole in the specimen has negligible effect on these properties of the specimen.
Positron Evaluation of Hydrogen in a 17 Nickel Maraging Steel
Authors: Moore KD , Cocks FH , Jones PL
Published: February 2009

Doppler broadening measurements of the γ-ray emmision from positron annihilations have been made on a 17 nickel maraging steel, heat treated to Rockwell hardness, C Scale 49, and subsequently cathodically charged with hydrogen. Changes in the positron annihilation γ-ray spectra were measured using a line shape parameter (S) based on the ratio of central to total spectra area. The recovery of the S parameter as a function of time after hydrogen charging is correlated with hydrogen egress from the metal. The observed sensitivity of this Doppler broadening positron annihilation technique to hydrogen content is attributed to hydrogen compensation of lattice defects (dislocations) in the maraging steel.
Analysis of Nonlinear Behavior of Asphalt Concrete During Marshall Test
Authors: Mamlouk MS , Yuan YM , Tseng NT , Lee GC
Published: February 2009

The Marshall method is one of the most common techniques used in the design of asphalt concrete mixes. However, the structural behavior of the asphalt concrete specimen during the Marshall test is not clearly understood. In this study the stress distribution and displacements that occur in the specimens at different loading stages in a Marshall test are evaluated, based on results of unconfined compression test and a nonlinear plane-stress finite element analysis. Analytical predictions show that large stress concentration occurs near the points of separation between the Marshall specimen and the loading heads, and that values of the displacements are close to those observed experimentally. Extension of this study may lead to the development of relations between Marshall stability and flow values and the asphalt mixture strength parameters based on principles of mechanics that are necessary in the structural modeling of the pavement.
A New Method for the Determination of the Critical Value of Crack Tip Opening Displacement at the Initiation of Crack Growth Using a Single Three-Point Bend Specimen
Authors: Lai Z , Zhang J
Published: February 2009

An analytical method for the determination of critical value of crack tip opening displacement at initiation of crack growth δc of a three-point bend specimen is presented. It is based on the formulation of subcritical crack growth in such a specimen. The values of δc obtained by this single specimen method are in excellent agreement with those obtained by the standard multispecimen method. It is emphasized that it would be necessary to use blunting line correction when the multispecimen method is used.
A Report on the Workshop on High Temperature Crack Growth and Fracture
Authors: Saxena A , Kumar V
Published: February 2009

This document contains a brief report on the proceedings of the workshop on “High-Temperature Crack Growth and Fracture” held at Battelle Columbus Laboratories on 17 Aug. 1983. There were extensive discussions by the various presenters on the issue of which field parameter(s) should be used to correlate creep crack growth rate behavior. The abstracts of the nine presentations made at the workshop are included.
Introduction to Symposium on Advances in Atomic Spectroscopy
Authors: Dyck R
Published: February 2009

The five papers that follow were originally presented at the symposium entitled “Advances in Atomic Spectroscopy,” sponsored by ASTM Committee E-2 on Emission Spectroscopy on 6 Oct. 1982 in Boston, MA.
Guiding Computers to Produce Accurate Spectrochemical Analysis
Authors: Jarrell RF , Borlaug M
Published: February 2009

Procedures are suggested to insure that computer-calibrated optical emission spectrometers will analyze unknown samples with the same accuracy as older instruments that used hand-drawn curves.
Critique of the Standard Biochemical Oxygen Demand Method
Authors: Stack VT
Published: February 2009

The results of the five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) procedure have historically represented information that is arbitrary in its meaning and interpretation. BOD results are too frequently accepted on “face value” with face value related partly to numerical value and partly to the opinion (or lack of understanding) of the interpreter. The Joint Task Group of the American Public Health Association, the American Water Works Association, and the Water Pollution Control Federation, which developed the BOD method for the 15th edition of Standard Methods, considered the problems with the method and certain improvements were introduced. A practical nitrification inhibitor was proposed, but an error in identifying a source for the reagent has lead to problems in method application. The method continues to require organic-free dilution water even though development of such water can be costly and unnecessary. Corrections for oxygen consumption by organic materials in the dilution water can be introduced into the procedure.
Development of a Multiple Inoculator System for the Identification of Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria
Authors: Seyfried PL , Pickersgill AM , Vlassoff LT , Pagel JE
Published: February 2009

A semi-automated multiple inoculator system was modified and evaluated for use with 25-compartment petri dishes. Twenty-one species of environmental and culture collection bacteria were tested for the following characteristics: nitrate reduction, indole production, methyl red reaction, acid from glucose, gelatin hydrolysis, phenylalanine deaminase, citrate utilization, aesculin hydrolysis, reactions on skim milk agar, arginine dihydrolase, and urea hydrolysis. The agreement between the inoculator system and conventional methods was 90 to 100% for all tests except arginine dihydrolase and urea hydrolysis. The multiple inoculator described was judged a simple and versatile device for the rapid identification of large numbers of bacteria.
Assuring the Quality of Data Through Laboratory Quality Assurance
Authors: Delvin WL
Published: February 2009

Assuring the quality of data produced by analytical chemistry laboratories is important, not only because analytical chemists have a professional obligation to do so for those using their data, but also because of today's climate of regulations and high public concern over issues involving analytical laboratories. Assurance goes beyond the technical adequacy of methods used to make analyses and the control of the measurement process through calibration and statistical control. It concerns also overall control of operations through various administrative practices. The combination of technical and administrative practices constitutes a quality assurance program that will help assure the quality of data. Such a quality assurance program is described, which is based on nine elements of laboratory quality assurance derived from a nationally established standard on quality assurance. These nine elements are the basis for a new ASTM standard, Standard Guide for Establishing a Quality Assurance Program for Analytical Chemistry Laboratories within the Nuclear Industry (C 1009).
Analysis of Acoustic Emissions Generated During Stress Corrosion Cracking
Authors: Padmanabhan R , Suriyayothin N , Wood WE
Published: February 2009

Stress corrosion cracking of 300-M steel (Unified Numbering System [UNS] K4420) was monitored using an acoustic emission transducer. Stress corrosion cracking properties were altered through heat treatments and the relationships between the resulting microstructure and acoustic emission responses were studied. Prior austenite grain size exerted the maximum influence on the acoustic emission characteristics. Models were proposed to explain the grain size dependency of emission event peak amplitude and the relationships between crack velocity and the number of counts per event. The number of counts per event was also governed by material constants, applied stress intensity, and threshold level of detection of the acoustic emission system.
Fatigue Crack Growth Life Prediction for a Bolthole Specimen Under Constant Amplitude Loading
Authors: Salivar GC
Published: February 2009

Fatigue crack growth life predictions were made for a bolthole specimen geometry as part of an ASTM round robin. Constant amplitude crack growth rate data for 7075-T651 aluminum generated with standard specimens were supplied. A hyperbolic sine model was used to describe these data. Life predictions were made for the bolthole geometry with several maximum stress levels, stress ratios, and initial flaw sizes. Verification tests conducted by the Air Force for a bolthole specimen under these same conditions were used to evaluate the predictive capability of the life prediction model. Very good correlation was observed between the predictions and the test results.
Research into Aperture Parameters of Point-Bonded Waterproof Layers
Authors: Zhao-dong X , De-kun C
Published: February 2009

In this paper the requirements for resistance to cracking and wind suction of waterproof layers are studied. According to the data obtained by practical measurement, a rheological model of Chinese asphalt felt was constructed. The paper presents a general method to determine aperture parameters of perforated asphalt felt and a feasible way to extend the free deformation length. The value of aperture parameters of Chinese perforated asphalt felt is given.
Strain Distribution Patterns During Plane Strain Compression
Authors: Beynon JH , Sellars CM
Published: February 2009

A method is described for the determination of the distribution of strain within a specimen undergoing large finite, nonuniform deformations under plane strain compression. The method has been applied to the hot deformation of an aluminum alloy. Results show that prior strain history has no effect on the strain distribution and that specimens of a larger tool width to specimen thickness ratio provide more homogeneous strain distributions. It is proposed that variations in stress-strain curves observed for different tool width to specimen thickness ratios arise from the inhomogeneity of deformation and that these variations are greater in work-hardening materials. Implications for metallographic studies are drawn.
Evaluation of the Mechanical Behavior of Plain and Spirally Stiffened Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes
Authors: Ragab A-R , El-Zoghby A
Published: February 2009

The evaluation of the merits of spirally stiffened polyvinyl chloride pipes over the merits of conventional plain (unstiffened) pipes is achieved experimentally. Various relevant standard tests have been performed on both types of pipes made of the same material. These tests are bursting, impact resistance and short- and long-term stiffness tests. The experimental results are compared favorably with appropriate formulae found in the literature. It is concluded that considerable saving in material could be realized with no significant loss in pipe stiffness or impact resistance by adopting a spirally stiffened pipe design rather than a plain design.
Determination of Threshold Stress Corrosion Cracking Characteristics Using Rising LoadKIscc Testing Based on Ultrasonic Method
Authors: Hirano K , Ishizaki S , Kobayashi H , Nakazawa H
Published: February 2009

The Top-on ultrasonic method proposed earlier was applied to the rising load KIscc testing and the validity was confirmed by comparing the determined KIscc values with those measured according to the conventional longtime KIscc testing in the same environments. In addition, the influences of loading rate, fatigue precracking stress intensity level, and fracture morphology of fatigue precracked zone on KIscc were discussed.
The Effect of Acoustic Impedance on the Apparent Impact Fracture Energy of a Tungsten Base Sintered Alloy
Authors: Roman I
Published: February 2009

The effect of acoustic impedance on the apparent fracture energy of a sintered tungsten alloy, determined by impact testing was studied. Experimental results were analyzed utilizing the semi-empirical model proposed by Saxton et al, which relates inertial loading with materials acoustic impedance.

Inertial loading was found to have marked effect on the apparent impact fracture energy of the high acoustic impedance material (that is, a 93-W [nickel, iron] sintered alloy) used in this study. In contrast, no appreciable effect was observed for steel and aluminum alloys (lower acoustic impedance materials) tested for comparison. For the sintered tungsten alloy the work done by the inertial load is significant when compared with the actual fracture energy. Consequently, since the machine-indicated impact energy contains both contributions, the apparent energy values are significantly higher when compared with the corrected values for this material. It is recommended that control procedures aimed to both identify and reduce the role of inertial loads be used when fracture energy is determined by impact testing.
Poor Selectivity of Certain Lots of Commercially Available KF-Streptococcus Agar
Authors: Havelaar AH , van Breemen LWCA , Vessen HAMG , During M , van der List C , van Erne EHW
Published: February 2009

KF-streptococcus agar is, according to Kenner and coworkers, a selective medium for the isolation and enumeration of fecal (or Group D) streptococci in water. The selectivity is based on the presence of sodium azide in a mass concentration of 400 mg/L in the final medium. In certain lots of commercially available dehydrated medium the sodium azide amount was found to be only half of that amount. This resulted in insufficient suppression of background flora, in particular of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus coagulans, and unclassified non-Group D streptococci. Supplementary addition of sodium azide to these batches to bring the final level of this compound to about 400 mg/L resulted in the restoration of the selective properties. The results of this investigation stress the need for adequate quality control of selective media.
Introduction to Symposium on Explosives Detection for Security Applications
Authors: Hobbs J
Published: February 2009

With acts of terrorism and sabotage on the increase worldwide, the ability to detect concealed explosives becomes ever increasingly important. Explosives detection equipment will someday be required at corporate headquarters, courthouses, airports and transportation facilities, government buildings, correctional facilities, nuclear power plants, and military installations. The papers that follow were presented at a symposium on Explosives Detection for Security Applications sponsored by ASTM Committee F-12 on Security Systems and Equipment held at ASTM headquarters 11 April 1983. These papers describe the state-of-the-art techniques for bulk and vapor detection of concealed explosives.
Development Program for Radiation Contrast Baggage Inspection System
Authors: Seher CC
Published: February 2009

The primary objective of this effort was to transform two pieces of experimental X-ray absorption baggage inspection hardware developed previously for the Federal Aviation Administration into fully automated units suitable for operational evaluation at airports. The units needed to be highly reliable and maintainable by commercial field service organizations while demonstrating good performance in detection of explosives concealed in checked airline baggage. After a study was conducted to assess the impact and trade-offs associated with various system changes and to identify a list of specific unit modifications and revisions, the two experimental units were then retrofitted with revised and upgraded hardware. A new set of computer software was written to execute automatic operational control of the system and hardware and software were also generated to facilitate computer-aided maintenance procedures. A data base of airline baggage characteristics was generated with the retrofitted units at three airports and used to develop independent optimized adaptive threshold explosive detection algorithms. The algorithm with the highest explosive detection capability was implemented into the two retrofitted units in the form of a replacement set of four plug-in electrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM) integrated circuit chips. Results from operational tests at Dulles Airport indicated that predicted higher level system performance had been achieved.
S-200 Grade Beryllium Fracture Toughness Properties
Authors: Shabbits WO , Logsdon WA
Published: February 2009

S-200 grade vacuum hot pressed beryllium fracture toughness properties for both longitudinal and transverse orientations were generated in the temperature ranges between −320°F to 500°F and −320°F to 75°F, respectively. Limited data are presented for observations of fatigue behavior, fractography, dynamic and static tensile properties, and dynamic fracture toughness. Statistical bounds are given for fracture toughness data including a comparison of orientation effects. For longitudinally oriented specimens, fracture toughness increased linearly with temperature up to 300°F, and the 500°F results indicated a rapid increase above 300°F. Transverse fracture toughness was significantly higher and increased more rapidly with temperature than the longitudinal fracture toughness. Fatigue precracking experimentation revealed that beryllium does fatigue, but that current ASTM fatigue precracking procedures are impractical for general testing. In comparison to previously published notched specimen data, fatigue precracked specimens yielded significantly lower fracture toughness properties.
Determination of Mechanical Design Properties of Materials
Authors: Weissmann GF
Published: February 2009

The design of most structural and mechanical parts is based on the modulus of elasticity and a permissible stress level for the materials. Traditionally, these properties are determined from the information obtained by means of tension tests.

An alternate method of determining the necessary design parameters has been developed. It is based on the dynamic determination of the elastic energy at maximum amplitude and the energy dissipation per cycle of a test sample. The method is particularly useful for bending or torsional tests. It allows the accurate determination of the elastic moduli of materials and determines stress values which cause a permanent strain smaller or equal to a predetermined value.

Several materials have been tested in bending in this manner. The elastic moduli and stresses causing permanent strains smaller than a specified amount have been measured. The results have been compared with those obtained by means of tension tests. Excellent agreement has been obtained.
A Versatile Control System for Triaxial Testing of Soils
Authors: Lamb JH , Anderson JA
Published: February 2009

Specimens of sedimented kaolinite were subjected to consolidated-undrained triaxial compression by means of a new electropneumatic control system that will apply any desired loading path in the axisymmetric stress space or any desired deformation path. Specimens were tested under ramp loading, ramp deformation and combined ramp loading—ramp deformation with both constant cell pressure and constant first invariant of the applied stress tensor. To determine the entire stress-strain-pore pressure relationship, it was necessary to perform the combined load rate-deformation rate test. It was found that while a unique principal stress difference-major principal strain relationship exists, a unique pore pressure-major principal strain relationship does not exist.
Experimental Study of Static and Dynamic Friction Between Sand and Typical Constuction Materials
Authors: Brumund WF , Leonards GA
Published: February 2009

The limiting contact friction between sand and steel, cement mortar, graphite, and teflon surfaces was measured in the laboratory. The coefficients of (wall) friction were obtained using static and dynamic loadings with particular reference to conditions at the time slip was initiated. The coefficient of friction increases with the surface roughness and angularity of the sand grains, and as the roughness of the contact surface increases with respect to the size of the sand particles. For steel and mortar surfaces dynamic friction was greater than static friction by about 20 percent unless the surface was sufficiently rough that sand/sand slip was approached. The (static) angle of shearing resistance was the upper limit of the coefficient of friction for all static and dynamic tests where slip was initiated from 1–2 ms to 5 min (loading rates from 5 × 105 to 0.5 psi/min). Under static loading conditions teflon and graphite reduced wall friction by one-half to one-third; at high loading rates graphite was a more effective lubricant than teflon.
Dynamic Strain Aging in a New Single Crystal Nickel-Based Superalloy (CMSX-4)
Authors: Sengupta A , Putatunda SK
Published: February 2009

Tensile behavior of a new single crystal nickel-based superalloy with rhenium (CMSX-4) was studied at both room and elevated temperatures in two different heat-treated conditions. Detailed fractographic studies were carried out to determine the micromechanism of crack growth in tensile loading. Round cylindrical tension specimens were prepared from the single crystal nickel-based superalloy CMSX-4 in [001] orientation. The test specimens had the [001] growth direction parallel to the loading axis in tension. The specimens were given two different heat treatments to produce two different γ′ precipitate sizes, i.e., 0.3 μm and 0.5 μm, respectively. The tensile properties of these materials were evaluated at room and elevated temperatures in ambient atmosphere as per ASTM E 21, Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials.

The results of this investigation indicate that CMSX-4 undergoes dynamic strain aging in the temperature range of 260° to 875°C. This dynamic strain aging appears to take place by the trapping of moving dislocations by the substitutional solute atoms (like rhenium, tantalum, tungsten, cobalt, and molybdenum) during the high-temperature deformation process. Fractographs at lower temperatures (T ≤ 800°C) exhibit an unusual type of cleavage fracture with several operative slip systems, while at higher temperatures (T ≥ 1094°C) the crack growth process is characterized by a relatively smooth fracture surface, with the presence of dimples created by ductile failure (typical of many nickel-based superalloys).
Elastic Compliance of Four-Point Bend Specimens Comprising Two Linear-Elastic Materials Bonded with a Thin Layer
Authors: McNaney JM , Cannon RM , Ritchie RO
Published: February 2009

The four-point bend “sandwich” specimen, comprising two identical linear-elastic substrates joined by a thin elastic layer, is widely used in the study of strength and toughness of bimaterial joints loaded under nominal mode I loading. As an aid to crack monitoring in such specimen geometries, the linear-elastic compliance based on load-line displacement, back-face strain, and crack-opening displacement has been determined for a wide range of substrate/layer material combinations using finite-element analyses. Calculations for bimaterial systems, with elastic moduli ratios varying from 0.2 to 5 and with joining layer thicknesses between 100 and 500 μm, show that for crack sizes between 0.1 to 0.7 of the specimen width, the compliance is significantly different from that of the bulk substrates, even when the layer is very thin. It is concluded that crack-opening displacements are preferable for the monitoring and detection of interfacial and near-interfacial cracks in this specimen geometry, as the compliance based on these displacements is the least sensitive to errors from either measurement site or crack location.
A Study of the Fatigue Softening and Hardening of Steel by the Magnetoelastic Effect Method
Authors: Xiangrong M , Xingqiao M , Youqing Z
Published: February 2009

With a specially designed sensor and testing system, a study was made on the changing pattern of the magnetic induction sensitivity signal induced by magnetic anisotropy during the fatigue processing of carbon steel. It was found that signal change has several characteristic stages and obvious extreme points. The points coincided with the position of the fatigue strain peaks. The signal change was related to fatigue softening and hardening, and synchronous with the change in the surface residual stress.
Comparison of Optically and Mechanically Measured Deformations in a Finger-Jointed Wood Tension Specimen
Authors: Pellicane PJ , Gutkowski RM , Jauslin C
Published: February 2009

An advanced finite element program was developed to predict the elastic stresses and strains in a specimen of finger-jointed lumber subjected to uniaxial tension. In this study, two techniques were examined to experimentally determine the deformations in the finger joint. The first method involved photographing at incrementally increasing load levels, predefined targets mounted on the finger joint and measuring the changing distances between targets using stereoscopic instruments. The second method consisted of placing microstrain gages at key locations in the finger-jointed region of the lumber.

The results showed that even when the most sensitive film was used with a camera and planar lens, the photographic technique lacked the sensitivity to accurately measure the small deformations in the finger joint. The actual errors in deformation measurement were approximately twice the magnitude expected from an analysis of the properties of the film being used. Much of the error was due to the thermal expansion of the film in the stereoscopic instrument used to measure deformation. The microstrain gage technique was shown to be sufficiently sensitive to measure the deformations in the finger joint. However, the time, effort, and cost required to mount the tiny sensors with appropriate attention to their alignment made this technique impractical for any experiment other than those that involved placing only a modest number of sensors on a small number of specimens.
Creep Behavior of Copper and Copper Alloys As Design Criteria in Pressure Vessel Manufacture
Authors: Drefahl K , Kleinau M , Steinkamp W
Published: February 2009

Six materials, copper and copper alloys, have been subjected to long-term creep tests (30 000 h) per DIN 50 118 at a range of 100 to 250°C, except for aluminum bronze which was tested from 150 to 300°C. The following annealed materials were tested: SF-Cu (DIN 1787)—equivalent to C 12200, Phosphorus Deoxidized Copper, high residual Phosphorus (Cu-DHP); CuZn39Pb0.5 (DIN 17 660)—equivalent to C 33500, low-leaded brass; CuZn20Al2 (DIN 17 660)—equivalent to C 68700, aluminum-brass, arsenical; CuZn28Sn1 (DIN 17 660)—equivalent to C 44300, Admiralty brass, arsenical; CuZn38SnAl (DIN 17 660), improved Muntz-metal, 60%, not standardized in the United States; and CuAl10Ni5Fe4 (DIN 17 665)—similar to C 62730 or C 63000, nickel-aluminum-bronze. The test conditions and the metallurgical history of the materials are described. The minimum value of the 1% creep strain and the average value of creep strength, both temperature and duration dependent, as well as the stress for minimum creep rates of 1% for a given time are also shown. The design criteria for pressure vessels are discussed.
Determination of Modulus of Rigidity by ASTM D 198 Flexural Methods
Authors: Gromala DS
Published: February 2009

Traditional equations for determining shear modulus for beams are based on several simplifying assumptions. Although these assumptions are reasonably accurate for isotropic homogenous beams, they can introduce large errors when applied to beams of structural lumber that are not isotropic or homogeneous.

This paper examines the sensitivity of the traditional equations to various parameters and concludes that the edition of 1983 and the previous editions of ASTM Methods for Static Tests of Timbers in Structural Sizes (D 198) were not suitable for determination of shear modulus in structural lumber. An alternative test method currently used in Europe was proposed. Based on the considerations in this paper, this method was adopted in the 1984 edition of ASTM D 198.
Comparison of Precision and Accuracy Estimates from State and Local Agency Air Monitoring Stations with Results of EPA's National Performance Audit Program
Authors: Rhodes RC , Mitchell WJ , Puzak JC , Evans EG
Published: February 2009

Federal regulations require that state and local air monitoring agencies perform special checks to assess the precision and accuracy of their measurement systems and report the results to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) each calendar quarter. The assessments are maintained in a computer file along with the routine air monitoring data reported separately to EPA's National Aerometric Data Bank. The data quality assessments and air monitoring data are made available to various users on request.

In a separate program, the National Performance Audit Program, standard samples are mailed as blind samples to the state and local agencies for analysis. The results are reported to EPA for evaluation.

Evaluation of the results of the precision and accuracy assessments is performed, and a comparison of these assessments with the results of the National Performance Audit Program is made. This paper reports the results of this comparison.
A Method for Determining the Effect of Fasteners on the Stiffness and Strength of Wood Drive-In-Rack Pallets
Authors: Urbanik TJ
Published: February 2009

Wood pallets are increasingly stored in warehouses with drive-in or drive-through racks. A pallet needs adequate stiffness and strength to function safely under conditions where it spans the rack support rails. When the stringers run parallel to the supports, the fasteners reinforce the deckboard load-carrying ability. This report experimentally determines the effect of fasteners on pallet performance. The effect is characterized in terms of the ratio of the joint rotation modulus to a normalized deckboard bending stiffness. This approach enables the joints to be compared with pinned and rigid joints in a pallet stiffness and strength theory.
Methodology for Correlating Fatigue Data Obtained under Different Test Conditions
Authors: Leax TR , Dowling NE , Brose WR , Peck MG
Published: February 2009

A number of relatively simple methods are presented which can be used to correlate fatigue data obtained under different test conditions and so collapse the data into a single fatigue-life curve. The test variables considered are stress concentration, mean stress, temperature, and residual stress. The cyclic stress-strain curve in conjunction with Neuber's rule is used to estimate actual stresses and strains in notched specimens. Mean stress effects are accounted for by using empirically determined relationships that have been shown to work for a variety of structural materials. A simple ratio of the ultimate tensile strength at room temperature to that at the test temperature is used to correct for temperature effects. Finally, residual stress is handled by assuming an equivalence with an applied mean stress of the same sign and magnitude. The combined use of these corrections can result in more efficient use of existing fatigue data and allow prediction of the fatigue life of a material under a wide variety of operating conditions. The methodology is illustrated using high-cycle fatigue data on a 403 stainless steel, and accuracy of the methods is ascertained by comparison with a baseline fatigue curve and via statistical criteria.
A Methodology for the Evaluation of the Thermal Performance of Phase-Change Storage Materials
Authors: Grimes JW , Brown PW , Kaetzel L
Published: February 2009

A methodology to evaluate the response of phase-change thermal storage materials to repeated thermal cycling is described. The methodology uses a thermal cycling device to simulate in-service conditions and an isoperibolic calorimeter to measure the thermal storage capacities of the phase-change specimens. The thermal cycling device was designed to operate over a range of predetermined conditions including heating and cooling rates and maximum and minimum cycle temperatures. The design and operating characteristics of this device are described. Data obtained by investigating the Na2SO4·10H2O phase-change system indicate that the methodology can be used to assess the performance and durability of phase-change storage systems.
Temperature and Composition Dependence of Young's Modulus in Polycrystalline B2 Ni-Al
Authors: Harmouche MR , Wolfenden A
Published: February 2009

Young's modulus (E) for ten specimens of ordered polycrystalline Ni-Al has been measured using PUCOT (Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Composite Oscillator Technique). The modulus has been determined in the composition range 43.94 to 52.70 atomic percent Al and temperature interval 300 to 1300 K. Anomalous dependence on composition and temperature has been found, where the modulus does not always decrease linearly with temperature and does not show the expected maximum near the stoichiometric composition. Nonetheless, these materials show remarkable stiffness, where the modulus clusters near 230 GPa at ambient temperature and decreases to about 180 GPa at 1300 K in this composition range.
A New Method of Measuring the Modulus of Elasticity of Material by Analyzing the Relation Between Loading Position and Displacement of a Beam Bent by a Traveling Load
Authors: Kuroda T
Published: February 2009

This paper proposes a new bending method using a computer to obtain a modulus of elasticity of plastics close to those given by tension methods. In the new method, a beam is freely supported at its ends on spherical surfaces. A load of constant weight on the beam travels from one support to another, and the displacement of the undersurface of the beam is measured at a certain distance from a support. The modulus of elasticity is obtained so that the (loading) position-displacement (of a point on the beam) curve expressed by the equation of displacement of the beam, which is a function of the modulus, will best fit the experimental displacements.

An equation is proposed for the displacement with terms including beam deflection and a quantity proportional to load travel, and a method to calculate the modulus from the experimental displacements is given. Finally, the experimental system with the testing machine and the good results of the experiments are shown.
A Suggested Methodology for the Analysis of Asphalt Age-Hardening
Authors: Ishai I
Published: February 2009

This paper discusses a suggested approach for utilization of rheological aging curves for prediction of inservice age-hardening of asphalt which can affect pavement durability. The standard “one point” evaluation of laboratory aging of asphalts is quite limited with regard to a meaningful, rational, and comprehensive evaluation of asphalt aging with respect to pavement durability. On the other hand, the temperature-time domain should be characterized and investigated by aging curves over a wide range of the two-parameter coordinates.

An interpretation of asphalt-aging curves in the temperature-time domain is presented that can lead to a reliable calibration of laboratory aging on the basis of actual field aging. The suggested approach and methodology are believed to provide the proper correlation (for a certain asphalt) between laboratory and pavement asphalt aging that can be obtained in almost any one of the thin-film or microfilm oven tests.
Design and Calibration of a Guard Added to an Existing Hot Box
Authors: Broderick TB
Published: February 2009

The 6.10 by 4.27 m (20 by 14 ft) vertical heat flow hot box at the Owens-Corning Fiberglas Technical Center has recently been used to make measurements on a variety of roof/ceiling insulation systems used in the steel bar joist and metal deck construction typical in commercial buildings. Since these systems varied in geometry from one with roof insulation only to one combining roof insulation, a plenum, and an insulated hung ceiling, the sample support needed to be nearly 1.22 m (4 ft) tall. This meant that the extraneous energy flows through this support would be a substantial fraction of the sample energy flow for well-insulated samples. Furthermore, these relatively large flows combined with the variety of system geometries would have required that calibrations be developed for multiple geometries.

The solution to this problem was to provide a thermal guard around the sample support to minimize the losses through it. This guard consisted of a channel, in which the sample was replicated and exposed to the same indoor temperature, maintained by an unmetered energy source. This resulted in approximately the same vertical temperature profile along the outside of the sample support wall as on the metering chamber side. This system was successful in keeping the energy flows through the sample support below 5% of the sample energy flow. A calibration procedure was then used to quantify these small losses, which were used in the calculation of sample thermal resistance.
Introduction to Symposium on Methods for the Identification and Sorting of Metals and Metal Alloys
Authors: Stuart CM
Published: February 2009

The following four papers were presented at a Symposium on Methods for the Identification and Sorting of Metals and Metal Alloys in June 1985 in Los Angeles. ASTM Committee E-7 on Nondestructive Testing sponsored the event.
Theory, Characteristics, and Operating Parameters of Portable Optical Emission Spectrometers for the On-Site Sorting and Identification of Steels
Authors: Spencer JL
Published: February 2009

Portable optical emission spectrometers are evolving as important tools for the on-site sorting and identification of metals. Their analytical precision and accuracy, while not quite as good as laboratory systems, are more than adequate for sorting mixes and most grade verification requirements. The intentions of this paper are to provide a brief review of the technology and history of emission spectrometers, and then to describe parameters, operation, capabilities and limitations of the device for plain carbon, low alloy, and stainless steels.
Results of an Interlaboratory Fatigue Test Program Conducted on Alloy 800H at Room and Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Ellis JR
Published: February 2009

A number of difficulties were encountered in early low cycle fatigue tests conducted at General Atomic Company (GAC). The experimental approach adopted for this work involved the use of electro-hydraulic test systems, hour-glass geometry specimens, diametral extensometers, and axial strain computers. Attempts to identify possible problem areas with this approach were complicated by the lack of reliable data for the particular heat of Alloy 800H under investigation. The method adopted to resolve this difficulty was to generate definitive test data in an Interlaboratory Fatigue Test Program. The laboratories participating in the program were Argonne National Laboratory, Battelle Columbus, Mar-Test, and NASA-Lewis. Fatigue tests were conducted on both solid and tubular specimens at temperatures of 20, 593, and 760°C and at strain ranges of 2.0, 1.0, and 0.5%. It was concluded that the subject test method can, under certain circumstances, produce fatigue data which are seriously in error. As a result, this approach subsequently was abandoned at GAC in favor of parallel gage length specimens and axial extensometers.
Basic Principles of Contaminant Transfer Modeling
Authors: Ismail MI
Published: February 2009

Transport processes of contaminants in soil and ground-water are dependent on the aqueous chemistry and soil/water characteristics. The mathematical formulations for the study of such processes are presented with particular reference to contaminants that are immiscible with water.
A Simple Method for Fatigue Precracking Specimens for Fracture Mechanics Tests
Authors: Herrera R , Mejias HD , Stocchi EA , de Vedia LA
Published: February 2009

The most time-consuming part of fracture mechanics testing is often the fatigue precracking of test specimens. This technical note describes the design and operation of a newly developed simple machine for precracking compact and bend specimens by a quick and inexpensive method.
Absence of Stretch Zones in Austenitic Stainless Steels Fractured at Cryogenic Temperatures
Authors: Purtscher PT
Published: February 2009

Stretch zones are normally observed on the surface of fracture toughness specimens that break in a ductile manner. However, no stretch zones were observed in the scanning electron microscope on the ductile fracture surfaces of austenitic stainless steels broken in accordance with ASTM E 813 procedure at cryogenic temperatures.
Compliance Expression for the Middle Cracked Tension Specimen: 2a/W = f(EBV/P)
Authors: Kirk MT
Published: February 2009

A compliance equation expressing crack length as a function of normalized compliance for the middle cracked tension specimen is developed for cracks ranging from 20 to 80% of the total specimen width. Relations are given for use over various displacement gage lengths and for materials having a Poisson's ratio between 0.2 and 0.5. These equations are based on the earlier work of Efits and Liebowitz. The equation developed compares well with this previous work, particularly for short displacement gage lengths where the maximum crack length estimation sensitivity is achieved. Further, the equation matches experimental data as well as the original work, having an average difference of 5% for all crack lengths considered.